cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical and imaging predictors of 1-year and long-term mortality in light chain (AL) amyloidosis: a 5-year follow-up study

Light chain amyloidosis (AL) involves multiorgan failure induced by amyloidogenic light chain proteins, and is associated with high mortality. We aimed to identify clinical, laboratory, and imaging parameters that would predict 1-year and long-term AL mortality. Forty-four biopsy-proven AL patients (61.5 ± 12 years, 20 females) underwent clinical evaluation including laboratory assays, echocardiography, and contrast cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR, n = 31) prior to chemotherapy. Patients were prospectively followed for median duration of 62.7 months (interquartile range 35.5 months). Clinical and laboratory parameters were compared between 1-year survivors and nonsurvivors. Univariate Kaplan–Meier survival plots were calculated followed by stepwise logistic regression analysis to assess independent predictors of long-term survival. Eighteen (40.9 %) patients died within 1 year and an additional 10 subjects died during long-term follow-up. Patients who expired within 1 year presented with more advanced class of heart failure, higher alkaline phosphatase and uric acid, lower limb lead voltage on electrocardiography, shorter left ventricular ejection time (ET) on echocardiography, and a higher proportion of late gadolinium enhancement on CMR. On multivariable analysis, only ET ≤240 ms on echocardiography (hazard ratio (HR) 5.07, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.83–14.1, P = 0.002) and New York Heart Association functional class II–IV presentation (HR 1.0058, 95 % CI 1.0014–1.0103, P = 0.01) were independent predictors of AL mortality. In conclusion, AL amyloidosis is associated with high 1-year and long-term mortality. Among clinical, laboratory, and imaging parameters tested, an echocardiographic finding of ET ≤240 ms has independent and additive prognostic value to clinical heart failure evaluation in determining long-term survival of AL patients. This result may be important in the early identification of patients at risk.
Electric-field-switchable magnets: The case of BaNiF 4

We show, using the antiferromagnetic ferroelectric ${\mathrm{BaNiF}}_{4}$ as a model system, that the ``weak'' magnetic order arising from a polar structural distortion in a ferroelectric magnet due to the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction can be switched by an electric field. We calculate the magnitude of the resulting magnetic order parameter in ${\mathrm{BaNiF}}_{4}$ using first-principles techniques, and we show that it is one to two orders of magnitude larger than the converse effect of ``weak ferroelectricity'' resulting from noncentrosymmetric magnetic ordering. Our work points the way toward the design of multiferroic devices, in which the magnetoelectric domain state can be fully controlled by both electric and magnetic fields.
The Home Purchase Mortgage Preferences of Low- and Moderate-Income Households

Housing policy in the United States has long supported homeownership, yet variation persists across income groups. This article employs recent mortgage origination data to focus on the revealed preferences of low- and moderate-income (LMI) households in home purchase mortgage choice. I identify the factors associated with conventional conforming, FHA, nonprime and specially targeted programs. Empirical results show that individual credit characteristics and financial factors, including pricing, generally drive product choice, with some variation evident when loans are originated through brokers. Results also indicate that targeted conventional programs effectively compete with government-insured products in the LMI segment.
N-Benzylhydroxylamine addition to beta-aryl enoates. Enantioselective synthesis of beta-aryl-beta-amino acid precursors

Chiral Lewis acid catalyzed N-benzylhydroxylamine addition to pyrrolidinone-derived enoates afforded β-aryl-β-amino acid derivatives in high enantiomeric purity with moderate to very good chemical efficiency.
Positive extension problems for a class of structured matrices

Abstract We consider positive definite (semidefinite) extension problems for matrices with structure determined via a Stein equation. Some related extremal problems (maximal and minimal rank extensions, maximal determinant extension) are also considered. Connections with interpolation problems for a certain class of analytic contractive valued functions on the unit ball of C d are discussed.
Population health: immaturity in the gut microbial community.

Childhood malnutrition is a major health problem in many low-income countries, and although mortality can be reduced by therapeutic food interventions, it is difficult to achieve complete restoration of healthy growth in cases of severe acute malnutrition. Here Jeffrey Gordon and colleagues identify a group of 24 bacterial species whose proportional representation in the microbiota defines how a healthy microbiota assembles over the course of the first two postnatal years in a cohort of healthy children in Bangladesh. They define a 'relative microbiota maturity index' and 'microbiota-for-age Z-score' that allow comparison across individuals and use these indices to demonstrate that severe malnutrition is associated with significant relative microbiota immaturity that is only partially ameliorated by two widely used nutritional interventions. This work suggests that more prolonged food-based interventions and/or addition of gut microbes may be needed to achieve durable repair of microbiota immaturity in childhood malnutrition and improved clinical outcomes.
Domain-specific regulation of foxP2 CNS expression by lef1

