cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A BOLD Perspective on Age-Related Neurometabolic-Flow Coupling and Neural Efficiency Changes in Human Visual Cortex.

Age-related performance declines in visual tasks have been attributed to reductions in processing efficiency. The neural basis of these declines has been explored by comparing the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) index of neural activity in older and younger adults during visual task performance. However, neural activity is one of many factors that change with age and lead to BOLD signal differences. We investigated the origin of age-related BOLD changes by comparing blood-flow and oxygen-metabolic constituents of BOLD signal. Subjects periodically viewed flickering annuli and pressed a button when detecting luminance changes in a central fixation cross. Using magnetic resonance dual-echo arterial spin labeling and CO2 ingestion, we observed age-equivalent (i.e., similar in older and younger groups) fractional cerebral blood flow (∆CBF) in the presence of age-related increases in fractional cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (∆CMRO2). Reductions in ∆CBF responsiveness to increased ∆CMRO2 in elderly led to paradoxical age-related BOLD decreases. Age-related ∆CBF/∆CMRO2 ratio decreases were associated with reaction times, suggesting that age-related slowing resulted from less efficient neural activity. We hypothesized that reduced vascular responsiveness to neural metabolic demand would lead to a reduction in ∆CBF/∆CMRO2. A simulation of BOLD relative to ∆CMRO2 for lower and higher neurometabolic-flow coupling ratios (approximating those for old and young, respectively) indicated less BOLD signal change in old than young in relatively lower CMRO2 ranges, as well as greater BOLD signal change in young compared to old in relatively higher CMRO2 ranges. These results suggest that age-comparative studies relying on BOLD signal might be misinterpreted, as age-related BOLD changes do not merely reflect neural activity changes. Age-related declines in neurometabolic-flow coupling might lead to neural efficiency reductions that can adversely affect visual task performance.
Leadership as Related to the Bernreuter Personality Measures: I. College Leadership in Extracurricular Activities

(1943). Leadership as Related to the Bernreuter Personality Measures: I. College Leadership in Extracurricular Activities. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 237-249.
DNS Studies of Turbulent Bubbly Flows in Vertical Channels

Recent results from direct numerical simulations of deformable bubbles in turbulent flows in vertical channels are discussed. The results show that the lateral migration of the bubbles due to lift forces controls the flow. For upflow, nearly spherical bubbles form a dense bubbly wall-layer but more deformable bubbles stay away from the walls, resulting in very different flow structures and flow rates. The different flow regimes have a very simple structure, but to understand them it is necessary to examine the collective motion of many bubbles rather than individual ones. Here, the effect of bubble deformability and Reynolds number are discussed.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Modulation of agglutinability by alteration of the surface topography in mouse ascites tumor cells.

Abstract Factors involved in controlling agglutinability of cells with plant lectins include number, distribution, availability and mobility of cell surface lectin receptor sites. We have examined the concanavalin A (ConA)-mediated agglutination of mouse sarcoma 180 ascites tumor cells in the presence or absence of cytochalasin B (CB) using a quantitative electronic particle counter assay. These cells become substantially more agglutinable after brief treatment with low concentrations of CB. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy indicate that CB causes formation of large, broad, cell surface ruffles and loss of narrow projections that appear to be microvilli. Studies using fluorescent ConA suggest that lectin receptor sites concentrate on these ruffles and that the ruffles seem to directly mediate increased agglutinability in this system. Electron spin resonance studies suggest that CB does not alter lipid “fluidity” in these cells. The results indicate that the gross cell surface topography favoring high agglutinability is one displaying broad ruffles, not numerous narrow projections.
Robotic versus laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: single-surgeon matched cohort study of 150 patients.

OBJECTIVES To present comparative outcomes among matched patients who underwent robotic partial nephrectomy (RPN) or laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) by a single surgeon at a single institution. METHODS Between March 2002 and August 2009, a retrospective review of 261 consecutive patients who underwent LPN (n = 186) or RPN (n = 75) by a single surgeon was performed. Patients were matched for age, gender, body mass index (BMI), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, and tumor size, side, and location. Perioperative outcomes were compared. RESULTS A matched cohort of 150 patients who underwent RPN (n = 75) or LPN (n = 75) were compared. There was no significant difference between the 2 cohorts with respect to patient age (P = .17), BMI (P = .68), ASA score (P = .96), preoperative estimated glomerulofiltration rate (eGFR; P = .54), or tumor size (P = .17). Mean operative time for RPN was 200 vs 197 minutes for LPN (P = .75). Mean estimated blood loss (EBL) was higher in the RPN cohort (323 vs 222 mL, P = .01). There was no significant difference with respect to warm ischemia time (18.2 minutes vs 20.3 minutes, P = .27), length of hospitalization (P = .84), percent change in eGFR (P = .80), or adverse events (P = .52). All surgical margins were negative. CONCLUSIONS Although initial surgical experience with RPN was included in this study and compared with a vast experience in LPN by the same surgeon, RPN offers at least comparable outcomes to LPN.
AtPLAI Is an Acyl Hydrolase Involved in Basal Jasmonic Acid Production and Arabidopsis Resistance to Botrytis cinerea

