cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimate the degree of noncircularity of complex-valued vectors via exponentially embedded family

Complex-valued signal processing is a fundamental task in many signal processing areas such as radar, sonar and communications. Modeling complex data as noncircular may provide better fitting of physical conditions. However, it requires more complicated signal processing algorithms and hence has more computations. Testing of noncircularity and estimating its degree are helpful in choosing a model. In this paper we focus on estimating the degree of noncircularity if the data is decided noncircular. It essentially a model order selection problem; therefore, we adopt the recently proposed exponentially embedded family (EEF) rule. Computer simulations are given to evaluate the EEF's performance and compare it with the minimum description length (MDL).
Narrative Persuasion in Historical Films: Examining the Importance of Prior Knowledge, Existing Attitudes, and Culture

This study examines the persuasive effect of a historical movie about World War II in audiences with different attitudes toward and prior knowledge of the figures and events portrayed in the movie, based on different cultural backgrounds (U.S. and China). Empathy levels for controversial historical figures (e.g., Adolf Hitler, Josef Goebbels) and groups (e.g., Germany as a nation) were analyzed, as were related story-consistent beliefs. U.S. participants reported having more empathy toward the figures and groups after viewing, while their general opinions toward war were more negative. A different and mostly contradictory pattern was observed among Chinese participants. Results suggest that preexisting attitudes and knowledge likely play an important role in the narrative persuasion process for historical movies.
Abstract TP259: Accuracy of EMS Identification of Acute Strokes Eligible for tPA Treatment in Kaiser Stroke EXPRESS Program

Background: Field-based diversion for potential stroke patients who may qualify for endovascular stroke therapy (EST) has been proposed more widely in 2015. In 2015, Kaiser Permanente Northern Cali...
Negotiation via Videoconferencing

This chapter addresses a tool which has crept up on negotiators. Videoconferencing for negotiation was first hailed long ago with certain expectations: high quality video at high cost, to be used for negotiation between business teams in expensively equipped conference rooms. But now, these conditions are largely supplanted by widespread use of lower-resolution videoconferencing tools such as Skype and other low-to-no-cost programs, of varying quality and reliability. As one result, people now find themselves, routinely, in face-to-face negotiations with via videoconferencing. The social effects go far beyond picture-quality; concerns about who might be listening out of camera view, and other privacy and confidentiality issues, combine with widely varying levels of comfort with this technology to create a significant likelihood of a mismatch between parties who do not trust, or cannot manage, the technology or the setting equally, Ebner provides a matrix of considerations that apply to nonverbal communication in video conferencing, and another to help negotiators understand features and risks of using video.
Definite, or De Re, Intention in a Husserlian Framework

We have seen that a Husserlian theory of intentionality can be developed considerably beyond the basic Frege-like approach we discussed in Chapters III and IV. Our goal now is to apply the developed theory of definite, or de re, intentions. We first elaborate on the characterization of definiteness, which we have heretofore defined largely by example, and we distinguish more sharply perceptually definite from individuatively definite acts. We then develop analyses of the phenomenological structures that achieve, respectively, perceptual and individuative definiteness of intention.
Repeatability and Reproducibility of In Vivo Cone Density Measurements in the Adult Zebrafish Retina.

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are widely used as an experimental model for a wide range of retinal diseases. Previously, optical coherence tomography (OCT) was introduced for quantitative analysis of the zebrafish cone photoreceptor cell mosaic; however no data exists on the intersession reproducibility or intrasession repeatability of such measurements. We imaged 14 wild-type (WT) fish three times each, with 48 h between each time point. En face images of the UV cone mosaic were generated from the OCT volume scans at each time point. These images were then aligned and the overlapping area cropped for analysis. Using a semiautomated cone-counting algorithm, a single observer identified each cone to calculate the cone density for every image, counting each image twice (84 total counts). The OCT cone density measurements were found to have an intersession reproducibility of 0.9988 (95% CI = 0.9978–0.9999) and an intrasession repeatability of 136.0 ± 10.5 cones/mm2 (about 0.7%). Factors affecting image quality include gill movement during acquisition of the OCT volume and variable inclusion of non-UV cone mosaics in the contours used to generate the en face images.
Optimal Weight: Are Government Goals for Reducing Obesity Sensible?

