cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Limitations on the use of verb information during sentence comprehension.

An eye tracking experiment was conducted in order to investigate the role of verb information in resolving structural ambiguity during sentence comprehension. Reading time was measured on sentences containing temporarily ambiguous noun phrases (e.g., “The athlete revealed the problem⊙) that were continued as tensed sentence (S) complements or noun phrase (NP) complements. Ambiguous noun phrases were preceded either by verbs occurring most frequently with NP complements (NPbiased) or verbs occurring most frequently with S complements (S-biased). Reading time was also measured on sentences containing unambiguous S complements preceded by either NP-biased or S-biased verbs. The results showed that contrary to predictions made by verb guidance theories (e.g., constraint satisfaction; MacDonald, Pearlmutter, & Seidenberg, 1994a, 1994b; Trueswell & Tanenhaus, 1994), for both NP- and S-biased verb conditions, sentences containing temporarily ambiguous noun phrase complements were read most quickly, and sentences containing temporarily ambiguous S complements were read more slowly than those containing unambiguous S complements.
Phase matching in femtosecond BOXCARS

We analytically describe the effect of phase-matching conditions on femtosecond BOXCARS line shape and demonstrate quantitative agreement with experimental spectra for the oxygen vibrational transition, ΔG01=1556.4 cm−1.
The p53 Tumor Suppressor Gene and Nuclear Protein: Basic Science Review and Relevance in the Management of Bladder Cancer

ABSTRACTPurpose: An extensive body of literature regarding p53 has accumulated during the last 2 decades. The cellular mechanisms of p53 are complex yet well-defined, whereas its clinical usefulness in the management of bladder cancer remains controversial. We outline the basic constitutive functions of p53 and summarize its current role in the management of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.Materials and Methods: We conducted a MEDLINE based literature review concerning the fundamental mechanisms of p53 and its role in the management of bladder cancer.Results: The p53 gene is a tumor suppressor gene that acts as “guardian of the genome.” Many diverse cellular events, including DNA damage and hypoxia, activate the p53 gene. The p53 protein functions as a transcription factor, regulating downstream genes involved in cell cycle arrest, DNA repair and programmed cell death. Loss of p53 function confers genomic instability, impaired apoptosis and diminished cell cycle restraint. Therefore, p53 mutati...
Older-Aged Parents The Final Safety Net for Adult Sons and Daughters With AIDS in Thailand

This study examines the role that older-aged parents play in the care and support of adult sons and daughters with HIV or AIDS and of AIDS orphans in Thailand within the context of a limited institutional safety net. The analysis draws on both quantitative and qualitative data from survey and open-ended interviews with the parents and from individual case information provided by key informants. The results show that health and welfare benefits provided to persons with HIV or AIDS in Thailand are significant but that this formal safety net still leaves the bulk of care and support, as well as the fostering of orphans, to the family. Reliance on parents is particularly common, a pattern that likely occurs in other developing countries with serious epidemics. Programs to improve caregiving and to provide support to persons affected by the epidemic need to recognize the crucial role of older-aged parents and to incorporate them in their efforts.
An abdominal computed tomography may be safe in selected hypotensive trauma patients with positive Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma examination.

Abstract Background Positive Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma examination and hypotension often indicate urgent surgery. An abdomen/pelvis computed tomography (apCT) may allow less invasive management but the delay may be associated with adverse outcomes. Methods Patients in the Prospective Observational Multicenter Major Trauma Transfusion study with hypotension and a positive Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (HF+) examination who underwent a CT (apCT+) were compared with those who did not. Results Of the 92 HF+ identified, 32 (35%) underwent apCT during initial evaluation and apCT was associated with decreased odds of an emergency operation (odds ratio .11, 95% confidence interval .001 to .116) and increased odds of angiographic intervention (odds ratio 14.3, 95% confidence interval 1.5 to 135). There was no significant difference in 30-day mortality or need for dialysis. Conclusions An apCT in HF+ patients is associated with reduced odds of emergency surgery, but not mortality. Select HF+ patients can safely undergo apCT to obtain clinically useful information.
First We Try, Then We Trust! Real Options and the Cooperation-Competition Tension in Strategic Alliance Social Dilemmas

