cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of saccharides by reactive desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) using modified phenylboronic acids

Abstract We have reported previously a method for the detection of sugars via in-situ derivatization with phenylboronic acid PhB(OH)2 using reactive desorption electrospray ionization (DESI, Chen et al., Chem. Commun. (2006) 597–599). The present study describes an improved method that employs modified phenylboronic acids including 3-nitrophenylboronic acid and N-methyl-4-pyridineboronic acid iodide. In contrast to using PhB(OH)2, enhanced sensitivity of using 3-nitrophenylboronic acid was observed due to the stabilization of the resulting boronate ester anion by the electron-withdrawing nitro group and the limit of detections (LODs) for glucose in water using 3-nitrophenylbornic acid and phenylboronic acid were determined to be 0.11 mM and 0.40 mM, respectively. In the case of N-methyl-4-pyridineboronic acid iodide, the corresponding LOD is 6.9 μM and the higher sensitivity obtained is attributed to the efficient ionization of both the reactive DESI reagent and reaction product since the precursor acid with a quaternary ammonium group is pre-charged. In this case, additional important features are found: (i) unlike using phenylboronic acid or 3-nitrophenylbornic acid, the experiment, performed in the positive ion mode, is applicable to neutral and acidic saccharide solutions, facilitating the analysis of biological fluids without the need to adjust pH; (ii) simply by changing the spray solvent from water to acetonitrile, the method can be used for direct glucose analyses of both urine and serum samples via online desalting, due to the low solubility of salts of these biofluids in the sprayed organic solvent; (iii) in comparison with other sugar derivatizing reagents such as the Girard's reagent T, the N-methyl-4-pyridineboronic acid iodide shows higher reactivity in the reactive DESI; and (iv) the ions of saccharide DESI reaction products undergo extensive ring or glycosidic bond cleavage upon CID, a feature that might be useful in the structure elucidation of saccharides. In addition, a variant sample introduction protocol using pipette tips for saccharide solutions was also demonstrated in the reactive DESI experiments, allowing the analysis of multiple samples of a small volume (e.g., 200 nL) in a short period of time (e.g., five samples in 4 min). The method reported in this study with improved sensitivity and high selectivity along with online desalting and high throughput capability could find useful applications in saccharide analysis in complicated biological samples.
Effects of Shoreline Modifications on Supratidal Macroinvertebrate Fauna on Puget Sound, Washington Beaches

In coastal environments, the supratidal zone bridges marine and terrestrial ecosystems and is important for energy exchange. However, it is also subject to extensive anthropogenic disturbance, such as armoring of shorelines. Shoreline armoring is extensive along many coasts, but the impacts on biota are comparatively unknown. Between 2000 and 2002, paired and synoptic sampling regimes were employed to assess armoring effects on insects and benthic macroinvertebrates in the supratidal zone of Puget Sound beaches. Paired sampling showed natural beach sites had significantly more deposited wrack. Infauna was dominated by oligochaetes and nematodes; talitrid amphipods, insects, and collembolans were significantly more numerous at natural beaches, and crustaceans were more abundant at altered beaches. Insect assemblages were diverse, with taxon richness higher at natural beach sites. In the synoptic sampling, where sites with higher elevation modifications were used, there were fewer differences in invertebrate assemblages between armored and nonarmored sites. The results show that, where shoreline armoring lowers the land–sea interface, benthic infauna and insect assemblages are disrupted. Widespread shoreline modifications may decrease the availability of prey resources for fish and wildlife and decrease the contribution of organic material entering the nearshore ecosystem.
Comparative study of warpage, global shrinkage, residual stresses, and mechanical behavior of rotationally molded parts produced from different polymers

A comparative study of warpage, global shrinkage, and residual quench stresses developed in rotational molding is made for a series of thermoplastics including various polyethylenes, polypropylene, polyamide-6, polycarbonate, and polystyrene. The influence of rate of quench on uniaxial stress strain and impact behavior of rotomolded parts was also studied. Generally, warpage, global shrinkage, and residual stresses increase with increasing quench rate for all the polymers. Further, the levels of warpage and global shrinkage increases with extent of crystallization, i.e., products from glassy polymers exhibit little warpage and those from highly crystalline polymers are highly warped. Increasing rate of quench tends to increase elongation to break and impact strength
Adaptation of Mammalian Photoreceptors to Background Light: Putative Role for Direct Modulation of Phosphodiesterase

