cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Noninvasive detection of the anaerobic threshold during computer-controlled exercise testing.

A computer-controlled instrument configuration is described which is capable of the noninvasive detection of the anaerobic threshold of a subject during exercise testing. Analogue signals representing physiological information are acquired and processed by a small microcomputer incorporating a novel synchronous integration technique. Results are presented which demonstrate the correlation of the determination of the anaerobic threshold by this technique to the results obtained from the conventional invasive method of blood lactic acid determinations.
A Comparison of the Sampling Characteristics of Two Vacuum Surface Samplers for the Collection of Dust Mite Allergen

Abstract Hand-held vacuum cleaners are commonly adapted for collection of allergens in settled dust; however, the collection efficiencies for most of these devices have not been investigated. We evaluated and compared the collection characteristics of two vacuum surface samplers: the ReadiVac (6735), a hand-held vacuum cleaner with a cloth filter bonnet; and the high volume surface sampler (HVS3), a modified upright vacuum cleaner equipped with a cyclone for collecting small particles and a means for adjusting the air flow in the sampler. The efficiency and precision of the two vacuum samplers were evaluated by vacuum sampling 30 matched-pair carpet samples doped with house dust containing dust mite allergen. The HVS3 recovered twice as much bulk dust and four times as much allergen as the ReadiVac, although the intake velocities of the two samplers were practically equivalent. The correlation of bulk dust recovery with allergen recovery by the ReadiVac was r = 0.54 compared with the HVS3's of r = 0.90. T...
Lactoferrin Secretion in Alcoholic Pancreatic Disease

Lactoferrin, a nonenzyme protein normally secreted in small amounts in pancreatic juice, has been reported by several investigators to be secreted in large amounts in chronic pancreatitis. Whether this increased secretion first occurs at an early or late stage of alcoholic pancreatic disease is unknown. In this study we measured lactoferrin and enzyme outputs in duodenal juice from 10 healthy subjects and three groups of alcoholic subjects: asymptomatic chronic alcoholics without evidence, clinically or biochemically, of pancreatitis (10), those recovered from acute pancreatitis (8), and those with established chronic pancreatitis (8). A multilumen, marker-perfused duodenal catheter was used to aspirate basal pancreatic secretions at the ligament of Treitz. The mean (±se) lactoferrin concentration in duodenal juice for the four groups of subjects was: healthy, 0.7±0.1 μglml; asymptomatic alcoholics, 5.5±1.5 μgl; alcoholics who had recovered from acute pancreatitis, 7.4±0.8 μg/ml; and alcoholics with chronic pancreatitis 7.1± 1.9 μg/ml. The three groups of alcoholics each had a greater lactoferrin concentration than the normals (P<0.005). The output of lactoferrin in the four groups paralleled the concentration in that the three groups of alcoholics had a significantly greater output: healthy subjects, 3.4±0.5 μg/kg/hr; asymptomatic alcoholics, 25.7±7.4 μg/kg/hr; alcoholics recovered from acute pancreatitis, 80.1±27 μg/kg/hr; and alcoholics with chronic pancreatitis, 90.9±32 μg/kg/hr. The output of chymotrypsin and trypsin in the four groups of subjects revealed increased secretory rates in the asymptomatic alcoholics and the alcoholics recovered from acute pancreatitis: normal chymotrypsin output, 1.0±0.2 mglkglhr; asymptomatic alcoholics, 2.2±0.4 mglkglhr; alcoholics recovered from acute pancreatitis, 3.3±0.7 mglkglhr (P<0.05 vs healthy subjects). Alcoholics with chronic pancreatitis had a low chymotrypsin output, 0.2±0.1 μg/kg/hr (P<0.05). These findings suggest that chronic alcohol consumption increases the interdigestive pancreatic secretion of lactoferrin and enzymes prior to the development of symptomatic and chronic pancreatic disease.
The Amplitude Densities of Single-Tone Amplitude-Modulated (AM) Waveforms

An analytical formula for the amplitude density of an almost periodic single-tone amplitude-modulated (AM) waveform is presented along with an analytical procedure to obtain the amplitude density for a periodic single-tone AM signal.
History and trends in U.S. bound migration from a Mexican town.

The authors examine "historical trends in U.S. bound migration from a rural Mexican town. The data consist of detailed migration histories collected for all town residents in 1978. From these histories, successive migrant cohorts were constructed for the period 1940-1978." Changes in the age and sex composition of migrants over time are analyzed
A molecular model for the reductive cleavage of carbon monoxide to carbide and oxide on reduced metal oxides

Abstract In an attempt to model the initial step in Fischer-Tropsch chemistry, the reductive cleavage of carbon monoxide to carbide and oxide, we have examined the interactions between CO and alkoxides of molybdenum and tungsten in their middle oxidation states. At low CO/M ratios M 2 (μ-CO) compounds may be isolated and their characterization data reveal extensive M-to-CO π * bonding in the order M = W > Mo. For tungsten a further reaction sequence is observed involving the head-to-tail dimerization of two W 2 (μ-CO) units and ultimate cleavage to a carbido-oxide-W 4 cluster. The molecular structure of the latter compound is inferred from 13 C NMR spectroscopy and is proposed to be isostructural to the isoelectronic and structurally characterized compound W 4 (C)(NMe)(O-i-Pr) 12 .
A comparison of modeling, desensitization, flooding, study skills, and control groups for reducing test anxiety

