cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The B-dot Earth Average Magnetic Field

The average Earth's magnetic field is solved with complex mathematical models based on mean square integral. Depending on the selection of the Earth magnetic model, the average Earth's magnetic field can have different solutions. This paper presents a simple technique that takes advantage of the damping effects of the b-dot controller and is not dependent of the Earth magnetic model; but it is dependent on the magnetic torquers of the satellite which is not taken into consideration in the known mathematical models. Also the solution of this new technique can be implemented so easily that the flight software can be updated during flight, and the control system can have current gains for the magnetic torquers. Finally, this technique is verified and validated using flight data from a satellite that it has been in orbit for three years.
Topological realizations of ortho-projection graphs

Abstract We discuss the production of ortho-projection graphs from alternating knot diagrams, and introduce a more general construction of such graphs from “splittings” of closed, non-orientable surfaces. As our main result, we prove that this new topological construction generates all ortho-projection graphs. We present a minimal example of an ortho-projection graph that does not arise from a knot diagram, and provide a surface-splitting that realizes this graph.
Theories of the state in Tanzania: a critical assessment.

In February 1967, Tanzania, formed from the union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, declared its intention to purpue a policy of ‘socialism’ and self-reliance. In the famous Arusha Declaration, the Tanganyika African National Union called for the Government to exercise control over the means of production and move away from over-reliance on foreign assistance in development. It stressed the need to strengthen agriculture and thereby improve the lives of the majority of the population which earned their livelihood in this sector. Finally, T.A.N.U. called for changes in the party to ensure that it contained only committed socialists. Closely linked to this was a leadership code for senior officals in ministries and parastatals which prohibited them from owing stock or holding directorships in private corporations. Renting out house was also declared impermissible.
Characterization of the amino acids of antifungal peptides from B. subtilis by cold on-column injection capillary GC/MS

Abstract Recent studies have shown that the cell-free culture liquor of Bacillys sublitis inhibits the growth of the peach brown rot fungus, Monilinia fructicola. Bacillus sublitis and other related bacilli are known to produce a variety of peptide antibiotics, including cyclic peptides of the Iturin family. Fractionation of the culture liquor yeilded two major components which were shown to be cyclic peptides of the Iturin type. Specific capilliary GC/MS methodology was developed for the characterization of the amino acids, including β-amino aliphatic acids, resulting from the hydrolyses of these cyclic antifungal peptides. After cold on-column injection, the N- pentafluoropropionyl- D,L -amino acid n- propyl esters were separated on a fused silica Chirasil-Val III ™ column and characterized by mass spectrometry on a Hewlett Packard 5985B GC/MS system equipped with an open-split interface. MS data used to characterize the long-chain aliphatic β-amino acids in the peptides are discussed.
Geothermal Energy: Heat Extraction From Hot Dry Rock Masses

Certain aspects of the geothermal energy extraction and its commercial utilization are first mentioned. Then attention is focused on the thermomechanics of heat extraction from hot, dry rock masses. The basic idea is to introduce by hydraulic fracturing a large vertical crack in such impermeable rocks (granite) at a depth of several kilometers below ground surface, and then to circulate water under pressure through the cracked rock, and back to ground surface, in this manner harvesting the heat content of the rock. The basic technical problems in this area include the following: (1) initiation and extension of crack in hot, dry rock by hydraulic fracture; (2) circulation of water through the crack and up to ground surface; and (3) thermally induced secondary cracking and its effect on water flow and heat exchange.
The castor-oil plant in the United States

About 125,000,000 pounds of castor oil are annually used in the United States in the manufacture of paints and varnishes, fatty acids, sulphonated oils, soap and other important products, 95% of which is imported either as seed or expressed oil. Attempts are now being made to revive a former American industry in the growing of domestic crops.
Abnormal Pap smears in inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory condition that is frequently treated with immunomodulators. Previous work has demonstrated an increased risk for abnormal cervical cytology in women treated with chronic immunosuppression, due mainly to human papillomavirus. This review summarizes the data known for this relationship in women with IBD, and management strategies for patients found to have abnormal cervical cytology.
Cor biatriatum triloculare.

Abstract A case of a univentricular heart has been presented (cor biatriatum triloculare), with complete absence of the interventricular septum. Despite the latter finding, multiple chest leads revealed a typical dextro- and levocardiogram on the anterior and posterior sides of the chest, respectively. The significance of this observation in an evaluation of theories of intraventricular conduction is discussed.
Accelerated Myelination in Early Sturge-Weber Syndrome Demonstrated by MR Imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in two infants with Sturge-Weber syndrome has demonstrated a pattern of accelerated myelination in the abnormal cerebral hemisphere. The extent of myelination was most apparent on the T1-weighted inversion recovery sequence while the T2-weighted images demonstrated concomitant changes in hydration of the brain. We propose an explanation for this finding based on cerebral ischemia underlying the leptomeningeal angioma.
The Power of Followership: How Subordinate Characteristics Moderate Leader-Performance Relationships

