cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of Flamelet Curvature from Crossed-Plane Image Data

Experimental, analytical and numerical studies of laminar flames have shown that their internal structures are affected by reactant flow divergence (strain), flame sheet curvature and unsteady flow effects. An important measure of these effects is the displacement speed, Sd, defined as the component of the relative velocity between the reactants and the flame surface that is normal to the surface. The definition of the flame surface for a flamelet embedded in a turbulent flow is somewhat ambiguous. Here the surface is taken to be the 650K isotherm which is the approximate temperature at which the silicon oil droplets used for tomography are destroyed [3]. Crossed-plane tomography and similar laser imaging methods have been used to measure instantaneous flamelet surface normal vectors in premixed turbulent flames. For tomography, pulsed laser light formed into a sheet and scattered from oil droplets that are destroyed in the flamelet is imaged on CCD cameras, and the images processed to find the flamelet curve separating reactants from products. In this paper progress is reported towards the measurement of both normal vectors and the principle flamelet sheet curvatures based on the properties of these curves.
The protective role of interleukin-18 in Salmonella infection

Since its derivation, much has been learned about the proinflammatory inducing cytokine interleukin-18, and its role in resolving infectious diseases. Studies to date that examined interleukin-18 have shown that endogenously induced interleukin-18 plays an important protective role in some viral and bacterial infections. However, interleukin-18 has a limited role in protective immunity to Salmonella infections, and is secondary to the protective role of interleukin-12. This lack of sensitivity to interleukin-18 may be in part related to the dependence on interleukin-12 for interleukin-18 receptor expression and to the nanomolar concentrations that are required. Nonetheless, an understanding of how some pathogens have evolved to circumvent interleukin-18 and of how interleukin-18 can be effectively induced are essential to our ability to develop better vaccines against enteric pathogens.
MUSTARD/SENNING OPERATION: IT IS NOT ALL “FLUTTER” ANYMORE

Complex inter-atrial baffling (Mustard/Senning operation) is a risk factor for late atrial tachyarrhythmias. We aim to characterize the source of arrhythmia, short-term RFA success, and medium-term freedom from clinically significant arrhythmia with a combined pediatric-adult EP team utilizing
Design Aspects of Scheffe's Calibration Theory Using Linear Splines.

The measurement process uncertainty is propagated through the use of a calibration curve. The magnitude and direction of this uncertainty depends on the choice of the controllable variable in producing the calibration curve; in other words, the design of the calibration experiment. In this paper this design is discussed in the context of Scheffe's approach to the uncertainties of a calibration curve and in particular for the case in which the calibration curve is a linear spline. A class of appropriate designs is given, which depend on the location of the knots and the slopes of the segments. One of these designs is quickly calculable and can be found without a computer. Based on these results, a design approach is suggested for the case in which the knots are not known exactly.
Characterization and analysis of silicone ruber blooming

The silicone rubber products blooming has been characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) as well as time of flight-mass spectrometer(TOF-MS).The blooming is found to be tripolymer and tetrapolymer of diphenyl silandiol,a kind of structural control agent in the rubber.There is more tripolymer than tetrapolymer in the bloom.The bloom is the same as the impuries in GRC but the impuries in GRC are not the main source resulted in the blooming.It may be resulted from the difference of granularity of GRC materials according to the results of scanning electron microscope(SEM) and laser diffraction particle analyzer.The bigger GRC grains are more inlcined to dehydrate and self-polymerize,then resulting in blooming.
Maximum Waring Ranks of Monomials and Sums of Coprime Monomials

We show that monomials and sums of pairwise coprime monomials in four or more variables have Waring rank less than the generic rank, with a short list of exceptions. We asymptotically compare their ranks with the generic rank.
Anesthetic Management of Patients with Cardiac Disease

Anesthesiologists are now safely anesthetizing patients who, because of severe cardiac disease, would not have been acceptable candidates for surgery 10 years ago. The three most important advances have been in understanding the cardiovascular effects of anesthetics, perioperative monitoring, and postoperative respiratory care.
Data Analysis and Data Mining

Now, we are equipped with all necessary software tools for data analysis, a systematic process of understanding surrounding our world by means of collecting data, inspecting data, and discovering useful information. Data mining is a part of the process of data analysis. Unlike the latter, data mining focuses on data classification, knowledge discovery, and predictions.
132. Gene Therapy With Self-Complementary Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus in Models of Autosomal Dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa Cause by RHO Mutations

Retinitis pigmentosa is the leading hereditary cause of blindness with 30-40% of cases attributable to autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (ADRP). ADRP arises from mutations in at least 24 known genes with 30% arising in the rhodopsin gene (RHO). Given the large heterogeneity of mutations in RHO leading to ADRP, we propose knocking down of endogenous RHO and replacing it with a “hardened” copy, or a RHO with nucleotide changes that preserve the amino acid sequence but decrease the efficiency of knock-down.
Review: Quantitative structure–activity/property relationships as related to organotin chemistry

