cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An exploration of how health professionals create ehealth and mhealth education interventions

This qualitative study aimed at exploring how health professionals use instructional design principles to create health education interventions. A purposeful sample of 12 participants was selected, using criterion and snowballing sampling strategies. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect data, which were later analyzed through constant comparison method. Planning materials and artifacts were also collected and analyzed to corroborate evidence from the interviews. Although the findings revealed wide variability, they did however indicate that the participants incorporated essential instructional design elements in their interventions, namely, analysis, design and evaluation. Moreover, even though none of the participants were trained in instructional design, all seemed to employ a heuristic approach. Suggested implications for practice are (a) the design of an instructional design guidebook, (b) the establishment of a community of practice, and (c) a repository for health education learning objects to help support these health professionals in their work. Suggested implications for further research are (a) the investigation of the decision-making process of health professionals as they create their interventions to shed light on their heuristic approach and (b) the examination of the variable design approaches shown by the participants to explain its impact on the quality and effectiveness of the interventions.
Banded and tapered estimates for autocovariance matrices and the linear process bootstrap

Author(s): McMurry, Timothy L; Politis, D N | Abstract: We address the problem of estimating the autocovariance matrix of a stationary process. Under short range dependence assumptions, convergence rates are established for a gradually tapered version of the sample autocovariance matrix and for its inverse. The proposed estimator is formed by leaving the main diagonals of the sample autocovariance matrix intact while gradually down-weighting o�-diagonal entries towards zero. In addition we show the same convergence rates hold for a positive de�nite version of the estimator, and we introduce a new approach for selecting the banding parameter. The new matrix estimator is shown to perform well theoretically and in simulation studies. As an application we introduce a new resampling scheme for stationary processes termed the linear process bootstrap (LPB). The LPB is shown to be asymptotically valid for the sample mean and related statistics. The e�ectiveness of the proposed methods are demonstrated in a simulation study.
Relationship Between Serum Interleukin-17F Level and Severity of Atopic Dermatitis in Children.

Background: Recent discovery of the Th17 pathway is providing new opportunities for understanding chronic immune-mediated diseases. The Th17 pathway has been historically associated with chronic inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Among Th17 cytokines, pathogenic roles of IL-17A and IL-17F in asthma have been well described. Recently, the number of peripheral blood Th17 cells was found to correlate with disease severity in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). This study aimed to investigate serum IL-17F levels in children with AD and to correlate this with severity of the disease. Methods: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure IL-17F levels in the sera of 228 patients with AD and 62 control children. The SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) tool was used to determine the severity of disease. Results: The mean serum level of IL-17F in children with AD was significantly higher than that in the control group (p<0.05) Serum IL-17F levels were a...
K2SrNb6Cl18, dipotassium strontium hexaniobium octadecachloride

The structure of dipotassium strontium hexaniobium octadeca­chloride is based on [Nb6Cli12Cla6]4− units (i and a denote `inner' and `outer' ligands, respectively), which have crystallographically imposed \bar3 symmetry, linked together by K+ and Sr2+ cations. The K+ cation occupies a tetrahedral site in the face-centered cubic lattice of cluster units, and is bonded to 12 Cl ligands. The Sr atom is located in an octahedral site and is bonded to six outer Cl ligands.
Climate change and individual behavior : considerations for policy

Climate change is anthropogenic - the product of billions of acts of daily consumption. That solutions need to be anthropogenic too is well accepted. Yet, suggested solutions are normally cast in the realms of finance and technology, often neglecting the primal root of the problem: individual behavior. An emerging body of social-psychology scholarship has examined the barriers and drivers of individual behavior in relation to both adaptation and mitigation. This paper reviews some of its conclusions, and suggests policy areas that should be considered in devising appropriate interventions.
Heat transfer in relativistic charged-fluid flow

The problem of the dynamical effects of heat absorption or rejection on the flow of an electrically charged fluid such as an electron or ion gas is considered within the framework of special relativity. The source or sink for the heat transferred to or from the fluid may be imagined to be a heat reservoir whose velocity is in general not the same as the fluid velocity. The analysis of a relativistic Carnot cycle that operates between two heat reservoirs having relative motion with respect to each other provides a simple way to study the dynamical effects of heat transfer and to incorporate the moving heat reservoir model into the formalism of fluid dynamics. All the dynamical effects that are functions of the 4-gradient of the specific entropy of the fluid can be expressed in terms of an antisymmetric tensor, the entropy-force tensor, whose role in the equation of fluid motion is analogous to that of the electromagnetic field tensor.
Online Primal-Dual for Non-linear Optimization with Applications to Speed Scaling

