cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neon diffusion kinetics and implications for cosmogenic neon paleothermometry in feldspars

Observations of cosmogenic neon concentrations in feldspars can potentially be used to constrain the surface exposure duration or surface temperature history of geologic samples. The applicability of cosmogenic neon to either application depends on the temperature-dependent diffusivity of neon isotopes. In this work, we investigate the kinetics of neon diffusion in feldspars of different compositions and geologic origins through stepwise degassing experiments on single, proton-irradiated crystals. To understand the potential causes of complex diffusion behavior that is sometimes manifest as nonlinearity in Arrhenius plots, we compare our results to argon stepwise degassing experiments previously conducted on the same feldspars. Many of the feldspars we studied exhibit linear Arrhenius behavior for neon whereas argon degassing from the same feldspars did not. This suggests that nonlinear behavior in argon experiments is an artifact of structural changes during laboratory heating. However, other feldspars that we examined exhibit nonlinear Arrhenius behavior for neon diffusion at temperatures far below any known structural changes, which suggests that some preexisting material property is responsible for the complex behavior. In general, neon diffusion kinetics vary widely across the different feldspars studied, with estimated activation energies (Ea) ranging from 83.3 to 110.7 kJ/mol and apparent pre-exponential factors (D0) spanning three orders of magnitude from 2.4 × 10−3 to 8.9 × 10−1 cm2 s−1. As a consequence of this variability, the ability to reconstruct temperatures or exposure durations from cosmogenic neon abundances will depend on both the specific feldspar and the surface temperature conditions at the geologic site of interest.
A reconstruction algorithm for three-dimensional object-space data using spatial-spectral multiplexing

This paper presents a reconstruction algorithm for the Spatial-Spectral Multiplexing (SSM) optical system. The goal of this algorithm is to recover the three-dimensional spatial and spectral information of a scene, given that a one-dimensional spectrometer array is used to sample the pupil of the spatial-spectral modulator. The challenge of the reconstruction is that the non-parametric representation of the three-dimensional spatial and spectral object requires a large number of variables, thus leading to an underdetermined linear system that is hard to uniquely recover. We propose to reparameterize the spectrum using B-spline functions to reduce the number of unknown variables. Our reconstruction algorithm then solves the improved linear system via a least- square optimization of such B-spline coefficients with additional spatial smoothness regularization. The ground truth object and the optical model for the measurement matrix are simulated with both spatial and spectral assumptions according to a realistic field of view. In order to test the robustness of the algorithm, we add Poisson noise to the measurement and test on both two-dimensional and three-dimensional spatial and spectral scenes. Our analysis shows that the root mean square error of the recovered results can be achieved within 5.15%.
Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse: passado, presente e futuro

More than one hundred years ago, on the eve of World War I in the still new 20 th Century, Emile Durkheim may be said to have grappled with a problematic question of modernity: Is there still a place for religion in the modern world, and if so, what form is appropriate for the modern social order?
Optimal Task Dispatching on Multiple Heterogeneous Multiserver Systems with Dynamic Speed and Power Management

Cloud load balancing is the process of distributing workloads across multiple computing resources in a cloud environment. Load distribution in cloud computing systems is more challenging than in other systems. The purpose of the paper is to address the issue of optimal task dispatching on multiple heterogeneous multiserver systems with dynamic speed and power management. The main contributions of the paper are to solve three problems, i.e., the optimal task dispatching problems with minimized average task response time, minimized average power consumption, and minimized average cost-performance ratio, for multiple heterogeneous multiserver systems with dynamic $d$ -speed and power management. In our study, multiserver systems with dynamic speed and power management are modeled as queueing systems, so that fundamental performance and cost metrics such as the average task response time and the average power consumption can be obtained analytically. Our research problems are formulated as multi-variable optimization problems and solved numerically. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that addresses load distribution for performance optimization, power minimization, and cost-performance ratio optimization, collectively on multiple heterogeneous servers with dynamic speed and power management.
Abstract 251: Semiautomated Measurement of Ascending Aortic Aneurysm Versus Manual Measurement: Assessment of Variability

Purpose: To evaluate inter method and intra observer variability of a novel semi-automated method for measurement of ascending aorta aneurysm (AAA) in ECG gated dual source CT angiogram (DSCTA). Material and Method: Under an IRB approved protocol, multiplanar reformatted images of 40 patients with AAA were measured in DSCTA images. Transaxial maximum diameter of inner wall to inner wall was measured at five anatomic locations of thoracic aorta: annulus, sinus, sinotubular junction (STJ), mid ascending aorta at the level of right pulmonary artery (MAA), and proximal aortic arch immediately proximal to innominate artery (PROX) (Figure 1). Measurements were performed by conventional manual method and the novel semi-automated segmentation software and compared. Inter method and intra observer variability were evaluated according to Intra Class Correlation (ICC). Time required for post processing of the aorta with both methods was recorded in all the cases. Results: Mean maximum diameters in semi-automated method were: annulus 31.10 mm, sinus: 41.95 mm, STJ: 38.05 mm, MAA: 41.88 mm, and PROX: 37.60 mm. Manual method showed mean maximum diameter of 30.87 mm, 42.05 mm, 36.87 mm, 41.18 mm, and 36.42 mm at annulus, sinus, STJ, MAA, and PROX, respectively. There was an excellent inter method and intra observer agreement between two methods at all five points (ICC > 0.9). The post processing time was 8’2’’±1’35” for the semi-automated method while this time was 19’± 20” for the manual method. Conclusion: The novel semi-automated tool demonstrated an excellent agreement with conventional manual method in measurement of AAA in ECG gated DSCTA with the advantage of significant reduction in the post processing time.
Effects of Assist-As-Needed Upper Extremity Robotic Therapy after Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury: A Parallel-Group Controlled Trial

