cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the severity of adverse drug reactions using social media

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) impact the health of 100,000s of individuals annually in the United States with associated costs in the hundreds of billions. The monitoring and analysis of the severity of adverse drug reactions is limited by the current qualitative and categorical system of severity classifications. Previous efforts have generated quantitative estimates for a subset of ADRs, but were limited in scope due to the time and costs associated with the efforts. We present a semi-supervised approach that estimates ADR severity by using a lexical network of ADR word embeddings and label propagation. We use this method to estimate the severity of 28,113 ADRs, representing 12,198 unique ADR concepts from MedDRA. Our Severity of Adverse Events Derived from Reddit (SAEDR) scores have good correlations with real-world outcomes. SAEDR scores had Spearman correlations with ADR case outcomes in FAERS of 0.595, 0.633, and -0.748 for death, serious outcome, and no outcome, respectively. We investigate different methods for defining initial seed term sets and evaluate their impact on severity estimates. We analyzed severity distributions for ADRs based on their appearance in Boxed Warning drug label sections, as well as ADRs with sex-specific associations. We find that ADRs discovered postmarket have significantly greater severity compared to those discovered in the clinical trial. We create quantitative Drug RIsk Profile (DRIP) scores for 968 drugs that have a Spearman correlation of 0.377 with drugs ranked by FAERS cases resulting in death, where the given drug was the primary suspect. We make the SAEDR and DRIP scores publicly available in order to enable more quantitative analysis of pharmacovigilance data.
Organization and Self-Assembly Away from Equilibrium: Toward Thermodynamic Design Principles

Studies of biological systems and materials, together with recent experimental and theoretical advances in colloidal and nanoscale materials, have shown how nonequilibrium forcing can be used to mo...
Usability and Acceptability of Two Smartphone Apps for Smoking Cessation Among Young Adults With Serious Mental Illness: Mixed Methods Study.

Background: Young adults with serious mental illness (SMI) have higher smoking rates and lower cessation rates than young adults without SMI. Scalable interventions such as smartphone apps with evidence-based content (eg, the National Cancer Institute’s [NCI’s] QuitGuide and quitSTART) could increase access to potentially appealing and effective treatment for this group but have yet to be tested in this population. Objective: The goal of this user-centered design study is to determine the user experience (including usability and acceptability) of 2 widely available apps developed by the NCI—QuitGuide and quitSTART—among young adult tobacco users with SMI. Methods: We conducted usability and acceptability testing of QuitGuide and quitSTART among participants with SMI aged between 18 and 35 years who were stable in community mental health treatment between 2019 and 2020. Participants were randomly assigned to use QuitGuide or quitSTART on their smartphones. App usability was evaluated at baseline and following a 2-week field test of independent use via a video-recorded task completion protocol. Using a mixed method approach, we triangulated 4 data sources: nonparticipant observation, open-ended interviews, structured interviews (including the System Usability Scale [SUS]), and backend app use data obtained from the NCI. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Participants were 17 smokers who were not interested in quitting, with a mean age of 29 (SD 4) years; 41% (n=7) presented with psychotic disorders. Participants smoked an average of 15 (SD 7) cigarettes per day. The mean SUS scores for QuitGuide were similar at visits one and two (mean 64, SD 18 and mean 66, SD 18, respectively). The mean SUS scores for quitSTART numerically increased from visit one (mean 55, SD 20) to visit two (mean 64, SD 16). Acceptability scores followed the same pattern. Observed task completion rates were at least 75% (7/9 for QuitGuide, 6/8 for quitSTART) for both apps at both visits for all but 2 tasks. During the 13-day trial period, QuitGuide and quitSTART users interacted with their assigned app on an average of 4.6 (SD 2.8) days versus 10.8 (SD 3.5) days, for a mean total of 5.6 (SD 3.8) interactions versus 41 (SD 26) interactions, and responded to a median of 1 notification (range 0-8) versus 18.5 notifications (range 0-37), respectively. Qualitative comments indicated moderate to high satisfaction overall but also included concerns about the accuracy of the apps’ feedback. Conclusions: Both QuitGuide and quitSTART had acceptable levels of usability and mixed levels of acceptability among young adults with SMI. The higher level of engagement with quitSTART suggests that quitSTART may be a favorable tool for young adult smokers with SMI. However, clinical support or coaching may be needed to overcome initial usability issues.
Prudent drug use for the dairy practitioner

As consumers become more savvy about the food they eat, dairy farmers and their veterinarians must be progressively vigilant to make sure that public health is protected. These protections, come not only from residue prevention, but also in the implementation of prudent drug practices that minimize the risk of development of antimicrobial resistance, which may be passed on to humans who consume animal-based food products. Throughout the last decade, the FDA has issued several guidance policies and implemented prohibitions in drug use in attempts to reduce the risk of development of antimicrobial resistance in humans. As dairy farms become larger, veterinarians are spending less time doing individual animal treatments and more time directing those treatments on farms. Whether animals are treated on-farm by veterinarians or by farm personnel, there are specific expectations that must be in place in order to reduce the risk of antimicrobial resistance development and drug residues in meat or milk.
Oncology Patients' Perspectives on Remote Patient Monitoring for COVID-19.

