cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of processing parameters on line-width roughness

Line width roughness (LWR), transferred from a patterned photoresist to a gate during the etch process, may have a significant effect on the device performance beginning with the 65 nm technology node. Two factors that make LWR a greater concern for this node than for previous technology nodes are: 1) LWR does not scale in proportion to the critical dimensions (CDs), and 2) LWR has been shown to increase as film thickness decreases. A significant challenge for this technology node is the development of a resist process with sufficiently low LWR. In this paper, we investigate the effect that changing processing conditions has on LWR. We begin by reviewing the literature to determine which processing parameters have been shown to impact LWR. We then present experimental results that show how variations in processing parameters affect LWR. We conclude with molecular data showing the relation between resist surface roughness and LWR.
Family Separation‐Individuation Tolerance‐A Developmental Conceptualization of the Nuclear Family

Family health is dependent upon the individual family members' capacity to establish mature relationships with one another. The development of these relationships occurs through the experiential ranging of family members between the poles of symbiotic union and individuation, a continual process of ego development through self-other differentiation. A model which encompasses the family system's tolerance for ranging is presented in this paper. The model aids the clinician in making a family developmental diagnosis and in understanding family treatment as a growth experience.
Studies of citrate transport in Aerobacter aerogenes: binding of citrate by a membrane bound oxalacetate decarboxylase.

Abstract Citrate is a competitive inhibitor of the Na + -activated oxalacetate (OAA) decarboxylase, a membrane-bound enzyme participating in citrate catabolism by Aerobacter aerogenes . It is proposed that this OAA decarboxylase also functions as a carrier protein in the transport of citrate by a novel mechanism.
Developmental Effects of Zeatin, Ribosyl-Zeatin, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens B6 on Certain Mosses

Eight species of mosses studied were divided into two groups on the basis of their developmental responses to ribosyl-trans-zeatin and Agro-bacterium tumefaciens B6. All eight produced either gametophores or callus on the protonema in response to 6-(γ,γ-dimethylallylamino) purine and trans-zeatin. Three which produced normal gametophores with A. tumefaciens yielded callus or abnormal gametophores with ribosyl-trans-zeatin. Ribosyl-trans-zeatin and A. tumefaciens were relatively ineffective on five other mosses. Characteristics of protonemal growth common to each of these two groups are described.
Large Area-Aligned Arrays from Direct Deposition of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Inks

Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are well dispersed in water using a polymer, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), a surfactant, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), and brief low-power sonication. The concentration of these pristine SWNT dispersions are quite high, approaching 1 g/L, and remain stable over several months. These suspensions can be used as a printable conductive material and were used to create novel self-assembled SWNT arrays which are highly aligned. Suspensions of pristine SWNTs in water enable their application to aqueous chemistry, reduce environmental impact from use of organic solvents, and create suspensions which are compatible with materials sensitive to harsh solvents. Avoiding covalent functionalization allows for the SWNTs to have optimum mechanical and electronic properties and maintain lengths of several micrometers.
The Rural Community College as an Administrative Labor Market

External culture acts as a powerful force on rural community colleges and the presidents that lead them. This article examines whether rural community colleges comprise an administrative labor market, based on the careers of 69 chief academic officers employed in rural community colleges. Findings indicate the characteristics of both an occupational and a firm labor market in rural community colleges. Implications for individuals aspiring to be the chief academic officer, for rural community colleges, and for future labor-market research are discussed.
California Dreaming: Proposition 187 and the Cultural Psychology of Racial and Ethnic Exclusion

This essay examines California's Proposition 187 as a paradigm of the contradictions engendered by new postnational social formations. On the one hand, most—if not all—advanced postindustrial democracies in Western Europe, the United States, and now even Japan, have developed an “addiction” to easily exploited foreign workers to do the jobs the Japanese call “the three K jobs” (for the Japanese words “dangerous, dirty, and demanding.”) On the other hand, in the context of a transnational malaise, new immigrants have become the focus of powerful anxieties—economic, demographic, and cultural. This essay concentrates on the social contexts generating these new anxieties in light of a psychocultural theory of “the need for strangers.”
Purification of human monocytes by continuous gradient sedimentation in Ficoll

Abstract A new method of obtaining purified human monocytes has been developed. The peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes are isolated by centrifugation over Ficoll- Hypaque and then further purified by sedimentation over a linear 5–10% Ficoll density gradient. In ten experiments, the average purity obtained was 77.1% macrophages and the mean yield was 22.4% of the monocytes contained in the peripheral blood leukocytes. Viability of monocytes isolated by this technique exceeded 95%. The cells were phagocytic and responded to human migration inhibitory factor.
Engines of progress: Designing and running entrepreneurial vehicles in established companies; The new venture process at Eastman Kodak, 1983–1989

The literature on innovation and new ventures has focused on the success or failure of the venture itself, even in the corporate setting. Characteristics of the organization surrounding the venture have been viewed largely as a backdrop or context for the venture, influencing its ability to succeed and the likelihood of adoption of its output by the established organization This research takes a different perspective, that of the established corporation that is seeking to develop new business streams (“newstreams”-Kanter, 1989) while still continuing “mainstream” operations. Whether the particular venture or newstream project succeeds or fails at meeting its own goals for developing a successful project is only one measure of success; the other is whether the venture process represents an effective deployment of organizational resources (financial and human) in light of alternative uses and in light of the ways that the very existence of newstream projects impact on mainstream organizational efforts and activities. Thus, between 1986 and 1987, a Harvard Business School Research Team studied eight corporate venturing programs in depth, covering companies in a large range of industries and with strikingly different kinds of entrepreneurial vehicles. The focus was on the entre-
Esteem one-piece closed pouch in the management of stomas.

