cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are Women More Likely than Men Are to Care Excessively about Maintaining Positive Social Relationships? A Meta-Analytic Review of the Gender Difference in Sociotropy

Sociotropy is defined as the tendency to overemphasize maintaining positive social relationships (Beck 1983). Although the stereotype that women care more about interpersonal relationships than men do is well-documented (Cross and Madson 1997), the literature provides mixed support as to whether women are more sociotropic than men are. This is important to establish because sociotropy consistently correlates positively with depression (Robins et al. 1994) and thus a gender difference in sociotropy could contribute to the well-documented gender difference in depression (Girgus and Nolen-Hoeksema 2006). The present meta-analysis asks whether the gender difference in sociotropy exists, and if so, at what magnitude, by aggregating 108 independent effect sizes from 90 papers (n = 30,372 participants). The average weighted effect size of the gender difference was d = .34, with women scoring higher than men on sociotropy. Culture was a significant moderator: The gender difference in sociotropy was significantly smaller in research from collectivist countries, where interpersonal harmony and cooperation are emphasized for both genders, than in research from individualistic countries, where men are supposed to be independent and agentic and women are supposed to be communal and concerned with relationships. Further research is needed to explore the development of this gender difference and its relationship to the gender difference in depression.
On the “Take” as a Biomarker

Arguably the best biomarker in the world for vaccine efficacy is the “take.” The take, the reaction observed after an inoculation of smallpox vaccine, is typically a small pustular lesion that occu...
Bifurcation analysis of pattern formation in a two-dimensional hybrid reaction–transport model

Abstract Following up on our work on Turing pattern formation in a one-dimensional reaction–transport model, we explore the emergence of patterns in a two dimensional model described by a system of PDEs for passively transported diffusing particles (PT) and actively transported motor-driven particles (AT). We first propose a model where the actively transported particles are taken to be functions of spatial locations x ∈ R and velocity v . We then consider two special simplifying cases where particles are transported at (i) constant speeds v so that the concentration of AT particles is taken to be a function of spatial location and velocity angle θ ∈ S 1 and (ii) discrete velocities (still with constant speed) in directions along a lattice tiling the plane. In the former case the system is equivariant with respect to the so called shift-twist action of the Euclidean group E ( 2 ) acting on functions on R 2 × S 1 , while in the latter case it is equivariant with respect to the group D N ⋉ R 2 where D N ( N = 4 for square and N = 6 for hexagonal) is the holohedry group of the lattice. In both cases, we use symmetric bifurcation theory to analyze the planforms emerging from a Turing bifurcation, should it occur. In the discrete velocity square lattice case, we are able to prove that a Turing bifurcation does indeed occur as the dimensionless parameter γ = α D ∕ v 2 crosses some critical value. Here, D is the diffusion coefficient for the passively diffusing particles and α is the switching rate between motor states.
Super Twisting Sliding Mode Control of Spherical Robot

In this paper, modeling and control of 2-DOF spherical robot driven by a pendulum-based driving mechanism are discussed. Despite various advantages like greater mobility, stability, and scope of operation, the spherical robot is less popular due to the complex nature of dynamics, path planning, and control issues. To address these challenges, this paper focuses on designing a robust higher order sliding mode controller. Second order super twisting sliding mode controller can attain the desired trajectory as well as improve the performance of the typical non-linear robust controller. Simulation results are shown and compared with the conventional sliding mode controller which proves that the proposed controller can reduce control chattering and achieve robust operation in the presence of external disturbances and model uncertainties as well.
Experimental Production of Nutritional Macrocytic Anemia in Swine V. Hematologic Manifestations of a Combined Deficiency of Vitamin B12 and Pteroylglutamic Acid

A total of 20 swine were fed a diet adequate in all known respects except that soybean protein was substituted for casein, succinylsulfathiazole and a folic acid antagonist were added, and vitamin B12 and pteroylglutamic acid were withheld from the vitamin supplement. The animals developed macrocytic anemia, leukopenia and neutropenia, accompanied by erythroid hyperplasia of the bone marrow. Tue erythroblasts consisted mainly of immature macronormoblasts but a few atypical megaloblasts were also observed. The anemia responded rapidly and completely to the administration of both vitamin B12 and pteroylglutamic acid. The administration of pteroylglutamic acid alone resulted in an immediate return of the blood and bone marrow to within normal limits but after several months there was a partial hematologic relapse in spite of continued therapy with this vitamin. The administration of vitamin B12 alone resulted in only partial remission of the anemia and the bone marrow remained macronormoblastic although the megaloblasts tended to disappear. Growth of the animals was stimulated by the administration of either vitamin but the administration of both vitamins simultanseously resulted in the greatest rate of growth. No manifestations of neurologic disturbances or of inscreased pigment excretion were observed in the deficient swine.
Heritable associations with microbial communities are essential for necrotrophic pathogen resistance

