cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Demonstration of decoupled farfield and efficiency optimization for 14xx Raman pump lasers

Experimental and theoretical results have been presented for buried heterostructure 14xx pump lasers with and without an extra quaternary waveguide at the n-side of the active region, pulling the mode away from the p-InP cladding layers, reducing the internal loss by up to 1.6 cm/sup -1/. The experimental results are in agreement with the theoretical value. The farfield for the design with extra waveguide is more circular than that without an extra waveguide by 1/spl deg/ vertically, in agreement with the theoretical difference. These results show that using an extra waveguide at the n-side, gives the designer more flexibility to both optimise the internal loss (hence the front-facet slope efficiency) and the farfield (hence the fiber coupling efficiency). This approach has been demonstrated for a buried heterostructure design, but is applicable to other laser types as well, e.g., (buried) ridge lasers.
Adults With Oral High-risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and/or Smoking History Have a Higher Risk for Clinically Diagnosed Oral Premalignant Lesions.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Comparison of the prevalence of human papilloma virus infection in histopathologically confirmed premalignant oral lesions and healthy oral mucosa by brush smear detection. Dalla Torre D, Burtscher D, Edlinger M, Solder E, Widschwendter A, Rasse M, Puelacher W. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2015;119(3):333–9. Reviewers Susan G. Reed, DDS, MPH, DrPH, Amy E. Wahlquist, MS Purpose/Question Is the risk for oral HPV higher in patients with potentially premalignant oral lesions (leukoplakia or erythroplakia) compared to patients without those oral lesions? Source of Funding Information not available Type of Study/Design Case-control study Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Not applicable
Remediation Beyond Developmental Education: The Use of Learning Assistance Centers to Increase Academic Preparedness in Community Colleges.

A qualitative case study in 15 community colleges across the country found that learning assistance centers and specialized skills labs are an important means of increasing students' academic preparedness for postsecondary study. Since these facilities provide instruction or support in reading, writing, and math skills, it appears that they play a valuable remedial role. Most of the assistance occurs in the form of tutoring and computer-assisted instruction, and some of the centers also provide specialized learning workshops and self-paced remedial courses. The majority of colleges have several learning centers and labs, and duplication of services may explain the lower than expected demand for assistance services seen in some of the sites. However, the institutions consider the learning centers to be effective, and report positive outcomes including retention in college English and increase in GPA. Because, in some cases, recipients of learning assistance services display severe learning difficulties, tu...
Moving as Thing: Choreographic Critiques of the Object

OCTOBER 140, Spring 2012, pp. 75–90 © 2012 October Magazine, Ltd. and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. If there is a distinguishing trait of recent experimental dance, it is the noticeable presence of objects as main performative elements. Examples can be found in numerous works of the past three or four years. German choreographer Thomas Lehmen’s recent Schrottplatz (Scrapyard, 2010) is a fifty-minute solo piece in which Lehmen interacts with a lamp, chairs, a microphone, a hammer, a tomato, and a newspaper, among other items, attempting to explain to one object the function or nature of the object next to it. Exploring the elusive yet inescapable referentiality of objects, Schrottplatz probes the limits of signification, as it displays language bouncing against the opaque surface of matter. In Portuguese choreographer Vera Mantero’s group piece We Are Going to Miss Everything We Don’t Need (2009), we also encounter an investigation of what Mantero calls the “rebound effect” between an “object of the world” and the word that signifies it, the ambiguous movement between an object’s sheer presence and its semantic resonances. As Mantero writes in the program notes for her evening-length piece, such a rebound effect between bodies and objects, mediated by language, opens the possibility for “touching the other side of things.” But the recent choreographic move toward objects is not only concerned with exploring the gap between referentiality and signification. In My Private
SETI meets a social intelligence: Dolphins as a model for real-time interaction and communication with a sentient species

Abstract In the past SETI has focused on the reception and deciphering of radio signals from potential remote civilizations. It is conceivable that real-time contact and interaction with a social intelligence may occur in the future. A serious look at the development of relationship, and deciphering of communication signals within and between a non-terrestrial, non-primate sentient species is relevant. Since 1985 a resident community of free-ranging Atlantic spotted dolphins has been observed regularly in the Bahamas. Life history, relationships, regular interspecific interactions with bottlenose dolphins, and multi-modal underwater communication signals have been documented. Dolphins display social communication signals modified for water, their body types, and sensory systems. Like anthropologists, human researchers engage in benign observation in the water and interact with these dolphins to develop rapport and trust. Many individual dolphins have been known for over 20 years. Learning the culturally appropriate etiquette has been important in the relationship with this alien society. To engage humans in interaction the dolphins often initiate spontaneous displays, mimicry, imitation, and synchrony. These elements may be emergent/universal features of one intelligent species contacting another for the intention of initiating interaction. This should be a consideration for real-time contact and interaction for future SETI work.
Primary electron reflections in discharges surrounded by magnetic multipole walls