PURPOSE:Oncology patients are vulnerable to adverse outcomes associated with COVID-19, and clinical deterioration must be identified early. Several institutions launched remote patient monitoring p...
Cultivating Multiple Creative Talents in Students

This article describes the multiple talent approach to developing abilities in students. The background of the approach is discussed, along with the Talents Unlimited Project, assessment of multipl...
Online equivalence-based instruction about statistical inference using written explanation instead of match-to-sample training

Equivalence-based instruction of college students was adapted for use in a commercial online course-delivery system, with written explanation replacing match-to-sample training. Outcomes rivaled those of previous studies in which students were taught in low-distraction settings through match-to-sample procedures that were controlled by custom computer programs, demonstrating that such supports are not essential to the effectiveness of equivalence-based instruction.
Chemical and biological characterization of hazardous industrial waste. I: Prokaryotic bioassays and chemical analysis of a wood-preserving bottom-sediment waste

Prokaryotic bioassays, capable of detecting point mutations and lethal damage to DNA, and a GC/MS/Data System analysis were employed to evaluate the genotoxic characteristics of wood-preserving bottom sediment. Organic compounds in the waste were initially extracted with dicholormethane and then fractionated by liquid-liquid extraction into acid, base and neutral fractions. The crude extract and each of 3 subfractions were tested in 4 strains of S. typhimurium to detect point mutations and 6 strains of B subtilis to detect lethal damage to DNA. The assay using S. typhimurium responded to indirect-acting mutagens in the crude extract and all 3 primary fractions, with the maximum mutagenic response of 181 net revertants induced by the base fraction at a dose of 500 μg/plate. In the DNA-repair assay, the survival ratio for the repair-deficient strain recE4 when compared to the repair-proficient strain 168 wt was 0.17 and 0.09 in the acid and base fractions, respectively, at a dose of 100 μg/plate. Potentially genotoxic compounds identified in the waste fractions by GG/MS/DS analysis include acenaphthylene, pentachlorophenol, methyl phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene. However, it appears that these identified chemicals did not contribute siginificantly to the observed mutagenic activity of the sample extracts.
Physics and Applications of the Nonlinear Optical Properties of Solids

The aim of this chapter is a discussion of some of the physics and applications of the nonlinear optical properties of solids. It begins with a review of electromagnetic wave propagation in solids and a derivation of the familiar linear relation between dielectric polarization and electric field. A more realistic anharmonic oscillator model is next introduced and this is shown to yield a polarization that is a nonlinear (specifically, a quadratic) function of the electric field. A physical picture of the nonlinear polarization and some solid state physics factors affecting the magnitude of the nonlinear susceptibility are also given. The central topic of the chapter is the propagation and interaction of three electromagnetic waves in a nonlinear medium. This results in a set of equations describing the spatial variation of the electric fields of these waves as they move through the crystal. Finally, these equations are used to discuss several applications of nonlinear solids. These are optical second harmonic generation, frequency mixing and up-conversion, and parametric amplification of optical signals.
Ventricular Hypertrophy on Electrocardiogram Correlates with Obstructive Lesion Severity in Williams Syndrome.

Objective Williams syndrome (WS) is a congenital, multisystem developmental disorder affecting 1 in 8000 live births. Cardiovascular abnormalities are present in 80% of WS patients. The present study sought to characterize fully the electrocardiographic findings in WS and correlate findings with anatomic pathology. Design A retrospective review was performed of the electrocardiograms (ECGs) of patients with WS evaluated at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia from January 1, 1980 through December 31, 2007. When available, the five most recent ECGs in each patient were evaluated. Ventricular hypertrophy was diagnosed based on previously reported voltage criteria in normal populations. Results There were 187 patients with 499 ECGs for evaluation. Median age at study ECG was 8.0 years (range 0.1–58.9); median number of ECGs per patient was 2.7 (range 1–5). Heart rate, PR interval, and QRS interval were normal for age. Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) was present on 44% (219/499) of ECGs. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was present on 30% (150/499) of ECGs. Fifty-seven percent (106/187) of subjects had ≥1 ECG demonstrating RVH, and 39% (72/187) had ≥1 ECG demonstrating LVH. The severity of right- and left-sided obstructive lesions correlated with the ECG presence of RVH (P < .0001, odds ratio 21.8) and LVH (P < .001, odds ratio 14.5–61), respectively. Conclusions Electrocardiographic intervals in patients with WS follow expected trends seen in normal patients. Voltage criteria for RVH and LVH are commonly met on ECGs of patients with WS. The presence of ventricular hypertrophy on ECG in WS correlates with lesion severity.
In Vitro Transformation by Adenovirus-Simian Virus 40 Hybrid Viruses IV. Properties of Clones Isolated from Cell Lines Transformed by Adenovirus 2-Simian Virus 40 and Adenovirus 12-Simian Virus 40 Transcapsidant Hybrid Viruses

