cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Making Teams Work: Peer Evaluations And Helping Behavior Points

Location: Dewberry Hall A common problem in group work is getting all team members to contribute their fair share, or even do the extra work needed when another member resorts to social loafing. One effective solution is using Peer Evaluations and Helping Behavior points. First, Peer Evaluations are an effective mechanism to get students to do their part for the team. Peer Evaluations are periodic ratings and comments (2-3 times a semester) from each team member to every other member that, when followed by a brief in-class conversation among team members, provides a forum for complimenting high-performing members and being frank with low-performing members. It's the instructor's duty to create the space for this conversation, where teammates feel required to be frank with each other. Second, Helping Behavior points are an effective mechanism for encouraging all team members to do their share, or more. When 10% of the total grade is assigned for Helping Behavior, students understand their extra effort will be rewarded at the end of the semester. In a course based on 1000 points, that means each student has up to 100 points at risk for helping the team. Importantly, any high-performing teammate can earn more than 100 out of 100 points - they can earn the points that a low-performing teammate fails to earn. When students realize that a high-performing member might end up a full letter grade higher that the social loafer, based on Helping Behavior points alone, it erases much of the stigma often associated with group work.
Mechanisms of Fertilization in Mammals

The spermatozoa of most invertebrates (e.g., sea urchins) and nonmammalian vertebrates (e.g., fishes and amphibians) have full capacity to fertilize eggs upon leaving the testis. Testicular spermatozoa of mammals, on the other hand, do not possess the ability to do so. Their fertilizing capacity develops as they pass through the epididymis (Young, 1931; Nishikawa and Waide, 1952; Blandau and Rumery, 1964; Bedford, 1966; Orgebin-Crist, 1967). This process, apparently “unique” to mammals, is referred to as the epididymal maturation of spermatozoa. Even after their maturation, however, spermatozoa require an additional phase of maturation or capacitation within the female genital tract before they are able to fertilize eggs (Austin, 1951, 1952; Chang, 1951a). Thus, epididymal maturation and capacitation are two extra steps that mammaliam spermatozoa must take before they can effect fertilization. In this chapter, I will discuss how mammalian spermatozoa prepare themselves for fertilization and how the spermatozoa and eggs interact during fertilization. The process and mechanisms of sperm transport in the female genital tract will not be dealt with extensively here. Readers are referred to Bishop (1961, 1969), Blandau (1969), Bedford (1970b, 1972b), Thibault (1972, 1973a), Zamboni (1972), Blandau and Gaddum-Rosse (1974), Hafez and Thibault (1975), Overstreet and Katz (1977), Overstreet and Cooper (1978, 1979b), Overstreet et al. (1978), Shalgi and Kraicer(1978), Cooper et al. (1979) and Hunter (1975, 1980). The rejection or elimination of extra spermatozoa by the fertilized egg, one of the most fascinating events in fertilization, will not be discussed here. Instead, readers are referred to the chapter by Dr. Wolf in this volume. The physiology of egg activation has been described and discussed to some extent by Gwatkin (1977) and Yanagimachi (1978a). There are numerous reviews dealing with general aspects of mammalian fertilization. The following are recommended to aid in grasping the outline of mammalian fertilization: Austin and Bishop (1957), Austin and Walton (1960), Austin (1961, 1968), Blandau (1961), Piko (1969), Thibault (1969), Bedford (1970a,b, 1972b), Gwatkin (1976, 1977), Yanagimachi (1977, 1978a), Bedford and Cooper (1978) and Hunter (1980).
The effect of IQGAP1 on Xenopus embryonic ectoderm requires Cdc42.

Abstract IQGAP1 contains a number of protein recognition motifs through which it binds to targets. Several in vitrostudies have documented that IQGAP1 interacts directly with calmodulin, actin, E-cadherin, β-catenin, and the small GTPases Cdc42 and Rac. Nevertheless, direct demonstration of in vivo function of mammalian IQGAP1 is limited. Using a novel assay to evaluate in vivo function of IQGAP1, we document here that microinjection of IQGAP1 into early Xenopus embryos generates superficial ectoderm lesions at late blastula stages. This activity was retained by the mutated variants of IQGAP1 in which the calponin homology domain or the WW domain was deleted. By contrast, deletion of the IQ (IQGAP1-ΔIQ), Ras-GAP-related (IQGAP1-ΔGRD), or C-terminal (IQGAP1-ΔC) domains abrogated the effect of IQGAP1 on the embryos. None of the latter mutants bound Cdc42, suggesting that the binding of Cdc42 by IQGAP1 is critical for its function. Moreover, overexpression of IQGAP1, but not IQGAP1-ΔGRD, significantly increased the amount of active Cdc42 in embryonic cells. Co-injection of wild type IQGAP1 with dominant negative Cdc42, but not the dominant negative forms of Rac or Rho, blocked the effect of IQGAP1 on embryonic ectoderm. Together these data indicate that the activity of IQGAP1 in embryonic ectoderm requires Cdc42 function.
V-ATPase-mediated activation of cathepsins in breast cancer cells: investigating the role of vacuolar H+-ATPases in breast cancer metastasis (934.8)

