cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coaches' Attitudes Toward Campus Board Training in Adolescent Climbers in the United States.

Introduction Campus board training in adolescent climbers is controversial. Evidence, albeit limited, suggests this type of training may lead to the development of finger epiphyseal stress fractures. The purpose of the present study was to investigate coaches’ attitudes toward campus board training in the United States. Methods Surveys were sent to 116 coaches at gyms across the United States with affiliated adolescent climbing teams. Outcomes collected included demographic information, training time, campus board use prevalence, coaches’ attitudes toward campus board use, and willingness to participate in future research. Results Seventy-three coaches representing 3090 adolescent climbers completed the survey. Forty-six coaches (63%) reported using full weight (no foot contact) campus board training in some or all of their climbers. A variety of factors were cited by coaches when deciding which climbers should or should not use the campus board, including physical maturity, climbing ability, and age, among others. Conclusions Climbing coaches in the United States disagree on the use of campus board training in adolescent climbers. Some coaches avoid using this training modality entirely, whereas others believe certain climbers can use it safely. There is lack of consensus in determining who those certain climbers are.
Mitigating Covariate Shift in Imitation Learning via Offline Data Without Great Coverage

This paper studies offline Imitation Learning (IL) where an agent learns to imitate an expert demonstrator without additional online environment interactions. Instead, the learner is presented with a static offline dataset of state-action-next state transition triples from a potentially less proficient behavior policy. We introduce Model-based IL from Offline data (MILO): an algorithmic framework that utilizes the static dataset to solve the offline IL problem efficiently both in theory and in practice. In theory, even if the behavior policy is highly sub-optimal compared to the expert, we show that as long as the data from the behavior policy provides sufficient coverage on the expert state-action traces (and with no necessity for a global coverage over the entire state-action space), MILO can provably combat the covariate shift issue in IL. Complementing our theory results, we also demonstrate that a practical implementation of our approach mitigates covariate shift on benchmark MuJoCo continuous control tasks. We demonstrate that with behavior policies whose performances are less than half of that of the expert, MILO still successfully imitates with an extremely low number of expert state-action pairs while traditional offline IL method such as behavior cloning (BC) fails completely. Source code is provided at this https URL.
Switching Transition Control to Improve Efficiency of a DC/DC Power Electronic System

Increasing the switching frequency of the power semiconductor devices (PSDs) reduces the size and cost of the passive elements, thereby positively affecting the power density of a high-frequency (HF) power electronic system (PES). To achieve a higher switching frequency of a PES, yet low switching losses, the speed of switching transitions of PSDs need to be increased. However, such fast transitions adversely affect PES performance in terms of electromagnetic interference (EMI) and device stress. Hence, a switching transition control (STC) scheme is developed to create optimality between switching PSDs with higher transitions yet maintaining safe levels of parasitic oscillations, that result from reducing the transition time of these devices. The switching transition control (STC) framework helps the HF PES achieve a target efficiency improvement by controlling the high di/dt and dv/dt regions of a PSD on the fly. Results are shown to validate that this improvement of efficiency is not feasible with a passive gate drive. An HF Cuk PES using a Cree SiC MOSFET half-bridge module is fabricated for the testing purpose of the STC framework. The STC network is based on a simple switched resistor network, synthesized using high-speed GaN-FETs and built across two generations, Gen-1, and Gen-2. Practical operational issues of the STC network with fast switching GaN-FET in the Gen-1 board are analyzed and are overcome with design modification in Gen-2. The work has ramifications in meeting a system-level goal of an HF WBG PES, like a target efficiency increment, while not deteriorating the EMI performance and PSD stress levels that result due to parasitic oscillations in such PES.
Building a Positive Institution

Building “positive institutions”, including schools, is one of the three pillars of positive psychology as defined by Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi. Seligman et al., argued that schools could be a home for the science of well-being to “move individuals toward better citizenship, responsibility, nurturance, altruism, civility, moderation, tolerance, and work ethic.” This chapter summarizes developments in positive psychology, “the scientific study of what goes right in life”, and its exponential growth over the past 15 years. While advances have been made in understanding positive emotions and positive traits, investigation of the possibilities positive institutions, including schools, can play in the development of well-being remains an overlooked area of research. One of the challenges educators’ face is bringing well-being programs to scale at the institutional level. This has been underscored by a lack of an organizational or theoretical framework. This chapter outlines why schools should adopt well-being as an operational goal, and how they can become a positive institution. We outline the case to support this view from well-being and ill-being data, and what this is trying to achieve. We summarize the definitions in the literature to provide a sequential framework for institutions to consider focusing on: what is positive psychology? What is well-being? What is positive education? What is a positive institution? Finally, we offer a framework based on eight measurable goals to guide schools in a process to become a positive institution. These are aligned against Seligman’s PERMA theory: positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment model of well-being. We are argue that by focusing on building leadership capability in positive psychology; defining and measuring well-being; enhancing resilience; developing a well-being strategy; building staff capability; implementing scientifically informed well-being programs; and evaluating and developing models for positive change.
1983 RANGER PICKUP

