cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Means—End Process of Freedom in Law

The predominant emphasis in this book on the affinities between Peircean semiotics and common law traditions in a modern Anglo-American legal system may convey to the reader the idea that a legal semiotics is applicable only to systems of law that share a general background with common law countries, on the basis of cultural customs, consensus, contract, property, and the like. This is not the case; the theories are widely applicable to all legal systems. But an introduction to legal semiotics is more readily given with respect to common law because fundamental concepts are shared by both, in different ways, but in ways that permit intersystemic communication between philosophy and law to be more apparent to the newcomer to this point of view.
Occlusion, optimization, emergency response and partial falls in a senior collapse detection system

Vision based fall detection systems must often contend with more issues than the need to simply identify true fall cases. All vision systems have areas of the frame they cannot see, occlusion, and this becomes of critical importance for systems monitoring for falls. Even with full scene visibility, human falls have an incredible variety requiring special detectors for edge cases like partial falls. Each detection algorithm is only as good as the parameters it is provided and so optimum values for each detector are found using Particle Swarm Optimization. We then discuss the use of email and short message service (SMS) in alerting caregivers that a fall has occurred.
IoT in Smart Cities: Exploring Information Theoretic and Deep Learning Models to Improve Parking Solutions

The smart city is an emerging concept which appears to be a promising approach not only in urban environment to accommodate the growing needs and to improve the quality of life, but also in military environment for installing and integrating network-connected sensors into the everyday operations. This demands the use of information technologies, digitization, and urban traffic planning for better mobility. Internet of Things (IoT) devices (wireless sensors, actuators, meters, etc.) come in handy to collect and analyze data. Because military bases share many of the same characteristics as small cities, this work in progress sets out to develop a machine learning model to predict the parking availability in IoT environment for smart cities. As IoT offers data nuances challenges, present work explores a recently introduced information theoretic technique, Chisini Jensen Shannon Divergence (CJSD), known for their utility to tease apart data classes with discernible differences. We found that while clustering methods were unable to detect visually identifiable clusters, family of CJSDs was able to capture underlying data regularity and give statistically significant improvement over deep learning model. This is the first application of information theoretic models in IoT environment in the research literature.
The Effects of Botulinum Toxin A on Pain in Ischemic Vasospasm.

Purpose The purpose was to describe the impact of botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) administration in patients with ischemic vasospasm on the magnitude and timing of pain relief and subsequent effect on opioid use. The secondary purposes were to determine the role of photoplethysomgraph (PPG) testing on treatment decisions, effect on patient-reported outcomes, and additional procedures. Methods A retrospective analysis of patients who received BTX-A injections was performed. Botulinum toxin type A was injected subcutaneously in symptom-specific 2-level patterns. Pain, shortened version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (QuickDASH), and opioid use (quantified by median morphine equivalents) were recorded and the need for repeat injections or unplanned surgeries was assessed. Results All patients (n = 20 patients; 31 hands) had ischemic pain from vasospasm and failed multiple pharmacological options. Average follow-up was 10.5 months. All patients had abnormal PPG amplitude (mean, 6.43 mm) at room temperature and increased amplitude (mean, 19.55 mm) after immersion in warm water. All patients (n = 12) with a PPG amplitude increase of 4 mm or greater had clinical success. Eleven of 13 patients had a clinically relevant decrease in pain at 20 minutes after injection. Clinically significant pain relief was sustained for 3 months (visual analog scale decreased by a mean of 4). Median morphine equivalent usage view decreased from 82.5 to 0 after injection. Patient-reported disability (QuickDASH) improved from 49 before treatment to 29 and 26 at 6 weeks and 6 months after BTX-A injection, respectively. Three patients were retreated for recurrent symptoms. Four patients required unplanned secondary procedures. Conclusions Botulinum toxin type A administration can result in rapid (within 20 minutes) and sustained pain relief for several months with a reduction in opioid prescriptions. Botulinum toxin type A administration also improved patient-reported disability for 6 months. Use of PPG testing to determine baseline perfusion deficit and capacity to improve after warm water immersion was helpful in consideration of BTX-A use. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Accepting influence in military couples: Implications for couples' communication and family satisfaction.

