cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex differences in abuse-related neurochemical and behavioral effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in rats

Abstract 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a substrate for dopamine (DA), norepinephrine and serotonin (5HT) transporters that produces greater pharmacological effects on certain endpoints in females than males in both clinical and rodent preclinical studies. To evaluate potential for sex differences in abuse-related MDMA effects, the present study compared MDMA effects on intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) and on in vivo microdialysis measurements of DA or 5HT in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in female and male Sprague-Dawley rats. For ICSS studies, electrodes were implanted in the medial forebrain bundle and rats trained to press for electrical stimulation over a range of frequencies (56–158 Hz, 0.05 log increments) under a fixed-ratio 1 schedule, and the potency (0.32–3.2 mg/kg, 10 min pretreatment) and time course (3.2. mg/kg, 10–180 min pretreatment) of MDMA effects were determined. For in vivo microdialysis, rats were implanted with bilateral guide cannulae targeting the NAc, and the time course of MDMA effects (1.0–3.2 mg/kg, 0–180 min) on DA and 5HT was determined. MDMA produced qualitatively similar effects in both sexes on ICSS (both increases in low ICSS rates maintained by low brain-stimulation frequencies and decreases in high ICSS rates maintained by high brain-stimulation frequencies) and microdialysis (increases in both DA and 5HT). The duration and peak levels of both abuse-related ICSS facilitation and increases in NAc DA were longer in females. MDMA was also more potent to increase 5HT in females. These results provide evidence for heightened sensitivity of females to abuse-related behavioral and neurochemical effects of MDMA in rats.
SUV max of the most intense lesion on fdgpet/CT scan at baseline as a potential prognostic factor in stage IV (NSCLC): A retrospective review.

e19070 Background: Lung cancer is the leading cause of mortality in United States and worldwide. Stage IV lung cancer has poor prognosis with 5-year survival of 2%. Limited numbers of factors are known to predict survival in stage IV NSCLC (Non Small Cell Lung Cancer) including stage at diagnosis, Performance Status (PS), genomic expression profile. Earlier studies have found SUV max (Maximum Standardized Uptake Value) of primary lung tumor on FDGPET/CT (Fluoro Deoxy Glucose –Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography) correlates with tumor doubling time and survival. However prior studies included stage I-IV NSCLC patients and SUVmax of primary lung tumor. Hence we performed this study with only clinical stage IVNSCLC who underwent FDGPET/CT scan at baseline to determine whether SUVmax value of most intense lesion has any prognostic significance. Methods: Retrospective review identified 46 patients (September 2004- September 2011) that were diagnosed with stage IV NSCLC at our institution. SUVmax o...
Overview of Health Issues among Persons with Down Syndrome

Abstract With increasingly effective medical interventions for congenital heart disease and leukemia, more individuals with Down syndrome (DS) are living into adulthood and old age. To enable children and adults with DS to be healthy and able to function well and live life fully, we need to be knowledgeable about the plethora of medical problems that are possible. In individuals with DS, each system has the potential of some or several types of medical problems that may require constant surveillance such as celiac disease or monitoring such as thyroid disease. These disorders may be more prevalent at different ages, such as arthropathy of DS, or constantly a potential issue, such as atlantoaxial subluxation. This chapter describes by system the multitude of potential medical problems that individuals with DS have an increased chance of developing at different ages.
Nursery and site preparation interaction research in the United States

Researchers in the United States have generally taken a ``segregated'' approach to regeneration research. As a result, trials involving nurserytreatments are usually separated from trials involving site preparationtreatments. Researchers have concentrated on just the main treatmenteffects. Little effort has been placed on examining potential interactionsbetween nursery and site preparation treatments. Only a few nursery bysite preparation (NxSP) studies have been established. The profession hasgenerally assumed that gains from nursery and site preparation treatmentsare simply additive, or that the relative gains from nursery treatmentswould be insignificant when compared to intensive site preparationtreatments. Both of these assumptions may be incorrect. This review examines some of the NxSP interaction trials that have beenestablished in the United States during the last half of the 20thcentury. We predict that as rotation ages for plantations decrease, the needfor NxSP interaction trials will increase. NxSP interaction studies will berequired if researchers wish to include both nursery and site preparationtreatments in their early establishment models. To date, only a fewestablishment models have been developed in the United States.
The sociological imagination revisited: lessons from America’s Safest City

In America’s Safest City, Simon Singer embraces the sociological imagination to situate juveniles’ personal troubles within the context of middle-class affluence and modernity. In so doing, he departs from the standard research paradigm that seeks to explain delinquency by using secondary data sets that contain limited measures of theoretical constructs identified by reigning perspectives. Singer’s decision has resulted in a rich analysis that is replete with criminological lessons about the nature of delinquency. Four such lessons are presented here, which include: (1) a lower-class bias has clouded thinking about crime; (2) the reaction to crime differs across classes; (3) parents matter in producing adolescence-limited antisocial youths; and (4) suburban delinquency may be a precursor to white-collar crime.
Democracy and Legitimacy in Investor-State Arbitration

