cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On sums of Darboux and nowhere constant continuous functions

We show that the property (P) for every Darboux function g: R → R there exists a continuous nowhere constant function f: R → R such that f + g is Darboux follows from the following two propositions: (A) for every subset S of R of cardinality c there exists a uniformly continuous function f: R → [0, 1] such that f[S] = [0, 1], (B) for an arbitrary function h: R → R whose image h[R] contains a nontrivial interval there exists an A C R of cardinality c such that the restriction h | A of h to A is uniformly continuous, which hold in the iterated perfect set model.
Coping with Limited Capabilities of Sources

In various contexts (e.g., the Internet), the query-processing capabilities of data sources may be limited. Middleware systems based on a mediation architecture are employed to provide powerful query processing interfaces to data sources with limited query capabilities. Such systems also provide integrated views to the data across multiple sources. In this paper, we discuss how the query capabilities of data sources can be described and how mediators support extended query sets over the data sources. We also describe how the set of queries supported by a mediator can be computed from the corresponding sets of queries supported by the data sources integrated by the mediator. We present ways in which content description of data sources can help in extending the set of supported queries Finally, we describe the challenges posed by diverse source capabilities when supporting robust query processing through replicated sources in the presence of source failures.
On the use of emerging design as a basis for knowledge collaboration

Abstractions in software engineering have been used for guidance and understanding of software systems. Design in particular is a key abstraction in this regard. However, design is often a static representation that does not evolve with the code and therefore cannot help developers in collaborating after it becomes out-of-date. Our research group is exploring the use of Emerging Design, a dynamic abstraction, as the basis for knowledge collaboration through its implementation in a coordination portal called Lighthouse. This paper presents the state of the art of Lighthouse and discusses three knowledge collaboration problems that we are currently addressing.
Metallomics Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a highly sensitive elemental analysis technique that has been widely applied in many fields. Here we describe applications using a broad-scale approach to examine metal usage in biology. These protocols address questions such as: Which elements from the surrounding environment are taken up into the cells of a given organism? How does this vary between different organisms? Which metals are “bound” and which are “free”? With which type(s) of proteins are the “bound” metals associated? This allows for investigations into several branches of bioinorganic chemistry including uptake, toxicity, detoxification, bioremediation, and the discovery of new uses for elements. In the protocols presented here, there is an emphasis on metals, and, more narrowly, on transition metals because these comprise the majority of tightly protein-bound, low-abundance elements. Nonmetals, metalloids, main-group metals, and f-block metals are also analyzed and investigated. The sample preparation procedure requires acid lability for detection, which likely eliminates certain nonmetals, such as selenium. However, one advantage of the protocols described is that they are readily adapted to measure any element of interest. Curr. Protoc. Chem. Biol. 4:249-274 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: metalloproteome; metallome; ICP-MS; metalloprotein; metalloenzyme; bioinorganic chemistry; metallobiochemistry
Bypass or Engage? Explaining Donor Delivery Tactics in Foreign Aid Allocation*

The conventional wisdom in the literature on aid allocation suggests that donors utilize bilateral aid as a tool to buy influence in the aid-receiving country. Those who conclude that aid is driven by donor self-interest focus on government-to-government aid transfers. However, this approach overlooks important variation in delivery tactics: Bilateral donors frequently provide aid to nonstate actors. This paper argues that donors resort to delivery tactics that increase the likelihood of aid achieving its intended outcome. In poorly governed recipient countries, donors bypass recipient governments and deliver more aid through nonstate actors, all else equal. In recipient countries with higher governance quality, donors engage the government and give more aid through the government-to-government channel. Using OLS and Probit regressions, I find empirical support for this argument. Understanding the determinants of donor delivery tactics has important implications for assessing aid effectiveness.
Loss of axons in the cat optic nerve following fetal unilateral enucleation: An electron microscopic analysis

Between the 48th day of gestation (E-48) and maturity, the number of axons in the cat optic nerve is reduced by approximately 50%. On the basis of an electron microscopic assay, the axon population of the E-48 nerve was estimated to be 328,000. In contrast, estimates from two normal adults were 159,000 and 158,000. In utero unilateral enucleation (at E-45 and E-46) attenuated the severity of this loss since the optic nerves of the experimental animals contained 200,000 and 198,000 fibers. These results indicate that prenatal binocular competition is involved in the elimination of ganglion cell axons during the normal development of the cat's visual system. The increased number of axons in the optic nerve of the prenatally enucleated animals could be due to reduced ganglion cell death or a failure to retract supernumerary axon collaterals. It is suggested that the former explanation is more consistent with what is currently known about the development of retinofugal projections.
Transformation kinetics of particles with surface and bulk nucleation

