cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of natural gas as a primary fuel in the near future, including comparisons of acquisition, transmission and waste handling costs of as with competitive alternatives

Natural gas comprises about a quarter of the United States’ energy use. It is more environmentally friendly than oil and coal due to lower carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per unit, less costly per unit of energy and more readily available domestically in abundant supply. However, due to a number of barriers in the political, infrastructural, pricing and other arenas, the use of natural gas as a significant energy source in the United States has been limited. In our paper, we highlight the favorable qualities of natural gas and its benefits for the consumer, producer, and environment, having compared the costs of the various components of the natural gas business such as drilling and transport to that of coal and oil. Moreover, we touch upon the major issues that have prevented a more prevalent use of the gas, such as the fact that the infrastructure of natural gas is more costly since it is transported though pipelines whereas other energy sources such as oil and coal have flexible systems that use trains, trucks and ships. In addition, the powerful lobbies of the coal and oil businesses, along with the inertia in the congress to pass a national climate change bill further dampens incentives for these industries to invest in natural gas, despite its various attractive qualities. We also include discussions of policy proposals to incentive greater use of natural gas in the future.
Membrane Receptor–Linked Disease States

The sections in this article are: 1 Genetic Disorders of Receptor and Effector Molecules 1.1 Types of Receptor 1.2 Clinical Disorders 1.3 C Proteins 1.4 Receptors and Oncogenes 1.5 Antibodies Against Receptors and Autoimmune Disorders 2 Seven-Transmembrane-Receptor/G Protein–Coupled Disorders 2.1 Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor/Toxic Thyroid Hyperplasia/Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Resistance 2.2 Luteinizing Hormone Receptor/Precocious Puberty/ Leydig Cell Hypoplasia 2.3 Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Receptor/Familial Glucocorticoid Deficiency 2.4 Arginine Vasopressin/Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus 2.5 Rhodopsin/Retinifis Pigmentosa 2.6 Parathyroid Hormone/Parathyroid Hormone–Related Peptide Receptor/Jansen-Type Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia 2.7 β3-Adrenergic Receptor/Obesity 2.8 Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone Receptor 2.9 Somatostatin Receptor 3 Mutations of G Proteins 3.1 Gαs Mutations/Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy 4 Single-Transmembrane-Receptor–Coupled Diseases 4.1 Insulin Receptor/Leprechaunism/Rabson-Mendenhall Syndrome/Type A Insulin Resistance 4.2 Growth Hormone Receptor/Laron Dwarfism 4.3 Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Receptor 5 Four-Transmembrane-Segment Receptor Diseases 5.1 Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid and Serotonin Receptors 5.2 Acetylcholine Receptor/Slow-Channel Syndrome 5.3 Abnormal Recognition, Regulation, and Signaling Pathways 6 Receptor-Specific Cross-Over Disease 6.1 Hyperprolactinemia Syndrome 6.2 Trophoblastic Tumors/Human Chorionic Gonadotropin 6.3 Non-Islet Cell Neoplasms/Type II Insulin-Like Growth Factor 7 Oncogenic Receptor Defects 7.1 Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor/ Thyroid Adenomas 7.2 Gαs Mutations/McCune-Albright Syndrome 7.3 Disorders of Ras and Ras-Like Proto-oncogenes 8 Antireceptor Antibodies and Autoimmune Disease 8.1 Effect of Antireceptor Antibodies 8.2 Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor Antibodies and Graves' Disease 8.3 Thyroid Growth–Stimulating Antibodies 8.4 Insulin Receptor Antibodies 8.5 β-Adrenergic Receptor Antibodies 8.6 Myasthenia Gravis 8.7 Other Receptor Antibodies
Essays on statistical inference with imperfectly observed data

Missing data is a common problem encountered by empirical researchers and practitioners. This dissertation is a collection of three essays on handling imperfectly observed economic data. The first essay addresses temporal aggregation where some high frequency data are missing but their sum or average are observed in the form of low frequency data. In a vector autoregression model with varied frequency data, the explicit form of the likelihood function and the posterior distribution of missing values are found without resorting to the recursive Kalman filter. The second essay further discusses data aggregation in a two-equation model in which the missing values are imputed by a regression. In two scenarios, the likelihood function is shown to be separable and the analytic maximum likelihood estimator can be obtained by two auxiliary regressions, which is advantageous to the conventional least squares imputation approach in terms of both efficiency and computability. The third essay concerns the finite-sample bias of estimators associated with the monotone instrumental variables, which is a useful assumption to partially identify the counterfactual outcomes. It is shown that a multi-level bootstrap procedure can reduce and gradually eliminate the bias. A simultaneous simulation strategy is also proposed to make multi-level bootstrap computationally feasible.
k-t ISD: Dynamic cardiac MR imaging using compressed sensing with iterative support detection

