cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cornelia de Lange Syndrome 4th Biennial Scientific and Educational Symposia abstracts

The following abstracts are presentations from the 4th Cornelia de Lange Syndrome Scientific Symposium on June 24, 2010 in conjunction with the Cornelia de Lange Syndrome Foundation National Meeting, Dallas, Texas. This year, an Educational Symposium was added to the program. Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS) remains the prototype for the cohesinopathy disorders that have been described as having mutations in genes involved in the cohesin subunit in all cells. In addition to clinically related presentations, there were a significant number of developmental and molecular biology-based talks, elucidating the genetic changes and progress towards research for treatment on this condition. A “typical” case presentation is included below as well. AMA CME credits were provided through the University of Texas Southwest. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Current Viewpoints on Ancient Jewish Coinage: A Bibliographic Essay

This article presents a survey of recent research in pre-coinage currency of Judaea, coins of the Persian period (Philistia, Edom, Samaria, and Judaea), the Hasmonean dynasty, the Herodian dynasty, the Jewish War against Rome and the Bar Kokhba revolt. Books, articles, presentations and dissertations have added significantly to the literature; it is the author’s goal to assist the non-specialist in keeping up with the latest information and opinions.
A low complexity resource scheduler for cooperative cellular networks

Multi-cell cooperative transmission schemes are considered as promising candidates in future 4G wireless networks (LTE-Advanced) to combat the inter-cell interference that degrades the cell-edge throughput performance. An efficient proportional fair (PF) scheduling algorithm for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) based cooperative cellular networks is proposed. A PF metric maximization problem is first formulated. Then a two-step algorithm is proposed to solve the problem: the user grouping step and the user scheduling step. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme significantly increases the cell-edge throughput and guarantees system fairness.
Does treatment of cadaveric organ donors with desmopressin increase the likelihood of pancreas graft thrombosis? results of a preliminary study

Abstract Desmopressin (DDAVP) is commonly used in cadaveric organ donors to treat diabetes insipidus. The thrombogenic potential of DDAVP is well known. Recent animal data have demonstrated that DDAVP impairs pancreas graft (PG) microcirculation and perfusion. The aim of this study was too evaluate the effect of DDAVP on the incidence of PG thrombosis in clinical pancreas transplantation. A retrospective review of simultaneous kidney–pancreas transplant (SKPT) entered in the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) between 10/5/87 and 9/27/02 was performed. Patients were included for analysis if there was definitive documentation as to whether DDAVP was (DDAVP-Y) or was not (DDAVP-N) administered to the donor. Both dose and duration of DDAVP treatment were not recorded by SRTR. A total of 2804 SKPTs were available for analysis. Mean follow-up was 1.75 years (range, 1 month to 8.4 years). A total of 1287 SKPT patients (46%) received a PG from a DDAVP-Y donor. Graft ischemia times, donor and recipient ages, recipient gender distribution, surgical techniques, and immunosuppressive regimens were similar in both groups. The overall incidence of PG thrombosis was 4.3%. The incidence of PG thrombosis in recipients of grafts from DDAVP-Y donors was 5.1% compared to 3.5% in recipients of grafts from DDAVP-N donors ( P = .04). Fifty-eight percent of thrombosed PG came from DDAVP-Y donors compared to 42% from DDAVP-N donors ( P = .04). We conclude that there appears to be a relationship between donor treatment with DDAVP and PG thrombosis. A prospective study is needed to verify these findings and to determine their clinical significance.
Understanding the Cultural Differences in Tourist Motivation Between Anglo-American and Japanese Tourists

Summary There is considerable evidence to suggest that differences in cultural characteristics exist across the world. Among them, individualistic societies emphasize “I” consciousness, autonomy, emotional independence, pleasure seeking and universalism. On the other hand, col-lectivistic societies stress “we” consciousness, collective identity, group solidarity, sharing, and particularism. A comparative research on the motivation of tourists from different cultures may challenge current tourism research, which mainly focuses on individualism and rationalism. These values of individualism and rationalism result in underestimation of the influence of groups, norms, culture, and emotion or impulse on tourist behavior. There have been few studies which attempt to directly measure cultural characteristics and identity across culture, and to explain how these cultural characteristics play a role in creating distinctive differences in tourist motivation. Thus, this study explores (1) cultural differences underl...
Effects of social reinforcement on operant crying

Abstract Two preschool boys who showed a high frequency of operant crying were helped to develop more effective responses to mild frustrations. Teachers systematically applied reinforcement procedures: gave no attention to outcries, unless the child was actually hurt, and gave immediate approving attention to every more appropriate response to mildly distressful situations. Within a week, operant crying had practically disappeared in each case. Reversal of procedures reinstated operant crying responses in Subject 1. Return to original procedures quickly reduced operant crying to a very low level, which was maintained during the rest of the year. With Subject 2, reversal of procedures raised the operant crying level for a few days. Then suddenly the crying dropped out. When the crying rate remained at practically zero for several more days, all procedures were dropped. Shortly, operant crying again rose. The original procedures were again applied. Operant crying quickly dropped and remained negligible during the rest of the school year. The studies indicated that frequent crying may be largely a function of adult attention.
Unfixed cryosections of striated muscle to study dynamic molecular events