In popular relationship resources, accepting influence is regarded as a couple-level process vital for relational satisfaction. However, empirical research has demonstrated inconsistent evidence for these suppositions, with several studies identifying no associations between accepting influence and relationship outcomes, and, furthermore, several gaps in the literature remain with regard to our knowledge on accepting influence (e.g., little identified research on military couples or family outcomes). To address these gaps, a measure of perceptions of one's partner accepting influence was retrospectively created to examine accepting influence in Army couples (N = 244). With theoretical underpinnings from family systems theory, this study used an actor-partner interdependence approach to investigate the associations between partners' accepting influence and couple communication satisfaction and satisfaction with the family. Service members' perceptions of their partners' accepting influence were associated with their own outcomes, whereas civilian spouses' perceptions of partners' accepting influence were related to both partners' outcomes. Results suggest accepting influence may be an intervention point to improve couple and family outcomes.
Friction Stir Extrusion: A new process for joining dissimilar materials

Abstract The need to join dissimilar materials such as aluminum and steel is prevalent in many industries. This paper investigates a new process called Friction Stir Extrusion (FSE) for joining aluminum and steel. The process uses Friction Stir Welding (FSW) to extrude aluminum into a premade concave groove cut into steel. FSE eliminates the concerns of intermetallic compounds and tool wear. This technique leads to a mechanically bound joint whose strength is determined by the mechanical bond between the steel and the extruded aluminum. Successful joints were created showing the FSE process has the potential for application to any combination of dissimilar materials.
Chemistry and Physiology of the Parathyroid Hormone

Publisher Summary During the year 1960, some 35 years after the first preparation of an active extract of the parathyroid glands, the chemistry and physiology of the parathyroid hormone entered a new era. For the first time the hormone was isolated in pure form and characterized, and small amounts were made available for experimental purposes, supplementing the crude extracts upon which virtually all the work on the physiologic activity of the hormone had been based. Work with the purified hormone has already clarified some important problems, and it may be confidently expected that other major advances will follow. Between 1925 and 1960, there were many efforts to extract and purify the active principle of the parathyroid glands; that they were not completely successful until recently was owing in part to the difficulties inherent in the procedures and to the degradation of the hormonal molecule during extraction, and in part also to the need of modern instrumentation for extraction and separation of substances in solution. Hot dilute hydrochloric acid and hot concentrated acetic acid were used successfully for extraction of hormonal activity from minced glands, but not without damage to the molecule. Aurbach developed a superior extraction method using aqueous phenol solutions.
Estimating Masonry Wall and Column Costs

Mason productivity can be doubled and masonry construction costs greatly reduced by improved design and construction techniques, which have been well researched, thoroughly developed, fully proven, and broadly reported. The reasons they have not and probably will not do so are twofold: (1)They lack economic incentive as long as the consumer is willing to pay for inefficient design and inept work rule bargaining; and (2)it is easy to blame low levels of construction labor productivity on the unions.
Influence of Variation in Sediment Conditions on the Acoustic Response of Targets near the Sea Floor

Abstract : Detection and classification of objects on or imbedded in the ocean sediment is a problem receiving increasing attention. The measured scattering in these situations will include interactions of the incident sound with the sediment interface itself, as well as the possibility for multiple interactions between the target and sediment. This research focuses on the problem of variation in sediment properties and their effect on target responses. The long-term goals are to understand, and quantitatively predict, the effects of the environment on scattering from mines and mine-like targets. First, attempts will be made to understand the role that the interface plays on the measured scattering from proud and buried targets. Secondly, some attention will be spent on aspects pertaining to the classification of targets, specifically on understanding how the variation in scattering due to interface condition affects the classification schemes used in mine counter-measures (MCM). Ultimately, any sort of identification/classification schemes employed by the U.S. Navy will have to address two issues in order to be effective: 1) quantitative understanding of the acoustic response of objects in contact with or embedded in the ocean sediment and 2) how variation in the sediment conditions affect the acoustic response of such targets. The main objective this year aimed at identifying how various aspects of the target physics contribute to the acoustic scattering and how this is affected by the presence of the sediment. However, looking ahead to the long-term goal of understanding the role that variation in sediment plays in the acoustic scattering, the second objective was to ensure that experiments were designed and conducted that would look at the role played by the sediment properties, albeit leaving the interpretation of these results to the focus of FY11.
Trends in Tuberculosis Cases Among Nursing Home Residents, California, 2000 to 2009

Objectives To examine trends in tuberculosis (TB) incidence and to compare demographic and clinical characteristics of nursing home (NH) residents and community-dwelling older adults. Design Prospective TB surveillance. Setting TB cases reported in California from 2000 to 2009. Participants TB patients aged 65 and older. Measurements Trends in TB incidence per 100,000 population were assessed using Poisson regression. Demographic and clinical characteristics were compared using the chi-square or Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Among NH residents, risk factors for death during TB treatment were identified using logistic regression. Results From 2000 to 2009, TB incidence rates decreased significantly, from 15.9/100,000 to 8.4/100,000 (−44%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −66% to −7%) for NH residents and from 21.2/100,000 to 15.0/100,000 (−27%, 95% CI = −29% to −24%) for community-dwelling older adults. Overall, 211 TB cases among NH residents and 6,518 cases among community-dwelling older adults were reported. NH residents were more likely than community-dwelling older adults to be older (median age 81 vs 75, P < .001), have a negative acid-fast bacilli sputum smear and positive culture (37% vs 28%, P < .001), and die while undergoing TB treatment (44% vs 14%, P < .001), and were less likely to have a positive tuberculin skin test (TST) (28% vs 44%, P < .001) and have TB care provided by a health department (20% vs 59%, P < .001). In multivariable analysis, NH residents who had a positive TST were less likely to die while undergoing TB treatment (odds ratio = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.16–0.96). Conclusion TB incidence rates were lower, and reductions in incidence were greater among NH residents; community-dwelling older adults had higher TB rates and smaller reductions in incidence. Interventions that promote timely detection and treatment of TB infection and disease may be needed to reduce morbidity and mortality among NH residents.
Brief Report: Adolescents' Reasons for Participating in a Health Care Transition Intervention Study.

