cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Burns and Military Clothing

Burn injury is a ubiquitous threat in the military environment. The risks during combat are well recognised, but the handling of fuel, oil, munitions and other hot or flammable materials during peacetime deployment and training also imposes an inherent risk of accidental burn injury. Over the last hundred years, the burn threat in combat has ranged from nuclear weapons to small shoulder-launched missiles. Materials such as napalm and white phosphorus plainly present a risk of burn, but the threat extends to encompass personnel in vehicles attacked by anti-armour weapons, large missiles, fuel-air explosives and detonations/conflagrations on weapons platforms such as ships. Large numbers of burn casualties were caused at Pearl Harbor, in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Vietnam, during the Arab/Israeli Wars and in the Falkland Islands conflict. The threat from burns is unlikely to diminish, indeed new developments in weapons seek to exploit the vulnerability of the serviceman and servicewoman to burns. Clothing can be a barrier to some types of burn--both inherently in the properties of the material, but also by trapping air between clothing layers. Conversely, ignition of the clothing may exacerbate a burn. There is hearsay that burnt clothing products within a wound may complicate the clinical management, or that materials that melt (thermoplastic materials) should not be worn if there is a burn threat. This paper explores the incidence of burn injury, the mechanisms of heat transfer to bare skin and skin covered by materials, and the published evidence for the complication of wound management by materials. Even light-weight combat clothing can offer significant protection to skin from short duration flash burns; the most vulnerable areas are the parts of the body not covered--face and hands. Multilayered combat clothing can offer significant protection for short periods from engulfment by flames; lightweight tropical wear with few layers offers little protection. Under high heat loads in the laboratory, combat clothing can ignite, but there is little evidence that clothing ignition is a common occurrence in military burn casualties. Thermoplastic materials have many benefits in civil and military clothing. There is little objective evidence that they exacerbate burns, or complicate burn management. Their use in military clothing must be based on objective evidence, not hearsay.
CRT-73 Percutaneous Coronary Intervention In Illicit Drug Abusers

Drug abuse is a growing serious problem and there is no published registry for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in illicit drug abusers. The aim of this study was to highlight the baseline characteristics and the outcomes in these high risk patients. Data were retrospectively collected from
A Raman spectroscopy signature for characterizing defective single-layer graphene: Defect-induced I(D)/I(D′) intensity ratio by theoretical analysis

To distinguish defects in defective single-layer graphene (DSLG), we developed a method combining first principles density functional theory and tight-binding that quantifies defect-induced Raman intensities. Analysis of defect potentials for defects with vacancies and/or bond rotation has shown that on-site variation dominates the scattering, and also quantified effects of oxygen adsorption. Defect potentials for DSLG were subsequently used in calculation of the electron–defect matrix elements and Raman intensities. I(D)/I(D′) intensity ratios, dependent on defect topology and oxygen impurity adsorption, were elucidated for mono-vacancy, double-vacancy, Stone–Wales, and so-called 555-777 and 5555-6-7777 point defects in single-layer graphene. The results demonstrated for the first time the ability to distinguish between these defect types, also as dependent of oxygen adsorption, and were found consistent with a measured value for vacancies. Importantly, our theoretical prediction of the I(D)/I(D′) Raman intensity signature metric can assist in experimental characterization of defective realistic graphene samples for any defect type. Finally, analytical analysis of the angular dependence of the electron–defect scattering matrix elements revealed a node effect in intra-valley backscattering but not in inter-valley backscattering, rationalizing the observation that the D′ band intensity is mostly weaker than that of the D band.
Water balance during vitellogenesis by the American cockroach: Distribution of water during the six day cycle

Abstract Haemolymph volume, total body water, and total tissue water fluctuate during the vitellogenic cycle in the American cockroach. The observed patterns indicate that the tissues store water for oothecal production rather than the haemolymph. The carcass water (which consists of the integument and adhering tissue) cycles in direct contrast to the water ingestion pattern, suggesting that these tissues supply ovariole water incorporation during days 3 and 5. Both fat body and gut release large volumes of water during day 6 to the haemolymph for use in the formation of the ootheca.
Managing hypertension in African-American patients.

Epidemiologic evidence indicates that African Americans are at greater risk for hypertension compared with other ethnic groups in the United States. The prevalence of hypertension is estimated to be approximately 37% for this group, compared with 20%–25% for non-Hispanic whites. Hypertension seems to follow a more malignant course in African Americans, possibly as a result of the higher prevalence of concomitant cardiovascular risk factors in this population. Compared with white persons with hypertension, these patients are at increased risk for left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, and end-stage renal disease. Data suggest that ethnicity may influence the response to certain types of antihypertensive medication. Additional data indicate that more aggressive use of combination therapy may improve clinical outcomes among high-risk hypertensive patients. Based on these findings, recommendations are made for the optimal clinical management of hypertension in African-American patients.
The status and prospects for flywheels and SMES that incorporate HTS