Host-microbe interactions are increasingly recognized as important drivers of organismal health, growth, longevity, and community-scale ecological processes. However, less is known about how genetic variation affects hosts9 associated microbiomes and downstream phenotypes. We demonstrate that sunflower (Helianthus annuus) harbors substantial, heritable variation in microbial communities under field conditions. We show that microbial communities explain up to 77.5% of the heritable variation in resistance to root infection caused by the necrotrophic pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and that plants grown in sterilized soil showed almost complete elimination of pathogen resistance. Association mapping revealed 69 genetic locations related to microbial abundance and Sclerotinia resistance. Although the genetic architecture is complex and quantitative, we have, in large part, elucidated previously unexplained genetic variation for resistance to this pathogen. This suggests new targets for plant breeding and demonstrates the potential for heritable microbial associations to play important roles in defense in natural and human-altered environments.
Chronic Heart Failure

Chronic heart failure is a condition with high morbidity and mortality. Here we describe the different forms of classification and the evidence surrounding treatment options for chronic heart failure guideline-directed medical therapy and indications/options for advanced therapies.
Language as Participation: Multilingual User Experience Design

In this research paper, we argue that designing communication for and with multilingual audiences requires a participatory approach to user experience (UX) design that uses language and translation activities to open up avenues for more inclusive participation. We contrast this approach to the extraction model of user experience that we see practiced in corporate settings. We propose a model for engaging multilingual audiences in design through the presentation of two design cases, one international and one local. In both cases, we articulate the specific challenges and opportunities for user experience design and methods when working with multilingual audiences. We conclude with a discussion of strategies for designing for and with multilingual audiences in user experience design.
Monitoring COVID-19 initiatives and safety concerns at a comprehensive cancer center

247Background: The COVID-19 pandemic brought national and local concerns, particularly to a comprehensive cancer center. Cancer patients’ clinical immunosuppressed status puts them in a vulnerable ...
Reinforcing properties of alcohol in rats: Progressive ratio licking performance reinforced with 66% alcohol.

Abstract Rodents are generally reluctant to consume high concentrations of alcohol. However, few experiments have reported the behavior of rats when they are given access to high alcohol concentrations. Four experiments with food-deprived Wistar rats were designed to determine whether 66% alcohol could be used as a positive reinforcer for operant responses. In Experiment 1, animals learned to lick an empty sipper to gain access to 66% alcohol in a second tube; licking extinguished after it if provided a only access to water (operant licking task, OL). Experiment 2 used the OL task combined with a progressive ratio (PR) schedule in a within-subject design with the order of alcohol concentrations counterbalanced across subjects. The breakpoint (the last completed ratio in the PR schedule) was higher for 10% and 66% alcohol concentrations than for water. In Experiment 3, animals trained in the same PR task gained access to water, 10%, or 66% alcohol in a between-subject design. Breakpoints were higher for 66% alcohol than for water, but not for 10% alcohol relative to water. Experiment 4 tested the effects of the orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB-334,867 on licking reinforced with access to 66% alcohol in the PR task. The antagonist reduced the breakpoint at 1- and 5-mg/kg doses, but not at 10 mg/kg. These results suggest that 66% alcohol can be used to reinforce operant behavior. Although the effects were modest, they were reliable. The estimated amount of alcohol consumed in the OL task suggests that these reinforcing effects were not dependent on the pharmacological effects of 66% alcohol, but could perhaps reflect a sensation-seeking effect.
Correlates of sexual minority women's sexual behavior.

Sexual minority women (SMW) experience sociocultural barriers to healthcare access and utilization. A common misconception is that SMW are at lower risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). ...
Chrysin Ameliorates Cyclosporine-A-Induced Renal Fibrosis by Inhibiting TGF-β1-Induced Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition

Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a nephrotoxicant that causes fibrosis via induction of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). The flavonoid chrysin has been reported to have anti-fibrotic activity and inhibit signaling pathways that are activated during EMT. This study investigated the nephroprotective role of chrysin in the prevention of CsA-induced renal fibrosis and elucidated a mechanism of inhibition against CsA-induced EMT in proximal tubule cells. Treatment with chrysin prevented CsA-induced renal dysfunction in Sprague Dawley rats measured by blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine and creatinine clearance. Chrysin inhibited CsA-induced tubulointerstitial fibrosis, characterized by reduced tubular damage and collagen deposition. In vitro, chrysin significantly inhibited EMT in LLC-PK1 cells, evidenced by inhibition of cell migration, decreased collagen expression, reduced presence of mesenchymal markers and elevated epithelial junction proteins. Furthermore, chrysin co-treatment diminished CsA-induced TGF-β1 signaling pathways, decreasing Smad 3 phosphorylation which lead to a subsequent reduction in Snail expression. Chrysin also inhibited activation of the Akt/ GSK-3β pathway. Inhibition of both pathways diminished the cytosolic accumulation of β-catenin, a known trigger for EMT. In conclusion, flavonoids such as chrysin offer protection against CsA-induced renal dysfunction and interstitial fibrosis. Chrysin was shown to inhibit CsA-induced TGF-β1-dependent EMT in proximal tubule cells by modulation of Smad-dependent and independent signaling pathways.
Recursive rank one perturbations for pole placement and cone reachability