Purpose This study investigated the reasons adolescents with spina bifida consented or assented to participate in a randomized controlled prospective health care transition intervention study. Methods Sixty-five adolescents with spina bifida (SB), ages 14 to 18 years, who had previously participated in the Transition Preparation Training Program (TPT) study were recruited for the current study. A total of 26 consents/assents were obtained; a total of 25 questionnaires were returned (11 treatment; 14 control). Study findings were from a sample of 25 adolescents, aged 14 to 20 years who had participated in a randomized controlled prospective study entitled the Transition Preparation Training Program (TPT). Content analysis was used to code and analyze data. Results Study findings revealed adolescents indicated several reasons for choosing to participate in the research study. Major reasons cited for their participation were related to the desire to learn more about their condition and for altruistic purposes. Numerous reasons were offered by respondents as to why adolescents declined to participate in the research study; feelings of discomfort and issues of privacy were cited. Sixty-four percent of the respondents indicated the offer of a research incentive did not affect their decision to participate in the TPT study. Other findings are reported as to the use of research incentives and future recruitment recommendations. Conclusions Youth shared a number of reasons and insights about recruitment strategies that may be helpful for future research efforts, especially those studies involving adolescents with special health care needs who participate in health care transition research.
Microscopic Characterization of InAs/In(0.28)GaSb(0.72)/InAs/AlSb Laser Structure Interfaces

We have used cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy (XSTM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to study ${\mathrm{I}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{s}/\mathrm{I}\mathrm{n}}_{0.28}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.72}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{b}/\mathrm{I}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{s}/\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{b}$ strained-layer heterostructures designed for use in infrared lasers. The samples came from the same material previously characterized by photoluminescence (PL) and x-ray diffraction [M. J. Yang et al., J. Appl. Phys. 86, 1796 (1999)]. Several structures grown at different temperatures and with either III-As or III-Sb-like interfacial bonds have been characterized. Analysis of high-resolution TEM images finds the same degree of interfacial roughness (\ensuremath{\sim}1 ML) for both III-As and III-Sb interfacial bonded heterostructures, despite significantly greater PL intensity in the latter. We also implement and compare two different methods for analyzing the interfacial roughness using XSTM; both show that the crucial InAs/InGaSb interface is rougher in the samples grown at high temperature. Even in samples grown at the optimal temperature (\ensuremath{\sim}440 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C), XSTM reveals intermixing at the AlSb-on-InAs interfaces, as well as unexpected differences in the interfacial bond types at the InAs-on-AlSb vs AlSb-on-InAs interfaces. Whereas all layers grown at or below the optimal growth temperature appear defect-free in TEM, threading dislocations are observed in samples grown at higher temperature.
States of Grace: Senegalese in Italy and the New European Immigration

States of Grace: Senegalese in Italy and the New European Immigration. Donald Martin Carter. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997. 274 pp.
Success factors in the management of technological innovations: an efficient implementation concept of technology strategies (based on an empirical study)

Summary form only given. Competition reveals that some enterprises react faster in bringing technological innovations to the market than others. What are the reasons for these differences and how can they be explained? The author has discovered in an empirical study, that the efficiency, with which technology strategies get implemented in enterprises is one of the decisive reasons for this phenomena, The efficient implementation of technology strategies will give the managers of the enterprises the opportunity to bring their technological innovations earlier and more successfully to the market than competitors. This paper discusses an implementation model for technology strategies. The strategic positioning of the technological resources and the management of the core technological competencies of an enterprise, which are necessary for the success of its products, are the central question of the technology strategy. Part of this implementation model is an efficiency concept for the evaluation of the implementation success. In the end, the success of a strategy implementation process is determined by the result. This can be defined as degree of realization of the strategy and is further refined in the manuscript by efficiency criteria. The author differentiates between three categories of efficiency criteria: (1) the general view, (2) the process-oriented view, and (3) the result-oriented view. Recommendations for efficient implementation processes in different implementation situations are included in checklists.
Giant gravitons and the emergence of geometric limits in β-deformations of \( \mathcal{N}=4 \) SYM