Abstract With one firm offering to provide SMES with HTS current leads and several other entities developing flywheels with bearings that incorporate bulk ReBaCuO, the progress made toward meeting their technical goals appears promising. Another question needs attention from the research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) community: “Will technical success yield equipment that will sell?” Here, we recall what is being done and review issues touching on the specifications for equipment that customers might want. These specifications pose technical challenges that have received little attention from the community.
The coming of history: Heidegger and Nietzsche against the present

Heidegger’s 1938–1939 seminar on Nietzsche’s On the Utility and Liability of History for Life continues Heidegger’s grand interpretation of Nietzsche as a metaphysical thinker of presence. Nietzsche’s conceptions forgetting, memory, and even life itself, according to Heidegger, are all complicit in the privileging of presence. Simultaneous with his seminar, Heidegger is also compiling the notebook, Die Geschichte des Seyns (The History of Beyng), 1938–1940, wherein he sketches his own conception of history. Examining Heidegger’s criticisms of Nietzsche in the light of his contemporaneous notebook allows us to articulate Heidegger’s concern for history and for “what has-been” (das Gewesene) as a thinking of the “coming” of being. For Heidegger, to exist historically is to exist as something sent, something arriving, as something that “comes” to us. This coming of history is an ontological determination of all that is, no longer construed as present-at-hand objects, but as always arriving, relational beings. After presenting Heidegger’s view of the coming of history, I return to Nietzsche’s Utility and Liability of History to draw attention to an aspect of his text that is neglected by Heidegger, that of the political. The concluding sections of Nietzsche’s text confront the politics of the present, in both senses of the genitive, in order to rally against the closure of society. In the conclusion to the paper, I turn to the political dimension of Nietzsche’s thinking of history with an eye to how it might elude Heidegger’s interpretation.
TREATMENT OF INTESTINAL HELMINTHS IN NIGERIA WITH TRICLOFENOL PIPERAZINE.

Abstract A total of 158 Nigerian school youths were treated with triclofenol piperazine for infections with Ascaris lumbricoides, Necator americanus and Trichuris trichiura. The dosage scales used in the four trials (three for Trichuris) were; Trial 1: an average of 52.6 mg./kg. body wt. given in the morning as a single dose. Trial 2: an average of 52.0 mg./kg. given as two single doses on consecutive mornings. Trial 3: an average of 52.2 mg./kg. as two single doses on two mornings, one week apart. Trial 4: average ranges of 53.6, 63.7 and 88.6 mg./kg. as a single dose. All were given on an empty stomach in the morning. In Trials 2–4, the administration of the drug was accompanied by a sweetened, warm chocolate drink. Results were based on percentage ova reduction. For Ascaris, this ranged from a mean of 73.9 to 89.7 per cent. For hookworm it ranged from 92.4 to 100 per cent., and for Trichuris, from 67.0 to 84.6 per cent. Best results were obtained in Trial number 2. Side-effects were minimal.
Characterization of particle dispersion and volume fraction in alumina-filled epoxy nanocomposites using photo-stimulated luminescence spectroscopy

A novel method is presented to validate the dispersion of α-alumina nanoparticles within a polymer matrix, as well as to create a calibration for filler particle volume fraction identification. Using photo-stimulated luminescence spectroscopy (PSLS), spectral information from α-alumina-filled epoxy nanocomposites consisting of varying volume fraction quantities of alumina nanoparticles was collected and analyzed. Surface contour maps of each nanocomposite were created by comparing integrated intensity data from the R1 curve of α-alumina throughout each specimen. These maps show satisfactory dispersion of alumina in the 5 and 25% volume fraction composites, whereas agglomerations were detected in various regions of the 38% nanocomposite, establishing the capability of this method to characterize photo-luminescent particle dispersion. This new approach also provides high spatial resolution, which can be used to determine the exact locations of voids, inclusions and/or agglomerations, while also predicting the volume percentage of photo-luminescent particle content within a specimen, lending itself as a quality control method in the manufacturing of these composites. Photo-stimulated luminescence spectra (PSLS) emission from alumina-filled epoxy nanocomposites consisting of varying volume fractions of alumina nanoparticles was collected and analyzed to characterize dispersion within the sample through intensity maps. The measurements are based on integrated intensity data from the R1 curve of α-alumina throughout each specimen. This novel method has potential as a quality control method to determine the location of voids, inclusions and/or agglomerations, while in addition predicting the volume percentage of particles within a specimen.
A Dynamic Lot Size Problem with Multiple Customers: Customer-Specific Shipping and Backlogging Costs