V-ATPases are multi-subunit H+ pumps that acidify intracellular compartments and are essential for bone degradation synaptic signaling, etc. They are at the cell surface of the highly metastatic breast cancer cell line MDA-MB231, and may contribute to its metastatic phenotype. We hypothesize that V-ATPases create a low pH environment that promotes tumor cell invasion by activating secreted cathepsins. Cathepsins cleave extracellular matrix proteins and activate other proteases, facilitating local tumor invasion. We are studying the role of subunit the V-ATPase in secretion and activation of cathepsins B and L. Inhibition of V-ATPases with concanamycin A (a general V-ATPase inhibitor) leads to a large reduction in the activity of intracellular cathepsin B. In addition, inhibition of V-ATPases leads to a large reduction in the activity of extracellular cathepsin L. Thus it seems that V-ATPases are playing a role in activation of both intracellular and extracellular cathepsins. It is known that V-ATPases are...
Exploring the effects of image persistence in low frame rate virtual environments

In virtual reality applications, there is an aim to provide real time graphics which run at high refresh rates. However, there are many situations in which this is not possible due to simulation or rendering issues. When running at low frame rates, several aspects of the user experience are affected. For example, each frame is displayed for an extended period of time, causing a high persistence image artifact. The effect of this artifact is that movement may lose continuity, and the image jumps from one frame to another. In this paper, we discuss our initial exploration of the effects of high persistence frames caused by low refresh rates and compare it to high frame rates and to a technique we developed to mitigate the effects of low frame rates. In this technique, the low frame rate simulation images are displayed with low persistence by blanking out the display during the extra time such image would be displayed. In order to isolate the visual effects, we constructed a simulator for low and high persistence displays that does not affect input latency. A controlled user study comparing the three conditions for the tasks of 3D selection and navigation was conducted. Results indicate that the low persistence display technique may not negatively impact user experience or performance as compared to the high persistence case. Directions for future work on the use of low persistence displays for low frame rate situations are discussed.
Jesuit Mapmaking in China: D’Anville’s ‘Nouvelle Atlas de la Chine’ (1737)

At first, the title of this book may seem contradictory. Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d’Anville was not a Jesuit and never left France. Resolving that is only part of what makes this book intriguing. ...
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: refining the lens of cardiac magnetic resonance to evaluate late gadolinium enhancement

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common inheritable cardiomyopathy, affecting about 1 in 500 individuals. Echocardiography is most commonly used for diagnosis and the diagnostic criteria are quite straightforward: abnormally increased thickness of the left ventricular (LV) wall in the
Never let me clone?: countering an ethical argument against the reproductive cloning of humans.

In the March 2006 issue of EMBO reports , Christof Tannert, a bioethicist at the Max Delbruck Research Centre in Berlin, Germany, presented a moral argument against human reproductive cloning on the basis of Immanuel Kant's categorical imperative (Tannert, 2006). In this article, I address some problems with Tannert's views and show that our concerns about this prospective procedure should prompt us to scrutinize carefully the conventional procreative practices and attitudes. Indeed, if we set aside objections that are grounded in genetic determinism, many of the offensive features of human cloning are identical to problems with procreation by more conventional means, including both old‐fashioned procreation and assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). Oddly enough, many see only cloning as problematic, whereas identical problems with everyday procreation continue to go unnoticed. In his article, Tannert endeavours to provide us with a sound argument that human reproductive cloning “violates our basic moral principles”. He grounds his argument in Immanuel Kant's central moral principle of respect for all humanity, which the great philosopher formulated as: “Act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, always at the same time as an end, never as a means only” (Kant, 1785). In essence, Kant's principle prohibits using rational creatures—humans—as mere instruments to attain one's own selfish goals. Tannert claims that human reproductive cloning—through somatic cell nuclear transfer or embryo splitting—is immoral because it violates this principle by using a human—the clone—for egoistical purposes. However, as I demonstrate, this assertion is problematic. Although treating people created by cloning as mere means—for example, as organ banks—would be morally unacceptable, it is misleading to identify cloning itself as the core problem. Furthermore, although Kant's respect for humanity is of great practical value, it does not provide us with adequate guidance with …
Realism, the Avant-Garde, and the Politics of Reading in Roberto Bolaño's The Savage Detectives

This article argues that Bolano's novel deploys a modified form of realism that both evidences the “reality effect” defined by Roland Barthes and contributes to the democratization of the reading process theorized by Jacques Ranciere. The novel's language and address of the reader thus mimic the politics of the Latin American avant-garde tradition but situate that politics in the realm of realistic detail, rather than within an avant-garde literary sensibility.
Gendered Colonialisms in African History

Gendered Colonialisms in African History. Nancy Rose Hunt. Tessie P. Liu. and Jean Quataert. eds. Williston, VT: Blackwell, 1997. 138 pp.
Deficiency of Antigen-Specific B Cells Results in Decreased Trypanosoma cruzi Systemic but Not Mucosal Immunity Due to CD8 T Cell Exhaustion

