cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gluon distribution function and factorization in Feynman gauge

A complication in proving factorization theorems in Feynman gauge is that individual graphs give a superleading power of the hard scale when all the gluons inducing the hard scattering are longitudinally polarized. With the aid of an example in gluon-mediated deep-inelastic scattering, we show that, although the superleading terms cancel after a sum over graphs, there is a residual nonzero leading term from longitudinally polarized gluons. This is due to the nonzero transverse momenta of the gluons in the target. The noncancellation, due to the non-Abelian property of the gauge group, is necessary to obtain the correct form of the gluon distribution function as a gauge-invariant matrix element.
The role of IPV6 and MPLS in the GIG black core

Ubiquitous end-to-end communications are a major component of the net-centric vision of the global information grid (GIG). This paper analyzes emerging technologies that makes up the GIG transport including IPv6, MPLS, and the black core and proposes design approaches for their use in the GIG. The paper offers some innovative scenarios of how IPv6-to-MPLS interworking can be used for performance improvements in the black core
Computer simulation helps predict cerebral aneurysms

Researchers have recently proven the ability of computer simulation to predict the behaviour of cerebral aneurysms. Accurately simulating the flow of blood within the aneurysm helps researchers to predict the growth pattern of the aneurysm and the danger of rupturing. As this tool is further developed into a practical diagnostic tool, it is expected to dramatically improve the ability of surgeons to weigh the results of alternate treatment methods. The simulation method used, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), provides much more information than current diagnostic tools, including particularly shear stress levels at various stages of the cardiac cycle, which help to pinpoint areas of aneurysm formation and growth.
Musculoskeletal stress marker (MSM) differences in the modern American upper limb and pectoral girdle in relation to activity level and body mass index (BMI)

Obesity is a widespread condition affecting modern Americans. The prevalence of obesity has led to questions of how it can affect the skeleton, and if so can it be identified in unknown skeletal material. This study attempts to decipher the effects of activity level and body mass in modern Americans by employing musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) to estimate osseous responses to workload and body weight. A total sample of 108 skeletons of known activity level and body mass index (BMI) was observed for MSM in the upper extremity (excluding hands). The entheses selected included arm muscles used during the sit-to-stand transition, which is common in most persons, regardless of activity level and BMI. Using the three categories: normal, active, and obese, logistic regression was calculated on MSM to ascertain which markers were the best indicators of these three categories. Numerous muscles of the upper limb were significant predictors of activity level and body mass, although they did not perform much better than chance. MSM may be used as predictors of activity level and/or BMI in forensic contexts; however, they should be used in conjunction with other indications of workload and/or BMI.
Optimization of underground water transmission network systems under seismic risk

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to establish procedures for the optimum design of underground water transmission systems to be newly constructed as well as for the optimum improvement of existing systems on the basis of seismic risk and cost-effectiveness considerations. As an example, a realistic water transmission system will be analyzed and optimized. Procedures for optimizing the total cost are developed in which the pipe diameters and the network topology are parameters which can be varied to achieve a minimum total cost under certain realistic constraints. The total cost includes the initial cost premium, repair costs and incident (fire) costs. The optimization algorithm employed in this study is derived from the discrete gradient method.
Dimensions of religiosity and their relationship to lifetime psychiatric and substance use disorders.

Objective: The role of religion in mental illness remains understudied. Most prior investigations of this relationship have used measures of religiosity that do not reflect its complexity and/or have examined a small number of psychiatric outcomes. This study used data from a general population sample to clarify the dimensions of religiosity and the relationships of these dimensions to risk for lifetime psychiatric and substance use disorders. Method: Responses to 78 items assessing various aspects of broadly defined religiosity were obtained from 2,616 male and female twins from a general population registry. The association between the resulting religiosity dimensions and the lifetime risk for nine disorders assessed at personal interview was evaluated by logistic regression. Of these disorders, five were “internalizing” (major depression, phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and bulimia nervosa), and four were “externalizing” (nicotine dependence, alcohol dependence, drug abuse or dependence, and adult antisocial behavior). Results: Seven factors were identified: general religiosity, social religiosity, involved God, forgiveness, God as judge, unvengefulness, and thankfulness. Two factors were associated with reduced risk for both internalizing and externalizing disorders (social religiosity and thankfulness), four factors with reduced risk for externalizing disorders only (general religiosity, involved God, forgiveness, and God as judge), and one factor with reduced risk for internalizing disorders only (unvengefulness). Conclusions: Religiosity is a complex, multidimensional construct with substantial associations with lifetime psychopathology. Some dimensions of religiosity are related to reduced risk specifically for internalizing disorders, and others to reduced risk specifically for externalizing disorders, while still others are less specific in their associations. These results do not address the nature of the causal link between religiosity and risk for illness.
Pore opening and closing of a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel

Nerve signaling in humans and chemical sensing in bacteria both rely on the controlled opening and closing of the ion-conducting pore in pentameric ligand-gated ion channels. With the help of a multiscale simulation approach that combines mixed elastic network model calculations with molecular dynamics simulations, we study the opening and closing of the pore in Gloeobacter violaceus channel GLIC at atomic resolution. In our simulations of the GLIC transmembrane domain, we first verify that the two endpoints of the transition are open and closed to sodium ion conduction, respectively. We then show that a two-stage tilting of the pore-lining helices induces cooperative drying and iris-like closing of the channel pore. From the free energy profile of the gating transition and from unrestrained simulations, we conclude that the pore of the isolated GLIC transmembrane domain closes spontaneously. The mechanical work of opening the pore is performed primarily on the M2-M3 loop. Strong interactions of this short and conserved loop with the extracellular domain are therefore crucial to couple ligand binding to channel opening.
Effect of organic package core via pitch reduction on power distribution performance

Advances in CMOS technology continue to provide increased circuit density and performance at a lower cost. Die size and cost can be further reduced for I/O limited applications by shrinking the area array flip-chip (C4) pad pitch. These advances continue to drive package ground rule improvements to efficiently distribute signal and power while reducing cost. One such groundrule for organic build-up packages is the core via pitch. Core via pitch reduction can significantly improve the package power distribution and signal escape. This paper presents the package design tradeoffs for core via pitch reduction to support a 90nm 9.3mm ASIC die using a 150/spl mu/m full area array C4 pitch. The impact of core via pitch on power distribution performance, wireability, and cost will be presented, including electrical modeling and simulation results. Design trade-offs to optimize both the chip and package are presented, including die C4 pad pitch and depth versus module cost and performance.
North Slope, Alaska: Source rock distribution, richness, thermal maturity, and petroleum charge

Four key marine petroleum source rock units were identified, characterized, and mapped in the subsurface to better understand the origin and distribution of petroleum on the North Slope of Alaska. These marine source rocks, from oldest to youngest, include four intervals: (1) Middle–Upper Triassic Shublik Formation, (2) basal condensed section in the Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous Kingak Shale, (3) Cretaceous pebble shale unit, and (4) Cretaceous Hue Shale. Well logs for more than 60 wells and total organic carbon (TOC) and Rock-Eval pyrolysis analyses for 1183 samples in 125 well penetrations of the source rocks were used to map the present-day thickness of each source rock and the quantity (TOC), quality (hydrogen index), and thermal maturity (Tmax) of the organic matter. Based on assumptions related to carbon mass balance and regional distributions of TOC, the present-day source rock quantity and quality maps were used to determine the extent of fractional conversion of the kerogen to petroleum and to map the original TOC (TOCo) and the original hydrogen index (HIo) prior to thermal maturation. The quantity and quality of oil-prone organic matter in Shublik Formation source rock generally exceeded that of the other units prior to thermal maturation (commonly TOCo 4 wt.% and HIo 600 mg hydrocarbon/g TOC), although all are likely sources for at least some petroleum on the North Slope. We used Rock-Eval and hydrous pyrolysis methods to calculate expulsion factors and petroleum charge for each of the four source rocks in the study area. Without attempting to identify the correct methods, we conclude that calculations based on Rock-Eval pyrolysis overestimate expulsion factors and petroleum charge because low pressure and rapid removal of thermally cracked products by the carrier gas retards cross-linking and pyrobitumen formation that is otherwise favored by natural burial maturation. Expulsion factors and petroleum charge based on hydrous pyrolysis may also be high compared to nature for a similar reason.
The Fate of Genetically Modified Protein from Roundup Ready Soybeans in Laying Hens

SUMMARY A study was conducted to determine the extent of genetically modified (GM) protein from Roundup Ready Soybeans in tissues and eggs of laying hens. Because a breakdown of the modified portion of protein was expected due to the digestive process of the hen, an immunoassay test was run. By using a double antibody sandwich format specific for the CP4 EPSPS protein, a qualitative testwasperformedtodeterminethepresenceofmodifiedproteinsinvarioussamples.Rawsoybeans, soybean meal, complete diet, whole egg, egg albumen, liver, and feces from laying hens were collected from two independent commercial egg producers. Roundup Ready soybeans, soybean meal, and complete diets were determined to contain the GM proteins. Whole egg, egg albumen, liver, and feces were all negative for GM protein. In conclusion, the digestive process of the laying hen effectively broke down the GM protein from the soybean meal portion of the diet, hence no modified protein was found in the liver, egg, or feces in this brief field trial.
Theory of buckling and post-buckling behavior of elastic structures

