cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formation of acrolein from glycerol by B. welchii

Kendall, Day and Walker 3 investigated the action of 12 strains of B. welchii on glycerol, and found that 6 gave a strong increase of titratable acidity, 3 a slight increase, and 3 none. They believe that this glycerol fermentation is an exception to the rule that B. welchii can ordinarily attack only the aldehyde group of the hexoses and disaccharides, but not the alcohol groups of mannitol, etc. They explain the fermentation of saccharose (which, as such, contains no aldehyde group) by assuming a preliminary splitting of that disaccharide into dextrose and fructose.
A Survey of Corporate Programs for Managing Terrorist Threats

This article reports on a survey of United States-based multinational corporations (MNCs) and the corporate programs they use to reduce the impact of terrorism. It was found that less than 50% of the MNCs surveyed had formal programs to deal with a terrorist attack. Most of the MNCs that did have an anti-terrorist program spent their money on security equipment and not on training executives and their families. The training that did take place concentrated on handling weapons and avoiding being kidnapped. Respondents were also critical of the federal government's lack of assistance in dealing with terrorists.
Phosphoproteins of the murine mammary tumor virus.

Abstract Murine mammary tumor virus (MuMTV) labeled in vivo with [ 32 P]orthophosphate and 3 H-amino acids was analyzed on cylindrical sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gels. Of all the MuMTV polypeptides (gp47, gp34, p27, p23, p16, and p12), only two, p23 and p27, appeared to co-migrate with labeled phosphate. The MuMTV structural proteins were fractionated by hydrophobic chromatography (which completely separates p23 from p27) and the resulting fractions were analyzed by both cylindrical and slab gel SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to determine the 32 P label associated proteins and for the resistance or sensitivity of the label to RNase and protease. The results of these studies indicated that both p23 and p27 contained phosphate. Fractionation of MuMTV polypeptides performed in an A 5m agarose column in the presence of guanidine-HCl yielded homogenous preparations of p27, which was also found to be associated with phosphate. The major phosphoamino acid of both p23 and p27 was found to be phosphoserine. Immunoprecipitation with monospecific anti-p27 serum showed that p23 is antigenically unrelated to p27. Thus, it appears that MuMTV contains two distinct phosphoproteins. A comparison of the 32 P and 3 H labels of both p23 and p27 showed that more phosphate per amino acid residue is associated with p23 than with p27, suggesting that p23, although a minor polypeptide, is the major phosphorylated component of the virus.
Investigation of the on-orbit conjunction between the MCubed and HRBE CubeSats

On October 28, 2011 six CubeSats were launched as secondary payloads with the NASA NPP satellite aboard a Delta II rocket. Two of the 1U CubeSats, MCubed and HRBE, became unintentionally stuck together on orbit. The conjunction has been verified through the Doppler characteristics of the periodic telemetry transmissions of both satellites and by the fact that the U.S. Joint Space Operations Center is providing a single two line element set for both objects. The exact cause of the conjunction is unknown, and it is hypothesized that it was caused by the magnets in both satellites. Both CubeSats include a permanent magnet for passive attitude control. We have developed a simulation to determine if magnetic conjunction is possible, and if so, under what range of initial conditions. Using the actual mass and magnetic properties of both satellites, we have shown that magnetic conjunction is possible if the initial translational separation velocity between the CubeSats is sufficiently slow. This study provides useful lessons learned for CubeSat developers as well as a method for further investigation into CubeSat deployment dynamics.
Phylogenetic origins of the plant mitochondrion based on a comparative analysis of 5S ribosomal RNA sequences.

The complete nucleotide sequences of 5S ribosomal RNAs from Rhodocyclus gelatinosa, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, and Pseudomonas cepacia were determined. Comparisons of these 5S RNA sequences show that rather than being phylogenetically related to one another, the two photosynthetic bacterial 5S RNAs share more sequence and signature homology with the RNAs of two nonphotosynthetic strains. Rhodobacter sphaeroides is specifically related to Paracoccus denitrificans and Rc. gelatinosa is related to Ps. cepacia. These results support earlier 16S ribosomal RNA studies and add two important groups to the 5S RNA data base. Unique 5S RNA structural features previously found in P. denitrificans are present also in the 5S RNA of Rb. sphaeroides; these provide the basis for subdivisional signatures. The immediate consequence of obtaining these new sequences is that it is possible to clarify the phylogenetic origins of the plant mitochondrion. In particular, a close phylogenetic relationship is found between the plant mitochondria and members of the alpha subdivision of the purple photosynthetic bacteria, namely, Rb. sphaeroides, P. denitrificans, and Rhodospirillum rubrum.
Exotic tree plantations and the regeneration of natural forests in Kibale National Park, Uganda.