Although leadership is one of the most studied areas in management science, the question of how followership might impact leadership (and through leadership, task performance) has been seldom exami...
Stereotactic endovascular aortic navigation with a novel ultrasonic-based three-dimensional localization system

Background Endovascular aortic procedures have been developed to treat many aortic diseases effectively. However, these procedures are also becoming increasingly complex given the development of branched or fenestrated endografts. Part of the difficulty lies in the limitations of current imaging paradigms. A more intuitive, three-dimensional (3D) mode of intraoperative imaging is desirable to accommodate the future progression of endovascular techniques. This article describes a novel endovascular catheter tracking device that uses ultrasonic signals, not ultrasound imaging. The tracking device displays real-time in vivo location on previously acquired 3D computed tomography (CT) images in an intuitive, endoluminal view. This system was tested in two swine and validated against fluoroscopy and by delivering stent grafts. Methods The ultrasonic-based localization system (ULS) provides real-time location information of a modified endovascular catheter and displays this location on preoperative 3D CT images. The 9F endovascular catheter has a small ultrasonic transmitter attached to its tip to signal its location to the ULS. Subsequent endovascular deployment of an aortic stent was carried out using only the ULS to target the stent placement position in the aorta of Yorkshire swine. System accuracy was measured against concurrent angiography as well as to deployed stents in situ. Results We successfully displayed the endovascular catheter tip location in real time along the registered CT aortic images, providing virtual endoluminal tracking. The relative accuracy of the ULS as compared with angiography for catheter movements in the abdominal aorta was found to have a mean error less than 1 mm. The ULS coordinates tracked within the lumen of the aortic image 98% of the time, as defined by the proportion of points within one radius distance of the aortic image centerline. Finally, three aortic stents were deployed using the ULS virtual image display to locate the target position in the aorta for stent deployment. Errors between target position and actual stent position ranged from −5.0 to +7.9 mm. Conclusions This study demonstrates the feasibility of virtual image-guided endovascular aortic navigation using a ULS. This provides a 3D platform for virtual navigation on preoperative CT scan images during endovascular procedures that could assist in stent deployment as well as minimize or eliminate the need for procedural ionizing radiation and iodinated contrast. Future work will focus on miniaturization and refinements in accuracy that will be required to translate this technology into clinical application in endovascular procedures.
APPLICATIONS OF A SEQUENTIAL ALTERNATING TREATMENTS DESIGN

We propose the use of a combined version of the alternating treatments and multiple baseline designs in situations in which a traditional baseline (no treatment) condition either does not provide an adequate contrast condition or is not feasible or practical due to clinical constraints. We refer to this design as a sequential alternating treatments design because two treatments are initially implemented in a random or counterbalanced fashion and are followed by a sequential change in one or both treatments across settings, subjects, or tasks. The effects of the independent variables are assessed first by analyzing the two series of data points representing the different treatments (relative effects) and then by assessing changes in one or both series, as application of the alternative treatment is introduced sequentially. The sequential application of treatment provides an analysis of control in the same manner as the multiple baseline design; the initial alternating treatments phase provides a contrast condition in much the same manner as a baseline condition. Applications of this design to the assessment of peer training and self-injurious behavior are described.
The escape strategy of green lacewings from orb webs

When green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) fly into spider orb webs, they often simply reverse their flight direction and pull away (Table I). If a lacewing is trapped, it uses a specialized escape behavior. It first cuts away the sticky strands entangling head, feet, and antennae. If an antenna cannot be freed by tugging, it uses an “antenna climb” (Fig. 5A). After its body is free, the lacewing remains suspended by its hair-covered wings, which are held in a characteristic cruciform position (Fig. 5B). Orb web sticky strands adhere poorly to the hairy wings (Fig. 7), so the chrysopid may just wait until the strands slide off and it falls free. If placed in an orb web when the spider is at the web hub and ready to attack, a lacewing usually does not have time to escape (Fig. 1). When the spider is at the hub but eating, the chances of escape improve, and when the spider is away from the hub attacking other prey, nearly all lacewings in our experiment were able to escape. This finding emphasizes the importance of the spider's activity in its capture success.
An accelerator based multi-coincidence electron-photon spectrometer for the measurement of bremsstrahlung and inner-shell ionization cross-sections☆

Abstract A new system for the measurement of coincidences between electrons and photons has been devised. This system, which is coupled with a 300 keV electron accelerator, will allow the user to measure electron-electron and electron-photon coincidences between any number of detectors simultaneously. Advantages of such a setup include the ability to carry out multiple scattering experiments simultaneously with just one beam. Also, provided enough detectors are available, coincidence measurements can be made at various angles simultaneously in one run. Details on the implementation of this system are presented.
Antiferromagnetic Resonance Truncated by the Spin-Flop Transition

Antiferromagnetic resonance truncated by the magnetic spin-flop transition at the thermodynamic critical field has been observed in GdAl${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. Because of the new phenomenon of truncation resulting from the finite linewidth of the resonances, the first-order nature of the transition is directly observable and the superheating can be determined quantitatively.
Sterol balance in abetalipoproteinemia: Studies in a patient with homozygous familial hypobetalipoproteinemia

