cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modulation of proteins in Naegleria fowleri amebae by bacteria

Naegleria fowleri are free-living amebae found in soil and freshwater habitats that cause a fatal disease in humans called Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis. In the natural environment, amebae feed on bacteria. In the infected host, the amebae lyse and ingest nerve tissue. Proteins that lyse and degrade bacteria and mammalian cells have been described and are termed as naegleriapores or pore-forming proteins (PFP). In order to prevent autolysis from PFPs, Naegleria may have developed mechanisms that enable the amebae to survive in the presence of cytolytic molecules. Recently, we have established that N. fowleri express a “CD59-like” surface protein, but the function of this protein in amebae has not been elucidated. In mammalian cells, CD59 is a complement–regulatory protein that inhibits complement-mediated lysis of cells expressing this protein. In the present study, expression of the “CD59-like” protein in response to bacteria and bacterial toxins was investigated. Co-culture of N. fowleri with log phase Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas aeruginosa resulted in differential expression of the “CD59-like” protein. Treatment of the amebae with bacterial toxin also affected expression of the protein. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated morphological changes in N. fowleri following co-incubation with the bacteria. Under all conditions examined, the amebae remained intact and viable. The results of our study implicate a possible protective role of the “CD59-like” protein in response to bacterial predators and bacterial toxins.
Chemical and biological processes controlling the response of a freshwater ecosystem to copper stress: A field study of the CuS04 treatment of Mill Pond Reservoir, Burlington, Massachusetts1

The response of natural phytoplankton populations to copper stress and its dependence on the chemical speciation of copper was studied during CuSO4 treatment of Mill Pond Reservoir to control a nuisance bloom of Ceratium hirundinella. Potentiometric and ultrafiltration experiments showed that the chemistry of the added copper was controlled by complexation by humic substances. The Ceratium population decreased by 90% 1 day after treatment and was replaced as the dominant phytoplankter by two green algae, Nannochloris sp. and Ourococcus sp. Primary productivity decreased initially but returned to pretreatment levels in 10 days with the growth of the green algae; toxicity experiments in the laboratory with algae isolated from the reservoir showed that Nannochloris and Ourococcus can tolerate much higher cupric ion activities than C. hirundinella. The field and laboratory data together show that the concentration of the free copper ion determined the toxic response of the phytoplankton in the reservoir.
Trait reappraisal is associated with resilience to acute psychological stress

Abstract Life is full of stressful events. However, while some individuals are negatively affected by stress, others are more resilient to its effects. The factors that contribute to variability in stress resilience are not fully understood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that trait reappraisal would be associated with greater stress resilience to a first-time tandem skydive. Specifically, we expected measures of “anxiety” to be lower and measures of “euphoria” to be higher in high trait reappraising individuals. Our findings that trait reappraisal is negatively correlated with stress reactivity as measured by cortisol, heart rate, and self-report state anxiety, but positively correlated with self-report state euphoria suggest that individuals high in trait reappraisal are more stress resilient.
SELENOPROTEIN P: An Extracellular Protein with Unique Physical Characteristics and a Role in Selenium Homeostasis

Selenoprotein P is an abundant extracellular glycoprotein that is rich in selenocysteine. It has two domains with respect to selenium content. The N-terminal domain of the rat protein contains one selenocysteine residue in a UxxC redox motif. This domain also has a pH-sensitive heparin-binding site and two histidine-rich amino acid stretches. The smaller C-terminal domain contains nine selenocysteine and ten cysteine residues. Four isoforms of selenoprotein P are present in rat plasma. They share the same N terminus and amino acid sequence. One isoform is full length and the three others terminate at the positions of the second, third, and seventh selenocysteine residues. Selenoprotein P turns over rapidly in rat plasma with the consequence that approximately 25% of the amount of whole-body selenium passes through it each day. Evidence supports functions of the protein in selenium homeostasis and oxidant defense. Selenoprotein P knockout mice have very low selenium concentrations in the brain, the testis, and the fetus, with severe pathophysiological consequences in each tissue. In addition, those mice waste moderate amounts of selenium in the urine. Selenoprotein P binds to endothelial cells in the rat, and plasma levels of the protein correlate with prevention of diquat-induced lipid peroxidation and hepatic endothelial cell injury. The mechanisms of these apparent functions remain speculative and much work on the mechanism of selenoprotein P function lies ahead. Measurement of selenoprotein P in human plasma has shown that it is depressed by selenium deficiency and by cirrhosis. Selenium supplementation of selenium-deficient human subjects showed that glutathione peroxidase activity was optimized before selenoprotein P concentration was optimized, indicating that plasma selenoprotein P is the better index of human selenium nutritional status.
Context sensitive interaction interoperability for distributed virtual environments

User interactions and related input devices and techniques can be customized to improve user experience and task performances. We consider context and context awareness to help modify applications interface and interactions in order to match the tasks users are currently performing. We explore how to adapt to the context by selecting input device and interaction technique. Finally, we present the framework developed to realize these affordances and discuss the addressed challenges.
The lumenal domain of Sec63p stimulates the ATPase activity of BiP and mediates BiP recruitment to the translocon in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

