cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Grandparental investment and the epiphenomenon of menopause in recent human history

The effects of grandparental investment in relatives are apparent in human groups, suggesting that a postreproductive period in humans is selective. Although investment of relatives in kin produces obvious benefits for kin groups, selection for a postreproductive period in humans is not supported by evidence from chimpanzees. Instead, grandparental investment is likely a recent phenomenon of longevity, rather than an evolved feature.
Pulmonary and Hepatic Toxicity Due to Nitrofurantoin and Fluconazole Treatment

OBJECTIVETo reemphasize potential risks associated with chronic nitrofurantoin use and to report a case of combined pulmonary and hepatic toxicity precipitated from acute use of fluconazole concomitantly with chronic nitrofurantoin.CASE SUMMARYA 73-year-old white man taking nitrofurantoin 50 mg/day for 5 years developed combined hepatic and pulmonary toxicity after taking fluconazole acutely for onychomycosis. Two months after starting fluconazole, the patient's hepatic enzymes showed elevation 5 times the upper limits of normal. In addition, the patient reported fatigue, dyspnea on exertion, pleuritic pain, burning trachea pain, and a cough. Chest X-rays showed bilateral pulmonary disease consistent with nitrofurantoin toxicity. Both drugs were determined to be the cause of the patient's pulmonary and hepatic toxicity, so they were discontinued. Pulmonary function tests measured after discontinuation were abnormal and also consistent with nitrofurantoin toxicity. The patient's hepatic and pulmonary toxic...
Nicotine Induces Multi-site Phosphorylation of Bad in Association with Suppression of Apoptosis

Nicotine is an important component in cigarette smoke that can activate the growth-promoting pathways to facilitate the development of lung cancer. However, the intracellular mechanism(s) by which nicotine promotes survival of lung cancer cells remains enigmatic. Bad is a proapoptotic BH3-only member of the Bcl2 family and is expressed in both small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer cells. Here we report that nicotine potently induces Bad phosphorylation at Ser112, Ser136, and Ser155 in a mechanism involving activation of MAPKs ERK1/2, PI3K/AKT, and PKA in human lung cancer cells. Nicotine-induced multi-site phosphorylation of Bad results in sequestering Bad from mitochondria and subsequently interacting with 14-3-3 in the cytosol. Treatment of cells with PKC inhibitor (staurosporine), MEK-specific inhibitor (PD98059), PI3 kinase inhibitor (LY294002), or PKA inhibitor (H89) blocks the nicotine-induced Bad phosphorylation that is associated with enhanced apoptotic cell death. The fact that beta-adrenergic receptor inhibitor (propranolol) blocks nicotine-induced activation of ERK1/2, AKT, PKA, Bad phosphorylation, and cell survival suggests that nicotine-induced Bad phosphorylation may occur through the upstream beta-adrenergic receptors. The fact that specific knockdown of Bad expression by RNA interference using short interfering RNA enhances cell survival and that nicotine has no additional survival effect on these cells suggests that Bad may act as a required target of nicotine. Thus, nicotine-induced survival may occur in a mechanism through multi-site phosphorylation of Bad, which may lead to development of human lung cancer and/or chemoresistance.
A Dynamic Filtering Technique for Sebek System Monitoring

In this paper we investigate the performance limits of system call based monitoring tools using the Linux version of Sebek as a focal point. We quantify the amount of uninteresting data that it collects and illustrate the problems that this creates: detection of Sebek, amount of work to analyze data, and data privacy. To mitigate these problems we propose a dynamic filtering technique. Finally we evaluate the performance of an implementation of this technique
Enteric Pathogens and Reactive Arthritis: A Systematic Review of Campylobacter, Salmonella and Shigella-associated Reactive Arthritis

Reactive arthritis (ReA) is a spondyloarthropathic disorder characterized by inflammation of the joints and tissues occurring after gastrointestinal or genitourinary infections. Diagnostic criteria for ReA do not exist and, therefore, it is subject to clinical opinion resulting in cases with a wide range of symptoms and definitions. Using standardized diagnostic criteria, we conducted a systematic literature review to establish the global incidence of ReA for each of the three most commonly-associated enteric pathogens: Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Shigella. The weighted mean incidence of reactive arthritis was 9, 12, and 12 cases per 1,000 cases of Campylobacter, Salmonella and Shigella infections respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review of worldwide data that use well-defined criteria to characterize diarrhoea-associated ReA. This information will aid in determining the burden of disease and act as a planning tool for public-health programmes.
Differentiated Priority Scheduling and Adaptive Segmentation for Bluetooth Piconets

