cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the [Xtilde] 1Σ+ Ã 3Π and Ã 1Π electronic states of BBO

The three lowest-lying electronic states, [Xtilde] 1Σ+, A 3II and A 1II, of the linear BBO molecule have been systematically investigated using ab initio electronic structure theory. The equilibrium structures and physical properties including dipole moments, vibrational frequencies and associated infrared intensities, Renner parameters and energetics for the three states of BBO have been determined employing SCF, CISD, CCSD and CCSD(T) levels of theory and a wide range of basis sets. The ground state of BBO presents a degenerate real bending frequency, while the A 3II and A 1II states show two distinct real bending frequencies due to the Renner-Teller interaction. The bending motion of the A 1II state was analysed using the equation-of-motion (EOM)-CCSD and EOM-CC3 techniques in order to avoid possible variational collapse to a lower-lying state. The [Xtilde] 1Σ+-A 3II separation was predicted to be T 0 = 16.6 kcal mol−1 (5800 cm−1, 0.719 eV) at the cc-pVQZ CCSD(T) level of theory. With the cc-pVQZ EOM-C...
The spatial food environment of the DC metropolitan area: Clustering, co-location, and categorical differentiation

The objective was to analyze the spatial food environment of the Washington, DC metropolitan area. Poorer food sources (convenience stores, fast food, and pharmacies) were the most spatially clustered. Co-Location results suggest strong positive autocorrelation among food environment establishment categories, and competitive effects between pharmacies and convenience stores. Grocery stores were present throughout the region. Changes in the retail food environment, a measure potentially important for diet-related health, occurred through the changing ratio of restaurants to fast food as well as the increased presence of convenience stores.
Effects of propofol on intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism undergoing parathyroidectomy: a randomized control trial.

Purpose Serial measurements of parathyroid hormone (PTH) serum concentrations aid parathyroidectomy surgery. There are concerns that propofol may increase PTH concentrations and/or interfere with PTH assays. The primary purpose of this study is to determine the effects of propofol on PTH concentrations in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and to determine its effect on PTH assays.
Density-related reproductive trade-offs in the green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis

Green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (O.F. Muller), populations are being depleted rapidly in the Gulf of Maine and there is justified concern that the potential of this free-spawner to produce larvae may be severely inhibited. We evaluated the opposing effects of different population densities on gonad development and fertilization success, using population surveys and fertilization experiments. We determined gonad indices (gonad mass/body mass) over a range of population densities (0.1 to 250 ind. m−2) at seven sites in coastal Maine, USA, sampled at two depths (5 and 15 m). At shallow sites, we found that gonad indices declined by 50% over the 1500-fold range in adult population density. At 15 m deep locations, gonad mass was consistently low and did not vary significantly with density. Patterns of macroalgal abundance suggest urchins at high density and in deeper water were food limited. Because macroalgal cover co-varies inversely with sea urchin density, we designed field experiments to determine the interaction between sea urchin density and kelp canopy on fertilization success. On square arrays we manipulated the spacing of simulated urchins, but held their numbers constant (five sperm-filled syringes interspersed with four Nitex mesh egg containers permeable to sperm). These experiments, simulating the observed range of natural density, suggested that (1) fertilization rates decreased many times faster than individual gamete production increased over the same range in density, and (2) kelp increased fertilization success at high density when eggs were within 25 cm of a sperm source, but not when spaced 1 m apart. Additional laboratory fertilization experiments at ambient temperatures (3 to 5 °C) indicated that diluted sperm were viable for 8 h. In short, to the individual the reproductive benefits of aggregating appear to outweigh the costs; and while sperm may be limiting at low population density, eggs may remain viable long enough to be fertilized by sperm from more distant males.
Synthesis, Optimization and Structure-Activity Relationships of 3,5-Disubstituted Isoxazolines as New Anti-tuberculosis Agents

In the course of the development of a potent series of nitrofuranylamide anti-tuberculosis agents, we investigated if the exceptional activity resulted in part from the isoxazoline core and if it possessed any intrinsic anti-tuberculosis activity. This led to the discovery of an isoxazoline ester with appreciable anti-tuberculosis activity. In this study we explored the anti-tuberculosis structure-activity relationship of the isoxazoline ester compound through systematic modification of the 3,5-di-substituted isoxazoline core. Two approaches were used: (i) modification of the potentially metabolically labile ester functionality at the 3 position with acids, amines, amides, reverse amides, alcohols, hydrazides, and 1,3,4-oxadiazoles; (ii) substitution of the distal benzyl piperazine ring in the 5 position of the isoxazoline ring with piperazyl-ureas, piperazyl-carbamates, biaryl systems, piperidines and morpholine. Attempts to replace the ester group at C-3 position of isoxazoline with a variety of bioisosteric head groups led to significant loss of the tuberculosis inhibition indicating that an ester is required for anti-tuberculosis activity. Optimization of the isoxazoline C-5 position produced compounds with improved anti-tuberculosis activity, most notably the piperazyl-urea and piperazyl-carbamate analogs.
Prevalence of phosphorus containing food additives in grocery stores