We studied the molecular nature of the interaction between the integral membrane protein Sec63p and the lumenal Hsp70 BiP to elucidate their role in the process of precursor transit into the ER of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A lumenal stretch of Sec63p with homology to the Escherichia coli protein DnaJ is the likely region of interface between Sec63p and BiP. This domain, purified as a fusion protein (63Jp) with glutathione S–transferase (GST), mediated a stable ATP-dependent binding interaction between 63Jp and BiP and stimulated the ATPase activity of BiP. The interaction was highly selective because only BiP was retained on immobilized 63Jp when detergent-solubilized microsomes were mixed with ATP and the fusion protein. GST alone was inactive in these assays. Additionally, a GST fusion containing a point mutation in the lumenal domain of Sec63p did not interact with BiP. Finally, we found that the soluble Sec63p lumenal domain inhibited efficient precursor import into proteoliposomes reconstituted so as to incorporate both BiP and the fusion protein. We conclude that the lumenal domain of Sec63p is sufficient to mediate enzymatic interaction with BiP and that this interaction positioned at the translocation apparatus or translocon at the lumenal face of the ER is vital for protein translocation into the ER.
Learning C++ "Submarine Style": a case study

This case study describes a successful introductory course in C++ with a design that draws extensively upon techniques used in the training of nuclear submarine personnel. Techniques adopted include emphasis on completion of practical exercises as opposed to concept mastery, self-paced learning based on extensive materials prepared for the course, use of oral examinations to validate student achievement, use of undergraduate teaching assistants to assist and examine students, and a strong peer-learning focus with group collaboration being actively encouraged. Over the two-year period during which the course evolved, substantial increases in completion rates and the amount of material that is covered have been experienced. In addition, certain elements of the course design-particularly the emphasis on group work, use of online support, and use of "state-of-the-art" tools-seem more consistent with current programming practice than the conventional programming course, emphasizing lectures and completion of individual assignments.
Alert to Users of Calcium Supplements as Antihypertensive Agents Due to Trace Metal Contaminants

Although there are controversies in the role of calcium as an antihypertensive agent, the use of "health food" supplements, such as dolomite and bone meal, is on the rise especially among the older population. One brand of commercial dolomite tablets were investigated for metallic contents such as aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), sclemium (Se), and zinc (Zn). Ten randomly selected tablets were weighted, dried, pulverized and low-temperature plasma ashed. An ash aliquot of each tablet was dissolved in 35% Ultrex nitric acid, and after dilution analyzed using a Perkin-Elmer Model 5000 atomic absorption spectrophotometer equipped with an HGA-500 graphite furnace, As-1 autosampler, and PRS-10 printer sequencer. The results (presented as mean wt/g of powder +/- 95% confidence limits) are: Al 900 +/- 300 micrograms/g; As 1.3 +/- 0.3 micrograms/g; Cd 0.16 +/- 0.04 micrograms/g; Cr 5.9 +/- 1.4 micrograms/g; Cu 3.0 +/- 0.6 micrograms/g; Pb 1.9 +/- 0.5 micrograms/g; Mn 66 +/- 7.0 micrograms/g; Se 1.6 +/- 0.4 micrograms/g; and Zn 147 +/- 88 micrograms/g. These trace metals could pose health hazards to the public such as lead poisoning, dementia, and hypertension due to cadmium. Also, zinc can potentiate cadmium-hypertensive effects. The need exists to initiate some regulations to limit maximal content of trace metals in "health food" supplements to protect high-risk groups and that sector of the population who use megadoses of such products.
Social Dynamics: Theory and Applications

Agent-based models typically involve large numbers of interacting individuals with widely differing characteristics, rules of behavior, and sources of information. The dynamics of such systems can be extremely complex due to their high dimensionality. This chapter discusses a general method for rigorously analyzing the long-run behavior of such systems using the theory of large deviations in Markov chains. The theory highlights certain qualitative features that distinguish agent-based models from more conventional types of equilibrium analysis. Among these distinguishing features are: local conformity versus global diversity, punctuated ideas equilibrium, and the persistence of particular states in the presence of random shocks. These ideas are illustrated through a variety of examples, including competition between technologies, models of sorting and segregation, and the evolution of contractual customs.
Human SP-A1 (SFTPA1) variant-specific 3′ UTRs and poly(A) tail differentially affect the in vitro translation of a reporter gene

Human surfactant protein A (SP-A) is encoded by two functional genes (SFTPA1, SFTPA2) with a high degree of sequence identity. Sequence differences among these genes and their genetic variants have...
Subsurface Dolomites, San Salvador, Bahamas

