cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feature saliency measures

Abstract This paper presents a survey of feature saliency measures used in artificial neural networks. Saliency measures can be used for assessing a feature's relative importance. In this paper, we contrast two basic philosophies for measuring feature saliency or importance within a feed-forward neural network. One philosophy is to evaluate each feature with respect to relative changes in either the neural network's output or the neural network's probability of error. We refer to this as a derivative-based philosophy of feature saliency. Using the derivative-based philosophy, we propose a new and more efficient probability of error measure. A second philosophy is to measure the relative size of the weight vector emanating from each feature. We refer to this as a weight-based philosophy of feature saliency. We derive several unifying relationships which exist within the derivative-based feature saliency measures, as well as between the derivative and the weight-based feature saliency measures. We also report experimental results for an target recognition problem using a number of derivative-based and weight-based saliency measures.
Cadmium Accumulations and Bioavailability in Soils From Long-Term Phosphorus Fertilization

Soils from citrus groves that had been fertilized with the equivalent of approximately 175 kg P/ha per year (as treble superphosphate (TSP)) over a 36-year period were sampled and analyzed for total P, Cd, and Zn as well as water-soluble P and Cd. A P fertilization rate of 175 kg/ha is much higher than normal field rates, which are typically about 30 kg/ha. Concentrations of total Cd in surface soil were highly correlated (r = 0.89) with concentrations of total P. The concentrations of Cd in surface soil receiving broadcast P for 36 years averaged 1.0 ..mu..g/g, and were considerably greater than those of the controls, which showed a mean concentration of 0.07 ..mu..g/g. Phosphorus in soil saturation paste extracts ranged from 0.10 ..mu..g/ml (controls) to 8.87 ..mu..g/ml in P fertilized soils. Water-soluble saturation extract Cd ranged from 0.008 ..mu..g/ml in controls to 0.017 ..mu..g/ml in fertilized soils, and was not well correlated with water-soluble P. Cadmium levels in barley (Hordeum vulgare var. U.C. 566) grain and leaves grown in the field on soil subject to long-term heavy P fertilization were not elevated above levels in barley grown on the control soil. Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla) was grownmore » in the greenhouse on the above surface soils collected from the field. Although Cd levels averaging 1.6 ..mu..g/g in plant tissue were significantly elevated over those on the control soil (0.26 ..mu..g/gm), no yield depression was observed.« less
Dating Quaternary fault scarps formed in alluvium using morphologic parameters

Ages of fault scarps, as well as those other types of transport-limited slopes, can be estimated by comparing their morphology with the morphology of scarps of known age. Age estimates are derived by fitting the scarp profiles to synthetic profiles generated using a diffusion equation or, alternatively, by classification using a linear discriminant function. The usefulness of morphology-derived age estimates depends on the relative importance of non-age-related morphologic variation. Data from more than 200 scarp profiles demonstrate that morphologic variation not related to scarp age can introduce significant uncertainties into morphology-derived age estimates.
Risks of allergy vial contamination: comparison of mixing in-office versus under ventilation hood.

Objective Compare the risk of bacterial contamination of allergy immunotherapy vials prepared in-office versus those mixed under a ventilation hood. Study Design Prospective single-blinded study. Setting Tertiary otolaryngology outpatient clinic. Results Five hundred thirty-seven vials were prepared and cultured for aerobes and anaerobes over an 11-month period. Three hundred twenty vials were arbitrarily assigned to in-office preparation and 217 to under-hood preparation. A total of two positive cultures occurred in vials prepared in-office and one from under-hood preparation. Follow-up cultures of these three vials were all negative. No patients receiving injections had signs or symptoms of skin or systemic infections from the injections. Conclusion Our results suggest that the risk of bacterial contamination in immunotherapy vials in both groups is rare.
Diagnostic Value of Somatosensory Evoked Potential Changes During Carotid Endarterectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Importance Perioperative stroke is a persistent complication of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis (CS). Objective To evaluate whether changes in somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) during CEA are diagnostic of perioperative stroke in patients with symptomatic CS. Design, Setting, and Participants We searched PubMed and the World Science Database for reference lists of retrieved studies and/or experiments on SSEP use in postoperative outcomes following CEA in patients with symptomatic CS from January 1, 1950, through January 1, 2013. We independently screened all titles and abstracts to identify studies that met the inclusion criteria and extracted relevant articles in a uniform manner. Inclusion criteria included randomized clinical trials, prospective studies, or retrospective cohort reviews; population of symptomatic CS; use of intraoperative SSEP monitoring during CEA; immediate postoperative assessment and/or as long as a 3-month follow-up; a total sample size of 50 or more patients; studies with adult humans 18 years or older; and studies published in English. Main Outcome and Measure Whether intraoperative SSEP changes were diagnostic of perioperative stroke indicated by postoperative neurological examination. Results Four-hundred sixty-four articles were retrieved, and 15 prospective and retrospective cohort studies were included in the data analysis. A 4557-patient cohort composed the total sample population for all the studies, 3899 of whom had symptomatic CS. A change in SSEP exhibited a strong pooled mean specificity of 91% (95% CI, 86-94) but a weaker pooled mean sensitivity of 58% (95% CI, 49-68). A pooled diagnostic odds ratio for individual studies of patients with neurological deficit with changes in SSEPs was 14.39 (95% CI, 8.34-24.82), indicating that the odds of observing an SSEP change among those with neurologic deficits were 14 times higher than in individuals without neurologic deficit. Conclusions and Relevance Intraoperative SSEP is a highly specific test in predicting neurological outcome following CEA. Patients with perioperative neurological deficits are 14 times more likely to have had changes in SSEPs during the procedure. The use of SSEPs to design prevention strategies is valuable in reducing perioperative cerebral infarctions during CEA.
Analysis of etching-induced birefringence changes in elliptic core fibers.

