cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visualization of the Bulle-Effect at River Bifurcations

The visualization highlights the phenomenon of non-linear distribution of near-bed sediment at asymmetric river bifurcations, also known as the Bulle-Effect. The visualized results were generated on Blue Waters (at NCSA), using the open-source high-order spectral element based Navier-Stokes solver Nek5000 coupled with a Lagrangian particle tracking model developed for this study. The Bulle Effect causes sediment in the lower part of the water-column to preferentially move into the lateral-channel, even in cases where a relatively higher percentage of the total flow continues along the main-channel. This has implications for the construction of such channels for use in irrigation, navigation and delta restoration. The visualization emphasizes the difference in dynamics of sediment traveling at different depths of the channel, this helps animate the mechanism behind the Bulle-Effect succinctly. Additional flow features, such as velocity magnitude and coherent structures, have also been visualized to enhance our understanding of the interactions between the flow and sediment.
Schlussfolgerungen und Ausblick

Die These dieser Arbeit, eine Verbesserung der Leistungscharakteristik des Motors uber ein CFD-basiertes Verfahren zur Optimierung von ATL-Turbinen zu erreichen, wird bestatigt. Die Simulationsergebnisse der numerisch optimierten Turbinen werden am Motorprufstand verifiziert und mit Einschrankungen auch durch Messungen am Heisgasprufstand bestatigt. Es wird gezeigt, dass sich die verwendete Optimierungsmethode mit dem hohen Parametrisierungs- und Modellierungsaufwand der gesamten Turbinenstufe als zielfuhrend erweist.
College student television binge watching: Conceptualization, gratifications, and perceived consequences

• College students do not share one clear definition of TV binge watching.• University campus environment facilitates TV binge watching.• TV binge watching associated with decreases in exercise and...
It's Not Just a Needlestick: Exploring Phlebotomists' Knowledge, Training, and Use of Comfort Measures in Pediatric Care to Improve the Patient Experience

Background: Blood draws are a routine element of the pediatric patient experience. They are also associated with the greatest fear and pain for a child. Because of the limited literature regarding phlebotomists9 knowledge, experience, training, or stress related to their use of comfort techniques during pediatric blood draws, this study explored current practices and training methods. Phlebotomist training tends to focus on clinical technique rather than pediatric or patient comfort support. The study includes aims to develop a measurement for phlebotomists9 use of comfort techniques for pediatric blood draws. Method: Focus groups of parent advocates (n = 24) and pediatric phlebotomists (n = 11) reviewed the survey questionnaire, and it was revised before being e-mailed to hospital system phlebotomists (n = 128). Results: Almost half of the sample group lacked training in child development. The most frequently used comfort measures were words of explanation and reassurance, positioning of the child, and distraction. Requesting child life specialist support and using pain management devices or topical anesthetics were used less often. Primary challenges to performing pediatric blood draws were anxious patients and parents. Conclusion: Phlebotomists9 use of available comfort measures occurs infrequently. Including child development and comfort techniques in training programs is essential to providing pediatric patients with a more satisfactory experience.
Study of 45 candidate genes suggests CACNG2 may be associated with lithium response in bipolar disorder.

Abstract Background Bipolar disorder is a neuropsychiatric disorder that is characterized by fluctuations between manic and depressive phases. Lithium is the original and best mood stabilizing treatment for bipolar disorder. While its mechanism is not well understood, it is believed to have a strong genetic component, as several studies suggest that lithium responsiveness, in bipolar disorder, is heritable. In this study we aimed to identify genetic variants that are associated with lithium responsiveness in bipolar disorder. Methods Here we present two cohorts; a retrospective cohort in which patients were surveyed about their response to lithium, and a prospective cohort, in which patients were placed on a lithium monotherapy and monitored for their response to lithium. In both cohorts, patients were stratified into two categories in terms of lithium response; good responders and poor responders. 45 genes were selected based on previous associations with lithium pathways or bipolar disorder and 684 SNPs within these genes were selected to test for association with lithium response. Results While no single SNP was significant after correcting for multiple comparisons, there were several that were nominally significant (p Conclusions Evidence for the association of lithium response with SNPs in CACNG2 is consistent with previous findings that have identified CACNG2 as associated with both bipolar disorder and lithium responsiveness.
Creating a positive emotional culture: Effect of internal communication and impact on employee supportive behaviors

Abstract The study surveyed 506 employees in the United States to test the effect of internal communication (i.e., corporate-level symmetrical and leadership-level responsive communications) on fostering a positive emotional culture characterized by companionate love, joy, pride, and gratitude. In addition, we tested the interplay between corporate internal communication and a positive emotional culture and its influence on supportive employee behaviors, specifically, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and employee advocacy. Results indicated that symmetrical communication and responsive leadership communication cultivated a positive emotional culture in organizations. Such culture also fostered employee OCB and advocacy. Moreover, corporate symmetrical communication directly and positively influenced employee OCB. Finally, this study found that employee OCB positively affected employee advocacy. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings for public relations scholars and practitioners were discussed.
The Analysis of Categorical Data

