cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Promoting variable refrigerant flow system with a simple design and analysis tool

Abstract Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) or variable refrigerant volume (VRV) air-conditioning systems provide some appealing benefits over conventional air conditioning systems. This paper provides a quick overview on VRF technologies and a brief analysis on technical barriers to their wide spread adoption in the North America. One of the major challenges was found to be lack of fast modeling tool that can be used at very early stage of building design for system decision. This paper discusses the current simulation and design tools for sizing VRF systems and predicting energy benefits of VRF systems, paying particular interest to which can be used during the earliest stages of the design process. The paper introduces the development of a new program that can quickly size a VRF system and estimate the energy consumption of the system relative to a traditional variable air volume (VAV) system without requiring detailed building data. The tool is validated both experimentally and numerically using published experimental and simulation results. Finally, this tool is compared qualitatively to four currently available VRF design and analysis tools that require more intensive inputs and are often used for system design at design development stage. This research, the tool development and validation cases suggest that VRF systems have the potential to save energy. It is clear however, that the percentage of savings depends on the climate and local energy costs.
Translator’s Introduction

When Professor Pasch of Giessen retired at the age of 67, state regulations barred him from teaching or taking any part in university governance: activities that had hitherto consumed much of his time. The result was a burst of scholarly productivity remarkable for a man of ever more advanced years, with nearly half his published output appearing after his 68th birthday. Mentally sharp until the end, he might have done even more had his eyesight not failed.
The Influence of Perceived Stress and Depression on Suicide-Related Beliefs in Caucasian and Indian Adults

Abstract. Background and Aims: Suicidality research in developing countries, including India, faces logistical and cultural challenges. Technology may help address these challenges and offer data to providers treating a diverse clientele. Method: The relationship between perceived stress and suicide-related beliefs was examined in two populations: Indians in India (n = 374) and Caucasians in English-speaking countries (n = 326); the influence of depression on that relationship was also explored. The study was conducted via an Internet-based survey. Results: Three-way interactions (Ethnicity × Perceived stress × Depression status) were observed, predicting strength of the belief that suicide is a solution to problems, F(1,679) = 4.18, p < .05, and that suicide is a good option if quality of life worsens, F(1,675) = 9.53, p < .01. For both beliefs, Caucasians screening positive for depression exhibited the strongest relationship between stress and suicide-related beliefs; for Indians, that relationship was ...
Sensitivity to climate change of land use and management patterns optimized for efficient mitigation of nutrient pollution

Beginning in the mid-1990s, re-eutrophication has reemerged as severe problems in Lake Erie. Controlling non-point source (NPS) nutrient pollution from cropland, especially dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), is the key to restore water quality in Lake Erie. To address NPS pollution, previous studies have analyzed the effectiveness of alternative spatially optimal land use and management strategies (represented as agricultural conservation practices (CPs)). However, few studies considered both strategies and have analyzed and compared their sensitivity to expected changes in temperature and precipitation due to climate change and increased greenhouse gas concentrations. In this study, we evaluated impacts of climatic change on the economic efficiency of these strategies for DRP abatement, using an integrated modeling approach that includes a watershed model, an economic valuation component, and a spatial optimization model. A series of climate projections representing relatively high greenhouse gas emission scenarios was developed for the western Lake Erie basin to drive the watershed model. We found that performance of solutions optimized for current climate was degraded significantly under projected future climate conditions. In terms of robustness of individual strategies, CPs alone were more robust to climate change than land use change alone or together with CPs, but relying on CPs alone fails to achieve a high (> 71%) DRP reduction target. A combination of CPs and land use changes was required to achieve policy goals for DRP reductions (targeted at ~ 78%). Our results point to the need for future spatial optimization studies and planning to consider adaptive capacity of conservation actions under a changing climate.
Designing and Evaluating a Mesh Simplification Algorithm for Virtual Reality

With the increasing accessibility of the mobile head-mounted displays (HMDs), mobile virtual reality (VR) systems are finding applications in various areas. However, mobile HMDs are highly constrained with limited graphics processing units (GPUs) and low processing power and onboard memory. Hence, VR developers must be cognizant of the number of polygons contained within their virtual environments to avoid rendering at low frame rates and inducing simulator sickness. The most robust and rapid approach to keeping the overall number of polygons low is to use mesh simplification algorithms to create low-poly versions of pre-existing, high-poly models. Unfortunately, most existing mesh simplification algorithms cannot adequately handle meshes with lots of boundaries or nonmanifold meshes, which are common attributes of many 3D models.In this article, we present QEM4VR, a high-fidelity mesh simplification algorithm specifically designed for VR. This algorithm addresses the deficiencies of prior quadric error metric (QEM) approaches by leveraging the insight that the most relevant boundary edges lie along curvatures while linear boundary edges can be collapsed. Additionally, our algorithm preserves key surface properties, such as normals, texture coordinates, colors, and materials, as it preprocesses 3D models and generates their low-poly approximations offline.We evaluated the effectiveness of our QEM4VR algorithm by comparing its simplified-mesh results to those of prior QEM variations in terms of geometric approximation error, texture error, progressive approximation errors, frame rate impact, and perceptual quality measures. We found that QEM4VR consistently yielded simplified meshes with less geometric approximation error and texture error than the prior QEM variations. It afforded better frame rates than QEM variations with boundary preservation constraints that create unnecessary lower bounds on overall polygon count reduction. Our evaluation revealed that QEM4VR did not fair well in terms of existing perceptual distance measurements, but human-based inspections demonstrate that these algorithmic measurements are not suitable substitutes for actual human perception. In turn, we present a user-based methodology for evaluating the perceptual qualities of mesh simplification algorithms.
Supreme Court Monitoring of State Courts in the 21st Century

