cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Special Types of Lung Cancer

Abstract Objective: Pancoast tumors, carcinoids, and multifocal non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) represent a spectrum of lung cancers that require unique consideration with regard to preoperative workup, indications for resection, and surveillance. This chapter seeks to define these important attributes to help guide clinicians who manage these patients. Design and Methods: An exhaustive search of all current peer-reviewed data was performed to define evidence-based recommendations regarding optimal management for these lung cancer subsets. Primary Results: Current data support a survival advantage with trimodality therapy for resectable Pancoast tumors, particularly for patients without N2 disease. Carcinoid tumors are considered malignant but exhibit less aggressive behavior than solid NSCLC. Most are typical carcinoids, are located centrally, and are more common in younger patients. Concern for atypical carcinoids should prompt workup for distant disease. Multifocal lung cancers represent a spectrum of disease that should be managed according to the feasibility of resection, patient fitness, and consideration for whether there is synchronous disease, locally metastatic cancer, or multiple sites of ground-glass nodules. Principle Conclusions: These special cases of lung cancer require a thoughtful workup and case-specific management. Treatment and surveillance recommendations are similar to other surgically managed NSCLC, with unique consideration for surgery based on location, the extent of disease, and patient fitness. We recommend all such cases should be discussed in the context, a multidisciplinary tumor board before considering surgical resection.
Are we “missing the big picture” in transitions of care? Perspectives of healthcare providers managing patients with unplanned hospitalization

Abstract Background Healthcare providers play a critical role in the care transitions. Therefore, efforts to improve this process should be informed by their perspectives. Aim The study objective was to explore the factors that negatively/positively influence care transitions following an unplanned hospitalization from the perspective of healthcare providers. Methods A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews conducted between February and September of 2016 at a single academic medical center. We enrolled fifteen healthcare providers from multiple disciplines involved in the management of patients experiencing an unplanned hospitalization. Respondents shared their experiences with care transitions and identified factors within and outside of the discharging health facility that impede or facilitate this process. Transcribed interviews were analyzed using emerging themes from the interviews. Results We identified six themes and associated subthemes from the interviews on factors that influence care transitions. Three themes focused on factors within the discharging healthcare facility: untailored and overloaded patient discharge information, timing of the post-discharge care conversation, provider-to-patient and provider-to-provider miscommunication. The other three themes were related to external factors including caregiver involvement, having a safe and stable housing environment, and access to healthcare and community resources. Providers discussed how these factors positively/negatively influence the hospital-to-home transition. Conclusions Our study identifies factors within and outside the discharging healthcare facility that influence care transitions, ultimately affect patient-centered outcomes and provider satisfaction with delivered care. Strategies aimed at improving the quality of care transitions should address these barriers and actively engage healthcare providers who are pivotal in care transitions.
Cortical thickness and volume reductions in young adults with current suicidal ideation

The extent to which observed differences in emotion processing and regulation neural circuitry in young adults with current suicidal ideation are paralleled by structural differences is unknown. We measured brain cortical thickness and gray and white matter volumes in 78 young adults aged 18-35: 35 with current suicidal ideation (SI) and 43 healthy controls (HC). The SI group, compared to HC, showed reduction in cortical thickness in the bilateral precentral gyri and diminished cortical volume in the left middle frontal gyrus. These regions are implicated in executive function, stress regulation, and emotion processing. We propose that these structural differences among the SI group could be contributing to suicidal thought patterns.
Design and Implementation of a New Transformerless Bidirectional DC–DC Converter With Wide Conversion Ratios

A new transformerless bidirectional buck-boost converter is proposed in this paper. The proposed converter has a simple circuit structure, low component count, low voltage stress on the power transistors, and a wide voltage gain range. This makes it applicable in the energy storage charge/discharge systems, such as electric vehicles (EV), microgrids and nanogrids with energy storage units, and uninterruptible power supplies. In addition, synchronous rectification between the complementary transistors is employed to improve the converter efficiency. A comprehensive analysis of the steady-state operation, small-signal model, component parameters design, and efficiency analysis of the proposed converter operating in a continuous conduction mode is given. Finally, a 1.6-kW scaled-down prototype was built using Silicon Carbide MOSFET S to validate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed converter.
Integrative Omic Analysis of Neuroblastoma

