cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new controller structure for current source rectifiers

High power three-phase current type pulse width modulation (PWM) rectifiers are becoming increasingly popular as the front-end converter in power electronic systems due to unity displacement power factor control, reduced line current harmonics and tighter electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) regulation. A new control structure utilizing the concept of input-output linearization technique, pole and zero placements using the Butterworth polynomial is designed for current source rectifiers for unity power factor operation and dc voltage regulation. Utilization of the complex-variable form model voltage equations expressed in the synchronous reference frame simplifies the presentation and design of the controllers. Experimental and computer simulation results of a controlled rectifier confirm the validity of the proposed control technique.
Programming environments for blocks need first-class software refactoring support: A position paper

Block-based programming languages and their development environments have become a widely used educational platform for novices to learn how to program. In addition, these languages and environments have been increasingly embraced by domain experts to develop end-user software. Though popular for having a "low floor" (easy to get started), programs written in block-based languages often become unwieldy as projects grow progressively more complex. Software refactoring — improving the design quality of a codebase while preserving its external functionality — has been shown highly effective as a means of improving the quality of software written in text-based languages. Unfortunately, programming environments for blocks lack systematic software refactoring support. In this position paper, we argue that first-class software refactoring support must become an essential feature in programming environments for blocks; we present our research vision and concrete research directions, including program analysis to detect "code smells," automated transformations for block-based programs to support common refactoring techniques, and integration of refactoring into introductory computing curricula.
Health technology assessment in low- and middle-income countries: a landscape assessment

Objectives Health technology assessment (HTA) for a wide range of healthcare technologies is an essential component of well-functioning health systems. Knowledge of the use of HTA in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is limited. Methods We performed a survey of HTA in selected LMICs. We interviewed key stakeholders on the use, conduct and challenges of performing HTA in their countries. We performed mixed-methods analyses to identify, characterize and describe HTA and how it relates to gross domestic product and government effectiveness. Key findings Of the 19 countries selected for participation, stakeholders in 12 (63%) countries responded to the survey – Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo), Dominican Republic, Ethiopia, Jordan, Kenya, Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa, Swaziland and Vietnam. Eight countries surveyed have some form of informal HTA activity conducted by stakeholders including academia, industry, government and the World Health Organization. There is evidence of knowledge sharing with five countries using HTAs from their neighbouring countries or from more developed countries. We found no evidence of formal HTA performed through dedicated, independent bodies in the LMICs surveyed. There was some evidence that HTA was moderately related to GDP per capita and strongly related to degree of centralization (government effectiveness). Respondents identified resources, both financial and human, as challenges to conducting HTA. Conclusions Formal HTA appears to be non-existent or limited in the LMICs surveyed but some evidence of informal HTA exists. Efforts to formalize HTA and to use existing HTA evidence will improve the quality of regulatory, coverage, formulary and reimbursement decisions, and individual and public health.
Integrated optical systems for excitation delivery and broadband detection in microfluidic electrochromatography

The authors have designed and assembled two generations of integrated micro-optical systems that deliver pump light and detect broadband laser-induced fluorescence in micro-fluidic chemical separation systems employing electrochromatography. The goal is to maintain the sensitivity attainable with larger, tabletop machines while decreasing package size and increasing throughput (by decreasing the required chemical volume). One type of micro-optical system uses vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) as the excitation source. Light from the VCSELs is relayed with four-level surface relief diffractive optical elements (DOEs) and delivered to the chemical volume through substrate-mode propagation. Indirect fluorescence from dye-quenched chemical species is collected and collimated with a high numerical aperture DOE. A filter blocks the excitation wavelength, and the resulting signal is detected as the chemical separation proceeds. Variations of this original design include changing the combination of reflective and transmissive DOEs and optimizing the high numerical aperture DOE with a rotationally symmetric iterative discrete on-axis algorithm. The authors will discuss the results of these implemented optimizations.
Use of molecular methods in the clinical microbiology laboratory

Molecular DNA methods are essential for evaluating the spread of hospital-acquired microorganisms. These methods are increasingly used in epidemiologic investigation of bacteria, viruses, mycobacteria, and yeast. Evaluation of plasmids and chromosomal DNA is done using restriction enzyme analysis and agarose gel or pulsed-field gradient gel electrophoresis. Contour-clamped homogeneous electric field electrophoresis (CHEF) is the method of choice in most situations. A knowledge of epidemiology is essential for control of spread.
Catalytic Hydroarylation of Ethylene Using TpRu(L)(NCMe)Ph (L = 2,6,7-Trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2,2,1]heptane): Comparison to TpRu(L′)(NCMe)Ph Systems (L′ = CO, PMe3, P(pyr)3, or P(OCH2)3CEt)

The Ru(II) complex TpRu[P(OCH2)2(OCCH3)](NCMe)Ph (4; Tp = hydridotris(pyrazolyl)borate) has been synthesized and isolated. At 90 °C, TpRu[P(OCH2)2OCCH3](NCMe)Ph in C6D6 produces TpRu[P(OCH2)2(OCCH3...
Longitudinal surface waves for the study of dynamic properties of surfactant systems

