cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Significance of lymphovascular invasion in organ-confined, node-negative urothelial cancer of the bladder: data from the prospective p53-MVAC trial

Objectives To investigate the association between lymphovascular invasion (LVI) and clinical outcome in organ-confined, node-negative urothelial cancer of the bladder (UCB) in a post hoc analysis of a prospective clinical trial. To explore the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy with methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (MVAC) on outcome in the subset of patients whose tumours exhibited LVI. Patients and Methods Surgical and tumour factors were extracted from the operative and pathology reports of 499 patients who had undergone radical cystectomy (RC) for pT1–T2 N0 UCB in the p53-MVAC trial (Southwest Oncology Group 4B951/NCT00005047). The presence or absence of LVI was determined by pathological examination of transurethral resection or RC specimens. Variables were examined in univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models for associations with time to recurrence (TTR) and overall survival (OS). Results Among 499 patients with a median follow-up of 4.9 years, a subset of 102 (20%) had LVI-positive tumours. Of these, 34 patients had pT1 and 68 had pT2 disease. LVI was significantly associated with TTR with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.78 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15–2.77; number of events (EV) 95; P = 0.01) and with OS with a HR of 2.02 (95% CI 1.31–3.11; EV 98; P = 0.001) after adjustment for pathological stage. Among 27 patients with LVI-positive tumours who were randomised to receive adjuvant chemotherapy, receiving MVAC was not significantly associated with TTR (HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.16–3.17; EV 7; P = 0.65) or with OS (HR 0.45, 95% CI 0.11–1.83; EV 9; P = 0.26). Conclusions Our post hoc analysis of the p53-MVAC trial revealed an association between LVI and shorter TTR and OS in patients with pT1–T2N0 disease. The analysis did not show a statistically significant benefit of adjuvant MVAC chemotherapy in patients with LVI, although a possible benefit was not excluded.
Inhibition of feline leukemia virus replication by human leukocyte interferon

Abstract The replication of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is inhibited by treatment of cat cell cultures with crude human leukocyte interferon (HuIFN-α) as evidenced by titration of the infectious progency. The inhibition can be demonstrated in three different cell lines in which the production of hemagglutinin by encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus, and plaque formation by vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) are also inhibited by the HuIFN-α. The dose dependency of the inhibition of EMC virus by the HuIFN-α is similar to that obtained with feline interferon in each of the three cell lines. VSV and EMC virus are less than 10 times more sensitive than FeLV to the inhibitory action of HuIFN-α if responses to a single interferon treatment are compared for each of the viruses tested in the most sensitive cell line, FEA. The interferon effect on FeLV is more pronounced when it is added within one day after the inoculation of the cells rather than applied before cell infection. The induction of focus formation by FeLV can also be inhibited by HuIFN-α in cat cells (CCC-81) which contain the murine sarcoma virus genome.
Mantle-plume model for the origin of Archaean greenstone belts based on trace element distributions

TRACE element studies of Archaean greenstone volcanics indicate the existence of two major types of tholeiite1–3: depleted Archaean tholeiite (DAT) showing flat rare earth element (REE) patterns similar to modern rise tholeiites and enriched Archaean tholeiite (EAT) exhibiting slight light REE enrichment and generally greater concentrations of LIL (large-ion lithophile) elements than DAT. Included in the DAT category are komatiitic tholeiites. DAT and associated ultramafic flows and sills seem to make up from 50 to 90% of Archaean greenstone successions. EAT becomes relatively more abundant at stratigraphically higher levels and in the upper parts of minor volcanic cycles within greenstone successions. Although overall EAT is generally less abundant than DAT, it accounts for up to 50% of some greenstone sections2,4. DAT seems to be absent in the upper 10–20% of most greenstone successions.
Relations between depressive and anxious symptoms and quality of life in caregivers of children with cystic fibrosis.

Summary. Summary: Little is known about depressive and anxious symptoms and quality of life (QOL) in caregivers of children with cystic fibrosis (CF). The aims of this study were to: (1) assess rates of female and male caregiver depressive and anxious symptoms, and (2) evaluate relations between depressive and anxious symptoms, caregiver QOL, and health outcomes. Patients and Methods: Eligible participants were caregivers of children with CF who completed three questionnaires assessing depressive and anxious symptoms and caregiver QOL during routine CF Clinic appointments. Results: Rates of depressive and anxious symptoms were elevated in female and male caregivers of children with CF. Rates were higher for anxious (51% for females, 43% for males) than depressive symptoms (20‐28% for females; 14‐31% for males). Female caregiver depressive symptoms increased as child lung functioning decreased. As depressive and anxious symptoms increased, caregiver QOL decreased. In addition, female caregiver depressive and anxious symptoms were positively correlated with male caregiver anxious and depressive symptoms in a small subsample of couples. CF disease severity and caregiver depressive symptoms predicted caregiver QOL. Conclusion: Rates of depressive and anxious symptoms are high among caregivers of children with CF. The results of this study highlight the need to screen for female and male caregiver depressive and anxious symptoms in the CF Clinic as CF Team members are well positioned to provided assistance around solving CF-related challenges. In addition, alleviation of depressive and anxious symptoms could potentially lead to improvements in the psychological functioning and well-being of caregivers of children with CF.
Effects of scopolamine, amphetamine and chlordiazepoxide on punishment.

