cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formation kinetics, mechanism, and thermodynamics of glyoxylic acid-sulfur(IV) adducts

A spectrophotometric study of the reversible addition of glyoxylic acid and S(IV) was conducted over the pH range of 0.7-2.9. Formation rates of the adduct, 2-hydroxy-2-sulfcethanoiacc id (HSEA), and its conjugate base were consistent with the following rate expression: -d[S(IV)]/dt = (k_1α_1β_1+ k_3α_2β_1)[C_2H_2O_3][S(IV)], where [C_2H_2O_3]= [CHOCO_2H]+ [CHOCO_2^-] + [CH(OH)_2CO_2H] + [CH(OH)_2CO_2^-], [S(IV)] = [H_2O•SO_2] + [HSO_3^-] + [SO_3^(2-)]ɑ_1 = [HSO_3^-]/[S(IV)], α_2 = [SO_3^(2-)]/[S(IV)], and β_1 = [CHOCO_2H]/[C_2H_2O_3]. The rate constants k_1 and k_3 correspond to the respective addition steps of HSO_3^- and SO_3^(2-) with CHOCO_2H. A study of the pH dependence gave k_1 = 443 (±21.2) M^(-1) s^(-1) and k_3 = 1.98 x 10^7 M^(-1) s^(-1). Temperature studies of the reaction showed that the ΔS^* for the addition of bisulfite and glyoxylic acid is significantly more negative than activation entropies for other low molecular weight aldehydes. A transition state was proposed that involves intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Adduct stability constants were determined as ^cK_1 = [HO_2CCH(OH)- SO_3^-]/([CHOCO_2H][HSO_3^-]) 7.09 X l0^7 M^(-1) and ^cK_2 = [^-O_2CCH(OH)SO_3^_]/([CHOCO_2^-][HSO_3^_]) = 5.27 x 10^6 M^(-1) at 25 oC and µ = 0.2 M. Correlations of these and other α-hydroxyalkanesulfonate stability constants with the Taft σ^* parameter and with carbonyl hydration constants are presented. The acid dissociation constant for the HSEA carboxyl group was estimated by potentiometric titration to be p^cK_(a5) = 2.99. The importance of glyoxylic acid as a reservoir for S(IV) in atmospheric water droplets was evaluated on the basis of these thermodynamic constants.
A Kinematics and Power Flow Analysis Methodology for Automatic Transmission Planetary Gear Trains

A generalized formulation for analyzing speeds and forces of the gear components of planetary automatic transmissions is proposed. The formulation is capable of analyzing any typical one-degree-of-freedom automatic transmission gear train containing any number of simple, compound or complex-compound planetary gear sets. The formulation consists of three components: a kinematic analysis formulation to compute rotational speeds of gears and carriers, a gear ratio and kinematic configuration search algorithm, and a power flow analysis formulation. The kinematics component computes rotational speeds of gears and carriers. Given the type and number of planetary gear sets, the search algorithm determines all possible kinematic configurations and gear tooth count combinations that result in a required set of gear ratios while eliminating all kinematic redundancies and unfavorable clutching sequences. The third component, the power-flow analysis formulation, performs a complete static force (power-flow) analysis to determine all gear and bearing forces and moments, and clutch and connection torque values. A five-speed transmission example is considered to highlight the capabilities of the proposed formulation.
Enhanced humoral and Type 1 cellular immune responses with Fluzone adjuvanted with a synthetic TLR4 agonist formulated in an emulsion.

Impairments in anti-influenza T helper 1 (Th1) responses are associated with greater risk of influenza-related mortality in the elderly. Addition of adjuvants to existing influenza vaccines could improve immune responses in the elderly. In this study, the activity of three adjuvants, an oil-in-water emulsion and a synthetic lipid A adjuvant formulated with or without the emulsion, is compared. Our results show that Fluzone combined with lipid A plus an emulsion effectively leads to greater vaccine-specific IgG2a and IgG titers, enhances hemagglutination-inhibition titers and induces Type 1 cytokine responses (IFN-γ and IL-2) to each of the Fluzone components.
Upper limits for H2SO4 in the mesosphere of Venus

Abstract Rapid temporal variability of SO 2 and SO in the Venus 85–100 km mesosphere ( Sandor, B.J., Clancy, R.T., Moriarty-Schieven G.H. [2007]. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 39, 503 ; Sandor, B.J., Clancy, R.T., Moriarty-Schieven, G.H., Mills, F.P. [2010]. Icarus 208, 49–60) requires in situ sources and sinks for these molecules. While many loss mechanisms are recognized, no process for in situ production is known. Observational investigations to find, or constrain other potential sulfur reservoirs offer one method toward understanding the applicable photochemistry. Here, we report upper limits for gas-phase H 2 SO 4 (sulfuric acid) abundances in Venus’ 85–100 km upper mesosphere, derived from 16 ground-based sub-mm spectroscopic observations in the period 2004–2008. Unlike the ubiquitous sulfuric acid solid/liquid aerosol, the gas phase would be photochemically active, potentially both source and sink for SO and SO 2 . H 2 SO 4 is retrieved from sub-mm lines located in the same bandpass as the SO 2 and SO lines described by Sandor et al. (Sandor, B.J., Clancy, R.T., Moriarty-Schieven, G.H., Mills, F.P. [2010]. Icarus 208, 49–60). H 2 SO 4 upper limits reported here are thus simultaneous and spatially coincident with measurements of SO 2 and SO, providing for analysis of the three sulfur species collectively. The average H 2 SO 4 abundance over 16 observations is 1 ± 2 ppb (i.e. 2 SO 4 , SO 2 and SO varies widely. In one comparison, the sum [H 2 SO 4 + SO 2 + SO] measured on one date differs by 10- σ from the sum measured 2 months later. We conclude that upper mesospheric sulfur atoms are not conserved among the three molecules, that H 2 SO 4 is not a significant sulfur reservoir for balancing the observed variations of [SO 2 + SO], and is not relevant to the (still unknown) photochemistry responsible for observed behavior of SO 2 and SO. Having ruled out H 2 SO 4 , we infer that elemental sulfur is the most probable candidate for the needed third reservoir.
Case Study: a Systems Approach to the Design of a Computer‐based Module for Teaching BASIC