ABSTRACT The carbonates from a 168-meter well on the north coast of San Salvador, Bahamas consist mostly of stratal and massive dolomite below 37 meters. Stratal dolomites are thinly bedded (<15 cm) and laminated, contain a poor fauna, and have occasional intraclasts and bird's eye structure. They are interpreted as supratidal. In places they are capped by a thin reddish, iron-rich crust, which may indicate soil forming conditions. Most of the section is massive dolomite, which formed as replacement of grain supported sediments or rocks of backreef or lagoonal facies. Multiple stages of dolomitization are indicated. The mean O18 value of the dolomite is +2.1 relative to PDB and it is enriched in O18 by 3 relative to presently forming sediment and 5 to associated limestone. The mean C13 is + 1.8 roughly the same as presently forming sediment but 8 heavier than associated calcite. The mean Sr value for limestone is 564 ppm, for dolomite 170 ppm. Stratal dolomites are lower in O18 and mol % MgCO3 than are the massive dolomites, and crystal structures are more poorly ordered. This may indicate that the two dolomite types formed in different fluids (i.e., that different processes operated) or that they reflect differing susceptibility to dolomitization. Our present state of knowledge does not allow an unequivocal answer as to the nature of the fluid(s) responsible for dolomitizing the San Salvador rocks.
A Biomechanical Study of Laparoscopic 4S‐Modified Roeder and Weston Knot Strength in 3–0 Polyglactin 910 and 3–0 Polydioxanone

Objective To (1) evaluate biomechanical strength of 4 different laparoscopic knots using 2 suture types, and (2) evaluate carotid artery ligature bursting pressure of 2 knots using a single suture type. Study Design Biomechanical materials testing. Sample Population Suture material (3–0 polydioxanone, 3–0 polyglactin 910). Methods Four knot types were tested: 4S-modified Roeder (4SMR) Weston plus 3 square throws (W3S); Weston plus 3 granny throws (W3G); and a 4 square throw knot as a control (control); 24 specimens of each knot type were tied with 3–0 polyglactin 910 and 24 of 3 knot types (4SMR, W3S, control) were tied with 3–0 polydioxanone. Suture loop constructs were tested to 3 mm displacement failure and ultimate failure. Carotid artery ligation bursting pressure was tested using 10 samples each of 4SMR and W3S knots with 3–0 polyglactin 910. Results The W3S, W3G, and controls were similar. The 4SMR was similar to W3S using 3–0 PDS but the 4SMR had lower load to failure and greater elongation than the Weston using 3–0 polyglactin 910. The 4SMR had a higher slippage rate with 3–0 polyglactin 910. All ligatures withstood supraphysiologic pressures. Conclusions Surgeons using 3–0 polyglactin 910 should consider using the Weston knot with added throws during laparoscopic procedures.
Commentary: A hypothesis concerning vitamin A supplementation, vaccines, and childhood mortality

Vitamin A supplements in community intervention trials seem to provide maximum protection against death from infectious diseases when provided at birth or after 6 months of age. Why this is so is not clear and part of the reason may be a lack of data in young infants. However Benn and colleagues have other ideas and have proposed a hypothesis to explain this inconsistency. (excerpt)
Multidimensional signal reconstruction from multichannel acquisition

We provide an analysis of the algorithms necessary for the optimal use of multidimensional signal reconstruction from multichannel acquisition. First, we provide computable conditions to test the matrix invertibility and propose algorithms to find a particular inverse. Second, we determine the existence of perfect reconstruction systems for given FIR analysis filters with some sampling matrices and some FIR synthesis polyphase matrices. Then, we present the development of an efficient algorithm designed to find a sampling matrix with maximum sampling rate and FIR synthesis polyphase matrix for given FIR analysis filters so that the system provides a perfect reconstruction. Once a particular synthesis matrix is found, we can characterize all synthesis matrices and find an optimal one according to a design criterion.
Exact tests for singular network data

We propose methodology for exact statistical tests of hypotheses for models of network dynamics. The methodology formulates Markovian exponential families, then uses sequential importance sampling to compute expectations within basins of attraction and within level sets of a sufficient statistic for an over-dispersion model. Comparisons of hypotheses can be done conditional on basins of attraction. Examples are presented.
Shape-Based Approach to Robust Image Segmentation using Kernel PCA

Segmentation involves separating an object from the background. In this work, we propose a novel segmentation method combining image information with prior shape knowledge, within the level-set framework. Following the work of Leventon et al., we revisit the use of principal component analysis (PCA) to introduce prior knowledge about shapes in a more robust manner. To this end, we utilize Kernel PCA and show that this method of learning shapes outperforms linear PCA, by allowing only shapes that are close enough to the training data. In the proposed segmentation algorithm, shape knowledge and image information are encoded into two energy functionals entirely described in terms of shapes. This consistent description allows to fully take advantage of the Kernel PCA methodology and leads to promising segmentation results. In particular, our shape-driven segmentation technique allows for the simultaneous encoding of multiple types of shapes, and offers a convincing level of robustness with respect to noise, clutter, partial occlusions, or smearing.
Linearity of Heritability of Holstein First-Lactation Milk Production