Vaccines against mucosally invasive, intracellular pathogens must induce a myriad of immune responses to provide optimal mucosal and systemic protection, including CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, and Ab-producing B cells. In general, CD4(+) T cells are known to provide important helper functions for both CD8(+) T cell and B cell responses. However, the relative importance of CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, and B cells for mucosal protection is less clearly defined. We have studied these questions in detail using the murine model of Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Despite our initial hypothesis that mucosal Abs would be important, we show that B cells are critical for systemic, but not mucosal, T. cruzi protective immunity. B cell-deficient mice developed normal levels of CD8(+) effector T cell responses early after mucosal T. cruzi infection and T. cruzi trans-sialidase vaccination. However, after highly virulent systemic challenge, T. cruzi immune mice lacking T. cruzi-specific B cells failed to control parasitemia or prevent death. Mechanistically, T. cruzi-specific CD8(+) T cells generated in the absence of B cells expressed increased PD-1 and Lag-3 and became functionally exhausted after high-level T. cruzi systemic challenge. T. cruzi immune serum prevented CD8(+) T cell functional exhaustion and reduced mortality in mice lacking B cells. Overall, these results demonstrate that T. cruzi-specific B cells are necessary during systemic, but not mucosal, parasite challenge.
The effects of 5-bromodeoxyuridine and isoproterenol on the postnatal differentiation of rat submandibular gland

The effects of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) on the postnatal differentiation of rat submandibular gland and on the isoproterenol-induced changes of differentiation were studied. The rats were injected with BrdU for three consecutive days, beginning at two days of age. The total dose of BrdU was 0.9 mg/g body weight. BrdU caused a severe retardation of growth up to 15 days of age. A rapid growth of the animals between 15 and 22 days indicated a recovery from the effect of BrdU. The growth of the submandibular gland was retarded similarly with a corresponding decrease in DNA, RNA and protein content. Incorporation of tritiated thymidine into the submandibular gland was not altered in the BrdU-treated animals at one and three days after the last injection of the analog. At days 15 and 22 the rate of thymidine incorporation was greater in the submandibular gland of BrdU-treated rats as compared to littermate controls. Isoproterenol stimulated thymidine incorporation into the submandibular glands of two-week-old rats. This stimulation was not observed in rats which received BrdU at age 7–9 days, prior to the administration of isoproterenol. Electron microscopic observations, including a quantitative analysis of the frequency distribution of the various cell types in the terminal tubules and developing acini, indicated a retardation of acinar cell differentiation in the glands of BrdU-treated rats. In addition, there was an increase in the number and size of the secretory granules in the terminal tubule cells. BrdU treatment, however, caused no obvious pathologic alterations in the submandibular gland. Administration of isoproterenol for five days, beginning at five days of age, caused an apparent acceleration of the differentiation of acinar cells. In the glands of isoproterenol-treated rats the acinar cells were enlarged and were filled with homogenous secretory granules. Pretreatment with BrdU partially inhibited the effects of isoproterenol on differentiation and hypertrophy of the submandibular gland. With the given dose of BrdU, approximately 5% of thymine was replaced by bromouracil in the DNA of the submandibular gland. Such a replacement would be consistent with a direct effect of BrdU on the cytodifferentiation in the submandibular gland. However, because of the severe retardation of growth of the BrdU-treated rats, indirect effects can not be excluded.
Adaptation to hamsters of neurotropic measles virus from subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

SUBACUTE sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), a fatal neuropathy of children, has gained prominence recently because of its presumed aetiological association with measles virus1. Several successful isolations of the virus from affected brain tissues have been reported2,3. Preliminary characterization studies on these isolates have failed to show differences from classical measles virus strains.
The effects of gender on the coping outcomes of young children following an unanticipated critical care hospitalization.

PURPOSE. A prior evaluation of the predictors of child coping outcomes following an unanticipated critical hospitalization revealed gender differences, which were explored in this study to examine patterns of behavioral change over time. DESIGN AND METHODS. Data from 163 mother–child (2–7 years) dyads were extracted for this study. Measures of child coping obtained 3 and 6 months following hospitalization included the Behavioral Assessment System for Children and the Post-Hospitalization Behavior Questionnaire. RESULTS. Maladaptive behaviors in girls increased throughout the 6-month posthospitalization period. Boys demonstrated a peak and then decline of those same behaviors. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. Given this information, gender-specific child coping information can be developed for parents, which may lead to improved child outcomes.
Structure and composition of grain boundary dislocation cores and stacking faults in MOCVD-grown YBa2Cu3O7−x thin films

Abstract The dislocation cores of a low-angle grain boundary in MOCVD-grown YBa2Cu3O7−x have been studied by high-resolution electron microscopy and image simulation. It was found that the low-angle boundary consists of a wall of discrete edge dislocations separated by relatively perfect lattice matching regions. Lattice reconstruction has been observed at the dislocation cores. The dislocation cores appear to be Cu-rich, with a core radius of about 1 nm. These observations are used to discuss the transition from strong to weak coupling behavior across grain boundaries. Stacking faults in the a-b and b-c planes have been observed for the first time in the MOCVD-grown YBa2Cu3O7−x thin films. HREM image analysis indicates that the stacking faults contain an extra Cu-O layer. The thickness of the stacking faults is about 1.6 (100) interplanar spacing, or 0.6 nm, which is smaller than the coherence length in a-b plane. Thus, the stacking faults are not expected to strongly affect superconducting properties.
Fluorescence-lifetime molecular imaging can detect invisible peritoneal ovarian tumors in bloody ascites