Background - Robotic rehabilitation of the upper limb following neurological injury has been supported through several large clinical studies for individuals with chronic stroke. The application of robotic rehabilitation to the treatment of other neurological injuries is less developed, despite indications that strategies successful for restoration of motor capability following stroke may benefit individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) as well. Although recent studies suggest that robot-aided rehabilitation might be beneficial after incomplete SCI, it is still unclear what type of robot-aided intervention contributes to motor recovery. Methods - We developed a novel assist-as-needed (AAN) robotic controller to adjust challenge and robotic assistance continuously during rehabilitation therapy delivered via an upper extremity exoskeleton, the MAHIExo II, to train independent elbow and wrist joint movements. We further enrolled seventeen patients with incomplete spinal cord injury (AIS C and D levels) in a parallel-group balanced controlled trial to test the efficacy of the AAN controller, compared to a subject-triggered (ST) controller that does not adjust assistance or challenge levels continuously during therapy. The conducted study is a stage two, development-of-concept pilot study. Results - We validated the AAN controller in its capability of modulating assistance and challenge during therapy via analysis of longitudinal robotic metrics. For the selected primary outcome measure, the pre-post difference in ARAT score, no statistically significant change was measured in either group of subjects. Ancillary analysis of secondary outcome measures obtained via robotic testing indicates gradual improvement in movement quality during the therapy program in both groups, with the AAN controller affording greater increases in movement quality over the ST controller. Conclusion - The present study demonstrates feasibility of subject-adaptive robotic therapy after incomplete spinal cord injury, but does not demonstrate gains in arm function occurring as a result of the robot-assisted rehabilitation program, nor differential gains obtained as a result of the developed AAN controller. Further research is warranted to better quantify the recovery potential provided by AAN control strategies for robotic rehabilitation of the upper limb following incomplete SCI.
Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis (RAPD) of Artemisia subgenus Tridentatae species and hybrids

Species of Artemisia (subgenus Tridentatae ) dominate much of western North America. The genetic variation that allows this broad ecological adaptation is facilitated by hybridization and polyploidization. Three separate studies were performed in this group using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Fifty-seven 10-mer primers generated nearly 400 markers from genomic DNA obtained from leaf tissue. These studies were (1) a measure of the variability of plants within and between populations and between subspecies using 5 A. tridentata ssp. wyomingensis populations, 2 A. cana ssp. cana populations, and 1 A. cana ssp. viscidula population; (2) an examination of the hypothesis that tetraploid (4 x ) Artemisia tridentata spp. vaseyana derives de novo from diploid (2 x ) populations via antopolyploidy; and (3) an examination of the validity of the status of putative hybrids that have been produced by controlled pollination. These later hybrid combinations- A. tridentata ssp. tridentata × A. t. ssp. vaseyana , A. t. ssp. wyomingensis × A. tripartita , and A. cana ssp. cana A. tridentata ssp. wyomingensis - were made to combine traits of parental taxa in unique combinations with possible management application. RAPD marker data were subjected to similarity and UPGMA clustering analyses. RAPD markers were effective in measuring genetic diversity at different systematic levels. Individual plants within a population were approximately 55% to > 80% similar to one another; populations within subspecies gave corresponding values of similarity, probably a result of the combined effects of large population sizes and wind pollination. The 2 subspecies of A. cana were approximately 45% similar. At least some 4 x populations of A. tridentata ssp. vaseyana apparently derive de novo from 2 x plants based on their being embedded in 2 x phenogram groups, thus reinforcing evidence that autopolyploidy plays an important role in Tridentatae population biology. Two ( A. tridentata ssp. tridentata × A. t. ssp. vaseyana and A. cana ssp. cana × A. tridentata ssp. wyomingensis ) of the 3 putative hybrid combinations were confirmed to include hybrids. These hybrids may have potential in management applications. Additional use of RAPD technology combined with other techniques may be useful in delimiting genetic characteristics and in guiding artificial selection in Tridentatae .
The sickness response at and before clinical diagnosis of spontaneous bovine respiratory disease

