cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors Affecting Foraging Activity in Chihuahuan Desert Harvester Ants

The foraging activity of 4 species of harvester ants as affected by soil surface temperature, saturation deficit at the soil surface, light and forage availability was studied in a desert grassland area 40 km NNE of Las Cruces, N.M. Pogonomyrmex sp. were capable of locomotor activity at temperatures between ca. 5° and 53°C and Novomessor cockerelli between 4° and 52°C. Pogonomyrmex sp. exhibited maximum foraging intensity at 45°C and N. cockerelli at 20°C. Forager population sizes varied among species: 1000–6000 in P. rugosus , ca. 1000 in P. californicus and N. cockerelli ; and ca. 200–600 in P. desertorum. P. rugosus exhibited peak foraging activity and had the greatest number of colonies active following drought periods, ceasing foraging when granaries were filled, and foraged at night during midsummer. P. desertorum and P. californicus were strictly diurnal and did not exhibit hoarding behavior. P. desertorum responded to soil wetting by shifting activity between watered and unwatered controls directly in response to differences in soil surface temperature. Soil wetting stimulated intense activity in P. rugosus at a time when controls were inactive. Foraging in harvester ants seemed to be primarily affected by forage availability, secondarily by microclimate, with historical factors and interspecific competition as contributing parameters in some species.
Homologies of the carpal bones in flying squirrels (Pteromyinae): a review

The homologies of the carpal bones of flying squirrels, presented by Oshida et al. (2000a, b), are reviewed, together with the evidence supporting traditional homology assessments. Evidence for the homology of the styliform cartilage of flying squirrels with the hypothenar cartilage of other squirrels is also reviewed. Development, articulations, topography, and muscle insertions favor both the traditional hypothesis of homology assessments of the carpal bones and also the hypothesis that the styliform cartilage is homologous with the hypothenar cartilage.
Using Copolymer Mixtures To Compatibilize Immiscible Homopolymer Blends

Using a theoretical model, we compare the relative effectiveness of single-component compatibilizers and binary copolymer mixtures in lowering the interfacial tension (γ) between immiscible homopolymers. The most dramatic effects are seen for mixtures of diblock and comb copolymers, where the mixture can reduce the interfacial tension to zero, even though neither component by itself can produce this effect. Combinations of different comb copolymers are also effective in reducing γ to values lower than those achieved by either component alone. In the case of symmetric diblocks, the mixture is more effective at lowering γ than the individual components if the molecular weights of the two copolymers are not significantly different. In general, we find that polydispersity has a beneficial effect on the compatibilizing activity of the diblocks. The results provide guidelines for designing the optimal additives for reducing interfacial tension.
Laboratory studies for improving green ball strength in bentonite-bonded magnetite concentrate pellets

Abstract The performance of bentonite binders in magnetite concentrate balling has been difficult to predict due to a lack of understanding of the binding mechanisms and of the effects of water chemistry. Results are presented that indicate that the most effective binding occurs when the bentonite platelets slide past one another to form sheet-like or fiber-like structures, which is produced by compressive shear mixing. It has also been determined that the effects of water chemistry on bentonite performance are much greater than had previously been believed. This is because the water retained in magnetite filter cake has been shown to have a considerably higher concentration of ions (particularly calcium and magnesium) than was present in the bulk solution, and these ions strongly impact the swelling behavior of the bentonite. Results showing the benefits of fiber development and showing the effects of the water chemistry are presented. By taking advantage of bentonite fiber development and dealing with the effects of water chemistry, the strength of bentonite-bonded magnetite concentrate pellets can be increased. These studies have brought to light a number of previously unsuspected effects, which are critically important for further improving the theories of bentonite-binding behavior.
Building an E-Audio Reserves Program at Tulane University: Methods and Procedures

Electronic audio reserves, or e-audio reserves, is a highly sought-after service for academic music libraries. With the publication in 2010 of the Music Library Association's Statement on the Digital Transmission of Audio Reserves finally clarifying a library's roles and responsibilities regarding related copyright issues, librarians have been anxious to respond to the need and initiate their own e-audio reserves program. Copyright, however, is just one hurdle that music libraries are facing now that implementation is on the horizon. When an opportunity arose at Tulane University to re-build our e-audio reserves program, a survey seeking information about the hardware, software, and related security issues was sent to the Music Library Association listserv. The responses revealed a disparity in methodology and, in multiple cases, an absence of full knowledge about a library's own systems. This article traces the process of building an e-audio reserves program at Tulane University from start to finish. Beg...
The Experience of Living‐Dying in a Nursing Home: Self‐Reports of Black and White Older Adults