This paper considers a dynamic lot sizing problem faced by a producer who supplies a single product to multiple customers. Characterized by their backorder costs as well as shipping costs, a customer with a high backorder cost has a greater need for the product than a customer with a low backorder cost. We show that the general problem with time-varying customer-dependent backlogging and shipping costs is NP-hard in the strong sense. We then develop an efficient dynamic programming algorithm for an important instance of the problem when there is no speculative motive for backlogging. We also establish forecast horizon results for the case of stationary production and shipping costs, which help the decision maker determine a proper forecast horizon in a rolling-horizon planning process.
Selecting the best choice in the full information group interview problem

Abstract We consider the problem of selecting the single best choice when several groups of choices are presented sequentially for evaluation. In the so-called group interview problem, we assume that the values of choices are random observations from a known distribution function and derive the optimal search strategy that maximizes the probability of selecting the best among all choices. Under the optimal search strategy derived by means of a dynamic programming technique, a decision maker simply selects the best choice in the group under consideration if its value is higher than the pre-specified decision value for that group. We also consider the optimal ordering strategy for the case where the decision maker is permitted to rearrange the sequence of groups for evaluation. We show that the optimal search and ordering strategies can be applied to many sequential decision problems such as the store location problem.
Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics and Their Changes in Women with High Tetraplegia

Purpose: The study's aim was to compare women with and without high tetraplegia with respect to sociodemographic, clinical, and functional characteristics and their changes after spinal cord injury (SCI). A secondary aim was to compare, within the population of women with high tetraplegia, subgroups of women with major versus minor neurologic deficits. Method: This study was a case series comprising a total of 2,813 women from the National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center (NSCISC) database. The main outcome measures included selected sociodemographic and medical variables, as well as scores in various clinical and functional assessment tools. Results: At the time of injury, women with high tetraplegia were significantly older than those with SCI at or below C5, and the study sample included a higher proportion of married women. The vast majority of participants had high school or lower level of education at the time of injury and a small proportion had a competitive job at their 1-year anniversary. T...
Modernism, Postmodernism, and Communication Studies: A Rereading of an Ongoing Debate

Recent writings in communication studies have tended to represent the relationship between modernist and postmodernist thought as bifurcated and oppositional in character. Such representations, I argue, result from inadequate characterizations of both the modernist and postmodernist projects and of the various conceptions of communication therein. I therefore suggest a move beyond a simple modern-postmodern dichotomy and articulate in its place four discursive positions that embody different assumptions about the relationships among communication, identity, and knowledge formation. These discourses are: (a) a discourse of representation (positivist modernism), (b) a discourse of understanding (interpretive modernism), (c) a discourse of suspicion (critical modernism), and (d) a discourse of vulnerability (postmodernism). Finally, I adumbrate a set of “postmodern communication conditions” as a way of illustrating the connections between postmodern thought and communication studies.
Relation, consensus, and commitment as foundations of moral growth

Abstract In her book, In a Different Voice, Gilligan failed to include a discussion of her earlier borrowing from Perry and of his critical use of relation, conversation and commitment. Gilligan's book is persuasive in its argument that an alternative to exclusively formalistic ethics needs to be recognised. However, the integration of central ideas from Perry offers some significant extensions of the usefulness of her work and establishes dialectical conversation as essential to mature valuing.
Robust efficiency measures in a stochastic efficiency model

Two types of robust solutions of a class of efficiency models known as data envelopment analysis (DEA) are explored here. One is the minimax method and the other is related to the concept of a core in the theory of n-person games where the payoffs are random. Some potential applications of these robust solutions are also briefly discussed.
GD-MOSFET Structure

In the previous chapter, it was demonstrated that the specific on-resistance for power MOSFET structures can be greatly reduced by utilizing the two-dimensional charge-coupling concept. In these structures, a uniform doping concentration was assumed for the drift region. Although the electric field profile in this case is superior to that observed for a one-dimensional junction, the electric field was found to be non-uniform through the drift region. This non-uniformity of the electric field is relatively small for devices with low (∼30 V) blocking voltage capability. However, when the desired blocking voltage is large (60–200 V), the electric field varies exponentially with distance in the uniformly doped drift region resulting in a low electric field through a large portion of the distance between the drain and source regions.
Responses to elevated CO2 of Flaveria linearis plants having a reduced activity of cytosolic fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase

Wide variation exists in the growth responses of C 3 plants to elevated CO 2 levels. To investigate the role of photosynthetic feedback in this phenomenon, photosynthetic parameters and growth were measured for lines of Flaveria linearis with low, intermediate or high cytosolic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (cytFBPase) activity when grown at either 35 or 65 Pa CO 2 . The effects of pot size on the responses of these lines to elevated CO 2 were also examined. Photosynthesis and growth of plants with low cytFBPase activity were less responsive to elevated CO 2 , and these plants had a reduced maximum potential for photosynthesis and growth. Plants with intermediate cytFBPase activity also showed a lower relative growth enhancement when grown at 65 Pa CO 2 . There was a significant pot size effect on photosynthesis and growth for line 85-1 (high cytFBPase). This effect was greatest for line 85-1 when grown at 35 Pa CO 2 , since these plants showed the greatest downward acclimation of photosynthesis when grown in small pots. There was a minimal pot size effect for line 84-9 (low cytFBPase), and this could be partly attributed to the reduced CO 2 sensitivity of this line. It is proposed that the capacity for sucrose synthesis in C 3 plants is partly responsible for their wide variation in CO 2 responsiveness.
Encoding and retrieval of episodic memories: role of cholinergic and GABAergic modulation in the hippocampus.