Abstract An instrument for studying longitudinal surface waves on water is described. The waves were generated by an oscillating barrier in a Langmuir trough and were detected with a capillary wave propagating orthogonal to the longitudinal waves as an oscillating surface tension. Except for the barrier, none of the components of the instrument touched the surface: thus, the disturbances to the wave propagation were minimized. By signal averaging, we were able to detect a surface tension change as small as 1 mdyn/cm without difficulty. The limit to detection of surface tension change by this technique resulted from ripples and other mechanical noise caused by the barrier motion.
Upgrade of a 16-Stage Industrial Compressor: Part I — Development of an Innovative Performance Analysis Method

The compressor belonging to a 165 MW-class gas turbine engine designed in the 1970’s with initial operation starting in the early 1980’s, is to be upgraded. The goal of the redesign is to develop a retrofittable upgrade which will deliver a 6% increase in flow and a 2-point increase in adiabatic total-to-total efficiency. The desired increase in compressor efficiency is equivalent to a 0.7-point increase in simple cycle efficiency, approximately. To initiate the upgrade process, a thorough performance evaluation of the existing configuration was needed using the current technology. In this case, the S1S2 prediction did not match measured performance to within an acceptable band. Therefore, a new and innovative system was developed to overcome the existing limitations. This paper presents a simple, physically sound, reliable, and efficient method for predicting axial compressor performance using a combination of single-row CFD and Streamline Curvature (Throughflow) codes. The method has been developed and tested on several industrial multi-stage compressors including this 16-stage compressor with excellent results.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Changes in motoneuron afterhyperpolarization duration in stroke survivors

Hemispheric brain injury resulting from a stroke is often accompanied by muscle weakness in limbs contralateral to the lesion. In the present study, we investigated whether weakness in contralesional hand muscle in stroke survivors is partially attributable to alterations in motor unit activation, including alterations in firing rate modulation range. The afterhyperpolarization (AHP) potential of a motoneuron is a primary determinant of motoneuron firing rate. We examined differences in AHP duration in motoneurons innervating paretic and less impaired (contralateral) limb muscles of hemiparetic stroke survivors as well as in control subjects. A novel surface EMG (sEMG) electrode was used to record motor units from the first dorsal interosseous muscle. The sEMG data were subsequently decomposed to derive single-motor unit events, which were then utilized to produce interval (ISI) histograms of the motoneuron discharges. A modified version of interval death rate (IDR) analysis was used to estimate AHP duration. Results from data analyses performed on both arms of 11 stroke subjects and in 7 age-matched control subjects suggest that AHP duration is significantly longer for motor units innervating paretic muscle compared with units in contralateral muscles and in units of intact subjects. These results were supported by a coefficient of variation (CV) analysis showing that paretic motor unit discharges have a lower CV than either contralateral or control units. This study suggests that after stroke biophysical changes occur at the motoneuron level, potentially contributing to lower firing rates and potentially leading to less efficient force production in paretic muscles.
Analysis of the epidemiology of chickenpox outbreaks occurred in Jiading District in Shanghai between 2009 and 2011

OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence and epidemic trend of chickenpox in Jiading District in Shanghai, so to provide references for the timely development of preventive and control measures against chickenpox by health and education agencies. METHODS Descriptive epidemiological analysis was performed on reports and epidemic monitoring data of chickenpox occurred in Jiading District between 2009 and 2011. RESULTS A total of 3 498 cases of chickenpox, including 3 public health emergencies, were reported between 2009 and 2011, with the number of cases and incidence for each of the three years being 1 021 and 80.06 / l00 000 for 2009, 1 138 and 86.40 / 100 000 for 2010,and 1 348 and 98.72 / 100 000 for 2011 and the male / female incidence ratio being 1.29 ︰ 1. The epidemic exhibited strong seasonality and peaked in winter and spring. Preschool children and young students were the high-risk populations for chickenpox. CONCLUSION The incidence of chickenpox in Jiading District was high between 2009 and 2011. Emphasizing reporting and reinforcing surveillance of chickenpox epidemic, promoting awareness on chickenpox prevention, and timely disinfection and quarantine of chickenpox patients are the key measures for the prevention and control of the spread of chickenpox.
Abstract # 1718 Neuro-immune dysregulation and depressive vulnerability: The Cortisol:C-reactive protein ratio predicts context-dependent negative affect reactivity in men and women with elevated symptoms of depression

We evaluated the predictive effects of the cortisol (CORT) to high sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) ratio on stress-induced negative affect (NA) reactivity and whether this association was moderated by depressive symptom severity. Fasting blood samples were collected between 0845 and 0915 and assayed for CORT and CRP in 198 medication-free healthy adults with no history of major depressive disorder (MDD). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Hamilton Depression (HAMD). NA ratings were collected at baseline and at the completion of two laboratory stressors, a reading task and the Anger Recall Interview (ARI). Adjusting for age, gender, race, and baseline NA, severity of depressive symptoms moderated the relation of CORT/CRP ratio to NA reactivity to ARI ( b = −2.25, p =.03) but not reading. For participants with elevated symptoms of depression, decreasing CORT/CRP ratio ( b = −2.65, p
Predaceous water beetles of the genus Desmopachria Babington: the subgenera wih descriptions of new taxa (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)