Abstract Neuroblastoma is a pediatric cancer of nervous system. This chapter provides a snapshot of clinical staging, prognosis, and current treatment options. Recent studies have unraveled neuroblastoma genomics and have aimed to classify neuroblastomas based on the genomic signature of the tumor. The advent of rapid and high-throughput sequencing technologies as well as cloud-based computational platforms has enabled researchers to interrogate neuroblastoma genomics in a comprehensive manner. Sequencing of neuroblastoma has discovered several prognostic markers at genomic, transcriptomic, epigenetic (methylation status), etc. An overview of various omic methodologies, tools available to analyze them, and integrating omic data from different omes is elaborated. The bottlenecks in integrative omic approach and ways to overcome them are discussed. The mutational landscape of neuroblastoma is simple when compared to other adult cancers, and unfortunately, neuroblastomas treated similarly to adult cancers result in poor outcomes. Therefore, it is important to develop new specific therapies for neuroblastomas based on their genetic context. The integrative omic approach clustered with clinical parameters has the potential to untangle medical genomics to personalize neuroblastoma therapies based on their signature and better treatment outcome.
Serial List Viterbi Decoding with CRC: Managing Errors, Erasures, and Complexity

This paper analyzes the serial list Viterbi algorithm (S-LVA) used in conjunction with optimal CRC codes that minimize probability of undetected error by maximizing the minimum distance between convolutional codewords that pass the CRC check, following Lou et al. In particular, the paper identifies such optimal CRC codes for the 3GPP standard convolutional code (561,753). As SNR varies and the maximum list size L ranges from one to its maximum, this paper uses bounds, approximations, and simulation to characterize decoding complexity and the trade-off between erasure probability and undetected error probability. The complexity of S-LVA is captured by the expected value of the number of decoding attempts required before a CRC check passes or L codewords have been examined. For S-LVA with a degree-m CRC and maximum possible L, which is the cardinality of the set of all possible convolutional codewords, the expected value of the number of decoding attempts converges to one as SNR increases and to 2^m(1-&#949;), for a small &#949; &#62; 0, as SNR decreases. For S-LVA with the maximum possible L, the erasure probability is zero. As the L decreases from this maximum, the erasure probability increases and the UE probability decreases to that of L=1, for which UE probability is well approximated by a nearest-neighbor bound.
Ultrathin transmissive metasurfaces for multi-wavelength optics in the visible

Metasurface-based optical elements have the ability to shape wavefronts by locally changing the properties of incident illumination. They hold great potential to promote a new generation of wearable devices and thin optical systems for imaging and sensing. However, due to the diffractive nature of these metasurfaces, chromatic aberration represents a critical challenge toward practical implementations, especially for the visible spectrum. Existing solutions for multi-wavelength meta-optics inevitably increase the device thickness and system complexity, similar to the conventional refractive and diffractive counterparts. They are also limited to polarization sensitive lenses with a small size and numerical aperture (NA). In this manuscript, we present the design of single-layer multi-wavelength metasurfaces using ultrathin dielectric resonators (thickness ≪ wavelength) as structural elements. The electromagnetic response of these resonators can be tailored by the in-plane geometrical parameters and used to manipulate the transmitted light. We introduce a digital transmission modulation scheme which enables opportunities to design multi-wavelength optics beyond conventional binary diffractive optics. The design versatility of our approach is demonstrated by polarization-independent achromatic metalenses with a larger lens size and larger NA than existing approaches. The simplicity of the design and fabrication process makes these ultrathin metasurfaces good candidates for building flat optical elements that can be easily integrated onto CMOS electronics and MEMS devices.
Microwave-enhanced, stereospecific ring-closure of medium-ring cyanamide ethers to yohimbine

Abstract A highly efficient acid-promoted, stereospecific, transannular ring-closure of medium-ring ether compounds to the indole alkaloid yohimbine is described. Microwave-enhanced acetic acid degradation of cyanamide compounds involves loss of (R)- or (S)-ethers, followed by a stereospecific, nucleophilic ring-closure from the cyanamide to afford yohimbine in up to 74% yield in as little as one minute. This nucleophilic reactivity of the amino moiety of the cyanamide highlights an alternative reactivity profile from its traditional electrophilic properties. Additionally, this reaction pathway highlights a rare case of an SN1 pathway that proceeds with complete stereospecificity.
Rufus Nims: Mid-century Modern and Florida Tropical Architecture

Mid-century modern architecture developed after the Second World War as numerous technological advancements allowed for open house plans with the increased use of glass and a reconfiguration of indoor-outdoor relationships. Rufus Nims, a Miami architect (1913–2005), hybridized emerging ideas of mid-century modernism with climatic design that emerged in field of tropical architecture after the Second World War. Nims experimented with homes that had disappearing walls; and that could be comfortable in the hot and humid climate of Florida. This paper will analyze Rufus Nims’ role in the development of Florida Tropical Architecture, through his seamless integration of indoor and outdoor spaces. Further, this study will assess how Rufus Nims used tropical architecture strategies in South Florida, such as screened-in porches, disappearing walls, and landscape integration. The paper argues that Rufus Nims’ architectural ideas were based on emerging redefinition of the indoor-outdoor spatial relationships as was evident in the broader mid-century modern movement and Florida Tropical Architecture.
SoC Security Verification Challenges