Abstract The role of rank one perturbations in transforming the eigenstructure of a matrix has long been considered in the context of applications, especially in linear control systems. Two cases are examined in this paper: First, we propose a practical method to place the system eigenvalues (poles) in desired locations via feedback control that is computed in terms of recursive rank one perturbations. Second, a choice of feedback control is proposed in order to achieve that a trajectory eventually enters the nonnegative orthant and remains therein for all time thereafter. The latter situation is achieved by imposing the strong Perron-Frobenius property and involves altering the eigenvalues, as well as left eigenvectors via rank one perturbations.
Single-cell transcriptome reveals insights into the development and function of the zebrafish ovary

Zebrafish are an established research organism that has made many contributions to our understanding of vertebrate tissue and organ development, yet there are still significant gaps in our understanding of the genes that regulate gonad development, sex, and reproduction. Unlike the development of many organs, such as the brain and heart that form during the first few days of development, zebrafish gonads do not begin to form until the larval stage ( [≥]5 dpf). Thus, forward genetic screens have identified very few genes required for gonad development. In addition, bulk RNA sequencing studies which identify genes expressed in the gonads do not have the resolution necessary to define minor cell populations that may play significant roles in development and function of these organs. To overcome these limitations, we have used single-cell RNA sequencing to determine the transcriptomes of cells isolated from juvenile zebrafish ovaries. This resulted in the profiles of 10,658 germ cells and 14,431 somatic cells. Our germ cell data represents all developmental stages from germline stem cells to early meiotic oocytes. Our somatic cell data represents all known somatic cell types, including follicle cells, theca cells and interstitial stromal cells. Further analysis revealed an unexpected number of cell subpopulations within these broadly defined cell types. To further define their functional significance, we determined the location of these cell subpopulations within the ovary. Finally, for select examples, we used gene knockout experiments to determine the role of newly identified genes. Our results reveal novel insights into ovarian development and function and the sequencing information will provide a valuable resource for future studies.
Clinical Manifestations and Therapeutic Management of Vulvar Cellulitis and Abscess: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Necrotizing Fasciitis, Bartholin Abscess, Crohn Disease of the Vulva, Hidradenitis Suppurativa

Infections of the vulva can present a complex differential to the gynecologist, ranging from superficial skin infections to life-threatening necrotizing fasciitis. Recognition and timely treatment remain universal to skin and soft-tissue infections as the subcutaneous anatomy of the vulva can facilitate rapid spread to other tissues with significant morbidity and mortality. Ineffective antibiotics or deferring necessary surgical debridement have proven to be costly to the patient, and the gynecologist must maintain an appropriately high index of suspicion. Employing a multidisciplinary team approach to care for vulvar cellulitis can guide treatment from antibiotic therapies to more aggressive surgical debridement.
Assignments of thed3/2 Octet

It is argued that the 1520 MeV Y0* should not be assigned to thed3/2 octet in the unitary symmetry classification of strongly interacting states. Instead, this resonance is more likely to be a unitary singlet. The argument is based on two independent considerations, a reduced-width analysis of thed3/2 resonances and an «effective threshold» model for the mass splittings between the members of the multiplet. As a consequence, if ad3/2 octet exists, another Y0* resonance should be observed. Predictions are made concerning the position and partial widths of both this additional Y0* and the heretofore unobserved Ξ* resonance belonging to thed3/2 octet.
The Bacterial Oxidation of Vitamin B6 VI. PYRIDOXAL DEHYDROGENASE AND 4-PYRIDOXOLACTONASE

Abstract Pyridoxal dehydrogenase was partially purified from extracts of Pseudomonas sp. MA grown on pyridoxamine as the sole carbon and nitrogen source, and shown to catalyze Reaction i. [see PDF for equation] Pyridoxal dehydrogenase is specific for DPN+ and does not oxidize benzaldehyde, acetaldehyde, salicylaldehyde, or 5-deoxypyridoxal. In the presence of the latter compound, oxidation of pyridoxal is stimulated, apparently because of the occurrence of the dismutation reaction (ii). 2-Demethyl-2-ethylpyridoxal is dehydrogenated at the same rate as pyridoxal. At high substrate concentrations the pH [see PDF for equation] optimum of pyridoxal dehydrogenase is above 9.3; at pH 9.3 the Km values for pyridoxal and DPN+ are 0.076 mm and 0.29 mm, respectively. Reaction i appears to be irreversible. o-Phenanthroline and some other chelating agents inhibit the enzyme, but m- and p-phenanthroline (which do not act as chelating agents) are much more potent inhibitors with Ki values of about 1.0 µm. 4-Pyridoxolactonase, which catalyzes Reaction iii, also occurs in this same organism. It acts optimally at pH 7.7, [see PDF for equation] has a Km value of 3.1 µm, and, at the stage of purity achieved, requires no added cofactors. m- and p-Phenanthroline also inhibit this enzyme, but only at concentrations much higher than those that inhibit pyridoxal dehydrogenase.
Abstract 193: Adipocytes, obesity and the multiple myeloma microenvironment