In Chapters 6 through 16, we dealt with the statistical analysis of measurement data. But occasionally we have encountered examples of categorical or counting data. When tossing a coin, we distinguish just two possible outcomes, or categories: heads and tails. In random number generation, we have ten possible categories, the digits 0 through 9. In presidential election polls, the number of categories equals the number of presidential candidates with one extra category to take care of undecided voters. Sample information from categorical experiments is rather simple. It consists of counts of the number of observations falling in the various categories.
2805 Complete Vision Loss after Laparoscopic Hysterectomy: A Case Report

Study Objective NA Design Case-report. Setting University-affiliated hospital. Patients or Participants 1 Interventions NA Measurements and Main Results Postoperative vision loss (POVL) is a rare but devastating complication that has only recently been reported following laparoscopic surgery. We present the case of a 34 year old female who experienced POVL following an uncomplicated laparoscopic hysterectomy. Her medical history was remarkable for anxiety, depression and endometriosis. She underwent a total laparoscopic hysterectomy, bilateral salpingectomy, and excision of deeply infiltrating endometriosis from the right pelvic sidewall. She was in the dorsal lithotomy position with both arms tucked. Operating time was 174 minutes and EBL was 75mL. Upon arrival to the surgical floor, approximately 4 hours postoperative, she became increasingly distressed, reporting complete absence of vision. A stroke code was called. No focal neurologic deficits were found. Pupils were equally reactive to light, but vision was reported as no light perception. No cerebral hemorrhage or ischemia were detected on CT/MRI. Funduscopic exam revealed no structural abnormalities. Tonometry demonstrated a normal intraocular pressure of 18mmHg in the left eye and 13mmHg in the right. The lens was clear, macula flat, and periphery was within normal limits bilaterally. Over the following days, her vision remained unchanged. She continued to describe a white wall, and unable to notice motion or light. Otherwise, she met all appropriate post-operative milestones from a gynecologic perspective. On postoperative day 7 the decision was made to start an IV methylprednisolone taper. The following morning she noticed mild light perception. Later that night, she reported a spontaneous partial return of visual acuity. She was discharged home the next day after completing the steroid taper. At her 2 week postoperative visit, uncorrected Snellen eye exam was 20/63 for her left eye and 20/50 for her right, which was consistent with her baseline. Conclusion POVL should be treated as an emergency, and managed in a multidisciplinary fashion.
Descriptors for Electrolyte-Renormalized Oxidative Stability of Solvents in Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Electrolyte stability against oxidation is one of the important factors limiting the development of high energy density batteries. The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level of solvent mol...
Potential for the Pathogenicity of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Associated with Blueberries in Georgia and North Carolina

Ring (Mesocriconema ornatum) nematode in Georgia (GA) has been associated with blueberry replant disease. A survey of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) from production blueberry fields in GA and Nor...
Chapter 15 – Infertility

Many couples routinely use contraception in an effort to avoid unwanted pregnancies. In contrast, many other couples want to have children but find it difficult to conceive or to carry a pregnancy to term. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more than 6 million women (1 in 10 women of childbearing age) in the United States suffer from infertility; other estimates put forward figures of up to 15% of women. A couple is considered infertile if they have participated in unprotected coitus for a year without becoming pregnant. The problem is with the woman in approximately 35% of these couples, with the man in about 35%, and with both partners in approximately 20%. In 10% of cases, the cause is unknown. A couple can also be infertile because of pregnancy wastage, or the inability to maintain a pregnancy once established.
Plant-based diets and bone health: sorting through the evidence.

Purpose of review An increase in awareness of vegetarian and vegan (plant-based) diets has brought forth numerous studies on their effects on health. The study of nutrition-based factors affecting bone health is difficult, given the length of time before clinical effects are evident. Furthermore, population-based studies must account for strong confounding influences as effects may be because of association, not causality. Yet, it is highly plausible that dietary factors affect bone remodeling in multiple ways. Plant-based diets may alter macronutrient and micronutrient balance, may cause differences in prebiotic and probiotic effects on gut microbiota, and may subtly change the inflammatory and immune response. Recent findings Several recent studies have looked at plant-based nutrition and markers of bone health, using measures such as bone turnover markers, bone mineral density, or fracture rates. Although population based and cross-sectional studies can be prone to confounding effects, a majority did not show differences in bone health between vegetarians/vegans and omnivores as long as calcium and vitamin D intake were adequate. A few prospective cohort or longitudinal studies even demonstrate some benefit to a plant-based diet, but this claim remains unproven. Summary There is no evidence that a plant-based diet, when carefully chosen to maintain adequate calcium and vitamin D levels, has any detrimental effects on bone health. Theoretical findings suggest a long-term plant-based diet may reduce the risk of osteoporosis, through mechanisms that are currently speculative.
Vinyl-addition polymerizations of cycloallenes: synthetic access to congeners of cyclic-olefin polymers

