cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transport Scaling Studies for EBT Reactor

Transport simulation and modeling studies for the ELMO bumpy Torus (EBT) reactor are carried out by using 0-D and 1-1/2-D transport calculations. The time-dependent 0-D model is used for global analysis whereas the 1-1/2-D radial transport code is used for accurate determination of density, temperature, and ambipolar potential profiles and of the role of these profiles in reactor plasma performance. Analysis with the 1-1/2-D transport code shows that profile effects near the outer edge of the hot electron ring lead to enhanced confinement by a least a factor of 2 to 5 beyond the simple scaling that is obtained from the global analysis. The radial profiles of core plasma density and temperatures (or core pressure) obtained from 1-1/2-D transport calculations are found to be similar to those theoretically required for stability.
Ochratoxin A and Human Health Risk: A Review of the Evidence

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by several fungal species including Aspergillus ochraceus, A. carbonarius, A. niger, and Penicillium verrucosum. OTA causes nephrotoxicity and renal tumors in a variety of animal species; however, human health effects are less well-characterized. Various studies have linked OTA exposure with the human diseases Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) and chronic interstitial nephropathy (CIN), as well as other renal diseases. This study reviews the epidemiological literature on OTA exposure and adverse health effects in different populations worldwide, and assesses the potential human health risks of OTA exposure. Epidemiological studies identified in a systematic review were used to calculate unadjusted odds ratios for OTA associated with various health endpoints. With one exception, there appears to be no statistically significant evidence for human health risks associated with OTA exposure. One Egyptian study showed a significantly higher risk of nephritic syndrome in those with very high urinary OTA levels compared with relatively unexposed individuals; however, other potential risk factors were not controlled for in the study. Larger cohort or case-control studies are needed in the future to better establish potential OTA-related human health effects, and further duplicate-diet studies are needed to validate biomarkers of OTA exposure in humans.
Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is the most prevalent peripheral neuropathy in the Western world. It has been reported to affect nearly 50% of people with diabetes (1,2). It is responsible for a significant proportion of the mortality and morbidity that accompany diabetes and ranks third in lifetime expenditures associated with diabetic complications (3). Diabetic peripheral neuropathy was until recently thought to be a late complication of diabetes; however, there is growing evidence that neuropathy may be associated with glucose intolerance and may even be the presenting symptom of diabetes (4, 5, 6). Diabetes affects the peripheral nervous system in at least four distinctive patterns (see Table 1). Chronic, distal sensory-motor polyneuropathy, referred to as diabetic neuropathy, is the most common. However, there are acute forms of diabetic neuropathy and various focal syndromes.
Evaluation of a BED-SIDE platelet function assay: performance and clinical utility.

Platelets have a pivotal role in the initial defense against insult to the vasculature and are also recognized of critical importance in the acute care settings of percutaneous coronary intervention and cardiopulmonary bypass. In these environments both platelet count and function may be markedly compromised. Unfortunately, current assays to evaluate the parameters of platelet count and function are of limited utility for bed-side testing. Moreover, it is suggested that there may be significant inter patient variation in response to antiplatelet therapy that may be exacerbated by other agents (e.g. heparin) that are routinely administered during cardiac intervention. Here we describe a practical, rapid and user-friendly whole blood platelet function assay that has been developed for use in bed-side settings. Platelet agonists were formulated with an anticoagulant and lyophilized in blood collection tubes standardised to receive a l mL fresh whole blood sample. In the presence of an agonist, platelets are activated and interact (aggregate). Using traditional cell counting principles, non-aggregated platelets are counted whereas aggregated platelets are not. The percentage (%) of functional platelets in reference to a baseline tube may then be determined. Results are available within four minutes. Platelet aggregation in whole blood demonstrated good correlation with turbidometric aggregometry for both ADP (r=0.91) and collagen (r=0.88). Moreover, in clinical settings where antiplatelet agents were administered, this rapid, bed-side, platelet function assay demonstrated utility in monitoring patient response to these therapies. This novel bed-side assay of platelet function is extremely suitable for the clinical environment with a rapid turn-around time. In addition, it provides a full haematology profile, including platelet count, and should permit enhancement of transfusion and interventional decisions.
Quantifying error in dynamic power estimation of CMOS circuits

Conventional power estimation techniques are prone to many sources of error. With increasing dominance of coupling capacitances, capacitive coupling potentially contributes significantly to UDSM power consumption. We analyze potential sources of inaccuracy in power estimation, focusing on those due to coupling. Our results suggest that traditional power estimates can be off by as much as 50%.
Filtering of nonlinear chaotic time-series with noise

It has been observed that when filtering chaotic time series using a linear infinite impulse response filter, the Lyapunov dimension can become dependent on the contraction rates associated with filter dynamics. In this paper we obtain necessary and sufficient conditions which guarantee that the Lyapunov dimension remains unchanged in the presence of external disturbances that act on the filter. These conditions apply to a certain class of noise sequences, and ensure that the Lyapunov dimension of the attractor in the extended state space, consisting of the chaotic system, filter and noise, is the same as the dimension of the attractor in the chaotic system.
The Self‐Assembly of a Predesigned Tetrahedral M4L6 Supramolecular Cluster