Bluetooth is a wireless communication technology, aimed at supporting connectivity among close proximity mobile devices. Bluetooth enables the design of low-power, low-cost, and small-size radios. Bluetooths MAC is a polling based protocol, where a central Bluetooth unit (master) determines channel access to all other nodes (slaves) in the network (piconet). One of the open research problems in Bluetooth is the design of efficient scheduling protocols. This paper proposes a polling policy that aims to achieve increased system throughput and reduced packet delays while providing reasonable fairness among all traffic flows, even in the presence of asymmetric traffic rates and unpredictable channel error conditions. Simulation results confirm that our proposed policy achieves higher throughput, lower packet delays with reasonable fairness among all the connections, compared to previous work in the literature.
Generation of synthetic data in evaluating interactions for association studies

Complex diseases, by definition, involve multiple factors including gene-gene interactions and gene-environment interactions. Researchers commonly rely on simulated data to evaluate their approaches for detecting high-order interactions in disease gene mapping. A publically available simulation program to generate samples involving complex genetic and environmental interactions is of great interest to the community. We have developed a software package named gs1.0, which has been widely used since its publication. In this article, we present an upgraded version gs2.0, which not only inherits its capacity to generate realistic genotype data, but also provides great functionality and flexibility to simulate various interaction models. In addition to a standalone version, a user-friendly web server has been setup to help users to build complex interaction models. Data generated by gs2.0 can serve as a common ground to compare different approaches in detecting interactions. The software can be accessed at http://cbc.case.edu/gs.
Alterations during medical interpretation of ICU family conferences that interfere with or enhance communication.

Rationale Many conferences in the ICU occur with the families of patients with limited English proficiency, requiring a medical interpreter. Despite the importance of medical interpretation, little is known about the alterations that occur and their effect on communication. Objectives This study characterizes the types, prevalence, and potential effects of alterations in interpretation during ICU family conferences involving end-of-life discussions. Methods We identified ICU family conferences in two hospitals in which a medical interpreter was used. Ten conferences were audiotaped; 9 physicians led these conferences, and 70 family members participated. Research interpreters different from those attending the conference translated the non-English language portions of the audiotaped conferences. We identified interpretation alterations, grouped them into four types, and categorized their potential effects on communication. Results For each interpreted exchange between clinicians and family, there was a 55% chance that an alteration would occur. These alterations included additions, omissions, substitutions, and editorializations. Over three quarters of alterations were judged to have potentially clinically significant consequences on the goals of the conference. Of the potentially significant alterations, 93% were likely to have a negative effect on communication; the remainder, a positive effect. The alterations with potentially negative effects included interference with the transfer of information, reduced emotional support, and reduced rapport. Those with potential positive effects included improvements in conveying information and emotional support. Conclusions Alterations in medical interpretation seem to occur frequently and often have the potential for negative consequences on the common goals of the family conference. Further studies examining and addressing these alterations may help clinicians and interpreters to improve communication with family members during ICU family conferences.
Low bitrate audio coding using generalized adaptive gain shape vector quantization across channels

Audio coding at low bitrates suffers from artifacts due to spectrum truncation. Typical audio codecs code multi-channel sources using transforms across the channels to remove redundancy such as middle (mid) - side (M/S) coding. At low bitrates, the spectrum of the coded channels is truncated and the spectrum of the channels with lower energy, such as the side channel, is truncated severely, sometimes entirely. This results in a muffled sound due to truncation of all coded channels beyond a certain frequency. It also results in a loss of spatial image even at low frequencies due to severe truncation of the side channel. Previously we have developed a low bitrate coding method to combat the loss of higher frequencies caused by spectrum truncation. In this paper, we present a novel low bitrate audio coding scheme to mitigate the loss of spatial image. Listening tests show that the combination of the two low bitrate coding methods results in a audio codec that can get good quality even at bitrates as low as 32kbps for stereo content with low decoder complexity.
Against marginality: Arguments for a public criminology

Despite its accumulated theoretical and empirical heft, the discipline of criminology has had distressingly little impact on the course of public policy toward crime and criminal justice. This article addresses the sources of that troubling marginality, with special emphasis on the powerful disincentives to greater public impact that operate within the discipline itself and the research universities that mainly house it—including the pressure to publish ever more narrow research in peer-reviewed journals at the expense of efforts at synthesis and dissemination that could serve to educate a broader public. Achieving a greater voice in the world outside the discipline will require a concerted move toward a more explicitly public criminology, and seeing to it that the work of such a criminology is more reliably supported and rewarded within the universities and the profession as a whole.
From Triple to Quadruple Aim: Care of the Patient Requires Care of the Provider

The Triple Aim—enhancing patient experience, improving population health, and reducing costs—is widely accepted as a compass to optimize health system per- formance. Yet physicians and other members of the health care workforce report widespread burnout and dissatisfaction. Burnout is associated with lower patient satisfaction, reduced health outcomes, and it may increase costs. Burnout thus imperils the Triple Aim. This article recommends that the Triple Aim be expanded to a Quadruple Aim, adding the goal of improving the work life of health care providers, including clinicians and staff.
SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN ACTIVITY AND SIZE OF ADULT FEMALES AND LOCAL DISTRIBUTION OF LARVAE FOR POPULATIONS OF CULEX SALINARIUS IN THE UPPER COASTAL ZONE OF SOUTHEASTERN TEXAS1

