cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning together : a history of coeducation in American schools

In this book the authors explore the factors that have shaped coeducation since its origins. The text is accompanied by contemporary photographs and photo-essays that add evidence about gender in classrooms. They address a number of provocative questions. Why did Americans choose to educate boys and girls together at the very time they were creating separate spheres for adult men and women? How did beliefs about the similarities and differences of boys and girls shape gender policies and practices in schools? Why did criticisms of coeducation often have little impact on everyday classroom practices? To what degree did the treatment of boys and girls differ by class, race, region, and historical period? Why did policymakers alternatively see girls or boys as the group "at risk"? The authors show that the history of coeducation is not a unified tale of pathology or progress. Schools have reflected some of the gender inequalitities embedded in the larger society, yet they have in some degree been sheltered enclaves where children and youth were treated in ways that contrasted sharply with the lives of adult women and men. Debates over gender policies suggest that Americans have made public education the repository of their hopes and anxieties about relationships between the sexes. Thus the history of coeducation serves as a window not only on constancy and change in gender practices in the schools but also on cultural conflicts about gender in the broader society.
Sequence relatedness of Palyam virus genes to cognates of the Palyam serogroup viruses by RNA-RNA blot hybridization.

Abstract Cognate genes of nine members of the Palyam serogroup of orbiviruses have been identified and their relatedness to the prototype, Palyam virus, has been determined. Viral dsRNA segments were electrophoresed through 10% polyacrylamide gels, transferred to membranes, and hybridized to labeled RNA from Palyam virus under hybridization conditions using 52°, 50% formamide, 5X SSC. Cognate genes of each virus isolate were identified by hybridizing their genomes to [5′- 32 P]pCp-labeled, isolated segments from Palyam virus. Single segments from Palyam hybridized to no more than one segment in the other isolates. Nine of the 10 genes exhibited nucleic acid sequence homology between Palyam and seven of the other eight isolates. Gene 2 of Palyam hybridized only with gene 2 of CSIRO Village, and it was correlated with serotype specificity. Since CSIRO Village is the only member of the serogroup which cross-reacts with Palyam in neutralization tests, gene 2 may encode the neutralization antigen. Variation in the intensity of the hybridization signals of the remaining nine genes within a given virus indicated that the number and identity of conserved genes differed between members of the group. Genes 5, 7, and 9 were the most conserved genes for all members of the serogroup, while the levels of relatedness of Palyam genes 1, 3, 4, 8, and 10 to their cognates in the other isolates varied under these hybridization conditions.
Spectral-line analysis of very-long-baseline interferometric data

Several topics concerning the processing and interpretation of data obtained with very-long-baseline (VLB) interferometers--i.e., tape-recorder interferometers--from spectral-line radio sources are discussed. The instrumental phase shifts are traced through the interferometer. The spectral resolution and normalization of the visiblity spectrum are discussed. Expressions for estimating fringe amplitude, and the associated signal-to-noise ratio, are derived for the case when the integration time exceeds the coherence time of the interferometer. Procedures are presented for measuring the relative spatial distribution of a widely separated collection of point sources utilizing fringe-phase data and rate of change of fringe-phase data.
God in the details

Darwin's Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution. By Michael J. Behe. Free Press/Simon and Schuster: 1996. Pp. 307. $25.
Conventional collimation and linac protection

We describe linac protection and a conventional collimation system appropriate for a next linear collider. The linac accelerating structure can be protected from "worst credible failures" by a system of sacrificial spoilers. For the collimation system we consider the effects of transverse wakefields and the transmission, heating, mechanical stress, and edge-scattering properties of scrapers. We require local chromatic correction, scraper survival for two pulses of a mis-steered beam containing 0.5/spl times/10/sup 12/ particles per pulse, average interception capability of 1% of the beam at any scraper, and zero particles incident on the final doublet in the final focus system. We describe emittance dependent limitations of this system and present formulae which determine scraper gaps. Conventional collimation systems appear adequate to collimate the beams of next generation 0.5 and 1.0 TeV c.m. linear colliders. Though we have combined functional units where possible to reduce total length, the length of our lattices for these systems are longer than 1 km per linac. >
Classical Electromagnetic Fields

In this book we present the basic ideas needed to understand how laser light interacts with various forms of matter. Among the important consequences is an understanding of the laser itself. The present chapter summarizes classical electromagnetic fields, which describe laser light remarkably well. The chapter also discusses the interaction of these fields with a medium consisting of classical simple harmonic oscillators. It is surprising how well this simple model describes linear absorption, a point discussed from a quantum mechanical point of view in Sect. 3.3. The rest of the book is concerned with nonlinear interactions of radiation with matter. Chapter 2 generalizes the classical oscillator to treat simple kinds of nonlinear mechanisms, and shows us a number of phenomena in a relatively simple context. Starting with Chap. 3, we treat the medium quantum mechanically. The combination of a classical description of light and a quantum mechanical description of matter is called the semiclassical approximation. This approximation is not always justified (Chaps. 13–19), but there are remarkably few cases in quantum optics where we need to quantize the field.
The obesity-associated Fto gene is a transcriptional coactivator

