cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A systematic review of prevention programs targeting depression, anxiety, and stress in university students

Abstract Background Given the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress among university students, it is important to assess the effectiveness of prevention programs for these problems. Beyond examining effect sizes, applying a common elements approach can enhance our understanding of which practice elements are most frequently included in symptom-reducing programs. Method This review examined effective (i.e., outcome-producing) prevention programs targeting depression, anxiety, and/or stress in university students. Programs could be delivered in a group-based, online/computer-delivered, or self-administered format and at the universal, selective, or indicated prevention level. Results The resulting sample of 62 articles covered 68 prevention programs for college, graduate, or professional students across 15 countries. Average effect sizes for programs were moderate (overall g = 0.65), regardless of delivery format or prevention level. The most common practice elements (overall and for programs producing large effects) were: psychoeducation (72%), relaxation (69%), and cognitive monitoring/restructuring (47%). Many programs were limited by: (a) symptom target-outcome mismatches, (b) disproportionately female samples, and (c) inconsistently reported adherence data. Limitations Commonness of practice elements across outcome-producing interventions does not imply their extensiveness nor unique contribution to effectiveness. Coding was based on information in articles rather than manuals, and inter-rater reliability was moderate for some practice elements. Conclusion The outcome-producing prevention programs in our sample had common practice elements and produced moderate reduction in symptoms overall. Future research of depression, anxiety, and stress prevention programs for university students can investigate practice elements’ unique and combined impact on outcomes, further explore under-tested practice elements, and use findings to inform intervention design.
TARGETING THE MTOR NETWORK TO MAXIMIZE HEALTHSPAN

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a key nutrient and growth factor-responsive pathway that has emerged as a central regulator of aging. Inhibition of mTOR complex I in particular has been found to increase lifespan and improve functional declines during aging in yeast, worms, flies, and mice. Recently clinical studies have provided the first evidence that similar effects may be achievable in pet dogs and in elderly people. This session will focus on new discoveries related to mTOR signaling and aging.
The temporal dynamics of infants' joint attention: Effects of others' gaze cues and manual actions

Abstract Infants' development of joint attention shows significant advances between 9 and 12 months of age, but we still need to learn much more about how infants coordinate their attention with others during this process. The objective of this study was to use eye tracking to systematically investigate how 8- and 12-month-old infants as well as adults dynamically select their focus of attention while observing a social partner demonstrate infant-directed actions. Participants were presented with 16 videos of actors performing simple infant-directed actions from a first-person perspective. Looking times to faces as well as hands-and-objects were calculated for participants at each age, and developmental differences were observed, although all three groups looked more at hands-and-objects than at faces. In order to assess whether visual attention was coordinated with the actors' behaviors, we compared participants looking at faces and objects in response to gaze direction as well as infant-directed actions vs. object-directed actions. By presenting video stimuli that involved continuously changing actions, we were able to document that the likelihood of joint attention changes in both real and developmental time. Overall, adults and 12-month-old infants' visual attention was modulated by gaze cues as well as actions, whereas this was only partially true for 8-month-old infants. Our results reveal that joint attention is not a monolithic process nor does it develop all at once.
Long-term immunological responses to treatment among HIV-2 patients in Côte d'Ivoire.

Studies indicate that responses to HIV-2 treatment regimens are worse than responses to HIV-1 regimens during the first 12 months of treatment, but longer-term treatment responses are poorly described. We utilized data from Cote d’Ivoire’s RETRO-CI laboratory to examine long-term responses to HIV-2 treatment. Adult (≥15 years) patients with baseline CD4 counts 75% of their recorded visits. Kaplan-Meier estimates for achievement of CD4 ≥ 500 cells/μl after 6 years of follow-up for patients in the lower CD4 strata (< 200 cells/μl) were 40% (HIV-1), 31% (HIV-dual), and 17% (HIV-2) (log-rank p < 0.001). Cox Regression indicated that HIV-1 was significantly associated with achievement of CD4 ≥ 500 cells/μl during follow-up, compared to HIV-2. Sub-optimal responses to long-term HIV-2 treatment underscore the need for more research into improved and/or new treatment options for patients with HIV-2. In many West African countries, effective treatment of both HIV-1 and HIV-2 will be essential in the effort to reach epidemic control.
Healthcare provider counselling for weight management behaviours among adults with overweight or obesity: a cross-sectional analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011-2018

