cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pebbles in Archaeological Contexts: A Case Study from a West Texas Cave

The recovery of hundreds of unmodified polished pebbles from excavations at Spirit Eye Cave in West Texas provides an opportunity to analyze an underreported class of lithic artifact. When unmodified pebbles are recovered from large shelter sites in the Texas region, they are sometimes associated with a portable form of pebble art. Because of the small size and recovery of avian faunal elements from the cave, this analysis pursued the possibility of the pebbles representing gastroliths associated with the procurement of avian species. Diagnostic attributes of gastroliths from experimental studies in paleontology provide the criteria for assessment. The results indicate that local formation processes, rather than the procurement of avian species by prehistoric inhabitants, better explain the data set. The study also found more polished chert pebbles than any other lithic material and this is argued to represent human agency; a discussion of the implications for these results provides a range of interpretive possibilities.
Evaluating Recovery of Cupressaceae Taxa After Flooding at Contrasting Temperatures

Abstract Chamaecyparis are ornamental plants that are used extensively in temperate-zone landscapes worldwide. However, due to their low tolerance to environmental stresses Chamaecyparis often perf...
Credit Union and Bank Subprime Lending in the Great Recession

We develop a theoretical model that predicts that credit unions will offer relatively less risky loans (e.g., fewer “subprime” mortgages) compared to similar commercial banks due to credit unions’ focus on member utility as nonprofit financial cooperatives. The model also predicts that banks will increase subprime lending more than credit unions during economic expansions and decrease subprime lending more than credit unions during recessions. We use the financial crisis and Great Recession period of 2007–2009 to test our model and find that, as predicted, commercial banks engaged in approximately five times more subprime lending relative to credit unions during the period leading up to the financial crisis (2003–2006). Banks also had delinquency and charge-off rates that were two to three times higher during and immediately following the crisis. We also find that banks were about two-and-a-half times more likely to fail and were significantly more likely to receive TARP government assistance funds. The results are robust to controlling for important differences between credit unions and banks besides structure and incentives, including asset size, portfolio concentration, market share, earnings, liquidity, leverage, mortgages sold to the secondary market, core deposits, and state-level indicators of economic performance and housing prices. We argue that the findings explain why credit unions often appear more risk averse relative to commercial banks, and hold important implications for researchers, policymakers and regulators.
Towards automatic time gating for time-domain diffuse correlation spectroscopy

Time-domain near-infrared spectroscopy (TD-NIRs) and Time-Domain Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy (TD-DCS) are emerging imaging techniques that use a near-infrared, long coherence, pulsed laser to characterize oxygenation levels and blood flow. TD-DCS is a promising tool for bedside monitoring of brain activity due to its high time-resolution and portability. One potential new application area for TD-DCS is for detecting non-compressible torso hemorrhages (NCTH). NCTH is a serious traumatic injury that requires surgical intervention and is a leading cause of death in the military due to the lack of a rapid and portable imaging system sensitive enough to detect injury. Applying long wavelengths (1064 nm and 1120 nm) and time gating, TD-DCS can penetrate the superficial tissue layers and potentially detect bleeding deep within an organ. One limitation of current time-gating system is its reliance on full knowledge of the target tissue layers and properties in order to apply gating effectively. An automatic gating scheme that can adjust the time gate to quickly recalibrate itself to different imaging conditions, such as a different body area, can eliminate this limitation. Here, we use modeling and Monte Carlo simulations to search for characteristics in return signal profiles, specifically the time-of-flight and intensity profiles, as first step toward an automatic time-gating algorithm. We detail the simulation setups, parameter sweeps, and preliminary results in this report. These results show promise for TD-DCS as a tool for rapid and continuous monitoring of injuries in the field.
A Novel Combination Treatment with Honokiol and Rapamycin Effectively Restricts c-Met-Induced Growth of Renal Cancer Cells, and also Inhibits the Expression of Tumor Cell PD-L1 Involved in Immune Escape

The mTOR inhibitor Rapamycin has tumor inhibitory properties; and it is also used as an immunosuppressive agent after organ transplantation. However, prolonged Rapamycin treatment re-activates Akt and can promote cancer growth. Honokiol is a natural compound with both anti-tumorigenic and anti-inflammatory properties. Here, we assessed the anti-tumor effects of Rapamycin and Honokiol combination in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Receptor tyrosine kinase c-Met-mediated signaling plays a major role in RCC growth. We observed that compared with Rapamycin alone, Rapamycin + Honokiol combination can effectively down-regulate c-Met-induced Akt phosphorylation in renal cancer cells; and it markedly inhibited Ras activation and cell proliferation and promoted G1 phase cell cycle arrest. The combination treatment significantly induced ROS generation and cancer cell apoptosis even when c-Met is activated. Importantly, Honokiol, but not Rapamycin, decreased c-Met-induced expression of the co-inhibitory molecule PD-L1, implied in the immune escape of renal cancer cells. In mouse renal cancer cells and Balb/c splenocytes co-culture assay, Rapamycin + Honokiol markedly potentiated immune-cell-mediated killing of cancer cells, possibly through the down-regulation of PD-L1. Together, Honokiol can effectively overcome the limitation of Rapamycin treatment alone; and the combination treatment can markedly restrict the growth of RCC, with particular importance to post-transplantation renal cancer.
Doping molecular organic semiconductors by diffusion from the vapor phase