Abstract The regression of daughter on dam first-lactation milk deviations from herd-mate averages was found to be linear from an analysis of 47,400 Holstein pairs. The linear equation was y =−25.6+.210 ( x −27.6) and the quadratic equation was y =−25.6+.208 ( x −27.6) + .0000222 ( x 2 −44131.4) with correlation coefficients, .18258 and .18268, respectively. These results suggest that selection response can be predicted adequately even with very large selection differentials.
Multiuser multichannel estimation and detection with side user information in space-time coded CDMA systems

In this work, we develop a new second-order statistics based multiuser multipath channel estimation algorithm for uplink wireless space-time coded CDMA systems. The estimation procedure is based on the parameterization, with respect to the multiuser channel response vectors, of the received data covariance matrix. As a side result, we also obtain an improved covariance matrix estimator. Then, we utilize both the channel and the covariance matrix estimates to obtain an estimate of the linear MMSE receiver. Simulation studies illustrate the performance improvements of the proposed estimators relative to existing methods in terms of channel estimation mean-square error as well as receiver filter output SINR and receiver BER.
Linearity and time-scale invariance of the creep function in living cells

We report here the creep function measured in three cell types, after a variety of interventions, and over three time decades (from 3 ms to 3.2 s). In each case the response conformed to a power law, implying that no distinct molecular relaxation times or time constants could characterize the response. These results add to a growing body of evidence that stands in contrast to widely used viscoelastic models featuring at most a few time constants. We show instead that the ability of the matrix to deform is time-scale invariant and characterized by only one parameter: the power law exponent that controls the transition between solid-like and liquid-like behaviour. Moreover, we validate linearity by comparison of measurements in the time and frequency domains.
Evolution and current status of neurotoxicity risk assessment.

The U.S. EPA neurotoxicity risk assessment guidelines define neurotoxicity as the capacity of chemical, biological, or physical agents to cause an adverse functional or structural change in the peripheral or central nervous system. Chemical-induced changes in the structure or persistent changes in behavior, neurochemistry, or neurophysiology of the nervous system are regarded as neurotoxic effects. Reversible effects occurring at doses that could endanger performance in the workplace, are associated with a known neurotoxicological mechanism of action, covary with a known neurotoxicological effect, or are latent effects uncovered by pharmacological or environmental challenge, could be considered to be neurotoxic effects. It should also be noted that even if a chemical-induced change in neurobiological function or structure does not meet the criteria established for a neurotoxic effect, the alteration could still be considered as adverse and used in a regulatory decision. Adverse effects detected by neurobiological procedures should not, however, necessarily lead to the conclusion that the chemical is a neurotoxicant. At the present time,the default RfD uncertainty factor approach is used for neurotoxicological data. A number of other safety factor approaches and quantitation dose-response models have been proposed for evaluating neurotoxicological data. However, a very limited number of comparisons have been made between the RfD approach and alternatives. In summary, neurotoxicity is one of several noncancer and points currently being used by regulatory agencies. The effective utilization of neurobiological measures to assess chemical-induced changes in the structure and function of the nervous system depends on properly designed studies and elimination of potential confounding variables that obscure interpretation of data from toxicological studies.
“I need numbers before I will buy it” Reading and writing qualitative scholarship on close relationships

The authors highlight important contributions of qualitative research for the study of close relationships, arguing for greater representation of this scholarship in the journals. Four challenges experienced by interpretive researchers trying to publish in Journal of Social and Personal Relationships and close relationship journals are discussed.
Evaluating the Usefulness of Pair Programming in a Classroom Setting

Pair programming, the practice of two programmers working side by side on the same task on one computer, is a practice that is becoming increasingly prevalent in the computer science industry. Although there has been a large amount of research investigating pair programming in an industry setting, there has been little work done with pair programming in a classroom setting. Furthermore, the studies that have been done have concentrated on programming students with ample programming experience in a variety of languages. In addition to this, industry studies have focused in on the amount of work being completed rather than what is learned by the programmers. Therefore, this work will concentrate on students with considerably less programming experience, and focus on whether they learn better while working in teams. In addition, we will investigate how the difference in programming skill contributes to the amount learned. To do so, we have observed and interviewed students participating in pair programming to determine whether they are able to learn more and enjoy their work more when working in pairs. Finally, we participated in pair programming in a variety of settings to test it first hand. We found that despite some drawbacks, pair programming can be extremely beneficial. When used correctly, pair programming can be a valuable asset to the computer science classroom.
Mn-DPDP enhanced MR imaging of the liver : Analysis of pulse sequence performance

Abstract Aim : To compare liver enhancement and lesion-liver contrast on T1-weighted (T1W) gradient recalled echo (GRE), spin-echo (SE) and fat-suppressed SE (FS-SE) pulse sequences at Manganese-DPDP (Mn-DPDP) enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the liver. Patients and Methods : Twenty-one patients with known liver lesions were administered 5 μ mol/kg of Mn-DPDP. TIW GRE (78/2.3/80°), SE and F-SE (300/12) images were obtained before and 15min after Mn-DPDP. Signal/noise ratio (SNR) and lesion-liver contrast/noise ratio (CNR) were calculated for each pulse sequence. Results : Liver SNR ( n = 21) and lesion-liver CNR ( n = 10) increased significantly after Mn-DPDP on all three pulse sequences ( P P Conclusion : The T1-weighted fat-suppressed SE (FS-SE) pulse sequence provides highest liver enhancement and lesion-liver contrast and is recommended for Mn-DPDP enhanced MR imaging.
Serum colony stimulating and inhibiting factors in irradiated germfree and conventional mice.

