cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design Considerations for GaN based X-Band, High Power and High Isolation SPDT T/R Switch

This paper presents the design considerations for GaN based high power and high isolation single pole double throw (SPDT) switch for X-band applications. The effects of device periphery, off-state parasitic capacitance, gate control voltage, gate control resistance and a method to improve isolation performance is presented. Additionally, a high power and high isolation SPDT switch is also designed using 0.25 μm GaN HEMT process design kit. The reported switch shows insertion loss less than −1.7 dB, isolation better than −38 dB over the entire X-band and isolation of −63 dB at 10.5 GHz. The input and output return loss are better than −18 dB from 8 to 12 GHz. At the same time, it exhibits P 1 dB compression point of 42 dBm. The designed SPDT switch MMIC covers chip area of 1 × 1.95 mm2.
Carbon Emission Tax—Collect It or Not? How to Collect It?

The global warming caused by the greenhouse gas emission has laid a significant impact on economic and social development of mankind. To meet this challenge, Denmark first started to collect the carbon emission tax in 1990. Since then, many countries have collected the carbon emission tax on fossil fuel products (such as fuel coal, gasoline and natural gas, etc.) according to their carbon content in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and protect the environment. At the beginning of the year of 2012, the incident of the European Union’s carbon emission tax on airlines produced strong reactions in the world. Quietly, the topic on when China starts to collect the carbon emission tax is more heatedly discussed.
Decreasing Time to Antibiotics for Patients with Sepsis in the Emergency Department.

Background Sepsis is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Patients may present in a spectrum, from nonsevere sepsis through septic shock. Literature supports improvement in patient outcomes with timely care. This project describes an effort to improve delays in antibiotic administration in patients with sepsis spectrum disease presenting to a pediatric emergency department (PED). Objective This project aimed to decrease time to antibiotics for patients with sepsis in the PED from 154 to <120 minutes within 2 years. Methods Following the collection of baseline data, we assembled a multidisciplinary team. Specific interventions included staff education, the institution of a best practice alert with order set and standardized huddle response, and local stocking of antibiotics. We included all patients with orders for intravenous antibiotics and blood culture. Results From April 2015 to April 2017, the PED demonstrated reduction in time to antibiotics from 154 to 114 minutes. The time from emergency department (ED) arrival to antibiotic order also improved, from 87 to 59 minutes. Conclusions This initiative improved prioritization and efficiency of care of sepsis, and overall time to antibiotics in this population. The results of this project demonstrate the effectiveness of a multidisciplinary team working to improve an essential time-driven process.
Factoring Behind-the-Meter Solar into Load Forecasting: Case Studies under Extreme Weather

Distributed energy resources (DERs), especially distributed photovoltaics (PV), have been rising dramatically over the past years. However, behind-the-meter (BTM) PV devices are not monitored, and thus are invisible to utilities and system operators. In addition, electricity demand is likely to increase as a result of extreme hot/cold weather conditions, which stretches the grid to its limits, and thus triggers high electricity price. High electricity prices and extreme temperatures also stimulate the adoption of solar panels, which in turn add difficulties to load forecasting. This paper proposes a data-driven feeder-level load forecasting method by taking account of BTM PV under extreme weather conditions. The BTM PV penetration is first estimated, and in this study the PV penetration is defined as the ratio of total BTM PV capacity to peak load of the feeder. A machine learning model is adopted to quantify the relationship between measured PV power generation and corresponding solar irradiance. The BTM PV generation within the entire feeder can be estimated through the PV penetration and forecasted PV irradiance, which is then integrated in load forecasting. Numerical results of case studies at three distribution feeders show that the performance of load forecasting under extreme weather conditions is significantly enhanced by considering the contribution of BTM PV.
Association of 21-Gene Assay (OncotypeDX) Testing and Receipt of Chemotherapy in the Medicare Breast Cancer Patient Population Following Initial Adoption.

Abstract Background Our objective was to investigate why early studies regarding adoption of the 21-gene recurrence score (RS) assay did not show an initial reduction in the number of patients with breast cancer receiving real-world chemotherapy. Materials and Methods We addressed 2 sources of confounding suspected in previous studies: (1) the early time frame during the initial adoption phase of the RS assay, and (2) suspected selective, increased administration to patients more likely to have been chemotherapy candidates. To address selective use during initial adoption, we used updated SEER-Medicare data from 2004 and 2011. To address individual selection bias, we examined whether RS test utilization was negatively associated with rates of local chemotherapy use assessed at the hospital referral region level using conventional ordinary least squares and instrumental variable approaches to adjust for selection bias. Results A total of 26,009 patients met inclusion criteria. Assay use was associated with a decrease in absolute percentage use of chemotherapy of 4.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.2%-5.7%), which was even more pronounced in sensitivity analyses limited to later study years (2008-2011), with a decrease of 6.8% (95% CI, 5.3%-8.3%). Instrumental variable models yielded similar point estimates but were insufficiently powered to draw conclusions. Conclusion Receipt of the 21-gene assay was associated with decreased utilization of chemotherapy by 2008.
Fully Additive Fabrication of Electrically Anisotropic Multilayer Materials Based on Sequential Electrodeposition