Activity of adult female populations of Culex salinarius, as determined by light trap collections, was studied in Chambers County, Texas, from June 1988 to July 1990. Overall, Cx. salinarius was the predominant species collected by light traps. Female Cx. salinarius were present in every month of the 2-year study period, with spring peaks in April and May and autumn peaks in September and October. Traps set in southern and central areas collected more specimens of Cx. salinarius than did those located in western areas, especially during spring, summer, and fall seasons. Females with longest wing lengths were collected in cooler winter months and those with shortest wing lengths were collected in warm summer months. Females having the longest wings tended to be collected at trap sites in coastal marsh areas of Chambers County, irrespective of when collections were made. Dipper samples taken on a monthly basis from fixed sites in upland agricultural and coastal marshland areas indicate that larvae of this species were present at more sampling sites during cooler months than in the warmest months of June, July, and August.
The AMA Dictionary of Business and Management by George Thomas Kurian

The purpose of this section of the JBFL is to review academic books related to subject areas within business. Although there is a major focus upon reference materials, the reviews also address sign...
Stress analysis of functionally graded shells using a 7-parameter shell element

Abstract In this paper, finite element stress analysis of functionally graded structures using a high-order spectral/hp shell finite element is presented. The shell element is based on a seven-parameter first-order shear deformation theory in which the seventh parameter, in addition to the usual six degrees of freedom, is the thickness stretch. The continuum shell element is utilized for the numerical simulations of the fully geometrically nonlinear response of functionally graded elastic shell structures. Several nontrivial shell problems are considered to report deflections and stresses, the latter being the main focus of the current paper. It is found that the stresses computed in the current study agree only in some cases with those of ANSYS and/or ABAQUS and thus requires additional study to determine the cause of the disagreement.
Balansia pilulaeformis, an epiphytic species

Living specimens of the grass Chasmanthium laxum infected with the fungus Balansia pilulaeformis were examined for growth habit of the fungus. The fungus was found to grow epiphytically on meristem...
Prevention of Postoperative Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks After Translabyrinthine Tumor Resection With Resorbable Mesh Cranioplasty.

Objectives To evaluate the effectiveness of resorbable mesh cranioplasty at reducing postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak and pseudomeningocele formation after translabyrinthine tumor resection. Study design Case series with chart review. Setting Tertiary academic referral center. Patients Fifty-three consecutive cases using a resorbable mesh cranioplasty after translabyrinthine tumor resection were reviewed. Intervention Temporal bone defects were repaired with a dural substitute, layered fat graft, and a resorbable mesh plate secured with screws. Main outcome measures Primary outcome measures included the incidence of postoperative CSF wound leak or rhinorrhea, pseudomeningocele formation, and surgical site infection. Results Fifty-three cases (average age, 54.0 yr; range, 19.3-75.1 yr) were analyzed. The average body mass index was 30.8 kg/m2 (range, 17.9-48.3 kg/m2), and the average tumor size was 18.8 mm (range, 8-38 mm). One patient (1.9%) experienced CSF rhinorrhea on postoperative Day 16, which resolved after transmastoid middle ear and eustachian tube packing. One patient (1.9%) experienced a surgical site infection requiring surgical debridement and mesh removal 4 months after surgery. Compared with 1,441 prior translabyrinthine surgeries analyzed from our institution using a traditional fat graft closure without mesh, the rate of postoperative CSF leak was significantly less using the resorbable mesh cranioplasty technique (p = 0.0483). Conclusion Resorbable mesh cranioplasty is a safe and effective method to reduce postoperative CSF leak and pseudomeningocele formation after translabyrinthine craniotomy for tumor excision.
Regulatory T cell therapy for type 1 diabetes: May the force be with you.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) results from autoimmune destruction of insulin producing beta cells. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown to be defective in this setting. Immuno-therapies targeting T cells, and resetting the balance between T effectors and Tregs, have had some initial success in preserving beta cell function. With a goal to use Tregs themselves as a novel therapeutic, we developed a technique to isolate and expand Tregs from patients with T1DM. These ex vivo expanded CD4(+)CD127(lo/-)CD25(+) cells exhibit improved function and retain their T cell receptor diversity. These cells have subsequently been used in phase I clinical trials in patients with recent onset T1DM. The infusions were well tolerated, with no safety concerns. The studies are too small to assess efficacy definitively, although some individuals exhibit stable beta cell function over intervals as long as 2 years. These efforts set the stage for a larger phase II effort in new onset T1DM, and combination studies with other drugs, as well as efforts in other autoimmune diseases.
"I don't Want to Wear a Screen": Probing Perceptions of and Possibilities for Dynamic Displays on Clothing