One hundred test-anxious college students were placed in one of five conditions: modeling, desensitization, flooding, study skills, and a no-treatment control. Five measures were used to assess treatment effects. Modeling was most effective in decreasing test anxiety followed by desensitization and then flooding. Study skills was significantly more effective than flooding or the controls in increasing final grades. Most subjects reported satisfaction with modeling and approximately half of the subjects said they would recomend desensitization. A majority said that they would not recommend flooding, although it eliminated the test anxiety, due to the psychological discomfort it produced.
Eliciting an overlooked aspect of Bayesian reasoning

Bayesian theorem is the theoretical basis of uncertainty management as well as the stochastic foundation for forecast-oriented expert systems. Mathematically, the reasoning steps can be represented by a sequence of probabilistic computations. To reduce the mathematical complexity and make it mentally manageable, an assumption, known as Bayesian Assumption, is usually made. This assumption does simplify the computation, but also introduces errors to the computation and makes it distorted from the real probabilistic result. In this paper, I use Venn diagrams to discuss the distortion being introduced to the result by showing cases from best-fitted, partial-fitted to worst-fitted.
Changes in phosphatase enzymes following denervation of the vallate papilla of the rat.

Abstract Taste buds degenerate following transection of their nerve supply. Phosphatase enzymes associated with the taste buds (adenosine triphosphatase, acid phosphatase) and with the epithelium containing the taste buds (alkaline phosphatase) of the vallate papilla of the rat were studied histochemically and quantitatively at 4 days, 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks following bilateral (complete) or unilateral (partial) denervation. Four days after bilateral denervation, taste buds were reduced in number. In the remaining degenerating taste buds, adenosine triphosphatase activity decreased, while acid phosphatase activity increased. At 1 week, only occasional fragments of buds were seen which exhibited trace adenosine triphosphatase or acid phosphatase activity. No change was observed histochemically in alkaline phosphatase activity in the superficial epithelium until 2 weeks following bilateral denervation. At this time, activity was greatly reduced and confined to a relatively few superficial epithelial cells. Quantitative studies however showed a significant decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity as early as 1 week after bilateral denervation. At 1 week a 20% decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity occurred followed thereafter by a progressive loss in activity of 50% at 2 weeks, 55% at 4 weeks, and 58% at 8 weeks postoperatively. Unilateral (partial) denervation did not produce any detectable histochemical or quantitative changes in adenosine triphosphatase, acid or alkaline phosphatase activity. The results demonstrate that enzymes both in the taste buds and in the associated epithelium require an intact innervation for their expression. This “trophic” dependence of enzymes on an intact innervation may be one way the nerve influences cell metabolism, regeneration, and cytodifferentiation.
Scaleability and immortality

James Nicholas Gray's understanding and experimentation gave him a special perspective. From 1995 his commitment was building indefinitely scalable tools by working on really hard data-intensive application problems with other scientific disciplines. His attention to research for both understanding and use made him a unique researcher. Jim pioneered a new kind of 21st century science based on data analytics, requiring computer scientists to collaborate as an equal with scientists in other fields.Gray was an advocate and principal supporter of the MyLifeBits project aimed at extending our memory, memex. The by-product includes digital immortality that we herein speculate and explore.
Four economies of sustainable automotive transportation

Life cycle analysis for automotive transportation, commonly known as well-to-wheels (WTW) analysis, has traditionally focused on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and primary energy consumption. Clearly, economizing on the use of primary energy sources and the amount of GHG emissions associated with automotive transportation are important sustainability metrics. Other important metrics are water usage and cost of vehicle operation. Thus, we propose the evaluation of four economies in WTW analysis: primary energy consumption, GHG emissions, water usage, and cost of vehicle operation. No scenario is likely to simultaneously minimize all four metrics, suggesting the identification of a single figure of merit that encompasses all four economies of transportation fuels. We employed a normalization scheme that allowed calculation of a single composite score for each scenario called the CWEG (Cost-Water-Energy-GHG) score. Automotive transportation scenarios evaluated in this paper include a variety of fossil and renewable primary energy sources; several energy carriers as transportation fuels; and three distinct vehicle platforms including internal combustion engines, battery electric vehicles, and fuel cell electric vehicles. Compressed natural gas scored highest, with CWEG scores of 71–74 out of a possible score of 100, well above the next highest score, which was 45 for conventional diesel hybrid electric vehicles. Fuel cell vehicles running on hydrogen generated using power from the US electric grid had the lowest CWEG scores, ranging from 13 to 15. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Correlated few-photon transport in one-dimensional waveguides: Linear and nonlinear dispersions