Expanding the scope of cycloolefin-type monomers that polymerize via coordination–insertion mechanisms is an enduring synthetic challenge. Vinyl-addition polymerizations of cyclic olefins are almost exclusively limited to norbornene scaffolds and/or copolymerizations with ethylene. To circumvent these synthetic limitations, we report the vinyl-addition polymerization of cycloallenes using the catalyst, [(π-allyl)NiOCOCF3]2. The polycyclic materials could be accessed in excellent yields (up to 97%), and the polymerization exhibited living character (which was leveraged for copolymerizations with acyclic monomers). Importantly, we found that multiple ring sizes could be incorporated into polymer architectures, and material properties could be tailored by controlling the cycloallene feed ratios.
Social determinants of health and outcomes for children and adults with congenital heart disease: a systematic review.

Social determinants of health (SDH) can substantially impact health outcomes. A systematic review, however, has never been conducted on associations of SDH with congenital heart disease (CHD) outcomes. The aim, therefore, was to conduct such a systematic review. Seven databases were searched through May 2020 to identify articles on SDH associations with CHD. SDH examined included poverty, uninsurance, housing instability, parental educational attainment, immigration status, food insecurity, and transportation barriers. Studies were independently selected and coded by two researchers based on the PICO statement. The search generated 3992 citations; 88 were included in the final database. SDH were significantly associated with a lower likelihood of fetal CHD diagnosis, higher CHD incidence and prevalence, increased infant mortality, adverse post-surgical outcomes (including hospital readmission and death), decreased healthcare access (including missed appointments, no shows, and loss to follow-up), impaired neurodevelopmental outcomes (including IQ and school performance) and quality of life, and adverse outcomes for adults with CHD (including endocarditis, hospitalization, and death). SDH are associated with a wide range of adverse outcomes for fetuses, children, and adults with CHD. SDH screening and referral to appropriate services has the potential to improve outcomes for CHD patients across the lifespan.
Associations of Late Adolescent or Young Adult Cardiovascular Health With Premature Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality.

Abstract Background When measured in adolescence or young adulthood, cardiovascular health (CVH) is associated with future subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD), but data are lacking regarding CVD events or mortality. Objectives This study examined associations of CVH at ages 18 to 30 years with premature CVD and mortality. Methods This study analyzed data from the CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study). CVH was scored at baseline (1985 to 1986) using Life’s Simple 7 metrics and categorized as high (12 to 14 points), moderate (8 to 11), or low (0 to 7). CVD events and cause-specific mortality were adjudicated over 32 years of follow-up. Adjusted associations were estimated using Cox models and event rates and population attributable fractions were calculated by CVH category. Results Among 4,836 participants (mean age: 24.9 years, 54.8% female, 50.5% Black, mean education: 15.2 years), baseline CVH was high (favorable) in 28.8%, moderate in 65.0%, and low in 6.3%. During follow-up, 306 CVD events and 431 deaths occurred. The adjusted hazard ratios for high (vs. low) CVH were 0.14 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.09 to 0.22) for CVD and 0.07 (95% CI: 0.03 to 0.19) for CVD mortality, and the population attributable fractions for combined moderate or low (vs. high) CVH were 0.63 (95% CI: 0.47 to 0.74) for CVD and 0.81 (95% CI: 0.55 to 0.92) for CVD mortality. Among individuals with high CVH, event rates were low across sociodemographic subgroups (e.g., CVD rates per 1,000 person-years: age 18 to 24 years, 0.64; age 25 to 30 years, 0.65; men, 1.04; women, 0.36; Blacks, 0.90; Whites, 0.50; up to/through high-school education, 1.00; beyond high-school education, 0.61). Conclusions High CVH in late adolescence or young adulthood was associated with very low rates of premature CVD and mortality over 32 years, indicating the critical importance of maintaining high CVH.
Adversariality in Machine Learning Systems: On Neural Networks and the Limits of Knowledge

Since their introduction by Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts in the 1940s, neural networks have evolved from an experimentally inclined model of the mind to a powerful machine learning architecture. While this transformation is generally narrated as a story of linear progress, this piece argues that what traverses neural networks’ historical and current forms is a shared adversarial epistemology whose emergence coincides with neural networks’ initial adoption by cyberneticists and whose legacy informs current research in artificial intelligence. Bridging McCulloch and Norbert Wiener’s concerns with the evils of knowledge to the growing literature on inputs called “adversarial examples,” this chapter revisits the history of neural networks from the perspective of a larger reformulation of knowledge into the product of efforts to overcome an assumed adversary.
A successful endovascular repositioning of migrated transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) stent.

