cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interaction of acoustic shock waves with a cylindrical elastic shell immersed near a hard surface

Abstract The plane strain transient response of a cylindrical elastic shell immersed near a hard surface (with Neumann pressure boundary condition) impinged upon by plane acoustic shock waves is studied by the image method. The equations of motion of the shell, its surrounding fluid and their images are solved by the separation of variable and Laplace transform procedures. Due to the fact that there is a time lag for the reflected waves from the hard surface to arrive at the shell, the inverse Laplace transform and therefore the shell response can be accurately calculated stage by stage using an integral equation technique. Numerical results for the time histories of the stress and velocity at various locations of the shell are presented. These results also indicate that the hard surface reflection of the scattered and radiated waves emanating from the shell is insignificant for the calculation of the shell response, especially when the incident wave is of long duration. This implies the possibility of a considerable simplification of the numerical analysis of more complex problems.
The importance of including predation in fish population models: Implications for biological reference points

Abstract A suite of applications utilizing various fisheries models have demonstrated that natural mortality due to predation is: (1) temporally and ontogenetically variable and (2) especially for forage species, generally higher than assumed in traditional single species stock assessments. Here we demonstrate that biological reference points generated by explicitly incorporating predation mortality into population dynamic models are generally more conservative (e.g., recommend higher standing biomass) than those produced using traditional assessment methods. Because biological reference points are the benchmark against which fisheries management decisions are made, they should reflect the ecological realities faced by each species to the fullest extent possible. We suggest much broader consideration of the more conservative biological reference points produced by explicitly incorporating predation mortality as a component of natural mortality to population models. This approach could implement a powerful yet tractable facet of ecosystem based fisheries management and is especially important for those stocks where predation mortality is known or suspected to be important.
Laser ablation and micromachining with ultrashort laser pulses

The mechanisms of ultrashort-pulse laser ablation of materials are discussed, and the differences to that of long laser pulses are emphasized. Ultrashort laser pulses offer both high laser intensity and precise laser-induced breakdown threshold with reduced laser fluence. The ablation of materials with ultrashort pulses has a very limited heat-affected volume. The advantages of ultrashort laser pulses are applied in precision micromachining of various materials. Some femtosecond laser pulse micromachining results, including comparison with long pulses, are presented. Ultrashort-pulse laser micromachining may have a wide range of applications where micrometer and submicrometer feature sizes are required.
Monoclonal Antibody Aggregation Intermediates Visualized by Atomic Force Microscopy

Ubiquitous but highly variable processes of therapeutic protein aggregation remain poorly characterized, especially in the context of common infusion reactions and clinical immunogenicity. Among the numerous challenges is the characterization of intermediate steps that lead to the appearance of precipitates. Although the biophysical methods for elucidation of secondary and tertiary structures as well as overall size distribution are typically well established in the development laboratories, the use of molecular scale imaging techniques is still relatively rare due to low throughput and technical complexity. In this work, we present the use of atomic force microscopy to examine morphology of monoclonal antibody aggregates. Despite varying in primary structure as a result of different complementarity defining regions, most antibodies studied exhibited a similar aggregation intermediate consisting of several monomers. However, the manner of subsequent condensation of these oligomers appeared to differ between the antibodies, suggesting stability-dependent mechanisms.
Perception of profile among laypeople, dental students and orthodontic patients.

Abstract Objective: To determine whether there are differences in self-awareness and perception of an individual's own profile among various groups. Materials and Methods: Laypeople, orthodontic patients, and first (D1) and third-year dental (D3) students were surveyed (n = 75 each). The participants answered a questionnaire regarding how they felt about their own profile and teeth. They also chose from among various silhouettes the one that most resembled their own profile. Profile photos of participants were analyzed by two orthodontists who matched the individual to the depicted silhouettes. Agreement between participants and experts was evaluated using the Kappa statistic. Differences among groups in identifying their own profiles and differences among profile types in satisfaction with their appearance were compared using χ2. Results: Overall agreement between the individuals' perceptions of their own profiles and evaluation by orthodontists was 53% (κ = .15). The four groups were different in their ...
Abnormalities in personal space and parietal–frontal function in schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is associated with subtle abnormalities in day-to-day social behaviors, including a tendency in some patients to "keep their distance" from others in physical space. The neural basis of this abnormality, and related changes in social functioning, is unknown. Here we examined, in schizophrenic patients and healthy control subjects, the functioning of a parietal-frontal network involved in monitoring the space immediately surrounding the body ("personal space"). Using fMRI, we found that one region of this network, the dorsal intraparietal sulcus (DIPS), was hyper-responsive in schizophrenic patients to face stimuli appearing to move towards the subjects, intruding into personal space. This hyper-responsivity was predicted both by the size of personal space (which was abnormally elevated in the schizophrenia group) and the severity of negative symptoms. In contrast, in a second study, the activity of two lower-level visual areas that send information to DIPS (the fusiform face area and middle temporal area) was normal in schizophrenia. Together, these findings suggest that changes in parietal-frontal networks that support the sensory-guided initiation of behavior, including actions occurring in the space surrounding the body, contribute to social dysfunction and negative symptoms in schizophrenia.
Curbing the Demand for Mass Destruction

