cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of the effects of neuroleptics on phencyclidine-induced behaviors in the rat

Abstract The dose-response effects of neuroleptic pretreatment on phencyclidine (PCP; 3 or 5 mg/kg)-induced locomotor activity, stereotyped behaviors and ataxia were quantified in groups of male rats using rating scales recently developed in this laboratory. Three butyrophenone neuroleptics consistly produced dose-dependent antagonism of the behavioral effects of PCP administration. Fluphenazine antagonized the behavioral effects produced by 3 mg/kg PCP but not those produced by 5 mg/kg PCP. Each of the other neuroleptics examined (chlorpromazine, thioridazine, mesoridazine, triflupromazine, cis-flupenthixol) had no consistent antagonistic effect or actually enhanced one or more of the behavioral effects of PCP. Some neuroleptics slightly reduced PCP locomotion or stereotypies at high doses, but these effects were probably a non-specific consequence of the synergistic ataxia-producing properties of these drugs. In a second set of experiments, atropine sulfate pretreatment increased PCP-induced locomotor activity and stereotyped behaviors but had no effect on ataxia; pretreatment with physostigmine produced opposite effects. Combined pretreatment with haloperidol and atropine sulfate significantly reduced only haloperidol antagonism of PCP-induced ataxia, thus suggesting that non-dopaminergic effects of neuroleptics may interfere with their ability to antagonize PCP.
Radioimmunoassay of serum d-norgestrel in women following oral and intravaginal administration

A radioimmunoassay (RIA) method for measuring d-Norgestrel (d-Ng) in serum has been developed utilizing petroleum ether extraction, an antiserum raised against d-Norgestrel3-(O-carboxymethyl) oxime-e-aminocaproic acid — bovine serum albumin, d-Norgestrel-3-(O-carboxymethyl) imino- [125I]-iodohistamine, and dextran-coated charcoal separation. Control serum blanks were undetectable, 6 pg of d-Ng was measurable in 0.1 ml of serum with a high reliability, and intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were 4.4 and 4.9 percent, respectively. d-Ng added to control serum was quantitatively recovered. This RIA proved to be highly specific for d-Ng, cross-reacting less than 0.01 percent with 1-Ng and some 4 to 8 percent with 5α- or 5β-tetrahydro-d-Ng. Serum d-Ng levels measured in 3 women after ingestion of 75 μg of dl-Ng rose to 1.5 to 2 ng/ml within 1/2 to 2–3 hours after oral intake and fell rapidly therafter to 0.2 to 0.4 ng/ml within 24 hours. Insertion of Silastic intravaginal rings (IVRs), containing 50 or 100 mg of dl-Ng, into 3 women for periods of 3 weeks resulted in a rapid rise of serum d-Ng after insertion. Serum d-Ng levels were highest 24 to 48 hours after the first insertion of each IVR, reaching peak levels of about 5 and 7 to 11 ng/ml, respectively, and declined gradually during the ensuing 15 to 20 days to some 30 to 40 percent of the peak serum d-Ng concentration. Serum d-Ng levels attained after IVR reinsertion remained relatively constant at 1 to 3 ng/ml during each subsequent cycle in all subjects and fell rapidly after each IVR removal. Serum estradiol and progesterone concentrations, measured about 3 times a week in these patients, indicated that ovulation was consistently inhibited. Comparison of serum d-Ng patterns obtained after ingestion of 75 μg of dl-Ng each morning with those observed following insertion of 50 and 100 mg dl-Ng-impregnated IVRs indicated that the latter provides a relatively constant serum d-Ng level in contrast to the peaks and nadirs obtained after once-a-day oral administration. Vaginal bleeding occurring before removal of the IVR could not be related to particular serum d-Ng or estradiol concentrations.
MICROSTRUCTURE OF CALCIUM SILICATE HYDRATES

WHILE CONSIDERABLE ATTENTION AND STUDY HAVE BEEN DEVOTED TO THE STRUCTURE AND MORPHOLOGY OF CALCUM SILICATE HYDRATE, NEITHER THE INTERRELATION BETWEEN THE VARIOUS OBSERVED PARTICLE SHAPES NOR THEIR ROLE IN FORMATION OF THE FINAL MICROSTRUCTURE OF THE HARDENED PASTE HAS BEEN ESTABLISHED. THE DIVISION OF BUILDING RESEARCH OF THE CANADIAN NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL HAS RECENTLY BEEN STUDYING MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE HYDRATION PRODUCTS OF THE VARIOUS PURE CONSTITUENTS, SINGLY AND IN COMBINATIONS, AS WELL AS OF CEMENT PASTE. IN THE WORK REPORTED HERE, MORPHOLOGICAL AND MICROSTRUCTURAL CHANGES WITH TIME OF A HYDRATING TRICALCIUM SILICATE WERE STUDIED BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND X-RAY DIFFRACTION. PRODUCTS CONSISTED OF AMORPHOUS MATERIAL, CRUMPLED FOILS, FIBROUS PARTICLES, AND PLATES. THE PLATES APPEAR TO HAVE AN UNDERLYING MESH STRUCTURE OF INTERLOCKING FIBERS, THE SPACE BETWEEN THESE HAVING BEEN FILLED WITH A LIME-RICH CALCIUM SILICATE HYDRATE OR WITH CALCIUM HYDROXIDE. THE PLATY MORPHOLOGY OCCURS FOR THE SILICATE HYDRATES AS WELL AS FOR CALCIUM HYDROXIDE. THIS STUDY INCLUDED ALSO PORTLAND CEMENT PASTE TO ALLOW A COMPARISON WITH THE TRICALCIUM SILICATE SYSTEM. CONCLUSIONS ARE GIVEN REGARDING MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THESE CEMENTING SYSTEMS.
Perceptions of Dry Eye Disease Management in Current Clinical Practice