A mathematical model is presented that predicts birefringence changes in an optical fiber as the cladding is removed. This model approximates a highly elliptical fiber core with a rectangular dielectric waveguide. The birefringence calculations obtained with the model compare well with experimental evidence obtained with real-time birefringence monitoring during cladding removal by chemical etching. The information is used to control the amount of cladding removed from a D fiber to within ~ 0.05 μm for use in the production of passive optical fiber components.
Global corporate competition: Who's winning, who's losing, and the R&D factor as one reason why

This study summarizes the major changes over the period 1960–86 in the shares of world markets of the world'S leading American, European and Asian corporations based in 15 major industries. It relates the differential sales growth rates of the gaining and losing firms to national trends in industrial competitiveness, to employment change and to long-term returns to shareholders. One principal determinant of firms' global growth rates, and thence gains and losses in ‘world market share’, corporate research and development (R&D) intensity, is examined and tested on an 83-firm, six-industry subset of the overall data base. The proportion of corporate sales revenues allocated to commercially oriented R&D emerges as a, perhaps the, principal indicator of subsequent sales growth performance relative to competition over 5–10-year periods. Insofar as many U.S. and U.K. firms have lost global market share relative to Asian and European competitors over the past two decades, a significant contributory factor would appear to have been negligence on the part of many U.S. and U.K. firms of investment in technology as a factor determining strategic, competitive advantage.
High-Performance Maleimide and Nitrile-Functionalized Benzoxazines with Good Processibility for Advanced Composites Applications

A maleimide and 2-aminobenzonitrile (MIan) based benzoxazine has been synthesized and characterized. This benzoxazine has maleimide and nitrile functionalities that can polymerize, resulting in a highly crosslinked material. Incorporation of the imide group increases the shear viscosity compared to monofunctional benzoxazines but not as high as difunctional benzoxazines, allowing good processibility, while maintaining excellent mechanical and thermal properties. Catalysts, epoxy copolymerization, and rubber interlayer methods are utilized to optimize the composite properties. The 60% carbon cloth-reinforced resin has achieved the flexural strength over 1 GPa. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 548–558, 2006
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Saturation in NaCl and Ca F 2

Experiments were performed to test the hypothesis due to Redfield, that a nuclear spin system in a sufficiently large rf field, ${H}_{1}(\ensuremath{\nu})$, is properly described by a spin temperature referred to a frame of reference rotating about the Zeeman field with the frequency $\ensuremath{\nu}$ of the rf field. Measurements were made on the ${\mathrm{Na}}^{23}$ spins in NaCl and the ${\mathrm{F}}^{19}$ spins in Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$. A combination of steady-state and pulse techniques was used to measure the magnetization ${M}_{z}$ as a function of the frequency and amplitude of ${H}_{1}(\ensuremath{\nu})$. When ${H}_{1}$ is sufficiently large, the data show that Redfield's theory is correct within 10% for NaCl but appreciably in error for Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$. The same type of measurement performed at low amplitudes of ${H}_{1}$ show that the theory of Bloembergen, Purcell, and Pound is in agreement with the NaCl measurements but measurably in error for Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$. It is suggested that neither theory is correct for Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ because the fluorine spins relax by means of paramagnetic impurities, and, therefore, do not relax independently with characteristic time ${T}_{1}$, as is assumed in both theories. In an intermediate range of saturating field amplitudes, neither theory is expected to apply; this was found to be the case experimentally.
The Family Business — To Educate

In the 115th annual Shattuck Lecture, Dr. Ronald Arky, the 2005 speaker, considers the history and science of medical education, discusses its current disjointed state, and calls for a restructuring of continuing medical education.
Thermodynamic study of argon films adsorbed on boron nitride.

