cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low levels of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol: an independent risk factor for late adverse cardiovascular events in renal transplant recipients

Long-term kidney transplant graft and patient survival is often limited by cardiovascular (CV) disease. Risk factors for CV disease such as diabetes, hypertension and elevated low-density lipoprotein levels are well documented; however, the impact of low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) has not been defined. We performed a retrospective chart review of 324 consecutive renal transplant recipients from 2001 to 2007 to correlate baseline HDL levels with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) defined as a composite of new onset CV illness, cerebral vascular events and peripheral vascular disease. A total of 92 MACEs occurred over a total of 1913 patient years of follow-up. Low HDL cholesterol levels were noted in 58.3% of patients. Compared with those with normal HDL levels, a greater percentage of patients with low HDL levels had post-transplant MACEs (20% vs. 60% respectively) and experienced an increased rate of all cause mortality. Sixty-two percent of all MACEs occurred in patients with low HDL levels. In the low HDL group, the odds ratio for experiencing a MACE was 1.92. Therefore, HDL cholesterol may provide an important new therapeutic target to prevent vascular morbidity and mortality following renal transplantation.
Symbolic Derivation and Automatic Generation of Parallel Routines for Finite Element Analysis

Described are some initial results of a joint research project involving engineering and computer science. The overall objective is to apply advanced computing technology effectively for the solution of engineering problems. Based on earlier work on the automatic derivation and generation of numeric code for finite element analysis, we are conducting research into the mapping of finite element computations on parallel architectures. Software is being developed to automatically derive and generate parallel code that can be used with existing sequential code to improve speed. We are developing techniques to derive parallel procedures, based on high-level user input, to exploit parallel computer architectures. An experimental software system called P-FINGER is under development to derive key finite element routines for the Warp systolic array computer. A separate parallel code generation package, is used to render the symbolically derived parallel procedures into code for the Warp parallel computer. The generated parallel routines execute on the parallel processor under the control of a Fortran-based finite element analysis package which runs on a general purpose host computer. This approach gains speed through parallelism and enables engineers and scientists who are not computer experts to take better advantage of modern parallel computers. The techniques developed can be applied not only to finite element analysis but in many other problem areas. Examples run on the Warp machine are presented with timing comparisons to the traditional sequential approach.
Introduction to the Issue

Consistent with the aims and scope of Equity & Excellence in Education, articles in this issue focus on how we might support the expansion of educational opportunities and increase academic achieve...
On Diagonalization of Coupled Hydrologic Transport and Geochemical Reaction Equations

Two basic ingredients present in modeling the transport of reactive multi-components: the transport is described by a set of advection-dispersion-reactive partial differential equations (PDEs) based on the principle of mass balance; the chemical reactions, under the assumptions of local equilibrium, are described by a set of highly nonlinear algebraic equations (AEs) base on the principles of mole balance and mass action. For a typical application, the complete set of nonlinear PDEs and AEs consist of more than one hundred simultaneous equations. Thus, it is impractical to solve this set of equations simultaneously. General practice is to divide this set of equations into two subsets: one is the primary governing equations (PGEs) consisting of mainly the transport equations and the other one is the secondary governing equations consisting of mainly the geochemical reaction equations. The PGEs are solved for the chosen primary dependent variables (PDVs) and the SGEs are used to compute for the secondary dependent variables (SDVs). The major difficulties in simulating the reactive transport is the numerical solution of PGEs. From the computational point of view, the solution of the set of highly nonlinear PDEs are solved either with the direct substitution approach (DSA) or with the sequential iteration approach (SIA). For DSA, geochemical equilibrium reaction equations are substituted into the hydrologic transport equations to results in a set of nonlinear partial differential equations. These nonlinear PDEs are solved simultaneously for the chosen PDVs. For SIA, the procedure consists of iterating between sequentially solving the hydrologic transport equations for the chosen PDVs and solving geochemical equilibrium equations for the SDVs. The most important consideration in choosing PDVs is: it should decouple the simultaneity of nonlinear PDEs as much as possible and it should yield nonlinear source/sink terms in any PDE as small as possible. This paper presents a discussion on the diagonalization of the simultaneous nonlinear PDEs.
Tracking and trapping somatic mutations in Ig genes.