All sensory receptors adapt. As the mean level of light or sound or odor is altered, the sensitivity of the receptor is adjusted to permit the cell to function over as wide a range of ambient stimulation as possible. In a rod photoreceptor, adaptation to maintained background light produces a decrease (or “sag”) in the response to the prolonged illumination, as well as an acceleration in response decay time and a Weber–Fechner-like decrease in sensitivity. Earlier work on salamander indicated that adaptation is controlled by the intracellular concentration of Ca2+. Three Ca2+-dependent mechanisms were subsequently identified, namely, regulation of guanylyl cyclase, modulation of activated rhodopsin lifetime, and alteration of channel opening probability, with the contribution of the cyclase thought to be the most important. Later experiments on mouse that exploit the powerful techniques of molecular genetics have shown that cyclase does indeed play a significant role in mammalian rods, but that much of adaptation remains even when regulation of cyclase and both of the other proposed pathways have been genetically deleted. The identity of the missing mechanism or mechanisms is unclear, but recent speculation has focused on direct modulation of spontaneous and light-activated phosphodiesterase.
Effect of Natural and Synthetic Antioxidants on the Oxidative Stability of Cooked, Frozen Pork Patties

The effect of grape seed extract (GS; 0.02%), oleoresin rosemary (OR; 0.02%), water-soluble oregano extract (WS; 0.02%), propyl gallate (PG; 0.02% of fat), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA; 0.02% of fat), and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT; 0.02% of fat) on the oxidative and color stability of precooked pork patties stored at -18 degrees C for up to 6 mo were determined. Pork lean and trim were ground and mixed (30% fat). Antioxidants mixed with salt (2%) were added. Patties were formed, cooked to 71 degrees C, over wrapped in PVC, and stored at -18 degrees C. Lipid oxidation was determined using thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and descriptive sensory evaluation. Color was determined instrumentally and visually. Samples were evaluated after 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 mo of frozen storage. Based upon TBARS values, PG (0.21 mg MDA/kg) and GS extract (0.23) had more antioxidant activity over the storage period than did WS, OR, BHA, and BHT. GS had no effect on a* or b* values. Grape seed extract (0.02%) has the potential to inhibit oxidative rancidity as well as current synthetic antioxidants.
Terahertz Transmission through Aperiodic Aperture Arrays

We demonstrate that sharp, well-defined transmission resonances occur with various classes of aperiodic aperture arrays, including quasiperiodic and approximate quasiperiodic structures. The resonance frequencies may be directly obtained from the associated aperture array structure factor.
Atomic K-shell binding energies of multiply charged neon ions studied by zero-degree Auger-electron spectroscopy

In this work we report an improved experimental determination of K-shell binding energies from Be-like ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{6+}$, B-like ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{5+}$, and C-like ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{4+}$ ground-state multiply charged ions using high- resolution Ne-K Auger-electron spectroscopy. The derived energy differences, namely, ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{6+}$ E(1${\mathit{s}}^{2}$2${\mathit{s}}^{2}$) $^{1}$S--${\mathrm{Ne}}^{7+}$ E(1s2${\mathit{s}}^{2}$${)}^{2}$S, ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{5+}$ E(1${\mathit{s}}^{2}$2${\mathit{s}}^{2}$2p) $^{2}$P\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}--${\mathrm{Ne}}^{6+}$ E(1s2${\mathit{s}}^{2}$2p) $^{3}$P\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, and ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{4+}$ E(1${\mathit{s}}^{2}$2${\mathit{s}}^{2}$2${\mathit{p}}^{2}$) $^{3}$P--${\mathrm{Ne}}^{5+}$ E(1s2${\mathit{s}}^{2}$2${\mathit{p}}^{2}$${(}^{3}$P)) $^{4}$P are 1099.1, 1048.5, and 1001.8 eV, respectively. These energies are accurate to within \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 eV. Theoretically, we have studied relativistic binding energies of ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{\mathit{q}+}$ (q=6, 5, and 4) by using the (i) saddle-point technique, (ii) 1/Z method, and (iii) multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock model. Excellent agreement with experiment is obtained.
The Roles of Leaders, Community and Religious Organizations, Consular Relationships, and Student Groups in the Emerging Leadership of Mexican Immigrants in New England

Abstract Although Mexican immigrants constitute the majority of the Latino population in the United States, in New England they are a growing minority contributing to the economic, social, and cultural development of the area. Using in-depth interviews of leaders of Mexican organizations in New England, and anecdotal, historical, and Internet data, this qualitative study analyzed how Mexican national immigrants have been organizing in New England since the late 1980 s through community, religious, and student-run organizations as well as through the support of the General Consulate of Mexico to create an emerging leadership. Tracing the development of the organizations and their identified needs and activities, the study highlights how these organizations have contributed to the emergence of a Mexican leadership with transnational and political implications in the present.
Process Improvement and Operational Efficiency through Test Result Autoverification

