cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fighting Conflict: Violent Splits or Healthy Divides?

In this study, we develop a theory to understand how groups with strong divisions may, paradoxically, help members to cope with conflict and injustice. We test our theoretical predictions using a survey methodology and the data from 72 work groups across different industries. Consistent with our hypotheses, we found that group faultlines weakened the positive relationships between injustice and psychological health.
Thomas Hobbes and the Term ‘Right Reason’: Participation to Calculation

AbstractThree times between 1640 and 1651, once at considerable length, Hobbes used and accepted, and then mocked, repudiated and discarded, the ancient/medieval term recta ratio/right reason. These repeated fluctuations in his thinking and rhetorical strategy occurred during the writing of his three major treatises on moral and political theory, one additional note on the term in De Cive, and an unpublished commentary on Thomas White's De Mundo. They are made obvious by his substitution of recta ratio for reason or natural reason when recycling passages from Elements of the Law for use in De Cive, and by his subsequent reversal of that substitution when revising other passages in De Cive for use in Leviathan. Despite incorporating recta ratio as a structural element in De Cive, he finally reverted in Leviathan to regarding the term as a deceptive verbal construct, non-existent in rerum natura, and ridiculing its users and proponents. Right reason carried connotations linked to it in antiquity and in the ...
Improving properties of GaInNAs with a short-period GaInAs/GaNAs superlattice

Short-period superlattices of GaInAs/GaNAs were grown by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy. Hall measurement shows that the electron mobility is improved by a factor of almost two. The photoluminescence (PL) intensity is improved by rapid thermal annealing. The PL intensity for digital alloys is 2.5 to 3 times higher than that of the random alloy at room temperature, and the improvement is even greater at low temperature (10 K) by a factor of about 12. The optimal annealing temperature was investigated from 650/spl deg/C to 900/spl deg/C. High temperature (above 850/spl deg/C) annealing causes In and N interdiffusion and forms GaInNAs at the superlattice interface. The PL spectrum shows separation between the quantum confined level and the GaInNAs state.
A computational framework for the simulation of high‐speed multi‐material fluid–structure interaction problems with dynamic fracture

Summary A robust computational framework for the solution of fluid–structure interaction problems characterized by compressible flows and highly nonlinear structures undergoing pressure-induced dynamic fracture is presented. This framework is based on the finite volume method with exact Riemann solvers for the solution of multi-material problems. It couples a Eulerian, finite volume-based computational approach for solving flow problems with a Lagrangian, finite element-based computational approach for solving structural dynamics and solid mechanics problems. Most importantly, it enforces the governing fluid–structure transmission conditions by solving local, one-dimensional, fluid–structure Riemann problems at evolving structural interfaces, which are embedded in the fluid mesh. A generic, comprehensive, and yet effective approach for representing a fractured fluid–structure interface is also presented. This approach, which is applicable to several finite element-based fracture methods including inter-element fracture and remeshing techniques, is applied here to incorporate in the proposed framework two different and popular approaches for computational fracture in a seamless manner: the extended FEM and the element deletion method. Finally, the proposed embedded boundary computational framework for the solution of highly nonlinear fluid–structure interaction problems with dynamic fracture is demonstrated for one academic and three realistic applications characterized by detonations, shocks, large pressure, and density jumps across material interfaces, dynamic fracture, flow seepage through narrow cracks, and structural fragmentation. Correlations with experimental results, when available, are also reported and discussed. For all four considered applications, the relative merits of the extended FEM and element deletion method for computational fracture are also contrasted and discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A threat model-based approach to security testing

Software security issues have been a major concern in the cyberspace community, so a great deal of research on security testing has been performed, and various security testing techniques have been developed. Threat modeling provides a systematic way to identify threats that might compromise security, and it has been a well-accepted practice by the industry, but test case generation from threat models has not been addressed yet. Thus, in this paper, we propose a threat model-based security testing approach that automatically generates security test sequences from threat trees and transforms them into executable tests. The security testing approach we consider consists of three activities in large: building threat models with threat trees; generating security test sequences from threat trees; and creating executable test cases by considering valid and invalid inputs. To support our approach, we implemented security test generation techniques, and we also conducted an empirical study to assess the effectiveness of our approach. The results of our study show that our threat tree-based approach is effective in exposing vulnerabilities. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
N,N‐Dimethyl Dichlorophosphoramide

[677-43-0] C2H6Cl2NOP (MW 161.96) InChI = 1S/C2H6Cl2NOP/c1-5(2)7(3,4)6/h1-2H3 InChIKey = YNHXBEVSSILHPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N (electrophilic phosphorylating reagent used to convert vicinal diols to alkenes2, 3 and to activate carboxylic acids and alcohols towards nucleophiles) Alternate Names: (dimethylamido)phosphoryl dichloride; dimethylphosphoramidic dichloride; N,N-dimethylamidophosphorodichloridate. Physical Data: bp 194–195 °C/760 mmHg; d 1.369 g cm−3. Solubility: sol most organic solvents. Form Supplied in: colorless liquid. Preparative Method: obtained by treatment of Phosphorus Oxychloride with dimethylamine.1 Purification: fractional distillation. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: very reactive towards water, alcohols, and amines.
The Influence of Uncertain Job Location on Urban Form and the Journey to Work

