cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Navigation in the Precision Registration of Sensor Data at Sea

The registration of data received from remote units or other facilities with surveillance data derived from a unit's own organic sensors (principally radars) is called gridlocking. This function is fundamental to the successful employment of the external data for coordinating a ship's activities with other units or forces and cueing the unit to possible threats. Accurate registration requires precise knowledge of the relationship between the ownship-derived data and the remote data. This relationship depends partially on knowing positions for the sensors which developed the various data. Because of the presence of sensor biases, the positions which provide the most accurate registration often do not correspond to the true geodetic position of the receiving unit and/or the remote sensors. Depending on the overlap between the remote sensor coverage volume and local ownship coverage volume, it can be shown that the role of navigation in developing this registration varies. Recent investigations, utilizing various data bases collected simultaneously from multiple physically separated naval radar suites, have shown that precise alignments can be achieved with minimal or, in some cases, no navigational input as long as common targets are held by the radar suites (i.e., relative gridlocking). Extension of these results to cases where no common coverage region exists (i.e., geodetic gridlocking) indicates that navigational positions from cooperative units within the local unit coverage volume could provide a possible standard for defining the relationship between ownship sensor coordinates and the absolute navigational coordinates. If the remote sensor data are also aligned to absolute coordinates, precise registration can then be achieved even in these cases.
Reaction of Chromium(V) with the EPR Spin Traps 5,5-Dimethylpyrroline N-Oxide and Phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone Resulting in Direct Oxidation

Experiments were performed to investigate potential biologically relevant oxidation reactions of a model Cr(V) complex, sodium bis(2-ethyl-2-hydroxybutyrato)oxochromate(V) (Na[Cr(ehba)2O]), with th...
Real Time Observation of Material Deformation Processes by Synchrotron White Beam X-ray Topography

An experimental apparatus which exploits synchrotron white beam X-ray diffraction topography has been developed to perform real time in situ observation of deformation processes of single crystals. The apparatus consists of a fully automated and remotely controlled mini-tensile device and a CCD based X-ray imaging detector with associated video system. Both tensile data and X-ray topographic images are recorded simultaneously. The materials under study include single crystals of Si, and single crystals or bicrystals of the refractory metals W and Mo. The deformation processes of these crystals have been studied by monitoring a selected transmission Laue spot while the specimen is mechanically cycled by loading and unloading. The X-ray images have been captured by a frame grabber and recorded via a VCR. Several phenomena have been observed, including bending contours, strain concentrations, reversible anelastic effect and microyielding. The observed stress relaxations are correlated to microstructural variations shown by X-ray topography. The stability of low angle grain boundaries in bicrystals; and the effect of high strength and toughness coatings on the deformation of single crystal substrates was investigated.
Neurochemical characterization of embryonic brain development in trisomy 19 (Ts19) mice: Implications of selective deficits observed for abnormal neural development in aneuploidy

In this study, we examined the neurochemical profiles of selected brain regions (cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon/brainstem) in fetal (day 14 to 18 gestation) trisomy 19 (Ts19) mice. The neurochemical characteristics we observed in Ts19 mice were quite different from those we observed previously in Ts16 mice. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity was reduced significantly in the cerebral hemispheres, but not in the brainstem/diencephalon, of the fetal Ts19 mouse brain, suggesting a selective vulnerability of telencephalic cholinergic neurons. Additionally, the activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) was reduced significantly in both hemispheres and diencephalon/brainstem of late gestation Ts19 fetuses, suggesting a selective vulnerability of GABAergic neurons as well. While the levels of catecholaminergic and dopaminergic markers were reduced significantly at late gestational ages, the relative rate of turnover of dopamine (DA), measured by the ratio of DOPAC/DA, was elevated significantly in Ts19 mice. Neither reduction in the thickness of various cellular zones of the cerebral cortex nor reduced cell density of the cerebral cortex accounts for the alterations in neurochemical parameters observed in Ts19 mice. These results suggest that the effects of the triplication of specific genes on the respective chromosomes, rather than a generalized disruption of developmental homeostasis resulting from extra chromosomal material, may produce selective alterations in neurochemical and neuroanatomical markers observed in these two mouse trisomies.
A sufficient condition in the calculus of variations

A sufficient condition is presented for a simple problem in the calculus of variations. This condition is derived by comparing the functional to be minimized to another functional such that a zero of this is a minimizing element of the former functional. The procedure which results from the sufficient condition to solve the variational problem is specially suited for integrands which do not have some partial derivatives at some points of their domain of definition. Several examples are given which illustrate the range of applicability of the method.
Evaluation of core spray line cracks from Nine Mile Point Unit No. 1 and isolation condenser cracks at Oyster Creek Unit No. 1