A key to the subgenera and a classification of the species of Desmophachria (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) into subgenera and groups is presented. The following new subgenera are described: Pachiridis (Type species D. iridis Young) Brazil: Hintonia (Type species D. ubangoides Young) Brazil; Portmannia (Type species D. portmanni Clark, 1862). New species are described as follows: D. (Pachiridis) iridis Brazil; D. (Pachiridis) aldessa Brazil, Trinidad; D. (Pachiridis) novacula Surinam; D. (Pachiridis) aureus Brazil, Surinam ; D. (Hintonia) ubangoides Brazil, Ecuador; D. (Hintonia) siolii Brazil ; D. (Hintonia) minuta Brazil. Members of the subgenus Desmopachria (s.str.) are divided into groups on the basis of male genitalia. D. (Hintonia) minuta is the smallest known Dytiscid water beetle measuring barely. 1.1 mm. in length.
Does Money Buy Immigrant Happiness

The relationship between income and happiness for international immigrants has been relatively unexplored. A handful of cross-sectional studies has shown that income and happiness are positively correlated after migration, and that wealthier immigrants are more satisfied with their post-migration lives than are their less privileged peers. What is unclear is if the link between income and happiness remains positive as immigrants assimilate to life in a new country. This question is the focus of our study. Using longitudinal data from over 10,000 immigrants tracked up to 30 years in the German Socio-Economic Panel Survey, we set out to provide some insight into the long-term relationship between immigrants’ self-reported life satisfaction and the level of their income in its absolute form. Longitudinal analyses revealed that immigrants who experienced increases in income over time reported greater satisfaction with life and that the income-happiness link remained relatively stable over time. The effect of absolute income on immigrants’ happiness was, nevertheless, small. We also observed that country of origin played an important role in the post-migration association between income and happiness. Income was a stronger predictor of the life satisfaction of immigrants from poorer origins than it was for their wealthier counterparts.
Beginning Reading: Educational Tools for Diverse Learners.

At a national level, major directives have been initiated to increase achievement outcomes in virtually every subject area. In this article, we provide a framework for improving the instructional t...
Morphometric Methods for the Evaluation of the Cochlear Microvasculature

Although the vasculature of the cochlea has been implicated in a number of etiologies of deafness, experimental verification for such an involvement has proved to be difficult; part of the reason for this difficulty is that, until recently, studies of the cochlear vasculature have been descriptive rather than quantitative. Descriptive studies have contributed significantly to our understanding of gross vascular pathology in the cochlea; however, it is difficult to document subtle morphological changes without resorting to quantitative methods. Since subtle changes in the blood supply to the cochlea may be involved in such clinical conditions as tinnitus, Meniere’s disease and temporary threshold shift following acoustic trauma, there has been considerable interest in developing quantitative methods for the analysis of the cochlear vasculature. Several such techniques are described in this chapter, following a brief review of the vascular anatomy of the cochlea.
Persistent bacteremia secondary to delayed identification of Lactobacillus in the setting of mitral valve endocarditis.

Abstract Introduction Lactobacillus species causing infective endocarditis is rare. Most reported cases arise from the oral ingestion of Lactobacillus via dairy or nutritional supplements in patients with congenital valve disease or replacement. We present a case of native valve bacterial endocarditis caused by Lactobacillus arising from dental abscesses. Additionally, there was an error in identification of the Lactobacillus as Corynebacterium, which led to inadequate treatment. Presentation of case A 51-year-old male presented to an outside clinic with several weeks of subjective fevers and malaise. The provider obtained two sets of blood cultures. Both grew Gram-positive bacilli identified as Corynebacterium. Once hospitalized he persistently had positive blood cultures despite treatment with vancomycin and gentamicin. The specimens were sent to a reference lab. The cultures were confirmed to be Lactobacillus zeae resistant to vancomycin and gentamicin. Once he was started on appropriate therapy his blood cultures showed no further growth of bacteria. The infected teeth were removed as it was felt they were the source of the bacteremia. Discussion This case presents two interesting topics in one encounter. First, Lactobacillus is not a common culprit in endocarditis. Secondly, the incorrect identification of the gram-positive bacilli bacteria led to prolonged bacteremia in our patient. Conclusion The patient was evaluated by cardiothoracic surgery at our facility and it was determined that he would likely need a mitral valve replacement versus repair. The decision was made to treat the patient with six weeks Penicillin-VK prior to the operation. He is currently completing his antibiotic therapy.
Water absorption through salivary gland type I acini in the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis

Tick salivary glands play critical roles in maintaining water balance for survival, as they eliminate excess water and ions during blood feeding on hosts. In the long duration of fasting in the off-host period, ticks secrete hygroscopic saliva into the mouth cavity to uptake atmospheric water vapor. Type I acini of tick salivary glands are speculated to be involved in secretion of hygroscopic saliva based on ultrastructure studies. However, we recently proposed that type I acini play a role in resorption of water/ions from the primary saliva produced by other salivary acini (i.e., types II and III) during the tick blood feeding phase. In this study, we tested the function of type I acini in unfed female Ixodes scapularis. The route of ingested water was tracked after forced feeding of water with fluorescent dye rhodamine123. We found that type-I acini of the salivary glands, but not type II and III, are responsible for water uptake. In addition, the ingestion of water through the midgut was also observed. Injection or feeding of ouabain, a Na/K-ATPase inhibitor, suppressed water absorption in type I acini. When I. scapularis was offered a droplet of water, ticks rarely imbibed water directly (5%), while some approached the water droplet to use the high humidity formed in the vicinity of the droplet (23%). We conclude that during both on- and off-host stages, type I acini in salivary glands of female Ixodes scapularis absorb water and ions.
Reducing inefficiencies in taxi systems

Taxi systems are perfect examples of supply-demand systems in which taxi vehicles and drivers constitute the supply side, while passengers hailing taxis are the demand side. However, various inefficiencies can be embedded within such a large-scale system, e.g. an excessive number of taxi vehicles, a shortage of taxi supplies after an event and long idle times with no passengers in taxis. These systemic inefficiencies are often overlooked in previous literature, which focuses on taxi dispatching mechanisms to satisfy short-term demand. In this paper, we address these inefficiencies and propose a novel model for the trip assignment problem based on network flow. Compared with existing methods, our model is much more scalable. This model is capable of assigning hundreds of thousands of trips to taxis over a long time interval, e.g. a shift of 12 hours. Furthermore, the trip assignment given by this model can effectively minimize the total number of required taxis while reducing incurred idle time. Experiments show that in our model, the number of required taxis to finish all observed trips in New York City is only 72% of the size of the current taxi fleet, while the average idle time incurred per taxi drops by 32%.
Alentando los distintos actores a evaluar informes de resultados de pruebas estandarizadas: desafíos y propuestas

Score reporting is one of the most critical steps to the valid use of test scores, yet end users are not necessarily aware of their relevance. Importantly, end users do not always possess the knowledge or instruments to evaluate the quality of a score report, as there is no explicit guidance in the literature that empowers them to do so. Score reports are sometimes accompanied with interpretive guides, that allows stakeholders to make better sense of the data, but that do not enable end users to develop independent and critical evaluations of the reports that they receive. To that end, in this study we analyze the evaluation form provided in the Hambleton and Zenisky (HZ) model for developing score reports, to understand to what extent this form is clear, useful, and meaningful to evaluate these across different contexts. Using a small scale focus group, we were able to document the main problems with the HZ form to evaluate score reports. We were also able to identify appropriate directions and modifications to the form, to ultimately conduct subsequent studies that allow us to develop an end-user evaluation for to assess the quality of score reports.
HO 2 Detection in a Photolysis Reactor Using Faraday Rotation Spectroscopy

We perform Faraday rotation spectroscopy at 7.2 μm to quantify HO 2 formation from the reaction between excited singlet O(1D) atoms and C 2 H 2 . A digitally balanced detection scheme is employed to suppress spectral interferences from diamagnetic C 2 H 2 .
BILINEAR INTEGRAL EQUATIONS IN BANACH SPACE

Publisher Summary This chapter presents bilinear integral equations in Banach space. It presents the Chandrasekhar H-equation and its generalizations. In this equation, ψ(t) is the so-called phase function. Bittoni, Casadei, and Lorenzutta have studied this equation by showing that in the Banach space L1(0,1), the bilinear equation ν = f + A(ν, ν) has a unique solution in the ball Sl = {ν ∈ L1; | ν − f∥1 < 1/2} if f(x) ≥ 0 on [0,1] and ∥ f ∥1 < 1/2. The Chandrasekhar H-equation has more than one solution. The solution of the equation that obeys the particular constraints is unique. The chapter discusses the dispersion function for ψ(x) ≥ 0 and also presents the generalizations of a few results to a system of coupled matrix bilinear equations such as those arising in multigroup transport theory.
Direct introduction of nitrogen and oxygen functionality with spatial control using copper catalysis

Synthetic chemists have spent considerable effort optimizing the synthesis of nitrogen and oxygen containing compounds through a number of methods; however, direct introduction of N- and O-functionality remains challenging. Presented herein is a general method to allow for the simultaneous installation of N- and O-functionality to construct unexplored N–O heterocyclic and amino-alcohol scaffolds. This transformation uses earth abundant copper salts to facilitate the formation of a carbon-centered radical and subsequent carbon–nitrogen bond formation. The intermediate aminoxyl radical is terminated by an intramolecularly appended carbon-centered radical. We have exploited this methodology to also access amino-alcohols with a range of aliphatic and aromatic linkers.
Huntingtin associates with the actin cytoskeleton and α-actinin isoforms to influence stimulus dependent morphology changes.