The transformation kinetics of spherical particles occurring via combined surface and bulk nucleation and growth are considered. Equations are derived which describe the volume fraction transformed as a function of time. Numerical calculations are performed in order to assess the influence of kinetic parameters and particle size on the mechanism of the transformation process.
XtalOpt: An Open-Source Evolutionary Algorithm for Crystal Structure Prediction

The implementation and testing of XtalOpt, an evolutionary algorithm for crystal structure prediction, is outlined. We present our new periodic displacement (ripple) operator which is ideally suited to extended systems. It is demonstrated that hybrid operators, which combine two pure operators, reduce the number of duplicate structures in the search. This allows for better exploration of the potential energy surface of the system in question, while simultaneously zooming in on the most promising regions. A continuous workflow, which makes better use of computational resources as compared to traditional generation based algorithms, is employed. Various parameters in XtalOpt are optimized using a novel benchmarking scheme. XtalOpt is available under the GNU Public License, has been interfaced with various codes commonly used to study extended systems, and has an easy to use, intuitive graphical interface.
Home food safety knowledge, risk perception, and practices among Mexican-Americans

Abstract Little is known about the home food safety practices of Mexican-Americans living in the U.S. The current study examined the knowledge, perception of food safety risk and factors associated with home food safety practices among the Mexican-Americans who cook regularly for their families. Ten focus group interviews in New York and Texas identified a number of issues. Most participants did not defrost properly (i.e., placed frozen meat in the sink or countertop) and did not handle leftovers safely (i.e., cooled down more than 2 h at room temperature). Although participants reported good hygienic practices in the use of utensils when cooking, there seemed to be limited awareness of the dangers of cross-contamination when handling raw meats and produce; unsafe thawing of raw meats by leaving the raw meat in the sink or counter, and handling of cooked meats. Many incorrectly believed that the appearance of cooked meats was an indicator of safety, and that a food thermometer was unnecessary. These focus group findings informed a probability–based web panel survey (N = 468) of Mexican-Americans who cook for their families in the United States. The survey study reports two major findings: (1) Mexican-Americans' perception and awareness about food safety risk were closely related to their reported food preparation practices (except for eating raw eggs) and (2) Mexican-Americans born in the U.S. and those of Mexican origin living in the U.S. differed in their level of risk awareness and in their compliance with some associated food safety practices. Practical implications are discussed for designing targeted communication campaigns to increase compliance with safe home food preparation practices.
Performing Mental Arithmetic Increases Total Respiratory Resistance in Individuals with Normal Respiration

The effect of performing mental arithmetic problems on total respiratory resistance was examined in 30 male college students. Each student was assigned to one of two conditions: those in one group performed an easy arithmetic task whereas those in the other group performed a difficult arithmetic task. Total respiratory resistance, measured with the forced oscillation technique, increased more in individuals who performed the difficult arithmetic task than it did in individuals who performed the easy arithmetic task. These findings are consistent with respiratory resistance changes exhibited by asthmatic patients under conditions of stress.
Nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes from watersheds of the northeast U.S. from 1930 to 2000: Role of anthropogenic nutrient inputs, infrastructure, and runoff

An ongoing challenge for society is to harness the benefits of nutrients, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), while minimizing their negative effects on ecosystems. While there is a good understanding of the mechanisms of nutrient delivery at small scales, it is unknown how nutrient transport and processing scale up to larger watersheds and whole regions over long time periods. We used a model that incorporates nutrient inputs to watersheds, hydrology, and infrastructure (sewers, wastewater treatment plants, and reservoirs) to reconstruct historic nutrient yields for the northeastern U.S. from 1930 to 2002. Over the study period, yields of nutrients increased significantly from some watersheds and decreased in others. As a result, at the regional scale, the total yield of N and P from the region did not change significantly. Temporal variation in regional N and P yields was correlated with runoff coefficient, but not with nutrient inputs. Spatial patterns of N and P yields were best predicted by nutrient inputs, but the correlation between inputs and yields across watersheds decreased over the study period. The effect of infrastructure on yields was minimal relative to the importance of soils and rivers. However, infrastructure appeared to alter the relationships between inputs and yields. The role of infrastructure changed over time and was important in creating spatial and temporal heterogeneity in nutrient input-yield relationships.
Prospects for systems engineering process dynamics

This paper discusses the motivation to develop systems engineering process simulators and the opportunity to leverage lessons learned from software engineering and project management simulator research. Simulators can help educate individuals about the complex system dynamics related to systems engineering projects. Systems engineering process simulators can also be used as a foundation for further research to explore risks and issues related to systems engineering. The paper discusses considerations in developing a system dynamics simulator for systems engineering. A causal model and a system dynamics model segment related to requirements volatility, an important project risk, are shown to illustrate current research.
Divine Hiddenness and Affective Forecasting

