cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clostridial Infections in Children: Spectrum and Management

Clostridia can cause unique histotoxic syndromes produced by specific toxins (e.g., gas gangrene and food poisoning) as well as non-syndromic infections (e.g., abscess, local infections, and blood born infection). Clostridia can also be recovered from various body sites as part of polymicrobial aerobic-anaerobic infection. These include intra-abdominal (peritonitis and abscess), biliary tract, female genital tract, abscess (rectal area and oropharyngeal), pleuropulmonary, central nervous system, and skin and soft-tissue infections. Clostridia were recovered from children with bacteremia of gastrointestinal origin, necrotizing enterocolitis, and sickle cell disease. They have also been isolated in acute and chronic otitis media, chronic sinusitis and mastoiditis, peritonsillar abscesses, and neonatal conjunctivitis. Early and aggressive surgical debridement, decompression, and drainage of affected tissues are critical to successful outcome of histotoxic infections. Effective antimicrobials include penicillin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, third-generation cephalosporins, carbapenems, and vancomycin.
Calibrated multivariate regression with application to neural semantic basis discovery

We propose a calibrated multivariate regression method named CMR for fitting high dimensional multivariate regression models. Compared with existing methods, CMR calibrates regularization for each regression task with respect to its noise level so that it simultaneously attains improved finite-sample performance and tuning insensitiveness. Theoretically, we provide sufficient conditions under which CMR achieves the optimal rate of convergence in parameter estimation. Computationally, we propose an efficient smoothed proximal gradient algorithm with a worst-case numerical rate of convergence O(1/e), where e is a pre-specified accuracy of the objective function value. We conduct thorough numerical simulations to illustrate that CMR consistently outperforms other high dimensional multivariate regression methods. We also apply CMR to solve a brain activity prediction problem and find that it is as competitive as a handcrafted model created by human experts. The R package camel implementing the proposed method is available on the Comprehensive R Archive Network http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/camel/.
On the response of Burgers’ fluid and its generalizations with pressure dependent moduli

This manuscript presents a systematic investigation of the response of a Burgers’ viscoelastic fluid model with stress-dependent material parameters. Such a model has been used extensively in geomechanics as well as to describe the response of materials like asphalt. The stress, strain, and time relation of Burgers’ fluid model is expressed with second order differential operators applied to the stress and strain. The nonlinearity is due to the stress dependence of the material parameters, i.e., the fluid viscosity and the parameter related to the characteristic time. We impose discontinuity conditions, whose necessity was not recognized until the recent work of Prusa and Rajagopal (2011), for the stress and strain and also for the stress- and strain rates such that we satisfy the following assumptions: if there is a jump discontinuity in strain there should be a jump discontinuity in the corresponding stress, and if there is a small change in strain there ought to be a small change in the corresponding stress. These assumptions are also applied when a stress history is considered as input. We present constraints on the stress-dependent material functions in order to obtain a physically meaningful solution that describes the viscoelastic response of materials. We also allow different responses for tension and compression and perform parametric studies geared towards obtaining an understanding of the effect of nonlinear stress-dependent functions on the stress-relaxation and creep deformation under various loading histories. It is important to recognize that methods such as time–temperature superposition or the use of Laplace transforms that are useful in the case of the classical linear viscoelastic material will not work in the case of the non-linear model considered in this paper.
Identification of proteins whose synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is induced by DNA damage and heat shock.

SummaryProtein synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae after exposure to ultraviolet light (UV) was examined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of pulse-labelled proteins. The synthesis of 12 distinct proteins was induced by treatment with UV doses of 10–200 J/m2. The induced proteins differed in the minimum dose necessary for induction, the maximum dose at which induction still occurred and the constitutive level present in unirradiated cells. A chemical mutagen, 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide, induced synthesis of the same proteins. Induction after UV treatment was observed in seven different yeast strains, including three mutants deficient in DNA repair. Synthesis of five of the proteins was also induced by brief heat shock treatment. These five proteins may be members of a family of proteins whose synthesis is regulated by two different pathways responding to different types of stress.
Feeding Value of Methanol-Derived Single Cell Protein for Broiler Chicks

Abstract Feeding trials were conducted to determine the effects of incorporating a bacterial cell protein product (BCP) produced on methanol substrate into the diet of broiler chicks. The BCP was added to corn-soybean meal type diets at levels of 0, 5, 10 and 15%. In the first trial using all-mash diets, feed consumption and weight gains were reduced as the level of BCP increased. In the second study, pelleting the diets containing the fine, dusty BCP material was effective in improving feed consumption and weight gains. Up to 10% BCP was tolerated without adversely affecting performance when diets were pelleted.
COMPARATIVE ACTION SPECTRA FOR PYRIMIDINE DIMER FORMATION IN CLOUDMAN S91 MOUSE MELANOMA and EMT6 MOUSE MAMMARY CARCINOMA CELLS