There is no question that the prevalence of obesity in the United States has risen dramatically in recent years. Researchers and policymakers typically assume its reduction is desirable without addressing the more fundamental issue of its optimal level. We argue that optimal obesity levels have increased over time and that optimal levels are not identical for all individuals or groups. We further argue that increasingly aggressive government policies intended to curb obesity are inappropriate. There is little evidence that obesity stems from some sort of market failure. And even if a negative externality exists, government does not command the required expertise to systematically reduce its prevalence toward optimal levels.
Ensembles and Stochastic Processes

The study of matter which is large with respect to molecular size is one of the oldest of the sciences. It originated in the early metallurgy of China and the Middle East and permeates modern research in both the physical and biological sciences. From a theoretical point of view, the reversible or mechanical properties of matter were the first to be understood. These are the properties characterized by Newton’s laws of motion which relate forces, velocities, and spatial positions. These properties are termed reversible because if one reverses all velocities, the magnetic field, and the time, the resulting motion is the reverse of what was observed up to that time—like seeing a movie run backwards. This reversibility of the mechanical theory suggested for many years that any observable motion should have a twin reversed motion which can also be observed. The consequences of reversibility, however, seem contrary to our intuition: Although salt spontaneously dissolves in water, no one has ever seen salt precipitate from an unsaturated solution.
The death of historical memory? Javier Cercas's El impostor versus the legacy of Spaniards deported to Nazi camps

ABSTRACTJavier Cercas criticizes what he calls “the so-called memory industry” in his 2014 book, El impostor. While delving into the life story of Enric Marco, who was unmasked in 2005 as a false s...
Acetaminophen detoxification in cucumber plants via induction of glutathione S-transferases.

Many pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) enter agroecosystems during reuse of treated wastewater and biosolids, presenting potential impacts on plant development. Here, acetaminophen, one of the most-used pharmaceuticals, was used to explore roles of glutathione (GSH) conjugation in its biotransformation in crop plants. Acetaminophen was taken up by plants, and conjugated quickly with GSH. After exposure to 5 mg L-1 acetaminophen for 144 h, GSH-acetaminophen conjugates were 15.2 ± 1.3 nmol g-1 and 1.2 ± 0.1 nmol g-1 in cucumber roots and leaves, respectively. Glutathione-acetaminophen was also observed in common bean, alfalfa, tomato, and wheat. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 decreased GSH conjugation. Moreover, the GSH conjugate was found to further convert to cysteine and N-acetylcysteine conjugates. Glutathione S-transferase activity was significantly elevated after exposure to acetaminophen, while levels of GSH decreased by 55.4% in roots after 48 h, followed by a gradual recovery thereafter. Enzymes involved in GSH synthesis, regeneration and transport were consistently induced to maintain the GSH homeostasis. Therefore, GST-mediated conjugation likely played a crucial role in minimizing phytotoxicity of acetaminophen and other PPCPs in plants.
Bone shape mediates the relationship between sex and incident knee osteoarthritis.

Knee bone shape differs between men and women and the incidence of knee osteoarthritis (OA) is higher in women than in men. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine whether the observed difference in the incidence of knee radiographic OA (ROA) between men and women is mediated by bone shape. We randomly sampled 304 knees from the OAI with incident ROA (i.e., development of Kellgren/Lawrence grade ≥ 2 by month 48) and 304 knees without incident ROA. We characterized distal femur and proximal tibia shape on baseline radiographs using Statistical Shape Modeling. If a specific bone shape was associated with the risk of incident ROA, marginal structural models were generated to assess the mediation effect of that bone shape on the relation of sex and risk of incident knee ROA adjusting for baseline covariates. Case and control participants were similar by age, sex and race, but case knees were from higher body mass index (BMI) participants (29.4 vs. 27.0; p < 0.001). Women had 49% increased odds of incident knee ROA compared with men (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.49, 95% Confidence Interval (C.I.): 1.04, 2.12). There was an inconsistent mediation effect for tibial mode 2 between sex and incident knee ROA, with an indirect effect OR of 0.96 (95% C.I.: 0.91–1.00) and a direct effect OR of 1.56 (95% C.I.: 1.08–2.27), suggesting a protective effect for this mode. Similar findings were also observed for the mediation effect of tibia mode 10 and femur mode 4. These shape modes primarily involved differences in the angular relation of the heads to the shafts of the femur and tibia. Distal femur and proximal tibia bone shapes partially and inconsistently mediated the relationship between sex and incident knee OA. Women had a higher risk of incident ROA, and specific bone shapes modestly protected them from even higher risk of ROA. The clinical significance of these findings warrant further investigation.
Is There a Neurologist in the House? A Summary of the Current State of Neurovascular Rotations for Emergency Medicine Residents.