This paper explores the role dynamic textile displays play in relation to personal style: What does it mean to wear computationally responsive clothing and why would one be motivated to do so? We developed a novel textile display technology, called Ebb, and created several woven and crochet fabric swatches that explored clothing-specific design possibilities. We engaged fashion designers and non-designers in imagining how Ebb would integrate into their design practice or personal style of dressing. Participants evaluated the appeal and utility of clothing-based displays according to a very different set of criteria than traditional screen-based computational displays. Specifically, the slowness, low-resolution, and volatility of Ebb tended to be seen as assets as opposed to technical limitations in the context of personal style. Additionally, participants envisioned various ways that ambiguous, ambient, and abstract displays of information could prompt new experiences in their everyday lives. Our paper details the complex relationships between display and personal style and offers a new design metaphor and extension of Gaver et al.'s original descriptions of ambiguity in order to guide the design of clothing-based displays for everyday life.
Content determination of Ozagrel Sodium for injection by HPLC method

Objective:To establish a method to determine the content of Ozagrel Sodium For injection by HPLC.Methods:Using the method of HPLC, with eighteen alkyl silane bonded silica as filler,Phosphate buffer solution(acetonitrile-0.25mol/L weigh 3.9G sodium dihydrogen phosphate, adding deionized water 1000ml dissolved, add5ml of three triethylamine, pH value is adjusted with phosphoric acid to 3.0)(15∶85) as the mobile phase,The detection wavelength was 277nm,The flow rate was 1.0ml/min. Result:ozagrel sodium in 4.09 μg/ml～16.36 μg/ml and the linear range, correlation coefficient r=0.9999( n = 5), the average recovery rate was 99.5%( RSD = 0.28%, n=9). Conclusion:the method is accurate, reliable, and reproducible, which can be used as one of the methods for quality control of this preparation.
Detection and characterization of enterotoxin genes in Staphyloccocus aureus

Objective:To detect enterotoxin genes(SEA、SEB、SEC、SED、SEE) in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from different sources and characterize genotype that of isolates.Methods: 46 S.aureus isolates were isolated from hospital disinfection/public/food monitoring sample and the vomit and excreta from food poisoning patient,then the enterotoxin genes were detected by VIDAS and characterized genotype by PCR.Results: The positive rate of the enterotoxin gene in isolates was 47.83%,and the most frequently found genes were SEA(31.82%) and SEB(27.27%).Enterotoxin gene from different sources had different detection rates.The enterotoxin genes were positive in 10 of 24 strain from hospital disinfection monitoring samples,2 of 4 strain from public monitoring sample,4 of 12 strain from food monitoring sample and 6 of 6 strain from the vomit and excreta from food poisoning patient,then the positive rate were 41.76%,50.00%,33.33%,and 100%,respectively.Conclusion: 22 of 46 strains can be detected kinds of S.aureus enterotoxin genes,then the positive rate was high.VIDAS and PCR can be applied to detect enterotoxin genes simply and rapidly,then the methods could be used in grass root CDC conveniently.
Swimming pools water quality analysis of Dalian city during 2012-2013

Objective To understand indoor swimming places water quality health situation of Dalian city. To supervise and guide swimming pool operator do water conditioning,provide scientific basis for the effective prevention and control of water-borne diseases. Methods To detect the level of urea,bacterial count and coli form group in swimming pool water of Dalian city in accordance with GB / T 18204-2000 Public places health standard examination methods; The concentration of free residual chlorine was detected according to GB / T 5750-2006 Drinking water standard examination methods. Results Detected 215 copies of pool water samples during 2012-2013,136 qualified,the total pass rate of 63. 26 %. Total pass rate was 84. 9 % and46. 72 % for the 2 years,there was significant statistically difference in different years( χ2= 33. 17,P 0. 01). Conclusions The sanitary situation of swimming pools water quality in Dalian City is not optimistic,it is necessary to strengthen health surveillance and water disinfection for swimming pools, implement the guidance and publicity among swimmers.
Induction of renal phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA: suppressive effect of glucose.