We address correlated few-photon transport in one-dimensional waveguides coupled to a two-level system (TLS), such as an atom or a quantum dot. We derive exactly the single-photon and two-photon current (transmission) for linear and nonlinear (tight-binding sinusoidal) energy-momentum dispersion relations of photons in the waveguides and compare the results for the different dispersions. A large enhancement of the two-photon current for the sinusoidal dispersion has been seen at a certain transition energy of the TLS away from the single-photon resonances.
Parametric Representation of Tidal Shallows

Summary A boundary condition used by Proudman and in other more recent studies to model energy losses from incident long water waves can introduce spurious net transport and computational instability. Another artifice modelling partial reflection with or without phase loss is described. It has neither of the above disadvantages.
Designing Deeper Learning Experiences for Online Instruction.

Deeper learning promotes students’ active engagement in learning environments, so they can continuously explore, reflect and produce information to build complex knowledge structures. Consequently, deeper learning has become a major focus of scholarly investigation and debate. Multiple studies have been conducted to describe the characteristics of deeper learning and to determine methods for infusing it into the curriculum. The paper starts with a description of deeper learning, reviews the body of existing research and presents guidelines for deeper learning that can be used in online learning environments.
Motion Planning for Nonlinear Symmetric Distributed Robotic Formations

This paper develops a motion planning algorithm which exploits symmetries in distributed systems to reduce motion planning computation complexity. Symmetries allow for algebraic manipulations that are computationally costly, which normally must be carried out for each component in a distributed system, to be related among various symmetric components in a distributed system by a simple algebraic relationship. This leads to a large reduction in the complexity of the overall motion planning problem for a group of distributed mobile robotic agents. In particular, due to the manner in which a symmetric system is defined, the structure of the Chen-Fliess-Sussmann differential equations has a simple relationship among various symmetric components of a distributed system. Essentially, symmetries are defined in a manner which preserves the Lie algebraic structure of each component. In a system with distributed computational capability, the motion planning computations may be distributed throughout formation in such a way that the objectives of the formation are satisfied and collision avoidance is guaranteed. The algorithm maintains a rigid body formation at the beginning and end of the trajectory, as well as possibly specified intermediate points. Due to the generally nonholonomic nature of mobile robots, guaranteeing a rigid body formation during the intermediate motion is impossible. However, it is possible to bound the magnitude of the deviation from the rigid body formation at any point along the trajectory. Simulation and experimental results are provided to demonstrate the utility of the algorithm.
Retention of School-Based SLPs: Relationships Among Caseload Size, Workload Satisfaction, Job Satisfaction, and Best Practice:

Nationally, the shortage of speech-language pathologists (SLPs) in the schools is growing. As such, it is important to understand factors related to the retention of SLPs in this setting. This study expanded on previous research by examining a wider range of factors that may be related to the retention of SLPs including caseload size, workload satisfaction, job satisfaction, and time available to conduct best practice. Participants were 75 full-time SLPs working in a school setting in the state of Vermont who completed a survey designed to solicit information concerning the variables of interest. Several dimensions of job satisfaction and best practice predicted retention, caseload, and especially workload. The results also suggested that high workloads complicate the implementation of best practice and have implications for retention. Limitations of the research and implications for practice are discussed.
Two Novel Assays of Alloantibody‐Secreting Cells Demonstrating Resistance to Desensitization With IVIG and rATG

Donor-specific alloantibody presents a major barrier to the successful transplantation of kidneys and hearts. However, the study of alloantibody production has been hampered by both an inadequate source of antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) and a paucity of assays to determine their function. We describe two new assays that allow for the determination of the frequency and specificities of allo-ASCs in humans using purified HLA as targets. These assays demonstrated allo-ASCs in the CD138+ fraction of the bone marrow, but not in peripheral blood. Alloantibody specificities in these assays correlated well with those detected in the serum suggesting that bone marrow-derived ASCs are indeed a major source of alloantibody in vivo. However, ASCs for a specific HLA antigen were rare with an estimated frequency of only 1/2 × 106 marrow cells. Pretransplant treatment in vivo with multiple plasmaphereses and low-dose IVIG alone or in combination with rATG had no effect on ASC number or alloantibody production. These techniques allow for the study of allospecific ASCs and provide a method to test the potential efficacy of agents on alloantibody production in vivo.
Differential activation of glutamate receptors by spontaneously released transmitter in slices of neocortex.