In this paper I argue that J. L. Schellenberg’s Divine Hiddenness Argument is committed to a problematic implication that is weakened by research in cognitive psychology on affective forecasting. Schellenberg’s notion of a nonresistant nonbeliever logically implies that for any such person, it is true that she would form the proper belief in God if provided with what he calls “probabilifying” evidence for God’s existence. In light of Schellenberg’s commitment to the importance of both affective and propositional belief components for entering into the proper relationship with God, this implication of his argument becomes an affective prediction or forecast. However, research in cognitive psychology has shown that in multiple and varied circumstances humans often make inaccurate predictions of their future affective states or reactions. Thus, this research provides strong empirical reasons to doubt that the implication is warranted.
Some fine structural observations on the rhizome ofDendroligotrichum (Bryophyta)

The underground portion (rhizome) of the gametophytic axis ofD. dendroides bears anatomical resemblances to a triarch dicotyledonous root. The similarities include: 1. an epidermis producing epidermal appendages; 2. a cortex with endodermoid layer; and 3. a tri-radiate arrangement of the food and water-conducting tissue. Histochemical observations reveal that the entire radial and transverse walls of the endodermoid cells are encrusted with amorphous deposits, probably of polyphenolic nature. Casparian bands are not present as reported by earlier workers. The radial walls exhibit a fine structure of alternating electron-dense and electron-opaque lamellae. In plasmolyzed cells the plasmalemma does not adhere to the radial wall. Plasmodesmatal connections were observed in the radial and outer tangential walls of the endodermoid cells, but not in the inner tangential walls. These features of the endodermoid layer ofD. dendroides are discussed in relationship to the structure and function of the endodermis of vascular plants.
Otelixizumab: a novel agent for the prevention of type 1 diabetes mellitus

Introduction: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic, progressive autoimmune disorder linked to numerous genetic and environmental factors. Insulin is the only treatment and preventative strategies do not currently exist. An obvious need exists to develop a safe regimen that suppresses the progression of the disease. Areas covered: A MEDLINE search (1966–June 2011) was conducted for English-language articles using the terms ‘otelixizumab’, ‘anti-CD3 antibody’ and ‘prevention of type 1 diabetes mellitus’. Relevant literature on otelixizumab, an anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody, currently in Phase III clinical trials for prevention of T1DM is discussed. Expert opinion: Studies suggest that a monoclonal antibody directed against CD3 mitigates the deterioration in insulin production and decreases the rise in insulin requirement in recent onset T1DM for up to five years. The benefit was most pronounced in younger patients and in those with higher initial β-cell function. Adverse effects were significant but transie...
Predictions of outcome in psychoanalysis and analytic psychotherapy.

The written records of 1,348 patients treated at Columbia University's Psychoanalytic Clinic and the responses of therapists to a follow-up questionnaire were studied to relate clinical change and predictions of outcome made at the time of admission. Predictions were associated with the type of treatment offered, with the function of the observer, and the completion of long-term analysis.
Chemical Impurities and Lattice Defects in High-Purity Germanium

The electrically active impurities remaining in high-purity germanium have been identified by means of far infrared photo-conductivity measurements. The principal donor is phosphorus, often accompanied by lithium and another donor which is believed to be the LiO+ complex. The acceptors present in undoped crystals are boron and aluminum. The tip ends of germanium crystals were examined by mass spectrograph, electron microprobe, and emission spectrograph analyses in a search for the possible presence of unsuspected impurities. The principal elements found were Ag in a first generation crystal and In when traces of this element had been intentionally added. Lattice defects have been studied by means of low temperature annealing and quenching experiments. Acceptor defects found in as-grown crystals can be eliminated by annealing. Two other defects which anneal in the 20-160°C range are found in quenched samples.
‘Living Green’: The Promise and Pitfalls of New Sustainable Communities

Until 2008, there was no comprehensive system to measure the sustainability of new community developments. Many new community projects, however, have won accolades for their design. This study examines 29 of these projects, in light of efforts to create indicators to measure sustainability dimensions of new developments. The study finds that the marketing websites of award-winning projects tend to focus on features that increase community attractiveness to potential buyers, but do not incorporate a full range of attributes to enhance environmental and socio-economic sustainability. This suggests the importance of more systematic rating systems and highlights the complexities of designing, building and evaluating communities.
Two-channel analysis of CPP-MR data for Ag/Co and AgSn/Co multilayers

