cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interdisciplinary computing, successes and challenges (abstract only)

We summarize the results of our NSF funded exploration of interdisciplinary computing, including the following points: Interdisciplinary computing spans fields as diverse as visual art, music, the humanities and social sciences, health sciences, pure science, engineering, and mathematics. No field of inquiry in the 21st century extends its knowledge without the influence of computing.[1-4]; A bifurcation is occurring: at some institutions this climate of interdisciplinary work is nurtured, while at others it is thwarted by lack of motivation, resource limitations or simple inaccessibility.; Interdisciplinary computing is inherently collaborative between computing specialists and specialists in other fields. It is not merely pair-wise: computational-X or Y-informatics, but often the collaboration draws from a number of fields.; An important question is what is the breadth and depth of knowledge and skill required to engage in this work. Who needs to know what? What is the language of discourse? How is a methodology established and accepted, and how is subsequent work evaluated?; The mundane concerns of intellectual ownership, boundaries on the discipline (e.g. silos), professional advancement, financial support, and institutional buy-in can diminish the pure intellectual joy that is evident in existing interdisciplinary work.; Impediments are encountered in making the effective collaborations that are essential for the advancement of all the disciplines. The computing disciplines are essential to and also dependent on nearly all other branches of intellectual discovery. [5-6]
Capillary force actuation

Microactuators based upon the alteration of the capillary pressure within a conducting liquid bridge via the application of electric potential are investigated. The physical principles of actuation are elucidated and the equations expressing bridge shape and force produced as a function of applied voltage are developed. It is shown that capillary force actuators are capable of achieving significant greater forces at lower voltage than electrostatic actuators. Charts for the design of actuators are presented. A comparison to electrostatic actuation provides a novel perspective on the mechanism of capillary force actuation. A simplified model of the actuator is also developed.
Structure sensitivity in the reaction of methanol on ZrO2

Abstract The reaction of methanol on the (100) and (110) surfaces of cubic zirconia was studied using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). Methanol was found to adsorb dissociatively on both surfaces to form adsorbed methoxide and hydroxyl species. The primary reaction pathway for adsorbed methoxides was recombination and desorption as methanol. A fraction of the adsorbed methoxides ( ~ 25%) underwent additional reactions which were dependent on the crystallographic orientation of the surface. On the (100) surface, methoxides decomposed near 630 K to produce CO and CH 4 . In contrast, on the (110) surface the primary methoxide decomposition pathway was oxidation to produce CH 2 O. This difference in reactivity can be related to the local atomic structure of each surface.
Estimation of gate-to-channel tunneling current in ultra-thin oxide sub-50nm double gate devices

Double gate (DG) FETs have emerged as the most promising technology for sub-50nm transistor design. However, analysis and control of the gate tunneling leakage in DGFET is necessary to fully exploit their advantages. In this paper we have modeled (numerically and analytically) and analyzed gate-to-channel leakage in different DGFET structures, viz., doped body symmetric device (SymDG) with polysilicon gates, intrinsic body symmetric device with metal gates (MGDG) and intrinsic body asymmetric device (AsymDG) with different front and back gate materials. It is observed that, use of (near-mid-gap) metal gate and intrinsic body can result in 3-4x reduction in gate-to-channel leakage compared to the SymDG structure.
Synthesis and luminescent characteristics of europium dopants in SiO2/Gd2O3 core/shell scintillating nanoparticles

Scintillating nanoparticles with a SiO2 core and a Gd2O3 shell, where either the core or the shell was doped with Eu3+, were synthesized with a solution precipitation process. Based on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) data, an ∼13 nm Gd2O3 shell was successfully coated onto ∼220 nm mono-dispersed SiO2 nanocores. Concentrations of ∼20 at% Eu3+ in the SiO2/Gd2O3 nanoparticles exhibited photoluminescent (PL) emission from the 5D0-7F2 transitions of Eu3+ at 609 and 622 nm after being calcined at 800 °C for 2 h. The SiO2 remained amorphous after calcining, while the Gd2O3 crystallized to a cubic structure. Photoluminescence excitation (PLE) data showed that emission from Eu3+ could result from direct excitation, but was dominated by the oxygen to europium charge-transfer band (CTB) between 250 and 300 nm. The quantum yield (QY) from SiO2/Gd2O3:Eu3+ core/shell nanoparticles excited at wavelengths in the CTB decreased from 25.0% to 16.5% with addition of a SiO2 shell to form a SiO2/Gd2O3:Eu3+/SiO2 nanostructure. In contrast, the QY increased to 32.2% from a SiO2/Gd2O3:Eu3+/Gd2O3 nanostructure. This increased luminescence with a Gd2O3 surface shell is attributed to reduction of surface quenching sites. Moreover, for a SiO2:Eu3+ core, addition of a Gd2O3 capping layer increased the PL intensity by four times, which was attributed to the crystalline Gd2O3 layer also acting as an antenna for energy transfer to the SiO2:Eu3+ core.
Tricuspid candida endocarditis complicating a permanently implanted transvenous pacemaker