Compressed sensing (CS) has been used in dynamic cardiac MRI to reduce the data acquisition time. The sparseness of the dynamic image series in the spatial- and temporal-frequency (x-f) domain has been exploited in existing works. In this article, we propose a new k-t iterative support detection (k-t ISD) method to improve the CS reconstruction for dynamic cardiac MRI by incorporating additional information on the support of the dynamic image in x-f space based on the theory of CS with partially known support. The proposed method uses an iterative procedure for alternating between image reconstruction and support detection in x-f space. At each iteration, a truncated l(1) minimization is applied to obtain the reconstructed image in x-f space using the support information from the previous iteration. Subsequently, by thresholding the reconstruction, we update the support information to be used in the next iteration. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed k-t ISD method improves the reconstruction quality of dynamic cardiac MRI over the basic CS method in which support information is not exploited.
A bunch compressor for the Next Linear Collider

A bunch compressor design for the Next Linear Collider (NLC) is described. The compressor reduces the bunch length by a factor of 40 in two stages. The first stage at 2 GeV consists of an RF section and a wiggler. The second stage at 10 GeV is formed by an arc, an RF section, and a chicane. The final bunch phase is insensitive to initial phase errors and to beam loading in the intermediate S-band pre-linac. Residual longitudinal aberrations of the system are partially compensated. The bunch compressor encompasses a solenoid spin-rotator system at 2 GeV that allows complete control over the spin orientation.
Galactose Residues on the Lipooligosaccharide of Moraxella catarrhalis 26404 Form the Epitope Recognized by the Bactericidal Antiserum from Conjugate Vaccination

Lipooligosaccharide (LOS) from Moraxella catarrhalis has the potential to elicit bactericidal antibodies against the pathogen. We generated LOS-based conjugate vaccines that elicited bactericidal antibodies in animal models. However, epitopes on the LOS recognized by the functional anti-LOS antibodies remain unidentified. In this study, a mutant strain, D4, which lost the recognition by a bactericidal anti-LOS rabbit serum in Western blotting was generated from a serotype C strain 26404 by random transposon mutagenesis. Sequence analysis revealed there was an insertion of a kanamycin resistance gene in the lgt2 gene of D4, which encodes β(1-4)-galactosyltransferase. An isogenic lgt2 mutant, 26404lgt2, was constructed. Structural analysis indicated that the mutant strain produced a truncated LOS lacking terminal galactoses from 4- and 6-linked oligosaccharide chains of strain 26404. Further studies showed that the antiserum lost the recognition of both mutant cells and LOSs in Western blotting, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), or a flow cytometry assay. The antiserum also lost the ability to kill the mutant strain in a bactericidal assay, whereas it showed a bactericidal titer of 1:80 to strain 26404. In an inhibition ELISA, d-(+)-galactose or 26404lgt2 LOS showed no inhibition. However, the 26404 LOS and a serotype A O35E LOS with terminal galactoses on its 6-linked oligosaccharide chain showed >90% inhibition, while a serotype B 26397 LOS showed >60% inhibition. These studies suggest that the terminal α-Gal-(1→4)-β-Gal on the 6-linked oligosaccharide chain of 26404 LOS plays a critical role in forming the epitope recognized by the bactericidal antiserum induced by immunization with our conjugate vaccine.
Nonexistence of blue's under a randomization model for the randomized block design

Consider a randomized complete block experiment to compare v treatments in n blocks. Using a randomization model for the response, assuming unit-treatment additivity and no measurement error as in Kempthorne's Design and Analysis of Experiments book, it is shown that a best linear unbiased estimator does not exist for any contrast. The adjective ‘linear’ here is interpreted as linear in the responses. This result is shown by exhibiting an unbiased linear estimator which has zero variance at any preselected values of the parameters - the nv unit effects and the v treatment effects. The usual contrast estimator is shown to be admissible in the class of linear estimators under squared error loss. The similarity of these results to finite population sampling results is discussed.
A Linear-Time Algorithm for Gaussian and Non-Gaussian Trait Evolution Models

We developed a linear-time algorithm applicable to a large class of trait evolution models, for efficient likelihood calculations and parameter inference on very large trees. Our algorithm solves the traditional computational burden associated with two key terms, namely the determinant of the phylogenetic covariance matrix V and quadratic products involving the inverse of V. Applications include Gaussian models such as Brownian motion-derived models like Pagel's lambda, kappa, delta, and the early-burst model; Ornstein-Uhlenbeck models to account for natural selection with possibly varying selection parameters along the tree; as well as non-Gaussian models such as phylogenetic logistic regression, phylogenetic Poisson regression, and phylogenetic generalized linear mixed models. Outside of phylogenetic regression, our algorithm also applies to phylogenetic principal component analysis, phylogenetic discriminant analysis or phylogenetic prediction. The computational gain opens up new avenues for complex models or extensive resampling procedures on very large trees. We identify the class of models that our algorithm can handle as all models whose covariance matrix has a 3-point structure. We further show that this structure uniquely identifies a rooted tree whose branch lengths parametrize the trait covariance matrix, which acts as a similarity matrix. The new algorithm is implemented in the R package phylolm, including functions for phylogenetic linear regression and phylogenetic logistic regression.
The significance of comorbidity in advanced laryngeal cancer

