cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ideal Types as Hermeneutic Concepts

My paper sets out to demonstrate that Weber's ideal-typical theory of concept formation, subject to certain modifications, is compatible with the principles of philosophical hermeneutics and is therefore a valuable strategy of concept formation for interpretive historical inquiry. The essay begins with a brief recapitulation of the philosophical-hermeneutic approach to the human sciences. I then chart out the affinities as well as the discrepancies between philosophical hermeneutics and Weber's theory of the ideal type. Against this backdrop, I proceed to offer a number of correctives and additions to Weber's theory so as to tighten its fit with philosophical hermeneutics. First, I argue that the ideal type's proper logic of concept formation is a logic of significance rather than a logic of commonality. Second, I claim that the relationship between the various empirical cases to which a given ideal type is (or can be) applied is a Wittgensteinian relationship of family resemblance. Finally, I present two main kinds of epistemological functions that ideal types can fulfill within the framework of historical inquiry: argumentative and orientational-clarificatory.
Comparison of Three Intelligence Tests as Predictors of Academic Achievement and Classroom Behaviors of Mexican-American Children:

The school performance of low-income Mexican-American children was predicted from scores on three intelligence tests. The Stanford-Binet (S-B) was given at 3 years, S-B and McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities (MSCA) at 4 years, and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) at 7-9 years. School grades, Iowa Test of Basic Skills (ITBS) scores, and the Classroom Behavior Inventory (CBI) comprised the school performance measures. Grades were predicted significantly by S-B, but there were no significant correlations for the other tests. All the intelligence tests had some significant correlations with some of the ITBS and CBI scores. The S-B and MSCA were about equal as preschool predictors of ITBS and CBI scores. The controversy over the value of the WISC-R in assessing minority-group children was discussed in view of the finding that WISC-R scores were significantly correlated with the ITBS but not with grades.
Malignant mixed Müllerian tumor of the fimbriated end of the fallopian tube: origin as an intraepithelial carcinoma

Abstract Background. A paucity of examples of malignant mixed Mullerian tumors (MMMT) of the fimbriated end of the fallopian tube has been reported. Case. We report a first case of FIGO Stage IV primary MMMT, heterologous type, in the right fimbria of a 77-year-old woman associated with symptomatic pleural spread who succumbed with recurrent disease 12 months after resection and postoperative paclitaxel and carboplatin chemotherapy. Conclusions. The identification of intraepithelial carcinoma in this tumor lends support to a role of the epithelial component in fimbrial MMMT histogenesis as seen for MMMT at other anatomic sites. Comparison of the clinical management of these tumors shows prolonged survival of patients whose treatment included postoperative pelvic external radiotherapy.
The Relations between Surface pH, Ion Concentrations and Interfacial Tension

The p H of a surface phase cannot be estimated by the methods available for bulk phases: in this paper an attempt is made to estimate the p H of a surface phase by analysing the behaviour of carboxyl groups in an adsorbed interfacial film. The work of Donnan (1899), Jahrisch (1922), Hartridge and Peters (1922) and Peters (1931) has shown that the interfacial tension between solutions of long-chain acids, or amines, and aqueous solutions, is much lowered when the p H of the aqueous phases is such that the end-group of the acid or amine, which forms the interfacial film between the immiscible solvents, is electrolytically dissociated. The interfacial tension is low on the alkaline side and high on the acid side for the fatty acids, but low on the acid side and high on the alkaline for the amines. The change of tension takes place over the p H range 5-10, and the form of the curves relating interfacial tension to p H is strongly reminiscent of the change of dissociation with p H, indicating that there is a close relationship between the interfacial tension and the degree of dissociation. Close inspection of Peters’s curves shows, however, that the range of p H over which the i. t. change occurs with the fatty acids is about 3 units of p H more alkaline than the range over which dissociation occurs in bulk phases; also that dilution of the buffer solutions, without change in p H, may cause a rise in i. t. Accepting the view that the changes in i. t. are due largely to changes in ionization of the carboxyl or amino groups in the surface film, these results strongly suggest that the p H in the surface layer may not be the same as in the bulk aqueous phase.
Teaching and knowledge: Policy issues posed by alternate certification for teachers

Over the past several years, alternate routes to teacher certification have been enacted, though not always implemented, in most states across the country. Upon his election, President Bush's only education proposal was the encouragement of this kind of state-level strategy for more flexible teacher recruitment. He retains a similar proposal in his more recently proposed "America 2000" portfolio of education reforms. Given this continuing policy interest and several years of experience in some states, it seems an appropriate time to review the status of this policy idea in light of knowledge about teaching and teacher effectiveness, and to assess the outcomes of alternative certification programs for teacher supply and quality. Generally, in matters of social policy, one wants to understand the nature of the social problem being addressed and then to examine the appropriateness of the proposed solution, preferably in comparison with other alternative solutions. This has been difficult in the field of
Reaction of ylides with cationic transition metal olefin and tetrahydrofuran complexes

