cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sequence analysis of the nucleocapsid protein gene of human coronavirus 229E.

Human coronaviruses are important human pathogens and have also been implicated in multiple sclerosis. To further understand the molecular biology of human coronavirus 229E (HCV-229E), molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the viral RNA have been initiated. Following established protocols, the 3′-terminal 1732 nucleotides of the genome were sequenced. A large open reading frame encodes a 389 amino acid protein of 43,366 Da, which is presumably the nucleocapsid protein. The predicted protein is similar in size, chemical properties, and amino acid sequence to the nucleocapsid proteins of other coronaviruses. This is especially evident when the sequence is compared with that of the antigenically related porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), with which a region of 46% amino acid sequence homology was found. Hydropathy profiles revealed the existence of several conserved domains which could have functional significance. An intergenic consensus sequence precedes the 5′-end of the proposed nucleocapsid protein gene. The consensus sequence is present in other coronaviruses and has been proposed as the site of binding of the leader sequence for mRNA transcriptional start. This region was also examined by primer extension analysis of mRNAs, which identified a 60-nucleotide leader sequence. The 3′-noncoding region of the genome contains an 11-nucleotide sequence, which is relatively conserved throughout the Coronavirus family and lends support to the theory that this region is important for the replication of negative-strand RNA.
An algorithm and computer program for calculating the mean transit time and distribution rate parameters of generated metabolites undergoing linear tissue distribution and linear or non-linear central elimination

A method is described for calculating the mean transit time and distribution rate parameters of a generated primary metabolite undergoing linear distribution and linear or non-linear central elimination, and of catenary metabolites with any precursor order. It is also applicable to a drug and its interconversion metabolite and does not require separate administration of the metabolite. The method allows steady-state volume of distribution and distribution clearance of a metabolite to be calculated, provided that the central volume of distribution of the metabolite is known. An algorithm and computer program to implement the proposed method are presented. The calculations require the plasma concentration versus time curves of the metabolite and its precursor. The method is applied to both published and simulated data.
Comparison of electron bands of hexagonal and cubic diamond

Using the local-density-theory and the linear-muffin-tin-orbitals method, we calculate the electron band structures of hexagonal (lonsdaleite) and cubic diamond. Even though the arrangement of atoms is very similar between the two crystal structures, we find significant differences in the electron bands, especially in the conduction bands. In particular, including estimated corrections on top of the local-density results, we find the lowest theoretical gap of hexagonal diamond to be 4.5 eV, i.e., a remarkable 1.1-eV drop as compared to that of cubic diamond. The lowest gap in the hexagonal structure is still indirect as in the cubic structure, but the gap is now from \ensuremath{\Gamma} to K. The reduction of the band gap should be observable in optical-absorption or reflectivity experiments.
In vivo particle tracking and photothermal ablation using plasmon-resonant gold nanostars

Gold nanostars offer unique plasmon properties that efficiently transduce photon energy into heat for photothermal therapy. Nanostars, with their small core size and multiple long thin branches, exhibit high absorption cross-sections that are tunable in the near-infrared region with relatively low scattering effect, making them efficient photothermal transducers. Here, we demonstrate particle tracking and photothermal ablation both in vitro and in vivo. Using SKBR3 breast cancer cells incubated with bare nanostars, we observed photothermal ablation within 5 minutes of irradiation (980-nm continuous-wave laser, 15 W/cm2). On a mouse injected systemically with PEGylated nanostars for 2 days, extravasation of nanostars was observed and localized photothermal ablation was demonstrated on a dorsal window chamber within 10 minutes of irradiation (785-nm continuous-wave laser, 1.1 W/cm2). These preliminary results of plasmon-enhanced localized hyperthermia are encouraging and have illustrated the potential of gold nanostars as efficient photothermal agents in cancer therapy.
Drug Histories and Criminality of Inmates of Local Jails in the United States (1978): Implications for Treatment and Rehabilitation of the Drug Abuser in a Jail Setting

A survey by the Department of Justice in 1978 of inmates of local jails in the United States found that 68% had ever used drugs like heroin, cocaine, marijuana, amphetamines, or barbiturates outside a treatment program, and without a doctor' prescription. Offenses for which relatively larger proportions of inmates reported drag use included robbery, burglary, auto theft, larceny, and drug offenses, During the month prior to jail, 44% of inmates reported using drugs. Some 21% of convicted inmates reported being under the influence of drugs at the time of an offense for which convicted. One-fourth of inmates reporting drug use had ever been enrolled in drug treatment. Treatment and rehabilitation of the drug abuser in a jail setting is discussed.
Investigation of multi-walled carbon nanotube-based structures for high density integrated capacitors

