cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Savings and forgetting from long-term memory

Two experiments investigated the nature of savings for items forgotten from long-term memory (LTM). In Experiment 1, 20 number-noun pairs were learned to a criterion of one errorless trial. The subsequent amount of forgetting from LTM was remarkably low: 10% errors on the retention test after 1 week and 25% after 2 weeks. Items missed on the retention test either remained the same or were changed prior to relearning; same-as-previously missed items were relearned faster than changed previously missed items, implying that (a) there are savings for individual items forgotten from LTM and (b) forgetting from LTM is decremental rather than all or none. In Experiment 2, using verbs in sentences, the changed previously missed item was either a synonym, antonym, or verb unrelated to the originally learned verb. There was no relearning difference between these three conditions, suggesting that the partial forgetting residual which benefits relearning is not necessarily semantic in nature.
Gene positioning and genome function

The eukaryotic genome is packaged as chromatin within the three-dimensional nuclear space. Decades of cytological studies have revealed that chromosomes and genes are non-randomly localized within the nucleus and such organizations have important roles on genome function. However, several fundamental questions remain to be resolved. For example, what is required for the preferential localization of a gene to a nuclear landmark? What is the mechanism underlying gene repositioning in the nucleus? How does subnuclear gene positioning regulate gene transcription? Recent studies have revealed that several factors such as DNA sequence composition, specific regulatory sequences, epigenetic modifications, chromatin remodelers, post-transcriptional regulators and nuclear architectural proteins can influence chromatin dynamics and gene positioning in a gene-specific manner among organisms from yeast to human. In this review, we discuss some recent findings as well as experimental tools to investigate subnuclear gene positioning and to explore its implications in genome functions.
Communicating a Made-in-America Brand: Country-of-Origin Messaging Strategies in the US Home Furnishings Industry

This case study looked at multiple sources of evidence to explore how a US furniture brand communicates its country-of-origin. The findings demonstrate that product-country and, in particular, product-place images remain relevant in both domestic and international brand marketing contexts. Although the brand does not tailor its communications for the global market, with its international audiences it relies on America’s reputation for status rather than on its domestic reputation of a heritage brand. While the recent made-in-America messages targeting domestic audiences subtly associate the brand with bringing jobs back to the United States, they primarily reinforce the ideas of local craft and quality. Narratives about heirloom-quality furniture handmade by craftspeople in a small town of North Carolina communicate a product-place imagery that not only sets the brand apart from its competition, but also appeals to craft consumers, at home and abroad, who express themselves by collecting or creatively using brands with unambiguous origin identities.
A robust and efficient PLL algorithm for single-phase grid-connected renewable energy sources

An accurate and robust and efficient transport delay based phase-lock loop (TDPLL) is proposed for single phase grid-connected renewable energy sources. Although the conventional TDPLL has low complexity with smooth and fast transient response, its performance is significantly affected by any deviations in the grid normal frequency. The proposed TDPLL has the smooth and fast transient of the conventional TDPLL and is robust against any grid frequency variations. The proposed method uses two delays instead of one in order to cancel the grid frequency variation effect while it requires fewer calculations than the conventional TDPLL. A method to tune the TDPLL parameters is presented. The effectiveness of the proposed PLL is validated through simulations and experimental results.
Effects of Larval Nutrition, Adult Body Size, and Adult Temperature on the Ability of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) to Melanize Sephadex Beads

A Plasmodium-refractory strain (L35) of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae Giles melanizes late ookinetes on the basal surface of the midgut, resulting in the death of the parasites. This strain also melanizes CM C-25 Sephadex beads, which serve as a model system for investigating the melanization response. The effects of larval nutrition, adult body size, and temperature of the adult environment on the ability of refractory females to melanize CM C-25 beads were studied. Nutritional deprivation during the larval stages significantly decreased the ability of adults to melanize beads. In addition, bead melanization decreased progressively as the environmental temperature of the adults increased from 24 to 30 degrees C. We conclude that environmental stress may affect the immune responses of An. gambiae.
Learning preferences, computer attitudes, and student evaluation of computerised instruction.

Objective To explore the relationship between learning preferences, attitudes towards computers, and student evaluation of a computer-assisted instructional (CAI) program. Context A third year required clerkship in surgery at the University of Nebraska Medical Center. Methods A mixed-methods design combining attitudinal measures and qualitative interviews was employed to assess student reactions to a CAI program on angiography completed during a required surgical clerkship. Between January 1998 and July 1999, 151 students completed the program. Prior to participating, students completed the Rezler Learning Preference Inventory (LPI) and a computer attitudes survey (CAS). The LPI characterizes learning preferences as being abstract or concrete, individual or interpersonal, and student-structured or teacher-structured. The CAS measures attitudes towards computers and their role in education. After using the CAI program, students evaluated the module by completing an 18 item questionnaire. Based on LPI and CAS scores, 31 students were invited to participate in an in-depth qualitative interview on their experiences and perceptions of the program. Results There was no relationship between learning preferences, computer attitudes, and evaluation of the CAI program. Students were very positive about the program's content, clarity, organization, and ease of use. They also rated it as efficient and effective. However, many still indicated a preference for lecture and text-based learning. Qualitative interviews suggest students worry computers will supplant student–teacher contact. Conclusions Learning preferences and prior attitudes toward computers did not bias student reactions to the CAI program assessed in this study. However, students expressed concerns that CAI would interfere with the traditional student–teacher encounter and relationship.
Hydrogen depth profiling in solids: A comparison of several resonant nuclear reaction techniques