Background FOXP2 is a forkhead transcription factor critical for normal development of language in humans, but little is known of its broader function and regulation during central nervous system (CNS) development. We report here that lef1, a member of the Lef/Tcf family of transcription factors activated by Wnt signaling, regulates foxP2 during embryogenesis, and we isolate novel foxP2 enhancers which are lef1-dependent.
Total phosphorus and piscivore mass as drivers of food web characteristics in shallow lakes

We assessed the relative infl uence of total phosphorus and piscivore biomass on the abundance of benthivores, soft-rayed planktivores, spiny-rayed planktivores, zooplankton and phytoplankton in 69 shallow lakes in the prairie and parkland areas of Minnesota, USA. Piscivore biomass was the best predictor for three of these response variables, exhibiting a negative relationship with soft-rayed planktivores, a positive relationship with benthivores, and a weaker positive relationship with large-bodied cladocerans. Total phosphorus and piscivores comprised the best model for predicting spiny-rayed planktivores, while neither variable showed any strong relationship to small-bodied cladocerans. Total phosphorus was positively related to phytoplankton abundance, and was the best predictor among all candidate models. Moreover, contrary to predictions of trophic cascade theory, the relationship between chlorophyll a and total phosphorus did not diff er between lakes with and without piscivores. Our results indicated top-down infl uences of piscivores extended through parts of two trophic levels, but failed to infl uence zooplankton – phytoplankton interactions, leaving phytoplankton abundance constrained largely by total phosphorus. Lack of a relationship between piscivores and phytoplankton was likely due to high densities of larval planktivores less susceptible to piscivory, as well as positive infl uences of spiny-rayed planktivores and benthivores on algal abundance. Th ese results support the idea that top – down infl uences of piscivores on phytoplankton abundance may be reduced in more diverse fi sh communities where some prey species are less susceptible to piscivory.
Toward an ethics of the domesticated environment

This essay articulates the importance of the domesticated landscape for a mature environmental ethics. Human beings are spatial beings, deeply implicated in their relationships to places, both wild and domesticated. Human identity evolves contextually through interaction with a "world." If this world obscures our perception of wild nature, it will be difficult to motivate the social and psychological will to imagine, let alone participate in, a culture that values environmentally responsible conduct. My argument is informed by a pragmatist suspicion of fixed dualisms separating humans from nature, the wild from the domesticated, and the natural from the artificial. Drawing on a variety of sources, the essay calls for greater attention to the ways in which the making of our domesticated worlds can contribute to or undermine our ability to take the intrinsic value of nature seriously.
Wakeful response to command indicates memory potential during emergence from general anesthesia

Objective. An important aspect of assessing anesthetic depth is determining whether a patient will remember events during surgery. We looked for a clinical sign that would indicate a patient's potential for memory formation during emergence from anesthesia. A clinical sign indicating memory potential could be a useful endpoint for measuring the performance of anesthetic depth monitors and for titrating administration of anesthetic agents.Methods. We evaluated patients' responses to commands to open the eyes, squeeze the hand four times, and count 20 numbers. These responses were correlated with results on recall, cued recall, and multiple-choice memory tests.Main Results. Patients did not have evidence of memory formation until they sustained wakefulness sufficiently long to complete at least four hand squeezes or count four numbers. Of 28 patients, 13 (46%) with this sustained wakeful response had memory. Of 22 patients, 0 (0%) had evidence of memory formation when they demonstrated a brief wakeful response, defined as being responsive to command but unable to complete more than one hand squeeze or count, or an intermediate response, defined as two or three hand squeezes or counts.Conclusions. We conclude that a brief wakeful response to command indicates that a patient is unlikely to form memories, while a sustained wakeful response indicates that a patient may form memories. Thus, a patient's wakeful response to command could be a useful indicator of potential for memory.
Structure of magnetophonon resonance under hot electron conditons in n-InSb

Abstract It is shown that a series of hot electron induced magnetophonon resonances recently reported can be interpreted as a hot electron induced shift of the fundamental resonance.
Electric dipole radiation at vlf in a uniform warm magneto-plasma

Use of a linear full electromagnetic wave theory to calculate the input impedance of an electric antenna embedded in a uniform, lossless, unbounded warm magnetoplasma, which is assumed to consist of warm electrons and cold ions. In calculating the dipole radiation resistance for the thermal modes and the thermally modified whistler mode the analysis includes the finite temperature only for the electrons. In deriving the formal solution of the warm plasma dipole input impedance a full-wave analysis is used and two antenna orientations are considered, parallel and perpendicular to the static magnetic field. A general dispersion equation governing the modes of propagation is derived and a detailed analysis is made of the propagation characteristics of these modes.
Subcondylar fossa reconstruction for malunion of fractures of the proximal phalanx in children