We give a principled method to design online algorithms (for potentially non-linear problems) using a mathematical programming formulation of the problem, and also to analyze the competitiveness of the resulting algorithm using the dual program. This method can be viewed as an extension of the online primal-dual method for linear programming problems, to nonlinear programs. We show the application of this method to two online speed-scaling problems: one involving scheduling jobs on a speed scalable processor so as to minimize energy plus an arbitrary sum scheduling objective, and one involving routing virtual circuit connection requests in a network of speed scalable routers so as to minimize the aggregate power or energy used by the routers. This analysis shows that competitive algorithms exist for problems that had resisted analysis using the dominant potential function approach in the speed-scaling literature, and provides alternate cleaner analysis for other known results. This gives us another tool in the design and analysis of primal-dual algorithms for online problems.
Chemical Diffusion and Hydrogen Separation Properties of Lanthenum Ferrite and Doped Ceria Composite Mixed Conductors

A new method to separate hydrogen using dual phase composite mixed ionic and electronic conducting (MIEC) membranes has been proposed and is being currently investigated. In this approach methane or reformate comprising CO and H 2 mixtures is fed to one side of the membrane, while steam is fed to the other side. Oxygen from the steam side of the membrane transports through coupled transport of oxygen ions and electrons across the membrane to the methane/reformate side resulting in a hydrogen rich product on the permeate side. This process requires MIEC materials that are stable, have significantly high surface exchange constant, and oxygen ion and electron conductivities at low oxygen partial pressures. Measurements made on MIECs such as strontium or calcium doped lanthanum cobalt iron oxides (LSCF and LCF) indicate that they are not stable. Transport properties, phase stability and surface exchange reaction rate measurements made on new dual phase membranes consisting of doped ceria and doped strontium titanate indicate that they are suitable for the permeation process.
Von Neumann algebras and linear independence of translates

For x,y E I and f E L2(IR), define (x,y)f(t) = e2riytf(t +x) and if A C R2, define S(f, A) = {(x, y)f I (x, y) e A}. It has been conjectured that if f = 0, then S(f,A) is linearly independent over C; one motivation for this problem comes from Gabor analysis. We shall prove that S(f, A) is linearly independent if f # 0 and A is contained in a discrete subgroup of R2, and as a byproduct we shall obtain some results on the group von Neumann algebra generated by the operators {(x,y) I (x,y) E A}. Also, we shall prove these results for the obvious generalization to Rn.
Pulsar Results with the Fermi Large Area Telescope

The launch of the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope has heralded a new era in the study of gamma-ray pulsars. The population of confirmed gamma-ray pulsars has gone from 6–7 to more than 60, and the superb sensitivity of the Large Area Telescope (LAT) on Fermi has allowed the detailed study of their spectra and light curves. Twenty-four of these pulsars were discovered in blind searches of the gamma-ray data, and twenty-one of these are, at present, radio quiet, despite deep radio follow-up observations. In addition, millisecond pulsars have been confirmed as a class of gamma-ray emitters, both individually and collectively in globular clusters. Recently, radio searches in the direction of LAT sources with no likely counterparts have been highly productive, leading to the discovery of a large number of new millisecond pulsars. Taken together, these discoveries promise a great improvement in the understanding of the gamma-ray emission properties and Galactic population of pulsars. We summarize some of the results stemming from these newly-detected pulsars and their timing and multi-wavelength follow-up observations.
Expectation propagation for continuous time Bayesian networks

Continuous time Bayesian networks (CTBNs) describe structured stochastic processes with finitely many states that evolve over continuous time. A CTBN is a directed (possibly cyclic) dependency graph over a set of variables, each of which represents a finite state continuous time Markov process whose transition model is a function of its parents. As shown previously, exact inference in CTBNs is intractable. We address the problem of approximate inference, allowing for general queries conditioned on evidence over continuous time intervals and at discrete time points. We show how CTBNs can be parameterized within the exponential family, and use that insight to develop a message passing scheme in cluster graphs and allows us to apply expectation propagation to CTBNs. The clusters in our cluster graph do not contain distributions over the cluster variables at individual time points, but distributions over trajectories of the variables throughout a duration. Thus, unlike discrete time temporal models such as dynamic Bayesian networks, we can adapt the time granularity at which we reason for different variables and in different conditions.
Order complexes of noncomplemented lattices are nonevasive

We reprove and generalize in a combinatorial way the result of A. Bjorner [J.\ Comb.\ Th.\ A {\bf 30}, 1981, pp.~90--100, Theorem 3.3], that order complexes of noncomplemented lattices are contractible, namely by showing that these simplicial complexes are in fact nonevasive, in particular collapsible.
THE CAVES PROJECT — Collaborative Analysis Versioning Environment System, THE CODESH PROJECT — COllaborative DEvelopment SHell