We have performed a detailed adsorption isotherm study of Ar on BN for temperatures between 65 and 80 K. The isothermal compressibility of the films was obtained from adsorption data. At monolayer coverages, a small isotherm substep is present at melting. We found two isothermal compressibility peaks in the first layer: a sharp peak, corresponding to the melting substep, and a smaller, broader peak that occurs at lower pressures. At multilayer coverages we found reentrant layering occurring in the third and fourth layers of the film. We compare our layering results with predictions for the preroughening transition. We also found a series of small steps in the isotherms between the second and third layers and between the third and fourth layers of the film. These small steps are evidence of individual layer melting for the second and third layers. Our results at monolayer and at multilayer coverages are extensively compared to those found for Ar on graphite. We have also performed calculations of the rare-gas--BN interaction potentials. Our calculations indicate the substrate corrugation is smaller for the rare-gas--BN systems than it is for the same rare gases on graphite. The implications of this result for the possible existence of monolayer-commensuratemore » solids on BN are discussed.« less
An evaluation of infrared inspection for detecting subsurface voids in rolling-element bearings

Abstract An infrared technique for detecting subsurface voids is discussed both experimentally and analytically. The experiments indicate that subsurface voids can be sensed even with a relatively simple experimental setup. The analyses show that the perturbation in the surface temperature due to the presence of a void is sufficiently great to be measured even if the void is at depths of several void diameters. The technique should be usable in analyzing machine elements such as bearings and gears to determine if fatigue-inducing subsurface flaws exist.
Different receptors for distribution of peanut and ricin agglutinins between inner and outer segments of rod cells

Lectins can be used as probes for cell-surface oligosaccharides1–4. These proteins display high specificities for certain haptene sugars, although the details of the sugar linkages and the three-dimensional array of the oligosaccharide may all be involved in determining the affinity of a lectin for its receptor. We have now shown that peanut and ricin agglutinins bind differentially to the surfaces of rod inner and outer segments.
Orthopedic complications of childhood obesity.

Purpose The purpose of this article is to describe the orthopedic problems known to be associated with being overweight or obese during childhood to assist the clinician in the evaluation and management of these patients. Summary of key points Children who are overweight or obese are becoming an increasing concern in our society; the number of children and teens described as overweight or obese tripled from 1980 to 2000. Many problems have been associated with obesity and are well described in the literature, including cardiovascular problems, diabetes mellitus, liver complications, cholelithiasis, sleep apnea, and specific types of cancer. Orthopedic complications are also related to being overweight or obese during childhood. Specifically, the incidence of spinal complications, slipped capital femoral epiphysis, Blount disease, and acute fractures has been related to being overweight or obese. Conclusions Clinicians should be aware of the orthopedic problems related to obesity to better educate individuals as well as to better treat children with this condition.
The measure of the inhibition of quenched premixed flames

Abstract It is demonstrated that the measure of the inhibition of a quenched flame whose burning velocity is maintained constant (by heat transfer to a flame holder) is a rise in flame temperature on inhibition. This is in contrast to the measure of the inhibition of an adiabatic flame which is a change in burning velocity at constant temperature. This behavior is illustrated for the case of NaHCO3 inhibition of a quenched CH4/air flame, φ = 1.2, burning at 10 cm/sec.
Ventromedial frontal lobe plays a critical role in facial emotion recognition

The ventromedial prefrontal cortex has been implicated in a variety of emotion processes. However, findings regarding the role of this region specifically in emotion recognition have been mixed. We used a sensitive facial emotion recognition task to compare the emotion recognition performance of 7 subjects with lesions confined to ventromedial prefrontal regions, 8 subjects with lesions elsewhere in prefrontal cortex, and 16 healthy control subjects. We found that emotion recognition was impaired following ventromedial, but not dorsal or lateral, prefrontal damage. This impairment appeared to be quite general, with lower overall ratings or more confusion between all six emotions examined. We also explored the relationship between emotion recognition performance and the ability of the same patients to experience transient happiness and sadness during a laboratory mood induction. We found some support for a relationship between sadness recognition and experience. Taken together, our results indicate that the ventromedial frontal lobe plays a crucial role in facial emotion recognition, and suggest that this deficit may be related to the subjective experience of emotion.
Control of “involuntary” crying behavior emitted by a multiple sclerosis patient

Abstract This report describes treatment of a 47-year-old multiple sclerosis patient. This patient had a severe articulation disorder, which made him almost completely unintelligible, but he appeared to be a poor candidate for articulation therapy, because of the presence of apparently involuntary and uncontrollable crying. This crying occurred with such high frequency that clinical treatment of speech appeared impossible. A training program to eliminate the crying behavior was devised. In the program, a head movement which occurred whenever crying occurred was modified and eventually eliminated by verbal reinforcement of incompatible behavior. When the head movement no longer occurred, crying behavior also disappeared. Articulation therapy was then carried out, and when the patient was eventually dismissed from the hospital, his speech was consistently intelligible, and the “involuntary” crying behavior had almost completely disappeared.
The relationship between non-motorized mode choice and the local physical environment