The structures of the actin and myosin filaments of striated muscle have been studied extensively in the past by sectioning of fixed specimens. However, chemical fixation alters molecular details and prevents biochemically induced structural changes. To overcome these problems, we investigate here the potential of cryosectioning unfixed muscle. In cryosections of relaxed, unfixed specimens, individual myosin filaments displayed the characteristic helical organization of detached cross-bridges, but the filament lattice had disintegrated. To preserve both the filament lattice and the molecular structure of the filaments, we decided to section unfixed rigor muscle, stabilized by actomyosin cross-bridges. The best sections showed periodic, angled cross-bridges attached to actin and their Fourier transforms displayed layer lines similar to those in x-ray diffraction patterns of rigor muscle. To preserve relaxed filaments in their original lattice, unfixed sections of rigor muscle were picked up on a grid and relaxed before negative staining. The myosin and actin filaments showed the characteristic helical arrangements of detached cross-bridges and actin subunits, and Fourier transforms were similar to x-ray patterns of relaxed muscle. We conclude that the rigor structure of muscle and the ability of the filament lattice to undergo the rigor-relaxed transformation can be preserved in unfixed cryosections. In the future, it should be possible to carry out dynamic studies of active sacromeres by cryo-electron microscopy.
Increased heart rate response to laboratory-induced mental stress predicts frequency and duration of daily life ambulatory myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease.

Abstract This study assessed the relation between hemodynamic data during a standardized mental stressor and ambulatory ischemia to determine if laboratory-induced responses could predict the magnitude of daily life ischemia. Forty-two men and 11 women, aged 46 to 79 years (mean 61), with coronary artery disease and exercise-induced ischemia were studied. All patients underwent 24- to 48-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring (mean 43 ± 0.8 hours) and laboratory-induced mental stress using a public speaking task. Hemodynamic data were obtained at rest and every minute during mental stress. Thirty-three of 53 patients (62%) had at least 1 ischemic episode during ECG monitoring. In patients who had ambulatory ischemia, there was a mean number of 7.9 ± 1.8 episodes (mean total duration 79.2 ± 24.1 minutes/48 hours). Significant positive correlations were found for peak heart rate and changes in heart rate during mental stress and ambulatory ischemia (r = 0.353 to 0.462, p
Serum Cotinine Levels and Prehypertension in Never Smokers

Background. Few studies have shown that self-reported secondhand smoke exposure in never smokers is associated with high blood pressure. However, there are no studies investigating the relationship between secondhand smoke exposure, measured objectively by serum cotinine levels, and high blood pressure in never smokers. Methods. We examined never smokers () from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005&#x2013;2008. Our exposure of interest was the secondhand smoke exposure estimated by serum cotinine level and our outcome was prehypertension (), defined as a systolic blood pressure of 120&#x2013;139&#x2009;mmHg or diastolic blood pressure of 80&#x2013;89&#x2009;mmHg. Results. We found that, in never smokers, serum cotinine levels were positively associated with prehypertension. Compared to those with cotinine levels in the lowest quartile (&#x2264;0.024&#x2009;ng/mL), the multivariable odds ratio (95&#x25; confidence interval) of prehypertension among those with cotinine levels in the highest quartile (&#x2265;0.224&#x2009;ng/mL) was 1.45(1.00, 2.11); trend . In subsequent subgroup analyses, the positive association was found to be stronger among men, non-Whites, and non-obese subjects. Conclusion. Higher secondhand smoke exposure measured objectively by serum cotinine levels was found to be associated with prehypertension in certain subgroups of a representative sample of the US population.
Striving for balance concerning an unbalanced ideology

A faculty member becomes reflective and concerned about the way he dealt with an odious political ideology.
Results of Penetrating Keratoplasty Over a Four-Year Period

Summary A simple random sample of corneal recipients (330) of tissue from a large eye bank was reviewed. The method of review involved the use of hospital surgical reports and patient charts. Reasonably complete information was gathered on 261 cases. The sample covered a four-year time period. Of the total, 59% had a clear cornea one year postoperatively while 41% had less than excellent grafts. Thirty-eight percent of the total enjoyed postoperative visual acuity of better than 20/50 in the eye operated on while 17% had visual acuity of 20/50 or better than 20/200. The remaining 45% had 20/200 or worse. The principal difference between favorable or nonfavorable results was the disease entity. Phakic eyes with keratoconus, stromal dystrophies, and bullous keratopathy had both excellent grafts and excellent vision postoperatively. Reoperated on eyes and poor-prognosis categories had much less favorable results in terms of clarity and vision. Aphakic eyes with bullous keratopathy had clear grafts in 47% of the cases but good vision in only 20% of the sample. No significant relationship was seen between the surgeon and the results—indicating, perhaps, that the surgeons in general are performing surgery within the same range of their capacities as determined by their case selection. There was no significant relationship between the age of the donor tissue and the resultant visual acuity or corneal transparency. The patients in the first sample did not differ significantly according to age, but the more recent sample did show the younger patients achieving better corneal transparency and visual acuity. The longer follow-up of the first sample would not seem to account for that difference.
A semiparametric Bayesian approach for estimating the gene expression distribution.