Abstract The first reported case of tricuspid candida endocarditis which developed in association with a permanently implanted transvenous pacemaker is described. The patient died ten months after pacemaker implantation, and his terminal illness was characterized by congestive heart failure, fever, leukocytosis, and seven negative blood cultures. At autopsy, a large monilial vegetation was attached to the right atrial wall, involved and partially obstructed the tricuspid valve, and extended into the inferior vena cava. Histologic examination of the vegetations, the heart, the lung, and the kidney revealed the presence of candida organisms.
Visible and Near-Infrared Contrast of Faculae in Active Region NOAA 8518

We compare the contrast of faculae, in visible light and in the near infrared (NIR), that were associated with the active region NOAA 8518 which crossed the solar disk from April 19 to 27, 1999. We obtained NIR continuum images at 1.6 um at the Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO) with an Indium Gallium Arsenide (In Ga As) NIR digital camera. We also obtained high-resolution longitudinal magnetograms and visible light filtergrams at 610.3 nm with the newly developed Digital Vector Magnetograph (DVMG). Our data show that the contrast of faculae has the same sign in both the visible and the NIR. We did not find any so-called ``dark faculae", faculae that are bright in the visible and simultaneously dark in the NIR. We determined a threshold magnetic flux density that separates pores from faculae.
Thermal decomposition of high-nitrogen energetic compounds-dihydrazido-S-tetrazine salts

Abstract The thermal stabilities of 3,6-dihydrazido-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (Hz 2 Tz) and its salts with diperchlorate [Hz 2 Tz(HClO 4 ) 2 ], dinitrate [Hz 2 Tz(HNO 3 ) 2 ], bisdintramidate [Hz 2 Tz(HDN) 2 ], and bisdinitroimidazolate [Hz 2 TzBim] have been examined and compared to other 3,6-disubstituted tetrazines. The neutral tetrazines exhibited two principal modes of decomposition: elimination of N 2 from the tetrazine ring followed by cleavage of the remaining NN bond, and loss of the substituent group, in some cases assisted by proton transfer. The salts Hz 2 TzX 2 undergo reversible equilibrium with the parent Hz 2 Tz and HX, thus, in several cases the decomposition rate of the parent tetrazine and the salt are essentially identical.
Characterizations of reduction classes modulo oracle conditions

It is known that nondeterministic polynomial time truth-table reducibility is exactly the same as nondeterministic polynomial time Turing reducibility. Here we study the standard nondeterministic reducibilities (conjunctive, bounded truth-table, bounded positive truth-table, and many-one) and show that each is a restriction of nondeterministic polynomial time Turing reducibility corresponding to acceptance modulo a set of “oracle conditions.” Then we show that the reduction classes of these reducibilities are classes of formal languages and as such have language theoretic characterization theorems. The same program is carried out for polynomial space.
Cost-effectiveness of universal prophylaxis in pregnancy with prior group B streptococci colonization.

Objective. To estimate the costs and outcomes of rescreening for group B streptococci (GBS) compared to universal treatment of term women with history of GBS colonization in a previous pregnancy. Study Design. A decision analysis model was used to compare costs and outcomes. Total cost included the costs of screening, intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP), treatment for maternal anaphylaxis and death, evaluation of well infants whose mothers received IAP, and total costs for treatment of term neonatal early onset GBS sepsis. Results. When compared to screening and treating, universal treatment results in more women treated per GBS case prevented (155 versus 67) and prevents more cases of early onset GBS (1732 versus 1700) and neonatal deaths (52 versus 51) at a lower cost per case prevented ($8 805 versus $12 710). Conclusion. Universal treatment of term pregnancies with a history of previous GBS colonization is more cost-effective than the strategy of screening and treating based on positive culture results.
Inhibition of adriamycin-stimulated microsomal lipid peroxidation by mitoxantrone and ametantrone, two new anthracenedione antineoplastic agents

Abstract Ametantrone and mitoxantrone, two new anthracenedione antineoplastic agents, produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation. Malondialdehyde production was diminished from 10.6 nmoles/mg/60 min to 3.3 and 5.4 nmoles/mg/60 min, in the presence of 100 μM mitoxantrone and ametantrone, respectively. Under similar conditions, Adriamycin stimulated lipid peroxidation over twofold. In addition, both mitoxantrone and ametantrone inhibited Adriamycin-stimulated lipid peroxidation, with 50% inhibition occurring at concentrations of 4 and 6 μM, respectively. Microsomal superoxide production was not significantly inhibited at anthracenedione concentrations which markedly decreased lipid peroxidation, suggesting that inhibition of lipid peroxidation was not the result of inhibition of superoxide generation. These results correlate with the lack of anthracenedione cardiotoxicity and also demonstrate anthracenedione inhibition of lipid peroxidation at micromolar concentrations; an observation with potential therapeutic significance.
The influence of molecular oxygen and the slip agent, erucamide, on the selectivity of attachment of pyrene to polyethylene chains by >300 nm radiation

Abstract The influence of molecular oxygen and a common slip agent, erucamide, on the selectivity of pyrene attachment to polyethylene chains has been investigated. Films with covalently attached pyrenyl groups are useful to follow microscopic changes that occur when the bulk material is perturbed. Selectivity increases when pyrene-doped low-density polyethylene (PE37) films are thoroughly degassed (
Band structure of gray tin under uniaxial stress