Abstract Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is often diagnosed in feedlots after observing behavioral changes such as anorexia, with fever confirmatory. However, this method has poor diagnostic accuracy compared to postmortem lung lesions. Little is known about how these or other sickness responses such as low grooming present in early, spontaneous BRD, especially during feedlot acclimation. To inform improved detection, we studied 3 aspects of the BRD sickness response at and before diagnosis and the effect of acclimation on behavior in beef heifers. We hypothesized that heifers with BRD would have fever and spend less time feeding and grooming compared to controls, and that both behaviors would increase with acclimation. Beef heifers were randomized to replicate and pen, balanced for body weight (total n = 80), and monitored for 12 d, starting 2 d after shipping. Rectal temperature was measured with a logger, while feeding time and brush use were video-recorded. Clinical signs were recorded daily: heifers remaining healthy over the entire 12 d were Controls (n = 46); those meeting set criteria were classified as BRD (n = 21). Health effects were analyzed for all 3 dependent variables on the day of diagnosis (d 0), and for fever and feeding, the 2 days before (d −1 and −2), using analogous days for Controls. Acclimation effects were tested separately using all available behavioral data. BRD heifers had a fever on d 0 and −2 (≥0.4 °C higher than Control, P
Projecting the impact of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention in the context of gonorrhea and chlamydia infection

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is recommended for preventing HIV infection among individuals at high risk, including men who have sex with men (MSM). The synergy of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including gonorrhea (NG) and chlamydia (CT) can provide a unique opportunity to target populations at highest risk for HIV infection. However, the population-level impact of such programs at current (and improved) levels of STI screening remains uncertain. Applying an agent-based simulation of HIV and NG/CT infection, we explored the impact of NG/CT-targeted PrEP among MSM in Baltimore City. Our results suggest that targeting MSM infected with NG/CT can be an effective means of PrEP delivery. If high levels of STI screening can be achieved at the community level, NG/CT diagnosis may be an important and efficient entry point for PrEP evaluation and delivery; expanding NG/CT screening in conjunction with PrEP can augment this impact even further.
Merestinib (LY2801653) inhibits neurotrophic receptor kinase (NTRK) and suppresses growth of NTRK fusion bearing tumors

Merestinib is an oral multi-kinase inhibitor targeting a limited number of oncokinases including MET, AXL, RON and MKNK1/2. Here, we report that merestinib inhibits neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinases NTRK1/2/3 which are oncogenic drivers in tumors bearing NTRK fusion resulting from chromosomal rearrangements. Merestinib is shown to be a type II NTRK1 kinase inhibitor as determined by x-ray crystallography. In KM-12 cells harboring TPM3-NTRK1 fusion, merestinib exhibits potent p-NTRK1 inhibition in vitro by western blot and elicits an anti-proliferative response in two- and three-dimensional growth. Merestinib treatment demonstrated profound tumor growth inhibition in in vivo cancer models harboring either a TPM3-NTRK1 or an ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusion. To recapitulate resistance observed from type I NTRK kinase inhibitors entrectinib and larotrectinib, we generated NIH-3T3 cells exogenously expressing TPM3-NTRK1 wild-type, or acquired mutations G595R and G667C in vitro and in vivo. Merestinib blocks tumor growth of both wild-type and mutant G667C TPM3-NTRK1 expressing NIH-3T3 cell-derived tumors. These preclinical data support the clinical evaluation of merestinib, a type II NTRK kinase inhibitor (NCT02920996), both in treatment naive patients and in patients progressed on type I NTRK kinase inhibitors with acquired secondary G667C mutation in NTRK fusion bearing tumors.
Retinal Oxygen Tension Is Higher in Light than Dark

ABSTRACT. The oxygen tension at the inner retinal surface in rabbits was measured with intraocular polarographic electrodes. In the air breathing rabbit, the oxygen tension is 21 ± 9 mm Hg (mean ± 1 SD, n = 6) in 12 foot-candles white light at the cornea. The oxygen tension falls 6 ± 2 mm Hg (mean ± 1 SD, n = 4, p < 0.02) in darkness. In bright white light (800 foot-candles), the retinal oxygen tension is about 6 mm Hg higher than at 12 foot-candles. The in vivo retinal oxygen consumption was calculated to be 2.4 ml O2/100 g/min in light and 2.6 ml O2/100 g/min in dark. The higher oxygen consumption is probably responsible for the lower oxygen tension of the retina in dark as compared to light. Breathing 100% oxygen elevates the preretinal oxygen tension to 190 ± 72 mm Hg (mean ± 1 SD, n = 4) in light.
Optimal Consumption and Portfolio Choice for Retirees

I solve the optimal consumption and portfolio choice problem of a retiree who is endowed with both liquid assets and pre-annuitized wealth in Social Security. The retiree faces an investment menu including an equity index, a risk-free bond, a life insurance and a variable annuity. I find that the added benefit of annuitization timing can be valuable for variable annuity. The utility loss due to the irreversibility of pre-annuitized wealth can be big, and a transition from the current pay-as-you-go Social Security system to a personal investmentbased system benefits retirees with high fraction of pre-annuitized wealth the most. Purchasing life insurance is effective in reducing the adverse effect of over-annuitization only for impatient retirees with low Elasticity of Intergenerational Substitution. Interestingly, the utility loss due to the irreversibility of a future life annuity purchase is small for the retiree.
Exploring the themes in the U.S. media coverage of Wanda’s investments in Hollywood