Gene expression microarrays are powerful tools for global comparison and estimation of gene expression. Many microarray studies have demonstrated biologically plausible results with only a few arrays, leading to a misperception that a handful of hybridized arrays can always find something meaningful. From a statistical point of view, it is important to prospectively estimate required sample sizes prior to undertaking a microarray experiment. However, all sample size calculations need to directly or indirectly estimate the unknown distribution of the effect sizes of gene expression intensities. A parametric mixture model has been developed for relating the sample size directly to the false discovery rate (FDR), the most popular multiple-comparison control criteria. In this paper, we extend the parametric mixture model and propose a robust semiparametric Dirichlet process mixture model, where the parametric distribution of gene expressions is no longer specified. This analysis is performed in a Bayesian inf...
Relationship of blood pressure, heart rate and behavioral mood state to norepinephrine kinetics in younger and older men following caffeine ingestion

Objective: To examine age-related differences in blood pressure, heart rate, behavioral mood state and norepinephrine kinetics after caffeine ingestion in younger and older men. Design: Placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Setting: General Clinical Research Center, University of Vermont. Subjects: 10 older (O) (65–80 y) and 10 younger (Y) (19–26 y) healthy men who were moderate consumers of caffeine (Y=126±30 mg/d; O=160±44 mg/d:NS; mean±s.e.m.). Intervention: All volunteers were characterized for fasting plasma glucose, insulin and caffeine levels, body composition, anthropometry, physical activity, and energy intake. Before and after placebo and caffeine ingestion (5 mg/kg fat-free mass) test days, the following variables were measured in all subjects: heart rate, blood pressure, mood state, and norepinephrine concentrations (NEconc), appearance (NEapp) and clearance (NEcl). Main outcome measures: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, mood state, and norepinephrine kinetic responses to placebo and caffeine ingestion. Results: Following caffeine ingestion, plasma caffeine levels were similar in Y and O men. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure increased significantly (P<0.01) from baseline by 9% (130±6 vs 142±6 mmHg) and 3% (75±3 vs 77±3 mmHg), respectively, in O men following caffeine ingestion, but remained unchanged in Y men. Self-reported feelings of tension (P<0.05) and anger (P=0.06) decreased in O men, while anger tended to increase in Y men (P<0.06) following caffeine ingestion. Heart rates in both groups were unaltered following caffeine ingestion. No differences were noted at baseline between O and Y men for NEconc, NEapp and NEcl. After caffeine ingestion, NEconc were significantly greater in O than Y men, whereas NEapp and NEcl rates did not differ from baseline in either group. Blood pressure and subjective mood state effects of caffeine were not related to changes in norepinephrine kinetics. Conclusion: Age may play a role in augmenting blood pressure response and reducing subjective feelings of anger and tension following caffeine ingestion, suggesting that the elderly are more reactive to the pressor and less sensitive to the subjective effects of the drug. These effects do not appear to be mediated by changes in sympathetic nervous system activity.
Spectrophotometric seawater pH measurements: total hydrogen ion concentration scale calibration of m-cresol purple and at-sea results

Spectrophotometric open-ocean seawater pH measurements are simple, fast and precise. The sulfonephthalein indicator m-cresol purple (mCP) is recommended for open-ocean surface-to-deep pH measurements. The salinity- and temperature-dependence of such measurements (293⩽T⩽303 and 30⩽S⩽37) is given as: pHT(sw) = 1245.69T + (2.11 × 10−3)(35 − S) + log(R − 0.00692.2220 − R0.1330) on the total hydrogen ion concentration scale ([H+]T = [H+]f + [HSO4−]), in units of mol·(kg-soln)−1. R is the ratio of indicator absorbances at molar absorptivity maxima (i.e. R + 578A/434A). The at-sea analytical precision of the technique, evaluated on two recent NOAA cruises, is approximately 0.0004 pH units.
Immunochemical characterization of bovine brain cathepsin D.