The Ranger will be a domestically built, small pickup truck engineered to many design objectives typical to a fullsize pickup, yet with four cylinder engine fuel efficiency. It is a full-function on-and-off road pickup truck with a uniquely smooth ride and a capacity to carry up to a 725.7 kg (1600 lb) payload. The truck features a three passenger body-on-frame cab and a double wall pickup box with provision for 1.2m x 2.4m (4 ft x 8 ft) sheets of construction material. Featured in this comprehensive paper are the engineering highlights and innovations contributing to the accomplishment of these small truck objectives. 5 refs.
BIOCHEMISTRY OF SPORULATION I. Metabolism of Acetate by Vegetative and Sporulating Cells

Hanson, Richard S. (University of Illinois, Urbana), V. R. Srinivasan, and H. Orin Halvorson. Biochemistry of sporulation. I. Metabolism of acetate by vegetative and sporulating cells. J. Bacteriol. 85:451-460. 1963.-The transition from the vegetative to the sporulating cycle in a sporeformer is marked by a change in the enzymatic machinery of the cell. When vegetative cells of Bacillus cereus strain T are grown in a glucose-yeast extract-minerals medium, acetate accumulates until the beginning of the sporulation cycle. The acetate-activating systems are present in the vegetative cells as well as in the cells of the early stages of sporulation, whereas the enzymes necessary for the terminal oxidation of acetate to carbon dioxide are absent in the vegetative stage. The induction of a functional tricarboxylic acid cycle during early sporulation is inhibited by chloramphenicol. alpha-Picolinic acid also prevents morphological, as well as physiological, changes during the transition.
Community Involvement in Urban Forestry Programs

This chapter will focus on three topics: How to increase public awareness of your community tree program; how to involve stakeholders in your program; and using volunteers to increase the size of your community forestry program. Using this information will result in a growth in scope and effectiveness of your community forestry program.
Transcription of the myxobacterial hemagglutinin gene is mediated by a sigma 54-like promoter and a cis-acting upstream regulatory region of DNA.

Abstract Myxobacterial hemagglutinin (MBHA) is a major developmentally induced protein that accumulates during the period of cellular aggregation of the fruiting bacterium Myxococcus xanthus. In this study, DNA sequences mediating the transcriptional regulation of mbhA have been identified. Examination of nucleotide sequences upstream of the start site for mbhA transcription has indicated a region of DNA that bears strong homology to the consensus sequence for promoters recognized by the sigma 54 holoenzyme form of RNA polymerase of Escherichia coli and other eubacteria. Deletion of this sequence completely abolished mbhA transcription. Additionally, a cis-acting DNA element, affecting the efficiency of mbhA transcription, has been mapped within a region of DNA 89 to 276 nucleotides upstream of the sigma 54-like sequence. Transposon insertions, mapping within the cis element, drastically reduced mbhA transcriptional activity. These observations suggest that transcription of mbhA requires a productive interaction between a form of RNA polymerase that recognizes a sigma 54-like sequence and a transcriptional activator that binds to DNA sequences upstream of the mbhA promoter.
Covalent immobilization of proteases and nucleases to poly(methylmethacrylate)

The increased popularity of microfabricated devices formed from plastics such as poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) will benefit from approaches adding (bio)chemical functionality to such surfaces. Here, various proteases and nucleases have been covalently immobilized to PMMA surfaces and shown to retain their enzymatic activity as monitored by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). Immobilized enzymes yield structural information at a level equivalent to or exceeding that obtained from conventional homogeneous solution-based approaches. Such an approach could be used to expand the functionality of polymer-based microfabricated devices for biological mass spectrometry.
Redefining privacy and anonymity through social networking affordances

Social networking sites allow people to create, broadcast, and interpret the self in new and evolving ways. While early online social media studies praised the Internet for providing an anonymous space in which to experiment with identity, more recent research suggests that social networking sites have become not anonymous, as they compel users to perform identity in new ways. Through a novel application of affordance theory, this paper argues that instead of attempting to apply outdated definitions of privacy to social networking spaces, we should instead be discussing our right to anonymity. I argue that privacy is immaterial due to the fact that from the moment we log in and interact with a social media interface, we have shared some type of personal information with someone. Anonymity, on the other hand, is defined as the unlinkability of our many identifications. Thus, instead of attempting to define ideas such as “personal” and “private,” we should instead fight for the separation of selves, both at the social and institutional level.
Using locality surfaces to characterize the SPECint 2000 benchmark suite