There has been a dramatic improvement in recent years in the production of stoma appliances to enable the ostomist to lead a normal active life. This article will review the components required of a one-piece closed appliance and appraise ConvaTec's Esteem® one-piece closed pouch.
Viscous Water Meniscus under Nanoconfinement

A dramatic transition in the mechanical properties of water is observed at the nanometer scale. For a water meniscus formed between two hydrophilic surfaces in the attractive region, with $\ensuremath{\le}1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{nm}$ interfacial separation, the measured viscosity is 7 orders of magnitude greater than that of bulk water at room temperature. Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations reveal enhancement in the tetrahedral structure and in the number of hydrogen bonds to the surfaces as a source for the high viscosity; this results from a cooperative effect of hydrogen bonding of water molecules to both hydrophilic surfaces.
Single-cell partial wave spectroscopic microscopy

Partial-wave spectroscopic microscopy (PWS) provides unprecedented insights into the nano-architecture of living biological cells. We demonstrate the capability of PWS to diagnose pre-cancerous changes in histologically normal cells far earlier than any existing detection technique.
A phase II trial of doxorubicin and interferon alpha 2b in advanced, non-medullary thyroid cancer.

Background: The combination of doxorubicin and interferon alpha is supported by preclinical data. We sought to evaluate the efficacy of this combination in patients with advanced thyroid cancer. Patients and methods: Patients with locally recurrent or metastatic, radioiodine- refractory thyroid cancer, excluding medullary carcinoma, were treated with interferon alpha-2b 12 million units/m2 subcutaneously on days 1–5 and doxorubicin 40 mg/m2 intravenously, on day 3, every 28 days. Results: 17 patients, 15 with well differentiated and 2 with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, were enrolled; median age was 69 years. Three patients had received radiation plus low dose doxorubicin previously. In 16 patients assessable for response, 1 patient (6%), who had follicular carcinoma, achieved a partial response and 10 patients (62.5%) stable disease as best response. Median time to progression was 5.9 months and median overall survival 26.4 months. In 14 evaluable patients, 5 (36%) had a thyroglobulin response (30% or more reduction in serum levels). Grade 3/4 neutropenia occurred in 76% of patients and neutropenic fever in 24%. Other grade 3/4 adverse events included fatigue (41%), rigors (18%), fever (6%), nausea/vomiting (29%), anorexia (29%), stomatitis (24%), vision disturbances (18%), neuropathy (18%), and hyponatremia (6%). One patient developed heart failure. Conclusions: Doxorubicin and interferon alpha was associated with considerable toxicities but modest antitumor activity in patients with advanced, non-medullary thyroid cancer.
The secular rise in IQ: Giving heterosis a closer look

Although most discussions today start from the assumption that the secular rise in IQ must be environmental in origin, three reasons warrant giving the genetic phenomenon heterosis a closer look as a potential cause. First, it easily accounts for both the high heritability and low shared environmental effects seen in IQ, findings that are difficult to reconcile with environmental hypotheses. Second, numerous other highly heritable traits, both physical as well as psychological, have also undergone large secular changes in parallel with IQ, which is consistent with the occurrence of broad-based genetic change like heterosis. And third, a heterosis hypothesis for the trend can be tested in several straightforward ways. The paper also provides a hypothetical example, based on data from a real population, of how heterosis can result from demographic changes like those that have taken place throughout the developed world in recent history and shows that under certain conditions, even a small demographic change could cause large genetically based phenotypic changes.
Quantitation of triazole and pyrimidine plant growth retardants

Abstract A series of recovery experiments were conducted with synthetic pyrimidine and triazole derivative plant growth retardants. These studies show that significant losses occur when using common experimental procedures. An extraction process consisting of partitioning into methylene chloride, open-column chromatography on both silica and C 18 packings followed by capillary gas—liquid chromatography using nitrogen—phosphorus specific thermionic detection is outlined. This method allows sensitive and rapid isolation of these compounds with consistent recoveries (80–90%) and is thus suitable for the quantitative determination of these compounds.
The role of crystal fabric in flow near an ice divide

