cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Zero-Energy Solutions of the Bethe-Salpeter Equation for a Spinor-Scalar System Exchanging Photons

Zero-energy, bound-state solutions are obtained in the ladder approximation to the Bethe-Salpeter equation describing a spinor and a scalar with arbitrary masses that interact via quantum electrodynamics. The coupling constant is found to be almost independent of the masses of the two constituents whereas the solutions themselves depend significantly on the constituent masses. Even though the Bethe-Salpeter equation is separable in the zeroenergy limit, the feature that makes obtaining numerical solutions difficult is still present: it does not appear to be possible to discretize the Bethe-Salpeter equation in such a way that the coupling constant, which is real in the Lagrangian, is also always real when calculated as an eigenvalue of the discretized Bethe-Salpeter equation. Nevertheless, solutions with real coupling constants are obtained using a systematic, numerical method that yields both zero- and finite-energy solutions to many, if not all, two-body, bound-state Bethe-Salpeter equations. As part of the process of obtaining solutions, boundary conditions satisfied by the solutions are determined analytically. At large momenta such boundary conditions are often determined only within ranges. Because eigenvalues are sensitive to the behavior of solutions at large momenta, an iterative, numerical procedure is used to ensure that the input boundary conditions and the boundary conditions actually obeyed by each numerical solution agree. Among the solutions that are found, those that are the zero-energy limit of normalizable, finite-energy solutions are identified.
Analysis of multistage pooling studies of biological specimens for estimating disease incidence and prevalence.

Summary. The testing of pooled samples of biological specimens for the purpose of estimating disease prevalence may be more cost effective than testing individual samples, particularly if the prevalence of disease is low. Multistage pooling studies involve testing pools and then sequentially subdividing and testing the positive pools. A simple estimator of disease prevalence and its variance are derived for general multistage pooling studies and are shown t o be natural generalizations of Thompson's (1962) original estimators for single-stage pooling studies. The reduction in variance associated with each additional stage is calibrated. The results are extended to estimating disease incidence rates. The methods are used to estimate HIV incidence rates from a prevalence study of early HIV infection using a PCR assay for HIV RNA.
Right Brain: The disentanglement

She was sobbing. Her husband, eyes lowered, turned his head slowly in disapproving judgment. With his tan-colored hat affixed tightly to his tan-colored head, he slouched further in his seat. David, also slouched on the patient table, seemed completely uninterested in the parental affair. He had his own tension. Head bowed, he desperately clutched his flexed right hand with his left. This was my first visit. These were the Almadys. “How are you feeling?” I asked, hoping to break the tension. David only shrugged his shoulders. “All right, I guess,” he replied, his impossibly oversized t-shirt draped over his bony, 14-year-old shoulders. Six months ago, David had suffered a left basal ganglia stroke related to an internal carotid artery dissection. Three months later he arrived at the emergency department complaining of severe arm pain. Imaging suggested a possible second stroke. One month ago he developed a significant dystonia in his right arm. And on the day of the sobbing, I began a longitudinal program at my medical school which paired medical students with physician mentors and their patients. David's examination was revealing. As he …
Optimization of throughput performance for low-power VLSI interconnects

The technique of optimal voltage scaling and repeater insertion is analyzed in this paper to reduce power dissipation on global interconnects. An analytical model for the maximum bit-rate of a very large scale integration interconnect with repeaters has been derived and results are compared with HSPICE simulations. The analytical model is also used to study the effects of interconnect length and scaling on throughput. The throughput-per-bit-energy is analyzed to determine an optimum combination of supply voltage and repeaters for a low-power global interconnect with 250 nm /spl times/ 250 nm cross-sectional dimensions implemented with the 180 nm micro-optical silicon system technology node. It is shown that the optimal supply voltage is approximately equal to twice the threshold voltage. A case study illustrates that a combination of 1 V supply along with one repeater per millimeter increases the throughput-per-bit-energy to over three times that of a latency-centric interconnect of 2 V, which results in a 70% reduction in power dissipation without any loss of throughput performance.
The Role of Ukrainian Museums in the United States Diaspora in Nationalising Ukrainian Identity

Ukrainian museums in the United States diaspora have attempted to construct a culturally authentic history outside Ukraine itself where, for the better part of the twentieth century, Ukrainian artistic endeavors were defined within a russified Soviet framework. Established largely by third wave post-World War II Ukrainian immigrants interested in seeing an independent Ukraine, these museums have been a symbolic testament to democratic self-definition. A separate Ukraine pavilion at the Century of Progress Exposition in Chicago of 1933 set an earlier precedent in its representation of Ukraine as an autonomous nation. This affirmed later permanent museums which collected indigenous Ukrainian folk art and artifacts as well as modern art – created by native Ukrainians and those of the diaspora – in opposition to the official Soviet Socialist Realist canon. Ukrainian independence in 1991 and increased national awareness after 2004 elections realigned these museums' mission from a cultural refuge to active participants in the new nation-building process.
War Impacts and Post‐War Readjustments*