In January 2016, the Canadian infrastructure company TransCanada Corporation filed a notice of intent to sue the United States government in a North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Chapter 11 arbitration over the Keystone XL pipeline. At the center of this dispute is the State Department's refusal to permit the construction of an oil pipeline between Canada and Nebraska. TransCanada claims that the State Department ignored its own favorable environmental assessments of the pipeline multiple times and rejected the proposal to placate misinformed activists and foreign governments. The State Department acknowledges that it denied the permit to enhance the Obama Administration's credibility at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris, with the long-term goal of reducing emissions through collective political action. This Essay situates the TransCanada arbitration within the history of investment arbitration, highlighting recent collisions between arbitral regimes and the modern regulatory state. After briefly discussing the history of investment arbitration, we discuss in depth the collision's most startling fallout so far- the Clayton v. Canada award on liability. Finally, we suggest how the TransCanada tribunal should view the Clayton award.
Population of vibrational levels of carbon dioxide by cylindrical fast ionization wave

The population of vibrational levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) by a cylindrical fast ionization wave is analyzed using a one-dimensional Particle-in-Cell Monte Carlo collisions model. The model takes into account the inelastic electron-neutral collisions as well as the super-elastic collisions between electrons and excited species. We observe an efficient population of only the first two levels of the symmetric and asymmetric vibrational modes of CO2 by means of a fast ionization wave. The excitation of other higher vibrational modes by the fast ionization wave is inefficient. Additionally, we observe a strong influence of the secondary electron emission on the population of vibrational states of CO2. This effect is associated with the kinetics of high energy electrons generated in the cathode sheath.
Streaming hierarchical video segmentation

The use of video segmentation as an early processing step in video analysis lags behind the use of image segmentation for image analysis, despite many available video segmentation methods. A major reason for this lag is simply that videos are an order of magnitude bigger than images; yet most methods require all voxels in the video to be loaded into memory, which is clearly prohibitive for even medium length videos. We address this limitation by proposing an approximation framework for streaming hierarchical video segmentation motivated by data stream algorithms: each video frame is processed only once and does not change the segmentation of previous frames. We implement the graph-based hierarchical segmentation method within our streaming framework; our method is the first streaming hierarchical video segmentation method proposed. We perform thorough experimental analysis on a benchmark video data set and longer videos. Our results indicate the graph-based streaming hierarchical method outperforms other streaming video segmentation methods and performs nearly as well as the full-video hierarchical graph-based method.
Emotions and Nonverbal Behavior

The attempt to understand emotions is not a new concern for psychology. Although centuries of philosophical speculation preceded him, William James’s (1908/1950) theory of emotions provides a starting point for a discussion of the psychology of emotional behavior. That theory stimulated considerable theoretical controversy and helped to initiate a whole area of research on emotions. One probable reason for the substantial interest in James’s theory is that it is counterintuitive, that is, the theory’s description of the development of emotional experience runs counter to common sense. In particular, James proposed that we feel an emotion because our bodily responses involve a particular pattern of activity which informs us of what we are feeling. That is, we are sad because we cry or we are happy because we are laughing and smiling, and not the opposite. The bodily changes which James believed to be critical to the feeling of an emotion included both overt motor activity, such as smiling, clenching a fist, or running, and internal physiological reactions involving changes in heart rate or visceral activity. The patterns of neural feedback from these bodily changes were believed to be specific enough so that different patterns identified different emotional states.
The Altered Metabolism of Sialic-Acid-Containing Compounds in Tumorigenic-Virus-Transformed Cells

At this point in time, the quest for information regarding phenomena regulating cell growth has focused to a considerable extent on investigations of alterations in the chemical composition of the surfaces of neoplastic cells. Relatively few discoveries have occurred so far in this regard, but the recently observed alteration of ganglioside composition and the underlying metabolic reactions responsible for this change in tumorigenic-virus-transformed cells may prove to be an important contribution in this area. We shall review the nature of these changes in tumorigenic virus transformation in this chapter. We shall also touch upon some differences in glycoprotein metabolism which have recently been observed in these cells, and we shall make some conclusions regarding the significance of the differences between normal and tumorigenic cells.
Some Comments on Representing Construct Levels in Psychometric Models

This paper is concerned with one of the steps necessary to trace the connection between the substantive theory that serves as a basis for an assessment and the mathematical models that are used to analyze and rate student responses. We are interested in exploring this connection in the context of hypothesized variables that (a) have multiple ordered levels, (b) have been assessed with polytomous items that are meant to capture the aforementioned ordered performance levels, but (c) are modeled as continuous rather than ordinal. We present a straightforward method for estimating interpretable level boundaries when using the partial credit model. We then introduce graphical methods to evaluate the relationship between the levels as estimated by the model and the performance levels originally hypothesized by the theory. We believe that this kind of procedure can help practitioners make meaningful interpretations and provide more accurate diagnostic information to respondents in general.
Adenomyomatous hyperplasia of distal common bile duct: a case report and review of the literature