Summary This study investigated whether 26 schoolteachers would benefit from a systematically designed computer‐based instruction (CBI) for learning the programming language of BASIC. The results indicated that the teachers did not perform well on either the immediate or delayed post‐test, nor did they hold a strong attitude toward the CBI module for learning BASIC. One of the possible reasons for these unexpected results might be that the learning content was too difficult or unfamiliar to most teachers. Recommendations for other BASIC instructors or software designers include the incorporation of an adequate amount of instruction for addressing common difficulties in learning BASIC. Also recommended are the integration of more practice opportunities for desired concepts and a higher level of learner control, in which the teachers can plan their own learning to review activities.
The susceptibility of the glycoprotein from the purified (Na+, K+)-activated adenosine triphosphatase to tryptic and chymotryptic degradation with and without Na+ and K+.

Purified (Na+, K+)-activated adenosine triphosphatase ((Na+, K+)-ATPase, ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) has been subjected to trypsin and chymotrypsin hydrolysis. The glycoprotein is much more resistant to proteolysis than the large chain. This differential susceptibility to proteolysis is not due to differences in the number of trypsin or chymotrypsin sensitive bonds because the two subunits are equally susceptible to proteolysis after isolation by preparative gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. It is also not due to steric “shielding’ of the glycoprotein by the large chain or its proteolytic products: (1) The rate of digestion of the glycoprotein is not increased after 90% of the large chain is digested. (2) The majority of the large chain peptides are released into the supernatant upon degradation. It is concluded that the greater resistance of the glycoprotein to proteolysis is due to its native conformation. In the absence of the large chain, the susceptibility of the glycoprotein to tryptic degradation by K+ and Na+. The evidence suggest that this decreased susceptibility was due to conformational changes in the glycoprotein. These specific ligand effects on proteolysis of the glycoprotein suggest that the glycoprotein may participate in Na+ and K+ binding by (Na+, K+)-ATPase.
Evaluation of Flat-Earth Approximation Results for Geopotential Missions

Simplie ed calculations can approximate the formal uncertainties in estimates of the spherical harmonic coefe cients representing the Earth’ s gravitational potential. The calculations model the Earth locally as a plane, producing errors negligible for wavelengths shorter than the radius of the Earth. Information derived from observations of low-altitude polar orbiting satellites is considered. With some constraints, the e nal model uncertainties derivefromapriorigravitationale eldinformation,specie corbitalelements,andparametersdescribinginstrumentation characteristics. We demonstrate how to ree ne the technique to accept inputs from the currently operational Navstar global positioning system (GPS) constellation and how to use information from partial tensor gravitational gradiometers. Thisapproach is benee cial when evaluating prospective satellitegeodesy missions becausethe covariance analyses for various mission scenarios can be made efe ciently and expeditiously. We demonstrate the utility of the e at-Earth approach by comparing results with those of more elaborate and time consuming calculations performed for the European Space Agency ARISTOTELES (Applications and Research Involving Space Techniques Observing The Earth’ s Field From Low Earth Orbiting Satellite ) proposed geopotential mapping mission, the NASA Gravity Probe B Relativity mission, and the NASA/Center National d’ Etudes Spatiales Topographic Ocean Experiment Satellite (TOPEX)/Poseidon mission. We also show that the e at-Earth approximations are consistent with reductions of the GPS tracking data obtained by TOPEX/Poseidon. Nomenclature e = natural logarithm base F.!/ = factor of reduction in geopotential variance at spatial frequency! H.$/ = information vector associated with instrument observations
Assessing body types, diet, exercise, and sedentary behavior of American and Japanese college students

Purpose – The present study aims to investigate the prevalence of overweight and obesity in both American and Japanese college students and their diet, exercise, and sedentary behavior.Design/methodology/approach – The total of 407 college students from the USA (162 students aged 17‐53 years) and from Japan (245 students aged 18‐32 years) answered the survey in order to assess their body types, diet, exercise, and sedentary behavior.Findings – Although the author found a lower mean BMI (body mass index) in the Japanese sample than in their American counterparts, there were not many differences in their diet, exercise, and sedentary behavior between them. The Japanese sample consumed their breakfast more regularly, were more likely to live with their parents, went to fast food restaurants less often and spent less money there than their American counterparts.Research limitations/implications – The present study used self‐report survey method and it can be considered as a pilot study. In the future study, t...
Aggression as equity restoration

