cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cigarette Beetle Control In Warehouses with HCN and Dichlorvos

A schedule for effective control of the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (F.), in tobacco warehouses has been developed. One HCN fumigation per year at 48 oz per 1000 ft3 followed by dichlorvos as an aerosol released daily at 0.5 g or twice weekly at 2 g per 1000 ft3 during the active insect season is effective for 2 years or longer.
The Male Sterility in Rice Plant Induced by CRMS I.Effect of CRMS on male Sterility in rice plants

The experiments were carried out in 1985--1989 in paddy field of CNRRI. The results showthat 1) CRMS is a new gametocide. With application during panicle formation stage, CRMS could inducemale sterility up to 95--100%. Meiotic stage is the best sensitive stage for inducing male sterility by CRMS.The CRMS treated plants delayed the heading date for 2--3 days. The height of treated plants could be re-duced by about 5--10 cm. This reduction was mainly due to the reduction of the length of the first andsecond internode counted from the bottom. 2) There were 3 types of effection of rice male sterility inducedby CRMS: sexual dissimilation, pollen sterility and anther unslit.
Insulator-based dielectrophoretic diagnostic tool for babesiosis

Babesia species are obligate intraerythrocytic tick-borne protozoan parasites that are the etiologic agents of babesiosis, a potentially life-threatening, malaria-like illness in humans and animals. Babesia-infected people have been known to suffer from complications including liver problems, severe hemolytic anemia, and kidney failure. As reported by the Food and Drug Administration, 38% of mortality cases observed in transfusion recipients were associated with transfusion transmitted diseases of which babesiosis is the chief culprit. As of now, no tests have been licensed yet for screening blood donors for babesiosis. Current diagnostic tools for babesiosis including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and polymerase chain reaction are expensive and burdened with multifarious shortcomings. In this research, a low-cost, high-specificity, quick, and easy-to-use insulator-based dielectrophoretic diagnostic tool is developed for characterizing and concentrating Babesia-infected cells in their homogenous mixture with healthy cell population. In this work, a mixture of Babesia-infected (varying parasitemia) and healthy red blood cells (RBCs or erythrocytes) was exposed to non-uniform electric fields in a fabricated microfluidic platform to manipulate and sort the Babesia-infected cells within a minute. At DC voltage configurations of 10 V and 0/6 V in the inlet and the two outlet channels, respectively, the diseased cells were seen to flow in a direction different from the healthy RBCs. Bright field and fluorescence microscopy were utilized to present qualitative differentiation of the healthy erythrocytes from the infected cells. The proposed micro device platform was able to enrich RBCs from 0.1% to ∼70% parasitemia. This device, when finally developed into a point-of-care diagnostic chip, would enhance the detection of Babesia-infected erythrocytes and as well serve as a precursor to babesiosis vaccine development.
Parallel adaptive hp finite element approximations for stokesian flows: Adaptive strategies, load balancing and domain decomposition solvers

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the development of a new class of algorithms using Parallel Adaptive hpFinite Elements for the analysis of Stokesian Flows. With parallel computing, these methods reduce computational costs associated with realistic finite element approximations. The chapter introduces the Stokes problem, its finite element formulation, and the appropriate function spaces necessary for a description of the various algorithms used in the solution process. It describes a simple adaptive strategy for producing good hpmeshes. The adaptive strategy comprises of three steps: selecting an intermediate error level between the initial mesh error and the final target mesh, and estimating different parameters; keeping polynomial orders PK constant; and keeping grid size constant and changing the local polynomial orders. The chapter also discusses a construction of compatible approximation spaces for the velocity and pressure spaces. It reviews a recursive load based bisection type mesh partitioning strategy. It describes a domain decomposition type solver for such problems.
Response Before Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Is An Important Predictor of Outcome in Multiple Myeloma