A key feature of collaboration in science and software development is to have a log of what and how is being done - for private use and reuse and for sharing selected parts with collaborators, which most often today are distributed geographically on an ever larger scale. Even better if this log is automatic, created on the fly while a scientist or software developer is working in a habitual way, without the need for extra efforts. The CAVES and CODESH projects address this problem in a novel way, building on the concepts of virtual state and virtual transition to provide an automatic persistent logbook for sessions of data analysis or software development in a collaborating group. A repository of sessions can be configured dynamically to record and make available the knowledge accumulated in the course of a scientific or software endeavor. Access can be controlled to define logbooks of private sessions and sessions shared within or between collaborating groups.
Io and the Plasma Torus

Jupiter9s moon Io is far from being a calm place. Volcanic activity and the emission of planetary matter has created a huge plasma torus along its orbit around Jupiter, but the mechanisms that sustain and control the plasma remain puzzling. In her Perspective, McGrath discusses results published in the same issue by Brown and Bouchez showing that volcanic activity on Io has a direct effect on the plasma torus. This work, combined with other recent observations, is leading to a much better understanding of this extremely unusual planetary object.
Design for a Soft Error Resilient Dynamic Task-Based Runtime

As the scale of modern computing systems grows, failures will happen more frequently. On the way to Exactable a generic, low-overhead, resilient extension becomes a desired aptitude of any programming paradigm. In this paper we explore three additions to a dynamic task-based runtime to build a generic framework providing soft error resilience to task-based programming paradigms. The first recovers the application by re-executing the minimum required sub-DAG, the second takes critical checkpoints of the data flowing between tasks to minimize the necessary re-execution, while the last one takes advantage of algorithmic properties to recover the data without re-execution. These mechanisms have been implemented in the PaRSEC task-based runtime framework. Experimental results validate our approach and quantify the overhead introduced by such mechanisms.
Time-dependent continuum radiation spectrum of X-pinch bright spots

Summary form only given, as follows. An X-pinch plasma is produced by exploding two or more fine metal wires that cross and touch at a single point (in the form of an X) using a 200-400 kA, 100 ns current pulse. Near the original cross point of the wires, one or more micron scale micropinches form and emit subnanosecond bursts of 1-10 keV x-rays from very small source regions. From time-dependent x-ray streak camera measurements of the >1 keV radiation from X-pinches made with, for example, Mo wires, the basic shape of the continuum radiation spectrum has been studied. One method of estimating the shape of the continuum spectrum is to use a filter technique. The method is based on comparison of measured ratios of signals from x-ray detectors covered by different spectral filters with calculated ratios. Using a set of Be, Al, and Ti filters over the energy range of 1-10 keV, the intensity of the x-ray radiation from Mo X-pinches was obtained as a function of energy. This technique was realized using a fast Kentech streak camera. Calculations of the camera response have been made for bremsstrahlung and plankian x-ray spectra. The shape of the spectrum provides information about the X pinch plasma parameters.
Model studies towards azadirachtin: part 1. Construction of the crowded C8-C14 bond by radical chemistry.

Despitetheseefforts,how-ever,themoleculeofazadirachtinstillremainselusivetototalsynthesis, with its crowded C8 C14 bond bridging its twodomainsbeingthemainobstacle.Inthiscommunicationwewish to report our model studies which culminated in apotential solution to the C8 C14 problem based on atetheringstrategyfollowedbyaradical-basedintramolecularcouplinganddismantlingofthetemporarybridge.Scheme1 depicts the targeted model compound 2, whichcontainsringsystemsrepresentingthetwostructuraldomainsof azadirachtin, and, in retrosynthetic format, the radical-basedproposedstrategyfortheconstructionof2.Thus,itwasreasoned that tethering the two domains through a mixedbromoketal would facilitate the intended C8 C14 couplingreaction,upongenerationoftheradicalspecies4,bya5-exo-trigcyclizationtofurnish3.Subsequentcollapseofthemixedketalbridgewouldthenallowthegenerationofthetargetedring system 2 with the desired C8 C14 bond in place. Thesuccessful execution of this strategywas preceded byanumberofrelatedstudieswhosebriefdescriptionshouldbeinstructive.In search for a suitable trans-decalin system as a startingmaterial with an angular substituent and oxygen function-alities on both rings, we found ester 5 (Scheme2) to be an
Covering n-Permutations with (n+1)-Permutations

Let $S_n$ be the set of all permutations on $[n]:=\{1,2,\ldots,n\}$. We denote by $\kappa_n$ the smallest cardinality of a subset ${\cal A}$ of $S_{n+1}$ that "covers" $S_n$, in the sense that each $\pi\in S_n$ may be found as an order-isomorphic subsequence of some $\pi'$ in ${\cal A}$. What are general upper bounds on $\kappa_n$? If we randomly select $\nu_n$ elements of $S_{n+1}$, when does the probability that they cover $S_n$ transition from 0 to 1? Can we provide a fine-magnification analysis that provides the "probability of coverage" when $\nu_n$ is around the level given by the phase transition? In this paper we answer these questions and raise others.
Regional patrons and hegemonic party electoral performance in Russia