Blood contamination, such as bloody ascites or hemorrhages during surgery, is a potential hazard for clinical application of fluorescence imaging. In order to overcome this problem, we investigate if fluorescence-lifetime imaging helps to overcome this problem. Samples were prepared at concentrations ranging 0.3-2.4 μm and mixed with 0-10% of blood. Fluorescence intensities and lifetimes of samples were measured using a time-domain fluorescence imager. Ovarian cancer SHIN3 cells overexpressing the D-galactose receptor were injected into the peritoneal cavity 2.5 weeks before the experiments. Galactosyl serum albumin-rhodamine green (GSA-RhodG), which bound to the D-galactose receptor and was internalized thereafter, was administered intraperitoneally to peritoneal ovarian cancer-bearing mice with various degrees of bloody ascites. In vitro study showed a linear correlation between fluorescence intensity and probe concentration (r(2) > 0.99), whereas the fluorescence lifetime was consistent (range, 3.33 ± 0.15-3.75 ± 0.04 ns). By adding 10% of blood to samples, fluorescence intensities decreased to <1%, while fluorescence lifetimes were consistent. In vivo fluorescence lifetime of GSA-RhodG stained tumors was longer than the autofluorescence lifetime (threshold, 2.87 ns). Tumor lesions under hemorrhagic peritonitis were not depicted using fluorescence intensity imaging; however, fluorescence-lifetime imaging clearly detected tumor lesions by prolonged lifetimes. In conclusion, fluorescence-lifetime imaging with GSA-RhodG depicted ovarian cancer lesions, which were invisible in intensity images, in hemorrhagic ascites.
Micromechanisms of multistage fatigue crack growth in a high-strength aluminum alloy

This study reveals the micromechanisms of fatigue damage formation and evolution with respect to particle topology and grain size and orientation in a rolled 7075-T651 Al alloy. Systematic observations were made of the variations in the fracture surfaces and damage micromechanisms, which were characterized in three fatigue stages: fatigue crack formation, microstructurally/physically small cracks and long cracks. The fatigue crack was formed exclusively at the fractured Fe-rich intermetallic constituent particles preferably located at or near the specimen surface. Large impurities, such as metallic oxides, were also observed to influence the crack nucleation mechanisms. The presence of these impurities close to the nucleation sites was correlated with an approximate 30% reduction in fatigue life. In the microstructurally and physically small crack regimes, the crack front showed a rough localized brittle fatigue fracture along the crack propagation direction in addition to some localized ductile fatigue fracture. Changes in striation size across grain boundaries were clearly observed. In the long crack regime, the fracture surface became rougher but the overall surface tended to be perpendicular to the loading direction, indicating a Mode I fracture. The ramification of the results for a microstructure-based multistage model that comprises crack incubation, small crack growth and long crack growth is discussed in detail.
A microwave FEL amplifier experiment

Abstract An extremely high power gain true free-electron-laser-amplifier experiment on a pulseline accelerator is described, in which an intense electron beam (700 kV, 500 A) with low axial velocity spread ( Δβ ‖ β ‖ ⋍ 0.2% ) is used and a narrow band 34.5 GHz microwave signal is coherently amplified to several megawatts. An extended interaction oscillator (EIO) is used as the microwave signal source. The signals are sent into the FEL interaction tube through a quasi-optical cavity. Specific efforts are made to optimize the experimental parameters in order to obtain higher power gain.
Childhood Poverty and Stress Reactivity Are Associated with Aberrant Functional Connectivity in Default Mode Network

Convergent research suggests that childhood poverty is associated with perturbation in the stress response system. This might extend to aberrations in the connectivity of large-scale brain networks, which subserve key cognitive and emotional functions. Resting-state brain activity was measured in adults with a documented history of childhood poverty (n=26) and matched controls from middle-income families (n=26). Participants also underwent a standard laboratory social stress test and provided saliva samples for cortisol assay. Childhood poverty was associated with reduced default mode network (DMN) connectivity. This, in turn, was associated with higher cortisol levels in anticipation of social stress. These results suggest a possible brain basis for exaggerated stress sensitivity in low-income individuals. Alterations in DMN may be associated with less efficient cognitive processing or greater risk for development of stress-related psychopathology among individuals who experienced the adversity of chronic childhood poverty.
Microbiologic and cultural interchange.

