cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FACTORS AFFECTING THE CHAIN LENGTH OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI II. QUANTITATIVE M-ANTI-M RELATIONSHIPS IN THE LONG CHAIN TEST

Minute amounts of M protein were detected in culture supernates of virulent Group A streptococci by type-specific inhibition of the long chain and the bactericidal tests for anti-M antibody. The amount of M protein that was detected by the inhibition of these biological systems was less than could be demonstrated by precipitation tests. All strains of streptococci rich in M protein which were studied formed long chains when grown in sufficient concentrations of anti-M antibody. Very low concentrations of anti-M antibody escaped detection by the long chain test when strains of excessive M protein content were employed. Under such conditions the bactericidal test detected anti-M antibody more sensitively than the long chain test owing to the smaller inoculum employed in the former method. The scission of streptococcal chains may be inhibited by union of antibodies with surface antigens other than M protein. Long chains were formed when M-negative, R-positive strains were grown in sera containing anti-R antibody.
Resolution of the “No-Reflow” Phenomenon with Intracoronary Administration of Adenosine

The “no-reflow” phenomenon results from microcirculatory spasm and has significant hemodynamic and prognostic consequences. Adenosine is an effective microvessel vasodilator. We describe two cases of successful treatment of no-reflow with intracoronary adenosine after failure of intracoronary calcium channel blockers. (J Interven Cardiol 2000; 13:15–18)
Recent results on the mass, gravitational field and moments of inertia of the moon

Doppler tracking data from the Lunar Orbiter series of spacecraft have been used in a more complete analysis of the spherical harmonic coefficients of the lunar gravitational field through thirteenth degree and order. The value obtained for the mass of the Moon,GM = 4902.84 km3 s−2, is in good agreement with previous results and with results obtained by alternate procedures. Acceleration contour plots, derived from the gravitational coefficients, show correlations with surface features on the near side of the Moon, but are of questionable validity for the far side because of the lack of direct tracking data on the far side. Based on the most recent gravitational field data, the current estimate for the polar moment of inertia of the Moon isC/Ma 2 = 0.4019-0.002 +0.004. This value indicates that the interior of the Moon can be homogeneous, but some results presented strongly suggest that the Moon is differentiated, with an excess of mass in the direction toward the Earth.
Spirit and/or Flesh: Merleau-Ponty’s Encounter with Hegel

This paper has four parts. First, I attempt to pinpoint how and why Merleau-Ponty was driven to go beyond Husserlian phenomenology, and did so for what are, largely, Hegelian reasons. Second, I trace the parallels between Hegel’s “metaphysics of Spirit” and Merleau-Ponty’s “ontology of the Flesh,” stressing the thinkers’ consensus about the nature of philosophical method. Third, I identify Merleau-Ponty’s criticisms of Hegel’s approach, and assay his claim that Hegel’s system actually constitutes a lapse into a pre-critical, pre-Kantian, naive metaphysics. Fourth and finally, I examine how Merleau-Ponty’s critique of Hegel is tied to his investigation into the evolution of the concept of nature through the history of Western philosophy. My basic intention is to determine whether and to what extent Merleau-Ponty evades the very charges he levies against Hegel, and my basic claim is that he does. I conclude by suggesting some parallels between Merleau-Ponty’s later thought and the account of nature in Whitehead’s process philosophy that might tell us where to seek help for developing his later, enigmatic ideas once precedents in Continental thought have been exhausted.
Simultaneous ballistic deficit immunity and resilience to parallel noise sources: A new pulse shaping technique

A new and different time variant pulse processing system has been developed based on a simple CR-RC filter and two analog switches. The new pulse processing technique combines both ballistic deficit immunity and resilience to parallel noise without a significant compromise to the low energy resolution, generally considered a mutually exclusive requirement. The filter is realized by combining two different pulse-shaping techniques. One of the techniques creates a low rate of curvature at the pulse peak, which reduces ballistic deficit, while the second technique increases the tolerance to low frequency noise by modifying the noise history. Several experimental measurements are presented, including tests on a co-planar grid CdZnTe detector. Improvements on both the resolution and line shape are shown for the 662 keV line of /sup 137/Cs.
ORFeome projects: gateway between genomics and omics.

Abstract The availability of entire genome sequences is expected to revolutionize the way in which biology and medicine are conducted for years to come. However, achieving this promise still requires significant effort in the areas of gene annotation, cloning and expression of thousands of known and heretofore unknown protein-encoding genes. Traditional technologies of manipulating genes are too cumbersome and inefficient when one is dealing with more than a few genes at a time. Entire libraries composed of all protein-encoding open reading frames (ORFs) cloned in highly flexible vectors will be needed to take full advantage of the information found in any genome sequence. The creation of such ORFeome resources using novel technologies for cloning and expressing entire proteomes constitutes an effective gateway from whole genome sequencing efforts to downstream ‘omics’ applications.
Effort, exaggeration and malingering after concussion