Intracellular phospholipase A2 (PLA2) plays an important role in regulating oxylipin biosynthesis in mammals, but the molecular and biochemical nature of intracellular PLA2 is not well understood in plants. Arabidopsis thaliana gene At1g61850 (AtPLAI) encodes a 140-kDa protein that is most similar to mammalian calcium-independent PLA2, and additionally contains leucine-rich repeats and Armadillo repeats. AtPLAI hydrolyzes phospholipids at both the sn-1 and sn-2 positions, but prefers galactolipids to phospholipids as substrates. Profiling of lipid species altered in response to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea revealed decreases in the levels of phosphatidylglycerol and digalactosyldiacylglycerol, suggesting that hydrolysis of plastidic polar lipids might provide precursors for pathogen-induced jasmonic acid (JA) production. Disruption of AtPLAI by T-DNA insertion reduced the basal level of JA, but did not impede pathogen-induced production of JA, free linolenic acid, or hydrolysis of plastidic lipids. Still, AtPLAI-deficient plants exhibited more damage than wild type plants after B. cinerea infection, and pretreatment of plants with methyl jasmonate alleviated pathogen damage to the mutant plants. The study shows that AtPLAI is an acyl hydrolase, rather than a specific phospholipase A. AtPLAI is involved in basal JA production and Arabidopsis resistance to the necrotrophic fungus B. cinerea.
Kuratowski-type theorems for average genus

Abstract Graphs of small average genus are characterized. In particular, a Kuratowski-type theorem is obtained: except for finitely many graphs, a cutedge-free graph has average genus less than or equal to 1 if and only if it is a necklace. We provide a complete list or those exceptions. A Kuratowski-type theorem for graphs of maximum genus 1 is also given. Some of the methods used in obtaining these results involve variations of a classical result of Whitney.
The γ-ray response of “Opti-chromic” dosimeters

Abstract Commercially available “Opti-chromic” dosimetry systems consisting of radiochromic dye solutions in plastic tubing, were tested in terms of their response to 60 Co γ-radiation at various doses, dose rates, and temperatures, representative of those that might be encountered in typical radiation processing environments. The useful response range was found to be approximately 10 to 20 × 10 4 Gy (10 3 −2 × 10 6 rad), with no appreciable rate dependence over dose rates from 0.86 Gyh -1 to 7 × 10 3 Gyh -1 , at least in the lower dose ranges. The reproducibility of dose assessment in the dose range 50–20,000 Gy for dosimeters selected randomly from a batch of 300 is about ± 3 per cent. The temperature dependence in the range 0–80°C is about ± 0.2 per cent per degree rise in temperature during irradiation, but this factor is somewhat greater at temperatures from -40 to -3°C, owing to the freezing of the dosimetry liquid at about -3°C. Because of thermal expansion, the integrity of the dosimeter assembly is disturbed at temperatures exceeding about 60°C. An increase in effective reading due to temperature rise during spectrometric analysis was also observed. For doses up to about 2 × 10 3 Gy, the optical absorbances are stable up to at least 50 days after irradiation, but those at the highest dose range (2 × 10 3 −2 × 10 4 Gy) show a marked increase in optical absorbances with storage longer than several days.
Early nineteenth-century productivity accounting: the Locust Grove Plantation slave ledger

The University of Mississippi Archives houses a ledger used by the Locust Grove Plantation to record slave inventory and cotton harvest for the years from 1825 to 1844. This ledger provides daily harvest data, by slave, for those years. The ledger also lists the inventory of the plantation's slaves as of 1 January 1828, and their marriages, births and deaths. Locust Grove increased its inventory of slaves over the years 1825 to 1844 and sold few slaves. Correlation and regression analysis show that age was not related to picking productivity, while gender was related. Females were better pickers than males. Accounting is a product of its environment, and the environment in antebellum south Mississippi provided a need for a sophisticated record of worker productivity. Research evidence shows that plantation management used the slave ledger to manage by the numbers.
Mitochondria as regulators of stimulus-evoked calcium signals in neurons.

An important challenge in the study of Ca2+ signalling is to understand the dynamics of intracellular Ca2+ levels during and after physiological stimulation. While extensive information is available regarding the structural and biophysical properties of Ca2+ channels, pumps and exchangers that control cellular Ca2+ movements, little is known about the quantitative properties of the transporters that are expressed together in intact cells or about the way they operate as a system to orchestrate stimulus-induced Ca2+ signals. This lack of information is particularly striking given that many qualitative properties of Ca2+ signals (e.g. whether the Ca2+ concentration within a particular organelle rises or falls during stimulation) depend critically on quantitative properties of the underlying Ca2+ transporters (e.g. the rates of Ca2+ uptake and release by the organelle). This monograph describes the in situ characterization of Ca2+ transport pathways in sympathetic neurons, showing how mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and release systems define the direction and rate of net Ca2+ transport by this organelle, and how the interplay between mitochondrial Ca2+ transport and Ca+2 transport across the plasma membrane contribute to depolarization-evoked Ca2+ signals in intact cells.
SIR-2.1 integrates metabolic homeostasis with the reproductive neuromuscular excitability in early aging male Caenorhabditis elegans