. Polycrystalline ice near an ice divide typically shows a crystal fabric (crystal preferred orientation) with c axes clustered vertically. We explore the effect of this fabric on the large-scale flow pattern near an ice divide. We incorporate an analytical formulation for anisotropy into a non-linear flow law within a finite-element ice-sheet flow model. With four different depth profiles of crystal fabric, we find that the effect of fabric is significant only when a profile has a minimum cone angle of less than ∼25°. For a steady-state divide, the shape and size of the isochrone arch can depend as much on the crystal fabric as it does on the non-linearity of ice flow. A vertically oriented fabric tends to increase the size of the isochrone arch, never to reduce it. Also, non-random fabric has little effect on the ice-divide-flow pattern when ice is modeled as a linear (Newtonian) fluid. Finally, when we use a crystal-fabric profile that closely approximates the measured profile for Siple Dome, West Antarctica, the model predicts concentrated bed-parallel shearing 300 m above the bed.
Beyond Belief: Preservice Teachers' Planned Instructional Strategies.

Abstract This research describes a mixed-methods study of preservice teachers' planned instructional strategies. Of special interest were the preservice teachers' most salient strategies and how often these preservice teachers planned to use each one. Contrary to many earlier findings on preservice teachers' beliefs, results from this study of planned action indicate that preservice teachers in all content areas choose a variety of instructional strategies, although the extent of use for any one strategy differs across content domains. As such, we discuss the role of planned action as a focus for studying preservice teachers.
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with heart failure

A recent issue of the Journal included two articles ([1,2][1]) involving cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with heart failure. Despite the clinical consequences of this test, there is no standardization of the compilation of results from the raw data. Interestingly, there is a great deal
Dairy Supplementation Prevents Seasonal None Loss in Elderly Women

Abstract Seasonal decrements in femoral and lumbar bone mass among postmenopausal women have recently been reported by several groups. However, previous studies have been relatively short-term or observational. We now report interim one year results from a two year randomized double blinded(single blinded for dietary), placebo controlled calcium intervention study in elderly women. Sixty active but older postmenopausal women (mean age 72 years: range 61-88 years) with mean daily calcium intake of 571± 50mg/day were randomized to one of three intervention arms: 1) Placebo-Calcium (PC) twice daily (n=20); 2) CaC03 (CC) n=21: two 500mg tablets with meals; 3) Dietary Calcium (DC) milk, 3–3.5 glasses/day to a total .daily intake of 1200mg/day; (n=19). Bone mineral density of the spine (L2-L4) and greater trochanter of the hip (GT) were measured by DXA at six month intervals (longitudinal c.v. = 1.0% spine, 2.0%-GT). The six month intervals were October-March (winter,), April-September (summer,). DC women were telephoned frequently while all women were seen for non-calcium dietary discussions at three and nine months. Grocery slips were monitored for the DC group and compliance was assessed by urinary calcium clearance, dietary records (4 day food records) and food frequency questionnaire. Vitamin D content of the milk was also measured. Sixty women began the study and 53 women completed 12 months. Only one subject dropped out in the DC group. Initial BMD (L2–L4 and GT) did not differ among groups, nor did age, height, weight or initial Ca intake. Among DC women, no significant change in weight was noted. Calcium intake and % change in BMD(± SEM) are noted below: In conclusion: 1) Among elderly women in northern New England who consume low calcium diets, seasonal bone loss from both cortical and trabecular sites is significant; 2) annual declines in BMD within this cohort occur only during late fall and winter; 3) DC or CC are equally effective in preventing winter time bone loss from the L-spine, but only DC prevented bone loss from occurring in the GT, 4) consumption of milk products (to 1200mg/day) was well tolerated and resulted no significant weight change, 5) there are differential effects on conical bone mass between CC and DC which may reflect differences in calcium bioavailability or mechanisms of action distinct from calcium alone Funded by the National Dairy Promotion and Research Board and administered in cooperation with the National Dairy Council.
Stress Analysis and Stress-Intensity Factors for Finite Geometry Solids Containing Rectangular Surface Cracks

The line method of analysis is applied to the Navier-Cauchy equations of elastic equilibrium to calculate the displacement field in a finite geometry bar containing a variable depth rectangular surface crack under extensionally applied uniform loading. The application of this method to these equations leads to coupled sets of simultaneous ordinary differential equations whose solutions are obtained along sets of lines in a discretized region. Using the obtained displacement field, normal stresses and the stress intensity factor variation along the crack periphery are calculated for different crack depth to bar thickness ratios. Crack opening displacements and stress intensity factors are also obtained for a through-thickness, center cracked bar with variable thickness. The reported results show a considerable potential for using this method in calculating stress intensity factors for commonly encountered surface crack geometries in finite solids.
Ethical Dilemmas Encountered With the Use of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Adults

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can serve as a bridge to recovery in cases of acute reversible illness, a bridge to transplantation in circumstances of irreversible cardiac or respiratory failure, a bridge to ventricular assist device therapy in select cases of cardiac failure, or a bridge to decision when the prognosis remains uncertain. Recent advances in ECMO technology that allow for prolonged support with decreased complications, the development of mobile ECMO teams, the rapidity of initiation, and the growing body of evidence, much of which remains controversial, have led to a significant increase in the use of ECMO worldwide. This increasing use of a technology that is not a destination device in itself introduces many ethical dilemmas specific to this technology. In this article, we explore some of the ethical issues inherent in the decisions surrounding the initiation and withdrawal of ECMO by raising key questions and providing a framework for clinicians. We will address extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation, the inability to bridge a patient to transplant or recovery--the so-called "bridge to nowhere"--and the significance of resuscitation preferences in the setting of continual extracorporeal circulatory support.
Papillary renal-cell carcinoma: fine-needle aspiration of 15 cases.

