cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sonodynamic therapy for gliomas.

Glioma remains incurable and a life limiting disease with an urgent need for effective therapies. Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) involves systemic delivery of non-toxic chemical agents (sonosensitizers) that accumulate in tumor cells or environment and are subsequently activated by exposure to low-frequency ultrasound to become cytotoxic agents. Herein, we discuss proposed mechanisms of action of SDT and provide recommendation for future research and clinical applications of SDT for gliomas. Review of literature of SDT in glioma cell cultures and animal models published in Pubmed/MEDLINE before January, 2021. Different porphyrin and xanthene derivatives have proven to be effective sonosensitizers. Generation of reactive oxygen species and free radicals from water pyrolysis or sonosensitizers, or physical destabilization of cell membrane, have been identified as mechanisms of SDT leading to cell death. Numerous studies across glioma cell lines using various sonosensitizers and ultrasound parameters have documented tumoricidal effects of SDT. Studies in small animal glioma xenograft models have also consistently documented that SDT is associated with improved tumor control and longer survival of animals treated with SDT while avoiding damage of surrounding brain. There are no clinical trials completed to date regarding safety and efficacy of SDT in patients harboring gliomas, but some are beginning. Pre-clinical studies cell cultures and animal models indicate that SDT is a promising treatment approach for gliomas. Further studies should define optimal sonication parameters and sonosensitizers for gliomas. Clinical trials of SDT in patients harboring gliomas and other malignant brain tumors are currently underway.
Modeling crop root growth and function.

Publisher Summary Many crop growth models that quantify plant uptake of water and solutes from soils require a quantitative description of the root system and its location in the soil profile. This chapter proposes root growth models for crop growth simulations. Root modeling involved the partitioning of carbohydrates to create belowground biomass. Different approaches are discussed in the chapter, which have been taken by modelers to illustrate the usefulness of each approach. The model contains no restrictions to root growth from stresses, and it assumes different rates of elongation, lineal densities, and diameters for vertical axes, first-order laterals, and higher-order laterals. Several concepts from this model were incorporated into a root mapping model for fibrous root systems. Further, potential reductions are calculated daily for impacts of unfavorable soil temperature and oxygen partial pressures. Then the most limiting of these potential reductions is used to calculate the rate of change of root dry weight in each cell.
Sampling Properties of Simulated Annealing and Distance Geometry

Properties of two different methods for calculating three-dimensional structures of macromolecules from nuclear magnetic resonance data, distance geometry, and simulated annealing, are studied. It is shown that a simulated annealing refinement of structures generated with distance geometry is sufficient to remove bias introduced in the distance geometry stage. A new efficient simulated annealing protocol which does not require initial structures from distance geometry is presented. The influence of distance selection on quality and distribution of structures generated with distance geometry is studied.
Intensive growth strategies

Abstract The feasibility of modeling the effects of alternative growth strategies on market performance is the subject of this report. Intensive growth strategy alternatives are discussed in terms of key products and market variables and implied growth opportunities. Microanalytic relationships among growth strategy components are developed and then reformulated in terms of a cross-sectional econometric model. Three variations of this model are tested using the Profit Impact of Marketing Strategy (PIMS) data base. The results indicate that a main-effects model and a mixed model that allows for interaction effects among alternative growth strategies provide reasonable fits to the data. The results supporting the existence of interaction effects lend support to the contention that growth strategies are not totally divorced from one another and should consequently be considered in tandem when formulating strategy policies.
Determination of false negative rate in fine-needle aspiration of prostate: Study of sequential aspirations in 30 untreated carcinoma patients

Despite several studies comparing the diagnostic accuracy of core needle biopsy and fine-needle aspiration (FNA) in the diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma, no clear picture of the false negative rate for FNA is available. We studied 101 follow-up FNA evaluations in 30 patients with untreated well-differentiated carcinoma. The patients were followed for a median of two years and seven months and had from two to seven FNA follow-up evaluations (median = 2.5 evaluations per patient). If three inadequate evaluations are omitted, the combined rate of positive plus suspicious FNA biopsies was 92.9 percent (88.8% plus 4.1%, respectively). The residual false negative rate was 7.1 percent. The clinical features and follow-up data are described. A semiquantitative definition of "suspicious for malignancy" is suggested. We conclude that in experienced hands. FNA is a highly efficacious method for the diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma.
The Correlation Consistent Composite Approach (ccCA): Efficient and Pan-Periodic Kinetics and Thermodynamics

The correlation consistent Composite Approach (ccCA) methodology is the most accurate MP2-based model chemistry developed to date and contains no optimized empirically based parameters. As the method has continued to evolve and found new areas of application, we provide in this chapter a historical context of the developments and discoveries, an overview of variations of the ccCA model chemistry, and some discourse on future research thrusts. The success of ccCA for chemical applications is reviewed.
Regional Trade Agreements or Broad Liberalization: Which Path Leads to Faster Growth?