Introduction Cancer patients often have concurrent diseases and conditions known as comorbidities. The aim of this project is to demonstrate the significance of comorbidity in the treatment and outcomes of advanced laryngeal carcinoma. Methods A retrospective medical record review of 182 patients with previously untreated T3 or T4 squamous carcinomas of the larynx treated at M. D. Anderson between 1990 and 1995 was performed. Demographic, patient-specific, tumor-specific, and outcome measures information were collected. Comorbidity was coded using the Modified Medical Comorbidity Index. Univariate and multivariate analysis with the use of life survival analysis techniques and logistic regression were performed. Results The median age at diagnosis was 59.5 years. Most patients were men (69.2%) and Caucasian (73.1%). Laryngeal preservation was performed in 90 patients, and surgical resection was performed in 92 patients. Patients in the two treatment groups had similar comorbidity, locoregional control (65%), and 5-year survival (37.3%). Patients with either moderate or severe comorbidity had significantly worse overall survival (p = .00014) and worse 5-year survival than those with no or mild comorbidity (21.8% vs 46.3%, p = .003). Conclusions This study demonstrates that comorbidity is significantly associated with survival in a group of patients with identical histology, site, and stage. Comorbid status should be incorporated into the assessment of prognosis and outcome to improve and optimize the management of head and neck cancer patients. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 566–572, 2001.
The New Paradigm of Continuing Education in Surgery

Concerns regarding the shortcomings of traditional continuing medical education (CME) have led to widespread acceptance of the concept of continuous professional development (CPD). Continuous professional development focuses on the individual learning needs of physicians across the continuum of their professional careers and encompasses a broad range of educational activities. Continuous professional development activities of practicing surgeons should be integrated with the core competency of practice-based learning and improvement (PBLI), which involves a cycle of 4 steps—identifying areas for improvement, engaging in learning, applying new knowledge and skills to practice, and checking for improvement. The effectiveness of CPD and PBLI should be objectively evaluated by assessing their impact on surgeons’ learning and performance and on patient care outcomes. A portfolio may be used to document CPD and PBLI activities and can serve as a valuable learning and assessment tool. It should contain information on the personal learning projects pursued by the surgeon. Continuous professional development of the entire surgical team and education of patients and their families need to be considered within the context of the surgeon’s CPD efforts to positively affect patient care. Thus, a concept of global 360° education should be embraced. Continuous professional development integrated with PBLI can help surgeons address their specific learning needs and play a pivotal role in surgeons’ providing the best care to patients.
Indirect ESD measurement using a short monopole antenna

The measurement of electromagnetic fields generated by indirect electrostatic discharge (ESD) between low-voltage-charged metal objects with the use of very short monopole antennas has clarified the hitherto unknown specific characteristics of the impulse field which features the ultrawideband characteristics and unipolarity. The antenna is described, and conditions for the generation of a unipolar impulse and an ultrawideband impulse are established. It is concluded that the short monopole antenna is the best 'probe' for capturing ultrawideband and impulse phenomena, and may be regarded as an essential tool for picosecond-range time domain measurement techniques. >
Parallel computing in information retrieval – an updated review

The progress of parallel computing in Information Retrieval (IR) is reviewed. In particular we stress the importance of the motivation in using parallel computing for text retrieval. We analyse parallel IR systems using a classification defined by Rasmussen and describe some parallel IR systems. We give a description of the retrieval models used in parallel information processing. We describe areas of research which we believe are needed.
Estimating DNA methylation levels by joint modeling of multiple methylation profiles from microarray data

DNA methylation studies have been revolutionized by the recent development of high throughput array-based platforms. Most of the existing methods analyze microarray methylation data on a probe-by-probe basis, ignoring probe-specific effects and correlations among methylation levels at neighboring genomic locations. These methods can potentially miss functionally relevant findings associated with genomic regions. In this article, we propose a statistical model that allows us to pool information on the same probe across multiple samples to estimate the probe affinity effect, and to borrow strength from the neighboring probe sites to better estimate the methylation values. Using a simulation study, we demonstrate that our method can provide accurate model-based estimates. We further use the proposed method to develop a new procedure for detecting differentially methylated regions, and compare it with a state-of-the-art approach via a data application.
Mismanagement of Marine Fisheries by Alan Longhurst

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 2010. 320 pages. 130.00 (hardcover), 58.99 (paperback) Alan Longhurst has a long career as biological oceanography and research director both for the Natio...
Tunneled and transposed island flaps in facial reconstructive surgery.