MEMS-enabled multilayer composites, in which microfabrication is used to create micron-scale thickness layers within the volume of meso-scale thickness structures, can be exploited to create materials with highly anisotropic electromagnetic properties. Such materials have utility in both sensing and energy applications, including electrostatic and magnetic energy storage and conversion. A fabrication challenge in realizing these classes of materials lies in the size-scale disparity between the thickness of an individual layer and the desired thickness of the final anisotropic material. We demonstrate a fully additive sequential electrochemical deposition approach for such structures, which enables scalable composite volume while maintaining micron-scale individual layer thicknesses. Alternating metal and polymer layers, which exhibit very different electrical conductivities, are continuously electrodeposited in batch-scale. Individual layer thicknesses are controlled by deposition currents and times, while lateral extents are defined by lithographically defined molds. The fabrication process is illustrated using electrodeposited NiFe alloys and polypyrrole, and the anisotropy of electrical conductivity is assessed for potential use of these structures as magnetic cores for high frequency switching converters. Due to the relatively resistive polypyrrole layers, electrical anisotropy of lateral to vertical conductivity exceeding 106 was achieved. This approach offers a solution-based, microfabrication compatible, and manufacturable route to functional composite materials that exhibit high electrical anisotropies. [2020-0256]
Abstract 13510: Impact of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes on Indication for Lipid Therapy in Women

Introduction: Lifetime risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) is higher in women who experience adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) including pre-eclampsia, preterm birth, gestational hypertension, an...
Anxiety, job satisfaction, supervisor support and turnover intentions of mid-career nurses: A structural equation model analysis

Aims To explore the effects of four predictors of anxiety (work constraints, work/family conflict, verbal abuse and negative team orientation) among nurses and their subsequent effects on job satisfaction and turnover intentions; and to examine the moderating effect of supervisor support on the relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intentions. Background Work-related anxiety is a well-known predictor of employee burnout. Research suggests the prevalence of stress in the workplace varies by occupation, with stress among nurses one of the highest. Methods We employed data from the 2015 national survey of licensed registered nurses (n=1,080). We assessed the conceptual model using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Results Work constraints, work/family conflict, and negative team orientation lead to anxiety, which diminished job satisfaction and ultimately increased turnover intentions. Supervisor support weakened the job dissatisfaction-turnover relationship. Conclusions These findings suggest that the common experiences reported by health care professionals lead to anxiety and ultimately turnover intentions and emphasize the role of supervisor support. Implications for nursing management The supervisor's role is crucial to the implications of workplace-generated anxiety for nurse job satisfaction and turnover intentions. As such, nurse managers need to develop tangible strategies to help nurses navigate these contextual constraints.
Abstract 16411: Intraoperative Nicardipine Use During Rewarming in Norwood Procedures

Introduction: Postoperative tissue edema Norwood procedures contributes significantly to outcomes. As nicardipine preserves ventricular function after hypothermic ischemic arrest, nicardipine treat...
Development of a risk assessment tool for prevention of bovine respiratory disease in pre-weaned calves on California dairies

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) has been estimated as the cause of death in 22.5 % of pre-weaned and 46.5 % in post-weaned heifers. In 2010, 18.1 % of pre-weaned heifers on dairy heifer raising operations were reportedly affected by pneumonia, the second most common illness after diarrhea. Despite the availability of numerous vaccines and antibiotics specifically approved for the prevention and treatment of BRD, morbidity and mortality in dairy calves have remained static over the past 25 years. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine how management practices on California dairies are associated with BRD in pre-weaned calves.
An interview with Owen McCall from TREECYCLE

Is cryptocurrency necessarily energy-consuming? Can we use blockchain to facilitate sustainable development? This interview presents insights into an investment project rooted in sustainability, bridging finance and ecology.
Leveraging On-Chip Transistor Switching for Communication and Sensing in Neural Implants and Gastrointestinal Devices.