Nuclear resonant reaction analysis (NRRA) techniques for hydrogen depth profiling in solid materials have typically used ion beams of 19F at the resonance energy of 16.44 MeV and 15N at 6.385 MeV. We report here the study of hydrogen analysis and profiles with the ^1H(^(19)F, ɑy)^(16)O reaction at the resonance energy of 6.42 MeV and investigation of the nuclear resonant reaction _1H(^(15)N ɑy)^(12)C at the resonance energy of 13.35 MeV as alternative means for hydrogen depth profiling. The results show that the method using the 6.42 MeV ^(19)F resonance has an excellent depth probe capability and moderate resolution as well as adequate sensitivity, and the method using the 13.35 MeV ^(15)N resonance provides a new tool with higher sensitivity and good depth resolution. The comparison of these four NRRA techniques under identical laboratory conditions is shown. Their characteristics and conditions of optimum utilization are discussed.
Calcium antagonists: stroke therapy coming of age.

Revue sur les antagonistes calcium, classe medicamenteuse pouvant avoir un role determinant dans le traitement des accidents cerebrovasculaires. Des essais cliniques ont montre leur efficacite dans la prevention ou la reduction des suites neurologiques dues au vasospasme secondaire a l'anevrysme intracrânien
State tourism, labour mobilities, and remittance potentials within Huatulco, Oaxaca

This paper examines how state tourism agencies may adjust to and capitalise on changing socio-economic conditions within tourism host communities. Ethnographic data from Huatulco, Oaxaca frame the discussion as they illustrate how state tourism development engendered complex international labour mobilities. Emigration from Huatulco centred on finding economic stability, whereby remittances sent from the USA enabled Huatulco families to purchase land, build homes, increase savings, or start businesses. It is suggested that state development agencies work to evaluate and respond to nested and coupled forms of change within tourism initiatives. In Huatulco’s case state tourism development affected the formation of labour mobilities and remittance sending strategies, yet these changing socio-economic and labour arrangements simultaneously offer potential monetary flows that could strengthen regional development if supported through appropriate state policies.
Pollen studies at Lake St Croix, a river lake on the Minnesota/Wisconsin border, USA

Lake St Croix at the downstream end of the St Croix River was formed when a natural dam was constructed across its mouth by the Mississippi River, which has aggraded its floodplain in Holocene time since the termination of deep erosion by the Glacial River Warren, the outlet for Glacial Lake Agassiz until about 9500 BP. Pollen analysis and radiocarbon dating of a 19 m core from the uppermost basin of the lake shows a rapidly increasing rate of sedimentation and pollen influx since 3000 BP and especially since 1300 BP, as the delta of the St Croix River approached the coring site. The pollen sequence closely resembles that for Lily Lake which is located on the moraine upland a few kilometres to the west. Its pollen assemblage differs from that for Lake St Croix more because of its upland location slightly to the west than to influx of river sediment in Lake St Croix.
Alternate occlusal schemes

Comparative jaw size and the loss of function of the anterior determinants dictates establishing alternate types of occlusion. The chewing envelope and protrusive disocclusion are generally established by functioning anterior teeth. Dramatic changes in tooth morphology are dictated when the anterior teeth do not function. Bilateral balanced occlusion establishes guidance and support. When the mandible is much larger than the maxillae, a well-designed reverse occlusion will properly distribute the forces through the long axis of the teeth and provide a stable occlusal base. Bilateral balance and reverse occlusions are the recommended physiologic occlusions to use when a mandible disparity exists. Accurate reproduction of the posterior determinants is necessary. The arbitrary removal of balancing contacts can introduce imbalance, pain, lack of guidance, and serious compromise of an otherwise sound occlusion.
Measurement of liver volume using spiral CT and the curved line and cubic spline algorithms: Reproducibility and interobserver variation

Background: The purpose of this article was to evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of spiral computed tomography (CT) and the curved line and cubic spline algorithms in measuring liver volume. Methods: Spiral CT was performed in phantoms, cadaveric liver specimens, and 35 live human subjects (19 healthy volunteers and 16 patients). Images were transferred to a workstation, and volumes were measured by two observers. One observer repeated the measurements at a separate sitting. Results: The correlation between the CT measurement and the gold standard measurement of the cadaveric livers was very strong (r= 0.94). For the live human subjects, the intraobserver and interobserver correlations were extremely high (r= 0.999 and 0.997, respectively). The mean difference in liver volume measurements between the separate observations was 1%. Conclusion: The accuracy and reproducibility of this method of assessing liver volume are very high. RID=""ID="" Correspondence to: K. K. Kopecky
Honeybees (Apis mellifera) learn to discriminate the smell of organic compounds from their respective deuterated isotopomers.

