cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Probing Electronic Structures of Organic Semiconductors at Buried Interfaces by Electronic Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy

We use Electronic Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy (ESFG) to study the electronic structures at a buried solid/solid interface for the first time. The system is an organic thin film, poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT), supported on a silicon surface. The ESFG measurement is only in resonance with electronic (or vibronic) excitations, thus capable of yielding rich information on the band gap and electronic structures of the P3HT film at interfaces. We find the bandgap of P3HT in contact with silicon is 2.2 eV, with a narrowed bandwidth and Lorentzian line shape. This is significantly distinct from the UV–vis spectra of bulk P3HT, which contains multiple broad Gaussian peaks. Our measurement demonstrates at interfaces regioregular P3HT has a uniform electronic structure, which could improve the short circuit currents. The unique capability of ESFG to probe electronic structures at buried interface under atmosphere will be useful for investigating many buried interfaces.
Ostracism in Team Socialization: Teaching Social Norms through Exclusion

Research on organizational newcomer socialization has failed to consider the role of the team context, and how groups adapt to newcomers. In this paper, I explore how teams may use ostracism as a indirect method for correcting social norm deviance displayed by newcomers. I discuss how this type of team behavior may foster in-group social cohesion among existing group members, and suggest that ostracism can be used to teach newcomers about normative behavior. The relationships between ostracism of social norm deviance and task performance are explored.
Is Scientific Study of Religion Possible

Most humanists and some social scientists are skeptical of a truly scientific study of human behavior, especially religious behavior. Competent scholars have raised questions which deserve serious consideration. Their main points relate to human freedom of choice and self-consciousness, to the importance of covert behaviors, and to a Biblical "image of man" that conflicts with that required by science. It is argued here that many scholars are misled by an outdated, mechanistic, deterministic view of science. In contrast, post-Heisenberg philosophy of science gives us a perspective complementary to that of theology. Review of scientific ontology and epistemology from Karl Pearson to Stephen Hawking leads to the conclusion that twentieth-century scientific method is suitable for the study of human behavior, including religious behavior. Is it really possible to study religious behavior scientifically? Most humanists are suspicious of such studies. Some social scientists also have their doubts. Reservations are strongest if by "science" is meant the method of fields like astronomy and physics; and that is what I mean. The purpose of this essay is to defend the legitimacy of applying basic natural science method to the study of human behavior, including religious behavior. By "method" is meant the basic aims, assumptions, logic, and other canons which guide specific observational and analytic procedures. The lat1ter must always be appropriate to the particular phenomena under study, and hence will vary. Pulsars and positrons, votive behavior, and violence in the streets - each has its special requirements. "Scientific method" begins with the formulation, based on prior knowledge and theory, of one or more hypotheses stating possible relationships between two or more variables. Observations are then made to test specific hypotheses. Such "facts" applied with rigorous logic (preferably mathematical) can disprove a hypothesis. If they do not, it becomes a working theory about how things happen (never in any ultimate sense why they happen), until later observations contradict it. Integrated with other such theories, *This article developed from the plenary address at a meeting of the Southwest Commission on Religious Studies, composed of the regional societies of the American Academy of Religion, Society of Biblical Literature, American Schools of Oriental Research, and the Association for the Scientific Study of Religion: Southwest. tMorton B. King is a professor of sociology, emeritus, at Southern Methodist University. Correspondence should
Sport and the Christian Religion: A Systematic Review of Literature

In light of the escalating interest in the scholarly study of the interface between Christianity and sport, particularly as a subfield of several disciplines (e.g. sociology, religion, sport studie...
Double or nothing

Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), in contrast to those with chronic myeloid leukemia or acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML), have yet to benefit from targeted therapies directed at genetic aberrations that drive their cancers. One of the most common mutations in AML is FMS-like tyrosine
A network-driven approach for genome-wide association mapping.

Motivation: It remains a challenge to detect associations between genotypes and phenotypes because of insufficient sample sizes and complex underlying mechanisms involved in associations. Fortunately, it is becoming more feasible to obtain gene expression data in addition to genotypes and phenotypes, giving us new opportunities to detect true genotype–phenotype associations while unveiling their association mechanisms. Results: In this article, we propose a novel method, NETAM, that accurately detects associations between SNPs and phenotypes, as well as gene traits involved in such associations. We take a network-driven approach: NETAM first constructs an association network, where nodes represent SNPs, gene traits or phenotypes, and edges represent the strength of association between two nodes. NETAM assigns a score to each path from an SNP to a phenotype, and then identifies significant paths based on the scores. In our simulation study, we show that NETAM finds significantly more phenotype-associated SNPs than traditional genotype–phenotype association analysis under false positive control, taking advantage of gene expression data. Furthermore, we applied NETAM on late-onset Alzheimer’s disease data and identified 477 significant path associations, among which we analyzed paths related to beta-amyloid, estrogen, and nicotine pathways. We also provide hypothetical biological pathways to explain our findings. Availability and implementation: Software is available at http://www.sailing.cs.cmu.edu/. Contact: ude.umc.sc@gnixpe
The electromagnetic theory of the spherical luneberg lens