The mRNA for the important gluconeogenic enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) (PEPCK; EC 4.1.1.32) is expressed in liver and kidney. In the kidney, acidosis is a unique and potent stimulu...
ISOLATED FRACTURE-DISLOCATION OF THE FOURTH CARPOMETACARPAL JOINT : A REPORT OF TWO CASES

Dislocations and fracture-dislocations of isolated and multiple carpometacarpal (CMC) joints are rare injuries that usually result from the impact of a clenched hand on an immobile object. Various authors have presented combinations of dislocations of any or all of the CMC joints. Isolated fracture-dislocation of the fourth CMC joint, however, is either exceedingly rare or highly underreported. Two cases of isolated fracture-dislocation of the fourth CMC joint are presented here: in both, the appearance of the hand suggested a fracture-dislocation of the CMC joint, and the isolated lesion was confirmed at the time of surgery. Both patients were treated with open reduction and internal fixation and had good results at 2 years.
Monte Carlo Methods

The risk to individuals in a population is clouded by several issues that must be accounted for in risk-based decisions. These issues usually are treated in the risk characterization stage of a risk assessment: Different individuals will experience different risks due to variability in the factors that control exposure, susceptibility and sensitivity. These differences arise from variation in location within the exposure field, variation in exposure factors (such as breathing rates or ingestion rates), variation in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, and variation in dose-response characteristics. The composite effect of these differences is that the risk to individuals in a population must be described by an intersubject variability probability density function rather than by a single estimate (often called a point estimate in risk assessment). Neither the parameters appearing in models, nor the mathematical forms of the model, are known with complete accuracy. As a result, there is uncertainty in predictions of risk, either for an individual or population. This requires that risk estimates be characterized by an uncertainty probability density function describing the confidence associated with which each value of the risk.
Evaluation of a Flipped, Large-Enrollment Organic Chemistry Course on Student Attitude and Achievement

Organic Chemistry is recognized as a course that presents many difficulties and conceptual challenges for students. To combat the high failure rates and poor student attitudes associated with this challenging course, we implemented a “flipped” model for the first-semester, large-enrollment, Organic Chemistry course. In this flipped course, lectures were replaced by short videos, which were delivered via a course management system, and class time was reserved for problem solving and other active learning activities. We assessed the impact of the flipped course on course grades and failure rate compared to historical course data. The results showed that there was a statistically significant improvement in A and B grades and a decrease in failure/withdrawal rates for the flipped course. We also assessed students’ attitudes toward the course using a valid and reliable instrument, the Attitude toward the Subject of Chemistry Inventory Version 2 (ASCIv2). The results showed a statistically significant increase ...
Berufsbegleitende Fachweiterbildung „Neurophysiologische Diagnostik“

Zusammenfassung Der Fachverband neurophysiologisch-technischer Assistenten e.V. hat zusammen mit dem gemeinnutzigen Institut Bildung & Beratung Bethel eine berufsbegleitende Fachweiterbildung in der neurophysiologischen Diagnostik entwickelt. Das Ziel der Weiterbildung ist es bei steigenden Anforderungen Kompetenz und Qualitat zu starken.
Factors associated with e-cigarette use: a national population survey of current and former smokers.

Background Few national surveys document the prevalence of e-cigarette use in the U.S. The existing metric to assess current use likely identifies individuals who have recently tried an e-cigarette but do not continue to use the product. Purpose To document the prevalence of e-cigarette ever use, current use, and established use in a nationally representative survey of current and former cigarette smokers in the U.S. Methods A random sample of current and former cigarette smokers completed a web-based survey in June 2013 ( n =2,136). Data were analyzed in November 2013. Multivariate logistic regression identified demographic and smoking-related factors associated with each use category. Point estimates with 95% CIs described e-cigarette use behaviors (e.g., preferred brand, purchasing patterns) for each group. Results Almost half of respondents had tried e-cigarettes (46.8%), but prevalence of established use remained low (3.8%). Although trial of e-cigarettes was highest among daily smokers, the odds of being an established e-cigarette user were greater for former smokers (OR=3.24, 95% CI=1.13, 9.30, p Conclusions Improved survey measures for e-cigarette use are needed. The identification of established e-cigarette users may provide insight to product features or other individual factors that are associated with sustained use of e-cigarettes.
A large-scale study of architectural evolution in open-source software systems

From its very inception, the study of software architecture has recognized architectural decay as a regularly occurring phenomenon in long-lived systems. Architectural decay is caused by repeated, sometimes careless changes to a system during its lifespan. Despite decay's prevalence, there is a relative dearth of empirical data regarding the nature of architectural changes that may lead to decay, and of developers' understanding of those changes. In this paper, we take a step toward addressing that scarcity by introducing an architecture recovery framework, ARCADE, for conducting large-scale replicable empirical studies of architectural change across different versions of a software system. ARCADE includes two novel architectural change metrics, which are the key to enabling large-scale empirical studies of architectural change. We utilize ARCADE to conduct an empirical study of changes found in software architectures spanning several hundred versions of 23 open-source systems. Our study reveals several new findings regarding the frequency of architectural changes in software systems, the common points of departure in a system's architecture during the system's maintenance and evolution, the difference between system-level and component-level architectural change, and the suitability of a system's implementation-level structure as a proxy for its architecture.
Detecting small seamounts in AltiKa repeat cycle data