The fat mass and obesity associated, FTO, gene has been shown to be associated with obesity in human in several genome-wide association scans. In vitro studies suggest that Fto may function as a single-stranded DNA demethylase. In addition, homologous recombination-targeted knockout of Fto in mice resulted in growth retardation, loss of white adipose tissue, and increase energy metabolism and systemic sympathetic activation. Despite these intense investigations, the exact function of Fto remains unclear. We show here that Fto is a transcriptional coactivator that enhances the transactivation potential of the CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBPs) from unmethylated as well as methylation-inhibited gene promoters. Fto also exhibits nuclease activity. We showed further that Fto enhances the binding C/EBP to unmethylated and methylated DNA. The coactivator role of FTO in modulating the transcriptional regulation of adipogenesis by C/EBPs is consistent with the temporal progressive loss of adipose tissue in the Fto-deficient mice, thus suggesting a role for Fto in the epigenetic regulation of the development and maintenance of fat tissue. How FTO reactivates transcription from methyl-repressed gene needs to be further investigated.
Organization of lateral geniculate-hypothalamic connections in the rat

The location and chemical identity of neurons interconnecting the lateral geniculate complex and the hypothalamus were analyzed in order to provide further information on the anatomical substrates for the entrainment of circadian rhythms. A particular objective of the study was to characterize the neurons projecting between the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) of the lateral geniculate complex and the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and related anterior hypothalamic areas. The connectivity experiments employed five combinations of fluorescent tracer injection and were combined with immunohistochemical localization of either neuropeptide Y (NPY), met-enkephalin (mENK) or the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)/peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) group. IGL efferents. Injection of tracer into the SCN results in retrograde labeling of NPY-immunoreactive neurons in the IGL as would be expected from prior work. These neurons and their terminals also contain the C-flanking peptide of the NPY precursor molecule (CPON). In addition, there are two additional groups of neurons in the IGL that project either to the SCN or the contralateral IGL but do not exhibit NPY immunoreactivity. These include a substantial population of cells that project to the SCN and an even larger group of neurons which project to the contralateral IGL and contain mENK immunoreactivity. Hypothalamic efferents. Injection of tracer into the IGL results in retrograde labeling of scattered neurons throughout the SCN and immediately adjacent anterior hypothalamus ipsilaterally and also in labeling of a small number of neurons in the same areas on the contralateral side of the brain. In rare instances, individual SCN neurons appear to project to both IGLs. However, the retrochiasmatic area (RCA) contains the largest number of retrogradely labeled neurons following tracer injections into the IGL. These neurons are concentrated along the midsagittal plane and in the lateral RCA ipsilateral to the injected IGL. None of the labeled neurons in the SCN or adjacent anterior hypothalamus exhibit VIP or PHI immunoreactivity. These observations indicate that the anatomical relations between the geniculate complex and the anterior hypothalamus are more complex than previously shown. First, the geniculohypothalamic tract arises from two distinct groups of IGL neurons: one contains NPY/CPON immunoreactivity; the chemical content of the other is not characterized at the present time. Second, the commissural projection between the two IGLs is formed by a third group of neurons, and these cells contain mENK immunoreactivity. Finally, reciprocal projections from the hypothalamus to the IGL arise from neurons in the retrochiasmatic area, SCN, and adjacent anterior hypothalamus. These anatomical observations demonstrate that the neuronal circuitry involved in the entrainment of circadian rhythms consists of a complex series of projections that interconnect the SCN, anterior hypothalamus, and IGL.
Evaluation of Aggregate Particles as a Physical Barrier to Prevent Subterranean Termite Incursion Into Structures

Abstract An alternative to chemical barriers to protect structures from infestation by subterranean termites is the use of aggregate particles as a physical barrier to termite incursion into structures. Such physical barriers are less likely to threaten non-target organisms than are chemical termiticides applied to soil. Glass-tube bioassays of individual aggregate particle sizes retained on American Standard of Testing Materials (ASTM) sieve sizes 8, 10, and 12 were optimal for inhibiting subterranean termite incursion into structures. A factorial combination of numbers 8, 10, and 12 was generated to use all three sizes in physical barriers against subterranean termites. Engineering analysis of the aggregate particles (numbers 8, 10, and 12) indicated that angularity, fineness modulus, and weighted particle size were variables related to the success of physical particle barriers against subterranean termites. This study showed that all aggregate ratios of particle sizes 8, 10, and 12 were effective in in...
Neighborhood-level built environment and social characteristics associated with serious childhood motor vehicle occupant injuries