Objective: This paper presents a Proof-of-Concept (POC) design and implementation of a biosensing and communication system that can be used for biotelemetry in neural and Gastrointestinal (GI) applications. Methods: Our proposed system is based on backscattering from a semi-passive Radio-Frequency-Identification-Device (RFID) implemented using an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) in which electronic switching between transistor gates in high and low states create an impedance difference, thereby effectively changing the ASIC's Radar Cross Section (RCS) and thus modulating its backscat-tered field. The ASIC is used in conjunction with a biosensor to measure and transmit vital signs from within the body. With this system, we conducted backscatter propagation experiments through different biological and phantom tissues (in ex-vivo and in-vitro) in the GI and neural environments. Results: Our results show that the backscattered waveforms can penetrate tissues of various compositions and thicknesses with power received at distances of up to 55 cm away from the RFID ASIC. Furthermore, results from single-and multi-bit biotelemetry measurements showed a high signal fidelity with low Bit-Error-Rate (BER) while being able to resolve varying tissue temperatures measured by the biosensor in our system. Conclusion: We realized a POC system in which on-chip transistor switching in an ASIC can be used to achieve backscatter communication and biosensing. This system is deployable in neural and GI applications. Significance: Our findings in this work will provide an important practical basis for the design and development of RFID ASIC for biosensing and biotelemetry in medical applications.
Platform Service Offering to Business Customers: Strategic Considerations in Engendering Seller Use of Marketing Tools

Many e-commerce platforms provide marketing tools to help their sellers attract customers and enhance user experience. However, there is virtually no theoretical framework or systematic evidence that provides insights to platforms on how their business customers use these marketing tools. In this paper, we develop a theoretical framework and apply it to an empirical setting to understand how business customers choose between two service offerings (Paid-Search and Hot-Shop) provided by an e-commerce platform. A unique aspect of our modeling framework is that we incorporate two types of heterogeneous strategic considerations in sellers’ choice decisions of marketing tools: competitor reactions and consumer reactions. To capture seller consideration of competition, we adapt the cognitive hierarchy framework by modeling sellers’ differing abilities to predict how competition will affect their decisions. To capture seller consideration of consumer response, we first specify a sales-response model in which sales are affected by the marketing tools used, and then incorporate the response parameters in sellers’ payoff functions. Our empirical analysis indicates that these two types of strategic considerations are both important. Our estimation results show that, in making decisions on which marketing tool(s) to use, sellers tend to differentiate themselves from the competition. We also find that sellers with a higher rating tend to be more strategic. This finding provides a useful metric associated with firms’ strategic ability which is often difficult to quantify, and helps researchers to test theoretical predictions related to firms’ strategic thinking using field data. We perform two comparative statics exercises to derive managerial insights. The first exercise offers a benchmark analysis to help platforms evaluate which targeted promotion strategies are most effective. The second exercise indicates that an increase in seller strategic ability would reduce the overall seller usage of marketing tools and we offer specific suggestions to help platform managers increase the use of their marketing tools.
A Rare Case of Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis Isolated in the Muscularis Propria of the Small Bowel

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EG) is an autoimmune disorder that involves infiltration of eosinophils in the bowel wall of the stomach and/or intestine, resulting in various gastrointestinal symptoms. The majority of cases are diagnosed by findings of increased eosinophils on mucosal biopsies. We describe a rare type of eosinophilic gastroenteritis with eosinophilic infiltration involving only the muscularis propria layer. This elusive diagnosis was made after a full-thickness intestinal wall biopsy. This predominantly muscular type eosinophilic gastroenteritis can cause intestinal obstruction or perforation. Similar to the predominantly mucosal type eosinophilic gastroenteritis, this type of eosinophilic gastroenteritis responds to low-dose or topical corticosteroids.
10.06 – Planetary Magnetism

This chapter describes the magnetic fields of the planets, from Mercury to Neptune, including the large satellites (Moon and Ganymede) that have or once had active dynamos. The chapter describes the spacecraft missions and observations that, along with select remote observations, form the basis of our knowledge of planetary magnetic fields. The methods of analysis used to characterize planetary magnetic fields are discussed as well as the models used to represent the main field (due to dynamo action in the planet's interior) and/or remanent magnetic fields locked in the planet's crust, where appropriate. These observations provide valuable insights into dynamo generation of magnetic fields, the structure and composition of planetary interiors, and the evolution of planets.
Blended Collaborative Learning for Action Research Training

This action research study investigated the application and use of a blended collaborative learning model as a vehicle for developing in-service teachers’ action research skills in a field-based Master’s program. It also explored the roles of the instructor through the lens of the ‘four hats’ metaphor (Bonk et al., 2001). Research results endorsed the tremendous potential of both the collaborative and blended aspects of the selected instructional approach towards the creation of an interactive community of learners, as well as the development of deeply reflective thinking skills. From the course design perspective, this instructional approach facilitated the transformation of an action research training course to what Laurillard (2002) calls the “reflective practicum”. For this transition to occur, three highly significant conditions need be in place and work in parallel, namely the students’ own motivation and drive to achieve professional growth as opposed to those students that just wanted to complete the degree; as well as a positive student-instructor relationship, and the instructor’s continuous support, input and guidance. Key words: Blended Learning, Action Research, CMC, Collaborative Learning, Higher Education
MULTIPRODUCT PRODUCTION CHOICES AND PESTICIDE REGULATION IN GEORGIA

