cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Review of the Status of Cyberbullying and Cyberbullying Prevention.

Cyberbullying may be one of the "diseases" of the 21st Century. Despite efforts to curtail its incidence and prevalence over the past 20 years, its direct and indirect harmful effects have made it a public concern about the wellbeing of children, adolescents, and adults. Empirical studies as well as psychological theories have addressed different aspects of cyberbullying (e.g. characteristics of victims, bullies, and bystanders, prevalence rates, specific types of cyberbullying behavior, gender differences, intervention/prevention strategies, legal/legislative measures, etc.). While consensus is evident in some areas researched, significant findings in other areas are inconsistent, indicative of the inherent complexities of this phenomenon and the methodological problems hampering insight into the nature of this problem and its possible solutions. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the current status of the research and theoretical perspectives on cyberbullying in hopes of encouraging good scholarship, improved methodologies and thoughtful inquiries to better inform educators, parents, mental health service providers, policy makers and others so that they can more effectively promote healthy online and offline behaviors among digital users. This discussion reviews the definition and characteristics of cyberbullying, its prevalence, populations affected, gender differences, theoretical perspectives and issues of intervention and prevention. Language: en
Egypt and the Limits of Hellenism: Herodotus and an Egyptian mirage

At some time near the end of the sixth century bce , Hecataeus of Miletus paid a visit to Egypt in the course of his extensive travels around the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. There, as Herodotus reports, the logographer and genealogist had a celebrated encounter with certain Theban priests. When Hecataeus recited his genealogy and traced his descent back to a god in the sixteenth generation, the Egyptian priests refuted the Greek's assertion of such recent divine ancestry by showing him 345 wooden statues, each set up by a high priest in his lifetime. The images represented an unbroken lineage of sons succeeding to their father's office, each of whom was a man not a god. Herodotus, too, claims he was shown these same images, though he had wisely refrained from reciting his genealogy. This anecdote is the critical beginning of a Greek tradition on the knowledge of Egyptian priests – a knowledge which derives from the vast antiquity of Egyptian civilization, and is preserved through the records of a long-standing written culture. In this episode, Herodotus constructs a scene in which Greek traditions on the past are trumped by an Egyptian priest, vividly conveying the infancy of Greek civilization in the face of Egypt's great antiquity. This anecdote has also been critical in modern scholarly constructions of the relationship between Greek civilization and Egyptian. Some have seen it as a decisive moment in the intellectual biographies of the early Greek historians, others an attractive and useful fiction.
Staggered scheduling of estimation and fusion in long-haul sensor networks

In long-haul sensor networks, sensors are remotely deployed over a large geographical area to perform certain tasks. We study a class of such networks where sensors take measurements of one or more dynamic targets and send state estimates of the target(s) to a fusion center via long-haul satellite links. The severe loss and delay over the satellite channels can easily reduce the chance that an estimate is successfully received by the fusion center, thereby limiting the potential information fusion gain and resulting in suboptimal accuracy performance of the fused estimates. In this work, starting with the temporal-domain staggered estimation for an individual sensor, we explore the impact of the so-called intrastate prediction and retrodiction on estimation errors. We also investigate the effect of such estimation scheduling across different sensors on the spatial-domain fusion performance, where the sensors retain the same estimation frequency, but with possibly asynchronous estimation instants staggered over time. In particular, the impact of communication delay and loss on such scheduling is explored by means of numerical and simulation studies that demonstrate the validity of our analysis.
Knowing That P without Believing That P

Most epistemologists hold that knowledge entails belief. However, proponents of this claim rarely offer a positive argument in support of it. Rather, they tend to treat the view as obvious and assert that there are no convincing counterexamples. We find this strategy to be problematic. We do not find the standard view obvious, and moreover, we think there are cases in which it is intuitively plausible that a subject knows some proposition P without—or at least without determinately— believing that P. Accordingly, we present five plausible examples of knowledge without (determinate) belief, and we present empirical evidence suggesting that our intuitions about these scenarios are not atypical.
A fault-tolerant scheme that copes with intermittent and transient faults in sequential circuits

The vulnerability of fault-tolerant schemes, such as TMR (triple modular redundancy), to nonpermanent faults, such as intermittent and transient faults, is discussed. A methodology that can be used to design circuits so that they can better tolerate such faults is described. The problem of nonpermanent faults producing semipermanent faults in sequential circuits is addressed. >
The West Florida Shelf ECOHAB-ONR-COMPS (ENC) monitoring array

This overview describes the accomplishments of the University of South Florida's (USF) Ocean Circulation Group (OCG) in the Gulf of Mexico using a variety of oceanographic and meteorological instruments to monitor the west Florida shelf. As knowledge of the ocean continues to improve along with new technologies, our understanding of the coastal zone is still lacking an adequate observational baseline. The OCG manages the in situ physical oceanographic measurements and modeling on the west Florida shelf not far from the College of Marine Science campus. In 1993, the OCG initiated a pilot mooring program in the Gulf that has grown into a more complete air-sea interaction processes and coastal ocean monitoring study. The ENC ("Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms" (ECOHAB)-Office of Naval Research (ONR)-"Coastal Ocean Monitoring and Prediction System" (COMPS)) array now supports basic research as well as providing data needed for management issues such as more accurate predictions of flooding by storm surge, safety and efficiency of marine navigation, search and rescue efforts and fisheries management. The overall goal of this work is to improve the understanding of how the physical processes affect material property distributions on continental shelves.
The Knuth-Bendix algorithm in parallel architecture