Abstract Gray tin, a perfect semimetal, becomes a semiconductor under uniaxial stress. The lowest conduction band minimum at k = 0 becomes strongly anisotropic. The valence band of the compressed material has highest maxima away from k = 0 ; toroidal constant energy surfaces are obtained for [111] and for [100] compression.
Analysis of content regarding death and bereavement in nursing texts

Information contained in textbooks provides the foundation for undergraduate education and entry into clinical practice. Inadequate knowledge of health care professionals in end of life (EOL) has been documented and efforts are in progress to improve this care. This paper reports on a project to strengthen nursing education in EOL care. One of the three project goals was the evaluation of EOL content in 50 nursing textbooks. This paper reports findings in two of the nine areas of the analysis framework which are Death and Bereavement. Findings indicate significant deficiencies in the content within these texts. Improvement in text content will require collaboration of palliative care professionals and textbook publishers and can result in increased ability of nurses to improve EOL care. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of active sites and mechanism responsible for highly selective CO oxidation in H2 rich atmospheres on a mixed Cu and Ce oxide catalyst

Abstract Preferential oxidation of CO in H2 was studied over a series of CuOx–CeO2 mixed oxide catalysts with differing Cu loadings and preparation techniques to elucidate structure and mechanism parameters required to achieve high selectivity. Using in situ diffuse reflectance infra-red Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), CO oxidation activity is linked to Cu+ carbonyl species (∼2110 cm−1), while catalyst deactivation is associated with catalyst hydration. Active sites for both reactions are found to be reducible oxygen from highly dispersed or surface incorporated CuOx species in proximity to Ce, and are quantified utilizing anaerobic titrations. Active site concentrations (2.1–3.5 × 10−6 mol O∗ m−2) are correlated with surface copper content, as determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). High reaction selectivity towards CO oxidation (100% selectivity above 200 ppm CO at 333 K) is attributed to preferential adsorption of CO as well as inhibited H2 dissociation due to oxidized copper sites. A detailed Mars and van Krevelen mechanism for CO and H2 oxidation is proposed and supported by comparing the model to the experimental data.
Human Relations Training for African Public Officials.

Conditions in African cultures, particularly Nigeria, are considered and the role of training, notably human relations training, as a force in cultural change and modernization is examined.
Major and trace element composition of the depleted MORB mantle (DMM)

Abstract We derive an estimate for the chemical composition of the depleted MORB mantle (DMM), the source reservoir to mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs), which represents at least 30% the mass of the whole silicate Earth. A database for the chemical and physical properties of abyssal peridotites has become robust and complete enough to truly access a reference DMM. Using trace element depletion trends from the abyssal peridotites, it is possible to construct a large part of DMM's trace element pattern. Splicing this information with isotopic constraints (Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf) and canonical ratios (Ce/Pb, Nb/Ta, Nb/U, Ba/Rb, H2O/Ce, CO2/Nb and Cl/K), we can extend abundance estimates to all the incompatible elements including volatile content. The resulting trace element pattern for average DMM constrains parental MORB to be generated by 6% aggregated fractional melting, consistent with recent models for hydrous melting of the mantle [P.D. Asimow, J.E. Dixon, C.H. Langmuir, A hydrous melting and fractionation model for mid-ocean ridge basalts: application to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near the Azores, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 5 (2004) 10.1029/2003GC000568]. We show that DMM is roughly balanced by the continental crust and better balanced upon inclusion of ocean island basalt source and oceanic crust components. Compared to the primitive mantle, DMM has been depleted by 2–3% melt extraction and has only 15% the radiogenic heat production.
Chromosome Aberrations in Human Fibroblasts Induced by Monoenergetic Neutrons. I. Relative Biological Effectiveness

The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of neutrons for many biological end points varies with neutron energy. To test the hypothesis that the RBE of neutrons varies with respect to their energ...
A left cerebellar pathway mediates language in prematurely-born young adults.

Abstract Preterm (PT) subjects are at risk for developmental delay, and task-based studies suggest that developmental disorders may be due to alterations in neural connectivity. Since emerging data imply the importance of right cerebellar function for language acquisition in typical development, we hypothesized that PT subjects would have alternate areas of cerebellar connectivity, and that these areas would be responsible for differences in cognitive outcomes between PT subjects and term controls at age 20 years. Nineteen PT and 19 term control young adults were prospectively studied using resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) to create voxel-based contrast maps reflecting the functional connectivity of each tissue element in the grey matter through analysis of the intrinsic connectivity contrast degree (ICC-d). Left cerebellar ICC-d differences between subjects identified a region of interest that was used for subsequent seed-based connectivity analyses. Subjects underwent standardized language testing, and correlations with cognitive outcomes were assessed. There were no differences in gender, hand preference, maternal education, age at study, or Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) scores. Functional connectivity (FcMRI) demonstrated increased tissue connectivity in the biventer, simple and quadrangular lobules of the L cerebellum (p These data suggest the presence of a left cerebellar language circuit in PT subjects at young adulthood. These findings may represent either a delay in maturation or the engagement of alternative neural pathways for language in the developing PT brain.
Sensation of rotation about a vertical axis with a fixed visual field in different illuminations and in the dark.