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the experiences, needs, priorities, and concerns reported by black and white nursing home residents during the living-dying interval. The living-dying interval is defined as the time between the knowledge of one's impending death and death itself. DESIGN: This qualitative study was part of a larger ethnographic project. Residents participated in from one to four individual, in-depth, semi-structured, audiotaped interviews. SETTING: Residents lived in two large county-financed nursing homes that have historically provided care to indigent black and white older adults. PARTICIPANTS: Purposive sampling was used to identify eight black and five white residents with terminal cancer diagnoses who could serve as rich resources about the experience of living-dying in a nursing home. MEASURES: Residents were asked open-ended questions about how things have been and what would make things better; what comforts them and would make them more comfortable; what dying means to them; and what things are important for nursing staff to know. RESULTS: Verbatim transcripts of the interviews were coded using QRS NUD-IST software. Codes were placed in categories, categories were reviewed for common and different concepts, themes, and patterns, and a conceptual model was developed. The model identified six care needs: (1) day-today living; (2) inadequate pain relief for black residents; (3) difficulty chewing and swallowing; (4) importance of religious activities; (5) giving care to others; and (6) appreciation of respectful and prompt care. Residents validated all components of the conceptual model. CONCLUSION: Black and white terminally ill residents focused on the quality of living rather than on dying, and black residents may be undertreated for pain. Important care needs for pain and religion are not routinely addressed by the Minimum Data Set (MDS) and Resident Assessment Protocol (RAP) triggers.
Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls causes endothelial cell dysfunction

Environmental chemicals, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), may be atherogenic by disrupting normal functions of the vascular endothelium. To investigate this hypothesis, porcine pulmonary artery-derived endothelial cells were exposed to 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 77), 2,3,4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 114), or 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 153) for up to 24 hours. These PCBs were selected for their varying binding avidities with the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor and differences in their induction of cytochrome P450. PCB 77 and PCB 114 significantly disrupted, in a dose-dependent manner, endothelial barrier function by allowing an increase in albumin transfer across endothelial monolayers. These PCBs also contributed markedly to cellular oxidative stress, as measured by 2,7-dichlorofluorescin (DCF) fluorescence and lipid hydroperoxides, and caused a significant increase in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) levels. Enhanced oxidative stress and [Ca2+]i in PCB 77- and PCB 114-treated cells were accompanied by increased activity and content of cytochrome P450 1A and by a decrease in the vitamin E content in the culture medium. In contrast to the effects of PCB 77 and PCB 114, cell exposure to PCB 153 had no effect on cellular oxidation, [Ca2+]i, or endothelial barrier function. These results suggest that certain PCBs may play a role in the development of atherosclerosis by causing endothelial cell dysfunction and a decrease in the barrier function of the vascular endothelium. It is possible that interaction of PCBs with the Ah receptor and activation of the cytochrome P450 1A subfamily are involved in this pathology.
Management of refractory chylous ascites by total parenteral nutrition

syndrome is suggested by the fact that four boys of the seven children from the family S. were afflicted by the disease and that eight boys died either at birth or shortly thereafter in the maternal family (Fig. 2). The genetic transmission and the combination of hepatic, renal, and neurologic abnormalities define the overall characters o f a metabolic disease. The few investigations effected enabled us to eliminate only the most common metabolic disease. Nevertheless, we postulate that the renal and neuromuscular disorders were secondary in nature, and that the principal site of metabolic disturbance, as suggested by the hepatic accumulation of pigments, was located in the liver and may be related to a defect of conjugation and elimination of a toxic endogenous metabolite? As their metabolites are known to be cytotoxic both to the nervous system and to the renal parenchyma, a congenital disorder of hepatic porphyrin could be seriously considered.
Neocons and the Ownership Society

The ownership society won’t level the playing field in the United States. It will make it more unequal.
Cultus Americanus: Varieties of the Liberal Tradition in American Political Culture, 1600–1865

Cultus Americanus: Varieties of the Liberal Tradition in American Political Culture, 1600–1865. By Brent Gilchrist. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2006. 314p. $80.00. In Cultus Americanus, Brent Gilchrist provides an intellectually challenging account of American political culture. In so doing, Gilchrist staunchly defends the notion of a liberal consensus in American political life. However, this is not merely a restatement of Louis Hartz's rightly famous theory. Instead, we are offered a nuanced and thoughtful analysis of how American culture delineates a “matrix” that reflects the interaction of myth, religion, and ideology. The author goes to great lengths to demarcate the differences and connections among these rich and powerful concepts. In the process, he does an admirable job articulating a fundamental liberalism that is at work in America. Thus, he offers a powerful development of the Hartz thesis and takes on those critics who see that theory as fraught with failings. Indeed, Rogers Smith's Civic Ideals (1997) and Cultus Americanus provide the materials for a high-minded debate about how American politics was shaped in the past and how our history continues to shape the present. This book will be of interest to those interested in American political history and thought, religion, and politics, as well as to theorists in general.
Origin of certain heterocyclic compounds from depolymerization of lignite