Abstract The reaction of [(η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)(L)(THF)]+ (L = CO, PPh3) with CH2PPh3 yields [(η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)(L)CH2PPh3]+ complexes. This ylide reacts with [(η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)(PPh3)(η2-C2H4)]+ to yield [(η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)(PPh3)(CH2CH2CH2PPh3)]+ and [PO(OMe)2]− reacts with this cationic olefin complex to yield (η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)(PPh3)[CH2CH2PO(OMe)2].
A Monte Carlo study of rank tests for block designs

Tests based on ranks and the F-test are compared for block designs with n observations per block-treatment combination. Com-parisons are made on level of significance and on power. Rank tests examined include the Friedman as well as those using aligned ranks, weighted ranks, and the rank transformation. It is seen that the performance of these tests in relationship to each other depends on sample size, distribution of the random error term, and the severity of the block effects.
Observation and analysis of resonant coupling between nearly degenerate levels of the 2 1 Σ g + and 1 1 Π g states of ultracold 85 Rb 2

We report on the anomalously high line strength of a single rotational level in the ultracold photoassociation of two ${}^{85}$Rb atoms to form ${}^{85}$Rb${}_{2}$. The ${v}^{\ensuremath{'}}=111$, ${J}^{\ensuremath{'}}=5$ level belongs to the Hund's case (c) $2\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}({0}_{g}^{+})$ state, which correlates to the Hund's case (a) $2{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{1}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{g}^{+}$ state. Its strength is caused by coupling with a very near-resonant long-range state. The long-range component is the energetically degenerate ${v}^{\ensuremath{'}}=155$, ${J}^{\ensuremath{'}}=5$ level of the case (c) $2\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}({1}_{g})$ state, correlating to the case (a) $1{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{1}{\ensuremath{\Pi}}_{g}$ state. The line strength is enhanced by an order of magnitude through this coupling, relative to nearby vibrational levels and even to nearby rotational levels of the same vibrational level. This enhancement is in addition to the enhancement seen in all ${J}^{\ensuremath{'}}=3$ and 5 levels of the $2\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}({0}_{g}^{+})$ state due to an $l=4$ shape resonance in the $a{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{3}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{u}^{+}$ state continuum, which alters the distribution of levels formed by photoassociation.
Murder as Self-Help: Women and Intimate Partner Homicide:

This article explores the homicidal behavior of women against intimate partners, using a modification of Black's self-help perspective. Simpson has called for theoretical perspectives that speak to the interplay of race, gender, and social class. My interpretation of self-help theory incorporates these factors as predictors of low social status. Low social status leads to decreased access to formal social control, which in turn leads some women to resort to lethal violence as a form of criminal conflict resolution in the perceived absence of available legal remedies. Conversely, low social status serves to inhibit homicidal behavior in most women, through greater fear of retribution and involvement in fewer conflicts related to honor. This may account for the wide disparity in the amount of lethal violence committed by men and women.
The size dependence of equilibrium elastic strain in finite epitaxial islands

Abstract The equilibrium elastic strain in epitaxial islands of small size is shown to have a sawtooth dependence on island width by minimizing the systems energy as calculated from a periodic interaction potential between substrate and overgrowth. Such a sawtooth variation is consistent with Vincent's observations and idea that a given misfit between island and substrate may not be entirely accommodated by an integral number of identical misfit dislocations, and hence, the remaining misfit, which depends in part on island width, will be accommodated by residual elastic strain. The present calculations of mechanical equilibrium support these ideas and further reveal that in some cases misfit dislocations may over compensate for the misfit, thereby introducing an elastic strain of opposite sign to that normally expected. Other results of the calculations are in agreement with earlier theoretical and experimental observations.
The effect of ageing on the phase morphology of simultaneous interpenetrating polymer networks and their metastable isomers

It is experimentally shown that poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(carbonate urethane) and poly(vinylpyridine)/poly(carbonate urethane) simultaneous interpenetrating polymer networks are very stable and have remained essentially unchanged since they were prepared 2.5 years ago, i.e., most of the one-T g samples still exhibited only one T g , two-T g samples still exhibit two T g 's, etc.
Evaluation of the single radial-immunodiffusion assay for measuring the glycoprotein content of rabies vaccines

Abstract The glycoprotein content of rabies vaccines containing the Pitman—Moore strain of rabies virus was measured by the single radial immunodiffusion assay and correlated with vaccine potency. The variability of this assay was 6·3% for a single vaccine lot tested over a one-year period. Using sera prepared against rabies virus glycoprotein from different strains of virus, the assay gave different values. These differences could be eliminated by using a homologous vaccine strain as an internal reference. Single radial-immunodiffusion values for Pitman—Moore vaccines correlated with the manufacturers' NIH potency assay, but required a mathematical transformation to convert values from one assay to the other. Single radial-immunodiffusion values for Street Alabama Dufferin and Flury-LEP vaccines did not correlate with NIH values. Modification of the single radial immunodiffusion technique and the feasibility of using this assay for the determination of rabies vaccine potency are discussed.
The trend toward accountability: What does it mean for HR managers?

