cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interorgan transport of lipids in the blood of the gumboot chiton Cryptochiton stelleri (Middendorff)

1. 1. Total blood lipid of C. stelleri approximates 7 mg/dl with 4 mg/dl in the plasma. The remaining 3 mg/dl is contained in the blood cells whose count averages ca. 3000/μ1. 2. 2. Plasma lipids contain appreciable amounts of alkyl-diacylglycerol (5%), triglyceride (15%) and free fatty acid (7%) which can be considered as potential transport forms of acyl lipid utilized by energy metabolism. Sterols and phospholipids constitute the remainder of the plasma lipids. 3. 3. Plasma contains 14 electrophoretically resolvable proteins including an apparent carotenoprotein and a high molecular weight lipoprotein. 4. 4. Ingested 1−14C-palmitate passes into the plasma lipid compartments and into tissues without direct contact with the gastro-intestinal tract (gonad, foot, mantle). The time course of labelling and the relative specific activities of plasma and tissue lipid classes suggest that plasma FFA are the principal transport form of acyl lipid. 5. 5. A preliminary effort to measure the rate of turnover of plasma FFA suggests that this process may support <10% of the energy metabolism of C. stellen.
Infrared spectra of sodium and potassium fluorides by matrix isolation

Abstract The i.r. absorption spectra of sodium and potassium fluorides isolated in solid argon have been obtained. The assignment of the fundamental modes of NaF and KF, and of the B3u, B2u, and B1u modes of (NaF)2 and (KF)2 has been made assuming a planar rhomboid structure of D2h symmetry for the dimers. A brief discussion is given on the possibility of assigning some of the absorption features in the spectra to linear (NaF)2 and (KF)2 assuming a bifluoride arrangement.
Metabolic responses to temperature change in a tropical freshwater copepod (Mesocyclops brasilianus) and their adaptive significance.

Metabolic rates of Mesocyclops brasilianus from Lake Valencia, Venezuela, were determined at several temperatures spanning the environmental range (22-28° C). The QO2's (oxygen consumption per unit weight) of all Mesocyclops stages from Lake Valencia are higher than most but not all QO2's from temperate copepod species that have been studied. The QO2 is essentially static through naupliar development and shows a sudden jump between N6 and CI, which probably results from the major change in morphology and behavior at this point in the life history. QO2 declines steadily between CI and adult stages. Acclimated copepodite and adult Mesocyclops show a decreasing metabolic rate with increasing temperature (i.e. Q10< 1.0) over the temperature range 26-28° C. This is the range of temperatures normally encountered during the daily vertical migration when the lake is thermally stratified (April-November). Since vertical migration would result in a compromise between a fully acclimated and an acute response, a nearly constant metabolic rate or a slight decline in metabolic rate in the warmer water would be expected in field populations. The results thus show that the metabolic rate of Mesocyclops is not reduced when it moves into deeper (cooler) water, as would be predicted by certain energy-based hypotheses that have been used to explain vertical migration. In contrast to the low Q10's between 26 and 28° C, copepodites and adults have very high Q10 values in the range 22-26° C. This indicates an adaptive decrease in metabolic rate which is thermally programmed to coincide with the cooler temperatures that are encountered during the mixing season (December-March), when a drastic change in ecological conditions occurs in the lake.Nauplii show evidence of the same seasonal response but without the superimposed plateau at high temperatures, which they would not need because they are weak migrators. Nauplii show a plateau at the lowest temperatures, however, which suggests that a fixed metabolic reduction occurs at the onset of mixing and metabolism is not altered thereafter with declining temperature.The change in QO2 with temperature generally supports the hypothesis that all Mesocyclops stages are adapted to hold a high, constant metabolic rate through the diel cycle but experience a seasonal reduction in metabolic rate in response to major ecological changes in the lake at the time of seasonal mixing.
Aggregation of microtubule initiation sites preceding neurite outgrowth in mouse neuroblastoma cells.

Abstract By examining microtubule regrowth using immunofluorescence with antibody to tubulin, we have studied the structure and intracellular localization of microtubule initiation sites in undifferentiated and differentiated mouse neuroblastoma cells. The undifferentiated cells are round and lack cell processes. They contain an average of 12 initiation sites per cell. Each of these sites, which are located near the cell nucleus, initiates the growth of several microtubules in a radial formation. In contrast to the undifferentiated cells, neuroblastoma cells stimulated to differentiate by serum deprivation are asymmetrical, containing one or two very long neurites. These cells have a single, large microtubule initiation center which can be visualized not only by immunofluorescence but by phase-contrast and differential interference microscopy as well. The initiation site measures 3–4 μ in diameter and is located in the cell body along a line defined by the neurite. During cell differentiation, the large initiation center seems to be formed by the aggregation of many smaller sites. This process precedes neurite extension by about 24 hr. The growth of microtubules from this center appears to be highly oriented, since most microtubules initially grow into the neurite processes rather than into the cell interior. Thus major changes in the structure and location of microtubule initiation sites occur during the differentiation of neuroblastoma cells. Similar changes are likely to be involved in alterations in the morphology of other cell types.
Natural lead-210 content of man.