A new case of homozygous familial hypobetalipoproteinemia is reported in a 16-yr-old girl. Apoprotein B was absent from plasma and the patient had acanthocytes and steatorrhea, but minimal neurologic dysfunction. Total body cholesterol synthesis was assessed intermittently over a 30-mo period by sterol balance techniques. The rate of synthesis of cholesterol was higher (15.0 +/- 2.9 mg/kg/day) in the patient (8.3 +/- 0.4 mg/kg/day than in 3 control children, p less than 0.005). Bile acid synthesis was similar (4.6 +/- 1.8 versus 4.0 +/- 1.7 mg/kg/day) in the patient and controls, but total body sterol synthesis was significantly higher (19.6 +/- 3.0 versus 12.2 +/- 2.0, p less than 0.005). The absorption of orally administered [1,2,(3)H] cholesterol in the patient was low and less than 0.5% of the label appeared in the total plasma volume at all times up to 48 hr. Estimates of the extent that malabsorption of biliary cholesterol contributes to the enhanced excretion of neutral sterols in this case indicate that all of the increase can be explained on this basis. Thus, although the mechanisms for the increased sterol synthesis in this case may relate to the absence of chylomicrons and low density lipoproteins in plasma, the magnitude of the increase can be fully explained on the basis of a compensatory mechanism to maintain cholesterol homeostasis in the face of enhanced fecal losses.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Micro-Computed Tomography Combined Atlas of Developing and Adult Mouse Brains for Stereotaxic Surgery

Stereotaxic atlases of the mouse brain are important in neuroscience research for targeting of specific internal brain structures during surgical operations. The effectiveness of stereotaxic surgery depends on accurate mapping of the brain structures relative to landmarks on the skull. During postnatal development in the mouse, rapid growth-related changes in the brain occur concurrently with growth of bony plates at the cranial sutures, therefore adult mouse brain atlases cannot be used to precisely guide stereotaxis in developing brains. In this study, three-dimensional stereotaxic atlases of C57BL/6J mouse brains at six postnatal developmental stages: postnatal day (P) 7, P14, P21, P28, P63 and in adults (P140-P160) were developed, using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and micro-computed tomography (CT). At present, most widely-used stereotaxic atlases of the mouse brain are based on histology, but the anatomical fidelity of ex vivo atlases to in vivo mouse brains has not been evaluated previously. To account for ex vivo tissue distortion due to fixation as well as individual variability in the brain, we developed a population-averaged in vivo magnetic resonance imaging adult mouse brain stereotaxic atlas, and a distortion-corrected DTI atlas was generated by nonlinearly warping ex vivo data to the population-averaged in vivo atlas. These atlas resources were developed and made available through a new software user-interface with the objective of improving the accuracy of targeting brain structures during stereotaxic surgery in developing and adult C57BL/6J mouse brains.
Thin supported inorganic membranes for energy-related gas and water purification

Abstract Inorganic membranes consist of a stand-alone or supported material with special transport properties, able to operate at elevated temperatures and pressures. Inorganic membranes are classified according to the presence and size of connected porosity. Dense membranes have 100% selectivity for H 2 and O 2 , and acceptable flux at high temperature. Micro-porous membranes have 2 nm ∅ pores and combine high but 100 % H 2 selectivity with higher fluxes at lower temperatures. Meso-porous membranes have 2–50 nm ∅ pores, a good thermo-chemical stability, very high fluxes over a wide temperature range, and moderate Knudsen selectivity for separation of light molecules ( H 2 ) from heavier ones ( CO 2 ) . Meso-porous membranes are also considered for pressure-driven water purification. Large scale introduction of inorganic membranes has been hindered by lack of structural definition, reproducibility, and accurate design parameters. The present paper shows how these problems can be addressed by synthesis and characterization of smooth, strong and surface-defect free supporting structures.
Performance Report for Stanford/SLAC Microstore Analog Memory Unit

Tests of a newly developed Analog Memory Unit (AMU) are described. The device contains 256 analog storage cells consisting of pass transistors, a storage capacitor and a differential read out buffer. By addressing the storage cells sequentially, the shape of the signal present at the input can be recorded in time. Fast response and good amplitude resolution were the design goals for the development. Measurements on individual devices will be presented and the status of hybridized subsystems containing eight AMUs discussed.
Developmental Approach to Sexuality and Intimacy

A developmental approach is needed when delivering appropriate and accurate sex education to children and adolescents with spinal cord injuries (SCIs). Health care professionals are responsible for conveying this information in a positive and comprehensive way to the children and adolescents and/or the parents. This information can be utilized to help create a developmentally based outline regarding sexuality topics that should be addressed to the children and adolescents.
Estrogen Receptor Regulation of the Na+/H+ Exchanger Regulatory Factor