Through autoverification, a customized expert system within the Laboratory Information System (LIS), a computer performs the initial review and verification of test results based on a predetermined set of boundaries or rules, as established by the laboratory (1). A carefully designed system can be an important tool in addressing such crucial issues as medical errors, test turnaround time (TAT), shortages in personnel and funding, and operational efficiency. As part of an ongoing modular laboratory automation plan at John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County (JHSHCC, formerly Cook County Hospital, Chicago), autoverification was implemented in our clinical chemistry and urinalysis laboratories. JHSHCC is a large, urban, tertiary acute-care public hospital and trauma center that serves as the centerpiece of a countywide integrated healthcare delivery system. As part of the hospital’s clinical pathology service, the clinical chemistry laboratory provides more than 150 different test procedures in general chemistry, toxicology, drug screening, endocrinology, urinalysis, and blood gas analysis. The laboratory has modern, automated instrumentation, including preanalytical specimen processors (TECAN FE500), all of which are bidirectionally interfaced to the LIS (Soft Computer Consultants). In 2003, the clinical chemistry laboratory processed 1.3 million specimens (more than 6 million reportable results). The result-review/reporting process for the above workload required 14 full-time equivalents (FTE) of technical personnel. Autoverification was expected to reduce the FTEs necessary for this process. Autoverification setup and implementation required 2 FTEs in personnel over a period of 6 weeks. Automated chemistry assays were chosen for the initial autoverification attempt for several reasons, including high test volume, clearly defined reference ranges and delta checks, ability to define intermediate ranges for abnormal results, and the flagging capabilities of various automated analyzers. Urinalysis was included for the autoverification setup based on the availability of interfaced automated analyzers (IRIS 939 Udx) with which decision rules could …
Improved Spectrophotometric Determination of Amylase with a New Stable Starch Substrate Solution

A rapid spectrophotometric procedure for the determination of α-amylase activity by the use of the blue starch-triiodide ion complex is described. The method employs a Litner starch substrate solution which is preserved indefinitely by the incorporation of sorbic acid. Human cerebrospinal fluids consistently exhibit low amylase activity with the proposed method, the mean value being 2 "Somogyi" units.
Testing the Testing: Validity of a State Growth Model

Possible threats to the validity of North Carolina’s accountability model used to predict academic growth were investigated in two ways: the state’s regression equations were replicated but updated to utilize current testing data and not that from years past as in the state’s current model; and the updated equations were expanded to include additional socioeconomic, financial, and demographic variables. The updated equations were found to explain a very low proportion of the variance in growth statewide, with R 2 values ranging from .054 to .135. This suggests that the state’s model is extremely unpredictive of academic growth. The expanded equations were found to offer almost twice as much predictive power as the updated equations and, hence, the state’s model.
Is the Vitamin D Receptor Found in Muscle

The active form of vitamin D, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), is critical for the regulation of serum calcium and phosphorus levels that in turn support bone mineralization and neuromuscular activity. It is well known that vitamin D deficiency causes rachitic/osteomalacic myopathy and cardiac disorder and the provision of vitamin D can reverse the symptoms. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The question of whether the vitamin D receptor is found in muscle has been debated but not settled. We recently studied all available antibodies against the vitamin D receptor and found that most antibodies used detect proteins other than the vitamin D receptor, and therefore, the utility of these antibodies may generate the false-positive results. Using antibodies that do not detect proteins in tissues from vitamin D receptor null mice, we have developed a specific and sensitive immunohistochemical assay. The results from this investigation show that the vitamin D receptor is undetectable in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle, suggesting that the function of vitamin D on muscle is either of an indirect nature or does not involve the known receptor.
A project-based approach to teaching introductory Circuit Analysis

We present a project-based approach to teaching an introductory circuit analysis course. Traditional introductory courses emphasize analysis techniques at the expense of instilling an intuitive understanding of the problem and the underlying engineering principles. We propose that an introductory circuit analysis course should teach the inter-relationships of current, voltage, power, resistance, inductance, and capacitance both mathematically and intuitively, since much of practical circuit design is not linear and cannot be reduced to linear circuit analysis problems. The fundamentals of linear circuit analysis remain important for working with linearized models of devices and for developing closed-form solutions that develop intuitive understanding of simple circuits. We describe a revision to our Circuit Analysis I course that balances both the theoretical and intuitive aspects of circuit analysis. We have also introduced a hands-on design project to engage the students in the material and to unify the laboratory exercises. The course project also introduces students to the excitement and breadth of the field of electronics, including a basic understanding of practical devices such as diodes, transistors, oscillators, and amplifiers. We present evidence that this project-based approach has benefits that include increased student interest in electronics and improved student preparation for subsequent courses.
Evolution for everyone: how to increase acceptance of, interest in, and knowledge about evolution.