Although papillary carcinoma of the kidney is a distinct clinical and pathological entity, there are few descriptions of its cytologic features in the literature. We describe the cytologic features of aspirates from 1.5 papillary carcinomas of the kidney. The smears showed abundant papillary clusters with vascular cores and relatively few single cells. Tumor cells contained moderate to scant cytoplasm, nuclei were usually small and uniform, mild to moderate hyperchromasia was routine, nucleoli were single and small, and nuclear grooves were often prominent. Histiocytes and psammoma bodies were present in only four cases. Hemosiderin pigment within tumor cells was also present in four cases. Differential diagnosis should consider low-grade transitional-cell carcinoma, metastatic adenocarcinoma, normal renal tubular epithelium, mesothelial cells, and, occasionally, Wilms' tumor. Cytologically recognizing the distinct entity of papillary carcinoma is important in the workup of primary renal neoplasms and metastatic papillary neoplasms of unknown origin.
A Warning Bell Tolls for Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a disorder in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. The appearance of autoantibodies against islet antigens such as insulin, GAD65, and insulinoma-associated protein–2 is one of the initial signs of the
Induction of defense responses in tobacco by the protein Nep1 from Fusarium oxysporum

Fusarium oxysporum produces a 24-kDa protein, Nep1, which induces necrosis and ethylene production in leaves of many dicot plant species. Detached Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Xanthi leaves respond with concentration-dependent necrosis after infiltration with Nep1 or when Nep1 is taken up by the vascular tissue. This response follows the induction of ethylene biosynthesis and accumulation of ACC synthase and ACC oxidase transcripts. Pretreating the leaves with 100 l/l ethylene prior to elicitation enhanced Nep1-induced ethylene production. Nep1 (208 nM) causes extensive necrosis of mature tobacco leaf tissue when applied to Xanthi tobacco as a foliar spray (129 ml/m 2 ). Tobacco cell cultures respond to Nep1 by alkalization of the culture media, the accumulation of potassium in the media, oxygen uptake, induction of active oxygen species, and eventual cell death. The response of cultured tobacco cells to Nep1 is time- and concentration-dependent. Cell death was the same at 300 min for 5 ng/ml and higher concentrations, while 0.5 ng/ml had no effect on cell death. In the case of O2 uptake, cells responded to 0.5 ng/ml within minutes of treatment, but at a rate lower than 5 ng/ml. The lower concentration of Nep1 did not induce an increase in pH, K + efflux, or increasing H2O2 accumulation in the culture media. Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.
On Least Common Multiples of Polynomials in Z/n Z[x]

Let &#x1d4ab;(n, D) be the set of all monic polynomials in ℤ/nℤ[x] of degree D. A least common multiple for &#x1d4ab;(n, D) is a monic polynomial L ∈ ℤ/nℤ[x] of minimal degree such that f divides L for all f ∈ &#x1d4ab;(n, D). A least common multiple for &#x1d4ab;(n, D) always exists, but need not be unique; however, its degree is always unique. In this article, we establish some bounds for the degree of a least common multiple for &#x1d4ab;(n, D), present constructions for common multiples in ℤ/nℤ[x], and describe a connection to rings of integer-valued polynomials over matrix rings.
Atom transfer radical polymerization and copolymerization of vinyl acetate catalyzed by copper halide/terpyridine

Copper-mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is versatile for living polymerizations of a wide range of monomers, but ATRP of vinyl acetate (VAc) remains challenging due to the low homolytic cleavage activity of the carbon-halide bond of the dormant poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) chains and the high reactivity of growing PVAc radicals. Therefore, all the reported highly active copper-based catalysts are inactive in ATRP of VAc. Herein, we report the first copper-catalyst mediated ATRP of VAc using CuBr/2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine (tPy) or CuCl/tPy as catalysts. The polymerization was a first order reaction with respect to the monomer concentration. The molecular weights of the resulting PVAc linearly increased with the VAc conversion. The living character was further proven by self-chain extension of PVAc. Using polystyrene (PS) as a macroinitiator, a well-defined diblock copolymer PS-b-PVAc was prepared. Hydrolysis of the PS-b-PVAc produced a PS-b-poly(vinyl alcohol) amphiphilic diblock copolymer. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Trust within organisations

