cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanics of damage, crack growth and life prediction under creep conditions

Abstract Micromechanics solutions for damage evolution at elevated temperatures by grain boundary cavitation have been developed primarily over the last 10 years. These equations have been integrated in a decoupled way with the crack tip stress fields which arise under creep conditions to predict crack growth histories. More recently the micromechanical descriptions of cavitation have been used to develop constitutive equations which include the influence of damage on creep deformation in a coupled way. These equations are used in stress analyses of components to estimate damage and to predict the life of a component. The case when failure progresses by the growth of a sharp macroscopic crack is analyzed in this paper.
Suramin Analogs Inhibit Human Angiogenesis in Vitro

Abstract Background. Suramin is a polysulfonated naphthylurea that inhibits tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis, but the widespread use of this drug has been limited by significant neurologic toxicity. A series of suramin analogs that may exhibit less toxicity in vivo have been synthesized. We hypothesized that these novel analogs would have antiangiogenic properties equal to or greater than those of suramin when evaluated in an in vitro human placental vein angiogenesis model. Methods. Human placental veins ( n = 72 per group) were cultured in a 0.3% fibrin clot for a period of 14 days. Three suramin analogs (NF 145, NF 248, NF 293) and suramin were tested at 56 and 560 μM concentrations to determine their effect on the development of an angiogenic response. Experiments were repeated for each analog on veins from three different placentas. The percentage of wells that initiated an angiogenic response was calculated and compared with initiation in a control group ( n = 141). Results. The three suramin analogs inhibited angiogenesis in a dose-dependent fashion, with all compounds exhibiting near-complete inhibition of angiogenesis at 560 μM. The effects of these analogs were equal to or greater than those of suramin. Conclusion. Suramin analogs with structural alterations inhibit human angiogenesis at concentrations equivalent to those seen in vivo. These analogs may be more effective antiangiogenic agents than suramin and may have less potential for toxicity.
Evaluation and Accounting Standards

(2004). Evaluation and Accounting Standards. Public Money & Management: Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 84-86.
Retinoblastoma with 13q- chromosomal deletion associated with maternal paracentric inversion of 13q

A girl with sporadic unilateral retinoblastoma and mental retardation has an interstitial deletion in the long arm of chromosome 13. Her mother has a paracentric inversion of one chromosome 13; the deleted chromosome 13 in the daughter is derived from the mother9s normal chromosome 13.
Color icon: a new design and a parallel implementation

The color icon harnesses color and texture perception to create integrated displays of two- dimensional multiparameter distributions. We have redesigned the color icon. The new design increases the number of parameters that can be integrated. It also extends the icon from two dimensions to three dimensions (which increases the number of parameters that can be integrated even further). To facilitate comparison with other iconographic approaches, we have incorporated the color icon as one of several other icons within our NewExvis environment. Finally, we have implemented a parallel version on a proprietary multiprocessor architecture. We describe the new design; the main issues, considerations, and features of the parallel implementation; and a few application examples.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Analysis of alkylphenol ethoxylate metabolites in the aquatic environment using liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry.

A quantitative method is described for the analysis of the metabolites of alkylphenol ethoxylate (APEO) surfactants in estuarine water and sediment samples using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray mass spectrometry detection. Nonyl- and octylphenols, nonyl- and octylphenol mono-, di-, and triethoxylates, halogenated nonylphenols, and nonylphenol ethoxycarboxylates were concentrated from water samples using a C18 solid-phase extraction procedure. A novel, continuous-flow, high-temperature, sonicated extraction system was developed to isolate APEO metabolites from sediment samples. Quantitative LC−MS was performed in the negative ion mode for nonylphenols, octylphenols, and halogenated nonylphenols and in the positive ion mode for nonyl- and octylphenol ethoxylates using selected ion monitoring with isotopically labeled surrogate standards. Recoveries for sediment and water analyses ranged between 78 and 94%, and detection limits for APEO metabolites were between 1 and 2...
The Polymer-Solvent Interaction Parameter X

Abstract The interaction parameter X has been defined as a measure of the chemical potential of the solvent in solutions with a polymeric solute. Consequently a number of equilibrium properties can be expressed as functions of X. Values of X determined from these properties reveal that for most systems this quantity increases with the volume fraction of polymer in the solution. Accordingly, values of the interaction parameter have been tabulated as a function of concentration, as well as of temperature. The values of X obtained either from experiment or theory can be utilized for predicting the colligative properties and determining the solubility characteristics of polymer-solvent systems.
Size dependence of the yield strength of fcc and bcc metallic micropillars with diameters of a few micrometers