— Pyrimidine dimer formation in melanotic mouse melanoma cells, Cloudman S91H-. and iii mouse mammary carcinoma cells, EMT6, was compared as a function of wavelength by irradiating equal numbers of cells from the two cell lines simultaneously. More dimers were formed in EMT6 than in S91H– by light of wavelengths less than 289 nm, while light of higher wavelengths caused equivalent dimer formation, as measured by the Micrococcus luteus UV-endonuclease assay. The cells of S91 flare lightly melanotic, yet shielding at lower wavelengths is considerable. It is speculated that melanin pigmentation arose by selection during an evolutionary period when UV-C light reaching the earth's surface was significantly greater than it is today.
Rapid Development of Metastases from Basal Cell Carcinoma Presenting as Cranial Nerve Palsies

A case is reported of metastatic basal cell carcinoma presenting with multiple neurologic deficits 20 months after excision of the primary lesion with good local control. Many features associated with the development of metastasis from basal cell carcinoma were not present in this case.
NASA scatterometer (NSCAT) calibration philosophy and approach

The NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT) is scheduled for launch aboard the Japanese Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS) in early 1996. The NSCAT instrument is a K(mu) -band radar which measures global ocean surface wind speeds and directions at 50 km resolution. The wind measurement is accomplished by first measuring the normalized backscatter cross section ((sigma) 0) of the ocean at three different azimuth angles and two different polarizations using eight fan-beam antennas. Wind vectors are then retrieved during ground data processing using an empirical geophysical model function which relates (sigma) 0 to wind speed and direction. The accuracy with which the ocean surface wind can be estimated is a sensitive function of the radiometric accuracy of the (sigma) 0 measurements. For this reason, NSCAT must be a highly calibrated and stable instrument. A considerable amount of effort has been invested by the NSCAT project in (1) analysis, to understand and quantify the effects of calibration errors on wind retrieval performance, and (2) the development of both a pre- and post-launch calibration approach to insure that (sigma) 0 measurement accuracy requirements are met. This paper summarizes these efforts and their resulting conclusions.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An experimental study of shear-enhanced convection in a mushy layer

The influence of an external shear flow on the evolution of a solidifying array of dendritic crystals, termed a mushy layer, is investigated through controlled cooling of an aqueous ammonium chloride solution in a laboratory flume. The controlled cooling produces a mushy layer that grows at a constant rate from the base of the flume over which a laminar shear flow is applied. We find a critical flow speed above which a spatiotemporal variation of the solid fraction of the layer appears with a planform transverse to the flow direction. The presence of this distinctive pattern of spanwise crevasses is compared with a simplified stability analysis in which the motion of the external fluid over the corrugated mush–liquid interface produces a pressure perturbation that drives flow and phase change within the mushy layer. This flow leads to a pattern of solidification and dissolution that is compared to the experimental results. The physical mechanism underlying the pattern formation is confirmed by the agreement between the theoretical predictions and experimental results. Finally, the comparison between theory and experiment provides a value for the mushy layer permeability, the evolution of which is of relevance to a host of geophysical, biological and engineering systems.
A feature space for edgels in images with landmarks

In many current medical applications of image analysis, objects are detected and delimited by boundary curves or surfaces. Yet the most effective multivariate statistics available pertain to labeled points (landmarks) only. In the finite-dimensional feature space that landmarks support, each case of a data set is equivalent to a deformation map deriving it from the average form. This paper introduces a new extension of the finite-dimensional spline-based approach for incorporating edge information. In this implementation edgels are restricted to landmark loci: they are interpreted as pairs of landmarks at infinitesimal separation in a specific direction. The effect of changing edge direction is a singular perturbation of the thin-plate spline for the landmarks alone. An appropriate normalization yields a basis for image deformations corresponding to changes of edge direction without landmark movement; this basis complements the basis of landmark deformations ignoring edge information. We derive explicit formulas for these edge warps, evaluate the quadratic form expressing bending energies of their formal combinations, and show the resulting spectrum of edge features in typical scenes. These expressions will aid all investigations into medical images that entail comparisons of anatomical scene analyses to a normative or typical form.
Local regulation of human breast xenograft models

Breast cancer studies implant human cancer cells under the renal capsule, subcutaneously, or orthotopically and often use estrogen supplementation and immune suppressants (etoposide) in xenograft mouse models. However, cell behavior is significantly impacted by signals from the local microenvironment. Therefore, we investigated how the combinatorial effect of the location of injection and procedural differences affected xenograft characteristics. Patient-derived breast cancer cells were injected into mouse abdominal or thoracic mammary glands +/- estrogen and/or etoposide pretreatment. Abdominal xenografts had increased tumor incidence and volume, and decreased latency (P < 0.001) compared to thoracic tumors. No statistically significant difference in tumor volume was found in abdominal xenografts treated +/- estrogen or etoposide; however, etoposide suppressed tumor volume in thoracic xenografts (P < 0.02). The combination of estrogen and etoposide significantly decreased tumor incidence in both sites. In addition, mice treated +/- estradiol were injected orthotopically or subcutaneously with well-characterized breast cancer cell lines (MCF7, ZR75-1, MDA MB-231, or MCF10Ca1h). Orthotopic injection increased tumor volume; growth varied with estrogen supplementation. Location also altered methylation status of several breast cancer-related gene promoters. Lastly, vascularization of orthotopic tumors was significantly enhanced compared to subcutaneous tumors. These data suggest that optimal xenograft success occurs with orthotopic abdominal injections and illustrate molecular details of the compelling influence of the local microenvironment on in vivo models.
Effect of diagenesis on Elastic and Transport Properties using Computational Rock Physics in realistic pore microstructure