Abstract Standard urban models assume residents never think about their next job. More likely, the individual value of a given home and the choice of commute length are based not only on the current job site, but also on the expectation of where future jobs will be and the likelihood of both job separations and residential moves. The first factor lessens the value of access to the present job, while the second determines the opportunity cost of moving. Both sets of factors lead to flatter rent gradients and more sprawl than predicted by standard theories. The analysis further suggests that relatively stable jobs are likely associated with relatively shorter commutes. Past studies of the regional balance of jobs and housing, of “wasteful” commuting, of differences in the length of commute by gender, and of spatial tests for discrimination in housing and local labor markets have neglected these considerations, and may yield biased results as a consequence.
Terminal repetition in permuted T2 bacteriophage DNA molecules

Partial degradation (1 to 3·5%) of T * 2 ‡ bacteriophage DNA molecules by E. coli exonuclease III predisposes the intact linear molecules (but not fragments) to form circular molecules upon annealing. This indicates that the nucleotide sequences at both ends of the molecule are identical (or nearly so). This physical evidence agrees quantitatively with the model of the T-even chromosome devised by Streisinger and collaborators to interpret the genetics of these bacteriophages. Continued studies on the circular molecules formed by the annealing of denatured T2 DNA show that the number of different permutations is large and that there is no preferred permutation in the collection.
Estimation of foreign exchange exposure: an emerging market application

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to investigate the foreign exchange exposure of firms in a highly inflationary environment. The sample includes 109 firms traded on the Istanbul Stock Exchange during the period of 1991–1998. The findings show that Turkish firms are highly exposed to foreign exchange risks, and the degree of exposure is more pronounced for textile, machinery, chemical, and financial industries. Moreover, exporting and importing firms tend to have the highest exposure to exchange rate risk. Examination of the foreign exchange exposure of firms prior to and following the crisis indicated that the post-crisis exposures of all industries seem to be lower than those of the pre-crisis period. This implies that firms likely paid more attention to their foreign exchange exposure following the crisis.
Processing, microstructure, and failure behavior in short-fiber-reinforced poly(ether ether ketone) composites

Short-fiber-reinforced poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) composites were prepared by a specially designed mold. Both compression- and extrusion-molded plaques were obtained under the same thermal history. The fiber length distribution, fiber volume fraction, and fiber orientation are characterized. The fibers show an in-plane random orientation in compression-molded plaques, but they exhibit a 3-layer fiber orientation well-known for injection moldings in extrusion-molded composites. It is the final aim to simulate the rheological and morphologic behavior in injection moldings by using the laboratory designed extrusion/compression mold. Static compact tension (CT) specimens and electron microscopy (EM) were used to investigate the failure behavior. Results showed that crack initiation is the dominant failure energy absorption process in a brittle fracture, whereas crack propagation is dominant in a ductile failure. The extruded composites were mechanically characterized in two orthogonal directions (T- and L-type). The anisotropy factor is reported as 1.2.
Hepatitis C infection in African Americans: Its natural history and histological progression

Hepatitis C infection in African Americans: its natural history and histological progression
Pilot study of abuse of asthma inhalers by middle and high school students

During a school-based survey, middle and high school students (n = 1536) reported on their nonprescribed, lifetime use of asthma inhalers. Approximately 15% of 8th and 9th graders reported using nonprescribed asthma inhalers; the odds for this behavior were significantly higher for these students (2.25 and 2.30, respectively) and the nonprescribed use of asthma inhalers was significantly associated with higher rates of other drug use.
Some characteristics of visual whole report behavior

Abstract A whole report experiment is reported that obtained joint serial position accuracy data, with probability-correct curves as functions of stimulus duration. A second experimental phase compared a condition in which the left part of the linear display was shielded from view during the last part of the stimulus exposure, with a condition in which the right part of the display was shielded from view during the early portion of the stimulus exposure interval, and with a control condition in which no shield was used. A noisy mask came on with the termination of the letter display, in both phases. The bounded performance model, possessing the characteristics of parallelness, independence and limited capacity, was in good accord with the data and fit better than the multicomponent model.
An Unexpected Role for EGF in Lymphangiogenesis-Mediated Melanoma Metastasis to Sentinel Lymph Nodes

