cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What is the Canon in American Politics? Analyses of Core Graduate Syllabi

ABSTRACTMany core graduate-level seminars claim to expose students to their discipline’s “canon.” The contents of this canon, however, can and do differ across departments and instructors. This project employs a survey of core American politics PhD seminar syllabi at highly ranked universities to construct a systematic account of the American politics canon. Our results offer valuable insights into the topics and literature that political scientists consider important and on which future scholars base their work. Our article breaks down the literature into a comprehensive list of topics and subtopics, which allows us to identify both an overall field canon and one for each topic, to assess whether some topics receive more attention than others, and to identify which topics are most clearly defined. We explore the extent to which diverse perspectives and methods are (or are not) taught to young scholars, and, although we identify sets of frequently assigned readings and authors within each topic, we also f...
Aortic Dissection After Celiac Plexus Block

Celiac plexus block involves needle placement near or through the wall of the aorta. Injury to the aorta may be asymptomatic or produce a range of serious outcomes including rapid death. Data regarding the incidence of clinically significant injury are fragmentary, but the incidence is likely to be very low. Most prominent symptoms are sudden increase in abdominal pain and hypotension. The practitioner must be aware of this rare complication and be prepared to seek emergent vascular surgery consultation if it is suspected. Strategies for decreasing risk of aortic injury are uncertain but are discussed.
Research on maximum allowable capacity of distributed generation in distributed network under global energy internet considering static voltage stability

Due to the characteristics of distribution energy such as randomness, volatility and dispersion, the future distribution network will become an intelligent bidirectional power flow distribution system. In addition, the high penetration of distributed generation (DG) will affect the power quality and voltage stability of distribution network. Focused on the impact of distributed energy insert on static voltage stability of distribution network, the maximum allowable capacity of distribution generation for distribution network considering static voltage stability has been been analysed. Firstly, the structure of the future distribution network is analysed, and the calculation model of power flow is established. Then, based on the continuation power flow method, the penetration of distributed energy when the distribution network is in the critical state of the static voltage stability is evaluated. Moreover, the result is used as one indicator of the maximum allowable capacity of DG in distributed network. Finally, the proposed method is illustrated with a typical system. The simulation results show that, with the reasonable configuration of the distribution network, the allowable capacity of DG in distribution network can be improved and energy resources can be optimally dispatched and shared over a wide area.
Mining quasi frequent coexpression subnetworks

Mining multiple gene coexpressions networks allows for identifying context-specific modules, and improving biological function prediction. Frequent subnetworks represent essential biological modules. Existing algorithms for frequent subgraph mining do not scale for large networks. In this work, we propose a greedy approach for mining approximate frequent subgraphs. Experiments on two real coexpression networks demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Biological enrichment analysis of the reported patterns show that the patterns are biologically relevant and enriched with known biological processes and KEGG pathways.
Everything in Its Right Place: A Prefrontal-Midbrain Circuit for Contextual Fear Discrimination.

In this issue of Neuron, Rozeske et al. (2018) use an ingenuous behavioral paradigm to change pertinent sensory stimuli defining a given context to interrogate how the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) and periaqueductal gray (PAG) interact during contextual fear discrimination.
A prospective study of serum microbial translocation biomarkers and risk of AIDS-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Background Chronic immune activation is a harbinger of AIDS-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma (AIDS-NHL), yet the underlying basis is unclear. Microbial translocation, the passage of microbial components from the gastrointestinal tract into the systemic circulation, is a source of systemic immune activation in HIV infection and may be an important contributor to chronic B-cell activation and subsequent AIDS-NHL development. Method We measured biomarkers of microbial translocation including bacterial receptors/antibodies, intestinal barrier proteins, and macrophage activation-associated cytokines/chemokines, in serum from 200 HIV-infected men from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study prior to their AIDS-NHL diagnosis (mean = 3.9 years; SD = 1.6 years) and 200 controls. Controls were HIV-infected men who did not develop AIDS-NHL, individually matched to cases on CD4 T-cell count, prior antiretroviral drug use, and recruitment year into the cohort. Results Biomarkers of bacterial translocation and intestinal permeability were significantly increased prior to AIDS-NHL. Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LPB), fatty acid-binding protein 2 (FABP2), and soluble CD14 were associated with 1.6-fold, 2.9-fold, and 3.7-fold increases in AIDS-NHL risk for each unit increase on the natural log scale, respectively. Haptoglobin had a 2.1-fold increase and endotoxin-core antibody a 2.0-fold decrease risk for AIDS-NHL (fourth versus first quartile). Biomarkers of macrophage activation were significantly increased prior to AIDS-NHL: B-cell activation factor (BAFF), IL18, monocyote chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), and CCL17 had 2.2-fold, 2.0-fold, 1.6-fold, 2.8-fold, and 1.7-fold increases in risk for each unit increase on the natural log scale, respectively. Conclusion These data provide evidence for microbial translocation as a cause of the systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection preceding AIDS-NHL development.
Liver Failure and Conjugated Hyperbilirubinemia in a Preterm Neonate: Role of Early IVIG and Exchange Transfusion