We study a one parameter family of supersymmetric marginal deformations of $$ \mathcal{N}=4 $$ SYM with U(1)3 symmetry, known as β-deformations, to understand their dual AdS × X geometry, where X is a large classical geometry in the g YM 2 N → ∞ limit. We argue that we can determine whether or not X is geometric by studying the spectrum of open strings between giant gravitons states, as represented by operators in the field theory, as we take N → ∞ in certain double scaling limits. We study the conditions under which these open strings can give rise to a large number of states with energy far below the string scale. The number-theoretic properties of β are very important. When exp(iβ) is a root of unity, the space X is an orbifold. When exp(iβ) close to a root of unity in a double scaling limit sense, X corresponds to a finite deformation of the orbifold. Finally, if β is irrational, sporadic light states can be present.
Integrated CMOS photodetectors and signal processing for very low-level chemical sensing with the bioluminescent bioreporter integrated circuit

We report an integrated CMOS microluminometer optimized for the detection of low-level bioluminescence as part of the bioluminescent bioreporter integrated circuit (BBIC). This microluminometer improves on previous devices through careful management of the sub-femtoampere currents, both signal and leakage, that flow in the front-end processing circuitry. In particular, the photodiode is operated with a reverse bias of only a few mV, requiring special attention to the reset circuitry of the current-to-frequency converter (CFC) that forms the front-end circuit. We report a sub-femtoampere leakage current and a minimum detectable signal (MDS) of 0.15 fA (1510 s integration time) using a room temperature 1.47 mm2 CMOS photodiode. This microluminometer can detect luminescence from as few as 5000 fully induced Pseudomonas fluorescens 5RL bacterial cells. c2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Effects of tumor necrosis factor-binding protein on hepatic protein synthesis during chronic sepsis.

Background. Cytokines are thought to play a role in the stimulation of protein synthesis in liver during inflammation and sepsis. We previously showed that administration of tumor necrosis factor-binding protein (TNFbp) prevents the sepsis-induced inhibition of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle. The purpose of the present set of experiments was to investigate the effect of TNFbp on hepatic protein synthesis and its ability to modulate the mechanisms responsible for increased hepatic protein synthesis during chronic (5day) intraabdominal sepsis. Materials and methods. We examined the effects of TNFbp on hepatic protein synthesis during sepsis in four groups of rats: control, control 1 TNFbp, septic, and septic 1 TNFbp. Saline (1.0 ml) or TNFbp (1 mg/kg, 1.0 ml) was injected daily starting 4 h prior to the induction of sepsis. The effect of sepsis and TNFbp administration on hepatic protein synthesis in vivo was examined 5 days later. Results. Sepsis increased the rate of protein synthesis by 35% relative to controls. Accelerated rates of protein synthesis were accompanied by increased total RNA content, eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 2a content, and phosphorylation of p70S6 kinase. Injection of TNFbp into septic rats for 5 days did not diminish the sepsis-induced stimulation of hepatic protein synthesis. Compared with controls, septic rats treated with TNFbp also showed elevated total RNA content, elF2a content, and phosphorylation of p70S6 kinase. No significant differences in any of the parameters measured were observed between untreated and TNFbp-treated septic rats. Treatment of control animals with TNFbp for 5 days was without effect on any of the parameters examined. Conclusions. TNFbp did not prevent the sepsisinduced stimulation of hepatic protein metabolism or modulate the septic-induced changes in factors regulating protein synthesis. Global rates of protein synthesis in livers from septic rats are accelerated by increases in the abundance or activity of components of translational apparatus. © 2000 Academic Press
Domain walls as dark energy

The possibility that the energy density of the Universe is dominated by a network of low-tension domain walls provides an alternative to the commonly discussed cosmological constant and scalar-field quintessence models of dark energy. We quantify the lower bound on the number density of the domain walls that follows from the observed near isotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation. This bound can be satisfied by a strongly frustrated domain wall network. No fine tuning of the parameters of the underlying field theory model is required. We briefly outline the observational consequences of this model.
Relation of Statistically Significant, Abnormal, and Typical WAIS-R VIQ-PIQ Discrepancies to Full Scale IQs

Summary: In the United States' normative population for the WAIS-R, differences (Ds) between persons' verbal and performance IQs (VIQs and PIQs) tend to increase with an increase in full scale IQs (FSIQs). This suggests that norm-referenced interpretations of Ds should take FSIQs into account. Two new graphs are presented to facilitate this type of interpretation. One of these graphs estimates the mean of absolute values of D (called typical D) at each FSIQ level of the US normative population. The other graph estimates the absolute value of D that is exceeded only 5% of the time (called abnormal D) at each FSIQ level of this population. A graph for the identification of conventional “statistically significant Ds” (also called “reliable Ds”) is also presented. A reliable D is defined in the context of classical true score theory as an absolute D that is unlikely (p < .05) to be exceeded by a person whose true VIQ and PIQ are equal. As conventionally defined reliable Ds do not depend on the FSIQ. The graph...
Relapsed/Refractory multiple myeloma: defining refractory disease and identifying strategies to overcome resistance.

