cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
College Courses and Changes in Dogmatism.

To observe the impact of an experimental human relations course and to compare changes occurring in students in this course with changes in students having other University experiences, most University of Minnesota entering freshmen were asked to complete the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale before the beginning of the school year in 1970, and selected groups were retested at the end of the first quarter. Mean dogmatism scores for all groups, including the experimental group, declined. In terms of dogmatism, the results did not suggest that the experimental course had a unique effect on students. Students selecting varying college experiences differed extensively at both times of testing and retesting.
Reuse through inheritance: a quantitative study of C++ software

According to proponents of object-oriented programming, inheritance is an excellent way to organize abstraction and a superb tool for reuse. Yet, few quantitative studies of the actual use of inheritance have been conducted. Quantitative studies are necessary to evaluate the actual usefulness of structures such as inheritance. We characterize the use of inheritance in 19 existing C++ software systems containing 2,744 classes. We measure the class depth in the inheritance hierarchies, and the number of child and parent classes in the software. We find that inheritance is used far less frequently than expected.
A silver-linked supramolecular cluster encapsulating a cesium cation.

The solid-state, gas-phase, and solution characterization of the predesigned cluster Cs[(SnL3)2Ag3] is presented (L = 4-(diphenylphosphino)benzene-1,2-diol). The solid-state structure confirms form...
The Generation of African Waves

Abstract A linearized, pseudo-spectral, primitive equation model is used to simulate the response of the low-level easterly jet over northern Africa to perturbations on the scale of African waves. The model results show that the jet is unstable due to both its horizontal and vertical shears. The most unstable wave supported by the jet has a wavelength of 3O00 km and a period of 2.0–2.5 days. It attains its maximum intensity at the 700 mb level, near 14°N. This compares favorably with the characteristics of the observed waves. The kinetic energy of the waves grows at the expense of the kinetic energy of the mean jet. Energy is transferred at approximately equal rates by the horizontal and vertical Reynolds stresses. Energy conversions involving available potential energy are nearly an order of magnitude smaller, reflecting the fact that the kinetic energy of the wave accounts for about 90% of the total wave energy. The characteristics of the most unstable wave are virtually unchanged when a crude parameter...
Policing styles: Notes on an empirical synthesis of Wilson and Muir

Abstract The works of James Q. Wilson and William Ker Muir stand as classics in the recent but voluminous literature on police. The concept of style is central to both analyses. Wilson focuses on departmental approaches to law enforcement, while Muir examines individual police perspectives. Both emphasize, however, that style is a critical component of law enforcement policy. Scrutiny of the typologies constructed by Wilson and Muir reveals patterns of compatibility and conflict. Assuming that simple congruity of approach carries critical consequences for policing, the authors initiated an empirical extension and synthesis of the works of Wilson and Muir. Surveying police in eighteen departments across the country (72.2 percent of the 900 potential respondents returned completed questionnaires, leaving a sample of 650), the authors hypothesized that simple congruity of policing style along three lines of comparison (individual officer and supervisor, individual officer and squad, and individual officer and department) would be associated with attitudinal perspectives long thought to be part and parcel of the “police personality.” Additional hypotheses were advanced about the relationship between congruity of style and other officer perceptions—particularly job satisfaction and assessments of supervisor support, departmental discipline, and management. The results: indicate that style congruity is critical at the lowest levelsof the organization, reinforce the importance of the first-line supervisor in policing, extend and refine the concept of style as advanced by Wilson and Muir, and demonstrate the utility of replication and synthesis in social science.
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY, THERMOELECTRIC POWER AND X-RAY INTERFERENCE FUNCTION OF AMORPHOUS Ni--Pt--P ALLOYS.

Amorphous alloys having the composition ${({\mathrm{Ni}}_{x}{\mathrm{Pt}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x})}_{0.75}{\mathrm{P}}_{0.25}$, where $0.20\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.60$, were obtained by rapid quenching from the liquid state. X-ray diffraction measurements indicate a high degree of structural disorder in these alloys and an atomic configuration closely similar to that in liquid metals. At room temperature, the electrical resistivity $\ensuremath{\rho}$ of these alloys lies between 160-185 \ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\Omega} cm, and the absolute thermoelectric power $S$ between 1.9-2.5 \ensuremath{\mu}V/\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. On increasing the temperature from 4.2 to 420 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, up to which the amorphous alloys are stable, the resistivity of the alloy with $x=0.20$ decreases by about 2%; the value of $\frac{d\ensuremath{\rho}}{\mathrm{dT}}$ progressively increases with increasing Ni content, becoming positive at $0.50lxl0.60$. In the range 80-300 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, the $\frac{\mathrm{dS}}{\mathrm{dT}}$ of all alloys lies between 5-8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ \ensuremath{\mu}V${\mathrm{deg}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$. The electrical behavior of these alloys may be treated in terms of electron scattering in disordered structures assuming the nearly free-electron model, in a manner analogous to Ziman's theory of electronic transport in liquid metals. The $\frac{d\ensuremath{\rho}}{\mathrm{dT}}$ of these alloys is then qualitatively explained in terms of the temperature and composition dependence of the x-ray interference function $a(K)$, assuming an average number of \ensuremath{\sim}1.3 conduction electrons per atom in these alloys. For the alloy with $x=0.20$, this implies a Fermi energy of 6.9 eV which corresponds to the position of the first peak in $a(K)$. The thermoelectric-power results lead to the conclusion that the "average" form factor for scattering of electrons decreases with increasing Ni/Pt ratio.
Attachment linked predictors of women’s emotional and cognitive responses to infant distress