Cast against the backdrop of the U.S.–China “trade war” during the Trump Administration, Wanda Group’s billionaire chairman Wan Jianlin’s aggressive investments in the U.S. entertainment industry h...
Recent Advances in the Study of Cerebrovascular Receptors

The possibility of monoamines interaction with vascular elements in the brain under pathological conditions leading to an altered cerebro-vascular function and secondary brain injury was postulated at the time of limited knowledge about their respective receptors (33). The confirmation of this concept has been hindered by the difficulties of studying the regulatory mechanisms of the noticeably inaccessible vascular bed. Needless to say that direct proof of receptors present in the vessels and particularly in the microvessels of the brain has lingered beyond those described in the peripheral vasculature. For a long time it was thought that the cerebral arteries lack reactivities to nervous and pharmacological stimuli, even though the presence of nerve fibers in cerebral arteries was already described centuries ago by Willis. Subsequently, this opinion was overturned by electronmicroscopic, histochemical and specific immunocytochemical evidence of an existing perivascular innervation (4,6,9,11,16,17,29,36,39,43).
Tandem Inter [4 + 2]/Intra [3 + 2] Cycloadditions of Nitroalkenes. Asymmetric Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Aminocyclopentanes Using the Bridged Mode (β-Tether) Process†

An asymmetric, tandem inter [4 + 2]/intra [3 + 2] bridged mode (β-tether) cycloaddition of nitroalkenes has been developed. This new sequence involves the Lewis acid-promoted [4 + 2] cycloaddition of nitro olefins with enantiopure 1-alkoxy-1,4-dienes. The resulting nitronates, bearing a C(5) tethered dipolarophile, undergo thermal, intramolecular [3 + 2] cycloaddition to afford stable tricyclic nitroso acetals, which can be subsequently reduced to provide interesting aminocyclopentanes. Thus, in three steps, highly functionalized, enantiomerically enriched aminocyclopentanes can be constructed with good yield and high ee. Additionally, the Lewis acid was found to impart a remarkable influence on the stereochemical outcome of the [4 + 2] cycloaddition.
A small-molecule competitive inhibitor of phosphatidic acid binding by the AAA+ protein NSF/Sec18 blocks the SNARE-priming stage of vacuole fusion

The homeostasis of most organelles requires membrane fusion mediated by soluble N-ethylmaleimide–sensitive factor (NSF) attachment protein receptors (SNAREs). SNAREs undergo cycles of activation and deactivation as membranes move through the fusion cycle. At the top of the cycle, inactive cis-SNARE complexes on a single membrane are activated, or primed, by the hexameric ATPase associated with the diverse cellular activities (AAA+) protein, N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF/Sec18), and its co-chaperone α-SNAP/Sec17. Sec18-mediated ATP hydrolysis drives the mechanical disassembly of SNAREs into individual coils, permitting a new cycle of fusion. Previously, we found that Sec18 monomers are sequestered away from SNAREs by binding phosphatidic acid (PA). Sec18 is released from the membrane when PA is hydrolyzed to diacylglycerol by the PA phosphatase Pah1. Although PA can inhibit SNARE priming, it binds other proteins and thus cannot be used as a specific tool to further probe Sec18 activity. Here, we report the discovery of a small-molecule compound, we call IPA (inhibitor of priming activity), that binds Sec18 with high affinity and blocks SNARE activation. We observed that IPA blocks SNARE priming and competes for PA binding to Sec18. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that IPA induces a more rigid NSF/Sec18 conformation, which potentially disables the flexibility required for Sec18 to bind to PA or to activate SNAREs. We also show that IPA more potently and specifically inhibits NSF/Sec18 activity than does N-ethylmaleimide, requiring the administration of only low micromolar concentrations of IPA, demonstrating that this compound could help to further elucidate SNARE-priming dynamics.
Adjunctive memantine for opioid use disorder treatment: A systematic review

Abstract Memantine is commonly used for the treatment of moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease. Due to its antagonism of the N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor, which has been shown to block rewarding and reinforcing effects of morphine, memantine has been investigated for potential utilization in opioid use disorder (OUD). The objective of this systematic review is to assess the evidence available to determine the safety and efficacy of memantine as treatment for OUD. Pubmed (1946-August 2019) and Embase (1947-August 2019) were queried using the following search terms: opioid-related disorders, opioids, substance withdrawal syndrome, withdrawal syndrome, opiate addiction, opiate, opiate dependence, opiate substitution treatment, managed opioid withdrawal, or drug withdrawal and memantine. After assessing studies appropriate for the objective, one single-blind and five double-blind, placebo-controlled trials were included. Of the included studies, four demonstrated beneficial effects of memantine either as monotherapy or adjunct to methadone or buprenorphine on reducing opioid cravings and methadone dose, increasing retention rates, and improving cognitive performance in patients with OUD. Two studies did not show benefit on patient retention rates with memantine adjunct to naltrexone. Study durations ranged from 3 to 13 weeks, and memantine dosing ranged from 5 to 60 mg/day. Memantine was well tolerated with similar rates of adverse effects between treatment groups. Based on the reviewed literature, memantine appears most beneficial as an adjunctive treatment for OUD when combined with methadone or buprenorphine, but not naltrexone. Larger studies with longer periods of treatment and follow-up are needed to support the use of memantine in the management of OUD.
Elucidating Determinants of Survival Disparities Among a Real-world Cohort of Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients: A National Cancer Database Analysis.