To better understand the actions of estrogens and antiestrogens in estrogen target cells, we have searched for estrogen-regulated genes in human breast cancer cells, in which the number of genes known to be directly activated by estrogen is quite small. Using differential display RNA methods, we have identified the human homolog of the Na+-H+ exchanger regulatory factor (NHE-RF), an approximately 50-kDa protein that is also an ezrin-radixin-moesin-binding phosphoprotein, as being under rapid and direct regulation by estrogen in estrogen receptor (ER)-containing breast cancer cells. Stimulation by estrogen of NHE-RF RNA is rapid, being near maximal (∼6-fold) by 1 h, and is not blocked by cycloheximide, indicating that it is a primary response. Stimulation is selective for estrogen ligands, with no stimulation by other classes of steroid hormones, and stimulation by estrogen is suppressed by the antiestrogens tamoxifen and ICI 182,780. Induction is shown to require an active ER through several approaches, i...
High resolution micromill sampling for analysis of fish otoliths by ICP-MS: effects of sampling and specimen preparation on trace element fingerprints.

Abstract Otoliths are calcified structures in the head of fish that record environmental information about fish’s life history. Gathering the elemental information from the core of an otolith corresponding to the juvenile period of fish’s life is critical to discriminate the adult fish to their natal habitats reliably. A high resolution micromill has been used to isolate the otolith core from a whole otolith for elemental analysis. The effects of micromilling procedures (e.g., sectioning, embedding and drilling) on contamination to otolith trace element levels were examined using paired blackfin tuna (Thunnus atlanticus) otoliths. Otoliths were decontaminated by dilute hydrogen peroxide and nitric acid throughout to remove surface contamination. A preconcentration procedure was used to determine the trace elements from the small core material by ICP-MS. It was found that micromilling procedures introduce significant contamination to otoliths, especially for Al, Cu, Pb and Zn. The sectioning procedure caused significant contamination for Co and Cu, while the embedding procedure resulted in contamination for nearly all trace elements (Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Ga, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn). The combined sectioning, embedding and drilling procedure also resulted in contamination for most trace elements. Despite the contamination across all procedural steps, the decontamination procedure effectively removed the surface contamination with the exception of Pb and Zn. Bias (e.g., residual contamination) on Pb was small in comparison to overall concentration of Pb expected to occur in fish otoliths, therefore, its effect may be minor in discriminating individuals. Bias on Zn was larger that could limit its application in discriminating individuals.
Antichrist as (Anti)Charisma: Reflections on Weber and the ‘Son of Perdition’

The figure of Antichrist, linked in recent US apocalyptic thought to President Barack Obama, forms a central component of Christian end-times scenarios, both medieval and modern. Envisioned as a false-messiah, deceptive miracle-worker, and prophet of evil, Antichrist inversely embodies many of the qualities and characteristics associated with Max Weber’s concept of charisma. This essay explores early Christian, medieval, and contemporary depictions of Antichrist and the imagined political circumstances of his reign as manifesting the notion of (anti)charisma, compelling but misleading charismatic political and religious leadership oriented toward damnation rather than redemption.
Stimulatory effects of a three-dimensional microenvironment on cell-mediated fibronectin fibrillogenesis

The assembly of fibronectin into a fibrillar matrix is a regulated step-wise process that involves binding to integrin receptors and interactions between fibronectin molecules. This process has been studied extensively using cells in two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture. In most situations in vivo, however, matrix assembly occurs within existing three-dimensional (3D) extracellular matrix networks. In an attempt to mimic this environment, we analyzed matrix assembly by fibroblasts cultured on a pre-assembled 3D fibronectin matrix and found significant stimulation of fibronectin fibril assembly compared to cells in 2D culture. Lower amounts of fibronectin were needed to initiate the assembly process, fibrils accumulated to higher density, and the 3D fibril organization played a key role in the stimulatory effect. Moreover, cells expressing activation-dependent integrins were able to assemble fibronectin matrix without exogenous stimulation, suggesting regulatory effects of the 3D fibronectin matrix on integrin activity. These results provide evidence for an additional level of control of fibronectin deposition through cell interactions with the local microenvironment.
Factors affecting the severity of bacterial canker of pear caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae

Several factors affecting the severity of bacterial canker of pear were studied. In the orchard, infection of shoots by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae occurred only when the inoculum dose exceeded 10 6 colony-forming units/shoot. However, under favourable conditions in a growth chamber, cankers formed on detached shoots inoculated with 5 cfu/shoot. A second-order polynomial relationship was established between log 10 transformed canker length and log 10 transformed inoculum dose. In orchard and growth chamber experiments, shoots were susceptible from the time of bud swell until after fruit harvest. The severity of Pseudomonas canker of detached shoots increased if they were frozen at -10°C for 24 h before inoculation. Shoots were most susceptible when inoculated immediately after wounding, and no cankers developed in the orchard when 3-day-old wounds were inoculated. Additionally, no cankers resulted from inoculation of leaf scars at leaf drop. Actively growing, current-season shoots were more susceptible than shoots that had set a terminal bud. The practical implications of these results are discussed as a basis for control of bacterial canker of pear.
Deterioration of Stainless Steel Regeneratively Cooled Thrust Chambers