: Antibodies to bovine brain cathepsin D were produced in rabbits and guinea pigs and utilized to characterize this enzyme immunochemically. By immunodiffusion, broad organ–but limited species–cross-reactivity was demonstrated with antisera to the brain enzyme. On immunoelectrophoresis the immunoreactive material migrated as a single are in the beta-gamma region. In a double antibody radioimmunoassay, which had a sensitivity for cathepsin D of 1 ng of immunoreactive enzyme per assay tube, no inhibition was produced by pepstatin, bovine myelin basic protein, or bovine basic protein peptides 1-42, 43-88 or 89-169. Comparative studies of enzymatic and immunoreactive activity of bovine brain cathepsin D demonstrated a close correlation, but the immunoassay was much more sensitive in detecting the presence of enzyme protein. Immunoreactivity persisted unaltered under conditions that abolished or reduced enzymatic activity. Antibodies to brain cathepsin D inhibited the activity of the enzyme on a hemoglobin substrate at pH 5. On gel filtration of bovine brain homogenate, the immunoreactivity, measured by either radial immunodiffusion or radioimmunoassay, and enzymatic activity of cathepsin D coeluted, indicating a molecular weight of approximately 42,000. However, immunofixation of enzyme on polyacrylamide slab gels subjected to electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate demonstrated bands of immunoreactivity in purified enzyme in the molecular weight ranges of 42,000, 31,000 and 13,000 and two very faint bands in the range of 32,000-36,000. Immunofixation also revealed antigen in 42,000 and 31,000 molecular weight species of homogenates of bovine brain, liver, spleen, and kidney.
Why Match? Investigating Matched Case-Control Study Designs with Causal Effect Estimation

Matched case-control study designs are commonly implemented in the field of public health. While matching is intended to eliminate confounding, the main potential benefit of matching in case-control studies is a gain in efficiency. Methods for analyzing matched case-control studies have focused on utilizing conditional logistic regression models that provide conditional and not causal estimates of the odds ratio. This article investigates the use of case-control weighted targeted maximum likelihood estimation to obtain marginal causal effects in matched case-control study designs. We compare the use of case-control weighted targeted maximum likelihood estimation in matched and unmatched designs in an effort to explore which design yields the most information about the marginal causal effect. The procedures require knowledge of certain prevalence probabilities and were previously described by van der Laan (2008). In many practical situations where a causal effect is the parameter of interest, researchers may be better served using an unmatched design.
An Experimental Study of Strategies for Integrating Sensor Information in Machining

This paper considers a controller which optimizes the machining process using a decision-making approach. This approach provides a framework in which artificial intelligence techniques can operate in conjunction with operations research concepts. The proposed intelligent controller uses a multiple-sensor approach for process monitoring. The paper focuses on the module which integrates the sensor-based information in order to provide the controller with the best possible estimates for the tool wear and wear rate. Several approaches are considered for the sensor-integration module. These techniques include a neural network, least-squares regression, and the group method of data handling (GMDH) algorithm. These techniques were determined to be the most promising and feasible approaches for developing this module. Force, temperature and acoustic emission signals recorded during tool wear experiments were used to evaluate the sensor-integration techniques. The results of these tests indicate that the sensor-integration approach proposed in this work will provide more accurate estimates of the tool wear than the single-sensor approach typically used in machining control.
From Si Source Gas Directly to Positioned, Electrically Contacted Si Nanowires: The Self-Assembling “Grow-in-Place” Approach

Our grow-in-place approach to Si nanowire devices uses a silicon precursor gas (e.g., SiH 4 ) to directly produce self-assembled, electrically contacted, crystalline Si nanowires without any intervening silicon material formation or collection/positioning steps. The approach uses the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth mechanism and lithographically fabricated, permanent, nanochannel growth templates to control the size, shape, orientation, and positioning of the nanowires and ribbons. These horizontal templates are an integral component of the final devices and provide contacts, interconnects, and passivation/encapsulation. The approach results in self-assembly of the Si nanowires (SiNWs) and nanoribbons (SiNRs) into interconnected devices without any pick-and-place or printing steps, thereby avoiding the most serious problems encountered in process control, assembly, contacting, and integration of SiNWs and SiNRs for IC applications. As an initial demonstration of our approach, we have fabricated SiNW and SiNR resistors with built-in electrical contacts and encapsulation and report conductivity measurements.
Chronic hepatitis with jaundice (biliary cirrhosis)

The term “biliary cirrhosis” implies that the toxic agent enters through the biliary ducts. This is true of the obstructive types of cirrhosis which have been briefly described. The toxic and infectious type and the type associated with chronic atrophy present the following features.
A FORTRAN 77 program to calculate areas of intersection between a set of grid blocks and polygons

Abstract Geological and geographical data may be analyzed to estimate the areal sum or average value of a given variable for specific regions, for example the mining tonnage and average grade within domains bounded by property limits, mining strip outlines, roads, rivers, coastlines, etc. These regions may be represented by a set of closed polygons. Given a grid of rectangular blocks, the program calculates the area of intersection between each block and the set of polygons. Estimates of the mean value of the variable for each block then may be weighted by these intersection areas to provide the areal sum and average value of the variable within the regions. The program includes routines to check that a polygon does not intersect itself, to ascertain the topological relationship between any two polygons and the orientation of a polygon (i.e. clockwise or anticlockwise).
False Anticipatory Pleasures: Philebus 36a 3-41 a 6

n the first section of this paper, I try to set out with a minimum of complication the philosophical considerations which bear upon the interpretation I offer in section II of Plato's account of false anticipatory pleasures. In the case of the uses of the words for "belief", "with" and "in", the order of exposition reverses the order of discovery: it was by noticing Plato's use of these words that I came to the philosophical points I make about them in section I of the paper. I am not here offering any general account of other kinds of false pleasures considered by Plato.
Electron microscopic localization of specific carbohydrate groups in thin sections of tissues embedded in a hydrophilic resin: concanavalin a receptors in mouse spleen.