Abstract 4119 Background: The outcome of multiple myeloma (MM) has improved significantly over the last 2 decades due to the availability of several novel agents and an increasing use of high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant (auto-HCT). There is considerable evidence that the response to induction therapy predicts a favorable outcome after high-dose chemotherapy and auto-HCT. In this report, we evaluated the impact of pre-transplant response to conventional agents on post auto-HCT outcomes including time to progression (TTP), progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Methods: 1567 patients received auto-HCT at UT-MD Anderson Cancer Center between 1988 and December 2010. Pre auto-HCT disease status was divided into the following prior auto-HCT response groups: complete response (CR), very good partial response (VGPR), partial response (PR), minor response (MR), stable disease (SD) and progressive Disease (PD). The primary objective was to study the impact of prior response on the outcome. Demographics, disease-related and transplant-related variables were collected. The distributions of TTP, PFS and OS were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Log-rank test was performed to test the difference in survival between groups. Regression analyses of survival data was based on the univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. Results: Median age at auto-HCT was 56.8 years. Median time from diagnosis to auto-HCT was 7.9 months. Of the 1567 patients, 72 (4.6%) achieved CR before auto-HCT, 255 (16%) had VGPR, 848 (54%) had PR, 78 (5%) had MR, 189 (12%) had SD, 88 (5.6%) had PD, while the response was unknown in 37 (2%) patients. Almost 17% patients were 65 years or older at auto-HCT and approximately 7% had high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities. On univariate analysis, the response prior to auto-HCT had significant impact on TTP (p=<0.0001), PFS (p=<0.0001), and OS (p=<0.0001), In multivariate models, the response prior to auto-HCT still emerged as a significant predictor of TTP, PFS and OS (p =0.0055, p=0.0004 and p<0.0001, respectively) after adjusting for percent of plasma cells, time interval from diagnosis to transplantation and/ or creatinine level. In particular, patients who achieved CR prior to auto-HCT had significantly longer TTP, PFS and OS when compared to patients who had PR, MR, SD or PD ([Figures 1][1]–[Fig 3][2]). In contrast, TTP, PFS and OS were not significantly different between patients who achieved a CR or VGPR prior to auto-HCT. ![Figure 1][3] Figure 1 ![Figure 2][3] Figure 2 ![Figure 3][3] Figure 3 Conclusion: Patient who achieved CR or VGPR before undergoing an auto-HCT had significantly longer TTP, PFS and OS after the transplant. These results highlight the importance of effective anti-myeloma therapy to maximize the response before proceeding to auto-HCT. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare. [1]: #F1 [2]: #F2 [3]: pending:yes
Stingers: Understanding the Mechanism, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

The entity known as a stinger is synonymous with the term burner but not with the neurologic condition characterized by (bilateral) burning hands. Therefore, in this chapter the term stinger is used to avoid the potential for confusion with burning hands syndrome, which represents the residual neurologic symptoms of a central cord syndrome. Stingers are nerve injuries that occur at a distinct location (although they are not necessarily consistent in any given athlete) within the peripheral neural axis at some point extending from the nerve root to the brachial plexus. Stingers almost always occur in athletes and are sustained during predictable types of athletic competition. Historically, the incidence of peripheral nerve injuries in athletics is approximately 5%, but the true incidence of stingers is not known. Except for certain high profile sports institutions, such as the National Football League (NFL), data are not routinely collected for this type of injury. There are probably two primary reasons why stingers may be underreported in athletic participation. The first reflects the culture of contact and collision sports. Unlike catastrophic head (i.e., major concussion) or spinal trauma (i.e., spinal cord injury), which often receive national media attention, less severe injuries are considered ‘‘part of the game.’’ In fact, until the last several years, the same was true for mild concussions, with the expectation that ‘‘having your bell rung’’ or being ‘‘dinged’’ was an accepted part of contact or collision sports; furthermore, the environment surrounding such injuries did not necessitate aggressive medical assessment or management. The second, somewhat parallel, reason may be based on the relative severity of these peripheral nerve injuries. A neurapraxic lesion, such as a typical stinger, is likely to recover sooner than nerve degeneration due to axonotmesis. Prompt spontaneous recovery usually reduces the concern for obtaining medical evaluation. Therefore, for both cultural and neurophysiological reasons, stingers often garner limited attention. The symptoms associated with first-time stingers generally resolve fairly quickly, although persisting neurologic deficits (especially motor) do occur. The chances of motor deficits are higher with recurrent stinger injuries. Theoretically, the risk of secondary musculoskeletal injury can also occur as a result of significant motor deficit (e.g., rotator cuff tear due to C5 or C6 radiculopathy with weakness). There is also evidence to support significant lost practice and S.M. Weinstein (*) Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Simulation of bayesian learning and inference on distributed stochastic spiking neural networks

The ability of neural networks to perform pattern recognition, classification and associative memory, is essential to applications such as image and speech recognition, natural language understanding, decision making etc. In spiking neural networks (SNNs), information is encoded as sparsely distributed train of spikes, which allows learning through the spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP) property. SNNs can potentially achieve very large scale implementation and distributed learning due to the inherent asynchronous and sparse inter-neuron communications. In this work, we develop an efficient, scalable and flexible SNN simulator, which supports learning through STDP. The simulator is ideal for biologically inspired neuron models for computation but not for biologically realistic models. Bayesian neuron model for SNNs that is capable of online and fully-distributed STDP learning is introduced. The function of the simulator is validated using two networks representing two different applications from unsupervised feature extraction to inference based sentence construction.
Korean Adoptees’ Discursive Construction of Birth Family and Adoptive Family Identity Through Names and Labels