Abstract The origins of products observed in the acid-catalysed phenolic depolymerization of a lignite are discussed. The isolation of 14C-labelled xanthene and 9-arylxanthenes from the use of 1-14C-phenol in lignite depolymerization reactions demonstrates the solvent origins of aromatic portions of these products. Methylene-, methine-, and ethylene-bridged aromatic products were identified by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry (GCMS) techniques, demonstrating a close similarity to products from the depolymerization of brown coals and lignites. Reactions of model triarylmethane compounds under depolymerization conditions demonstrated the facile conversion of triarylmethine structures to diarylmethane structures, indicating ambiguity in the simple interpretation of diarylmethane products as having derived from diarylmethane functional groups in coal. Alternative mechanistic pathways to observed products are presented.
Method for quantifying nitromethane in blood as a potential biomarker of halonitromethane exposure

The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of nitromethane and its halogenated analogues in mammals raise concerns about potential toxicity to humans. This study shows that halonitromethanes are not stable in human blood and undergo dehalogenation to form nitromethane. We quantified nitromethane in human blood using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) headspace sampling coupled with gas chromatography (GC) and high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The limit of detection was 0.01 microg/L with a linear calibration curve spanning 3 orders of magnitude. This method employs isotope dilution to precisely quantify trace amounts of nitromethane (coefficient of variation <6%). At three spiked concentrations of nitromethane, method accuracy ranged from 88 to 99%. We applied this method to blood samples collected from 632 people with no known occupational exposure to nitromethane or halonitromethanes. Nitromethane was detected in all blood samples tested (range: 0.28-3.79 microg/L, median: 0.66 microg/L). Time-course experiments with trichloronitromethane- and tribromonitromethane-spiked blood showed that nitromethane was the major product formed (1 nmole tribromonitromethane formed 0.59 nmole of nitromethane, whereas 1 nmole trichloronitromethane formed 0.77 nmole nitromethane). Nitromethane may form endogenously from peroxynitrite: nitromethane concentrations increased proportionately in blood samples spiked with peroxynitrite. Blood nitromethane can be a biomarker of exposure to both nitromethane and halonitromethanes. This sensitive, accurate, and precise analytical method can be used to determine baseline blood nitromethane level in the general population. It can also be used to study the health impact from exposure to nitromethane and halonitromethanes in occupational environments and to assess trichloronitromethane (chloropicrin) exposure in chemical terrorism investigations.
A review of canaloplasty

Canaloplasty is a method of lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) by which a flexible, beacon-tipped microcatheter equipped with an ophthalmic viscosurgical device (OVD) delivery system is used to catheterize and introduce a suture into Schlemm’s canal. Ligation of this suture provides tension on the canal and facilitates aqueous outflow. Canaloplasty is designed to be a blebless procedure that requires no antifibrotic agents and has been shown to safely and effectively lower IOP in patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) with minimal complications. Most importantly, no bleb-related adverse events are associated with this procedure. When contemplating surgical management of OAG, canaloplasty may be considered.
The use of bone morphogenetic protein in spine fusion.

Abstract Background context Because pseudarthrosis remains a clinically significant complication after spinal arthrodesis, the role of recombinant bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) is continually evaluated in spine surgery. Purpose This article reviews the important literature in clinical research involving the use of BMPs in the augmentation of spinal fusion. Study design/setting Review article. Methods A literature search was performed via MEDLINE through PubMed with the dates January 1960 to July 2007 using the keywords “bone morphogenetic protein, BMP, spinal arthrodesis, and/or bone healing.” Pertinent preclinical and clinical publications were chosen based on relevance and quality for inclusion in this study. Results Publications focused on the historical context and potential clinical applications using BMP were selected to delineate the risks, benefits, and current indications for the augmentation of spinal arthrodesis. Conclusions Although multiple commercially available recombinant BMPs have demonstrated clinical success in interbody and posterolateral fusions, the associated costs preclude its routine use in spinal arthrodesis. The spine surgeon must assess each patient individually based on age, bone quality, diagnosis, comorbidities, and risks of nonunion to determine the cost effectiveness of the use of BMP to augment spinal fusion.
Issues in applying data mining to grid job failure detection and diagnosis

As grid computation systems become larger and more complex, manually diagnosing failures in jobs becomes impractical. Recently, machine-learning techniques have been proposed to detect a variety of application failures in grids. While this is a promising approach, there are many options as to how to apply machine learning to this problem, and it not always obvious which approaches are feasible or effective. We explore some issues that arise when we try to apply existing implementations of data mining algorithms to diagnose as well as predict job failures in grids. We demonstrate that a) it is feasible to gather enough data in real-time to train useful classifier algorithms, using only a small fraction of the grid's computational resources, b) it is important to choose the features used for classification with care, and c) it is useful to have both per-user and system-wide classifiers, as they diagnose different kinds of problems. We illustrate all these issues using a prototype system that runs over the Condor grid computation platform [3].
Dynamic model-aided localization of underwater autonomous gliders

Underwater autonomous gliders (UAG) such as Slocum electric gliders provide an effective platform and tool for marine and coastal scientists to conduct prolonged missions over weeks or months. However, localization of these gliders underneath ocean surface is challenging due to the lack of inexpensive, effective underwater positioning sensors. In this paper, we present a dynamic model-based localization scheme to improve the positioning estimation of UAG. The new localization approach is built on an experimentally validated dynamic model and fused with onboard depth and yaw angle sensor measurements. We compare and validate the proposed scheme with dead reckoning and the ground truth.
Reduced thymic expression of islet antigen contributes to loss of self-tolerance.