A success story about teaching evolution: when presented as unthreatening, explanatory, and useful, evolution can be easily appreciated by most people, regardless of their religious and political beliefs or prior knowledge of evolution.
A 5-bits precision CMOS bandgap reference with on-chip bi-directional resistance trimming

This paper presents the design and implementation of a high precision CMOS bandgap voltage reference. It uses an on-chip 5-bits bi-directional trimming array with 32 voltage levels to achieve process variations and temperature independence. The digitally programmable array is binary weighted for accuracy and flexibility. Implemented in a 0.5 mum 2P3M CMOS process, it consumes a total power of 7.2 mW and takes an active area of 0.024 mm2. Through trimming, the voltage temperature dependence was reduced from 102 ppm/degC to 6.2 ppm/degC within the temperature range of 10degC to 50degC.
Vibrational edge modes in intrinsically heterogeneous doped transition metal oxides

By applying an unrestricted Hartree-Fock and a random phase approximation to a multiband Peierls-Hubbard Hamiltonian, we study the phonon mode structure in models of transition metal oxides in the presence of intrinsic nanoscale inhomogeneities induced by hole doping. We identify low-frequency local vibrational modes pinned to the sharp interfaces between regions of distinct electronic structure (doped and undoped) and separated in frequency from the band of extended phonons. A characteristic of these ``edge'' modes is that their energy is essentially insensitive to the doping level. We discuss the experimental manifestations of these modes in inelastic neutron scattering and also in spin and charge excitation spectra.
SAMPLING LARGE TABLES WITH CONSTRAINTS

We describe a new sequential sampling method for constrained multi-way tables, with foundations in linear programming and sequential normal sampling. The method builds on techniques from other sequential algorithms in a way that scales well and can handle more challenging data sets. We apply the new algorithm to data to demonstrate its efficiency.
The KH-Domain Protein αCP Has a Direct Role in mRNA Stabilization Independent of Its Cognate Binding Site

Previous studies suggest that high-level stability of a subset of mammalian mRNAs is linked to a C-rich motif in the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR). High-level expression of human α-globin mRNA (hα-globin mRNA) in erythroid cells has been specifically attributed to formation of an RNA-protein complex comprised of a 3′UTR C-rich motif and an associated 39-kDa poly(C) binding protein, αCP. Documentation of this RNA-protein α-complex has been limited to in vitro binding studies, and its impact has been monitored by alterations in steady-state mRNA. Here we demonstrate that αCP is stably bound to hα-globin mRNA in vivo, that α-complex assembly on the hα-globin mRNA is restricted to the 3′UTR C-rich motif, and that α-complex assembly extends the physical half-life of hα-globin mRNA selectively in erythroid cells. Significantly, these studies also reveal that an artificially tethered αCP has the same mRNA-stabilizing activity as the native α-complex. These data demonstrate a unique contribution of the α-complex to hα-globin mRNA stability and support a model in which the sole function of the C-rich motif is to selectively tether αCP to a subset of mRNAs. Once bound, αCP appears to be fully sufficient to trigger downstream events in the stabilization pathway.
Time, Law and Responsibility: Additional Thoughts on Causality

Let me confess at the outset that the subject of causality invariably puts me in mind of Augustine’s famous complaint about the subject of time: “Quid est tempus? Si nemo a me quaeret, scio, si quaerenti explicare velin, nescio!” ([2], Bk. XI, Chap. XV). ‘What is causality?’ I inquire, warily and wearily. “If no one asks of me, I know; if I wish to explain to him who asks, I know not”. I hope that I may be excused, therefore, if in my remarks I focus less on causality narrowly conceived than on three themes sutured to the concept by the thread of everyday life.
Endocrine Pancreatic Tumors

Neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas are rare neoplasms that may arise sporadically or in association with a hereditary endocrine neoplasia syndrome. Effective management requires directed biochemical testing, careful choice of preoperative imaging tests, and complete pancreatic exploration by an experienced endocrine surgeon utilizing intraoperative ultrasound. Pancreatic endocrine tumors arising in the familial setting present unique diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas.
Dose/Response of Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Eggs and Nondiapausing and Diapausing Larvae to Fumigation with Methyl Bromide

Dose/responses of certain stages of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), to methyl bromide (MB) when fumigated at different temperatures (10, 20, or 30°C)and at normal atmospheric (NAP) or reduced (VAC) pressures were estimated. Stages and parameters tested were separated into two distinct groups. Stages in group 1 were less tolerant of MB; this group consisted of nondiapausing fifth in stars fumigated at 20 or 30°C and NAP and diapausing larvae fumigated at 20°C and VAG Stages in group 2 were more tolerant to MB. Group 2 consisted of 1- to 3-day-old eggs fumigated at 20°C and NAP, nondiapausing fifth instars fumigated at 10°Cand NAP, and diapausing larvae fumigated at 20°C and NAP. Lethal doses decreased at higher temperatures. For the same treatment and handling conditions, diapausing larvae (disturbed) were 2.3-fold more tolerant at LD50 or LD50 to MB than nondiapausing larvae. However, fumigation at a reduced pressure of 100 mm Hg significantly increased toxicity of MB. When VAC-fumigated, the response of diapausing larvae (disturbed) at LD50 or LD50 to MB was not significantly different compared with nondiapausing larvae fumigated at NAP. Handling diapausing larvae before fumigation significantly increased their susceptibility to MB, probably due to an increased rate of respiration as a result of the disturbance. Undisturbed diapausing larvae were 1.7-fold more tolerant at LD50 of MB than those disturbed due to handling within 1 day before treatment. At LD50, undisturbed diapausing larvae were 1.7-fold more tolerant than the stages in group 2 and 4.0-fold more tolerant than the stages in group 1.
Viewpoint: closing the exposure gap.