Neonatal liver failure (NLF) is a rare diagnosis but carries with it significant risks of mortality and morbidity. Common etiologies for NLF include metabolic causes, gestational alloimmune liver disease (GALD or neonatal hemochromatosis), and viral infections. We report a case of liver failure in a premature infant with abnormal iron profile within 48 hours of birth. Lack of accepted guidelines for the initial management of severe jaundice with a high direct component in the first week after birth made treatment challenging. The infant underwent intensive phototherapy along with four exchange transfusions (ET) and two courses of intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG). The clinical goals were to keep total bilirubin values ≤ 20 mg/dL in this premature neonate and to minimize the risk of bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction and decompensated liver failure. Abnormal iron studies and later magnetic resonance imaging were suggestive of GALD. Liver functions improved over time with normal neurodevelopmental assessment at 3 years of age. To conclude, in infants with NLF soon after birth, earlier consideration of IVIG/ET in the first few days may be beneficial. Larger multicenter data analyses are required to formulate treatment guidelines and indications for phototherapy, ET, and IVIG in sick neonates with NLF.
Overview of MR Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Spatially Normalized FDG-PET for Diffuse Axonal Injury Patients with Cognitive Impairments

We detected and compared brain dysfunction areas using both magnetic resonance (MR) diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and spatially normalized 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG-PET; statistical FDG-PET) for the patients with memory and cognitive impairments due to traumatic brain injury. A total of 70 diffuse axonal injury patients with memory and cognitive impairments (DAI patients) and 69 age-matched normal subjects were studied with DTI and statistical FDG-PET. All subjects underwent examinations with a 1.5-T Signa MRI system. We used a single-shot spin-echo echoplanar sequence for diffusion-tensor analysis. Tractographic results were analyzed with diffusion tensor visualization (dTV) software. The group analysis for fractional anisotropy (FA) was performed with the SPM99 software package. FDG-PET was performed on all patients. After PET imaging, statistical analysis using the easy Z-score imaging system (eZIS) was undertaken with processing steps that included smoothing, normalization, and Z transformation with respect to a normal database. The Z-score map was superimposed on a three-dimensional MRI brain scan. Group analysis was performed using statistical parametric mapping analysis. A decline of FA was observed around the corpus callosum in the DAI patients compared with that of normal subjects, and reduced glucose metabolism was seen in the cingulate association. These results suggest that the reduced metabolism in the cingulate cortex indicated deprived neuronal activation caused by the impaired neuronal connectivity that was revealed with DTI. Furthermore, the metabolic abnormalities in the cingulate cortex may be responsible for memory and cognitive impairments. Age-related cerebral metabolic and blood flow decline was observed in the anterior cingulate association. The clinical combination of DTI and statistical PET has a role in neuroimage interpretation for patients with memory and cognition impairments because its three-dimensional visualization allows more objective and systematic investigation.
Juror Decisions and the Determination of Guilt in Capital Punishment Cases: A Bayesian Perspective

An experimental study assessed the effects of juror scruples and the race of the defendant on the tendency to convict in capital cases. Results showed that convictions were obtained more frequently from subjects in favor of the death penalty than from subjects scrupled against it. Ethnocentric conviction biases were not manifest in the data, nor were any other main effects due to defendant race observed. A decision theoretic approach was used to analyze the guilt determination process. It was found that subjects were generally consistent with a Bayesian decision model. Subject’s responses to a utility assessment item indicate that the conviction bias of non-scrupled subjects is related to a high disutility for acquitting a guilty man.
Senescence: Genetic Theories

Senescence has evolved under the influence of mutation and natural selection. Mathematical models are used to describe the conditions under which alleles that cause senescence can increase in populations. A general principle governing these models is that the efficacy of natural selection tends to decrease with increasing age. Using the Malthusian parameter of population growth as a surrogate for Darwinian fitness, it has been shown that senescence-promoting alleles can increase in large populations under three conditions: (i) if they improve survival at young ages at the expense of older ages; (ii) if they cause a sufficient increase in fertility at the expense of later survival; (iii) if their only effect is to reduce survival at post-reproductive ages. There is little experimental evidence to support mechanisms (i) and (ii), which require trade-offs in life histories mediated by alternative alleles. There is experimental evidence that supports mechanism (iii), but also the contradictory and unexpected observation that genetic variance for mortality decreases at advanced ages. A major unsolved problem is the experimental observation of mortality ‘plateaus,’ defined by deceleration of mortality rates at advanced ages. Other areas in need of theoretical development are the evolution of senescence in small populations subject to kin or group selection, and analysis of populations removed from demographic equilibrium.
Parapharyngeal Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Cancer.