Although most individuals who suffer a mild traumatic brain injury have complete recovery, a number experience persistent symptoms that appear inconsistent with the severity of the injury. Symptoms may be ascribed to malingering, exaggeration or poor effort on cognitive testing. The purpose of this paper is to propose that previously unconsidered factors, informed by social psychology and behavioural economics, can appear as 'symptom magnification' or 'poor effort', which are incorrectly interpreted as the result of a conscious process. These are complex and multi-determined behaviours with a unique differential diagnosis which have important implications for research, evaluation and treatment.
The Symmetrical Quasi-Classical Model for Electronically Non-Adiabatic Processes Applied to Energy Transfer Dynamics in Site-Exciton Models of Light-Harvesting Complexes

In a recent series of papers, it has been illustrated that a symmetrical quasi-classical (SQC) windowing model applied to the Meyer-Miller (MM) classical vibronic Hamiltonian provides an excellent description of a variety of electronically non-adiabatic benchmark model systems for which exact quantum results are available for comparison. In this paper, the SQC/MM approach is used to treat energy transfer dynamics in site-exciton models of light-harvesting complexes, and in particular, the well-known 7-state Fenna-Mathews-Olson (FMO) complex. Again, numerically "exact" results are available for comparison, here via the hierarchical equation of motion (HEOM) approach of Ishizaki and Fleming, and it is seen that the simple SQC/MM approach provides very reasonable agreement with the previous HEOM results. It is noted, however, that unlike most (if not all) simple approaches for treating these systems, because the SQC/MM approach presents a fully atomistic simulation based on classical trajectory simulation, it places no restrictions on the characteristics of the thermal baths coupled to each two-level site, e.g., bath spectral densities (SD) of any analytic functional form may be employed as well as discrete SD determined experimentally or from MD simulation (nor is there any restriction that the baths be harmonic), opening up the possibility of simulating more realistic variations on the basic site-exciton framework for describing the non-adiabatic dynamics of photosynthetic pigment complexes.
Geriatric Telemedicine: Background and Evidence for Telemedicine as a Way to Address the Challenges of Geriatrics.

The global population of elderly people is increasing at a remarkable rate, which may be expected to continue for some time. Older patients require more care, and with the current model of care delivery, the costs may be expected to rise, although higher cost is unsustainable. For this reason, a new pattern of practice is needed. Telemedicine will be presented as a highly effective and necessary tool in geriatrics.This review will present some of the background and evidence for telemedicine as a way to address the challenges of geriatrics through geriatric telemedicine. Some of the evidence for the value of telemedicine as a tool for physicians and healthcare systems is presented.Telemedicine offers many means to address the problems of geriatric care in creative ways. The use of electronic medicine, telecommunications, and information management has now found its way into the very fabric of health care. The use of telemedicine is a fait accompli in much of the world, and it continues to have an increasing role deeply imbedded in our electronic practices coupled with social media.The evidence for successful incorporation of telemedicine into practice is abundant and continues to accrue. This is a great opportunity for medical practice to evolve to new levels of engagement with patients and new levels of attainment in terms of quality care.
Response to Letters Regarding Article "Segmental Aortic Stiffness in Children and Young Adults With Connective Tissue Disorders: Relationships With Age, Aortic Size, Rate of Dilation, and Surgical Root Replacement".

We thank Murakami et al for their interest in our article.1 They propose that the aortic dilatation observed in patients with connective tissue disorders is a compensatory response to increased aortic stiffness to preserve coronary blood flow. Although our study was not designed to test this interesting hypothesis, we agree that future investigations designed specifically to address this theory are warranted. Weismann et al question the use of aortic strain in our study and suggest that its relationship with adverse aortic outcomes may be driven by aortic size alone. However, their comments fail to take into account that, in addition to aortic size, several other factors …
Analysis of bovine sperm cells by a combined holographic and Raman microscopy approach

In this work, an approach based on digital holography (DH) combined with Raman spectroscopy (RS) is used for a complete label-free analysis of single bovine spermatozoa. DH allows to obtain high-resolution images of bovine sperm from the reconstruction of a single acquired hologram, highlighting in some cases morphological alterations. Quantitative 3D reconstructions of sperm head, both normal and anomalous, have been studied and an unexpected structure of the post-acrosomal region of the head has been detected. Raman imaging analysis have also confirmed such anomalies, suggesting the protein vibrations as associated Raman marker of the defect.
Geometrically nonlinear analysis of composite plates and shells using a flat triangular shell element