Summary We present evolution of elastic and transport properties due to di agenetic effects in realistic pore microstructure using computational rock physics tools. We generate compacted spherical random packs using Granular Dynamics simulation. The output from this process based simulation is gridded at fine scale resolution (5 microns) and used for diagenesis modeling. Different diagenetic methods are employed to recreate the effects of cementation on the initial compacted pack. The microstructures obtained after diagenetic modeling are used for estimating elastic and transport properties. A Finite Element based model is used for elastic properties, while Lattice Boltzmann method is used for estimating permeability. The bulk and shear moduli from the reconstructed microstructures are compared to clean sandstone samples and are found to be reasonably close. We present different diagenetic trends in the elastic, transport and cross-property domains.
In the Margins of Charlesworth's Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: Controlled Vocabulary and the Challenges of Scripture Indices

ABSTRACT This article details the challenges faced by the author in producing a scripture index to Charlesworth's Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. After reflections on what one expects from a scripture index, he catalogues eleven sets of ambiguities surrounding the indexing task for which answers had to be provided. Finally, he provides a few suggestions to assist future editors whose works need to be indexed.
Effect of Small-Amplitude Heaving Oscillations on the Flow Structure Above a Low-Aspect Ratio Wing

Unsteady low-Reynolds-number flows are of importance in understanding the flight performance of natural flyers, as well as in the design of small unmanned air vehicles and micro air vehicles [1,2]. The imposed motion of flapping wings or the large excursions in effective angle of attack during gust encounters may induce the formation of dynamic-stall-like vortices [3–10] whose evolution and interaction with the aerodynamic surfaces impact both flight stability and performance.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Catecholaminotropic effects of catecholamines in a teleost fish, Anguilla rostrata.

Injections of physiological and supraphysiological doses of epinephrine (E) into cardiaccannulated eels cause a dose-related increase of plasma dopamine (DA) and norepineprine (NE) within 3 min. Likewise, both exogenous DA and NE increase the plasma titers of the respective other two catecholamines (CAs). The baseline titers of NE and E are closely correlated. Lack of a correlation of the baseline titers of NE and E with that of DA appears to be due to a faster disappearance rate of DA from the circulation. E is strongly hyperglycemic, and the weaker glycemic action of NE may be mediated via E release. The effects of E seem to depend on a spurt-like increase rather than its titer per se. The ability of the eel to cope with very fast, excessive increases of plasma CAs raises the question of the underlying mechanisms.
Cesarean section: Indications and technique

Abstract The literature of the last decade shows that a large number of obstetricians are resorting to the low or cervical cesarean section instead of the classical or Sanger operation. Since the early part of this century, the indications for cesarean section seem to have increased, perhaps, because of the better results obtained by the low operation. The tendency of the present time is to restrict rather than to increase the indications. The important indications are given in detail. When a cesarean section has been decided upon the surgeon has the choice of eight methods, as follows: (1) vaginal cesarean section; (2) the Sanger classical cesarean section; (3) the low or cervical cesarean section, with a longitudinal incision, (Kronig-Beck-DeLee) ; (4) the transverse cervical cesarean section; (5) the Veit-Fromme-Hirst transperitoneal cesarean section, popularly known as peritoneal exclusion; (6) the Latzko extraperitoneal operation; (7) the Gottschalk-Portes operation, or exteriorization of the uterus; and (8) the Porro operation, or cesarean section followed by hysterectomy. The condition of the patient will govern the choice of the method. The low or cervical cesarean section may be used safely after an adequate test of labor. The peritoneal exclusion method of Veit-Fromme-Hirst occupies an intermediate place between the low or cervical cesarean section and the true extraperitoneal procedure of Latzko. Of the conservative methods, the Latzko operation gives the infected parturient the greatest protection against peritonitis. Exteriorization of the uterus and hysterectomy are reserved for the occasional severely neglected patient. The indications for the Porro operation are presented. The technique of the different methods is discussed and supplemented by illustrations.
Nonparalytic poliovirus infections in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency disease

Four patients with severe combined immunodeficiency disease developed nonparalytic poliovirus infection after immunization with oral polio vaccine. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation or administration of unirradiated peripheral lymphocytes induced evidence of graft-versus-host disease in all four of these patients and evidence of immunologic reconstitution in two. These patients stopped excreting poliovirus in their stools shortly after the first evidence of acceptance of the immunocompetent cells. The cells responsible for the immunologic reconstitution of these patients also appear to be responsible for eradicating the poliovirus infection.
Paralytic shellfish poisoning: seafood safety and human health perspectives.

Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is the foodborne illness associated with the consumption of seafood products contaminated with the neurotoxins known collectively as saxitoxins (STXs). This family of neurotoxins binds to voltage-gated sodium channels, thereby attenuating action potentials by preventing the passage of sodium ions across the membrane. Symptoms include tingling, numbness, headaches, weakness and difficulty breathing. Medical treatment is to provide respiratory support, without which the prognosis can be fatal. To protect human health, seafood harvesting bans are in effect when toxins exceed a safe action level (typically 80 mug STX eq 100g(-1) tissue). Though worldwide fatalities have occurred, successful management and monitoring programs have minimized PSP cases and associated deaths. Much is known about the toxin sources, primarily certain dinoflagellate species, and there is extensive information on toxin transfer to traditional vectors - filter-feeding molluscan bivalves. Non-traditional vectors, such as puffer fish and lobster, may also pose a risk. Rapid and reliable detection methods are critical for toxin monitoring in a wide range of matrices, and these methods must be appropriately validated for regulatory purposes. This paper highlights PSP seafood safety concerns, documented human cases, applied detection methods as well as monitoring and management strategies for preventing PSP-contaminated seafood products from entering the food supply. Language: en
A qualitative study of access to sanitation amongst low-income working women in Bangalore, India

In India, access to sanitation amongst the urban poor remains low, and women are worse affected than men. Little is known about barriers to sanitation at the workplace, a location where working adults spend close to half of their waking hours. To explore access to sanitation facilities at the workplace amongst poor urban women, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 48 women working in low-income jobs in Bangalore. Access to sanitation varied by occupation group, with construction workers and domestic workers being the worst affected, and factory workers and street vendors better off. Consequences of inadequate access to sanitation included shame and fear related to urination and defecation in open areas, holding back the urge to urinate or defecate, walking significant distances during working hours to use a latrine, inability to maintain adequate menstrual hygiene at work, loss of pay as a result of missing work during menstruation and resentment towards employers who did not provide access to latrines. The findings reveal significant shortcomings in access to sanitation at the workplace for poor urban women. Extending legislation and improving the implementation of current regulation would improve access to sanitation at the workplace, as would increasing the coverage of public toilets.
Efficacy of Levetiracetam in Children With Epilepsy Younger Than 2 Years of Age

Despite the high incidence of epilepsy in very young children, the availability of approved antiepileptic drugs for this population is limited. This study assessed the efficacy and tolerability of levetiracetam in children younger than 2 years of age with various types of epilepsy. A single-center, retrospective chart review of 28 patients ranging in age from 2 weeks to 22 months treated with levetiracetam over a 2.5-year period was conducted. The mean dosage of levetiracetam was 39 mg/kg per day, and the mean duration of treatment was 6.3 months. The majority of patients (54%) were also taking 1 or 2 other antiepileptic drugs. A reduction in seizure frequency was found in 54%, with 14% achieving seizure freedom. Eight patients showed no response to levetiracetam treatment. Efficacy was highest among patients with generalized epilepsy. Adverse effects occurred in 2 patients and were behavioral in nature. Levetiracetam treatment was safe and effective in this group of very young patients with various types of epilepsy.
Cost-Utility Analysis and Quality Adjusted Life Years

Cost-utility analysis is a form of cost-effectiveness analysis in which outcomes are adjusted for quality and quantity of life. This type of analysis is used widely in Europe and is being used increasingly in the United States. This article provides an overview of cost utility analysis and quality adjusted life years, a commonly used effectiveness measure in CUA when comparing two or more treatments or interventions.
Solvation dynamics of coumarin 153 in several classes of ionic liquids: cation dependence of the ultrafast component

Time-resolved emission spectroscopy with 25 ps resolution is used to measure the dynamics of solvation of coumarin 153 in four ionic liquids (ILs), comprising three (imidazolium, ammonium, and phosphonium) cation classes. All four liquids possess similar electronic and nuclear polarizabilities. Solvation in the imidazolium ILs is biphasic, consisting of ultrafast (<5 ps) and slow (ns) components of roughly equal amplitudes near room temperature, whereas the ammonium and phosphonium ILs lack the ultrafast portion of the response. The slow solvation component displays kinetics typical of glass-forming liquids and tracks solution viscosity in a similar manner in all of the ILs.
A test approach for commercial communication satellites

Abstract A description is given of the test philosophy presently being used for the commercial communication satellites to assure good confidence in the design and flight hardware before launch. A summary overview of a typical test program is presented.
Detection of anomalies in an image by wavelet analysis