Exotic tree plantations have been considered as a management strategy for the rehabilitation of indigenous tree communities in situations that require human intervention to assure forest ecosystem rehabilitation. This study evaluated the value of pine Pinus caribaea and Pinus patula and cypress Cupressus lusitanica plantations as a means of permitting indigenous trees to become established on derelict land in the Kibale National Park (766 km2) of western Uganda. We present data on the size and density of indigenous trees >2 m tall growing in 80 (10 m × 10 m) quadrats in plantation areas before and after plantation harvest. Species richness for indigenous trees was high in the plantation areas; 47 species of indigenous trees were found in the 0·8 ha sampled, as compared to 78 species in a 5·4 ha area of intact forest. The number of indigenous trees in the quadrats varied from five to 38. There was no significant difference in species richness or density between areas of logged and unlogged P. patula. However, damage resulting from the logging operation was evident and may affect longer term regeneration patterns. Recommendations and cautionary remarks are made with respect to using plantations as a management scheme to rehabilitate indigenous tree communities in derelict areas.
Coordination of Perspectives: The Importance of Stimulus Dimensionality

An evaluation of the importance of the dimensionality of the spatial stimuli in a coordination of perspectives task is presented. It was hypothesized that using three-dimensional comparison stimuli and two-dimensional choice stimuli might result in the tapping of different cognitive skills than when both sets of stimuli are two-dimensional. Children (N = 96) aged between 5 and 12 years as well as college students (n = 24) were tested with either two-dimensional or three-dimensional comparison stimuli and two-dimensional choice stimuli. The lowest error rates for all except the kindergarten groups were found in the two-dimensional condition. It was concluded that the three-dimensional condition may have created a cognitive overload that lessened the likelihood of making correct perspective-taking judgments.
Prevalence of Abnormal Eating Attitudes and Behaviors in Hospital-Based Primary and Tertiary Care Clinics: A Window of Opportunity?

Abstract Objective The “athletic triad” of amenorrhea, os-teopenia, and eating disorders (EDs) has received increasing attention in the past decade. Adolescents may seek care for amenorrhea or other menstrual irregularity before disclosure of an eating disorder to a primary care clinician. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of abnormal eating attitudes and behaviors in adolescent girls going to a clinic for reproductive endocrinology (RE) visits versus the prevalence in girls going for health maintenance (HM) visits. Design All patients aged 8–22 years going to RE or HM clinics were given a 26-item modified eating attitudes test (EAT) and two pages of questions on other eating issues and demographics. Informed consent was obtained from all participants, and also from the parents of those less than 18 years of age. Setting All subjects were seen at a hospital-based ambulatory (HM) or subspecialty (RE) clinic, with both clinics located on the same floor. Participants The study included 53 girls from the RE clinic and 108 girls from the HM clinic. All demographics were similar except that the RE patients were slightly older and had significantly more parents with masters or doctorate degrees. Main Outcome Measures Study variables were compared between RE and HM groups using either the Student's t test or the Chi-‘square test, with statistical significance defined as p Results Modified EAT scores were 11.8 ± 8.9 in RE patients vs 7.0 ± 7.2 in HM patients (p Conclusions Adolescents attending a reproductive endocrinology clinic showed a higher prevalence of abnormal eating attitudes and behaviors than did those going to a clinic for HM visits. Early detection of eating disorders may occur both within and outside of the primary care setting through use of a modified EAT.
Genera defined by hyperelliptic integrals and Siegel modular functions

Abstract We study genera defined by hyperelliptic integrals. The associated formal group laws select a particular set of rational generators of the complex cobordism ring. Hyperelliptic genera and their kernels are concisely described in terms of these generators. Using Thomae's formula which expresses branch points of hyperelliptic curves in terms of hyperelliptic theta constants, we express values of hyperelliptic genera in terms of hyperelliptic theta constants evaluated at period matrices of the associated hyperelliptic curves. In particular, in genus 2 case, we obtain a hyperelliptic genus whose values lie in the ring of level 2 genus 2 Siegel modular functions.
A Re-assessment of North American Leptocoris (Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Rhopalidae)

Body-measurements and male genitalia of the two North American species of Leptocoris, L. trivittatus (Say) and L. rubrolineatus Barber, do not differ greatly or consistently. Color-pattern of the corium does separate the two which, despite overlap in the American southwest, are retained as separate species.
The behavior and chemical toxicity of U in the kidney: a reassessment

By the late 1950s, the views had evolved that 1) U does not enter cells but damages the kidneys by binding to the luminal membranes of renal tubular cells, interfering with reabsorption of glucose, sodium, amino acids, protein, water, and other substances, and causing slow cell death by suppression of respiration; and 2) U does not cause significant damage to the kidneys at concentrations below 3 micrograms U g-1 kidney. Although there has not been a major unified effort in the past three decades to update the toxicology of U as a nephrotoxin, there have been numerous isolated studies that may be useful in reevaluating these longstanding views on the behavior and action of U in the kidneys and the renal U concentration at which toxic effects may become evident. This paper is a brief review and synthesis of current information on U nephrotoxicity. Much more experimental research and reevaluation of existing data are needed concerning U nephrotoxicity, particularly for the case of chronic exposure.
Geographies of Judgment: The Doctrine of Changed Conditions and the Geopolitics of Race

