cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Definitions of psychology

Definitions of psychology were obtained from 233 introductory psychology textbooks published between 1887 and 1987. An examination of these definitions yields both a finite set of definitional categories as well as interesting patterns over time. The work of Kuhn (1970) on evolution and revolution in science is used in interpreting the results, as the results do show paradigmlike trends. These trends include the return of mentalism and the stability of behavior as representing current definitions.
Epilepsy and Febrile Convulsions

The risk of epilepsy after febrile convulsions was determined in a national population based study in the United Kingdom and reported from the Department of Paediatrics, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge and the Institute of Child Health, University of Bristol, England.
Kajian Asia Tenggara: Antara Narasi, Teori, dan Emansipasi

As an academic discipline, modern Southeast Asian Studies (SEA Studies) faces three main challenges. First of all, there is still a huge gap in scholarship and publication between the West-based and Southeast Asia-based SEA Studies. Secondly, SEA Studies is often in a dilemmatic position between the push for generalization of mainstream social sciences and the anti-causality stance of various strands of Postmodernism. Thirdly, in general there is a decline of SEA Studies in the West especially in North America. However, recent developments in SEA Studies, namely a possibility for an emancipatory SEA Studies, the shifting center of gravity for SEA Studies from North America to Asia-Pacific and the expanding higher education sector in Indonesia might present some opportunities for the development of a Southeast Asia-based SEA Studies in the future.
The Summer of Withdrawal - A Study in Customer-Based Firm Resilience

Organizational theorists concerned with firm resilience have primarily focused on understanding the internal resources that counteract the effects of shocks and existential threats to the firm, ign...
Accretion Disks in Cataclysmic Variable Stars: Recent Observational Developments

I review three current research topics in the observational study of the accretion disks in cataclysmic variable stars: the star-disk connection, eclipse mapping developments, and HST observations. First, an R -3/2 emissivity is inferred from the double-peaked velocity profiles of H I and Ca II emission lines from the chromospheres of quiescent accretion disks. There appears to be a direct analogy between these quiescent disk chromospheres and the dynamo-generated chromospheres of rotating stars. In both cases the H I and Ca II line emissivities scale roughly linearly with rotation rate. This observational evidence suggests that dynamo action powers the emission lines from quiescent accretion disks. Second, a new eclipse-mapping study of 6 long-period nova-like variables reveals that their optically-thick disks have temperature-radius profiles that are flatter than expected for a steady-state disk, and become progressively flatter as the binary period decreases toward 3 hours. As these nova-like systems are thought to be in a steady state, the anomalous eclipse maps hint that an important piece of physics is missing in our understanding of these disks. A likely candidate is non-radiative cooling related to driving of a wind from the inner disk. Eclipse mapping techniques are also now being pressed to a new frontier by mapping disks at hundreds of wavelengths and thereby recovering spectra from each position on the disk surface with sufficient resolution to see fines transitioning from absorption to emission. This offers vastly improved constraints on models of disk atmospheres that should make it possible to probe vertical structure. Finally, partly-digested results from HST observations of the cataclysmic variables OY Car, AE Aqr, IP Peg, and GP Com are presented to illustrate some of the new puzzles we are confronting as we begin to use high time resolution in the ultraviolet regime to study the hotter parts of accretion flows
Language in Immigrant America

Exploring the complex relationship between language and immigration in the United States, this timely book challenges mainstream, historically established assumptions about American citizenship and identity. Set within both a historical and a current political context, this book covers hotly debated topics such as language and ethnicity, the relationship between non-native English and American identity, perceptions and stereotypes related to foreign accents, code-switching, hybrid language forms such as Spanglish, language and the family, and the future of language in America. Work from the fields of linguistics, education policy, history, sociology, and politics are brought together to provide an accessible overview of the key issues. Through specific examples and case studies, immigrant America is presented as a diverse, multilingual, and multidimensional space in which identities are often hybridized and always multifaceted.
Is intraperitoneal chemotherapy still an acceptable option in primary adjuvant chemotherapy for advanced ovarian cancer