An SoC should be verified against several vulnerabilities to endure its security and trust. However, the existing verification and validation techniques are not sufficient to identify security issues in SoC due to the lack of security specification, the vast complexity of SoC designs, aggressive time-to-market, globally distributed supply chain of SoCs, design issues, and unsecured computer-aided design (CAD) tools. In this chapter, we review the challenges in SoC security and trust verification and review some existing approaches to evaluate the resiliency of SoCs against various types of attacks. We also discuss the limitation of these approaches.
An Eulerian multimaterial framework for simulating high-explosive aquarium tests

Abstract Aquarium tests of cylindrical high-explosive charges provide optical data of the detonation front velocity and shape, propagation of the shock wave in the surrounding water, and expansion rates of the detonation products behind the front. Data from aquarium experiments is often used for calibration of reactive burn models based on phenomenological equations of state (EOS) and reaction rate laws. This paper presents a multimaterial numerical modeling framework to solve the 2D axisymmetric reactive Euler equations for high-explosive aquarium tests, in particular for ammonium nitrate - fuel oil (ANFO) explosives. An extension of the Ghost Fluid Method (GFM) is used to handle the dynamic material interfaces for the ANFO explosion products, the charge-confining material (polymethyl methacrylate PMMA), and the surrounding water. This study analyzes the sensitivity of calculations (both computational efficiency and numerical accuracy) to different algorithms for the material interface models including the original GFM versus Riemann solver-based strategies. A novel method for defining the left and right states in the interfacial Riemann problem eliminates the need for sorting or nodal interpolation during the projection along the material interface. Numerical tests indicate that populating the interface node values using the Riemann solution mitigate the overheating error observed in steady-state calculations. Solution convergence and computational efficiency are explored as a function of the spatial and temporal order of the schemes. Results from the computational model with analytical equations of state and fitted reaction rate parameters show very good quantitative agreement with experimentally observed detonation front velocity, reaction products expansion, and shock wave propagation in the surrounding water for a cylindrical ANFO charge encased in PMMA. The proposed modeling framework, in conjunction with experimental tests, provides a reliable tool to assess equations of state and reaction rate expressions for reactive burn models of confined high explosives.
Algorithmic Bias in Recidivism Prediction: A Causal Perspective (Student Abstract).

ProPublica's analysis of recidivism predictions produced by Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions (COMPAS) software tool for the task, has shown that the predictions were racially biased against African American defendants. We analyze the COMPAS data using a causal reformulation of the underlying algorithmic fairness problem. Specifically, we assess whether COMPAS exhibits racial bias against African American defendants using FACT, a recently introduced causality grounded measure of algorithmic fairness. We use the Neyman-Rubin potential outcomes framework for causal inference from observational data to estimate FACT from COMPAS data. Our analysis offers strong evidence that COMPAS exhibits racial bias against African American defendants. We further show that the FACT estimates from COMPAS data are robust in the presence of unmeasured confounding.
Racial Differences in Co-Offending: Correlations With Concurrent Juvenile Police Contacts and Predictions of Future Adult Police Contacts:

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the relationship between co-offending and offense seriousness varied by race and whether similarities in age (juvenile, adult) and race (white, no...
Properties of amorphous semiconducting a − S i : H a − Si N x : H multilayer films and of a − Si N x : H alloys

We prepared, by plasma deposition and by alternating the plasma-gas mixture, multilayer films consisting of sequential layers of hydrogenated amorphous silicon ($a$-Si: H) of thickness ${d}_{1}$ and insulating amorphous silicon nitride ($a\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{N}}_{x}:\mathrm{H}$) of thickness ${d}_{2}$. The thickness ${d}_{2}$ was held constant at 24 \AA{}, while ${d}_{1}$ was changed from 12 to 2120 \AA{}. Films with small ${d}_{1}$ had up to 180 layers pairs. The conduction and optical properties of these multilayer films were studied as well as the effect of prolonged light exposure (Staebler-Wronski effect). At large sublayer thickness ${d}_{1}g100$ \AA{} the properties are dominated by space-charge doping which raises the Fermi level in the $a$-Si: H layers and leaves the nitride layers positively charged. At small sublayer thicknesses ${d}_{1}l50$ \AA{} our observations are consistent with those of Abeles and Tiedje and their interpretation in terms of quantum-well confinement of charge carriers in the thin semiconductor sheets sandwiched between large-band-gap insulating layers. The properties of these multilayer films are compared with those of $a\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{N}}_{x}:\mathrm{H}$ alloys. These were prepared under the same plasma-decomposition conditions by changing the plasma-gas composition ratio of ${\mathrm{NH}}_{3}$ to Si${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$ from 0.02 to 10.
Association of TP53 mutation with decreased prevalence of MSI-high, RAS and PI3KCA mutations in metastatic colorectal cancer.

