cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-radiological assessment of kidney stones using the kidney injury test (KIT), a spot urine assay

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the utility of kidney injury test (KIT) assay urinary biomarkers to detect kidney stones and quantify stone burden. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 136 spot urine samples from 98 individuals, with and without kidney stone disease, were processed in a predefined assay to measure six DNA and protein markers in order to generate a risk score for the non-invasive detection of nephrolithiasis. From this cohort, 56 individuals had spot, non-timed urine samples collected at the time of radiographically confirmed kidney stones, and 54 demographically matched, healthy controls without kidney stone disease also provided spot, non-timed urine samples. Sixteen individuals with persistent stone disease had more than one urine sample. Using a proprietary microwell-based KIT assay, we measured cell-free DNA (cfDNA), methylated cfDNA, clusterin, creatinine, protein and CXCL10. A KIT stone score was computed across all markers using the prior locked KIT algorithm. The KIT stone score, with a scale of 0 to 100, was then correlated with demographic variables, kidney stone burden, obstructive kidney stone disease, and urine solutes in 24-h urine collections. RESULTS The scaled KIT stone score, a composite of all six biomarkers, readily discriminated individuals with current or prior radiographically confirmed kidney stones from healthy controls without kidney stone disease (P < 0.001). In individuals with nephrolithiasis, KIT stone score also correlated with radiologically measured stone size (P = 0.017) and differentiated patients with a clinical radiological diagnosis of obstructive nephrolithiasis associated with upper renal tract dilatation (P = 0.001). Stone burden as assessed by KIT stone score, however, did not correlate with the any of the traditional measures of 24-h urine solutes or the 24-h urine supersaturation levels. In patients with persistent stone disease, where multiple urine samples were collected over time and after different interventions, the use of KIT stone score could non-invasively track stone burden over time through a spot urine, non-timed urine sample. CONCLUSIONS A random, spot urine-based assay, KIT stone score, can non-invasively detect, quantify and monitor current stone burden, and may thus minimize radiographic exposure for kidney stone detection. The KIT stone score assay may also help monitor stone recurrence risk for patients with nephrolithiasis, without the requirement for 24-h urine collections.
Cooperative Relative Navigation of Multiple Aircraft in Global Positioning System-Denied/Degraded Environments

This paper introduces a method for enabling multiple small unmanned aircraft to improve navigational accuracy in Global Positioning System (GPS)-denied environments by cooperatively sharing informa...
Comorbid Pain and Cognitive Impairment in a Nationally Representative Adult Population: Prevalence and Associations With Health Status, Health Care Utilization, and Satisfaction With Care.

OBJECTIVE Using a nationally representative sample of adults and pain definitions consistent with the United States National Pain Strategy, we examined the associations of pain and cognitive impairment (CI) with each other and with measures of health status, physical impairment, social impairment, health care utilization, and dissatisfaction with health care. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prevalence estimates and multivariable logistic regression analyses of the 2017 National Health Interview Survey were performed. RESULTS As the level of reported pain increased from "no pain" to high-impact chronic pain (HICP), there was an increase in the prevalence of CI from 2.99% in those with no pain to 18.19% in those with HICP. Similarly, as the level of CI increased from no impairment to substantial CI, the prevalence of any pain increased from 62.44% to 83.20%. As pain severity and CI increased, we found increased prevalence for all outcomes examined, with the highest prevalence seen in participants with HICP and substantial CI. While 4.15% of individuals without either pain or CI reported poor/fair health, this increased to 33.98% in those with substantial CI or "dementia" but no pain, to 52.22% in those with HICP but no CI, and to 81.8% in individuals reporting both HICP and substantial CI or "dementia." DISCUSSION Our data suggest that individuals with comorbid chronic pain and CI are in a much higher state of self-reported disability than those with chronic pain or CI alone. Best practice guidelines are generally silent on multidisciplinary, integrated care for these comorbid conditions, increasing the potential for inadequate care.
Lost and found: applying network analysis to public health contact tracing for HIV

Infectious disease surveillance is often case-based, focused on people diagnosed and their contacts in a predefined time window, and treated as independent across infections. Network analysis of partners and contacts joining multiple investigations and infections can reveal social or temporal trends, providing opportunities for epidemic control within broader networks. We constructed a sociosexual network of all HIV and early syphilis cases and contacts investigated among residents of 11 contiguous counties in North Carolina over a two-year period (2012–2013). We anchored the analysis on new HIV diagnoses (“indexes”), but also included nodes and edges from syphilis investigations that were within the same network component as any new HIV index. After adding syphilis investigations and deduplicating people included in multiple investigations (entity resolution), the final network comprised 1470 people: 569 HIV indexes, 700 contacts to HIV indexes who were not also new cases themselves, and 201 people who were either indexes or contacts in eligible syphilis investigations. Among HIV indexes, nearly half (48%; n = 273) had no located contacts during single-investigation contact tracing, though 25 (9%) of these were identified by other network members and thus not isolated in the final multiple investigation network. Constructing a sociosexual network from cases and contacts across multiple investigations mitigated some effects of unobserved partnerships underlying the HIV epidemic and demonstrated the HIV and syphilis overlap in these networks.
Engineering a dynamic, controllable infectivity switch in bacteriophage T7