The hypothesis that behavioral suppression due to punishment requires the intact activity of an inhibitory cholinergic CNS mechanism is examined in three experiments in rats and squirrel monkeys. Scopolamine hydrobromide and scopolamine methyl nitrate decreased further operant lever pressing which was suppressed by intermittent or continuous punishment, but scopolamine hydrobromide had a dose-dependent slight facilitatory effect on punished dextrose solution intake in monkeys and non-reinforced operant lever pressing in rats. d-Amphetamine enhanced non-reinforced responding drastically, and had a dose-dependent biphasic effect on intermittently punished operant lever pressing in rats and punished consummatory behavior in monkeys. Chlordiazepoxide consistently enhanced behavior which was suppressed by various punishment procedures; however, response suppression due to non-reinforcement remained unaltered by chlordiazepoxide. It was concluded that only few drug effects on behavior which is suppressed by punishment or non-reinforcement can be accounted for by the drugs' disinhibitory action on a cholinergic CNS mechanism or by the response rate dependency principle.
How panoramic visualization can support human supervision of intelligent surveillance

In video-based surveillance people monitor a wide spatial area through video sensors for anomalous events related to safety and security. The size of the area, the number of video sensors, and the camera's narrow field-of-view make this a challenging cognitive task. Computer vision researchers have developed a wide range of algorithms to recognize patterns in the video stream (intelligent cameras). These advances create a challenge for human supervision of these intelligent surveillance camera networks. This paper presents a new visualization that has been developed and implemented to integrate video-based computer vision algorithms with control of pan-tilt-zoom cameras in a manner that supports the human supervisory role.
DIFFUSION-CONTROLLED ADSORPTIVE UPTAKE OF COAL AND PETROLEUM ASPHALTENES IN A NiMo/Al2O3 HYDROTREATING CATALYST

Abstract In this work, hindered diffusion of one coal and two petroleum asphaltenes was studied by adsorptive uptake in THF from a bath surrounding a NiMo/Al2O3 catalyst. A mathematical model for the adsorption-diffusion of asphaltenes was developed. The model parameters were obtained by simulating the experimental data with the model solution. Several asphaltene fractions were defined via SEC (Size Exclusion Chromatography), with the molecular weight of each fraction being determined by its elution characteristics. It was found that both the coal and petroleum asphaltenes have very broad molecular weight distributions; however, the molecular weights of the coal asphaltenes (50-2000) were much smaller than those of the petroleum asphaltenes (200-30000). The uptake rates for asphaltene fractions with different molecular weights varied, depending on their diffusion rates and adsorption constants. Simulation results showed that even though the properties of coal and petroleum asphaltenes were quite different...
Representing and visualizing fluid flow images and velocimetry data by nonlinear dynamical systems

Abstract Nonlinear phase portraits are employed to represent the streamlines of scalar flow images generated by particle tracing experiments. The flow fields are decomposed into simple component flows based on the critical point behavior. A Taylor series model is assumed for the velocity components, and the model coefficients are computed by considering both local critical point and global flow field behavior. A merge and split procedure for complex flows is presented, in which patterns of neighboring critical point regions are combined and modeled. The concepts are extended to the compression of vector field data by using orthogonal polynomials derived from the Taylor series model. A critical point scheme and a block transform are presented. They are applied to velocity fields measured in particle image velocimetry experiments and generated by computer simulations. Compression ratios ranging from 15:1 to 100:1 are achieved.
Optimal temperature policies for reactors subject to catalyst deactivation—I Batch reactor

Abstract For a single irreversible reaction A → R subject to catalyst deactivation, the problem of finding the optimal temperature policy in a batch reactor was formulated as a Bolza problem of the calculus of variations. For reaction and deactivation kinetics described by Eqs. (2–10), an analytical solution was obtained for the optimal policy. Accordingly, depending on the relative sizes of the activation energies E (for reaction) and ϵ (for catalyst decay), the optimal policy is either to operate at the maximum allowable temperature (if ϵ E ), or with a rising temperature policy characterized by d k eff /d t = d( ka )/d t = 0 (if ϵ > E ). This result is applicable for arbitrary orders of reaction and deactivation. A simple equation was derived for the optimal temperature policy itself, and finally the effect of temperature constraints was examined.
Reactions of chicken sera to recombinant Campylobacter jejuni flagellar proteins