The development of high density integrated capacitors is crucial for the implementation of high performance mixed-signal integrated circuits in VLSI applications. In this paper, we investigate three possible high density integrated capacitor configurations based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). We develop an RLC model for the MWCNT-based capacitor configurations and examine the design trade-off between capacitance per area and losses due to parasitic resistance and inductance. The results indicate that the proposed MWCNT-based capacitor configurations can potentially offer orders of magnitude larger capacitance per area and comparable quality factors to traditional metal-based integrated capacitors, which will enable more compact mixed-signal systems with greater performance. This study highlights the performance and capacitive density limits of MWCNT-based capacitors.
Determination of worst-case aggressor alignment for delay calculation

Increases in delay due to coupling can have a dramatic impact on IC performance for deep submicron technologies. To achieve maximum performance there is a need for analyzing logic stages with large complex coupled interconnects. In timing analysis, the worst case delay of gates along a critical path must include the effect of noise due to switching of nearby aggressor gates. We propose a new waveform iteration strategy to compute the delay in the presence of coupling and to align aggressor inputs to determine the worst case victim delay. We demonstrate the application of our methodology at both the transistor level and cell level. In addition, we prove that the waveforms generated in our methodology converge under typical timing analysis conditions.
Scheuermann kyphosis: safe and effective surgical treatment using multisegmental instrumentation.

STUDY DESIGN A retrospective review was conducted on 23 consecutive patients who underwent surgical correction of Scheuermann kyphosis using modern multisegmental instrumentation. OBJECTIVE To evaluate Scheuermann kyphosis correction and complication rates. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The surgical treatment of Scheuermann kyphosis remains a topic of debate. The literature of the 70s and 80s on the surgical management of this disorder using Harrington instrumentation demonstrated that operative correction is quite effective but associated with significant complications. This literature, however, may be less applicable to current clinical situations. The use of modern multisegmental instrumentation and increased awareness of potential complications may decrease the risks of current operative treatment. METHODS Hospital charts, office charts, and radiographs on 23 consecutive patients who underwent operative treatment using multisegmental instrumentation for Scheuermann kyphosis were reviewed to identify complications of surgery. Complications were classified as minor, major, or life threatening. RESULTS The mean follow-up was 38 months (range 10-123 months). Preoperative kyphosis ranged from 63 degrees to 104 degrees with an average of 83 degrees. Twenty of the 23 patients (87%) underwent combined anterior release/arthrodesis with posterior arthrodesis/multisegmental instrumentation. The remaining 3 patients underwent posterior arthrodesis/multisegmental instrumentation. Postoperative total kyphosis ranged from 32 degrees to 67 degrees with an average of 46 degrees. At final follow-up, the total kyphosis ranged from 37 degrees to 75 degrees with an average of 51 degrees. Overall, we had 43% minor complications, 17% major complications, and 0% life-threatening complications. CONCLUSIONS Surgical correction of Scheuermann kyphosis can be performed safely and effectively using modern multisegmental instrumentation.
Bipolarons in Doped Conjugated Polymers: A Critical Comparison Between Theoretical Results and Experimental Data

Abstract Adopting a language common to both physicists and chemists, we discuss the origin of formation of radical-ions (polarons) and diions (bipolarons) upon doping of conjugated polymers with a nondegenerate ground state. We present a review of some of the calculations we have devoted to the influence of doping on the geometric and electronic properties of the polymer chains. We critically compare the theoretical results with experimental data, such as the evolution of the optical and magnetic properties upon doping. The bipolaron model is shown to provide a coherent and unified picture of the properties of doped conducting polymers. We point out the relationship between bandgap and bondlength alternation in polymers based on aromatic rings. We demonstrate it is very different from that found in polyacetylene-like compounds and comment on the possibility of obtaining small bandgap conjugated polymers.
Severe and prolonged lymphopenia observed in patients treated with bendamustine and erlotinib for metastatic triple negative breast cancer

Purpose Triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) frequently have high epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression and are sensitive to DNA-damaging agents. Improved therapies are needed for this aggressive malignancy.
Rethinking Democratic Accountability. By Robert D. Behn. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2001. 317p. $41.95 cloth, $16.95 paper.

Everybody seems to talk about accountability but no one ever does anything about it, Robert Behn argues in this thought-provoking book. This is scarcely due to a lack of enough overseers. Behn rattles off the innumerable “accountability holders”—including the GAO, lawyers, journalists, and inspectors general—who dish it out while the wretched public administrators take it. These accountability adversaries exclusively pursue either accountability for finances or accountability for fairness, doling out punishments where rules are inadequately met and feeling no obligation to consider those performance considerations that may have driven managerial choices. Public managers may be confronted by an “accountability dilemma” in pondering the trade-offs between finances and fairness and performance, but that is not the accountability holder's problem.
Idle time: an underdeveloped performance metric for assessing surgical skill

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to evaluate validity evidence using idle time as a performance measure in open surgical skills assessment. Methods This pilot study tested psychomotor planning skills of surgical attendings (n = 6), residents (n = 4) and medical students (n = 5) during suturing tasks of varying difficulty. Performance data were collected with a motion tracking system. Participants' hand movements were analyzed for idle time, total operative time, and path length. We hypothesized that there will be shorter idle times for more experienced individuals and on the easier tasks. Results A total of 365 idle periods were identified across all participants. Attendings had fewer idle periods during 3 specific procedure steps (P Conclusions Using an experimental model, idle time was found to correlate with experience and motor planning when operating on increasingly difficult tissue types. Further work exploring idle time as a valid psychomotor measure is warranted.
Detection of breast cancer by periodic utilization of methods of physical diagnosis.