Discerning lymphatics from blood vessels using lineage-specific markers has advanced our understanding of tumor lymphangiogenesis. Many studies have demonstrated that the newly formed lymphatics are the result of a dynamic and complex interplay between lymphatic endothelium, tumor cells, secreted growth factors, and inhibitors in the tumor microenvironment. Results provide evidence that lymphatics play an active role in cancer metastasis rather than once thought to be passively invaded by infiltrating tumor cells. The latest discovery of Bracher et al. (2012) further supports a dynamic role for lymphatics-mediated melanoma metastasis to sentinel lymph node prompted by tumor-derived epidermal growth factor.
ON JUSTIFYING THE MORAL RIGHTS OF THE MODERNS: A CASE OF OLD WINE IN NEW BOTTLES

In this essay I sketch a philosophical argument for classical liberalism based on the requirements of public reason. I argue that we can develop a philosophical liberalism that, unlike so much recent philosophy, takes existing social facts and mores seriously while, at the same time, retaining the critical edge characteristic of the liberal tradition. I argue that once we develop such an account, we are led toward a vindication of “old” (qua classical) liberal morality—what Benjamin Constant called the “liberties of the moderns.” A core thesis of the paper is that a regime of individual rights is crucial to the project of public justification because it disperses moral authority to individuals thus mitigating what I call the “burdens of justification.”
Understanding Focus Effects In Submicron Optical Lithography

In the age of submicron optical lithography, focus has become a critical process parameter. Each decrease in minimum feature size is accompanied by a corresponding decrease in depth-of-focus (DOF). Sources of focus errors, such as wafer warpage, topography, and the thickness of the photoresist, however, are not being reduced in proportion to the DOF. Thus, the effects of focus on the practical resolution capabilities of a lithographic tool are becoming increasingly important.
Kinetics of crystal growth of calcium oxalate monohydrate

Abstract The growth of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals in stirred suspensions has been studied by following the changes in ionic conductivity in supersaturated solutions containing both stoichiometric and non- stoichiometric concentrations of lattice ions at various temperatures in the range 15–45 °C. The reaction can be represented in all cases by a kinetic equation which involves a quadratic dependence of the rate of crystallization upon the relative supersaturation. This points to a process in which the crystal growth is controlled by a reaction at the crystal surface rather than by diffusion of lattice ions in the bulk solution. The effect of several inorganic phosphates, polyelectrolytes and organic dyes on the growth kinetics has been studied and the heat of solution of calcium oxalate, determined by a direct calorimetric method, 5.33 kcal mole -1 , may be compared with the value, 5.5 kcal mole -1 , calculated from the temperature coefficient of the solubility product. The thermodynamic association constant for the 1:1 calcium oxalate complex at 25 °C, determined by the conductimetric method, is 1537 1 mole -1 and there is no evidence for higher order species under the conditions of the crystallization experiments. The kinetic results are discussed in terms of the important problems relating to the origin and growth of urinary calculi.
Sublethal effects of chromium-VI in the Asian clam (Potamocorbula amurensis).

Previously, we have shown that Asian clams (Potamocorbula amurensis) with highest metallic body burdens have highest prevalence of disease and lowest reproduction. The present study was designed to assess and validate potential sublethal toxicity of hexavalent chromium (Cr-VI) in clams under controlled laboratory exposure. For 7 days, three replicates of clam (n=10 per replicate) were exposed to aqueous solution containing 0.00, 0.92, 8.40, or 25.6 mg l−1 of Cr-VI at 15°C and 15 g l−1 salinity. Mortality reached 100% in the 25.6 mg l−1 group within 7 days. There was no significant difference in mortality among the control, 0.92, and 8.40 mg l−1 groups. Western blot analyses revealed significantly elevated stress protein hsp70 levels in the 8.40 mg l−1 treatment group. Histopathologic analyses revealed mild digestive gland (DG) atrophy in the control group. Clams exposed to 0.92 mg l−1 Cr-VI showed moderate DG atrophy, moderate granulomatous inflammation and necrosis in DG, ovary and testis. Lesions observed in the 8.40 mg l−1 treatment group included severe DG atrophy, severe granulomatous inflammation and necrosis in byssal gland, DG, gill, kidney, ovary and testis. In gills and testes of treated groups, apoptotic cells outnumbered mitotic cells. In addition, gills from clams in the 8.40 mg l−1 group showed enhanced hsp70 staining. Our studies support a cause–effect relationship between contaminants and reduced health in Asian clams and indicate the DGs, gills, and reproductive organs are principal targets of Cr-VI toxicity at sublethal concentrations. Results from this study suggest that Cr-VI may have played a role in the increased incidence of diseased clams seen in previous studies and these adverse effects may be working to decrease clam populations at sites with highest metallic contamination in the San Francisco Bay Estuary.
Current Diagnosis and Management of Fetal Genitourinary Abnormalities

Prenatal assessment with ultrasonography provides excellent imaging of fluid-filled structures (eg, hydronephrosis, renal cysts, and dilated bladder) and renal parenchyma. This information allows for the generation of a differential diagnosis, identification of associated anomalies, and assessment of the prenatal and postnatal risks of a given anomaly. This enhances parental education and prenatal and postnatal planning. This article discusses the current methods of diagnosis and management of fetal genitourinary anomalies, and also the postnatal evaluation and treatment of these conditions.
The HotBox: a visual user interface to medical data