Abstract By estimating multinomial choice models, this paper examines the relationship between travel mode choice and attributes of the local physical environment such as topography, sidewalk availability, residential density, and the presence of walking and cycling paths. Data for student and staff commuters to the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill are used to illustrate the relationship between mode choice and the objectively measured environmental attributes, while accounting for typical modal characteristics such as travel time, access time, and out-of-pocket cost. Results suggest that jointly the four attributes of the local physical environment make significant marginal contributions to explaining travel mode choice. In particular, the estimates reveal that local topography and sidewalk availability are significantly associated with the attractiveness of non-motorized modes. Point elasticities are provided and recommendations given regarding the importance of incorporating non-motorized modes into local transportation planning and in the study of how the built environment influences travel behavior.
Possible role of ozone in tree defoliation by the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)

Third-instar gypsy moth larvae were used to assess their feeding preference for white oak foliage which had been exposed to three concentrations of ozone. In separate experiments the insects preferred to feed on plant material exposed to the highest concentration of ozone (15 pphm). However, plant material exposed to the median concentration (9 pphm) was less preferred than the control (ambient air), which indicated a change in the chemistry of the foliage, making it less suitable as a host plant. A further experiment showed that this switch from preference to lack of preference occurred between 6 and 9 pphm ozone and reversed itself between 9 and 12 pphm.
Focal abdominal wall hernias and pre-axial toe polydactyly define distinct phenotypes and etiologies for infants of diabetic mothers and the VATER Association

Three newborn infants of mothers with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDMm) were found to have multiple congenital malformations consisting of 3 or more VATER ascertainment anomalies. In addition, each of the 3 infants also had left lateral abdominal wall hernias, not previously noted in VATER or IDDMm infants. The hernias had intact overlying skin, were easily reducible and approximately 5-8 cm in diameter. Abdominal wall hernias with intact overlying skin are unusual, especially on the left side. One infant came to autopsy and was found to have hypoplasia (amyoplasia) of the abdominal wall musculature. Each of these 3 infants also had bilateral toe pre-axial polydactyly which has been rarely reported in VATER or in IDDMm infants. While there is overlap in the anomalies of VATER Association and infants of IDDMm, these 3 infants of IDDMm suggest that the phenotypes are distinct with separate etiologies. In VATER, an early insult to the allantois and subsequent vascular consequences have been etiologically implicated. The pre-axial toe potydactyly and abdominal wall hypoplasias are related to mesenchyme. The presence of macrosomia and increase in number of cells with IDDM can result in excess mesenchyme at the time of limb bud development which has been linked to polydactyly. The focal abdominal wall amyoplasia derives from myotomal mesoderm which migrates from 3 directions to fuse in the midline. An excess of mesodermal cells can cause imperfect fusion and migration resulting in a focal defect.
SERS: Materials, applications, and the future

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful vibrational spectroscopy technique that allows for highly sensitive structural detection of low concentration analytes through the amplification of electromagnetic fields generated by the excitation of localized surface plasmons. SERS has progressed from studies of model systems on roughened electrodes to highly sophisticated studies, such as single molecule spectroscopy. We summarize the current state of knowledge concerning the mechanism of SERS and new substrate materials. We highlight recent applications of SERS including sensing, spectroelectrochemistry, single molecule SERS, and real-world applications. We also discuss contributions to the field from the Van Duyne group. This review concludes with a discussion of future directions for this field including biological probing with UV-SERS, tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and ultrafast SERS.
3D optical trapping calibration and optical micromanipulation using 808-nm diode-laser bar

It has recently been demonstrated that diode laser bars can be used to not only optically trap red blood cells in flowing microfluidic systems but also, stretch, bend, and rotate them. To predict the complex cell behavior at different locations along a linear trap, 3D optical force characterization is required. The driving force for cells or colloidal particles within an optical trap is the thermal Brownian force where particle fluctuations can be considered a stochastic process. For optical force quantification, we combine diode laser bar optical trapping with Gabor digital holography imaging to perform subpixel resolution measurements of micron-sized particles positions along the laser bar. Here, diffraction patterns produced by trapped particles illuminated by a He-Ne laser are recorded with a CMOS sensor at 1000 fps where particle beam position reconstruction is performed using the angular spectrum method and centroid position detection. 3D optical forces are then calculated by three calibration methods: the equipartition theorem, Boltzmann probability distribution, and power spectral density analysis for each particle in the trap. This simple approach for 3D tracking and optical control can be implemented on any transmission microscope by adding a laser beam as the illumination source instead of a white light source.
Evaluating Educational Technologies: A Historical Context

Our team of researchers reviewed published results from the last 15 years to compile a list of the characteristics of effective educational uses of technology. All the studies considered technical, administrative, and learning features, while more recent investigations emphasized administrative characteristics necessary to support No Child Left Behind reporting. Recommended characteristics have been similar over time with great concern that the technologies integrate into the curriculum and support professional development. The wide range of identified characteristics suggests that there is great hope that educational technology will solve many problems. Additionally, we provide a timeline of relevant historical milestones in the evaluation of educational technologies.
Parameter domains for spots and stripes in mechanical models for biological pattern formation

