cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feedback trading in exchange-rate markets: Evidence from within and across economic blocks

This paper examines the pattern of autocorrelation of exchange rates in the EU, ASEAN, and NAFTA. We find no feedback trading within blocks among developed financial markets’ currencies, but it exists for less developed financial markets. Across blocks, no feedback trading is found. ASEAN currencies are an exception on both counts. When present, feedback trading is a destabilizing factor, and it takes place during rising volatility. Finally, the prevalence of negative feedback trading suggests that, in spite of the recent addition of new players into the market, such as mutual funds and hedge funds, the foreign exchange market is mainly influenced by informed players and/or central banks which intervene to protect their currencies.
Social Inequality In Oaxaca: A History of Resistance and Change

Social Inequality In Oaxaca: A History of Resistance and Change. Arthur D. Murphy and Alex Stepick. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991. xix + 282 pp. $39.95 (cloth). ISBN 0–87722–868-X.
The Abiding Economics of John Kenneth Galbraith

The work of John Kenneth Galbraith provides enduring markers for the economics that still remains to be built. Herewith are brief reflections on the guideposts and the task ahead. *These remarks were prepared for the first annual John Kenneth Galbraith lecture at the Canadian Economics Association, Halifax, N.S. on June 3, 2007. Earlier versions were delivered to a joint URPE-AEA session on John Kenneth Galbraith at the annual meetings of the American Economic Association, January 7, 2006, and a joint seminar of the Brookings Institution and the New America Foundation, April 3, 2005, in turn adapted in part from ‘Galbraith: A Partisan Appraisal’ published in the Brazilian Journal of Political Economy, January–March 2005. Parts are also adapted from ‘Can We Please Move On? A Contribution to the Guerrien Debate,’ Post-Autistic Economics Review, No. 15, September 4, 2002.
Stability and equilibria of deformable systems

We will consider here the stability of the equilibrium states of a deformable body consisting of a rigid body with attached flexible rod. In particular, by means of the "Energy-Casimir" method we prove formal stability of the nontrivial equilibrium with lowest angular velocity.
Effect of the histamine liberator 48/80 in histamine-sensitive mice.

Abstract Mice which have been made highly sensitive to histamine possess only a slightly increased susceptibility to the histamine liberator 4880
Geographic aspects of genocide: a comparison of Bosnia and Rwanda

The study of genocide requires a geographic approach that looks at how genocidal actions are purposefully planned to target specific groups and areas, methodically implemented through expulsions and murder, and politically intertwined with popular aspirations of territorial nationalism. A geographic focus is used here to discuss the concept of genocide, its recurrence in the twentieth century, its formulation under international law, and its eruption in Bosnia and Rwanda. In this comparative approach, geography-linked concepts such as Lebensraum, territorial nationalism, forced migration, and ethnic cleansing are used to explain the production of genocide and its consequences.
Observations of geometry and ages constrain relative motion of Hawaii and Louisville plumes

Abstract The classic view of linear island chains as volcanic expressions of interactions between changing plate tectonic motions and fixed mantle plumes has come under renewed scrutiny. In particular, observed paleolatitudes from the Emperor seamounts imply that the Hawaii hotspot was > 5–15° further north during formation of these seamounts and that rapid retardation of its southward migration was the primary agent forming the angular Hawaii–Emperor bend. Supporting this view are predictions from fluid dynamic experiments that suggest the general mantle circulation may displace narrow mantle plumes; consequently the surface locations of hotspots are not fixed and may have varied considerably in the past. However, the locations and ages of available rock samples place fundamental limits on the relative motion between the Hawaii and Louisville hotspots. Here we use such data to estimate empirical age progression curves for separate chains and calculate the continuous variations in hotspot separations through time. While the data are sparse, the inferred inter-hotspot motion for ages > 55 Myr appears significant but the observed relative motion is only about half of what is predicted by mantle dynamics models. To reconcile the observed paleolatitudes with our observed relative motion requires either a larger contemporaneous southward motion of the Louisville hotspot than previously suggested or a moderate component of true polar wander.
Intensity-based protein identification by machine learning from a library of tandem mass spectra

Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has emerged as a cornerstone of proteomics owing in part to robust spectral interpretation algorithms. Widely used algorithms do not fully exploit the intensity patterns present in mass spectra. Here, we demonstrate that intensity pattern modeling improves peptide and protein identification from MS/MS spectra. We modeled fragment ion intensities using a machine-learning approach that estimates the likelihood of observed intensities given peptide and fragment attributes. From 1,000,000 spectra, we chose 27,000 with high-quality, nonredundant matches as training data. Using the same 27,000 spectra, intensity was similarly modeled with mismatched peptides. We used these two probabilistic models to compute the relative likelihood of an observed spectrum given that a candidate peptide is matched or mismatched. We used a 'decoy' proteome approach to estimate incorrect match frequency, and demonstrated that an intensity-based method reduces peptide identification error by 50-96% without any loss in sensitivity.
Mechanistic Modeling to Predict the Transporter- and Enzyme-Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions of Repaglinide

Purpose Quantitative prediction of complex drug-drug interactions (DDIs) is challenging. Repaglinide is mainly metabolized by cytochrome-P-450 (CYP)2C8 and CYP3A4, and is also a substrate of organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)1B1. The purpose is to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to predict the pharmacokinetics and DDIs of repaglinide.
Auditory-visual integration, school demographic features and reading achievement.

