cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neutrophil survival and c-kit(+)-progenitor proliferation in Staphylococcus aureus-infected skin wounds promote resolution.

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are critical for the formation, maintenance, and resolution of bacterial abscesses. However, the mechanisms that regulate PMN survival and proliferation during the evolution of an abscess are not well defined. Using a mouse model of Staphylococcus aureus abscess formation within a cutaneous wound, combined with real-time imaging of genetically tagged PMNs, we observed that a high bacterial burden elicited a sustained mobilization of PMNs from the bone marrow to the infected wound, where their lifespan was markedly extended. A continuous rise in wound PMN number, which was not accounted for by trafficking from the bone marrow or by prolonged survival, was correlated with the homing of c-kit+-progenitor cells from the blood to the wound, where they proliferated and formed mature PMNs. Furthermore, by blocking their recruitment with an antibody to c-kit, which severely limited the proliferation of mature PMNs in the wound and shortened mouse survival, we confirmed that progenitor cells are not only important contributors to PMN expansion in the wound, but are also functionally important for immune protection. We conclude that the abscess environment provides a niche capable of regulating PMN survival and local proliferation of bone marrow–derived c-kit+-progenitor cells.
Effect of temperature and salinity on in vitro culture of the oyster pathogen, Perkinsus marinus (Apicomplexa: Perkinsea)

Abstract Perkinsus marinus is one the oyster diseases which caused severe oyster mortalities in Virginia particularly in the 1950s and during 1986 and 1987. It is believed that temperature and salinity control the incidence and intensity of P. marinus infection in oysters. Experiments were conducted to examine the effect of salinity and temperature on in vitro culture of P. marinus . The results indicate that a temperature of 28°C and salinities between 10 and 34‰ favor the development of P. marinus presporangia. Sporulation (release of free swimming biflagellated zoospores) occurred within 2 to 4 days. Presporangia can withstand temperatures as low as 4°C for a time period ≤4 days. Sporulation was observed in presporangia cultures previously incubated at 4°C after they were transferred to 28°C for 1–6 days. Sporulation also took place in presporangia cultured in water of 6‰ at 28°C. Zoospores can survive from 3 to 28 days in water of 4–32‰ at 20°–28°C. Zoospores died in 1 day when transferred from 28° to 4°C.
Acute effects of 6-hydroxydopa on central monoaminergic neurons

Abstract The effect of 6-hydroxydopa (6-OHDOPA) on mouse whole brain monoamines was studied. It was shown that i.v. administration of a 100 mg/kg dose of 6-OHDOPA reduced whole brain norepinephrine (NE) by 35% after 24 hr, while dopamine (DA) levels were unchanged. With a 150 mg/kg dose whole brain NE levels were reduced by 70% after 3 hr and 55% after 24 hr; whole brain DA content was reduced by 15–20% at both time periods. The effects of 6-OHDOPA (150 mg/kg, i.v.) on NE depletion in the brain could be prevented by d- and l-amphetamine, desipramine and chlorpromazine. MK-486, a peripherally acting dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, potentiated NE depletion by 6-OHDOPA in the brain. While 6-OHDOPA had no effect on monoamine oxidase and choline acetylase activity in the ‘cortex’, brainstem and cerebellum, catechol-O-methyl transferase activity was reduced in the brainstem after 14 days and acetylcholinesterase activity was reduced in the ‘cortex’ after 2 and 14 days. It is concluded that moderate doses of 6-OHDOPA have a marked effect on central noradrenergic neurons, while dopaminergic neurons remain intact.
Membrane localization and pH-dependent transport of a newly cloned organic cation transporter (PMAT) in kidney cells

Plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT) is a novel membrane transporter recently cloned and characterized in our laboratory. We previously demonstrated that PMAT functions as a polyspecific or...
Smoking, oral contraceptives, and cardiovascular reactivity to stress.

Objective: To investigate the effects of smoking and oral contraceptive (OC) formulation on hemodynamic responses to stress in women. Methods: Twenty-three smokers and 23 nonsmokers taking different OC formulations (ie, containing higher or lower androgenic progesterones) were tested for cardiovascular reactivity during mathematic, speech preparation, speech, and cold pressor stress. Results: During mental stress, smokers, regardless of OC formulation, had lower systolic blood pressure (BP) (eg, 10.2 versus 15.1 mmHg, P < .05), heart rate (eg, 7.5 versus 15.0 beats per minute, P < .01), and cardiac index reactivity (eg, 0.08 versus 0.48 L/minute/M2, P < .01) but greater vascular resistance index responses (eg, 115.6 versus −51.9 dyne-sec · cm−5 · M2, P < .05). Women who took higher androgen OCs, regardless of smoking status, showed greater vascular resistance index increases during speech stress than those who took lower androgen OCs (215.8 versus 9.4 dyne-sec · cm−5 · M2, P < .05). Smokers who took more androgenic OCs had greater systolic BP responses to speech preparation compared with nonsmokers who took the same OCs (12.1 versus 6.1 mmHg, P < .05), and smokers who took lower androgen OCs (12.1 versus 4.4 mmHg, P < .05). Least-squares means examination found that smokers who took higher androgen OCs had greater vascular resistance index increases to all mental stressors than nonsmokers who took lower androgen OCs. Conclusion: Higher androgen OCs might be linked to greater vascular and BP increases during stress, especially in smokers. Given that increased vascular resistance and BP contribute to cardiovascular mortality, those results suggest that androgenic profiles of synthetic progesterones might be an important consideration in OC choice.
Core Consensus, Strategic Variations: Mapping Arts Management Graduate Education in the United States