The aim of this review is to examine the current status of quantitative structure–activity/property relationships (QSAR/QSPR) as related to organotin chemistry. QSAR/QSPR are mathematical models that relate some measurable biological activity or physical property in a series of similar compounds to a descriptor or descriptors associated with the molecules. Descriptors used in QSAR/QSPR studies are endless, from traditional parameters to newly developed ones. They range from quantum chemical descriptors to physicochemical parameters while QSAR/QSPR studies range from predicting bio-toxicity of various species to estimating chromatographic parameters. The intent of the review is to provide investigators with the current state of knowledge and trends in this area.
Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Current Research and Future Possibilities

Our nervous system is remarkably elegant but also exceedingly complex. These complexities create monumental hurdles to regeneration. The current state of the art in spinal cord and peripheral nerve regeneration are explored. Future possibilities are laid out – aiming ultimately not just to restore function but almost certainly to even enhance it.
Identification of Critical Times for Distribution System Time Series Analysis

Online power distribution system time series analyses are typically divided into uniform intervals (e.g., market-driven) ranging from minutes to hours. This paper presents a constraint-driven approach to refining an initial time window structure at critical times within an injection forecast. Implicit temporal load capability (ITLC), which is formalized in this paper, uses forecasted nodal injection characteristics to identify critical times when control actions are necessary in order to maintain feasibility. ITLC and control selection algorithms are presented. Quasi-static time series and ITLC simulation results are presented using a multiphase, 2556-node distribution test circuit. With ITLC, a subset of the initial time windows are subdivided at the analytically-selected critical times. This approach is more efficient than using a large number of short time windows that span the entire forecast horizon.
Genome-Wide Association and Prediction of Grain and Semolina Quality Traits in Durum Wheat Breeding Populations

Grain yield and semolina quality traits are essential selection criteria in durum wheat breeding. However, high phenotypic screening costs limit selection to relatively few breeding lines in late generations. This selection paradigm confers relatively low selection efficiency due to the advancement of undesirable lines into expensive yield trials for grain yield and quality trait testing. Marker-aided selection can enhance selection efficiency, especially for traits that are difficult or costly to phenotype. The aim of this study was to identify major quality trait quantitative trait loci (QTL) for marker-assisted selection (MAS) and to explore potential application of genomic selection (GS) in a durum wheat breeding program. In this study, genome-wide association mapping was conducted for five quality traits using 1184 lines from the North Dakota State University (NDSU) durum wheat breeding program. Several QTL associated with test weight, semolina color, and gluten strength were identified. Genomic selection models were developed and forward prediction accuracies of 0.27 to 0.66 were obtained for the five quality traits. Our results show the potential for grain and semolina quality traits to be selected more efficiently through MAS and GS with further refinement. Considerable opportunity exists to extend these techniques to other traits such as grain yield and agronomic characteristics, further improving breeding efficiency in durum cultivar development.
TATHYA: A Multi-Classifier System for Detecting Check-Worthy Statements in Political Debates

Fact-checking political discussions has become an essential clog in computational journalism. This task encompasses an important sub-task---identifying the set of statements with 'check-worthy' claims. Previous work has treated this as a simple text classification problem discounting the nuances involved in determining what makes statements check-worthy. We introduce a dataset of political debates from the 2016 US Presidential election campaign annotated using all major fact-checking media outlets and show that there is a need to model conversation context, debate dynamics and implicit world knowledge. We design a multi-classifier system TATHYA, that models latent groupings in data and improves state-of-art systems in detecting check-worthy statements by 19.5% in F1-score on a held-out test set, gaining primarily gaining in Recall.
Root meristem growth factor 1 controls root meristem size through reactive oxygen species signaling

Abstract Stem cell niche and root meristem size are maintained by intercellular interactions and signaling networks of a plant peptide hormone, Root Meristem Growth Factor 1 (RGF1). How RGF1 regulates root meristem development is an essential question to understand stem cell function. Although five receptors of RGF1 have recently been identified, the downstream signaling mechanism remains unknown. Here, we report a series of signaling events following RGF1 action. The RGF1-receptor pathway controls distribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS) along the developmental zones of the Arabidopsis root. We identify a novel transcription factor, RGF1 INDUCIBLE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 1 (RITF1), which plays a central role in mediating RGF1 signaling. Manipulating RITF1 expression leads to redistribution of ROS along the root developmental zones. Changes in ROS distribution, in turn, enhance the stability of the PLETHORA2 (PLT2) protein, a master regulator of root stem cells. Taken together, our study clearly depicts a signaling cascade initiated by RGF1 and links the RGF1 peptide to ROS regulatory mechanisms.
Sexual pharmacology in the 21st century.