Summary.-Research attempts to relate either auditory or visual discrimination skills to reading achievement have resulted in equivocal results. The present srudy was directed toward investigating auditory-visual integration skills as they are related to one demographic fearure of a school and reading success. For 225 students in Grades 1 to 4 it was concluded that auditory-visual integration ability was related to reading success, but in a complex manner, depending in part on developmental level and economic background. Differentiated teaching techniques, dependent upon economic background, might be considered and the screening of auditory-visual integration skills emphasized ptioc to teaching reading. Since 1930 considerable attention has been focused on auditory and visual
Convenient synthesis of human calcitonin and its methionine sulfoxide derivative

The human calcitonin peptide chain was assembled using Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis chemistry. The combinations of cleavage Reagent H with trans-[Pt(en)2Cl2]2+ and Reagents B, K, and R with trans-[Pt(CN)4Cl2]2− provide convenient methods for the synthesis of human calcitonin and its methionine sulfoxide derivative; the formation of intramolecular disulfide bonds by the above Pt(IV) oxidants is essentially quantitative.
Transcriptional and posttranscriptional control of hepatitis B virus gene expression

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects humans and certain nonhuman primates. Viral clearance and acute disease are associated with a strong, polyclonal, multispecific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response. Infiltrating T cells, as well as other activated inflammatory cells, produce cytokines that can regulate hepatocellular gene expression. Using an HBV transgenic mouse model, our laboratory has previously demonstrated that adoptive transfer of HBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes or injection of IL-2 can noncytopathically inhibit HBV gene expression by a posttranscriptional IFN-γ- and/or tumor necrosis factor α-dependent mechanism. Here, we report that HBV gene expression can also be controlled at the posttranscriptional level during persistent lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. In contrast, it is controlled at the transcriptional level during acute murine cytomegalovirus infection or after repetitive polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid injection. Finally, we show that transcriptional inhibition of HBV is associated with changes in liver-specific gene expression. These results elucidate pathways that regulate the viral life cycle and suggest additional approaches for the treatment of chronic HBV infection.
Sudden death while running in conditioned runners aged 40 years or over

Abstract Clinical and necropsy observations are described in five white male runners aged 40 to 53 years (average 46 years) who ran 22 to 176 km/week (mean 53 km) for 1 to 10 years (mean 5). None had clinical evidence of cardiac disease before they became habitual runners, and all died while running. At necropsy all had severe atherosclerotic luminal narrowing of their major epicardial coronary arteries. Of the five runners, at least four had hypercholesterolemia, two had systemic hypertension, one had angina pectoris and none had clinical evidence of an acute myocardial infarct. The single symptomatic runner also had an abnormal resting electrocardiogram and a positive exercise stress test. The electrocardiogram (four patients) and exercise stress tests (three patients) in the other four runners were normal. At autopsy, all five men had greater than 75 percent narrowing of cross-sectional area by atherosclerotic plaques of the right, left anterior descending and left circumflex coronary arteries. In three men the entire lengths of these three coronary arteries and also the left main coronary artery were examined histologically ( total 5 mm segments = 153); 73 (48 percent) of the segments were narrowed greater than 75 percent in cross-sectional area by atherosclerotic plaques and 32 (21 percent) were narrowed by 51 to 75 percent. Four of the five runners had healed (clinically silent) myocardial infarcts. Thus, coronary heart disease appears to be the major killer of conditioned runners aged 40 years and over who die while running.
Midbrain as a Site for the Motion After-effect

Electrophysiological data for directionally sensitive units in optic tectum of mammals, indicating midbrain as site for rotating spiral motion aftereffects
Dural waisting as a sign of subarachnoid extension of cavernous carotid aneurysms: a follow-up case report

OBJECTIVE Even when augmented by CT and MRI, it can be difficult on angiography to predict which intracavernous carotid artery aneurysms (ICCAA) have subarachnoid extension and therefore pose a higher risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Previously we reported a case of an ICCAA, which on angiogram had a focal tapering of the dome that we termed a “waist.” At surgery this lesion was found to have subarachnoid extension. We postulated that this dural “waisting” on the arteriogram was a predictor of subarachnoid extension. Herein we report a second case of an ICCAA with the angiographic appearance of a waist that was also confirmed to have subarachnoid extension at surgery, thereby strengthening our original hypothesis. CLINICAL PRESENTATION A 40-year-old woman presented with a 3-month history of bitemporal headache, diplopia, and a left sixth nerve palsy. MRI showed a lesion in the vicinity of the left cavernous carotid sinus and an arteriogram confirmed the presence of a large cavernous carotid aneurysm. As in the previous case, the aneurysm fundus was indented, creating a waist on the aneurysm dome. INTERVENTION After passing a trial balloon occlusion of the involved carotid artery, the patient was brought to the operating room for lesion trapping. The aneurysm fundus was seen to extend beyond the falciform ligament and with subsequent dissection, the neck of the aneurysm was seen to incorporate the carotid artery distal to the ophthalmic artery. The aneurysm was trapped by ligating the internal carotid artery in the neck and by placing a clip on the intracranial carotid proximal to the posterior communicating artery. CONCLUSION The presence of subarachnoid extension of an ICCAA can be difficult to elucidate on an arteriogram. This is an additional case in which a focal narrowing or “waisting” of the aneurysm dome seen on an angiogram served as a marker of subarachnoid extension.
Suitability Of Dynamic Flux Allocation For Simulation Of Stratfield Reservoirs