This study is the first comprehensive curricular comparison of graduate arts management programs in the United States. Its principal finding is that there exists considerable curricular convergence among arts management programs and that their differences may be exploited strategically. Through extensive curricular analysis and in-depth conversations with faculty, this study makes both conceptual and methodological contributions to the field—conceptual because it provides an empirical basis for the definition of arts management as a formal academic discipline in its own right and methodological because it proposes a framework to effect a systematic comparison of arts management program curricula.
XML-based specification for Web services document security

The Internet and related technologies have seen tremendous growth in distributed applications such as medicine, education, e-commerce, and digital libraries. As demand increases for online content and integrated, automated services, various applications employ Web services technology for document exchange among data repositories. Web services provide a mechanism to expose data and functionality using standard protocols, and hence to integrate many features that enhance Web applications. XML, a well-established text format, is playing an increasingly important role in supporting Web services. XML separates data from style and format definition and allows uniform representation, interchange, sharing, and dissemination of information content over the Internet. XML and Web services provide a simplified application integration framework that drives demand for models that support secure information interchange. Providing document security in XML-based Web services requires access control models that offer specific capabilities. Our XML-based access control specification language addresses a new set of challenges that traditional security models do not address.
Conservation of Equation and Function under Transformations of Variable.

Just as the concept of number is fundamental to arithmetic, the concept of variable is fundamental to algebra and all higher mathematics. Just as numbers provide a concise means of describing operations on sets, variables provide a concise means of describing relations between sets. It is the study of relations, from simple equations and functions to complex patterns and structures, that constitutes, to a very large extent, the content of higher mathematics.
Structural and Mechanical Property Changes in Toughened Magnesia-Partially-Stabilized Zirconia at Low Temperatures

The mechanical properties of high-toughness magnesia-partially-stabilized zirconia were found to be dramatically altered by a single cooling cycle between room temperature and − 196°C. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to correlate the changes in mechanical properties with structural changes that occur at temperatures below ∼− 100°C. Most of the tetragonal precipitates that are responsible for toughening transformed to an orthorhombic phase with unit-cell volume intermediate between those of the tetragonal and monoclinic phases. The orthorhombic phase was stable with heating to 300°C, but it transformed back to the tetragonal structure when heated to 400°C. Surprisingly, the orthorhombic phase was not readily transformable by stress, with the consequence that, after the cooling cycle, most of the high-toughness properties of the original tetragonal-containing material were lost.
Acute Administration of Phenylpropanolamine Fails to Affect Resting Energy Expenditure in Men of Normal Weight

RUSHING, PA, SE WINDERS, SL WATSON, RC KLESGES. Acute administration of phenylpropanolamine fails to affect resting energy expenditure in men of normal weight. Studies have consistently found that dieters using over-the-counter weight control products containing phenylpropanolamine (PPA) are more successful at losing weight than those who do not. To explore the possibility that drug-induced metabolic changes contribute to weight loss associated with this compound, this study investigated the effects of PPA on resting metabolic rate in 20 healthy men of normal weight between the ages of 18 and 29. After the arrival of the subjects to the laboratory, blood pressure was taken and resting energy expenditure (REE) and respiratory quotient (RQ) were assessed for 20 minutes (Baseline) via indirect calorimetry. Half of the subjects were then given 75 mg of immediate-release PPA (administered orally via a gelatin capsule), while the other half received placebo. Immediately after drug administration, metabolic rate was measured for an additional 95 minutes (During Drug). After this assessment, blood pressure was again measured. Although significant increases in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were observed after PPA administration, the drug had no effect on REE or RQ. These results, consistent with that previously reported in mildly overweight women, further establish that it is unlikely that drug-induced metabolic changes contribute to PPA-induced weight loss in humans.
Pupillary Response to Tropicamide in Patients with Alzheimer Disease