In this paper, a wavelet based approach to the detection of anomalies in an image is described. In this approach, the anomalies are detected through hypothesis tests on the wavelet coefficients of the input image. In the development of this approach, some results on the correlation structure of the wavelet expansion of wide-sense stationary (WSS) processes are established. Namely, the wavelet coefficients are WSS and weakly within correlated a resolution level, uncorrelated when separated by more than one resolution levels, almost uncorrelated when separated by one resolution level. Experimental results on both synthetic and real-world images (sandpaper defect detection) and comparison with results obtained by neural network demonstrate the efficacy of the wavelet approach.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites in narcolepsy and hypersomnia

Two groups of patients with the common complaint of excessive daytime sleepiness were examined. One group fulfilled the criteria for narcolepsy. The other had the sole symptom of excessive daytime sleepiness, confirmed by sleep latency tests, which was unaccompanied by systemic illness. Spinal fluid examinations for homovanillic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were carried out before and after administration of probenecid on the 20 patients and 40 controls. Probenecid-corrected accumulation of the dopamine metabolites was significantly increased in each of the patient groups, suggesting an association between pathological sleepiness and elevated dopamine turnover in the central nervous system.
Effects of laser field statistics on coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy intensities.

The effects of intensity fluctuations in the frequency-doubled output of a multimode Nd:YAG pump laser on coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) signal generation have been investigated in a crossed-beam, two-color CARS experiment. Measurements of signal intensity as a function of time delay (small compared with pulse length) in one pump beam show a maximum at zero delay. In measurements on a single unresolved transition, however, the nonresonant signal is enhanced by almost a factor of 2 more than the resonant signal. Our results demonstrate the non-Gaussian nature of the laser field statistics and introduce new considerations into the analysis of experimental CARS spectra.
Biocompatibilty of starch-based films from starch of Andean crops for biomedical applications

Abstract In this communication we report the use of starch films as cell substrates. To the best of our knowledge it is the first time that films prepared from native Andean starches are studied as biomaterials. For the present study 3T3 fibroblast cells were seeded in seventeen novel starch based films from different Andean crops. In order to analyze the use of these types of starch as biomedical materials, biocompatibility, viability and cell adhesion studies were performed at the third day of incubation on supplemented DMEM medium. After cultured, films made from starch of “tunta”, “muro-huayro” potato and white carrot showed the highest level of living cells and cell viability. These results indicate that native starches from Andean crops can be used for biomedical applications.
The Swift γ-ray burst MIDEX mission

Abstract The Swift satellite, a NASA Medium-Class Explorer (MIDEX) mission scheduled for launch in July, 2004, is a multi-wavelength observatory for rapid-response observations of astrophysical transients. Swift is composed of three co-aligned telescopes covering an energy range from 7 eV (170 nm) to 150 keV. The Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) is a coded aperture hard X-ray imager, which serves as the γ-ray burst (GRB) trigger for Swift. The Narrow Field Instruments (NFIs) are the Ultra-Violet/Optical Telescope (UVOT) and the X-ray Telescope (XRT). The Swift satellite has the ability to rapidly maneuver to point all there instruments at a bursting source within a minute of detection. Rapid burst alerts will be distributed through the GRB Coordinates Network (GCN) and all Swift data will become public as soon as it is processed. Secondary science for Swift includes detecting astrophysical transients on time scales of from 5 min to several hours and immediately alerting the astrophysical community of such events. Furthermore, the BAT instrument will be used for a high sensitivity hard X-ray all-sky survey which is expected to detect as many as 400 Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN).
Taxonomy and natural history of some fossorial rodents of Patagonia, southern Argentina

Habits and taxonomy of species of the following genera are discussed: Aconaemys, Ctenomys, Chelemys, Geoxus, and Notiomys. In degree of adaptation to a burrowing mode of life, these five Patagonian genera fall between Thomomys bottae and Microtus californicus. Sympatry occurs frequently among most of the Patagonian genera, a condition permitted by dietary, size and habitat differences. The two studied species of Ctenomys remain allopatric, as well as the two species of Aconaemys. New specimens of Notiomys edwardsii confirm the uniqueness of that genus. Chelemys and Geoxus are considered to be generically distinct. Chelemys angustus is an Akodon, and Chelemyscus fossor is a composite of Chelemyscus macronyx (skin) and Euneomys (skull). Two distinct species of Aconaemys are recognized; one of them is described as new.
Cavity field in liquid dielectrics

We present the results of an analytical model and simulations of the field inside a cavity in a uniformly polarized dipolar liquid. The analytical microscopic theory shows that Maxwell's equations of continuum electrostatics are realized through a singularity in the microscopic response function representing a non-decaying longitudinal polarization wave. The appearance of this solution depends on the order of continuum and thermodynamic limits taken in the microscopic equations. Fields in microscopic cavities are much different from macroscopic predictions approaching with increasing cavity size a new continuum expression derived from the microscopic equations. Numerical Monte Carlo simulations never reach the standard continuum limit and instead converge to a new continuum solution.
A NOVEL TRUNCATED RENAL-SPECIFIC ISOFORM OF ANKYRIN ASSOCIATES WITH THE GOLGI COMPLEX AND BINDS SPECTRIN. • 2142