The natural Pb 2l0 content of ash samples from 18 cadavers has been measured, and an average in vivo content of 0.0 15 picocurie per gram of wet bone is estimated. The contribution of Pb 210 to the radioactive dose from natural sources is about one-fifth that from internally deposited Ra 226 and its daughters.
Molecular beams entwined with quantum theory: A bouquet for Max Planck

In an era when the fledgling quantum theory was “uncertain and even gave contradictory answers,” Otto Stern undertook to employ molecular beams to test directly fundamental aspects of the theory. During 1921-1935, this led to five decisive experiments reviewed here, resulting in the discovery or demonstration of space quantization, de Broglie matter waves, anomalous magnetic moments of the proton and neutron, recoil of an atom on emission of a photon, and the limitation of scattering cross-sections for molecular collisions imposed by the uncertainty principle.
Geometries and stabilities of various configurations of benzene dimer: details of novel V-shaped structure revealed

Benzene dimer configurations namely T-shaped, parallel-displaced, sandwich, and V-shaped that were proposed by experimental studies are investigated using second- and fourth-order Moller–Plesset perturbation theory. The MP2 method with aug-cc-pVDZ and aug-cc-pVTZ basis sets unequivocally shows that the parallel-displaced configuration is considerably more stable than T-shaped structure. On the other hand, the MP4(SDTQ)/aug-cc-pVDZ level predicts that the T-shaped and parallel-displaced configurations are nearly isoenergetic, which is parallel to the previous results of estimated CCSD(T)/CBS level reported recently. The lowest energy T-shaped configuration is stabilized by 0.17 kcal/mol over the parallel-displaced configuration at the MP4(SDTQ)/aug-cc-pVDZ level. Although the structures of all the four different types of configurations are found to be stable at both MP2 and full MP4 methods, the V-shaped configuration is the least stable among them. The calculated interaction energy of −2.3 kcal/mol for the lowest energy T-shaped structure at the MP4(SDTQ)/aug-cc-pVDZ level is in good agreement with the experimental value of −2.4 ± 0.4 kcal/mol. We conclude that the MP4(SDTQ) with a reasonably good basis set can be used for systems involving π–π interactions to obtain qualitative and quantitative results.
Usefulness of calcium antagonists for congestive heart failure

In patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) due to dilated cardiomyopathy, nifedipine, diltiazem and several of the newer calcium antagonists including nicardipine, nitrendipine, felodipine and PN 200-110 (isradipine) improve left ventricular function. Because of its relatively more pronounced negative inotropic and chronotropic actions, verapamil is generally not tolerated by patients with left ventricular failure. In addition, even relatively vascular-selective agents such as nifedipine can occasionally cause significant left ventricular depression, particularly if combined with beta-adrenergic blocking agents. Comparative studies using nitroprusside to cause an equivalent decrease in arterial pressure indicate that nifedipine acts predominantly on the arterial vasculature, and that a small but significant decrease in contractility occurs, apparently due to a direct myocardial action. Although diltiazem causes a depression in myocardial contractility in dogs with volume overload heart failure, limited data show no significant negative inotropic action in patients with heart failure. The negative inotropic effects, if any, of newer and possibly more vascular-selective agents are not yet known. Calcium antagonists appear to act predominantly on the limb and coronary vasculature, with relatively less effect on renal and hepatic vessels. In patients with CHF, nifedipine causes an increase in coronary blood flow and a decrease in the aorto-coronary sinus oxygen difference indicating an improvement in myocardial energetics. Although nifedipine causes an increase in cardiac index and decreases in systemic vascular resistance and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure during exercise, the limited data available fail to show a short- or long-term increase in exercise capacity. Nifedipine causes an increase in plasma renin activity, possibly due to a direct action on the kidney.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Farm Families in Career Transitions: Descriptive Characteristics and an Intervention

Characteristics of farm family members involved in workshops that are designed to assist them in developing career plans and making transitions to other careers are described. Age, sex, educational level, and career change characteristics of workshop participants are presented. Vocational identity scores using My Vocational Situation, interest patterns based on the Self-Directed Search, and 6-month follow-up data are also presented to describe the farm family members served through this intervention. My family went back four generations on this piece of land. Farming wasn't a job; it was a way of life. I couldn't go to the auction. I couldn't see it all being taken. I feel like such a failure.
New insights into symptoms and neurocircuit function of anorexia nervosa

Individuals with anorexia nervosa have a relentless preoccupation with dieting and weight loss that results in severe emaciation and sometimes death. It is controversial whether such symptoms are secondary to psychosocial influences, are a consequence of obsessions and anxiety or reflect a primary disturbance of brain appetitive circuits. New brain imaging technology provides insights into ventral and dorsal neural circuit dysfunction — perhaps related to altered serotonin and dopamine metabolism — that contributes to the puzzling symptoms found in people with eating disorders. For example, altered insula activity could explain interoceptive dysfunction, and altered striatal activity might shed light on altered reward modulation in people with anorexia nervosa.
Binding to Elongin C inhibits degradation of interacting proteins in yeast