A solution has been obtained for the spherical or the three-dimensional Luneberg lens. The paper starts with a general discussion of the vector wave functions which can be used to represent the electromagnetic field in a radially stratified medium. It is then applied specifically to the Luneberg lens. Four essential vector wave functions are defined in terms of two scalar wave functions. One of them contains the confluent hypergeometric function, and the other involves a “generalized” confluent hypergeometric function. The latter satisfies a differential equation which can be obtained by a proper confluence of three regular singularities of an equation with five regular singularities. The confluence differs from the confluences employed to obtain the differential equations commonly encountered in certain branches of mathematical physics. It is, therefore, concluded that the “generalized” confluent hypergeometric function is an entirely new function which is not simply related to other well-known functions. The paper finally presents a number of important formulae pertinent to the problem. The solution to another class of stratified lenses is briefly discussed.
Panobinostat sensitizes cyclin E high, homologous recombination-proficient ovarian cancer to olaparib

Abstract Objective Homologous recombination (HR) proficient ovarian cancers, including CCNE1 (cyclin E)-amplified tumors, are resistant to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi). Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are effective in overcoming tumor resistance to DNA damaging drugs. Our goal was to determine whether panobinostat, a newly FDA-approved HDACi, can sensitize cyclin E, HR-proficient ovarian cancer cells to the PARPi olaparib. Methods Expression levels of CCNE1 (cyclin E), BRCA1, RAD51 and E2F1 in ovarian tumors and cell lines were extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Broad-Novartis Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE). In HR-proficient ovarian cancer cell line models (OVCAR-3, OVCAR-4, SKOV-3, and UWB1.289+BRCA1 wild-type), cell growth and viability were assessed by sulforhodamine B and xenograft assays. DNA damage and repair (pH2AX and RAD51 co-localization and DRGFP reporter activity) and apoptosis (cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase-3) were assessed by immunofluorescence and Western blot assays. Results TCGA and CCLE data revealed positive correlations (Spearman) between cyclin E E2F1, and E2F1 gene targets related to DNA repair (BRCA1 and RAD51). Panobinostat downregulated cyclin E and HR repair pathway genes, and reduced HR efficiency in cyclin E-amplified OVCAR-3 cells. Further, panobinostat synergized with olaparib in reducing cell growth and viability in HR-proficient cells. Similar co-operative effects were observed in xenografts, and on pharmacodynamic markers of HR repair, DNA damage and apoptosis. Conclusions These results provide preclinical rationale for using HDACi to reduce HR in cyclin E-overexpressing and other types of HR-proficient ovarian cancer as a means of enhancing PARPi activity.
Does identity continuity promote personality stability

Abstract The hypothesis that identity continuity predicts personality stability was tested. Identity continuity at age 14 and at ages 14 and 18 personality was measured by raters using the California Q-sort. Identity continuity did not predict the rank-order stability of traits between the two waves of measurement, with the exception of conscientiousness, the stability of which was inversely associated with identity continuity. However, identity continuity did exhibit a slight positive association with personality stability when personality was measured using a holistic ipsative approach. Additionally, identity continuity predicted a mean-level increase in agreeableness and a mean-level decrease in neuroticism. It is suggested that future research include alternative measures of identity continuity and multiple closely spaced assessments.
Suicide risk assessment: Clinical aphorisms

S risk assessment involves a complex set of skills that requires knowledge, training and experience. Mental health professionals who conduct such assessments need concrete, practical information on suicide assessment in order to conduct culturally and developmentally appropriate suicide risk assessments. In general, the determination of suicide risk is based on a comprehensive assessment of individual risk factors and warning signs as well as a careful appraisal of protective factors that can work to mitigate the risk. Much of the research emphasizes the content of suicide risk assessment and instead of the principles that guide the process of assessment. The presenter’s own research, clinical experience and comprehensive reviews of the literature reveal a dozen overarching principles that guide the implementation of suicide assessment, regardless of setting, population or specific type or method of assessment used. These clinical aphorisms guide the work of individuals who engage in suicide assessment, becoming a part of the expert thinking that directs the process. Taken together, they can form a foundation for the process of suicide risk assessment. Ultimately, a comprehensive and thorough suicide risk assessment is the cornerstone of appropriate and effective interventions with suicidal individuals.
Flip chip die attach development for multichip mechatronics power packages