Should a closed economy open its trade to all countries or limit itself to participation in regional trade agreements (RTAs)? Based on time-series evidence for a data set for 1950-92, this paper estimates and compares the growth performance of countries that liberalized broadly and that of those that joined an RTA. The comparisons show that economies grew faster after broad liberalization, in both the short and the long run, but slower after participation in an RTA. Economies also had higher investment shares after broad liberalization, but lower ones after joining an RTA. The policy implications support broad liberalization. Copyright 1999, International Monetary Fund
Molecular properties of lysostaphin, a bacteriolytic agent specific for Staphylococcus aureus.

Abstract Lysostaphin is a zinc-metalloenzyme which has a molecular weight of 25,000 when determined by sedimentation equilibrium in dilute aqueous salt solutions. Combination of the sedimentation coefficient, s20,w = 2.32, and diffusion coefficient, D20,w = 7.83, gave a native molecular weight of 25,800. Sedimentation equilibrium of the protein in 6 m guanidine hydrochloride, with and without 2-mercaptoethanol, gave molecular weights of 25,800 and 27,800, respectively. The molecular weight of the fully dissociated protein was also determined to be 24,500 by the technique of gel filtration in 6 m guanidine hydrochloride and 25,500 by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. In each case, only a single protein species was shown to be present. These data indicate that the lysostaphin molecule is a single polypeptide chain. The frictional coefficient ratio for lysostaphin of 1.39 is higher than values obtained for most globular proteins. The optical rotatory dispersion spectrum was also different from that invariably observed with globular proteins and revealed no evidence of helical structure in the molecule. The amino acid composition of lysostaphin was unusual in that half-cystine was found to be absent.
CGMA: A Novel Conceptual Graph Matching Algorithm

A novel Conceptual Graph Matching Algorithm (CGMA) is proposed along with a knowledge base organization scheme. It allows the user to select the Degree of Matching and Degree of Inheritance to increase the user's satisfaction. A conceptual graph is represented in a special linear form (called U-Form) for CGMA. U-Form eliminates the necessity of explicit arcs in the graph to achieve the simplicity.
Worldwide spread of the penny ant, Tetramorium bicarinatum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).

Tetramorium bicarinatum (Nylander, 1846) (formerly misclassified as Tetramorium guineense (Fabricius)) has long been recognized as one of the world's most broadly distributed ant species. To evaluate the worldwide spread of T. bicarinatum, I compiled published and unpublished specimen records from > 1000 sites. I documented the earliest known T. bicarinatum records for 148 geographic areas (countries, island groups, major Caribbean islands, US states, and Canadian provinces), including several areas for which I found no previously published records: Aruba, Barbuda, Belize, Comoro Islands, Grenada, Iles Eparses, Mascarene Islands, Missouri, Montserrat, Nepal, Sweden, and Tobago. Tetramorium bicarinatum is widespread throughout much of the tropics and subtropics, except for continental Africa and West Asia, where it is largely absent. In addition, T. bicarinatum is found in temperate areas inside greenhouses and heated buildings. In the past, many authors have assumed T. bicarinatum to be African in origin. However, analysis of its known distribution and those of its closest relatives indicates that T. bicarinatum originated in the Indo-Pacific. Currently, the most widely used common name for T. bicarinatum is "Guinea ant," a name based solely on the erroneous 19th century synonymy of Tetramorium bicarinatum with Pheidoleguineensis (Fabricius) described from Guinea, West Africa. This ill-chosen common name perpetuates the misconception that T. bicarinatum is from Africa. This problem is further compounded by the coincidental existence a secondary homonym Tetramorium guineense (Bernard, 1953), the valid name of an unrelated species known only from Africa. Therefore, I propose a new common name for T. bicarinatum: the penny ant, based primarily on the ant's copper-brown color, similar to that of a copper penny.
Chapter 20 Recent advances on mitochondrial biogenesis

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the advances on mitochondrial biogenesis. The area of mitochondrial biogenesis has continued to attract the interest of a large number of investigators in the past few years, and considerable progress has been made on several aspects of this complicated process. This chapter reviews the most significant information that has come out of the recent studies in this area, and discusses the new ideas that are emerging and some of the pending issues. In vivo and in vitro DNA transcription experiments have shown that the promoters for mtDNA transcription in mammalian cells are located in the gene-free region close to the origin of H-strand synthesis called “the D-loop region.” There is evidence that the primer(s) for H-strand synthesis also arises from the L-strand promotor. In the D-loop region, there are also two closely located initiation sites for transcription of the H-strand. In the mammalian mitochondria1 genome, both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms play an important role in the differential regulation of gene expression. The organization of transcription of the H-strand in the form of two overlapping transcription units underlies the mechanism whereby the rRNA species are synthesized at a 15 to 60 times higher rate than the mRNAs encoded in the H-strand.
MMPI-A Scale-Level Factor Structure: Replication in a Clinical Sample