Background Surgical wounds on the central face present reconstructive challenges given the aesthetic prominence of these visually important areas and a general lack of local tissue availability. Materials and methods Illustrative case examples demonstrate the potential clinical utility of nontraditional island flaps that are tunneled or transposed into operative defects. Results Aesthetically successful reconstruction of difficult facial wounds was accomplished with island flaps that used less traditional operative designs. Conclusion When designed and executed properly, island flaps offer unrivaled opportunities to reconstruct the face with maximal preservation of central facial symmetry.
Response of False Wireworm Eleodes suturalis Larvae to Wheat in Olfactometer Tests

An olfactometer suitable for testing the attraction of vapors from various developmental stages of wheat to Eleodes suturalis (Say) is described. This study demonstrates that vapors from germinating wheat attract larvae of this soil insect.
Experience with the Fontan procedure.

From 1975 to the present, 45 patients have undergone modifications of the Fontan procedure for complex congenital heart disease. There were 30 males and 15 females ranging in age from 2 to 38 years (mean 13 years). Primary diagnoses were tricuspid atresia in 19, univentricular heart in 24, and pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum in two. Right atrial-pulmonary arterial connections were performed in 32 patients, 11 with conduits (seven with valves and four without) and 21 by direct anastomosis with patch augmentation. Right atrial-right ventricular connections were made in 13 patients, six with valved conduits and seven without conduits. Follow-up ranged from 0.1 to 9 years, with a mean of 2.3 years. There were three early deaths (
SU‐F‐R‐35: Repeatability of Texture Features in T1‐ and T2‐Weighted MR Images

Purpose: To evaluate repeatability of lung tumor texture features from inspiration/expiration MR image pairs for potential use in patient specific care models and applications. Repeatability is a desirable and necessary characteristic of features included in such models. Methods: T1-weighted Volumetric Interpolation Breath-Hold Examination (VIBE) and/or T2-weighted MRI scans were acquired for 15 patients with non-small cell lung cancer before and during radiotherapy for a total of 32 and 34 same session inspiration-expiration breath-hold image pairs respectively. Bias correction was applied to the VIBE (VIBE_BC) and T2-weighted (T2_BC) images. Fifty-nine texture features at five wavelet decomposition ratios were extracted from the delineated primary tumor including: histogram(HIST), gray level co-occurrence matrix(GLCM), gray level run length matrix(GLRLM), gray level size zone matrix(GLSZM), and neighborhood gray tone different matrix (NGTDM) based features. Repeatability of the texture features for VIBE, VIBE_BC, T2-weighted, and T2_BC image pairs was evaluated by the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) between corresponding image pairs, with a value greater than 0.90 indicating repeatability. Results: For the VIBE image pairs, the percentage of repeatable texture features by wavelet ratio was between 20% and 24% of the 59 extracted features; the T2-weighted image pairs exhibited repeatability in the range of 44–49%. The percentage dropped to 10–20% for the VIBE_BC images, and 12–14% for the T2_BC images. In addition, five texture features were found to be repeatable in all four image sets including two GLRLM, two GLZSM, and one NGTDN features. No single texture feature category was repeatable among all three image types; however, certain categories performed more consistently on a per image type basis. Conclusion: We identified repeatable texture features on T1- and T2-weighted MRI scans. These texture features should be further investigated for use in specific applications such as tissue classification and changes during radiation therapy utilizing a standard imaging protocol. Authors have the following disclosures: a research agreement with Philips Medical systems (Hugo, Weiss), a license agreement with Varian Medical Systems (Hugo, Weiss), research grants from the National Institute of Health (Hugo, Weiss), UpToDate royalties (Weiss), and none(Mahon, Ford, Karki). Authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.
AJKD Atlas of Renal Pathology: Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis-Associated Glomerulonephritis.

Antibiotic therapy has decreased the incidence of glomerulonephritis related to subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE). Kidney involvement may be the initial manifestation of SBE in about 20% of patients. Hematuria and mild proteinuria are commonly present. Hypertension and nephrotic syndrome are rare. Serum complement levels may be low. Gross hematuria may be present in patients with renal infarctions related to embolic events. The degree of GFR loss correlates with the severity of glomerulonephritis; diffuse glomerulonephritis causes moderate GFR loss, and necrotizing glomerulonephritis with crescents can cause a rapid GFR decline. More extensive glomerulonephritis is commonly associated with high-titer ANCA positivity. Antibiotic therapy can result in partial to complete resolution of kidney disease. Light microscopy: Glomerular lesions show variable and often mixed active and chronic lesions. Focal or diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis is present in about half of cases, and may have neutrophils within the glomerular tuft. Focal necrotizing lesions with crescents may be present. Chronic lesions include segmental glomerulosclerosis, as well as fibrocellular and fibrous crescents. Renal infarction related to an embolic event can occur. Necrotizing glomerulonephritis with crescents without endocapillary hypercellularity can occur. Immunofluorescence microscopy: Mesangial and capillary wall irregular, granular staining for IgG, IgM, C3, and sometimes IgA are usually present in cases with proliferative glomerulonephritis. IgM staining is usually greater than IgG and IgA. IgA may be dominant in cases with staphylococcal infection. However, there is typically little or no staining in
Bed and width oscillations form coherent patterns in a partially confined, regulated gravel–cobble-bedded river adjusting to anthropogenic disturbances