Adenomyomatous hyperplasia (AH) is commonly found in the gallbladder and is considered a tumor-like inflammatory lesion arising from Rokitansky-Aschoff sinus. It is extremely rare in the extrahepatic bile duct and only 15 cases have been reported to date. We describe a 63-year-old male patient who presented with cholangitis, underwent an extensive diagnostic workup, and ultimately had a Whipple procedure. Final pathology showed a 2.0 × 1.5 × 0.5 cm3 granular lesion in the distal common bile duct. There was prominent biliary epithelial proliferation with tubular-papillary architecture and minimal nuclear atypia in association with chronic inflammation, stroma reaction and smooth muscle proliferation. AH of the extrahepatic bile duct is a benign process but often requires a major operation to definitively diagnose.
The translation of age-related body composition findings from rodents to humans

The objective of this review is to highlight changes in body composition in rodent models as a result of healthy aging in order to enhance translational research. Aging is associated with alterations in body composition, particularly fat mass and fat-free mass, which may be accompanied by adverse health effects, especially nearing middle age to old age. In humans, it is generally understood that fat mass tends to increase while fat-free mass concurrently declines with aging. However, the effect of aging on body composition in rodent models is less well studied, and how these changes compare and contrast with observations in humans has not yet been fully elucidated. Though, it appears as though the constituent-level alterations occur in humans and rodents at different life phases thereby having a potential effect on the outcomes of basic biomedical research. Though highly strain-dependent, this review suggests that FM changes begin at a much earlier life phase in rodents than in humans. Conversely, FFM appears to increase throughout middle age and into old age in rodents, whereas middle age is associated with the initiation the subsequent decline of FFM in humans. Given the essentiality of rodent models in basic biomedical research, careful consideration of these differences in age-related BC findings is imperative when the research is aimed for human translation.
Abstract TMP97: Rho Kinase Inhibition Blunts Lesion Development in Murine Models of Aggressive Pdcd10/Ccm3 Disease Through Rock2

Introduction: Previously, murine models Ccm1+/-Msh2-/- and Ccm2+/-Trp53-/- showed a reduction or no effect on cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) burden and favorable effects on lesional hemorrha...
Men’s Mating Orientation Does Not Moderate the Accuracy with which they Assess Women’s Mating Orientation from Facial Photographs

Previous research indicates that men can accurately assess women’s mating orientation from facial photographs (DeLecce et al. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43, 319–327, 2014). The current study investigated whether this ability is moderated by men’s own mating orientation. To that end, 89 men completed the Sociosexual Orientation Inventory (SOI)—an assessment of mating orientation—and rated the perceived faithfulness of 55 women (who also completed the SOI) depicted in facial photographs. Although men were indeed accurate in their faithfulness perceptions of the female targets, men’s mating orientation did not moderate the negative association between their faithfulness ratings and the self-reported mating orientation of the female targets. Limitations of the current study and directions for future research are addressed in the discussion.
Social and spatial inequalities of educational opportunity: A portrait of schools serving high- and low-income neighbourhoods in US metropolitan areas:

Neighbourhoods and schools are both important contexts for children’s wellbeing. While often posited, little evidence documents inequalities in schools serving high- and low-income neighbourhoods. ...
“In a different light”: Librarians as undergraduate student advisors

I was accepted into the Nursing program, and I’m excited to declare my major!” “I’m considering dropping my biology class.” “I’m working so many hours that I barely have time to study.” “This time of the semester is always difficult for me because it’s the anniversary of. . . .”
Treatment of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Dysfunction With Angiotensin II in High-Renin Septic Shock:

Endothelial dysfunction is common in septic shock and has been shown to impair angiotensin converting enzyme and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Dysregulation of this pathway, which can be measured with plasma renin activity (PRA), is important not only because RAAS dysfunction is associated with increased mortality but also because treatment with angiotensin II (Ang-2) has been shown to decrease mortality. In this case series of 2 patients, serial PRA levels identified septic shock patients with RAAS dysfunction. The patients were treated with Ang-2, an angiotensin type 1 receptor agonist, which resulted in significant improvements in hemodynamics and PRA levels during treatment.
Fire: Volcanoes and Industrialization in Early Anthropocene Literature