OBJECTIVES To determine if adults with overweight or obesity received counselling from their healthcare providers (HCPs) to lose weight and/or adopt healthful behaviours associated with weight loss, and whether they took action on their HCPs' recommendations. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of 2011-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data. SAMPLE NHANES respondents aged 18+ who were overweight/obese and had seen an HCP in the previous 12 months (n=13 158). METHODS Respondents reported if their HCPs recommended they control/lose weight, increase exercise/physical activity (PA) and/or reduce fat/calorie intake, and if they adopted the offered recommendation(s). Weighted logistic regression models examined receipt of HCP counselling by sex, age, race/ethnicity, and weight status accounting for demographic characteristics and complex sampling. Similar analyses examined reported adoption of HCPs' recommendations. RESULTS The sample was 53.1% women, 45.0% were overweight and 55.0% had obesity. In total, 40.4% received counselling to control/lose weight, 49.5% to increase exercise/PA and 38.9% to reduce fat/calorie intake. The following groups were less likely (p<0.001) to receive counselling: men; younger adults (aged 18-39) versus middle-aged (aged 40-64) and older adults (aged 65+); White versus Black and Hispanic respondents; overweight respondents versus respondents with obesity. Approximately half of those advised to make changes reported doing so (53.6% controlled/lost weight, 57.3% increased exercise/PA, 51.8% reduced fat/calorie intake). Differences in the adoption of recommendations were identified by sex, age group, race/ethnicity and weight status (all p<0.05); women, middle-aged and older adults, Black and Hispanic respondents and individuals with obesity were more likely to adopt one or more recommendations. CONCLUSION Most respondents did not receive HCP counselling, and approximately half of those who received counselling reported taking action. HCPs may need training to provide counselling and to offer recommendations tailored to the social contexts of populations less likely to adopt weight control related recommendations.
Scope and Justification of the Right of Publicity

Thank you to Professor June Besek, and thanks to everyone here at Columbia for the invitation. June, to correct one of your introductions here—Mark McKenna is too humble to say so, but in addition to being a widely recognized scholar, he was elected yesterday to the American Law Institute, which is well deserved given his immense contributions to Intellectual Property Law scholarship. Mark and I have talked about this topic, in part in preparation for today, and so a lot of what I say is going to reflect some of what he has said, and I think that is fine. (There are worse things you can say about a scholar than, “oh, he sounds just like McKenna.”) One of the things that has come up in the discussions this morning and on this panel—which considers the scope of the Intellectual Property right of the Right of Publicity, and whether it is an Intellectual Property right or not—is the relationship between scope and justification. Mark’s comments suggest that there is no such relationship with respect to the Right of Publicity; or, that at least it is loose. The biggest contribution of Jennifer’s excellent book is to encourage us to think about the rights of publicity and the rights of privacy as different things that have— for odd historical reasons, some of them with a purpose—been lumped together. And that we ought to try to think about them more separately and their justifications more separately.
Institutional Portfolio Composition: An Examination of the Prudent Investment Hypothesis

This study investigates the relationship between the level of institutional ownership and various firm specific factors. We find support for the hypothesis that institutional investors are concerned with the appearance of their portfolio and invest to avoid extremes. For example, institutions avoid stocks with either a high or low beta, debt ratio, or return on assets. The nonlinear relationship documented in this paper are in contrast with the conclusions reported by other recent papers.
Water Quality Dimensions of Water Resources Planning

Principles of hydrologic cycle provide more opportunities for land-water management than are presently utilized. Management of pollution from nonpoint sources should focus on available land management techniques rather than treatment. The immensity of the water quality problem requires use of all alternative means to reach least-cost solutions including low stream flow augmentation. Land, water quality, and water resource planning remain badly fragmented at high cost to the taxpayer.
Nimodipine prevents medial septal lesion-induced performance deficits in the Morris water maze

The effects of nimodipine were investigated on performance of rats with medial septal nucleus lesions in the Morris water maze. The paradigm began with 10 training trials followed by an initial probe trial. The rats were then assigned to treatment groups: sham-vehicle, shamnimodipine, lesion-vehicle, and lesion-nimodipine. The doses of nimodipine used were 3, 10, and 30 mg/kg, p.o. Sham or lesion surgeries were performed and drug or vehicle treatments started after surgery, and continued for the duration of the study. Seven days postsurgery, the rats were given a second probe trial, followed by 4 additional training trials. A third probe trial was then conducted. Prior to surgery, all the rats performed equally during initial training. On the first probe trial, the amount of time spent in the goal quadrant was greater than chance for all animals. After surgery, during the second probe trial, no significant drug and/or lesion effects were found. During the third probe trial, however, the performance of the lesion-vehicle animals was not greater than chance. In nimodipine-treated rats, as in sham controls, this deficit was not found. These results indicate that nimodipine can protect against medial septal lesion-induced retention deficits.
Hot carbon corona in Mars’ upper thermosphere and exosphere: 1. Mechanisms and structure of the hot corona for low solar activity at equinox

Two important source reactions for hot atomic carbon on Mars are photodissociation of CO and dissociative recombination of CO+; both reactions are highly sensitive to solar activity and occur mostly deep in the dayside thermosphere. The production of energetic particles results in the formation of hot coronae that are made up of neutral atoms including hot carbon. Some of these atoms are on ballistic trajectories and return to the thermosphere, and others escape. Understanding the physics in this region requires modeling that captures the complicated dynamics of hot atoms in 3-D. This study evaluates the carbon atom inventory by investigating the production and distribution of energetic carbon atoms using the full 3-D atmospheric input. The methodology and details of the hot atomic carbon model calculation are given, and the calculated total global escape of hot carbon from the assumed dominant photochemical processes at a fixed condition, equinox (Ls = 180°), and low solar activity (F10.7 = 70 at Earth) are presented. To investigate the dynamics of these energetic neutral atoms, we have coupled a self-consistent 3-D global kinetic model, the Adaptive Mesh Particle Simulator, with a 3-D thermosphere/ionosphere model, the Mars Thermosphere General Circulation Model to provide a self-consistent global description of the hot carbon corona in the upper thermosphere and exosphere. The spatial distributions of density and temperature and atmospheric loss are simulated for the case considered.
Numerical study of the inhibition of premixed and diffusion flames by iron pentacarbonyl