The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Virtual Soldier Proiect recently investigated methods to predict outcomes from penetrating wounds based on comparison of complex mathematical models and clinical data including baseline X-ray computed tomography and post-wound imaging. A need of the project was to correlate three-dimensional anatomy to extensive information, including pathophysiology of the wounded soldier, using the anatomical geometry as an interface. To address this need, Oak Ridge National Laboratory developed the HotBox, a user interface that links a given point in space (a voxel) to the structural knowledge ontology describing the anatomy at that location. In addition, the HotBox links the location to the individual's physiological state (vital signs) and a description of the wound. The implementation and use of the HotBox is explained and the implications for the future of medical records, pre-surgical planning, image-guided surgery, and postsurgical treatment and rehabilitation are discussed.
Lead Reduces the Nephrotoxicity of Mercuric Chloride

The nephrotoxic effect of a single intraperitoneal dose of mercuric chloride (HgCl(2); 6 mg/kg) on adult CD-1 female mice was reduced at 24 and 48 h after injection, by a 48-h pretreatment nontoxic dose of lead acetate (Pb; 5 mg/kg) delivered by intravenous tail-vein injection (intravenous). While protection is temporally associated with lead-induced mitosis, occurring about 39 h after intracardiac lead injection (D. D Choie and G. W. Richter, 1974, Lab. Invest. 30, 447-451), the mechanism of the observed protection remains to be established.
Slip sliding away: new insights into DNA-protein recognition.

DNA-binding proteins accomplish the remarkable feat of finding their correct target sequences within a sea of genomic DNA. A new study uses NMR spectroscopy to show the mechanism by which proteins may hop between and slide along DNA as they search for their target binding sites.
A comparison of the medical histories of incarcerated delinquent children and a matched sample of non-delinquent children.

The medical histories of a matched sample of 81 incarcerated delinquents and 81 nondeliquent children from the same geographic area were compared. Incarcerated children had significantly more hospital visits, emergency roon visits, and head injuries and were more likely to have been abused than non-delinquents. Perinatal difficulties were more prevalent in the histories of incarcerated delinquents, especially in the histories of violent delinquents. It is hypothesized that a particular combination of biological and psychological factors contribute strongly to the development of serious delinquency.
A Kinesin Driven Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA) for Ultra Low Protein Detection Applications

Detecting low levels of protein in serum samples is critical for early disease detection. In clinical settings ELISA is the most common method of protein detection. Typical ELISA requires long incubation times, significant handling procedures, and has a detection limit that is often too high for early disease detection. Our goal is to develop a kinesin-driven ELISA platform that reduces typical ELISA incubation times, eliminates laborious rinse steps, and challenges the standard ELISA detection limit. To achieve this goal we incorporate antibody-functionalized microtubule shuttles into our previous microfluidic, kinesin-driven concentrator device (NanoLett.8:1041). These functionalized microtubules bind high densities of antibody on the microtubule surface (∼100 antibodies per μm of microtubule) while retaining motility characteristics. Theoretically, these microtubules allow for the adsorption of small amounts of analyte on the microtubule surface in small (nL) sample volumes, ideal for low detection limits in ELISA. Concentrating the fluorescently-tagged protein of interest in a 625μm−2 area increases the signal to noise ratio of the fluorescent signal leading to lower detection limits that are not restricted by fluorescent background. By incorporating these microtubules into the concentrator device, we collected data to determine the detection limit and optimize the assay conditions to create a novel ELISA. Our data suggests that integrating the developed antibody-functionalized microtubules into the concentrator device creates an ELISA platform that significantly reduces the assay time, improves the ease of use, and challenges detection limits of standard ELISA. In conclusion, by successfully powering this concentrator device via kinesin driven solely by chemical energy and integrating appropriately functionalized microtubules, we created a novel ELISA platform that does not require external pumps, power supplies, or excessive handling procedures. Furthermore, this kinesin-driven technology rivals the detection capabilities of the standard ELISA platform.
How to Differentiate and Integrate Sequences

(2001). How to Differentiate and Integrate Sequences. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 108, No. 10, pp. 911-921.
The Future of Cancer Prevention: Will Our Workforce Be Ready?