A relatively neglected aspect of the many strands of judicial federalism is the review by the United States Supreme Court of decisions on federal law by state courts. The Supreme Court has undertaken such review almost from its inception, but this article considers two apparent shocks to this review, one recent and well-known, the other one more long-standing and less the subject of comment. The first is Bush v. Gore (2000), where the Supreme Court reversed a decision of the Florida Supreme Court, thus resolving the post-presidential election controversy in favor of Texas Governor George W. Bush. The Florida court's decision, ordering manual recounts of votes, was ostensibly based on state law, yet the Supreme Court majority (or at least three Justices thereof) disagreed with the state court's interpretation of its own law, in order to reach federal legal issues. Much can, will, and should be said about Bush v. Gore, but the question is whether the majority's aggressive review portends a new role for the Court for other state court cases. The second, less noticeable but potentially as profound a shock to the understood system of Supreme Court review is the Court's decreasing caseload. Through most of the 20th century the Court was deciding well over 100 cases per Term, and as late as the mid-1980s the number was almost 150. But starting in 1990 the number began to sharply spiral down, and for much of the 1990s the Court was only deciding 70 to 80 cases per Term. The likelihood of review of any given decision, not high to begin with, is even lower today. What might account for the Court's shrunken caseload, and what are its implications for state court decision-making? This paper addresses some of these questions. Part II considers the effect of Supreme Court review on the development of state constitutional law. After briefly surveying the history of Court review of state court decisions, and of the New Judicial Federalism, Part II addresses the impact of two controversial Supreme Court decisions: Michigan v. Long (1983), in which the Court held that review of federal issues was possible, unless the state court plainly stated that it was relying on state law, and the aforementioned Bush v. Gore. Part III of the paper turns toward the Supreme Court's shrunken docket, and in particular its possible impact on the adjudication of federal issues in state courts. Finally, Part IV considers the role of state intermediate appellate courts regarding the issues raised in Parts II and III.
Thrombolytic Therapy in Acute Myocardial Infarction: Management Algorithms

The evolution of health care in the United States and around the world has placed a high priority on rapid and ef~cient patient management and, with it, the need to develop guidelines or critical pathways designed to minimize unnecessary testing and shorten hospital length of stay. The changes occurring in medicine also provide a golden opportunity to standardize patient care within hospitals, and ultimately on a national basis, with an ultimate goal not only to reduce cost but to improve the level of care. Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 1997;4:397413 © Kluwer Academic Publishers. Boston. Printed in the Netherlands
Guanylate cyclase receptor family.

The plasma membrane forms of guanylate cyclase contain a highly conserved catalytic domain, which is also conserved in the soluble form of the enzyme and in mammalian adenylate cyclase. A protein kinase-like domain lies to the amino-terminal side of the catalytic domain and appears to be required for signaling via cGMP; it might also signal, itself, through phosphotransferase activity. This domain is present in the growth factor receptors, but appears not to be a component of other guanylate cyclases or adenylate cyclases. A single transmembrane domain then separates the cyclase catalytic and protein kinase-like domains from the putative ligand-binding domain. At least two plasma membrane forms of gunaylate cyclase (i.e., GC-A and GC-B) have now been identified, and their ligand specificities appear to be distinctly different. The tissue/cellular distribution of this family of receptors is now of potential importance, since specific agonists might differentially regulate physiological processes via the secondary messenger, cGMP, dependent on cellular distribution of the receptors.
Massive Transfusion for Hemorrhagic Shock: What Every Critical Care Nurse Needs to Know

Massive transfusion is defined as complete replacement of a patient's blood volume or approximately 10 units of packed red blood cells within a 24-hour period or one red blood cells volume in 24 hours for a pediatric patient. This article reviews the most recent understanding and recommendations in massive transfusion along with the unintended consequences in the management of patients with profound hemorrhage.
Prospective study of the financial burden of cancer clinical trial patients referred to a cancer care equity program (CCEP).