Abstract Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) results from a failure of central and peripheral tolerance to islet cell antigens. ICA69 belongs to a group of molecules expressed predominantly in neuroendocrine tissues (including pancreatic islets), which are targets of autoimmune responses in T1DM. These molecules are also expressed in the thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs by dendritic cells. The aim of the present study was to evaluate possible variation in thymic ICA69 expression, comparing diabetes-resistant controls to T1DM-prone NOD mice. Thymic tissue was retrieved from 3- to 6-week-old female B6, NOD-H2(b), and NOD mice. Paraffin-embedded sections were stained with an ICA69-specific antibody in an immunoperoxidase assay. ICA69 staining of thymic sections from B6 and NOD.H2(b) showed strong and continual staining, yet the sections from the NOD mice showed significantly reduced staining for ICA69. Corroboration of the reduced level of ICA69 in the thymus of NOD mice has been obtained via analysis for the expression of ICA69 versus other candidate autoantigens (glutamic acid decarboxylase 65, glutamic acid decarboxylase 67, and insulin 2) in the thymus. Real-time PCR analysis, using cDNA generated from the thymus, displayed that the expression of GAD65, GAD67, and INS2 were equivalent when comparing NOD at any age to B6, BALB/cJ, and ALR/LtJ. In marked contrast, the level of ICA69 in the thymus of the NOD mice examined was significantly reduced when compared to the controls. In fact, the real-time PCR analysis strongly suggested that ICA69 was not expressed in the thymus of NOD mice. These findings support the hypothesis that the level of thymic ICA69 expression may be of importance in regulating self-tolerance in T1DM.
Fast and slow transient charging in various III-V field-effect transistors with atomic-layer-deposited-Al2O3 gate dielectric

We report measurement of fast transient charging effects (FTCE) in enhancement-mode n-channel GaAs, InP, and In0.53Ga0.47As field-effect transistors (FETs) using Al2O3 as the gate dielectric. The FTCE data reveal superior drive current and enhanced threshold voltage stability for In0.53Ga0.47As FETs. We further report charge pumping measurements for In0.53Ga0.47As transistors, revealing that the majority of interface traps are donor traps, as well as an increased trap density within the Al2O3 bulk. Such data, together with FTCE data, reveal that drain current degradation observed during pulsed I-V measurements is predominantly due to slow oxide traps, underscoring their significance within III-V/high-κ metal-oxide-semiconductor FETs.
In Vitro Analysis of Acetalated Dextran Microparticles as a Potent Delivery Platform for Vaccine Adjuvants

Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists induce potent innate immune responses and can be used in the development of novel vaccine adjuvants. However, access to TLRs can be challenging as exemplified by TLR 7, which is located intracellularly in endosomal compartments. To increase recognition and subsequent stimulatory effects of TLR 7, imiquimod was encapsulated in acetalated dextran (Ac-DEX) microparticles. Ac-DEX, a water-insoluble and biocompatible polymer, is relatively stable at pH 7.4, but degrades rapidly under acidic conditions, such as those found in lysosomal vesicles. To determine the immunostimulatory capacity of encapsulated imiquimod, we compared the efficacy of free versus encapsulated imiquimod in activating RAW 264.7 macrophages, MH-S macrophages, and bone marrow derived dendritic cells. Encapsulated imiquimod significantly increased IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α cytokine expression in macrophages relative to the free drug. Furthermore, significant increases were observed in classic macrophage activat...
Journey toward Lean Construction: Pursuing a Paradigm Shift in the AEC Industry

AbstractThis paper presents a personal historic view on lean construction, referring to the application of lean thinking to the delivery of capital projects in the architecture-engineering-construction (AEC) industry. Lean construction has caused a paradigm shift: it offers a new way of thinking to those involved in designing and managing AEC projects. The systems thinking that lean promotes began to develop in the AEC industry 20-some years ago and was spurred by the recognition that the then-current thinking about the delivery of projects was incongruent in many ways. The writer first offers conceptual underpinnings to frame this new way of thinking, and then describes her journey of discovery of incongruences in construction project management theory and practice. Along the way, the writer offers several partial yet complementary definitions of lean construction while giving examples and illustrations of the underlying lean thinking. The writer’s thesis is that lean thinking helps eliminate much self-i...
Predicting verdicts, adherence to judge's instructions, and assumptions about the disposition of the defendant in a case involving the insanity defense

Abstract 296 college students and jury eligible adults completed attitudinal measures and read a case summary of a murder trial involving the insanity defense. The case summary included opening and closing arguments, testimony from expert witnesses, and judge's instructions. Although broader legal attitudes (the PJAQ) predicted verdicts, the Insanity Defense Attitudes-Revised scale provided incremental predictive validity. Attitudes related to the insanity defense also predicted adherence to judge's instructions, whereas more general legal biases predicted a juror's willingness to change their verdict after being provided with accurate information about the defendant's disposition following the verdict. Importantly, misconceptions concerning the insanity defense impacted verdicts and many jurors made decisions that failed to adhere to the judge's instructions, though the nullification tendency does appear to vary as a function of pretrial juror attitudes. Implications for instructing jurors in insanity de...
Slow-binding inhibition of branching enzyme by the pseudooligosaccharide BAY e4609.

