cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Study of Approaches to Hypertext Categorization

Hypertext poses new research challenges for text classification. Hyperlinks, HTML tags, category labels distributed over linked documents, and meta data extracted from related Web sites all provide rich information for classifying hypertext documents. How to appropriately represent that information and automatically learn statistical patterns for solving hypertext classification problems is an open question. This paper seeks a principled approach to providing the answers. Specifically, we define five hypertext regularities which may (or may not) hold in a particular application domain, and whose presence (or absence) may significantly influence the optimal design of a classifier. Using three hypertext datasets and three well-known learning algorithms (Naive Bayes, Nearest Neighbor, and First Order Inductive Learner), we examine these regularities in different domains, and compare alternative ways to exploit them. Our results show that the identification of hypertext regularities in the data and the selection of appropriate representations for hypertext in particular domains are crucial, but seldom obvious, in real-world problems. We find that adding the words in the linked neighborhood to the page having those links (both inlinks and outlinks) were helpful for all our classifiers on one data set, but more harmful than helpful for two out of the three classifiers on the remaining datasets. We also observed that extracting meta data from related Web sites was extremely useful for improving classification accuracy in some of those domains. Finally, the relative performance of the classifiers being tested provided insights into their strengths and limitations for solving classification problems involving diverse and often noisy Web pages.
Cluster sets of pseudo-meromorphic functions

Let w = f ( z ) = u ( x, y ) + iv ( x , y ) be an interior transformation in the sense of Stoilow in an arbitrary domain D , i.e. w = f ( z ) is continuous and single-valued in D , and unless constant takes open sets in D into open sets in the w -plane, and does not take any continuum (other than a single point) into a single point of the w -plane. Stoilow proved that such an interior transformation can be represented as where T ( z ) = ξ is a topological mapping of D onto a domain D ′ and w = φ ( ξ ) is a meromorphic function in D ′.
Statistical Pattern Recognition

Statistical pattern recognition is concerned with the problem of designing machines that can detect and classify complex patterns in data. Statistical pattern recognition problems frequently arise in all fields of science and engineering. In particular, statistical pattern recognition methods are widely used by social and behavioral scientists in data analysis and in the course of modeling complex social, behavioral, and neural systems. This article reviews the major components of statistical pattern recognition systems and discusses methods for classification and learning. In addition, the importance of evaluating generalization performance using cross-validation measures and other out-of-sample measures is emphasized.
RNA-catalysed nucleotide synthesis

The 'RNA world' hypothesis proposes that early life developed by making use of RNA molecules, rather than proteins, to catalyse the synthesis of important biological molecules. It is thought, however, that the nucleotides constituting RNA were scarce on early Earth. RNA-based life must therefore have acquired the ability to synthesize RNA nucleotides from simpler and more readily available precursors, such as sugars and bases. Plausible prebiotic synthesis routes have been proposed for sugars, sugar phosphates and the four RNA bases, but the coupling of these molecules into nucleotides, specifically pyrimidine nucleotides, poses a challenge to the RNA world hypothesis. Here we report the application of in vitro selection to isolate RNA molecules that catalyse the synthesis of a pyrimidine nucleotide at their 3' terminus. The finding that RNA can catalyse this type of reaction, which is modelled after pyrimidine synthesis in contemporary metabolism, supports the idea of an RNA world that included nucleotide synthesis and other metabolic pathways mediated by ribozymes.
Chemical and thermal zonation in a mildly alkaline magma system Infiernito Caldera, Trans-Pecos Texas

Postcollapse lavas of the Infiernito caldera grade stratigraphically upward from nearly aphyric, high-silica rhyolite (76% SiO2) to highly prophyritic trachyte (62% SiO2). Plagioclase, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, magnetite, ilmenite, and apatite occur as phenocrysts throughout the sequence. Sanidine, biotite, and zircon are present in rocks with more than about 67% SiO2. Major and trace elements show continuous variations from 62 to 76% SiO2. Modeling supports fractional crystallization of the observed phenocrysts as the dominant process in generating the chemical variation. Temperatures calculated from coexisting feldspars, pyroxenes, and Fe-Ti oxides agree and indicate crystallization from slightly more than 1100° C in the most mafic trachyte to 800° C in high-silica rhyolite. The compositional zonation probably arose through crystallization against the chilled margin of the magma chamber and consequent rise of more evolved and therefore less dense liquid. Mineral compositions vary regularly with rock composition, but also suggest minor mixing and assimilation of wall rock or fluids derived from wall rock. Mixing between liquids of slightly different compositions is indicated by different compositions of individual pyroxene phenocrysts in single samples. Liquid-solid mixing is indicated by mineral compositions of glomerocrysts and some phenocrysts that apparently crystallized in generally more evolved liquids at lower temperature and higher oxygen fugacity than represented by the rocks in which they now reside. Glomerocrysts probably crystallized against the chilled margin of the magma chamber and were torn from the wall as the liquid rose during progressive stages of eruption. Assimilation is indicated by rise of oxygen fugacity relative to a buffer from more mafic to more silicic rocks. Calculation of density and viscosity from the compositional and mineralogical data indicates that the magma chamber was stably stratified; lower temperature but more evolved, thus less dense, rhyolite overlay higher temperature, less evolved, and therefore more dense, progressively more mafic liquids. The continuity in rock and mineral compositions and calculated temperature, viscosity, and density indicate that compositional gradation in the magma chamber was smoothly continuous; any compositional gaps must have been no greater than about 2% SiO2.
ZPC Matrices and Zero Cycles