Elongin C is a highly conserved, low molecular weight protein found in a variety of multiprotein complexes in human, rat, fly, worm, and yeast cells. Among the best characterized of these complexes is a mammalian E3 ligase that targets proteins for ubiquitination and subsequent degradation by the 26 S proteasome. Despite its crucial role as a component of such E3 ligases and other complexes, the specific function of Elongin C is unknown. In yeast, Elongin C is a non-essential gene and there is no obvious phenotype as associated with its absence. We previously reported that inSaccharomyces cerevisiae Elongin C (Elc1) interacts specifically and strongly with a class of proteins loosely defined as stress response proteins. In the present study, we examined the role of yeast Elc1 in the turnover of two of these binding partners, Snf4 and Pcl6. Deletion of Elc1 resulted in decreased steady-state levels of Snf4 and Pcl6 as indicated by Western blot analysis. Northern blot analysis of mRNA prepared from elc1 null and wild type strains revealed no difference in mRNA levels for Snf4 and Pcl6 establishing that the effects of Elc1 are not transcriptionally mediated. Reintroduction of either yeast or human Elongin C into Elc1 null strains abrogated this effect. Taken together, these data document that the levels of Snf4 and Pcl6 are dependent on the presence of Elc1 and that binding to Elc1 inhibits the degradation of these proteins. The results suggest a new function for yeast Elongin C that is distinct from a direct role in targeting proteins for ubiquitination and subsequent proteolysis.
Efficient Algorithms for Maximum Likelihood Decoding in the Surface Code

Two implementations of an error-correction algorithm for topological quantum codes are described, and shown to be promising for fighting decoherence and making quantum computing scalable.
Evidence for Two Modes of Development of Acquired Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand Resistance INVOLVEMENT OF Bcl-xL

Previous studies have shown that repeated application of TRAIL induces acquired resistance to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). Using human prostate adenocarcinoma DU-145 and human pancreatic carcinoma MiaPaCa-2 cells as a model, we now demonstrate for the first time that two states of acquired TRAIL resistance can be developed after TRAIL treatment. Data from survival assay and Western blot analysis show that acquired TRAIL resistance was developed within 1 day and gradually decayed within 6 days after TRAIL treatment in both cell lines. After TRAIL treatment, the level of Bcl-xL increased and reached a maximum within 2 days and gradually decreased in both cell lines. Bcl-xL-mediated development of acquired TRAIL resistance was suppressed by knockdown of Bcl-xL expression. Protein interaction assay revealed that during the development of TRAIL resistance, Bcl-xL dissociated from Bad and then associated with Bax. Overexpression of mutant-type Bad (S136A), which prevents this dissociation, partially suppressed the development of acquired TRAIL resistance. Thus, our results suggest that (a) dissociation of Bad from Bcl-xL and (b) an increase in the intracellular level of Bcl-xL are responsible for development of acquired TRAIL resistance.
The Dissolution of Joint Living Arrangements among Single Parents and Children: Does Welfare Make a Difference?

Objective. This research examines the claim that states' newfound autonomy to devise their own welfare systems will lead to more intergenerational family dissolution. Critics of welfare reform argue that children residing in states with lower welfare benefits will be more at risk of living apart from parents, as some parents will lack sufficient income to raise children. Methods. Data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation were analyzed employing a discrete-time hazard model. Results. The findings suggest that the risk of children living apart from parents was lower in states offering higher welfare benefits. Also, results indicate that the children at greatest risk of living apart from parents are those who are either newborns or teenagers, are white, or have parents with disabilities. Conclusions. Growing reluctance across all levels of government to provide income support for needy families may accelerate the upward trend in parent-child separation. Results further broaden the literature on household responses to economic setbacks by showing that economic deprivation leads single-parent families to reduce the number of coresident children.
Metal ion homeostasis in Bacillus subtilis

Bacillus subtilis, a Gram-positive soil bacterium, provides a model system for the study of metal ion homeostasis. Metalloregulatory proteins serve as the arbiters of metal ion sufficiency and regulate the expression of metal homeostasis pathways. In B. subtilis, uptake systems are regulated by the highly selective metal-sensing repressors Fur (iron), Zur (zinc), and MntR (manganese). Metal efflux systems are regulated by MerR and ArsR family homologs which, by contrast, can be rather non-specific with regard to metal selectivity. A Fur homolog, PerR, functions as an Fe(II)-dependent peroxide stress sensor and regulates putative metal transport and storage functions.
Tin(IV) phosphonates: porous nanoparticles and pillared materials