Abstract The role of intraperitoneal (i.p.) chemotherapy in treating newly diagnosed advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) has been the subject of controversy for almost three decades. Three large intergroup phase III trials (GOG 104, 114, 172) have demonstrated a survival benefit associated with i.p. over intravenous (i.v.) therapy in advanced, low-volume EOC. Despite the positive clinical trial results and a subsequent National Cancer Institute alert in 2006, i.p. treatment has not been widely accepted as the standard of care in the United States and is infrequently used in Europe. The hesitancy of clinicians to use i.p. therapy is likely attributed to higher toxicity, inconvenience, catheter complications, and clinical trial design issues. On the other hand, In a long-term follow-up report from these trials, we showed that the effect of i.p. chemotherapy extends beyond 10 years and that the more cycles of i.p. therapy portends for improved survival over similar cycles of i.v. therapy with younger patients having a higher likelihood of completing 6 cycles of i.p. treatment. More recently, a fourth randomized phase III trial, GOG 252, failed to show a survival advantage associated with i.p. cisplatin and i.p. carboplatin over dose-dense i.v. paclitaxel and carboplatin. Since the use of bevacizumab was incorporated in all arms of the study, this anti-vascular agent may have equalized or negated the clinical advantage of i.p. chemotherapy and dose-dense weekly as suggested in GOG 262. We are awaiting the results of the Asian iPocc trial comparing dose-dense paclitaxel to i.p. chemotherapy without bevacizumab, though the differences in the tumor histology and pharmacokinetics in Asian versus non-Asian patients may influence the interpretation of the results worldwide. In this review, we review the polarizing opinions on the relevance of i.p. therapy in today's clinical armamentarium. Never before, have oncologists examined the same datasets with divergent conclusions. This topic is confusing to patients and clinicians alike and has led to inconsistent guidelines and reimbursement. However, it might be time to move on. Now more than ever, we have novel combinations to personalize upfront treatments for advanced ovarian cancer. In addition to i.p. therapy we also need to focus on targeted therapy, biomarkers, survivorship, and the sequencing of therapy.
Phenotypic plasticity and climate change: Can polar bears respond to longer Arctic summers with an adaptive fast?

Plasticity in the physiological and behavioural responses of animals to prolonged food shortages may determine the persistence of species under climate warming. This is particularly applicable for species that can “adaptively fast” by conserving protein to protect organ function while catabolizing endogenous tissues. Some Ursids, including polar bears (Ursus maritimus), adaptively fast during winter hibernation—and it has been suggested that polar bears also employ this strategy during summer. We captured 57 adult female polar bears in the Southern Beaufort Sea (SBS) during summer 2008 and 2009 and measured blood variables that indicate feeding, regular fasting, and adaptive fasting. We also assessed tissue δ13C and δ15N to infer diet, and body condition via mass and length. We found that bears on shore maintained lipid and protein stores by scavenging on bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) carcasses from human harvest, while those that followed the retreating sea ice beyond the continental shelf were food deprived. They had low ratios of blood urea to creatinine (U:C), normally associated with adaptive fasting. However, they also exhibited low albumin and glucose (indicative of protein loss) and elevated alanine aminotransferase and ghrelin (which fall during adaptive fasting). Thus, the ~ 70% of the SBS subpopulation that spends summer on the ice experiences more of a regular, rather than adaptive, fast. This fast will lengthen as summer ice declines. The resulting protein loss prior to winter could be a mechanism driving the reported correlation between summer ice and polar bear reproduction and survival in the SBS.
Immigrant paradox? Generational status, alcohol use, and negative consequences across college.

Abstract The current study examined linkages between generational status, alcohol use, wanting to get drunk, and negative alcohol-related consequences during college. We tested whether immigrant students' longitudinal alcohol use trajectories converged to dominant unhealthy patterns or whether immigrant students maintained healthier patterns across college. We also examined if the weekend exerted equal risk for students of different generations. Furthermore, we explored whether patterns were consistent among Latinx and Asian American students. Stratified random sampling identified first-year students attending a US college. A longitudinal daily diary design was used; students completed web-based surveys for up to 14 days within each of 7 semesters. Each day, participants (N = 689; n1st generation = 114; n2nd generation = 244; 51% female) reported their alcohol use and consequences (N = 55,829 days). Multi-level models demonstrated that compared to 3rd generation students, 1st generation students were more likely to abstain from alcohol and less likely to binge drink and want to get drunk. First generation students also experienced fewer negative alcohol-related consequences. The protective effect of being 1st generation was maintained across college semesters, with subgroup analyses focusing on Latinx and Asian American students largely supporting the main findings. However, for abstaining and negative consequences, the weekend effect was less pronounced for immigrants than later generation students. For example, the difference in negative consequences between 1st (vs. 3rd) generation students was largest on the weekend. Additional work is needed to understand how 1st generation students leverage protective factors to abstain from alcohol use even when exposed repeatedly to “wet” drinking environments.
Starting to Use TPM2

After all TPM2 initialisation has been done, TPM2 management processes are in place, and authorisation sessions are up and running, one can start to use the TPM2. At its simplest, one can use the TPM just to obtain random (non-deterministic) numbers, or use the TPM as if it were just cryptographic software. If one wants to use the TPM to store keys and small pieces of data, one can create Protected Storage hierarchies and populate them. One can protect keys and data by sealing them to desired platform configurations, use encryption keys for encrypting data in the host platform, and use signing keys for signing data in the host platform. One can also use signing keys to certify that other keys and data exist, to certify that certain TPM commands have been used, or to certify the platform’s current state.
Pathology of Non-Hodgkin’s and Hodgkin’s Lymphomas

Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) are neoplasms that arise from lymphocytes of either B- or T-cell lineage or rarely from histiocytes. The anatomic location and many of the biologic features of various NHL types can be related to their normal counterparts. Normal B-cells are concentrated in the follicles and medullary cords of lymph nodes and in the follicles of the spleen [1]. The lymphoid follicles represent the proliferative site of the B-cell system. Upon antigen stimulation, secondary germinal centers develop in which rapid cell division of B-cells takes place. The medullary cord region of the lymph node represents the secretory component of the B-cell system. By contrast, T-cells are selectively concentrated in the paracortical regions of lymph nodes and within the periarterial lymphoid sheaths of the spleen. In addition, small numbers of T-cells are found within follicles where they help in the induction of B-cell differentiation [2, 3]. Histiocytes are preferentially found in the subcapsular and medullary sinuses of lymph nodes and the cords of Billroth in the splenic red pulp. Histiocytes are also a part of the reticuloendothelial system of the liver and lung. Tissue histiocytes have two broad categories of function. Most histiocytes are phagocytic, whereas a minority of specialized cells is involved in antigen processing and presentation to B- and T-cells [4].
Ion Pair Effects on the Anionic Oligomerization Stereochemistry of Vinyl Pyridines and Related Monomers

Reaction (1) carried out by slow in vacuo distillation of 2-vinylpyridine onto Li or Na salts [1] at -78° in THF followed by reaction with CH3I yields isotactic (or meso) products [7]–(11].1-3 However, for larger or more extensively coordinated cations the formation of “dimers” [7] is much less stereoselective. Epimerization shows the various stereoisomers of [7], [8], and [9] to be of similar stability so that the stereochemistry is kinetically determined. These results may be explained by considering diastereomeric ion pairs [12] and [13] in their respective chelated forms [12a] and [13a]. Beta carbon stereochemistry of oligomerization of E-d1-2-vinylpyridine [14] and Z-d2-2-vinylpyridine [15] was shown to be related to the cation and solvent dependent equilibrium (2), (Table 1).
Randomized controlled trials of the erythroid-stimulating agents in cancer patients.

Cytopenias, including leukopenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia, have been commonly encountered in cancer patients since the advent of myelosuppressive chemotherapy and have presented difficult challenges to the management of these patients. Anemia is particularly common [1] and is usually multifactorial, with the major contributing factors including the disturbances in iron metabolism associated with chronic inflammatory illness [2–5] and the myelosuppressive effects of cytotoxic chemotherapy (Fig. 12.1). In addition, these patients may have absolute iron deficiency, related to prior bleeding, surgery, malnutrition or repeated phlebotomy, active bleeding, marrow replacement with tumor, renal insufficiency, or hemolysis contributing to the observed anemia.
Desacralized law, disenchanted society: A major transition in Ch’u T’ung-tsu’s historical studies

In this study, I examine four major books written by a renowned Chinese historian, Ch’u T’ung-tsu, and describe a profound transition over the course of his studies. I argue that the isomorphism be...
The Neuronal Basis of an Illusory Motion Percept Is Explained by Decorrelation of Parallel Motion Pathways.

Summary Both vertebrates and invertebrates perceive illusory motion, known as “reverse-phi,” in visual stimuli that contain sequential luminance increments and decrements. However, increment (ON) and decrement (OFF) signals are initially processed by separate visual neurons, and parallel elementary motion detectors downstream respond selectively to the motion of light or dark edges, often termed ON- and OFF-edges. It remains unknown how and where ON and OFF signals combine to generate reverse-phi motion signals. Here, we show that each of Drosophila’s elementary motion detectors encodes motion by combining both ON and OFF signals. Their pattern of responses reflects combinations of increments and decrements that co-occur in natural motion, serving to decorrelate their outputs. These results suggest that the general principle of signal decorrelation drives the functional specialization of parallel motion detection channels, including their selectivity for moving light or dark edges.
Surgical impact of a dedicated endocrine surgeon on an academic otolaryngology department.