“...I did develop...a kind of root down in Atlanta,” confided Hale Woodruff during an oral history interview, “You may have heard of it. It was called the ‘Outhouse School’ and, frankly, it was given such a name as this by one of the press writers because we used to paint landscapes in and around Atlanta in our art classes and the hillsides were just dotted with outdoor toilets” (1). The understated and self-effacing Woodruff was referring to the Atlanta School, an alliance he developed among black artists in the 1940s, which flourished into national activities, among them an annual art exhibit. At the inaugural, philosopher Alain Locke, spokesman of the Negro Movement, known in the 1920s and 1930s as Harlem Renaissance, praised the exhibit for encouraging “a healthy and representational art of the people with its roots in its own soil” (2). Painter, muralist, printmaker, experimenter, educator, organizer Woodruff became art director at Atlanta University, where he founded the art department and permanent collection and later painted the Art of the Negro murals. Born in Cairo, Illinois, the only child of a widowed mother, who was “very, very skillful with the pencil and the pen,” he grew up in Nashville, Tennessee, and showed early talent as high school newspaper cartoonist and later, during his studies at the John Herron Art Institute in Indianapolis, as weekly political cartoonist for the Indianapolis Ledger (1). Later, Woodruff studied at Harvard University and the Art Institute of Chicago (3). He arrived in Atlanta “to paint the red clay of Georgia” by way of Paris, France, where he lived on a shoestring for 4 years, attending the Academie Moderne and Academie Scandinave at the time Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Gertrude Stein, Josephine Baker, Henry O. Tanner, Palmer Hayden, and other American expatriates made Paris their home. Exposure to cubism in Paris guided his transition from realistic scenes of everyday life in the rural South to bold abstraction and invention. During a summer in Mexico, he studied with Diego Rivera, “I wanted to paint great significant murals in fresco and I went down there to...learn his technique” (1). Rivera’s murals, which mingled culture, history, and folklore with sociopolitical and communal elements, were cre-
Giant Nerve Fibres in Maldanid Polychætes

GIANT nerve fibres in polychaetous annelids have been defined as those which are “disproportionately greater in size than the other nerve fibres in the animal”, and which are “concerned with quick escape or withdrawal movements, effected by widespread and synchronous muscular contractions”1. The definition is based on anatomical evidence, which has been accumulating for more than a century, of the widespread occurrence of giant fibre systems in many polychaete families, and on the behavioural correlation of rapid withdrawal responses in species possessing giant fibre systems. Notable among the physiological evidence is the work of Bullock2, who recorded giant spikes from ten species representing ten families, and concluded that the motor response following giant discharge is generally a twitch-like withdrawal. In the context of our findings reported here, it is interesting that he obtained preliminary evidence for a rapid pathway in Arabella iricolor, although this worm possesses neither a long distance giant fibre system nor a rapid withdrawal response.
Association of low leptin with cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with stable coronary artery disease: The Heart and Soul Study

Objective Leptin is an adipokine with both protective and harmful effects on the cardiovascular (CV) system. Prior studies evaluating the association between leptin and CV outcomes have yielded conflicting results. Thus, we sought to investigate the relationship between leptin and CV events and mortality in patients with chronic stable coronary artery disease (CAD).
Dynamic VM migration: assessing its risks & rewards using a benchmark (abstracts only)

Dynamic migration of virtual machines (VMs) across physical servers has the potential to increase the utilization of the servers and hence drive down the data center costs. However, IT practitioners are leery of using this capability for increasing resource utilization due to concerns about the impact of such migrations on the performance of the applications, particularly the response times seen by the users of the applications. The relative newness to the industry of many of the tools used to automate VM migrations for resource utilization; data from researchers; as well as the recommendations from some analysts justify such caution and warrant quantifying the risks as well as potential rewards before deciding how aggressively this capability should be adopted. This paper will discuss the requirements for a benchmark to be used for such quantification. We will also discuss adaptations to SPECvirt sc2010, originally developed as a single server benchmark, to meet these requirements. We will also present risk-reward quantifications obtained using this benchmark for a simple case and the broader use of the benchmark for other cases.
Competitive strategy in the market-focused business

Market orientation is a business culture which enlists the participation of all employees for the purpose of creating superior value for its customers and superior performance for itself. A substantial body of research finds a positive relationship between a business's magnitude of market orientation and its performance. However, there has been no research into the competitive strategies through which a market-oriented business creates customer value. This paper extends previous work by showing that market-oriented businesses aggressively develop new products and services, focus on opportunities in market segments rather than in the mass market, and attempt to achieve competitive advantage both by increasing customer benefits and by reducing costs.
Genetic Mapping of an Aegilops tauschii–derived Hessian Fly Resistance Gene in Common Wheat

Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (Say)] is a major threat to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in the eastern United States. Cultivar releases containing major Hessian fly resistance genes have proven effective in minimizing losses caused by this pest. Nevertheless, the ephemeral nature of major gene resistance necessitates the identification of novel sources of resistance. Hessian fly resistance from Aegilops tauschii Coss. (2n = 2x = 14; genome DD) was introgressed into the genetic background of the soft red winter wheat cultivar Saluda during the development of the germplasm line NC09MDD14. Our genetic characterization and linkage mapping studies showed that resistance to Hessian Fly biotype L in NC09MDD14 was monogenic and the most likely order of the linked microsatellite markers was: Xcfd13- 4.2 cM-Xcfd42-1.8 cM-Xgdm141-4.9 cM-Xgdm36-1.5 cM- NC09MDD14 Hf gene/Xcfd132- 13.4 cM-Xcfd19. This linkage map situated the NCD-09MDD14 Hf gene on the short arm of chromosome 6D, within the same deletion bin as the named gene H13. No recombinants between H13 and the NCD09MDD14 Hf gene were found in an allelism study that included 170 F 2 individuals from the cross between NCD09MDD14 and Molly (H13). The Hessian fly resistance gene present in the germplasm line NC09MDD14 could be an allele of H13, but unlike H13, the gene in NC09MDD14 provides resistance against biotype vrH13.
Hemicorporectomy: A case study from a physical therapy perspective