Thin films of amorphous small molecule semiconductors are widely used in organic light emitting displays and have promising applications in solar cells and thermoelectric devices. Adding dopants increases the conductivity of organic semiconductors, but high concentrations of dopants can disrupt their structural ordering, alter the shape of the electronic density of states in the material, and increase the effects of Coulomb interactions on charge transport. Electrical doping of the solution processable hole-transport material 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD) was studied with 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ) as a p-type dopant. Infiltration of F4TCNQ from the vapor phase into films of spiro-OMeTAD provided a route to highly doped films with up to 39 ± 2 mol% doping. Structural characterization confirmed that the films remain amorphous even at the highest doping levels with no apparent phase separation. We quantitatively determined the carrier concentration using UV-Vis spectroscopy to interpret the evolution of the electrical conductivity. Over the range of carrier concentrations (1019–1020 1 cm−3), the electrical conductivity increased no more than linearly with carrier concentration, while the thermopower had a small increase with carrier concentration. The trends in conductivity and thermopower were related to the unique electronic structure of spiro-OMeTAD, which is able to support two carriers per molecule. Temperature-dependent conductivity measurements were used to further analyze the transport mechanism.
What types of insomnia relate to anxiety and depressive symptoms in late life

Abstract Background Symptoms of insomnia are associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety in older adults, yet less is known about the relation of specific forms of insomnia (i.e., onset, maintenance, and terminal insomnia) with these symptoms. This study explored how insomnia types related to symptoms of anxiety and depression in older adults. It was hypothesized that onset and maintenance insomnia would have stronger relations to anxiety and depressive symptoms than terminal insomnia. Methods One-hundred thirty-three older adults (mean age 69, age range 65–89) were recruited using Amazon's Mechanical Turk. Participants completed the Insomnia Severity Index, Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form, and Geriatric Anxiety Inventory-Short Form. Results Regression analyses that controlled for the comorbidity between anxiety and depressive symptoms indicated that onset insomnia was the only independent predictor of anxiety symptoms, and maintenance insomnia was the only independent predictor of depressive symptoms, each of which had medium to large effect sizes. Limitations Our findings are limited by an online, primarily Caucasian, and non-clinical sample as well as the cross-sectional design of the study. Conclusions Our findings suggest that despite overlap between symptoms of depression and anxiety, insomnia may have different mechanisms of affecting each disorder. Thus, the type of insomnia is clinically relevant and should be assessed when symptoms of anxiety, depression, and/or sleep difficulties are reported.
Independent sites of low and high affinity for agonists on Torpedocalifornica acetylcholine receptor

Abstract It is demonstrated that two classes of binding site for acetylcholine are present on Torpedo californica acetylcholine receptor. One class is the well documented site on each of the two subunits of 40,000 daltons, which can be covalently modified by bromocetylcholine. Both in the absence and in the presence of bromoacetylcholine another binding site is shown to exist by virtue of acetylcholine dependent fluorescence changes in the receptor covalently modified by 4-[N-(iodoacetoxy)ethyl-N-methyl]-amino-7-Nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3 diazole (IANBD). This site has a low affinity for acetylcholine (Kd ∼ 80 μM) that corresponds closely with the known concentration dependence of acetylcholine mediated activation of this receptor and we conclude that it may represent a site of association that participates in channel opening in this system.
The Role of Testing Availability on Intentions to Isolate during the COVID-19 Pandemic - A Randomized Trial

Abstract Background Little information exists on how COVID-19 testing availability influences intentions to engage in risky behavior. Understanding the behavioral effects of testing availability may provide insight into the role of adequate testing on controlling viral transmission. Objective To evaluate the impact of testing availability on behavioral intention to self-isolate in a simulated scenario with participants who have been clinically diagnosed with COVID-19. Methods A total of 1400 participants were recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) through a national, online, opt-in survey. Participants were randomized to one of three hypothetical scenarios. Each scenario asked participants to imagine having symptoms consistent with COVID-19 along with a clinical diagnosis from their physician. However, scenarios differed in their testing result: testing unavailable, positive test, or negative test. The primary outcome was intention to engage in high-risk COVID-19 behaviors, measured using an 11-item mean score (range 1-7) that was pre-registered prior to data collection. The randomized survey was conducted between July 23rd to July 29th, 2020. Results Out of 1194 respondents (41.6% male, 58.4% female) with a median age of 38.5 years, participants who had no testing available in their clinical scenario showed significantly greater intentions to engage in behavior facilitating COVID-19 transmission compared to those who received a positive confirmatory test result scenario (difference (SE): 0.14 (0.06), P=0.016), equating to an 11.1% increase in mean score risky behavior intentions. Intention to engage in behaviors that can spread COVID-19 were also positively associated with male gender, poor health status, and Republican party affiliation. Conclusion Testing availability appears to play an independent role in influencing behaviors facilitating COVID-19 transmission. Such findings shed light on the possible negative externalities of testing unavailability. Trial Registration Effect of Availability of COVID-19 Testing on Choice to Isolate and Socially Distance, NCT04459520, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04459520
Binder jetting additive manufacturing: observations of compaction-induced powder bed surface defects

