cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trident Web page

An Extensive Diagnostic Suite Enables Cutting-edge Research at Trident The Trident Laser Facility at Los Alamos National Laboratory is an extremely versatile Nd:glass laser system dedicated to high energy density physics research and fundamental laser-matter interactions. Trident's Unique Laser Capabilities Provide an Ideal Platform for Many Experiments. The laser system consists of three high energy beams which can be delivered into two independent target experimental areas. The target areas are equipped with an extensive suite of diagnostics for research in ultra-intense laser matter interactions, dynamic material properties, and laser-plasma instabilities. Several important discoveries and first observations have been made at Trident including laser-accelerated MeV mono-energetic ions, nonlinear kinetic plasma waves, transition between kinetic and fluid nonlinear behavior, as well as other fundamental laser-matter interaction processes. Trident's unique long-pulse capabilities have enabled state-of-the-art innovations in laser-launched flyer-plates, and other unique loading techniques for material dynamics research.
Characterization and survival of patients presenting with PSA values 100 or greater.

e16127 Background: Inconsistent guidelines exist among medical groups regarding PSA screening, including recommendation against routine screening by the United States Preventive Services Task Force...
Broader autism phenotype and couple interactions in parents of children with autism.

The broader autism phenotype refers to sub-clinical autism spectrum disorder characteristics involving socially and emotionally aloof and rigid personality traits and social communication difficult...
Candidate ligand for the c-kit transmembrane kinase receptor: KL, a fibroblast derived growth factor stimulates mast cells and erythroid progenitors.

Abstract The c-kit proto-oncogene encodes a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor for an unidentified ligand and is allelic with the murine white-spotting locus (W). W mutations affect melanogenesis, gametogenesis and hematopoiesis during development and in adult life. Cellular targets of W mutations in hematopoiesis include distinct cell populations in the erythroid and mast cell lineages as well as stem cells. In the absence of interleukin-3 (IL-3) mast cells derived from normal mice but not from W mutant mice can be maintained by co-culture with 3T3 fibroblasts. Based on the defective proliferative response of W mast cells in the 3T3 fibroblast co-culture system it had been proposed that fibroblasts produce the c-kit ligand. We have used a mast cell proliferation assay to purify a 30 kd protein, designated KL, from conditioned medium of Balb/3T3 fibroblasts to apparent homogeneity. KL stimulates the proliferation of normal bone marrow derived mast cells but not mast cells from W mice, although both normal and mutant mast cells respond similarly to IL-3. Connective tissue-type mast cells derived from the peritoneal cavity of normal mice were found to express a high level of c-kit protein on their surface and to proliferate in response to KL. The effect of KL on erythroid progenitor cells was investigated as well. In combination with erythropoietin, KL was found to stimulate early erythroid progenitors (BFU-E) from fetal liver and spleen cells but not from bone marrow cells of adult mice and from fetal liver cells of W/W mice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Explicit Rate-1 Non-malleable Codes for Local Tampering

This paper constructs high-rate non-malleable codes in the information-theoretic plain model against tampering functions with bounded locality. We consider \(\delta \)-local tampering functions; namely, each output bit of the tampering function is a function of (at most) \(\delta \) input bits. This work presents the first explicit and efficient rate-1 non-malleable code for \(\delta \)-local tampering functions, where \(\delta =\xi \lg n\) and \(\xi <1\) is any positive constant. As a corollary, we construct the first explicit rate-1 non-malleable code against NC\(^0\) tampering functions.
Comparing the efficacies of neoadjuvant non-cisplatin-based and cisplatin-based chemotherapies in obtaining pathologic complete remissions in muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

e15577 Background: Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is an aggressive disease and cisplatin-based neoadjvuant chemotherapy is standard therapy. Because of renal insufficiency, many patients are...
Discovering Synchronized Subsets of Sequences: A Large Scale Solution

Finding the largest subset of sequences (i.e., time series) that are correlated above a certain threshold, within large datasets, is of significant interest for computer vision and pattern recognition problems across domains, including behavior analysis, computational biology, neuroscience, and finance. Maximal clique algorithms can be used to solve this problem, but they are not scalable. We present an approximate, but highly efficient and scalable, method that represents the search space as a union of sets called epsilon-expanded clusters, one of which is theoretically guaranteed to contain the largest subset of synchronized sequences. The method finds synchronized sets by fitting a Euclidean ball on \epsilon-expanded clusters, using Jung's theorem. We validate the method on data from the three distinct domains of facial behavior analysis, finance, and neuroscience, where we respectively discover the synchrony among pixels of face videos, stock market item prices, and dynamic brain connectivity data. Experiments show that our method produces results comparable to, but up to 300 times faster than, maximal clique algorithms, with speed gains increasing exponentially with the number of input sequences.
Do forest fuel reduction treatments confer resistance to beetle infestation and drought mortality