This chapter examines the fires of volcanoes and industrial factories. It surveys some of the earliest literary responses to industrialization, from anonymous poems on industrial cities and technologies published in popular literary magazines to works by well-known authors such as William Cowper, Anna Seward, Lord Byron, Robert Southey, and John Ruskin. These writers employ similar language and imagery in linking the hellish flames of industrial furnaces to the geophysical force of volcanic eruptions. These eruptions were at the center of geological theories of Earth in prominent writings by Georges-Louis Leclerc, le comte de Buffon, James Hutton, Erasmus Darwin, and others. The conflation of human and geological phenomena presents Britons as geophysical agents in a new industrial epoch.
Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplements on Development of Advanced Cancer: A Secondary Analysis of the VITAL Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance Epidemiologic and trial data suggest that vitamin D supplementation may reduce metastatic cancer and cancer mortality, reflecting shared biological pathways. Objective To follow up on the possible reduction in cancer death in the Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial (VITAL) with an evaluation of whether vitamin D reduces the incidence of advanced (metastatic or fatal) cancer and an examination possible effect modification by body mass index. Design, Setting, and Participants VITAL is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2 × 2 factorial clinical trial of vitamin D3(cholecalciferol, 2000 IU/d) and marine omega-3 fatty acids (1 g/d). This multicenter clinical trial was conducted in the United States; participants included men aged 50 years or older and women aged 55 years or older who were free of cancer and cardiovascular disease at baseline. Randomization took place from November 2011 through March 2014, and study medication ended on December 31, 2017. Data for this secondary analysis were analyzed from November 1, 2011, to December 31, 2017. Interventions Vitamin D3(cholecalciferol, 2000 IU/d) and marine omega-3 fatty acids (1 g/d) supplements. Main Outcomes and Measures For the present analysis, the primary outcome was a composite incidence of metastatic and fatal invasive total cancer, because the main VITAL study showed a possible reduction in fatal cancer with vitamin D supplementation and effect modification by body mass index (BMI; calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) for total cancer incidence reduction for individuals with normal BMI, but not for individuals with overweight or obesity. Secondary analyses included examination of BMI ( Results Among 25 871 randomized VITAL participants (51% female; mean [SD] age, 67.1 [7.1] years), 1617 were diagnosed with invasive cancer over a median intervention period of 5.3 years (range, 3.8-6.1 years). As previously reported, no significant differences for cancer incidence by treatment arm were observed. However, a significant reduction in advanced cancers (metastatic or fatal) was found for those randomized to vitamin D compared with placebo (226 of 12 927 assigned to vitamin D [1.7%] and 274 of 12 944 assigned to placebo [2.1%]; HR, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.69-0.99];P = .04). When stratified by BMI, there was a significant reduction for the vitamin D arm in incident metastatic or fatal cancer among those with normal BMI (BMI Conclusions and Relevance In this randomized clinical trial, supplementation with vitamin D reduced the incidence of advanced (metastatic or fatal) cancer in the overall cohort, with the strongest risk reduction seen in individuals with normal weight. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT01169259
Identifying the dimensions of secrets to reduce their harms.

How does the content of secrets relate to their harms? We identified a data-driven model (across five empirical steps), which suggested that secrets are generally seen to differ in how immoral, relational, and profession/goal-oriented they are (Study 1). The more a secret was consensually perceived to be immoral, relational, and profession/goal-oriented, the more that secret was reported to evoke feelings of shame, social connectedness, and insight into the secret, respectively. These three experiences independently predicted the extent to which the secret was judged as harmful to well-being (Studies 2a–c and 3). Reciprocally, reminding participants of the ways in which a secret does not need to be harmful (i.e., across the three dimensions of secrets) bolstered participants’ feelings of well-being and efficacy with regard to coping with that secret (Study 4). A final study that examined secrets from romantic partners replicated the effect on perceived coping efficacy, which in turn predicted daily indicators of relationship quality (Study 5). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)
African American Mental Health: Challenges and Opportunities

Mental illness is pervasive in the African-American community. According to the American Psychiatric Association, the majority of African American who have mental illness do not receive the treatment they need to effectively manage their conditions. Barriers impede access to quality care. These barriers include stigma, poverty, distrust of healthcare professionals, deficiencies in the number of culturally competent practitioners, and misinformation (i.e., spiritual/religious beliefs). This results in individuals only seeking care in emergencies. Another factor is institutional racism. Generational trauma impacts how African Americans experience mental distress. All of these contribute to ongoing health disparities within the African American community. This chapter discusses the challenges African Americans experience accessing and acquiring quality care in the United States and explore common and newer strategies designed to foster a culture of improved mental health and wellness.
An Introduction to the Admissibility Spectrum

Publisher Summary The chapter presents an introduction to the admissibility spectrum and discusses various related theorems. The admissibility spectrum provides a useful invariant for studying definability properties of reals. The chapter presents proofs of the results of the work that characterizes the countable that can occur as an initial segment of Λ(R) for some real R. It presents the theorem, which states that if α is admissible and countable then there is a real R such that ω R 1 = α. This proof serves as a model for the proof of Jensen's theorem, that states that if X is a countable set of countable admissible greater than ω and α ɛX → L α [X] is admissible. Then for some real R, X is an initial segment of Λ (R). Λ(R) is a useful invariant for detecting the set-theoretic complexity of R.
The Federal Art Project and the Creation of Middlebrow Culture