Transcriptional repressors play an important role in regulating phage genomes. Here, we examined how synthetic regulation based on repressors can be to create a dynamic, controllable infectivity switch in bacteriophage T7. We engineered T7 by replacing a large region of the early phage genome with combinations of ligand-responsive promoters and ribosome binding sites (RBS) designed to control the phage RNA polymerase. Phages with the engineered switch showed virulence comparable to wildtype when not repressed, indicating the phage can be engineered without a loss of fitness. When repressed, the most effective switch used a TetR promoter and a weak RBS, resulting in a two-fold increase in latent period (time to lyse host) and change in phage titer. Further, phage activity could be tuned by varying inducer concentrations. Our study provides a proof of concept for a simple circuit for user control over phage infectivity.
Blood Politics: Race, Culture, and Identity in the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma

List of Illustrations Acknowledgments Chapter One. Opening Chapter Two. Blood, Culture, and Race: Cherokee Politics and Identity in the Eighteenth Century Chapter Three. Race as Nation, Race as Blood Quantum: The Racial Politics of Cherokee Nationalism in the Nineteenth Century Chapter Four. Law of Blood, Politics of Nation: The Political Foundations of Racial Rule in the Cherokee Nation, 1907-2000 Chapter Five. Social Classification and Racial Contestation: Local Non-National Interpretations of Cherokee Identity Chapter Six. Blood and Marriage: The Interplay of Kinship, Race, and Power in Traditional Cherokee Communities Chapter Seven. Challenging the Color Line: The Trials and Tribulations of the Cherokee Freedmen Chapter Eight. Closing Notes Bibliography Index
Application of Electron Microscopy Techniques to the Investigation of Space Shuttle Columbia Accident

This viewgraph presentation gives an overview of the investigation into the breakup of the Space Shuttle Columbia, and addresses the importance of a failure analysis strategy for the investigation of the Columbia accident. The main focus of the presentation is on the usefulness of electron microscopy for analyzing slag deposits from the tiles and reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC) wing panels of the Columbia orbiter.
Matrix polynomials and the index problem for elliptic systems

The main new results of this paper concern the formulation of algebraic conditions for the Fredholm property of elliptic systems of P.D.E.’s with boundary values, which are equivalent to the Lopatinskii condition. The Lopatinskii condition is reformulated in a new algebraic form (based on matrix polynomials) which is then used to study the existence of homotopies of elliptic boundary value problems. The paper also contains an exposition of the relevant parts of the theory of matrix polynomials and the theory of elliptic systems of P.D.E.’s. Introduction Let A denote an elliptic operator in Ω and let B be a boundary operator, where Ω is a bounded domain in R. In this paper several versions of the algebraic condition for the Fredholm property of (A,B) are formulated, equivalent to the Lopatinskii condition of [Lo]. The main new result is the following. A square matrix function ∆+B defined on the unit cotangent bundle of ∂Ω is constructed from the principal symbols of the coefficients of the boundary operator and a spectral pair for the family of matrix polynomials associated with the principal symbol of the elliptic operator. The Lopatinskii condition is equivalent to the following condition: the function ∆+B must have invertible values. The proofs use the theory of matrix polynomials due to Gohberg, Lancaster, Rodman, and others; for instance, see [GLR], Chapter 14 in [LT], and Chapter 6 in [R]. There is a natural map defined by (A,B) 7→ A, going from the space of elliptic boundary value problems to the space of elliptic operators. Now let Aτ , 0 ≤ τ ≤ 1, be a homotopy of elliptic operators and let B0 be a boundary operator such that (A0,B0) satisfies the Lopatinksii condition. We will show that the given homotopy of elliptic operators can be lifted to a homotopy (Aτ ,Bτ ) in the space of elliptic boundary value problems satisfying the Lopatinskii condition. This result is proved in Theorem 7.3 and was motivated by the article [Ge]. The key element in the proof, i.e. the construction of the boundary operators Bτ , requires that we use pseudodifferential operators on ∂Ω and the theory of matrix polynomials mentioned above. Received by the editors August 16, 1994 and, in revised form, February 12, 1996. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 35J45, 35J55, 15A22.
What Is Analytical Political Economy

Since the early 1990s, four conferences have been organized and two volumes of essays published (Dutt 1994a; Setterfield forthcoming) that have brought together contributions to the field of analytical political economy. Contributors to these conferences and volumes of essays have included economists such as Lance Taylor (New School University), Peter Skott (University of Massachusetts, Amherst), and Robert Blecker (American University), whose works are associated with a variety of research traditions in economics, including structuralist macroeconomics, Marxian economics, and post-Keynesian economics. At first sight, then, the term "analytical political economy" may appear to be little more than a "flag of convenience" for an otherwise disparate group of heterodox economists. But, in fact, the term is no mere contrivance: rather, it has substantive meaning as a field descriptor. Specifically, analytical political economy consists of "non-neoclassical economic theory which uses formal, mathematical analysis" (Dutt 1994b: 1). The purpose of this brief essay is to provide an introduction to the field of analytical political economy. In so doing, it seeks to both reiterate and embellish the earlier sentiments of Dutt (1994b) regarding the meaning and nature of analytical political economy. The paper is organized as follows. The next two sections consider
Cu2ZnSn(S1–xSex)4 thin film solar cells prepared by water-based solution process