Abstract Two instances of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of stainless steel were investigated at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) in 1984. In May 1984, a periodic dye penetrant examination performed on the outside surface of a core spray line at Nine Mile Point Unit No. 1 disclosed several circumferentially oriented indications. The affected core spray line is 12 in (30·5 cm) nominal diameter, Schedule 80 austenitic stainless steel (Type 304). Evaluation of samples received at BNL disclosed that the cracking was transgranular with no indication of fatigue interaction. Evidence of chloride in addition to the observed transgranularity of the cracks led to the conclusion that the cracking resulted from a SCC mechanism induced by chloride contamination. On 22 March, 1984, the Oyster Creek Unit No. 1 facility developed a leak in the condensate piping near weld NE-2-12 of isolation condenser NE01-A, during hydrostatic testing of the system. Ultrasonic measurements were subsequently performed on the isolation condenser piping welds with the following results: 27 welds were affected, exhibiting approximately 50 ultrasonic testing (UT) indications. Three indications evaluated were entirely intergranular cracks initiating in the heat affected zone of the base metal. Some of these cracks progressed intergranularly into the weld metal. A comparison of crack depths measured ultrasonically versus crack depths measured photomicroscopically showed a marked difference in some of the observed values.
The pharmacognosy of Humulus lupulus L. (hops) with an emphasis on estrogenic properties

As the population ages, there is an ever-increasing need for therapeutic agents that can be used safely and efficaciously to manage symptoms related to postmenopausal estrogen deficiency. Endogenous estrogens, e.g., 17β-estradiol, of exogenous mammalian origin, e.g., horses, have long been used to manage such symptoms. There are more than 20 different classes of phytochemicals that have demonstrated affinity for human estrogen receptors in vitro. Some studies on exogenous estrogenic substances of botanical origin (phytoestrogens), such as standardized formulations of plant extracts with in vitro and in vivo estrogenic activity from soy (Glycine max Merill.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), suggest clinical efficacy. Few clinical data for phytoestrogens other than isoflavonoids are available. In an exhaustive review of the literature through 2003, only two clinical trials were identified that were designed to evaluate the effect of hops (Humulus lupulus L.) on symptoms related to menopause. Folkloric, chemical, and biological literature relating primarily to the use of hops for their estrogenic activity, and two human clinical trials, are reviewed.
X-ray induced increase of mitotic crossovers in Nicotiana tabacum

Abstract The mutant, sulfur , of Nicotiana tabacum L. is an incompletely dominant chlorophyll deficiency locus. Single dark green (D) or aurea (A), and double (Db) spots develop spontaneously in leaves of Su/su plants. When Su/su seedlings were exposed to 150 kVP X-rays (50, 150, or 300 R), the frequency of each kind of spot increased with exposure dose. If D, A, and Db spots are summed, the frequencies of spots per leaf were 0.458 ±0.069, 2.317 ±0.219, 11.95 ±1.212, and 35.29 ±5.221 for 0 (control), 50, 150, and 300 R, respectively. Based on the number of leaves with increased spot frequency at 300 R, there are seven leaf initials present at the time of treatment, each at a different developmental stage. The mutation response curve obtained from the eventual seven leaves is similar to curves of mutation induction in other plant speices. Uniform sensitivity of cells in leaf primordia to X-irradiation is inferred since D and A spot areas as percentages of the leaf blade area respectively remain equal from leaf to leaf. Spot frequency was also examined geographically over the leaf blade. Right versus left halves have equal frequency spotting; distal halves, with more cells by actual count than proximal halves, have a greater spot frequency. The dose responses of D and A spots have significant linear and non-linear components. The Db spot frequency in these experiments was used to calculate the frequency of mitotic crossing over. The values range from 3.34 × 10 −6 to 9.64 × 10 −4 , extending our earlier estimate.
Aortic Valve Papillary Fibroelastoma: A Diagnosis by Transthoracic Echocardiography

Cardiac papillary fibroelastomas are unusual, frond-like growths typically found on cardiac valves, diagnosed incidentally on autopsy or cardiac surgery, but rarely during life. We report a rare case of an aortic valve papillary fibroelastoma detected by transthoracic echocardiography and confirmed by histologic study.
more than passing strange: homelessness and mental illness in New York City

The presence of psychiatric disturbance is a much-noted feature of the new urban homelessness in the United States. An impaired capacity model of homelessness—which assumes that the disorder is responsible for the displacement—is a common inference. Drawing upon ethnographic research in New York and recent epidemiological literature, this article criticizes such an approach on empirical, methodological, and historical grounds. It argues instead that individual failures to secure stable housing have their roots in larger developments in housing, employment, household composition, and government assistance programs. It is the circumstances under which psychiatric disability is converted into social dispossession—and not “deviance” per se—that need to be examined. [homelessness, mental illness, urban poverty]
Immunohistochemical localization of barley stripe mosaic virions in infected wheat cells

Barley stripe mosaic virus particles were localized in ultrathin sections with colloidal gold-labeled specific IgG or antiserum followed by gold-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG. On the average, 1.5 gold particles were attached per virus rod. A statistical analysis of counts of gold and virus particles showed that the staining procedure was highly reproducible from experiment to experiment and after several independently prepared colloidal gold solutions. The procedure should be useful for the intracellular localization of any protein to which an antibody can be prepared.
A Theoretical Estimate of Solution-Precipitation Creep in MgO-Fluxed Si3N4