By the early 1980s, the question of how the immune system generates diverse Ag receptors of (what we now call) the primary repertoire had been solved: Recombination between different gene segments, Vκ and Jκ or Vλ and Jλ for the Ig L chain and VH, DH, and JH for the H chain, achieves an
Anencephalic infants as organ donors

Transplantation technology has been refined in recent years and now offers hope to pediatric patients with a variety of end stage disease processes. The lack of available donors for the smallest potential organ recipients has led to the suggestion that anencephalic infants be used as organ donors. This suggested policy is contrary to current law and raises fundamental ethical issues relating to the definition of death and the treatment of the dying. The technical issues in the potential organ supply from this source are described and the opposing ethical positions developing in this debate are discussed.
Lipid Composition and De Novo Cholesterogenesis in Normal and Neoplastic Rat Mammary Tissues

Female Wistar rats were given 5 mg of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and fed either a control diet (AIN), a 4% cholestyramine (CHST) diet, a 2% corn oil plus 18% coconut oil (saturated fat) diet, a 20% corn oil [unsaturated fatty acid (USF)] diet, or a USF + 4% cholestyramine (USF + CHST) diet. The mammary glands, tumors, livers, and sera were analyzed for lipids, de novo cholesterogenesis, and serum lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity levels. Level and type of fat in the diet, DMBA, CHST, and length of feeding influenced the lipid composition of liver and mammary tissues. Stimulation of de novo cholesterogenesis in the mammary gland and depression in circulating LCAT activity levels correlated with the incidence and growth of mammary tumors, suggesting that stimulation of de novo cholesterogenesis plays an important role in mammary cancer development.
Protein transport through zwitterionic ultrafiltration membranes

Abstract Several recent studies have demonstrated that zwitterionic ultrafiltration (UF) membranes show very low fouling behavior due to the highly hydrated structure of the zwitterions. The objective of this study was to examine the rate of protein transport through a series of semipermeable zwitterionic ultrafiltration membranes generated by chemical modification of a base cellulose membrane. The extent of membrane modification was evaluated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with the effective membrane surface charge density evaluated using streaming potential measurements. Ultrafiltration experiments were performed with basic, neutral, and acidic proteins (cytochrome c, myoglobin, and α-lactalbumin). Protein transport through the zwitterionic membranes was a strong function of solution conditions due to the electrostatic interactions between the charged proteins and the zwitterionic ligands. The protein sieving coefficient was well correlated with the product of the surface charge densities of the protein and membrane. There was no evidence of membrane fouling, even under conditions where the protein and membrane had opposite polarity. The results demonstrate the potential of using zwitterionic ligands to generate high performance ultrafiltration membranes for bioprocessing applications.
Future Sources of Cooling Water for Power Plants in Arid Regions

: Electric generation facility water requirement will increase substantially in the future in the Western United States because new power plants are to be constructed at inland sites rather than on the coast. At the inland locations, power plants will have to compete with agriculture and public users for fresh water supplies, and will be constrained by environmental legislation to dispose of cooling waste water in lined evaporation ponds. The various options for power plant cooling are analyzed in respect to cost, water consumption, and environmental hazard, and also in respect to their compatibility with existing state and federal regulations. Several proposals for balancing the water requirements of various users in water-scarce areas are reviewed and criticized.
Emulsion Polymerization of Styrene Using the Homopolymer of a Reactive Surfactant

The emulsion polymerization of styrene using the homopolymer of sodium dodecyl allyl sulfosuccinate as a polymeric surfactant (poly(TREM)) was studied in terms of the polymerization kinetics, the nucleation mechanisms, and the properties of the final latexes. It was found that the relationship between the maximum rate of polymerization and the final number of polymer particles was one-to-one under all experimental conditions (Rp ∝ Np1.0). The dependencies of these on the initiator and polymeric surfactant concentrations varied, depending on experimental conditions (Rp ∝ Np1.0 ∝ [E]0.2-0.4; Rp ∝ Np1.0 ∝ [I]0.6-0.8). These variations were attributed to the increased ionic strength effects with increasing concentration of poly(TREM), a polyelectrolyte, and its properties as a polymeric surfactant. It was inferred from the polymerization kinetics (Rp vs time) that homogeneous nucleation was dominant using poly(TREM) even with concentrations exceeding its critical micelle concentration. This differs from the m...
A Model of Pressure and Flow Distribution in Branching Networks

The objective of this work is to provide a mechanical description steady-state flow of Newtonian fluid in a branching network that consists of rigid vessels of different diame­ters. Solution of this problem is of importance for better understanding of the mechanics of blood flow within the microcirculation. The developed branching network model pre­dicts a wide distribution of the hydrodynamic pressure and flow in the vessels of the same caliber (flow heterogeneity). The obtained results are compared with predictions of a sim­ple series-parallel network model. It is shown that this model provides an accurate ap­proximation to the values of the mean pressure and flow given by the branching network model.
DEVELOPMENT OF A FREE VORTEX WAKE METHOD CODE FOR OFFSHORE FLOATING WIND TURBINES

Abstract Offshore floating wind turbines (OFWTs) present unique aerodynamic analysis challenges. Motion–derived velocity perturbations in the wake necessitate higher–fidelity aerodynamic analysis methods than the ubiquitous momentum balance techniques currently in use. A more physically–sound approach is to model the wake generated by a wind turbine rotor as a freely convecting lattice, using the resultant inflow to estimate rotor loads, as it done with a free vortex wake method (FVM). The FVM code Wake Induced Dynamics Simulator (WInDS) was developed at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst to predict the aerodynamic loading and wake evolution of an OFWT to a higher degree of accuracy than is possible via momentum balance methods. A series of validation cases were conducted to provide some basis for applying WInDS to floating wind turbine cases, for which no aerodynamic experimental data is currently available. The results from these tests show that WInDS is able to accurately predict the aerodynamically–derived loads and wake structures generated by various fixed and rotary–wing cases, and may therefore be applied to more complex cases, like OFWTs, with a degree of confidence.
Optimization of Bulk Thermoelectric Modules for Chip Cooling Applications