Abstract By observing the primary electron trajectories and studying experimentally the equilibrium of an argon plasma in the pressure range 0.8 × 10−4 – 8 × 10−4 torr, we show that the main effect of the surrounding magnetic wall is not the confinement of the plasma but the confinement of the primary electrons in the discharge.
Flour Characteristics Related to Optimum Water Absorption of Noodle Dough for Making White Salted Noodles

ABSTRACT Physicochemical properties of 34 wheat flours with various classes and different protein contents were related to optimum water absorption of noodle dough. Club and soft wheat flours generally exhibited higher water absorption (34–37%) of noodle dough than hard wheat flours (31–35%). Optimum water absorption of noodle dough in three hard wheat flours with five different protein contents was 33–37%. Optimum water absorption was negatively correlated with flour protein content and SDS sedimentation volume. Physical properties of flour, damaged starch content, NIRS hardness and water retention capacity, influenced optimum water absorption of noodle dough from club, soft and hard wheat flours. A prediction equation developed using protein content, water retention capacity and SDS sedimentation volume of flour provides a reliable estimation of the optimum absorption of noodle dough for making noodles.
Integrating pesticide effects with inundative biological control: interpretation of pesticide toxicity curves for Anaphes iole in strawberries.

We examined pesticide residue effects on the egg parasitoid Anaphes iole Girault (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), an inundative biological control agent for Lygus hesperus Knight (Heteroptera: Miridae) in strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne). Our objectives were to identify compatible pesticides, determine appropriate parasitoid release timings for minimizing harmful effects, and develop an approach for interpreting pesticide toxicity curves. Six insecticides, 2 acaricides and 6 fungicides were tested, and survivorship of adult A. iole exposed to foliar residues for 48 h, at 4-6 different times after pesticide application, was examined. A logistic function was developed for incorporating control mortality at each test date. Values for LT 50 (Lethal Time for 50% mortality) and mortalities on day 1 (initial mortality) and day 13 (estimated maximum time parasitoid releases can be delayed under extreme summer conditions) were estimated. In the study, insecticide residues proved to be the most toxic, followed by those from acaricides while most fungicides were least toxic. Among insecticides, fenpropathrin, bifenthrin and carbaryl caused the greatest mortality (estimated mortality on day 13 > 75%). Residues of naled resulted in the least mortality (LT 50 = 3.2 days) followed by methomyl (LT 50 = 8.3 days) and malathion (LT 50 = 13.2 days). Estimated mortality = 12.3% on day 13 for the acaricide propargite and < 1% for abamectin. For the fungicides benomyl, captan, myclobutanil and thiram, estimated mortality on day 1 was < 1%, and for iprodione it was < 6%, indicating compatibility with A. iole releases. For sulfur, LT 50 = 0, but the mortality decay curve was relatively flat (estimated mortality on day 13 = 13.6%). These results suggest possibilities for integrating A. iole releases with certain pesticide programs by appropriate timing of pesticide applications to minimize negative impacts.
Sequential Tyrosine Phosphorylation of P27Kip1 When Bound to the Cdk4/Cyclin D1 Complex Promotes Kinase Activity

Protein phosphorylation is a widely utilized regulatory mechanism in eukaryotic cells. Interestingly, phosphorylation sites are often found within intrinsically disordered (ID) regions of proteins. p27Kip1 (p27), an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP), regulates cell division in eukaryotes through direct interactions with several different cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)/cyclin complexes, the master time keepers of cell division. Importantly, the Cdk regulatory activity of p27 is extensively modulated by phosphorylation, with unphosphorylated p27 a potent Cdk inhibitor. Here we report that, in the absence of other modifications, amongst two regulatory tyrosine residues, Tyr-74 and Tyr-88, only Tyr-88 of p27 is accessible for phosphorylation by non-receptor tyrosine kinases when bound to Cdk4/cyclin D1. However, phosphorylation of Tyr-88 exposes Tyr-74 for phosphorylation. Sequential phosphorylation of these two Tyr residues restores significant catalytic activity to p27-bound Cdk4/cyclin D1. Kinase re-activation occurs because phosphorylation of both Tyr-74 and Tyr-88 significantly disrupts interactions between p27 and Cdk4. In contrast, phosphorylation of p27 on Tyr-88 alone only slightly affects interactions with Cdk4/cyclin D1 and fails to restore significant kinase activity. Activation of Cdk4 is required for entry of cells into the division cycle. Our results suggest that Tyr-88 and Tyr-74 of p27 serve to integrate mitogenic signals from several non-receptor tyrosine kinases to activate Cdk4 and drive cell cycle entry.
Mars 1064-nm Spectral Radiance Measurements from the Receiver Noise Response of the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter

The Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter not only provides surface topography from the laser pulse time-of-flight, but also two radiometric measurements, the active measurement of transmitted and reflected laser pulse energy, and the passive measurement of reflected solar illumination. The passive radiometry measurement is accomplished in a novel fashion by monitoring the noise density at the output of the photodetector and solving for the amount of background light. The passive radiometry measurements provide images of Mars at 1064-nm wavelength over a 2 nm bandwidth with sub-km spatial resolution and with 2% or better precision under full illumination. We describe in this paper the principle of operation, the receiver mathematical model, its calibration, and performance assessment from sample measurement data.
Filtration disrupts synaptosomes during radiochemical analysis of serotonin uptake: comparison with chronoamperometry in SERT knockout mice.

