cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A simple model for cortical orientation selectivity

A simple mathematical model for the large-scale circuitry of primary visual cortex is introduced. It is shown that a basic cortical architecture of recurrent local excitation and lateral inhibition can account quantitatively for such properties as orientation tuning. Non-local coupling between similar orientation patches, when added to the model, can satisfactorily reproduce such effects as non-local iso-orientation suppression, and non-local cross-orientation enhancement. Following this an account is given of perceptual phenomena such as the direct and indirect tilt illusions.
Synthesis, structure, and reactions of a copper–sulfido cluster comprised of the parent Cu2S unit: {(NHC)Cu}2(μ-S)

The synthesis of the first CuI2(μ-S) complex, {(IPr*)Cu}2(μ-S) (IPr* = 1,3-bis(2,6-(diphenylmethyl)-4-methylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene; 1), has been accomplished via three synthetic routes: (1) salt metathesis between (IPr*)CuCl and Na2S; (2) silyl-deprotection reaction between (IPr*)Cu(SSiMe3) and (IPr*)CuF; and (3) acid-base reaction between (IPr*)Cu(SH) and (IPr*)Cu(O t Bu). The X-ray crystal structure of 1 exhibits two two-coordinate copper centers connected by a bent Cu-S-Cu linkage. Application of these synthetic routes to analogous precursors containing the sterically smaller ligand IPr (1,3-bis(2,6-di-isopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene), in place of IPr*, resulted in the formation of a transient product proposed as {(IPr)Cu}2(μ-S) (2), which decomposes quickly in solution. The instability of 2 probably results from the insufficient steric protection provided by IPr ligands to the unsaturated Cu2(μ-S) core; in contrast, 1 is stable both in solution and solid state for weeks. The nucleophilic sulfido ligand in 1 reacts with haloalkyl electrophiles (benzyl halides and dibromoalkanes) with formation of C-S bonds, affording (IPr*)Cu(SCH2Ph) and cyclic thioethers, respectively.
Considerations for pacing of the cricoarytenoid dorsalis muscle by neuroprosthesis in horses.

Summary Reasons for performing study: The success rate of prosthetic laryngoplasty is limited and may be associated with significant sequelae. Nerve muscle pedicle transplantation has been attempted but requires a year before function is restored. Objective: To determine the optimal parameters for functional electrical stimulation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in horses. Methods: An experimental in vivo study was performed on 7 mature horses (2–21 years). A nerve cuff was placed on the distal end of the common trunk of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). In 6 horses the ipsilateral adductor branch of RLN was also transected. The electrodes were connected to programmable internal stimulator. Stimulation was performed using cathodic phase and then biphasic pulses at 24 Hz with a 0.427 ms pulse duration. Stimulation-response experiments were performed at monthly intervals, from one week following implantation. The study continued until unit failure or the end of project (12 months). Two of the horses were stimulated continuously for 60 min to assess onset of fatigue. Results: Excellent arytenoid cartilage abduction (mean arytenoid angle of 52.7°, range 48.5–56.2°) was obtained in 6 horses (laryngeal grades I or II (n = 3) and III (n = 2). Poor abduction was obtained in grade IV horses (n = 2). Arytenoid abduction was maintained for up to a year in one horse. Technical implant failure resulted in loss of abduction in 6 horses at one week to 11 months post operatively. Mean tissue impedance was 1.06 kOhm (range 0.64–1.67 kOhm) at one week, twice this value at 2 months (mean 2.32, range 1.11–3.75 kOhm) and was stable thereafter. Maximal abduction was achieved at a stimulation range of 0.65–7.2 mA. No electrical leakage was observed. Constant stimulation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve for 60 min led to full abduction without evidence of muscle fatigue. Conclusions: Functional electrical stimulation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve leading to full arytenoid abduction can be achieved. The minimal stimulation amplitude for maximal abduction angle is slightly higher than those for man and dogs. Clinical relevance: This treatment modality could eventually be applicable to horses with recurrent laryngeal neuropathy.
Stable compliance control and its implementation for a 6 DOF manipulator

The authors propose and analyze a method for position-based compliance control with position gain control. It is shown that, for a stiff manipulator, the stable regions of desired compliance are extended by adjusting the internal position feedback gain to a level suitable to the desired compliance. The stable regions in an infinitely stiff environment for various position feedback gains are also described. This position-gain control method was implemented in a compliance-controller consisting of a few microprocessors and a 2-MFLOPS (million floating-point operations per second) floating-point processor. It can control the compliance of an industrial manipulator with six degrees of freedom at a frequency of 500 Hz. As a result of an experiment in which the manipulator under the compliance control was in contact with an infinitely stiff object, it was confirmed that the motion of the manipulator was stable when the compliance parameters were within the theoretically stable region. >
Corticosterone's metabolite is an agonist for Na+ transport stimulation in A6 cells