Sexual dysfunction is highly prevalent in both sexes. Considerable progress has been made in the development of new pharmacologic treatments since the approval of sildenafil in 1998. A variety of oral erectogenic agents are available or are in late-phase development, including centrally active dopamine agonists (e.g., sublingual apomorphine), peripheral nonselective alpha-blockers (e.g., oral phentolamine), and other phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors (e.g., vardenafil). These drugs have recently been evaluated for the treatment of female sexual arousal disorder, although results to date have been inconclusive. Pharmacologic therapies have also been proposed for the treatment of premature ejaculation and hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Strong evidence exists for the value of serotonergic drugs (e.g., selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) in the treatment of premature ejaculation. Further research is needed, particularly on the effects of these drugs on female sexual dysfunction.
Time-dependent Radiation-driven Winds

We study temporal variability of radiation driven winds using one dimensional, time dependent simulations and an extension of the classic theory of line driven winds developed by Castor Abbott and Klein. We drive the wind with a sinusoidally varying radiation field and find that after a relaxation time, determined by the propagation time for waves to move out of the acceleration zone of the wind, the solution settles into a periodic state. Winds driven at frequencies much higher than the dynamical frequency behave like stationary winds with time averaged radiation flux whereas winds driven at much lower frequencies oscillate between the high and low flux stationary states. Most interestingly, we find a resonance frequency near the dynamical frequency which results in velocity being enhanced or suppressed by a factor comparable to the amplitude of the flux variation. Whether the velocity is enhanced or suppressed depends on the relative phase between the radiation and the dynamical variables. These results suggest that a time-varying radiation source can induce density and velocity perturbations in the acceleration zones of line driven winds.
STRUCTURAL AND GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN AN ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUS (M432) OF MUS CERVICOLOR AND INTRACISTERNAL A-PARTICLES OF MUS MUSCULUS

ABSTRACT A novel class of endogenous retroviruses has been isolated from the Asian murine species Mus cervicolor ; the genome of the prototype virus, M432, has recently been shown by molecular hybridization to be related to the genome of intracisternal type-A particles (IAP); retrovirus like entities seen in many tumors of M. musculus . We have now shown that the major internal protein of the M432 virus (p24) is immunologically related to the respective protein of IAP (p73). Nucleic acid sequences related to the M432 and IAP genomes are found in multiple copies in cellular DNA from members of the genus Mus . The organization of these sequences in the DNA of individuals of a feral population of M. cervicolor and various inbred strains of M. musculus has been studied using restriction endonucleases and the Southern blotting technique. The results indicate that the pattern of cellular DNA fragments containing viral related sequences is well-conserved within members of each species, whereas major differences are seen when different species are compared.
Defense Data Network Fault Isolation System

The Defense Data Network Fault Isolation System is described. The architecture is discussed from the standpoint of the flow of diagnostic information and the role of equipment and personnel. Future plans and capabilities of the Fault Isolation System are presented.
FOOD COMPOSITION DATA

Food composition tables provide information on the levels of nutrients and other components in foods. These data are required for evaluating and planning nutrient intakes of individuals and of population groups. Sources of composition data include laboratory analyses, food labels, calculations for recipes, and imputations from similar foods. Users of these tables should ensure that the required foods and nutrients are included, that foods have been sampled and analyzed correctly, and that appropriate quality control procedures have been utilized. A conference on food composition issues is held annually in the USA, and an international conference is held biannually.
Media Synchronicity, Communication Style and Task: A Dyadic Analysis of Text-based Online Live Chat Customer Services

The Internet has created an environment where many technologies are used to provide net-based customer services. Recently, Online Live Chat Customer Service (OLCCS) has been adopted widely and rapidly on many websites. OLCCS extends traditional customer service channels by using live chats to deliver real-time help and on-demand assistance to online customers’ inquiries. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the moderating effects of dyadic communication style and task on the relationship of media synchronicity and performance. Based on Media Synchronicity Theory, lower media synchronicity (text only) will be more appropriate for response tasks; while higher media synchronicity (text and co-browsing) is more likely to improve the performance of procedural tasks. The nature of the dyadic communication style, either implicit or explicit, will also affect the connection between media synchronicity and performance. In addition, the analysis of this dissertation focuses on the level of dyad (representative and customer) that uses text and co-browsing in live chats. The research site selected for this dissertation is a large university library located in the northeastern United States. Excerpts of transcripts were collected from 362 chat sessions in 2004. Content analysis will be used to code these excerpts. Values for the constructs will be assigned based on the coding. ANOVA and multiple regressions will be performed to test the proposed hypotheses.
George Eliot’s Literary Legacy: Poetic Perception and Self-Fashioning in the 1870s