Abstract Clones were isolated from hamster cells transformed by the adenovirus 2-SV40 and adenovirus 12-SV40 transcapsidant hybrid viruses. The clones were characterized with respect to their cytomorphology, virus and antigen content, and the histomorphology of tumors induced by transplantation of the clonal sublines to hamsters. Three different cellular and colonial morphologies were observed. Clones with an SV40 morphology gave rise to tumors predominantly with an SV40 histology, whereas clones with an adenovirus morphology produced typical adenovirus tumors upon transplantation of the transformed cells. Clones which had features of both SV40 and adenovirus transformed cells gave rise to “intermediate” and adenovirus tumors. The results indicate that multiple events occur during transformation and tumorigenesis by the transcapsidant virus populations and provide an explanation for the multiplicity of findings which have been reported with these virus populations.
The Halo Metallicity Distribution

The field dwarf sample is from the original Carney-Latham survey plus its recent extension to about 500 additional stars, a total of about 1450 stars. We have chosen a conservative criterion to isolate halo stars, namely retrograde orbits in the Galaxy, to minimize contamination by thin and thick disk stars, giving a halo sample of 144 stars.
The 226Ra enrichment in oceanic basalts: Evidence for melt‐cumulate diffusive interaction processes within the oceanic lithosphere

[1] U-Th decay chains in young volcanic rocks have become a unique geochemical tool with the potential to constrain the physical processes involved in the generation and transport of magmas. Among the different isotopes of the decay series, the measured disequilibrium between 226Ra and 230Th isotopes in basaltic melts has been a crucial player in the interpretation of the U-series data as a whole. However, the key assumption proposed in all previous models, that the origin of 226Ra-230Th disequilibrium in oceanic basalts is only produced during mantle melting processes, has remained largely unchallenged. Here we present an alternative process for the origin of the 226Ra-230Th disequilibrium in oceanic basalts. We argue that diffusive interaction of magmas with cumulates formed in the oceanic crust beneath mid ocean ridges or oceanic islands may be responsible for the observed 226Ra-230Th disequilibrium in oceanic basalts. Hence the inferences drawn from (226Ra)/(230Th) activity ratios about mantle melting and melt transport processes beneath mid-ocean ridges and ocean islands are at best equivocal.
Cancer survivorship for primary care: Annotated bibliography

Long-term cancer survivorship care is a relatively new and rapidly advancing field of research. Increasing cancer survivorship rates have created a huge population of long-term cancer survivors whose cancer-specific needs challenge healthcare infrastructure and highlight a significant deficit of knowledge and guidelines in transitional care from treatment to normalcy/prolonged survivorship. As the paradigm of cancer care has changed from a fixation on the curative to the maintenance on long-term overall quality of life, so to, has the delineation of responsibility between oncologists and primary care physicians (PCPs). As more patients enjoy long-term survival, PCPs play a more comprehensive role in cancer care following acute treatment. To this end, this annotated bibliography was written to provide PCPs and other readers with an up-to-date and robust base of knowledge on long-term cancer survivorship, including definitions and epidemiological information as well as specific considerations and recommendations on physical, psychosocial, sexual, and comorbidity needs of survivors. Additionally, significant information is included on survivorship care, specifically Survivorship Care Plans (SPCs) and their evolution, utilization by oncologists and PCPs, and current gaps, as well as an introduction to patient navigation programs. Given rapid advancements in cancer research, this bibliography is meant to serve as current baseline reference outlining the state of the science.
Valuation of Internal Quality Characteristics Across Apple Cultivars

Since the 1980s, the composition of the fresh apple market has shifted from three fourths Red Delicious to about one third in 2012. Gala apples are one of the cultivars that have gained ground in popularity. In this article, the authors compare how internal fruit qualities affect consumers’ willingness to pay for apples and whether these effects differ across these two cultivars. Consumers are willing to pay more for firmness for both cultivars, with a larger effect for Red Delicious. Using consumer assessments of sweetness acceptability, consumers are willing to pay a positive amount for both cultivars, but the effect of sweetness is higher for Gala apples. The only significant ethnicity variable is being Hispanic, which is associated with lower willingness to pay for Gala and higher willingness to pay for Red Delicious. One possible explanation is that the Hispanic consumers may have stronger food traditions associated with Red Delicious. [EconLit Citations: Q13, L15].
The myth of the superhero, by Marco Arnaudo

Now translated for American readers, Myth of the Superhero (2013) presents a fresh look into the genre of superhero comics and its relationship to epic storytelling. As Arnaudo points out, comics a...
Environmental and Energy Impacts of Automated Electric Highway Systems

This article proposes a methodology that can be applied to evaluate the environmental and energy impacts of a de novo technology, the automated electric highway systems (AEHS). The authors used the Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) program to estimate the impacts on emissions and energy use associated with a hypothetical implementation of this technology on the Interstate 70 corridor in Missouri during the period 2011–2040. The estimation results suggest that application of AEHS on the study corridor would decrease fossil fuel energy use by more than 25%, while emissions would decrease by up to 27%, depending on the pollutant being considered. A sensitivity analysis was also performed, in order to assess the impact of different demand estimates for the system; a 10% reduction in AEHS vehicle miles traveled would have an effect of 5% or less on the criteria of interest. This article represents one of the first attempts to quantify the environmental benefits of this widely discussed technology, and c...
Patterns of Depressive Symptoms in Children