We live in an age when the supply of weapons and materials of mass destruction easily meets the demand of Islamist extremists all too willing to use them. It is essential but not enough to reduce and secure the supply of weapons and materials of mass destruction. A comprehensive approach to catastrophic terrorism requires that we manage both the supply and demand for weapons of mass destruction. Nonproliferation strategies that focus solely on supply are merely buying us time.
Preferential formation of 13C–18O bonds in carbonate minerals, estimated using first-principles lattice dynamics

Equilibrium constants for internal isotopic exchange reactions of the type: Ca^(12)C^(18)O^(16)O_2+Ca^(13)C^(16)O_3 ↔ Ca^(13)C^(18)O^(16)O_2+Ca^(12)C^(16)O_3 for individual CO_3^(2−) groups in the carbonate minerals calcite (CaCO_3), aragonite (CaCO_3), dolomite (CaMg(CO_3)_2), magnesite (MgCO_3), witherite (BaCO_3), and nahcolite (NaHCO_3) are calculated using first-principles lattice dynamics. Calculations rely on density functional perturbation theory (DFPT) with norm-conserving planewave pseudopotentials to determine the vibrational frequencies of isotopically substituted crystals. Our results predict an ∼0.4‰ excess of ^(13)C^(18)O^(16)O_2^(2-) groups in all studied carbonate minerals at room-temperature equilibrium, relative to what would be expected in a stochastic mixture of carbonate isotopologues with the same bulk ^(13)C/^(12)C, ^(18)O/^(16)O, and ^(17)O/^(16)O ratios. The amount of excess ^(13)C^(18)O^(16)O^(2-)_2 decreases with increasing temperature of equilibration, from 0.5‰ at 0 °C to <0.1‰ at 300 °C, suggesting that measurements of multiply substituted isotopologues of carbonate could be used to infer temperatures of ancient carbonate mineral precipitation and alteration events, even where the δ^(18)O of coexisting fluids is uncertain. The predicted temperature sensitivity of the equilibrium constant is ∼0.003‰/°C at 25 °C. Estimated equilibrium constants for the formation of ^(13)C^(18)O^(16)O^(2-)_2 are remarkably uniform for the variety of minerals studied, suggesting that temperature calibrations will also be applicable to carbonate minerals not studied here without greatly compromising accuracy. A related equilibrium constant for the reaction: Ca^(12)C^(18)O^(16)O_2+Ca^(12)C^(17)O^(16)O_2 ↔ Ca^(12)C^(18)O^(17)O^(16)O+Ca^(12)C^(16)O_3 in calcite indicates formation of 0.1‰ excess ^(12)C^(18)O^(17)O^(16^O^(2−) at 25 °C. In a conventional phosphoric acid reaction of carbonate to form CO_2 for mass-spectrometric analysis, molecules derived from ^(13)C^(18)O^(16)O_2^(2-) dominate (∼96%) the mass 47 signal, and ^(12)C^(18)O^(17)O^(16)O^(2−) contributes most of the remainder (3%). This suggests that carbonate internal equilibration temperatures can be recovered from acid-generated CO_2 if abundances of isotopologues with mass 44–47 can be measured to sufficient precision. We have also calculated ^(18)O/^(16)O and ^(13)C/^(12)C reduced partition function ratios for carbonate minerals, and find them to be in good agreement with experiments and empirical calibrations. Carbon and oxygen isotope fractionation factors in hypothetical ^(40)Mg—magnesite and ^(40)Ba—witherite indicate that M^(2+)-cation mass does not contribute significantly to equilibrium isotopic fractionations between carbonate minerals.
THE EFFECT OF TRANSPORTATION SUBSIDIES ON URBAN SPRAWL

This paper provides theoretical and empirical analyses of the effect of transportation subsidies on urban sprawl in a two-mode urban spatial model. Comparative static analysis shows, among other things, that the urban area contracts with a public transit subsidy but expands with an auto subsidy. The paper provides the first empirical test of these hypotheses and finds that the spatial size of the urbanized area shrinks with an increase in transit subsidies but increases at a decreasing rate with auto subsidies.
The problems of accuracy and robustness in geometric computation