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the accountability trend and what this trend means for HR managers. We begin by defining performance measurement and its relationship to performance management and evaluation. We then discuss the legislative incentives behind federal performance measurement, such as the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA), that are designed to improve the effectiveness, efficiency, and accountability of taxpayer funded programs and how these initiatives affect HR programs. Following this, we review the implications for HR professionals and the fundamental concepts of performance measurement, including common performance measurement methodologies. Finally, we conclude by highlighting the challenges of implementing a performance management system, as well as lessons learned from agencies who have implemented performance measurement or management systems in the past.
Long-term paresthesia following inadvertent forcing of sodium hypochlorite through perforation in maxillary incisor

During endodontic retreatment of a maxillary central incisor, a midroot buccal perforation was created, and sodium hypochlorite was inadvertently forced through the perforation into surrounding tissue. The consequences of this incident included immediate severe pain and swelling, with the subsequent development of a fistula, and in the long term (15 months), paresthesia of the floor and ala of the nose and the infraorbital area.
Temperature Controls on Diurnal Carbon Dioxide Flux

Carbon dioxide flux from the soil to the atmosphere is an important component of terrestrial C cycling, and accurate estimates of CO 2 -C fluxes are critical in estimating C budgets. Accurate estimation of daily C loss from infrequent measurements of CO 2 flux requires characterization of the temporal variability associated with this processes. We investigated the relationships between diurnal CO 2 flux and temperature at two locations, corresponding to two soil types (a sandy loam and a clay loam) in a residue covered no-till corn (Zea mays L.)/ soybean field (Glycine Max. L. Merr.). Automated chambers provided hourly measurements of CO 2 flux from 4 Mar. through 6 June 2000. Hourly soil temperature measurements were made at the surface and at the 0.05-m depth, along with air temperature and soil water content measurements. Time series analysis showed that the temporal dynamics of CO 2 flux were more closely related to air temperature than to soil temperature, perhaps because a substantial portion of the CO 2 originated from surface residues. Exponential temperature correction algorithms (Q 10 ) were evaluated using a range of Q 10 factors applied to both air and soil temperatures. We found that a Q 10 = 2 relationship when applied to a 0.05-m soil temperature performed poorly in this regard, however, air temperature based Q 10 relationships (Q 10 = 1.5 or 1.25) performed better in that they reduced time-of-day estimation biases from 28 to <4%. Knowledge of the efficacy of temperature correction algorithms and application of the appropriate temperature measurements should improve the accuracy of cumulative C flux estimates from short-term measurements.
Competing side reactions in the polymerization of α‐olefins by ziegler‐natta catalysts

The polymerization of 3-methylbutene-1 by TiCl3–Al(C2H5)3 catalysts in dilute solution above 80°C. yields a polymer which is contaminated with polyethylene. By using tagged aluminum alkyl, this polyethylene was shown to arise almost wholly by displacement of ethylene from the alkyl by the monomer. This side reaction was shown to be a general one in the polymerization of α-olefins other than propylene at elevated temperatures. Analysis of the gas phase above the reaction showed also that some decomposition of the monomer occurs under these conditions.
Citric acid-derived in situ crosslinkable biodegradable polymers for cell delivery.

Herein, we report a first citric acid (CA)-derived in situ crosslinkable biodegradable polymer, poly (ethylene glycol) maleate citrate (PEGMC). The synthesis of PEGMC could be carried out via a one-pot polycondensation reaction without using organic solvents or catalysts. PEGMC could be in situ crosslinked into elastomeric PPEGMC hydrogels. The performance of hydrogels in terms of swelling, degradation, and mechanical properties were highly dependent on the molar ratio of monomers, crosslinker concentration, and crosslinking mechanism used in the synthesis process. Cyclic conditioning tests showed that PPEGMC hydrogels could be compressed up to 75% strain without permanent deformation and with negligible hysteresis. Water-soluble PEGMC demonstrated excellent cytocompatibilty in vitro. The degradation products of PPEGMC also showed minimal cytotoxicity in vitro. Animal studies in rats clearly demonstrated the excellent injectability of PEGMC and degradability of the in situ-formed PPEGMC. PPEGMC elicited minimal inflammation in the early stages post-injection and was completely degraded within 30 days in rats. In conclusion, the development of CA-derived injectable biodegradable PEGMC presents numerous opportunities for material innovation and offers excellent candidate materials for in situ tissue engineering and drug delivery applications.
The virtual cutting edge : The internet and adolescent self-injury

