cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Production of endocannabinoids by activated T cells and B cells modulates inflammation associated with delayed-type hypersensitivity.

Endocannabinoids are endogenous ligands for the cannabinoid (CB) receptors which include anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonyl glycerol (2-AG). 2-AG has been linked to inflammation due to its elevated expression in animal models of autoimmunity and hypersensitivity. However, administration of exogenous 2-AG has been shown to suppress inflammation making its precise role unclear. In the current study, we investigated the role of 2-AG following immunization of C57BL/6 (BL6) mice with methylated BSA (mBSA) antigen, which triggers both delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and antibody response. We found that while naive T cells and B cells expressed low levels of 2-AG, expression significantly increased upon activation. Furthermore, mBSA-immunized mice exhibited higher 2-AG concentration than naive mice. Exogenous 2-AG treatment (40 mg/kg) in mBSA-immunized mice led to reduced DTH response, and decreased Th1 and Th17-associated cytokines including IL-6, IL-2, TNF-α, and the IgG response. Addition of 2-AG to activated popliteal lymph node (PopLN) cell cultures also inhibited lymphocyte proliferation. Together, these data show for the first time that activated T and B cells produce 2-AG, which plays a negative regulatory role to decrease DTH via inhibition of T-cell activation and proliferation. Moreover, these findings suggest that exogenous 2-AG treatment can be used therapeutically in Th1- or Th17-driven disease.
Observations on Phage Inhibition by Bacillary Extracts

The specific inhibition of bacteriophage by bacillary extracts recently described by us1, 2 and confirmed by Kligler and Olitski,3 Burnet,4 and Gough and Burnet5 may be employed to study the chemical properties of these complex cellular products with the aid of various manipulations such as fractionation and hydrolysis.In a previous communication,2 the observation was made that crude saline extracts of B. aertrycke boiled in N/2 alkali, still retained their phage inhibiting capacity and, consequently, it seemed desirable to study in detail the sensitivity of these substances to alkaline and acid treatment before attempting purification. For this purpose, a crude saline extract of B. aertrycke was employed and tested for phage inhibition before and after boiling in N/2 sodium hydroxide for 5 minutes∗ and subsequent neutralization. Such alkali treated extracts showed marked increase in phage inhibiting capacity although they gave a precipitin titre that was slightly lower than that of the untreated material...
The Metonymic Interpretation to the Meaning Extension of English Words

For the cause of the development of the word meaning,traditional glossary semantics tends to attribute the change of the word meaning to historical and social factors.Cognitive linguistics argues that language is restricted by cognitive surroundings and social surroundings.The internal cause of the development and change of word meaning results from the cognitive thinking of language users to extend primary meanings of a word to more or less other related meanings via metonymic devices like metonymy and metaphor.The paper undertakes metonymic explanation to the phenomenon of the word meaning development from the angle of cognitive linguistics
Emotional self-control and dysregulation: A dual-process analysis of pathways to externalizing/internalizing symptomatology and positive well-being in younger adolescents

Objectives There is little knowledge about how emotional regulation contributes to vulnerability versus resilience to substance use disorder. With younger adolescents, we studied the pathways through which emotion regulation attributes are related to predisposing factors for disorder.
The Variability of Nursing Attitudes Toward Mental Illness: An Integrative Review

Mental illnesses are common worldwide, and nurses' attitudes toward mental illness have an impact on the care they deliver. This integrative literature review focused on nurses' attitudes toward mental illness. Four databases were searched between January 1, 1995 to October 31, 2015 selecting studies, which met the following inclusion criteria: 1) English language; and 2) Research in which the measured outcome was nurses' attitudes toward mental illness. Fourteen studies conducted across 20 countries that 4282 participants met the inclusion criteria. No study was conducted in the United States (U.S.). Studies reported that nurses had mixed attitudes toward mental illness, which were comparable to those of the general public. More negative attitudes were directed toward persons with schizophrenia. Results indicate the need for further research to determine whether attitudes among nurses in the U.S. differ from those reported from other countries and to examine potential gaps in nursing curriculum regarding mental illness.
Schizotypy: Reflections on the Bridge to Schizophrenia and Obstacles on the Road Ahead to Etiology and Pathogenesis

