cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Periodontal infection and preterm birth: successful periodontal therapy reduces the risk of preterm birth

Objective This study tested the hypothesis that successful periodontal treatment was associated with a reduction in the incidence of spontaneous preterm birth (PTB). Design This was a randomised, controlled, blinded clinical trial. Setting Hospital outpatient clinic. Population Pregnant women of 6–20 weeks of gestation were eligible. Methods Of 322 pregnant women with periodontal disease, 160 were randomly assigned to receive scaling and root planing (SRP, cleaning above and below the gum line), plus oral hygiene instruction, whereas the remaining 162 received only oral hygiene instruction and served as an untreated control group. Subjects received periodontal examinations before and 20 weeks after SRP, and were classified blindly according to the results of treatment into two groups: successful (‘non-exposure’) and unsuccessful (‘exposure’) treatment. Groups were compared using standard inferential statistics; dichotomous variables were compared using the chi-square test or logistic regression. Results are presented in terms of odds ratios. Main outcome measure The main outcome measure was spontaneous preterm birth before 35 weeks of gestation. Results No significant difference was found between the incidence of PTB in the control group (52.4%; n = 162) and the periodontal treatment group (45.6%; n = 160) (P < 0.13, Fisher’s exact test). The incidence of PTB was compared within the periodontal treatment group, considering the success of therapy. A logistic regression analysis showed a strong and significant relationship between successful periodontal treatment and full-term birth (adjusted odds ratio 6.02; 95% CI 2.57–14.03). Subjects refractory to periodontal treatment were significantly more likely to have PTB. Conclusions A beneficial effect on PTB may be dependent on the success of periodontal treatment.
A Modern Treatment of the Second Law

In our study of the thermodynamics of homogeneous fluid bodies, we saw that the First and Second Laws implied relation (3.24) of Chapter I: $$\int\limits_{0}^{1}{\frac{{\bar{h}(\tau )}}{{\bar{\theta}(\tau )}}}d\tau=0$$ (1.1) which holds on each cycle of a homogeneous fluid body. Conversely, granted the First Law, (1.1) was shown to imply the Second Law as well as the general efficiency estimate (4.4) in Chapter I. In other words, the content of the Second Law is contained in relation (1.1). In Chapter I, we could have used (1.1) from the outset had we not wanted an approach to the Second Law which had intuitive appeal and reflected the history of the subject. Indeed, use of (1.1) would offer two advantages: (1) it is mathematically more explicit than the version adopted in Chapter I; and (2) it requires only the concepts of heating and temperature. The second fact is important for the treatment of the Second Law which we present in this chapter, because it motivates an approach to the Second Law based solely on the notions of hotness and heat. In this approach neither the concept of work nor the First Law plays a role.
A Fusion Reactor for Space Applications

A novel approach to fusion power that combines the favorable aspects of magnetic and inertial confinements has recently been proposed in the ''magnetically insulated inertial confinement fusion'' (MICF) reactor. In contrast to conventional inertial confinement schemes, this approach relies on generating the needed plasma inside of a spherical shell by zapping the inside surface of a hollow pellet with an intense laser beam. Physical confinement is provided by the metallic shell that surrounds the deuterium-tritium fuel-coated inner surface, while very strong, plasma-generated magnetic fields provide the desired thermal insulation of the plasma from the surrounding surface. Because of these unique properties, the inertial confinement time can be increased by about two orders of magnitude relative to that of conventional inertial confinement schemes, with the result that truly impressive energy multiplication factors can result. Carbon dioxide lasers of hundreds of kilojoules may be readily employed for such reactors, and, since they are relatively efficient and can be chemically driven, these systems lend themselves nicely to such space applications as space-based power sources or rocket propulsion.
Gap junction proteins are not interchangeable in development of neural function in the Drosophila visual system.

Gap junctions (GJs) are composed of proteins from two distinct families. In vertebrates, GJs are composed of connexins; a connexin hexamer on one cell lines up with a hexamer on an apposing cell to form the intercellular channel. In invertebrates, GJs are composed of an unrelated protein family, the innexins. Different connexins have distinct properties that make them largely non-interchangeable in the animal. Innexins are also a large family with high sequence homology, and some functional differences have been reported. The biological implication of innexin differences, such as their ability to substitute for one another in the animal, has not been explored. Recently, we showed that GJ proteins are necessary for the development of normal neural transmission in the Drosophila visual system. Mutations in either of two Drosophila GJ genes (innexins), shakB and ogre , lead to a loss of transients in the electroretinogram (ERG), which is indicative of a failure of the lamina to respond to retinal cell depolarization. Ogre is required presynaptically and shakB(N) postsynaptically. Both act during development. Here we ask if innexins are interchangeable in their role of promoting normal neural development in flies. Specifically, we tested several innexins for their ability to rescue shakB 2 and ogre mutant ERGs and found that, by and large, innexins are not interchangeable. We mapped the protein regions required for this specificity by making molecular chimeras between shakB(N) and ogre and testing their ability to rescue both mutants. Each chimera rescued either shakB or ogre but never both. Sequences in the first half of each protein are necessary for functional specificity. Potentially crucial residues include a small number in the intracellular loop as well as a short stretch just N-terminal to the second transmembrane domain. Temporary GJs, possibly between the retina and lamina, may play a role in final target selection and/or chemical synapse formation in the Drosophila visual system. In that case, specificity in GJ formation or function could contribute, directly or indirectly, to chemical synaptic specificity by regulating which neurons couple and what signals they exchange. Cells may couple only if their innexins can mate with each other. The partially overlapping expression patterns of several innexins make this `mix and match9 model of GJ formation a possibility.
Chemical inactivation of soybean trypsin inhibitors