Let H be an m × n real matrix and let Z i be the set of column indices of the zero entries of row i of H . Then the conditions | Z k ∩ ( ∪ i = 1 k − 1 Z i ) | ≤ 1 for all k ( 2 ≤ k ≤ m ) are called the (row) Zero Position Conditions (ZPCs). If H satisfies the ZPC, then H is said to be a (row) ZPC matrix. If H T satisfies the ZPC, then H is said to be a column ZPC matrix. The real matrix H is said to have a zero cycle if H has a sequence of at least four zero entries of the form h i 1 j 1 , h i 1 j 2 , h i 2 j 2 , h i 2 j 3 , … , h i k j k , h i k j 1 in which the consecutive entries alternatively share the same row or column index (but not both), and the last entry has one common index with the first entry. Several connections between the ZPC and the nonexistence of zero cycles are established. In particular, it is proved that a matrix H has no zero cycle if and only if there are permutation matrices P and Q such that PHQ is a row ZPC matrix and a column ZPC matrix.
Reprint of "The developing oligodendrocyte: key cellular target in brain injury in the premature infant"

Brain injury in the premature infant, a problem of enormous importance, is associated with a high risk of neurodevelopmental disability. The major type of injury involves cerebral white matter and the principal cellular target is the developing oligodendrocyte. The specific phase of the oligodendroglial lineage affected has been defined from study of both human brain and experimental models. This premyelinating cell (pre-OL) is vulnerable because of a series of maturation-dependent events. The pathogenesis of pre-OL injury relates to operation of two upstream mechanisms, hypoxia-ischemia and systemic infection/inflammation, both of which are common occurrences in premature infants. The focus of this review and of our research over the past 15-20 years has been the cellular and molecular bases for the maturation-dependent vulnerability of the pre-OL to the action of the two upstream mechanisms. Three downstream mechanisms have been identified, i.e., microglial activation, excitotoxicity and free radical attack. The work in both experimental models and human brain has identified a remarkable confluence of maturation-dependent factors that render the pre-OL so exquisitely vulnerable to these downstream mechanisms. Most importantly, elucidation of these factors has led to delineation of a series of potential therapeutic interventions, which in experimental models show marked protective properties. The critical next step, i.e., clinical trials in the living infant, is now on the horizon.
Inventory: An Overlooked Issue in Financial Management

(1990). Inventory: An Overlooked Issue in Financial Management. Journal of Education for Business: Vol. 66, No. 1, pp. 57-62.
Solvent effects on the viscoelastic behavior of porcine submaxillary mucin

Rheological methods have been used to investigate the intermolecular interactions of porcine submaxillary mucins (PSM) in solution. PSM is a high molecular weight glycoprotein consisting of a linear, semi-flexible protein backbone to which a large number of oligosaccharides (1-5 saccharide units) are attached as side chains. Concentrated aqueous solutions of PSM containing different amounts of guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) were subjected to both controlled stress and controlled strain rheological analyses. In the absence of GdnHCl, PSM solutions exhibit viscoelastic properties characteristic of a gel: the storage modulus, G', is much larger than the loss modulus, G", at all deformation frequencies, and the compliance is 100% recoverable at small stresses, indicative of strong intermolecular interactions. In 3.0 M aqueous GdnHCl, PSM forms a viscoelastic solution, with G" > G' at all frequencies and a relatively small recoverable compliance, pointing to disruption of the intermolecular interactions by the chaotropic salt. Intermediate behavior is observed in 1.5 M GdnHCl, characteristic of a marginal gel: G' approximately G" and greater than 50% recoverable compliance. In dilute solution, PSM behaves viscoelastically as a typical polyelectrolyte. However, concentrated solutions are turbid, the turbidity decreasing as GdnHCl is added, indicating that extensive intermolecular association accompanies the gelation process. The results show that although PSM is secreted in nature as a viscous solution, it can form gels that are similar to those of tracheobronchial and gastric mucins, and suggest common features to the gelation mechanism, with the strength of the gel correlated with the length of the oligosaccharide side chains.
Rupture spontanée de la rate au second trimestre de grossesse