The effect of residential neighborhood characteristics on a child's risk of serious motor vehicle traffic occupant injuries was evaluated in New York State, USA, for the years 1993-2003, with particular focus on the effect of neighborhood walkability. Risk increased significantly (p Language: en
VERIFICATION OF GIRDER-DISTRIBUTION FACTORS FOR SHORT-SPAN STEEL GIRDER BRIDGES BY FIELD TESTING

The procedure and results of field tests performed on five simplysupported, short-span steel girder bridges to verify girder-distribution factors (GDFs) are presented. Prior analytical studies have shown that, in most cases, currently used GDFs are too conservative. However, these studies also showed that, for short spans and short girder spacing, the GDFs can be too permissive. Therefore, this paper focuses on the experimental evaluation of girder-distribution factors for short-span steel girder bridges. The research work involved formulating the testing procedure, selecting the structures, installing the equipment, determining the measurements, and processing the results. Strains and deflections were measured and filtered to calculate GDFs. The results were compared with the distribution factors specified by the AASHTO Standard Specifications (1996) and the AASHTO LRFD Code (1998). The measured GDFs were found to be lower than the AASHTO values in all cases.
A Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Protein Kinase B-independent Activation of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling Is Sufficient to Induce Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy

It has been widely proposed that signaling by mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is both necessary and sufficient for the induction of skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Evidence for this hypothesis is largely based on studies that used stimuli that activate mTOR via a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB)-dependent mechanism. However, the stimulation of signaling by PI3K/PKB also can activate several mTOR-independent growth-promoting events; thus, it is not clear whether signaling by mTOR is permissive, or sufficient, for the induction of hypertrophy. Furthermore, the presumed role of mTOR in hypertrophy is derived from studies that used rapamycin to inhibit mTOR; yet, there is very little direct evidence that mTOR is the rapamycin-sensitive element that confers the hypertrophic response. In this study, we determined that, in skeletal muscle, overexpression of Rheb stimulates a PI3K/PKBindependent activation of mTOR signaling, and this is sufficient for the induction of a rapamycin-sensitive hypertrophic response. Transgenic mice with muscle specific expression of various mTOR mutants also were used to demonstrate that mTOR is the rapamycin-sensitive element that conferred the hypertrophic response and that the kinase activity of mTOR is necessary for this event. Combined, these results provide direct genetic evidence that a PI3K/PKB-independent activation of mTOR signaling is sufficient to induce hypertrophy. In summary, overexpression of Rheb activates mTOR signaling via a PI3K/PKB-independent mechanism and is sufficient to induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy. The hypertrophic effects of Rheb are driven through a rapamycin-sensitive (RS) mechanism, mTOR is the RS element that confers the hypertrophy, and the kinase activity of mTOR is necessary for this event.
Cost–benefit analysis of multisystemic therapy with serious and violent juvenile offenders.

This study investigated the economics of multisystemic therapy (MST) versus individual therapy (IT) using rearrest data from a 13.7-year follow-up (Schaeffer & Borduin, 2005) of a randomized clinical trial with serious juvenile offenders (Borduin et al., 1995). Two types of benefits of MST were evaluated: The value to taxpayers was derived from measures of criminal justice system expenses (e.g., police and sheriff's offices, court processing, jails, community supervision), and the value to crime victims was derived in terms of both tangible (e.g., property damage and loss, health care, police and fire services, lost productivity) and intangible (e.g., pain, suffering, reduced quality of life) losses. Results indicated that the reductions in criminality in the MST versus IT conditions were associated with substantial reductions in expenses to taxpayers and intangible losses to crime victims, with cumulative benefits ranging from $75,110 to $199,374 per MST participant. Stated differently, it was estimated that every dollar spent on MST provides $9.51 to $23.59 in savings to taxpayers and crime victims in the years ahead. The economic benefits of MST, as well as its clinical effectiveness, should be considered by policymakers and the public at large in the selection of interventions for serious juvenile offenders.
THE END(S) OF ETHNOGRAPHY: Social/Cultural Anthropology's Signature Form of Producing Knowledge in Transition

Today's investment in and calls for public anthropology are one symptom of the profound rupture and reorganization of the research agendas of social/cultural anthropology as it moved away from the four-field organization of anthropology into an alignment with certain humanities-driven, energetically interdisciplinary appropriations of the concerns of the social sciences in the name of “theory.” In anthropology, this story can most cogently be told by focusing on what happened to its central professional culture of method: what ethnography looks like today and the conditions of research, encompassing fieldwork, that produce it. This article is an examination of this reorganization of social/cultural anthropology, which has left the center of the discipline intellectually weak relative to the vitality of its diverse interdisciplinary and even nonacademic engagements. It asks whether this post-1980s reorganized social/cultural anthropology might rediscover and reunite with some of its historic core associations (four-field as well as topical) in the new terrains of research and partnerships on the peripheries of its old disciplinary center.
Automotive vision for advanced driver assistance systems