Abstract Introduction: Although lymph node metastases are common with papillary thyroid cancer, parapharyngeal and retropharyngeal lymph node metastases are relatively rare. Although small metastat...
Effect of Premorbid Antiplatelet Medication Use on Delayed Cerebral Ischemia After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Propensity Score-matched Study.

Introduction Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) is a serious complication of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) and a major predictor of poor functional outcomes in patients surviving the initial insult. Several theories have postulated that platelet activation, microthrombi formation, and subsequent vasospasm are mechanisms involved. We, therefore, assessed the effect of premorbid antiplatelet medication (APM) use on discharge functional outcomes and cerebral infarction due to DCI in patients presenting with aSAH. Methods Retrospective analysis of patients admitted to a single US center with aSAH from 2007 to 2016 was performed. Patients who were receiving APM prior to admission were then matched to those who did not receive them using nearest-neighbor propensity-score-matching (PSM) controlling for the following variables: age, hypertension, smoking status, Hunt-&-Hess classification, and management type. Results Out of the 267 patients identified, 38 (14.2%) were on APMs when admitted. On univariate analysis, patients on APM were older (p < 0.001) and more likely to be hypertensive (p = 0.005). Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at discharge was significantly worse for patients on APMs compared to those who were not (mRS 3-6 in 55.3% vs 32.7%; p = 0.007). No significant difference in cerebral infarction due to DCI was found (p = 0.82). PSM resulted in 20 patients in the APMs group and 20 patients in the comparison group. After matching, no significant difference was found in discharge mRS (p = 0.56) and cerebral infarction due to DCI (p = 0.7). Conclusion This study identified no significant effect of admission APMs on discharge functional outcomes and cerebral infarction due to DCI in aSAH patients after matching.
Rethinking development policy: What remains of structural transformation?

Abstract This paper takes a fresh look at the current theories of structural transformation and the role of private and public fundamentals in the process. It summarizes some representative past and current experiences of various countries vis-a-vis structural transformation with a focus on the roles of manufacturing, policy, and the changing nature of global production in shaping the trajectory of structural transformation. The salient aspects of the current debate on premature deindustrialization and its relation to a middle-income trap are described as they relate to the path of structural transformation. Conclusions are drawn regarding prospective future paths for structural transformation and development policies as well as for the need for further empirical analysis to inform our current understanding of the process of economic development.
A Theoretical Framework for Evolutionary Cell Biology

Abstract One of the last uncharted territories in evolutionary biology concerns the link with cell biology. Because all phenotypes ultimately derive from events at the cellular level, this connection is essential to building a mechanism-based theory of evolution. Given the impressive developments in cell biological methodologies at the structural and functional levels, the potential for rapid progress is great. The primary challenge for theory development is the establishment of a quantitative framework that transcends species boundaries. Two approaches to the problem are presented here: establishing the long-term steady-state distribution of mean phenotypes under specific regimes of mutation, selection, and drift and evaluating the energetic costs of cellular structures and functions. Although not meant to be the final word, these theoretical platforms harbor potential for generating insight into a diversity of unsolved problems, ranging from genome structure to cellular architecture to aspects of motility in organisms across the Tree of Life.
Thermally activated structural transformations in manganese oxide nanoparticles under air and argon atmospheres

The properties of manganese oxide nanomaterials are dictated by the structure and morphology of the particular phases they can adopt. In this work, the effects of post-synthesis heat treatments on amorphous monodisperse manganese oxide nanoparticles at temperatures of up to 1300 °C under laboratory air and argon atmospheres have been investigated using X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, and electron microscopy techniques. During heat treatments in air, the nanoparticles undergo three transformations, resulting in: crystallization to cubic Mn2O3 at ~ 500 °C, followed by the transformation to tetragonal Mn3O4 at ~ 1010 °C, and to cubic Mn3O4 at ~ 1190 °C. The first two transformations are irreversible, are associated with oxygen loss, and involve reductions of the Mn ions. The latter transformation is polymorphic and spontaneously reversible, and so, tetragonal Mn3O4 is observed at ambient temperature in samples heat-treated at above 1000 °C. The samples heat-treated in argon firstly crystallize to a mixture of monoclinic Mn2O3 and tetragonal Mn3O4 at ~ 475 °C, followed by complete transformation to tetragonal Mn3O4 at ~ 820 °C, and then to mostly cubic MnO at ~ 1145 °C; here again, the residual tetragonal Mn3O4 undergoes a reversible polymorphic transformation at ~ 1180 °C, whereas the other transformations are irreversible. In both atmospheres, the amorphous material exhibits short-range cryptomelane-type order with a mixture of Mn3+ and Mn4+ prior to crystallization. These data indicate that most of the stable manganese oxide phases can be obtained from initially amorphous nanoparticles by heat treatment under appropriate conditions.
A thermal flow sensor with a 3D printed housing for spirometry applications