Reservoir simulation is used to observe the change in production through varied recovery mechanisms. The most common type of simulator is the black oil or Beta-type model. In studying recovery mechanisms, especially for stratified reservoirs, a cross-sectional model is often preferred to a full 3-dimensional version due to minimal computer requirements (both in speed and storage) and ease of interpretation. Additionally, cross-sectional models have been used for homogeneous reservoirs to study the effects of gas-overriding and/or water underrunning. Usually this type of model is selected for a representative section of the field and no-flow boundaries are assumed to exist across the front and rear faces of the section; however, boundaries may not exist or may be time-variant. One technique for circumventing this problem is to use an areal model to account for a net flux in the cross-sectional model. This technique is severely limited by the presence of reservoir heterogeneity. Another approach to this problem is the use of a dynamic flux allocation scheme. This method maintains zonal integrity and provides for variations in production which would require additional areal simulation. (15 refs.)
Lactate Metabolism and Its Effects on Glucose Metabolism in an Excised Neural Tissue

Chains of lumbar sympathetic ganglia, excised from 15-day-old chicken embryos, were incubated for 4 h at 36 degrees C in a bicarbonate-buffered physiological salt solution containing 5.5 mM glucose and equilibrated with 5% CO2-95% O2. [U-14C]Glucose and [U-14C]lactate were used as tracers to measure the products of glucose and lactate metabolism, respectively, including CO2, lactate, and constituents of the tissue. When 5 mM lactate was added to bathing solution containing 5.5 mM glucose, lactate carbon displaced 50-70% of the glucose carbon otherwise used for CO2 production and provided about three times as much carbon for CO2 as did glucose. The lactate addition increased the total carbon incorporated into CO2 and into constituents of the tissue above those observed with glucose alone and also increased the lactate released to the bathing solution from [U-14C]-glucose. The latter increase was evidently due to an interference with reuptake of the lactate released from the ganglion cells, not to an increase in the cellular release itself. When the volume of bathing solution was increased 10-fold relative to that of the tissue, the average output of CO2 from [U-14C]glucose during a 4-h incubation was decreased by 50% when 5 mM lactate was present but was not affected significantly in the absence of added lactate. It is concluded that the effect of changing volume in the presence of lactate was due to the effects of lactate on glucose metabolism described above and resulted from a lower average lactate concentration in the smaller volume than in the larger one, due to metabolic depletion of the added lactate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Sexual differentiation in quail: Conversion of androgen to estrogen mediates testosterone-induced demasculinization of copulation but not other male characteristics ☆

Abstract Previous research has shown that administration of either testosterone or estradiol to male quail embryos will demasculinize behavior and morphology. Six experiments in which embryos were treated were conducted to test the hypothesis that this testosterone-induced demasculinization is due to conversion of testosterone to estrogen (aromatization). In Experiment 1, dihydrotestosterone propionate, a nonaromatizable androgen, failed to demasculinize copulatory behavior, but did demasculinize crowing, strutting, and proctodeal glands. In Experiment 2, injection of the aromatizable androgens testosterone propionate (TP), testosterone, or androstenedione demasculinized copulatory behavior, the nonaromatizable androgen androsterone failed to have such an effect, and all androgens demasculinized proctodeal glands. In Experiment 3, Silastic implants of testosterone demasculinized all male characteristics, whereas implants of androsterone demasculinized only proctodeal glands. In Experiment 4, the antiestrogen tamoxifen prevented TP from demasculinizing copulatory behavior, but had no such effect with respect to crowing and strutting. In Experiments 5 and 6, the aromatization inhibitor 1,4,6-androstatrien-3,17-dione (ATD) prevented TP but not estradiol benzoate from demasculinizing copulatory behavior. Thus (1) in quail, testosterone-induced demasculinization of copulatory behavior is due to androgen aromatization, whereas testosterone-induced demasculinization of crowing, strutting, and proctodeal glands is not; (2) the distinct components of normal male reproductive behavior exhibit different patterns of steroid specificity during the organizational period, as was previously shown for the activational period; (3) the steroid specificity of crowing, strutting, and proctodeal glands changes between the organizational and activational periods. During organization, there is little specificity, whereas during activation, these characteristics respond only to androgens, never to estrogens. This difference suggests that developmental changes have occurred in the underlying biochemical substrates.
ALPS: Electronic accommodations for students with disabilities at Purdue University