The understanding of physiological and molecular processes underlying the sense of smell has made considerable progress during the past three decades, revealing the cascade of molecular steps that lead to the activation of olfactory receptor (OR) neurons. However, the mode of primary interaction of odorant molecules with the OR proteins within the sensory cells is still enigmatic. Two different concepts try to explain these interactions: the ‘odotope hypothesis’ suggests that OR proteins recognize structural aspects of the odorant molecule, whereas the ‘vibration hypothesis’ proposes that intra-molecular vibrations are the basis for the recognition of the odorant by the receptor protein. The vibration hypothesis predicts that OR proteins should be able to discriminate compounds containing deuterium from their common counterparts which contain hydrogen instead of deuterium. This study tests this prediction in honeybees (Apis mellifera) using the proboscis extension reflex learning in a differential conditioning paradigm. Rewarding one odour (e.g. a deuterated compound) with sucrose and not rewarding the respective analogue (e.g. hydrogen-based odorant) shows that honeybees readily learn to discriminate hydrogen-based odorants from their deuterated counterparts and supports the idea that intra-molecular vibrations may contribute to odour discrimination.
Viollet-le-Duc and the body: the metaphorical integrations of race and style in structural rationalism

At first glance, it might seem counterintuitive to insist upon Eugene Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc's (1814-79) critical interest in the human body as a metaphor for style in architecture. Not only did he oppose the anthropomorphic metaphors for style touted by Neo-Classical theorists at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, but he was most widely known in the nineteenth century for his preoccupation with the monumental and structural potential of modern materials such as iron. This reception of Viollet-le-Duc's thought persisted in the twentieth century with Sir John Summerson's estimation of Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier's debt to the constructive principles of his architectural organicism. Such accounts have made it possible to interpret construction and/or structure as the main ‘body’ of Viollet-le-Duc's architecture theory. However, this reading confuses the eclipse of Neo-Classical anthropomorphic metaphors for style - which translated the proportional relationships between the human body's constituent parts into a compositional system of design - with the complete eclipse of critical references to the human body in the French style debates of the nineteenth century. As we trace the role of the human body in Viollet-le-Duc's style theory, it becomes clear that the principles of human variation in biology and ethnography enabled him to account for the cultural variations of national peoples in his conception of style.
An Evaluation of New Attachment Formation Using a Microfibhllar Collagen Barrier

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of microfibrillar collagen as a barrier to prevent epithelial migration and allow for guided tissue regeneration. Fourteen study teeth were selected. Mucoperiosteal flaps were elevated and roots were debrided and planed. Avitene was placed over teeth and alveolar bone. Flaps were then sutured over it. At control sites no Avitene was placed. At 90 days, block sections were obtained and processed for histologic and histometric evaluation. Results revealed that all specimens had a long junctional epithelial attachment. New attachment was present within the area of the root notch at the original level of the alveolar bone, and there was no significant difference in mean connective tissue attachment between the control and experimental specimens (P = 0.614). Avitene did not form an effective barrier to epithelial migration nor did it allow for guided tissue regeneration and significant new attachment formation in humans.
Critical Thinking and Mental Ability Groups

This study investigated the effects of teaching critical thinking using different approaches. 118 university students, who were identified as being of high, average, and low mental abilities, participated in the study. Analysis confirmed that critical thinking can be taught effectively. The students of high and average mental ability reported higher scores on a critical thinking test after information and exercises on critical thinking were given to them. A different approach in teaching critical thinking would be needed with the students of low mental ability if they are to profit from the information.
Quantitative measurement of cutaneous perception in diabetic neuropathy.