Purpose: To determine whether pupillary responses to dilute tropicamide could be used as a diagnostic test for Alzheimer disease (AD). The authors also investigated whether concurrent use of an oral acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (tacrine) alters the pupillary response to dilute tropicamide in patients with AD, and whether pupillary responses to dilute tropicamide differ in young versus older control subjects. Methods: Pupillary diameter and area of both eyes were measured in light and darkness, at 10-minute intervals for 40 minutes after random instillation of 0.01 % tropicamide to one eye. Four groups of subjects were studied: 9 patients with AD, 10 who were treated with tacrine, 11 older control subjects, and 10 young control subjects. Results: Mean change in anisocoria was not significantly different among groups at any of the measurement time points. Mean percent change in diameter of the treated eyes showed a trend toward faster maximum dilatation in the AD groups, but change in pupillary measurements did not identify individuals with AD. Conclusion: Pupillary response to dilute tropicamide did not effectively distinguish individual patients with AD from young or older control subjects.
SU‐E‐T‐561: A Comparative Study of Single Verses Two Field Daily Fraction for Treatment of Prostate Cancer Using IMPT, Double‐Scattered, and SUFD Delivery Technique

Purpose: We conducted an investigation to evaluate the robustness of different proton therapydelivery technique for treatment of prostate cancer. Three commonly used delivery techniques; intensity modulated, double‐scattered, and single field uniform dose delivery was investigated for one field verses two field daily fraction. Method:Computertomography(CT) for a patient was deformed based on acquired daily MVCTs obtained during the course of treatment by a Tomotherapy unit. The deformed CTs were used for proton planning retrorespectively using intensity modulated (IMPT), double‐scattered (DSPT), and single field uniform dose (SFUD) delivery technique. The plans were evaluated for single‐field versus two‐field per fraction for each technique. The plans robustness was evaluated for each technique by comparing the maximum dose to rectum, bladder, prostate and CTV as well as the minimum dose to prostate and CTV. In addition, 95% coverage to prostate and CTV compared for each plan. Results: The average and STD for deformed prostate volume was 22.4 ±0.5 (1s) for the course of treatment. On average the maximum dose delivered to rectum and bladder with single‐field verses two‐field IMPT were higher by 2.5%. With same respect, the single‐field verses two‐field for DSPT were 0.5% higher for rectum but the same for bladder. Single‐field SFUD delivered 1% higher dose to both rectum and bladder compare to two‐field delivery. Table 1 summarizes the results. Conclusion: Single‐field IMPT delivered higher dose to rectum, bladder, prostate, and CTV than any other technique. But two‐file IMPT delivered most homogenous and consistent dose to prostate and CTV with much lower dose to rectum and bladder compare to DSPT and SFUD. With same respect two‐field SFUD delivery produced better dose coverage to prostate and CTV compare to DSPT. The two‐field IMPT with conjunction of daily cone beam CT can be considered a better dose delivery technique.
Impact of price and thickness on consumer selection of ribeye, sirloin, and top loin steaks

Consumers (n=316) were recruited from college football picnickers to select ribeye, sirloin, and top loin steaks from 3 price groups based on thickness (n=10 steaks per price/type combination). Constant weight steaks were assigned to these groups: P1, thinnest, $19.80/kg ribeye and top loin, $10.99/kg sirloin; P2, average thickness, $22.00/kg ribeye and top loin, $13.19/kg sirloin; P3, thickest, $24.21/kg ribeye and top loin, $15.40/kg sirloin. Consumers selected 3 steaks per type and ranked selection criteria (price, color, marbling, thickness, texture). Percentage of steaks chosen from each price group did not differ (P>0.05), but consumers tended to select thinner ribeye steaks (P1 and P2) and thicker sirloin steaks (P2 and P3). Across all steak types, a greater number of consumers reported that marbling, color, and thickness were more important than price and visual texture. Data indicate that consumers may select steaks that display their preferred attributes, even if the steaks cost more.
A 245 GHz, 2.6mW/pixel Antenna-less CMOS imager with 0.7fW/√Hz NEP and 3.5m backscattered range

We present a novel Antenna-less Regenerative Receiver (ARR) with subfW/√(Hz) noise equivalent power (NEP) and 10 GV/W responsivity for reflective (Stand-off) mode imaging applications. The proposed ARR eliminates previous needs of a separated antenna and an injection amplifier from the traditional SRR (Super Regenerative Receiver), and uses its existing passive resonance tank to capture backscattered radiation from the targeted object. As a result, the ARR can capture reflective images of plastic replica weapons at stand-off distances up to 3.5m with 30° off-incidence angle. Operating at 245 GHz, the ARR consumes only 0.036 mm2 of silicon area and 2.6 mW/pixel of power in 40nm CMOS technology.
School Milieu Characteristics and Disordered Eating in High School Graduates

The present study sought to expand our understanding of the relationship between sociocultural variables and disordered eating. Social climate measures, an abbreviated Eating Disorders Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the UCLA Loneliness Scale were completed by 211 female high school graduates recruited among the incoming students of two U.S. campuses
A Search for Scale in Sea-Level Studies