Practical implementation of geometric operations remains error-prone, and the goal of implementing correct and robust systems for carrying out geometric computation remains elusive. The problem is variously characterized as a matter of achieving sufficient numerical precision, as a fundamental difficulty in dealing with interacting numeric and symbolic data, or as a problem of avoiding degenerate positions. The author examines these problems, surveys some of the approaches proposed, and assesses their potential for devising complete and efficient solutions. He restricts the analysis to objects with linear elements, since substantial problems already arise in this case. Three perturbation-free methods are considered: floating-point computation, limited-precision rational arithmetic, and purely symbolic representations. Some perturbation approaches are also examined, namely, representation and model, altering the symbolic data, and avoiding degeneracies. >
Annotating the human genome with Disease Ontology

The human genome has been extensively annotated with Gene Ontology for biological functions, but minimally computationally annotated for diseases. We used the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) MetaMap Transfer tool (MMTx) to discover gene-disease relationships from the GeneRIF database. We utilized a comprehensive subset of UMLS, which is disease-focused and structured as a directed acyclic graph (the Disease Ontology), to filter and interpret results from MMTx. The results were validated against the Homayouni gene collection using recall and precision measurements. We compared our results with the widely used Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) annotations. The validation data set suggests a 91% recall rate and 97% precision rate of disease annotation using GeneRIF, in contrast with a 22% recall and 98% precision using OMIM. Our thesaurus-based approach allows for comparisons to be made between disease containing databases and allows for increased accuracy in disease identification through synonym matching. The much higher recall rate of our approach demonstrates that annotating human genome with Disease Ontology and GeneRIF for diseases dramatically increases the coverage of the disease annotation of human genome.
Design tools for emerging technologies

Integrated circuit (IC) designers make use of suites of tools in order to produce designs that routinely perform as expected when manufactured. This remarkable predictability has persisted for nearly two decades, even as fabrication technology has evolved dramatically, because the transistor has remained the fundamental building block and fabrication technology has narrowly focused on making good transistors. For emerging applications of micro- and nanotechnology; such as photonics, sensing, chemical processing, biology, and medicine; there is far more technological diversity and therefore transistor-centric design tools are of limited use. The lack of tools to aid in developing manufacturable designs in emerging technologies has led to near decade long delays between prototype demonstration and available product, and the result has been a stifling of innovation.One strategy for reducing these innovation-inhibiting delays is to develop algorithmic approaches that can start with first principles based descriptions of novel nanotechnology, and then rapidly and reliably synthesize manufacturable designs. Design tools are evolving this direction, with new extremely efficient yet customizable physical simulators, automatic parameterized low-order model extraction, and ever improving algorithms for robust optimization-new techniques that generate manufacturable designs by simultaneously optimizing system performance and robustness to manufacturing variations. In this talk we give a few examples of recent successes from several research groups, and also point to unresolved challenges, in developing design tools for the rapidly expanding landscape in emerging nanotechnology.
On the Use of DesertFD as a Reconfiguration Engine for Embedded Systems

Modern embedded systems dynamically interact with their environment. Certain classes of applications mandate drastic adaptation of runtime behavior in order to meet changes in system requirements. System reconfiguration involves dynamic changes to both the deployed algorithms and the allocation of system resources. In this paper we examine the use of a design space exploration tool, DesertFD, which utilizes constraint satisfaction to perform offline selection between various system configurations, as an online tool to facilitate dynamic exploration of the reconfiguration space. As a reconfiguration engine, DesertFD works well for classes of applications which require coarse-grained reconfiguration, or are tolerant to some amount of reconfiguration latency.
F-actin clustering and cell dysmotility induced by the pathological W148R missense mutation of filamin B at the actin-binding domain

Filamin B (FLNB) is a dimeric actin-binding protein that orchestrates the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Congenital mutations of FLNB at the actin-binding domain (ABD) are known to cause abnormalities of skeletal development, such as atelosteogenesis types I and III and Larsen's syndrome, although the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, using fluorescence microscopy, we characterized the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in cells expressing each of six pathological FLNB mutants that have been linked to skeletal abnormalities. The subfractionation assay showed a greater accumulation of the FLNB ABD mutants W148R and E227K than the wild-type protein to the cytoskeleton. Ectopic expression of FLNB-W148R and, to a lesser extent, FLNB-E227K induced prominent F-actin accumulations and the consequent rearrangement of focal adhesions, myosin II, and septin filaments and results in a delayed directional migration of the cells. The W148R protein-induced cytoskeletal rearrangement was partially attenuated by the inhibition of myosin II, p21-activated protein kinase, or Rho-associated protein kinase. The expression of a single-head ABD fragment with the mutations partially mimicked the rearrangement induced by the dimer. The F-actin clustering through the interaction with the mutant FLNB ABD may limit the cytoskeletal reorganization, preventing normal skeletal development.
Aberrant promoter methylation in serum of prostate cancer patients and controls

e16046 Background: The current screening method for prostate cancer (PC), which is based on prostate specific antigen (PSA) level lacks specificity and sensitivity. Previous studies have reported t...
A comparison of piezoelectric-based inertial sensing and audio-based detection of swallows