Sodium metabisulfite and glutaraldehyde were used alone and in combination to inactive Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (TI) in model systems and TI in lyophilized alkaline soy meal extract. Reaction of glutaraldehyde (0.1 to 3.0%, based on total volume of the reaction mixture) with Kunitz TI (3 mg/ml buffer) at 25 C resulted in 60–75% reduction in activity. Treatment of soy meal extract containing 0.08 mg TI/mg at a concentration of 10 mg sample/ml buffer under similar reaction conditions reduced TI activity only 40%, however. A reaction temperature of 75 C had little additional effect on TI inactivation. On the other hand, sodium metabisulfite (0.05 to 1.0 mM) inactivated >96% Kunitz TI within 1 hr at 75 C and 75–94% of the TI in soy meal extract. The combination of 0.6 mM metabisulfite and 0.5% glutaraldehyde at 75 C inactivated >99% Kunitz TI, and combination of 0.6 mM metabisulfite and up to 3% glutaraldehyde inactivated 88% of TI in soy meal extract vs 91% inactivation with metabisulfite alone. Thus, metabisulfite plus glutaraldehyde inactivated Kunitz TI better than either one alone, while bisulfite alone best inactivated TI in soy meal extract. When the reactions were performed at neutral pH, protein solubility of 80% or better was retained.
X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy in systems without long-range order: existence of an intermediate-field regime.

Successful X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy studies often require that signals be optimized while minimizing power density in the sample to decrease radiation damage and, at free-electron laser sources, thermal impact. This suggests exploration of scattering outside the Fraunhofer far-field diffraction limit d2/λ \ll R, where d is the incident beam size, λ is the photon wavelength and R is the sample-to-detector distance. Here it is shown that, in an intermediate regime d2/λ > R \gg dξ/λ, where ξ is the structural correlation length in the material, the ensemble averages of the scattered intensity and of the structure factor are equal. Similarly, in the regime d2/λ > R \gg dξ(τ)/λ, where ξ(τ) is a time-dependent dynamics length scale of interest, the ensemble-averaged correlation functions g1(τ) and g2(τ) of the scattered electric field are also equal to their values in the far-field limit. This broadens the parameter space for X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy experiments, but detectors with smaller pixel size and variable focusing are required to more fully exploit the potential for such studies.
Cyclic GMP is more effective than cyclic AMP or GDNF in protecting mature oligodendrocytes from cell death

During immune-mediated or ischemic attack, oligodendrocytes (OLs) receive a barrage of signals, both protective and injurious. The specific ligands at the site of damage in vivo vary widely in type and concentration. Using cultured mature mouse OLs, we have focused on four models of cell death which represent common pathways initiated by a number of ligands. These include (1) staurosporine, which induces peroxynitrite formation and subsequent release of cytochrome c; (2) thapsigargin, which disrupts Ca++ homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum; (3) kainate, which activates non-NMDA receptors; and (4) SNAP and NOC-18, which release NO. GDNF protects only against cell death induced by staurosporine, and acts via PI-3-kinase but not MAP kinase to protect. Elevation of cyclic AMP by addition of 8Br-cyclic AMP or forskolin protects against staurosporine, but does not increase the protective effect of GDNF when added in combination. In addition, elevation of cyclic AMP protects against cell death initiated by thapsigargin, but not kainate or SNAP. Inhibition of protein kinase C with calphostin protects only against kainate. Of the possible protective agents tested, 8Br-cyclic GMP is the only one which protects OLs in all four models of cell death. These results highlight the importance of signaling via cyclic GMP in survival pathways in mature OLs. Acknowledgements: Supported by grant NS13143 from NIH and grant RG 3030A/6 from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society.
Persistent Disparities in Pap Test Use: Assessments and Predictions for Asian Women in the U.S., 1982–2010

Disparities in cancer screening among U.S. women are well documented. However, little is known about Pap test use by Asian women living in the U.S. Data for women, ages 18 and older, living in the U.S. were obtained from National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) files from 1982 to 2005. Outcomes were ever having a Pap test and having a Pap test within the preceding 3 years. Pap test prevalence trends were estimated by race and ethnicity and for Asian subgroups. Fractional logit models were used to predict Pap test use in 2010. Although the rate of having a Pap test within the preceding 3 years increased slightly from 1982 to 2005 for all U.S. women, Asian women continue to have the lowest rate. Pap test use also varied within Asian subpopulations living in the U.S. None of the races and ethnicities are predicted to reach the Pap test targets of Healthy People 2010. To reduce or eliminate continuing disparities in Pap test use requires targeted policy interventions.
Teacher Expectations and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies: Knowns and Unknowns, Resolved and Unresolved Controversies