A political scientist examines how regional elites shape the electoral fortunes of Russia's hegemonic party, United Russia (UR). Using original data on regional legislative elections from 2003 to 2011, we show that UR performs better in those regions where regional governors control strong political machines. Russia's leadership undercut its own electoral strategy by replacing popular elected governors with colorless bureaucrats who struggled to mobilize votes on behalf of United Russia. This is one of the reasons for United Russia's poor performance in recent elections.
Recent and Future Observations in the X‐ray and Gamma‐ray Bands: Chandra, Suzaku, GLAST, and NuSTAR

This paper presents a brief overview of the accomplishments of the Chandra satellite that are shedding light on the origin of high energy particles in astrophysical sources, with the emphasis on clusters of galaxies. It also discusses the prospects for the new data to be collected with instruments recently launched — such as Suzaku — or those to be deployed in the near future, and this includes GLAST and NuSTAR.
Optimal Economic Transparency

Optimal Economic Transparency ∗ Carl E. Walsh Department of Economics, University of California, Santa Cruz In this paper, I explore the optimal extent to which the central bank should disseminate information among private agents. Individual ﬁrms are assumed to have diverse private information, and the central bank provides public information either implicitly, by setting its policy instrument, or explic- itly, by making announcements about its short-run targets. The optimal degree of economic transparency is aﬀected diﬀer- ently by cost and demand shocks. More-accurate central bank forecasts of demand shocks reduce optimal transparency, while more-accurate forecasts of cost shocks increase optimal trans- parency. Increased persistence in demand (cost) disturbances increases (reduces) optimal transparency. JEL Codes: E52, E58, E31. Introduction A major development in central banking in recent years has been the increase in monetary policy transparency. Inﬂation-targeting central banks in particular have gone the furthest in adopting mechanisms to ensure greater transparency. 1 Earlier versions of this paper were presented at “New Developments in the Analysis of Monetary Policy and Institutions,” a conference in honor of Alex Cukierman’s lifelong contributions to macroeconomics, the Sapir Center, Tel Aviv University, December 15–16, 2005; and the Bank of England’s Chief Economists Workshop, May 8–10, 2006. I would like to thank participants at these events, David Archer, Kevin Cowan, Akiva Oﬀenbacher, and Larry Schembri for help- ful comments on this and related research. All remaining errors are my own. E-mail: walshc@ucsc.edu. In recent years, even central banks that have not formally adopted inﬂation targeting have become more transparent. Eijﬃnger and Geraats (2006) provide an index of transparency for a set of developed economies that includes some inﬂation targeters (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Sweden, and the United Kingdom) as well as nontargeters (Japan, Switzerland, and the United States).
The Hurwitz form of a projective variety

The Hurwitz form of a variety is the discriminant that characterizes linear spaces of complementary dimension which intersect the variety in fewer than degree many points. We study computational aspects of the Hurwitz form, relate this to the dual variety and Chow form, and show why reduced degenerations are special on the Hurwitz polytope.
Nonfarm employment in small-scale forest-based enterprises: policy and environmental issues.

Employment and income from non-farm activities are of increasing importance in the rural economy of developing countries. Small forest-based enterprise activities constitute one of the largest sources of such income. They also account for a large part of the total harvest from forests in many areas. Many agriculturalists supplement their income through gathering and trading products such as forest foods, medicinal plants, and fuel wood. Small-scale manufacturing of items such as furniture, baskets, mats, and craft goods constitute substantial informal sector industries. Income from these activities tends to be particularly important during seasonal shortfalls in food and cash crop income and in periods of drought or other emergencies. Ease of access to forest raw materials means that forest-based activities are particularly important for the poor and for women. However, some of the simpler activities provide very low returns to labor, and may thus provide only minimal and short-lived livelihood contributions. Some of the most important saleable forest products face uncertain markets because of growing competition from industrial or synthetic alternatives or domesticated sources of the materials. As demand grows, some activities are also threatened by depletion of, or reduced access to, forest resources. In developing policies in support of sustainable activities, it is therefore important to be able to distinguish between those that have a potential to grow and those that do not. Policy issues include regulations that discriminate against the informal sector, policies that result in the shift from managed to uncontrolled open access use of forest resources, and restrictions on private production and sale of forest products that impede the development of farm-based sources of these products.
The Interplay of Regulation and Marketing Incentives in Providing Food Safety

This report examines the impact of process regulations mandated under the Pathogen Reduction/Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (PR/HACCP) rule by the Food Safety and Inspection Service of USDA on food safety process control. The current level of food safety found in U.S. meat and poultry food products is a result of process and performance regulations and management-determined actions brought about by market incentives. Processing regulations include sanitation and other tasks related to food safety; management-determined actions include capital investment and other actions independent of process regulations, but possibly driven by performance standards. Performance standards—regulations that allow manufacturers to reach an acceptable level of food safety in any manner they see fit—are not a subject of this report. This study used the share of samples testing positive for Salmonella spp. as a measure of food safety process control in meat and poultry processing plants and found empirically that management-determined actions account for about two-thirds of the reduction in samples testing positive for Salmonella spp., while process regulations account for about a third of the reduction. The importance of process regulation varies, but accounts for 50 percent or more of process control in about a quarter of plants, and in some plants accounts for the entire process control system.
On eigenfunctions corresponding to a small resurgent eigenvalue