Publisher Summary The general theory of buckling and post-buckling behavior of elastic structures has led to a considerable amount of research in this field. A comprehensive survey provides a very useful bibliography, together with an overview of the achievements, status, and goals of post-buckling theory. The chapter provides a unified, general presentation of the basic theory in a form suitable for application to a wide variety of special problems. This will be done with the help of the succinct notation of functional analysis, which turns out to be remarkably appropriate for the purpose. Simple conceptual models can illustrate with remarkable verisimilitude many of the essential characteristics of the buckling and post-buckling behavior of more complicated structural systems. Before undertaking a general analysis of arbitrary elastic structures, such models are exploited in order to expose basic concepts of bifurcation buckling, snap buckling, imperfection-sensitivity, load-shortening relations, and stability.
Discordant introgression in a rapidly expanding hybrid swarm

The erosion of species boundaries can involve rapid evolutionary change. Consequently, many aspects of the process remain poorly understood, including the formation, expansion, and evolution of hybrid swarms. Biological invasions involving hybridization present exceptional opportunities to study the erosion of species boundaries because timelines of interactions and outcomes are frequently well known. Here, we examined clinal variation across codominant and maternally inherited genetic markers as well as phenotypic traits to characterize the expansion and evolution of a hybrid swarm between native Cyprinella venusta and invasive Cyprinella lutrensis minnows. Discordant introgression of phenotype, microsatellite multilocus genotype, and mtDNA haplotype indicates that the observable expansion of the C. venusta × C. lutrensis hybrid swarm is a false invasion front. Both parental and hybrid individuals closely resembling C. lutrensis are numerically dominant in the expansion wake, indicating that the non-native parental phenotype may be selectively favored. These findings show that cryptic introgression can extend beyond the phenotypic boundaries of hybrid swarms and that hybrid swarms likely expand more rapidly than can be documented from phenotypic variation alone. Similarly, dominance of a single parental phenotype following an introduction event may lead to instances of species erosion being mistaken for species displacement without hybridization.
Sex differences in ethanol intake and sensitivity to aversive effects during adolescence and adulthood.

Aims: The present experiments examined sex differences in ethanol intake and in the influence of a social context on aversive properties of ethanol in adolescent and adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: Experiment 1 examined ethanol intake, with animals receiving daily 2-h access to ethanol and water for 8 days. Experiment 2 assessed the aversive effects of ethanol using a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) paradigm, with animals placed either alone or with a same-sex, same-age peer during the ethanol intoxication phase of conditioning. Results: Ethanol intake varied with both age and sex, although the sex differences emerging at each age were opposite in nature. Adolescent males consumed more ethanol relative to their body weights than adolescent females and adults of both sexes, whereas adult females generally consumed more than adult males. The CTA test revealed no sex differences in aversive effects of ethanol in adults, whereas adolescent males were less sensitive to the aversive properties of ethanol than adolescent females when intoxication occurred in the presence of a peer. Ethanol-induced CTA was evident in adults at lower doses than in adolescents. Conclusions: These results suggest that age differences in ethanol intake in males and sex differences in intake during adolescence may be associated in part with the relative insensitivity of the male adolescents to ethanol's aversive properties, especially when intoxication occurred in a social context. However, the elevated ethanol intake observed in adult females relative to their male counterparts appears to be unrelated to the aversive properties of ethanol.
Mechanics of evenly spaced strike-slip faults and its implications for the formation of tiger-stripe fractures on Saturn’s moon Enceladus

Abstract We present the first mechanical analysis based on realistic rheology and boundary conditions on the formation of evenly spaced strike-slip faults. Two quantitative models employing the stress-shadow concept, widely used for explaining extensional-joint spacing, are proposed in this study: (1) an empirically based stress-rise-function model that simulates the brittle-deformation process during the formation of evenly spaced parallel strike-slip faults, and (2) an elastic plate model that relates fault spacing to the thickness of the fault-hosting elastic medium. When applying the models for the initiation and development of the tiger-stripe fractures (TSF) in the South Polar Terrain (SPT) of Enceladus, the mutually consistent solutions of the two models, as constrained by the mean spacing of the TSF at ∼35 km, requires that the brittle ice-shell thickness be ∼30 km, the elastic thickness be ∼0.7 km, and the cohesive strength of the SPT ice shell be ∼30 kPa. However, if the brittle and elastic models are decoupled and if the ice-shell cohesive strength is on the order of ∼1 MPa, the brittle ice shell would be on the order of ∼10 km.
Studies on zoapatle V. Correlation between in vitro uterine and in vivo pregnancy interruption effects in guinea pigs

Abstract The zoapatle plant, Montanoa tomentosa , has an extensive ethnomedical history of use in fertility regulation. Several fractions and isolates of this plant were evaulated in in vitro and in vivo tests to identify and characterize active constituents which may be responsible for its antifertility effects. The guinea pig was the animal model. Two types of in vitro activity were observed, a uterotonic type effect and an inhibition of spontaneous contractions of the uterine muscle. The in vivo effects appear to correlate with the ability of a fraction/isolate to inhibit the spontaneous contractions in in vitro testing. The non-polar fractions/isolates accounted for the inhibition of spontaneous contraction effects and the in vivo activity. The more polar fractions/isolates accounted for the uterine stimulant activity
Avalanche, joule breakdown and hysteresis in carbon nanotube transistors