Epidemiologic studies reveal that dry eye disease (DED), or keratoconjunctivitis sicca, has a prevalence ranging from 7.8% to 14.6% in the United States. It affects approximately 4.91 million Americans aged 50 years and older, although the exact prevalence is unknown because of the variance in the definition of the disease.1 The challenge that eye care providers face is the complexity of managing DED without a discreet laboratory measure by which to monitor the disease status, such as glycated hemoglobin used as a surrogate for diabetes control. The report from the 2007 International Dry Eye Workshop (DEWS) summarizes this dilemma stating that even when clinical tests are evaluated for efficacy, the study populations may have been affected by significant bias because there is no widely accepted gold standard for diagnosis.2 The 2011 American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) Preferred Practice Patterns (PPP) publication on DED states that the epidemiological evidence is limited by the lack of uniformity in the definition of dry eye and the inability of any single diagnostic test or set of diagnostic tests to confirm or rule out the condition.3 Moreover, many of the available tests have low repeatability and do not correlate well with patient-reported symptoms.1 Alternatively, patient-reported symptoms have been shown to have greater repeatability than objective tests,4 and clinically, symptoms may be considered the best method for following this condition over time.1 Multiple questionnaires, including the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), McMonnies dry eye index, and the Impact of Dry Eye on Everyday Life (IDEEL), have been developed over time to assess and better stratify DED symptom severity. The OSDI is a 12-item survey that assesses ocular discomfort and effect of DED on daily life over a 1-week period.5 The McMonnies questionnaire is a 12-item instrument that queries not only symptoms but also risk factors associated with DED, such as thyroid disease and medicamentosa.6,7 The IDEEL, which has 57 questions, was created as a patient-reported outcome measure for assessing the impact of DED on daily lives of the patients.8 Although this is certainly not an exhaustive list of symptom questionnaires, in general, the aforementioned questionnaires and others have shown only moderate correlation with clinical signs. Even when an association has been proven, it is usually not possible to predict severity of symptoms based on objective signs and vice versa.9 With the potential for great variability in clinical practice and the complexity of DED management, this survey was created as a litmus to assess the attitudes, perceptions, and current dry eye practice patterns of eye care providers in North Carolina. The goal of this survey was not to contribute to the development of a standardized set of treatment guidelines, rather, it was meant to generate insight on how eye care providers are treating DED as compared with the recommendations set forth by the 2007 DEWS report and the AAO Dry Eye PPP publication.
Radio-frequency bioeffects at the membrane level: Separation of thermal and athermal contributions in the characeae

Single cells ofChara braunii andNitella flexilis were placed in a microstrip exposure apparatus and subjected to isolated bursts of radiofrequency irradiation. Their electrical responses were observed both extra- and intracellularly and found to be in accordance with theoretical predictions. In particular, the cell membrane displays rectifier-like behavior up to a cutoff near 10 MHz; this cutoff implies for the principal current carriers a transit time through the membrane of roughly 50 nsec and a mobility within the membrane approximately onefifth that of potassium in free solution. An electrical response of purely thermal origin was also detected; it was separated from the athermal rectifier response on the basis of rise time and frequency dependence. This is believed to be the first instance in which (i) a biological effect of radio-frequency radiation has had its thermal and athermal components clearly separated and (ii) a primary effect of ion transit time through the membrane has been directly detected.
High-dimensional pattern regression using machine learning: From medical images to continuous clinical variables

This paper presents a general methodology for high-dimensional pattern regression on medical images via machine learning techniques. Compared with pattern classification studies, pattern regression considers the problem of estimating continuous rather than categorical variables, and can be more challenging. It is also clinically important, since it can be used to estimate disease stage and predict clinical progression from images. In this work, adaptive regional feature extraction approach is used along with other common feature extraction methods, and feature selection technique is adopted to produce a small number of discriminative features for optimal regression performance. Then the Relevance Vector Machine (RVM) is used to build regression models based on selected features. To get stable regression models from limited training samples, a bagging framework is adopted to build ensemble basis regressors derived from multiple bootstrap training samples, and thus to alleviate the effects of outliers as well as facilitate the optimal model parameter selection. Finally, this regression scheme is tested on simulated data and real data via cross-validation. Experimental results demonstrate that this regression scheme achieves higher estimation accuracy and better generalizing ability than Support Vector Regression (SVR).
The effect of void shape on the development of damage and fracture in plane-strain tension