Resume Nous rapportons le cas d’une patiente de 33 ans, au second trimestre de grossesse, porteuse d’un anevrysme intracrânien, hospitalisee en reanimation pour coma brutal. Le coma n’etait pas en rapport avec une rupture de l’anevrysme cerebral mais avec un etat de choc gravissime cause par une rupture spontanee de rate. Ce cas illustre la difficulte d’evoquer ce diagnostic meconnu et rappelle qu’une rupture spontanee de rate doit etre suspectee devant toute douleur abdominale suspecte associee a un etat de choc hemorragique chez une femme enceinte.
Sharing Neighborhoods: Order and Disorder in Homeless-Domiciled Encounters

The presence of homeless persons in or near residential areas has been characterized as a marker of encroaching urban disorder that undermines neighborhood quality and engenders fear among residents. Using data compiled from a national survey, the author tests these assumptions by assessing how residential exposure to homelessness influences domiciled respondents. Those who encounter a neighborhood homeless presence or who live near shelters are likely to witness a range of disorderly and orderly behaviors on the part of homeless persons. These residents tend to view homelessness as a large and growing community problem but do not attribute neighborhood decline to the homeless themselves. Contrary to disorder perspectives, residential exposure to homelessness is unrelated to fear among residents.
Detection of abandoned mines/caves using airborne LWIR hyperspectral data

The detection of underground structures, both natural and man-made, continues to be an important requirement in both the military/intelligence and civil communities. There are estimates that as many as 70,000 abandoned mines/caves exist across the nation. These mines represent significant hazards to public health and safety, and they are of concern to Government agencies at the local, state, and federal levels. NASA is interested in the detection of caves on Mars and the Moon in anticipation of future manned space missions. And, the military/ intelligence community is interested in detecting caves, mines, and other underground structures that may be used to conceal the production of weapons of mass destruction or to harbor insurgents or other persons of interest by the terrorists. Locating these mines/caves scattered over millions of square miles is an enormous task, and limited resources necessitate the development of an efficient and effective broad area search strategy using remote sensing technologies. This paper describes an internally-funded research project of The Aerospace Corporation (Aerospace) to assess the feasibility of using airborne hyperspectral data to detect abandoned cave/mine entrances in a broad-area search application. In this research, we have demonstrated the potential utility of using thermal contrast between the cave/mine entrance and the ambient environment as a discriminatory signature. We have also demonstrated the use of a water vapor absorption line at12.55 μm and a quartz absorption feature at 9.25 μm as discriminatory signatures. Further work is required to assess the broader applicability of these signatures.
Synthesis and ion-binding properties of polymeric pseudocrown ethers II: template ion induced cyclization of oligomeric ethylene glycol diacrylates

Abstract Inexpensive polymeric pseudocrown ethers have been synthesized based upon a “template ion” effect in which oligomeric ethylene glycol diacrylates are induced to assume a circular conformation in which the unsaturated end-groups are in proximity. This synthetic scheme has considerable potential for the development of inexpensive materials for binding of target cations. In this contribution we report a spectroscopic study of the induced cyclization caused by ion-dipole interactions between the templating cation and the electron lone pairs of the ethylene glycol ether linkages. Fluorescence spectroscopy was used to provide insight into the templatization process by examining excimer formation in pyrene end-labeled oligomeric ethylene glycol both in the absence and in the presence of the templating ion. Pyrene end-labeled tetraethylene glycol and pentaethylene glycol were synthesized and excimer fluorescence enhancement was studied with the introduction of cations such as nickel, chromium and tin in ...
Seasonal Variations in the Blood Plasma Carotene and Vitamin A of Adult Dairy Cattle

Summary Monthly blood-plasma carotene and vitamin A determinations on six mature cows each of the Ayrshire, Guernsey, Jersey, and Holstein breeds were made over a 2-year period. Monthly determinations were similarly made on 16 bulls over an 11-month period. The data show wide fluctuations in blood plasma carotene, as might be expected. The different breeds respond similarly to changes in carotene intake but the extent of change in blood-plasma carotene varies greatly with the breed. The blood-plasma vitamin A varies over rather narrow limits in comparison with blood-plasma carotene. The average monthly range, all breeds considered together, was from a low of 18 micrograms per 100 ml. in June to a high of 24 in October. Breed differences in normal blood-plasma vitamin A are indicated. Changes in blood-plasma vitamin A do not closely follow blood-plasma carotene changes but tend to lag behind. For example, maximum blood-plasma vitamin A values were found about one month after maximum blood-plasma carotene values.
Implicit Boundary Approach for Reissner-Mindlin Plates

Implicit boundary method enables the use of background mesh to perform finite element analysis while using solid models to represent the geometry. This approach has been used in the past to model 2D and 3D structures. Thin plate or shell-like structures are more challenging to model. In this paper, the implicit boundary method is shown to be effective for plate elements modeled using Reissner-Mindlin plate theory. This plate element uses a mixed formulation and discrete collocation of shear stress field to avoid shear locking. The trial and test functions are constructed by utilizing approximate step functions such that the boundary conditions are guaranteed to be satisfied. The incompatibility of discrete collocation with implicit boundary approach is overcome by using irreducible weak form for computing the stiffness associated with essential boundary conditions. A family of Reissner-Mindlin plate elements is presented and evaluated in this paper using several benchmark problems to test their validity and robustness.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Isometric Placement of Lateral Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstructions: A Biomechanical Study