D. Knuth and P. Bendix (1970) developed an algorithm for transforming a set of equations into a set of simplification rules. This way, an equation t/sub 1/=t/sub 2/ is true if and only if t/sub 1/ and t/sub 2/ reduce to the same normal form. The authors implement the algorithm using the Prolog interpreter POPLOG in a Sun 3/160. However, the algorithm is slow since a large number of rules have to be generated, even for the best predefined orderings. If the algorithm is extended to handle conditional equations, then it is even slower. However, the most time-consuming steps can be done in parallel. The authors investigate the use of the parallel architecture of the connection machine and of Sequent Balance 8000 to speed up the algorithm. They use Lisp on the connection machine and Prolog on the Sequent and compare the two architectures as well as the languages as far as the efficiency is concerned. >
What is a p‐value?

An in-class activity is described that can be used not only to motivate hypothesis testing, but also to understand and compute the p-value and power in a statistical test.
10-mm radius tungsten wire array number scan experiments with the Z accelerator

Summary form only given, as follows. We are pursuing a systematic experimental investigation of the effect of the tungsten interwire gap spacing (IWG) on initiation, implosion dynamics and quality of the 100-ns fast wire array z-pinch. The wire array dimensions and mass are those of interest for the z-pinch driven ICF program. Namely, the diameter is 20mm, the height 10mm, and the mass -5.8mg. Up to now, wire arrays containing 50, 120, 194, 300, and 500 wires have been imploded. We are currently continuing the experiments with 30, 90, and 300 wire arrays. Most of the Z accelerator radial line of sight diagnostics were fielded, including XRD's, PCD's, bolometers, calorimeters, spectrometers, and X-ray imaging time resolved pinhole cameras. In the new experiments axial diagnostics will be added. The X-ray radiated energy and power increase with wire number while the rise time and FWHM decrease. Analysis of the X-ray images suggests that the wires in the 50 wire array remain discreet and visible (not merged) until at least 20ns before pinch time while with 120 and higher wire number, wires appear merged at pinch times. Experimental results will be presented, analyzed and compared with numerical simulations.
“Mock not Flesh and Blood/With Solemn Reverence”: Recovering Radical Shakespeare

Predominantly conservative construal of Shakespeare’s politics in the 19th and early twentieth century was followed by a pervasive emphasis upon his allegedly unalignable ambiguation: a conclusion largely undisturbed by New Historicist and Post-Structuralist approaches. The discovery by major Left critics in the 1960s and 1980s of a populist Shakespeare, radical in critiques of power, effected curiously little impact upon that governing paradigm. Recognition of Shakespeare’s radicalism has subsequently begun emerging sporadically, incrementally, and almost involuntarily. Such revaluations draw strength, however, from fuller historical study of Shakespeare’s world, recognising both the radical social distress of the 1590s, and the Elizabethan inheritance of multiple lines of Tudor political dissent.
Deconvolution of differential OTF (dOTF) to measure high-resolution wavefront structure

Differential OTF uses two images taken with a telescope pupil modification between them to measure the complex field over most of the pupil. If the pupil modification involves a non-negligible region of the pupil, the dOTF field is blurred by convolution with the complex conjugate of the pupil field change. In some cases, the convolution kernel, or difference field, can cause significant blurring. We explore using deconvolution to recover a highresolution measurement of the complex pupil field. In particular, by assuming we know something about the area and nature of the difference field, we can construct a Wiener filter that increases the resolution of the complex pupil field estimate in the presence of noise. By introducing a controllable pupil modification, such as actuating a telescope primary mirror segment in piston-tip-tilt to make the measurement, we explain added features to the difference field which can be used to increase the signal-to-noise ratio for information in arbitrary ranges of spatial frequency. We will present theory and numerical simulations to discuss key features of the difference field which lead to its utility for deconvolution of dOTF measurements.
Anxiety disorders and the quality of relationships with friends, relatives, and romantic partners

Objectives Though research suggests support for the association between marital quality and anxiety disorders, less is known about relationship quality with relatives and friends and anxiety disorders. Method Using data from the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys (n = 9912; mean age 44.8; 52.2% female), the association between relationship quality with relatives, friends, and romantic partners and anxiety disorders is examined for those who are divorced, single, or married. Results For those who are single or divorced, relationship quality with relatives and friends was associated with many anxiety disorders including agoraphobia, social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder. For those who are married, relationship quality with relatives and partners was associated with generalized anxiety disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Conclusion Given that those with anxiety disorders have higher rates of divorce and are more likely to be single, examining the relationship quality with relatives and friends, in addition to romantic partners, may be important for understanding the onset and course of anxiety disorders.
A pulse-flow microreactor study of coal-catalyst interactions