Branching enzyme from Escherichia coli is shown to be inhibited by the pseudooligosaccharide BAY e4609. The mechanism of binding is studied in detail by kinetics using reduced amylose as substrate. Lineweaver-Burk plots suggest the mechanism of a noncompetitive or slow-binding inhibitor. Further studies by progress curves and rate of loss of branching activity allows us to conclude BAY e4609 as being a slow-binding inhibitor of branching enzyme. We discuss how these results parallel the inhibition of alpha-amylase by acarbose and the significance of branching enzyme as belonging to the amylolytic family.
Protein separation with aqueous—aqueous polymer systems by two types of counter-current chromatographs

Abstract Two different types of counter-current chromatographs, the cross-axis coil planet centrifuge ( X -axis CPC) and horizontal flow-through coil planet centrifuge (horizontal CPC), were evaluated for protein separation with an aqueous-aqueous two-phase polymer system. The sample solution, containing 10–200 mg each of cytochrome c , myoglobin, ovalbumin and hemoglobin in 2 ml of each phase was eluted with the lower phase. In both instruments, the effects of the flow-rate, revolution speed, and parameter β (helical diameters of the multilayer coil) on the protein separation were investigated. The best results were obtained from the X -axis CPC operated at 750 rpm and a flow-rate of 2.0 ml/min using a multilayer coil with a small helical diameter (β = 0.25–0.60). Four protein samples were well resolved in less than 5 h.
Modernizaiton as a Problem: An Anthropological View

Modernization, as a concept, has been widely used in social science. It has experienced definition and redefinition in its use as a tool to help explain social and cultural change. This article tentatively examines the concept as used in anthropology and suggests a “strategy for study” about an on-going, historical process.
Syndiospecific propylene polymerization using C1-symmetric ansa-metallocene catalysts: Substituent and bridge effects

A series of syndiospecific C1-symmetric ansa-metallocenes ([Me2X(Cp)(2-R1-3-R2-Ind)]ZrCl2, X = C, Si; R1 = H, Me; R2 = Me, Et, CH2SiMe3) have been synthesized, and their catalytic behavior in the polymerization of propylene has been studied. Upon activation with MAO, these carbon- or silicon-bridged cyclopentadienyl/indenyl systems afford polypropylene with various degrees of syndiotacticity ([rrrr] = 28−66%), as a function of the substituent size, substitution pattern, and bridging moiety. The silicon-bridged systems produced PP samples of higher molecular weight, lower syndiotacticities, and comparable productivities with respect to their carbon-bridged analogues. Statistical modeling of the experimental pentad distributions suggests that site epimerization is the major cause of stereoerrors within both sets, while a decreased site stereospecificity can be implied for the silicon-bridged systems.
Assessment of the Infant Airway with Videorecorded Flexible Laryngoscopy and the Objective Analysis of Vocal Fold Abduction

Accurate diagnosis of upper airway abnormalities by flexible laryngoscopy in infants is hampered by rapid laryngeal motion and lack of patient cooperation. This study evaluates the added role of videorecorded flexible laryngoscopy and the objective measurement of vocal fold abduction in improving the diagnosis of upper airway abnormalities in infants. Seventy-eight infants had videorecorded flexible laryngoscopy performed as part of their evaluation of a suspected airway disorder. These recordings were reviewed by three otolaryngologists for confirmation of the clinical diagnosis. From the video image, the maximum angle of vocal fold abduction was measured with image analysis software. Of 78 patients 40 had supraglottic or glottic abnormalities, 9 had nasal or nasopharyngeal obstruction, 9 had subglottic abnormalities (diagnosed subsequent to videolaryngoscopy), and 15 patients had normal findings on examination. Of those with laryngeal abnormalities, laryngomalacia was the most common diagnosis (23 of 78). Vocal fold paralysis was present in 4 patients. A separate group (9 of 78) of patients was identified as having symmetric bilateral limitation of vocal fold abduction. Laryngeal dyskinesia was diagnosed in these 9 patients. The mean values of maximal vocal fold abduction were as follows: (1) normals, 59.5 degrees; (2) laryngomalacia, 57.0 degrees; (3) paralysis, 26.6 degrees; and (4) incomplete abduction with laryngeal dyskinesia, 27.6 degrees. Videolaryngoscopy is a valuable tool for documentation, parent education, and analysis of infant laryngeal abnormalities. Repeat viewing of the video examination and frame-by-frame analysis improve the diagnostic accuracy. Using this approach, we have calculated the anterior glottic abduction angle in the normal and abnormal infant larynx. In addition, we have identified a group of infants with incomplete abduction of the vocal folds that appears to be different from that found in vocal cord paralysis.
Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: predictors of prolonged warm ischemia.