A remarkable selectivity on the basis of size is observed for the encapsulation of Et4N+ in the presence of Me4N+ and Pr4N+ by a predesigned [Ga4L6]12− homochiral tetrahedral cluster (L=bis-bidentate ligand). Immediate and quantitative stepwise replacement of R4N+ counterions in the cluster cavity is observed by 1H NMR spectroscopy (see below). The encapsulation of Et4N+ is also observed in the solid state.
Vorticity Transport on a Lagrangian Tetrahedral Mesh

An integral vorticity method for computation of incompressible, three-dimensional, viscous fluid flows is introduced which is based on a tetrahedral mesh that is fit to Lagrangian computational points. A fast method for approximation of Biot?Savart type integrals over the tetrahedral elements is introduced, which uses an analytical expression for the nearest few elements, Gaussian quadratures for moderately distant elements, and a multipole expansion acceleration procedure for distant elements. Differentiation is performed using a moving least-squares procedure, which maintains between first- and second-order accuracy for irregularly spaced points. The moving least-squares method is used to approximate the stretching and diffusion terms in the vorticity transport equation at each Lagrangian computational point. A new algorithm for the vorticity boundary condition on the surface of an immersed rigid body is developed that accounts for the effect of boundary vorticity values both on the total vorticity contained within tetrahedra attached to boundary points and on vorticity diffusion from the surface during the time step. Sample computations are presented for uniform flow past a sphere at Reynolds number 100, as well as computations for validation of specific algorithms.
3D structure analysis of PAKs A clue to the rational design for affinity reagents and blockers

The p21-activated kinase (PAK) family plays a versatile role in cell signaling by forming a hub of interactions. PAKs bind the GTPases like RAC and CDC42. Their proline-rich motifs bind SH3 adaptor proteins such as PIX and NCK. PAKs display nuclear localization signal sites and a potential Integrin binding site. No fully complete structure of the PAKs has been published; partial 3D structures of the PAK family kinases include portions of the auto-inhibited PAK1, GTPase bound to small peptides from PAKs, and the kinase domains from PAK1 and PAK4-6 (with small ligands in a few cases). This review focuses on exploring the intermolecular interaction regions in these 3D structures and we offer insights on the missing regions in crystal structure of the auto-inhibited PAK1. Understanding and modulation of PAK intermolecular interactions can pave the way for PAK blockers and biosensors.
Thermal Isomerizations of 1,1-Dimethyl-2,2-d2-cyclopropane

The gas-phase thermal isomerization of 1,1-dimethylcyclopropane at 420 °C gives 3-methyl-1-butene and 2-methyl-2-butene. The mixture of products formed from 1,1-dimethyl-2,2-d2-cyclopropane is consistent with conventional rationales; neither tert-butylcarbene nor isobutylcarbene is involved as a mechanistically significant intermediate. Both kinetic and deuterium labeling evidence suggests that heterogeneous wall-catalyzed processes afford secondary products, including 2-methyl-1-butene.
Quantitative trait locus for body weight identified on rat chromosome 4 in inbred alcohol-preferring and -nonpreferring rats: potential implications for neuropeptide Y and corticotrophin releasing hormone 2.

The alcohol-preferring (P) and -nonpreferring (NP) rat lines were developed using bidirectional selective breeding for alcohol consumption (g/kg/day) and alcohol preference (water:ethanol ratio). During a preliminary study, we detected a difference in body weight between inbred P (iP) and inbred NP (iNP) rats that appeared to be associated with the transfer of the Chromosome 4 quantitative trait locus (QTL) seen in the P.NP and NP.P congenic strains. After the initial confirmation that iP rats displayed lower body weight when compared to iNP rats (data not shown), body weight and growth rates of each chromosome 4 reciprocal congenic rat strain (P.NP and NP.P) were measured, and their body weight was consistent with their respective donor strain phenotype, confirming that a quantitative trait locus for body weight mapped to the chromosome 4 interval. Utilizing the newly developed interval-specific congenic strains (ISCS-A and ISCS-B), the QTL interval was further narrowed identifying the following candidate genes of interest: neuropeptide Y (Npy), juxtaposed with another zinc finger gene 1 (Jazf1), corticotrophin releasing factor receptor 2 (Crfr2) and LanC lantibiotic synthetase component C-like 2 (Lancl2). These findings indicate that a biologically active variant(s) regulates body weight on rat chromosome 4 in iP and iNP rats. This QTL for body weight was successfully captured in the P.NP and NP.P congenic strains, and interval-specific congenic strains (ISCSs) were subsequently employed to fine-map the QTL interval identifying the following candidate genes of interest: Npy, Jazf1, Crfr2 and Lancl2. Both Npy and Crfr2 have been previously identified as candidate genes of interest underlying the chromosome 4 QTL for alcohol consumption in iP and iNP rats.
Pincushion correction techniques and their effects on calculated 3D positions and imaging geometries