An improved postembedding method for electron microscopic localization of concanavalin A (Con A) receptors in ultrathin sections is reported. Materials are embedded in a hydrophilic resin, glycol methacrylate copolymerized with glutaraldehyde and urea, using a precisely controlled polymerization schedule that preserves ultrastructural integrity. Ferritin-Con A binds specifically in ultrathin sections of mouse spleen tissue and of Sephadex beads embedded in this resin. Quantitative investigations of procedures for decreasing nonspecific labeling demonstrate that preincubation of sections with bovine serum albumin reduces background to a very low level. This high-resolution method allows macromolecular affinity probes access to receptors in all cellular locations, while maintaining good morphological preservation.
Automated mechanism generation. Part 2: application to atmospheric chemistry of alkanes and oxygenates

In this study, an automated mechanism generation framework was applied to atmospheric chemistry of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NO x ). The framework generates reactions with minimal input based on a small set of reaction operators and includes a hierarchy for specifying rate constants for every reaction created. Mechanisms were generated for formaldehyde-air-NO x , acetaldehyde-formaldehyde-n-octane-air-NO x , and acetone-air-NO x , and the model results were compared to experimental data obtained from smog chambers and to the SAPRC-99 lumped models. The models generated captured the experimental data very well, and their mechanistic formulation provided new insights into the controlling reaction pathways to pollutant formation. The approach applied here is sufficiently general that it can be applied to a wide range of alkane and oxygenate mixtures.
Stress Analysis of Free-Standing Silicon Oxide Films Using Optical Interference

We report a method for stress measurement and analysis in silicon oxide thin films using optical interference. Effects of design and fabrication on stress have been studied by fabricating submicron-thick slabs of oxide anchored at one end and extending over a reflective surface. Optical interference occurs between reflections from the surface and the oxide slab, giving rise to light and dark fringes that may be imaged with a microscope. Analysis of the interference pattern at different wavelengths gives the radius of curvature and means of stress mapping. The accuracy exceeds non-interferometric profilometry using optical or confocal microscopes, and it can be more quantitative than scanning electron microscopy. This nondestructive profilometry method can aid the stress optimization of silicon oxide or other transparent thin films to achieve specific mechanical characteristics in MEMS devices.
Ventilatory responses to intravenous and inspired carbon dioxide in anesthetized cats

Abstract Conflicting evidence exists concerning the importance of neural influences on ventilatory control during continuing states of muscular exercise in mammals. Neural factors appear to be required in certain dog preparations, but to be unnecessary in rats where intravenous CO 2 has been found to be handled differently from inspired CO 2 . This relationship between intravenous and inspired CO 2 was studied in six cats anesthetized with hexobarbital and urethane. In order to produce venous loading of carbon dioxide in animals breathing room air, approximately one-third of the resting cardiac output was continuously removed from the peripheral end of the severed vena cava, pumped through a homologous lung and continuously returned to the central vena cava. When the homologous lung was ventilated with 100% CO 2 , carbon dioxide production at four times the resting level was observed in the expired air of the experimental animal. The relationships between Pa co 2 and e observed during intravenous CO 2 loads were indistinguishable from those seen during exposure to CO 2 in the inspired air. These observations provide further evidence against theories ( Yamamoto and Edwards , 1960) which require differing ventilatory responses to differing routes of CO 2 administration.
Genetically encoded “smart” peptide polymers for biomedicine

Drug delivery systems are becoming increasingly sophisticated, with the ability to target and penetrate specific tissues and release drugs based upon the local environment. While these advanced systems often offer advantages over their less sophisticated counterparts, the final product may be more complex and require additional manufacturing steps. In this article, we review a body of work based on genetically encoded elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) that offer a route to modular, multifunctional delivery systems that are simple to manufacture. ELPs are temperature-sensitive biopolymers that can be designed on the genetic level and expressed in cell-based protein production systems. The tools of molecular biology and versatility of proteins are used to engineer polymers with precise composition and molecular weight that self-assemble to form drug delivery systems with an impressive variety of features and functions. Due to their versatility and ease of production, ELPs are likely to contribute to the goal of designing simple and effective “smart” delivery systems.
The chiral de rham complex and positivity of the equivariant signatures of some loop spaces

In this note we show that the positivity property of the equivariant signature of the loop space, first observed in [MS1] in the case of the even-dimensional projective spaces, is valid for Picard number 2 toric varieties. A new formula for the equivariant signature of the loop space in the case of a toric spin variety is derived.
Analysis of the convective evaporation of nondilute clusters of drops

