cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gaseous hydrogen embrittlement of high strength steels

The kinetics of sustained-load subcritical crack growth in hydrogen were determined for 18Ni(200) and 18Ni(250) maraging steels over a range of hydrogen pressures and temperatures. Crack growth in each steel was characterized by an apparent threshold stress intensity, a domain where the growth rate increased sharply with stress intensity (K) (Stage I), and a range where the growth rate was independent ofK (Stage II). The rate-limited Stage II crack growth in these steels exhibited three distinct regions of temperature dependency, with a different isothermal pressure dependence in each region. In the low temperature region, Stage II crack growth was thermally activated with δH = 18.2 ±1.7 kj/mol; (δH being independent of hydrogen pressure and yield strength). The growth rates at a givenK were proportional to the square root of hydrogen pressure. In the intermediate temperature region, Stage II growth rates increased at slower rates, passed through a maximum and then decreased with increasing temperature. Within this region, the pressure dependence for crack growth increased from 1/2-power to 2.0-power with increasing temperature. Above a transition temperature, each grade of maraging steel became essentially immune to gaseous hydrogen embrittlement for the hydrogen pressure range considered. The transition temperature was strongly affected by yield strength and hydrogen pressure. Plausible explanations for these phenomenological results are considered.
Association of statin use with improved local control in patients treated with selective bladder preservation for muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

Abstract Objectives To assess whether statin use improves local control (LC) in patients undergoing organ-preserving trimodality therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the data from 286 patients with muscle-invasive, transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder treated with maximal transurethral resection of the bladder tumor followed by chemoradiotherapy from 1986 to 2003 at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Patients with a complete response after induction chemoradiotherapy received consolidation chemoradiotherapy and those with an incomplete response underwent cystectomy. Of the 286 patients, 35 (12%) were known to be taking a statin during chemoradiotherapy. LC was defined as freedom from the development of muscle-invasive bladder cancer or superficial bladder cancer necessitating cystectomy. Results The median follow-up time was 2.7 years for all patients and 3.1 years for survivors. The overall 5-year LC rate was 55%. On univariate analysis, tumor stage, completeness of transurethral resection of the bladder tumor, hydronephrosis, chemotherapy type, treatment era, and statin use were significantly associated with LC. The 5-year LC rate for patients taking a statin was 73% versus 52% for patients not taking a statin ( P = 0.04). On multivariate analysis incorporating covariates that were statistically significant ( P P = 0.02) and the absence of hydronephrosis ( P = 0.01) remained significantly associated with LC. Conclusions Statin use was associated with an improvement in LC on univariate analysis but was not found to be independently associated with LC after controlling for known prognostic factors. The potential beneficial interaction between statin use and chemoradiotherapy in bladder cancer warrants further investigation in a prospective study.
CT Angiography With Whole Brain Perfused Blood Volume Imaging Added Clinical Value in the Assessment of Acute Stroke

Background and Purpose— In CT angiographic and perfusion imaging (CTA/CTP), rapid CT scanning is performed during the brief steady state administration of a contrast bolus, creating both vascular phase images of the major intracranial vessels and perfused blood volume-weighted parenchymal phase images of the entire brain. We assessed the added clinical value of the data provided by CTA/CTP over that of clinical examination and noncontrast CT (NCCT) alone. Methods— NCCT and CTA/CTP imaging was performed in 40 patients presenting with an acute stroke. Short clinical vignettes were retrospectively prepared. After concurrent review of the vignettes and NCCT, a stroke neurologist rated infarct location, vascular territory, vessel(s) occluded, and Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) and Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project classifications. The ratings were repeated after serial review of each of the CTA/CTP components: (1) axial CTA source images; (2) CTP whole brain blood volume-weighted sourc...
An embryonic source of Ly1 but not conventional B cells

Ly1+ B cells differ from conventional B cells with respect to their anatomical localization, cell surface marker expression, and antibody repertoire suggesting that they may constitute a functionally distinct subset of B cells. To determine whether Ly1+ B cells also have a developmentally distinct site of origin we grafted various fetal primordia into adult severe combined immunodeficient (scid) mice and analyzed their potential to give rise to T and B cells. We demonstrated that fetal omentum, but not spleen or thymus grafts, reconstituted exclusively Ly1 B cells (including the Ly1 sister population) as well as a population of IgM and IgA producing plasma cells in the spleen and gut, respectively. Although thymus grafts regularly reconstituted T cells, thymus plus fetal omentum cografts gave rise to a population of Ly1+ B cells as well as T cells which were also derived from omentum. However, in neither omentum nor omentum plus thymus cografts were conventional B cells detected. These results provide the first evidence that Ly1 B cells but not conventional B cells are generated from the fetal omentum.
Electrical Aspects of Adsorbing Colloid Flotation. XIV. Adsorption of Lauryl Sulfate on Fe(OH)3 and AI(OH)3