This study tests the hypothesis, in A6 epithelia, that 1) corticosterone stimulates active Na+ transport (short-circuit current, Isc) by an additional receptor mechanism to the type I (mineralocorticoid) and type II (glucocorticoid) mechanisms shared with aldosterone (Aldo) and 2) that the agonist may be 6 beta-OH-corticosterone made in the effector cell. The dose-response relationship of corticosterone at 24 h resolves into two components, by curve fitting, with a 50% effective concentration (EC50) for 10% of maximum Isc stimulation of 2 X 10(-9) M and an EC50 for the other 90% of 3 X 10(-7) M. The EC50 of the smaller component correlates with the apparent dissociation constant (K'd) of corticosterone for high affinity (type II) nuclear binding sites shared with Aldo. In unlabeled analogue competition studies Aldo and corticosterone displaced nuclear binding equally below 10(-8) M [3H]corticosterone, indicating only shared sites. However, nonshared saturable sites (displaced by corticosterone but not by ...
Sleep disturbance and its association with suicidal ideation in veterans

Suicide is a major public health focus with increasing importance among veterans. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and alcohol use are associated with increased rates of suicidal thoughts, with some indications that suicide is also linked to sleep disturbance. The current study examined the association of sleep disturbance with suicidal ideation (SI) among 654 veterans. Logistic regression revealed that after controlling for age, alcohol dependence, depression, and PTSD, sleep disturbance remained associated with SI. In this sample of veterans, the relationship of sleep disturbance to SI does not appear to be solely attributable to comorbid factors. Identification of sleep difficulties may aid in the early detection of SI, allowing for intervention prior to symptom escalation.
Service-Oriented Architecture for SPDFLOW: A Healthcare Workflow System for Sterile Processing Departments

Healthcare workflow has recently become an enabling technology in the healthcare industry to automate processes, improve care quality, and enhances patient safety. Although some work has been done on healthcare workflow for some departments of a hospital, automating processes and improving patient safety in the Sterile Processing Department (SPD) is still an open problem. The main contributions of this paper are: i) we identify the main factors and issues in the current practice of a sterile processing department that compromise patient safety; ii) we propose to address these issues using healthcare workflow and identify the key architectural requirements for a healthcare workflow system for SPDs; iii) based on these requirements, we propose a service-oriented architecture and validate it with our SPD workflow prototyping system, SPDFLOW. To our best knowledge, SPDFLOW is the first effort in exploring healthcare workflow technology in the SPD domain.
A Survey of Truncation Error Analysis for Padé and Continued Fraction Approximants

Many important functions\(f\left( z \right)\) of mathematical physics, chemistry, engineering, and statistics are represented by convergent sequences \(\left\{ {fn\left( z \right)} \right\} \) of rational functions that are entries of a (1-point or multipoint) Pade table for \(f\left( z \right)\) In most cases of practicalinterest \(\left\{ {{{f}_{n}}\left( z \right)} \right\} \) is the sequence of approximants of a continued fraction (see, e.g., [1],[37], [45] and references contained therein). One reason for the importance of Pade tables and related continued fractions is that sequences of their approximants may converge in larger regions of the complex plane C than the power series expansion, which may not converge at all. Also the algorithmic character of continued fractions and Pade approximants provides efficient methods for the computation of special functions.
Clustering and precipitation in neutron irradiated low copper and copper-free steels and model alloys

The role of copper in the embrittlement of A533B and related steels used as the pressure vessels of nuclear reactors has been the subject of numerous atom probe investigations. As copper is deleterious to the mechanical properties of these neutron irradiated steels, some copper-free and low copper alloys have been investigated with the local electrode atom probe to ascertain if any other types of precipitates or clusters form with the other alloying elements. These model alloys were specifically designed to search for radiation enhanced precipitation of various phases (phosphides, silicides and manganese-nickel precipitates) in copper-free and low copper alloys.
Molecular characterization of KLHL3, a human homologue of the Drosophila kelch gene.

Abstract The Drosophila kelch protein is a structural component of ring canals and is required for oocyte maturation. Here, we report the cloning and genomic structure of a new human homologue of kelch, KLHL3. At the amino acid level, KLHL3 shares 77% similarity with Drosophila kelch and 89% similarity with Mayven (KLHL2), another human kelch homolog. The ∼6.5-kb mRNA has a single open reading frame encoding a protein of 587 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 650 kDa. Like kelch and KLHL2, the KLHL3 protein contains a poxvirus and zinc finger domain at the N-terminus and six tandem repeats (kelch repeats) at the C-terminus. At least three isoforms, which differ in the length of the N-terminus, are produced and may be the result of alternative promoter usage. We also identified alternative polyadenylation sites and alternative splicing; thus, as many as 12 mRNA variants and six putative protein isoforms could be produced. The KLHL3 gene is mapped to human chromosome 5, band q31, contains 17 exons, and spans ∼120 kb of genomic DNA. KLHL3 maps within the smallest commonly deleted segment in myeloid leukemias characterized by a deletion of 5q; however, we detected no inactivating mutations of KLHL3 in malignant myeloid disorders with loss of 5q.
First report of powdery mildew on Ruth's golden aster (Pityopsis ruthii) caused by Golovinomyces cichoracearum (Erysiphe cichoracearum).