Campylobacter jejuni is a Gram-negative spiral rod bacterium and is the leading but underreported bacterial food-borne pathogen that causes human campylobacteriosis worldwide. Raw or undercooked poultry products are regarded as a major source for human infection. C. jejuni flagella have been implicated in colonization and adhesion to the mucosal surface of chicken gastrointestinal tracts. Therefore, flagellar proteins would be the excellent targets for further investigation. In this report, we used the recombinant technology to generate a battery of C. jejuni flagellar proteins, which were purified by His tag affinity chromatography and determined antigenic profiles of these recombinant flagellar proteins using sera from chickens older than 6 weeks of age. The immunoblot results demonstrate that each chicken serum reacted to various numbers of recombinant flagellar proteins. Among these recombinant proteins, chicken sera reacted predominantly to the FlgE1, FlgK, FlhF, FliG and FliY proteins. These antibody screening results provide a rationale for further evaluation of these recombinant flagellar proteins as potential vaccines for chickens to improve food safety as well as investigation of host immune response to C. jejuni.
Seasonal and Interannual Variations in the Daily Cycle of Winds over the Galápagos

Abstract While the daily cycle of near-surface winds over the equatorial east Pacific has been studied in some detail, little is known about the daily cycle above the surface layer. Furthermore, the causes of the observed near-surface daily cycle are not well understood. A better understanding of the structure and forcing mechanisms at work on the lower-tropospheric winds over this region may increase our appreciation for the varying importance of local and remote atmospheric and oceanic processes. This study documents the daily cycle of lower-tropospheric winds over one of the Galapagos Islands during the late 1990s, as well as how it varied seasonally and interannually, using half-hourly profiler winds. The well-known zonal semidiurnal tide is evident in the data, as is a diurnal cycle that is predominantly meridional and may be driven by the results of convection over the Andes. In addition, the high vertical resolution of the wind profiles reveals a decoupling of the daily cycle of winds below ∼500 m ...
A comprehensive, case-based review of groove pancreatitis

Groove pancreatitis is an uncommon form of focal chronic pancreatitis that involves the duodenal wall or "groove" area (between the pancreas, common bile duct, and duodenum). It remains largely an unfamiliar entity to most physicians and is often misdiagnosed as pancreatic malignancy or autoimmune pancreatitis because of its "pseudotumor" formation. In this case series, we present 4 cases of groove pancreatitis which highlight important clinical aspects of this disease entity. We then provide a review of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of this condition. We hope to clarify the salient aspects of this disease process and make groove pancreatitis a more recognized entity to the clinician.
Photophysics of Main-Chain Polychromophores Prepared by Acyclic Diene Metathesis Polymerization

A series of bis(vinylthienyl)silane monomers were prepared by reaction of 2 equiv of (vinylthienyl)lithium or (vinylthienyl)magnesium bromide with different dichlorosilicon dialkyls. The monomers react with the Schrock initiator Mo(NAr)(CHCMe2Ph)(OCMe(CF3)2)2 (Ar = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl), via the acyclic diene metathesis polymerization (ADMET) mechanism, to give poly(silanyl−dithienylethene) derivatives in excellent yield. GPC data suggest that the resulting polymers have short repeat sequences. Interchromophore cooperativity is evident, as a low energy emission, for polymer structures that have smaller side groups. This phenomenon is similar to the chromophore cooperativity observed in polymers containing stilbene fragments along the backbone.
Constants for selected activity coefficient correlations for 103 new VLE data sets

Abstract The performances of six G E correlations—absolute Van Laar, Wilson, UNIQUAC, NRTL, modified Margules, Redlich-Kister—in the reduction of total-pressure vapor-liquid equilibrium data by the Barker method are compared. The five-constant equations reproduced the experimental pressure values best with the 5-constant Redlich-Kister having a slight edge over the 5-constant modified Margules. Correlation constants for all six G E correlations are given for 103 sets of new VLE data for 36 binary systems.
Antigen-Specific Signaling by a Soluble, Dimeric Peptide/Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II/Fc Chimera Leading to T Helper Cell Type 2 Differentiation

Interaction between a T cell receptor (TCR) and various ligands, i.e., anti-TCR antibodies, superantigens, peptides, or altered peptide ligands in the context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules can trigger different T helper cell (Th) effector functions. Herein, we studied the T cell response induced by a soluble, dimeric peptide/MHC class II chimera, namely hemagglutinin (HA)110-120/I-Edαβ/Fcγ2a (DEF). We have previously demonstrated that the soluble DEF molecule binds stably and specifically to HA110-120–specific TCRs expressed by a T cell hybridoma. Administration of DEF in vivo induced differentiation of resting and activated peptide-specific T cells toward a Th2 response, as indicated by the increase of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, and specific immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 antibodies and decrease of IL-2, specific IgG2a antibodies, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity. In contrast to HA110-120 peptide presented by the DEF molecule to T cells, the nominal synthetic peptide induced a predominant Th1 response, and the PR8 virus–derived HA110-120 peptides induced a mixed Th1/Th2 response. Independent of antigen processing, soluble DEF was almost 2 logs more potent in stimulating cognate T cells than the nominal peptide. Polarization of cognate T cells toward the Th2 response occurred upon interaction of soluble DEF with TCR and CD4 molecules followed by early activation of p56lck and ZAP-70 tyrosine kinases, and negative signaling of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)4 pathway of Th1 differentiation. DEF-like molecules may provide a new tool to study the mechanisms of signaling toward Th2 differentiation and may also provide a potential immunotherapeutic approach to modulate autoreactive T cells toward protective Th2 immune responses.
The National Ignition Facility: Overview and optical engineering challenges