e15578Background: TP53 tumor suppressor gene is mutated in approximately 50% of colorectal cancer (CRC). How TP53 mutations are associated with the prevalence of the other common genomic alteration...
INteractive Virtual Expert-Led Skills Training: A Multi-Modal Curriculum for Medical Trainees

Background: Internationally, pediatric depression and suicide are significant issues. Additionally, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, pediatric mental health needs are rising astronomically. In light of Child & Adolescent Psychiatrist (CAP) subspecialist shortages in the United States (US), there is an increasing call for primary care physicians in Family Medicine and Pediatrics to address an increasingly broad variety of patient needs. Here we report on the development and preliminary evaluation of medical student and resident perceptions on the "INteractive Virtual Expert-led Skills Training" (INVEST) medical education curriculum, a virtual synchronous CAP curriculum employing active learning strategies, including expert-led discussion and video modeling, and discussion designed to meet those priorities. Methods: In a standardized 60-min training format, our curriculum leverages audience response system polling, video modeling of key clinical skills, and interactive discussion with an expert subspecialist, over a virtual video conferencing platform. The primary educational strategy relies on use of video modeling to demonstrate best practice with CAP led group discussion to solidify and explain important concepts. Five waves of medical students and residents (N = 149) participated in the INVEST curriculum and completed pre- and post-training surveys regarding knowledge and comfort in the management of pediatric patients with depression and suicidality. Results: Trainee participants reported significant positive gains in perceived likelihood of encountering pediatric suicidality as well as knowledge/comfort with depression screening and suicidality assessment in a primary care setting. Across some competency areas, there was an effect of medical learner level. Learners at lower levels generally reported the highest benefit. Medical students reported significant increases in their comfort interpreting and discussing positive depression screens and evidenced the greatest relative benefit in comfort with discussing suicidality. Conclusion: To our knowledge, INVEST is the first fully virtual, multimodal curriculum led by expert CAP subspecialists. Our findings suggest that INVEST shows promise for equipping medical learners with baseline knowledge for caring for patients with pediatric depression and suicidality. This synchronous, virtually delivered curriculum allows for critical training delivered to diverse medical learners regardless of geographic location, a particular benefit during the current COVID-19 pandemic.
Effects of COVID-19 on Regional and Gender Equality in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Nigeria and Ethiopia

The labor structure in sub-Saharan Africa is characterized by a high share of informal employment in the rural agricultural sector. The impact of COVID-19 on female employment may not appear to be large as the share of such employment is particularly high among women. Nevertheless, widespread income reduction was observed both in rural and urban households. This could worsen the opportunities for women as husbands’ control over the household resource is the norm. The paper also finds that rural children struggled to continue learning during school closures. Gender-sensitive policies are needed to narrow the gap during and post-pandemic.
The Swing of the Pendulum: Financing of British Universities from the 1960s through the 1980s

In the early 1960s, British universities were considered the guardians of liberal education. They were funded by the government through block grants; money for science was allocated through the Research Councils, which considered above all the reputation of the scientists. During the late 1960s through the 1980s, however, attitudes about universities and science changed, as did sources of funding, leading to more emphasis on applied research, as well as less freedom to pursue interests within the universities.
Saga and Socialization in Jesuit Institutions

In 2010, the presidents of the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities issued the consensus statement, The Jesuit, Catholic Mission of U.S. Jesuit Colleges and Universities . While created to foster dialogue with the U.S. provincials of the Society of Jesus, the statement provides insight into the history of Jesuit education and the ongoing efforts to integrate laypersons into the leadership of the 28 U.S. Jesuit colleges and universities. Taking an organizational culture perspective, the statement is reviewed for themes that support the saga of Jesuit education, as well as the socialization process that assists laypersons in becoming part of the Jesuit educational tradition.
On the Nature of Environment Education: Anthropocentrism versus Non-Anthropocentrism: The Irrevelant Debate

In many industrial societies, schools have frequently been called upon to solve various social problems, such as unemployment, ethnic conflicts, drug abuse, and the spread of AIDS. In face of the magnitude, ubiquity, and urgency of today’s ecological problems, many educators also have been eager to incorporate ecological concerns into formal schooling. Since the 1960s, “environmental education” has been used as a generic term to refer to a set of courses/programs which address today’s ecological problems in the context of formal schooling. To many concerned educators, environmental education should not be another “add-on” to the formal curriculum. Instead, environmental education should be a fundamental educational reform that aims at promoting ecologically congenial cultural values.
Wedderburn-Artin Theory

Modern ring theory began when J.H.M. Wedderburn proved his celebrated classification theorem for finite dimensional semisimple algebras over fields. Twenty years later, E. Noether and E. Artin introduced the Ascending Chain Condition (ACC) and the Descending Chain Condition (DCC) as substitutes for finite dimensionality, and Artin proved the analogue of Wedderburn’s Theorem for general semisimple rings. The Wedderburn-Artin theory has since become the cornerstone of noncommutative ring theory, so in this first chapter of our book, it is only fitting that we devote ourselves to an exposition of this basic theory.
Dancing with the Electrons: Time-Domain and CW In Vivo EPR Imaging:

The progress in the development of imaging the distribution of unpaired electrons in living systems and the functional and the potential diagnostic dimensions of such an imaging process, using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging (EPRI), is traced from its origins with emphasis on our own work. The importance of EPR imaging stems from the fact that many paramagnetic probes show oxygen dependent spectral broadening. Assessment of in vivo oxygen concentration is an important factor in radiation oncology in treatment-planning and monitoring treatment-outcome. The emergence of narrow-line trairylmethyl based, bio-compatible spin probes has enabled the development of radiofrequency time-domain EPRI. Spectral information in time-domain EPRI can be achieved by generating a time sequence of T2* or T2 weighted images. Progress in CW imaging has led to the use of rotating gradients, more recently rapid scan with direct detection, and a combination of all the three. Very low field MRI employing Dynamic Nuclear po...
Generation of highly enriched populations of optic vesicle-like retinal cells from human pluripotent stem cells

The protocol outlined below is used to differentiate human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into retinal cell types through a process that faithfully recapitulates the stepwise progression observed in vivo. From pluripotency, cells are differentiated to a primitive anterior neural fate, followed by progression into two distinct populations of retinal progenitors and forebrain progenitors, each of which can be manually separated and purified. The hPSC-derived retinal progenitors are found to self-organize into three-dimensional optic vesicle-like structures, with each aggregate possessing the ability to differentiate into all major retinal cell types. The ability to faithfully recapitulate the stepwise in vivo development in a three-dimensional cell culture system allows for the study of mechanisms underlying human retinogenesis. Furthermore, this methodology allows for the study of retinal dysfunction and disease modeling using patient-derived cells, as well as high-throughput pharmacological screening and eventually patient-specific therapies.
A kiloparsec-scale internal shock collision in the jet of a nearby radio galaxy

Observations of a collision between two knots in the jet of nearby radio galaxy 3C 264 support the internal shock model of how the jet plasma is energized. Using a twenty-year dataset of Hubble Space Telescope images, Eileen Meyer et al. have tracked the motion of high-energy plasma in a jet produced by a super-massive black hole in a nearby radio galaxy. The authors find that one bright 'knot' of plasma in the jet has been catching up with a slower-moving knot just downstream. Images taken in 2014 record the first stages of their inevitable collision. Colliding knots have long been theorized as capable of accelerating the particles that produce high-energy radiation in many astrophysical jets, a mechanism known as the 'internal shock model', but this is the first time such a collision has been observed. Jets of highly energized plasma with relativistic velocities are associated with black holes ranging in mass from a few times that of the Sun to the billion-solar-mass black holes at the centres of galaxies1. A popular but unconfirmed hypothesis to explain how the plasma is energized is the ‘internal shock model’, in which the relativistic flow is unsteady2. Faster components in the jet catch up to and collide with slower ones, leading to internal shocks that accelerate particles and generate magnetic fields3. This mechanism can explain the variable, high-energy emission from a diverse set of objects4,5,6,7, with the best indirect evidence being the unseen fast relativistic flow inferred to energize slower components in X-ray binary jets8,9. Mapping of the kinematic profiles in resolved jets has revealed precessing and helical patterns in X-ray binaries10,11, apparent superluminal motions12,13, and the ejection of knots (bright components) from standing shocks in the jets of active galaxies14,15. Observations revealing the structure and evolution of an internal shock in action have, however, remained elusive, hindering measurement of the physical parameters and ultimate efficiency of the mechanism. Here we report observations of a collision between two knots in the jet of nearby radio galaxy 3C 264. A bright knot with an apparent speed of (7.0 ± 0.8)c, where c is the speed of light in a vacuum, is in the incipient stages of a collision with a slower-moving knot of speed (1.8 ± 0.5)c just downstream, resulting in brightening of both knots—as seen in the most recent epoch of imaging.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic studies of the oligomeric death-domain complex between PIDD and RAIDD

Three large macromolecular complexes known as the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), the apoptosome and the PIDDosome mediate caspase activation in apoptosis signaling pathways. The PIDDosome, which activates caspase-2, is composed of three protein components: PIDD, RAIDD and caspase-2. Within the PIDDosome, the interaction between PIDD and RAIDD is mediated by a homotypic interaction between their death domains (DDs). PIDD DD and RAIDD DD were overexpressed in Escherichia coli with engineered C-terminal His tags. The proteins were purified and mixed to allow complex formation. Gel-filtration and multi-angle light scattering (MALS) analyses showed that the complex is around 150 kDa in solution. The purified PIDD DD–RAIDD DD complex was crystallized at 293 K. X-ray diffraction data were collected to resolutions of 3.2 and 4.0 A from a native and a Hg-derivative crystal, respectively. The crystals belong to space group P65, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 138.4, c = 207.6 A.
To conform or not to conform? An examination of perceived emotional display rule norms among international sojourners