The paper is devoted to some foundational questions in resurgent analysis. As a main technical result, it is shown that under appropriate conditions the infinite sum of endlessly continuable majors commutes with the Laplace transform. A sim- ilar statement is proven for compatibility of a convolution and of an infinite sum of majors. We generalize the results of Candelpergher-Nosmas-Pham and prove a theorem about substitution of a small (extended) resurgent function into a holomor- phic parameter of another resurgent function. Finally, we discuss an application of these results to the question of resurgence of eigenfunctions of a one-dimensional Schrodinger operator corresponding to a small resurgent eigenvalue.
Identification of Cool White Dwarfs in the Noao Deep Wide-Field Survey

The chronology of star formation is recorded in the white dwarf luminosity function (WDLF). White dwarf (WD) structure implies a relatively simple connection between WD luminosity and age. First attempts to exploit WDs as chronometers [3,4,6] showed that the WDLF was a map of the history of star formation in the disk, and a significant shortfall of low-luminosity degenerates-the inevitable consequence of the finite age of the disk. The shortfall near log(L/L ⊙)≈-4.5 implies a disk age of 6.5–9.5 Gyr [2]. The WDLF from wide common proper motion binaries [5] does not show the shortfall seen by Liebert et at. (1988). This suggests that the disk is at least ∼10.5 Gyr old. Both Liebert et al. (1988) and Oswalt et al. (1996) WDLFs were derived from proper motion catalogs, hence may be affected by significant kinematical bias as well as incompleteness. The simple fact is, the faintest, age-dependent end of the WDLF is not yet reliably determined.
A shear heating origin for ridges on Triton

[1] Triton and Europa each display a variety of distinctive curvilinear ridges and associated troughs. Here we propose that ridges on Triton may have formed by diurnal tidal stresses, in a manner similar to that proposed for ridge formation on Europa. The greater width of ridges on Triton is likely a consequence of the lower surface temperature and greater brittle-ductile transition depth on this body compared to Europa. The magnitudes of the stresses and heat fluxes required to generate ridges of the correct scale are comparable to likely values generated during the latter part of Triton's orbital evolution from an initial highly eccentric state.
Early Collective Expansion: Relativistic Hydrodynamics and the Transport Properties of QCD Matter

Relativistic hydrodynamics for ideal and viscous fluids is discussed as a tool to describe relativistic heavy-ion collisions and to extract transport properties of the quark-gluon plasma from experimentally measured hadron momentum spectra.
Quantum Optics of Ultra-Cold Molecules

Quantum optics has been a major driving force behind the rapid experimental developments that have led from the first laser cooling schemes to the Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) of dilute atomic and molecular gases. Not only has it provided experimentalists with the necessary tools to create ultra-cold atomic systems, but it has also provided theorists with a formalism and framework to describe them: many effects now being studied in quantum-degenerate atomic and molecular systems find a very natural explanation in a quantum optics picture. This article briefly reviews three such examples that find their direct inspiration in the trailblazing work carried out over the years by Herbert Walther, one of the true giants of that field. Specifically, we use an analogy with the micromaser to analyze ultra-cold molecules in a double-well potential; study the formation and dissociation dynamics of molecules using the passage time statistics familiar from superradiance and superfluorescence studies; and show how molecules can be used to probe higher-order correlations in ultra-cold atomic gases, in particular bunching and antibunching.
Intrinsically Faint Quasars: Evidence for meV Axion Dark Matter in the Universe

Growing amount of observations indicate presence of intrinsically faint quasar subgroup (a few % of known quasars) with noncosmological quantized redshift. Here we find an analytical solution of Einstein equations describing bubbles made from axions with periodic interaction potential. Such particles are wellmotivated cold dark matter candidate. The bubble interior possesses equal gravitational redshift which can have any value between zero and infinity. Quantum pressure supports the bubble against collapse and yields states stable on the scale more then hundreds million years. Our results explain the observed quantization of quasar redshift and suggest that intrinsically faint point-like quasars associated with nearby galaxies are axionic bubbles with masses 108–109M⊙ and radii 103–104 R ⊙. They are born in active galaxies and ejected into surrounding space. Properties of such quasars unambiguously indicate presence of axion dark matter in the Universe and yield the axion mass m ≈ 1 meV, which fits in the open axion mass window constrained by astrophysical and cosmological arguments.
Concerning Nikodym-type sets in 3-dimensional curved spaces