Abstract. Understanding the spatial organization of river systems in light of natural and anthropogenic change is extremely important because it can provide information to assess, manage, and restore them to ameliorate worldwide freshwater fauna declines. For gravel- and cobble-bedded alluvial rivers studies spanning analytical, empirical and numerical domains suggest that at channel-forming flows there is a tendency towards covarying bankfull bed and width undulations amongst morphologic units such as pools and riffles, whereby relatively wide areas have relatively higher minimum bed elevations and relatively narrow areas have relatively lower minimum bed elevations. The goal of this study was to determine whether minimum bed elevation and flow-dependent channel top width are organized in a partially confined, incising gravel–cobbled bed river with multiple spatial scales of anthropogenic and natural landform heterogeneity across a range of discharges. A key result is that the test river exhibited covarying oscillations of minimum bed elevation and channel top width across all flows analyzed. These covarying oscillations were found to be quasiperiodic at channel-forming flows, scaling with the length scales of bars, pools and riffles. Thus, it appears that alluvial rivers organize their topography to have quasiperiodic, shallow and wide or narrow and deep cross section geometry, even despite ongoing, centennial-scale incision. Presumably these covarying oscillations are linked to hydrogeomorphic mechanisms associated with alluvial river channel maintenance. The biggest conclusion from this study is that alluvial rivers are defined more so by variability in topography and flow than mean conditions. Broader impacts of this study are that the methods provide a framework for characterizing longitudinal and flow-dependent variability in rivers for assessing geomorphic structure and aquatic habitat in space, and if repeated, through time.
Analytical Model for the Deformation of Viscoelastic Non-Newtonian Drops Undergoing Secondary Atomization

While there is no single analytical model that accurately predicts all stages and modes of secondary atomization, many groups have developed models that predict deformation and oscillation of a single, isolated drop. The TAB (Taylor Analogy Breakup) model was chosen for this investigation, mainly due to its widespread use by Liu and Reitz [1], Hwang et al. [2], Tanner [3], and Lee and Reitz [4], among others. Since the TAB model is also the foundation for many other analytical models, it will also be used here as a starting point for the development of a viscoelastic non-Newtonian model to predict droplet deformed radii, droplet deformation time, and velocity at deformation time for viscoelastic xanthan gum - DI water solutions.Three additional improvements are made to this viscoelastic TAB model: the first is a change to a TAB coefficient; the second to the equation for the drag coefficient, and the third modification is to the breakup criterion. This model uses Carreau rheology and Zimm relaxation time. Non-dimensional drop diameter and initiation times are plotted against We; model results are compared to experimental results for a range of xanthan gum solution concentrations. Results show fair agreement between experimental results and model results for non-dimensional drop diameter, with the best match at low XG concentration and low-to-medium We (10–30). It was also noted that increased viscoelasticity seems to increase this drop diameter. Good agreement between experimental data and model results has been seen for initiation time, with increased viscoelasticity increasing this parameter as well.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
A Sequential Implementation Model for Workforce Development: A Case Study of Medical Residency Training for Substance Use Concerns.

ABSTRACTProblem: In graduate medical education, residency programs are often educationally isolated from each other, with varying needs and patient populations, so strategies are needed when attempting to implement training in evidence-based practices across multiple residencies. Intervention: Using implementation science as a guide, we adapted a community development model to sequentially implement an evidence-based intervention, Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) for alcohol and drug use problems, across internal medicine, pediatrics, emergency medicine, psychiatry, and obstetrics and gynecology residency programs. Context: A grant-funded “executive” team coordinated the implementation, enrolled a new residency program annually, and served as the consultative team to span the programs. The team was attentive to aligning implementation with the needs of each program. To assist in planning, the team included a program champion 1 year prior to SBIRT implementation to provide t...
Sleep Apnea and Hypoventilation in Patients with Down Syndrome: Analysis of 144 Polysomnogram Studies

Patients with Down syndrome (DS) are at risk for both obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and central sleep apnea (CSA); however, it is unclear how these components evolve as patients age and whether patients are also at risk for hypoventilation. A retrospective review of 144 diagnostic polysomnograms (PSG) in a tertiary care facility over 10 years was conducted. Descriptive data and exploratory correlation analyses were performed. Sleep disordered breathing was common (seen in 78% of patients) with an average apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) = 10. The relative amount of obstructive apnea was positively correlated with age and body mass index (BMI). The relative amount of central sleep apnea was associated with younger age in the very youngest group (0–3 years). Hypoventilation was common occurring in more than 22% of patients and there was a positive correlation between the maximum CO2 and BMI. Sleep disordered breathing, including hypoventilation, was common in patients with DS. The obstructive component increased significantly with age and BMI, while the central component occurred most in the very young age group. Due to the high risk of hypoventilation, which has not been previously highlighted, it may be helpful to consider therapies to target both apnea and hypoventilation in this population.
How Prospective Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Trainees Rank Residency Training Programs