Summary. Colony-stimulating factor (CSF) elevations were seen at varying times after lethal irradiation of conventional CF, and CFW mice but no elevations were noted in germfree CFW mice. Changes in serum inhibitor activity after irradiation were variable and did not explain the CSF increases. Both conventional and germfree mice responded to endotoxin with similar increases in serum CSF before and after irradiation. Serum CSF levels in mice with irradiation-induced myeloid aplasia may be normal and yet these myeloid depleted mice retain the capacity to generate increased serum CSF levels after endotoxin injection. These data suggest that in the irradiated mouse serum CSF levels are not determined by the peripheral blood or marrow neutrophil numbers, but are more likely related to a functional demand on the neutrophil such as bacterial killing.
Considering Corporate Inversions

The United States taxes U.S. corporations on their worldwide income, at one of the highest corporate tax rates in the world. It is understandable that U.S. corporations with offshore operations strive for the advantages of the lower tax rates available to competitors in offshore jurisdictions where these corporations operate. Current U.S. tax law provides U.S. multinationals with a limited ability to structure offshore operations using foreign corporate subsidiaries to defer tax on active earnings so long as those earnings are reinvested offshore and not repatriated to the United States. U.S. multinationals spend significant time and incur significant expense trying to maximize the benefit of deferral. Deferral is only temporary, and ultimately the profits are taxed in the United States upon repatriation. However there are limits. It is often desirable from a corporate perspective for U.S. multinationals to operate in different regions of the world through different corporate chains. Existing planning opportunities make it difficult to transfer funds from one chain to another without incurring U.S. taxes. Deferral requires demonstrable business activity. The contemporary technologically advanced business model is not always consistent with the traditional notions of an active business enterprise and some offshore operations may fall short of the statutory activity requirement. Deferral also requires the foreign subsidiary to maintain employees in the offshore jurisdiction, comply with frequently onerous employment laws, and become subject to media criticism for moving jobs overseas. Established U.S. multinationals must consider whether a corporate inversion, consisting of the expatriation of the domestic parent offshore and reestablishment in a lower tax jurisdiction, is an appropriate solution. The corporate inversion provides a clear path for the corporate group to pay taxes at a lower effective rate, and minimizes the U.S. tax planning associated with circulating profits
Effect of Auditory Rhythm on Muscle Activity

The changes in the electromyogram patterns of two antagonist muscles were studied when female subjects performed a motor task with and without an auditory rhythm. During the performance of the motor task without the rhythm, the subjects demonstrated a common and consistent personal tempo and a common electromyogram pattern. With the imposed timing of an even or uneven rhythm, the initiation and duration of the electromyograms changed significantly for subjects in both rhythm groups. Variations of electromyograms decreased significantly for subjects in the even-rhythm group and increased significantly for subjects in the uneven-rhythm group. The authors suggest specific ways in which rhythm can be used in rehabilitative techniques to modify the onset, duration, and inconsistency of muscular activity.
Synapsid Diversity and the Rock Record in the Permian-Triassic Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup), South Africa

This study investigates diversity patterns of Synapsida in the Permian-Triassic sequence of the Karoo Basin, South Africa. Permian-Triassic synapsids represent the dominant terrestrial tetrapods of their time and play a central role in assessing the impact of the end-Permian mass extinction on terrestrial ecosystems. On the regional scale of the Karoo Basin, synapsid diversity shows a mid-Permian extinction and a pronounced extinction event at the end of the Permian, whereas the subclades of Synapsida exhibit clade-specific diversity patterns. Taxonomic diversity estimates (TDEs) of Synapsida and its subclades are not significantly correlated with outcrop area for the complete time series. However, after exclusion of the Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone from all data series, the TDEs of the majority of synapsid subclades show statistically significant strong positive correlations with outcrop area. Nonetheless, diversity residuals, resulting from modeled diversity estimates, exhibit clade-specific patterns with varying support for a mid-Permian event and strong support for an end-Permian extinction. The results confirm studies at the global scale and imply that synapsid diversity in the Karoo Basin is at least partially biased by the Permian-Triassic terrestrial rock record. Moreover, Anomodontia, the most speciose clade of non-mammalian synapsids, is not the sole driver of the synapsid diversity signal. Instead, there seems to be a general synapsid pattern, with each subclade diverging from this pattern to varying degrees for clade-specific reasons. Thus, despite the obvious rock record bias, the end-Permian extinction maintains its major impact on synapsid diversity and therefore on the composition and structure of past and present terrestrial ecosystems.
Lipid Mictrotubes as a Nutrient Reservoir or Enzyme Delivery Vehicle in Engineered Cartilage