An increasing emphasis on surface and groundwater quality and food safety may result in some form of pesticide regulations. A restricted profit function model of Georgia agriculture is used to examine the short-run effects of 2 and 5 percent reductions in all pesticides. Point estimates of short-run impacts, along with their 90 percent confidence intervals are presented.
Reduction of intramuscular nerve branching and synaptogenesis is correlated with decreased motoneuron survival

Blockade of neuromuscular activity during the period of naturally occurring cell death increases intramuscular nerve branching, synaptogenesis, and survival of embryonic chicken motoneurons. These results suggested that the enhanced motoneuron survival observed might result not from increased production of a trophic factor by the target, as often suggested, but rather from the enhanced ability of motoneurons to take up this factor via additional branches and/or synapses. Since removal of polysialic acid (PSA) by PSA-specific endoneuraminidase (endo N) during the period of nerve ingrowth and motoneuron cell death had been shown to reduce intramuscular nerve branching by altering adhesive interactions between axons and myotubes, we wished to determine, first, if this resulted in a reduction of synapse formation, and second, if this was correlated with decreased motoneuron survival. When PSA was removed from embryonic day 6 (E6) to E9 by injecting endo N into the limb, the number of synapses in the posterior iliotibialis muscle was greatly reduced both at E6.5, the onset of the cell death period, and at E7.5-E8, the middle of the cell death period. Total motoneuron counts at both E7.5-E8 and E10 (close to the end of cell death period) were significantly decreased compared to controls. These results indicate that a treatment that reduces intramuscular nerve branching and synapse formation also affects motoneuron survival. Furthermore, since removal of PSA in ovo via endo N altered neither the spontaneous embryonic motility nor the activation pattern of motoneurons or muscles, these experiments avoid the complication of activity blockade that may alter motoneuron survival by affecting events other than, or in addition to, intramuscular nerve branching.
The Effects of Recent Parental Divorce on Their Children's Consumption of Alcohol

This study tests whether children whose parents were recently divorced (within the past 4 years) were more likely to consume alcohol frequently and/or in large quantities, than their counterparts in single-parent divorced families whose parents had been divorced 4 years or more. Several researchers have argued that divorce has a greater impact on children during the first few years following a divorce (Hetherington, E. M. (1999). In Hetherington, E. M. (ed.), Coping with Divorce, Single Parenting, and Remarriage. Erlbaum, Mahweh, New Jersy, pp. 93–116; Hetherington, E. M., Stanley-Hagan, M., and Anderson, E. R. (1989). Am. Psychol. 44: 303–312). Other researchers have argued that the effects of divorce are longer lasting than just a few years (Wallerstein, J. S. and Lewis, J. (1998). Fom. Conciliation Courts Rev. 36: 368–383) (1998). If the former hypothesis is correct, one would expect that children whose parents had recently divorced would drink more frequently and in greater quantities than those children from single-parent homes whose parents had been divorced 4 years or more. Using the NELS 1988–1992 data set, the alcohol drinking habits of children, whose parents had divorced during the 1988–1992 period, were compared with the drinking habits of children whose parents had been divorced previous to that time. The results showed moderate support for both hypotheses. Children from recently divorced homes showed no tendency to drink alcohol more frequently than their counterparts whose parents had been divorced 4 years or more, either during their entire lifetime or the 30-day and 1-year period prior to the questioning. Nevertheless, children whose parents had recently been divorced were more likely to drink alcohol in greater quantities more frequently and were more likely to be under the influence of alcohol, while at school. Both groups of students exceeded the alcoholic intake of children from intact families on all measures. The significance of these results is discussed.
Banking policy and macroeconomic stability - an exploration

Whether and when does banking serve to stabilize the economy? The authors view the banking system as a filter through which foreign and domestic shocks feed through to the domestic economy. The filter can dampen or amplify the shocks through various credit market channels, including credit growth, import of foreign capital, and possibly interest rates. The question is whether the prudential quality of banking, as proxied by measures of regulatory quality and openness to foreign banking, amplify or dampen these shocks. The authors find that many of the regulatory characteristics that have been found to deepen a financial system and make it more robust to crises-notably those which empower the private sector-also appear to reduce the sector's ability to provide short-term insulation to the macro-economy. It is as if prudent bankers are reluctant to absorb short-term risks that, if neglected, might cause solvency and growth problems in the longer run. Forbearance might dampen short-term volatility, but at the expense of the longer run health of the banking sector and the economy. One way to avoid this apparent tradeoff is evident: banking systems which have a higher share of foreign-owned banks, a feature already associated with financial deepening and lowered risk of crisis, also seem to score well in terms of short-term macroeconomic insulation.
On the Use of a Single Piezoelectric Strain Sensor for Wind Turbine Planetary Gearbox Fault Diagnosis