Abstract : In designing regeneratively cooled thrust chambers, the heat transfer conditions are selected to avoid 'burnout' situations. Failure in engines using storable propellants during development, test, or operation seldom occurs by the burnout mechanism of design. Roughening, pinholing, tube cracking, or splitting are common occurences because of metal disintegration either on the combustion chamber side or internally within the tube due to two processes: (1) the combustion gases from nitrogen tetroxide and Aerozine-50 reacting with the stainless tubing (Type 347), and (2) the decomposition products of the Aerozine-50 degrading the interior of the tubes. A mechanism of tube deterioration is developed to give a chronology of the events occurring from initial tube carburization to final tube failure.
Diagnostic and prognostic value of cerebral 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy in neonates with perinatal asphyxia

Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Cerebral 31 P Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Neonates with Perinatal Asphyxia
Frequency-domain nonlinear microwave circuit simulation using the arithmetic operator method

A frequency-domain spectral balance technique for the analysis of microwave circuits with analytically modeled nonlinear devices is developed. The technique uses linear matrix transformation of spectra to perform basic arithmetic operations-multiplication and division-in the frequency domain, and is termed the arithmetic operator method. A single MESFET amplifier described by the Curtice model is simulated with one- and two-tone excitation using this novel technique. Excellent agreement is obtained when compared to the results simulated using the conventional harmonic balance method. >
Interferon gamma up-regulates a novel protein in vascular smooth muscle cells.

Abstract Purpose: By means of the technique of messenger RNA (mRNA) differential display, we previously isolated a partial DNA clone found to be down-regulated at the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) hyperplastic arterial anastomosis compared with the normal artery. The partial DNA gene sequence was found to be homologous with interferon gamma up-regulated protein (IGUP) first found in human psoriatic keratinocytes. We cloned the entire IGUP gene from human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) to determine its regulation by gamma interferon (γ-IFN) and other cytokines in cultured human VSMCs. Methods: By means of polymerase chain reaction, the IGUP gene was amplified from a QUICK-Clone complementary DNA human aorta kit using 5' and 3' oligonucleotide primers to the known IGUP sequence. Immunohistocytochemistry studies compared normal artery and distal anastomotic IH. Human VSMCs were stimulated with 1000 U/mL of γ-IFN, 5 ng/mL of platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB), 3.2 ng/mL basic fibroblast growth factor, 3.3 ng/mL transforming growth factor β(TGF-β), 10 ng/mL of vascular endothelial growth factor, and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) for zero, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Western blot analysis of lysates of the stimulated VSMCs was performed to determine up-regulation of IGUP. Results: DNA sequencing confirmed the cloning of the entire coding region of the IGUP gene with 100% homology to the known IGUP DNA sequence. There was strong expression of IGUP in quiescent VSMCs and marked reduction of expression of IGUP in proliferating smooth muscle cells. γ-IFN was the only cytokine, of the cytokines evaluated, to up-regulate production of IGUP in VSMCs. Conclusion: IGUP is a novel protein in VSMCs found to be down-regulated in areas of anastomotic IH, as compared with a normal artery. We have now shown IGUP to be up-regulated only by γ-IFN in human VSMCs. IGUP may, therefore, be the intermediary for the known γ-IFN inhibition of human VSMC proliferation. (J Vasc Surg 1999;29:317-25.)
TRANSFORMATION, GREEN TO ORANGE-RED, OF A POROUS SILICON PHOTOLUMINESCENT SURFACE IN SOLUTION

The green and orange-red photoluminescent (PL) emissions characteristic of a porous silicon (PS) surface are excited with a variety of UV light sources and observed during and directly following the in situ (in solution) etching of a PS surface in a 20% HF in MeOH or 20% HF in H2O solution. Experimental observations of the time dependent behavior of this in situ PL are combined with a quantum chemical modeling of the low-lying electronic states of the silanone-based silicon oxyhydrides to suggest that the initially observed and relatively long-lived green PL, its subsequent transformation to a final orange-red emission, and its stabilization in an ethylene glycol solution are to be associated with oxyhydride electronic transitions and the chemical transformation of surface-bound oxyhydrides.
An evaluation of children's personal health practices and school performance in a public primary school in Kisoro, Uganda

Purified anti-mSP antibodies were incubated with each protein in the presence of DENV to measure blocking activity of such antibodies. Findings: In febrile subjects,antibody levels against C-type Lectine were higher in control subjects (n1⁄423) than in febrile (n1⁄434) and DENVinfected (n1⁄448) participants (p1⁄40.0422). In contrast, antibodies against Aegyptin were significantly higher in DENV-infected (viremic) patients (p1⁄40.0266). Interestingly, we found that antibodies against ADA were not significantly different among groups (p1⁄40.3769). In vitro testing showed a decrease of DENV infectivity in Vero cells exposed to mSP if they had been preincubated with antibodies (p1⁄40.0361) Interpretation: In the field, humans are exposed predominantly to uninfected mosquito saliva via mosquito bites. In the mosquito vector, DENV infection alters the expressionof salivary proteins. Chronic exposure to either normal or modified saliva proteins induce an immune response that may protect or predispose people to excessive viremia and severe symptoms during DENV infection. Funding: Grants NIH/NIAID K22AI103067-01 and NIH/NGMS U01GM097661. Abstract #: 02CD014
The tobacco industry and underage youth smoking: tobacco industry documents from the Minnesota litigation.