Despite the development of more effective therapies for multiple myeloma (MM) over the past decade, nearly all patients will eventually experience disease relapse and require further therapy. Designing the next generation of therapies for relapsed and refractory disease will depend on understanding the complex molecular pathogenesis of MM and mechanisms of resistance. Oncogenomic studies have identified many potential therapeutic targets and have led to emerging models of the multistep molecular pathogenesis of MM. The key to overcoming resistance may depend on interrupting the complex interactions between MM cells and the bone microenvironment. Direct interaction between MM cells and bone marrow cells activates pleiotropic signaling pathways that mediate growth, survival, and migration of MM cells as well as resistance to chemotherapy (known as cell adhesion–mediated drug resistance). The bone marrow also secretes growth factors and cytokines that maintain MM cells and inhibit apoptosis. Therefore, successful therapeutic strategies must target not only the MM plasma cell but also the bone microenvironment. The benefit of immunomodulatory drugs such as thalidomide and lenalidomide and the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in relapsed/refractory MM is related to their ability to target both. Novel agents and combination strategies are building on the success of these agents and targeting synergistic pathways.
The association of serum lipids and inflammatory biomarkers with renal function in men with type II diabetes mellitus.

Dyslipidemia and inflammation may promote renal disease via mechanisms of vascular endothelial cell dysfunction in type II diabetes mellitus (DM). Sparse data, however, are available on the relation of lipids and inflammatory biomarkers and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in type II DM. We performed a cross-sectional study of 732 men with type II DM enrolled in the Health Professionals' Follow-Up Study. Plasma creatinine was used to estimate GFR by the simplified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation. In men with a GFR 2 , triglycerides, non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL), apoprotein B, fibrinogen, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor (sTNFR-2) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM) were significantly higher when compared to the referent group (GFR≥90 ml/min/1.73 m 2 ). In multivariable logistic regression, those in the highest quartiles of the following biomarkers had increased odds of having a GFR 2 when compared to those in the lowest quartiles: triglycerides (odds ratio (OR) 3.11; 95% CI, 1.52–6.36), fibrinogen (OR 5.40; 95% CI 2.14–13.65), sTNFR-2 (OR 8.34; 95% CI 3.50–19.88) and VCAM (OR 4.50; 95% CI 1.98–10.23). An inverse association was observed for HDL (OR 0.48; 95% CI 0.24–0.98). We found no association between C-reactive protein and GFR. The results were similar when creatinine clearance by Cockcroft–Gault was used to estimate kidney function. We conclude that several potentially modifiable lipid and inflammatory biomarkers are elevated in the setting of moderately decreased GFR in men with type II DM and may be the link between renal insufficiency and increased risk for cardiovascular events in this population.
Two kinds of evidence: How information systems form rhetorical arguments

Purpose – This paper aims to examine how systems for organizing information construct rhetorical arguments for a particular interpretation of their subject matter.Design/methodology/approach – The paper synthesizes a conceptual framework from the field of rhetoric and uses that framework to analyze how existing organizational schemes present evidence in support of arguments regarding the material being organized.Findings – Organizational schemes can present logical arguments as posed in rhetoric, using two forms of evidence for their claims: relationship evidence from the category structure and resource evidence from the ways that items are assigned to categories.Research limitations/implications – This study does not attempt to identify all types of evidence that organizational schemes might use in argumentation. Further research may describe additional forms of evidence and argumentative structures.Practical implications – When creating organizational schemes, designers might develop a strategy to facil...
Influence of Cation Order on the Dielectric Properties of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–Pb(Sc1/2Nb1/2)O3 (PMN‐PSN) Relaxor Ferroelectrics

The effect of the B-site cation chemistry and ordering on the dielectric properties of solid solutions in the (1−x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–Pb(Sc1/2Nb1/2)O3 (PMN-PSN) perovskite system was examined in samples with 0.1 ≤x≤ 0.9. Thermal annealing treatments were effective in inducing long-range B-site order in the samples within this compositional range. The well-ordered, large chemical domain ceramics exhibit relaxor behavior up to x=∼0.5; for higher values of x, normal ferroelectric behavior was observed. For x≤ 0.5 reductions in the chemical domain, size had no significant effect on the weak-field dielectric properties, but induced a transition to relaxor behavior for x > ∼0.6. The disordered PSN-rich samples undergo a spontaneous zero-field relaxor to ferroelectric transition similar to that reported previously for PSN. The field-dependent properties of compositions lying closest to the relaxor to ferroelectric crossover exhibited the highest sensitivity to alterations in the chemical order. The properties of this system are consistent with a “random site” description of the 1:1 ordered Pb(β′1/2β1/2)O3 structure with β′= (Mg(2−2x)/3Nb(1−x)/3Scx) and β″= Nb.
Daydreaming, drug and alcohol use in college students: A factor analytic study☆