We explore several aspects of reliability in carbon nanotube transistors, including their physical dependence on diameter. Avalanche behavior is found at high fields (5–10 V/μm), while Joule breakdown is reached at high current and heating, in the presence of oxygen. Finally, we describe a method for minimizing hysteresis effects via pulsed measurements.
β‐Adrenoceptor gene variation and intermediate physiological traits: prediction of distant phenotype

Intermediate physiological phenotype is the genetic and environmental influence on functional physiological characteristics with direct prognostic relevance to distant, more complex phenotypes, such as cardiovascular and metabolic disease. Increasingly available and affordable genotyping techniques have created an explosion of information on candidate gene variation and its relationship to intermediate physiological traits. Variation in beta-adrenoceptor genes is an intense focus of investigation because beta-adrenoceptors are: (1) ubiquitous in organ system distribution; (2) integral to a multitude of physiological processes; (3) well described in cardiovascular and metabolic disease; and (4) major pharmacological treatment targets. Furthermore, knowledge of functional gene variants in these receptors predates the description of the human genome. This review highlights the influence of common gene variation in the three beta-adrenoceptor subtypes on intermediate physiological phenotype predictive of cardiovascular disease and obesity. Although further information is needed to replicate this information across populations, this review condenses and summarizes growing trends in specific pleiotropic effects of beta-adrenoceptor polymorphisms and suggests which variants may be predictive of distant phenotype.
Baboon progressions: Order or chaos? A study of one-dimensional group geometry

Abstract Baboon progressions were sampled in Africa during 1963–1972. Contrary to numerous speculations, there was no invariable progression order, either by individual or by age-sex class. Indeed, most progression orders were essentially random. In the few deviant cases, usually in dangerous situations, juveniles and adult males were over-represented in the fron third, adult males in the last third. Small infants were usually next to their mother, large ones next to each other. Deviations probably result primarily from residual effects of pre-progression social groupings, sometimes combined with differential roles in group co-ordination, and shifts in position, including male peripheralization, when baboons are faced with danger. Statistical techniques for analysis of group geometry are discussed. Some are insensitive to subtle spatial patterns.
Secondhand smoke inhibits both Cl- and K+ conductances in normal human bronchial epithelial cells

Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is an independent risk factor for asthma, rhinosinusitis, and more severe respiratory tract infections in children and adults. Impaired mucociliary clearance with subsequent mucus retention contributes to the pathophysiology of each of these diseases, suggesting that altered epithelial salt and water transport may play an etiological role. To test the hypothesis that SHS would alter epithelial ion transport, we designed a system for in vitro exposure of mature, well-differentiated human bronchial epithelial cells to SHS. We show that SHS exposure inhibits cAMP-stimulated, bumetanide-sensitive anion secretion by 25 to 40% in a time-dependent fashion in these cells. Increasing the amount of carbon monoxide to 100 ppm from 5 ppm did not increase the amount of inhibition, and filtering SHS reduced inhibition significantly. It was determined that SHS inhibited cAMP-dependent apical membrane chloride conductance by 25% and Ba2+-sensitive basolateral membrane potassium conductance by 50%. These data confirm previous findings that cigarette smoke inhibits chloride secretion in a novel model of smoke exposure designed to mimic SHS exposure. They also extend previous findings to demonstrate an effect on basolateral K+ conductance. Therefore, pharmacological agents that increase either apical membrane chloride conductance or basolateral membrane potassium conductance might be of therapeutic benefit in patients with diseases related to SHS exposure.
Personalized News Portals: Filtering Systems and Increased News Exposure

In this study, we investigated the impact of personalized news web portals on selective exposure. Results from analyses of secondary survey data from national random samples of U.S. adults show a positive relationship between personalized news and increased exposure to offline news. Users of personalized news report viewing more sources and categories of news online compared with nonusers. Partisan users of personalized news do not report increased partisan news exposure. No difference in preferences for perspective sharing or challenging news sources is found between personalized news users and nonusers. The implications for future research on personalized information systems and selective exposure are discussed.
SAXS/SANS probe of intermolecular interactions in concentrated protein solutions.