Abstract Whole-cell recordings were made from neurons in neocortical brain slices in order to characterize excitatory synaptic currents mediated by glutamate receptors. Glutamate receptor antagonists, d -aminophosphonovalerate ( d -APV) and CNQX, selectively attenuated distinct components in evoked synaptic currents, and were used to differentiate spontaneous synaptic currents mediated by N- methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptors. Spontaneous excitatory synaptic currents were independent of action potentials, varied linearly with voltage, and were blocked by the non-NMDA receptor antagonist CNQX. An NMDA receptor-mediated component was not apparent in these spontaneous synaptic currents, however, when magnesium was omitted from the recording medium, fluctuations in current and a sustained inward current became apparent, and these were blocked by the NMDA receptor antagonist d -APV. Based on these findings, we conclude that NMDA and non-NMDA receptors are activated differentially by transmitter released independently of action potentials.
Multiple functions for actin during filamentous growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is dimorphic and switches from a yeast form to a pseudohyphal (PH) form when starved for nitrogen. PH cells are elongated, bud in a unipolar manner, and invade the agar sub...
CKD and the Risk of Incident Cancer

Previous studies report a higher risk of cancer in patients with ESRD, but the impact of less severe CKD on risk of cancer is uncertain. Our objective was to evaluate the association between level of kidney function and subsequent cancer risk. We performed a retrospective cohort study of 1,190,538 adults who were receiving care within a health care delivery system, had a measurement of kidney function obtained between 2000 and 2008, and had no prior cancer. We examined the association between level of eGFR and the risk of incident cancer; the primary outcome was renal cancer, and secondary outcomes were any cancer and specific cancers (urothelial, prostate, breast, lung, and colorectal). During 6,000,420 person-years of follow-up, we identified 76,809 incident cancers in 72,875 subjects. After adjustment for time-updated confounders, lower eGFR (in milliliters per minute per 1.73 m(2)) was associated with an increased risk of renal cancer (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.39; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.22 to 1.58 for eGFR=45-59; HR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.51 to 2.17 for eGFR=30-44; HR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.78 to 2.92 for eGFR<30). We also observed an increased risk of urothelial cancer at eGFR<30 but no significant associations between eGFR and prostate, breast, lung, colorectal, or any cancer overall. In conclusion, reduced eGFR is associated with an independently higher risk of renal and urothelial cancer but not other cancer types.
Lessons from the national cooperative growth study

Objective: To review the National Cooperative Growth Study (NCGS), a national post-marketing surveillance program for children treated with biosynthetic growth hormone (GH) products from Genentech. Methods: Representative data are presented to summarize the extensive experience of the NCGS. This study is a multicenter, observational surveillance registry begun in 1985 in coordination with the release of the first recombinant DNA biosynthetic GH. Results: After almost 20 years, data from over 47 000 patients representing 165 000 patient years have been collected. There are over 12 000 active subjects (estimated to be , 75% of all current patients treated with a Genentech GH product) at 435 centers, providing extensive efficacy and safety data. The GrowTrak program is a secure, user-friendly database which encourages a high level of participation by the pediatric endocrine community in the USA. Efficacy has been shown in a variety of clinical diagnoses, including isolated (IGHD) and organic growth hormone deficiency (OGHD), idiopathic short stature (ISS), and Turner syndrome. Safety monitoring of this large population has provided reassuring evidence that leukemia (de novo or relapse), extracranial nonleukemic neoplasms and central nervous system (CNS) tumor recurrence are not associated with GH therapy. A small risk of intracranial hypertension and slipped capital femoral epiphyses has been suggested, especially in children with renal disease or Turner syndrome. NCGS substudies have also provided important insights into actual clinical practice. For example, screening for renal, cardiac, or auditory comorbidities in Turner syndrome is often done less than is recommended by national guidelines (NCGS 9). Furthermore, almost 65% of children referred for short stature may be lost to follow-up before an evaluation is completed (NCGS 8). Conclusions: The NCGS has proven to be a valuable method of monitoring the safety and efficacy of biosynthetic GH. The study has attracted wide physician participation due to the data collection software used and the extensive sharing of the analyses of that data with the providers.
Maximum Entropy Generative Models for Similarity-based Learning

A generative model for similarity-based classification is proposed using maximum entropy estimation. First, a descriptive set of similarity statistics is assumed to be sufficient for classification. Then the class conditional distributions of these descriptive statistics are estimated as the maximum entropy distributions subject to empirical moment constraints. The resulting exponential class conditional distributions are used in a maximum a posteriori decision rule, forming the similarity discriminant analysis (SDA) classifier. The relationship between SDA and the quadratic discriminant analysis classifier is discussed. An example SDA classifier is given that uses the class centroids as the descriptive statistics. Compared to the nearest-centroid classifier, which is also based only on the class centroids, simulation and experimental results show SDA consistently improves performance.
ODORS AS CUES FOR THE RECALL OF WORDS UNRELATED TO ODOR

The effectiveness of an ambient odor as a retrieval cue for words unrelated to odor was investigated. After incidental learning of 40 adjectives, 40 participants were tested for recall during three unannounced recall phases (15 min., 48 hr., and 5 days). Participants in two control conditions learned with no odor present and either had no odor present during any recall phase or only during recall after 5 days. Participants in two conditions learned with an odor present and either had the odor present during recall only after 5 days or during recall both after 15 min. and after 5 days. Analyses indicated that, while participants in the control conditions recalled significantly less during each succeeding recall phase, recall by participants in the two experimental conditions did not decrease significantly. Recall by participants in the two experimental conditions was significantly higher during recall after 5 days (when the odor was reintroduced) than either control group. The addition of a salient cue during learning and retrieval facilitated recall more than the presence of constant environmental cues.
Design, Synthesis, and X‐Ray Crystal Structure of a Fullerene‐Linked Metal–Organic Framework