Ruth's golden aster (Pityopsis ruthii (Small) Small: Asteraceae) is an endangered, herbaceous perennial that occurs only at a few sites along small reaches of the Hiwassee and Ocoee rivers in Polk County, Tennessee. As part of a planned restoration program, Ruth's golden aster has been micropropagated in vitro and acclimatized to greenhouse conditions. In February 2011, several established plants in a greenhouse in Knoxville, TN exhibited signs and symptoms of powdery mildew including growth of white mycelium and conidiophores on the adaxial surface of leaves and slight curling upward of leaf margins. Mycelium was superficial and nipple-shaped appressoria were present. Mycelia, conidiophores, and conidia were removed from several leaves, mounted in water, and examined microscopically. Cylindrical to ovoid conidia (n = 100) lacking fibrosin bodies were borne in chains and had a mean length of 32.0 μm (19.2 to 38.7 μm) and width of 14.9 μm (6.3 to 21.2 μm). The description and dimension of the conidia agree...
Innate immunity: sensing the environment and regulating the regulators.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Innate immune cells act as sensors for environmental pathogens and key regulators of pathogen-specific T-cell effector responses. The expression of Toll-like receptors is essential for these functions. Innate immunity is a rapidly evolving field. Great progress has been made in the past year in characterizing the signaling pathways downstream of Toll-like receptors, and the role of Toll-like receptors in the regulation of pathogen responses. RECENT FINDINGS The ability to control the activation of regulatory T cells has emerged as a key function of innate immunity. Regulatory T cells are involved in the induction of tolerance and the prevention of harmful immune pathology, particularly T-cell responses directed against self-antigens. Toll-like receptor-mediated interactions between pathogen-stimulated innate immune cells and regulatory T cells result in the release of suppression by regulatory T cells, thus allowing pathogen-specific responses. However, pathogenic microorganisms may exploit this interaction to evade the host's response. In addition, recent studies raise the possibility that regulatory T cells may express some Toll-like receptor family members, thereby responding directly to pathogens. SUMMARY A deeper understanding of the complex role of innate immune cells as sensors of the environment and regulators of pathogen responses will probably influence the current models of immune regulation, particularly those centered on the role of the environment in shaping immune responses.
Light and Electron Microscope Observations on Nosema nelsoni Sprague, 1950 (Microsporida, Nosematidae) with Particular Reference to its Golgi Complex*

SYNOPSIS. A species of Nosema in the muscles of the North American white shrimp, generally known as Penaeus setiferus but also known as P. fluviatilis, appears identical with type specimens of N. nelsoni Sprague, 1950, in P. aztecus. Its Golgi apparatus, as seen in the sporoblast, is a complex system of cisternae, small vesicles and expanded sacs which plays a major role in spore morphogenesis. It transforms directly into the polaroplast complex, certain membranous investments of the polar filament, the polar sac and perhaps part of the posterior vacuolar system. Probably the polar sac contains the polar cap. The PAS-positive material in both the cap and the filament may be a component of the Golgi complex. This new concept of the Golgi complex supplements our earlier view of spore morphogenesis according to which the polar filament is of nuclear origin. It also reconciles the idea with Vavra's identification of Golgi vesicles associated with the developing polar filament.
USING MARK-RECAPTURE METHODOLOGY TO ESTIMATE THE SIZE OF A POPULATION AT RISK FOR SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES

To study the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) using social/sexual mixing models, one must have quantitative information about sexual mixing. An unavoidable complication in gathering such information by survey is that members of the surveyed population will almost certainly have sexual contacts outside that population. The number of these outsiders may be substantial and, hence, important for the modelling process. In this paper, we develop a mark-recapture model for estimating the size of the population at risk for contracting a STD due to direct sexual contact with a specified population targeted by a survey. This mark-recapture methodology provides a reliable method of estimating the number of outsiders. Because not everyone in the targeted population may be sexually active, the size of the sexually active subset, used as the number marked in our tag-recapture formulation, must be estimated, which introduces extra variability. We derive an estimator of the variance of the estimated total number at risk that accounts for this extra variability and an expression for the bias of that estimator. We extend the methodology to stratified surveys and illustrate its use with data collected from a population of university undergraduates to estimate sexual mixing parameters of a deterministic model of the spread of STDs.
Rational design of self-cleaving pre-tRNA-ribonuclease P RNA conjugates.

