cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of hepatitis B DNA polymerase by intercalating agents.

INFECTION with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is widespread and increasing in incidence in many countries. Unfortunately, there is as yet no effective chemotherapy. The hepatitis B virion is unique in that it contains both circular DNA and a DNA polymerase enzyme (for review see ref. 1). After the description of the enzyme2 in concentrated preparations of hepatitis B antigen (HBAg) containing Dane particles it was shown that enzyme activity was inhibited by intercalating agents such as ethidium bromide3. We have extended these early studies to include intercalating agents that can be safely administered to patients. We show here that several intercalating agents in clinical use inhibit the hepatitis B (HB) DNA polymerase reaction in vitro and we discuss the implications of these findings for the therapy of hepatitis B infection.
Boosting and Support Vector Machines as Optimal Separators

ABSTRACT In this paper we study boosting methods from a new perspective. We build on recent work by Efron et al. to show thatboosting approximately (and in some cases exactly) minimizes its loss criterion with an constraint. For the two mostcommonly used loss criteria (exponential and logistic log-likelihood), we further show that as the constraint diminishes,or equivalently as the boosting iterations proceed, the solution converges - in the separable case - to an  -optimalseparating hyper-plane. This  -optimal separating hyper-plane has the property of maximizing the minimal marginof the training data, as de£ned in the boosting literature. We illustrate through examples the regularized and asymptoticbehavior of the solutions to the classi£cation problem with both loss criteria. 1. INTRODUCTION AND OUTLINE Boosting is a method for iteratively building an additive model (1)where and is a large (but we will assume £nite) family of candidate predictors or weak learners. Sincethe introduction of the boosting idea by Freund and Schapire, with their famous AdaBoost algorithm, the mechanismwhich makes it work has been presented and analyzed from several perspectives.In, Friedman et al. develop a statistical perspective, which ultimately leads to viewing AdaBoost as a gradient-based incremental search for a good additive model, using the exponential loss function , where . The gradient boosting and anyboost generic algorithms have used this approach to generalize the boostingidea to wider families of problems and loss functions. In particular, the logistic log-likelihood loss is a more natural loss for classi£cation and is more robust to outliers and misspeci£ed data.A different analysis of boosting, originating in the Machine Learning community, concentrates on the effect of boost-ing on the margins . For example, uses margin-based arguments to prove convergence of boosting to perfectclassi£cation performance on the training data under general conditions, and to derive bounds on the generalization error.In this paper we combine the two approaches, to conclude that gradient-based boosting can be described, in the sepa-rable case, as a margin maximizing process.We consider the problem of minimizing the exponential and logistic loss functions over the training data, with an bound on the model coef£cients:   (2)Hastie et al. (, chapter 10) have conjectured that gradient-based -boosting (i.e. in (1)) , with in£nitesimal,exactly follows the penalized path as a function of . Efron et al. recently proved this result for the case where issquarederrorloss,undersomemildconditionsontheoptimalpath. Figure1illustratesthisequivalencebetween -boostingand the optimal solution of (2). In this paper we generalize this result to general convex loss functions and conclude thatboosting can be viewed as an approximate incremental method for following this regularized path.
Production and state-selective detection of ultracold RbCs molecules.

Using resonance-enhanced two-photon ionization, we detect ultracold, metastable RbCs molecules formed in their lowest triplet state $a\text{ }^{3}\ensuremath{\Sigma}^{+}$ via photoassociation in a laser-cooled mixture of $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ and $^{133}\mathrm{Cs}$ atoms. We obtain extensive bound-bound excitation spectra of these molecules, which provide detailed information about their vibrational distribution, as well as spectroscopic data on several RbCs molecular states including $a\text{ }^{3}\ensuremath{\Sigma}^{+}$, $(2)\text{ }^{3}\ensuremath{\Sigma}^{+}$, and $(1)\text{ }^{1}\ensuremath{\Pi}$. Analysis of this data allows us to predict strong transitions from observed levels to the absolute vibronic ground state of RbCs, potentially allowing the production of stable, ultracold polar molecules at rates in excess of ${10}^{6}\text{ }{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
Quantifiable long-term monitoring on parks and nature preserves

Abstract Herpetofauna have declined globally, and monitoring is a useful approach to document local and long-term changes. However, monitoring efforts often fail to account for detectability or follow standardized protocols. We performed a case study at Hemlock Bluffs Nature Preserve in Cary, NC to model occupancy of focal species and demonstrate a replicable long-term protocol useful to parks and nature preserves. From March 2010 to 2011, we documented occupancy of Ambystoma opacum (Marbled Salamander), Plethodon cinereus (Red-backed Salamander), Carphophis amoenus (Eastern Worm Snake), and Diadophis punctatus (Ringneck Snake) at coverboard sites and estimated breeding female Ambystoma maculatum (Spotted Salamander) abundance via dependent double-observer egg-mass counts in ephemeral pools. Temperature influenced detection of both Marbled and Red-backed Salamanders. Based on egg-mass data, we estimated Spotted Salamander abundance to be between 21 and 44 breeding females. We detected 43 of 53 previously ...
A new colchicine binding assay for tubulin.