The National Ignition Facility at LLNL when complete will be the world's largest and most energetic laser system. This talk will overview the NIF Laser system's architecture, from the regenerative amplifier to the target chamber.
Towards using and improving the NAS parallel benchmarks: a parallel patterns approach

The NAS parallel benchmarks, originally developed by NASA for evaluating performance of their high-performance computers, have been regarded as one of the most widely used benchmark suites for side-by-side comparisons of high-performance machines. However, even though the NAS parallel benchmarks have grown tremendously in the last two decades, documentation is lagging behind because of rapid changes and additions to the collection of benchmark codes primarily due to rapid innovation of parallel architectures. Consequently, the learning curve for beginning graduate students, researchers, or software systems engineers to pick up these benchmarks is typically huge. In this paper, we document and assess the NAS parallel benchmark suite by identifying parallel patterns within the NAS benchmark codes. We believe that such documentation of the benchmarks will allow researchers as well as those in industry to understand, use and modify these codes more effectively.
A stereotactic method of anatomical localization for positron emission tomography.

Surgicalxtant methods for anatomical localization within a physiological image are inadequate for precise regional correlations between anatomy and physiology. We have developed a method for determining the location of any region of interest within a positron emission tomographic (PET) image by transformation of the tomographic location coordinates into coordinates within a stereotactic atlas of the human brain. The specific anatomical assumptions of this approach were identified and validated within groups of normal subjects by means of measurements made from lateral skull radiographs and nuclear magnetic resonance proton images. A high degree of accuracy and reproducibility was demonstrated when this technique was applied to groups of normal subjects by determining the anatomical location of two physiologically defined PET areas: the cavernous sinus and visually responsive cortex. This method is simple to implement and highly objective. Generalization of the localization procedure for use with structural tomography is readily accomplished.
Molecular Structure of the Rearranged T-Cell Gamma Chain Gene in a Human Leukemia Which Expresses Its Product

The gamma gene product is a component of the second T-cell receptor. We report a new case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia bearing a CD3+ CD4- CD5+ CD7+ CD8- WT31- immunophenpotype that expresses the gamma peptide. Immunoprecipitation studies using an anti Cγ heteroantisera showed two different bands of 40 and 60 Kd. Southern analysis revealed Cγ1 utilization in the productive rearrangement. The demonstration of Vδ-Jδ1 rearrangement in this leukemia suggests that the 60 Kd band could correspond to the product of the delta gene. The utilization of the Jγ1.3 exon in this leukemia suggests that the T lymphocytes that undergo leukemic transformation are derived from a population different from the circulating γ/δ lymphocytes, that preferentially use the Jγ1.2 (JγP) exon.
Reply to Dumond's Review

"money" is too narrow and traditional to be acceptable. I am not alone and would cite scholars such as Melville J. Herskovits, Alison H. Quiggin, and Paul Einzig who have all discussed this issue and have concluded that primitive media, including rai, are within the perimeters of "money." The propriety of an anthropologist questioning what is suitable for a historian to undertake in a numismatic study is another matter. So far as Schneider's last point is concerned, I consulted sources I felt were important to my work. Further, my manuscript was approved by knowledgeable readers before it was accepted for publication by the Smithsonian Press.
The formation and distribution of CO2-enriched fluid inclusions in epithermal environments

Abstract Fluid inclusions from two geothermal systems associated with volcanic activity were studied to document the distribution of CO 2 in modern epithermal environments. The fluid inclusion data, combined with mineral distributions and chemical analyses of the production fluids from both systems, provide a record of steam and gas flux to depths in excess of 1 to 2 km and of transient variations in the gas contents of the reservoirs. The liquid-rich fluid inclusions can be grouped into two types on the basis of their CO 2 contents. Inclusions with CO 2 contents of less than about 4 wt% typically have calculated gas contents that are higher than the present-day reservoir fluids. However, the calculated pressures and temperatures of these inclusions are consistent with their depth of formation, indicating that they may have formed in response to boiling and mixing processes in the reservoir. Liquid-rich fluid inclusions with CO 2 contents between approximately 4 and 6 wt% are characterized by CO 2 clathrate dissociation temperatures greater than 0.0°C. These inclusions occur on the margins of the thermal systems where they define umbrella-shaped caps around the main zones of upwelling. The CO 2 contents of the inclusions require that they formed at pressures several tens of bars above hydrostatic. Elevated pressures and gas contents may have developed through compression and condensation of CO 2 - enriched steam by tectonic stress.
A vertically integrated whole-tree biomass model