This research focuses on linking episodic memory function to the cellular physiology of hippocampal neurons, with a particular emphasis on modulatory effects at cholinergic and γ-aminobutyric acid B receptors. Drugs which block acetylcholine receptors (e.g., scopolamine) have been shown to impair encoding of new information in humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents. Extensive data have been gathered about the cellular effects of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. In this research, models of individual hippocampal subregions have been utilized to understand the significance of particular features of modulation, and these hippocampal subregions have been combined in a network simulation which can replicate the selective encoding impairment produced by scopolamine in human subjects. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An enzymatic assay for the MAO-B inhibitor selegiline in plasma.

A sensitive fluorimetric assay based on inhibition of rat brain monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) in vitro has been described. The procedure measures the inhibition of MAO activity produced by the addition of selegiline extracted from human plasma. This method uses the substrate kynuramine which is converted by MAO to the product 4-hydroxyquinoline which fluoresces in alkaline solution. Human plasma (500 microliters) containing different concentrations of selegiline was deproteinized and extracted with ethyl acetate-butyl chloride. After reconstitution with 200 microliters phosphate buffer, 50 microliters of rat brain homogenate was added to study the MAO-B inhibition. Selegiline metabolites, amphetamine and methamphetamine (50 ng ml-1), and desmethylselegiline (20 ng ml-1), showed no inhibitory effect on MAO-B inhibition. Selegiline concentrations as low as 0.25 ng ml-1 can be detected. The standard curve was linear from 125 pg (0.25 ng ml-1) to 4000 pg (8.0 ng ml-1) in the incubation tube. This method should be helpful to determine pharmacokinetic parameters of selegiline after i.v. or oral dosing.
The political origins of South Korea's economic crisis: Is democratization to blame?

Different explanations have been presented regarding the recent economic crisis in South Korea. After critically evaluating these explanations, the article modifies and refines the dominant model, the mea culpa paradigm, to develop a political, interactive and integrative explanation of the crisis. The economic breakdown during the Kim Young Sam regime in Korea (1993–98) was mainly due to the Kim government's failure to carry out its well‐intended economic reforms, particularly chaebol reforms. The reasons for the failure of the economic reforms, in turn, consist of a set of political factors, including President Kim's distinctive leadership style encapsulated by ‘decretistic populism’, the chaebol's effective cultural strategies of agenda denial and an anti‐reform campaign by conservative social forces. In this respect, the economic crisis in Korea is also a political crisis. The article refutes a popular interpretation within Korea that blames democracy for the economic crisis, demonstrating that there ...
Interventional catheterization in pediatric congenital and acquired heart disease.

The present status of catheter-directed therapy in pediatric congenital and acquired heart disease is reviewed. Balloon pulmonary valvotomy, established as the procedure of choice for children and adults with isolated pulmonary stenosis, has now been extended to neonates with critical pulmonary stenosis. Balloon mitral and aortic valvotomy are being performed for congenital and acquired stenoses, although indications and optimal techniques remain to be established. Balloon angioplasty of coarctation effectively relieves obstruction in native and postoperative aortic arch stenoses, but remains controversial due to late aneurysm formation. Balloon angioplasty of branch pulmonary artery hypoplasia and stenosis, despite a relatively low success rate and significant complications, remains the procedure of choice due to lack of better therapeutic options. Transcatheter closure of congenital and acquired vessels and defects is being performed with increasing frequency. Embolization of aortopulmonary collaterals and shunts using Gianturco coils is safe and effective in selected patients. Although Rash-kind umbrellas are most commonly used for closure of a patent ductus arteriosus, their use, especially in closing intracardiac defects, remains investigational.
AMPA receptors and pain—A future therapeutic intervention?