e18056Background: Clinical trials (CTs) often represent the best option for patients (pts) with cancer, yet the financial burden (FB) of CT pts is understudied. We sought to assess the FB of CT pts...
Chapter 55 – High-Resolution Imaging Techniques for Bone Quality Assessment

Quantitative high-resolution 3D imaging techniques have become important and widely used tools for evaluating bone quality in preclinical and clinical research studies of skeletal disorders related to vitamin D metabolism and bone mineral homeostasis. In this chapter we will review current state-of-the-art high-resolution computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, with a particular focus on technologies capable of imaging at the micro- and ultrastructural level of bone for clinical applications. A brief review of the physics and image acquisition process will be covered for each modality followed by a discussion of the quantitative image analysis techniques used to evaluate bone quality. Finally, a detailed overview of significant applications of these techniques will be presented.
DrawMyPhoto: Assisting Novices in Drawing from Photographs

We present DrawMyPhoto, an interactive system that can assist a drawing novice in producing a quality drawing by automatically parsing a photograph in to a step-by-step drawing tutorial. The system utilizes image processing to produce distinct line work and shading steps from the photograph, and offers novel real-time feedback on pressure and tilt, along with grip suggestions as the user completes the tutorial. Our evaluation showed that the generated steps and real-time assistance allowed novices to produce significantly better drawings than with a more traditional grid-based approach, particularly with respect to accuracy, shading, and details. This was confirmed by domain experts who blindly rated the drawings. The participants responded well to the real-time feedback, and believed it helped them learn proper shading techniques and the order in which a drawing should be approached. We saw promising potential in the tool to boost the confidence of novices and lower the barrier to artistic creation.
Review of Everyone Counts: Could Participatory Budgeting Change Democracy by Josh Lerner (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2014) and Making Democracy Fun: How Game Design Can Empower Citizens and Transform Politics by Josh Lerner (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2014).

Review of Everyone Counts: Could Participatory Budgeting Change Democracy by Josh Lerner (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2014) and Making Democracy Fun: How Game Design Can Empower Citizens and Transform Politics by Josh Lerner (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2014).
Luria-Delbrück, revisited: the classic experiment does not rule out Lamarckian evolution.

We re-examined data from the classic Luria-Delbruck fluctuation experiment, which is often credited with establishing a Darwinian basis for evolution. We argue that, for the Lamarckian model of evolution to be ruled out by the experiment, the experiment must favor pure Darwinian evolution over both the Lamarckian model and a model that allows both Darwinian and Lamarckian mechanisms (as would happen for bacteria with CRISPR-Cas immunity). Analysis of the combined model was not performed in the original 1943 paper. The Luria-Delbruck paper also did not consider the possibility of neither model fitting the experiment. Using Bayesian model selection, we find that the Luria-Delbruck experiment, indeed, favors the Darwinian evolution over purely Lamarckian. However, our analysis does not rule out the combined model, and hence cannot rule out Lamarckian contributions to the evolutionary dynamics.
Using technology and remote support services to promote independent living of adults with intellectual disability and related developmental disabilities

Background The use of remote support technologies is a newer form of service that can contribute to increased independence while giving adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities a sense of home safety. This research reviewed the use of remote support services, which is a waiver service that includes smart home technologies and remote support staff that can be called upon, when needed. Method Using focus groups and telephone interviews, the present authors asked users of remote support services about their experience, including what they liked most and least about their experience with these technologies. Results Overall, increased independence and a sense of security and home safety were identified as the two principal benefits. Remote support technologies may be a part of the solution to addressing the lack of direct support professionals available to provide in-home care. Conclusions The present authors discuss the benefits of remote support technologies and offer recommendations for future research regarding remote support technologies and the potential benefits of this newer form of support service.
Integrating Safety Certification Into Model-Based Testing of Safety-Critical Systems

Testing plays an important role in assuring the safety of safety-critical systems (SCS). Testing SCSs should include tasks to test how the system operates in the presence of failures. With the increase of autonomous, sensing-based functionality in safety-critical systems, efficient and cost-effective testing that maximizes safety evidences has become increasingly challenging. A previously proposed framework for testing safety-critical systems called Model-Combinatorial based testing (MCbt) has the potential for addressing these challenges. MCbt is a framework that proposes an integration of model-based testing, fault analysis, and combinatorial testing to produce the maximum number of evidences for an efficient safety certification process but was never actually used to derive a specific testing approach. In this paper, we present a concrete application of MCbt with an application to a case study. The validation showed that MCbt is more efficient and produces more safety evidences compared to state-of-the-art testing approaches.
Risk Factors for Complications and Failure after Gonioscopy-Assisted Transluminal Trabeculotomy in a Young Cohort.