Abstract This paper presents a low cost, portable flow measurement device, utilizing a 3D printed housing, that is suitable for spirometry applications. The system consists of three main parts, namely the flow sensor, the 3D printed housing and the control electronics circuit. Extensive simulations via FEA analysis were conducted in order to obtain the optimum design for the sensor housing so as to maintain laminar flow conditions within the whole flow range. The flow sensor is of the thermal type and utilizes three thermistors that are placed in series. The system is able to operate in both hot-wire and in calorimetric principle under constant temperature or constant current conditions. An electronic circuit has been designed and fabricated in order to control the device operation and process the corresponding measurement data. The fabricated system was evaluated extensively for all the operation conditions.
Abstract 6152: Characterizing cancer stem cells in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma

Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG) is a lethal pediatric brain cancer with a five-year survival rate of less than 1%. This is reflective of a 100% tumor reoccurrence emphasizing the need for efficacious therapies. Previous studies have identified Aldehyde dehydrogenase expression (ALDH) as a marker for stemness and an indicator of tumor aggression and therapeutic resistance in many malignancies including adult glioma. Understanding the role of cancer stem-cells in gliomagenesis of DIPG is critical for developing therapies targeting resistance and averting 200-400 pediatric deaths in the US per year. We identified a subpopulation of cells expressing the ALDH cancer stem-cell marker in patient-derived DIPG cell lines with high variability in ALDH expression among the cell lines likely indicating previous treatment and resistance. As expected, proliferation and neurosphere formation as well as neurosphere size were dramatically increased in ALDH+ CSC compared to ALDH- CSC supporting our hypothesis of a tumor initiating, aggressive subpopulation likely conferring therapeutic resistance. To evaluate tumor initiation properties of ALDH+ CSC subpopulation in vivo, implantation of SU-DIPG-7 luciferase expressing cells into the pons of immunocompromised mice (NSG) was performed after sorting for ALDH by FACS. Our results demonstrate tumor initiation and tumor growth in ALDH+ mice as assessed by Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) as well as histological analysis. Furthermore, survival of mice implanted with ALDH+ CSCs was significantly reduced compared to mice implanted with ALDH- cells indicating tumor initiating and ‘stem cell9 properties of this subpopulation. In summary, we have identified and characterized ALDH+ cancer stem-cells in DIPG which are more aggressive than the non-cancer stem-cell population (ALDH-). These results highlight the need to develop therapies targeting this highly aggressive cancer stem-cell population. Future studies investigating the gene regulation response to treatment in these stem-cell subpopulations could provide valuable insight to co-targeted therapies to address treatment resistance in DIPG. Citation Format: Sarah F. Ferris, Rachel K. Surowiec, Carlos Espinoza, Stefanie Galban. Characterizing cancer stem cells in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 6152.
Non-thermal high-energy emission from colliding winds of massive stars

Colliding winds of massive star binary systems are considered as potential sites of non-thermal high-energy photon production. This is motivated merely by the detection of synchrotron radio emission from the expected colliding wind location. Here we investigate the properties of high-energy photon production in colliding winds of long-period WR+OB-systems. We found that in the dominating leptonic radiation process anisotropy and Klein-Nishina effects may yield spectral and variability signatures in the gamma-ray domain at or above the sensitivity of current or upcoming gamma-ray telescopes. Analytical formulae for the steady-state particle spectra are derived assuming diffusive particle acceleration out of a pool of thermal wind particles, and taking into account adiabatic and all relevant radiative losses. For the first time we include their advection/convection in the wind collision zone, and distinguish two regions within this extended region: the acceleration region where spatial diffusion is superior to convective/advective motion, and the convection region defined by the convection time shorter than the diffusion time scale. The calculation of the Inverse Compton radiation uses the full Klein-Nishina cross section, and takes into account the anisotropic nature of the scattering process. This leads to orbital flux variations by up to several orders of magnitude which may, however, be blurred by the geometry of the system. The calculations are applied to the typical WR+OB-systems WR 140 and WR 147 to yield predictions of their expected spectral and temporal characteristica and to evaluate chances to detect high-energy emission with the current and upcoming gamma-ray experiments. (abridged)
Sense of community on collegiate campus and graduation expectations: an exploratory study