A NOVEL TRUNCATED RENAL-SPECIFIC ISOFORM OF ANKYRIN ASSOCIATES WITH THE GOLGI COMPLEX AND BINDS SPECTRIN. • 2142
Macrocyclic lactones as the defense substances of the termite genus armitermes

Abstract Soldier termites of three species of Armitermes (Isoptera: Nasutitermitinae) contain macrocyclic lactones possessing from 22 to 36 carbon atoms and novel C 24 and C 26 α- and β-hydroxy macrolides as the primary components of their cephalic secretions.
Hume on Our Notion of Causality

1. In his recent 'David Hume and Necessary Connections' (Philosophy 62 (1987), 49-58), T. F. Lindley has suggested that Hume's subjective explication of necessary connection has been designed 'to weaken our notion of causality' (57). Citing a well-known passage from Hume's Enquiry in support of his suggestion, Lindley goes on to claim that we need not accept Hume's explication of the term 'necessary connection', and by implication, his (negative) assessment of the notion of causality. For as Lindley puts it: I have argued that there is a least one use of 'necessary connection' that refers to an objective relation. And if Hume had taken note of it, he would have had to distinguish, at the very least, between it and some more nebulous idea for which he had no antecedent impression (58). Now Lindley may, or may not, be correct in his specification of an objective use of 'necessary connection'. I shall not take issue with him on this score: this is something that others may want to decide on. However, where his interpretation of Hume's account of necessary connection is concerned, as I see it, Lindley is wide of the mark. For it appears that Hume does not maintain that the idea of necessary connection lacks an impression. Rather than argue that the idea of necessary connection is a 'nebulous idea for which he [i.e. Hume] had no antecedent impression' (58), my contention is that Hume endorses the quite different view according to which the idea of necessary connection is associated with an impression, and that this impression is a specific internal propensity, or determination of the mind. Before we consider the case for my interpretation, consider the basis of Lindley's version of Hume's views on necessary connection.
Coronary calcification: assessment by intravascular ultrasound imaging

The role of intralesional coronary calcification is not only an important prognostic factor with respect to interventions, but can be extremely important with respect to diagnostic classification of lesion subsets. Intravascular ultrasound details the relationship between plaque and vessel wall in real time throughout the coronary arterial tree. This provides the opportunity to exactly define not only the quantity but also the distribution of calcium within the vessel wall. This is particularly important from a diagnostic standpoint, as plaque-containing calcification can often lead to ambiguous or erroneous angiographic information. Being able to classify different plaque substructures with intravascular ultrasound can help not only to clarify the ambiguous angiogram but delineate the exact nature of luminal encroachment. From a treatment standpoint, the identification of calcification patterns, particularly those on the superficial intimal surface, can alert the operator to change the compliance prior to definitive therapy. High-speed rotational atherectomy is a technique that provides significant de-calcification in preparation for optimizing the stent geometry within such lesion subsets. Although electron beam computed tomography can accurately locate calcification patterns within the coronary tree in a non-invasive manner, it's often difficult to know the extent of calcification and the relationship to fibrofatty plaques. Intravascular ultrasound albeit invasive, provides the opportunity to delineate these plaque substructures and potentially identify lesion subsets that may have an important natural history in the development of coronary atherosclerosis.
Turbulence behaviour in the presence of transport barriers

There is general agreement that the creation of transport barriers in magnetized plasmas is associated with the reduction in turbulence-driven transport. The fundamental physics involved in barrier formation is the effect of equilibrium E × B shear and zonal flows on turbulence and transport. This paper focuses on three major issues in turbulence and transport barriers that were discussed at the Tenth IAEA Technical Committee Meeting on H-Mode Physics and Transport Barriers: (1) zonal flows and their effects on turbulence, (2) spatial spreading of turbulence from regions of instability to regions of stability and (3) the effects of short wavelength turbulence. This work gives a short summary of experimental work bearing on each of the themes and raises fundamental questions to motivate future research in each of these areas.
Dynamics of dimensional reduction

In d-dimensional unified theories that, along with gravity, contain an antisymmetric tensor field of rank s-1, preferential compactification of d-s or of s space-like dimensions is found to occur. This is the case in 11-dimensional supergravity where s = 4.
Designing a synthetic fuel plant for low sulfur emissions

The North Alabama coal-to-methanol plant is designed for 99.7% sulfur removal. The plant will produce about 2000 metric tons of methanol a day by indirect coal liquefaction of eastern bituminous coal. The high sulfur removal efficiency will be achieved by designing the acid gas removal unit to supply a concentrated H/sub 2/S rich feed to the sulfur recovery unit, while producing a low sulfur CO/sub 2/ waste gas, by routing the various sour gas streams in the plant to the sulfur recovery unit for treatment, and by control of sulfur storage tank emissions. 7 references, 7 figures, 3 tables.
Pictorial Instrument for Children and Adolescents (PICA-III-R).