Abstract This paper examines a segment of the legal historical geography of race and racism in the U.S. from 1917–45. It focuses on conflicting judicial interpretations of the meaning and applicability of‘the doctrine of changed conditions’ in connection with disputes about racially restrictive covenants. I analyze the ways in which ideological conceptions of space can infuse legal thought itself, and how legal pronouncements informed by such conceptions contribute to the shaping of geographies of power. I also examine the ways in which the spatiality of a rule can be manipulated so as to yield the desired interpretation. I suggest implications of this analysis for questions within legal geography and for geographical theory more generally.
High-Throughput Screening of One-Bead-One-Compound Libraries: Identification of Cyclic Peptidyl Inhibitors against Calcineurin/NFAT Interaction

One-bead-one-compound (OBOC) libraries provide a powerful tool for drug discovery as well as biomedical research. However, screening a large number of beads/compounds (>1 million) and rank ordering the initial hits (which are covalently attached to a solid support) according to their potencies still post significant technical challenges. In this work, we have integrated some of the latest technical advances from our own as well as other laboratories to develop a general methodology for rapidly screening large OBOC libraries. The methodology has been applied to synthesize and screen a cyclic peptide library that features: (1) spatially segregated beads containing cyclic peptides on the surface layer and linear encoding peptides in their interior; (2) rapid on-bead screening of the library (>1 million) by a multistage procedure (magnetic bead sorting, enzyme-linked assay, and fluorescence based screening); (3) selective release of cyclic peptides from single positive beads for solution-phase determination of their binding affinities; and (4) hit identification by partial Edman degradation/mass spectrometry (PED/MS). Screening of the library against protein phosphatase calcineurin (Cn) identified a series of cyclic peptides that bind to the substrate-docking site for nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) with K(D) values of ∼1 μM. Further improvement of the affinity and specificity of these compounds may lead to a new class of immunosuppressive agents that are more selective and therefore less toxic than cyclosporine A and FK506.
Remarks on stochastic resonance.

A recent and interesting experimental paper [B. McNamara, K. Wiesenfeld, and R. Roy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 2626 (1988)] has refocused attention on the problem of stochastic resonance by presenting measurements of the singal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a noise driven, periodically modulated bistable ring laser. We point out that the theoretical SNR, as defined in this and a previous work, is always infinity, because additive modulation leads to a \ensuremath{\delta} function in the power spectrum of the output. Quantitative information on stochastic resonance is contained in the strength of this \ensuremath{\delta} function relative to the noise background. We qualitatively reproduce the SNR data with an analog simulator using a standard quartic bistable potential. In this, as in previous experiments and simulations, a peak in the observed power spectrum is a reflection of the \ensuremath{\delta} function, but the amplitude of the peak is rendered finite (and hence measureable) only because of the finite resolution of the measurement system.
Assessment of Process Variables that Can Impact Results of Soluble Sulfate Evaluated by the Tex-145E Method

Sulfate-induced heave has become an expensive problem in many states when expansive soils containing high levels of sulfate are stabilized with calcium based stabilizers such as lime or cement. Colorimetric assessment of soluble sulfate concentrations (SSC) is the most accepted indicator to predict the degree of risk associated with using chemical stabilization to treat expansive soils. Questions surrounding the effects of sulfate source, water to soil ratio, contact time, and separation methods were investigated. Samples of a soil from northeastern Ohio were spiked with ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4·7H2O) to yield 300 and 3000mg sulfate/kg soil and with gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) to yield 300, 3000, 6000, and 12 000mg sulfate/kg soil. Subsamples of the spiked soil were then mixed with water at a 1:20 ratio of soil:water, shaken, and allowed to rest from 12 to 24h. A sample of the soil solution from each mixture was obtained by four different methods and analyzed for sulfate by colorimetric method. There was no significant difference for the contact time used; however, a 24h contact time is recommended. Results of colorimetric testing indicated use of partial and full filtration provided the most accurate SSC readings.
Analysis on liquid metal corrosion–oxidation interactions

Abstract The interaction between growing surface oxides and flowing liquid metals is of importance in many high temperature applications such as coolant systems using liquid lead or lead bismuth eutectic (LBE) in advanced nuclear energy systems. The impact of flow can manifest through particle erosion, mass transfer corrosion, stress scrape, etc. In the present study, we consider the continuous flow-induced corrosion by dissolution of steel components or dissociation of surface oxides. In oxygen controlled liquid lead or LBE systems, steels exposed to the liquid metals are subject to both oxidation and flow-induced corrosion. It is necessary and important to understand the corrosion–oxidation interactions for selecting structural materials and optimizing operating conditions. A comprehensive theoretical analysis of the key corrosion–oxidation interactions is presented here. Possible corrosion–oxidation mechanisms are considered and the corrosion–oxidation interactions are classified into different regimes. In each regime, a theoretical model is given. Based on the analysis, corrosion–oxidation maps are developed for selecting and optimizing the operation conditions for liquid lead–alloy systems.
Escherichia coli DNA polymerases II and III: Activation by magnesium or by manganous ions