Abstract A simple and sensitive procedure is described for assaying tubulin, the subunit protein of microtubules. Tubulin is equilibrated with [3H]colchicine after which the remaining free colchicine is removed by adsorption to activated charcoal. Values for the amount of tubulin in various rat tissues have been determined by both the charcoal method and by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, and in all cases the values determined by the two methods correspond closely.
A kinetic model for island shape variations under epitaxial growth conditions

Abstract We propose a simple mean-field kinetic model describing the time evolution of the shape of a two-dimensional island formed during epitaxial deposition. The evolution calculated from our equation agrees with that observed experimentally. The model gives the correct equilibrium shape, consistent with the Wulff condition.
The relationship between plantar pressure and footprint shape

Abstract Fossil footprints preserve the only direct evidence of the external foot morphologies and gaits of extinct hominin taxa. However, their interpretation requires an understanding of the complex interaction among foot anatomy, foot function, and soft sediment mechanics. We applied an experimental approach aimed at understanding how one measure of foot function, the distribution of plantar pressure, influences footprint topography. Thirty-eight habitually unshod and minimally shod Daasanach individuals (19 male, 19 female) walked across a pressure pad and produced footprints in sediment directly excavated from the geological layer that preserves 1.5 Ma fossil footprints at Ileret, Kenya. Calibrated pressure data were collected and three-dimensional models of all footprints were produced using photogrammetry. We found significant correlations (Spearman's rank, p
Partial purification of biologically active, low molecular weight, human antihemophilic factor free of Von Willebrand factor I. Partial characterization and evidence for disulfide bond(s) susceptible to limited reduction

Partially purified (approx. 5000-fold), low molecular weight human antihemophilic factor, free of detectable Von Willebrand factor (ristocetin cofactor activity or Von Willebrand antigen), was prepared from fresh citrated plasma by limited reduction with 1 mM dithiothreitol and chromatography on Sepharose CL-4B, Sephadex G-100, and polyelectrolyte E-5. The ratio of antihemophilic factor activity to Von Willebrand factor activity or antigen was greater than 27 000 : 1. The antihemophilic factor activity could be neutralized with homologous antibody and could be further increased with thrombin. The Mr (approx. 116 000) was determined by calibrated gel permeation chromatography, electrophoresis in 5% polyacrylamide gels with sodium dodecyl sulfate and by electrophoresis in large-pore acrylamide gels without it. Since the low Mr antihemophilic factor could be prepared by treating fresh rather than fresh-frozen plasma with dithiothreitol, it was concluded that partial reduction of the antihemophilic factor with this reagent helped to maintain the antihemophilic factor in a low Mr form. When iodo[l-14C]acetamide was used to alkylate the reduced plasma proteins prior to purification, the molecular weight of the purified antihemophilic factor remained low despite numerous purification steps. By this means, one of four radioactive proteins (Mr 116 000) in the final preparation was bound specifically to homologous antihemophilic factor antibody and attributed to 14C-labeled antihemophilic factor. While the data suggest that antihemophilic factor in fresh plasma contains one or more dithiothreitol-sensitive intramolecular disulfide bonds, the possibility of disulfide linkages with other proteins(s) cannot be excluded.
Structure of tomato wound-induced leucine aminopeptidase sheds light on substrate specificity.

The acidic leucine aminopeptidase (LAP-A) from tomato is induced in response to wounding and insect feeding. Although LAP-A shows in vitro peptidase activity towards peptides and peptide analogs, it is not clear what kind of substrates LAP-A hydrolyzes in vivo. In the current study, the crystal structure of LAP-A was determined to 2.20 A resolution. Like other LAPs in the M17 peptidase family, LAP-A is a dimer of trimers containing six monomers of bilobal structure. Each monomer contains two metal ions bridged by a water or a hydroxyl ion at the active site. Modeling of different peptides or peptide analogs in the active site of LAP-A reveals a spacious substrate-binding channel that can bind peptides of five or fewer residues with few geometric restrictions. The sequence specificity of the bound peptide is likely to be selected by the structural and chemical restrictions on the amino acid at the P1 and P1′ positions because these two amino acids have to bind perfectly at the active site for hydrolysis of the first peptide bond to occur. The hexameric assembly results in the merger of the open ends of the six substrate-binding channels from the LAP-A monomers to form a spacious central cavity allowing the hexameric LAP-A enzyme to simultaneously hydrolyze six peptides containing up to six amino acids each. The hexameric LAP-A enzyme may also hydrolyze long peptides or proteins if only one such substrate is bound to the hexamer because the substrate can extend through the central cavity and the two major solvent channels between the two LAP-A trimers.
Microbial activity in the terrestrial subsurface