Abundant empirical data, drawn from a variety of methodologies and at different levels of analysis, support a robust connection between schizotypic psychopathology and the underlying liability for schizophrenia. This liability is termed schizotypy and represents a unifying latent construct that gives rise to both psychopathologies. Schizotypy can manifest itself in a variety of forms ranging from flagrant schizophrenia through less conspicuous schizotypic conditions to nearly silent manifestations known as endophenotypes, which can be detected only with properly sensitive technologies. Therein lies the power and research potential of the study of schizotypic psychopathology, namely it offers a window on schizophrenia liability (schizotypy). This window is particularly useful as it provides a view of liability uncontaminated by factors such as deterioration, medication sequelae, and institutionalization effects. However, the major stumbling block in the road ahead for schizotypy research, at all levels of analysis, is the problem of heterogeneity. Heterogeneity is observed across symptom pictures, performance patterns on laboratory tasks, longitudinal course, and, probably, at the level of genetic inputs as well. In order to advance our understanding of schizophrenia, schizotypic psychopathology, and all manner of endophenotypes the issue of heterogeneity must be confronted and resolved in a principled manner. A cautionary discussion of neuroimaging and its utility for advancing our understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenia and related pathologies provides a vantage point from which to view the promise of any one method in terms of resolving power. Finally, a discussion of the highly problematic, yet age-old, problem of rating approaches to measurement in psychopathology research and the value of the counting, ratio-scale approach is highlighted.
SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF A NON-CEMENTED, HYDROXYAPATITE-COATED, HEMISPHERICAL CUP

Introduction Total hip arthroplasty (THR) with non-cemented or hybrid fixation remains one of the most successful procedures performed today. The aim of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of a hydroxyapatite (HA) coated, hemispherical cup. Material and Methods Between 2003 and 2007, 223 THAs (210 patients) with peripheral self-locking (PSL) cup and highly cross-linked polyethylene (Crossfire, Stryker, Mahwah, NJ) with minimum 5 years clinical and radiographic follow-up (5–9 years) were analyzed. The mean age was 62.5 years ± 10.8 (range, 32.7 – 86.3) at the time of surgery and the predominant preoperative diagnoses was osteoarthritis (97.8%). 72% were solid cups without screw augmentation and 28% were multi-hole with screw. Clinical analysis included Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) hip scores at latest follow-up. Detail radiographic analysis was carried out on anteroposterior and false profile views for evidence of osseointegration in all Charnley9s zones. Osseointegration was assessed based on presence of Stress Induced Reactive Cancellous Bone (SIRCaB) with trabecular bone hypertrophy 5–15mm extending from the cup, and absence of radiolucency or demarcation. EBRA software was used to assess cup positioning. Results At final follow up, clinical result were excellent with average HSS score of 34.8. 4% underwent revision for following reasons: dislocation (1.34%), loose stem (0.89%), stem fracture (0.89%), pain/bursitis (0.45%), and infection (0.45%). There were no revisions for failures of fixation. In radiographic analysis, the average functional cup abduction angle and functional anteversion were 41.7° ± 5.2 (range, 30 – 52) and 16.8° ± 6.1 (range, 4 – 30). 96% of the cups were within the safezone of Lewinnek. There was no progressive radiolucency, migration or change in the cup position at final follow-up. The average overall SIRCaB and radial trabeculae in all 3 zones were 47% and 93%, respectively; both were most prevalent in Zone 1. Conclusion The hemispherical, peripheral press-fit, HA-coated PSL cup has excellent safety and efficacy, appropriate radiographic osseointegration with no mechanical failures at 5 – 9 years. PSL cup has 1 mm increase in the radius at the periphery of the shell to allow for an enhanced initial press fit. Based on our results, supplementary screw with this cup may not lead to better fixation.
The spectrum of hand dysfunction after hemodialysis fistula placement.

Introduction Contemporary dogma has classically attributed hand dysfunction following hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula (AVF) placement to regional ischemia. We hypothesize that hemodynamic perturbations alone do not entirely explain the postoperative changes in hand function and, furthermore, that various elements of hand function are differentially affected following surgery. Methods Bilateral wrist and digital pressures and upper extremity nerve conduction tests were recorded preoperatively and at 6 weeks and 6 months following upper extremity AVF construction in 46 patients. Concurrently, biomechanical tests were administered to evaluate multiple limb functional domains, including grip strength, dexterity, sensation, and perception of hand function. Results Mean participant age was 59 ± 14 years (75% male), and 48% were on hemodialysis at the time of access placement. Of the participants, 69% had a brachial-based AVF, and the remainder had radial-based accesses. Six weeks following AVF placement, a significant decrease in access-side digital pressures was observed, with only partial recovery at 6 months ( P P = 0.0003), and the Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire score substantially worsened postoperatively ( P = 0.06). Digital sensation and limb dexterity did not differ between limb sides ( P > 0.1) or change significantly over time ( P > 0.1). Principal component analyses demonstrated that nerve conduction parameters tended to track the biomechanical parameters, yet both were relatively independent of the hemodynamic parameters. Discussion Our findings suggest that ischemia alone does not completely explain access-related hand dysfunction and that future study is needed to elucidate alternative mechanisms.
Ghost dances, bears and the legacies of genocide in California

On 15 May 1850, dragoon, infantry and artillery detachments of the US Army arrived at an island located in Clear Lake, California. US Army Brevet Major General Persifor F. Smith had ordered seventy...
Distributed vasculogenesis from modular agarose-hydroxyapatite-fibrinogen microbeads.