The kesterite Cu2ZnSn(S1–xSex)4 (CZTSSe) thin film solar cell has been developed rapidly due to its excellence in structural and optical properties and its abundance in raw materials. Both vacuum-based and solution-based methods have been successfully employed to fabricate CZTSSe thin film solar cells. In this Letter, we report an environmentally friendly, water-based, solution process for fabrication of high-efficiency CZTSSe thin film solar cells. High quality CZTSSe thin film is obtained by selenization under high temperature and Se vapor. An efficiency of 6.2% is achieved on CZTSSe thin film solar cell fabricated by such water-based solution process. (© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Myth of Persephone in Girls' Fantasy Literature

Contents Introduction: Reaching for the Narcissus: Byronic Boys, Toys, and the Plight of Persephone 1: Unearthing the Child Underworld: The History of Persephone and Developmental Psychology 2: Toying with Persephone: Herr Drosselmeier and Marie in E. T. A. Hoffmann's Nutcracker and Mouse King (1816) 3: Jo's Sensational Boy and the Gift of Amy's Soul in Louisa May Alcott's Little Women (1868-1869) 4: Lost Girls, Underworld Queens in J. M. Barrie's Peter and Wendy (1911) and Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights (1847) 5: Eleusinian Mysteries in Frances Hodgson Burnett's The Secret Garden (1911) 6: The Byronic Woman: E. B. White's Charlotte's Web (1952) 7: The Riddle of Feminine Ecriture in J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (1998) 8: Divorce and Other Mothers: Stephenie Meyer's Twilight (2005) and Neil Gaiman's Coraline (2002)
Logically Possible Machines

I use modal logic and transfinite set-theory to define metaphysical foundations for a general theory of computation. A possible universe is a certain kind of situation; a situation is a set of facts. An algorithm is a certain kind of inductively defined property. A machine is a series of situations that instantiates an algorithm in a certain way. There are finite as well as transfinite algorithms and machines of any degree of complexity (e.g., Turing and super-Turing machines and more). There are physically and metaphysically possible machines. There is an iterative hierarchy of logically possible machines in the iterative hierarchy of sets. Some algorithms are such that machines that instantiate them are minds. So there is an iterative hierarchy of finitely and transfinitely complex minds.
Interactions of Brown Bears, Ursus arctos , and Gray Wolves, Canis lupus , at Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska

We describe several encounters between Brown Bears ( Ursus arctos ) and Gray Wolves ( Canis lupus ) that were observed at Katmai National Park and Preserve in southwest Alaska. Katmai Brown Bears and Gray Wolves were observed interacting in a variety of behavioral modes that ranged from agonistic to tolerant. These observations provide additional insight regarding the behavioral plasticity associated with bear-wolf interactions.
Neural and physiological responses to a cold pressor challenge in healthy adolescents.

Abnormal autonomic function is common in pediatric diseases. Assessment of central mechanisms underlying autonomic challenges may reveal vulnerabilities antecedent to system failure. Our objective was to characterize central markers and physiological responses to a cold pressor challenge in normal children as a critical step for establishing such screening. We performed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and collected physiological measures during cold application to the foot in 24 healthy adolescents (15.5±0.4 years; 13 male). The protocol included a 120s baseline, 120s right-foot cold water immersion (4°C), and 120s recovery. Analyses included heart rate (HR) cross-correlations with fMRI signals. Cold application increased HR 13% 5-7s after onset, which remained elevated throughout the challenge. Respiratory rate transiently increased (peak 22%), then declined (nadir 12% below baseline), before normalizing at 75s. Cold onset rapidly increased somatosensory cortex and medullary signals, which fell after 25s. Right anterior insular cortex signals increased early, followed after 20s by the left anterior insula, with HR declining 8s later. Amygdalae signals also rose, but signals declined in the posterior cingulate cortex, caudate nucleus, hippocampus, and hypothalamus. Declining signals appeared late in the cerebellar fastigial nuclei (60-120s), and in the pons and thalamus. Somatosensory cortex, fastigial nuclei, and hypothalamic responses were principally left-sided, with bilateral responses elsewhere. Late left anterior insula responses likely underlie the HR decline; the late cerebellar pattern may modulate recovery. The laterality, timing and amplitude of normative responses, and rostral response differentiation indicate the complex integration of adolescent autonomic processing, and provide indices for pathological comparisons.
CSI Mississippi: The Cautionary Tale of Mississippi's Medico-Legal History