Abstract Radiochemical methods have failed to reveal decreases in synaptosomal serotonin uptake in mice lacking one functional copy of the serotonin transporter (SERT) gene. By contrast, uptake rates determined by chronoamperometry in synaptosomes from SERT+/− mice show gene-related reductions. We revisited [3H]5-HT uptake in SERT knockout mice to determine the effects of inclusion of O2 in the incubation buffer on the kinetic parameters obtained by this method. In oxygenated synaptosomes prepared from frontal cortex and striatum, modest 25 and 35% reductions in radiolabeled 5-HT uptake were detected in SERT+/− versus SERT+/+ mice. However, even in the presence of O2, no differences in [3H]5-HT uptake were detected between SERT+/− and SERT+/+ mice in brain stem in contrast to 60% reductions determined by chronoamperometry. Moreover, while inclusion of O2 modestly increased the rates of [3H]5-HT uptake, rates determined by chronoamperometry in the presence of O2 were 40-fold greater than those determined radiochemically. We present evidence that the filtration process used in the radiochemical method leads to substantial loss of transported 5-HT resulting in lower apparent uptake rates. These findings explain the relative insensitivity of radiochemical methods for determining biologically important alterations in uptake such as those occurring between SERT+/− and SERT+/+ mice and in response to O2.
Development of Systems Engineering Model for Spent Fuel Extraction Process

The mission of the Transmutation Research Program (TRP) at University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) is to establish a nuclear engineering test bed that can carry out effective transmutation and advanced reactor research and development effort. Chemical Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratories (ANL) is in charge the design, modeling, and demonstration of countercurrent solvent-extraction process for treating high-level liquid waste, such as U and Tc. The Nevada Center for Advanced Computational Methods (NCACM) at UNLV is developing a systems engineering model that provides process optimization through the automatic adjustment on input parameters, such as feed compositions, stages, flow rates, etc., based on the extraction efficiency of components and concerned output factors. An object-oriented programming (OOP) is considered. Previously designed Microsoft (MS) Excel macro-based program, Argonne Model for Universal Solvent Extraction (AMUSE) code, based on firm understanding of the chemistry and thermodynamics, is the core module for Uranium Extraction process (UREX). Currently AMUSE is the only available module. The Transmutation Research Program System Engineering Model Project (TRPSEMPro) consists of task manager, task integration and solution/monitor modules. A MS SQL server database is implemented for managing large data flow from optimization processing. Task manager coordinates and interacts with other two modules. Task integration module works as a flowsheet constructor that builds task hierarchy, input parameter values and constrains. Task solution/monitor component presents both final and in-progress outputs in tabular and graphical formats. The package also provides a multiple-run process that executes a design matrix without invoking the optimization module. Experimental reports can be generated through database query and formatting.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Methods to preclude aspiration or swallowing of dental appliances

Summary A technique which precludes the swallowing of dental restorations during fitting and cementation has been described. An alternative technique is to spot-weld a small loop or wire to the finished crown. Dental floss may be attached to the loop. Another method is to attach a piece of unwaxed floss to the completed crown with Eastman adhesive 910. The floss is removed after the restoration is cemented.
Insecticide Resistance in Field Populations of the Tarnished Plant Bug (Heteroptera: Miridae) in Cotton in the Mississippi Delta

Adult tarnished plant bugs, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), collected in July and August from 4 cotton fields in the Mississippi Delta with plant bug control problems were tested with a glass vial bioassay for resistance to insecticides. Resistance levels determined for the different field populations were compared with those found by using the glass vial bioassay and susceptible plant bugs collected from weeds near Crossett, AR. Significantly higher levels of pyrethroid resistance were found in plant bugs from all 4 cotton fields as compared with pyrethroid resistance in bugs from Crossett. Plant bugs from one cotton field near Schlater, MS, were reared through 9 generations in the laboratory and tested in various generations for resistance to 4 pyrethroid, 5 organophosphorus, and 1 cyclodiene insecticide. Plant bugs in this resistant strain had multiple insecticide resistance to all 3 classes of insecticides. The highest levels of insecticide resistance were to pyrethroids, suggesting that the resistance resulted from selection with these insecticides in cotton. High levels of permethrin resistance were unstable and declined in plant bugs reared in the laboratory in the absence of any insecticide selection pressure. When reared in the laboratory, resistant bugs from Schlater had lower fecundity than a susceptible laboratory strain, and survival from egg hatch to adults was lower than in the susceptible strain. The distribution of insecticide resistance in tarnished plant bug populations from the Mississippi Delta is unknown, but control of populations with multiple insecticide resistance will be difficult. Compliance with the insecticide resistance management plan currently recommended for control of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi (by not using pyrethroids in cotton until July) is probably the best strategy for preventing the development of plant bug populations with multiple insecticide resistance in July and August.
Understanding Sources of Bias in Diagnostic Accuracy Studies