Abstract Background Since the inception of the National Resident Matching Program, multiple studies have investigated the factors applicants consider important to ranking prospective residency programs. However, only 2 previous studies focused on prospective physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) trainees, and the most recent of these studies was published in 1993. It is unknown whether these previous studies are reflective of current prospective PM&R residents. Objective To assess various factors that contribute to prospective PM&R residents' decision making in choosing a residency program and compare these findings with previous studies. Design An anonymous, voluntary questionnaire. Setting A single PM&R residency program. Participants All applicants to a single PM&R residency program. Methods All applicants to our PM&R residency program were invited to participate in a 44-item, 5-point Likert-based questionnaire. Applicants were asked to rate the importance of various factors as they related to constructing their residency rank list. Main Outcome Measurements Means and standard deviations were calculated for items included in the survey. Results A response rate of 26% was obtained, with the responses of 98 applicants (20%) ultimately analyzed. The highest rated factors included "perceived happiness of current residents," "opportunities for hands-on procedure training," "perceived camaraderie among current residents," "perceived camaraderie among faculty and current residents," "perceived quality of current residents," and "perceived work/life balance among current residents." Although male and female respondents demonstrated similar ranking preferences, an apparent difference was detected between how genders rated the importance of "whether the program projects a favorable environment for women" and "whether the program projects a favorable environment for minorities." As compared with previous PM&R applicants, current prospective trainees seem to place greater importance on skill acquisition over didactic teaching. Conclusion Prospective PM&R residents highly value subjective perceptions of prospective PM&R training programs and the ability to obtain hands-on procedural experience. Level of Evidence Not applicable
In vivo evidence of inflammasome activation during spontaneous labor at term.

Objective: Upon inflammasome activation, the adaptor protein of the inflammasome ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD) forms intracellular specks, which can be released in...
Tailored Organic Electrode Material Compatible with Sulfide Electrolyte for Stable All-Solid-State Sodium Batteries.

All-solid-state sodium batteries (ASSSBs) with nonflammable electrolytes and ubiquitous sodium resource are a promising solution to the safety and cost concerns for lithium-ion batteries. However, the intrinsic mismatch between low anodic decomposition potential of superionic sulfide electrolytes and high operating potentials of sodium-ion cathodes leads to a volatile cathode-electrolyte interface and undesirable cell performance. Here we report a high-capacity organic cathode, Na4 C6 O6 , that is chemically and electrochemically compatible with sulfide electrolytes. A bulk-type ASSSB shows high specific capacity (184 mAh g-1 ) and one of the highest specific energies (395 Wh kg-1 ) among intercalation compound-based ASSSBs. The capacity retentions of 76 % after 100 cycles at 0.1 C and 70 % after 400 cycles at 0.2 C represent the record stability for ASSSBs. Additionally, Na4 C6 O6 functions as a capable anode material, enabling a symmetric all-organic ASSSB with Na4 C6 O6 as both cathode and anode materials.
Bar-Driven Central Star-Bursts in SB0 and SBa Galaxies

Optical photographs of galaxies give little or no indication of on-going star formation at the early end of the Hubble sequence. Few or no star forming regions can be resolved in the disks of SO and early-type spiral galaxies. However, several lines of evidence indicate that a high rate of star formation is occurring at the centers of many SO and early-type spiral galaxies, particularly those with bars.
Neurogenesis in the basal ganglia

The basal ganglia constitute a large and complex set of subpallial telencephalic nuclei which function in motor, cognitive and emotional neural systems. The embryonic anlage (ganglionic eminences) generates neurons that populate both the subpallium and pallium; most of these neurons are GABAergic (gamma amino butyric acid). This chapter reviews the neuroanatomy of the embryonic basal ganglia and the genetic and molecular mechanisms that govern neuronal generation, fate specification, and differentiation.
Is Culture Destiny? — An Empirical Analysis of Foreigners’ Litigation Performance Before the International Trade Commission

This study is the first to explore how culture influences a party’s choices and performance in international litigation. It analyzes three aspects of culture in international litigation: cultural barriers to the participation in litigation, cultural risk preferences, and the unique influences that major cultural zones have upon litigation. This study also expands upon the Priest-Klein model of case selection to facilitate analysis. This study uses logistic regression to analyze Section 337 investigations in the U.S. International Trade Commission (“ITC”). Cultural difference, measured by both social values and linguistics, is found to significantly impair every aspect of a foreign party’s performance. Respondents from the Confucian cultural zone are found to be much more likely to settle litigation. This study also finds an unexpected interplay between uncertainty avoidance and cultural heritage: uncertainty avoidance enhances litigation performance only for respondents from the Confucian cultural zone. Other variables such as the economic development level of the home society of a respondent, the time of the investigation, the number of home societies of respondents, and whether the respondent is foreign also lead to statistically significant conclusions. Variables that are not found to have meaningful influences are also presented. The finding of a cultural barrier to a certain extent exonerates U.S. adjudicators whom some prior studies have blamed for xenophobia bias. This article also reviews previous claims of bias on the part of the ITC and finds them unpersuasive. Foreign respondents actually outperform domestic respondents after cultural and other factors are considered. Statistical analysis suggests that the superior outcomes of foreign respondents can be explained by their attraction to weak cases.
Continuity and stability of preschool depression from childhood through adolescence and following the onset of puberty.