Abstract Critical limb ischemia impairs circulation to the extremities, causing pain, disrupted wound healing, and potential tissue necrosis. Therapeutic angiogenesis seeks to repair the damaged microvasculature directly to restore blood flow. In this study, we developed modular, micro-scale constructs designed to possess robust handling qualities, allow in vitro pre-culture, and promote microvasculature formation. The microbead matrix consisted of an agarose (AG) base to prevent aggregation, combined with cell-adhesive components of fibrinogen (FGN) and/or hydroxyapatite (HA). Microbeads encapsulating a co-culture of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and fibroblasts were prepared and characterized. Microbeads were generally 80–100 µm in diameter, and the size increased with the addition of FGN and HA. Addition of HA increased the yield of microbeads, as well as the homogeneity of distribution of FGN within the matrix. Cell viability was high in all microbead types. When cell-seeded microbeads were embedded in fibrin hydrogels, HUVEC sprouting and inosculation between neighboring microbeads were observed over seven days. Pre-culture of microbeads for an additional seven days prior to embedding in fibrin resulted in significantly greater HUVEC network length in AG + HA + FGN microbeads, as compared to AG, AG + HA or AG + FGN microbeads. Importantly, composite microbeads resulted in more even and widespread endothelial network formation, relative to control microbeads consisting of pure fibrin. These results demonstrate that AG + HA + FGN microbeads support HUVEC sprouting both within and between adjacent microbeads, and can promote distributed vascularization of an external matrix. Such modular microtissues may have utility in treating ischemic tissue by rapidly re-establishing a microvascular network. Statement of Significance Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is a chronic disease that can lead to tissue necrosis, amputation, and death. Cell-based therapies are being explored to restore blood flow and prevent the complications of CLI. In this study, we developed small, non-aggregating agarose-hydroxyapatite-fibrinogen microbeads that contained endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Microbeads were easy to handle and culture, and endothelial sprouts formed within and between microbeads. Our data demonstrates that the composition of the microbead matrix altered the degree of endothelial sprouting, and that the addition of hydroxyapatite and fibrinogen resulted in more distributed sprouting compared to pure fibrin microbeads. The microbead format and control of the matrix formulation may therefore be useful in developing revascularization strategies for the treatment of ischemic disease.
Development and Validation of Measures of Secondary Science Teachers’ PCK for Teaching Photosynthesis

This paper describes procedures by which two types of measures of Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) were developed and validated: (a) PCK Survey and (b) PCK Rubric. Given the topic-specificity of PCK, the measures centered on photosynthesis as taught in high school classrooms. The measures were conceptually grounded in the pentagon model of PCK and designed to measure indispensable PCK that can be applied to any teacher, in any teaching context, for the given topic. Because of the exploratory nature of the study, the measures focus on two key components of PCK: (a) knowledge of students’ understanding in science and (b) knowledge of instructional strategies and representations. Both measures have established acceptable levels of reliability as determined by internal consistency and inter-rater agreement. Evidence related to content validity was gathered through expert consultations, while evidence related to construct validity was collected through analysis of think-aloud interviews and factor analyses. Issues and challenges emerging from the course of the measure development, administration, and validation are discussed with strategies for confronting them. Directions for future research are proposed in three areas: (a) relationships between PCK and teaching experiences, (b) differences in PCK between science teachers and scientists, and (c) relationships between PCK and student learning.
Nonlinear optics in organic cavity polaritons (Conference Presentation)

Coupling between excitons belonging to organic dyes and photons in a microcavities forming cavity polaritons have been receiving attention for their fundamental interest as well as potential applications in coherent light sources. Organic materials are of particular interest as the coupling is particularly strong due to the large oscillator strength of conjugated organic molecules. The resulting coupling in organic materials is routinely in the strong regime. Ultrastrong coupling between photons and excitons in microcavities containing organic dyes and semiconductors has been recently observed in room temperature. We have studied the coupling between cavity pairs in the ultrastrong regime and found that the high order terms in the modified Jaynes-Cummings model result in broken degeneracy between the symmetric and antisymmetric modes. The unusually strong coupling between cavity photons and organic excitons dovetail with the robust nonlinear optical responses of the same materials. This provides a new and promising hybrid material for photonics. We report on measurements of photorefraction in organic cavities containing a derivative of the photorefractive organic glass based on 2-dicyanomethylene-3-cyano-2,5-dihydrofuran (DCDHF).
Coupled Transport in Multiphase Systems: A Theory of Drying

In this article the method of volume averaging has been applied to the process of simultaneous heat, mass, and momentum transport in an effort to illustrate the general structure of coupled transport processes in multiphase systems. In the drying process, significant coupling occurs both at the macroscopic level and at the microscopic level
Hyperplastic Polyps and Gastroduodenal Pseudomelanosis