Abstract The adsorption of lauryl sulfate (LS) ion on ferric hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide flocs was investigated. Hemimicelle formation on Fe(OH)3 begins at supernatant LS concentrations of about 20 mg/L; on AI(OH)3 it begins at about 8 mg/L. Added salts interfere with the adsorption of LS on these flocs. For Fe(OH)3 the order of strength in interference is NO− 3 <SO2− 4 < H 2PO− 4; for AI(OH)3 the order is NO− 3 < C2O2− 4. The results observed for Fe(OH)3 were consistent with zeta potential measurements.
Optimal choice of monetary policy instruments in an economy with real and liquidity shocks

Faced with real and nominal shocks, what should a benevolent central bank do, …x the money growth rate or target the in‡ation rate? In this paper, we make a …rst attempt at studying the optimal choice of monetary policy instruments in a micro-founded model of money. Speci…cally, we produce an overlapping generations economy in which limited communication and stochastic relocation creates an endogenous transactions role for …at money. We …nd that when the shocks are real, welfare is higher under money growth targeting; when the shocks are nominal and not large, welfare is higher under in‡ation rate targeting. While under in‡ation rate targeting, it is always optimal to pursue an expansionary policy, it is never optimal to do so under money growth targeting.
Chronic alcohol consumption enhances sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction.

Chronic alcoholism causes a cardiac contractile dysfunction which, in rats, may occur after 6 mo to 1 yr of alcohol consumption. Sepsis, on a more acute basis, can also induce intrinsic cardiac dysfunction. We tested the hypothesis that 2 mo of chronic alcohol feeding, while not directly causing overt depression of the myocardium, might sensitize the heart to a known cardiac stress, i.e., sepsis. We proposed that sepsis, induced in an alcoholic animal, would cause a more severe myocardial depression than in a nonalcoholic rat. Thus rats were fed a liquid diet with 36% of the total calories as alcohol for 8-10 wk and were then anesthetized and received an injection of live Escherichia coli (approximately 10(10) E. coli) through a dorsal subcutaneous catheter followed by a second dose approximately 5 h later. The following day, hearts were removed and, using the isolated working heart preparation, intrinsic contractile performance was assessed by generating ventricular function curves. Four groups of animals were studied. Hearts from the nonalcoholic-nonseptic group and the alcoholic-nonseptic group showed identical cardiac work (cardiac output x peak systolic pressure at the highest preload was 6,113 +/- 324 and 5,955 +/- 406 ml.min-1.mmHg-1, respectively). Work in the nonalcoholic-septic and the alcoholic-septic groups was decreased by 30 and 50%, respectively (4,806 +/- 478 vs. 2,917 +/- 435 ml.min-1.mmHg-1 at the highest preload). Thus 2 mo chronic alcohol consumption caused no overt cardiac dysfunction by itself but did exacerbate the myocardial injury induced by sepsis.
Categorical color coding by pigeons

Pigeons were trained on two independent tasks. One involved red and yellow hues, the other involved blue and green hues. For half of the birds, the two tasks were the same (i.e., both tasks were either matching-to-sample, or oddity-from-sample). For the remaining birds, the two tasks were different (i.e., one task was matching-to-sample; the other task was oddity-from-sample). Following acquisition, the pigeons were exposed to test trials on which either the correct or the incorrect comparison hue was replaced with one of the hues from the other task. On yellow-sample trials and on green-sample trials, the pigeons performed as if they had a common code for yellow and green. When there was one comparison available that was appropriate to the “yellow/green” code, performance remained high; but when either both comparisons or neither comparison was appropriate to the “yellow/green” code, performance dropped. The pigeons also tended to code red samples as green and to code blue samples as yellow. The results indicate that pigeons can categorically code colors under conditions that rule out a failure to discriminate among the colors.
Effect of contaminants from flue gas on CO2 sequestration in saline formation

SUMMARY Deep saline aquifers are reported to have the largest estimated capacity for CO2 sequestration. Most geochemical studies on CO2 storage in saline formations are focused on the interactions of pure CO2 and do not consider the potential impacts of contaminants such as SO2 found in typical post-composition flue gas streams. This paper reports on results of a combined CO2–co-contaminant–brine–rock experimental and a simple modeling study of the potential impact of flue gas contaminants on saline formations. Chemical reactions of the sandstone from Mount Simon formation exposed to CO2 mixed with other gas species under sequestration conditions were studied (i.e. solid material — representative Mount Simon sandstone; liquid — synthetic Illinois Basin brine; T and P — 50 °C, 110 bar; gas composition — 1% SO2, 4% O2, 95% CO2). The experimental study indicates that the co-injection of 1% SO2 would lead to substantially reduced brine pH due to the formation of sulfuric acid and the formation of bassanite (major) and anhydrites. Preliminary equilibrium computational modeling yielded similar results. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
β-Blockers and Progression of Coronary Atherosclerosis: Pooled Analysis of 4 Intravascular Ultrasonography Trials