The 2 studies reported here use observational data from message boards to investigate how adolescents solicit and share information related to self-injurious behavior. Study 1 examines the prevalence and nature of these message boards, their users, and most commonly discussed topics. Study 2 was intended to explore the correlations between content areas raised for discussion. Both studies were intended to shed light on the role of message boards in spreading information about self-injurious practices and influencing help-seeking behavior. More than 400 self-injury message boards were identified. Most are populated by females who describe themselves as between 12 and 20 years of age. Findings show that online interactions clearly provide essential social support for otherwise isolated adolescents, but they may also normalize and encourage self-injurious behavior and add potentially lethal behaviors to the repertoire of established adolescent self-injurers and those exploring identity options.
The ultra-fast injection kicker for SXLS

The single bump injection scheme for the SXLS (Superconducting X-Ray Lithography Source) compact synchrotron required very stringent rise and fall times of no more than 15 ns and a flat-top of 50-60 ns. These parameters were achieved in a magnetic device of 75 cm length with a maximum field of 75 G. The construction and switching techniques along with the associated components are described. Results of magnetic field measurements and measurements of the effect of the kicker on the injected beam are presented. The device is presently working in the room-temperature magnet prototype of the SXLS ring and will be used as an injection bump for the final superconducting compact synchrotron. >
Use of 2-(4-hydroxybenzeneazo) Benzoic Acid for Protein Determination

The compound, 2-(4-hydroxybenzeneazo) benzoic acid, also known as HBABA, was evaluated for its ability to detect cell protein. While this test may be suitable for large protein concentrations, it is not sensitive enough for the stated purpose with concentration below 1.0 mg.
Crystal structure of ferrocenyl amine

The title compound, ferrocenyl amine, was found to crystallize in the tetragonal space group I41/a with a = 23.5540(15), b = 5.8964(8) A, and Z = 16. The individual molecules are interconnected by N–H⋅ ⋅N bridges forming an infinite chain of hydrogen bonds in the direction of the four fold screw-axis, giving ferrocenyl amine a similar symmetry to that found for tetrameric clusters in liquid ammonia.
The singularity analysis of an in-parallel hand controller for force-reflected teleoperation

Force-reflected teleoperation with in-parallel devices are gaining prominence in robotics applications. Although their development has been limited primarily to Stewart-platform type devices, many other in-parallel hand controllers hold promise for force-reflected manipulation. One factor prohibiting a full exploration involves their singularity analyses-use of conventional rank determining methods are overly complicated. Singularity analysis complications arise because the Jacobian matrix has several functionally dependent variables. In this analysis, we first derive the Jacobian matrix and then show its six columns can be viewed as zero-pitch wrenches (lines) acting on the top platform. We then show how line geometry and rank determining geometric constructions can be used to obtain all configuration singularities. >
Variational level-set with gaussian shape model for cell segmentation

In analysis of microscopy based images, a major challenge lies in splitting apart cells that appear to overlap because they are too densely packed. This task is complicated by the physics of the image acquisition that causes large variations in pixel intensities. Each image typically contains thousands of cells with each cell having a different orientation, size and intensity histogram. In this paper, a spatial intensity model of a nucleus is incorporated into [1] to aid cell segmentation from microscopy datasets. An energy functional is defined and with it the spatial intensity distribution of a nuclei is modeled as a Gaussian distribution with constant intensity background. Experimental results on a variety of microscopic data validate its effectiveness.
Matched Case-Control Study of Effectiveness of Live, Attenuated S79 Mumps Virus Vaccine against Clinical Mumps

Mumps virus infection is a potentially serious viral infection of childhood and early adulthood. In China, live, attenuated S(79) mumps virus vaccine has been licensed for pediatric use since 1990. There has been no assessment of its efficacy. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of live, attenuated S(79) mumps virus vaccine against clinical mumps. Cases were selected from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention during September 2004 to March 2005. Each case was matched to a control by gender, age, and area of residency. In all, 469 cases and 469 controls were enrolled in the study. Vaccination information was obtained from the Children's EPI Administrative Computerized System. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) was calculated for one or two doses of S(79) vaccine, with 95% confidence intervals (CI). VE of mumps virus vaccine for one dose versus none was protection of 86.0% (95% CI, 77.2% to 91.5%) of recipients, and VE was much higher in the first 4 years than in the 5 to 12 years after vaccination. The S(79) vaccine can effectively prevent clinical mumps, and a second dose of mumps virus vaccine is necessary for the protection of children in China.
Factorization and congruence in the arithmetics of Cayley's algebra

This paper treats factorization and congruence in the arithmetics of Cayley's algebra C . Results, proved by Rankin [10], on the number of factorizations of a given element in the nonmaximal arithmetics H o and J o are reviewed. Further, new results on congruence are established and are used to find the number of factorizations of a prescribed element in the remaining arithmetics, including the maximal arithmetics J w When computer factorizing a given element, the congruence results can be used as a heuristic device to prune the search tree.
Solution structure of the constant region of nuclear envelope protein LAP2 reveals two LEM-domain structures: one binds BAF and the other binds DNA.