Abstract This paper, for the first time, reports observations of a type of powder bed surface defects (i.e., surface ridges) induced by forward-rotating roller compaction. Three compaction thicknesses, 0, 30, and 180 µm, were tested at a layer thickness of 120 µm. Surface ridges occurred on the powder bed surface when compaction thickness was 180 µm, but not when compaction thickness was 0 or 30 µm. The formation of surface ridges was a cumulative process where the number and height of surface ridges first increased and then reached a plateau as the number of spread and compacted layers increased.
Home Self-tonometry Trials Compared with Clinic Tonometry in Patients with Glaucoma.

Purpose This study examined characteristics of intraocular pressure (IOP) as measured during home tonometry in comparison with in-clinic tonometry in patients with glaucoma. Design Retrospective cross-sectional study of glaucoma patients who completed 1 week of self-tonometry at a single academic center. Participants Patients with glaucoma who completed home tonometry trials with the iCare HOME tonometer (iCare USA) for any reason. Methods Home IOP measurements were compared with in-clinic tonometry performed during the 5 visits preceding home tonometry. Maximum daily IOP was correlated to time of day. Generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate patient characteristics and clinic-derived variables that predicted differences between home and clinic IOP. Main Outcome Measures IOP mean, maximum, minimum, range, standard deviation and coefficient of variation were compared between clinic and home tonometry. IOP mean daily maximum (MDM) and mean daily range were calulated to describe recurrent IOP spiking. Results A total of 107 eyes from 61 patients were analyzed. Mean age was 63.2 years (standard deviation [SD], 14.0 years) and 59.0% were women. Mean clinic and home IOPs were 14.5 mmHg (SD, 4.7 mmHg) and 13.6 mmHg (SD, 5.1 mmHg). Home tonometry identified significantly higher maximum IOP, lower minimum IOP, and greater IOP range than clinic tonometry (P am –5 pm ) on 50% of days assessed and occurred between 4:30 am and 8 am on 24% of days. Mean daily maximum IOP exceeded maximum clinic IOP in 44% of patients and exceeded target IOP by 3 mmHg, 5 mmHg, or 10 mmHg in 31%, 15%, and 6% of patients, respectively. Patient characteristics that predicted significant deviations between MDM and mean clinic IOP or target IOP in multivariate models included younger age, male gender, and absence of prior filtering surgery. Conclusions Self-tonometry provides IOP data that supplements in-clinic tonometry and would not be detectable over daytime in-clinic diurnal curves. A subset of patients in whom home tonometry was ordered by their glaucoma clinician because of suspicion of occult IOP elevation demonstrated reproducible IOP elevation outside of the clinic setting. Such patients tended to be younger and male and not to have undergone previous filtering surgery.
Promoting Safety in Community-Based Birth Settings

Several prominent news outlets have reported increased interest in home births during the COVID-19 pandemic because many pregnant patients are afraid of contracting COVID-19 in the hospital.11,12 In response to these concerns, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), the American College of Nurse-Midwives, and the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine released a joint statement asserting that hospitals and community birth centers, with the appropriate accreditation, are the safest places to give birth in the United States.13 Home births are associated with lower rates of obstetric interventions, including cesarean delivery, oxytocin augmentation, and episiotomy, and with lower rates of obstetric complications such as anal sphincter lacerations and maternal infections.14 Psychological trauma from previous birth experiences and/or a history of other traumatic life experiences may cause a pregnant person to fear maltreatment or loss of autonomy if they give birth in a hospital. Mistreatment in labor occurs more often in the hospital setting compared with home births (28.1% vs. 5.1%).15 Systemic racism and the stress it creates account for some of this difference.16,17 Birth centers supported by public funding such as Medicaid, which pays for more than 40% of all births, and a higher proportion of births for persons of color18 may achieve improved satisfaction with the birthing experience, lower rates of preterm births and cesarean deliveries, and lower costs for delivery.19 The safety of home or birth center birth can be improved by adequate birth attendant training, access to emergency obstetric care, and careful risk assessment throughout the prenatal and intrapartum periods. Substituting the term “community birth” for “out-of-hospital birth” removes the assumption that hospital birthing is normative and is preferred.24 Pregnant patients with a fetus in breech presentation near term, a multiple gestation, or a previous cesarean delivery should be counseled that home birth is not recommended because of the increased risk of adverse neonatal outcomes.2,10,25 Many patients in rural areas lack access to trial of labor after cesarean (TOLAC), despite AAFP and ACOG efforts to support maternal choice.26,27 Persons deemed ineligible for maternity care in their local hospital because of a history of cesarean delivery may choose the increased risk of a local home birth rather than transfer care outside of their community.26–28 Supporting the options of TOLAC in rural hospitals and planned vaginal breech delivery for those who meet criteria may decrease the likelihood of pregnant persons with these risk factors choosing home birth.
A THz Time-Domain Polarimetry System based on Plasma Filaments