High dietary phosphorus intake is harmful for persons with kidney disease and possibly for the general public, however food labels rarely report phosphorus content. Although the quantity of phosphorus-containing food additives used within the United States food supply is not publically known, it is presumed that the consumption of these additives is substantial due to consumer reliance on processed convenience foods. We sought to determine the prevalence of phosphorus–containing food additives in commonly purchased grocery products and to compare the phosphorus content of a subset of top–selling food products with and without phosphorus additives. Study staff reviewed the labels of the 2394 most commonly purchased branded grocery products in northeast Ohio for phosphorus additives. The 5 top-selling products containing phosphorus additives from each food category were matched with similar products without phosphorus additives and analyzed for phosphorus content. Four days of sample meals were created using analyzed foods and daily phosphorus burden and pricing differential were computed. 44% of top-selling grocery items contained phosphorus additives. The additives were particularly common in prepared frozen foods (72%), dry food mixes (70%), packaged meat (65%), bread & baked goods (57%), soup (54%), and yogurt (51%) categories. Phosphorus additive foods averaged 67 mg phosphorus/100 gm more than matched non-additive containing foods (p=03). In sample meals, additive foods contributed an excess phosphorus burden of 736 mg per day. Phosphorus additive-free meals cost an average of $2.00 more per day In conclusion, phosphorus additives are commonly present in groceries and contribute significantly to the phosphorus content of foods. Moreover, phosphorus additive foods are less costly than additive-free foods. As a result, phosphorus additives may be an important contributor to hyperphosphatemia among persons with chronic kidney disease
The Mahalanobis classifier with the generalized inverse approach for automated analysis of imagery texture data

Abstract Multicollinearity exists in texture measures, implying that the dispersion matrices are nearly singular. The generalized inverse was employed to solve this problem, yielding an 8% improvement in classification accuracy.
Birefringence of the primate retinal nerve fiber layer

The purpose of this study was to measure the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, phase retardation (PR), and depth-resolved birefringence (Deltan) of the normal primate eye using Enhanced Polarization-Sensitivity Optical Coherence Tomography (EPS-OCT). Both eyes of two rhesus monkeys were imaged with EPS-OCT. A multiple incident polarization state nonlinear fitting algorithm was used to determine RNFL phase retardation. RNFL thickness (RNFLT) was determined from the corresponding EPS-OCT intensity image and phase retardation per unit depth (PR/UD, proportional to Deltan) was calculated by dividing PR by RNFLT. Peripapillary area maps consisting of pixels uniformly distributed along a radius from 0.8 to 1.8 mm from the center of the optic nervehead were constructed for RNFLT, PR, and PR/UD. Average PR/UD in the superior and inferior quadrants was 18 degrees /100 mivrom (Deltan=4.2 x 10(-4)) and average PR/UD in the nasal and temporal quadrants was 6.3 degrees /100 microm (Deltan=1.5 x 10(-4)). Relative magnitude of PR radial gradient is similar to that of RNFLT radial gradient and no radial gradient was observed for PR/UD. Polarization-dependent amplitude attenuation per unit depth (PDAA/UD) was 0.02 rad/100 microm in thick RNFL regions. RNFL birefringence was higher in the arcuate bundles compared to nasal and temporal fibers (P=0.001). Birefringence was nearly equal in nasal and temporal quadrants. No statistically significant (P=0.01) radial gradient of birefringence was observed in any quadrant. RNFL birefringence is believed to originate from anisotropic structures within the cytoskeleton of the parallel axons. Birefringence differences presented in this study cannot be explained by the known axon diameter distribution around the optic nervehead and suggest other sources of the birefringence signal including neurotubules and neurofilaments.
The effects of fibrates on lipoprotein and hemostatic coronary risk factors

The effects of fibrates on lipoprotein profiles and lipoprotein physiology, as well as on selected coagulation and fibrinolytic factors are reviewed. It is concluded that the action of fibrates on these systems is such as to render the fibrates beneficial in atherosclerosis prevention.
Analytical Determination of Poles in the Coincidence Position of Links in Four-Bar Mechanisms Required for Valves Correctly Apportioning Three Fluids in a Chemical Apparatus

In an important chemical apparatus, admission of three fluids had to be made in quantities required by the correct reaction cycle. For the control of the fluid admission valves, four-bar linkages were to be used. The dimensions of the linkages were determined from the reaction curves and the valve opening curves by means of a digital computer. It was found that, during the cycle, the links of the two driven linkages used came into a coincidence position each, in which their motions were indeterminate. They were made determinate by auxiliary pin tooth and mating gap mechanisms added to the respective links at the polodes in these coincidence positions. This required finding a new and simple kinematic-algebraic solution for determining the poles in the general case of a four-bar linkage in these coincidence positions. A new geometrical solution is added. An outline for the practical design is presented. In an Appendix, the formulas derived were tested by application to cases for which the poles are known or can be found easily.
An electron-catalyzed cope cyclization. The structure of the 2,5-dicyano-1,5-hexadiene radical anion in the gas phase.