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Multiple myeloma (MM), a hematological malignancy characterized by monoclonal plasma cells in the bone marrow, affects nearly 23,000 Americans per year. Obesity contributes to the development and progression of multiple myeloma, yet the relationship between MM cells and adipocytes found in the tumor microenvironment has not been fully elucidated. To examine how adipocytes contribute to the growth and progression of MM, we co-cultured human myeloma cell lines with primary human adipocytes isolated from lipoaspirates. We found that MM cells directly co-cultured with adipocytes or exposed to their conditioned media had increased viability, angiogenic potential, invasion, colony formation, and production of inflammatory cytokines, when compared to MM cells alone. Moreover, adipocytes from obese individuals (BMI > 30) further compounded this. Thus, we demonstrate an important role for adipocytes in promoting myeloma pathologies. Citation Format: Gervaise H. Henry, Nicholas J. Watson, Rebecca C. O'Neill, Tracy Tabib, Erika M. Bullwinkle, Kathleen L. DeCicco-Skinner. Adipocytes, obesity and the multiple myeloma microenvironment. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 193. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-193
Constraints to Implementing Educational Innovations: The Case of Multigrade Schools

Studies suggest that multigrade schools, i.e. those with classes that are mixed in age and ability, can be a cost-effective means of raising student achievement and expanding access to education in poor countries. Development institutions often recommend them for countries struggling to raise educational quality and coverage in rural areas. However, the literature advocating the adoption of multigrade schools avoids discussing the potential difficulties in implementing the system. This paper analyses the conditons under which implementation might be successful, focusing on the oft-cited case of the Colombian Escuela Nuela programme. The authors conclude that capacity-building through in-service training is an important determinant of the way teachers approach their task. However, a great deal of variance in teacher practices is left unexplained. The article suggests that teacher will (that is, motivation and commitment) might explain much of the remaining variation in the adoption of the new pedagogies. The authors explore several conditions under which teacher will could be lacking.
Religion and Popular Culture in Nineteenth‐Century Ireland

After the so-called ‘revisionist controversy’ of the 1990s, historians of Ireland have embraced more fervently comparative and interdisciplinary approaches to the study of the Irish past. One subfield that has benefited enormously from these new directions has been the history of popular culture. In particular, the study of popular religion in the long nineteenth century has become more nuanced during the past fifteen years, as scholars have re-assessed the combined impacts of population change and the Catholic Church's ‘devotional revolution’ on popular culture and beliefs. An examination of the transformation of the devotional practice known as ‘the pattern’ suggests that popular religion (and popular culture more generally) emerged out of a dialectical process in which local traditions and beliefs were nearly as significant as were the prescriptive actions of elites.
Effects of typographic variables on attitude measures in reading bilingual brands

This study sought to determine how typographic features in brand name designs impact attitudes of bilingual consumers toward the brand. An online study was conducted with a sample of 210 Chinese students who have studied in the United States for at least one year. Each participant was randomly assigned to one of five groups. Based on semantic theories and a proposed model of the role of typography in advertising-based persuasion, two hypotheses were explored. This study found that: (1) a prominent Chinese name in terms of type size in bilingual bands had a positive effect on consumers’ attitude toward the brand, (2) consumers evaluated brand names with same size Chinese and English names more positively than those with a prominent English name, (3) consumers evaluated brand names with highly ornate Chinese type more positively than those with highly ornate English type and (4) brand names with low ornate Chinese type and low ornate English type were evaluated higher in terms of attitude toward brand than brand names with highly ornate English and low ornate Chinese. The contribution of this study is to assist international companies in their local brand name selection process by helping them to understand the aesthetic value of Chinese characters in brand name design, as well as to provide practical suggestions for logographic designers and font designers.
Evidence-based approach to lumbar disc herniation: Findings from the SPORT trial (primary and subgroup analyses)

The SPORT disc herniation study was the largest study ever performed comparing surgical and nonoperative outcomes for lumbar disc herniation. The study demonstrated that patients improved significantly with both surgery and nonoperative treatment; however, patients treated surgically improved faster and to a greater degree. These results were maintained through 8 years of follow-up. Subgroup analyses demonstrated that many patients and disease characteristics were associated with both surgical and nonoperative outcomes; however, very few predicted surgical treatment effect. All examined subgroups improved more with surgery than nonoperative treatment over 4 years of follow-up. Complications were relatively rare and tended not to affect long-term outcomes.
DNS tunneling detection through statistical fingerprints of protocol messages and machine learning

The use of covert-channel methods to bypass security policies has increased considerably in the recent years. Malicious users neutralize security restriction by encapsulating protocols like peer-to-peer, chat or http proxy into other allowed protocols like Domain Name Server DNS or HTTP. This paper illustrates a machine learning approach to detect one particular covert-channel technique: DNS tunneling.
Virus replication and high-titered interferon production in human leukocyte cultures inoculated with Newcastle disease virus.