The essay urges scholars to view Eliot not only as a novelist but also as a poet. It focuses upon her poetry writing in the mid-1870s and in her collection of poems, The Legend of Jubal and Other Poems (1874). Understanding Eliot as a self-fashioned poetess who ultimately sought literary eminence through poetry in her career will offer greater insight into the sensibility of one of the nineteenth-century’s greatest writers. Eliot turned to poetry because the cultural prestige of poetry offered her a chance to secure a literary legacy beyond that of a popular novelist. Known in her day as the “female Shakespeare” (Collins, Interviews 104, 140), Eliot consciously used her celebrity to promote her poetry and fashion an image of herself as a living sage.
Circulating levels of oxytocin may be elevated in complicated grief: a pilot study

Complicated grief (CG) is a debilitating syndrome characterized by persisting and intense distress and impairment after the death of a loved one. The biological mechanisms associated with this syndrome remain unclear but may involve neurobiological pathways implicated in the stress response and attachment systems. The neuropeptide oxytocin has been implicated in attachment and social behaviour, and loss of social bonds has been associated with disruptions in oxytocin signalling. Furthermore, prior research has reported associations between circulating oxytocin and other mental illnesses, including depression. The present pilot study aimed to examine plasma levels of oxytocin in bereaved adults with primary CG (n = 47) compared to age- and sex-matched bereaved individuals with primary Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) (n = 46), and bereaved individuals without any mental disorder (n = 46). In unadjusted analyses comparing groups according to primary diagnosis, oxytocin levels were significantly higher for primary CG compared to primary MDD (p = 0.013), but not compared to bereaved controls (p = 0.069). In adjusted regression models, having a primary or probable (Inventory of Complicated Grief ≥ 30) diagnosis of CG was associated with significantly higher oxytocin levels (p = 0.001). While additional research is needed, findings from our pilot study provide preliminary support for recent conceptualizations of CG implicating a role for oxytocin and the attachment system. Importantly, these findings contribute to the limited current knowledge about possible biological correlates of CG.
Data Window Selection Method Applied to Sampled Value Differential Protection

In this paper, the characteristics of the saturation current waveform are analyzed, and the instantaneous value of the differential current and the instantaneous value of the braking current and the rate of change of the differential current and the rate of change of the braking current are compared in the case of CT saturation. A data window of each wave cycle selection method for sampled value differential protection is proposed, and the real time digital simulation (RTDS) test is carried out. The test proves that the differential protection used this principle is not affected by the system frequency, the current non-periodic component and the CT transfer characteristic. The sampled value differential protection can operate quickly for the internal fault, and cannot operate reliably for the external fault. In the case of complex transferring faults, the rapidity and reliability of the differential protection operation can still be guaranteed. The data window selection method is accurate and reliable, and the sensitivity of the sampled value differential protection operation is improved.
Novel Isoforms of Neutrophil Elastase Produced by Neutropenia-Associated Mutations of the Initiation Codon and an Internal Ribosomal Entry Site (IRES) of ELANE

Abstract Abstract 9 Severe congenital neutropenia is most commonly caused by mutations in the gene, ELANE, encoding neutrophil elastase, through a mechanism that is not fully understood. Two prevalent hypotheses point to mislocalization of neutrophil elastase or, alternatively, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress resulting from protein misfolding. We have recently identified disease-causing mutations in the “Kozak” ribosome-binding sequence and the initiation codon that do not easily fit with either theory. In cell culture models of neutrophil elastase expression, we found that when the ribosome binding site of ELANE is mutated, at least four polypeptides are expressed, all shorter than the wild type. All of the isoforms are reactive to a carboxyl-terminal antibody, indicating that they are likely produced from alternate start sites or represent amino-terminal truncations. ELANE contains three downstream in-frame initiation codons (ATG) that potentially could be utilized as alternate translation start sites, and mutations in the vicinity of these sequences predictably correlate with production of each of the shorter isoforms. Furthermore, a protein-coding region of ELANE mRNA is complementary to the 18s ribosomal RNA subunit and demonstrates internal ribosome entry site (IRES) activity, when tested using a bicistronic luciferase assay. Neutropenia-associated mutations within the identified IRES also affect expression of the shorter isoforms of neutrophil elastase. These findings suggest that some ELANE mutations could cause neutropenia, not through disturbing the primary sequence of full-length neutrophil elastase protein, but instead by altering mRNA-ribosome interactions, thus generating shorter isoforms of normal sequence that are initiated from internal translational start sites. We have therefore biochemically characterized the shorter isoforms. We found that they do not demonstrate proteolytic activity. Because they lack signal sequences and cannot be trafficked through the ER, it is also not surprising that they fail to induce the ER stress response. They do not trigger apoptosis, as measured in several assays. Nevertheless, they do reduce myeloid cell viability in a colony forming test. We propose that these shortened isoforms contribute to the pathogenesis of ELANE-associated neutropenia by impairing myeloid cell development. Because a diversity of ELANE mutations from different patients seem to have identical effects, these shorter neutrophil elastase polypeptides, common to multiple patients regardless of mutation, may offer promise as targets for drug development. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
The Penalty Imposed by Ablated Data Augmentation