New package innovations are needed to address the next generation system requirements of the automotive market. Enhanced system functionality from semiconductor components and overall cost reduction demands drive multichip package solutions. The use of semiconductor devices to switch, control and monitor high current loads will integrate logic and power devices on a common substrate with requirements for effective power dissipation, current carrying capability and fine width conductor features for the control device and interconnections. To achieve these goals Motorola's Advanced Interconnection Systems Laboratory, Munich, has developed a new package concept, a multichip mechatronics power package, utilizing flip chip die attach technology and electroplated eutectic SnPb solder bumps. With the goal to deliver an advanced package platform to cover different power levels in the system architecture,the several substrate technologies were evaluated.
A Select Subset of Electron Transport Chain Genes Associated with Optic Atrophy Link Mitochondria to Axon Regeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans

The role of mitochondria within injured neurons is an area of active interest since these organelles are vital for the production of cellular energy in the form of ATP. Using mechanosensory neurons of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to test regeneration after neuronal injury in vivo, we surveyed genes related to mitochondrial function for effects on axon regrowth after laser axotomy. Genes involved in mitochondrial transport, calcium uptake, mitophagy, or fission and fusion were largely dispensable for axon regrowth, with the exception of eat-3/Opa1. Surprisingly, many genes encoding components of the electron transport chain were dispensable for regrowth, except for the iron-sulfur proteins gas-1, nduf-2.2, nduf-7, and isp-1, and the putative oxidoreductase rad-8. In these mutants, axonal development was essentially normal and axons responded normally to injury by forming regenerative growth cones, but were impaired in subsequent axon extension. Overexpression of nduf-2.2 or isp-1 was sufficient to enhance regrowth, suggesting that mitochondrial function is rate-limiting in axon regeneration. Moreover, loss of function in isp-1 reduced the enhanced regeneration caused by either a gain-of-function mutation in the calcium channel EGL-19 or overexpression of the MAP kinase DLK-1. While the cellular function of RAD-8 remains unclear, our genetic analyses place rad-8 in the same pathway as other electron transport genes in axon regeneration. Unexpectedly, rad-8 regrowth defects were suppressed by altered function in the ubiquinone biosynthesis gene clk-1. Furthermore, we found that inhibition of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response via deletion of atfs-1 suppressed the defective regrowth in nduf-2.2 mutants. Together, our data indicate that while axon regeneration is not significantly affected by general dysfunction of cellular respiration, it is sensitive to the proper functioning of a select subset of electron transport chain genes, or to the cellular adaptations used by neurons under conditions of injury.
Accounting and Endowments

The following notes attempt to make sense of three Greek inscriptions that contain problems of accounting. All three texts concem perpetual endowments.
The evolution of eccrine sweat gland research towards developing a model for human sweat gland function

For several decades now, researchers, professional bodies, governments, and journals such as the journal of Experimental Dermatology have worked to reduce the number of animals used in experimentation. This review centres on investigations into how human sweat glands produce sweat and how that research has evolved over the years. It is hoped that this review will show that as methodologies advanced, sweat gland research has come to rely less and less on a variety of animal models as investigative tools and information is being primarily obtained through human and mouse material, with a view to further reductions in using animal models.
Intervention in the Continuum from Divorce to Family Reconstitution

Caseworkers increasingly see clients moving through phases from separation to the establishment of new family units. A framework for working with these persons identifies the predictable phases and...
Brain Drain in Turkey: A Literature Review

This chapter provides a comprehensive literature review on three parts of brain drain in Turkey. First, it covers nonempirical works and development plans; second, it reviews empirical works; and finally, it deals with current debates, focusing on reverse brain drain. The chapter discusses the pull and push factors to draw a detailed picture of brain drain from Turkey, from the 1960s to today.
Post-Modernism, Social Constructionism, and the Science Wars

Any overview of the philosophy of science would not be complete without covering these recent views as they have received a lot of attention in the past few decades. Many of these views are quite controversial on a number of dimensions—sometimes the criticism is that these views are meaningless or at a minimum obscurantist (see the so-called Sokal affair that will be discussed below); sometimes the claim is that they are unfairly and unduly incendiary—for example, a prominent feminist critic of science Harding (1986) has called Newton’s classic Principia “a rape manual” because “science is the male rape of female nature”; and of course sometimes the criticism is simply that they are wrong.
Negative Blood Cultures: Is There Value in Ruling Out Negatives Faster Than 5 Days?