Abstract T he plane-strain tensile failure of a low carbon steel containing stringered manganese sulfide inclusions is analysed. Models of the material microstructure are developed using results from scanning electron microscopy to obtain the particle coordinates, sizes and shapes, and using Dirichlet tessellations to obtain local area fractions. Finite element analyses of these models are then carried out to examine the effects of inclusion shape and interactions on void growth. In these analyses, the relatively soft, noncoherent inclusions are modeled as voids. Finally, ductility predictions are made using continuum bifurcation analysis on a modified Gurson-type constitutive relation for porous media, and these predictions are compared with experimental values.
Conceptual Foundations and Practical Guidelines for Retaining Volunteers Who Serve in Local Nonprofit Organizations: Part II

SUMMARY The authors discuss recruitment of volunteers to serve in local nonprofit organizations. A conceptual model describing the determinants of volunteering is described. The model is useful in understanding the various influences affecting a person's volunteer behavior. Marketing tactics, which take into account prior research, are presented in order to help the volunteer program manager (VPM) more effectively recruit volunteers. While the work is academically strong, efforts are made to make this work very practical.
14CO2 fixation and glycolate metabolism in the dark in isolated maize (Zea mays L.) bundle sheath strands

Abstract Bundle sheath strands capable of assimilating up to 68 μmoles CO 2 per mg chlorophyll per hr in the dark have been isolated from fully expanded leaves of Zea mays L. This dark CO 2 -fixing system is dependent on exogenous ribose-5-phosphate, ADP or ATP, and Mg 2+ for maximum activity. The principal product of dark fixation in this system is 3-phosphoglycerate, indicating that the CO 2 -fixing reaction is mediated by ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.39). The rate of dark CO 2 uptake in the strands in the presence of saturating levels of ribose-5-phosphate plus ADP is inhibited by oxygen. The inhibitory effect of oxygen is rapidly and completely reversible, and is relieved by increased levels of CO 2 . Glycolate is synthesized in this dark system in the presence of [U- 14 C]ribose-5-phosphate, ADP, oxygen, and an inhibitor of glycolate oxidase (EC 1.1.3.1). Glycolate formation is completely abolished by heating the strands, and the rate of glycolate synthesis is markedly reduced by either lowering the oxygen tension or increasing the level of CO 2 . These results, obtained with intact cells in the absence of light, indicate that the direct inhibitory effect of oxygen on photosynthesis is associated with photosynthetic carbon metabolism, probably at the level of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, and not with photophosphorylation or photosynthetic electron transport. Furthermore, the findings indicate that the synthesis of glycolate from exogenous substrate can readily occur in the absence of photosynthetic electron transport, an observation consistent with the ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate “oxygenase” scheme for glycolate formation during photosynthesis.
Diazocyclohexadienones as photoaffinity ligands: Syntheses of trioxabicyclooctane probes for the convulsant binding site of the GABAA receptor

Abstract Photoaffinity ligand 2 combines the bromodiazocyclohexadienonyl and t -butyltrioxabicyclo-[2,2,2]octane moieties to achieve suitable photochemical properties and affinity for the convulsant binding site of the GABAA receptor.
The North American Monsoon System in the Hadley Centre Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere GCM

The North American monsoon system (NAMS) as represented in the second-generation Hadley Centre coupled ocean-atmosphere model is examined using high-time-resolution (six-hourly) records of model output. A current-climate simulation gives a realistic depiction of the NAMS, with date of onset and precipitation trends agreeing with observations. The model reproduces the observed negative relationship between precipitation over the southwestern U.S. and that over the central U.S. Changes in tropospheric circulation and moisture after onset are consistent with observed changes although mid-level moistening is less than is observed. An enhanced greenhouse-gas simulation gives higher precipitation and stronger tropospheric dynamical and moisture changes after onset.
Surgical treatment of postinfarction left ventricular pseudoaneurysm.

Background Left ventricular pseudoaneurysm from myocardial infarction is rare and is associated with a high risk of rapid enlargement and rupture. The purposes of this study were to describe its clinical presentation, assess the accuracy of diagnostic imaging modalities, and determine operative and late surgical results. Methods From January 1986 through December 2001, 30 patients aged 50 to 85 years (mean, 68; 70% male) underwent left ventricular pseudoaneurysm repair. Two surgical approaches were used: primary repair (n = 5, 17%) and patch closure (n = 25, 83%). Twenty-one patients (70%) had concomitant procedures, including coronary revascularization (n = 17, 57%) and mitral valve surgery (n = 9, 30%); 8 patients (29%) underwent emergent surgery. Clinical presentation, preoperative imaging data, and surgical outcomes were abstracted from medical records or obtained by patient follow-up. Results The most common clinical presentations were heart failure (n = 22, 73%) and angina (n = 11, 41%). Pseudoaneurysm was rarely suspected at clinical presentation. Contrast ventriculography was diagnostic in 54% of patients in whom it was performed, as opposed to 97% for two-dimensional echocardiography (p = 0.2). Postoperative intra-aortic balloon pump was required in 7 patients (23%). Hospital mortality was 20%, and late survival was 73%, 59%, and 45% at 1, 5, and 8 years, respectively. Conclusions Left ventricular pseudoaneurysm should be suspected in postinfarction patients with unexplained heart failure. Echocardiography is usually diagnostic and is superior to ventriculography. The surgical mortality rate is elevated in this complex patient population. Long-term survival is also poor, mainly because of underlying ischemic cardiomyopathy.
The Nature of Water Nucleation Sites on TiO2(110) Surfaces Revealed by Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy at ambient conditions of pressure (up to 1.5 Torr) and temperature (265K<T<800K) was used to study the adsorption of water on rutile TiO{sub 2}(110) under conditions of thermodynamic equilibrium. It was found that OH groups in bridging positions, normally present in small amounts due to residual O-vacancies, act as nucleation sites for subsequent water adsorption. The adsorption enthalpy of water binding to these sites is {approx}70 kJ/mol, much stronger than that in the bulk liquid (45 kJ/mol). A model is proposed that relates the structure of the oxide surface to its hydrophilic character.
Local fractal geometric features for image segmentation