Objectives Neurovascular and neurocritical care emergencies constitute a leading cause of morbidity/mortality. There has been great evolution in this field, including but not limited to extended time-window therapeutic interventions for acute ischemic stroke. The intent of this article is to evaluate the goals and future direction of clinical rotations in neurovascular and neurocritical care for emergency medicine (EM) residents. Methods A panel of 13 board-certified emergency physicians from the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) neurologic emergencies interest group (IG) convened in response to a call for publications-three with fellowship training/board certification in stroke and/or neurocritical care; five with advanced research degrees; three who have been authors on national practice guidelines; and six who have held clinical duties within neurology, neurosurgery, or neurocritical care. A mixed-methods analysis was performed including a review of the literature, a survey of Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors (CORD) residency leaders/faculty and SAEM neuro-IG members, and a consensus review by this panel of select neurology rotations provided by IG faculty. Results Thirteen articles for residency neurovascular education were identified: three studies on curriculum, three studies evaluating knowledge, and seven studies evaluating knowledge after an educational intervention. Intervention outcomes included the ability to recognize and manage acute strokes, manage intracerebral hemorrhage, calculate National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), and interpret images. In the survey sent to CORD residency leaders and neuro-IG faculty, response was obtained from 48 programs. A total of 52.1% indicated having a required rotation (6.2% general neurology, 2% stroke service, 18.8% neurologic intensive care unit, 2% neurosurgery, 22.9% on a combination of services). The majority of programs with required rotations have a combination rotation (residents rotate through multiple services) and evaluations were positive. Conclusions Variability exists in the availability of neurovascular/neurocritical care rotations for EM trainees. Dedicated clinical time in neurologic education was beneficial to participants. Given recent advancements in the field, augmentation of EM residency training in this area merits strong consideration.
Abstract 165: Accuracy of Detecting Enlargement of Aneurysms Using Different MRI Imaging Modalities and Measurement Protocols

Objective: Aneurysm growth is considered predictive of future rupture of intracranial aneurysms. However, it is still unknown how accurately neuroradiologists can reliably detect incremental aneury...
Forest Height Estimation Using PolInSAR Optimal Normal Matrix Constraint and Cross-Iteration Method

A novel method based on the optimal normal matrix constraint and cross-iteration algorithm is proposed in this letter to estimate the forest height using the polarimetric interferometry synthetic aperture radar (PolInSAR) data. First, to avoid the null ground-to-volume ratio assumption of the three-stage method, we use the PolInSAR optimal normal matrix constraint method to find out the pure volume coherence. This method can also provide a more accurate initial value for the least-squares iteration. Second, the cross-iteration is used for the forest height inversion, which provides better selection of the best polarization channel and solves the ill-conditioned matrix in the traditional least-squares iteration algorithm. This new method is validated using the BioSAR 2008 P-band data. The results show that the proposed method achieves an average accuracy of 2.6 m, which is better than that of the three-stage inversion method [root-mean-square error (RMSE) = 5.89 m] and the 6-D nonlinear iteration method (RMSE = 4.42 m).
Abstract MP56: Length of Stay and Allostatic Load in Immigrants to the United States-Evidence From the 2011 - 2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys

Introduction: Stress alters the cardiometabolic and inflammatory systems. Allostatic load, a measure of chronic and cumulative stress is associated with cardiovascular events and mortality. Immigra...
Nuclear Deubiquitination in the Spotlight: The Multifaceted Nature of USP7 Biology in Disease

Ubiquitination is a versatile and tightly regulated post-translational protein modification with many distinct outcomes affecting protein stability, localization, interactions, and activity. Ubiquitin chain linkages anchored on substrates can be further modified by additional post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation and SUMOylation. Deubiquitinases (DUBs) reverse these ubiquitin marks with matched levels of precision. Over hundred known DUBs regulate a wide variety of cellular events. In this review, we focus on ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7, also known as herpesvirus-associated ubiquitin-specific protease, or HAUSP) as one of the best studied, disease-associated DUBs. By highlighting the functions of USP7, particularly in the nucleus, and the emergence of the newest generation of USP7 inhibitors, we illustrate the importance of individual DUBs in the nucleus, and the therapeutic prospects of DUB targeting in human disease.
Abstract 3188: Transimmunization prevents recurrence and reprograms the immune milieu in a mouse model of ovarian cancer

Introduction: Targeting recurrent disease is vital in the improvement of survival in ovarian cancer patients. Transimmunization (TI) is a modification of extracorporeal photochemotherapy, which is a dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccination, currently used in cutaneous T cell lymphoma but has never been tested in gynecologic tumors. The objective of this study is to determine if TI can induce a tumor-specific immune response capable of preventing recurrence in ovarian cancer. Methods of study: Ovarian cancer cells expressing mCherry fluorescent protein were injected i.p. in C57bl/6 mice to mimic the establishment of recurrent disease. These cells (TKO cancer cells) were isolated from spontaneously formed ovarian tumors from p53LSL-R172H/+Dicerflox/floxPtenflox/flox Amhr2cre/+ mice. Tumor burden was quantified using mCherry fluorescence ROI area. TI vaccination was conducted as follows: (1) cancer cells were treated with 8-MOP and exposed to UVA to induce apoptosis; (2) PBMCs were collected from tumor-bearing mice, mixed with apoptotic cancer cells, and circulated through the TI chamber to induce functional DC from monocytes; (3) cells collected were incubated overnight to facilitate antigen uptake and presentation and injected i.p. Treatment groups were as follows: (1) PBS control, n = 20 ; (2) TI TKO, n =10 (i.e. using apoptotic TKO cells); and (3) TI YUMM, n = 10 (using apoptotic mouse melanoma YUMM1.7 cells as antigen-unrelated control). Immune milieu was characterized by IHC on tumors and FACS analysis using cells isolated from peritoneal lavage. Results: Eighty percent of mice in the TI TKO group were disease free compared to 35% in the PBS control group and 40% in the TI YUMM group. In addition, TI TKO vaccination (p Conclusion: We demonstrate for the first time that TI vaccination with autologous cancer cells can prevent recurrence and modify the immune phenotype in ovarian cancer. TI efficacy depends on the tumor antigen source, confirming TI as an antigen-specific DC-based immunotherapy. Our results highlight the value of TI in ovarian cancer and its potential application to other i.p. cancers. Citation Format: Ayesha B. Alvero, Douglas Hanlon, Mary Pitruzzello, Renata Filler, Eve Robinson, Olga Sobolev, Roslyn Tedja, Alessandra Ventura, Richard L. Edelson, Gil Mor. Transimmunization prevents recurrence and reprograms the immune milieu in a mouse model of ovarian cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3188.
PPPred: Classifying Protein-phenotype Co-mentions Extracted from Biomedical Literature