Tissue-engineered cartilage using a hydrogel scaffold is capable of achieving native compressive properties and glycosaminglycan (GAG) content [1]. However, these tissues are limited in their collagen production and closer inspection of the localized mechanical properties demonstrates that mature constructs consist of a stiffer periphery region surrounding a softer core [1, 2]. Nutrient diffusion becomes increasingly more challenging as the cells in the construct periphery deposit extracellular matrix. Altering the scaffold porosity by adding microscopic porogens can improve the nutrient diffusion into the center of the construct [3]. Furthermore, chondroitinase ABC (chABC) has been shown to improve collagen production of mature engineered cartilage (i.e. tissue cultured for 2–4 weeks before chABC digestion). Lipid microtubes, designed to slowly release chABC for spinal chord injury repair can be incorporated into our agarose hydrogel scaffold in a chABC-loaded or unloaded form. The objective of this study was to explore the use of lipid microtubes in our scaffold as a tubular porogen and as a vehicle to deliver chABC throughout the scaffold to improve nutrient diffusion and collagen production into our engineered constructs.© 2012 ASME
Vascular Tumors of the Lungs

Contrary to their counterparts in other organ systems, primary vascular neoplasms of the lung are rare. Because of the rarity of these lesions, the clinical and radiological features are often mistaken for other, more common lesions. Both benign and malignant vascular tumors have been described. Before a diagnosis of a primary malignant vascular neoplasm can be rendered, metastasis from extrapulmonary sites will have to be excluded through thorough clinical and radiological investigations. Primary vascular tumors of the lungs include hemangioma, lymphangioma, angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia, and capillary hemangiomatosis among the benign lesions and epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, angiosarcoma, and Kaposi’s sarcoma among the malignant ones (Table 8.1).
Laser-based welding of 17-4 PH martensitic stainless steel in a tubular butt joint configuration with a built-in backing bar

Abstract Laser-based welding of thick 17-4 precipitation hardening (PH) martensitic stainless steel (SS) plates in a tubular butt joint configuration with a built-in backing bar is very challenging because the porosity and cracks are easily generated in the welds. The backing bar blocked the keyhole opening at the bottom surface through which the entrapped gas could escape, and the keyhole was unstable and collapsed overtime in a deep partially penetrated welding conditions resulting in the formation of pores easily. Moreover, the fast cooling rate prompted the ferrite transform to austenite which induced cracking. Two-pass welding procedure was developed to join 17-4 PH martensitic SS. The laser welding assisted by a filler wire, as the first pass, was used to weld the groove shoulder. The added filler wire could absorb a part of the laser beam energy; resulting in the decreased weld depth-to-width ratio and relieved intensive restraint at the weld root. A hybrid laser-arc welding or a gas metal arc welding (GMAW) was used to fill the groove as the second pass. Nitrogen was introduced to stabilize the keyhole and mitigate the porosity. Preheating was used to decrease the cooling rate and mitigate the cracking during laser-based welding of 17-4 PH martensitic SS plates.
Instructional Course Lectures, The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons - Neurovascular Injury Associated with Hip Arthroplasty*†

Neurological and vascular complications following hip arthroplasty are uncommon, and their impact ranges from transient and trivial to permanent and devastating. The proximity of neurological and vascular structures to the hip makes any operation on the hip potentially hazardous. Direct and indirect injury of these structures may occur during the operative exposure and the subsequent procedure. The important features of the neurological and vascular structures that are at risk during a hip arthroplasty, especially the pertinent anatomy, etiology of injuries, and treatment options, provide a foundation of information that can assist the physician who encounters neurological or vascular complications clinically. Neurological dysfunction following hip arthroplasty can be due to central neurological injury or to a peripheral-nerve lesion. Peripheral-nerve lesions during hip arthroplasty may be categorized according to severity, location, and onset of symptoms relative to the index procedure. Central neurological injury may occur as a result of prolonged hypoxia, a cerebrovascular accident, or fat embolism secondary to the operation. Careful treatment by the anesthesiology team during procedures on the hip is necessary to avoid hypoxia or anoxia, to reduce major fluctuations in blood pressure that may contribute to the risk of a cerebrovascular accident, and to assist in careful positioning of the patient in order to prevent a peripheral-nerve lesion (such as brachial plexus stretch). Embolization of fat and marrow elements is one factor directly related to the operative procedure that can have an important central neurological effect and is somewhat under the control of the operating surgeon. ### Neurological Sequelae of Fat Embolism Embolization of fat and marrow elements from the femur and, to a lesser degree, the acetabulum has been shown to occur during all primary total hip arthroplasties and to peak during portions of the procedure that involve maximum manipulation of bone, such as reaming and particularly cementing of a component19, …
Can New Collaborations Decrease Costs and Increase the Value of Clinical Education in Dentistry