Recent micropillar compression tests of fcc and bcc single crystals have shown that ‘Smaller is Stronger’ even in the absence of significant strain gradients, an effect that is empirically characterised by a power-law relation. When a micropillar contains a dislocation network, this power-law relation has been explained in terms of the size-dependent operation stress of the weakest single arm dislocation sources. This single arm dislocation source model has successfully captured the power-law relation for the strength of a few fcc micropillars, but a physical interpretation has not been made by comparing different materials. We applied the model, not only to fcc but also to bcc micropillars, to understand quantitatively why different materials have different power-law exponents. Here, the different power-law exponents are interpreted by comparing material parameters that are size-independent properties. Also, by rearranging these parameters such that the formulation becomes independent of material paramet...
Dose and dose rate effects of whole-body proton irradiation on leukocyte populations and lymphoid organs: Part I

The goal of part I of this study was to evaluate the effects of whole-body proton irradiation on lymphoid organs and specific leukocyte populations. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to the entry region of the proton Bragg curve to total doses of 0.5 gray (Gy), 1.5 Gy, and 3.0 Gy, each delivered at a low dose rate (LDR) of 1 cGy/min and high dose rate (HDR) of 80 cGy/min. Non-irradiated and 3 Gy HDR gamma-irradiated groups were included as controls. At 4 days post-irradiation, highly significant radiation dose-dependent reductions were observed in the mass of both lymphoid organs and the numbers of leukocytes and T (CD3(+)), T helper (CD3(+)/CD4(+)), T cytotoxic (CD3(+)/CD8(+)), and B (CD19(+)) cells in both blood and spleen. A less pronounced dose effect was noted for natural killer (NK1.1(+) NK) cells in spleen. Monocyte, but not granulocyte, counts in blood were highly dose-dependent. The numbers for each population generally tended to be lower with HDR than with LDR radiation; a significant dose rate effect was found in the percentages of T and B cells, monocytes, and granulocytes and in CD4(+):CD8(+) ratios. These data indicate that mononuclear cell response to the entry region of the proton Bragg curve is highly dependent upon the total dose and that dose rate effects are evident with some cell types. Results from gamma- and proton-irradiated groups (both at 3 Gy HDR) were similar, although proton-irradiation gave consistently lower values in some measurements.
Selecting an approval plan vendor: A step-by-step process

Abstract This article describes a practical step-by-step, author-tested process suggested for use in evaluating and selecting an initial and /or subsequent domestic approval plan vendor for a college or university library. Assuming that the advantages and disadvantages of approval plans have previously been discussed and weighed by the library staff and that the decision has been made to either (a) implement a plan or (b) switch to another vendor, the authors detail a ten-step vendor selection process including the establishment of a preliminary approval plan design, verification of current vendor performance at other comparable academic libraries, and notification of the selected vendor.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN POLITICAL CONCEPTUALIZATION 1956-1980

The American Voter published 1956 data showing males to be more likely than females to conceptualize politics in abstract terms. This article extends that analysis through 1980, using data from the CPS National Election Studies. The aggregate gender differences in conceptualization persist throughout the entire period. Controls for education and political involvement fail to diminish the gender gap in conceptualization. However, for the 1972 to 1980 period, controlling for women's sex-role orientations substantially reduces male-female differences in conceptualization.
10 Graft-versus-leukaemia

The high relapse rate after T-cell depleted bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) and the ability of donor lymphocyte transfusions to induce stable remission in patients relapsing after BMT has emphasized the importance of alloreacting donor T-lymphocytes in the graft-versus-leukaemia (GVL) effect in this disease. The mechanisms underlying the GVL response and its relationship with graft-versus-host disease are becoming better defined. There is accumulating evidence that the CD4+ T-cell plays a central role in the GVL response. The prominent role of GVL in the cure of CML after BMT may be associated with the fact that CML cells are strongly immunogenic. New transplant strategies are being devised to separate GVL from graft-versus-host reactions. Future developments focus on the identification of leukaemia-specific antigens and the amplification of T-cell responses against them.
ADMINISTRATIVE MECHANISMS FOR PROVIDING DENTAL INSURANCE TO GROUPS

The writer concludes that the dental service corporation provides the best mechanism of dental prepayment.
Design of anti-backlash transmissions for precision position control systems

Abstract Position control system typical of machine tools and robots usually operate at relatively high torque and low speed. Although servo motors having these characteristics are now available, their cost, size, and weight generally exceed those of the traditional servo motor and gear reducer. Critical applications require transmissions with zero backlash and high stiffness, for which there are several solutions. This article reviews various anti-backlash techniques, discusses their subtleties and applications, develops models, and present design methodologies. Although presented in the context of geared transmissions, the ideas also apply to other machine elements and situations requiring precision and robustness. Two case studies, a robot revolute joint and a machine tool axis of rotation, help to reinforce the theory and raise practical issues.
GapIII, a new brain-enriched member of the GTPase-activating protein family