The decline of aging C. elegans male’s mating behavior is correlated with the increased excitability of the cholinergic circuitry that executes copulation. In this study, we show that the mating circuits’ functional durability depends on the metabolic regulator SIR-2.1, a NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase. Aging sir-2.1(0) males display accelerated mating behavior decline due to premature hyperexcitability of cholinergic circuits used for intromission and ejaculation. In sir-2.1(0) males, the hypercontraction of the spicule-associated muscles pinch the vas deferens opening, thus blocking sperm release. The hyperexcitability is aggravated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Our genetic, pharmacological, and behavioral analyses suggest that in sir-2.1(0) and older wild-type males, enhanced catabolic enzymes expression, coupled with the reduced expression of ROS-scavengers contribute to the behavioral decline. However, as a compensatory response to reduce altered catabolism/ROS production, anabolic enzymes expression levels are also increased, resulting in higher gluconeogenesis and lipid synthesis. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01730.001
Neighborhood poverty, allostatic load, and birth outcomes in African American and white women: Findings from the Bogalusa Heart Study

As a biologically-mediated pathway between adversity and declines in physical health, allostatic load has been frequently hypothesized as a potential contributor to racial disparities in birth outcomes, but an empirical evidence is lacking. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between maternal preconception allostatic load, race, and adverse birth outcomes within the context of neighborhood-level poverty using data from the Bogalusa Heart Study. Allostatic load was quantified as a count of regulatory biomarkers falling in the highest risk quartile of the sample distribution as measured from a physical examination that took place prior to conception. Consistent with previous findings, African American women resided in more impoverished neighborhoods and had higher allostatic load scores compared to whites; however, allostatic load was not associated with preterm birth or low birth weight in fully adjusted models. These results underscore a need for further refinement of both biologic and contextual measures that capture holistically the way in which stressful conditions and experiences encountered across the life-course influence health potentials and engender inequities in reproductive health outcomes.
Genetic Analysis of Floral Symmetry in Van Gogh's Sunflowers Reveals Independent Recruitment of CYCLOIDEA Genes in the Asteraceae

The genetic basis of floral symmetry is a topic of great interest because of its effect on pollinator behavior and, consequently, plant diversification. The Asteraceae, which is the largest family of flowering plants, is an ideal system in which to study this trait, as many species within the family exhibit a compound inflorescence containing both bilaterally symmetric (i.e., zygomorphic) and radially symmetric (i.e., actinomorphic) florets. In sunflower and related species, the inflorescence is composed of a single whorl of ray florets surrounding multiple whorls of disc florets. We show that in double-flowered (dbl) sunflower mutants (in which disc florets develop bilateral symmetry), such as those captured by Vincent van Gogh in his famous nineteenth-century sunflower paintings, an insertion into the promoter region of a CYCLOIDEA (CYC)-like gene (HaCYC2c) that is normally expressed specifically in WT rays is instead expressed throughout the inflorescence, presumably resulting in the observed loss of actinomorphy. This same gene is mutated in two independent tubular-rayed (tub) mutants, though these mutations involve apparently recent transposon insertions, resulting in little or no expression and radialization of the normally zygomorphic ray florets. Interestingly, a phylogenetic analysis of CYC-like genes from across the family suggests that different paralogs of this fascinating gene family have been independently recruited to specify zygomorphy in different species within the Asteraceae.
Compositional variation of microstructure in ion-implanted AlxGa1-xAs

The ion damage produced in alloys of Al x Ga 1− x As ( x = 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, and 0.85) by implantation at 77 K with Kr ions (500, 700, and 1500 keV) was studied by using Rutherford backscattering channeling and transmission electron microscopy. In addition, the accumulation of ion damage at 50 K was studied by performing the ion implantations in situ in the transmission electron microscope. In Al 0.8 Ga 0.2 As, damage accumulation at 77 K was independent of dose rate, indicating that dynamic annealing is not occurring at 77 K. The in situ studies demonstrated that planar defects are produced on warm-up from 50 K to room temperature, indicating that they are not the nucleation site for amorphization. The lower energy implantations revealed that amorphization initiated within the Al x Ga 1− x As layer, showing that heterointerfaces are not required for amorphization. These results, along with the similarity of the room-temperature microstructures in the different alloys, imply that the amorphization mechanism is independent of Al content. It is proposed that the observed dependence of the amorphization dose on Al content is related to an increase in the number of cascade overlaps needed to initiate and to produce a continuous amorphous layer. A mechanism explaining the microstructural changes with composition, based on the thermal and physical properties of the alloy and on the distribution of energetic cascade events, is presented.
A Survey of Conducton Mechanisms in Very Thin Films

This survey deals with conduction mechanisms in thin films, both metals and dielectrics, in the thickness range between 10-6and 10-5cm and generally under 2-3 x 10-6cm. Conduction in metals with an island structure is discussed in terms of a thermally-activated process based on a model suggested by Frenkel. The model makes it possible to interpret the behavior qualitatively. Dielectrics exhibit a tunneling-like behavior and/or a Schottky-like behavior depending on thickness and temperature. Anomolous effects such as the negative resistance sandwich structure and gap structures with low work functions are also discussed.
Base flexibility in HIV-2 TAR RNA mapped by solution (15)N, (13)C NMR relaxation.