OBJECTIVES Endocrine surgery is emerging as a dedicated subspecialty in otolaryngology. We assess the impact of an endocrine surgeon on an academic otolaryngology department's thyroid and parathyroid surgery volume. METHODS A retrospective study of overall endocrine caseloads and resident case logs at a single academic center in the Midwest was performed. All thyroid and parathyroid cases performed by the otolaryngology department at an academic center from 2011 to 2017 were reviewed. In September 2012, an otolaryngologist who had completed an American Head and Neck Society endocrine surgery fellowship joined the faculty. The volume of endocrine surgery performed by the residents was also analyzed. Comparison of means and linear regression models were performed. RESULTS From 2011 to 2012, the department performed a mean of 77 thyroid and 11.5 parathyroid surgeries annually. After the endocrine surgeon joined the department, this increased to an average of 212.8 thyroidectomies (P < 0.01) and 72.4 parathyroidectomies (P < 0.01) a year. The head and neck surgeons and generalists still performed an average of 42.4 thyroidectomies and 2.6 parathyroidectomies a year. For graduating residents, the average number of thyroid/parathyroid cases increased from 42.5 in 2012 to 151 in 2016. CONCLUSION The addition of a fellowship-trained endocrine surgeon substantially increased the thyroid and parathyroid surgical volume of the otolaryngology department. Importantly, generalists and head and neck surgeons in the department continued to perform a significant number of these cases. Departments seeking similar surgical growth and expanded resident experience may consider the value of engaging a dedicated endocrine surgeon. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 130:832-835, 2020.
Towards Improved Real-Time Observability of Behind-Meter PhotoVoltaic Systems: A Data-Driven Approach

The stochasticity in energy supply introduced by increased PV penetration in grid distribution systems can lead to frequent and sudden supply-demand imbalances, thereby causing voltage and frequency fluctuations. Enhanced observability, in real-time, of grid attributes such as real and reactive power flows, power injections/consumption and voltages is becoming increasingly essential to ensure smooth grid operation under these new large-scale PV integration scenarios. Two significant challenges prevent grid operators from achieving this objective: 1) Computational complexity of quasi-static time-series simulations, and 2) Partial observability of behind-meter grid assets. In this work, we take a step towards this objective by enhancing the observability of smart inverter equipped PV systems located behind AMI meters. Smart inverters convert the DC output of PV systems into real and reactive power, the ratio of which is governed by a power factor setting. This in turn is governed by the real-time voltage at its terminal, as per a pre-set volt/var curve. While it is possible to infer the power factor setting - thereby, real and reactive power injection of the PV system - at each time interval by quasi-static time series simulations, such methods are not scalable to large grid sizes. We propose to reduce the reliance on simulations by developing a deep neural network based data-driven model which predicts the time dependent power factors of the PV systems in the grid. The model uses a small amount of simulated data to learn the dependence of power factor on 1) load and apparent PV power injection (root mean square of real and reactive power) data, and 2) AMI net-load data (for BTM PV assets). Our results show that our model can predict power factors with mean absolute error of less than 6.2% under full observability scenario and under 8.6% under the partial observability scenario. Thus, our data-driven model can reduce the amount of simulations required to compute real and reactive injections from PV systems in the distribution system with or without complete information.
The Rock of Gibraltar: The Value of Mentorship in the Early Years (Dr. Virginia Apgar and Dr. Ralph Waters)

Behind every successful physician there are mentors to light the path. Ralph Waters, founder of the anesthesiology residency at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, was an instrumental part of Virginia Apgar's success; his support of her education and promotion of her professional endeavors proved to shape the medical powerhouse that Apgar would become. In this article, we learn about the professional and personal relationship between Waters and Apgar through personal correspondence from the Ralph Waters Collection at University of Wisconsin Archives, scientific publications, and meeting records. Through his support of her career, she was able to achieve success despite the Great Depression, World War II, and the novelty of being a woman in medicine. In her career, Apgar became the first female full professor at Columbia University, designed and implemented the Apgar score, and led the Division of Congenital Malformations at the March of Dimes among many other accomplishments. Though they lived half of a country apart in Wisconsin and in New York, the mentor and mentee bridged the gap in geography through regular correspondence, American Society of Anesthetists (now American Society of Anesthesiologists) meetings (where Waters served as president and Apgar as treasurer), and exchange of trainees between the University of Wisconsin at Madison and Columbia University. Apgar revealed herself to be a persistent, hardworking, intelligent, and passionate academic physician - the perfect pupil for Waters. This article's aim is to underscore the importance of mentorship - with equal commitment to the relationship from mentor and mentee - then and now.
Identification and dynamic quantification of regulatory elements using total RNA

The spatial and temporal regulation of transcription initiation is pivotal for controlling gene expression. Here, we introduce capped-small RNA-seq (csRNA-seq), which uses total RNA as starting material to detect transcription start sites (TSSs) of both stable and unstable RNAs at single-nucleotide resolution. csRNA-seq is highly sensitive to acute changes in transcription and identifies an order of magnitude more regulated transcripts than does RNA-seq. Interrogating tissues from species across the eukaryotic kingdoms identified unstable transcripts resembling enhancer RNAs, pri-miRNAs, antisense transcripts, and promoter upstream transcripts in multicellular animals, plants, and fungi spanning 1.6 billion years of evolution. Integration of epigenomic data from these organisms revealed that histone H3 trimethylation (H3K4me3) was largely confined to TSSs of stable transcripts, whereas H3K27ac marked nucleosomes downstream from all active TSSs, suggesting an ancient role for posttranslational histone modifications in transcription. Our findings show that total RNA is sufficient to identify transcribed regulatory elements and capture the dynamics of initiated stable and unstable transcripts at single-nucleotide resolution in eukaryotes.
The refugee and migrant crisis: human tragedies as an extension of colonialism