Abstract Equity theory was used to predict the amount of aggression that an individual would emit after being subjected to either positive or negative inequity. Actual and psychological equity restoration techniques were considered. Fifty-four males participated in the experiment. Results indicate that actual equity-restoring techniques were adopted by all participants, with negative inequity resulting in increased levels of aggression and positive inequity resulting in a mixture of responses. In addition, the use of these techniques occurred at different points in time during the aggressive encounter for participants in the two inequity conditions. The effect of prior equity restoration attempts on aggression in later trials was also tested.
Induction and localization of Plasmodium falciparum stress proteins related to the heat shock protein 70 family.

Abstract Induction of heat shock-related stress proteins Pfhsp and Pfgrp, similar in sequence to hsp70 (heat shock protein) and grp78 (glucose-regulated protein), respectively, was studied in culture-derived parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Elevation in temperature from 26°C to 37°C and higher caused significant induction of Pfhsp with a moderate effect on the synthesis of Pfgrp also. Synthesis of Pfgrp, however, was not induced by partial glucose deprivation. On the contrary, lack of glucose in the medium resulted in cessation of protein synthesis in the parasites. Other known inducers of grp synthesis in mammalian cells, i.e., calcium ionophore A23187 and inhibitors of glycosylation (tunicamycin, 2-deoxy glucose) were also without any apparent effect on the synthesis of Pfgrp. Heat shock-induced responses were transient in nature: removal of stress caused repression of these responses. The effect of glucose deprivation was only partially reversible with better recovery if parasites were subjected to glucose starvation at 26°C than at 37°C. Northern blot analysis and in vitro translation of mRNA revealed a parallel increase in the levels of mRNA for Pfhsp upon heat shock. Immuno-gold electron microscopy with cultured parasites revealed nuclear location of Pfhsp and primarily cytoplasmic (probably endoplasmic reticulum) location of Pfgrp. These findings suggest that SDEL (carboxy terminal sequence of Pfgrp) might play a similar role in the cellular localization of Pfgrp as does the sequence KDEL in mammalian cells and HDEL in yeast.
Gamma-ray transitions from isobaric analogue states to low-lying states in 93Tc

Abstract The 92 Mo(p, γ) reaction shows strong γ-decays to low-lying single-proton states from the isobaric analogue state (IAS) of a single-neutron state. However no measurable γ-decays are observed to lower states from the IAS of a collective state.
Trace metal concentrations in sediments of the Eastern Mississippi Bight

Abstract Sediments collected from 3 onshore-offshore transects (12 stations total) in the Eastern Mississippi Bight at 5 different times during 1987–1988 have been analyzed for total Ag, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Th and Zn. The data show considerable variation both spatially and temporally, largely as a result of natural variability in grain size and mineralogy. Clay-rich samples from deep water were always more metal-rich than sandy samples from shallow areas. Many samples from near the Mississippi River Delta appeared to be enriched in Ba by about a factor of two, probably as a result of contamination from oil well drilling mud, but there were few other indications of pollution influences. Many samples from throughout the area gave Mn/Fe and Cd/Fe ratios a factor of two or more lower than their Mississippi River source material. This shows that biochemical activity in the sediment is capable of solubilizing reducible and adsorbed metals.
The Future of Grand Unification

I am honored to be part of this extraordinary celebration, but I am a little daunted that the organizers have asked me to talk about grand unified theories (GUTs). Do not get me wrong — I think this is a beautiful idea. I think that the gorgeous fit of the standard model into SU(5) must be an important and fundamental fact about the world.1) I was impressed and excited when I first found it a third of a
Induction of Chloramphenicol Metabolism by Phenobarbital

The induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes leading to more rapid metabolism of antibiotics has been demonstrated in only a few prior studies. We have studied the induction of chloramphenicol metabolism in an isolated rat liver perfusion model and in intact dogs. Using these methods, we have demonstrated that the clearance of chloramphenicol from serum is markedly increased after treatment of animals with phenobarbital. This was demonstrated to be a function of increased clearance of the drug by the liver, accompanied but not paralleled by increases in liver weight and biliary excretion by the rat liver. In intact dogs, small doses of chloramphenicol were not sufficient to demonstrate this fact, whereas a large test dose of 100 mg/kg showed markedly enhanced clearance after 1 week of oral phenobarbital administration. Prolongation of phenobarbital treatment or increased dose did not further increase the clearance, and chloramphenicol could not be demonstrated to enhance its own clearance. Human data on induction of enzymes is to date inconclusive.
610 RESPONSE OF BODY LEUCINE METABOLISM TO DIET SUPPLE-MENTATION IN CHILDREN WITH CROHN'S DISEASE/GROWTH FAILURE