One response of cells to growth factor stimulus involves changes in morphology driven by the actin cytoskeleton and actin associated proteins which regulate functions such as cell adhesion, motility and in neurons, synaptic plasticity. Previous studies suggest that Huntingtin may be involved in regulating morphology however, there has been limited evidence linking endogenous Huntingtin localization or function with cytoplasmic actin in cells. We found that depletion of Huntingtin in human fibroblasts reduced adhesion and altered morphology and these phenotypes were made worse with growth factor stimulation, whereas the presence of the Huntington’s Disease mutation inhibited growth factor induced changes in morphology and increased numbers of vinculin-positive focal adhesions. Huntingtin immunoreactivity localized to actin stress fibers, vinculin-positive adhesion contacts and membrane ruffles in fibroblasts. Interactome data from others has shown that Huntingtin can associate with α-actinin isoforms which bind actin filaments. Mapping studies using a cDNA encoding α-actinin-2 showed that it interacts within Huntingtin aa 399–969. Double-label immunofluorescence showed Huntingtin and α-actinin-1 co-localized to stress fibers, membrane ruffles and lamellar protrusions in fibroblasts. Proximity ligation assays confirmed a close molecular interaction between Huntingtin and α-actinin-1 in human fibroblasts and neurons. Huntingtin silencing with siRNA in fibroblasts blocked the recruitment of α-actinin-1 to membrane foci. These studies support the idea that Huntingtin is involved in regulating adhesion and actin dependent functions including those involving α-actinin.
Low-Loss and Highly Reliable Low-Profile Coupler for Silicon Photonics

We demonstrate low-profile fiber coupler for silicon photonics with stress-free fiber bending technique, which achieves low insertion loss of <0.5 dB and Telcordia-1221GR-CORE-complying high reliability even with severe fiber bending radius of around 2 mm.
Quaternionic analysis, representation theory and physics

We develop quaternionic analysis using as a guiding principle representation theory of various real forms of the conformal group. We first review the Cauchy�Fueter and Poisson formulas and explain their representation theoretic meaning. The requirement of unitarity of representations leads us to the extensions of these formulas in the Minkowski space, which can be viewed as another real form of quaternions. Representation theory also suggests a quaternionic version of the Cauchy formula for the second order pole. Remarkably, the derivative appearing in the complex case is replaced by the Maxwell equations in the quaternionic counterpart. We also uncover the connection between quaternionic analysis and various structures in quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, such as the spectrum of the hydrogen atom, polarization of vacuum, one-loop Feynman integrals. We also make some further conjectures. The main goal of this and our subsequent paper is to revive quaternionic analysis and to show profound relations between quaternionic analysis, representation theory and four-dimensional physics
Understanding the behavior of stutter through the sequencing of STR alleles

Abstract This work explores the influence of several variables on stutter formation across sequenced autosomal STR loci (simple, compound, and complex motifs) and different alleles within each locus. The variables are sequence variations within the repeating motifs and flanking region [ 1 , 2 ]; longest uninterrupted stretch (LUS) [ 3 ]; parental allele length [ 3 ]; and base pair content and length value of each repeating motif from which the stutter has generated [ 3 , 4 ]. Over six hundred unrelated individuals from different populations were amplified with the prototype PowerSeq 46GY System and sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform. Raw FASTQ files were analyzed with STRait Razor v3 [ 5 ]. Stutter ratio was calculated for motifs that exhibited stutter using the ratio of the observed coverage of the stutter sequence at (N-1) position to the observed coverage of the allelic sequence. Understanding the behavior (abundance, reproducibility, sequence context) of non-allelic artifacts will help in establishing probabilistic models for the prediction of stutter rate and interpretation of sequence-based STR profiles.
Coordinating Expertise to Preserve and Increase Discoverability of Key University of Tennessee Agricultural Serials

This article describes a successful collaborative effort between a branch and the main campus library at the University of Tennessee (UT), Knoxville, to digitize agricultural serials. Experts in ag...
Cu II -Catalyzed Oxidative Formation of 5-Alkynyltriazoles

In an alcoholic solvent under the catalysis of Cu(OAc)2 ⋅H2 O, organic azide and terminal alkyne could oxidatively couple to afford 5-alkynyl-1,2,3-triazole (alkynyltriazole) at room temperature under an atmosphere of O2 in a few hours. The involvement of 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN) is essential, without which the redox neutral coupling instead proceeds to produce 5-H-1,2,3-triazole (protiotriazole) as the major product. Therefore, DBN switches the redox neutral coupling between terminal alkyne and organic azide, the copper-catalyzed "click" reaction to afford protiotriazole, to an oxidation reaction that results in alkynyltriazole. The organic base DBN is effective in accelerating the copper(II)-catalyzed oxidation of terminal alkyne or copper(I) acetylide, which is intercepted by an organic azide to produce alkynyltriazole. The proposed mechanistic model suggests that the selectivity between alkynyl- and protiotriazole, and other acetylide or triazolide oxidation products is determined by the competition between copper(I)-catalyzed redox neutral cycloaddition and copper(II)/O2 -mediated acetylide oxidation after the formation of copper(I) acetylide.
Two New Species of Ardisia (Primulaceae) from Southeastern Madagascar