Abstract The reactions of hydrogen with mixtures of coal and a solid, dispersed liquefaction catalyst have been investigated using a pulse-flow microreactor. The reactor was principally designed to study hydrogen/deuterium exchange reactions. Pulses of deuterium were carried through a heated bed of coal and catalyst and the exit stream was monitored with a mass spectrometer. Exchange reactions were observed after physical mixtures of coal and MoS3 were heated above the temperature required to convert the catalyst precursor to MoS2. After the precursor had been activated, exchange reactions were observed at much lower temperatures, even at 225 °C. The only source of hydrogen was the coal. The results demonstrate that in these simple physical mixtures of coal and catalyst, a large pool of hydrogen on coal is available for transport to the catalyst surface where it may exchange with adsorbed deuterium gas.
A LONGITUDINAL INVESTIGATION OF INTEREST CONGRUENCE AND GENDER CONCENTRATION AS PREDICTORS OF JOB SATISFACTION

Based on a rationale derived from discrepancy theories of job satisfaction, person-environment congruence was examined for its prediction of job satisfaction among college graduates over a 7-year period. Data were from university records and a survey of 253 graduates who were employed full time. Congruence of the students’college majors and their jobs predicted their subsequent job satisfaction regardless of whether this congruence was a perceptual or a more objective measure, while congruence between the interests the participants expressed on an interest inventory (the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory) during their freshman orientation did not. A three-way interaction of gender, gender concentration of Occupation, and interest congruence predicting job satisfaction was hypothesized. Although a three-way interaction was significant, it was not as predicted. Potential explanations involving the nature of decisions involving college majors and jobs and the stage of career development of participants are discussed.
Applying extinction research and theory to cue-exposure addiction treatments

Aims To evaluate the efficacy of cue-exposure addiction treatment and review modern animal learning research to generate recommendations for substantially enhancing the effectiveness of this treatment. Design Meta-analysis of cue-exposure addiction treatment outcome studies (N = 9), review of animal extinction research and theory, and evaluation of whether major principles from this literature are addressed adequately in cue-exposure treatments. Findings The meta-analytical review showed that there is no consistent evidence for the efficacy of cue-exposure treatment as currently implemented. Moreover, procedures derived from the animal learning literature that should maximize the potential of extinction training are rarely used in cue-exposure treatments. Conclusions Given what is known from animal extinction theory and research about extinguishing learned behavior, it is not surprising that cue-exposure treatments so often fail. This paper reviews current animal research regarding the most salient threats to the development and maintenance of extinction, and suggests several major procedures for increasing the efficacy of cue-exposure addiction treatment.
In Vitro Detection of Shiga Toxin Using Porcine Alveolar Macrophages

Porcine alveolar macrophages were found to be highly susceptible to the cytolytic effects of a toxin (Shiga toxin [Stx]) produced by certain strains of Escherichia coli and sometimes associated with clinical disease in pigs and other animals. In comparison with the cells that are most commonly used for Stx detection and titration in vitro (namely, Vero cells), porcine alveolar macrophages appeared to be generally more sensitive and test results could be obtained in less time. Moreover, unlike Vero cells, porcine alveolar macrophages need not be continuously propagated to ensure immediate availability. They can simply be removed from a low-temperature repository, thawed, seeded, and shortly thereafter exposed to the sample in question. These characteristics suggest that porcine alveolar macrophages may be useful in developing a highly sensitive and timely diagnostic test for Stx.
Development of Health Beliefs

Predictions that among children age is directly related to the level of perceived vulnerability to health problems, and the degree of probabilism or uncertainty within such perceptions were confirmed through a questionnaire study conducted with 774 children, aged 8 to 17 yr. Data were obtained in 28 classes, 4 at each of 7 grade levels (3rd through 9th) within the schools of a large city. Equal numbers of classes were drawn from inner-city and non-inner-city areas. Findings reflecting significant SES effects were explained in terms of differential normative pressures and communications processes.
Preemptive analgesia installation during gynecologic laparoscopy: A randomized trial

Abstract Study objective To evaluate the efficacy of intraoperative infusion of bupivacaine solution for the relief of pain after operative gynecologic laparoscopy. Design Prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial (Canadian Task Force classification I4). Setting Tertiary teaching hospital. Patients Ninety-one women aged 16 to 69 years who underwent gynecologic laparoscopic surgery from November 2002 through November 2003. Interventions Group A (n = 30): intraperitoneal infusion of a mixture of 10 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine (50 mg) with epinephrine (1:500) in 40 mL of Ringer’s lactate solution postoperatively. Group B (n = 30): the same mixture solution infusion preoperatively and postoperatively (total 100 mg bupivacaine). Group C (n = 31): placebo. Measurements and main results Shoulder tip pain (STP), abdominal parietal pain (APP), and abdominal visceral pain (AVP) were recorded on a visual analog scale at 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 hours postoperatively. A total of 79 patients fulfilled the study criteria. The overall incidence of STP was 60.8%. Abdominal visceral pain in group B was significantly less than in group C at 2 and 4 hours postoperatively (p = .011 and p = .010, respectively). No statistically significant difference was found in length of hospital stay, postoperative meperidine consumption, or side effects. Conclusion Intraperitoneal bupivacaine administration both immediately after placement of trocars and at the end of surgery was found to be effective in reducing the intensity of AVP but not in reducing STP, APP, or postoperative analgesia consumption after nonadvanced gynecologic laparoscopic procedures. The duration of the analgesic effect of bupivacaine instilled into the peritoneal cavity did not exceed 8 hours and probably was not dose related.
Health-related quality of life outcomes measures.