Mechanochemical models for biological pattern formation have been applied to the development of a variety of patterning problems, such as feather germ primordia and cartilage formation in the vertebrate limb. Linear analysis has been the main technique for assessing the pattern formation potential of these models to date. In this paper we carry out a nonlinear analysis and numerical simulations of a generic model in two spatial dimensions. With these methods, we obtain conditions for generating specific spatial patterns such as stripes and spots, and divide the parameter space into domains giving rise to distinct types of pattern. We accomplish our goal through a study of model parameter domains by showing how different mechanical forces affect spatial patterning.
Vaccination using peptides spanning the SYT–SSX tumor-specific translocation

Evaluation of: Kawaguchi S, Tsukahara T, Ida K et al. SYT–SSX breakpoint peptide vaccines in patients with synovial sarcoma: a study from the Japanese Musculoskeletal Oncology Group. Cancer Sci. 103(9), 1625–1630 (2012).The identification of genetic translocations as key tumor-initiating events has led to the development of novel antigen-specific vaccines targeting these tumor-specific breakpoint regions. Previous studies have evaluated vaccines targeting the breakpoints in the BCR-ABL translocation in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia and EWS-FLI1 in patients with Ewing sarcoma. In the article under evaluation, the authors evaluated a peptide vaccine targeting the breakpoint in the SYT–SSX translocation, the genetic translocation essentially pathognomonic for synovial sarcoma. This is the second small clinical trial reported by this group using HLA-A24-binding peptides as vaccine antigens. In this four-arm trial, using a native or HLA-A24-optimized SYT–SSX peptide with or without adjuvant plus I...
Tin mineralisation and mantle hot spot activity in south-eastern Missouri

SILLITOE has pointed out interesting relationships between tectonic setting and a particular class of tin mineralisation1. Typical mineralisation in these deposits comprises disseminated cassiterite accompanied by topaz, lithia mica, and wolframite in greisens and quartz veins above small subvolcanic alkaline and peralkaline granite plutons which lack demonstrable affiliation with contemporary plate boundaries.
Threshold effects in the 40Ar(d, p)41Ar reaction

Abstract An anomaly attributed to isospin coupling has been observed in the excitation functions of the 40Ar(d, p)41 Ar reaction to the fourth excited level of 41Ar. The anomaly was observed near the threshold of the 40Ar(d, n)41K reaction to the analogue of the 41 Ar level. The position of the (d, n) threshold was measured by observing protons ( p ) from the subsequent decay of 41K. A narrow anomaly is also observed in the excitation functions of the p0 and p2 groups at about the expected threshold energy of the (d, n0) reaction to the ground state analogue, which may be evidence for coupling of other than just analogue channels.
A photoelectric technique for measuring lightning-channel propagation velocities from a mobile laboratory

The present device for lightning channel propagation-velocity determination employs eight photodetectors mounted behind precision horizontal slits in the focal plane of a photographic camera lens. The eight photodetector pulses, IRIG-B time, and slow and fast electric field-change waveforms are recorded on a 14-track analog tape recorder. A comparison of the present results with those obtained by a streaking camera shows no significant differences between the velocities obtained from the same strokes with the two systems; neither is there any difference in pulse characteristics or in the velocities calculated from them.
Title IV‐E Programs: Preparing MSW Students for Public Child Welfare Practice

This article investigates the perceived quality and skill outcomes of Title IV‐E MSW training programs at four universities from the perspective of their graduates. It also sought to identify necessary program supports, expectations of graduates as they began child welfare employment, and pre‐employment factors related to retention. The vast majority of MSWs agreed that their education was high quality and prepared them well for child welfare practice. The skills rated highest were establishing client rapport, case management, the development of a professional identity, and time management and assessment skills. The most consistent pre‐employment predictors of whether they stayed past their stipend commitment period were their commitment to the public child welfare (PCW) agency and their commitment to child welfare practice. Implications for program design are discussed.
Academic health centers in competitive markets

ABSTRACT: Academic health center (AHC) hospitals and other major teaching hospitals have funded a portion of their academic missions through patient care revenues. Using all-payer state discharge data, this DataWatch presents information on how these institutions are being affected by market changes. Although AHCs are not as successful as other hospitals are in attracting managed care patients, competitive pressures had not eroded AHCs' financial status as of 1994. However, increasing enrollment in managed care and potential changes in both Medicare and Medicaid suggest that pressure on the financing of these institutions' social missions will continue to grow over time.
Towards a Theory of Changing: A Means-Ends Model of the Organizational Improvement Process