Binding of the HIV tat protein to the TAR (transactivating response region) RNA element activates transcription of the HIV viral genome. The complex of TAR with argininamide serves as a model for the RNA conformation in the tat-TAR complex. The dynamics of the HIV-2 TAR-argininamide complex was investigated by measurements of the relaxation rates of protonated base carbon and nitrogen nuclei. Six auto-correlation rates as well as cross-correlation rates were measured to map the frequencies of base motion in the HIV-2 TAR-argininamide complex. These measurements reveal a broad range of dynamic heterogeneity exhibited by hexanucleotide loop, the dinucleotide bulge, and the A-form helical regions. U23 in the bulge undergoes the largest dynamic change on binding argininamide, while U25 remains flexible, reflecting the large conformational change that is triggered upon ligand binding.
Is the sinonasal questionnaire a useful screening instrument for chronic sinonasal diseases in pulmonary clinics

Dixon and coworkers (Dixon AE, Sugar EA, Zinreich SJ, et al. Criteria to screen for chronic sinonasal disease. Chest 2009; 136: 1324-1332.) recently developed a five-item questionnaire for diagnosing chronic sinonasal disease in patients with asthma. Our study was designed to determine how frequently patients attending pulmonary clinics have chronic sinonasal disease and the relationship between questionnaire results and a history of sinus disease and current treatment for sinus disease. The participants were patients in pulmonary clinics at Texas Tech University Health Science Center, who answered the sinonasal questionnaire (SNQ). Additional information included a history of sinus disease or sinus/nasal surgery, smoking status, and current relevant medications. The participants included 28 men and 51 women. Patient ages ranged from 38 to 94 years (mean 62.2 years). Of all the patients, 28 patients (35.4%) had prior sinus disease, 10 (12.7%) had history of sinus or nasal surgery, 24 (30.4%) had history of asthma, and 10 (12.7%) were current smokers. Of them, 14 patients (17.7%) used nasal steroids, 12 (15.2%) used antihistamines, four (5.1%) used decongestants, nine (11.4%) used leukotriene inhibitors, 13 (16.5%) used oral corticosteroids, and two (2.5%) used combinations. The SNQ identified 39 patients (49.4%) as having chronic sinonasal diseases. Therefore, 14% of the participants had sinonasal symptoms but no prior diagnosis of sinus disease. Patients with prior sinus disease and nasal steroid use were more likely to have positive questionnaire result (p<0.001 and p<0.032, respectively). The SNQ can identify patients with chronic sinonasal disease in pulmonary clinics. However, the significance of sinonasal disease and its treatment in these patients needs more study.
Optimization of gene set annotations via entropy minimization over variable clusters (EMVC)

Motivation: Gene set enrichment has become a critical tool for interpreting the results of high-throughput genomic experiments. Inconsistent annotation quality and lack of annotation specificity, however, limit the statistical power of enrichment methods and make it difficult to replicate enrichment results across biologically similar datasets. Results: We propose a novel algorithm for optimizing gene set annotations to best match the structure of specific empirical data sources. Our proposed method, entropy minimization over variable clusters (EMVC), filters the annotations for each gene set to minimize a measure of entropy across disjoint gene clusters computed for a range of cluster sizes over multiple bootstrap resampled datasets. As shown using simulated gene sets with simulated data and Molecular Signatures Database collections with microarray gene expression data, the EMVC algorithm accurately filters annotations unrelated to the experimental outcome resulting in increased gene set enrichment power and better replication of enrichment results. Availability and implementation: http://cran.r-project.org/web/pack ages/EMVC/index.html.
Influencing factors on the NMP-22 urine assay: an experimental model

The commercial NMP-22 urine assays for bladder cancer (BCa) detect nuclear mitotic apparatus protein 1 (NUMA1) using monoclonal antibodies. It remains unclear whether these assays are monitoring a tumor antigen or some other phenomenon associated with the disease state. In this study, we investigated the influence of urinary cellular and protein concentration, and hematuria on the performance of the NMP-22 tests in an experimental model. Pooled urine from healthy subjects were spiked with varying concentrations of benign (UROtsa) cells, cancer cells (RT4, T24, KU-7 and UM-UC-14), whole blood or serum, prior to analysis with both NMP22® Bladder Cancer ELISA test and the NMP22® BladderChek® point-of-care test. Urines from control subjects were negative for NMP-22. The addition of whole blood at 50ul/10 ml, but not serum, resulted in a false-positive result. Furthermore, the addition of a high concentration of benign urothelial cells (106) or the cell lysate from these cells (306 μg protein) resulted in a false-positive result. High concentrations of pooled-cancer cells (106) or cell lysate (30.6 μg and above) resulted in a positive NMP-22 assay. Concordance between the NMP-22 ELISA assay and the NMP-22 point of care assay was >90%. Rather than detecting a specific tumor antigen, urinary NMP-22 assays may be measuring the cellularity or amount of cell turnover that may be introduced into the urine by a variety of conditions, including surface shedding from bladder tumors. The absence of significant urinary cellularity in some cases due to lesion characteristics or the timing of sampling may result in false-negative NMP-2 assays.
Asymptotic behaviour of solutions to nonlinear shells in a supersonic flow 1