Hemicorporectomy, literally translated, means half (hemi), body (corpus), removal (ectomy). The procedure is indicated as a last resort measure for patients with life-threatening conditions such as advanced pelvic tumors, pelvic osteomyelitis, crushing pelvic trauma, or intractable decubiti in the pelvic region. We report a case in which this mutilating procedure was performed on a 49-year-old man with extensive perineal and sacral sores. Squamous cell carcinoma was detected and isolated to the pelvic region. His medical history was significant for paraplegia secondary to a gunshot wound in 1966. The literature has documented fewer than 45 procedures of this radical nature. Few of the case studies specifically address the rehabilitation of this patient population and none of the articles researched were written from a physical therapy standpoint. Articles that addressed the concept of rehabilitation comment only that the course of rehabilitation was extensive and prolonged. This report provides an overview of the surgical procedures and specifically addresses the physical rehabilitation of this patient after his hemicorporectomy from a physical therapy perspective. This patient's physical therapy was accomplished over a time span of less than 1 month.
EMBEDDED-FIGURES TEST PERFORMANCE AND SELF-CONCEPT OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN1

Summary.-This study investigated the relationship between Embedded Figures Test and Pien-Harris Self-concept scores for 160 boys and 169 girls in Grades 4 through 6. Field-independent girls had significantly higher selfconcept scores than field-dependent girls. However, there was no significant difference between the self-concept scores of the field-independent and fielddependent boys. Witkin and his colleagues have consistently reported that persons with field-independent cognitive styles have relatively higher self-esteem than persons with field-dependent cognitive styles (Witkin, Dyk, Faterson, Goodenough, & Karp, 1962). However, there has been some question as to the generalizability of this relationship for both elementary school boys and girls. Pawelkiewicz and McIntire ( 1975), using the Rod and Frame Test and the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory, found a significant relationship between field independence and self-esteem for boys in Grades 4 to 6, but not for girls. Using the Group Embedded Figures Test and the Piers-Harris Self-concept Scale, Hoffman (1978) also reported a significant relationship between field-independence and self-concept for sixth grade boys. In addition, Watkins and Estilla (1979) reported no significant relationship between scores on the Hidden Figures Test and the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory for 11to 13-yr.-old Filipino girls. ' It seems that a relationship between field-independence and self-esteem may exist for elementary school boys but not for girls. This study tested and extended this hypothesis by assessing the relationship between field independence and self-concepts of boys and girls in Grades 4 to 6 for the individually administered Embedded Figures Test (Witkin, et al., 1962) and the Piers-Harris Self-concept Scale (Piers, 1969).
Fast-discharge excitation of hot capillary plasmas for soft-x-ray amplifiers.

High-temperature (${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{e}}$g150 eV), small-diameter (\ensuremath{\sim}200 \ensuremath{\mu}m) plasma columns have been efficiently generated by very fast (13 ns rise time, 28 ns full width at half maximum) pulsed discharge excitation of capillary channels filled with preionized gas. Discharges in argon-filled capillaries at currents between 20 and 60 kA produced plasmas with Ar x--AR xiv line emission, in which the degree of ionization was controlled by the magnitude of the current pulse. The characteristics of these plasmas differ from those created by vacuum discharges in the same capillaries and approach those necessary for soft-x-ray amplification in low-Z elements.
Thermal buckling of metal foam sandwich panels for convective thermal protection systems

Sandwich panels with metal foam cores are studied with application to actively cooled thermal protection systems. To evaluate these panels under thermal loading, a novel experimental technique and load frame, which provide a prominent improvement in the simultaneous preservation of thermal and mechanical boundary conditions during thermomechanical structural testing, are introduced and validated. With this technique, the response of metal foam sandwich panels (MFSPs) to thermally induced in-plane equibiaxial loading is investigated, and the elastoplastic pre- and postbuckling response of MFSPs is measured and analyzed. The in-plane response of the panels is quantified with strain-gauge measurements, and the out-of-plane response across the surface of the panel is captured via shadow moire interferometry. These measurements provide direct visualization and quantification of the initial buckled mode shapes, as well as the evolution of the elastoplastic postbuckled mode shapes from initial buckling into the postbuckling regime. This experimental investigation is the first of its kind, complementing the largely theoretical and numerical body of information on the thermomechanical response of sandwich panels.
The relative bioavailability of plant and animal sources of iron to the cat and chick

