cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy on albuminuria in HIV-infected persons: results from a randomized trial

Background. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens, especially those containing protease inhibitors (PIs), are at increased risk for cardiovascular events. Albuminuria is a known independent predictor for the development of cardiovascular disease and may potentially increase in patients receiving PIs. Alternatively, albuminuria may improve with HAART as a result of treating renal parenchymal HIV infection. Longitudinal studies have not been performed previously addressing the effects of HAART on albuminuria. Methods. We evaluated the effects of HAART on albumin to creatinine ratios (ACRs) during the initial 64 weeks of therapy in 68 previously untreated HIV-infected subjects, without pre-existing diagnosed diabetes or hypertension, enrolled in a randomized trial comparing PI-based (n ¼ 32) with non-PI-based (n ¼ 36) HAART regimens. We also estimated the prevalence of albuminuria, defined as an ACR � 3.4 mg/mmol, in these subjects prior to initiation of HAART. Results. The changes in ACR over the initial 64 weeks of therapy in those receiving PIs [0.0 mg/mmol (� 0.4, 0.3)] and in those not receiving PIs [0.0 mg/mmol (� 0.5, 0.3)] were not significantly different. There was also no significant difference in the change in the ACR in the group as a whole. However, albuminuria at baseline was found in seven (10%) subjects. Five of these seven subjects had substantial improvements in ACR, ranging from 45 to 95%, with HAART use; three subjects had resolution of albuminuria. ACR at baseline significantly correlated with the baseline HIV-1 RNA level (r ¼ 0.25; P ¼ 0.04) and negatively with CD4 cell count (r ¼� 0.25; P ¼ 0.04). Conclusion. Albuminuria in HIV-infected, treatment
Racial Color Blindness: Emergence, Practice, and Implications

In this article, we examine the pervasive endorsement of racial color blindness—the belief that racial group membership should not be taken into account, or even noticed—as a strategy for managing diversity and intergroup relations. Despite research demonstrating the automatic perception of race (and thus the seeming improbability of actual color blindness), the color-blind approach to race has become increasingly prevalent in a variety of important domains, from education and business to law and societal discourse. An emerging research literature has revealed the many ways in which color blindness shapes individual, group, and institutional efforts to handle issues related to diversity. We offer an integrative assessment of this work, highlighting recent psychological investigations that have explored the emergence, practice, and implications of color blindness. We conclude by discussing alternative strategies for managing diversity and underscoring the importance of an approach that simultaneously accom...
Orbital Dermoids in Children

Orbital dermoid cysts are benign congenital choristomas. They are common in pediatric population, developing adjacent to suture lines, most commonly located in antero-lateral fronto-zygomatic suture, and are slowly progressive. Complete surgical excision without rupture of cyst is the standard of care. Deep orbital cysts cause proptosis, require imaging, and may present a surgical challenge with a difficult approach. Rupture of the cyst leads to severe inflammatory reaction in surrounding tissues. Overall prognosis remains good with isolated reports of malignancy masquerading as dermoid cysts.
Obesity Accelerates the Progression of Coronary Atherosclerosis in Young Men

Background— Obesity is a risk factor for adult coronary heart disease and is increasing in prevalence among youths as well as adults. Results regarding the association of obesity with atherosclerosis are conflicting, particularly when analyses account for other risk factors. Methods and Results— The Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) study collected arteries, blood, and other tissue from ≈3000 persons aged 15 to 34 years dying of external causes and autopsied in forensic laboratories. We measured gross atherosclerotic lesions in the right coronary artery (RCA), American Heart Association (AHA) lesion grade in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), serum lipid concentrations, serum thiocyanate (for smoking), intimal thickness of renal arteries (for hypertension), glycohemoglobin (for hyperglycemia), and adiposity by body mass index (BMI) and thickness of the panniculus adiposus. BMI in young men was associated with both fatty streaks and raised lesions in the RCA a...
Using multi-source feedback in the classroom: lessons learned

Summary form only given. For the past two years, we have been tracking two cohorts of industrial engineering students as they progress through their curriculum. We are particularly interested in measuring their acquisition of three EC-2000 outcomes: teamwork, communications and problem solving skills. To do this, we have utilized multi-source feedback in conjunction with closed-form attitudinal surveys as part of a study to measure outcomes through triangulation. In this paper, we discuss our use of multi-source feedback in the classroom and compare the results that we have obtained to results obtained from the attitudinal surveys. We also present those effects we have found that may be due to differences in gender and learning styles. Specifically, our experiment involves following two cohorts of approximately 50 students each through a three-course sequence in industrial engineering that spans the third, fourth and fifth semesters. Outcome measurements are obtained using two assessment methods-multi-source feedback via the Team Developer/sup TM/ and closed-form questionnaires via the Pittsburgh Sophomore/Junior Engineering Learning and Curriculum Evaluation Instruments and the Pittsburgh Senior Exit Survey. In addition, we have further enhanced information about student teams with a short survey that assesses overall team maturity and performance, as well as obtains students' perceptions about the overall learning environment.
Thermal Stability of Gallium Orthoferrite in the System Fe2O3‐FeO‐Ga2O3