Escherichia coli DNA polymerases II and III have been extensively studied in vitro when activated with Mg2+. The Mn2+-activated polymerization reactions are considered here, and shown to differ from the Mg2+-activated reactions. The Mn2+-activated DNA polymerase II reaction requires K+ or spermidine, and the effects of monovalent cation and polyamine are additive. In contrast, the Mg2+-activated reaction does not require, but is stimulated by, K+ or spermidine, in a non-additive manner. Under optimal conditions, DNA polymerase II is activated better with Mn2+ than it is with Mg2+, suggesting a physiological role for the Mn2+-activated enzyme. The observed preference for Mn2+ over Mg2+ in reaction kinetics and at high DNA template concentrations suggest that Mg2+ may preferentially activate the associated exonuclease activity. At 29 degrees C, the Mn2+-activated DNA polymerase III reaction is stimulated by K+ and inhibited by ethanol or phosphatidylethanolamine. In contrast, the latter compounds and Triton X-100 increase the initial rate of the Mg2+-activated reaction, whereas K+ inhibits this reaction at all concentrations. The K+ inhibition is reduced at low Mg concentrations when Mn2+ is also present. After stimulating the initial reaction rate, ethanol causes a rapid decrease in the rate of the Mg2+-activated reaction during incubation at 20 degrees C. At 27 degrees C, all surface-active compounds inhibit the Mg2+-activated reaction. Preincubation of the enzyme at 30 degrees C or below with DNA template and divalent cation increases the initial reaction rate, suggesting that formation of an enzyme-divalent cation-DNA template complex occurs as the first step in DNA polymerase III catalysis. The apparent Km at 21 degrees C for gapped calf thymus DNA was 25 muM with Mn2+ and 125 muM with Mg2+ for DNA polymerase III, and 18 muM at 30 degrees C for DNA polymerase II with either Mn2+ or Mg2+. Reactions with poly[d(A-T)] were enhanced by Mn2+ relative to Mg2+, and activity with poly(rA)-poly(dT) was Mn2+ dependent for both enzymes.
Dietary modification of the vascular effect of prostacyclin in hypertensive rats

Abstract Hypertension increased the responsiveness of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) to exogenously infused prostacyclin (PGI2) at rates of 300 ng/kg/min and 1 μg/kg/min. This did not occur for angiotensin infusion. Substitution of a diet containing α-linolenic acid for the control diet to SHR abolished this increased responsiveness to PGI2. Accompanying the abolition of the increased responsiveness to PGI2 was a significant increase in specific activity of two lysosomal hydrolases (N-acetylglucosaminadase and cathepsin D) within the aorta of SHR. These changes may reflect compensatory responses of the vasculature to protect the animal.
Combining check-reading accuracy and quantitative information in a space-saving display.

Abstract : Four dial displays were compared in a check-reading task. Circular and semicircular dials were structured to yield either qualitative or quantitative information. The circularqualitative dial display was compared with the circular-quantitative display. The semicircular-qualitative dial display was compared with the semicircular-quantitative display. The results indicate that dial displays can be structured to yield qualitative and quantitative information in a space-saving display while maintaining efficient subject performance. (Author)
Alcoholysis, saponification and the preparation of fatty acid methyl esters

Evidence is offered to support the contention that methanolysis precedes the saponification of esters in methanolic solutions of sodium hydroxide. This results from the hydroxide-alkoxide equilibrium which greatly favors methoxide formation even in the presence of rather considerable amounts of water. Saponification-reesterification methods of methyl ester formation are shown to be actually extensions of methanolysis procedures. A simplified method is proposed for the preparation of fatty acid methyl esters.
The Status of Library Automation in the 1890 Land-Grant Institutions

ABSTRACT Seventeen historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) had the unique distinction of being designated land-grant institutions in 1890. There is surprisingly little information in the library literature describing the state of automation in academic libraries and even less about the state of automation in the seventeen historically black land-grant universities. The authors designed a questionnaire that would serve as the instrument for a base survey of the state of automation in these libraries. The results of this survey are presented in the following article.
Results of salvage mastectomy for local recurrence after breast‐conserving surgery without radiation therapy

BACKGROUND Between 1975 and 1987, 128 patients with infiltrating breast cancer, categorized as clinical Stage I and II disease, were treated by breast conservation surgery without radiation therapy. MATERIALS After a median disease-free interval of 20 months (range, 8-64 months), 25 of 128 patients had local recurrence, for which salvage mastectomy was performed. The results of modified radial mastectomy as a salvage procedure were analyzed in these 25 patients. RESULTS After a median disease-free interval of 52 months (range, 8-75 years) after the salvage procedure, 12 patients had chest wall and distant recurrences, whereas 13 patients remained free of disease. The 5-year actuarial disease-free and overall survival rates after the salvage mastectomy were 51% and 65%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Univariate analyses of factors affecting disease-free survival and overall survival showed that the size of the local recurrence (< or = 2 cm) (P = 0.009) and the number of pathologically positive axillary nodes at the time of the salvage procedure (fewer than four nodes) (P = 0.002) were associated with a better prognosis.
Measurements of Detector Output Spectra by Correlation Methods

The correlation technique is applied experimentally to determine the power density spectra of the output of two non-linear devices, the linear and square-law rectifiers. Curves of the input and output autocorrelation functions obtained experimentally for inputs of filtered noise with and without a sine wave are compared with the theoretically calculated curves, and thus an experimental check on some known theoretical results is obtained.
The effect of 4-aminopyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine and guanine on Ehrlich ascites cells in culture.