Abstract Andresen EM, Meyers AR. Health-related quality of life outcomes measures. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000;81 Suppl 2:S30-S45. Objective: To review critically the features of measures of generic health-related quality of life (HRQOL) for disability outcomes research. Data Sources: A search of electronic databases, summary reviews, books, and government documents was performed. Comment and experiences from participants of a conference on outcomes research were also incorporated. Study Selection: English language literature from scientists from a broad range of disciplines and research settings, including medicine, nursing, social science, and public health, and health services research and practice. Data Extraction: A critical review of measures that have been or might be used to measure disability outcomes. Data Synthesis: Commonly used generic measures of HRQOL can be applied to disability outcomes research with some caveats. Three common tools are the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), Sickness Impact Profile (SIP), and Quality of Well-Being (QWB) scale. The SF-36 and SIP have been used with some success in research with people with disability. The QWB scale has been used less frequently. Conclusion: Most studies using generic HRQOL tools are of groups with specific impairments rather than heterogeneous groups of people with disability. None of the tools appears to measure HRQOL without some potential biases (eg, inappropriate wording) for people with disability, but more specific testing of these problems is needed. Also needed are studies to determine whether these tools can measure meaningful longitudinal changes. © 2000 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine
Identification of preclinical Alzheimer's disease by a profile of pathogenic proteins in neurally derived blood exosomes: A case-control study

Abstract Background Proteins pathogenic in Alzheimer's disease (AD) were extracted from neurally derived blood exosomes and quantified to develop biomarkers for the staging of sporadic AD. Methods Blood exosomes obtained at one time-point from patients with AD (n = 57) or frontotemporal dementia (FTD) (n = 16), and at two time-points from others (n = 24) when cognitively normal and 1 to 10 years later when diagnosed with AD were enriched for neural sources by immunoabsorption. AD-pathogenic exosomal proteins were extracted and quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results Mean exosomal levels of total tau, P-T181-tau, P-S396-tau, and amyloid β 1–42 (Aβ1–42) for AD and levels of P-T181-tau and Aβ1–42 for FTD were significantly higher than for case-controls. Step-wise discriminant modeling incorporated P-T181-tau, P-S396-tau, and Aβ1–42 in AD, but only P-T181-tau in FTD. Classification of 96.4% of AD patients and 87.5% of FTD patients was correct. In 24 AD patients, exosomal levels of P-S396-tau, P-T181-tau, and Aβ1–42 were significantly higher than for controls both 1 to 10 years before and when diagnosed with AD. Conclusions Levels of P-S396-tau, P-T181-tau, and Aβ1–42 in extracts of neurally derived blood exosomes predict the development of AD up to 10 years before clinical onset.
3‐year longitudinal study of the periodontal status of an adult population with gingivitis

Abstract 69 adults ranging in age from 20 to 73 (mean age: 37) were randomly assigned to a control (C) and a test (T) group. Of these, 61 completed the 3-year longitudinal study. All subjects had varying degrees of gingivitis at the start, but no overt periodontitis. Following a base line examination for PII, GI, probing depth (PD) and recession, a differential darkfield microscopic (DDFM) count of subgingival bacterial morphotypes was carried out on a pooled sample originating from one tooth surface in each sextant with the greatest probing depth. Examinations were repeated every 6 months for 3 years. The C group received regular prophylaxes every 6 months. The T subjects received prophylaxes according to a previously described schedule, and on the basis of the DDFM test outcome. Recall intervals at the end of the study for the T group ranged from 1 to 24 months (mean: 15.7 months). Of 30 subjects in the T group at the end of the study, one half had not had their teeth cleaned for periods of 18 to 36 months without any detectable deterioration in their periodontal status by comparison with the other T subjects or the patients in the C group. Both C and T subjects exhibited increased mean PII and GI scores as compared to base line during the first half of the study. However, mean PD measurements remained unchanged. Increases in PD from base line of 3 mm or more were observed only in approximately 1 out of a 1000 individual tooth surface comparisons, a frequency comparable to that expected to occur by chance alone. This observation indicates that in this population, little if any pocket formation occurred during the study period. GI score increases of 2 units or more occurred in relatively few subjects. 2 of 31 C patients accounted for 42 of the affected dental units, while 5 out of 30 T subjects accounted for 40.8 % of the affected dental units in that group. These observations suggest that despite the relatively high prevalence and incidence of gingivitis, the subjects were relatively resistant to periodontitis. Neither preventive schedule was effective in eliminating gingivitis. The lack of significant destructive disease in this population prevented any meaningful comparison of the relative effectiveness of the two preventive maintenance regimens in preventing recurrences of periodontitis.
Chemical and biological characterization of low-molecular-weight human skeletal growth factor

