cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rutgers university coastal ocean observation laboratory (RU-COOL) advanced modeling system developed to cost-effectively support offshore wind energy development and operational applications

Studies are underway that are evaluating the offshore wind resource along the coast of New Jersey in an effort to determine the variability of the wind resource. One major source of variability is the sea-land breeze circulation that occurs during periods of peak energy demand. The sea breeze front, driven by the thermal difference between the warm land and relatively cooler ocean during hot summer afternoons, propagates inland and under weak atmospheric boundary layer wind conditions can affect much of the state. However, little is known about the offshore component of the sea breeze circulation. A large zone of subsidence over the coastal ocean, and subsequent divergence near the surface, is known to occur in unison with the inland-propagating sea breeze front. RU-COOL's unique monitoring and modeling endeavors are focused on exploring the details of these offshore dynamics of the sea breeze circulation and its development during both coastal upwelling and non-upwelling events. A case study from the August 13, 2012 is analyzed in this paper; coastal upwelling resulted from persistent south to southeasterly winds for days. In addition, a sea breeze front formed in the afternoon, propagating inland and producing a zone of weak winds offshore that coincides with the targeted area of offshore wind development. Model results, using unique declouded satellite sea surface temperature data, are validated inshore against weather radar and offshore against coastal ocean radar (CODAR). Small-scale offshore wind variability is resolved and verified in the model, which will be critical for producing accurate and reliable offshore wind resource assessments and precise operational forecasts for the future.
Time efficient deadlock resolution algorithms

two efficient polynomial time resolution algorithms for the case of multiple resource units. The complexity of deadlock detection and resolution with our two resolution algorithms are O(NjN,) and O(NjNf + Np N,‘Nmin), where Np is the number of processes, N,. is the number of resources, and Nmin = min(N,, Nr). We prove that one algorithm is optimal in the special case when every process is blocked on no more than one resource unit. We also present comparison studies of the two algorithms with randomly generated deadlock scenarios. The results illustrate that, on average, the number of aborts in both techniques exceeds the optimum by less than 10%.
CAM02-6: Further Analysis of XCP Equilibrium Performance

Low analyzes the equilibrium performance of the recently developed explicit control protocol (XCP) by applying the derived window-based dynamical model. However, Low's window-based dynamic model is too complicated to be used easily. In our previous works, a simple rate-based model is proposed for analyzing XCP's equilibrium performance. Most results that appeared in Low's paper can be easily reproduced by applying our simple dynamic model. Furthermore, we prove that the shuffling parameter 7 is no more than the parameter gamma to achieve high link utilization. In this paper, we derive stringent lower and upper bounds of link utilization provided with the new constraint gamma les alpha. Furthermore, to study the equilibrium performance of networks with the compensation policy, we use the simplest topology of two links in chains. The sufficient conditions of the compensation policy are proposed, and the link utilization with the compensation policy is derived as a root of a cubic equation. Simulation results are used to verify our results.
Are Political Obligations Content Independent

Current scholars generally view political obligations as “content independent.” Citizens have moral reasons to obey the law because it is the law, rather than because of the content of different la...
Pain management: Ethical issues for the perianesthesia nurse

Ethical aspects of pain management in the perianesthesia practice settingrevolve around issues of competence. Nurses must have knowledge relevant to the current scope of nursing practice, changing issues and concerns, and ethical concepts and principles. Nurses and other health care providers must engage in ongoing discussion and deliberation about ethics and culturally sensitive care. Additionally, to ensure optimal outcomes, the care provided must address those aspects that are age specific. It is important not only to develop competence as related to tasks and skills, but also to develop critical thinking and decision making. All nurses need to be able to articulate a personal philosophy. They need to understand their own values and be able to anticipate the impact that ethical choice will have on their professional practice.
Scientific, Economic, Regulatory, and Ethical Challenges of Bringing Science-Based Pediatric Nutrition Products to the U.S. Market and Ensuring Their Availability for Patients

Many nutrition products and related drugs are unavailable or not consistently available to clinicians despite a body of clinical data and experience supporting their use. Many of these can be related to drug shortages that have increased since 2009. In addition, there are potentially useful products that are not approved for a specific use or are no longer being manufactured. This review broadly examines the product availability gap from the perspectives of a clinician/former nutrition industry medical director and an economist. The process of pediatric nutrition product and related drug innovation, as well as its drivers and the steps involved in bringing a product to market, is first described. This is followed by an assessment of factors influencing product availability beyond the innovation process, including regulatory issues, manufacturing compliance, purchasing practices, and other factors related to drug and nutrition product pricing and reimbursement. Three pediatric case examples are reviewed an...
Palladium Hydride Atomic Potentials for Hydrogen Storage/Separation