The effects of the oculogyro illusion of the relative motion of a spot fixed with respect to the subject during subject rotation and of a fixed striped peripheral visual field under different levels of illumination on perceptions of rotation about a vertical axis are investigated. Subjects were seated in a rotatable flight trainer cockpit with visual fields consisting of darkness, a dim peripheral field, and a bright peripheral field, all fixed with respect to the subject, and subject perceptual thresholds, frequency responses and sensations of displacement and velocity were measured during trainer rotation at constant and varying angular accelerations. The perception of angular acceleration is found to exhibit a significantly lower threshold and a reduced latency time in the illuminated visual fields which was independent of the level of illumination. Subjective frequency responses showed a higher gain in the illuminated presentations, while subjective displacements during triangular velocity stimuli exhibited no difference for the different visual cues. Finally, magnitude estimations of the after-rotation associated with deceleration from a constant velocity showed a greater rising speed, larger velocity and longer duration under illumination. Results show that, for low accelerations, the visual input enhances sensitivity to self-motion, an effect explained by the oculogyral illusion.
Effects of Neck Linker Length on Kinesin-1 Force Generation and Motility

Kinesin-1 is a dimeric, processive microtubule motor. The ATP hydrolysis cycles of its twin motor domains are tightly coupled through efficient gating mechanisms that coordinate hand-over-hand stepping. A key structural element for this coordination is the neck linker (NL), a 14 amino-acid (AA) segment that connects each catalytic head to the stalk. We have previously shown that extending the kinesin NL can lead to backstepping and diminished processivity (Clancy et al., 2011, Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 18:1020-7; Shastry and Hancock, 2010, Curr. Biol.20:939-43). Here, we used optical trapping techniques to study how force-dependent kinesin motility is affected by incrementally increasing the NL length in wild-type (WT) and cysteine-light (CL) versions of Kinesin-1 protein from both Drosophila and human. For Drosophila constructs, adding one AA into the NL reduced the velocity and run length for all forces, but further extensions of the NL exerted no appreciable, additional effect. Assisting loads (loads applied in the microtubule plus-end direction) did not affect the velocity of the WT construct, whereas slower mutant velocities were increased, approaching those of the WT. Under hindering loads, increased force dependencies were correlated with longer NLs, but more pronounced effects, including processive backstepping, were associated with CL mutations, such as those found in a previously characterized human CL construct. Our results illustrate how the NL in Kinesin-1 is optimized under external loads for force production, velocity, and run length.
Social Privilege, Social Justice, and Group Counseling: An Inquiry

The construct of social privilege is ubiquitous within the multicultural and social justice literature. However, the group work literature has yet to integrate the construct into group theory, processes, and training. In this article, we review the group literature on multicultural and diversity issues. Also, we examine the multicultural and social justice literature for an operational definition of social privilege. Finally, we make an argument for the impact of social privilege on group work and for the necessity of integrating social justice competencies into group work.
A combustibility study of the gaseous pyrolysates produced from some high-performance fabrics†

The flammability limits of the gaseous pyrolysates obtained from a series of conventional, flame-retarded, and high-performance textile fabrics have been measured, and the results compared. These data have been utilized to develop a fire hazard index associated with the ignitability and combustibility of the gaseous products of thermal degradation as a result of exposure to a high radiative thermal fire load. Generally, it was found that the high-performance fabrics behaved better than the flame-retarded fabrics, which themselves were superior to untreated materials.
The Genetics and Physiology of Non-inducibility in Volvox carteri f. nagariensis IYGENGAR

Summary In Volvox carteri f. nagariensis addition of the sex hormone produced by male strains to asexual populations of either the standard male (69-1 b) of female (HK10) strains results in 100% induction of sexual spheroids in the next generation. A mutant strain has been found in which sexual spheroid formation is impaired, such that 100% induction is not achieved in any concentration of the sex inducer. The factor effecting this non-inducibility phenotype is inherited at a single gene locus, but the different degrees of induction given among strains carrying non-inducibility suggests more than one locus is involved. Genetic analysis indicates suppressor factors carried in parental strains recombine randomly with the non-inducibility locus and, as a consequence, produce diverse expressions of non-inducibility among the siblings strains. Induction in strains carrying non-inducibility is related to light intensity and CO2 concentration in a way that suggests non-inducibility may be the result of a photosynthetic defect. However, a comparison of photosynthetic 14CO2 fixation in female strains carrying non-inducibility and the standard female strain shows that photosynthesis is not altered by the non-inducibility locus. Furthermore, studies of induction influenced by the photosynthetic inhibitor DCMU suggest that the effect of CO2 concentration on induction (CO2 enhancement) is not entirely related to photosynthetic CO2 uptake. These results indicate maximum induction in strains carrying non-inducibility 1) requires a metabolic rate substantially higher than that needed for 100% induction in the standard strains and 2) involves at least one process not needed for induction in the standard strains. The efficiency by which sexual developmental processes are accomplished is discussed as a function on the non-inducibility locus.
The 10B and 11B nuclear quadrupole resonance spectra of boric acid