The war is affecting occupational trends in many ways. First, it is causing an extensive industrial, occupational, and geographical shifting in the patterns of labor demand and employment opportunities. The workers that will be in greatest demand during the coming year are aeronautical engineers, naval architects, marine engineers, chemists, chemical engineers, metallurgists, electrical engineers, mechanical engineers, industrial engineers, production managers, physicists, personnel managers, employment managers, machinists, welders, sheet metal workers, ship fitters, lathe operators, tool makers, milling machine operators, riveters, and airplane assemblers. The war is also causing extensive changes in occupational content through job dilution and the break-up of skills. Workers are being trained in six months for segments of skills that normally require several years to acquire. The average per capita skill content for the labor force as a whole is increasing and workers are competing at higher levels of skills. While they cannot be classed as fully trained or skilled at occupations to which they are up-graded, they are, nevertheless, moving up the skill ladder.
A revision of Physotarsus Townes (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ctenopelmatinae), with description of 18 new species

The species of Physotarsus Townes are revised. Physotarsus is expanded to include 18 new species: P. albus Zhaurova, n. sp. (Brazil), P. claviger Zhaurova, n. sp. (Argentina), P. concavus Zhaurova, n. sp. (USA & Mexico), P. cordatus Zhaurova, n. sp. (USA), P. emarginatus Zhaurova, n. sp. (USA), P. flavipennis Zhaurova, n. sp. (USA), P. foveatus Zhaurova, n. sp. (USA & Mexico), P. gineus Zhaurova, n. sp. (USA), P. glabellus Zhaurova, n. sp. (Brazil), P. jamesi Zhaurova, n. sp. (Dominica), P. leucohypopygus Zhaurova, n. sp. (Brazil), P. luteus Zhaurova, n. sp. (Mexico), P. melipennis Zhaurova, n. sp. (USA), P. melotarsus Zhaurova, n. sp. (USA), P. niveus Zhaurova, n. sp. (Brazil), P. oculatus Zhaurova, n. sp. (Brazil), P. tonicus Zhaurova, n. sp. (USA), and P. truncatus Zhaurova, n. sp (USA). Physotarsus davidi Gauld, 1997 is treated as a junior subjective synonym of P. varicornis (Cameron, 1886) and a lectotype is designated for the latter. Physotarsus fabioi Gauld, 1997 is removed from the Scolobatini and left incertae sedis in the Ctenopelmatinae. A key to all known species of Physotarsus, and redescriptions of all previously described species are also provided. With 25 valid species, Physotarsus is now the largest genus in the Scolobatini.
10 – MOLLUSCA: GASTROPODA

Gastropods are the most diverse class of the phylum Mollusca, with anywhere from 40,000 to 100,000 species, depending on the authority. Snails are common organisms along the margins of lakes and streams. They feed on detritus, graze on the periphyton covering of macrophytes or cobble, or even float upside down at the water surface, supported by the surface tension, and feed on algae trapped in the same fashion. In fact, gastropods often control the amount and composition of periphyton in both lotic and lentic environments. They are also the basis of food chains dominated by sport fish. Predators, by controlling snail populations, may indirectly facilitate algal producers. Freshwater snails also have extensive intra specific variation in life histories, productivity, morphology and feeding habits that adapt them to live in uncertain freshwater habitats. There is increasing concern, however, that many riverine gastropod populations in the southeastern United States are currently endangered because of habitat alterations such as impoundments. This chapter covers many issues and aspects of gastropod structure and function.
Review of Anthony Lewis’s 'Freedom for the Thought that We Hate: A Biography of the First Amendment'

Anthony Lewis’s 'Freedom for the Thought That We Hate: A Biography of the First Amendment' was published to virtually universal acclaim. This review provides a contrarian assessment of the two-time Pulitzer Prize winner’s work as well as well as a statement of its own on the proper role of the First Amendment in law and society.
Finite element analysis of rolling process for variable cross-section blade

Due to the variation of the blade cross-section, the deformation stress and strain of the workpiece keep changing during the rolling process and the conventional rolling theory is no longer valid. The complexity and diversity of the blade cross-section determine it impossible to establish an universal theoretical model for the rolling process. Finite element analysis (FEA) provides a perspective solution to the prediction. The FEA software DEFORM was applied to discovering the deformation, stress, strain and velocity field of the variable cross-section workpiece, and the effects of friction coefficient and rolling speed during the rolling process. which indicates that the average rolling force at friction coefficient of 0.4 is 6.5% higher than that at 0.12, and the rolling velocity has less effect on the equivalent stress and strain distribution, which would confer instructive significance on the theoretical study as well as the engineering practice.
IATROGENIC VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT FOLLOWING AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT CAUSING INTRACTABLE HEART FAILURE