Abstract APP (5 × 10 −6 M ) exerts slight inhibitory effects (10–20 per cent) for ca 20 hr on cell multiplication, DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis by Ehrlich ascites cells in culture. Combinations of APP and non-inhibitory concentrations of guanine (2.5 × 10 −5 –4 × 10 −4 M ) result in marked enhancement of these inhibitory effects; DNA synthesis being most affected. In this respect, guanine is the most effective agent; guanosine and deoxyguanosine were less effective, and xanthine and xanthosine were ineffective. These inhibitory effects are prevented completely by adenine (5 × 10 −5 M ) or 5-amino-4-imidazole carbox-amide (5 × 10 −4 M ). Since other natural purine or pyrimidine bases, nucleosides or deoxynucleosides were either less effective or ineffective in this respect, inhibition appears to result from an “adenine deficiency”.
Maintaining a legal status for filmless archived digital medical images

Most medical images today are generated digitally before exposure on film. In hospitals that employ Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS), the images are also stored and managed digitally. Indeed, film copies of images are still used at large, but the new generation of filmless hospitals tend to minimize the production of films unless deem necessary, or required by the patients or third parties. There are basically two main reasons for working with films in 'filmless' hospitals. One is that in fact, these are 'less film' hospitals due to the film-oriented environment where they operate. Environment which has not yet entered the PACS and DICOM era; Neither in operation, nor in intercommunication. The other reason is that films are needed for legal purposes as a sole indicator to the medical image evidence used during diagnosis. PACS offer numerous advantages, but a high entry cost which can be balanced with the savings in films production and handling. However, as long as films are mandatory, they do not help to lower the inhibitory cost of PACS, and the use of films prevails.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Brazil‐focused publications in leading business journals

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to conduct an overview of Brazil‐focused publications that appeared in leading business journals between 1990 and 2008 by highlighting and ranking contributions of individual authors and their affiliating institutions, summarizing types of research, research topics and theoretical perspectives, analyzing citations received by different articles and developing agenda for future research.Design/methodology/approach – A total of 11 leading journals are selected on the basis of past research. A usable sample of 33 publications is obtained by conducting electronic database search for articles that focus on Brazil. Analysis of contributions, research designs, research topics, theoretical perspectives, and citations received by each article is conducted and various findings are discussed.Findings – A total of 80 authors affiliated to 67 academic and seven non‐academic institutions from six geographic locations contributed to the research by examining a wide variety of busin...
Dual-band ultraviolet-short-wavelength infrared imaging via luminescent downshifting with colloidal quantum dots

The performance of short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) cameras in the visible and ultraviolet (UV) regions is limited by the absorption of high-energy photons in inactive regions of the imaging array. Dual-band UV-SWIR imaging can be achieved by using PbS colloidal quantum dots (CQD) to downshift incident UV light to the SWIR band. The CQD downshifting layer has minimal impact on the SWIR imaging performance and greatly increases the UV sensitivity of an InGaAs camera. A dual-lens design in which the QDs are incorporated on a removable substrate is demonstrated, which provides UV sensitivity without modification of the InGaAs camera focal plane array. A single-lens design in which the QDs are deposited directly on the focal plane array is demonstrated using both a standard InGaAs focal plane and a substrate-thinned focal plane. Higher UV resolution for the substrate-thinned focal plane is observed.
Partitioning multiple objective optimal solutions with applications in radiotherapy design

The optimal partition for linear programming is induced by any strictly complementary solution, and this partition is important because it characterizes the optimal set. However, constructing a strictly complementary solution in the presence of degeneracy was not practical until interior point algorithms became viable alternatives to the simplex algorithm. We develop analogs of the optimal partition for linear programming in the case of multiple objectives and show that these new partitions provide insight into the optimal set (both pareto optimality and lexicographic ordering are considered). Techniques to produce these optimal partitions are provided, and examples from the design of radiotherapy plans show that these new partitions are useful.
The art of crystallizing membrane proteins