Blood cultures are the gold standard in the detection of bloodstream infections, an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Blood cultures are one of the highest volume tests and the most important test performed in the clinical microbiology laboratory despite a low, 8%–10%, positivity rate. Most blood cultures are incubated in continuously monitored blood culture systems for 5 days. It is recommended that blood cultures are taken before antibiotics are given. Antimicrobial agents, usually broad spectrum, are started after blood culture collection and are continued until antimicrobial susceptibilities are reported, 48–72 h after the report of a positive blood culture. At this time, deescalation to targeted antimicrobials can occur. Prompt effective antimicrobial therapy has been shown to …
Nonlinear Dynamic Analyses of Austrian Dam in the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake

AbstractTwo-dimensional nonlinear dynamic analyses (NDAs) of Austrian Dam in the 1989 Mw=6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake are presented using the finite-difference program FLAC with the user-defined cons...
The continued need for scientific monographs: an appreciation of John Rothwell's "Control of human voluntary movement".

Here I write a personal assessment of Professor John Rothwell’s seminal book, “Control of Human Voluntary Movement”. I focus on the second edition published in 1994, reflecting on its importance over the last 25 years and explaining why it remains highly relevant for the motor control field to this day. It is to be hoped that a third edition will be written that updates the physiology and unifies it with computational motor control. The book attests to the continuing importance of monographs in science, as they uniquely allow for long-form narrative and coherent synthesis.
Understanding wetland responses to climate change in the Greater Yellowstone Area

Wetlands in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA) support a high diversity of species. Increased temperatures associated with climate change are related to increased wetland drying in the GYA, potentially affecting the species using wetlands. The National Park Service Greater Yellowstone Inventory and Monitoring Network (GRYN) started monitoring wetlands in 2006, focusing on amphibian occupancy. Adding novel surveillance techniques to GRYN’s existing, long-term monitoring program offers an opportunity to observe more species. This may help us better understand how wetland species diversity may be affected by climate change and provide additional information to managers. In 2017, I outfitted four permanent wetlands with equipment collecting photographs, acoustic recordings, and ultrasonic recordings for approximately five days in June/July. When the equipment was deployed, I collected environmental DNA (eDNA) samples. Data from wildlife cameras, acoustic recorders, ultrasonic recorders, and eDNA for cataloging the biological diversity of wetlands is still being analyzed. Acoustic data and eDNA samples require additional processing; however, preliminary data is available for photographic data and ultrasonic data. Cameras detected elk at all sites, whereas bat detection varied by site. Featured photo by Neal Herbert on Flickr. https://flic.kr/p/2gv8cSh
Time-Out and Its Role in Neurosurgery

Background Safety checklists have improved surgical outcomes; however, much of the literature comes from general surgery. Objective To identify the role of time-outs in neurosurgery, understand neurosurgeons' attitudes toward time-out, and highlight areas for improvement. Methods A cross-sectional study using a 15-item survey to evaluate how time-outs were performed across 5 hospitals affiliated with a single neurosurgery training program. Results Surveys were sent to 51 neurosurgical faculty, fellows, and residents across 5 hospitals with a 72.5% response rate. At all hospitals, surgeons, anesthesiologists, registered nurses, and circulators were involved in time-outs. Although all required time-out before incision, there was no consensus regarding the precise timing of time-out, in policy or in practice. Overall, respondents believed the existing time-out was adequate for neurosurgical procedures (H1: 17, 65.4%; H2: 19, 86.4%; H3: 14, 70.0%; H4: 20, 80.0%; and H5: 18, 78.3%). Of the respondents, 97.2% believed time-out made surgery safe, 94.6% agreed that time-outs reduce the risk of wrong-side or wrong-level neurosurgery, and 17 (45.9%) saw a role for a neurosurgery-specific safety checklist. Pragmatic challenges (n = 20, 54.1%) and individual beliefs and attitudes (n = 20, 54.1%) were common barriers to implementation of standardized time-outs. Conclusion Multidisciplinary time-outs have become standard of care in neurosurgery. Despite proximity and overlapping personnel, there is considerable variability between hospitals in the practice of time-outs. This lack of uniformity, allowed for by flexible World Health Organization guidelines, may reflect the origins of surgical time-outs in general surgery, rather than neurosurgery, underscoring the potential for time-out optimization with neurosurgery-specific considerations.
Electromagnetic Thermoforming to Manufacture Reflective Panels for Radio Telescopes and Downlinks

Scientists of the Steward Observatory and Wyant College of Optical Sciences at the University of Arizona created a highly energy efficient adaptable method of forming precision freeform metal panels utilizing the combined effects of induction heating, electromagnetic force, an adjustable mold assembly, and infrared and visible metrology. This transformative component-level manufacturing technology has a broad application in industries requiring custom shaped high accuracy metal sheets (radio communication, automotive, aerospace, renewable energy, architecture).
Sustainable Desalination and Water Reuse