Ras GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) are negative regulators of ras, which controls proliferation and differentiation in many cells. Ras GAPs have been found in a variety of species from yeast to mammals. We describe here a newly identified mammalian GAP, GapIII, which was obtained by differential screening of a rat oligodendrocyte cDNA library. GapIII putatively encodes a 834 amino acid protein with a predicted molecular weight of 96 kDa, which contains a consensus GAP-related domain (GRD). The protein encoded by this cDNA has high homology with Gap1m, which was recently identified as a putative mammalian homolog of Drosophila Gapl. These proteins contain three structural domains, an N-terminal calcium-dependent phospholipid binding domain, GRD, and a C-terminal PH/Btk domain. Because of the sequence homology and the structural similarities of this protein with Gaplm, we hypothesize that GapIII and Gap1m may be members of a mammalian GAP gene family, separate from p120GAP, neurofibromin (NF1), and IQGAP. To confirm the GapIII protein activity, constructs containing different GapIII-GRD domains were transformed into iral mutant yeast to determine their relative ability to replace IRA1 functionally. Constructs that contained essentially the full-length protein (all three domains), the GRD alone, or the GRD plus PH/Btk domain suppressed heat shock sensitivity of iral, whereas constructs that contained the GRD with part of the PH/Btk domain had only a weak ability to suppress heat shock sensitivity. These results suggest that the GapIII GRD itself is sufficient to down-regulate ras proteins in yeast. Expression of GapIII mRNA (4.2 kb) was examined by Northern analysis and in situ hybridization. This mRNA was expressed at highest levels in the brain, where its expression increased with development. Lower levels of the mRNA were expressed in the spleen and lung. Among neural cells, GapIII mRNA was expressed in neurons and oligodendrocytes, but not in astrocytes. Interestingly, the expression pattern in brain is reminiscent of type 1 NF1 expression reported by Gutmann et al. (Cell Growth Differ in press, 1995). We propose that in addition to p120GAP and neurofibromin, the GapIII/Gaplm family may be important for modulating ras activity in neurons and oligodendrocytes during normal brain development and in particular in the adult brain. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An exploration of earnings whispers forecasts as predictors of stock returns

Purpose – To test the Miller Price Optimism Model using a new proxy for heterogenous expectations and to examine if high differential stocks behave like glamour stocks and low differential stocks behave like value stocks.Design/methodology/approach – Whisper/analyst forecast differentials were measured for a sample of stocks, combined into portfolios and held for one month. If the Miller model was supported, high differential stocks were expected to have lower portfolio returns than low differential stocks due to the greater divergence between optimistic whisper forecasts and rational analysts consensus forecasts.Findings – High differential quintiles had significantly lower future returns than low differential quintiles supporting the Miller model. High differential stocks resembled glamour stocks while low differential stocks behaved like value stocks.Research limitations/implications – These results pertain to the ultra‐short time horizon of two months prior to the earnings announcement. Future researc...
A fully coupled method to model fracture permeability change in naturally fractured reservoirs

Abstract We present a new approach to model the fracture permeability change in naturally fractured reservoirs by combining a finite difference method (FDM) for fluid diffusivity equation in a fracture network, a fully coupled displacement discontinuity method (DDM) for the global relation of fracture deformation and the Barton–Bandis joint deformation model for the local relation of fracture deformation. The method is applied to naturally fractured reservoirs under isotropic in-situ stress conditions and anisotropic in-situ stress conditions, respectively. The application of the new approach shows that the fracture permeability decreases with the pressure depletion under isotropic in-situ stress condition. Under highly anisotropic stress, it is possible that shear dilation can increase fracture permeability even as pore pressure decreases with production.
The design, synthesis, and characterization of a PAMAM-based triple helical collagen mimetic dendrimer

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of a collagen mimetic dendrimer composed of the Gly-Pro-Nleu sequence is described. The dendrimer is built on a ‘first generation’ poly(amidoamine) core and is synthesized in 38% yield. This dendrimer exhibits a melting temperature of 25 °C, which is in between previously studied analogous molecules of identical sequence and length.
Developmental Patterns in Marital Satisfaction: Another Look at Covenant Marriage

This study investigated differences in the trajectory of marital satisfaction in the first seven years between couples in covenant vs. standard marriages. Data on 707 Louisiana marriages from the Marriage Matters Panel Survey of Newlywed Couples, 1998 – 2004, were analyzed using multivariate longitudinal growth modeling. Restricting the sample to couples who remained married over the duration of the study, a marginal benefit of covenant status was found for husbands. This effect was largely accounted for by covenant husbands’ more extensive exposure to premarital counseling. The linear decline in marital satisfaction over time that obtained for both husbands and wives was not, however, any different for covenants vs. standards. Couples characterized by more traditional attitudes toward gender roles were significantly less satisfied than others. High premarital risk factors, initial uncertainty about marrying the spouse, and the presence of preschool children in the household were all corrosive of marital satisfaction at any given time.
The Perception of Relationship Violence in the Lyrics of a Song