This work was supported in part by National Institutes of Health grants No. GM088187 (H.-X.Z.) and No. GM23303 (O.B.) and National Science Foundation grant No. MCB1121942 (O.B.).
Dynamics of global supply chain supernetworks

In this paper, we develop a framework for the modelling, analysis, and computation of solutions to global supply chains. We consider three tiers of decision-makers: manufacturers, who may be located in the same or in different countries; intermediaries, in the form of retailers, who may be either physical or virtual, as in the case of electronic commerce; and consumers at the demand markets who may purchase the product in different currencies in the countries. We model the behavior of the decision-makers, derive the equilibrium conditions, and establish the variational inequality formulation. We then utilize the variational inequality formulation to obtain qualitative properties of the equilibrium product shipment and price pattern. In addition, we propose a dynamic adjustment process for the continuous time adjustment of the product flows and prices and formulate it as a projected dynamical system whose set of solutions coincides with the set of solutions to the variational inequality problem. A discrete-time algorithm is then applied to several numerical supply chain examples. This research extends the recent results surrounding the modelling of supply chains in a network equilibrium setting to the global arena.
Access to Treatment for Toddlers With Autism Spectrum Disorders

New research shows that intensive and early intervention (EI) has the potential to change brain function in young children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Despite the positive benefit of EI, many families (n = 16) reported difficulties accessing EI services following an ASD diagnosis at the intensity viewed necessary for optimal child outcome. Parents reported that on average they secured 6.81 hours of services per month and that limited access to EI services led to increased parental stress at a time when a new ASD diagnosis was often overwhelming. Findings are discussed in terms of support to families who are experiencing difficulties accessing care after new ASD diagnosis.
Noninvasive imaging of the cervical vertebral artery in the diagnosis of vertebrobasilar insufficiency

The cervical vertebral arteries were visualized by real-time B-mode ultrasonography with duplex Doppler in 595 consecutive patients. Comparison with angiography in 40 patients showed a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 97% in identifying vertebral artery lesions. The incidence of vertebral artery lesions in patients with symptoms of ischemia referable to the vertebrobasilar distribution was 28% (24/84), significantly higher (p = 0.05) than the incidence of 13% (7/54) in patients with carotid artery insufficiency. Patients with completed strokes in the vertebrobasilar territory had an even higher incidence of vertebral lesions (44%,14/ 32) than patients with transient symptoms of vertebrobasilar insufficiency (19%, 10/52) (p
Macronutrient Patterns of 19 Species of Panamanian Fruits from Barro Colorado Island

Abstract To attract seed dispersal agents, most Neotropical tree species produce edible fruits. Animals eat the fruits, often swallowing the seeds, which may be deposited away from the parent tree. Data show that not all frugivores in a given habitat are equally attracted to the same fruit species. Though numerous factors can influence fruit choice, the nutrient value of the pulp to the disperser is clearly of key importance. Here data are presented on the macronutrient content (total crude protein, fat and nonstructural carbohydrate) of 19 fruit species collected from a single forest site, Barro Colorado Island in central Panama. The only criterion for analyses was that each species produce fruits consumed by at least two primate species at this site. Though all fruit species contained a measurable amount of each macronutrient class, there were often striking differences in the amount contributed per class. Overall, two species (10.5% of the total sample) were highest in protein, five (26%) were highest ...
Steatosis and hepatitis C.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a common liver disease worldwide with a high rate of chronicity (75-80%) in infected individuals. The chronic form of HCV leads to steatosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellualr carcinoma. Steatosis is prevalent in HCV patients (55%) due to a combination of viral factors (effect of viral proteins on some of the intracellular pathways) and host factors (overweight, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, and alcohol consumption). The response rates to treatment of chronic HCV with pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) and (in the case of genotype-1 HCV, the most common infecting genotype in the USA) ribavirin (RBV) is low, with a sustained viral response rate ≤ 40%. Adding direct-acting antiviral agents-recently approved by the FDA-to the standard protocol has increased the response rate; however HCV-related end-stage liver disease is still the primary indication for liver transplantation in the USA. The focus of this article is on the interrelation between HCV, steatosis and metabolic syndrome.
Fluid microstructure strain in shear flows

A general expression for microstructure strain in a plane flow of a fluid with deformable microstructure is given. The viscosity is calculated and the influence of microstructure investigated.
Failure to Demonstrate Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Inclusion Bodies by the Histochemical Technic

SummaryWe failed to demonstrate alkaline phosphatase in the inclusion bodies of vaccinia, herpes simplex, fowlpox, and tracheolaryngitis by the use of a slightly modified Gomori technic.l0 While our evidence is not conclusive, it strongly favors the hypothesis of HoagIand, Ward, Smadel, and Rivers that the phoiphatase activity of the inclusion body is due to tissue contamination.
Specification Buying by the Large-scale Retailer

long been studied as an important phenomenon of modern economic life. Most writers deal with the question of mergers, consolidations, holding companies, and direct acquisition of facilities at the remoter stages of production. Little attention has been given, however, to one important aspect: what happens when one company concludes contractual agreements with an independent, or non-controlled concern which pledge the former to purchase a stipulated proportion of its requirements from the latter, under carefully defined specifications of quality, at periodically set price or prices? In this arrangement, financial control is not involved, nor does the supplier disappear as a corporate entity. But the results of such an arrangement may effectively secure benefits just as important as do the more conventional types of integration.
White-Tailed Deer in a Patchy Environment: A Test of the Ideal-Free-Distribution Theory