Iron pentacarbonyl (Fe(CO){sub 5}) is an extremely efficient flame inhibitor, yet its inhibition mechanism has not been described. The flame-inhibition mechanism at Fe(CO){sub 5} in premixed and counterflow diffusion flames of methane, oxygen, and nitrogen is investigated. A gas-phase inhibition mechanism involving catalytic removal of H atoms by iron-containing species is presented. For premixed flames, numerical predictions of burning velocity are compared with experimental measurements at three equivalence ratios (0.9, 1.0, and 1.1) and three oxidizer compositions (0.20, 0.21, and 0.24 oxygen mole fraction in nitrogen). For counterflow diffusion flames, numerical predictions of extinction strain rate are compared with experimental results for addition of inhibitor to the air and fuel stream. The numerical predictions agree reasonably well with experimental measurements at low inhibitor mole fraction, but at higher Fe(CO){sub 5} mole fractions the simulations overpredict inhibition. The overprediction is suggested to be due to condensation of iron-containing compounds since calculated supersaturation is suggested to be due to condensation of iron-containing compounds since calculated supersaturation ratios for Fe and FeO are significantly higher than unity in some regions of the flames. The results lead to the conclusion that inhibition occurs primarily by homogeneous gas-phase chemistry.
Efficient multi-hop broadcasting in wireless networks using k-shortest path pruning

In this paper, we proposed a multi-hop wireless broadcast method called k-Shortest Path Pruning (k-SPP). It is based on the Dominant Pruning method of Lim and Kim, and improves upon it in the context of certain routing protocols, such as Zone Routing Protocol. In our approach, every node must know about its k-hop neighborhood, for some constant k ≥ 3. Experimental results demonstrate that our technique requires fewer transmissions than Dominant Pruning broadcasting.
Binding of 2′,5′-dideoxyadenosine to brain membranes: Comparison to P-site inhibition of adenylate cyclase

Membranes from rat cerebral cortex and striatum contain a relatively large number of high-affinity binding sites for [3H]2′,5′-didepxyadenosine, [3H]adenine arabinoside, and [3H]adenosine. The binding of [3H]2′,5′-dideoxyadenosine and [3H]adenine arabinoside was virtually unaffected by relatively specific agonists and antagonists for adenosine receptors, such as 2-chloroadenosine, N6-phenylisopropyladenosine or theophylline. Binding of [3H]adenosine was partially blocked by such receptor ligands. The specific binding of all three ligands was antagonized by a variety of adenosine analogs which inhibit adenylate cyclase by interaction with the so-called P-site associated with this enzyme. However, potencies of adenosine analogs as P-site inhibitors of adenylate cyclase and as antagonists of binding do not correlate well. 5′-Methylthioadenosine had high potency and efficacy versus binding of [3H]2′,5′-dideoxyadenosine but had virtually no effect on activity of adenylate cyclase. 2-Fluoroadenosine was less potent than adenosine as an antagonist of specific binding of [3H]2′,5′-dideoxyadenosine, which 2-fluoroderivatives of adenosine, adenine arabinoside and adenine xylofuranoside were more potent than the parent compounds as P-site inhibitors. The significance of the binding sites for [3H]2′,5′-dideoxyadenosine remains unclear, but their presence complicates the use of [3H]adenosine and certain analogs as ligands for adenosine membrane sites associated with adenylate cyclase.
The nitric oxide-cyclic 3',5'-guanosine monophosphate signal transduction pathway in the mechanism of action of general anesthetics.

Abstract (1) The nitric oxide–cyclic 3′,5′-guanosine monophosphate (NO–cGMP) system is a major signaling transduction pathway implicated in a wide range of physiologic and pathophysiologic functions of the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, nervous or immune systems. (2) Evidence is provided that, at anesthetic concentrations, volatile and intravenous anesthetics interact with the NO–cGMP system. They have been shown to produce a decrease in cGMP in neuronal and vascular tissue. (3) Inhibition of NO synthesis produces a dose-dependent reversible decrease in the minimum anesthetic requirement and in the ED 50 for the loss of righting reflex induced by general anesthetics. Volatile anesthetics also inhibit the NO-mediated relaxation in many vascular beds. (4) The selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, dexmedetomidine, which has potent sedative/hypnotic, anesthetic sparing and analgesic properties, produces a dose-dependent, reversible decrease in cGMP in mouse cerebellum at concentrations that decrease the anesthetic requirement of volatile anesthetics or induce a loss of righting reflex, an effect eliminated when NO synthase is inhibited. The site and mechanism by which the anesthetics interact with the NO–cGMP system is not yet clear and may vary with the anesthetic.
Antigen Receptor Allelic Exclusion: An Update and Reappraisal