Ardisia sharoniae Manjato, Ravololoman.& Razakamal. and A. vohimenensis Manjato, Ravololoman. & Razakamal. (Primulaceae) are described as new species from southeastern Madagascar, the former from the Ankarabolava and Agnakatrika forests (Atsimo-Atsinanana Region) and the latter from the Vohimena range (Anosy Region). They differ from the four currently recognized Malagasy species of Ardisia Sw. by their leaves with serrate margins and their striking angulate twigs. The two new species differ from one another in several characters of their leaves, inflorescences, and fruits. An illustration and a distribution map are provided for each species. Preliminary assessments of the risk of extinction following the IUCN Red List categories and criteria indicate that both are Endangered. An identification key to the seven species of Ardisia occurring in Madagascar is presented.
COMPLETE FOUR CHAMBER RESYNCHRONIZATION VIA NOVEL PERCUTANEOUS EPICARDIAL PACING LEAD

The vast majority of pacemaker systems are implanted through the transvenous approach which conveys many potential challenges and complications. The benefits of ventricular resynchronization are well established and there is mounting evidence for the use of atrial resynchronization in heart failure
CENTRAL CHEMORECEPTORS AND THE REGULATION OF FETAL BREATHING MOVEMENTS

Publisher Summary This chapter explores central chemoreceptors and the regulation of fetal breathing movements. In the study described in the chapter, the ewe was anesthetized with halothane in oxygen and nitrous oxide. The fetal head and one forelimb were brought out through a hysterotomy incision. Polyvinyl catheters are placed in the fetal axillary artery, brachial vein and trachea, and in the amniotic fluid. The ewe was allowed to recover, and the earliest experiments were performed 48 h after surgery. During the experiment, the ewe was in a small cart and allowed free access to food and water. Pressure was continuously recorded from the fetal trachea and the amniotic fluid. Blood was withdrawn periodically from the fetal axillary artery for measurement of PO2, pCO2, and pK. The chapter describes the effect of hypercarbia, including data from 16 experiments in 10 fetuses. It is found that fetal breathing movements present from 25–34% of the time during the four control hours were significantly increased to 67% and then returned to 20% during the hour after the hypercarbia.
Inferences about which of J dependent groups has the largest robust measure of location

Recently, a multiple comparisons procedure was derived with the goal of determining whether it is reasonable to make a decision about which of J independent groups has the largest robust measure of location. This was done by testing hypotheses aimed at comparing the group with the largest estimate to the remaining J - 1 groups. It was demonstrated that for the goal of controlling the familywise error rate, meaning the probability of one or more Type I errors, well-known improvements on the Bonferroni method can perform poorly. A technique for dealing with this issue was suggested and found to perform well in simulations. However, when dealing with dependent groups, the method is unsatisfactory. This note suggests an alternative method that is designed for dependent groups.
Angststoornissen bij kinderen: een behandeling gericht op de ouders is even effectief als cognitieve gedragstherapie gericht op het kind. Een gerandomiseerde non-inferioriteitsstudie naar Supportive Parenting for Anxious Childhood Emotions

Doelstelling: Behandelingen voor angststoornissen bij kinderen zijn vaak onvoldoende effectief. Eerder is onderzocht of de resultaten van CGT verbeteren als ouders bij de behandeling worden betrokken, maar er is nog geen onderzoek gedaan waarin de effectiviteit van behandelingen voor alleen de ouders wordt vergeleken met CGT bij kinderen. In het voorliggende onderzoek vergeleken we CGT met de SPACE-interventie: Supportive Parenting for Anxious Childhood Emotions (‘steunend opvoeden bij angstige emoties van een kind’). SPACE is een behandeling voor de ouders van een angstig kind die leidt tot vermindering van de accommodatie aan de angst van hun kind. Voor dit onderzoek zijn CGT en SPACE vergeleken in een experiment naar non-inferioriteit. Methode: deelnemers van de studie waren kinderen met primaire angststoornissen (N = 124; 7–14 jaar; 53% meisjes; 83% wit), die aselect werden ingedeeld in SPACE (n = 64) – waarbij er geen direct contact was tussen de therapeut en het kind –, of ze werden ingedeeld bij CGT (n = 60), waarbij hun ouders geen behandeling kregen. In totaal voltooiden 97 deelnemers (78%) alle behandelsessies en metingen. De uitvalspercentages verschilden niet significant per groep. De meetinstrumenten voor angst waren een diagnostisch interview en enkele beoordelingsschalen die de therapeut invulde. Als secundaire uitkomsten werd bekeken hoe de ouders en de kinderen scoorden op de ernst van de angst, de mate van accommodatie van het gezin, en de opvoedingsstress. De marges voor non-inferioriteit werden bepaald op grond van statistische en klinische overwegingen. De veranderingen in de accommodatie van het gezin en de opvoedingsstress werden onderzocht met gemengde-modellenanalyses. Resultaten: SPACE deed niet onder voor CGT (non-inferioriteit) in de primaire en secundaire uitkomsten op angst, en ook niet waar het aankwam op de scores door de onafhankelijke beoordelaars, ouders en kinderen. In beide behandelingen namen de accommodatie van het gezin en de opvoedingsstress in SPACE significant af; de afname in accommodatie van het gezin was zelfs significant groter in SPACE dan in CGT. De geloofwaardigheid van- en tevredenheid over de behandeling in SPACE waren hoog. Conclusie: SPACE is een acceptabele en werkzame behandeling voor angststoornissen bij kinderen, de interventie doet niet onder voor CGT en daarmee is SPACE een volwaardige, alternatieve strategie voor het behandelen van angst bij kinderen. Informatie over de registratie van de klinische trial: Explanatory Clinical Trial of a Novel Parent Intervention for Childhood Anxiety (SPACE); https://clinicaltrials.gov ; NCT02310152.
The First War of the New Order: How Rule of Law and the Form of Government Changed in America's Second Revolution