Pseudomelanosis is a rare endoscopic finding of the upper gastrointestinal tract characterized by hemosiderin deposits in histiocytes of lamina propria. We report a case of 72-year-old lady on chronic oral iron supplementation diagnosed with gastric hyperplastic polyps with background pseudomelanosis of stomach and duodenum. Concomitant occurrence of gastric pseudomelanosis, duodenal pseudomelanosis, and gastric hyperplastic polyps has never been reported. Its presence in the absence of gastritis raises question if pseudomelanosis could be associated with hyperplastic polyp. With limited literature on its etiology and prognosis, these patients should be prospectively followed and reported to study the natural history of the disease.
The importance of emotional competence and self-regulation from birth: a case for the evidence-based emotional cognitive social early learning approach

Neuroscientific advances demonstrate that the age range from zero to 5 years old represents a critical window for both learning and teaching, which must involve the development of emotional competence and the growth of self-regulation as a foundation for long-term academic, personal, and social success, promoting mental health and well-being. Recent findings suggest that these capacities emerge from the co-regulation of empathic social and emotional interactions between a caregiver and young child. Based on this research, the present review will (a) describe the theoretical underpinnings of a childcare and development center-based social and emotional learning approach to support the growth of these foundational capacities in children from birth; (b) examine the role of co-regulation with a professional caregiver/teacher in promoting these capacities; and (c) detail how emotional cognitive social early learning, an integrative evidence-based approach, endeavors to foster these competencies through emotional communication, guidance, tools and techniques, most notably causal talk in the context of emotional experience.
On disruption, disorientation, and development in clinical supervision: a transformative learning perspective

Might Practice Self (or therapist identity) formation in clinical supervision be profitably conceptualized as a transformative learning process? In this article, drawing on Mezirow’s (2000,...
Organizational Attributes Associated With Medicare ACO Quality Performance.

Purpose To evaluate associations between geographic, structural, and service-provision attributes of Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) participating in the Medicare Shared Savings Program (MSSP) and the ACOs' quality performance. Methodology We conducted cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of ACO quality performance using data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and additional sources. The sample included 322 and 385 MSSP ACOs that had successfully reported quality measures in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Results Results show that after adjusting for other organizational factors, rural ACOs' average quality score was comparable to that of ACOs serving other geographic categories. ACOs with hospital-system sponsorship, larger beneficiary panels, and higher posthospitalization follow-up rates achieved better quality performance. Conclusion There is no significant difference in average quality performance between rural ACOs and other ACOs after adjusting for structural and service-provision factors. MSSP ACO quality performance is positively associated with hospital-system sponsorship, beneficiary panel size, and posthospitalization follow-up rate.
Authentication pedigree scheme for supply chain

In this paper, we present a novel idea of multilayer aggregate authentication scheme that can be used in any distribution phase of supply chain for more accurate tracking of packages and for innovative authentication of the hierarchy of packages. With minimal modification cost, our scheme can be adapted to any existing cryptographic hash chain based authentication schemes such as RFID-based scheme. By allowing the aggregate authentication of multiple layers (for example a bigger package and its smaller inner packages) at once, our scheme provides more reliable and accurate way to track the packages and effectively thwarts the counterfeiters at every phase of the supply chain. Our scheme also enables any entity in the entire supply chain including the producers, transporters, distributors, sellers, and even consumers to easily authenticate the authenticity of a package/product along its packaging hierarchy.
The Model of Social Capital

Jones elaborates on the model and straightforward theory of social capital used throughout this work. The data reveal, with regard to work and voluntary association: Americans who work the most hours have the highest average levels of voluntary association, and non-working Americans have the lowest. Voluntary association is also highest among married Americans with children. Overall, levels of voluntary association have declined over time, however. With regard to youth group membership, there has been a minor decline over time. With regard to socialization, Americans spend more social evenings with friends than in the 1970s, and simultaneously, kin socializing has increased to its highpoint in the 2000s after a decline in the 1980s. Neighbor socializing, however, is in long-term decline.
From representational state transfer (REST) to representational action state transfer (REAST): enabling smarter web interactions for web tasking

Today, the web is designed for information retrieval. Its current interaction model is web browsing. However, browsing is not an intuitive interaction model for web tasking. This paper provides a solution by introducing an architectural style called REpresentational Action State Transfer (REAST), extended from the classic architectural style of REpresentational State Transfer (REST). REAST represents the action state of the resource instead of the resource data state as in REST. By transferring the representation of action state of the resource between the requesting processer and the resource server in the architectural style of REAST, instead of transferring the data state of the resource as in the architectural style of REST, machine operated web interfaces with the dispensability of human web users is, for the first time, made possible. This opens up opportunities for new interaction model design that are better fit for web tasking where web browsing falls short. With its RESTful inheritance, REASTful resources share universal resource representation and the unified interface, thus have the architecturally built-in interoperability between enterprise resource items and items from the Internet of Things, in both machine automation and mixed initiatives between machine and human web users. The RESTful inheritance also means that REASTful resources relate in execution under the constraint of hypermedia controls. This enables the building of resource oriented intelligent web agents that can work generically across the web without domain specificity and can execute on actions that are non-preprogrammed. This paper coined such Resource Oriented Intelligent Agents 'the BOT'.
Community Living Skills