Abstract We present a 2-channel model for the magnetoresistance of a magnetic multilayer with the current flowing perpendicular to the layer planes (CPP-MR), and show that the model fits previous data on Ag/Co and new data on AgSn/Co multilayers better than our previous simple series resistance model. The 2-channel model supports the conclusions previously reached for Ag/Co, and permits a determination of the spin-orientation-dependent parameters α Co = 2.9(+0.5, -0.3) and α Ag / Co = 12(+5, -2).
Frequency selective surfaces for high-power microwave (HPM) applications

Despite the significant number of studies conducted on periodic structures and frequency selective surfaces, few studies have examined the power handling capability of these structures in any detail. In this paper, we examine the transient power handling capability of a class of frequency selective surfaces composed entirely of non-resonant constituting elements. The effects of various design parameters on the peak power handling capability of the devices are investigated and methods for increasing their power handling capability are proposed. These methods are used to design a high-power microwave FSS, which is expected to be capable of handling power levels as high as 1.0 MW/cm2.The transient power handling capability of these structures is examined experimentally in a waveguide environment using a high-power magnetron source.
Transient Thermal Stress Analysis of a Rectangular Orthotropic Slab

This paper investigates the transient thermal stress problem of a rectangular slab, which possesses both thermal and elastic orthotropy. The slab initially held at a con stant temperature is suddenly subjected to an arbitrary temperature variation along one of its edges. Based upon the solution of transient temperature field, the thermal stress analysis is performed based upon the further development of a displacement- potential approach. The complete stress field has been obtained in closed forms. Numerical results for a typical unidirectional fiber composite have demonstrated high concentration of thermal stresses far exceeding those generated in steady state thermal environment.
Type 1 laryngeal cleft: Establishing a functional diagnostic and management algorithm

Summary Objectives To report our experience with all patients diagnosed with type 1 laryngeal cleft over a period of 3 years in our referral practice and to describe a functional diagnostic and management algorithm for children with this disorder. Methods A prospective longitudinal study in a tertiary care referral center. Twenty pediatric patients diagnosed with type 1 laryngeal cleft in a 3-year period (5/1/2002–5/1/2005) were included in this study. The incidence, presenting symptoms, diagnostic procedures, medical and surgical interventions performed, and clinical outcomes were evaluated. Results The incidence of type 1 laryngeal cleft was 7.6%. Among the 20 patients in this study, aspiration with thin liquids was the most common presenting symptom (18 patients, 90%). Three patients underwent modified barium swallow (MBS) alone, 3 patients underwent functional endoscopic evaluation of swallow (FEES) alone, and 11 patients underwent both MBS and FEES prior to intraoperative endoscopic evaluation. Four patients (20%) were successfully treated with conservative therapy. Sixteen patients (80%) required endoscopic surgical repair after failing a course of conservative measures. The success rate of surgical repair was 94% (15 out of 16 patients). Conclusions Type 1 laryngeal cleft can be challenging diagnostically. We propose a functional diagnostic and management algorithm that includes MBS, FEES, suspension laryngoscopy with bimanual interarytenoid palpation, and a trial of conservative therapy, as a way to diagnose and manage type 1 laryngeal cleft prior to consideration of surgical repair. If conservative therapy fails, then surgical intervention is indicated.
Optical traps with geometric aberrations

We assess the influence of geometric aberrations on the in-plane performance of optical traps by studying the dynamics of trapped colloidal spheres in deliberately distorted holographic optical tweezers. The lateral stiffness of the traps turns out to be insensitive to moderate amounts of coma, astigmatism, and spherical aberration. Moreover holographic aberration correction enables us to compensate inherent shortcomings in the optical train, thereby adaptively improving its performance. We also demonstrate the effects of geometric aberrations on the intensity profiles of optical vortices, whose readily measured deformations suggest a method for rapidly estimating and correcting geometric aberrations in holographic trapping systems.
W-CDMA: aspects of implementation

With the completion of the ETSI FDD physical layer specification becoming imminent, much attention is focused upon understanding the implementation issues of UMTS based equipment. This paper examines the technology requirements for the implementation of W-CDMA terminals and radio architectures. An in depth review of the signal processing aspects of the physical layer is given, followed by a discussion of several possible RF/IF radio architectures that may be employed. The final sections, technology trends and baseband architecture, explore how semiconductor process evolution may permit multistandard digital transceiver implementations on conventional signal processing architectures well supported by design tools, thus trading gate-level optimisation for ease of development.
VENTILATION AND PERFUSION ASSESSMENT BY ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE PLETHYSMOGRAPHY