Abstract This investigation, one of a series examining patterns of drug and alcohol use or non-use in young adults, explored personality and daydreaming patterns of 579 male and female college students by means of multivariate analyses and factor analysis. Students from a Northeastern and border state rural college filled out surveys of drug and alcohol use and also were administered the Jackson Personality Research Form, the Singer-Antrobus Imaginal Processes Inventory, the Rotter Locus of Control Scale, and the Zuckerman Sensation-Seeking Scales. Data indicated patterns of widespread but moderate drug and alcohol use even in the rural college group. Daydreaming patterns replicated those of earlier studies but were not especially related to drug or alcohol indulgence.
The isolated hero and the communicative community in wolfram von eschenbach's parzival

(1997). The isolated hero and the communicative community in wolfram von eschenbach's parzival. Studia Neophilologica: Vol. 69, No. 1, pp. 59-68.
The Status Attainment Process: Socialization or Allocation?

A review is presented of the research which has led to the construction of elaborated models of status attainment, noting that the major theoretical thrust in this work has followed a socialization perspective. It is suggested that there are both theoretical and empirical grounds for including in such investigation indices of the effects of allocation as well as socialization. This can be done by incorporating in the models measures of those characteristics used in making allocation decisions as well as through more refined use of contextual analysis. The greatest challenge in such further investigations is to explicate the association between educational attainment and occupational attainment. Within the last decade there has been an almost overwhelming flood of research and writing about the process of status attainment in the United States. Beginning with the Coleman-Campbell analysis of Equality of Educational Opportunity and Blau and Duncan's catalytic reconceptualization of the investigation of social mobility, we have seen not only a large number of studies, but also a rapidly increasing complexity and sophistication in the analyses conducted. The purpose of this work has been twofold. First, it has attempted to develop as powerful a prediction model as possible with which to explain the variation in status attainment. Second, it has been concerned with the problem of estimating and then explaining the degree of intergenerational continuity of social position. By far the most influential recent work in this problem area has followed the so-called "Wisconsin model" (Sewell and Hauser, a; Sewell et al., a, b). Beginning with a basic demographic model of intergenerational mobility taken from the Blau and Duncan volume and from Duncan's further work (a), social-psychological variables are introduced to explicate the associations found. The basic Duncan model uses SES of origin and ability to explain educational attainment, and then all three of those variables are used to explain occupational attainment. The most fundamental finding from that analysis is that occupational attainment is most fully influenced by, educational attainment, and the great preponderance of the effects of SES and ability on occupational attainment are mediated through educational attainment. In effect, the Wisconsin model is an attempt to give further theoretical meaning to these basic findings. Work on the model began with the problem of explaining the associations between SES of origin and ability on the one hand and educational attainment on the other. The theoretical stance taken is that of the social interactionist, with the link between origin and attainment being sought in the
Parametric study on the fuel film breakup of a cold start PFI engine

In order to provide more insight on improving the cold start fuel atomization for reducing unburned hydrocarbon emissions, the liquid fuel film breakup phenomenon in the intake valve/port region was investigated in depth for port-fuel-injected engines. Experiments were conducted using high-speed high-resolution imaging techniques to visualize the liquid film atomization and airflow patterns in an axisymmetric steady flow apparatus. The impact of valve/port seat geometry, surface roughness, and fuel properties on airflow separation and fuel film breakup were determined through a parametric study. CFD simulations were also performed with FLUENT to help understand the airflow behavior inside the intake port and valve gap region and its potential impact on fuel film atomization.
Morphology of the gastric mucosa in patients with ulcer diseases.

The normal morphology of the gastric mucosa has been described clearly (1, 2). The structure of the mucosal lining of the stomach is not uniform but differs with its location. Acid-secreting fundal gland mucosa normally is found in the gastric fundus and body while non-acid-secreting pyloric or antral gland mucosa is found in the antrum. Both fundal and pyloric gland mucosa have similar mucous-secreting gastric surface cells which line the gastric pits and surface. These are rapidly renewed as new cells are formed at the base of the pits maintaining the integrity of the gastric mucosal lining as old cells are exfoliated from the surface. This rapid renewal rate of surface epithelium (4 to 5 days in humans) helps to explain the rapid healing which may follow injury to the superficial layer of the gastric mucosa. While the superficial layers of the fundal and antral mucosae appear identical in structure, the deeper or glandular layers of the mucosae differ. Fundal mucosa normally contains many acid-secreting parietal cells and pepsin-secreting chief cells, wherea~ antral mucosa contains primarily mucous-secreting glandular cells. Both fundal and antral mucosae contain endocrine epithelial cells; however, the endocrine cell populations are distinctive in each type of mucosa. For example, the endocrine cells which produce gastrin are confined primarily to antral mucosa (3). The cell renewal rates of the glandular layer of both antral and fundal mucosa are much slower than the surface cell renewal rate, hence the glandular cells are relatively stable cell populations.
Ion implantation boriding of iron and AISI M2 steel using a high-current density, low energy, broad-beam ion source