BackgroundLateral ulnar collateral ligament (LUCL) reconstruction using a tendon graft is a well-accepted procedure used in the treatment of posterolateral rotatory instability. However, unlike most other ligament reconstructions, anatomical guidelines for the isometric points for tunnel placement of LUCL reconstruction have not been defined.PurposeTo determine if isometric points exist for tunnel placement for LUCL reconstruction and, if so, to determine their anatomical guidelines.Study DesignControlled laboratory study.MethodsA series of 1.8-mm drill holes was placed in potential ligament reconstruction origin and insertion sites in 13 normal cadaveric elbows along the supinator crest of the ulna and in the lateral epicondyle of the humerus. The prepared specimens were mounted in a plastic test frame with electromagnetic sensors inserted into the drill holes. The distance between each potential pair of insertion sites was measured throughout the arc of elbow motion to determine the most isometric combi...
X-ray diffraction studies of as-cast high-palladium alloys

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to use x-ray diffraction (XRD) to investigate four representative high-palladium alloys in the as-cast condition and obtain new information about the metallurgical phases. Methods. Two PdCuGa alloys and two PdGa alloys were cast into plate-shaped specimens (20 mm × 20 mm × 1.5 mm) which were bench-cooled. Polished and etched specimens were analyzed using two different x-ray diffractometers and CuKa radiation. Results. All four alloys exhibited strong XRD peaks for the face-centered cubic (fcc) palladium solid solution matrix, and variations in the lattice parameter were consistent with alloy compositions. Comparison of the relative peak intensities for the alloys and the pure palladium powder standard indicated that the as-cast microstructures had preferred crystallographic orientation. Because the two PdCuGa alloys contained appreciable amounts of near-surface lamellar interdendritic or eutectic constituents, it was possible to determine previously unreported XRD peaks for the Pd2Ga phase in these alloys. Low-intensity peaks in the PdGa alloys were attributed to small amounts of secondary phases observed in the microstructures. Significance. Knowledge of the metallurgical structures of these high-palladium alloys can be important for interpretation of microstructural observations, mechanical properties, corrosion behavior and clinical performance.
Life-style intervention: A conceptual framework☆

Improving one's life-style may improve one's health. However, there is a lack of consensus on how to promote compliance with newly adopted health habits. This paper presents a conceptual framework that individuals can learn to assess their life-styles and plan for health-behavior changes. It can also be used by professionals from different disciplines who are developing programs to teach healthy life-style choices. The framework is organized into three ideas: (1) Health status to a large extent reflects the individual's styles of living (a composite of beliefs, emotions, and action patterns). (2) These styles can be encouraged or sabotaged by the individual's support structures (relationships, environments, and equipment). (3) The change process can be seen as a series of steps that cycle through phases of readiness appraisal, decision making, experimentation, and reevaluation. clinical examples and documentation from relevant theory and research illustrate and substantiate the framework.
Participation and Predication in the Sophist 251-260

While a great deal of progress has been made in recent years in bringing to light the philosophical sense of the Sophist one problem, or cluster of problems, has resisted analysis.' The problem is that Plato seems to use a particular form of sentence ambiguously; the fact that he does so seems to reveal a fundamental confusion on Plato's part. It will be easier for me to describe the problem as well as my strategy in attempting to solve it, if I first introduce some terminology. In the Sophist, particularly 251-260, Plato frequently appeals to the fact that one Form participates in another Form to explain or justify other claims.2 For example, "Change is, because it partakes of Being" (256A 1) and "Motion is different because it partakes of the Different" (256B2-3). I will call those sentences which are either explicitly or implicitly justified by an appeal to participation "first-order sentences." Further, we find throughout the dialogues sentences of the form "the F (is) . . ." where "the F" is (1) an abstract noun with or without the definite article or (2) the definite article followed by a common noun, mass term, adjective or participle.3 Some such sentences can be paraphrased without loss of sense as "the Form, the F (is) .... ," while the vast majority of them cannot. "Beauty is eternal" can be so paraphrased. "The sophist is a wage earner" cannot. I will call those sentences which can be so paraphrased "Form-predications." Now it is argued that Plato uses sentences of the form "the F (is) .. sometimes to express a Form-predication and sometimes to say something about the nature of the F or perhaps about the nature of particular F's. The fact Plato vacillates between these two types of predication not only obscures whatever philosophical point he may be making but also shows that Plato was confused about the nature of Forms. I think, however, that there is a plausible reading of the Sophist which shows Plato to be in no way confused as to the meaning of such sentences. None of the first-order sentences of the Sophist, I will argue, are Formpredications. After arguing that the text forces this conclusion on us (Part I), I will try to make the conclusion plausible (Part II) by describing a type of predication, different from Form-predication, in terms of which all of the first-order sentences of the Sophist can be consistently understood. A consequence of my interpretation is the rather surprising thesis that no-
Effects of cellulase from Trichoderma viride on nutrient utilization by broilers.

Studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of cellulase from Trichoderma viride in a diet for broilers containing high levels of wheat bran. Broiler-type, mixed-sex chicks were fed from 3 to 8 weeks of age. Wheat bran was added at 0, 10, and 20% levels. A fourth group received the 20% wheat bran plus the cellulase enzyme added at the level of .008%. A portion of the chicks was used in a digestibility study with chromic oxide as an indicator. The summarized data showed that cellulose treatment had a significant effect on reducing feed consumption (P less than .01) and an apparent effect in improving feed-to-gain ratio. Cellulase supplementation significantly improved the digestibility of cell wall components (P less than .01). Calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, and copper associated with cell walls were solubilized by cellulase. Iron balance was negative in the groups without cellulase; however, iron, which is bound by the bran, apparently was made available for absorption by cellulase.
Appalachians: A drift in the mainstream

So the marginal man ... is one who is poised in psychological uncertainty between two (or more) social worlds; reflecting in his soul the discords and harmonies, repulsions and attractions of these worlds, one of which is often "dominant" over the other; within which membership is implicitly if not explicitly based upon birth or ancestry (race or nationality); and where exclusion removes the individual from a system of group relations.1
Update on Chemotherapy in the Treatment of Urothelial Carcinoma

Urothelial carcinoma is the fifth most common malignancy diagnosed each year in the United States. Neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy are given to decrease the risk of recurrent or metastatic disease with the more robust clinical data supporting the former. Bladder preservation utilizes a trimodality approach with maximal transurethral resection followed by concurrent chemotherapy and radiation and is appropriate for select patients. Gemcitabine and cisplatin is the current standard of care for first-line treatment in fit patients with metastatic disease. Optimal second-line therapy remains undefined, and targeted agents are under investigation. Clinical trial participation should be encouraged in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder to help improve treatment regimens and outcomes. Synopsis. Chemotherapy is commonly used in the treatment of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. This paper will review the role of chemotherapy in the neoadjuvant, adjuvant, bladder sparing, and metastatic settings.
Envelope Estimation of AM Signals Transmitted Through a Randomly Dispersive Medium

The problem of designing a Wiener filter for the optimum processing of amplitude-modulated (AM) signals transmitted through randomly dispersive media is discussed. Results are obtained that provide effective least-mean-squared-error estimation of the input message when errors which do not represent loss of information are neglected. These results, which differ appreciably from the results that obtain from a deterministic analysis, indicate that there are certain values of the propagation parameters which narrow the filter passband to such an extent that estimation is rendered ineffective.
Dr. K"nig's Theory of Beats

I MADE an experiment, some years ago, which would seem to support and illustrate Dr. Kœnig's theory of beats, as set forth by Prof. Silvanus Thompson in his lecture before the Physical Society, and reported in your issue of June 19. Taking two tuning-forks, each of which gave the middle C (256 vibrations), I weighted one of them so as to make it give one beat a second when sounded with the other. Then, sounding this fork, so weighted, with another giving the fifth above, G (384 vibrations), I heard distinctly three beats a second. I could only account for these beats by assuming that the weighted fork C produced a feeble twelfth, and that the fork G produced a feeble octave. These two overtones would, if present, give three beats a second, 255 × 3 = 765, and 384 × 2 = 768. But I could not show by any independent evidence that these overtones are really present when the tuning-forks are sounded; and, in fact, the general opinion is against such an assumption.
Needs assessment of school and community physical activity opportunities in rural West Virginia: the McDowell CHOICES planning effort.

McDowell CHOICES (Coordinated Health Opportunities Involving Communities, Environments, and Schools) Project is a county wide endeavor aimed at increasing opportunities for physical activity (PA) in McDowell County, West Virginia (WV). A comprehensive needs-assessment laid the foundation of the project.
John Cairns, Jr – An appreciation of his life and contributions

EDITOR'S NOTE This issue of IEAM contains two provocative Learned Discourses from Professor John Cairns, Jr. (“Integrated environmental assessment andmanagement during a planetary state shift” and “Can a species rapidlymoving toward a self‐inflicted extinction be considered successful?”), which will be his last publications over an incredibly distinguished career. Unfortunately his health requires more “down” time now that he is 90. We are honored to be publishing his final written submissions and wanted to commemorate it ‐ hence this Appreciation supplied by his long‐time Editorial Assistant, which provides details of his life and scientific contributions. We thank Professor Cairns for his previous (2009–2013) contributions to IEAM, 9 Learned Discourses and a Letter to the Editor, and wish him well.
Use of genetic toxicology information for risk assessment.