The Purdue University Libraries have created a more favorable learning environment for Purdue's visually impaired, learning disabled, and physically disabled students by offering adaptive technologies through a project called Adaptive Learning Programs (ALPS). ALPS makes the learning environment more accessible to students by providing the following services: Taped Text Program, Adaptive Equipment Loan Service, ALPS Lab, and ALPS Instructional Services.
Reverse logistics and social sustainability

The strategic application of reverse supply chain logistics to improve the reclamation of products at the end of their useful life is gaining increased attention. The environmental implications of reclamation, reuse, and recycling to save landfill space, fuel, and costs are becoming more important for organizations. The social and ethical dimensions of sustainability, particularly as they apply to reverse logistics, are emerging topics. The focus of existing reverse logistics research has been on the economic and environmental aspects of sustainability – social sustainability has yet to be comprehensively examined. This paper focuses on addressing this gap in the literature by linking various sustainable indicators with various reverse logistics practices to develop a profile of reverse logistics for social sustainability. By compiling practical, international examples from practice and research, we have used the structure of social sustainability to highlight reverse logistics for social sustainability. The paper concludes with some topics for future research. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Frequency-aware PPV: a robust phase macromodel for accurate oscillator noise analysis

Perturbation projection vector (PPV) is an established technique for oscillator phase noise analysis; However, the PPV method significantly loses accuracy when circuits have large time constants, resulting in over-estimation of oscillator phase noise. In this paper, we show the problem of the PPV phase equation that it ignores the dynamics of oscillator frequency responses, and propose an improved PPV technique: Frequency-Aware PPV (FW-PPV). Using the FW-PPV technique, we derive analytical phase noise equations, which work accurately for all oscillators, especially for oscillators with large time constants. We apply the proposed technique on real oscillator circuits, and compare the results to Cadence Spectre RF. Simulation results show that our method has better accuracy than previous approaches.
Les pactes de non‐concurrence après l'emploi aux Etats‐Unis: cadre juridique et comportements sur le marché

Resume. En reponse aux changements fondamentaux du marche qui donnent au travail un role beaucoup plus central sur le marche concurrentiel des produits, les employeurs cherchent souvent a prolonger leur controle sur le capital humain au-dela de la fin de la relation d'emploi. Bien que les etudes empiriques sur le sujet soient rares, le recours aux pactes de non-concurrence apres l'emploi semble repandu. Mais jusqu'ou les employeurs peuvent-ils legalement restreindre la liberte de leurs anciens salaries? L'auteur examine les arguments que les tribunaux ont consideres aux Etats-Unis pour equilibrer les interěts economiques legitimes des employeurs, l'efficacite du marche du travail, et la liberte et la mobilite des travailleurs apres leur emploi.
GLP-1 receptor stimulation depresses heart rate variability and inhibits neurotransmission to cardiac vagal neurons

Aims Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone released from the gut in response to food intake. Whereas GLP-1 acts in the periphery to inhibit glucagon secretion and stimulate insulin release, it also acts in the central nervous system to mediate autonomic control of feeding, body temperature, and cardiovascular function. Because of its role as an incretin hormone, GLP-1 receptor analogs are used as a treatment for type 2 diabetes. Central or peripheral administration of GLP-1 increases blood pressure and heart rate, possibly by activating brainstem autonomic nuclei and increasing vagus nerve activity. However, the mechanism(s) by which GLP-1 receptor stimulation affects cardiovascular function are unknown. We used the long-lasting GLP-1 receptor agonist Exendin-4 (Ex-4) to test the hypothesis that GLP-1 signalling modulates central parasympathetic control of heart rate. Methods and results Using a telemetry system, we assessed heart rate in mice during central Ex-4 administration. Heart rate was increased by both acute and chronic central Ex-4 administration. Spectral analysis indicated that the high frequency and low frequency powers of heart rate variability were diminished by Ex-4 treatment. Finally, Ex-4 decreased both excitatory glutamatergic and inhibitory glycinergic neurotransmission to preganglionic parasympathetic cardiac vagal neurons. Conclusion These data suggest that central GLP-1 receptor stimulation diminishes parasympathetic modulation of the heart thereby increasing heart rate.
Elastic Analysis of Thin Elliptic Rings Under Diametral Compression

Developpement de solutions sous forme close pour les deflexions et les charges internes dans un anneau circulaire sous compression
Some concepts and models in liquid state chemical reaction dynamics

Abstract A brief review of some recently developed physical concepts and mathematical procedures [S. A. Adelman. Adv. Chem. Phys. 53 , 61 (1983)] for dealing with problems in liquid state chemical reaction dynamics is presented. Applications of the new techniques to solute vibrational energy relaxation and solute activated barrier crossing are discussed.
Comparison of Viability and Heat Resistance of Clostridium sporogenes Stored at Different Temperatures