The mechanisms by which β-blockers prevent recurrent myocardial infarction are not clear. In a pooled analysis of individual patient data, Sipahi and coworkers examined changes in coronary atheroma...
Structure‐property relationships in thermoplastic elastomers: I. Segmented polyether‐polyurethanes

Segmented poly(ether-b-urethanes) have been synthesized with 2000 MW polypropylene oxide coupled with diisocyanates and diol type chain extenders. The diisocyanates used were symmetric rigid 4, 4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), linear aliphatic hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), and unsymmetric rigid toluene-2, 4-diisocyanate (TDI). The chain extenders were symmetric N, N′-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalamide (BT) and N, N′-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-hydroquinone (BH) unsymmetric N, N′-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)isophthalamide, and linear aliphatic 1, 4-butanediol (B). Hard segment contents ranged from 20 to 40 wt percent. The thermal behavior of these materials is consistent with phase separation into separate hard and soft domains, In order of increasing temperature above the soft segment Tg, there are transitions which occur in the regions −56 to −36°C (Ta), 70 to 90°C (Tb), and 138 to 168°C (Tm). The former is probably associated with soft segment change from a viscoelastic to an elastomeric state. Values of Ta are ∼ −51 C and −56°C for the MDI-BT and HDI-BT polymers, respectively, and are independent of hard segment content. Microscopy showed that the former polymers have spherulitic morphology, so these materials have good microphase separation and exhibit crosslinked elastomeric properties. The TDI-BT or BI and MDI-B polyurethane have composition-independent Ta values of −41 and −36°C, respectively. These materials probably have considerable “domain-bound-ary-mixing”. At low hard segment content the MDI-B polymers behave as non-crosslinked elastomers. Only the MDI-BI polymers have Ta values, which are strongly affected by composition, increasing in magnitude with increasing of hard segment content. This is interpreted as significant “mixing-in-domains” and is supported by morphology observed by microscopy. The next higher transition, Tb, probably involves dissociation of interdomain hydrogen bonding. In the case of the MDI-BT polyurethanes, the spherulites associated with the hard domains had disappeared at 141°C and the few small spherulites in the MDI-BI polymers disappeared at 130°C. The Tb values are 70, 83 to 90, and 100°C for the MDI-B, HDI-BT, and HDI-BI polymers, respectively. The melting transitions occurred between 138 to 168°C for the various polyurethanes except for the MDI-BT systems which decompose before melting. Thermal decomposition is a two-stage process. Hard segments decompose between 200 and 300°C. The initial decomposition temperatures are lowered in the presence of strong acid. Soft segments decompose at higher temperatures. The mechanical properties of the MDI-BI polyurethanes are charateristic of crosslinked elastomer, the results of which will be presented in a subsequent paper.
Lymphokine-activated killer cell activity in lung cancer.

This study evaluates local pulmonary immune effector cell lytic activity. Purified lymphocyte populations were isolated from BALF obtained from 18 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma, six patients with lung disorders other than cancer, and ten normal control volunteers matched for age and smoking history. These cells were evaluated for NK and LAK cell lytic activity against NK-resistant LAK-sensitive tumor targets (A549 pulmonary tumor and Daudi tumor cells) and an NK-sensitive tumor (K562); LAK activity was detected in BALF from 6 of the 18 patients with cancer. The remaining patients with cancer, the subjects with pulmonary disease other than cancer, and the normal volunteers had no detectable lytic activity. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from all subjects had only NK lytic activity and did not kill the pulmonary tumor target; AMs were not tumoricidal. Interleukin-2, which is required for LAK cell activation, was detected only in BALF recovered from the six patients with pulmonary LAK lytic activity. These results demonstrate that activated LAK cells, capable of killing pulmonary tumor cells, are present in BALF of some patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. This lytic LAK cell population represents a local pulmonary response against the lung cancer in the absence of systemic tumoricidal activity. The funtional status of pulmonary immune effector cells, as well as the type and quantities of cytokines in the lung determine local responsiveness to bronchogenic carcinoma and may well control the course of this disease.
ARTHRITIS MUTILANS (DOIGT, MAIN, PIED EN LORGNETTE)

A case of mutilating arthritis has been observed almost from its beginning. The destructive process progressed locally but remained limited to the feet over a period of about four years. Therefore, this disease cannot be considered to be an advanced or a fulminating stage of rheumatoid arthritis. An explanation for the mechanism of the development of this unique deformity was suggested by the early roentgenographic findings. There is apparently an unusual periosteal reaction of the bones bordering the affected joints which leads at first to new-bone formation and later to excessive bone resorption with mutilation. Since the relationship of mutilating arthritis to psoriasis and to rheumatoid arthritis has not been established, it appears useful to consider this entity a separate one for the purpose of early correct diagnosis. Prolonged oral administration of cortisone gives great symptomatic relief but does not seem to influence the natural course of this disease. A review of the literature indicates that our patient is probably the youngest patient in whom this disease has been reported.
Carrier Transport in InGaN MQWs of Aquamarine- and Green-Laser Diodes