At the Minneapolis Minnesota Cancer Detection Center 8345 women 45 years of age and older have undergone 46150 annual examinations since 1948. Most (60%) of the 104 subsequently confirmed breast cancers were detected at the Center. For every 1000 patient-year examinations the incidence rate is 2.25%. Those patients who had their cancer detected early and have been to follow-up sessions show long-term survival rates. Thus it appears that if concerted efforts were made for more adequate professional education regarding the merits of periodic examinations a substantial improvement in survival of breast cancer patients would be realized.
Power Transition and Conflict Initiation

Most theories of war and lesser forms of international conflict rest on assumptions of rational choice. Moreover, many of these explanations explicitly incorporate decision maker estimates of relative power among competitors. However, a major theory of great power war-power transition theory-postulates initiation by the weaker contender. This study demonstrates that among the strongest states an interactive relationship exists between the static power balance, differential growth rates in capabilities, and conflict initiation: initiation patterns are associated with changes in a state's relative military/economic power and power potential. The findings are consistent with the inherent logic of power transition theory and are consonant with an assumption of rational calculation in decisions involving conflict initiation. The results may be interpreted as reinforcing the realist contention that a shifting power balance is of critical significance among the causes of war and peace.
A DESCRIPTION OF HAPLOZOON AXIOTHELLAE N. SP., AN ENDOSYMBIONT OF THE POLYCHAETE AXIOTHELLA RUBROCINCTA12

SUMMARY A new parasitic dinoflagellate, Haplozoon axiothellae sp. nov., is described from the intestine of the marine polychaete Axiothella rubrocincta. The parasites are 40–175 μm long with 2–26 cells arranged in single or double rows. Two cytoplasmic inclusions previously unknown in this genus are described. The first is globular and varies in size, while the second is approximately 2 μm long and peanut-shaped. The function and composition of the inclusions are unknown. Nuclear structure and karyokinesis are apparently different from those of typical dinoflagellates.
Pavlov's dogs

Abstract A pilgrimage to the last working place of the behavioral psychologist Ivan Pavlov in Russia led to the discovery of a photograph album full of pictures of the original ‘Pavlov's dogs'. Tim Tully explains how he made this remarkable discovery, and how the photos have inspired the naming of many new mutant fruitflies with defective memory phenotypes.
Familiarity, Comfort with, and Receptivity to Distance Education via the Internet in the Hotel and Restaurant Industry

Employees in the hotel and restaurant industry in Pennsylvania were surveyed to obtain data describing their familiarity (access to technology and use of email) with technology and distance education. The goal was to investigate the attitudes and beliefs of individuals prior to their exposure to educational technology rather than to assess their reactions during or after the use of technology, as most former research has done.
Efficient in situ error detection enabling diverse path coverage

Technology scaling continues to improve density, but also reduces the critical charge to hold a logic state, causing devices to become more susceptible to accidental disruptions due to noise and soft errors. Increased process variation adds to the reliability challenge, resulting in over designs and extra timing margins at the cost of power consumption, silicon area and performance degradation. We present efficient in situ error detection techniques to exploit datapath characteristics for monitoring circuit errors: pre-edge checking in non-critical paths without hold time constraints; post-edge checking in critical paths without sacrificing performance; and cross-edge checking in moderate paths for the optimal trade-off. The techniques are all realized using the inherent redundancy within a conventional flip-flop design and do not require any logic or sample duplication as done by most existing methods. The detection-enabled flip-flop is implemented using only 31 transistors as a competitive and low-cost solution.
Mesenteric artery bypass: objective patency determination.