The creep rate in MgO-fluxed hot-pressed Si3N4 is calculated by means of a model which assumes a solution-precipitation mechanism, and by using the kinetic data for the dissolution rate of β-Si3N4 in an Mg-Si-O-N glass (which was obtained in independent experiments). Despite simplifying assumptions, the predictions match quite favorably with experimental measurements of creep in hot-pressed Si3N4.
Automated Ingestion Detection for a Health Monitoring System

Obesity is a global epidemic that imposes a financial burden and increased risk for a myriad of chronic diseases. Presented here is an overview of a prototype automated ingestion detection (AID) process implemented in a health monitoring system (HMS). The automated detection of ingestion supports personal record keeping which is essential during obesity management. Personal record keeping allows the care provider to monitor the therapeutic progress of a patient. The AID-HMS determines the levels of ingestion activity from sounds captured by an external throat microphone. Features are extracted from the sound recording and presented to machine learning classifiers, where a simple voting procedure is employed to determine instances of ingestion. Using a dataset acquired from seven individuals consisting of consumption of liquid and solid, speech, and miscellaneous sounds, > 94% of ingestion sounds are correctly identified with false positive rates around 9% based on 10-fold cross validation. The detected levels of ingestion activity are transmitted and stored on a remote web server, where information is displayed through a web application operating in a web browser. This information allows remote users (health provider) determine meal lengths and levels of ingestion activity during the meal. The AID-HMS also provides a basis for automated reinforcement for the patient.
Family/School Inequality and African-American/Hispanic Achievement

Analyses of educational achievement and racial gaps, in particular, have demonstrated the importance of family background and school attributes. Little of this work, however, incorporates a broad, multi-level, conceptual and analytic focus; one whereby disadvantages at, and potential linkages between, family and school levels are considered simultaneously. In this paper, I offer a framework that views individuals and societal subgroups as simultaneously embedded in multiple institutional spheres that are potentially interdependent. Such embeddedness and interdependency, I argue, are important for understanding the reproduction of group disadvantage, including that pertaining to educational outcomes. Analyses of Black and Hispanic disadvantages in achievement draw from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and its new school and principal component surveys. Baseline family disadvantages (1986) explain a substantial portion of racial variation in math/reading comprehension (1994), while changes in family income and parental education over a five year period (1986–1990) yield notable consequences as well. These effects are strong and direct at the early elementary levels, and partially mediated through earlier patterns of academic achievement for late elementary and middle school students. The addition of school attributes, and modest declines in family effects, suggest that it is partially through (the allocation of children to) schools that general and race-specific family disadvantages are played out. Particularly important are racial inequalities in public/private school enrollment, school social class composition, instructional expenditure, and crime at the school level. I conclude by discussing the implications of my argument and findings for research in the area of education and stratification more broadly.
Accurate preoperative rod length measurement for thoracoscopic anterior instrumentation and fusion for idiopathic scoliosis.

Objective: Anterior thoracoscopic instrumentation/fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis has long operative times and does not allow surgeons to adjust rod length within the chest. Intraoperative rod length measurement requires placing measurement devices into the chest, adding operative time, and results in overestimation of rod length. The study purpose was to develop a method to preoperatively determine accurate rod length. Methods: Two groups of patients were analyzed depending on when the rod length was determined: group 1: intraoperatively using intraoperative rod-measuring device (n = 12); group 2: preoperatively using the new technique (n = 12). For group 2, the preoperative convex length was measured between planned instrumented levels on the preoperative posteroanterior (PA) film, and ideal rod length was measured on the postoperative PA radiograph. The conversion ratio was determined by dividing the preoperative convex length by the ideal rod length and was 1.29 ′ 0.08. Results: For group 1, the actual rod length was 3.8 cm longer than the ideal length compared with 0.8 cm for group 2 (P < 0.05). Operative times improved (51.4 vs 46.2 min/disc level) after adopting this technique. Conclusions: A simple and accurate preoperative method to determine appropriate rod length for thoracoscopically assisted anterior instrumentation/fusion was developed, which saves operative time and is more accurate when compared with the intraoperative method. This technique can be applied when using an open anterior approach.
Transient event-locked Fourier spectroscopy

Abstract A low-cost method of adding time-resolving capability to commercial Fourier-transform spectrometers with a continuously scanning Michelson interferometer has been developed. It achieves accurate timing by locking the sampling to the transient events and thus eliminates noise and artifacts caused by mirror-speed variations in the interferometer. This acquisition method is accompanied by a novel mathematical algorithm for extracting the spectral information from the data. The method has been used from the far IR to the UV at resolutions up to 0.1 cm −1 .
Mechanism of Loading the Escherichia coli DNA Polymerase III Sliding Clamp II. UNCOUPLING THE β AND DNA BINDING ACTIVITIES OF THE γ COMPLEX