Wheelock, Frederick E. (Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio). Virus replication and high-titered interferon production in human leukocyte cultures inoculated with Newcastle disease virus. J. Bacteriol. 92:1415–1421. 1966.—High titers of interferon (20,480 culture-protecting units per ml) are produced in freshly prepared human leukocyte cultures inoculated with a Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-cell multiplicity of 1:1. NDV replicates to low titers in these cultures. Incubation of leukocytes at 37 C for 24 hr prior to inoculation of NDV results in almost complete loss of detectable interferon production, but virus replicates to higher titers than in the freshly prepared cultures. In contrast, no diminution of interferon production in response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) occurs on 24 hr of incubation of cultures prior to addition of PHA. Experiments with cultures of predominantly pure cell fractions of peripheral blood indicate that the lymphocyte fraction produces interferon in response to either NDV or PHA, and that polymorphonuclear leukocytes produce no interferon in response to these agents. These studies suggest a hitherto unsuspected ability of human lymphocytes to produce high titers of interferon in vivo.
Seed Source Affects Field Emergence of Low‐Phytate Soybean Lines

Seed production in subtropical environments is commonly used by soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] breeders to reduce the number of years for cultivar development. Low-phytate (LP) soybean lines with the mips allele had substantially reduced fi eld emergence when planted with seed from a subtropical source. The objective of this study was to determine if seed source also would impact the fi eld emergence of lowphytate lines with the pha1 and pha2 alleles. Seed of six BC 3 F 4 -derived LP lines, the LP donor parent CX1834-1-6 (CX1834), and the normal-phytate (NP) recurrent parent B01769B019 (B019), was harvested from the fi eld at Ames, IA, in 2005 (IA-2005), at Ponce, PR, in January 2007 (PR-Jan), and at Ponce, PR, in May 2007 (PR-May). The three seed sources of the eight lines were evaluated at three Iowa locations in 2007. The mean fi eld emergence of LP lines was 77.6% for the IA-2005 source, 70.1% for the PRJan source, and 25.4% for the PR-May source while that of B019 ranged from 80.3 to 82.0% for the three sources. The seed source used to plant lines with the pha1 and pha2 alleles can have a signifi cant infl uence on their fi eld emergence, which can impact the development and evaluation of LP lines and on seed increases for commercial production.
Synthesis of glycoconjugates derived from various lipopolysaccharides of the Vibrionaceae family

Conjugation of simple ketoses (such as 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid and N-acetylneuraminic acid) and of various O-specific polysaccharides (from Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas salmonicida) to the bifunctional spacer 1,6-hexanediamine, was achieved by reductive amination. The saccharide–1-(6-amino)-hexane alkyamines obtained were converted into the corresponding isothiocyanate derivatives and coupled to the free ɛ-amino group of lysine residues of the protein carrier bovine serum albumin. In similar manner, the aldehyde group introduced by selective periodate oxidation into the partially O-deacylated lipopolysaccharide of Vibrio anguillarum was conjugated to 1,6-hexanediamine, converted into the corresponding isothiocyanate and covalently attached to bovine serum albumin.
Enzymatic deconjugation of catecholamines in human and rat plasma and red blood cell lysate

Abstract We have developed a method for enzymatic hydrolysis of both sulfated and glucuronidated catecholamines in plasma and red blood cell lysate. Hydrolysis occurs in the course of the radioenzymatic assay for catecholamines. In human plasma, catecholamines are conjugated almost entirely with sulfate while, in rat plasma, glucuronides are the main conjugates of epinephrine and dopamine but not norepinephrine. Rat plasma contains less percent conjugated catecholamine than human plasma. Human red blood cell lysate contains less conjugated catecholamine than plasma, whereas free E in lysate exceeds that of plasma and free NE has same level both in plasma and lysate. This method is useful in detecting total (free + sulfated + glucuronidated) catecholamines and the nature of conjugated catecholamines.
Optimizing the throughput of hazardous waste incinerators

This work presents a linear, steady-state model of a rotary kiln hazardous waste incinerator. Mass balance constraints, energy balance constraints, constraints typically imposed by incinerator permits, and constraints imposed by design limitations are all included in the model. The model is used to perform optimization studies, which maximize a measure of the incinerator's throughput. The sensitivity of the model to uncertainties in the chemical property values of the waste streams is also examined. For the spectrum of case studies examined, the optimal operating conditions are most sensitive to halogen content and water content of the wastes and are less sensitive to variations in heating value and nitrogen content.
Calculating Chebyshev shading coefficients via the discrete Fourier transform