We investigated distributional patterns of captive white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) during feeding trials relative to foraging rewards in two artificial patches of resources under three reward ratios. At equilibrium density, deer used the poor patch more than predicted from a simple density-dependent model of their spatial distribution (ideal-free distribution). Consequently, deer foraging in the rich patch received higher benefits at equilibrium distribution than did those foraging in the poor patch. We tested four alternative explanations of the observed deviation from the simple, ideal-free-distribution model; 1) difference in competitive abilities of individuals, 2) a perceptual limitation in the capacity to distinguish among quality of patches, 3) the role of interference at high densities, and 4) sampling. Foraging rates did not differ among individuals, suggesting that competitive abilities were similar between individuals and did not appear responsible for the observed deviation from the ideal-free distribution. Similarly, we found no evidence for a perceptual constraint or increasing interference among foraging individuals when the number of competitors increased. We suggest that the deviation from the predictions of the ideal-free distribution were a necessary consequence of information gathering and processing from continued sampling of patches by deer.
Use of a coil introducer to shape microcatheters

We have found that an angled tip with a 40-degree angle and a distal length of 1 to 3 mm can be useful in subselecting intracranial vessels whose origins are otherwise difficult to catheterize. In addition, curves can be introduced by shaping the coil introducer as needed. These shapes can be safely formed using a coil introducer inserted in a retrograde fashion and fixed in boiling water.
Electromagnetic Probability-of-Effect Assessment Tool for High-Power Susceptibility Testing

Future naval radio frequency emitters, particularly radars, will produce shipboard operational electromagnetic environments greater than what are produced today. Presently, hazards of electromagnetic radiation to ordnance and electromagnetic susceptibility certification test methods cannot meet the higher power level requirements and primarily employ deterministic test methods. The purpose of this study is to introduce and experimentally validate an electromagnetic probability-of-effect assessment tool which statistically assesses the magnitude of a system/subsystem's hardness or safety margin to upset/failure under any level of threat. The generalized extreme value and generalized log-logistic distributions are leveraged for enclosure maximum field and device threshold distributions, respectively, and the hardness margin, from structural reliability analysis, is applied for probability-of-effect prediction.
Palm Physiology and Distribution in Response to Global Environmental Change

Palms (Arecaceae) represent one of the oldest surviving monocot families maintaining a presence in tropical rainforest-like biomes throughout history. Comprising a variety of plant growth forms (arborescent, acaulescent, lianoid), palms are one of the few monocots that achieve significant heights. In doing so, they face many of the same environmental and physiological constraints as dicotyledonous trees including long-distance water transport and longevity making them an important, but largely missing, component of comparative tree physiological studies. Palms differ from dicot trees in several key ways including lacking dormancy mechanisms that restrict them to mainly tropical climates. Palms also lack a vascular cambium and the constant addition of new conduits, and instead, rely exclusively on vascular bundles for fluid transport and mechanical stability. The majority of arborescent palm species also possess only one apical meristem complex from which all new leaf and stem growth originates thereby limiting their options for leaf positioning and light acquisition. These differences will likely alter the response of palms to global change compared with dicot species. Temperature increases have the potential to extend palm distributions to higher elevations and latitudes, but could negatively affect individual palm carbon balance. Within the tropics, precipitation has been shown to have the strongest positive effect on palm species richness and future changes in rainfall patterns will likely alter palm distributions. Therefore, global change has the potential to alter both palm distributions and individual physiological functioning, but palms will likely continue to have a considerable presence in many tropical ecosystems.
What is numerical algebraic geometry

The foundation of algebraic geometry is the solving of systems of polynomial equations. When the equations to be considered are defined over a subfield of the complex numbers, numerical methods can be used to perform algebraic geometric computations forming the area of numerical algebraic geometry. This article provides a short introduction to numerical algebraic geometry with the subsequent articles in this special issue considering three current research topics: solving structured systems, certifying the results of numerical computations, and performing algebraic computations numerically via Macaulay dual spaces.
Tissue Preparation for the In Situ MALDI MS Imaging of Proteins, Lipids, and Small Molecules at Cellular Resolution

The resolution of MALDI MS imaging is limited by the displacement of analytes during matrix deposition or by laser focal diameter. Here we present three methods that minimize the displacement of analytes during matrix deposition, including a method where image resolution is not limited by the laser focal diameter. The first method, matrix solution fixation, simultaneously fixes tissue while depositing matrix and is optimal for analyzing proteins and for applications requiring a fast preparation time. This method is characterized by compatibility with histology methods and laser focal diameter-limited resolution. The second method, a sensor controlled aerosol, is characterized by aerosol droplet size-limited resolution and is optimal for small molecules, including lipids, peptides, and drug-like molecules. The third method, microinjection with matrix, selectively deposits matrix upon cells of interest, offers cellular resolution and is compatible with most analytes. A flow chart summarizing methods is provided so that users may design a tissue preparation strategy based upon their resources and experimental goals.
Reproducing power hysteresis with circuit envelope simulation