Planetary gearboxes (PGBs) are widely used in the drivetrain of wind turbines. Any PGB failure could lead to breakdown of the whole drivetrain and major loss of wind turbines. Therefore, PGB fault diagnosis is important in reducing the downtime and maintenance cost and improving the reliability and lifespan of wind turbines. PGB fault diagnosis has been done mostly through vibration analysis over the past years. Vibration signals theoretically have an amplitude modulation (AM) effect caused by time-variant vibration transfer paths due to the rotation of planet carrier and sun gear, and therefore, their spectral structure is complex. Strain sensor signals, on the other hand, are closely correlated to torsional vibration, which is less sensitive to the AM effect caused by rotating vibration transfer path. Thus, it is potentially easy and effective to diagnose PGB faults via stain sensor signal analysis. In this paper, a new method using a single piezoelectric strain sensor for PGB fault diagnosis is presented. The method is validated on a set of seeded localized faults on all gears, namely, sun gear, planetary gear, and ring gear. The validation results have shown a satisfactory PGB fault diagnostic performance using strain sensor signal analysis.
Equivalence and Duality for Module Categories

So far our emphasis has been on studying rings in terms of the module categories they admit—that is, in terms of the representations of the rings as endomorphism rings of abelian groups. As we shall see the Wedderburn Theorem for simple artinian rings can be interpreted as asserting that a ring R is simple artinian if and only if the category R M is “the same” as the category D M for some division ring D. On the other hand, if D is a division ring, then the theory of duality from elementary linear algebra asserts that the categories D FM and FM D of finitely generated left D-vector spaces and right D-vector spaces are “duals” of one another.
On the robustness of space-time block codes to spatial correlation

We generalize the analysis presented originally by Rensburg and Friedlander (see Thirty-Fourth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, p.301-305, 2000) to study the robustness of space-time block codes (STBC), paired with linear or circular antenna arrays, to spatial fading correlation. A tight upper bound on the error probability of the scheme is derived based on the distribution of Hermitian quadratic form of complex correlated Gaussian variates. This analytic framework supports various complex orthogonal designs with arbitrary signal cardinalities and arbitrary number of antenna elements. Results indicate that the effective diversity order is retained even when high cross correlation exists and is mainly determined by the geometric mean of the covariance matrix eigenvalues.
An Analytic Independent Particle Model for Atoms: II. Modified Hartree-Fock Calculations for Atoms

Publisher Summary Most atomic calculations are based on the Hartree–Fock (HF) self-consistent field model where the motion of each electron is governed by a potential field because of the others. True Hartree–Fock calculations are complicated because the potential is nonlocal and because the self-consistency requirement leads to an iterative procedure. The chapter describes a method where the total energy of an atom, whose one electron wave functions are eigenfunctions of the independent particle model (IPM) potential, is minimized with respect to the potential parameters. Minimizing the total energy (in HF) becomes very expensive as one proceeds to higher atomic numbers because of the increasing number of exchange integrals that must be computed. The chapter explores the possibility of using the statistical approximation to the HF expression for total energy. This approximation is much simpler and faster to use and yields encouraging results. A new method for determining the parameters of the Green, Sellin, and Zachor (GSZ) IPM potential for neutral atoms has been tested. This method, minimizing the total energy, gives good agreement with other methods while having the advantage of being an ab initio . Thus, the method may be applied to excited states and ions for which few theoretical or experimental data currently exist.
Analysis of the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Niche

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) continuously replenish all blood cell lineages not only to maintain the normal rapid turnover of differentiated cells but also to respond to injury and stress. Cell-extrinsic mechanisms are critical determinants of the fine balance between HSC self-renewal and differentiation. The bone marrow microenvironment has emerged as a new area of intense study to identify which of its many components constitute the HSC niche and regulate HSC fate. While HSCs have been isolated, characterized and used in clinical practice for many years thanks to the development of very specific assays and technology (i.e., bone marrow transplants and fluorescence activated cell sorting), study of the HSC niche has evolved by combining experimental designs developed in different fields. In this unit we describe a collection of protocols spanning a wide range of techniques that can help every researcher tackling questions regarding the nature of the HSC niche.
Encountering Physical Difference: Models of Experience and Dialogue

This paper utilizes Hans-Georg Gadamer’s classic philosophical study of the art of interpretation, Truth and Method (Wahrheit und Methode) (1960), to examine literary critic Leslie Fiedler’s 1996 collection of essays on bioethics and disability, Tyranny of the Normal . Because Fiedler’s primary analytical model centers around the experience of engaging an abjected Other and subsequently revising one’s self-conception based on this experience, it is useful to examine Fiedler’s arguments with respect to Gadamer’s theories of the hermeneutic circle, the historicity of experience, and the dialectical nature of understanding. Viewing these writings through a Gadamerian lens allows us to devise critical readings of the crucial social moment when the nondisabled “normal” individual and the person with a disability meet. Conversely, Gadamer’s text allows us to develop important criticisms of Fiedler’s work centered on the ahistorical and non-dialectical character of Fiedler’s interpretation of nondisabled individuals’ encounters with disability. Juxtaposing these two thinkers allows us to develop philosophical, psychological, and ethical warrants for disability rights activists’ assertions that the lives, medical treatments, media representations, and political destinies of people with disabilities must not be determined by the non-disabled alone.
Juvenile delinquency, adult criminality, and adult psychiatric treatment: An epidemiological study