To determine the diagnostic value of various cutaneous sensory modalities in diabetic neuropathy, we studied cutaneous perception at the dominant hallux of 113 subjects (32 normal healthy controls and 81 diabetic subjects). The cutaneous sensory perception tests included warm and cold thermal perception, vibration, touch-pressure sensation, and current perception testing (CPT). The sensitivity of each modality when specificity is held greater than 90% was as follows : warm = 78%, cold = 77%, vibration = 88%, tactile-pressure = 77%, 5-Hz CPT = 52%, 250-Hz CPT = 48%, and 2000-Hz CPT = 56%. Combination thermal and vibratory gave optimum sensitivity (92-95%) and specificity (77-86%). We conclude that vibratory and thermal testing should be the primary screening tests for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Other modalities may be of use only in specific situations. ©1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
INVESTIGATION OF WATER‐AIR RADIATORS FOR COOLING GENERATORS AND MOTORS*

The satisfactory solution to the problem of ventilating large capacity electrical units in land stations, by means of ducts, air washers, etc., is not as readily applicable to the cooling of electrical apparatus where extreme compactness is essential—as for instance in the propelling machinery of a ship. The use of the customarily large ventilation air ducts would tend to offset one of the great advantages of electric marine drive; viz., the enlargement of the cargo carrying space. The following article reviews an investigation made to overcome the difficulty by applying a closed system of air ventilation with water-air radiators for removing the heat from the circulating system.–Editor.
Assessing and controlling business risks in China

Abstract Evaluating business risks becomes especially precarious in volatile information-poor emerging markets where issue-based isolated models of risk assessment no longer seem to apply. In particular, multinational corporations (referred to as “multinationals”) seem not to use more established models for evaluating business risks in the second largest market for foreign direct investment (FDI), China. First, this article notes how an integrated framework of business risks may pertain to multinationals' operations in emerging markets. Next, it applies aspects of this framework to appraising business risks in China and highlights some strategies that multinationals are implementing to control risks. Finally, it offers recommendations on an effective integrated framework for business risk analysis.
Matching Zerilli to Chandrasekhar-Esposito through the first post-Newtonian order

The results obtained from an analysis of the wave zone of the Zerilli equation by Anderson, Kates, Kegeles, and Madonna are reviewed. An asymptotic gauge transformation is then developed in order to transform the metric from Regge-Wheeler gauge to Chandrasekhar and Esposito gauge, through the first post-Newtonian (PN) order. The transformation is carried out and the transformed wave zone metric is matched to the Chandrasekhar-Esposito (CE) metric.
Time-and concentration-dependent penetration of doxorubicin in prostate tumors

The penetration of paclitaxel into multilayered solid tumors is time- and concentration-dependent, a result of the drug-induced apoptosis and changes in tissue composition. This study evaluates whether this tissue penetration property applies to other highly protein-bound drugs capable of inducing apoptosis. The penetration of doxorubicin was studied in histocultures of prostate xenograft tumors and tumor specimens obtained from patients who underwent radical prostatectomy. The kinetics of drug uptake and efflux in whole tumor histocultures were studied by analyzing the average tumor drug concentration using high-pressure liquid chromatography. Spatial drug distribution in tumors and the drug concentration gradient across the tumors were studied using fluorescence microscopy. The results indicate that drug penetration was limited to the periphery for 12 hours in patient tumors and to 24 hours in the more densely packed xenograft tumors. Subsequently, the rate of drug penetration to the deeper tumor tissue increased abruptly in tumors treated with higher drug concentrations capable of inducing apoptosis (i.e., >5 μm), but not in tumors treated with lower concentrations. These findings indicate a time- and concentration-dependent penetration of doxorubicin in solid tumors, similar to that of paclitaxel. We conclude that doxorubicin penetration in solid tumors is time- and concentration-dependent and is enhanced by drug-induced cell death.
Symptoms experience: a concept analysis.

Purpose/objectives To provide a clearly constructed definition of the concept of symptoms experience. Data sources Articles and book chapters. Data synthesis Symptoms experience has not been explored previously. Several approaches to the concept of symptoms have been addressed, including symptom occurrence, symptom distress, and unpleasant symptoms. Limitations of these approaches may include the lack of focus on symptoms as occurring concurrently or in clusters or the multiplicative nature of symptoms. In addition, situational and existential meaning often is not explored. Conclusions Symptoms experience is the perception of the frequency, intensity, distress, and meaning of symptoms as they are produced and expressed. Symptoms are multiplicative in nature and may act as catalysts for the occurrence of other symptoms. Antecedents to the symptoms experience include demographic, disease, and individual factors. Consequences include the impact on mood state, psychological status, functional status, quality of life, disease progression, and survival. Implications for nursing Evaluation of symptoms in patients with cancer should include a meaning-centered approach, in which symptoms are evaluated not only for occurrence characteristics and perceived distress but also for the meaning of the symptoms experience to individuals.
Helios Expression Is a Marker of T Cell Activation and Proliferation

Foxp3+ T-regulatory cells (Tregs) normally serve to attenuate immune responses and are key to maintenance of immune homeostasis. Over the past decade, Treg cells have become a major focus of research for many groups, and various functional subsets have been characterized. Recently, the Ikaros family member, Helios, was reported as a marker to discriminate naturally occurring, thymic-derived Tregs from those peripherally induced from naive CD4+ T cells. We investigated Helios expression in murine and human T cells under resting or activating conditions, using well-characterized molecules of naive/effector/memory phenotypes, as well as a set of Treg-associated markers. We found that Helios-negative T cells are enriched for naive T cell phenotypes and vice versa. Moreover, Helios can be induced during T cell activation and proliferation, but regresses in the same cells under resting conditions. We demonstrated comparable findings using human and murine CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs, as well as in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Since Helios expression is associated with T cell activation and cellular division, regardless of the cell subset involved, it does not appear suitable as a marker to distinguish natural and induced Treg cells.
Health Insurance and the Homeless