An updated Lagrangian formulation of a three node flat triangular shell element is presented for geometrically non-linear analysis of laminated plates and shells. The flat shell element is obtained by combining the Discrete Kirchhoff Theory (DKT) plate bending element and a membrane element that is similar to the Allman element, but a derivative of the Linear Strain Triangular (LST) element. Results are presented for static response analysis (snap-back behavior of a cylindrical panel, large rotation response of a cantilever beam under an end moment, cylindrical shell under pinching and stretching loads and hemispherical shell under pinching and stretching loads); for dynamic response analysis of a cylindrical panel; and for thermal postbuckling analysis of an imperfect square plate and a cylindrical panel. The element will be used in the near future for the analysis of large inflatable structures which are highly flexible and are expected to undergo large deformations and rotations. In order to estimate the accuracy of the present formulation in predicting the nonlinear response of such large flexible structures, static analysis of an apex-loaded circular arch is performed. The arch presented is a building block of a large inflatable structure. The present results are in good agreement with the results available in the existing literature and those obtained using the commercial finite element software ABAQUS, demonstrating the accuracy of the present formulation.
Abstract 4760: Inhibition of c-myc by the triterpenoid celastrol

c-Myc is a bHLH-ZIP transcription factor that is deregulated in a variety of human cancers. More specifically, c-Myc heterodimerizes with another bHLH-ZIP partner protein, Max, to bind to specific sequences (E-Boxes: CAC/TGTG) located near the transcriptional start sites of its numerous target genes. Because c-Myc9s highly variable downstream effects are difficult to attack individually, directly inhibiting the association between c-Myc and Max association by interfering with their bHLH-ZIP-mediated heterodimerization has emerged as an attractive therapeutic strategy. Thus far, high throughput screens of chemical libraries have identified a number of small molecules that specifically inhibit the c-Myc-Max association. However, these synthetic compounds and their analogs are generally of low potency and therefore have limited clinical utility. Here we report identification of celastrol, a naturally occurring triterpenoid, as a potent c-Myc inhibitor. We sought to further assess celastrol9s ability to inhibit c-Myc-Max interaction and cell growth, and determine its structure activity relationship. Surface plasmon resonance and electrophoretic mobility shift studies revealed that celastrol specifically binds to c-Myc and prevents both its interaction with Max, and subsequent DNA binding with a Kd in the low micromolar range. Co-immunoprecipitation studies confirmed that the dose-dependent disruption of c-Myc-Max heterodimers by celastrol could also be achieved in c-Myc-overexpressing human HL60 promyelocytic leukemia cells. Moreover, in vitro data demonstrated that celastrol significantly inhibited both HL60 and Burkitt9s lymphoma cell growth with IC50s in the nanomolar range. However, modifications to the C-28 carboxylic acid group of celastrol eliminated c-Myc binding, suggesting that celastrol binds to c-Myc via this functional group. This structure activity relationship may provide a basis for the development of more pharmacologically suitable analogs. Together these results suggest that celastrol is among the most potent Myc-Max disruptors yet identified, and suggest a mechanism of action. Celastrol thus represents a promising new agent with which to target c-Myc and provides a new structural chemical platform for further pharmaceutical development. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4760. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4760
SPONTANEOUS CORONARY ARTERY DISSECTION: HEART TEAM APPROACH IN MANAGING AN UNCOMMON BUT SERIOUS CAUSE OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD) is a rarely encountered but serious cause of acute coronary syndrome that occurs mostly in young women. A 31-year-old female presented to an outside hospital (OSH) with cardiac arrest 9 days postpartum. The patient was breast feeding her baby when she
Design of concentrated control system for hydraulic shiplift of Xixi River in Hangzhou

Through the analysis made on the characteristics of the hydraulic shiplift of Xixi River in Hangzhou,the concept and principle for the design of the concentrated control system for the hydraulic shiplift are determined herein,and then the scheme of the concentrated control system with the layered and distributed structure is proposed as well. It is demonstrated through a longterm operation that the system is reliable,safe and practical,and thus can provide a reference for the similar design.
HIV Chemotherapy: a Critical Review

This book fulfills its title, namely, it is a critical review of HIV chemotherapy. The book is timely and provides a unique blend of basic, preclinical, and clinical chapters which afford the reader with an up-to-date view of the virologic, immunologic, therapeutic, and molecular strategies toward development and implementation of potentially efficacious HIV therapy. The brief reviews by leading authorities provide insight toward understanding HIV/ AIDS viral, immunologic, and molecular pathogenesis.
Clinical Application of Cerebral Endovascular Balloon Catheter for Arteriovenous Malformation

A case of occipital arteriovenous malformation (AVM), successfully treated by using a detachable balloon catheter, was reported. The patient was a 25-year-old female who developed a photogenic seizure. Selective left internal carotid angiography showed an AVM in the occipital lobe (Luessenhop Grade II). Selective angiography using a non-detachable balloon catheter (elimination method) was performed for the detailed preoperative examination. A tolerance test during the temporary occlusion of each feeder was performed. At the same time the oxygen content of arterial and internal jugular blood was measured before and after occlusion of main feeders. Just before the operation, selective embolization of the main feeding arteries from the posterior cerebral artery with a detachable balloon was performed. The angiography following embolization showed devascularization of two-thirds of the AVM nidus. Surgical resection was performed without difficulty. Total blood loss was estimated to be less than 200 ml. Embolization using a detachable balloon catheter seemed to be an effective adjunctive treatment prior to operative removal of AVM.
Agonists and Antagonists of TGF-β Family Ligands