Little is known about the layers under the earth's crust. Only in recent years have techniques for sampling the deeper subsurface been developed to permit investigation of the subsurface environment. Prevailing conditions in the subsurface habitat such as nutrient availability, soil composition, redox potential, permeability and a variety of other factors can influence the microflora that flourish in a given environment. Microbial diversity varies between geological formations, but in general sandy soils support growth better than soils rich in clay. Bacteria predominate in subsurface sediments, while eukaryotes constitute only 1–2% of the microorganisms. Recent investigations revealed that most uncontaminated subsurface soils support the growth of aerobic heteroorganotrophic bacteria, but obviously anaerobic microorganisms also exist in the deeper subsurface habitat. The microorganisms residing below the surface of the earth are capable of degrading both natural and xenobiotic contaminants and can thereby adapt to growth under polluted conditions.
The Effect of Discharge Disposition on 30-Day Readmission Rates After Total Joint Arthroplasty

Previous studies have demonstrated no significant difference in overall functional outcomes of patients discharged to a sub acute setting versus home with health services after total joint arthroplasty. These findings coupled with pressure to reduce health care costs and the implementation of a prospective payment system under Medicare have supported the use of home rehabilitation services and the trend towards earlier discharge after hospitalization. While the overall functional outcome of patients discharged to various settings has been studied, there is a relative dearth of investigation comparing postoperative complications and readmission rates between various discharge dispositions. Our study demonstrated patients discharged home with health services had a significantly lower 30 day readmission rate compared to those discharged to inpatient rehab facilities. Patients discharged to rehab facilities have a higher incidence of comorbidity and this association could be responsible for their higher rate of readmission.
System representations, cognitive modeling and the design of user interfaces for an expert diagnostic system

One of the major challenges facing designers of expert systems is translating the cognitive requirements of a task into functional design specifications for the user interface. This paper describes the development of expert systems for real-time, distributed air compressor diagnosis on US Navy ships, and the use of cognitive modelling techniques to identify the functional and user interface requirements for an explanation facility. Of particular importance to that design effort is the representation of knowledge and information. The purpose of the paper is to show how the authors' research in display formats has provided insights into the design of representations of system information and influenced their approach to cognitive modelling. >
Sensory signaling-dependent remodeling of olfactory cilia architecture in C. elegans

Nonmotile primary cilia are sensory organelles composed of a microtubular axoneme and a surrounding membrane sheath that houses signaling molecules. Optimal cellular function requires the precise regulation of axoneme assembly, membrane biogenesis, and signaling protein targeting and localization via as yet poorly understood mechanisms. Here, we show that sensory signaling is required to maintain the architecture of the specialized AWB olfactory neuron cilia in C. elegans. Decreased sensory signaling results in alteration of axoneme length and expansion of a membraneous structure, thereby altering the topological distribution of a subset of ciliary transmembrane signaling molecules. Signaling-regulated alteration of ciliary structures can be bypassed by modulation of intracellular cGMP or calcium levels and requires kinesin-II-driven intraflagellar transport (IFT), as well as BBS- and RAB8-related proteins. Our results suggest that compensatory mechanisms in response to altered levels of sensory activity modulate AWB cilia architecture, revealing remarkable plasticity in the regulation of cilia structure.
Distributed systems middleware architecture from a software engineering perspective

Networked heterogeneous systems pose a great challenge for parallel and distributed applications. Middleware provides a critical link between the vast resources and the application domain that simplifies development, provides robust and reliable access to resources, helps optimize resource utilization, and facilitates the generation of stable distributed software. In this paper, we discuss a layered framework for distributed systems middleware, called Delmon, which supports parallel and distributed programming models, tools and applications on heterogeneous systems. Distributed systems middleware provides multiple layers of abstractions to hide the details of the distributed system and facilitate the efficient utilization of such systems. From a software engineering point-of-view, such a layered middleware approach and the separation of concerns improve the development and management of parallel and distributed applications in many ways. The proposed model represented by Delmon is a general three-layer middleware that provides the services required to support parallel and distributed models and applications in clusters and heterogeneous systems. The layers are: the resource-specific services, the self-organized run-time environment, and the parallel and distributed programming models. We also demonstrate the benefits of this well-defined layered approach that offers different levels of services and functionalities.
Kinetics and heat transfer of CdZnTe Bridgman growth without wall contact