Purpose: The kidney is often exposed to warm ischemia during laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. Warm ischemia time is associated with acute and possible long-term renal damage, particularly beyond a 30-minute threshold. We evaluated patient and tumor characteristics that might predict prolonged warm ischemia time.Materials and Methods: A prospective institutional database was searched for patients who underwent laparoscopic partial nephrectomy with renal vessel clamping. Warm ischemia time was treated as a continuous and a categorical (more or less than 30 minutes) variable. The association between warm ischemia time, and preoperative and surgical parameters was evaluated using linear and logistic regression analysis. The latter analysis was used to develop and internally validate a preoperative nomogram to predict warm ischemia time longer than 30 minutes.Results: On multivariate linear regression analysis tumor size (coefficient 1.6, 95% CI 0.7–2.6, p = 0.001), body mass index (coefficient 0.3, 95% CI 0....
Correlation of Schottky-barrier height and microstructure in the epitaxial Ni silicide on Si(111)

The correlation of Schottky-barrier height and microstructure has been investigated with three types of epitaxial Ni silicides, type-$A$ and -$B$ Ni${\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$ and NiSi, on Si(111) substrates. All these interfaces can be formed to yield a barrier height of 0.78 eV. This high barrier was obtained only for near-perfect interfaces; otherwise-less-perfect silicides yielded low barrier heights of 0.66 eV. This barrier height is controlled primarily by the structural perfection of the interface rather than by the specific type of epitaxy.
The role of aggregated hGH in therapy of hGH-deficient children.

Clinical grade hGH prepared from acetone-preserved pituitaries contains significant quantities of aggregated hGH. The growth promoting and immunogenic potential of the aggregatedhGH was evaluated by comparing the growth and antibody response in patients receiving either clinical grade hGH or monomeric hGH prepared from clinical grade hGH. The group receiving clinical grade hGH (2 U, three times per week) had average growth rates of 1.4 and 7.0 cmDyear before and during the 1st year of therapy, respectively. The group receiving monomeric hGH (the amount contained in 2 IU of clinical grade hGH, three times per week) had average growth rates of 1.0 and8.9 cm/year before and during therapy, respectively. Five of nine patients receiving clinical grade hGH developed antibodies to monomeric hGH within the 1st year of therapy and two of three patients receiving monomeric hGH also developed antibodies to hGH within 6 months from onset of therapy. The monomeric hGH preparation was observed to contain small amounts ...
Osteopetrosis (Albers-Schönberg disease, marble bones, osteosclerosis fragilis generalisata)

Abstract This rare hereditary disease of bone had been reviewed, and the oral implications have been discussed. Another case, which is classic in its symptomatology, has been reported.
Isoelectric point-based prefractionation of proteins from crude biological samples prior to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) is used to compare the protein profiles of different crude biological samples. Narrow pH range Immobilized pH Gradient (IPG) strips were designed to incre...
Subfunctionalization: How often does it occur? How long does it take?

Abstract The mechanisms responsible for the preservation of duplicate genes have been debated for more than 70 years. Recently, Lynch and Force have proposed a new explanation: subfunctionalization—after duplication the two gene copies specialize to perform complementary functions. We investigate the probability that subfunctionalization occurs, the amount of time after duplication that it takes for the outcome to be resolved, and the relationship of these quantities to the population size and mutation rates.
Color names of very small fields varying in duration and luminance.

Three observers were shown very small (12′) chromatic stimuli varying in retinal illuminance, duration, and wavelength. The observers named the color and saturation of the stimuli. The results show that when retinal illuminance × time equalled a constant, observers’ color names remained constant; when retinal illuminance × time did not remain constant, color names did not remain constant. As total retinal illuminance was decreased, by decreasing duration, the degree of artificial tritanopia increased.
Spectrum of genotype and clinical manifestations in cerebral cavernous malformations.

Objective Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are focal dysmorphic blood vessel anomalies predisposing individuals to hemorrhagic stroke and epilepsy. CCMs are sporadic or inherited as autosomal dominant disease with three known genes. The hypothesis that genetic heterogeneity would account for the remarkable variability in CCM manifestations was tested. Methods CCM cases were prospectively enrolled. Germline CCM1 gene mutations were sought in 89 CCM samples. Associations with clinical manifestations and lesion characteristics were made among 41 symptomatic familial cases, including one cohort of 26 cases with CCM1 mutations and a second cohort of 15 cases without identifiable CCM1 mutations. The 15 cases were screened for CCM2 and CCM3 mutations. Results CCM1 mutations were found in 34 out of 50 subjects with familial disease and in none of 39 sporadic CCM cases. CCM2 and CCM3 mutations were found in three out of 10 families screened without CCM1 mutations. Clinical manifestations in 22 Hispanic-American cases with identical CCM1 mutations were highly variable. Fewer CCM1 patients experienced hemorrhage than others with familial disease (P = 0.0139 for all cases and P = 0.0442 for symptomatic cases). Adjusting for sex and age improved the logistic regression model, suggesting decreased numbers of patients with hemorrhage in CCM1 familial disease (P = 0.003 for all cases and P = 0.014 for symptomatic cases). Hemorrhage differences were not related to size or number of lesions. Conclusion Factors in addition to CCM1 germline mutation contribute to CCM clinical manifestations. However, this evidence suggests that familial cases with CCM1 mutations may have less severe clinical manifestations than other familial cases.
Fast-response variable focusing micromirror array lens