Abstract The 11B and 10B nuclear quadrupole resonance spectra of boric acid have been obtained at 77 K, by means of the technique of double resonance by level crossing. A 92% 10B-enriched material was examined in addition to one of normal isotopic composition. The quadrupole coupling constant and asymmetry parameter for 10B are 5344(2) kHz and 0.0163(5), respectively. The corresponding quadrupole coupling constant for 11B, assuming η = 0.0163, is 2576(8) kHz. The 10B spectrum is characterized by the appearance of transitions that may be classified as “multiple quantum,” in addition to the more highly allowed “single-quantum” transitions. Certain of these, which lie at frequencies higher than that of the one allowed 11B transition, are useful in determining the field gradient parameters. In addition “double transitions,” corresponding to simultaneous changes in spin states at two dipolar-coupled nuclei, have been observed; these involve both 10B and 11B.
On the origins of enantioselectivity in oxazaborolidine mediated carbonyl reductions

Abstract A series of tricyclic oxazaborolidine catalysts have been prepared from readily available ( S )-indoline-2-carboxylic acid. In each case, an arene chromium(0) carbonyl group was introduced on one face of the catalyst. Results obtained in the borane mediated reduction of ketones highlight the stereodirective importance of the α,α-appendages in the catalyst architecture.
Magnetization changes with modulation period in Fe3O4/NiO superlattices

We have magnetically characterized single crystal Fe3O4/NiO superlattices grown on MgO(001), where the layer thickness has been varied over a wide range. Hysteresis for modulation wavelength Λmod = 258 A is similar to bulk Fe3O4, while loops for Λmod < 80 A are nearly linear with applied field with minimal hysteresis and remanence. The magnetization slopes of the latter are roughly proportional to Λmod, and increase from 5 to 300 K. Measurements above 300 K suggest that both exchange coupling across NiO/Fe3O4 interfaces and strain-induced variations in anisotropy, rather than paramagnetism, lead to this linear behavior.
A week-long diabetes simulation for pharmacy students.

Objective. To assess students' attitudes and confidence about type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetes self-management education before and after participation in Living With Diabetes Week simulation. Design. Third-year pharmacy students took part in diabetes lectures, interactive laboratory sessions, and a week-long simulation of life as a patient with diabetes in the Clinical Assessment course. Pre-/postintervention survey instruments and experimental and control group comparisons were completed assessing attitudes and confidence relating to knowledge about diabetes. Assessment. The understanding that diabetes has a psychosocial impact, patient autonomy is necessary, and the seriousness of the disease increased. Students' confidence in their diabetes self-management education skills also increased. Conclusion. The Living With Diabetes Week simulation changed pharmacy students' attitudes toward patients with diabetes and increased confidence in diabetes education skills.
Green Tea Catechin Extract in Intervention of Chronic Breast Cell Carcinogenesis Induced by Environmental Carcinogens

Sporadic breast cancers are mainly attributable to long-term exposure to environmental factors, via a multi-year, multi-step, and multi-path process of tumorigenesis involving cumulative genetic and epigenetic alterations in the chronic carcinogenesis of breast cells from a non-cancerous stage to precancerous and cancerous stages. Epidemiologic and experimental studies have suggested that green tea components may be used as preventive agents for breast cancer control. In our research, we have developed a cellular model that mimics breast cell carcinogenesis chronically induced by cumulative exposures to low doses of environmental carcinogens. In this study, we used our chronic carcinogenesis model as a target system to investigate the activity of green tea catechin extract (GTC) at non-cytotoxic levels in intervention of cellular carcinogenesis induced by cumulative exposures to pico-molar 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). We identified that GTC, at a non-cytotoxic, physiologically achievable concentration of 2.5 µg/mL, was effective in suppressing NNK- and B[a]P-induced cellular carcinogenesis, as measured by reduction of the acquired cancer-associated properties of reduced dependence on growth factors, anchorage-independent growth, increased cell mobility, and acinar-conformational disruption. We also detected that intervention of carcinogen-induced elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increase of cell proliferation, activation of the ERK pathway, DNA damage, and changes in gene expression may account for the mechanisms of GTC's preventive activity. Thus, GTC may be used in dietary and chemoprevention of breast cell carcinogenesis associated with long-term exposure to low doses of environmental carcinogens.
Influence of Eustatic Sea-Level Changes in Oil and Gas Accumulations in Appalachian Basin: ABSTRACT