Power collapse and related hysteresis have been observed for pHEMT switch in its on state when the input power is swept in a certain power range. The abnormal high power behavior can be explained in terms of self-heating and the temperature dependence of the device performance. By incorporating self-heating and temperature dependence into a simplified model, power collapse is reproduced in harmonic balance simulation. A novel simulation scheme is then proposed to simulate the power hysteresis. By representing the power sweep in the measurement with a time-varying power source, the power hysteresis has been successfully reproduced in circuit envelope simulation.
Online Information Retrieval: Concepts, Principles and Techniques

Here is a clear, concise analysis of the concepts, principles, and techniques of online information searching and retrieval. This volume provides its readers with the basic framework necessary for understanding and critically evaluating an online search. The author has bridged the gap between theory and application in his coverage of the funamentals of this problem-solving process.
Draft Genome Sequences of Pseudomonas moraviensis UCD-KL30, Vibrio ostreicida UCD-KL16, Colwellia sp. Strain UCD-KL20, Shewanella sp. Strain UCD-KL12, and Shewanella sp. Strain UCD-KL21, Isolated from Seagrass.

Here, we present the draft genome sequences for five bacterial strains. These strains were all isolated from seagrass (Zostera marina) collected from Bodega Bay, CA, as a part of an undergraduate research project focused on seagrass-associated microbes.
Adenovirus-mediated myofilament gene transfer into adult cardiac myocytes.

Publisher Summary This chapter provides methods for the isolation of Ca2+-tolerant, rod-shaped adult cardiac myocytes suitable for adenovirus-mediated myofilament gene transfer; the construction of recombinant adenovirus vectors; and the detection of ectopic myofilament protein expression and incorporation in the cardiac contractile apparatus. Recombinant adenovirus vectors can be used to accomplish highly efficient myofilament gene transfer, expression, and incorporation into adult ventricular myocytes in primary culture. This approach is made possible by a primary culture system that allows for the maintenance of both the cellular and subcellular differentiated state of adult cardiac myocytes in primary culture. Recombinant adenovirus vectors are constructed by homologous recombination of a shuttle vector containing the desired cDNA with a plasmid containing the full-length adenovirus DNA in a human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cell line. The recombinant adenovirus is then plaque purified and high-titer virus is grown from an individual plaque for subsequent infection of isolated ventricular myocytes.
Characterizing Indeterminate Renal Masses with Molecular Imaging: the Role of 99mTc-MIBI SPECT/CT.

The majority of enhancing renal masses cannot be characterized through imaging as malignant or benign; however, such characterization could save patients from unnecessary surgery and/or biopsy and associated morbidity. Herein, we review the recent literature on the emerging use of 99mTc-MIBI SPECT/CT in preoperative differentiation of enhancing renal masses. Recent reports have shown that 99mTc-MIBI SPECT/CT imaging can differentiate mitochondrial-rich, benign, or indolent renal masses from renal cell carcinoma. These studies demonstrate good correlation between a positive 99mTc-MIBI SPECT/CT scan and a pathologically proven diagnosis of renal oncocytoma and hybrid oncocytic/chromophobe tumor. In addition, there is excellent correlation between a negative scan and a diagnosis of clear cell subtype of renal cell carcinoma. Preoperative 99mTc-MIBI SPECT/CT offers a non-invasive method for differentiating renal lesions with low aggressiveness from other RCCs, in particular, clear cell renal cell carcinoma.
Physical Process and Light

This chapter begins by providing a preliminary outline of the divisions of physical process, which supervene upon the mechanics of matter in motion. Aristotle’s and Hegel’s accounts of light are then examined in succession, so as to provide insight into how light relates to qualitative physics.
Wetting properties of structured interfaces composed of surface-attached spherical nanoparticles

Abstract The influence of the external pressure and surface energy on the wetting transition at nanotextured interfaces is studied using molecular dynamics and continuum simulations. The surface roughness of the composite interface is introduced via an array of spherical nanoparticles with controlled wettability. We find that in the absence of an external pressure, the liquid interface is flat and its location relative to the solid substrate is determined by the particle size and the local contact angle. With increasing pressure on the liquid film, the interface becomes more curved and the three-phase contact line is displaced along the spherical surface but remains stable due to re-entrant geometry. It is demonstrated that the results of molecular dynamics simulations for the critical pressure of the Cassie-Baxter wetting state agree well with the estimate of the critical pressure obtained by numerical minimization of the interfacial energy.
The performance of microbial lipase immobilized onto polyolefin supports for hydrolysis of high oleate sunflower oil