The density-integral approach worked well for estimating whole-tree and dominant stem vertical biomass profiles, and performed better than the constant-density approach for biomass prediction. Integrated whole-tree biomass equations are in great demand due to the simultaneous need to improve estimation of forest carbon stocks and to quantify the distribution of wood biomass within trees for estimating whole-tree utilization potential. Two approaches were used for modeling the vertical cumulative biomass profile of a whole tree from the ground to the top of the tree, including the dominant stem and branches: (1) a density-integral approach and (2) a constant-density approach. The models were developed from destructive sampling of 27 trees from a temperate hardwood forest in Michigan, USA. The species sampled were American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.). A mixed-effects modeling framework was used to account for within-tree correlation in the biomass profiles. In general, the density-integral approach worked well for estimating whole-tree and dominant stem biomass profiles, and performed better than the constant-density approach. However, the results indicated that errors in the whole-tree volume estimation often overwhelmed differences in biomass prediction attributable to vertical tree density representation. Mixing species with different forms or density profiles could dilute benefits of the density-integral approach.
Absence of cross-tolerance to heroin in morphine-tolerant mice

Mice implanted with morphine pellets demonstrated a 30-fold increase in tolerance to subcutaneously administered morphine but showed no cross-tolerance to subcutaneously administered heroin. When given morphine intracerebroventricularly, the mice showed no tolerance to morphine or cross-tolerance to heroin. These observations depended on the presence of the morphine pellet. If the pellets were removed prior to determinations of potency, the expected responses--tolerance to morphine and cross-tolerance to heroin--were obtained. The blood-brain barrier may be a prime site for the expression of morphine tolerance in mice.
Dependence Of Y-Branch Loss On Waveguide Mode Confinement

The losses in the bends and branches associated with Y-junctions used in interferometers in LiNbO3 have been studied as a function of the mode confinement in the arms of the interferometers. Results are presented both when the confinement is changed by varying the fabrication technique and also when the confinement is changed by varying the incident wavelength. The technique used to measure the confinement is described. The two wavelengths of most interest in this study were λ = 0.51 µm and λ = 3.39 µm. These wavelengths span the major portion of the spectrum over which LiNbO3 is transparent.
Computer-Aided Diagnosis and Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Imaging

Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) is rapidly entering the radiology mainstream. It has already become a part of the routine clinical work for the detection of breast cancer with mammograms. The computer output is used as a "second opinion" in assisting radiologists' image interpretations. The computer algorithm generally consists of several steps that may include image processing, image feature analysis, and data classification via the use of tools such as artificial neural networks (ANN). In this article, we will explore these and other current processes that have come to be referred to as "artificial intelligence." One element of CAD, temporal subtraction, has been applied for enhancing interval changes and for suppressing unchanged structures (eg, normal structures) between 2 successive radiologic images. To reduce misregistration artifacts on the temporal subtraction images, a nonlinear image warping technique for matching the previous image to the current one has been developed. Development of the temporal subtraction method originated with chest radiographs, with the method subsequently being applied to chest computed tomography (CT) and nuclear medicine bone scans. The usefulness of the temporal subtraction method for bone scans was demonstrated by an observer study in which reading times and diagnostic accuracy improved significantly. An additional prospective clinical study verified that the temporal subtraction image could be used as a "second opinion" by radiologists with negligible detrimental effects. ANN was first used in 1990 for computerized differential diagnosis of interstitial lung diseases in CAD. Since then, ANN has been widely used in CAD schemes for the detection and diagnosis of various diseases in different imaging modalities, including the differential diagnosis of lung nodules and interstitial lung diseases in chest radiography, CT, and position emission tomography/CT. It is likely that CAD will be integrated into picture archiving and communication systems and will become a standard of care for diagnostic examinations in daily clinical work.
Sphingolipids Are Required for Efficient Triacylglycerol Loss in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Treated Adipocytes

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduces adiposity in human and mouse adipocytes. This outcome is achieved through a variety of biological responses including increased energy expenditure and fatty acid oxidation, increased inflammation, repression of fatty acid biosynthesis, attenuated glucose transport, and apoptosis. In the current study, profiling of 261 metabolites was conducted to gain new insights into the biological pathways responding to CLA in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Sphinganine and sphingosine levels were observed to be highly elevated in CLA treated adipocytes. Exogenous chemicals that increased endogenous ceramide levels decreased lipid levels in adipocytes, and activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) as well as NF-κB, both of which are typically activated in CLA treated adipocytes. Concurrent inhibition of ceramide de novo biosynthesis and recycling from existing sphingolipid pools attenuated the lipid lowering effect normally associated with responses to CLA, implicating ceramides as an important component of the lipid lowering response in CLA treated adipocytes.
Fraud victimization: Risky business or just bad luck?