The MEDLINE database provides an extensive source of scientific articles and heterogeneous biomedical information in the form of unstructured text. One of the most important knowledge present within articles are the relations between human proteins and their phenotypes, which can stay hidden due to the exponential growth of publications. This has presented a range of opportunities for the development of computational methods to extract these biomedical relations from the articles. However, currently, no such method exists for the automated extraction of relations involving human proteins and human phenotype ontology (HPO) terms. In our previous work, we developed a comprehensive database composed of all co-mentions of proteins and phenotypes. In this study, we present a supervised machine learning approach called PPPred (Protein-Phenotype Predictor) for classifying the validity of a given sentence-level co-mention. Using an in-house developed gold standard dataset, we demonstrate that PPPred significantly outperforms several baseline methods. This two-step approach of co-mention extraction and classification constitutes a complete biomedical relation extraction pipeline for extracting protein-phenotype relations.
Multiple pulse electroporation of lactic acid bacteria Lactococcus lactis and Lactobacillus casei.

Abstract Genetic manipulation of lactic acid bacteria is often difficult due to the inability to transform them with high efficiency. Multi-pulse electroporation offers a simple approach to increase transformation efficiencies. Using cells grown with 1% glycine and pretreated with lithium acetate and dithiothreitol , multi-pulse electroporation (five pulses of 12.5 kV cm −1) of Lactococcus lactis JB704 cells resulted in a transformation efficiency of up to 1.2 × 106 colony forming units (CFU) μg −1 pGK13, an 8-fold increase in the transformation efficiency compared to single pulse electroporation. Other cell growth and pretreatment conditions with JB704 resulted in lower transformation efficiencies but had 4-fold to 27-fold higher transformation efficiencies with the five pulse electroporations. With similarly grown and pretreated Lactobacillus casei 32G cells, multi-pulse electroporation (five pulses of 7.5 kV cm−1) resulted in a mean transformation efficiency of 7.3 × 103 CFU μg−1 pTRKH2, a 4-fold increase in the transformation efficiency compared to single pulse electroporation.
Uncertainties and biases in modelling 16 Cyg A and B

In this study I assess how existing data for the solar analogues 16 Cyg A and B, in particular the asteroseismic measurements obtained from \emph{Kepler}, constrain theoretical stellar models. The goal is two-fold: first to use these stars as benchmarks to discuss which precisions can realistically be expected on the inferred stellar quantities; and second to determine how well 'non-standard' prescriptions, such as microscopic diffusion and overshoot, are constrained. I used a Bayesian statistical model to infer the values of the stellar parameters of 16 Cyg A and B. I sampled the posterior density of the stellar parameters via a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm, tested different physical prescription, and examined the impact of using different seismic diagnostics. General good agreement is found with several recent modelling studies on these stars, even though some discrepancies subsist regarding the precise estimates of the uncertainties on the parameters. An age of $6.88\pm0.12$ Gyr is estimated for the binary system. The inferred masses, $1.07\pm0.02$ M$_{\odot}$ for Cyg A and $1.05\pm0.02$ M$_{\odot}$ for Cyg B, are shown to be stable with respect to changes in the physical prescriptions considered for the modelling. For both stars, microscopic diffusion has a significant effect on the estimates of the initial metallicity. Overshoot is confined to very small regions below the convective zone. I show that a proper treatment of the seismic constraints is necessary to avoid biases in the estimate of the mass.
Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma Presenting As Chronic Subdural Hematoma: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) rarely manifests in immunocompetent patients. In such cases, these lesions may mimic more common intracranial bleeding or tumors. We present the case of an elderly patient who presented with a presumed chronic subdural hematoma (SDH); upon surgical intervention, an occult mass was discovered with no evidence of associated hematoma. Biopsy and immunohistochemistry demonstrated PCNSL. Literature review identified six other cases of PCNSL in immunocompetent adults that were initially suspected to be SDH but were finally diagnosed with PCNSL. Our literature review highlights the rarity these cases and the importance of distinguishing intracranial bleeds from PCNSL, as the latter can be treated with chemoradiation with good clinical outcomes.
Energy Storage for the Next Generation of Robotic Space Exploration