Abstract Background Prior research has shown a correlation between poor dietary habits and countless negative health outcomes such as heart disease, diabetes, and certain cancers. Automatic monitoring of food intake in an unobtrusive, wearable form-factor can encourage healthy dietary choices by enabling individuals to regulate their eating habits. Methods This paper presents an objective comparison of two of the most promising methods for digital dietary intake monitoring: piezoelectric swallow sensing by means of a smart necklace which monitors vibrations in the neck, and audio-based detection using a throat microphone. Results Data was collected from twenty subjects with ages ranging from 22 to 40 as they consumed a variety of foods using both devices. In Experiment I, we distinguished sandwich, chips, and water. In Experiment II, we distinguished nuts, chocolate, and a meat patty. F-Measures for the audio based approach were 91.3% and 88.5% for the first and second experiments, respectively. In the piezo-based approach, F-measures were 75.3% and 79.4%. Conclusion The accuracy of the audio-based approach was significantly higher for classifying between different foods. However, this accuracy comes at the expense of computational overhead increased power dissipation due to the higher sample rates required to process audio signals compared to inertial sensor data.
The Influence of Power and Dependency on Role-taking Accuracy in Three-generational Families

SynopsisResearch on nuclear families has reported support for an hypothesized inverse relationship between power and role-taking accuracy. Family members who are in subordinate or dependent power positions are better able to predict attitudes and behavior of other family members than are those in relatively more powerful and independent positions. The present study tested this hypothesis within the context of the multigeneration family. This is seen as a significant shift in focus from previous research, given the alleged role reversal between adult children and their parents during the latter part of the family life cycle. Six persons representing 3 generations in each of 47 extended family units responded to a mailed questionnaire. Findings provided some support for the hypothesis. Support was found when the independent variable was operationalized in terms of perceived power or perceived emotional dependency. Support for the hypothesis was also found in family dyads where the role-taker was a female si...
Empirically-based self-diagnosis and repair of domain knowledge

In this work, I view incremental experiential learning in intelligent software agents as progressive agent self-adaptation. When an agent produces an incorrect behavior, then it may reflect on, and thus diagnose and repair, the reasoning and knowledge that produced the incorrect behavior. In particular, I focus on the self-diagnosis and self-repair of an agent's domain knowledge. The implementation of systems with the capability to self-diagnose and self-repair involves building both reasoning processes capable of such learning and knowledge representations capable of supporting those reasoning processes. The core issue my dissertation addresses is: what kind of metaknowledge (knowledge about knowledge) may enable the agent to diagnose faults in its domain knowledge? In providing a solution to this issue, the central contribution of this research is a theory of the kind of metaknowledge that enables a system to reason about and adapt its conceptual knowledge. For this purpose, I propose a representation that explicitly encodes metaknowledge in the form of procedures called Empirical Verification Procedures (EVPs). In the proposed knowledge representation, an EVP is associated with each concept within the agent's domain knowledge. Each EVP explicitly semantically grounds the associated concept in the agent's perception, and can thus be used as a test to determine the validity of knowledge of that concept during diagnosis. I present the formal and empirical evaluation of a system, Augur, that makes use of EVP metaknowledge to adapt its own domain knowledge in the context of a particular subclass of classification problem that I call compositional classification, in which the overall classification task can be broken into a hierarchically organized set of subtasks. I hypothesize that EVP metaknowledge will enable a system to automatically adapt its knowledge in two ways: first, by adjusting the ways that inputs are categorized by a concept, in accordance with semantics fixed by an associated EVP; and second, by adjusting the semantics of concepts themselves when they fail to contribute appropriately to system goals. The latter adaptation is realized by altering the EVP associated with the concept in question. I further hypothesize that the semantic grounding of domain concepts in perception through the use of EVPs will increase the generalization power of a learner that operates over those concepts, and thus make learning more efficient. Beyond the support of these hypotheses, I also present results pertinent to the understanding of learning in compositional classification settings using structured knowledge representations.
Are hysterectomies necessary? Racial-ethnic differences in women’s attitudes

There is a dearth of comparative information about how women from diverse social locations think about, talk about, and experience the various types of reproductive aging. In this article I analyze racial-ethnic differences in attitudes toward surgically induced menopause (hysterectomy) utilizing data from an interview study of 130 menopausal women. African American women in this study were more suspect of doctors' initial offers of hysterectomies than European American women, with the former group of interviewees still fearing a legacy of racial-ethnic discrimination within medical institutions. Only after seeking a second opinion or finding a trustworthy doctor did African American women feel comfortable accepting a hysterectomy. European American interviewees were not as wary as their African American counterparts and sometimes reported wishing for a hysterectomy. I argue that attitudes toward hysterectomy must be contextualized within women's experiences of racial-ethnic oppression and privilege to be fully understood.
An Experimental Model for Near-Wall Structure