Responses of body leucine metabolism in children(mean age,15.0 yr) with Crohn's disease and growth failure (x ht and wt, 143.9cm and 37.4kg)were studied before and during dietary supplementation. All children ingested a constant diet (2.35g pro/kg/d and 68Kcal/kg/d), comparable to usual oral intakes, followed by continuous nasogastric feedings of 30% protein and 40% energy increases. At the end of each 7-day period, the children received a primed constant infusion of [1−13C]leucine for 4 hrs. Plasma 13C-leucine and breath 13CO2 were measured at 15-min intervals during isotopic plateau. Results (μmole/kg/hr,x±SEM) for leucine flux(Q), oxidation(Ox) and incorporation(INC) and endogenous release(REL) were: Thus there was net leucine conservation with supplementation via increased incorporation, and reduced oxidation and endogenous release. These findings suggest that growth failure in Crohn's is accompanied by abnormalities in leucine metabolism which may be reversed with dietary protein and energy supplementation.
Contracting Under Endogenous Risk

Agents make decisions by trading off cost, return and risk. The literature, however, does not consider the impact of risk on action choice. We show that this tradeoff has important implications for the firm. First, the firm may provide no insurance in the salary. Since the agent’s action choice will determine her risk, the salary cannot compensate her for it. Second, the firm may not be able to design an incentive scheme to implement particularly risky actions. Finally, the firm may not be able to design a scheme in which the agent splits her effort across multiple tasks. This is particularly problematic for tasks that are technological substitutes.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic approach to the study of the secondary cell wall development in cotton fiber

Cotton fiber maturity is a major yield component and an important fiber quality trait that is directly linked to the quantity of cellulose deposited during the secondary cell wall (SCW) biogenesis. Cotton fiber development consists of five major overlapping stages: differentiation, initiation, polar elongation, secondary cell wall development, and maturation. The transition period between 16 and 21 dpa (days post anthesis) is regarded to represent a major developmental stage between the primary cell wall and the SCW. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate the structural changes that occur during the different developmental stages. The IR spectra of fibers harvested at different stages of development (10, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 27, 30, 36, 46, and 56 dpa) show the presence of vibrations located at 1,733 cm−1 (C=O stretching originating from esters or amides) and 1,534 cm−1 (NH2 deformation corresponding to proteins or amino acids). The results converge towards the conclusion that the transition phase between the primary cell wall and the secondary cell wall occurs between 17 and 18 dpa in fibers from TX19 cultivar, while this transition occurs between 21 and 24 dpa in fibers from TX55 cultivar.
Correlation between the high rate of protein synthesis during mitosis and the absence of G1 period in V79-8 cells.

Abstract The object of this study was to investigate whether modification of culture conditions would induce G1 and G2 periods in the Chinese hamster cell line, V79-8, which has been reported to exhibit neither of these phases in its life cycle. The results of this study indicate that under optimum culture conditions this cell line multiplies rapidly, with a generation time of about 9.5 h, and exhibits no measurable G1 period. However, under conditions of confluent growth, deprivation of isoleucine or inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis, a significant fraction (44–85%) of the cell population is preferentially arrested in the G1 period. Transient G2 arrest can also be induced in these cells by replacing the amino acid phenylalanine by its analog p -fluorophenylalanine. We have observed that decreasing the concentration of serum in the medium from 16 to 1% resulted not only in the prolongation of generation time but also resulted in a significant increase in the length of G1 period. Culturing cells in medium with 1% serum had no measurable effect on the rate of protein synthesis in interphase cells but a 50% reduction was seen in that of mitotic cells. The ratio between the rates of protein synthesis in mitotic and interphase cells in the line V79-8 is considerably higher (0.373) than that of G1-1 (0.218), a variant of V79-8 that has a G1 period of 4.25 h. These data suggest that cell line V79-8 is unique in retaining a relatively high rate of protein synthesis during mitosis under most favorable conditions. Probably this feature allows the synthesis of the factors necessary for the initiation of DNA synthesis while the cells are still in mitosis. However, under subnormal conditions the protein synthesizing machinery in the mitotic cells becomes inefficient and the cells require a longer time to synthesize the inducers of DNA synthesis; hence a G1 period is expressed.
Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Quaternary Carbon Centers. Exploratory Studies of Intramolecular Heck Reactions of (Z)-α,β-Unsaturated Anilides and Mechanistic Investigations of Asymmetric Heck Reactions Proceeding via Neutral Intermediates

Intramolecular Heck reactions of seven (Z)-α,β-unsaturated 2-iodoanilides catalyzed by Pd−BINAP were surveyed using two reaction conditions: (1) silver-promoted cyclizations in the presence of 2 equiv of Ag3PO4 and (2) base-promoted cyclizations in the presence of 4 equiv of 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidine (PMP). A comparison of these results with the outcome of the corresponding intramolecular Heck reactions of the E stereoisomers leads to the following conclusions: (1) (E)- and (Z)-α,β-unsaturated 2-iodoanilides give opposite enantiomers of the Heck product when Ag3PO4 is the HI acceptor (cationic pathway); the absolute configuration of the product is independent of alkene geometry when the HI acceptor is PMP (neutral pathway). (2) When the 2-substituent is Me or prim-alkyl, stereoinduction is optimal in PMP-promoted insertions of Z substrates which occur with ee's as high as 97%. (3) When the 2-substituent is large, stereoinduction is optimal in insertions of E substrates carried out in the presence ...
SELECTIVE STIMULATION AND ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF THE OLFACTORY BULB OF THE OPOSSUM.