Abstract The transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) procedure is performed to create an intrahepatic tract between the hepatic and portal veins which helps to shunt blood away from the hepatic sinusoids. This shunt decreases the portal venous pressure and secondary morbidities, including variceal bleeding and recurrent ascites. However, stent migration is a known complication of TIPS stent placement which may occur both during the procedure or postprocedural. We present a case of a 58-year-old male with history of liver cirrhosis in the setting of alcohol abuse and chronic hepatitis C infection who presented with melena and hematemesis. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy showed 4 columns of large grade IV esophageal varices with stigmata of recent bleeding. Despite endoscopic variceal banding, the patient had persistent episodes of hematemesis and became hemodynamically unstable requiring pressor support. The decision was made to proceed with emergent transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt placement. After obtaining transhepatic portal access and initial stent deployment, the stent migrated from the TIPS tract into the main portal vein. While maintaining through-and-through wire access, the stent was successfully mechanically retracted using an angioplasty balloon and it was appropriately repositioned within the original TIPS tract. The stent was then further secured in place with a slightly larger stent which was deployed within the hepatic portion of the initially migrated stent. This technique was successful and obviated complete removal of the stent and follow-up imaging demonstrated patent flow and adequate positioning several months after the procedure.
The Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics Research Centre's vibration measurement capabilities with applications to astronomical instrumentation

The Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics Research Centre has established a comprehensive and versatile vibration measurement capability. In recent years, HAA personnel have executed a number of diverse vibration measurement projects, including recent vibration transmission measurements at Gemini South. In this paper we describe the HAA’s vibration measurement capabilities, including the equipment and experimental approaches that have been used. We will provide some illustrative examples of recent applications and results, and highlight plans for further development of our capabilities.
Advancing translational research through the interface of digital phenotyping and neuroimaging: A narrative review

Abstract Instead of matching neuroimaging to static clinical targets, it is currently possible to use dynamic biobehavioral markers of cognition, functioning, behavior, and symptoms captured through a person’s smartphone. This paper reviews the published literature linking neuroimaging and smartphone data to understand the feasibility, methods, and potential of using smartphone sensing (often called digital phenotyping) as a target for neuroimaging. On June 30, 2020, a literature search was conducted on PubMed and PsycINFO for studies utilizing neuroimaging and smartphones tools. We excluded EEG focused studies, conference proceedings and abstracts. A snowball approach was applied to further locate papers. We utilized the NIMH’s Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework to organize results. 262 publications uncovered by the search were screened, and 14 papers were included in the final analysis. All studies differed in terms of the type of data collected from smartphones, type of neuroimaging used, areas of the brain measured, and population studied. The average duration before or after neuroimaging and smartphone assessments was 39 days. While it was not possible to directly compare studies, a majority of the included reports were classified under the Negative Valence Systems category in the RDoC framework. All studies reported statistically significant relationships between the information collected via the digital tool and the brain scans, and support feasibility of this method. The current literature connecting smartphone data and neuroimaging is nascent but holds the potential to better understand the ability of digital tools to inform brain structure and/or function. Although the protocols and studies from this search were heterogenous, results suggest feasibility and practicality of this work.
Fresh frozen plasma transfusion in acute variceal haemorrhage: Results from a multicentre cohort study.

BACKGROUND Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) transfusion is often used in the management of acute variceal haemorrhage (AVH) despite best practice advice suggesting otherwise. OBJECTIVE We investigated if FFP transfusion affects clinical outcomes in AVH. DESIGN, SETTING AND PATIENTS We performed a retrospective cohort study of 244 consecutive, eligible patients admitted to five tertiary health care centres between 2013 and 2018 with AVH. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Multivariable regression analyses were used to study the association of FFP transfusion with mortality at 42 days (primary outcome) and failure to control bleeding at 5 days and length of stay (secondary outcomes). RESULTS Patients who received FFP transfusion (n = 100) had higher mean Model for End Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score and more severe variceal bleeding than those who did not received FFP transfusion (n = 144). Multivariable analysis showed that FFP transfusion was associated with increased odds of mortality at 42 days (odds ratio [OR] 9.41, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.71-23.90). FFP transfusion was also associated with failure to control bleeding at 5 days (OR 3.87, 95% CI 1.28-11.70) and length of stay >7 days (adjusted OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.03-3.42). The independent association of FFP transfusion with mortality at 42 days persisted when the cohort was restricted to high-risk patients and in patients without active bleeding. LIMITATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS Fresh frozen plasma transfusion in AVH is independently associated with poor clinical outcomes. As this an observational study, there may be residual bias due to confounding; however, we demonstrate no benefit and potential harm with FFP transfusions in AVH.
Temperature-Dependent Current Dispersion Study in β -Ga₂O₃ FETs Using Submicrosecond Pulsed I–V Characteristics