We present a technique of stacking repeat cycles of satellite altimeter sea surface height profiles that lowers the noise and improves the resolution of small seamounts. Our approach differs from other studies because it uses the median (not the mean) of the stacks, which suppresses outliers. Seamounts as small as 720 m tall are easily detected in stacked 40 Hz AltiKa data profiles, and a 500 m tall seamount is perceptible. Noise variance decreases with an increase in the number of cycles stacked, and RMS noise dips below 2 cm when 11 or more cycles are stacked. Coherence analyses between geoid height and bathymetry show that full wavelengths down to about 10 km can be resolved. Comparisons of study areas with and without seamounts find that signal from small seamounts lies in the ~10–28 km waveband. A simple Gaussian band-pass filter based on the seamount waveband passes signals that can be used in seamount detection studies. Such studies may find seamounts <2 km tall that are predicted to be abundant on the ocean floor.
Large scale image aided navigation

Currently, most airborne platforms use an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) to provide estimates of aircraft position, velocity, and attitude. Errors in the IMU result in a position solution that drifts over time. In order to counteract IMU drift, platforms typically integrate measurements from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). However, many military and civilian scenarios encounter situations where GNSS may be unavailable due to intentional jamming, or when operating in challenging environments. Many solutions have been proposed that use images from an airborne camera to match features against a reference image to compute global position. These techniques require a relatively accurate prior estimate of position to converge. This leads to a situation where platforms being denied GNSS pass a threshold of position error due to IMU drift, from which current image-aided navigation system cannot recover. This paper presents a novel localization algorithm inspired by fusing state of the art Content Based Image Retrieval techniques with nonparametric Bayesian estimation strategies. We outline the framework for performing a search of a large-scale image database in order to provide a rough position estimate to an airborne platform. These techniques are analogous to solving the “kidnapped-robot” problem, applied to airborne platforms. This framework is evaluated using actual data collected from an airborne camera and navigation system.
Fear Appeals in Strategic Communication

Fear appeals are a frequently employed strategy in persuasive media campaigns. Their usage has been justified by their ability to reliably produce persuasive effects under a variety of conditions. Five perspectives regarding the effectiveness of fear appeals are presented, and the implications of message processing and design for each perspective are provided. Keywords: communication theory; emotion; fear; persuasion; strategic communication
Reflections on encounters with Gurkhas in Nepal

I was lost. It was 6:45 am and I had an appointment to talk with a retired senior officer of the British Gurkhas at 7 am but I couldn’t find the hotel we were supposed to meet at (Interview, 2016)....
The associations of large-for-gestational-age and infant feeding practices with children's body mass index z-score trajectories: the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort

Summary Very few studies have examined if high birth weight and infant feeding practices have implications for the trajectory of body mass index (BMI) growth across the early childhood period. The goal of this study was to assess if large-for-gestational-age (LGA) and infant feeding practices (exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months, and early introduction of complementary food prior to 4 months) are associated with BMI z-score trajectories over the early childhood period. Group-based trajectory modelling (GBTM) methods were employed to describe and classify developmental BMI z-score trajectories (the outcome of interest) in children from 9 months to 4 years of age (n = 4497) born to prenatal non-smoking mothers in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (2001–2005). Further analyses examined if the identified BMI z-score trajectories varied systematically with the exposures, LGA and specific infant feeding practices, after accounting for sociodemographic and other early-life factors. Two BMI z-score trajectory groups were identified: normal BMI z-score (56.2%) and high BMI z-score (43.8%). Children who were LGA infants had 2.3 times (risk ratio 95% confidence interval: 1.2, 4.5) greater risk of being in high BMI z-score group relative to normal BMI z-score group. BMI z-score trajectory groups did not differ by infant feeding practices, after controlling for LGA at birth. Membership in the high BMI z-score group was associated with LGA, but not with infant feeding practices. Healthcare professionals should provide early obesity counselling to parents of LGA infants so that parents can take appropriate obesity prevention measures for their children.
Design of efficient Pt-based electrocatalysts through characterization by X-ray absorption spectroscopy

A method is described to determine the internal structure of electrocatalyst nanoparticles by in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The nondestructive spectroscopic technique typically utilizing synchrotron radiation as the source measures changes in the X-ray absorption coefficient as a function of energy. The bulk technique has found its use for materials characterization in all scientific areas, including nanomaterials. The analysis of the internal structure of nanoparticles reveals interatomic distances and coordination numbers for each element, and their values and mutual relations indicate whether the elements form a homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture. The core-shell heterogeneous structure in which certain elements are predominantly located in the core, and others form the encapsulating shell is of particular importance in catalysis and electrocatalysis because it may reduce the amount of precious metals in nanoparticles by replacing the atoms in the core of nanoparticles with more abundant and cheaper alternatives. The examples of nanoparticle structures designed in the laboratory and the approach to model efficient catalysts through systematic analysis of XAS data in electrochemical systems consisting of two and three metals are also demonstrated.
Survival outcomes in HER2-positive invasive lobular breast carcinoma.