Energy storage technologies play an important role in powering the robotic exploration of space. Batteries can serve as either the primary power source for a mission, or augment power produced by solar arrays or radioisotope thermoelectric generators. Primary batteries have been used to power atmospheric and landed probes, with rechargeable batteries used to provide power to various spacecraft types during launches, to support peak power/load levelling needs, and to provide power during eclipse periods. Further advances in aerospace energy storage technologies are needed, in particular with respect to improving battery safety and reliability, specific energy, and extreme environment capabilities.
Recovery of a large herbivore changes regulation of seagrass productivity in a naturally grazed Caribbean ecosystem.

What happens in meadows after populations of natural grazers rebound following centuries of low abundance? Many seagrass ecosystems are now experiencing this phenomenon with the recovery of green turtles (Chelonia mydas), large-bodied marine herbivores that feed on seagrasses. These seagrass ecosystems provide a rare opportunity to study ecosystem-wide shifts that result from a recovery of herbivores. We evaluate changes in regulation of seagrass productivity in a naturally grazed tropical ecosystem by (1) comparing Thalassia testudinum productivity in grazed and ungrazed areas and (2) evaluating potential regulating mechanisms of T. testudinum productivity. We established 129 green turtle exclusion cages in grazed and ungrazed areas to quantify T. testudinum growth (linear, area, mass, productivity : biomass [P:B]). In each exclosure, we recorded temperature, irradiance, water depth, nitrogen : phosphorus ratio (N:P) of blade tissue, grazing intensity before cage placement, and T. testudinum structural and nutrient characteristics. Thalassia testudinum exhibited compensatory growth in grazed areas via stimulated blade linear growth, blade area growth, and P:B across seasonal high and low growth periods and in shallow (3-4 m) and deep (9-10 m) seagrass meadows. Irradiance, depth, and N:P ratios had significant roles in regulating mass growth and P:B of T. testudinum in ungrazed areas. Depth was a significant regulating factor of mass growth and P:B in grazed areas; rates were higher and more variable in shallow meadows than in deep meadows. Grazing intensity was also a significant regulating factor for P:B, stimulating tissue turnover with increasing grazing pressure. This study provides important insights into how recovery of a large marine herbivore can result in dramatic, sustainable changes in the regulation of seagrass productivity. We also highlight the need for a historical perspective and use of appropriate indicators, including P:B and grazing intensity, when evaluating seagrass response to green turtle grazing as meadows are returned to a natural grazed state. In an age of green turtle recovery and global seagrass decline due to anthropogenic threats, a thorough understanding of green turtle-seagrass interactions at the ecosystem level is critical to ensure the restoration of seagrass ecosystems and continued recovery of green turtle populations.
Excellent Math Teachers Through the Eyes of Future Math Teachers: Basis for Developing a New Paradigm

Different descriptions are given to teachers from different people from different times and places. Academicians have their own share also in describing the teachers in terms of their own sets of standards. This study explored how future mathematics teachers viewed excellent mathematics teachers should be like to carry out their task as math teachers. Thematic analysis was used in this qualitative study to report the themes formed. Their descriptions were reported in themes and a new paradigm was developed as a result of the students’ descriptions. Comments from 41 mathematics major students under the Faculty of Education of St Theresa International College were collated and analyzed by thematic analysis. The study revealed that future mathematics teachers described excellent mathematics teachers as Content Experts, Relationship-Builder, Knowledge about the learners, Enthusiastic, Academically Optimistic, Authoritative, Role Model, Facilitator, Motivator & Innovator, and Problem-Solver. Surprisingly, as future math teachers, the respondents declared that being a problem-solver has a lesser degree of importance compared to the rest of the indicators. As an output, this study suggested a new paradigm for excellent mathematics teachers. However, the paradigm has to be subjected to further study and validation. These characteristics indicate the image of a good teacher in their beliefs which are related to many different orientations from personal traits of teaching.
Understanding the perceptions of sedentary college students' engagement in physical activity: application of the theory of planned behavior.