Most lymphocytes express cell surface Ag receptor chains from single alleles of distinct Ig or TCR loci. Since the identification of Ag receptor allelic exclusion, the importance of this process and the precise molecular mechanisms by which it is achieved have remained enigmatic. This brief review summarizes current knowledge of the extent to which Ig and TCR loci are subject to allelic exclusion. Recent progress in studying and defining mechanistic steps and molecules that may control the monoallelic initiation and subsequent inhibition of V-to-(D)-J recombination is outlined using the mouse TCRβ locus as a model with frequent comparisons to the mouse IgH and Igκ loci. Potential consequences of defects in mechanisms that control Ag receptor allelic exclusion and a reappraisal of the physiologic relevance of this immunologic process also are discussed.
Advanced micromanipulation using Bessel beams

Bessel beams can be used as optical tweezers, to trap and manipulate small particles, including biological specimens. Here we demonstrate the use of such beams to trap and manipulate particles simultaneously that may reside in completely separate sample chambers, separated by distances that preclude trapping with a Gaussian beam. This also demonstrates another property of the Bessel beam, in that since it is a set of rings it can trap both low and high refractive index particles. The distance behind the particle that the Bessel beam reconstructs is dependent on the properties of the particle, and this may be useful in cell characterisation. We also demonstrate the generation of more complex patterns of nondiffracting light beams, by using interfering Bessel beams. We generate these by using a Mach-Zender interferometer in which each of the arms has a Laguerre-Gaussian beam of differing handedness.
Design and Analysis of Community Trials: Lessons from the Minnesota Heart Health Program

Community trials remain the only design appropriate for the evaluation of lifestyle interventions that cannot be allocated to individuals. The Minnesota Heart Health Program, conducted in Minnesota and the Dakotas between 1980 and 1993, is one of the largest community trials ever conducted in the United States. That study suggests several lessons that should guide future community trials. Planners should 1) carefully assess the secular trends for their outcomes and be confident that they can demonstrate an intervention effect against those trends ; 2) be confident that they have effective programs that can be delivered to a sufficiently large fraction of their target population ; 3) avoid differences between study conditions in levels and trends for their outcomes through random allocation of a sufficient number of communities to each condition ; 4) develop good estimates of community-level standard errors prior to launching future trials ; and 5) take steps to ensure that power will be sufficient to test the hypotheses of interest. Am J Epidemiol 1995 ;142 :569-75.
ETHICAL ISSUES FOR ESL FACULTY: SOCIAL JUSTICE IN PRACTICE

ETHICAL ISSUES FOR ESL FACULTY: SOCIAL JUSTICE IN PRACTICE. Johnnie J. Hafernik, Dorothy S. Messerschmitt, and S. Vandrick . Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2002. Pp. xv + 166. $45.00 cloth, $21.50 paper. This volume brings together an inventory of problematic situations faced by English as a second language (ESL) faculty in postsecondary institutions, each problem loosely categorized in terms of whether it occurs as teachers fulfill their responsibilities in the classroom, outside the classroom within the institution, or in broader areas beyond the classroom and the institution. The ethical issue presented by each case is described, and general principles and pedagogical strategies that may be followed in responding to it are outlined.
Epitaxial growth of Al-doped ZnO thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition

Epitaxial thin films of aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) have been deposited on single crystal sapphire (000l) substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The structural, electrical and optical properties of these films were investigated as a function of substrate deposition temperature and background gas pressure. Films were deposited at substrate temperatures ranging from 25 to 680 °C in oxygen pressures ranging from 0.13 to 9.31 Pa. For the 200-nm-thick single crystal AZO film, the electrical resistivity was observed to be 2.2×10−4 Ω·cm and the average transmission in the visible range (400–700 nm) was 90%. This low resistivity value for the single crystal AZO film is due to the high carrier mobility of the film, which results from a decrease in the grain boundary scattering, compared to polycrystalline AZO films.
Multi-objective calibration of a reservoir water quality model in aggregation and non-dominated sorting approaches

Numerical water quality models are developed to predict contaminant fate and transport in receiving waters such as reservoirs and lakes. They can be helpful tools for water resource management. The objective of this study is to calibrate a water quality model which was set up to simulate the water quality conditions of Pepacton Reservoir, Downsville, New York, USA, using an aggregation hybrid genetic algorithm (AHGA) and a non-dominated sorting hybrid genetic algorithm (NSHGA). Both AHGA and NSHGA use a hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA) as optimization engines but are different in fitness assignment. In the AHGA, a weighted sum of scaled simulation errors is designed as an overall objective function to measure the fitness of solutions (i.e., parameter values). In the NSHGA, a method based on non-dominated sorting and Euclidean distances is proposed to calculate the dummy fitness of solutions. In addition, this study also compares the AHGA and the NSHGA. The purpose of this comparison is to determine whether the objective function values (i.e., simulation errors) and simulated results obtained by the AHGA and the NSHGA are significantly different from each other. The results show that the objective function values from the two HGAs are good compromises between all objective functions, and the calibrated model results match the observed data reasonably well and are comparable to other studies, supporting and justifying the use of multi-objective calibration.
Hysteresis Strain Energy Behavior of Al6061-T6 With Multi-Fatigue Load Levels as Applied to an Energy-Based Fatigue Life Prediction Method