Two types of tin(IV) phosphonates have been prepared; monophosphonates that form porous spherical aggregates and diphosphonates that form layered three-dimensional structures. The reaction of 4,4′-monophenyldiphosphonic acid with SnCl4·5H2O in a solvothermal reaction produces pillared layered porous materials with surface areas of 350–450 m2 g−1 and pore sizes in the 8–20 A range. The isotherms are type I in character. With biphenyldiphosphonic acid, preparation in water–alcohol solutions also yields porous pillared materials but the isotherms are type IV. The pores are somewhat larger and the pore distribution range is also larger. However, carrying out the reactions in DMSO–water or DMSO–alcohol, yields porous materials with type I isotherms. The use of spacer groups such as methyl, phenyl and phosphite were found to change the pore structure and/or to increase the surface area. The structure of these porous materials cannot be determined directly as they yield minimal X-ray powder patterns. However, the structure of Sn(O3PCH3)2 was determined from its powder pattern obtained from a sample treated hydrothermally at 220 °C for 30 days. The structure is indeed layered with pendant methyl groups forming a bilayer similar to the structure of zirconium phenylphosphonate. Using these structures to describe the porous pillared compounds led to a hypothesis of layer growth of these materials that explains their properties and their unique type of porosity. The usefulness of these porous materials resides in their ability to be functionalized to impart chemical reactivity.
Rapid communication: transvaginal single-port NOTES nephrectomy: initial laboratory experience.

ABSTRACT Background and Purpose: Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) using purpose-built equipment has never been applied to urologic surgery. Herein, we present our initial exp...
RESTORING AND MAINTAINING URINARY FUNCTION

Objectives To describe surgical urinary diversion methods, nursing management, and survivorship issues in urologic cancer survivors. Data Sources PubMed, Scopus, Cochran Reviews, Core 25 online texts. Conclusion Options exist for patients that require urinary diversion, although long-term symptoms may persist. Implications for Nursing Practice Nurses must be knowledgeable about obstructive uropathy and understand the surgical options for urinary diversion following a cystectomy; pre- and post-operative needs exist for the cancer patient, family, and caregiver. Following completion of active treatment, a survivorship care plan summarizes active treatment and complications, plans long-term health outcomes and surveillance, and communicates with the primary care provider.
Global diversity of drought tolerance and grassland climate-change resilience

Grasslands have always experienced drought, but future drought conditions are likely to be more severe and frequent as climates change. This study shows that many of the world’s grasslands probably have drought-tolerant grasses that can maintain ecosystem functions, and the resilience of grasslands globally requires the maintenance of grass diversity.
Stroke in Young Black Patients Risk Factors, Subtypes, and Prognosis

Background and Purpose Stroke subtypes and prognosis differ among older black patients compared with whites; however, few data are available regarding stroke among young black patients. Methods To determine the risk factors for stroke, stroke subtype, and prognosis among young black patients, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all 15- to 44-year-old patients admitted with stroke to a university-affiliated public hospital from January 1990 through June 1994. Results Of the 248 eligible patients admitted with stroke, 219 were blacks. Hypertension was more frequently associated with stroke in young black than in non-black patients (55% versus 24%, P=.003). Cocaine abuse was frequent among both black and non-black patients (27% versus 38%, P=NS). Hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (64%) was the most common subtype of intracerebral hemorrhage (n=67), and lacunar infarction (21%) was the most common subtype of cerebral infarction (n=112) in young black patients. Outcome in black patients with...
Alternate Routes of Administration of Antidepressant and Antipsychotic Medications

Objective: To review the administration of antidepressant and antipsychotic medications via inhaled, intranasal, buccal, sublingual, transdermal, and rectal routes. Data Sources: A PubMed search was conducted for all data through March 31, 2015 to identify pertinent literature. Search terms included the generic name of each antidepressant and antipsychotic medication in combination with the following terms: alternate routes of administration, inhaled, intranasal, buccal, sublingual, transdermal, and rectal. Study Selection and Data Extraction: English-language case reports, studies, and reviews describing medication administration in human subjects were included. Data Synthesis: Commercially available products that use an alternative route of administration include loxapine for inhalation, asenapine for sublingual administration, and selegiline for transdermal administration. Case reports and studies describe intranasal, sublingual, and transdermal routes of administration of antipsychotic medications as ...
2‐Methoxy‐3‐phenylthio‐1,3‐butadiene

[60603-16-9] C11H12OS (MW 192.30) InChI = 1S/C11H12OS/c1-9(12-3)10(2)13-11-7-5-4-6-8-11/h4-8H,1-2H2,3H3 InChIKey = OAZAQKXFVDWLHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N (Diels–Alder diene) Solubility: sol most organic solvents. Preparative Methods: the cyclobutene precursors (e.g. 1) to the reagent and related dienes are available from cyclobutanone in three steps (eq 1).1 The ring opening of the cyclobutenes to form the title reagent 2 and related dienes may be accomplished by flash vacuum pyrolysis (eq 2), or is often carried out in situ in the presence of a dieneophile. Due to the instability of the dienes, they should be formed as needed from the precursor cyclobutenes. (1) (2) Handling, Storage, and Precautions: the dienes should be both formed and used in the presence of a radical inhibitor such as BHT.
A Strategy for Vision-Based Controlled Pushing of Microparticles