The cooperation−competition tension in strategic alliances creates a social dilemma where member and alliance interests are in conflict. Because social dilemmas have significant negative implications for strategic alliance and member success, understanding the psychological mechanisms underpinning the cooperation−competition tension and ways to navigate this tension holds important theoretical implications for strategic alliance research. This paper proposes a real options approach to navigating strategic alliance social dilemmas. Acquiring a real option at the alliance level provides alliance members access to achieving a small win of mutual cooperation, and, when the small win is realized, members are more likely to cooperate in the larger strategic alliance. The increase of cooperation is because alliance member’s perceived vulnerability is reduced. The level of exposure when acquiring the real option may influence the effect of a small win on perceived vulnerability through the development of trust. Published: January 12, 2009 URL: http://www.business.uiuc.edu/Working_Papers/papers/09−0101.pdf Real Options and Strategic Alliance Social Dilemmas – 1 Running head: Real Options and Strategic Alliance Social Dilemmas FIRST WE TRY, THEN WE TRUST! REAL OPTIONS AND THE COOPERATION-COMPETITION TENSION IN STRATEGIC ALLIANCE SOCIAL DILEMMAS Matthew W. McCarter* Department of Business Administration College of Business University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 350 Wohlers Hall 1206 South Sixth Street Champaign, Illinois 61820 Phone # (217) 531-8984 Fax # (217) 333-7410 mmccart6@illinois.edu Joseph T. Mahoney Department of Business Administration College of Business University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 140C Wohlers Hall 1206 South Sixth Street Champaign, IL 61820 Phone #: 217-244-8257 josephm@illinois.edu Gregory B. Northcraft Department of Business Administration College of Business University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 350 Wohlers Hall 1206 South Sixth Street Champaign, IL 61820 Phone #: 217-333-4519 northcra@illinois.edu * Corresponding author. Real Options and Strategic Alliance Social Dilemmas – 2
Geology and Petrology of Tertiary Lignites Adjacent to Beartooth Mountain Front, Montana-Wyoming: ABSTRACT

Along the eastern margin of the Beartooth front a sequence of Laramide conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones, shales, and minor coals are exposed. These minor Paleocene-Eocene coals, ranging from lignite to subbituminous in rank, are the focus of this study. Four coal exposures were sampled along a north-south strip (17 mi, 27 km), proximal to the Beartooth front. These coals range in thickness from less than a 1-in. (2.5 cm) lens to about 10 ft (3 m) and contain partings of carbonaceous shale, shale, siltstone and sandstone. Two of the seams, designated as Meeteetse Trail and Burgess Lignite occur in typical Fort Union sediments. The Meeteetse Trail locality is less than 0.25 mi (0.4 m) from vertical Madison Limestone with a westerly dip "under" the Madison. The other, the Burgess Lignite locality, is composed of alternating papery fusinitic lignite, siltstones, thin lenses of channel sandstones, carbonaceous shales, and carbonaceous mudstones. The coals here are high in organic matter, fossil stems, leaves, megascopic resins, randomly o iented petrified tree stumps, and gypsiferous deposits. Two other localities, Gold Creek and Clarks Fork Canyon, are in Paleocene alluvial fan deposits. The Clarks Fork coals are found at the distal end of an alluvial fan system and dip rather gently basinward. The Gold Creek coals are found at the base of a fan interbedded with massive sandstones and conglomerates containing andesitic porphyry clasts up to 1.5 ft (0.4 m) in maximum dimension. The Fort Union Formation in this area includes lacustrine, paludal, fluvial, and conglomeratic members. There is a wide diversity of megaflora in different sedimentary facies. Petrographic examination reveals well preserved cell structure, especially in the fusinoid macerals. Although the coals have undergone severe alteration and weathering, they still exhibit excellent fluorescence properties. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1457------------
Analysis of infinite arrays of microstrip-fed dipoles printed on protruding dielectric substrates and covered with a dielectric radome

A method for analyzing infinite arrays of antennas printed on both sides of substrates protruding from a ground plane and covered with a dielectric radome is described. Using the equivalence principle, the array unit cell is decomposed into homogeneous regions where the fields are expressed as Floquet summations, and an inhomogeneous cavity region where the fields can be found by a combination of the method of moments and modal analysis. The approach is rigorous in the sense that the combined effects of the radiating element and feed geometry printed on opposite sides of a protruding substrate are taken into account. The method is quite general, capable of modeling any antenna elements with substrate currents that are perpendicular and/or parallel to the ground plane. In addition, both the radiating and scattering/receiving modes of operation are treated in the analysis. The method is used to calculate the active element impedance of an infinite array of dipoles transmission line-coupled to microstrip feeds. Examples of numerical results are presented for various scan conditions and the effects of a near-field dielectric radome are demonstrated. >
Assays of three carcinogen/non-carcinogen chemical pairs for in vivo induction of chromosome aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges and micronuclei.

Three pairs of structurally similar carcinogenic/ non-carcinogenic chemicals were tested for in vivo genotoxic activity in B6C3F1 mice. The carcinogenic/non-carcinogenic pairs, respectively, were o-toluidine hydrochloride/o-anthranilic acid, 4-chloro-o-phenylenediamine/4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine, and 3-(chloromethyl)pyridine hydrochloride/2-(chloromethyl)pyridine hydrochloride. Bone marrow cells from mice given intraperitoneal injections of up to the maximum tolerated dose were evaluated for chromosomal aberration, sister chromatid exchange, and micronucleus induction, o-anthranilic acid and o-toluidine hydrochloride did not increase the frequency of chromosomal aberrations or micronuclei. o-Toluidine hydrochloride increased the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges in two successive trials, while o-anthranilic acid had a positive effect on sister chromatid exchanges in two of three trials. Both 2-(chloromethyl) and 3-(chloromethyl)pyridine hydrochloride were negative for all three endpoints. Assays for chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei each distinguished between 4-chloro-o-phenylenedi-amine and its non-carcinogenic companion, 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine. In the aberration test, 4-chloro-o-phenylenediamine produced a few cells with very large numbers of aberrations rather than an even distribution of damage among cells.
Illuminating disease with fluorescence molecular tomography