Two techniques for pincushion correction are evaluated based on their effect on calculation of the image geometry and 3D positions of object points. Images of a uniform wire mesh and a calibration phantom containing lead beads in its surface were acquired on the image intensifier TV systems in our catheterization labs. The radial mapping functions relating points in the original images and in the corrected images were determined using the mesh image. The undistorted mesh model was also used to determine and correct the distortions locally, i.e., for each square region between the mesh points. Thus, two corrected images were obtained. Images of the calibration phantom before and after correction were analyzed to determine the 3D position of the lead beads and the imaging geometry, using a calibration algorithm and the enhanced Metz-Fencil technique. In comparing the 3D positions calculated from the radially corrected and locally corrected images, the calculated 3D positions using the calibration technique vary by less than 0.6 mm in the x and y direction and less than 5.0 mm in the z direction. The uncorrected data yields differences of over 1 cm in the z direction. The 3D positions calculated using the enhanced Metz-Fencil technique appear to be more accurate when pincushion correction is applied.
LOWER HYBRID WAVES GENERATED IN THE WAKE OF THE GALILEO SPACECRAFT

Abstract During the first Earth flyby of the Galileo spacecraft, which occurred on December 8, 1990, spin modulated bursts of broadband electrostatic noise were observed with an intensification near the local lower hybrid frequency. These bursts occurred while the spacecraft was passing through the plasmasphere, where both the plasma density and the magnetic field strength are relatively high. By analyzing the spin modulation, which consisted of one burst per spacecraft rotation, it is shown that the waves are generated in the spacecraft wake. As a possible explanation for the observations, it is suggested that plasma density gradients in the wake could produce the waves via the electrostatic lower-hybrid-drift instability (LHDI). Numerical solutions of the dispersion relation show that strong wave growth occurs over a broad frequency range, with a peak growth rate near the lower hybrid resonance frequency. The numerical analysis also demonstrates that the LHDI occurs over a wide range of plasma parameters, including those that are believed to exist in the wake. These results also suggest that lower hybrid waves previously believed by other researchers to be of natural origin may in fact have been generated in spacecraft wakes via the LHDI or other wake-related mechanism.
Promise of, Problems with, and Potential Refinement of the “Extremely Short Form of the CBQ”: A Comment on Sleddens, et al. (2012)

Summary The extremely short (one item, three response options) temperament scale introduced by Sleddens, Hughes, O'Connor, Beltran, Baranowski, Nicklas, et al. (2012) is a valuable contribution that can be useful for future research and applications of temperament. Requiring parents to classify children as high on Effortful Control, Negative Affectivity, or Surgency/Extraversion, however, is counter to the dimensional approach through which these temperament factors were derived. This inappropriate imposition of a typology leads to a degree of imprecision in measurement that may have substantial practical implications. It is recommended that, instead, children be rated on each of these three dimensions. Alternatively, a single-item approach should include choices between groups identified through person-based analyses.
Rupture process and energy budget of the 29 July 2008 Mw 5.4 Chino Hills, California, earthquake

The source model of the 2008 M_w 5.4 Chino Hills, California, earthquake is constrained using near-field seismic body waves recorded by the California Integrated Seismic Network (CISN). Finite fault inversions are preformed for the two fault models based on the nodal planes derived from the CISN moment tensor solution. The northeast dipping plane (strike = 289°; dip = 62°), which has a similar strike as the nearby Whittier fault, is chosen as the causative fault because it fits the data significantly better. Our inversion result indicates that the majority of the Chino Hills earthquake rupture occurred in a compact area. In particular, 48% of the total seismic moment (1.6 × 10^(17) Nm) was released by the failure of a 1.8 km^2 asperity located east of the hypocenter in a short time window from 0.4 to 0.8 s after the rupture initiation. The average slip is approximately 0.5 m but the maximum slip is 1.8 m. The average rupture velocity is 1.9 km/s. The static stress drop calculated using the slip model is up to 80 MPa and the average stress drop changes from 19 to 38 MPa, depending on the average schemes. The weighted average slip velocity is 6.5 m/s for entire rupture and is 11 m/s for the east asperity. The inferred available energy and radiated energy are 8 × 10^13 J and 2.5 × 10^13 J, respectively. Radiation efficiency is then 0.31, which is moderately low compared with previous earthquakes but consistent with the inferred high average fracture energy density, ranging from 6.5 to 14.8 MJ/m^2.
Behavior of immunosympathectomized mice in a nondiscriminated avoidance task

Abstract Previous research had shown that Webster Swiss mice that were immunosympathectomized by means of nerve-growth factor antiserum were poorer than controls in learning shock-avoidance in a runway but did not differ from controls in a shuttle-box. In the present experiment, they were tested in nondiscriminated avoidance in which both the shock-shock and response-shock intervals were 20 sec. The response was lever-pressing. Compared to injected and uninjected controls, the experimental mice made fewer intershock responses and received more shocks. It is suggested that their similarity to the control group in the shuttle-box experiment reflected poor performance of the controls in that task so that it was difficult for the experimental group to perform worse, and that immunosympathectomy is associated with a deficit in avoidance behavior.
Recombinant factor VIIa in the management of a pseudotumour in acquired haemophilia.