The fragile membranous septum may be disrupted during surgical aortic valve replacement resulting in an iatrogenic ventricular septal defect (VSD). Although small VSDs are usually asymptomatic, diastolic dysfunction may magnify the effect of the shunt resulting in a higher left atrial pressure and
Descriptions of New Leptocerid Trichoptera

Each of the following new species resembles superficially some previously described one, but differs markedly in characteristics of the male genitalia. I wish to express my gratitude to Dr. C. O. Mohr, Illinois Natural History Survey, for assistance with the drawings. Holotypes are deposited in the Illinois Natural History Survey collection.
Load Balancing Technologies in WLAN

Because of the movement of Stations (STAs) and the time-variety characteristic of wireless channels in the Extended Service Set (ESS) of Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), each AP's load is different. Load balancing needs to be strengthened to balance the diversity of Access Points (APs), so as to use network resources efficiently. The load-balancing algorithm in WLAN may use technologies such as STA/AP host-control load balancing or access/switch load balancing. In a TD-SCDMA system, its minimum resources unit and media access mechanism are different from others, so the load balancing can be realized at different levels: based on time-slot and code-channel, or based on user ends and cells. With the characteristics of CDMA and Time Division Duplex (TDD), the load balancing can be more flexibly implemented.
Simultaneous determination of fifteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in plant oil by high performance liquid chromatography

Objective To establish a method for simultaneous determination of 15 PAHs in plant oil by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.Methods The sample was dissolved in n-hexaneand,and cleaned up with neutral alumina SPE cartridges.The separation of 15 PAHs was carried out by waters-PAHs column(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm) with a gradient elution using acetonitrile-water as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min,the column temperature was 30 ℃,and the injection volume was 10 μl.Detection was carried out by a fluorescence detector with external standard.Results The limit of detection(LOD) was in the range of 0.15~2.0 μg/kg with average recovery ranging from 78.0% to 115.2%.The relative standard deviation was in the range of 0.2%~2.0%.Conclusion The method had the advantages of simple pretreatment,high sensitivity and reproducibility,which could be applied to the determination of the 15 PAHs in plant oil.
The influence of temperature and photoperiod on the reproductive diapause and cold tolerance of spotted‐wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii

Knowledge regarding the reproductive status of spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), is of critical importance in predicting potential infestations of this invasive pest, as eggs are laid in ripe or ripening fruit of several commercially important small-fruit crops. Token environmental stimuli for the induction of reproductive diapause and improved cold tolerance were identified for D. suzukii. Diapause induction was evaluated by assessing, via dissection, the number of mature eggs carried by field-captured D. suzukii and laboratory-reared D. suzukii held under various temperature and photoperiod regimes. Egg load decreased over time in females trapped from July to December at sites in Benton County, OR, and Ontario County, NY, both USA, and reached zero eggs by December at all sites. Photoperiods below 14 h of day length led to reduced egg maturation in laboratory-reared flies held at moderate temperatures (15 or 20 °C). Whereas very few mature eggs were found in females held at 10 °C under short- or long-day photoperiods for several weeks after eclosion, a spontaneous return to ovarian maturity was observed in short-day-entrained females after 7 weeks. Diapause termination was investigated by evaluating fecundity in diapausing females returned to optimal environmental conditions. Whereas long-day-entrained flies began producing offspring immediately upon return to optimal conditions, short-day-entrained flies returned after 1 and 6 weeks at 10 °C were slower to produce offspring than colony flies or short-day-entrained flies returned after 7 weeks. Cold tolerance was evaluated by observing chill coma recovery rates after 24 h exposure to −1 °C. Cold-acclimated (diapausing) females recovered from chill coma faster than cold-hardened or unacclimated females.
Materials science and metallurgy of the Caribbean steel drum Part I Fabrication, deformation phenomena and acoustic fundamentals

Steel-drum fabrication, especially the sinking of the drum head (also referred to as the “pan”) by hand with a hammer, has been examined in detail utilizing light metallography (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to characterize residual microstructures corresponding to reductions in thickness of up to 50 % at the bottom of the drum head. Dislocation densities in the low-carbon (0.01–0.05 wt % C), ferritic steels can exceed 1010 cm-2. Simulations of simple, ideal, free circular notes utilizing 316 stainless-steel plates (0.05 wt % C), cold rolled to reductions up to 40%, revealed that deformation (per cent cold reduction) has an important effect on the acoustic spectrum, especially harmonic spectra. Harmonic-node splitting was observed for thin circular plates (0.076 cm thick); the frequency difference was 60 Hz at 20% cold reduction and 160 Hz at 40% cold reduction. These dispersion effects, due to deformation-induced microstructures, as well as irregularities in the note geometries and thicknesses, point to the complex and non-linear acoustic features that contribute to the unique sounds of the Caribbean steel drum.
Gathering and Recording Data on Geology, Rock Structure, and Rock Classification