This article uses Q methodology, respondent questionnaires, and qualitative interviews to examine the relationship between the experience of victimization and how respondents interpret musical lyrics. Two factors representing different perspectives on the song, “I May Know the Word,” were identified in a prior Q study. Factor A interpreted the song as a literal representation of rape, battering, and sexual assault; Factor B viewed it as a more abstract conflict over decision making. Data from the current study show a significant correlation between Factor A and the number of specific abuse behaviors individuals had experienced. However, although individuals subjected to multiple types of abuse were more likely to interpret the song in a literal manner, they did not necessarily name their experiences as rape or violence. The literature on the effects of traumatic experience is explored to explain this apparent contradiction.
Correlation of prenatal and postnatal ultrasound findings with the incidence of vesicoureteral reflux in children with fetal renal pelvic dilatation.

Purpose: Up to 1% of prenatal ultrasounds detect renal pelvic dilatation. This dilatation is associated with vesicoureteral reflux but its clinical significance and the necessity for vesicoureteral reflux detection have been questioned. We report an evaluation of fetal renal pelvic dilatation and postnatal sonographic features with the incidence of vesicoureteral reflux.Materials and Methods: Maximum fetal renal pelvic dilatation was prospectively measured at a single center between 1990 and 2003. Dilatation 4 mm or greater at less than 33 weeks of gestation, or 7 mm or greater at more than 33 weeks was the threshold for inclusion in the study. Postnatal evaluation included ultrasound and voiding cystourethrogram. Postnatal data included vesicoureteral reflux incidence and grade, and caliceal and ureteral dilatation on ultrasound.Results: Of 215 neonates 46 (21%) had vesicoureteral reflux. Mean renal pelvic dilatation was 14.4 mm in those with reflux, which was not statistically different than the mean of...
The effect of maleated polylactic acid (PLA) as an interfacial modifier in PLA‐talc composites

Polylactic acid (PLA)-talc composites were reactively compatibilized using maleic anhydride-functionalized PLA (MAPLA) as an interfacial additive. The effect of MAPLA was investigated based on evaluation of composite properties and examination of the microstructure using scanning electron microscopy. The incorporation of MAPLA contributed to an increase in the crystallinity of PLA in the composites, and when added in an optimal concentration, showed improved tensile strength. Thermo–mechanical measurements indicated the reinforcement effect of the talc and the coupling effect of the MAPLA inclusion. Microscopic studies revealed the composite microstructures along with the corresponding modes of failure which were in accordance with the mechanical behavior. Overall, this investigation provided experimental evidence of enhanced adhesion at the interface, which is believed to be due to the MAPLA addition. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
NMR studies of the orientational ordering in dilute solid N2-Ar mixtures

We report the results of NMR studies of the orientational ordering of15N2 molecules in solid N2-Ar mixtures for N2 concentrations in the 40–50% range. For samples with 50%15N2 a new phase distinct from the quadrupolar glass phase for the hcp structure has been observed. In this new phase, the local orientational order parameters were found to have very closely the same value at each site in contrast to the very broad distribution of order parameters observed in the quadrupolar glass state for the hcp lattice at higher concentrations (57–77%).
Reflections on the Misesian Legacy in Economics

As I begin this paper for the issue of the Review ofAustrian Economics published in honor of the memory of Murray N. Rothbard, my mind goes back over 40 years, to the first time that I met him. It was at the opening session of the Seminar in Economic Theory which Professor Mises conducted in the fall semester of 1954. That occasion was also my first meeting with Ludwig von Mises, and it is etched deeply in my memory. Two statements by Mises at that seminar meeting stand out in my recollection. One statement was his very opening substantive sentence that evening. "The market," Mises began, "is a process." (See also the statement in Human Action [1966, p. 2571: "The market is not a place, a thing, or a collective entity. The market is a process.") Coming as I did from a rather spotty undergraduate training in economics (and mainly along Keynesian lines), Mises's statement, I recall, left me completely puzzled. I had thought of the market as a place, an arena for exchanges, as an abstract idea referring to voluntary exchange transations. I could not fathom what on earth could be meant by the observation that the market is a process. I now, in retrospect, consider that all my subsequent training and research in economics, both before and after obtaining my doctorate under Mises, has consisted in learning to appreciate what it was that Mises meant by this assertion. The second statement by Mises which stands out in my memory from that September 1954 evening, is a reference that Mises made to Murray Rothbard. Murray had, it appeared, recently completed a paper which Mises found to be excellent. He briefly but warmly complimented Murray on that piece of work, and expressed the hope and the prediction that Murray would continue to produce a gre? deal of future work of similar excellence. The years since 1954 have amply borne out
On Field’s truth and The absence of fact – comment