In this article, features based on fractal geometry are used for segmentation of synthetic and natural scenes. Assuming a fractional Brownian motion model of image regions, we extract, at each pixel, small, one-variable “slices” in each of four directions from which we estimate two features: the fractal dimension and the intercept. While the fractal dimension has received most attention recently as a scale-invariant feature, we show that the intercept is related to the dimension and possesses even better discriminatory power for segmentation purposes when calculations are made on small, one variable windows. These parameters are studied as segmentation features on both composite images of synthetically generated fractional Brownian motion surfaces and on intensity images of natural scenes.
Proximate Population Factors and Deforestation in Tropical Agricultural Frontiers.

Forest conversion for agriculture expansion is the most salient signature of human occupation of the earth's land surface. Although population growth and deforestation are significantly associated at the global and regional scales, evidence for population links to deforestation at micro-scales—where people are actually clearing forests—is scant. Much of the planet's forest elimination is proceeding along tropical agricultural frontiers. This article examines the evolution of thought on population–environment theories relevant to deforestation in tropical agricultural frontiers. Four primary ways by which population dynamics interact with frontier forest conversion are examined: population density, fertility, and household demographic composition, and in-migration.
Single-shot ultrafast imaging using parallax-free alignment with a tilted lenslet array

We demonstrate single-shot, two-dimensional imaging of ultrafast phenomena using a streak camera and a tilted lenslet array. We derive conditions for parallax-free imaging and experimentally verify the geometry by observing scattering of femtosecond pulses.
Peripherally induced human regulatory T cells uncouple Kv1.3 activation from TCR-associated signaling.

Peripherally induced Tregs (iTregs) are being recognized as a functional and physiologically relevant T-cell subset. Understanding the molecular basis of their development is a necessary step before the therapeutic potential of iTreg manipulation can be exploited. In this study, we report that the differentiation of primary human T cells to suppressor iTregs involves the relocation of key proximal TCR signaling elements to the highly active IL-2-Receptor (IL-2-R) pathway. In addition to the recruitment of lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck) to the IL-2-R complex, we identified the dissociation of the voltage-gated K+ channel Kv1.3 from the TCR pathway and its functional coupling to the IL-2-R. The regulatory switch of Kv1.3 activity in iTregs may constitute an important contributing factor in the signaling rewiring associated with the development of peripheral human iTregs and sheds new light upon the reciprocal crosstalk between the TCR and the IL-2-R pathways.
The Role of N-Linked Carbohydrate Residues in Lymphokine-Activated Killer Cell-Mediated Cytolysis

We evaluated LAK cell cytotoxicity toward a sensitive B cell lymphoma and several resistant EBV-transformed cell lines in order to explore the mechanism by which some cells are preferentially recognized as targets. Cytolysis of the sensitive cells was inhibited by monoclonal antibodies against the surface proteins LFA-1 and ICAM-1; however, surface expression of ICAM-1 was similar on the resistant and sensitive cell lines. Prevention of post-translational addition of N-linked oligosaccharides by treatment of the resistant cells with tunicamycin resulted in a dramatic enhancement in LAK cell cytotoxicity which was partially inhibited by antibodies against LFA-1 and ICAM-1. Treatment of the resistant cells with the endoglycosidase N-glycanase also increased LAK cell sensitivity. Tunicamycin treatment caused a decrease in the molecular weight of ICAM-1 from approximately 95,000 to 50,000 Da. Conjugate formation between the LAK cells and the sensitive and resistant target cells was similar before and after deglycosylation. We conclude that carbohydrate modification of ICAM-1 or an alternative glycoprotein confers resistance to LAK cell cytotoxicity in some cell lines.
Five Factor Scales for Internal-External Control and their Relations to Measures of Adjustment.