The present study was designed to compare electrophysiological data with the results obtained from human Ss who were asked qualitatively to scale odors. To achieve this end, recordings from the area of the mitral cells in the opossum's olfactory bulb were carried out with tungsten microelectrodes. The stimuli used were odorants from the extreme ends of the five oblique factors obtained in the human study. The results indicate that chemicals with large positive factor loadings have a facilitative effect on the activity in the anterior olfactory bulb and that chemicals with large negative factor loadings have a facilitative effect on the activity in the posterior olfactory bulb. Further investigation of the four chemicals comprising the extreme positive poles of the factors led to the conclusion that chemicals with large positive factor weights exert an inhibitory effect on the activity in the posterior olfactory bulb. It was also found that the magnitude of the physiological response to a chemical is signi...
Precursors to aromatic units in coal

Abstract Previous oxidation experiments with bituminous coal have produced fluorenone, benzophenone and anthraquinone carboxylic acids. Precursors to these acids were speculated to be fluorene, diphenylmethane, anthracene and 9,10-dihydroanthracene derivatives. Oxidation experiments suggested that polymethylene bridges between aromatic units may also act as precursors to these acids.
Up-regulation of the levels of androgen receptor and its mRNA by androgens in smooth-muscle cells from rat penis.

Abstract Smooth-muscle cells cultured from the penis of sexually immature (I-PSMC) and adult (A-PSMC) rats express similar high levels of the androgen receptor (AR) mRNA. This contrasts with the marked in vivo decline of both AR mRNA and androgen binding in the penile smooth muscle of adult rats, which appears to be responsible for the cessation of androgen-dependent penile growth upon sexual maturation. PSMC is therefore a good model to study down-regulators of AR expression as a function of cell proliferation in the smooth muscle of androgen-reputative sponsive vascular tissue. In order to determine whether AR protein levels in PSMC correlate with AR mRNA levels, the immunocytochemical detection of ARs and their androgen binding capacity were compared between I- and A-PSMC. The number of ARs and their protein half-lives suggested similar levels of translation of the AR mRNA in both cell lines. The effect of the synthetic analog methyltrienolone (R-1881) on androgen binding was studied in contact-inhibited androgen-deprived PSMC. In contrast to the postulated role of androgens as down-regulators of AR expression in rat penis, ARs were up-regulated in A-PSMC by R-1881. Contact inhibition of A-PSMC combined with serum depletion and androgen deprivation down-regulated AR mRNA levels, and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) counteracted this effect. These results suggest that the loss in A-PSMC of the age-dependent down-regulation of ARs observed in vivo in adult corpora cavernosa smooth muscle is related to the in vitro resumption of cell proliferation and that DHT acts directly on the penile smooth muscle as a positive modulator of AR levels.
An electron microscopic study of cultured rat testicular fragments.

Fragments of testicular tissue of 26-day-old rats were grown as organ cultures during one to six weeks. Electron microscopic studies showed that these tissues can be maintained in vitro for prolonged periods of time, although the most differentiated elements (Leydig and spermatic cells other than spermatogonia) fail to continue their development and degenerate rather rapidly. The connective tissue structures preserve their usual architecture, but the basal membrane of the tubules appears extremely folded and detached from the epithelium. After four weeks in culture, spermatogonia without differentiating are still present, and among them the presence of a “more primitive” type is noted. Sertoli cells are well preserved and ultrastructurally they present the characteristics of the adult type. The possibility exists that differentiation of these two lines of cells may be achieved in vitro if the factors necessary for their growth and differentiation are recognized and incorporated in the culture system.
Killer B lymphocytes and their fas ligand positive exosomes as inducers of immune tolerance.

Induction of immune tolerance is a key process by which the immune system is educated to modulate reactions against benign stimuli such as self-antigens and commensal microbes. Understanding and harnessing the natural mechanisms of immune tolerance may become an increasingly useful strategy for treating many types of allergic and autoimmune diseases, as well as for improving the acceptance of solid organ transplants. Our laboratory and others have been interested in the natural ability of some B lymphocytes to express the death-inducing molecule Fas ligand (FasL), and their ability to kill T helper (TH) lymphocytes. We have recently shown that experimental transformation of human B cells by a non-replicative variant of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) consistently resulted in high expression of functional FasL protein. The production and release of FasL+ exosomes that co-expressed MHC Class II molecules and had the capacity to kill antigen-specific TH cells was also observed. Several lines of evidence indicate that FasL+ B cells and FasL+MHCII+ exosomes have important roles in natural immune tolerance and have a great deal of therapeutic potential. Taken together, these findings suggest that EBV-immortalized human B lymphoblastoid cell lines could be used as cellular factories for FasL+ exosomes, which would be employed to therapeutically establish and/or regain immune tolerance toward specific antigens. The goals of this review are to summarize current knowledge of the roles of FasL+ B cells and exosomes in immune regulation, and to suggest methods of manipulating killer B cells and FasL+ exosomes for clinical purposes.
Mathematical transforms and correlation techniques for object recognition using tactile data