In this paper, a strategy for controlled pushing is presented for microassembly of 4.5 mum polystyrene particles on a flat glass substrate using an atomic force microscope probe tip. Real-time vision based feedback from a CCD camera mounted to a high resolution optical microscope is used to track particle positions relative to the tip and target position. Tip-particle system is modeled in 2D as a nonholonomic differential drive robot. Effectiveness of the controller is demonstrated through experiments performed using a single goal position as well as linking a series of target positions to form a single complex trajectory. Cell decomposition and wavefront expansion algorithms are implemented to autonomously locate a navigable path to a specified target position. Control strategy alleviates problem of slipping and spinning during pushing.
Weighted compressed sensing and rank minimization

We present an alternative analysis of weighted l 1 minimization for sparse signals with a nonuniform sparsity model, and extend our results to nuclear norm minimization for matrices with nonuniform singular vector distribution. In the case of vectors, we find explicit upper bounds for the successful recovery thresholds, and give a simple suboptimal weighting rule. For matrices, the thresholds we find are only implicit, and the optimal weight selection requires an exhaustive search. For the special case of very wide matrices, the relationship is made explicit and the optimal weight assignment is the same as the vector case. We demonstrate through simulations that for vectors, the suggested weighting scheme improves the recovery performance over that of regular l 1 minimization.
Investigation of Low Order Models of Bluff Body Flow

The paper outlines recent efiorts to develop low order dynamic models of ∞ow separation problems. In particular, we work with two dimensional ∞ow perpendicular to a ∞at plate. The models are to be used to develop active ∞ow control strategies for a variety of separation problems. They consist of relatively few ordinary difierential equations are amenable to stability analyses, bifurcation analyses, and optimal control formulations. We present a series of three models that build upon the work of Cortelezzi. To motivate the research outlined in the paper, consider brie∞y results of previous study of ∞ow control in a difiuser. A paper with co-authors S. Narayanan and A. Banaszuk is in preparation. The objective was to improve pressure recovery in a 23 ‐ expansion. In a physical experiment, our collaborators discovered that very small sinusoidal blowing and suction perturbations applied at the lip of the difiuser created dramatic pressure recovery. Furthermore, when certain two-frequency, small-amplitude perturbations are imparted to the system, pressure recovery is improved further. In our research, we discovered that a two-dimensional, nominally inviscid, vortex simulation could reproduce the same dynamic phenomenon. Figures 1a,b show typical snap-shots of the ∞ow for two speciflc cases. The former corresponds to an open-loop control policy which produces one of the best pressure recoveries we have discovered, while the latter plot shows the response to forcing of the same amplitudes and frequencies, just shifted in phase. Pressure recovery characteristics in this last case are relatively poor. The difierence between the two lies in the way that vortices cluster, the way they form coherent structures, and the way that the vortex clusters eventually pair and interact with each other. The resulting ∞ow structures afiect the degree of momentum mixing and hence pressure recovery. Ware are far from the flrst to exploit such phenomena for purposes of ∞ow control. From a dynamical systems perspective, the difierent ∞ow patterns are the result of triggered instabilities and induced bifurcations. In this paper, we outline our efiorts to derive low order models of a two dimensional ∞ow dominated by coherent vortical structures similar to that shown in Figure 1. It is important to note that our modeling objectives are not those typically found in ∞uid mechanics literature. We are NOT particularly concerned with the speed of the simulation. Nor will we be overly concerned with the quantitative precision of the model. Instead, we seek models, in the form of ordinary difierential equations, which capture the correct qualitative dynamic features of the ∞uid system. This includes the instabilities and bifurcations to qualitatively difierent ∞ow patterns. The ultimate purpose of the models is to perform stability analyses, perform bifurcation
Care of the Foreskin

The pediatrician inclined to read further in the extensive literature on neonatal circumcision may well be more impressed with the intensity of the arguments than with the finality of the conclusions. For many, circumcision (or its abolition) has become a cause, with all the attendant rhetoric and dogma. Yet one is struck by the high level of ambivalence with which most of us approach the issue, both as pediatricians and as parents. One source of this ambivalence may be the uncertainty surrounding the proper role of the pediatrician in decisions regarding circumcision. Should we act simply as purveyors of medical information, leaving the decision entirely to parents? Or are we obligated to assume a position of advocacy, actively arguing for or against circumcision? At the very least, the pediatrician should be prepared to summarize for parents the evidence that may affect their decision and to provide the appropriate information and support to those who decide against the operation.
Vertically fractured transversely isotropic media: dimensionality and deconstruction