Abstract Skeletal growth factor (SGF) activity was extracted from human bone matrix by demineralization and purified under dissociative conditions using hydroxyapatite, HPLC gel-filtration and HPLC reverse-phase chromatography. Human SGF thus purified was characterized chemically and biologically. Purified human SGF stimulated chick embryo bone cell proliferation at picomolar concentrations (half maximum at 2–3 ng/ml) and had little or no activity on other cell types tested (mouse 3T3 and normal rat kidney fibroblasts, embryonic chick intestinal and human placental cells). Human SGF did not displace 125I-labeled epidermal growth factor finding to normal rat kidney cells and did not stimulate normal rat kidney cell colony formation in soft agar. Human SGF activity was sensitive to trypsin, chymotrypsin, papain, dithiothreitol and performic acid but was resistant to heat (upto 70°C), pH (3–10), cyanogen bromide, alkaline phosphatase and neuraminidase and did not bind jack bean concanavalin A or kidney bean lectin. From our chemical and biological studies it appears that human SGF is different from other known polypeptide growth factors: epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I, platelet-derived growth factor and transforming growth factor.
MINOR PHYSICAL ANOMALIES AND PLASMA DOPAMINE-β-HYDROXYLASE ACTIVITY IN HYPERACTIVE BOYS

As part of a study comparing imipramine and methylphenidate treatments of 76 hyperactive boys, minor physical anomalies (stigmata) and plasma dopamine-B-hydroxylase (DBH) were measured during the predrug evaluation of behavioral, neurological, and cognitive status. Stigmata scores were positively correlated with severity of hyperactivity and aggressivity, and with paternal childhood hyperactivity (p<.05) or reported obstetrical complications in early pregnancy (p<.001). In addition, children with high stigmata scores had higher mean plasma DBH activity than did low stigmata children (p<.01). DBH was not related to behavioral activity ratings, but specifically to stigmata score. Both drugs significantly increased plasma DBH activity; however clinical improvement did not parallel this change. These children with multiple minor physical anomalies are suggested as an important subgroup within the behaviorally defined heterogeneous population of hyperactive children, and provide evidence for congenital contributors to behavior disorders.
Redox and spin state control of Co(II) and Fe(II) N-heterocyclic complexes

Abstract Two series of complexes with the general formulas [Co(L) 2 ] 2+ and [Fe(L) 2 ] 2+ , where L represents the tridentating ligands 2,2′:6′;2′′-terpyridine (L 1 ), 6-( N -pyrazolyl)-2,2′-bipyridine (L 2 ); and 2,6-bis( N -pyrazolyl)pyridine (L 3 ), were prepared and characterized. The electronic properties of both series of compounds were investigated as a function of stepwise variation in coordinated pyridines relative to pyrazoles. In the cobalt series, the Co(III/II) redox potential measured an average anodic shift of 0.16 V for each pyridine coordination site replaced by pyrazole, while only a slight shift was observed for the Fe(III/II) couple. Solution magnetic susceptibility measurements showed a general shift toward a high-spin ground state as pyridine was replaced by coordinated pyrazoles. The cobalt series exhibited a μ eff of 3.2 B.M. for bis-terpy (L 1 ) which is close to the spin crossover, while the μ eff for [Co(L 2 ) 2 ] 2+ and [Co(L 3 ) 2 ] 2+ were measured at 4.5 and 4.6 B.M., respectively. For the iron series, [Fe(L 1 ) 2 ] 2+ and Fe(L 2 ) 2 ] 2+ exhibited a stable diamagnetic low-spin state; however, [Fe(L 3 ) 2 ] 2+ measured a μ eff of 4.6 B.M. which implies a spin equilibrium that is predominantly high-spin with possible low-spin contribution. The observed redox and spin state regulation correlate with the weaker σ-donor and π-acceptor properties of coordinated pyrazole relative to pyridine.
ANTICIPATORY TIMING OF BEGINNING AND INTERMEDIATE TENNIS PLAYERS

34 beginning and 16 intermediate players were required to view film clips which showed a player serving. The film was edited so the subject would see only a limited part of the service motion and/or ball flight. The four restricted viewing conditions were as follows: 10 msec, before contact (Prior), 0 msec. (Contact), 15 msec, after contact (Immediate), and 30 msec. after contact (Flight). Based on the limited visual information, the subject indicated on a specially designed score sheet the position in which the serve landed in the deuce service court (both latitude and longitude). Analyses of variance for mean percent correct responses indicated that intermediate players were significantly more successful in plotting the latitude of the ball's position than were the beginners. Longer viewing times significantly improved both groups' ability to predict the terminal location of the ball.
SEPARATION OF THE RELATIVISTIC PERIHELION PRECESSION FROM THE PRECESSION DUE TO THE GRAVITATIONAL QUADRUPOLE MOMENT