The combination of advanced macroscopic visualization methods with the ability to impart molecular contrast in-vivo in whole tissues offers an exciting new tool with large potential in basic research, drug discovery and clinical application. One of the most recent technological evolutions has been the development of fluorescence tomography for visualization at the whole animal or tissue level. This technology allows for three dimensional imaging of fluorescence bio-distribution in whole animals, is insensitive to optical tissue heterogeneity and offers great promise as a versatile platform for non-invasive fluorescence imaging. Key technological advances in the field are herein summarized.
STRUCTURAL DISAMBIGUATION WITH CONSTRAINT PROPAGATION

We present a new grammatical formalism called Constraint Dependency Grammar (CDG) in which every grammatical rule is given as a constraint on word-to-word modifications. CDG parsing is formalized as a constraint satisfaction problem over a finite domain so that efficient constraint-propagation algorithms can be employed to reduce structural ambiguity without generating individual parse trees. The weak generative capacity and the computational complexity of CDG parsing are also discussed.
Antagonistic Coevolution and Sex

One of the leading hypotheses for the maintenance of sexual reproduction is the Red Queen hypothesis. The underlying premise of the Red Queen hypothesis is that parasites rapidly evolve to infect common host genotypes. This response by parasites could result in the long-term maintenance of genetic variation and may favor sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction. The underlying ideas present a wonderful microcosm for teaching evolution. Here I present the reasons for why sex is anomalous for evolutionary theory, the rationale underlying the Red Queen hypothesis, and some empirical studies of the Red Queen hypothesis using a freshwater snail. The empirical results are consistent with the Red Queen hypothesis. In addition, the distribution of sexual and asexual reproduction in the snail leads naturally to thinking about coevolution in a geographic mosaic of parasite-mediated natural selection.
ON THE ACCURACY OF BOOTSTRAPPING SAMPLE QUANTILES OF STRONGLY MIXING SEQUENCES

In this paper, we examine the rate of convergence of moving block bootstrap (MBB) approximations to the distributions of normalized sample quantiles based on strongly mixing observations. Under suitable smoothness and regularity conditions on the one-dimensional marginal distribution function, the rate of convergence of the MBB approximations to distributions of centered and scaled sample quantiles is of order O.n −1=4 log logn/.
Administration of a CT Division

A computed tomography (CT) division can be viewed as a business subsidiary of a larger corporation-the radiology department. While a large amount of radiologic literature has been devoted to specific CT techniques and applications, there has been less of a focus on the operational structure required to achieve quality and efficiency in a CT division. This report includes discussion of the managerial structure, equipment purchases, continuing education, protocols, billing, and quality assurance measures that can be used to administer a CT division.
Clowns, buffoons and the killing laugh: An investigation of the Clandestine Insurgent Rebel Clown Army’s (CIRCA) power to disrupt and provoke through joy and humour

This essay offers an experiential account of the development of “rebel clowning” as a practice that emerged in the context of the anti-globalisation movements in the UK, bringing together the ancient art of clowning and more recent practices of non-violent direct action. The essay traces the legacies of rebel clowning, outlines the tactics and strategies that comprise its humour, and analyses key activist moments in its trajectory in the first decade of the 21st century. By inserting the logic of clowning into the activist realm, the essay argues, the tired binary between protester and authority, or activists and their opponents, is shaken and cheerfully disrupted.
Perspectives on the Design and Evaluation of Adaptive Web Based Learning Environments

Adaptive Web-Based Learning Environments (A-WBLEs) provide mechanisms to individualize instruction (e.g., content, interface, strategies, and assessment) for learners based on their individual differences. In this paper, various adaptive methods influencing the design of AWBLEs are explained and how these methods aim to address individual differences is discussed. Empirical evaluations of adaptive systems are synthesized and four levels for categorizing AWBLEs are created to provide a guideline for future design and development of A-WBLEs .
The Preparation for and Execution of Engineering Operations for the Mars Curiosity Rover Mission

The Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity Rover mission is the most complex and scientifically packed rover that has ever been operated on the surface of Mars. The preparation leading up to the surface mission involved various tests, contingency planning and integration of plans between various teams and scientists for determining how operation of the spacecraft (s/c) would be facilitated. In addition, a focused set of initial set of health checks needed to be defined and created in order to ensure successful operation of rover subsystems before embarking on a two year science journey. This paper will define the role and responsibilities of the Engineering Operations team, the process involved in preparing the team for rover surface operations, the predefined engineering activities performed during the early portion of the mission, and the evaluation process used for initial and day to day spacecraft operational assessment.
Auditory Streaming Cues in Eighteenth- and Early Nineteenth-Century String Quartets: A Corpus-Based Study