The near wall region of bounded turbulent shear flows is the habitat of many different eddy structures that have been the object of much research and exploration during the last three decades. The large amount of information acquired during that time has provided some definitive ideas about the dynamics of the region and about the production and maintenance of the turbulence. These ideas are discussed and related to an experimental model of the near-wall region consisting of counter-rotat ing streaniwise vortices embedded in a strong shear flow. This model flow has the advantage that it is steady in time. As in the turbulent flow, the model develops elongated low speed streaks that provide highly inflectional velocity profiles in the normal and spanwise directions. The break-down of the model flow into turbulence is discussed in relationship to the turbulent production in the near-wall turbulent flow which occurs under analogous conditions.
Effect of Dyes on Body Fat and Eye Color of Ebony Pearl Boll Weevils

Different marking techniques for Anthonomus grandis Boheman were tested. Ebony pearl individuals were reared on larval media containing 1000 ppm of the following dyes: (I) Calco Oil Red N-1700® (2) Acridine Orange; (3) Eosin-Bluish; (4) Sudan II; and (5) Nile Blue A. Calco Oil Red N-1700 was the only dye which sufficiently dyed the eye and body fat of emerging adult weevils. Adult ebony pearl weevils were fed adult media plugs for 6 days containing Calco Oil Red N-1700 in the media or wax covering, or media and wax covering of plugs. Body fat of the weevils was dyed red, but the eyes were unmarked. Dye (5000 ppm) in the wax covering of plugs also dyed the body fat, but not the eye. Ability to obtain 2 different markers, body fat and eyes or body fat only, depends upon whether the dye is fed to larvae or adults.
Governance Allocation and Expenditure Responsibility Division of Basic Public Service:A Case of OECD Countries

This paper studies the present status of intergovernmental authority duties division on basic public services,including education,health care and social security in China.Further,it analyzes the expenditure responsibility division on education,health care and social security in the OECD countries.Based on the above analysis,it provides experiences for improving intergovernmental expenditure responsibility division on basic public service in our country.
Strength Analysis and Improvement of an Automobile Taping Machine

By the strength analysis of the part crack of an automobile taping machine that is fed back during production, the article finds the crack causes and puts forward the controlling method to improve it.Finally,it also analyzes and summarizes the strength design of this taping machine.
Bleeding Complications in Patients Undergoing Celiac Plexus Block

Background and Objectives Celiac plexus blockade has known risks including bleeding and neurologic injury because of the close proximity of vascular and neuraxial structures. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of bleeding complications in patients undergoing celiac plexus block (CPB), with an emphasis on preprocedural antiplatelet medication use and coagulation status. Methods This is a retrospective study from 2005 to 2014 of adult patients undergoing CPB by the pain medicine division at a tertiary care center. The primary outcome was red blood cell (RBC) transfusion within 72 hours of needle placement, with a secondary outcome of bleeding complications requiring emergency medicine, neurology, or neurosurgical evaluation within 31 days. Results A total of 402 procedures were performed on 298 unique patients, with 58 patients (14.4%) receiving aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) preoperatively. Five patients (1.2%) received RBC transfusion within 72 hours, of which one had received preprocedure NSAIDs. A platelet count measured within 30 days was available for 268 patients, with 7 patients (2.6%) having platelet counts of 100 × 109/L or less at the time of needle placement. A total of 187 patients had a valid preoperative international normalized ratio (INR), with 9 (4.8%) having an INR of 1.5 or higher (range, 1.5–2.6). One patient (11.1%) required RBC transfusion compared with an RBC transfusion rate of 2.3% (4 of 178) in those with normal INR (P = 0.221). We identified no bleeding complications requiring emergency medicine, neurology, or neurosurgical evaluation. Conclusions This study suggests that CPBs may be safely performed in patients receiving aspirin and/or NSAID therapy.
Green function estimate for censored stable processes

Sharp two-sided estimates for Green functions of censored α-stable process Y in a bounded C 1,1 open set D are obtained, where α  (1, 2). It is shown that the Martin boundary and minimal Martin boundary of Y can all be identified with the Euclidean boundary of D. Sharp two-sided estimates for the Martin kernel of Y are also derived.
Modified solution for filling MRI coordinate indicators for the ZD stereotactic frame.