ince the 1980s, great progress has been made inenvironmental risk characterization. The National Academyof Sciences’“red book” introduced the sequence from hazardidentiﬁcation to exposure to eﬀects that has ably served as aguidepost for structuring research and providing credibleinformation for environmental decisions in both the publicand private sectors. Arguably, of the Academy’s recommenda-tions, exposure assessment has been the most eclectic and elusivecomponent. Understanding how humans and ecosystems areexposedtochemicalsisfraughtwithcomplexitiesanduncertainties. The uncertainties propagate through the riskassessment process. Indeed, exposure assessment is often therate limiting step in risk assessment.The physical and natural sciences have incrementally addedto the knowledge base for risk characterization, recorded inES&T articles for decades. This knowledge is certainlynecessary, but insuﬃcient. Besides the properties of the harmfulagent, exposure must account for the activities. Thus, exposurescience must derive information squarely from the domain ofthe social sciences. This has been known for some time, asevidenced by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencyexposure factor handbook’s
Clinical quality assurance surveillance and targeted interventions: managing unfavorable trends in a dental school clinic.

Dental schools establish quality assurance (QA) programs that are intended to improve patient care, comply with requirements of liability carriers and regulatory agencies, and maintain accreditation. Data collection, trend analysis, and interventions are typically used in QA programs to monitor and improve compliance. The purpose of this article is to discuss unfavorable trends and examine the effect of targeted interventions in three clinical operations: infection control, removable prosthodontics, and case reviews of students’ patient care in progress (interim case reviews) at a U.S. dental school. Infection control compliance was evaluated and interventions were implemented beginning in 2002 to correct unfavorable trends in two protocols: placement of students’ mobile supply cart and the use of overgloves. A predelivery esthetic consent was introduced in spring 2004 to decrease esthetic failures in removable prosthodontics. For interim case reviews, two areas received interventions going back to 2003: reevaluation following initial periodontal therapy and orthodontic screening. The data presented are not meant to show conclusive success of particular interventions, but to display broad trends and suggest methods to manage quality assurance parameters. These trends suggest we had better success with the interventions that were simple, valuable, measurable, and repeatable than with interventions that less fit these criteria.
China′s economic security in globalized economy: its risk and countermeasures

With the development of economy globalization, the survival and development of the economy of a nation is more and more influenced by the international political economy. China would be faced with more severe challenge concerning its economic safety after its participation in WTO. The reason is that the process of economic globalization and the economic liberalization tends to accelerate and thus it gives more pressure to the economy opening of our country; the further strengthening tendency of the international monopolistic force will seriously threaten the industrial safety of our country; the gradual fusion of China into the international financial system requires us to pay more attention to and study the problem of the financial safety.
Evaluation on Control Effect of Occupational Hazards in an Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether Acetate Production Project

[Objective]To evaluate the control effect of occupational hazards in an ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate production project[Methods]The combination of occupational health investigation,occupational health detection,check list analysis and medical examination was adopted.[Results]The concentration(intensity) of chemical poisons,noise,power frequency electric field in this construction project accorded with the requirements of national occupational health standards.[Conclusion]The control effect of occupational hazards in this construction project is effective and feasible.
Cerebral Blood Flow Xenon-133

The technique of using the intra-arterial clearance method with the diffusible, inert gas 133Xe to measure rCBF has been well established over the past 30 years. By using this method, equations for calculation of rCBF are not very complicated. Because 133Xe is a low gamma emitter and small doses are used, the risk of radiation exposure to the patient and to medical personnel is quite small. Given this fact, it is less harmful than cerebral angiography which requires higher doses of radiation and much larger volumes of injected contrast media. The primary limitation is the "look-through" phenomenon in which the calculated rCBF might not truly represent areas (lesions) of low flow. The magnitude of change or level of rCBF, however, can have an important neurologic meaning. The assessment of collateral flow either during balloon occlusion study or during carotid surgery is of very important clinical value in the interest of the patient's well-being.
Ionic liquids as pharmaceutical salts: A historical perspective