In 1986, a United States District Court in Alabama approved the consent settlement of the Wyatt v. Stickney litigation (Marchetti, 1987) thus bringing to a close the most significant court-related event prompting community placement of mentally retarded people. It is important to note that the court enjoined Alabama “to continue to make substantial progress in placing members of the plaintiff class in community facilities and programs” (Marchetti, 1987, p. 252).
Electrical behavior of carbon fiber polymer-matrix composites in the through-thickness direction

The electrical behavior of continuous carbon fiber epoxy-matrix composites in the through-thickness direction was studied by measuring the contact electrical resistivity (DC) of the interlaminar interface in the through-thickness direction. The contact resistivity was found to decrease with increasing curing pressure and to be higher for unidirectional than crossply composites. The lower the contact resistivity, the greater was the extent of direct contact between fibers of adjacent laminae. The activation energy for electrical conduction in the through-thickness direction was found to increase with increasing curing pressure and to be lower for unidirectional than crossply composites. The higher the activation energy, the greater was the residual interlaminar stress. Apparent negative electrical resistance was observed, quantified, and controlled through composite engineering. Its mechanism involves electrons traveling in the unexpected direction relative to the applied voltage gradient, due to backflow across a composite interface. The observation was made in the through-thickness direction of a continuous carbon fiber epoxy-matrix two-lamina composite, such that the fibers in the adjacent laminae were not in the same direction and that the curing pressure during composite fabrication was unusually high (1.4 MPa).
On the hierarchy of t-norm based residuated fuzzy logics

In this paper we overview recent results, both logical and algebraic, about [0,1]-valued logical systems having a t-norm and its residuum as truth functions for conjunction and implication. We describe their axiomatic systems and algebraic varieties and show they can be suitably placed in a hierarchy of logics depending on their characteristic axioms. We stress that the most general variety generated by residuated structures in [0, 1], which are defined by left-continuous t-norms, is not the variety of residuated lattices but the variety of pre-linear residuated lattices, also known as MTL-algebras. Finally, we also relate t-norm based logics to substructural logics, in particular to Ono's hierarchy of extensions of the Full Lambek Calculus.
Sampling Distribution of Consensus Indices when All Bifurcating Trees are Equally Likely

Consensus indices (CI) based on a consensus tree (CT) have been increasingly used in recent studies to measure the congruence between hierarchic classifications. But their statistical properties have yet not been investigated. This study reports on the distribution of CIs examined by a Monte Carlo method. The model employed assumes that all possible rooted bifurcating trees are equally likely. Other models involving random generation of data, similarity matrices, or other types of trees are under investigation.
FACTORS RELATED TO THE ESTIMATION OF CATALASE ACTIVITY IN MILK1

Summary A definite relationship between the somatic cell count of milk and catalase activity was observed when the oxygen liberated was measured accurately with a Warburg apparatus. The somatic cel...
Perceiving attitude change: How qualitative shifts augment change perception

Abstract Attitude change and persuasion are among the most studied topics in social psychology. Surprisingly, though, as a field we have virtually zero insight into perceived attitude change—that is, how people assess the magnitude of a shift in someone's attitude or opinion. The current research provides an initial investigation of this issue. Across 6 primary experiments and a series of supplemental studies (total N = 2880), we find consistent support for a qualitative change hypothesis, whereby qualitative attitude change (change of valence; e.g., from negative to positive) is perceived as greater than otherwise equivalent non-qualitative attitude change (change within valence; e.g., from negative to less negative or from positive to more positive). This effect is mediated by ease of processing: Qualitative attitude change is easier for people to detect and understand than non-qualitative attitude change, and this ease amplifies the degree of perceived change. We examine downstream consequences of this effect and discuss theoretical, methodological, and practical implications.
Chapter 56 – Localized Osteoporosis

Publisher Summary Once the specific bones and joints are organized according to a predetermined genetic and embryonic plan, different processes and modulators direct specific bone growth and architectural change of individual bones. Hypertrophy, atrophy, and density are influenced by muscular activity and mechanical loading experience at a specific bone or bone site. The particular loading history of a chain of bones, a single bone, or a portion of a bone is a critical factor in the alteration or maintenance of bone density. Mechanical stress applied to bone is not itself a biologic process but a trigger or effector that stimulates biologic processes to allow bone to respond or adapt to applied loads. Further, the bone loss in diverse conditions is reversible. If the fracture heals, the rheumatoid joint goes into remission, the paralysis is eliminated, or a ganglionic blocker abolishes the RSD, the local osteoporosis resolves. The challenge for the future is to understand the control processes at the molecular and genetic level and to reveal the mechanoreceptor that transduces strain energy into biologic events.
Spritz or showcase? Gender, uncertainty, and fragrance evaluation