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of storage temperature on the viability and heat resistance of Clostridium sporogenes spores. Spore suspension containing both spores and vegetative cells was divided into 3 groups to be stored at different temperatures of -20 (freezing), 4 (refrigerating), and 25 degrees C (ambient temperature). Samples stored for different times within the 2 mo were tested for viability by comparison of colony counts on plates and for heat resistance by determining D values at 121 degrees C. No significant differences were found in the viability of vegetative cells during the storage period, regardless of storage temperatures tested, while the viability of the spores stored for more than 4 wk was significantly higher at 4 degrees C than at -20 degrees C. The heat resistance of spores stored at 4 degrees C for more than 4 wk was remarkably higher than that at 25 degrees C, but similar to that at -20 degrees C throughout the storage period. Consequently, it turned out that a refrigerating temperature of 4 degrees C is satisfactory for storage of C. sporogenes spores in maintaining viability and heat resistance. This study suggests that storage temperature influences the viability and heat resistance of C. sporogenes spores.
Integrin-mediated signalling: regulation by protein tyrosine kinases and small GTP-binding proteins

Integrin signalling requires the activation of protein tyrosine kinases and members of the Rho family of small GTP-binding proteins. Recent evidence shows that coordinated regulation of these signalling molecules is central to the control of cell adhesion, formation of the actin cytoskeleton and activation of intracellular signalling cascades.
The application of highly stereoselective aldol condensations to the synthesis of β-lactam antibiotics.

Abstract Stereoselective aldol condensations of fully protected glycine and 3-butyryl thiazolidine-2-thiones with achiral aldehydes afforded β-hydroxyesters suitable for elaboration to key intermediates for the synthesis of β-lactam antibiotics.
Implications of the equivalence theorem for longitudinal vector boson interaction in the standard model

According to the equivalence theorem, the scattering of strongly interacting longitudinal vector bosons of the electroweak standard model is the same as the scattering of the Goldstone bosons of the linear $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ model. We show that the resulting predictions for ${V}_{L}{V}_{L}$ scattering are quite different in character from observed $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ scattering. In particular, no analogue of the $\ensuremath{\rho}$ resonance is expected if electroweak symmetry breaking is affected by the Higgs sector of the standard model.
On the robustness of IEEE 802.11 rate adaptation algorithms against smart jamming

We investigate the resiliency of IEEE802.11 rate adaptation algorithms (RAA) against smart jamming attacks. We consider several classes of state-of-the-art RAAs that include the SampleRate, ONOE, AMRR, and the RAA used in Atheros Microsoft Windows XP driver. We model the behavior of these algorithms, and show the existence of very efficient attacks that exploit RAA-specific vulnerabilities as well as the inherent weaknesses that exist in the design of IEEE802.11 MAC and link layer protocol: in particular the overt packet rate information being transmitted, predictable rate selection mechanism, performance anomaly caused by the equiprobability of transmissions among all nodes regardless of the data rates being employed, and the lack of interference differentiation from poor link quality by IEEE802.11 RAAs. In this work, we present algorithms that determine optimal jamming strategies against RAAs for a given jamming budget, and experimentally demonstrate the efficiency of these smart jamming attacks, which can be orders of magnitude more efficient than naive jamming. For example, in the case of SampleRate, eight reactive jamming pulses every second are sufficient to achieve the same network throughput degradation achieved by a periodic jammer with the jamming energy cost 100 times higher. Some of the RAAs react even worse to smart jamming attacks; ONOE in particular suffers from the phenomenon of congestion collapse where the nodes fail to recover from the lowest data rate even after the jammer stops jamming. At the end, we summarize fundamental reasons behind such RAA vulnerabilities and propose a preliminary set of mitigation techniques. We leave the experimental demonstration of the efficiency of the proposed mitigation mechanisms for future work.
Spectroscopic properties of the photoproducts of pyridoxal-5'-P irradiation: Catalytic site recognition of ribonuclease A.

Photoproducts of pyridoxal-5′-P, i.e., 4-pyridoxic-5′-P and bis-pyridoxal-5′-P, have been studied by spectroscopic methods. The spectroscopic properties of bis-pyridoxal-5′-P (bis-PLP) resemble those of pyridoxal-5′-P (PLP) under similar experimental conditions. The coupling of methylen hydrogens to the phosphorus atom has been shown by NMR spectroscopy. The singlet in the31P-NMR spectra and the triplet in1H-undecoupled experiments confirm the presence of the phosphate group in the 5′ position of the structure of the vitamin. The effect of pH and solvent composition on the relative distribution of species of bis-pyridoxine-5′-P (bis-PNP) has been investigated by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The acid-base dissociation of the phosphate group is easily detected by emission spectroscopy. Bis-PNP and bis-PLP bind to the enzyme RNase A and they behave as competitive inhibitors with respect to the substrate cytidine-2′-3′-cyclic phosphate. The natural forms of vitamin B6, pyridoxine, and pyridoxine-5′-P have no effect on the catalytic activity of the protein. Experimental evidence derived from fluorescence and inhibition experiments is consistent with the hypothesis that bis-PNP recognizes the catalytic site of RNase A.
Symbolic Representation by Pigeons