Purpose: Many authors have reported extended relief of intestinal ischemia by use of a variety of reconstructive techniques, but all have relied on symptomatic follow-up. None have objectively measured patency rates. The purpose of this study was to determine the primary patency rates of bypass grafts placed for acute and chronic splanchnic atherosclerotic occlusive disease with use of objective follow-up with mesenteric duplex ultrasound scanning or arteriography. Methods: Twenty-five consecutive patients (mean age 61, female/male ratio of 2.7:1) who underwent placement of 38 splanchnic bypass grafts (29 saphenous vein grafts, 9 polytetrafluoroethylene) (22 retrograde, 16 antegrade) for ischemic symptoms (9 acute ischemia: 16 chronic ischemia) between 1984 and 1994 were monitored with either duplex scanning (30 grafts) or arteriography. Life-table and log rank analysis were used to determine and compare graft patency. Results: Three patients (12%, 2 acute ischemia and 1 chronic ischemia) died after operation. Six patients (30%) had significant morbidity (4 acute ischemia and 2 chronic ischemia). During follow-up from 1 to 136 months (mean 35 months), no patient died of bowel infarction or required revision for recurrent symptoms. Objective testing revealed three graft occlusions. Symptomatic follow-up had a sensitivity of only 33% for graft occlusion when compared with objective measurement. The life-table primary patency rate was 89% at 72 months. Life-table survival for the same patients was 75% at 36 months. Patency rates for antegrade (93% at 36 months) versus retrograde (95% at 36 months) bypass and saphenous vein grafts (95% at 36 months) versus polytetrafluoroethylene (89% at 36 months) were not significantly different ( p =0.47 and 0.43, respectively). Late patency rates of grafts placed for acute ischemia (92% at 36 months) versus chronic ischemia (89% at 36 months) were not significantly different ( p =0.77). Conclusion: Splanchnic bypass for mesenteric ischemia, with a primary patency rate of 89% at 72 months, is an extremely durable form of revascularization. Long-term patency of grafts placed for acute ischemia does not differ significantly from that of bypasses for chronic occlusion. Duplex scanning allows standardized objective periodic follow-up of splanchnic reconstruction. Objective assessment is critical to accurately measure visceral revascularization patency rates.
Evaluation of an instructional program for improving medication compliance for chronically mentally ill outpatients

Outpatient medication adherence is a major problem, especially for patients repeatedly hospitalized for psychiatric disorders. This study included 39 such patients who were receiving case management services from a community mental health center. Patients were matched and randomly assigned to receive in a single session either (1) information regarding medication and its benefits, (2) guidelines for assuring adherence which encompassed all phases related to pill-taking including filling prescriptions, use of a pill container, transportation, self-reminders, doctor's appointments and so forth, or (3) the same guidelines as (2) above but given in the presence of a family member who was enlisted in support. The results showed that adherence increased to about 94% after the guidelines were given for both the individual and family guideline procedure, whereas adherence remained unchanged at 73% after the medication information procedure. These results suggest a practical means for assuring a high level of medication adherence for patients with psychiatric disorders.
Luminescent zinc terephthalate coordination polymers with pyridylnicotinamide ligands: Effect of added base and nitrogen donor disposition on topology

Abstract Hydrothermal reaction of zinc nitrate, potassium terephthalate (K 2 tere), and 3-pyridylnicotinamide (3-pna) or 4-pyridylnicotinamide (4-pna) afforded coordination polymers with different dimensionality depending on nitrogen donor disposition and the initial pH of the reaction mixture. {[Zn(tere)(3-pna) 2 (H 2 O) 2 ]⋅2H 2 O} n ( 1 ) was prepared in the presence of aqueous NaOH, and manifests 1-D coordination polymer chains with monodentate 3-pna ligands. A mixture of {[Zn(tere)(3-pna)]⋅3H 2 O} n ( 2 ) and {[Zn 4 (tere) 3 (OH) 2 (3-pna) 2 ]⋅2H 2 O} n ( 3 ) was prepared by performing a similar reaction in the absence of extra base. Compound 2 shows a 2-D (6,3) hexagonal grid topology with very tight interdigitation, while 3 has a 2-fold interpenetrated 3-D pcu network built from {Zn 4 (OCO) 2 (OH) 2 } centrosymmetric tetrameric nodes. {[Zn(tere)(4-pna)]⋅H 2 O} n ( 4 ) has parallel 2-fold interpenetrated sawtooth layer motifs. Luminescent and thermal decomposition properties are also discussed.
Introduction to “Labor and Capital in the Twenty-First Century”

In this issue’s Perspectives section, a second article appears commemorating the fortieth anniversary of the 1974 seminal publication of Harry Braverman’s Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century (Monthly Review Press). (The first article acknowledging Braverman’s significant contributions was published in the September 2014 issue). In this superbly and smartly written article, Dr. Jeffrey Sallaz, Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Arizona, argues that Labor and Monopoly Capital is an essential volume for comprehending the capitalist labor process. Nevertheless, Sallaz points out that there are omissions in Braverman’s analysis which are crucial for analyzing work in the twenty-first century. First, Braverman neglected to understand that the process of deskilling is constrained, especially with regards to service industries which have come to dominate US employment in the second decade of the twenty-first century. Second, Sallaz contends that Braverman remained unwilling to acknowledge that states could deliver “material welfare” to workers which could afford them with safeguards from labor market dependency. Finally, Sallaz addresses Braverman’s view of the future of work as being “unnecessarily pessimistic.” He argues that while Braverman is correct in arguing that standardization and automation can lead to the degradation of work, Sallaz maintains that the surplus created during the production of goods and services “can potentially expand human freedom.” If any of the journal’s readers are interested in responding to any essays published in the “Perspectives” Section or would like to write articles on any topics in the field of employee relations, please do not hesitate to contact me with your proposal. I welcome both practitioner-based and scholarly-based articles written from any one of a variety of theoretical perspectives. I hope that you enjoy this article and find it most illuminating. Employ Respons Rights J (2014) 26:297 DOI 10.1007/s10672-014-9252-3
The association between affect amplification and urgency.