ABSTRACTThis article links the 2015 refugee and migrant crisis to colonialism and the nature of the decolonisation process. It argues that the legacies of colonialism produced the conditions and th...
Working-class writing and publishing in the late twentieth century: literature, culture and community

In any large bookstore in the Anglophone world – a Barnes & Noble or a Waterstone’s – you will find literature grouped by identity. Books by and for women, blacks, gays, ethnic minorities, and indi...
Genomics-based re-examination of the taxonomy and phylogeny of human and simian Mastadenoviruses: an evolving whole genomes approach, revealing putative zoonosis, anthroponosis, and amphizoonosis

With the advent of high-resolution and cost-effective genomics and bioinformatics tools and methods contributing to a large database of both human (HAdV) and simian (SAdV) adenoviruses, a genomics-based re-evaluation of their taxonomy is warranted. Interest in these particular adenoviruses is growing in part due to the applications of both in gene transfer protocols, including gene therapy and vaccines, as well in oncolytic protocols. In particular, the re-evaluation of SAdVs as appropriate vectors in humans is important as zoonosis precludes the assumption that human immune system may be naive to these vectors. Additionally, as important pathogens, adenoviruses are a model organism system for understanding viral pathogen emergence through zoonosis and anthroponosis, particularly among the primate species, along with recombination, host adaptation, and selection, as evidenced by one long-standing human respiratory pathogen HAdV-4 and a recent re-evaluation of another, HAdV-76. The latter reflects the insights on amphizoonosis, defined as infections in both directions among host species including "other than human", that are possible with the growing database of nonhuman adenovirus genomes. HAdV-76 is a recombinant that has been isolated from human, chimpanzee, and bonobo hosts. On-going and potential impacts of adenoviruses on public health and translational medicine drive this evaluation of 174 whole genome sequences from HAdVs and SAdVs archived in GenBank. The conclusion is that rather than separate HAdV and SAdV phylogenetic lineages, a single, intertwined tree is observed with all HAdVs and SAdVs forming mixed clades. Therefore, a single designation of "primate adenovirus" (PrAdV) superseding either HAdV and SAdV is proposed, or alternatively, keeping HAdV for human adenovirus but expanding the SAdV nomenclature officially to include host species identification as in ChAdV for chimpanzee adenovirus, GoAdV for gorilla adenovirus, BoAdV for bonobo adenovirus, and ad libitum.
Safety and efficacy study of the wound care 360° SiteSeal® vascular closure device in percutaneous cardiac catheterization procedures.

ObjectivesVascular access site complications after percutaneous transfemoral cardiovascular procedures remain a common cause of morbidity and mortality. We evaluated the SiteSeal® VCD for achieving...
Elevated stress impairs the accuracy of eyewitness memory but not the confidence–accuracy relationship.

Although numerous studies have identified factors that affect eyewitness identification accuracy, recent studies report that many of these factors do not affect the accuracy of high-confidence identifications. This is critical because legal cases are more likely to be prosecuted if they involve high-confidence eyewitnesses. Using a confidence-accuracy characteristic (CAC) analysis, we explored whether stress affects the accuracy of high-confidence identifications. In two experiments, people viewed faces followed by an old/new recognition-memory test and provided confidence ratings. Stress was manipulated by pairing a low- or high-valence image with each studied face. Identification accuracy was higher in the low- than high-stress condition, yet the proportion correct for high-confidence positive identifications was similar in the two stress conditions. Elevated stress impairs eyewitness identification accuracy overall. However, the results of this study suggest that confidence is a better predictor of recognition-memory accuracy than is stress even though confidence alone is still an imperfect predictor. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Can the EHT M87 results be used to test general relativity

No. All theoretical predictions for the observational appearance of an accreting supermassive black hole, as measured interferometrically by a sparse Earth-sized array at current observation frequencies, are sensitive to many untested assumptions about accretion flow and emission physics. There is no way to distinguish a violation of general relativity from the much more likely scenario that the relevant ``gastrophysical'' assumptions simply do not hold. Tests of general relativity will become possible with longer interferometric baselines (likely requiring a space mission) that reach the resolution where astrophysics-independent predictions of the theory become observable.
Machine learning analysis highlights the down-trending of the proportion of COVID-19 patients with a distinct laboratory result profile