This study uses a corpus of excerpts from eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century string quartets to examine how four acoustic cues—onset and offset synchrony, pitch comodulation, and spectral overlap—help to afford the perception of auditory streams. Two types of streams are dealt with: textural streams , which house individual string parts or groups of them that function as single musical units; and music streams , which typically house the music as a whole and distinguish it from other simultaneous sounds of music. The corpus contained real excerpts from classical string quartets as well as synthesized excerpts in which lines from two different quartets were combined. Both the author and ten survey respondents analyzed the corpus, identifying likely textural streams. Each of the four acoustic cues was modeled computationally, in order to assess its prevalence in textural and music streams found in the corpus. The results suggested that some cues are more important than others in establishing textural streams, music streams, or both.
The Eleanor Roosevelt Encyclopedia by Maurine H. Beasley, Holly C. Shulman, and Henry R. Beasley, eds. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2001. 628 pp

(2002). The Eleanor Roosevelt Encyclopedia by Maurine H. Beasley, Holly C. Shulman, and Henry R. Beasley, eds. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2001. 628 pp. American Journalism: Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 126-127.
Assessment of the Electronic Factors Determining the Thermodynamics of "Oxidative Addition" of C-H and N-H Bonds to Ir(I) Complexes.

A study of electronic factors governing the thermodynamics of C–H and N–H bond addition to Ir(I) complexes was conducted. DFT calculations were performed on an extensive series of trans-(PH3)2IrXL complexes (L = NH3 and CO; X = various monodentate ligands) to parametrize the relative σ- and π-donating/withdrawing properties of the various ligands, X. Computed energies of oxidative addition of methane to a series of three- and four-coordinate Ir(I) complexes bearing an ancillary ligand, X, were correlated with the resulting (σX, πX) parameter set. Regression analysis indicates that the thermodynamics of addition of methane to trans-(PH3)2IrX are generally strongly disfavored by increased σ-donation from the ligand X, in contradiction to widely held views on oxidative addition. The trend for oxidative addition of methane to four-coordinate Ir(I) was closely related to that observed for the three-coordinate complexes, albeit slightly more complicated. The computational analysis was found to be consistent wit...
Preoperative Optimization of Total Joint Arthroplasty Surgical Risk: Obesity

Obesity is a problem that is increasing in prevalence in the United States and in other countries, and it is a common comorbidity in patients seeking total joint arthroplasty for degenerative musculoskeletal diseases. Obesity, as well as commonly associated comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and those contributing to the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome, have been shown to have detrimental effects on total joint arthroplasty outcomes. Although there are effective surgical and nonsurgical interventions which can result in weight loss in these patients, concomitant benefit on arthroplasty outcomes is not clear. Preoperative optimization of surgical risk in obese total joint arthroplasty patients is an important point of intervention to improve arthroplasty outcomes.
Role of the pyridine nitrogen in pyridoxal 5'-phosphate catalysis: activity of three classes of PLP enzymes reconstituted with deazapyridoxal 5'-phosphate.

Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP; vitamin B6)-catalyzed reactions have been well studied, both on enzymes and in solution, due to the variety of important reactions this cofactor catalyzes in nitrogen metabolism. Three functional groups are central to PLP catalysis: the C4′ aldehyde, the O3′ phenol, and the N1 pyridine nitrogen. In the literature, the pyridine nitrogen has traditionally been assumed to be protonated in enzyme active sites, with the protonated pyridine ring providing resonance stabilization of carbanionic intermediates. This assumption is certainly correct for some PLP enzymes, but the structures of other active sites are incompatible with protonation of N1, and, consequently, these enzymes are expected to use PLP in the N1-unprotonated form. For example, aspartate aminotransferase protonates the pyridine nitrogen for catalysis of transamination, while both alanine racemase and O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase are expected to maintain N1 in the unprotonated, formally neutral state for catalysis of ...
Stratospheric ozone chemistry feedbacks are not critical for the determination of climate sensitivity in CESM1(WACCM)

The Community Earth System Model‐Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (CESM1‐WACCM) is used to assess the importance of including chemistry feedbacks in determining the equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS). Two 4×CO2 model experiments were conducted: one with interactive chemistry and one with chemical constituents other than CO2 held fixed at their preindustrial values. The ECS determined from these two experiments agrees to within 0.01 K. Similarly, the net feedback parameter agrees to within 0.01 W m−2 K−1. This agreement occurs in spite of large changes in stratospheric ozone found in the simulation with interactive chemistry: a 30% decrease in the tropical lower stratosphere and a 40% increase in the upper stratosphere, broadly consistent with other published estimates. Off‐line radiative transfer calculations show that ozone changes alone account for the difference in radiative forcing. We conclude that at least for determining global climate sensitivity metrics, the exclusion of chemistry feedbacks is not a critical source of error in CESM.
Analysis on Epidemiological Characteristics of Tuberculosis,Chengyang District,Qingdao City,2005-2013