Subcondylar fractures of the proximal or middle phalanx occur at the neck of the phalanx, usually as a result of a crush injury, and almost exclusively in the pediatric age group. The distal fragment rotates dorsally and the degree of displacement may be misjudged if a true lateral radiograph is not obtained. If malunion occurs, there is a block to flexion. Subcondylar fossa reconstruction by removal of bone through a palmar approach removes this bony block. Three patients are presented in whom this procedure allowed an average increase in flexion of 41.7°.
Monoclonal Antibody Therapy of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Chemotherapeutic approaches during the last decade have failed to result in major advances in the outcome of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The recent availability of an increasing number of active monoclonal antibodies, immunotoxins, and radioimmunoconjugates (RICs) has stimulated considerable interest in clinical research in CLL. Alemtuzumab was the first antibody approved for CLL on the basis of responses in one third of patients with advanced disease. However, infusion reactions and immunosuppression with opportunistic infections present a challenge that may be overcome with altered schedules and routes of administration. Rituximab has limited activity as a single agent in patients relapsed or refractory after prior chemotherapy; however, response rates seem to be higher in previously untreated patients. More importantly, combinations with chemotherapy drugs such as fludarabine are showing promise in early trials. Newer antibodies in development as single agents and in combinations ...
Gas phase studies of N‐nitrosamines by ion cyclotron resonance spectroscopy

The gas phase basicities of a series of cyclic and acyclic N-nitrosamines were determined by ion cyclotron resonance techniques. The fragmentation pattern and ion-molecule reactions of these compounds are discussed in terms of high resolution mass spectrometry and deuterium labeling. The presence of a unique rearrangement of the molecular ion is discussed in terms of specific ion-molecule proton transfer reactions and fragment ion products.
P(VDF-TrFE)-based electrostrictive co/ter-polymers and their device performance

In our earlier work, we have demonstrated that the high- energy electron irradiation modifies (VDF-TrFE) copolymers from a normal ferroelectric to a relaxor ferroelectric with high electromechanical response. Here, we present two approaches we are taking recently. One is to explore the non-irradiation approach to modify the PVDF-based material to achieve high electromechanical response. A ter-monomer (HFP and CTFE are used here) with a relative large size is added to the copolymer to act as modifiers. The electromechanical and dielectric properties in the terpolymers seem to be similar to those in irradiated copolymers. The other approach addresses the fundamental issue of the low dielectric constant in the currently available electroactive polymers. By making use of composite approach and ultra-high dielectric constant in CuPc, a polymeric composite with very high dielectric constant but the elastic modulus similar to polymer has been demonstrated. The preliminary results indicate that the polymer composite has the potential to generate high strain under much lower field. In parallel to the material development, we investigated device performance based on the irradiated copolymers. The performance of irradiated copolymer multilayers with a thickness up to 1 mm was characterized. The design and device performance of a flextensional actuator fabricated from the irradiated copolymer multiplayer are presented. The flextensional actuator, whose resonance frequency is at a frequency of a few kHz to more than 10 kHz, exhibits more than 1 mm displacement and high force output, which are attractive for many applications.
A Prognostic System Applicable to Patients with Resectable Liver Metastasis from Colorectal Carcinoma Staged by Positron Emission Tomography with [18F]Fluoro-2-Deoxy-D-Glucose: Role of Primary Tumor Variables

Background The purpose of this study was to develop a prognostic system applicable to patients with hepatic metastasis from colorectal cancer in whom extrahepatic disease was excluded by preoperative PET with [ 18 F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG-PET). Data from two institutions were analyzed separately and together to improve general applicability of results. Study Design Data were analyzed for 285 consecutive patients undergoing liver resection for colorectal metastases from 1995 to 2005 at 2 institutions routinely using preoperative FDG-PET with. Fifteen clinicopathologic variables of the primary and secondary tumors were examined to identify factors predictive of survival. Results Outcomes were correlated with poorly differentiated tumor grade in both data sets. Because patients with poorly differentiated tumors comprised a small proportion (16%) of the population, patients with well-differentiated or moderately differentiated tumors were analyzed independently. In this subgroup, positive lymph node status in the primary colorectal tumor resection specimen was the only characteristic that predicted survival of patients in both institutions. Consequently, patients were sorted into three prognostic categories: poor tumor differentiation; well-differentiated or moderately differentiated tumors and node positive; and well-differentiated or moderately differentiated tumors and node negative. These groups had significantly different overall survival on Kaplan-Meier analysis (p=0.0014). Conclusions In patients with colorectal liver metastases staged with FDG-PET with overall survival can be predicted directly from data in the pathology report of the colorectal primary tumor. This study also indicates the need for new molecular tumor markers of prognosis to complement clinicopathologic markers if the goal of prediction of outcomes in individual patients is to be reached.
Delayed Denervation and Accessory Limb Formation in Urodeles

FROG kidney adenocarcinoma implants and normal adult frog kidney implants made subcutaneously on the dorsal radioulnar surface of non-regenerating larval salamander forelimbs cause the host limbs to respond to their presence by forming supernumerary hand-wrist structures. Larval host limbs may on occasion fail to elicit any morphological response1. On the other hand, adult salamander host limbs may form: (a) an accessory structure comparable with the larval response; (b) nothing; (c) single or clustered subcutaneous cartilaginous nodules as in Fig. 1 2,3. Although these nodules are commonly found in adult host limbs, they had never been produced by larvae in hundreds of cases assayed.
Configurational changes resulting from dislocation intersections