Researchers have developed many different methods for evaluating locality, however there exists no standard method of evaluation that incorporates all aspects of temporal and spatial locality. In this chapter we introduce an advanced form of locality surface that incorporates all aspects of temporal and spatial locality into one three-dimensional surface. Examining a locality surface for a particular workload gives significant information about sequential, temporal and loop constructs. This gives researchers a new avenue for characterizing workloads and examining locality quantitatively. We use our new locality surface to characterize the SPECint benchmark suite.
Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing: Introduction to the Special Issue

This issue of the Journal of Genetic Counseling is devoted to direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing. The 15 articles in this special issue address practice considerations for genetic counselors and other health care professionals; the benefits and limitations of DTC genetic testing; consumer and provider attitudes towards and experience with DTC testing; and the roles and educational needs of genetic counselors and other health care providers in providing and interpreting DTC genetic testing. In this introduction to the special issue, we provide a brief background on DTC genetic testing, summarize the important contribution of the articles included in this issue, and outline the essential work that still needs to be done as genetic counselors are increasingly engaged in discussions, education, and research about DTC genetic testing.
Conjugated Oligothiophene-Dendron-Capped CdSe Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Energy Transfer

In this study, we demonstrate the synthesis of branched oligothiophene dendrons that act as electroactive surfactants for the capping of CdSe nanocrystals through a ligand exchange process. The number of dendrons per nanocrystal and the nature of surface coordination interactions were studied in detail using UV−vis, FT-IR, AFM, and photoluminescence spectroscopies. These dendron/nanocrystal complexes are very soluble in nonpolar solvents and exhibit photoinduced charge-transfer interactions between the two species. One-layer photovoltaic cells were fabricated that showed initial power conversion efficiencies of 0.29%.
A spherical conceptualization of personality traits

This research utilizes the geometric structure of the two-dimensional Interpersonal Circumplex (IPC), and adds the Five-Factor Model (FFM) dimension of conscientiousness to create a three-dimensional spherical model of personality; the interpersonal sphere (IPS). A sample of 250 participants was initially used to select items that conformed to the geometric locations of 26 different characteristics on the IPS. A separate sample of 251 participants confirmed the geometric structure of these characteristic measures using randomization tests. To demonstrate an application of this three-dimensional model, the IPS was employed as a geometric taxonomy to map various personality constructs. The combined sample of 501 participants was used to cartographically locate 164 scales from the NEO Personality Inventory, (NEO-PI-R), the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF), the California Psychological Inventory (CPI), the Hogan Personality Inventory (HPI), the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ), and the Jackson Personality Inventory (JPI-R) onto the IPS. The spherical conception of traits provided by the three-dimensional IPS is discussed as both an extension of the FFM and the two-dimensional IPC. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impacts of an Invasive N2‐Fixing Tree on Hawaiian Stream Water Quality

N2-fixing trees can affect stream water quality. This has been documented in temperate streams, but not in tropical ones, even though N2-fixing trees are prevalent in the tropics. We investigated the effects of the introduced, invasive tree, Falcataria moluccana (albizia) on water quality of Hawaiian streams. Nutrient concentrations were measured in reaches above and below F. moluccana-dominated riparian zones of four streams over 14 mo, and benthic algal nutrient limitation was examined in one stream. NO3 +NO2 concentrations were up to 600 percent higher in reaches below F. moluccana stands than in ones above them. In contrast, dissolved organic nitrogen concentrations were 24 percent lower in most reaches below F. moluccana stands, and NH4 + and particulate nitrogen concentrations were similar above and below the stands. Dissolved organic carbon concentrations were up to 30 percent lower below F. moluccana stands, but particulate carbon concentrations were similar between reaches. Total dissolved phosphorus concentrations were similar above and below F. moluccana stands, whereas H4SiO4 concentrations were higher below the stands. In the stream where benthic chlorophyll a was measured, concentrations were three times higher below the F. moluccana stand than above it. Benthic algae were co-limited by nitrogen and phosphorus above the F. moluccana stand, and limited by phosphorus below it. These results suggest that F. moluccana’s presence relieved nitrogen-limitation and caused the benthic algae to become solely phosphorus-limited. Overall, our results demonstrate that F. moluccana can strongly affect the chemistry and primary producers of these tropical streams.
Dorsal raphe and external electrical stimulation modulate noxious input to single neurons in nucleus parafascicularis thalami

Abstract Spontaneous discharges and nociceptive responses of 47 parafascicularis thalami (PF) neurons were recorded extracellularly and comparisons were made between the effects of these discharges following focal dorsal raphe stimulation (DRS) and bilateral pinnal electrical stimulation (PES). Eighty-three percent of PF neurons (N=39) responded to noxious stimulus, about 69% of the PF responsive cells (fN=27) were excited during noxious stimuli and thus categorized as “nociceptive-on” cells. The remaining 31% (N=12) were suppressed by the noxious stimuliand were categorized as “nociceptive-off” cells. DRS and PES attenuated the spontaneous activity of the “nociceptive-on” neurons as well as the noxious input to these cells, while the spontaneous activity of the “nociceptive-off” cells was suppressed only following DRS and not following PES. Moreover, PES displayed disinhibiting properties, namely, it reduced the suppression effects elicited by noxious input. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that both focal DRS and noninvasive PES were effective in modulating pain input to single neurons in the PF.
A 3D Wind Turbine Simulator for Aerodynamics Education