Context.—Accuracy is an important feature of any diagnostic test. There has been an increasing awareness of deficiencies in study design that can create bias in estimates of test accuracy. Many pathologists are unaware of these sources of bias. Objective.—To explain the causes and increase awareness of several common types of bias that result from deficiencies in the design of diagnostic accuracy studies. Data Sources.—We cite examples from the literature and provide calculations to illustrate the impact of study design features on estimates of diagnostic accuracy. In a companion article by Schmidt et al in this issue, we use these principles to evaluate diagnostic studies associated with a specific diagnostic test for risk of bias and reporting quality. Conclusions.—There are several sources of bias that are unique to diagnostic accuracy studies. Because pathologists are both consumers and producers of such studies, it is important that they be aware of the risk of bias.
Photodynamic therapy for endobronchial metastases from nonbronchogenic primaries.

Abstract Background Endobronchial metastases (EBM) occur in 2% of nonbronchogenic malignancies and frequently present with hemoptysis or dyspnea. This report summarizes our recent experience with photodynamic therapy (PDT) for EBM. Methods All patients who have undergone PDT for the treatment of symptomatic EBM from nonbronchogenic primaries were identified in the Division of Thoracic Surgery database to determine number of treatments, frequency of symptom relief, and patient survival. Results Endobronchial PDT was administered to 27 patients from April 1997 through December 2000. The predominant primary tumor was renal cell (44%). Endobronchial metastases presented metachronously in 74% of patients. Patients underwent a median of two PDT treatments. Local anesthesia with sedation was used in 76% of treatments. Four patients (15%) developed immediate postoperative respiratory distress. Follow-up bronchoscopy 24 to 48 hours after initial treatment demonstrated tumor necrosis in all cases. Acute relief of hemoptysis and dyspnea was achieved in 85% of patients. Seven patients died within 6 weeks of treatment. Median survival time after PDT was 4 months (range 0.2 to 30 months). Conclusions Patients with EBM treated with PDT had a median survival of 4 months and patients with limited metastatic disease survived up to 30 months. Photodynamic therapy was effective in palliating hemoptysis or dyspnea from EBM with an acceptable morbidity, although the 30-day mortality was 22%.
The Significance of Social Group Work Based on Ethical Values

(2005). The Significance of Social Group Work Based on Ethical Values. Social Work with Groups: Vol. 28, No. 3-4, pp. 17-28.
Superconductivity in the repulsive Hubbard model: An asymptotically exact weak-coupling solution

We study the phase diagram of the Hubbard model in the limit where $U$, the onsite repulsive interaction, is much smaller than the bandwidth. We present an asymptotically exact expression for ${T}_{c}$, the superconducting transition temperature, in terms of the correlation functions of the noninteracting system which is valid for arbitrary densities so long as the interactions are sufficiently small. Our strategy for computing ${T}_{c}$ involves first integrating out all degrees of freedom having energy higher than an unphysical initial cutoff ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{0}$. Then, the renormalization group (RG) flows of the resulting effective action are computed and ${T}_{c}$ is obtained by determining the scale below which the RG flows in the Cooper channel diverge. We prove that ${T}_{c}$ is independent of ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{0}$. Using this method, we find a variety of unconventional superconducting ground states in two- and three-dimensional lattice systems, and present explicit results for ${T}_{c}$ and pairing symmetries as a function of the electron concentration.
Entrapment of ferrocenes within supramolecular, deep-cavity resorcin[4]arenes

Using a template-based method to molecular self-assembly, the ability of ferrocene (FcH) and two of its acetylated derivatives [FcAc, 1,1′-Fc(Ac)2] to induce formation of a supramolecular deep cavity based upon C-methylcalix[4]resorcinarene 1 and 4,4′-bipyridine 2, 1·2(2), 3, is revealed; equatorial inclusion of 1,1′-Fc(Ac)2 within 3 promotes a change in conformation of the guest.
Buffering of charge by the Coulomb condensate in non-linear Poisson-Boltzmann theory

Abstract Numerical integration of the non-linear Poisson-Boltzmann equation, for both spherical and cylindrical geometries, exhibits the well-known condensation phenomenon. This Coulomb condensate very strongly buffers the charged surface from the “distant”, bulk electrolyte.
A computational study of wingtip vortex flowfield