The nuclear envelope proteins LAP2, emerin and MAN1 share a conserved ∼40‐residue ‘LEM’ motif. Loss of emerin causes Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy. We have solved the solution NMR structure of the constant region of human LAP2 (residues 1–168). Human LAP21–168 has two structurally independent, non‐interacting domains located at residues 1–50 (‘LAP2‐N’) and residues 111–152 (LEM‐domain), connected by an ∼60‐residue flexible linker. The two domains are structurally homologous, comprising a helical turn followed by two helices connected by an 11–12‐residue loop. This motif is shared by subdomains of T4 endonuclease VII and transcription factor rho, despite negligible (≤15%) sequence identity. NMR chemical shift mapping demonstrated that the LEM‐domain binds BAF (barrier‐to‐autointegration factor), whereas LAP2‐N binds DNA. Both binding surfaces comprise helix 1, the N‐terminus of helix 2 and the inter‐helical loop. Binding selectivity is determined by the nature of the surface residues in these binding sites, which are predominantly positively charged for LAP2‐N and hydrophobic for the LEM‐domain. Thus, LEM and LEM‐like motifs form a common structure that evolution has customized for binding to BAF or DNA.
Down-regulation of miRNA-106b inhibits growth of melanoma cells by promoting G1-phase cell cycle arrest and reactivation of p21/WAF1/Cip1 protein

MiR-106b is overexpressed in various types of cancers and is associated with the regulation of the carcinogenic processes. Using RT-PCR, we have identified overexpression of miRNA-106b in various melanoma cell lines (A375, Hs294t, SK-Mel28, SK-Mel 119, Mel 1241, Mel 1011 and Mel 928) as compared to its expression in normal human epidermal melanocytes (NHEM). The overexpression of miR-106b in melanoma cells (A375, Hs294t) was associated with greater cell proliferation capacity than NHEM. Treatment of A375 and Hs294t cells with anti-miR-106b resulted in inhibition of cell proliferation as well as G1-phase arrest. We determined the effects of grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs) on the expression of miRNA-106b and its underlying molecular targets. Treatment of A375 and Hs294t cells with GSPs resulted in suppression of the levels of miRNA-106b, cytotoxicity, G1-phase arrest and reactivation of p21/WAF1/Cip1. Dietary GSPs significantly inhibited growth of A375 melanoma cell tumor xenografts in nude mice, which was associated with reduction in the levels of miRNA-106b, tumor cell proliferation and increases in the levels of p21/WAF1/Cip1 protein. These studies suggest that miRNA-106b plays a crucial role in melanoma growth and that GSPs act as an inhibitor of miR-106b thereby blocking melanoma growth in vitro and in vivo models.
Linguistic intuitions are the result of interactions between perceptual processes and linguistic universals

We found a direct relationship between variation in informants' grammaticality intuitions about pronoun coreference and variation in the same informants' use of a clause segmentation strategy during sentence perception. It has been proproposed that ‘c-command’, a structural principle defined in terms of constituent dominance relations, constrains within-sentence coreference between pronouns and noun antecedents. The relative height of the pronoun and the noun in the phrase structure hierarchy determines whether the c-command constraint blocks coreference: Coreference is allowed only when the complement structure containing the noun is attached higher than the pronoun. We collected informants' judgments on pronoun-noun coreference in which the noun antecedent was contained in a complement structure dominated by either the Sentence-node (S-node) (higher than the pronoun) or the Verb-phrase-node (VP-node) (not higher than the pronoun). We also assessed each informant's perceptual clause-closure tendency using an auditory word-monitor paradigm. Informants who strongly segmented clauses in the perceptual task did not differentiate between an S- and VP-attachment of sentence complements, as revealed in their coreference judgments, but rather appeared to attach all sentence complements to the S-node. Informants with relatively weak perceptual segmentation differentiated their coreference judgments according to the node attachment of the complement structure. These results indicate that the linguistic universal controlling within-sentence coreference applies to the perceptually available structure for a sequence, not to its pure linguistic structure. Hence, linguistic intuitions result from the interaction of three independent faculties: language-specific knowledge, perceptual processes, and linguistic universals.
Towards the Holodeck: building emotional virtual humans for training

I describe a collaborative effort between members of the entertainment and research communities to advance the state of immersive training technology. Pulling together Hollywood's expertise in story, visual effects and production, with expertise in graphics, gaming, artificial intelligence, linguistics, cognitive science, and audio processing, a group of researchers, storytellers and graphic artists is trying to approximate the Holodeck (the ultimate training and entertainment device of the 24th century, as popularized by the TV series Star Trek).
Congruence between Citizens and Policymakers in Two Visions of Liberal Democracy