The use of bulk thermoelectric (TE) coolers for thermal management of integrated circuit (IC) chips is analyzed by a detailed electrothermal model. Various ideal and non-ideal parameters that affect the maximum cooling performance are discussed. Thermal resistance between the hot side of the thermoelectric module and ambient is a key parameter determining maximum heat dissipation in the IC chip if its temperature should be kept below a critical value. We show that the thermoelectric geometry factor (the ratio of the leg’s cross sectional area to its length) and the TE module operating current can be optimized to significantly increase the maximum power dissipation. There is an optimum leg thickness that gives the highest cooling power density to the IC chip and further thinning of the TE module will degrade the performance. The optimum thickness and the corresponding maximum cooling power density are calculated. The effect of various material properties are also discussed.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
An Investigation of the Effects of Material and Incline Angle On A Foot Restraint System for the International Space Station

This study presents a human factors assessment of the foot restraint system used aboard the International Space Station. We examine pressure distribution maps of 3 different restraint materials (elastic strap; canvas strap; metal bar) at 2 incline angles (0 and 20 degrees plantar flexion) to explore potential system improvements. Our findings reveal that the canvas strap yields the most optimal combination of broadly distributed pressure while maintaining a high subjective evaluation of comfort and security. Foot restraint angle was found to be most critical for modulating pressure distribution in high-force conditions, suggesting that inclination improves security and decreases injury risk in high-force work areas.
Integration of Trans-Atlantic Capital Markets, 1790–1845

During the 1790s, European investors began to purchase substantial quantities of US government and corporate securities. A number of these securities were traded in markets on both sides of the Atlantic. Based on market price quotations we compiled for the same securities in London and New York markets, we ask if these early trans-Atlantic securities markets were integrated, and, if so, when they became integrated. We find little evidence of market integration before 1816, and substantial evidence of it thereafter. Financial globalization - the convergence of financial asset prices in markets on different continents - began earlier than most have suspected. Copyright Oxford University Press Science+Business Media, LLC 2006
Thermoelectric properties of thallium-filled skutterudites

Crystallographic data, electrical and thermal transport measurements, and heat-capacity data are reported for several compounds with the filled skutterudite structure: Tl{sub x}Co{sub 4-y}Fe{sub y}Sb{sub 12} and Tl{sub x}Co{sub 4}Sb{sub 12-y}Sn{sub y}, where 0<(x,y)<1 and x{approx_equal}y. These materials have potential use for thermoelectric power generation. The Tl atomic displacement parameters (ADP's) are large relative to the other elements in the compounds indicating substantial ''rattling'' of the Tl about its equilibrium position. A simple analysis of the ADP's and low-temperature heat-capacity data indicate an Einstein temperature for the Tl of 53{+-}2 K. The resonant scattering of acoustic phonons by the Tl ''rattlers'' are believed to be the major cause of the rapid decrease in the lattice thermal conductivity as small amounts of Tl are inserted into the voids of the skutterudite structure. Thermal and electrical transport are investigated as a function of the void filling with monovalent Tl and they are compared to previous data reported for partial filling with trivalent rare-earth ions. For comparable filling fractions, the Tl compounds had higher electron mobilities and a similar depression of the thermal conductivity. Unlike the rare-earth skutterudites, however, within experimental error there was no evidence of mass-fluctuation scattering and the minimum thermal conductivitymore » occurred near complete void filling. At elevated temperatures (800 K), the maximum thermoelectric figure of merit, ZT, for n-type samples is estimated from room-temperature data to be about 0.8 for both Tl-filled and rare-earth-filled Co{sub 4}Sb{sub 12}. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.« less
Performance bounds in communication networks with variable-rate links

In most network models for quality of service support, the communication links interconnecting the switches and gateways are assumed to have fixed bandwidth and zero error rate. This assumption of steadiness, especially in a heterogeneous internet-working environment, might be invalid owing to subnetwork multiple-access mechanism, link-level flow/error control, and user mobility. Techniques are presented in this paper to characterize and analyze work-conserving communication nodes with varying output rate. In the deterministic approach, the notion of "fluctuation constraint," analogous to the "burstiness constraint" for traffic characterization, is introduced to characterize the node. In the statistical approach, the variable-rate output is modelled as an "exponentially bounded fluctuation" process in a way similar to the "exponentially bounded burstiness" method for traffic modelling. Based on these concepts, deterministic and statistical bounds on queue size and packet delay in isolated variable-rate communication server-nodes are derived, including cases of single-input and multiple-input under first-come-first-serve queueing. Queue size bounds are shown to be useful for buffer requirement and packet loss probability estimation at individual nodes. Our formulations also facilitate the computation of end-to-end performance bounds across a feedforward network of variable-rate server-nodes. Several numerical examples of interest are given in the discussion.
The Middle Voice