In "Deflationist Views of Meaning and Content," one of the papers in his terrifically important and interesting Truth and the Absence of Fact, Hartry Field contrasts two traditions in philosophical accounts of truth, truth conditions and other semantic concepts and properties; reference, meaning and so forth. According to accounts belonging to the first tradition semantic concepts and properties/relations are descriptively and explanatorily "extremely" central in the philosophy of mind and language. Proponents of these accounts hold that truth is a substantive value and goal for belief and assertion, that understanding a language and grasping thoughts consists in knowledge of truth conditions (and other semantic properties and relations), that the difference between factual and nonfactual discourse is explicated in terms of semantic notions, and that semantic properties (and relations) of thoughts and other intentional mental events and states enter into rationalizing and causal explanations of actions. Some go even further and claim that semantic (and intentional) properties as "natural kinds" involved in scientific laws. According to accounts belonging to the second tradition the concept of truth is not explanatorily central, at least not in the ways just mentioned. On these accounts the primary role of the concept of truth (or the predicate "is true") is as a logical device for disquotation and for expressing certain thoughts that would otherwise require infinitely long expressions. Proponents of these accounts think that the explanatory work that the first tradition assigns to semantic concepts can either be accomplished by this logical role (together with other nonsemantic notions like causation, indication, computational
HgCdTe/Si materials for long wavelength infrared detectors

The heteroepitaxial growth of HgCdTe on large-area Si substrates is an enabling technology leading to the production of low-cost, large-format infrared focal plane arrays (FPAs). This approach will allow HgCdTe FPA technology to be scaled beyond the limitations of bulk CdZnTe substrates. We have already achieved excellent mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) and short wavelength infrared (SWIR) detector and FPA results using HgCdTe grown on 4-in. Si substrates using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), and this work was focused on extending these results into the long wavelength infrared (LWIR) spectral regime. A series of nine p-on-n LWIR HgCdTe double-layer heterojunction (DLHJ) detector structures were grown on 4-in. Si substrates. The HgCdTe composition uniformity was very good over the entire 4-in. wafer with a typical maximum nonuniformity of 2.2% at the very edge of the wafer; run-to-run composition reproducibility, realized with real-time feedback control using spectroscopic ellipsometry, was also very good. Both secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and Hall-effect measurements showed well-behaved doping and majority carrier properties, respectively. Preliminary detector results were promising for this initial work and good broad-band spectral response was demonstrated; 61% quantum efficiency was measured, which is very good compared to a maximum allowed value of 70% for a non-antireflection-coated Si surface. The R0A products for HgCdTe/Si detectors in the 9.6-µm and 12-µm cutoff range were at least one order of magnitude below typical results for detectors fabricated on bulk CdZnTe substrates. This lower performance was attributed to an elevated dislocation density, which is in the mid-106 cm−2 range. The dislocation density in HgCdTe/Si needs to be reduced to <106 cm−2 to make high-performance LWIR detectors, and multiple approaches are being tried across the infrared community to achieve this result because the technological payoff is significant.
Transfer RNA methylase activity in normal and dystrophic chicken muscle

Abstract Adult-dystrophic chicken muscle had 30% higher tRNA methylase activity and 42% higher tRNA methylating capacity than normal-adult chicken muscle. Eighty percent of the tRNA methylase activity of the dystrophic muscle resulted in the synthesis of N 2 -methylguanine, and 9% in the formation of N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanine. From adult-normal muscle extracts, 33% of the tRNA methylase activity was due to the synthesis of N 2 -methylguanine, and 45% to the formation of N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanine. Eight other methylated bases accounted for 5–15% of the enzyme activity in both tissues. Dialyzed and nondialyzed adult-normal muscle extracts had equivalent tRNA methylase activity. However, the dialyzed extracts synthesized 22% more N 2 -methylguanine and 18% less N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanine than the nondialyzed extracts. Dialysis had no effect on the tRNA methylase activity or tRNA methylation pattern produced by adult-dystrophic muscle.
Dimensions of self-rated mood in depressed, manic, and normal subjects