Abstract Background Disparities in breast cancer survival by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status have been reported. However, it is unclear if these findings are reproducible among subpopulations. This study aimed to assess if socially oriented factors are predictive of overall survival (OS) among patients with hormone receptor-positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor 2-positive (HER2+) metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Patients and Methods We analyzed patients with MBC included in the National Cancer Database diagnosed with HR+ and HER2+ disease treated between 2010 and 2015. Multivariate analyses describe the association between non-clinical prognostic factors and OS. A matched analysis, which balanced prognostic factors between whites and African Americans (AA), was also conducted. Results Of the 6200 patients analyzed, the majority were 50 years or older, white, and treated with hormonal therapy. Disparities in OS were observed; multivariate analysis revealed diminished survival was associated with low income ( Conclusions This study confirms that the known sociodemographic disparities in OS among patients with MBC are similar within the HR+/HER2+ subpopulation. The discordance of outcomes between matched and unmatched analysis demonstrate that there is a highly vulnerable subgroup of AAs. Further investigation is required to determine if the identified associations are independently causal of poor prognosis.
The Current Schemes of Insulin Therapy: Pro and Contra.

Insulin regimens have been evolving for a century. The schemes used for type 1 (T1D) and type 2 (T2D) diabetes differ due to differences in pathophysiology but share important features. Insulin is required for both types of diabetes when other means of controlling glucose are insufficient. For T1D this requires multiple daily injections or continuous subcutaneous infusion assisted by CGM, whereas in early T2D basal insulin together with oral agents or GLP-1RA is usually effective. In both cases current schemes typically maintain HbA1c levels between 7 and 8%, a range that limits but does not eliminate the long-term complications of diabetes, but do not restore glycemic control to a fully protective level. Inability to control postprandial hyperglycemia without problematic weight gain and hypoglycemia is a leading obstacle in both T1D and long-duration T2D. A greater share of prandial dosing decisions will have to be provided by smart electronic systems. Further changes in the structure or formulation of insulin are of uncertain potential, but schemes including delivery of amylin, GLP-1, and glucagon show promise. More reliable access to insulins, delivery devices, and capable medical advisors will be needed to optimize replacement of this essential hormone.
Volatile profiles of cooked organic sweetpotato by electronic nose

Flavor consists of taste plus aroma, with aromatic compounds presenting an important part of food selection. The aroma makes our food more pleasing to the eye, diverse, and inviting to eat. As aroma and cooking methods are critical factors influencing consumer acceptance, more information on the aromatic volatile compounds in boiled sweetpotato cultivars is needed as those currently available are insufficient. Slips (rooted cuttings) of four orange-fleshed sweetpotato cultivars – Beauregard, Evangeline, Orleans, and Covington – were cultivated on the Tennessee State University certified Organic Farm. After 120 days, cultivars were harvested and cured for 7 days under controlled environmental conditions. After storage, sweetpotato roots were prepared by boiling, and the electronic nose was used to discriminate the aroma profiles of sweetpotato volatiles. The volatile compounds were identified and analyzed. Approximately 40 aromatic volatile compounds including active volatile categories were alcohols, acids, aldehydes, esters, ketones, pyrazine, terpinenes, and phenylpropenes. The ability to understand sweetpotato flavors could help researchers establish tastes and aromas that are acceptable to consumers and would lead to an increase in demand for the crop in the fresh market and potential economic gains for producers.
Housing Barriers: Trends in the Nation's Fourth-Largest City.

While many barriers to decent and affordable housing in the United States have fallen, many Americans still do not enjoy complete freedom in selecting a place to live. Over five decades of federal housing policies, programs, and legislation have achieved mixed results in providing equal access of all Americans to decent and affordable housing. Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 (i.e., the Fair Housing Act) were the two major pieces of federal legislation designed to remove the barriers to free choice in the housing market. Most recently, the 1988 amendment to the Fair Housing Act was enacted to plug some of the gaps left in the earlier fair housing legislation. Despite the efforts at the federal level, the problem of individual and institutional discrimination remains a major obstacle for many African-Americans and other ethnic minorities seeking decent and affordable housing (see Bullard, 1983, 1984; Bullard & Tryman, 1980; Feins & Bratt, 1983; James, McCumming, T Kain, 1979, 1980; Krivo, 1982; Lake, 1981; Pearce, 1979; Pol & Guy, 1982; U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 1979; U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1979; Wilson, 1979). Discriminatory practices complicate the housing search for millions of Black families. The various forms of discrimination have
Erythrocyte Fe59 uptake as a function of bone marrow dose injected in lethally irradiated mice.