This article shows that 35 years of empirical research on teacher expectations justifies the following conclusions: (a) Self-fulfilling prophecies in the classroom do occur, but these effects are typically small, they do not accumulate greatly across perceivers or over time, and they may be more likely to dissipate than accumulate; (b) powerful self-fulfilling prophecies may selectively occur among students from stigmatized social groups; (c) whether self-fulfilling prophecies affect intelligence, and whether they in general do more harm than good, remains unclear, and (d) teacher expectations may predict student outcomes more because these expectations are accurate than because they are self-fulfilling. Implications for future research, the role of self-fulfilling prophecies in social problems, and perspectives emphasizing the power of erroneous beliefs to create social reality are discussed.
Empirical recovery of response time decomposition rules. II: discriminability of serial and parallel architectures

Among the possible response time (RT) decomposition rules, three are of a traditional interest: addition (serial RT architecture), minimum (parallel-OR architecture), and maximum (parallel-AND architecture). Given RT samples, one can decide which of these three operation is the true decomposition rule by choosing the operation producing the smallest Smirnov distance between the RT samples combined in a certain way, as described by E. N. Dzhafarov and J. M. Cortese (1996, Journal of Mathematical Psychology 40, 185-202). By means of Monte-Carlo simulations, we determine at what sample sizes this decision identifies the true decomposition rule reliably. The results indicate that for a broad class of RT distribution functions the sample sizes required are by an order of magnitude larger when the component times are stochastically independent than when they are perfectly positively stochastically interdependent. In both cases, however, the required sample sizes are realistically achievable in an experiment, provided the experimental factors selectively influencing component times are sufficiently effective. Addition and maximum are generally more difficult to discriminate than addition and minimum, which in turn are more difficult to discriminate than maximum and minimum.
Working in Conference

In addition to bringing us together to test what we've done and reward the best ideas, the technology we've created in the past decade or two might also allow us to validate the claim that conferences do real work. The Web extra at http://youtu.be/nYvHGLbvYbo is a video segment in which author David Alan Grier expands on his Errant Hashtag column, in which he discusses how technology might allow us to validate the claim that conferences do real work.
Synthesis and bioassay of LHRH-antagonists with N-Ac-d-O-phenyltyrosine and N-Ac-d-3-(2-dibenzofuranyl)alanine in position 1

N-Ac-D-O-phenyltyrosine was synthesized via the corresponding azlactone. Resolution of the DL methyl esters was achieved by Subtilisin Carlsberg. Treatment with palladium(II) acetate in trifluoroacetic acid converted N-Ac-D-O-phenyltyrosine into N-Ac-D-3-(2-dibenzofuranyl)alanine. These two amino acids were incorporated instead of N-Ac-D-2-Nal into position 1 of the LHRH-antagonist (N-Ac-D-2-Nal1, D-p-ClPhe2, D-3-Pal3, c-PzACAla5, D-PicLys6, ILys8,D-Ala10)-LHRH. The more rigid N-Ac-D-3-(2-dibenzofuranyl)alanine was structurally more effective than N-Ac-D-O-phenyltyrosine; the AOAs for the corresponding analogs were 82 and 38%, respectively, at 0.5 micrograms. Replacement of c-PzACAla in position 5 by O-phenyltyrosine significantly decreased potency.
Antisense oligonucleotide against GSK-3β in brain of SAMP8 mice improves learning and memory and decreases oxidative stress: Involvement of transcription factor Nrf2 and implications for Alzheimer disease

Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β is a multifunctional protein that has been implicated in the pathological characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), including the heightened levels of neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid-beta (Aβ), and neurodegeneration. In this study we used 12-month-old SAMP8 mice, an AD model, to examine the effects GSK-3β may cause regarding the cognitive impairment and oxidative stress associated with AD. To suppress the level of GSK-3β, SAMP8 mice were treated with an antisense oligonucleotide (GAO) directed at this kinase. We measured a decreased level of GSK-3β in the cortex of the mice, indicating the success of the antisense treatment. Learning and memory assessments of the SAMP8 mice were tested post-antisense treatment using an aversive T-maze and object recognition test, both of which observably improved. In cortex samples of the SAMP8 mice, decreased levels of protein carbonyl and protein-bound HNE were measured, indicating decreased oxidative stress. Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor known to increase the level of many antioxidants, including glutathione-S transferase (GST), and is negatively regulated by the activity of GSK-3β. Our results indicated the increased nuclear localization of Nrf2 and level of GST, suggesting the increased activity of the transcription factor as a result of GSK-3β suppression, consistent with the decreased oxidative stress observed. Consistent with the improved learning and memory, and consistent with GSK-3b being a tau kinase, we observed decreased tau phosphorylation in brain of GAO-treated SAMP8 mice compared to that of RAO-treated SAMP8 mice. Lastly, we examined the ability of GAO to cross the blood–brain barrier and determined it to be possible. The results presented in this study demonstrate that reducing GSK-3 with a phosphorothionated antisense against GSK-3 improves learning and memory, reduces oxidative stress, possibly coincident with increased levels of the antioxidant transcriptional activity of Nrf2, and decreases tau phosphorylation. Our study supports the notion of GAO as a possible treatment for AD.
Further measurements of forward-charged-pion electroproduction at large k 2