The purpose of this study was to examine associations among women's emotional and cognitive responses to infant fear and anger and to identify attachment linked predictors of these responses. Four hundred and forty Caucasian and African American undergraduate college women viewed video clips of two crying infants, one displaying anger and the other displaying fear. They identified what the infants were feeling, made causal attributions about the cause of crying, rated their own emotional reactions to the crying infants, and reported on the extent to which their parents met their emotional needs in childhood and their current adult attachment patterns. Emotional and cognitive responses to infant fear and anger were interrelated. Consistent with prediction, a history of parental emotional rejection and adult attachment anxiety and avoidance correlated negatively with accurate identification of emotions and positively with negative attributions, amusement, and neutral responses to infant distress. Adult attachment security moderated the effects of early parental rejection on emotional and cognitive responses to infant distress, and these results varied based on race and parent gender. Results are discussed from an attachment theory perspective.
CD79a expression in acute myeloid leukemia t(8;21) and the importance of cytogenetics in the diagnosis of leukemias with immunophenotypic ambiguity

Acute leukemias that express antigens associated with more than one lineage have been classified as acute lymphocytic leukemia with myeloid markers, acute myeloid leukemia with lymphoid markers, or biphenotypic acute leukemia (BAL). Antibody to cytoplasmic CD79a has been recently introduced to flow cytometry. CD79a functions in and has a high degree of specificity for B-cell differentiation. It has only recently begun to be reported in biphenotypic acute leukemias. Cases of acute leukemia submitted to the flow cytometry laboratory were retrospectively reviewed beginning from the time analysis for cytoplasmic CD79a was added to leukemia and lymphoma panels. Among 89 cases of AML, 2 showed strong coexpression of CD79a. Both cases were differentiated FAB AML-M2 and demonstrated the t(8;21) with cytogenetics and the AML1/ETO rearrangement with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). These are recurring abnormalities in FAB AML-M2. The immunophenotyping met proposed scoring criteria for a diagnosis of BAL. Nevertheless, the cytogenetic and FISH findings indicate that CD79a, despite its specificity for B-cell differentiation, represented the aberrant presence of a B-cell antigen in leukemias of distinct myeloid linage. It is doubtful that, in this setting, CD79a expression should be considered a manifestation of lineage ambiguity.
Complexation between Amylodextrin Oligomers and Selected Pharmaceuticals Measured through Capillary Electrophoresis.

The amylodextrin oligomers, tagged fluorescently at their reducing ends for laser fluorescence detection, were used as model solutes to investigate certain carbohydrate-drug interactions through capillary electrophoresis. The separation patterns of some oligomers were found to be altered significantly by the presence of selected pharmaceuticals used as buffer additives. The selectivity of complexation at a particular size of an oligomer could be judged from alterations in migration times and peak shapes. The formation of complex was influenced substantially by solutes' chemical environment (pH, ionic strength, and the nature and concentration of organic additives). The chemical nature of the guest molecules also played an important role in complexation. Using amylodextrins as chiral selectors, enantiomeric resolution of several pharmaceuticals was achieved electrophoretically. The conclusions drawn from electrophoretic data were found to be in close agreement with the results of a 13 C NMR study.
Extraction of 1H1H and 1H13C dipolar couplings from spectra acquired in inhomogeneous magnetic fields

Experimental procedures are presented for the extraction of 1H1H and 1H13C dipolar couplings from molecules oriented in high magnetic fields without a requirement for high field homogeneity. These couplings impose restrictions on structure in a manner similar to NOE distances and can serve as useful additional constraints for defining structure. The experimental procedures involve pulse sequences which refocus the effects of magnetic field inhomogeneities but which retain dipolar couplings, scalar couplings and, in cases of chemically distinct groups, chemical shift differences. The methods are important for the extension of experiments to higher fields and more complex media where field homogeneity is hard to maintain. The experiments are illustrated using samples containing sodium acetate-99% 13C2 or alanine-99% 13C3 dissolved in a nematic liquid crystal and oriented in an inhomogeneous magnetic field. Coupling constants obtained from the studies are in good agreement with couplings extracted from one-dimensional spectra obtained in homogeneous fields.
Effects of chemotherapeutic agents 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate alone and combined in a mouse model of learning and memory.