This report explores some associations among juvenile delinquency, subsequent criminality, and subsequent psychiatric treatment. A sample of 255 males known to the juvenile court 25 years prior to the study is examined in terms of subsequent documented psychiatric treatment and/or criminal activity. Of the 255 former delinquents, 6% were known later to both criminal justice and psychiatric systems, 6% to psychiatric systems only, 28% to the criminal justice system only, and 60% to neither. Delinquents with later psychiatric histories were twice as likely to be known to the criminal justice system than were those without psychiatric histories. Those with adult psychiatric histories were also significantly younger at the time of their first delinquent offense and committed more juvenile offenses than the nonpsychiatric group. Only 2 of the 16 individuals later known to both systems were diagnosed sociopathic. The findings are discussed.
Topology Optimization of Constrained Damping Layer Treatments

The aim of this research is to determine the optimal shape of a constrained viscoelastic damping layer on an elastic beam by means of topology optimization. The optimization objective is to maximize the system loss factor for the first resonance frequency of the base beam. All previous optimal design studies on viscoelastic lamina have been size or shape optimization studies, assuming a certain topology for the damping treatment. In this study, this assumption is relaxed, allowing an optimal topology to emerge. The loss factor is computed using the Modal Strain Energy method in the optimization process. Loss factor results are validated by using the half-power bandwidth method, which requires obtaining the forced response of the structure. The ABAQUS finite element code is used to model the structure with two-dimensional continuum elements. The optimization code uses a Sequential Quadratic Programming algorithm. Results show that significant improvements in damping performance, on the order of 100% to 300%, are obtained by optimizing the constrained damping layer topology. A novel topology for the constraining layer emerges through the optimization process.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
ARE THE ALPS COLLAPSING

▪ Abstract Orogenic collapse is a process that transfers gravitational potential energy from regions of high potential energy to regions of lower potential energy. This transfer is classically considered to be accomplished by extension in the orogenic core and by synchronous shortening in foreland regions of the orogen. Not all extensional features in collisional mountain belts need, however, reflect orogenic collapse. Normal faulting, thrust faulting, and strike-slip faulting are all active in different parts of the Alps today and reflect complex local responses to ongoing Europe-Adria convergence. The Western Alps is the only area today where extension and shortening radial to orogen trend occur synchronously and where orogenic collapse may be an important process. Elsewhere in the Alps, normal faults are oriented at a high angle to orogen trend and were primarily active in Oligocene and Miocene time. Most present-day activity in the Central and Eastern Alps is on strike-slip faults that are accommodati...
First-principles cluster expansion study of missing-row reconstructions of fcc (110) surfaces

Theoretical prediction of surface reconstructions is difficult and rare owing to the extremely large phase space of possible two-dimensional atomic surface configurations. Here, we demonstrate how a first-principles cluster expansion (CE) method can be used to identify a particular class of stable surface reconstructions involving the surface ordering of atoms and vacancies without any empirical input. We apply the method to late transition-metal (110) surfaces and correctly demonstrate the reconstruction tendency for $5d$ metals to reconstruct in the ``missing row'' ($1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2$) structure, but not $3d$ or $4d$ metals. In addition to providing physical insight into the origin of the reconstruction tendency, the CE also allows us to predict the finite-temperature stability of the reconstruction, the order-disorder $(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ transition temperature, and the equilibrium shape of the surface islands.
Deep-UV Raman spectroscopic analysis of structure and dissolution rates of silica-rich sodium borosilicate glasses

As part of ongoing studies to evaluate the relationships between structural variations in silicate glasses and rates of glass dissolution in aqueous media, molecular structures present in sodium borosilicate glasses of composition Na2O.xB2O3.(3-x)SiO2, with x 1 (Na2O/B2O3 ratio 1), were analyzed using deep-UV Raman spectroscopy. The results were quantified in terms of the fraction of SiO4 tetrahedra with one non-bridging oxygen (Q3) and then correlated with Na2O and B2O3 content. Increasing Na2O was found to raise the fraction of Q3 units in the glasses systematically, in agreement with studies on related glasses, and, as long as the value of x was not too high, contribute to higher rates of dissolution in single pass flow-through testing. The finding was obtained across more than one series of silica-rich glasses prepared for independent dissolution studies. In contrast, dissolution rates were less strongly determined by the Q3 fraction when the value of x was near unity and appeared to grow larger upon further reduction of the Q3 fraction. The results were interpreted to indicate the increasingly important role of network hydrolysis in the glass dissolution mechanism as the BO4 tetrahedron replaces the Q3 unit as the charge-compensating structure for Na+ ions. Finally, the usemore » of deep-UV Raman spectroscopy was found to be advantageous in studying finely powdered glasses in cases where visible Raman spectroscopy suffered from weak Raman scattering and fluorescence interference.« less
A finite element approach for solution of the 3D Euler equations