ABSTRACT Objective The Pictorial Instrument for Children and Adolescents (PICA-III-R) is presented as part of a comprehensive review of the tools used to diagnose psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. Method The PICA-III-R's development, content, initial psychometric properties, and directions for use are described. Results The PICA-III-R assesses all DSM-III-R Axis I psychiatric disorders in children aged 6 to 16 years, categorically (diagnosis present or absent) and dimensionally (range of severity). It comprises 137 pictures organized in modules that cover 5 diagnostic categories, including disorders of anxiety, mood, psychosis, disruptive behavior, and substance abuse. Its initial psychometric properties are promising, with good internal consistency, significant discriminative power for diagnoses, and sensitivity to changes. Conclusions Despite great interest expressed by child and adolescent psychiatrists, further testing has not been possible for practical reasons unrelated to the scientific importance of such work. Although it needs to be modified to follow DSM-IV criteria, the PICA-III-R can be of significant help to child and adolescent psychiatrists, for clinical as well as research diagnostic purposes. In addition, it can be used for the assessment of non-English-speaking or hearing/speech-impaired children.
Vocal cord collapse during phrenic nerve-paced respiration in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome.

Objective: Phrenic nerve pacing can be used to treat congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS). We report how the lack of normal vocal cord tone during phrenic paced respiration can result in passive vocal cord collapse and produce obstructive symptoms. Methods: We describe a case of passive vocal cord collapse during phrenic nerve paced respiration in a patient with CCHS. As far as we know, this is the first report of this etiology of airway obstruction. The patient, a 7-year-old with CCHS and normal waking vocal cord movement, continued to require nightly continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) despite successful utilization of phrenic nerve pacers. On direct laryngoscopy, the patient’s larynx was observed while the diaphragmatic pacers were sequentially engaged. Results: No abnormal vocal cord stimulation was witnessed during engaging of either phrenic nerve stimulator. However, the lack of normal inspiratory vocal cord abduction during phrenic nerve-paced respiration resulted in vocal cord collapse and partial obstruction due to passive adduction of the vocal cords through the Bernoulli effect. Bilateral phrenic nerve stimulation resulted in more vocal cord collapse than unilateral stimulation. Conclusions: The lack of vocal cord abduction on inspiration presents a limit to phrenic nerve pacers.
Resting lymphocyte kinase (Rlk/Txk) phosphorylates the YVKM motif and regulates PI 3-kinase binding to T-cell antigen CTLA-4.

Abstract CTLA-4 and CD28 are differentially expressed on T-cells. They bind to a common ligand B71/2 (CD80/86), however with different avidities. Unlike CD28 which augments the T-cell response, CTLA-4 operates predominately as a negative regulator of T-cell proliferation. The mechanism by which CTLA-4 can generate these intracellular signals is unclear. Little is known regarding the identity of the protein-tyrosine kinase(s) responsible for CTLA-4 phosphorylation and thus creating conditions for the reported binding to PI 3-kinase and the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2. In this study, we demonstrate that Rlk ( r esting l ymphocyte k inase) is capable of phosphorylating CTLA-4 at the YVKM motif. Consistent with this finding, Rlk is capable of providing conditions for the binding of the SH2 domains of PI 3-kinase to the receptor. CTLA-4 is therefore the first known substrate for Rlk suggesting the possibility that this kinase may participate in CTLA-4 function.
A factor analysis of the WISC and Rorschach.

(1958). A Factor Analysis of the WISC and Rorschach. Journal of Projective Techniques: Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 297-301.
Effect of organic compounds on the interconversions of calcium aluminate hydrates. Hydration of monocalcium aluminate

Abstract Organic compounds can sorb into the structure of C 2 AH 8 , as was found previously for C 4 AH 13 , and thereby restrict its conversion to C 3 AH 6 . The presence of interlayer aluminate ions inhibits complex formation at room temperature, but at 75°C aluminum hydroxide is expelled from the structure as interlayer complexes form. The conversion of CAH 10 to C 3 AH 6 can also be restricted by organic molecules although complex formation does not appear to take place under the conditions studied. Those molecules which effectively stabilize CAH 10 so strongly retard the hydration of CA that rapid strength development is no longer possible.
Mitogen-independent DNA synthesis by fetal rat hepatocytes in primary culture.

