cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Biasing Performance Measurement Systems on Incentives and Retention Decisions

We examine a principal-agent setting in which the principal uses a performance measurement system for multiple purposes to provide incentives and for retention decisions. The principal chooses the nature and extent of bias in the system, which determines whether the performance report is stringent, neutral, or lenient relative to the unobservable actual outcome. We show that when the report is used only for incentive purposes, stringency alleviates moral hazard. On the other hand, there is a demand for leniency when the system is used only for retention decisions. Surprisingly, however, when the system serves an incentive role, we show that adding a fit evaluation role can accentuate the demand for stringency.
Polarization purity for active stabilization of diode laser injection lock

Injection locking of diode lasers is commonly used to amplify low power laser light but is extremely sensitive to perturbations in the laser current and temperature. To counter such perturbations, active stabilization is often applied to the current of the injection locked diode. We observe that the diode laser’s polarization extinction ratio (PER) greatly increases when injection locked, and therefore the PER provides a measure of injection lock quality. We report robust active stabilization of a diode laser injection lock based on the PER, demonstrating the technique at 399 nm wavelength where injection locking is typically less stable than at longer wavelengths. The PER provides a feedback error signal that is compatible with standard proportional integral differential servo controllers, requires no additional optical components beyond the optical isolator typically used in injection locking, and enables a large feedback bandwidth.
Microfossil and geochemical records reveal high-productivity paleoenvironments in the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2

Abstract Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE2; ~94.5 Ma) occurred in the latest Cenomanian and represents a perturbation to the global carbon cycle. The event is geochemically recorded in shales and limestones of the Western Interior Basin of North America and is additionally marked by foraminiferal bio-events (e.g., turnovers, extinctions). These bio-events are attributed to changing paleoceanographic conditions and circulation patterns in the Western Interior Seaway related to the onset of OAE2. Here we investigate the paleoenvironment near the southwestern edge of the seaway during OAE2 by integrating microfossil and geochemical records from the lower beds of the Tokay Tongue (Mancos Shale) at Carthage, New Mexico, USA. We demonstrate that this locality represents an expanded section of OAE2 based on temporal constraints from carbon isotope chemostratigraphy and the occurrence of regional marker ash-fall deposits (bentonites), limestones and other carbonate-rich beds. Prior to the onset of OAE2, a unique assemblage of benthic foraminiferal morphologies suggests the presence of a distinct water mass in the southwestern part of the seaway compared to coeval neritic and distal sites. Microfossil assemblages record the Benthonic Zone, a typical OAE2 bio-event, with some distinctions. The event is still identifiable and thereby useful in marking the earliest stages of OAE2. Early in OAE2, calcareous nannofossil and foraminiferal assemblages indicate intervals of high productivity. The dominance of biserial planktic foraminifera (Planoheterohelix spp.) suggests the development of photic zone euxinia with intensification of OAE2. During OAE2, epifaunal trochospiral benthic foraminifera (Gavelinella dakotaensis) suggest intervals of improved conditions related to food availability and seafloor ventilation. Later, as increased surface water productivity and subsequent food availability prevailed at the seafloor through the end of the OAE2 interval, benthic foraminifera were abundant and assemblages were dominated by infaunal, low oxygen tolerant species (Neobulimina albertensis), suggesting prevailing dysoxia. We attribute differences in the expression of bio-events and foraminiferal community composition at Carthage to the influence of freshwater runoff from the western margin that drove high-productivity conditions throughout OAE2.
Vertellen en verwerken, deel 1: Het traumaverhaal

De term traumaverhaal suggereert dat er een soort fysiek of tastbaar product (zoals een boek of een gedicht) wordt gecreeerd dat de essentie is van het traumaverhaal van het kind. Hoewel dit vaak inderdaad het geval is, vormt het tastbare product niet de kern van de module. Dat is namelijk het interactieve proces dat plaatsvindt tussen het kind en de therapeut. Met andere woorden: terwijl het kind zijn of haar verhaal in een bepaalde vorm met de therapeut deelt, reageert deze bevestigend, ondersteunend en aanmoedigend en stelt hij of zij voorzichtige vragen die aanvullende informatie en/of gedachten en gevoelens opleveren. In deze module draait het dus meer om het proces dan om het product. Om deze reden wordt deze module vaak ‘Vertellen en verwerken’ genoemd.
Book review: Philosophical Logic and Artificial Intelligence. Edited by Richmond H. Thomason (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989)

This book represents a welcome departure from the past. Many readers in AI avoid looking at books on philosophy and artificial intelligence, at least after seeing one or two of the genre. The reason for this disinterest is aptly captured by Thomason in his introduction to the present volume, which expands on a special issue of the Journal of Philosophical Logic published in 1988.
Health and Smoking