Researchers have identified several factors that influence the academic success of college students, including, for example, personality traits, high-school academic achievement, and social class before entering college. In this case study, we contribute to this growing body of literature by analyzing the influence of sense of community (SOC) on student success, measured by student expectations that they will successfully graduate from their university. After surveying a sample of students at a private college in Provo, UT, USA, we found a positive correlation between SOC and graduation expectations, although our results varied between class standings. While senior students had the lowest levels of SOC compared to freshmen, they also had the highest indication that they expect to graduate. Freshmen and junior students, on the other hand, had the highest SOC compared to senior students but the lowest indication that they expect to graduate. Due to the association between SOC and graduation expectations, we argue that universities can help first- and second-year students feel more confident that they will graduate through initiatives that strengthen their sense of community.
Preparing public health at the front lines: effectiveness of training received by environmental health inspectors in the Caribbean:

Environmental health departments in the Caribbean continue to contend with environmental determinants of health related to an increasingly complex array of challenges, including climatic change, di...
Obergefell v. Hodges: An Imagined Opinion, Concurring in the Judgment

In OBERGEFELL v. HODGES, decided on June 26, 2015, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that excluding same-sex couples from civil marriage is unconstitutional. Sometimes the appropriate response to a judicial decision is: “Right ruling, but wrong — or, at least, problematic — reasoning.” Is that the appropriate response — or an appropriate response — to the Court’s decision in OBERGEFELL?This brief paper is an imagined opinion — an opinion by an imaginary justice of the Supreme Court, Justice Nemo — concurring in the Court’s judgment in OBERGEFELL. In the opinion, Justice Nemo articulates a basis for the Court’s judgment that she believes to be preferable, on a number of grounds, to the somewhat diffuse mix of rationales on which the majority relies. Justice Nemo begins her opinion by explaining why one of the rationales included in the mix on which the majority relies — an “equal protection” rationale — is, in her view, a problematic basis for the Court’s judgment.
Carbon monoxide production from heme compounds by bacteria

Carbon monoxide formation from heme compounds by bacteria was investigated to study microbial hemoprotein catabolism with reference to heme degradation by mammalian tissues. Hemolytic and nonhemolytic bacteria were incubated aerobically and anaerobically with the following substrates: erythrocytes, hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochrome c, hematin, iron hematoporphyrin, copper hematoporphyrin, protoporphyrin, and bilirubin. After 18 hr at 37 C the evolved CO was measured by gas chromatography. None of the bacteria formed CO anaerobically. Under aerobic conditions both alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus mitis and hemolytic Bacillus cereus formed CO from all of the heme compounds tested, whereas nonhemolytic Streptococcus mitis did not evolve CO from any of the substrates. The hemolytic bacteria did not produce CO when the iron of heme was either replaced by copper or removed, as in copper hematoporphyrin and in protoporphyrin, respectively.
Bence-Jones Proteins and Light Chains of Immunoglobulins I. FORMATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AMINO-TERMINAL (VARIANT) AND CARBOXYL-TERMINAL (CONSTANT) HALVES

The primary structure of Bence-Jones proteins is characterized by a variable amino acid sequence in the amino-terminal half and a constant amino acid sequence in the carboxyl-terminal half. Proteins corresponding either to the variant half or to the constant half of whole Bence-Jones proteins have been detected in urine of patients with multiple myeloma. Both halves of a Bence-Jones protein were detected in the urine of one patient, and in another patient the constant half of a Bence-Jones protein was found in serum as well as urine. Metabolic studies indicated that the variant half and the constant half can result from catabolism of the whole molecule, and biosynthetic studies suggested that the variant and constant halves may also have synthetic origin. Bence-Jones proteins and light chains isolated from G- or A-myeloma proteins were cleaved in vitro into the variant half and the constant half. Cleavage was initiated by a proteolytic factor in urine as well as by several types of endopeptidases, and definitive immunochemical identification of the cleaved products as variant half and constant half required development of specific antisera. Particular susceptibility to proteolysis of the peptide bond between the variant half and constant half of Bence-Jones proteins and between the variant half and constant half of light chains provides the first direct evidence for the presence of an exposed area in the switch region of these molecules. The ability to cleave specifically Bence-Jones proteins and light chains makes possible the preparation and isolation of variant halves and constant halves in quantities sufficient for studies of the individual properties of each half. Studies on the isolated variant halves and constant halves of Bence-Jones proteins indicated that the variant half was more resistant to proteolysis than the constant half, was crystallizable, and had thermal solubility behavior identical with that of the intact Bence-Jones protein.
Comparison of Urethral Swabs, Urine, and Urinary Sediment for the Isolation of Chlamydia

In 70 male patients with urethritis, Chlamydia was recovered from 18 urethral swabs (26%), 5 urinary sediments (7%), and 3 urine specimens (4%). All Chlamydia isolates were recovered from urethral swabs.
Urban Runoff Receiving Water Impacts: Program Overview

Receiving water impacts are a major national concern. We are spending billions of dollars on secondary treatment plants, meanwhile major contributors, such as stormwater and combined sewer overflows, are still uncontrolled. To attain the goals set forth in PL 92-500 and PL 95-217 in an economical and efficient manner, those analyzing, planning, and designing controls must have an understanding of the impact of pollutants on receiving waters. Ties between receiving water quality and stormwater discharges must be clearly established and delineated. Therefore, several years ago, the Storm and Combined Sewer (SCS) Program of the United States Environmental Protection Agency Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory began a modest effort to fill this data void. A brief history of the SCS Program's receiving water impact projects is presented, emphasizing an overview of ongoing and recently completed projects, including significant results. Also, Program needs and areas of anticipated effort are analyzed.
Thiosine-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 with growth-medium-dependent lysl-tRNA synthetase activity. I. Isolation and physiological characterization.