Climate change is amplifying the frequency and severity of droughts and wildfires in many forests. In the western United States, fuel reduction treatments, both mechanical and prescribed fire, are widely used to increase resilience to wildfire but their effect on resistance to drought and beetle mortality is not as well understood. We followed more than 10,000 mapped and tagged trees in a mixed-conifer forest following mechanical thinning and/or prescribed burning treatments in 2001 through the extreme 2012–2016 drought in California. Mortality varied by tree species from 3% of incense-cedar to 38% of red fir with proportionally higher mortality rates in the larger size classes for sugar pine, red fir, and white fir. Treatment reductions in stem density were associated with increased diameter growth and rapidly growing trees had lower rates of mortality. However, the ultimate effects of treatment on drought-related mortality varied greatly by treatment type. All species had neutral to reduced mortality rates following mechanical thinning alone, but treatments that included prescribed burning increased beetle infestation rates and increased mortality of red fir and sugar pine. Fuel reduction treatments appear to benefit some species such as Jeffrey pine, but can reduce resistance to extreme drought and beetle outbreaks in other species when treatments include prescribed burning. In a non-analog future, fuel reduction treatments may require modification to provide resistance to beetle infestation and severe droughts.
Infant En Bloc Lung Transplantation

Only a handful of highly specialized transplant centers across the world are performing pediatric lung transplantation. Growing experience with sequential bilateral transplants has resulted in improved outcomes and it has mostly replaced the en bloc double lung transplant technique. In our institution, however, we preferentially adopted this technique for the infant population and we have noted favorable outcomes with this approach. Median sternotomy and dissection of the aorta, aortopulmonary window and right pulmonary artery is performed. The trachea is exposed between the aorta and the superior vena cava. The lungs are mobilized and the hilar structures are isolated extrapericardially. The pericardium is opened on both sides and pleuropericardial windows are developed. The recipient is cannulated at the ascending aorta, superior vena cava and IVC. Each lung is removed sequentially with the division of the pulmonary veins, pulmonary arteries, and main bronchi all extrapericardially. The donor right and the left lungs are prepared and passed into the respective hemithoraces through their respective pericardial windows. The donor distal trachea is then taken into the posterior mediastinum between the superior vena cava and aortic arch and suture anastomosed with recipient trachea. The recipient main pulmonary artery is divided just proximal to its bifurcation and main pulmonary artery to main pulmonary artery end to end anastomosis is carried out. An oblique atriotomy is made between the ligated stumps of the right and left pulmonary veins, and extended into the left atrial appendage. The donor left atrial cuff is anastomosed to this atriotomy. The lungs are slowly reinflated and ventilated.
Identifying and Anticipating Cyber Attacks that Could Cause Physical Damage to Industrial Control Systems

Physical control systems are increasingly controlled by reconfigurable, network-enabled devices to increase flexibility and ease commissioning and maintenance. Such capability creates vulnerabilities. Devices may be remotely reprogrammed by a malicious actor to act in unintended ways, causing physical damage to mechanical equipment, infrastructure, and life and limb. In this paper, past examples of actual damage to cyberphysical systems are shown, threats posed by software-controlled Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) are analyzed, and a small-scale version of an attack on ubiquitous VFD equipment is demonstrated.
Queers with Guns? Against the LGBT Grain:

Sociological literature on gun ownership in the United States has primarily centered on white, heterosexual, cisgender men and vulnerability to violence. However, many gun owners do not fit this pr...
A Chicano Abolitionist Teaching in Jail: The Impact of Race, Gender, and Class

From September 2017 to April 2018, I taught a series of public art workshops with men and women detained at Cook County Jail in Chicago, Illinois. Throughout my time teaching inside the jail, race, gender, and class regularly impacted my interactions with participants and jail officers. In this chapter, I discuss how these social structures influenced my navigation of the jail and relationships with workshop participants. Motivated by abolitionist politics, I tried to strategically create a space that reduced the jail’s harm on participants. In order to do so, I had to actively reflect on the intersections of my subjectivities. I close by offering important considerations for educators interested in teaching incarcerated people.
Baseline Inventory of Mammals, Reptiles, and Amphibians of Devils Tower National Monument, Wyoming

Despite its small size, Devils Tower National Monument encompasses a remarkable array of ecological situations. The area is of particular interest to the ecologist and biogeographer because Devil's Tower and environs rise as an "is1and" of montane and saxicoline habitat out of a "sea" of shortgrass prairie.
Nominal group technique: a brainstorming tool for identifying areas to improve pain management in hospitalized patients.