This chapter discusses the gathering and recording data on geology, rock structure, and rock classification. Various graphical techniques are applied to record the observed data. The most elementary system is to draw symbols on a map to represent the dip and strike of the observed discontinuities. The method has obvious limitations as to the extent to which detail may be recorded. The deduction of a valid analysis is only possible if sufficient information is available, and the almost inevitable result of trying to plot all the necessary detail directly to scale is to render the map virtually indecipherable. Direct observation of the mechanical strength of the strata encountered in a borehole may be performed by using a section gauge, which measures changes in borehole diameter. Caving of the sidewalls in friable strata may also be an aid to correlate between adjacent boreholes. While it is possible to take samples from the side of a borehole at depth, in general a detailed study of engineering properties is only possible if the hole is cored throughout, to provide samples for mechanical testing and for the determination of comparative indices such as RQD, C-Factor, the Point Load Index and the Stability Index. The major advantage of geophysical logging is that it provides methods of exploring the rock characteristics in boreholes that are not cored.
Irish Immigrant Healing Magic in Nineteenth-Century New York City

This article presents an Irish magical cure for scrofula, reported by the New York Times in 1858, as a means to discuss the significance of Irish magical healing in the U.S. and how archaeologists might be able to recognize its material traces. Because of how magic has been historically understood in the West, 19th-century Americans used examples of Irish magic to bolster anti-Irish stereotypes and behaviors. Magical healing, nevertheless, was an important and effective strategy for the Irish who suffered from a dramatic increase in illnesses and injuries in the U.S. It was an integral part of their worldview, and it influenced how they interpreted new healing commodities like patent medicines. This article encourages archaeologists to reconsider the importance of magical healing in the past and the present.
Variability of in vivo linear microcrack accumulation in the cortex of elderly human ribs

Abstract Excessive accumulation of microdamage in the skeleton in vivo is believed to contribute to fragility and risk of fracture, particularly in the elderly. Current knowledge of how much in vivo damage accrual varies between individuals, if at all, is lacking. In this study, paired sixth ribs from five male and five female elderly individuals (76–92 years, mean age = 84.7 years) were examined using en bloc staining and fluorescent microcopy to quantify linear microcracks present at the time of death ( i.e. in vivo microdamage). Crack number, crack length, crack density, and crack surface density were measured for each complete cross-section, with densities calculated using the variable of bone area (which accounts for the influence of porosity on the cortex, unlike the more frequently used cortical area), and analyzed using a two-way mixed model analysis of variance. Results indicate that while microcracks between individuals differ significantly, differences between the left and right corresponding pairs within individuals and the pleural and cutaneous cortices within each rib did not. These results suggest that systemic influences, such as differential metabolic activity, affect the accumulation of linear microcracks. Furthermore, variation in remodeling rates between individuals may be a major factor contributing to differential fracture risk in the elderly. Future work should expand to include a wider age range to examine differences in in vivo microdamage accumulation across the lifespan, as well as considering the influence of bisphosphonates on microdamage accumulation in the context of compromised remodeling rates in the elderly.
Exploring genetic susceptibility to obesity through genome functional pathway analysis.

Objective Obesity has been reaching epidemic levels in recent decades, with a growing body of research identifying predisposing genetic components. To explore the relationship of genetic factors contributing to obesity, an analytical computer-based gene-profiling approach utilizing an updated list of clinically relevant and known obesity-related genes was undertaken. Methods An updated list of 494 genes reportedly associated with obesity was compiled, and the GeneAnalytics profiling software was utilized to interrogate genomic databases from GeneCards® to cross-reference obesity gene sets against tissues and cells, diseases, genetic pathways, gene ontology (GO)-biological processes and GO-molecular functions, phenotypes, and compounds. Results Obesity-related fields identified by GeneAnalytics algorithms included 8 diseases, 46 pathways, 62 biological processes, 22 molecular functions, 148 phenotypes, and 286 compounds impacting adipogenesis, signal transduction by G-protein coupled receptors, and lipid metabolism involving insulin-related genes (IGF1, INS, IRS1). GO-biological processes identified feeding behavior, cholesterol metabolic process, and glucose and cholesterol homeostasis pathways, while GO-molecular processes pertained to receptor binding, affecting glucose homeostasis, body weight, and circulating insulin and triglyceride levels. Conclusions The gene-profiling model suggests that pathogenesis of obesity relates to the coordination of biological responses to glucose and intracellular lipids possibly through a disruption of biochemical cascades and cellular signaling arising from affected receptors.
Initial Validation of Robotic Operations for In-Space Assembly of a Large Solar Electric Propulsion Transport Vehicle