Design and synthesis of pharmaceutically acceptable salts is one of the prime aspect of drug development. An estimated half of all drugs used in medicine are administered as salts. The salt formation of drug candidates has been recognized as an essential preformulation task. Salt formation of APIs can improve their aqueous solubility, industrial processing, safety aspects and sometimes biological properties. These properties can be further enhanced by changing counterion of the active component. Though there is no concerned effort of finding applications of ionic liquids in the pharmaceutical arena in recent years, a detailed survey of the literature shows that pharmaceutical salts having properties now termed as 'ionic liquids' have existed for a long time. In this chapter a historical overview of 'ionic liquid like pharmaceutical salts', their importance and application in drug development has been described.
Hydrodynamic diffusion in active microrheology of non-colloidal suspensions: the role of interparticle forces

Hydrodynamic diffusion in the absence of Brownian motion is studied via active microrheology in the ‘pure-hydrodynamic’ limit, with a view towards elucidating the transition from colloidal microrheology to the non-colloidal limit, falling-ball rheometry. The phenomenon of non-Brownian force-induced diffusion in falling-ball rheometry is strictly hydrodynamic in nature; in contrast, analogous force-induced diffusion in colloids is deeply connected to the presence of a diffusive boundary layer even when Brownian motion is very weak compared with the external force driving the ‘probe’ particle. To connect these two limits, we derive an expression for the force-induced diffusion in active microrheology of hydrodynamically interacting particles via the Smoluchowski equation, where thermal fluctuations play no role. While it is well known that the microstructure is spherically symmetric about the probe in this limit, fluctuations in the microstructure need not be – and indeed lead to a diffusive spread of the probe trajectory. The force-induced diffusion is anisotropic, with components along and transverse to the line of external force. The latter is identically zero owing to the fore–aft symmetry of pair trajectories in Stokes flow. In a naive first approach, the vanishing relative hydrodynamic mobility at contact between the probe and an interacting bath particle was assumed to eliminate all physical contribution from interparticle forces, whereby advection alone drove structural evolution in pair density and microstructural fluctuations. With such an approach, longitudinal force-induced diffusion vanishes in the absence of Brownian motion, a result that contradicts well-known experimental measurements of such diffusion in falling-ball rheometry. To resolve this contradiction, the probe–bath-particle interaction at contact was carefully modelled via an excluded annulus. We find that interparticle forces play a crucial role in encounters between particles in the hydrodynamic limit – as they must, to balance the advective flux. Accounting for this force results in a longitudinal force-induced diffusion , where is the probe size, is the Stokes velocity and is the volume fraction of bath particles, in excellent qualitative and quantitative agreement with experimental measurements in, and theoretical predictions for, macroscopic falling-ball rheometry. This new model thus provides a continuous connection between micro- and macroscale rheology, as well as providing important insight into the role of interparticle forces for diffusion and rheology even in the limit of pure hydrodynamics: interparticle forces give rise to non-Newtonian rheology in strongly forced suspensions. A connection is made between the flow-induced diffusivity and the intrinsic hydrodynamic microviscosity which recovers a precise balance between fluctuation and dissipation in far from equilibrium suspensions; that is, diffusion and drag arise from a common microstructural origin even far from equilibrium.
A Hit on American Football: A Case Study of Bottom-up Framing Through Op-Ed Readers’ Comments

In December 2015, the movie Concussion was released. The film portrayed the story of Dr Bennet Omalu, who is credited with discovering chromic traumatic encephalopathy in the brains of deceased National Football League players. Before the release, on December 7, 2015, Omalu penned an op-ed in The New York Times in which he opined that children should not play tackle football. This research explores 114 reader comments on Omalu’s op-ed through the lens of Nisbet’s bottom-up framing. Using a mixed-methods approach, the results indicated that participants framed the issue through health and safety, American cultural values, parenting liability, and skepticism. Linguistic analysis revealed that comments contained a negative tone, with women’s comments being more negative than men’s. The analysis suggests that online news forums function as spaces where public deliberation around the viability of children playing tackle football occurs and illustrates the tensions around risk, sport participation, and health a...
Substance abuse treatment services for pregnant women: Psychosocial and behavioral approaches

Women who use tobacco, alcohol and drugs during pregnancy are at increased risk of maternal and fetal morbidity. Universal screening using empirically validated approaches can improve identification of substance-using pregnant women and facilitate comprehensive assessment of treatment needs. There is strong evidence for effectiveness of psychosocial and behavioral substance abuse treatments across a range of intensities and levels of care. In addition to addressing substance use, services for co-occurring psychiatric disorders, trauma exposure, and prenatal care are important components of coordinated systems of care. More research on and greater access to evidence-based interventions is needed for this underserved population.
Psychosocial risk factors and Alzheimer's disease: the associative effect of depression, sleep disturbance, and anxiety.

Objectives: Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia is a neurodegenerative condition, which leads to impairments in memory. This study predicted that sleep disturbance, depression, and anxiety increase t...
Trends in urinary arsenic among the U.S. population by drinking water source: Results from the National Health and Nutritional Examinations Survey 2003-2014.