Asymptotic behaviour of a nonlinear PDE system describing nonlinear vibrations of a shell immersed in a supersonic gas is considered. The model under consideration is a prototype of hyperbolic-like, nondissipative PDE dynamics with nonlinear damping. The main result is the existence of a compact attractor which “attracts” all finite energy (weak) solutions. It is also shown that the Hausdorf dimension of this attractor is finite. The results obtained previously in the literature on related dynamics deal with weakly compact attractors and regular solutions. Thus, a novel contribution of this paper is to obtain compact in the finite energy space attractors for all finite energy solutions (rather than regular).
Alaskan terrain image released

The U.S. Geological Survey has released a shaded-relief image of the Alaskan terrain (Map I- 2585; scale 1:2,500,000, $4.00). An accompanying booklet explains the geologic basis of more than 100 terrain features that can be seen, including recently active faults— of which the Denali and Fairweather faults are particularly conspicuous—volcanoes, and glacial deposits.
Integrated Nonlinear Magnetic Field-Network Simulation of an Electronically Commutated Permanent Magnet Motor System under Normal Operation

An integrated magnetic field-network computer-aided method is presented, and is verified here by applying it in the determination of the performance of an electronically commutated permanent magnet motor system, and comparing the results with test results at rated operating conditions. Test results were found to be in very good agreement with numerical simulation data. At the core of this method are the instantaneous calculation of the magnetic field distribution within the machine, using the finite element method, and the determination of the winding inductances from these field solutions with the aid of an energy perturbation technique. The armature induced emfs are also obtained from these field solutions. These winding parameters, which are load dependent, are used in a nonlinear time domain network model of first order differential equations governing the dynamic performance of the motor to solve for the instantaneous phase currents. These new currents are then used at every time instant to determine the corresponding machine winding parameters, and the above process is repeated at successive time instants until the complete analysis period is covered. Though the validity of this method of analysis is verified in this paper by applying it to a 15 hp (11.2kw), 120 volt electronically commutated brushless dc motor system operating under normal and balanced conditions, the real utility of the method lies in its ability to analyze these motor systems under unbalanced partial or total component failure (fault) in the windings and associated conditioners. This type of application is given in a companion paper.
Lung sound pattern analysis for anesthesia monitoring

This paper introduces a set of characterizing parameters for identifying patterns in lung sounds. Stochastic analysis is performed to extract sound patterns and understand the impact of noise artifacts on sound pattern recognition and diagnosis.
How large must a treatment effect be before it matters to practitioners? An estimation method and demonstration.

Introduction and Aims. Treatment research is sometimes criticised as lacking in clinical relevance, and one potential source of this friction is a disconnection between statistical significance and what clinicians regard to be a meaningful difference in outcomes. This report demonstrates a novel methodology for estimating what substance abuse practitioners regard to be clinically important differences. Design and Methods. To illustrate the estimation method, we surveyed 50 substance abuse treatment providers participating in the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Clinical Trials Network. Practitioners identified thresholds for clinically meaningful differences on nine common outcome variables, indicated the size of effect that would justify their learning a new treatment method and estimated current outcomes from their services. Results. Clinicians judged a difference between two treatments to be meaningful if outcomes were improved by about 10 – 12 points on the percentage of patients totally abstai...
A mechanism of unconscious behavior: the automatic pilot.

A common form of unconscious or automatic behavior is identified, in a series of instances, by joint reference to inattentiveness and the occurrence of errors which contrast with normal capacities....
Microwave Absorption Measurements of Melting Spherical and Nonspherical Hydrometeors

Measurements were made of the absorption behavior of melting and freezing hydrometeors using resonant cavity perturbation techniques at a wavelength of 2.82 cm. Melting ice spheres with equivalent melted diameters between 1.15 and 2.00 mm exhibit a period of strong absorption during melting as predicted by prior theoretical calculations. However, the measured magnitude of the absorption peak exceeds the predicted value. Absorption measuremets of melting oblate and prolate ice ellipsoids also exhibit enhanced absorption during melting.
Evolution of the dark matter phase-space density distributions of ΛCDM haloes

ABSTRACT We study the evolution of phase-space density during the hierarchical structure formationof ΛCDM halos. We compute both a spherically-averaged surrogate for phase-space density(Q = ρ/σ 3 ) and the coarse-graineddistribution functionf(x,v) for dark matter particles thatlie within ∼ 2 virial radii of four Milky-Way-sized dark matter halos. Theestimated f(x,v)spans over four decades at any radius. Dark matter particles that end up within two virialradii of a Milky-Way-sized DM halo atz = 0 have an approximately Gaussian distribution inlog(f) at early redshifts, but the distribution becomes increasingly skewed at lower redshifts.The value f peak corresponding to the peak of the Gaussian decreases as the evolution pro-gresses and is well described by f peak (z) ∝ (1 + z) 4 .3± 1 . The decrease is due both to thedynamical mixing as the matter accreted by halos is virialized, and due to the overall decreaseof space-density of the unprocessed material due to expansion of the Universe. The highestvalues of f, (responsiblefor the skewness of the proﬁle)are foundat th e centers of darkmatterhalos and subhalos,wheref can be an orderof magnitudehigherthan in the center of the mainhalo. We conﬁrm that Q(r) can be described by a power-law with the slope ofβ = −1.8±0.1over 2.5 orders of magnitude in radius and over a wide range of redshifts. This Q(r) proﬁlelikely reﬂects the distribution of entropy ( K ≡ σ
The Emergence of Solitude as a Constructive Domain of Experience in Early Adolescence