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of tuberculosis in Chengyang district during2005-2013,so as to provide scientific basis for control and prevention measures. Methods Descriptive epidemiology method was adopted to collect the registration data of tuberculosis cases collected from tuberculosis management information system and the demographic data from Chengyang Statistics Yearbook.The statistics collected was analyzed by Excel. Results A total of 2 306 cases of tuberculosis were reported during 2005-2013 in Chengyang district.The reported incidence rate was 43.99/105,16 cases of death,and the case fatality rate was 0.33/105,with cases reported in all eight subdistricts.The highest reported incidence was Chengyang sub-district(50.98/105),followed by Liuting sub-district(49.12/105),and the lowest was Hongdao sub-district(30.90/105).1 322 cases reported happened from March to August(57.33%);1 792 cases were reported from the age group of 20-50(77.71%);the incidence of male was higher than female,with a ratio of 2.03:1.The highest incidence happened in the housework and unemployed group(36.95%),followed by the farmers group(19.12%),workers(10.67%),and high school students(7.29%). Conclusion Tuberculosis in Chengyang is mainly prevalent among young and middle-aged group of 20-50 years old.
Removal of Pharmaceuticals from Water via π–π Stacking Interactions in Perfluorinated Metal–Organic Frameworks

As more prescription and over-the-counter drugs are consumed worldwide, more and more drugs and their metabolites are entering the water stream with a water purification infrastructure not designed for their removal. Eventually this problem in conjunction with increasing amounts of industrially related waste organic molecules (i.e., PAHs) could lead to largescale water contamination. Herein we report a new perfluorinated In-derived metal–organic framework entitled YCM-101 synthesized from InCl3 and tetrafluoroterephthalic acid. YCM-101 is capable of removing the antibiotic tetracycline from aqueous solution, putatively accomplished via π–π stacking interactions of the electron deficient MOF linker and the electron rich aromatic components of tetracycline. This hypothesis was supported by obtained crystal structures of both benzene and pyridine participating in π–π stacking with YCM-101.
Surgical approach to right colon cancer: From open technique to robot. State of art

This work is a topic highlight on the surgical treatment of the right colon pathologies, focusing on the literature state of art and comparing the open surgery to the different laparoscopic and robotic procedures. Different laparoscopic procedures have been described for the treatment of right colon tumors: Totally laparoscopic right colectomy, laparoscopic assisted right colectomy, laparoscopic facilitated right colectomy, hand-assisted right colectomy, single incision laparoscopic surgery colectomy, robotic right colectomy. Two main characteristics of these techniques are the different type of anastomosis: Intracorporeal (for totally laparoscopic right colectomy, single incision laparoscopic surgery colectomy, laparoscopic assisted right colectomy and robotic technique) or extracorporeal (for laparoscopic assisted right colectomy, laparoscopic facilitated right colectomy, hand-assisted right colectomy and open right colectomy) and the different incision (suprapubic, median or transverse on the right side of abdomen). The different laparoscopic techniques meet the same oncological criteria of radicalism as the open surgery for the right colon. The totally laparoscopic right colectomy with intracorporeal anastomosis and even more the single incision laparoscopic surgery colectomy, remain a technical challenge due to the complexity of procedures (especially for the single incision laparoscopic surgery colectomy) and the particular right colon vascular anatomy but they seem to have some theoretical advantages compared to the other laparoscopic and open procedures. Data reported in literature while confirming the advantages of laparoscopic approach, do not allow to solve controversies about which is the best laparoscopic technique (Intracorporeal vs Extracorporeal Anastomosis) to treat the right colon cancer. However, the laparoscopic techniques with intracorporeal anastomosis for the right colon seem to show some theoretical advantages (functional, technical, oncological and cosmetic advantages) even if all studies conclude that further prospective randomized trials are necessary. Robotic technique may be useful to overcome the problems related to inexperience in laparoscopy in some surgical centers.
Prevalence of radiographic hip and knee osteoarthritis by place of residence.

Objective To determine the associations between place of residence and sex-specific prevalence rates of radiographic hip and knee osteoarthritis (OA). Methods We used data from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I), 1971-1975, to calculate and compare sex-specific prevalence rates for radiographic hip and knee OA in urban and rural areas; standard metropolitan statistical areas (SMSAs) and non-SMSAs; other urban-rural subtypes that we defined; and major geographic regions of the United States. We used logistic regression to estimate crude and adjusted odds ratios for the associations between place of residence and radiographic hip and knee OA. Results We found no significant differences in the prevalence rates of hip or knee OA by place of residence for either men or women. After adjusting for age, race, and body mass index, we found a nonsignificant 40-50% increase in the odds of radiographic hip OA among men living in rural areas and non-SMSAs; no such increase was seen among women. No increased odds of knee OA were noted for subjects of either sex living in rural areas or non-SMSAs. Conclusion In the NHANES I population, rural and non-SMSAs residence may be modestly associated with radiographic hip OA for men. Place of residence does not appear to be associated with radiographic hip OA among women or with radiographic knee OA in either sex.
Generation of low-frequency current and teraherz radiation by using x 3 in semiconductors