This invited paper gives an overview of road safety statistics and a summary of advanced driver assistance systems that have recently been deployed. The science and technology behind popular automotive vision systems, such as traffic sign recognition, is briefly explained and the processing requirements of vision algorithms are presented in the context of automotive environment. There are many opportunities in front of the semiconductors industry to help improve the safety of roads around the world and to contribute to the future in which all cars will be autonomous vehicles.
Building Solidarity with Subjects and Audience in Sociology and Documentary Photography

This article is part of a panel discussion addressing the sociological relevance of Sebastiao Salgado's work as well as documentary photography in general. 2 .
Extracellular space measurements with CMR imaging.

Myocardial viability imaging based on cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has been shown to be helpful in the setting of both acute ([1][1]) and chronic ([2,3][2]) ischemia, myocarditis ([4,5][3]), cardiac sarcoidosis ([6][4]), and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ([7,8][5]). The mechanism underlying
Trade-Offs between Inductive Power and Logical Omniscience in Modeling Context

In a series of recent papers the economist Michael Bacharach [2] has pointed out that most approaches in knowledge representation suffer from two complementary defects. Typically they assume that agents know all the logical consequences of information encoded in a finite knowledge base (Cleverness) and only these consequences (Cloisteredness). In this article we develop first-order and inductive extensions of Montague-Scott's semantics in order to tackle both problems at once. Three desiderata are put forward for representing epistemic context: (1) expressive adequacy, (2) inductive power, (3) boundedness. An important part of our effort focuses on reconsidering the role of standard formalisms (both logical and probabilistic) in representing the information of bounded agents.
Mechanical Properties of Silicon Nitrides with Tailored Microstructure by Seeding

The effect of seeding on microstructure development and mechanical properties of silicon nitride was investigated by the use of two kinds of morphologically regulated β-Si3N4 single crystal particles. Silicon nitrides with bimodal grain-size distribution were obtained by seeding. The seeding of an appropriate amount of β-Si3N4 particles with an appropriate size allowed the development of optimal microstructures, where large elongated grains grown from the seed particles were highly dispersed. As a result, fracture toughness increased retaining the high strength levels of about 1GPa. On the other hand, specimens with large amount of seed particles presented lower strength owing to the coalescence of large elongated grains. The increase in fracture toughness can be associated with diameter as well as volume fraction of well dispersed large β-Si3N4 grains, assuming toughening by the bridging mechanism.
Probing sequence-specific DNA flexibility in a-tracts and pyrimidine-purine steps by nuclear magnetic resonance (13)C relaxation and molecular dynamics simulations.

Sequence-specific DNA flexibility plays a key role in a variety of cellular interactions that are critical for gene packaging, expression, and regulation, yet few studies have experimentally explor...
Recent Advances in Spray Combustion Theory

A forefront computational issue in the combustion of liquid fuels concerns the treatment of many vaporizing, burning fuel droplets. The analysis of many vaporizing liquid-fuel surfaces in close proximity to each other and enveloped by flames has recently been examined. A brief review will be given here. New methods allow the treatment of complex quasi-steady spray-combustion configurations with greater ease than previously possible. Examples of configurations include hundreds of fuel droplets, liquid-fuel wall films and pools, and liquid-fuel free films. Analyses are presented for liquid-fuel vaporization and burning both with unitary and non-unitary Lewis number (i.e., similar and non-similar heat and mass diffusion) in a general geometrical situation, e.g., a dense spray. Variable transport properties are considered and only Stefan flow is allowed. It is shown that the problem can conveniently be separated, using a mass-flux potential function (dependent only on the geometry), into a one-dimensional problem for the quasi-steady, gas-phase scalar properties and a threedimensional problem for the mass-flux potential which satisfies Laplace’s equation. The scalar properties are shown to be universal (i.e., independent of configuration) functions of the mass-flux potential only. It is demonstrated that a mass-flux-weighted sensible specific enthalpy is more natural and convenient than the traditional mass-weighted value for the non-unitary-Lewis-number case. This modification results in a new definition of the Lewis number. A generalization of the classical Spalding heat transfer number is presented. The theory predicts scalar gas-phase profiles, flame position, and vaporization rates. Quantitative results are presented for special cases where the Lewis number is piecewise constant. The thin-flame temperature and the effective latent heat of vaporization can be determined as functions of the liquid-surface temperature via solution of nonlinear algebraic equations; these values do not depend on the specific configuration and therefore have some universality.
Specific Cell-Mediated Immunity in Children with Congenital and Neonatal Cytomegalovirus Infection and Their Mothers

Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) was examined in 35 mothers and 30 of their offspring with congenital or neonatal CMV infection by means of the lymphocyte transformation assay. Eleven offspring did not respond to CMV antigen, and 15 of the 19 positive children displayed lower responses than those of normal immune adults. Productive infection in the younger children at the time of assay and the presence of disease correlated strongly with the absence of responses. The mothers as a group also demonstrated impaired CMI to CMV while reacting normally to HSV-1 antigen. Neither time after transmission of infection nor viral excretion was significantly associated with impaired CMI, although a trend toward diminished responses was evident among women who were shedding virus. Mitogen stimulation was normal in all test subjects. These findings imply that deficient specific CMI may play a role in the genesis of persistent CMV infection and fetal pathology.
Yan Xizhai: a philosopher of the 17th century

Yan Xizhai or Yan Yuan is a Chinese philosopher of the 17th century.He carries out a critical study of Chinese academia since the Han dynasty,and puts forward his philosophical conceptions and educational thoughts in his essays on learning.
The prevention of adhesion recurrence after hysteroscope management ofIII°intrauterine adhesion

Objective To study the prevention of adhesion recurrence after hysteroscope management of se- vere intrauterine adhesion(IUA).Methods Hysteroscopic exclusion was performed in 11 patients who were con- firmed as severe IUA by hysteroscopy.Combining measures including IUD and sodium hyaluronate placed in uterine cavity,artificial menstrual cycle,uterine cavity dilation with Hegar's dilator etc.were taken to prevent re-adhesion after the operations.Results Of the 11 patients undergone regular dilation with Hegar's dilator for 3～36 months, shape of uterine cavity of 9 patients returned to normal and no re-adhesion took place.Of the 9 patients,6 have been pregnant.1 is under treatment and 1 is no longer followed up.Conclusion The combination treatment is quite effec- tive and confirmative in the prevention of recurrence of uterine cavity adhesion,and now uterine cavity dilation with Hegar's dilator is proved to be the most effective,convenient.
Rapid Detection of Ringed Bromchlorphenol Blue

A test for demonstrating ringed sideroblasts was developed, using the dye bromchlorphenol blue. The test is based upon the ability of the dye to form a colored water-insoluble precipitate with iron. Because it is rapid and permits localization of ferritin-containing cytoplasmic inclusions, the reaction may be useful in the assessment of sideroblastic anemias.
African American women's use of cosmetics products in relation to their attitudes and self-identity

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to explore African American women's attitudes toward cosmetics, how women use cosmetics, and how use of the products is related to African American women's self-identity and self-perception of appearance. The sample was 18 African American women who were residents of Pine Bluff, Arkansas, or Ames, Iowa. Recruitment was done by placing announcements about the study on the university Minority Students Office and Southeast Arkansas African American professional listserve. In-depth interviews were conducted with each woman. The women began wearing cosmetics at different periods in their lives during childhood, or adolescence. Shopping for cosmetics could be a hassle for some participants. Some reported difficulties in finding the right foundation to match their skin complexion. Many participants believed that finding cosmetics was a hit-or-miss experience when it came to shopping for cheaper cosmetics in local stores. Working with a consultant at a department store counter improved the experience. Stores in the predominantly White Iowa location carried few cosmetics appropriate for African American women's skin colors, causing much frustration on the part of the respondents in that location. Many of the women spent more money on quality cosmetics products that they felt made them look better and caused fewer skin problems. Many of the participants preferred the same brand of higher-end cosmetics. The women actively searched for YouTube tutorials to learn new tricks and techniques on how to apply their cosmetics. For many of the women, wearing cosmetics is a form of "magic" that enhanced their beauty and self-confidence. Many of the women explained that applying cosmetics was needed to enhance their features; for a few, makeup was seen as unnecessary, but a nice addition. All used cosmetics to present an idealized appearance and enjoyed wearing them. The women in Arkansas made greater use of cosmetics on a daily basis, perhaps because of their work versus student roles and location in a larger African American community. Social comparison, self-objectification, and symbolic self-completion theories were useful in interpreting the findings. Black feminist perspectives considering personal power and issues of inclusion and exclusion in media and retail settings were also incorporated in the analysis.
Trends and Future — As Seen at the Berkeley Workshop