Abstract Background In 2001, the United States revised the arsenic maximum contaminant level for public drinking water systems from 50 µg/L to 10 µg/L. This study aimed to examine temporal trends in urinary arsenic concentrations in the U.S. population from 2003 to 2014 by drinking water source among individuals aged 12 years and older who had no detectable arsenobetaine - a biomarker of arsenic exposure from seafood intake. Methods We examined data from 6 consecutive cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003–2014; N=5848). Total urinary arsenic (TUA) was calculated by subtracting arsenobetaine’s limit of detection and detectable arsenocholine from total arsenic. Additional sensitivity analyses were conducted using a second total urinary arsenic index (TUA2, calculated by adding arsenite, arsenate, monomethylarsonic acid, dimethylarsinic acid). We classified drinking water source using 24-h dietary questionnaire data as community supply (n=3427), well or rain cistern (n=506), and did not drink tap water (n=1060). Results Geometric means (GM) of survey cycles were calculated from multivariate regression models adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity, BMI, income, creatinine, water source, type of water consumed, recent smoking, and consumption of seafood, rice, poultry, and juice. Compared to 2003–2004, adjusted TUA was 35.5% lower in 2013–2014 among the general U.S. population. Stratified analysis by smoking status indicated that the trend in lower TUA was only consistent among non-smokers. Compared to 2003–2004, lower adjusted TUA was observed in 2013–2014 among non-smoking participants who used community water supplies (1.98 vs 1.16 µg/L, p Conclusions Overall, urinary arsenic levels in the U.S. population declined over a 12-year period that encompassed the adoption of the revised Arsenic Rule. The most consistent trends in declining exposure were observed among non-smoking individuals using public community water systems. These results suggest regulation and prevention strategies to reduce arsenic exposures in the U.S. may be succeeding.
Dermatology ECHO - an innovative solution to address limited access to dermatology expertise.

Introduction The present maldistribution of dermatologists in the USA may make it difficult for patients to access timely and quality care. Access to specialty care may be even more challenging for rural and underserved patients due to geographical limitations and other socioeconomic hardships. With over one-third of primary care patients seeking care for at least one skin problem, it is important to follow the American Academy of Dermatology Special Positioning Workgroup\'s core areas of impact regarding treatment of conditions that affect millions of patients by using a team-based approach and telemedicine technologies. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the Dermatology Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes (ECHO) project approach in multidisciplinary telementoring and education of primary care providers (PCPs) in treatment and management of complex, costly, and common skin diseases via live interactive video technologies. Methods Dermatology ECHO is a distance education telementoring platform that uses a multidisciplinary case-based approach in a non-judgemental environment. A team of specialists, including general dermatologists, pediatric dermatologists, a dermatopathologist, a clinical psychologist, and a nurse practitioner, meets via video with a number of PCPs from isolated, rural, or underserved areas to discuss de-identified patient cases and present dermatology-specific continuing medical education (CME)-approved didactic presentations. The University of Missouri, Department of Dermatology, leads the first Dermatology ECHO in the USA. They partner with various primary care clinics across Missouri to provide mentoring in the treatment of skin conditions. Missouri Telehealth Network provides operational support through the Show-Me ECHO project. The network also assists with provider recruitment activities. Results The authors describe a patient case to illustrate the effect of ECHO on provider distance learning and patient outcomes. A 69-year-old woman from rural Missouri was spurred by a rooster. She presented to her primary care clinic six times over a 2-month period. She was prescribed several different medications and underwent tests and one procedure, including vaccination. After the patient\'s case was presented during the Dermatology ECHO session, she was correctly diagnosed with a Mycobacterium skin infection, and new recommendations were made. The patient improved significantly within 2 weeks. Conclusions As specialty medical evidence-based recommendations continue to increase, providers practicing in isolated rural and underserved areas may find it challenging to keep up with the new knowledge. Dermatology ECHO creates a community of practice that allows participating providers to discuss complex cases, receive specific guidance and mentoring, and participate in CME presentations. The case presented here supports the authors\' observations that Dermatology ECHO is an appropriate platform for learning evidence-based medical knowledge via videoconferencing technology.
Janus Graft Block Copolymers: Design of a Polymer Architecture for Independently Tuned Nanostructures and Polymer Properties.