Optical methods of generating ultrafast electrical signals have been the focus of attention of a number of researchers in the last few years. Although the second-order nonlinear optical processes have long been known to generate low-frequency signals, the third-order processes were not seriously considered until recently. The obvious advantage of the third-order processes is that they exist in all types of materials, including centro-symmetric and amorphous, and do not require an external bias. The nature of third-order optical rectification requires the simultaneous presence of two mutually coherent fields at frequencies ω and 2ω, respectively:
The Informal Economy

The economic life of the informal city is sustained by the formal and informal aspects of the urban economy. It is so because the two sides of the urban economy are intertwined. To understand the behavior of the informal economy, it is less important to look at the outcome as Hart (1973) did when he spoke of it as an ‘income generating opportunity’, or as a sound basis for engineering development policies as De Soto (1990) does. It is important to focus on the process of its constitution and its relations to the formal aspect of the urban economy.
Soap Bubble Clusters

Soap bubble clusters illustrate simple mathematical principles. Despite notable progress, they defy complete mathematical explanation. A single soap bubble quickly finds the least-surface-area way to enclose the fixed volume of air trapped inside—the round sphere. Similarly, bubble clusters seek the least-area way to enclose and separate several regions of prescribed volumes. This principle of area minimization alone, implemented on Ken Brakke's Surface Evolver, yields computer simulations of bubble clusters, from the video Computing Soap Films and Crystals by the Minimal Surface Team at the Geometry Center (formerly the Minnesota Geometry Supercomputer Project). Soap bubble clusters do not always find the absolute least-area shape. The chapter illustrates two clusters enclosing and separating the same five volumes. In the first, the tiny fifth volume is comfortably nestled deep in the crevice between the largest bubbles. In the second, the tiny fifth volume less comfortably sits between the medium-size bubbles. The first cluster has less surface area than the second. It might be still better to put the smallest bubble around in back.
Estimating Arctic sea-ice freeze-up and break-up from the satellite record: A comparison of different approaches in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas

The recognized importance of the annual cycle of sea ice in the Arctic to heat budgets, human behavior, and ecosystem functions, requires consistent definitions of such key events in the ice cycle as break-up and freeze-up. An internally consistent and reproducible approach to characterize the timing of these events in the annual sea-ice cycle is described. An algorithm was developed to calculate the start and end dates of freeze-up and break-up and applied to time series of satellite-derived sea-ice concentration from 1979 to 2013. Our approach builds from discussions with sea-ice experts having experience observing and working on the sea ice in the Bering, Chukchi and Beaufort Seas. Applying the algorithm to the 1979–2013 satellite data reveals that freeze-up is delayed by two weeks per decade for the Chukchi coast and one week per decade for the Beaufort coast. For both regions, break-up start is arriving earlier by 5–7 days per decade and break-up end is arriving earlier by 10–12 days per decade. In the Chukchi Sea, “early” break-up is arriving earlier by one month over the 34-year period and alternates with a “late” break-up. The calculated freeze-up and break-up dates provide information helpful to understanding the dynamics of the annual sea-ice cycle and identifying the drivers that modify this cycle. The algorithm presented here, and potential refinements, can help guide future work on changes in the seasonal cycle of sea ice. The sea-ice phenology of freeze-up and break-up that results from our approach is consistent with observations of sea-ice use. It may be applied to advancing our understanding and prediction of the timing of seasonal navigation, availability of ice as a biological habitat, and assessment of numerical models.
Using Bug-in-the-Ear Technology to Facilitate Trainees’ Use of Behavior Management Strategies During Child Assessments

ABSTRACTMany clinicians provide psychoeducational assessments to children with a variety of mental health concerns; however, the literature is sparse with regard to training clinicians to provide assessments with this population. This brief report describes the use of an innovative training model desired to increase trainee competencies in the use of behavior management strategies during child psychoeducational assessments, a common training activity for clinical psychology graduate students. Bug-in-the-ear (BITE) technology, although utilized for training in other fields, is not regularly used for clinical training by clinical psychology doctoral programs. Child psychoeducational assessments provide a unique training opportunity to utilize BITE technology to provide live supervision to trainees while helping to ensure that an accurate representation of the child’s ability is obtained and not obstructed by the presence of disruptive or other maladaptive behaviors. A model for using BITE to improve trainee...
Microstrip antennas with reduced surface-wave and lateral-wave excitation

Surface-wave and lateral-wave excitation from microstrip antennas results in undesirable edge diffraction of these fields from the edges of the substrate and ground plane, as well as undesirable mutual coupling between antenna elements. The edge diffraction of the surface waves and lateral waves may result in significant degradation of the radiation pattern, including frontside pattern rippling and backside fields. The mutual coupling due to the surface waves and lateral waves causes variations in the array scan impedance, including effects such as scan blindness.
Suitability of Laurentian Great Lakes for invasive species based on global species distribution models and local habitat