A comprehensive study of drain current dispersion effects in $\beta $ -Ga2O3 field-effect transistors (FETs) has been done using dc and pulsed measurements. Both the virtual gate effect in the gate–drain access region and mobile traps under the gate are the most plausible explanations for the experimentally observed pulsed current dispersion and high-temperature threshold voltage shift, respectively. Unpassivated devices show significant current dispersion between dc and pulsed ${I}$ – ${V}$ response in gate lag measurements characterized by time constants in the range of 400–690 $\mu \text{s}$ both at room temperature and higher temperatures. The increasing time constant with temperature suggests a complex electron capture and emission process in the virtual gate. The reactive ion etching step during the device fabrication is most likely responsible for introducing the traps. The effect of traps can be minimized by using surface passivation layers, in this case, silicon nitride, which shows significant improvement in the current dispersion. This work demonstrates the detrimental effect that the traps can have on the current dispersion, which significantly limits the high-frequency operation of the device.
Macroscopic models for accident prediction at railroad grade crossings: comparisons with U.S. Department of Transportation accident prediction formula

Accident prediction and ranking of high-accident locations at railroad grade crossings is often performed with the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) accident prediction formula, as described in the FHWA Railroad-Highway Grade Crossing Handbook. However, the current version of the model was developed in the 1980s, and all model coefficients remain unchanged except for a normalizing constant that FRA updates every few years to reflect recent nationwide accident trends. This paper presents accident prediction models for the same warning device categories defined in the U.S. DOT model, but it uses a zero-inflated negative binomial form. Ten years of data from the state of Illinois were used to compare the accuracy of one of the models with the U.S. DOT accident prediction formula. Five years of data were used to create the model and estimate predictions, and the following 5 years were used to evaluate the predictions. Prediction accuracy is measured in terms of the cumulative accident frequency and the accuracy for ranking high-accident locations. RESULTS highlight advantages of a model built with recent data to predict the overall accident trends and the absolute accident frequencies, as well as the benefits that the U.S. DOT prediction formula still may provide for ranking high-accident locations. Language: en
Fundamental research in artificial intelligence at NASA

This paper describes basic research at NASA in the field of artificial intelligence. The work is conducted at the Ames Research Center and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, primarily under the auspices of the NASA-wide Artificial Intelligence Program in the Office of Aeronautics, Exploration and Technology. The research is aimed at solving long-term NASA problems in missions operations, spacecraft autonomy, preservation of corporate knowledge about NASA missions and vehicles, and management/analysis of scientific and engineering data. From a scientific point of view, the research is broken into the categories of: planning and scheduling; machine learning; and design of and reasoning about large-scale physical systems.
How Optimal Baseball Swings Change for Three Levels of Play (P103)

Hitting homeruns is a key factor in the sport of baseball. This paper presents an adaptation of a previous baseball impact and flight model to understand how optimal swing parameters (resulting in maximum range) vary for three levels of baseball play: Little League, high school, and college. The two parameters optimized describe the bat’s path to the ball: E, the undercut distance between the center of the bat and ball; and y the bat swing angle. The optimization determines what values of E and y result in maximum range for each play level. The model consists of two main components: the analysis of the bat-ball impact and a flight simulation of the ball. The ball properties after the bat-ball collision were the initial conditions used in the flight analysis of the batted-ball range. The optimal values of E and y were found by iterating the above calculations until the largest range was found. This method was repeated using parameters consistent with each play level. Optimal strategies differ significantly for different levels of play. Generally, at higher levels of play, the optimal values of E and ψ decrease. Furthermore, the college-level optimal range was slightly larger than the optimal range results of Major League level players reported in the original model. This result suggests that the difference between aluminum (hollow) and wooden (solid) bats plays a significant role in batted-ball range.
Belief Elicitation in the Lab

One constraint we face as economists is not being able to observe all the relevant variables required to test our theories or make policy prescriptions. Laboratory techniques allow us to convert many variables (such as beliefs) that are unobservable in the field into observables. This paper presents a survey of the literature on belief elicitation in laboratory experimental economics. We discuss several techniques available to elicit beliefs in an incentive compatible manner and the problems involved in using them. We then look at how successful these techniques have been when employed in laboratory studies. We find that despite some problems, beliefs elicited in the lab are meaningful, i.e. they are generally used as the basis for behavior and the process of eliciting beliefs seems to be not too intrusive. One hope for the future is that by eliciting beliefs we may be able to develop better theories of belief formation.
A new maximum-relevance criterion for significant gene selection