The capacity for symbolic representation is a prerequisite for the development of human language because words, the basic units of language, are symbols that represent things. But symbolic representation may also serve a nonlinguistic role of organizing events into categories having the same meaning, and such a capacity could have considerable survival value for many species. In a number of experiments, my co-workers and I have found that pigeons that are trained to treat two different stimuli similarly also learn that those stimuli are commonly represented and, thus, that they have the same meaning. We have demonstrated evidence for such common representations in a number of ways, but perhaps the most convincing is when pigeons learn a new association involving one of the presumed commonly represented stimuli, and without further training demonstrate that they have learned a similar association involving the other stimulus. Furthermore, we have found that when pigeons are trained to treat two stimuli sim...
Identifying Wind and Solar Ramping Events

Wind and solar power are playing an increasing role in the electrical grid, but their inherent power variability can augment uncertainties in the operation of power systems. One solution to help mitigate the impacts and provide more flexibility is enhanced wind and solar power forecasting; however, its relative utility is also uncertain. Within the variability of solar and wind power, repercussions from large ramping events are of primary concern. At the same time, there is no clear definition of what constitutes a ramping event, with various criteria used in different operational areas. Here, the swinging door algorithm, originally used for data compression in trend logging, is applied to identify variable generation ramping events from historic operational data. The identification of ramps in a simple and automated fashion is a critical task that feeds into a larger work of 1) defining novel metrics for wind and solar power forecasting that attempt to capture the true impact of forecast errors on system operations and economics, and 2) informing various power system models in a data-driven manner for superior exploratory simulation research. Both allow inference on sensitivities and meaningful correlations, as well as quantify the value of probabilistic approaches for future use in practice.
On the use of fluorescent probes to estimate free Mg2+ in the matrix of heart mitochondria.

Abstract The fluorescent probe furaptra shows increases and decreases in the concentration of free magnesium ion, [Mg 2+ ], in the mitochondrial matrix with changes in total Mg 2+ and ligand availability. The factors involved in the calibration of these fluorescence changes in terms of absolute [Mg 2+ ] have been investigated. The affinity of furaptra for Mg 2+ is highly dependent on both temperature and ionic strength. The K d for Mg–furaptra in solution in 100 m M KCl was found to be 2.1 ± 0.1 m M at 25°C. The use of this K d to calculate matrix [Mg 2+ ] is more reliable than in situ K d measurements because ionophores, such as BrA23187 and ionomycin, do not equilibrate external Mg 2+ with the matrix in an acceptable way. Furaptra is present at high concentrations (up to 500 μ M ) in the matrix when introduced by hydrolysis of the acetoxymethyl ester. However, absorbance spectra of aqueous solutions show no evidence of dimerization of the probe or other changes in properties at these concentrations. Fluorescence intensity at 340 nm ex is strongly attenuated for matrix-sequestered furaptra, mag-fura-5, and mag-indo-1. This appears to result in part from preferential binding of the Mg-probe to mitochondrial proteins. The fluorescence of uncomplexed furaptra at 375–380 nm ex seems unaffected by protein binding, however, and changes in intensity in this region of the spectrum can be used in conjunction with the K d found in aqueous solution to estimate matrix [Mg 2+ ]. The presence of secondary equilibria, such as protein binding, and possible changes in ionic strength may undermine exact quantitation by this method. However, values for matrix [Mg 2+ ] obtained in this way (0.5 to 0.7 m M ) correspond well to estimates by other available methods and each of these methods suffers from comparable uncertainties.
THE EFFECT OF AGAR ON THE INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF PHENOLS.

Nineteen phenols were tested for their effectiveness in inhibiting the growth ofStaphylococcus aureus in both broth and agar media. The presence of agar in the test medium interfered with the action of eight of the compounds tested.
An unfolding procedure for charged particle spectra and its application to the measurement of stopping power

Abstract A procedure is developed which makes it possible to unfold a charged particle spectrum measured outside a source of finite thickness and to derive from it the energy distribution with which the particles were originally produced. The application of this method to the determination of the stopping power of matter is discussed.
The square of a block is strongly path connected

Abstract A graph is strongly path connected if between each pair of distinct vertices there exist paths of all lengths greater than or equal to the distance between the vertices. It is shown that the squares of both bridgeless connected DT-graphs and blocks are strongly path connected. Thus as a corollary both these classes of graphs are Hamiltonian, Hamiltonian-connected, and vertex and edge pancyclic.
Characterization and estrogen regulation of growth factor activity from uterus.

Abstract Acid-stable uterine-derived growth factor activity, extracted from uteri of several species (rat, rabbit and bovine), stimulates DNA synthesis as measured by [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation into hamster uterine carcinosarcoma (UCS) cells. A time course of [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation demonstrates maximum incorporation at 24 h. These extracts also stimulate [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation in a variety of other cell types from 17β-estradiol (E 2 ) target tissues and non-target tissues. Uterine extracts from E 2 -treated ovariectomized rats show a 3-fold increase in growth factor activity above control values. Activity is elevated within 18–24 h after estradiol injection and remains elevated with subsequent injections. Growth factor activity is acid-stable, heat-labile, reduced by trypsin but not reduced by treatment with dextran-coated charcoal. Gel filtration shows molecular weight ( M r ) heterogeneity with activity eluting at M r of 10000–30000. Since uterine extracts can restore in vitro the estrogen-regulated properties of uterine growth observed previously in vivo, it is possible that the substances found in these extracts may be mediators of E 2 actions.
Characterization of the RNA processing enzyme RNase III from wild type and overexpressing Escherichia coli cells in processing natural RNA substrates.