Review of: "The Federal Art Project and the Creation of Middlebrow Culture" by Victoria Grieve.
Social Credibility, Social Patience and Long Run Inequality

This paper considers optimal social insurance in a dynamic moral hazard economy. The existing literature has focussed on environments in which a planner and a population of agents share the same discount factor. A key finding is that agents are then almost surely immiserated; their welfare is driven to its lowest bound. Such immiseration requires a social commitment to treat (almost) everyone arbitrarily badly in the long run. We argue that this is implausible. We establish an equivalence between optimal allocations in two environments: those in which the planner lacks commitment and is constrained to choose socially credible policies and those in which the planner's discount factor exceeds the agents'. We show that immiseration result no longer holds in the second environment. Optimal allocations in this environment are characterised by social mobility and a degree of inequality that it is falling in the planner's discount factor. The credibility constrained economy inherits the no immiseration and social mobility properties.
Defiled Trades and Social Outcasts: The executioner's healing touch: health and honor in early modern German medical practice

“It is one thing to let yourself be cured by the hangman, it is another thing entirely to be tortured under his hand.” Thus a journeyman embroiderer commented on the case of Augustin Gerstecker discussed in the previous chapter. Augustin's arrest and torture precipitated a virulent dishonor conflict in the embroiderers' guild in 1668. Pressed to justify why torture left a permanent taint on Augustin's honor despite his innocence, the embroiderers explained, “If you get a stain on your clothing, you can wash it out. Nonetheless, you cannot say that the stain was never there.” To “be cured by the hangman,” however, did not pose a threat to an artisan's honor. Early modern German executioners carried on an active medical practice and were regularly consulted by honorable guildsmen and by members of all other social estates. Executioner medicine presents a number of incongruities. First, the executioner's symbolic role as one who was licensed to kill was offset by his role as a healer. The very man whose official function was to kill and maim spent much of his time “off duty” practicing medicine. Second, executioner medicine demonstrates the complexity and fluidity of the social boundary separating honorable estates from “dishonorable people” and the fundamental ambivalence artisans felt as they negotiated this boundary. Executioners were not polluting all the time. It was completely unproblematic to consult them in medical matters. Patients left the executioner's home after close personal and often physical contact with the executioner with their honor intact.
The RoIe of Selenium and Vitamin E in Mastitis and Reproduction of Dairy CatUe

The literature would suggest that the selenium requirement for most species of livestock is between 0.05-0.3 ppm (mg/kg) of dietary dry matter. The current requirement for all classes of dairy cattle is 0.30 ppm. Selenium requirements are affected by dietary vitamin E intake, by disease process being prevented, and by the concentration of dietary antagonists including sulfur, iron, copper, and calcium.
Abstract P305: Prospective Associations of Serum Ferritin Levels With Cardiovascular Disease Incidence Among African Americans: The Jackson Heart Study

Introduction: The role of inflammation in vascular endothelial remodeling initiating and propagating atherosclerosis has been well documented. There has been conflicting results regarding the role of ferritin, a nonspecific marker for systemic inflammation, in identifying high risk patients for cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence. We thus investigated the association of ferritin with CVD incidence and subclinical measures of atherosclerosis among African Americans (AA), with the hypothesis that there is a direct association between ferritin and incident CVD events, and a putative effect measure modification by cholesterol levels. Methods: We measured serum ferritin levels at baseline visit (2000 - 2004) in 4,679 AA participants enrolled in the Jackson Heart Study. Sex-specific, age-adjusted correlations, multivariable linear and proportional hazards regression models were used to assess the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of ferritin with carotid intima-media thickness, coronary artery ca...
Economic Behavior of Student Evaluations of Teaching: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis

Student evaluations of teaching represent an economic behavior between professors and students and have been viewed as a game. In this paper, I apply a static game to address their behaviors and determine a Nash Equilibrium. Moreover, a simultaneous framework is developed to investigate the relationship between students' midterm grades and teaching effectiveness. Results reveal that they are positively and significantly related. Further, an implied issue is discussed and suggests that grade inflation may occur in the midterm rather than in the final.
Alfileramine : A new zanthoxylum alkaloid structurally related to tetrahydrocannabinol

Abstract A new alkaloid, named alfileramine, has been isolated from Zanthoxylum punctatum . It represents the first alkaloid which has a structure closely related to the tetrahydrocannabinols. The structure was assigned based upon 1 H and 13 C NMR, UV and mass spectroscopy and by relating alfileramine structure to that of the rearranged dihydrobromide salt. The structure of the dihydrobromide was known from X-ray diffraction. A possible biosynthetic pathway from a dehydrocitral equivalent and two molecules of hordenine is suggested.
A Pilot Study on a Holistic Model Incorporating a Psycholinguistic Approach Accelerating Second Language Acquisition