Gene (feature) selection has been an active research area in microarray analysis. Max-Relevance is one of the criteria which has been broadly used to find features largely correlated to the target class. However, most approximation methods for Max-Relevance do not consider joint effect of features on the target class. We propose a new Max-Relevance criterion which combines the collective impact of the most expressive features in Emerging Patterns (EPs) and some popular independent criteria such as t-test and symmetrical uncertainty. The main benefit of this criterion is that by capturing the joint effect of features using EPs algorithm, it finds the most discriminative features in a broader scope. Experiment results clearly demonstrate that our feature sets improve the class prediction comparing to other feature selections.
Fault Zone Architecture and Fluid Flow: Insights from Field Data and Numerical Modeling

Fault zones in the upper crust are typically composed of complex fracture networks and discrete zones of comminuted and geochemically altered fault rocks. Determining the patterns and rates of fluid flow in these distinct structural discontinuities is a three-dimensional problem. A series of numerical simulations of fluid flow in a set of three-dimensional discrete fracture network models aids in identifying the primary controlling parameters of fault-related fluid flow, and their interactions, throughout episodic deformation. Four idealized, but geologically realistic, fault zone architectural models are based on fracture data collected along exposures of the Stillwater Fault Zone in Dixie Valley, Nevada and geometric data from a series of normal fault zones in east Greenland. The models are also constrained by an Andersonian model for mechanically compatible fracture networks associated with normal faulting. Fluid flow in individual fault zone components, such as a fault core and damage zone, and full outcrop scale model domains are simulated using a finite element routine. Permeability contrasts between components and permeability anisotropy within components are identified as the major controlling factors in fault-related fluid flow. Additionally, the structural and hydraulic variations in these components are also major controls of flow at the scale of the full model domains. The four models can also be viewed as a set of snapshots in the mechanical evolution of a single fault zone. Changes in the hydraulic parameters within the models mimic the evolution of the permeability structure of each model through a single deformation cycle. The model results demonstrate that small changes in the architecture and hydraulic parameters of individual fault zone components can have very large impacts, up to five orders of magnitude, on the permeability structure of the full model domains. Closure of fracture apertures in each fault zone magnifies the magnitude and orientation of permeability anisotropy in ways that are closely linked to the implicitly modeled deformation. Changes in fault zone architecture can cause major changes in permeability structure that, in turn, significantly impact the magnitude and patterns of fluid flux and solute transport both within and near the fault zone. Inferences derived from the model results are discussed in the context of the mechanical strength of an evolving fault zone, fault zone sealing mechanisms which control the conduit-barrier systematics of a fault zone as a flow system, and how these processes are related to fluid flow in natural fault zones.
Fluid motion during flame propagation in a spark ignition engine

Laser Doppler velocimeter results are presented for the mean velocity and turbulence intensity measured during combustion in a research engine. Simultaneously with each LDV measurement, the cylinder pressure and gas state (unburned or burned) were measures so that conditional sampling techniques could be used in the data-averaging procedure. Measurements of the mean velocity component in the direction of flame propagation agree well with a computer simulation of the induced velocities generated by the volume expansion of the burned gases. Mean velocities measured parallel to the flame surface are shown to be complex because a small amount of swirl was present. Conditional sampling on the time of flame arrival at the LDV probe volume revealed a thirty percent cyclic-variation bias error in the turbulence component normal to the flame. The turbulence field ahead of the flame appears to be enhanced by compression, with the component normal to the flame increased twice as much as the parallel component. 28 references, 16 references.
An Observation of Collision-Free, Intramolecular Vibrational Redistribution in S1p-Fluorotoluene

Vibrational redistribution has been followed by observation of the time evolution of electronic fluorescence spectra of p-fluorotoluene vapor after initial S1 preparation of a level with evib ≈ 2000 cm-1. A chemical timing technique using an efficient electronic state quencher at high gas pressures has extended the time resolution to a few picoseconds. Kinetic analysis shows the redistribution time to be about 10 picoseconds.
Altering Perspectives: How the Implied Reader Invites Us to Rethink the Difficulty of Graphic Novels

Abstract This article reports the author's experiences using graphic novels with pre-service teachers in a young adult literature course. Drawing on critical response papers two students composed after reading Pride of Baghdad, a graphic novel by Brian K. Vaughan and Niko Henrichon, the author argues that when readers possess the background knowledge needed to approximate the role of the implied reader—that is, the imaginary audience for whom authors envision themselves writing—they are capable of engaging with graphic novels in ways that readers who lack experience with the form, or who question its literary merit, are not.
Cost recovery and pricing of payment services