Objective To learn how underage youth have been regarded by the major tobacco companies, as revealed in industry documents during the Minnesota litigation. Data Sources Documents from Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp, Lorillard Tobacco Co, Philip Morris Inc, and R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. Study Selection Documents available from the State of Minnesota and Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Minnesota v Philip Morris Inc et al during the discovery process of the trial. Hundreds of industry documents related to youth, teenagers, and young adults were examined. A sample of documents are referenced as illustrations of key points. Conclusions Underage youths are viewed by the tobacco industry as critical to its future. Underage youth smoking patterns were examined for decades. Reductions in youth smoking rates were seen by tobacco companies as a negative trend for the companies. Specific marketing campaigns were directed at underage youth and were successful with this age group. Tobacco industry practices should continue to be carefully scrutinized.
Clinical and hemodynamic effects during treatment of vascular headaches with verapamil.

SYNOPSIS An open trial of long-term prophylactic therapy with Verapamil (240 mg/day) was completed in 44 patients with different types of chronic headache including: classic migraine (N = 15), common migraine (N = 11 ), cluster headache (N = 14), and muscle contraction headache (N = 4). Results were compared with similar trials utilizing Nifedipine and Nimodipine. Cerebral blood flow was measured before and after treatment. All three drugs block Ca 2+ entry into vascular smooth muscle and were effective in prophylactic treatment of migraine and cluster headaches but not in muscle contraction headaches. Treatment with Verapamil for 2-3 weeks abolished or attenuated migraine prodromes, decreased headache frequency in cluster and classic migraine, but were less effective in common migraine. Cerebrovascular resistance was significantly reduced by Verapamil, confirming its vasodilator effects. Side effects were less common with Verapamil than with Nifedipine and included postural hypotension, constipation and skin rash. Decreased efficacy after long-term treatment with Verapamil responded to dose increases. Experience in this laboratory with Nimodipine, Verapamil and Nifedipine indicates that all are effective in prophylactic treatment of vascular headache in that order of preference.
Azteca America’s performance of Mexicanness in the pan-Hispanic television market:

The US Spanish-language television and advertising industries have assimilated their audiences into a homogeneous pan-ethnic market, yet this article argues that the newest network, Azteca America, has contested this homogenization by pursuing Mexican viewers. Surveying network practices, this article shows how the market’s pan-Hispanic paradigm has restrained Azteca America from positioning itself as decidedly Mexican. Drawing upon ethnographic evidence and performance theory, this article particularly examines how the network accomplishes its cultural positioning through its ‘upfront’ events, the annual pre-broadcast happenings for advertising clients. Azteca America’s performance of Mexicanness displays Mexican immigrants as domestic consumers but cultural foreigners and, hence, non-citizens. Nevertheless, the network’s practices register a hybrid, transborder Mexican culture and occasionally critique sociopolitical disenfranchisement of Mexican immigrants.
A Study of the Dyeing of Nylon 6 with Disperse Dyes from Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Solvents

Dyeing of nylon 6 (polycaprolactam) film from trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene with several purified dyes is reported.Rate curves and diffusion data indicate that the sorption of disperse dyes by nylon from these solvents is slower by 50-100 times their sorption by polyester.Dyes with polar substituents give higher partition coefficients, probably due to their lower solubility in the solvents and higher solubility in nylon 6 than in very nonpolar dyes. Very few of the dyes studied have partition coefficients which would make exhaust dyeing desirable; however, the possibility of synthesizing dyes or finding dyes which would have application to nylon does appear to exist.
Coupling of Ionic Events to Protein Kinase Signaling Cascades upon Activation of α7 Nicotinic Receptor COOPERATIVE REGULATION OF α2-INTEGRIN EXPRESSION AND Rho KINASE ACTIVITY