Tobacco use is the most preventable cause of morbidity and mortality. Prevention of smoking among adolescents is vitally important because 90 percent of adult smokers started the habit before the age of 18. The unique characteristics of smoking behavior progression during adolescence require sustained prevention intervention efforts to reduce tobacco initiation and use. Approximately one in five adolescents and adults in the United States currently smoke cigarettes. Exposure to prevention programs is shown to be associated with lower rates of smoking and relapse, and with higher rates of quitting; the reduction in funding to support tobacco prevention since 2003 has been associated with increased rates of relapse and decreased rates of quitting. Tobacco use, with HIV/AIDS and overweight and obesity, are the three most significant public health challenges facing us. To win the war against the tobacco use epidemic, a balanced and sustained effort to prevent tobacco use among adolescents is essential. Keywords: adolescence; health effects from smoking; public health challenge; smoking
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Instrumentation

The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer consists of a superconducting magnet, a sample probe, a radio-frequency (RF) transmitter, a receiver, and a computer for instrument control and data processing. The superconducting magnet provides an ultrastable magnetic field in the central volume of the magnet. To maintain the current, the solenoid that produces the field is immersed in liquid helium to maintain the superconducting state. Surrounding the magnet volume is a set of vacuum jackets and a liquid nitrogen–filled volume to isolate the low-temperature regions from room temperature. The magnet has a bore to house the sample probe and a room-temperature shim (RTS) coil assembly to reduce inhomogeneity of the magnetic field across the active sample volume. The sample to be analyzed is usually dissolved in a deuterated solvent and is contained in a specially ground glass tube that is inserted into the volume of the probe coil. RF pulses, from one or a set of high-power transmitters, are applied to the sample through the RF coil that surrounds the active sample area to perturb the sample. The RF pulses are controlled to ensure precise frequency, phase, duration, and amplitude of the RF voltage. The response of the sample is gathered by recording the induced voltage across the RF coil. The response (the signal) is digitized as a so-called free induction decay (FID) with a high-performance RF receiver including a preamplifier, an amplifier, and an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). By using Fourier transformation (FT), the time-domain FID is converted into the frequency-domain spectrum, often known as the NMR spectrum.
Reconstituting Community in Divided Society: Faith-inspired Civil Organizations and the Case of Corrymeela

AbstractFaith-inspired civil organizations (FICOs) are growing in recognition for their relational and sustainable approaches and contributions to peacebuilding, especially in areas where religious or cultural identities have complicated contexts of violent conflict. The capacity of FICOs to penetrate the deeper and long-term obstacles to peacebuilding is largely a consequence of their underlying faith-based motivations and methods for intervention. This article explores one particular FICO: the Corrymeela Community, which has played a notable public role in the work of peacebuilding and reconciliation in Northern Ireland. In examing the theological roots and operational character of Corrymeela, this article explores possible answers to three important questions. First, as a Christian-inspired organization emphasizing an ecumenical, interfaith approach to sustainable peace, where does Corrymeela locate its theological understanding of violent conflict and purposeful intervention? Second, how does this the...
Carbohydrate-protein complex-formation

Abstract The effects of temperature, chelating agents, protein denaturants, and alpha- and beta-amylolysis on concanavalin A—polysaccharide complexes have been studied. Temperatures between 30 and 50° tend to dissociate concanavalin A—glycogen complexes, whereas temperatures above 50° denature concanavalin A solutions. The chelating agent (ethylenedinitrilo)tetraacetic acid slightly inhibits complex-formation between concanavalin A and polysaccharides. Formamide, guanidine hydrochloride, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylurea, and urea competitively inhibit concanavalin A—glycogen complex-formation. Concanavalin A does not protect glycogen from glycogenolysis by alpha- or beta-amylase, although it does partially protect the ability of the alpha-amylolytic end-product to be precipitated with the protein. An ultraviolet difference-spectrum was generated by the addition of D -glucose to concanavalin A solutions, and it was characterized by inflection points at approximately 256, 264, 278, 287, and 294 nm. In contrast, the optical rotatory properties of concanavalin A solutions were not detectably altered by D -glucose. Moffitt—Yang plots for concanavalin A revealed that the helical content of concanavalin A is approximately 7.5%. Possible modes of interaction between concanavalin A and neutral sugars or polysaccharides are discussed, and it is suggested that hydrogen bonding plays an important role in their binding.
Skeletal Muscle Fatigue

Skeletal muscle fatigue is defined as the fall of force or power in response to contractile activity. Both the mechanisms of fatigue and the modes used to elicit it vary tremendously. Conceptual and technological advances allow the examination of fatigue from the level of the single molecule to the intact organism. Evaluation of muscle fatigue in a wide range of disease states builds on our understanding of basic function by revealing the sources of dysfunction in response to disease.
Systems integration and the environment

Governments and businesses alike are increasingly taking account of environmental concerns in their own operations, with an overall objective of moving towards a sustainable society, i.e. one that meets the needs of today without compromising the well-being of future generations. Telecommunications has not been viewed as an activity that causes severe environmental problems and has, therefore, been omitted from the debate at reaching solutions to current problems. The collaborative project described in this paper, in which BT played a leading role, undertook to produce a network operators‘ charter which would commit telecommunications‘ providers to certain minimum levels of environmental behaviour. To meet these levels, internal activities have been assessed and best practices developed for adoption. The commercial and societal benefits in using telecommunications services were also modelled to provide an estimate of the advantages to be gained.
The Sentence Completion Method