This study is based on a nationwide sample of top administrators in state government organizations. Using a critical incident approach, each administrator was asked to select the one change that he or she considered to be his or her most outstanding management improvement action. In describing the change the respondents were asked about their change strategies and resulting outcomes. Using a factor analysis and answers to open-ended questions, eight types of administrative change strategies (Work MethodsTechnology, Information Dissemination, Structural Reorganization, Retraining-Replacement, Authority System, Objective Setting-Measurement, Work Flow, Programs) and six types of outcomes (Improved Output Process, Motivational Climate, Resource Acquisition, Coordination, Savings, Equilibrium) were identified. Using a repeated multiple regression analysis, the relationships between the means and ends were explored. The findings illustrate the necessity for a precise definition of effectiveness and the need fo...
Building Rome on a cloudless day

This paper introduces an approach for dense 3D reconstruction from unregistered Internet-scale photo collections with about 3 million images within the span of a day on a single PC ("cloudless"). Our method advances image clustering, stereo, stereo fusion and structure from motion to achieve high computational performance. We leverage geometric and appearance constraints to obtain a highly parallel implementation on modern graphics processors and multi-core architectures. This leads to two orders of magnitude higher performance on an order of magnitude larger dataset than competing state-of-the-art approaches.
Ice-sheet failure against inclined and conical surfaces

Ia-sheet/structure interation models were prepared and analyzed numerically. The study covers parameters IO analyxc displacement boundaries, the effects of sharp forward ridges, artificially induced cracks, etc. These variables are difficult and costly to incorporate into experimental work. The floating ia-sheet was studied as a large, rectangular, continuous plate supported by springs (equivalent buoyancy). The plate was held at the far edge and a displacement boundary condition applied at the middle of the near edge. The displacement condition is that of the contact surfaa edge geometry of an ofTshore or ship structure. The models were analyzed using finite element techniques. Nonlinear material property and geometry effects were also considered. The resulting force, stress and displacement patterns indicate that a modified geometry of structure will produa smaller forces to break up the ice, especially when coupled with radial precuts in strategic locations. Results show good agreement with the experimental data obtained by Frederking and Timco (Proc. 4th International Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering Symposium. ASME, Dallas, pp. 160-169, 1985). The analytical expressions available to predict Boating ia loads on structures can be verified and re-evaluated by extending present work.
Tools for safety-throughput analysis of automated highway systems

The development of two tools to study the performance of automated highways is presented. The first is a spacing tool that produces the minimum spacing necessary for two vehicles not to collide, as a function of their initial velocities and their deceleration capabilities. The second tool investigates the multiple collisions that may occur in a string of vehicles if the requirements made by the first tool are violated. We show how the tools can be used to obtain estimates of the safety and throughput that can be expected if various automated highway concepts are implemented.
Österreichische Aktion : Monarchism, Authoritarianism, and the Unity of the Austrian Conservative Ideological Field during the First Republic

Even as recently as 2011, in the wake of Otto Habsburg's death, Austrians have contested the place of the monarchy in Austrian identity. For many, the Habsburg monarchy represents a defining feature of Austria's past glory. Dating from late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the earliest examples of an “Austrian myth” stressed the unifying function of the Habsburgs in Mitteleuropa and the importance of German and Catholic traditions for the advancement of European culture. This nostalgic view tended to overlook the myriad problems of the late imperial period—ethnonationalist tensions, declining imperial might, undemocratic government, social unrest. Not surprisingly, many of the earliest proponents of a distinct, pro-Habsburg and non-German Austrian identity—which emerged after the Great War—were Catholic conservatives who wished to create an animating myth for Austrian Germans that would distinguish them from Prussians. This became increasingly important after the establishment of the Austrian Republic, when many of these individuals pressed for a restoration of the Habsburg Kaiser and a return to the prewar status quo.
The Political Economy of Expenditures by the Peruvian Social Fund (FONCODES), 1991–95

The Peruvian Social Fund (FONCODES) was created by President Alberto Fujimori in 1991 with the stated objectives of generating employment, alleviating poverty, and improving access to social services. This article uses province-level data on monthly expenditures, socioeconomic indicators, and electoral outcomes to analyze political influences on the timing and geographic distribution of FONCODES expenditures between 1991 and 1995. I reach three main conclusions. First, these expenditures increased significantly before national elections. Second, FONCODES projects were directed at provinces in which the marginal political effect of expenditures was likely to be largest. Third, these projects favored the poorest provinces, which suggests that the program also had a redistributive function. The results are robust to a large number of specifications and controls. The Peruvian data support predictions made in the literature on political business cycles as well as the literature on political influences on the allocation of discretionary funds.
Down syndrome: Issues to consider in a national registry, research database and biobank

As the quality of life for individuals with Down syndrome continues to improve due to anticipatory healthcare, early intervention, mainstreaming in schools, and increased expectations, the lack of basic information regarding individuals with Down syndrome is being recognized, and the need to facilitate research through a national registry, research database and biobank is being discussed. We believe that there should not be ownership of the samples and information, but instead prefer stewardship of the samples and information to benefit the participants who provided them. We endorse a model with data and sample managers and a research review board to interface between the investigators and participants. Information and samples would be coded, and only a few data managers would know the relationship between the codes and identifying information. Research results once published should be included in an online newsletter. If appropriate, individual results should be shared with participants. A Down syndrome registry, research database and biobank should be accountable to participants, families, medical care providers, government, and funding sources.
Amyloid and glucose imaging in dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple systems atrophy.