AMPA receptors are excitatory glutamate receptors that are critical for synaptic transmission. Not surprisingly, they serve an important function at the synapse between a peripheral nociceptive neuron and a dorsal horn neuron in the spinal cord. Furthermore, a subset of AMPA receptors, calcium permeable AMPA receptors, by allowing calcium influx, is capable of activating calcium-dependent signaling pathways. The activation of these signaling pathways, in turn, leads to long-term changes at the spinal synapses and may even play a role in central sensitization. Several antagonists for AMPA receptors have been developed for preclinical studies of stroke, seizure, amyotropic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, addiction, and pain. Many of these agents have shown promise as potential targeted therapeutic interventions for these diseases, and clinical trials are ongoing for many specific AMPA antagonists. In the near future, these AMPA antagonists may emerge as newer analgesics with fewer side effects.
Toward Developing a Computational Capability for PEM Fuel Cell Design and Optimization

In this paper, we report the progress made in our project recently funded by the US Department of Energy (DOE) toward developing a computational capability, which includes a two-phase, three-dimensional PEM (polymer electrolyte membrane) fuel cell model and its coupling with DAKOTA (a design and optimization toolkit developed and being enhanced by Sandia National Laboratories). We first present a brief literature survey in which the prominent/notable PEM fuel cell models developed by various researchers or groups are reviewed. Next, we describe the two-phase, three-dimensional PEM fuel cell model being developed, tested, and later validated by experimental data. Results from case studies are presented to illustrate the utility of our comprehensive, integrated cell model. The coupling between the PEM fuel cell model and DAKOTA is briefly discussed. Our efforts in this DOE-funded project are focused on developing a validated computational capability that can be employed for PEM fuel cell design and optimization.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Activity of amikacin against mycobacteria in vitro and in murine tuberculosis

Summary Amikacin was found to be a potent inhibitor of clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro . The drug was also active against some, but not all, strains of M. intracellulare, M. kansasii and rapidly growing mycobacteria in concentrations that may be attained clinically. Activity was independent of susceptibility or resistance of the isolates to commonly used antituberculosis agents. Groups of mice were infected intravenously with M. tuberculosis H37Rv and then treated daily with amikacin, streptomycin, isoniazid or kanamycin. One third of the mice in each group were killed 30, 60 and 90 days after infection. Extent of pulmonary disease was recorded and tubercle bacilli were enumerated in lungs. Isoniazid eradicated tubercle bacilli from the lungs within 90 days. The remaining drugs were suppressive. Amikacin was more efficacious than streptomycin or kanamycin given in equivalent or greater dosages. Because of its potent activity in vitro , efficacy in experimental tuberculosis and activity against drug resistant mycobacteria, amikacin merits further study as a potential therapeutic agent for tuberculosis and other mycobacterial infections.
Toward understanding natural language directions

Speaking using unconstrained natural language is an intuitive and flexible way for humans to interact with robots. Understanding this kind of linguistic input is challenging because diverse words and phrases must be mapped into structures that the robot can understand, and elements in those structures must be grounded in an uncertain environment. We present a system that follows natural language directions by extracting a sequence of spatial description clauses from the linguistic input and then infers the most probable path through the environment given only information about the environmental geometry and detected visible objects. We use a probabilistic graphical model that factors into three key components. The first component grounds landmark phrases such as "the computers" in the perceptual frame of the robot by exploiting co-occurrence statistics from a database of tagged images such as Flickr. Second, a spatial reasoning component judges how well spatial relations such as "past the computers" describe a path. Finally, verb phrases such as "turn right" are modeled according to the amount of change in orientation in the path. Our system follows 60% of the directions in our corpus to within 15 meters of the true destination, significantly outperforming other approaches.
Generalised impedance boundary method of moments for multilayer graded-index dielectric waveguide structures

A generalisation of the impedance boundary method of moments (IBMOM) for application to multilayer graded-index dielectric waveguides is proposed. The transverse field in each layer is expanded in local basis functions and matched at the interfaces between the layers. Exact impedance boundary conditions are applied at the two interfaces between the guiding region and cladding regions. Comparison with the IBMOM shows that the generalised impedance boundary method of moments (GIBMOM) is more efficient in calculating the propagation constants of structures with discontinuous refractive index distributions. Numerical results for a two-layer graded-index structure and a step-index coupler are presented to illustrate the improvement in the rate of convergence.
Preventive maintenance and replacement under additive damage

A system deteriorates due to shocks received at random times, each shock causing a random amount of damage which accumulates over time and may result in a system failure. Replacement of a failed system is mandatory, while an operable one may also be replaced. In addition, the shock process causing system deterioration may be controlled by continuous preventive maintenance expenditures. The joint problem of optimal maintenance and replacement is analyzed and it is shown that, under reasonable conditions, optimal maintenance rate is decreasing in the cumulative damage level and that beyond a certain critical level the system should be replaced. Meaningful bounds are established on the optimal policies and an illustrative example is provided.
Desperately Seeking 'the Merina' (Central Madagascar): Reading Ethnonyms and their Semantic Fields in African Identity Histories'

This article is an exploration into what a temporally and semantically ‘deep’ reading of African identity names reveals not only about the shifting meanings of ethnic naming over time but about the nature and definition of ethnic identity itself. Scholars have long recognized that identities are socially and historically constructed yet failed to sufficiently account for continuing shifts and transformations of identity consciousness within named corporate groups. Taking the case of the Merina of central Madagascar this article demonstrates that Merina identity is both an historical product of the early nineteenth century and that that identity was, at origin, a political consciousness that later became ethnicized. These conclusions are reached through a careful reading of the meanings of vernacular identity names in Malagasy language texts. By drawing comparisons between Merina and Zulu identities of the early nineteenth century, the article suggests that precolonial ‘ethnic’ identities generated through...
THE CYTOLOGY OF MEIOSIS IN SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES OCTOSPORUS