Gallium orthoferrite (Ga2-xFexO3) has a maximum thermal stability which coincides roughly with liquidus temperatures at oxygen pressures near atmospheric. As a result, changes in ambient oxygen pressure between 0.2 and 10 atm have a pronounced effect on equilibria. The compound exhibits a wide range in Ga:Fe ratio on both sides of the stoichiometric GaFeO3 but is essentially invariant in oxygen content to 1500°C in air. The orthoferrite bears many similarities to the corresponding aluminum compound Al2-xFexO3.
Therapeutic cell carriers: a potential road to cure glioma

Many different experimental molecular therapeutic approaches have been evaluated in an attempt to treat brain cancer. However, despite the success of these experimental molecular therapies, research has shown that the specific and efficient delivery of therapeutic agents to tumor cells is a limitation. In this regard, cell carrier systems have garnered significant attraction due to their capacity to be loaded with therapeutic agents and carry them specifically to tumor sites. Furthermore, cell carriers can be genetically modified to express therapeutic agents that can directly eradicate cancerous cells or can modulate tumor microenvironments. This review describes the current state of cell carriers, their use as vehicles for the delivery of therapeutic agents to brain tumors, and future directions that will help overcome the present obstacles to cell carrier mediated therapy for brain cancer.
Breastfeeding is associated with waist-to-height ratio in young adults

The current study investigated the association between breastfeeding and adult weight distribution using an emerging indicator of weight distribution, the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). The study sample consisted of two subsamples of individuals that were part of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. One sample (n = 1 179) consisted of individuals from the sibling pair data. A second sample (n = 4 648) consisted of individuals that were not part of the paired data. Regression models were constructed to establish if there was a relationship between breastfeeding and two measures of weight distribution: WHtR and body mass index (BMI). Controls for parental socioeconomic status, maternal smoking, race, sex, age, birth weight, maternal BMI, genetic ancestry, and a genetic risk score (GRS) for obesity were included. In addition, a behavioral risk score (BRS) was constructed to control for other residual confounding factors. A significant, inverse relationship between breastfeeding and adult WHtR persisted in models constructed from the sibling pair sample (P = 0.002) and unrelated sample (P <0.0001). This association remained significant with the inclusion of ancestry principal components, GRS, and a measure of maternal obesity. The moderate association between breastfeeding and weight distribution persists into adulthood while controlling for potential confounders. This paper also provides evidence that the WHtR may be a superior outcome measure to BMI in studies investigating breastfeeding and obesity.
Assessing Walking Activity in Older Adults: Development and Validation of a Novel Computer-Animated Assessment Tool

BACKGROUND Assessing volume of physical activity (PA) in older adults is critical to understanding the role that PA has on health outcomes and the effectiveness of treatment interventions to increase PA. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of a novel computer-animated self-report questionnaire designed to assess walking activity of older adults: the Mobility Assessment Tool for Walking--the MAT-W. METHODS We recruited 249 older adults (66.9±4.7 years, 71% female, 32% black) with cardiovascular disease and/or metabolic syndrome as part of the Cooperative Lifestyle Intervention Program-II study. Participants completed the MAT-W at baseline and after 6 months of a walking and weight loss (n = 78) or weight loss only (n = 69) intervention. Test-retest reliability was assessed in 31 participants. Walking speed at usual and fast pace was measured using a GAITRite mat, and 7-day accelerometry data were collected at baseline and 6 months. The mCHAMPS5, a modified version of a widely used self-report PA questionnaire, was completed at baseline. RESULTS The test-retest reliability of MAT-W was excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient > .85). The MAT-W was correlated with mCHAMPS5 (Spearman r = .66, p < .001) and moderate/vigorous levels of PA as assessed by accelerometry (Spearman r = .65, p < .001) and was responsive to an intervention-induced change in PA at 6 months when comparing the Cooperative Lifestyle Intervention Program-II walking and weight loss group with the weight loss only group (p < .001). CONCLUSION The MAT-W is a brief, reliable, and valid tool to assess PA and has promise for the assessment of walking behavior in older adults under free-living conditions.
EXPERIENCE OF RETIREMENT By Robert S. Weiss

With the advent of the Baby Boom Generation's entry into “old age,” more and more people each year face decisions about retirement. Concurrently, a growing percentage of the population is living in...
The Line of Liberty: Runaway Slaves and Fugitive Peons in the Texas-Mexico Borderlands