There is a set of data augmentation techniques that ablate parts of the input at random. These include input dropout, cutout, and random erasing. We term these techniques ablated data augmentation. Though these techniques seems similar in spirit and have shown success in improving model performance in a variety of domains, we do not yet have a mathematical understanding of the differences between these techniques like we do for other regularization techniques like L1 or L2. First, we study a formal model of mean ablated data augmentation and inverted dropout for linear regression. We prove that ablated data augmentation is equivalent to optimizing the ordinary least squares objective along with a penalty that we call the Contribution Covariance Penalty and inverted dropout, a more common implementation than dropout in popular frameworks, is equivalent to optimizing the ordinary least squares objective along with Modified L2. For deep networks, we demonstrate an empirical version of the result if we replace contributions with attributions and coefficients with average gradients, i.e., the Contribution Covariance Penalty and Modified L2 Penalty drop with the increase of the corresponding ablated data augmentation across a variety of networks.
Coronary vasomotor dysfunction in cancer survivors treated with thoracic irradiation

We sought to test the hypothesis that thoracic radiation therapy (RT) is associated with impaired myocardial flow reserve (MFR), a measure of coronary vasomotor dysfunction. We retrospectively studied thirty-five consecutive patients (71% female, mean ± standard deviation (SD) age: 66 ± 11 years) referred clinically for positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) myocardial perfusion imaging at a median (interquartile range, IQR) interval of 4.3 (2.1, 9.7) years following RT for a variety of malignancies. Radiation dose-volume histograms were generated for the heart and coronary arteries for each patient. The median (IQR) of mean cardiac radiation doses was 12.0 (1.2, 24.2) Gray. There were significant inverse correlations between mean radiation dose and global MFR (MFRGlobal) and MFR in the left anterior descending artery territory (MFRLAD): Pearson’s correlation coefficient = − .37 (P = .03) and − .38 (P = .03), respectively. For every one Gray increase in mean cardiac radiation dose, there was a mean ± standard error decrease of .02 ± .01 in MFRGlobal (P = .04) and MFRLAD (P = .03) after adjustment. In patients with a history of RT clinically referred for cardiac stress PET, we found an inverse correlation between mean cardiac radiation dose and coronary vasomotor function.
Means of Cyber Security Aspects Studying in Maritime Specialists Education

Nowadays occurs a jump in approaches to maritime technical systems developing with implementation of Industry 4.0, IIoT, Shipping 4.0 concepts. Progress in wireless technologies allows to perform absolutely new engineering tasks. Maritime branch realizes digital transformation steps, which envisage creation of unmanned, autonomous and remote controlled ships. But such systems are vulnerable for external malicious intrusion. Thus it’s necessary to deepen information technologies learning in maritime education in the following directions: IIoT, industrial wired and wireless data transfer technologies and hardware; satellite systems; big data, artificial intelligence, virtual and augmented reality; remote control; cyber security technologies. National University “Odessa Maritime Academy” participates in Trainings in Automation Technologies for Ukraine project. Obtained mobile equipment allows to study PcWorx and CoDeSys software for automation systems development (based on PLCs) and Profibus, ProfiNet, EtherCAT and wireless technologies. This base equipment may be supplemented by security firewalls.
Novel Metabolites as Potential Indicators of Ischemic Infarction Volume: a Pilot Study

Metabolomics may identify biomarkers for acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Previously, circulating metabolites were compared in AIS and healthy controls without accounting for stroke size. The goal of this study was to identify metabolites that associate with the volume of AIS. We prospectively analyzed 1554 serum metabolites in the acute (72 h) and chronic (3–6 months) stages of 60 ischemic stroke patients. We calculated infarct volume using diffusion-weighted images with MR segmentation software and associated the volume with stage-specific metabolites, acute-to-chronic stage changes, and multiple mixed regression in metabolite concentrations using multivariate regression analysis. We used the two-stage Benjamini and Hochberg (TSBH) procedure for multiple testing. Four unknown metabolites at the acute stage significantly associated with infarct volume: X24541, X24577, X24581, and X2482 (all p < 0.01). Nine metabolites at the chronic stage are significantly associated with infarct volume: indolpropinate, alpha ketoglutaramate, picolinate, X16087, X24637, X24576, X24577, X24582, X24581 (all p < 0.048). Infarct volume is also associated with significant changes in serum concentrations of twenty-seven metabolites, with p values from 0.01 to 1.48 × 10−7, and on five metabolites using mixed regression model. This prospective pilot study identified several metabolites associated with the volume of ischemic infarction. Confirmation of these findings on a larger dataset would help characterize putative pathways underlying the size of ischemic infarction and facilitate the identification of biomarkers or therapeutic targets.
Hadamard Transform Ion Mobility Spectrometry

Traditionally, the spectrum acquired using ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is an average of multiple experimental cycles. Each cycle is initiated by passing a short burst of ions into a drift tube containing a homogeneous electric field. Prior to starting the subsequent cycle, all ions in the system must arrive at the detector or spectral overlap may occur. To maximize resolution, the ion pulse admitted to the drift tube is small in relation to the total scan time with the unfortunate consequence of an inherently low duty cycle (∼1%). Offering an improved SNR through a 50% duty cycle, the Hadamard transform (HT) applied to ion mobility spectrometry represents a fresh alternative to signal-averaged data acquisition. Initial results from measurements of amphetamine and cytochrome c samples indicate a 2−10-fold increase in SNR for the HT-IMS technique with no reduction in resolution.
Nancy Davis Reagan, First Lady with a Neurosurgical Legacy.