Over the past half century, reverse osmosis (RO) has grown from a nascent niche technology into the most versatile and effective desalination and advanced water treatment technology available. However, there remain certain challenges for improving the cost-effectiveness and sustainability of RO desalination plants in various applications. In low-pressure RO applications, both capital (CAPEX) and operating (OPEX) costs are largely influenced by product water recovery, which is typically limited by mineral scale formation. In seawater applications, recovery tends to be limited by the salinity limits on brine discharge and cost is dominated by energy demand. The combination of water scarcity and sustainability imperatives, in many locations, is driving system designs towards minimal and zero liquid discharge (M/ZLD) for inland brackish water, municipal and industrial wastewaters, and even seawater desalination. Herein, we review the basic principles of RO processes, the state-of-the-art for RO membranes, modules and system designs as well as methods for concentrating and treating brines to achieve MLD/ZLD, resource recovery and renewable energy powered desalination systems. Throughout, we provide examples of installations employing conventional and some novel approaches towards high recovery RO in a range of applications from brackish groundwater desalination to oil and gas produced water treatment and seawater desalination.
Patient Perceptions Impact Progression to Third-Line Therapy for Treatment of Overactive Bladder

Purpose:We aimed to understand the reasons patients choose to pursue third-line overactive bladder (OAB) therapy.Materials and Methods:We conducted a mixed methods study that included patient inter...
Personality and Mental Health: A Comparison of Emerging Adult Women from Divorce and Intact Families

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between hardiness, well-being, and depressive symptoms among women in emerging adulthood (18–29 years old) from two groups (parental divorce group, intact family group). Individuals (192 females) from a parental divorce group and individuals (126 females) from an intact family group completed the Dispositional Resilience Scale, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, and a short version of the Children’s Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale. As hypothesized, women from the parental divorce group who scored higher on commitment, control, and challenge (hardiness variables) reported more well-being and less depressive symptoms than those who scored lower on these variables. Womens’ hardiness variables explained between 21 and 35 % of the variance in well-being and depressive symptoms for both groups. Women from the parental divorce group showed no difference in scores on well-being and depressive symptoms than those from intact families.
From the Pockets of Women: The Gendering of the Mita, Migration and Tribute in Colonial Chucuito, Peru*

So many Indian men had moved, fled or died because of the labor draft to the silver mines of Potosi that only women were left to govern in some Andean communities. Or so the rumor went. In 1682, the cabildo of the imperial mining capital informed the king that such reports were greatly exaggerated. “This could not be true, even in the case where not one male Indian was left in the entire Kingdom,” its statement reads. “Although the pueblos have been depopulated, there are still more than enough [men] to fill offices in conformity with cabildo ordinances.”
Cocaine exposure in vitro induces apoptosis in fetal locus coeruleus neurons through TNF‐α‐mediated induction of Bax and phosphorylated c‐Jun NH2‐terminal kinase

Cocaine exposure results in aberrant outgrowth and decreased survival for locus coeruleus (LC), a noradrenergic population of neurons that putatively regulates attentional function; however, the underlying mechanisms for these events are not known. We previously showed that cocaine exposure in vitro activates pro-apoptotic Bax, caspase-9, and caspase-3 in LC neurons dissected from embryonic day 14 rats, implicating that apoptosis may be orchestrated via signal transduction events. In the current study in vitro, we examined upstream events to determine the role of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), on LC signal transduction, because cocaine exposure to LC neurons triggered TNF-α expression at 30 min as measured by ELISA. Exposure of LC neurons to recombinant-TNF-α resulted in decreased metabolic activity, an indicator of reduced neuron viability [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay], and increased apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated DNA nick end labeling assay). Pro-apoptotic caspase-3 was induced by cocaine starting at 30 min. Recombinant-TNF-α induced caspase-3 activity earlier than cocaine (15 and 20 min). The caspase-3 levels were significantly reduced when cocaine and TNF-α were combined with neutralizing-TNF-α (nTNF-α), respectively. Further, cocaine alone elevated phospho-p38-mitogen-activated protein kinases that persisted when combined with nTNF-α. However, both cocaine and TNF-α independently increased phospho-c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and Bax levels at concurrent time periods (30 min and 1 h), and this elevation was attenuated in the presence of nTNF-α. These simultaneous molecular events triggered by cocaine and TNF-α implicate a potential apoptotic signal transduction pathway via induction of phospho-c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and Bax that may lead to caspase-3 activation and apoptosis in cocaine-exposed fetal LC neurons.
MERLOT: A Model for User Involvement in Digital Library Design and Implementation

MERLOT is an international consortium comprised of over 20 institutions and systems of higher education and industry partners who collaborate to produce a premier online community where faculty, staff, and students from around the world share online learning materials and pedagogy. MERLOT's mission is to improve the effectiveness of teaching and learning by expanding the quantity and quality of peer-reviewed online learning materials that can be easily incorporated into faculty-designed courses. Created in 1997 by the California State University, in 1999 MERLOT expanded by inviting other partners to participate in creating and implementing MERLOT as a free, Web-based resource for higher education. MERLOT emphasizes both the quality and review of materials as well as services for the broad community it serves. MERLOT's partners are integral to the functioning of MERLOT and its services, from initial design and testing to deployment and management.
The Claisen and Cope Rearrangements