Purpose To determine the risk factors for failures and complications of gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy (GATT) in a young cohort. Design Retrospective case series. Participants Eyes that underwent GATT at Bascom Palmer Eye Institute. Methods Preoperative and postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP), extent of angle treated, postoperative IOP spike, postoperative drop regimen, and postoperative failure were recorded. Failure was defined as (1) IOP of more than 21 mmHg or less than 5 mmHg after postoperative month 3, (2) absence of at least 20% reduction from the preoperative IOP baseline after postoperative month 3, or (3) performance of additional IOP-lowering surgery before postoperative month 3. Intraocular pressure spike complication was defined as an increase in IOP in the operated eye at any postoperative visit to higher than preoperative IOP within the first 3 months. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression were used to assess the time to events (failure and IOP spike). Main Outcome Measures Risk of failure associated with any of the preoperative, intraoperative, or postoperative variables. Results A total of 102 eyes of 88 patients were included. The median follow-up time was 7.4 months, with an interquartile range of 3.3 to 13.1 months (standard deviation, 8.7 months). Patients who used corticosteroids after surgery were more likely to experience IOP spikes than those using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) alone (hazard ratio, 3.34; P = 0.042), and patients who underwent noncircumferential trabeculotomy were 2.56 times more likely to experience treatment failure (P = 0.002) compared with those who underwent circumferential surgery. Conclusions Eyes that received postoperative corticosteroids were more likely to experience an IOP spike complication than those that received postoperative NSAIDs alone, which may suggest corticosteroid-mediated outflow obstruction distal to the trabecular meshwork. Achieving a circumferential trabeculotomy and using only NSAIDs may be more likely to result in surgical success when compared with noncircumferential trabeculotomy or using postoperative corticosteroids.
Lack of Association Between 5α-Reductase Inhibitors and Depression.

Purpose:Depressed mood and suicidality reported with 5α-reductase inhibitors (finasteride and dutasteride) during post-marketing surveillance resulted in the addition of depression risk to finaster...
Surgical Infection Society Guidance for Operative and Peri-Operative Care of Adult Patients Infected by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2).

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)-associated viral infection (coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19) is a virulent, contagious viral pandemic that is affecting populations worldwide. As with any airborne viral respiratory infection, surgical and non-surgical patients may be affected. Methods: Review and synthesis of pertinent English-language literature pertaining to COVID-19 infection among adult patients. Results: COVID-19 disease that requires hospitalization results in critical illness approximately 25% of the time and requires mechanical ventilation with positive airway pressure. Acute kidney injury, a marked hypercoagulable state, and sometimes myocarditis can be features of COVID-19 in addition to the characteristic severe acute lung injury. Even if not among the most seriously afflicted, older patients with medical comorbidities are both predisposed to infection and risk increased morbidity and mortality, however, all persons presenting for surgical intervention should be suspected of infection (and thus transmissibility) even if asymptomatic. Although most elective surgery has been curtailed by administrative or governmental fiat, patients will still need urgent or emergency operative intervention for time-sensitive disease processes such as malignant neoplasia or for true emergencies such as perforated viscus or traumatic injury. It is possible to provide safe surgical care for SARS-CoV-2-positive patients and minimize nosocomial transmission to healthcare workers. Conclusions: This guidance will facilitate appropriate protection of patients and staff, and maintenance of infection control measures to assist surgical personnel and facilities to prepare for COVID-19-infected adult patients requiring urgent or emergent operative intervention and to provide optimal patient care.
An evaluation of algorithms and methods for compressing and decompressing atmospheric transmission data for use in at-sensor measurements

In this paper, we describe the use of various methods of one-dimensional spectral compression by variable selection as well as principal component analysis (PCA) for compressing multi-dimensional sets of spectral data. We have examined methods of variable selection such as wavelength spacing, spectral derivatives, and spectral integration error. After variable selection, reduced transmission spectra must be decompressed for use. Here we examine various methods of interpolation, e.g., linear, cubic spline and piecewise cubic Hermite interpolating polynomial (PCHIP) to recover the spectra prior to estimating at-sensor radiance. Finally, we compressed multi-dimensional sets of spectral transmittance data from moderate resolution atmospheric transmission (MODTRAN) data using PCA. PCA seeks to find a set of basis spectra (vectors) that model the variance of a data matrix in a linear additive sense. Although MODTRAN data are intricate and are used in nonlinear modeling, their base spectra can be reasonably modeled using PCA yielding excellent results in terms of spectral reconstruction and estimation of at-sensor radiance. The major finding of this work is that PCA can be implemented to compress MODTRAN data with great effect, reducing file size, access time and computational burden while producing high-quality transmission spectra for a given set of input conditions.
Differences in growth and condition of juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss related to sex and a migration-associated genomic region

The expression of anadromy in partially migratory salmonid populations is influenced by sex-specific interactions among an individual’s genotype, condition, and environment, but genotype–phenotype ...
Introducing social insurance for long-term care in Taiwan: Key issues