There is very little known about health care utilization among the homeless or about the role of health insurance on utilization patterns. Many health care reform proposals advocate expanding health insurance coverage for various segments of society, including the homeless. Although homeless people who lack health insurance face strong financial barriers to health services, providing them with health insurance may not appreciably increase their demand for health care if they also face important non-financial barriers. We investigate the relationship between insurance and utilization for this group based on estimates from an empirical model of medical care use and insurance coverage. Using our estimates, we simulate potential effects of policy changes on various types of utilization, including use of mental health services and treatment for alcohol or other drug abuse.
Computation of Cavity Flows with Suppression Using Jet Blowing

A computational investigation of a compressible cavity e ow was conducted. Blowing was implemented to suppress the large pressure oscillations characteristic of cavity e ows. The cavity length-to-depth ratio was 4.33, and the freestream Mach number was 1.75. A two-dimensional, time-accurate Navier› Stokes scheme was used to simulate the e ow. A small jet placed within the cavity just below the front lip was used to force the shear layer with different amplitudes and frequencies. This control technique was successful in reducing the amplitude of the oscillations. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the control was found to depend upon the jet frequency, amplitude, phase angle, and duty cycle. Autocorrelation analysis showed that the jet decreased the size of the structures in the shear layer. Cross-correlation analysis showed that the timing of events within the cavity were unaffected by the jet blowing.
Modulation of Pilocarpine-Induced Seizures by Cannabinoid Receptor 1

Administration of the muscarinic agonist pilocarpine is commonly used to induce seizures in rodents for the study of epilepsy. Activation of muscarinic receptors has been previously shown to increase the production of endocannabinoids in the brain. Endocannabinoids act at the cannabinoid CB1 receptors to reduce neurotransmitter release and the severity of seizures in several models of epilepsy. In this study, we determined the effect of CB1 receptor activity on the induction in mice of seizures by pilocarpine. We found that decreased activation of the CB1 receptor, either through genetic deletion of the receptor or treatment with a CB1 antagonist, increased pilocarpine seizure severity without modifying seizure-induced cell proliferation and cell death. These results indicate that endocannabinoids act at the CB1 receptor to modulate the severity of pilocarpine-induced seizures. Administration of a CB1 agonist produced characteristic CB1-dependent behavioral responses, but did not affect pilocarpine seizure severity. A possible explanation for the lack of effect of CB1 agonist administration on pilocarpine seizures, despite the effects of CB1 antagonist administration and CB1 gene deletion, is that muscarinic receptor-stimulated endocannabinoid production is acting maximally at CB1 receptors to modulate sensitivity to pilocarpine seizures.
Molecular Pathogenesis of the Antiphospholipid Syndrome

The antiphospholipid (aPL) syndrome is an acquired autoimmune disorder of unknown etiology in which patients present with thrombosis together with laboratory evidence for antibodies in blood that recognize anionic phospholipid-protein complexes. The main antigenic target for the aPL antibodies has been identified to be beta(2) glycoprotein I (beta(2)GPI), a phospholipid-binding protein. The high affinity of aPL antibody-beta(2)GPI complex for phospholipid membranes seems to be a critical step in the mechanism of this disease. This review focuses on some of the major mechanisms that have been proposed to explain this disorder.
Mechanisms of human motion perception revealed by a new cyclopean illusion

A new cyclopean illusion of motion may bear on neural mechanisms of direction selectivity. Stationary flickering patterns were presented to each eye, and the resulting fused pattern was perceived to be moving. To determine direction of motion, the visual system seems to integrate image components differing by 90 degrees in spatial and temporal phase. On the other hand, image speed seems to be derived from displacement of features over time. A model of neural direction selectivity is discussed in light of these results.
Does tolerance develop to levodopa? Comparison of 2- and 21-H levodopa infusions

To determine if acute tolerance to levodopa develops, we compared the response to 2- and 21-h levodopa infusions with the rate adjusted during the long infusion to yield the same plasma concentration as at the end of the 2-h infusion. The duration of response after discontinuing the long infusions was briefer than after discontinuing the short infusion, suggesting the development of tolerance. Furthermore, dyskinesia severity was greater during long infusions. We conclude that continuous dopaminergic stimulation with levodopa may not offer optimal control of parkinsonism in patients with response fluctuations.
Phosphodiesterase activities in transgenic tobacco plants associated with the movement protein of tobacco mosaic virus.