Rationale The concern that adjuvant cancer chemotherapy agents cause cognitive impairment in a significant number of patients has been expressed by patients and healthcare providers, but clinical studies have yielded conflicting results to date.
The polymerization of aqueous potassium silicate solutions

Abstract The molecular weight of the silicate ion in aqueous solutions of potassium silicate (SiO2:K2O mole ratio of 3.8:1), both alone and in the presence of various salts and acids, was investigated by means of light-scattering techniques. Angular-dependence data are given for solutions with molecular weight greater than about 105 (results at lower molecular weights did not appear to be meaningful in terms of the main solute). The time dependence of the molecular weight of the silicate ion was determined at one or two concentrations for NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4, (NH4)2CO3, H3BO3, CH3COOH, H3PO4, NaHCO3, KHCO3, (NH4)2C2O4, isopropyl alcohol, KH2PO4, K2HPO4, NaH2PO4, Na2HPO4, NH4H2PO4, (NH4)2HPO4, Na2SO4, K2SO4, NaC1, KCl, and LiCl. The effects of different temperatures and concentrations were studied for KCl and for acetic acid. The influence of additions of various amounts of alkali or of excess acid, alone or in the presence of salt, on the molecular weight of the silicate ion was also determined. The results of the present investigation are discussed in terms of those of other investigators and in relation to possible models for the method of polymerization.
Geoarchaeology and geochronology of pluvial Lake Chapala, Baja California, Mexico

Stratigraphic exposures in natural profiles, archaeological excavation units, backhoe trenches, and an uncased water well from the Laguna Seca Chapala basin in the Central Desert of Baja California (29°N, 115°W) record lake level and climate changes and provide a context for prehistoric occupation predating 9070 yr B.P. and extending through the Holocene. Lithofacies analysis points to the presence of a large (ca. 66 km2) lake prior to 9070 yr B.P., which desiccated by 7.45 ka yr B.P., promoting rapid dune growth. New dating and redefinition of stratigraphic units in the basin refutes earlier models of lacustrine history and prehistoric occupation including a proposed series of Pleistocene lake levels with associated cultural occupations. The geologic record from the Laguna Seca Chapala basin compares well with other paleoenvironmental records in southwestern North America, supporting interpretations of wet and cool conditions in Baja California during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Meeting AYP in a High‐Need School: A Formative Experiment

This formative experiment was designed to ensure that a group of high school students developed their literacy habits. The intervention consisted of a schoolwide approach to literacy using four instructional routines: think-alouds, note-taking writing to learn, and dedicated reading time. As part of the formative experiment, we document the two-and-a-half-year process required for the school to implement the initiative as well as the outcomes of the effort. تم تصميم هذه التجربة التكوينية ليؤكد أن مجموعة من طلاب الثانوية العامة طوروا عاداتهم في معرفة القراءة والكتابة. وكان التدخل مؤلفا من منهاج معرفة القراءة والكتابة على نطاق المدرسة مستخدما ثلاثة مكونات: التفكير الجهري وكتابة ملاحظات للتعلم وتخصيص وقت للقراءة. لقد سجلنا العملية التي بلغت مدتها سنتين ونصف كجزء من التجربة التكوينية وهي ضرورة للمدرسة كي تنفذ المبادرة بالإضافة إلى نتائج الجهود. 本研究是一项形成性实验研究，其设计是要确保一组高中学生在读写文化实践上得到发展。这干预采用全校性的读写能力教学方法，并利用四个教学常序：出声思维、笔记记录、通过写作来学习，和特定的阅读时间。作为该项形成性实验研究的一部分，我们记录了两年半以来该学校实施这个计划的过程，以及该学校在这方面努力而得出的成果。 Cette experience de formation a ete planifiee afin qu'un groupe d'eleves de lycee developpent leurs pratiques de litteratie. L'intervention a consiste en une approche de la litteratie a l'echelle de l'etablissement recourant a quatre routines pedagogiques: penser a haute voix, prendre des notes, ecrire pour apprendre, et dedier du temps a la lecture. Dans le cadre de cette experience de formation, nous apportons des informations sur le processus de deux ans et demi qui a ete necessaire a l'etablissement pour mettre en place ce projet, ainsi que sur les consequences de cet effort. Разработчики данного формативного эксперимента стремились обеспечить развитие навыков грамотности среди старшеклассников. Вмешательство заключалось в становлении грамотности на всех без исключения уроках на основе таких методических приемов, как размышление вслух, конспектирование, обучающее письмо и отведение отдельного времени на чтение. В рамках эксперимента фиксировались все этапы и детали этого проекта, длившегося два с половиной года, и его результаты. Este experimento formativo fue disenado para asegurar que un grupo de alumnos de secundaria desarrollarian sus habitos de aprendizaje. La intervencion consistio en un acercamiento al aprendizaje en toda la escuela usando cuatro rutinas de instruccion: pensar en voz alta, tomar notas, escribir para aprender, y tiempo dedicado a la lectura. Como parte de la experiencia formativa, documentamos este proceso de dos anos y medio que fue el tiempo necesario para no solo lograr la implementacion en la escuela de las iniciativas sino tambien para documentar los resultados del esfuerzo.
Cribriform adenocarcinoma of the lung: clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular analysis of 15 cases of a distinctive morphologic subtype of lung adenocarcinoma