Abstract Many researchers assume a proportional relationship among the atmospheric CO2 concentration, temperature, and sea level. Thus, the rate of sea-level rise should increase in concert with the documented exponential increase in CO2. Although sea surface temperature has increased in places over the past century and short-term sea level rose abruptly during the 1990s, it is difficult to demonstrate a proportional relationship using existing geologic or historic records. Tide gauge records in the United States cover too short a time interval to verify acceleration in the rate of sea-level rise, although multicentury tide gauge and staff records from the Netherlands and Sweden suggest a mid-19th-century acceleration in sea-level rise. Reconstructions of sea-level changes for the past 1000 years derived using benthic foraminifer data from salt marshes along the East Coast of the United States suggest an increased rate of relative sea-level rise beginning in the 1600s. Geologic records of relative sea-lev...
ROS-Responsive Scaffold for Angiogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Vascularization of a tissue-engineered construct enables efficient transport of nutrients and waste products; it is necessary for successful long-term tissue growth and host integration. Although significant progress has been made, sufficient vascularization of engineered constructs is still a major challenge, limiting clinical applications of tissue engineering (TE) approaches [1]. Successful vascularization promotes the interactions of TE implants with host tissues, leading to efficient tissue regeneration. Therefore, there is an unmet need to develop a more efficient method to vascularize TE constructs. In particular, obtaining a reliable source of endothelial cells (ECs) that line all blood vessels is a critical and challenging step towards successful vascularization of TE constructs, empowering TE to be applied in a larger scale and scope.© 2013 ASME
Stability control algorithms for a photonic filter

A practical implementation of an optical filter must have a mechanism to compensate for variations in the component parameters-especially for an infinite-impulse-response (IIR) filter which can enter lasing mode if the poles are too close to the unit circle. Temperature changes are a frequent cause of unwanted drift in the parameters of the various optical components. In this paper, we consider an equation-error method for estimating and optimizing the parameters of a recently developed photonic integrated circuit (PIC). We characterize the effect of temperature-induced changes in the frequency response of the PIC, and describe adaptive compensation algorithms to adjust the filter parameters.
Mating-Type Genes and MAT Switching in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Mating type in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is determined by two nonhomologous alleles, MATa and MATα. These sequences encode regulators of the two different haploid mating types and of the diploids formed by their conjugation. Analysis of the MATa1, MATα1, and MATα2 alleles provided one of the earliest models of cell-type specification by transcriptional activators and repressors. Remarkably, homothallic yeast cells can switch their mating type as often as every generation by a highly choreographed, site-specific homologous recombination event that replaces one MAT allele with different DNA sequences encoding the opposite MAT allele. This replacement process involves the participation of two intact but unexpressed copies of mating-type information at the heterochromatic loci, HMLα and HMRa, which are located at opposite ends of the same chromosome-encoding MAT. The study of MAT switching has yielded important insights into the control of cell lineage, the silencing of gene expression, the formation of heterochromatin, and the regulation of accessibility of the donor sequences. Real-time analysis of MAT switching has provided the most detailed description of the molecular events that occur during the homologous recombinational repair of a programmed double-strand chromosome break.
Occurrence and Abundance of Larval Atlantic Menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, at Two North Carolina Inlets with Notes on Associated Species

Abstract A comparison was made of relative indexes of abundance for Atlantic menhaden larvae entering two North Carolina inlets. Larvae entered the inlets from November through April 1966–67 and 1967–68, and were most abundant in March during both survey periods. Collections over 24 hours showed that larvae are more abundant at night than in the day and are more abundant in the slower tidal currents. As the larvae drift back and forth on the ebbing and flooding currents and feed on plankton, their condition factors (weight/length3) increase. The abundance of 23 other species of fish collected with the menhaden is also discussed.
Automated freehand sketch segmentation using radial basis functions

Freehand sketching is widely regarded as an efficient and natural way for interaction between computers and humans. We present a robust computerized scheme to automatically segment freehand sketches into a series of components with specific geometric meaning regardless of whether these are generated online or offline. This task is a necessary first step toward sketch understanding. By exploiting the interpolation/extrapolation characteristic of radial basis functions (RBFs), a greedy algorithm consisting of forward and backward operations is proposed for finding the minimum set of segmentation points that can be used to reconstruct with high fitting accuracy freehand sketches in the form of implicit functions. To obtain segmentation points, a simple angle-based rule is used to remove ''bridging'' points that provide a smooth transition between consecutive sketch components. Feasibility of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated by a preliminary performance assessment study using ten computer generated drawings. These experiments show that in this dataset sensitivity of the segmentation was higher than 97.5% with a false positive (FP) rate of approximately 25%. The majority of false positive identifications are located on arc regions where a larger number of segmentation points are needed for reconstruction purposes. The primary contribution of this algorithm is that it transforms an ambiguous problem, namely, freehand sketch segmentation, into an implicit function fitting operation. Therefore, this proposed approach has several advantages, including independence of the actual sketching activity, and the ability for a satisfactory detection of the transition point between a line and an arc or between two arcs.
Assessment of reactive synovitis in rotating-platform posterior-stabilized design: a 10-year prospective matched-pair MRI study.