Over the last four decades, extending even through the most recent twenty years of rapid forensic science advancements in the solving and prosecution of criminal offenses, Mississippi has maintained its condonation of systemic forensic malfeasance, and, more specifically, refused to adapt and properly accommodate contemporary forensic science in its courtrooms. Among the public health consequences was a medico-legal spoils system that valued pseudo-science and expedient criminal convictions over scientific validity and defendants’ basic civil rights. As a direct and entirely natural correlation Mississippi produced a significant number – and shocking type – of wrongful convictions and perpetrated some of the most notorious forensic fraud in American legal history. This article documents for the first time the complete tragic history of the State’s medico-legal system from the mid-1970’s, when initial efforts were made to improve the local, coroner-based system, to the present day. Its primary purpose is to provide a comprehensive narrative through which the State might honestly come to terms on a morally acceptable basis with the attendant failures of justice that occurred as a result of the path it chose. In that way this article also offers up the Mississippi medico-legal system as a cautionary tale, a study in what not to do. Although all of the cases, agencies, and people discussed in this article are from Mississippi, the lessons learned from the Mississippi medico-legal system are universal.
Induction of embryogenesis in cultured mature zygotic embryos of Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir

Embryo suspensor masses were induced by culture of isolated mature zygotic embryos of Fraser fir (Abies fraseri [Pursh] Poir.). Maximum induction frequencies were observed after 10 weeks culture on one-half strength Murashige and Skoog medium containing 10 µM thidiazuron and on one-half strength Verhagen and Wann medium containing 10 µM cytokinin [6-(dimethylallylamino)purine, 6-benzyladenine, or thidiazuron). Proliferation of embryo suspensor masses occurred on one-half strength Verhagen and Wann medium supplemented with 10 µM cytokinin. When embryo suspensor masses were transferred to media containing 5-80 µM abscisic acid, cotyledonary-stage embryos were formed. Somatic embryos germinated on medium lacking plant growth regulators, but abnormal cotyledonary-stage somatic embryos with stunted cotyledons and reduced embryo axes were also observed.
The Taped-Problems Intervention: Increasing Division Fact Fluency Using a Low-Tech Self-Managed Time-Delay Intervention

ABSTRACT A multiple-probe across-tasks design was used to determine if the taped-problems intervention, a variation of the taped-words interventions (Freeman & McLaughlin, 1984), could be used to enhance division fact fluency in a fourth-grade student. During the taped-problems intervention, the student was given a list of problems on a sheet of paper and instructed to attempt to complete each problem before the answer was provided by an audiotape player. On the tapes, problems were read followed by their answers. Progressive time delay procedures were used as intervals between the problem and answer were adjusted. Initially, the interval between the problem being read and the answer was 1 second. During each session, as problems were repeated, the interval was gradually increased and then reduced. Results showed clear increases in division fact fluency after the intervention was implemented. This enhanced performance appeared to be maintained. Discussion focuses on future research related to the taped-pr...
"Special article" in honor of the bicentennial year 1776-1976.

During this bicentennial year it is worthwhile to review the history of children who have suffered from mental illness during the course of America's movement from a small colony to a major “superpower.” The lesson to be found in the history of these children suggests that perhaps our major priorities were not the mental health of children. Hopefully America's next bicentennial celebration will reveal a more enlightened attitude and concern for emotionally disturbed children.
1584 INTRAVENOUS (I.V.) FLUID ADMINISTRATION RATES: POSSIBLE FACTOR IN CAUSATION OF CEREBRAL INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE (IVH) IN NEONATES?

Hourly I.V. fluid administration rates (including all medication, catheter flush, etc.) were analyzed in all 19 neonates admitted between 1/80-10/80 who had CT Scans done in the first 16 days of life to confirm or R/O IVH. 12 infants had analyses of IV rates until suspicion of IVH by bloody CSF; confirmed by CT Scan. The 7 neonates who had normal CT scans were used as controls. (3 were twin siblings, same sex, of neonates with IVH). These controls had analysis of IV rates for the first 120 hours of life. Birth weights; gestational ages; Apgar Scores at 1 and 5 minutes; initial mean blood pressure; and resuscitative measures at birth were similar in both groups. There was a significant correlation (p<0.05 Mann Whitney U Test) between the # of episodes of IV fluid rates over 9 ml/kg/hr and occurrence of IVH. It is conceivable that bolus administrations of IV fluids contribute to causation of IVH in preterm neonates.
Sarcopenia associated with portosystemic shunting is reversed by follistatin