This paper explores two quite different visions of the democratic processes that can create congruence between citizen preferences and public policies. In the Majority Control vision, electoral competition and citizen choices result in the direct election of governments committed to policies corresponding to the preferences of the median voter. In the Proportionate Influence vision, election outcomes result in legislatures that reflect the preferences of all citizens; legislative bargaining results in policies linked to the position of the median voter. The authors give more explicit theoretical form to those visions and link them empirically to specific types of modern democracies. They then attempt to test the success of each vision in bringing about congruence between citizen self-placements and the estimated positions of governments and policymaker coalitions on the left-right scale in twelve nations in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Although the analysis reveals weaknesses in each approach, it suggests a consistent advantage for the Proportionate Influence vision.
A 90-year-old patient presenting with postoperative hypotension and a new murmur: a case report

Introduction: Hospitalists are frequently consulted on postoperative patients with hypotension. Postoperative hypotension is common and can be due to variety of causes. Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve leading to left ventricular outflow tract obstruction is a rare cause of postoperative hypotension and can occur without prior structural heart disease. A high index of suspicion can lead to early recognition of this unique condition. Case presentation: A 90-year-old Caucasian woman with no known structural heart abnormality was admitted to the intensive care unit with hypotension after a left hip arthroplasty revision. A transthoracic echocardiogram revealed systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve and dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction as the likely cause of her hypotension. Our patient was treated with fluid resuscitation and phenylephrine with improvement in blood pressure. A repeat echocardiogram on postoperative day 5 showed resolution of the left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Intraoperative vasodilatation and volume loss that caused underfilling of the left ventricle likely led to dynamic outflow tract obstruction in our patient. Conclusions: Hospitalists should be aware of systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve as a rare peri-operative complication in patients with or without underlying cardiac pathology as it is treated differently than other causes of peri-operative hypotension. Clinical suspicion, early recognition, and prompt treatment can improve clinical outcomes in these patients.
Correlates of D-dimer in older persons.

Background and aims: D-dimer is a marker of active fibrinolysis. Understanding how age-related factors affect D-dimer levels may help the interpretation of high D-dimer levels in older individuals. Methods: 776 Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging (BLSA) participants (mean age 68.4±13.9 yrs) were divided into three groups according to baseline D-dimer levels >200 ng/mL; 100–200 ng/mL and <100 ng/mL. Results: D-dimer level increased with age (p<0.0001). Using polychotomous logistic regression models, we found that age, cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, hemoglobin and body mass index were independently associated with D-dimer level. Conclusions: Rising levels of D-dimer with age can be explained in part by the high prevalence of pro-inflammatory conditions and increasing burden of lipid abnormalities, anemia and obesity. These factors compromise the specificity of D-dimer levels as a diagnostic aid to thrombosis in older individuals.
Effects of an aquatic fitness program on the muscular strength and endurance of patients with multiple sclerosis.

This study quantified the effects of an aquatic exercise program on muscular strength, endurance, work, and power of patients with multiple sclerosis. Ten individuals with a mean age of 40 years participated in a 10-week aquatic exercise program. Two types of isokinetic dynamometers were used to assess the muscular variables studied. A Cybex II dynamometer was used to measure peak torque, work, and fatigue in the knee flexor and extensor muscles and a biokinetic swim bench was used to measure muscular force, work, fatigue, and power in the upper extremities. Five velocity settings were selected for each of three testing trials (pretrial, midtrial, and posttrial). For the lower extremities, analysis of variance indicated a significant improvement of peak torque for knee extensor muscles from the pretrial to midtrial (p less than .05). Peak torque values from pretrial to midtrial for knee flexors and from midtrial to posttrial for both the knee extensor and flexor muscles indicated a nonsignificant difference at each velocity studied. Fatigue and work values in the lower extremities improved significantly between the pretrial and posttrial (p less than .05). For the upper extremities, an analysis of variance indicated a significant increase in all force measurements from pretrial to posttrial (p less than .05). Power and total work values also improved significantly (p less than .05). No significant difference in fatigue measurements for the upper extremities was found. The results of this investigation indicated that an aquatic exercise program may induce positive changes in muscular strength, fatigue, work, and power in patients with multiple sclerosis.
A new view of the LHB and 1/4 keV X-ray halo

The X-ray sky at 1/4 keV is completely dominated by diffuse emission. It has become clear that it originates as at least three separate components: local emission within the nearest ≈ 100 pc from the Sun, halo emission from beyond most of the neutral material of the Galactic disk, and the superposition of unresolved extragalactic sources. The only way to determine the temperatures and relative emission measures of the hot plasma responsible for the Galactic components is to use the X-ray intensity variations due to column density variations in the intervening H1 to separate the components. “Shadowing” studies have been pursued for individual objects using ROSAT data from both pointed observations and the all-sky survey with considerable success.
The Surface-Layer Heat Balance in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean. Part I: Mean Seasonal Cycle*

Abstract The surface-layer heat balance in the equatorial Pacific is examined in order to determine the processes responsible for the mean seasonal cycle of sea surface temperature (SST). Principal datasets include multiyear time series of surface winds, upper-ocean temperature, and velocity obtained from Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) buoy array at four locations along the equator in the western (165°E), central (170°W), and eastern (140° and 110°W) Pacific. A blended satellite–in situ SST product and climatological surface heat fluxes based on the Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set are also used. Changes in heat storage, horizontal heat advection, and heat fluxes at the surface are estimated directly from data; vertical fluxes of heat out of the base of the mixed layer are calculated as a residual. Results indicate that, of the terms that can be directly estimated, the net surface heat flux is generally the largest term in heat balance. Zonal heat advection is important at all locations and is gen...
Full-time dental faculty perceptions of satisfaction with the academic work environment.