Nadash P, Shih Y.-C. Introducing social insurance for long-term care in Taiwan: Key issues Taiwan will shortly complete its comprehensive social safety net, which includes national health insurance, retirement security, and unemployment insurance, by introducing long-term care (LTC) insurance – putting it ahead of the many countries that rely on a patchwork of policies to address the need for LTC. The program, to be implemented in 3 to 5 years, will cover all citizens on a primarily social insurance basis. The range of LTC policy options considered is discussed, particularly how to structure the program, how to finance and regulate it, and how to develop its inadequate LTC infrastructure and workforce. Particularly thorny issues include the choice of social insurance, the feasibility of cash benefits, and how to address Taiwan's heavy reliance on foreign workers. Taiwan's increasingly democratic character, along with high levels of public support for the program, creates significant pressure on politicians to deliver on their promises to implement LTC reform. Key Practitioner Message: •Emphasizes the importance of policy learning from other environments; •Highlights the need for a strong regulatory and provider infrastructure for delivering long-term care services; •Emphasizes the need for training, support, and appropriate regulation of the long-term care workforce.
Regulation of autophagy by two products of one gene: TRPM3 and miR-204

In clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), oncogenic autophagy dependent on microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 α and β (LC3A and LC3B) is stimulated by activity of the transient receptor potential melastatin 3 (TRPM3) channel through multiple complementary mechanisms. The Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor represses this oncogenic autophagy in a coordinated manner through the activity of miR-204, which is expressed from intron 6 of the gene encoding TRPM3. TRPM3 represents an actionable target for ccRCC treatment.
Subependymal cerebral hemorrhage in premature infants, and its relation to various injurious influences at birth.

Abstract A group of 50 cases of subependymal cerebral hemorrhage in premature infants is analyzed; in 29 of these cases perforation of hematomas had resulted in intraventricular hemorrhage. It is suggested that various factors incident to birth have the following significance in the pathogenesis of these lesions. Mechanical trauma plays no essential part in the causation of subependymal hemorrhage. A local predisposition is attributable to the presence of masses of undifferentiated subependymal tissue in premature infants. In these highly suscepibble areas anoxia with its concomitant congestion of vessels frequently causes focal hemorrhages. The relatively low external pressure to which the presenting part is exposed may in cephalic presentation aggravate the lesions by increasing the influx of blood to the brain. If this interpretation is accepted, a large proportion of the instances of intraventricular hemorrhage in premature infants should no longer be considered as effects of mechanical trauma.
Building a Low-Cost Geographic Website for Collecting Citizen Science Contributions

In 2004, shortly after the introduction of Google Maps, Paul Rademacher created the first web mashup mapping housing data from Craigslist. Since then, web mapping has become ubiquitous on websites and mobile applications in many realms, including social networking, collaborative mapping, and citizen science. During this time, web mapping technologies have developed rapidly. A wide variety of new software from both private vendors and open source collaborators has made the barrier to entry for web mapping platforms relatively easy to overcome. Using this technology can assist geography researchers to collect information from citizen scientists. In this project, we explore different low-cost, low-barrier options of web technologies for citizen science websites. Using this information, we created a website to collect volunteered information about low water crossing hazards perceptions in central Texas. Choosing the right combination of software to implement a geographic citizen science project requires under...
Introduction and Concepts

This chapter provides a general overview of equating and briefly considers important concepts. The concept of equating is described, as is why it is needed, and how to distinguish it from other related processes. Equating properties and designs are considered in detail, because these concepts provide the organizing themes for addressing the statistical methods treated in subsequent chapters. Some issues in evaluating equating are also considered. The chapter concludes with a preview of subsequent chapters.
Female Managers: Perspectives on Sexual Harassment and Career Development

Seventy-eight female managers in the tourism industry were administered a questionnaire containing selected scales of the Personality Research Form (PRF) as well as questions concerning their perceptions of sexual harassment on the job. Our purpose was to investigate the validity of the managerial stereotype while assessing perceptions of harassment in order to aid management in understanding the issue.Results suggest that the managerial stereotype of an achievement-oriented, aggressive, and dominant personality may be changing. Implications for management are discussed. In addition, respondents indicated that sexual harassment is a problem in the tourism industry. Implications for management policy are assessed with a framework for strategically addressing the harassment issue presented.
Status and inclusion, anger and sadness: Gendered responses to disrespect

Self-image is deeply affected by social evaluations. One source of evaluation is respect, individuals' perceptions of their inclusion within, and value to, the group. Despite the importance of respect to the self-concept, the study of affective responses to disrespectful experiences has been largely neglected. A series of three studies focused on the following questions: (1) which emotions accompany the experience of disrespect? (2) how does gender influence emotional responses? and (3) how does disrespect differ emotionally from other interpersonal evaluations (i.e., disliking)? Results shed light on gender differences in emotional responses to disrespect, with men appearing to be more concerned with respect and responding to disrespect with more anger, whereas women were more likely to be sad. Implications for the study of respect and disrespect as social evaluations, and sex differences in reactions to these evaluations, are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolation and Partial Characterization of Globoids from Aleurone Grains of Arachis hypogaea Seed