The radical anion of 2,5-dicyano-1,5-hexadiene is shown to undergo Cope cyclization in a flowing afterglow−triple quadrupole apparatus. The cyclic structure of the 2,5-dicyano-1,5-hexadiene radical anion was established by using chemical reactivity. The ion reacts with CO2 and CS2 by addition, whereas the radical anions of closed-shell molecules such as fumaronitrile do not react with these reagents. The ion exhibits reactivity characteristic of a distonic ion in that it sequentially adds CO2 and NO or NO2. It reacts with NO by forming a product at m/z 135 corresponding to addition followed by loss of HCN. The reactivity and CID spectrum of the product ion at m/z 135 agrees with that of oximate ion, which requires a cyclic precursor ion. Attempts to generate radical anions of acrylonitrile and 2,6-dicyano-1,6-heptadiene were unsuccessful, providing additional evidence against a linear structure as a stable structure for 2,5-dicyano-1,5-hexadiene radical anion. The cyclization of the radical anion of the 2...
Age and sexual assault during robberies

We use data from the National Incident-Based Reporting System to examine the effects of offender and victim age on whether male offenders commit sexual assault while robbing women. Restricting analyses to robberies reveals the offenders' age preferences since it allows one to control for the effects of opportunity. We find that robbers of all ages are most likely to sexually assault women at ages 15–29 years, ages when their reproductive potential is highest. However, in contrast to the idea that rape is a direct adaptation, victims are no more likely to be raped than sexually assaulted at these ages. The age of the offender is also a strong predictor of sexual assault. The likelihood that a robber commits a sexual assault increases from age 12 years until he reaches his early thirties when it begins to decline. This age pattern corresponds, to some extent, to age differences in the male sex drive.
Integral and integrable algorithms for a nonlinear shallow-water wave equation

An asymptotic higher-order model of wave dynamics in shallow water is examined in a combined analytical and numerical study, with the aim of establishing robust and efficient numerical solution methods. Based on the Hamiltonian structure of the nonlinear equation, an algorithm corresponding to a completely integrable particle lattice is implemented first. Each "particle" in the particle method travels along a characteristic curve. The resulting system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations can have solutions that blow-up in finite time. We isolate the conditions for global existence and prove l1-norm convergence of the method in the limit of zero spatial step size and infinite particles. The numerical results show that this method captures the essence of the solution without using an overly large number of particles. A fast summation algorithm is introduced to evaluate the integrals of the particle method so that the computational cost is reduced from O(N2) to O(N), where N is the number of particles. The method possesses some analogies with point vortex methods for 2D Euler equations. In particular, near singular solutions exist and singularities are prevented from occurring in finite time by mechanisms akin to those in the evolution of vortex patches. The second method is based on integro-differential formulations of the equation. Two different algorithms are proposed, based on different ways of extracting the time derivative of the dependent variable by an appropriately defined inverse operator. The integro-differential formulations reduce the order of spatial derivatives, thereby relaxing the stability constraint and allowing large time steps in an explicit numerical scheme. In addition to the Cauchy problem on the infinite line, we include results on the study of the nonlinear equation posed in the quarter (space-time) plane. We discuss the minimum number of boundary conditions required for solution uniqueness and illustrate this with numerical examples.
Clinical hospital medicine fellowships: perspectives of employers, hospitalists, and medicine residents.

BACKGROUND Clinical hospital medicine fellowships could accelerate the acquisition of increasingly demanding skills while enhancing esteem among subspecialty peers. We sought to determine whether medicine residents perceived such fellowships as relevant and would be willing to forgo substantial income during the training period, in the context of the perspectives of employers and practicing hospitalists. DESIGN A series of 3 tandem nationwide cross-sectional surveys conducted over the Internet during late 2005 and early 2006. METHODS Survey I was sent to 195 hospitalist employers identified through filtering classified advertisements. Survey II (containing Survey I results) was E-mailed by the Society of Hospital Medicine to its practicing hospitalists members. Survey III (containing results of the first 2 surveys) was E-mailed to U.S. internal medicine program directors for forwarding to their residents. RESULTS Two-thirds of 103 employers would offer either a signing bonus or a starting salary increase of at least $10,000 to fellowship graduates (more than 20% would pay at least $20,000 more in the salary). Based on a median experience of 8 years, 91% of 101 practicing hospitalists beleived that clinical fellowship could at least possibly be a favorable career move, with 58% recommending it as being a probably or strongly favorable career move. Of 279 categorical medicine residents, 44% were considering a hospital medicine career, of whom 57% would consider doing a year of clinical fellowship training if available. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals a potentially unmet demand for clinical hospital medicine fellowship training. Further determination of need and related curricular development could be addressed under the leadership of national hospital medicine educational organizations. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2008;3:28–34. © 2008 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Lattices of convex normal functions