Abstract Sliding clamps tether DNA polymerases to DNA to increase the processivity of synthesis. The Escherichia coli γ complex loads the β sliding clamp onto DNA in an ATP-dependent reaction in which ATP binding and hydrolysis modulate the affinity of the γ complex for β and DNA. This is the second of two reports (Williams, C. R., Snyder, A. K., Kuzmic, P., O'Donnell, M., and Bloom, L. B. (2004) J. Biol. Chem. 279, 4376–4385) addressing the question of how ATP binding and hydrolysis regulate specific interactions with DNA and β. Mutations were made to an Arg residue in a conserved SRC motif in the δ′ and γ subunits that interacts with the ATP site of the neighboring γ subunit. Mutation of the δ′ subunit reduced the ATP-dependent β binding activity, whereas mutation of the γ subunits reduced the DNA binding activity of the γ complex. The γ complex containing the δ′ mutation gave a pre-steady-state burst of ATP hydrolysis, but at a reduced rate and amplitude relative to the wild-type γ complex. A pre-steady-state burst of ATP hydrolysis was not observed for the complex containing the γ mutations, consistent with the reduced DNA binding activity of this complex. The differential effects of these mutations suggest that ATP binding at the γ1 site may be coupled to conformational changes that largely modulate interactions with β, whereas ATP binding at the γ2 and/or γ3 site may be coupled to conformational changes that have a major role in interactions with DNA. Additionally, these results show that the “arginine fingers” play a structural role in facilitating the formation of a conformation that has high affinity for β and DNA.
Biochemical aspects of viral transformation.

Cultured cells that are exposed to oncogenic viruses in vitro produce transformed cells that can be selected, based on their altered morphologic properties or their ability to grow on soft agar. Polyoma virus and SV40 are two DNAcontaining oncogenic viruses that have been studied extensively under in vitro conditions. These viruses contain double stranded DNA of molecular weights 3 x 10' and 2.5 x 10' daltons respectively (1, 2). The DNA's in both are circular, and the two strands are covalently closed. During rate zonal centrifugation of the viral DNA at a neutral pH, two viral DNA bands are observed. One band represents the intact supercoiled molecule (component I) and the second is an extended circular molecule with one or several single strand nicks (component II) (3). In addition, cellular DNA derived from pseudovirions may be present (4). While SV40 and polyoma DNA's do not show any polynucleotide sequence homology (5), the two viruses share many common biological properties and for this reason I discuss them together. By selecting single transformed cells and growing them in medium containing viral antiserum, virus-free transformed clonal lines can be obtained. These transformed cells contain a new an-
Laparoscopic surgical treatment of achalasia

Background The authors have performed 11 myotomies in 10 patients (aged 12 to 77) with achalasia using minimally invasive techniques. Methods The initial 3 patients were treated via transthoracic approach; the subsequent 7 patients via transabdominal approach. The length of the myotomy was determined in conjunction with intraoperative endoscopy to facilitate dissection and demonstrate division of the lower esophageal sphincter. Results Only 1 patient required intravenous and intramuscular narcotics more than 24 hours post-operatively; 2 patients required no postoperative narcotics. The average hospital stay for those patients successfully treated endoscopically averaged 2.0 ± 0.5 days (range 1.5 to 3). One patient was converted to open thoracotomy secondary to perforation of the mucosa. One patient required repeat laparoscopic myotomy at 3 months due to recurrent dysphagia. Follow-up conducted at clinic visits showed all patients to have benefitted with relief of dysphagia; 80% (8) reported excellent results, 10% (1) reported good results, and 10% (1) fair results. Conclusion We converted from thoracic to laparoscopic myotomy because the abdominal approach simplified anesthetic and surgical management. We conclude that laparoscopic myotomy is a simple and effective treatment of achalasia.
Linear algebraic transformations of the bidomain equations: Implications for numerical methods

A mathematical framework is presented for the treatment of the bidomain equations used to model propagation in cardiac tissue. This framework is independent of the model used to represent membrane ionic currents and incorporates boundary conditions and other constraints. By representing the bidomain equations in the operator notation Lφ = F, various algebraic transformations can be expressed as PLQ-1ψ = PF, where P and Q are linear operators. The authors show how previous work fits into this framework and discuss the implications of various transformation for numerical methods of solution. Although such transformations allow many choices of independent variable, these results emphasize the fundamental importance of the transmembrane potential.
The preparation of pure [1-14C]- and [1-3H]-labeled l-amino acids

Abstract 1. 1. The preparation of high specific activity (30 mC/mmole) [1-14C]glycine, l -[1-14C]alanine, l -amino[1-14C]butyric acid, l -[1-14C]valine, l -[1-14C]alloisoleucine, l -[1-14C]isoleucine, l -[1-14C]norvaline, l -[1-14C]leucine, l -[1-14C]phenylalanine, l -[1-14C]tyrosine and l -p- fluoro [1- 14 C ] phenylalanine are described. 2. 2. l -[2,3-3H2]valine (1 C/mmole) and l -[2,3-3H2]isoleucine and -alloisoleucine have also been prepared by a unique route involving the catalytic addition of tritium gas to the corresponding oxazolones. 3. 3. Optically active 3-methylbutyraldehyde suffers very little racemization in its conversion to isoleucine in the Bucherer hydantoin synthesis. 4. 4. Extremely sensitive methods are described for determining chemical and optical purity of the labeled amino acids.
Medium-voltage sensors for the smart grid: Lessons learned