A previous technique for deriving Chebyshev shading coefficients using a cosine series is rewritten in the form of an inverse discrete Fourier transform (DFT) thus allowing one to take advantage of standard DFT algorithms. The reduced accuracy required for intermediate calculations is retained. Additionally, the fast Fourier transform can be used giving computational savings.
The effect of ultracentrifuging on Paramecium, with special reference to recovery and macronuclear reorganization

Paramecium caudatum becomes much elongated upon centrifuging at 21,000 times gravity. The chromatin is sometimes forced from the achromatic matrix of the macronucleus. The materials in the cell are redistributed according to their relative specific gravities as follows: At the centrifugal end of the cell, crystals, layer of fluid, micronucleus and macronuclear chromatin, food vacuoles and neutral red inclusions, achromatic matrix of the macronucleus, endoplasm with large clear alveoli, and fat, at the centripetal end of the cell. The contracting vacuole is displaced sometimes but not the feeding canals or pore. In some cases the crystals, micronucleus and macronuclear chromatin may be extruded from the cell. Animals which survive centrifuging regain their usual shape and the disturbed materials return to their usual distribution rapidly. Sometimes the crystals remain in large compact masses and are so passed to the daughter cells upon fission. The two components of the macronucleus do not fuse the macronuclear chromatin regenerates an achromatic matrix, and division is somewhat delayed. The old macronuclear matrix persists over a long time and sometimes interferes with division. Animals which have no micronucleus may survive and divide, but no amicronucleate races have been established. Apparently macronuclear chromatin is necessary for the survival and division of P. caudatum; in the absence of the macronuclear chromatin no replacement occurs from the micronucleus. The membrane of the contracting vacuole is temporary.
An On-Line Digital-Computer System for the Semiautomatic Analysis of Golgi-Impregnated Neurons

Rapid and accurate measurements of neuronal processes in Golgi preparations are possible with the aid of a small computer (Glaser and Van der Loos, 1965). This paper describes a system for doing this, using a small digital computer which controls stepping motors (0.5-?m steps) attached to the stage (x, y axes) and fine focus (z axis) of a microscope. The observer tracks the processes, topological information, such as the location of the soma, dendritic origins, branch points, and ends of processes, is signaled to the computer by special controls, and the x, y, and z coordinates of each are stored in digital format. The computer printout yields 1) individual x, y, and z coordinates with associated topological identifiers; 2) quantitative data for each dendritic segment in order (i.e., primary and secondary branches, etc.); and 3) computes the actual linear dimensions of each segment in microns. An associated oscilloscope display can 1) display the whole neuron, or individual processes, by connecting recorded points by vectors; 2) identify each dendrite; 3) rotate (continuously or by a specified angle) the whole cell, or individual dendrites, around any selected point or axis; and 4) indicate spatial relationships by dynamic rotation, intensity modulation, or stereo pairs. The performance of this system has been evaluated for accuracy and the repeatability of measurements.
Numerical Simulation of Cryosurgery as a Potential Treatment for Uterine Fibroids

Nearly 80% of all women may suffer from menorrhagia caused by uterine fibroids (leiomyomas) which are benign tumors made up of muscle and fibrous tissue that grow from the muscular wall of the uterus. The vast majority of women whose symptoms are strong enough to require treatment obtain a hysterectomy. Other treatment options which are less invasive than hysterectomy include thermal therapies such as thermal ablation or cryosurgical removal of tissue. This project numerically evaluates the efficacy of a liquid-nitrogen-based cryotherapy for the treatment of uterine fibroids. A bioheat transfer model was utilized which includes both the effects of blood perfusion and the impacts of liquid-to-solid phase change. Changes in all physical properties including thermal conductivity, heat capacity, and perfusion rate were taken into account as the tissue passed through a range of temperatures where it would be transitioning from unfrozen to fully frozen. The numerical model was based on a one-dimensional unsteady bioheat equation. The results show that even for the direct-contact cooling, it is unlikely that intracellular ice would form during the procedure. On the other hand, based on data obtained from previous cell-survival studies, it was found that necrosis would occur when the cooling rates exceeded 30°/min. According to the present numerical results, necrosis would occur within the tissue up to a depth of approximately 5.8 mm, thereby ensuring that sufficient tissue would be cryosurgically destroyed to result in effective treatment.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Structural characterization of manganese and iron complexes with methylated derivatives of bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine reveals unanticipated conformational flexibility