Victimology theory recognizes that the characteristics, attitudes, and behaviors of potential victims influence the likelihood of criminal victimization. An important question for victimologists is whether potential victims put themselves at risk by engaging in risky behavior or whether victimization is primarily a result of bad luck. While this question has been investigated extensively with respect to street crime victimization, little attempt has been made to apply it to victimization by fraud. This article investigates the influence of attitudes toward financial risk taking on the likelihood of fraud victimization. Using data from a telephone survey of 400 randomly sampled respondents, we find that age and attitudes toward financial risk taking are significantly related to the likelihood of attempted victimizations but not to successful victimizations.
The beta spiral in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre.

Abstract The results of the first hydrographic cruise specifically designed to test calculations of the β spiral are discussed. The method, first proposed by Stommel and Schott ( Deep-Sea Research , 24 , 325–329, 1977), permits the computation of absolute geostrophic velocities from observations of density alone. Several variations on the basic calculations were used and all gave consistent results. Sensitivity of the results to variations in the depth range of the data used in the calculations, a problem with earlier calculations based on historical data, was not a problem with these data. Comparisons of the new β spiral are made with β spirals computed from historical data and with the results of a separate calculation using the inverse theory discussed by Wunsch ( Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics , 16 , 583–620, 1978).
The Value of Household Labor in Antebellum Northern Agriculture

This article estimates the contribution of farm household members to agricultural output in the antebellum northern United States. I reject the hypothesis that children contributed more in the least settled regions. The contribution of young children and teenage females was greatest in the Old Northwest; teenage boys made their largest contribution in the Northeast. In the Midwest young males and females performed the same tasks, namely market production and land clearing, but in the Northeast males were more likely to specialize in market production and females in household production. In contemporary developed economies such as the United States children are net economic liabilities, in part because mandatory school attendance and labor laws prohibit their being employed. Agriculture, which was well suited to the use of child labor, has dwindled greatly in importance, employing less than 3 percent of the U.S. labor force.' In addition the proliferation of pension plans and annuities has decreased the reliance of parents on their children for old-age security. Accompanying these legislative and market influences was a shift in the mores of society away from viewing children as best seen and not heard toward an appreciation of their rights.
Transport properties of the Lorentz gas: Fourier's law

We investigate the stationary nonequilibrium (heat transporting) states of the Lorentz gas. This is a gas of classical point particles moving in a region gL containing also fixed (hard sphere) scatterers of radiusR. The stationary state considered is obtained by imposing stochastic boundary conditions at the top and bottom of Λ, i.e., a particle hitting one of these walls comes off with a velocity distribution corresponding to temperaturesT1 andT2 respectively,T1 <T2. Lettingρ be the average density of the randomly distributed scatterers we show that in the Boltzmann-Grad limit,ρ→∞,R→ 0 with the mean free path fixed, the stationary distribution of the Lorentz gas converges in theL1-norm to the stationary distribution of the corresponding linear Boltzmann equation with the same boundary conditions. In particular, the steady state heat flow in the Lorentz gas converges to that of the linear Boltzmann equation, which is known to behave as (T2-T1)/L for largeL, whereL is the distance from the bottom to the top wall: i.e., Fourier's law of heat conduction is valid in the limit. The heat flow converges even in probability. Generalizations of our result for scatterers with a smooth potential as well as the related diffusion problem are discussed.
Field measurements in pulsed microwigglers

Abstract A pulsed microwiggler can provide a large field, greater than 5 T, with a short period, less than 2 mm. It is essential to find a way to measure the field produced in a small bore with accuracy, as well as with high resolution, in all three coordinates and the time domain. Conventional field-measuring probes are too large and have a poor temporal resolution, but the pulsed-wire techniques is well suited to these requirements. Los Alamos researchers have made improvements to this technique recently.
An extension of rate and state theory to poromechanics

[1] Laboratory results on granular media have lead to fundamental theoretical developments (such as poroelasticity, rate- and state-variable friction) that have found widespread application. This paper presents results from laboratory experiments that help constrain and combine these theories. Data from triaxial deformation experiments on quartz sand aggregates are used to illustrate stress-dependent behavior of poroelastic parameters (e.g., the Biot-Willis coefficient). The results from both volumetric compaction and frictional shear experiments are well described by poroelasticity as well as rate- and state-variable friction. The combination of these constitutive relations may provide a powerful tool that can be used in numerical models that couple mechanical, hydraulic, and temporal processes in the descriptions of granular deformation.
Laparoscopic management of a primary omental pregnancy after clomiphene induction.