The distinctive characteristics of parent institutions, class sizes, community partnerships, and available financial resources are just some of the variables that influence clinical education programs in U.S. dental schools. As faculty and administrators, we share the common goal across all dental
Carbon Dioxide in the Free Troposphere and Boundary Layer at the Mt. Bachelor Observatory

We use data for 2012-2014 from the Mt. Bachelor Observatory (MBO) in central Oregon to understand variations in carbon dioxide (CO_2) in the free troposphere (FT) and boundary layer (BL). The goals of this analysis are to identify and examine CO_2 in FT and BL air, events due to wildfires, the role of transport patterns, and the variation of CO_2 seasonally. For all seasons, we found that FT air has higher average CO_2 mixing ratios compared to BL air. FT air was most often seen during the night and early morning at MBO (20-8 PST) while BL air was most often observed during the afternoon and evening (12-20 PST). Winter and spring showed the highest mixing ratios of CO_2 while summer and fall showed the lowest mixing ratios. The maximum diurnal change in CO_2 was found during spring and summer. HYSPLIT backtrajectories and a cluster analysis of those trajectories were initiated for spring months. Based on this analysis, the spring clusters with the highest ozone and lowest water vapor mixing ratios were associated with the highest mixing ratios of CO_2. Four case studies of CO_2 variations are presented: a long-range transport event observed at MBO and three wildfire events. In one large fire event, CO_2 showed a large enhancement and was well correlated with CO. In another fire event, CO_2 was observed to decrease, suggesting that depletion in BL air by surface uptake can counteract the enhancements from wildfire emissions.
A test of the competing response-interference hypothesis of extinction

Following training in a runway, two groups of rats were either confined in the goal box for 20 sec. during extinction trials or permitted to immediately jump out of the goal box. Contrary to the predictions of the interference theory, there were no differences between the groups in resistance to extinction. Within the jump group there was a moderate degree of covariation between jump frequency and resistance to extinction. However, this relationship can be explained by differences in general activity level rather than response interference.
Ion selectivity of graphene nanopores

As population growth continues to outpace development of water infrastructure in many countries, desalination (the removal of salts from seawater) at high energy efficiency will likely become a vital source of fresh water. Due to its atomic thinness combined with its mechanical strength, porous graphene may be particularly well-suited for electrodialysis desalination, in which ions are removed under an electric field via ion-selective pores. Here, we show that single graphene nanopores preferentially permit the passage of K(+) cations over Cl(-) anions with selectivity ratios of over 100 and conduct monovalent cations up to 5 times more rapidly than divalent cations. Surprisingly, the observed K(+)/Cl(-) selectivity persists in pores even as large as about 20 nm in diameter, suggesting that high throughput, highly selective graphene electrodialysis membranes can be fabricated without the need for subnanometer control over pore size.
Research of Soft Switching Based Trusted Network Connection Model in Smart Grid

In our paper,we analyzed the traditional TNC model and its procedure at first.We pointed out that the access network was so complex and heterogeneous in smart grid that the traditional TNC model could not adapt to it directly.Besides,we found out that there were security problems in the traditional TNC model because of the lack of security preventions at lower transport protocol layer.Then,by analyzing the traditional TNC model and its workflow,we designed an improved soft switching based TNC model in order to solve the problem aforesaid.This model separated the control flow and media flow during requesting to access to the network.It applied transparent controlling and managing methods to all kinds of accessing devices.It encrypted lower communication protocol as well.The performance analyzing result implied that the probability of being decrypted of this soft switchnig based TNC model is far less than that of traditional TNC model with the same transmission efficiency.Apparently,this model improved the network security without decreasing the transmission efficiency.
Writing of "Personal Trait" beyond Time and Space——Reflection on the Literary Craze on Su Qing and Lin Bai

There exist amazing similarities of "personal trait" in the literary works of Su Qing and Lin Bai,the two famous women writers in China.Starting from the two writers,the paper attempts to discuss the unique "personal writing" under different context so as to reveal the profound influence of "personalized writing" on female literary creations by women writers of the 20th century.
A Case of Norovirus Outbreak in A Hospital Ward

Objective To investigate and analyze a case of gastroenteritis outbreak in an internal medicine ward. Methods Data were collected through the on-the-spot investigation and serum specimens were tested by ELISA. Results A total of 14 cases were reported,including 7 inpatients and 7 health care workers. Norovirus antigen was detected in 3 stool specimens. By isolating and treating the patients,extensive disinfection,and health education,the outbreak was under control. Conclusion The gastroenteritis outbreak was caused by norovirus. The source of infection was unknown.
Diversity and Diversion: How Ethnic Composition Affects Diversionary Conflict