In this paper we shall give some natural partial extensions to the curved space setting of results of Bourgain [1] and Wolff [21] concerning lower bounds for the dimension of compliments of Nikodym sets in Euclidean space. Recall that a classical Nikodym set is a subset of [-1, 1] x [-1, 1] of Lebesgue measure one which has the property that for each x E F there is a line -yx so that x nF = {x}. Because of this, the relative compliment, Q = [-1, 1] x [-1, 1]\F, must be a set of measure zero with the property that if Q* is the set of points x for which there is a line segment -y' through x with IQ n axf = a, then IQ*JI > 0 for every 0 7/3 if IQ* I > 0. Here, as before, tYx denotes a line segment through x of length ae > 0. This lower bound was later improved by Wolff [21] to dim Q > 5/2 if IQ* I > o. In both works the lower bounds on the dimension were obtained for somewhat more general sets. Lower bounds for analogous sets in higher dimensions were also obtained in [1] and [21]. The strongest to date are those of Wolff [21] showing that if Q c RI and IQ* I > 0 for some ae > 0, then dim Q > (n + 2)/2. Let us now consider extensions of this result to the curved 3-dimensional setting. To this end, we shall let (M3, g) denote a (paracompact) 3-dimensional Riemannian manifold with metric ds2 = Zgjk(x)dxjdxk. Given x E M3, we let {-ya} denote the set of all geodesics containing x with arclength ae, that is, I-y' = a. Abusing the classical terminology somewhat, we now define Nikodym-type subsets of M3.
Public health, universal health coverage, and Sustainable Development Goals: can they coexist?

SDG 3, focusing on health, specifi cally includes universal health coverage (UHC) among its targets. Unquestionably, UHC is timely and fundamentally important. 3–5 However, its promotion also entails substantial risks. A narrow focus on UHC could emphasise expansion of access to health-care services over equitable improvement of health outcomes through action across all relevant sectors—especially public health interventions, needed to eff ectively address non-communicable diseases
Beyond locality-sensitive hashing

We present a new data structure for the c-approximate near neighbor problem (ANN) in the Euclidean space. For n points in Rd, our algorithm achieves Oc(nρ + dlogn) query time and Oc(n1+ρ + dlogn) space, where ρ ≤ 7/(8c2) + O(1/c3) + oc(1). This is the first improvement over the result by Andoni and Indyk (FOCS 2006) and the first data structure that bypasses a locality-sensitive hashing lower bound proved by O'Donnell, Wu and Zhou (ICS 2011). By a standard reduction we obtain a data structure for the Hamming space and e1 norm with ρ ≤ 7/(8c)+ O(1/c3/2)+ oc(1), which is the first improvement over the result of Indyk and Motwani (STOC 1998).
Analytic Boosted Boson Discrimination

Observables which discriminate boosted topologies from massive QCD jets are of great importance for the success of the jet substructure program at the Large Hadron Collider. Such observables, while both widely and successfully used, have been studied almost exclusively with Monte Carlo simulations. In this paper we present the first all-orders factorization theorem for a two-prong discriminant based on a jet shape variable, D 2, valid for both signal and background jets. Our factorization theorem simultaneously describes the production of both collinear and soft subjets, and we introduce a novel zero-bin procedure to correctly describe the transition region between these limits. By proving an all orders factorization theorem, we enable a systematically improvable description, and allow for precision comparisons between data, Monte Carlo, and first principles QCD calculations for jet substructure observables. Using our factorization theorem, we present numerical results for the discrimination of a boosted Z boson from massive QCD background jets. We compare our results with Monte Carlo predictions which allows for a detailed understanding of the extent to which these generators accurately describe the formation of two-prong QCD jets, and informs their usage in substructure analyses. Our calculation also provides considerable insight into the discrimination power and calculability of jet substructure observables in general.
Flows and Decompositions of Games: Harmonic and Potential Games

In this paper we introduce a novel flow representation for finite games in strategic form. This representation allows us to develop a canonical direct sum decomposition of an arbitrary game into three components, which we refer to as the potential, harmonic, and nonstrategic components. We analyze natural classes of games that are induced by this decomposition, and in particular, focus on games with no harmonic component and games with no potential component. We show that the first class corresponds to the well-known potential games. We refer to the second class of games as harmonic games, and demonstrate that this new class has interesting properties which contrast with properties of potential games. Exploiting the decomposition framework, we obtain explicit expressions for the projections of games onto the subspaces of potential and harmonic games. This enables an extension of the equilibrium properties of potential and harmonic games to “nearby” games.
Bochner-Kahler metrics