A partir d'une serie de tests de personnalite Collins a degage 4 configurations elementaires rendant compte du «controle externe interne» (attribution de causalite): croyance en un monde difficile, en un monde juste, en un monde previsible, en un monde politiquement solidaire. Les echelles de controle externe-interne de Rotter et de Levenson sont-elles pertinentes, de ce point de vue?
Force-Clamp Experiments Reveal the Free Energy Profile and Diffusion Coefficient of the Collapse of Proteins

We present force-clamp data on the collapse of ubiquitin polyproteins in response to a quench in the force. These nonequilibrium trajectories are analyzed using a general method based on a diffusive assumption of the end-to-end length to reconstruct a downhill free energy profile at 5pN and an energy plateau at 10pN with a slow diffusion coefficient on the order of 100nm 2 s 1 . The shape of the free energy and its linear scaling with the protein length give validity to a physical model for the collapse. However, the length independent diffusion coefficient suggests that internal rather than viscous friction dominates and thermal noise is needed to capture the variability in the measured times to collapse. By measuring the end-to-end length of proteins and RNA in response to force perturbations, single molecule experiments open a window into the complex dynamics of these molecules on their multi-dimensional energy potentials [1, 2, 3]. For example, a protein is unfolded by the application of a constant pulling force, while quenching the force to a low value triggers the hydrophobic collapse of the molecule [1, 4]. This dynamical collapse has been modeled as a one-dimensional diffusion of the measured end-to-end length on a free energy profile in the case of protein monomers [5] and RNA molecules [6]. By contrast, dynamics in degrees of freedom hidden from the experiment were thought to govern the large diversity in the end-to-end length of trajectories visited by collapsing polyproteins [7]. Whether the experimental distribution of trajectories can be described by simple diffusion along the measured reaction coordinate or requires multiple dimensions remains an open question that requires novel analysis tools. This question is non-trivial because the collapsing traces are out-of-equilibrium and standard techniques to reconstruct the free energy profile based on the
Circulatory effects of enflurane in normocarbic human volunteers

The circulatory effects of enflurane were studied in ten unmedicated normocarbic volunteers during anaesthesia over a period of 90 minutes or more. Cardiac output did not change significantly during anaesthesia at a mean alveolar anaesthetic concentration of 2.3 volumes per cent and ranging from 1.8 to 3.2. Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures decreased significantly, as did total peripheral resistance. The heart rate increased in all cases. Cardiac output was maintained primarily by an increased heart rate, which compensated for the decreased total peripheral resistance. At recovery, all haemodynamic parameters except heart rate returned to control levels. Minimal change in cardiac output during enflurane anaesthesia in man may be related to the combination of decreased mean arterial pressure and increased heart rate.
Pyrolysis of kerogens in the absence and presence of montmorillonite—I. The generation, degradation and isomerization of steranes and triterpanes at 200 and 300°C☆

Abstract The sterane and triterpane biomarker distribution obtained from extracted bitumens and kerogen (PB) pyrolysate bitumens of immature Cretaceous black shale (CBS) and Rocky Mountain coal (RMC) at 200 and 300°C, in the presence and absence of montmorillonite, reveal that the generation (release) of biomarkers was more significant than isomerization at 200°C pyrolysis, whereas isomerization and degradation were most important at 300°C pyrolysis. Montmorillonite has a pronounced catalytic effect on these reactions, i.e. generation, isomerization, and degradation. The ratios of C29 ααα 20 S/S + R steranes and C31 and C32 αβ S/S + R hopanes display reversals with heating time at 200°C pyrolysis, irrespective of the presence or absence of montmorillonite, whereas they increased uniformly with thermal stress at 300°C pyrolysis. The extent of isomerization occurring at chiral centers in ring systems and in acyclic systems are different. It has been confirmed that the isomerization at the C22 and C20 position of the extended αβ hopanes and the ααα steranes respectively are slower than those of the ββ hopanes and the βαα steranes. In the 300°C pyrolysis, the C27 steranes increased relative to C29 steranes with heating time in the pyrolysate of the Rocky Mountain coal kerogen. This phenomenon is more significant in the presence of montmorillonite. The increase may indicate either the formation of secondary C27 steranes or the early loss of C29 steranes relative to C27 steranes. In a sedimentary basin, isomerization probably occurs in the bitumen and kerogen at different rates. These data show that maturation indices may be reversed with depth by using the examples of ααα 20 S/S + R and αβ 22 S/S + R, where the rate of generation of the compounds from kerogen is faster than the rate of isomerization reactions occurring in the bitumen with time and temperature.
Restarting Globalization after World War II: Structure, Coalitions, and the Cold War

The present period of economic globalization originated following World War II. Given the strongly protectionist tendencies prevailing at the time, how did this happen? Structural economic and military causes, along with intervening coalitional and institutional factors, are considered. Trade policy change is examined in the five largest trading economies—Britain, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, and the United States. Structural economic causes best explain why protectionist tendencies were so strong, and why they were weakest in the United States and the Federal Republic. The liberalizing trend inaugurated in the United States and the Federal Republic was also facilitated by coalitional side payments to agriculture. Cold War–related military interests appear to have been the strongest impetus behind the unilateral form of the liberalization.
Keeping plug-in electric vehicles connected to the grid - Patterns of vehicle use