A vertically fractured transversely isotropic (VFTI) elastic medium is one in which any number of sets of vertical aligned fractures (each set has its normal lying in the horizontal x 1 , x 2 -plane) pervade the medium and the sets of aligned fractures are the only features of the medium disturbing the axi-symmetry about the x 3 -axis implying that in the absence of fractures, the background medium is transversely isotropic (TI). Under the assumptions of long wavelength equivalent medium theory, the compliance matrix of a fractured medium is the sum of the background medium's compliance matrix and a fracture compliance matrix. For sets of parallel rotationally symmetric fractures (on average), the fracture compliance matrix is dependent on 3 parameters - its normal and tangential compliance and its strike direction. When one fracture set is present, the medium is orthorhombic and the analysis is straightforward. When two (non-orthogonal) or more sets are present, the overall medium is in general elastically monoclinic; its compliance tensor components are subject to two equalities yielding an 11 parameter monoclinic medium. Constructing a monoclinic VFTI medium with n embedded vertical fracture sets, requires 5 TI parameters plus 3 x n fracture set parameters. A deconstruction of such an 11 parameter monoclinic medium involves using its compliance tensor to find a background transversely isotropic medium and several sets of vertical fractures which, in the long wavelength limit, will behave exactly as the original 11 parameter monoclinic medium. A minimal deconstruction, would be to determine, from the 11 independent components, the transversely isotropic background (5 parameters) and two fracture sets (specified by 2 x 3 = 6 parameters). Two of the background TI medium's compliance matrix components are known immediately by inspection, leaving nine monoclinic components to be used in the minimal deconstruction of the VFTI medium. The use of the properties of a TI medium, which are linear relations on its compliance components, allows the deconstruction to be reduced to solving a pair of non-linear equations on the orientations of two fracture sets. A single root yielding a physically meaningful minimum deconstruction yields a unique minimal representation of the monoclinic medium as a VFTI medium. When no such root exists, deconstruction requires an additional fracture set and uniqueness is lost. The boundary between those monoclinic media that have a unique minimal representation and those that do not is yet to be determined.
Cholinesterase inhibitors for treatment of dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease

Improving cognitive function and reducing neuropsychiatric symptoms Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) have a significant risk of developing dementia in the course of their illness. Cross sectional studies suggest a dementia prevalence rate of 30% to 40%.1 Longitudinal studies indicate that the cumulative frequency of dementia in patients with PD is 60% to 80%.1 The risk of dementia for individuals with PD is approximately six fold greater than that of age matched controls. The increased rate of dementia in PD reflects the substantial elevation of risk for dementia in patients with PD above the risk posed by Alzheimer’s disease in this same population. Recent studies demonstrate a strong correlation between the occurrence of Lewy body pathology and severity of dementia in patients with PD.2 The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of cortical Lewy bodies for dementia exceeds that of senile plaques or neurofibrillary tangles,2 again suggesting that the dementia of PD is related to the unique pathology of PD and in most cases does not reflect co-occurring Alzheimer’s disease. There is a marked cholinergic deficit in patients with PD and dementia indicating that there is a cholinergic contribution to the cognitive decline.3 The presence of a cortical cholinergic …
Surface Chemical Characteristics and Adsorption Properties of Apatite

Interfacial behavior of apatites is governed to a large extent by their electrochemical properties which in turn are determined by pH, concentration of calcium, phosphate and fluoride. Adsorption of surfactants and polymers on apatite is dependent, among other factors, on the interfacial potential of the apatite. In this paper electrokinetic properties of synthetic hydroxyapatite and natural ore apatite containing fluoride are reported as a function of the pH, KNO3, Ca(NO3)2, K2HPO4 and KF and mechanisms governing the surface charge generation are reviewed. Electrokinetic effects obtained for apatite upon treatment with concentrated KF solutions and calcite supernatant are analyzed to determine possible chemical alterations of its surface. Adsorption properties of ionic surfactants and ionic and nonionic polymers on apatite at different pH values are also discussed.
Reply: A few comments on Ravel's diseases

Sir, We thank Dr Sellal for his interest in our work and for raising several important issues in neurodegenerative disease research. Frontotemporal dementia (FTD), the primary progressive aphasias (PPAs) and corticobasal syndrome (CBS) represent an evolving, complex, and overlapping clinical spectrum (Kumar-Singh and Van Broeckhoven, 2007). These syndromes result from a group of underlying histopathologies, including frontotemporal lobar degeneration, corticobasal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy and rarely Alzheimer's disease. …
Estimation of field-scale thermal conductivities of unsaturated rocks from in situ temperature data

[1] A general approach is presented here that allows estimation of field-scale thermal properties of unsaturated rock using temperature data collected from in situ heater tests. The approach is used to determine the thermal conductivities of the host rock of the Drift Scale Test (DST) at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The DST was designed to obtain thermal, hydrological, mechanical, and chemical (THMC) data at Yucca Mountain. Sophisticated numerical models have been developed to analyze these THMC data. However, though the objective of those models was to analyze “field-scale” (of the order of tens of meters) THMC data, thermal conductivities measured from “laboratory-scale” core samples have been used as input parameters. While using laboratory-scale thermal conductivity values in field-scale models can be justified, such applications introduce uncertainties in model predictions. Temperature data from the DST provide an opportunity to resolve some of these uncertainties. These temperature data can be used to estimate the thermal conductivity of the DST rock, and given the large volume of rock affected by heating at the DST, such an estimate will be a reliable thermal conductivity value for field-scale application. An analytical solution is developed for the temperature rise in the DST rock; and using a nonlinear fitting routine, a best fit estimate of field-scale thermal conductivity is obtained. Temperature data from the DST show evidence of a below-boiling zone (wet) and an above-boiling zone (dry). Estimates of thermal conductivity for both these zones are obtained in this paper. Sensitivity of these estimates to the input heating power is also investigated. The estimated thermal conductivity values are compared with core measurements and those estimated from geostatistical simulations.
Debating Diversity: Analysing the Discourse of Tolerance.