Given the unique structural and electronic properties of C60, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) containing C60 linkers are expected to exhibit interesting characteristics. A new hexakisfullerene derivative possessing two pairs of phenyl pyridine groups attached to two methano-carbon atoms located at the trans-1 positions was designed and synthesized. The four pyridyl nitrogen atoms define a perfectly planar rectangle. This new C60 derivative was used to assemble the first fullerene-linked two-dimensional MOF by coordination with Cd2+.
OR Practice---Modeling Potential Demand for Supply-Constrained Drugs: A New Hemophilia Drug at Bayer Biological Products

This paper describes the evolution and application of a novel approach for forecasting drug demand in markets where supply limitations have significantly curtailed sales volumes and thus reduced the usefulness of conventional sales-based forecasting methods. This occurs frequently with biological (biotech) drugs. We use methods from decision analysis to explicitly model the variability in epidemiological data together with the variability in treatment modalities to estimate latent therapeutic demand (LTD)---the underlying demand that captures how physicians would prescribe treatment and how patients would comply if ample supplies of drugs were available and affordable. Our approach evolved from efforts to help Bayer Biological Products with strategic decisions regarding its drug for treating hemophilia A, the future of which had been clouded for several years, primarily due to a lack of confidence in demand estimates. Use of the LTD model resulted in a better understanding of the therapeutic needs of the global hemophilia community and helped Bayer make good decisions. We believe this approach is widely applicable to forecasting potential demand for supply-constrained as well as brand-new drugs, and thus can be very useful in helping both drug manufacturers and health-care agencies worldwide to ensure adequate supplies of critical drugs.
An age of enlightenment for cilia: The FASEB summer research conference on the "Biology of Cilia and Flagella"

From July 19-24, 2015, 169 clinicians and basic scientists gathered in the vertiginous heights of Snowmass, Colorado (2502 m) for the fourth FASEB summer research conference on the 'Biology of Cilia and Flagella'. Organizers Maureen Barr (Rutgers University), Iain Drummond (Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School), and Jagesh Shah (Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School) assembled a program filled with new data and forward-thinking ideas documenting the ongoing growth of the field. Sixty oral presentations and 77 posters covered novel aspects of cilia structure, ciliogenesis, cilia motility, cilia-mediated signaling, and cilia-related disease. In this report, we summarize the meeting, highlight exciting developments and discuss open questions.
Anterior Knee Pain and Patellar Instability

Foreword.- Preface.- SECTION I: ETIOPATHOGENIC BASES AND THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS.- Background. Patellofemoral malaligment vs Tissue homeostasis. Myths and truths about patellofemoral disease.- Pathogenesis of anterior knee pain and patellar instability. What have we learned from realignment surgery?.- Biological causes of anterior knee pain.- In search of the etiology of anterior knee pain.- Biomechanics of the patellofemoral joint. Implications in the genesis of pain and instability.- Anatomy of patellar dislocation.- Evaluation of the patient with anterior knee pain and patellar instability.- Influence of psycological factors on pain and dissability in patellofemoral pain syndrome.- Uncommon causes of anterior knee pain.- Risk factors and prevention of anterior knee pain.- Conservative treatment of athletes with anterior knee pain: science, classical and new ideas.- Conservative management of anterior knee pain: the McConnell program.- Squeletal malalignment and anterior knee pain. Rationale, diagnosis and management.- Patellar tendinopathy: Where does the pain come from?.- Pathophysiology of patellofemoral arthritis.- Prevention of anterior knee pain after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.- Donor-site morbidity after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using autografts.- SECTION II: EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR INVESTIGATING PATELLOFEMORAL JOINT.- Computational modeling for investigating patellofemoral joint. Clinical relevance.- Kinetic and kinematic analysis in evaluating patellofemoral disorders.- SECTION III: CLINICAL CASES COMMENTED.- Complicated cases studies.- Failure of patellofemoral surgery. Analysis of clinical cases.- Neuromatous knee pain: Evaluation and management.- Posterior knee pain referred from the patellofemoral joint.- SECTION IV: SURGICAL TECHNIQUES.- Reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament.- Reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament.- Reconstruction of the lateral patellofemoral ligament.- Reconstruction of the lateral patellofemoral ligament.- Rotational osteotomy.- Trochleoplasty.- Osteotomies in patella baja / patella alta.- Arthroscopic patellar release for the treatment of patellar tendinopathy.- Anteromedial tibial tubercle osteotomy (Fulkerson osteotomy).- Autologous chondrocyte implantation.-Patellofemoral arthroplasty: Pearls and pitfalls.- EPILOGUE.
Methods for Understanding and Analyzing NIBRS Data