Abstract This is the first long-term (mean 11.6years), prospective, matched-pair study (based on age, gender, BMI and UCLA scores) using MAVRIC (multi-acquisition variable-resonance image combination) magnetic resonance imaging to analyze reactive synovitis and osteolysis between rotating-platform posterior-stabilized (RP-PS), fixed-bearing metal-back (FB-MB), and all-polyethylene tibial (APT) in active patients (24 total, 8 in each group, mean age of 64years, mean UCLA of 8.5) with identical femoral component and polyethylene. Reactive synovitis was observed in 6 RP-PS (75%), all 8 FB-MB (100%), and 6 APT (75%). There was a significant difference between the RP-PS and FB-MB knees in volumetric synovitis ( P =0.023). Osteolysis with bone loss more than 4mm was seen in 3 FB-MB, 2 APT and none for RP-PS. These were not statistically significant.
Subcellular localization of rodent and of monkey intrinsic factor

Abstract The intracellular distribution of rodent IF and monkey IF was studied by differential centrifugation. Intrinsic factor of rat and mouse is concentrated in granules similar to the zymogen granules which contain pepsinogen. In contrast, in the monkey IF is concentrated in the mitochondrial-lysosomal fraction.
200-mW continuous-wave laser source at 198.5 nm for lithographic applications

We report on the development and testing of a laser system that delivers up to 200 mW of continuous-wave radiation at 198.54 nm in a near diffraction-limited beam, to be used as a source for photolithography mask writing and mask inspection. The source has been developed with the support of International SEMATECH. The laser output is obtained by intra-cavity sum frequency generation in a CLBO (Cesium Lithium Borate) non-linear crystal
Alcohol and drug abuse among persons with multiple sclerosis.

Objective: To examine the one-month prevalence and impact of substance abuse in a large community sample of persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). Method: Members of the Multiple Sclerosis Society o...
Mental transformations in the motor cortex

The behavioral and neural correlates of processing of motor directional information are described for two visuomotor tasks: mental rotation and context-recall. Psychological studies with human subjects suggested that these two tasks involve different time-consuming processes of directional information. Analyses of the activity of single cells and neuronal populations in the motor cortex of behaving monkeys performing in the same tasks provided direct insight into the neural mechanisms involved and confirmed their different nature. In the mental rotation task the patterns of neuronal activity revealed a rotation of the intended direction of movement. In contrast, in the context-recall task the patterns of neural activity identified a switching process of the intended direction of movement.
Use of requirement traceability in collaborative design environments

Object sharing in computer supported collaborative design requires multiple participants not only to be able to modify design objects when participating in a collaborative design scenario, but also be able to query them for specific information. Especially in the design of complex artefacts, such as buildings, as the relationships that need to be tracked and dependencies between the participants and created objects increase, so do the difficulties of converging on a single design. Often the shared objects are represented with their most salient design attributes, such as geometric information, to assist computer supported collaborative work (CSCW). Capturing non-geometric information in CSCW requires a shift in the way design objects are represented and queried. In this paper, we present our work in computer aided requirement traceability for architectural design, which addresses an alternative way to parse design objects to assist object sharing in collaborative design.
Dual Ordination Tracks: Differential Benefits and Costs for Men and Women Clergy

Although some religious organizations have had a sequential, two-ordination process for clergy, the implementation of two or more discrete ordination tracks is a recent development. In research on careers of 1,158 male and female clergy in two denominations that have instituted discrete ordination tracks - the Episcopal Church and the Unitarian Universalist Association - a similar relationship appeared between these newer ordination tracks and growing pressure toward clergy occupational feminization. The more recent tracks were sex-segregated, and there was evidence of occupational conflation between female clergy in both tracks that did not occur with the male clergy. The evidence suggests that dual ordination tracks may serve a dual utility, not only as an occupatioal response to socioeconomic changes within religious organizations but also to occupational feminization, in a manner that disproportionately concentrates male clergy in high-level positions. Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act prohibiting discrimination based on sex has been critical to helping women gain legitimate opportunities in male-dominant occupations, but the First Amendment-based separation of church and state exempts one profession that women have sought to enter in substantially increased numbers since the 1960s: the ordained ministry. Several religious organizations have instituted affirmative action policies for minority and women clergy, but their efficacy has been problematic due to their voluntary nature, their tendency to focus on entry rather than upper-level placements, and the development of other occupational processes that can inadvertently undermine good intentions. One such occupational process, which is the subject of this research, involves segregation in clergy jobs and duties through the development of discrete ordination tracks. Although this process occurs only in some mainline religious organizations, others have been giving it serious consideration. With job segregation normally being the primary means of achieving occupational discrimination (Treiman and Hartmann, 1981), this study will suggest that the expansion of ordination tracking has substantial gender-related effects, with potentially discriminatory outcomes for careers of women clergy.
Anion Effects in (BEDT-TTF)2X Salts: Symmetry Induced Superstructures