The near-field behavior of a wingtip vortex flow is studied computationally using an incompressible flow solver for the Navier-Stokes equations based on the artificial compressibility method. Inaccuracies in current computational studies are addressed, especially, the role of numerical errors and transition/turbulence modeling. A subset problem is devised in order to make the study of vortex preservation more tractable. As part of the numerical checks, the flow is first run laminar while performing a systematic grid refinement study for the subset problem. Further studies on the numerical errors are conducted with the measured Reynolds stresses introduced into the momentum equations as source terms. As a preliminary study of turbulent flows, the one-equation Baldwin-Barth turbulence model is implemented as well as the approximation of the production term. The full-geometry case is computed using 1.1 million grid points. The results are compared with experiment.
Local‐area network reliability models

This paper describes analyses of reliabilities of local area networks (LANs) designed according to the most common IEEE 802 standards: the token ring architecture (IEEE 802.5, basically the IBM token ring architecture), carrier sense multiple access/collision detection (CSMA/CD) bus architecture (IEEE 802.3, basically the Ethernet architecture) and token bus architecture (IEEE 802.4, the recommended LAN architecture for the manufacturing atomation protocol, MAP). Each of these architectures is assumed to be implemented using electrical conductors; newer architectures using fibre optics (such as FDDI) are currently being studied. The primary reliability parameter studied is average source-destination availability. The models are based on information in the standards plus implementation details, using more implementation details than previous reliability models. Approximate analyses, which reflect all architecture details that appear to be pertinent to availability, have been developed, rather than exact analyses which ignore fine details. One conclusion is that details neglected in previous models have major effects on, and may be the most important factors determining, source–destination availability. At present, no measured values for the relevant parameters are obtainable, however, so all of our computations are based on arbitrary ‘guesstimates’ of these parameter values. A few other conclusions can be reached. Since major components of the bus networks (CSMA/CD and token bus) are similar, reliabilities of these networks are also similar, with differences determined primarily by differences in parameters. Adequate data to describe these differences were not obtainable, so our example computations for the two bus networks yield essentially the same results. Although its use of an active communications medium, instead of the passive bus used by the other architectures, may decrease reliability of the token ring, the token ring architecture gives more flexibility in bypassing or recovering from error situations. In some situations this could make the token ring the most reliable LAN, but ‘reasonable’ choices of parameter values could make any of the LANs most reliable. If many stations are inactive, however, any reliability advantage for token rings would be eliminated by even a small probability that inactive stations are not successfully bypassed
Attenuation of posttraumatic muscle catabolism and osteopenia by long-term growth hormone therapy.

The hypermetabolic response to severe trauma is associated with increased systemic energy expenditure, peripheral insulin resistance, immunodeficiency, and marked whole body catabolism. These systemic derangements are most profound after severe burn. Classically, hypermetabolism associated with injury was thought to recede with closure of wounds and healing of bone and soft tissue injury. 1,2 In our long-term follow-up of severely burned children, however, we found that hypermetabolism did not abate after full healing of burn wounds; in fact, we found that children burned over 40% total body surface area (TBSA) undergo muscle protein catabolism for at least 9 months 3 and growth arrest for at least 2 years after injury. 4 The clinical result of this persistent pathology is wasting of musculature at a time when strength reserves would be of benefit to assist with recovery, rehabilitation, and reintegration into society. Growth hormone is known to be a potent anabolic agent and salutary modulator of posttraumatic metabolic responses. 5 After severe burn, it has been shown to decrease whole body catabolism, 6 improve muscle protein synthesis, 7 accelerate wound healing, 8,9 attenuate prolonged hyperactivity of the hepatic acute-phase response, 10,11 and promote linear growth. Its side effects when used in burned children are well characterized, and it has been shown to be a safe pharmacotherapeutic adjunct to standard excisional therapy after severe burn. 12,13 The purpose of this study was to determine whether the effects of growth hormone after severe burn persist throughout the prolonged hypermetabolic and hypercatabolic response to severe burn. Specifically, our hypothesis was that low-dose growth hormone increases accretion of muscle mass and attenuates bone mineral wasting when given daily during outpatient convalescence, from hospital discharge through 1 year after severe burn.
THE EVOKED HEART RATE RESPONSE DURING SLEEP

Heart rate responses evoked by a 3-sec auditory stimulus were averaged within stages of sleep for five subjects. Although there were some individual differences, the evoked HR response is generally diphasic, with the peak of the acceleratory component occurring on the fourth post-stimulus beat and the trough of the deceleratory component occurring on the 10th post-stimulus beat. Unlike other variables, which are depressed during the rapid eye movement (REM) stage, the HR response tends to be larger during the REM stage than during other stages of sleep. The size of the response is not appreciably affected by time of night, since HR is non-habituating during sleep, but is affected by the respiratory cycle phase, being largest when the stimulus occurs during inspiration or the period immediately prior to inspiration, and smallest when the stimulus occurs during the expiratory phase.
Surface-Catalyzed Nucleation of Amyloidogenic Peptides by Peptide-Specific Templates