We report on bandwidth extension and polarization control of our terahertz time-domain polarimetry (THz-TDP) system based on the spinning the electro-optic sampling technique. We have extended the bandwidth of this system by using two-color laser plasma as the source and GaP crystal as the detector. We characterize the precision of this system to be approximately 2.0 degrees. The polarization of the THz emission can be controlled by varying the phase delay between the two-color pump pulses.
The Right to Choose or to Ignore

Like politics, genetic counseling is the art of the possible rather than an ideal abstraction. It is essential then to first consider the current state of the art. The genetic counselor today is not a genetic engineer. Rather, he addresses himself to the identification of genetic disorders and those individuals capable of transmitting those disorders. He is primarily interested in prevention, and in those relatively few areas in which our knowledge is adequate, in treatment and possible cure. Despite the remarkable advances in medical and human genetics in the past few years, genetic counseling is still a new, incomplete, rapidly expanding field.
SCIENCE, RELIGION, AND SOCIETY: THE PROBLEM OF EVOLUTION IN AMERICA

American resistance to accepting evolution is uniquely high among First World countries. This is due largely to the extreme religiosity of the United States, which is much higher than that of comparably advanced nations, and to the resistance of many religious people to the facts and supposed implications of evolution. The prevalence of religious belief in the United States suggests that outreach by scientists alone will not have a huge effect in increasing the acceptance of evolution, nor will the strategy of trying to convince the faithful that evolution is compatible with their religion. Because creationism is a symptom of religion, another strategy to promote evolution involves loosening the grip of faith on America. This is easier said than done, for recent sociological surveys show that religion is highly correlated with the dysfunctionality of a society, and various measures of societal health show that the United States is one of the most socially dysfunctional First World countries. Widespread acceptance of evolution in America, then, may have to await profound social change.
Trends in Goodwill after Fasb 142

The purpose of this project is to analyze goodwill trends in companies after FASB 142 was released in 2001. Data was collected and analyzed from financial statements and organizational web sites. This project examined the systematic response to the new goodwill impairment regulations, and concludes that the FASB regulations were effective in requiring company financial reports to become more transparent and accurate.
Recursive Methods for Model Validation

We consder a class of time-domain model validation problems as treated in [6]. As shown in that paper, these model validation problems reduce to an associated extension problem. In this paper we offer recursive algorithms for the solution of these extension problems. These algorithms can be employed, via the reduction in [6], for on-line model validation.
A method for obtaining biochemical and biophysical measurements from rhesus monkey fetuses for prolonged periods

Abstract A method of establishing chronic preparations for the study of biochemical and biophysical variables in fetal rhesus monkeys is described. Instead of traversing the myometrium, the sampling catheters and electrode leads pass from the hysterotomy site, outside of the fetal membranes, through the cervical canal and vagina to the exterior. The animals are also treated with progesterone preoperatively and during the early healing phase. Observation periods of up to 22 days have been obtained with the preparations.
Ambient Taxes Under m -Dimensional Choice Sets, Heterogeneous Expectations, and Risk-Aversion

We consider the design of ambient taxes forrisk-neutral and risk-averse polluters whenpolluters and the regulatory agency haveasymmetric information about environmentalrelationships and probabilities associatedwith random events. Unlike prior work, we showthat under these conditions, optimal ambienttaxes must be firm-specific, and accompaniedby additional incentives to influencepolluters' choices of abatement techniques.
Pathology of prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer poses a significant public health problem. Although a minority of men with newly diagnosed prostate carcinoma manifest metastatic disease, a significant proportion of men will develop these complications over the course of their lives. Pathological evaluation of prostate cancer in biopsy and radical prostatectomy specimens has provided the most valuable factors in predicting cancer behavior and guiding clinical management of prostate cancer patients.
System Enstatite–Diopside–Jadeite