At no other time in our recent history has the need for cancer prevention been more urgent. Worldwide, cancer is poised to overtake heart disease as the leading cause of mortality ([1][1]). In the United States, where cancer mortality rates are gaining on those of heart disease ([2][2]), recent
Autoradiographic analysis of GABA-benzodiazepine receptors in an animal model of acute hepatic encephalopathy

To complement analogous studies using conventional ligand-membrane binding assays, the densities of gamma-aminobutyric acid and benzodiazepine receptors in the brain have been assessed using an autoradiographic technique in an animal model of hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatic encephalopathy due to fulminant hepatic failure was induced in rabbits by the intravenous injection of galactosamine. The specific binding of three radiolabeled ligands was assessed densitometrically in several microregions of cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum. [3H]Muscimol was used to assess gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor density and [3H]flunitrazepam or [3H]Ro 15-1788 was used to assess benzodiazepine receptor density. No significant differences were observed between the magnitude of binding of the three ligands to each of the microregions of brain from control rabbits and rabbits in Stage III or IV hepatic encephalopathy. These findings suggest that the behavioral expression of hepatic encephalopathy in the model studied is not dependent upon an increase in the number of gamma-aminobutyric acid or benzodiazepine receptors, but do not conflict with the hypothesis that gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic tone is increased in hepatic encephalopathy.
Anharmonicity and vibrational relaxation on the Cu(110)−(2 × 1)−Osurface

Abstract The temperature-dependent energy shift and broadening of surface vibrations on the Cu (110)−(2 × 1)− O reconstructed surface have been studied between 100 and 600 K using high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. Atomic motions involved in the observed vibrations were extracted from phonon slab calculations. The measured energy shifts are directly related to the anharmonicity of the potentials between the vibrating atoms and can be modeled with a simple Morse oscillator. By comparing to bulk phonon measurements, we find that both the oxygen-copper and copper-copper bonds at the surface have bulk-like anharmonicity. This is in contrast to the clean Cu(110) surface where strong anharmonicity is observed. Broadening observed in the oxygen-copper surface vibration can be explained by energy relaxation due to substrate anharmonicity.
A New Sigmoid Catalog from Hinode and the Solar Dynamics Observatory : Statistical Properties and Evolutionary Histories

We present a new sigmoid catalog covering the duration of the Hinode mission and the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) until the end of 2012. The catalog consists of 72 mostly long-lasting sigmoids. We collect and make available all X-ray and EUV data from Hinode, SDO, and the Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory (STEREO), and we determine the sigmoid lifetimes, sizes, and aspect ratios. We also collect the line-of-sight magnetograms from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) for SDO or the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) to measure flux versus time for the lifetime of each region. We determine that the development of a sigmoidal shape and eruptive activity is more strongly correlated with flux cancelation than with emergence. We find that the eruptive properties of the regions correlate well with the maximum flux, largest change, and net change in flux in the regions. These results have implications for constraining future flux-rope models of ARs and gaining insight into their evolutionary properties.
Analytical Solutions for Vertical Flow in Unsaturated, Rooted Soils with Variable Surface Fluxes

Analytical solutions to Richards' equation have been derived to describe the distribution of pressure head, water content, and fluid flow for rooted, homogeneous soils with varying surface fluxes. The solutions assume that (i) the constitutive relations for the hydraulic conductivity and water content as function of the pressure head are exponential, (ii) the initial water content distribution is a steady-state distribution, and (iii) the root water uptake is a function of depth. Three simple forms of root water uptake are considered, that is, uniform, stepwise, and exponential functional forms. The lower boundary of the rooted soil profile studied is a water table, while at the upper boundary time-dependent surface fluxes are specified, either infiltration or evaporation. Application of the Kirchhoff transformation allows us to linearize Richards' equation and derive exact solutions. The steady-state solution is given in a closed form and the transient solution has the form of an infinite series. The solutions are used to simulate the hydraulic behavior of the rooted soils under different conditions of root uptake and surface flux. The restricted assumptions for the solutions may limit the applicability, but the solutions are relatively flexible and easy to implement compared to other analytical and numerical schemes. The analytical solutions provide a reliable and convenient means for evaluating the accuracy of various numerical schemes, which usually require sophisticated algorithms to overcome convergence and mass balance problems.
Ductile to Brittle Transition Depth During Single-Grit Scratching on Alumina Ceramics

Variable-depth single-grit scratch experiments have been conducted on three different grain size alumina ceramics. The extent of induced damage as a function of depth of groove was measured. At low depth, the scratch groove appeared smooth with minimal brittle damage, indicating a ductile mode of deformation. With increased depth, brittle cracking extended beyond the scratch groove. The transition depth from the predominantly ductile mode of deformation to the predominantly brittle mode was measured and compared with an analytical model that estimates the plastic zone size surrounding a scratch in brittle materials. It was found that the ductile to brittle transition depth increases with decreasing grain size.
Approaching the speed limit for Greek Key β-barrel formation: transition-state movement tunes folding rate of zinc-substituted azurin