Medium-voltage (MV) sensors for the Smart Grid are an evolving tool for the electric utility distribution engineer. Historically, to remotely monitor the power system flow on a distribution system, the most common option available was traditional current transformers (CTs) and potential transformers (PTs) combined with transducers. The most common means of communication was a leased telephone circuit. Around 1990, as the visions of fully automated distribution systems began to surface, a need was recognized for a device that could detect the magnitudes of the distribution system's primary voltages and line currents — devices that would be less expensive and less cumbersome to install and operate than the traditional CT and PT. Thus was born the MV sensor. As with many other emerging technologies, the evolution of these MV sensors — from the concept of a cycloalaphatic or epoxy post-type insulator with embedded discrete components to the more recent concept of a polymer with optics — has been filled with trials and tribulations. This paper covers some of the basic design concepts, technical capabilities, applications, reports of independent lab tests, and “lessons learned” with these sensor types, which are destined to become part of the initial building blocks for the Smart Grid.
Role of Light Scatterng in Whole Blood Oximetry

We investigated the role of light scattering in whole blood oximetry by transmission spectrophotometry. To delineate the role of scattering and absorbance in the measurement of oxyhemoglobin saturation, we applied Twersky's theory of radiation scattering and measured the apparent optical density of whole blood and hemoglobin solutions. The optical density versus hematocrit relationship predicted by Twersky's theory was found to give a good fit to the data obtained at 660, 813, 880, and 940 nm. A semi-empirical variation of Twersky's equation and photon diffusion equations were also compared to the data, and Twersky's original equation was found to give the best fit. Therefore, Twersky's equation was employed throughout the rest of the data analysis. Total scattering effects were shown to be wavelength and oxygenation dependent. Moreover, the relationship between total scattering effects and percent O2 saturation was approximately linear, and it had a greater slope (at 660 nm) than absorbance versus O2 saturation. Thus, scattering effects in the red-infrared range do not detract from the linearity of whole blood oximeters. By contrast, scattering effects increase the sensitivity of oximeters by contributing linearly to the total O. D. change that occurs with altered oxygenation.
Metabolism of pipecolic acid derivatives in Calliandra and Zapoteca

Abstract 14 C-Labelled lysine, pipecolic acid and mono- and dihydroxy derivatives of pipecolic acid were administered to leaves of Calliandra angustifolia and Zapoteca formosa . Pipecolic acid was rapidly converted to the mono- and dihydroxy constituents, and both of the monohydroxy compounds were converted to the dihydroxy derivative as well as back to pipecolic acid.
Efficient bit-level, word-level, and block-level systolic arrays for matrix-matrix multiplication

This paper investigates the mapping of matrix-matrix multiplication onto bit level, word level and block level systolic arrays. Highly efficient and regular bit level, word level and block level systolic arrays are described. Efficiencies of many block level and word level systolic arrays reported in this paper approach 100/percent/, three times the efficiencies of systolic arrays reported previously. Bit level systolic arrays reported in this paper require less computation time than do bit level systolic arrays reported previously and, for special matrices, require less cells. Execution times of block level systolic algorithms on sixty-four-element multiprocessor agree with theory.
Ectopic expression of the phosphomimic mutant version of Arabidopsis response regulator 1 promotes a constitutive cytokinin response phenotype

Background: Cytokinins control numerous plant developmental processes, including meristem formation and activity, nutrient distribution, senescence timing and responses to both the abiotic and biotic environments. Cytokinin signaling leads to the activation of type-B response regulators (RRBs), Myb-like transcription factors that are activated by the phosphorylation of a conserved aspartate residue in their response receiver domain. Consistent with this, overexpression of RRBs does not substantially alter plant development, but instead leads to cytokinin hypersensitivity. Results: Here we present comparative analysis of plants overexpressing Arabidopsis RRB 1 (ARR1) or a phosphomimic ARR1 D94E mutant in which the conserved aspartate-94 (D94) is replaced by the phosphomimic residue glutamate (E). The D94E substitution causes a 100-fold increase in response activation and instigates developmental and physiological changes that characterize wild-type plants treated with cytokinins or transgenic plants with increased cytokinin content. Conclusion: The current model of cytokinin signaling emphasizes the essential role of conserved aspartate residue phosphorylation of RRBs in promoting cytokinin responses. Our comparative analyses of developmental and physiological traits of ARR1 and ARR1 D94E overexpressing plants revealed that the ARR1 D94E protein is indeed a
High-temperature superconductivity in the BaPb1−xBixO3 system

Phases of the type BaPb1-xBix03 have been prepared for the first time. These phases all have perovskite related structures, and superconductivity was observed over the range x ≅0.05–0.3. The highest critical temperature is 13 K which is exceptionally high for an oxide and is much higher than that previously observed for any superconductor not containing a transition element. Semiconducting behavior is observed from x = 1 to about 0.35.
Life-threatening “round pneumonia”