Objective To describe the successful laparoscopic management of a primary omental pregnancy. Design Case report. Setting Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dr. Sami Ulus Obstetrics, Gynecology and Children's Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. Patient(s) A 22-year-old patient with an omental pregnancy. Intervention(s) Laparoscopic partial omentectomy. Main Outcome Measure(s) Successful laparoscopic management of an omental pregnancy. Result(s) A 22-year-old woman presented to the emergency room with abdominal pain and vaginal spotting. She was undergoing clomiphene (CC) induction for infertility and had a positive urine pregnancy test at home. A right adnexal ectopic pregnancy was reported by ultrasonography. Due to increasing pain, laparoscopy was performed. The uterus and fallopian tubes appeared normal without any signs of pregnancy. A well-vascularized intact omental gestational sac was discovered in the right adnexal region in close proximity to the right ovary. By laparoscopy, the sac was resected with partial omentectomy. A primary omental pregnancy was confirmed by β-hCG-positive trophoblast cells among omental fat cells. Conclusion(s) Omental pregnancy is rather difficult to identify due to localization. When in close proximity to the adnexal region, it may mimic a tubal ectopic pregnancy. Laparoscopy offers a minimally invasive method for diagnosis and therapy.
Bis(31/31′){[Cys31, Nva34]NPY(27–36)-NH2}: a neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y5 receptor selective agonist with a latent stimulatory effect on food intake in rats

The actions of neuropeptide Y (NPY) are mediated by at least six G-protein coupled receptors denoted as Y(1), Y(2), Y(3), Y(4), Y(5), and y(6). Investigations using receptor selective ligands and receptor knock-out mice suggest that NPY effects on feeding are mediated by both Y(1) and Y(5) receptors. We have previously shown that Cys-dimers of NPY C-terminal peptides exhibit Y(1) selectivity relative to Y(2) receptors. Re-investigation of their selectivity with respect to the newly cloned receptors, has identified bis(31/31') [[Cys(31), Nva(34)]NPY(27-36)-NH(2)] (BWX-46) as a Y(5) receptor selective agonist. BWX-46 selectively bound Y(5) receptors, and inhibited cAMP synthesis by Y(5) cells with potencies comparable to that of NPY. Moreover, BWX-46 (10 microM) exhibited no significant effect on the cAMP synthesis by Y(1), Y(2), and Y(4) cells. Thus, BWX-46 constitutes the lowest molecular weight Y(5) selective agonist reported to date. Intrahypothalamic (i.h.t)-injection of 30 and 40 microg of BWX-46 stimulated the food intake by rats in a gradual manner, reaching maximal level 8 h after injection. This response was similar to that exhibited by other Y(5) selective agonists, but differed from that of NPY, which exhibited a rapid orexigenic stimulus within 1 h. It is suggested that the differences in the orexigenic stimuli of NPY and Y(5) agonists may be due to their differences in the signal transduction mechanisms.
Structural probability bounds for the strong Pareto law

By using the structural density function (Fraser 1979, Ch. 7) of the parameters of a Pareto distribution, the structural distribution function of the strong Pareto law is derived. Its fractiles have been evaluated numerically for special cases, and the results are displayed through graphs from which structural one-sided probability bounds may be found. It is shown that these graphs may also be used to find structural tolerance bounds for the Pareto distribution.
Reversible inactivation of avian lysozymes by dimethyl (2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl)-sulfonium bromide

Abstract The reaction of hen egg white lysozyme with a 4 molar excess of dimethyl (2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl)-sulfonium bromide at pH 6.0 leads to total loss of enzymatic activity within 5 minutes. Upon standing, the inactivated enzyme spontaneously regains activity, leveling off at 60% of the original activity after 72 hours. Under the same conditions, turkey egg white lysozyme is reduced to less than 5% of its original activity within 5 minutes, then spontaneously reactivates to 85% of its original activity after 24 hours. Human lysozyme shows no dramatic loss of activity when treated under these conditions. The presence of the substrate, chitotetraose, prevents the initial inactivation of both hen and turkey enzymes.
Characterization of the Polarity of Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatographic Stationary Phases in the Presence of 1-Propanol Using Solvatochromism and Multivariate Curve Resolution

This work characterizes solvation effects in reversed-phase liquid chromatography in the presence of 1-propanol. The solvatochromic method combined with a multivariate curve resolution-alternating least-squares analysis method has been used to characterize two modified silica surfacesphenyl bonded and C18 bonded silica in mobile-phase mixtures of methanol−water and acetonitrile−water in the presence of 1-propanol. The presence of a small amount of 1-propanol has been shown to affect mainly the polarity properties of the stationary phases while the mobile-phase properties are largely unaffected. The chain collapse mechanism for the C18 stationary phase at higher concentrations of water seems to be inhibited in the presence of 1-propanol, and partitioning is the predominant solute retention mechanism. The phenyl-based phase shows considerably different behavior from that of the C18 phase, and propanol appears to disrupt the π-stacking interactions between the solute and the phenyl rings anchored to the sili...
When Is ICU Admission Required for Postoperative Neurosurgical Patients?: Identification of Candidates for Intermediate Care