Abstract 1. 1. A precursor to small stable RNA, 10Sa RNA, accumulates in large amounts in a temperature sensitive RNase E mutant at non-permissive temperatures, and somewhat in an rnc (RNase III − ) mutant, but not in an RNase P − mutant ( rnp ) or wild type E. coli cells. 2. 2. Since p10Sa RNA was not processed by purified RNase E and III in customary assay conditions, we purified p10Sa RNA processing activity about 700-fold from wild type E. coli cells. 3. 3. Processing of p10Sa RNA by this enzyme shows an absolute requirement for a divalent cation with a strong preference for Mn 2+ over Mg 2+ Other divalent cations could not replace Mn 2+ . 4. 4. Monovalent cations (NH + 4 , Na + , K + ) at a concentration of 20 mM stimulated the processing of p10Sa RNA and a temperature of 37°C and pH range of 6.8–8.2 were found to be optimal. 5. 5. The enzyme retained half of its p10Sa RNA processing activity after 30 min incubation at 50°C. 6. 6. Further characterization of this activity indicated that it is RNase III. 7. 7. To further confirm that the p10Sa RNA processing activity is RNase III, we overexpressed the RNase III gene in an E. coli cells that lacks RNase III activity ( rnc mutant) and RNase III was purified using one affinity column, agarose · poly(I) · poly(C). 8. 8. This RNase III preparation processed p10Sa RNA in a similar way as observed using the p10Sa RNA processing activity purified from wild type E. coli cells, confirming that the first step of p10Sa RNA processing is carried out by RNase III.
Multivariate relationships influencing crop yields during the transition to organic management

Crop yields are influenced by multiple, interacting factors, making it challenging to determine how specific management practices and crop rotations affect agroecosystem productivity. This is especially true in cropping systems experiments in which multiple management practices differ between experimental cropping system treatments. We conducted a cropping systems experiment in central Pennsylvania, USA, to analyze the effects of initial cover crop and tillage intensity on feed grain and forage crop productivity during the transition to organic production. We hypothesized that treatment effects of (1) tillage intensity (full or reduced); and (2) initial cover crops (annual rye (Secale cereale) or timothy/clover (Phleum pratense/Trifolium pratense)) on grain crop yield in a 3-year cover crop/soybean (Glycine max)/corn (Zea mays) rotation would be mediated by key agroecosystem function indicators (soil quality, weed pressure, and predatory arthropod activity). We used structural equation modeling (SEM) to attribute yield variation to treatment effects and abiotic factors as mediated by these ecosystem functions. We found that tillage intensity had both direct and indirect effects on corn yields. Full tillage had a direct, positive effect on corn yields, a negative effect on perennial weed density, and negative effect on a soil quality indicator (labile soil carbon). Full tillage also had an indirect effect on corn yields as mediated by perennial weed density. The initial cover crop influenced predatory arthropod activity-density and perennial weeds in year 2 (soybean phase), but had no effects in year 3 (corn phase). Abiotic and site factors influenced crop yields and other ecosystem functions in both rotation years. Our results highlight the utility of analytical approaches that consider the relationships among agroecosystem components. Through the analysis of management effects on multiple ecosystem functions, our results indicate that managing weed populations through tillage in organic systems can have the strongest effect on crop yields, although short-term profit gains may be at the expense of long-term loss in soil quality and beneficial insect conservation.
Phosphate modulation of calcium transport by a calcium-phospholipid-phosphate complex of calcifying tissues

The ionophoretic activities of a stable Ca-PS-Pi complex were examined in a three-compartment lipid-aqueous phase transport system. It was found that the complex transported Ca2+ at a slower rate than free PS. Analysis of the transport process, using an equilibrium partitioning model, revealed that Ca2+ binding to the complex was the rate-limiting step. This inhibition was overcome by the addition of exogeneous Pi. It was concluded that the complex acted as an ionophore and that the presence of coordinated Ca and P atoms facilitated Pi modulation of Ca2+ transport.
Inhibition of human telomerase by 7-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine nucleoside triphosphate analogs: potent inhibition by 6-thio-7-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate.