This book approaches the middle voice from the perspective of typology and language universals research. The principal aim is to provide a typologically valid characterization of the category of middle voice in terms of which it can be incorporated in a cognitively-based theory of human language. The term “middle voice” has had a wide range of applications in the linguistic literature of this century. The main thesis in this volume is that there is a coherent, though complex, semantic category of middle voice in human language, which receives grammatical instantiation in many languages. The author claims there is a semantic property crucial to the nature of the middle, which she terms “relative elaboration of events”, that serves as a parameter along which the reflexive and the middle can be situated as semantic categories intermediate in transitivity between one-participant and two-participant events, and which differentiates reflexive and middle from one another. In this area, most analyses deal with one language and/or are limited to Indo-European languages. This work deals with a subset of middle-marking languages that was chosen so as to observe the highest possible number of different middle systems showing significant independent diachronic development.
Fate-Restricted Neural Progenitors in the Mammalian Cerebral Cortex

During development of the mammalian cerebral cortex, radial glial cells (RGCs) generate layer-specific subtypes of excitatory neurons in a defined temporal sequence, in which lower-layer neurons are formed before upper-layer neurons. It has been proposed that neuronal subtype fate is determined by birthdate through progressive restriction of the neurogenic potential of a common RGC progenitor. Here, we demonstrate that the murine cerebral cortex contains RGC sublineages with distinct fate potentials. Using in vivo genetic fate mapping and in vitro clonal analysis, we identified an RGC lineage that is intrinsically specified to generate only upper-layer neurons, independently of niche and birthdate. Because upper cortical layers were expanded during primate evolution, amplification of this RGC pool may have facilitated human brain evolution.
Formation of quantum wires and quantum dots on buffer layers grown on InP substrates

Self-assembled nanostructures are grown by molecular beam epitaxy of InAs on AlGaInAs layers deposited on InP substrates and investigated by atomic force microscopy. It is found that for low InAs coverage above the critical thickness for two-dimensional growth, wire-like structures called dashes are formed, which take on the shape of quantum dots as the coverage is increased. The shape transformation is largely dependent on InAs coverage, and not on buffer layer composition or strain. Growth on vicinal surfaces shows that dot formation is favored when step edges run perpendicular to the direction of the dashes, but no change in the nanostructure occurs when the step edges are parallel to the dashes. Photoluminescence shows that the capped structures emit light at room temperature in the technologically important wavelength range from 1.5 to 2.1 μm.
Applicability of single-site rate equations for reactions on inhomogeneous surfaces

Single-site rate laws are broadly applicable to surface mediated chemical kinetics even though most surfaces are strongly inhomogeneous. We defined the best single-site approximation for an inhomog...
OASIS: a front-end for prototyping catalog enhancements

There has been a massive investment in the installation of online catalogs: in selection, in the supporting infrastructure of terminals and networks, in catalog record conversion, in training, and, lately, in linking online catalogs with other online systems. In contrast, the state‐of‐the‐art of the functionality of online library catalogs has advanced little in the past few years. Rather it has been a matter of existing systems being upgraded towards the functionality of the better systems and of refinements being added. It is time for a further advance in online catalog design. We believe that the next generation of online catalogs should and will have features such as those discussed and illustrated in this article.
Epistemology in William James’s Principles of Psychology

Among classic American philosophers William James ranks after John Dewey as a contributor to the philosophy of education.1 It is fitting that a collection of essays in honor of Professor George Barton, who has devoted his intellectual energies to the philosophy of education as well as to social and political philosophy and to the history of recent philosophy, should contain an essay on James. Since, on a previous occasion, I have, at the instance of an invitation from Professor Barton, participated in a symposium centering on James’s educational theory,2 I propose here to investigate a topic in his Principles of Psychology — namely, the epistemology to be found in that work.
As(III) inhibits ultraviolet radiation-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer repair via generation of nitric oxide in human keratinocytes ☆

Abstract Inorganic arsenic enhances skin tumor formation when combined with other carcinogens including ultraviolet radiation (UVR). The inhibition of DNA damage repair by arsenic has been hypothesized to contribute to the cocarcinogenic activities of arsenic observed in vivo. Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) are an important mutagenic UVR photoproduct and implicated in the genesis of nonmelanoma skin cancer. The current study demonstrates that low concentrations of arsenite (As(III)) inhibit UVR-induced CPD repair in a human keratinocyte cell line via nitric oxide (NO) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Following As(III) treatment, NO production and iNOS expression are elevated. Little is known about regulation of iNOS by As(III) and further investigations indicated that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and NF-κB are required for As(III) induction of iNOS expression. This As(III)-stimulated signaling cascade was involved in inhibition of UVR-induced CPD repair as disruption of p38 MAPK activity and NF-κB nuclear translocation counteracted the effects of As(III) on CPD repair. Selective inhibition of iNOS ameliorated As(III) inhibition of CPD repair, thereby suggesting that iNOS is a downstream mediator of As(III) activity. These findings provide evidence that an As(III)-stimulated signal transduction cascade culminating in elevated iNOS expression and NO generation is an underlying mechanism for inhibition of UVR-induced DNA damage repair by arsenic.
Social Science Research and the Courts Informing Post–Grutter v. Bollinger Developments in Higher Education Cases