The aleurone grains of the peanut (Arachis hypogaea) have been fractionated into the globoidal and nongloboidal components by homogenization in 0.5 M sucrose solution and differential centrifugation. The major components of the globoids are: protein, 35.1%; magnesium, 2.5%; potassium, 2.0%; myoinositol, 7.0%; total phosphorus, 7.4%; oxalic acid, 3.5%; and moisture, 8.6%. Small amounts of calcium (0.5%) and manganese (0.03%) are also present. Of the total phosphorus about 97% is present as organic phosphorus of which phytic acid (myoinositol hexaphosphoric acid) constitutes the major portion with only 0.1% orthophosphate and traces of lower phosphates of myoinositol. The globoidal fraction accounts for about 50% of the total magnesium, manganese, phytic acid, oxalic acid, and for 13% of the potassium and 80% of the calcium present in the aleurone grains. The remainder of these components are present in the matrix of the aleurone grain. There seems to be a cation deficit in the globoids and a cation excess in the aleurone grains and soluble fraction. The nature of the missing cation in the globoid and the missing anion in the aleurone grain or in the soluble fraction was not determined, but thought to be protein.
Risk factors for prebreeding pyometra on four Colorado dairy farms

Risk factors associated with pyometra were studied in 4 confinement managed dry-lot dairies in Colorado. The incidence of pyometra for the 3-year study was 7.0%. The first risk factor to enter the step-wise logistic regression model was “lactation number”. Cows in their first lactation were at lesser risk of developing pyometra (P<0.001) than cows in all other lactations. The second and final variable to enter the logistic regression model was “dairy farm”. Cows on 1 of the dairy farms were at lesser risk of pyometra than the other herds, (P<0.005), after adjusting for the lactation number of the cows. There was no statistical association for year or season with the incidence of pyometra; however, the probability of three consecutive spring seasons having the greatest frequency of pyometra was 0.0045.
Femtosecond To Nanosecond Dynamics in Fullerenes: Implications for Excited-State Optical Nonlinearities

We compared detailed dynamics of the excited-state absorption for C60 in solution, thin films, and entrapped in an inorganic sol-gel glass matrix. Our results demonstrate that the microscopic morphology of the C60 molecules plays a crucial role in determining the relaxation dynamics. This is a key factor for applications in optical limiting for nanosecond pulses using reverse saturable absorption. We find that the dynamics of our C60-glass composites occur on long (ns) timescales, comparable to those in solution; thin film samples, by contrast, show rapid decay (<20 picoseconds). These results demonstrate that C60-sol-gel glass composites contain C60 in a molecular dispersion, and are suitable candidates for solid-state optical limiting. Multispectral analysis of the decay dynamics in solution allows accurate determination of both the intersystem crossing time (600±100ps) and the relative strengths of the singlet and triplet excited-state cross sections as a function of wavelength from 450–950 nm. The triplet excited-state cross section is greater than that for the singlet excited-state over the range from 620–810 nm.
Spectral window of the acousto-optic folded spectrum analyzer

I derive here the spectral window of the acousto-optic folded spectrum analyzer proposed by [K. Wagner and D. Psaltis, Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. 564, 209–223 (1985)]. This window function turns out to be quite informative. It clarifies important characteristics that distinguish this system from the more conventional digital spectrum analyzers, and it clarifies the relationships between various system design parameters and helps guide their selection. The spectral window of one specific implementation of a finer-resolution version of this analyzer (the super-fine-resolution variant suggested in the above reference) is also determined. Analysis shows that for certain narrow-frequency ranges this window has two main lobes separated by a large number of super-fine frequency-resolution bins. This characteristic makes it unacceptable in many applications.
Three-dimensional object recognition using multiple sensors

Multi-sensor fusion deals with the combination of complementary and sometimes contradictory sensor data into a reliable estimate of the environment to achieve a sum which is better than the parts. Multiple sensors can be used to overcome problems associated with object recognition systems. The introduction of multiple sensors into such a system emphasizes the need for useful methods for combining sensor outputs. Multiple sensors can yield duplicate information that can be used to verify input and possibly to ease the task of object recognition. Since each sensor output contains noise, multiple sensors can be used to determine the same property, but with the consensus of all sensors. We introduce a Bayesian approach for combining sensor outputs that increases the confidence in features supported by multiple sensors and reduces the confidence in unsupported features. This paper describes how feature level input from an arbitrary number of sensors may be combined to make 3-D object recognition more accurate. An example involving features from range, intensity, and tactile is given.
Food expenditure projections: 1990–2010