Various well-known people associated with the history of the presidency of the United States have experienced neurologic disease or injury, especially trauma to the head or spine. Nancy Reagan, however, as the wife of President Ronald Reagan and First Lady, would leave a significant and lasting mark on the progress of neurosurgical science and education. Recognized for endeavors against drug abuse, Alzheimer disease, and polio, her interest in neurosurgical research is less well known. Nancy's father Loyal Davis was a remarkable neurosurgeon and educator of extraordinary influence. When Barrow Neurological Institute (BNI) founder John Green experienced complications after an illness, Davis served as BNI director during 1966 − 1967. After Davis's death in 1982, Robert Spetzler, who had been a student of Davis at Northwestern University Medical School and was then BNI director, convinced Green, despite his misgivings, to support a neurosurgical laboratory recognizing Davis. In 1988, Nancy Reagan, then First Lady, dedicated the Loyal and Edith Davis Neurosurgical Research Laboratory. At the dedication, she remarked on her years growing up in the home of a pioneering neurosurgeon and remarked that “my father believed deeply in the importance of research to develop new methods for treating patients.” Green and Spetzler's unified efforts honored the extraordinary career of Davis in a manner he would have appreciated, were supported by a First Lady with deep involvement in politics and philanthropy dedicated to promoting advances in medicine, and are part of neurosurgery's unique heritage.
Fairness, Utility, and Market Risk

In this Article, I argue that we lack a satisfactory theory about how disclosure, the centerpiece of securities regulation, serves investor interests. To close this gap, I contend that the regulations should be viewed as part of a broader societal framework that protects individuals from stock-market risk. I flesh out this notion in three ways. First, I set out to justify protection from market risk as a valid societal goal. To do so, I appeal to Rawlsian and utilitarian notions of justice. These moral theories contain the principle that a just society helps individuals manage risk. I argue that this principle applies to the risk in the stock market - its volatility. Second, I describe how society currently protects investors from market swings. I contend that securities regulation provides one form of protection. Beyond that, I argue, we rely on a largely market-based paradigm, where individuals are expected to manage volatility on their own by diversifying their portfolios and investing for the long term. In the final part of the Article, I look at the normative implications of this analysis. I ask whether today’s risk-management framework is effective, efficient, and fair. I argue that it comes up short in these regards and consider avenues of reform. I posit that reforms to securities regulations offer little upside, but that we can help investors through the creation of institutions exogenous to the market that facilitate better portfolio diversification and the equitable sharing of market risk across society and generations.
Environmental life cycle impacts of cellulosic ethanol in the Southern U.S. produced from loblolly pine, eucalyptus, unmanaged hardwoods, forest residues, and switchgrass using a thermochemical conversion pathway

Abstract The cradle-to-grave environmental impacts of thermochemical ethanol from loblolly pine, eucalyptus, unmanaged hardwoods, forest residues, and switchgrass biomass feedstocks were determined and compared to gasoline. The Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Other Impacts (TRACI) method was implemented in SimaPro 7.3 to calculate midpoint environmental impacts. Two normalization value sets were used and weighting was performed to produce a single environmental score. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions of cellulosic ethanol as compared to gasoline were 65%–77%, depending on the biomass feedstock, qualifying these biofuels as cellulosic ethanol under the Renewable Fuel Standards (RFS2). Effects of direct land-use change were significant (~ 18%) and could increase the GHG emissions for switchgrass derived ethanol above the federal GHG reduction thresholds for cellulosic ethanol. The production and use of cellulosic ethanol reduced fossil fuel consumption by between 95% and 97% and by 81% for forest and switchgrass derived ethanol, respectively. Cellulosic ethanol, however, did not reduce all environmental impact categories (e.g., eutrophication, ozone depletion respiratory effects, acidification, and smog) compared to gasoline. The fuel scenario ranking from lowest impact to highest impact consistently remained the same for GHG emissions, fossil fuel use, and the two single weight score analysis methods and was, in ascending order, forest residues with no forest establishment burdens, forest residues with forest establishment burdens, natural hardwood, pine, switchgrass, and finally gasoline. The GHG emission reductions from the use of cellulosic ethanol at the renewable fuel standards mandated production volume of 16 billion gallons of cellulosic ethanol per year by 2020 would result in 9–10 billion metric tonnes of GHG emissions avoided.
A Chick from My Dream Life