AbstractIncreased use of magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography in stereotactic planning highlight some technical problems in imaging. Visualization of markers during imaging are vital in stereotactic planning. In magnetic resonance imaging-guided stereotaxy, specially designed plates are used that contain water-based copper sulfate solutions as a marker. Replacement of copper sulfate solution is usually required after some time due to precipitation and leaking. The refilling procedure is quite cumbersome and can cause technical problems in imaging. In this study, we describe copper sulfate solution mixed with a water-soluble gel as a simple but useful alternative to water-based copper sulfate resolution to ease the refilling procedure and to overcome the air bubbles. [Neurol Res 1995; 17: 295-296]
One state's approach to the regulation of cholesterol screening.

Abstract In 1989 Maryland became the first State to enact legislation, separate from existing laboratory law, authorizing a comprehensive, self-supporting program to regulate cholesterol screening conducted outside of laboratories and physicians' offices. This program requires a State permit to conduct cholesterol screening and oversees regulations that define minimum standards of quality assurance in such areas as personnel training, analytical quality control, counseling, and patient referral. This paper is a review of some of the political and technical problems that Maryland faced and solved in developing and implementing an effective regulatory program.
GENE EXPRESSION DURING MAMMALIAN TOOTH ORGAN DEVELOPMENT

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the developing embryonic tooth organ as an ideal system to study differentiation-specific gene expression. Epithelial-specific gene products were monitored using (a) analysis of newly synthesized proteins labeled with 35 S-methionine by sodium dodecyl sulfate poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and fluorography, (b) isolation and translation of messenger RNAs (mRNAs), and (c) specific antibodies prepared against enamel organ proteins. Enamel proteins first appear after a 23-day gestation period and continue to be synthesized and secreted until the 28th day. The mRNA results suggest a close relationship between transcription and translation rates of enamel synthesis. The identity of specific enamel proteins was established by immunoprecipitation. Immunohistochemical staining showed the localization of these proteins at 23 days gestation in the tooth organ. These studies define the developmental stage for synthesis and secretion of enamel gene products during rabbit embryogenesis.
Force and Tactile Sensing

This chapter provides an overview of force and tactile sensing, with the primary emphasis placed on tactile sensing. We begin by presenting some basic considerations in choosing a tactile sensor and then review a wide variety of sensor types, including proximity, kinematic, force, dynamic, contact, skin deflection, thermal, and pressure sensors. We also review various transduction methods, appropriate for each general sensor type. We consider the information that these various types of sensors provide in terms of whether they are most useful for manipulation, surface exploration or being responsive to contacts from external agents.
What do We Gain? Combining Propensity Score Methods and Multilevel Modeling

The fundamental problem of causal inference is that an individual cannot be simultaneously observed in both the treatment and control states (Holland 1986). Propensity score methods that compare the treatment and control groups by discarding the unmatched units are now widely used to deal with this problem. Propensity score matching works well when using individual level data (persons, countries, counties, etc.); however, when using data that have a multilevel structure, such as time-series-cross-sectional (TSCS) data we need to combine propensity score matching procedures with multilevel modeling in order to take into account the unique structure of the data. In this paper we conduct Monte Carlo simulations with 36 different scenarios to test the performance of the two combined methods. The result shows that combining propensity score methods with multilevel modeling yields less biased and more efficient estimates. Two empirical case studies that reexamine the relationship between democratization and development and democracy and militarized interstate disputes also show the advantage of combining these two methods.
Landscape Linkage for Prioritizing Proximate Patches

From among the protocols of the previous chapters, we first carry forward “salient scaling” as ranked ORDITs from applying product-order protocols to place-ranked criteria. This chapter extends the foregoing by incorporating spatial linkage criteria (Bivand et al. 2008) with the salient scaling to construct a contiguous area on the landscape from component cells (hexagons) that might serve the interests of conservation. For present purposes, we focus attention on hexagons in the Ridge and Valley Region of Pennsylvania (Fig. 10.1).
Patterns of Use of Smokeless Tobacco in US Adults, 2013-2014.

Objectives. To examine patterns of smokeless tobacco (SLT) use, by type, in wave 1 (2013–2014) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study in the United States.Methods. We analyzed data from 32 320 adults (aged ≥ 18 years) to assess the use of pouched snus and other SLT products (loose snus, moist snuff, dip, spit, and chewing tobacco).Results. Overall, SLT use was most common among men, younger adults, non-Hispanic Whites, and nonurban respondents. Pouched snus users were more likely to report nondaily and polytobacco use than users of other SLT products. Respondents who used SLT some days were more likely to be current established cigarette smokers than those who used SLT every day (57.9% vs 20.2%). Furthermore, current established smokers who used SLT some days were more likely to smoke every day and had a higher median number of cigarettes smoked per day than smokers who used SLT every day.Conclusions. Polytobacco use, especially cigarette smoking, is common among SLT users. Pouched snus ...
Abstract 4850: Overexpression of P62/IMP2 promotes metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma via inhibition of E-cadherin expression