Background & Aims The distinct role of portosystemic shunting (PSS) in the pathogenesis of sarcopenia (skeletal muscle loss) that occurs commonly in cirrhosis is unclear. We have previously shown increased expression of myostatin (inhibitor of skeletal muscle mass) in the portacaval anastamosis (PCA) rat model of sarcopenia of PSS. The present study was performed to examine the mechanisms of sarcopenia following PCA. Methods In PCA and sham operated pair fed control rats, the phenylalanine flooding dose method was used to quantify the fractional and absolute protein synthesis rates in the skeletal muscle over time and in response to follistatin, a myostatin antagonist. The expression of myostatin and markers of satellite cell (myocyte precursors) proliferation and differentiation were quantified by real-time PCR and Western blot analyses. Results The absolute synthesis rate (ASR) was lower at 2, 4, and 6weeks ( p p Conclusions Sarcopenia associated with PSS is caused by impaired protein synthesis and reduced satellite cell function due to increased myostatin expression. Confirming these alterations in human patients with cirrhosis will provide novel therapeutic targets for sarcopenia of liver disease.
EMOTIONAL FACTORS IN SCHIZOPHRENIC DEFICIT

It may be hypothesized that schizophrenics are poorer on arithmetic items with social content than on items with non-social content, while normals show no difference. Social tasks that require the formation of social concepts, such as Heath's ( 1956) scrambled sentences, fail to distinguish disruption of performance by anxiety from poor prior learning of the social concepts. Arithmetic with social content clearly measures disruption by anxiety because the social variable is in the background. Ss were 39 long term, chronic, male, white schizophrenics without current drug or other somatic therapy, 25 on closed wards and 14 on open. Mean age and education, respectively, were: closed ward, 45 and 9.4; open ward, 41 and 12.8; normals,2 42 and 11.1. The difference in education between open and closed ward patients was significant (t test, fi < .001) and is typical of the hospital. Two parallel forms for both the social and non-social items (four tests in all) were used in a counterbalanced design, each S receiving both types of items. Example, Social: If A1 kisses 5 aunts and 3 cousins, how many of these relatives does he kiss altogether? Non-social: If a highway passes 6 houses and 3 barns, how many of these buildings does it pass altogether? Mean error scores on social and non-social items were: closed ward, 18.2 and 17.0, fi < .001; open ward, 13.5 and 14.0, fi = .30; normals, 5.4 and 5.6, p = -69 (all two-tailed Wilcoxon tests). Thus only the closed ward patients showed the hypothesized effect. Difference between social and nonsocial error scores correlated -.29 (p = .07) with education for the schizophrenics but there was no such trend for the normals. Education and ward status are related variables which cannot be distinguished. Heath (1956) found no difference, for schizophrenics, between social and non-social arithmetic items. Possibly his patients resembled our open ward patients.
MAST: a mass spectrometer telescope for studies of the isotopic composition of solar, anomalous, and galactic cosmic ray nuclei

The mass spectrometer telescope (MAST) on SAMPEX (Solar, Anomalous, and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer) is designed to provide high-resolution measurements of the isotopic composition of energetic nuclei from He to Ni (Z=2 to 28) over the energy range from approximately 10 to several hundred MeV/nucleon. During large solar flares MAST will measure the isotopic abundances of solar energetic particles to determine directly the composition of the solar corona, while during solar quiet times MAST will study the isotopic composition of galactic cosmic rays. In addition, MAST will measure the isotopic composition of both interplanetary and trapped fluxes of anomalous cosmic rays, believed to be a sample of the nearby interstellar medium. >
Infants’ intermodal perception of canine (Canis familairis) facial expressions and vocalizations.

From birth, human infants are able to perceive a wide range of intersensory relationships. The current experiment examined whether infants between 6 months and 24 months old perceive the intermodal relationship between aggressive and nonaggressive canine vocalizations (i.e., barks) and appropriate canine facial expressions. Infants simultaneously viewed static aggressive and nonaggressive expressions of the same canine and heard an aggressive or nonaggressive bark. Results indicate that 6-month-olds perceived the intermodal relationship for aggressive and nonaggressive barks and the appropriate expression. Results also revealed that in older but not younger infants, the initial or first looks were directed toward the appropriate expression and that older infants also looked proportionately longer to the incongruent expression during the latter half of the test trials. Findings are discussed in terms of perceptual narrowing and the effects of familiarity and experience.
A Compact Cylindrical Green’s Function Expansion for the Solution of Potential Problems

We show that an exact expression for the Green's function in cylindrical coordinates is where χ ≡ [R2 + R + (z - z')2]/(2RR'), and Qm-1/2 is the half-integer degree Legendre function of the second kind. This expression is significantly more compact and easier to evaluate numerically than the more familiar cylindrical Green's function expression, which involves infinite integrals over products of Bessel functions and exponentials. It also contains far fewer terms in its series expansion—and is therefore more amenable to accurate evaluation—than does the familiar expression for |-'|-1 that is given in terms of spherical harmonics. This compact Green's function expression is well suited for the solution of potential problems in a wide variety of astrophysical contexts because it adapts readily to extremely flattened (or extremely elongated), isolated mass distributions.
Transient Torques in Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors, With Special Reference to Plugging