Framed by a social constructionist approach to language, this study explored Korean adoptees’ naming and labeling practices for members of their birth family and the motives underlying these choices. In-depth interviews were conducted with 19 Korean adoptees who had reunited with at least one member of their birth family. Participants discussed how they addressed (named) and referred to (labeled) members of their birth family, and explained why these names and labels were used. Most participants used Korean terms of address (e.g., 엄마: omma for mother, 아빠: appa for father) to address members of their birth family. Other participants used labels from their own “native” (i.e., their adopted country’s) language, avoided addressing their birth parents, or, occasionally, used their birth parent’s first name. Participants tended to refer to their birth families as their birth/biological family, or Korean family; however, some participants stated that their terms of reference depended on context. Participants’ na...
Evaluating quality of dental care among patients with diabetes: Adaptation and testing of a dental quality measure in electronic health records

Abstract Background Patients with diabetes are at increased risk of developing oral complications, and annual dental examinations are an endorsed preventive strategy. The authors evaluated the feasibility and validity of implementing an automated electronic health record (EHR)–based dental quality measure to determine whether patients with diabetes received such evaluations. Methods The authors selected a Dental Quality Alliance measure developed for claims data and adapted the specifications for EHRs. Automated queries identified patients with diabetes across 4 dental institutions, and the authors manually reviewed a subsample of charts to evaluate query performance. After assessing the initial EHR measure, the authors defined and tested a revised EHR measure to capture better the oral care received by patients with diabetes. Results In the initial and revised measures, the authors used EHR automated queries to identify 12,960 and 13,221 patients with diabetes, respectively, in the reporting year. Variations in the measure scores across sites were greater with the initial measure (range, 36.4-71.3%) than with the revised measure (range, 78.8-88.1%). The automated query performed well (93% or higher) for sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for both measures. Conclusions The results suggest that an automated EHR-based query can be used successfully to measure the quality of oral health care delivered to patients with diabetes. The authors also found that using the rich data available in EHRs may help estimate the quality of care better than can relying on claims data. Practical Implications Detailed clinical patient-level data in dental EHRs may be useful to dentists in evaluating the quality of dental care provided to patients with diabetes.
A systematic review of studies comparing conventional complete denture and implant retained overdenture.

Abstract Purpose Several studies reported better outcomes when restoring edentulous mandible with unsplinted IODs compared to CCDs; however, it is not clear if these outcomes remain when the full literature is considered. The aim of this systematic review is to compare conventional complete dentures (CCDs) to unsplinted implant-retained overdentures (IODs) with regard to efficacy, satisfaction and quality of life. Study selection The main question addressed was: How do CCDs compare to unsplinted IODs with regard to efficacy, satisfaction and quality of life? Three databases were electronically searched to identify articles comparing CCD to unsplinted IOD. Twenty-six articles were selected and reviewed in full. Of these selected articles, twenty-five compared CCDs restoring function in both arches to a maxillary CCD opposing a mandibular IOD retained by two unsplinted implants. Only one articles compared a maxillary CCDs to a maxillary IOD. Results Outcome measures varied among the studies, including the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP), visual analogue scales (VAS), and masticatory performance tests. Overall, IODs were associated with significantly better patient’s masticatory performance and quality of life as indicated by Oral Health as Related to Quality of Life (OHRQoL). Mandibular unsplinted IODs were more likely than CCDs to be associated with improved OHRQoL for edentulous patients and were associated with significantly higher ratings of overall satisfaction, comfort, stability, ability to speak and ability to chew. Conclusions Results of this systematic review indicate the superiority of IODs retained by two unsplinted mandibular implants when compared to CCDs with regards to efficacy, satisfaction and quality of life.
Identification of Biaxial Crystals

Many properties may be used to identify biaxial crystals. The scheme used and the order in which the properties are determined depend to some extent on the nature of the tables to be used. With many of these, knowledge of the optic sign and the three refractive indices is of prime consideration, but while these properties are being measured, one often gains knowledge of other useful properties such as birefringence, pleochroism and absorption, dispersion, crystal habit, cleavage, twinning, and optic orientation. The last four properties are discussed in Chapter 13. Although this chapter deals largely with optical properties, it should be realized that in practice optical and crystallographic properties are so closely interrelated that they may best be determined simultaneously.
Automated Detection of Alkali-Silica Reaction in Concrete Using Linear Array Ultrasound Data

This paper documents the development of signal processing and machine learning techniques for the detection of Alkali-silica reaction (ASR). ASR is a chemical reaction in either concrete or mortar between hydroxyl ions of the alkalis from hydraulic cement, and certain siliceous minerals present in some aggregates. The reaction product, an alkali-silica gel, is hygroscopic having a tendency to absorb water and swell, which under certain circumstances, leads to abnormal expansion and cracking of the concrete. This phenomenon affects the durability and performance of concrete cause significant loss of mechanical properties. Developing reliable methods and tools that can evaluate the degree of the ASR damage in existing structures, so that informed decisions can be made toward mitigating ASR progression and damage, is important to the long-term operation of nuclear power plants especially if licenses are extended beyond 60 years. The paper examines the differences in the time-domain and frequency-domain signals of healthy and ASR-damaged specimens. More precisely, we explore the use of the Fast Fourier Transform to observe unique features of ASR damaged specimens and an automated method based on Neural Networks to determine the extent of ASR damage in laboratory concrete specimens.
Topological Data Analysis: Developments and Applications