Abstract Self-rated scales allow the comparison of subjective mood across the spectrum of manic, depressive, and euthymic states. This study examined the self-reported mood of manic, depressed, and normal subjects using a 23-item research instrument based on the Carroll-Klein model of bipolar disorder. The Multiple Visual Analog Scale (MVAS) measures the following dimensions: consummatory reward (seven items), incentive reward (two items), psychomotor speed (seven items), and central pain (seven items). The MVAS was completed by 31 manic inpatients, 43 depressed inpatients, and 29 normal volunteer subjects. Total scores, average item scores, and total dimension scores were obtained. Subjects also completed a global mood VAS and the Carroll Depression Scale (CDS). Groups were compared by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc Bonferroni-Dunn methods. In a separate post hoc analysis, the group of manic patients was divided at the median CDS score into “pure” and “dysphoric” manic subgroups. We found excellent congruence of average 23-item total MVAS scores with global VAS and CDS scores. Dimension scores on the MVAS conformed to the predictions of the Carroll-Klein model. Depressed patients differed significantly from both manic and normal subjects on each dimension. MVAS dimension scores of normal subjects did not differ significantly from those of manic patients. On the dimension of central pain, normal subjects had significantly less inhibited scores than the “pure” subgroup of manics. The results confirmed that the dimensions of the Carroll-Klein model are bipolar and orthogonal. By the MVAS technique, the self-reported mood of normal subjects is similar to the self-reported mood of manic patients on all dimensions of the Carroll-Klein model of bipolar disorder. The positive scores of both groups are clearly distinguished from the negative scores of depressed patients. Average MVAS scores of normal subjects approximated the conventional zero score only on the dimension of central pain. Normal subjects exhibit megalothymic (hyperthymia) on most dimensions of subjective mood. The negative MVAS scores of depressed patients are even more deviant from normal than the conventional scoring system would suggest.
The Meson Theory of Nuclear Forces I. General Theory

In this paper, the meson theory of nuclear forces is presented in a simplified way. As in Yukawa's first paper, the forces between two nuclear particles are derived directly from the field equations and the Hamiltonian of the meson field (\textsection{}2,3), without quantization of the field. The charge dependence of the forces is discussed (\textsection{}4) and it is found that only two assumptions are in agreement with experimental facts, notably the equality of the forces between two like and two unlike nuclear particles in the singlet state. These assumptions are either (1) that nuclear particles interact only with neutral mesons (neutral theory) or (2) that they interact equally strongly with neutral, positive and negative mesons (symmetrical theory). It is then shown (\textsection{}5) that the part of the force which does not depend on the spin of the nuclear particle does not fulfill any useful function in the theory. Accordingly, the hypothesis is made that this part is absent so that there is only a spin-dependent interaction (single force hypothesis). Finally (\textsection{}6), it is pointed out that the interaction must be cut off at small distances in order to obtain finite eigenvalues for the deuteron. Such a cutting off is to be expected from the general theory, particularly because of the possibility of the simultaneous emission of two or more mesons. The cut-off is to be expected at a distance ${r}_{0}$ of about one-third the range of the nuclear forces.
A 6-18 GHz Push-Pull Power Amplifier with Wideband Even-Order Distortion Cancellation in LCP Module

We present the development of a microwave push-pull power amplifier (PA) module that achieves both high output power and wide bandwidth 2nd-order harmonic cancellation from 6 GHz to 18 GHz. Measured PldB output power for the push-pull PA is 31 dBm, while its 2nd-order harmonic distortion is reduced by a minimum 20 dB throughout the 6-18 GHz passband compared to a single PA. The 2nd-harmonic output of the push-pull PA was also measured to be lower than -40 dBc all the way up to 36 GHz. The PA module was integrated into a liquid crystal polymer (LCP) substrate that enables the design of wide bandwidth baluns with less than 0.5 dB and 6deg amplitude and phase imbalances, respectively.
Single Case Design Visual Analysis Procedures for Use in Practice Evaluation

Abstract Visual procedures are the most commonly used in the analysis of single case design data. However, a number of problems with visual analysis methods have been identified in previous research, and research and development on visual analysis methods has been recommended. If single case design methods are to be used, as once hoped, by social work practitioners, then visual analysis methods should be easy and quick to use as well as methodologically defensible. This article presents visual analysis methods for use by social work practitioners. First, there is a presentation of a method for representing trend. Next there is a presentation of methods for representing variability, background variability, and overlap and discussion of their use in the visual analysis of single case data. Finally, there are two illustrative data analyses in which these methods are used. The mathematical and statistical bases for these methods are provided in two appendices. The methods presented are quick and easy to use a...
5α-Reductase Inhibitors and Chemoprevention: The PCPT and Beyond