The adolescent form of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-A) Structural Summary was developed from the results of a scale-level factor analysis conducted by Archer, Belevich, and...
The Treatment for Federal Income Tax Purposes of Errors in the Deduction of Other Taxes

The problem considered in this paper is the method of correcting errors in the deduction of taxes in computing taxable net income for federal income tax purposes. Obviously, similar problems will be presented in the administration of state net income taxes; but a consideration of the federal problem and the authorities thereon will be sufficient for this purpose also. It must be noted, before going any further, that certain taxes which were deductible under some previous federal laws are no longer so. For example, no estate or inheritance taxes, whether federal or state, are now deductible in computing net income, though they were deductible under the acts previous to I934. Authorities with regard to taxes not now deductible will be cited, however, as they are, of course, still important in connection with the treatment of taxes which may still be deducted. More specifically, the problem has the following ramifications: First, suppose that a totally unconstitutional or otherwise illegal tax has been exacted from a taxpayer and deducted by him for federal income tax purposes in the year when paid or accrued. In a subsequent year such illegal tax is refunded to the taxpayer by the state or federal authority to whom it has been paid. Should the taxpayer treat this refund as additional income for the year in which it is made, or should he pay an additional tax for the year in which he erroneously, though in good faith, made this deduction? Very similar is the problem with respect to a good faith over-payment of a tax legally imposed. The taxpayer will have deducted too much for the year in which he pays and will presumptively receive a refund of the excess in a subsequent year. Here, too, the question is whether the refund will constitute taxable income in such subsequent year, or whether it will simply go to reduce the deduction taken in the previous year, thereby increasing the income tax liability for that year. The problem may, of course, come up the other way around. The taxpayer may fail to deduct at all a tax which was properly payable or was at least a proper accrual for a previous year. Or he may deduct the amount which he pays or accrues on account of such tax; but such amount may turn
Chemical alteration of cervical mucus by electrolytes.

Abstract Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray analysis have been used, together with conventional light microscopy and sperm penetration tests, to evaluate the alteration of cervical mucus composition and properties during the menstrual cycle and subsequent to exposure of cervical mucus to electrolytes in vitro and in vivo. Alteration of the electrolyte content of cervical mucus appears to offer a means for the predictable control of cervical mucus properties and penetrability by sperm. This method may have clinical application in both reduction and enhancement of fertility in the human.
Egg-laying hormone, serotonin, and cyclic nucleotide modulation of ionic currents in the identified motoneuron B16 of Aplysia.

We have used the 2-electrode voltage-clamp technique to analyze the effects of the neuropeptide, egg-laying hormone (ELH), and the biogenic amine 5-HT on ionic currents in the buccal motoneuron B16 of Aplysia. When B16 is voltage-clamped near resting membrane potential, bath- applied ELH induces a prolonged inward shift in holding current. The ELH-induced inward current is not due to a decrease in the transient, the delayed, or the calcium-activated potassium currents. Current- voltage measurements, along with ion substitution and channel-blocking experiments, indicate that ELH primarily induces or increases a voltage- dependent slow inward current carried by sodium. Serotonin also causes a prolonged inward shift in holding current in B16. Like ELH, 5-HT induces or enhances the voltage-dependent inward current carried by sodium. In addition, 5-HT increases an inwardly rectifying potassium current, and, in some preparations, decreases an outward current that is activated when the cell is depolarized to -40 mV and above. None of the currents modulated by ELH or by 5-HT are affected by 200 microM ouabain or by reducing extracellular chloride concentration. Extracellular application of isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX), forskolin, 8-bromo-cAMP and 8-bromo-cGMP, and intracellular injection of cAMP elicits the slow inward current carried by sodium. The inward current response to ELH is blocked by prior application of 8-bromo-cAMP, while, under these conditions, 5-HT continues to elicit the increase in inward- rectifier potassium current, but decreases the slow inward sodium current. Serotonin also reduces the slow inward sodium current when applied after ELH. These results suggest that the modulation of B16 by ELH may be mediated entirely by either cAMP or cGMP, while at least a portion of the response to 5-HT may involve an unidentified second messenger in addition to cyclic nucleotides.
Subxiphoid approach for implantable cardioverter defibrillator in patients with previous coronary bypass surgery

From February 1988 until August 1991, 28 patients with prior coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) received implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy via a subxiphoid approach. Only one patient required conversion to a median sternotomy incision. The mean defibrillation threshold was 11.9 +/- 4.4 J. The mean R wave was 8.2 +/- 3.7 mV. One perioperative death occurred due to heart failure (mortality rate 1/28 [3.50%]). No patient required reexploration for bleeding. The subxiphoid method for ICD electrode implantation is safe and reliable in patients with prior CABG surgery.
Excluded: making feminist and queer movements more inclusive