We studied experimentally and theoretically the substrate-orientation impact on carrier transport and capture in InGaN multiple quantum well (MQW) laser diodes (LDs) with emission in the aquamarine-green spectral range. A new simulation approach was developed to analyze this behavior of LEDs and LDs emitting at these wavelengths. We show that due to deep carrier confinement, the thermal escape from a QW in such devices is negligible. The carrier distribution among QWs is therefore determined by the carrier transport and capture rates. We also show that the ballistic transport mechanism is dominant in this type of MQW active region. In c-plane structures, this mechanism is tunneling-assisted, and therefore, the transport is much slower than in nonpolar and semipolar structures. Because of this, a strong carrier injection nonuniformity observed in c-plane LDs, causes the threshold current increase when number of QWs is >;2. This effect is not observed in semipolar LDs because the carrier transport rate is faster than the capture rate.
Stability and Change in Risk Seeking: Investigating the Effects of an Intervention Program

Although much is known about the consequences of low self-control, little is known about how it develops during adolescence and what types of experiences trigger important changes. This study considers this by examining a key component of low self-control—risk-seeking propensity—to determine its stability and change during early adolescence, its effects on changes in delinquency, and its responsiveness to a comprehensive delinquency-reduction program. These issues were examined with data from the Children at Risk (CAR) program, a randomly assigned intervention that targeted early adolescents. The analysis revealed substantial stability in risk seeking, but there was evidence of change as well, and these changes were associated with contemporaneous changes in delinquency. Risk-seeking changes were not, however, a result of participation in the CAR program, despite that program’s success at reducing some forms of delinquency. The theoretical and policy implications of these findings are addressed.
Contribution of Disulfide Bridging to Epitope Expression of the Dengue Type 2 Virus Envelope Glycoprotein

The individual contributions of each of the six conserved disulfide (SS) bonds in the dengue 2 virus envelope (E) glycoprotein (strain 16681) to epitope expression was determined by measuring the reactivities of a panel of well-defined monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) with LLC-MK2 cells that had been transiently transformed with plasmid vectors expressing E proteins that were mutant in their SS bonds. Three domain I (DI) epitopes (C1, C3, and C4) were affected by elimination of any SS bond and were essentially the only epitopes affected by elimination of the amino-proximal SS1 formed between Cys 3 and Cys 30. The remaining DI epitope (C2) was sensitive to only SS3-bond (Cys 74-Cys 105) and SS6-bond (Cys 302-Cys 333) elimination. Of the four DII epitopes examined, reactivities of three anti-epitope MAbs (A1, A2, and A5) were reduced by elimination of SS2 (Cys 61-Cys 121), SS3, SS4 (Cys 94-Cys 116), SS5 (Cys 185-Cys 285), or SS6. The other DII epitope examined (A3) was sensitive only to SS2- and SS3-bond elimination. The three DIII epitopes tested (B2, B3, and B4) were most sensitive to elimination of SS6. The flavivirus group epitope (A1) was less sensitive to elimination of SS3 and SS6. This result may indicate that the region proximal to the E-protein fusion motif (amino acids 98 to 110) may have important linear components. If this observation can be confirmed, peptide mimics from this region of E protein might be able to interfere with flavivirus replication.
A first map of tropical Africa's above-ground biomass derived from satellite imagery

Observations from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) were used in combination with a large data set of field measurements to map woody above-ground biomass (AGB) across tropical Africa. We generated a best-quality cloud-free mosaic of MODIS satellite reflectance observations for the period 2000‐2003 and used a regression tree model to predict AGB at 1 km resolution. Results based on a cross-validation approach show that the model explained 82% of the variance in AGB, with a root mean square error of 50.5 Mg ha −1 for a range of biomass between 0 and 454 Mg ha −1 . Analysis of lidar metrics from the Geoscience Laser Altimetry System (GLAS), which are sensitive to vegetation structure, indicate that the model successfully captured the regional distribution of AGB. The results showed a strong positive correlation (R 2 = 0.90) between the GLAS height metrics and predicted AGB.
Two dimensional folding strategies for improved layouts of cyclic shifters

Our work aims at improving the layouts of cyclic shifters, especially regarding the wire length on the critical path. Like in P.-M. Seidel et al. (2001) we are considering the placement of basic gates and we target improving the layout and routing properties through the placement choices. In our approach we do not only allow to optimize the placement of muxes within the layers, but we generally abstract from the constraint that shifter layouts are organized in fixed layers. We allow the MUXes to be placed more liberally within the shifter, our structured approach is to consider decomposing an n-bit cyclic shift into two disjoint cyclic subshifts and implementing the two subshifts in orthogonal orientations. This organization allows to make the layout of cyclic shifters more squared and have either gate or interconnection constraints determine both height and width of the shifter layout. The decomposition of the n-bit shift into two cyclic subshift requires small modifications to the selection signals within the shifter, but the modifications can be incorporated into the shifter design without affecting the critical path of the implementation.
In the Highest Degree Odious: Detention Without Trial in Wartime Britain