Adolescents spend one-quarter of their waking hours alone, yet the significance of this time is little understood. This study evaluates developmental changes in the experience of solitude between late childhood and early adolescence. Four hundred eighty-three European American fifth through ninth graders provided experience-sampling reports on their companionship and subjective states at random times over a week. The findings show, first, that time alone becomes more voluntary across this age period. Second, time-series analysis shows that for seventh through ninth graders, but not fifth and sixth graders, solitude had a positive after effect on emotional state. Third, adolescents, but not preadolescents, who spent an intermediate amount of their time alone were better adjusted than those who spent little or a great deal of time alone. As a whole, the findings suggest that, while continuing to be a lonely time, in early adolescence solitude comes to have a more constructive role in daily life as a strategic retreat that complements social experience.
The Elbow and its Disorders. 3rd ed.

Bernard F. Morrey and Joaquin Sanchez-Sotelo, editors. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2009. 1211 pages. $299.00. ISBN: 978-1-4160-2902-1. In the fourth edition of The Elbow and Its Disorders, Dr. Morrey has again succeeded in accomplishing something quite difficult. Through skillful editing, he and Dr. Sanchez-Sotelo have produced a text that is both comprehensive and concise. The number of contributors is now eighty, nearly double that of the first edition. This …
Colonialism and Science: Saint Domingue and the Old Regime

How was the character of science shaped by the colonial experience? In turn, how might we make sense of how science contributed to colonialism? Saint Domingue (now Haiti) was the world's richest colony in the eighteenth century and home to an active society of science - one of only three in the world at that time. In this deeply researched and pathbreaking study of the colony, James E. McClellan III first raised his incisive questions about the relationship between science and society that historians of the colonial experience are still grappling with today. Long hard to find, the book is now back in print, accompanied by a new foreword by Vertus Saint-Louis, a native of Haiti and a widely acknowledged expert on colonialism. Frequently cited as the crucial starting point in understanding the Haitian revolution, "Colonialism and Science" will be welcomed by students and scholars alike.
Left-handed materials in metallic magnetic granular composites

Abstract There is recently interests in the “left-handed” materials. In these materials the direction of the wave vector of electromagnetic radiation is opposite to the direction of the energy flow. We present simple arguments that suggests that magnetic composites can also be left-handed materials. However, the physics involved seems to be different from the original argument. In our argument, the imaginary part of the dielectric constant is much larger than the real part, opposite to the original argument.
Molecular dynamics simulations of atomically flat and nanoporous electrodes with a molten salt electrolyte

The electric double layer (EDL) structure and capacitance have been studied for atomically flat and nanoporous conductive electrodes with a molten LiCl electrolyte using an electroactive interface molecular dynamics simulation methodology. For the atomically flat electrodes the electrolyte was observed to form a multilayer structure near the electrode described by exponentially decaying sinusoidal oscillations in ion and charge densities perpendicular to the electrode/electrolyte interface. The differential EDL capacitance vs. electrode potential was found to exhibit “U-shaped” behavior while the EDL capacitance exhibited complex dependence on electrode potential including regions of negative capacitance near zero electrode potential. Increased capacitance and an enhanced degree of electrode–electrolyte interface structure were observed with decreasing temperature. For nanoporous electrodes with both slit and cylindrical pore geometries, the electrolyte was observed to form highly structured alternating charged layers within the electrode nanopores. A maximum in the normalized (per unit electrode area) EDL capacitance was found for pore widths that accommodate several charged layers inside the pores. The observed dependence of capacitance on pore size appears to be a compromise between increasing structure/charge imbalance and decreasing ion density with decreasing pore width/diameter.
Postpartum curettement for hypertension

Abstract 1. Seventy patients with hypertension were subjected to postpartum curettement. 2. The essential hypertensive patients showed no improvement in blood pressure reading. 3. Forty-six of the 54 patients in the "pure" toxemic groups had a good response in blood pressure to normotensive levels. 4. Three of 8 patients with essential hypertension with superimposed toxemia had prompt return of blood pressure to prepregnancy levels. 5. No complications have been reported in this group except for excess vaginal bleeding in 4 patients. 6. This study tends to substantiate Hunter's 4 report.
Inhibition of p-IκBα Ubiquitylation by Autophagy-Related Gene 7 to Regulate Inflammatory Responses to Bacterial Infection