In the past decade, several research groups have successfully prepared large, single crystals of integral membrane proteins for X-ray diffraction analysis. While no simple set of protocols yet exists, the general strategies for designing membrane protein crystallization experiments have become clearer. All X-ray-quality crystals of membrane proteins were grown from preparations of detergent-solubilized protein, where the heterogeneous natural lipids from the membrane have been replaced by a homogeneous detergent environment. It is the preparation of such monodisperse, isotropic solutions of membrane proteins that has allowed the successful application of the standard crystallization methods routinely used on soluble proteins. In this article, we address how the physical behavior of the detergent, in the form of micelles or protein-detergent aggregates, affects crystallization. We also discuss the roles of the detergent, salt, and precipitant in the crystallization process and the adaptation of published protocols to new membrane protein systems. We focus on the polyethylene glycol/NaCl/ β -octylglucoside system as a model and show that the presence of detergent imposes several types of constraints on the crystallization conditions. The general conclusion is that many integral membrane proteins could be crystallized if pure and monodisperse preparations in a suitable detergent system can be prepared.
Neighborhood Foreclosures, Racial/Ethnic Transitions, and Residential Segregation

In this article, we use data on virtually all foreclosure events between 2005 and 2009 to calculate neighborhood foreclosure rates for nearly all block groups in the United States to assess the impact of housing foreclosures on neighborhood racial/ethnic change and on broader patterns of racial residential segregation. We find that the foreclosure crisis was patterned strongly along racial lines: black, Latino, and racially integrated neighborhoods had exceptionally high foreclosure rates. Multilevel models of racial/ethnic change reveal that foreclosure concentrations were linked to declining shares of whites and expanding shares of black and Latino residents. Results further suggest that these compositional shifts were driven by both white population loss and minority growth, especially from racially mixed settings with high foreclosure rates. To explore the impact of these racially selective migration streams on patterns of residential segregation, we simulate racial segregation assuming that foreclosu...
Redox-regulated Inhibition of T7 RNA polymerase via establishment of disulfide linkages by substituted Dppz dirhodium(II,II) complexes.

The series of dirhodium(II) complexes cis-[Rh2(O2CCH3)2(R1R2dppz)2]2+ 1−6 (R1 = R2 = H, MeO, Me, Cl, NO2 for 1−4, 6, respectively, and R1= H, R2 = CN for 5), coordinated to R1R2dppz ligands with electron-donating or -withdrawing substituents at positions 7,8 of dppz (dppz = dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine), were synthesized and their effect on the transcription process in vitro was monitored. Complexes 1−6 are easily reduced, readily oxidize cysteine, and engage in redox-based reactions with T7-RNA Polymerase (T7-RNAP), which contains accessible thiol groups. Transcription is inhibited in vitro by 1−6 via formation of intra- and inter-T7-RNAP disulfide bonds that affect the enzyme critical sulfhydryl cysteine groups. The progressively increasing electron-withdrawing character of the dppz substituents (MeO < Me < H < Cl < CN < NO2) gives rise to the order 2 < 3 < 1 < 4 < 5 < 6 for the measured IC50 values of 1−6. The ease of reduction for 1−6 is consistent with the energies of the dppz-centered lowest uno...
Keys to Successful Self-Management of Medications

Medication use by community-dwelling elderly accounts for a significant portion of all U.S. drug use. Many elderly manage over three prescriptions a day. Recent evidence indicates that non-adherence to prescribed drug regimens can lead to symptoms that result in hospitalizations. The study's purpose was to explore self-management of medications as perceived by community-dwelling elderly. Guided by Orem's Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory, 19 older adults were interviewed about their medication self-management practices. Inductive data analysis revealed three major themes: successful self-management of medications, living orderly, and aging well. Success in establishing individual management systems may be the result of developing and maintaining orderly lifestyles.
Classification of Lung Tumors: An Overview of Lung Carcinomas

In the last few decades classification of lung tumors has been revised several times. The first classification was proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1967 and was revised 14 years later in 1981. A major change was proposed in subclassification of small cell carcinoma in 1988 by the pathology panel of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC). The most recent classification, referred to as the WHO/IASLC Histologic Classification of Lung and Pleural Tumors, was published in 1999. The new classification was deemed necessary because of vast progress made in understanding the clinical, epidemiological, histogenetic, and molecular aspects of lung cancers. The current classification (Table 5–1) is notable in the following respects: Addition of preinvasive categories for glandular and neuroendocrine neoplasia. Revision of the small cell carcinoma category by eliminating the subtypes of oat cell and intermediate cell types and retaining only one variant, combined small cell carcinoma. The revised classification also does not include the category of small and large cell type as was proposed by IASLC in 1988. Addition of new category for spindle cell/giant cell carcinomas, which includes all malignancies consisting of spindle and giant cell components, carcinosarcomas, and pulmonary blastomas. Addition of several new variants of adenocarcinomas. Inclusion of large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas as a variant of large cell carcinomas.
The regeneration of limbs in adult anurans