Azurin is a blue-copper protein with a β-barrel structure of Greek Key topology. In vitro, copper can be substituted with zinc without change in protein structure. We here analyze the kinetic folding behavior of zinc-substituted Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin. Our findings can be summarized in three key conclusions: First, zinc remains strongly bound to the polypeptide upon unfolding, suggesting that the cofactor may bind to the protein before polypeptide folding in vivo. Second, the semi-logarithmic plot of folding and unfolding rates for zinc-substituted azurin as a function of denaturant concentration exhibits curvature due to a changing transition-state structure. Third, the extrapolated folding speed in water for zinc-substituted azurin is similar to that of other proteins with the same topology, implying that there is a speed limit that can be modulated by stability-driven transition-state movement for formation of β-barrel structures with Greek Key topology.
Simulations of self-magnetization in dusty space plasmas comparing different charge polarities and charge numbers of the dust

Abstract In partially ionized dusty space plasmas collisional momentum transfer between neutral and charged components of different inertia yields significant self-induced magnetic fields on remarkable short time scales of several dust Alfven times. Considering the proto-solar accretion disk previous first self-consistent plasma–neutral gas–dust simulations have shown, that this process yields a self-magnetization of 10 - 5 – 10 - 3 T on time scales of about 100 days. Thus, this mechanism is able to explain the remanent magnetization of chondrite type meteorite matter. New simulations show the quantitative dependence of the self-magnetization on polarity and charge numbers of the dust grains.
Regulation of mammary epithelial cell function: a role for stromal and basement membrane matrices

Interactions between epithelial cells and their environment are critical for normal function. Mammary epithelial cells require hormonal and extracellular matrix (ECM) signalling for the expression of tissue specific characteristics. With regard to ECM, cultured mammary epithelial cells synthesize and secrete milk proteins on stromal collagen I matrices. The onset of function coincides both with morphogenesis of a polarized epithelium and with deposition of basement membrane ECM basal to the cell layer. Mammary specific morphogenesis and biochemical differentiation is induced if mammary cells are cultured directly on exogenous basement membrane (EHS). Thus ECM may effect function by the concerted effect of permissivity for cell shape changes and the direct biochemical signalling of basement membrane molecules. A model is discussed where initial ECM control of mammary epithelial cell function originates in the interstitial matrix of stroma and subsequently transfers to the basement membrane when the epithelial cells have accumulated and deposited an organized basement membrane matrix.
Lawyers, Guns, and Money: A Plenary Presentation from the Conference “Using Law, Policy and Research to Improve the Public's Health”

On behalf of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF), I want to thank the Public Health Law Association and the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics for your leadership and the work that both you and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have done to grow this field. RWJF is pleased to co-sponsor this conference. The music that opened this talk is a clip from Warren Zevon, who encouraged us musically to “send lawyers, guns and money.” Zevon was a singer/songwriter and social critic whose songs often took a jaundiced, somewhat cynical point of view. Even so, I know that I am probably stretching his meaning when I think of this song. I see “lawyers, guns and money” as his take on the major drivers of how change happens in a society.
A mixing controlled direct chemistry (MCDC) model for diesel engine combustion modelling using large eddy simulation

A mixing controlled direct chemistry (MCDC) combustion model with sub-grid scale (SGS) mixing effects and chemical kinetics has been evaluated for Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of diesel engine combustion. The mixing effect is modelled by a mixing timescale based on mixture fraction variance and sub-grid scalar dissipation rate. The SGS scalar dissipation rate is modelled using a similarity term and a scaling factor from the analysis of Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) data. The chemical reaction progress is estimated from a kinetic timescale based on local internal energy change rate and equilibrium state internal energy. An optical research engine operating at conventional operating conditions and Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) conditions was used for evaluation of the combustion model. From the simulation results, the effect of SGS scalar mixing is evaluated at different stages of combustion. In the context of LES, the new approach provides improved engine modelling results compared to the Direct Chem...
Sorption and flow of gases in polyethylene

Solubilities and diffusivities of N2, O2, CO2, and He in a variety of polyethylenes were measured in the temperature range 0–50°C. Polyethylene films studied covered a range of crystallinities (43–82%) and branching indices, and were prepared under a variety of known thermal histories. Diffusivities were determined by the time-lag method; solubilities, by time-lag, and also by a newly developed and more accurate static method. Solubilities were found to obey Henry's Law; the solubility constants determined by both methods were found to agree within the limits of accuracy, confirming the applicability of the unsteady-state diffusion equation to essentially isotropic crystalline polymers. For a given gas at constant temperature, the solubility constant is directly proportional to the volume fraction of amorphous material in a polyethylene sample (as determined by density), irrespective of its origin or thermal history; the concept of the crystallites as an impermeable, dispersed phase thus appears justified. Diffusivities were found to vary widely (nearly fivefold) depending on polymer crystallinity and thermal history and were as much as tenfold lower than the values estimated for completely amorphous polyethylene. Application of principles of flow through porous media to this system leads to a conclusion that abnormally low diffusivities arise predominantly from the impedance to gas flow offered by the dispersed crystalline phase. Variations in diffusivity with branching index and thermal history correlate qualitatively with expected corresponding variations in crystallite growth kinetics and shape; the existence of highly anisometric, laminar crystallites in annealed linear polyethylene is indicated from these studies. The combined influence of crystallinity on solubility and diffusivity permits as much as a tenfold variation in gas permeability of polyethylene depending on polymerization method or fabrication process.
On the equations of state of high-pressure solid phases

Abstract A practical scheme by which one can construct equations of state of high-pressure solid phases that cannot be determined experimentally given the present state of technology, is proposed and illustrated with three examples for its possible application to the study of elasticity and the constitution of the earth's mantle.
RELATION BETWEEN THE GREEN AND THE YELLOW PIGMENTS IN CHLOROTIC LEAVES.