Background. Klebsiella pneumoniae causes serious infections and healthcare burdens in humans. We have previously reported that the deficiency of autophagy-related gene (Atg) 7 in macrophages (murine alveolar macrophage cell line [MH-S]) induced irregular host immunity against K. pneumoniae and worsened pathologic effects in the lung. In the current study, we investigated the molecular mechanism by which Atg7 influenced K. pneumoniae-induced inflammatory responses. Methods. Expression levels of Atg7, ubiquitin (Ub), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α and phosphorylation of IκBα (p-IκBα) were determined with immunoblotting. Ubiquitylation of p-IκBα was determined with immunoprecipitation. Results. We noted an interaction between Atg7 and p-IκBα, which was decreased in MH-S after K. pneumoniae infection, whereas the interaction between Ub and p-IκBα was increased. Knock-down of Atg7 with small interfering RNA increased p-IκBα ubiquitylation, promoted nuclear factor κB translocation into the nucleus, and increased the production of TNF-α. Moreover, knock-down of Ub with lentivirus-short hairpin RNA Ub particles decreased binding of p-IκBα to Ub and inhibited TNF-α expression in the primary alveolar macrophages and lung tissue of atg7-knockout mice on K. pneumoniae infection. Conclusions. Loss of Atg7 switched binding of p-IκBα from Atg7 to Ub, resulting in increased ubiquitylation of p-IκBα and intensified inflammatory responses against K. pneumoniae. Our findings not only reveal a regulatory role of Atg7 in ubiquitylation of p-IκBα but also indicate potential therapeutic targets for K. pneumoniae control.
When Rules Change: The Economics of Retroactivity

New government decisions, in the tax law and elsewhere, often have retroactive effects, in that they alter the consequences of people's prior decisions. Retroactivity is typically considered acceptable in some circumstances (such as a change in interest rates by the Federal Reserve Board) but not others (such as ex post facto criminal legislation). Yet the voluminous literature on transition problems has made little headway in establishing a consistent framework for evaluating them. This working paper, the first chapter of a book forthcoming from the University of Chicago Press, develops such a framework from three main insights. The first is the general applicability of rational expectations, suggesting a benchmark prediction that people will on average anticipate transition policy accurately given the repeated-play nature of the problem. (Thus, the Auerbach-Kotlikoff (1987) view of ex post capital levies as lump-sum is unpersuasive). Second, retroactivity is best decomposed into the problems of "transition risk" (raising familiar insurance issues) and "retroactive taxation" (raising the same issues as prospective taxation). Third, it is important to distinguish between rules' policy content (e.g., how tax burdens are distributed between taxpayers and allocated between economic activities) and their mere accounting content (e.g., exactly when a tax of fixed present value is collected). Major transition effects, such as from replacing the present income tax with a cash flow consumption tax, often result from accounting changes that are unrelated to the policy content of the change in rule, and this distinction is important in both a case-by-case and a "constitutional" analysis.
Toward a Global Geography of the Life Course

From the beginning, social change has been a central theme of work in the life course tradition (Cain, 1964; Elder, 1974, 1975; Elder & Crosnoe, this volume; Giele & Elder, 1998). In the present historical moment, we are confronted with processes of social transformation and knowledge transformation that are likely to change the enterprise of life course studies itself. In this chapter, I sketch some dimensions of the present situation that may impel such change. This task necessarily assumes a reasonably clear statement of how one conceptualizes “the life course” as an area of study. As this volume powerfully attests, the life course area encompasses a richly diverse and sometimes incommensurate set of questions, methods and principles. Clearly, it is a term that embodies multiple intellectual perspectives.
THE EFFECTS OF BOTTOM CONFIGURATION ON THE DEFORMATION, BREAKING AND RUN-UP OF SOLITARY WAVES

Experiments were conducted to determine the various effects on the shoaling, breaking and run-up of solitary waves resulting from the bottom configuration. An initial set of experiments investigated the effect of the initial bottom slope on the breaking and run-up of a wave on a second, higher slope. A second set of experiments considered the effect of a continental shelf configuration on the transmissibility of waves in the shoreward direction, and the decomposition of the waves due to the shallower water depth on the continental shelf. It was found that, in order to make predictions at or near the shoreline for waves generated in deep water, it is necessary to consider the total configuration of the bottom leading to the shoreline.
Stress, personal coping resources, and psychiatric symptoms: An investigation of interactive models.

In the last ten years, there has been considerable interest in the moderating influence of coping resources on the effects of stress; research has focused mainly on environmental coping resources, such as social support. This paper explores possible interactions between stressors, both acute and chronic, and personal coping resources; interactions are estimated separately for schizophrenic, depression and anxiety symptom clusters. Personal coping resources are conceived of in terms of individual dispositions that may have consequences for either the amount of typical coping effort expended or coping ability. Two related dispositional characteristics are considered: fatalism and inflexibility. Both low fatalism and low inflexibility are found to have a strong moderating influence on the impact of stress, but, perhaps more important, these effects depend both on the type of stress and the symptom outcome considered. These findings are interpreted in terms of a general contingency theory for the role of socialfactors in explaining psychiatric disorder, emphasizing the differences between the types of symptoms involved.
Stage 2 Sleep EEG Sigma Activity and Motor Learning in Childhood ADHD: A Pilot Study