I LOVED HELPING my sister Betsy hide her bad hand in the morning. By eight, she'd be standing on the side of the bathtub, looking at her body in the bathroom mirror. "Okay," she'd say. She would fling out her bad hand: "Make it fashionable." I'd flip through my tube tops, finding one the same color as her swimsuit. Betsy examined her tan lines or put on Sea Coral lipstick because she thought that was right for the beach. She ignored me when I pulled her bad hand?the one with no fingers ? toward me and put a tube top over it. She liked tube tops because they hid her hand completely but made her look like she was carrying something bright. "Maybe tape it shut," I said. "Or paper clip it. And bunch it at your wrist. There." Betsy would hold the tube top up and examine it. "Cool," she said. I smiled, the expert. I wanted the tube top to look natu ral. I wanted to slip the tube top over her and see a good hand push through. My parents were the ones who started helping Betsy hide her bad hand. After my mother hemmed the bottom of Betsy's coats, she would sew the extra material to one sleeve. Betsy always had sleeves that were too long for her; I thought all her coats looked like they were coming alive and tak ing over her body. My mother took forever with those sleeves. I hated watching her with Betsy. Because of her hand, Betsy possessed my parents in a way that I didn't. Sometimes when I played with Betsy, I pulled my coat sleeves down over my hands; but the sight of me with gigantic sleeves always seemed to annoy my mother. "You don't want to look like a waif," she said, and rolled up my coat sleeves all the way to the elbow. Helping Betsy with her hand was the only thing I could do right that summer. Betsy was only eleven, a year younger than me, but had become pretty. The sun went into her skin and she held it easy, her hair, knees, glowing. Everyone knew her walk at our junior high school, a slow, wat ery step, her hair lifting and slapping her shoulders. Betsy understood something that I didn't, and as her older sister it was my job to stop this. That was the summer when my father moved from his bed to the couch every morning and when my mother tried to figure out what was wrong with him. My father was tired. He woke up at night, cold, when it was warm outside. He had a little cough. All over the house I could hear him;
Hydrocortisone and/or desiccated thyroid in physiologic dosage: X. Effects of thyroid hormone excesses on clinical status and thyroid indices☆

Desiccated thyroid (Proloid) administered to healthy adult male prisoners in dosages increased progressively during a 3-month period from 3 to 25 grains per day was surprisingly innocuous as judged by the variable production of nervousness, irritability, sweating, palpitations, chest pain, increased appetite, nocturia, diarrhea or constipation. However, tachycardia, and an increase in the systolic blood pressure developed consistently in the group. During such ingestion of desiccated thyroid, in addition to tachycardia, minor electrocardiographic changes were observed. Serum PBI levels during Proloid therapy did not follow the pattern of proportionate successive increases demonstrated by others during the administration of ordinary desiccated thyroid in comparable dosages. Instead, on 3 grains of Proloid per day the serum PBI decreased below starting values and with successive increments of Proloid rose only to 7 gamma per cent. This suggests that, compared to ordinary desiccated thyroid, the preparation of Proloid produced more of a triiodothyronine effect. Such a conclusion is also supported by the marked suppression of I131 uptake produced by the Proloid and the long interval before pretreatment PBI levels were reached following withdrawal of the medication. The serum BEI paralleled the PBI, though at a lower level; the binding of exogenous thyroxine to serum TBG and albumin as measured by electrophoresis was not affected. Proloid therapy produced an increase in triiodothyronine binding to blood cells in the group as a whole, but precise correlation in individual subjects was not evident. The contraction time of the Achilles tendon reflex as measured by the kinemometer, and contraction plus half of the relaxation time as measured by the photomotograph, indirect indices of the levels of thyroid hormones, were shortened in the groups as a whole, but again precise correlations in individual subjects were lacking. Maximal hand strength as measured by a recording ergometer was reduced during the ingestion of this preparation of desiccated thyroid on increasing dosages, indicating that a form of thyrotoxic myopathy may have been produced.
Installing a Vapor Recovery Unit and An Instrument Air System in an Oil and Gas Production Facility

ABSTRACT A typical land-based natural gas facility was chosen as a site for proposed installation of a Vapor Recovery Unit (VRU) and replacement of the existing natural gas-operated controls with pneumatic-operated controls. The VRU captures excess natural gas from storage tanks which would normally be vented to the atmosphere and compresses it to send to the sales pipeline. The constant bleed of natural gas from control valves is another source of unnecessary waste of natural resources and pollution. The instrument air system compresses air from the atmosphere, dehydrates it, and sends it through tubing to the appropriate control valves and air lines. Significant cost savings and emission reductions can be achieved by converting to a compressed instrument air system and adding a vapor recovery unit.
Increased Sensitivity of Immunofluorescent Assay for Salmonella in Nonfat Dry Milk