The algebra of truth values of type-2 fuzzy sets is the set of all functions from the unit interval into itself, with operations defined in terms of certain convolutions of these functions with respect to pointwise max and min. This algebra has been studied rather extensively, both from a theoretical and from a practical point of view. It has a number of interesting subalgebras, and this paper is about the subalgebra of all convex normal functions, and closely related ones. These particular algebras are De Morgan algebras, and our concern is principally with their completeness as lattices. A special feature of our treatment is a representation of these algebras as monotone functions with pointwise order, making the operations more intuitive.
The relationship between eco-audits and environmental management systems

This article identifies the importance of environmental management systems but also points towards the problems associated with the growing number of EMS standards. Reviewing ISO developments, the author argues that much can be learned from ISO audit methodologies and that therefore the new ISO EMS standard is likely to become increasingly important. Copyright © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Inhibition by butylated hydroxytoluene of excision repair synthesis and semiconservative DNA synthesis

Abstract Butylated hydroxyutoluene (BHT), a commonly used food antioxidant, inhibited excision repair synthesis in normal human peripheral lymphocytes damaged by uv light. Inhibition increased with increasing drug concentration to give 50% inhibition at approximately 20 μM. The acid, aldehyde, and alcohol derivatives at the 4-methyl position did not inhibit significantly DNA repair synthesis while semiconservative DNA synthesis was inhibited by both BHT and the metabolites. The significance of these findings to the reported biological effects of the antioxidant is unknown.
When culture implies deficit: placing race at the center of Hmong American education

There is a need for a critical race analysis of Hmong American education that places race and racism at the center of analysis, highlights Whiteness as property and recognizes the fluid and situated racialization of Hmong American students. Majoritarian explanations of inequities in Hmong American education often describe Hmong American student and family experiences in terms of ‘culture clash’ or profound cultural difference, thereby obscuring the ways in which Hmong American communities have been racialized as refugees, as Southeast Asians, and as ‘Blackened’ and gendered low income communities of color. Further, these racializing processes significantly impact the ways in which Hmong American students are situated and shaped by Whiteness as property within schools.
Effects of mutations of the αHis45 residue of Vibrio harveyi luciferase on the yield and reactivity of the flavin peroxide intermediate

This work was undertaken to investigate the functional consequences of mutations of the essential αHis45 residue of Vibrio harveyi luciferase, especially with respect to the yield and reactivity of the flavin 4a-hydroperoxide intermediate II. A total of 14 luciferase variants, each with a different single-residue replacement for the αHis45, were examined. These variants showed changes, mostly slight, in their light decay rates of the nonturnover luminescence reaction and in their Km values for decanal and reduced riboflavin 5‘-phosphate (FMNH2). All αHis45 mutants, however, showed markedly reduced bioluminescence activities, the magnitude of the reduction ranging from about 300-fold to 6 orders of magnitude. Remarkably, a good correlation was obtained for the wild-type luciferase, 12 αHis45-mutated luciferases, and six additional variants with mutations of other α-subunit histidine residues between the degrees of luminescence activity reduction and the dark decay rates of intermediate II. Such a correlati...
On the expressive power of datalog: tools and a case study

We study here the language Datalog(≠), which is the query language obtained from Datalog by allowing equalities and inequalities in the bodies of the rules. We view Datalog(≠) as a fragment of an infinitary logic Lo and show that Lo can be characterized in terms of certain two-person pebble games. This characterization provides us with tools for investigating the expressive power of Datalog(≠). As a case study, we classify the expressibility of fixed subgraph homeomorphism queries on directed graphs. Fortune et al. [FHW80] classified the computational complexity of these queries by establishing two dichotomies, which are proper only if P ≠ NP. Without using any complexity-theoretic assumptions, we show here that the two dichotomies are indeed proper in terms of expressibility in Datalog(≠).
Framework on large public sector implementation of cloud computing

Cloud computing enables IT systems to be scalable and elastic. One significant advantage of it is users no longer need to determine their exact computing resource requirements upfront. Instead, they request computing resources as required, on-demand. This paper is written to introduce a framework specific for large public sector entities on how to migrate to cloud computing. This paper can then be also be a reference for the Organizations to overcome its limitations and to convince their stakeholders to further implement various types of Cloud Computing service models.
Comparison of 14C ages of hydrothermal petroleums