Exclusion within marginalized communities, a common occurrence, limits the activist potential of their associated political movements. In Excluded, Julia Serano presents her experience with, analys...
Moderately Dysphoric Mothers Behave More Positively with Their Infants after Completing the BDI

Pour determiner si les meres adolescentes legerement et moderement dysphoriques font pleuve de comportements faciaux et vocaus infantilises, 21 meres non-dysphoriques et 22 meres dysphuriques (16 legerement et 16 moderement/severement dysphoriques) ont ete filmees a la video durant des interactions face-a-face avec leurs bebes de 4 mois. Les meres legerement dysphoriques ont fait preuve de moins d'expressions faciales positives et de moins d'expressions vocales animees/exagerees. Les meres moderement/severement dysphoriques, cependant, ne differaient pas des meres non-dysphoriques dans leur deploiement de comportements faciaux et vocaux. Il se peut que ces meres avec de plus hauts scores BDI aient pu s'inquieter de leurs nombreux symptomes affectant leurs interactions et essayaient de compenser cela durant leurs interactions. Une seconde etude fut faite pour determiner si le fait de passer le BDI avant les interactions affectait de maniere positive le comportement des meres moderement/severement dysphoriques. L'inventaire Beck de Depression fut administre aux meres moderement/severement dysphoriques (N + 24) et aux meres legerement dysphoriques (N = 24) soit avant ou apres leurs interactions face-a-face avec leurs bebes de 4 mois. Les meres moderement/severement dysphoriques a qui on avait donne le BDI avant leurs interactions faisaient preuve d'un comportement plus positif que les meres a qui l'on avait donne le BDI apres leurs interactions.
Mega os trigonum in progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia.

Background. Progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia (PPRD), a noninflammatory condition, needs to be differentiated diagnostically from juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). Objective. Demonstration of an unusually large and often early-appearing os trigonum helps distinguish PPRD from JRA. Materials and methods. Ankle images in four children with PPRD were reviewed. Results. The os trigonum was abnormally enlarged in all PPRD subjects and was shown to have appeared or fused earlier than normal in two subjects. Conclusion. A large and early os trigonum ossification helps differentiate PPRD from JRA.
Examining the effects of self-efficacy, computerised sources and perceived source credibility in decisions to take online advice

The web offers a seemingly limitless range of advice, which users consider during online activities. This study examines how characteristics of users and online advice sources affect decisions to take advice from web-based systems. This paper presents an experimental study that investigates the effect of self-efficacy, computerised sources and perceived source credibility on online advice taking. The findings show that those with high levels of task-specific self-efficacy are less likely to take online advice and highly credible sources are more persuasive than lower credibility sources. Importantly, online advice is most convincing when self-doubting users receive advice from highly credible sources. Online advice provided by humans and computers have similar effects. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Study of bow‐tie antennas and bow‐tie antenna arrays on electrically thin substrates

A relationship was developed which accurately calculates the effective dielectric constant eeff as a function of width-to-height (b/t) ratios for printed structures such as bow-tie antennas on electrically thin substrates. The impedance and impedance–frequency relation of bow-tie antennas on electrically thin substrates were experimentally determined. Radiation patterns of bow-tie antennas and collinear bow-tie antenna arrays on electrically thin substrates were also measured, and the results are presented. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 17: 359–368, 1998.
A review of pediatric lumbar spine trauma

Pediatric spine fractures constitute 1%-3% of all pediatric fractures. Anywhere from 20% to 60% of these fractures occur in the thoracic or lumbar spine, with the lumbar region being more affected in older children. Younger children tend to have a higher proportion of cervical injuries. The pediatric spine differs in many ways from the adult spine, which can lead to increased ligamentous injuries without bone fractures. The authors discuss and review pediatric lumbar trauma, specifically focusing on epidemiology, radiographic findings, types and mechanisms of lumbar spine injury, treatment, and outcomes.
Pressure dependence of the electronic density of states and Tc in superconducting Rb3C60.