Fatigue testing is a time and resource-consuming task. Historically, SN testing was conducted at many stress levels on simple representative specimen in order to determine an SN curve, which could then be used to design a component from the same type of material. Recently, an energy-based fatigue life prediction method has been in development. The goal of this method is to quickly determine a material’s fatigue characteristics using simple test procedures. The main theory behind the energy-based fatigue life prediction method is that the strain energy in a monotonic tensile test is equal to the cumulative hysteresis energy of a cyclic test. This theory has always been tested using a single stress level on each specimen. The hysteresis loop information was then used to make fatigue life predictions at other stress levels. Further testing has been done to learn more about the hysteresis energy behavior throughout the lifetime of a specimen, but only for a single stress value. In this study, several stress levels were tested on a single specimen. This new information will help make fatigue life predictions by completely removing the difficult and inconsistent process of determining experimental curve fit coefficients traditionally used in the energy-based fatigue life prediction method.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
After a Summer: Pedagogical Developments in Cross Cultural Settings

This paper presents approaches and evaluations based on a summer of volunteer work in faculty development in China that led to years of cross cultural shared study, mentoring, and faculty training. Successful teaching or learning in a foreign culture emerged through attitudes and actions based on welcoming, accommodating, invigorating, valuing, and evaluating (WAIVE). Cross cultural shared learning between presenter and local faculty, during summers working in five provinces of China, showed participants gained confidence and skill in pedagogy inclusive of observation, stories, flexibility, cultural appreciation, societal awareness, and mutually shared knowledge in adaptable presentations, actions, modeling, practice, projects, and assessment options. Effective faculty development experiences, just as classroom teaching, needed a foundation of relational communication, flexibility, and interactive learning.
Treatment of episodes of hereditary angioedema with C1 inhibitor: serial assessment of observed abnormalities of the plasma bradykinin-forming pathway and fibrinolysis

Background Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is typically the result of a deficiency of C1 inhibitor (C1-INH) with gene defects that lead to diminished plasma levels or the production of a dysfunctional protein. Replacement therapy with C1-INH has been shown to be effective in ameliorating episodes of swelling. We have reported elevated baseline levels of bradykinin, C4a, and plasmin-α 2 –antiplasmin complexes in the plasma of patients with HAE compared with the plasma of healthy controls. The production of factor XII fragment on in vitro activation of plasma with HAE has also been observed. Objective To perform serial assessment of abnormalities of the bradykinin-forming pathway and fibrinolysis in patients with HAE after treatment of episodes of swelling with intravenous C1-INH. Methods We obtained samples of plasma from 9 patients with HAE at a quiescent period (baseline), during an attack of swelling, and at 1, 4, and 12 hours after termination of an infusion of C1-INH. Factor XIIa, kallikrein, and plasmin were each measured by cleavage of synthetic substrates specific for each item. Results Each enzyme was strikingly elevated at baseline compared with the levels in pooled healthy plasma, and there was a progressive decline of activity to normal for factor XIIa and plasmin. Kallikrein decreased in 7 of the 9 patients at 1 hour and then decreased in all patients. Bradykinin levels were elevated at the outset in all patients, increased prominently during an attack of swelling, decreased to baseline after 1 hour, and then decreased toward normal by 4 and 12 hours. Conclusion The plasma levels of factor XIIa, kallikrein, and bradykinin decreased when measured serially subsequent to the infusion of nanofiltered C1-INH.
MRI evaluation of fatty liver in day to day practice: Quantitative and qualitative methods

Abstract Intracellular fat accumulation is a common feature of liver disease. Steatosis is the histological hallmark of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) but also may occur with alcohol abuse, viral hepatitis, HIV and genetic lipodystrophies, and chemotherapy. This condition is common in the Western population and is typically associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Early diagnosis and early treatment of NAFLD are important to prevent the development of end-stage liver disease and cancer. In addition, liver fat is a risk factor for postoperative complications after liver resection and transplantation. MRI has become a primary modality to assess hepatic steatosis, both qualitatively and quantitatively. In this article we discuss various MRI methods for evaluation of hepatic steatosis.
Mixed l/sub 1//H/sub /spl infin// controllers for SISO discrete time systems