Lung adenocarcinoma is characterized by marked heterogeneity and may be composed of an admixture of histologic growth patterns, including acinar, papillary, solid, and lepidic (bronchioloalveolar). Tumors displaying a prominent or predominant cribriform architecture are rare and most often confused for metastases from other organs. We report the clinical, histologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular features in 15 primary lung adenocarcinomas with a predominant cribriform histology. All patients were adults between 30 and 80 years of age (median: 64), and all but one reported a history of heavy cigarette smoking. All cases showed a predominant (>70%) cribriform architecture that resembled a variety of tumors arising in other organs, including breast, prostate, ovary, pancreas, uterus, colon, and thyroid. Immunohistochemical stains showed a phenotype consistent with a primary lung tumor (ie, TTF1+/CK7+), with negative results for other markers. Molecular analysis in six cases showed that none harbored an EGFR-activating mutation. KRAS mutation was detected in one case, and an ALK1 and ROS1 gene rearrangement were each detected in an additional two cases. Cribriform adenocarcinomas of the lung represent a distinctive histologic subtype of lung cancer that may be morphologically difficult to differentiate from metastases with a predominant cribriform architecture.
The effects of acute and chronic gamma irradiation on Lupinus albus L.—III. Chronic effects

Abstract Lupinus albus L. plants were grown from seed and chronically irradiated at dose rates of 2.75, 8.5, 16, 25, and 33 rad/hr. Exposures were continuous until all plants flowered; if flowering was suppressed, irradiation was discontinued after all control plants flowered—a period of 8–11 weeks. A Plastochron Index for lupine provided a base-line developmental time scale for evaluating radiation effects. Chronic irradiation induced a lengthening of the control plastochron interval (3.56 days). Slopes of leaf growth curves were depressed and there was a statistically significant reduction in the number of leaves formed. Other gross morphological effects were: missing or fused leaflets, shortened internodes, blind shoots, multiple shoots, a short-lived stimulation of anthocyanin production in petioles and premature death without flowering at 33 and 25 rad/hr and 50% of the plants at 16 rad/hr. All plants irradiated at 2.75, 8.5, and the 50% at 16 rad/hr which did flower were similar to controls with respect to vegetative morphology. The number of leaves formed was associated with the 16 rad/hr threshold for flowering; plants at the higher dose rates formed less than 12 leaves and failed to flower. Plants at the two lowest dose rates produced more than 12 leaves and all flowered, but no fruits formed at any dose rate. Control plants averaged 14 leaves and all flowered and fruited. Irradiation resulted in a reduced stem diameter at the two lowest dose rates but stem diameter was increased at the three highest dose rates. An increase or decrease in stem diameter reflected the differential sensitivity of different stem tissues as measured by an increase or decrease in their radial increments. The pith was reduced at the two lowest dose rates, stimulated at 16 and 25 rad/hr and returned to control level at 33 rad/hr; the vascular component was reduced at all dose rates. The cortex showed a dose-rate-dependent stimulation. When increase in stem diameter was expressed as percentage change, the cortex showed the highest increase over controls, the vascular tissues were negative contributors, the pith showed a percentage increase at 16 and 25 rad/hr but a percentage decrease at 2.75 and 8.5 rad/hr. Within the vascular cylinder, which was decreased at all dose rates, there was a dose-dependent decrease in the amount of secondary xylem and an increase in the amount of secondary phloem. Derivatives of the irradiated vascular cambium were slow to differentiate. Analyses of microscopic sections indicated that there was a statistically significant increase in the number of phloem parenchyma cells and only a slight increase in the number of sieve tube and companion cells. The average increase in phloem area for all dose rates was calculated to be 2.23 × greater than controls, while the average increase in cell number was 1.64 × greater than controls. This apparent discrepancy was covered by an increase in cell size, chiefly in the phloem parenchyma cells becoming highly vacuolated.
Health Services Research and How It Can Inform the Current State of Ophthalmology

Health services research spans multiple fields of scientific inquiry and informs healthcare policy making on various levels. Although both classic epidemiology and health services research are concerned with populations, health services research differs in its emphasis on the structure, process, and effects of health services as opposed to focusing on disease prevalence and prevention. Likewise, health services research differs from clinical epidemiology, which emphasizes the causation and natural history of disease. As a multidisciplinary field, however, health services research incorporates epidemiology, as well as economic and social science, into the analysis of healthcare delivery (Figure 1). FIGURE 1 Schematic illustrating the interactions between basic science research, clinical research, and health services research.
Geophysical implications of the long‐wavelength topography of the Saturnian satellites