The relation between bone marrow cell dose and 24-hour erythrocyte Fe59 uptake has been established in lethally irradiated mice. Erythrocyte Fe59 uptake is a function of the dose of bone marrow cells and of the time after irradiation at which Fe59 is injected. By choosing appropriate bone marrow doses and times of Fe59 injection, the range of cell doses between 5 x 105 and 2 x 107 has been explored. The relation between cell dose and Fe59 uptake is linear for Fe59 uptakes between 0 to 30 per cent. The steepest line relating Fe59 uptake to cell dose is that obtained when Fe59 was injected at day 9 and covers the range of 5 X 104 to 5 X 105 cells. The curve obtained when iron is injected on day 5 is much flatter and covers the range of 1 x 106 to 2 x 107 cells. Erythropoiesis stimulating factor (ESF) in doses that stimulate erythrocyte Fe59 uptake in normal mice has no effect in irradiated, bone marrow-treated mice. Homologous marrow is slightly less effective, and rat bone marrow markedly (∼ 100 times) less effective in promoting recovery of erythropoieis. The erythrocyte Fe59 uptake of mice preimmunized with homologous or rat marrow before irradiation is much lower than that of nonpreimmunized animals.
Nanoscale feed ingredients and animal and human health

Abstract: Nanotechnology is a twenty-first century discipline that deals with the study and engineering of manufactured materials with one dimension less than 100 nm. This chapter provides an overview of the presence of this diverse group of materials in animal feed as well as the associated safety implications. Topics covered include formal definitions, aspects of their origin, and detection methods, as well as the potential biological effects of consumption of food-products containing nanomaterials for both food-producing animals and humans. Naturally occurring and manufactured materials will be discussed, and materials specifically designed to take advantage of the unique physical properties inherent to the nanoscale will be presented. Finally, the impact of these nanomaterials will be examined, both in terms of potential for tissue residues and in the development of regulations to avoid risks to health.
Theodore E. Woodward Award. Do ANCA cause small vessel vasculitis

ANCA may be a pathogenetic force, but to date, support for this contention remains indirect. Active immunization with antigen or passive transfer of ANCA has not reproduced small vessel vasculitis (SVV). It is more than likely that if ANCA are pathogenetic, they are involved as one of many simultaneously occurring mechanisms acting in concert with other synergistic inflammatory mediators of disease. These include not only environmental factors such as infection or environmental toxins such as silica, but also genetic factors that are only now being described. The paradigm for this autoimmune process must include several events that occur simultaneously or sequentially, including ANCA, leukocyte activation and injured endothelium.
Disciplinary Differences in E-learning Instructional Design

Discipline is a vital, yet largely overlooked, factor in research on e-learning course design. This study investigated disciplinary differences in the instructional design of e-learning, by comparing how instructors of mathematics-related disciplines versus others: a) met the challenges of their discipline in e-learning and b) perceived the adequacy of course management systems (CMSs). Investigators used a two-phase method: a) qualitative telephone and face to face interviews, and b) web-based questionnaires. Mathematics instructors suggested very different disciplinary challenges and corresponding e-learning solutions. Mathematics-related instructors were significantly less likely to view prevailing e-learning models and CMSs as well-suited to their discipline.
Clinical spectrum of fascial inflammation

The diverse clinical manifestation of fascial inflammation are reviewed including the entities of eosinophilic fasciitis, fascial inflammation in association with connective tissue diseases, fibrositis, nodular fasciitis, and necrotizing fasciitis. The neuromuscular clinician is encouraged to consider the possibility of fascial inflammation when evaluating patients with painful, aching extremities. A simple technique for including a fascial specimen when performing a routine muscle biopsy is described.
Activity of glutamine synthetase in channel catfish tissues determined by an improved tissue assay method

1. 1. A glutamine synthetase assay was perfected and utilized to determine the activity of this enzyme in selected tissues of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. 2. 2. A discussion of the various factors affecting the enzyme assay is included, i.e. the proper tissue blank, ATP-regenerating system and tissue preparation. 3. 3. Enzyme activity was highest in brain tissue followed by liver, kidney and gill tissue. 4. 4. Possible physiological roles of the enzyme in fish tissue are discussed.
Palpable pediatric thyroid abnormalities – diagnostic pitfalls necessitate a high index of clinical suspicion: a case report