Since the first observation of a thermal rearrangement vinyl allyl ether to the corresponding homoallylcyclic carbonyl compound by Claisen in 1912, rearrangements of vinyl and aryl allylic ethers have been extensively studied and exploited for their synthetic value. The corresponding rearrangement of substituted 1,5-hexadiene was first recognized by Cope in 1940 as the carbon analog of the Claisen rearrangement. Today it is recognized that such transformations fall within the general category of a [3,3] sigamtropic reaction and that considerable variation may be accommodated in the basic requirement of a system of six atoms with terminal unsaturated linkage. This chapter attempts to survey the vas t accumulation of Claisen and Cope rearrangements recorded since the first coverage in 1944. Keywords: Claisen rearrangments; Cope rearrangements; allyl ethers; aliphatic rearrangements; anomalies; amine rearrangements; thio rearrangements; migration; experimental procedures
Accelerated dual-contrast first-pass perfusion MRI of the mouse heart: development and application to diet-induced obese mice.

Purpose Gene-modified mice may be used to elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying abnormal myocardial blow flow (MBF). We sought to develop a quantitative myocardial perfusion imaging technique for mice and to test the hypothesis that myocardial perfusion reserve (MPR) is reduced in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity (DIO). Methods A dual-contrast saturation-recovery sequence with ky-t undersampling and a motion-compensated compressed sensing reconstruction algorithm was developed for first-pass MRI on a small-bore 7 Tesla system. Control mice were imaged at rest and with the vasodilators ATL313 and Regadenoson (n = 6 each). In addition, we imaged mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 24 weeks. Results In control mice, MBF was 5.7 ± 0.8 mL/g/min at rest and it increased to 11.8 ± 0.6 mL/g/min with ATL313 and to 10.4 ± 0.3 mL/g/min with Regadenoson. In HFD mice, we detected normal resting MBF (5.6 ± 0.4 versus 5.0 ± 0.3 on control diet), low MBF at stress (7.7 ± 0.4 versus 10.4 ± 0.3 on control diet, P < 0.05), and reduced MPR (1.4 ± 0.2 versus 2.0 ± 0.3 on control diet, P < 0.05). Conclusion Accelerated dual-contrast first-pass MRI with motion-compensated compressed sensing provides spatiotemporal resolution suitable for measuring MBF in free-breathing mice, and detected reduced MPR in DIO mice. These techniques may be used to study molecular mechanisms that underlie abnormal myocardial perfusion. Magn Reson Med 73:1237–1245, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Artificial neural networks in environmental sciences. II. NNs for fast parameterization of physics in numerical models

A new generic approach, based on the neural networks (NN) technique, to improve computational efficiency of parameterizations in numerical environmental models is formulated. Such parameterizations generally require computations involving complex mathematical expressions, including differential and integral equations, rules, restrictions and highly nonlinear empirical relations bused on physical or statistical models. From a mathematical point of view, such parameterizations can usually be considered as continuous mappings (continuous dependencies between true vectors). NNs are a generic tool for fast and accurate approximation of continuous mappings and, therefore, they can be used to replace primary parameterization algorithms. In addition to fast and accurate approximation to the primary parameterization, NN also provides the entire Jacobian for very little computation cost.
Home and School Correlates of Early Interest in Literature

AbstractA composite measure was developed to identify kindergarten children from 21 classrooms who had a high or low interest in literature. Parent questionnaires, teacher evaluations, and tests provided information concern- ing children’s free-time home activities, parents’ characteristics and activities, school achievement, and the quality of the in-classroom literary environment. Significant differences were found between the high- and low-interest groups in most areas. High-interest children were read to more often than low-interest children, watched less television, and had more children’s books placed in many rooms at home. Parents and teachers of the high-interest children provided supportive literary environments at home and in school, whereas those in the low-interest group did not. The results are compared to investigations of early readers and older voluntary readers.
Millimeter-wave dual-beam scanning microstrip patch antenna arrays fed by dielectric image lines

This paper reports new dual-beam scanning microstrip patch antenna arrays fed by dielectric image lines for millimeter-wave applications. Ka-band microstrip patch antenna arrays with 12 elements are designed, fabricated, and measured. Single-terminal and two-terminal feeding structures are both used to radiate dual beams which are steered by varying frequency. Experiments show good results for both configurations with wide steering angles of 31/spl deg/ and 31.5/spl deg/ from 28.5 GHz to 32.5 GHz for each beam, respectively.
Transvaginal Sacrospinous Ligament Fixation for Treatment of Vaginal Prolapse