[1] We use limb profiles to quantify the long‐wavelength topography of the Saturnian satellites. The degree 2 shapes of Mimas, Enceladus, and Tethys are not consistent with hydrostatic equilibrium. We derive 2‐D topographic maps out to spherical harmonic degree 8. There is a good correlation with topography derived from stereo techniques. If uncompensated, topography at degree 3 and higher is large enough to be detectable during close spacecraft flybys. If not properly accounted for, this topography may bias estimates of a satellite’s degree 2 gravity coefficients (which are used to determine the moment of inertia). We also derive a one‐dimensional variance spectrum (a measure of how roughness varies with wavelength) for each body. The short‐wavelength spectral slope is − 2t o−2.5, similar to silicate bodies. However, unlike the terrestrial planets, each satellite spectrum shows a reduction in slope at longer wavelengths. If this break in slope is due to a transition from flexural to isostatic support, the globally averaged elastic thickness Te of each satellite may be derived. We obtain Te values of ≥5 km, 1.5–5 km, ≈5 km, and ≥5 km for Tethys, Dione, Rhea, and Iapetus, respectively. For Europa, we obtain Te ≈ 1.5 km. These estimates are generally consistent with estimates made using other techniques. For Enceladus, intermediate wavelengths imply Te ≥ 0.5 km, but the variance spectrum at wavelengths greater than 150 km is probably influenced by long‐ wavelength processes such as convection or shell thickness variations. Impact cratering may also play a role in determining the variance spectra of some bodies. Citation: Nimmo, F., B. G. Bills, and P. C. Thomas (2011), Geophysical implications of the long‐wavelength topography of the Saturnian satellites, J. Geophys. Res., 116, E11001, doi:10.1029/2011JE003835.
Statistical Shape Analysis Using Fixed Topology Skeletons: Corpus Callosum Study

The goal of this work is to develop an approach to shape representation and classification that will allow us to detect and quantify differences in shape of anatomical structures due to various disorders. We used a robust version of skeletons for feature extraction and linear discriminant analysis (the Fisher linear discriminant and the linear Support Vectors method) for classification. We propose a way to map the classification results back into the image domain, interpreting shape differences as a deformation required to bring a shape from one class to the other. An example of analyzing corpus callosum shape in schizophrenia is reported, as well as the results of the study of the statistical properties of the classifier using cross validation techniques.
Two different mutants blocked in synthesis of dolichol-phosphoryl-mannose do not add glycophospholipid anchors to membrane proteins: quantitative correction of the phenotype of a CHO cell mutant with tunicamycin.

Abstract The addition of glycophospholipid (GPL) anchors to certain membrane proteins occurs in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and is essential for transport of the proteins to the plasma membrane. Limited circumstantial evidence suggests that dolichol-phosphoryl-mannose (DPM) is a donor of mannose residues of these anchors. We here report studies of a CHO cell mutant (B421) transfected to express the GPL-anchored protein, placental alkaline phosphatase (AP). Only a few transfectants were found to express GPL-anchored AP on their surface, and these clones synthesized DPM. Moreover, and most strikingly, when surface AP-negative transfectants were treated with tunicamycin to cause accumulation of DPM, these cells expressed lipid-anchored AP. Fusion of a cloned surface AP-negative transfectant of B421 with the Thy-1-class E mutant thymoma, which is also deficient in DPM synthesis, produced hybrids that synthesized DPM and expressed AP and Thy-1. Thus, two mutations can interrupt DPM synthesis, and three sets of observations point to an essential role of DPM for addition of GPL anchors.
Binge Drinking Among Underage College Students: Role of Impulsivity and the Transtheoretical Model

A major public health problem facing American colleges is binge drinking by students with adverse effects on academic achievement and self-fulfillment. The short-term negative consequences of binge drinking include memory loss, hangovers, and blackouts. Binge drinking has been related to campus problems, suicides, violence, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), heightened aggression, automobile accidents, property damage, and academic failure. This study investigated the relationship of impulsivity to readiness to change binge drinking behavior among college students attending a 4-year university. The theoretical formulation for the study was based on Prochaska and DiClemente's transtheoretical model. Participants were volunteer undergraduate college students from a state-supported Southeastern University. The students were recruited from undergraduate classrooms, fraternities, and sororities. The volunteer participants were 248 undergraduate college students enrolled in a 4-year university in the southea...
Do People Know How They Behave? Self-Reported Act Frequencies Compared With On-Line Codings by Observers

Behavioral acts constitute the building blocks of interpersonal perception and the basis for inferences about personality traits. How reliably can observers code the acts individuals perform in a specific situation? How valid are retrospective self-reports of these acts? Participants interacted in a group-discussion task and then reported their act frequencies, which were later coded by observers from videotapes. For each act, observer-observer agreement, self-observer agreement, and self-enhancement bias were examined. Findings show that (a) agreement varied greatly across acts; (b) much of this variation was predictable from properties of the acts (observability, base rate, desirability, Big Five domain); (c) on average, self-reports were positively distorted; and (d) this was particularly true for narcissistic individuals. Discussion focuses on implications for research on acts, traits, social perception, and the act frequency approach.
Plasmid DNA vaccines are effective in the absence of IFNgamma.