The discovery of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family ligands and the realization that their bioactivities need to be tightly controlled temporally and spatially led to intensive research that has identified a multitude of extracellular modulators of TGF-β family ligands, uncovered their functions in developmental and pathophysiological processes, defined the mechanisms of their activities, and explored potential modulator-based therapeutic applications in treating human diseases. These studies revealed a diverse repertoire of extracellular and membrane-associated molecules that are capable of modulating TGF-β family signals via control of ligand availability, processing, ligand-receptor interaction, and receptor activation. These molecules include not only soluble ligand-binding proteins that were conventionally considered as agonists and antagonists of TGF-β family of growth factors, but also extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and proteoglycans that can serve as "sink" and control storage and release of both the TGF-β family ligands and their regulators. This extensive network of soluble and ECM modulators helps to ensure dynamic and cell-specific control of TGF-β family signals. This article reviews our knowledge of extracellular modulation of TGF-β growth factors by diverse proteins and their molecular mechanisms to regulate TGF-β family signaling.
Drug-Induced Tactile Hallucinations Beyond Recreational Drugs

In monosymptomatic hypochondriacal psychosis (MHP), such as delusional infestation (DI), the patient has a fixed, false, encapsulated belief associated with tactile hallucinations (TH), most commonly formication, which is defined as cutaneous sensations of crawling, stinging, biting, etc., without evidence of infestation. Drug-induced TH should be considered in patients with suspected MHP. Although recreational drugs such as cocaine, amphetamines, and narcotics are well known to induce TH, many busy practicing dermatologists may not be familiar with other types of medications that can induce TH. A literature search for peer-reviewed articles was conducted in the PubMed, PsychInfo, Cochrane, and Embase databases. For each article, the medication(s) that induced TH was identified in a systematic way. The most commonly reported group of medications to induce TH was anti-Parkisonian agents, followed by antidepressants, prescription stimulants, antihypertensives (propranolol), and antiepileptics. In many cases, other types of hallucinations, such as visual and auditory, were present. Patients also commonly presented with psychiatric comorbidities. Although the conclusions that can be derived from this literature review are limited, it appears that certain medications that alter neurotransmitters, especially dopamine and, less convincingly, norepinephrine and serotonin, can be associated with TH. Drug-induced TH should also be considered in patients presenting with multiple types of hallucinations and patients with existing psychiatric comorbidity. Drug-induced TH, especially with an underlying psychiatric diagnosis that is separate from MHP, may be a more manageable disease entity compared with bona fide MHP.
Integrating Biomarkers and Imaging for Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment in Diabetes

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk assessment has changed substantially in recent years. While older guidelines considered diabetes a coronary disease risk equivalent, more recent guidelines recommend risk stratification on the basis of global risk scoring to target intensity of therapy. While patients with diabetes as a whole are at greater risk for CVD events, these patients may also benefit from risk stratification based on circulating biomarkers like high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T, and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, as well as newer imaging modalities (coronary artery calcium, carotid intima-media thickness, and myocardial perfusion imaging). The addition of these CVD risk assessment modalities could play an important role for deciding how aggressive a physician should be with pharmacological therapy. Here, we discuss many of the current recommendations of CVD risk assessment in patients with diabetes including newer modalities for CVD risk assessment.
Use of a biocompetitive agent to control preharvest aflatoxin in drought stressed peanuts

A three-year study was conducted to evaluate the use of a nonaflatoxin-producing strain of Aspergillus parasiticus (NRRL 13539) as a biocompetitive agent for the control of preharvest aflatoxin contamination of peanuts. The agent was added to the soil of the environmental control plot facility at the National Peanut Research Laboratory and tested by subjecting peanuts to optimal conditions for the development of aflatoxin contamination. Edible peanuts from the treated soil contained aflatoxin concentrations of 11, 1, and 40 ppb for crop years 1987, 1988, and 1989, respectively, compared to untreated peanuts with 531, 96, and 241 ppb, respectively. In addition, treatment in 1989 with low and high inoculum levels of a UV-induced mutant from the NRRL 13539 strain resulted in aflatoxin concentrations of 29 and 17 ppb, respectively, in edible peanuts. Soil populations of the biocompetitive agents were not higher than populations of wild strains of A. flavus/parasiticus in untreated soil subjected to late-season drought stress. This is an important ecological consideration relative to the utilization of this biocontrol system.
Bandelet denoising in image processing

As digital media and internet use grow, imagery and video are prevalent in many areas of life. Many sensing methods such as Full Motion Video (FMV), Hyperspectral Imagery (HSI), and medical imaging have been developed to accumulate data for diagnostics. Analyzing imagery data to detect and identify specific objects is an essential phase of comprehending visual imagery. Content-based image retrieval (CBIR) is a contemporary development in the field of computer vision. Currently, edge detection filters create undesirable noise for CBIR that leads to difficulties in object detection algorithms. Bandelets have been shown to decrease the noise in signals and images by their use of geometric regularity to compute polynomial approximations in localized regions. In this paper, we use both the bandelet and the discrete wavelet transform to decrease noise within an image. By using Wavelet Exploitation of Bandelet Coefficients (WEBC) to decrease noise we can enhance object detection for CBIR. WEBC raised the peak signal to noise ratio from noised to the denoised images by 19 percent on average, while the structural similarity index measure actually increased by 80 percent on average.
Additive Combinatorics: Graph-theoretic methods