In the aftermath of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, runaway slaves from Texas and debt peons from Northern Mexico put the new borderline to an unexpected use. Aware that it separated two very different countries, each sought refuge on the other side. Thus, a line intended to seal off one side from the other and keep laborers bounded in their place served a contrary function. The food of refugees across the border produced a guerra sorda—cold war— between Mexico and the United States over their differing ideas of labor and race. On the ground, this war of words constantly threatened to degenerate into a hot shooting war. And when runaway slaves and Mexican peons became unexpected allies, the situation only deteriorated further. Ultimately, neither Mexican nor U.S. officials could disabuse their servile laborers of the notion that the new border represented a line of liberty and that greater opportunity lay in greater mobility. Como consequencia del Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo, esclavos profugos de Texas y peones del Norte de Mexico utilizaron la recien creada frontera en una manera imprevista. Estos esclavos profugos y peones adquieren concien-cia de que en la nueva frontera habian dos paises con leyes muy distintas, y estos no titubearon en buscar amparo en el lado que mejor les convenia. Por consiguiente, una frontera que se suponia mantendria peones y trabajadores en su sitio sirvio una funcion contraria. El remolino humano de refugiados resulto en una guerra sorda—cold war—entre Mexico y los Estados Unidos sobre ideas de labor y raza. Desde el comienzo, en la frontera, siempre habia la amenaza de que este conficto se convertiria en una guerra de balazos. Cuando esclavos y peones refugiados se hacian amigos la situacion empeoraba. Por que, ni los ofciales de Mexico, ni los de los EEUU pudieron quitarle la ilusion a sus trabajadores de que la frontera representaba una frontera de oportunidad, y que en la movilidad se podia encontrar mas libertad.
The Hemodynamic Effect of Nerve Block by Cranial Pinning in Brain Surgery Patients

Background : 1t is already known that the cranial pinning causes a sudden increment of blood pressure and heart rate which is harmful especially in brain surgery patient. These changes may be reduced by local infiltration at the sites of cranpial pinning. This study was designed to investigate the hemodynamic effects of nerve block by cranial pinning and compare them with the effects of local infiltration at the pinning site. Methods : Forty patients of brain surgery with cranial pinning were involved. After general anesthesia with isoflurane and 50% NzO, they were divided into 2 groups randomly: the control group (n =20), had local infiltration at each pinning site with 1% lidocaine 2 ml, and the study group (n= 20), had nerve block of the supraorbital, and supratrochlear, and postauricular branches of the great auricular nerve with lidocaine 2 ml, the auriculotemporal nerve with lidocaine 2,5 ml, and the greater and lesser occipital nerves with lidocaine 2.5 ml. The hemodynamic variables(systolic, diastolic, mean blood pressure, and heart rate) were measured' at the 3 different points just before cranial pinning, and 1 min and 5 min after cranial pinning. Results : The values of hemodynamic variables at i min after cranial pinning increased in both groups when compared with just before cranial pinning, but there was no difference between the two groups. The increased values at 1 min were not high clinically, and returned to the levels recorded before cranial pinning by the 5 min recording time in both groups. Conclusion : From these results, we concluded that nerve block could also reduced the harmful hemodynamic effect of cranial pinning. (Koresn J Anesthesiol 2000; 38: 619-622)
Insight and Error in Wittgenstein

For me, personally, Wittgenstein’s philosophy poses the greatest challenge: if he is right, the sort of philosophy I am attempting to do is impossible. Wittgenstein argued powerfully that there can be no such thing as a general philosophical theory of language, mind, consciousness, society, and so on. I wanted and still do want to do precisely that: to present a general philosophical theory of language, mind, consciousness, society, and so on.
Perioperative Pain Management Strategies for Amputation: A Topical Review

Objective. To review acute pain management strategies in patients undergoing amputation with consideration of preoperative patient factors, pharmacologic/interventional modalities, and multidisciplinary care models to alleviate suffering in the immediate post-amputation setting. Background. Regardless of surgical indication, patients undergoing amputation suffer from significant residual limb pain and phantom limb pain in the acute postoperative phase. Most studies have primarily focused on strategies to prevent persistent pain with inclusion of immediate postoperative outcomes as secondary measures. Pharmacologic agents, including gabapentin, ketamine, and calcitonin, and interventional modalities such as neuraxial and perineural catheters, have been examined in the perioperative period. Design. Focused Literature Review Results. Pharmacologic agents (gabapentin, ketamine, calcitonin) have not shown consistent efficacy. Neuraxial analgesia has demonstrated both an opioid sparing and analgesic benefit while results have been mixed regarding perineural catheters in the immediate post-amputation setting. However, several early studies of perineural catheters employed sub-optimal techniques (distal surgical placement), and prolonged use of perineural catheters may provide a sustained benefit. Regardless of analgesic technique, a multidisciplinary approach is necessary for optimal care. Conclusion. Patient-tailored analgesic regimens utilizing catheter-based techniques are essential in the acute post-amputation phase and should be implemented in all patients undergoing amputation. Future research should focus on improved measurement of acute pain and comparisons of effective analgesic regimens instead of single techniques.
Neuroimaging in dementias