The functional dependence of the superconducting transition temperature {ital T}{sub {ital c}} on the electronic density of states {ital N}({ital E}{sub {ital f}}) was determined for Rb{sub 3}C{sub 60} by measuring the magnetic susceptibility under hydrostatic pressure to {approximately} 1 GPa in a commercial SQUID magnetometer. Both {ital T}{sub {ital c}} and {ital N}({ital E}{sub {ital f}}) decrease under pressure at the rates {minus}31{percent}/GPa and {minus}14.5{percent}/GPa, respectively, but lie above the corresponding values for K{sub 3}C{sub 60} at the same lattice parameter. The present results are consistent with weak-coupling BCS theory with characteristic energy {ital E}{sub char}/{ital k}{sub {ital B}}{approx_equal} 320{endash}810 K. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Pressure Drop Predictions in Microfibrous Materials Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations are performed for the flow of air through microfibrous materials for void fractions of 0.41 and 0.47 and face velocities ranging between 0.04 ms and 1.29 m/s. The microfibrous materials consist of activated carbon powder with diameters of 137 X 10 ―6 m entrapped in a matrix of cylindrical fibers with diameters of 8 × 10 ―6 m. These sintered microfibrous materials are a new class of patented materials with properties that are advantageous compared to traditional packed beds or monoliths. Microfibrous materials have demonstrated enhanced heat and mass transfer compared to packed beds of particles of similar dimensions. In this paper, the simulations are used to predict the pressure drop per unit length through the materials and to analyze the details of the flow that are difficult to interrogate experimentally. Various geometric approximations are employed in order to allow the simulations to be performed in an efficient manner. The Knudsen number, defined as the ratio of the mean free path between molecular collisions to the fiber diameter, is 0.011; thus, velocity-slip boundary conditions are employed and shown to have only a minor effect on the pressure drop predictions. Significant effort is made to estimate numerical errors associated with the discretization process, and these errors are shown to be negligible (less than 3%). The computational predictions for pressure drop are compared to available experimental data as well as to two theory-based correlations: Ergun's equation and the porous media permeability equation. The agreement between the simulations and the experiments is within 30% and is reasonable considering the significant geometric approximations employed. The errors in the simulations and correlations with respect to experimental data exhibit the same trend with face velocity for both void fractions. This consistent trend suggests the presence of experimental bias errors that correlate with the face velocity. The simulations generally underpredict the experimental pressure drop for the low void fraction case and overpredict the experimental pressure drop for the high void fraction case.
The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Has a Role in the in Vivo Maturation of Murine Bone Marrow B Lymphocytes and Their Response to 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

Abstract The ligand-activated aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a cytosolic DNA binding protein. Although no biologic role for AHR has been elucidated, it mediates the immunotoxicity of xenobiotics such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD), and its targeted inactivation produces abnormal immune system development. While investigators have demonstrated AHR's involvement in TCDD-induced B lymphocyte functional alterations, little is known about the receptor's possible role in early B cell maturation and whether exogenous ligands change this process. The purpose of this study was to determine, (1) whether bone marrow B lymphocyte maturation is affected by AHR presence, (2) if so, its relative importance in hematopoietic and/or nonhematopoietic elements and, (3) whether TCDD alters this process. Radiation chimeras were produced that were AHR positive ( Ahr +/+) or negative ( Ahr −/−) in either their nonhematopoietic or hematopoietic elements, or both. Marrow cells were analyzed for alterations in B lymphocyte maturation stage cell numbers in both vehicle- and TCDD-treated animals. Our results showed that (1) Ahr −/− animals had significantly higher numbers of pro/pre-B cells than Ahr +/+ animals, (2) TCDD treatment of Ahr +/+ animals produced a decrease in pro/pre-B cell numbers, whereas no effect was observed on Ahr −/− animals, and (3) AHR is required in both hematopoietic and stromal elements for maintenance of B cell subset maturation profiles.
Tritiated naltrexone binding in plasma from several species and tissue distribution in mice

The binding of 15,16,-3H-naltrexone in human, monkey, dog, guinea pig, rat, and mouse plasma was investigated over a range of concentrations, including predicted therapeutic levels. Studies using equilibrium dialysis at 37 degrees indicate that the extent of binding is independent of naltrexone concentration over the concentration range of 1-500 ng/ml for dog plasma and of 0.1-500 ng/ml for human, monkey, guinea pig, rat, and mouse plasma. The extent of naltrexone binding in plasma is similar in the six species studied, the range being from 20% bound in rat plasma to 26% in plasma from beagle and mongrel dogs. This relatively low extent of naltrexone binding in plasma is consistent with previous findings of a large apparent volume of distribution of this drug in the dog. To investigate further the distribution of tritiated naltrexone, the tissue levels of radioactivity in mice at 1, 5, and 15 min after intravenous administration of 8-3H-naltrexone were determined. Naltrexone was rapidly distributed from plasma to tissues, with less than 4% of the dose being present in plasma at 1 min after injection.
Grazing impact of mesozooplankton in an upwelling region off northern California, 2000-2003