Abstract We have proposed to grow a CdZnTe crystal without wall contact (detached solidification) using a unique soft wall technique. An integrated numerical model for detached solidification has been developed combining a global heat transfer sub-model and a wall contact sub-model for the proposed modified Bridgman system. The global heat transfer sub-model accounts for heat and mass transfer in the multiphase system, convection in the melt, macro-segregation, and interface dynamics. The wall contact sub-model accounts for detached growth process. The detached growth mechanism is similar to that proposed by Duffar et al. Simulations have been performed to understand the effects of various parameters, e.g., growth angle, wetting angle, geometric configuration, and gravity on CdZnTe detached growth. Results show that detached gap width is dependent on growth angle, wetting angle, and gap width and shape of the fins. The effects of the Grashof and Marangoni numbers on the shape of growth front, Zn concentration distribution, and radial segregation are studied.
Mop3 Is an Essential Component of the Master Circadian Pacemaker in Mammals

Circadian oscillations in mammalian physiology and behavior are regulated by an endogenous biological clock. Here we show that loss of the PAS protein MOP3 (also known as BMAL1) in mice results in immediate and complete loss of circadian rhythmicity in constant darkness. Additionally, locomotor activity in light-dark (LD) cycles is impaired and activity levels are reduced in Mop3-/- mice. Analysis of Period gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) indicates that these behavioral phenotypes arise from loss of circadian function at the molecular level. These results provide genetic evidence that MOP3 is the bona fide heterodimeric partner of mCLOCK. Furthermore, these data demonstrate that MOP3 is a nonredundant and essential component of the circadian pacemaker in mammals.
Contemporary Imaging of Aortic Disease

Recent advances in computed tomography angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) have revolutionized the diagnostic work-up of aortic disease. Currently, catheter-based angiography is largely used as an adjunct during interventional procedures to treat aortic disease. This chapter reviews recent technical advances in CTA and MRA, and briefl y discusses the roles of carbon dioxide angiography and intravascular ultrasound in aortic interventions.
Nonenzymatically Glycosylated Serum Protein: Spurious Elevation Due to Free Glucose in Serum

The presence of free glucose in serum was found to interfere with accurate measurement, by a colorimetric method, of nonenzymatically glycosylated serum proteins. A mean elevation to 241% of basal levels was observed in the serum of 11 nondiabetic subjects to which glucose, in a concentration of 300 mg/dl, had been added immediately before assay. After dialysis of serum samples to remove glucose, levels of nonenzymatically glycosylated serum proteins were 0.27 ± 0.11 and 0.79 ± 0.24 nmol 5-hydroxymethylfurfural/mg protein (mean ± SD), respectively, in 57 nondiabetic and 62 type I diabetic subjects. Levels observed before dialysis of serum were approximately two to three times higher. These studies indicate that removal of free sugar from serum is necessary for accurate measurement of glycosylated protein by thecolorimetric method, and this can be achieved by overnight dialysis of serum against normal saline.
Postoperative Complication Rates in the “Super-Obese” Hip and Knee Arthroplasty Population

The effect of obesity on the outcomes of total joint arthroplasties is an ongoing concern. As obesity becomes more endemic, new categories emerge, such as the "super-obese." We conducted a retrospective study to determine the difference in outcomes among the super-obese. When categorized according to body mass index (BMI), the overall rate of complications was higher for patients with BMI of 45 or higher. Super-obese patients had an odds ratio (OR) of 8.44 for developing inhospital complications. Most importantly, each incremental 5-U increase in BMI above 45 was associated with an increased risk of inhospital (OR, 1.69) and outpatient complications (OR, 2.71), and readmission (OR, 2.0), compared with patients with BMI of 45 to 50. Length of stay was increased by 13.8% for each 5-U increase in BMI above 45. There is a significant increased risk for complications in the super-obese population, and this continues to increase with BMI increases above 45. These data are important when counseling super-obese patients and should be accounted for in reporting quality outcome measures in this population.
More is better: the uses of developmental genetic data to reconstruct perianth evolution

The origin and evolution of the perianth remains enigmatic. While it seems likely that an undifferentiated perianth consisting of tepals arose early in angiosperm evolution, it is unclear when and how differentiated perianths consisting of distinct organs, such as petals and sepals, arose. Phylogenetic reconstructions of ancestral perianth states across angiosperms have traditionally relied on morphological data from extant species, but these analyses often produce equivocal results. Here we describe the use of devel opmental genetic data as an additional strategy to infer the ancestral perianth character state for different angiosperm clades. By assessing functional data in combination with expression data in a maximum likelihood framework, we provide a novel approach for investigating the evolutionary history of the perianth. Results of this analysis provide new insights into perianth evolution and provide a proof of concept for using this strategy to explore the incorporation of developmental genetic data in character state re constructions. As the assumptions outlined here are tested and more genetic data are generated, we hope that ancestral state recon structions based on multiple lines of evidence will converge. The evolution of flowers is thought to underlie the extensive radiation of angiosperms through enhancement of efficient in teractions with animal pollinators to facilitate reproductive suc cess (Regal, 1977). Flowers are generally composed of a perianth of sterile organs surrounding the reproductive organs? the pollen-bearing stamens and ovule-bearing carpels, with the perianth often differentiated into protective outer organs (se pals) and showy inner organs (petals). Flower morphology has diversified through evolutionary modifications of these floral organs, with some of the most striking changes in form due to modifications in perianth morphology. For example, perianth organization has transitioned from spiral to whorled phyllotaxy, distinct perianth organ types have evolved multiple times, and there have been a number of transitions from radial to bilateral perianth symmetry. Across flowering plants, the perianth may remain undifferentiated as tepals, or may be highly differenti
Robust output feedback regulation of minimum-phase nonlinear systems using conditional integrators