Abstract Ions derived from solid boron and extracted into a broad beam were implanted at low energies into α -iron and AISI M2 tool steel surfaces to alter their tribological characteristics. The implantations were accomplished at elevated temperatures and this facilitated thermal diffusion yielding relatively thick treated layers. The effects of the surface temperature associated with the implantation process on sliding wear behavior, hardness, microstructure and B concentration profiles were studied systematically. Boron implantation at 20 keV and 500 μA cm −2 reduced the sliding wear rate of iron and quenched-and-tempered M2 steel at all temperatures studied. Implantation temperatures as low as 600 °C were sufficient to effect significant thermal diffusion leading to a thick wear resistant layer in iron, while 700 °C was needed for the steel.
Coastal Oil Pollution, Spills, Crisis, and Policy Change

Post-crisis policy change is very complex, with crisis events intermingling with other short- and long-term factors that either inhibit or support dramatic change. The 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill crisis is often credited with the federal government's adoption of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. The law represented a radical statutory departure from past policy, since oil spill control provisions had languished for decades in congressional subcommittees. This study analyzes change within the coastal spill arena over several decades. Particular attention is given to crisis episodes, periods identified with a major catastrophe or a successive series of attention-getting spills over a brief time. Findings suggest that prior disasters paved the way for the Exxon Valdez catalyst. They made citizens aware of coastal oil pollution as a potential problem in need of government correction. This awareness, combined with the absence of a competing energy crisis, the maturation of environmental advocacy groups and the volume and devastation of Exxon Valdez, created a unique opportunity for statutory change.
Positively charged amino acids flanking a sumoylation consensus tetramer on the 110 kDa tri-snRNP component SART1 enhance sumoylation efficiency

Covalent attachment of Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifiers (SUMOs) to the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in target proteins regulates many cellular processes. Previously, we have identified the 110kDa U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP component SART1 as a target protein for SUMO-1 and SUMO-2. SART1 contains lysines on positions 94, 141, 709 and 742 that are situated in tetrameric sumoylation consensus sites. Recombinant SART1 was produced in E. coli, conjugated to SUMO-2 in vitro, digested by trypsin and analysed by MALDI-ToF, MALDI-FT-ICR or nanoLC-iontrap MS/MS. We found that Lys(94) and Lys(141) of SART1 were preferentially conjugated to SUMO-2 monomers and multimers in vitro. In agreement with these results, mutation of Lys(94) and Lys(141), but not Lys(709) and Lys(742), resulted in a reduced sumoylation of SART1 in HeLa cells. A detailed characterization of the four sumoylation sites of SART1 using full-length recombinant SART1 and a peptide sumoylation approach indicated that positively charged amino acids adjacent to the tetrameric sumoylation consensus site enhance the sumoylation of Lys(94). These results show that amino acids surrounding the classic tetrameric SUMO consensus site can regulate sumoylation efficiency and validate the use of an in vitro sumoylation-mass spectrometry approach for the identification of sumoylation sites.
Attention biased speeded up robust featureS (AB-SURF): A neurally-inspired object recognition algorithm for a wearable aid for the visually-impaired

Humans recognize objects effortlessly, in spite of changes in scale, position, and illumination. Emulating human recognition in machines remains a challenge. This paper describes computer vision algorithms aimed at helping visually-impaired people locate and recognize objects. Our neurally-inspired computer vision algorithm, called Attention Biased Speeded Up Robust Features (AB-SURF), harnesses features that characterize human visual attention to make the recognition task more tractable. An attention biasing algorithm selects the most task-driven salient regions in an image. Next, the SURF object recognition algorithm is applied on this narrowed subsection of the original image. Testing on images containing 5 different objects exhibits accuracies ranging from 80% to 100%. Furthermore, testing on images containing 10 objects yields accuracies between 63% and 96% for the 5 objects that occupy the largest area within the image subwindows chosen by attention biasing. A five-fold speed-up is attained using AB-SURF as compared to the time estimated for sliding window recognition on the same images.
Solar wind-magnetosphere interaction as simulated by a 3-D em particle code

We have studied the solar wind-magnetosphere interaction using a 3-D electromagnetic particle code. The results for an unmagnetized solar wind plasma streaming past a dipole magnetic field show the formation of a magnetopause and a magnetotail, the penetration of energetic particles into cusps and radiation belt and dawn-dusk asymmetries. The effects of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) have been investigated in a similar way as done by MHD simulations. The simulation results with a southward IMF show the shrunk magnetosphere with great particle entry into the cusps and nightside magnetosphere. This is a signature of a magnetic reconnection at the dayside magnetopause. After a quasi-stable state is established with an unmagnetized solar wind we switched on a solar wind with an northward IMF. In this case the significant changes take place in the magnetotail. The waving motion was seen in the magnetotail and its length was shortened. This phenomena are consistent with the reconnections which occur at the high latitude magnetopause. In our simulations kinetic effects will determine the self-consistent anomalous resistivity in the magnetopause that causes reconnections.
Endocrine effects of methadone in rats; acute effects in adults.