Measurements of the electroproduction reaction ${e}^{\ensuremath{-}}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}+n$ carried out at the Wilson Synchrotron Laboratory are reported. For fixed virtual photon-hadron center-of-mass energy, $W=2.67$ GeV, data are presented with the mass of the virtual photon, $\ensuremath{-}{k}^{2}$, centered at 0.6, 1.2, and 2.0 Ge${\mathrm{V}}^{2}$. At the central $\ensuremath{-}{k}^{2}=1.2$ ${(\mathrm{GeV})}^{2}$ point, results are also given for $W=2.15$ GeV. For the $W=2.67$, $\ensuremath{-}{k}^{2}=1.2$ Ge${\mathrm{V}}^{2}$ setting, an angular scan is presented and the longitudinal transverse-interference term is extracted. The data are compared with an electron Born-model calculation of Berends which has as its only free parameter the pion electromagnetic form factor. The theory is used to extract new results for the pion form factor up to $\ensuremath{-}{k}^{2}=2.0$ Ge${\mathrm{V}}^{2}$.
Long-Term Maintenance of B Cell Immunity to Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin in Mice Following DNA-Based Immunization

Abstract This study demonstrates that gene-gun inoculation of mice with DNA encoding the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) results in the life-long maintenance of protective B cell responses. Using a sensitive single-cell enzyme-linked immunospot assay, we show that all of the HA-specific plasma cells are localized in the bone marrow and spleen 1 year postimmunization. As a consequence of prior virus challenge, only a small population of antibody-forming cells was found in the lymphoid tissues associated with the respiratory tract. The tissue distribution of HA-specific plasma cells in these mice was identical to the profile in infected controls. Complete protection against live virus challenge in the aged vaccinated mice did not require prior exposure to virus. Thus, immunization with the DNA vaccine provides long-term protective immunity against otherwise lethal infection.
A critical examination of the dendrite growth models Comparison of theory with experimental data

Three dendrite growth models for directionally solidified succinonitrile-acetone, succinonitrile-salol, aluminum-copper, and lead-paladium alloys are evaluated. The characteristics of the Burden and Hunt (1974) model, the Laxmanan (1985) model, and the Trivedi (1980) model are described. The dendrite tip temperature, tip radius, liquid composition, and primary arm spacing for the alloys are analyzed in terms of growth speed, alloy composition, and temperature gradient. It is observed that the Burden and Hunt model accurately predicts the proper behavior of the parameters, but does not provide good quantitative predictions. A good fit between the experimental data and the Trivedi and Laxmanan models is detected. The advantages of the Trivedi marginal stability analysis and the Laxmanan minimum dendrite tip undercooling approaches are discussed.
Hooked on Hooke.

Richard Stone's cogent review of Robert Hooke's incredible achievements (“Championing a 17th century underdog,” News of the Week, 11 July, p. 152) evokes fascinating facets of his incomparably productive life. He produced weekly Royal Society demonstrations without compensation, promised lecture honoraria were never paid despite polite reminders, and the Council of the society even voted to deduct the amount from his promised salary. Isaac Newton's aloofness toward and disparaging belittling of “this miserable philosopher” was not without benefit for him: He awaited Hooke's death before publishing his dormant “Optics” without fully acknowledging Hooke's prior work. Newton was not his only enemy; Henry Oldenberg, Secretary of the Royal Society, often omitted Hooke's name from recorded comments and rightful priority credits. Their intensifying disputes caused Hooke to call Oldenberg a “trafficer in intelligence.” Little wonder that Hooke's digestive tract required “tailoring” of his “stomach and gutt” by his “one dish/meal,” supplemented by potable metals such as licking powdered silver, syrup of poppy seed, and liberal use of the famous ancillary treatments of clysters and bleedings with cuppings. Despite these problems, Hooke was able to perceive and correlate projected applications of his nearly 1000 inventions. While always dressed in his personally chosen long fabrics, sewn by himself, he gregariously interacted in coffee shops with many notables, including Samuel Pepys, but was never able to sustain wide recognition of his work. Hooke died a feeble, depressed, reclusive man, despite his wealth of legacies to science and his personal wealth, found dormant in an iron chest filled with several thousand pounds of earned silver and gold coins.
Variational methods in the computation of energy bands

The formulation of the augmented-plane-wave (APW) method of solving the energy-band problem is reexamined from a fully variational point of view, and various ways of increasing the power and efficiency of the method are suggested. Classes of variational expressions for the energy are derived which are suitable for trial wave functions discontinuous on a separation surface in the crystal unit cell. New trial functions are constructed which permit better matching across the (spherical) separation surface; one of these permits both the function and its derivative to be continuous and is still simple. The matrix elements of a secular equation for the energy are obtained for two classes of variational expressions and three kinds of trial function. Comparison with standard APW matrix elements shows certain differences arising from the fully variational approach; these are discussed along with relative merits of the different secular equations, and the best choice of numerous parameters appearing in the formulation, but no numerical results are given.
Stability of Metal Oxide Doped ZnO in Molten Alkali Carbonates