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common type of cancer and the third leading cause of cancer related death in worldwide. Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 2 (p62/IMP2/IGF2BP2) was originally reported as an autoantigen in HCC which belongs to IMPs family. The IMPs family contains three members: IMP1, IMP2 and IMP3, which share similar protein structure. IMPs are oncofetal proteins, which are expressed during embryogenesis and lost in most tissues in adults. Therefore, p62/IMP2 can be used as a potential biomarker for early diagnosis of HCC. We have evaluated the expression of p62/IMP2 protein both in human tissues and HCC cell lines by immunohistochemistry and western blotting analysis, and found that p62/IMP2 protein is overexpressed in human HCC tissues compared with normal human liver tissues (score= 10.30, n=40 vs. score =5.23, n=30, p Citation Format: Mengtao Xing, Pei Li, Jitian Li, Jianxiang shi, Liping Dai, Giulio Francia, Jianying Zhang. Overexpression of P62/IMP2 promotes metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma via inhibition of E-cadherin expression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4850. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-4850
Probing elastically or plastically induced structural heterogeneities in bulk metallic glasses by nanoindentation pop-in tests

Shear banding dynamics in bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) is manifested by the spatiotemporal evolution of strain fields which in turn depend on structural heterogeneities. The spacing of these heterogeneities, as a characteristic length scale, was determined from the analysis of nanoindentation pop-in tests using a stochastic model. Furthermore, the pre-stress by elastic bending and residual stress by plastic bending of BMG plates were found to dramatically decrease such spacings, thus increasing heterogeneity density and mechanically rejuvenating the glass structure.
Black + White = Not White: A Minority Bias in Categorizations of Black-White Multiracials

Abstract The present research sought to provide new insights on the principles guiding the categorization of Black-White multiracial faces at a first encounter. Previous studies have typically measured categorization of multiracial faces using close-ended tasks that constrain available categorizations. Those studies find evidence that perceivers tend to categorize multiracials as Black more often than as White. Two studies used less constrained, implicit (Experiment 1) and explicit categorization (Experiment 2) tasks and found that multiracial faces were most frequently categorized into racial minority groups but not necessarily as Black. These studies suggested a minority bias in multiracial categorizations, whereby multiracials are more frequently categorized as non-White than as White. Experiment 3 provided additional support for the minority bias, showing that participants categorized multiracials as “Not White” more often than as any other category. Participants were also faster to exclude multiracial faces from the White category than from any other racial category. Together, these findings are the first to document the minority bias as a guiding principle in multiracial categorization.
The Social Control of Science

The expression, “Social Control of Science” means different things to different people. My interpretation is that any form of control of either goal directed (i. g. applied) or non-goal directed (i. e. basic) science exerted by individuals or groups other than the scientists responsible for the initiation and prosecution of the experiments is social control of science. Governmental, religious, cultural (i. e. Zeitgeist), sociological and financial controls are, under this definition, forms of social control of science. Reflection will show that “control” need not be disadvantageous, it may be benign, or beneficial, and even necessary.
Microfluidic Patterning of Cellular Biopolymer Matrices for Biomimetic 3-D Structures

Microtechnology has found exciting potential applications in recreating in vivo tissue architecture due to its ability to create complex structures with size scales spanning from the micron to millimeter range. However, most microscale systems are 2-dimensional, and few 3-dimensional systems are being explored. We have developed a versatile technique to create a 3-dimensional microscale hierarchical system for cells and biopolymers. By taking advantage of the contraction of hydrogel matrix biopolymers, one can achieve multiple layers of cells within biopolymers using microchannels, and eventually form a hierarchical layered microstructure of cells and biopolymer. Pressure-driven microfluidics was applied in order to transport cells within matrix biopolymers through the channels with controled flow rates. Flow imaging was used to estimate the shear stress and examine the useful range of flow rates for biopolymer fluids to form the layered structure. Activated glass chips were used to effectively immobilize cell-matrix assemblies. For our model system, a vascular structure was set up using endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to mimic the three layers found in vivo (intima, media and adventitia). Collagen or collagen-chitosan matrix biopolymers were used as constructs throughout all layers. The final structure was characterized using confocal microscopy for reconstructed 3-dimensional cell distribution. Using this approach, a“neotissue” can be formed with cellular and biopolymer components engineered to model in vivo systems.
Race, women, and the sentimental in Thomas Southerne's Oroonoko