The gravitational quadrupole moment is considered insofar as its effect on the perihelion precession of Mercury and pericenter precession of satellites is concerned. It is found possible to separate the quadrupole precession from the precession due to the general theory of relativity. As a corollary, it is found that an exchange of angular momentum between planet and sun takes place due to the quadrupole moment. This exchange may help to explain the phenomenon of sunspots and solar flares.
Mathematical analysis of different approaches for replicating portfolios

This paper considers the most popular approaches for the construction of replicating portfolios for life insurance liabilities known as cash flow matching and terminal value matching. Solutions to these construction approaches are derived and compared. It is shown that the (unique) solutions have fair value equal to the fair value of liabilities. Then, the problems are generalized by relaxing the requirement of static replication to allow for dynamic investment strategies in the cash account with zero present value. A relationship between the solutions to these generalized problems is established, which sheds new light on the relation of the original problems. Finally, it is proved that the fair values of the optimal solutions to the generalized problems remain equal to the fair value of liabilities.
The effects of capillarity on free-streamline separation

The effect of a small surface-tension coefficient on the classical theory of free-streamline separation from a sharp trailing edge is studied. The classical solution fails in a small region surrounding the edge, where it predicts singular behaviour, and an inner solution, satisfying linear boundary conditions, is required to obtain a uniformly valid first approximation. The solution valid near the edge removes the curvature and pressure-gradient singularities of the classical solution and predicts a standing capillary wave along the free streamline.
Teachers’ assessment-related local adaptations of a problem-based learning module

Teachers’ implementation of a problem-based learning (PBL) program was examined to determine both how they assessed student learning and their reasons for these assessment practices. Ten 6th grade science teachers used Alien Rescue, a computer-based PBL module, with their students for approximately three weeks. Interviews, observations, and teacher-developed artifacts were analyzed qualitatively. The results suggest that assessment-related issues impacted the way that teachers implemented this PBL program, with teachers using grades as extrinsic motivators, deemphasizing PBL’ usual focus on student reflection on their process and solutions, and adding assignments to the PBL program in order to provide greater structure for students’ process and help prepare them for standardized tests. Some of these adaptations conflict with practices typically advocated in the literature on PBL. The implications of these results for the design of PBL programs are discussed, with an emphasis on supporting teachers’ (a) local adaptations of PBL materials and (b) professional development through educative components embedded in PBL programs.
The effect of elastic point contact and mechanical resonators

We present a novel analytical treatment of nearfield elasticity effects in mechanical resonator systems, which shows that local strain fields near a point contact can be accounted for by introducing a spring-like contact impedance at appropriate interfaces. We demonstrate via experiment that such effects can cause significant shifts in resonant frequency, and predict that the local displacements give rise to an additional dissipation mechanism which can be significant. The mathematical expressions we obtain are simple enough as to be easily included in traditional engineering models that are typically used to approximate the results one would obtain via true three-dimensional elasticity theory calculations. The effects we describe are scale invariant; we briefly discuss potentially relevant biological, nanomechanical, and large-scale systems.
Ultrastructural demonstration of synaptic connections between calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactive axons and dynorphin A(1-8) immunoreactive dorsal horn neurons in a rat model of peripheral inflammation and hyperalgesia.

Abstract Synaptic contact between dynorphin A(1–8)-like immunoreactive lamina V spinal neurons and calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactive axon terminals was demonstrated using the immuno-electron microscopic mirror technique in a rat model of peripheral inflammation and hyperalgesia. Adjacent tissue sections were immunocytochemically labeled for either dynorphin A(1–8) or calcitonin gene-related peptide and examined at the electron microscopic level for the presence of synaptic contacts. The results suggest that some opioid neurons which exhibit a dynamic increase in dynorphin peptide associated with peripheral inflammation and hyperalgesia receive direct monosynaptic input from presumptive nociceptive primary afferents.
Structural analyses for SiC and AlGaN grown on off-axis 4H-and 6H-SiC

Abstract In an effort to identify low-surface-energy, close-packed, conducive-to-growth hexagonal semi-polar planes on which micropipe free SiC crystals and/or hetero-epitaxial AlGaN structures with a reduced piezoelectric field and a smaller lattice mismatch can be grown, an orientation relationship between the cubic 3C and nH hexagonal structures was developed. Specific hexagonal planes corresponding to the (1 0 0)C and ( 1 11 ¯ )C cubic planes were found, and equations were developed to determine the planar structure and packing density of these planes to assess whether there is a good chance that high-quality material can be grown on these surfaces, and, if so, whether it is likely that stacking faults will be formed. It is shown that stacking faults will likely form in SiC crystals grown on the hexagonal nH ( 3 3 ¯ 0 2n)H and ( 3 3 ¯ 0 n ¯ )H planes, which correspond to the (1 0 0)C and ( 1 11 ¯ )C cubic 3C planes. It is also shown that good epitaxy of AlGaN films should be possible on these planes although it is likely stacking faults will be formed. The % Al for which there is no lattice mismatch in the direction containing a component parallel to the c-axis is 95.4 and 83.3 for growth on the 4H ( 3 3 ¯ 0 8 ) and ( 3 3 ¯ 0 4 ¯ ) planes, and 88.3 and 76.9 for growth on the 6H ( 1 1 ¯ 0 4 ) and ( 1 1 ¯ 0 2 ¯ ) planes.
Decreased Incidence of Pneumothorax in VLBW Infants After Increased Monitoring of Tidal Volumes