A significant factor in a faculty member’s accepting or maintaining an academic appointment is the work environment. Assessing the work environment to identify characteristics that could increase faculty retention and recruitment could be valuable to an educational institution. This study assessed the academic dental work environment to identify positive and negative areas affecting career satisfaction. An online survey about departmental structure and individual work patterns was sent to the deans of fifty-two U.S. dental schools who then forwarded the survey to their faculty. Thirty-eight institutions (73 percent) and 451 full-time faculty members from those thirty-eight schools responded. Most dental faculty members in this survey intend to remain in academia for the next five to eight years. Slightly fewer male faculty members intend to remain in dental education for five to eight years than do female faculty members. Positive satisfaction aspects of the work environment listed by respondents included supportive chair/administration, working relationships with colleagues, and interactions with students. Negative satisfaction aspects of the work environment included low salary, long hours, and heavy workloads. Both positive aspects of job satisfaction and negative factors that impede productivity need to be analyzed within the framework of each institution to enact change for career enrichment, leading to increased faculty recruitment and retention.
State-of-the-art education in emergency ultrasound

There are many ways to learn emergency ultrasound, and now advances in technology can potentially allow emergency ultrasound to be learned more efficiently. The traditional method of learning emergency ultrasound was through direct mentorship, published hardcopy textbooks, and short educational courses. This is a completely valid approach, but it is one that does not work for many, and it can possibly be improved. Technology has allowed those without access to some of the above to learn, and even those who do have access will benefit from newer methods, which include electronic education such as podcasts, blogs, apps, and other Free Open Access Medical Education (FOAMED). Generally these resources are regularly updated in real time without the publication delays inherent in older media, and they are peer reviewed by thousands of individuals who can comment and discuss in real time. They can be combined with simulation and online mentoring for a much richer blended educational experience that is offered by technology. There is a fair amount of evidence showing how this combination of methods and newer technology can be leveraged to improve the educational experience. The right combination of methods will depend on the learner. The good news is that there are many options and there has never been a better time to learn emergency ultrasound regardless of the geographical location, access, or specific situation of the learner.
Differential distribution of octocorals and scleractinians around St. John and St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands

While the decline in cover of scleractinian corals on Caribbean reefs is well known, little attention has been paid to other taxa that might covary in abundance. This study focused on octocorals around St. John and St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands, in order to: (1) describe variation in octocoral communities, (2) test for similarity in distribution of octocorals and scleractinians, and (3) identify factors associated with the distribution of octocorals that have value in understanding how reefs will change in the future. Photoquadrats recorded in 2011 on north and south shores were used to quantify octocoral and scleractinian abundance with generic resolution. MDS and PERMANOVA revealed clearer community variation relative to the spatial scales of investigation for octocorals compared to scleractinians. Multivariate spatial structuring for octocorals differed from that of scleractinians, suggesting the taxa responded in dissimilar ways to the environmental conditions. PCO supported the differences in the structuring of community types and revealed the roles of octocorals (Eunicea, Briareum, Plexaurella, Muriceopsis, Pterogorgia, and Muricea) in distinguishing among islands, shores, and sites; scleractinians (Porites, Colpophyllia, Siderastrea, and Orbicella) distinguished sites. These results suggest that changes in the community structure of Caribbean reefs favoring octocorals may promote local-scale provincialization.
Control as a Dimension of Public-Space Quality

Public-space quality is attracting considerable attention. The number of new spaces has greatly expanded. At the same time, people are using existing and new public spaces in increasing numbers. As a result, the relationship of public spaces such as parks, plazas, and streets to the quality of urban life has attracted intense interest on the part of public officials, researchers, designers, and cit izens (Hiss, 1987; Levine, 1984).
Part-Time Farming Near Industrial Areas