Abstract Prostate cancer chemoprevention holds the promise of significantly impacting a substantial public health concern. Large-scale, randomised data demonstrate that the type 2 5α-reductase inhibitor (5-ARI) finasteride can significantly lower the risk of prostate cancer when taken daily for a period of 7 yr. This reduction has been shown, with population modelling, to translate into a substantial reduction in prostate cancer cases. In addition, ageing men also benefit positively with regard to benign prostatic hyperplasia outcomes, and may also have a reduced likelihood of a diagnosis of prostatitis. From a risk perspective, the adverse events profile of finasteride in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) suggests that long-term use is not associated with significant tolerability concerns. The major finding of concern from the PCPT was the excess proportion of Gleason 7–10 tumours observed with finasteride treatment, but further analyses of the data demonstrate that the effects of 5-ARIs on both prostate volume, and to a lesser extent prostate-specific antigen levels, can result in increased detection rates, especially of high-grade disease. The risk–benefit profile of 5-ARIs therefore appears favourable when all the evidence is scrutinised. Further analyses from the PCPT, and the outcomes from the Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer Events study with its higher-risk population, should determine whether available resources for chemoprevention of prostate cancer should be focussed to those at greatest risk, or a more widespread approach considered.
Lysozyme in the hemolymph of the oyster, Crassostrea virginica

Abstract Oyster hemolymph lyses suspensions of some gram-positive bacteria and degrades cell walls isolated from Micrococcus lysodeikticus with the release of amino and reducing sugars. This indicates that the bacteriolytic substance in oyster hemolymph is lysozyme.
The State of the Art: Biblical Scholarship and the Holy Land

Abstract Studying the Bible in Jerusalem raises unique exegetical questions. The establishment of the state-for-Jews (Judenstaat) inevitably led to the expulsion of Arabs, while Jerusalem itself remains a major issue of the Israeli-Palestinian dispute. The conflict has international implications also, highlighted since 11 September 2001. The killings on that day precipitated the ‘War on Terrorism’ and the USA's ‘Civilizing Crusade’, with more to come. The ‘Christian Right’ in the US, with its characteristic interpretation of the Bible, has considerable influence over US policy. The establishment biblical academy, however, shows few signs of moral perturbation arising from the fact that the Bible is alleged to justify the political arrangements in the Holy Land. This article argues that biblical scholars, in addition to attending to the original contexts of the biblical authors, ought to engage in a moral evaluation of their writings, particularly those land traditions that continue to fuel violence, not l...
Ethnic differences in the nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR)

A substantial body of literature suggests that the experience of both clinical and experimental pain differs among ethnic groups, with African Americans generally reporting greater sensitivity to chronic and experimentally induced pain when compared to non-Hispanic whites. However, no studies to date have examined nociceptive processes that may underlie these differences. The nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR) is based on the measurement of stimulus-induced spinal reflexes. Prior research suggests that the NFR threshold, or RIII response, is highly correlated with subjective pain thresholds. The current study evaluated responses to the nociceptive flexion reflex in healthy young adults from two different ethnic groups: African Americans (n = 29) and non-Hispanic whites (n = 28). Perceptual responses (e.g., pain ratings) as well as physiological reflex responses (i.e., biceps femoris EMG) were assessed. Significant ethnic group differences were observed for NFR reflex threshold, with African Americans producing a reflex at lower stimulation intensities relative to non-Hispanic whites. Interestingly, verbal pain ratings at NFR threshold were not significantly different between the groups, suggesting that the lower stimulation intensities required to elicit a reflex in African–American versus non-Hispanic white participants were nonetheless perceived as similar. Psychological Involvement, Positive and Negative Mood, and Rumination were correlated with NFR threshold in a pattern that was consistent across both ethnic groups. These results extend previous research on ethnic differences in self-report measures of pain by demonstrating group differences in a nociceptive muscle reflex.
Strained Ruthenium Complexes Are Potent Light-Activated Anticancer Agents

Strained ruthenium (Ru) complexes have been synthesized and characterized as novel agents for photodynamic therapy (PDT). The complexes are inert until triggered by visible light, which induces ligand loss and covalent modification of DNA. An increase in cytotoxicity of 2 orders of magnitude is observed with light activation in cancer cells, and the compounds display potencies superior to cisplatin against 3D tumor spheroids. The use of intramolecular strain may be applied as a general paradigm to develop light-activated ruthenium complexes for PDT applications.
A Pragmatic and Innovative Approach for Civil Infrastructure Management: Structural Behavior Monitoring

In this paper, a structural behavior monitoring (SBM) based maintenance methodology is conceptualized to combine the advantages of visual inspection and state-of-the-art instrumentation. It depends on the data taken from the instrumentation in the decision-making process of infrastructure maintenance schedule. As such, SBM must address key factors such as the ease and cost effectiveness of sensor deployment, reliability in measurement, and quality of measured data. SBM is focused on major failure mechanisms in structural engineering, and use of advanced distributed sensors for behavior-related or mission critical data collection from representative 'hot spot' areas or part of a structure that will likely experience damage or significant deterioration. SBM has several unique attributes such as damage transfer mechanisms in sensor designs, coupled local and global measurements, multi-parameter monitoring for system behaviors, and integrated monitoring and mitigation strategies. They are discussed and illustrated with examples in this paper. Example structural behaviors include, but not limited to, concrete crack and spalling, steel yielding and corrosion, debonding, member buckling, foundation scour, and fatigue.
Gender and Personal Pedagogy: Some Observations