During the Second World War, just under two thousand British citizens were detained without charge, trial, or term set, under Regulation 18B of the wartime Defence Regulations. Most of these detentions took place in the summer of 1940, soon after Winston Churchill became Prime Minister, when belief in the existence of a dangerous Fifth Column was widespread. Churchill, at first an enthusiast for vigorous use of the powers of executive detention, later came to lament the use of a power which was, in his words, 'in the highest degree odious'. This book provides the first comprehensive study of Regulation 18B and its precursor in the First World War, Regulation 14B. Based on extensive use of primary sources, it describes the complex history of wartime executive detention: the purposes which it served, the administrative procedures and safeguards employed, the conflicts between the Home Office and the Security Service which surrounded its use, the part played by individuals, by Parliament, and by the courts in restraining abuse of executive power, and the effect of detention upon the lives of individuals concerned, very few of whom constituted any threat to national security. Much of what was done was kept secret at the time, and even today the authorities continue to refuse access to many of the papers which have escaped deliberate destruction. This study is the first to attempt to penetrate the veil of secrecy and tell the story of the gravest invasion of civil liberty which has occurred in Britain this century.
The Fables and Foibles of Federal Capital Budgeting

This article critically evaluates the notions behind proposals to institute capital budgeting at the federal level. Four critical assumptions are found to be behind the contention that capital budgeting will improve federal investment policies: (1) an agreed-upon and accepted definition of a capital budget exists; (2) a capital budget “adds value” by improving the quality of information; (3) better information leads to better decisions; (4) better decisions lead to better actions. Each of these assumptions is evaluated using examples drawn from various levels of government and from the private sector. The general finding is that if these assumptions hold, then it is reasonable to expect that capital budgeting will lead to better programmatic decisions. Unfortunately, one or more of these assumptions usually does not hold and for this reason the case for federal capital budgeting is not very strong
Infertility and the New Reproductive Technologies

For women of childbearing age today, reproductive biology is one among many determinants of destiny. Women may choose to act on their biological capacities and have children. They may choose to delay or reject childbearing in framing their life plan. The subjects of this chapter, infertile women, find their wish to bear children countermanded by their bodies. They do not have the option of realizing a biological procreative potential. For many infertile patients, biology is a painful limitation on destiny.
Research on food-chain algorithm and its parameters

Based on the characteristics of colony emergence of artificial organisms, their dynamic interaction with the environment, and the food-chain crucial to the life system, the rules of local activities of artificial organisms at different levels are defined. The article proposes an artificial life-based algorithm, which is referred to as the food-chain algorithm. This algorithm optimizes computation by simulating the evolution of natural ecosystems and the information processing mechanism of natural organisms. The definition, idea and flow of the algorithm are introduced, and relevant rules on metabolic energy and change in the surroundings where artificial-life individuals live are depicted. Furthermore, key parameters of the algorithm are systematically analyzed. Test results show that the algorithm has quasi-life traits that include being autonomous, evolutionary, and self-adaptive. These traits are highly fit for optimization problems of life-like systems such as the location-allocation problem of a distribution network system.
Evaluation of a moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer triangle-based algorithm for evapotranspiration estimates in subalpine regions.

The current study evaluates the application of a moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) triangle-based method to estimate evapotranspiration (ET) in subalpine environments. Topographic corrections and improved soil moisture representation are applied to a previously developed net radiation (Rn) model and triangle algorithm to develop an 8-day average ET product based solely on satellite products. We evaluate modeled Rn and MODIS ET (MOD-ET) against ground-based values at four sites in the Sierra Nevada of northern California and also present a comparison between two monthly distributed ET datasets [operational simplified surface energy balance (SSEBop) and MODIS MOD16]. Modeled daily Rn results indicate a systematic underestimation (between −83 and −110 W/m2 bias). Consequently, Rn is bias-corrected before calculating MOD-ET. MOD-ET validation shows correlations between 0.15 and 0.45 with errors between 73 and 126 W/m2. MOD-ET and SSEBop ET report correlations of 0.36 and 0.20, respectively, on average, compared to ground-based monthly ET. MOD16 underestimates monthly totals, with bias values on the range of −14 to −144 W/m2. Semiarid conditions and scale differences between the MODIS pixel and station contribute to errors with respect to observation. Overall, MOD-ET provides reasonable ET estimates and may better capture temporal dynamics in environments undergoing chronic disturbance.
Re-Appraising the Significance of 'Third-Generation' Rights in a Globalized World