Willstatter and Stoll (13) observed that the ratio of green to yellow pigments in green leaves was more or less constant for various plants. Lubimenko (4) found that the ratio of chlorophyll to carotinoids in many plants varied only a little, but a wider variation was observed between old and young leaves of the same plant; this ratio being, on the whole, larger in the leaves which were richer in chlorophyll. Despite this variation, the data of Lubimenko reveal a close relation between the amount of the green and yellow pigments in leaves of different ages. This relation may be approximated by a linear equation. Sprague and Shive (12) and Schertz (8, 9) determined the chlorophyll content and the yellow pigments in leaves collected at various times during the season. Their data indicate that no consistent quantitative relation exists between the green and the yellow pigments, although in several series of samples a more or less close correlation was found.
Denudation of highwalls near Manchester, Kentucky

Abstract Slope profiles of unreclaimed highwalls (Orphan contour coal mines) abandoned in the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s were studied near Manchester, Kentucky, to determine their rate and geometry of denudation. Statistical analysis of these highwall slope profiles reveal that the 1980 highwalls are near vertical, the 1970s have denuded to an average slope angle of approximately 52 degrees, and that the 1960s and 1950s have denuded to the same average slope angle of approximately 41 degrees. Thus, it appears that highwalls left to natural reclamation attain an equilibrium slope profile of 41 degrees in approximately 20 years.
The Spherical Representation of Vocational Interests

Abstract We report the development, examination, and replication of a spherical structure of vocational interests. A sample of 266 undergraduate students were asked to give their preferences to a sample of 229 occupational titles. The principal components analysis conducted on the item level responses supported the presence of the prestige component in addition to the general, people/things, and data/ideas components typically associated with interest data. Twenty-four subscales were created for geometrically defined combinations of the prestige, people/things, and data/ideas components and these subscales were found to lie on the surface of the sphere. This spherical representation was then examined on independent samples of college ( N = 223) and high school students ( N = 370). Strong support was yielded for the structure.
Drawing conclusions: an intergenerational transmission of violence perspective.

Abstract This article reviews the articles in this special issue on the effects of intimate partner violence on women and children, integrating the findings into critical questions about intergenerational transmission of violence. The author's own psychodynamically informed framework is used to interpret the results of the studies. Finally, clinically relevant implications and research directions are briefly proposed.
Energetics of hibernating yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris)

Yellow-bellied marmots (Rodentia: Sciuridae) typically hibernate for eight months. This study explored energetic costs of hibernation in young and adults at 10 and 6 degrees C. Age significantly affected the percent time torpid, total and mass-specific VO(2), use of energy during torpor, and daily mass loss at 6 degrees C. Thus young had a higher mass-specific VO(2) during a torpor bout, which was attributed to higher metabolism during deep torpor. Total VO(2) during a bout was higher in young and there were significant temperature/age interactions; young had a higher VO(2) during torpor and deep torpor at 6 degrees C than at 10 degrees C. VO(2) increased at T(E)s below 6 degrees C. Young had a higher daily mass loss than adults at 6 degrees C. Euthermy increased energetic costs 19.3 times over those of torpor and 23.5 times over those of deep torpor. Energy costs are minimized by spending 88.6% of the hibernation period in torpor, by the rapid decline of VO(2) from euthermy to torpor and by allowing T(B) to decline at low T(E). Torpidity results in average energy savings during winter of 83.3% of the costs of maintaining euthermy. Energy savings are greater than those reported for Marmota marmota and M. monax.
Introduction to Estimation Issues in Multilevel Modeling.

In this chapter, we introduce topics related to the estimation of multilevel models and the determination of model fit. We introduce techniques for model specification and comparison and provide recommendations for their application.
Automated mode shape estimation in agent-based wireless sensor networks

Recent advances in wireless sensing technology have made it possible to deploy dense networks of sensing transducers within large structural systems. Because these networks leverage the embedded computing power and agent-based abilities integral to many wireless sensing devices, it is possible to analyze sensor data autonomously and in-network. In this study, market-based techniques are used to autonomously estimate mode shapes within a network of agent-based wireless sensors. Specifically, recent work in both decentralized Frequency Domain Decomposition and market-based resource allocation is leveraged to create a mode shape estimation algorithm derived from free-market principles. This algorithm allows an agent-based wireless sensor network to autonomously shift emphasis between improving mode shape accuracy and limiting the consumption of certain scarce network resources: processing time, storage capacity, and power consumption. The developed algorithm is validated by successfully estimating mode shapes using a network of wireless sensor prototypes deployed on the mezzanine balcony of Hill Auditorium, located on the University of Michigan campus.
A carotid body and glomus jugulare paraganglioma secreting norepinephrine.