Abstract Background Multiple Systems Atrophy (MSA) and Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) can present with both REM behavior disorder and severe autonomic dysfunction. In rare occasions, patients with MSA progress to cognitive impairment and even dementia. Positron emission topography (PET) imaging using both the amyloid ligand Pittsburgh Compound B (11C-PiB) and 18 flurodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) was used to ascertain the presence of amyloid and pattern of glucose metabolic derangement in both disorders. Methods Patients diagnosed with probable DLB or MSA, with clinical symptoms of either REM Behavior Disorder (RBD), Parkinsonism, or dysautonomia were prospectively identified. All underwent both 11C-PiB and 18F-FDG PET imaging. Statistical comparison between DLB, MSA, and normal controls was performed. Results Six patients, 3 with DLB, 2 with Parkinson predominant MSA (MSA-P), and 1 with cerebellar predominant MSA (MSA-C) were identified. Increased level of PiB retention was noted in all patients diagnosed with DLB, but was absent in MSA. In those with DLB, glucose hypometabolism corresponded with regions of amyloid presence, and included prefrontal, parietotemporal, occipital and primary visual cortex regions. MSA patients were distinguished by cerebellar glucose hypometabolism. Conclusions These findings emphasize the distinguishing characteristics between the alpha-synuclein related disorders of DLB and MSA. The absence of amyloid in the cases of MSA is a possible distinguishing characteristic of the disorder.
Fordism in the Hospital: Albert Kahn and the Design of Old Main, 1917–25

The 1917-25 planning and construction at the University of Michigan of a new University Hospital, later dubbed Old Main, offers a noteworthy case study of the formal convergence of hospital and factory in early twentieth-century America. Designed by Albert Kahn, the architect responsible for Ford Motor Company's archetypal automobile plants, and located in Ann Arbor, Michigan, less than forty miles from Detroit's burgeoning factory landscape, Old Main was well positioned to reflect the values of industry in both appearance and operation. The building's outer surface represents a striking departure from the historicism that characterized several other hospitals of this period, while plans for the building's novel diagnostic unit demonstrate unique operational parallels to the assembly line model of production. Ultimately, Old Main's industrial design similarities cast it as a precociously modernist hospital, relating streamlined form to function more explicitly than many of its contemporary institutions.
High frequency breakdown for argon in partial vacuum

Summary form only given. A problem exists for electronics operating in partial vacuums. The breakdown voltage for a gas decreases as the pressure decreases from atmospheric conditions and reaches a minimum. After this minimum breakdown voltage, it starts to increase as pressure further decreases for a given fixed electrode spacing. An increase in operating frequency can also cause a breakdown to occur at lower applied voltage levels1'Icirc1. In this work, the breakdown characteristics for Argon are studied in partial vacuum of 0.1 Torr to 5 Torr. A unipolar pulsed signal at kHz frequencies is applied to parallel plate and point-plane geometries. The frequency is varied from 20 kHz to 100 kHz with a fixed duty cycle of 50%. The I-V characteristics are captured during gaseous breakdown and studied as the frequency is swept over a range of pressures. Voltage and current characteristics are discussed and plasma characteristics are presented.
NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY OF MENOPAUSAL FLUSHES: AN HYPOTHESIS OF FLUSH MECHANISM

Apres avoir rappele les manifestations physiques des bouffees de chaleur menopausiques, les auteurs rappellent l'importance des decharges probables de LH associees aux bouffees de chaleur. Ils passent en revue les mediateurs hypothalamiques qui peuvent etre impliques dans la survenue des bouffees de chaleur: LHRH, norepinephrine, peptides opiaces, corticotrophin-releasing humaine. Ils avancent le mecanisme suivant: la decroissance des taux d'œstrogenes fait decroitre l'activite des peptides opiaces; il en resulte une hyperactivite noradrenergique qui active anormalement l'aire preoptique mediane ou la thermoregulation et la secretion de LHRH sont stimulees. L'activation du CRF peut correspondre a un des composants du mecanisme des bouffees de chaleur ou a une reponse au stress
Nanotechnology for antiangiogenic cancer therapy

Nanotechnology has advanced greatly in recent years and antiangiogenic therapy is becoming a promising approach for cancer treatment. Therefore, a combination of nanotechnology with antiangiogenic therapy should significantly enhance our ability to treat this deadly disease. αvβ3-integrin has often been used to target ‘angiogenically active’ tumor endothelium and many nanoparticles have been developed by combining this molecule with other agents for imaging and/or therapy. Development of improved and multifunctional nanoparticles is in progress for the enhancement of imaging, targeting, delivery and other processes. Modification for clinical use has been challenging. Concerns remain regarding safety, stability and tissue targeting of the particles, yet significant progress has been made. In this review, studies targeting ‘angiogenically active’ tumor endothelium using nanoparticles are discussed. The number of studies using multifunctional nanotechnology in tumor angiogenesis is still limited; however, si...
Antimony(III) Chloride