Students learning a second language commonly confront insurmountable obstacles in the language acquisition process, due to the ineffectiveness of traditional, grammar-first methods. This creates detrimental effects on the learner and his or her self-esteem. Existing literature contains information about problems created by traditional approaches, the effectiveness of a natural approach and key elements necessary to establish it. The purpose of this study is to examine the failings of traditional methods and to review some important natural ways that remedy these failings, yet have their own shortcomings. This study reports efforts to improve natural approaches through on-going research at La Catalina Natural Language School that elaborates on a Holistic Model, i.e., one that considers the individual as whole by productively integrating their mind, body, and emotions. Holistic Model Accelerating Second Language Acquisition 8 AUTHOR’S NOTE The work in this thesis is a synthesis of the research conducted at La Catalina Natural Language School (LCNLS) by Julie Catton and Victor Amezcua from 2003-2006. When reporting out findings, the author will often us “we” which refers to the joint work of Catton and Amezcua at LCNLS. As the Holistic Model continues to be piloted and developed at LCNLS, those wishing to contact the author for the latest information on its development may do so through e-mail at la_catalina@hotmail.com or by mail at: Julie Catton 3370 Fish Lake Rd. Butte Falls, OR 97522 For more information about LCNLS methodology and programs, the reader may view its website at www.lacatalinaschool.com. Holistic Model Accelerating Second Language Acquisition 9 CHAPTER
Effects of antipsychotics on the unborn child: what is known and how should this influence prescribing?

The onset of psychosis during pregnancy presents difficult management decisions. A complete and thorough physical and obstetric examination is always warranted to look for possible physiological precipitants. The treatment of pregnant patients with psychotic symptomatology requires close contacts between family members, non-physician professionals involved in the patient’s care (e.g. social workers, case managers and home healthcare nurses), and the physicians overseeing the patient’s management (e.g. internists, obstetricians and psychiatrists). In mild and less disabling cases it may be possible to avoid medication intervention but this approach risks adverse behaviour consequences resulting from a possible worsening of the patient’s symptomatology. Avoiding medication requires an environment in which the patient has strong social supports. Risks are present whether medication is initiated or not, and treatment decisions require a careful assessment of the risks and benefits involved. Initiating medication raises the possibility of obstetric, teratogenic, neurobehavioural and neonatal toxic effects. Research on the risks imposed by antipsychotic drug use during pregnancy is incomplete and raises questions regarding appropriate management. The first trimester represents a period of increased susceptibility to medication-induced teratogenesis. The use of low potency phenothiazines during the first trimester may increase the risk of congenital abnormalities by an additional 4 cases per 1000 (odds ratio = 1.21, p = 0.04) The pharmacological profiles of antipsychotic medications also present adverse effects which need to be considered during pregnancy (hypotension, sedation, etc.). Less is known about the risk of adverse consequences resulting from the use of newer atypical antipsychotic medications. Electroconvulsive therapy is another treatment modality and its use may circumvent the need to introduce antipsychotic medication during pregnancy. It must be stressed that, given current knowledge, no treatment regimen can be considered completely safe. Ultimately many factors must be evaluated when treating psychosis during pregnancy, however, no decision is risk-free.
Earnings quality research: Advances, challenges and future research

Abstract This discussion makes several observations regarding the earnings quality research reviewed in Dechow, Ge and Schrand (2010) (DGS). I discuss some of the factors that led to the large growth in the earnings quality literature over the past two decades, and note a few of the important contributions from this literature. I also present what I view as several major challenges the literature faces as well as some avenues for future research. In addition, I discuss the difficulties in evaluating such a diverse body of literature, and comment on DGS’s major conclusions.
The role of extensive lymphadenectomy in upper tract malignant disease.

Upper tract malignancies represent an estimated 5 %–10 % of urothelial cancers, with roughly 3,000 new cases per year in the United States. These tumors often present at an advanced stage, with invasion and lymph node metastases. There are no large randomized prospective studies demonstrating the benefit of lymph node dissection in upper tract urothelial cancer, and as such, definitive guidelines on the surgical template and timing are lacking. Laparoscopic and robotic-assisted surgical techniques are well-established for nephroureterectomy, but are also emerging for retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. The treatment of these tumors still needs to be tailored based on patient and tumor characteristics. The purpose of our review is to update findings on the utility, techniques, and outcomes of lymphadenectomy for upper tract urothelial cancer.
EVIDENCE FOR A PRECURSOR IN VASOPRESSIN BIOSYNTHESIS.