The Berkeley workshop exposed those attending to a wide range of experiments, analyses, model calculations, and theories. One reasonably might have expected a concensus in terms of key results and future directions to emerge. What happened, however, is that interpretations of many of the results presented lead to almost completely contradictory models. P. W. Anderson took note of this state of confusion in his opening remarks when he urged experimentalists to ignore theory and present raw data, in an unbiased form not geared to fit any particular model. There are enough data to support any of the wildly diverse models and pairing mechanisms — ranging from conventional electron-phonon to highly correlated electron-electron interactions — which are advocated in the papers given in these proceedings and elsewhere at the present time [see the accompanying article by M. Cohen]. Thus we have been presented with optical data which support weak coupling models, some heat capacity data which also support a weak coupling and others more in favor of strong coupling, tunneling data which indicate a very strong coupling, etc. A partial isotope effect in the LaSr2CuO4 compound [A. Zettl, Berkeley; B. Battlogg, AT&T] in contrast to the zero isotope effect in YBa2Cu3O7, can be understood in different ways — as a cancellation or partial cancellation of competing attractive and repulsive pairing interactions (as is the case, respectively, in the transition metals Ru and Mo), as the result of two attractive pairing mechanisms acting in parallel (with a non-phonon mechanism being completely dominant for the 90K material), or, as suggested by R. Laughlin, because the Fermi energy lies below the Debye energy.
Effects of Drugs on Bone Quality

The term bone quality refers to factors that define bone mechanical strength and hence its fracture risk, either inclusive or exclusive of the quantity of mineralized tissue present. These factors include: bone size, density, shape (microarchitecture, geometry, remodeling cavity number size and distribution), porosity, mineral and collagen distribution and alignment, amount and distribution of microdamage, mineral composition, collagen cross-linking and other material properties. In this review, we will consider how pharmaceuticals used to treat osteoporosis (anabolic and catabolic agents) and those used for other conditions that affect bone quality and induce “secondary osteoporosis” alter these parameters. Observed effects vary with different methods of drug delivery, length and periodicity of use, other drugs used concomitantly or consecutively, user gender, methods of analysis and, most importantly, the genetic background of the species tested. We suggest that while increases in quantity of mineralized tissue present account for much of the reported reduction in fracture risk, drugs that correct the composition and microarchitecture of the bone, returning it to its preosteoporotic status, may provide additional benefits.
The study on low temperature sintering of nano-tungsten powders

Abstract Ultrafine grain tungsten is a promising candidate for plasma facing component applications in future fusion reactors. The conventional press-and-sinter powder metallurgy method is a preferred route for producing ultrafine grain tungsten from nanosize tungsten powders. However, controlling grain growth, while simultaneously attempting to achieve maximum densification, has been a challenge for making UGF tungsten by sintering. In this study, the effect of processing parameters on the densification and grain growth of nano-W powders was investigated. Near-fully densified tungsten was obtained at sintering temperatures between 1100 and 1300 °C, and both Ar and H2 sintering atmospheres were investigated. The Ar sintering atmosphere was determined to more favorably promote densification and minimize grain growth. The nanosized tungsten powder compacts were subjected to reduction in H2 as a part of the sintering cycle. The reduction temperature was found to have significant effects on the sintering of nano-W powder, primarily as a result of grain coarsening, which was seen at temperatures as low as 700 °C.
RTL Implementations and FPGA Benchmarking of Three Authenticated Ciphers Competing in CAESAR Round Two

Authenticated ciphers are cryptographic transformations which combine the functionality of confidentiality, integrity, and authentication. This research uses register transfer-level (RTL) design to describe selected authenticated ciphers using a hardware description language (HDL), verifies their proper operation through functional simulation, and implements them on target FPGAs. The authenticated ciphers chosen for this research are the CAESAR Round Two variants of SCREAM, POET, and Minalpher. Ciphers are discussed from an engineering standpoint, and are compared and contrasted in terms of design features. To ensure conformity and standardization in evaluation, all three candidates are implemented with an identical version of the CAESAR Hardware API for authenticated ciphers. Functionally correct implementations of all three ciphers are realized, and results are compared against each other and previous results in terms of throughput, area, and throughput-to-area (T/A) ratio. SCREAM is found to have the highest T/A ratio of these three ciphers in the Virtex-6 FPGA, while Minalpher has the highest T/A ratio in the Virtex-7 FPGA.
Male mate choice, male quality, and the potential for sexual selection on female traits under polygyny

Observations of male mate choice are increasingly common, even in species with traditional sex roles. In addition, female traits that bear the hallmarks of secondary sexual characters are increasingly reported. These concurrent empirical trends have led to the repeated inference that, even under polygyny, male mate choice is a mechanism of sexual selection on female traits. It is often either assumed or argued that in these cases females are competing for males of superior "quality"; females might experience sexual selection under polygyny if they compete for mates that provide either direct or indirect benefits. However, the theoretical foundation of this testable hypothesis remains largely uninvestigated. We develop a population genetic model to probe the logic of this hypothesis and demonstrate that, contrary to common inferences, male mate choice, variation in male quality (in the form of a direct fecundity benefit to females), and female ornamentation can coexist in a population without any sexual selection on female ornamentation taking place at all. Furthermore, even in a "best case scenario" where high quality males with a preference for ornamented females are able to mate disproportionately more often with them, the evolution of female traits by sexual selection may be relatively weak. We discuss the implication of these findings for ongoing empirical and theoretical research on the evolution of sexual-signaling in females.
LOST IN TRANSLATION: IMPLICATIONS OF A FAILED ORGANIZING VISION FOR THE GOVERNANCE OF A MULTI-ORGANIZATION SHARED IT INFRASTRUCTURE