Ribonuclease P (RNaseP) generates the mature 5' end of tRNAs by removing 5'leader sequences from pre-tRNAs. In vitro, the RNA subunit is sufficient to catalyze this reaction and is therefore a ribozyme. The kinetic analysis of RNase P-mediated catalysis is complicated because product release is normally rate-limiting. Furthermore, the intermolecular nature of the cleavage reaction precludes many applications of in vitro selection schemes to the analysis of RNaseP. To examine and manipulate the RNase P function more effectively, we designed a pair of ribozymes in which the RNase P RNA is covalently linked to a pre-tRNA substrate. To facilitate intramolecular cleavage, pre-tRNA molecules were tethered to circulatory permuted RNaseP RNA molecules at nucleotides implicated in substrate binding. These "active-site-tethered" pre-tRNA-RNaseP RNA conjugates undergo accurate and efficient self-cleavage in vitro, with first-order reaction rates equivalent to the rate of the chemical step of the native RNase P reaction. Unlike most ribozymes, RNase P recognizes its substrate through tertiary RNA-RNA interactions, rather than through extensive Watson-Crick base-pairing. However, the development of the active-site-tethered conjugates has led us to create a sequence-specific endonuclease, termed Endo.P. In the Endo.P configuration, the 3'half of the pre-tRNA acceptor stem binds exogenous RNA substrates via Watson-Crick base-pairing; the bound substrate is subsequently cleaved at the predicted site. The demonstration of sequence-specific cleavage by Endo.P expands the potential of RNase P and its derivatives as reagents in gene therapy.
A new criterion for investigating the characteristics of linear systems

A criterion which guarantees complete controllability and complete observability of linear systems is derived. It is shown that if the output covariance of the system, when excited by stationary white noise, be separable and the components of the separating vectors be linearly independent, then the system is completely controllable and observable. This criterion is specially significant in designing shaping filters, or whitening filters when the only known information is the output covariance of the system.
Sirtuin inhibitor sirtinol is an intracellular iron chelator

Sirtinol is a known inhibitor of sirtuin proteins, a family of deacetylases involved in the pathophysiology of aging. Spectroscopic and structural data reveal that this compound is also an iron chelator forming high-spin ferric species in vitro and in cultured leukemia cells. Interactions with the highly regulated iron pool therefore contribute to its overall intracellular agenda.
Synthesis of New Trans Double-Bond Sphingolipid Analogues: Δ4,6 and Δ6 Ceramides

Unsaturation was introduced at Δ4,6 and Δ6 of the sphingoid chain of naturally occurring ceramide 1 via a β-keto sulfoxide (12) and sulfone (18) derived from N-Boc-l-serine methyl ester acetonide (9), affording two novel ceramide analogues, (2S,3R)-2-octanoylamidooctadeca-(4E,6E)-diene-1,3-diol (2) and (2S,3R)-2-octanoylamidooctadec-(6E)-ene-1,3-diol (3). After C-alkylation of 12 with (E)-1-bromo-2-tetradecene (8), a trans double bond was installed by elimination of PhS(O)H, providing conjugated dienone oxazolidine 13. Reaction of 18 with 8, followed by desulfonation (Al(Hg)), afforded keto-oxazolidine 20, which bears a (E)-Δ6 double bond. The syntheses of analogues 2 and 3 from ketones 13 and 20, respectively, were completed by the following sequence of reactions: diastereoselective reduction (NaBH4/CeCl3 or DIBAL-H), hydrolysis of the oxazolidine ring, liberation of the amino group, and installation of the N-amide group.
Persistent Increases in Basal Cerebral Metabolic Activity Induced by Morphine Sensitization

To characterize the underlying neuroanatomic substrate of morphine (MS) sensitization, changes in the local cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (LCMRglu) were examined in 95 brain regions of male F-344 rats using the 2-deoxy-D-[1-14C]glucose method. The results of these experiments demonstrate that MS-induced sensitization is manifested by increases in basal metabolic activity that last for at least 6 days. Although changes in basal metabolic rate were found to be more extensive in the presence of conditioned cues, the increases in LCMRglu in nonconditioned sensitized rats indicate a basic underlying pharmacologic effect of MS sensitization on basal brain activity. Regions in which MS sensitization had a lasting pharmacologic effect include the shell of the nucleus accumbens, the prelimbic area of the prefrontal cortex, and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Interestingly, the core of the nucleus accumbens and regions of the caudate were found to have an increased LCMRglu only in the presence of conditioned cues, indicating conditioned brain activity without observable changes in behavior. The previous administration of an MS-sensitizing treatment was also found to alter the cerebral metabolic response to a subsequent acute MS challenge (0.5 mg/kg, subcutaneously), most notably in forebrain systems. The more widespread activation of brain structures in the basal state in the presence of conditioned cues suggests that these MS-sensitized rats may model an altered brain state related to craving in the abstinent opiate addict.
A new approach to database logic

We propose here a data model that generalizes the relational, hierarchical, and network models. A database scheme in this model is a directed graph, where leaves represent data and internal nodes represent connections between the data. Instances are constructed from r-values, which constitute the data space, and l-values, which constitute the address space. We define a logic for the model, and describe a non-procedural quary language that is based on the logic. Finally, we describe an algebraic query language and show that it is equivalent to the logical language.
POTENTIAL ENERGY SURFACES FOR DISSOCIATION REACTIONS OF HIGH-ENERGY ISOMERS OF N2O2

The kinetic stability with respect to dissociation to two NO molecules was studied for several high-energy isomers of N2O2 using multiconfigurational wave functions. All of these isomers are 50−80 kcal/mol higher in energy than 2NO. Three N2O2 isomers (a four-membered D2h isomer, a planar C2v isomer, and a bicyclic C2v isomer) are found to be kinetically stable: the estimated barriers to dissociation are about 40 kcal/mol for the D2h isomer and about 20 kcal/mol for each of the other two isomers. Reaction paths for their dissociation were determined using the intrinsic reaction coordinate method and multiconfigurational wave functions.
A new shield for gamma-ray spectrometry