Reactions to a scent are both cognitive and neurobiological, and impact fragrance evaluation along two key factors. One is gender, due to information processing differences among men and women. The...
SLEMI: equivalence modulo input (EMI) based mutation of CPS models for finding compiler bugs in Simulink

Finding bugs in commercial cyber-physical system development tools (or "model-based design" tools) such as MathWorks's Simulink is important in practice, as these tools are widely used to generate embedded code that gets deployed in safety-critical applications such as cars and planes. Equivalence Modulo Input (EMI) based mutation is a new twist on differential testing that promises lower use of computational resources and has already been successful at finding bugs in compilers for procedural languages. To provide EMI-based mutation for differential testing of cyber-physical system (CPS) development tools, this paper develops several novel mutation techniques. These techniques deal with CPS language features that are not found in procedural languages, such as an explicit notion of execution time and zombie code, which combines properties of live and dead procedural code. In our experiments the most closely related work (SLforge) found two bugs in the Simulink tool. In comparison, SLEMI found a super-set of issues, including 9 confirmed as bugs by MathWorks Support.
Food Insecurity is Directly Associated with the Use of Health Services for Adverse Health Events among Older Adults.

Background In 2018, 14.3 million US households experienced food insecurity, which has been linked to negative health outcomes such as depression and anxiety, diabetes, and hypertension. This connection is particularly important for older adults, who are at greater risk than younger adults for developing certain health conditions. Objective We estimated the association between food insecurity and the use of health services for adverse health events over a 12-mo observation period following survey interview for a nationally representative group of older adults participating in the congregate meal (CM) and home-delivered meal (HDM) programs. Methods We analyzed data from the Nutrition Services Program (NSP) Outcomes Survey matched to Medicare claims and enrollment data in 2015-2016 for a nationally representative sample of 626 CM or HDM recipients ages 67 y and older. We used logistic regression analysis controlling for demographic characteristics, prior health events, and geography to estimate the association between food insecurity and use of health services, including emergency department visits, inpatient stays, skilled nursing facility stays, and home healthcare episodes. We used ordinary least squares regression analysis to estimate the association between food insecurity and Medicare spending. Results Food insecurity was associated with an average increased likelihood of using health services for adverse health events of 16% (95% CI: 1%, 32%) for HDM participants. Food insecurity was associated with an average increased likelihood of emergency department visits of 24% (95% CI: 6%, 41%) for CM participants and 20% (95% CI: 5%, 36%) for HDM participants. There was no observed increase in likelihood of using the other health services. Food-insecure participants were less likely to have a skilled nursing facility stay. Conclusions Food insecurity is associated with an increased likelihood of use of health services for adverse health events in older adult participants in meal service programs.
Would you Take Advice from a Robot? Developing a Framework for Inferring Human-Robot Trust in Time-Sensitive Scenarios

Trust is a key element for successful human-robot interaction. One challenging problem in this domain is the issue of how to construct a formulation that optimally models this trust phenomenon. This paper presents a framework for modeling human-robot trust based on representing the human decision-making process as a formulation based on trust states. Using this formulation, we then discuss a generalized model of human-robot trust based on Hidden Markov Models and Logistic Regression. The proposed approach is validated on datasets collected from two different human subject studies in which the human is provided the ability to take advice from a robot. Both experimental scenarios were time-sensitive, in that a decision had to be made by the human in a limited time period, but each scenario featured different levels of cognitive load. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed formulation can be utilized to model trust, in which the system can predict whether the human will decide to take advice (or not) from the robot. It was found that our prediction performance degrades after the robot made a mistake. The validation of this approach on two scenarios implies that this model can be applied to other interactive scenarios as long as the interaction dynamics fits into the proposed formulation. Directions for future improvements are discussed.
Comparing Visual Reasoning in Humans and AI.