IN 1894 BEYERINCK discovered the yeast Schizosaccharomyces octosporus and described its optimum growth conditions and gross morphology. He described the nucleus of the young ascus as a small, transparent, undifferentiated body lying in the thick protoplasmic area of the cell, and noted the difficulty of distinguishing it from the small vacuoles and other granules also to be found in the cytoplasm. Beyerinck correlated the octonucleate stage with the appearance of ascospores, but was sure that a sexual act was not involved in their formation. Schionning (1895) was the first investigator to describe conjugation (plasmogamy) in yeast. He observed that the fusion of two identical cells resulted in ascus formation in S. octosporus. Hoffmeister (1900) studied this phenomenon further and intimated that nuclear fusion (karyogamy) accompanied cell fusion since the young ascus contained only one stainable granule, whereas both of the cells destined to fuse contained a single stainable granule which represented the nucleus. The first comprehensive studies on the nuclear cytology of S. octosporus were made by Guilliermond. In 1901 he was able to show that nuclear fusion followed the copulation of two cells, and that a true isogamous conjugation existed. He described nuclear division in the ascus of Saccharomyces ludwigii (Guilliermond, 1901a) and in the vegetative cells and ascus of S. octospoirus (Guilliermond, 1901b) as perhaps intermediate between mitosis and amitosis, i.e., "mesomitosis" (Guilliermond, 1928). His description of the separating semilunar nuclear masses during vegetative cell division in S. octosporus is remarkably similar to telophase stages observed in the authors' preparations and those described by DeLamater (1950) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In 1903 Guilliermond reaffirmed that nuclear division took place by transverse division of a karyosome surrounded by colorless nucleoplasm and a limiting membrane, but by 1905 (Guilliermond, 1905a) he had modified his views to the belief that amitosis occurred in the vegetative cells only, and stated that it was impossible to know the mode of nuclear division during spore formation. Marchand (1913) cites Guilliermond's belief, stated in 1912, that the yeast ascus is the site of reduction of chromosome number and that conjugation compensates for the loss of chromatin which occurs in the course of mitosis in the ascus. In 1917 Guilliermond gave a description of ascus and spore formation in S. o,ctosporus insofar as the iron-haematoxy-
Prevalence and risk factors for fecal incontinence in a community based sample of elderly individuals

Prevalence and risk factors for fecal incontinence in a community based sample of elderly individuals
The Influence of Ensheathing Cells on Olfactory Receptor Cell Neurite Outgrowth In Vitroa

We previously reported that laminin substrates increased primary (1 degree) neurite outgrowth from olfactory receptor cells (ORCs) in vitro. To further explore mechanisms underlying the outgrowth of ORC neurites, we have cocultured ORCs with the ensheathing cells (ENSH) from the olfactory nerve. ORCs were plated either: (i) directly on monolayers of ENSH (prepared with minor modifications as reported by Doucette and Devon, or (ii) on coverslips suspended above the ENSH monolayer to investigate diffusible trophic influences of ENSH. In addition, ORCs were cocultured with either olfactory bulb glia (OBG) or hippocampal astrocytes (HG) or grown on either laminin (LN) substrates or poly-L-lysine (PLL) controls. The length of ORC neurites was determined after 48 hr in vitro. Immunocytochemical characterization of the ENSH cultures for p75 nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) revealed that those cultures contained more than 80% ENSH. In OBG cultures approximately 10% and in HG cultures no cells with ENSH characteristics were found. All cells with ENSH characteristics were also LN-immunoreactive. After 48 hr in culture ORCs had the longest 1 degree neurites when they were cocultured with ENSH. No significant differences in the 1 degree neurite length were found comparing ORCs grown directly on ENSH and ORCs physically separated from ENSH. ORCs cultured on HG and on EHS-LN showed no significant differences in the ORC 1 degree neurite length, but on both substrates the ORC 1 degree neurites were significantly shorter than on ENSH. The length of the ORC secondary neurites did not vary significantly in the different culture conditions. Our results suggest that while LN appears to contribute to ORC neurite extension, additional diffusible factors released from ENSH are likely to be further determinants of neurite outgrowth. Because the OBG and HG cocultures did not influence ORC neurite outgrowth as significantly as did the ENSH, it seems plausible to suggest that these diffusible factors may be specific to subpopulations of glial cells.
Sunspots and the physics of magnetic flux tubes. III. Aerodynamic lift