The part-time farmer is by no means a product of the twentieth century. I think that we would be safe in saying that parttime farming is as old as civilization itself. We do know that history is replete with the examples of people who obtained a portion of their income from the farm and a portion from some other occupation. Although the part-time farming movement has been in progress for some time, it became especially significant immediately following the World War. The greatest growth in the movement has taken place since 1930. In fact, more than a third of the families interviewed in the Cornell studies of part-time farming moved from the city to the country during the last three years. Why has this movement gained such widespread popularity during recent years ? Back in the days of the horse and buggy, the dirt road, and the long working hours in the factory it was practically impossible for the man who worked in the city to live in the country. The coming of the hard-surface road, the automobile and other cheap methods of transportation, the shorter working day, and the shorter work week in the factory, together with some tendency toward the decentralization of industry in some areas have all contributed to make this, what we often term the "newback-to-the-land movement," a desirable one politically, socially and economically. Thousands of our people in the industrial states have found it economical, convenient and desirable to live in the country and drive back and forth to their jobs in the city. Our interest in the part-time farming movement in New York State began when we started our intensive work in land utilization. We found that considerable areas near our industrial centers were devoted to country homes and part-time farms. Some facts on the situation were needed, and so we began our studies of this development in the summr of 1932. A total of 725 records were obtained in six different counties during 1932 and 1933. The Di-
Adjusting for observational secondary treatments in estimating the effects of randomized treatments

In randomized clinical trials, for example, on cancer patients, it is not uncommon that patients may voluntarily initiate a secondary treatment postrandomization, which needs to be properly adjusted for in estimating the "true" effects of randomized treatments. As an alternative to the approach based on a marginal structural Cox model (MSCM) in Zhang and Wang [(2012). Estimating treatment effects from a randomized trial in the presence of a secondary treatment. Biostatistics 13, 625-636], we propose methods that treat the time to start a secondary treatment as a dependent censoring process, which is handled separately from the usual censoring such as the loss to follow-up. Two estimators are proposed, both based on the idea of inversely weighting by the probability of having not started a secondary treatment yet. The second estimator focuses on improving efficiency of inference by a robust covariate-adjustment that does not require any additional assumptions. The proposed methods are evaluated and compared with the MSCM-based method in terms of bias and variance tradeoff using simulations and application to a cancer clinical trial.
A Reply to Weinberg and Weiss

Weinberg and Weiss observe that the coefficients of the lagged dependent variable in Clarke's survey are similar regardless of data interval. In this note Clarke demonstrates that the similarity of...
Hamilton Circuits of Convex Trivalent Polyhedra (Up to 18 Vertices)

(1967). Hamilton Circuits of Convex Trivalent Polyhedra (Up to 18 Vertices) The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 74, No. 5, pp. 522-527.
Aerodynamic Noise Prediction for a Rod-Airfoil Configuration using Large Eddy Simulations

Aerodynamic noise produced by aerodynamic interaction between a cylinder (rod) and an airfoil in tandem arrangement is investigated using large eddy simulations. Wake from the rod convects with the flow, impinges of the airfoil to produce unsteady force which acts as a sound source. This rod-airfoil interaction problem is a model problem for noise generation due to inflow or upstream-generated turbulence interacting with a turbomachine bladerow or a wind turbine rotor. The OpenFoam and Charles (developed by Cascade Technologies) solvers are chosen to carry out the numerical simulations. The airfoil is set at zero angle of attack for the simulations. The flow conditions are specified by the Reynolds number (based on the rod diameter), Red = 48 K, and the flow Mach number, M = 0.2. Comparisons with measured data are made for (a) mean and root-mean-squared velocity profiles in the rod and airfoil wakes, (b) velocity spectra in the near field, and (c) far-field pressure spectra and directivity. Near-field flow data (onand off-surface) is used with the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) acoustic analogy as well as Amiet’s theory to predict far-field sound.
Definition of an Entomologist

An entomologist is a person who is properly versed in the science called Entomology which is the study of insects and other classes of the phylum Arthropoda in some or all of their activities or attributes.
Children's dental health: overview for the physician.

Dental problems are the most common health problem affecting children. The primary care physician can prevent the physical, psychosocial, and economic consequences of caries, periodontitis, malocclusion, and trauma by appropriate assessment, education, and referral of children to the dentist.
A 10-year retrospective review of pediatric lung abscesses from a single center.

Introduction: Pediatric lung abscesses can be primary or secondary, and there is limited data regarding response to treatments and patient outcomes. Objectives: To assess the clinical and microbiologic profile of pediatric patients with lung abscess and assess the differences in outcomes for patients treated with medical therapy or medical plus surgical therapy. Methods: A retrospective review of all pediatric patients ≤ 18 years of age that were treated as an inpatient for lung abscess between the dates of August 2004 and August 2014 was conducted. Patients were divided into two subgroups based on the need for surgical intervention. Results: A total of 39 patients with lung abscess (30 treated with medical therapy alone, 9 also required surgical interventions) were included. Fever, cough, and emesis were the most common presenting symptoms, and most of the patients had underlying respiratory (31%) or neurologic disorders (15%). Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism in those that had culture results available, and ceftriaxone with clindamycin was the most common combination of antibiotics used for treatment. Comparison of medical and surgical subgroups identified the duration of fever and abscess size as risk factors for surgical intervention. Conclusions: Pediatric lung abscesses can be managed with medical therapy alone in most cases. Presence of prolonged duration of fever and larger abscess size may be predictive of the need for surgical intervention. Good clinical response to prolonged therapy with ceftriaxone and clindamycin was noted.