The necessity of developing a quick, sensitive, and reliable test for Salmonella in nonfat dry milk (NDM) is evident from the recent tracing of Salmonella outbreaks to this product. Normally, coagulation of casein occurs when assaying NDM under regular cultural conditions, raising the possibility of trapped bacteria. After 20 hr of incubation of NDM in preenrichment lactose broth, enrichment was achieved by using Selenite-Cystine Broth. Smears from the enrichment broth were examined by the fluorescent-antibody technique (FAT) with a commercially available polyvalent O globulin conjugated with fluorescein. Standard cultural methods (SCM) were performed for comparison with FAT. Sensitivity of FAT was definitely improved by the use of trypsin. Casein coagulation of NDM can be avoided by addition of trypsin to samples during initial preenrichment in lactose broth. Samples containing approximately one Salmonella per 10 g were easily detected by FAT with the use of trypsin-treated samples. The method required only 42 hr to complete. Additionally, the use of trypsin enhanced recovery of Salmonella by use of SCM, as evidenced by alteration in the observed coliform to Salmonella ratios.
Implicit Riemann solvers for the Pn equations

The spherical harmonics (P{sub n}) approximation to the transport equation for time dependent problems has previously been treated using Riemann solvers and explicit time integration. Here we present an implicit time integration method for the P n equations using Riemann solvers. Both first-order and high-resolution spatial discretization schemes are detailed. One facet of the high-resolution scheme is that a system of nonlinear equations must be solved at each time step. This nonlinearity is the result of slope reconstruction techniques necessary to avoid the introduction of artifical extrema in the numerical solution. Results are presented that show auspicious agreement with analytical solutions using time steps well beyond the CFL limit.
ANESTHETICS ELIMINATE SOMATOSENSORY-EVOKED DISCHARGES OF NEURONS IN THE SOMATOTOPICALLY ORGANIZED SENSORIMOTOR STRIATUM OF THE RAT

The somatotopic organization of the lateral striatum has been demonstrated by anatomical studies of corticostriatal projections from somatosensory and motor cortices and by single-cell recordings in awake animals. The functional organization in the rat, characterized thus far in the freely moving rat preparation, could be mapped more precisely if a stereotaxic, and possibly an anesthetized, preparation could be used. Because striatal discharges evoked by innocuous somatosensory stimulation are used in mapping, this study tested whether such discharges can be observed during anesthesia, encouraged by responsiveness during anesthesia in somatosensory cortical layers projecting to the striatum. Electrode tracks through lateral striatum of anesthetized rats (pentobarbital or ketamine) revealed spontaneously discharging neurons but no discharges evoked by somatosensory examination (passive manipulation and cutaneous stimulation of 14 body parts). Similar tracks in chronically implanted rats showed evoked firing at numerous sites during wakefulness but not during anesthesia (pentobarbital or urethane). Comparisons of the activity of individual neurons between wakefulness and anesthesia showed that pentobarbital, ketamine, chloral hydrate, urethane, or metofane eliminated evoked firing and suppressed spontaneous firing. Recovery time was greater for neural than for behavioral measures. Thus, mapping as proposed is ruled out, and more importantly, the data show that somatotopically organized lateral striatal neurons stop discharging in response to natural stimulation during anesthesia. Available data indicate they do not reach threshold in response to depolarizations produced by glutamatergic corticostriatal synaptic transmission projected from the somatosensory cortex. These data and demonstrations of anesthetic-induced imbalances in most striatal neurotransmitters emphasize that many results regarding striatal physiology and pharmacology during anesthesia cannot be extrapolated to behavioral conditions, thus indicating the need for more empirical testing in conscious animals.
Effect of hindlimb suspension on cardiovascular responses to sympathomimetics and lower body negative pressure

To determine whether hindlimb suspension is associated with the development of cardiovascular deconditioning, male rats were studied before and after undergoing one of three treatment conditions for 9 days: (1) cage control (n = 15, CON), (2) horizontal suspension (n = 15, HOZ), and (3) head-down suspension (n = 18, HDS). Testing included lower body negative pressure administered during chloralose-urethan anesthesia and graded doses of sympathomimetic agents (norepinephrine, phenylephrine, and tyramine) administered to conscious unrestrained animals. Both HDS and HOZ were associated with a small decrease in the hypotensive response to lower body negative pressure. The HOZ group, but not the HDS group, exhibited augmented reflex tachycardia. Furthermore, both HDS and HOZ groups manifested reduced pressor responses to phenylephrine after treatment. These reductions were associated with significantly attenuated increases in mesenteric vascular resistance. However, baroreflex control of heart rate was not altered by the treatment conditions. Collectively, these results indicate that 9 days of HDS in rats does not elicit hemodynamic response patterns generally associated with cardiovascular deconditioning induced by hypogravic conditions.