The aerodynamic lift exerted on a magnetic flux tube by the asymmetric flow around the two sides of the tube is calculated as part of an investigation of the physics of solar flux tubes. The general hydrodynamic forces on a rigid circular cylinder in a nonuniform flow of an ideal fluid are derived from the first derivatives of the velocity field. Aerodynamic lift in a radial nonuniform flow is found to act in the direction of the flow, toward the region of increased flow velocity, while in a shear flow, lift is perpendicular to the free stream and directed toward increasing flow velocity. For a general, three dimensional, large-scale stationary incompressible equilibrium flow, an expression is also derived relating the lift per unit length to the dynamical pressure, cylinder radius and the gradient of the free-stream velocity. Evidence from an asymmetric airfoil in a uniform flow indicates that lift is enhanced in a real fluid in the presence of turbulence.
Residence times of multiple particles in non-newtonian holding tube flow: Effect of process parameters and development of dimensionless correlations

Abstract A study of residence times of multiple spherical particles suspended in aqueous solutions of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) during pseudoplastic flow through a commercial size transparent holding tube system is presented in this paper. Polystyrene spheres were used to simulate the food particles. The parameters considered in this study were fluid viscosity, suspension flow rate, particle size and particle concentration. Equations to predict dimensionless mean and minimum residence times were developed as a function of particle Reynolds number, particle concentration and flow behavior index; for the dimensionless standard deviation of the residence times, particle size to tube diameter ratio was also incorporated in the correlation. The results showed that viscosity, flow rate and particle concentration affected the mean, minimum and standard deviation of the residence times while particle size affected only the standard deviation of the residence time significantly (α = 0.05). It was also observed that the mean particle residence times were close to the mean fluid residence times while the minimum particle residence times were much larger than the theoretical minimum (center line) fluid residence times. The ratio of minimum to mean particle residence time was between 1.06 and 1.16. Within the range of parameters studied, the suspensions were very homogeneous and no channeling phenomena were observed. This uniformity of the suspensions could be attributed to the range of particle concentration analysed (4–10%, v/v) and the ratio of particle to the carrier density (nearly neutrally buoyant).
The behavior of temper embrittlement in a secondary-hardening 4.2wt.%Mo-0.4wt.%C-0.06wt.%P steel

Abstract Grain boundary embrittlement associated with phosphorus grain boundary segregation in a 4.2wt.%Mo-0.4wt.%C-0.06wt.%P steel was studied by Auger electron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and hardness measurements. It was found that this steel exhibits a secondary-hardening behavior during tempering and high grain boundary embrittlement susceptibility accompanied by secondary hardening. From the information on the variations in hardness, the phosphorus grain boundary concentration and the percentage of intergranular fracture as functions of tempering temperature, it was shown that grain boundary embrittlement is enhanced by the combined effects of the increase in phosphorus grain boundary segregation and the increase in hardness during tempering in the secondary-hardening temperature range. Also, it was found that phosphorus grain boundary segregation and grain boundary embrittlement are strongly affected by the amount of free molybdenum in the matrix.
Control of gas and aqueous phase reactive chemical species by air surface micro-discharge

Summary form only given. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) have been shown to play important roles in various fields, including medical treatment (e.g. cancer and chronic wounds), food preservation, and water purification. It is well established that atmospheric pressure plasmas generate a wide variety of RONS in air near room temperature, including O 2 *, O 3 , OH, O, and NO. Those highly reactive species are hard to generate by other means. Therefore, the plasma-generated RONS have significant potential to realize radical-enhanced processes. A challenge, however, is to control the plasma chemistry and mass transportation to treated samples. In this study, we employed surface-micro discharge [1] and investigated the time and spatial distributions of those reactive species in gas-phase and aqueous-phase. In gas-phase, we measured the concentration of ozone using UV absorption at 254 nm. Our measurements demonstrate that gas phase air plasma chemistry can show surprising complexities. In aqueous phase, nitrites and nitrates were measured by UV spectrometer at 200–400 nm. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide was measured using electrochemical probe. Dissolved ozone was also quantified by indigo method. Three different modes of species distributions in aqueous-phase were identified: ozone-mode, nitrate-mode, and nitrite-mode. Our experimental observation indicates that power density from SMD, external gas flow, and the residence time of the species are key parameters to control the distributions of plasma-generated RONS. The antibacterial efficacy of plasma-treated liquid significantly depends on those parameters. In the presentation, we will also discuss possible effects of UV photons to modulate the plasma chemistry in gas-phase and aqueous-phase.
Optimizing Drying Conditions for Microwave-Vacuum (MIVAC®) Drying of Russet Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum)

MIVAC® combines microwave heating with vacuum drying. Microwave power is modulated based upon product temperature and can limit overheating compared to other microwave-vacuum methods. Blanched potatoes were dried at 50, 60, and 70°C for 0 to 150 min. Potatoes dried at 70°C had a lower moisture content in less time compared to potatoes dried at 50 and 60°C, but the color of the dehydrated potatoes was affected due to overheating. Drying at 60°C for 150 min resulted in dried potatoes with acceptable color. Drying at 50°C resulted in dehydrated potatoes of acceptable color; however, it required more time.
Sacrament and Solidarity: Catholic Social Thought and Health Care Policy Reform