Hydrolytic activities of leaf extracts from normal and transgenic plants, with (+ MP) and without (-MP) the movement protein of tobacco mosaic virus, were examined. In the + MP transgenic plants, as compared with non-transgenic and — MP plants, higher hydrolytic activities were found on the following substrates: bis-(nitrophenyl)-phosphate (BPNPP, phosphodiesterase), p-nitrophenyl-(phenyl)-phosphate (PNPPP, nucleotidephosphodiesterase) and thymidine-3′-monophosphate p-nitrophenyl ester (T3MPP; 3′nucleotide phosphodiesterase.) The + MP plant lines, as compared with other transgenic plants, exhibited higher nucleotide-phosphodiesterase activity in the soluble as well as in the membrane fraction. Substrate concentration kinetic studies revealed the presence of a nucleotide-phospho-diesterase with a high substrate affinity in the +MP extracts in addition to the enzyme with a relatively low substrate affinity present also in the — MP transgenic plants. This “high affinity” enzyme could be removed from the soluble fraction by precipitation with anti-MP serum, indicating its possible association with the movement protein.
Infrared lattice reflection spectra of LiCl, LiBr, KF, RbF, and CsF

The infrared lattice reflection spectra of LiCl, LiBr, KF, RbF, and CsF were measured in the spectral region from 95 to 1500 cm/sup -1/ and were analyzed by the KramersKronig method. The following fundamental dispersion frequencies were obtained: LiCl, 191 plus or minus 2 cm/sup -1/; 4 cm/sup -1/; KF, 190 plus or minus 2 cm/sup -1/; RbF, 156 plus or minus 2 cm/sup -1/; CsF, 115(?) cm/sup -1/. The effective charges and compressibilities were computed with the aid of the Szigeti relations. (auth)
Economic Stress in Lives: Developmental Perspectives

A major task for research on the social costs of economic stress is to trace how macrosocial changes affect increasingly smaller social units and ultimately those microsocial phenomena that directly influence children in their families. In this paper, we specify linkages between macroeconomic change and children's development by tracing deprivational effects through family adaptations in the household economy and in personal relationships. Our findings from research on children and families of the Great Depression are discussed in relation to an interactional model of the process by which families adapt to stressful times.
Image fusion combining SEM and ToF‐SIMS images

Image fusion allows for the combination of an image containing chemical information but low spatial resolution with a high-spatial resolution image having little to no chemical information. The resulting hybrid image retains all the information from the chemically relevant original image, with improved spatial resolution allowing for visual inspection of the spatial correlations. In this research, images were obtained from two sample test grids: one of a copper electron microscope grid with a letter ‘A’ in the center (referred to below as the ‘A-grid’), and the other a Tantalum and Silicon test grid from Cameca that had an inscribed letter ‘C’ (referred to below as the ‘Cameca grid’). These were obtained using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Image fusion was implemented with the Munechika algorithm. The edge resolution of the resulting hybrid image was calculated compared with the edge resolution obtained for both the individual ToF-SIMS and SEM images. The challenges of combining complimentary datasets from different instrumental analytical methods are discussed as well as the advantages of having a hybrid image. The distance across the edge for hybrid images of the A-Grid and the Cameca grid were determined to be 21 µm and 8 µm, respectively. When these values were compared to the original ToF-SIMS, SEM and optical microscopy measurements, the fused image had a spatial resolution nearly equal to that obtained in the SEM image for both samples. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Paired bedrock and boulder 10Be concentrations resulting from early Holocene ice retreat near Jakobshavn Isfjord, western Greenland

We measured in situ cosmogenic 10 Be in 16 bedrock and 14 boulder samples collected along a 40-km transect outside of and normal to the modern ice margin near Sikuijuitsoq Fjord in central-west
Transport of Recombinant Human CD4-Immunoglobulin G across the Human Placenta: Pharmacokinetics and Safety in Six Mother-Infant Pairs in AIDS Clinical Trial Group Protocol 146