612 Background: HER2-positive (HER2+) invasive lobular breast carcinoma (ILC) is a rare entity and survival outcomes are not well characterized. Methods: We retrospectively searched for breast cancer patients treated at MD Anderson Cancer Center between 1992 and 2010 with a diagnosis of early stage (I-III) HER2+ILC or with HER2+ invasive mixed ductal/lobular carcinoma (MIX). With the purpose of comparing survival outcomes, we looked for patients with a diagnosis of HER2-negative [HER2(-)] ILC, HER2(-)MIX, and HER2+ invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC). We obtained data on demographics, estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptor status, tumor grade, chemotherapy received and survival status. A multivariate analysis using a Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to compare disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) between the following groups: 1) HER2+ILC vs. HER2(-)ILC; 2) HER2+MIX vs. HER2(-)MIX; 3) HER2+ILC vs. HER2+MIX; 4) HER2+ILC vs. HER2+IDC; 5) HER2+MIX vs. HER2+IDC. Results: Th...
Building walls or opening borders? Global immigration policy attitudes across economic, cultural and human security contexts.

Abstract Using data from the World Values Survey for 51 countries, we conduct a multi-level analysis with mixed effects multinomial logistic regression models to explore the effects of economic context, cultural context, and national security events on immigration policy attitudes. Analyses of attitudes towards immigration to date have been limited in key respects: the scope has been mostly restricted to Western Europe and the Americas; limited attention has been paid to institutional and sociopolitical features of the macro-context; and national security events have been rarely taken into account. We propose a theoretical framework incorporating three overarching contextual domains. We find support for two of the three contextual domains. Contrary to our expectation, macro-level economic context shows no association immigration policy attitudes, and socio-cultural context evinces unexpected patterns. However, in the national security domain, recent terrorist events demonstrate a consistent association with anti-immigration policy attitudes.
Drug Withdrawal – Motivational View

Withdrawal from drugs of abuse is one symptom of what is defined symptomatically as addiction. The withdrawal syndrome after removal of chronic drug administration is defined here in terms of motivational aspects of withdrawal, such as emergence of a negative emotional state (e.g., dysphoria, anxiety, and irritability) when access to the drug is prevented rather than on the physical signs of dependence. This article focuses on the neurobiological bases for the motivational signs of withdrawal in animal models and the contribution of such motivational signs to the etiology of excessive drug intake in addiction.
Monetarism and the Crisis in Economics

To the economists responsible for advice and policy decisions in the 196o's, the main problems of stabilization policy seemed to have been solved. Mild recessions might have occurred because businessmen behaved erratically, or because the timing of the response to government policy actions had not been pinned down, or because politicians did not heed their economic advisers. Mild inflation might result from decisions to reduce unemployment and increase output beyond the point required by price stability. Inflation seemed manageable to the economic advisers of that period, and inflation and unemployment still seemed manageable when they wrote their memoirs.
A PREDICTIVE CMOS-BASED INSTRUMENT FOR AGRICULTURE

A battery-powered, CMOS, microprocessor-based instrument, which helps coordinate fungicide applications in apple orchards, both typifies and illustrates microprocessor use in agriculture. Specifically, it uses average air temperature, the hours of leaf wetness, and the percent relative humidity as inputs to a resident predictive model which determines the severity level of the fungus “apple scab”. Growers can then enter the orchard, interrogate the instrument, and use the severity prediction to initiate fungicide applications. Microprocessor-based systems will be used in agriculture for on-line monitoring of climate and field conditions, for controlling farm machinery, and for applications in the processing, storage, and distribution of food and fiber products. In many instances, the microprocessor-based systems must operate in extreme invironmental conditions––temperature, moisture, vibration, dust, and electromagnetic noise. Also, many applications will require low-power battery operation. Collectively, these considerations point toward CMOS technology as the best approach for microprocessor-based systems in agriculture.
Phosphorescence and Fluorescence Imaging: New Tools for the Study of Carotid Body Function

Perfusion of individual organs of the body in the isolated state is a powerful tool for the study of their integrated function. This approach has provided, for example, a wealth of knowledge on the relationship between metabolism and function in several tissues, including heart, liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle. The carotid body, however, has proven unreliable as an in vitro perfused model.
Gel-Based and Gel-Free Proteomic Technologies