Recent advances in natural language processing and computer vision have led to AI models that interpret simple scenes at human levels. Yet, we do not have a complete understanding of how humans and AI models differ in their interpretation of more complex scenes. We created a dataset of complex scenes that contained human behaviors and social interactions. AI and humans had to describe the scenes with a sentence. We used a quantitative metric of similarity between scene descriptions of the AI/human and ground truth of five other human descriptions of each scene. Results show that the machine/human agreement scene descriptions are much lower than human/human agreement for our complex scenes. Using an experimental manipulation that occludes different spatial regions of the scenes, we assessed how machines and humans vary in utilizing regions of images to understand the scenes. Together, our results are a first step toward understanding how machines fall short of human visual reasoning with complex scenes depicting human behaviors.
Association Between Radiation Heart Dose and Overall Survival in Lung Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) To determine if heart radiation dose and location affects overall survival (OS) in patients treated with Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) to the lung. MATERIALS/METHODS Patients treated with SBRT to the lung at a single institution were identified. Pertinent information regarding patient characteristics, treatment delivered, and patient outcomes were obtained from a prospectively maintained cancer registry and the medical record. Radiation treatment information was obtained from the treatment planning system. Radiation dose in each voxel was extracted from the treatment planning system, mapped on anatomical organs, and converted to 2 Gy equivalent dose using linear quadratic model. The V% dosimetric variable, a percentage of volume receiving the dose 'D' or greater, was used in the statistical analysis. Multivariate Cox regression analysis with Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was used to determine which patient specific variables were predictive for OS. All predictive variables were further used in the Cox model with an addition of dosimetric variables for the heart. We examined V%_D variables for the whole heart, heart digitally subdivided into four segments (right-superior, left-superior, right-inferior, left-inferior), and heart digitally subdivided into 64 segments. RESULTS 197 patients treated for lung lesions with SBRT were selected for this study. 135 patients were treated for primary lung cancer (117 stage I, 18 stage II) and 42 patients were treated for lung metastasis from other primary sites. There were 79 patients with lung adenocarcinoma, 38 with lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and 62 patients with other histologies. Dose prescriptions were 50 Gy in 5 fractions (35%) and 48 Gy in 4 fractions (65%). The reference patient was 72.2 years old, with stage I, primary lung adenocarcinoma. Mean OS was 76.8 months and mean follow up was 40 months (2 - 230). Patient age (HR = 1.08/year, P < 0.01), histology (HR = 2.8 for SCC, P < 0.01) and stage (HR = 3.5 for stage II primary lung cancer, P < 0.01) were predictive for OS. Patients with right lung disease had longer OS than patients with left lung disease (HR = 0.6, P = 0.03). Whole heart DVH analysis did not reveal statistically significant predictors for OS. A DVH analysis of the heart divided into four segments suggested that low doses in the inferior segments of the heart decreased OS (V%_2 Gy, HR = 1.007/1%, P = 0.02). Maximum dose in the right-inferior portion of the heart was also predictive for OS (HR = 1.02/Gy, P = 0.02). A more detailed analysis of 3D dose distributions in the heart, using a digital subdivision of the heart into 64 segments, confirmed that low doses to the inferior part of the heart decreased OS (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION Low doses to the inferior portion of the heart may be associated with reduced OS in patients treated with SBRT to the lung. Age, histology and stage were associated with OS.
P-106: Targeting DNA2 overcomes myeloma cells’ metabolic reprogramming in response to DNA damage

Background DNA damage resistance is a major barrier to effective DNA-damaging anticancer therapy in multiple myeloma (MM). To discover novel mechanisms through which MM cells overcome DNA damage, we investigated how MM cells become resistant to antisense therapy targeting ILF2, an important DNA damage regulator in 1q21 MM. Method We continuously treated MM cells with an ILF2-targeting antisense (ILF2-ASO) or control non-targeting antisense (NT-ASO) for 3 weeks to see if ILF2-ASO exposure leads to the selection of MM clones intrinsically resistant to DNA damage or activates compensatory mechanisms to overcome ILF2 depletion-induced DNA damage. Results Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis revealed that DNA damage-resistant ILF2-ASO-treated cells had significantly upregulated oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), DNA repair signaling, and reactive oxidative species (ROS). Metabolomic analysis of MM cells after long-term exposure to ILF2-ASO showed a significant enrichment of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) intermediates. Consistent with these results, ILF2-ASO-resistant MM cells were significantly more sensitive to the OXPHOS inhibitor IACS-010759 than ILF2-ASO-sensitive cells were. These data suggest that MM cells can undergo an adaptive metabolic rewiring to restore energy balance and promote survival in response to DNA damage. We then hypothesized that ILF2-ASO-resistant cells’ metabolic reprogramming relies on the repair of DNA damage induced by ILF2 depletion or by the generation of ROS from activated mitochondrial metabolism and that targeting DNA repair proteins involved in these processes overcomes DNA damage resistance. We used a CRISPR/Cas9 screening strategy to identify DNA repair genes whose loss of function suppresses MM cells’ ability to overcome ILF2-ASO-induced DNA damage. Compared with those in NT-ASO-treated cells, DNA2-targeting sgRNAs in ILF2-ASO-treated JJN3 cells were significantly depleted after 3 weeks of treatment, suggesting that DNA2 is needed to promote resistance to ILF2 depletion. Accordingly, the DNA2 inhibitor NSC105808 (NSC) significantly enhanced ILF2-ASO-induced apoptosis. To dissect the mechanisms of DNA2 inhibition-induced synthetic lethality, we evaluated whether DNA2 activity is essential to maintain activated OXPHOS, which ILF2-ASO-resistant cells require to survive. The quantification of mitochondrial respiratory activity in NT-ASO- and ILF2-ASO-treated MM cells exposed to NSC for 3 days showed that DNA2 activity inhibition significantly decreased the oxygen consumption rate while increasing ROS production in only ILF2-depleted cells. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that NSC-treated ILF2-depleted cells had fragmented mitochondrial cristae structures, whose perturbations affect the OXPHOS system structure and impair cell metabolism. Conclusion In conclusion, our study has revealed a novel mechanism through which MM cells counteract oxidative DNA damage and maintain mitochondrial respiration after metabolic reprogramming.
The Symmetric Capillary Tube