Gamma-ray shield that can be evacuated, refilled with a clean gas, and pressurized for exclusion of airborne radioactive contaminants effectively lowers background noise. Under working conditions, repeated evacuation and filling procedures have not adversely affected the sensitivity and resolution of the crystal detector.
Toxicity of Fractionated and Degraded Mexican Marigold Floral Extract to Adult Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Floral extract of Mexican marigold, Tagetes minuta (L.), was toxic to adult male and female maize weevils, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, under illuminated and dark conditions. The LD 50 values ranged from 35 to 47 μg per weevil across sex and photoperiod, whereas LD 99 values ranged from 319 to 816 μg per weevil. Fractionation tended to decrease toxicity. Generally, both sexes were similarly susceptible to a given treatment. Although the original extract and certain fractions probably contained photoactive thiophenes, which are toxic to certain larval Lepidoptera, there was no obvious effect of illumination on toxicity for this beetle species. Air exposure for 24 h, in the presence or absence of light, greatly reduced the toxicity of the unfractionated extract. Chromatographic profiles indicated that fractionation procedures had a significant effect on sample composition and on the amount of nonvolatile material. Air exposure for 24 h had a much more dramatic effect, with concomitant 365-nm UVA or incandescent light causing even greater degradation. Degradation under illumination is the end result of the process that causes photoactivation in susceptible species. Apparently, S. zeamais was not adversely affected by the amount of photoactivation that occurred as the extracts or fractions were degrading under our test conditions. These results are discussed in terms of maximizing the control potential of labile material in subsistence agriculture, particularly when purification is required to remove undesired compounds.
The Logic and Legacy of Dred Scott: Marshall, Taney, and the Sublimation of Republican Thought

The continuing repression by jurists and scholars of the role of Dred Scott in our constitutional history has given that case a pervasive influence that is rarely, if ever, acknowledged. The following discussion will abstract from the moral embarrassment of Dred Scott in order to treat its jurisprudence as the missing link that connects the underlying framework of Marshallian constitutionalism with later struggles over the meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment. Without such a link the Civil War is left as a constitutional silence, perhaps a second American Revolution, separating two discontinuous systems of government. That silence can be filled only by acknowledging the fundamental continuities between our present conceptions of constitutional equality and the system of government that could permit the existence of slavery.
Vaccines against neglected tropical diseases: promising interventions to rescue the poorest populations in the Americas.

The eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were set forth in the year 2000 by the UN member states to help countries achieve important goals by 2015, including those that would eradicate extreme poverty and hunger (MDG 1) and combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases (MDG 6). Great strides have been made to date, and, currently, the UN Development Programme is embarking on a post-2015 development agenda, together with a new set of Sustainable Development Goals [101]. The causes of poverty in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) have traditionally been primarily attributed to cycles of economic crises where per capita incomes usually decrease dramatically with commensurate increases in poverty rates [1]. These cycles have contributed to the reduction in the level of opportunities provided by the governments and/or private sectors for access to job security and earnings, education, and health. The World Bank estimates that as of 2010, the approximately 10% of the total LAC population lives on less than US$2 per day [102]. Even though this rate has been halved between 1990 and 2010, the LAC region still has more than 100 million people living in poverty [101,102]. Furthermore, the recent estimates from the USA also indicate that, today, there are more than 1.5 million American families living in extreme poverty [2]. A recent article in Foreign Policy highlights that beyond just cycles of economic crisis and/or lack of education, the cycle of poverty derives from the fact that most of these underserved and poor populations are afflicted by the so-called neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), “the diseases you’ve never heard of” [3]. It is interesting that even though MDG 6 specifically refers to the efforts to combat these ‘other diseases,’ a close look at the MDG 2013 report does not highlight any of the efforts towards the control of these NTDs [101].
Distinguishing Molecular Markers in Thyroid Tumors: A Tribute to Dr. Orlo Clark

Because the surgical management of benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms differ, and because the distinction between benign and malignant thyroid lesions that are indeterminate or inadequate on fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) cannot be made preoperatively or intraoperatively, surgeons typically decide upon the surgical management based on clinical presentation, rapidity of tumor growth, gross intraoperative findings of invasion, and/or frozen section results, all of which are notoriously inaccurate [1–7]. Near-total or total thyroidectomy for every patient with an indeterminate FNA at the first operation is unacceptable, because at least 50% of the lesions suspicious for papillary thyroid cancer or the follicular variant of papillary thyroid cancer and 80% of all FNAs suspicious for follicular or Hurthle cell neoplasms are ultimately determined to be benign on final histopathology [8–10]. Furthermore, patients with benign lesions would unnecessarily be subjected to the increased surgical risks of hypoparathyroidism and recurrent laryngeal nerve injury on the contralateral side, as well as a lifelong requirement for thyroid hormone replacement. A second option, and one that is frequently practiced, includes performing unilateral lobectomy alone for all indeterminate lesions. However, in this scenario, surgeons then encounter the situation in which they need to perform a completion thyroidectomy days after an initial operation, and once a diagnosis of carcinoma has been rendered on permanent histological section, a practice that can be riskier than a single operation. Because of this clinical dilemma, additional diagnostic markers for thyroid malignancy are greatly needed. It is clear from review of the Johns Hopkins experience over the last 10 years that thyroid tumors posing a diagnostic dilemma for the clinician include eight different histopathological subtypes [11]; papillary thyroid cancer, follicular variant of papillary thyroid cancer, follicular cancer, Hurthle cell cancer, adenomatoid nodule, follicular adenoma, Hurthle cell adenoma, and lymphocytic thyroiditis nodule. All eight of these tumor types therefore require the identification of distinguishing diagnostic markers.
Cognitive modeling of decision making in sports