WHEN a squirrel-cage motor is switched in any way, whether while running or at rest, transient torques, which are usually several times the steady-state torque, occur and must be considered in design. It was desired to obtain a general semi-quantitative view of these torques by considering a limiting case which is accessible analytically with the expectation that a simple rule would be apparent for estimating the magnitude of these torques from design data. No such rule was found, and we must be content to exhibit limiting transient torque curves for certain types of motors in the commercial range and to provide accurate formulas for calculating such limiting torques for types not considered here. The limiting case studied involves the following assumptions:
Developmental Aspects of Formant Frequency and Bandwidth in Infants and Toddlers

Average formant frequency and formant bandwidth values are reported in a cross-sectional sample of 20 children between 4 and 25 months of age. With the exception of a slight rise in F1 at 18 months of age, average F1 and F2 values changed little during the time period, while the average bandwidths for F1 (B1) and F2 (B2) were found to significantly decrease as age increased. The pattern observed for both average formant frequencies and formant bandwidths were attributed to developmental reconfiguration of the vocal tract.
Elasticity of the human red cell membrane skeleton. Effects of temperature and denaturants

The molecular basis for the elasticity of the human erythrocyte membrane was explored. Skeletons were released from ghosts in Triton X-100 and their dimensions followed by dark-field microscopy and packed volume. The rest size of skeletons was assumed to reflect the balance point between expansion (deformation) driven by electrostatic repulsions among the excess of fixed negative charges on the proteins and contraction (recovery) driven by their elasticity. The size of skeletons decreased with increasing temperature. This finding suggests that entropy drives elasticity. The requisite entropy change could be associated with either the configurational freedom of flexible protein chains or with the solvation of side chains exposed during protein dissociation (hydrophobic effects). To distinguish between these two alternatives, we tested the impact of two weak denaturants, 10% ethanol and 20 nM lithium 3,5-diiodosalicylate. Both agents reversibly promoted the expansion of skeletons, presumably by reducing their elasticity. Since the conformation of random coils and globular proteins should not be significantly altered by these mild treatments, this finding strongly suggests a role for weak interdomain and/or interprotein associations. We conclude that the elasticity of the red cell membrane skeleton may not derive from the configurational entropy of flexible coils. Rather, the elastic energy may arise from reversible dissociations of weak but specific intramolecular and/or intermolecular contacts, presumably within deformed spectrin filaments.
The psychological abuse of latency age children: a survey

Most states have included sections on psychological abuse or emotional maltreatment in their child abuse statutes, however, interest in this type of abuse has lagged in litigation, treatment, or research. Lack of public sanctions to examine or prosecute these cases may be a reason for this reluctance. This research project aimed at identifying potential definitions of psychological abuse, by submitting vignettes with adult behaviors to be rated as abuse or not by a group of citizens and also comparing these results with a professional social work cohort. Both groups identified nine types of adult behavior to be abuse. There was no difference on the ratings between respondent groups (citizen-social work; age groups, experience with child abuse, and parenthood), except for gender. Female respondents rated the vignettes to be child abuse, serious, and wanted more drastic intervention than male respondents. Support existed for intervention in these cases.
On modeling the response of the synovial fluid: Unsteady flow of a shear-thinning, chemically-reacting fluid mixture

We study the flow of a shear-thinning, chemically-reacting fluid that could be used to model the flow of the synovial fluid. The actual geometry where the flow of the synovial fluid takes place is very complicated, and therefore the governing equations are not amenable to simple mathematical analysis. In order to understand the response of the model, we choose to study the flow in a simple geometry. While the flow domain is not a geometry relevant to the flow of the synovial fluid in the human body it yet provides a flow which can be used to assess the efficacy of different models that have been proposed to describe synovial fluids. We study the flow in the annular region between two cylinders, one of which is undergoing unsteady oscillations about their common axis, in order to understand the quintessential behavioral characteristics of the synovial fluid. We use the three models given in Hron et al. [J. Hron, J. Malek, P. Pustejovska, K.R. Rajagopal, On the modeling of the synovial fluid, Adv. in Tribol. 2010 (2010) 12 pages, doi:10.1155/2010/104957. Article ID 104957] to study the problem, by appealing to a semi-inverse method. The assumed structure for the velocity field automatically satisfies the constraint of incompressibility, and the balance of linear momentum is solved together with a convection-diffusion equation. The results are compared to those associated with the Newtonian model. We also study the case in which an external pressure gradient is applied along the axis of the cylindrical annulus.
A look at superheroes: Some issues and guidelines

Most early childhood teachers are not alarmists about children and television. TV is a fact of life for American children and simply another aspect that teachers must deal with in the classroom.
Anticipation as a Key for Collaboration in a Team of Agents: A Case Study in Robotic Soccer

We investigate teams of compete autonomous agents that can collaborate towards achieving precise objectives in an adversarial dynamic environment. We have pursued these two frameworks emphasizing their different technical challenges. Creating effective members of a team is a challenging research problem. We first address this issue by introducing a team architecture organization which allows for a rich task decomposition between team members. The main contribution of this paper is our introduction of an action- selection algorithm that allows for a teammate to anticipate the needs of other teammates. Anticipation is critical for maximizing the probability of successful collaboration in teams of agents. We show how our contribution applies to the two concrete robotic soccer frameworks and present controlled empirical result run in simulation. Anticipation was successfully used by both our CMUnited-98 simulator and CMUnited-98 small-robot teams in the RoboCup-98 competition. The two teams are RoboCup-98 world champions each in its own league.
Interpersonal sensitivity and self-knowledge: Those chronic for trustworthiness are more accurate at detecting it in others☆