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Pneumothorax is common in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. In our NICU, we noted an above average incidence of pneumothorax compared with similar NICUs based on Vermont Oxford Network benchmarking. The quality improvement project was designed to decrease the incidence of pneumothorax in VLBW infants in a tertiary care NICU. METHODS: The project was divided into 2 periods. During period 1, all VLBW infants were followed for 6 months for the presence of pneumothorax. A multidisciplinary team met regularly to review cases of pneumothorax and identify potential causes. High tidal volumes (VT) (>6 mL/kg) were noted around the time of occurrence of pneumothorax. Guidelines were developed for improved monitoring and rapid feedback of VT and peak inspiratory pressure between nursing staff and clinicians. During period 2, these guidelines were implemented and VLBW infants were again followed for 6 months. The incidence of pneumothorax was tracked. Run charts were used to monitor changes. RESULTS: The incidence of pneumothorax in VLBW infants decreased from 10.4% to 2.6% after the intervention ( P = .04). By using process control, a reduction in pneumothorax was achieved in period 2. CONCLUSIONS: Increased vigilance and real-time monitoring of VT and peak inspiratory pressure decreased the incidence of pneumothorax in our population of VLBW infants. These interventions can be considered in other NICUs with an above-average risk adjusted incidence of pneumothorax in VLBW infants. Our data illustrate the benefits of comparative benchmarking and organized quality improve-ment in advancing patient care outcomes. * Abbreviations: BPD — : bronchopulmonary dysplasia CLD — : chronic lung disease PIP — : peak inspiratory pressure QI — : quality improvement RDS — : respiratory distress syndrome S-TCPL — : synchronized time-cycled pressure-limited ventilation VLBW — : very low birth weight VT — : tidal volume
Effect of the May–June Mount St. Helens eruptions on precipitation chemistry in central Colorado

Abstract Bulk precipitation chemistry for the interval 17 May to 12 June 1980, when the Mount St. Helens volcano was intermittently erupting, was compared with similar data over the same interval in previous years at a site in central Colorado. Although phosphorus, chloride and paniculate loading values were higher than in previous years, no significant differences exist for these or other variables, indicating that the volcanic effect on chemical loading from the atmosphere at this site was within the ordinary range of variability for bulk precipitation chemistry.
From Welfare State to Opportunity, Inc. Public-Private Partnerships in Welfare Reform

In the old days, our governments provided cash assistance to the poor. Today, our governments increasingly contract with nongovernmental organizations, both nonprofit and for-profit, to deliver a w...
Hexahydrocolupulone and its antitumor cell proliferation activity in vitro

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of hexahydrocolupulone (HHC) to inhibit the growth of tumor cells in vitro and to investigate the potential mechanism(s) involved. HHC was demonstrated to have a wide spectrum of activity against a number of established human tumor cell lines, including some exhibiting drug resistance. Culturing human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cells in the presence of HHC for 18 hr resulted in a significant decrease in the incorporation of [3H]uridine and [3H]leucine into RNA and protein, respectively. MCF-7 cells cultured in the presence of 1.5 microM HHC for 48 hr demonstrated an increase in the amount of cells detected in G0/G1 and a decrease in the amount of cells detected in S phase. In contrast, treatment with 25 microM HHC decreased the amount of cells detected in G0/G1 and increased the amount of cells detected in S phase. HHC did not cause single-stranded or double-stranded DNA breaks, interfere with topoisomerase function, or generate free radicals. Mice injected intraperitoneally for 5 consecutive days with HHC to a final in vivo blood concentration of 200 microM survived and showed no obvious signs of toxicity. Mass spectroscopy analysis, crystal generation, and structure elucidation confirmed HHC purity. Consequently, all activity observed can be attributed to HHC, a metabolite, and/or a combination thereof. These data suggest that HHC inhibits tumor cell proliferation in vitro via a mechanism(s) that may involve effects on macromolecular synthesis, precursor metabolism/transport, and/or the cell cycle or cell cycle-dependent pathway(s).
Utilization of Glucose and Acetone Bodies by Gastrointestinal Tract in Fasting Normal and Diabetic Dogs

SummaryIn the normal dog fasted 3 or 5 days, the organs drained by the portal vein remove significant amounts of glucose and acetone bodies, but have no consistent effectupon the blood lactic acid. In the depancreatized dog, 3 to 7 days after the with-drawal of food and insulin, these organs continue to remove statistically significant quantities of glucose and increase their removal of acetone bodies. Under these conditions they add lactic acid to the blood. If the glucose removed by the gastrointestinal tract of the depancreatized dog and not returned to the blood as lactate is oxidized, it will account for approximately 876 of the animal's resting metabolism.
The proportion of Weierstrass semigroups