PROBLEM: Depressive symptoms in children have been linked to recurrent problems with depression, school problems, and risky health behaviors. Adolescent girls report depressive symptoms three to four times more frequently than adolescent boys. Few studies, however, have examined gender-related depressive symptoms in younger, school-aged children. METHODS: In the present study, gender differences in depressive symptoms in children ages 10-12 years were explored using the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) with a convenience sample of 122 suburban middle-class public school fifth and sixth graders. FINDINGS: A distinct pattern of depressive symptom expression was found with girls reporting more internalizing and more negative self-esteem, and boys reporting more externalizing and more school problems. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that despite similarities on a total depressive symptom score, there are distinct gender differences in depressive symptom expression that are identifiable before adolescence and may be associated with normative development. Language: en
Product categories, returns policy and pricing strategy for e‐marketers

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework to help e‐marketers to find an optimal returns policy and pricing strategy in order to maximize their profits.Design/methodology/approach – A profit‐maximization model is developed to determine the optimal returns policy and pricing strategy for e‐marketers.Findings – The author demonstrates that an optimal returns policy and pricing strategy exists when firms sell products through an e‐market. When a firm uses an e‐market to sell its product, its optimal returns policy and pricing strategy is to offer a more generous returns policy and to charge a higher price when the product web‐fit is strong. Furthermore, the results also show that while the returns policy always is valuable for the e‐marketer, the value of returns policy increases with the product web‐fit.Research limitations/implications – The present study assumed that all consumers have perfect information. However, information to the consumers could be incomplete. It is recommended tha...
Oligosaccharides and galactosyl cyclitols in seed desiccation tolerance

Soluble carbohydrates are one of multiple components required for the acquisition of desiccation tolerance during seed development and maturation. Sucrose and the raffinose series of oligosaccharides have been extensively studied in relation to seed desiccation tolerance. These galactosyl sucrose oligosaccharides are present in viable tissues of many edible seeds, especially the legumes, and contribute to flatulence after ingestion. A reduction in oligosaccharides of the raffinose series is desired by nutritionists but, if present at less than a threshold level, this this may result in reduced desiccation tolerance and storability of seeds. Some seeds that have very low amounts of raffinose and stachyose accumulate galactosyl cyclitols and small amounts of free cyclitols. Galactosyl cyclitols present in various seeds include galactosyl or methyl derivatives of myo-inositol, D-pinitol, D-chiro-inositol, D-ononitol, and scyllo-inositol. Castor bean seeds accumulate galactinol and buck-wheat seeds accumulate fagopyritol in addition to sucrose. Fagopyritol accumulation is associated with the acquisition of desiccation tolerance in buckwheat seeds. The galactosyl sucrose and galactosyl cyclitol soluble carbohydrates in maturing seeds have been proposed to have various roles in desiccation tolerance including non-toxic and non-reducing forms of seed storage products and intracellular osmotic agents contributing to the structural stability of organelles, membranes, enzymes and proteins, other macromolecules, and the glassy state. Ether derivatives of cyclitols may form liquid crystals. Methyl ether derivatives of cyclitols may have roles as cryoprotectants, desiccation protectants, and hydroxyl radical scavengers.
Studies of Ligand Additions to Coordinatively Unsaturated Dirhenium Complexes Containing the Bulky PBut3 Ligand

Five new complexes were obtained from the reaction of Re3(CO)12(μ-H)3 with PBut3. These are Re2(CO)8(μ-PBut2)(μ-H), 1, Re2(CO)7(μ-PBut2)(PBut2H)(μ-H), 2, HRe(CO)4(PBut3), 3, Re2(CO)6(PBut3)(μ-PBut2)(μ-H), 4, and Re2(CO)5(PBut3)(PBut2H)(μ-PBut2O)(μ-H), 5. Compounds 4 and 5 are electronically unsaturated by the amount of two electrons; namely, one of the metal atoms has an 18-electron configuration and the other metal atom has a 16-electron configuration. Compound 4 adds CO and the nitriles MeCN and PhCN, reversibly, to form the electronically saturated 1:1 adducts Re2(CO)7(PBut3)(μ-PBut2)(μ-H), 6, Re2(CO)6(NCMe)(PBut3)(μ-PBut2)(μ-H), 7, and Re2(CO)6(NCPh)(PBut3)(μ-PBut2)(μ-H), 8, respectively. 13CO labeling studies have shown that the CO ligand that is added to 4 to form 6 is added at the electronically saturated metal atom and one of the originally coordinated CO ligands is shifted to the unsaturated metal atom. Compound 5 also adds 1 equiv of CO to form the complex Re2(CO)6(PBut3)(PBut2H)(μ-PBut2O)(μ-H),...
The Control of Cell Transformation, Mutagenesis, and Differentiation by Chemicals that Initiate or Promote Tumor Formation