Abstract Previous research has demonstrated that chronically accessible self-knowledge impacts how corresponding traits are perceived in oneself and in others. Although people perceive and judge others in line with their chronic traits, we know less about the accuracy of these judgments. In the current work, we explored whether chronicity results in greater accuracy in interpersonal sensitivity. Using a response time measure of attribute chronicity, we found that individuals for whom trustworthiness was a chronic trait were better able to distinguish cheaters from cooperators in a real life prisoner's dilemma game. Implications for how self-knowledge affects the accuracy of social perceptions are discussed.
Relationships Among Intrinsic Properties of Ordinary Chondrites: Oxidation State, Bulk Chemistry, Oxygen-isotopic Composition, Petrologic Type, and Chondrule Size

The properties of ordinary chondrites (OC) reflect both nebular and asteroidal processes. OC are modeled here as having acquired nebular water, probably contained within phyllosilicates, during agglomeration. This component had high Ai70 and acted like an oxidizing agent during thermal metamorphism. The nebular origin of this component is consistent with negative correlations in H, L, and LL chondrites between oxidation state (represented by olivine Fa) and bulk concentration ratios of elements involved in the metal-silicate fractionation (e.g., NdSi, Ir/Si, Ir/Mn, Ir/Cr, Ir/Mg, Ni/Mg, As/Mg, Ga/Mg). LL chondrites acquired the greatest abundance of phyllosilicates with high (delta)O-17 among OC (and thus became the most oxidized group and the one with the heaviest O isotopes); H chondrites acquired the lowest abundance, becoming the most reduced OC group with the lightest O isotopes. Chondrule precursors may have grown larger and more ferroan with time in each OC agglomeration zone. Nebular turbulence may have controlled the sizes of chondrule precursors. H-chondrite chondrules (which are the smallest among OC) formed from the smallest precursors. In each OC region, low-FeO chondrules formed before high-FeO chondrules during repeated episodes of chondrule formation. During thermal metamorphism, phyllosilicates were dehydrated; the liberated water oxidized metallic Fe-Ni. This caused correlated changes with petrologic type including decreases in the modal abundance of metal, increases in olivine Fa and low-Ca pyroxene Fs, increases in the olivine/pyroxene ratio, and increases in the kamacite Co and Ni contents. As water (with its heavy 0 isotopes) was lost during metamorphism, inverse correlations between bulk (delta)O-18 and bulk (delta)O-17 with petrologic type were produced. The H5 chondrites that were ejected from their parent body approx.7.5 Ma ago during a major impact event probably had been within a few kilometers of each other since they accreted approx.4.5 Ga ago. There are significant differences in the olivine compositional distributions among these rocks; these reflect stochastic nebular sampling of the oxidant (Le., phyllosilicates with high (delta)O-17) on a 0.1-1 km scale during agglomeration.
The ubiquity of g

Abstract We obtained the g -loading (unrotated first principal-component loading) of each of the cognitive ability measures used in the Hawaii Family Study of Cognition (HFSC) for each of the three major ethnic groups (Americans of European ancestry (AEA), Americans of Japanese ancestry (AJA) and homeland Koreans) who took part in the HFSC. The degree to which given tests (corrected for reliability) loaded on g was highly correlated with the association of cognitive test scores with the educational and occupational attainments of members of both the parent and offspring generations, with the degree of resemblance of spouses and biological relatives, and with the degree to which parental education and occupation predicted offspring cognitive test performance. For AEA and AJA families g was not found to be related to degree of mean within-sibship skew for each cognitive test, but was positively correlated with the degree of ‘hybrid vigor’ manifested by offspring of cross-ethnic matings. The above results suggest that g , as opposed to the non- g components of intelligence, is more influenced by additive genetic factors, although this is confounded by assortative mating for g , but provide only weak support for the hypothesis that g is more influenced by directional genetic dominance. While the correlations were similar in directionality for all groups, they varied considerably in magnitude, possibly because the groups differed substantially in environmental histories.
Reproductive management practices among Tulare, California, dairy herds. I. Census and descriptive aspects