Bleeding in nonhaemophilic patients with high-titre factor VIII autoantibodies is often severe, life-threatening and refractory to treatment with factor VIII concentrates. In this report, we describe an elderly woman who required surgical excision of a large haemophilic pseudotumour adjacent to the left gluteal muscle. The Bethesda titre of 11 U precluded treatment with human factor VIII, and the patient had an anaphylactic reaction to porcine factor VIII. However, haemostasis was successfully achieved with recombinant factor VIIa and the pseudotumour was removed. The patient was treated with repeated cycles of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone. The Bethesda titre eventually declined to 0.7 U and the factor VIII rose to 20%. During an 18-month follow-up period there has been no recurrence of bleeding or of the pseudotumour.
Plasma oscillations of electron gases

A unifying concept, that of the frequency- and wave number-dependent longitudinal dielectric constant epsilon (k, omega ), is described which offers a simple way to tie together the theoretical approaches to the electron gas and to describe the plasma oscillations. When epsilon (k, omega ) = 0, it permits the existence of an oscillatory mode with an associated build-up of charge density and electric field potential. The properties of plasmons (quantized plasma waves) were also investigated using the random phase approximation approach. Experimental evidence of plasmons as a well-defined excitation mode in electron systems, which comes from characteristic energy loss experiments in solids, is reviewed. (M.C.G.)
Tolerance to sulfur dioxide-induced bronchoconstriction in subjects with asthma

A study to determine whether the bronchoconstriction induced by low concentration of sulfur dioxide in subjects with asthma decreases with repeated exposure was undertaken. Eight subjects with asthma performed 3 min of voluntary eucapnic hyperpnea with 0.5 ppm of SO2 in humidified filtered air three times at 30-min intervals and we measured specific airway resistance (SRaw) before and after each period of hyperpnea. Specific airway resistance increased significantly more after the first exposure to SO2 [(from 7.6 +/- 1.7 to 15.5 +/- 2.0 L x cm H2O/liter/sec (mean +/- SEM)] than after the second (from 8.1 +/- 1.3 to 10.8 +/- 1.6) or third (from 7.6 +/- 1.6 to 10.1 +/- 1.9) exposures (P less than 0.025). When seven subjects repeated hyperpnea with SO2 24 hr and 7 days later, SRaw increased as much as it had after the first exposure (from 8.2 +/- 2.5 to 15.5 +/- 4.5 at 24 hr and from 6.6 +/- 1.4 to 15.4 +/- 2.1 at 7 days). In four subjects repeated exposure to SO2 caused short-term inhibition of the bronchomotor response to SO2 but did not inhibit the bronchomotor response to histamine aerosol. It was concluded that repeated exposures to a low concentration of SO2 over a short period (on 1 day) can induce tolerance to the bronchomotor effects of SO2 in subjects with asthma. Tolerance to the bronchomotor effects of SO2 is not caused by decreased responsiveness of airway smooth muscle or a generalized decrease in the responsiveness of vagal reflex pathways since the bronchomotor response to histamine is preserved.
Opto-ultrasonic system for generation of ultrasound and optical detection

In this work, we examine a system that exploits the photoacoustic effect to act as an ultrasonic pulse generator and an optical detector. At the core of the system are a solid substrate and an optical absorber. To test the performance as an ultrasonic generator, several substrate- absorber (SA) combinations are examined. The pulses generated by these systems are evaluated based on their bi- directional symmetry and characteristics of their Fourier spectra. To demonstrate the use of the SA system as an optical detector, a linearity study was performed for one specific choice of substrate and absorber. These substrate- absorber systems exhibit a variety of behaviors and form a versatile set of tools for ultrasound, optical and hybrid use.
Modifications and additions to the ISO-DALT system for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis

Abstract Modifications of ISO-DALT devices that further enhance the efficiency and reproducibility of two-dimensional mapping of proteins are described. The principal changes in ISO system devices include the introduction of a gel casting trough with a removable panel to permit the removal of excess gel without introducing air into the electrofocusing gels and the introduction of an upper electrode compartment with a separate watertight septum for each eletrofocusing tube to permit tube removal for cleaning and replacement. The principal changes in DALT system devices include the use of modified powder funnels to introduce acrylamide solutions into the slab gel gradient former without aeration; the introduction of a flexible outlet system for the gradient former to facilitate the removal of air bubbles; the introduction of an inexpensive two-part mixing chamber to permit disassembly for cleaning; the use of split gel holders to eliminate deformation and breakage of electrofocusing gels during loading onto slab gels; the introduction of an inexpensive integrated slab gel casting/rotating apparatus; and the introduction of a simple, water-cooled slab gel electrophoresis apparatus to reduce the volume of running buffer used in electrophoresis.
Hippocampal commissural connections in the neonatal rat