The authors discuss an object recognition system which uses tactile array data and mathematical transform techniques. The sensor consists of a grid of sensitive sites arrayed in a 10*16 orthogonal array. An object is placed onto the sensor and an instantaneous reading of the tactile image is transferred to an IBM-XT computer where the data are processed using two-dimensional mathematical transforms and correlation algorithms. Several test results are presented to illustrate the performance of the system. >
Effect of Resonator Axis Skew on Normal Incidence Impedance

High by-pass turbofan engines have fewer fan blades and lower rotation speeds than their predecessors. Consequently, the noise suppression at the low frequency end of the noise spectra has become an increasing concern. This has led to a renewed emphasis on improving noise suppression efficiency of passive, duct liner treatments at the lower frequencies. For a variety of reasons, passive liners are comprised of locally-reacting, resonant absorbers. One reason for this design choice is to satisfy operational and economic requirements. The simplest liner design consists of a single layer of honeycomb core sandwiched between a porous facesheet and an impervious backing plate. These resonant absorbing structures are integrated into the nacelle wall and are very ef- ficient over a limited bandwidth centered on their resonance frequency. Increased noise suppression bandwidth and greater suppression at lower frequencies is typically achieved for conventional liners by increasing the liner depth and incorporating thin porous septa into the honeycomb core. However, constraints on liner depth in modern high by-pass engine nacelles severely limit the suppression bandwidth extension to lower frequencies. Also, current honeycomb core liners may not be suitable for irregular geometric volumes heretofore not considered. It is of interest, therefore, to find ways to circumvent liner depth restrictions and resonator cavity shape constraints. One way to increase effective liner depth is to skew the honeycomb core axis relative to the porous facesheet surface. Other possibilities are to alter resonator cavity shape, e.g. high aspect ratio, narrow channels that possibly include right angle bends, 180. channel fold-backs, and splayed channel walls to conform to irregular geometric constraints. These possibilities constitute the practical motivation for expanding impedance modeling capability to include unconventional resonator orientations and shapes. The work reported in this paper is in the nature of a progress report and is limited to examining the implications of resonator axis skew on the composite normal incidence impedance of an array of resonator channels. Specifically, experimental results are compared with a modified impedance prediction model for highaspect- ratio, rectangular, resonator channels with varying amounts of skew relative to the incident particle velocity. It is shown that for resonator channel widths of 1 to 2 mm, aspect ratios of 25 to 50, and skew angles of zero to sixty degrees, the surface impedance of test models can be predicted with good accuracy. Predicted resistances and reactances are particularly well correlated through the first resonance and first anti-resonance for all six test models investigated. Beyond the first anti-resonance, the impedance prediction model loses the ability to predict details of resistance and reactance but still predicts the mean trends very well.
Intense drilling in the Carboniferous brachiopod Cardiarina cordata Cooper, 1956

The brachiopod Cardiarina cordata, collected from a Late Pennsylvanian (Virgilian) limestone unit in Grapevine Canyon (Sacramento Mts., New Mexico), reveals frequent drillings: 32.7% (n = 400) of these small, invariably articulated specimens (<2 mm size) display small (<0.2 mm), round often beveled holes that are typically single and penetrate one valve of an articulated shell. The observed drilling frequency is comparable with frequencies observed in the Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic. The drilling organism displayed high valve and site selectivity, although the exact nature of the biotic interaction recorded by drill holes (parasitism vs. predation) cannot be established. In addition, prey/host size may have been an important factor in the selection of prey/host taxa by the predator/parasite. These results suggest that drilling interactions occasionally occurred at high (Cenozoic-like) frequencies in the Paleozoic. However, such anomalously high frequencies may have been restricted to small prey/host with small drill holes. Small drillings in C. cordata, and other Paleozoic brachiopods, may record a different guild of predators/parasites than the larger, but less common, drill holes previously documented for Paleozoic brachiopods, echinoderms, and mollusks.
Synthesis of SiC platelet reinforced 2014 Al alloys by a pressure infiltration technique

In the present note, a liquid metallurgy technique has been reported to synthesize Al alloy composites containing relatively high (50% or more) volume fractions of platelet shaped silicon carbide reinforcement. The technique employs countergravity pressure assisted liquid metal infiltration of prepacked columns of SiC platelets
Adapter proteins SLP-76 and BLNK both are expressed by murine macrophages and are linked to signaling via Fcγ receptors I and II/III

The SLP-76 (Src homology 2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa) adapter protein is expressed in T cells and myeloid cells, whereas its homologue BLNK (B cell linker protein) is expressed in B cells. SLP-76 and BLNK link immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif-containing receptors to signaling molecules that include phospholipase C-γ, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and the GTPases Ras and Rho. SLP-76 plays a critical role in T cell receptor, FcɛRI and gpVI collagen receptor signaling, and participates in signaling via FcγR and killer cell inhibitory receptors. BLNK plays a critical role in B cell receptor signaling. We show that murine bone marrow-derived macrophages express both SLP-76 and BLNK. Selective ligation of FcγRI and FcγRII/III resulted in tyrosine phosphorylation of both SLP-76 and BLNK. SLP-76−/− bone marrow-derived macrophages display FcγR-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of Syk, phospholipase C-γ2, and extracellular signal regulated kinases 1 and 2, and normal FcγR-dependent phagocytosis. These data suggest that both SLP-76 and BLNK are coupled to FcγR signaling in murine macrophages.
Signal transduction inhibition: results from phase I clinical trials in chronic myeloid leukemia.