Abstract With increased globalization, more individuals temporarily leave home to work and study in foreign countries. These sojourners are confronted with societal norms different from their home cultures. The present study investigated the extent to which international student sojourners perceive differences in emotional display norms between their home and host cultures, as well as the influence of these perceptions on their international adjustment. Although an overlap between perceived display of emotions by sojourners and host nationals was not related to adjustment, a “guest” effect was found. Specifically, international student participants reported that one should display less emotion in the host culture than their home cultures despite the perceived acceptance for greater display of emotion in the host culture than in the sojourners’ home cultures. Future research directions and practical applications for organizations sending individuals abroad are discussed.
Use of Y chromosome specific probes to detect low level sex chromosome mosaicism.

An individual, found to be a true hermaphrodite at laparotomy, is presented. Cytogenetic studies which initially disclosed a 46,XX karyotype, conflicted with the anatomic presence of a testis. More extensive analysis of peripheral lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts revealed low level 46,XX/69,XXY mosaicism. DNA hybridization studies, using highly repeated Y chromosome specific probes, confirmed the rare presence of Y chromosome bearing cells. Such combined clinical and molecular studies can have an important impact on diagnosis and management of cases in which sex chromosome mosaicism is suspected.
Defining disability: metaphysical not political

Recent discussions surrounding the conceptualising of disability has resulted in a stalemate between British sociologists and philosophers. The stagnation of theorizing that has occurred threatens not only academic pursuits and the advancement of theoretical interpretations within the Disability Studies community, but also how we educate and advocate politically, legally, and socially. More pointedly, many activists and theorists in the UK appear to believe the British social model is the only effective means of understanding and advocating on behalf of people with disabilities. This model, largely reliant upon materialist research traditions, contends that disability is a form of social oppression and hence, is a phenomenon that should be conceptualised in social terms. Individual properties such as impairments are disregarded as they are viewed to be unimportant in the analysis of the social causes of disability. Concurrently, many bioethicists and philosophers have embraced what Tom Shakespeare has classified as an 'Interactional Approach' to disability--that "the experience of a disabled person results from the relationship between factors intrinsic to the individual, and the extrinsic factors arising from the wider context in which she finds herself". I intend to demonstrate that the benefits of the British social model are now outweighed by its burdens. I suggest, as Jerome Bickenbach has, that while it may be somewhat churlish to critique the social model in light of its political success, taken literally, it implies that people with disabilities require no additional health resources by virtue of their impairments. Despite the eloquent arguments that have preceded me by interactional theorists, none have been accepted as evidence of fallacious reasoning by British social model theorists. This article is an attempt to clarify why it is that the types of arguments British social model theorists have been offering are misguided. I suggest that the British social model, unlike an interactional approach, is unable to provide a realistic account of the experience of disability, and subsequently, unable to be properly utilized to ensure justice for people with disabilities.
Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and microhardness of spot welds in Ti26Al11Nb

Abstract The gas tungsten arc welded fusion zone of Ti26Al11Nb (atomic per cent) was investigated to determined the effect that postweld heat treatment (PWHT) had on its microhardness and microstructure. The as-welded fusion zone consisted of an ω-type, “tweed-like” microstructure with a microhardness that was higher than the base metal by as much as 100 VHN. Two PWHT temperatures were chosen which represented the upper (980°C) and lower (650°C) limits of the α 2 + β region of the Ti 3 AlNb pseudo-binary phase diagram. Short times at 650°C resulted in secondary hardening above that of the as-welded condition while longer times resulted in hardness values near that of the base metal. heavily faulted α 2 was detected in the 650°C PWHTs. The 980°C, 1 min PWHT had a microhardness and microstructure similar to the 650°C, 50 h PWHT. All other PWHTs at 980°C had microhardeness values near that of the base metal. There were two distinct microstructures for these PWHTs. One consisted of α 2 subgrains with a high dislocation density and B2 precipitates. The other consisted of clear α 2 grains with B2 at grain boundaries.
Evaluating High Performance Data Transfer with RDMA-based Protocols in Wide-Area Networks

The use of zero-copy RDMA is a promising area of development in support of high-performance data movement over wide-area networks. In particular, the emerging RDMA over Converged Ethernet (RoCE) standard enables the InfiniBand transport for use over existing and widely deployed network infrastructure. In this paper, we evaluate the use of RDMA over Ethernet in two deployment scenarios: 1) a gateway approach that adapts standard application connections to an RDMA-based protocol for transmission over wide-area network paths, and 2) the integration of our RDMA implementation into GridFTP, a popular data transfer tool for distributed computing. We evaluate both approaches over a number of wide-area network conditions emulated using a commercial network emulation device, and we analyze the overhead of our RDMA implementations from a systems perspective. Our results show a significant increase in network utilization and performance when using RDMA over high-latency paths with a reduced CPU and memory I/O footprint on our gateways and end host applications.
Effective control of hypertension.