The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) is an incident-basedcrime reporting program for local, state, and federal law enforcementagencies. Within each criminal incident, NIBRS captures information onoffenses, victims, offenders, property, and persons arrested, as well asinformation about the incident itself. The ability to link and analyze thisdetailed information is a significant improvement to the existing UniformCrime Reporting (UCR) summary reporting system. As one might expect,however, this increase in crime data significantly complicates the life ofthe data analyst, particularly when cross tabulating the NIBRS data. To dealwith the complexity of NIBRS data, one must understand its structure. Thisarticle provides an overview of the NIBRS structure and methods formaneuvering within it to present and interpret correctly cross tabulationsof the NIBRS data.
Incorporating physical fitness through rushing can significantly affect tactical infantry simulation results

Physical fitness is accepted as an influence on the outcome on the battlefield; yet, research indicates that it has not been incorporated into tactical infantry simulations. Including physical capabilities may have a significant impact upon the results of a tactical simulation. Several battlefield tasks were reviewed, and rushing was selected to implement in tactical infantry simulations. A preliminary spreadsheet model was created that indicated rushing velocity would impact a tactical simulation. Two tactical infantry simulations were created: a helicopter extraction scenario where 13 soldiers rushed to extraction site while two enemies were shooting and a rushing scenario that consisted of three consecutive short rushes by two soldiers to throw a grenade while one enemy was shooting. Rushing input data were collected via an ODU IRB approved study, which also collected data for physical fitness components such as strength, aerobic fitness, flexibility, and body composition. Four rush times (3 meter rush kneeling to kneeling, 6 meter rush kneeling to kneeling, and a 15 meter rush standing to standing) were selected from participants who scored high enough to pass the Marine Corps Physical Fitness Tests and Marine Corps Combat Fitness test. The rushing velocities were used as input for a total of over 160,000 simulation runs which varied the enemy shooting accuracy from 10–30% and varied the enemy shooting cadence from .5 to 3.5 shots per second. Logistic regression was used to analyze the output results. Rushing velocity had a significant impact upon the probability of success (casualty limit or accomplish task) of the soldiers proving that including physical capabilities may have a significant impact upon the results of a tactical simulation.
Long-term Maintenance of Sterility Following Skin Transplantation in Germ-free Mice.

BackgroundThere is considerable interest in investigating the role of the microbiota in various diseases, including transplant rejection. Germ-free (GF) and gnotobiotic mice are powerful models for this line of investigation, but performing surgery within the confines of a sterile housing isolator i
Sidestick controllers for general aviation aircraft - A feasibility study

This paper presents the results of a feasibility study on the use of sidestick controllers in general aviation airplanes. The study was limited to airplanes with reversible flight control systems only. The sets of equations that relate the vehicle motion to the controller parameters were documented in the form of the general longitudinal and lateraldirectional trim problems. These equations were then implemented into computer programs, and the cbntrol stick force requirements were investigated for three typical general aviation airplanes: Cessna 172, C-303, and C-402. The paper includes the identification of the relevant FAR requirements, a discussion of the force limits for sidestick controllers, and the identification of the important design parameters. It is shown that, with minor redesign of the control surfaces and control system, present-day general aviation airplanes of the type investigated could be flown with a sidestick contrdller.
Magnetic and Optical Properties of Eu-doped GaN

GaN films were doped with Eu to a concentration of ∼0.12 at. % during growth at 800°C by molecular beam epitaxy, with the Eu cell temperature held constant at 470°C. All samples were post-annealed at 675°C. The films exhibited strong photoluminescence (PL) in the red (622 nm) whose absolute intensity was a function of the Ga flux during growth, which ranged from 3-5.4×10−7 Torr. The maximum PL intensity was obtained at a Ga flux of 3.6×10−7 Torr. The samples showed room temperature ferromagnetism with saturation magnetization of ∼0.1-0.45 emu/cm3, consistent with past reports where the Eu was found to be predominantly occupying substitutional Ga sites. There was an inverse correlation between the PL intensity and the saturation magnetization in the films. X-ray diffraction showed the presence of EuGa phases under all of our growth conditions but these cannot account for the observed magnetic properties.
A New North American Species of Crabro (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)

Recently several specimens of an apparently undescribed species of Crabro have been received for identification and, since a name is required for use in connection with studies of its habits, a description is given below.
Return to Senda: Order Determinative for FLP Discounts

Senda illustrates what happens when the taxpayers do not respect the formalities of an FLP as well as the required sequence of transfers and documentation.
The Window to Language is Still Open: Distinguishing Between Preverbal and Minimally Verbal Children With ASD

While a large number of preschool age children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) use no or little spoken language, only a portion will remain minimally verbal into elementary school. Determining ...
24-Hour periodicity and audiogenic convulsions in I mice of various ages.