Abstract Mesozooplankton (>200 μm) grazing impact (% phytoplankton standing crop consumed d −1 ) was determined by the gut fluorescence method during three springs (2000, 2001 and 2002) and two winters (2002 and 2003) in a coastal upwelling region off northern California. Wind events, in terms of both magnitude and duration, varied inter-annually and seasonally and included both upwelling-favorable and relaxation events. Grazing impact of mesozooplankton also varied inter-annually and seasonally, and was highest during June 2000 (mean=129% of standing crop d −1 ), a prolonged period of wind “relaxation” and phytoplankton bloom. In contrast, mean grazing impact was lower during periods of stronger, more persistent winds, more active upwelling, greater cross-shelf transport, and lower chlorophyll concentration (25% and 38% in May–June 2001 and 2002, respectively). Wintertime conditions (January 2002 and 2003) were characterized by weakly upwelling or downwelling-favorable winds, low chlorophyll concentration, and lower mean mesozooplankton grazing impact (13% and 12%, respectively). The larger (>500 μm) size class contributed proportionally more to total mesozooplankton (>200 μm) grazing impact than the smaller (200–500 μm) size class during all sampling periods except spring 2002. These results suggest that mesozooplankton grazing impact is higher in spring than in winter, and that during the spring upwelling season, grazing is higher during periods of wind relaxation (weak upwelling) than during periods of stronger upwelling. Further, these results suggest an important role of mesozooplankton grazers on phytoplankton dynamics in the upwelling region off northern California.
Competition between Trichoderma species: effects of temperature and litter type

Abstract The ability of five species of Trichoderma to competitively colonize maple and pine litter under a range of temperature conditions was evaluated and compared with published data on competition for spruce litter. It was shown that generally T. polysporum and T. viride competed most effectively under low temperature conditions (5–15°C), whereas T. hamatum, T. konigii, and an undescribed species, LP58. competed best at higher temperatures (20–25°C). Of the five species tested. T. koningii was an effective competitor over a wide range of temperatures, whereas LP 58 was not very effective under any of the experimental conditions. Litter type did not have much effect on the competitive ability of T. koningii or T. polysporum. T. hamatum tended to compete effectively over a wide range of temperatures for maple litter, and was a poorer competitor for pine litter than for maple litter at 25°C. Trichoderma sp. LP58 was a better competitor for maple titter than for pine litter. T. viride was shown to be a very poor competitor for maple litter, even at low temperatures. The competitive abilities of T. hamatum, T. koningii, T. polysporum and T. viride. under the experimental conditions, appear to reflect the trends that emerge from field observations, whereas the data for LP58 conflict with field observations. These observations would suggest that the niche factors influencing the distribution of LP58 are somewhat different from those influencing the other species investigated.
Long-term survival after cardiac retransplantation: a twenty-year single-center experience.

Objective: To identify risk factors for survival after cardiac retransplantation and compare the survival after retransplantation with that after primary cardiac transplantation. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 952 patients undergoing cardiac transplantation for the treatment of end-stage heart disease at a single center between 1977 and October 1997. Of these, 43 patients (4.5%) underwent cardiac retransplantation for cardiac failure resulting from transplant-related coronary artery disease, rejection, and early graft failure. Results: No significant difference in actuarial patient survival was found by Kaplan-Meier analysis at 1, 2, and 5 years between patients undergoing primary transplantation and those undergoing retransplantation—76%, 71%, and 60% versus 66%, 66%, and 51%, respectively (P = .2). Multivariable analysis identified a shorter interval between transplants and an initial diagnosis of ischemic cardiomyopathy as significant risk factors for death after retransplantation (P = .04 and .03, respectively). Since 1993, when our criteria for patient selection for retransplantation were revised on the basis of earlier experience to exclude patients with allograft dysfunction as a result of primary graft failure and those with intractable acute rejection occurring less than 6 months after transplantation, the survival has been significantly better (<1993 = 45%, 45%, and 33% versus ≥1993 = 94%, 94%, and 94% at 1, 2, and 4 years, respectively, P = .003). Conclusion: The long-term outcome of cardiac retransplantation is comparable with that of primary transplantation, especially in patients with transplant-related coronary artery disease. Patient characteristics and other preoperative variables should assist in the rational application of retransplantation to ensure optimal use of donor organs. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;117:543-55)
0.37 mS/μm In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As MOSFET with 5 nm channel and self-aligned epitaxial raised source/drain

InGaAs has been extensively studied as a potential channel material for sub-22nm gate length VLSI MOSFETs because of its low electron effective mass (m∗) hence high electron velocity (v). At sub-22 nm gate lengths, a maximum 1 nm EOT dielectric and 5 nm thick channel with strong vertical confinement are required for high subthreshold slope and acceptably low drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL) [1,2]. Most reported InGaAs MOSFETs [3, 4] have ≥ 10 nm channel thickness. The source/drain (S/D) junctions must be very shallow (~5nm) with abrupt vertical and lateral profiles, yet extremely low (~20Ω-μm) source access resistance and consequently very low (~0.3 Ω-μm2) contact and (~500Ω) sheet resistivities are required to minimize degradation of the drive current (I d ) and transconductance g m [1]. Such parameters are difficult to achieve in InGaAs by ion implantation of the N+ S/D, particularly if an InAlAs bottom confinement layer is used. S/D contacts must be self-aligned to the gate, yet there is no known equivalent of self-aligned silicides in III–V materials. Addressing these requirements, we had reported [5, 6] InGaAs MOSFETs with self-aligned S/D access regions and self-aligned metal contacts formed by MBE regrowth and in-situ metal deposition, though these showed low 0.02 mS/μm transconductance. Here we report greatly improved devices with 0.37 mS/μm transconductance at 0.8 μm L g .
Simplifying Spectra by Laser Level Labeling