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with deficits in motor learning and sleep. In healthy adults, overnight improvements in motor skills are associated with sleep spindle activity in the sleep electroencephalogram (EEG). This association is poorly characterized in children, particularly in pediatric ADHD. Polysomnographic sleep was monitored in 7 children with ADHD and 14 typically developing controls. All children were trained on a validated motor sequence task (MST) in the evening with retesting the following morning. Analyses focused on MST precision (speed-accuracy trade-off). NREM Stage 2 sleep EEG power spectral analyses focused on spindle-frequency EEG activity in the sigma (12-15 Hz) band. The ADHD group demonstrated a selective decrease in power within the sigma band. Evening MST precision was lower in ADHD, yet no difference in performance was observed following sleep. Moreover, ADHD status moderated the association between slow sleep spindle activity (12-13.5 Hz) and overnight improvement; spindle-frequency EEG activity was positively associated with performance improvements in children with ADHD but not in controls. These data highlight the importance of sleep in supporting next-day behavior in ADHD while indicating that differences in sleep neurophysiology may contribute to deficits in this population.
The identifiability of isolated whispered and phonated vowel samples

Abstract: Two experiments were designed to study whispered and phonated vowel perception. In each experiment, the whispered and phonated test vowel samples were produced by the same subjects. In experiment 1, vowel samples produced by adult female subjects were examined. In experiment 2, vowel samples produced by adult male subjects were examined. In both experiments, whispered and phonated isolated vowels were identified correctly by individual judges in a majority of instances. Phonated vowel samples, generally, were identified correctly more often than whispered vowel samples. The vowels /i, ae, u/ were identified best among phonated vowels; the vowel /i/ was identified best among whispered vowels.
Correlation between Antifactor Xa Activity and Thrombin Generation Time, Platelet Contractile Force and Clot Elastic Modulus Following Enoxaparin Exposure in Patients with and without Renal Dysfunction.

Abstract Patients with renal dysfunction that receive hemodialysis (HD) are highly sensitive to low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) drugs such as Enoxaparin. There have been numerous reports of hemorrhagic effects with these drugs in this population. Although current guidelines recommend judicious monitoring of antifactor Xa activity in HD patients to prevent adverse events, this parameter is poorly correlated to efficacy and toxicity. Newer, more specific parameters such as thrombin generation time (TGT), platelet contractile force (PCF) and clot elastic modulus (CEM) may play a role in monitoring LMWH drugs in high-risk populations such as those with renal dysfunction. To determine the utility of monitoring TGT, PCF and CEM for this purpose, we conducted a prospective clinical trial in 8 non-thrombosed HD and 8 control subjects. All subjects received escalating doses of Enoxaparin 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 mg/kg subcutaneously during this study. Blood samples were obtained four hours post-dose to capture the peak effect of Enoxaparin on antifactor Xa activity, TGT, PCF and CEM. Pearson's correlation was used to determine the relationships between antifactor Xa activity and TGT, PCF and CEM at each dose, respectively. Repeated measures analysis of covariance was used to assess for intergroup differences in the slopes of each regression line using the group status and antifactor Xa concentration as the covariates. The correlation coefficient (r), coefficient of determination (r2) and p-value for each parameter in each group are listed in the Tables. The figure illustrates the relationship between antifactor Xa and TGT in both controls and ESRD patients. These findings suggest that TGT, PCF and CEM are highly correlated to antifactor Xa activity in patients with and without renal dysfunction. There were no differences in the slopes of the regression lines between groups. Further studies are needed to determine if TGT, PCF and CEM provide more useful clinical information regarding the level of anticoagulation in high-risk patients receiving low-molecular weight heparin therapy. Download : Download high-res image (79KB) Download : Download full-size image Correlation Parameters for Antifactor Xa and TGT, PCF and CEM for Control Subjects Model r r2 P-value Antifactor Xa vs. TGT 0.88 0.77 0.001 Antifactor Xa vs.PCF 0.85 0.73 0.0003 Antifactor Xa vs. CEM 0.80 0.63 0.02 Correlation Parameters for Antifactor Xa and TGT, PCF and CEM for HD subjects Model r r2 P-value Antifactor Xa vs. TGT 0.91 0.82 0.0002 Antifactor Xa vs. PCF 0.90 0.80 0.0004 Antifactor Xa vs. CEM 0.90 0.80 0.0005
Impact of a nurse-calling program on retaining patients with a new diagnosis of cancer.

69Background: In 2013, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute began an initiative to improve the new patient experience. Our goal was to remove barriers to access and, as much a possible, begin to care for individuals even before they step foot through our door. A key component of this initiative was for each patient to receive a phone call from an oncology nurse shortly after speaking to a new patient coordinator to schedule their first appointment. The purpose of the call was to answer questions about their diagnosis, the care they will receive and to begin the process of assessing their individual needs. Methods: The program was supported by over 40 full and part-time oncology nurses who devote a portion of their time each day to calling new patients prior to their first visit. In total nurses made over 10,000 phone calls per year. Through a survey given to patients after the intake process, we gathered feedback from over 1,200 patients, which overwhelmingly demonstrated a positive response to receiving a phone ...