Abstract Background New York City (NYC) experienced an initial surge and gradual decline in the number of SARS-CoV-2 confirmed cases in 2020. A change in the pattern of laboratory test results in COVID-19 patients over this time has not been reported or correlated with patient outcome. Methods We performed a retrospective study of routine laboratory and SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test results from 5,785 patients evaluated in a NYC hospital emergency department from March to June employing machine learning analysis. Results A COVID-19 high-risk laboratory test result profile (COVID19-HRP), consisting of 21 routine blood tests, was identified to characterize the SARS-CoV-2 patients. Approximately half of the SARS-CoV-2 positive patients had the distinct COVID19-HRP that separated them from SARS-CoV-2 negative patients. SARS-CoV-2 patients with the COVID19-HRP had higher SARS-CoV-2 viral loads, determined by cycle-threshold values from the RT-PCR, and poorer clinical outcome compared to other positive patients without COVID19-HRP. Furthermore, the percentage of SARS-CoV-2 patients with the COVID19-HRP has significantly decreased from March/April to May/June. Notably, viral load in the SARS-CoV-2 patients declined and their laboratory profile became less distinguishable from SARS-CoV-2 negative patients in the later phase. Conclusions Our study visualized the down-trending of the proportion of SARS-CoV-2 patients with the distinct COVID19-HRP. This analysis could become an important tool in COVID-19 population disease severity tracking and prediction. In addition, this analysis may play an important role in prioritizing high-risk patients, assisting in patient triaging and optimizing the usage of resources.
Intertemporal Pricing with Strategic Customer Behavior

This paper develops a model of dynamic pricing with endogenous intertemporal demand. In the model, there is a monopolist who sells a finite inventory over a finite time horizon. The seller adjusts prices dynamically to maximize revenue. Customers arrive continually over the duration of the selling season. At each point in time, customers may purchase the product at current prices, remain in the market at a cost to purchase later, or exit, and they wish to maximize individual utility. The customer population is heterogeneous along two dimensions: they may have different valuations for the product and different degrees of patience (waiting costs). We demonstrate that heterogeneity in both valuation and patience is important because they jointly determine the structure of optimal pricing policies. In particular, when high-value customers are proportionately less patient, markdown pricing policies are effective because the high-value customers would buy early at high prices while the low-value customers are willing to wait (i.e., they are not lost). On the other hand, when the high-value customers are more patient than the low-value customers, prices should increase over time to discourage inefficient waiting. Contrary to intuition, we find that strategic waiting by customers may sometimes benefit the seller: when low-value customers wait, they compete for availability with high-value customers and thus increase their willingness to pay. Our results also shed light on how the composition of the customer population affects optimal revenue, consumer surplus, and social welfare. Finally, we consider the long-run problem of selecting the optimal initial stocking quantity.
Foundations of Clinical Ethics

Bioethics is a discipline which uses moral theory to make arguments about the rightness or wrongness of actions in healthcare, research, and biotechnology. It overlaps with but diverges from law, emotion, and religion. An ethical dilemma occurs when there is a choice between equally ethically justifiable or unjustifiable actions and often requires an ethical analysis to resolve. Deontology (duty-based ethics), consequentialism (outcome-based ethics) and virtue-based ethics are the major moral theories. Principlism – which includes respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice – draws heavily from moral theory and is the central framework for bioethics in Western healthcare systems. A formal curriculum and other resources are available for teaching ethics and professionalism to dermatology residents and other trainees.
Components of Hostile Masculinity and Their Associations With Male-Perpetrated Sexual Aggression Toward Women: A Systematic Review:

Hostile masculinity and its components (i.e., sexual dominance, hostility toward women, adversarial sexual beliefs, rape myth acceptance, and acceptance of interpersonal violence) have received con...
A Cost-Effective Smart Walking Stick for Visually Impaired People

In this paper, a smart stick guidance model for visually disabled citizens has been presented. An Arduino-based controlling system, an Ultrasonic sensor for detecting objects around the user to prevent lethal injuries, a Light sensor module to monitor the strength of the light in the surroundings, LED lights to send the signal to the surroundings, DC power system to operate the controlling module, and a buzzer to detect obstacles around the stick are all included in this package. According to our study, most visually assistive systems are intended for users. However, our proposed system is not only for assisting visually disabled user but also for directing people navigating around them in order to prevent unintended injuries.
The Science of Sound

“Sound” as a physical phenomenon and “sound” as a perceptual phenomena are not the same thing. Definitions and results from acoustics are compared and contrasted to the appropriate definitions and results from perception research and psychology. Auditory perceptions such as loudness, pitch, and timbre can often be correlated with physically measurable properties of the sound wave.
Privatizing Creation of the Public Realm: The Fruits of New York City's Incentive Zoning Ordinance

New York City's 1961 zoning ordinance granted property owners specified floor area bonuses for creating publicly accessible street-floor plazas and arcades. The author traces the origins and evolution of the ordinance and exanlines the over 500 "privately owned public spaces" which it has produced since 1961. The author concludes that a high proportion of these spaces are of only marginal value, due mostly to a lack of clearly articulated design and maintenance standards, and that nearly half of the spaces are out of compliance with the legal requirements regarding design, public accessibility, and maintenance that govern them. Marrying careful legal and historical research with close empirical observation, the book highlights the difficulties inherent in making private actors the agents of public policy.
The State and Small‐Scale Fisheries in Puerto Rico

The State and Small-Scale Fisheries in Puerto Rico. Ricardo Perez. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2005. 218 pp.
Identification and characterization of columbid annexin Icp37. Insights into the evolution of annexin I phosphorylation sites.