Genetic toxicology data are used worldwide in regulatory decision-making. On the 25th anniversary of Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, we think it is important to provide a brief overview of the currently available genetic toxicity tests and to outline a framework for conducting weight-of-the-evidence (WOE) evaluations that optimize the utility of genetic toxicology information for risk assessment. There are two major types of regulatory decisions made by agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA): (1) the approval and registration of pesticides, pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and medical-use products, and (2) the setting of standards for acceptable exposure levels in air, water, and food. Genetic toxicology data are utilized for both of these regulatory decisions. The current default assumption for regulatory decisions is that chemicals that are shown to be genotoxic in standard tests are, in fact, capable of causing mutations in humans (in somatic and/or germ cells) and that they contribute to adverse health outcomes via a “genotoxic/mutagenic” mode of action (MOA). The new EPA Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment [Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, USEPA, 2005, EPA Publication No. EPA/630/P-03/001F] emphasize the use of MOA information in risk assessment and provide a framework to help identify a possible mutagenic and/or nonmutagenic MOA for potential adverse effects. An analysis of the available genetic toxicity data is now, more than ever, a key component to consider in the derivation of an MOA for characterizing observed adverse health outcomes such as cancer. We provide our perspective and a two-step strategy for evaluating genotoxicity data for optimal use in regulatory decision-making. The strategy includes integration of all available information and provides, first, for a WOE analysis as to whether a chemical is a mutagen, and second, whether an adverse health outcome is mediated via a mutagenic MOA. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2005. Published 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Entrepreneurs and Job Growth: Probing the Boundaries of Time and Space

Although scholars have long emphasized the importance of entrepreneurs to long-term growth prospects, entrepreneurship often receives less attention by policy makers than traditional industrial recruitment efforts as regional growth engines. The effects of entrepreneurship may be more subtle than the latter approaches, but business creation can have significant effects across both space and time. This article first sketches the important relationship between innovation, entrepreneurship, and growth and then empirically assesses the relationship between entrepreneurship and job growth across U.S. labor market areas and counties. Three key findings emerge. First, entrepreneurship is systematically related to job growth; furthermore, this relationship increases in intensity over time. Second, entrepreneurship has the greatest impact on the county in which it occurs but also generates positive spillovers for job growth in neighboring counties. Finally, the impact of entrepreneurship is greater in denser, more...
Scanning tunneling microscopy studies of semiconductor surface structure and growth

Abstract Scanning tunneling microscopy studies of film growth have centered on two areas: structural determination and surface dynamics. Advances have been made recently in the imaging of aperiodic structures such as defects and dopants. Dynamical studies are starting to produce real-time atomic resolution movies of surfaces during growth.
Optimum module selection and design based on kinematic and dynamic task requirements using DADS and genetic algorithms

A novel approach is presented to design an optimized robot manipulator based on the task description taking into account the workspace and the dynamic properties inherent in the system by selecting components from a library of available components. This approach requires representing a robot configuration using Denavit-Hartenberg parameters and defining the desired trajectory. A dynamic analysis package (DADS) is used to create and analyze the model automatically via a in-house developed code, which eliminates the user interaction with DADS enabling us to model any serial link manipulator instantly. The results of the analysis are used by another program to evalute a fitness value. This fitness value is then passed to the genetic algorithm, which is used as the optimization tool. Then, an iteration is established until defined convergence criteria are met. The approach has been applied in the selection of geometric characteristics for the links of different configuration robotic manipulators with the objective being to minimize the required torque based on the defined task.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
As múltiplas alfabetizações midiáticas

Existem pelo menos tres tipos de alfabetizacoes midiaticas, cada uma delas ligada a uma diferente concepcao do que nos pretendemos dizer com o termo midia. A nocao de que os midia sao condutores que transmitem mensagens aponta para a necessidade da alfabetizacao no conteudo dos midia. A ideia de que os midia sao diferentes linguagens sugere a necessidade de alfabetizacao numa gramatica midiatica, isto e, entender o significado das variaveis de producao dentro de cada meio. A concepcao dos midia como ambientes sugere a necessidade de se perceber a influencia das caracteristicas relativamente fixas de cada meio (alfabetizacao midiatica), tanto nas comunicacoes individuais como nos processos sociais em geral. A alfabetizacao mediatica, em particular, oferece algumas ideias especiais no que se refere as origens, problemas, e possibilidades de um movimento pela alfabetizacao midiatica.
Body mass index and body girths as predictors of mortality in black and white women.