BACKGROUND: Pain management in hospitalized patients remains a priority area for improvement; effective strategies for consensus development are needed to prioritize interventions. OBJECTIVE: To identify challenges, barriers, and perspectives of healthcare providers in managing pain among hospitalized patients. DESIGN: Qualitative and quantitative group consensus using a brainstorming technique for quality improvement—the nominal group technique (NGT). SETTING: One medical, 1 medical-surgical, and 1 surgical hospital unit at a large academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Nurses, resident physicians, patient care technicians, and unit clerks. MEASUREMENTS: Responses and ranking to the NGT question: “What causes uncontrolled pain in your unit?” RESULTS: Twenty-seven health workers generated a total of 94 ideas. The ideas perceived contributing to a suboptimal pain control were grouped as system factors (timeliness, n = 18 ideas; communication, n = 11; pain assessment, n = 8), human factors (knowledge and experience, n = 16; provider bias, n = 8; patient factors, n = 19), and interface of system and human factors (standardization, n = 14). Knowledge, timeliness, provider bias, and patient factors were the top ranked themes. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge and timeliness are considered main priorities to improve pain control. NGT is an efficient tool for identifying general and context-specific priority areas for quality improvement; teams of healthcare providers should consider using NGT to address their own challenges and barriers. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012; © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine
Black American Students in An Affluent Suburb: A Study of Academic Disengagement

John Ogbu has studied minority education from a comparative perspective for over 30 years. The study reported in this book--jointly sponsored by the community and the school district in Shaker Heights, Ohio--focuses on the academic performance of Black American students. Not only do these students perform less well than White students at every social class level, but also less well than immigrant minority students, including Black immigrant students. Furthermore, both middle-class Black students in suburban school districts, as well as poor Black students in inner-city schools are not doing well. Ogbu's analysis draws on data from observations, formal and informal interviews, and statistical and other data. He offers strong empirical evidence to support the cross-class existence of the problem. The book is organized in four parts: *Part I provides a description of the twin problems the study addresses--the gap between Black and White students in school performance and the low academic engagement of Black students; a review of conventional explanations; an alternative perspective; and the framework for the study. *Part II is an analysis of societal and school factors contributing to the problem, including race relations, Pygmalion or internalized White beliefs and expectations, levelling or tracking, the roles of teachers, counselors, and discipline. *Community factors--the focus of this study--are discussed in Part III. These include the educational impact of opportunity structure, collective identity, cultural and language or dialect frame of reference in schooling, peer pressures, and the role of the family. This research focus does not mean exonerating the system and blaming minorities, nor does it mean neglecting school and society factors. Rather, Ogbu argues, the role of community forces should be incorporated into the discussion of the academic achievement gap by researchers, theoreticians, policymakers, educators, and minorities themselves who genuinely want to improve the academic achievement of African American children and other minorities. *In Part IV, Ogbu presents a summary of the study's findings on community forces and offers recommendations--some of which are for the school system and some for the Black community. Black American Students in an Affluent Suburb: A Study of Academic Disengagement is an important book for a wide range of researchers, professionals, and students, particularly in the areas of Black education, minority education, comparative and international education, sociology of education, educational anthropology, educational policy, teacher education, and applied anthropology.
Aaknox1, a kn1-like homeobox gene in Acetabularia acetabulum, undergoes developmentally regulated subcellular localization

Homeobox-containing genes play developmentally important roles in a wide variety of plants, animals and fungi. As a way of studying how development is controlled in the unicellular green macroalga Acetabularia acetabulum, we used degenerate PCR to clone a knotted1-like (kn1-like) homeobox gene, Aaknox1 (Acetabulariaacetabulumkn1-like homeobox 1). Aaknox1 is the first knotted1-like homeobox gene to be cloned from a non-vascular plant and shows strong conservation with kn1-like genes from the vascular plants (ca. 56% amino acid identity within the homeodomain). Sequencing of cDNA clones indicates that Aaknox1 possesses at least two distinct polyadenylation sites spaced ca. 600 bp apart. Southern analysis suggests that several other kn1-like homeobox genes exist in the Acetabularia genome. Northern analyses demonstrate that expression of Aaknox1 is developmentally regulated, with peak levels of expression during early reproductive phase. Northern analyses further demonstrate that Aaknox1 mRNA undergoes a change in its subcellular localization pattern during the progression from late vegetative to early reproductive phase. In late adult phase, Aaknox1 is distributed uniformly throughout the alga; in early reproductive phase, Aaknox1 is present in a gradient with the highest concentration of the mRNA at the base of the stalk, near the single nucleus. These data suggest that Aaknox1 may have a role during early reproductive development and that mRNA localization may be one mechanism by which A. acetabulum regulates gene expression post-transcriptionally.
Snorkel/Chimney Stent Morphology Predicts Renal Dysfunction after Complex Endovascular Aneurysm Repair