The sentence completion method of projective testing encompasses a wide variety of tests, all of which share a common format. In each instance, individuals being studied by this method are required to complete a number of sentence stems which are presented to them. Since the origination of this testing technique, a great many stems have been used, various methods of administration have been attempted, and a good deal of diversity has developed in the interpretation of the resulting material. The ease with which a sentence completion test can be constructed has proven to be both one of the strengths and one of the weaknesses of this method. Since the generation of the stems is not complicated, a great many sentence completion tests have been authored. While this often leads to the valid use of a test for the particular question it has been designed to answer, the number of such instruments has precluded the development of an extensive body of literature on a single sentence completion test. Without one dominant test on which to focus, it has been deemed expedient to deal with the method in general for the first part of this chapter. This is then followed by the specifics of a number of the most popular sentence completion tests in clinical use.
Acute hypertension inhibits thirst stimulated by ANG II, hyperosmolality, or hypovolemia in rats

The present study sought to determine whether increases in arterial blood pressure inhibited drinking behavior evoked by ANG II, hyperosmolality, or hypovolemia in rats. Cumulative water intakes in...
Deadline Assignment and Feedback Control for Differentiated Real-Time Data Services

It is challenging to process real-time data service requests, such as online trade or traffic monitoring requests, within their deadlines, while providing differentiated real-time data services. To address the problem, we present new approaches to 1) assigning deadlines to real-time data service requests based on their data access needs and service classes to differentiate real-time data services when the system is busy and 2) closely supporting the specified target delay to deadline ratio (DDR)—the ratio of actual data service delays to deadlines—via feedback control even in the presence of dynamic workloads. Further, we have actually implemented our approaches by extending an open source database unlike most existing work on real-time databases. The experimental results show that our approach closely supports the target DDR bound and service differentiation requirements among the service classes unlike the tested baselines representing the current state of the art in real-time database research.
Mutagenicity of 2-hydroxyalkyl-N-nitrosothiazolidines.

The mutagenicity of 2-hydroxyalkyl-N- nitrosothiazolidines was tested using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100. The N- nitrosothiazolidines tested were unsubstituted N- nitrosothiazolidine (NT), N- nitrosothiazolidine -4-carboxylic acid ( NTC ), 2-hydroxymethyl-N- nitrosothiazolidine ( HMNT ), 2-(1,2,3,4- tetrahydroxybutyl )-N- nitrosothiazolidine , 2-(1,2,3,4- tetrahydroxypentyl )-N- nitrosothiazolidine , 2-(1,2,3,4,5- pentahydroxypentyl )-N- nitrosothiazolidine ( PHPNT ) and 2-(1,2,3,4,5- pentahydroxypentyl )-N- nitrosothiazolidine -4-car boxylic acid. Among the N- nitrosothiazolidines tested, only HMNT and PHPNT exhibited clear dose-response mutagenicity toward strain TA100 with or without metabolic activation. None of the 2-hydroxyalkyl-N- nitrosothiazolidines were mutagenic to strain TA98. NT exhibited much stronger mutagenicity than either HMNT or PHPNT . Mutagenic activities of NT and PHPNT were eliminated by carboxyl substitution in the position alpha to the N-nitroso group.
The Relationship of Performance on Six Scales of the Career Development Inventory to Sex, Father's Education, and Father's Occupation.

Multivariate analysis of variance indicated that sex of grade 10 midwestern respondents was significantly related to correlated scores on the six Career Development Inventory Scales (dependent variables). Univariate analyses found that females did score higher on three scales than males did. Father's education and father's occupation as independent (classificatory) variables generated neither significant multivariate nor univariate F ratios.
Kinetics and pathways for an algal phospholipid (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) in high-temperature (175–350 °C) water

We examined the behavior of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) in high-temperature water at 175, 200, 225, and 350 °C. DOPC hydrolyzed to give oleic acid and a number of phosphorus-containing products. The hydrolysis was catalyzed by oleic and phosphoric acids, which were also reaction products. DOPC formed 1-acyl and 2-acyl lyso-phosphatidylcholine (LPC) along with oleic acid as primary products. LPC subsequently formed other phosphorus-containing intermediates, which finally led to phosphoric acid as the ultimate P-containing product. At 350 °C, phosphoric acid and oleic acid were the only products observed. We observed an ester of oleic acid and glycerol (9-octadecenoic-2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester), which likely formed via the hydrolysis of LPC. A reaction network is proposed to explain the formation of the observed products. A quantitative kinetics model based on the proposed pathways was consistent with the experimental data.
Some New Results for the Vibrations of Circular Cylinders