Some forty years after they were initially proposed, many so-called “third-generation” rights — including rights to development and a healthy environment — are either languishing or have been left for dead. In the global North in particular, such rights have been met with a degree of hostility and derision, generating more controversy and contentiousness than consensus. Meanwhile, the gap between the mainstream human rights regime and some of the most pressing humanitarian issues of the twenty-first century appears to be growing. Problems of crushing poverty, radical inequality, pervasive economic and structural violence, climate change and ecological collapse often seem to elude protections of earlier generations of rights, rooted as they are in paradigms of a state-based and mercantilist world that has long been eclipsed by the forces of globalization. Given the suffering inflicted by radical poverty, inequality and environmental devastation, it would not be going too far to say that rights to development and a healthy environment are true survival rights that likely would have long been understood as preemptory norms of international law were the guardians at the international legal temple forced to walk a mile of the shoes of those deprived of them. In this chapter, I will argue that if further development of and acceptance of these rights as “real rights” is not without challenges, their effective dismissal in many quarters during previous decades represented a wrong turn for the international human rights regime and movement as a whole. Renewed engagement with third-generation rights is critical to the future of human rights because: (1) they can help to address grave threats to human security in the changing landscape of the twenty-first century; (2) they challenge traditional conceptual boundaries of human rights law that may help push the field forward in ways better adapted to a globalized world; and (3) forging greater consensus around the meaning and significance of third-generation rights would help further a sense of human rights as a shared global project. While taming power in times of globalization is a task with many dimensions, revitalizing the debate around third-generation rights should be an important part of the landscape.
The Federal-State Conflict of Laws: Actual Conflicts

This paper sets up a new framework for thinking about the "vertical" federal/state choice-of-law problem, by comparing it to the "horizontal" interstate choice-of-law problem. In both contexts, it argues, courts get only limited purchase on cases by superimposing abstract analyses on them. The federal/state cases, whatever help the doctrines of preemption and supremacy may provide, in the end, like the interstate cases, must come down to careful consideration of the policies and interests of the concerned sovereigns. The paper concludes with a demonstration of such analysis as applied to current Supreme Court cases.
Urban climate vulnerability and governance in the Russian North

ABSTRACTTwo different kinds of locales that are commonly understood as sensitive to the effects on ongoing and potentially increasing climate change are the Arctic, as a world region, and cities, as the preferred dwelling place of over half of the planet's population. Understanding how climate change may affect Arctic cities would be of paramount importance, especially where population densities are high. In the Arctic, the Russian Federation contains the most Arctic territory, the most highly urbanized places and greatest number of urban residents across all of the Arctic. This paper provides an overview of climate change policy in Russia, generally, and an urban vulnerability framework developed specifically to elucidate the suite of biophysical, socioeconomic, political and cultural vulnerabilities related to climate change in Russian Arctic urban places. This paper suggests that domestic politics and policy do not currently address the current and impending vulnerabilities related to climate change fo...
Supplemental Breast Cancer Screening in Women With Dense Breasts Should Be Offered With Simultaneous Collection of Outcomes Data

In this issue, Melnikow and colleagues summarize evidence about the benefits and harms of supplemental screening with ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, or digital breast tomosynthesis in...
Building Social Inclusion through Critical Arts-Based Pedagogies in University Classroom Communities.

In humanities and education university classrooms, the authors facilitated counter-narrative arts-based inquiry projects in order to build critical thought and social inclusion. The first author ex...
A comprehensive model for predicting thermal cracking events in asphalt pavements

AbstractA compressive model for predicting thermal cracking events in asphalt pavements that accounts for the continuous evolution of the asphalt mixture properties with oxidative ageing over time has been developed. The model also considers temperature-dependent coefficient of thermal contraction (CTC) for the calculation of thermal strain in the asphalt layer. An improved pavement temperature profile estimate has been employed in the model to predict the required hourly pavement temperature data. The temperature data at the desired depth in the asphalt layer are then used in a kinetic-based ageing model to predict growth in the carbonyl (CA) of the asphalt binder over time. Using a refined one-dimensional constitutive linear viscoelastic relationship, the hourly thermal stress is then computed considering the changes in the viscoelastic and thermal contraction properties of the asphalt mixture with the increase in CA of asphalt binder used in the mix. The required age-dependent relaxation modulus is obt...
Sodium vanadate toxicity in adult and developing rats : Role of peroxidative damage.

The toxic effect of vanadium (sodium metavanadate) during pregnancy and lactation was studied by feeding vanadium to pregnant, Sprague-Dawley rats at levels of 1 (control) or 75 μg V/g diet through d 21 postpartum, at which time they were killed. Vanadium-fed dams had lower food intakes and weight gains than controls during pregnancy. Survival until d 21 postpartum was significantly lower in the vanadium pups compared to controls. In addition, the surviving pups gained less weight than control pups, despite similar birth weights. On a relative body weight basis, vanadium pups had larger livers, brains, and testes than controls, suggesting that these animals were developmentally delayed. Vanadium dams and pups had higher concentrations of hepatic vanadium than controls. Vanadium pups also had higher concentrations of hepatic zinc than control pups. Maternal hepatic zinc concentrations were not affected by diet. Also, no significant differences in hepatic iron, copper, or manganese concentrations were observed for either dams or pups. Hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactivity was higher in whole cell and isolated mitochondria for vanadium dams and pups than for control dams and pups, indicating that these animals may have had higher levels of lipid peroxidation. This idea was supported by the observation of lower concentrations of reduced glutathione in the livers of vanadium pups compared to controls. In contrast, kidney and brain glutathione levels were not affected by diet. In conclusion, animals during periods of rapid growth are susceptible to vanadium toxicity, and increased lipid peroxidation may be one factor underlying this toxicity.
Carrier-determined tolerance in various strains of mice: the role of isogenic IgG in the induction of hapten specific tolerance.