Abstract Annexin I (AnxI) contains phosphorylation sites in its "hinge region" that have been implicated in the regulation of cell growth and/or differentiation. A pigeon (Columba livia) isoform of this protein, annexin Icp35 (cp35), has a very similar amino acid sequence overall but an unrelated sequence that lacks phosphorylation sites in the hinge region. We now report the identification and characterization of annexin Icp37 (cp37) from pigeon. Genomic cloning and Southern blot analysis demonstrated that cp37 and cp35 were encoded by separated genes. Prolactin induced the expression of cp35 mRNA but not cp37. The amino acid sequence of cp37 was deduced from a cDNA clone and found to share 93 and 75% sequence identity with cp35 and human AnxI, respectively. The amino acid sequence of cp37 bore similarities to both AnxI and cp35 in the critical hinge region. Like AnxI, cp37 contained consensus phosphorylation sites in its amino acid sequence and was phosphorylated on tyrosine by the EGF receptor/kinase and on serine by protein kinase C in vitro. Despite the functional similarities between cp37 and AnxI, the nucleotide sequence that encoded the hinge region of cp37 was very similar to the analogous region of cp35, but different from that of AnxI. We propose that certain features shared by cp37 and AnxI are the products of convergent evolution. The fact that evolution independently selected for two annexin I-like genes (cp37 and anxI) encoding analogous phosphorylation sites is strong evidence that phosphorylation is important for the regulation of the biological activity of these proteins.
Carcinomas of the lung with neuroendocrine differentiation.

Abstract While there are examples of each of the histologic types of bronchogenic carcinoma In which ectopic hormone production has been demonstrated, three groups of lung cancers manifest this type of differentiation with great regularity. These are the carcinoid, atypical carcinoid, and the small cell carcinoma, which have been called neuroendocrine carcinomas of the lung. The carcinoids are neoplasms with a heterogeneous array of histologic appearances that share relatively uniform nuclear features, the absence of both tumor necrosis and mitotic figures, and a good prognosis. Neuroendocrine differentiation is demonstrable with such regularity in carcinoids that the diagnosis is not considered tenable in the absence of at least one of the following features: argyrophllia, the demonstration of neuron-specific-enolase or neuropeptides by immunohistochemistry or other techniques, or the demonstration of numerous dense-core membrane-bound granules, usually 150 to 250 nm in diameter, by electron microscopy. The atypical carcinoids (well or moderately differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas) share the neuroendocrine differentiation of the carcinoids and many of their histologic features, but are distinguished by the presence of tumor necrosis, more anaplastic large cell nuclei with numerous mitotic figures, and a distinctly worse prognosis. They are a heterogeneous lot with some similarities to carcinoids, small cell carcinomas, and large cell or adenocarcinomas. The demonstration of at least one of the neuroendocrine features listed above is considered necessary for this diagnosis. Small cell carcinoma is also a heterogeneous group of neoplasms primarily distinguished by their finely granular chromatin pattern which correlates with a much worse prognosis but a higher likelihood of response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Many small cell carcinomas share the neuroendocrine differentiation of the carcinoids or atypical carcinoids, but some do not and the demonstration of these features is not a requisite for inclusion in the small cell group. The morphologic demonstration of neuroendocrine differentiation may be more difficult in small cell carcinomas, but they more frequently produce clinically important amounts of ectopic neuropeptides. While the term neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung Includes several quite different entities and does not by itself convey histogenetic or prognostic implications, the demonstration of neuroendocrine differentiation in pulmonary neoplasms is an important procedure when combined with the recognition of other cytologic and histologic features.
High-speed microfluidic thermal stimulator for temperature-activated ion channel studies

In this paper we have designed and built a microfluidic thermal chip that provides rapid temperature changes in the solution combined with accurate temperature control. The thermal chip was designed to facilitate the patch-clamp to study temperature dependent activities of ion channels. The device consists of a fluid channel for perfusing solution connected to an accessible reservoir for making patch-clamp measurements on individual cells. A thin film platinum heater was used to generate rapid temperature change and the temperature was monitored using a thin film resistor. The thermal chip was constructed using SU-8 materials on glass wafer to minimize the heat loss to the substrate and channel walls. The chip was characterized for various flow rates ranging from 0.0093 mL/min to 0.0507 mL/min with heater power ranging from 2.7 to 19.4 mW. The heating element is capable of alternating the temperature ranging from bath temperature (20°C) to 90°C at maximum heating rate of 1°C/10 ms. Using the chip, patch clamp recordings were made on cultured HEK cells as the temperature was rapidly varied. The results demonstrated that the thermal chip could be used as a thermal clamp for many thermosensitive ion channel studies.
Cdx1 inhibits the proliferation of human colon cancer cells by reducing cyclin D1 gene expression