Abstract The application of immobilized microbial lipase for the catalytic hydrolysis of triglyceride esters is described. Sunflower oil was used as the primary substrate for the hydrolysis in the presence of microbial lipase extracted from the fungal yeast Candida rugosa OF360. Lipase was immobilized onto three different polyolefin supports: high density polypropylene (Accurel EG100 and EP100), and low density polyethylene (Accurel EP400). In the case of Accurel EP400 there was a strong positive linear relationship between enzyme concentration prior to immobilization and expressed enzyme activity. In contrast, Accurel EG100 exhibited no increase in expressed activity with increasing initial enzyme concentration. The presence of glutaraldehyde crosslinking agent resulted in enhanced expressed activity on EP100 and exhibited minimal change in EP400. Maximum immobilized efficiency was observed for the Accurel EP100 and EP400 at particle sizes in the 200 μm range. Overall, half-lives of immobilized enzyme were observed to be up to sevenfold that of enzyme in free solutions. Optimum pH values in the range 7–9 were confirmed. Optimum temperatures for expressed activity of lipase on the Accurel EP100 and EP400 were determined to be 30 °C and 45 °C respectively.
Catalysts for nitrogen reduction to ammonia

The production of synthetic ammonia remains dependent on the energy- and capital-intensive Haber–Bosch process. Extensive research in molecular catalysis has demonstrated ammonia production from dinitrogen, albeit at low production rates. Mechanistic understanding of dinitrogen reduction to ammonia continues to be delineated through study of molecular catalyst structure, as well as through understanding the naturally occurring nitrogenase enzyme. The transition to Haber–Bosch alternatives through robust, heterogeneous catalyst surfaces remains an unsolved research challenge. Catalysts for electrochemical reduction of dinitrogen to ammonia are a specific focus of research, due to the potential to compete with the Haber–Bosch process and reduce associated carbon dioxide emissions. However, limited progress has been made to date, as most electrocatalyst surfaces lack specificity towards nitrogen fixation. In this Review, we discuss the progress of the field in developing a mechanistic understanding of nitrogenase-promoted and molecular catalyst-promoted ammonia synthesis and provide a review of the state of the art and scientific needs for heterogeneous electrocatalysts. The artificial synthesis of ammonia remains one of the most important catalytic processes worldwide, over 100 years after its development. In this Review, recent developments in enzymatic, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis towards the conversion of nitrogen to ammonia are discussed, with a particular focus on how mechanistic understanding informs catalyst design.
Orofacial and Odontogenic Infections in the Elderly

The increasing retention of teeth into advanced age places the present cohort of older people at greater risk for serious dental disease than previous cohorts. With advancing age, older individuals go to the doctor more but to the dentist less. Therefore, physicians caring for older patients need to be aware of common oral diseases in order to suitably advise patients on dental treatment needs and options.
Transmission and Emission Tomography

This book considers real imaging systems in this chapter. If the radiation source is outside the patient, the imaging system acquires transmission data. If the radiation sources are inside the patient, the imaging system acquires the emission data. For transmission scans, the image to be obtained is a map (or distribution) of the attenuation coefficients inside the patient. For the emission scans, the image to be obtained is the distribution of the injected isotopes within the patient. Even for emission scans, an additional transmission scan is sometimes required in order to compensate for the attenuation effect of the emission photons. Some attenuation compensation methods for emission imaging are discussed in this chapter.
Benign disease of the uterus and ovaries. Applications of magnetic resonance imaging.

Because of its relatively low cost, widespread availability, and patient tolerance ultrasound remains the primary modality for imaging the female pelvis. Nevertheless, MR imaging can contribute to cost-effective management in women who have suspected myomas or adenomyosis by establishing the diagnosis noninvasively. It can also improve management and reduce costs by providing precise presurgical mapping prior to myomectomy or correction of mullerian duct anomalies. In these instances, other tests such as hysterosalpingography and laparoscopy may be obviated if fallopian tube disease is not strongly suspected. MR imaging is also valuable in patients in whom suspected adnexal masses are not detected sonographically or in whom definitive diagnosis of juxta-uterine myoma, cystic teratoma, or hemorrhagic mass may alter management.
Psychiatry of the Cerebellum

Since the pioneering early 19th-century studies of Luigi Rolando, the cerebellum has been recognized as a critical modulator of movement. Landmarks include the descriptions of hereditary disorders affecting the cerebellum by Friedreich in 1863 and Marie in 1893, and the pre-World War II work of Holmes, who established much of the terminology and many of the methods for assessing the motor functions of the cerebellum still in clinical use today. Every contemporary neurology text, and every neurology course for students, emphasizes the anatomy and physiology underlying the motor role of the cerebellum, and the motor signs and symptoms to be elicited in the clinical examination of cerebellar function. In contrast, the normal role of the cerebellum in cognition and emotion, and the potential impact of cerebellar damage on cognition and emotion, receives scant attention. In textbooks of neuropsychiatry, the cerebellum is hardly mentioned at all (Fig. 1).