A reflective type Fresnel lens using an array of micromirrors is designed and fabricated using the MUMPs® surface micromachining process. The focal length of the lens can be rapidly changed by controlling both the rotation and translation of electrostatically actuated micromirrors. The rotation converges rays and the translation adjusts the optical path length difference of the rays to be integer multiples of the wavelength. The suspension spring, pedestal and electrodes are located under the mirror to maximize the optical efficiency. Relations are provided for the fill-factor and the numerical aperture as functions of the lens diameter, the mirror size, and the tolerances specified by the MUMPs® design rules. The fabricated lens is 1.8mm in diameter, and each micromirror is approximately 100mm x 100mm. The lens fill-factor is 83.7%, the numerical aperture is 0.018 for a wavelength of 632.8nm, and the resolution is approximately 22mm, whereas the resolution of a perfect aberration-free lens is 21.4μm for a NA of 0.018. The focal length ranges from 11.3mm to infinity. The simulated Strehl ratio, which is the ratio of the point spread function maximum intensity to the theoretical diffraction-limited PSF maximum intensity, is 31.2%. A mechanical analysis was performed using the finite element code IDEAS. The combined maximum rotation and translation produces a maximum stress of 301MPa, below the yield strength of polysilicon, 1.21 to 1.65GPa. Potential applications include adaptive microscope lenses for scanning particle imaging velocimetry and a visually aided micro-assembly.
Determination of scaling characteristics of AVHRR data with wavelets: application to SGP97

A wavelet multi-resolution analysis was conducted using vegetation and radiometric temperature data derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data from the Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) Hydrology Experiment. The wavelet coefficients were used to investigate whether the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and radiometric temperature fields exhibit self-similar scaling behaviour. Using the first six moments of the wavelet coefficients through eight levels of dyadic decomposition, the NDVI data are shown to be statistically self-similar with a slope of approximately m 0.72 in each of the horizontal, vertical, and diagonal directions of the image over scales ranging from 2000 to 256 000 m. The radiometric temperature data are also shown to exhibit self-similarity with slopes ranging from m 0.9 in the diagonal direction to m 1.0 in the vertical direction over the same scales. These slopes indicate long range behaviour and may imply a methodology for statistically assimila...
Use of higher-protein diets during intense military training to decrease lean tissue loss and improve performance

Background Current dietary intakes of active military personnel during intense training sessions may result in loss of lean tissue mass due to lower intake of energy and protein. It was hypothesized that a higher-protein diet (HPD) with frequent meals would result in greater lean tissue maintenance and improved performance during intense military training. Design 36 Air Force cadets completed a 12-day training session. A HPD (40% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 30% fat) with frequent meals was prescribed to each participant. Cadets completed 4 hours of supervised exercise daily. Pre- and post-test assessments included: body weight, body composition, vertical jump height, leg power index (LPI) and anaerobic testing. Results A negative correlation was found between the change in average vertical jump height and protein intake. Total body mass increased by 0.6 ± 1.1 kg (p<.001), and percent body fat decreased by 1.1 ± 0.9 (p<.001). Fat-free mass increased by 1.3 ± 1.1 kg (p<.001), fat-mass decreased by 0.7 ± 0.7 (p<.001). Averaged 600 meter times decreased by 1.2 ± 1.8 seconds (p<.001). Peak LPI (LPI) and average LPI increased by 0.12 ± 0.22 (p<.001) and 0.13 ± 0.22 (p<.001), respectively. Total energy intake was 14,110 ± 4,389 kJ. Macronutrient breakdown of diets was 52 ± 11% carbohydrates (437 ± 155 g), 19 ± 4% protein (157 ± 65 g) and 32 ± 9% fat (119 ± 53 g). There was no correlation between meal frequency and anthropometric changes or performance changes. Meal frequency consisted of 64% of the subjects consuming 3 meals and 1 to 3 snacks daily, 22% of the subjects only consumed 2 meals and 1 to 3 snacks daily, and 13% of participants reported consuming 2 large meals and no snacks daily. Conclusion Frequent meals and snacking appears to have resulted in maintenance and an increase in fat-free mass. The increase in LPI may be partially due to the increase in FFM. However, due to lack of dietary adherence, the hypothesis of this study could not be tested accurately.
Choosing television programs by family vote