A successful controller design paradigm must take into account both model uncertainty and design specifications. Model uncertainty can be addressed using either H/sub /spl infin// or l/sub 1/ robust control theory, depending upon the uncertainty characterization. However, these frameworks cannot accommodate the realistic case where the design specifications include both time and frequency domain constraints. In this paper the author addresses these problems using a mixed l/sub 1//H/sub /spl infin// approach. This approach allows for minimising the worst-case peak output due to a persistent disturbance, while, at the same time, satisfying an H/sub /spl infin//-norm constraint upon some closed-loop transfer function of interest. The main result of the paper shows that mixed l/sub 1//H/sub /spl infin// optimal controllers can be obtained by solving a sequence of problems, each one consisting of a finite-dimensional convex optimisation and a standard, unconstrained H/sub /spl infin// problem. >
The Physics of DNA in Confinement

Throughout all kingdoms of life, DNA is found to form compact structures. DNA is neatly wound inside a viral capsid, DNA forms hierarchical structures in cell nuclei, DNA could even be woven into complex 3D structures known as DNA origami. Such a ubiquitous compaction is surprising, as it contradicts, at the first look, the very basic physical properties of DNA: the high electrostatic charge and resistance to bending at the scale of 50 nm or less. Experimental work has shown that counterions surrounding DNA can considerably alter its properties, for example, turning electrostatic self-repulsion into attraction. Yet, elucidating the precise microscopic structure and mechanism of DNA-DNA interaction in confined environment remains beyond the experimental capability. Here, we report the results of all-atom molecular dynamics simulations that investigated the microscopic structure of dense DNA assemblies and the physics of interactions that makes such assemblies possible. First, we show that a refined parameterization of ion-DNA interaction [1] permits the all-atom MD method to quantitatively reproduce experimentally known properties [2,3] of dense DNA arrays. Next we characterize the microscopic structure of the arrays, elucidating their ionic atmosphere, preferred azimuthal orientation of DNA molecules, the pair-wise additivity of DNA-DNA forces, the longitudinal friction forces between DNA molecules, and the role of solvation force. Our study demonstrates the ability of all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to provide quantitative, accurate information about dense DNA systems, opening exciting opportunities for future work in the area of synthetic DNA nanostructures, DNA packaging in viral capsids and cell nuclei.[1] J Phys Chem Lett 3:45-50.[2] Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 81:2621-2625.[3] Biophys J 94:4775-82.
Distribution of 18-hydroxycorticosterone between red blood cells and plasma.

Plasma 18-hydroxycorticosterone (18-OH-B) to aldosterone (aldo) concentration ratios reflect adrenal corticosterone methyloxidase type II activity. This ratio is determined not only by the relative secretion rates of the two steroids but also by differences in binding, distribution, and metabolism. Plasma cortisol alters the distribution of aldo between red blood cells (RBC) and plasma. We postulated that the distribution of 18-OH-B, like that of aldo, is determined by the availability of high affinity binding sites on plasma transcortin. Double equilibrium dialyses demonstrated that 18-OH-B, aldo, and cortisol compete for binding sites on transcortin.Increasing amounts of each of the three unlabeled steroids produced progressive decrements in the binding of all three labeled steroids to transcortin. The affinity of 18-OH-B (2×106 M−l) for transcortin was intermediate between those of cortisol (3×107 M−1) and aldo (0.9 × 106 M−1). Heat treatment of plasma decreased the binding of 18-OH-B and cortisol to t...
Effect of Coexisting Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Cognitive Impairment on Health Outcomes in Older Adults

Objectives: To determine the extent to which the co-occurrence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cognitive impairment affect adverse health outcomes in older adults. Design: Multicenter longitudinal cohort study. Setting: California, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and North Carolina. Participants: Three thousand ninety-three community-dwelling adults aged 65 and older from the Cardiovascular Health Study. Four hundred thirty-one had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) at study baseline. Measurements: Follow-up began at the second CHS visit and continued for 3 years. Spirometric criteria for airflow limitation served to establish COPD using the Lambda-Mu-Sigma method, which accounts for age-related changes in lung function. Cognitive impairment was evaluated using the modified Mini-Mental State Examination and claims data. Outcomes were respiratory-related and all-cause hospitalizations and death. Results: Participants with coexisting COPD and cognitive impairment had the highest rates of respiratory-related (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 4.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.86�9.05) and all-cause hospitalizations (aHR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.00�1.80) and death (aHR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.18�4.45). In particular, individuals with both conditions had a 48% higher rate of all-cause hospitalizations (adjusted synergy index (aSI) = 1.48, 95% CI = 0.19�11.31) and a rate of death nearly three times as high (aSI = 2.74, 95% CI = 0.43�17.32) as the sum of risks for each respective outcome associated with having COPD or cognitive impairment alone. Nevertheless, tests for interaction were not statistically significant for the presence of synergism between the two conditions contributing to each of the outcomes. Therefore, it cannot be concluded that the combined effect of COPD and cognitive impairment is greater than additive. Conclusion: Coexisting COPD and cognitive impairment have an additive effect on respiratory-related and all-cause hospitalizations and death. Optimizing outcomes in older adults with COPD and cognitive impairment will require that how to improve concurrent management of both conditions be determined.
The status of north american captive herds of the banteng, Bos javanicus d'Alton