Defining the signaling mechanisms and effector proteins mediating phenotypic and mechanical plasticity of keratinocytes (KCs) during wound epithelialization is one of the major goals in epithelial cell biology. The acetylcholine (ACh)-gated ion channels, or nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs), mediate the nicotinergic signaling that controls crawling locomotion of KCs. To elucidate relative contributions of the ionic and protein kinase-mediated events elicited due to activation of α7 nAChRs, we quantitated expression of α2-integrin gene at the mRNA and protein levels and also measured Rho kinase activity in KCs stimulated with the α7 agonist AR-R17779 while blocking the Na+ or Ca2+ entry and/or inhibiting signaling kinases. The results demonstrated the existence of the two-component signaling systems coupling the ionic events and protein kinase signaling cascades downstream of α7 nAChR to simultaneous up-regulation of α2-integrin expression and activation of Rho kinase. The Raf/MEK1/ERK1/2 cascade up-regulating α2-integrin was activated due to both Ca2+-dependent recruitment of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and protein kinase C and Ca2+-independent activation of Ras. Likewise the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-mediated activation of Rho kinase was elicited due to both Ca2+ entry-dependent involvement of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and Ca2+-independent activation of Jak2. Thus, although the initial signals emanating from activated α7 nAChR are different in nature the pathways intersect at common effector molecules providing for a common end point effect. This novel paradigm of nAChR-mediated coordination of the ionic and metabolic signaling events can allow an auto/paracrine ACh to simultaneously alter gene expression and induce reciprocal changes in the cytoskeleton and contractile system of KCs required to compete a particular step of wound epithelialization.
First Comparisons of Rainfall Rates Derived from Radar Differential Reflectivity And Disdrometer Measurements

A comparison between radar-derived rainfall rates and those obtained from a ground-based disdrometer located at the radar site is presented. The radar measurements were made in the vicinity of Chicago, IL, on August 2, 1978, with the CHILL radar of the Illinois State Water Survey. Three radar-derived profiles of rainfall rate versus distance from the radar were obtained for a single storm in the direction of the storm path toward the radar. These profiles indicated the storm motion and the variability of rainfall as the storm progressed toward the radar. The last two profiles support the hypothesis that the storm was in steady state as it passed over the radar site. This provided an opportunity to compare the radar-derived rates with an apparent rate versus distance profile derived from a disdrometer time record of rainfall rate obtained at the radar site. Excellent agreement between the radar and disdrometer measurements of rainfall resulted.
Chemometric Modeling of Fat, Cholesterol and Caloric Content of Fresh and Cooked Ground Beef with NIR Reflectance Spectroscopy

The objective of this study was to quantify fat, calories and cholesterol content in fresh and cooked ground beef using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Near-infrared reflectance measurements (356 to 1050 nm) were recorded from fresh and cooked patties. Partial least square (PLS) regression analysis of the spectrum resulted in validation R-square (RVal) for each variable, such as fat, calories and cholesterol ranging from 0.91 to 0.98 for fresh and 0.73 to 0.93 for cooked category. Overall predictability for the AW region of the model had correlation coefficients ranging from 0.92 to 0.99 for fresh, and 0.78 to 0.96 in cooked category. This study indicated that NIR spectroscopy could be a useful tool for quality monitoring in the beef industry
Case reports and case series from Lancet had significant impact on medical literature.

Abstract Background and Objectives Case reports and case series are often the first evidence of innovative treatment, but clinical trials need to follow to substantiate this evidence. The objective of this article was to evaluate case reports or case series describing innovative treatment concerning their impact. Methods Case reports and case series ( n ≤ 10) from a high-impact journal, The Lancet , published from 1 January 1996 to 30 June 1997, were evaluated according to predefined criteria. To assess publication impact, Pubmed, Science Citation Index, the Register of Current Controlled Clinical Trials, and the Cochrance Controlled Clinical Trials Register were searched. Results Sixty-four case reports and 39 case series were identified. They were cited in average 17 times (median 6,5; range 0–336). Twenty-Four follow-up trials were identified, nine in the register of current controlled clinical trials. Conclusion Case reports and case series can be well received, and have significant influence on subsequent literature and possibly on clinical practice. Many were followed by clinical trials. Often, though, they report rare conditions for which trials may not be feasible, and more or less explicitly transfer established treatment into other conditions. Overall, there is a strong publication bias favoring positive results, and opportunity should be created for publication of follow-up reports.
The impact of PL 94‐142 on the practice of school psychology: A national survey

This paper presents the results of a national survey of school psychologists to determine the impact of PL 94-142 on the role of the school psychologist. Data were based on responses to 856 surveys by practicing school psychologists who were selected randomly from the NASP membership list during 1979-80. The results suggested that this legislation has had remarkably little impact on the evaluation procedures used or on the school psychologist's role. The two clear changes that have occurred may have negative implications for psychological services (e.g., an increased focus on handicapped children and increased paperwork). It was found that many school psychologists are involved in evaluation, but do not have time to be involved in the IEP process, or to provide follow-up consultation, or direct intervention for prevention and/or therapeutic purposes. This problem was exacerbated in districts that had ratios of greater than 1,000 to 1. Despite these problems, many respondents view the legislation in positive terms, and feel it has helped to enlarge the scope of practice.
Pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced SAPK/MAPK and JAK/STAT in rheumatoid arthritis and the new anti-depression drugs