This paper is on the design of robust output feedback integral control for minimum-phase nonlinear systems with a well-defined relative degree. Previous work has shown how to design such controllers to achieve asymptotic regulation by a two-step process. First, robust control is designed to bring the trajectories to a small neighborhood of an equilibrium point. Within this neighborhood, the control then acts as a high-gain feedback that stabilizes the equilibrium point. The asymptotic regulation achieved by integral action happens at the expense of degrading the transient performance. In this paper, we present an approach to improve the transient performance. The control design is a continuous sliding mode control with integral action. However, the integrator is introduced in such a way that it provides integral action only ''conditionally'', effectively eliminating the performance degradation. There are two main results in the paper: the first is asymptotic regulation and the second confirms the transient performance improvement by showing that the output feedback continuous sliding-mode control with integral action can be tuned to recover the performance of a state feedback ideal sliding mode control without integral action.
A Molecular Model of Rubber Elasticity with Contraints on Junctions and Trapped Entanglements

Abstract The Flory-Ball model is based on two theories which give a molecular explanation of the origin of junction and trapped entanglement contributions to the modulus exhibited by networks. It also has the advantage that it is valid over the entire range of deformation. It constitutes a proposition which could be the first step of a more general theory. Its experimental verification requires more reliable data.
/sup 12/C(. gamma. ,. pi. /sup -/)/sup 12/N/sub g. s. / near threshold

We calculate the total cross section for the reaction /sup 12/C(..gamma..,..pi../sup -/)/sup 12/N/sub g.s./ and study its energy dependence in the threshold region. Contrary to previous theoretical analyses, we find agreement between theory and experiment using a sigma x epsilon interaction. Our results depend strongly on the inclusion of all pion partial waves and a correct treatment of the isospin dependent terms in the pion-nucleus optical potential.
Thermorheological Properties of Carbon Black Filled Elastomers

Abstract A nonisothermal constitutive equation for a thermorheologically simple, linear viscoelastic materials has been developed. The influence of temperature on both the retardation times and the limiting compliance difference has been considered. This general nonisothermal equation can be reduced to previously published results for the creep T-jump experiment. Isothermal creep response was measured for the filled vulcanizates at various levels of strain. At relatively low strains, the true compliance was observed to increase with strain, the initial increase depending upon the carbon black volume fraction and structure. This increase in compliance was attributed to a breakdown of the carbon black network. A reversal of this trend at much larger levels of deformation was associated with orientation of the rubber chains. The creep rate at 300 seconds depends primarily on the level of strain, independent of the carbon black structure or loading. The apparent activation energy was determined by creep T-jum...
The Rural Venue

We are all familiar with common stereotypes based on gender and race, and we are well aware that such stereotypes have the potential to impact fairness and justice. Recent psychological research has demonstrated that such stereotyping, long believed to be conscious and intentional, exists at an unconscious level. Thus, individuals who believe themselves unbiased may nevertheless possess unconscious biases affecting their interactions, their responses, their reactions, and their perceptions. A common result of stereotyping - and a feature employed in these recent psychological studies - is the creation of dichotomies, such as good/bad, which substitute for actual evaluation and analysis. Thus, instead of viewing someone as a complex whole, complete with inconsistencies and ambiguities, stereotyping permits instant slotting-people are slotted into little mental boxes and ascribed particular characteristics and qualities without examination, reflection, or analysis. These snap judgments, of course, are often wrong. If left unchecked, these biases can result in erroneous and unfair impressions, and in the legal system, can result in injustice. In addition to the injustices that can result from discrimination based on gender, race, ethnicity, color, national origin, religion, age, disability, socioeconomic status, and sexual orientation, there is another, less familiar, form of discrimination based on origin. Ruralism involves discrimination on the basis of factors stemming from living in a rural area. Indeed, ruralism is a pervasive form of discrimination - largely unrecognized, unacknowledged, and unexamined - and one often impacting most harshly those individuals who already are subject to other forms of discrimination based on gender, socioeconomic status, and race. Like other forms of discrimination, ruralism employs stereotypes. These rural stereotypes - as is true of other stereotypes - fall within a dichotomous desirable/undesirable pattern: Rural places are desirable, indeed idealized and romanticized; rural dwellers are undesirable, indeed denigrated and ridiculed. This dichotomy might be primarily only of sociological interest, were it not for the fact that this same dichotomy is demonstrable in the legal arena as well. As this Article demonstrates, ruralism is not merely another type of bias - ruralism impacts laws, lawyers' arguments, and court decisions in predictable and illegitimate ways.
Naval Railguns