The transcription factor Cdx1 regulates intestine-specific gene expression and enterocyte differentiation. It has been hypothesized to play a role in regulating intestinal cell proliferation; however, the mechanism for this effect remains elusive. In a prior study, we demonstrated that Cdx1 expression reduced the proliferation of a nontransformed intestinal cell line. This study tests the hypothesis that Cdx1 expression inhibits colon cancer cell proliferation by reducing cyclin D1 gene expression. Cdx1 expression markedly reduced cancer cell proliferation and DNA synthesis and induced an accumulation of cells in G0/G1. A transcriptionally inactive Cdx1 mutant could not elicit this effect, suggesting that it required Cdx1 transcriptional activity. Cdx1 expression increased the hypophosphorylation of the retinoblastoma (pRb) and p130 proteins. Reductions in G1 cyclin-dependant kinase (cdk) activity accompanied this effect. Cyclin D1 mRNA and protein levels were diminished by Cdx1 expression. Restoration of cyclin D1 expression reversed the G0/G1 block and induced pRb hyperphosphorylation. Lastly, Cdx1 expression did not alter cyclin D1 mRNA stability but did reduce cyclin D1 promoter activity, suggesting that Cdx1 acts to diminish cyclin D1 gene transcription. We conclude that Cdx1 reduces the proliferation of human colon cancer cells by reducing cyclin D1 gene transcription.
Water-dissolved-oxygen permeability coefficients of hydrogel contact lenses and boundary layer effects

Oxygen permeability coefficients were determined for five types of commercial hydrogel contact lenses. For each type, the lenses used were of diverse thicknesses, and the measurements were done in distilled water and in physiologic salt solution, both at room temperature and at 37°C. The following types of lenses were tested: a hydroxyethyl methacrylate copolymer of uncertain composition (Flexsol) and about 31-34% hydration (observed DS = 1.3-2.3 X 104 μl (STP)-cm/cm2-h-mm Hg); a cross-linked poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (Soflens) of about 38-40% hydration (DS = 2.7-3.7 x 10-4, same units); a cross-linked copolymer of glyceryl and methyl methacrylates (CSI) of about 40.5-43.6% hydration (DS = 2.4-3.8 X 10-4, same units); a cross-linked copolymer of hydroxyethyl methacrylate with vinylpyrrolidone (HydroCurve I) of about 41-45% hydration (DS = 2.06-4.65 x 10-4, same units); and a copolymer of vinylpyrrolidone with methyl methacrylate (Sauflon) at two hydrations, one about 67-72% (DS = 9.5-17 x 10-4, same units), and the other 77-81% (DS = 25-31 x 10-4, same units). The apparent oxygen permeability coefficients increased with increased lens thickness. This was interpreted as being caused by the boundary layer resistances. The oxygen permeability of hydrogels was found to be dependent on water content rather than on chemical composition of the hydrogel. Oxygen permeability coefficients were found to remain about the same at 37°C as at 23°C, due to decrease in hydration of the hydrogel lenses with the rise in temperature.
Plasma concentration and the depressor response to bradykinin infusion

Abstract To determine the relationship between vascular response and plasma levels of kinins, 10 anesthetized mongrel dogs received an intravenous infusion of bradykinin in graded doses (0.3 to 10.0 μg/kg/mm). Arterial pressure was recorded and plasma kinins determined by radioimmunoassay. There was a significant (p
Commentary: Cooperative Modeling Lessons for Environmental Management

Environmental practitioners may find cooperative modeling an effective tool to address complex environmental management needs. The method involves convening a multidisciplinary team to collaborativ...
Florida Scrub‐Jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens) are Sentinels More When Well‐Fed (Even with no Kin Nearby)

Sentinels occupy high, exposed positions while other group members forage nearby. If sentinel behavior involves a foraging-predation risk trade-off, animals should be sentinels more when fed supplemental food. When individual Florida scrub-jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens) were fed fragments of peanuts, during the following 30 min they shifted 30% of their time from foraging to sentinel behavior. In a follow-up experiment, we fed either one or two members in each group. As before, the jays reduced their foraging and spent much more time as sentinels when given supplemental food. In each treatment, pairs were sentinels simultaneously considerably less often than expected by chance. The dramatic shift from foraging to sentinel behavior suggests that for Florida scrub-jays sentinel behavior brings substantial benefits for no greater cost than that of lost opportunities to forage. Because the results held for simple mated pairs of scrub-jays, we argue that kin selection and social prestige are not necessary to explain sentinel behavior.