Intramuscular injection of bacterially derived plasmid DNA results in the development of both humoral and cellular immune responses against plasmid-encoded antigens. Immunostimulatory CpG sequences within bacterial DNA are thought to enhance this process by stimulating the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as interferon gamma (IFNgamma) by cells of the innate immune system. Although IFNgamma induction by CpG elements within plasmid DNA has been documented in vitro and more recently in vivo, and coimmunization with plasmids expressing IFNgamma has been shown to enhance DNA-immunization-induced immune responses, it is unclear if IFNgamma is necessary for successful DNA immunization. To address this issue, we compared humoral and cellular immune responses in wild-type and IFNgamma-deficient mice vaccinated with a plasmid (pCMVNP) expressing the nucleoprotein gene from the arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). IFNgamma-positive (BALB/c) and IFNgamma-negative (GKO) mice responded to DNA vaccination by the development of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells, which were detectable directly ex vivo by intracellular cytokine staining and comprised 0.7-2.5% of all CD8(+) T cells in the vaccine. DNA vaccines also induced virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), even in the absence of IFNgamma. DNA vaccination of both mouse strains also was associated with a significant reduction in viral titers after LCMV challenge, indicating that, at least in the presence of other immune effector mechanisms, IFNgamma is not required for induction of protective anti-viral immunity by DNA immunization. No quantitative differences were observed in antiviral IgG levels among GKO and BALB/c vaccinees, although GKO mice did exhibit a significant reduction of the IgG2a:IgG1 ratio, in agreement with the previously documented requirement for IFNgamma in isotype switching to IgG2a. Immunized BALB/c mice produced similar levels of both IgG1 and IgG2a, indicating a mixed Th1/Th2 response to intramuscular immunization with pCMVNP. These results show that IFNgamma induction by bacterially derived plasmid DNA does not contribute to the magnitude of the antibody response and is not required for the induction or short-term maintenance of DNA-induced CTL. However, IFNgamma is necessary for the development of IgG2a antibodies that may be crucial for protection against some pathogens.
Mapping Abstract Complex Workflows onto Grid Environments

In this paper we address the problem of automatically generating job workflows for the Grid. These workflows describe the execution of a complex application built from individual application components. In our work we have developed two workflow generators: the first (the Concrete Workflow Generator CWG) maps an abstract workflow defined in terms of application-level components to the set of available Grid resources. The second generator (Abstract and Concrete Workflow Generator, ACWG) takes a wider perspective and not only performs the abstract to concrete mapping but also enables the construction of the abstract workflow based on the available components. This system operates in the application domain and chooses application components based on the application metadata attributes. We describe our current ACWG based on AI planning technologies and outline how these technologies can play a crucial role in developing complex application workflows in Grid environments. Although our work is preliminary, CWG has already been used to map high energy physics applications onto the Grid. In one particular experiment, a set of production runs lasted 7 days and resulted in the generation of 167,500 events by 678 jobs. Additionally, ACWG was used to map gravitational physics workflows, with hundreds of nodes onto the available resources, resulting in 975 tasks, 1365 data transfers and 975 output files produced.
Communication complexity of common voting rules

We determine the communication complexity of the common voting rules. The rules (sorted by their communication complexity from low to high) are plurality, plurality with runoff, single transferable vote (STV), Condorcet, approval, Bucklin, cup, maximin, Borda, Copeland, and ranked pairs. For each rule, we first give a deterministic communication protocol and an upper bound on the number of bits communicated in it; then, we give a lower bound on (even the nondeterministic) communication requirements of the voting rule. The bounds match for all voting rules except STV and maximin.
Intentional Poisoning of Two Siblings by Prescription Drugs: An Unusual Form of Child Abuse

The two cases described in this report are examples of a bizarre form of child abuse. Intentional poisoning with prescription drugs was used by the mother to simulate an underlying disease in her two children. Combined with mis leading history and interference with laboratory procedures, she confounded physicians for years, and led to unnecessary hospitalizations, treatment and multiple laboratory procedures for these children. This report may alert physicians to earlier recognition of this form of child abuse.
Capsule Commentary on True et al., Open Access in the Patient Centered Medical Home: Lessons from the Veterans Health Administration

The Patient Centered Medical Home (PCMH) is an innovative model to improve primary care by utilizing a team-based, continuous care approach to patient health care. The medical home encompasses comprehensive, patient centered, coordinated, and accessible health care, and demonstrates a commitment to ongoing engagement in activities that promote evidence-based practice to deliver quality and safe patient care.1 In April 2010, the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) launched their PCMH initiative, the Patient Aligned Care Team (PACT).2 Open access is one aspect of increasing patient-centeredness, creating schedules that accommodate patients’ desire for same day and future appointments. True and her colleagues examined the VHA’s experience with implementing open access across a six-state region.2 Utilizing qualitative methods, they delineated three key characteristics that facilitated or impeded change: leadership engagement, staffing resources, and access to information and knowledge. Progress depended on attitudes or actions of local administrators to restructure clinic schedules of providers and RNs, to accommodate time for same-day/walk-in patients, telephone clinics, and shared medical appointments. Staffing, in particular personnel to staff PACT teams, was a significant barrier in achieving open access, with some facilities developing alternative strategies based on local resources, i.e. different team configurations. Finally, obtaining health information (i.e. empanelment data) from the electronic medical record, and the lack of personnel with the skills needed to access centralized data or to generate daily reports, was an obstacle to implementing open access. Organizational leadership and support is essential to accomplish any large scale system change. The PCMH is emerging as a significant health care reform in the U.S.3 and multiple studies indicate that PCMHs reduce medical costs.4 However, few studies examine the organizational processes essential to implement PCMHs. This study provides a glimpse of potential barriers and facilitators at the organizational level when establishing the PCMH.
Conservative Protestantism and tolerance toward homosexuals: An examination of potential mechanisms