We studied the early-stage development of a newly formed shared services unit providing IT infrastructure services to multiple enterprises and examined the evolution of the organizing vision established for the unit. Through a three-cycle action research design, we found that the initiallyarticulated organizing vision failed to take hold with constituents and no effort was undertaken to evolve this organizing vision. In the absence of a strong and compelling organizing vision, client entities interacted with the shared services unit on an individual basis, compromising the initial purpose of the shared services unit as an innovation that had the potential to provide value as a ‘social good’ across a community. In examination of contributing factors of a failed organizing vision, we found that discourse across multiple levels of the community and effective chargeback processes were critical elements for evolving a meaningful organizing vision. Research and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
QRS/T-wave and calcium alternans in a type I diabetic mouse model for spontaneous postmyocardial infarction ventricular tachycardia: A mechanism for the antiarrhythmic effect of statins.

Background The incidence of sudden arrhythmic death is markedly increased in diabetics. Objective The purpose of this study was to develop a mouse model for postmyocardial infarction (post-MI) ventricular tachycardia (VT) in the diabetic heart and determine the mechanism of an antiarrhythmic effect of statins. Methods ECG transmitters were implanted in wild-type (WT), placebo, and pravastatin-treated type I diabetic Akita mice. MIs were induced by coronary ligation, and Ca 2+ transients were studied by optical mapping, and Ca 2+ transients and sparks in left ventricular myocytes (VM) by the Ionoptix system and confocal microscopy. Results Burst pacing of Akita mouse hearts resulted in rate-related QRS/T-wave alternans, which was attenuated in pravastatin-treated mice. Post-MI Akita mice developed QRS/T-wave alternans and VT at 2820 ± 879 beats per mouse, which decreased to 343 ± 115 in pravastatin-treated mice (n = 13, P 2+ alternans, both attenuated in hearts of statin-treated mice. Akita VM displayed Ca 2+ alternans, and triggered activity as well as increased Ca 2+ transient decay time (Tau), Ca 2+ sparks, and cytosolic Ca 2+ and decreased SR Ca 2+ stores all of which were in part reversed in cells from statin treated mice. Homogenates of Akita ventricles demonstrated decreased SERCA2a/PLB ratio and increased ratio of protein phosphatase (PP-1) to the PP-1 inhibitor PPI-1 which were reversed in homogenates of pravastatin-treated Akita mice. Conclusion Pravastatin decreased the incidence of post-MI VT and Ca 2+ alternans in Akita mouse hearts in part by revering abnormalities of Ca 2+ handling via the PP-1/PPI-1 pathway.
Strategic Connections: Using Social Networks to Restructure the it Department at Mwh (a)

In this first in a series of cases on organizational network analysis (ONA), Vic Gulas, the new head of IT at the engineering consulting firm MWH Consulting, is charged with turning a geographically organized department into one organized by function. He knows that the success of the reorganization will depend on effective collaboration, but he cannot get a sense of what collaborative relationships do and do not exist by looking at a formal organizational chart. Instead, Gulas uses ONA, a method for mapping relationships among people in a group. In the ONA results, Gulas sees a group still fragmented by geography and constrained by hierarchy and other gaps in connectivity. After studying the highly detailed assessment of working relationships within the IT department, Gulas must decide in the A case what steps he can take to align the department’s network with its business objectives.
Trajectory design for a Mars Ascent Vehicle concept terrestrial demonstration

The trajectory design and propellant sizing of a conceptual Mars Ascent Vehicle (MAV) can be accomplished via the solution of the associated optimal control problem under given vehicle, mission, path and control constraints. This paper presents the implementation of this optimization using Gauss Pseudospectral OPtimization Software (GPOPS-II) in combination with a Sparse Nonlinear OPTimizer (SNOPT) as the nonlinear programing (NLP) solver. The solution obtained is an input to the propulsion, Guidance Navigation and Control (GNC), mechanical design, aerodynamic and thermal analysis teams, which use it to size systems, tune algorithms and update models. A sensitivity analysis of variables of interest, like dry mass and trajectory altitude is presented.
O que pode a educação aprender das artes sobre a prática da educação

In this paper Elliot W. Eisner argues that the distinctive forms of thinking needed to create artistically crafted work are relevant not only to what students do, they are relevant to virtually all aspects of what we do, from the design of curricula, to the practice of teaching, to the features of the environment in which students and teachers live. It was originally given as the John Dewey Lecture for 2002, Stanford University
Genetic Evidence of Isolation by Distance and Impact of Impoundments on Genetic Diversity of Riverine Channel Catfish