Transformation of normal cells to malignant cells in vitro by chemical agents has been achieved in a number of fibroblastic and epithelial cell systems. The commonly sused assays for cell transformation employ either diploid Syrian hamster embryo fibroblasts or cells from some permanent mouse fibroblast lines. Under culture conditions these cells have an oriented pattern of growth, are cell density (or contact) inhibited, and are not tumorigenic when implanted in host animals. During cell transformation, these “normal” or control cells are converted into cells that have a hereditary random pattern of cell growth and can form tumors in appropriate hosts. The random pattern of growth of the transformed cells in either a colony or a focus is used as an end point for quantitatively determining cell transformation.
Cost-effectiveness of active surveillance cultures and contact/droplet precautions for control of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus

Some have reported that adopting Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines requiring contact precautions for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) had no impact on rates of nosocomial spread or infection, and may therefore waste money. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of active surveillance cultures and barrier precautions for controlling MRSA. Estimated costs of surveillance cultures and isolation measures used during an MRSA outbreak at this hospital were compared with the estimated attributable excess costs of methicillin resistance (i.e., the difference between MRSA and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus costs) for bacteraemias occurring during an MRSA outbreak not promptly controlled at another hospital. The study was set in the neonatal intensive care units of two tertiary care hospitals. Estimated costs of controlling the 10.5-month outbreak in this neonatal intensive care unit that resulted in 18 colonized and four infected infants ranged from $48 617 to $68 637. The estimated attributable excess cost of 75 MRSA bacteraemias in a second neonatal intensive care unit outbreak that resulted in 14 deaths and lasted 51 months was $1 306 600. Weekly active surveillance cultures and isolation of patients with MRSA halted an outbreak at this hospital, and cost 19- to 27-fold less than the attributable costs of MRSA bacteraemias in another outbreak that was not promptly controlled. The costs of infections at other body sites and the human cost of deaths from infection were not estimated but would further help to justify the cost of identifying colonized patients and implementing effective preventive measures.
An intelligent hybrid algorithm for isolating real solutions of polynomial systems

This paper gives an efficient hybrid algorithm for real root isolation. It is based on an branch-and-prune algorithm, combination with classical numerical methods, symbolic methods and interval methods. Besides these, there are some intelligent judgments which can improve the system's efficiency signifficantly for some kinds of applications. The algorithm presented here works rather efficiently.
Bed bug deterrence

A recent study in BMC Biology has determined that the immature stage of the bed bug (the nymph) signals its reproductive status to adult males using pheromones and thus avoids the trauma associated with copulation in this species. The success of this nymphal strategy of deterrence is instructive. Against the background of increasing problems with bed bugs, this research raises the question whether pheromones might be used to control them.
A computer-adaptive disability instrument for lower extremity osteoarthritis research demonstrated promising breadth, precision, and reliability

Abstract Objective To develop and evaluate a prototype measure (OA-DISABILITY-CAT) for osteoarthritis research using item response theory (IRT) and computer-adaptive test (CAT) methodologies. Study Design and Setting We constructed an item bank consisting of 33 activities commonly affected by lower extremity (LE) osteoarthritis. A sample of 323 adults with LE osteoarthritis reported their degree of limitation in performing everyday activities, and completed the Health Assessment Questionnaire-II (HAQ-II). We used confirmatory factor analyses to assess scale unidimensionality and IRT methods to calibrate the items and examine the fit of the data. Using CAT simulation analyses, we examined the performance of OA-DISABILITY-CATs of different lengths compared with the full-item bank and the HAQ-II. Results One distinct disability domain was identified. The 10-item OA-DISABILITY-CAT demonstrated a high degree of accuracy compared with the full-item bank ( r = 0.99). The item bank and the HAQ-II scales covered a similar estimated scoring range. In terms of reliability, 95% of OA-DISABILITY reliability estimates were over 0.83 vs. 0.60 for the HAQ-II. Except at the highest scores, the 10-item OA-DISABILITY-CAT demonstrated superior precision to the HAQ-II. Conclusion The prototype OA-DISABILITY-CAT demonstrated promising measurement properties compared with the HAQ-II, and is recommended for use in LE osteoarthritis research.
Bone invasion by an esthesioneuroblastoma mimicking fibrous dysplasia

Abstract We report the unusual findings of a superior nasal esthesioneuroblastoma extending intracranially with a pattern of invasion of the frontal bone and skull base mimicking the radiographic appearance of fibrous dysplasia. We correlate the CT and MR appearance of the bony changes with the surgical and pathologic findings and review the radiographic appearance of esthesioneuroblastoma and fibrous dysplasia.
Self-dual Yang-Mills fields in Minkowski space-time

We exhibit a complex, self-dual gauge field configuration in Minkowski space-time, with the property that its real part satisfied the Yang-Mills equations of motion.
Asthma severity among children hospitalized in 1990 and 1995.