Abstract Vectorial recipes, prescribing the configurational changes that occur when two dislocations intersect, are presented.
Overview of Skid Resistance on Ohio Pavements

Results of an overview of about 30,000 skid numbers from state highway pavements throughout Ohio are described. Traffic volumes and aggregate types are strongly associated with mean skid numbers within a county. County mean skid numbers vary widely in the state, but are correlated with physiographic types. Skid number variations within each of 12 Ohio Department of Transportation administrative districts can be modeled by suitably selecting the parameters of a beta distribution. Limited data are available as corroboration, but they indicate that the distribution of skid numbers within a district is largely invariant with time, apparently a steady‐state condition associated with two complementary stochastic processes: Deterioration of skid numbers under traffic and weather conditions and improvements due to maintenance and reconstruction. The equalization of mean skid numbers among districts is cited as a desirable policy goal; and a program of research aimed at the implementation of that goal and based on...
Measured noise of a scale model high speed propeller at simulated takeoff/approach conditions

A model high-speed advanced propeller, SR-7A, was tested in the NASA Lewis 9x15 foot anechoic wind tunnel at simulated takeoff/approach conditions of 0.2 Mach number. These tests were in support of the full-scale Propfan Text Assessment (PTA) flight program. Acoustic measurements were taken with fixed microphone arrays and with an axially translating microphone probe. Limited aerodynamic measurements were also taken to establish the propeller operating conditions. Tests were conducted with the propeller alone and with three down-stream wing configurations. The propeller was run over a range of blade setting angles from 32.0 deg. to 43.6 deg., tip speeds from 183 to 290 m/sec (600 to 950 ft/sec), and angles of attack from -10 deg. to +15 deg. The propeller alone BPF tone noise was found to increase 10 dB in the flyover plane at 15 deg. propeller axis angle of attack. The installation of the straight wing at minimum spacing of 0.54 wing chord increased the tone noise 5 dB under the wing of 10 deg. propeller axis angle of attack, while a similarly spaced inboard upswept wing only increased the tone noise 2 dB.
Regional modeling of surface‐atmosphere interactions and their impact on Great Lakes hydroclimate

Land and water surfaces play a critical role in hydroclimate by supplying moisture to the atmosphere, yet the ability of climate models to capture their feedbacks with the atmosphere relative to large-scale transport is uncertain. To assess these land-lake-atmosphere feedbacks, we compare the controls on atmospheric moisture simulated by a regional climate model (RegCM) with observations and reanalysis products for the Great Lakes region. Three 23 year simulations, driven by one reanalysis product and two general circulation models, are performed. RegCM simulates wetter winters and drier summers than observed by up to 31 and 21%, respectively. Moisture advection exhibits similar biases, suggesting the contribution of external sources. Land surface fluxes account for nearly one third of summer precipitation according to two reanalysis products. RegCM underestimates reanalysis evapotranspiration by nearly 50%; however, the reanalyses overestimate measurements at three FLUXNET sites by up to a factor of 2, which may explain the model-reanalysis differences. Neither RegCM nor the reanalyses capture the spatial variability in land evapotranspiration observed across the three FLUXNET sites, indicating a source of model uncertainty. In addition, RegCM underestimates the observed evapotranspiration response to its atmospheric drivers such as vapor pressure deficit and temperature. Over the lakes, one model member overestimates convective precipitation caused by enhanced evaporation under warm lake surface temperatures, highlighting the need for accurate representation of lake temperature in the surface boundary condition. We conclude that climate models, including those driving reanalyses, underestimate the observed surface-atmosphere feedbacks and their influence on regional hydroclimate.
Pulmonary involvement in laryngeal papillomatosis.

Pulmonary involvement by laryngeal papillomatosis may become extensive with only slight impairment in pulmonary function. The etiology, pathophysiology, course, and treatment of this entity are described.
Large-scale mutagenesis of the yeast genome using a Tn7-derived multipurpose transposon