The decomposition of Cr-doped ZnO and Zr-doped ZnO in Li2CO3/K2CO3 melts at 923 K under a humidified 30% CO2/air atmosphere was found to occur by different routes, with the relevant equilibrium solubilities in the carbonate melt mitigating the decomposition path. Chromium–doped ZnO undergoes Cr depletion resulting from dissolution of the doped material followed by reprecipitation of a Cr-depleted ZnO; the Cr remains dissolved as highly soluble chromate. This reaction progresses until Cr equilibrium solubility is met. Zirconium-doped ZnO shows preferential ZnO solubility, with reprecipitation of ZrO2 and Li2ZrO3.
Differences in susceptibility of soya bean cultivars to metribuzin

Experiments were established in the Coastal Plain, Piedmont, Limestone Valley and Mountain areas of Georgia in 1972. Following pre-emergence field applications of metribuzin at 0.56, 0.84, 1.12 and 1.68 kg a.i./ha, cv. Semmes was generally more susceptible to injury than were cv. Pickett, Bossier or York. The injury, first manifested as a typical chlorotic response of soya beans to triazine herbicides, caused reduced soya bean stands, heights, harvest yields and seed weights.
Optimizing Heuristic Evaluation Process in E-Commerce: Use of the Taguchi Method

Abstract The heuristic evaluation method, a commonly used usability evaluation method, suffers from variability in evaluation results (Nielsen, 1993). Taguchi's quality-control method was applied to the heuristic evaluation process, and the robust condition of conducting heuristic evaluation that was insensitive to differences in an evaluator's cognitive styles was derived. Three control factors—task type, heuristic set, and evaluation mode—were used in the Taguchi analysis. The noise factor studied was the evaluator's cognitive style. The result of Taguchi analysis showed that if evaluators conducted the evaluations in pairs with the help of e-commerce-specific heuristics, the variability in the result caused by the noise factor was the minimum. The optimized evaluation process produced a 17.6% improvement in evaluation effectiveness over the traditional heuristic evaluation method (Nielsen, 1994) and reduced the variance among the participant's evaluation effectiveness at the same time.
A survey of factory control algorithms that can be implemented in a multi-agent heterarchy: Dispatching, scheduling, and pull

Abstract This paper describes various multi-agent architectures, including the heterarchical architecture. It reviews the claimed advantages for multi-agent heterarchies and describes the types of factories that could use this architecture. It surveys the three common types of factory control algorithms: dispatching algorithms, scheduling algorithms, and pull algorithms. It then asks the question: which of these algorithms can be implemented in a multi-agent heterarchy? This paper describes how all common factory control algorithms used in industry can be implemented in a multi-agent heterarchy. It discusses how many of the algorithms that are popular in current research can be implemented in a multi-agent heterarchy, while others will require further research.
Overlay metrology simulations: analytical and experimental validations

We have previously reported on an overlay metrology simulation platform, used for modeling both the effects of overlay metrology tool behavior and the impact of target design on the ultimate metrology performance. Since our last report, the simulation platform has been further enhanced, consisting now of eleven PCs and running commercial software both for lithography (PROLITH) and rigorous Maxwell calculations (EM-Suite). In this paper we report on the validation of the metrology simulations by comparing them to both analytical calculations and to experimental results. The analytical validation is based on the classical calculation of the diffraction of a polarized plane wave from a perfectly conducting half plane. For the experimental validation, we chose an etched silicon wafer manufactured by International SEMATECH (ISMT) and characterized at National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST). The advantages of this wafer are its well known topography and its suite of different metrology targets. A good fit to both analytical and experimental results is demonstrated, attesting to the capabilities of our enhanced simulation platform. The results for both the analytical and experimental validations are presented.
Dialogue with Mexican maquiladora workers: why do they leave and why do they stay?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report the results of a study in which lower‐level workers employed in maquiladoras were interviewed in an effort to discover what is important to them and how it impacts turnover.Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative field study was conducted in uncovering maquiladora workers' “intention to stay” at a particular maquiladora plant. Semi‐structured interviews with open‐ended questions were used in gathering responses from lower‐level maquiladora workers. Content analysis and one‐way ANOVAs were used to discover statistical significance.Findings – Utilizing content analysis and one‐way ANOVAs, the findings indicate this particular level of workers are likely to stay due to work‐related categories: appreciation, bonuses, co‐workers, job, promotion and social events.Research limitations/implications – Maquiladora sample was limited to a particular region of the Mexican border.Practical implications – For maquiladora management focused on increasing retention rat...
Quality of Health and Health Care

The demise of federal efforts at health care system reform produced a number of losers. The non—Medicaid-eligible poor will continue to struggle for adequate access to appropriate health care, particularly preventive and primary care services. Academic health centers will be adversely affected by the unwillingness of managed care organizations to pay a significant portion of the research and education costs previously financed from patient care revenues. Many Americans will potentially be at risk because of the failure to create any national mechanism for adequate oversight and assessment of quality of care. Although many managed care organizations initially were established to improve the quality of care for their members and all of these organizations espouse a commitment to quality, the reality remains that a cost-driven system runs the risk of compromising quality, particularly for those least able to understand it or to assess it. With the return of the focus of
Die Störung des thermischen Gleichgewichtes von schwach ionisierten Caesiumkontaktplasmen durch Wandverluste