Tetrapolar electrical impedance plethysmography has been employed in an attempt to describe regional and total ventilation and perfusion profiles at tidal volume range in patients with different pulmonary pathology. Atraumatic and requiring minimal cooperation, the determinations were performed on patients ranging in ages from 8 mo to 18 yrs. Resistive impedance changes of a 0.8 ma, 50 kHz constant current were detected from 1.5 cm2 electrodes linearly mounted in adhesive belts. These belts were applied horizontally above the diaphragm in 6 areas corresponding to upper, mid, and lower regions of the lungs. Interelectrode distances were varied to suit both patient size and the depth of tissue to be studied. Even current distribution found from isoresistance studies allowed the assumption of favorable resolution within the sample region. Deflections representing ventilatory and perfusion events were recorded simultaneously with their derived veiocities. From these blood flow pulses could be obtained using a forward extrapolation method. The data was then converted into ventilation and perfusion indices. The regional distribution of the ratios of ventilation and perfusion values was different from that of other methods because these values were not corrected for unit volume. In 6 cases of atelectases, hypoperfusion, consolidation, and lung abscess confirmed by conventional methods, low ventilation and perfusion impedance indices corresponded with diseased areas, whereas they were higher in more normal lung fields.
Sequences from the Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-related Protein (LRP) Cytoplasmic Domain Enhance Amyloid β Protein Production via the β-Secretase Pathway without Altering Amyloid Precursor Protein/LRP Nuclear Signaling

Abstract Increasing evidence suggests that the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) affects the processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and amyloid β (Aβ) protein production as well as mediates the clearance of Aβ from the brain. Recent studies indicate that the cytoplasmic domain of LRP is critical for this modulation of APP processing requiring perhaps a complex between APP, the adaptor protein FE65, and LRP. In this study, we expressed a small LRP domain consisting of the C-terminal 97 amino acids of the cytoplasmic domain, or LRP-soluble tail (LRP-ST), in CHO cells to test the hypothesis that the APP·LRP complex can be disrupted. We anticipated that LRP-ST would inhibit the normal interaction between LRP and APP and therefore perturb APP processing to resemble a LRP-deficient state. Surprisingly, CHO cells expressing LRP-ST demonstrated an increase in both sAPP secretion and Aβ production compared with control CHO cells in a manner reminiscent of the cellular effects of the APP “Swedish mutation.” The increase in sAPP secretion consisted mainly of sAPPβ, consistent with the increase in Aβ release. Further, this effect is LRP-independent, as the same alterations remained when LRP-ST was expressed in LRP-deficient cells but not when the construct was membrane-anchored. Finally, deletion experiments suggested that the last 50 amino acid residues of LRP-ST contain the important domain for altering APP processing and Aβ production. These observations indicate that there are cellular pathways that may suppress Aβ generation but that can be altered to facilitate Aβ production.
Flashbulb memories for the space shuttle disaster: A tale of two theories

Abstract Flashbulb memories are distinctly vivid recollections of the real-world details surroundings people's discovery of shocking news (e.g., the explosion of the space shuttle, Challenger). Two theories, one depending upon emotional response and the other relying on rehearsal, were compared. The current study focused upon people who heard the news from another person as opposed to the media. Two hundred and seventy-nine subjects were tested 2 weeks, and 142 subjects were tested 8 months following the shuttle explosion on four memory measures: a free and probed recall test of their flashbulb discovery, a confidence estimate of their answers to the discovery probe questions, and a proved recall test of the facts concerning the shuttle explosion itself. The subjects were grouped according to their self-estimated emotional reaction to the discovery of the event (calm vs. upset) and the number of times they rehearsed the shuttle story by recounting the story to others (few vs. many). The results indicated that flashbulb memories of people's discovery of shocking news are different from their memories about the event itself. Further, emotion and rehearsal interact over time such that either factor is sufficient to generate flashbulb discovery memories if measured within a short time after the event. In contrast, both strong emotions and many rehearsals are necessary to maintain flashbulb details over a long period of time.
Stretch calculated from grip distance accurately approximates mid-specimen stretch in large elastic arteries in uniaxial tensile tests.

Abstract The mechanical properties of vascular tissues affect hemodynamics and can alter disease progression. The uniaxial tensile test is a simple and effective method for determining the stress–strain relationship in arterial tissue ex vivo. To enable calculation of strain, stretch can be measured directly with image tracking of markers on the tissue or indirectly from the distance between the grips used to hold the specimen. While the imaging technique is generally considered more accurate, it also requires more analysis, and the grip distance method is more widely used. The purpose of this study is to compare the stretch of the testing specimen calculated from the grip distance method to that obtained from the imaging method for canine descending aortas and large proximal pulmonary arteries. Our results showed a significant difference in stretch between the two methods; however, this difference was consistently less than 2%. Therefore, the grip distance method is an accurate approximation of the stretch in large elastic arteries in the uniaxial tensile test.
Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus colonization in orthopaedic surgeons and their patients: a prospective cohort controlled study.

Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus surgical site infections are an increasing health problem in the United States. To date, no study, as far as we know, has evaluated the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus colonization in orthopaedic surgeons. The purpose of our study was to assess the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus colonization in orthopaedic surgery attending surgeons and residents at our institution compared with that in our high-risk patients. Methods: We performed nasal swab cultures in seventy-four orthopaedic attending surgeons and sixty-one orthopaedic surgery residents at our institution, screening for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus . We compared these results with a prospective database of nasal cultures of patients undergoing joint replacement and spine surgery. Results: A total of 135 physicians were screened. Of those physicians, 1.5% were positive for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and 35.7% were positive for methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus . None of the sixty-one residents were positive for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus . However, 59% were positive for methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus . Of the seventy-four attending surgeons, 2.7% were positive for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and 23.3%, for methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus . Previous studies at our institution have demonstrated a 2.17% prevalence of nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and an 18% rate of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus in high-risk patients. Thus, no difference was found between the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in residents or attending surgeons and that in the high-risk patients. However, the prevalence of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus colonization in the surgeons (35.7%) was significantly higher than that in the high-risk patient group (18%) (p < 0.01). Conclusions: At a major teaching hospital, a higher prevalence of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus colonization was found among attending and resident orthopaedic surgeons compared with a high-risk patient group, but the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization was similar.
Simulation of Non-Condon Enhancement and Interference Effects in the Resonance Raman Intensities of Metalloporphyrins

The room-temperature resonance Raman (RR) spectra of nickel(II) porphine have been simulated for excitation within the Q-band optical transition, taking into account both coordinate-independent (Condon) as well as coordinate-dependent (non-Condon) contributions to the Raman scattering amplitude of each vibration. Computation of scattering intensities for all three classes of Raman-active modes (polarized, depolarized, and inversely polarized) observed in metalloporphyrin spectra was made possible in this fashion. Vibronic parameters were evaluated at the INDO level from the dependence of electronic transition moments and transition energies upon nuclear coordinates; the transform theory of RR scattering was then applied to compute the relative intensities of vibrational modes. The calculated enhancement patterns are in excellent agreement with experimental results. Three vibrational modes of b1g symmetry (ν10, ν11, and ν16) are identified as being the primary Jahn−Teller distortion coordinates: a substan...
171 VARIABLE EXPRESSION OF OVARIAN FAILURE IN GALACTOSEMIA

The pathogenesis of ovarian failure in females with classical galactosemia is incompletely understood, but is likely due to prenatal toxic effects of galactose or its metabolites on the immature ovary. We studied two sisters on dietary galactose restriction since birth who had hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. Serum prolactin and T4 were normal and karyotypes were 46xx. AB, 17 yrs, had adrenarche at 12 yrs, thelarche at 13 yrs and menarche at 14 yrs, followed by irregular periods q 3-6 wks. BB, 16 yrs, had adrenarche at 13 yrs, but no thelarche or menarche. Bone age was 11 yrs. Pelvic U/S showed no ovarian tissue. Both girls had blood withdrawn every 10 min over 12 h (0900-2100) for pulsatile secretion of LH/FSH. BB was studied during two separate cycles: 5 and 22 days after the onset of menstrual flow. In spite of a mean intermenstrual length of 28.5 d (R 18-42 d), studies during a 6 month period in BB (pulsatile LH/FSH, weekly progesterone (P) levels, and basal body temperatures) showed no evidence of ovulation. These studies show that ovarian failure may be variable in similarly treated siblings. Incomplete follicular maturation most likely explains the serial observations in the least affected sibling.
Is imaging the extremities with PEM feasible? A novel application for a high-resolution positron emission scanner.

Abstract Introduction Positron emission mammography (PEM) has better spatial resolution than positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), or PET/CT. We evaluated the feasibility of extremity imaging with PEM using PET as a standard. Methods/Materials Fourteen patients underwent sequential PET/CT and PEM. Results/discussion PEM visualized with equal or improved resolution all of the lesions identified on PET/CT. It often provided additional information such improved uptake localization and also visualized activity in an adjacent structures that was not seen on PET/CT or magnetic resonance imaging. We believe PEM can image the extremities in diseases like melanoma, arthritis and osteomyelitis and patients with metallic hardware.
Restricted latin square design in a plaque disclosant study.