Background: Individuals lacking effective coping skills to manage aversive affective states are more likely to behave impulsively despite harmful long-term consequences. Urgency or the propensity to act rashly in response to negative affect is associated with a host of maladaptive behaviors. However, relatively little research has evaluated the impact of affective variables—such as emotion regulation—on urgency. Moreover, the role of urgency has not been examined in populations with mood and anxiety disorders, a group for whom maladaptive coping and avoidance behaviors are common responses to heightened affect. This study evaluated the association between urgency and three variables associated with the amplification of affect (anxiety sensitivity (AS), access to emotion regulation strategies, and distress intolerance). Methods: Data were collected from an unselected community sample (n = 297) and a clinical sample with a mood and/or anxiety disorder (n = 99). Results: Results from a linear regression indicated significant associations between both distress intolerance and emotion regulation strategies and urgency. AS was significantly associated with urgency when considered alone, but did not remain significant when considered in the context of an alternative measure of distress intolerance and emotion regulation. Conclusions: These findings suggest that intolerance of distressing states and lack access to a repertoire of emotion regulation strategies are strongly associated with acting impulsively in response to negative affect. Treatment implications and future research directions are discussed. Depression and Anxiety, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of Isovolumic and Ejection Phase Indices of Myocardial Performance in Man

Indices derived from both the isovolumic and ejection phases of left ventricular systole have been advocated as a means of defining the basal level of contractility, but their comparative reliability for separating patients with obvious myocardial disease from a normal population has not been documented. Accordingly, indices of myocardial function were measured and compared in 36 patients, 22 with normal and 14 with abnormal ventricular function, using optimal techniques of pressure measurements by cathetertip micromanometry, signal digitizing at 1 msec intervals with averaging of multiple beats, and left ventriculography by biplane cineangiography. Isovolumic indices derived from developed pressure (DP), including V max, dP/dt/DP at DP = 5, 10, and 40 mm Hg, demonstrated no sensitivity for identifying depressed myocardial function ( P > 0.1 in each instance). Using total pressure (TP), V max, peak (dP/dt/TP), and peak dP/dt served to separate the two patient populations from a statistical standpoint ( P < 0.001), but individual values in the two groups showed considerable overlap. By contrast, the simplified ejection phase velocity indices, mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (mean Vcf) and mean normalized systolic ejection rate (MNSER) showed superior sensitivity for identifying normal and abnormal patient groups and manifested minimal overlap of individual values ( P < 0.001). These observations indicate that, in patients with diffuse myocardial involvement, isovolumic indices are not reliable for detecting depressed myocardial function and that ejection phase contractile indices appear to offer a preferable mode for assessing myocardial function in the basal state.
Social support, physical functioning, and cognitive functioning among older African American adults

ABSTRACT Social support and functional ability are related to a number of outcomes in later life among African Americans, including cognitive performance. This study examined how providing and receiving social support was related to fluid and crystallized cognitive abilities among aging African American adults after accounting for functional limitations, age, education, sex, income, and self-reported health. Data from 602 African American adults (M = 69.08, SD = 9.74; 25% male) were analyzed using latent variable modeling. Fluid ability was a second-order factor indicated by measures that assessed verbal memory, working memory, perceptual speed, and inductive reasoning. Crystallized ability was a first-order factor indicated by three measures that assessed vocabulary (Shipley Verbal Meaning Test and parts A and B of the ETS Vocabulary Test). Results indicated that the receipt of social support was negatively related to both fluid and crystallized abilities, while the provision of support was positively re...
Media, Pentecost and Prosperity: The Racial Meaning behind the Aesthetic Message

The deft use of media by Afro-Pentecostal evangelists and performers has popularized historic changes in Pentecostal belief, theology, and practice. These changes are magnified when investigated through the lens of race, gender, and aesthetics. Focusing on how Afro-Pentecostals deploy and use the media is important in discerning how beliefs are changed and/or reinforced by Afro-Pentecostals.
Responses of free running leaf movements to light, in particular to red and far red light during sunrise and sunset

Daily leaf movements were compared with the intensities and proportions of red and far red light during sunrise and sunset. A linear relationship exists between the inverse of the 1/3 power of the minimum leaf movement against the elapsed time for its occurrence since either sunrise or sunset. A minimum of the ratio of the intensities of red to far red light at 6 min after sunrise and 16 min before sunset are suggested to be related to minimal levels of far red phytochrome and of ATP activity.
Order-Disorder Behavior at Displacive Structural Phase Transitions

We show that a suitable electron paramagnetic resonance experiment can discriminate sufficiently against the predominantly harmonic fluctuations characterizing a system undergoing a displacive phase transition, that a cluster-induced order-disorder component of the local behavior is exposed. We find evidence that, at ${T}_{c}$, the oxygen octahedra in SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ oscillate about quasiequilibrium positions displaced by, typically, \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.22\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} from the high-symmetry site. This result provides quantitative understanding of the incomplete softening of the phonon mode.
Side-groove influenced parameters for determining fracture toughness of self-healing composites using a tapered double cantilever beam specimen