Estimation and simulation of food expenditure models indicate that Americans 65 and older tend to spend more on food at home and less on food away from home than do younger households. Some regional variation occurs with the Northeast and West spending the most on total food. The econometric models also indicate that nonblacks spend more per food category than blacks except for meat, poultry, fish, and eggs. Projections indicate that the growth of food expenditures over the next 20 years will be slower than it was for the past 20 years.
Use of meta‐analysis to predict degradation of carbaryl and malathion in freshwater for exposure assessment

Abstract Carbaryl (1‐naphthyl methylcarbamate) and malathion (diethyl mercaptosuccinate, S‐ester with O, O‐dimethyl phosphorodithioate) are insecticides used to control grasshopper infestations on rangeland. Insecticides used to control grasshopper infestations pose a hazard to aquatic organisms because although no‐spray buffer zones are observed around aquatic habitats, pesticide may be deposited by drift or mobilized from upland areas by runoff. A number of processes may affect the fate of carbaryl and malathion in the aquatic environment, but no method is available for estimating degradation over the range of conditions that occur in the field. We used results of published studies in meta‐analyses to estimate degradation models that predict half‐life of carbaryl and malathion in freshwater over temperature and pH ranges relevant to western grasshopper‐management programs. Estimated degradation models were: In (half‐life carbaryl) = 24.3 ‐ 2.36(pH) ‐ 0.0788(t) and In (half‐life malathion) = 5.98 + 2.84(...
Continuous-time hidden Markov models for network performance evaluation

In this paper, we study the use of continuous-time hidden Markov models (CT-HMMs) for network protocol and application performance evaluation. We develop an algorithm to infer the CT-HMM from a series of end-to-end delay and loss observations of probe packets. This model can then be used to simulate network environments for network performance evaluation. We validate the simulation method through a series of experiments both in ns and over the Internet. Our experimental results show that this simulation method can represent a wide range of real network scenarios. It is easy to use, accurate and time efficient.
Assessment of the agreement between photoplethysmographic and arterial waveform respiratory variation in patients undergoing spine surgery.

AbstractRespiratory variation in the arterial blood pressure and photoplethysmographic (PPG) waveforms have both been shown to predict the haemodynamic response to volume administration. Whether or not the two can be considered interchangeable is controversial. Twenty-three patients undergoing spine surgery received both a 20 gauge intra-arterial catheter and a Masimo adult adhesive SpHb sensor connected to a Radical-7 monitor. Pulse pressure variation (PPV) was calculated off-line at 1-min intervals. Pleth Variability Index (PVI) and Perfusion Index data were recorded. After exclusion of outliers, agreement between PPV and PVI was assessed using a repeated measures Bland-Altman approach. Concordance between changes in PPV and PVI was assessed using a four-quadrant plot with a 20% zone of exclusion. In total, 6549 min of data were collected. Repeated measures Bland-Altman analysis identified a bias of 2.2% and 95% confidence intervals of ±15.3% (limits of agreement −13.1 and +17.6%). The concordance rate ...
Is ambulatory patient safety just like hospital safety, only without the "stat"?

The study by Gandhi and colleagues in this issue uses settled malpractice claims to help us better understand the nature of diagnostic errors in the ambulatory setting. Their findings—that such err...
Angiosarcoma of the Heart: Diagnosis by Echocardiography

Angiosarcoma of the heart is a rare tumor infrequently diagnosed ante mortem. The clinical presentation is usually that of pericarditis or congestive heart failure. This case report illustrates the contribution of echocardiography in suggesting the diagnosis.
LAGRANGE MULTIPLIER TESTS FOR FRACTIONAL DIFFERENCE

. This paper develops Lagrange multiplier tests of ARMA(p, q) models against fractional ARIMA(p, d, q) alternatives. The performance of the tests is investigated for moderate-sized samples. It is concluded that fractional difference will be difficult to detect when the orders (p, q) are over-specified in an autoregressive moving-average (ARMA) analysis. The importance of distinguishing between the mean known and mean estimated cases in fractional difference models is illustrated in the context of these tests.
Upward Social Projection and Attitude Certainty

Predicting the attitudes of a powerful out-group can influence attitude strength and the perceived status of in-group members. American farmers indicated their own attitude positions on eight issues relevant to conflict with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and then estimated the positions either of their in-group, the EPA, a control out-group, or participated in a no-estimation control condition. The estimation of attitude disagreement with EPA agents elicited negative thoughts about their power and control which mediated a decrease in self-certainty. Assumed attitude contrast also diminished the perceived status of farmers. Discussion focuses on relational and instrumental sub-group connections.
The glass transition temperature versus the fictive temperature