[10025-91-9] Cl3Sb (MW 228.11) InChI = 1S/3ClH.Sb/h3*1H;/q;;;+3/p-3 InChIKey = FAPDDOBMIUGHIN-UHFFFAOYSA-K (Lewis acid catalyst for electrophilic aromatic substitution;1, 2 halo-3 and stibinodediazoniation4 of diazonium salts; fluorination of sulfoxides5, 6 and thioethers7 with DAST) Alternate Names: antimony trichloride; trichlorostibine. Physical Data: mp 73 °C; bp 223 °C, 143 °C/70 mmHg; d 3.14 g cm−3. Solubility: sol H2O (1 g/10.1 mL, at 25 °C); sol acetone, alcohol, benzene, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, dichloromethane; insol pyridine. Form Supplied in: colorless, hygroscopic crystals which fume in moist air. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: poisonous; moisture-sensitive, corrosive, and irritant. For best results, anhydrous SbCl3 should be handled in an anhydrous, inert atmosphere (dry box or glove bag in humid laboratories), or manipulated rapidly to minimize contact with air and moisture. Use in a fume hood.
Divestment, investment sanctions, and disinvestment: an evaluation of anti-apartheid policy instruments

Pressure for divestment and mandatory disinvestment sanctions directed against South Africa are an instance of domestic interest groups in one country seeking policy change in another. The link from shareholder divestment to disinvestment by firms is tenuous, however (since South Africa-active firms do not seem to suffer as a consequence of divestment pressure), and legislated sanctions are likely to have unpredictable and sometimes perverse effects on the extent of apartheid practices.
Formal Program Verification Using Symbolic Execution

Symbolic execution provides a mechanism for formally proving programs correct. A notation is introduced which allows a concise presentation of rules of inference based on symbolic execution. Using this notation, rules of inference are developed to handle a number of language features, including loops and procedures with multiple exits. An attribute grammar is used to formally describe symbolic expression evaluation, and the treatment of function calls with side effects is shown to be straightforward. Because symbolic execution is related to program interpretation, it is an easy-to-comprehend, yet powerful technique. The rules of inference are useful in expressing the semantics of a language and form the basis of a mechanical verification condition generator.
An online learning method for improving over-subscription planning

Despite the recent resurgence of interest in learning methods for planning, most such efforts are still focused exclusively on classical planning problems. In this work, we investigate the effectiveness of learning approaches for improving over-subscription planning, a problem that has received significant recent interest. Viewing over-subscription planning as a domain-independent optimization problem, we adapt the STAGE (Boyan and Moore 2000) approach to learn and improve the plan search. The key challenge in our study is how to automate the feature generation process. In our case, we developed and experimented with a relational feature set, based on Taxonomic syntax as well as a propositional feature set, based on ground-facts. The feature generation process and training data generation process are all automatic, making it a completely domain-independent optimization process that takes advantage of online learning. In empirical studies, our proposed approach improved upon the baseline planner for over-subscription planning on many of the benchmark problems.
Precipitation of Copper and Cobalt at Grain Boundaries in Silicon

The precipitation of copper and (radioactive) cobalt at low energy grain boundaries in polycrystalline silicon and bicrystals is investigated. The metals are diffused in from a surface source between 800 - 1000 °C and the precipitation after cooling down is studied by TEM (for Cu) and Mosbauer spectroscopy (for Co). The precipitates are metal suicides. For copper it is shown that they appear in form of colonies containing hundreds of precipitates with a particle size between 5-60 nm. In the grain boundary they nucleate preferentially at dislocations and steps. The distribution and size of the precipitates depend on the cooling rate after the diffusion. In the vicinity of the grain boundary the volume is depleted from the impurities.
Microfluidic pump powered by self-organizing bacteria.

Results are presented that demonstrate the successful use of live bacteria as mechanical actuators in microfabricated fluid systems. The flow deposition of bacteria is used to create a motile bacterial carpet that can generate local fluid motion inside a microfabricated system. By tracking the motion of tracer particles,we demonstrate that the bacterial cells that comprise the carpet self-organize,generating a collective fluid motion that can pump fluid autonomously through a microfabricated channel at speeds as high as 25 m ms � 1 . The pumping performance of the system can also be augmented by changing the chemical environment. The addition of glucose to the working buffer raises the metabolic activity of the bacterial carpet,resulting in increased pumping performance. The performance of the bacterial pump is also shown to be strongly influenced by the global geometry of the pump,with narrower channels achieving a higher pumping velocity with a faster rise time.