During its 2013-2014 term, the U.S. Supreme Court will consider the constitutionality of Proposal 2, a ballot measure that amended Michigan’s state constitution to ban the consideration of race in ...
A spectral algorithm for pricing interest rate options

The paper describes a general spectral algorithm for numerical evaluation of contingent claims dependent on the term structure of interest rates. The evolution of the interest rates is modeled as a discrete Markov chain in a functional space. The functional basis in the state space and the transition probabilities of the Markov chain are naturally determined by the no arbitrage condition. In the numerical implementation of the algorithm, computations are performed on a fixed grid of nodes; the numerical complexity of the algorithm is linear in the total number of the discretization nodes. The paper contains error estimates for the numerical procedure and convergence results. The algorithm is fast, consistent with other methods and can be used for pricing a wide class of instruments.
Effect of TSH and long-acting thyroid stimulator on thyroid 131I-metabolism and metamorphosis of the Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum)

Abstract Metamorphosis in the Mexican axolotl was induced by daily injection of purified ovine TSH, but not by injection of large doses of iodide. Thyroxine was effective in inducing metamorphosis when injected in a dose as low as 0.5 μg per 100 g per day, suggesting that axolotl tissue is normally sensitive to thyroid hormone. It is unlikely, therefore, that neoteny in this species is attributable to tissue resistance to the action of thyroid hormone. Thyroid 131 I uptakes in axolotls were of the order of 1–2% after 48 hr, and 131 T-T 4 comprised only 2–4% of the total. 131 I-T 4 was not detected in the circulation. After chronic administration of TSH, thyroid 131 I uptakes rose greatly, 131 I-T 4 comprised 15–18% of glandular 131 I, and 131 I-T 4 was readily detectable in the circulation. In all these respects 131 I metabolism in the axolotl resembled that seen previously in hypophysectomized rats. These results support the view that failure of metamorphosis in Ambystoma mexicanum is related to a very low rate of TSH secretion by the pituitary. Chronic injection of long-acting thyroid stimulator induced none of the changes associated with metamorphosis in Mexican axolotls and bad no effect on thyroid 131 I metabolism. Plasma protein patterns in larval and metamorphosed axolotls and in tiger salamanders were determined by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate. In all cases the fastest-migrating component displayed a mobility considerably less than that of frog plasma albumin. An increase in total plasma protein was observed after metamorphosis in axolotls, but not in tiger salamanders. A shift toward an increase in the proportion of the fast-moving component was more apparent in the tiger salamander.
Disease-specific self-efficacy in the eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders.

Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGIDs) are chronic inflammatory conditions with increasing global prevalence. Self-efficacy is important for patients’ ability to manage chronic disease. We sought to evaluate disease-specific self-efficacy in the EGIDs via a modified version of the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Self-Efficacy Scale (IBD-SES). Ninety-one Participants reported demographic, clinical, and psychosocial variables. The IBD-SES demonstrated excellent reliability and validity in this population. Self-efficacy was higher in men, patients with less severe disease, and those who had consulted a dietitian. The IBD-SES is a useful measure of disease-specific self-efficacy in the EGIDs. Further research is necessary to understand the role of self-efficacy in the management of these illnesses.
The preservation and use of public resources: Transforming the immoral into the merely factual☆

Abstract This paper examines the rhetorical process by which an ensemble of calculative practices and techniques including accounting came to be adopted, developed and justified in the State of Wisconsin at the turn of the century under the Progressive leadership of Governor Robert M. La Follette. Toward this end, the authors use primary and secondary archival materials to explicate three rhetorical strategies—Shakespearean, formalist, and expertise—the governor employed. They find that the process of institutionalizing these calculative techniques was and is profoundly political and reflective of the relative power, both oven and covert, of organized interest groups. The paper concludes with implications derived from the analysis.
Kinetics and effluent quality in extended aeration

BASICALLY, an extended-aeration sewage treatment plant consists of an aeration tank, designed to provide 18-24 hr sewage flow detention time, followed by a final settling tank, designed to provide a 3--6 hr settling period and 100 per cent return of the settleable solids to the aeration tank. Some modifications of this basic design provide sludge holding tanks to allow removal of excess sludge instead of permitting it to discharge in the plant effluent. Most plants are equipped with a screen or comminutor or both prior to the aeration tank and secondary units such as sand filters or oxidation ponds are occasionally used to further improve the final effluent.
Penetrating Injuries to the Stomach, Duodenum, and Small Bowel

Since operative management became the standard for hollow viscus injury, the techniques regarding the identification and subsequent repair of injuries to the stomach, small intestine, and duodenum have remained relatively unchanged. In this manuscript, we describe the contemporary management of penetrating hollow viscus injury as practiced at the Elvis Presley Memorial Trauma Center in Memphis, Tennessee. We commence with the general principles of laparotomy for trauma, followed by specific discussion of the practice and pitfalls of the operative management of gastric, duodenal, and small intestinal wounds.
Penetration of cefuroxime into ventricular fluid in cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections.