The religion and politics border occupied by Catholic social thought and American health care policy contains rich material for reflection. Religious institutions, particularly Catholic, ate deeply embedded in both health care delivery and health care lobbying. Each activity is consciously driven by understandings of the imperatives of Catholic social thought and by institutional missions formulated with the intention of realizing commitments that flow from Christian faith lived within the Catholic tradition. Because health care delivery is powerfully shaped by public policies at the federal and state levels, Catholic leaders, Catholic institutions such as hospitals, and Catholic theologians have been driven to reflect on and to deliver health care within a context powerfully political and public. They have also for many years engaged in policy advocacy to influence the economic, social, and legal environment of their activity. Moreover, just as Catholic health care acts and advocates, it reacts to public policies that affect not only the "externals" of health care delivery, but also the essential mission and identity of Catholic institutions. Catholic health care has challenged and been challenged by public policy. This mutual questioning on an important boundary between politics and religion makes the topic of Catholic social thought and health care policy reform intensely interesting for students of church and state.
Taking an “intentional stance” on eye-gaze shifts: A functional neuroimaging study of social perception in children

During middle childhood, children develop an increasing understanding of intentions and other social information conveyed through dynamic facial cues such as changes in eye-gaze direction. Recent work in our laboratory has focused on using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in adults to map the neural circuitry subserving the visual analysis of others' actions and the intentions underlying these actions. In these studies, the superior temporal sulcus (STS) region has been continually implicated in processing shifts in eye gaze. Further, these studies have indicated that STS activity is modulated by the context within which eye-gaze shifts occur, suggesting that this region is involved in social perception via its role in the analysis of the intentions of observed actions. Still, no studies have investigated the neural circuitry supporting eye-gaze processing in children. We used event-related fMRI to examine brain activity in 7- to 10-year-old healthy children observing an animated virtual actor who shifted her eyes towards either a target object or empty space. Consistent with prior studies in adults, the STS, middle temporal gyrus, and inferior parietal lobule were sensitive to the intentions underlying the stimulus character's eye movements. These findings suggest that the neural circuitry underlying the processing of eye gaze and the detection of intentions conveyed through shifts in eye gaze in children are similar to that found previously in adults. We discuss these findings and potential implications for mapping the neurodevelopment of the social cognition and social perception abnormalities characteristic of autism.
IVORY IN EARLY MODERN CEYLON: A CASE STUDY IN WHAT DOCUMENTS DON’T REVEAL

In Sri Lanka elephants are endangered and ivory carving, as an art, is dead. Sri Lanka was once famous for the number and quality of its elephants, whose tusks were carved and exported since ancient times. Although Sri Lanka became, successively, a pivotal outpost for the Portuguese, Dutch and English, details about the Ceylonese ivory trade appear in trade documents only rarely. And yet, if information is not to be found there, does that mean ivory trade did not occur? Trade documents, after all, do not tell the whole story. Smugglers, illegal traders, big game hunters and plantation owners all played a part in the disappearance of elephants and its corollary, the ivory trade. When archival evidence is viewed in combination with physical evidence and the anecdotes of visitors and residents, it becomes evident that ivory remained an integral part of trade and crafts in Ceylon well into the last century.
Recent Themes in Conservation Philosophy and Policy in the United States

A key characteristic of conservation in the United States is the dichotomy between two main philosophies. One of these is anthropocentric and utilitarian, advocating the wise use of Nature and natural resources, while the other is basically ecocentric, as it espouses principles of nonuse and preservation. This dualism has existed since the early days of the conservation movement, when the formerly uncontrolled use of a supposedly limitless natural environment finally gave way to a policy of resource management which was designed to conserve Nature and resource availability within the framework of human utilization. Generally opposed to this historically dominant paradigm were those who believed in preserving Nature for its own sake, and who have laboured over the years to modify and ameliorate the prevalent, central pattern.After a period of relative unconcern, conservation underwent a resurgence as part of the environmental movement of the 1960s and 1970s. Environmental quality was the key concern, being highlighted by problems of pollution and degradation of the natural habitat. While providing the impetus for some broad environmental and conservation measures, this central focus directed primary attention to setting the problems. The traditional dominance of utilitarian resource management was maintained, relying on our managerial and scientific skills to address heightened environmental concerns. The era also spawned a number of other philosophies and themes. These have included a renewed sense of the ethics and spirituality of Nature, the emergence of ecology as a publicly-recognized-as-important field of science, ‘greener’ ecocentric movements, theories advocating more radical change, neo-Marxist theory on the relationship between Man and Nature, and various themes on limiting environmental growth and stress especially imposed by everincreasing human numbers.