The vibrations of elastic circular cylinders are thoroughly examined by using, for the first time, the “best” first-order shell theory of Sanders. For variations in the wave numbers and the thickness ratio, the effects upon the vibration frequencies, modal amplitude ratio and strain energy are extensively detailed. In addition, comparisons with frequencies calculated from the Donnell, Flugge, and Timoshenko shell theories are given. Also examined in great detail are the various reductions that are obtained from the complete shell theory: e.g., the axisymmetric breathing, torsional and longitudinal vibration modes, beam and plate modes, and the extensional and inextensional ring frequencies. Finally, some comparisons are made between alternative approximations to the radial frequency.
Heroes and Villains: A Conceptual Strategy for Assessing Their Influence

Abstract This paper explicates the relationship between reference group theory and a neglected cognate concept –- the reference idol. Reference idols, popularly thought of as cultural heroes and villains, represent a unique category of reference objects that can have considerable influence on an individual's attitudes, identities, and action patterns. A number of major assumptions considered basic to an understanding of reference other processes are reassessed in relation to public heroes and villains. This paper suggests a scaled typology for conceptualizing the levels of influence that reference idols may have, ranging from simple admiration or disdain to actions of personal sacrifice in behalf of the hero or in opposition to the villain.
Analysis of saxitixin in urine by continuous‐flow fast‐atom bombardment mass spectromety

An improved method of saxitoxin analysis in urine using continuous-flow fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry was developed. Parameters studied were matrix composition, matrix flow, temperature of probe tip, probe-tip design and sample extraction. Optimal detection was obtained using the following matrix composition: 5% glycerol, 0.5% acetic acid, 0.025% sodium dodecylsulfate, 0.1% polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 and 0.5% PEG 300; probe-tip temperature: (approximately 55 degrees C); flow rate: 5 or 8 microL per min.; probe tip: Olson-Hogge design. The STX standard was detected at 200 pg with signal-to-noise ratio of 11. The percent recovery of saxitoxin from human urine after clean-up on a weak cation exchange column was 75%.
Retinofugal projections of Caiman sklerops

Abstract The retinofugal projections of the South American alligator, Caiman sklerops , were traced utilizing the Nauta-Gygax method. The results of this study confirm earlier work on the alligator which described direct retinal connections to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, the nucleus lentiformis mesencephali of the pretectum and the optic tectum and basal optic nucleus of the midbrain. Contrary to observations in the literature, projections to the dorsolateral anterior nucleus of the thalamus and posterior dorsal nucleus of the pretectal region were not observed. The present study described for the first time in this species: an uncrossed optic tract component to the lateral geniculate body and the optic tectum; a small bundle of decussated optic tract fibers which recrosses in the posterior commissure and appears to terminate in the ipsilateral pretectal region; and contralateral connections to the nucleus geniculatus pretectalis. No direct retinohypothalamic connections were observed. The retinofugal projections were compared with those described for other reptilian species (turtle, lizard and snake) examined with modern experimental methods. Similarities and differences were consistent with the taxonomic classifications represented by these four reptilian species at the subclass and superorder levels. A pattern of retinofugal projections common among nonmammalian vertebrate species is discussed. A possible relationship in the cayman of the newly described uncrossed retinotectal connections to binocular vision is suggested.
Mutant presenilin 1 expression in excitatory neurons impairs enrichment-mediated phenotypes of adult hippocampal progenitor cells

Inheritance of mutant presenilin 1 genes (PSEN1) encoding presenilin 1 (PS1)variants causes autosomal dominant forms of familial Alzheimer’s disease (FAD). We previously reported that ubiquitous expression of FAD-linked PS1 variants in mice impairs environmental enrichment (EE)-induced proliferation and neuronal commitment of adult hippocampal neural progenitor cells (AHNPCs). Notably, the self-renewal and differentiation properties of cultured AHNPCs expressing either human PS1 wild-type or PS1 variants were identical, suggesting that accessory cells within the hippocampal niche expressing PS1 variants may modulate AHNPC phenotypes in vivo. We now report that nontransgenic mouse AHNPCs transduced with retroviruses harboring cDNAs that encode either human PS1 wild-type or FAD-linked PS1 variants show no differences in EE-mediated proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Moreover, conditional inactivation of a mutant PS1 transgene in type-1 primary progenitor cells failed to rescue impairments of EE-induced proliferation, survival, or neurogenesis. In contrast, conditional inactivation of the mutant PS1 transgene in excitatory neurons of the mouse forebrain largely rescued the deficits in EE-induced proliferation and survival of AHNPCs, but not their differentiation into mature neuronal phenotypes. These results persuasively argue for a noncell autonomous effect of FAD-linked PS1 mutants on EE-mediated adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
A study on the newly observed intermediate structures during the thermal decomposition of nickel-based layered cathode materials using time-resolved XRD

Time-resolved XRD analysis has been carried out to investigate structural changes of electrochemically delithiated nickel-based cathodes materials in the presence of electrolyte, when heated from 25 degrees C to 450 degrees C. A new structural change feature, the formation of an intermediate phase of Ni{sub 2}O{sub 3}was observed at the same temperature as the NiO phase formation. It is believed that this intermediate structure plays an important role in the nickel cation reduction and oxygen release process during thermal decomposition of the cathode materials. It is found that the formation of this newly observed Ni{sub 2}O{sub 3} phase is a general feature of the thermal decomposition for the nickel-base cathode materials.
Coastal strategies to predict Escherichia coli concentrations for beaches along a 35 km stretch of Southern Lake Michigan.