Additive combinatorics is a subfield of combinatorics, and so it is no surprise that graph theory plays an important role in this theory. Graph theory has already made an implicit appearance in previous chapters, most notably in the proof of the Balog–Szemeredi–Gowers theorem (Theorem 2.29). However there are several further ways in which graph theoretical tools can be utilized in additive combinatorics. We will only discuss a representative sample of these applications here. First we discuss Turan's theorem , which shows that sparse graphs contain large independent sets, and which is useful for constructing sum-free sets. Next we give a very brief tour of Ramsey theory , which allows one to find monochromatic structures in colored graphs (or other colored objects), in particular allowing one to find monochromatic progressions in any coloring of the integers ( van der Waerden's theorem ). Then we use some results about connectivity of dense graphs to establish the Balog–Szemeredi–Gowers theorem , which relates partial sum sets to complete sum sets and which has already been exploited in Chapter 2. Finally, we use the theory of commutative directed graphs to establish the Plunnecke inequalities , which are perhaps the sharpest inequalities known for sum sets and which strengthen several of the results already established in Chapter 2. In Chapter 10 and Chapter 11 we shall discuss one final graph-theoretical tool, the Szemeredi regularity lemma , which has had many applications in several areas of discrete mathematics, but which in additive combinatorics has had an especially crucial role in the study of arithmetic progressions in dense sets.
Myelopathy due to Chondroblastoma of the Spine

Chondroblastoma is a rare benign tumor of the epiphyseal region of the long bones and is very rare in the vertebral column. It is characterized by a sclerotic margin, intralesional calcification, rounded or polygonal chondroblast-like cells, cartilaginous intercellular matrix, and multinucleated giant cells.
Simulation of self-generated magnetic fields in an inertial fusion hohlraum environment

We present radiation-hydrodynamic simulations of self-generated magnetic field in a hohlraum, which show an increased temperature in large regions of the underdense fill. Non-parallel gradients in electron density and temperature in a laser-heated plasma give rise to a self-generated field by the “Biermann battery” mechanism. Here, HYDRA simulations of three hohlraum designs on the National Ignition Facility are reported, which use a partial magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) description that includes the self-generated source term, resistive dissipation, and advection of the field due to both the plasma flow and the Nernst term. Anisotropic electron heat conduction parallel and perpendicular to the field is included, but not the Righi-Leduc heat flux. The field strength is too small to compete significantly with plasma pressure, but affects plasma conditions by reducing electron heat conduction perpendicular to the field. Significant reductions in heat flux can occur, especially for high Z plasma, at modest value...
Photothermal Nanoparticle Initiation Enables Radical Polymerization and Yields Unique, Uniform Microfibers with Broad Spectrum Light

Photothermal processes are utilized across a variety of fields, from separations to medicine, and are an area of active research. Herein, the action of a solar simulator upon carbon black nanoparticles is shown to result in photothermally initiated chain-growth polymerization of methyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, and methyl methacrylate initiated by benzoyl peroxide. With use of methyl acrylate as the model system, products from this reaction are shown to be apparently indistinguishable on the molecular level, but result in unique microstructures relative to the thermal controls. The relative contribution of bands of the UV/visible spectrum to the polymerization initiation show that red/infrared wavelengths are most important for the initiation to occur. Kinetic analysis of the initiator homolysis indicate that the apparent reaction rate is accelerated in the photothermal condition.
Influence of maternal age on the effects of seleno-l-methionine in the model organism Daphnia pulex under standard and heat stress conditions.

Abstract Selenium deficiency and toxicity increase the risk of adverse developmental and reproductive outcomes; however, few multi-stressor studies have evaluated the influence of maternal age on organic selenium dose-response and additional stressors over the life course. While multi-stressor research in mammalian models is time-consuming and expensive, use of alternative models can efficiently produce screening data for prioritizing research in mammalian systems. As a well-known eco-toxicological model, Daphnia pulex, may offer advantages in screening for impacts of multi-stressor exposures. We evaluated the influence of maternal age on the effects of seleno-methionine (SeMet) for lifespan, reproduction, and heat-stress resistance in D. pulex. Our results show effects of SeMet-treatment and maternal age, where the highest SeMet-treatment had reduced lifespan and absence of reproduction, and where Daphnia from late life broods had increased resistance to heat-induced stress. Further analysis suggests an additional interactive effect between maternal age and SeMet treatment on time to first reproduction.
Testing PMSC Norms

This chapter draws a comparative analysis of progress on policy reform after five years from the signature of Montreux. Regime theory stresses how reaching an agreement is a stage in the negotiation, not the end of the process and the assessment suggests that PMSC norms are still in the first stage of emergence—and not at the level of the norm cascade. The lack of regularized dialogue among signatories led to the establishment of the Montreux Document Forum.
A multiplex real-time PCR assay, based on invA and pagC genes, for the detection and quantification of Salmonella enterica from cattle lymph nodes.