Abstract The tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib mesylate (Gleevec ™ , Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp, East Hanover, NJ) (formerly STI571) showed significant antileukemic activity with minimal toxicity in preclinical studies. Based on these data, a phase I clinical trial was conducted in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) who failed other treatment options. Once therapeutic doses were attained, 53 of 54 patients (98%) in the chronic phase achieved hematologic remissions. With prolonged therapy of 2 to 5 months duration, a growing percentage of patients achieved cytogenetic responses. Imatinib mesylate also has activity as a single agent in CML blast crisis and in patients with Ph + acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Although responses tend not to be durable, 20% of patients with myeloid blast crisis are in continuous remission for periods up to 1 year. Ongoing clinical studies are directed at optimizing the use of imatinib mesylate.
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic study of the metal—sulfur bonding: Adsorption of N,N-dimethyl-thioformamide on copper and silver electrodes

Abstract Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy has been used to study the adsorption of N,N-dimethyl-thioformamide (DMTF) on Cu and Ag electrodes. Similar to the cases of thiourea and thioacetamide, the predominantly CS stretching band at 975 cm −1 of DMTF is shifted to lower frequencies by about 30–40 cm −1 upon adsorption on Cu and Ag surfaces. We conclude that DMTF is S-bonded to the metal surfaces. The frequency shifts of the CS stretch resemble those observed for the organometallic complexes of DMTF.
Lichenoid changes in mycosis fungoides

Background: The lichenoid tissue reaction (LTR) is present in a variety of dermatoses. Numerous histologic variants of mycosis fungoides (MF) have also been described. Objective: Our purpose was to analyze a subset of patients with mycosis fungoides (MF) who had a prominent LTR at the time of presentation. Methods: Clinical and pathologic features were evaluated in 12 patients with MF and an LTR. Results: The primary complaint was intense pruritus (in 10 of 12 patients). An accelerated course was noted in one half of the patients including four with Sezary syndrome. Four patients died: two with Sezary syndrome and two with extensive patch/plaque ME Lymphocyte atypia, prominent basal cell layer epidennotropism, and the presence of plasma cells and eosinophils may help to distinguish lichenoid MF from lichen planus. Conclusion: A subset of patients with MF present with lichenoid changes. The pathologic features may have a striking resemblance to lichen planus. Our findings suggest that lichenoid changes in MF tend to be associated with intense pruritus and may connote a poor prognosis.
A statistical study of meteoroid fragmentation and differential ablation using the Resolute Bay Incoherent Scatter Radar

[1] There has been much interest in the meteor physics community recently regarding the detailed processes by which the meteoroid mass flux arrives in the upper atmosphere. Of particular interest are the relative roles of simple ablation, differential ablation, and fragmentation in interpretation of the meteor events observed by the high-power large-aperture (HPLA) radars. An understanding of the relative roles of these mechanisms is necessary to determine whether the considerable meteor mass flux arriving in the upper atmosphere arrives mostly in nanometer dust/smoke (via fragmentation) or atomic form (via ablation), which in turn has important consequences in understanding not only the aeronomy of the region but also the formation and evolution of various upper atmospheric phenomenon such as Polar Mesospheric Summer Echoes. Using meteor observations from the newly operational Resolute Bay Incoherent Scatter Radar (RISR), we present the first statistical study showing the relative contribution of these mechanisms. We find that RISR head echoes exhibited ∼48% fragmentation, ∼32% simple ablation, and ∼20% differential ablation. We also report existence of compound meteor events exhibiting signatures of more than one mass loss mechanism. These results emphasize that the processes by which the meteoroid mass is deposited into the upper atmosphere are complex and involve all three mechanisms described here. This conclusion is unlike the previously reported results that stress the importance of one or the other of these mechanisms. These results will also contribute in improving current meteoroid disintegration/ablation models.
A Dasyscypha following Cronartium ribicola on Pinus monticola. II.

(1943). A Dasyscypha Following Cronartium Ribicola on Pinus Monticola. I. Mycologia: Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 95-111.
BB shot within the quadratus labii inferioris and triangularis muscles

Abstract A 17-year-old soldier was seen on routine examination. This was his first visit to a dentist. Roentgenograms revealed a BB shot which had been present for five years within the quadratus labii inferioris and triangularis muscles. The case is reported because it is so unusual.
Do Mirror Neurons Subserve Action Understanding

Mirror neurons were once widely believed to support action understanding via motor simulation of the observed actions. Recent evidence regarding the functional properties of mirror neurons in monkeys as well as much neuropsychological evidence in humans has shown that this is not the case.
Pulsatile release of insulin from layer-by-layer assembled microgel thin films