SummaryEleven strains of mice were injected intravenously with a single dose (0.2 mg) of DNP isogeneic IgG. Immediately thereafter, they were challenged intraperitoneally with the same dose of 0.2 mg DNP-KLH in complete Freund's adjuvant. The immune response of DNP was determined by the direct and indirect anti-DNP-PFC. Tolerance of DNP was induced in all strains of mice including the NZB, both in terms of direct and indirect PFC. No correlation was found between tolerance and immunity of a single antigenic determinant suggesting that these two immune phenomena might behave independently of each other.
Plasma Etching of PLT Thin Films and Bulk PLZT Using Fluorine- and Chlorine-Based Gases

Potential applications for ferroelectric thin films include both electronic and optoelectronic devices. In order to integrate a large number of devices on a single ceramic film or to incorporate ceramic devices with silicon-based integrated circuits, suitable film patterning techniques must be developed. In this study, the use of plasma etching for device patterning of PLT thin films has been explored using a dc hollow cathode discharge with HCI and CF4 etching gases. At room temperature, no etching of material is discernable. As the substrate temperature is increased, however, relatively rapid etching takes place. Etch rates for PLT thin films as high as 6500 A/hour were measured. Etching occurred in both chlorinated and fluorinated plasmas, but at considerably different rates. The etch rate is enhanced by a factor of six by using a combination of HCI and CF4 in the plasma. After etching, the stoichiometry of the film, measured by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), varied greatly with changes in substrate temperature. Although the removal rate for each element is different, all traces of lead, titanium, and lanthanum can be removed from the substrate over a wide range of plasma etching conditions.
Molecular-Thermodynamic Approach to Predict Micellar Solution Properties

In this paper we present a conceptual overview of our recently developed molecular-thermodynamic approach to predict micellization, thermodynamic properties, and phase separation of micellar solutions. A detailed exposition may be found in Ref..
Complete Coronary Revascularization Improves Survival in Octogenarians

Background Completeness of revascularization is important for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery, but information on its long-term impact in octogenarian patients is lacking. Methods From 1986 to 2004, 525 consecutive patients aged 80 years or more (mean age 82 ± 3 years) underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery and were followed for a minimum of 10 years or until death. Outcome was stratified based on extent of revascularization, defined as total (graft to every diseased vessel), complete (graft to each region but not every diseased vessel), or incomplete (bypass not done to all suitable regions or vessels). Results Follow-up of 3,155 patient-years (mean follow-up 73 ± 54 months) was 99% complete. Overall operative mortality was 8% (41 of 525), and was lower for elective than for urgent/emergent cases (4.2% versus 16% ± 6%, p p = 0.09). For operative survivors, mean survival was significantly improved with total and complete revascularization (6.9 and 6.8 years, respectively), compared with incomplete revascularization (5.4 years, p p = 0.01), respectively, in these groups. Conclusions Incomplete revascularization in octogenarians is associated with decreased long-term survival when compared with total or complete revascularization. There was no survival benefit with total over complete revascularization. Octogenarians can have good long-term survival, especially with adequate revascularization.
Five-Year Outcomes with Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Treatment of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: The Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials

Purpose To describe outcomes 5 years after initiating treatment with bevacizumab or ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Design Cohort study. Participants Patients enrolled in the Comparison of AMD Treatments Trials. Methods Patients were assigned randomly to ranibizumab or bevacizumab and to 1 of 3 dosing regimens. After 2 years, patients were released from the clinical trial protocol. At 5 years, patients were recalled for examination. Main Outcome Measures Visual acuity (VA) and morphologic retinal features. Results Visual acuity was obtained for 647 of 914 (71%) living patients with average follow-up of 5.5 years. The mean number of examinations for AMD care after the clinical trial ended was 25.3, and the mean number of treatments was 15.4. Most patients (60%) were treated 1 time or more with a drug other than their assigned drug. At the 5-year visit, 50% of eyes had VA of 20/40 or better and 20% had VA of 20/200 or worse. Mean change in VA was −3 letters from baseline and −11 letters from 2 years. Among 467 eyes with fluorescein angiography, mean total lesion area was 12.9 mm 2 , a mean of 4.8 mm 2 larger than at 2 years. Geographic atrophy was present in 213 of 515 (41%) gradable eyes and was subfoveal in 85 eyes (17%). Among 555 eyes with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, 83% had fluid (61% intraretinal, 38% subretinal, and 36% sub–retinal pigment epithelium). Mean foveal total thickness was 278 μm, a decrease of 182 μm from baseline and 20 μm from 2 years. The retina was abnormally thin ( P = 0.008). Otherwise, there were no statistically significant differences in VA or morphologic outcomes between drug or regimen groups. Conclusions Vision gains during the first 2 years were not maintained at 5 years. However, 50% of eyes had VA of 20/40 or better, confirming anti–vascular endothelial growth factor therapy as a major long-term therapeutic advance for neovascular AMD.
Randomness test and trend test of mortality of colorectal cancer in urban and rural areas of Xiamen