Round pneumonia is a rare manifestation of lower respiratory tract infection in adults. Previous reports emphasize that this entity is typically a mild, easily treatable illness that often masquerades radiographically as a neoplasm. We present two cases of round pneumonia, in patients with abnormal immunity, that progressed rapidly to life-threatening septic shock and respiratory failure.
The topic‐comment construction in Japanese‐English code‐switching

ABSTRACT: In many bilingual communities, two languages are often used back and forth in a single situation, even with a single sentence. In the last several years, there has been a considerable interest in syntactic aspects of intrasentential code-switching. Attempts have been made within various linguistic frameworks to characterize the rules that govern switches. A study of Japanese–English code-switching is promising in this regard in that Japanese and English are typoligically different languages. One of the differences between the two is that Japanese is a topic-prominent language while English is a subject-prominent language. This paper deals with an interaction between these two language types. More specifically, it will analyze a set of sentences which consist of a Japanese topic and an English sentence uttered by Japanese–English bilingual speakers in North America. First, it is discussed how these sentences should be treated in the formal account of intrasentential code-switching, considering what topic is in relation to the sentence. Then, forms and functions of the topic of these sentences are analyzed in light of what is said about Japanese topics in general in both syntactic and semantic terms in order to understand why these bilingual speakers use Japanese topics as they do in the code-switching mode. Finally, our case will be compared with the early English interlanguage of a speaker of Hmong, another topic-prominent language. We will see whether these two different cases (code-switching vs interlanguage) share a common process with respect to the way in which these two language types interact with each other.
Variations in geometric measures of topographic surfaces underlain by fractured granitic plutons

Silicate melts impose systematic fracture patterns on their hosts and their own sub-solidus portions as they crystallize and cool to ambient conditions. Weathering of these plutonic bodies accentuates the fractures and produces fragmented topographic surfaces whose geometric measures exceed those of a Euclidean surface. Because geometric measures of these surfaces are potentially indicative of the percolation properties of the fracture network, contours and vertical sections were digitized from 1:250000 and 1:240000 scale maps, and their statistical fractal dimensions, D, were computed. Regions underlain by granitic plutons with similar fragmentation patterns were found to have D values ranging from 1.15 to 1.28 within a single pluton. This range of values is caused by noise and several geologic factors. The values contain noise introduced by the map-making and digitizing procedures that amounts to D ≈ 1.05. However, all values lie well above this threshold, and they correlate closely with local differences in weathering. Smaller D values derive from contours where accumulation of screen or glacial erosion has smoothed the surface, whereas larger D values derive from contours along aretes and in unglaciated terrains. In each of these regions, larger D values occur locally where fractures are most frequent and/or continuous. Large D values were also derived from regions underlain by host rocks that lie in the near-field region of the stress field caused by the pluton. The fractral values derived are apparently related to the magma-hydrothermal event, they can potentially be used to derive properties of the percolation networks that were active during the hydrothermal events.
Mechanism for cryptic splice site activation during pre-mRNA splicing.

Abstract The 5' splice site of a pre-mRNA is recognized by U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNP) through base pairing with the 5' end of U1 small nuclear RNA (snRNA). Single-base substitutions within a 9-nucleotide 5'-splice-site sequence can abolish or attenuate use of that site and, in higher eukaryotes, can also activate nearby "cryptic" 5' splice sites. Here we show that the effects of single-base substitutions within a 5' splice site can be completely or partially suppressed by cis mutations that improve the overall complementarity of the site to U1 snRNA. We further show that in the presence of the normal 5' splice site, a cryptic 5' splice site can be activated by increasing its complementarity to U1 snRNA. U1 snRNP binding experiments confirm that cryptic 5' splice sites are activated when their affinity for U1 snRNP approaches that of the authentic 5' splice site. Based upon these results, we propose a spliceosome competition model for 5'-splice-site selection and cryptic 5'-splice-site activation. We discuss our results with regard to the factors involved in 5'-splice-site recognition.
The Long Legacy of Dorian Gray: Why the European Union Needs to Redefine its Role in Global Affairs

Abstract The article analyses the future of EU foreign policy and Europe’s role in global governance from a normative and from an outside perspective. It argues that Europe needs to acknowledge an increasingly peripheral place in world affairs. It therefore has to create a new narrative for EU external affairs in the twenty‐first century which does not see Europe as the anchor of the world. The EU can remain credible and effective only if it fundamentally shifts its mind‐set from Europe’s promises and ambitions to Europe’s global obligations. What matters is not what Europe wants to do, but what Europe has to do to fulfil global duties. Based on six general principles of responsibility (capacity, community, consent, contribution, beneficiary and legitimate expectation principles), the article then defines priorities and primary obligations for Europe which reflect the EU’s actual capacities. It calls for a more modest EU that avoids raising unrealistic and exaggerated expectations. Instead of assuming mor...
CSR Communication: An Impression Management Perspective