The genetic purity of captive banteng herds has often been questioned because banteng have the ability to hybridize with domestic cattle breeds. An electrophoretic survey of North American captive herds of the Javanese banteng, Bos javanicus javanicus d'Alton, was carried out to determine if contamination could be detected. The animals examined represented descendants from five separate importations. Of the 21 loci examined, four proved to be informative. An analysis of these loci failed to indicate a single case of potential genetic contamination, although sample sizes were small. Bull color, which has been suggested as an indicator of genetic purity, was found to relate to the geographic origin of the banteng lineage. Since the North American herd is uncontaminated at the present time, great care should be taken to determine the suitability of new import animals.
Vertical Distribution in Soil of Sprinkler-applied Phosphorus

Soil-immobile plant nutrients, such as P, accumulate near the soil surface in conservation cropping systems where tillage leaves crop residues on or near the soil surface and limits soil mixing. The objective was to determine, in field and laboratory experiments, the vertical distribution in soil of P applied in sprinkler irrigation water. Following P applications, distribution was determined from depth increment (1 or 2 cm) sampling on a Warden silt loam (coarse-silty, mixed, mesic, Xerollic Camborthids) and a Quincy sand (mixed, mesic, Xeric Torripsamments). The fertilizer materials applied in 10-mm irrigations were: monoammonium phosphate (227 g P kg⁻¹), urea phosphate (192 g P kg⁻¹), commercial white phosphoric acid (238 g P kg⁻¹), and ammonium polyphosphate (149 g P kg⁻¹) containing 61 g P kg⁻¹ as polyphosphate. Application rates ranged from 50 to 400 kg P ha⁻¹. Movement of P was about the same for all P fertilizer materials except ammonium polyphosphate, from which P moved only 60 to 70% of the depth of the other materials. Postapplication irrigation totals up to 160 mm at 10 mm d ¹, which was applied without drying cycles, distributed P more uniformly with depth. The overall mean depths of P penetration across all treatments were 10.4 cm (SD = 4.04 cm) on the Quincy sand and 7.3 cm (SD = 4.93 cm) on the Warden silt loam. These depths of penetration and vertical distribution of sprinkler-applied P are probably sufficient to supply the P needs of crop plants under sprinkler irrigation. Contribution from USDA-ARS in cooperation with the College of Agriculture and Home Economics Res. Ctr., Washington, State Univ., Pullman, WA 99164. Scientific Paper no. 7719 of the latter. *Corresponding author.
Identification and ratings of caricatures: implications for mental representations of faces.

Abstract S. Brennan (1985, Leonardo, 18, 170–178) has developed a computer-implemented caricature generator based on a holistic theory of caricature. A face is represented by 37 lines, based on a fixed set of 169 points. Caricatures are produced by exaggerating all metric differences between a face and a norm. Anticaricatures can be created by reducing all the differences between a face and a norm. Caricatures of familiar faces were identified more quickly than veridical line drawings, which were identified more quickly than anticaricatures. There was no difference in identification accuracy for the three types of representation. The best likeness was considered to be a caricature. We discuss the implications of these results for how faces are mentally represented. The results are consistent with a holistic theory of encoding in which distinctive aspects of a face are represented by comparison with a norm. We suggest that this theory may be appropriate for classes of visual stimuli, other than faces, whose members share a configuration definable by a fixed set of points.
Limit on the Secular Change of the Gravitational Constant Based on Studies of Solar Evolution

The past and present observable properties of the sun have been theoretically calculated on the assumption that the gravitational constant G increases or decreases with time. Consideration of Davis's experimental upper limit on the present solar neutrino flux and of terrestrial paleontological data sets a limit on the absolute rate of change of G, namely, the absolute value of the quotient of the change in the gravitational constant and the gravitational constant is less than 1/10 billion/yr, if other standard constants do not also change with time.
Calorimetric measurements of the energetics of Pb adsorption and adhesion to Mo(100)

The heat of adsorption of Pb on Mo(100) at 300 K has been measured calorimetrically using a single-crystal adsorption calorimeter and a pulsed atomic beam of Pb vapor. The heat of adsorption decreases with coverage in the first monolayer as ${(q}_{0}\ensuremath{-}{q}_{1}\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{-}{q}_{2}{\ensuremath{\theta}}^{2}),$ where ${q}_{0}=335.4\mathrm{k}\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l},$ ${q}_{1}=65.0\mathrm{k}\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l},$ and ${q}_{2}=69.8\mathrm{k}\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l},$ indicating a heat of adsorption for an isolated Pb adatom of 335.4 kJ/mol, but with a repulsive interaction between two Pb adatoms centered in nearest-neighbor sites of 27.9 kJ/mol, and a relaxation of this repulsion of 11.6 kJ/mol by an isolated pair if unperturbed by third neighbors (that would otherwise prevent the adatoms from moving slightly off site-center to achieve this relaxation). In the second monolayer, the adsorption heat is nearly constant at $\ensuremath{\sim}192.7\mathrm{k}\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l},$ close to the enthalpy of sublimation of Pb. It decreases at $\ensuremath{\sim}2\mathrm{ML}$ by $\ensuremath{\sim}7\mathrm{k}\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l},$ which can be attributed to the conversion from layer-by-layer to three-dimensional island growth at $\ensuremath{\sim}2\mathrm{ML}.$ The initial islands are tiny and therefore adsorbing Pb atoms more weakly (bonding to fewer nearest neighbors). This is supported by Auger electron spectroscopy measurements. As the islands grow in size and their surfaces get flatter, the number of neighbors increases until the heat of adsorption above $\ensuremath{\sim}6\mathrm{ML}$ reaches a steady value of 191.5 kJ/mol, within 2% of the reported enthalpy of sublimation of Pb at 300 K (195.2 kJ/mol).
Multiracial Children in Child Development Textbooks