The circular capillary tube in a gravity field (cf. Fig. 1.2) has served historically as one of the focal points of interest. Not a single explicit solution is known. There is an extensive literature that dates at least to the studies of Leonardo da Vinci in 1490, however the first explicit formula permitting quantitative prediction seems to be that of Laplace [114] in 1805. The achievements of Laplace provided a standard that remained unsurpassed for over 150 years. Only recently was it shown that methods already known to Laplace could be developed to obtain significantly more precise information. We describe some of those developments in this chapter. These new results have served in turn as the underlying basis for recent studies on sessile drops, that are described in Chapter 3.
Problems of Optimization—A General View

Here we are concerned with minima and maxima of functionals of the form $$ I\left[ x \right] = \int_{{{{t}_{1}}}}^{{{{t}_{2}}}} {{{f}_{0}}(t,x(t),x'(t))dt,(')} = d/dt, $$ (1.1.1) where we think of I[x] as dependent on an n-vector continuous function x(t) = (x1, ... ,xn), t1 ≤t ≤ t2, or continuous curve of the form C:x = x(t), t1 ≤ t ≤ t2, in Rn+1 ,in a suitable class. Actually the subject of our inquiry will go much farther than the mere analysis of minima and maxima of functionals.
Extracellular properties of cells within mesencephalon suspension grafts in rat striatum.

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the extracellular electrophysiological properties of neurons within mesencephalon suspension grafts to the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) denervated striatum of rats. It describes the electrophysiological properties of grafted neurons and compares them to those that are typical for mesencephalon neurons in situ . In the chapter, the presence of both dopaminergic and nondopaminergic neurons within mesencephalon grafts have been reported so the activity from all neurons recorded from the graft is examined to determine whether the neurons encountered could be associated with the different neuronal classes commonly found within the adult mesencephalon. The presence and physiological activity of nondopaminergic neurons within the grafts may contribute, either in a beneficial or detrimental way, to the functioning of the grafts. The firing characteristics of neurons recorded in grafted animals at various times following transplantation is examined in the chapter. The chapter examines whether the functional contacts may be formed between host and graft neurons. To determine if there may be time-dependent alterations in patterns of activity observed within the graft, the transplanted rats at various time intervals following cell suspension implantation is examined in the chapter.
Correction for non‐perpendicularity of beam and tilt axis in tomographic reconstructions with the IMOD package

A correction for non-perpendicularity between the beam axis and the tilt axis in electron tomographic tilt series has been implemented in the IMOD software package and its value and limitations have been explored. Correction for this effect can provide a significant improvement in the alignment error and the reconstruction quality in some cases. However, when the projection model being fit includes an anisotropic shrinkage (i.e. stretch) in the plane of the specimen, adding a variable for the beam tilt does not produce a lower alignment error; it is thus not possible to distinguish between the effects of stretch and beam tilt. Test reconstructions indicate that an alignment solution that includes stretch will adequately correct for the effects of a beam tilt. For specimens subject to deformation under the beam, an alignment solution that accounts for stretch is preferable to one that accounts for beam tilt instead, provided that the markers used for alignment are sufficiently well distributed. Otherwise, a correction for beam tilt should be used.
Major diet sources of gut microbiota metabolites and type 2 diabetes (121.8)

BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence has implicated gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes (T2D); and recent studies have associated gut microbiota metabolites including choline, betaine and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), with cardiovascular disease, obesity, and other diabetes risk factors. Little is known about the association between the major diet sources of these metabolites and T2D. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate the associations of diet sources of gut microbial metabolites, including phosphatidylcholine, other choline-containing components, and betaine with incident T2D METHODS: We followed 69, 993 women from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS 1980-2008), 89, 337 women from NHS II (1991-2009) and 37,481 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2008) who were free of diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer at baseline. RESULTS: We documented in total 14, 370 incident cases of T2D during 18-28 years of follow-up in the three cohorts. Comparing to individuals in the lowest quintile of diet...