Debating Diversity: Analysing the Discourse of Tolerance. Jan Blommaert and Jef Verschueren. New York: Routledge, 1998. 233 pp.
Projection processing for improved resolution and noise suppression of reconstructed images of computer tomography

A nonlinear digital filtering technique (median filtering) is suggested for processing the projections to reduce error without the distortion introduced by linear filtering. The rationale for the application of these filters is discussed. To compare the effectiveness of linear filtering and median filtering, computer simulations and further experiments are suggested. It is expected that median filters have potential to improve image quality beyond that of linear filtering, particularly for edge reproduction. >
Embryonic Chick Antigens for Complement Fixation with Viruses of Eastern and Western Equine Encephalomyelitis.

The complement-fixation test has been increasingly employed in the identification of virus infections of the central nervous system. With one exception all complement-fixing antigens thus far employed with equine encephalomyelitis have been prepared from animal brain tissue, usually that of the mouse.1-7 Mohler,8 using a formolized antigen prepared from chick embryos inoculated with the virus of Western equine encephalomyelitis, reported complement fixation with serum from convalescent or immunized horses.Because of its size a single infected chick embryo contains many times as much virus as an infected mouse brain and in view of the greatly decreased incubation period for maximal production of virus further investigation of this source of antigen was suggested.Equine encephalomyelitis antigen. A strain of Eastern virus obtained from Dr. A. B. Sabin and the McMillan strain of Western virus received from Dr. J. Casals were employed. The viruses had been maintained at high titer by continued intracerebral p...
Research on Financial Management concerning Special Funds Projects of Foreign Risk Exploration

Since the implementation of "Provisional Measures forAdministration of Special Venture Capital for the Exploration ofOverseas Mineral Resources";we have acquired better resource andeconomical benefit from encouraging and guiding Chinese miningcompanies to prospect and exploit overseas mineral resources.Andthis paper focuses on introduce some methods from the perspectiveof strengthening financial management for overseas explorationprojects,these include: forming a national society of explorationindustries;strengthening the communication with the government;reflecting the appeal of geological exploration units;safeguardinglegal rights and interests of geological exploration units;furtherimproving other relevant supporting policies in terms of "ProvisionalMeasures for Administration of Special Venture Capital for theExploration of Overseas Mineral Resources";improving andperfecting the application procedure and management measuresfor special funds;setting up standardized management model;andthe geological exploration units should constantly innovate thework on the basis of implementation of "Provisional Measures forAdministration of Special Venture Capital for the Exploration ofOverseas Mineral Resources".
Study of processing of DC motor vibration signals based on mallat arithmetic

The running status of the motor can be fully reflected by vibration signals,so the status features are usually extracted by analyzing vibration signals in the relative research.The vibration signals are non-stable and random,and the singularity parts of the signal often contain quite important information,so the examination for signal singularity is very important in the signal processing.Wavelet transform overcomes the disadvantage that the signal can't be localized both in time and frequency domain by Fourier Transform and it is quite suitable for de-noising and feature extraction for non-stable and random signals.The results indicate the validity and applicability for the method above.
Rnq1: An Epigenetic Modifier of Protein Function in Yeast

Abstract Two protein-based genetic elements (prions) have been identified in yeast. It is not clear whether other prions exist, nor is it understood how one might find them. We established criteria for searching protein databases for prion candidates and found several. The first examined, Rnq1, exists in distinct, heritable physical states, soluble and insoluble. The insoluble state is dominant and transmitted between cells through the cytoplasm. When the prion-like region of Rnq1 was substituted for the prion domain of Sup35, the protein determinant of the prion [ PSI + ], the phenotypic and epigenetic behavior of [ PSI + ] was fully recapitulated. These findings identify Rnq1 as a prion, demonstrate that prion domains are modular and transferable, and establish a paradigm for identifying and characterizing novel prions.
Teratogenic effects of trypan blue on hamster embryos.