A Kahler metric is said to be Bochner-Kahler if its Bochner curvature vanishes. This is a nontrivial condition when the complex dimension of the underlying manifold is at least 2. In this article it will be shown that, in a certain well-defined sense, the space of Bochner-Kahler metrics in complex dimension n has real dimension n+1 and a recipe for an explicit formula for any Bochner-Kahler metric will be given. It is shown that any Bochner-Kahler metric in complex dimension n has local (real) cohomogeneity at most n. The Bochner-Kahler metrics that can be `analytically continued' to a complete metric, free of singularities, are identified. In particular, it is shown that the only compact Bochner-Kahler manifolds are the discrete quotients of the known symmetric examples. However, there are compact Bochner-Kahler orbifolds that are not locally symmetric. In fact, every weighted projective space carries a Bochner-Kahler metric. The fundamental technique is to construct a canonical infinitesimal torus action on a Bochner-Kahler metric whose associated momentum mapping has the orbits of its symmetry pseudo-groupoid as fibers.
Attention-sensitive alerting

We introduce utility-directed procedures for mediating the flow of potentially distracting alerts and communications to computer users. We present models and inference procedures that balance the context-sensitive costs of deferring alerts with the cost of interruption. We describe the challenge of reasoning about such costs under uncertainty via an analysis of user activity and the content of notifications. After introducing principles of attention-sensitive alerting, we focus on the problem of guiding alerts about email messages. We dwell on the problem of inferring the expected criticality of email and discuss work on the PRIORITIES system, centering on prioritizing email by criticality and modulating the communication of notifications to users about the presence and nature of incoming email.
The Effects of Option Introduction on Analyst Coverage and Earnings Estimates

Option introduction is associated with increased analyst coverage and a generally enhanced information environment for the underlying stocks. We hypothesize that these effects are more significant for Nasdaq than NYSE/Amex stocks because the Nasdaq stocks that are optioned tend to be smaller, traded less, and receive less analyst attention. Consistent with this, we document larger increases in analyst coverage, larger reductions in earnings forecast error, and more significant improvements in the timeliness of reaction to positive earnings announcements for Nasdaq stocks. We conclude that option introduction still has significant beneficial effects on stocks' trading and informational environment, even in a world where the great majority of large stocks have already been optioned.
About engineering complex systems: multiscale analysis and evolutionary engineering

We describe an analytic approach, multiscale analysis, that can demonstrate the fundamental limitations of decomposition based engineering for the development of highly complex systems. The planning based process is limited by the interdependence of components and communication between design teams. Thus, the construction of many highly complex systems should be pursued by strategies modeled after biological evolution, or market economies, where extensive planning is forsaken and multiple parallel design efforts compete for adoption through testing in actual use.
Segregation-induced changes in grain boundary cohesion and embrittlement in binary alloys

Abstract Grain boundary embrittlement occurs when a solute enriches at a grain boundary and lowers its cohesive energy. While grain boundary enrichment is often attributed to equilibrium segregation effects, most models of embrittlement consider either the energetics of decohesion or the equilibrium adsorption at the boundary, but not both phenomena together. We develop a model for the change in cohesive energy of a grain boundary of a pure metal upon introduction of solute under conditions of equilibrium segregation prior to fracture. A heuristic grain boundary cohesion map is presented to delineate whether a given solute–solvent pair will exhibit weakening or strengthening of grain boundaries. The analysis helps to clarify that grain boundary embrittlement requires a solute that will both lower the cohesive energy of the boundary and segregate in the first place. The map reasonably captures known metal–metal embrittling pairs.
Risk, Credit, and Insurance in Peru: Field Experimental Evidence

This paper reports the results of behavioral economic experiments conducted in Peru to examine the relationship amongst risk preferences, loan take-up, and insurance purchase decisions. This area-based yield insurance can help reduce people's vulnerability to large scale covariate shocks, and can also lower the loan default probability under extreme negative covariate shocks. In a context of collateralized formal credit markets, we provide suggestive evidence that insurance may help reduce the fear of losing collateral that prevents potential borrowers from taking loans. Framing these experiments to recreate a real life situation, we started with a Baseline Game where subjects had to choose between a fallback production project and an uninsured loan.We then introduced a third project choice--loan with yield insurance (Insurance Game)--which allows us to measure the effect of introducing insurance on the demand for loans. Overall, more than 50 percent of the subjects are willing to buy insurance in this insurance game. Further, controling for choices made in the baseline game, covariate shocks experienced earlier, and previous rounds' winnings, we find that the decision to take the insured loan (uninsured loan) rather than any of the other two projects is predicted by wealth and lower (higher) levels of risk aversion. Interestingly, this relationship with risk aversion continues to hold when we control for the overweighting of low-probability events observed in the data.
Burst Populations and Detector Sensitivity

The FT (peak bolometric photon flux) vs. Ep (peak energy) plane is a powerful tool to compare the burst populations detected by different detectors. Detector sensitivity curves in this plane demonstrate which burst populations the detectors will detect. For example, future CZT‐based detectors will show the largest increase in sensitivity for soft bursts, and will be particularly well‐suited to study X‐ray rich bursts and X‐ray Flashes. Identical bursts at different redshifts describe a track in the FT‐Ep plane.
Conventional Therapy in Adults With XLH Improves Dental Manifestations, But Not Enthesopathy