To understand the fate and movement of Escherichia coli in beach water, numerous modeling studies have been undertaken including mechanistic predictions of currents and plumes and empirical modeling based on hydrometeorological variables. Most approaches are limited in scope by nearshore currents or physical obstacles and data limitations; few examine the issue from a larger spatial scale. Given the similarities between variables typically included in these models, we attempted to take a broader view of E. coli fluctuations by simultaneously examining twelve beaches along 35 km of Indiana’s Lake Michigan coastline that includes five point-source outfalls. The beaches had similar E. coli fluctuations, and a best-fit empirical model included two variables: wave height and an interactive term comprised of wind direction and creek turbidity. Individual beach R2 was 0.32−0.50. Data training-set results were comparable to validation results (R2 = 0.48). Amount of variation explained by the model was similar to ...
Sulfonyl 3-alkynyl pantetheinamides as mechanism-based cross-linkers of acyl carrier protein dehydratase.

Acyl carrier proteins (ACPs) play a central role in acetate biosynthetic pathways, serving as tethers for substrates and growing intermediates. Activity and structural studies have highlighted the complexities of this role, and the protein–protein interactions of ACPs have recently come under scrutiny as a regulator of catalysis. As existing methods to interrogate these interactions have fallen short, we have sought to develop new tools to aid their study. Here we describe the design, synthesis, and application of pantetheinamides that can cross-link ACPs with catalytic β-hydroxy-ACP dehydratase (DH) domains by means of a 3-alkynyl sulfone warhead. We demonstrate this process by application to the Escherichia coli fatty acid synthase and apply it to probe protein–protein interactions with noncognate carrier proteins. Finally, we use solution-phase protein NMR spectroscopy to demonstrate that sulfonyl 3-alkynyl pantetheinamide is fully sequestered by the ACP, indicating that the crypto-ACP closely mimics t...
Training quality job interviews with adults with developmental disabilities.

Abstract Supported work models of vocational integration have increased the employability of individuals with developmental disabilities. Interview questions most frequently used and corresponding responses considered most beneficial to job applicants were derived from an empirical analysis of the “hiring community” and served as a basis for the development of the verbal job interview skills training package evaluated in this research. Dependent measures were objective, behavioral indices of the quality of job interview responses. One-to-one training by a direct training staff, job coach, and a trained behavior analyst resulted in improved responding by all subjects as indicated in a multiple baseline design across interview questions. Improved quality in responding to questions generalized to variations in interview questions, to a novel interviewer, and in an in vivo interview situation. Finally, global measures of social validity support the value of the quality-of-response training.
Are depressive symptoms positively or negatively associated with the illusion of control

This research addressed whether depressive symptoms were positively or negatively associated with the extent to which research participants showed an illusion of control. In Study 1, 85 female college students participated in a psychokinesis (PK) task and completed a magical ideation scale. Consistent with research reported by Thalbourne and others (e.g., Thalbourne & Delin, 1994), participants who showed higher levels of depressive symptoms also showed higher illusory control scores. In Study 2, 105 participants completed a precognition task and a PK task as well as a judgment of contingency task used by Alloy and Abramson (1979) to test to the so-called "depressive realism" hypothesis. Factor analysis confirmed two factors, one on which the judgments on the Precognition and PK tasks loaded and one on which the judgment on the contingency task loaded. Results replicated the finding in Study 1 for the paranormal tasks. For the contingency task, consistent with Alloy and Abramson's depressive realism model, participants showing higher levels of depressive symptoms also showed lower illusory control scores. Results are related to research that documents a relation between various forms of magical thinking and psychopathology.
Twenty Five Years of Cyclic Queues and Closed Queue Networks: A Review

The first paper to introduce the concept of a cyclic queue appeared in the Operational Research Quarterly in 1954. The paper dealt with the 'flow' of aircraft engines from operation to maintenance to available for operation. In 1958, the first paper analyzing the cyclic queue model appeared in the same journal. This paper was application of queue theory to underground coal mining. In 1965 it was shown that stochastic queue networks can be treated analytically in the same manner as cyclic queues with a small adjustment in the auxiliary parameters. Since then cyclic queue models have been applied not only to the problems mentioned above but also to many other production and service industry problems: computer design and control, ship operations, production processes, communications flow, ingot movements in a steel mill, to name but a few. In order for this to be possible, extension and advances in theory have been required and these have come from many nations and many fields of endeavour. This paper traces the development of the theory of cyclic queues and queue networks from 1954 to the present.
Particle abundance in a thermal plasma: Quantum kinetics versus Boltzmann equation