Hypertension, the subject of two articles written by Phillips and associates in this issue of the Proceedings (pages 691 to 699 and 700 to 706), is the most pervasive, chronic, remediable disease in the United States today. It is estimated to affect more than 60 million persons who either have been found to have elevated blood pressure (140/90 mm Hg or greater) or have reported being told by a physician that they have high blood pressure. 1 Hypertension is the major risk factor for stroke and a critical one for myocardial in- farction, congestive heart failure, renal disease, retinopathy, aortic dissection, and peripheral vas- cular disease. Both diastolic and systolic hyper- tension have deleterious effects on the circulatory system, and adequate control of high blood pres- sure prevents these adverse effects. Programs for control of hypertension are mainly responsible for the 50% decline in death rates attributable to stroke in the United States during the past 15 years and partially account for the somewhat less dramatic decrease in death rates due to myocardial infarction and other cardio- vascular diseases. Death rates from stroke actu- ally began to decline in the 1920s before effective antihypertensive drugs became available, but the accelerated decrease in stroke-related deaths dur- ing the past few decades is almost certainly due to improved control of hypertension. Except for a small percentage of cases of hypertension with secondary causes, high blood pressure is seldom cured but usually simply controlled. Thus, metic- ulous follow-up of patients is crucial to maintain control. Moreover, well-designed public or profes- sional educational and motivational programs along with easy access and use of health services for patients with hypertension are necessary to curb this silent killer. Hypertension seldom causes symptoms in its early stages; thus, the disease is often overlooked or given low priority by patients, especially be- cause appropriate medications can be expensive or inconvenient to take and frequently cause multiple side effects. The ideal situation would be prevention of the initial onset of hyperten- sion—that is, the primary prevention of hyper- tension itself rather than concentrating on the sec- ondary prevention of complications. In my opinion, such primary prevention programs are not likely to be available on a large scale in the immediate future and will first necessitate the support of much more research and study, including the type of investigation reported herein by Phillips and colleagues. National Studies.—Many national studies have demonstrated the relationship between hyper- tension and complicating diseases of the circu- latory system and have proved the effectiveness of control of high blood pressure in preventing these cardiovascular complications. The Fram- ingham Study, 2 which is not a treatment project
Planning and implementing an internship program for undergraduate computer science students

This paper describes successful efforts to implement an internship program in Computer Science. Details for planning, implementing, maintaining, and evaluating the program are presented.
Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme by synthetic peptide fragments of various β-caseins

(1990). Inhibition of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme by Synthetic Peptide Fragments of Various β-Caseins. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry: Vol. 54, No. 4, pp. 1101-1102.
Essential fatty acids in mitochondria.

Abstract The fatty acid contents of mitochondria from chicken liver, beef heart, rat liver, catfish liver, carp liver, salmon liver, and salmon heart were determined by gas-liquid chromatography of the methyl esters. The degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids increased in the above order, and the molar amounts of essential fatty acids, arachidonic and linoleic acids, accounted for 22.3, 51.6, 41.0, 4.5, 20.6, 4.9, and 2.7%, respectively. Fish mitochondria were generally low in essential fatty acids, but contained high levels of docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. Chicken liver mitochondria also contained 2.6% of a docosachexaenoic acid. Linoleic acid was very low in salmon liver mitochondria (0.9%) and salmon heart mitochondria (1.1%) and undetectable in catfish liver mitochondria. Essential fatty acid to cytochrome c molar ratios in the mitochondria ranged from 70 to 1048. It was not possible to label the fatty acids of mitochondria undergoing oxidative phosphorylation in tritium water. Added lipoxidase did not react with the unsaturated fatty acids in mitochondria and electron-transport particles. These data are discussed relative to the function of essential fatty acids in mitochondria.
Effects of Combined Alcohol and Anti‐HIV Drugs on Cellular Stress Responses in Primary Hepatocytes and Hepatic Stellate and Kupffer Cells