The energy production and performance of wind turbines is heavily impacted by the aerodynamic properties of the turbine blades. Designing a wind turbine blade to take full advantage of the available wind resource is a complex task, and teaching students the aerodynamic aspects of blade design can be challenging. To address this educational challenge, a 3D software package was developed as part of the Mixed Reality Simulators for Wind Energy Education project, sponsored through the U.S. Department of Education’s FIPSE program. The software is suited for introductory wind energy courses and covers topics including blade aerodynamics, wind turbine components, and energy transfer.The simulator software combines a 3D model of a utility-scale Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) with animation, a set of interactive controls, and a series of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of an airfoil under a number of conditions. Students can fly around the wind turbine to view from any angle, adjust transparency layers to view components inside the nacelle, adjust a cross-section plane along the length of a blade to view the details of the blade design, and manipulate sliders to adjust variables such as angle of attack and Reynolds number and see contour plots in real-time. The application is available for download at www.windenergyeducation.org, and is planned for release as open source.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Hybrid cooling with cycle steering in the IBM eServer z990

The IBM eServerTM z990 introduces a new mode for cooling multichip processor modules that enables significantly more processors to be refrigerant-cooled than previously. In recent IBM zSeries® offerings, including G4, G5, G6, and z900, chip junctions in a single muhichip module (MCM) located in a central electronic complex (CEC) frame were cooled for reliability and performance benefits, using refrigerant technology, to temperatures lower than those achievable with air cooling. In the z990 system, a hybrid cooling approach is used, allowing refrigeration to be extended to four MCMs in a single CEC, which makes possible denser systems and greater power efficiency compared with prior modular refrigeration technologies used. In the event of a malfunction of the primary refrigeration cooling system, a backup air-cooling System is automatically engaged until the refrigeration problem is fixed. System sensors monitor the cooling state at all times. When air cooling is required, the chip circuit temperatures increase and the logic clocks are optimally adjusted to match the new junction temperatures. When refrigeration cooling is restored, the clocks are adjusted back to their fast speed. This technique allows the z990 system to match the processor density of direct-air-cooled systems while retaining a system performance and reliability benefit from refrigeration.
Book review: Genetic Programming I1: Automatic Discovery of Reusable Programs by John R. Koza (The MIT Press 1994)

This book is a followon to the book in which John Koza introduced genetic programming (GP) to the world "enetic Programming: On the Programming of Computers by Means of Natural Selection" [5]1. As such, the primary intended audience is someone already familiar with GP; however, Koza does provide introductory material to both genetic algorithms (GA) and GP. The driving force behind this book is a method to automatically decompose a program into solvable components. The book presents this method, called automatically defined functions (ADF), and then presents case studies of the application of this method to a variety of problems. While this book's size is intimidating, there is a wealth of information to be found by the reader willing to conduct a prolonged campaign. The reader is advised to study the first seven chapters of the book to gain an understanding of the concepts behind ADFs. Then the reader should be able to select which case studies he or she finds to be of interest. If the reader is feeling overwhelmed by the information presented in the book, there are several concise chapters dealing with ADFs by Koza and others in Advances in Genetic Programming edited by Kenneth Kinnear [3]2.
Expression of the Rubella Virus Nonstructural Protein ORF and Demonstration of Proteolytic Processing

To analyze the proteins produced from the rubella virus (RUB) nonstructural protein open reading frame (NSP-ORF), a DNA containing the RUB NSP-ORF was introduced into the expression vector pTM3 in which the sequences to be expressed are downstream from a T7 RNA polymerase promoter. In cells infected with a vaccinia virus recombinant which expresses T7 RNA polymerase and transfected with this plasmid, three RUB-specific products with electrophoretic mobilities of 200, 150, and 97 kDa were clearly visible. By computer alignment, the presence of a cysteine protease was predicted within the NSP-ORF (A. E. Gorbalenya et al., FEBS Lett. 288, 201-205, 1991). When the Cys proposed as the catalytic residue of this protease (Cys1151) was mutated to a Gly, only the 200-kDa product was produced, demonstrating that the Cys is important in the activity of the protease responsible for the processing of the RUB NSPs and that the 150- and 97-kDa species are processing products. Transfections with deletion mutants revealed that the 150-kDa processing product is derived from the amino-terminal two-thirds of the ORF and that both the protease and the cleavage site on the COOH-terminal side of the 150-kDa product are between amino acids 1005 and 1507 of the ORF.
Modulation of Growth Factor and Cytokine Expression by Nitric Oxide During Rat Colon Anastomotic Healing