Background.— The high prevalence of obesity in black women has been hypothesized to contribute to higher rates of coronary heart disease and total mortality. Investigators have recently refined the study of obesity by differentiating anatomic patterns of the physical location of adipose tissue on the body. We examined fat patterning as a predictor of mortality in black women. Methods. — Body mass index (BMI) and body girths were examined as predictors of all-cause and coronary heart disease mortality during 25 to 28 years of follow-up in black and white women in the Charleston Heart Study. Results. — The BMI was associated with all-cause and coronary heart disease mortality in white, but not black, women. After controlling for differences in BMI, the risk of all-cause mortality was greater in white women with larger chest and abdominal girths, while midarm girths were inversely associated with mortality. The hazard at the 85th percentile relative to the 15th percentile of abdomen/ midarm ratio was 1.44 in models that included BMI, education, and smoking as covariates. In black women, the girths were not predictive of either all-cause or coronary heart disease mortality. Conclusions. — The failure of BMI and fat patterning to predict mortality in black women challenges previously held assumptions regarding the role of overweight in the higher mortality experienced by black women. ( Arch Intern Med . 1992;152:1257-1262)
Back propagation neural network for identifying first-break times on cross borehole ground-penetrating radar traces

Manually picking the first anival of energy in a series of cross borehole GPR ray traces can be time consuming and subjective, especially when large data sets need to be processed. One possible remedy is the application of a back propagating neural network. Neural network applications have been used previously in seismic studies to pick the arrival of the P and S waves (Dai and MacBeth, 1997; McCormack et al. 1993; Murat et al. 1992). One particular method, which applied a moving window over the trace, is used here with slight modification. Noisy time-amplitude records were first normalized to range from —1 and 1 . These data were then filtered such that values between —1 and a negative threshold were set to —1 , values between 1 and a positive threshold were set to 1 and all other values were set to zero. The filtered wave was fed through a neural network that searched for a pattern related to a first arrival. Several filtering parameters were tested, including the size of the moving window, the values of the positive and negative thresholds, and neural network parameters pertaining to training and testing. With minimal training, the neural network performed very well compared to hand picking of arrival times on large data sets.
Meaning and Schooling.

(1986). Meaning and schooling. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 25, Beyond the Measured Curriculum, pp. 53-57.
Steering high order moment calculations from lower dimensional spaces

Abstract In this study we consider some well established algorithms used to determine separating hyperplanes for sets in R n . We implement these algorithms in a high dimensional tensor space that is affiliated with representing the higher order moment information for the sets in question. We identify an inner product preserving morphism from tensor space to R n . Using the morphism, the calculations of the algorithm are brought down to a space of much lower dimension. Our results make it clear that higher order moment computations can often avoid the burden of computation in a high dimensional vector space.
A Pilot Case-Cohort Study of Brain Cancer in Poultry and Control Workers

We conducted an exploratory study to investigate which exposures (including poultry oncogenic viruses) are associated with brain cancer in poultry workers. A total of 46,819 workers in poultry and nonpoultry plants from the same union were initially followed for mortality. Brain cancer was observed to be in excess among poultry workers. Here we report on a pilot case-cohort study with cases consisting of 26 (55%) of the 47 brain cancer deaths recorded in the cohort, and controls consisting of a random sample of the cohort (n = 124). Exposure information was obtained from telephone interviews, and brain cancer mortality risk estimated by odds ratios. Increased risk of brain cancer was associated with killing chickens, odds ratio (OR) = 5.8 (95% confidence interval, 1.2–28.3); working in a shell-fish farm, OR = 13.0 (95% CI, 1.9–84.2); and eating uncooked fish, OR = 8.2 (95% CI, 1.8–37.0). Decreased risks were observed for chicken pox illness, OR = 0.2 (95% CI, 0.1–0.6), and measles vaccination, OR = 0.2 (9...
Extinction and Reconditioning of Classically Conditioned Fear before and after Instrumental Learning: Effects of Depth of Fear Extinction

Abstract In four experiments, fear was classically conditioned to the situational cues in one side of a two-compartment apparatus. The number of hours of extinction of fear (exposure to the cues in the conditioning compartment) was varied across experiments from 1 to 30. Fear was then reconditioned in some groups. Treatment effects were evaluated by the performance, in the absence of shock, of a hurdle-jumping response that allowed escape from the fear-eliciting stimuli in the conditioning compartment to an adjacent safe compartment. This instrumental learning took place before and/or after the extinction treatment. It was found that during the treatment that resulted in the extinction of fear there was no concomitant extinction of the instrumental response previously learned on the basis of fear. Also, after extinction, the performance of the already learned hurdle-jumping response provided a more sensitive index of fear than did the new learning of this response. The occurrence of hurdle jumping depended upon the presence of associative strength both of fear and of the instrumental response, a finding supporting two-factor fear theory. Some fear remained even after 30 h of extinction. The data are consistent with the proposition that reconditioning occurs more rapidly than original conditioning.
Life outcomes of anterior temporal lobectomy: serial long-term follow-up evaluations.