Abstract We solve a problem of Komeda concerning the proportion of numerical semigroups which do not satisfy Buchweitzʼ necessary criterion for a semigroup to occur as the Weierstrass semigroup of a point on an algebraic curve. A result of Eisenbud and Harris gives a sufficient condition for a semigroup to occur as a Weierstrass semigroup. We show that the family of semigroups satisfying this condition has density zero in the set of all semigroups. In the process, we prove several more general results about the structure of a typical numerical semigroup.
Changes in the surface properties of embryonic chick neural retina cells after dissociation

Abstract The technique for the enzymic dissociation of chick neural retinal cells by trypsin is described in detail and some of the relevant parameters are discussed. The age of the embryo was found to be unrelated to the electrophoretic mobility of the cells at dissociation, or 24 h thereafter. The electrophoretic mobilities of the dissociated cells were measured over a 72 h period and were found to increase by 50% over the first 20 h and remained constant, thereafter. The significance of the findings are discussed and a mechanism of action for the reduction in cellular electrophoretic mobility by trypsin is postulated.
Practical aspects of field research

Research in an open setting requires that the researcher become well acquainted with the resources of the agency in order to determine the feasibility of his research design. In many instances agency resources do not meet the requirements of a research design. In such cases the research questions to be asked must be reconceptualized or another location must be sought for the study. In field research the investigators must emphasize the service aspects of the project.
Schwann cell phenotype is regulated by axon modality and central-peripheral location, and persists in vitro.

Abstract Myelinating Schwann cells express distinct sensory and motor phenotypes as defined by their differing patterns of growth factor production (Hoke et al., 2006). The heterogeneous growth factor requirements of sensory and motor neurons, however, suggest that Schwann cell phenotype might vary across a broad spectrum. To explore this possibility, we selectively denervated six discrete Schwann cell populations: dorsal root, cutaneous nerve, cutaneous unmyelinated axons, muscle nerve afferents, muscle nerve efferents, and ventral root. Real-time RT-PCR for 11 growth factors was performed on the 6 target Schwann cell populations 5, 15, and 30 days after their denervation, and on normal cutaneous nerve, muscle nerve, ventral root, and dorsal root to establish baseline expression levels. Within the denervated axon populations, IGF-1 and VEGF were expressed most prominently in cutaneous nerve, HGF, NGF, and BDNF in cutaneous nerve and dorsal root, GDNF in dorsal root and ventral root, PTN in the ventral root and muscle nerve efferents, and IGF-2 in both afferents and efferents within muscle nerve; expression of CNTF, FGF-2 and NT-3 was not modality or location specific. ELISA for NGF, BDNF, and GDNF confirmed that gene expression correlated with protein concentration. These findings demonstrate that growth factor expression by denervated Schwann cells is not only subject to further regulation within the previously-defined sensory and motor groups, but also varies along a central–peripheral axis. The traditional view of myelinating Schwann cells as a homogenous population is modified by the realization that complex regulation produces a wide variety of Schwann cell phenotypes. Additionally, we found that Schwann cell phenotype is maintained for 2 weeks in vitro, demonstrating that it may survive several cell divisions without instructive cues from either axons or basal lamina.
Dietary sphingomyelin suppresses intestinal cholesterol absorption by decreasing thermodynamic activity of cholesterol monomers

Abstract Background & Aims: In humans, cholesterol absorbed from the intestine contributes appreciably to serum cholesterol levels. We hypothesized that cholesterol thermodynamic activity (At) would predict bioavailability of cholesterol monomers in intestinal content, and that natural dietary phospholipids exhibiting high affinity for cholesterol would reduce its absorption. Methods: Cholesterol At was determined by measuring partitioning of monomeric cholesterol from aqueous solutions of taurocholate, cholesterol, and either milk sphingomyelin (MSM), dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), or egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (EYPC) into wafers of polymerized silicone. Cholesterol absorption from the same mixtures was tested with monolayers of Caco-2 cells. For in vivo absorption studies (employing male C57L/J mice), we used the fecal dual isotope method during dietary enrichment with MSM, DPPC, or EYPC at varying dose levels. Results: Cholesterol At values were reduced significantly in MSM- and DPPC-containing systems compared with EYPC and correlated positively with reduced uptake and esterification of cholesterol by Caco-2 cells. Mice fed chow absorbed 31.4% ± 6.9% (mean ± SEM) cholesterol, whereas enrichment with MSM or DPPC led to dose-dependent decreases in cholesterol absorption; even at 0.1% MSM, cholesterol absorption was reduced by 20.4% ± 15.4% (P GASTROENTEROLOGY 2002;122:948-956
TGF-β-stimulated cooperation of Smad proteins with the coactivators CBP/p300

TGF-beta and activin induce the phosphorylation and activation of Smad2 and Smad3, but how these proteins stimulate gene transcription is poorly understood. We report that TGF-beta receptor phosphorylation of Smad3 promotes its interaction with the paralogous coactivators CBP and p300, whereas CBP/p300 binding to nonphosphorylated Smad3 or its oligomerization partner Smad4 is negatively regulated by Smad-intramolecular interactions. Furthermore, p300 and TGF-beta receptor-phosphorylated Smad3 synergistically augment transcriptional activation. Thus, CBP/p300 are important components of activin/TGF-beta signaling and may mediate the antioncogenic functions of Smad2 and Smad4.