The penetration distance of an outer flow into a drop cluster volume is the critical, evaporation mode-controlling parameter in the present model for nondilute drop clusters' convective evaporation. The model is found to perform well for such low penetration distances as those obtained for dense clusters in hot environments and low relative velocities between the outer gases and the cluster. For large penetration distances, however, the predictive power of the model deteriorates; in addition, the evaporation time is found to be a weak function of the initial relative velocity and a strong function of the initial drop temperature. The results generally show that the interior drop temperature was transient throughout the drop lifetime, although temperature nonuniformities persisted up to the first third of the total evaporation time at most.
Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Inorganic Nutrient Concentrations in the Androscoggin and Kennebec Rivers, Maine

A catchment-wide study was conducted to investigate the geography of nutrient dynamics in the Androscoggin and Kennebec Rivers, Maine. While nutrient concentrations resembled relatively pristine waters, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) exhibited dramatic spatial and temporal patterns. Though these rivers are underdeveloped, impacts of human activities upon nutrients are clear. Population was a good predictor for DIN and P concentrations for the Kennebec River, but a poor predictor in the Androscoggin River. Comparison of point-source discharges into each river indicated that the Androscoggin River is influenced by discharges from pulp and paper mills, a finding confirmed by reduced nutrient transport after the closure of two Androscoggin River mills. Nutrient ratio analysis demonstrated a dramatic shift towards Redfield ratios, with DIN:P ratios decreasing from about 200:1 in headwater reaches to below 16:1 near the river outlets. These results may aid in understanding blooms of toxic dynoflagellates in the Gulf of Maine. Ratios were also altered during a prolonged drought period. Results describe a simple relationship between increased nutrient input and human population within single watersheds, with implications for coastal zone ecosystems.
Perfect r -domination in the Kronecker product of two cycles, with an application to diagonal/toroidal mesh

If r ≥ 1, and m and n are each a multiple of (r + 1)2 + r2, then each isomorphic component of Cm × Cn admits of a vertex partition into (r + 1)2 + r2 perfect r-dominating sets. The result induces a dense packing of Cm × Cn by means of vertexdisjoint subgraphs, each isomorphic to a diagonal array. Areas of applications include efficient resource placement in a diagonal mesh and error-correcting codes.
Self-Adaptation of Genetic Operator Probabilities Using Differential Evolution

In this work a novel approach is proposed to adaptively adjust genetic operator probabilities through the adoption of a robust, real-valued optimization algorithm known as Differential Evolution (DE). We set up a series of experiments on a wide array of symbolic regression problems. The experimental results demonstrate the supremacy of our proposed method over the compared rivals both in the accuracy and reliability of the final solutions.
The Cult of the Royal Martyr

In 1660 not only did the institution of monarchy return to England but also the “Image of the King” was restored. The monarchy had to be defined again, but the image persisted and entered the mythology of English history. By decapitating Charles I, Parliament and the army created a myth which covered all the flaws in the king and revealed only the virtuous martyr. The Cult of the Royal Martyr was formed around this myth of the sanctified personality of Charles. Charles the Good was martyred to the factious spirit of the Puritans. He was a martyr for the church; and as such, instead of being a dead king, he became a living defender of the church and the monarchy. He was the patron saint of all who wished to criticize puritanism or to support the monarchy.
Iterative Algorithms for Decoding a Class of Two-Step Majority-Logic Decodable Cyclic Codes

Codes constructed based on finite geometries form a large class of cyclic codes with large minimum distances which can be decoded with simple majority-logic decoding in one or multiple steps. In 2001, Kou, Lin and Fossorier showed that the one-step majority-logic decodable finite geometry codes form a class of cyclic LDPC codes whose Tanner graphs are free of cycles of length 4. These cyclic finite geometry LDPC codes perform very well over the AWGN channel using iterative decoding based on belief propagation (IDBP) and have very low error-floors. However, the standard IDBP is not effective for decoding other cyclic finite geometry codes because their Tanner graphs contain too many short cycles of length 4 which severely degrade the decoding performance. This paper investigates iterative decoding of two-step majority-logic decodable finite geometry codes. Three effective algorithms for decoding these codes are proposed. These algorithms are devised based on the orthogonal structure of the parity-check matrices of the codes to avoid or reduce the degrading effect of the short cycles of length 4. These decoding algorithms provide significant coding gains over the standard IDBP using either the sum-product or the min-sum algorithms.
Preferential expression of interleukin‐12 or interleukin‐4 by murine bone marrow mast cells derived in mast cell growth factor or interleukin‐3