Topological Data Analysis (TDA) and its mainstay computational device, persistent homology (PH), has established a strong track record of providing researchers across the data-driven sciences with new insights and methodologies by characterizing low-dimensional geometric structures in high-dimensional data. When combined with machine learning (ML) methods, PH is valued as a discriminating-feature extraction tool. This work highlights many of the recent successes at the intersection of TDA and ML, introduces some of the foundational mathematics underpinning TDA, and summarizes the efforts to strengthen the bridge between TDA and ML. Thus, this document is a launching point for experimentalists and theoreticians to consider what can be learned from the shape of their data.
Decision Aids: Assisting Patients With Multiple Myeloma and Caregivers With Treatment Decision Making

A consolidated evaluation of resources on treatment decision aids (DAs) for multiple myeloma (MM) is lacking in the literature. This review identified 29 published DAs. Further analysis of these DAs revealed that the personal values and preferences of patients with MM are not well integrated into the development of these DAs, indicating the need for a more explicit shared decision-making model of MM care delivery. The development and testing of a web-based and individualized treatment DA will likely promote a shared decision-making process in clinical practice, improve patient satisfaction with treatment decisions, and decrease decisional regrets in patients newly diagnosed with MM. .
Evidence-Based Assessment from Simple Clinical Judgments to Statistical Learning: Evaluating a Range of Options Using Pediatric Bipolar Disorder as a Diagnostic Challenge.

Reliability of clinical diagnoses is often low. There are many algorithms that could improve diagnostic accuracy, and statistical learning is becoming popular. Using pediatric bipolar disorder as a clinically challenging example, we evaluated a series of increasingly complex models ranging from simple screening to a supervised LASSO regression in a large (N=550) academic clinic sample. We then externally validated models in a community clinic (N=511) with the same candidate predictors and semi-structured interview diagnoses, providing high methodological consistency; the clinics also had substantially different demography and referral patterns. Models performed well according to internal validation metrics. Complex models degraded rapidly when externally validated. Naive Bayesian and logistic models concentrating on predictors identified in prior meta-analyses tied or bettered LASSO models when externally validated. Implementing these methods would improve clinical diagnostic performance. Statistical learning research should continue to invest in high quality indicators and diagnoses to supervise model training.
Degradation behavior and kinetics of sisal fiber in pore solutions of sustainable cementitious composite containing metakaolin

Abstract Degradation of cellulose is the primary cause for the premature failure of natural fibers in the alkaline environment of cementitious systems. However, the degradation behavior and kinetics of cellulosic fibers in cementitious composites have not been thoroughly understood. In this study, the aging kinetic of cellulose exposing to pore solutions of cementitious materials is experimentally investigated and a model for service-life prediction of cellulose in cement is developed. To assess the impact of cement hydration on degradation behavior of cellulosic fibers and understand the correlations between fiber degradation and alkaline environment of cement, an approach to directly assess degradation rate of the embedded fibers was developed by determining fiber's tensile properties, thermal decompositions, crystallinity, and microstructures. The results indicate a strong dependence of degradation of sisal fiber on alkalinity of cement pore solutions. By incorporating 30 wt% metakaolin clay, the hydration of cement was modified and a mild environment was generated. Concentration of OH − was reduced and the pore solution becomes from oversaturated to unsaturated for calcium hydroxide after 7 days. As a result, tensile strength loss of the aged fiber was mitigated and the service life of cellulose was extended by 13.7 times.
Challenges of assessing response to therapy in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the bone

A 17-year-old male adolescent was diagnosed with diffuse large B cell lymphoma arising from the right humeral head. The lymphoma was found to be isolated to the bone, with a very small extraosseous component. After completion of a standard chemotherapy regimen, the Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography (PET-CT) became PET negative but the CT and MRI appeared mostly unchanged in appearance, suggesting refractory disease. Repeat biopsy confirmed that no lymphoma remained, and he was in complete remission. Three months after completion of therapy, MRI continued to be abnormal. This case illustrates the unique challenges posed by the imaging characteristics of bone lymphoma, both during and after therapy. Biopsy is definitive but causes additional morbidity and may not be necessary. Imaging is done routinely to assess response to therapy, as with this patient, but in lymphomas of the bone imaging can be misleading and can lead to unnecessary procedures or follow-up imaging.
Development tools for distributed applications

The emergence of the global Internet has dramatically broadened and changed the computing landscape. In particular, much of the value in contemporary computing systems derives from networked applications. Prominent examples include e-mail, Usenet news, the World Wide Web, and the many varieties of peer-to-peer networks. However, the number of successful, large-scale, truly distributed, applications is exceedingly small. We argue that a major reason for this is that tools and other facilities available to aid the developers of these applications are inadequate. We propose a life-cycle for these applications, identify challenges that must be met to make the model viable, and detail our initial work towards meeting these challenges.
The Mine Water Leaching Procedure: Evaluating the Environmental Risk of Backfilling Mines with Coal Ash