This study investigated the nature of verbal interaction and interpersonal influence operating within middle‐class Midwestern families as they selected television programs for group viewing in their homes. A task‐specific Bales‐type coding scheme was used to analyze the talk generated by fathers, mothers, older and younger children. Interaction structure, ability to express a preference, preference consensus, and perceptions of influence reveal differential success in gaining access to favored programs. Younger children, who are known to control viewing under other circumstances, were the least successful participants in this verbal negotiation.
Effects of Replacing Saturated Fat With Complex Carbohydrate in Diets of Subjects With NIDDM

This study examined the safety of an isocaloric high-complex carbohydrate low-saturated fat diet (HICARB) in obese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Although hypocaloric diets should be recommended to these patients, many find compliance with this diet difficult; therefore, the safety of an isocaloric increase in dietary carbohydrate needs assessment. Lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride (TG, mg/dl) concentrations in isocaloric high-fat and HICARB diets were compared in 7 NIDDM subjects (fat 32 +/- 3%, fasting glucose 190 +/- 38 mg/dl) and 6 nondiabetic subjects (fat 33 +/- 5%). They ate a high-fat diet (43% carbohydrate; 42% fat, polyunsaturated to saturated 0.3; fiber 9 g/1000 kcal; cholesterol 550 mg/day) for 7-10 days. Control subjects (3 NIDDM, 3 nondiabetic) continued this diet for 5 wk. The 13 subjects changed to a HICARB diet (65% carbohydrate; 21% fat, polyunsaturated to saturated 1.2; fiber 18 g/1000 kcal; cholesterol 550 mg/day) for 5 wk. NIDDM subjects on the HICARB diet had decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-chol) concentrations (107 vs. 82, P less than .001), but their high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-chol) concentrations, glucose, and body weight were unchanged. Changes in total plasma TG concentrations in NIDDM subjects were heterogeneous. Concentrations were either unchanged or had decreased in 5 and increased in 2 NIDDM subjects. Nondiabetic subjects on the HICARB diet had decreased LDL-chol (111 vs. 81, P less than .01) and unchanged HDL-chol and plasma TG concentrations).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Kinetic and phylogenetic analysis of plant polyamine uptake transporters

The rice gene POLYAMINE UPTAKE TRANSPORTER1 (PUT1) was originally identified based on its homology to the polyamine uptake transporters LmPOT1 and TcPAT12 in Leishmania major and Trypanosoma cruzi, respectively. Here we show that five additional transporters from rice and Arabidopsis that cluster in the same clade as PUT1 all function as high affinity spermidine uptake transporters. Yeast expression assays of these genes confirmed that uptake of spermidine was minimally affected by 166 fold or greater concentrations of amino acids. Characterized polyamine transporters from both Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa along with the two polyamine transporters from L. major and T. cruzi were aligned and used to generate a hidden Markov model. This model was used to identify significant matches to proteins in other angiosperms, bryophytes, chlorophyta, discicristates, excavates, stramenopiles and amoebozoa. No significant matches were identified in fungal or metazoan genomes. Phylogenic analysis showed that some sequences from the haptophyte, Emiliania huxleyi, as well as sequences from oomycetes and diatoms clustered closer to sequences from plant genomes than from a homologous sequence in the red algal genome Galdieria sulphuraria, consistent with the hypothesis that these polyamine transporters were acquired by horizontal transfer from green algae. Leishmania and Trypansosoma formed a separate cluster with genes from other Discicristates and two Entamoeba species. We surmise that the genes in Entamoeba species were acquired by phagotrophy of Discicristates. In summary, phylogenetic and functional analysis has identified two clades of genes that are predictive of polyamine transport activity.
Lower‐hybrid turbulence in a nonuniform magnetoplasma

An experimental study of a pressure-gradient-driven instability in a large discharge plasma is presented. When the electron diamagnetic drift exceeds the sound speed, ion-acoustic-like waves are driven unstable. The growth rate maximizes near the lower-hybrid frequency and the waves propagate essentially across B. The sound waves grow to large amplitudes and saturate by wave steepening and refraction away from the destabilizing drift. Magnetic fluctuations result from electron diamagnetic currents and opposing Hall currents associated with the wave density fluctuations. Ions are essentially unmagnetized and slow compared to the magnetized electrons. In spite of the large amplitude waves little acceleration of electrons or ions is observed.
Proposed mechanisms and preventative options of Jarisch–Herxheimer reactions

Summary Objective: To review the aetiologies and preventative methods associated with Jarisch–Herxheimer reactions (JHR). Data sources: Ovid Medline® (1966–June Week 1 2004) was utilized to assess biomedical literature; a review of the bibliographies of articles was also performed. Data synthesis: JHR often occurs with the treatment of spirochete infections. However, the mechanism by which the reaction takes place is not clearly defined. Conclusion: Studies suggest with conflicting evidence that the JHR is caused by release of endotoxin-like material from the spirochete as well as cytokine elevation in the body. It appears the type of drug and the rate of spirochete clearance from the body have little effect on the incidence of the reaction. Many pretreatment options have been explored with limited efficacy with the exception of anti-tumour necrosis factor antibodies.