Summary of Research on Religion and ToleranceBeatty and Walter (1984)Bobo and Licari (1989)Ellison and Musick(1993)Hunter (1984)Loftus (2001)( continued )Measure of toleranceIndex ranging from 1 to4 for ﬁve groups, generaltolerance index for least-liked groupIndividual binary items forﬁve target groups, Overallcivil liberties index of15 items, college teachingsubscale, speaking, andlibrary book subscaleIndex of overall tolerancecreated from 15 items,group speciﬁc indices forﬁve groupsCivil liberties index rangingfrom highly tolerant tohighly intolerant.Index ranging from 0 (norestrictions on civil liberties)to 3 (all restrictions)concerning homosexualsConclusionsDenominationsusually characterizedas fundamentalists areless tolerant of all groups.Tolerance decreases withincreased church attendance.Education leads to an increasein tolerance, taking intoaccount negative feelingstoward the target group.Protestants are least tolerantamong religious groups.Prominence of fundamentalProtestantism contributes tointolerance, but does notaccount for native southernantipathy toward left-winggroups.Evangelicals, with someexceptions, are committedto liberal traditions of socialand political tolerance.There has been a declinein willingness to restrictcivil liberties to homosexuals.Fundamentalist Protestants aremost willing to restrict thecivil liberties of homosexuals.DataGSS 1976, 1977, 1980GSS 1984GSS 1988Evangelical AcademyProjectGSS 1973–1998Religious groupings16 Protestantdenominations, Mormons,Jehovah’s Witness,Christian, Catholic,Jewish, noneJewish, Catholic,Protestant, andnonreligiousControl for fundamentalProtestantEvangelical collegestudents, public universitycollege studentsFundamentalist/Moderate Protestant,Catholic, Jewish, otherreligion, and no religion
Large aspect ratio convection cells in the upper mantle

Summary. Numerical experiments which model a possible large-scale flow in the upper mantle are described. The lithospheric plates are represented by a constant velocity boundary condition on the upper surface of a twodimensional convecting layer. The transition from small-scale multiple-cell flow to single cell flow is described in terms of the Rayleigh number and the Peclet number. The mean flow field is successfully compared with a simple parameterized model in which flow is driven by the moving upper boundary and by a mean horizontal temperature gradient which must be present in any large aspect ratio cell. Bathymetry and gravity profiles are calculated for the long cells, and it is shown that in the absence of a low viscosity zone, a realistic variation of bathymetry and gravity is only obtained if the flow in the cell is being driven predominantly by the horizontal temperature gradient rather than the moving plate. Mean horizontal temperature gradients in the upper mantle of 0.025"C km-' are suggested beneath a fast moving plate such as the Pacific. Transverse boundary layer instabilities in the large cells are shown to be governed by a critical boundary layer Rayleigh number, which linearly increases with the boundary layer PCclet number.
Africa 2000: What Development Strategy?

The end of colonial rule in Africa, beginning in the 1950s, also brought the newly independent African states into the center of a Eurocentric ideological struggle involving neocolonial forces in the area of economic development or modernization. Capitalist powers in Europe and the United States were keen to demonstrate that the road to sustained economic growth lay in a replication of the Western historical experience. The inherited chain of economic dependence forged during the colonial era ensured that economic, political, and educational models central to capitalist expansion would continue to play a hegemonic role in determining postindependence African development strategies. As a consequence, since the 1950s, the issue of development has engaged the attention of almost all independent African governments, making Eurocentric development strategies the foundation of policy decisions in postcolonial Africa. However, after nearly a half century of firm belief in and adoption of imported Western development ideologies and strategies in efforts to achieve modernization, it is painfully evident that Africa continues to be underdeveloped, poor, heavily indebted to its excolonial rulers, and struggling with insurmountable internal socioeconomic problems. The question to be answered, therefore, is whether Africa should continue to rely on imported Western models of modernization or adopt African-oriented approaches to define and effect its own development. This article examines the development issue of postcolonial Africa since the 1950s. It argues that in view of the failure of imported Western ideologies, models, and strategies to effect
Parental Expressiveness as a Moderator of Coparenting and Marital Relationship Quality.