A 12-year-old girl presented with a 4 year history of an enlarged, firm thyroid gland. On exam, her thyroid was firm and fixed and an enlarged cervical lymph node was palpable as well. Though a thyroid ultrasound prior to referral was read as thyroiditis, clinical suspicion for thyroid carcinoma mandated continued investigation. The diagnosis of papillary thyroid cancer was established and her workup revealed lymph node metastases as well as a tremendous burden of pulmonary metastases. Pediatric thyroid cancer is extremely rare, but often presents with aggressive disease. Palpable thyroid abnormalities in an individual under 20-years-old should be viewed with suspicion and should be thoroughly investigated to rule out malignancy even in the face of negative diagnostic procedures. Though pediatric papillary thyroid cancer often presents with loco-regional and even distant metastatic disease, mortality rates in follow-up for as long as 20 years are very favorable.
Gas Foil Journal Bearing Power Loss at High Ambient Pressure

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) Exploration Initiative requires the reliable availability of electrical power, on the order of hundreds of kilowatts, for operating spacecraft electric ion engines, on-board instruments, and communications. Foil gas bearing performance in Helium-Xenon (He-Xe) gas mixtures at high ambient pressures is a critical issue in the design of these power conversion systems. The work describe herein is a combined experimental and analytic approach to predicting bearing power loss at these conditions. A high pressure test chamber is used to test generation III foil journal bearings up to 47 atmospheres (∼700 psig). Data is then calibrated to classic Taylor-Couette flow to determine an appropriate power loss model for these bearings.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Formation of Hydrocarbons from Carbon Monoxide on Rhodium/Alumina Model Catalysts.

Abstract When tunnel junctions containing carbon monoxide adsorbed on alumina-supported Rh are heated in hydrogen the vibrational peaks due to carbon monoxide decrease and a new set of vibrational peaks grows. Shifts in the positions of some of these new peaks are observed if the normal 12C16O is replaced by 13C16O, but not if it is replaced by 12C18O. This suggests that the new surface species includes the carbon from the CO, but not the oxygen. The set of new peaks grows together and is in one-to-one correspondence with the peaks of ethylidene as extrapolated between published spectra of halogenated derivatives. A different surface species, tentatively identified as formate ions, can be produced by heating without hydrogen.
Feasibility Study of Volumetric Diffuse Optical Tomography in Small Animal Using CCD-Camera-Based Imaging System

We report the feasibility of 3-D volumetric Diffuse Optical Tomography for small animals using a CCD-camera-based imaging system with the novel depth compensation algorithm. It allows 3-D localization of anomaly tissue non-invasively in small animals.
Some Thoughts on Minimizing Cost of Arc-Furnace Transformers

A series of failures of large arc-furnace transformers have caused users and manufacturers to reevaluate their traditional view of transformer reliability. The costs of outages are higher because arcfurnaces now produce a larger fraction of all steel in the Western world than in the past. The purpose of this paper is to present a model for minimizing the costs of failure including down time, caused by a sudden breakdown of a large piece of equipment, which could be replaced with another unit performing identical function and called ``sliding standby.'' Models include replacement of the failed unit with a i) standby, ii) leasing, and iii) repair program; the time value of money; costs associated with failure; taxes; variables suggested by Jorgenson and Radner; variables suggested by steel industry experts. Since the useful life of an arc- furnace transformer is rarely known in advance with a degree of certainty, the reliability is analyzed. An empirical distribution of failure times is based on a sample taken from experts in the steel industry.
Analysis of fatty acid-ethylene oxide adducts by countercurrent distribution

Countercurrent distribution (CCD) has been found to be a very satisfactory means for the direct determination of free polyol, monoester and diester in a wide range of fatty acid-ethylene oxide adducts in which the average polyoxyethylene (POE) chain length varies from 1–40 ethylene oxide units. A suggested procedure with three solvent systems, providing optimum separation over the entire scope of products, is presented in this paper.
The valuation and securitization of commercial and multifamily mortgages

Abstract This paper develops a pricing model capable of accurately valuing commercial mortgages and their mortgage backed securities (MBS). It is the first example in the general literature on mortgage pricing in which the valuation of an MBS is explicitly tied to that of the underlying mortgages, making possible a comparison of the performance of the loans and the securities they back. We have shown that while there are similarities between mortgages and their mortgage backed securities, they act in different ways. In general, it turns out that despite being the more passive asset, the mortgage backed security exhibits the more complicated behavior.
Deep, dark…or transparent? Knowing our desires

The idea that introspection is transparent—that we know our minds by looking out to the world, not inwards towards some mental item—seems quite appealing when we think about belief. It seems that we know our beliefs by attending to their content; I know that I believe there is a cafe nearby by thinking about the streets near me, and not by thinking directly about my mind. Such an account is thought to have several advantages—for example, it is thought to avoid the need to posit any extra mental faculties peculiar to introspection. In this paper I discuss recent attempts to extend this kind of outwards-looking account to our introspective knowledge of desire. According to these accounts, we know our desires by attending to what in the world we judge to be valuable. This, however, does not deal satisfactorily with cases where my value judgments and introspective knowledge of my desires come apart. I propose a better alternative for the proponent of transparency, but one that requires giving up on the supposed metaphysical advantages.
Content dependence of the electrophysiological correlates of recollection.