We have previously shown that inhibition of nitric oxide generated by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) results in impaired colon anastomotic healing. Therefore, we proceeded to assess whether disruption of iNOS activity alters the normal pattern of growth factor expression during anastomotic healing. Two groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent distal colonic division and anastomosis, jugular venous catheterization and subcutaneous placement of polyvinyl alcohol sponges. The first group (n = 10) received q8 hour intravenous injections of 10 mg/kg L-N-iminoethyl-lysine (L-NIL, a selective inhibitor of iNOS), while the second group (n = 12) received equal volumes of saline. On postoperative day 5, animals were sacrificed and anastomotic bursting pressure was determined. Histologic sections of the anastomosis were subjected to in situ hybridization versus mRNA of the proteins listed below. Positive controls were reacted with a poly-thymidine (poly-T) probe versus ubiquitous mRNA poly-adenine tails. Positively stained cells were quantified using a calibrated optical grid encompassing 0.5 mm2 area centered over the anastomosis. Results are reported as the number of positive cells per 1000 cells positive for poly-T. L-NIL treated animals demonstrated an 18% decrease in wound fluid NOX compared to controls (29.2 ± 1.2 vs. 34.6 ± 2.0 iM, mean ± SEM; P = 0.035). This corresponded to a 17% decrease in anastomotic bursting pressure (153 ± 4 vs. 182 ± 8 mm Hg, mean ± SEM; P < 0.05). L-NIL also markedly increased the number of cells expressing transforming growth factor-β, tumor necrosis factor-ct, vascular endothelial growth factor, and both inducible and endothelial forms of nitric oxide synthase. L-NIL had no effect on the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor. The data demonstrate that iNOS inhibition markedly disrupts the profile of cytokine and growth factor mRNA normally expressed during anastomotic healing. This provides in vivo evidence that NO modulates gene expression during anastomotic healing.
Model with possible fields generated by higher dimensional superconducting cosmic strings

In this paper we investigate the theory behind the results in Roy and Bander (2009) [11] . In Roy and Bander (2009) [11] we calculated the magnetic dipole moment of the muon and the electric dipole moments of the muon, electron and the neutron (in a simple quark model) to first order in loop corrections in both S 1 and S 1 \ Z 2 . In these calculations in Roy and Bander (2009) [11] we investigated the effect of fields possibly generated by higher dimensional superconducting cosmic strings (Witten, 1985 [12] ) that interact with the charged fields on the manifold. In comparing the results in Roy and Bander (2009) [11] with standard model precision tests for the electric and magnetic dipole moments of the various fermions in the model, we were able to obtain upper limits on the compactification size as well as an upper limit for the new b parameter. This new model has several important phenomenological implications. One of these is a theoretical phenomenon that is a source for parity violation in QED processes as well as a new source for symmetry breaking. In this paper we will be presenting the theory of the model in the compactification M 4 ⊗ S 1 \ Z 2 (orbifold geometry). The theory predicts nontrivial couplings of the Higgs and lepton fields to the SU(2) gauge bosons, these differ from the standard model couplings. The theory also expounds upon the standard model results for the masses of the charged fields in the model and has other significant physical implications. The model is rooted in the notion that very light charged particles traveling next to superconducting cosmic strings (Witten, 1985) [12] at distances on the order of the compactification size of the extra dimensional space, could generate currents that intern can create magnetic fields that interact with the particle fields on the UED manifold.
Thinking Clearly about Violence

There is a lot of rhetoric and commotion about "violence", even in the scientific community itself. We hear daily about violent military conflicts, violations of human rights, domestic violence, violence in the media and in sports,and emotional and verbal violence. In 1972 58% of American males thought that burning a draft card or holding a sit-in is violent. UNESCO commissioned twenty scientists to make a platform statement, the "Seville Statement on Violence" (November,1989), to condemn the notion that human beings have a biological, genetically determined basis for violence and aggression. Moreover,social scientists have been debating how to define 'violence' for practical reasons. Particularly in doing empirical research,it becomes a practical issue to have a clear definition of 'violence': is the incidence of domestic violence, of violence in school,of aggressive displays in troops of chimpanzees on the rise? How to tell, if we have no criteria for what constitutes violent or aggressive behavior? It is ironic that a large literature has arisen recently in and across various social sciences on the meaning of 'aggression' and 'violence' independently of much reference to or involvement by philosophers.It is ironic since the analysis of the conception of violence and its connections to related conceptions seems to fall squarely in the provenance of philosophy. Moreover,the current lack of philosophers becomes even more puzzling given the considerable philosophical interest on this topic during the sixties and seventies - incited by the civil rights movement and the Vietnam War.In any case, I shall proceed.I propose here to define 'violence'. In doing so, I shall distinguish 'forcefulness', 'aggression' and 'violence'. Because the current usage, both in ordinary language and in the various academic fields, is not consistent, my definitions, although descriptive,will also be somewhat stipulative and precising.
The recall of relevant and incidental dimensional values as a function of perceptual salience, cognitive set, and age