Background Despite the high technical success and midterm patency of snorkel stents, concerns remain about structural durability and its effect on long-term renal function. We sought to evaluate the luminal stability of renal snorkel stents to investigate morphologic predictive factors of renal dysfunction after snorkel/chimney endovascular aneurysm repair (sn-EVAR). Methods Patients with high quality computer tomography angiography after sn-EVAR between 2009 and 2013 were included for analysis. Luminal diameters of renal snorkel stents were measured on a 3-dimensional workstation at the proximal, main-body junction, and distal locations. Creatinine values and estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) were recorded throughout the preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative course. Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic renal decline were evaluated using the risk, injury, failure, loss of function, end stage renal disease (RIFLE) criteria and chronic kidney disease (CKD) staging system, respectively. Results 52 patients underwent sn-EVAR (33 double renal, 19 single renal) with a 2-year primary patency of 95% at a mean follow-up of 21 months, of which 34 had suitable imaging protocols. In this subset, snorkel stents had mean deformations of −0.14 ± 0.52 (2.8%), –0.23 ± 0.52 (4.6%) and −0.04 ± 0.16 mm (1.8%) at the proximal, junction, and distal segments. Four cases of significant >50% stent collapse occurred during follow-up, all of which occurred at the junctional segment. In the total cohort, 17 (32.6%) and 16 (30.7%) patients developed AKI and chronic renal decline, respectively. Multivariate regression identified larger proximal luminal diameters at latest follow-up (odds ratio 0.67; confidence interval [CI] 0.006–0.740; P = 0.037) as the only protective morphologic risk factor for developing chronic renal decline. No independent predictor factors for AKI were found. Rates of renal decline were significantly worse with smaller measured proximal lumens with a 1-year freedom from renal decline of 50% vs. 77–83% for diameters measured less than 4 mm vs. greater than 4 mm ( P = 0.010). Degree of oversizing also affected rates of decline with greater oversizing associated with improved freedom from renal decline at 1 year of 100% vs. 57% ( P = 0.012). Using a multivariate Cox model, stent oversizing (hazard ratio [HR], 0.039; P = 0.018) and baseline CKD (HR 0.033, P = 0.004) were the only independent factors, both of which resulted in slower rates of renal decline during follow-up. Conclusions Renal snorkel stent grafts maintain a high degree of patency and luminal stability at 2-year follow-up. However, stent collapse remains a rare but concerning risk, with the junctional segment most prone to significant stent deformation. Renal snorkel stents must be critically sized relative to native renal anatomy, and we recommend using at least stents sized ≥6 mm to minimize the risk of renal dysfunction. Frequent and regular radiographic and laboratory follow-up remains important as we further optimize the approach to complex EVAR.
Sensitivity of Solar Oscillation Frequencies to Element Abundances

We are fortunate to live close enough to a pulsating star, the sun, for which we can resolve the disk and thereby measure the frequencies of thousands of its global modes of oscillation. These nonradial p-modes travel to varying depths in the solar interior, and their frequencies have been measured in some cases to a precision of one part in a million; therefore they are extremely sensitive probes of solar interior structure. The process of using solar oscillations to determine the solar interior structure and test the physical input to solar models is called “helioseismology”, analogous to the way that seismic waves are used to infer the Earth’s interior structure. The modern standard solar model generally has been successful in reproducing observed frequencies and the inferred sound speed of the solar interior. Nevertheless, discrepancies of several tenths of a percent in sound speed persist-these small differences are used as clues to refine the model assumptions and input physics. In this review we discuss the degree to which helioseismology is sensitive to element abundances and composition gradients in the solar interior.
The Irreducible Complexity of Firm-Level Income Taxes: Theory and Doctrine in Corporate Tax

This paper argues that firm-level income taxes have an irreducible core of complexity, stemming from the ability to hold and sell an asset in two ways: directly and through the stock of a subsidiary. Both methods of selling must be taxed but coordinating the tax at each level, stock and assets, leads to complexity and line drawing. There are two implications. First, much of the doctrinal rules found in the current corporate tax can be explained through this overarching framework. Second, reform proposals will not be able to eliminate the core of complexity. The Comprehensive Business Income Tax is used as an example: the paper argues that it will inevitably have much of complexity associated with the current corporate tax.
Direct and Indirect Roles of Morphological Awareness in the English Reading Comprehension of Native English, Spanish, Filipino, and Vietnamese Speakers.

This study tested three hypotheses about the direct and indirect contributions of derivational morphological awareness to English reading comprehension in sixth-grade students from differing language backgrounds (n= 952). Students included Spanish-speaking, Filipino-speaking, and Vietnamese-speaking language minority learners as well as native English speakers. Multiple-group structural equation modeling indicated that morphological awareness made a significant direct contribution to reading comprehension, controlling for reading vocabulary and word reading fluency. Morphological awareness also made a significant indirect contribution to reading comprehension via reading vocabulary, but not via word reading fluency. Effects were similar across the four language groups. Findings suggest that morphological awareness may play multiple important roles in English reading comprehension for students from a variety of home language backgrounds.
An animal model for ectopy-induced cardiomyopathy.