OBJECTIVE To understand salient beliefs related to physical activity (PA) in sedentary college students. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-seven students from a large research university participating in a larger research project were subsequently invited to participate in small focus groups. METHODS Using the Theory of Planned Behavior as a framework, semi-structured focus groups were conducted to understand the perceptions of using mobile technology as a tool to increase PA. RESULTS A grounded theory approach revealed that students generally had positive attitudes about PA and relied heavily on social support as a facilitator of PA behavior change. The structured exercise program delivered via the mobile app increased perceived behavioral control. Other key findings include academic barriers, desire to avoid chronic disease, and inconsistent efficacy of the mobile application among this population. CONCLUSIONS Interventions designed to increase PA in this population should focus on structured activity, increased self-monitoring, positive outcome expectancies, and social support.
Results of Examinations and Tests

Real evidence is often not admitted directly into court but is used for experiments and tests conducted out of court. General rules have been established regarding the admissibility of testimony concerning the results of experiments and tests, and the use of evidence such as charts and graphs resulting from experiments and tests. In recent years, the trend has been for the courts to allow and encourage the use of such evidence, and this has been held to be consistent with the rights of the accused. As a general rule, examination of the body for evidence, such as marks and bruises, and the taking of samples, for example, saliva, urine, and blood, from the body do not violate the privilege against self-incrimination. Such evidence is admissible if proper standards concerning the testing of this type of evidence are met. Also, the common practice of determining blood-alcohol content by testing the suspect's blood, breath, or urine has been approved when law enforcement officials meet the conditions dictated by the Constitution, by the courts, and by legislative bodies. Blood grouping test results provide useful information but are increasingly being replaced by DNA testing, which is both more reliable and very precise. Blood-based evidence is generally used for purposes of identification when that element is at issue in criminal prosecutions involving rape, assault, homicide, and in civil and criminal paternity actions. For the results of blood-based testing to be admissible, it must be demonstrated that a qualified person conducted the test, that the qualified technician observed proper protocols during the testing procedure, and that the testing methods revealed no discrepancies in the results.
Investigation of N-alkylbenzamides by reversed-phase liquid chromatography : I. Isocratic elution characteristics of the C1C5 N-alkylbenzamides

Abstract The reversed-phased liquid chromatographic retention of the C 1 C 5 N-alkylbenzamides was investigated in aqueous-organic solvent mixtures. The log k ′ values for the amides were found to increase dramaticaly in mobile phases of low organic content. This non-linear relationship of log k ′ and mobile phase composition was observed on C 18 bonded-phase columns from different manufacturers. Attempts to measure retention data in pure water were successful only for the smaller molecules of the series. In general, the order of elution appears to parallel the carbon content of the N-alkyl group while increased branching decreases retention among isomeric amides.
Ethical Codes Across Cultures: Accepting and Giving Gifts

Gift giving is one of the oldest social traditions known to man. In cultures that are high context and relationship driven, as opposed to low context, task driven cultures, business is built upon personal relationships and gifts are an integral part of those relationships. Gifts should never replace the basics of good business practices and etiquette.
A Repository Meta Model for Interactive Systems

Developers of interactive systems need a design process that looks ahead to expose conflicting implications of decisions made by user interface designers and software designers. To support a design-by-reuse paradigm, such a design process must include a repository-based environment for coordinating the selection and modification of reusable design elements. This paper presents a repository meta model that extends the ER model to unify user interface and software design information, to make explicit the semantics of abstract connections between user interface and software design elements, and to support an environment of integrated design tools. Two detailed examples illustrate using the meta model in ongoing research projects.
The Role of Religion in a Catholic Law School: A Century of Experience at Loyola University Chicago

Many criteria have been suggested for identifying a Catholic law school and determining whether a law school claiming that identity is indeed truly Catholic. Many articles have been written which critique Catholic legal education in general and which judge whether Catholic law schools as a whole, or individual Catholic law schools, meet the offered criteria for such identification. Most of those articles deal with only certain aspects of legal education at Catholic law schools. The purpose of this article is to examine the record of one Catholic law school, the School of Law of Loyola University Chicago, which a few years ago celebrated its centennial. This is a detailed study of how the Catholic identity of Loyola Chicago’s law school has manifested itself over the past century, during several distinct eras. The article concludes that the criteria chosen to identify a truly Catholic law school will determine the result of whether any particular law school is indeed Catholic, and that different scholars and commentators will choose different criteria, therefore arriving at different conclusions. The article also concludes that, regardless of the criteria chosen, it is misleading to contend that the Catholic identity of Loyola Chicago’s law school is non-existent or a mere veneer.
Pacing early Mars river activity: Embedded craters in the Aeolis Dorsa region imply river activity spanned ≳(1–20) Myr

We find net sedimentation rate ≲(13–200) μm/yr in the Aeolis Dorsa region, Mars, using the frequency of crater–river interactions. This sets a lower bound of 1–20 Myr on the total interval spanned by fluvial activity, which we correlate to the Noachian–Hesperian transition. The main uncertainty is the impact flux at the time of deposition. This result rules out basin-filling by a single catastrophic episode, such as a single impact-induced water–vapor greenhouse.
Energies of Freezing and Frost Desiccation

A stable cellulose paper system was studied to relate water distribution data, as obtained previously from plant tissues, to the analysis of freezing energy. Water distribution data for the cellulose system were obtained by several techniques and were coordinated with calorimetric data. The effect of the cellulose system on the latent heat of freezing was evaluated to estimate activation energies as functions of the amount of associated liquid water. Similar activation energies of water phase transitions in critical plant tissue systems may be heritable characteristics that affect freezing stress. Adhesion energy, that develops between ice and hydrophilic polymer systems as they compete for liquid water in a complex interface, was suggested as one possible source of freezing stress. This does not occur in frost desiccation.
Consequences of anatomic changes and respiratory motion on radiation dose distributions in conformal radiotherapy for locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.