Infusion of 35S-cysteine into the third ventricle of dogs for a period of 1.5 hr did not yield significant quantities of labeled vasopressin. However, animals sacrificed 4.5 hr after 1.5 hr of isotope infusion yielded 35S-vasopressin. If puromycin was administered from the start of the experiment, then labeling of vasopressin was not observed. Puromycin, administered after the isotope had been infused, did not prevent the subsequent appearance of labeled hormone either in vivo or with hypothalamic-median eminence (HME) slices incubated in vitro. The HME slices, in the presence of puromycin, gave rise to 35S- or 3H-vasopressin only if the in vitro incubation was preceded by the infusion of 35S-cysteine or 3H-tyrosine, respectively, into the third ventricle of a dog for 1.5 hr prior to sacrifice. It is suggested that the biosynthesis of vasopressin occurs via the intermediate formation of a precursor molecule which contains the hormone in a bound biologically inactive form. (Endocrinology 75: 943, 1964)
Free-growth forms of tetrahydrofuran clathrate hydrate crystals from the melt: Plates and needles from a fast-growing vicinal cubic crystal

Abstract Thin plates, slender needle-like crystals, skeletal plates and skeletal linear forms can be produced in the free growth of cubic tetrahydrofuran hydrate from the melt, with growth rates differing by orders of magnitude on adjacent, crystallographically equivalent {111} faces. These anisotropic growth modes are distinctly different from each other and from the normal octahedral form. The growth of the solid plates and needles is unsteady, in that the fastest growth rates decrease with time, becoming nearly equal to those on the slower-growing faces. The skeletal plates and columns have steadier growth rates and are more common at higher values of supercooling. The most extreme solid needle and plate shapes occur at very low values of supercooling. While some or all growth forms that lack the cubic symmetry of the crystal structure may arise because of crystal imperfections that stimulate growth on some faces but not others, aspects of their growth are not straightforward to explain in this way. Po...
Measurement of intracellular sodium with NMR methods

The measurement and monitoring of intracellular sodium concentrations is critically important to elucidating normal and abnormal cellular physiology. NMR approaches to this problem using 23Na NMR spectroscopy have included detailed analysis of relaxation time constants, the use of chemical shift agents, and detection of multiple-quantum-filtered signals. These methods have been applied to isolated cells as well as to perfused organs and in situ tissues. The theoretical framework for as well as the practical applications and limitations of these methods are discussed.
DC magnetic field dependent microwave absorption in CMR material, La0.7Sr0.3MnO3

Abstract The effect of temperature and DC magnetic field on the microwave absorption at 9.2 GHz has been measured in as synthesized pellet samples of La 0.7 Sro 0.3 MnO 3 and compared with previous measurements of the temperature and DC magnetic field dependence of the bulk resistance and susceptibility in a sample of the same composition. The onset of the ferromagnetic transition at 374 K is marked by a small decrease in the surface resistance followed by a large increase below the Curie temperature in contrast to the bulk resistance which shows only a decrease. The onset of the ferromagnetic transition is also indicated by the appearance of a derivative of the absorption versus DC magnetic field centered at zero magnetic field recorded using an electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer. The surface resistance at room temperature is much more strongly dependent on DC magnetic field strength at low DC magnetic fields decreasing by a factor of 50% for a field of 600 G. compared to only a 0.5% decrease in the resistance for the same DC magnetic field. The difference is due to the strong negative dependence of the sample permeability on DC magnetic field at room temperature. The large DC magnetic field dependence of the microwave absorption at room temperature in as synthesized samples may have potential for device applications.
Towards a Novel Model for Distributed Big Data Service Composition Using Functional Graph Matching

A significant number of current industrial applications rely on web services. A cornerstone task in these applications is discovering a suitable service that meets the threshold of some user needs. Then, those services can be composed to perform specific functionalities. We argue that the prevailing approaches to service composition based on the "all or nothing" paradigm is limiting and leads to exceedingly high rejection of potentially suitable services. Furthermore, contemporary models do not allow "mix and match" composition of atomic services into composite services when binary matching is not possible or desired. In this paper, we introduce a new approach for service composition based on "stratified graph summarization" and "service stitching that help remove these limitations as a work in progress.
The effect of aspirin and indomethacin on the TRH response in man.

Abstract A double-blind study of the effect of two inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis on the TRH stimulation of serum TSH and prolactin was carried out in 35 normal males. The subjects were evaluated before and after the administration of indomethacin or aspirin for one week. Both indomethacin and aspirin lowered plasma prostaglandin E and F levels significantly. Indomethacin treatment had no effect on the serum TSH or prolactin response to 100 μg TRH or the serum T3 and T4 levels. In contrast, aspirin treatment significantly decreased the serum TSH response to TRH and significantly lowered mean total serum T3 (RIA) and T4 (D). There was no effect on the prolactin response to TRH. These findings suggest that aspirin blocks TRH responsiveness by a mechanism other than the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, probably by its previously demonstrated effect on increasing the fraction of unbound thyroid hormone.
The climatological mean atmospheric transport under weakened Atlantic thermohaline circulation climate scenario