Regional stratigraphic studies indicate a minimum of 23 eustatic sea-level fluctuations in the Appalachian region from New York to Alabama. A eustatic fluctuation is interpreted if the stratigraphic and sedimentologic records on two or more sides of the Appalachian basin show evidence of a similar simultaneous shift in relative sea level within the limits of temporal resolution by fossils, intertonguing facies, or bentonite chronology. Simultaneous sea-level shifts affecting different lobes of ancient delta complexes built into the Appalachian basin from eastern sources also are considered eustatic. For analysis of a hypothetical single basin, a eustatic sea-level change is one which affects the entire basin. The cause may be large-scale tectonics of the continental area ontaining the basin, or a true sea-level shift related to glaciation or rate of sea-floor spreading. Timing on the sea-level variation curve is related closely to ages of strata with hydrocarbon production in the Appalachian basin. Changes in sea level result in shifting of sand deposition along shorelines, solution porosity in carbonate rocks exposed along basin margins, or modifications of reef growth. The clearest relations to hydrocarbon production are in the well-explored oil and gas fields in the Devonian and Silurian, where the sea-level shifts can be used to explain permeability distribution. Superposing sea-level shifts onto sedimentary tectonics in a basin of known shape allows prediction of exploration trends. The largest fluctuations of sea level are at the base of the Sauk sequence (Cambrian transgression), the Owl Creek discontinuity (base of the Middle Ordovician), the Wallbridge discontinuity (end of the Early Devonian), and the discontinuity at the base of the Absaroka sequence (beginning of Pennsylvanian). Fluctuations associated with the Wallbridge discontinuity are related to deposition of the Oriskany Sandstone, which is the largest Appalachian gas producer. Lesser sea-level changes are related to other production, notably oil and gas from the Upper Devonian fields which were the birthplace of the American petroleum industry, and gas from the Silurian Newburg sandstones. The eustatic sea-level curve from one basin such as the Appalachian area should be compared with other basins to identify worldwide patterns and to help to focus petroleum exploration in distant basins. The major level drops at the end of the Early Ordovician, end of the Early Devonian, and the beginning of the Pennsylvanian seem established. The sea-level drop in the Appalachians at the end of the Ordovician appears related to continental glaciation centered in the African Sahara. The rise in sea level at the end of the Precambrian is possibly a result of an increase in rate of sea-floor spreading as the proto-Atlantic Ocean opened. Recognition of true global changes should permit more precise intercontinental correlations because eustatic sea-level change is not related to distribut on of faunal provinces or local tectonic processes. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2216------------
The early history of the infant mortality rate in America: 'A reflection upon the past and a prophecy of the future'

“The country which first recognizes its responsibilities to the child,” S. W. Newmayer2 wrote in 1911, “will receive the recognition of the world as being the foremost civilized nation.” Newmayer had just been asked to guide Philadelphia's child health and welfare efforts, and as he surveyed indicators of child health from around the world, he found that the United States lagged behind. The most telling sign was a list of the infant mortality rate (IMR) in 30 countries—the United States ranked 18th with an IMR of 135 deaths per 1000 live births. Newmayer then noted that some American cities had recently initiated a variety of programs to improve child health. “The United States,” he concluded hopefully, “is awakening to such realization.”2 Newmayer's optimism seemed well-placed. The first third of the 20th century marked an era of significant growth in child health and welfare efforts. Building on the European example, US public health leaders launched a national campaign to reduce infant mortality. As part of this effort, the US Children's Bureau (USCB) was founded in 1912, and both local and state public health departments began focusing many of their resources on mothers and children. Pediatricians and children's hospitals also emerged in this period as the most common source of health care for children. The results of these efforts during the last century have been impressive. Along with improved nutrition and public health, advances in medical therapy have reduced the IMR from more than 100 to fewer than 10 deaths per 1000 live births.3–5 Nevertheless, the IMR continues to be a focus of attention and still appears problematic to many observers in the United States. Although we claim the most advanced and best endowed health care system in the world, we now rank 23rd among industrialized nations.6Deaths …
The effect of everyday exercise on steady state digoxin concentrations.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 1 hour of everyday exercise (walking at patient's own pace) on serum digoxin concentrations. Nine white male subjects (ages 58–74) who had been taking the same digoxin dose for greater than 1 month participated. There were three continuous phases: 1 hour of rest, 1 hour of exercise, and a final hour of rest. Serum digoxin concentrations were drawn every 20 minutes. During the first rest period, serum digoxin concentrations rose 30% from the first concentration drawn in the study. After 1 hour of exercise, serum digoxin concentrations fell 26.8% from the last concentration of the first rest period. At the end of the second hour of rest, serum digoxin concentrations increased by 36.6% from the last concentration. Repeated measures analysis of variance demonstrated a significant (P < .01) change in serum digoxin concentrations. Significant (P < .01) differences were found between sampling times 0 and 60, 60 and 80, 60 and 100, 60 and 120 and 180 minutes using a paired t-test with Bonferroni correction. A weak correlation (r = 0.74, r2 = 0.55) between percent change in concentrations and age during the exercise phase was found, but there was no correlation between the percent change in concentrations and age during the two immobilization phases. Because significant changes in concentrations occurred during each phase of the study, we conclude that the influence of everyday exercise should be taken into account when interpreting serum digoxin concentrations. Failure to consider the activity level of the patient at the time that digoxin blood samples are drawn could result in inappropriate dosage adjustments.
Mosaic tetrasomy 8q: inverted duplication of 8q23.3qter in an analphoid marker.