How does a state’s ethnic composition affect its propensity to engage in diversionary conflicts? Recent empirical work examines the political conditions under which domestic unrest compels an embattled leader to initiate conflict abroad. We remain uncertain, however, of what social or demographic characteristics make states particularly prone to diversionary behavior. This article tries to address this gap, examining whether a state’s ethnic structure conditions its leader’s response to domestic discontent. Combining the expansive literatures on ethnic politics and diversionary war yields conflicting expectations here. I find that ethnically fragmented states are significantly more prone to initiating diversionary conflicts, and I show that the greater availability of “conflict opportunities” resulting from transborder ethnic-kin groups, in part, drives this effect. A brief case study illustrates these dynamics.
Ultrasound Versus Computed Tomographic Guidance for Percutaneous Biopsy of Chest Lesions

Objectives To compare ultrasound (US) versus computed tomography (CT) for primary guidance during needle biopsy of chest lesions. Methods Institutional Review Board approval was obtained for this Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act–compliant retrospective study, and the need for informed consent was waived. All US- and CT-guided chest biopsy procedures performed between January 1, 2012, and October 15, 2014, at our institution were reviewed, and all procedures targeting peripheral intrathoracic and chest wall lesions were included. Axillary lesions, lung lesions without peripheral pleural contact, and mediastinal lesions without a transcutaneous US window were excluded. Radiologic, pathologic, and clinical records were reviewed. Results Fifty-five procedures with primary US guidance (23 lung, 6 pleural, 2 mediastinal, and 24 chest wall) and 130 CT procedures (88 lung, 10 pleural, 7 mediastinal, and 25 chest wall) were performed. Diagnostic samples were obtained in 98% (54 of 55) of US procedures and 87% (113 of 130) of CT procedures (P = .02). Pneumothorax requiring treatment occurred in 2% (1 of 55) of US procedures and 5% (7 of 130) of CT procedures (P = .25). Computed tomographic localization was used in 29% (16 of 55) of US procedures. Nevertheless, the average patient radiation dose was significantly less in US procedures (182 mGy-cm) versus CT procedures (718 mGy-cm; P< .01). The average procedure time was 40 minutes for US and 38 minutes for CT (P = .39). The average lesion size was 4.5 cm for US and 4.9 cm for CT (P = .14). Conclusions During biopsy of peripheral intrathoracic lesions and chest wall lesions, primary US guidance resulted in a higher likelihood of a diagnostic sample and a decreased patient radiation dose compared with CT guidance.
An Emerging Theoretical Model of Music Therapy Student Development.

Background Music therapy students negotiate a complex relationship with music and its use in clinical work throughout their education and training. This distinct, pervasive, and evolving relationship suggests a developmental process unique to music therapy. Objective The purpose of this grounded theory study was to create a theoretical model of music therapy students' developmental process, beginning with a study within one large Midwestern university. Methods Participants (N = 15) were music therapy students who completed one 60-minute intensive interview, followed by a 20-minute member check meeting. Recorded interviews were transcribed, analyzed, and coded using open and axial coding. Results The theoretical model that emerged was a six-step sequential developmental progression that included the following themes: (a) Personal Connection, (b) Turning Point, (c) Adjusting Relationship with Music, (d) Growth and Development, (e) Evolution, and (f) Empowerment. The first three steps are linear; development continues in a cyclical process among the last three steps. As the cycle continues, music therapy students continue to grow and develop their skills, leading to increased empowerment, and more specifically, increased self-efficacy and competence. Conclusions Further exploration of the model is needed to inform educators' and other key stakeholders' understanding of student needs and concerns as they progress through music therapy degree programs.
A Social Space Approach to Testing Complex Hypotheses: The Case of Hispanic Marriage Patterns in the United States:

Where do individuals identifying as Hispanic fit in the racial landscape of the United States? The answer offered by past work is complex: The empirical results do not lend themselves to simple int...
Coordinated Regulation of Hypocotyl Cell Elongation by Light and Ethylene through a Microtubule Destabilizing Protein

Precise regulation of hypocotyl cell elongation is essential for plant growth and survival. Light suppresses hypocotyl elongation by degrading transcription factor phytochrome-interacting factor 3 (PIF3), whereas the phytohormone ethylene promotes hypocotyl elongation by activating PIF3. However, the underlying mechanisms regarding how these two pathways coordinate downstream effectors to mediate hypocotyl elongation are largely unclear. In this study, we identified the novel Microtubule-Destabilizing Protein 60 (MDP60), which plays a positive role in hypocotyl cell elongation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana); this effect is mediated through PIF3. Ethylene signaling up-regulates MDP60 expression via PIF3 binding to the MDP60 promoter. MDP60 loss-of-function mutants exhibit much shorter hypocotyls, whereas MDP60 overexpression significantly promotes hypocotyl cell elongation when grown in light compared to the control. MDP60 protein binds to microtubules in vitro and in vivo. The organization of cortical microtubules was significantly disrupted in mdp60 mutant cells and MDP60-overexpressing seedlings. These findings indicate that MDP60 is an important mediator of hypocotyl cell elongation. This study reveals a mechanism in which light and ethylene signaling coordinate MDP60 expression to modulate hypocotyl cell elongation by altering cortical microtubules in Arabidopsis.