Organizations today recognize that it is not only important to engage in corporate social responsibility (CSR), but that it is also equally important to ensure that information about CSR is communicated to audiences. At times, however, the CSR image perceived by audiences is not an accurate portrayal of the organization’s CSR identity and is, therefore, incongruent with the desired CSR image. In this paper, we build upon the nascent work on organizational impression management by examining CSR communication from an impression management perspective. The model developed here proposes that incongruence between desired and current CSR images motivates an organization to decrease the incongruence through CSR communication. This relationship is moderated by four factors: importance of CSR image to the organization; power, status, and attractiveness of the target audience; importance of CSR image to the target audience; and media attention and public scrutiny. The model also identifies four dimensions of CSR communication structure (anticipatory–reactive, assertive–protective, direct–indirect, and image enhancing–image correcting) and includes a feedback loop through which audience interpretation of the CSR communication can influence the organization’s CSR image incongruence. Two illustrative examples are provided to indicate how the model may be applied to organizations. This paper has several implications for research and practice. It draws connections between impression management theory and CSR and adds to the emerging literature on organizational impression management. It can also help organizations decide on the appropriate CSR communication structure to use in specific situations and be more effective in their CSR communication.
Path bundles on n-cubes

A path bundle is a set of 2^a paths in an n-cube, denoted Q"n, such that every path has the same length, the paths partition the vertices of Q"n, the endpoints of the paths induce two subcubes of Q"n, and the endpoints of each path are complements. This paper shows that a path bundle exists if and only if n>0 is odd and 0=
The anomalous photovoltaic effect

This article reviews the anomalous (or high-voltage) photovoltaic effect, an effect to the study of which Walter J. Merz made an early contribution.
Zur physikalischen Bedeutung der „elektrolytischen Lösungstension“

Es wird gezeigt, das unter „elektrolytischer Losungstension“ eine schrittweise Ionisierung durch Hydratation zu verstehen ist. Der Zusammenhang zwischen den elektrochemischen Normalpotentialen und atomphysikalischen Daten wird quantitativ formuliert.
The disposition of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in rainbow trout

This study investigated the dynamics of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in Salmonid fish. Similar to mammals and marine fish, trout excrete 2,4-D via the urine, with an elimination half-life of 2.4 hr. Although the amount of 2,4-D found in bile was always less than 1% of the dose, the concentration of 2,4-D in bile was greater than any other tissue or fluid four hr or more after exposure. From 20 to 96 hr following administration, bile was the only tissue or fluid which contained detectable amounts of 2,4-D. The results demonstrate that rainbow trout eliminate 2,4-D very rapidly via urinary excretion. However, detectable levels of 2,4-D may be found in the bile for many hours after it is eliminated from all other tissues.
Isolation and Live Imaging of Enteric Progenitors based on Sox10-Histone2BVenus Transgene Expression

To facilitate dynamic imaging of neural crest (NC) lineages and discrimination of individual cells in the enteric nervous system (ENS) where close juxtaposition often complicates viewing, we generated a mouse BAC transgenic line that drives a Histone2BVenus (H2BVenus) reporter from Sox10 regulatory regions. This strategy does not alter the endogenous Sox10 locus and thus facilitates analysis of normal NC development. Our Sox10-H2BVenus BAC transgene exhibits temporal, spatial, and cell-type specific expression that reflects endogenous Sox10 patterns. Individual cells exhibiting nuclear-localized fluorescence of the H2BVenus reporter are readily visualized in both fixed and living tissue and are amenable to isolation by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). FACS-isolated H2BVenus+ enteric NC-derived progenitors (ENPs) exhibit multipotency, readily form neurospheres, self-renew in vitro and express a variety of stem cell genes. Dynamic live imaging as H2BVenus+ ENPs migrate down the fetal gut reveals cell fragmentation suggesting that apoptosis occurs at a low frequency during normal development of the ENS. Confocal imaging both during population of the fetal intestine and in postnatal gut muscle strips revealed differential expression between individual cells consistent with down-regulation of the transgene as progression towards non-glial fates occurs. The expression of the Sox10-H2BVenus transgene in multiple regions of the peripheral nervous system will facilitate future studies of NC lineage segregation as this tool is expressed in early NC progenitors and maintained in enteric glia. genesis 49:599–618, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Experiences from a prospective study of estrogen replacement therapy after treatment of breast cancer

Estrogen deficiency can develop in women undergoing treatment for breast cancer. However, these women are generally advised against estrogen replacement therapy (ERT). Prior to starting a prospective, randomized study to investigate the effect of ERT after treatment of localized breast cancer, patients' and physicians' attitudes towards ERT were assessed. Overall half of the women contacted said that they would consider taking estrogen under medical supervision. Those who had surgery were more likely to consider ERT (71%) than those who received other multimodality treatments. Premenopausal women were more concerned about osteoporosis than menopausal women (82% vs. 66%) and more concerned about cardiovascular disease (92% vs. 73%), and they were more willing to consider taking ERT (59% vs. 40%). Physicians' responses reinforced the view that prospective, randomized studies are necessary to define the safety of ERT in selected groups of women with breast cancer. A prospective study was then initiated to de...
Electronic structure and the metal-nonmetal transition in liquid CsAu and Cs 3 Sb