Abstract Background A growing body of research now supports the validity, clinical significance, and long-term negative impact of depression occurring during the preschool period. However, the prospective continuity of depressive symptoms and risk for major depressive disorder (MDD) from childhood through adolescence for preschoolers experiencing this highly impairing disorder remains unexplored. Such information is likely to be critical for understanding the developmental continuity of preschool depression and whether it continues to be a salient risk factor for an MDD diagnosis following the transition into adolescence and the onset of biological changes associated with it (i.e., puberty). Methods Subjects were participants in the Preschool Depression Study conducted at the Early Emotional Development Program at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. Subjects and their parents completed baseline assessments that included comprehensive measures of psychopathology and development at baseline and up to 9 follow-up assessments between 2003 and 2017. N = 279 subjects had diagnostic and clinical data available for the preschool period and the early pubertal and/or later pubertal periods and were included in the analyses. There were N = 275 subjects assessed during the early pubertal period and N = 184 subjects assessed during the later pubertal period. Results Preschool depression was a highly salient predictor of prepubertal and mid-to-post pubertal MDD. Across all modeled time points children with a history of preschool depression continued to demonstrate elevated levels of depressive symptoms from childhood through adolescence, suggesting a heightened trajectory of depressive symptoms relative to their same age peers. Conclusion Findings from the current study suggest that children with a history of preschool depression follow a trajectory of depression severity elevated relative to their same age peers from childhood through adolescence but with a similar shape over time. They also support the homotypic continuity of preschool depression into adolescence and the onset of puberty.
Analysis of remote sensing imagery for disaster assessment using deep learning: a case study of flooding event

This paper proposes a methodology that integrates deep learning and machine learning for automatically assessing damage with limited human input in hundreds of thousands of aerial images. The goal is to develop a system that can help automatically identifying damaged areas in massive amount of data. The main difficulty consists in damaged infrastructure looking very different from when undamaged, likely resulting in an incorrect classification because of their different appearance, and the fact that deep learning and machine learning training sets normally only include undamaged infrastructures. In the proposed method, a deep learning algorithm is firstly used to automatically extract the presence of critical infrastructure from imagery, such as bridges, roads, or houses. However, because damaged infrastructure looks very different from when undamaged, the set of features identified can contain errors. A small portion of the images are then manually labeled if they include damaged areas, or not. Multiple machine learning algorithms are used to learn attribute–value relationships on the labeled data to capture the characteristic features associated with damaged areas. Finally, the trained classifiers are combined to construct an ensemble max-voting classifier. The selected max-voting model is then applied to the remaining unlabeled data to automatically identify images including damaged infrastructure. Evaluation results (85.6% accuracy and 89.09% F1 score) demonstrated the effectiveness of combining deep learning and an ensemble max-voting classifier of multiple machine learning models to analyze aerial images for damage assessment.
Unsupervised Multi-Domain Adaptation with Feature Embeddings

Representation learning is the dominant technique for unsupervised domain adaptation, but existing approaches have two major weaknesses. First, they often require the specification of “pivot features” that generalize across domains, which are selected by taskspecific heuristics. We show that a novel but simple feature embedding approach provides better performance, by exploiting the feature template structure common in NLP problems. Second, unsupervised domain adaptation is typically treated as a task of moving from a single source to a single target domain. In reality, test data may be diverse, relating to the training data in some ways but not others. We propose an alternative formulation, in which each instance has a vector of domain attributes, can be used to learn distill the domain-invariant properties of each feature. 1
Prognostic Significance of Prior Best Response to Imatinib in Patients (pts) with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) in Chronic Phase (CP) Treated with Second Generation Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs).

Backgound. Imatinib mesylate therapy has significantly improved the prognosis of CML. A minority of pts in CP-CML are primary resistant to imatinib or develop resistance during treatment. Second generation TKIs such as dasatinib and nilotinib demonstrated efficacy in overcoming imatinib resistance, with high rates of hematologic and cytogenetic responses in CML post imatinib failure. Study Aims and Study Group. We assessed the impact of prior best response to imatinib on outcome of 120 pts in CP treated with new TKIs at our institution after imatinib failure: 75 (62%) received dasatinib and 45 (38%) recived nilotinib. Median age was 57 years (range, 21–83). The median duration of the disease was 67 months (range, 4–241). Pts have been followed for a median of 22 months (range, 1–44) from the start of 2 nd generation TKIs. Results. Best response to imatinib was hematologic in 47 pts (40%) and cytogenetic in 60 (50%) (complete in 28, partial in 16, minor in 16). Five pts (4%) were primary refractory and 8 (6%) were intolerant. At the start of 2 nd generation TKIs, 87 pts (73%) were in active CP with no complete hematologic response (CHR). Eighty-five (71%) harbored more than 90% Philadelphia-positive metaphases, and clonal evolution was noted in 28 pts (23%). Patients that had achieved a cytogenetic response at any time during their imatinib therapy had a better outcome than those who had only a hematologic response: CHR rates 98% vs 68%, p nd generation TKIs had higher rates of cytogenetic response than those not already in CHR (88% vs 64%; p=0.01). Low disease burden defined by Philadelphia-positive metaphases nd generation TKIs with CHR rates of 89% and 80% (p=0.18), MCyR rates of 57% and 51% (p=0.57) and CCyR rates of 52% and 47% (p=0.71) for dasatinib and nilotinib, respectively. Conclusion. The probability of response to 2 nd generation TKIs is highly dependent on prior response to imatinib and disease burden at the start of therapy.
Characterization of eFuse Programming for Varying RF BiCMOS Technology Silicides