In einem durch Kontaktionisation hergestellten Caesiumplasma wurde die Plasmadichte mit Langmuir-Sonden gemessen. Die gemessenen Werte der Plasmadichte liegen weit unter den fur thermisches Gleichgewicht nach der Saha-Gleichung berechneten Werten. Hierfur werden die kalten Teile des Emitters (mechanische Halterungen, Stromzufuhrungen) verantwortlich gemacht, die mit Caesium bedeckt sind und infolge ihrer geringen Austrittsarbeit als Anoden einen grosen Elektronenstrom aufnehmen (Konvertereffekt). Ein Modell, das diesen Tragerverlustmechanismus beschreibt, gibt die Plasmadichte in einigermasen guter Ubereinstimmung mit dem Experiment wieder. Das Elektronengleichgewicht ist auf Grund des Konvertereffektes stark gestort. Im Plasma treten deswegen unter Umstanden nicht-Maxwellsche Elektronenverteilungsfunktionen auf.
Substitutional doping of ZnSe films

Abstract Molecular beam epitaxy has been successfully employed to grow n-type ZnSe:Cl epilayers on (100) GaAs substrates at 275°C. The ZnSe:Cl epilayers are highly conducting and exhibit bright blue-violet edge luminescence at room temperature. A Hall mobility of 2480 cm 2 /V⋯s at 40 K was measured for an n-type ZnSe:Cl film doped to a level of ∼3×10 17 cm -3 and for which a compensation ratio N A / N D ∼ 4% was calculated. Carrier concentrations as large as 7×10 18 cm −3 were obtained by increasing the temperature of the MBE oven containing the Cl dopant. p-Type ZnSe films were prepared using Li as a substitutional dopant. The ZnSe:Li films exhibit photoluminescence spectra at 4 K dominated by an acceptor-bound exciton peak at 2.791 eV, providing clear evidence of p-type doping.
Hydroxyzine and chlordiazepoxide in anxious neurotic outpatients: a collaborative controlled study.

Abstract Hydroxyzine, in a higher than usual daily dosage (400 mg./day), was compared to chlordiazepoxide and placebo in a double-blind study conducted with 61 clinic and 69 general practice anxious neurotic outpatients. In contrast to studies in which hydroxyzine was administered in dosages of 150–200 mg./day, the present study demonstrated a significant superiority of hydroxyzine over placebo. According to many criterion measures, hydroxyzine appeared as effective as chlordiazepoxide in the symptomatic treatment of neurotic anxiety. The finding that largest drug-placebo differences occurred in middle class general practice patients, as opposed to lower social class clinic patients, and in patients of moderate to severe anxiety rather than in patients who were only mildly ill, has important implications for the selection of appropriate study populations for clinical trials of anti-anxiety agents. The differential dropout rates and differential reporting of side effects observed in the present study clearly favored chlordiazepoxide over hydroxyzine. The presence of disturbing side effects was the most important factor in the moderately high attrition rate (31% for hydroxyzine patients and 25% for chlordiazepoxide patients), and hydroxyzine patients reported significantly more side effects than either chlordiazepoxide or placebo patients at both the 2- and 4-week study periods. These findings would seem to indicate the need for further research to determine whether a dosage can be found at which hydroxyzine produces significantly more clinical improvement than placebo without causing the relatively large number of side effects observed in the present study.
Regeneration of nicotinamide cofactors for use in organic synthesis.

The high cost of nicotinamide cofactors requires that they be regeneratedin situ when used in preparative enzymatic synthesis. Numerous strategies have been tested forin situ regeneration of reduced and oxidized cofactors. Regeneration of reduced cofactors is relatively straightforward; regeneration of oxidized cofactors is more difficult. This review summarizes methods for preparation of the cofactors, factors influencing their stability and lifetime in solution, methods for theirin situ regeneration, and process considerations relevant to their use in synthesis.
Thermodynamics of electrolytes. V. Effects of higher-order electrostatic terms

The contribution of higher-order electrostatic terms (beyond the Debye-Huckel approximation) to the thermodynamic properties of mixed and pure electrolytes is investigated. It is found that these effects are important for cases of unsymmetrical mixing, especially when one ion has a charge of three units or more. The appropriate correction can be made by a purely electrostatic function since the mutual repulsion of ions of the same sign keeps them far enough apart that short-range forces have little effect. This function is evaluated, and several convenient approximations are also given. Application is made to systems mixing ions of the type 1–2 and 1–3. Higher-order limiting laws exist for symmetrical mixtures and for pure, unsymmetrical solutes, but these effects were not found to be significant in relationship to existing activity or osmotic-coefficient data.
RNA Targets and Specificity of Staufen, a Double-stranded RNA-binding Protein in Caenorhabditis elegans