This piece asserts three theses about gender in the international relations classroom: that gender has an intensely personal resonance with the students; that there is a difference between teaching IR courses with a week on gender and IR courses from a gendered/feminist perspective, and that there are currently inadequate texts to truly mainstream gender in the IR classroom. It suggests ways forward from these dilemmas, and concludes with some practical advice for a less gendered classroom for the 21st century.
Mosquito control agents derived from petroleum hydrocarbons. IV. Further larval abnormalities produced by FLIT MLO.

The further development of 3rd and 4th stage larvae was delayed or stopped by low dosages of the petroleum hydrocarbon, FLIT® MLO. On the average, the larval period of the southern house mosquito, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say ( =C. fatigans Wiedmann), and the yellow-fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.), was extended for 5 and 12 days, respectively, following corresponding application rates of 0.75 and 2.5 gal/acre. Although many of the larvae survived from 2 to 9 weeks, depending up the species, the final mortality in the treated C. p. quinquefasciatus and A. aegypti was 97 and 95%, respectively. The treated larvae were lighter in body color and the uric acid crystals were more dispersed than in the controls. Extracts of these II-day old “stunted larvae” generally exhibited a reduced amino acid content Degenerative changes in the tracheal trunks of these larvae were noted beginning 10 days after contact with the hydrocarbon.
Global Gene Expression Responses to Low- or High-Dose Radiation in a Human Three-Dimensional Tissue Model

Abstract Accumulating data suggest that the biological responses to high and low doses of radiation are qualitatively different, necessitating the direct study of low-dose responses to better understand potential risks. Most such studies have used two-dimensional culture systems, which may not fully represent responses in three-dimensional tissues. To gain insight into low-dose responses in tissue, we have profiled global gene expression in EPI-200, a three-dimensional tissue model that imitates the structure and function of human epidermis, at 4, 16 and 24 h after exposure to high (2.5 Gy) and low (0.1 Gy) doses of low-LET protons. The most significant gene ontology groups among genes altered in expression were consistent with effects observed at the tissue level, where the low dose was associated with recovery and tissue repair, while the high dose resulted in loss of structural integrity and terminal differentiation. Network analysis of the significantly responding genes suggested that TP53 dominated t...
The independence bargain: Kenya Europeans and the land issue 1960–1962

(1973). The independence bargain: Kenya Europeans and the land issue 1960–1962. Journal of Commonwealth Political Studies: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 99-120.
Fingering instability in a lattice gas

Abstract I describe work done over the last two years concerning a Saffman-Taylor-type instability in lattice gas hydrodynamics. The emergence of typical macroscopic laws, such as Darcy's and Laplace's from a microscopic lattice gas is shown. The successful modelling of a fingering instability between two immiscible fluids hinges on the development of an appropriate interface algorithm.
Electrooptical switching properties of uniform layer tilted surface stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal devices

Abstract We present calculations of the light intensity transmitted through a ferroelectric liquid crystal light valve with uniformly tilted layers during electrooptical switching. We discuss the switching characteristics of the light valve for different layer tilts and at different applied voltage steps. We also show that the rise and fall times of the light intensity are in general different.
Effects of hydrogen on dislocation morphology in spheroidized steel

Abstract The effects of hydrogen on development of dislocation morphology in plastically deformed spheroidized steel was investigated. The presence of internal hydrogen leads to strain localization in the form of dense dislocation structure emanating from carbide particles. The strain localization “tail” is evolved through interaction of three different dislocation systems and lies along the pure shear direction. Micro-autoradiography results have shown that the strain localization “strain” is a a strong trap for hydrogen.
MAGNETIC-SEEDING FILTRATION

ABSTRACT Magnetic-seeding filtration consists of two steps: heterogeneous particle flocculation of magnetic and nonmagnetic particles in a stirred tank and high-gradient magnetic filtration (HGMF). The effects of various parameters affecting magnetic-seeding filtration are theoretically and experimentally investigated. A trajectory model that includes hydrodynamic resistance, van der Waals, and electrostatic forces is developed to calculate the flocculation frequency in a turbulent-shear regime. Fractal dimension is introduced to simulate the open structure of aggregates. A magnetic-filtration model that consists of trajectory analysis, a particle build-up model, a breakthrough model, and a bivariate population-balance model is developed to predict the breakthrough curve of magnetic-seeding filtration. A good agreement between modeling results and experimental data is obtained. The results show that the model developed in this study can be used to predict the performance of magnetic-seeding filtration wit...