We present here an unbiased and extremely versatile insertional library of yeast genomic DNA generated by in vitro mutagenesis with a multipurpose element derived from the bacterial transposon Tn7. This mini-Tn7 element has been engineered such that a single insertion can be used to generate a lacZ fusion, gene disruption, and epitope-tagged gene product. Using this transposon, we generated a plasmid-based library of ∼300,000 mutant alleles; by high-throughput screening in yeast, we identified and sequenced 9032 insertions affecting 2613 genes (45% of the genome). From analysis of 7176 insertions, we found little bias in Tn7 target-site selection in vitro. In contrast, we also sequenced 10,174 Tn3 insertions and found a markedly stronger preference for an AT-rich 5-base pair target sequence. We further screened 1327 insertion alleles in yeast for hypersensitivity to the chemotherapeutic cisplatin. Fifty-one genes were identified, including four functionally uncharacterized genes and 25 genes involved in DNA repair, replication, transcription, and chromatin structure. In total, the collection reported here constitutes the largest plasmid-based set of sequenced yeast mutant alleles to date and, as such, should be singularly useful for gene and genome-wide functional analysis.
The phylogenetic relationships of introduced Aphelinus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), biological control agents of the Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Abstract Several species of Aphelinus have been introduced to the US from the Old World for biological control of the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Modvilko). Reproductive incompatibility has been observed among populations collected from different geographic areas. We examined whether or not the reproductive incompatibility between strains of A. asychis was caused by distant phylogenetic relationships. Ribosomal DNA sequences of internal transcribed spacers 2 (ITS2) were analyzed in several species of Aphelinus collected from multiple sites of Europe and Asia. The phylogenetic analysis showed that strains within the species A. albipodus and A. asychis are not monophyletic, and two clearly divergent clades were revealed among sequenced samples. Our results suggest that the reproductive incompatibility between three exotic strains of A. asychis was more likely caused by divergence of phylogeny than by symbiotic bacteria.
The impedance of a short dipole antenna in a magnetized plasma via a finite difference time domain model

The traditional analytical analysis of plasma probes requires the use of quasi-static approximations, while numerical methods require the use of an equivalent dispersive media, both producing a nontrivial analysis of the plasma environment. On the other hand, a few techniques that combine the plasma fluid equations with Maxwell's equations have only addressed wave propagation through spatially constant plasma. All of these models are limited in analysis of in situ measurements. This paper modifies the current finite-difference time-domain methods to more accurately model the ionospheric environment. Decoupled boundary conditions are presented in an attempt at coping with the instabilities of the plasma at the boundaries. The final model is then compared to analytical theory of radio-frequency plasma probes.
Condom use in multi-ethnic neighborhoods of San Francisco : the population-based AMEN (AIDS in multi-ethnic neighborhoods) study

We examined the prevalence and correlates of condom use in a community-based sample of unmarried heterosexual and gay/bisexual Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics (aged 20 to 44 years) in San Francisco (n = 1229). Only 9% of heterosexual males reported always using condoms, and fewer of those with multiple sexual partners (6%) reported always using condoms compared with those in monogamous relationships (12%). Much higher proportions of gay/bisexual men reported always using condoms (48%). Racial differences in condom use were observed only among women. Sexual communication and the sexual enjoyment value of condoms were consistent correlates of condom use across gender and sexual orientation, while other condom-related beliefs were significant predictors of condom use only for men. In general, condom promotion programs should build sexual communication skills, teach people how to enhance enjoyment with condoms, and reduce psychological barriers to condom acquisition and use.
Surgeon reimbursement for trauma care.

Abstract Background Trauma care is a well-known financial burden for hospitals, yet reimbursement for the surgeon has not been reported. Methods For 1999, the percent of the surgeons’ bills reimbursed for general surgery services (gPR) was compared with that for trauma services (tPR). Mean tPR for various groups were compared. Factors predictive of tPR lower than gPR were identified. Results The gPR was 49%, and, for 371 trauma patients, tPR was 45% (P = 0.03). The mean tPR for injury severity score (ISS) ≤10 was 48%, and for ISS ≥11, 57% (P = 0.03). Patients transferred from outside facilities did not have a significantly lower mean tPR. Penetrating trauma (odds ratio 3.7, P = 0.008) was predictive of tPR lower than gPR. Conclusions Surgeon reimbursements for trauma care was significantly, yet only slightly less than for all general surgery care. Surgeons should not be reluctant to take trauma call based on perceptions of low reimbursement.
Cell-free fetal DNA in maternal blood: kinetics, source and structure

The kinetics and structure of cell-free fetal DNA in maternal plasma is currently under investigation. Plasma fetal DNA seems quite stable albeit cleared rapidly following birth, suggesting continuous fetal DNA release into the maternal circulation during pregnancy. However, to understand better the kinetics of circulating DNA, studies to determine the biological (structural) form in which fetal and maternal DNA exist and the mechanisms underlying variation in plasma are warranted to ensure quantitative diagnostic reliability. It is likely that circulating fetal DNA is released from fetal and/or placental cells undergoing apoptosis. Thus, the majority of fetal DNA is proposed to circulate in membrane-bound vesicles (apoptotic bodies). This review summarizes the latest reports in this field.
Chromatin Profiling of Epstein-Barr Virus Latency Control Region