We study the abundance of a particle species in a thermalized plasma by introducing a quantum kinetic description based on the nonequilibrium effective action. A stochastic interpretation of quantum kinetics in terms of a Langevin equation emerges naturally. We consider a particle species that is stable in the vacuum and interacts with heavier particles that constitute a thermal bath in equilibrium. Asymptotic theory suggests a definition of a fully renormalized single particle distribution function. Its real time dynamics is completely determined by the nonequilibrium effective action which furnishes a Dyson-like resummation of the perturbative expansion. The distribution function reaches thermal equilibrium on a time scale $\ensuremath{\sim}1/2{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{k}(T)$ with ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{k}(T)$ being the quasiparticle relaxation rate. The equilibrium distribution function depends on the full spectral density as a consequence the fluctuation-dissipation relation. Such dependence leads to off shell contributions to the particle abundance. A specific model of a bosonic field $\ensuremath{\Phi}$ in interaction with two heavier bosonic fields ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{1,2}$ is studied. The decay of the heaviest particle and its recombination lead to a width of the spectral function for the particle $\ensuremath{\Phi}$ and to off shell corrections to the abundance. We find substantial departures from the Bose-Einstein result both in the high temperature and the low temperature but high momentum region. In the latter the abundance is exponentially suppressed but larger than the Bose-Einstein result. We obtain the Boltzmann equation in renormalized perturbation theory and highlight the origin of the differences. Cosmological consequences are discussed: we argue that the corrections to the abundance of cold dark matter candidates are observationally negligible and that recombination erases any possible spectral distortions of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). However we expect that the enhancement at high temperature may be important for baryogenesis.
A CRYSTALLINE FRAGMENT FROM HUMAN GAMMA-GLOBULIN.

PAPAIN hydrolysis of rabbit γ-globulin has yielded a crystallizable polypeptide fragment with a molecular weight of approximately 80,000 which has no antibody activity1. Although analogous fragments have been crystallized from purified human myeloma globulins2, crystallization of a similar fragment from normal human γ-globulin thus far has not been reported. By performing the papain hydrolysis in relatively concentrated solutions of human γ-globulin, however, a crystalline polypeptide fragment has been obtained. Some work on this γ-globulin fragment is reported here.
Body size norms for children four to eight years of age.

Summary Norms are presented for nine measurements of external body size. Theycover the age period from 4 to 8 years for each sex. Description is given of the subjects, the anthropometric procedures, and the method of norm construction. Illustrations indicate different uses of the norms.
Two-component atomic force microscopy recognition imaging of complex samples.

Abstract Biological complexes are typically multisubunit in nature and the processes in which they participate often involve protein compositional changes in themselves and/or their target substrates. Being able to identify more than one type of protein in complex samples and to track compositional changes during processes would thus be very useful. Toward this goal, we describe here a single-molecule technique that can simultaneously identify two types of proteins in compositionally complex samples. It is an adaptation of the recently developed atomic force microscopy (AFM) recognition imaging technique but involves the tethering of two different types of antibodies to the AFM tip and sequential blocking with appropriate antigenic peptides to distinguish the recognition from each antibody. The approach is shown to be capable of simultaneously identifying in a single AFM image two specific components, BRG1 and β-actin, of the human Swi–Snf ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling complex and two types of histones, H2A and H3, in chromatin samples.
Galactic origin of cosmic radiations

If cosmic radiations are not the energetic particlifes "left over'' from the creation of the universe, an they are not produced by a violent process such as the explosion of a supernova, then the problem of the origin can be subdivided into three parts: (a) the acceleration of charged particles from thermal energy to approximates 10/sup 10/ ev; (b) the subsequent acceleration from 10/sup 10/ ev to lO/sup 17/ ev, at which the Larmor radii of the particles in the galactic magnetic field become comparable to the size of the galaxy; (c) and the acceleration of cosmic particles of higher energies. The first acceleration can take place in the neighborhood of stars, though the actual mechanism is unknown. One of the outstanding evidences of this is the solar flare of February 23, 1956, where cosmic-ray intensity was increased by a factor of one hundred fifty and particles of energy up to 3 x 10/sup 10/ ev were detected. The acceleration of particles of energy higher than 10/sup 17/ ev has to take place in intergalactic space or in other galaxies, since these particles can no longer be confined in our own system. This investigation is concerned with the acceleration ofmore » cosraic radiation of energies from 10/sup 10/ to lO/sup 17/ ev. (A.C.)« less
A high performance architecture for computing burrows-wheeler transform on FPGAs

Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) has applications in diverse areas such as compressed string matching, biological sequence analysis, error correction, and channel coding. Numerous efforts have been made to improve the performance of BWT in software and hardware. Its use in real time applications such as deep packet inspection and channel coding requires efficient hardware implementations that must yield high throughput. This paper presents a novel hardware technique to compute BWT on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The technique is based on using a limited length of suffixes, a parallel suffix sorter, and an efficient First-In-First-Out (FIFO) memory pipeline to sort these suffixes. The Longest Common Prefix (LCP) known for the target application is used to determine the length of suffix. The hardware complexity analysis shows that our technique scales linearly with the length of string and the claim is verified by the hardware synthesis results. In terms of throughput (even in number of clock cycles), our technique outperforms the existing state of the art hardware techniques by over four times.
An investigation of ignition behavior in diesel sprays