Federal and State regulations encourage reduction of industrial waste streams to decrease the acreage consumed by landfills. In particular, applications that resolve environmental problems are recognized by state policy as “beneficial uses.” These large-scale projects may involve filling surface and underground coal mines with ash to address hydraulic problems, acid mine drainage, pit backfilling and subsidence. In some states, those mine filling projects classified as beneficial are not subject to industrial waste disposal conditions such as liners, leachate collection and monitoring. Coal Combustion Byproducts (CCBs) are attractive for such applications because they constitute a source of low cost alkalinity and favorable economics resulting from transport back to the mine in otherwise empty coal haulage trucks. The environmental risk of land filling CCBs is generally evaluated by the Toxic Characteristics Leaching Procedure (TCLP) or the Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure (SPLP). However, there is doubt regarding the applicability of these tests to long-term CCBs leaching behavior in groundwater associated with coal mines. The Mine Water Leaching Procedure (MWLP) was developed to provide a site specific risk assessment tool. The MWLP procedure is presented in this chapter as a study case and comparisons with TCLP results were made.
Rapid Isolation and Purification of Photosystem I Chlorophyll-Binding Protein From Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

The available procedures for isolation and purification of photosystem I (PSI) from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are time consuming and usually require several hours of sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation steps. This may lead to structural and functional impairment, including release of pigments and/or dissociation of protein subunits. Moreover, it is difficult to isolate intact complexes from thylakoids containing mutated PSI that accumulate to lower levels. Hence, isolation of intact PSI core complex depends on the speed of the procedure and the mildness of the extraction and purification. We have, therefore, modified the procedure for PSI isolation to both increase the yield of PSI and to reduce contamination by other pigment protein complexes. The modified procedure involves dodecyl maltoside solubilization of crude-thylakoid membranes followed by single-step column chromatography using a weak anion-exchanger. PSI eluted from the column between 13 mM and 15 mM Mg S04. This new rapid purification procedure yielded pure PSI preparations with a Chl/P700 ratio of approx 90 and showing typical absorption difference spectra with a maximum bleaching occurring at 696 nm. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy of purified PSI complex revealed a high degree of similarity in terms of excitation energy transfer within the PSI core to observations in cyanobacterial PSI.
6 A Study of the Ethylene-Deuterium Catalytic System

A report is given of the reaction of ethylene and deuterium over nickel on kieselguhr, nickel wire, palladium on charcoal, and palladium on silica gel catalysts at temperatures from −98 to 110° and at pressures of 50 atm. to fractions of an atmosphere. The reaction of deuteroethylene and hydrogen was also studied. Exchange between ethylene and deuteroethylene takes place in the presence of hydrogen, while the exchange between hydrogen and deuterium is repressed at high temperatures by ethylene.
Command, Control, and Genocide: A Review of The Vandemonian War

Historian Nick Brodie's book, The Vandemonian War, underscores the central role that British command structures played in the nineteenth-century genocide waged against Aboriginal Tasmanians. Focusi...
Body Image, Attractiveness, and Sexual Satisfaction Among Midlife Women: A Qualitative Study

Abstract Background: Women often undergo physical changes during the menopause transition, but the relationship between body image and sexual function in midlife is unclear. We used a qualitative a...
A Lattice-Matched GaNP/Si Three-Terminal Tandem Solar Cell

This work presents simulation results on a three-terminal two-junction design enabling a monolithic GaNP/Si (2.0 eV/1.1 eV) tandem to achieve a practical efficiency of 32% under one-sun AM1.5G illumination. Transport parameters calculated with a fullband ensemble Monte Carlo simulator, and absorption spectrum calculated semi-empirically are used in Silvaco ATLAS to simulate full cell performance. The doping concentrations and layer thicknesses are the design variables.
Postural Control Entropy Is Increased When Adopting an External Focus of Attention.

Falls in older adults are a public health challenge due to their influence on well-being and health-care costs. One way to address this challenge is to discover new methods to enhance postural control in older adults so they are better prepared to maintain an upright stance. Older and younger adults (N?=?32) performed a static balance task on a force plate with no instructions, internal focus instructions, or external focus instructions. Center of pressure displacement time series were analyzed using sample entropy and standard deviation. Only the external focus condition significantly increased postural control entropy, which was observed across both age groups. This study showed that an external focus of attention can be used to increase postural control entropy within a single session of testing.
Exceptional Points of Degeneracy in a Linear Array Oscillator with Gain and Loss Balance