The structural and electrical properties of a series of (BEDT-TTF)2X salts are systematized in terms of a substructure-superstructure relationship which is induced by variation in anion symmetry and pictorially represented as a crystallographic family tree. Importantly, it is recognized that the ambient-pressure superconductors α-(BEDT-TTF)2I3, α-(BEDT-TTF)2IBr2, and α-(BEDT-TTF)2AuI2 have crystal structures coincident with the parent subcell of this crystallographic family tree. Moreover, all first-generation supercells (doubling of any one subcell vector) are exclusively populated by salts with non-centrosymmetric anions of tetrahedral symmetry, and, apparently, second-generation supercells (doubling of any two subcell vectors) are populated by salts with centrosymmetric anions of octahedral symmetry. Finally, trends in structural properties with anion size are briefly considered.
8‐, 16‐ and 32‐Bit Processors: Characteristics and Appropriate Applications

Components and functions which comprise a computer, such as address registers and cycle time, are defined and described. Characteristics of 8‐, 16‐, and 32‐bit machines and the confusing use of multiple bit‐size architecture in some computers are detailed. Appropriate applications for each bit‐size are suggested. Detailed explanations are provided to amplify statements in the text. This article should be read twice for maximum comprehension, once reading the text and explanations together, and once reading only the text.
Integration of canine proximal gastric, antral, pyloric, and proximal duodenal motility during fasting and after a liquid meal

The aim was to investigate the integration of proximal gastric, antral, pyloric, and duodenal motility during fasting and after feeding. Using a proximal gastric barostat and a manometric assembly with an array of side holes astride the gastroduodenal junction, the gastrointestinal interdigestive migrating motor complex was detected in five of seven conscious fasting dogs. During phase III of the complex, which lasted a mean ± SEM of 13 ± 0.5 min, 9.6 ± 0.9 volume waves were present in the proximal stomach. The volume waves were coordinated with clusters of antral waves 64 ± 11% of the time and with inhibition of duodenal waves 91±3% of the time. A 300-ml calorie-dense liquid meal abolished the complex and promptly increased proximal gastric volume in five of six dogs. Volume waves were nearly completely suppressed, while antral waves decreased from 24 ±3.0 waves/10 min to 10±2.8 waves/10 min (P<0.05) and isolated pyloric pressure waves increased from 7.2±2.8 waves/10 min to 22±3.3 waves/10 min (P<0.005). In summary, proximal gastric motility was integrated with antral, pyloric, and duodenal motility under both fasting and fed conditions. The integrated patterns likely account for the efficient clearance of indigestible solids during fasting and the controlled emptying of nutrients with feeding.
Crystallization of nickel-bearing stoichiometric cordierite glasses

A complete crystalline solid solution exists between magnesium cordierite (Mg2Al4Si5O18) and nickel cordierite (Ni2Al4Si5O18). Isothermal crystallization experiments were conducted at 1 atm on stoichiometric powdered glasses in this compositional range in which high quartz crystallized and then transformed to hexagonal cordierite. When nickel is present, these three phases can be simply identified by colour changes: the glass is brown, the high quartz is red and the cordierite is yellow. The sequence of appearance of the phases is independent of the nickel content of the glass. At any given temperature, the higher the nickel content, the shorter are both the time required for crystallization of high quartz from the glass and that required for the transformation to hexagonal cordierite. This implies that the processes involved in both steps might be similar. Measurements of lattice constants of cordierite crystallization products show a linear decrease in a and a linear increase in c as a function of increasing nickel content between the magnesium and nickel end members. There is no change of the cell volume with the substitution of nickel into the structure. The increase in reaction rates caused by increasing the Ni/Mg ratio of the glass starting material may be due to the stronger network modifying effect of nickel in comparison to magnesium.
Chairside replacement of posterior teeth using a prefabricated fiber-reinforced resin composite framework technique: a case report.

UNLABELLED The fixed replacement of a single posterior missing tooth for those patients who cannot have either implants or conventional laboratory-generated fixed prostheses has always been a challenge to clinicians. The development of fiber-reinforced composites (FRCs) has opened up new possibilities of chairside treatment options to manage these types of clinical situations. Techniques using FRCs as frameworks with traditional restorative resin composites as veneering materials can provide chairside fixed prostheses that are esthetic and potentially durable, with minimal abutment tooth loss. A clinical case is presented that will illustrate a novel concept for tooth replacement--the use of an FRC prefabricated framework--to allow for a single visit, chairside replacement of a missing molar. The assembly of the framework and the clinical steps used in the framework placement and pontic fabrication are shown in detail. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The combination of FRC technology and adhesive techniques can provide minimally invasive and cost-effective treatment options for the chairside replacement of missing posterior teeth.
Comments on the Modified Fischer Assay of Eastern oil shales of Kentucky