The electronic structure and ionicity of some alkali-gold and alkali-pnictide compounds has been calculated and used to investigate the type of chemical ordering and the nature of the metal-nonmetal transition (MNMT) in their liquid semiconducting phases. The gold compounds are found to extremely high ionicities, averaging 0.96, while the pnictides are much lower, ranging from 0.60 for ${\mathrm{Cs}}_{3}$Sb to 0.05 for ${\mathrm{Li}}_{3}$Sb. The thermochemical, structural, and transport properties of the liquid alloys are similar, but the range of composition for which $l$-CsAu is semiconducting is larger than in the other systems. This is shown to be wider than is consistent with band-filling models of the MNMT and is further evidence that the transition occurs by carrier localization at defects such as $F$ centers. The pnictides and Pb alloys have more usual MNMT's and presumably $F$ centers are not stable at their much lower ionicities. The unifying feature of the bonding in these systems is that the lowest valence orbital of the cation is above the highest occupied anion orbital in their free atoms. They may therefore be classed as charge-transfer compounds. However, their bonding cannot always be truly termed ionic as the net ionic charges and ionicities are often very low, as in the Li salts.
Ammonium fixation from urea as influenced by nitrapyrin

Abstract During the period 1977–1979, NaNO3, urea, and urea plus 2% (wt/wt) nitrapyrin (2‐chloro‐6‐(trimethyl)pyridine) were compared on a Matapeake silt loam (fine silty mixed mesic Typic Hapludult) . Nitrogen sources were injected as solutions into the water system at 224 kg N ha‐1yr‐1used for subsurface trickle irrigation of corn (Zea maysL.). Nitrogen was withheld in 1980 in order to assess residual N effects. Grain yields in 1980 for the NaNO3, urea, and urea plus Nitrapyrin treatments were 5.10, 4.56 and 6.52 Mg ha‐1, respectively. Corresponding ear leaf N concentrations were 17.7, 16.7 and 19.2 g kg‐1. Significantly higher grain yield and leaf N concentrations associated with the use of nitrapyrin as a nitrification inhibitor indicated greater soil N reserves for this treatment. Non‐exchangeable (fixed) NH4 +, in soil cores taken in November 1981 averaged 54, 59 and 74 ug N g‐1for the respective N regimes. The concentration of fixed NH4 +increased with sampling depth, averaging 54, 61 and 72 ug N g...
Chemical alteration of seawater by lava from Kilauea volcano, Hawaii

Abstract To examine the chemical alteration of seawater by submarine lava, seawater was sampled at a depth of 21 m east of Kupapau Point, Hawaii, after contact with molten lava from Kilauea Volcano. The warm, mildly acid (pH ∼6.5 at 27°C) hydrothermal solutions are highly enriched in dissolved Si (>40×) and Mn (>400×) relative to ambient seawater. Chloride shows a slight but discernable enrichment in the most altered samples, probably due to boiling and partial phase segregation (steam loss) during heating. Assuming Cl behaves conservatively, Ca and Mg are on the order of 1% depleted in the altered solutions, which we attribute to anhydrite precipitation and secondary silicate formation during the water-rock exchange. Dissolved iron is not enriched in the solutions, although examination of filtered particles suggests that some Fe is mobilized from the basalt. These distinctive chemical changes are consistent with a brief, moderate temperature (
Complications following hip fractures.

Abstract Review of 267 hip fracture patients revealed 71.5 per cent had significant post-operative complications which effected their rehabilitation potential. Urinary tract infection, hip deformity, decubiti, knee contracture, wound infection and drop foot were seen in this order of frequency. Thirty-two and one-half per cent had unsatisfactory results judged at 4 months post-fracture. This group had two and one-half times as many complications as the 61 per cent with satisfactory results. The group of patients with complications had a 17.3 per cent mortality rate while hospitalized compared to the group of patients without complications whose mortality rate was only 5.3 per cent. Patients over 75 yr of age who sustain a hip fracture, and have more than one associated disease are prime candidates for the complications reviewed. They frequently are in a precarious equilibrium with their environment before fracture, and considerable prophylactic care is required to get these older patients back to functional independence.
Biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as vectors of nonviral animal pathogens.

A review is presented of the animal parasites (other than viruses) that are transmitted by Ceratopogonidae. The organisms involved (12 Protozoa, 18 Nematoda) are tabulated with their respective natural and experimental vectors. Tabulated summary data dealing with developmental characteristics of the parasites in their insect hosts are also given. The skin condition of horses known as “sweet itch” or “Queensland itch” is reviewed briefly.
Replantation of an avulsed ear, using a single arterial anastamosis

Avulsion of the ear is relatively uncommon and replantation a technical challenge. A case in which an avulsed ear was successfully replanted using a single arterial anastamosis is described. The surgical difficulties encountered, the pharmaceutical approach to postoperative care and the problems which resulted from the lack of venous drainage are discussed.