Abstract The presence and specific connections of the hippocampal commissure were investigated in neonatal Sprague—Dawley rats. Unilateral hippocampal injections into specific subfields with rhodamine-labelled microspheres (RLM) were performed between 3 and 5 days of postnatal life. Retrograde transport of the RLM was allowed to proceed for 48 h following the injection, at which time brains were removed and prepared for histology. Frozen sections were cut at 30-μm intervals in the coronal plane and examined with fluorescence microscopy. All 5 brains which had an injection restricted to CA1 demonstrated contralateral retrograde transport to the homotopic CA1 subfield only, and all 5 brains with focal CA3 injections had contralateral homotopic CA3 labelling. Eight brains had injections involving more than one subfield; in 5 of these brains, the results were consistent with the CA3 to CA3 commissural projection demonstrated by the more restricted injections. However, 3 brains in which the injection involved CA1 as well as CA3, contralateral CA1 labelling was not found, most likely due to ‘missing’ the projection site in CA1. We conclude: (1) the hippocampal commissural projection exists in the early postnatal rat, (2) a CA3 to CA3 homotopic commissural projection exists, as it does in the adult, and (3) a CA1 to CA1 projection is present in the neonatal rat.
Capacitor clamped Multi-level Matrix converter

Multi-level matrix converter (MMC) is a three phase AC-AC converter that can synthesize three or more levels at the output voltage while maintaining desired input power factor. In this paper a new converter, Capacitor clamped Multi-level Matrix converter (CMMC) has been proposed as an addition to the MMC family. In comparison to conventional matrix converter, the CMMC offers an additional level at the output voltage. This leads to lower THD and voltage stress. This additional voltage is obtained by means of clamp capacitors which are maintained at half of input line to line voltages. An indirect space vector based modulation strategy is presented for generating desired output voltage at desired input power factor while balancing the clamp capacitor voltage at desired voltage level. The effectiveness of the proposed converter has been verified by means of numerical simulation.
Utility of Environmental Primers Targeting Ancient Enzymes: Methylotroph Detection in Lake Washington

Methods have been explored for detection of methylotrophs in natural samples, using environmental primers based on genes involved in the tetrahydromethanopterin (H4MPT)-linked C1 transfer pathway. The underlying hypotheses were that the H4MPT-linked pathway is an ancient methylotrophy pathway, based on gene divergence, and that primers targeting more divergent genes will detect a broader variety of methylotrophs compared to the variety uncovered using probes and primers targeting highly conserved genes. Three groups of novel primer sets were developed targeting mch, mtdB, and fae, key genes in the H4MPT-linked pathway, and these were used to assess the variety of microorganisms possessing these genes in sediments from Lake Washington in Seattle, WA. Environmental clone libraries were constructed for each of the genes and were analyzed by RFLP, and representatives of different RFLP groups were sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. A combination of all three sets of novel primers allowed detection of the two previously characterized groups of methylotrophs in the site: methanotrophs of the (α- and the o-proteobacterial groups, belonghg to genera Methylosinus, Methylocystis, Methylomonas, Methylobacter, Methylomicrobium, and Methylococcus. In addition to the genes belonging to known methanotroph populations, novel genes were identified, suggesting existence of previously undetected microbial groups possessing C1 transfer functions in this site. These included sequences clustering with the well-characterized methylotrophic phyla, Methylobacterium, Hyphomicrobium, and Xanthobacter. In addition, sequences divergent from those known for any groups of methylotrophs or methanogens were obtained, suggesting the presence of a yet unidentified microbial group possessing this H4MPT-linked C1 transfer pathway.
The "Horndal Effect" in Early U.S. Manufacturing*

* Previous drafts of this paper were presented to the Seminar on the Capitalist Enterprise, Harvard University, in February 1982, the Economic History Workshop, Harvard University, in April 1982, and the 23rd Annual Cliometrics Conference, University of Iowa, in May 1982. The final version was presented to the Labor Seminar at Harvard University in February 1984. Research assistance was provided by Mary Deery, Greg Frazier, Lindti Gray, Kathy Hanson, Robert Runcie, Wei Wong, and, especially, Eliot ReMefrimack Valley Textile Museum, the National Science Foundation under Grants SES 78-24671 and SES 83-09335, and the Svenska Handdlsbanken Foundation for Social Science Research.
A mathematical model for polymerization of isoprene with n‐butyllithium in hexane

Isoprene was polymerized in batch reactors by use of bottle polymerization techniques at 30°, 40°, and 50°C at concentrations from 1 to 5 molar. Butyllithium concentration was varied from 0.005 to 0.03 molar. Isoprene and n-butyllithium conversions and molecular weight distributions were determined for different reaction times. Rate equations for the initiation and propagation reactions are presented. The importance of the association reactions in obtaining a narrow molecular weight distribution is illustrated.
Towards solving the PPP puzzle: evidence from 113 countries