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the distribution characteristics and mortality trend of colorectal cancer in urban and rural areas of Xiamen during the period of 2002-2009.METHODS: Based on the data of demography and death collected through Xiamen's Disease Surveillance System(2002-2009).The mortality rate,age-standardized rate and annual growth rate were used to describe the levels.Randomness test and trend test were performed as significance test.RESULTS: The crude mortality rate of colorectal cancer in urban and rural areas were 8.57/105 and 6.00/105 respectively,and the age-standardized rate by Chinese population were 5.16/105 and 3.61/105 respectively from 2002 to 2009 in Xiamen,which were lower than the age-standardized rate by Chinese population in urban and rural areas of China.The mortality rate of colorectal cancer was higher in urban areas than in rural areas,and higher in male than in female.The mortality of colorectal cancer was significantly increased in these years,and the ascending speed of mortality in female was higher than that in male.CONCLUSIONS:The mortality rate of colorectal cancer in urban and rural areas of Xiamen have been significantly increased in these years,especially for the female.The effective measures should be carried out for colorectal cancer.
Signaling in the labor market

The signaling model of education is distinguished from the human capital model of education by its premise that individual workers' innate productivity levels are identified by their years of schooling rather than enhanced by them. An implication of the model is that more-educated workers receive higher pay because education provides them with a credential, rather than because of acquired skills. The model is described and empirical studies are summarized. Disentangling the relative importance of human capital theory from signaling theory is difficult because many of the implications of the two models are the same.
The Formation of the Lutheran Funeral Ritual

In the course of the Reformation, each of the relationships expressed in traditional Christian death ritual was transformed. Body and soul, the community of the living and the community of the dead: each term was redefined in the doctrines and practices of the new Protestant way of death. By challenging both the accepted eschatology regarding the location of the soul after death and the traditional understanding of the proper location of the body after death, the Protestant Reformation transformed the Christian funeral more radically than it affected any other ritual of the traditional Church. In the German Lutheran churches, this fundamental transformation was moderated by the quick affirmation of the social values of the funeral: by 1525 Lutheran reformers had begun to develop a conservative pastoral theology of burial. ‘Funeral masses and intercession for the dead are gone’, preached Martin Luther in 1532 at the funeral of Elector John of Saxony, ‘but we do not want to let this act of worship fall away.’1
Tempest in a Tea-Pot or a Crisis on the Sea: An Analysis of the Effect of Spectacular Cruise Failures

This study assesses the financial effects of spectacular “cruise failures” and will, on the basis of this assessment, make macro and micro policy recommendations. The macro policies will involve public policy in general while the micro policies involve the individual companies.
The theoretical performance of optimal time-dependent filters for co-channel interference rejection

Using the performance criterion of mean-square-error, periodically time-dependent and almost periodically optimal time-dependent filters (OTDF) are shown to be theoretically superior to time-independent optimal filters for suppressing cochannel interference in digital communications. The time-dependent filter is shown to be capable of exploiting the spectral correlation properties of digital communication signals to provide superior performance. The mathematical framework of the OTDF is formulated, and its performance for extracting various modulated signals in noise and for extracting these signals in interference is examined. The performance of the OTDF is described in terms of mean-square error. Examples that demonstrate the theoretical performance advantage of the optimal time-independent filter over the time-independent optimal filter for digitally modulated signals are presented. >
Coverage analysis for millimeter wave cellular networks with blockage effects

Millimeter wave (mmWave) is promising for the fifth generation cellular systems. The sensitivity of mmWave signals to blockages, such as buildings in cities, however, makes the network performance hard to predict. Using concepts from stochastic geometry and random shape theory, this paper proposes an analytical framework to incorporate the blockage effects and evaluate the performance of mmWave cellular networks, in terms of coverage probability and achievable rate. Leveraging prior work on a blockage model, a stochastic characterization of the regions covered by line-of-sight (LOS) and non-LOS links is obtained, which allows different path loss laws to be applied to the LOS and non-LOS links, respectively. Based on the proposed framework, analytical expressions for the mmWave downlink coverage probability are derived, and then the network performance is examined. Numerical results show that millimeter wave (mmWave) networks can provide comparable coverage probability and much higher data rates than microwave networks.