Lasers can simplify spectra by increasing or decreasing the population of a chosen level or by orienting the molecules, so that transitions involving that level can be identified. These methods reveal several series of Rydberg states in Na2, from which the constants of the ground state of the ion can be extrapolated. Many c.w. two-photon transitions, strongly enhanced by near coincidence with allowed transitions, have been identified. Unusual line shapes are found when the offset from exact coincidence is much less than the Doppler line width.
Interference between lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and the leukemia-transmitting agent of leukemia L2C in guinea pigs

1. A wild strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus was isolated, as a “passenger contaminant”, from hybrid guinea pigs inoculated with leukemia L2C. 2. Infection with this strain of LCM virus significantly increased the life span of guinea pigs inoculated with cell-free leukemic material by extending the hematologically negative incubation period of the leukemia. 3. Prolongation of life of doubly injected guinea pigs was due to a delay in the initial appearance of the leukemogenic agent in the plasma of the animal. 4. Leukemic guinea pigs injected with LCM virus tolerated the virus for long periods of time without ill effect. 5. The data presented permit the conclusion that LCM virus and the leukemia-transmitting agent form an interference system which is capable of operating under natural and experimental conditions of infection.
Materials chemistry challenges in the design of hybrid bionanodevices: supporting protein function within artificial environments

Current efforts in bionanotechnology research often utilize the biomolecular function of a protein for technical applications. Maintaining the function of the incorporated biological component in its new environment remains one of the challenges in the construction of hybrid bionanodevices. Using a biological transport system consisting of kinesin motor proteins and microtubules as a prominent example, we discuss different design strategies for such hybrid bionanodevices. The focus lies on the complex interactions between proteins and synthetic surfaces and on different approaches to predict, control, and manipulate protein binding at a surface while maintaining the function of the protein.
Longitudinal Nutrient Intake Patterns of U.S. Adolescent Women: The Penn State Young Women's Health Study

Purpose: To use longitudinal nutrient intake data to determine whether dietary patterns remain consistent (or “track”) as U.S. females progress from age 12 to 18 years. Methods: Three-day diet records were collected at regular intervals over 6 years from participants in the Penn State Young Women’s Health Study. Eighty-one subjects remained in the cohort during the study period. Tracking in body weight, in dietary intake of fat, sugar, iron, vitamin C, and in a total dietary score (TDS) was assessed using quartile-ranking analysis, year-to-year Pearson correlation analysis, and longitudinal linear analysis. Results: Rank analysis revealed that subjects maintained their relative quartile positions for body weight throughout the study period, and year-to-year correlation coefficients for this variable were .93‐.94. In contrast, rank and correlation analyses showed that the subjects did not track strongly with respect to any nutrient variable. Age 12 to 18 years correlation coefficients ranged from r 5 .04 for fat intake to r 5 .15 for the TDS. In longitudinal linear models, slopes differed in direction and significance across the original quartiles for nutrient intake, indicating varying dietary trends over time within the study population. Conclusions: Nutrient intake patterns do not track strongly throughout adolescence among U.S. females. © Society for Adolescent Medicine, 2000
Renal arteriography following systemic reaction to contrast material

Abstract A 15-year-old atopic female with severe hypertension (B.P. 220/160) was evaluated for evidence of renal arterial disease with equivocal results, and the performance of renal arteriography was considered essential. However, she had a history of two well-documented anaphylaxis-like reactions to contrast materials, considered to be an absolute contraindication to the performance of such a study. When the etiology of this sensitivity was investigated, an IgE-dependent mechanism was not evident. However, the patient's leukocytes released significantly greater quantities of histamine upon incubation with contrast materials than did 7 of 9 normal volunteers. The 2 hyperresponsive normal subjects were not atopic and had no prior exposure to contrast materials. Pretreatment with 80 mg prednisone and 200 mg diphenhydramine daily for 3 days prior to arteriography and challenge with increasing quantities of intravenous iothalamate meglumine (Conray) at the time of the study resulted in successful performance of arteriography and identification of fibromuscular dysplasia of the right renal artery. Placement of an aortorenal bypass graft corrected her hypertension. Thus, arteriography can be safely performed in selected patients with severe previous reactions to contrast materials when the alternatives provide no lesser risk by pretreatment with a steroid-antihistamine regimen and gradual administration of increasing doses of the contrast agent.
Orientation determination of subsurface cells generated by sliding