Background During the past decade, the number of children with asthma increased; however, the number of asthma hospitalizations for children decreased. Objective To assess the proportion of high-severity cases among children hospitalized with asthma and the association of high-severity asthma with patient and hospital characteristics. Design The data set used was the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Records were selected of patients 18 years and younger who had the principal diagnosis of asthma. Records were analyzed of 29 077 patients at 746 hospitals in 1990 and 33 443 patients at 811 hospitals in 1995. Asthma severity was classified by All Patient Refined–Diagnosis-Related Groups. Cross-sectional logistic regression analysis was performed using survey data analysis software. Results The most common diagnoses associated with high-severity asthma were respiratory distress and respiratory failure. The proportion of high-severity asthma cases did not change significantly between 1990 (4.2%) and 1995 (4.6%) ( P = .08). Adolescents and boys were more likely to have high-severity asthma than children aged 5 to 12 years and girls. Western, southern, and north-central hospitals and urban teaching hospitals had a higher proportion of high-severity asthma cases than northeastern hospitals and nonteaching hospitals. Conclusions Between 1990 and 1995, the proportion of high-severity cases among children hospitalized with asthma did not change significantly. However, patient age, sex, region of the country, and hospital teaching status were associated with variations in the proportion of high-severity asthma cases.
Diabetic Amyotrophy Presenting as a Foot Drop (P03.201)

Objective: We describe a patient with diabetic amyotrophy (radiculoplexopathy) that presented initially as isolated L5 radiculopathy. Background Diabetic amyotrophy is characterized by severe pain followed by weakness and wasting of pelvifemoral muscles, either unilaterally or bilaterally. It commonly affects L2-L4 roots, with the femoral and obturator nerves being mostly affected. Design/Methods: A 62 year old with history of diabetes mellitus-II presented with 2 weeks history of right foot drop and back pain radiating down into right lateral thigh, leg and dorsum of the foot. Examination revealed 0/5 right dorsiflexion and 0/5 toe extension, 2/5 inversion, 4/5 eversion and normal plantar flexion. Over the next 3 months the pain worsened and weakness progressed to involve the right thigh and then the left thigh leading to an asymmetrical (right worse than left) flaccid paraparesis with areflexia in the legs, and sensory loss affecting mostly the medial thighs. She had a severe weight loss (around 30-40Lb.) during that period. Extensive workup for malignancy and vasculitis was negative. MRI of the spine revealed mild enhancement in the L5 and S1 roots. CSF analysis showed a hyperproteinorraquia of 96 mg/dL. Over the next year, she showed slow improvement but is still non-ambulatory. Results: Initial EMG done 3 weeks after onset of foot drop revealed an absent right superficial peroneal SNAP and active denervation in the L5 innervated muscles including the lumbar paraspinal muscles, consistent with an L5 radiculopathy. Repeat EMG 2 months later showed severe bilateral and asymmetric lumbosacral polyradiculopathies, affecting L3-4 roots bilaterally and right L5 root with prominent active denervation. The findings on EMG were consistent with diabetic amyotrophy (radiculoplexopathy). Conclusions: Diabetic Amyotrophy may atypically present with unilateral L5 radiculopathy that ultimately extends into the upper lumbar roots. Disclosure: Dr. Piccione has nothing to disclose. Dr. Farheen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Katirji has nothing to disclose.
The management of malignant effusions from breast cancer

We have reviewed our experience with 50 patients with malignant effusion secondary to breast cancer. Prior to any therapy for this problem the malignant cause of the effusion must be firmly established. Permanent cell block with cytologic examination of such cells proved exceedingly accurate in our hands. Once the diagnosis is known secondary to malignancy the type of effusion must be investigated since those in which there are a large number of free cells or diffuse serosal studding respond best to intracavitary therapy. Those in which the effusion is due to lymphatic or venous blockage secondary to a single large tumor mass do not respond well to intracavitary therapy. Forty-nine of our patients had pleural effusion and were treated either by aspiration of fluid alone, aspiration of fluid combined with systemic treatment, or aspiration of fluid combined with intracavitary administration of radioactive gold, or nitrogen mustard. In the course of their therapy each patient averaged 6 thoracenteses prior to symptomatic relief, and usually remained symptom free after a course of treatment. An interval of 19 months from the time of the appearance of the effusion until death was found in the 38 patients who have succumbed to their disease -in the 12 who are still living 54 months have passed since initial appearance of their effusion to the present time. We believe that effusion is not a signal of the last stage of this disease and should be aggressively treated.
A comparison of phytoplankton assemblages and environmental relationships in three estuarine rivers of the lower Chesapeake Bay

A 16-month data set of phytoplankton assemblages and environmental parameters were studied in the lower James, York (-Pamunkey), and Rappahannock rivers using several exploratory statistical approaches. Based on species composition and river station relationships, three site groups were established and subsequently identified as predominantly tidal fresh, oligo-mesohaline, and mesohaline sites. Phytoplankton assemblages within these rivers were influenced and subsequently augmented by the onset of the spring freshet which was different in 1986 and 1987. Five temporal assemblages of phytoplankters were also identified and designated into seasonal groupings of spring 1986, summer-fall, summer-winter, fall-winter, and winter-spring 1987. Discriminant analysis (MANOVA) evaluations were made for water quality parameters to site and seasonal phytoplankton assemblages and these relationships are discussed. Moving downstream along an oligohaline-mesohaline gradient, the nitrogen and phosphorus levels decreased and the phytoplankton composition was more similar at several corresponding site locations in the different rivers than at stations relatively close to each other in the same river. Within these data sets approximately 58% of the explained variance was associated with site (spatial) effects, 30% with temporal effects, and 12% with site-temporal interactions. A transition from dominant bloom-producing freshwater diatoms to estuarine species occurs from the tidally influenced freshwater zone downstream. This change may be rapid as the decline ofSkeletonema potamos, or more gradual, as withCyclotella striata andCyclotella meneghiania. These are replaced downstream bySkeletonema costatum, Cyclotella caspia, andLeptocylindrus minimus as dominant species.
Zinc in north-east Pacific water