Many soluble proteins self-assemble into fibrillar, β-sheet rich, stable amyloid aggregates, many of which are implicated in diseases. Peptide segments within these proteins form the core amyloidogenic region that drives fibrillation of the protein, and it has been shown that these segments, alone, form fibrillar structures. Amyloid fibers are nucleated via a fiber-dependent pathway in which additional protein adds onto the ends and extends existing fibers. However, it is hypothesized that the walls of existing fibers can also nucleate amyloid fibers in a peptide-specific manner using the solvent-exposed side chains as a template. Using a naturally occurring protein that presents side chains of beta sheet structures but no fiber ends, we have engineered templates specific to amyloidogenic peptides to test this hypothesis. We have found that introduction of these templates drastically alter peptide fiber formation kinetics. These findings suggest that amino acid side chains on the surface of amyloid fibers, and not just fiber ends, play an important role in the formation of amyloid fibers.
Density matrix formulation for quantum renormalization groups

A generalization of the numerical renormalization-group procedure used first by Wilson for the Kondo problem is presented. It is shown that this formulation is optimal in a certain sense. As a demonstration of the effectiveness of this approach, results from numerical real-space renormalization-group calculations for Heisenberg chains are presented.
Photoperiodic induction of the pupal diapause in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta

Abstract A study was made of photoperiodic induction of the facultative pupal diapause in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta , reared on artificial diet in the laboratory. The species entered a prolonged diapause when the egg and larval feeding stages were reared in daily photoperiods of 13·5 hr or less. Diapause was induced in all insects at photoperiods ranging from 1 to 13 hr, and part of the population entered diapause at only 15 to 30 min of light per day. Photoperiods of 14 hr or more and continous darkness prevented diapause. Duration of diapause varied with the inductive photoperiod in which the hornworms were reared during the sensitive period. Insects reared in longer diapause-inducing photoperiods within a range of 12 to 13·25 hr remained in diapause longer than those reared in shorter photoperiods. There was no difference in the rate of larval development of hornworms reared in diapause-inducing vs diapause-preventing photoperiods. Temperatures of 26 to 30°C were most favourable for the photoperiodic induction of diapause; at 21°C, the critical photoperiod and incidence of diapause were decreased. Diapause induction was suppressed by low (18°C) and higher (33°C) temperatures. The number of inductive 12L:12D (light = 12 hr; dark = 12 hr) cycles required to induce diapause ranged from as few as 5 for some insects to as many as 12 for others when the post-inductive regimen was continuous light, but with insects previously held in continuous dark, as few as 2 12L:12D cycles during the last 2 days of larval feeding induced diapause in 38 per cent of the population. Only 3 to 4 cycles of 15L:9D during the final larval instar reversed inductive effects of 14 to 15 12L:12D cycles. Photoperiodic sensitivity extended from the late embryo to the end of larval feeding but showed considerable fluctuation during development with maximum sensitivity occurring just before egg hatch and during larval growth. Light breaks applied at different times during the dark period of 12L:12D cycles generated different response curves, depending on the number of cycles in which light breaks were repeated. When repeated for 6 cycles, a unimodal response curve was obtained; 10 cycles produced a bimodal curve and light breaks given for 18 cycles throughout the sensitive period averted diapause regardless of time of night applied. It is suggested that diapause is regulated by a photo- and thermolabile substance that accumulates during long nights (11 hr or more) and acts during the early pupal stage to inhibit the translocation and release of development-promoting neurosecretion from the brain.
What do users see? Exploring the cognitive nature of functional image retrieval

Images cannot just be labeled. The vexing issues surrounding functional access to digitized images have come to the fore as a major concern in the realm of information retrieval. Constant overlap as well as a lack of consistent membership among and between images continues to challenge the efficacy of retrieval systems development. Analysis of user viewing and categorization furnishes additional evidence that what viewers see is not necessarily the objects pictured, may not even be present in an image, or represents a wide variety of possible descriptions. This investigation looks at how users view images in relation to how they can be described (categorized) and in what manner they match other images in the same collection. The results provide an indication that what viewers see depends as much on who they are as it does on what they see. While traditional methods of image retrieval have mostly focused on indexing techniques that encompass object descriptions and more recent approaches through contentbased aspects of digitized imagery, it appears that these systems could be improved by enabling subjective engagement with retrieved images to identify additional access points derived from the adumbrative, impressionistic, and many times abstract nature of user cognitive engagements with the images retrieved.
Predicting radiative heat fluxes and flammability envelopes from unintended releases of hydrogen