Abstract 1. Thiosine-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 have been isolated which have decreased lysyl-tRNA synthetase (L-lysine: tRNA ligase (AMP), EC 6.1.1.6) activity. 2. These mutants have three unusual characteristics. 1. A. The activity of lysyl-tRNA synthetase is growth-medium-dependent, and in some strains is 15–20 times higher in an enriched medium than in minimal medium. 2. B. The activity of the lysyl-tRNA synthetase from the wild-type strain declines in stationary phase in AC broth, but the activity of the enzyme from mutant strains does not. 3. C. The lysyl-tRNA synthetase from the mutant strains is thermostable in comparison to the wild-type enzyme. 3. Alanine can stimulate the lysyl-tRNA synthetase activity in minimal medium. and thus can partially replace the requirement for an enriched growth medium.
What Would You Do in Their Shoes? Experiencing Different Perspectives in an Interactive Drama for Multiple Users

Following the idea of improvisational theater, we built a multi-agent system where multiple users can experience an interactive drama from different perspectives. Depending on the roles that the users are given in advance, the situation is perceived in various ways and interaction possibilities are directed according to the assigned role. The computer-controlled agents' behavior needs to be highly reactive in order to allow for flexibility in the conversational flow of the structured interactive narrative. In this paper, we describe a system architecture that allows multi-user participation as well as distributed behavior planning for multiple agents.
Final-state interactions in the 9Be + p → d + 2α reaction

Abstract The 9 Be + p → d + 2α reaction has been studied at a proton bombarding energy of 9.0 MeV, by the coincident detection of pairs of reaction products. Mass identification of one detected particle has been accomplished using a time-of-flight technique. The reaction yield has been shown to be dominated by final-state interactions through states in 8 Be and 6 Li, with little or no yield from direct three-body disintegration. Theoretical fits to the data using the generalized density of states functions reproduce quite accurately the shapes of the spectra. Efforts to fit the angular dependence of the yield have met with limited success.
The Romance of the Lyric in Nineteenth-Century Women's Poetry: Experiments in Form

Ambitious and wide-ranging, Lee Christine O'Brien's The Romance of the Lyric in Nineteenth-Century Women's Poetry is a valuable contribution to feminist literary scholarship and to genre studies. T...
Amino acids augment insulin's suppression of whole body proteolysis.

Leucine (LEU) kinetics were assessed using a primed-continuous infusion of L-[1-14C]LEU in normal overnight-fasted male volunteers during a basal period and an experimental period where insulin (INS) was infused at either 0.6, 1.2, 2.5, 5.0, 10, or 20 mU.kg-1.min-1 with euglycemia maintained. Two protocols were used: 1) subjects were allowed to develop hypoaminoacidemia or 2) plasma essential amino acids (AA) were maintained near basal levels by frequently monitoring plasma LEU in conjunction with variable infusions of an AA solution (LEU infused = 0.41, 0.72, 0.93, 1.03, 1.31, and 1.35 mumol.kg-1.min-1 at escalating INS doses, respectively). Basal rates of LEU appearance (Ra), nonoxidative disappearance (NORd) and oxidative disappearance (OXRd) were similar in both protocols (means = 1.74, 1.40, and 0.36 mumol.kg-1.min-1, respectively). INS infusions without AA resulted in a progressive decrement in LEU Ra (14 to 45%), NORd (16-41%), and OXRd (3-56%) compared with basal values. The infusion of AA resulted in an additional reduction in endogenous Ra (P less than 0.01; approximately 100% suppression achieved at plasma INS greater than 1,000 microU/ml) and a blunting of NORd reduction (P less than 0.05) at each dose of INS. Observed differences in INS's suppression of LEU Ra between the two protocols suggests the existence of a component of whole body proteolysis that is highly dependent on circulating plasma AA. Therefore, hypoaminoacidemia associated with INS treatment would appear to blunt the responsiveness of INS's suppression of protein breakdown and in the presence of near basal plasma AA, proteolytic suppression by INS is enhanced.
Basic data underlying clinical decision‐making and outcomes in emergency department thoracotomy: tabular review