Abstract The penetration of intravenously administered cefuroxime into ventricular fluid was assessed in five pediatric patients with ventriculoperitoneal shunt infections and in one with a ventriculostomy infection. Patients received a total dose of 200 to 230 mg of cefuroxime per kg of body weight per day administered at 8-h intervals. Levels of cefuroxime in ventricular fluid ranged from 1.6 to 22.5 micrograms/ml and were associated with cerebrospinal fluid bactericidal titers ranging from less than 1:2 to 1:16 against infecting staphylococcal isolates. Five infections were cured with cefuroxime monotherapy. On the basis of MIC data, one patient had vancomycin substituted for cefuroxime and the infection was cured.
Communication patterns between mothers and mentally retarded infants

This investigation was conducted to identify patterns of maternal communication with young mentally retarded children and to deter mine how these patterns relate to children's level of communicativ...
The IBM Zurich Research Laboratory's 1.13 Gb/s LAN/MAN prototype

Abstract The paper describes the design concepts that were applied to the development of a Gb/s Local/Metropolitan Area Network (LAN/MAN). The prototype network is based on the folded bus topology, operates at a data rate of 1.13 Gb/s and can span distances in excess of 50 km. With optical fibers being used for data transmission, nodes may be spaced up to 35 km apart without the need for repeaters. Data transmission in the fiber is based on a new 8B/10B code that yields excellent transmission properties. The access protocol is based on a slotted media approach that permits concurrent access to the media by multiple, geographically separated nodes. The protocol is reservation-based and thus guarantees a high degree of fairness in serving the nodes. Data payloads are transmitted in consecutive slots and data contiguity is preserved. The network is controlled by a headend that issues cycles composed of a varying number of slots; the number is determined by previously collected node requests for data transmission. The hardware of a network node is partitioned into boards providing the Physical Layer functions (block coding, parallel-serial and electro-optical conversion, including all inverse operations), Media Access Control functions and Data Buffering/Device Attachment functions. For every function and for all board interconnections the most suitable leading-edge, commercial technology was chosen. Since essentially all the control functions must be performed in real time very limited use of microprocessors could be made. All the control functions in a node are implemented with high-speed programmable logic devices, microsequencers and an Arithmetic Logic Unit. Only in the headend, the node that performs bus scheduling, is a RISC-type microcontroller used. A four-node network, transporting FDDI-backbone and high-resolution image traffic over a distance of 10 km, was demonstrated in full operation at the TELECOM'91 exhibition in Geneva, Switzerland.
Evaluation of pregnancy outcome in euploid fetuses with a screen positive second trimester maternal serum screen for trisomy 18

POSITIVE SECOND TRIMESTER MATERNAL SERUM SCREEN FOR TRISOMY 18 CALLA HOLMGREN, ALEXANDRA GROSVENOR, KRISTY NELSON, NANCY ROSE, University of Utah, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Salt Lake City, Utah, Intermountain Healthcare, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Salt Lake City, Utah OBJECTIVE: Second trimester maternal serum analyte markers in pregnancies that screen positive for trisomy 18 are all profoundly lower than expected. If these low levels of maternal serum analytes are identified in normal, euploid gestations, we hypothesize that this might be associated with adverse pregnancy outcome, and therefore this information might be important for further obstetrical management during gestation. STUDY DESIGN: Between January, 2000 and August, 2004, we identified 65 patients at three tertiary care hospitals with a screen positive risk for trisomy 18 on second trimester serum analyte screening. Forty-three percent of these patients had amniocentesis in the second trimester. Charts from all patients were reviewed for both maternal and fetal outcomes. Statistical analysis was undertaken to evaluate these outcomes. RESULTS: In total, 55 (84.6%) patients had known maternal and fetal outcomes, and, of these, 10 (18.0%) had trisomy 18 identified by amniocentesis. Of the women who had amniocentesis, 35% had trisomy 18. There were two triploidy fetuses with fetal deaths at 19-20 weeks gestation confirmed by autopsy. The remaining 43 patients had euploid gestations with no evidence of fetal abnormalites. There was 1 term stillbirth (2.2%), the cause of which was unknown. For all patients, the mean gestational age at delivery was 37.1 weeks gestation (G4.4 weeks) and mean Apgar scores were 7.5 at 1 minute and 8.6 at 5 minutes. Mean fetal weight at delivery was 3097 gm (G727.8). 6.7% of the infants were delivered preterm secondary to preterm labor or preterm rupture of membranes. Of the total, 4.4% of the pregnancies were complicated by preeclampsia and 6.7% were complicated by IUGR. CONCLUSION: There does not appear to be an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcome in patients with a euploid gestation and a screen positive second trimester maternal serums screen for trisomy 18.
Basic Duality in the Algebraic Formulation of Electromagnetic Diffraction