It has been recognised that there is importance of trust within organisations. There is also a recognised theme that trust must move beyond rational or calculative trust to various forms of social trust. This paper makes clear the potential importance of social trust, and its value to emerging organisations. In the new era of faster, looser, more rapidly changing connections between people and groups, trust based on inferences about the motives, character and intentions of others is becoming more central to the ability of organisations to manage their dynamics efficiently and effectively and ensure their growth and survival.
Faulting parameters of earthquakes in the New Madrid, Missouri, region

Abstract The advent of high-resolution digital seismic recording and advances in computer technology enable the combination of traditional regional seismic network observations with direct seismogram modeling to improve estimates of small earthquake faulting geometry, depth, and size. We illustrate a combined modeling approach using observations from three earthquakes that occurred within the environs of the New Madrid Seismic Zone: two Missouri earthquakes from September 26, 1990 and May 4, 1991; and the southern Illinois earthquake of February 5, 1994. We also re-examine the faulting geometry for two events from the 1960s that are inconsistent with the current estimate of the regional stress field. Based on direct modeling of the long-period seismograms associated with these events, we revise earlier estimates of the earthquake parameters for the March 3, 1963 and July 21, 1967 Missouri earthquakes. Comparing the new and revised results with existing earthquake mechanisms in the region, we find that tension-axes are generally aligned in a N-S to NW-SE direction, while the compression-axes trend in a NE to E direction. An interesting exception to this pattern are the March 3, 1963 and two nearby earthquakes that lie within a well-defined 30-km long left step in seismicity near New Madrid.
Age-associated alterations in sympathetic neural interactions with the immune system

We have examined age-related alterations in sympathetic noradrenergic (NA) innervation in primary and secondary lymphoid organs from mouse and rat. As the thymus involuted with age, the density of NA innervation and norepinephrine (NE) concentration increased markedly. Total thymic NE was not altered significantly with age, suggesting that NA innervation is maintained as the thymus involutes. In the rat spleen, NA innervation and NE concentration were diminished with age. Enhanced antibody responses and in vitro proliferation to a T-dependent protein antigen were observed following selective destruction of NA nerve fibers with the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), demonstrating that the diminished NA innervation in the aged spleen is capable of signaling the immune system. Plasticity of NA nerves in old rats was demonstrated following lesioning with 6-OHDA and in intact rats treated with L-deprenyl, a monoamine oxidase B inhibitor. These age-related alterations in NA innervation of lymphoid organs occur concurrently with age-associated changes in immune function. Understanding the functional relationship between these two physiological systems in aging will contribute to a greater understanding of sympathetic nervous system regulation of immune function.
Women's orientation toward help-seeking for mental disorders

Based on a sample survey of 1000 women in Accra Ghana, this study addresses a number of individual, social and cultural factors that have been found in previous research on diverse populations to be important determinants of treatment-seeking behavior. Bivariate analysis is used to identify those factors that are significantly related to orientation toward help-seeking for mental disorders (use of biomedical vs traditional services), and multivariate analysis is utilized to determine the importance of each, and the effect of causal beliefs independent of sociodemographic factors. The results show that perceived cause of mental disorders, area of residence, age, ethnicity, membership in voluntary associations and prior contact with medical facilities or personnel are the most important determinants of the orientation toward help-seeking for mental disorders. The implications for an effective mental health care delivery system in Ghana are discussed. Also, suggestions for further research are made.
Infant mortality and early postpartum discharge.

Objective: To assess additional risk of newborn death owing to early discharge. Methods: This was a historical cohort study using Washington State linked birth certificates, death certificates, and hospital discharge records that covered 47,879 live births in 1989 and 1990. Logistic regression was used to assess risk of death within the first year of life after early discharge (less than 30 hours after birth) compared with later discharge (30‐78 hours after birth). Results: Newborns discharged early were more likely to die within 28 days of birth (odds ratio [OR] 3.65; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.56, 8.54), between 29 days and 1 year (OR 1.61; 95% CI 1.10, 2.36), and any time within the first year (OR 1.84; 95% CI, 1.31, 2.60) of life than newborns sent home later. Newborns discharged early also were more likely to die of heart-related problems (OR 3.72; CI 1.25, 11.04) and infections (OR 4.72; CI 1.13, 19.67) within 1 year of birth than newborns discharged later. Conclusion: Newborns discharged within 30 hours of birth are at increased risk of death within the first year of life. (Obstet Gynecol 2000;96:183‐8. © 2000 by The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.) The rise of managed care during the past 3 decades has coincided with a dramatic reduction in the length of postpartum hospital stays. In 1970, the mean postpartum length of stay for vaginal deliveries in the United States was 3.9 days compared with 2.0 days in 1993. For cesarean deliveries, the mean postpartum stay in 1970 was 7.9 days compared with 3.9 days in 1993. 1 In a survey undertaken in 1995, half of new mothers who had vaginal deliveries said they were discharged in 1 day or less. 2 During the mid-1990s, concerns about potential adverse effects of early discharge of newborns prompted the United States Congress and most state legislatures to pass laws mandating that insurers cover minimum 48-hour hospital stays after vaginal deliveries and minimum 96-hour stays after cesarean deliveries. In the debate over those laws, proponents claimed that longer postpartum stays would avert adverse health outcomes caused by conditions often detected and treated earlier with longer postpartum stays, such as brain damage caused by untreated jaundice. 3 The evidence supporting such claims is equivocal. Randomized controlled trials have failed to detect statistically significant differences in adverse outcomes between newborns and mothers with short stays and those with longer stays. 4‐8 A literature review published in 1995 concluded that research neither proved nor disproved the safety of early discharge. 3
A Patient With a Low IgA Level Requiring Transfusion During CABG Surgery