Abstract The influence of side grooving on the parameters, m and β, in the calculation of fracture toughness for self-healing composites is investigated with 3D tapered double cantilever beam models. The impact of side grooving is elucidated through investigation of both specimen compliance and stress intensity factors along the crack front for models differing in crack length and groove ratio, the ratio of specimen thickness to crack width. The models exhibit a linear change in compliance ( C ) with crack length ( a ), allowing for a crack-length-independent determination of fracture toughness owing to a constant m value. However, dC / da increases by ∼20% as the groove ratio changes from 1 to 6 showing that the parameter m is groove ratio dependent. This influence on m has not been accounted for in previous studies on self-healing composite fracture toughness. Stress intensity factors were also found to depend on groove ratio. Those at the specimen mid-plane were exponentially fitted as a function of groove ratio and the determined exponent agrees with the analytical form of β that is suggested by ASTM. Stress intensity factors at the intersection of the crack front with the side groove give a higher exponent due to the local stress concentration. Exponents from both simulation and experimentation fall within the theoretical bounds set forth by Freed and Krafft while the value currently used in self-healing literature falls outside these bounds. In the light of these findings, an alteration to the current method of calculating fracture toughness for self-healing material is suggested.
Disseminating Incredible Years Series early‐intervention programs: Integrating and sustaining services between school and home

The Incredible Years (IY) Series is a well-established set of parent, teacher, and child programs for treating and preventing conduct problems and promoting social competence and emotional regulation in young children. The purpose of this article is to describe the development of this evidence-based series within the context of a prevention science framework. We first summarize the conceptual grounding of the intervention series including the risk and protective factors that are targeted by IY. We then review the extensive literature demonstrating the impact of the various programs. The bulk of this article, however, focuses on the challenge of disseminating evidence-based programs with high fidelity. To help overcome these challenges, we describe a model and a set of strategies for implementing IY in community and school settings with high fidelity, so as to help reduce the population prevalence of major childhood mental disorders. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Clinical and Research Infrastructure of a Childhood Cancer Survivor Program

Increased knowledge and awareness of the long-term complications from childhood cancer has illuminated a clear need for healthcare delivery systems that address the specific needs of survivors. We report a descriptive framework of such a healthcare infrastructure within a single institution to provide education for other healthcare professionals developing a cancer survivorship program at their institution. This cross-sectional study described the structure and patient population of the Cancer Survivor Program (CSP) in the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Minnesota (UM). It relied on the UM Cancer Survivorship Database maintained by the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. Demographic and relevant survivorship information is summarized for survivors seen from August 1, 2003 to May 1, 2013. The study population included 504 survivors of childhood cancer with a mean age of 21.4 years (range 3-59 years). Most were non-Hispanic white (455/504, 90 %) and the mean interval between prior cancer diagnosis and entry into the CSP was 13.7 years (range 1-56 years). The breakdown of cancer diagnoses among survivors is reflective of the incidence of childhood malignancies in the general population with the exception of an under-representation of survivors with brain tumors. Nearly 25 % of survivors received their oncology treatment at an outside institution. With the appropriate healthcare infrastructure, a pediatric cancer survivorship program can meet the needs of a large survivor population, many of whom are adults and are seeking care from outside institutions.
Free volume, hole theory and thermal properties

Free volume ideas have been employed extensively in the interpretation of equilibrium processes and as a measure of molecular mobility. More recently, the vacancy fraction h, defined in our hole theory, has served to provide a link between diverse processes. This raises a question regarding the relation between the van der Waals type of free volume and h. As an important and useful result, valid for polymers and low molar mass fluids, simple relations are obtained between the van der Waals volume Vw, computed according to Bondi's structural rules, and the scaling volume V* in the hole theory. This is defined by the intersegmental potential and extracted from the equation of state. In turn, this result enables us to compute the corresponding scaling temperature T*. In this manner the theory predicts the volume-temperature function for a melt, based on a single experimental datum. Corresponding considerations are presented for the glassy state. The quantitative relation between the van der Waals type of free volume vf and h derived makes it possible to reconsider various empirical correlations involving the former. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exact alpha-particle energies for the isotopes Em211, Em210, Em209, Em208, and Fr212

Abstract Using the glow-discharge technique of sample preparation, some wire- mounted sources of emanation isotopes were prepared and exposed in the magnetic alpha-particle spectrograph. Em 211 has alpha groups of 5·847 ± 0·0002 MeV (33·5 per cent), 5·779 ± 0·003 MeV (64·5 per cent), and 5·613 ± 0·007 MeV (2 per cent). Em 210 emits alpha particles of 6·037 ± 0·003 MeV (100 per cent). Em 209 emits alpha particles of 6·037 ± 0·010 MeV (100 per cent). Em 208 and Em 212 emit alpha particless of 6·141 ± 0·004 (100 per cent), and 6·262 ± 0·005 MeV (100 per cent), respectively. In addition, a measurement of the alpha spectrum of Fr 212 was made. Fr 212 has alpha groups of 6·411 MeV (37 per cent), 6·387 (39 per cent), and 6·342 MeV (24 per cent).
Hematin toxicity in rats