Compared with propellant guns, railguns can fire at higher velocities and do not require gun propellant but use ships' fuel. These features lead to important advantages, including shorter time of flight (important for ship defense), higher lethality on target (important for direct fire), and very extensive range capability (important for support of troops on shore). Such extended range capability also supports the sea-basing concept in which a forward-deployed battle group is able to operate far enough off shore to be safe while providing a long reach for distant targets. In this paper, the characteristics of the railgun systems needed for these applications are identified and discussed, leading to a definition of the most important science and technology objectives for near-term research programs
The Role of Disclosure in Differentiating the Success and Failure of Distressed Firms

The quality of corporate disclosures has drawn increasing levels of criticism from Congress and the SEC. A subject of particularly intense scrutiny and action is the Management's Discussion and Analysis (MD&A). This narrative, intended to provide an inside perspective on the reported results of the firm, is particularly important when attempting to evaluate the investment prospects of the marginal or poorly-performing firm. However, managers may restrict the information content of the disclosure, raising potential concerns about ethical behavior. In this study, we employ a proprietary instrument to measure the quality of MD&A disclosures for a sample of firms entering financial distress. We evaluate the disclosure behavior of these firms in an effort to determine whether changes in the disclosure appear to be motivated primarily by economic or ethical concerns. We find, on average, that firms increase disclosure quality in the year of initial distress. However, sustained increases in disclosure quality are limited to firms that subsequently recover from the distress. The results suggest that observed changes in disclosure are driven primarily by economic considerations, rather than ethical ones, especially in good economic times.
Time-Resolved Photoluminescence Studies of InxGa1−xAs1−yNy

Time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy has been used to investigate carrier decay dynamics in InxGa1−xAs1−yNy (x ∼ 0.03, y ∼ 0.01) epilayers grown on GaAs by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Time-resolved PL measurements, performed for various excitation intensities and sample temperatures, indicate that the broad PL emission at low temperature is dominated by localized exciton recombination. Lifetimes in the range of 0.07–0.34 ns are measured; these photoluminescence lifetimes are significantly shorter than corresponding values obtained for GaAs. In particular, we observe an emission energy dependence of the decay lifetime at 10 K, whereby the lifetime decreases with increasing emission energy across the PL spectrum. This behavior is characteristic of a distribution of localized states, which arises from alloy fluctuations. We have also studied the effects of post-growth rapid thermal annealing (RTA) on the integrated photoluminescence emission intensity, which indicate that the optimal annealing conditions is 690 °C when annealed for 120 seconds in a nitrogen ambient.
Optimal earth orbiting satellite constellations via a pareto genetic algorithm

A Pareto Genetic Algorithm is applied to the design of satellite constellations. The Pareto Genetic Algorithm is a multi-objective optimizer that generates groups, or "families", of optimal solutions. The technique developed in this paper combines the Pareto Genetic Algorithm with Satellite Tool Kit, a commercially available software package that performs satellite performance analyses, to produce a new powerful tool for designing optimal satellite constellations. Several constellations for continuous global coverage are presented.
Individual pitch control for wind turbine load reduction enhanced with inter-turbine wake modelling

Individual pitch control (IPC) for wind turbine load reduction in Region 3 operation is improved when wake interaction is considered. The Larsen wake model is applied for composing the rotor wind profile for downstream turbines under wake interaction. The wind profile of the turbine wake was generated by modifying the NREL’s TurbSim codes. The state-space models of wind turbine were obtained via linearization of wind turbine model available in the NREL’s aeroelastic design code FAST. In particular, in order to obtain more accurate state-space models, equivalent circular wind profile was generated so as to better determine the local pitch reference. Based on such models, IPC controllers were designed following the disturbance accommodating control (DAC) and periodic control framework. The simulation results showed that the turbine loads can be further reduced using the switching control scheme based on wake modeling, as compared with the generic DAC without wake consideration.© 2011 ASME
Stability Investigation of Multidimensional Optimized Spatial Stencils

Low numerical anisotropy multidimensional spatial stencils for Computational Aeroacoustics were derived in a previous work. In this paper, the stability of both initial-value problems (IVP) and initial-boundary-value problems (IBVP) via multidimensional spatial stencils is analyzed. Runge-Kutta type methods, including the classical fourth order and various low dissipation, low dispersion or/and minimal storage schemes, are considered and analyzed. All of them are combined with centered conventional and multidimensional spatial stencils of second, fourth, sixth and eigth order of accuracy. Compared to conventional stencils, the multidimensional spatial stencils are found to be more effective in terms of stability restrictions. The boundary multidimensional stencils are analyzed next in terms of asymptotic stability. It is found that the boundary fourth-order multidimensional stencils are asymptotically stable, whereas the corresponding classical stencils are not. Multidimensional filters are also derived to deal with spurious waves that may propagate from possible discontinuities. Some multidimensional test problems are solved to show the effectiveness of the stencils.
Antigenic Properties of Certain Glucoproteins