Abstract In order to set limits on the time frame of formation of hydrothermal petroleum, we have obtained 14 C ages on samples from three diverse regions; Gulf of California (Guaymas Basin), Northeast Pacific Ocean (Escanaba Trough and Middle Valley), and the East African Rift (Tanganyika Trough). The results date the source of carbon and therefore provide maximum ages for the formation and emplacement of the hydrothermal petroleums. The youngest petroleum occurs iin the Souther Trough of Guaymas Basin (3200–6600 yr, mean 4692 yr); in the Northern Trough the petroleum is slightly older (7400 yr). Significantly older hydrothermal petroleum occurs in Escanaba Trough (17,000 yr) and Middle Valley (29,000 yr). A continental example from the East African Rift has an age of 25,000 yr, comparable to the ages observed in the oceanic samples from the Northeast Pacific Ocean. These ages affirm that hydrothermal petroleum formation is a very rapid process and took place some time between the latest Pleistocene and the present in these active hydrothermal systems.
Clostridium difficile—Associated Diarrhea, an Emerging Epidemic: Therapeutic Options:

Clostridum difficile—associated disease (CDAD) is the leading cause of infectious diarrhea and is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. The incidence is estimated to range from 3.4 to 8.4 cases per 1000 hospital admissions, and it has become a growing problem at many institutions. Treatment options for CDAD are limited due to a paucity of new pharmacologic agents and studies examining other potential treatments. Historically oral metronidazole and oral vancomycin have been used as first-line agents in the treating CDAD, however recent reports of treatment failure and recurrence with these agents have surfaced. These reports illustrate a need for novel pharmacologic agents and a thorough review of currently available agents that may have activity against C difficile. Available data on the treatment of CDAD were extracted and reviewed to outline the appropriate management of CDAD.
A thermodynamic study of the conversion of chorismate to isochorismate

Abstract Microcalorimetry and high performance liquid chromatography were used to conduct a thermodynamic investigation of the biochemical reaction chorismate(aq) = isochorismate(aq). This reaction occurs at the branch point of the chorismate metabolic pathway that leads to the synthesis of enterobactin. Isochorismate synthase, the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction, was prepared for this study by using molecular biology techniques. The equilibrium and calorimetric measurements were performed at T = 298.15 K and at the respective pHs 7.34 and 6.93. For the chemical reference reaction chorismate2 − (aq) = isochorismate2 − (aq), the equilibrium constantK = (0.84 ± 0.04) and the standard molar enthalpy of reactionΔrHmo = − (0.81 ± 0.27)kJ · mol − 1atT = 298.15 K and ionic strength Im = 0. Under approximately physiological conditions, the apparent equilibrium constantK′ = 0.83 and the standard transformed Gibbs energy changeΔrGm′o = 0.48 kJ · mol − 1for the overall biochemical reaction.
Long-term retention of the differential values of Arabic numerals by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes

As previously reported (Beran and Rumbaugh, 2001), two chimpanzees used a joystick to collect dots, one-at-a-time, on a computer monitor, and then ended a trial when the number of dots collected was equal to the Arabic numeral presented for the trial. Here, the chimpanzees were presented with the task again after an interval of 6 months and then again after an additional interval of 3.25 years. During each interval, the chimpanzees were not presented with the task, and this allowed an assessment of the extent to which both animals retained the values of each Arabic numeral. Despite lower performance at each retention interval compared to the original study, both chimpanzees performed above chance levels in collecting a quantity of dots equal to the target numeral, one chimpanzee for the numerals 1–7, and the second chimpanzee for the numerals 1–6. For the 3.25-year retention, errors were more dispersed around each target numeral than in the original study, but the chimpanzees' performances again appeared to be based on a continuous representation of magnitude rather than a discrete representation of number. These data provide an experimental demonstration of long-term retention of the differential values of Arabic numerals by chimpanzees.
Replacing unification by constraint satisfaction to improve logic program expressiveness

Unification, the heart of resolution, was formulated to work in the Herbrand universe and hence does not incorporate any function evaluation. Matching is completely syntactic. In this paper, we study the replacement of unification by a constraints solver in automatic theorem proving systems using Prolog as our example. The generalization of unification into a constraint satisfaction algorithm allows the (limited) incorporation of function evaluation into unification. Constraints are also allowed as literals in the clause. We discuss the enhanced expressive power that results from incorporating an efficient ‘constrained unifier’ into an automatic theorem proving system. An interpreter for the extended Prolog system (written in Prolog) incorporating a constraint solver is presented along with examples illustrating its capabilities.
Rate-Distortion Optimized Cross-Layer Rate Control in Wireless Video Communication

A wireless video communication system can be designed based on the rate-distortion (R-D) criterion, i.e., minimizing the end-to-end distortion (which includes quantization distortion and transmission distortion) subject to the transmission bit-rate constraint. The minimization can be achieved by adjusting the source encoding parameters and channel encoding parameters. This rate-distortion optimization (RDO) is usually done for each video frame individually in a real-time video communication system, e.g., video calls or videoconferencing. To achieve this, an accurate bit-rate model and distortion model for each frame can be used to reduce the RDO complexity. In this paper, we derive a source bit-rate model and quantization distortion model; we also improve the performance bound for channel coding under a convolutional code and a Viterbi decoder, and derive its performance bound under a Rayleigh block fading channel. Given the instantaneous channel condition, e.g., signal-to-noise ratio and transmission bit-rate constraint, we design an R-D optimized cross-layer rate control (CLRC) algorithm by jointly choosing quantization step size in source coding and code rate in channel coding. Experimental results show that our proposed R-D models are more accurate than the existing R-D models. Experimental results also showed that the rate control under our models has more stable R-D performance than the existing rate control algorithms; using the channel estimation, CLRC can further achieve remarkable R-D performance gain over that without channel estimation. Another important result is that the subjective quality of our CLRC algorithm is much better than the existing algorithms due to its intelligent reference frame selection.
Career Trends in Mammalogy