Iron and manganese complexes with derivatives of bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (bispicen) have previously been found to be efficient catalysts for hydrocarbon oxygenation. Methylation can potentially impact the conformation of the ligand around the metal center and the electronic character of the bound metal ion; each of these, in turn, impacts reactivity. Reported are mononuclear manganese(II) and iron(II) compounds with bispicen and five increasingly methylated derivatives. The extent and sites of methylation strongly impact the optical and electrochemical properties of the manganese and iron complexes. Increased methylation is correlated with more positive M(III/II) reduction potentials. Structural analysis of the Mn(II) series reveals two ligand conformations that have never been observed for the bispicen framework, cis-β and trans, in addition to the common cis-α conformation. 1H NMR spectra of the structurally characterized iron compounds are consistent with mixtures of these conformers, suggesting that bispicen coordination is both more flexible and more dynamic than previously thought.
Use of surfactants and slurrying to enhance the biodegradation in soil of compounds initially dissolved in nonaqueous-phase liquids

A study was conducted to find means of enhancing the biodegradation of hydrophobic organic compounds in nonaqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs). The effects of surfactants, identity of the NAPL and agitation was investigated. When present in NAPLs, phenanthrene, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and biphenyl were mineralized slowly in soil. Addition of Triton X-100 or Alfonic 810-60 did not enhance the degradation of phenanthrene initially in hexadecane or dibutyl phthalate. Slurrying the soil increased the rate and extent of mineralization of phenanthrene initially in hexadecane but not in dibutyl phthalate. Addition of either of the two surfactants to the slurries did not promote the transformation. Triton X-100, Alfonic 810-60 and Tergitol 15-S-9 below their critical micelle concentrations increased the rate and sometimes the extent of mineralization in soil slurries of phenanthrene initially in 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane, but other surfactants were not stimulatory. Slurrying the soil promoted the initial mineralization of DEHP initially in dibutyl phthalate, and Alfonic 810-60 and Triton X-100 further stimulated the rate and extent of degradation in the slurries. Alfonic 810-60 increased the extent of mineralization in slurries of biphenyl in hexadecane but not in dibutyl phthalate, cyclohexane, kerosene or two oils. Little mineralization of biphenyl or DEHP initially in dibutyl phthalate occurred in soil slurries, but Tween 80, Tergitol 15-S-40 and Tergitol 15-S-9 increased the extent of mineralization. However, vigorous agitation of the slurries of soil acclimated to DEHP or the use of small volumes of the NAPL resulted in marked enhancement of the degradation. Thus, biodegradation of constituents of NAPLs in soil can be increased by the use of some surfactants, slurrying or intense agitation, but the effect will vary with the NAPL and the constituents.
Stereotactic frame for neuroradiology and -charged particle bragg peak radiosurgery of intracranial disorders

The application of heavy charged particle Bragg peak radiosurgery for the treatment of intracranial vascular and other disorders requires a system of precise patient immobilization and stereotactic localization of defined intracranial targets. The process of using stereotactic neuroradiological procedures (including cerebral angiography, CT scanning and magnetic resonance imaging) for target definition and localization, and complex treatment planning constrain such a system to be adaptable and reusable. This paper describes a removable stereotactic frame-mask system that is used to immobilize and reposition the patient during stereotactic neuroradiological procedures and charged particle radiosurgery. It consists of four parts--(a) a plastic mask for immobilizing the patient's head; (b) a lucite-graphite mounting frame; (c) a set of fiducial markers; and (d) interfaces between the frame for immobilization and fixation to various diagnostic and therapeutic patient couches. The relationship between each component and the radiosurgical procedure is discussed. This system has proven to be safe, reliable, and noninvasive and it does not require fixation to the bones of the face or skull. When integrated into the radiosurgical treatment planning and localization procedures developed at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, it is capable of reliably repositioning the patient to 1 mm in each of three planes and contouring the intracranial target reliably to this accuracy. The application of this stereotactic system in heavy charged particle radiosurgery of intracranial arteriovenous malformations is described in other reports.
Empirical evaluation of multilevel logic minimization tools for a lookup-table-based field-programmable gate array technology

The performance of multilevel logic minimization tools for a lookup-table-based field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technology was examined. The experiments used the university tools, misII for combinational logic minimization and mustang for state assignments, and the industrial tools xnfmap for technology mapping and apr for automatic placement and routing. The quality of the multilevel logic minimization tools was measured by the number of routed configurable logic blocks (CLBs) in the FPGA realization. A linear relationship between the number of literals and the number of routed CLBs was found. In all 34 MCNC-89 benchmark finite state machines, one-hot state assignment resulted in substantially fewer CLBs than any other state encoding methods available in mustang. A delay model that provides routing delay prediction based on fan-out is presented and used to estimate the delays of the FPGA implementation of logic expressions prior to technology mapping, place, and route. >
Computer program for network level determination of pavement layer thicknesses

To address the need for developing a database of pavement layer thicknesses to support pavement management, the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) funded a project with the Texas Transportation Institute that developed a computer program called TERRA for analyzing Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) data in a production environment. TERRA is an acronym for Thickness Evaluation of Roads by RAdar. It incorporates user-specified decision criteria for automated detection of layer interfaces. Tests to verify peak tracking capability demonstrated that the program is able to handle gradual or sudden changes in the patterns of the interface reflections as well as gaps in the data. Verification of the thickness predictions against core data from sites surveyed with radar showed acceptable accuracy for uncalibrated estimates of surface thickness. In particular, the average of the absolute differences between the means of predicted and measured surface thicknesses was found to be 0.30 inches. Because of the absence of measured base thicknesses, it was not possible to verify the base predictions on the sites tested. It is recommended that this be done by FDOT at a future date as part of its GPR implementation efforts.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effects of surround size and luminance on metacontrast.