Pyroxenes rank high among the most important rock-forming minerals and, because of their optimal chemical and structural complexity, are the most useful minerals for geothermobarometry. Natural pyroxenes stable at the relatively low pressures of the Earth’s crust and shallow upper mantle can contain a large number of components [387]. With increasing pressure, the solubility of some components decreases, which leads to the simplification of the pyroxene chemistry. At pressures above 10 GPa, the content of the tetrahedral Al becomes negligible, which eliminates the Tschermak components, (Ca,Mg,Fe)Al2SiO6. In the stability field of stishovite at pressures higher than 9 GPa, the Eskola components, (Ca,Mg,Fe)0.5AlSi2O6, also become negligible [242], because the partial molar volume of SiO2 in the pyroxene structures is larger than the unit-cell volume of stishovite [10]. The Fe content of the mantle pyroxenes is expected to be low, because the bulk Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratio of an average mantle is only about 0.1, and Fe is partitioned least into pyroxenes. The NaPx component could be present in the mantle pyroxenes at pressures higher than 10 GPa [15], but may require unusual bulk compositions with an excess of Na over Al. That leaves only three major components necessary to consider in the composition of the pyroxenes in the deep mantle: enstatite, diopside, and jadeite. With the further increase in pressure, these pyroxenes transform into majoritic garnet, which becomes the dominant phase in the transition zone. Hence, the phase relations in the ternary system enstatite-diopside-jadeite are particularly important for estimating the mineralogy, chemistry, and structure of the deep mantle.
Adenomatous multinodular goiter causing airway obstruction in an infant.

Nontoxic adenomatous multinodular goiter (AMNG) in infants is a rare condition. We discuss an extremely rare case of a nontoxic AMNG in a 3-month-old female presenting with airway obstruction. Surgical resection of the mass was performed to reduce the burden on the airway and for diagnosis. The literature is reviewed, and the clinical characteristics, pathology, and surgical treatment are discussed. Laryngoscope, 124:2636–2639, 2014
Secondary metabolite variation affects the oviposition preference but has little effect on the performance of Boreioglycaspis melaleucae: A biological control agent of Melaleuca quinquenervia

Variation in plant quality frequently impacts the biology of herbivorous insects. This variability can affect the outcome of biological control projects, especially during colonization of incipient populations and mass production. The invasive species Melaleuca quinquenervia is a weed of Florida that decreases biodiversity of natural areas. At least two chemical variants of M. quinquenervia occur in Florida, each differing in their foliar terpenoid profiles dominated by either viridiflorol or E-nerolidol. Biological control efforts against this weed resulted in the introduction of two insect species. The second agent released was a psyllid, Boreioglycaspis melaleucae. Described herein are results describing changes in the levels of secondary metabolites from plants of each chemotype when fertilized at three levels. Additionally, the results of psyllid feeding studies are presented describing the influence of these factors on the performance and oviposition choice. The results indicate that despite generally lower nitrogen content and increased secondary metabolite concentration in the viridiflorol chemotype, little change in psyllid biology was observed when fed leaves of this chemotype. Chemotype differences primarily influenced oviposition preference, where more than twice the number of eggs were laid on the viridiflorol chemotype. Nymphal development time was also delayed 0.7-day when fed leaves of the viridiflorol chemotype. Regardless of chemotype, nymphal survival increased, and development time decreased when fed leaves from the higher fertilizer level. The difference in susceptibility between the psyllid B. melaleucae and the weevil Oxyops vitiosa may be explained by differences in feeding behavior, whereby the psyllid feeds selectively inside leaves and avoids secondary metabolites stored in oil glands.
Neurocatin induces changes in release and level of serotonin in synaptosomal fraction from rat brain

A newly isolated factor from mammalian brain, neurocatin, is shown to increase both the level and release of serotonin in suspensions of synaptosomes isolated from rat brain. Incubation of synaptosomes for 10 min with approximately 20 nM neurocatin resulted in release of about 50% of the total pool of serotonin. Quantification of serotonin and its major metabolite, using an electrochemical detector, indicated that the presence of neurocatin also caused an increase in the absolute level of serotonin and decrease in its catabolism to 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). The effect is dependent on the time of incubation and concentration of neurocatin. At a concentration of 20 nM, neurocatin increased about 60% the level of serotonin and decreased about 50% the level of 5-HIAA. Depolarization conditions--50 microM veratridine and 50 mM K+ medium--increased release of serotonin by 50% and 30% respectively without affecting the level of serotonin or its catabolism to 5-HIAA.
Revelations of charm, beauty, and truth in high energy e+e− collisions

Abstract Results from high energy e+ e− experiments are surveyed for the purpose of showing striking features of the data that infer the existence of heavy quarks. A rich spectroscopy of hadronic states composed of heavy quarks is clearly revealed, and the decays of these states yields important information about the weak transitions of the quarks. All the current data favors the standard six quark model which includes the light u-, d-, and s-quarks as well as the newly discovered heavy c (charm) and b (beauty or bottom) quarks. The sixth quark in the standard model, t (truth or top), has yet to be discovered; however, a class of models without the t-quark is ruled out by the absence of flavor changing neutral currents that should have been seen in b-quark decays, according to these models.
Novel laboratory cell for fundamental studies of the effect of polymer additives on wax deposition from model crude oils