The Staufen family consists of proteins that possess double-stranded RNA-binding domains (dsRBDs). Staufen proteins of Drosophila and mammals regulate mRNA localization, translation, and decay. We report analysis of Staufen in Caenorhabditis elegans, which we have designated STAU-1. We focus on its biochemical properties, mRNA targets, and possible role in RNAi. We show that STAU-1 is expressed as mRNA and protein at all stages of C. elegans development. The wild-type, full-length protein, purified from bacteria, binds duplex RNA with high affinity in vitro. Purified, mutant proteins lacking single dsRBDs still bind RNA efficiently, demonstrating that no single domain is required for binding to duplex RNA (although dsRBD2 could not be tested). STAU-1 mRNA targets were identified via immunoprecipitation with specific anti-STAU-1 antibodies, followed by microarray analysis (RIP-Chip). These studies define a set of 418 likely STAU-1 mRNA targets. Finally, we demonstrate that stau-1 mutants enhance exogenous RNAi and that stau-1;eri-1 double mutants exhibit sterility and synthetic germ line defects. Background: Staufen binds and regulates structured mRNAs. Results: C. elegans Staufen binds double-stranded RNAs in vitro. 418 putative mRNA targets have been identified. Mutants lacking a single RNA-binding domain enhance RNAi. Conclusion: Staufen associates with target RNAs in vivo. stau-1 mutants perturb RNAi. Significance: RNA targets of Staufen are identified in an intact organism, and a connection between Staufen and RNAi is identified.
Hot-phonon-assisted absorption at semiconductor heterointerfaces monitored by pump-probe second-harmonic generation

We provide the evidence for the hot-LO-phonon-assisted absorption at semiconductor heterointerfaces. The process is demonstrated with $\mathrm{Ga}\mathrm{As}∕\mathrm{Ga}\mathrm{Sb}$ interface when the photon energy is tuned below the band-gap energy for GaAs, but it is in a great excess for GaSb. The excitation of carriers in GaAs in the vicinity of the heterointerface is shown to be assisted by hot LO phonons generated in GaAs and GaSb within the relaxation of hot carriers in GaSb. The effect has been observed in the ultrafast pump-probe experiment through the interfacial-electric-field-induced second-harmonic generation response.
Thromboembolic infarcts occurring after mild traumatic brain injury in a paediatric patient with Noonan's syndrome

Noonan's syndrome is a genetic concurrence of multiple morphological abnormalities typified by short stature, webbed neck, cardiovascular abnormalities, and characteristic facies. Numerous neurological conditions have also been associated with Noonan's syndrome, including cerebrovascular pathology. This paper describes the case of a 15-year-old female on our paediatric rehabilitation service who, in a motor vehicle accident, suffered a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) which was followed by multiple thromboembolic infarcts of the posterior circulation. Full work-up resulted in the diagnosis of Noonan's syndrome and the demonstration of significant posterior circulation congenital anomalies. Traumatic vasculopathy, superimposed on the developmentally hypoplastic posterior vessels, was suggested as an aetiology of this patient's stroke. A review of the limited literature associating thromboembolic infarcts with antecedent TBI, and linking Noonan's syndrome to various neurological problems, is discussed. Thi...
Investigating Damage Evolution at the Nanoscale: Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Nanovoid Growth in Single-Crystal Aluminum

Nanovoid growth was investigated using molecular dynamics to reveal its dependence on void size, strain rate, crystallographic loading orientation, initial nanovoid volume fraction, and simulation cell size. A spherical nanovoid was embedded into a periodic face-centered cubic (fcc) Al lattice, and a remote uniaxial load was applied to elucidate dislocation nucleation and shear loop formation from the void surface as well as the subsequent void growth mechanisms. The nucleation stresses and void growth mechanisms were compared for four different strain rates (107 to 1010 seconds−1), five different simulation cell sizes (4-nm to 28-nm lengths), four different initial nanovoid volume fractions, and seven different tensile loading orientations representative of the variability within the stereographic triangle. The simulation results show an effect of the size scale, crystallographic loading orientation, initial void volume fraction, and strain rate on the incipient yield stress for simulations without a void (single-crystal bulk material). For instance, the crystallographic orientation dependence on yield stress was less pronounced for simulations containing a void. As expected, dislocations and shear loops nucleated on various slip systems for the different loading orientations, which included orientations favored for both single slip and multiple slip. The evolution of the nanovoid volume fraction with increasing strain is relatively insensitive to loading orientations, which suggests that the nanoscale plastic anisotropy caused by the initial lattice orientation has only a minor role in influencing the nanovoid growth rate. In contrast, a significant influence of the initial nanovoid volume fractions was observed on the yield stress, i.e., a ~35 pct decrease in yield stress was caused by introducing a 0.4 pct nanovoid volume fraction. Furthermore, a continuum-scale bridging parameter m—which is a material rate sensitivity parameter in continuum damage mechanics—was calculated and found to be close to 1. Consequently, atomistic simulations of this type can indeed inform continuum void growth models for application in multiscale models.
Identification of conserved traits in fluorescent pseudomonads with antifungal activity