The small amount of work on the antigenic properties of glucoproteins would seem to warrant further investigations. Wells,1 using the anaphylaxis reaction, found that hog stomach mucin showed a well developed independent biologic specificity against the serum and tissues of the same species. On the other hand, Elliott,2 working with swine stomach mucin, ox tendon mucin and ox submaxillary mucin, found that each gave rise to an antiserum that reacted with itself in comparitively high dilutions, with the blood serum of the same species to a less degree, and with the other mucins almost as well as with the blood serum. His results also indicated that the glucoproteins are not as powerful in their antigenic properties as the simple proteins. Wells s has distinguished between ovomucoid and ovomucin (ovoglobulin) of the hen's egg by means of the anaphylaxis reaction. Hektoen and Schulhof ' have recently studied the antigenic properties of extracts of the digestive mucosa and found little inter-reaction with serum proteins. It may be that their antigenic substance was composed, in part, of glucoprotein. Our purposes in this study have been to test the anaphylactic work of Wells by using the precipitin method; to repeat, in part, the work of Elliott, in order to determine whether the proteins could be so prepared as to eliminate the serum reactions; and with serum reactions eliminated, to study the immunologic properties and inter-relationships of these proteins. Levene 5 found that chemically the glucoproteins could be arranged in two classes, the prosthetic groups in which were mucoitin-sulphuric acid and chondroitin-sulphuric acid, respectively. To represent the first group (true mucins) we used the mucins prepared from beef submaxillary glands and from hog stomach linings. From the second group (mucoids) we chose chondromucoid from beef nasal septums and tendomucoid from beef tendon (Achilles). We also prepared a gluco-
Influence of field emission on microwave microdischarges

An instability in the stable operation of microdischarges sustained at microwave frequencies, is investigated by a self-consistent one-dimensional particle-in-cell Monte Carlo collisions model. The instability is caused by the field electron emission from electrodes and is triggered by the high electric fields at the sheaths in a dense microplasma. For an operating frequency of 9 GHz, and electrode gap of 60 µm, the field emission (FE) is not active at the breakdown voltage. However, once a stable dense plasma is produced post-breakdown, a strong sheath results in an electrode electric fields that exceed the threshold for FE causing a runaway in the electron generation in the plasma.
Journey to Zero Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections: An Intensive Care Unit's Story of Sustained Success and Quality Improvement

Abstract Background Patients who have a central line (CL) are at increased risk for developing a CL-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI), which increases morbidity, length of stay, and cost. Our goal is zero CLABSI infections. Methodology In 2009 our organization implemented a CL bundle to prevent CLABSIs, and staff education was introduced in 2012. In 2013 a 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) wipe was introduced and used to clean around CL dressings. In 2014 a new CL dressing was adopted and during 2015 the organization began using a 3.15% CHG/70% alcohol swab for disinfection of needleless connectors. A final intervention was put into place in 2015 called “nose to toes” in which a patient is bathed from nose to toes (excluding the face) using 2% CHG wipes. Results Before implementation of the above methods, our intensive care unit had an average infection rate of 1.9/1000 CL-days in 2009. Incidence of CLABSIs continued to decrease as the organization implemented the additional products and practices. In the 15 months following implementation, the ICU has been able to consistently maintain a zero CLABSI rate. Conclusions The implementation of these changes in practice along with bringing in new products has made it possible to achieve the goal of reaching and maintaining zero infections. Due to the successful results in our intensive care unit, we have implemented these changes to all patient care areas in the hospital for use on all CLs.
Managing Marine Ecosystems as Complex Adaptive Systems: Emergent Patterns, Critical Transitions, and Public Goods

Complex adaptive systems provide a unified framework for explaining ecosystem phenomena. Three ubiquitous features of ecosystems that arise from this framework are emergent patterns, critical transitions, and cooperative behavior. Focusing on marine ecosystems, we present numerous examples of each phenomenon, using the theory of complex adaptive systems to explain the universal features and common mechanisms shared by disparate ecosystems, as well as the important differences. Marine ecosystems provide important ecosystem services, and we analyze how complex management issues can be solved in the face of anthropogenic ecosystem and environmental pressures.
Scale Invariant Equations