Palladium is capable of storing a large atomic percent of hydrogen at room temperature and allows for hydrogen to diffuse with a high mobility. These unique properties make it an efficient storage medium for hydrogen and hydrogen isotopes, such as tritium, a byproduct of nuclear reaction. Palladium thus can be used for applications where fast diffusion and large storage density are important. Better understanding of molecular level phenomena such as hydride phase transformation in the metal and the effect of defects in the materials provides clues to designing metal hydrides that perform better. Atomic simulations are useful in the evaluation of palladium-hydrogen systems as changes in composition can be more easily explored than with experiments. In this paper, we present the palladium hydride potentials to investigate and identify the relevant physical mechanisms necessary to describe the absorption of hydrogen within a metal lattice.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
3H-tetracycline as a proxy for 41Ca for measuring dietary perturbations of bone resorption

Our group is interested in evaluating early effects of dietary interventions on bone loss. Postmenopausal women lose bone following reduction in estrogen which leads to increased risk of fracture. Traditional means of monitoring bone loss and effectiveness of treatments include changes in bone density, which takes 6 months to years to observe effects, and changes in biochemical markers of bone turnover, which are highly variable and lack specificity. Prelabeling bone with 41Ca and measuring urinary 41Ca excretion with accelerator mass spectrometry provides a sensitive, specific, and rapid approach to evaluating effectiveness of treatment. To better understand 41Ca technology as a tool for measuring effective treatments on reducing bone resorption, we perturbed bone resorption by manipulating dietary calcium in rats. We used 3H-tetracycline (3H-TC) as a proxy for 41Ca and found that a single dose is feasible to study bone resorption. Suppression of bone resorption, as measured by urinary 3H-TC, by dietary calcium was observed in rats stabilized after ovariectomy, but not in recently ovariectomized rats.
Photochemical reactions a sink for dissolved organic carbon

Dissolved organic matter is transported from inland sources through rivers to seas, where it provides a major source of carbon and nitrogen in aquatic ecosystems. Solar radiation can break down dissolved organic matter into a form that is more readily used by bacteria. Photochemical reactions can also transform dissolved organic carbon into forms of dissolved inorganic carbon, including carbon dioxide, and convert dissolved organic nitrogen into ammonium, which encourages bacterial and algal growth. Quantifying these photoreactions could help scientists better understand the role of photochemistry and dissolved organic matter in aquatic ecosystems
Living With the AIDS Virus: A Representative Case

A human sciences, multilevel, hermeneutic approach was employed to study intensively the relevant life experiences of a 21-year-old male expert consultant who had tested positive for the AIDS virus but who was asymptomatic. The study is presented both as a methodological example of this type of research and as a contribution to understanding an important personal and social issue. Under supervision, the initiating investigator collected anamnestic, behavioral, and projective data, as well as dream reports and spontaneously produced artistic material from the expert consultant. A narrative was produced to describe the study, and the data were integrated in terms of five themes: feeling infected and infectious; facing death and dying; ambivalence; uncertainty; and secrecy. Special features of this method of research are discussed, as is its relevance to the needs and interests of professionals who work with this population.
Development of a New USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map for the United States

AbstractIn many regions of the world, the extremes of winter cold are a major determinant of the geographic distribution of perennial plant species and of their successful cultivation. In the United States, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Plant Hardiness Zone Map (PHZM) is the primary reference for defining geospatial patterns of extreme winter cold for the horticulture and nursery industries, home gardeners, agrometeorologists, and plant scientists. This paper describes the approaches followed for updating the USDA PHZM, the last version of which was published in 1990. The new PHZM depicts 1976–2005 mean annual extreme minimum temperature, in 2.8°C (5°F) half zones, for the conterminous United States, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. Station data were interpolated to a grid with the Parameter-Elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) climate-mapping system. PRISM accounts for the effects of elevation, terrain-induced airmass blockage, coastal effects, temperature inversions, and...
Biodiversity loss, trophic skew and ecosystem functioning

Experiments testing biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning have been criticized on the basis that their random-assembly designs do not reflect deterministic species loss in nature. Because previous studies, and their critics, have focused primarily on plants, however, it is underappreciated that the most consistent such determinism involves biased extinction of large consumers, skewing trophic structure and substantially changing conclusions about ecosystem impacts that assume changing plant diversity alone. Both demography and anthropogenic threats render large vertebrate consumers more vulnerable to extinction, on average, than plants. Importantly, species loss appears biased toward strong interactors among animals but weak interactors among plants. Accordingly, available evidence suggests that loss of a few predator species often has impacts comparable in magnitude to those stemming from a large reduction in plant diversity. Thus, the dominant impacts of biodiversity change on ecosystem functioning appear to be trophically mediated, with important implications for conservation.
Gestational weight gain and child adiposity at age 3 years.

Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the associations of gestational weight gain with child adiposity. Study Design Using multivariable regression, we studied associations of total gestational weight gain and weight gain according to 1990 Institute of Medicine guidelines with child outcomes among 1044 mother-child pairs in Project Viva. Results Greater weight gain was associated with higher child body mass index z-score (0.13 units per 5 kg [95% CI, 0.08, 0.19]), sum of subscapular and triceps skinfold thicknesses (0.26 mm [95% CI, 0.02, 0.51]), and systolic blood pressure (0.60 mm Hg [95% CI, 0.06, 1.13]). Compared with inadequate weight gain (0.17 units [95% CI, 0.01, 0.33]), women with adequate or excessive weight gain had children with higher body mass index z-scores (0.47 [95% CI, 0.37, 0.57] and 0.52 [95% CI, 0.44, 0.61], respectively) and risk of overweight (odds ratios, 3.77 [95% CI: 1.38, 10.27] and 4.35 [95% CI: 1.69, 11.24]). Conclusion New recommendations for gestational weight gain may be required in this era of epidemic obesity.
Isolation Techniques for Spirochetes and Their Sensitivity to Antibiotics in Vitro and in Vivo

Leptospira interrogans can be cultured from blood and cerebrospinal fluid during the first week of leptospirosis and from urine thereafter. Studies of in vitro sensitivity indicate that these organisms are sensitive to most antibiotics. Tetracycline and penicillin G are most often used clinically, although laboratory studies suggest that the bactericidal activity of penicillin G may be inadequate. Treponema pallidum cannot be satisfactorily cultured. It is identified by dark-field microscopy. Studies of in vivo sensitivity show that penicillin G is highly active against the syphilis pathogen. Since syphilis and gonorrhea may occur simultaneously, ceftriaxone, which is as active as penicillin G against T. pallidum but is also active against penicillinase-producing gonococci, is a logical choice for therapy. Borrelia burgdorferi has been cultured from the blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and skin of patients with Lyme disease. In vitro studies have shown tetracycline and erythromycin to be effective against B. burgdorferi and penicillin G to be less so, although all are commonly used clinically. Ceftriaxone has also proven to be highly effective in laboratory studies and for clinical treatment.
Collaborative filtering with decoupled models for preferences and ratings

In this paper, we describe a new model for collaborative filtering. The motivation of this work comes from the fact that two users with very similar preferences on items may have very different rating schemes. For example, one user may tend to assign a higher rating to all items than another user. Unlike previous models of collaborative filtering, which determine the similarity between two users only based on their rating performance, our model treats the user's preferences on items separately from the user's rating scheme. More specifically, for each user, we build two separate models: a preference model capturing which items are favored by the user and a rating model capturing how the user would rate an item given the preference information. The similarity of two users is computed based on the underlying preference model, instead of the surface ratings. We compare the new model with several representative previous approaches on two data sets. Experiment results show that the new model outperforms all the previous approaches that are tested consistently on both data sets.
Interleukin-2 enhances CD4+ T cell memory by promoting the generation of IL-7Rα–expressing cells

The common γ chain cytokines interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-7 are important regulators of T cell homeostasis. Although IL-2 is implicated in the acute phase of the T cell response, IL-7 is important for memory T cell survival. We asked whether regulated responsiveness to these growth factors is determined by temporal expression of the cytokine-specific IL-2 receptor (R) α and IL-7Rα chains. We demonstrate that IL-2Rα is expressed early after priming in T cell receptor–transgenic CD4+ T cells, whereas IL-7Rα expression is lost. In the later stage of the response, IL-7Rα is reexpressed while IL-2Rα expression is silenced. This reciprocal pattern of IL-2Rα/IL-7Rα expression is disturbed when CD4+ T cells are primed in the absence of IL-2 signals. Primed IL-2−/− or CD25−/− (IL-2Rα−/−) CD4+ T cells, despite showing normal induction of activation markers and cell division, fail to reexpress IL-7Rα late in the response. Because the generation of CD4+ memory T cells is dependent on IL-7–IL-7Rα interactions, primed IL-2−/− or CD25−/− CD4+ T cells develop poorly into long-lived memory cells. Retrovirus-mediated expression of IL-7Rα in IL-2−/− T cells restores their capacity for long-term survival. These results identify IL-2 as a factor regulating IL-7Rα expression and, consequently, memory T cell homeostasis in vivo.
Crosstalk Cancellation of DDR3 Memory Channel for over 1600 Mbps Data Rate

In this paper, we propose crosstalk cancellation methodology for high speed DDR3 memory channel whose data rate is 1600 Mbps or faster. In DDR3, DQ signal still adopts microstrip line in the motherboard in order to achieve low cost. The propagation velocity of even-mode is different from that of odd-mode in the microstrip line, which results in skew among DQs and between DQ and data strobe (DQS) as well. This crosstalk reduces timing margin a lot and it is not endurable at the high data rate. The proposed method successfully suppresses the crosstalk and it is cost effective compared with using stripline for DQ and DQS in the motherboard.
Quality of life is impaired in children with functional defecation disorders.