Abstract The Modified Fischer Assay is the accepted method for evaluating the potential liquid fuel yield of an oil shale. For a given shale, percent of Fischer Assay oil yield has become the standard used for judging technologies. The method has been developed for and is well understood when applied to oil shales in the western United States. However, the assay can be successfully applied to eastern United States oil shales only if care is taken in several areas that prove less important for its successful application to western shales. In particular, standardized sample preparation and handling with minimum air exposure of pulverized shale is required; a well-controlled and reproducible heating profile during retorting must be employed; and consistently effective liquid product collection must be accomplished. These considerations have a major influence on assay accuracy. Only with care in these areas, can Modified Fischer Assays suitable for eastern shale resource evaluations and technology comparisons be obtained.
The gerbil: A model for studying the metabolism of beta-carotene and minerals☆

Abstract Because the Mongolian gerbil ( Meriones unguiculatus ) absorbs β-carotene (βC) intact, it may be a good model for studying the metabolism of dietary carotenoids. Moreover, its ability to concentrate minerals suggests it may be useful for studying mineral metabolism. The nutritional requirements of gerbils are not well established, so we: 1) investigated the suitability of the AIN-93G diet; 2) obtained information on utilization of supplemental dietary βC; and 3) determined mineral concentrations in bone, liver and kidneys. Weanling, male gerbils (n=33) were fed either: 1) a pelleted rodent diet, 2) the AIN-93G diet, or 3) a modified AIN-93G diet which contained vitamin-free casein but no added vitamin A for 1 mo and then the same diet with added βC (10 g/kg diet). Growth rates were not affected by treatment. Hepatic concentrations of βC were very high in animals fed supplemental βC, but no signs of toxicity were apparent. Gerbils fed the pelleted diet had higher manganese concentrations in liver and kidneys and lower bone zinc concentration than did gerbils fed the other diets. The study showed that male gerbils: 1) grew normally when fed the AIN-93G rodent diet; 2) readily absorbed supplemental βC; and 3) generally had tissue mineral concentrations similar to those of rats.
Emerging Patterns from the Dynamic Capabilities of Internet Intermediarie

The Internet has had a major impact on threats and opportunities available to intermediaries in many industries. Prior research using transaction cost theory shows four possible outcomes: Internet supplemented direct market, threatened intermediaries, cybermediaries and Internet supplemented intermediaries. This paper extends the “four outcomes” framework, by integrating it with research on dynamic capabilities. This new framework explains emerging patterns of response from threatened intermediaries in the personal computer industry. The specific scenario chosen by the threatened intermediary depends on its dynamic capability. Future research can use the integrated framework to predict Internet impacts on intermediaries in other industries.
Resectability of colorectal liver metastases: an evolving definition

However, several issues remain to be resolved, including that of how to properly identify candidates for curative resection. The liver surgeon is frequently presented with four categories of CLM patient: those who are easily resectable; those who are borderline resectable; those who are unresectable but may be converted to resectable, and patients who are unlikely ever to be resectable. Proceeding straight to surgery has been the paradigm for the first group and chemotherapy or other non-resection liver-directed therapies have been reserved for the fourth group. The second and third groups have more recently been managed with a trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy intended to downstage the tumour, allow for parenchymal-sparing hepatectomy and increase the probability of a margin-negative resection. Evidence from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Intergroup 40983 trial demonstrated that in patients who underwent resection of up to four metastatic liver lesions, perioperative chemotherapy with FOLFOX [folinic acid (leucovorin), 5-FU, oxaliplatin] increased 3-year progression-free survival by 9.2% compared with surgery alone. 7 Recent refinements in surgical technique incorporating ablative techniques, portal vein embolization, staged resections and hepatic arterial pump therapy have allowed the definition of resectable CLM to evolve beyond the parameters of size, location and number of tumours. Presently, in order for CLM to be considered resectable, it must be removable with a negative margin and allow for the preservation of at least two contiguous, functional liver segments with intact portal and arterial inflow, venous outflow and biliary drainage. Additionally, as the future liver remnant (FLR) depends critically on functional liver parenchyma, it can be as small as 20% of total liver volume (TLV) in a patient with a normal liver, but an FLR injured by chemotherapy may need to represent 30% of TLV and one with fibrosis from cirrhosis may be required to represent as much as 40% of TLV. 8
Multinucleation of Skeletal Muscle in vitro

Healthy, mature, spontaneously contracting muscle was cultivated from explants of 13-day chick embryos for periods up to 4 months in the multipurpose chamber (Rose, 1954) using cellophane-strip technique (Rose et al., 1958) with silicone gaskets, Eagle's medium including 10 per cent horse serum reinforced with 300 mg-per cent of glucose, and the teased type of explant. This method provided optically ideal conditions for the study of muscle fibers with oil immersion, phase contrast time-lapse cinematography at 1 frame per minute without apparent damage for periods as long as 10 days. In no case was mitosis, amitosis, or nuclear "budding" observed in the course of muscle development. Multinuclear muscle fibers have been shown with cine technique to result from both myoblast fusion and polar extension of preformed (explanted) muscle tissue. Myoblast fusion was the only demonstrable way of giving rise to multinucleation. Nuclear membrane "wrinkling" was shown to be merely a temporary distortion that occurred during nuclear migration and rotation. It is suggested that this phenomenon may be responsible for numerous reports of amitosis in the genesis of muscle fibers. The histological development of new straps resulted from an orderly sequence of events. Included in these were polar extension, nuclear migration, rotation, and fixation. Following these events there was increased mitochondrial activity, myofibril formation, and cross-banding. Spontaneous contractions were seen throughout the entire course of differentiation in vitro but became more regular and stronger in the later stages.
Positive Control of Transformed Phenotype in Hybrids between SV40-Transformed and Normal Human Cells