We observed an analphoid marker chromosome stable through cell division in a 16-year-old girl with developmental delay, short stature, limb contractures, and ovaries containing multiple cysts. She also developed myasthenia gravis at 15 years. The marker chromosome, present in 75% of metaphases (and in 90% of transformed lymphoblastoid cells), was C-band negative, and had no pan alpha-satellite sequences detectable by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The 8q origin of the marker was determined by use of subtelomeric probes and was confirmed by chromosome 8 painting probes. The marker was shown to be an inversion duplication of 8q when subtelomeric, telomeric, and c-myc FISH probes hybridized to both ends of the marker. The karyotype was 47,XX,+inv dup(8)(qter--> q23.3::q23.3-->[neocen]-->qter), resulting in tetrasomy for 8q23.3qter. The parents had normal karyotypes. Centromeric proteins CENP-C and CENP-E were present, but alpha associated centromere protein CENP-B was absent at a position defining a neocentromere.
Alteration of Sulfation of Glycoconjugates, but Not Sulfate Transport and Intracellular Inorganic Sulfate Content in Cystic Fibrosis Airway Epithelial Cells

ABSTRACT: The secreted and cell surface high molecular weight glycoconjugates (HMG) generated by primary cultures of airway epithelial cells from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are oversulfated. To determine whether this abnormality is maintained in transformed CF airway epithelial cells and whether differences in transport or intracellular accumulation of sulfate can explain this alteration, we assessed sulfate metabolism in paired CF and normal cell lines as well as primary cultures of CF and normal cells. Both 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid-inhibitable and -resistant [35S]sulfate efflux and influx were identical for each pair of CF and normal cell lines. Furthermore, cell content of inorganic sulfate was not significantly different in CF and normal cells. However, compared with primary CF cells that oversulfate HMG transformed CF cells oversulfated cell surface HMG but not HMG released into culture medium. Our results suggest that plasma membrane sulfate transport is not altered in CF airway epithelial cells and the abnormal sulfation of HMG may be due to perturbation in intracellular sulfate activation or transfer of activated sulfate to HMG. The relationship of this abnormality to CF transmembrane conductance regulator mutations remains to be determined.
Gene modulation in Drosophila: dosage compensation and relocated v + genes.

The v + gene of Drosophila and its associated enzyme, tryptophan pyrrolase, were employed in a study of the relationship between dosage compensation and the location of the gene in the genome. Enzyme assays performed on various genotypes indicate that although differently positioned genes may specify different enzyme activities, they still show dosage compensation. In each rearrangement examined, the enzyme activity associated with the gene is at least twice as much in males as it is in females. The relevance of this and earlier data with respect to models for regulation is discussed.
Research on Poultry Waste in the United States

Many years ago the disposal of poultry waste was not considered a serious problem. Removing manure from the poultry house was a disagreeable chore, but the material was considered an asset rather t...
Predictors of the Characteristics of Parent-Adult Child Relationships and Adult Child Functioning in a College Student Sample

Abstract The responses of college student participants who were in the process of transitioning through emerging adulthood were examined so that the relationships among the characteristics of their families, their relationships with their parents, the perceptions that they hold currently about their parents, and their current functioning could be described. Results of this study suggested that particular characteristics of families are related highly to characteristics of the parent-adult child relationship during emerging adulthood. Further, the findings of this study suggested that different outcomes for adult children during emerging adulthood were predicted by characteristics of the parent-adult child relationship. Such findings may allow clinicians to remediate poor relationships and to encourage more fulfilling relationships between adult children and their parents.
Magnetic Moments and Quadrupole-Moment Ratios of the First Excited States in W 1 8 2 , 1 8 4 , 1 8 6

The magnetic and quadrupole hyperfine interactions of the first excited ${2}^{+}$ states in even-$A$ tungsten nuclei have been studied in M\"ossbauer transmission experiments. Using the NMR result for the internal field at the W nuclei in an Fe host matrix of 630\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}13 kG, the $g$ factors are ${g}^{182}=0.266\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.009$, ${g}^{184}=0.295\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010$, and ${g}^{186}=0.312\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.011$. These results are in good agreement with recent calculations of Prior and Nilsson. For the diagonal matrix elements of the quadrupole-moment operator we have obtained ${{Q}_{22}}^{182}:{{Q}_{22}}^{184}:{{Q}_{22}}^{186}=1:0.94\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02:0.88\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$. These ratios are nearly equal to the ratios of the corresponding transition matrix elements ${{Q}_{02}}^{182}:{{Q}_{02}}^{184}:{{Q}_{02}}^{186}=1:0.95\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01:0.90\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01$, evaluated from recent Coulomb-excitation experiments. These results are in good agreement with the rotational model. They are somewhat at variance with the results of the microscopic calculations by Kumar and Baranger.
Departures in Negotiation: Extensions and New Directions