1. What is this patient’s most striking laboratory result? 2. Why was there a concern about the possibility of an anaphylactic transfusion reaction in this patient? 3. What methods are commonly used for measuring IgA concentration? 4. What is the definition of IgA deficiency? 5. What illnesses are most often associated with IgA deficiency? 6. What is the prevalence of IgA deficiency in the blood donor population? 7. What is the significance of the detection of anti-IgA antibodies in patients with IgA deficiency? 8. What stimulates the production of anti-IgA antibodies? 9. What is the frequency of anaphylactic transfusion reactions and associated mortality in IgA-deficient patients? 10. How should patients with IgA deficiency and/or a previous history of anaphylactic transfusion reaction be managed?
Potassium budget for inland, saline water shrimp ponds in Alabama

Potassium budgets were prepared for inland shrimp ponds in Alabama in which saline water was supplemented with potassium ion by additions of two fertilizers, potassium chloride and potassium magnesium sulfate. The study was conducted during the first shrimp crop in newly constructed ponds. A total of 1021.2 kg/ha of potassium were applied to the ponds, and the main input was the fertilizers. The total loss of potassium from ponds was 456.5 kg/ha, and of this, seepage and harvest effluent accounted for 101.2 and 347.9 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the potassium budgets, bottom soil apparently adsorbed 564.7 kg/ha of exchangeable potassium. However, the potassium increase was only 374 kg/ha in the upper 15-cm layer of bottom soil during the first growing season in which the ponds were used. The discrepancy possibly resulted from potassium fixation by non-exchange processes. Potassium also may have been adsorbed to a greater depth, and some may have been contained in suspended particles discharged in draining effluent. Soil uptake was an important sink for added potassium in the new ponds, so further studies should be conducted to determine the rate at which the potassium binding capacity of the bottom soil will be filled. Water reuse is the only practical way of lessening the loss of potassium from inland shrimp ponds.
Dissolved Products of Artificially Pulverized Silicate Minerals and Rocks: Part II

ABSTRACT Ten grams of previously analyzed, rock-forming silicate minerals (mica, 2.5 g) were ground under 100 ml of double-distilled, and CO2-charged, waters for one hour, and the centrifuged-clear solutions analyzed for dissolved constituents. The pH's of the slurries prepared in distilled water were 8 to 9, and in CO2-charged water, 5.5 to 6.9. Total amount of dissolved ions was higher in CO2-charged water than in distilled water. Grinding in distilled water was exposed to room temperature. Highest amounts in ppm of dissolved ions in distilled and CO2-charged waters, respectively, were from minerals as follows: Si, diopside, 23.3, and enstatite, 17.4; Al, nepheline, 2.2, and microcline 1.0; Fe, biotite, 14.3, none detectible in CO2-charged water; Ca, augite, 4.5, and hornblende, 13; Mg, enstatite and olivine, 12, and olivine, 150; K, microcline, 38.8 (K dissolved from 2.5 grams of biotite in distilled water was 35.4), and microcline, 69.3; Na, nepheline, 85.9, and nepheline, 114. Olivine dissolved nearly stoichiometrically (Mg and silica); aluminous and other Mg-rich silicate minerals show relatively reduced solubility of Si, some of which apparently combines with Al and/or Mg to form clay minerals. Dissolution of Mg is singularly much higher in CO2-charged water than in distilled water. No dissolved Fe was detected in CO2-charged water, demonstrating that residual concentration of iron oxide occurs by leaching of Fe silicates by carbonic acid. Elements extraneous to mineral formulas are enriched in the solution relative to others. Minor, or trace elements, such as Mn, Ga, V, Ti, Mo, Co, Sn, Pb, Zn, are dissolved in concentrations determined spectrographically in parts per billion.
Boundary Elements for Static Optimal Heating of Solids

Formulation du chauffage optimal statique de solides de geometrie arbitraire par un flux thermique a leur limite. Reduction du probleme a un probleme d'optimisation sous contrainte en utilisant le multiplicateur de Lagrange. Proposition d'une methode iterative numerique de resolution des equations de la temperature et du multiplicateur de Lagrange. Presentation des meilleures estimations pour le flux thermique. Resultats numeriques pour un probleme bidimensionnel
Plasma volume expansion in cardiovascular surgery: Practical realities, theoretical concerns