Background Emergency department thoracotomy (EDT) is a formidable and dramatic last attempt by the trauma surgeon to save the life of a patient in extremis. The aim of this report is to provide a benchmark for comparison with past results by reviewing all available published data since the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma review article in 2001, which reviewed literature from 1966 to 1999 regarding indications for and outcomes of EDT. Methods A comprehensive literature search in MEDLINE Library databases was performed for EDT. Data were extracted by three independent reviewers. Results We identified 37 papers with a total of 3466 patients. A total of 85.2% (1720 of the 2018) had penetrating trauma, 58.3% (372 of the 638) had cardiac injuries, 43.0% (251 of the 584) had thoracic injuries and 26.2% (143 of the 546) had abdominal injuries. The overall rate survival in this review was 8% (267 of the 3466, range 0–33.3%). Of 25 papers reporting cases of EDT for penetrating traumas, their survival rate was 9.8% (169 of the 1719, range 0–45.5); similarly, of 14 papers assessing EDT for blunt injuries, the survival rate was 5.2% (24 of the 460, range 0–12.2). Of 15 papers reporting neurological outcomes 84.6% (143 of the 169, range 50–100%) of patients returned to baseline. The survival outcome of EDT in US experience versus non-US experiences was 6.3% (164 of the 2612, range 0–14.9) versus 11.9% (89 of the 745, range 0–33.3) respectively. Conclusion The authors intend this review to serve as a practical and prompt literature search tool for all surgeons who encounter resuscitative thoracotomy in their practice.
EFFECTS OF THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF VISUALS ON PERFORMANCE ON TOEFL® CBT LISTENING-COMPREHENSION STIMULI

This study was conducted in order to begin to understand the effects of providing different types of visuals – such as pictures, diagrams, and still photos of the speakers – with items on the computer-based Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL®). A nested crossover design (subjects nested in proficiency, level, and form) was used to examine the effects of language proficiency (high or low), still photos (present or absent), and type of stimuli (dialogues/short conversations, academic discussions, mini-talks with context visuals, mini-talks with content visuals) on performance on TOEFL multiple-choice items. Three two-way interactions were significant: proficiency by type of stimuli, type of stimuli by visual condition, and type of stimuli by time. The weakest of these interactions, type of stimuli by visual condition, was the most interesting; it indicated that the presence of visuals results in facilitation of performance when the visuals bear information that complement the audio portion of the stimulus. The interaction effect between type of stimulus and time suggests that the trend toward the use of longer stimuli is not without consequences, and these consequences may extend to testing situations. Responses to a series of questionnaires indicate that the majority of the subjects preferred the stimuli that were accompanied by visuals.
Self-Stylization and Performativity in the Work of Yoko Ono, Yayoi Kusama and Mariko Mori

In performing the self and the female Japanese body, experimental visual artists such as Yoko Ono, Yayoi Kusama, and Mariko Mori perform acts of self-fashioning that radically challenge Western whi...
Factors related to the growth of psittacosis virus (strain 6BC). IV. Certain amino acids, vitamins, and other substances.

The analogues of amino acids, β-2-thienylalanine, ethionine, and 6-methyltryptophane, inhibited the growth of psittacosis virus (6BC) in tissue culture without evidence of serious toxicity for the host cells. Of a number of vitamin analogues tested, only salicyl-β-alanide inhibited viral multiplication in the absence of toxic effects on the host cells. 6,7-Diethylriboflavin, desoxypyridoxine, and oxythiamine reduced viral growth in concentrations that possessed some toxicity for host tissue. In tolerated amounts, 3-acetylpyridine, pyridine-3-sulfonic acid, pantoyl sulfanilamide, and desthiobiotin did not effect viral multiplication. Sodium malonate inhibited psittacosis virus growth in non-toxic amounts, whereas sodium monofluoroacetate was ineffective. Colchicine suppressed multiplication of virus only after a prolonged period of exposure and subsequent delay before producing inhibition, suggesting that the effect was secondary to its antimitotic action which suppressed multiplication of the host cells.
Personal Economic Well-Being and the Individual Vote for Congress: A Pooled Analysis, 1980-1990

For nearly two decades congressional elections scholars have struggled to match individual-level findings for the pocketbook voting thesis with ag gregate-level findings. Whereas strong and consistent support can be found for the pocketbook thesis in presidential elections with both individual- level and aggregate-level data, significant support has been found for this thesis in U.S. House elections with aggregate-level data only. The typical individual-level congressional elections study examines a single election or series of single elections. We take an alternative approach. By pooling elections from 1980 to 1990, this inquiry demonstrates that retrospective pocketbook assessments indeed influence the individual's vote in congres sional elections. The benefit this result brings to the elections literature is symmetry between the findings for presidential elections and congressional elections regarding the decision rule voters follow when weighing eco nomic conditions when they vote.
Factors Promoting Secure Attachment Relationships between Employed Mothers and Their Sons.