Abstract Late onset dementia is usually a multifactorial disease wherein cumulative pathological brain insults (of more than one pathology) result in progressive cognitive decline which ultimately leads to impairment in one’s ability to perform usual activities of daily living. Until recently, postmortem examination has been the only way to accurately determine the underlying pathology that led to dementia. However with the recent emergence of advanced imaging technologies, imaging indicators of disease that closely reflect the underlying pathology have been found to be very useful in aiding the prediction of the underlying dementia pathology. In this chapter, we will cover the cerebrovascular disease and the three common neurodegenerative dementias—Alzheimer’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and frontotemporal dementia. For each of these contributors to dementia, we will discuss the clinical manifestation of the disease, the pathologies underlying the disease, and the neuroimaging correlates that can be observed using the currently available imaging methods.
Active Torque Vectoring in High Speed Lane Change Maneuvers

Emergency lane changes are often the best course of action when avoiding obstacles on the road, but this maneuver has the possibility of sending the vehicle out of control. The University of Washington EcoCAR team has a hybrid-electric vehicle outfitted with an electric drivetrain and variable torque control to each of the rear wheels. Each rear wheel has an electric motor that is independently controlled to provide torque to the wheel. A lateral vehicle dynamics model is used to develop a torque control strategy to improve the safety and maneuverability of a modified hybrid-electric 2016 Camaro as part of the EcoCAR 3 competition.The specific scenario simulated is a two-lane lane change at a speed of 55 mph. We would like to increase the yaw and lateral accelerations that the vehicle can perform safely by controlling differing torques out of the two motors. Regulating these accelerations requires a control strategy over the left and right motor torques. Equal-torque control of the electric motors will be used as a baseline.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Abstract P4-06-12: Murine radical mastectomy model for preclinical study of adjuvant systemic therapies

Background: Current standard of care of breast cancer is removal of primary tumor followed by systemic adjuvant therapy to reduce recurrence and to prolong survival. However, vast majority of the preclinical studies that use murine models evaluate the drug response of primary tumors either in mammary pads or subcutaneous tissues. Lately it has been shown that the genetic profiles of metastatic lung tumors are significantly different from that of their primary mammary tumors, let alone subcutaneous tumors. Therefore we hypothesized that the responses of metastatic tumors rather than primary mammary tumors need to be evaluated for a systemic therapy. However there are few reports of murine mastectomy models used for preclinical study. Methods: Murine mammary adenocarcinoma 4T1-luc2 cells were inoculated into #2 right mammary fat pad under direct vision as previously described (Katsuta et al, JSR 2016). The tumor burden was quantified by bioluminescence IVIS imaging system. Novel platinum drug, Triplatin, or Vehicle was administrated every 4 days for 3 times from the day after inoculation. Amount of lung metastases were quantified ex vivo by IVIS imaging. Then we compared the growth of metastatic tumors between two methods of radical mastectomy; midline incision method and Halsted incision method, which were performed 8 days after inoculation. Triplatin or Vehicle was administered 2 days after mastectomies. Results: First we compared the two methods of chest mammary tumor removal; midline incision method and Halsted incision method. There was no significant difference in weight of resected tumors between these two techniques (p=0.751), however, the bioluminescence in midline incision model was significantly higher than Halsted incision model at the first day after operations (p=0.003). Only 1 out of 7 cases (14%) after Halsted incision method developed local recurrence, whereas all (100%) the animals that underwent midline incision method developed recurrence within 30 days after operation (p Conclusion: We have established an improved murine chest mammary tumor resection model. Effects on metastases, as opposed to primary tumor should be evaluated for the preclinical study of adjuvant systemic therapy, since they may not be the same. Citation Format: Katsuta E, Takabe K. Murine radical mastectomy model for preclinical study of adjuvant systemic therapies [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-06-12.
The Relationship Between the Severity of Usability Problems and User Skin Conductance Levels During Human-Computer Interactions

We designed a Latin square experiment to investigate the impact of an information system’s usability during human-computer interactions on a user’s physical activity. We studied the effects of the severity of the usability problem on the skin conductance level (SCL) of 24 college students using an analog information system with usability problems as the experimental materials. The results showed that the severity of the usability problems in the information system interfaces did not significantly affect the mean SCL of the subjects during the interactions, but did significantly affect the average absolute value of the first differences of the SCLs (the difference is the rate of change). The significance of the variances in the average absolute value of the first differences in the SCLs was affected by the level of the usability problem’s severity, so this indicator may be used to detect the information system interface usability problem; it should, however, be supplemented with other usability evaluation methods.
Do environmental factors affect male fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) response to estrone? Part 2. Temperature and food availability