Abstract Cattle lymph nodes can harbor Salmonella and potentially contaminate beef products. We have developed and validated a new real-time PCR (qPCR) assay for the detection and quantification of Salmonella enterica in cattle lymph nodes. The assay targets both the invA and pagC genes, the most conserved molecular targets in Salmonella enterica. An 18S rRNA gene assay that amplifies from cattle and other animal species was also included as an internal control. Available DNA sequences for invA, pagC and 18S rRNA genes were used for primer and probe selections. Three Salmonella serotypes , S. Typhimurium, S. Anatum, and S. Montevideo, were used to assess the assay's analytical sensitivity. Correlation coefficients of standard curves generated for each target and for all three serotypes were >99% and qPCR amplification efficiencies were between 93% and 110%. Assay sensitivity was also determined using standard curve data generated from Salmonella-negative cattle lymph nodes spiked with 10-fold dilutions of the three Salmonella serotypes. Assay specificity was determined using Salmonella culture method, and qPCR testing on 36 Salmonella strains representing 33 serotypes, 38 Salmonella strains of unknown serotypes, 252 E. coli strains representing 40 serogroups, and 31 other bacterial strains representing 18 different species. A collection of 647 cattle lymph node samples from steers procured from the Midwest region of the US were tested by the qPCR, and compared to culture-method of detection. Salmonella prevalence by qPCR for pre-enriched and enriched lymph nodes was 19.8% (128/647) and 94.9% (614/647), respectively. A majority of qPCR positive pre-enriched samples (105/128) were at concentrations between 104 and 105 CFU/mL. Culture method detected Salmonella in 7.7% (50/647) and 80.7% (522/647) of pre- and post-enriched samples, respectively; 96.0% (48/50) of pre-enriched and 99.4% (519/522) of post-enriched culture-positive samples were also positive by qPCR. More samples tested positive by qPCR than by culture method, indicating that the real-time PCR assay was more sensitive. Our data indicate that this triplex qPCR can be used to accurately detect and quantify Salmonella enterica strains from cattle lymph node samples. The assay may serve as a useful tool to monitor the prevalence of Salmonella in beef production systems.
Expression of immune checkpoint regulators, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), in female breast carcinomas.

Background Immune checkpoint regulators, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and the programmed cell death protein-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) have emerged as promising new targets for cancer therapeutics. While tumor expression of PD-L1 has been shown to have objective responses to anti-PD-L1 immunotherapies, the clinical implications of CTLA-4 expression in tumor cells or immune cells in the tumor microenvironment is still controversial. We investigated the expression of CTLA-4 and PD-L1 in human breast tumors and provided a scoring system for the systematic evaluation of CTLA-4 staining. Methods Immunohistochemical staining for PD-L1 and CTLA-4 expression was performed on a tissue microarray of 102 cores, which included normal and neoplastic breast tissues. Neoplastic cores were divided into four groups: Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) and invasive tubular carcinoma (ITC). PD-L1 and CTLA-4 expressions were scored based on a system which accounted for the percentage and intensity of positivity and results provided in conjunction with available clinical and demographic data. Results Overall, CTLA-4 was over-expressed in 49 of 93 (52.7%) breast tumors. Subcategorically, CTLA-4 was positive in 3 of 8 (37.5%) ductal carcinoma in situ, 40 of 73 (55%) of invasive ductal carcinomas, 4 of 10 (40%) of invasive lobular carcinomas and 2 of 2 (100%) of invasive tubular carcinomas. All 6 normal breast tissues were interpreted as negative for CTLA-4 staining. Only 4.1% of the invasive ductal carcinomas were positive for PD-L1 reactivity and the remaining carcinomas stained negative. Conclusions This study shows a significant overexpression of CTLA-4 in >50% of breast carcinomas with no such overexpression of CTLA-4 in benign breast tissues. PDL-1 staining is seen in only a small number of invasive ductal carcinomas (4.1%). These findings suggest the need for further investigation of anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-L1 immunotherapies and their efficacy in the treatment of breast carcinomas with overexpression of these immune modulators. In addition, the proposed scoring system will facilitate a more systematic correlation between tumor reactivity and clinical outcome which can be applied to all intracytoplasmic tumor markers.
The Christian impact on the shaping of the First Republic of Korea, 1945-48: anti-communism or vision for a new nation?