In 2005 Kempton and Tomic laid out a vision for V2G which presumed that use of V2G technology could provide a high revenue stream to early plug-in electric vehicles, enabling market penetration of relatively high cost early-to-market electric drive vehicles. To assure access to the presumed revenue streams vehicles must be plugged in at a location which provides the V2G interconnect that enables the services to be provided to the grid. This presentation provides some background information relating to probability of being plugged in, by time and location.
Noise characterization of broadband fiber Cherenkov radiation as a visible-wavelength source for optical coherence tomography and two-photon fluorescence microscopy

Optical sources in the visible region immediately adjacent to the near-infrared biological optical window are preferred in imaging techniques such as spectroscopic optical coherence tomography of endogenous absorptive molecules and two-photon fluorescence microscopy of intrinsic fluorophores. However, existing sources based on fiber supercontinuum generation are known to have high relative intensity noise and low spectral coherence, which may degrade imaging performance. Here we compare the optical noise and pulse compressibility of three high-power fiber Cherenkov radiation sources developed recently, and evaluate their potential to replace the existing supercontinuum sources in these imaging techniques.
Axon terminals immunolabeled for dopamine or tyrosine hydroxylase synapse on GABA‐immunoreactive dendrites in rat and monkey cortex

Dopamine afferents to the cortex regulate the excitability of pyramidal neurons via a direct synaptic input. However, it has not been established whether dopamine also modulates pyramidal cell activity indirectly through synapses on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) interneurons, and whether such inputs differ across cortical regions and species. We sought to address these issues by an immunocytochemical electron microscopic approach that combined peroxidase staining for dopamine or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) with a pre-embedding gold-silver marker for GABA. In the deep layers of the rat prefrontal cortex and in the superficial layers of the monkey prefrontal and primary motor cortices, terminal varicosities immunoreactive for dopamine or TH formed primarily thin, symmetric synapses on distal dendrites. Both GABA-immunoreactive dendrites as well as unlabeled spines and dendrites were contacted by dopamine- or TH-immunoteactive terminals. Synaptic specializations were detected at some, but not all of these contacts. The relative frequency of these appositional and synaptic contacts did not appear to differ between the rat and monkey prefrontal cortex, or between the monkey prefrontal and motor cortices. Across regions and species, labeled and unlabeled targets of dopamine- or TH-positive terminals received additional synaptic input from unlabeled, and occasionally GABA-immunoreactive terminals. Close appositions between dopamine- or TH immunoreactive and GABA-positive terminals were observed only rarely. These findings indicate that dopamine afferents provide direct synaptic inputs to GABA local circuit neurons in a consistent fashion across cortical regions and species. Thus, dopamine's cellular actions involve direct as well as modulatory effects on both GABA interneurons and pyramidal projection neurons. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The influence of timber harvest on the structure and composition of riparian forests in the Coastal Redwood region

Abstract The composition and structure of riparian forests in the coast redwood region were analyzed in relation to the length of time since timber harvest, and the width of riparian buffer zone. Ten sites were sampled in the central range of the coast redwood forest type within a variety of post-harvest age groups and riparian buffer zone widths. Data was collected using randomly selected sample plots adjacent to perennial coastal steams. Correlation Fisher's r to z tests and two-tailed t -test were used to examine the relationship between the sample variables and the experimental parameters “years since harvest”, and “width of buffer.” Results indicate that canopy cover was negatively correlated to “years since harvest” with the highest level of canopy cover found on the youngest sites and the lowest level found on the old-growth sites. The hardwood to conifer dominance ratio and the basal area of Alnus rubra (red alder) were correlated negatively to both “years since harvest” and “buffer width” indicating that timber harvest favored hardwood species. Late seral associates such as Oxalis oregana (redwood sorrel), Anthyrium filix - femina (lady fern), and Vaccinium parviflorum (billberry) were found preferentially in older forests and sites with wider buffer zones, while non-native species such as Hedera helix (English ivy), Pampas cortedaria (pampas grass), and Myosotis latifolia (forget-me-not) were found preferentially in younger forests and areas with smaller buffer zones.
Electric-field manipulation of the Landé g tensor of a hole in an In 0.5 Ga 0.5 As/GaAs self-assembled quantum dot

The effect of an electric field on spin precession of a hole in an ${\text{In}}_{0.5}$${\text{Ga}}_{0.5}$$\text{As/}$$\text{GaAs}$ self-assembled quantum dot is calculated using multiband real-space envelope-function theory. The dependence of the Land\'e $g$ tensor on electric fields should permit high-frequency $g$-tensor modulation resonance, as well as direct, nonresonant electric-field control of the hole spin. Subharmonic resonances have also been found in $g$-tensor modulation resonance of the hole, due to the strong quadratic dependence of components of the hole $g$ tensor on the electric field.
Antigonadotropic activity in a melatonin-free extract of human pineal glands.