AbstractThis study used microsatellite loci to provide evidence of isolation by distance and an effect of artificial impoundments on the genetic diversity of Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus from the Wabash and Ohio rivers. The Wabash River is the longest free-flowing river east of the Mississippi River in the USA, and the Ohio River is highly impounded, yet both rivers support large Channel Catfish fisheries. There was a significant positive relationship between genetic differentiation and geographic distance indicating isolation by distance. Clustering with the programs, STRUCTURE and GENELAND, and principal component analysis revealed multiple genetic clusters, and several sites had results consistent with adults existing as mixtures of genetic groups. These results suggest that the rate of straying among reproductive sites or dispersal is dependent on geographic distance. Channel Catfish from the unimpounded Wabash River had higher genetic diversity (Ho and He) than that from the impounded Ohio Riv...
Sargon Boulus and Tu Fu’s Ghost(s)

Sargon Boulus (1944–2007) is widely acclaimed as one of the pioneers of modern Arabic poetry. The trajectories of his life and work make him an appealing subject through which one may explore the dialogues his work initiated, and the horizons that it opened, between Arabic literature and world poetry. His work and the way it has been largely ignored or (mis)read can even highlight some of the problematics and limitations of the category of “world” literature and its institutional networks and asymmetries. The recent publication of his anthology of selected translations from world literature and collected interviews is an opportunity to study his work as a translator more seriously. This essay takes stock of his contributions and traces his curious affinity with the Chinese poet Tu Fu (712–770). It concludes by reading two of his late poems and links them to his own ethics and politics of translation and writing.
The Ethical Basis for Animal Use in Research

The concern of biomedical researchers for the well-being of laboratory animals reflects a consensus that animals are conscious subjects. Partisans of the animal rights movement believe that researchers must go beyond the acknowledgment of consciousness and consequent attention to animal well-being. They should recognize just how similar human and animal consciousness are, and then address animal interests and animal rights. Consideration of these issues would challenge all uses, even painless uses, of animals. In any effort to identify the interests and rights of animals, even animal rights philosophers admit that the nature of consciousness and cognition—human and animal—matters. A theory of human consciousness and cognition developed by B.F.J. Lonergan is helpful in understanding and comparing human and animal consciousness. According to Lonergan, elemental wonder makes human consciousness and cognition a dynamic, self-assembling process moving from presentations given in experience through successive levels of understanding, judgment, and responsibility to the affirmation of values. Questioning sweeps humans across a divide between elementary knowing, which is shared with animals, and a type of knowing that is exclusively human. None of the animal behaviors catalogued by animal rights partisans reveals wonder and the drive to understand, affirm and decide. That drive is a single, restless activity generating successive levels of consciousness. If, as animal rights philosophers agree, animals are incapable of responsible behavior, it must also be that their cognitional feats are qualitatively different from those of humans. Absent questioning and the drive to understand, animals never emerge on the level of intelligent and rational, much less responsible, consciousness. Their cognitional achievements appear to fall within the province of elementary knowing, a realm in which they are accomplished associative learners— clever, to be sure, but not capable of the beginnings of full human knowing. Human consciousness and cognition differ enough from animal consciousness and cognition that humans claim rights while animals do not. So it is that even if we use animals in research, having vouched for their humane care, we use humans as experimental subjects only when they give informed consent. We safeguard the welfare of animals; we guarantee the rights of persons.
Impacts of diurnal temperature and larval density on aquatic development of Aedes aegypti

The increasing range of Aedes aegypti, vector for Zika, dengue, chikungunya, and other viruses, has brought attention to the need to understand the population and transmission dynamics of this mosquito. It is well understood that environmental factors and breeding site characteristics play a role in organismal development and the potential to transmit pathogens. In this study, we observe the impact of larval density in combination with diurnal temperature on the time to pupation, emergence, and mortality of Aedes aegypti. Experiments were conducted at two diurnal temperature ranges based on 10 years of historical temperatures of Houston, Texas (21–32°C and 26.5–37.5°C). Experiments at constant temperatures (26.5°C, 32°C) were also conducted for comparison. At each temperature setting, five larval densities were observed (0.2, 1, 2, 4, 5 larvae per mL of water). Data collected shows significant differences in time to first pupation, time of first emergence, maximum rate of pupation, time of maximum rate of pupation, maximum rate of emergence, time of maximum rate of emergence, final average proportion of adult emergence, and average proportion of larval mortality. Further, data indicates a significant interactive effect between temperature fluctuation and larval density on these measures. Thus, wild population estimates should account for temperature fluctuations, larval density, and their interaction in low-volume containers.