Abstract We have identified conditions under which late gestation fetal rat hepatocytes in primary culture proliferate in the absence of serum, polypeptide growth factors, or insulin. Fetal hepatocytes, cultured in defined minimal essential medium (MEM) with hydrocortisone, synthesized DNA within the first 6 h after plating and for up to 72 h. Rates of thymidine incorporation into DNA by fetal hepatocytes exceeded peak rates seen with adult rat hepatocytes. The latter were quiescent following isolation, with DNA synthesis only occurring after 48 h exposure to insulin plus epidermal growth factor. Although they exhibited a high rate of DNA synthesis, the fetal hepatocytes retained sensitivity to added mitogens; DNA synthesis was stimulated three- to fourfold by subnanomolar concentrations of TGF-α. Fetal hepatocytes also were sensitive to the growth inhibitory effects of TGF-β at concentrations below 10 p M . Finally, ontogenic changes in serum- and mitogen-independent fetal hepatocyte growth were observed, with declining rates of DNA synthesis as term approached. We speculate that the ability of fetal rat hepatocytes to synthesize DNA independent of added serum or mitogens may coincide with a proliferative in vivo phenotype.
Cardiovascular complications in chronic kidney disease

The risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality remains alarmingly high in all stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD). CVD often begins before end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and patients with reduced kidney function are more likely to die of CVD than to develop ESRD. Three pathological forms of CVD should be considered in patients with CKD: alterations in cardiac geometry, including left ventricular hypertrophy, atherosclerosis, and arteriosclerosis. All are highly prevalent in patients with CKD. Although patients with CKD share many of the same risk factors for CVD as the general population, there are a number of uremia-related risk factors, such as anemia and alterations in calcium/phosphorus metabolism, that also play a role in promoting CVD. Treatment of both traditional and uremia-related risk factors should be initiated in the earlier stages of CKD. Additional clinical trials with a goal to reduce CVD are urgently needed in CKD.
Control of delayed matching-to-sample performance using directed forgetting techniques

Pigeons acquired a successive delayed matching-to-sample task at a delay interval of 4 sec. Instructional stimuli were interpolated in the delay interval signaling the occurrence (R-cue) or nonoccurrence (F-cue) of comparison stimuli, a procedure modeled after the directed forgetting techniques commonly used in human memory studies. Accuracy on probe trials (in which comparison stimuli were presented following F-cues) was reduced relative to performance on standard training trials in which R-cues signaling the occurrence of comparison stimuli appeared in the same temporal location. The extent of the reduction in accuracy depended on the temporal location of the F-cues, the reduction being greater when the cue was more remote from the comparison stimuli. Examination of retention interval keypecking revealed a strong correlation between matching performance and retention interval responding.
Gravitational lensing by an ensemble of isothermal galaxies

Calculation of 28,000 models of gravitational lensing of a distant quasar by an ensemble of randomly placed galaxies, each having a singular isothermal mass distribuiton, is reported. The average surface mass density was 0.2 of the critical value in all models. It is found that the surface mass density averaged over the area of the smallest circle that encompasses the multiple images is 0.82, only slightly smaller than expected from a simple analytical model of Turner et al. (1984). The probability of getting multiple images is also as large as expected analytically. Gravitational lensing is dominated by the matter in the beam; i.e., by the beam convergence. The cases where the multiple imaging is due to asymmetry in mass distribution (i.e., due to shear) are very rare. Therefore, the observed gravitational-lens candidates for which no lensing object has been detected between the images cannot be a result of asymmetric mass distribution outside the images, at least in a model with randomly distributed galaxies. A surprisingly large number of large separations between the multiple images is found: up to 25 percent of multiple images have their angular separation 2 to 4 times larger than expected in a simple analytical model.
Chiroptical properties of S-proline conformational isomers.

The chiroptical properties of S-proline conformational isomers are examined on a theoretical model in which electronic wave functions are obtained from semiempirical molecular orbital calculations. The CNDO/S molecular orbital model is used to perform SCF-MO calculations on ground state electronic structure and excited states are constructed in the virtual orbital-configuration interaction approximation. Electronic rotatory strengths and dipole strengths are calculated directly from the complete (but approximate) molecular electronic wave functions. Zwitterionic, cationic, and anionic S-proline structures are studied twotypes of conformational variables are represented in the calculations: (1) pyrrolidine ring conformation; and (2) rotation about the Cα-COO− bond. Rotatory strengths are found to be somewhat sensitive to rotational isomerism about the Cα-COO− bond, but are found to be rather insensitive to conformational changes within the pyrrolidine ring. The CD spectrum of zwitterionic S-proline down to ∼160 nm appears to be well accounted for by the theoretically calculated results if conformational preferences with respect to rotation about the Cα-COO− bond can be assumed to exist in solution media. Furthermore, spectra-structure correlations are offered for the anionic and cationic forms of S-proline in solution.
Magnetic resonance studies of the deuteration effect on intersystem crossing in the anthracene molecule

Abstract The intersystem crossing decay constants from the 3 B 2u state into the ground state of anthracene- d 10 in a phenazine crystal have been determined by magnetic resonance techniques at 1.5°K both at high magnetic field and, by a parameterization procedure, at zero magnetic field. A comparison of the anthracene- d 10 zero-field results with those for anthracene- h 10 show the effects of deuterium substitution to be largest for the in-plane spin levels of the anthracene triplet state.