Background: Ectopy-induced cardiomyopathy is an increasingly recognized cause of reversible left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. The underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Our goal was to create an animal model for ectopy-induced cardiomyopathy. Methods: Eleven mongrel dogs underwent the implantation of a dual-chamber pacemaker. Four dogs served as the control group and seven as the paced group. In the paced group, the pacemaker was connected to two endocardial right ventricular leads, one inserted into the atrial port and the other one into the ventricular port with an atrioventricular delay adjusted to ensure the presence of coupled pacing simulating ventricular bigeminy. Echocardiographic measurements of LV size (LV end-diastolic diameter [LV-EDD], LV end-systolic diameter [LV-ESD]), LV ejection fraction (LVEF), and mitral regurgitation (MR) were obtained at baseline and after 4 weeks of monitoring or pacing in all dogs except one who had lead dislodgement. Results: In the control group (n = 4), no significant changes in LV dimensions or function were noted. In the paced group (n = 6), LV-EDD and LV-ESD increased from 3.58 ± 0.65 cm and 2.47 ± 0.55 cm to 4.15 ± 0.59 cm and 3.21 ± 0.47 cm, respectively (P < 0.01). In addition, LVEF decreased from 60 ± 7% to 46 ± 9% (P < 0.05). No changes in MR were noted. Conclusion: We have shown that coupled pacing simulating ventricular bigeminy was feasible and resulted in increased LV dimensions and decreased LV function. By controlling the percentage of pacing, the coupling interval and the location of the pacing lead, this new model will allow the assessment of the relative roles of these variables in the development of ectopy-induced cardiomyopathy. (PACE 2011; 34:291–295)
Does lung volume reduction surgery improve chronotropic incompetence in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients

Introduction: Chronotropic Incompetence (CI), or an attenuated heart rate (HR) response to exercise, has been widely established as a predictor of mortality. CI is reduced in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and Lung Volume Reduction Surgery (LVRS) is known to improve morbidity and mortality in patients with COPD. Objectives: We aimed to see if LVRS improves CI in patients with COPD by evaluating CI in maximal exercise testing before and after LVRS. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed on 82 patients who had undergone LVRS at Columbia University Medical Center (CUMC) between January 1998 to October 2009. Patients had CPET within 2 months before LVRS after completion of rehabilitation and repeat testing 6 months after LVRS. PFTs and other analyses were concurrent with CPET. Comparisons were made with paired samples t-test. Results: The mean PFT and CPET variables for the 84 patients analyzed improved following LVRS. CI was markedly reduced in patients before LVRS, and showed improvement following LVRS. After LVRS, the resting HR decreased by 4±12 beats per minute (bpm) (p=0.007), the HR at peak exercise increased 5±14bpm (p=0.003), and the heart rate reserve increased 9±13bpm (p Conclusions: CI is very abnormal in patients with severe COPD before LVRS and is improved after surgery. This improvement is in agreement with the observed increase in exercise capacity and improvement in PFT. The mechanism of the improvement in CI is not clear, but may be related to the improvement in pulmonary mechanics seen after successful LVRS. Further investigation into the implications of this change in CI is needed.
Distribution of light chains in fast skeletal myosin.

Myosin is composed of two heavy chains of molecular weight 200,000 and four light chains of approximate molecular weight 20,000. The heavy chains are organised into a two-headed structure of which each head is completed by the presence of two light chains1,2. In fast skeletal myosin the light chains can be divided into two classes which are chemically and functionally distinct. One member of each class is associated with each head. The class known as the alkali light chain contains two related variants: alkali 1 (A1) and alkali 2 (A2). These light chains are identical in amino acid sequence over their C-terminal 141 residues, but differ in their N-terminal sequences3. The non integral stoichiometry of light chains in rabbit skeletal myosin4,5 first suggested that at least some myosins must be homodimeric (a molecule with the same light chain on each head), but it was not clear to what extent heterodimers (molecules containing both alkali 1 and alkali 2 light chains) also occurred. The most direct approach to determining the distribution of light chains in myosin is to isolate the different myosin isoenzymes. Although ion-exchange chromatography has been successful in separating the single-headed sub-fragments of myosin6, it has not been possible to fractionate double-headed species except by some type of affinity chromatography7,8. We have shown that homodimers of myosin can be isolated from chicken pectoralis myosin by immunological methods9,10. By comparing the electrophoretic patterns of homodimeric molecules with whole myosin in non-denaturing gels, it has been possible to demonstrate conclusively the existence of a light chain heterodimer.
Comments on the calibration of a FH62A Dust Monitor

Abstract A calibration of a Frieseke & Hoepfner Dust Monitor (FH62A) was performed and the experimental results show a disagreement with Husar's data (Atmospheric Environment8, 1974).
Does cognitive humility lead to religious tolerance? Reflections on Craig versus Quinn

We’ve all heard the familiar saying, “ignorance is bliss.” It may also be true that “ignorance is intolerant.” But it seems to be at least sometimes true that intolerance is produced by something else: overconfidence in the truthfulness of one’s own opinions. Awareness of and avoidance of such overconfidence may be a path towards tolerating those with whom one disagrees. And this could be true in religion as well as in other areas of belief. In his 2005 article “On Religious Diversity and Tolerance,” Philip L. Quinn argues that awareness of religious diversity, coupled with various other considerations, leads to a degree of modesty about the truth claims of one’s religion, and that such modesty leads to tolerance of other religions. However, in his 2007 paper “Is Uncertainty a Sound Foundation for Religious Tolerance,” William Lane Craig takes issue with Quinn’s position, arguing that Quinn’s “radical skepticism” about religious beliefs is not warranted and that “doubt” is not a sound foundation for tolerance. In this paper I contend that cognitive humility is warranted, that it is not a form of skepticism, that it does not entail doubt, and that it may contribute significantly to religious tolerance. I defend Quinn’s thesis by offering a version that is based on certain epistemic considerations that help the reader to see Quinn’s argument in a new and strengthened light. I then argue that Quinn’s approach to tolerance has at least one significant advantage over the approach proposed by Craig: acceptability to all religious traditions.
Information technology strategy – managing the dark side