SummaryDaily rhythms were studied in I mice of several age groups under standardized experimental circumstances. The rhythms in eosinophil count and in rectal temperature are described for this stock. Moreover, 24-hour periodicities are noted for the susceptibility of I mice to audiogenic convulsions and for their ability to recover from convulsions. The magnitude of these differences was large and was statistically significant. In one group of young animals the convulsive risk was 11% by day and 63% by night and in another, 0% by day and 85% by night. Changes with age in several of the variables studied are also noted.
Influence of 4,4'-(isopropylidenedithio)bis(2,6-di-t-butylphenol) (DH-581) on experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits.

SummaryThe influence of orally administered 4,4'-(isopropylidenedithio)bis(2,6-di-t-butylphenol) (DH-581) on the development of cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits has been investigated. When fed at a level of 0.3% to rabbits who are also being given a diet augmented with 2% cholesterol and 6% corn oil, DH-581 does not affect the course of the cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis. At this dietary level, however, DH-581 did cause reductions in liver triglycerides. When administered at a level of 1% of the atherogenic diet, DH-581 significantly lowers the severity of atheromata in the arch (p)<.05) and thoracic aorta (p<.01) of rabbits.These rabbits also showed consistently lower serum cholesterol and liver cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Serum triglyceride levels were variable.
Implementation of Eye Tracking with Webcam Images

Most human-computer interactions take place with the common input devices such as keyboard and mouse. This article describes the processes involved in development of a project which explores the possibility of a webcam device acting as a form of interaction device by observing eye movements. Eye movement is tracked by analyzing each frame of the video feed received from the webcam. Initially, the project started as an initiative to offer handicapped people a way to control a computer without using traditional keyboard and mouse. Considering the circumstances, the project develops a simple game of tic-tac-toe with different levels of artificial intelligence capabilities. The project also involves thread management concepts in order to successfully negotiate steps involved in fetching a webcam frame image and displaying computed location of the eye pupil center.
State of Telehealth

With the digital revolution, telehealth is evolving from clinics to the home. In this review, the authors summarize current trends, barriers and limitations, and the potential for telehealth to improve health care delivery.
Commentary on: Managing the Difficult Soft Tissue Envelope in Facial and Rhinoplasty Surgery

Skin: the final frontier for rhinoplasty. The experimental discoveries of the authors in “Managing the Difficult Soft Tissue Envelope in Facial and Rhinoplasty Surgery” provide a voyage for our viewers into the next quantum leap for rhinoplasty.1 Their mission has been to seek a new path, and a new algorithm for preventing and treating the amorphous thick skinned nasal tip. Their exploration with ultrasonography has enabled them to go boldly where most surgeons (using anatomic framework reconstruction alone) have not been able to go before. For several decades the focus of our collective attention (as rhinoplasty surgeons) has been on the cartilage and bone in order to control the final outcome, both aesthetically and functionally. With the advent of grafting and suture techniques, that aspect of rhinoplasty control has been largely achieved and brought better postoperative results to our patients than ever before. The skin, unfortunately, has always and continues to be a dilemma in many patients because, quite obviously, thick skin and subcutaneous fat blunt even the most exquisite framework results. Although some have argued that the skin is not merely a cover (drape) over the anatomic framework2 and that a good result is not mostly dependent upon the resultant bony/cartilaginous framework, most surgeons have adopted the surgical drape philosophy, we included. Thus, if for some reason the surgical result was not entirely satisfactory, there would always be an opportunity to return to the operating room at the appropriate time and revise the framework. However, the assumption and hope has been that the skin and subcutaneous tissue will cooperate by being pliable and not deposit too much subcutaneous scar to blunt the sculpted result. Unfortunately, reliance on the skin to cooperative has been frequently disappointing. The authors provide practical solutions by providing an article that is succinct …
Detecting and quantifying architectural debt: theory and practice

Software complexity accumulates slowly as part of normal development activities. Because it accumulates slowly, most developers are unaware that it is occurring: they are focused on their immediate task---such as adding a new feature or fixing a bug---and they typically try to accomplish this in the quickest way. However, these quick-and-dirty changes over time lead to problematic structures within the source code. The impact of such (typically incremental) design decisions on software maintenance and evolution have not been well studied or understood.
Review of Deep-Sea Ecology and Monitoring as They Relate to Deep-Sea Oil and Gas Operations

This review summarizes available information concerning deep-sea benthic ecology and how that information might be used to monitor and eventually reduce the potential impacts resulting from oil and gas production activities. The paper provides a brief overview of deep-sea ecology and benthic faunal groups and summarizes some of the physical and biological features that may be important in evaluating potential impacts. In addition, presented is a synopsis of issues related to the design of a sampling program and a discussion of analytical considerations related to the uncertain knowledge of deep faunas. Also included is an overview of some of the variety of sampling techniques and equipment available to study the deep sea. The review concludes with management considerations and recommendations.
Fear and Anxiety