X-Linked hypophosphatemia (XLH; OMIM no. 307800) is an X-linked dominant disease due to inactivating mutations in the PHEX gene that increase fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) expression in bone, resulting in renal phosphate wasting and inappropriately normal calcitriol concentrations (1). Although there are currently no approved therapies for XLH, high-dose calcitriol and phosphate salts have been the mainstay of therapy for the past three decades (1, 2). There is general agreement that most affected children should be treated (if the administration and safety of therapy can be adequately monitored), but there is a lack of consensus regarding when to treat adults (1, 2). Features of XLH that frequently affect adults include short stature, lower extremity deformity (from rickets during childhood), bone pain, pseudofractures, osteoarthritis, stiffness from enthesopathy, and tooth abscesses. Obviously, treating adult patients will not correct lower extremity deformities or short stature, and except for patients with pseudofractures, XLH patients do not have increased fracture risk (3). However, some investigators have reported improvements in bone pain and osteomalacia in treated adults (4). In this issue of the JCEM, Connor et al (5) report retrospective observations made in 52 XLH patients regarding two important disease manifestations, enthesopathy and dental disease. Unfortunately, there are no large prospective trials on the effects of medical therapy on enthesopathy or dental disease. As for many other rare diseases, large, prospective, randomized, controlled trials are not feasible. The present study is the largest to date on the effect of therapy on these two disease manifestations, and it provides important information for the care of persons having XLH.
Solving the Korteweg-de Vries equation by its bilinear form: Wronskian solutions

A broad set of sufficient conditions consisting of systems of linear partial differential equations is presented which guarantees that the Wronskian determinant solves the Korteweg-de Vries equation in the bilinear form. A systematical analysis is made for solving the resultant linear systems of second-order and third-order partial differential equations, along with solution formulas for their representative systems. The key technique is to apply variation of parameters in solving the involved non-homogeneous partial differential equations. The obtained solution formulas provide us with a comprehensive approach to construct the existing solutions and many new solutions including rational solutions, solitons, positons, negatons, breathers, complexitons and interaction solutions of the Korteweg-de Vries equation.
Organometallic palladium reagents for cysteine bioconjugation

Reactions based on transition metals have found wide use in organic synthesis, in particular for the functionalization of small molecules. However, there are very few reports of using transition-metal-based reactions to modify complex biomolecules, which is due to the need for stringent reaction conditions (for example, aqueous media, low temperature and mild pH) and the existence of multiple reactive functional groups found in biomolecules. Here we report that palladium(II) complexes can be used for efficient and highly selective cysteine conjugation (bioconjugation) reactions that are rapid and robust under a range of bio-compatible reaction conditions. The straightforward synthesis of the palladium reagents from diverse and easily accessible aryl halide and trifluoromethanesulfonate precursors makes the method highly practical, providing access to a large structural space for protein modification. The resulting aryl bioconjugates are stable towards acids, bases, oxidants and external thiol nucleophiles. The broad utility of the bioconjugation platform was further corroborated by the synthesis of new classes of stapled peptides and antibody-drug conjugates. These palladium complexes show potential as benchtop reagents for diverse bioconjugation applications.
Optical gain and radiative decay dynamics in sol-gel-derived CdS quantum dots

Summary form only given. We present optical gain measurements in quantum dots (QDs) with nanosecond nonresonant excitation using the variable-stripe-length method. The QDs, fabricated by sol-gel process, are embedded in a sodium borosilicate glass with a CdS concentration of about 6 wt%. We investigate the photoluminescence decay dynamics using femtosecond excitation at 310 nm and streak camera detection.
Toward a Sustainable Global Energy Supply Infrastructure : Net Energy Balance and Density Considerations

This paper complements previous work on the economics of different energy resources by examining the growth potential of alternative electricity supply infrastructures as constrained by innate physical limits. Coal-fired generation meets the criteria of longevity (abundance of energy source) and scalability (effective capability to expand to the multi-terawatt level) which are critical for a sustainable energy supply chain, but it carries a very heavy carbon footprint. Renewables and nuclear power meet both the longevity and climate friendliness criteria. However, they vary in terms of their ability to deliver net energy at a scale needed for meeting a huge global energy demand. The low density of renewable resources for electricity generation and the current intermittency of many renewables limit their ability to achieve high rates of growth. And a significant global increase in nuclear power deployment could engender serious risks related to proliferation, safety, and waste disposal. Unlike renewable sources of energy, nuclear power is an unforgiving technology because human lapses and errors can have ecological and social impacts that are catastrophic and irreversible. The transition to a low carbon economy is likely to prove much more challenging than some optimists have claimed.