Abstract In previous studies melatonin-free, aqueous extracts of bovine pineal glands were shown to partially block compensatory ovarian hypertrophy in mice. In this study a melatonin-free fraction of an aqueous extract of human pineal glands, isolated on Sephadex G-25, was found to possess similar antigonadotropic activity. Human cerebral extract treated in the same manner did not produce this effect.
Developmental Relational Counseling: A Model for Self-Understanding in Relation to Others

PERSPECTIVES is a special feature included in this issue of Journal of Creativity in Mental Health that provides mental health professionals with an opportunity to discuss their positions on a variety of creativity-related topics. In this column, Thelma Duffey and Shane Haberstroh share their perspective on helping clients develop awareness, relational functioning, and personal growth through developmental relational counseling. Thelma Duffey is Professor and Chair in the Department of Counseling at the University of Texas at San Antonio. She was founder of the Association for Creativity in Counseling and serves on the Governing Council for the American Counseling Association. Dr. Duffey has published in the areas of relational–cultural theory, addiction, and creativity in counseling. Her book, Creative Interventions in Grief and Loss Therapy: When the Music Stops, a Dream Dies, is published by the Haworth Press, Taylor & Francis Group. Shane Haberstroh is Associate Professor and Doctoral Program Director...
Compatibilized blends of PVC/PA12 and PVC/PP containing poly(lauryl lactam‐block‐caprolactone)

Specially designed block copolymers have played a role as compatibilizing agents in the system of immiscible polymer blends. We applied lauryl lactam (LA)–caprolactone (CL) block copolymer [P(LA-b-CL)] as a compatibilizing agent for immiscible poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) blends with various polymers. These blends possess high thermal performance and toughness. We investigated the effect of P(LA-b-CL) as a compatibilizing agent for immiscible PVC blends with poly(ω-lauryl lactam) [polyamide 12 (PA12)]. We also described the invention of a new compatibilizing agent system involving P(LA-b-CL) for PVC/polypropylene (PP) blends. The mechanical and thermal properties of (1) PVC/PA12 blend compatibilized with P(LA-b-CL) and (2) PVC/PP blend compatibilized with P(LA-b-CL)/PA12/maleic anhydride–modified PP were both enhanced. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 1983-1992, 2004
Preoperative risk-of-death prediction model in heart surgery with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in the neonate.

Abstract Objective: Our goal was to generate a preoperative risk-of-death prediction model in selected neonates with congenital heart disease undergoing surgery with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Methods: We completed a single-center, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled neuroprotection trial in selected neonates with congenital heart disease requiring operations for which deep hypothermic circulatory arrest was used. An extensive database was generated that included preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative variables. Variables (delivery, maternal, and infant related) were evaluated to produce a preoperative risk-of-death prediction model by means of logistic regression. An operative risk-of-death prediction model including duration of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest was also generated. Results: Between July 1992 and September 1997, 350 (74%) of 473 eligible infants were enrolled with 318 undergoing deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. The mortality was 52 of 318 (16.4%), unaffected by investigational drug. The resulting preoperative risk model contained 4 variables: (1) cardiac anatomy (two-ventricle vs single ventricle surgery, with/without arch obstruction), (2) 1-minute Apgar score (≤5 vs >5), (3) presence of genetic syndrome, and (4) age at hospital admission for surgery (≤5 or >5 days). Mortality for two-ventricle repair was 3.2% (4/130). Mortality for single ventricle palliation was 25.5% (48/188) and was significantly influenced by Apgar score, genetic diagnosis, and admission age. The preoperative model had a prediction accuracy of 80%. The operative risk model included duration of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, which significantly ( P = .03) increased risk of death, with a prediction accuracy of 82%. Conclusions: In this selected population, postoperative mortality risk is significantly affected by preoperative conditions. Identification of infants with varying mortality risks may affect family counseling, therapeutic intervention, and risk stratification for future study designs. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000; 119:347-57)
Thinness and body shape of Playboy centerfolds from 1978 to 1998.

OBJECTIVE: Changes in the body weight and shape of Playboy centerfolds over the past two decades (1978–1998) were examined. METHODS: The body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip circumference ratio (WHR) were obtained from measurements reported by 240 centerfolds (ages 19–35 y). RESULTS: The 20-y averages (mean±s.d.) were 18.1±0.8 kg/m2 for BMI and 0.68±0.03 for WHR, and there has been no appreciable change in either BMI or WHR in centerfolds over the past 20 y. Based on current recommendations for the classification of underweight (BMI<18.5 kg/m2), 70% of the centerfolds were underweight. Further, 77.5% of the centerfolds were <85% of their ideal body weight. CONCLUSION: Given the perception of Playboy centerfolds as culturally ‘ideal’ women, the notion that 70% of them are underweight highlights the social pressures on women to be thin and helps to explain the high levels of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating among women. International Journal of Obesity (2001) 25, 590–592
APPLICATION OF MULTIVARIATE ADAPTIVE REGRESSION SPLINES (MARS) TO THE PREFERENCE MAPPING OF CHEESE STICKS

ABSTRACT: A novel modeling technique named MARS (Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines) can automate variable selection as well as model selection. The main purpose of this study was to apply MARS to consumer preference mapping using consumer test data for cheese sticks. The results show that MARS was capable of modeling consumer's preference patterns for cheese sticks. One distinct advantage of MARS in preference mapping is that it has the ability to model hedonic-scale response variables (such as overall acceptance, acceptance of appearance, flavor, and texture) from “Just About Right” (JAR) predictor variables (such as color, size, saltiness, breading, and cheese texture). In addition, MARS can reveal the underlying relationship between the predictors and the response in a piecewise regression function. This study shows that MARS has potential uncovering underlying patterns hidden in complex data.
Flowering branches cause injuries to second-year main stems of Artemisia tridentata Nutt. subspecies tridentata