Proteomics refers to the analysis of expression, localization, functions, posttranslational modifications, and interactions of proteins expressed by a genome at a specific condition and at a specific time. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomic methods have emerged as a key technology for unbiased systematic and high-throughput identification and quantification of complex protein mixtures. These methods have the potential to reveal unknown and novel changes in protein interactions and assemblies that regulate cellular and physiological processes. Both gel-based (one-dimensional [1D] gel electrophoresis, two-dimensional [2D] polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, 2D difference in-gel electrophoresis [DIGE]) and gel-free (liquid chromatography [LC], capillary electrophoresis) approaches have been developed and utilized in a variety of combinations to separate proteins prior to mass spectrometric analysis. Detailed protocols for global proteomic analysis from adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) using two central strategies, 2D-DIGE-MS and 2D-LC-MS, are presented here.
Automated Grading with a Software-Checking Program in the System Dynamics and Control Curriculum

Automated assessment tools offer benefits to instructors by freeing them from the burden of grading, while improving student self-learning by providing immediate feedback without the need for intervention by an instructor. The power of such tools has become all the more important as new technologies enabling the scaling of knowledge dissemination have arisen, such as with Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). In this work, the authors provide guidelines for employing software-checking programs for the automated grading of assignments in the System Dynamics and Control curriculum that may not be immediately suited to such tools. Specifically, techniques are discussed for modifying problems that may involve symbolic or graphical solutions, or that may be more open-ended. The approaches proposed in this paper were piloted in two courses at the University of Detroit Mercy during the Fall of 2016 and the Winter of 2017. In these courses, students wrote their solutions as scripts in the MATLAB programming language within the Cody Coursework environment offered by the MathWorks. Overall, the authors found the use of the Cody tool helpful in the instruction of their courses. The student feedback offered via anonymous surveys was also generally positive regarding this approach. For example, in the absence of a person being available to grade their homework, the students appreciated the availability of the Cody tool (avg. score of 3.91/5). As a side benefit, the students also found that this approach to the course helped improve their general programming skills (avg. score = 3.96/5).
Impact of model resolution on scenario outcomes for electricity sector system expansion

Abstract Power sector capacity expansion models (CEMs) explore least-cost infrastructure trends under alternate techno-economic and policy scenarios. To maintain computational tractability when considering investment decisions over multiple decades, CEMs typically rely on a compact representation of annual hourly grid operations. Even as CEMs are being used to explore the role of variable renewable energy (RE) sources in the transition to a low-carbon grid, the required temporal resolution and operational detail in a CEM to adequately capture the fundamental economics of RE sources remains an open question. Here, we investigate the impact of embedding additional operational and temporal details in a CEM framework on the resulting projections for generation capacity additions and their utilization. Our approach is based on systematically comparing the outputs from a “chronological” CEM (C-CEM), which models annual grid operations using up to 12 representative days (288 h), with outputs from a commonly used “time slice” CEM (TS-CEM), using seasonally-averaged time blocks. The CEMs mainly differ in their representation of operational flexibility of thermal generators as well as the temporal resolution of load and RE generation. Studying the Texas grid over a range of hypothetical RE penetration scenarios, we find that, more often than not, the TS-CEM estimates higher solar capacity and lesser wind and natural gas capacity relative to the C-CEM, with 35% higher solar capacity projected by the TS-CEM in one scenario. We also test capacity projections of both CEMs through an hourly grid operations model to explore operational metrics, such as the ability to meet demand subject to intra and inter-annual variations in load and RE generation. This experiment reveals that C-CEM projections consistently lead to lower unmet demand compared to the TS-CEM capacity projections. These findings imply the need for sufficient temporal resolution and chronology or validated parameterizations that yield similar behavior to be included in power sector CEMs and multi-sector energy-economic models using a time slice representation.
Isotope Tracing Untargeted Metabolomics Reveals Macrophage Polarization-State-Specific Metabolic Coordination across Intracellular Compartments

We apply stable isotope tracing, mass-spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomics, to reveal the biochemical space labeled by 13C-substrates in bone-marrow-derived macrophages. At the pathway level, classically (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]-polarized, M1) and alternatively (interleukin [IL]-4-polarized, M2) polarized macrophages were 13C-labeled with surprising concordance. Total pools of uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), an intermediate in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, were equally abundant in LPS- and IL-4-polarized macrophages. Informatic scrutiny of 13C-isotopologues revealed that LPS-polarized macrophages leverage the pentose phosphate pathway to generate UDP-GlcNAc, whereas IL-4-polarized macrophages rely on intact glucose and mitochondrial metabolism of glucose carbon. Labeling from [13C]glucose is competed by unlabeled fatty acids and acetoacetate, underscoring the broad roles for substrate metabolism beyond energy conversion. Finally, the LPS-polarized macrophage metabolite itaconate is imported into IL-4-polarized macrophages, in which it reprograms [13C]glucose metabolism. Thus, use of fully unsupervised isotope tracing metabolomics in macrophages reveals polarization-state-specific metabolic pathway connectivity, substrate competition, and metabolite allocation among cellular compartments.