The graft-through synthesis of Janus graft block copolymers (GBCPs) from branched macromonomers composed of various combinations of homopolymers is presented. Self-assembly of GBCPs resulted in ordered nanostructures with ultra-small domain sizes down to 2.8 nm (half-pitch). The grafted architecture introduces an additional parameter, the backbone length, which enables control over the thermomechanical properties and processability of the GBCPs independently of their self-assembled nanostructures. The simple synthetic route to GBCPs and the possibility of using a variety of polymer combinations contribute to the universality of this technique.
Melt-front propagation and velocity profiles in packed beds of phase-change materials measured by magnetic resonance imaging

Abstract Fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics in packed beds are of importance in many fields of study. However, experimental characterization and model validation of the numerical methods used to study packed beds is difficult. Utilizing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), we present a novel approach to track the melt front (and thus melt temperature) in a non-isothermal packed bed. The approach tracks the melt front through packed beds of wax encapsulated phase change material (PCM) by taking advantage of the change in T 2 associated with phase change. Additionally, velocity maps of the flow in the pore space of the same packed bed sample are obtained. The approach uses the 1 H signal from the PCM packing and the 19 F signal from the flowing fluid to allow monitoring of both particle bed structure/phase and flow velocities in the same sample with the use of a dual tune coil. Together, this information can be used to probe the heat transfer characteristics of packed beds experimentally.
Physicians’ specialty choice and specialty income

Physicians have been labelled at various times as being in short supply, although the current view of policymakers is that recent shortages have been confined to particular specialties and certain medically underserved locations. The primary care specialties — general practice, family practice, internal medicine, pediatrics and OB/GYN — have been singled out as being shortage specialties. Recent federal projections of physician surpluses, along with substantial reductions in federal support for medical education, have provided added impetus to a reexamination of medical school admissions criteria and their role in effectively matching medical school graduates with the medical needs of society.
Biology of Injury and Repair of Soft Tissues of the Shoulder

Pathologies of the shoulder, especially rotator cuff (RC) tears, are increasing in the ageing population. The biology of the different shoulder pathologies is complex and remains poorly defined. However, the understanding of the mechanisms that lead to pathologic changes and healing can lead us to better techniques for treating pathologies of the shoulder. Many factors have been implicated in the development of degenerative changes in the shoulder but also in the healing process. This chapter will outline what we currently understand about the biology of different shoulder pathologies including those of the rotator cuff (RC), the long head of the biceps, and the glenoid labrum.
Learning from Others' Outcomes

I develop a simple model of social learning in which players observe others' outcomes but not their actions. A continuum of players arrives continuously over time, and each player chooses once-and-for-all between a safe action (which succeeds with known probability) and a risky action (which succeeds with fixed but unknown probability, depending on the state of the world). The actions also differ in their costs. Before choosing, a player observes the outcomes of K earlier players. There is always an equilibrium in which success is more likely in the good state, and this alignment property holds whenever the initial generation of players is not well-informed about the state. In the case of an outcome-improving innovation (where the risky action may yield a higher probability of success), players take the correct action as K → ∞. In the case of a cost-saving innovation (where the risky action involves saving a cost but accepting a lower probability of success), inefficiency persists as K → ∞ in any aligned equilibrium. Whether inefficiency takes the form of under-adoption or over-adoption also depends on the nature of the innovation. Convergence of the population to equilibrium may be non-monotone.
Temporal variability largely explains top-down/bottom-up difference in methane emission estimates from a natural gas production region

This study spatially and temporally aligns top-down and bottom-up methane emission estimates for a natural gas production basin, using multiscale emission measurements and detailed activity data reporting. We show that episodic venting from manual liquid unloadings, which occur at a small fraction of natural gas well pads, drives a factor-of-two temporal variation in the basin-scale emission rate of a US dry shale gas play. The midafternoon peak emission rate aligns with the sampling time of all regional aircraft emission studies, which target well-mixed boundary layer conditions present in the afternoon. A mechanistic understanding of emission estimates derived from various methods is critical for unbiased emission verification and effective greenhouse gas emission mitigation. Our results demonstrate that direct comparison of emission estimates from methods covering widely different timescales can be misleading.
Effect of delaying chemotherapy on survival outcomes in the treatment of stage IV non-small cell lung cancer.

e19092 Background: Whether a delay in the initiation of systemic chemotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) can affect overall survival (OS) is not well studied. In this study we ...
Amended Returns - Imposing a Duty to Correct Material Mistakes

The amended returns proposal would create a duty for a taxpayer to correct material factual errors on its tax return when the error is discovered. Failure to correct an erroneous but innocent representation is considered to be a form of deceit in American tort and contract law.The proposal is made as a part of the Shelf Project, a collaboration by tax professionals to develop and perfect proposals to help Congress when it needs to raise revenue. Shelf Project proposals are intended to raise revenue, defend the tax base, follow the money, and improve the rationality and efficiency of the tax system. The tax community can propose, follow, or edit proposals at http://www.taxshelf.org. A longer description of the Shelf Project can be found at ‘‘The Shelf Project: Revenue-Raising Projects That Defend the Tax Base,’’ Tax Notes, Dec. 10, 2007, p. 1077, Doc 2007-22632, 2007 TNT 238-37.Shelf Project proposals follow the format of a congressional tax committee report in explaining current law, what is wrong with it, and how to fix it.Copyright 2008 T. Keith Fogg and Calvin H. Johnson.