Abstract In two experiments, subjects were presented an array of compound stimuli consisting of values from four, salience-assessed dimensions. Solution to an initial problem required recall of the array locations of values from only the most salient dimension. In addition to perceptual salience, instructions designed to establish cognitive sets for remembering value locations of certain dimensions were varied to explore the roles of these perceptual and cognitive variables in determining recall. In Experiment I, which involved subjects from grades kindergarten, third, and sixth, older subjects recalled more incidental as well as relevant information than younger subjects, and although instructions to remember values of a less salient incidental dimension facilitated their recall, the same instructions also facilitated the recall of values of a more salient incidental dimension even though no reference was made to those values. In Experiment II, adult recall of both relevant and incidental information was affected by instructions about differing numbers and types of dimensions. Adults and the oldest children did not differ in total information recalled, and there was no evidence for an increase with age in the cognitive ability to select only that information that was relevant to solving the initial problem. The results were discussed in terms of developmental changes in memory capacity and the absolute salience of the task information.
The Surface Science of Catalytic Selectivity

Catalysis science research employing model systems (single crystal surfaces) focused on understanding and enhancing catalytic activity (turnover rate). The catalyst surface structure and the mobility of adsorbed species are key ingredients that control activity. Catalytic selectivity is the focus of research in the foreseeable future to develop environmentally benign chemical processes that approach 100% selectivity. The catalyst surface structure, selective site blocking, bifunctional catalysis, and oxide–metal interfaces have been recognized as some of the features of reaction selectivity. New two-dimensional model catalyst systems are being fabricated by electron beam and photolithographies for molecular studies of selectivity. New methods are employed to develop three-dimensional high surface area catalysts with precise control of metal particle size, surface structure, and location in the mezopores.
Implementing Standards 2007 to Improve Students’ Preparation for Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences

Objective. To examine the impact of implementation of the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education's (ACPE's) Standards 2007 on pharmacy students’ preparation for their first advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE).Design. The doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) curriculum was altered to include introductory pharmacy practice experiences (IPPE), second-year therapeutics, classroom integration of practice experiences, more biomedical sciences, an electronic portfolio system, life-long learning exercises, and additional content based on Appendix B of Standards 2007. Curricular outcomes and the assessment plan also were revised based on Standards 2007.Assessment. To evaluate the impact of these changes to the curriculum, faculty members rated 9 behaviors of students observed during the third week of their first APPE and compared their scores with those of students who were evaluated in 2004 before the curriculum had been revised. Students completing the revised curriculum performed all 9 behaviors more ofte...
Will Biomarkers Save Prostate Cancer Screening

With the recent publication of its final grade D recommendation against prostate-specific antigen (PSA)–based screening [1], the influential US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) has effectively laid siege to prostate cancer (PCa) early detection in the United States and threatens to condemn thousands of men with high-risk PCa to slow, painful, and avoidable deaths. There are many critical flaws in the USPSTF’s analysis: It misinterprets and misrepresents key clinical trial evidence, focuses on outcomes at an insufficient duration of follow-up, and cherry-picks studies from the literature to overestimate the harms of treatment [1]. However, no matter how inappropriate the final grade D recommendation may have been, the kernel of truth in it that is beyond argument is that to date, PSA testing has not been used optimally in the United States and other countries. Too much screening and too many biopsies are done among older men with limited life expectancy [2], and too many men diagnosed with low-risk PCa receive unnecessary treatment that negatively affects their longterm quality of life. Conversely, many men with high-risk disease who should receive multimodal treatment never receive potentially curative local treatment [3]. The argument that the only solution to the problems of overdiagnosis and overtreatment is the wholesale cessation of screening [1] may be absurd, yet these problems persist and will only worsen, given an aging population. The clear solution should be neither to stop screening nor to continue business as usual but rather to screen—and treat—smarter. Smarter screening implies testing men earlier and, for the majority with low baseline PSA levels, less often [4]. Screening should also be framed in terms of early diagnosis of high-risk PCa; most men diagnosed with low-risk cancer are better managed with at least an initial course of active surveillance rather than immediate treatment. In fact, any argument for screening men at younger ages must be accompanied by a willingness for surveillance of even young men if low-grade, low-volume tumors are identified. Finally, PSA test results clearly should not be used in a vacuum but should be considered in the context of age, family history, ethnicity, physical examination findings, prior biopsy history, and other factors. Several calculators for this purpose have been published and validated [5].
Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors Sensitize Cancer Cells to Death Receptor-Mediated Apoptosis by Enhancing Death Receptor Expression

Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-α-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL), agonistic monoclonal antibodies to TRAIL receptors, and small molecule TRAIL receptor agonists are in various stages of preclinical and early phase clinical testing as potential anticancer drugs. Accordingly, there is substantial interest in understanding factors that affect sensitivity to these agents. In the present study we observed that the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors olaparib and veliparib sensitize the myeloid leukemia cell lines ML-1 and K562, the ovarian cancer line PEO1, non-small cell lung cancer line A549, and a majority of clinical AML isolates, but not normal marrow, to TRAIL. Further analysis demonstrated that PARP inhibitor treatment results in activation of the FAS and TNFRSF10B (death receptor 5 (DR5)) promoters, increased Fas and DR5 mRNA, and elevated cell surface expression of these receptors in sensitized cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated enhanced binding of the transcription factor Sp1 to the TNFRSF10B promoter in the presence of PARP inhibitor. Knockdown of PARP1 or PARP2 (but not PARP3 and PARP4) not only increased expression of Fas and DR5 at the mRNA and protein level, but also recapitulated the sensitizing effects of the PARP inhibition. Conversely, Sp1 knockdown diminished the PARP inhibitor effects. In view of the fact that TRAIL is part of the armamentarium of natural killer cells, these observations identify a new facet of PARP inhibitor action while simultaneously providing the mechanistic underpinnings of a novel therapeutic combination that warrants further investigation.
Effect of sulfur mustards on lysosomes from rat liver in vitro

Abstract Treatment of lysosomes from a heavy mitochondrial (3500 g ) rat liver fraction with either a bifunctional or a monofunctional sulfur mustard resulted in slight release of three marker enzymes. Aryl sulfatase appeared to be released at lower concentrations of alkylating agents than either β-glucuronidase or acid phosphatase. Since release was observed only at extremely high concentrations of sulfur mustard, direct lysosomal labilization probably is not involved in the cytotoxic action of sulfur mustards.
Patterns of strain in the macaque tibia during functional activity.

The strain environment of the tibial midshaft of two female macaques was evaluated through in vivo bone strain experiments using three rosette gauges around the circumference of the bones. Strains were collected for a total of 123 walking and galloping steps as well as several climbing cycles. Principal strains and the angle of the maximum (tensile) principal strain with the long axis of the bone were calculated for each gauge site. In addition, the normal strain distribution throughout the cross section was determined from the longitudinal normal strains (strains in the direction of the long axis of the bone) at each of the three gauge sites, and at the corresponding cross-sectional geometry of the bone. This strain distribution was compared with the cross-sectional properties (area moments) of the midshaft. For both animals, the predominant loading regime was found to be bending about an oblique axis running from anterolateral to posteromedial. The anterior and part of the medial cortex are in tension; the posterior and part of the lateral cortex are in compression. The axis of bending does not coincide with the maximum principal axis of the cross section, which runs mediolaterally. The bones are not especially buttressed in the plane of bending, but offer the greatest strength anteroposteriorly. The cross-sectional geometry therefore does not minimize strain or bone tissue. Peak tibial strains are slightly higher than the peak ulnar strains reported earlier for the same animals (Demes et al. [1998] Am J Phys Anthropol 106:87-100). Peak strains for both the tibia and the ulna are moderate in comparison to strains recorded during walking and galloping activities in nonprimate mammals.
Identifying and Addressing Challenges to Research in University Laboratory Preschools

Research Findings: This essay offers a review of challenges that university laboratory preschools face in providing a site for research that fits with other components of the program mission. An argument is made to consider paradigm shifts in research questions and methods that move away from traditions within the fields that study children's development. The close analysis of teaching and learning are ideally suited to the university laboratory preschool. Practice or Policy: Suggestions for meeting challenges relative to addressing reluctance from teachers and children for research participation and ensuring that the setting provides a realistic and authentic model for generating useful research are discussed.
Laparoscopic treatment of a benign splenic cyst

With an understanding of the spleen's important immunologic function, splenectomy for benign splenic disorders has given way to a variety of splenic conservation techniques. Treatment options for benign nonparasitic splenic cysts include partial splenectomy, total cystectomy, or partial cyst decapsulation. External cyst wall decapsulation is a simplified operative procedure that carries no increased risk of cyst recurrence. However, a conventional upper abdominal laparotomy may subject patients to significant morbidity. We successfully performed a laparoscopic partial cyst decapsulation, achieving meticulous hemostasis with use of a laparoscopic-GIA stapling device. The patient tolerated the procedure well and was discharged on postoperative day 2. Follow-up has demonstrated no evidence of recurrent cyst formation.
Influence of Grain Moisture and Storage Temperature on the Effectiveness of Malathion as a Grain Protectant