A survey of individual members of The American Society of Mammalogists (ASM) was conducted in 1990 to quantify emerging career trends and educational needs in the field of mammalogy. Results were compared with a similar questionnaire of ASM members in 1978 and indicated that the number of female mammalogists, though still relatively low, has more than doubled during the past decade. However, representation among African-Americans and Hispanics has remained low. Results showed greater increase in the inter-disciplinary nature of employment among mammalogists compared to the actual interdisciplinary training received by individuals during their academic career. There also has been an increased emphasis on research as the primary responsibility of mammalogists in their current positions. This has been accompanied by a decreased emphasis on teaching. The survey also showed a shift to older age classes, indicating lack of recruitment of graduate students into mammalogy.
CYTOLOGY, SEED‐SET, AND BREEDING BEHAVIOR OF THE PUTATIVE INTER‐GENERIC HYBRID, AGROELYMUS TURNERI

NIELSEN, ETLAR L. (U. Wisconsin, Madison.) Cytology, seed-set, and breeding behavior of the putative inter-generic hybrid, Agroelymus turneri. Amer. Jour. Bot. 48(4): 340-344. Illus. 1961.The estimated frequency of fertile florets in the natural hybrid, Agroelymus turneri, was 1 viable seed formed in every 277 and 240 florets in colonies grown at Madison, Wisconsin, and Fort Saskatchewan, Canada, respectively. Plant progenies propagated from seed taken from different colonies were: (1) uniformly similar to Agropyron repens; (2) uniformly similar to Elymus; or (3) segregating for Agropyron repens-like, Elymus-like, and Agropyron sp. characters. The parentage of the putative hybrid appears to be Agropyron dasystachyum X Elymus innovatus. This is based upon breeding behavior and cytological studies. The interpretation is at variance with the original proposal by l'abbe LePage that Agropyron smithii was a donor to the hybrid
Jean-Paul Sartre and the Moral Authority of the Intellectual

The work of late philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre offers us a trenchant example of a morally engaged and committed thinker at hard work willing to challenge his own ideas to their core as the moment demanded. In the age of the specific intellectual, Sartre's vision of intellectual work foregrounds existential choice, human freedom, and the imaginary. It is a disposition that allowed him to think through and across a variety of social, personal, and intellectual issues with a broad range of discursive forms and tools. More than anything, Sartre offers us a strategy that forces us outward, into the problems of the world, with the goal of interrupting history.
Prenatal Stress Induces Increased Striatal Dopamine Transporter Binding in Adult Nonhuman Primates

Background To determine the effects in adult offspring of maternal exposure to stress and alcohol during pregnancy, we imaged striatal and midbrain dopamine transporter (DAT) binding by positron emission tomography in rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta ). We also evaluated the relationship between DAT binding and behavioral responses previously found to relate to dopamine D2 receptor density (responsivity to tactile stimuli, performance on a learning task, and behavior during a learning task). Methods Subjects were adult offspring derived from a 2 × 2 experiment in which pregnant monkeys were randomly assigned to control, daily mild stress exposure (acoustic startle), voluntary consumption of moderate-level alcohol, or both daily stress and alcohol. Adult offspring ( n = 38) were imaged by positron emission tomography with the DAT ligand [ 18 F]2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-(2-fluoroethyl)-nortropane ([ 18 F]FECNT). Results Results showed that prenatal stress yielded an overall increase of 15% in [ 18 F]FECNT binding in the striatum ( p = .016), 17% greater binding in the putamen ( p = .012), and 13% greater binding in the head of the caudate ( p = .028) relative to animals not exposed to prenatal stress. Striatal [ 18 F]FECNT binding correlated negatively with habituation to repeated tactile stimulation and positively with tactile responsivity. There were no significant effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on [ 18 F]FECNT binding. Conclusions Maternal exposure to mild daily stress during pregnancy yielded increases in striatal DAT availability that were apparent in adult offspring and were associated with behavioral characteristics reflecting tactile hyperresponsivity, a condition associated with problem behaviors in children.
DOES TRADE STILL FOLLOW THE FLAG