Although Christianity was a new and small religion in Korea at the time, in 1945–48 Christian politicians and church leaders were prominent in establishing an independent South Korea as the Cold Wa...
ON THE EFFECT OF ENDF/B-VI BERYLLIUM DATA ON THE NEUTRONICS OF ITER BLANKETS

The present study examines the effect of different beryllium data (from ENDF/B-V, from a revised Los Alamos evaluation ENDF/B-VLa, and from ENDF/B-VI) on the neutronic characteristics of the solid breeder blanket for ITER. It is found that the total tritium breeding ratio of this blanket calculated with ENDF/B-V (1.26) is significantly higher, by about 7%, than that from ENDF/B-VI (1.18) and ENDF/B-VLa (1.19). The fast neutron flux above 10 MeV at the superconducting magnet, relevant for the correct determination of the charged particle production and damage rates, is higher by up to 27% when using beryllium data from ENDF/B-VI. These differences, which are critical for assessing properly tritium breeding and shielding design requirements, are due to two main reasons. First, the (n,2n) beryllium cross section is 6% higher in ENDF/B-V (and ENDF/B-VLa) than in ENDF/B-VI (i.e. 0.513 versus 0.485 barns at 14 MeV). Second, the energy distribution of the secondary neutrons from the beryllium (n,2n) reaction is harder in ENDF/B-VI than in ENDF/B-V, and ENDF/B-VLa as well.
Public Participation Geographic Information Systems as Surveillance Tools in Urban Health

Urban environments offer unique opportunities for researchers in the spatial sciences. Urban systems create their own microclimate, are the realization of intensive human activity and are strongly associated with high levels of human population (Steemers et al 1997). These aspects among others afford the opportunity for geospatial technologies to monitor and enhance humankind’s relationship with the environment. However, far too often is this monitoring done by researchers or interested groups which are empowered to do so (Elwood 2006). Marginalized groups within urban settings rarely are offered the opportunity to participate in the development of a monitoring system, which could include geospatial technologies. Often these marginalized groups are not just lacking in the sense of policy decisions but their quality of health is often times inferior to more prominent groups within the city. This level of poor health is not defined and in order for it to be understood sufficiently, the level of spatial differentiation in health needs to be measured (Galea et al. 2005).
Total Emissivity of Some Surfaces at 77°K

An all metal cryostat, similar in principle to a glass apparatus described by Blaickman, Egerton and Truter1, has been used to measure the radiation transfer between a standard surface at 0°C and various test surfaces held at 77°K. The surfaces chosen for study were surfaces often encountered in laboratory practice rather than optimum quality surfaces.
An Overview of Light Chain Multiple Myeloma: Clinical Characteristics and Rarities, Management Strategies, and Disease Monitoring

Light chain multiple myeloma (LCMM) constitutes approximately 15% of patients with multiple myeloma (MM). It has a poorer prognosis when compared to immunoglobulin (Ig) G or IgA variant. We performed a comprehensive literature search on LCMM and identified a total of 390 articles. After a detailed screening, six studies involving a total of 1054 LCMM patients were included. A literature review revealed bone pain and renal failure as the most common initial sign and symptoms while extramedullary disease (EMD) was acquired later during the progression of the disease. Bortezomib has shown superior efficacy in LCMM patients over nonbortezomib regimens as demonstrated by better overall response rate (95.5% vs. 60%), progression-free survival (PFS) (25% vs. 9% at two years), and overall survival (OS) (24% vs. 9% at five years). Moreover, better PFS was seen, when bortezomib was used in combination with bendamustine compared to dexamethasone (95% vs. 25% at two years). Similarly, better OS (90% at two years) was observed with bortezomib in combination with bendamustine. Monitoring of disease should include serum free light chain levels, as literature review revealed that serum assays were more sensitive in indicating the disease and predicting PFS and OS as compared to urine assays. We provide presentation patterns, clinical rarities, management strategies including their efficacy, and disease monitoring in patients with LCMM in our review paper.
Microsurgical Resection of Anaplastic Ependymoma of the Cerebellopontine Angle in an Adult: 3-Dimensional Operative Video.

Infratentorial ependymomas usually arise in the fourth ventricle and extend into the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) through the foramina of Luschka is well described. A primary CPA location of an ependymoma is distinctly uncommon. In this 3-dimensional video, we present a 38-yr-old woman with a 1-mo history of vertigo and slow left sided gaze drift. She underwent microsurgical gross total resection of the CPA ependymoma via retrosigmoid approach. The histopathology was grade III anaplastic ependymoma. She tolerated the surgery well and her postoperative course was uneventful. She received radiation therapy and there was no recurrent disease in follow-up studies. Important steps of the surgical approach and microsurgical techniques in resection of these challenging tumors are demonstrated in this 3-dimensional surgical video. The patient consented to publication of her image.
Cellulose porosity improves its dissolution by facilitating solvent diffusion.