It is generally accepted that among the amphibians only urodeles and larval anurans retain the power to regenerate limbs and digits. However, there have been reports of atypical limb regeneration in individual post-metamorphic frogs occurring spontaneously in nature and in the laboratory after simple amputation (reviewed by Vorontsova & Liosner, 1960). On occasion, atypical limb regeneration has been observed in a few lizard specimens (Hellmich, 1951; Kudokotsev, 1960; Poyntz & Bellairs, 1965). In 1932 Rostand found that recently metamorphosed individuals of the African ‘clawed toad’, Xenopus laevis , consistently gave ‘heteromorphic’ regenerates upon amputation. Such growths will be designated here as ‘hypotypic’ according to the criteria used by Needham (1952). Similar observations were reported by Beetschen (1952), Gitlin (1956) and Skowron & Komala (1957), while Komala (1957) and Dent (1962) traced the ontogenetic development of regenerates in larval and metamorphosing individuals.
Interpretation of spectral response in perpendicular recording

A previously published voltage spectrum in perpendicular recording is analyzed here utilizing the exact fields of a probe head and keepered medium. It is concluded that sharp transitions have been written at a negligible spacing. Previous analysis which utilized a duality between a ring head and a probe-keeper head yielded a non-zero spacing or recorded transition length. Measurements of D 50 for varying record geometries are analyzed in terms of scaling laws.
How to stop the fire? Control of Ca2+‐induced Ca2+ release in cardiac muscle

Cardiac excitation–contraction coupling in higher vertebrates is driven by the process of calcium-induced calcium release (CICR). According to the original hypothesis, an action potential initiates a small Ca2+ influx through plasmalemmal Ca2+ channels which indirectly activates contraction by triggering a much larger Ca2+ release from ryanodine receptors (RyR2s), Ca2+ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). It is believed that upon relaxation, SR Ca2+ release ceases via cytosolic Ca2+-dependent inactivation of RyR2s, which allows resequestration of Ca2+ to the SR by SR Ca2+-ATPase. Thus CICR, where Ca2+ serves as trigger, output and negative regulator, is an inherently unstable process. Accordingly, uncontrollable Ca2+ release is implicated in many hallmark features of cardiac disease; diastolic pro-arrhythmic aftercontractions and/or loss of SR Ca2+ resulting in reduced systolic Ca2+ transients and thereby impaired contractility.
Quantification of mitral regurgitant volume by the color doppler proximal isovelocity surface area method: A clinical study

In vitro studies have demonstrated that regurgitant flow rate can be estimated by the color Doppler "proximal isovelocity surface area" (PISA) method. By applying the PISA method and continuity principle, we developed a formula to calculate mitral regurgitant volume: 2πr 2 ·Vn·FVI/Vo, where r =distance from the first jet alias to mitral leaflets, Vn=aliasing velocity, FVI=flow velocity integral of regurgitant jet, and Vo=peak velocity through the regurgitant orifice. Doppler echocardiography was performed in 20 patients with mitral regurgitation. The mitral regurgitant volume was estimated by PISA and compared to cine ventriculographic grading. The results showed an increase in regurgitant volume by PISA compared with increasing angiographic grades of mitral regurgitation: 19±0.6, 18±5 25±12, and 44±4 ml for grades 1 + to 4 + , respectively ( r =0.77). Thus a formula developed from PISA is able to identify patients with a severe grade of mitral regurgitation and to provide an alternate approach to the noninvasive quantitation of mitral regurgitation.
Impact of the 2009 AJCC staging guidelines for melanoma on the number of mitotic figures reported by dermatopathologists at one institution.

Background In 2009 the revised seventh staging system for melanoma recommended the use of mitotic count to separate stage T1a from T1b. However, careful scrutiny of cases may lead to an inadvertent selection effect, with consequent increased reporting of mitotic counts. Methods We investigated whether there is a significant increase in mitotic counts reported since 2009 for melanomas with a Breslow thickness of 1.0 mm or less. We conducted a retrospective, case-controlled study examining invasive melanoma cases at a large academic center. Mitotic counts were compared between pathology reports before 2009 (n = 61) and after 2009 (n = 125), with a subset of slides re-examined in a blinded fashion. Results Before the 2009 staging guidelines, 51% of cases had one or more mitosis reported compared to 38% after 2009 (p = 0.113). Blinded re-counting did not yield a significant difference when compared with the original pathology reports in either group. Conclusions There was not a significant difference in the number of mitoses reported after the implementation of the new guidelines.
Gender Differences in Emotion Expression in Children: A Meta-Analytic Review

Emotion expression is an important feature of healthy child development that has been found to show gender differences. However, there has been no empirical review of the literature on gender and facial, vocal, and behavioral expressions of different types of emotions in children. The present study constitutes a comprehensive meta-analytic review of gender differences and moderators of differences in emotion expression from infancy through adolescence. We analyzed 555 effect sizes from 166 studies with a total of 21,709 participants. Significant but very small gender differences were found overall, with girls showing more positive emotions (g –.08) and internalizing emotions (e.g., sadness, anxiety, sympathy; g –.10) than boys, and boys showing more externalizing emotions (e.g., anger; g .09) than girls. Notably, gender differences were moderated by age, interpersonal context, and task valence, underscoring the importance of contextual factors in gender differences. Gender differences in positive emotions were more pronounced with increasing age, with girls showing more positive emotions than boys in middle childhood (g –.20) and adolescence (g –.28). Boys showed more externalizing emotions than girls at toddler/preschool age (g .17) and middle childhood (g .13) and fewer externalizing emotions than girls in adolescence (g –.27). Gender differences were less pronounced with parents and were more pronounced with unfamiliar adults (for positive emotions) and with peers/when alone (for externalizing emotions). Our findings of gender differences in emotion expression in specific contexts have important implications for gender differences in children’s healthy and maladaptive development.
Fluid transport in thin film polymer processors