The cost of providing payment services is substantial - 3 percent of GDP. Cost reduction requires the appropriate pricing of those services. A modern payment system is essential for promoting domestic and international trade and exchange as well as developing financial markets. Payment users will be directed toward the most efficient payment methods when the costs of producing those services are reflected in the prices paid. Resources are being wasted in the United States because consumers see no important difference in transaction prices or bank costs between using a check or using electronic direct debit in paying a bill, even though the social costs of these two instruments are different. Electronic payments cost only a third to half as much as paper-based payments. An estimated $100 billion (or 1.5 percent of GDP) is being lost by the continued use of paper-based checks. When payment instruments are not appropriately priced, the costs must be covered elsewhere. One common solution is to let loan revenues cover part of payment expenses (keeping loan rates higher to compensate). When prices reflect the full cost of producing the service, users demand the services that use the fewest real resources. Humphrey, Keppler, and Montes-Negret give examples of payment prices and price schedules and show how underlying cost data are used to build up to a price. They outline how payment services may best be structured to: - Appropriately reflect economies of scale or scope in the production of payment services. - Adjust cost recovery percentages to accommodate how much demand conditions associated with start-up differ from those associated with mature operation. (During a new system`s early years of operation, the transaction volume may be low and some form of underrecovery of costs may be required to encourage use of the system. But any such underrecovery must be built into future pricing arrangements once the systems are established and traffic volumes are at a level where full cost recovery is practical. To ensure fairness, the pricing structure must also guarantee that latecomers to the system do not get more favorable treatment than the initial user group.) - Induce efficient use of scarce resources. They note the economic principles that recommend certain pricing methods over others and apply equally to payment services provided by the private sector or through a government agency. They show why costs should be recovered through user transaction fees. This paper - product of the Financial Sector Development Department - part of a larger effort in the department to promote the development of financial sector infrastructure to support banking and capital market activities.
Theory of superconducting transition temperature, pair susceptibility, and coherence length

As the superconducting transition temperature Tc is approached from above, Cooper pair fluctuations grow in amplitude, and the pair susceptibility (which measures the tendency of pairs to form in response to an external “pair field”) diverges. This article studies this divergence in mean field theory. An elementary derivation of the BCS equation for Tc is constructed in exact analogy with the Curie-Weiss mean field theory of ferromagnetism. The possibility of “antisuperconductivity” (in analogy with antiferromagnetism is discussed. The coherence length ξo governing the spatial range of fluctuations is derived. These results are then generalized to include strong-coupling effects and both non-magnetic and paramagnetic impurities. The results of Abrikosov and Gorkov for the depression of Tc by paramagnetic impurities and the depression of ξo by non-magnetic impurities are derived including strong-coupling mass-renormalization corrections. All results are expressed in a form valid for arbitrarily complicated electronic band structure.
Effects of consumption of caloric vs noncaloric sweet drinks on indices of hunger and food consumption in normal adults

This study examined the effects of aspartame, saccharin, and sucrose on hunger and food intake. Twenty normal adults consumed a standard breakfast followed 3 h later by 200 mL of either water or a sweetened drink. One hour later, subjects' ad libitum consumption of a standardized lunch was measured. Subjects recorded self-assessments of hunger-related indices every half hour on visual analogue scales (VAS). ANOVA with repeated measures showed a significant effect of drink type on VAS scores 15 and 45 min after drinks were consumed but not for other times or for lunch consumption. Hunger-related ratings after drink consumption were generally highest for water, lower for noncaloric sweeteners (NCSs), and lowest for sugar. Pairwise comparisons of means showed that only the ratings for sugar and water were significantly different. The results show that, under the conditions of this study, NCSs do not increase hunger or food intake.
A Survey of Caretakers in Adult Foster Homes

בחוברת "The Gerontologist" , כרך 17, מסי 5, מאוקטובר 1977 (חלק אי) פורסם המאמר דלהלן על מידת "משפחתיותו" של הטיפול במבוגרים במסגרת משפחה אומנת ( Foster Family Care FFC ) שנו י יה במחלוקת. הטיפול במסגרת זו נבחן על כל אפשרויותיו, התל מאספקת תחליף למשפחה ועד ללא יותר מאשר מיני-מוסד. מנהלי-בית של 00ן בתי PFC רואיינו בכדי להגיע לידי הערכת מאפייני ם דמוגרפיים; טיב היחסים עם הסוכנות האחראית; טיבו המשפחתי של הבית; ותגובת הקהילה. חרף קשיים תכניתיים שהתעוררו, נראה שהחוסים בבתים אלו השתלבו בהם יפה ומנהלי-הבית הביעו סיפוק אישי רב. מימצאים אלו ואחרים מצביעים לא רק על צורך ביתר הסברה על הFFC אלא גם על הצורן במדיניות של מתן אפשרויות שונות לקשישים.
Multiphasic Finite Element Framework for Modeling Hydrated Mixtures With Multiple Neutral and Charged Solutes