Fecal incontinence as result of constipation and assingle symptom is a source of embarrassment for thechild, who must deal with taunting by peers. Thesechildren may suffer from significant emotional setbacks asa result of this problem with social withdrawal, shame, fearof discovery, loss of self-esteem and confidence. Despitethe high prevalence of fecal incontinence and the enormousimpact on the child and family, scarce data are availableregarding the consequences of constipation and fecalincontinence with respect to behavior and quality of life(QoL) in these children.In contrast to earlier belief, between 15-30% of thechildren with these functional bowel disorders continue tohave infrequent painful defecation, abdominal pain andfecal incontinence far beyond puberty.
On robust spectral analysis by least absolute deviations

The method of least absolute deviations has been successfully used in construction of robust tools for spectral analysis under the conditions of outliers and heavy-tailed statistical distributions. This article compares two such spectral analyzers, called the Laplace periodograms of the first and second kind, which can be viewed as robust alternatives to the ordinary periodogram. The article proves that the Laplace periodogram of the second kind has a similar asymptotic distribution to the Laplace periodogram of the first kind which established its association with the zero-crossing spectrum in a recent publication. The article also demonstrates that the Laplace periodogram of the second kind has a smoother sample path which is more suitable for visualization, identification, and estimation of arbitrarily located narrowband components. Extensions of the results to complex time series are discussed.
Gun Availability and Violent Crime: New Evidence from the National Incident-Based Reporting System

Usingfouryears of county-level data drawnfrom the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) for South Carolina and a pooled cross-sectional time-series research design, we investigate whether gun availability is related to violent crime, gun crime, juvenile gun crime, and violent crimes committed with a knife. We contribute to the literature by distinguishing between illegal and legal gun availability and by using a comprehensive measure ofgun crime. Results show a strongpositive relationship between illegal gun availability and violent crime, gun crime, andjuvenile gun crime. Little or no effect for the legitimate gun availability measure is observed in any of the estimated models. Findings also reveal that illegal guns have little influence on violent crimes committed with a knife. Offenders seem not to be substituting knives or other cutting instruments when illegalfirearms become less available. A supplemental analysis also indicates no evidence of simultaneity between gun availability and violent crime. The strong and consistent effect of illegal rather than legal gun availability on violent crime has importantpolicy implications, because it suggests that greater attention should be directed at devising ways for legitimate gun owners to better secure their weapons.
The Sliding With Coulomb Friction of a Rigid Indentor Over a Power-Law Inhomogeneous Linearly Viscoelastic Half-Plane

On suppose que le module de cisaillement est une fonction puissance de la profondeur. Les termes inertiels des equations de mouvement ne sont pas retenus et on suppose que l'indentateur glisse a vitesse constante. Le probleme de valeur limite resultant se reduit a une equation integrale d'Abel generalisee
Will the Children Ever Leave? Parent-Child Coresidence History and Plans

Despite recent attention to parent-child coresidence, little is known about differences between continuing and return coresidence or how these may vary with age. A sample of 716 adult children residing in parent households (from the National Survey of Families and Households) is used to investigate the antecedents of continuing and return coresidence and the plans and expectations of coresident children; and although young adult children predominate in coresidence, variations across age groups are investigated. Coresidence history is related to such child characteristics as marital status and education, with varying patterns across age groups, but continuing and return coresidents are more similar than different. Plans and expectations are largely a function of child characteristics. Although return coresidence appears to be more problematic and continuing coresidence shows increasing stability with age, continuing and return coresident children respond to similar factors.
Novel 16‐channel receive coil array for accelerated upper airway MRI at 3 Tesla

Upper airway MRI can provide a noninvasive assessment of speech and swallowing disorders and sleep apnea. Recent work has demonstrated the value of high-resolution threedimensional imaging and dynamic two-dimensional imaging and the importance of further improvements in spatio-temporal resolution. The purpose of the study was to describe a novel 16-channel 3 Tesla receive coil that is highly sensitive to the human upper airway and investigate the performance of accelerated upper airway MRI with the coil. In three-dimensional imaging of the upper airway during static posture, 6fold acceleration is demonstrated using parallel imaging, potentially leading to capturing a whole three-dimensional vocal tract with 1.25 mm isotropic resolution within 9 sec of sustained sound production. Midsagittal spiral parallel imaging of vocal tract dynamics during natural speech production is demonstrated with 2 3 2m m 2 in-plane spatial and 84 ms temporal resolution. Magn Reson Med 65:1711–1717, 2011. V C 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Blunted Memories: Time for Decaf?

Cannabis is the number one illicit drug of abuse worldwide, with as many as 160 million users annually. Cannabis intoxication impairs cognition; alters attention, memory, and perception; and occasionally even produces psychosis. Although there are several valid clinical applications for this
Superiority of transesophageal echocardiography in detecting aortic arch atheromatous disease: identification of patients at increased risk of stroke during cardiac surgery.