Admission to ICU is standard following neurosurgical procedures, however several studies have shown that postoperative neurosurgical patients require only neurological monitoring with minimal ICU interventions. This study evaluates if a subgroup of patients can be identified and safely cared for in an intermediate care unit. It is a retrospective analysis of neurosurgical admissions to the SICU in a metropolitan teaching hospital over a period of 3 years. High-intensity (HI) patients were defined as those requiring active ICU therapy and interventions. Low-intensity (LI) patients were considered potential intermediate care unit candidates. From 1730 neurosurgical SICU admissions, there were 407 HI patients (26%). The remaining LI patients received 3039 days of SICU care, including 2186 days (72%) with a Glasgow Coma Scale >14. In the LI group, 76.5% of patients had a length of stay of 24 hours or less. The average daily neurosurgical census comprised 2.8 LI and 2.9 HI patients/day. Approximately 75% of ne...
Mexico, Maquiladoras, and Occupational Medicine Training:

Industrialization and its concomitant social and environmental effects in developing countries are considered in this paper. Mexico offers one example of economic progress achieved through the promotion of industrial growth. Recognising the need for trained experts with global experience in occupational health, the University of Arizona (UA) has begun a programme to train occupational and preventive medicine residents in international aspects of occupational health in the nearby industrialized border regions of Mexico. By using the maquiladora (assembly plant) industries and the resources of the instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social with the State of Sonora, residents observe existing problems in occupational safety and health in addition to adding to their understanding of the need for worldwide cooperation for research and reform in this field.
Completing the forward kinematic calibration of open loop manipulators when single point position sensors are used

Single-point sensors can measure the position of one point fixed to a manipulator's end effector. When single-point sensors have been used for calibration, it has not been possible to calibrate the orientation of the tool. Furthermore, it can be difficult to calibrate the sensor system. Results in the literature seldom provide a complete kinematic calibration of the manipulator. Presented here is a technique that enables single-point sensors to gather sufficient information to complete kinematic calibration. In addition, the method can reduce the burden of calibrating the sensor system.
Nucleotide sequence of dengue 2 RNA and comparison of the encoded proteins with those of other flaviviruses

We have determined the complete sequence of the RNA of dengue 2 virus (S1 candidate vaccine strain derived from the PR-159 isolate) with the exception of about 15 nucleotides at the 5' end. The genome organization is the same as that deduced earlier for other flaviviruses and the amino acid sequences of the encoded dengue 2 proteins show striking homology to those of other flaviviruses. The overall amino acid sequence similarity between dengue 2 and yellow fever virus is 44.7%, whereas that between dengue 2 and West Nile virus is 50.7%. These viruses represent three different serological subgroups of mosquito-borne flaviviruses. Comparison of the amino acid sequences shows that amino acid sequence homology is not uniformly distributed among the proteins; highest homology is found in some domains of nonstructural protein NS5 and lowest homology in the hydrophobic polypeptides ns2a and 2b. In general the structural proteins are less well conserved than the nonstructural proteins. Hydrophobicity profiles, however, are remarkably similar throughout the translated region. Comparison of the dengue 2 PR-159 sequence to partial sequence data from dengue 4 and another strain of dengue 2 virus reveals amino acid sequence homologies of about 64 and 96%, respectively, in the structural protein region. Thus as a general rule for flaviviruses examined to date, members of different serological subgroups demonstrate 50% or less amino acid sequence homology, members of the same subgroup average 65-75% homology, and strains of the same virus demonstrate greater than 95% amino acid sequence similarity.
Six Putative IQ Motifs of the Recombinant Chicken Intestinal Brush Border Myosin I Are Involved in Calmodulin Binding

Abstract Chicken brush border myosin I has up to six IQ sequence motifs at which it may bind calmodulin. To determine the relative contributions of these motifs to calmodulin binding, fusion deletion fragments were expressed in Escherichia coli and their ability to bind calmodulin was assessed by the gel overlay technique. The first three N-terminal IQ sites showed strong binding with calmodulin. Surprisingly, the last three incomplete IQ motifs also contributed substantial calmodulin binding. The first and fourth IQ sites bound calmodulin but tended to reduce binding in combination with other sites. The data indicate that interactions among all six IQ motifs contribute to the ability of myosin I to bind calmodulin.
Assessing the Non-Random Sampling Effects of Subject Attrition in Longitudinal Research

The potential effects of attrition in longitudinal research are addressed and a procedure for assessing its effects is recommended. We recommend that researchers assess the effects of subject attrition on their data by assessing: (1) the presence of non-random sampling using multiple logistic regression, (2) mean differences on the study’s variables between those who responded and did not respond to the subsequent data collection, (3) the restriction or enhancement of variances, and (4) changes in relationships among variables due to attrition. We demonstrate the procedure using data collected from a random sample of employed adults in the US regarding job satisfaction, job characteristics, demographics, and mood. In our data, subject attrition led to non-random sampling, affected the means and variances of some of the variables, but did not affect the relationships among the variables. The effects of subject attrition may be sample specific, but the procedure recommended for assessing its effects may be ...