The War Between the States should be seen as the first modern war of centralization and nation building. On the international level it was a paradigm shift in the way nations would come to view themselves and what was acceptable in both the treatment of citizens and in the conduct of warfare. Internally it was truly another revolution; the form of government looked the same after but it was radically different in function. The Constitution and the rule of law had very different meaning in the aftermath.
Assessing the Contribution of Sli to Self-Compatibility in North American Diploid Potato Germplasm Using KASP™ Markers

Diploid hybrid potato variety development requires the introduction of reliably transmitted self-compatibility (SC) to largely self-incompatible elite diploid germplasm. The diploid Solanum chacoense clone M6 has been widely used to introgress SC into North American potato diploid breeding programs. We determined that M6 is homozygous for six DNA Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP)™ markers spanning a 224 kb region, linked to Sli in Dutch germplasm. Self-compatible Sli alleles were identified in dihaploids of the cultivars ‘Atlantic’ and ‘Superior’ and breeding clone NY148. This finding demonstrates the potential of Sli genotyping to select S. tuberosum dihaploids that will contribute to SC. We appraised the transmission of Sli in a diploid recurrent selection population and in a diploid backcross population, each designed to introgress SC while improving agronomic traits. The frequency of the homozygous self-compatible Sli genotype at the six marker loci increased over the course of four cycles of recurrent selection. The homozygous Sli self-compatible genotype at any one of five marker loci within an 80.8 kb region on chromosome 12 (58,960,090-59,040,898 bp) perfectly predicted a SC phenotype in the recurrent selection population. The heterozygous Sli genotype was found in self-compatible and self-incompatible individuals. The discrepancy between phenotype and marker genotype can be attributed in part to the difficulty of accurately phenotyping SC. We also identified self-compatible individuals with the homozygous self-incompatible Sli genotype at all tested loci. The presence of the homozygous self-incompatible Sli haplotype in self-compatible clones 1S1 and DMRH-89 and a self-compatible individual from the S. chacoense PI 133664 further suggests that other genetic components contribute to SC. This work illustrates the ability of Sli markers to predict SC in some germplasm, but it also underscores the need to identify other genomic regions critical to SC and the role of the environment in expression of genes involved in the SC reaction.
Abstract P146: Assessment of Telestroke Sub-Events and Their Contribution to Door-To-Needle Time in a Telestroke Network

Introduction: Data remains scarce on which telestroke related sub-events (component parts/time intervals) are associated with delays in door-to-needle (DTN) time and goals for each telestroke sub-e...
The impact of inflammatory mediators on the landscape of nascent translation in the dorsal root ganglion.

Translational regulation of mRNA permeates nociception. The identities of transcripts subject to translational control are almost entirely unknown. To address this problem, we examine the landscape of nascent translation in DRG neurons treated with inflammatory mediators using ribosome profiling. We identify and validate two targets, the immediate early genes Arc and Fos, as targets of induced translation. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that the ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K1) is required for their biosynthesis. Pharmacologic blockade of either S6K1 or Fos attenuates mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia triggered by inflammatory stimuli. Genetic disruption of Arc did not alter pain associated behaviors. However, Arc deficient mice display exaggerated paw temperatures and vasodilation in response to an inflammatory challenge. Since Arc has recently been shown to be released from neurons in extracellular vesicles, we asked if intercellular Arc signaling regulates the inflammatory response in skin. We found that the excessive thermal responses and vasodilation observed in Arc defective mice are rescued by injection of Arc-containing extracellular vesicles into the skin. Collectively, our results suggest that activity-dependent translation in the DRG supports at least two critical functions: neurogenic inflammation (via Arc) and nociception (via Fos).
Patterns of Care for Brain Metastasis Radiotherapy (RT) in an Integrated Healthcare System: Does Increasing Utilization of Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS) Compared to Whole Brain RT (WBRT) Lead to Excessive Use at the End of Life (EOL)?