T he economic ties between any two nations are frequently affected by a warming or cooling of bilateral diplomatic relations, but there is little to be found in modern economics or political science that helps us understand the connections between international politics and commerce. The notion that international economics could be studied in isolation from its political underpinnings or consequences would have been quite alien to mercantilist thinkers in the eighteenth century or to the critics or advocates of imperialism in the nineteenth. That economics and politics were inextricably intertwined was taken as a matter of course. Indeed, "Trade follows the flag" was central to these people's understanding of world politics and international economics. Intellectual trends over the past century radically changed this worldview. The ascendancy of liberalism in economic thought brought with it a compartmentalization of disciplines that may now be eroding, but we are left with theories of international politics and economics that are very weakly bridged, The objective of this study is to map one of the many connections between international politics and commercial ties. Specifically, I seek to identify and measure the effect of changes in state-to-state diplomatic relations on trade flows between those nations. Theoretical underpinnings of my effort are in the tradition of "public choice" political economy (Frey 1984) because I treat importers as rational utility maximizers and their behavior as determined by preferences pursued within a context of specified constraints. The model I put forward is wholly consistent with contemporary neoclassical trade theory, but I extend the economists' notion of welfare and contend that importers take account not only of the price and quantity of goods and services but of the place of origin of these products and the political relationship between the importing and the exporting nation. They do so essentially for traditional security reasons; that is, importers are motivated to manage their trade relations in ways that minimize risks of disruption in supply or the possibility of hurting friends or
Surgical treatment and other regional treatments for colorectal cancer liver metastases.

The liver is the most common site of distant metastasis from colorectal cancer. About one-fourth of patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer have no other sites of metastasis and can be treated with regional therapies directed toward their liver tumors. Surgical resection of colorectal cancer liver metastases can result in a 24%-38% five-year survival, but only a minority of patients are candidates for resection. Other regional therapies such as cryosurgery, radiofrequency ablation, and hepatic intra-arterial chemotherapy may be offered to patients with unresectable but isolated liver metastases. The efficacy of these treatments is still being determined. For most patients with spread of metastatic colorectal cancer beyond the liver, systemic chemotherapy rather than regional therapy is a more appropriate option. The Oncologist 1999;4:197-208
Intrinsic differences between authentic and cryptic 5′ splice sites

Cryptic splice sites are used only when use of a natural splice site is disrupted by mutation. To determine the features that distinguish authentic from cryptic 5' splice sites (5'ss), we systematically analyzed a set of 76 cryptic 5'ss derived from 46 human genes. These cryptic 5'ss have a similar frequency distribution in exons and introns, and are usually located close to the authentic 5'ss. Statistical analysis of the strengths of the 5'ss using the Shapiro and Senapathy matrix revealed that authentic 5'ss have significantly higher score values than cryptic 5'ss, which in turn have higher values than the mutant ones. beta-Globin provides an interesting exception to this rule, so we chose it for detailed experimental analysis in vitro. We found that the sequences of the beta-globin authentic and cryptic 5'ss, but not their surrounding context, determine the correct 5'ss choice, although their respective scores do not reflect this functional difference. Our analysis provides a statistical basis to explain the competitive advantage of authentic over cryptic 5'ss in most cases, and should facilitate the development of tools to reliably predict the effect of disease-associated 5'ss-disrupting mutations at the mRNA level.
Bureaucratic Reactions to Political Pressures Can a Grant Agency "Manage." its Political Environment?

This article addresses the question of how federal grant administrators handle political pressures. The data originated in a study of two federal project grant programs—the US. Department of Commerce's Economic Development Administration and the US. Department of Housing and Urban Development's water and sewer program. The central finding is that the key to handling project pressures in grant programs lies in the careful handling of project turndowns through preapplication procedures and quick decisions. Policy tradeoffs involved in the use of preapplication procedures are explored.
Cumulative Inequality in Child Health and Academic Achievement

Our understanding of health and social stratification can be enriched by testing tenets of cumulative inequality theory that emphasize how the accumulation of inequality is dependent on the developmental stage being considered, the duration and stability of poor health, and the family resources available to children. I analyze longitudinal data from the British National Child Development Study (N = 9,252) to ask: (1) if child health is a source of cumulative inequality in academic achievement, (2) whether this relationship depends on the timing and duration of poor health, and (3) whether trajectories are sensitive to levels of family capital. The results suggest that the relationship between health and academic achievement emerges very early in life and persists and that whether we observe shrinking or widening inequality as children age depends on when we measure their health and whether children have access to compensatory resources.
Epstein‐barr virus‐related lymphomagenesis in a child with wiskott‐aldrich syndrome

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA was detected in immunoblastic lymphoma arising in a child with the primary immunodeficiency, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Southern blot analysis of the structure of the EBV genome revealed that the lymphoma was monoclonal and contained episomal EBV DNA. The EBV latent genes, latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) and the EBV nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2), were detected by immunohistochemistry in the Wiskott-Aldrich lymphoma but not in an EBV-positive Burkitt's lymphoma, implying that host immune factors could influence EBV gene expression. Hybridization in situ demonstrated expression of EBV-encoded RNA (EBER), the cellular c-fgr protooncogene, and CD23 B-cell activation transcripts in the Wiskott-Aldrich lymphoma whereas EBER and c-fgr but not CD23 were expressed in the Burkitt's lymphoma. These data suggest that in primary immunodeficiency-related lymphoma, LMP1 and EBNA2 are expressed and that this expression correlates with expression of CD23. This supports previous in vitro studies showing that CD23 is specifically induced by LMP1 or EBNA2 genes. In contrast, expression of c-fgr may be independent of expression of these EBV latent genes.
Leadership of renewal: leadership for the twenty‐first century