Purpose To determine the effect of interfractional changes in anatomy on the target and normal tissue dose distributions during course of radiotherapy in non–small-cell lung cancer patients. Methods and Materials Weekly respiration-correlated four-dimensional computed tomography scans were acquired for 10 patients. Original beam arrangements from conventional and inverse treatment plans were transferred into each of the weekly four-dimensional computed tomography data sets, and the dose distributions were recalculated. Dosimetric changes to the target volumes and relevant normal structures relative to the baseline treatment plans were analyzed by dose–volume histograms. Results The overall difference in the mean ± standard deviation of the doses to 95% of the planning target volume and internal target volume between the initial and weekly treatment plans was −11.9% ± 12.1% and −2.5% ± 3.9%, respectively. The mean ± standard deviation change in the internal target volume receiving 95% of the prescribed dose was −2.3% ± 4.1%. The overall differences in the mean ± standard deviation between the initial and weekly treatment plans was 3.1% ± 6.8% for the total lung volume exceeding 20 Gy, 2.2% ± 4.8% for mean total lung dose, and 34.3% ± 43.0% for the spinal cord maximal dose. Conclusion Serial four-dimensional computed tomography scans provided useful anatomic information and dosimetric changes during radiotherapy. Although the observed dosimetric variations were small, on average, the interfractional changes in tumor volume, mobility, and patient setup was sometimes associated with dramatic dosimetric consequences. Therefore, for locally advanced lung cancer patients, efforts to include image-guided treatment and to perform repeated imaging during the treatment course are recommended.
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) and brain function

Abstract Modulation of gene expression is a constant and necessary event for mammalian brain function. An important way of regulating gene expression is through the remodeling of chromatin, the complex of DNA, and histone proteins around which DNA wraps. The “histone code hypothesis” places histone post-translational modifications as a significant part of chromatin remodeling to regulate transcriptional activity. Acetylation of histones by histone acetyl transferases and deacetylation by histone deacetylases (HDACs) at lysine residues are the most studied histone post-translational modifications in cognition and neuropsychiatric diseases. Here, we review the literature regarding the role of HDACs in brain function. Among the roles of HDACs in the brain, studies show that they participate in glial lineage development, learning and memory, neuropsychiatric diseases, and even rare neurologic diseases. Most HDACs can be targeted with small molecules. However, additional brain-penetrant specific inhibitors with high central nervous system exposure are needed to determine the cause-and-effect relationship between individual HDACs and brain-associated diseases.
Molecular energies in partly charged organic solids

The energies ΔED(γ) and ΔEA(−γ) for a partly charged organic donor, Dγ+, and organic acceptor, Aγ−, are discussed in terms of a three-point fit based on γ=−1,0, and 1, as used in atomic electronegativities. Apparent difficulties with the existence and stability of partly charged (γ ≈ 12) 1:1 DA solids are resolved on using improved ΔED (γ) and ΔEA(−γ) values instead of the more common linear estimates.
A flight test of laminar flow control leading-edge systems

NASA's program for development of a laminar flow technology base for application to commercial transports has made significant progress since its inception in 1976. Current efforts are focused on development of practical reliable systems for the leading-edge region where the most difficult problems in applying laminar flow exist. Practical solutions to these problems will remove many concerns about the ultimate practicality of laminar flow. To address these issues, two contractors performed studies, conducted development tests, and designed and fabricated fully functional leading-edge test articles for installation on the NASA JetStar aircraft. Systems evaluation and performance testing will be conducted to thoroughly evaluate all system capabilities and characteristics. A simulated airline service flight test program will be performed to obtain the operational sensitivity, maintenance, and reliability data needed to establish that practical solutions exist for the difficult leading-edge area of a future commercial transport employing laminar flow control.
Behavioral correlates of auditory streaming in rhesus macaques.

Abstract Perceptual representations of auditory stimuli (i.e., sounds) are derived from the auditory system's ability to segregate and group the spectral, temporal, and spatial features of auditory stimuli—a process called “auditory scene analysis”. Psychophysical studies have identified several of the principles and mechanisms that underlie a listener's ability to segregate and group acoustic stimuli. One important psychophysical task that has illuminated many of these principles and mechanisms is the “streaming” task. Despite the wide use of this task to study psychophysical mechanisms of human audition, no studies have explicitly tested the streaming abilities of non-human animals using the standard methodologies employed in human-audition studies. Here, we trained rhesus macaques to participate in the streaming task using methodologies and controls similar to those presented in previous human studies. Overall, we found that the monkeys' behavioral reports were qualitatively consistent with those of human listeners, thus suggesting that this task may be a valuable tool for future neurophysiological studies.
Profitability, investment and average returns