It has been shown that transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is useful in evaluating atheromatous disease of the aortic arch and that such disease is a risk factor for stroke in medical patients. Data obtained by traditional methods of evaluating the aortic arch prior to cardiac surgery, namely, chest x-ray (CXR) and cardiac catheterization (CATH), were compared with that detected by TEE. Images of the descending thoracic aorta and aortic arch seen on intraoperative TEE in 258 cardiac surgical patients were graded as I = normal, II = intimal thickening or plaques <5 mm thick (moderate disease), III = plaques ≥5 mm thick or with a mobile component (severe disease). The aortic knob seen on CXR in 209 of these patients was graded as normal, <12 or ≥12 ring of calcification. Calcification in the aortic root (graded as 0, 1+, 2+) and irregularities in the aortic lumen seen at CATH in 33 patients were also examined. Data were analyzed with respect to age, gender, type of surgery, and stroke. Increasing age correlated strongly with increasing severity of aortic arch and descending thoracic aortic disease seen by TEE. Severe disease was not present in patients under age 50 but was present in about 20% of those over age 70. Atheromatous disease was found by TEE in 55% of patients with a normal CXR and 91% of those with heavily calcified aortic knobs. Ischemic strokes occurred in seven patients. Severe arch disease correlated significantly with stroke (P < .01). Other variables did not correlate with stroke. TEE evaluation of the aorta is useful in older patients and those with radiographic evidence of aortic calcification to determine the presence of severe atheromatous disease of the aortic arch, a condition that may increase the risk of perioperative stroke. Identifying severe aortic arch disease has important clinical implications because surgical technique may be altered to avoid dislodging arch “debris.”
Pharmacodynamics of Gatifloxacin in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Experimental Cephalosporin-Resistant Pneumococcal Meningitis

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pharmacodynamics of a new fluoroquinolone, gatifloxacin (AM-1155), in experimental pneumococcal meningitis. The penetration of gatifloxacin into CSF, calculated as the percentage of the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) in CSF over the AUC in blood, was 46 to 56%. Gatifloxacin showed linear pharmacokinetics in CSF, and 1 h after intravenous dosages of 7.5, 15, or 30 mg/kg of body weight, peak CSF concentrations were 0.46 +/- 0.08 (mean +/- standard deviation), 0.94 +/- 0.16, and 1.84 +/- 0.5 microg/ml, respectively. The elimination half-life of gatifloxacin in CSF was 3. 8 to 5.6 h (compared with 2.7 to 3.2 h in blood). There was a significant interrelationship among the highest measured values of gatifloxacin in blood and CSF/minimal bactericidal concentration (Cpeak/MBC), the time antibiotic concentrations exceeded the MBC (T > MBC), and AUC/MBC (r = 0.94); in single-dose experiments, each correlated significantly with the bacterial killing rate. Divided-dose regimens, resulting in greater T > MBC values but lower Cpeak/MBC ratios, were more effective in terms of bacterial clearance compared with corresponding single-dose regimens. Gatifloxacin therapy was as effective as currently recommended regimens (e.g., a combination of ceftriaxone and vancomycin) against this highly cephalosporin-resistant pneumococcal strain. The bactericidal activity of gatifloxacin in CSF was closely related to the AUC/MBC ratio, but maximal activity was achieved only when drug concentrations exceeded the MBC for the entire dosing interval.
Grade expectations: the effects of expectations on fairness and satisfaction perceptions

Previous research has documented the impact of self-derived expectations as reference points in the evaluation of outcomes (e.g. Ordonez, Connolly, & Coughlan, 2000; van den Bos et al., 1998). In the present paper we extend these studies by investigating the effects of individuals' performance expectations on their subsequent evaluations of per- sonally-relevant outcomes. In three separate studies, both in the laboratory and in the field, students' actual grade outcomes fell short, met, or exceeded grade expectations. From this information, the students evaluated their fairness and satisfaction with the actual grade outcome. The studies provide complementary results that distinguish fair- ness and satisfaction as different constructs based on the impact of expectations on eva- luations of actual outcomes. Results demonstrate that expectations are important to perceptions of fairness and are less important to perceptions of satisfaction. Fairness judgments appear to be governed by an expectation matching proposition; whereby if the expectation is met, the outcome is fair. Whereas, satisfaction judgments are deter- mined by the value of the actual outcome to the individual. Participants also evaluate the fairness of outcomes differently using hypothetical scenarios than they do when they experience actual outcomes in natural contexts. Copyright # 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TOWARD A THEORY OF SYSTEMS INTEGRATION PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Two broad questions guide this research. First, how are the processes of systems integration projects situated within the organizational context? Second, how does the management of organizational structures inhibit or facilitate systems integration projects? A grounded theory approach is used to address these questions. Qualitative data has been, and continues to be, collected within the context of an in-depth case study of a single organization. Results thus far lead to the generation of a preliminary theory of systems integration project management.
Critical thinking assessment

(1993). Critical thinking assessment. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 32, Teaching for Higher Order Thinking, pp. 179-186.
Position Estimation With Moving Beacons in Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper proposes a scheme for position estimation of randomly deployed sensor nodes in a wireless sensor network. Without GPS capability on any of the sensors, the position estimation is facilitated by beacons that move within the network. The beacons are equipped with GPS and can broadcast messages that contain the beacon identifiers and their current positions. With erroneous boundary beacon positions captured at the sensor, the sensor calculates its own position iteratively and updates the estimates upon newly acquired beacon positions. Practical implementation issues are discussed and simulation results show that the proposed iterative approach converges quickly even with beacon positions that have large errors.
Hypertension Control Among Patients Followed by Cardiologists