Suggests that Motorola faces new challenges brought on by its explosive growth. Describes how the company has always had a people‐oriented culture and stresses three key principles: leadership of renewal, renewal of leadership and thinking the unthinkable. States that Motorola is willing and eager to change, realizing that success depends on adaptability, flexibility and speed.
Identifying people in camera networks using wearable accelerometers

We propose a system to identify people in a sensor network. The system fuses motion information measured from wearable accelerometer nodes with motion traces of each person detected by a camera node. This allows people to be uniquely identified with the IDs the accelerometer-node that they wear, while their positions are measured using the cameras. The system can run in real time, with high precision and recall results. A prototype implementation using iMote2s with camera boards and wearable TI EZ430 nodes with accelerometer sensorboards is also described.
Calibration stability of some hot‐cathode ion gauges

Data are presented on the stability of calibration of some hot‐cathode ion gauges: a conventional triode used in the range of 0.0002–0.2 Pa, and Bayard‐Alpert‐type gauges used in the range of 0.0002–0.02 Pa. Numerical magnitudes are given of the systematic corrections that must be applied to the gauge indication in order to achieve the highest accuracy of pressure indication. The relative sensitivities of these gauges to Ar, N2, Ne, and He are also given.
Neuroplasticity in the processing of pitch dimensions: A multidimensional scaling analysis of the mismatch negativity

Purpose: An auditory electrophysiological study was conducted to explore the influence of language experience on the saliency of dimensions underlying cortical pitch processing. Methods: Mismatch negativity (MMN) responses to Mandarin tones were recorded in Chinese and English participants (n = 10 per group) using a passive oddball paradigm. Stimuli consisted of three tones (T1: high level; T2: high rising; T3: low falling-rising). There were three oddball conditions (standard/deviant): T1/T2, T1/T3, T2/T3. In the T1/T2 and T1/T3 conditions, each tonal pair represented a contrast between a level and a contour tone; the T2/T3 condition, a contrast between two contour tones. Twenty dissimilarity matrices were created using the MMN mean amplitude measured from the Fz location for each condition per participant, and analyzed by an individual differences multidimensional scaling model. Results: Two pitch dimensions were revealed, interpretively labeled as 'height' and 'contour'. The latter was found to be more important for Chinese than English subjects. Using individual weights on the contour dimension, a discriminant function showed that 17 out of 20 participants were correctly classified into their respective language groups. Conclusions: The MMN can serve as an index of pitch features that are differentially weighted depending on a listener's experience with lexical tones and their acoustic correlates within a particular tone space.
Goffman Goes to Church: Face-Saving and the Maintenance of Collective Order in Religious Services:

This article explores behavioural norms and consequences of their transgression during Mainline Protestant and Catholic church services in the Northeastern United States. We utilize Erving Goffman'...
Unprecedented recent warming of surface temperatures in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean

Climate variability in the tropical Pacific Ocean influences climate across much of the planet. A diatom-based record of sea surface temperatures from El Junco lake, Galapagos, reveals that the most recent half-century is the warmest 50-year period in the past 1,200 years. Through its intimate connection with the El Nino/Southern Oscillation system, climate variability in the tropical Pacific Ocean influences climate across much of the planet. But the history of temperature change in the tropical Pacific Ocean during recent millennia is poorly known: the available annually resolved records1,2 are discontinuous and rarely span more than a few centuries. Longer records at coarser temporal resolution suggest that significant oceanographic changes, observed at multi-year to multi-century resolution, have had important effects on global climate3,4,5. Here we use a diatom record from El Junco Lake, Galapagos, to produce a calibrated, continuous record of sea surface temperature in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean at subdecadal resolution, spanning the past 1,200 years. Our reconstruction reveals that the most recent 50 years are the warmest 50-year period within the record. Because our diatom-based sea surface temperature index resembles Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstructions, we suggest that with continued anthropogenic warming, the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean may continue to warm.
Interplay of politics and law to promote health: improving economic equality and health: the case of postwar Japan.

The health situation in Japan after World War II was extremely poor. However, in less than 35 years the country’s life expectancy was the highest in the world. Japan’s continuing health gains are linked to policies established at the end of World War II by the Allied occupation force that established a democratic government. The Confucian principles that existed in Japan long before the occupation but were preempted during the war years were reestablished after the war, facilitating subsequent health improvements. Japan’s good health status today is not primarily the result of individual health behaviors or the country’s health care system; rather, it is the result of the continuing economic equality that is the legacy of dismantling the prewar hierarchy.