Driven by theory and extant research on the communication of emotions within the family, the current investigation examined marital quality and parents’ emotional expressiveness as determinants of coparenting in a sample of 57 couples with young children. Specifically, mothers’ and fathers’ expressiveness was examined as moderators of the association between marital quality and coparenting behavior. Though negative expressiveness did not emerge as a significant predictor of coparenting when considered in conjunction with marital quality, parents’ positive expressiveness made unique and interactive contributions to coparenting. Thus, it appears that positive expressiveness, especially fathers’, may be beneficial to family functioning. Positively expressive husbands protected couples from negative coparenting interactions in the face of less supportive marriages. Couples in distressed marriages may benefit from work with practitioners and family life educators who consider the role that the communication of emotions plays in the context of coparenting.
Global and robust formation-shape stabilization of relative sensing networks

This paper proposes a simple, distributed algorithm that achieves global stabilization of formations for relative sensing networks in arbitrary dimensions with fixed topology. Assuming the network runs an initialization procedure to equally orient all agent reference frames, convergence to the desired formation shape is guaranteed even in partially asynchronous settings. We characterize the algorithm robustness against several sources of errors: link failures, measurement errors, and frame initialization errors. The technical approach combines algebraic graph theory, multidimensional scaling, and distributed linear iterations.
Revision of Paraminota scherer (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Paraminota is revised and Chabriella Medvedev, 1990 and Schawalleria Medvedev, 1990 are synonymized with Paraminota. Chabriella minuta Medvedev, 1990 is synonymized with Schawalleria lamprosomoides Medvedev, 1990. A new species, P. lauribina from Nepal is described. A key to species of Paraminota and illustrations of all these taxa are provided.
On Galois Correspondence of a General Azumaya Galois Extension

Let \(B\) be a Galois extension of \(B^G\) with Galois group \(G\) such that \(B^G\) is a separable \(C^G\)-algebra where \(C\) is the center of \(B\) and \(K=\{g\in G\,|\,g(c)=c\) for all \(c\in C\}\). Then it is shown that \(H\longrightarrow B^H\) is a one-to-one correspondence between the set of subgroups of \(K\) andthe set of separable extensions \(A\) of \(B^K\) such that \(V_B(A)\subset\oplus\sum_{g\in G(A)}J_g\) where \(J_g=\{b\in B\,|\,bx=g(x)b\) �for all \(x\in B\}\) for each \(g\in G\) and \(G(A)=\{g\in G\,|\,g(a)=a\) for all \(a\in A\}\). This generalizes the Galois correspondence between \(K\) and \(C\) for an indecomposable Galois algebra given by F. DeMeyer.
Crucial Decisions for the Teaching of Business Ethics

After providing some important historical background on initiatives in teaching business ethics through a grant to the American Philosophical Association by the National Endowment for the Humanities and through a four million dollar effort by Arthur Andersen to introduce business ethics into the functional core courses of the business school curriculum, I consider 11 decisions that those teaching business ethics must face. The two most important are how to introduce traditional ethical theory into the course and how to deal with cynicism about the very concept of “business ethics.” Other issues include how to grade the course, how case oriented should the course be, how often should you use business people in the course, and how do you limit the abuse of having laptops in the class.
Minimally invasive highly precise monitoring of respiratory rhythm in the mouse using an epithelial temperature probe.

Abstract Background Respiration is one of the essential rhythms of life. The precise measurement of respiratory behavior is of great importance in studies addressing olfactory sensory processing or the coordination of orofacial movements with respiration. An ideal method of measurement should reliably capture the distinct phases of respiration without interfering with behavior. New method This new method involves chronic implantation of a thermistor probe in a previously undescribed hollow space located above the anterior portion of the nasal cavity without penetrating any soft epithelial tissues. Results We demonstrate the reliability and precision of the method in head-fixed and freely moving mice by directly comparing recorded signals with simultaneous measurements of chest movements and plethysmographic measurements of respiration. Comparison with existing methods Current methods have drawbacks in that they are either inaccurate or require invasive placement of temperature or pressure sensors into the sensitive nasal cavity, where they interfere with airflow and cause irritation and damage to the nasal epithelium. Furthermore, surgical placement within the posterior nasal cavity adjacent to the nasal epithelium requires extensive recovery time, which is not necessary with the described method. Conclusions Here, we describe a new method for recording the rhythm of respiration in awake mice with high precision, without damaging or irritating the nasal epithelium. This method will be effective for measurement of respiration during experiments requiring free movement, as well as those involving imaging or electrophysiology.
A Bayesian Look at the Baby Annie Case

The problem of how to help juries handle forensic statistics and other types of statistical evidence has long bedeviled the legal system. One longstanding proposal is to use Bayes Theorem, which pr...
A Fork in the Royal Road: On “Defining” the Unconscious and its Stakes for Social Theory

A debate between Lynne Segal and Juliet Mitchell is the starting point of this inquiry into different notions about the nature of the unconscious. The paper argues that unconscious conflict derives both from universal sources and from historical contingencies, but that it is largely the latter that is the origin of neurotic misery (as opposed to “common” human unhappiness). Using clinical examples, the paper elaborates a relational perspective on unconscious processes and analytic treatment, at the center of which is the repetition compulsion. After discussing different theories about the relation between the psychic and the social, the paper proposes that the concept of normative unconscious processes provides a useful way to think about the link between social norms and subjective psychic reality.