Ti, Co, Pt, and Ni salicide processes optimized for a range of CMOS technology nodes down to 90nm were fabricated using 0.35 $\mu {\mathrm{ m}}$ SiGe BiCMOS. On-wafer circuitry was used to program discrete eFuse elements to compare their pre and post programmed resistances as well as their behavior during programming between each salicide process employed, with TEM analysis to confirm successful electromigration in the fuse link. A T0 analysis of CoSi shows link resistance scaling and temperature characteristics. Discrete eFuses were also subjected to 100ns Transmission Line Pulse (TLP) to compare ESD handling and robustness, and the associated MOSFET circuitry characterized for safe operating area (SOA) under DC and pulsed conditions. The analysis was expanded to look at the difference between the blow FET DC (reflected in the device models) and the pulsed FET (TLP) behavior (not captured in Design Kits). This work demonstrates the compatibility of electrically programmable fuse (eFuse) technology across a range of process technology nodes, as well as its robustness in high reliability applications.
Partner Type and Young Women's Sexual Behavior: A Qualitative Inquiry.

The incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) has increased over recent years, particularly among young women. Partner type is believed to influence women’s STI risk. However, researchers often restrict partner type to “casual” versus “committed,” labels that can mask risk variability. Therefore, in this study, we identified and explored a range of sexual partner types in order to understand how young women’s perceived risk and condom use intentions vary by partner type. Data were obtained during six focus groups of young women (N =25) who were recruited from a community reproductive healthcare clinic. Women described a range of monogamous and non-monogamous partner types that were distinguished based on partner regularity (i.e., whether the sexual partnership was ongoing) and personal relationship (i.e., degree of involvement outside of the sexual relationship). Women’s perceived STI risk was higher and condom use intentions stronger with new partners, particularly unfamiliar partners (i.e., “one-night stand,” “fuck boy”). Women identified potential harm from condom negotiation with all but the “friends with benefits” partners. However, the nature of this harm differed by partner type. Clinicians and researchers should consider how to support women in advocating for safer sexual behaviors across these partner types by understanding how partner regularity, degree of personal relationship, and emotional attachment differentially impact couples’ condom use decisions.
Shaun Slifer. So Much to Be Angry About . Morgantown, WV: West Virginia University Press, 2021. 256p. Paper, $32.99 (ISBN: 978-1-949199-94-9).

Shaun Slifer had never heard of the Appalachian Movement Press (AMP) when he was handed one of its publications while attending a wedding at the Appalachian South Folklife Center (ASFC) in Pipestem, West Virginia, in 2016. Neither had almost anyone else, as its history had gone largely undocumented. Slifer, the creative director of the West Virginia Mine Wars Museum in Matewan, West Virginia, was already aware of the rich and complex ways that cultural production, social movements, and historical collections can interact. He put that knowledge to use in recovering the history of a press that played a key role during a crucial decade of organizing for justice in Appalachia. So Much to Be Angry About: Appalachian Movement Press and Radical DIY Publishing, 1969–1979 is the informative result.
Plasticity and fracture behavior of Inconel 625 manufactured by laser powder bed fusion: Comparison between as-built and stress relieved conditions

Abstract In this study, the influence of stress relief on the plasticity and fracture behavior of Inconel 625 fabricated through laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing (AM) was investigated. The as-built versus stress relieved microstructures were compared, showing similar grain structures but the presence of ~10 vol % δ phase in the stress relieved condition, and no δ phase in the as-built condition. Mechanical tests under plane strain tension were performed on the stress relieved samples, and an anisotropic plasticity model was calibrated and validated using finite element simulations. Uniaxial and notched tension tests were performed on both as-built and stress relieved samples to probe the effect of stress relief on stress state- and direction-dependent fracture behavior. It was found that on average, the fracture strain of the stress relieved samples along the build direction was 30% higher than that along the perpendicular build direction in the stress state range studied, and the stress relief heat treatment resulted in a 45% decrease in fracture strain. The fracture strain in stress relieved samples was more strongly dependent on stress state than in as-built samples.