Computational tools are often needed to model the complex behavior of biological tissues and cells when they are represented as mixtures of multiple neutral or charged constituents. This study presents the formulation of a finite element modeling framework for describing multiphasic materials in the open-source finite element software febio.1 Multiphasic materials may consist of a charged porous solid matrix, a solvent, and any number of neutral or charged solutes. This formulation proposes novel approaches for addressing several challenges posed by the finite element analysis of such complex materials: The exclusion of solutes from a fraction of the pore space due to steric volume and short-range electrostatic effects is modeled by a solubility factor, whose dependence on solid matrix deformation and solute concentrations may be described by user-defined constitutive relations. These solute exclusion mechanisms combine with long-range electrostatic interactions into a partition coefficient for each solute whose value is dependent upon the evaluation of the electric potential from the electroneutrality condition. It is shown that this electroneutrality condition reduces to a polynomial equation with only one valid root for the electric potential, regardless of the number and valence of charged solutes in the mixture. The equation of charge conservation is enforced as a constraint within the equation of mass balance for each solute, producing a natural boundary condition for solute fluxes that facilitates the prescription of electric current density on a boundary. It is also shown that electrical grounding is necessary to produce numerical stability in analyses where all the boundaries of a multiphasic material are impermeable to ions. Several verification problems are presented that demonstrate the ability of the code to reproduce known or newly derived solutions: (1) the Kedem-Katchalsky model for osmotic loading of a cell; (2) Donnan osmotic swelling of a charged hydrated tissue; and (3) current flow in an electrolyte. Furthermore, the code is used to generate novel theoretical predictions of known experimental findings in biological tissues: (1) current-generated stress in articular cartilage and (2) the influence of salt cation charge number on the cartilage creep response. This generalized finite element framework for multiphasic materials makes it possible to model the mechanoelectrochemical behavior of biological tissues and cells and sets the stage for the future analysis of reactive mixtures to account for growth and remodeling.
Cellular ion homeostasis: emerging roles of intracellular NHX Na+/H+ antiporters in plant growth and development

Recent evidence highlights novel roles for intracellular Na(+)/H(+) antiporters (NHXs) in plants. The availability of knockouts and overexpressors of specific NHX isoforms has provided compelling genetic evidence to support earlier physiological and biochemical data which suggested the involvement of NHX antiporters in ion and pH regulation. Most plants sequenced to date contain multiple NHX members and, based on their sequence identity and localization, can be grouped into three distinct functional classes: plasma membrane, vacuolar, and endosomal associated. Orthologues of each functional class are represented in all sequenced plant genomes, suggesting conserved and fundamental roles across taxa. In this review we seek to highlight recent findings which demonstrate that intracellular NHX antiporters (i.e. vacuolar and endosomal isoforms) play roles in growth and development, including cell expansion, cell volume regulation, ion homeostasis, osmotic adjustment, pH regulation, vesicular trafficking, protein processing, cellular stress responses, as well as flowering. A significant new discovery demonstrated that in addition to the better known vacuolar NHX isoforms, plants also contain endosomal NHX isoforms that regulate protein processing and trafficking of cellular cargo. We draw parallels from close orthologues in yeast and mammals and discuss distinctive NHX functions in plants.
Local application of zoledronate for maximum anchorage during space closure.

Introduction Orthodontists have used various compliance-dependent physical means such as headgears and intraoral appliances to prevent anchorage loss. The aim of this study was to determine whether 1 local application of the bisphosphonate zoledronate could be used to prevent anchorage loss during extraction space closure in rats. Methods Thirty rats had their maxillary left first molars extracted and their maxillary left second molars protracted into the extraction space with a 10-g nickel-titanium closing coil for 21 days. Fifteen control rats received a local injection of phosphate-buffered saline solution, and 15 experimental rats received 16 μg of the bisphosphonate zoledronate. Bisphosphonate was also delivered directly into the extraction site and left undisturbed for 5 minutes. Cephalograms and incremental thickness gauges were used to measure tooth movements. Tissues were analyzed by microcomputed tomography and histology. Results The control group demonstrated significant (P Conclusions A single small, locally applied dose of zoledronate provided maximum anchorage and prevented significant bone loss.
Rethinking agency and medical adherence technology: applying Actor Network Theory to the case study of Digital Pills

Much literature surrounding medical technology and adherence posits that technology is a mechanism for social control. This assumes that the medical establishment can take away patients' agency. Although power relationships and social control can play a key role, medical technology can also serve as an agentive tool to be utilized. We (1) offer the alternative framework of Actor Network Theory to view medical technology, (2) discuss the literature on medication adherence and technology, (3) delve into the ramifications of looking at adherence as a network and (4) use Digital Pills as a case study of dispersed agency.