Prediction of thermal deformations and stresses has prime importance in the design of the next generation of high speed flight vehicles. Aerothermal load computations for complex three-dimensional shapes necessitate development of procedures to solve the full Navier-Stokes equations. This paper details the development of a three-dimensional inviscid flow approach which can be extended for three-dimensional viscous flows. A finite element formulation, based on a Taylor series expansion in time, is employed to solve the compressible Euler equations. Model generation and results display are done using a commercially available program, PATRAN, and vectorizing strategies are incorporated to ensure computational efficiency. Sample problems are presented to demonstrate the validity of the approach for analyzing high speed compressible flows.
Pulsed and CW IR detection in wide-gap semiconductors using extremely nondegenerate two-photon absorption

We detect both pulsed and CW IR light using uncooled GaN or GaAs photodiodes using extremely-nondegenerate two-photon-absorption (2PA) which shows large enhancement over degenerate 2PA. Urbach-tail absorption limits the signal-to-noise ratio for CW detection.
Experience and Ideas: Education for Universalism in Eighteenth-Century Scotland

The nature of the relationship between ideas and the social conditions in which they develop has long been among the central concerns of fields like the sociology of knowledge, the sociology of intellectuals, and the social history of ideas. For generations, scholars in these areas have hotly debated the proper way of characterizing the form of this relationship and how it should be conceptualized and studied. With few exceptions, however, there has been an astonishing consensus on one matter: fundamental intellectual reorientations have almost invariably been seen as the product—whether simple or complex—of one or more major social changes. As far as it has gone, this perspective has led to extremely important conclusions, but except among the psychoanalytically inclined, it has remained strangely and regrettably silent on the specific micro-level processes by which macro-level social changes actually translate into changes in ideas.
Neutrons from the 2 MeV deuteron bombardment of thick 7Li targets

Abstract The spectra of neutrons produced in the 7 Li(d,n) 8 Be reaction have been measured at a deuteron energy of 2 MeV using thick 7 Li targets in order to investigate the feasibility of using this source for radiotherapy. The time-of-flight technique was used and spectra were obtained at lab angles from 0° to 90° in 10° intervals. Total neutron yields and average neutron energies were determined from the data. Some measurements were also taken with the source viewed through various thicknesses of water and wax absorbers in order to harden the spectra.
Sources of Coherence in the Life Stories of Cambodian American Women at the University

This article uses a life story framework (Linde, 1993) to examine the educational experiences of Cambodian American women college students. The literature suggests that Cambodian American female students experience particular educational challenges related to the gendered expectations of their cultural group. Two main themes emerged from analyses of participants' life stories produced during interviews: (a) concerns of family obligation and (b) reconciliation of their college departure. Each of the participants perceived herself as adhering to traditional Cambodian values because each maintained a strong sense of family obligation. However, they sought to fulfill their family obligation in new ways that allowed for increased independence and pursuit of university study. This study argues for the value of a life story perspective for informing research and educators about ways to better understand and serve Cambodian American women students.
Effect of Reproducibility of Baseline Arrhythmia Induction on Drug Efficacy Predictions and Outcome in the Electrophysiologic Study Versus Electrocardiographic Monitoring (ESVEM) Trial

Spontaneous variability over time in the ease of induction of ventricular arrhythmias may mimic a drug effect and affect the predictive value of drug therapy guided by programmed stimulation. We assessed the effect of baseline reproducibility of arrhythmia induction on the incidence and accuracy of drug efficacy predictions in the Electrophysiologic Study Versus Electrocardiographic Monitoring (ESVEM) trial. Patients with sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias induced twice during baseline electrophysiologic testing with the same stimulation technique, i.e., induced at the same pacing site with the same drive cycle length and number of extrastimuli, were identified from the ESVEM database. These patients with highly reproducible arrhythmia induction were compared to those with less reproducible arrhythmias. Of 473 randomized patients with reproducibility data, 313 (66%) had highly reproducible arrhythmias. In patients randomized to electrophysiologic testing, baseline arrhythmia reproducibility did not affect the incidence of drug efficacy predictions (70 of 157 [45%], drug efficacy predictions in patients with highly reproducible arrhythmias vs 34 of 79 [43%] with less reproducible arrhythmias, p = 0.890). Drug efficacy predictions obtained by electrophysiologic testing in patients with highly reproducible arrhythmias were not associated with decreases in arrhythmia recurrence (p = 0.202), all-cause mortality (p = 0.301), cardiac death (p = 0.358), or arrhythmic death (p = 0.307) compared to those with less reproducible arrhythmias. Analysis of patients with highly reproducible sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia led to similar results. In the ESVEM trial, most patients had highly reproducible arrhythmia induction during baseline electrophysiologic testing. Reproducibility of arrhythmia induction in the baseline state had no effect on the incidence or accuracy of drug efficacy predictions.
Carbohydrate composition of lipoprotein apoproteins isolated from rat plasma and from the livers of rats fed orotic acid.