Twenty subjects were used in a clinical trial of the effect of 3 disclosants (erythrosine, fast green, sodium fluorescein and normal saline) on plaque score, plaque weight and EDTA dispersion. Five 4×4 Latin Squares of a restricted type were employed, so that carryover effects can be estimated most efficiently. Each of the 20 subjects used each of the 4 test agents for a week at a time. The details of the design and of the statistical analysis are presented. There were no significant carryover effects for any of the study solutions on plaque score, plaque weight or EDTA dispersion. The 4 disclosants did not differ significantly from each other in their effect on the 3 variables. In the case of plaque score, the fourth week gave significantly higher average values than the first three weeks. In the case of plaque weight, the values in the first week were significantly elevated. The correlation coefficients between the 3 indices of plaque accumulation were only modest in size. The relatively low correlation between the 3 variables suggest that in a clinical trial the results with the 3 variables will not necessarily confirm each other.
Analysis And Modeling Of Interconnections And Propagation Structures In High Speed And High Frequency Circuits

The analysis and circuit modeling of multiple coupled strips which are used to model interconnections in a general layered high speed digital or high frequency analog circuit is presented. The structures are analyzed in terms of their self and mutual capacitance, inductance, conductance and resistance matrices per unit length and the normal mode parameters of the coupled system. These normal mode parameters are derived from the line constant matrices for the quasi-TEM case and directly by solving for the eigenvalues, eigenvectors and eigenfunctions for the general full wave-dynamic case. Techniques to synthesize equivalent circuits compatible with CAD programs (e.g., SPICE) are presented with examples of single and coupled lines. Finally examples and results for the normal mode parameters equivalent circuit models and step response of multiple coupled lines are included to demonstrate the frequency dependence of these parameters and the signal propagation characteristics and crosstalk in multiple parallel interconnects.
Magnetic-relaxation and flux-pinning study in Tl0.5Pb0.5Sr2Ca1−xPrxCu2Oy superconductor

Magnetic relaxation of the Tl0.5Pb0.5Sr2Ca1−xPrxCu2Oy (1212) superconductor is studied by monitoring its magnetic moment as a function of time after the removal of magnetic field. The relaxation process is found to be well described by the Anderson-Kim model in the time window of our experiment. The flux-pinning potential within the superconductor is extracted through numerical fitting of the experimental data to the Anderson-Kim model. The dependence of the flux-pinning potential on the Pr doping level is investigated at different temperatures. It is found that at low temperatures, i.e., T < 20 K, the pinning potential decreases as the Pr content increases, while at higher temperatures above 30 K, there is a maximum of pinning potential at Pr content x = 0.05. This suggests that for applications at liquid-nitrogen temperature in a magnetic field, it is advantageous to use the material at the Pr content of this level to minimize dissipation of energy due to flux motion.
Tests of LO QCD predictions for W± → e±v and Z → e+e- with n associated jets

We present preliminary cross sections for W and Z boson production as a function of jet multiplicity from data collected at the Collider Detector at Fermilab during the 1992–93 and 1994–95 runs. QCD predictions of cross sections and kinematic distributions of W and Z + jet(s) events are compared to our data.
Coronavirus Spike Proteins in Viral Entry and Pathogenesis

u t p r r b e m Coronaviruses comprise a large and diverse family of enveloped, positive-stranded RNA viruses. The Coronaviridae exhibit broad host range, infecting many mammalian and avian species and causing upper respiratory, gastrointestinal, hepatic, and central nervous system diseases. In humans and fowl, coronaviruses primarily cause upper respiratory tract infections, while porcine and bovine coronaviruses establish enteric infections that result in severe economic loss. Coronaviruses of laboratory mice are, for historical reasons, designated as mouse hepatitis viruses (MHVs), but among these only a subset are strictly hepatotropic. Enteric strains are commonly found in rodent colonies and neurotropic strains are exploited to study central nervous system infection and demyelinating disease (Perlman et al., 2000). The extraordinary variations in host range and tissue tropism among coronaviruses are in large part attributable to variations in the spike glycoprotein. The S protein is a large, type I membrane glycoprotein that contains distinct functional domains near the amino (S1) and carboxy (S2) termini. These spikes function to define viral tropism by their receptor specificity and perhaps also by their membrane fusion activity during virus entry into cells. Recently their natural variation has attracted the attention of researchers interested in determinants of viral host range, virus entry, and virus–receptor interactions and their relationship to tropism. Evidence supporting a role for spike protein projections as agents of organ tropism and pathogenesis began with comparative studies of different naturally occurring MHV strains. In essence, nucleotide sequencing revealed that alterations in virus virulence were most closely associated with differences in the spike gene. These correlative findings were recently reinforced using the new technology of targeted RNA recombination, a
Sensory integration therapy: Affect or effect