Eccentricity of stems of Artemisia tridentata Nutt. (big sagebrush) has been reported previously. Analysis of samples observed over 2 years documented that each stem terminal produces about 8–10 branches each year, and during second-year growth, 3–8 of these develop into short, flowering, determinate branches. Each flowering branch produces hundreds of seeds and then dies at the end of the season, while the other vegetative branches persist. However, growth of the determinate flowering branches causes the death of vascular cambium surrounding their attachment points on the main stem. This death then results in the observed eccentric growth of the stein. In a separate experiment, when presumptive flowering branches were removed prior to elongation, the vascular cambium of the stem was not destroyed, and no eccentric growth occurred. Since the vascular cambium is responsible for continued wood production, the effect of these areas of cambial death is amplified during subsequent years and leads to weak stem segments and possibly to limitations on overall growth. Nevertheless, in spite of these negative side effects, flowering stem growth provides for ample seed production year after year. This peculiar eccentric growth phenomenon, coupled with the anomalous interxylary cork that has also been reported for Artemisia tridentata, supports the idea that this and related species are descended from an herbaceous ancestry and have therefore evolved their rather imperfect woodiness secondarily.
Expression of heat shock proteins 70 and 47 in tissues following short-pulse laser irradiation: Assessment of thermal damage and healing

Abstract In order to develop effective laser-based therapeutics, the extent of laser-induced damage must be quantified for given laser parameters. Therefore, we want to determine the spatiotemporal expression patterns of heat shock proteins, both to understand the roles of heat shock proteins in laser-induced tissue damage and repair and to develop heat shock proteins as tools to illustrate the extent of laser-induced damage and wound healing following irradiation. We exposed anesthetized mice to the focused beam of a short-pulse Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm; 200 ns pulsewidth) for 15 s, while measuring temperature distribution in the skin using an infrared thermal camera. Following irradiation, we examined expression of HSP47 and HSP70 over time (0–24 h) as indicators of the heat shock response and recovery from damage in the laser-irradiated region. Expression patterns of HSP70 and HSP47 as detected by immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy delineate the extent of damage and the process of healing in tissue. Both HSP70 and HSP47 were expressed in dermis and epidermis following laser irradiation, and the spatial and temporal changes in HSP expression patterns define the laser-induced thermal damage zone and the process of healing in tissues. HSP70 may define biochemically the thermal damage zone in which cells are targeted for destruction, and HSP47 may illustrate the process of recovery from thermally induced damage. Studying the effects of different laser parameters on the expression of HSPs will allow development of effective laser therapies that provide accurate and precise tissue ablation and may promote rapid wound healing following laser-based surgery.
Outcomes for vasectomy reversal performed after obstructive intervals of at least 10 years.

Abstract Objectives To determine the outcomes for vasectomy reversal performed after at least 10 years of obstruction. Methods We performed a retrospective review of three surgeons’ experience with microsurgical vasectomy reversal for obstructive intervals of at least 10 years. Results The overall pregnancy rate was 37%. The patency/pregnancy rate for an obstructive interval of 10 to 15, 16 to 19, and 20 or more years was 74%/40%, 87%/36%, and 75%/27%, respectively. The overall ongoing/delivered rate was 35%. The ongoing/delivered rates equaled the pregnancy rates, except in the 16 to 19-year group, for which the ongoing/delivered rate was 27%. Assuming a live delivery rate per cycle of 25% for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), the delivery rate for vasectomy reversal would not be exceeded until an obstructive interval of at least 20 years. Assuming a live delivery rate of 28.6% per cycle for ICSI with obstructive azoospermia, the delivery rate for vasectomy reversal would not be exceeded until an obstructive interval of at least 15 years. Conclusions Even after prolonged obstructive intervals, vasectomy reversal offers better or comparable success rates to ICSI. For each center, depending on their success rates, a threshold obstructive interval exists at which ICSI surpasses vasectomy reversal. Depending on their wishes, couples who have an obstructive interval that exceeds this threshold may be better served by ICSI. As with all infertile couples, close collaboration between the urologists and gynecologists is essential to provide the most appropriate care.
Performance Evaluation for Multi-arm Manipulation of Hollow Suspended Organs

This paper presents a unified mathematical framework for modeling and evaluating the performance of multiple robotic arms that operate on hollow suspended organs. This framework is applied to a novel two-armed hybrid robotic system being developed for ophthalmic vitreous surgeries. Four cases are designated to capture the general movements required for any surgical procedure associated with hollow suspended organs. Dexterity measures, based on multiple characteristic lengths, are presented for procedures corresponding to these manipulation cases. Simulation results of the dual-arm robotic system for ophthalmic surgery are presented for all four manipulation cases. A comparison of this robotic system with current surgical tools shows a significant improvement in intraocular dexterity.