AbstractPurpose: We performed sacrospinous ligament fixation for the treatment of vaginal apical prolapse in a urological practice.Materials and Methods: A total of 24 patients underwent sacrospinous ligament fixation for the treatment of vaginal prolapse. In 13 patients another procedure was done concomitantly through the same exposure for treatment of stress urinary incontinence and/or pelvic relaxation.Results: At a mean followup of 13.8 months (range 4 to 26) 18 of 24 patients had complete resolution of vaginal prolapse, while 5 had a clinically significant recurrence. Two patients underwent repeat sacrospinous ligament fixation with a good result, colpocleisis was performed in 1 and 2 are being managed conservatively. One patient had a cystocele postoperatively. All recurrences were within 6 months. Complications were uncommon. One patient suffered a small rectal laceration that was repaired primarily and she had no further clinical sequelae. If the 2 patients who underwent repeat sacrospinous ligame...
Distributed low-cost backbone formation for wireless ad hoc networks

Backbone has been used extensively in various aspects (e.g., routing, route maintenance, broadcast, scheduling) for wireless networks. Previous methods are mostly designed to minimize the backbone size. However, in many applications, it is desirable to construct a backbone with small cost when each wireless node has a cost of being in the backbone. In this paper, we first show that previous methods specifically designed to minimize the backbone size may produce a backbone with a large cost. We then propose an efficient distributed method to construct a weighted sparse backbone with low cost. We prove that the total cost of the constructed backbone is within a small constant factor of the optimum for homogeneous networks when either the nodes' costs are smooth or the network maximum node degree is bounded. We also show that with a small modification the constructed backbone is efficient for unicast: the total cost (or hop) of the least cost (or hop) path connecting any two nodes using backbone is no more than 3 (or 4) times of the least cost (or hop) path in the original communication graph. As a side product, we give an efficient overlay based multicast structure whose total cost is no more than 10 times of the minimum when the network is modeled by UDG. Our theoretical results are corroborated by our simulation studies.
Optimizing snake locomotion on an inclined plane

We develop a model to study the locomotion of snakes on inclined planes. We determine numerically which snake motions are optimal for two retrograde traveling-wave body shapes, triangular and sinusoidal waves, across a wide range of frictional parameters and incline angles. In the regime of large transverse friction coefficients, we find power-law scalings for the optimal wave amplitudes and corresponding costs of locomotion. We give an asymptotic analysis to show that the optimal snake motions are traveling waves with amplitudes given by the same scaling laws found in the numerics.
Work hardening response of M50-NiL case hardened bearing steel during shakedown in rolling contact fatigue

AbstractThe work hardening response during shakedown phase for case hardened M50-NiL bearing steel in rolling contact fatigue (RCF) is presented. Rolling contact fatigue testing is performed using a ball rod tester for varying cycles and Hertzian stress of 5·5 GPa on multiple test tracks of a case hardened rod. Longitudinal sectioning and polishing of the test rod reveal the RCF affected zones. Micro-Vickers indentation mapping of the subsurface zones is used to measure workhardening. A maximum increase in hardness from 7·4 to 8·3 GPa was observed at ∼13·5×106 cycles, after which hardness saturated. A finite element simulation of the RCF test was performed to predict the increase in hardness. It is hypothesised that plastic strain accumulation around the hard carbide inclusions results in increased hardness. Cyclic hardening likely saturates when the ratchet strain per cycle approaches zero. Plastic shakedown follows with no further accumulation of plastic strain and marks the beginning of steady state re...
Standard Setting: An Alternative Approach

Since 1971 there have been a number of studies in which a cut score has been set using a method proposed by Angoff (1971). In this method, each member of a panel of judges estimates for each test question the proportion correct for a specific target group of examinees. Prior and contemporary research suggests that this is a difficult task for judges. Angoff also proposed that judges simply indicate whether or not an examinee from the target group will be able to answer each question correctly (the yes/no method). We report on the results of two studies that compare a yes/no estimation with a proportion correct estimation. The two studies demonstrate that both methods produce essentially equal cut scores and that judges find the yes/no method more comfortable to use than the estimated proportion correct method.
Acute infarct of the corpus callosum: appearance on diffusion-weighted MR imaging and MR spectroscopy.