BENN, RITA K. Factors Promoting Secure Attachment Relationships between Employed Mothers and Their Sons. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1986, 57, 1224-1231. Factors associated with outcomes in attachment relationships between 30 well-educated, full-time working mothers and their 18-monthold firstborn sons were investigated. Maternal functioning-reflected in ratings of maternal integration, acceptance, and sensitivity-was assessed via in-depth interviews. Substitute child-care characteristics (i.e., form of child care, changes in child care, son's age at the time of maternal return to work) were also examined. Attachment was assessed using the Strange Situation procedure. Degree of maternal integration was found to be significantly associated with levels of maternal acceptance and sensitivity and to significantly differentiate securely from insecurely attached mother-son pairs. In addition, mothers of securely attached sons returned to work significantly earlier during the infant's first year of life than did mothers of insecurely attached boys. Factors that were unrelated to mother-son attachment (e.g., SES and form of child care) were associated with ratings of maternal integration. Results suggest that maternal employment effects on mother-son attachment are mediated primarily by a woman's affective state, which becomes manifested in her style of caregiving and child-care decisions.
Genomic typing of hepatitis C viruses present in China.

Abstract Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genomic clones were obtained from the serum of Chinese HCV carriers using a polymerase chain reaction-based approach. Consensus sequences were derived from (1) the structural region (nt 1-1543) for one carrier, (2) the hypervariable region V (nt 1156-1233) from four carriers and (3) region V3 from four carriers. Region V3, located in the nonstructural domain NS5 (nt 7066-7137), has been previously shown to be a particularly good marker for the genomic typing of HCV isolates [Inchauspe , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88 (1991) 10292-10296]. Comparison of these sequences with sequences from geographically distinct HCV isolates indicates that Chinese HCV strains are closely related to, though distinguishable from, Japanese prototype strains. One amino acid motif, GGAA, located in region V, was found to be conserved only among Chinese isolates. This may define a new subgroup among HCV isolates.
An integrated framework for enterprise modeling

Abstract The IDEF modeling methodology of the US Air Force's integrated computer aided manufacturing (ICAM) program is a powerful tool for analysis, specification and design of integrated manufacturing systems. IDEF consists of methods for modeling the function structure, the data needed to support the functions, and the dynamic behavior of functions of a manufacturing enterprise. The resulting function, information, and dynamics models provide three distinct but complementary views of the system being modeled. A major deficiency of IDEF is the lack of cohesion between the three views whereby a single consistent description of the system is difficult to obtain, especially when the modeled domain is large and complex. Among its other limitations are difficulty in capturing the semantics of real-world systems in the information model, and a dynamics-modeling language unsuitable for modeling flexible manufacturing systems. In this paper, we propose an integrated framework for enterprise modeling (IFEM) that extends the IDEF methodology to include methods that overcome the above-mentioned shortcomings of IDEF. The use of IFEM and its advantages over IDEF are illustrated using examples from a reference architecture developed for a computer-integrated apparel manufacturing enterprise.
Cohesin and Polycomb Proteins Functionally Interact to Control Transcription at Silenced and Active Genes

Cohesin is crucial for proper chromosome segregation but also regulates gene transcription and organism development by poorly understood mechanisms. Using genome-wide assays in Drosophila developing wings and cultured cells, we find that cohesin functionally interacts with Polycomb group (PcG) silencing proteins at both silenced and active genes. Cohesin unexpectedly facilitates binding of Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 (PRC1) to many active genes, but their binding is mutually antagonistic at silenced genes. PRC1 depletion decreases phosphorylated RNA polymerase II and mRNA at many active genes but increases them at silenced genes. Depletion of cohesin reduces long-range interactions between Polycomb Response Elements in the invected-engrailed gene complex where it represses transcription. These studies reveal a previously unrecognized role for PRC1 in facilitating productive gene transcription and provide new insights into how cohesin and PRC1 control development.
Carbohydrate composition of selected plum/prune preparations

Eighteen plum/prune preparations and byproducts were analyzed for proximate constituents and carbohydrate profiles. Plum puree and prune juice contained the highest concentrations of ash (13.0 and 13.8%, respectively). Crude protein (CP), acid-hydrolyzed fat (AHF), and total dietary fiber (TDF) concentrations were higher in byproducts (waste cake and dried plum pits) compared with the other fractions. Several classes of oligosaccharides were found in low concentrations in many of the substrates and were associated with the fruit rather than the pit. Maltooligosaccharides were found in very high concentrations in three of the preparations as a result of the addition of maltodextrin during processing. Monosaccharides, sugar alcohols, and oligosaccharides were found in higher concentrations in the fruit than in the pit and accounted for 2.9−84.7% of substrate organic matter. These results indicate that carbohydrates of various types constitute a significant proportion of plum/prune preparations and byproduct...