Developing a capability for the assembly of large space structures has the potential to increase the capabilities and performance of future space missions and spacecraft while reducing their cost. One such application is a megawatt-class solar electric propulsion (SEP) tug, representing a critical transportation ability for the NASA lunar, Mars, and solar system exploration missions. A series of robotic assembly experiments were recently completed at Langley Research Center (LaRC) that demonstrate most of the assembly steps for the SEP tug concept. The assembly experiments used a core set of robotic capabilities: long-reach manipulation and dexterous manipulation. This paper describes cross-cutting capabilities and technologies for in-space assembly (ISA), applies the ISA approach to a SEP tug, describes the design and development of two assembly demonstration concepts, and summarizes results of two sets of assembly experiments that validate the SEP tug assembly steps.
Rapid Effects of Estradiol on Motivated Behaviors

Estradiol can act extracellularly to rapidly enhance dopamine (DA) activity in striatum and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) as well as the behavioral response to psychomotor stimulants. Considerable research has demonstrated that the effects of estradiol on behavioral and neurochemical indices of DA activity in the striatum are found in female but not male rats. Furthermore, natural variation in circulating hormones modulates this neural system. During naturally occurring behavioral estrus, amphetamine (AMPH)-induced striatal DA release and AMPH-induced behaviors are potentiated relative to other days of the estrous cycle. Ovariectomy (OVX) attenuates, whereas estradiol treatment in OVX rats rapidly enhances, striatal DA release and behaviors that are thought to be mediated by striatal DA activity. Estradiol has similar effects on dopamine activity in the NAcc.
In Utero Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Congenital Disorders

Recent advances in stem cell biology, prenatal diagnosis, and fetal surgery have transformed our ability to use in utero stem cell transplantation to cure congenital anomalies. With the recent discovery of inducible pluripotent stem (iPS) cells [1], new opportunities are available to generate patient-matched iPS cells for specific diseases. Advances in prenatal imaging and molecular diagnostics allow us to accurately diagnose congenital hematologic diseases as early as 10–12 weeks of gestation [2]. Furthermore, high-resolution ultrasonography has made it technically feasible to deliver stem cells in the early gestation fetus. Fetal intervention in patients has expanded since its first description in 1982 [3] and is used to treat anatomic anomalies with both conventional and minimally invasive techniques [4]. The improved understanding of stem cell biology, the ability to diagnose congenital diseases that are amenable to prenatal therapy, and the technical capability to deliver cells safely in utero have brought renewed interest and excitement for the promise of prenatal stem cell therapy.
Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid

The subarachnoid space in the central nervous system (CNS) is a relatively closed compartment112 filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) containing immunocompetent cells and their chemical products. 56,261,403,556,580 Anaiysis of the cellular and humoral immune response of the cellular elements in this compartment bears a direct relationship to the activity of these cellular elements in the parenchyma of the CNS. However, little is known about the kinetics of immune responsiveness of immunocompetent cells in CSF or the trafficking of such cells through the CSF compartment in man. More emphasis has been placed on the products of these cells, particularly immunoglobulins.556,580 We will present an analysis of the kinetics of appearance and disappearance of subpopulations of immunocompetent cells in CSF during several disease states in man, the correlation of properties of these cells, when studied, with these disease states, and an analysis of the soluble products of these cells in human CSF during these disease states.
Magic Numbers in Atomic Clusters: Energetic, Electronic and Structural Effects

The subject of magic numbers in clusters has been one of long-standing interest since early observation of pronounced intensity anomalies seen in the mass spectral distributions of molecular and atomic systems (1–10). Early observations in the case of water (2,3)revealed a particularly stable entity involving 21 molecules bound to a proton, which was first seen in the electron impact ionization of neutral water clusters, and later in proton expansion experiments and upon the bombardment of ice surfaces with fast atomic ions (11). The underlying commonality strongly pointed to the origin of magic numbers involving a particularly stable ion, a fact which has recently been proven (12–15). During the last decade there has been extensive experimental and theoretical interest in atomic systems (6,7,15–18), particularly for clusters of rare gas atoms and those involving metallic-type constituents. In view of the fact that the magic number patterns observed in the case of rare gas clusters coincided almost exactly with compact structures calculated for the neutrals, they were first interpreted in terms of especially stable neutral aggregates, despite the fact that fragmentation could obviously play a role following the ionization and concomitant fragmentation often involved.
Vacuum Systems for e+e− Storage Rings

The design of vacuum systems for storage rings requires broad application of many different diverse fields. It is no longer possible to be an artist and put together a system of pipes and pumps on the spot and launch it on a ten-year career without much further attention! The design of an ultra-high vacuum (UHV) system for an electron/positron storage ring requires a knowledge of surface science; materials science; thermal and mechanical stress analysis; beam-induced RF fields; x-ray absorption, reflection and fluorescence; scattering of beam particles and production of secondaries; and above all, a flair for the art of magic to put all this together and make a UHV system out of narrow beam pipes with very low conductance, no space for pumps, and permission denied to make large holes for pumping ports! UHV systems for e + e − collider factories have to handle large circulating beam currents in the ampere range containing hundreds of short intense bunches. Dynamic pressures are required to be in the low 10−9 Torr range or even lower, to allow beam storage times from a few hours to as much as 24 hours.
Tensorial aspects of the multidimensional massively parallel sensorimotor function of neuronal networks.