Ignition behavior in diesel sprays is explored by comparing computed and measured ignition characteristics in diesel sprays injected into a constant-volume chamber. The ignition parameter that are explored include ignition delay times and the location of ignition in the spray. The effect of changes in chamber density and temperature on these parameters is studied. The computations are carried out with a multi-dimensional model for diesel sprays. Heplane is used to represent the fuel employed in the measurements. The chemical kinetics of heptane is incorporated through an interactive flamelet model. The model is able to reproduce the trends in measured ignition delay times qualitatively. Improved quantitative agreement is achieved in cases where the ignition delay period is relatively longer. The quantitative disagreement is believed to be less important from the point of view of predicted overall heat release rates when the ignition delays are shorter. Ignition is prediced to occur closer to the orifice as chamber density is increased and also as chamber temperature is increased. Consistent with the measurement results, ignition in the spray is shown to be a two-stage process. Ignition is predicted to occur in the rich mixture downstream of the maximum liquid penetration length where the equivalence ratio is about 3.0. As the chamber density and temperature increase, the location of ignition moves upstream in the spray and the corresponding equivalence ratio decreases.
The relationship of lateral anatomic structures to exiting guide pins during femoral tunnel preparation utilizing an accessory medial portal

Anatomic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament through an accessory medial portal has become increasingly popular. The purpose of this study is to describe the relationship of guide pin exit points to the lateral anatomic structures when preparing the anterior cruciate ligament femoral tunnel through an accessory medial portal. We utilized seven fresh frozen cadaveric knees. Utilizing an anteromedial approach, a guide wire was placed into the center of each bundle’s footprint. Each guide wire was advanced through the lateral femoral cortex. The guide pins were passed at 90, 110, and 130° of knee flexion. The distances from each guide pin to the closest relevant structures on the lateral side of the knee were measured. At 90° the posterolateral bundle guide pin was closest to the lateral condyle articular cartilage (mean 5.4 ± 2.2 mm) and gastrocnemius tendon (mean 5.7 ± 2.1 mm). At 110° the posterolateral bundle pin was closest to the gastrocnemius tendon (mean 4.5 ± 3.4 mm). At 130° the posterolateral bundle pin was closest to the gastrocnemius tendon (mean 7.2 ± 5.5 mm) and lateral collateral ligament (mean 6.8 ± 2.1 mm). At 90° the anteromedial bundle guide pin was closest to the articular cartilage (mean 2.0 ± 2.0 mm). At 110° the anteromedial bundle pin was closest to the articular cartilage (mean 7.4 ± 3.5 mm) and gastrocnemius tendon (mean 12.3 ± 3.1 mm). At 130° the AM bundle pin was closest to the gastrocnemius tendon (mean 8.2 ± 3.2 mm) and LCL (mean 15.1 ± 2.9 mm). Neither guide pin (anteromedial or posterolateral bundle) put the peroneal nerve at risk at any knee flexion angle. At low knee flexion angles the anteromedial and posterolateral bundle guide pins closely approximated multiple lateral structures when using an accessory medial arthroscopic portal. Utilizing higher flexion angles increases the margin of error when preparing both femoral tunnels. During preparation of the anterior cruciate ligament femoral tunnel through an accessory anteromedial portal the tunnels should be drilled in at least 110° of knee flexion in order to move guide pin exit points away from important lateral knee structures.
Alternating Cycle Lengths Increases Dispersion of Action Potential Durations (APD) in Transgenic Rabbit Model of Long QT Syndrome Type 2

Long QT syndrome Type 2 (LQT2) is a congenital disease with abnormal prolongation of APD and sudden cardiac death (SCD) due to polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (pVT). These arrhythmias are often preceded by a characteristic initiation mode of short-long-short alternating cycle lengths (CL) in surface electrocardiograms. We hypothesized that alternating CLs in LQT2 cause increased APD dispersion, which may promote reentry formation.We used transgenic LQT2 rabbits (lacking, IKr) to investigate the potential role of alternating CLs on APD dispersion. Hearts (n=4 & 5 for littermate control (LMC) and LQT2) were perfused and action potentials were recorded with voltage sensitive dye (di-4 ANEPPS) and CMOS camera (100x100 pixels, 1000 f/s) from anterior region of the heart. Hearts were stimulated at computer-generated random intervals (ranging from its refractory period plus 50 ms, typically 220-270 ms) and the pattern of stimulation logic pattern that creates enhanced APD dispersion was identified from LQT2 and LMC.While APD dispersion from LMC had no clear patterns (S1/S2/S3=232/224/225 ms) preceding enhanced APD dispersion (n=4/4), enhanced APD dispersion from LQT2 consistently showed alternating CL dynamics (S1/S2/S3= 253/250/262 ms, with increased APD dispersion from 19±10 to 40±1 ms, n=5/5). The detail analysis shows that spatially heterogeneous APD restitution in LQT2 promoted APD dispersion. In addition, lack of IKr in LQT2 increased cardiac memory effect; APD was dependent on the short-term of heart rate variation with higher coefficients from previous CLs (S1/S2 = 0.67/0.27 in LQT2 vs. 0.31/0.08 in LMC) due to slow kinetics of remaining repolarizing current (IKs), enhancing APD dispersion under alternating CLs.In conclusion, combined with heterogeneous restitution and memory effect of APD, short-long CLs in LQT2 may precipitate polymorphic VTs by creating large APD dispersion.
Global Continental Arc Flare-ups and Their Relation to Long-Term Greenhouse Conditions