Fish are subject to constantly changing environmental conditions and food availability, factors that may impact their response to endocrine disruptors (EDs). This may, in part, explain outcome discrepancies between field studies and laboratory exposures to EDs. This study assessed whether standard laboratory conditions for fish exposures adequately represent effects of ED exposure at two environmentally realistic temperatures. The impact of temperature and food availability on male fathead minnow response to estrone (E1) exposure was studied in two experiments (3×2×2 factorial design) with three E1 concentrations (range 0-135ng/L); two temperatures (18°C and 26°C, the latter the prescribed laboratory temperature), and two feeding treatments (full fed vs. 25% of full fed) in a 21-day flow-through system. Morphometric endpoints [including body condition factor, somatic index of gonad (GSI) and liver (HSI), and secondary sex characteristics (SSC)], blood parameters [hematocrit (HCT), blood glucose, cortisol, and vitellogenin (VTG) concentrations], and histology of liver and testis were determined on day 22. High E1 consistently increased VTG, though interactions among E1, temperature and/or food on liver weight, HSI, and HCT were inconsistent between experiments. High temperature impacted the greatest number of parameters, independent of E1 treatment. Three sex-linked parameters were lower at high temperature (testis weight, GSI and VTG), and in Exp. 2SSC and gonad maturity rating were lower. At 26°C, in Exp. 1 HSI and HCT decreased, and in Exp. 2 length, body and liver weight, and body condition factor were lower. Food restriction decreased GSI in Exp. 1, and blood glucose and liver weight in Exp. 2. At 26°C several parameters were altered independent of E1 exposure, including three out of four measurements of sperm differentiation. Concordance between laboratory and field investigations of the biological effects of EDs may improve if environmentally-relevant exposure conditions, especially temperature, are employed.
Lesbianism in Early Modern Vernacular Romance: The Question of Historicity

Carole Levin often uses literature as a source for historiographical innovation. This chapter tests the horizons of this practice with respect to divergences between the social and literary historical archive. As a test case, it reopens the question of lesbian invisibility. Renaissance poets were fascinated by representations of a woman’s first experience of same-sex longing. This chapter looks specifically at two revisions of the topos—one in Spenser’s The Faerie Queene and one in Milton’s Paradise Lost—to question what kinds of insight poetic representations might give us into social experience.
Physiological effects of thermal stress on aviators flying a UH-60 helicopter simulator

An evaluation of the physiological effects on aviators of heat stress (90 degrees F wet bulb globe temperature [WBGT]) versus a cooler condition (70 degrees F WBGT) when wearing either a MOPP0 (Mission-Oriented Protective Posture 0) uniform or a MOPP4 ensemble encumbered with a ballistic chest plate and overwater survival gear was performed at the United States Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory. The study used a repeated-measures design with 14 aviators flying 4-hour missions in a UH-60 helicopter simulator. Average crew endurance in the MOPP4-hot condition was reduced to one-third of the fully completed mission time of 309 minutes. For the hot condition, core temperature in the simulator rose 1.4 degrees F/hour when aviators wore the encumbered MOPP4 ensemble versus 0.27 degree F/hour when they wore the MOPP0 uniform. Sweating rate in the MOPP4-hot condition was 1,523 ml/hour, resulting in 2.5% dehydration, in contrast to 183 ml/hour and 0.9% dehydration in the MOPP4-cool condition. In this study, pilots flying realistic UH-60 simulator sorties rapidly incurred significant physiological heat strain when wearing an encumbered MOPP4 flight ensemble in hot cockpit conditions.
Suspended Matter in the Red Sea Brines and Its Detection by Light Scattering

A dense layer of suspended particulate matter exists below a depth of 1,900m in the Atlantis II Deep in the Red Sea. This layer was detected with a light scattering meter (nephelometer) at two locations within this deep and was found to conform generally to the zone of hot brines. The nepheloid layer scatters light with a constant intensity except for a few very thin internal layers of greater light scattering which correlate with the interface between the different temperature and salinity brines. The intensity of light scattering is found to increase gradually over an interval of eighty meters in the transition zone between the hot brine and the normal Red Sea deep water. The particles which produce the light scattering are interpreted as the colloidal suspensions and mineral precipitates created by the interaction of the reducing, acidic, and metal-containing hot brine with the oxidizing and alkaline overlying normal Red Sea deep water.
A Modified Outpatient Prescription Form to Reduce Prescription Errors