Abstract The biological availability of iron (Fe) from corn gluten meal (CGM) and dried beef liver (DBL), to represent plant and animal sources of Fe, respectively, was determined by hemoglobin depletion-repletion bioassays with young cats and chicks. Animals were rendered anemic by feeding a low-Fe, casein-dextrose diet (5 mg Fe/kg diet) for 28 (cats) or 7 (chicks) days. Repletion diets, supplemented with reagent grade FeSO 4 ·7H 2 O at graded increments below the animal's requirement, were fed to cats for 28 days. A regression equation relating final hemoglobin concentration to supplemental Fe intake was computed and relative bioavailability estimates made using the standard curve technique. Anemic chicks were fed graded levels of Fe supplied by ferrous sulfate or one of the test sources of Fe for 14 days and a multiple linear regression equation was calculated. The percent bioavailable Fe was then estimated by slope ratio analysis. Estimated relative bioavailability to the kitten of the Fe supplied by CGM was 20%; an estimate of 347% was obtained for DBL. For the chick, relative Fe bioavailabilities of 84 and 90% were estimated for CGM and DBL, respectively. Thus the cat appeared to be unique in its ability to utilize Fe from DBL approximately three times more efficiently than ferrous sulfate and ten times more efficiently than Fe from CGM.
Commodification of Leisure: Trend or Tract?

ABSTRACTA variety of Marxist critical arguments assert that leisure in modern capitalist societies is an extension of alienation and a denial of authenticity. Commodification of leisure is understood as a necessary element in the subordination of the entire social system to the reproduction of capitalism and its institutional structure. The consequence for the worker is an acquiescence to leisure that turns away from existential creative activity to the consumption of market-provided goods and services. Evidence for possible trends toward such consumptive leisure in the United States is examined. Participation trends in cost-intensive and cost-free activities are compared. «Veblen effects» and the «Engel Curve» are introduced as modifications of an analysis based on consistent average 6% of household income spent directly on leisure. Commodification is recast in terms of styles and indicators of persistent underlying meanings of leisure. A counter argument is summarized based on the kinds of leisure most ...
Seeing the Forest by Counting the Trees: Using a Variety of Data Sources to See the Big Picture

Libraries, particularly academic libraries, are swimming in a sea of data. Librarians often contribute to this by counting every possible patron interaction in an attempt to both define their current situation and to predict future staffing, budgetary, and collection needs. This investigation assessed the effectiveness of using various data sources in predicting future library activity and needs. The authors collected data on in-person and chat reference transactions, electronic journal downloads, database queries, and catalog searches from 2009–12. By analyzing these data points, the authors hypothesized they would find correlations that might be predictive of changes in related library services. Results indicated that the strongest correlations track activity over the course of the academic calendar. While none of the data points examined had predictive properties, the strong correlations between the data points over the period of time studied indicated that any one of them might serve as a stand-alone ...
Isolation and characterization of peptides produced by the mild acid hydrolysis of bovine submaxillary mucin.

The rate of release of amino acids during partial acid hydrolysis of bovine submaxillary mucin has been studied. A number of di- and tripeptides have been isolated on the amino acid analyzer. Three β-hydroxyamino acid peptides, Thr-Thr-Thr, Ser-Ser, and Thr-Ser have been isolated and account for 12 % of these amino acids in native mucin. A substantial amount of the glycine and alanine has been isolated as dipeptides of serine and threonine with the fihydroxyamino acids in the amino-terminal position. Proline, valine, isoleucine, and leucine seem to be in close association in the peptide core. The same pattern of peptides has been obtained from the partial acid hydrolysis of ovine submaxillary mucin.
Increased Springtail Abundance in a Garlic Mustard-Invaded Forest

Alliaria petiolata (Garlic Mustard) decreases diversity of native plants and introduces novel litter inputs to forests, but whether Garlic Mustard's presence influences detritivores is unclear. Our goal was to determine if Garlic Mustard alters springtail (detritivore) densities during early invasion. We obtained epigeal (litter, humus, and soil) cores from invaded and uninvaded areas in a Pinus strobus (White Pine) forest and used high-gradient dynamic sampling to extract springtails. Invaded areas contained nearly three times more springtails than uninvaded areas, attributable to two springtail morphospecies from Collembola families Tomoceridae and Entomobryidae. Higher pH in invaded epigeal samples correlated with increased springtail abundance. pH alkalization also correlated with increased proportion of juvenile rosettes in mixed stands. Our results suggest a possible role for pH modulation of springtail abundance in response to Garlic Mustard invasion.
Total knee arthroplasty in juvenile arthritis

Sixteen patients with 29 knee arthroplasties due to juvenile arthritis were studied. Eight patients had been wheelchair-bound and were nonambulatory due to hip and knee involvement. Surgery was indicated for correction of deformity, decreased range of motion, and relief of pain. The average preoperative disability score was 40.3, and postoperative score was 79.9. Thirteen of the 16 patients also required bilateral hip replacement arthroplasty. The average hospital stay for bilateral knee arthroplasty under one anesthesia was 45.3 days. The average followup was 36 months with a range of 24 months to 7 years. The overall results were excellent in 13 knees, good in 11, fair in 3, and poor in 2. Ambulation improved in all but 2 of the knees. Of the 2 failures, 1 was due to deep infection and the other to severity of disease and poor cooperation of the patient, who remains wheelchair-bound.
Toward A Renewed Sociological Jurisprudence: From Roscoe Pound to Herbert Blumer and Beyond