This chapter describes the scale invariant equations applicable to ordinary differential equations of a certain form. A scale invariant equation is one in which the equation is unchanged, when x and y are scaled in a certain way. When an equation is scale invariant, the equation can be converted into an equidimensional-in- x ordinary differential equation of the same order by a change of the dependent variable. This equidimensional-in- x ordinary differential equation can then be changed into an autonomous equation of lower order. A scale invariant equation is one that is left invariant under the transformation ( x → ax , y → a p y ), where a and p are constants. That is, if the original equation is an equation for y ( x ) and the x variable is replaced by the variable ax ' and the y variable is replaced by the variable a p y ', then the new equation (in terms of y ' and x ') will be identical to the original equation (which is in terms of y and x ). The way to determine the value of p is to change variables and then see what value of p leaves the equation unchanged.
Advances in the understanding of trauma-induced coagulopathy

Ten percent of deaths worldwide are due to trauma, and it is the third most common cause of death in the United States. Despite a profound upregulation in procoagulant mechanisms, one-quarter of trauma patients present with laboratory-based evidence of trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC), which is associated with poorer outcomes including increased mortality. The most common causes of death after trauma are hemorrhage and traumatic brain injury (TBI). The management of TIC has significant implications in both because many hemorrhagic deaths could be preventable, and TIC is associated with progression of intracranial injury after TBI. This review covers the most recent evidence and advances in our understanding of TIC, including the role of platelet dysfunction, endothelial activation, and fibrinolysis. Trauma induces a plethora of biochemical and physiologic changes, and despite numerous studies reporting differences in coagulation parameters between trauma patients and uninjured controls, it is unclear whether some of these differences may be “normal” after trauma. Comparisons between trauma patients with differing outcomes and use of animal studies have shed some light on this issue, but much of the data continue to be correlative with causative links lacking. In particular, there are little data linking the laboratory-based abnormalities with true clinically evident coagulopathic bleeding. For these reasons, TIC continues to be a significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.
The T* in LGBT*: Disrupting Gender Normative School Culture Through Young Adult Literature

Cramer and Adams demonstrate that the field of young adult literature (YAL) offers opportunities in a variety of genres for teens and teachers alike to learn more about trans* and gender creative identities and/or to have their own experiences mirrored back to them. After sharing a brief history of the portrayal of trans* youth in YAL, they describe specific contemporary texts, learning activities, and assessments that aim to help high school students become more knowledgeable about, welcoming toward, and appreciative of all gender identities.
Prevalence of Migraine in Schoolchildren

The prevalence of migraine in a random sample of the childhood population of the city of Aberdeen, Scotland, was evaluated in the Department of Medical Paediatrics, Royal Aberdeen Children’s Hospital, employing the International Headache Society Diagnostic Criteria and validating questionnaire responses with clinical interviews.
Neighborhood and parenting both matter: The role of neighborhood collective efficacy and maternal spanking in early behavior problems

Abstract Using multilevel modeling on a sample of 2472 families in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, this study explored the simultaneous role of neighborhood collective efficacy and maternal spanking on externalizing and internalizing problems in early childhood. Mediation analyses tested whether maternal spanking mediates the effect of neighborhood collective efficacy on behavior problems. Results indicated the direct influences of neighborhood collective efficacy and maternal spanking on externalizing and internalizing behavior problems, even after controlling for earlier behavior problem scores and a comprehensive set of child, family, and neighborhood level covariates. The indirect associations between neighborhood collective efficacy and behavior problems through maternal spanking were not significant, after considering the covariates. These findings demonstrate the importance of a multilevel framework that concurrently promotes positive neighborhood and parenting processes for desirable child outcomes.
Early immunopathological events in acute model of mycobacterial hypersensitivity pneumonitis in mice

AbstractProlonged exposure to antigens of non-tuberculous mycobacteria species colonizing industrial metalworking fluid (MWF), particularly Mycobacterium immunogenum (MI), has been implicated in chronic forms of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) in machinists based on epidemiology studies and long-term exposure of mouse models. However, a role of short-term acute exposure to these antigens has not been described in the context of acute forms of HP. This study investigated short-term acute exposure of mice to MI cell lysate (or live cell suspension) via oropharyngeal aspiration. The results showed there was a dose- and time-dependent increase (peaking at 2 h post-instillation) in lung immunological responses in terms of the pro- (TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines. Bronchoalveolar lavage and histology showed neutrophils as the predominant infiltrating cell type, with lymphocytes <5% at all timepoints or concentrations. Granulomatous inflammation peaked between 8 and 24 h post-exposu...
Nonlinear Observer and Backstepping Control of Quadrotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

This article presents the general concept of two nonlinear observers, such as high gain, sliding mode, adapted with nonlinear Backstepping control of quadrotor. The Positions is estimated by observers and set against reaction for control. The observatory technique using for estimated the non-measurable states has fine to reduce the number of sensors embedded in the x4- flying system. Several simulation tests in Simulink / Matlab are carried and takes into account an external disturbances (wind) to demonstrate the performance of the system controller-observer.