Little information is available in the literature on the susceptibility of the hamster embryo to teratogens. Desoxycorticosterone acetate apparently has some teratogenic activity (Tedford & Risely, 1950), but the degree and type of abnormality produced by this agent in the hamster have not been recorded. Orsini (1952) has described naturally-occurring urogenital anomalies which appear in females of a piebald strain of the golden hamster. The short gestation period, the accuracy of timed matings (Ward, 1946), and the large litter size make this animal an excellent one for embryological research on teratogens. The purpose of the present study was to determine the susceptibility of the hamster to the teratogenic effects of trypan blue and to learn what effects this dye had on other aspects of pregnancy and gestation. Neither the site nor the mode of action of this compound has been established.
Counting with RSK

The RSK algorithm is introduced and used to find generating functions for permutation statistics. Connections are made to increasing subsequences in permutations and words and the Schur symmetric functions. A q-analogue of the hook length formula is proved, and the Hillman-Grassl algorithm is introduced.
Targeting KRAS mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with deltarasin: A small molecule inhibitor of KRAS-PDE{delta} interaction.

e13597 Background: As oncogenic KRAS relies on the correct spatial localization to exert its function, disrupting the transport of KRAS to the cell membrane may provide a new approach to target KRA...
Removal of dissolved organic carbon and nutrients from urban wastewaters by Galdieria sulphuraria: Laboratory to field scale demonstration

Abstract Previous laboratory studies have demonstrated the ability of microalgae Galdieria sulphuraria (G. sulphuraria) in removing organic carbon and nutrients from filtered primary-settled urban wastewater via mixotrophic metabolism. An advantage of mixotrophic cultivation of G. sulphuraria over heterotrophic conditions is higher biomass yield that can potentially translate into higher energy recovery from the biomass. This study recorded a yield of 0.63 g biomass/g glucose under mixotrophic conditions while that under heterotrophic conditions was 0.42 g biomass/g glucose. These laboratory studies were extended to cultivate G. sulphuraria under field conditions in a 700 L photobioreactor (PBR) fed with primary-settled wastewater. Biomass growth and removal of dissolved organic carbon and nutrients in this PBR under batch mode were monitored over a range of influent and operating conditions. This field study confirmed that G. sulphuraria was able to grow well in primary-settled wastewater and reduce organic carbon (measured as BOD5), ammoniacal nitrogen, and phosphate levels to below the respective discharge standards; corresponding 3-day removal efficiencies ranged 46–72%; 63–89%; and 71–95%.
Urbanism as technology in early China

Abstract Sanxingdui in Guanghan, Sichuan and Yinxu in Anyang, Henan are two mid to late second millennium sites that are typically considered urban. What does urbanism mean in these two contexts given the varying amount of information known about these sites? Are their “urbannesses” comparable? This paper reviews attributes and concepts that are often equated with or seen as essential to urbanism and assesses their relevance to our understandings of Sanxingdui and Yinxu. Following Arthur (2009), urbanism is argued to be a technology in multiple senses of the word: on one level cities are a means of fulfillment of certain purposes, particularly related to economic and ritual relations among inhabitants; on a different level of abstraction, cities represent an assemblage of certain types of practices and components, and urbanism can therefore be considered a technological field. The nature of different cities within the realm of urbanism should be compared by examining the way in which the specific examples relate to four different aspects of urbanism as technology: Scale, Differentiation, Centrality and Performance. The comparison of Yinxu and Sanxingdui considers these two places through these four aspects. This approach to urbanism can be applied widely in the ancient and modern world.
Exposure to Childhood Abuse and Later Substance Use: Indirect Effects of Emotion Dysregulation and Exposure to Trauma

Little is known about how emotion dysregulation (ED) and trauma exposure differentially affect the relationship between abuse in childhood and adult substance use. We examined associations between child abuse, trauma exposure, ED, and current substance use in an already existing dataset. Participants (N = 2,014 adults, 90% African American) had been recruited from an urban hospital for a parent study. Analyses showed that drug and alcohol use was significantly positively correlated with child abuse (emotional, physical, and sexual), later trauma exposure, and ED (all ps < .001). Linear regression showed that exposure to abuse when older than a child was significantly associated with drug and alcohol use independent of child abuse and demographic variables (R2 Δ = .08, p < .001; R2 Δ = .04, p < .001). ED was significantly associated with drug and alcohol use independently of child abuse, nonabuse trauma, and demographic variables (R2 Δ = .02, p < .001; R2 Δ = .04, p < .001). Multiple mediation analyses showed that ED and later trauma exposure accounted for variance in the association between emotional abuse and substance use (p < .001). A better understanding of vulnerabilities to additional traumatization and emotion-regulation deficits in individuals who have been exposed to child abuse and in addition have comorbid substance use problems may inform treatments that lead to improved outcomes.
Molecular Diagnostics Clinical Laboratory Science Course Design: Making It Real

The ability of a clinical laboratory scientist (CLS) to perform molecular diagnostic testing has become critical to the profession. Knowledge of methodology associated with detection of pathogens and inherited genetic disorders is imperative for the current and future CLS. CLS programs in the US teach human genetics and molecular diagnostics in various components and formats. Integrating these sometimes expensive methods into the curriculum can be challenging. This article provides a commentary with specific details associated with our experience in designing a dedicated CLS molecular diagnostics course. It offers a flexible template for incorporating a lecture and laboratory course to address theoretical and practical knowledge in this dynamic area of the laboratory.