The conception of turning points advanced in this essay emphasizes events that occur in a chronological sequence which the author, in his previous work, has incorporated into a framework for case analysis. The framework covers three stages: precipitants that trigger change; departures which are the reaction to the precipitant; and consequences, which refer to the direction the negotiation takes as a result of the departure. Building on his earlier work, the author uses examples of a less-bounded international negotiation and cases culled from the headlines to demonstrate the framework's generality. He then considers the concept at the individual, relational, and collective levels in an attempt to probe the psychological and social processes that occur before, during, and after departures (turning points); and may be in fact, the underlying impetus for departures.
Gastroenterology in the elderly

Gastrointestinal disorders represent the third most common cause of general practice consultations by patients older than 65 years in Western society. There are few changes within the gastrointestinal tract that occur inevitably as part of ageing. However, with increasing age, the incidence of both benign and malignant gastrointestinal disease rises. Although gastrointestinal disorders do not show particular characteristics in the elderly, when compared with younger adults, they may present with more severe symptoms due to co-morbidities and polypharmacy. Adverse reactions to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are more common in people aged over 65, and are a leading cause of hospitalization in this age group. Dysphagia and constipation are also more common, as is diverticular disease. Inflammatory bowel disease appears to show a second peak of onset between ages 60 and 80, and mesenteric intestinal ischaemia is largely confined to the elderly population. This article will review the reasons for these differences, where these are known, and consider aspects of diagnosis and management that are particularly relevant in elderly patients.
Informal Communication of Scientific Information.

A re-examination of data used in a study of informal communication among sleep researchers raises some interesting questions on the definition of communication and its relationship to research productivity. This paper presents results of this re-examination and suggests directions for future investigations.
Supervising Humanistic-Existential Psychotherapy: Needs, Possibilities

The competency movement within professional psychology, evidence-based practice concepts, and the trend toward incorporating psychological services as a component of an integrated care approach within health care settings are major developments in the changing landscape of psychotherapy practice that have important implications for psychotherapy supervision. This article examines each of these developments as they relate to conducting psychotherapy supervision from a humanistic-existential perspective. The current status of supervision guided by a humanistic-existential framework is described, followed by exploration of needs and possibilities for the future evolution of the supervision approach in light of developments in the field.
Toxicity of arsenic and PCB to a green alga (Chlamydomonas).

High arsenic and PCB concentrations have recently been reported for Green Bay, Lake Michigan. The source of arsenic has been localized to a chemical company producing arsenic herbicides in Marinette, Wisconsin. While the production ceased several years ago, the arsenic pollution persists because of ground water infiltration of leachates from storage piles of arsenic-containing wastes. The sources of PCBs are less well known. The sources are probably non-point in nature, and originate in part from local dumpings of PCBs previously used as dielectrics and hydraulic fluids. The levels of these contaminants, e.g., up to 10 ..mu..g As/L and 0.45 ..mu..g PCB/L could present a hazard to the biota. The effect of arsenic and PCB on algae have been studied for each of these toxicants acting separately, but not in combination. PCB at 10 to 100 ..mu..g/L inhibit chlorophyll production and RNA synthesis. On the other hand, arsenate at 1 ..mu..M behaves as an antimetabolite occupying sites for phosphate. Based on the different toxic mechanisms for the two compounds, it is hypothesized that they will show independent joint action, i.e., that they will not form a particular toxic combination. The purpose of this study was to establish toxic thresholds and possiblemore » interactive effects of arsenic and a PCB (Aroclor 1248) for the green alga Chlamydomonas isolated from Lake Michigan.« less
Anthocyanins in Cornus alternifolia, Cornus controversa, Cornus kousa and Cornus florida fruits with health benefits

The anthocyanins in native Cornus alternifolia, Cornus controversa, Cornus kousa and Cornus florida were quantified by HPLC and characterized by spectroscopic methods. The analyses of C. alternifolia and C. controversa revealed that both contained , and , respectively. Similarly, C. florida and C. kousa showed identical anthocyanin profiles with major anthocyanins as and cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (6), respectively. The amount of anthocyanins , and in C. alternifolia and C. controversa were 8.21, 8.44 and 0.02 mg; and 7.74, 5.92, and 0.02 mg/g of fresh fruits, respectively. The anthocyanins and in C. kousa and C. florida were 0.02 and 0.16 mg; and 0.62 and 0.03 mg/g fresh fruits, respectively. Anthocyanins and were not studied earlier for their inhibition of lipid peroxidation, cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2), and tumor cell proliferation. At 50 microg/mL, anthocyanins and inhibited lipid peroxidation by 71% and 68%, respectively. Similarly, they inhibited COX-1 enzymes by 39% and 49% and COX-2 enzyme by 54% and 48%, respectively, at 100 microg/mL. Anthocyanin displayed 50% growth inhibition (IC(50)) at 21, 25, 50, 60, and 75 microg/mL, against HCT-116 (colon), MCF-7 (breast), NCI-H460 (lung), SF-268 (central nervous system CNS), and AGS (stomach) human tumor cell lines, respectively. Similarly, IC(50) values for anthocyanin were 38, 30, 76, 100, and 100 microg/mL against HCT-116, MCF-7, NCI H460, SF-268, and AGS, respectively. This is the first report of the quantification and biological activities of anthocyanins in C. alternifolia, C. kousa and C. florida in addition to the anthocyanins not previously quantified in C. controversa.