This article, based on the Distinguished Lecture presented on August 21, 2001, at the annual meeting of the Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction in Anaheim, California, proposes a synthesis of Herbert Blumer’ s macrosociological perspective on the race question with Roscoe Pound’ s philosophy and science of law (i.e., his so-called sociological jurisprudence), Joseph Tussman’ s and Jacobus tenBroek’s juridical methodology, and Philip Selznick’s sociology of responsive law. The compound so produced will help to establish a foundation for a praxiological sociology of American constitutional law. The article focuses on the problem of legislativemade “ classie cations” and their relations to the legitimate public purposes entailed in the enactment of statutes, laws, and decrees. Such classie cations become problematic when they are said to be “ underinclusive,” “ overinclusive,” or both in seeking to effect their aims. Strategic research sites for this issue are racial and ethnic classie cations that single out one or a limited cluster of racial or ethnic groups for special benee ts (“ afe rmative action” ) or restitution (“ reparations” ). Calling for a reinvigoration of Pound’ s pragmatic approach to sociological jurisprudence, I show how Blumer’ s analysis of the “ color line” — when seen in relation to the original intent of the makers of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth post‐ Civil War Amendments to the U.S. Constitution and, using Tussman’ s and tenBroek’ s showing of how such categorizations might be both methodically evaluated and applied to the challenged classie cations— provides grounds for reconsidering whether the latter are instances of “ reverse discrimination” and, hence, violations of the constitutional requirement of “ equal protection of the law.”
Pregroup Screening Issues for School Counselors

The environment in which a school counselor conducts group counseling within a school is different from the environment in which a therapist conducts child or adolescent therapy groups outside of school. Although some of these factors inherently create challenges for the school counselor, others offer special benefits to aid in the screening process. The authors review the key screening issues that face school counselors and discuss specific screening methods and how the uniqueness of the school environment may affect the screening process. A pregroup screening protocol for school counselors is suggested.
Group IV clathrates: synthesis, optoelectonic properties, and photovoltaic applications

Group IV clathrates are a unique class of guest/framework type compounds that are considered potential candidates for a wide range of applications (superconductors to semiconductors). To date, most of the research on group IV clathrates has focused heavily on thermoelectric applications. Recently, these materials have attracted attention as a result of their direct, wide band gaps for possible use in photovoltaic applications. Additionally, framework alloying has been shown to result in tunable band gaps. In this review, we discuss the current work and future opportunities concerning the synthesis and optical characterization of group IV clathrates for optoelectronics applications.
Ferritin structure: Possible models for apoferritin subunit arrangement

Abstract Four convex uniform polyhedra were utilized in the consideration of possible models for the arrangement of 24 identical protein subunits to form the shell-like structure of apoferritin. Comparisons between the dimensions of the different models and those reported for apoferritin permitted the elimination of only one model. The properties predicted for each of the models, such as numbers and sizes of dissociation intermediates, numbers and relative sizes of pores, and the symmetries of potential iron binding sites suggest experimental approaches which may be used to elucidate the structure of apoferritin.
The Irrelevance of Architecture

The architecture of a software-intensive system is largely irrelevant to its end users. Far more important to these stakeholders is the system's behavior, exhibited by raw, naked, running code. Most interesting system tests should be based on the use cases that are identified incrementally over the system's life cycle, the same use cases that the system's architects used to guide their design decisions. Testers can conduct other system tests only after the system's architecture is crisp. Just as analysts use a system's architecture as scaffolding along which to climb and examine the details of every edge, so too can testers use a system's architecture to devise tests that are relevant to the particular texture of that implementation
Lens stem cells may reside outside the lens capsule: an hypothesis

In this paper, we consider the ocular lens in the context of contemporary developments in biological ideas. We attempt to reconcile lens biology with stem cell concepts and a dearth of lens tumors. Historically, the lens has been viewed as a closed system, in which cells at the periphery of the lens epithelium differentiate into fiber cells. Theoretical considerations led us to question whether the intracapsular lens is indeed self-contained. Since stem cells generate tumors and the lens does not naturally develop tumors, we reasoned that lens stem cells may not be present within the capsule. We hypothesize that lens stem cells reside outside the lens capsule, in the nearby ciliary body. Our ideas challenge the existing lens biology paradigm. We begin our discussion with lens background information, in order to describe our lens stem cell hypothesis in the context of published data. Then we present the ciliary body as a possible source for lens stem cells, and conclude by comparing the ocular lens with the corneal epithelium.
System 2000: The MRI Systems Corporation

System 2000 was developed in 1970 and then successfully marketed by a small firm of DBMS technology entrepreneurs in Austin, Texas. Before the company was acquired by Intel Corporation in 1979, System 2000 was installed at more than 300 customer sites and used by more than 400 other organizations via Remote Computing Service firms. It remains in use today.