Continents are long-term storage sites for sedimentary carbonates. Global flare-ups in continental arc volcanism, when arc magmas intersect and interact with stored carbonates, thus have the potential for elevating the global baseline of deep Earth carbon inputs into the atmosphere, leading to long-lived greenhouse conditions. Decarbonation residues, known as skarns, are ubiquitously associated with the eroded remnants of ancient batholiths, attesting to the potential link between continental arc magmatism and enhanced global CO2 inputs to the atmosphere.
Moral Hazard, Monitoring Costs, and Optimal Government Intervention

When insurance firms can monitor with non-prohibitive costs the consumption of risk-influencing goods by an insured, they have incentives to tax-subsidize the insured's consumption of the goods. If the government cannot monitor at a lower cost than private insurers, intervention is neither needed nor desirable. Where the government does have a monitoring-cost advantage, it cannot achieve a constrained optimum by commodity tax-subsidies alone. It must also augment the level of insurance and, in some cases, prohibit private tax-subsidies by insurers. Such “invasive” intervention can be avoided if the government regulates the consumption of the risk-influencing goods.
Precocious puberty after traumatic brain injury

After traumatic brain injuries in 33 prepubertal children, precocious puberty was observed in seven. Precocious puberty developed significantly more frequently in girls than in boys (54.5 versus 4.5%, P
A complex system of chromosomal variation in the pocket mouse, Perognathus baileyi Merriam.

A complex pattern of chromosomal variability is described for the pocket mouse, Perognathus baileyi. Two levels of reorganization exist: interpopulation variation involving fixed differences due to pericentric inversions and intrapopulation variation involving the accumulation of up to 10 supernumerary chromosomes. The mechanisms of evolution, geographic distribution, and population distribution of these systems are discussed.
Real-time pattern recognition by joint-Fourier transform correlation

Two commonly used optical correlation techniques, matched spatial filtering and joint-Fourier transform correlation, are briefly reviewed. A recently proposed real-time joint-Fourier transform correlation is then discussed and demonstrated by computer simulations.
A biomimetic route for construction of the [4+2] and [3+2] core skeletons of dimeric pyrrole-imidazole alkaloids and asymmetric synthesis of ageliferins

The pyrrole–imidazole alkaloids have fascinated chemists for decades because of their unique structures. The high nitrogen and halogen contents and the densely functionalized skeletons make their laboratory synthesis challenging. We describe herein an oxidative method for accessing the core skeletons of two classes of pyrrole–imidazole dimers. This synthetic strategy was inspired by the putative biosynthesis pathways and its development was facilitated by computational studies. Using this method, we have successfully prepared ageliferin, bromoageliferin, and dibromoageliferin in their natural enantiomeric form.
Representation and computation in a deflationary assessment of Connectionist cognitive science

Connectionism provides hope for unifying work in neuroscience, computer science, and cognitive psychology. This promise has met with some resistance from Classical Computionalists, which may have inspired Connectionists to retaliate with bold, inflationary claims on behalf of Connectionist models. This paper demonstrates, by examining three intimately connected issues, that these inflationary claims made on behalf of Connectionism are wrong. This should not be construed as an attack on Connectionism, however, since the inflated claims made on its behalf have the look of cures for which there are no ailments. There is nothing wrong with Connectionism for its failure to solve illusory problems.
An Exploration of Linear Programming in Media Selection

Operational details of the application of linear programming to advertising media selection. The influence of weighting systems used to adjust audience data and various restraint systems is examined with actual data on an oral hygiene product as inputs.
Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intentions: The Moderating Role of Positive Affect

(1999). Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intentions: The Moderating Role of Positive Affect. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 139, No. 2, pp. 242-244.
α-Methoxy Ketones by the Reaction of Trimethylsilyl Enol Ethers with Lead Tftraacetate in Methanol

Abstract Trimethylsily1 enol ethers of acetophenone, 2-acetylthiophene and 2-acetylfuran react with lead tetraacetate in methanol at room temperature to give the α-methoxy ketones in good yields.
Multistable Equilibrium System Design Methodology and Demonstration

Multistable equilibrium (MSE) systems are those which have multiple statically stable equilibrium positions. This paper gives an overview of what MSE systems are, how they can be used, and how they can be designed. We describe the numerical optimization and synthesis of an example system composed of energy storage elements from various energy domains including mechanical rotation, mechanical translation, and magnetism.