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Previous study at our institution showed a high rate of WBRT received near the EOL. Growing evidence of improved neurocognitive and quality of life (QOL) outcomes without compromise of local control has led to increased advocacy of SRS for brain metastasis compared to WBRT. We examine our trend in patterns of care for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, including palliative care/hospice enrollment, and whether rate of brain metastasis RT near EOL has changed with evolving practices. MATERIALS/METHODS Central Cancer Registry identified 4765 patients diagnosed with NSCLC at 2 facilities from 2007-17. Patients with brain metastasis were identified using natural language processing of imaging reports and confirmed by image review. Patient clinical/treatment characteristics were obtained through database linkage and manual chart abstraction. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS Of 792 patients with brain metastasis, 537 received at least 1 fraction of RT. SRS as initial treatment increased over time, comprising 10% of cases in 2007-11, 22% in 2012-16, and 52% in 2017. Number of lesions initially treated with SRS also increased: among patients with 1-3 lesions, 15% in 2007-11, 33% in 2012-16, and 68% in 2017 received SRS upfront, while 3%, 13%, and 33% of patients with 4-9 lesions received it in the respective periods. SRS for patients with 10-19 lesions was minimal, though half received SRS upfront in 2017. The proportion of patients receiving WBRT near EOL was substantial and higher than for SRS. Of 244 patients with 1-3 lesions, 64 (26%) died within 30 days of RT, comprising 25% of patients receiving WBRT and 11% receiving SRS. Older age, male sex, increasing number of extracranial metastatic sites, and inpatient consultation were independent predictors of death within 30 days of RT. Patients enrolled in palliative care/hospice were less likely to die within 30 days of RT (P = 0.048) and less likely to die as inpatients (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION SRS utilization increased from 2007-17, particularly among patients with 1-9 lesions. Despite this increase, the proportion of patients receiving SRS near EOL was low and much less than the proportion receiving WBRT, suggesting that patients were selected well for SRS but not WBRT. As SRS is associated with shorter treatment time and lower toxicity compared to WBRT, greater SRS utilization in those without poor predictive factors may maintain QOL without risking excessive use at EOL. Early palliative care and expanding indications for upfront SRS may be considerations for decreasing the risk of treatment near the EOL. AUTHOR DISCLOSURE A.D. Batra: None. S. Yang: None. C. Zheng: None. D. Jiang: None. J. Rahimian: None. M.R. Girvigian: None. M.K. Gould: None. J.J. Ryoo: None.
Negative interactions determine Clostridioides difficile growth in synthetic human gut communities.

Understanding the principles of colonization resistance of the gut microbiome to the pathogen Clostridioides difficile will enable the design of defined bacterial therapeutics. We investigate the ecological principles of community resistance to C. difficile using a synthetic human gut microbiome. Using a dynamic computational model, we demonstrate that C. difficile receives the largest number and magnitude of incoming negative interactions. Our results show that C. difficile is in a unique class of species that display a strong negative dependence between growth and species richness. We identify molecular mechanisms of inhibition including acidification of the environment and competition over resources. We demonstrate that Clostridium hiranonis strongly inhibits C. difficile partially via resource competition. Increasing the initial density of C. difficile can increase its abundance in the assembled community, but community context determines the maximum achievable C. difficile abundance. Our work suggests that the C. difficile inhibitory potential of defined bacterial therapeutics can be optimized by designing communities featuring a combination of mechanisms including species richness, environment acidification, and resource competition.
A New Impedance-Based Modeling and Stability Analysis Approach for Power Oscillations Between Grid-Forming Inverters

This paper presents a new modeling and analysis approach to address the small-signal stability issues among interconnected grid-forming (GFM) inverters. A novel phasor domain “power impedance” model is developed to capture the terminal characteristics of GFM inverters. Based on the developed models, a sum-type impedance stability criterion is proposed to analyze the power oscillations between GFM Inverters. The developed models are validated with EMT simulations and the stability analysis results using the proposed stability criterion can match both EMT simulations and eigenvalue analysis. In addition, the application of the developed model can be extended to the stability analysis of large-scale power system with high penetration of GFM inverters.
The Effect of High-Fidelity Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Simulation on Athletic Training Student Knowledge, Confidence, Emotions, and Experiences

Context: High-fidelity simulation is widely used in healthcare for the training and professional education of students though literature of its application to athletic training education remains sp...
Graphics for the Minimal Sufficient Cause Model

Graphical representations of causation have been usedfor at least seventy years, and the modern developmentof directed acyclic graphs to portray causal systemscontinues the trend. It is sometimes difficult tounderstand, however, what it is about these diagramsthat is `causal'. The approach to causal graphicsthat is taken here is to base the development ofgraphics on the concepts of an underlying causaltheory, the minimal sufficient cause model. Thisleads to defining a Boolean `and' for arrows thatrepresent causal pathways, and a Boolean `or' forcollections of pathways. Complementation is a morecomplex operation in the minimal sufficient causetheory than simply inverting the sense of a causalrelationship, and this also is represented in thegraphics. By using diagrams that are more faithful tounderlying causal systems, and using a coherent causaltheory, both the perception of causation and itsanalysis might be enhanced.
The Phantom New Jersey Stock Exchange of 1933

In the wake of the stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression that followed, New York City’s municipal government decided to levy new taxes on stock gains to generate funds needed to support the city in those difficult economic times. Faced with pressure from brokers, stock traders, and other business people, the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), in protest of the new taxes, threatened to move its trading floor from New York City to New Jersey. This paper seeks to detail the story of the New Jersey Stock Exchange that never came to be.