Several different approaches have been followed by researchers to test the validity of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). Since the introduction of the unit-root tests, researchers have applied a battery of these tests to determine whether the real exchange rates are stationary. If the answer is in the affirmative, PPP is validated. While application of the standard augmented Dickey–Fuller test has not provided much support for PPP, a test that incorporates nonlinearity in the rates has. Under both tests, however, the null of nonstationary is tested against the alternative of stationarity. In this article, when we switch the null with the alternative and apply Kwiatkowski et al. (1992) test, we provide relatively more support for the theory, getting closer and closer towards solving the PPP puzzle.
Yield effects of interactions between high polymer forming metal etch processes and postetch ash processes

ABSTRACT We have demonstrated a correlation between post-metal etch ashrate performance and yield on CMOS technology integrated circuit (IC) product wafers etched at metal etch with high polymer producing recipes. Thispaper will present details of high polymer forming metal etch processes and two novel techniques developed forquantifying the amount of polymer formed during etch. Data will be presented which illustrates a correlationbetween electrical test yield, post metal etch ashrates and the amount of polymer formed during the etch. Finally,recognizing that the metal etch recipe I ashrate correlation does not explain all forms of yield loss due to leakage,we suggest other areas for investigation.Keywords: metal etch, sidewall polymer, corrosion, post-etch ash, neutral oxide etch, Hexodes, leakage. 1. INTRODUCTION Just as a metal etch engineer must concentrate on the performance of his/her etch in the traditional sense- etch profile, etch rate and oxide loss, for example, it has become apparent that he or she must also concentrateon the more subtle interactions that exist within metal etch. One of the most insidious is the interaction betweenthe amount of polymer produced during the etch and the ashrate performance of the post metal etch ash.
The yeast non‐Mendelian factor [ETA+] is a variant of [PSI+], a prion‐like form of release factor eRF3

The yeast non-Mendelian factor [ETA+] is lethal in the presence of certain mutations in the SUP35 and SUP45 genes, which code for the translational release factors eRF3 and eRF1, respectively. One such mutation, sup35-2, is now shown to contain a UAG stop codon prior to the essential region of the gene. The non-Mendelian inheritance of [ETA+] is reminiscent of the yeast [PSI+] element, which is due to a self-propagating conformation of Sup35p. Here we show that [ETA+] and [PSI+] share many characteristics. Indeed, like [PSI+], the maintenance of [ETA+] requires the N-terminal region of Sup35p and depends on an appropriate level of the chaperone protein Hsp104. Moreover, [ETA+] can be induced de novo by excess Sup35p, and [ETA+] cells have a weak nonsense suppressor phenotype characteristic of weak [PSI+]. We conclude that [ETA+] is actually a weak, unstable variant of [PSI+]. We find that although some Sup35p aggregates in [ETA+] cells, more Sup35p remains soluble in [ETA+] cells than in isogenic strong [PSI+] cells. Our data suggest that the amount of soluble Sup35p determines the strength of translational nonsense suppression associated with different [PSI+] variants.
Statistical modelling of networked human-automation performance using working memory capacity.

This study examines the challenging problem of modelling the interaction between individual attentional limitations and decision-making performance in networked human-automation system tasks. Analysis of real experimental data from a task involving networked supervision of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles by human participants shows that both task load and network message quality affect performance, but that these effects are modulated by individual differences in working memory (WM) capacity. These insights were used to assess three statistical approaches for modelling and making predictions with real experimental networked supervisory performance data: classical linear regression, non-parametric Gaussian processes and probabilistic Bayesian networks. It is shown that each of these approaches can help designers of networked human-automated systems cope with various uncertainties in order to accommodate future users by linking expected operating conditions and performance from real experimental data to o...
Enantioselective acetylcholinesterase inhibition of the organophosphorous insecticides profenofos, fonofos, and crotoxyphos

A large number of organophosphorous insecticides (OPs) are chiral compounds, and yet enantioselectivity in their environmental fate and effects is rarely addressed. In the present study, we isolated individual enantiomers of three OPs, profenofos, fonofos, and crotoxyphos, and evaluated enantioselectivity in their inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Acetylcholinesterase inhibition by the enantiomers and racemates was determined in vivo in the aquatic invertebrate Daphnia magna and in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) as well as in vitro with electric eel (Electrophorus electricus) and human recombinant AChEs. The overall results showed variable sensitivity between AChE enzymes from different species as well as variable magnitude of enantioselectivity in enzyme inhibition. The (-)-enantiomer of profenofos was 4.3- to 8.5-fold more inhibitory to AChE in vivo, whereas (-)-fonofos was 2.3- to 29-fold more potent than the corresponding (+)-enantiomer. The (+)-enantiomer of crotoxyphos was 1.1- to 11-fold more inhibitory to AChE than the (-)-enantiomer. In contrast, the in vitro results showed (+)-profenofos to be 2.6- to 71.8-fold more inhibitory than the (-)-enantiomer and (-)-crotoxyphos to be 1.6- to 1.9-fold more active than the (+)-enantiomer. The reversed direction of enantioselectivity observed between the in vivo and in vitro assays suggests enantioselectivity within toxicodynamic processes such as uptake, biotransformation, or elimination. Findings from the present study provide evidence of enantioselectivity in the AChE inhibition of chiral OPs in nontarget organisms and indicate the need to consider enantiomers individually when assessing environmental risk of these chiral pesticides.
The effects of salicylic acid on the respiratory activity of mitochondria