ALMOST all lead data for the marine environment are inaccurate, contends Patterson1, because of gross contamination from faulty sampling and analytical procedures. Most marine chemists assume that similar problems are associated with other trace elements as well. Hence, clean sampling and analytical techniques have been adopted. These procedures, in conjunction with the improvement of analytical instrumentation, have resulted in reports on Cu, Ni and Cd (refs 2–4; 3, 5; and 3, 6–8 respectively) levels in seawater that are at least an order of magnitude lower than those previously thought to exist. We report here that Zn concentrations (10–600 ng l−1) are also considerably lower than previously published estimates of 1–30 µg l−1 and that its vertical distribution (surface depletion, deep enrichment) is very similar to that of a major plant nutrient; that is, silicate.
Universal Knight shift anomaly in the periodic Anderson model

We report a determinant Quantum Monte Carlo investigation which quantifies the behavior of the susceptibility and the entropy in the framework of the periodic Anderson model, focusing on the evolution with different degree of conduction electron $(c)$-local moment $(f)$ hybridization. These results capture the behavior observed in several experiments, including the universal behavior of the NMR Knight shift anomaly below the crossover temperature ${T}^{*}$. We find that ${T}^{*}$ is a measure of the onset of $c\ensuremath{-}f$ correlations and grows with increasing hybridization. These results suggest that the NMR Knight shift and spin-lattice relaxation rate measurements in non-Fermi-liquid materials are strongly influenced by the temperature dependence of the $c\ensuremath{-}f$ kinetic energy. Our results provide a microscopic basis for the phenomenological two-fluid model of Kondo lattice behavior, and its evolution with pressure and temperature.
Disciplining Satire: The Censorship of Satiric Comedy on the Eighteenth-Century London Stage. By Matthew J. Kinservik. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 2002; pp. 301. $48.50 cloth.

In Disciplining Satire, Matthew J. Kinservik revisits the perennially fascinating topic of the Licensing Act, exploring its effect on satiric comedy during the remainder of the eighteenth century and presenting the Licensing Act as an instrument of discipline in Foucault’s sense, a mechanism that provided both training and correction for playwrights, educating them in the production of socially and politically acceptable plays.
Critical analysis of equations-of-motion—Green's function method: Ionization potentials of N2

The X ^2Σ^+_g, B ^2Σ^+_u and A ^2Π_u ionization potentials of N_2 are evaluated with the equations-of-motion (EOM)—Green's function method using four different basis sets and various forms of symmetrization. The importance of the inclusion of polarization functions is demonstrated as well as the necessity for having a basis which strikes a balance between those optimal for the neutral and ion states. With our best basis the calculated ionization potentials are within 0.35 eV of experimental values, and the results are of comparable accuracy to those obtained by Ermler with the same basis in a configuration interaction calculation with all singles and doubles with respect to the principal configuration for both the neutral and ion states.
The Ka complex of He-like iron with dielectronic satellites

It is shown that the dielectronic satellites (DES) dominate X-ray spectral formation in the 6.7-keV Kα complex of Fe xxv at temperatures below that of maximum abundance in collisional ionization equilibrium Tm. Owing to their extreme temperature sensitivity, the DES are excellent spectral diagnostics for in photoionized, collisional or hybrid plasmas; whereas the forbidden, intercombination and resonance lines of Fe xxv are not. A diagnostic line ratio GD(T) is defined including the DES and the lines, with parameters from new relativistic atomic calculations. The DES absorption resonance strengths may be obtained from differential oscillator strengths, possibly to yield the column densities. The DES contribution to highly ionized Fe should be of interest for models of redward broadening of Kα features, ionized accretion discs, accretion flows and Kα temporal-temperature variability in AGN.
A mixture of antioxidants and fatty acids improves the viability of cultured rat hepatocytes untreated or treated with doxorubicin.