Few reports of corpus callosum infarction are published in the radiologic literature. We present a case of an atypical infarction of the corpus callosum and adjacent gyri involving both anterior cerebral artery territories. Standard magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed including diffusion weighted imaging. In addition, perfusion-weighted imaging and MR spectroscopy were employed to further characterize the patient's corpus callosal lesion. On MR imaging and spectroscopic examination, the lesion demonstrated T2 hyper-intensity, restricted diffusion, and the metabolite lactate. While the MR imaging appearance of this bilateral infarction has some characteristics that mimic tumor, employment of the full range of MR techniques can obviate the need for biopsy in acute infarcts of the corpus callosum. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;18:255–259. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Self-induced redox cycling coupled luminescence on nanopore recessed disk-multiscale bipolar electrodes

We present a new configuration for coupling fluorescence microscopy and voltammetry using self-induced redox cycling for ultrasensitive electrochemical measurements. An array of nanopores, each supporting a recessed disk electrode separated by 100 nm in depth from a planar multiscale bipolar top electrode, was fabricated using multilayer deposition, nanosphere lithography, and reactive-ion etching. Self-induced redox cycling was induced on the disk electrode producing ∼30× current amplification, which was independently confirmed by measuring induced electrogenerated chemiluminescence from Ru(bpy)32/3+/tri-n-propylamine on the floating bipolar electrode. In this design, redox cycling occurs between the recessed disk and the top planar portion of a macroscopic thin film bipolar electrode in each nanopore. Electron transfer also occurs on a remote (mm-distance) portion of the planar bipolar electrode to maintain electroneutrality. This couples the electrochemical reactions of the target redox pair in the nanopore array with a reporter, such as a potential-switchable fluorescent indicator, in the cell at the distal end of the bipolar electrode. Oxidation or reduction of reversible analytes on the disk electrodes were accompanied by reduction or oxidation, respectively, on the nanopore portion of the bipolar electrode and then monitored by the accompanying oxidation of dihydroresorufin or reduction of resorufin at the remote end of the bipolar electrode, respectively. In both cases, changes in fluorescence intensity were triggered by the reaction of the target couple on the disk electrode, while recovery was largely governed by diffusion of the fluorescent indicator. Reduction of 1 nM of Ru(NH3)63+ on the nanoelectrode array was detected by monitoring the fluorescence intensity of resorufin, demonstrating high sensitivity fluorescence-mediated electrochemical sensing coupled to self-induced redox cycling.
Ivan Pavlov, revealed

The life of Ivan Pavlov was characterized by both sluchainost9 (chance and randomness) and pravil9nost9 (regularity and lawfulness), two words which appear frequently in Pavlov9s own writing. In a new biography, Daniel P. Todes draws on multilingual archival and literary sources to capture the subtleties of the famous physiologist9s life and work. The result, according to reviewer Stephen T. Casper, is an exemplary work of scholarship that transforms biography into history.
Is Love (Color) Blind? The Economy of Race among Gay and Straight Daters

A drawback to research on interracial couplings is that it almost exclusively studies heterosexual relationships. However, compelling new evidence from analyses using the Census shows that interracial relationships are significantly more common among the gay population. It is unclear how much of this reflects weaker racial preference or more limited dating markets. This paper examines the interactions of white gay and straight online daters who have access to a large market of potential partners by modeling dyadic messaging behaviors. Results show that racial preferences are highly gendered, and do not line up neatly by gay or straight identity. White lesbians and straight men show the weakest same-race preference, followed by gay men, while straight women show the strongest same-race preference. Put differently, minority men are discriminated to a greater degree than minority women in both same-sex and different-sex dating markets. These results suggest that white gay men’s higher rates of interracial cohabitation are driven more by constrained dating markets, while lesbians’ appear to be driven by more open racial preferences.
Scalable Synthetic Oligodeoxynucleotide Purification with Use of a Catching by Polymerization, Washing, and Releasing Approach

Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides are purified with use of a catching by polymerization, washing, and releasing approach. The method does not require any chromatography, and purification is achieved by simple operations such as shaking, washing, and extraction. It is therefore useful for large-scale purification of synthetic oligonucleotide drugs. In addition to purification of oligonucleotides, this catching by polymerization concept is expected to be equally useful for purification of other synthetic oligomers such as peptides and oligosaccharides.
Fréchet Embeddings of Negative Type Metrics

We show that every n-point metric of negative type (in particular, every n-point subset of L 1) admits a Frechet embedding into Euclidean space with distortion $O(\sqrt{\log n}\cdot \log \log n)$, a result which is tight up to the O(log log n) factor, even for Euclidean metrics. This strengthens our recent work on the Euclidean distortion of metrics of negative into Euclidean space.
Distribution of selected elements within flax plants as affected by FeEDDHA

Flax growing on a calcareous soil in the greenhouse developed Mn toxicity symptoms. The toxicity was eliminated by application of 2 ppm FeEDDHA-Fe. FeEDDHA had major effects on distribution of Mn, Zn, Fe and P among selected plant parts. Application of the chelate reduced Mn concentration in older leaves, the tissue most susceptible to Mn toxicity, associated stem tissue, plant tops, and roots from 2295 to 133 ppm, 62 to 7 ppm, 550 to 34 ppm, and 42 to 34 ppm, respectively. Analysis of older leaves is recommended for diagnosing Mn toxicity in flax.