Efficient management and prevention of species invasions requires accurate prediction of where species of concern can arrive and persist. Species distribution models provide one way to identify potentially suitable habitat by developing the relationship between climate variables and species occurrence data. However, these models when applied to freshwater invasions are complicated by two factors. The first is that the range expansions that typically occur as part of the invasion process violate standard species distribution model assumptions of data stationarity. Second, predicting potential range of freshwater aquatic species is complicated by the reliance on terrestrial climate measurements to develop occurrence relationships for species that occur in aquatic environments. To overcome these obstacles, we combined a recently developed algorithm for species distribution modeling—range bagging—with newly available aquatic habitat-specific information from the North American Great Lakes region to predict suitable habitat for three potential invasive species: golden mussel, killer shrimp, and northern snakehead. Range bagging may more accurately predict relative suitability than other methods because it focuses on the limits of the species environmental tolerances rather than central tendency or “typical” cases. Overlaying the species distribution model output with aquatic habitat-specific data then allowed for more specific predictions of areas with high suitability. Our results indicate there is suitable habitat for northern snakehead in the Great Lakes, particularly shallow coastal habitats in the lower four Great Lakes where literature suggests they will favor areas of wetland and submerged aquatic vegetation. These coastal areas also offer the highest suitability for golden mussel, but our models suggest they are marginal habitats. Globally, the Great Lakes provide the closest match to the currently invaded range of killer shrimp, but they appear to pose an intermediate risk to the region. Range bagging provided reliable predictions when assessed either by a standard test set or by tests for spatial transferability, with golden mussel being the most difficult to accurately predict. Our approach illustrates the strength of combining multiple sources of data, while reiterating the need for increased measurement of freshwater habitat at high spatial resolutions to improve the ability to predict potential invasive species.
Maintenance on naltrexone+amphetamine decreases cocaine-vs.-food choice in male rhesus monkeys.

Abstract Background Cocaine use disorder remains a significant public health issue for which there are no FDA-approved pharmacotherapies. Amphetamine maintenance reduces cocaine use in preclinical and clinical studies, but the mechanism of this effect is unknown. Previous studies indicate a role for endogenous opioid release and subsequent opioid receptor activation in some amphetamine effects; therefore, the current study examined the role of mu-opioid receptor activation in d-amphetamine treatment effects in an assay of cocaine-vs-food choice. Methods Adult male rhesus monkeys with double-lumen intravenous catheters responded for concurrently available food pellets and cocaine injections (0–0.1 mg/kg/injection) during daily sessions. Cocaine choice and overall reinforcement rates were evaluated during 7-day treatments with saline or test drugs. Results During saline treatment, cocaine maintained a dose-dependent increase in cocaine-vs.-food choice. The mu-opioid receptor agonist morphine (0.032–0.32 mg/kg/h) dose-dependently increased cocaine choice and decreased rates of reinforcement. A dose of the mu-selective opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone (0.0032 mg/kg/h) that completely blocked morphine effects had no effect on cocaine choice when it was administered alone, but it enhanced the effectiveness of a threshold dose of 0.032 mg/kg/h amphetamine to decrease cocaine choice without also enhancing nonselective behavioral disruption by this dose of amphetamine. Conversely, the kappa-selective opioid antagonist norbinalorphimine did not enhance amphetamine effects on cocaine choice. Conclusions These results suggest that amphetamine maintenance produces mu opioid-receptor mediated effects that oppose its anti-cocaine effects. Co-administration of naltrexone may selectively enhance amphetamine potency to decrease cocaine choice without increasing amphetamine potency to produce general behavioral disruption.
Maternal Knowledge of Adolescent Activity Moderates the Longitudinal Association Between Autonomy and Unstructured Socializing with Peers

A large body of research finds that unstructured socializing with peers is associated with antisocial behavior. Less attention, however, has been devoted to identifying the sources of unstructured socializing, particularly in the context of accounting for changes in unstructured socializing and how various factors might interact with one another in accounting for such changes. This study extends prior work by examining whether the association between changes in autonomy and changes in unstructured socializing is moderated by changes in maternal knowledge of an adolescent’s whereabouts and activities. To investigate this issue, we make use of two waves of data from a national sample of U.S. adolescents who participated in the Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. The positive association between changes in autonomy and changes in unstructured socializing is significantly diminished among adolescents who experience greater increases in maternal knowledge of their whereabouts. This pattern was particularly evident when the focus was explaining changes in weekend unstructured socializing. This study suggests that efforts to assist parents in maintaining or improving awareness of their child’s whereabouts and activities during adolescence could hold promise for reducing unstructured socializing, even as adolescents are granted greater autonomy in decision-making.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: EARLY WAVES AND RECENT RIPPLES