Recombinant CD4-immunoglobulin G (rCD4-IgG) is a 98-kDa human immunoglobulin-like protein that is produced by fusing the gp120 binding domain of CD4 to the Fc portion of the human IgG1 heavy chain. This hybrid molecule was given to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected pregnant women at the onset of labor by intravenous bolus at 1 mg/kg of body weight (group A; n = 3) and 1 week prior to and at the onset of labor by the same route and at the same dose (group B; n = 3). In addition to pharmacokinetic studies, safety in the mothers and infants was determined through routine chemistries, hematology, and urinalysis; immunologic and HIV infection statuses in the infants were assessed through lymphocyte cultures, p24 antigen level determination, culture of HIV from plasma, PCR, lymphocyte subset enumeration, quantitative immunoglobulin analysis, and lymphocyte proliferation. Thirty minutes after the rCD4-IgG injection, concentrations in maternal serum were 12 to 23 micrograms/ml. These concentrations declined slowly, with initial and terminal half-lives (mean +/- standard deviation) of 9.95 +/- 3.23 and 47.6 +/- 22.3 h, respectively. Infants were born 2.6 to 46.5 h after rCD4-IgG administration; concentrations of rCD4-IgG in cord blood ranged from 28 to 107 ng/ml. The half-life of rCD4-IgG in infants ranged from 5 to 29 h. These data demonstrate that the transfer of rCD4-IgG from the mother to the fetus is rapid and that newborns do not appear to have any difficulty eliminating rCD4-IgG. No safety concerns in mothers or infants were encountered. Although the study did not address the question of efficacy, none of the infants was HIV type 1 infected 36 months later. In summary, these findings document that bifunctional immune molecules can be transported across the placenta, and this general approach may be used in the future to block vertical transmission of HIV type 1.
Formation and oxidation of implanted cobalt silicides on polycrystalline-silicon

An alternative method of silicide formation by direct implantation of high doses of metal ions into polycrystalline silicon is discussed. The doses used were in the region of 5*10/sup 17/ cm/sup -2/ at energies in excess of 150 keV. Low sheet resistance ( >
Reducing confounding and suppression effects in TCGA data: an integrated analysis of chemotherapy response in ovarian cancer

Despite initial response in adjuvant chemotherapy, ovarian cancer patients treated with the combination of paclitaxel and carboplatin frequently suffer from recurrence after few cycles of treatment, and the underlying mechanisms causing the chemoresistance remain unclear. Recently, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) research network concluded an ovarian cancer study and released the dataset to the public. The TCGA dataset possesses large sample size, comprehensive molecular profiles, and clinical outcome information; however, because of the unknown molecular subtypes in ovarian cancer and the great diversity of adjuvant treatments TCGA patients went through, studying chemotherapeutic response using the TCGA data is difficult. Additionally, factors such as sample batches, patient ages, and tumor stages further confound or suppress the identification of relevant genes, and thus the biological functions and disease mechanisms. To address these issues, herein we propose an analysis procedure designed to reduce suppression effect by focusing on a specific chemotherapeutic treatment, and to remove confounding effects such as batch effect, patient's age, and tumor stages. The proposed procedure starts with a batch effect adjustment, followed by a rigorous sample selection process. Then, the gene expression, copy number, and methylation profiles from the TCGA ovarian cancer dataset are analyzed using a semi-supervised clustering method combined with a novel scoring function. As a result, two molecular classifications, one with poor copy number profiles and one with poor methylation profiles, enriched with unfavorable scores are identified. Compared with the samples enriched with favorable scores, these two classifications exhibit poor progression-free survival (PFS) and might be associated with poor chemotherapy response specifically to the combination of paclitaxel and carboplatin. Significant genes and biological processes are detected subsequently using classical statistical approaches and enrichment analysis. The proposed procedure for the reduction of confounding and suppression effects and the semi-supervised clustering method are essential steps to identify genes associated with the chemotherapeutic response.
Comparison of hot electron and related amplifiers

It is proposed that novel amplifiers be compared with each other and with existing amplifiers on the basis of as many figures of merit as are calculable. The bipolar transistor; field-effect transistor; Schottky-emitter, space-charge-limited-emitter, and tunnel-emitter, metal-base, hot-electron amplifiers are compared with respect to frequency cutoff and maximum frequency of oscillation. Using reasonable ground rules for the comparison, the amplifiers rank (with respect to frequency cutoff) in the order: Schottky emitter, bipolar transistor, space-charge-limited emitter, and tunnel emitter. With respect to maximum frequency, the amplifiers rank in the order: Schottky emitter; space-charge-limited emitter; tunnel emitter and bipolar transistor equivalent; and field-effect transistor.
Gender Differences in Mathematical Trajectories

In this article we test the hypothesis that male students outperform female students in mathematics. Using large national data sets and curvilinear growth models, we examine gender differences in mathematical trajectories from elementaiy school through high school. We analyze subsamples of high-scoring students and also different areas of math, such as reasoning and geometry. Despite relatively equal starting points in elementary school, and relatively equal slopes, we find that boys have a faster rate of acceleration. By the 12th grade, this results in a slight gender difference, which is most pronounced in geometry. Realizing this slight and delayed emergence of gender differences, we qualify the strong conclusions of earlier research, such as Benbow and Stanley's (1980, 1983), which found that large gender differences emerge by junior high school.
The treatment of ruptures of multiple extensor tendons at wrist level by a free tendon graft in the rheumatoid patient.