Abstract A census of reproductive management practices for 218 out of 234 dairies in Tulare County, California, was obtained by cross-sectional survey methods. An among-herd approach to epidemiologic studies was illustrated. Results indicated that the average herd size was 562 cows, 5.9% of the Tulare County dairy herd population was purebred, 54% had “lockup” type stanchions, 40% of dairies were “flat” milking barns and 47% were “herringbone” barns. The reproductive problem most often cited by Tulare County operators was repeat breeders (50% of operators cited this problem) followed by no major problems, abortions, cows not showing estrus, metritis, long calving intervals and cystic ovaries. On 66% of dairies, veterinary pregnancy diagnosis was routinely carried out and 49% of the dairies used a veterinarian to perform post-partum examinations. Approximately 41% of the dairies used tailchalk and a surprising 23% of dairies used prostaglandins for cowsnot showing estrus. The owner-manager was the most frequent category of estrus detector cited, followed by everyone doing estrus detection, the herdsman detecting estrus and only 2% of dairies hired someone specifically for this purpose. An examination of bivariate relationships between dairy management practices and owner-perceived reproductive problems is presented.
Follow-up study of patients treated by X-ray epilation for tinea capitis. Estimation of the dose to the thyroid and pituitary glands and other structures of the head and neck

This study is a further investigation of radiation dose to various head structures in the children given X-ray therapy for tinea capitis (ringworm of the scalp). In this work, estimates of the dose to the thyroid and pituitary gland were obtained with lithium fluoride thermoluminescent dosemeters using a child's head phantom. Doses were also measured for the parotid gland and several skin sites where skin tumours developed in the irradiated cases. In a previous study, brain and scalp doses of 140 and 500-800 rad had been estimated for the treated group using this same head phantom. In this work dosemeters were also placed in the same brain locations so that comparisons could be obtained between the two studies. The thyroid dose was estimated to be 6 +/- 2 rad and the pituitary dose was 49 +/- 6 rad for the conventional tinea capitis treatment. The dose to the parotid gland was 39 rad and the dose to skin sites on the face and neck where tumours occurred ranged from 20 to 40 rad. The data for the thyroid adenoma response from this and other studies involving irradiation of children suggests a linear dose-response relationship within the first 30-40 years after exposure with a risk of about 0-04% per rad.
Diagnostic accuracy of 2- and 3-dimensional imaging and modeling of distal humerus fractures

Purpose This investigation used prospectively recorded intraoperative evaluation as the reference standard for distal humerus fracture type and characteristics, in order to measure the diagnostic performance characteristics of computed tomography (CT) and physical models. In secondary analyses, we assessed the reliability of classification. Methods Thirty-five fractures were evaluated by the treating surgeon and first assistant on radiographs and 2-dimensional CT (2DCT) images first; a second time based on radiographs and 2- and 3-dimensional CT (3DCT) images; a third time based on 2- and 3DCT as well as 3D physical models; and a fourth time based on intraoperative visualization of the fracture characteristics. The intraoperative evaluation of the attending surgeon was used as the reference standard. Results The addition of 3DCT and the 3D models to 2DCT and radiographs led to significant improvements in sensitivity, but not specificity, in the diagnosis and proposed treatment, and improved the interobserver agreement with respect to specific fracture characteristics but not classification. Conclusion Increasingly sophisticated imaging and modeling leads to slight but significant improvements in diagnostic performance characteristics and interobserver agreement on fracture characteristics.
A ST-PI-PP controller for AQM router

This paper revisits the simple pole placement technique in the classical control theory, and exploits this technique to propose a controller for the active queue management (AQM) in IP routers. Our self-tuning proportional-plus-integral controller based on pole placement (ST-PI-PP controller) can assign proper intervals of the damping ratio /spl xi/ and the undamped natural frequency /spl omega//sub n/ to guarantee the system stability, to achieve good AQM performance and thereby to make the system adapt to significant load changes very well. We verify the effectiveness of the controller via OPNET simulation. Our simulation results show that: a) choosing appropriate /spl xi/ and /spl omega//sub n/ can successfully satisfy the transient response of the system; and b) when the network load changes, the ST-PI-PP controller can still stabilize the queue size at the reference value.
Improved Social Skills in Children with Developmental Delays After Parent Participation in MBSR: The Role of Parent–Child Relational Factors

Parents of children with developmental delays (DD) often report significantly heightened levels of stress when compared to families of typically developing (TD) children. While elevated levels of early parenting stress are shown to negatively impact social development in TD children, this effect may be compounded for children with DD, who are already at greater risk of experiencing social difficulties. We sought to examine whether changes in child social skills occur after parent participation in mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR) intervention, and whether these changes were associated with parent–child relational factors. Parental stress was reduced through an 8-week MBSR training group. Changes in child social skills were measured using the social skills improvement system (SSIS), which was completed by 3 categories of respondents: parents participating in the study, a secondary informant, and the child’s teacher. Parent–child relational factors were measured using the parenting relationship questionnaire (PRQ). Data from 24 families of children with DD (ages 2.5–5) was examined in this study. Paired samples t-tests examining pre-post differences revealed that mothers, secondary informants, and teachers acknowledged improvements in child self-control. Mothers and teachers also reported improvements in empathy and engagement, while secondary informants and teachers reported improvements in child assertion. Teachers also reported improvements in children’s communication, responsibility, and cooperation. Variance in child self-control was significantly accounted for by changes in two parent–child relational factors: attachment and discipline practices. These results suggest that addressing parental mental health may enhance the efficacy of child-focused interventions by promoting parental consistency in discipline and perceived attachment (i.e. parent–child closeness).