The influence of moisture on malathion applied at 10 p.p.m. to wheat with a graded moisture range of 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 18%, and 20% and stored at 60° F. was recognized by reduced morta1ities of sitophilus granarius (L)., Sitophilus oryza (L.), and Tribolium confusum Duv. with increases in moisture content. Results indicated that a moisture content of 12% is about the maximum safe level and 14% appeared to be the critical level of moisture in wheat when considered in regard to the persistence of biologically effective malathion deposits. Effectiveness of malathion applied at 10 p.p.m. to wheat of 10% moisture content and stored in temperature-controlled cabinets at graded ranges of 60°, 70°, 80°, 90°, 100° 110°, and 120° F. decreased with increases in temperature, but maximum safe temperature ranges which may determine the persistence of malathion at effective levels on grain in storage were not clearly defined. Results from experiments concerned with the interrelation of moisture content, storage temperature, and dosages applied indicated the desirability of adjusting dosages of malathion to compensate for adverse effects of moisture content and storage temperatures that may be found in actual storage of grains.
Microbial control of emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) with Beauveria bassiana strain GHA: Greenhouse and field trials

Abstract In 2003–2004, the lethal and sublethal effects of Beauveria bassiana strain GHA on emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) adults and larvae were evaluated using topical spray and fungal band treatments in the greenhouse and field. B. bassiana strain GHA was moderately effective against A. planipennis adults in greenhouse studies. However, efficacy was improved in the field when B. bassiana was sprayed directly on trunk surfaces prior to adult emergence. In the greenhouse, adult infection rates ranged from 27.7% to 33.5% depending on the application rates that ranged from 25 to 75 × 1013 conidia/ha, whereas in the field, adult infection rates ranged from 58.5% and 83% at two application rates of 10 and 100 × 1013 conidia/ha. The sublethal effects of B. bassiana strain GHA was observed on A. planipennis adults and larvae surviving exposure to sprayed ash trunks. The adult longevity of females and males was significantly reduced by ca. 9 and 13 d, respectively; females also laid fewer eggs and larval development was prolonged. The use of B. bassiana strain GHA-fungal bands resulted in ca. 32% mortality of A. planipennis adults compared to ca. 1% for control adults. In addition, B. bassiana strain GHA trunk sprays in the fall resulted in ca. 8% mortality of A. planipennis under the bark of infested ash trees, compared to 1.6% mortality in the controls. Larval infection rate was positively correlated with larval density in the field. The development of B. bassiana strain GHA as a management tool for A. planipennis in North America was discussed.
Migration error in transversely isotropic media with linear velocity variation in depth

Given the sensitivity of imaging accuracy to the velocity used in migration, migration founded (as in practice) on the erroneous assumption that a medium is isotropic can be expected to be inaccurate for steep reflectors. Here, we estimate errors in interpreted reflection time and lateral position as a function of reflector dip for transversely isotropic models in which the axis of symmetry is vertical and the medium velocity varies linearly with depth. We limit consideration to media in which ratios of the various elastic moduli are independent of depth. Tests with reflector dips up to 120 degrees on a variety of anisotropic media show errors that axe tens of wavelengths for dips beyond 90 degrees when the medium (unrealistically) is homogeneous. For a given anisotropy, the errors are smaller for inhomogeneous media; the larger the velocity gradient, the smaller the errors. For gradients that are representative of the subsurface, lateral-position errors tend to be minor for dips less than about 60 degrees, growing to two to five wavelengths as dip passes beyond 90 degrees. These errors depend on reflector depth and average velocity to the reflector only through their ratio, i.e., migrated reflection time. Migration error, which is found tomore » be unrelated to the ratio of horizontal to vertical velocity, is such that reflections with later migrated reflection times tend to be more severely over-migrated than are those with earlier ones. Over a large range of dips, migration errors that arise when anisotropy is ignored but inhomogeneity is honored tend to be considerably smaller than those encountered when inhomogeneity is ignored in migrating data from isotropic, inhomogeneous media.« less
Socialist Sex The Cultural Revolution Revisited

The discussion of sex, Chinese and Western scholarship suggests, is emblematic of the seemingly absolute distinction between the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) and the subsequent post-Mao/economic reform period. During the Maoist Cultural Revolution, when politics was in command, to discuss any aspect of personal life, romantic relationships, or sex was considered bourgeois and hence taboo. Throughout the more recent decades, however, sex-how to do it, with whom it is appropriate, at what age it is acceptable-has exploded as one of the major topics of public debate and is featured as the subject of fiction, films, newspaper and magazine articles, and scholarly research. Personal testimonies and memoirs, filled during the Maoist years with chronicles of political consciousness and struggle, have become more reflective about their authors' romantic and sexual histories. This shift has produced, ironically, a sexing of the Cultural Revolution-an insertion of sexual discussion, practice, and preoccupation into the history of a period long presumed to have been dominated by political concerns.