We describe studies concerning the construction and characterization of insulin-impregnated poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) microgel thin films prepared by Layer-by-Layer (LbL) polyelectrolyte assembly. These films can be built up in a highly uniform fashion and display linear buildup dependence even up to 30 layers. Thermoresponsivity of these drug loaded films can be utilized to obtain extended pulsatile release of insulin over many cycles. Continuous thermal pulsing allows solubilization of the embedded peptide and subsequent diffusion through the film layers. The magnitude of release can be tuned based on film thickness. This type of microgel thin film construct proves to be extremely robust and can potentially pulse out constant bursts of peptide for more than one month at a time.
Direct XAFS evidence for heterogeneous redox reaction at the aqueous chromium/magnetite interface

Abstract Hexavalent chromium is a highly toxic, carcinogenic, and mobile contaminant present in wastewaters from mining and industrial operations. Its reduction to trivalent chromium, both less toxic and less soluble over the pH range of most natural waters, has previously been observed in solutions in contact with the redox-sensitive iron oxide magnetite (Fe2+Fe23+O4), and occurs via electron transfer from Fe2+ in the magnetite structure. This study presents direct in situ X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) evidence for the presence of Cr(III), initially resulting from the reduction of Cr(VI)aq in solution, at the surface of synthetic magnetite at near-neutral pH. Cr(VI) reacts with freshly-synthesized magnetite at a surface coverage of 4.5 μmol m−2 to be entirely reduced to Cr(III), as evidenced by the Cr absorption edge position and by the absence of a 1s → 3d pre-edge peak. XAFS spectra of Cr on progressively oxidized magnetite surfaces, however, show increasing pre-edge peak height indicating the presence of Cr(VI), i.e. a decrease in the Cr-reducing capacity of altered (maghemite-coated) magnetite grains. As expected, Cr(VI) sorbed to a ferric oxide, synthetic maghemite (γ-Fe23+O3), is not significantly reduced. The Cr pre-edge peak height for Cr(VI) reacted with maghemite is comparable to pre-edge peak heights of Cr(VI) model compounds. XAFS spectra for Cr model compounds compare well with theoretical XAFS spectra for the same compounds calculated using the ab initio, single- and multiple-scattering code FEFF. Fit parameters derived from FEFF models of Cr(III)- and Cr(VI)-containing compounds were used to determine the coordination environment (number and chemical identity of neighboring shells of atoms and their interatomic distances) of Cr sorbed to magnetite and maghemite samples.
The Rhetoric of Friendship in Plato's Lysis

Abstract Rhetorical decisions, including the commitments of friendship and love, are responsive to the world without being determined by it. Therefore the dilemma: when we try to articulate our commitments we wind up talking either about ourselves—as though our decisions were not responsive to the world, but simply a matter of will—or about the evidence—as though our decisions were determined by the nature of things, reducing commitment to reason. The Lysis dramatizes the rhetorical nature of commitment by raising questions about the relation between being a friend and being able to talk about friendship and give reasons for one9s friendship.
Myopic optimal policy for a multi-period, two-delivery-lead-times, stochastic inventory problem with minimum cumulative commitment and capacity

Abstract This paper studies a single-product, multi-period, stochastic inventory problem that imposes the lower and upper bounds on the cumulative order quantity during a planning horizon and allows two delivery lead times. This model includes three features. The first one is that a buyer purchases a fixed capacity from a supplier at the beginning of a planning horizon and the buyer’s total cumulative order quantity during the planning horizon is constrained with the capacity. The second one is that the buyer agrees to purchase the product at least a certain percentage of the purchased capacity during the planning horizon. The third one is that the supplier allows the buyer to order the product with two-delivery-lead-times. We identify conditions under which a myopic ordering policy is optimal. We also develop an algorithm to calculate the optimal capacity when the minimum cumulative order quantity commitment is a certain percentage of the capacity. We then use the algorithm to evaluate the effect of the various parameters on the buyer’s minimum expected total cost during the planning horizon. Our computation shows that the buyer would benefit from the commitments and two-delivery-lead-times.
Turbulent amplification of large-scale magnetic fields

Previously-introduced methods for analytically estimating the effects of small-scale turbulent fluctuations on large-scale dynamics are extended to fully three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics. The problem becomes algebraically tractable in the presence of sufficiently large spectral gaps. The calculation generalizes 'alpha dynamo' calculations, except that the velocity fluctuations and magnetic fluctuations are treated on an independent and equal footing. Earlier expressions for the 'alpha coefficients' of turbulent magnetic field amplification are recovered as a special case.
Carbon Nanotube-Based Permeable Membranes

A membrane of multiwalled carbon nanotubes embedded in a silicon nitride matrix was fabricated for use in studying fluid mechanics on the nanometer scale. Characterization by fluorescent tracer diffusion and scanning electron microscopy suggests that the membrane is void-free near the silicon substrate on which it rests, implying that the hollow core of the nanotube is the only conduction path for molecular transport. Assuming Knudsen diffusion through this nanotube membrane, a maximum helium transport rate (for a pressure drop of 1 atm) of 0.25 cc/sec is predicted. Helium flow measurements of a nanoporous silicon nitride membrane, fabricated by sacrificial removal of carbon, give a flow rate greater than 1x10{sup -6} cc/sec. For viscous, laminar flow conditions, water is estimated to flow across the nanotube membrane (under a 1 atm pressure drop) at up to 2.8x10{sup -5} cc/sec (1.7 {micro}L/min).