Abstract Salicylic acid was found capable of uncoupling phosphorylation from the oxidation of β-hydroxybutyrate, glutamate and Fe ++ -cytochrome c at concentrations in the range of 10 −4 M . In an acceptor-free system it stimulated oxygen uptake and acetoacetate formation from β-hydroxybutyrate. It is also inhibitory to the phosphorylations accompanying K 3 Fe(CN) 6 reduction with both β-hydroxybutyrate and glutamate; oxidation of the latter substrate appears to be the more susceptible process. Salicylic acid influenced the following processes in a manner consistent with other known uncoupling agents: latent ATPase activity; 32 P i :ATP exchange; and mitochondrial swelling in hypotonic media. The data indicate that the compound is capable of an uncoupling activity qualitatively similar to that of DNP.
Allelopathic inhibition of competing phytoplankton by North American strains of the toxic dinoflagellate, Alexandrium fundyense: Evidence from field experiments, laboratory experiments, and bloom events

The role of allelopathy in bloom formation by the paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) dinoflagellate, Alexandrium fundyense, was examined using five strains isolated from across the latitudinal PSP-toxicity gradient found along the North American East Coast. We specifically present bi-algal laboratory experiments, field experiments using cultured A. fundyense and natural phytoplankton communities, and the temporal dynamics of plankton assemblages during A. fundyense blooms within Northport Bay, NY, USA. Culture experiments demonstrated that all Alexandrium strains (from NY, CT, ME, and Canada) were capable of inhibiting the growth of the cryptophyte, Rhodomonas salina, as well the diatoms, Thalassiosira pseudonana and Thalassiosira weissflogii. This allelopathic effect was density dependent for both donor and target species as well as strain specific with the NY strain having the largest allelopathic effect (up to 100% reduction) on R. salina, followed by the ME, Canadian and CT strains. During field experiments all five strains caused significant decreases in autotrophic nanoflagellate and diatom abundances and significant increases in dinoflagellate densities. Consistent with these experimental results, Alexandrium bloom events were accompanied by significant declines in autotrophic nanoflagellate and diatom populations. Finally, density dependent inhibition of another harmful alga, the pelagophyte Aureococcus anophagefferens, was observed when Alexandrium filtrate was administered to water from Quantuck Bay, NY, during a brown tide bloom. Collectively, these results suggest that allelopathic inhibition of competing phytoplankton promotes Alexandrium blooms in North America.
Modeling fatty acid delivery from intestinal fatty acid binding protein to a membrane

Intestinal fatty acid binding protein (IFABP) interacts with biological membranes and delivers fatty acid (FA) into them via a collisional mechanism. However, the membrane-bound structure of the protein and the pathway of FA transfer are not precisely known. We used molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with an implicit membrane model to determine the optimal orientation of apo- and holo-IFABP (bound with palmitate) on an anionic membrane. In this orientation, the helical portal region, delimited by the αII helix and the βC-βD and βE-βF turns, is oriented toward the membrane whereas the putative β-strand portal, delimited by the βB-βC, βF-βG, βH-βI turns and the N terminus, is exposed to solvent. Starting from the MD structure of holo-IFABP in the optimal orientation relative to the membrane, we examined the release of palmitate via both pathways. Although the domains can widen enough to allow the passage of palmitate, fatty acid release through the helical portal region incurs smaller conformational changes and a lower energetic cost.
Welfare generosity and location choices among new United States immigrants

Abstract This paper extends the limited research that investigates the determinants of location choices among new United States immigrants. Unlike previous work, this study employs data that includes country of birth, major categories of admission, and state of intended residence for each new immigrant. Additionally, due to censoring concerns in immigration data this study uses a Tobit estimation technique. The results suggest significant correlation between immigrant inflow and welfare generosity. Furthermore, the welfare motivation seems to be equally pervasive in every major category of admission among new immigrants.
Photon correlation spectroscopy applied to hydrometallurgical solvent extraction systems