Background: Adult rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients are frequently clinically depressed. Peripheral inflammation in RA may influence neurotransmitter metabolism, neuroendocrine function, synaptic plasticity, as well as growth factor production, which can modify neural circuitry and contribute to depression. Objective: A convergence between pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced synovial joint inflammation in RA and the effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines on the brain may occur through activation of the stress-activated/mitogen-activated protein kinases (SAPK/MAPK) and/or Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathways. Methods: The PubMed and Medlines databases were critically evaluated for evidence of SAPK/MAPK and/or JAK/STAT pathway activation in RA and depression. Results/conclusion: Some novel anti-depression drugs that were employed in animal models of ‘sickness behavior’ and in human depression clinical trials suppressed clinical markers of inflammation, as well as...
A study of radical graft copolymerization on polypropylene during extrusion using two peroxide initiators

Functionalization of polypropylene (PP) during melt extrusion has been explored extensively. In this study, two different radical initiators were employed and compared in grafting acyclic halamine precursors to PP. 2,4-Diamino-6-diallylamino-1,3,5-triazine (NDAM) was grafted onto PP during a melt-extrusion process using either 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-(tert-butylperoxy)hexyne (DTBHY) or dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as initiator. The results confirmed the radical graft copolymerization of the monomer onto the PP backbone during the reactive extrusion process. It was revealed that, at low monomer concentration, when peroxide initiator concentration was increased, polymer chain scission became dominant. DCP was more efficient than DTBHY as an initiator in the graft polymerization. After exposure to chlorine bleach, the grafted structures could be easily transformed into N-halamines, which provided powerful, durable and regenerable antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. It is concluded that both DCP and DTBHY could be used as radical initiators in reactive extrusion to graft certain vinyl monomers to PP. The NDAM-grafted PP could provide expected antibacterial function after chlorination of the grafted product in a chlorine bleach solution. The modified PP showed great potential for use in medical devices and non-woven textiles. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
A Single-Event-Hardened Phase-Locked Loop Fabricated in 130 nm CMOS

A radiation-hardened-by-design phase-locked loop (PLL)-designed and fabricated in 130 nm CMOS-is shown to mitigate single-event transients (SETs). Two-photon-absorption (TPA) laser tests were used to characterize the error signatures of the PLL and to perform single-event upset (SEU) mapping of the PLL sub-components. Results show that a custom, voltage-based charge pump reduces the error response of the PLL over conventional designs by more than two orders of magnitude as measured by the number of erroneous PLL clock pulses following a single-event. Additionally, SEU mapping indicates a 99% reduction in the vulnerable area of the radiation-hardened-by-design (RHBD) charge pump over a conventional design. Furthermore, the TPA experiments highlight the importance of the voltage-controlled oscillator in the overall SET response of the PLL implementing the RHBD charge pump.
Microbial Detection Systems

Infectious diseases accounted for 25–33% of the estimated 54 million deaths worldwide in 1988, of which more than half are attributed to tuberculosis, malaria, chronic hepatitis B, diarrheal diseases, and human immunodeficiency virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS). Additionally, the first known cases of human influenza caused by the avian influenza virus, N5N1, were identified in Hong Kong in 1997. To address rising national and worldwide public health needs, it is desirable that a sensitive, specific, fast, and simple-to-operate device be employed to detect infectious agents. Microbial detection systems that attempt to meet this need have been commercially available from the late 1970s and have progressed significantly with the molecular biotechnology revolution. Contemporary microbial detection systems or biosensors typically consist of a selective biorecognition molecule connected to a transducer that converts a biochemical interaction into a measurable signal. In the near future, biomedical science can realize the integration of all laboratory equipment used in molecular biology on a chip-based platform arrayed to detect large numbers of pathogens in a high throughput, portable device. Keywords: immunoassay; polymerase chain reaction; biosensors; nucleic acid; antibodies; nanotechnology
Asymptotic behavior of strongly monotone time-periodic dynamical processes with symmetry

Given a strongly monotone discrete-time dynamical system {Tn: X → X: n ϵ Z+} in an open and order-convex subset X of a separable strongly ordered Banach space V and a compact connected metrizable group G whose action on X is monotone and commutes with T, we prove under some reasonable additional hypotheses that the ω-limit set ω(x) of every stable point x ϵ X consists of symmetric points only, i.e., g · w = w for all w ϵ ω(x) and g ϵ G. Moreover, the set of all unstable points is contained in a union of at most countably many Lipschitz manifolds of codimension one in V where each manifold is invariant under T and the action of G. This result is applied to the time-periodic, spatially independent, irreducible cooperative system of n reaction-diffusion equations ∂u∂t = D(t) Δu + F(t, u) for (t, x) ϵ R1+ × RN with spatially periodic boundary conditions in RN, and with an initial distribution u0 which is continuous and satisfies the boundary conditions. If u0 is stable, then ω(u0) contains spatially constant functions only, and the dynamics on ω(u0) is given by the irreducible cooperative system of n ODEs dudt = F(t, u) for t ϵ R1+. Here T is the Poincare map. If n = 1 then ω(u0) is a single fixed point of T; if n = 2 then ω(v0) is a single fixed point of T for each v0 ϵ ω(u0).