Accurate assessment of fluid needs in the high-risk patient and determination of appropriate volume therapy are often beset by difficulties. Factors influencing plasma volume during and after cardiac surgery are reviewed, as well as the choice of plasma volume expanders in this setting: crystalloids, blood products, and hydroxyathyl starch derivatives. The use of crystalloids and colloids as pump primes in cardiopulmonary bypass surgery and their effects on extravascular lung water are also considered. Clinical trials of the hydroxyethyl starch, hetastarch, for postoperative plasma volume expansion are summarized along with results of a prospective randomized trial comparing pentastarch, a low molecular weight hydroxyethyl starch, with albumin after cardiac surgery.
DICE: A Beneficial Short-Channel Effect in Nanoscale Double-Gate MOSFETs

Physics-based compact modeling, supported by numerical simulations, is used to show the significance of "drain-induced charge enhancement" (DICE) in nanoscale double-gate (DG) MOSFETs. DICE, which is the strong-inversion counterpart of drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL), is shown to significantly benefit drive current, without affecting the gate capacitance much, and hence can improve nanoscale DG CMOS speed substantially.
Constitutional Theory and Political Action

Probably because they revere so deeply the contemporary constitutional polity, political scientists tend also to revere modern constitutional theory. If they view this theory critically, they usually make just one criticism, that of Beard or Dahl, that it is antipopulistic, anti-majoritarian.1 This, however, appears to be a defect that can be patched up quickly. All that is necessary is to do in theory what America has done in practice: add a little more economic opportunity and a little more political democracy to the formula for modern constitutionalism. The modern constitutional tradition is then a product that seems entirely suitable for export to other lands. It is the purpose of this paper to argue, however, that modern constitutional theory is deficient in a much more crucial respect, in that it does not contain a concept of political action. It is a tradition dedicated to the establishment of order even at the expense of action, and it fails to make adequate provision for innovative political activity at either the leadership or the participatory level. It scarcely touches upon the important subjects of leadership and statesmanship and the political involvement of the citizen. It also leaves unresolved one of the main problems that the constitutionalists themselves undertook to settle, that of the proper relationship between order and liberty. The modern constitutional tradition referred to here begins with Harrington's Oceana and includes Locke's Two Treatises, Hume's Essays, Montesquieu's chapters on England, Adams's Defence, and Hamilton's and especially Madison's Federalist papers.' Together
A fast statistical mixture algorithm for on-line handwriting recognition

The automatic recognition of online handwriting is considered from an information theoretic viewpoint. Emphasis is placed on the recognition of unconstrained handwriting, a general combination of cursively written word fragments and discretely written characters. Existing recognition algorithms, such as elastic matching, are severely challenged by the variability inherent in unconstrained handwriting. This motivates the development of a probabilistic framework suitable for the derivation of a fast statistical mixture algorithm. This algorithm exhibits about the same degree of complexity as elastic matching, while being more flexible and potentially more robust. The approach relies on a novel front-end processor that, unlike conventional character or stroke-based processing, articulates around a small elementary unit of handwriting called a frame. The algorithm is based on (1) producing feature vectors representing each frame in one (or several) feature spaces, (2) Gaussian K-means clustering in these spaces, and (3) mixture modeling, taking into account the contributions of all relevant clusters in each space. The approach is illustrated by a simple task involving an 81-character alphabet. Both writer-dependent and writer-independent recognition results are found to be competitive with their elastic matching counterparts. >
Hyperlithemia Correction and Persistent Delirium

Experience with three patients whose courses are described suggested that delirium and persistent neurologic dysfunction follow rapid correction of hyperlithemia, which develops after regular lithium doses. From all retrievable published reports of adult hospitalization for hyperlithemia, all cases that described cognitive dysfunction after lithium administration for at least 10 days with insubstantial neuroleptic exposure were selected. Lithium was universally discontinued before or on admission. Of the 65 such cases, 50 were at least somewhat responsive on admission; of these, substantial deterioration during hospitalization occurred in 56%. Dialysis was associated with greater incidence of persistent neurologic sequelae (62% vs. 22%, P = .012) and deterioration during hospitalization (85% vs. 46%, P = .016), although cognitive dysfunction on hospital admission was less (P < .001) for patients who were then dialyzed. The greater neurotoxicity after dialysis suggests that while hyperlithemia can be toxic, its rapid correction can be more toxic. Parallels with hyponatremia, including a potential mechanism, suggest that gradual rather than abrupt correction of hyperlithemia might decrease the risk of neurotoxicity.
Proximity of coronary arteries to the atrioventricular valve annulus in young patients and implications for ablation procedures.