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this article is to provide an introduction to the theoretical, practical, and methodological advantages of applying cognitive models to sports decisions. The use of sequential sampling models, in particular, is motivated by their correspondence with the dynamic, variable processes that characterize decision-making in sports. This article offers a brief yet detailed description of these process models, and encourages their use in research on decision-making in sports. In addition, Appendix A provides the sufficient detail to formulate, simulate, and compute predictions for one of these models. Although the formulation focuses primarily on deliberation among a set of options, incorporating other critical task components (e.g. option generation, learning) is contemplated. Conclusions. Empirical evidence is reviewed that supports the use of sequential sampling models over other approaches to decision-making. Finally, future directions for fine tuning these models to the sports domain are discussed.
Natural Convection From a Layered Porous Cavity With Non-Uniform Sublayers

A numerical study has been performed to further investigate the flow and temperature fields in layered porous cavity. The geometry considered is a square cavity with 3 or 4 non-uniform sublayers and is subjected to differential heating from the vertical walls. The results obtained are used to further evaluate the feasibility of using the lumped-system analysis for heat transfer in layered porous cavities as proposed in the previous study. To this end, the effective permeabilities based on the arithmetic and harmonic averaging schemes are examined for their use in the conjunction with the lumped-system analysis.
Abiotic Metallofoldamers as Electrochemically Responsive Molecules

Described are the design, synthesis, and study of nonbiological molecules based on salophen and salen ligands that fold into single-stranded helices in the presence of either Ni(II) or Cu(II). X-ray diffraction studies show that the materials fold into helical structures in the solid state, and a series of NMR studies provide strong evidence that the folded structures are conserved in solution. Metal coordination is required for folding, as NMR and X-ray show that the free ligands do not adopt helical structures. Two of the racemic metallofoldamers spontaneously resolve during crystallization from CHCl3/acetonitrile, and CD spectroscopy and optical rotation show that the resolved, crystalline materials racemize quickly when dissolved at 5 °C. This shows that the secondary structures can reorganize easily and can, therefore, provide the basis for responsive materials. By comparison, an analogue from enantiomerically pure (R,R)-(−)-trans-cyclohexanediamine showed a strong CD signal and a large specific rota...
Correlation of Urinary Excretion of C-Peptide with the Integrated Concentration and Secretion Rate of Insulin

The secretion rate of insulin (SR-I) of 50 normal subjects was calculated from the 24-h integrated concentration of insulin (IC-I), the peripheral metabolic clearance of insulin (pMCR-I), and the mean fractional hepatic insulin extraction (fhMCR-I) that was derived from our data. fhMCR-I was determined as the difference in the molar secretory rate of C-peptide (SR-C) and the molar peripheral clearance of insulin (pMCR-I x IC-I) divided by SR-C. The IC-I in our 50 subjects was 1.19 +/- 0.38 ng/ml and the IC-C was 2.93 +/- 0.58 ng/ml. Based on these data, the fhMCR-I was 0.40 and the Sr-I was estimated to be 54.8 +/- 18.0 U/24 h. The 24-h urinary C-peptide excretion (U-C), 44.9 +/- 20.4 micrograms/24 h, had a statistically significant correlation with SR-I (r = 0.838, P less than 0.0001), while the IC-I correlated significantly with the 24-h urinary C-peptide/g of creatinine (r = 0.838, P less than 0.0001). The U-C may thus serve as a practical method for estimating the SR-I.
Nitro-blue tetrazolium: A specific stain for photosynthetic activity in protoplasts

A qualitative assay for the detection of photosynthetic activity in protoplasts is described. Leaf protoplasts from atrazine resistant and susceptible biotypes of Brassica napus suspended in medium with 0.01% nitro-blue tetrazolium and 10 to 100 µM atrazine showed clear differences in staining. Staining was detectable with 0.001% fluorescein-labelled tetrazolium which, unlike nitro-blue tetrazolium, did not cause collapse of the protoplasts.
An instrumental partial reinforcement effect in the absence of any overt instrumental acquisition training