An in-depth understanding of the effects of polymer additives upon the rate, composition, and structure of paraffin deposition is required in the development of deep, off-shore oil fields to predict treatment strategies. To this end, we have developed a new laboratory-scale deposition cell that enables the measurement of wax deposition under controlled shear stresses and thermal gradients. A model oil with 3 wt % of a multicomponent wax was tested in a parallel-plate laboratory-scale deposition cell under laminar flow at low and high wall shear stress conditions (5−7 and 60−90 Pa, respectively). The addition of 0.1 wt % of poly(ethylene butene) (PEB), which has been shown to reduce the yield stress of the gelled solution 10-fold, actually increased the initial deposition rate. However, the deposit eroded from the surface under low shear stress conditions, while the deposit remained intact under high shear stress conditions. The addition of poly(maleic anhydride octadecene) modified with octadecyl amine an...
Reagent Cluster Anions for Multiple Gas-Phase Covalent Modifications of Peptide and Protein Cations

Multiple gas phase ion/ion covalent modifications of peptide and protein ions are demonstrated using cluster-type reagent anions of N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide acetate (sulfo-NHS acetate) and 2-formyl-benzenesulfonic acid (FBMSA). These reagents are used to selectively modify unprotonated primary amine functionalities of peptides and proteins. Multiple reactive reagent molecules can be present in a single cluster ion, which allows for multiple covalent modifications to be achieved in a single ion/ion encounter and at the ‘cost’ of only a single analyte charge. Multiple derivatizations are demonstrated when the number of available reactive sites on the analyte cation exceeds the number of reagent molecules in the anionic cluster (e.g., data shown here for reactions between the polypeptide [K10 + 3H]3+ and the reagent cluster [5R5Na – Na]–). This type of gas-phase ion chemistry is also applicable to whole protein ions. Here, ubiquitin was successfully modified using an FBMSA cluster anion which, upon collisional activation, produced fragment ions with various numbers of modifications. Data for the pentamer cluster are included as illustrative of the results obtained for the clusters comprised of two to six reagent molecules.
Growth of nanodots on a strained GaAs epilayer using scanning tunneling microscope

Abstract We report growth of nanodots on strained GaAs surfaces using a scanning tunneling microscope at room temperature. The 5-nm-thick GaAs strained layer was epitaxially deposited over InGaAs quantum dots by molecular beam epitaxy. Nanodots of various shapes were observed on the surface when high-bias voltages at various feedback currents were pulsed at few hundred milliseconds at room temperature. The resultant dots were elongated along the (1 1¯ 0) direction and had dimer rows of a 2×4 reconstruction. The analysis of the resultant morphologies suggested that the diffusion on the tensile strained GaAs surface is anisotropic, faster along the dimer row direction.
Western and Clark's grebes use novel strategies for running on water

ABSTRACT Few vertebrates run on water. The largest animals to accomplish this feat are western and Clark9s grebes ( Aechmophorus occidentalis and Aechmophorus clarkii ). These birds use water running to secure a mate during a display called rushing. Grebes weigh an order of magnitude more than the next largest water runners, basilisk lizards ( Basilicus basiliscus ), and therefore face a greater challenge to support their body weight. How do these birds produce the hydrodynamic forces necessary to overcome gravity and sustain rushing? We present the first quantitative study of water running by grebes. High-speed video recordings elucidate the hindlimb movements of grebes rushing in the wild. We complement these findings with laboratory experiments using physical models and a preserved grebe foot to estimate how slapping the water surface contributes to weight support. Our results indicate that grebes use three novel tactics to successfully run on water. First, rushing grebes use exceptionally high stride rates, reaching 10 Hz. Second, grebe foot size and high water impact speed allow grebes to generate up to 30–55% of the required weight support through water slap alone. Finally, flattened foot bones reduce downward drag, permitting grebes to retract each foot from the water laterally. Together, these mechanisms outline a water-running strategy qualitatively different from that of the only previously studied water runner, the basilisk lizard. The hydrodynamic specializations of rushing grebes could inform the design of biomimetic appendages. Furthermore, the mechanisms underlying this impressive display demonstrate that evolution can dramatically alter performance under sexual selection.
Technical and management notes

In a dynamic and unpredictable environment, a firm may increase its chances of survival by improving its ability to respond quickly to changes in the environment. The firm's strategic posture toward innovation is a key factor that affects the quickness and appropriateness of the response function. Integrating Thompson's definition of innovation and the concept of cost-benefit-risk profiles, a framework for defining a firm's strategic posture toward innovation is suggested.
Struggling to Recognize their Existence: Examining Student–Adult Relationships in the Urban High School Context

In today’s reform context, much attention is placed on policies and outcomes and far less emphasis on understanding the social and cultural processes in schools. Using case-study methodology, I examine relationships between low-income, urban high school students of color, and the school adults with whom they interact. Using grounded theory, students’ experiences are analyzed and interpreted through the lens of recognition. Recognition is used as both a theoretical and empirical concept to illuminate students’ experiences and voices, especially since the construct is largely absent in the U.S. education discourse. Students revealed that being known by adults, talking with adults, engaging with adults personally, and experiencing encouraging adults were all critical elements of recognition. I suggest that student–adult relationships, via the practice of recognition in urban schools, needs to be interrogated, deliberate, and political so that the transformative purpose of education can be realized.
Signals from the Hill: Congressional Oversight and the Challenge of Social Regulation