AbstractA comparison of the values of the glass transition temperature (T g ) measured on cooling and the limiting ﬁctive temperature ðT 0f Þmeasured on heating as a function of cooling rate is performed for a polystyrene sample using both capillary dilatometry and diﬀerentialscanning calorimetry (DSC). The results from both techniques indicate that T 0f is systematically lower than T g presumably due to thebreadth of the relaxation on cooling. The Tool–Narayanaswamy–Moynihan (TNM) model is used to ﬁt the experimental data from dila-tometry and DSC in order to ascertain the origins of the higher value of T g compared to T 0f . 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. PACS: 64.70.Pf; 65.60.+a; 81.70.Pg; 82.35.LrKeywords: Glass transition; Measurement techniques; Modeling and simulation; Polymers and organics; Calorimetry 1. IntroductionWhen a glass-forming material is cooled from the equi-librium liquid state, molecular mobility decreases withdecreasing temperature; at some point, the time scale forconformational changes becomes comparable to the timescale of cooling and the material deviates from the liquidline and begins to form a glass. The glass transition is,hence, a kinetic rather than a thermodynamic transitionand depends on cooling rate [1,2]. The glass transition tem-perature (T
Partonic effects on higher-order anisotropic flows in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Higher-order anisotropic flows ${v}_{4}$ and ${v}_{6}$ of charged hadrons in heavy-ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider are studied in a multiphase transport model that has previously been used successfully for describing the elliptic flow ${v}_{2}$ of identified hadrons in these collisions. We find that the same parton scattering cross section of about $10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{mb}$ used in explaining the measured ${v}_{2}$ of charged hadrons can also reproduce the recent data on their ${v}_{4}$ and ${v}_{6}$ from $\text{Au}+\text{Au}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=200A\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{GeV}$. It is further found that ${v}_{4}$ is a more sensitive probe of the initial partonic dynamics in these collisions than ${v}_{2}$. Moreover, higher-order parton anisotropic flows are non-negligible and satisfy the scaling relation ${v}_{n,q}({p}_{T})\ensuremath{\sim}{v}_{2,q}^{n∕2}({p}_{T})$, which leads naturally to the observed similar scaling relation among hadron anisotropic flows when the coalescence model is used to describe hadron production from the partonic matter.
Pleiotropic transport mutants of Escherichia coli lack porin, a major outer membrane protein.

Four “pleiotropic transport” mutants of Escherichia coli B/r with decreased affinity for the uptake of most nutrients were found to lack a major outer membrane protein of 36,500 daltons (“porin”) previously shown to produce transmembrane diffusion channels in in vitro reconstitution experiments. Consequent decrease in outer membrane permeability was confirmed by measuring the transmembrane diffusion rate of 6-aminopenicillanic acid. Quantitative considerations on the porin-dependent permeability of the outer membrane show that (a) there may be very large differences in the actual rates of penetration, even among the “permeable” substances and (b) the numbers of porin molecules present in wild type cells is several orders of magnitude higher than that necessary for the uptake of rapidly diffusing substrates such as glocose from ordinary culture media. The absence of porin and the pleiotropic transport defect were always contransduced, and the mutation was mapped at 73.7 min between aroB and malT by P1 transduction. When “revertants” able to grow on low concentrations of lactose were selected, in addition to true revertants “suppressor” strains with increased amounts of non-porin membrane proteins were isolated.
Evaluation of ten kenaf cultivars for resistance to field infection by Macrophomina phaseolina.

Abstract Field plot studies were conducted in 1990 and 1991 to evaluate 10 kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) cultivars for relative susceptibility and stem yield in the presence of Macrophomina phaseolina. Cultivars 15-2, 45-9, 19-117-2 and 78-18RS10 generally had the least disease incidence, while Cuba 108 was the most susceptible. Yields were greatest for 19-117-2 and 78-18RS10, and lowest for Cuba 108. Coupled with cultural practices which reduce pathogen inoculum density and survival, identification of kenaf cultivars with higher levels of disease resistance and high stem yields should provide a beneficial approach for disease control.
Short-term inhalation toxicity of perfluoroisobutylene.

ABSTRACTPerfluoroisobutylene (PFIB) is a highly toxic, colorless gas. The 4-hour Approximate Lethal Concentration in male rats is 0.5 ppm (v/v). The median lethal concentration (LC50) was calculated for groups of 10 male Crl:CD® rats, exposed, nose-only, for either 0.25, 0.50, 1, 2, 5, or 10 minutes to various concentrations of PFIB. Atmospheric concentrations of PFIB were determined by gas chromatography (electron capture detector). No mortalities or signs of respiratory irritation were seen during exposure. Weight loss and respiratory impairment were evident up to 48 hours post-exposure. Affected rats either died with gross pathological signs of pulmonary congestion or recovered with no apparent residual effects. The 0.25-minute LC50 was 361 ppm (321–415 ppm, 95% Confidence Limits); the 10-minute LC50 was 17 ppm (15–19 ppm, 95% Confidence Limits). The steep slope of the concentration-mortality curve at each time interval reflected the narrow range of concentrations that produced mortality (LC1-LC99). In...