A strategy is a plan or method for achieving a set of goals. Sounds simple enough, but when it comes to information technology (IT), that’s not always the case. Why? Because the executives who approve strategic IT plans may not understand the scope and content they provide. The purpose of this article is to demystify IT strategic plans by identifying some basic guidelines for developing the content and providing appropriate questions to challenge the content once it is created.
Relative gains in diagnostic accuracy between computer-aided diagnosis and independent double reading

Double readings of chest radiographs and mammograms made by two radiologists have been investigated as a way to improve diagnostic accuracy. Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) also has been investigated as an alternative method to improve diagnostic accuracy. Our purpose was to compare the relative gains that can be obtained from independent double readings and from computer-aided diagnosis in the diagnosis of breast lesions in mammograms (determining a known lesion as malignant or benign). We conducted an observer study from which we obtained data of radiologists' unaided single-reading performance and their single-reading performance with a computer aid. We then derived their unaided double-reading performance according to six different methods. Our results show that computer-aided diagnosis can potentially improve radiologists' diagnostic accuracy more than independent double readings by two radiologists.
The precipitation of metal 8-hydroxyquinolates from homogeneous solution—I: Preparation of 8-acetoxyquinoline

Abstract The reagent, 8-acetoxyquinoline, has been found to be useful for the precipitation from homogeneous solution of metal 8-hydroxyquinolates. A convenient method for the preparation of the reagent in crystalline form is described.
Direct contact is required between serum albumin and hamster spermatozoa for capacitation in vitro

A dialysis unit was used to test whether direct physical contact between serum albumin and hamster spermatozoa is required for capacitation and/or the acrosome reaction. Sperm and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were incubated cither together (direct incubation) or separated by a dialysis membrane (indirect incubation). Sperm viability was supported with “sperm motility factors” (hypotaurine and epinephrine) and polyvinylalcohol (PVA). Spermatozoa became capacitated and underwent acrosome reactions when directly incubated in medium containing BSA (TALP-PVA), but did not undergo acrosome reactions when indirectly incubated with BSA (medium TLP-PVA). When sperm were first incubated for 4 hr indirectly with BSA, followed by 4 hr direct incubation with BSA, capacitation did not occur during indirect incubation. These findings indicate that an “intimate association” is necessary between serum albumin and spermatozoa to support capacitation under in vitro incubation conditions. The data are consistent with the concept of direct transfer of compounds from sperm to albumin and/or vice versa during sperm capacitation.
New directions: Constituencies and responsibilities

Six critical questions are discussed as background information for the participants as the future direction for dental public health in North Carolina is considered. (1) Why should a dental program exist as part of the state public health program? (2) Who are the current and future constituents? (3) What programs will be necessary? (4) Where will dental public health programs function in the future? (5) How will dental public health programs function in the future? and (6) When will dental public health programs change? The Future of Public Health Report and the Year 2000 Objectives consider many of these questions for public health and dental public health. In addition to this information, the inequities of oral health status, access to care among various population groups, constituency building, and the roles of government agencies have to be considered. This presentation challenges public health to visualize possibilities for a future that cannot be seen, but that needs to be anticipated.
A Scientific Concept of Culture

A century has passed since Tylor first traced for us the anthropological concept of culture. The subsequent history of the concept has been an unfortunate one, due to inadequate, unclear, nebulous, even mystical formulations. An attempt is made in this article to adjust the concept so that it will conform to a matter-of-fact reality. In so doing, the relationships between culture and society, culture and humanness, and culture and cultural systems, are discussed. A list of terms with strict definitions is provided as a culmination to the argument, and as an alternative to the formulations of the past.
Minimal density conjugation of binary matrices

We define the notion of minimal density of an nxn binary matrix, which is the smallest number of non-zero entries a matrix can have after conjugation by an element of GL(n,2). We give upper bounds on the minimal density for two important cases. We discuss how minimal density behaves with respect to block diagonal matrices and Jordan blocks whose eigenvalues are all one. We also give an algorithm for computing the minimal density which is reasonably fast when the density is low. Finally, we compute the largest minimal density that an nxn matrix can have when n 6k+1 for k>=2.
Wilderness Therapy: Ethical Considerations for Mental Health Professionals