Abstract Dietary orotic acid has been shown to inhibit secretion of plasma lipoproteins from the liver and to cause the accumulation of lipoprotein apoproteins within the liver. Comparison of the carbohydrate composition of plasma apoproteins and corresponding apoproteins isolated from orotic acid induced fatty livers indicates that the latter are deficient in N-acetyl glucosamine, galactose, and N-acetyl neuraminic acid. These differences can be explained by a lack of exposure of liver apoproteins to glycosylating enzymes present in the Golgi apparatus.
Expression of aminopeptidase N in human endometrium and regulation of its activity by estrogen

Abstract Objective: To determine whether aminopeptidase N (APN) regulates the cycle-dependent bioavailability of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in the endometrium. Design: Prospective study. Setting: University medical center. Patient(s): Women without endometrial pathology from the proliferative (n = 25) or secretory (n = 18) phase of the menstrual cycle. Intervention(s): We first immunolocalized APN in the endometrium using an anti-APN antibody. We then determined the regulation of APN kinetic activity by sex steroids in endometrial stromal cell cultures. Main Outcome Measure(s): Expression of APN in human endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle. Regulation of APN activity by estradiol and progesterone in cultured endometrial stromal cells. Result(s): Immunohistochemistry of endometrial sections revealed staining of endometrial stroma throughout the menstrual cycle. There was no detectable staining in glandular cells. The expression of APN as detected by immunohistochemistry was significantly lower in the early proliferative phase. In cultured cells, estradiol inhibited APN activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Progesterone did not have a significant effect. Conclusion(s): Stromal localization of APN in endometrium may explain the epithelial rather than stromal presence of IL-8 in vivo. Decreased expression of APN may increase IL-8 bioavailability thus contributing to angiogenesis and polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis in early proliferative phase.
Cascade-effect suppression in beam-foil mean-life measurements

Abstract Analysis of the spatial decay of quantum-beat modulated transitions in foil-excited O II ions indicated that optical cascading effects on mean life measurements were suppressed. The mean lives were obtained in terms of the Lande g -factors and the strength of an external uniform magnetic field, instead of the customary particle speed and decay length. A time-bridge method was used to obtain a decaying periodic signal containing both mean life and g -value information. Levels with aligned cascades and with no cascades were investigated.
The effects of very high fat, very low carbohydrate diets on safety, blood lipid profile, and anabolic hormone status

Very low carbohydrate ( 70 %) (VLCKD) diets have previously been shown to decrease fat mass in obese or overweight individuals. The very high fat, high cholesterol diet has caused alarm and researchers question its safety. However, because lipids provide the raw substrate necessary for the biosynthesis of anabolic hormones such as testosterone the diet may have implications for athletes. PURPOSE: Therefore the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 11 weeks of VLCKD dieting on safety, blood lipid profile, and anabolic hormone status. Methods Twenty-six college aged resistance trained men volunteered to participate in this study and were divided into VLCKD (5 % CHO, 75 % Fat, 20 % Pro) or a traditional western diet (55 % CHO, 25 % fat, 20 % pro). All subjects participated in a periodized resistance-training program three times per week. Blood samples were taken at week 0 and 11 of the study and analyzed for safety (comprehensive metabolic panel, and comprehensive blood panel), blood lipid profile (triglycerides, HDL, LDL and total), and insulin and testosterone. Consent to publish the results was obtained from all participants. Results
Mechanism of disappearance of S3 with maturation

S3 is generally audible in normal children and young adults but disappears with maturation. Disappearance of the physiologic S3 has been correlated with a decrease in the rate of early diastolic left ventricular filling and subsequent deceleration of inflow, possibly resulting from maturation-associated relative left ventricular hypertrophy.1 We examined the association of the disappearance of the physiologic S3 to changes in left ventricular diastolic function with aging.
Control systems for mobile Satcom antennas

Mobile VSAT satcom antenna systems are available on the market today but are just in their infancy. All observers of the satellite industry see great growth potential for this market. Press releases announcing a new product offering are now common, and an Internet search for "satcom on-the-move" produces tens of thousands of hits. Already one can find examples of delayed or failed products that suffered from poor control system performance. As discussed herein, a basic understanding of apertures and their performance is needed by the control system designer, to the same extent an appreciation of servo issues is needed by the antenna company product manager in possession of a suitable aperture. Clearly, a system engineering approach with careful tradeoffs of size, weight, power, radio-frequency, and control system issues should be undertaken before press releases are issued.