In this report we demonstrate that murine bone marrow cells cultured in either interleukin (IL)-3 or mast cell growth factor (MGF, also known as c-kit ligand and stem cell factor) differentially express cytokine genes. Bone marrow cells cultured in IL-3 differentiate and proliferate, taking on a mucosal mast cell-like phenotype. These cells express the IL-4 gene. Bone marrow cells cultured in MGF take on a connective tissue mast cell-like phenotype and possess transcripts for both of the subunits of the IL-12 cytokine. Bone marrow cells cultured in both IL-3 and MGF express the IL-4 gene at lower levels than that seen for the IL-3 culture alone, but do not possess IL-12 gene transcripts. The level of IL-12 subunit transcripts derived from the MGF-derived bone marrow cells was compared to that found in splenocytes and activated macrophages, the only cells in which IL-12 production has been previously documented. Both of the IL-12 subunit transcripts were found, compared to a beta-actin control, to be present within MGF-derived cells in the same if not higher quantities than the splenocyte or macrophage cultures. Mucosal mast cells have been previously implicated in the development of the T helper type 2 (TH2) T cell phenotype via their expression of IL-4. The finding that the MGF-derived connective tissue-like mast cells possess IL-12 transcripts suggests that the development of the TH1 T cell pathway may be positively influenced by this type of mast cell.
Conflicts of interest. Profits and problems in physician referrals.

READERS ofJAMAwill not be startled to hear that the economic restructuring of medicine poses major moral and legal challenges. While most physicians have reconciled themselves, however uneasily, to prospective payment, aggressive utilization review, and preferred provider arrangements, many are deeply disturbed to find their own interests increasingly pitted against their patients'. First, many find themselves placed under incentives that reward or penalize them for their fiscal (im)prudence in ordering medical interventions for their patients. Second, physicians are investing as entrepreneurs in a burgeoning health care market. As researchers they may own stock in the same company that sponsors their investigations.2As clinicians they may invest in such health care enterprises as freestanding diagnostic imaging facilities, minor emergency centers, and home health care agencies (The Wall Street Jounal. March 1, 1989:A-1, A-6). Physicians make these investments for a variety of reasons. Payers' preference for an outpatient over an
Modeling and simulation of uniformity effects in Cd/sub 1-x/Zn/sub x/Te gamma-ray spectrometers

Monte Carlo simulations of pulse height spectra for Cd/sub 1-x/Zn/sub x/Te detectors are used to investigate the effect of variations in alloy composition and carrier drift lengths on energy resolution. The results, which are based on a simple phenomenological model, show that these nonuniformities can have significant detrimental effects on spectrometer performance. For the case of Bridgman-grown material, the orientation of the growth axis relative to the detector axis is shown to be an important consideration, especially for crystals which come from the heel end of a boule, where the composition gradient due to zinc segregation is large. Other effects which we have simulated include growth striations, zinc segregation at grain boundaries, and trapping by inclusions and grain boundaries; each of these effects is detrimental to energy resolution. We conclude that material nonuniformity is a major obstacle to achieving statistically limited energy resolution in cadmium zinc telluride detectors.
Analysis of Monin Obukhov similarity from large-eddy simulation

A detailed analysis of the predictability of observed Monin-Obukhov (MO) similarity within the near-ground region of near-neutral to moderately convective atmospheric boundary layers (ABL) from large-eddy simulation (LES) fields is reported in this work. High-resolution LES predictions of means, variances, budgets of turbulent kinetic energy and temperature variance, and the velocity and temperature spectra from three ABL states (-z i /L = 0.44, 3 and 8) are analysed under MO scaling. The resolution in the near-ground region is increased by using 'nested meshes.' For the close-to-neutral case (-z i /L = 0.44) the relative roles of grid resolution and subgridscale (SGS) parameterization on the predictability of MO-similarity are also studied. The simulated temperature field is found to satisfy the MO hypothesis and agree well with observations. The simulated velocity field, on the other hand, shows significant departures. Except for the horizontal variance, MO scales are the appropriate normalizing scales for the near-ground-layer statistics. However, the LES suggest that the boundary layer depth z i has an 'indirect' influence on all near-ground-layer variables except temperature, and the LES-predicted MO-scaled variables exhibit a functional dependence on both z/L and z/z i . The simulated two-dimensional spectra of velocity and temperature fluctuations, however, suggest that while large scales deviate from MO-similarity, inertial subrange scales are MO-similar. Discrepancies with field observations raise important questions of the non-dimensional depth z/z i over which MO-similarity holds for a particular variable. Surface-layer field studies generally do not document z i . It is also not clear to what extent these discrepancies are due to approximations made in LES. Measurements are needed designed specifically for comparing with LES predictions.
Applying multicriteria decision making techniques for planning machining operations

Multicriteria decision making (MCDM) techniques are applied to optimizing simultaneously the performance characteristics of the machining of 390 die-cast aluminum alloy. The formulation of the machining problem from a MCDM perspective enables simultaneous analysis of several conflicting aspects of this problem. The optimized criteria are surface roughness, tool life, metal removal rate, and surface integrity. The raw scores on these criteria are then transformed into values, which are assessed by two different techniques (equal value differences and relative slopes) that are found to give consistent results. The calculation of the nondominated solution set and application of three MCDM techniques (weighting technique, Zionts-Wallenius, and compromise programming) results in the determination of ''satisficing'' solutions for the selection problem for machining parameters.
The Use of Antioxidants in Radiotherapy-Induced Skin Toxicity:

Radiation-induced skin damage is one of the most common complications of radiotherapy. In order to combat these side effects, patients often turn to alternative therapies, which often include antioxidants. Antioxidants such as those in the polyphenol chemical class, xanthine derivatives, tocepherol, sucralfate, and ascorbate have been studied for their use in either preventing or treating radiotherapy-induced skin damage. Apart from their known role as free radical scavengers, some of these antioxidants appear to alter cytokine release affecting cutaneous and systemic changes. We review the role of antioxidants in treating and preventing radiation-induced skin damage as well as the possible complications of using such therapy.
Business systems planning and business Information control study: a comparison

The area of enterprise analysis is in its formative stages. As the technology continues to mature and as industry evolves to later stages of learning with regard to managing data, the demand for greater levels of sophistication in enterprise ananlysis will increase. Enterprise-level dependencies will have to be identified and protected to provide for systems and data integration. Limited information systems resources will have to be effectively allocated. Short-term and long-term trade-offs will have to be made in determining the information system resource investment strategies. Holistic models of the business will be required to support the management planning and control apparatus. These issues will become more pressing over time and will precipitate substantial increases in the body of knowledge concerning enterprise analysis.
The yeast TFB1 and SSL1 genes, which encode subunits of transcription factor IIH, are required for nucleotide excision repair and RNA polymerase II transcription

The essential TFB1 and SSL1 genes of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae encode two subunits of the RNA polymerase II transcription factor TFIIH (factor b). Here we show that extracts of temperature-sensitive mutants carrying mutations in both genes (tfb1-101 and ssl1-1) are defective in nucleotide excision repair (NER) and RNA polymerase II transcription but are proficient for base excision repair. RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription at the CYC1 promoter was normal at permissive temperatures but defective in extracts preincubated at a restrictive temperature. In contrast, defective NER was observed at temperatures that are permissive for growth. Additionally, both mutants manifested increased sensitivity to UV radiation at permissive temperatures. The extent of this sensitivity was not increased in a tfb1-101 strain and was only slightly increased in a ssl1-1 strain at temperatures that are semipermissive for growth. Purified factor TFIIH complemented defective NER in both tfb1-101 and ssl1-1 mutant extracts. These results define TFB1 and SSL1 as bona fide NER genes and indicate that, as is the case with the yeast Rad3 and Ss12 (Rad25) proteins, Tfb1 and Ssl1 are required for both RNA polymerase II basal transcription and NER. Our results also suggest that the repair and transcription functions of Tfb1 and Ssl1 are separable.
Who Misbehaves?—A High School Studies its Discipline Problems

An example of locally conducted applied research, this study compares an entire population (78) of high school discipline problem students with a control group of students who were not involved in acts of misconduct. Significant differences were found to exist in intelligence, scholastic achievement, scholastic abilities, vocational aptitude, and personality characteristics in elementary school.
Innate and adaptive autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes.

Morran MP, McInerney MF, Pietropaolo M. Innate and adaptive autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes 2008: 9: 152–161. Michael P Morran, Marcia F McInerney and Massimo Pietropaolo Laboratory of Immunogenetics, The Brehm Center for Type 1 Diabetes Research and Analysis, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; and Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
Isolation and Characterization of a Generalized Transducing Phage for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains PAO1 and PA14

A temperate, type IV pilus-dependent, double-stranded DNA bacteriophage named DMS3 was isolated from a clinical strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A clear-plaque variant of this bacteriophage was isolated. DMS3 is capable of mediating generalized transduction within and between P. aeruginosa strains PA14 and PAO1, thus providing a useful tool for the genetic analysis of P. aeruginosa.
HISTOLOGIC DETERMINATION OF ONTOGENETIC PATTERNS AND PROCESSES IN HADROSAURIAN OSSIFIED TENDONS

Development and metaplasia of ossified tendons in two hadrosaurine dinosaurs (Maiasaura peeblesorum and Brachylophosaurus canadensis) are described by comparison with the known developmental processes of ossified tendons in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). Mineralized primary tendon tissue and replacement patterns suggest that ossified tendons in hadrosaurs grew initially in a manner similar to those in turkeys. That is, biomineralization begins with apatite deposition and is followed by resorption of mineralized primary tissue and subsequent bone formation. Earlier ontogenetic onset of tendon ossification and later offset among ossified tendons of hadrosaurs differentiates them from tendons of turkeys. In addition, an external fundamental system (EFS) in hadrosaurian tendons indicates that they grew radially beyond the original tendon boundary, a process unknown among avian tendons. Tendon histology indicates that hadrosaurian ossified tendons developed in step with the skeletal system and that ossification was not induced by biomechanical stresses.