ABSTRACT Extra-adrenal paragangliomas (PGOMAs) are rare and can occur anywhere along the sympathetic chain including the carotid body, glomus jugulare, vagal bodies, ganglium tympanicum, larynx, ciliary bodies, organs of Zuckerkandl, urinary bladder, and other locations (1-4). These are microscopically identical (3). The embryological origin is from neural crest cells. One to three percent are reported to be functioning, (5) predominantly secreting norepinephrine. Diagnosis of a functioning PGOMA can be delayed, even when symptoms of catecholamine hypersecretion are present. Furthermore, diagnostic testing and surgery have a significant morbidity if the diagnosis is not considered in advance, as illustrated by the following cases. PGOMAs can be sporadic or familial with an autosomal dominant pattern (3) with variable penetrance. They can be multicentric (3) and associated with other endocrine gland tumors. Benign and malignant PGOMAs have been described, with malignancy being defined by lymph node metastasis. (6) Few cases of functioning glomus jugulare and carotid body tumors have been reported in the medical literature (2,3,5,7-21). (Endocr Pract. 1995;1:82-85)
An Autocracy at War: Explaining Egypt's Military Effectiveness, 1967 and 1973

In the June 1967 Arab-Israeli War, Egypt shocked the world with its atrocious performance in battle, only to stun the world again with its remarkable military turnaround in the October 1973 war. Existing studies, which emphasize culture, social structure, and regime type, have a difficult time explaining why this single autocratic state, in such a short period of time, exhibited such extremes in its military competence. None can explain both why Egypt performed so poorly in 1967 and improved so significantly in 1973. Other explanations such as military strategy and learning explain the puzzle in part, but they alone cannot account for the outcome. This article presents a theory that accounts for the divergence in effectiveness, focusing on underlying differences in the fabric of the autocratic regime. It argues that changes in the balance of civil-military power in the state—born from more fundamental differences in domestic politics in the autocracy—shaped three areas of military activity critical to mil...
You must be joking...: the poetry of science

They say that music and mathematics are intertwined. I am not sure this is true, but I always wanted to use the word intertwined. The point is that my call for poetry received a overwhelmingly enthusiastic response from at least five people. My mailbox was literally flooded (I have a small mailbox). This article is a tribute to the poetry of science, or, as I like to call it, the Poetry of Science. You will be amazed.
Conversion and equilibrium between F- and F2-centers in X-irradiated KCl. II. Dynamic equilibrium experiments

The temperature dependence of the dynamic equilibrium between F- and F2,-centers has been studied in KCl during X-irradiation. Three distinct regions have been identified, a high temperature region corresponding in its temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant to the corresponding temperature range in additively colored crystals and two low temperature regions in which the equilibrium constant increases with increasing temperature with an apparent activation energy of 0.25 and 0.85 eV. A kinetic model is developed to explain these observations which involves the random creation of point defects by the radiation together with an enhanced creation probability near existing F-centers.
Active Bacterial Myocarditis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Bacterial myocarditis (BM) is an uncommon cause of infectious myocarditis. BM is usually seen in the context of overwhelming sepsis or as part of a specific bacterial syndrome. The definitive diagnosis of bacterial myocarditis requires biopsy or morphologically proven active myocarditis with evidence of bacterial invasion or positive tissue cultures. The management of bacterial myocarditis consists of aggressive and early antibiotic or anti-toxin treatment, appropriate hemodynamic support, and treatment of arrhythmias or mechanical complications. We present a case of acute Listeria monocytogenes myocarditis in an immunocompetent patient and highlight the challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial myocarditis.
Nuclear DNA amounts in polychaete annelids

Bestimmung des DNS-Gehalts pro Zellkern in 36 Polychatenarten ergeben eine Haufigkeitsverteilung der Genomgrossen, die durch eine logarithmische Normalverteilung beschrieben werden kann. Eine Korrelation zwischen adaptiver Spezialisierung und reduzierten Genomen, wie sie bei Wirbeltieren gefunden wird, ist auch bei Polychaten angedeutet.
Effect of nitrophenyl functionalization on the magnetic properties of epitaxial graphene.

Graphene displays unprecedented electronic properties including room-temperature ballistic transport and quantum conductance, and because of its small spin-orbit interaction, graphene has the potential to function as the building block of future spintronic devices. Theoretical calculations indicate that a defective graphene sheet will be simultaneously semiconducting and magnetic; thus it would act as a room-temperature magnetic semiconductor. Recently, ferromagnetic ordering at room temperature has been observed by magnetometry measurements on bulk samples of reduced graphene oxide.