The results of studies examining the effectiveness of sensory integration therapy were reviewed, using recently developed quantitative methods that treat the literature review process as a unique type of research. Forty-nine studies were located initially. Eight of these studies met the following criteria: (a) they investigated the effect of sensory integration therapy; (b) they included dependent measures of academic achievement, motor or reflex performance, and/or language function; (c) they included a comparison between at least two groups; and (d) they reported quantitative results of the effect of sensory integration therapy. The 8 studies contained a total of 47 statistical hypothesis tests that evaluated the effectiveness of sensory integration therapy. An analysis of these tests, using quantitative reviewing methods, revealed that subjects participating in sensory integration therapy performed significantly better than members in the control groups who did not receive sensory integration therapy. The application of sensory integration therapy to various client populations is discussed in relation to the existing empirical support revealed in the studies reviewed. The advantages of quantitative reviewing procedures are discussed, and use of the procedures with the developing occupational therapy research literature is recommended.
Role of brain dopamine in food reward and reinforcement

The ability of food to establish and maintain response habits and conditioned preferences depends largely on the function of brain dopamine systems. While dopaminergic transmission in the nucleus accumbens appears sufficient for some forms of reward, the role of dopamine in food reward does not appear to be restricted to this region. Dopamine plays an important role in both the ability to energize feeding and to reinforce food-seeking behaviour; the role in energizing feeding is secondary to the prerequisite role in reinforcement. Dopaminergic activation is triggered by the auditory and visual as well as the tactile, olfactory, and gustatory stimuli of foods. While dopamine plays a central role in the feeding and food-seeking of normal animals, some food rewarded learning can be seen in genetically engineered dopamine-deficient mice.
REMARKS ON DUALITY AND SEMIGROUPS

This paper discusses the duality theory for compact commutative idempotent semigroups and compact commutative inverse semigroups. The major difference from earlier work is the use of semicharacters which are measurable with respect to some measure on the semigroup. Duality theorems are proved using measures which give different dual spaces.
High Resolution 95 Ghz FM-CW Solid State Radar

Georgia Tech has developed a new state-of-the-art 95 GHz instrumentation radar designated HIRES-95. It is designed specifically for full polarization scattering matrix measurements and characterization applications. The transmission waveform, the system polarization, and the range and angular resolutions are selectable from a variety of operational modes. For example, the system can operate with CW, FM-CW or pulsed waveforms including coherent pulse-to-pulse frequency agility; it can operate in either a coherent or a noncoherent mode; the system is dual polarized and has pulse-to-pulse (or transmission to transmission) polarization agility; it can operate with either linear polarization or circular polarization; both the angular and range resolutions are continuously selectable to a maximum resolution of approximately one foot in each dimension.
Plant growth-inhibitory pseudomonads colonizing winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) roots

Pseudomonads, which inhibit root extension, can be present in the winter wheat rhizosphere in large numbers, but they are not detectable until late winter or early spring. Their presence was not related to the presence of wheat straw residues or type of tillage, although they were present on the wheat residues when they appeared in the rhizosphere. Wheat seedlings were more sensitive to the bacteria at 15° C than at 20° C during bioassays. The type of agar used in the bioassay can affect the results obtained. The inhibitory factor expressed by the pseudomonads is quite variable and is radically affected by transfer of isolates.
Rapid acting analgesics

A majority of patients with acute and chronic pain experience breakthrough pain above their baseline, despite a fixed regimen. The characteristics of current short-acting oral medications are not optimal because they often peak too late and last beyond the duration of pain. Oral absorption limits the onset time, whereas the development of newer routes can shorten onset times. A number of medications, both opioid and nonopioid, are being developed for intranasal delivery with promising results. In addition to the intranasal administration route being efficacious, it also provides better patient satisfaction by allowing the patient to titrate their own pain medication. There are legitimate concerns for abuse and addiction with these medications, which will need to be minimized with proper dispensing modifications. A number of nonopioid agents are also entering the market that will allow for multimechanistic analgesic plans. Although ketamine is not a common component of current pain treatment plans, the development of an intranasal formulation may potentially produce wider acceptance. Many traditional medications, including ibuprofen and acetaminophen, have been developed for parenteral administration. Intravenous ibuprofen or diclofenac can be administered for a longer duration and have a lower bleeding risk then ketorolac. Intravenous acetaminophen can provide balanced analgesia when nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are contraindicated, as is common in the postoperative period. The role of individual agents in each specialty is not currently clear, but the future treatment of pain, both acute and chronic, is brighter with the addition of these formulations.
The Planck constant, watt and vacuum balances, and an evolving Mise en pratique for the kilogram in North America

We report preparations underway at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the United States and at the National Research Council (NRC) in Canada to support the redefinition of the international system of units (SI) and the development of a Mise en pratique for the unit of mass. NIST and the NRC possess two of the world's most precise moving coil watt balances and are developing a collaborative plan to reconcile differences between the respective measurement platforms by testing their ability to mutually realize the kilogram from the Planck constant. The important role to be played by mass metrology and new facilities, such as the NIST magnetic levitation balance and the NRC vacuum comparator, to establish the necessary link between a mass as measured in vacuum and its value in air will be considered.