Abstract The prediction of the radiative heat flux from a turbulent-jet flame issuing from a damaged, high-pressure hydrogen storage system is an issue of importance for the safe use of hydrogen. Information about the variation of the thermal radiation exposure with distance from the hydrogen jet flame as well as the length and duration of the flame is important in determining safe distances for the handling and storage of hydrogen. An equally important issue is the determination of the concentration decay of an unignited hydrogen jet in the surrounding air, and the envelope of locations where the concentration falls below the lower flammability limit for hydrogen. This paper discusses and presents results from models for the radiative heat transfer from hydrogen jet flames and the concentration decay of unignited hydrogen jets for unintended release events involving high-pressure gas storage systems and fuel dispensers. The models are based on a combination of empirical correlations and analytical models, as well as a numerical model of the temporal blow-down of a hydrogen storage tank. For hydrogen jet flames, predictions of the radiative heat flux are shown and compared to exposure limits documented in the literature. For unignited hydrogen jets, concentration contours are presented and the distance to the lower flammability limit is computed. Comparisons are made with natural gas leaks from tanks at the same pressure with the same effective leak area.
Learning single alternation of running speeds in a runway without handling between trials

Rats were able to learn alternation of fast-slow speed of running in response to alternation of reward-nonreward in a runway task even though they were not handled between trials and food was not presented in the goalbox until after each run. These results were interpreted as evidence that the animals could make use of cues more subtle than either of these in order to learn the sequential responses necessary in a single alternation task.
Bronchioloalveolar Carcinoma in Small Pulmonary Nodules: Clinical Relevance

Increased use of chest computed tomography (CT) as well as improvements in CT resolution has led to increased detection of subcentimeter pulmonary nodules. Although the majority of these nodules are benign in etiology, a subset will harbor bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. The diagnosis of malignancy in this setting can be challenging to radiologists, surgeons, and occasionally pathologists as well. The challenge is compounded by a lack of knowledge about the natural course of these lesions—specifically, whether they represent life-threatening aggressive malignancies or indolent lesions of little or no consequence. Given the relative infrequency of these abnormalities, it will be essential to establish a sufficiently large database, to organize multi-institutional registries, and to collaborate on correlative studies. Only in this way will we be able to determine the clinical and molecular characteristics of these lesions and thus hopefully gain insight into their clinical relevance.
ENHANCED SUPPRESSION OF THE SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE BY COMBINATION OF 6-MERCAPTOPURINE DUAZOMYCIN A'.

Enhanced Suppression of the Secondary Immune Response by Combination of 6-Mercaptopurine ‘Duazomycin A’
Interframe vector wavelet coding technique

Wavelet coding is often used to divide an image into multi- resolution wavelet coefficients which are quantized and coded. By 'vectorizing' scalar wavelet coding and combining this with vector quantization (VQ), vector wavelet coding (VWC) can be implemented. Using a finite number of states, finite-state vector quantization (FSVQ) takes advantage of the similarity between frames by incorporating memory into the video coding system. Lattice VQ eliminates the potential mismatch that could occur using pre-trained VQ codebooks. It also eliminates the need for codebook storage in the VQ process, thereby creating a more robust coding system. Therefore, by using the VWC coding method in conjunction with the FSVQ system and lattice VQ, the formulation of a high quality very low bit rate coding systems is proposed. A coding system using a simple FSVQ system where the current state is determined by the previous channel symbol only is developed. To achieve a higher degree of compression, a tree-like FSVQ system is implemented. The groupings are done in this tree-like structure from the lower subbands to the higher subbands in order to exploit the nature of subband analysis in terms of the parent-child relationship. Class A and Class B video sequences from the MPEG-IV testing evaluations are used in the evaluation of this coding method.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Utility of retention prediction model for investigation of peptide separation selectivity in reversed-phase liquid chromatography: impact of concentration of trifluoroacetic acid, column temperature, gradient slope and type of stationary phase.

Peptide separation selectivity in reversed-phase liquid chromatography was investigated using a training set of 165 peptides with a total of 1698 amino acid residues. Gradient separation was performed at selected chromatographic conditions, varying column temperature, gradient slope, ion-pairing reagent concentration, and type of stationary phase. The retention times for each set of experiments were utilized to calculate the amino acid retention coefficients using a published prediction model (Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2007, 21, 2813−2821). The calculated retention coefficients reflect the contribution of each type of amino acid residue to peptide retention at a given chromatographic condition. For example, the concentration of ion-pairing reagent (trifluoroacetic acid) had the strongest impact on the retention of peptides containing an increasing number of basic (charged) amino acids, such as arginine, lysine, and histidine, while the retention coefficients of other amino acids are minimally affected....
Perceptual asymmetries influence task choice: the effect of lateralised presentation of hierarchical stimuli.