Abstract Valuation theory says that expected stock returns are related to three variables: the book-to-market equity ratio (Bt/Mt), expected profitability, and expected investment. Given Bt/Mt and expected profitability, higher expected rates of investment imply lower expected returns. But controlling for the other two variables, more profitable firms have higher expected returns, as do firms with higher Bt/Mt. These predictions are confirmed in our tests.
Effects of particle size and moisture on the compressive behavior of dense Eglin sand under confinement at high strain rates

Abstract The dynamic compressive behavior of sorted and unsorted Eglin sand (Quikrete #1961 sand quarried in Pensacola, FL) under confinement was characterized under dry or moisture conditions at strain rates near 600 s−1 using a long split Hopkinson pressure bar, respectively. The as-received unsorted sand was sorted into grain sizes of 0.60 mm, 0.50 mm, 0.42 mm, 0.30 mm, 0.212 mm, 0.15 mm, 0.106 mm and 0.053 mm. For preparation of a partially saturated sand specimen sealed in a sand specimen assembly, water was introduced to reach moisture contents of 0%, 4.2%, 8.2%, 12.4%, 14.4% and 16.5%. A sand specimen assembly was used, and sand grains were confined inside a hollow cylinder of hardened steel and capped by cemented tungsten carbide rods. The assembly was subjected to repeat manual shaking and tapping to consolidate the sand to attain a given mass density; it was then sandwiched between incident and transmission bars for compression under a high strain rate. The volumetric and deviatoric behavior of dense Eglin sand was investigated on eight sorted sand specimens and at six moisture contents. After impact, the sand was analyzed to determine the particle size distribution, which was found to follow Weibull distribution rather than Gaussian distribution. The breakage factor was found to follow a linear relationship with moisture content. The effect of initial particle size and moisture on the volumetric and deviatoric behavior of sand was discussed. The compressibility was characterized in terms of void ratio as a function of axial pressure. The specific energy absorption and shear stress–hydrostatic pressure ationships were determined for different grain sizes and moisture contents.
The impact of trust in manager on unethical intention and customer‐oriented selling

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine how customer‐oriented selling is linked to two important antecedents – unethical intention and the trust of salespeople in their manager.Design/methodology/approach – Hypotheses are developed suggesting that “unethical intention” is inversely related to “trust in manager” and “customer‐oriented selling.” Data were collected from 345 business‐to‐business sales professionals. Structural equation modeling was used to test a model of the hypothesized relationships.Findings – Support was shown for a negative relationship between unethical intention and both trust in manager and customer‐oriented selling. Interestingly, the proposed negative relationship between trust in manager and customer‐oriented selling was not supported in this sample.Research limitations/implications – This study's findings will advance the academic sales research as the literature suggests the importance of building salespeople's trust in their manager, reducing unethical behavior and us...
Perceptions of "impingement" and marital satisfaction among wives of retired husbands.

ABSTRACT Initial pilot interviews with women whose husbands were in the first year of retirement revealed that problems of “impingement”—perceptions of husbands as intruders into their worlds-as-lived—were cited, in response to open-ended items, as the most difficult aspect of husbands' retirement. An impingement index, consisting of items constructed from those responses, was administered to the original panel of 83 women whose husbands were now in the fourth year of retirement, and to a new panel of 61 women whose husbands had been retired for one year. Paired T-tests revealed one significant difference in perceptions of impingement between the two groups of wives, and not in the expected direction. Indeed, wives in year 4 were more often bothered by some impingement conditions than wives in year 1, and these were significantly related to self-assessments of marital satisfaction. Results have implications for “adjustment” to life transitions, including situations that may inhibit initiation of adaptive ...
Effects of Pelleting Concentrate Mixtures of Varying Starch Content on Milk Yield and Composition

Abstract Twenty-four Holstein cows were used to study the effects of meal, pellet, and ground pellet forms of concentrates fed with roughage at either 1.0 or 1.5kg of hay equivalent per 100kg body weight on the yield and composition of milk. Pellets and ground pellets depressed the milk fat test slightly, but significantly, when compared to the meal form. There were no differences in milk yield or composition due to the rations fed. Cows on low roughage, however, exhibited significantly higher solids-not-fat and protein than those fed the higher roughage level. Another experiment was conducted with nine cows to observe the effect of ingredient composition of pelleted concentrates on the yield and composition of milk. The diets contained several levels of corn starch, developed by a selective use of common feed ingredients. A level of 36% corn starch in the concentrate (equivalent to about 34% corn in the feed) resulted in a depression in milk fat content. A level of 33.5% starch from other feeds, but only 15% corn starch, maintained the milk fat test. Both the quantity and type of starch in the diet seem to be important factors influencing the fat content of milk. The molar proportions of rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) were not greatly altered by diets fed.