Background Certain anti-HIV drugs alone or in combination are often associated with liver damages, which are frequently worsened by alcohol consumption. We previously found an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress mechanism for the drug- and alcohol-induced hepatic injuries in animal models and in vitro hepatocytes. However, it is unknown whether anti-HIV drugs and alcohol induce similar cellular stress responses and injuries in liver nonparenchymal cells. Methods Primary mouse hepatocytes (PMH), kupffer cells (KC), and hepatocellular stellate cells (HSC) were freshly isolated from mouse liver and treated with DMSO, stress-inducing pharmaceutical agents, alcohol alone, or in combination with antiviral ritonavir (RIT), lopinavir (LOP), or efavirenz (EFV). Expression of cellular stress markers, protein colocalization, and cell death were analyzed with immunoblotting, immunocytochemistry, and positive double staining with Sytox green and Hoechst blue, respectively. Results Expression of the ER stress markers of BiP, CHOP, and SERCA and the autophagy marker LC3 was significantly changed in PMH in response to combined alcohol, RIT, and LOP, which was companied by increased cell death compared with control. In contrast, although pharmaceutical agents induced ER stress and cell death, no significant ER stress or cell death was found in KC treated with alcohol, RIT, LOP, and EFV singly or in combination. In HSC, alcohol, RIT, LOP, or EFV induced BiP, but not CHOP, SERCA, or cell death compared with vehicle control. Further in PMH, RIT and LOP or in combination with alcohol-induced dose-dependent inhibition of β-actin. Inhibition of β-actin by RIT and LOP was companied with an inhibited nuclear expression of the antioxidant response regulator Nrf2 and reduced GST downstream of Nrf2. Ascorbic acid treatment reduced the alcohol-, RIT-, and LOP-induced cell death. Conclusions The data suggest for the first time that sensitivities of hepatocytes and nonparenchymal cells to alcohol and anti-HIV drugs in vitro are different in terms of cellular stress response and cell death injury. Oxidative stress mediated by Nrf2 contributes to the alcohol- and drug-induced toxicity in the hepatocytes.
Separation Control on Low-Pressure Turbine Airfoils Using Synthetic Vortex Generator Jets

Oscillating vortex generator jets have been used to control boundary layer separation from the suction side of a low-pressure turbine airfoil. A low Reynolds number (Re = 25,000) case with low free-stream turbulence has been investigated with detailed measurements including profiles of mean and fluctuating velocity and turbulent shear stress. Ensemble averaged profiles are computed for times within the jet pulsing cycle, and integral parameters and local skin friction coefficients are computed from these profiles. The jets are injected into the mainflow at a compound angle through a spanwise row of holes in the suction surface. Preliminary tests showed that the jets were effective over a wide range of frequencies and amplitudes. Detailed tests were conducted with a maximum blowing ratio of 4.7 and a dimensionless oscillation frequency of 0.65. The outward pulse from the jets in each oscillation cycle causes a disturbance to move down the airfoil surface. The leading and trailing edge celerities for the disturbance match those expected for a turbulent spot. The disturbance is followed by a calmed region. Following the calmed region, the boundary layer does separate, but the separation bubble remains very thin. Results are compared to an uncontrolled baseline case in which the boundary layer separated and did not reattach, and a case controlled passively with a rectangular bar on the suction surface. The comparison indicates that losses will be substantially lower with the jets than in the baseline or passively controlled cases.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Fundamentals and applications of variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry

Abstract Being able to accurately select the angle of incidence and spectral range for measurements makes ellipsometry a very powerful tool for materials, surface and interface analysis. The technique is fast, totally computer automated and can be performed at atmospheric pressure. It is totally non-invasive and is sensitive to fractions of atom layer thicknesses. We illustrate the power of variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry with three examples: optical coatings; surface roughness and wetting; electric field effects in semiconductor studies.
Talking shop: Philosophy, theory, and research

THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES. By Alan Ryan. New York: Pantheon Books, A Division of Random House, 1970; pp. vi+249. $7.95. THE NATURE AND FUNCTION OF SCIENTIFIC THEORIES. Edited by Robert G. Colodny. (University of Pittsburgh Series in the Philosophy of Science, Volume 4). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1970; pp. xv+361. $12.95. THE RESEARCH ACT: A THEORETICAL INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGICAL METHODS. By Norman K. Denzin. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company, 1970; pp. xvii+ 368. $9.50.
Exploiting workload dynamics to improve SSD read latency via differentiated error correction codes

This article presents a cross-layer codesign approach to reduce SSD read response latency. The key is to cohesively exploit the NAND flash memory device write speed vs. raw storage reliability trade-off at the physical layer and runtime data access workload dynamics at the system level. Leveraging runtime data access workload variation, we can opportunistically slow down NAND flash memory write speed and hence improve NAND flash memory raw storage reliability. This naturally enables an opportunistic use of weaker error correction schemes that can directly reduce SSD read access latency. We develop a disk-level scheduling scheme to effectively smooth the write workload in order to maximize the occurrence of runtime opportunistic NAND flash memory write slowdown. Using 2 bits/cell NAND flash memory with BCH-based error correction correction as a test vehicle, we carry out extensive simulations over various workloads and demonstrate that this developed cross-layer co-design solution can reduce the average SSD read latency by up to 59.4p without sacrificing the write throughput performance.