Rats were placed directly over a food cup or received ordinary runway trials under either partial or consistent food reward, no other acquisition training having been given. Also included was a group that was nonrewarded on all running trials. A gradient occurred in extinction such that type of acquisition training (placed vs run) exercised less influence over performance and schedule of reward (partial vs continuous) exercised more influence over performance both as extinction training progressed and as the goal section was approached. The results suggest that rats make small terminal instrumental reactions on placement trials, reactions which, if strongly conditioned, can support a partial reinforcement effect in the full instrumental reaction, particularly in the goal area.
Injecting a pulsed YAG laser beam into a fiber

A system has been built and is now being tested that can inject a very high power. pulsed yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) laser beam into a multimode fiber without damaging the fiber. This design is quite tolerant to changes in the laser beam quality and alignment errors, thereby making the system largely maintenance free. This beam-injection architecture is expected to be useful for medical and industrial applications.
Collisions of ground-state hydrogen atoms

We derive an expression for the diffusion cross section of identical atoms and use it in a report of diffusion, viscosity, total, spin-change, frequency-shift, and broadening cross sections in hydrogen, calculated with improved interaction potentials. We also report some total cross sections for spin-polarized hydrogen.
Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria in Insulin Resistance: Differences in Intermyofibrillar Versus Subsarcolemmal Subpopulations and Relationship to Metabolic Flexibility

Lower intermyofibrillar mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle is linked to peripheral insulin resistance, lower reliance on lipid oxidation, and metabolic inflexibility.
Microbiological Consequences of Skin Removal Prior to Evisceration of Broiler Carcasses

The objective of this project was to determine if removal of skin prior to evisceration lowers the number of bacteria that can be recovered by whole carcass rinse or sponge sampling. Four experiments were conducted, two with each type of sampling (rinse or sponge). New York dressed carcasses obtained from a commercial broiler processing plant were aseptically skinned or left with skin intact. The carcasses were then aseptically eviscerated by hand. Carcasses were rinsed in 100 mL sterile water or sampled by moist sponge. When sampled by rinse, significantly fewer Campylobacter and total aerobic bacteria were recovered from carcasses that had been skinned prior to evisceration. When sampled by sponge, significantly fewer Campylobacter, Escherichia coli, coliform and total aerobic bacteria were recovered from the outer surface of carcasses without skin. No differences were noted for bacterial counts recovered from internal surfaces by sponge sampling. Similar trends were observed when carcasses were subjected to an inside and outside washing step after evisceration. Removal of skin and washing the carcass led to significantly less Campylobacter being recovered by whole carcass rinse compared to carcasses that were washed with the skin on. When sampled by sponge, incidence of Campylobacter and level of total aerobic bacterial counts were lower on the outer surface of skinned and washed carcasses than on washed carcasses with intact skin. Like the unwashed carcasses, no differences were noted for bacterial counts recovered from internal surfaces by sponge sampling. Although not commercially practical, it is possible to lower the level of Campylobacter on the outside of broiler carcasses by removal of the skin prior to evisceration.
Nonlinear propagation and continuum generation in microstructured optical fibers

A theoretical investigation of the propagation of femtosecond pulses under conditions similar to those of recent experiments in which a white-light continuum was generated in a microstructured fiber is presented. It is found that higher-order dispersion primarily determines the shape and width of the generated spectrum and that the fine spectral substructure exhibits extreme sensitivity to the initial pulse energy.
Sensitivity of global warming to the pattern of tropical ocean warming

The current generations of climate models are in substantial disagreement as to the projected patterns of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the Tropics over the next several decades. We show that the spatial patterns of tropical ocean temperature trends have a strong influence on global mean temperature and precipitation and on global mean radiative forcing. We identify the SST patterns with the greatest influence on the global mean climate and find very different, and often opposing, sensitivities to SST changes in the tropical Indian and West Pacific Oceans. Our work stresses the need to reduce climate model biases in these sensitive regions, as they not only affect the regional climates of the nearby densely populated continents, but also have a disproportionately large effect on the global climate.
Dynamic Human Pose Estimation using Markov Chain Monte Carlo Approach

This paper addresses the problem of tracking human body pose in monocular video including automatic pose initialization and re-initialization after tracking failures caused by partial occlusion or unreliable observations. We proposed a method based on data-driven Markov chain Monte Carlo (DD-MCMC) that uses bottom-up techniques to generate state proposals for pose estimation and initialization. This method allows us to exploit different image cues and consolidate the inferences using a representation known as the proposal maps. We present experimental results with an indoor video sequence.
Thermally induced ‘nicotine’ stomatitis: A case report

Abstract A palatal lesion resembling “nicotine” stomatitis was found in a woman who did not smoke. However, the patient frequently drank extremely hot beverages. After she was instructed to reduce the temperature of the beverages, the lesion almost completely resolved. This suggests that heat was the primary cause of this lesion and also implicates heat as the major cause of nicotine stomatitis.
Who Develops a University Invention? The Impact of Tacit Knowledge and Licensing Policies