Wilderness therapy is a growing treatment modality for adolescents presenting with a variety of clinical concerns, and wilderness therapy clinicians and referring mental health professionals must carefully consider the ethical issues that are unique to this modality. Following an overview of wilderness therapy as a mental health treatment, relevant ethical issues for mental health professionals are described and discussed, including the distinction between therapy and therapeutic experiences, the use of efficacious treatment, consent and confidentiality, therapeutic boundaries, a continuum of care and family involvement, and aftercare. A thorough reflection of the unique ethical issues faced by wilderness therapists is not only necessary, but will also assist in moving the field of wilderness therapy and outdoor behavioral healthcare forward in its establishment as both a recognizable and ethical treatment option.
Regional climate of hazardous convective weather through high-resolution dynamical downscaling

We explore the use of high-resolution dynamical downscaling as a means to simulate the regional climatology and variability of hazardous convective-scale weather. Our basic approach differs from a traditional regional climate model application in that it involves a sequence of daily integrations. We use the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model, with global reanalysis data as initial and boundary conditions. Horizontal grid lengths of 4.25 km allow for explicit representation of deep convective storms and hence a compilation of their occurrence statistics over a large portion of the conterminous United States. The resultant 10-year sequence of WRF model integrations yields precipitation that, despite its positive bias, has a diurnal cycle consistent with observations, and otherwise has a realistic geographical distribution. Similarly, the occurrence frequency of short-duration, potentially flooding rainfall compares well to analyses of hourly rain gauge data. Finally, the climatological distribution of hazardous-thunderstorm occurrence is shown to be represented with some degree of skill through a model proxy that relates rotating convective updraft cores to the presence of hail, damaging surface winds, and tornadoes. The results suggest that the proxy occurrences, when coupled with information on the larger-scale atmosphere, could provide guidance on the reliability of trends in the observed occurrences.
Role of Structural Defects in the Sintering of Alumina and Magnesia

Alumina and magnesia compositions containing additions of titanium, chromium, manganese, iron, and zirconium oxides were sintered in atmospheres of oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen. Diffusion promoted by lattice defects was observed by measurements of bulk density. Color, atmosphere, and X-ray diffraction indicated the nature of the structural defects resulting in increased rates of material transport.
Post-pruning in decision tree induction using multiple performance measures

The decision tree (DT) induction process has two major phases: the growth phase and the pruning phase. The pruning phase aims to generalize the DT that was generated in the growth phase by generating a sub-tree that avoids over-fitting to the training data. Most post-pruning methods essentially address post-pruning as if it were a single objective problem (i.e. maximize validation accuracy), and address the issue of simplicity (in terms of the number of leaves) only in the case of a tie. However, it is well known that apart from accuracy there are other performance measures (e.g. stability, simplicity, interpretability) that are important for evaluating DT quality. In this paper, we propose that multi-objective evaluation be done during the post-pruning phase in order to select the best sub-tree, and propose a procedure for obtaining the optimal sub-tree based on user provided preference and value function information.
Issues concerning Mexican cattle on feedlots in the United States as reported in the United States National Animal Health Monitoring System 1994–1995 Cattle on Feed Evaluation

Producers participating in the United States National Animal Health Monitoring System 1994-1995 Cattle on Feed Evaluation provided information on cattle of Mexican origin in their feedlot operations. Cattle of Mexican origin accounted for 8.1% of cattle placed on United States feedlots from 1 July 1993 through 30 June 1994. Of operations with a one-time capacity of 1000 or more cattle, 12.8% placed cattle of Mexican origin on their feedlots over this time frame. Very few operations (about 1%) reported cattle of Mexican origin at the same time as cattle to be used for breeding in the United States.
Large-volume rhyolite ash flow eruptions and submarine caldera collapse in the Lower Mesozoic Sierra Nevada, California

The Mineral King roof pendant in the southern Sierra Nevada, California, provides a view of a Triassic and early Jurassic submarine caldera complex which was tilted to vertical and intruded by middle Cretaceous granitoids. An estimated 90 km3 of rhyolitic and 10 km3 of andesitic volcanic rocks are interstratified with marine sandstones, siltstones, limestones, and conglomerates. Periods of volcanotectonic activity alternated with periods of marine sedimentation, Volcanic eruptions at Mineral King resulted in (1) deposition of widespread, very thick sheets of rhyolite ash flow tuff and (2) construction of small (1–8 km3) andesitic stratocones. Growth faults, fault talus aprons, slide blocks, slumps, and debris flows found in association with these volcanic deposits indicate that the eruptive phases represent periods of great seismic activity. Interuptive phases were periods of volcanic and tectonic quiescence during which sequences of shallow to deep marine sediments were deposited. Four different times at Mineral King, eruption of large volumes of rhyolite ash flow tuff resulted in catastrophic caldera collapse and ponding of single ash flow tuffs to thicknesses greater than 0.5 km. Only minimum volumes can be estimated for three of these intracaldera tuffs because they are truncated by younger granites. Volumes are estimated to be at least 25 km3 each, placing these tuffs in the lower size range of epicontinental ring structures. The fourth caldera, the Vandever Mountain caldera, is entirely preserved in the roof pendant. The vertically dipping strata of the Vandever Mountain caldera provide an unusual opportunity to examine a submarine caldera in cross section. Evidence for caldera subsidence during the eruption of the Vandever Mountain rhyolite ash flow tuff includes the following: (1) the great thickness of the ash flow tuff and the rapid accumulation of the tuff during progressive draw-down of a compositionally zoned magma chamber, (2) high-angle faults which pond the ash flow tuff and offset underlying but not overlying stratigraphy, and (3) megabreccia and slide blocks up to 0.5 km long that were derived from the caldera wall and floor and incorporated into the ash flow tuff as it filled the caldera. Disruption of the caldera floor was intense near the caldera margin but negligible along most of its length, owing to pistonlike subsidence of an intact cylinder of crust. Small-volume ash flow eruptions occurred along an incipient, “leaky” ring fracture zone prior to the caldera-forming eruption of the Vandever Mountain ash flow tuff. The Vandever Mountain caldera was not affected by resurgent doming or late stage rhyolite magmatism in the cross-sectional view provided by the Mineral King roof pendant.
Cystic fibrosis liver sialyltransferase