Background—Hypertension control is an important and modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The overall rate of hypertension control among patients followed in cardiology clinics, as well as clinician variability in control rates, is unknown. Methods and Results—We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with hypertension (n=5979) routinely followed in a cardiology clinic (n=47 physicians). Overall, 30.3% of patients with hypertension had suboptimal control (blood pressure [BP] ≥140/90 mm Hg) at the end of a 13-month follow-up period. Patient-level factors associated with control were younger age, male sex, white ethnicity, having a primary care provider at Duke, private insurance, Medicare/Medicaid, and comorbid diagnoses of heart failure or coronary artery disease. Unadjusted rates of suboptimal BP control among clinicians' clinic patient panels ranged from 16% to 44%. Even after adjusting for patient factors, patients' odds of BP control varied 6-fold, depending on their treating ...
Use of Oxygen Scavengers to Stabilize Solid Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: A Case Study

A case study is described where degradation of a solid pharmaceutical dosage form susceptible to oxidation is minimized by incorporation of an oxygen scavenger as part of the packaging. Extremely low oxygen levels are attainable within 24 hr of packaging, even with permeable high-density polyethylene bottles commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry. This packaging methodology allows for a practical formulation-independent pathway for reducing or eliminating oxidative instability. In addition, this technology provides a convenient mechanistic probe for the degradation mechanism of solid dosage forms.
A hierarchical discretized-parameter polynomial adaptive estimator for non-linearly parameterized systems

In this paper, we propose a hierarchical discretized-parameter polynomial adaptive estimator (HDPAE) to estimate parameters that occur non-linearly in dynamic systems that are non-linear and Lipschitz continuous. A non-linear persistent excitation (NLPE) condition is introduced under which it is shown that the HDPAE is able to estimate the unknown parameters. This NLPE condition is shown to be entirely equivalent to and is no more restrictive than the linear persistent excitation (LPE) condition for linearly parameterized systems.
Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic Acid Mimics Can Identify a Transitional Activation State of Recombinant αIIbβ3 in Human Embryonic Kidney 293 Cells

The platelet-specific integrin αIIbβ3 achieves a high affinity binding state in response to extracellular agonists such as thrombin, ADP, or collagen. During this activation, the receptor undergoes a number of conformational changes. To characterize the different conformations of αIIbβ3, we expressed recombinant αIIbβ3 in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. Antigenic and peptide recognition specificities of the full-length recombinant receptor resembled those of the native receptor in platelets. We used an array of peptidic and nonpeptidic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) mimics that specifically bind to human platelet αIIbβ3 to determine the affinity state of the receptor. Some of these RGD mimics were previously shown to clearly discriminate between resting and activated αIIbβ3. Solution-phase binding of these RGD mimics to the recombinant cells suggested that in HEK 293 cells the full-length αIIbβ3 is expressed in a “transitional” activation state. This observation was confirmed by the binding of the activation-specific, monoclonal anti-αIIbβ3 antibody PAC1 to cells expressing the full-length recombinant αIIbβ3. Deletion of the entire cytoplasmic domain of the β subunit was sufficient to convert the receptor in HEK 293 cells to a fully active form, as found in activated platelets. In addition, the full-length receptor was capable of mediating agonist-independent aggregation of cells in the presence of fibrinogen. Thus, by using RGD mimics, we have identified a functional transitional activation state of αIIbβ3 that is capable of mediating fibrinogen-dependent cell aggregation.
Review of Special Publication No. 55 Status of Hydrographic Surveying and Nautical Charting Worldwide

The primary purpose of Special Publication No. 55 ‘is to provide the reader with com­ prehensive and concise information on the status of hydrography and nautical charting worldwide’ (International Hydrographic Bureau 1999, p.l). In addition, ‘the publication is intended to serve as a reference document for initiatives aimed at improving the stat­ us of hydrography and nautical cartography, providing key data required for assess­ ments, comments, conclusions and recommendations'(lbid. p.l). This review will assess the value of the publication in addressing these issues and will offer recommen­ dations to improve the information provided by making it more quantitative and hopeful­ ly of more use to a wide spectrum of users, including hydrographic offices, shipping companies, development banks and agencies providing aid. Special Publication No.44 (International Hydrographic Bureau, 1998) will also be discussed as it is felt that any review of Hydrography must be done using a standard comparison system. On the car­ tographic side, the standards for the production of paper charts as well as S-57, Edition 3, the International Standard for the Transfer of Digital Hydrographic Data (International Hydrographic Bureau, 1996), will also be considered in the review.
Nuclear 115cadmium: Uptake and disappearance correlated with cadmium-binding protein synthesis