The distance from the endocardial surface of the atrioventricular valve annulus and adventia of the adjacent coronary artery (CA) has not been delineated and may play an important role in the risk for CA damage during catheter ablation procedures. This distance was measured in 10 normal pediatric heart specimens at 11 locations around the right and left atrioventricular grooves. The endocardium-to-CA distance varied by age and location, with the shortest distances in the region of the os of the coronary sinus and the greatest distances in the right anteroseptal area. Excluding right anteroseptal measurements, in the 5 patients
Amiodarone-induced myxoedema coma

A 62-year-old man was found to have bradycardia, hypothermia and respiratory failure 3 weeks after initiation of amiodarone therapy for atrial fibrillation. Thyroid-stimulating hormone was found to be 168 μIU/mL (nl. 0.3-5 μIU/mL) and free thyroxine (FT4) was <0.2 ng/dL (nl. 0.8-1.8 ng/dL). He received intravenous fluids, vasopressor therapy and stress dose steroids; he was intubated and admitted to the intensive care unit. He received 500 μg of intravenous levothyroxine in the first 18 h of therapy, and 150 µg intravenous daily thereafter. Haemodynamic improvement, along with complete recovery of mental status, occurred after 48 h. Twelve hours after the initiation of therapy, FT4 was 0.96 ng/dL. The patient was maintained on levothyroxine 175 (g POorally daily. A thyroid ultrasound showed diffuse heterogeneity. The 24 hour excretion of iodine was 3657 (mcg (25-756 ( mcg). The only two cases of amiodarone-induced myxoedema coma in the literature report patient death despite supportive therapy and thyroid hormone replacement. This case represents the most thoroughly investigated case of amiodarone-induced myxoedema coma with a history significant for subclinical thyroid disease.
Environmental Justice Issues Related to Transponder Ownership and Road Pricing

Electronic transponders used on toll roads often reduce delays at toll facilities and sometimes offer customers a discount in the toll. Nonetheless, many people avoid using toll roads or acquiring electronic transponders. Their reasons include a dislike for toll roads based on a belief that roads should be a public good or on infrequent use of the roadway. Obtaining a transponder requires an application process and an initial prepayment of tolls as a minimum requirement. In worst cases, applications must be mailed (rather than obtained at a distribution center, online, or through a phone call), transponder deposits are demanded, and credit cards are required for automatic replenishment of tolls. In addition to the impediment of submitting an application, at least 20% of U.S. households do not have a credit card, and 10% do not have a bank account; such households would essentially be barred from obtaining transponders from most U.S. toll authorities. This paper analyzes these barriers by presenting the co...
On a New Schedule: Transitions to Adulthood and Family Change

Summary Frank Furstenberg examines how the newly extended timetable for entering adulthood is affecting, and being affected by, the institution of the Western, particularly the American, family. He reviews a growing body of research on the family life of young adults and their parents and draws out important policy implications of the new schedule for the passage to adulthood. Today, says Furstenberg, home-leaving, marriage, and the onset of childbearing take place much later in the life span than they did during the period after World War II. After the disappearance of America’s well-paying unskilled and semi-skilled manufacturing jobs during the 1960s, youth from all economic strata began remaining in school longer and marrying and starting their own families later. Increasing numbers of lower-income women did not marry at all but chose, instead, non-marital parenthood—often turning to their natal families for economic and social support, rather than to their partners. As the period of young adults’ dependence on their families grew longer, the financial and emotional burden of parenthood grew heavier. Today, regardless of their income level, U.S. parents provide roughly the same proportion of their earnings to support their young adult children. Unlike many nations in Europe, the United States, with its relatively underdeveloped welfare system, does not invest heavily in education, health care, and job benefits for young adults. It relies, instead, on families’ investments in their own adult children. But as the transition to adulthood becomes more protracted, the increasing family burden may prove costly to society as a whole. Young adults themselves may begin to regard childbearing as more onerous and less rewarding. The need to provide greater support for children for longer periods may discourage couples from having additional children or having children at all. Such decisions could lead to lower total fertility, ultimately reduce the workforce, and further aggravate the problem of providing both for increasing numbers of the elderly and for the young. U.S. policy makers must realize the importance of reinforcing the family nest and helping reduce the large and competing demands that are being placed on today’s parents.
Formation and early years of the AAPM

This vignette recites significant steps leading to the formation of the AAPM and transpiring in the developments of the first decade, approximately. Persons involved, dates, and places are recognized. A table summarizes the progression of events. This recitation ends with the term of Kereiakes, the last President to be elected by the Board of Directors from its own membership, and with the move of the annual meeting time to mid‐summer.
Neuronal pathways involved in deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus for treatment of parkinson’s disease

In this study, fixed potential amperometry was used to examine several pathways by which Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) or dopamine axons within the dorsal forebrain bundle (DFB) release striatal dopamine, thus potentially providing therapeutic benefits for Parkinson’s Disease patients. In urethane anesthetized mice, electrical stimulations (20 monophasic pulses at 50 Hz every 30 sec) were applied to the STN or DFB while infusing the local anesthetic lidocaine (4%) into the substantia nigra compacta (SNc) or pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT). Findings suggest that DFB stimulation activates ascending SNc dopamine axons, while STN stimulation evokes striatal dopamine release directly via excitatory glutamatergic inputs to SNc dopamine cells and indirectly via excitatory cholinergic/glutamatergic STN-PPT-SNc pathways.