Background At 3 time points, this study examined long-term psychosocial life outcomes of individuals who underwent anterior temporal lobectomy in comparison with individuals with temporal lobe epilepsy who were medically managed. Objective To examine seizure frequency, employment, driving, independent living, financial independence, mental health, and quality of life at each follow-up assessment, as well as predictors of outcomes. Methods All participants were diagnosed with medically intractable complex partial seizures of temporal lobe origin with or without secondary generalization. A structured clinical interview was used at all 3 time points. Information was obtained regarding seizure frequency, antiepilepsy medications, employment, driving status, financial assistance, and independent living. Additionally, questions regarding quality of life, satisfaction with surgery, and the presence of depression or anxiety were included. Participants were, on average, 17 years postsurgery. Results Surgery resulted in significantly improved and sustained seizure outcomes. At the first, second, and third follow-ups, 67%, 72%, and 67% of participants in the surgery group remained seizure-free in the year before the follow-up interview. At each follow-up, 97%, 84%, and 84% reported that they would undergo surgery again. Seizure freedom predicted driving outcomes at all 3 time points, but was not a significant predictor for employment, independent living, or financial independence. Psychosocial life outcomes in the surgical group were improved and maintained over time in comparison with the medically managed group. Conclusion This systematic long-term investigation provides strong support for the positive impact of anterior temporal lobectomy on psychosocial life outcomes including driving, employment, independent living, and financial independence.
Cognitive factors in subjective stabilization of the visual world

If an eye movement signal is fed through a galvanic mirror, to move a projected image which a subject is inspecting, prominent objects in the image may seem to jiggle or jump with the the eye when the gain is just below the threshold for detecting a jump of the entire image (Brune and Lucking 1969). We have refined and extended this observation with both naive and practiced subjects, finding results which contradict all of the current theories about the mechanism of stabilization of the visual world and suggest that cognitive factors in perception important influences on the stabilization process. Using this method with a paired photocell system to detect horizontal eye movements, some subjects saw a prominent object in the display jump slightly while the rest of the scene remained stable. The task was done first with landscape slides, then repeated with Escher prints where two sets of alternating figures completely filled the image. Subjects could concentrate on one set of forms as the "figure" and the other as the "ground", and reverse the two at will. In a majority of practiced subjects and in smaller proportion of naive subjects, motion of part of the "figure" was seen regardless of which alternative set of forms constituted it. Reversibility of the effect controlled for influence of object size, brightness, etc. in inducing the selective jump. These and related observations show that cognitive or attentional variables are as important as image properties or gain alone in determining subjective stabilization of the visual world, though current theories (inflow, outflow, cancellation, etc.) consider image position to be simple variable. Another experiment showed that image movement on the retina during saccades cannot explain saccadic suppression of displacement.
Vision Based Sensing Of Position And Orientation Of Overlapped Variably Shaped Components For Robot Manipulation

Situations exist in which groups of similar parts are fed into the assembly process as clusters of randomly oriented components. Very limited success has been achieved, to date, in the development of sensors that can determine the position and orientation of a part within a cluster. Consequently, the parts must first be mechanically separated and presented to a robot for manipulation. This is not always feasible due to the nature of the manufacturing process or due to the nature of the part itself. Locating variably shaped components poses a particularly challenging problem for a vision based sensing unit. In the electronic manufacturing environment, this situation arises when the extreme flexibility of the leads of some axial-leaded discrete components results in their random spatial deformation. This effect combined with the possibility of mutual overlapping complicates the recognition and separation task. An efficient strategy for accomplishing such a task has been developed. A mechanical manipulator, a vision system, and a light table are used to detect the polarity of notched capacitors supplied in disordered random patterns with overlaps. The method is based on the recognition of local features that are extracted as a result of the masking of the binary image with a grid of curvilinear polygons, which fragments the image into a mosaic of dispersed information islands. This paper will describe the algorithms which ultimately lead to the derivation of the position and orientation of each individual component. Image processing takes place in parallel to the robot motion. As a consequence of the algorithm speed, the total time of the task implementation is now only bounded by the speed of the mechanical motion.
A note on the complexity of program evaluation

A simple problem concerning evaluation of programs is shown to be nonelementary recursive. The problem is the following: Given an input-free programP (i.e. all variables are initially 0) without nested loops using only instructions of the formx ← 1, x ← x + y,\(x \leftarrow x\dot - y\),do x... end, doesP output 0? This problem has time complexity\(2^{2^{ {\mathinner{\mkern2mu\raise1pt\hbox{.}\mkern2mu \raise4pt\hbox{.}\mkern2mu\raise7pt\hbox{.}\mkern1mu}} ^2 } } \)}cn-levels for some constantc. Other results are presented which show how the complexity of the 0-evaluation problem changes when the nonlooping instructions are varied. For example, it is shown that 0-evaluation is PSPACE-complete even for the case when the nonlooping instructions are onlyx ← x + 1,if x = 0then y ←y\(y \leftarrow y\dot - 1\).