We demonstrate a new paradigm for dispersion engineering in coupled transmission lines (CTLs)based on the occurrence of an exceptional point of degeneracy (EPD), which represent coalescence of eigenmodes. We experimentally verify the existence of the EPD through dispersion measurements in microstrip-based CTLs at microwave frequencies. We propose the “gain and loss balance” regime as a route for recovering the EPD in the presence of radiation losses hence enabling a new class of coherent EPD-based single-frequency radiating oscillators. This versatile EPD concept is promising in applications requiring high power efficiency oscillators and high radiation efficiency.
The Territorial Discrepancy Between Intellectual Property Rights Infringement Claims and Remedies

When in Equustek v. Google a Canadian court ordered that Google de-list the pages of a defendant that infringed intellectual property (“IP”) rights under Canadian law, some commentators were surprised not only by the Canadian court’s assertion of personal jurisdiction over Google (a U.S. third party who was not a party to the original Canadian IP rights infringement litigation), but also by the court’s issuance of a remedy with global effects. However, global and other extraterritorial remedies are not unknown in IP rights infringement cases: U.S. courts have granted extraterritorial remedies in a number of such cases. This Article reviews the various types of “extraterritorial remedies”—which the Article defines as remedies that reach beyond the territorial scope of the underlying claim—and points out the problems caused by the resulting territorial discrepancy between the territorial scope of claims and the territorial scope of the remedies. The existing literature and international treaty negotiations have not focused on these remedies, which are typically discussed as part of the category of cross-border remedies. The Article explores the phenomenon of the territorial discrepancy and considers the ways in which the problems generated by the territorial discrepancy might be addressed.
Thyroidal Regulation of Renal Functions and of Renal Cortical Adenosine Triphosphatase Activity in the Rat

Thyroid hormones have been known to increase renal plasma flow (RPF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and filtered Na+-load. It was proposed that the increase in (Na+ + K+)-Adenosine Triphosphatase activity might have been an adaptive response to an increase in filtered Na+-load. The present study was undertaken to test this hypothesis. The results indicate that the effect of triiodothyronine (T3) on the (Na+ + K+)-Adenosine Triphosphatase activity precedes its effect on the RPF, GFR, and filtered Na+-load. T3 probably has a direct effect on the de novo synthesis of this enzyme in the rat kidney cortex.
Inmate Responses to Experiences With Court System Procedural and Distributive Justice

According to criminal justice theories, perceptions of procedural and distributive justice drive opinions on fairness, subsequently affecting behavior. We contend that such perceptions also affect ...
Exploring the Relationship of Enrollment in Income-Driven Repayment to Borrower Demographics and Financial Outcomes

The Senate HELP committee is considering changes to income-driven repayment (IDR) schemes for student loans, necessitating research that examines the characteristics and financial behaviors of the borrowers in IDR programs. Using descriptive methods and a nationally representative sample, we examine the demographics of IDR enrollment. Contrary to the intention of the policy, we find that low-income borrowers and borrowers with high debt-to-income ratios are less likely to enroll in IDR. We also find that married women of color are likely to enroll in IDR programs as are borrowers with more than $50K in student loan debt. Finally, we find that enrollment in IDR does not predict engagement in other financial behaviors such as saving for retirement or buying real estate. The paper ends with a discussion of the implications of these findings for federal financial aid policy.
Assimilatory effects in a vowel harmony system: an acoustic analysis of advanced tongue root in Akan

Akan has a vowel harmony system which contrasts two sets of vowels, distinguished by whether the tongue root is advanced or retracted. This paper first examines acoustic correlates of the distinguishing phonetic feature of Advanced Tongue Root (ATR), in order to find a reliable diagnostic, which was then used to examine two questions about the nature of assimilation between vowels of the contrasting harmony sets: Is vowel assimilation complete or partial? And is assimilation implemented gradiently over more than one syllable? Addressing these questions first required that we find a measure which would provide a reliable diagnosis of vowel type. Four acoustic measures were considered: formant frequency, formant bandwidth, vowel duration, and relative amplitude of spectral components. The two measures most strongly correlated with [ATR] set affiliation are F1, frequency and F1, bandwidth. However, as shifts in the frequency of the first formant could also be ascribed to differences in tongue height, bandwidth differences are more reliably an indication of the difference between [ATR] sets. This measure was then used to examine the behavior of the mid, [− ATR] vowel /e/ in assimilation and non-assimilation environments. Bandwidth measurements of /e/ in the assimilation environment suggest that it is produced in the same manner as [+ ATR] vowels, that is, assimilation for tongue root position was complete. Analysis of the vowels in the word /adaka/ in various frames shows that assimilation is limited to the syllable immediately preceding the assimilation environment.
Krüppel-like Factor 5 Regulates Stemness, Lineage Specification, and Regeneration of Intestinal Epithelial Stem Cells.