This paper reports on the effect of improved porous characteristics of cellulose on its solubility in DMAc/LiCl. The use of freeze-drying (FD) treatment led to higher surface area and void fraction of volume for high-molecular-weight (HMW) cotton cellulose (DP~5000). Improvement in porous characteristics of cellulose did not change the chemical and crystalline structures of cellulose, as compared to hot-drying (HD) treatment. However, significant improvement in the dissolution of FD-HMW cellulose in DMAc/LiCl was observed under relatively low temperature (80 °C). The relationship between the solubility and the porous characteristics of cellulose was discussed using Stokes-Einstein Equation and effective diffusion coefficient equation. It was concluded that the increase in the diffusion coefficient of the solvent and the improvement in the porous characteristics of cellulose played key roles to enhance the diffusion rate of the solvent through the cellulose molecular network.
Speed, retention loss, and motional heating of atoms in an optical conveyor belt

The motion of ultracold atoms in a moving optical lattice is investigated in a joint experimental-theoretical study. Parameter combinations that optimize heating and retention performance are found from a theoretical model and are verified by experiment.
Group Formation Theory at Multiple Scales

There is a wealth of psychological theory regarding the drive for individuals to congregate and form social groups, positing that people may organize out of fear, social pressure, or even to manage their self-esteem. We evaluate three such theories for multi-scale validity by studying them not only at the individual scale for which they were originally developed, but also for applicability to group interactions and behavior. We implement this multi-scale analysis using a dataset of communications and group membership derived from a long-running online game, matching the intent behind the theories to quantitative measures that describe players’ behavior. Once we establish that the theories hold for the dataset, we increase the scope to test the theories at the higher scale of group interactions. Despite being formulated to describe individual cognition and motivation, we show that some group dynamics theories hold at the higher level of group cognition and can effectively describe the behavior of joint decision making and higher-level interactions.
Managing Gallstone Disease in the Elderly

Geriatric patients tend to have subtle presentations of biliary disorders and, if untreated, can decompensate acutely. Each biliary disorder warrants formulation of an individualized treatment plan with a multidisciplinary approach. Acute cholecystitis, a common complication of gallstones, is initially managed by conservative measures and subsequently, among patients with optimal surgical risk, through laparoscopic or open cholecystectomy. High-risk patients undergo temporization, percutaneous or endoscopic, followed by definitive intervention. Acute cholecystitis with complications (ie, perforation, gangrene, or small bowel obstruction) warrants emergent cholecystectomy. Gallstone migration into the biliary system can cause choledocholithiasis, often complicated by biliary pancreatitis or cholangitis if not intervened. Therapy for choledocholithiasis is based on biliary clearance through endoscopic and, infrequently, surgical approaches.
Carrier-Controlled Ferromagnetism in SrTiO 3

Magnetoresistance measurements on a set of carefully designed samples show that charge-carrier-mediated ferromagnetism and superconductivity -- two properties generally considered incompatible -- coexist in La-doped SrTiO${}_{3}$ thin films.
Abstract 14158: Ankle-brachial Index and Risk of Severe Ischemic Leg Outcomes in a Community-based Population: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Introduction: Ankle-brachial index (ABI) ≤ 0.9 is used to define lower-extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD). However, the association between ABI and severe ischemic leg outcomes in the genera...
Postpartum health risks among women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, California 2008-2012.

Objectives The aim of this study was to understand the associations between hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) and postpartum complications throughout the newly defined 12-week postpartum transition. Study design We conducted a retrospective cohort study of the associations of HDP (any/subtype) with postpartum complications among 2.5 million California births, 2008-2012. We identified complications from discharge diagnoses from maternal hospital encounters (emergency department visits and readmissions) in the 12 weeks after giving birth. We compared rates of complications, overall and by diagnostic category, between groups defined by HDP. In survival analyses, we calculated the adjusted hazard ratios of postpartum complications associated with HDP. We adjusted for maternal age, race/ethnicity, prepregnancy obesity, chronic diabetes, gestational diabetes, insurance, delivery mode, gestational age and birth outcome (term and size). Results Among women with and without HDP, 12.8 and 7.7%, respectively, had a hospital encounter within 12 weeks of giving birth [adjusted hazard ratio 1.5, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.5-1.5]. HDP was associated with increased risk across all major categories of complications: hypertension-related, adjusted hazard ratio 11.8 (95% CI: 11.2-12.3); childbirth-related, 1.4 (1.3-1.4); and other, 1.4 (1.4-1.4). Risk of any complication differed by hypertensive subtype: chronic hypertension with super-imposed preeclampsia, adjusted hazard ratio 1.8 (95% CI: 1.7-1.8); chronic hypertension, 1.6 (1.6-1.7); preeclampsia/eclampsia, 1.3 (1.3-1.4); and gestational hypertension, 1.2 (1.2-1.3). Over a quarter (28.9%) of maternal hospital encounters occurred more than 6 weeks after giving birth; this did not differ substantially by HDP status. Conclusion Women with HDP are at an increased risk for virtually all postpartum complications, including those not related to hypertension, and may benefit from enhanced and comprehensive postpartum care.
Identifying subgroups within at-risk populations that drive late HIV diagnosis in a Southern U.S. state.

We aimed to identify subgroups within age, racial/ethnic, and transmission categories that drive increased risk for late HIV diagnosis (LHD).A 1996–2013 retrospective study of HIV-diagnosed individ...