Imoinda, the “beautiful black Venus” of Aphra Behn's Oroonoko (1688), is probably the most well-known of the few representations of dark-skinned African women in early modern literature. Thomas Southerne's 1696 dramatization of Behn's novella is, in its turn, probably best known for changing the skin color of its Imoinda from black to white. As her racial and sexual identity are reconstructed in whiteness, Behn's black Imoinda becomes an early example of the enforced invisibility of the black female subject in the Americas' dominant cultural discourse. In turning to Southerne's play as the primal scene of this abduction from representation, I hope to emphasize Oroonoko 's cultural vitality after Behn as a site for the deconstruction and reformation of women's racial and sexual identities. For all its audacity – an audacity largely unremarked by his contemporaries – the black Imoinda's disappearance into whiteness is not the only way in which Southerne re-visions women in his Oroonoko . The play is equally taken up with the sexual disguise of its white comic heroine Charlot Welldon, who masquerades as a man for most of the action. Revising Southerne as he revised Behn, the play's later adapters experienced its double plot – one strand dealing with the tragic fates of its newly miscegenous African lovers, the other with Charlot's comic maneuvers aimed at finding rich husbands for herself and her sister Lucy in Surinam – as a structural defect.
RITARD Rabbit Model for Studying Vibrio cholerae and Other Enteric Infections

Publisher Summary The removable intestinal tie adult rabbit diarrhea (RITARD) model was first proposed by Spira et al. in an attempt to create a simple animal model for studying the toxin-mediated diarrheal disease caused by Vibrio cholerae and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). This model is now widely used for studying the pathogenesis of enteric pathogens. Key factors in its wide acceptance include the ease of the procedure, the availability of the animal species, and its "whole animal" characteristics. Outbred New Zealand White adult rabbits are used in this model. The rabbits should be allowed at least 24 hours to acclimatize in the animal facility after shipment. Rabbits are fasted overnight and prepared for surgery by shaving the ventral part of the abdomen with an electric clipper after the animals are anesthetized. A cocktail of ketamine, acepromazine, and xylazine is injected subcutaneously as anesthesia. After induction of appropriate anesthesia, the animal is covered with a sterile surgical drape, with a small opening for conducting the surgery. A 4–5 cm midline incision is made by using a scalpel through the skin and linea alba. Two hours after the inoculation of bacteria, the ileal tie is released by gentle tugs on the free end. Animals are then returned to the cage and allowed food and water ad libitum and observed for 1–7 days in a biohazard facility. Animals should be monitored closely for signs of clinical disease. This could range from loose stool to signs of sepsis and intestinal necrosis, depending on the infectious agent and the dose used. Stool samples should be collected from ileum and colon, weighed, and plated for bacterial count. This provides a measure of total bacterial colonization in the intestine at the time of necropsy.
Adolescent angst: enrollment on clinical trials

Survival among adolescents and young adults (AYAs) ages 15 to 39 with cancer has not improved to the same extent as that of pediatric and older adult cancer patients, which is thought to relate, in part, to the lower participation of AYAs in clinical trials. Because significant efforts have been made to improve clinical trial enrollment for AYAs, we (1) present contemporary clinical trial enrollment rates by cancer type, sociodemographic characteristics, and treatment setting and (2) discuss provider-, patient-, and system-level barriers to clinical trial participation. Contemporary studies examining clinical trial enrollment among AYAs have continued to find low overall participation relative to pediatric populations, with most studies observing no significant improvements in enrollment over time. In addition to age and cancer type, enrollment varies by treatment setting, health insurance, and race/ethnicity. Access to available clinical trials may be increased by appropriate referral of AYAs to pediatric and adult specialty cancer centers with studies relevant to the AYA population because most AYAs are treated in the community setting. Even with similar access to trials, however, AYAs may be less likely to participate, and therefore, future efforts should focus on better understanding and addressing barriers to enrollment as well as improving education and outreach regarding clinical trials.
Butting Heads: Competition and Posturing in a Paired Programming Team

This Research to Practice Full Paper contributes to the study of undergraduate engineering students’ beliefs and educational experiences. Scholars have documented the educational experiences of students including the marginalization of women and underrepresented racial minority groups. Although the experiences of marginalized groups are likely impacted by privileged and majority student groups, comparatively little research has directly focused on the actions and perspectives of dominant students. Additionally, few studies combine the research methods necessary to examine both student beliefs and classroom actions. In this paper we focus on perspectives and actions of dominant groups which may be linked to marginalization. In particular, we focus on the ways students understand and enact the culture of competition in engineering, which has been linked to marginalizing student experiences and reproduced male demographics. Our study uses ethnographic one-on-one interviews and video-recorded interactions to examine the collaboration and perspectives of two White male students in a 10-person laboratory section of an active learning introductory programming course for electrical engineers. Key findings include students’ posturing about broad academic status and local assignment expertise that seemed to be triggered by prior experience and shared identities. In addition, views of peers as adversaries rather than partners in their work created a competitive interaction which was counterproductive to their learning and work. These findings suggest that students may be triggered into reproducing a competitive masculine engineering culture. Implications for instructors include the possibility that in some cases talking about and reflecting on competitive approaches in lab can potentially shift student behavior.