Abstract The effects of methadone (METH) on serum levels of prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH), coricosterone (CS), TSH and T 4 were determined in male and female rats. METH initially (15–45 min after injection) decreased TSH and increased PRL, GH and CS in both male and female rats. These changes were followed by a rebound decrease in CS and increase in TSH 4 h after METH administration. METH decreased GH at 0.1 mg/kg, but increased secretion with doses of 0.5 mg/kg and higher. Changes in PRL, CS and TSH were only seen with 1 mg/kg and higher. Naloxone blocked increases in serum GH, PRL and CS and the decrease in TSH caused by METH. Serum PRL increased significantly more in females than in males, although other endocrine actions of METH were the same in males and females. Pretreatment of animals with METH 4 h before a second challenge dose did not affect TSH, PRL or GH responses to METH. However, peak CS levels were lower in pretreated animals than in controls. These finding demonstrate that METH elicits a complex profile of endocrine response which probably reflects actions at multiple receptor and/or anatomical sites, and suggest that reported sex differences in METH metabolism are not limiting in determining the hormonal response to this drug. These results also suggest that single-dose tolerance develops to the effects of METH on CS but not on other endocrine parameters.
Cultural and linguistic factors in worker notification to blue collar and no-collar African-Americans.

This presentation offers historical and sociolinguistic perspectives regarding the origins of the language used by African-Americans. U.S. descendants of slaves of West and Niger Congo African origin should not be thought of as native speakers of English. To the extent that they have lived in de jure or de facto social isolation from Euro-American English-speaking persons, they have retained a West and Niger Congo African thought process or substratum in the phonology and morphosyntax of their speech. Their mother tongue has been described by several African-American linguists, psychologists, and ethnologists as Ebonics. In a sense, Ebonics refers to the paralinguistic verbal and non-verbal sounds, cues, and gestures that are systematically used in the process of communication by many African-Americans. As one consequence of historical social isolation, African-Americans invariably score poorly on nationally standardized scales of "Standard American" English competence. Therefore, worker notification intended for African-Americans, especially among the blue- and no-collar levels, that does not contain an Afro-centric perspective will likely not prove successful. The linguistic factors, which can severely impede or tremendously enhance the effectiveness of worker notification to these groups, are therefore vital and should not be ignored. Worker notification targeted for limited English-speaking or unlettered populations should include the development of materials and presentations in the language or primary medium best understood by the audience. Based upon research findings on the psycholinguistics of learning modal preference, the development of notification materials that target a learning channel that is audio oral or aural-oral is promoted.
Type I Error and Power in Noninferiority/Equivalence Trials with Correlated Multiple Endpoints: An Example from Vaccine Development Trials

Clinical trials necessary for the development of new treatment often require testing of multiple endpoints for equivalence or noninferiority relative to an existing effective standard therapy. An example is a vaccine study with multiple antibody measurements in sera of subjects receiving a combination vaccine such as a pneumococcal vaccine, which contains many different serotypes of the pneumococcal organism. This article describes testing methods for the demonstration of simultaneous marginal equivalence or noninferiority of two treatments on each component of the response vector that follows a multivariate normal distribution. Systematic simulation studies are conducted to evaluate the performance of the testing method and to examine under what conditions the power is substantially different if the multiple endpoints are assumed to be independent when they are actually strongly correlated. Data from an illustrative example are used to describe how the study power can be evaluated in the design of the trials.
Oxidation of quinazoline and quinoxaline by xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase

Quinazoline is oxidized by xanthine oxidase initially (and rapidly) to 4-hydroxyquinazoline which subsequently is oxidized more slowly to 2,4-dihydroxyquinazoline. Both oxidative reactions are inhibited strongly by allopurinol. Quinazoline is oxidized by aldehyde oxidase to 4-hydroxyquinazoline but within a short time (3–5 minutes) the reaction ceases; the proposal that cessation of reaction is due to product inhibition is rendered untenable by our observation that 4-hydroxyquinazoline is rapidly oxidized by aldehyde oxidase to 2,4-dihydroxyquinazoline. Preincubation of aldehyde oxidase with quinazoline results in complete inhibition of the ability of the enzyme to oxidize 4-hydroxyquinazoline and the standard substrate N-methylnicotinamide. It appears therefore that quinazoline is able to react with aldehyde oxidase and inactivate it. Quinoxaline and 2-hydroxyquinoxaline are not oxidized by xanthine oxidase but are converted by aldehyde oxidase to 2,3-dihydroxyquinoxaline; all oxidations mediated by aldehyde oxidase are inhibited completely by menadione.