Article-at-a-Glance Background Given current knowledge of prescribing errors, standard paper prescription forms are inadequate for promoting high-quality outpatient prescriptions. A modified prescription form was designed and evaluated to reduce outpatient prescription errors. Methods Eleven providers (nine physicians, two nurse practitioners) in an adult internal medicine clinic participated in a before-after trial of a modified paper prescription form. The modified form contained prompts for medication name, form, strength, dose, route, frequency, refills, quantity, indication, and additional directions. Writing the indication has face validity and has been recommended in the literature and has been useful in the practice. Providers used the modified prescription forms for one month. Prescriptions were reviewed using the records of the outpatient pharmacy located within the same building as the clinic. Results A total of 443 prescriptions were reviewed during the study period; 150 (34%) were completed using modified forms. Pharmacists documented problems with 2.3% of prescriptions (9/293 standard and 1/150 modified). Modified prescription forms significantly reduced clinically important prescribing problems compared to standard forms (p = .007). Based on the legal requirements of a prescription, modified forms decreased omission errors compared to standard forms (p = .01). Discussion Modified prescription forms reduced clinically important prescribing problems and prescription omission errors compared to standard forms
DISCUSSION OF THE PAPERS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the papers presented at the Symposium on Mathematical Software. The papers are grouped in a certain way, but many touch on a variety of area. The theme of the papers is user modifiability. The first of four papers are on arithmetic, and present a treatise on the monitoring of significance in computation and its relation to number representation. The papers present the point of view of people outside the professional community of mathematical software. They give an account of how the lunar mass concentrations were discovered and emphasize the important role that high-quality mathematical software played. The papers are against the black-box approach to library programs and find most library programs out-of-date, from both the mathematical and the systems point of view. They support the development of modular, well-documented programs that the user can modify to suit his own needs.
Natural progression of symptoms after diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.

e15748Background: Numerous symptoms impact patient quality of life during and after a diagnosis of cancer. Among pancreatic cancer patients, common symptoms include pain, nausea and/or vomiting and...
An Alternative Transcranial Motor Evoked Potential Montage to Minimize Ipsilateral “Crossover” Motor Responses

Transcranial electrical motor evoked potential (TcMEP) is a modality utilized in intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring to assess the integrity of the corticospinal tract. Traditionally, TcMEPs are obtained by anodal stimulation of the scalp over the motor cortex of the selected hemisphere and referenced to the contralateral hemisphere. Subsequent compound motor action potential responses (CMAPs) are recorded at various muscles. The muscle responses of interest are usually those recorded in the limb contralateral to the hemisphere of stimulation. However, TcMEPs may elicit simultaneous muscle responses in the limbs ipsilateral to the hemisphere of stimulation, otherwise defined as "crossover" responses. Crossover TcMEPs are thought to be generated when electrical stimulation reaches the corticospinal tract at intracranial structures as deep as the medullary pyramids. If electrical stimulation penetrates deeper than the at-risk structures, false negatives motor evoked potential monitoring may occur. Therefore, in surgeries where cerebral cortical structures may be at risk, TcMEPs may be elicited so that contralateral CMAP responses are present without crossover responses. We present three cases using an alternative TcMEP montage in which anodal stimulation of the target hemisphere is referenced to Fpz at midline. Compared with the C3-C4/C4-C3 montage, crossover responses are minimized with the modified montage. C3-Fpz/C4-Fpz TcMEP stimulation may be a potential tool to implement in certain intraoperative neuromonitoring cases.
HDAC5 promotes optic nerve regeneration by activating the mTOR pathway.

Neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) regenerate poorly compared to their counterparts in the peripheral nervous system. We previously showed that, in peripheral sensory neurons, nuclear HDAC5 inhibits the expression of regenerative associated genes. After nerve injury, HDAC5 is exported to the cytoplasm to promote axon regeneration. Here we investigated the role of HDAC5 in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), a CNS neuron which fails to survive and regenerate axons after injury. In contrast to PNS neurons, we found that HDAC5 is mostly cytoplasmic in naive RGCs and its localization is not affected by optic nerve injury, suggesting that HDAC5 does not directly suppress regenerative associated genes in these cells. Manipulation of the PKCμ pathway, the canonical pathway that regulates HDAC5 localization in PNS neurons by phosphorylating serine 259 and 498, and other pathways that regulate nuclear/cytoplasmic transport, did not affect HDAC5 cytoplasmic localization in RGC. Also, an HDAC5 mutant whose serine 259 and 488 were replaced by alanine (HDAC5AA) to prevent phosphorylation and nuclear export showed a predominantly cytoplasmic localization, suggesting that HDAC5 resides mostly in the cytoplasm in RGCs. Interestingly, expression of HDAC5AA, but not HDAC5 wild type, in RGCs in vivo promoted optic nerve regeneration and RGC survival. Mechanistically, we found that HDAC5AA stimulated the survival and regeneration of RGCs by activating the mTOR pathway. Consistently, the combination of HDAC5AA expression and the stimulation of the immune system by zymosan injection had an additive effect in promoting robust axon regeneration. These results reveal the potential of manipulating HDAC5 phosphorylation state to activate the mTOR pathway, offering a new therapeutic target to design drugs that promote axon regeneration in the optic nerve.
Does Prior Feeding Behavior by Previous Generations of the Maize Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Determine Future Descendants Feeding Preference and Ovipositional Suitability?

The maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is an important pest of stored grains, predominantly corn (Zea mays), wheat (Triticum spp.), rice (Oryza spp.), and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) (all Poaceae). In Africa, post-harvest grain losses of maize amounts to about US $4 billion annually, with an estimate of 10 to 88% loss of maize due to stored grain pests (FAO 2010; Ojo & Omoloye 2012). Current control methods are the application of an insecticide, cultural practices, and the development of resistant grain. Unfortunately, there is no effective trapping system for control of the maize weevil. Previous studies have indicated that the odors associated with the grains upon which the weevils feed, mate, and oviposit are known to be attractive. To better understand this behavior, a study was developed to investigate the weevil's attraction to dry grains with and without the presence of the commercial pheromone lure. The weevil's ability to develop on specific grains also was investigated. The weevils were reared on 4 types of grain to determine, if presented a choice, whether they would prefer the grain upon which their parents and they themselves fed as larvae. This research demonstrates that previous feeding did not influence the weevil's attraction to a certain grain. The isolation of key corn semiochemicals should be the focus in the development of an attractant for S. zeamais. These findings eliminate the need to develop individualized attractants that would have to be tailored to weevils feeding upon specific hosts.
Immuno-detection and differentiation of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria ivanovii in stone fruits.

Aims The aim of this study was to develop a rapid detection and differentiation method for pathogenic Listeria species in stone fruits. Methods and results We utilized activated charcoal enrichment media (ACM) to induce overexpression and hypersecretion of pathogenic Listeria virulence proteins which can subsequently be detected via immunoblot analysis. Plum and nectarine slices spiked with either L. monocytogenes or L. ivanovii were incubated in pre-enrichment broth followed by enrichment in ACM. Secreted proteins were precipitated and subjected to SDS-PAGE and immunoblot analysis using a combination of L. monocytogenes-specific antibody (α-listeriolysin O) and antibody specific for both L. monocytogenes and L. ivanovii (α-Internalin C). As low as 1 CFU per gram of L. monocytogenes in plum and nectarine was detected, whereas a detection limit of 10 CFU per gram was achieved for L. ivanovii in each food tested following a 20-h enrichment period. Nonpathogenic Listeria species and non-Listeria bacterial pathogens tested were negative. Conclusions These results demonstrate the highly sensitive and specific nature of the detection method for pathogenic Listeria in stone fruits using activated charcoal enrichment as well as the capability to discriminate between L. monocytogenes and L. ivanovii. Significance and impact of the study This method is the first to identify and differentiate L. monocytogenes and L. ivanovii in select stone fruit enrichments within 24 h using immunological techniques. The rapidity and sensitivity of the method could aid in the reduction of exposure to the public in the event of an outbreak and expedite the administration of appropriate antibiotics to infected individuals.
Stutter: a Transient Dynamic Instability Phase that is Strongly Associated with Catastrophe

Microtubules (MT) are cytoskeletal fibers that undergo dynamic instability, a remarkable process involving phases of growth and shortening separated by approximately random transitions (catastrophe and rescue). Dissecting dynamic instability mechanism(s) requires first characterizing and quantifying these dynamics, a subjective process that often ignores complexity in MT behavior. Using a novel machine-learning based tool (STADIA), we show that microtubule behavior consists not only of growth and shortening, but also a transient intermediate phase we term 9stutter.9 Quantifying stutter and other behaviors with STADIA demonstrates that stutters precede most catastrophes in simulations and experiments. Moreover, we show that the anti-catastrophe factor CLASP2γ works by promoting stuttering MTs to return to growth. STADIA enables more comprehensive and objective analysis of MT dynamics compared to previous methods. The identification of stutters as a distinct and quantifiable phase of dynamic instability provides new opportunities for analyzing mechanisms of microtubule dynamics and their regulation by binding proteins.
Recurrence and Progression of Head and Neck Paragangliomas after Treatment

ObjectiveTo characterize the recurrence of head and neck paragangliomas and the factors associated with disease progression after treatment.Study DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingTertiary ca...
Role of Microtubule Cytoskeleton as a New Target for Pulmonary Hypertension Management

Hypoxia is one of the most powerful triggers for neonatal Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) acting directly on endothelial cells (ECs). Translocation of hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) into nucleus plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of PH by inducing transcription of genes containing hypoxia response elements (HRE) like endothelin1 (ET1). The microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton provides the scaffold for movement of different cell elements. MT-associated End Binding protein (EB3) is core element of dynamic network at the growing MT tips that promotes MT growth and establishes the interactions with intracellular structures. The objective of these studies is to test the role of EB3 in facilitating the adaptation of endothelial cells to hypoxic stress through stabilization and/or nuclear translocation of HIFs and induction of ET-1(Fig.1). To compare the role of EB3 in ECs and Smooth Muscle Cells (SMCs) in PH, we developed inducible cell type specific Knock Out (KO) mouse …
Avocado toast and pot roast: exploring perceptions of generational communication differences among health sciences librarians