Somatic cell hybrids have been obtained between SV40-transformed Lesch-Nyhan fibroblasts, which are deficient in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) and display glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase A (G6PD-A) activity, and late-passage HGPRT-positive W138 human embryo fibroblasts, which display G6PD-B activity. The human-human hybrid clones, which display G6PD-A and G6PD-B and heteropolymers of the two enzyme forms, have the same growth characteristic as the SV40-transformed parental cells and behave as continuous cell lines. The SV40 tumor antigen, the gene for which has been assigned to human chromosome 7, is present in all clones examined.
Remembering “what” brings along “where” in visual working memory

Does a behavioral and anatomical division exist between spatial and object working memory? In this article, we explore this question by testing human participants in simple visual working memory tasks. We compared a condition in which there was no location change with conditions in which absolute location change and absolute plus relative location change were manipulated. The results showed that object memory was influenced by memory for relative but not for absolute location information. Furthermore, we demonstrated that relative space can be specified by a salient surrounding box or by distractor objects with no touching surfaces. Verbal memory was not influenced by any type of spatial information. Taken together, these results indicate that memory for “where” influences memory for “what.” We propose that there is an asymmetry in memory according to which object memory always contains location information.
A 5.4mW 0.0035mm 2 0.48ps rms -jitter 0.8-to-5GHz non-PLL/DLL all-digital phase generator/rotator in 45nm SOI CMOS

A CDR circuit for serial link receivers usually requires a multi-phase generator and a number of phase rotators to produce data and edge clocks. The most commonly used architecture is a dual-loop CDR where a DLL (or PLL) generates k equidistantly spaced clock phases that are fed into n/2 phase rotators, where n is the number of sampling latches in the CDR [1]. Another method was proposed in [2], where the multi-phase generation and phase shifting is achieved at the same time in a single PLL, in this case achieving phase-adjustment capability through the weighted summing of charge-pump outputs for several phases. This approach eliminates the additional delay associated with using phase rotators and simplifies the overall design. However, all these conventional methods require either a PLL or a DLL, blocks that demand the largest share of power consumption and of silicon area in the CDR circuit.
Quasiparticle Excitations, Bose Condensation, and the f-Sum Rule.

In a Bose fluid having a condensate, the density response has two components. One is associated with exciting single quasiparticles out of the condensate and the second is the usual two-body density response involving states above the condensate appearing in any fluid. We derive the contribution of each component to the $f$-sum rule. The single quasiparticle contribution is proportional to the condensate function ${n}_{0}(T)$ at all wave vectors Q. This simple sum rule is analogous to the Ambegaokar, Conway, and Baym sum rule giving the one-phonon contribution to the $f$-sum rule in solids. It is very useful in interpreting neutron scattering measurements of superfluid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$.
Free convection in a liquid-encapsulated molten semiconductor in a vertical magnetic field

Abstract This paper treats the free convection in a layer of boron oxide, called a liquid encapsulant, which lies above a layer of a molten compound semiconductor (melt) between cold and hot vertical walls in a rectangular container with a steady vertical magnetic field. The magnetic field provides an electromagnetic (EM) damping of the molten semiconductor which is an excellent electrical conductor but has no direct effect on the motion of the liquid encapsulant. The competition between the two free convections determines the direction of the velocity of the interface.
Theoretical analysis of dynamic chemical imaging with lasers using high-order harmonic generation

We report theoretical investigations of the tomographic procedure suggested by Itatani et al. [Nature (London) 432, 867 (2004)] for reconstructing highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs) using high-order harmonic generation (HHG). Due to the limited range of harmonics from the plateau region, we found that even under the most favorable assumptions, it is still very difficult to obtain accurate HOMO wave functions using the tomographic procedure, but the symmetry of the HOMOs and the internuclear separation between the atoms can be accurately extracted, especially when lasers of longer wavelengths are used to generate the HHG. Since the tomographic procedure relies on approximating the continuum wave functions in the recombination process by plane waves, the method can no longer be applied upon the improvement of the theory. For future chemical imaging with lasers, we suggest that one may want to focus on how to extract the positions of atoms in molecules instead, by developing an iterative method such that the theoretically calculated macroscopic HHG spectra can best fit the experimental HHG data.