Does Congress do a good job of overseeing the work of the important legislative agencies-the EPA, FDA, OSHA, and others-that it has established to protect the public from some of the risks of modern technology? Combining analysis and anecdote, Christopher H. Foreman, Jr. looks into the oversight tools available to Congress, the variety of interest groups involved, the kinds of issues that arise between agencies and congressional committees, and the personal networks that affect relations between them; and he suggests what Congress can and should do to improve the process of social regulation. "Foreman adds substantially to our understanding of the role played by oversight. . . . A solid contribution toward understanding the nature of day-to-day congressional oversight."-Burdett Loomis, Journal of Politics "[This book] is presented clearly, free from jargon, whether academic or governmental. . . . A solid discussion of oversight."-Jan P. Vermeer, Perspective "This is a thoughtful, effectively organized, and well-written book. Those concerned with legislative oversight will find it highly useful."-Morris S. Ogul, University of Pittsburgh Winner of the 1989 D. B. Hardeman Prize given by the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library for the best book on Congress in the twentieth century
Detection and Phylogenetic Characterization of a Novel Herpesvirus from the Trachea of Two Stranded Common Loons (Gavia immer)

Two wild adult Common Loons (Gavia immer) were evaluated after being found stranded in mainland north-central Florida on separate occasions. On the basis of upper airway endoscopic and cytologic findings, we diagnosed severe ulcerative tracheitis ante-mortem in one of the birds while more subtle lesions were observed in the other. A novel herpesvirus was detected in antemortem tracheal samples using nested consensus PCR amplification of the polymerase gene and sequencing. Despite prolonged intensive medical care, the bird with severe lesions failed to improve and was euthanized 9 days after endoscopy. No viral inclusions were evident histologically in the lesions. However, an undulating tracheal mucosa in a ‘‘mountain ridge’’ pattern, resulting from epithelial regeneration and hyperplasia, was present, as is seen in the late stages of infectious laryngotracheitis in chickens. The second bird recovered and was released. The genetic distance between this and other characterized herpesviruses supports placem...
The Effects of Atypical Antipsychotics and Phencyclidine (PCP) on Rotorod Performance

A series of six experiments were conducted to determine the effects of haloperidol, clozapine, olanzapine, and phencyclidine (PCP) on rotorod performance. Rodents were trained to walk on a rotorod to avoid a mild shock to a criterion of 20 rpm for 3 min. None of the vehicles of any of these drugs disrupted rotorod performance. Haloperidol disrupted rotorod performance at doses of 0.03, 0.1, and 0.3 mg/kg, and olanzapine disrupted rotorod performance at doses of 3.0 and 10.0 mg/kg. Clozapine produced a much milder disruption across all three doses (3.0, 10.0, and 30.0 mg/kg). PCP produced a consistent and severe disruption of rotorod performance at doses of 4.0 and 6.0 mg/kg, but not at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg. Twenty-four hours postinjection there were no residual PCP effects on rotorod performance. Coadministration of either haloperidol or olanzapine with PCP did not reverse PCP-induced disruption in rotorod performance, while clozapine produced a partial reversal at only one dose. These findings indicate that olanzapine functions similarly to classic antipsychotics with respect to their effects on locomotion and balance.
A New Isopod, Chiridotea Nigrescens, From Cape Cod, Massachusetts

[Description d'une nouvelle espece d'isopode d'eau saumâtre, Chiridotea nigrescens, Cette espece habite les fonds de sable pur dans les marais et les baies peu profondes le long des cotes du sud et de l'ouest du Cape Cod, Massachusetts, Etats-Unis. C. nigrescens, qui ressemble a C. coeca (Say), se distingue d'elle par: (1) sa couleur noirâtre, (2) sa petite taille, (3) une entaille non setifere et peu profonde situee de chaque cote de la tete, et (4) une ou deux soies au bord du lobe anterolateral de la tete., Description d'une nouvelle espece d'isopode d'eau saumâtre, Chiridotea nigrescens, Cette espece habite les fonds de sable pur dans les marais et les baies peu profondes le long des cotes du sud et de l'ouest du Cape Cod, Massachusetts, Etats-Unis. C. nigrescens, qui ressemble a C. coeca (Say), se distingue d'elle par: (1) sa couleur noirâtre, (2) sa petite taille, (3) une entaille non setifere et peu profonde situee de chaque cote de la tete, et (4) une ou deux soies au bord du lobe anterolateral de la tete.]
The Effects of Very Large Drops on Cloud Absorption. Part I: Parcel Models