A collection of 29 fluorescent pseudomonads, some with known biological control activity against a range of phytopathogenic fungi, were characterized phenotypically and genotypically by comparing carbon source utilization patterns, suppression of Pythium ultimum both in planta and in vitro and the potential to produce known secondary metabolites. Fatty acid profiling and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the ribosomal DNA operon (ribotyping) were used to determine the diversity of isolates. A small group of genetically related Pseudomonas spp. with similar properties was identified; each isolate produced a diffusible bioactive product in vitro and was active against Pythium ultimum in planta. However, other isolates that were able to suppress damping off disease but did not inhibit hyphal extension in vitro clustered outside this group. Phenotypic analyses revealed that the accumulation of C17:0 cyclopropane fatty acid (17CFA) and the production of hydrogen cyanide correlated significantly with biological control activity and with the antagonism of fungal development. The potential of 17CFA as a marker for the selection of fluorescent pseudomonads with biocontrol agent (BCA) potential was demonstrated by the isolation of a novel active strain. This was selected after the screening of 13 clonal groups of fluorescent pseudomonads identified from 500 isolates from the phytosphere of sugar beet. Levels of 17CFA synthesis possibly reflect the efficacy of the rpoS allele in particular strains.
The preparation, structure and properties of Eu2IrH5

Abstract Eu 2 IrH 5 was formed by heating EuH 2 and iridium at 700 °C in a hydrogen atmosphere. The ternary hydride is a black crystalline solid and is unreactive to ambient air. X-ray powder diffraction data were indexed as f.c.c. with a unit cell length of 7.580 A. The positions of the metal atoms conform to a fluorite lattice with the europium atoms occupying the fourfold sites and the iridium atoms the eightfold sites. The crystallinity of Eu 2 IrH 5 vanished after exposure to hydrogen at 646 atm and 250 °C. At high temperatures Eu 2 IrH 5 is paramagnetic; the susceptibility can be fitted to a Weiss-Curie law with θ = 18 K . The effective magnetic moment is 7.4 μ B which is consistent with divalent europium and monovalent iridium. Low temperature data suggest that Eu 2 IrH 5 is a ferromagnet with an ordering temperature of 20 K. The variation of the electrical resistivity with temperature is consistent with semiconductor behavior with an activation energy ΔE of 0.08 eV.
Friction and friction‐generated temperature at a polymer‐metal interface

Results of friction and thermal tests of molded polyimide and pyrrone polymers are presented. The coefficient of sliding friction up to surface velocities of 2 m/sec and the coefficient of thermal expansion from 300 to 500 K were measured. An apparatus was constructed to measure simultaneously the coefficient of sliding friction and the friction-generated temperature. Measurements were made at a nominal pressure-velocity product of 0.25 MN/msec and at temperatures between 300 and 500 K.
Using templates and connectors for layout pattern minimization in 20nm and below technology nodes

Layout pattern minimization has become a necessity at the 20nm technology node. Not only is it the only way to guarantee convergence for source mask optimization, having a well defined design space by limiting the total number of layout patterns, is the only way to ensure complete verification of design space during technology bring-up. In this paper we would reveal the details of PDF Solutions template and connector based layout design methodology that enables designers to achieve competitive layout density by limiting layout patterns. The use of this methodology enables a 25X pattern count reduction compared to the gridded logic layouts and is the only solution available that ensure pattern count saturation within a 40um x 40um random block of logic. Results on SMO compatibility have been highlighted by the collaborative work between ASML and PDF Solutions. In this paper we have discussed the development of a layout fabric developed for SMO and DPT compatibility, the definition of the base template and corresponding connector templates to provide the fabric constraints to designers and results highlighting the lithographic benefits of this approach. In effect, we have proposed a design solution that can provide a low-risk 20nm technology node enablement.
An Attachment Primer for Couple Therapists: Research and Clinical Implications

According to attachment theory, humans are relational beings and even a child's earliest experiences with caregivers have a profound effect on emotional development and an overall approach to relationships. With increasing regularity, couple therapy has utilized attachment language as a conceptual tool, but more work is needed to understand the full clinical implications of attachment theory. These include understanding the intergenerational nature of attachment and adapting the delivery, timing, and pace of interventions to client attachment strategies. In this article, we summarize the origins of attachment theory, its measurement, the role of attachment in couple relationships, attachment stability and change, and ways that attachment informs therapy process and intervention. We hope that this article will provide an impetus for couple therapists to expand their conceptualization and use of attachment in their clinical work and for couple researchers to conduct more clinically relevant, attachment-oriented process research.
Career aspirations to higher leadership positions of nurse faculty middle managers

The purpose of this study was to determine the attitudes of nurse faculty who worked full time in midlevel management positions in baccalaureate degree schools of nursing in order to identify those factors related to career aspirations to higher leadership positions such as deanship. Thirty-seven nurse midmanagers from 30 of the 40 baccalaureate degree schools of nursing in the Midwest completed the three-part questionnaire composed of a demographic profile, Johnson's Faculty Satisfaction Instrument, and Guilbert's Health Care Work Powerlessness Scale (revised). Selected results of this study indicated that the majority of nurse faculty middle managers did not view their current position as a career step to deanship (56.76 per cent) nor did they have career aspirations to a higher leadership position (62.16 per cent). The primary reason reported for this lack of career aspiration was family responsibilities. They did not perceive powerlessness or job satisfaction (P < .05) as an issue in their decision. Career aspirations to a higher leadership position was reported greater when the salary was higher and the perception was stronger that the current position was a career step to deanship (P < .05). They reported the lowest degrees of job satisfaction in reference to parking (SD = 1.79) and leadership of the dean (SD = 1.61).