Abstract The near-surface material of copper samples has been examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and STEM (scanning TEM) techniques after sliding tests of varying duration. The development of deformation substructure is described, and detailed orientation information is obtained with the aid of an improved technique which uses a minicomputer to analyse Kikuchi line patterns from individual cells or sub-grains. Large plastic strains and large rotation angles are achieved after very short sliding distances. The principal rotation is about the transverse axis, i.e. the axis normal to the sliding direction and parallel to the sliding interface. No tendency for alignment of close-packed planes with the sliding interface has been found.
Emotion Research in Cognitive‐Behavior Therapy: Obstacles to Application

Samoilov and Coldfried (this issue) urge cognitive-behavior therapists to incorporate the insights of basic research on emotion into their practice. The purpose of this commentary is to highlight the obstacles clinicians encounter when attempting to apply increasingly sophisticated laboratory research to the clinical setting.
Multiwavelength analysis of the kinetics of reduction of cytochrome aa3 by cytochrome c

Some new approaches to the kinetic study of the reduction of cytochrome aa3 by cytochrome c are presented. The primary innovations are the use of a spectrometer which can acquire multiwavelength data as fast as every 10 microseconds, and the application of a variety of analytical methods which can utilize simultaneously all of the time-resolved spectral data. These techniques include singular value decomposition (SVD), deconvolutions based on pure Gaussian models for absorption peaks, deconvolutions based on isolated absorption spectra for the pure components, and simulations of SVD-deduced and actual experimental difference spectra. The reduction characteristics of the anaerobic resting enzyme can be distinguished from those of pulsed forms. In the former case, only two electrons can be bound by cytochrome aa3, whereas in the latter case complete reduction of the enzyme is achieved.
Characterizing the Influence of Scaffold Anisotropy on Engineered Heart Valve Leaflet Function

Tissue engineered pulmonary valves (TEPV) represent a conceptually appealing alternative to current non-viable prosthetic valves and valved conduits for the repair of congenital or acquired lesions in pediatric patients. In addition to the identification of clinically feasible cell sources, engineered soft tissues such as the TEPV require scaffolds with anisotropic mechanical properties that undergo large deformations (not possible with current PGA/PLLA non-wovens) coupled with controllable biodegradative and cell-adhesive characteristics. Electrospun PEUU (ES-PEUU) scaffolds have been produced with tensile biaxial mechanical properties remarkably similar to the native pulmonary valve (Fig. 1-a), including the ability to undergo large physiologic strains and exhibit pronounced mechanical anisotropy. Moreover, a novel cell micro-integration technique has been developed that allows for successful cell integration directly into the scaffolds at the time of fabrication, eliminating cellular penetration problems. These encouraging results suggest that ES-PEUU scaffolds micro-integrated with the appropriate cells and can serve as successful TEPV scaffolds. In the present study, we conducted a finite element based analysis of TEPV leaflets (Fig. 1-b) under quasi-static transvalvular pressure to demonstrate the impact of ES-PEUU mechanical anisotropy on scaffold strain distributions.© 2009 ASME
Well-posedness of linear closed- loop Stackelberg Strategies for singularly perturbed systems

Abstract This paper is concerned with a linear closed-loop Stackelberg strategy for singularly perturbed systems. A procedure to obtain a well-posed formulation of the problem, where both fast and slow modes are available for measurements, is given.
α-Actinin arcs in megakaryocyte spreading☆

Abstract Cultured megakaryocytes, isolated from guinea pig bone marrow, were treated with buffer or adenosine diphosphate (ADP) (10 μM) on plain or coated glass surfaces. Control cells were rounded and non-adherent. The nucleotide induced the cells to spread to several times the initial diameter, and to become flattened and markedly adherent to the substratum. ‘Cytoskeletons’ were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Those from unspread cells contained only rare microfilaments and no filament bundles; those from spread cells contained large numbers of microfilaments in nets and many filament bundles, which were largely oriented circumferentially. Interference reflection microscopy demonstrated that the spread cells were attached to the substratum in arc-shaped regions, which corresponded to arcs containing alpha-actinin as seen by specific immunofluorescence of the same cells. However, other arcs of α-actinin staining did not correspond to arcs of tight attachment. We conclude that fibrous arcs, which appear to assemble as part of the spreading process, play a role in what are probably transient surface attachment sites. A survey of observations of spreading in other cell types suggests that similar arcs are more widespread than has been realized.
A large inoculation chamber with automatic temperature and humidity controls

A large inoculation chamber was constructed in the greenhouse in order to screen potatoes for resistance toPhytophthora infestans. It consisted of a wooden frame 13 feet long, 7 1/2 feet wide and 6 feet in height at the eaves having a gable-type roof with approximately a 3-inch rise per lineal foot. The frame supported the .005-inch plastic film and the humidity and air-conditioning equipment. The temperature and relative humidity were controlled automatically with a thermostat and electronic humidistat, respectively. The cost of the chamber was approximately $600.