Objective: This research explored health sciences librarians’ perceptions of intergenerational communication in the workplace. Methods: The authors developed and sent a survey to health sciences librarians through email discussion lists from August 2018 to September 2018. A chi-square test was performed to determine whether one’s length of employment as a librarian was associated with belief that age and/or generation impacts communication in the workplace. Results: A total of 150 respondents from 5 countries completed the survey. There was no significant association between length of employment as a librarian and respondents’ belief that age and/or generation impacts communication in the workplace. However, regardless of length of employment, most respondents indicated that generational differences do have an impact on communication in the workplace. Also, most respondents expressed interest in institutional initiatives to foster intergenerational communication. Conclusion: The authors found that health sciences librarians believe that differences among generations impact communication in the workplace. Librarians, managers, and library organizations should consider providing training and other opportunities for health sciences librarians to improve their intergenerational communication skills.
Pediatric and Adolescent Shoulder Instability: Does Insurance Status Predict Delays in Care, Outcomes, and Complication Rate?

Background:Recurrent shoulder instability results from overuse injuries that are often associated with athletic activity. Timely diagnosis and treatment are necessary to prevent further dislocation...
Carotid-cavernous fistulas

Abstract Carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs) are pathologic shunts between the carotid artery and the cavernous sinus. CCFs can be grouped into one of two anatomical categories, direct and indirect, on the basis of their angioarchitecture. Although CCFs have historically been difficult to treat, they are now routinely managed with low associated rates of morbidity and mortality. Endovascular treatment using both transarterial and transvenous access routes, with a goal of complete fistula occlusion and preservation of normal blood flow through the internal carotid artery, has emerged as the primary treatment modality. Meticulous inspection of the anatomy and angioarchitecture is essential, and a tailored, patient-specific approach should be taken for each CCF. Because of improvement in endovascular technologies and techniques, endovascular treatment strategies are now available for even the most complex fistulas.
Use of Nonlinear Optics for Assessment of Cable Polymer Aging

Polymer jackets play an important protective role in distribution cabling by providing structure and resistance to moisture, heat, and exposure to harmful chemicals. Current methods of structural assessment, such as elongation at break (E-at-B), are inherently destructive. While other non-destructive methods such as indenter evaluation are available, they are not suitable for in-service use. We propose that second harmonic generation (SHG) could provide a non-destructive means of characterizing the aging of chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE) cable jackets. SHG was used to study cables previously aged and characterized by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). Comparative data between the SHG results and indenter modulus tests suggest that SHG can be used to qualitatively differentiate between minimally and significantly aged CSPE cable jackets. The results of this proof-of-concept study suggest additional work that could be done to better understand the mechanisms of the aging of CSPE cable jackets and how SHG could be used to monitor the aging process.
Studies of the Formation of Reactive Intermediates of Parathion

Parathion is one of a class of phosphorothionate triesters widely used as insecticides. These compounds exert their toxic effects in insects and mammals by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. The phosphorothionates, in general, are relatively poor inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase but are converted by the cytochrome P450-containing mixed-function oxidase enzyme systems in insects and mammals to the corresponding phosphate triesters which are potent inhibitors of this enzyme.
A Constrained View of Evo-Devo's Roots

The Changing Role of the Embryo in Evolutionary Thought. Roots of Evo-Devo. By Ron Amundson. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005. 294 pp. $75, £45. ISBN 0-521-80699-2. Cambridge Studies in Philosophy and Biology. Covering two centuries of views on the relation between evolution and development, the author examines the modern synthesis that led to estrangement between the fields and the current contrasts between evo-devo and mainstream evolutionary biology.
Pembrolizumab: a novel antiprogrammed death 1 (PD-1) monoclonal antibody for treatment of metastatic melanoma.

Summary What is known and objective To review the pharmacology, efficacy, safety, formulary and economic considerations of pembrolizumab, a novel, first-in-class, anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody for treatment of advanced melanoma. Methods A literature search was conducted using PubMed (July 2013–December 2014) with search terms: pembrolizumab, MK-3475 and lambrolizumab. Additional sources were identified through a subsequent review of all relevant papers, clinicaltrials.gov, product labelling and media releases. All English-language studies conducted in humans with clinical data were included. Review papers were excluded from analysis. Results and discussion Patients with advanced melanoma have limited options available. Immune therapies have shown promise in treating advanced melanoma, but can have significant toxicities. Identification of the role of PD-1 in tumour immune evasion and the subsequent development of pembrolizumab, a novel agent that inhibits PD-1, has led to the availability of an additional treatment option for patients who have progressive disease despite treatment with currently approved agents. Phase I cohort studies have demonstrated promising overall response rates and an estimated progression-free survival of approximately 5·5 months. Minimal toxicity has been observed in patients receiving pembrolizumab, although significant severe immune-mediated reactions have been reported. What is new and conclusion Pembrolizumab is a novel anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody that is an effective option for advanced melanoma previously treated with agents such as ipilimumab and BRAF inhibitors. Additional studies will provide the necessary data for determining its true place in therapy for advanced melanoma and exploring its efficacy in additional malignant indications.