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) escapes host immunity by the reversible and epigenetic silencing of immunogenic viral genes. We previously presented evidence that a dynamic chromatin domain, which we have referred to as the latency control region (LCR), contributes to the reversible repression of EBNA2 and LMP1 gene transcription. We now explore the protein-DNA interaction profiles for a few known regulatory factors and histone modifications that regulate LCR structure and activity. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay combined with real-time PCR analysis was used to analyze protein-DNA interactions at ∼500-bp intervals across the first 60,000 bp of the EBV genome. We compared the binding patterns of EBNA1 with those of the origin recognition complex protein ORC2, the chromatin boundary factor CTCF, the linker histone H1, and several histone modifications. We analyzed three EBV-positive cell lines (MutuI, Raji, and LCL3459) with distinct transcription patterns reflecting different latency types. Our findings suggest that histone modification patterns within the LCR are complex but reflect differences in each latency type. The most striking finding was the identification of CTCF sites immediately upstream of the Qp, Cp, and EBER transcription initiation regions in all three cell types. In transient assays, CTCF facilitated EBNA1-dependent transcription activation of Cp, suggesting that CTCF coordinates interactions between different chromatin domains. We also found that histone H3 methyl K4 clustered with CTCF and EBNA1 at sites of active transcription or DNA replication initiation. Our findings support a model where CTCF delineates multiple domains within the LCR and regulates interactions between these domains that correlate with changes in gene expression.
Low speed wind tunnel testing

An introduction to wind tunnel design, wind tunnel data uncertainty analysis, and nondimensional presentation of measured data is presented. The primary components of a wind tunnel and the purposes of each are discussed. The importance of delivering uniform flow to the test section cross section is considered with regard to the effect of nonuniform flow on the measured thermal performance of a device, which is shown to be velocity-dependent. A simple methodology for constructing a wind tunnel with high-quality test section flow is described. The RMS (root-mean square) approach to uncertainty analysis is covered for several wind-tunnel-measured parameters. The significance of presenting measured results in a nondimensional coordinate system is illustrated by the discussion of a water tunnel experiment. The discussion is extended to the presentation of a hypothetical set of natural convection measurements and a nondimensional coordinate frame for this experiment is suggested. >
Modeling Mammary Cancer in Mice Conference, Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, 5-8 October, 1999

This was the second meeting held at the Jackson Laboratory devoted to developing improved preclinical mouse models for breast cancer. The previous meeting was held in October of 1997, and there has been substantial progress made in the field in the past 2 years. This year's meeting was preceded by a workshop coordinated by Gertraud Robinson [National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA] designed to provide hands-on training in the many specialized techniques that have been developed to study the development of the mouse mammary gland. These biologic techniques, coupled with the use of transgenic and knockout mouse models, provide a powerful approach to dissect the mechanisms by which specific genes regulate normal mammary gland development and to identify the genetic alterations that are involved in the initiation and progression of breast cancer. Robert Cardiff (University of California at Davis, California, USA) also ran a pathology tutorial that discussed the consensus terminology and recommendations of a group of pathologists from a National Cancer Institute sponsored workshop held in Annaopolis, Maryland, USA in March 1999, entitled 'Comparative Pathology of Animal Models for Mammary Cancer'. Representative histology images can be accessed at http://mammary.nih.gov/atlas/histology/jaxworkshop/index.html. The Keynote Address by Charles Daniel (University of California at Santa Cruz) provided an excellent historic perspective on the development of the normal mouse mammary gland and the pioneering efforts of a number of investigators at the Cancer Research Genetics Laboratory at the University of California at Berkeley who helped develop these techniques, which are so important for studying mammary gland biology. In addition, he emphasized the areas that require increased study in the future. These include studying the development of the embryonic mammary gland, developing techniques to manipulate the mammary stroma, incorporating information learned from other model systems such as Caenohabditis elegans and Drosophila into mammary gland biology, and finally investigating the biology of mammary stem cells and cell senescence. This year's meeting was especially timely because it coincided with a program just initiated by the US National Cancer Institute: The Mouse Models of Human Cancer Consortium.
Sonographic features of a metastatic extratesticular gastrointestinal stromal tumor.

Agastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is a mesenchymal neoplasm that occurs throughout the gastrointestinal tract, mesentery, omentum, and retroperitoneum. We report the sonographic and computed tomographic (CT) features of a case of GIST metastatic to the scrotum and discuss the role of sonography in demonstration and diagnosis of the mass. This report illustrates that the scrotum can be a place for a metastatic GIST; radiologists should be aware of this condition, which could be otherwise mistaken for an extratesticular malignancy arising from other scrotal tissues.
Delivering Climate Services: Organizational Strategies and Approaches for Producing Useful Climate-Science Information

AbstractDespite numerous and widespread calls for more “useful” climate-science information to inform policy, most climate science is still produced in a way that is consistent with the “linear model” of research that favors pure basic research over other approaches, resulting in missed opportunities to link useful climate science with decision makers. To improve the ability to adapt to a changing climate, it is necessary to improve the linkages between the production and supply of climate-science information with users’ needs to ensure that the climate science is contextual, credible, trusted, and understood by the users. This paper reports on research that evaluated how three Regional Integrated Sciences and Assessments (RISA) programs produced useful climate information for improved decision support in a variety of sectors. Research indicates that these organizations utilized several processes and approaches to produce useful climate information, including identifying users’ information needs; translat...
Regulation of pyrimidine formation in Pseudomonas oryzihabitans.