Background & Aims Self-renewal and multipotent differentiation are cardinal properties of intestinal stem cells (ISCs), mediated in part by WNT and NOTCH signaling. Although these pathways are well characterized, the molecular mechanisms that control the ‘stemness’ of ISCs are still not well defined. Here, we investigated the role of Kruppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) in regulating ISC functions. Methods We performed studies in adult Lgr5EGFP-IRES-creERT2;Rosa26LSLtdTomato (Lgr5Ctrl) and Lgr5EGFP-IRES-creERT2;Klf5fl/fl;Rosa26LSLtdTomato (Lgr5ΔKlf5) mice. Mice were injected with tamoxifen to activate Cre recombinase, which deletes Klf5 from the intestinal epithelium in Lgr5ΔKlf5 but not Lgr5Crtl mice. In experiments involving irradiation, mice were subjected to 12 Gy total body irradiation (TBI). Tissues were collected for immunofluorescence (IF) analysis and next generation sequencing. Oganoids were derived from fluoresecence activated cell sorted- (FACS-) single cells from tamoxifen-treated Lgr5ΔKlf5 or Lgr5Crtl mice and examined by immunofluorescence stain. Results Lgr5+ ISCs lacking KLF5 proliferate faster than control ISCs but fail to self-renew, resulting in a depleted ISC compartment. Transcriptome analysis revealed that Klf5-null Lgr5+ cells lose ISC identity and prematurely differentiate. Following irradiation injury, which depletes Lgr5+ ISCs, reserve Klf5-null progenitor cells fail to dedifferentiate and regenerate the epithelium. Absence of KLF5 inactivates numerous selected enhancer elements and direct transcriptional targets including canonical WNT- and NOTCH-responsive genes. Analysis of human intestinal tissues showed increased levels of KLF5 in the regenerating epithelium as compared to those of healthy controls. Conclusion We conclude that ISC self-renewal, lineage specification, and precursor dedifferentiation require KLF5, by its ability to regulate epigenetic and transcriptional activities of ISC-specific gene sets. These findings have the potential for modulating ISC functions by targeting KLF5 in the intestinal epithelium.
The severity of motile Aeromonas septicemia caused by virulent Aeromonas hydrophila in channel catfish is influenced by nutrients and microbes in water

Abstract Motile Aeromonas septicemia (MAS), caused by virulent Aeromonas hydrophila (vAh), has severely impacted catfish farming in the southeastern United States since 2009. Conditions that trigger the onset of MAS outbreaks remain largely unknown. In this study, the effects of nutrients and select microbes in water on proliferation of vAh and severity of MAS in channel catfish were assessed. Results of the study demonstrated that both nutrient-rich tryptic soy broth powder (TSBp, the microbiological growth medium) and the commercial fish feed supported vigorous growth of vAh in water. By addition of 6 g TSBp or 6 g fish feed to 15 L water (0.04%, w/v), vAh multiplied from 2.5 × 105 CFU/mL to approximately 4.7 × 108 CFU/mL and 2.0 × 108 CFU/mL, respectively, at 24 h post inoculation (hpi). Challenge of fish in the vAh-propagated water at 24 hpi resulted in approximately 96% and 73% mortality, respectively. Co-inoculation of vAh with a vAh-antagonistic Pseudomonas mosselii or a non-antagonistic Aeromonas veronii in water had no significant effects on vAh growth and infection; nevertheless, P. mosselii protected fish against vAh infection (with approximately 79% of relative percentage of survival) when fish were briefly pre-immersed in P. mosselii-propagated water prior to challenge. Culture of vAh in situ described in this study was shown to be a useful method for mimicking vAh growth dynamics in response to nutrients and probiotics in relatively natural environment. Findings of this study would help understand the mechanism of MAS outbreaks and facilitate research on control and prevention of MAS.
A Qualitative Analysis of Vehicle Positioning Requirements for Connected Vehicle Applications

Many Connected Vehicle (CV) applications, including safety-critical ones such as collision warning, require lane-level positioning accuracy to function correctly. However, differential GNSS, the primary positioning method used by CVs in current deployments across the U.S., cannot always provide this level of accuracy. This is particularly true in urban environments. Alternative positioning methods or strategies must be developed to fill this gap. To determine what strategies are appropriate, we first identify the positioning requirements of each CV application listed in the USDOT?s Connected Vehicle Reference Implementation Architecture (CVRIA). These requirements include accuracy, integrity, update rate, and type of positioning (relative or absolute). Based on our overall analysis, we recommend two general positioning strategies: 1) utilize other sources of positioning information whenever possible (particularly at intersections), and 2) estimate the uncertainty of the positioning solution and use this uncertainty as an input to CV applications themselves.
Rural English Learner Education: A Review of Research and Call for a National Agenda:

The number of rural English learner (EL) students and families has increased over the past decade, due in part to U.S. immigration and economic policies. Educators in rural schools face challenges ...
Parametric Study of Mechanical Stresses within Cement Sheath in Geothermal Wells