The toxicity of intravenously administered hematin (3.4 and 6 mg100 g) was investigated in rats, where an LD50 of 4.32 mg100 g was computed, with 95% confidence limits of 5.40 and 3.46 mg100 g. At toxic levels (4 mg100 g) the rats showed a drop of blood pressure, hemorrhages and renal failure, whereas lower doses were well tolerated. This study indicates a possibly wide therapeutic margin of safety, when compared to the therapeutic use of hematin on porphyric patients.
Calories and sweet taste: Effects on sucrose preference in the obese and nonobese ☆

Abstract The effects of two very sweet solutions, one noncaloric (cyclamate) and one caloric (glucose, 25%), ingested orally, on preference for 2.5%–40% sucrose taste samples were studied using obese and nonobese subjects. Glucose and cyclamate were equally effective in reducing preference for sucrose samples of 10% or above, one hr after ingestion. Glucose was slightly more effective than cyclamate in reducing preference for 20% sucrose around 30 min after ingestion. The findings challenge the validity of the alliesthesia phenomenon and, therefore disconfirm the ponderostat theory of Cabanac, Duclaux, and associates.
The contemporary physical and chemical flux of aeolian dust: A synthesis of direct measurements of dust deposition

Abstract The deposition of aeolian, or windblown, dust is widely recognized as an important physical and chemical flux to ecosystems. Dust deposition adds exogenous mineral and organic material to terrestrial surfaces and can be important for the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients. There have been many studies that characterize the physical and chemical composition of dust. However, few studies have synthesized these observations in order to examine patterns geochemical fluxes. We have compiled observations of dust deposition rates, particle size distributions (PSD), mineralogy and bulk elemental and organic chemistry. The rates of dust deposition observed across the globe vary from almost 0 to greater than 450 g m− 2 yr− 1. Sites receiving dust deposition can be partitioned into broad categories based on there distance from dust source regions. When compared to global dust models our results suggest some models may underestimate dust deposition rates at the regional and local scales. The distance from the source region that dust is deposited also influences the particle size distributions, mineralogy, and chemical composition of dust; however, more consistent dust sampling and geochemical analyses are needed to better constrain these spatial patterns. On average, the concentrations of most major elements (Si, Al, Fe, Mg, Ca, K) in aeolian dust tend to be similar (± 20%) to the composition of the upper continental crust (UCC), but there is substantial variability from sample to sample. In contrast, some elements tend to be depleted (Na) or enriched (Ti) in dust, likely as a result of soil weathering processes prior to dust emissions. Trace elements, especially heavy metals, are consistently enriched in dust relative to the UCC. Ecologically important nutrients, such as N and P, are also present in dust deposition. The geochemical flux attributable to dust deposition can be substantial in ecosystems located proximal to dust source regions. We calculate estimates of elemental flux rates based on the average chemical composition of aeolian dust and varying rates of deposition. These estimated flux rates are useful as a rough gauge of the degree to which dust deposition may influence biogeochemical cycling in terrestrial ecosystems and should be utilized to better constrain deposition estimates of global dust models.
The thermodynamics of formation, molar heat capacity, and thermodynamic functions ofZrTiO4(cr)

Abstract As part of an ongoing study of titanate-based ceramic materials for the disposal of surplus weapons-grade plutonium, we report thermodynamic properties of a sample ofzirconium titanate (ZrTiO4) quenched from a high-temperature synthesis. The standard enthalpy of formationΔfHmo was obtained by using high-temperature oxide-melt solution calorimetry. The molar heat capacity Cp, mwas measured fromT = 13 K to T = 400 K in an adiabatic calorimeter and extrapolated toT = 1800 K by using an equation fitted to the low-temperature results. The results atT = 298.15 K areΔfHmo = − (2024.1 ± 4.5)kJ · mol − 1,Δ0TSmo = (116.71 ± 0.31 )J · K − 1· mol − 1, andΔfGmo = − (1915.8 ± 4.5 )kJ · mol − 1; the molar entropy includes a contribution of 2 R ln2 to account for the random mixing of Zr4 + and Ti4 + on a four-fold crystallographic site. Values for the standard molar Gibbs energies and enthalpies of formation of ZrTiO4,ΔfGmoandΔfHmo , and for the free energies and enthalpies for the reaction to form ZrTiO4(cr) from ZrO2(cr) and TiO2(cr), are tabulated over the temperature interval, 0 ⩽(T / K)⩽ 1800. From these results, we conclude that ZrTiO4is not stable with respect to (ZrO2 + TiO2) at T = 298.15 K, but becomes so at T = (1250 ± 150) K.
DISCOVERY AND EXPLANATION OF DRUG-DRUG INTERACTIONS VIA TEXT MINING

Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) can occur when two drugs interact with the same gene product. Most available information about gene-drug relationships is contained within the scientific literature, but is dispersed over a large number of publications, with thousands of new publications added each month. In this setting, automated text mining is an attractive solution for identifying gene-drug relationships and aggregating them to predict novel DDIs. In previous work, we have shown that gene-drug interactions can be extracted from Medline abstracts with high fidelity - we extract not only the genes and drugs, but also the type of relationship expressed in individual sentences (e.g. metabolize, inhibit, activate and many others). We normalize these relationships and map them to a standardized ontology. In this work, we hypothesize that we can combine these normalized gene-drug relationships, drawn from a very broad and diverse literature, to infer DDIs. Using a training set of established DDIs, we have trained a random forest classifier to score potential DDIs based on the features of the normalized assertions extracted from the literature that relate two drugs to a gene product. The classifier recognizes the combinations of relationships, drugs and genes that are most associated with the gold standard DDIs, correctly identifying 79.8% of assertions relating interacting drug pairs and 78.9% of assertions relating noninteracting drug pairs. Most significantly, because our text processing method captures the semantics of individual gene-drug relationships, we can construct mechanistic pharmacological explanations for the newly-proposed DDIs. We show how our classifier can be used to explain known DDIs and to uncover new DDIs that have not yet been reported.
Safavid literature: progress or decline

(1974). Safavid literature: progress or decline. Iranian Studies: Vol. 7, No. 1-2, pp. 217-270.
A one-parameter formula for testing slow-roll dark energy: observational prospects

Numerous upcoming observations, such as WFIRST, BOSS, BigBOSS, LSST, Euclid, and Planck, will constrain dark energy (DE)'s equation of state with great precision. They may well find the ratio of pressure to energy density, $w$, is -1, meaning DE is equivalent to a cosmological constant. However, many time-varying DE models have also been proposed. A single parametrization to test a broad class of them and that is itself motivated by a physical picture is therefore desirable. We suggest the simplest model of DE has the same mechanism as inflation, likely a scalar field slowly rolling down its potential. If this is so, DE will have a generic equation of state and the Universe will have a generic dependence of the Hubble constant on redshift independent of the potential's starting value and shape. This equation of state and expression for the Hubble constant offer the desired model-independent but physically motivated parametrization, because they will hold for most of the standard scalar-field models of DE such as quintessence and phantom DE. Up until now two-parameter descriptions of $w$ have been available, but this work finds an additional approximation that leads to a single-parameter model. Using it, we conduct a $\chi^2$ analysis and find that experiments in the next seven years should be able to distinguish any of these time-varying DE models on the one hand from a cosmological constant on the other to 73% confidence if $w$ today differs from -1 by 3.5%. In the limit of perfectly accurate measurements of $\Omega_m$ and $H_0$, this confidence would rise to 96%. We also include discussion of the current status of DE experiment, a table compiling the techniques each will use, and tables of the precisions of the experiments for which this information was available at the time of publication.
An Antimicrobial Peptide Regulates Tumor-Associated Macrophage Trafficking via the Chemokine Receptor CCR2, a Model for Tumorigenesis

Background Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) constitute a significant part of infiltrating inflammatory cells that are frequently correlated with progression and poor prognosis of a variety of cancers. Tumor cell-produced human beta-defensin-3 (hBD-3) has been associated with TAM trafficking in oral cancer; however, its involvement in tumor-related inflammatory processes remains largely unknown. Methodology The relationship between hBD-3, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), TAMs, and CCR2 was examined using immunofluorescence microscopy in normal and oral carcinoma in situ biopsy specimens. The ability of hBD-3 to chemoattract host macrophages in vivo using a nude mouse model and analysis of hBD-3 on monocytic cell migration in vitro, applying a cross-desensitization strategy of CCR2 and its pharmacological inhibitor (RS102895), respectively, was also carried out. Conclusions/findings MCP-1, the most frequently expressed tumor cell-associated chemokine, was not produced by tumor cells nor correlated with the recruitment of macrophages in oral carcinoma in situ lesions. However, hBD-3 was associated with macrophage recruitment in these lesions and hBD-3-expressing tumorigenic cells induced massive tumor infiltration of host macrophages in nude mice. HBD-3 stimulated the expression of tumor-promoting cytokines, including interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), IL-6, IL-8, CCL18, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in macrophages derived from human peripheral blood monocytes. Monocytic cell migration in response to hBD-3 was inhibited by cross-desensitization with MCP-1 and the specific CCR2 inhibitor, RS102895, suggesting that CCR2 mediates monocyte/macrophage migration in response to hBD-3. Collectively, these results indicate that hBD-3 utilizes CCR2 to regulate monocyte/macrophage trafficking and may act as a tumor cell-produced chemoattractant to recruit TAMs. This novel mechanism is the first evidence of an hBD molecule orchestrating an in vivo outcome and demonstrates the importance of the innate immune system in the development of tumors.