The regulation of pyrimidine formation in the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas oryzihabitans was investigated at the level of enzyme synthesis and at the level of activity for the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway enzyme aspartate transcarbamoylase. Although pyrimidine supplementation of succinate-grown P. oryzihabitans cells produced little effect on the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway enzyme activities, pyrimidine limitation experiments undertaken using an orotidine 5′-monophosphate decarboxylase mutant strain isolated from P. oryzihabitans ATCC 43272 indicated that repression of enzyme synthesis by pyrimidines was occurring. Following pyrimidine limitation of the succinate-grown decarboxylase mutant strain cells, aspartate transcarbamoylase and dihydroorotase activities were found to increase by about 3-fold while dihydroorotate dehydrogenase and orotate phosphoribosyltransferase activities were also observed to increase relative to their activities in the mutant strain cells grown on excess uracil. At the level of enzyme activity, aspartate transcarbamoylase in P. oryzihabitans was strongly inhibited by pyrophosphate, ADP, ATP and GTP in the presence of saturating substrate concentrations. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Abstraction-based performance verification of NoCs

We present an approach to formally analyze quality-of-service (QoS) properties of network-on-chip (NoC) designs. To tackle industrial-scale designs, we adopt an abstraction-based approach, where only the nodes of interest in the network are precisely modeled and the rest of the network is abstracted away as sources and sinks of traffic. We give an automatic technique to infer a traffic model, comprising formal models of sources and sinks, from simulation traces derived from software benchmarks. Experimental results demonstrate that the inferred models generalize well and that our abstraction-based approach can accurately verify industrial-scale NoC designs.
Nodulation of electrodeposited copper in the presence of thiourea

This paper considers the effect of thiourea concentration, temperature and current density on electrodeposited copper nodulation. Thiourea concentration was varied from 0 to 60 mg dm−3 in the range 30 to 60°C and at current densities of 21.5, 48.4, 75.3 and 129.2 mA cm−2. Thiourea was found to initiate nodulation and this effect was always associated with a large increase in overpotential i. e., >100 mV. This phenomenon occurred only when the applied current density was greater than a critical current densityi c. The critical current density was found to be insensitive to potential over a range of about 100 mV. Also, it decreased nonlinearly but smoothly with increase in thiourea concentration at a given temperature and increased similarly with temperature at a given thiourea concentration. Galvanostatic experiments were carried out to study this phenomenon and a qualitative explanation is given based on potentiodynamic measurements and suppositions as to the possible chemical reactions taking place at the cathode surface based on evidence in the literature.
Cloning and Characterization of Ginkgo biloba Levopimaradiene Synthase, Which Catalyzes the First Committed Step in Ginkgolide Biosynthesis☆☆☆

Levopimaradiene synthase, which catalyzes the initial cyclization step in ginkgolide biosynthesis, was cloned and functionally characterized. A Ginkgo biloba cDNA library was prepared from seedling roots and a probe was amplified using primers corresponding to conserved gymnosperm terpene synthase sequences. Colony hybridization and rapid amplification of cDNA ends yielded a full-length clone encoding a predicted protein (873 amino acids, 100,289 Da) similar to known gymnosperm diterpene synthases. The sequence includes a putative N-terminal plastid transit peptide and three aspartate-rich regions. The full-length protein expressed in Escherichia coli cyclized geranylgeranyl diphosphate to levopimaradiene, which was identical to a synthetic standard by GC/MS analysis. Removing 60 or 79 N-terminal residues increased levopimaradiene production, but a 128-residue N-terminal deletion lacked detectable activity. This is the first cloned ginkgolide biosynthetic gene and the first in vitro observation of an isolated ginkgolide biosynthetic enzyme.
ALETHEIA: Improving the Usability of Static Security Analysis

The scale and complexity of modern software systems complicate manual security auditing. Automated analysis tools are gradually becoming a necessity. Specifically, static security analyses carry the promise of efficiently verifying large code bases. Yet, a critical usability barrier, hindering the adoption of static security analysis by developers, is the excess of false reports. Current tools do not offer the user any direct means of customizing or cleansing the report. The user is thus left to review hundreds, if not thousands, of potential warnings, and classify them as either actionable or spurious. This is both burdensome and error prone, leaving developers disenchanted by static security checkers. We address this challenge by introducing a general technique to refine the output of static security checkers. The key idea is to apply statistical learning to the warnings output by the analysis based on user feedback on a small set of warnings. This leads to an interactive solution, whereby the user classifies a small fragment of the issues reported by the analysis, and the learning algorithm then classifies the remaining warnings automatically. An important aspect of our solution is that it is user centric. The user can express different classification policies, ranging from strong bias toward elimination of false warnings to strong bias toward preservation of true warnings, which our filtering system then executes. We have implemented our approach as the Aletheia tool. Our evaluation of Aletheia on a diversified set of nearly 4,000 client-side JavaScript benchmarks, extracted from 675 popular Web sites, is highly encouraging. As an example, based only on 200 classified warnings, and with a policy biased toward preservation of true warnings, Aletheia is able to boost precision by a threefold factor (x 2.868), while reducing recall by a negligible factor (x 1.006). Other policies are enforced with a similarly high level of efficacy.
Recurrent dislocation of the shoulder