The temporal course of reduction of test-stimulus effectiveness under conditions of metacontrast was studied with a suprathreshold brightness-matching procedure in which test-stimulus luminance was varied to maintain constant brightness. One purpose of this study was to determine the effects of surround diameter on the over-all amount of reduction of test-stimulus effectiveness. Two specific predictions concerning the effect of surround size on the temporal course of reduction of test-stimulus effectiveness were based on the notion of delays introduced in neural pathways mediating lateral inhibition. The typical metacontrast effect was obtained, i.e., maximum reduction of test-stimulus effectiveness occurred when the test stimulus preceded the surround by an appreciable interval. The amount of metacontrast increased with increasing surround diameter, but surround size had no consistent effects on the temporal course of reduction of test-stimulus effectiveness. Although the amount of metacontrast decreased with decreasing surround luminance, the stimulus-onset asynchrony at which maximum reduction occurred showed no consistent changes with decreasing surround luminance.
Enhancing vapor sensor discrimination by mimicking a canine nasal cavity flow environment.

This paper discusses the use of flow dynamics in a model nasal cavity as a novel way to expand the information available from a fiber optic vapor sensor. Nasal cavities are known to play an important role in vertebrate olfaction; however, they have not previously been incorporated into gas-phase sensor technology. By exposing identical sensors to different flow environments, we found that measurements of the combined sensor responses provided increased discrimination of a series of alcohols as compared to measurements obtained from a single sensor at the anterior of the cavity. This methodology is potentially useful for improving the discriminatory power of sensors employed in “artificial noses” and could be used to model the effects of flow dynamics in vertebrate olfaction.
Problematic Participants in Deliberative Democracy: Experts, Social Movements, and Environmental Justice

Abstract The debate over conceptions of justice and political legitimacy, as well as democratic theory in general, has taken a deliberative turn. But deliberative democrats have had surprisingly little to say about the role to be played by technical experts and social movements in public deliberation. This is all the more surprising because deliberative theory problematizes the participation of these groups in particular ways. However, we suggest that responses to this problem are implicit in the literature on deliberation and that these responses can be made more concrete by examining the role that experts and social movements play in the struggle for environmental justice.
Perceptions by Adult Children of Elderly Parents' Needs

The purpose of this study was to examine the accuracy of adult children's perceptions of their elderly parents' concerns. Factors associated with moderate involvement between the elderly parent and adult child were predicted to lead to the greatest accuracy. 48 pairs of elderly parents and adult children filled out questionnaires regarding the parents' concerns about seven areas of functioning. Analysis showed that concerns about health and emotional support were rated as most important by elderly parents. Adult children accurately perceived these concerns to be most important to their parents. For health concerns, opposite-sex pairs of parents and children showed greatest agreement. For emotional support concerns, however, both sons and daughters were more accurate predicting their fathers' concerns than their mothers'. Middle-born children tended to be more accurate in their predictions of parents' concerns than oldest or youngest children. Living arrangements also influenced accuracy. In predicting the concerns of elderly parents, adult children were most accurate for parents living in retirement communities, moderately accurate for parents living independently, and least accurate for parents living in the adult child's home. Further, children sharing a household with an adult parent tended to overestimate their parents' concerns on some issues. The results were consistent with the moderate involvement hypothesis. The implications of these results and suggestions for research are discussed. A version of this paper was presented at the Ninety-ninth Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association in San Francisco, August 18, 1991.
Water, People, and Sustainability—A Systems Framework for Analyzing and Assessing Water Governance Regimes

Freshwater resources might become the most limited resource in the future due to rising demands, climate change, and the degradation of aquatic ecosystems. While the urgency of this challenge is uncontested, water governance regimes still struggle to employ suitable responses. They lack of: taking a comprehensive perspective on water systems; focusing on social actors, their actions, needs, intentions, and norms as drivers of water systems; engaging in a discourse on tangible goals to provide direction for governance efforts; and promoting a comprehensive perspective on water sustainability that equally recognizes depletion, justice, and livelihood issues in the long-term. We present an approach that intends to overcome these limitations by putting the focus on what people do with water, and why, along with the impacts of these doings. First, we outline an integrated approach to water governance regimes, and then, we present a holistic set of principles by which to evaluate sustainable water governance. Solution-oriented research applying this approach integrates natural sciences and engineering perspectives on water systems with social science studies on water governance, while also specifying and applying normative principles for water sustainability. The approach we develop herein can be used to reform and innovate existing water governance regimes as well as stimulate transformative governance research.