Fear and anxiety feel different. The different lexical labels attached to these discrete emotions reflect a subjective understanding of their distinction. But emotions are more than just feelings, and this chapter journeys far beyond the subjective experiences of fear versus anxiety. The processes these different emotions evoke are supported by distinct neural substrates and carry divergent consequences for behavior, cognition, and subsequent emotional responding. Their distinction matters. This chapter draws from theoretical and recent experimental work using cutting-edge research methodologies to describe what makes fear different from anxiety and how they uniquely influence different forms of psychopathology.
[Drugs for intravenous induction of anesthesia: barbiturates]

Die Entdeckung der Barbitursaure und die Erforschung ihrer Derivate waren von herausragender Bedeutung fur den Fortschritt der modernen Anasthesie. Der jahrzehntelange klinische Umgang mit Barbituraten weltweit, aber auch deren Missbrauch, hat zu enormem Wissen gefuhrt. Thiopental und Methohexital zahlen zu den ultrakurz wirksamen Barbituraten. Mit ihrer Anwendung erweiterten sich die Kenntnisse uber die Pharmakologie zerebral aktiver Medikamente; dies betrifft insbesondere den γ‑Aminobuttersaure-A(GABAA)-Rezeptor und die durch GABA induzierten Vorgange an der Membran der Nervenzelle. Trotz der Entwicklung neuerer Substanzen hat Thiopental einen geschichtlich gewachsenen, festen Platz in der klinischen Anwendung. Derzeit dient es v. a. noch in der Geburtshilfe als Induktionshypnotikum bei Kaiserschnitt in Allgemeinanasthesie. Nachteilig ist bei ordnungsgemasem Gebrauch zur Narkoseinduktion zumeist nur die verlangerte Eliminationskinetik der Barbiturate. Positiv ist, dass Barbiturate keine nebenwirkungsreichen Losungsvermittler benotigen.
A Path Makes a Road: Path Dependence in Organizational Impression Management

Impression management affects how a firm maintains positive evaluator perceptions, an important dimension of firm survival and success. Most scholarship in this area has focused on managing impressions after events. However, a firm may also engage in anticipatory strategies to manage impressions. By synthesizing arguments from anticipatory and reactive impression management, I offer a novel theoretical framework that treats a firm’s impression management strategies as a path-dependent process. I also consider how firms manage perceptions around positive events, an area of inquiry that lacks sufficient attention yet carries substantial importance. Finally, I develop theory about antecedents to anticipatory impression management and thus link them to the path I explicate above. Together, these contributions illuminate how firm impression management decisions are more nuanced and more predictable than previous research has suggested.
Measuring Contagion: Conceptual and Empirical Issues

The 1990’s has been punctuated by a series of severe financial and currency crises: the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) attacks of 1992; the Mexican peso collapse of 1994; the East Asian crisis of 1997; the Russian collapse of 1998; and the Brazilian devaluation of 1999. One striking characteristic of several of these crises was how an initial country-specific shock was rapidly transmitted to markets of very different sizes and structures around the globe. This has prompted a surge of interest in “contagion”.
Dialog und Lerngeschichten — Nachhaltige Veränderungsprozesse in Organisationen

Veranderungsmanagement, Change Management oder Organisationsentwicklung sind heute wichtige Formen, wie Organisationen innovativ und lernfahig werden oder bleiben. Innovationsfahigkeit ist eine der Notwendigkeiten fur heutige Unternehmen oder Organisationen aus dem Not-for-Profit Bereich, im Wettbewerb sich zu entwickeln und den Entwicklungsverlauf von einer Pionierorganisation bis hin zu einer differenzierten oder sogar reifen Organisation zu durchlaufen. Vor allem Ed Schein hat in seinen Grundlagenwerken zur „Organisationskultur“ (2003) gezeigt, dass eine Organisation je nach ihrer Entwicklungsphase. unterschiedliche Kulturen braucht. Veranderungsmanagement ist heutzutage in den meisten Fallen nicht Restrukturierung oder Reform, sondern Kulturentwicklung. Dies wird von den Fuhrungsverantwortlichen oft falsch eingeschatzt. Haufig schlagen Restrukturierungen oder Transformationsprojekte fehl, weil sie dies zu wenig berucksichtigen. Die Forschung zeigt, dass die Misserfolgsquote z.B. bei Fusionen oder Joint Ventures ein erschreckendes Ausmas von bis zu 70 Prozent erreicht haben. Die beiden hier vorgestellten Ansatze des Dialogs und der Lerngeschichten haben das Potenzial, Veranderungsprozesse nachhaltig zu machen. Sie sind entstanden als Produkte aus den „Funf Disziplinen“, dem Grundlagenwerk von Peter Senge am MIT zur „lernenden Organisation“ und als Forschungszweig aus dem Organizational Learning Center (OLC) von Senge.
Phonology is Fundamental in Skilled Reading

There is controversy about the importance of phonology in skilled reading. Event-related potential (ERP) evidence from the initial moments of visual word recognition indicates that processing sub-lexical phonology is fundamental to skilled reading. The early timecourse of this phonological activation explains the predictive power of phonological awareness for early reading development, affirms the importance of phonological processing in learning to read, and illuminates the persistent challenges of dyslexia.