In this paper, I propose a theoretical model to illustrate how the inventor know-how affects whether the inventor starts a firm to develop her idea or licenses an invention to an established firm for development. Inventor start-ups are characterized as development organizations that serve a temporary role in the invention–innovation process, developing an invention until they can sell the developed invention to an established firm that owns requisite complementary assets for commercialization. This model is then used to analyze the role and impact of a university technology transfer office (TTO) on this process to understand how TTO’s may both positively and negatively impact the transaction. The model posits a general theory of inventor–entrepreneur behavior in university and corporate research labs based on two factors: the importance of know-how and the distribution of inventors’ personal costs to transfer that know-how.
Organic Compounds in Nature: Limits of Our Knowledge

Current geochemical and environmental research reveals the presence in soils and sediments of extremely complex assemblages of organic compounds. Their recognition has long been delayed by both conceptual and analytical limitations. Even today the best techniques cannot fully resolve these mixtures into their individual components. Yet, the knowledge of their structures and abundances is needed in geochemistry, and especially for the assessment of their potential biological effect and ecological impact. The classical “natural products approach” is unlikely to provide this information; therefore, I foresee the need for a more realistic assessment of nature, that acknowledges the limitations of our present analytical powers and of our knowledge.
The Denver Seizure Score: anion gap metabolic acidosis predicts generalized seizure ☆ ☆☆

Abstract Objectives Anion gap (AG) and serum bicarbonate concentration (BICARB) may help confirm a diagnosis of seizure in an unwitnessed collapse; however, little data exist to support this practice. Our objective was to assess the association between AG metabolic acidosis and generalized seizure and to derive a simple score to predict seizure. Methods This was a case-control study at an urban teaching hospital. Patients transported to our emergency department with witnessed loss of consciousness and final confirmed diagnoses of generalized seizure (cases) or syncope (controls) were eligible for enrollment. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to model associations between AG, BICARB, and seizure. Results In 49 cases and 40 controls, patients in the seizure group were more likely to have a lower median BICARB (17 [range, 14-34] vs 23 [range, 20-24], P 20), with 21% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5%-51%), 40% (95% CI, 26%-56%), and 96% (95% CI, 82%-100%) being categorized as seizure, respectively. Conclusions Anion gap metabolic acidosis is associated with generalized seizure. A Denver Seizure Score greater than 20 predicts generalized seizure in the emergency department and may be useful for differentiating patients with unwitnessed loss of consciousness.
Performance of hydroxyapatite bone repair scaffolds created via three-dimensional fabrication techniques.

The current study analyzes the in vivo performance of porous sintered hydroxyapatite (HA) bone repair scaffolds fabricated using the TheriForm™ solid freeform fabrication process. Porous HA scaffolds with engineered macroscopic channels had a significantly higher percentage of new bone area compared with porous HA scaffolds without channels in a rabbit calvarial defect model at an 8-week time point. An unexpected finding was the unusually large amount of new bone within the base material structure, which contained pores less than 20 μm in size. Compared with composite scaffolds of 80% polylactic-co-glycolic acid and 20% β-tricalcium phosphate with the same macroscopic architecture as evaluated in a previous study, the porous HA scaffolds with channels had a significantly higher percentage of new bone area. Therefore, the current study indicates that scaffold geometry, as determined by the fabrication process, can enhance the ability of a ceramic material to accelerate healing of calvarial defects. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 67A: 1228–1237, 2003
Finding optimal line balances with OptPack

This paper describes OptPack, a new algorithm for finding optimal solutions to assembly line balancing problems. Preliminary computational experience shows that the algorithm is significantly faster, on the benchmark literature problems, than Johnson's (1988) Fable, the fastest currently available algorithm. A microcomputer implementation of OptPack is also described and computational experience is reported.
De la traduction à l’adaptation pour les jeunes : Socioanalyse du Dernier des Mohicans de James Fenimore Cooper en français

L’article examine deux types de traduction/adaptation de The Last of the Mohicans (1826) de James Fenimore Cooper : la premiere traduction effectuee en 1826 (et publiee la meme annee que l’original) par A. J. B. Defauconpret et l’une des tres nombreuses adaptations, celle realisee par Gisele Vallerey et publiee en 1932. Cette etude sociologique (sociologie de Pierre Bourdieu revisitee en fonction de la traduction et de l’adaptation) porte d’une part sur l’oeuvre source, The Last of the Mohicans, et sur les determinations de la culture source, de l’auteur et du texte, et d’autre part sur les determinations de la culture cible de la traduction et de l’adaptation pour jeunes (nous prenons notre exemple d’adaptation dans la categorie des textes pour enfants de 10 ans) et des textes traduits et adaptes sous le titre unique du Dernier des Mohicans. Il apparait que la traduction de Defauconpret est une version quelque peu ethnocentrique du texte de Cooper et que l’adaptation pour jeunes de G. Vallerey est une version qui, executee a partir de la traduction de Defauconpret, constitue une adaptation tres honnete de l’original. L’article se clot sur une question fondamentale a propos de l’ethique de l’adaptation : comment un texte traduit (comme celui de Defauconpret) qui ne respecte pas l’ethique de la traduction peut-il donner lieu a un texte adapte qui, lui, repondrait a l’ethique presumee de l’adaptation ?