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine whether medium supplementation by antioxidants and fatty acids would improve the viability of cultured rat hepatocytes and protect them against doxorubicin toxicity. We examined the effects of three agents: vitamin E, sodium pyruvate and egg yolk (the combination of vitamin E, sodium pyruvate and fatty acids is a proprietary, patented technology of Warner Lambert called CRT) 0.3% (v/v) as a source of fatty acids, on cell viability measured by the dehydrogenase-dependent bioreduction of a tetrazolium salt (MTS). Untreated hepatocytes and hepatocytes treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4, EC50 5.7 m m ) or doxorubicin (1 and 30 μ m ) were exposed to different amounts of a mixture of antioxidants and fatty acids. The mixture, identified as 1X, provided a final concentration of 5 units of vitamin E, 0.1% egg yolk and 10 m m sodium pyruvate while the 3X and 5X mixtures contained proportionately higher concentrations of these components. The mixtures were added 18 hr prior to, simultaneously with or following treatment with doxorubicin and just simultaneously with CCl4. Neither vitamin E, sodium pyruvate nor egg yolk alone improved viability. However, the viability of untreated hepatocytes improved significantly when the 3X mixture was added after 18 hr as indicated by determination of MTS reduction activity 24 hr later. The viability of doxorubicin treated cultures (1 and 30 μ m ) increased significantly when exposed either to the 3X or 5X mixtures simultaneously. A significant increase in viability was also seen when cells were exposed to the 3X mixture following doxorubicin (1 μ m ). The mixtures did not protect against toxicity caused by CCl4, perhaps due to the overwhelming level of damage at its EC50 concentration. It is proposed that the antioxidant properties of vitamin E and sodium pyruvate protect the cells from low levels of reactive oxygen species generated spontaneously in culture and by doxorubicin metabolism while the fatty acids help to maintain the integrity of hepatocyte membranes, resulting in greater viability of the hepatocytes.
Hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme activity in the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus

1. Several pathways of drug metabolizing enzymic activity were measured in hepatic fractions of the channel catfish and rat using model substrates. The pathways examined included the O-demethylation of p-nitroanisole, microsomal ester hydrolysis of procaine and glucuronidation of p-nitrophenol, and the cytosolic acetylation of sulfamethazine and sulfation of 2-naphthol. Catfish liver preparations were incubated at both 25°C and 37°C. 2. The oxidative metabolism of p-nitrophenol was only one-eighth that of the rat at 37°C and one-twelfth that of the rat at 25°C. 3. Procaine ester hydrolysis was negligible in catfish microsomal preparations. 4. At 37°C, p-nitrophenol glucuronidation was equivalent in catfish and rat microsomes. 5. Catfish cytosolic preparations exhibited N-acetyltransferase and arylsulfotransferase nearly comparable to those of the rat. 6. Rates of glucuronidation and sulfation were higher at 37°C than at 25°C in hepatic fractions of catfish.
We have much in common: the similar inter-generational work preferences and career satisfaction among practicing radiologists.

Purpose There are many reported generational differences regarding workplace motivators, but these have not been previously studied in radiologists. The aim of this study was to assess for generational differences in workplace satisfaction and desired workplace characteristics among practicing radiologists. Methods An electronic survey distributed to ACR, Society of Chairs of Academic Radiology Departments, and Association of Program Directors in Radiology members generated 1,577 responses from baby boom (BG) and generation X (GX) radiologists in active practice. Nineteen workplace characteristics and their associations with workplace satisfaction were tested in a univariate analysis using χ 2 tests and in a multiple logistic regression model to test for associations with satisfaction. Results Workplace satisfaction among BG and GX radiologists was 78% and 80%, respectively. Both generations reported higher satisfaction if they were optimistic about the future of radiology (87% of BG vs 85% of GX radiologists), believed the difference in the desired versus expected age of retirement was narrow (1.5 ± 3.3 years for BG radiologists vs 3.0 ± 4.1 years for GX radiologists), felt that social interactions in the workplace were important (81% of BG vs 83% of GX radiologists), and believed that professionalism in their peers was important (79% of BG vs 82% of GX radiologists). BG radiologists were more satisfied if they valued staff diversity, while GX radiologists were more satisfied if they felt that job security and the amount of compensation were important. There was no significant association of satisfaction with generation, gender, practice setting, or additional administrative work. Conclusions Workplace satisfaction among practicing radiologists remains high but has decreased compared with prior surveys. The two dominant generations of practicing radiologists have similar workplace satisfaction rates and desired workplace characteristics.
Viscosity Effects on the Radiation Hydrodynamics of Horizontal Cylinders

The problem of a body oscillating in a viscous fluid with a free surface is examined. The Navier-Stokes equations and boundary conditions are linearized using the assumption of small body-motion to wavelength ratio. Generation and diffusion of vorticity, but not its convection, are accounted for. Rotational and irrotational Green functions for a divergent and a vorticity source are presented, with the effects of viscosity represented by a frequency Reynolds number Rσ = g 2 /ν σ 3 . Numerical solutions for a pair of coupled integral equations are obtained for flows about a submerged cylinder, circular or square. Viscosity-modified added-mass and damping coefficients are developed as functions of frequency. It is found that as Rσ approaches infinity, inviscid-fluid results can be recovered. However, viscous effects are important in the low-frequency range, particularly when Rσ is smaller than O(104 ).
Families of OWA operators

Abstract We introduce the ordered weighted averaging (OWA) operators. We look at some semantics and applications associated with these operators. We discuss the problem of obtaining the associated weighting parameters. We discuss the connection between OWA operators and linguistic quantifiers. We introduce a number of parametrized families of OWA operators; maximum entropy, S-OWA, step and window are among the most important of these families. We study the evaluation of quantified propositions using these operators. We introduce the idea of aggregate dependent weights.