Quantitation and mathematization of experimental neuroscience leads to the establishment of brain theory. Progress is spearheaded by system neuroscience and sensorimotor research, yielding computational paradigms of neural nets, to be utilized by neurocomputing and neurobotics. A mathematical concept and formalism using natural (general) coordinate systems that are intrinsic to the CNS is presented by a detailed elaboration of a computerized tensor network model for the vestibulocollic reflex in the cat, involving the cerebellum. The use of intrinsic coordinates is also shown for the multidimensional frames inherent in neuronal firings, and joint and muscle hyperspaces of the musculoskeletal apparatus of head movements. Tensor theory leads towards a quantitation and geometrization of concepts of motor strategies, trajectories, posture and style
KILLING FOR THE HOMELAND: PATRIOTISM, NATIONALISM AND VIOLENCE

Political choices favoring one's country or one's nationality are wrong if they conflict with a principle of universal free acceptability, prohibiting choices that violate every set of rules to which any willing cooperator would want all to conform. Despite its universalism, this principle requires patriotic favoritism in political choices and permits individuals to assert nationalist interests in claims for state aid. But it deprives patriotism and nationalism of any distinctive role in establishing the legitimacy of wars and uprisings. These restrictions are appropriate even if stronger forms of patriotism and nationalism are psychologically indispensable for achieving social goals required for universal free acceptability.
Estimating Average Weekly Plant Hours in Manufacturing for the Period between 1929 and 1976

In this study the points of departure for manufacturing are the changes in average weekly plant hours derived in the first study and summarized in tables 8 and 9.1 Table 8 gives overall results for all manufacturing using different kinds of weights, and table 9 gives the breakdown by two-digit manufacturing industries. I decided to use the overall change of 24.7 percent from 1929 to 1976 as my controlling total for manufacturing (see table 8, line C). This figure omits a possible adjustment of 4.5 percent that would allow for the fact that 1976 weekly plant hours were probably low in relation to those of 1929. On the average, 1929 was a year of high activity whereas 1976 represented an early phase of the cyclical recovery from the recession that reached bottom in April 1975.2 Our problem is to estimate the path of average weekly plant hours between the two terminal or benchmark years.
Commercial and Anti-Hunger Sector Views on Local Government Strategies for Helping to Manage Food Waste

In the United States, 40% of all food intended for human consumption is lost or wasted. This has economic, environmental, and social consequences and equity concerns that justify the involvement of local governments. In addition, local governments are well positioned to support the systems-level innovations and systems- and equity-oriented approaches necessary for bringing together various sectors to tackle food waste issues. However, little is known about how food-generating businesses and anti-hunger agencies think local governments and public agencies could work with them to address food waste through source reduction (i.e., prevention) and feeding hungry people. These are the top two methods for waste reduction as outlined in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)’s Food Recovery Hierarchy. Using qualitative interviews, this study presents the key challenges and facilitators of multiple Seattle-based anti-hunger agencies (n=8) and food-generating businesses (n=12) to addressing food waste prevention, recovery, and composting. This study also addresses how anti-hunger agencies and food-generating businesses interrelate within and between the two sectors. Interviewees also provided sector views on the potential roles of local government in this space. Strategies recommended for local governments included: (1) committing resources that enable a systems approach. This can be accomplished by dedicating a staff or office to food waste issues, designating funding that is specific to food waste, incorporating equity and inclusivity, and serving as a convener of stakeholders; (2) helping to standardize metrics and normalize waste audits. These practices are essential for understanding and scaling work within and between sectors, for measuring progress toward goals or fluctuations in the system, and for identifying priorities; and (3) supporting the optimal operation of the emergency food system by helping improve infrastructure and efficiency.
Effects of POWER Strategy Instruction for Students Supported by Assistive Technology

Abstract This study investigated students' use of assistive technology (AT) tools within the context of Plan, Organize, Write, Edit, Revise (POWER) strategy instruction for writing explanations. Instruction took place in a fifth-grade classroom that included four students with learning, attention, or emotional disabilities and 19 peers without disabilities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate instructional effects and method of transcription used in composing science-related explanations. To examine effects of POWER instruction on writing quality and accuracy, researchers used a multiple baseline design across participants. Method of transcription was evaluated through a concurrent time series design. After POWER strategy instruction, participants' explanations earned quality and accuracy scores that were greater than their respective baseline scores. Scores on AT-transcribed responses exceeded those earned on handwritten explanations, with larger effects on accuracy than on quality. Implications ar...
Do Developmental and Life-Course Theory Risk Factors Equally Predict Age of Onset Among Juvenile Sexual and Nonsexual Offenders?:

Previous empirical inquiries into the etiology of juvenile sex offending have been largely atheoretical. Consequently, a call for studies conducted utilizing developmental and life-course (DLC) criminological theory has been made to better understand the onset, development, risk, and protective factors of juvenile sex offending. Therefore, this study contributes to the discussion by testing key predictions proposed by the DLC framework regarding the theoretical correlates of early onset offending, as applied to juvenile sex offenders (JSOs) and juvenile nonsex offenders (JNSOs). Drawing on a data set of more than 64,000 youth referred to the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice, results indicate that although the number and severity of risk factors for early age of onset differ between the JSOs and JNSOs, the specific type of risk factors that emerged align with DLC theory predictions. The implications of these findings and contributions for DLC theory are also discussed.
Effect of Initial Bedside Ultrasonography on Emergency Department Skin and Soft Tissue Infection Management.

Study objective We examine the utility of emergency department (ED) ultrasonography in treatment of skin and soft tissue infections. Methods We enrolled ED patients with skin and soft tissue infections and surveyed clinicians in regard to their pre-ultrasonography certainty about the presence or absence of an abscess, their planned management, post-ultrasonography findings, and actual management. We determined sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography and clinical evaluation, and assessed appropriateness of management changes based on initial clinical assessment and outcomes through 1-week follow-up. Results Among 1,216 patients, clinicians were uncertain of abscess presence in 105 cases (8.6%) and certain for 1,111 cases (91.4%). Based on surgical exploration and follow-up through 1 week, sensitivity and specificity for abscess detection by clinical evaluation were 90.3% and 97.7%, and by ultrasonography were 94.0% and 94.1%, respectively. Among 1,111 cases for which the clinician was certain, sensitivity and specificity of clinical evaluation were 96.6% and 97.3% compared with ultrasonographic evaluation sensitivity and specificity of 95.7% and 96.2%, respectively. Of 105 uncertain cases, sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography were 68.5% and 80.4%. Ultrasonography changed management in 13 of 1,111 certain cases (1.2%), appropriately in 10 of 13 (76.9%) and inappropriately in 3 of 13 (23.1%). Of 105 uncertain cases, ultrasonography changed management in 25 (23.8%), appropriately in 21 of 25 (84.0%) and inappropriately in 4 of 25 (16.0%). Conclusion Ultrasonography rarely changed management when clinicians were certain about the presence or absence of an abscess. When they were uncertain, ultrasonography changed drainage decisions in approximately one quarter of cases, of which most (84%) were appropriate.
Stable Isotope Methods for Bioavailability Assessment of Dietary Minerals in Humans

The mineral elements known to be essential in human nutrition include the so-called macrominerals (Ca, P, Mg, S, K, Na, and Cl) and the trace minerals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni, Co, Mo, Se, Cr, I, F, Sn, Si, V, and As) (Underwood, 1977). In addition, there are a number of newer trace elements (Rb, Sr, Ba Pb, etc.) whose essentiality in human nutrition is suggested (Schwarz, 1974; Hoekstra et al., 1974), but further investigation is necessary to define more precisely their metabolic roles and their significance for nutrition and health.
Association of group composition diversity and performance outcomes in a pre-clerkship team-based learning program

Introduction: Team-based learning (TBL) is an important curricular component of medical education. TBL sessions are evaluated based on individual readiness assurance test (IRAT) and group readiness...
Dynamics of secondary contamination from the interaction of high-power laser pulses with metal particles attached on the input surface of optical components

We investigate the interaction of 355-nm and 1064-nm nanosecond laser pulses with nominally spherical metallic particles dispersed on the input surface of transparent substrates or high-reflectivity (HR) multilayer dielectric coatings, respectively. The objective is to elucidate the interaction mechanisms associated with contaminant-induced degradation and damage of transparent and reflective optical elements for high-power laser systems. The experiments involve time-resolved imaging capturing the dynamics of the interaction pathway, which includes plasma formation, particle ejection, and secondary contamination by droplets originating from the liquefied layer of the particle. The results suggest that HR coatings are more susceptible to secondary contamination by liquid droplets produced by the particles because of the different geometry of excitation and the location of plasma initiation. Modeling results focus on better understanding the melting of the particle surface, leading to ejections of liquid droplets and the pressure applied to the substrate, leading to mechanical damage.
Home Rule and State Preemption of Local Land Use Control