Global atmospheric transport in a climate subject to a substantial weakening of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC) is studied by using climatological Green’s functions of the mass conservation equation for a conserved, passive tracer. Two sets of Green’s functions for the perturbed climate and for the present climate are evaluated from 11-year atmospheric trajectory calculations, based on 3-D winds simulated by GFDL’s newly developed global coupled ocean–atmosphere model (CM2.1). The Green’s function analysis reveals pronounced effects of the climate change on the atmospheric transport, including seasonally modified Hadley circulation with a stronger Northern Hemisphere cell in DJF and a weaker Southern Hemisphere cell in JJA. A weakened THC is also found to enhance mass exchange rates through mixing barriers between the tropics and the two extratropical zones. The response in the tropics is not zonally symmetric. The 3-D Green’s function analysis of the effect of THC weakening on transport in the tropical Pacific shows a modified Hadley cell in the eastern Pacific, confirming the results of our previous studies, and a weakening (strengthening) of the upward and eastward motion to the south (north) of the Equator in the western Pacific in the perturbed climate as compared to the present climate.
Stimulation of amino acid incorporation into protein by polyuridylic-8-azaguanylic acid

Abstract Polynucleotides containing uracil and guanine, and uracil and 8-azaguanine were prepared with polynucleotide phosphorylase (EC 2.7.7.8), and their template activities in stimulating [14C]amino acid incorporation into protein in Escherichia coli extracts were investigated. Both polynucleotides stimulated the incorporation of [14C]valine, [14C]leucine and [14C]phenylalanine into protein, but had no effect upon incorporation of [14C]tyrosine. The results suggest that 8-azaguanine may replace guanine in an RNA codon corresponding to valine.
Nitrogen Fertilizer Recovery by Grain Sorghum in Monoculture and Rotation Systems

Grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] has become a major dryland crop for the Great Plains, but information on production in rotations is limited. This study was conducted to determine N fertilizer revovery and use by grain sorghum in monoculture and rotational systems. Grain sorghum was grown under rainfed conditions on a Sharpsburg silty clay loam (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic, Typic Argiudoll) in: (i) continuous grain sorghum monoculture, (ii) a 2-yr soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]-grain sorghum rotation, (iii) a 4-yr rotation of soybean-corn [Zea mays L.]-oat [Avena sativa (L.)] + clover[80% Melilotus officinalis (L.) and 20% Trifolium pratense (L.)]-grain sorghum, and (iv) a 4-yr rotation of oat + clover-corn-soybean-grain sorghum at Mead, NE (...)
Incorporation of assimilated carbon into aminoalcohols of Heliotropium spathulatum

Abstract In young plants of Heliotropium spathulatum exposed to pulse labelling with 13CO2, leaves were the main, if not exclusive, organs in which necine biosynthesis took place. Removal of roots did not affect this process. The incorporation of assimilated carbon into the aminoalcohols was not light dependent; the total radioactivity found in trachelanthamidine, supinidine, and retronecine after the initial 12 hr light period was ca 40% of that found after the following 12 hr darkness. Even at the end of the 48 hr period, when the degree of 14C incorporation into the necines was the highest, the average specific activity of carbon in the aminoalcohols was ca 7-, 20- and 30-fold lower than that of total carbon, in leaves, stems and roots, respectively. Trachelanthamidine exhibited the highest specific radioactivity. Molar absorptivities for trachelanthamidine, lindelofidine, supinidine, retronecine, and heliotridine, obtained by the methyl orange method, are reported; the method is more sensitive for the monoalcohols than for diols.
Free radical copolymerization of methyl substituted stilbenes with maleic anhydride

Abstract Stilbene-maleic anhydride is a well-known donor–acceptor comonomer pair which undergoes free radical copolymerization to form an alternating copolymer. A series of methyl substituted stilbenes were synthesized and copolymerized with maleic anhydride. A conversion versus time study was undertaken to understand the methyl substituent effect on copolymerization rates. Methyl substituents on the phenyl ring of stilbene can change the reactivity of stilbene by changing the resonance stability of the propagating radical and steric hindrance in the propagation step and thereby change the copolymerization rate. Methyl substituted stilbene-maleic anhydride copolymers were determined by quantitative 13 C 1D NMR to be alternating copolymers. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) measurements showed that the weight-average molecular weights of these copolymers varied from 3000 to over 1,000,000 g/mol. Interchain aggregation was observed in poly(( E )-4-methylstilbene- alt -maleic anhydride) by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The SEC trace for poly(( E )-4-methylstilbene- alt -maleic anhydride) exhibited bimodal peaks. No glass transition temperature or crystalline melting temperature was observed between 0 °C and 250 °C by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that these polymers have 5% weight loss around 290 °C.