Abstract The intracellular distribution of 115cadmium was determined following a pulsed exposure to the metal. The uptake and disappearance of label from rat liver nuclei was correlated with the appearance of a cytoplasmic Cd-binding protein. By coupling in vivo - in vitro experiments it was shown that unspecifically bound cadmium is free to enter the nucleus while specifically bound cadmium remains in the cytoplasm.
Jitter measurement of high-speed digital signals using low-cost signal acquisition hardware and associated algorithms

This dissertation proposes new methods for measuring jitter of high-speed digital signals. The proposed techniques are twofold. First, a low-speed jitter measurement environment is realized by using a jitter expansion sensor. This sensor uses a low-frequency reference signal as compared to high-frequency reference signals required in standard high-speed signal jitter measurement instruments. The jitter expansion sensor generates a low-speed signal at the output, which contains jitter content of the original high-speed digital signal. The low-speed sensor output signal can be easily acquired with a low-speed digitizer and then analyzed for jitter. The proposed low-speed jitter measurement environment using the jitter expansion sensor enhances the reliability of current jitter measurement approaches since low-speed signals used as a reference signal and a sensor output signal can be generated and applied to measurement systems with reduced additive noise. The second approach is direct digitization without using a sensor, in which a high-speed digital signal with jitter is incoherently sub-sampled and then reconstructed in the discrete-time domain by using digital signal reconstruction algorithms. The core idea of this technique is to remove the hardware required in standard sampling-based jitter measurement instruments for time/phase synchronization by adopting incoherent sub-sampling as compared to coherent sub-sampling and to reduce the need for a high-speed digitizer by sub-sampling a periodic signal over its many realizations. In the proposed digitization technique, the signal reconstruction algorithms are used as a substitute for time/phase synchronization hardware. When the reconstructed signal is analyzed for jitter in digital post-processing, a self-reference signal is extracted from the reconstructed signal by using wavelet denoising methods. This digitally generated self-reference signal alleviates the need for external analog reference signals. The self-reference signal is used as a timing reference when timing dislocations of the reconstructed signal are measured in the discrete-time domain. Various types of jitter of the original high-speed reference signals can be estimated using the proposed jitter analysis algorithms.
Interfacing broadband photonic qubits to on-chip cavity-protected rare-earth ensembles.

Ensembles of solid-state optical emitters enable broadband quantum storage and transduction of photonic qubits, with applications in high-rate quantum networks for secure communications and interconnecting future quantum computers. To transfer quantum states using ensembles, rephasing techniques are used to mitigate fast decoherence resulting from inhomogeneous broadening, but these techniques generally limit the bandwidth, efficiency and active times of the quantum interface. Here, we use a dense ensemble of neodymium rare-earth ions strongly coupled to a nanophotonic resonator to demonstrate a significant cavity protection effect at the single-photon level—a technique to suppress ensemble decoherence due to inhomogeneous broadening. The protected Rabi oscillations between the cavity field and the atomic super-radiant state enable ultra-fast transfer of photonic frequency qubits to the ions (∼50 GHz bandwidth) followed by retrieval with 98.7% fidelity. With the prospect of coupling to other long-lived rare-earth spin states, this technique opens the possibilities for broadband, always-ready quantum memories and fast optical-to-microwave transducers.
A Psychological Approach to Consumer Behavior Analysis

attempts at such a formulation is the vector hypothesis which is an application of Lewinian vector psychology to consumer analysis. The purpose of this article is to summarize briefly the main features of the vector hypothesis, to describe the techniques thus far advanced for measuring the psychic tensions involved, and finally to present some of the author's findings in his exploratory attempt to apply one of these measuring techniques in a small consumer study.
A 3-Tier Infrastructure: Virtual-, Mini-, Online-Hubo Stair Climbing as a Case Study

This paper introduces a 3-tier infrastructure for humanoid research. Using the KAIST humanoid Hubo-2, virtual, mini-, and online-Hubo comprise an infrastructure to respectively prototype, test-and-evaluate, and verify-andvalidate algorithms. The resulting closed-loop design cycle promotes research that can reproduced and verified by the humanoid research community. This paper presents stair-climbing as a case study, thus demonstrating the efficacy of the 3-tier approach. Beyond the 3-tier infrastructure, the paper presents an effective climbing pattern generation and analytic inverse kinematics. This stairclimbing approach is prototyped in virtual-Hubo, experimentally tested-and-evaluated on mini-Hubo, and verifiedand-validated on online-Hubo.
On the Origin of the Log Law Region: Instantaneous Velocity Profile Models