The 2000 US census was the first to allow respondents to check more than one race/ethnic response for their identity. About 6.8 million Americans did so, and a disproportionate percentage of them were children under age 18 years old. The purpose of this article is to examine the extent to which this change is reflected in contemporary child psychology textbooks. Twelve books were examined to determine whether they covered multiracial and multiethnic children. Results of this study showed that only two of these books addressed issues related to the healthy development of multiracial/multiethnic children in any detail; and, while several used terms such as biracial and bicultural, these terms were always used to describe single-race minority children living in a majority context. The discussion section covers possible reasons for this omission.
WO3 and W2N nanowire arrays for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production

Abstract Tungsten oxide (WO 3 ) nanowire array samples were nitrided in a NH 3 atmosphere to get complete conversion to tungsten nitride (W 2 N) nanowires. UV–vis absorption spectroscopy shows that the band gap of WO 3 reduced from 2.9 eV to 2.2 eV after nitridation to W 2 N. Photoelectrochemical properties of both WO 3 and W 2 N nanowire array electrodes were investigated. WO 3 nanowire arrays show maximum incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency of 85% at 370 nm at 1.2 V vs. SCE. The high quantum efficiency is attributed to the nanowire architecture which ensures efficient light absorption and charge transport. The nanowire arrays were stable even up to 8 h of continuous gas evolution. W 2 N nanowire arrays showed good photoactivity even at moderate bias. However, the pure W 2 N electrodes were unstable with respect to photocorrosion. The mixed phase W 2 N–WO 3 nanowires showed improvement in stability compared to pure W 2 N nanowire arrays.
Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) test anergy does not impact CD4 reconstitution or normalization of DTH responses during antiretroviral therapy

Introduction : Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) testing is an in vivo assessment of cell-mediated immunity. Although highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) improves immunologic parameters, the relationship between DTH responsiveness and CD4 gains on HAART is not completely understood. We investigated CD4 reconstitution and the change in DTH responses from treatment baseline through 24 months of viral load (VL)-suppressive HAART in the U.S. Military HIV Natural History Study. Methods : Treatment-naive subjects with VL <400 copies/mL after ≥24 months on HAART were included ( n =302). DTH testing consisted of ≥3 recall antigens, and responses were classified by the number of positive skin tests: anergic (0–1) or non-anergic (≥2). Pre-HAART DTH results were compared for the outcome of CD4 reconstitution at 24 months of HAART. Improvement in DTH responses was also analyzed for those anergic before HAART initiation. Results : Non-anergic responses were observed in 216 (72%) participants, while 86 (28%) individuals were anergic prior to HAART initiation. Demographically there were similar distributions of age at HIV diagnosis and HAART initiation, as well as gender and race or ethnicity. There were no significant differences between non-anergic and anergic participants in pre-HAART CD4 count (409 cells/μL, interquartile range (IQR) 315–517 vs. 373 cells/μL, IQR 228–487; p =0.104) and VL (4.3 log 10 copies/mL, IQR 3.4–4.9 vs. 4.4 log 10 copies/mL, IQR 3.6–5.0; p =0.292). Median CD4 gains 24 months after HAART initiation were similar between the non-anergic (220 cells/μL, IQR 115–358) and anergic groups (246 cells/μL, IQR 136–358; p =0.498). For individuals anergic before HAART initiation, DTH normalization occurred at 24 months post-HAART in the majority of participants (51 of 86, 59%). Normalization of DTH responses was not associated with CD4 count at HAART initiation (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.47, 1.09 per 100 cells; p =0.129) nor with AIDS diagnoses prior to HAART (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.04, 2.51; p =0.283). Conclusions : DTH responsiveness has been shown to predict HIV disease progression independent of CD4 count in untreated individuals. In the setting of HAART, pre-HAART anergy does not appear to impact CD4 gains or the ability to normalize DTH responses after 24 months of VL-suppressive HAART. Keywords: HIV; HAART; antiretroviral therapy; delayed-type hypersensitivity; DTH; CD4 cell count; anergy; anergic. (Published: 4 February 2014) Citation: Minidis NM et al. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2014, 17 :18799 http://www.jiasociety.org/index.php/jias/article/view/18799 | http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.17.1.18799