Abstract A cement sheath, placed between the casing and the formation, is an important barrier that establishes a hydraulic seal and provides zonal isolation, preventing fluid communication in the wellbore. In geothermal wells, stress induced by high bottom-hole temperature is one of the major factors triggering failure in the cement sheath. However, the influence of heat flow direction and differential temperature, relative to other design and operating factors, is not well understood. The objective of this paper is to investigate these two important factors. In this study, an analytically verified 2D numerical model was used to perform a parametric study of mechanical stress within a cement sheath. Loading conditions applied to the model included maximum and minimum horizontal formation stresses, wellbore pressures, and temperature differences. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to understand the effect of cement properties, temperature difference between the casing and the formation, and casing pressure on stresses in the cement sheath. Sensitivity response curves demonstrated the relative influence of investigated parameters on radial and hoop stresses. Results showed that heat transfer from the formation to the casing (Ti Tf). When heat flows away from the wellbore, hoop stress in cement is mainly dependent on temperature difference, while radial stress is primarily dependent on temperature difference as well as wellbore pressure. When heat flows toward the wellbore, radial stress in cement is primarily a function of temperature difference and wellbore pressure. Hoop stress, on the other hand, is mainly dependent on temperature difference and the cement’s thermal expansion coefficient.
TRAIL Mediates Neuronal Death in AUD: A Link between Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration

Although the cause of progressive neurodegeneration is often unclear, neuronal death can occur through several mechanisms. In conditions such as Alzheimer's or alcohol use disorder (AUD), Toll-like receptor (TLR) induction is observed with neurodegeneration. However, links between TLR activation and neurodegeneration are lacking. We report a role of apoptotic neuronal death in AUD through TLR7-mediated induction of death receptor signaling. In postmortem human cortex, a two-fold increase in apoptotic terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining in neurons was found in AUD versus controls. This occurred with the increased expression of TLR7 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) death receptors. Binge ethanol treatment in C57BL/6 mice increased TLR7 and induced neuronal apoptosis in cortical regions that was blocked by TLR7 antagonism. Mechanistic studies in primary organotypic brain slice culture (OBSC) found that the inhibition of TLR7 and its endogenous ligand let-7b blocked ethanol-induced neuronal cell death. Both IMQ and ethanol induced the expression of TRAIL and its death receptor. In addition, TRAIL-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies blocked both imiquimod (IMQ) and ethanol induced neuronal death. These findings implicate TRAIL as a mediator of neuronal apoptosis downstream of TLR7 activation. TLR7 and neuronal apoptosis are implicated in other neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, TRAIL may represent a therapeutic target to slow neurodegeneration in multiple diseases.
Accessibility as an Opportunity and Challenge for Intelligent User Interfaces

The World Health Organization estimates that over one billion people worldwide are disabled. Innovations at the intersection of AI and HCI have the potential to increase the accessibility of the digital and physical worlds for people experiencing long-term, temporary, and/or situational disabilities. Considering accessibility scenarios can illuminate opportunities and challenges for designers of intelligent user interfaces. In this keynote, I will use two scenarios to illustrate this concept: automatic alt text generation for images and augmentative and alternative communication technologies. Alternative text (“alt text”) descriptions can be read aloud by screen reader software to increase image accessibility to people who are blind or have low vision. Many content authors fail to provide alt text metadata, leaving billions of digital images inaccessible to screen reader users. Advances in vision-to-language technologies offer promise for scaling the accessibility of digital imagery, but also present challenges such as user-understandable error metrics and the selection of relevant details. Augmentative and alternative communication (“AAC”) technologies facilitate communication for people with speech disabilities. Many users with extremely limited mobility rely on eye gaze input to control AAC, typically resulting in limited communication bandwidth of 10 – 20 words per minute (compared with nearly 200 words per minute for spoken English). Advances in predictive language technologies have the potential to enhance the speed and expressivity of AAC communications, but present challenges around preserving user autonomy and authenticity. For both scenarios (automatic alt text and predictive AAC), I will share research on end-user preferences that can inform technology design, as well as presenting novel prototypes that combine human and machine intelligence to support these user needs. I will close by identifying opportunities for future work at the intersection of intelligent user interfaces and accessibility.
Statistical Learning in Word Reading and Spelling across Languages and Writing Systems

Learning to read and spell involves learning about the written forms of words and how these are linked to language. Writing systems include formal patterns, which pertain to the appearance of writt...
The Strategy of Human Obligation

Civilization, the life of human beings under the conditions imposed by cities, with agriculture a prerequisite, is not much more than 20,000 years old. In terms of the length of human life in pre-history it is a mere moment. In short civilization may be regarded as an experiment, and the time has been far too brief for anyone to be able to say whether or not it will work. The motivations of an earlier million years have not been changed. We have noted that men still wish ambivalently to help and hurt their neighbors, and we may still watch them do both with dependable alternation. Neighbor-love exists, but rivalry and competition of both the violent and peaceful varieties are so common in human life that the only justification for the continuance of the species is the hope that it may evolve into something better.