Abstract 1. 1. Definition, etiology, pathology, symptomatology and treatment of recurrent dislocation of the shoulder are reviewed. 2. 2. The prognosis and choice of operation are taken up in detail. 3. 3. Up-to-date opinions and results of the operations of several surgeons whose articles have appeared in the literature are recorded. 4. 4. The Nicola operation seems to meet general favor as the operation of choice for ordinary cases of recurrent dislocation, although some surgeons favor operations which they have devised. 5. 5. In those patients who are to be subject to severe trauma special operations, or the combination operation, should be used.
Modeling and Remodeling Writing

In Section 1 of this article, the author discusses the succession of models of adult writing that he and his colleagues have proposed from 1980 to the present. He notes the most important changes that differentiate earlier and later models and discusses reasons for the changes. In Section 2, he describes his recent efforts to model young children’s expository writing. He proposes three models that constitute an elaboration of Bereiter and Scardamalia’s knowledge-telling model. In Section 3, he describes three running computer programs that simulate the action of the models described in Section 2.
Testing the retrieval effort hypothesis: Does greater difficulty correctly recalling information lead to higher levels of memory?

Although substantial research has demonstrated the benefits of retrieval practice for promoting memory, very few studies have tested theoretical accounts of this effect. Across two experiments, we tested a hypothesis that follows from the desirable difficulty framework [Bjork, R. A. (1994). Memory and metamemory considerations in the training of human beings. In J. Metcalfe, A. Shimamura, (Eds.), Metacognition: Knowing about knowing (pp. 185–205). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press], the retrieval effort hypothesis, which states that difficult but successful retrievals are better for memory than easier successful retrievals. To test the hypothesis, we set up conditions under which retrieval during practice was successful but differentially difficult. Interstimulus interval (ISI) and criterion level (number of times items were required to be correctly retrieved) were manipulated to vary the difficulty of retrieval. In support of the retrieval effort hypothesis, results indicated that as the difficulty of retrieval during practice increased, final test performance increased. Longer versus shorter ISIs led to more difficulty retrieving items, but higher levels of final test performance. Additionally, as criterion level increased, retrieval was less difficult, and diminishing returns for final test performance were observed.
ANDROGYNY AND DIFFERENCES IN FANTASY PATTERNS

Summary.-The relationship between sex-typing (androgynous vs traditional) and differences in fantasies of 19 men and 37 women was inve,r~~.i~ed. They completed May's test as a measure of fantasy pattern and the Bem Sex-role Ini~entory to ascertain sex-type. Analysis indicated that, while fantasy patterns were related to gender as expected from May's work, they were not related to sex-typing. Psychologists have generally assumed that masculinity implies the absence of femininity and vice versa (Shaffer, 1989). This bipolar view of sexrole has been criticized on several grounds (Bem, 1975; Hefner, Rebecca, & Oleshansky, 1975; May, 1971). Bem (1976) argued that feminine and masculine qualities can exist in the same individual; such an individual is said to be psychologically androgynous. It has also been argued (Biller & Borstlemann, 1967) that sex-role should be thought of as being comprised of three components, sex-role orientation (one's personal and perhaps partially unconscious view of one's own sex-role), sex-role adoption (one's public display of masculinity or femininity), and sex-role preference (one's tendency to prefer characteristics and symbols of socially designated sex-roles). Sex-role preference and sex-role adoption can be ascertained by direct methods, while sexrole orientation is less observable given the individual's defensive tactics and adherence to the expectations of the culture. However, projective instruments permit the expression of sex-role orientations less restricted by the expectations of self or society. One such technique has been developed and used by May (1966, 1969, 1971), who maintained that men and women differ in terms of the patterns of fantasy that they produce. Specifically, in response to Thematic Apperception Test-like pictures, the sequence of actions and emotions expressed by males was characterized by a movement from generally positive or "enhancement" to more negative or "deprivation," while women generally displayed the opposite pattern. It seems that these differences in fantasy patterns displayed become evident at age 8 or 9 (Fakouri, 1979); however, it is not clear whether such differences are independent of other aspects of sexrole as May implied (1971) or whether they are related to the socialization process and sex-role development. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between sex-type (androgynous or traditional) and differences in fantasy patterns, and by inference, between the public and private aspects of sex-role.
A framework for structured distributed object computing

This paper presents a four-faceted framework for distributed applications that use worldwide networks connecting large numbers of people, software tools, monitoring instruments, and control devices. We describe a class of applications, identify requirements for a framework that supports these applications, and propose a design fulfilling those requirements. We discuss some initial experiences using the framework, and compare our design with other approaches.