Abstract The neural correlates of episodic retrieval (‘recollection’) have been shown to differ according to the content of retrieved episodes. It has been hypothesized that these content-dependent differences reflect the ‘reinstatement’ of encoding-related processes or representations at the time of recollection. It remains unclear, however, whether these effects directly reflect the recollection of differential episodic content, as would be predicted by the reinstatement hypothesis, or whether they are instead associated with processes that are contingent on successful recollection. To address this issue, the present study employed event-related potentials (ERPs), permitting the investigation of the temporal dynamics of content-dependent neural effects during retrieval, and in particular, their onset with respect to well-established ERP correlates of recollection, such as the left parietal old–new effect. Subjects studied a series of words that were each presented in the context of one of two encoding tasks. One task required the covert generation of a sentence incorporating each word, whereas the other required imagining the object corresponding to each word within a superimposed scenic picture. Memory for the words was subsequently tested with the ‘remember/know’ procedure. ERPs elicited by recollected words differed according to the prior encoding history of the word, beginning at approximately 300 ms following word onset. These content-dependent ERP differences were maximal over the anterior scalp and, importantly, onset as early as the left parietal old–new effect. The findings demonstrate that content-dependent neural activity during retrieval can occur in a timeframe that is compatible with a direct role in the recollection and representation of episodic information.
The future in the past: Hildegard Peplau and interpersonal relations in nursing

Researchers, educators and clinicians have long recognized the profound influence of the mid-twentieth century focus on interpersonal relations and relationships on nursing. Today, in nursing, as well as in medicine and other social sciences, neuroanatomy, neurobiology and neurophysiology have replaced interpersonal dynamics as keys to understanding human behavior. Yet concerns are being raised that the teaching, research and practice of the critical importance of healing relationships have been overridden by a biological focus on the experiences of health and illness. As a way to move forward, we return to Hildegard Peplau's seminal ideas about the transformative power of relationships in nursing. We propose that Peplau's formulations and, in particular, her seminal Interpersonal Relations in Nursing can provide direction. We do not propose that her formulations or her book be simply transposed from the 1950s to today's classroom and clinic. But we do believe that her ideas and writings are dynamic documents containing concepts and derived operations that can be brought to life in clinical practice. Finally, we explore Peplau's transformative idea that nursing is, at its core, an interpersonal process both to acknowledge an idea that has shaped our past and can guide us into our future.
Glucocorticoid Suppression of IGF I Transcription in Osteoblasts

Glucocorticoids have profound effects on bone formation, decreasing IGF I transcription in osteoblasts, but the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. We previously showed that the bp +34 to+ 192 region of the rat IGF I exon 1 promoter was responsible for repression of IGF I transcription by cortisol in cultures of osteoblasts from fetal rat calvariae (Ob cells). Here, site-directed mutagenesis was used to show that a binding site for members of the CAAT/enhancer binding protein family of transcription factors, within the +132 to +158 region of the promoter, mediates this glucocorticoid effect. EMSAs demonstrated that cortisol increased binding of osteoblast nuclear proteins to the +132 to +158 region of the IGF I promoter. Supershift assays showed that CAAT/enhancer binding protein α, β, and δ interact with this sequence, and binding of CAAT/enhancer binding protein δ, in particular, was increased in the presence of cortisol. Northern blot analysis showed that CAAT/enhancer binding protein δ and β tr...
The Role of the Plant-Specific ALTERED XYLOGLUCAN9 Protein in Arabidopsis Cell Wall Polysaccharide O-Acetylation

A mutation in the ALTERED XYLOGLUCAN9 (AXY9) gene was found to be causative for the decreased xyloglucan acetylation phenotype of the axy9.1 mutant, which was identified in a forward genetic screen for Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants. The axy9.1 mutant also exhibits decreased O-acetylation of xylan, implying that the AXY9 protein has a broad role in polysaccharide acetylation. An axy9 insertional mutant exhibits severe growth defects and collapsed xylem, demonstrating the importance of wall polysaccharide O-acetylation for normal plant growth and development. Localization and topological experiments indicate that the active site of the AXY9 protein resides within the Golgi lumen. The AXY9 protein appears to be a component of the plant cell wall polysaccharide acetylation pathway, which also includes the REDUCED WALL ACETYLATION and TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE-LIKE proteins. The AXY9 protein is distinct from the TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE-LIKE proteins, reported to be polysaccharide acetyltransferases, but does share homology with them and other acetyltransferases, suggesting that the AXY9 protein may act to produce an acetylated intermediate that is part of the O-acetylation pathway.
Validity of Indicator-Dilution Determination of Cardiac Output in Patients with Aortic Regurgitation

Indicator-dilution determinations of cardiac index were performed in 298 catheterization studies in three groups of patients, many with aortic regurgitation. The absence of physiologically significant differences between the two sampling sites, the pulmonary artery and systemic artery after right atrial injection, demonstrates that even severe aortic regurgitation does not vitiate the indicator-dilution determination of cardiac output after right heart injection and systemic arterial sampling if the downstroke of the primary dilution curve permits a straight-line semilogarithmic extrapolation.