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights experiments conducted in the past and the studies that are being carried out currently to investigate protein synthesis. The pathways for construction of the major classes of macromolecules of the cell and the synthetic enzymes that catalyze their formation were largely unknown until the fourth and fifth decades of the century. The tissue slice experiments, using rat liver, were helpful in showing clearly that protein synthesis was dependent on oxygen and was abolished by the energy dissipating compound dinitrophenol. It was further demonstrated that the action of the tissue proteolytic enzymes was not sufficiently specific for protein synthesis. On addition of ATP and an ATP-generating system, however, there was an agreeable brisk, consistent incorporation of labeled amino acid into protein, considerably greater than that of the earlier system. The aminoacyl-tRNA ligases provide the mechanism by which an amino acid is activated in the presence of ATP and an activating enzyme specific for that amino acid.
A Managerial Perspective on Information Systems in Medical Care Organizations

Publisher Summary There are a number of reasons why the promise—a new age of computer-assisted medical care—has not been realized. The process to reach that state was political and social, much more than it was technological. Also, the medical care process is still as much an art as a science, with many variables impacting almost every decision and with little, if any, agreement on the nature of the process. Therefore, computers did not have the ability to quantify and check clinical diagnoses. Most importantly, it turned out that at the operational level, medicine was a human process: the interaction between two human beings. The computer was not going to serve as an acceptable substitute in most cases to the physician, although patient reaction has been more favorable. Nevertheless, the goals of improving the quality of care and medical efficiency that were stated a few years ago for computer systems are still valid. These objectives are now more widely embraced, not only by some technologists and government agencies sponsoring their development but also by all of the principal constituents of the health care delivery system—consumers, providers, and insurers.
Does Reducing Case Processing Time Reduce Recidivism? A Study of the Early Case Resolution Court:

Case processing times throughout the United States exceed national standards created by multiple agencies. To combat this, multiple expedited case processing courts have been developed across the n...
Assessment and Treatment of Prenatally Exposed Infants and Children

The majority of substance-exposed infants endure the aftereffects from in utero exposure to multiple potentially harmful agents. In addition, parental substance use and prenatal substance exposure very often co-occur with other psychosocial stressors. Thus, it can be difficult for the practitioner to tease apart the direct neurological effects of prenatal substance exposure from those caused by other related factors such as prematurity, low birth weight, continued parental substance use, chronic psychosocial stress, inconsistent caregiving, low socioeconomic status, trauma, and neglect. Therefore, it is necessary for the practitioner to have a solid understanding of the neurobehavioral effects of the substance(s) to which a patient has been exposed, as well as the impact of psychosocial stressors in the family’s life. This chapter presents two case studies which highlight the complex neuropsychiatric interaction of prenatal exposure and environmental stress in the assessment and treatment of prenatally exposed infants and children.
Employee Tenure, 2008

This paper updates previous Employee Benefit Research Institute (EBRI) publications that have examined employee tenure data of American workers. The latest data on employee tenure from the January 2008 Supplement to the U.S. Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey (CPS) are examined and compared with the trends from previous CPS publications on employee tenure. The data for 2008 show that the median tenure of workers - the midpoint of wage and salary workers’ length of employment in their current job - was virtually unchanged over the past 25 years: 5.1 years at the same job in 2008, compared with 5.0 years in 1983. Even among older male workers (ages 55-64), who experienced the largest change in their median tenure, the median tenure fell from a level that would not be considered a career - 14.7 years in 1963 - to a roughly comparable but clearly lower level of 10.1 years in 2008. Data on employee tenure - the amount of time an individual has been with his or her current employer - show that career jobs never existed for most workers, and still do not exist for most workers. Although data on tenure do not measure workers’ security (generally defined as the workers’ perception of being able to continue in their current job), they do show stability (the actual length of time workers have been with their current employer). Consequently, tenure data show the results - not the perception - of workers’ ability to stay in a current job. The PDF for the above title, published in the January 2010 issue of EBRI Notes, also contains the fulltext of another January 2010 EBRI Notes article abstracted on SSRN: “Retiree Health Benefit Trends Among the Medicare-Eligible Population.”
Ausdrücke in Anführungszeichen als Verfestigungen : Überlegungen zu quantitativen und qualitativen Aspekten distanzierenden Sprachgebrauches

This study raises the question of whether formulaic expressions always consist of at least two words. It is argued that pragmatics should also consider paraverbal graphematical signs. Some present German expressions are emphased in quotation marks for political and possibly critical reasons (e. g. „Drittes Reich“, „zivilisiert“). They form their own kind of formulaicity, because it is not quotation. The identification of quotations is only one function of quotation marks. Other meta-pragmatic functions of quotation marks are – if at all – only contextual and often not distinct. This includes, for example, the so-called „application with reservation“ and the „term with reservation“, as examples from the German colonial period show (e. g. „wild“, „dunkler Welttheil“). For this reason, corpus-based analyses of these formulaic expressions will also require contextual interpretations in the future.