Though local governments have historically made most land use decisions, the housing crisis now gripping many parts of the country has caused state legislatures in places like California, Oregon, Maryland and Virginia to consider a more assertive role in regulating land use, “preempting” some local authority. The conflict between states and municipalities has raised an important constitutional question. Under the doctrine of “home rule,” localities may be immunized against state preemption with regard to certain matters of municipal concern. So is land use immune from state preemption? After evaluating both precedent and policy, this paper concludes that land use is clearly not immune. Appellate courts have consistently held that states may preempt local land use decisions in order to accomplish statewide objectives such as environmental protection, efficient land use planning, and housing affordability. Undoubtedly, addressing a crippling housing crisis is a statewide interest that would justify state preemption of local land use control. And while courts have frequently upheld local land use regulation in sweeping terms, they have done so in cases where the question was the authority of the municipality to initiate land use regulation without an express authorization from the state, not whether the municipality could act in the face of preempting state legislation. In short, home rule does not protect local land use decisions against preemption. This paper concludes by briefly addressing the merits of a proposed California ballot initiative that would constitutionally enshrine local control of land use decisions.
Leftover drug disposal: Customer behavior, pharmacist recommendations, and obstacles to drug take-back box implementation

Production and use of pharmaceuticals in the United States is high and continues to grow. This, combined with poor wastewater removal rates for drugs in excreted waste, and improper pharmaceutical disposal leads to the presence of pharmaceuticals in fresh- and marine waters and wildlife. In the United States, safe drug take-back boxes, or dropboxes, were established in pharmacies after federal legislation passed in 2014, allowing for year-round safe collection of leftover pharmaceuticals. The overarching objective of this work was to identify opportunities for improving access to proper pharmaceutical disposal. We assessed consumer behavior regarding drug disposal choices and knowledge of dropboxes at pharmacies, investigated pharmacist attitudes toward and recommendations about leftover drug disposal, and compared responses at locations with and without dropboxes. We also explored obstacles to dropbox adoption and usage. We found that customer awareness of dropboxes as well as knowledge about risks of improper disposal are low, however awareness was greater at pharmacies with dropboxes. Additionally, pharmacists at dropbox locations were more consistent in their messaging to customers, more likely to recommend proper disposal methods, and more supportive of drug take-back programs. Through a focus group, we learned that further consumer education would overwhelm the capacity of the existing dropboxes. Based on our findings, we recommend solutions to improper disposal focus on legislation mandating dropboxes at pharmacies and pressure on the pharmaceutical industry to fund proper disposal of unused pharmaceuticals.
Feasibility and outcomes of orthotopic ileal neobladder reconstruction following pelvic irradiation

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the complications and oncologic outcomes of orthotopic ileal neobladder reconstruction (ONB) following pelvic radiotherapy (RT) compared to patients with no prior pelvic RT. METHODS Our institutional database was queried for all patients with pT0-4bN0-3M0 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder who underwent radical cystectomy with curative intent and ONB between 1990 and 2018. We then queried this cohort for patients who had prior pelvic RT (>3900 cGy) and compared baseline characteristics, perioperative complications, and recurrence free survival between patients with and without prior pelvic RT. RESULTS One thousand eight hundred and forty-six patients matched our inclusion criteria; 34 had prior pelvic RT with a median dose of 6280 cGy. Prior RT targeted the bladder, prostate, and cervix in 27, 6, and 1 patient, respectively. Median time from RT to cystectomy was 15.5 months. Patients with prior RT had a longer time from diagnosis to cystectomy, more frequently had ≥5 TURBT and neoadjuvant chemo, and less frequently had multifocal disease. Perioperative complications including operative time, estimated blood loss, days hospitalized, as well as 30- and 90-day complication rates, were not statistically different. There was no statistical difference in recurrence free survival between the 2 groups (P = .48). CONCLUSION ONB in highly selected patients with prior pelvic RT is feasible with statistically similar perioperative complication rates compared to ONB without prior RT.
Tips for converting interprofessional education sessions from in-person to remote synchronous formats for experiential learning

Abstract Overcoming logistical hurdles is not new when planning interprofessional education (IPE) activities. When COVID-19 forced students out of traditional educational environments into learning remotely, additional challenges were thrust upon IPE. This article provides tips to help faculty who must rapidly transition what had been in-person, face-to-face IPE activities to remote, synchronous instructional modes that are interactive, engaging, meet objectives, and encourage subsequent application of knowledge learned. It is hoped that the practical tips presented here will serve as a guide for others to implement effective and engaging IPE sessions delivered remotely to learners.
Deregulating Innovation Capital: The Effects of the JOBS Act on Biotech Startups

We examine the effect of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups (JOBS) Act on biotech startups, who conduct almost 40% of IPOs since 2012. Reduced compliance costs encourage innovation capital formation as biotech IPO volume increases 200% and proceeds rise by 30%. After the JOBS Act, biotech startups go public significantly earlier in the FDA approval process, more frequently target rare diseases and cancer, and exhibit higher employment growth. We find no increase in failure rates, financial restatements, or internal control weaknesses, suggesting that startup quality is not compromised by compliance exemptions. We also introduce novel survey evidence quantifying eventual compliance costs. Our results demonstrate how regulatory exemptions can provide important economic and societal benefits.
Association between uptake of selected vaccines and undernutrition among Nigerian children.

Introduction: Vaccination coverage among undernourished children often associated with higher risk of contracting infectious diseases due to lowered immunity is a critical public health concern. Th...