In this paper we examine a number of theoretical approximations for the instantaneous velocity profile for the wall-bounded turbulent boundary layer. These instantaneous velocity profile approximations form the basis for a new theory for the origin of the Log Law behavior of a wall-bounded turbulent boundary layer (see D. Weyburne, “The Origin of the Log Law Region for Wall-bounded Turbulent Boundary Layer Flows,” Air Force Technical Report, DTIC number AFRL-RY-HS-TR-2011-0005, 2011). The new Log Law theory is based on the observation that the wall shear stress at any point on the wall in the turbulent region is undergoing large time-varying fluctuations. In the technical report, it was shown that the time-varying wall fluctuations result in spatial fluctuations of the velocity profile that are felt all the way into the Log Law region of the boundary layer. It is the timeaveraging of the spatial fluctuations that results in the logarithmic behavior in the Log Law region of the boundary layer. The one unknown at this point in time is the exact shape of the instantaneous velocity profile. In the work herein we introduce two approximate models for the instantaneous velocity profile. It is found that the laminar-like Gaussian profile by itself is not a good representation of the instantaneous velocity profile. The Log-Normal based profile is a much better fit. We speculate that it is the Reynolds shear stress contribution which modifies the Gaussian velocity profile to produce the logarithmic behavior of the Log Law region.
10. Balochi: Towards a Biography of the Language

The Baloch, speaking a language classified by linguists as Northwest Iranian, are generally thought to have arrived from the northwest in what is now southeastern Iran and western Pakistan in waves between 1000 and 1500 AD. Balochi is known in the literature of area studies and linguistics as a series of dialects, for the most part mutually intelligible, differing mainly in vocabulary and the degree of influence from neighboring languages, mainly Persian. The history of the Baloch and their language over the past four centuries makes Balochi an interesting case for modern language policy studies. This chapter reviews the history of the Baloch: how they arrived in their current locations and the significance of the configuration of their modern communities. Along the way it points to consequences for the evolving status of Balochi. The chapter concludes with a summary of what can be said of current policy regarding Balochi. Keywords:Balochi; Iranian; Persian
Evaluating the correspondence between face-, scene-, and object-selectivity and retinotopic organization within lateral occipitotemporal cortex

The organization of human lateral occipitotemporal cortex (lOTC) has been characterized largely according to two distinct principles: retinotopy and category-selectivity. Whereas category-selective regions were originally thought to exist beyond retinotopic maps, recent evidence highlights overlap. Here, we combined detailed mapping of retinotopy, using population receptive fields (pRF), and category-selectivity to examine and contrast the retinotopic profiles of scene- (occipital place area, OPA), face- (occipital face area, OFA) and object- (lateral occipital cortex, LO) selective regions of lOTC. We observe striking differences in the relationship each region has to underlying retinotopy. Whereas OPA overlapped multiple retinotopic maps (including V3A, V3B, LO1, and LO2), and LO overlapped two maps (LO1 and LO2), OFA overlapped almost none. There appears no simple consistent relationship between category-selectivity and retinotopic maps, meaning category-selective regions are not constrained spatially to retinotopic map borders consistently. The multiple maps that overlap OPA suggests it is likely not appropriate to conceptualize it as a single scene-selective region, whereas the inconsistency in any systematic map overlapping OFA suggests it may constitute a more uniform area. Beyond their relationship to retinotopy, all three regions evidenced strongly retinotopic voxels, with pRFs exhibiting a significant bias towards the contralateral lower visual field, despite differences in pRF size, contributing to an emerging literature suggesting this bias is present across much of lOTC. Taken together, these results suggest that whereas category-selective regions are not constrained to consistently contain ordered retinotopic maps, they nonetheless likely inherit retinotopic characteristics of the maps from which they draw information.
Research of Mutation for 228 Base Point of HBV Genotype C

Objective To get HBV DNA sequences for HBV genotyping microarray by mutation of the 228 base of HBV.Methods By comparing different HBV DNA genome sequences,it was shown that the 228 base point in genotype A,C,D,G was G,while the genotype B,E,F,H was A.Gene splicing by overlap extension(SOEing)method was used to mutate the 228 base of HBV genotype C by gene,and the sequences were confirmed by sequencing.Results The 228 base of HBV genotype C was successfully mutated from G to A.Conclu-sion SOEing method is a convenient and easy way to make mutation,and this method can be used to prepare HBV target sequences which can be used for HBV genotyping by microarray analysis.
Method of T2 Spectrum Inversion with Conjugate Gradient Algorithm from NMR Data

Based on the optimization techniques,the T2 spectrum inversion method of conjugate gradient that is easy to realize non-negativity constraint of T2 spectrum is proposed.The method transforms the linear mixed-determined problem of T2 spectrum inversion into the typical optimization problem of searching the minimum of objective function by building up the objective function according to the basic idea of geophysics modeling.The optimization problem above is solved with the conjugate gradient algorithm that has quick convergence rate and quadratic termination.The method has been applied to the inversion of noise free echo train generated from artificial spectrum,artificial echo train with signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)=25 and NMR experimental data of drilling core.The comparison between the inversion results of this paper and artificial spectrum or the result of software imported in NMR laboratory shows that the method can correctly invert T2 spectrum from artificial NMR relaxation data even though SNR=25 and that inversion T2 spectrum with good continuity and smoothness from core NMR experimental data accords perfectly with that of laboratory software imported,and moreover,the absolute error between the NMR porosity computed from T2 spectrum and helium(He) porosity in laboratory is 0.65%.