We report the results of the treatment of multiple ruptures of extensor tendons to the fingers at wrist level in the rheumatoid patient by free tendon grafts. Twenty-three patients averaged 65° of active motion at the metacarpophalangeal joints when seen at an average follow-up of 43 months.
Diagnostic criteria for cannabis withdrawal syndrome

Abstract Objective Cannabis withdrawal occurs in frequent users who quit, but there are no accepted diagnostic criteria for a cannabis withdrawal syndrome (CWS). This study evaluated diagnostic criteria for CWS proposed in DSM-V and two earlier proposals. Method A convenience sample of 384 adult, non-treatment-seeking lifetime cannabis smokers provided retrospective self-report data on their “most difficult” quit attempt without formal treatment, which was used in this secondary analysis. Prevalence, time of onset, and peak intensity (5-point Likert scale) for 39 withdrawal symptoms (drawn from the literature) were assessed via computer-administered questionnaire. Subject groups were compared using chi-square or ANOVA. Symptom clustering was evaluated with principal components analysis. Results 40.9% of subjects met the DSM-V criterion of ≥3 symptoms from a list of 7. There were no associations with sex, race, or type of cannabis preparation used. There were significant positive associations between duration or frequency of cannabis use prior to the quit attempt and experiencing CWS. Subjects with CWS had a significantly shorter duration of abstinence. Alternative syndromal criteria (dropping physical symptoms from DSM-V list; requiring ≥2 or ≥4 symptoms from a list of 11) yielded a similar prevalence of CWS and similar associations with prior cannabis use and relapse. The PCA yielded 12 factors, including some symptom clusters not included in DSM-V. Conclusions Findings support the concurrent and predictive validity of the proposed DSM-V CWS, but suggest that the list of withdrawal symptoms and number required for diagnosis warrant further evaluation.
Optimization of Periprosthetic Culture for Diagnosis of Propionibacterium acnes Prosthetic Joint Infection

Propionibacterium acnes is increasingly recognized as an important agent of prosthetic joint infection (PJI). However, the optimum culture conditions for recovery of this organism from PJI specimens have not been determined. By applying a prolonged 28-day culture incubation to all periprosthetic specimens received for bacterial culture from 198 revision arthroplasty procedures, we retrospectively determined that a 13-day culture incubation period is necessary for the recovery of P. acnes from patients with PJI. Incubation beyond this period was associated with increasing recovery of nondiagnostic isolates: 21.7% of P. acnes isolates believed to be clinically unimportant were recovered after 13 days of incubation. Importantly, a diagnosis of P. acnes PJI would have been missed in 29.4% of patients had extended culture incubation been applied only to anaerobic culture media. Although specimens from P. acnes PJIs were more commonly associated with the presence of ≥2 culture media positive for growth, acute inflammation (≥5 neutrophils/high-power field) was observed in only 40% of patients with PJIs that had more than one specimen submitted for bacterial culture. These results support the need for a minimum culture incubation period of 13 days to be applied to both aerobic and anaerobic culture media for all periprosthetic specimens. Optimal recovery of infecting organisms from PJI specimens will be an important component in generating a universal definition for PJI due to indolent agents of infection, such as P. acnes.
Complimentary ultrashort laser pulse characterization using SHG FROG and MOSAIC

A method for generating the MOSAIC trace from the SHG FROG dataset is shown. Examples will be presented illustrating enhanced visual sensitivity, applicability and complimentary qualitative pulse characterization using SHG FROG.
Food insecurity and household eating patterns among vulnerable American-Indian families: Associations with caregiver and food consumption characteristics

OBJECTIVE To identify factors associated with food insecurity and household eating patterns among American-Indian families with young children. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey among households with young children that were receiving emergency food services. We collected information on food insecurity levels, household eating patterns, experiences with commercial and community food sources and demographics, and used multivariate regression techniques to examine associations among these variables. SETTING Four Southwestern American-Indian reservation communities. SUBJECTS A total of 425 parents/caregivers of young children completed the survey. RESULTS Twenty-nine per cent of children and 45 % of adults from households participating in the survey were classified as 'food insecure'. Larger household size was associated with increased food insecurity and worse eating patterns. Older respondents were more likely than younger respondents to have children with food insecurity (relative risk = 2·19, P < 0·001) and less likely to have healthy foods available at home (relative risk = 0·45, P < 0·01). Consumption of food from food banks, gas station/convenience stores or fast-food restaurants was not associated with food insecurity levels. Respondents with transportation barriers were 1·46 times more likely to be adult food insecure than respondents without transportation barriers (P < 0·001). High food costs were significantly associated with greater likelihoods of adult (relative risk = 1·47, P < 0·001) and child (relative risk = 1·65, P < 0·001) food insecurity. CONCLUSIONS Interventions for American-Indian communities must address challenges such as expense and limited transportation to accessing healthy food. Results indicate a need for services targeted to older caregivers and larger households. Implications for innovative approaches to promoting nutrition among American-Indian communities, including mobile groceries and community gardening programmes, are discussed.