Abstract In an effort to bring more realism cloud-radiation calculations, arising-parcel model of cloud microphysics and a 191 waveband model of atmospheric radiation (ATRAD) have been brought to bear on the problem of cloud absorption of solar radiation, with emphasis on the effect of drops greater than 40–50 μm in radius. The earlier conclusions of Welch and others that such large drops can produce cloud absorptivities in excess of 30% have not been substantiated. Instead we find large-drop enhancements of only 0.02–0.04 in cloud and total atmospheric absorptivities. However, several other, more important influences were uncovered: 1) Large drops make it necessary to know the second and third moments of the drop distribution in order to parameterize the shortwave effect of clouds; parameterizations based only on the third moment (liquid water content) do not consider a wide enough range of variation of drop distribution. 2) Large drops cause a precipitous fall in both cloud and planetary albedo if the s...
Catalytic Dehydration of 2-Propanol on (WO3)3 Clusters on TiO2(110)

Our study of a (WO3)3/TiO2(110) model mixed oxide catalyst shows that this system is an extremely efficient for dehydration of alcohols, effectively lowering the energy barrier as much as possible for an endothermic reaction without yielding a significant concentration of other side products.
Breast cancer screening practices and correlates among American Indian and Alaska native women in California, 2003.

Background Breast cancer incidence and mortality have been increasing among American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) women, and their survival rate is the lowest of all racial/ethnic groups. Nevertheless, knowledge of AI/AN women's breast cancer screening practices and their correlates is limited. Methods Using the 2003 California Health Interview Survey, we 1) compared the breast cancer screening practices of AI/AN women to other groups and 2) explored the association of several factors known or thought to influence AI/AN women's breast cancer screening practices. Findings Compared with other races, AI/AN women had the lowest rate of mammogram screening (ever and within the past 2 years). For clinical breast examination receipt, Asian women had the lowest rate, followed by AI/AN women. Factors associated with AI/AN women's breast cancer screening practices included older age, having a high school diploma or some college education, receipt of a Pap test within the past 3 years, and having visited a doctor within the past year. Conclusion Significant differences in breast cancer screening practices were noted between races, with AI/AN women often having significantly lower rates. Integrating these epidemiologic findings into effective policy and practice requires additional applied research initiatives.
Λ-parameters for asymmetric lattice gauge theories with fermions

Abstract Dimensional quantities obtained from Monte Carlo simulations on the lattice depend on the lattice mass parameter, Λ L . To make a connection with continuum physics, a relationship is needed between Λ L and the Λ-parameters of the continuum theory. This has been done for the euclidean symmetric lattice by others. However, in order to incorporate finite temperature into Monte Carlo studies, or to study the transition from the euclidean formulation to the hamiltonian formulation of gauge theories, asymmetric lattices ( a s ≠ a t ) may be used. In this paper, the assymetric calculations are extended and the ratio Λ min Λ L , where Λ min is the continuum mass parameter in the minimal subtraction scheme, is given to one loop for n f flavors of Wilson and Susskind massless fermions on an asymmetric four-dimensional lattice for two different asymmetric lattice actions.
Allowing applications to evolve with the Internet: The case for Internet Resource Descriptors

Today's socket API requires an application to bind a socket to a network address before it can use the socket to communicate. Early bindings of names to addresses create significant bottlenecks, reliability problems, and force applications to manage complex lower-layer issues. Many approaches have been introduced to address this problem; however, all prior proposals introduce additional identifiers, modify applications, or require additional protocols in the protocol stack. In contrast, we propose a generalized socket API based on Internet Resource Descriptors (IRDs), which are opaque identifiers used by applications to refer to network resources and are known only within the hosts in which the applications run. IRDs enable sockets to evolve with the Internet by hiding mobility, multihoming, and multiplexing issues from applications, do not induce significant overhead in the protocol stack, preserve backwards compatibility with today's networks and applications, and do not require additional identifiers or protocols to be used in the protocol stack.
Leadership for Community Building: Changing How We Think and Act

(2004). Leadership for Community Building: Changing How We Think and Act. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 77, No. 5, pp. 196-201.
The Prevalence of Congenital Hearing Loss in Neonates with Down Syndrome

Objective To determine the prevalence of hearing loss in newborns with Down syndrome. Study design We performed a cross-sectional, retrospective chart review of all infants with Down syndrome born at a university-affiliated hospital (n = 77) or transferred in to the associated pediatric hospital (n = 32) following birth at an outlying hospital between 1995 and 2010. We determined the rate of failure of newborn hearing screens, the proportion of infants lost to follow-up, and the rate of confirmed hearing loss, as well as the associations of risk factors for hearing loss with confirmed hearing loss. Results Of the 109 patients with hearing screening data, 28 failed their newborn hearing screen. Twenty-seven infants were referred for audiologic evaluation, and 19 completed the evaluation. Fifteen of these 19 infants (79%) had confirmed hearing loss. The prevalence of congenital hearing loss in this sample of neonates with Down syndrome was 15%. Exposure to mechanical ventilation was the sole known risk factor associated with hearing loss. In this study, the loss to follow-up rate for infants with positive hearing screens was 32%. Conclusion Newborns with Down syndrome have a higher prevalence of congenital hearing loss compared with the total neonatal population (15% vs 0.25%). Continued monitoring of hearing is needed in children with Down syndrome.