An analysis of fluid transport in a polymer processor consisting of a hollow vertical cylinder with rotating blades is presented. The action of the rotating blades causes a thin film to be deposited on the inner surface of the processor and a bow wave to form in front of the blade. Fluid transport through the processor depends upon flow within the bow wave. Three types of flows are identified as contributing to the fluid transport: flow under the influence of a pressure gradient, flow due to gravitational force, and drag flow due to the action of the rotating blades. Equations describing these flows are derived as well as an equation for the bow wave profile. Experimental data in good agreement with the theoretical development are presented.
Structural insights into the evolution of a sexy protein: novel topology and restricted backbone flexibility in a hypervariable pheromone from the red-legged salamander, Plethodon shermani.

In response to pervasive sexual selection, protein sex pheromones often display rapid mutation and accelerated evolution of corresponding gene sequences. For proteins, the general dogma is that structure is maintained even as sequence or function may rapidly change. This phenomenon is well exemplified by the three-finger protein (TFP) superfamily: a diverse class of vertebrate proteins co-opted for many biological functions – such as components of snake venoms, regulators of the complement system, and coordinators of amphibian limb regeneration. All of the >200 structurally characterized TFPs adopt the namesake “three-finger” topology. In male red-legged salamanders, the TFP pheromone Plethodontid Modulating Factor (PMF) is a hypervariable protein such that, through extensive gene duplication and pervasive sexual selection, individual male salamanders express more than 30 unique isoforms. However, it remained unclear how this accelerated evolution affected the protein structure of PMF. Using LC/MS-MS and multidimensional NMR, we report the 3D structure of the most abundant PMF isoform, PMF-G. The high resolution structural ensemble revealed a highly modified TFP structure, including a unique disulfide bonding pattern and loss of secondary structure, that define a novel protein topology with greater backbone flexibility in the third peptide finger. Sequence comparison, models of molecular evolution, and homology modeling together support that this flexible third finger is the most rapidly evolving segment of PMF. Combined with PMF sequence hypervariability, this structural flexibility may enhance the plasticity of PMF as a chemical signal by permitting potentially thousands of structural conformers. We propose that the flexible third finger plays a critical role in PMF:receptor interactions. As female receptors co-evolve, this flexibility may allow PMF to still bind its receptor(s) without the immediate need for complementary mutations. Consequently, this unique adaptation may establish new paradigms for how receptor:ligand pairs co-evolve, in particular with respect to sexual conflict.
Bats of Assateague Island National Seashore, Maryland

ABSTRACT As significant nocturnal insectivores, bats are an integral part of many ecosystems. Determining bat species composition in an area is a critical first step in managing for this important resource. Little information exists concerning the bat species composition of Maryland's Coastal Plain, which is located on the northern periphery of the geographic ranges of five bat species occurring in the southeastern United States. We conducted mist net surveys for bats at Assateague Island National Seashore, a barrier island on Maryland's coast, in summer 2005 and summer and autumn 2006. In 2005 we captured 133 bats representing three species, including two big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus), 129 eastern red bats (Lasiurus borealis) and two purported Seminole bats (L. seminolus). In 2006 we captured 60 eastern red bats in summer and autumn combined. We used Anabat II bat detectors to conduct long-term acoustic monitoring on the island year round and documented three additional bat species, including silver-...
A generalized strong-motion accelerogram based on spectral maximization from two horizontal components

abstract A new form of strong-motion accelerogram (“spectrally maximized record” or “SMR”) and its associated generalized spectrum are proposed for earthquake engineering use. Parameters (e.g., spectral, duration, peak amplitude) of strongmotion records at a given site generally depend significantly on the (arbitrary) azimuthal component, sometimes leading to a crucially deficient description of these parameters if only a single component is used. In this paper, combination of horizontal components using spectral maximization is shown to be effective in minimizing the difficulty. The spectra of the two horizontal components at each site are combined to maximize the resultant spectrum, independently of azimuthal orientation. SMR9s of 33 important strong-motion accelerograms (including some New Guinea records) are then calculated from their corresponding spectra. In only 60 per cent of cases is the peak acceleration from a maximized spectrum greater than that of the single components. The bracked duration from the maximized spectrum is always greater. After filtering to provide records in ten frequency bands (0-1 Hz, 1-2 Hz, …, 9-10 Hz), correlations for each band are made between acceleration peaks, spectral energy, magnitudes, and source distances. Reasonably stable estimates of strong-motion parameters appear to be given by spectrally maximized seismograms.
The Greening of the Bretton Woods

Graciela Chichilnisky on a plan for a new global bank to be a clearing house for the environmental market.