The activity of sialytransferase with regard to the glycoprotein substrates asialofetuin and asialo-ovine submaxillary mucin was determined in normal, pathological control, and cystic fibrosis liver homogenates. Cystic fibrosis and pathological livers have about 40% of the average normal specific activity for sialytransferase. Several properties of cystic fibrosis sialytransferase were investigated and compared to those of the normal liver enzyme (Alhadeff et al. 1977). The pH optima curves were similar, but cystic fibrosis sialyltransferase appears to be more thermolabile than the normal liver enzyme. Isoelectric focusing studies revealed that the three most basic forms of sialyltransferase which are found in normal livers are deficient or absent in most cystic fibrosis liver. The data suggest that altered glycoprotein-sialyltransferases may be present in cystic fibrosis livers, probably a secondary effect due to general liver pathology.
Bases and comparison results for linear elliptic eigenproblems

Abstract This paper describes some results about the construction and comparison of sequences of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a pair ( a , m ) of continuous symmetric bilinear forms on a real Hilbert space V. The results are used to describe the properties of some non-standard self-adjoint linear elliptic eigenproblems on H 1 ( Ω ) where Ω is a nice bounded region in R n , N ⩾ 2 . These include eigenproblems with Robin type boundary conditions, Steklov eigenproblems and problems where the eigenvalue appears in both the equation and the boundary conditions. Different variational principles for the eigenvalues and eigenvectors are introduced and convex analysis is used. Both minimax and maximin characterizations of higher eigenvalues are described. Various orthogonal decompositions are described and criteria for the eigenfunctions to be orthogonal bases of specific subspaces are found. Comparison results for the eigenvalues of different pairs of bilinear forms are proved. Finally these results are used to obtain spectral formulae for weak solutions of parametrized linear systems.
Combinatorial Proofs of Various q-Pell Identities via Tilings

Recently, Benjamin, Plott, and Sellers proved a variety of identities involving sums of Pell numbers combinatorially by interpreting both sides of a given identity as enumerators of certain sets of tilings using white squares, black squares, and gray dominoes. In this article, we state and prove q-analogues of several Pell identities via weighted tilings.
Role of T cells in the modulation of PTH action: physiological and clinical significance

Osteoimmunology is new field of research dedicated to the study of the interactions between the immune system and bone. Among the cells of the immune system that regulate bone and hemopoietic cells are T lymphocytes. These cells secrete osteoclastogenic cytokines such as RANKL and TNF, as well as factors that stimulate bone formation and hemopoietic cells, one of which is Wnt10b. This article will review the evidence that T cells are implicated in the mechanism of action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in bone and on the hemopoietic system.
Intravenous midazolam in convulsive status epilepticus in children with pharmacoresistant epilepsy.

Although the efficacy of midazolam in refractory status epilepticus and as a first-line agent in children with established status epilepticus has been reported, differences in starting doses, continuation method, timing of efficacy assessment, and discontinuation pose limitations in deriving a specific protocol for midazolam use. An audit of clinical experience with a protocol of midazolam as first-line agent for impending status epilepticus (defined as a continuous, generalized, convulsive seizure lasting >5 minutes) in 76 episodes of unprovoked convulsive status epilepticus in children 1–15 years old with treatment-refractory epilepsy demonstrated that: (1) repeated bolus midazolam 0.1 mg/kg (every 5 minutes, maximum 5) controlled 91% of events; (2) three bolus doses controlled 89% of the episodes, with minimal chance of response beyond that; (3) treating impending status resulted in lower doses (mean 0.17 mg/kg) than reported and infrequent utilization of additional anticonvulsants (9%); and (4) adverse events were infrequent (respiratory depression 13%, assisted ventilation 3%).
Influence of Enzymes on the Quality of Processed Vegetables and Fruits

These organic catalysts—peroxidases, polyphenol oxidases and pectic enzymes among them—must be inactivated by heat or chemical treatment if high-quality food products are to be stored. Knowledge of their activity and control is still meagre.