The practice of using complex-valued notation in classical electromagnetic theory is shown to have a more fundamental basis than that of simplifying mathematical manipulations. In the algebraic formulation, the positive and negative time-frequency components of the real-valued field quantities are propagated by two different diffraction operators, each of which is the dual (adjoint) of the other. In addition to the basic distinguishability of these positive and negative time-frequency components, other features distinguish them in general, owing to the constraint of Maxwell’s equations. In the monochromatic case, there are boundary fields for which these other features vanish. For some of these fields, a pseudoscopic image can be propagated. The appearance and location of the pseudoscopic image in holography is shown to be a direct consequence of the unitary property of the diffraction operator in the absence of evanescent waves.
Suppressed semantic information accelerates analytic problem solving

The present study investigated the limits of semantic processing without awareness, during continuous flash suppression (CFS). We used compound remote associate word problems, in which three seemingly unrelated words (e.g., pine, crab, sauce) form a common compound with a single solution word (e.g., apple). During the first 3 s of each trial, the three problem words or three irrelevant words (control condition) were suppressed from awareness, using CFS. The words then became visible, and participants attempted to solve the word problem. Once the participants solved the problem, they indicated whether they had solved it by insight or analytically. Overall, the compound remote associate word problems were solved significantly faster after the problem words, as compared with irrelevant words, were presented during the suppression period. However this facilitation occurred only when people solved with analysis, not with insight. These results demonstrate that semantic processing, but not necessarily semantic integration, may occur without awareness.
Habituation in children within a behavior suppression paradigm

Abstract Using an instrumental response suppression paradigm, Experiment 1 demonstrated habituation and long-term retention of habituation to a tone stimulus in third-grade children, but specificity of habituation was not obtained when a new tone stimulus was presented. In Experiment 2 first graders showed specificity of habituation to auditory stimuli on the response suppression measure whereas fifth graders did not. However, both age groups evidenced specificity when a skin conductance measure was employed. In addition, specificity of habituation was not affected by amount of training at either age level. Experiment 3 demonstrated specificity of habituation in fifth graders on the response suppression measure when a cross-modality stimulus change was introduced. Implications of these data for analyses of habituation and traditional learning are discussed.
Production of Pyrogen in Gum Acacia by Bacteria

Conclusions1. Acacia per se is not “reactive” or pyrogenic. 2. Commercial acacia prepared for intravenous use may be divided into 2 categories, reactive and non-reactive. 3. The growth in acacia of B. subtilis and 2 water organisms, all pyrogen-producers, changes non-reactive acacia into reactive acacia. 4. The febrile agent in reactive acacia is probably pyrogen.
Repositioning the information systems management function: Implications for information systems personnel

One of the most major changes in the information systems management arena today is the repositioning of the information systems management function in large organizations. A study of sixty-seven large organizations indicates a repositioning involving a number of dimensions. With these changes, a whole new set of roles and skills for information systems managers are evolving. There is a critical need to examine the challenges stemming from these new roles and skills and provide a framework for the effective management of information systems personnel as we approach the nineties.
Platypnea‐orthodeoxia: Assessment with a unique cardiac catheterization procedure

A case of platypnea-orthodeoxia (orthostatic dyspnea and arterial desaturation) secondary to a patent foramen ovale in the absence of primary disease is presented. This case illustrates the use of recumbent and upright cardiac catheterization techniques for precise evaluation of the hemodynamic abnormality in this disorder.
The mechanism of radiation-induced graft copolymerization

Abstract The kinetics of the radiation-induced grafting of pure styrene, pure acrylonitrile and mixtures of the two to polyethylene (PE) were studied. In particular, the following factors were investigated: (a) film thickness, (b) composition of monomer mixtures, (c) dose rate and (d) temperature. The rate of grafting of mixtures of styrene and acrylonitrile goes through a maximum as the composition of the mixture changes, the position of the maximum varying as the film thickness changes. The calculated kp2/kt for the grafting of styrene to PE is approximately a thousand times as great as the value obtained in homogeneous polymerization. It is deduced that both kp and kt are lower in polymer-monomer systems than in homogenous phases.
Boundary violations in professional—client relationships: Overview and guidelines for prevention