The current study examined how hemispheric asymmetries in perceptual processing affect control processes associated with voluntary task choice during multitask behaviour. In a voluntary task-switching paradigm, where participants are free to choose which task to perform on each trial, participants identified either the global-or local-level features of hierarchical stimuli presented to either the left or right visual field. Hemispheric asymmetries in perception of lateralised hierarchical stimuli were evident in reaction times. Importantly, participants were more likely to categorise the stimulus in line with the processing efficiency of the hemisphere to which it was initially presented: the global task for left visual field presentation and the local task for right visual field presentation. Perceptual processing characteristics influence control processes associated with task choice in multitask environments.
Learning Styles and Corporate Training

This study attempts to verify if occupational groups demonstrate distinct learning styles and learning context preferences, and to assess the implication of any systematic differences for corporate training. Subjects were 140 members of seven occupational groups from a support component of a Fortune 500 firm. Data on learning styles were gathered using the Gregorc Style Delineator (GSD) and the Productivity Environmental Preference Survey (PEPS). It was posited that learning style and productivity preference would vary by occupation, and that a measure of association would exist between learning style and productivity preference within occupations. Two of three hypotheses formulated for the study were supported by the data.
Idiopathic mid-aortic syndrome in children

Mid-aortic syndrome (MAS) is an uncommon condition characterized by narrowing of the abdominal aorta and stenosis of its major branches. Our goal was to illustrate the presentation, diagnosis and management of six new cases of idiopathic MAS together with 96 cases of idiopathic MAS from the literature. The mean age of the 102 cases was 14.3 years (19 days to 49 years). Our patient who presented at 19 days of age is the youngest reported to date. Clinical presentations included hypertension (94%), claudication (17%), renal failure (4%) and intestinal ischemia (1%). Angiography was the diagnostic imaging study of choice. Renal arteries were involved in 91% of patients, while the superior mesenteric artery and celiac artery were involved in 35%. Thirteen percent of cases were managed medically, and the remainder was treated surgically. Our experience shows that initial conservative blood pressure management of idiopathic MAS is feasible unless medical control of hypertension is unsatisfactory, renal function is at risk or there are symptoms of claudication or intestinal ischemia. Careful timing and planning of a surgical intervention is possible for most cases and may, in select cases, be considered after completion of puberty to allow growth to be completed.
Application of Antibody and Fluorophore‐Derivatized Liposomes to Heterogeneous Immunoassays for D‐dimer

Small unilamellar liposomes comprised of cholesterol and phospholipids, in which one of the lipids is labeled with a fluorophore, have been covalently functionalized with antibodies. The liposomes were conjugated with thousands of fluorescein molecules and 10-20 monoclonal antibodies per liposome. These bifunctional liposomes were used in a direct (sandwich-type) immunoassay for the detection of thromboembolic disorders by assaying for d-dimer. D-dimer is the final and the smallest proteolytic product in the degradation of cross-linked fibrin by the plasma protein plasmin. The immunoassay using liposomes was compared to a conventional immunoassay that uses a fluor-antibody conjugate. The liposomes, by virtue of having thousands of fluorophores coupled to one liposome in contrast to one or a few reporter molecules in the conventional fluor-antibody conjugate, performed better on two counts: (1) they lowered the detection limit by a factor of 120 and (2) they provided a 1 order of magnitude amplification in signal. The minimum detectable concentration (MDC) of d-dimer was 5.6 ng/mL with the liposomal assay as compared to an MDC of 674 ng/ mL with conventional fluor-antibody conjugate. The results of fluorescence assays were also compared with the results obtained by Singh et al. (Biotechnol. Prog. 1995, 11, 333-341) in an enzyme immunoassay developed using liposomes. These results demonstrate the potential of liposomes in lowering detection limits and increasing the sensitivity of immunoassays.
Dynamic Models for File Sizes and Double Pareto Distributions

In this paper, we introduce and analyze a new, dynamic generative user model to explain the behavior of file size distributions. Our Recursive Forest File model combines multiplicative models that generate lognormal distributions with recent work on random graph models for the web. Unlike similar previous work, our Recursive Forest File model allows new files to be created and old files to be deleted over time, and our analysis covers problematic issues such as correlation among file sizes. Moreover, our model allows natural variations where files that are copied or modified are more likely to be copied or modified subsequently. Previous empirical work suggests that file sizes tend to have a lognormal body but a Pareto tail. The Recursive Forest File model explains this behavior, yielding a double Pareto distribution, which has a Pareto tail but close to a lognormal body. We believe the Recursive Forest model may be useful for describing other power law phenomena in computer systems as well as other fields.
Hypertensive patients with reduced blood pressure still have hypertension: the role of the hypertension specialist.

“There is no good theory of disease which does not at once suggest a cure.”—Ralph Waldo Emerson
Self-deception: A paradox revisited

A major challenge to von Hippel & Trivers's evolutionary analysis of self-deception is the paradox that one cannot deceive oneself into believing something while simultaneously knowing it to be false. The authors use biased information seeking and processing as evidence that individuals knowingly convince themselves of the truth of their falsehood. Acting in ways that keep one uninformed about unwanted information is self-deception. Acting in selectively biasing and misinforming ways is self-bias.
Vacuum magnetic fields with dense flux surfaces

A procedure is given for eliminating resonances and stochasticity in a nonaxisymmetric vacuum toroidal magnetic field. The results of this procedure are tested by the surface-of-section method. It is found that one can obtain magnetic fields with increased rotational transform and decreased island structure while retaining basically the same winding law.