Abstract Photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) was applied to hydrometallurgical solvent extraction systems to shed insight into the physicochemical nature of the very small (d⪆2 nm) metal-extractant aggregates which form in the organic phase. For the three extraction systems di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (HDEHP) /n-hexane/metal salt solutions of Ni2+, Zn2+ and Ca2+, it was found that the mean effective hydrodynamic radius and polydispersity index of the metal-extractant aggregates become larger and smaller, respectively, with an increase in the aqueous phase pH and the extractant concentration [HDEHP]. Histograms show the parallel effects of pH and [HDEHP] on the size distribution of the micellar aggregates. In addition, PCS measurements were performed on several reversed micellar systems including di(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOT)/isooctane/H2O and NaDEHP/benzene/H2O for comparison. It seems the model originally proposed by Eicke and co-workers [Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 79 (1975) 667] for the aggregation of surfactants in nonpolar solvents is applicable to these solvent extraction systems.
Formation of hexagonal AlN nanotowers and layered nanorods by direct nitridation of aluminum

Abstract Hexagonal AlN nanotowers and layered nanorods with a diameter of hundreds of nanometers and a length of several microns have been successfully synthesized by direct nitridation of aluminum and rice bran mixture compacts in a tube furnace up to 1250 °C under a flow of nitrogen without the addition of extra catalyst. The structure of the nano-AlN products was characterized by XRD and SEM. XRD pattern indicates that the conversion of Al into AlN is complete. The formation of the nanostructures is primarily due to the existence of rich trace elements in the rice bran. The importance of these trace elements and the formation of AlN nanotowers/nanorods have been discussed with the VLS/VS growth mechanisms. The unique morphology of the as-synthesized nanotowers could be useful for investigating fundamental physical phenomena and for fabricating nanodevices.
An alleged defect in Gettier counter-examples

(1974). An alleged defect in Gettier counter-examples. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 68-69.
Do 'auditory processing' tests measure auditory processing in the elderly?

Objective:To examine the associations between measures of auditory processing and measures of auditory or cognitive function in elderly listeners with impaired hearing.Design:Multiple measures of auditory processing, auditory function, and cognitive function were obtained and linear, multiple-regres
High mean relatedness among communally galling Tamalia aphids revealed by AFLP analysis

Cooperative or eusocial behavior occurs in gall- inducing insects, but the ecological and evolutionary con- texts for these behaviors vary in their details. Foundresses of the manzanita leaf-gall aphid, Tamalia coweni, regularly share galls. Because aphids undergo parthenogenesis, com- munal foundresses are potential clone mates. Under the kin selection hypothesis, a high level of relatedness is pre- dicted to lower genetically based conflict among females in a group and thereby favor communal gall occupation. We recorded the frequency of communal behavior in a popu- lation of T. coweni on its host plant, Arctostaphylos patula, and measured reproductive output in single- and multiple- occupant galls. Eleven percent of the 375 galls examined were communally occupied, with double-foundress galls the commonest class, up to a maximum of five foundresses within galls. Total productivity of communal galls (mea- sured by numbers of offspring per gall) was higher than for single-foundress galls on a per-gall basis, but lower per capita. We genotyped foundresses with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP)-PCR markers, to estimate relatedness among gall co-occupants and foundresses from randomly selected galls in the population. Analysis of genetic distance between communal foundresses revealed that relatedness among gall cohabitants was significantly higher, on average, than for foundresses drawn from the population at random (P \ 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (PAUP) of the AFLP profiles indicated that half the foundresses sharing galls were most closely related to their gall mates. Our results are consistent with kin selection theory, and suggest that communal gall occupation in this species may be interpreted as cooperative behavior.
Operation of Nafion®-based PEM fuel cells with no external humidification: influence of operating conditions and gas diffusion layers

Abstract Polarization tests were conducted on proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) at cell temperatures between 60 and 80 °C with various reactant humidification levels; varied from no external humidification to fully saturated on both the anode and the cathode. Elimination of cathode external humidification, while maintaining a fully humidified anode inlet, resulted in cell performance loss of only 5% or 33 mV (from 0.674 to 0.641 V) at 400 mA/cm 2 at an anode stoichiometry of 3 and a cathode stoichiometry of 4. When both the anode and the cathode humidification were removed (“dry operation”), cell performance strongly depended on the cell operating temperature and the inlet gas stoichiometric flow rates. High performance of non-humidified PEMFCs was demonstrated by optimizing the operating cell temperature and the inlet gas stoichiometric flow rates, to find a balance between cell “flooding”, oxygen mole fraction, and proton conductivity. Performance of a cell with an in-house cathode gas diffusion layer (GDL) showed a loss of only 4% or 29 mV (from 0.674 to 0.645 V) compared to the near-saturated condition, at 400 mA/cm 2 and optimum stoichiometry. Using a commercial E-TEK_V.2.11 carbon cloth cathode GDL showed significantly greater loss when operated with no external humidification at the same optimized condition. An overall system analysis suggested that at optimum stoichiometric flow rates and cell temperatures, with the in-house GDL, while the net power output might be reduced by at most 17% under dry operation the total required non-stack energy duty would be cut by over 46% when compared to operation with saturated inlet gases.