Abstract The problem of sexual exploitation of clients by helping professionals has received increasing attention over the last two decades. Most of this attention has been devoted to developing more effective sanctions and rehabilitative measures for offenders, as well as strategies for victim recovery. However effective such measures may be, none can undo the damage of the explitative incident and any consequent legal proceedings to the client, the professional, or their primary partners. Effective prevention involves an understanding of the nature of trust-based relationships and the realization that the crossing of sexual boundaries reflects an extreme of a continuum of what are often called dual relationships. The appropriateness of personal disclosure, non-erotic touch, social involvement, exchange of gifts, and other activities that often presage sexual involvement, may have different implications in different professional settings. Closed systems, such as the military, hospitals and rural communit...
The occurrence of cyanobacterial toxins in New York lakes: Lessons from the MERHAB-Lower Great Lakes program

Abstract New York State is bordered by Lake Erie, Lake Ontario and Lake Champlain, which provide recreational opportunities and drinking water for over 20 million people. Little is known about the occurrence of toxic cyanobacteria in New York waters. In 1999 and 2000, several dogs died from anatoxin-a poisoning after contact with Lake Champlain algae. In response to these events, an intensive field program was initiated to develop and evaluate monitoring methods for detection of cyanobacterial toxins in freshwater systems. This work resulted in the development of a tier-based system for monitoring harmful algal blooms. Between 2000 and 2004, more than 2,000 samples were collected and analyzed for the occurrence of cyanobacterial toxins from sites across New York State. These samples were tested for the hepatotoxic microcystins and cylindrospermopsin as well as the neurotoxins, anatoxin-a, and paralytic shellfish poisons (PSP). A simple extraction procedure using 50% methanol gave >90% recovery of PSP toxi...
Diagenesis of Reef Limestones: ABSTRACT

The main original reef constituents are a skeletal carbonate framework, syngenetic carbonate detritus, and pore space. Diagenesis alters these materials by various processes involving addition, removal, and reconstitution of materials. End_Page 1766------------------------------ Additive processes include the mechanical deposition of secondarily infiltered detritus; the precipitation of calcite in fibrous or bladed, turbid cavity linings; and precipitation of calcite in coarse, clear mosaics. Subtractive processes involve removal of aragonite in solution and, during dolomitization, similar leaching of low-magnesium calcite. Reconstitution includes (1) recrystallization or aragonite to calcite, and (2) reorganization of the unstable, high-magnesium calcite. This reorganization can go in two directions: to stable, low-magnesium calcite by the "purging" of excess magnesium (which is probably generally removed in solution); or to dolomite, by similar purging of excess calcium. In either process, attendant recrystallization leads to loss of microstructure and the obscuring of surface boundaries; if both framework and matrix are affected, they may blend into a homogeneous rock fabric which bears little resemblance to the original sediment. The various diagenetic steps are illustrated by examples from the Permian Capitan reef, from the Triassic reefs of the Alps, and from the Cenozoic of Florida. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1767------------
Discrete Symmetries at a μ + μ - Collider

We study T violation at a μ + μ − collider in the reaction μ + μ − → μ + μ − . This is achieved by introducing complex gauge interactions in the leptonic sector of the standard model. T violating asymmetries analogous to the usual P violating asymmetry in conventional weak interactions are defined. The study requires measurements of the polarisations of the μ + , μ − beams in the initial and final states. Whilst these are difficult experiments, nevertheless it may be possible to set stringent upperbounds on T violating amplitudes in the leptonic sector from studies of these asymmetries at μ + μ − colliders.
Signalling while fighting: further comments on soft song

We thank Osiejuk (2011) for his comments on our discussion of the evolution of soft song in agonistic contexts (Akcay et al. 2011). Osiejuk raises several criticisms of one specific hypothesis we put forward in our paper, the readiness hypothesis. Here we discuss further some of the hypotheses on soft song, reply to Osiejuk’s criticisms and expand upon the readiness hypothesis. In our original discussion (Akcay et al. 2011), we outlined five hypotheses that have been discussed in the literature (see Table 1 for brief descriptions), and proposed a sixth one, the readiness hypothesis, that might explain why soft aggressive calls are soft. Under the readiness hypothesis, low-amplitude calls are thought to be a by-product of gearing up for a potential physical fight. In the case of songbirds, the need to track an opponent visually prior to a physical fight may preclude singing loudly (which requires that the head be thrown back). The same reasoning may apply to cases such as corncrakes, Crex crex (Rek & Osiejuk 2011), which despite calling nocturnally and in a dense habitat would probably still have to adopt an attacking posture and possibly locate the target visually before launching (or avoiding) a successful attack. As Osiejuk and we both noted, there are two interesting questions about soft song or calls. The first one is simply, why are they soft? This first question applies not only to aggressive soft vocalizations but also to any vocal signals that are low in amplitude. The second question is why is soft song so reliable a predictor of attack? This second question of course only applies to aggressive soft songs (Dabelsteen et al. 1998). The hypotheses put forward in the literature differ inwhich of these questions they seek to answer and their scope. Table 1 shows whether these hypotheses are generally applicable to soft vocalizations other than aggressive ones.