We have examined analogs of the previously reported 7-deaza-2'-deoxypurine nucleoside triphosphate series of human telomerase inhibitors. Two new telomerase-inhibiting nucleotides are reported: 6-methoxy-7-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate (OMDG-TP) and 6-thio-7-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate (TDG-TP). In particular, TDG-TP is a very potent inhibitor of human telomerase with an IC(50) of 60 nM. TDG-TP can substitute for dGTP as a substrate for telomerase, but only at relatively high concentrations. Under conditions in which TDG-TP is the only available guanosine substrate, telomerase becomes nonprocessive, synthesizing short products that appear to contain only one to three TDG residues. Similarly, the less potent telomerase inhibitor OMDG-TP gives rise to short telomerase products, but less efficiently than TDG-TP. We show here that TDG-TP, and to a lesser extent OMDG-TP, can serve as substrates for both templated (Klenow exo) and nontemplated (terminal transferase) DNA polymerases. For either polymerase, the products arising from TDG-TP are relatively short, and give rise to bands of unusual mobility under PAGE conditions. These anomalous bands revert, under treatment with DTT, to normal mobility bands, indicating that these products may contain thiol-labile disulfide linkages involving the incorporated TDG residues. This observation of potential TDG-crosslinks may have bearing on the mechanism of telomerase inhibition by this nucleotide analog.
Special Issue on Broadening Participation in Computing Education (Part 2)

This special issue includes the second set of articles addressing broadening participation in computing education. The articles span the stages of the pipeline, from introducing middle school children to computer science to retaining under-represented groups at the university level. The preface presented here outlines the need for increasing the participation of under-represented minorities, women, and people with disabilities in the development of technology. In addition, the preface summarizes the seven articles included in this second issue (of two) on broadening participation.
Welding Residual Stresses and Effects on Fracture in Pressure Vessel and Piping Components: A Millennium Review and Beyond

In this paper, the recent advances in weld residual stress modeling procedures are first reviewed within the context of pressure vessel and piping applications. A typical pipe girth weld was then used as an example to highlight some of the critical issues in weld residual stress prediction, measurement, and residual stress effects on various aspects of fracture behaviors from stress intensity factor solutions for a growing crack to crack-opening displacement calculations for leak-before-break assessment. Finally, the future needs in improved fracture mechanics procedures by incorporating the rapidly expanding knowledge on weld residual stresses are summarized with respect to pressure vessel and piping applications.
Prenatal diagnosis of 46,XX male fetuses ☆ ☆☆

Ultrasonography can accurately determine phenotypic sex differences from those of the genetic sex. Two cases were identified; they were the result of a translocation of the SRY gene from the Y chromosome to the X chromosome during meiosis. An ultrasonographic difference may represent an otherwise unsuspected genetic abnormality.
Abstract P3-01-01: Targeting glutamine metabolism in breast cancer for therapy

Metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells is observed in different types of tumors including breast. Oncogenic signals aid changes in metabolism that provide selective advantage to the cancer cells to meet their energy requirements to accomplish rapid proliferation. The increased dependence on the glycolytic pathway for energy called the “Warburg effect” was reported by Otto Warburg several decades ago. Our recent understanding of cancer metabolism has thrown light on alternative energy sources, especially glutamine and other branched chain amino acids. The role of glutamine in breast cancer cell growth has not yet been studied extensively. In this study we found that a number of breast cancer cell lines, especially those negative for ER, PR, HER2, display a high dependence on glutamine for their survival and growth. Interestingly, most of these glutamine-dependent cell lines express high levels of c-myc protein. Consistent with their growth dependency on glutamine, transaminases responsible for entry of glutamine into the tricarboxylic acid cycle are transcriptionally up regulated under low glutamine conditions. Consequently, growth of these cancer cell lines was found to be specifically inhibited by the transaminase inhibitor, amino oxyacetate (AOA). Moreover, the AOA mediated cytotoxic effect was partially c-myc dependent. Through 1H-NMR studies of AOA-treated cells we show that in addition to glutamine, AOA treatment decreases the aspartate and alanine content in the cells. In line with these findings, exogenous supplementation with aspartate partially rescued the cells from the growth inhibitory effects of AOA. Flow cytometry analysis showed that AOA causes cell cycle arrest in the S phase. AOA also had significant inhibitory effect on in vivo growth of rapidly growing SUM 149 and SUM159 xenografts in immunodeficient mice. When combined with chemotherapeutic agents, doxorubicin and carboplatin, AOA inhibited growth of MDA-MB-231 xenograft tumors more effectively than AOA alone. Lastly we present evidence that the cytotoxic effect of AOA is mediated through activation of the ER stress pathway, combined with depletion of key amino acids and likely, a reduction in the nucleoside pool in the cells. Our preclinical studies, both in vitro and in vivo, combined with development of intermediate markers of response, provide a strong rationale for testing AOA for therapy in Phase 0 clinical trials. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P3-01-01.
Project view IM: a tool for juggling multiple projects and teams

Previous research suggests working on multiple projects may lead to stress and misallocation of attention. A modest redesign of Instant Messenger (IM) could help team members juggle multiple projects and teams. This paper describes the implementation of this redesign--an IM plug-in called Project View IM (PVIM). PVIM uses automatic project status logging to show active project-related files and team members. In a preliminary evaluation experiment, participants working collaboratively with different partners on two projects found PVIM and IM to be equally usable and informative but PVIM participants reported less workload stress. We discuss future work to iterate the design and measure allocation of attention and task performance.