cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anther culture of Lolium temulentum, Festuca pratensis and Lolium×Festuca hybrids. II: Anther and pollen development in vivo and in vitro

The various pathways of pollen development were investigated in cultured anthers of Lolium temulentum, Festuca pratensis and the L. multiflorum x F. pratensis hybrid 'Elmet'. In all three, development from the vegetative cell was the predominant pathway of pollen callus development. However, there were characteristic differences in the behaviour of the generative cell. In L. temulentum it remained attached to the pollen wall and degenerated, whereas in F. pratensis it divided. In 'Elmet' it detached from the pollen wall and remained undivided. Both polarized and unpolarized partitioned calluses were observed. Development of the fusion product of the vegetative and generative nuclei were also observed in anthers of L. temulentum. Anomalous grains were not found to be major source of pollen calluses. Sections of anthers of L. temulentum were used to investigate the origin of S pollen grains, the small pale-staining grains which denote pollen dimorphism. Such grains form out of contact with the tapetum and are therefore determined before or during meiosis (i.e. before harvest of anthers for culture). Sections were also used to demonstrate the influence of the duration of pretreatment on the development of the middle layer of the anther wall.
Endoscopic Management of Idiopathic Subglottic Stenosis.

Objective:To describe a homogeneous idiopathic subglottic stenosis (ISS) population undergoing endoscopic balloon dilation and evaluate factors affecting inter-dilation interval (IDI).Methods:Retro...
An example of synergistic coupling of upper- and lower-level jets associated with flash flooding

A brief case study is provided of a striking example of vertical and horizontal jet coupling associated with the upper jet level as well as upper- and lower-level jet coupling; these jet interactions also supported the development of elevated convection and led to flash flooding. The case constitutes a faithful, real-world verification of what has been suggested in idealized conceptual models by several investigators for similar situations of elevated convection with excessive precipitation.
Self-Assembly: A Facile Way of Forming Ultrathin, High-Performance Graphene Oxide Membranes for Water Purification

Single-layer graphene oxide (SLGO) is emerging as a new-generation membrane material for high-flux, high-selectivity water purification, owing to its favorable two-dimensional morphology that allows facile fabrication of ultrathin membranes with subnanometer interlayer channels. However, reliable and precise molecular sieving performance still necessarily depends on thick graphene oxide (GO) deposition that usually leads to low water flux. This trade-off between selectivity and flux significantly impedes the development of ultrathin GO membranes. In this work, we demonstrate that the selectivity/flux trade-off can be broken by self-assembly of SLGO via simple deposition rate control. We find GO membranes, prepared by slow deposition of SLGO flakes, exhibit considerably improved salt rejection, while counterintuitively having 2.5–4 times higher water flux than that of membranes prepared by fast deposition. This finding has extensive implications of designing/tuning interlayer nanostructure of ultrathin GO ...
Recent advances in parallel imaging for MRI

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is an essential technology in modern medicine. However, one of its main drawbacks is the long scan time needed to localize the MR signal in space to generate an image. This review article summarizes some basic principles and recent developments in parallel imaging, a class of image reconstruction techniques for shortening scan time. First, the fundamentals of MRI data acquisition are covered, including the concepts of k-space, undersampling, and aliasing. It is demonstrated that scan time can be reduced by sampling a smaller number of phase encoding lines in k-space; however, without further processing, the resulting images will be degraded by aliasing artifacts. Nearly all modern clinical scanners acquire data from multiple independent receiver coil arrays. Parallel imaging methods exploit properties of these coil arrays to separate aliased pixels in the image domain or to estimate missing k-space data using knowledge of nearby acquired k-space points. Three parallel imaging methods-SENSE, GRAPPA, and SPIRiT-are described in detail, since they are employed clinically and form the foundation for more advanced methods. These techniques can be extended to non-Cartesian sampling patterns, where the collected k-space points do not fall on a rectangular grid. Non-Cartesian acquisitions have several beneficial properties, the most important being the appearance of incoherent aliasing artifacts. Recent advances in simultaneous multi-slice imaging are presented next, which use parallel imaging to disentangle images of several slices that have been acquired at once. Parallel imaging can also be employed to accelerate 3D MRI, in which a contiguous volume is scanned rather than sequential slices. Another class of phase-constrained parallel imaging methods takes advantage of both image magnitude and phase to achieve better reconstruction performance. Finally, some applications are presented of parallel imaging being used to accelerate MR Spectroscopic Imaging.
Introduction to Medical Family Therapy: Advanced Applications

Medical Family Therapy is a burgeoning field grounded in the biopsychosocial-spiritual framework and systemic perspective. Its contributions extend from the 1980s when it was first recognized in a primary care setting (family medicine) to today where it has extended into secondary, tertiary and other specialized healthcare contexts. Its contributions span clinical, educational, research, and policy arenas. The development of a Medical Family Therapy Health Care Continuum, as depicted in this chapter, allows for members of all healthcare disciplines to determine the scope and depth of skill they want to develop through reading this text, Medical Family Therapy: Advanced Applications, as well as continue to pursue through other methods of professional development.
Robotic-Assisted Pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple)

Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD; Whipple operation) is widely considered to be among the most technically challenging abdominal operations performed. Minimally invasive PD represents a formidable challenge, which has been mastered by relatively few surgeons. Robotic-assisted PD (RAPD) offers advantages of improved instrumentation and freedom of motion when compared to the laparoscopic approach, which may allow greater adoption in general clinical practice. Here, we outline our approach to RAPD including patient selection and preparation, patient positioning and port placement, instrumentation, and technical aspects of the operation. We review outcomes following RAPD as well.
Russia's Crony Capitalism: Stagnant But Stable (Kapitalizm oligarchiczny w Rosji: stagnacyjny ale stabilny)

English Abstract: The Russian economy is caught in stagnation, but thanks to a skillful macroeconomic policy, the economy has stabilized. The current economic model is dualistic. On the one hand, the so-called systemic liberals are in charge of macroeconomic policy, which they pursue eminently. On the other, President Vladimir Putin allows state corporations, cronies, and law enforcement agencies to dominate the corporate economy, enriching themselves with little consideration of legality. This economic model leaves little room for economic growth, but the Soviet Union taught us that a suboptimal system can last for a long time, as long as it is not overwhelmed by acute financial crisis. A conundrum this paper aims to explain is how a country that pursues such rigorous and conservative macroeconomic policies can be so tolerant of state and crony capitalism. Polish Abstract: Rosyjska gospodarka tkwi w pulapce stagnacji, jednakze dzieki zrecznej polityce makroekonomicznej gospodarka zostala ustabilizowana. Obecny model gospodarki jest dualistyczny. Z jednej strony u sterow polityki makroekonomicznej są tzw. systemowi liberalowie, i ewidentnie to oni ją prowadzą. Z drugiej jednak strony, Wladimir Putin pozwala panstwowym przedsiebiorstwom, oligarchom i agencjom odpowiadającym za przestrzeganie prawa, na dominowanie nad sektorem przedsiebiorstw, i bogacenie sie bez szczegolnego oglądania sie na legalnośc (ich dzialan – przyp. tlum.) Taki system gospodarczy pozostawia niewiele miejsca dla wzrostu gospodarczego, ale Związek Radziecki nauczyl nas, ze suboptymalny system moze trwac bardzo dlugo, tak dlugo jak nie zostanie przytloczony przez ostry kryzys finansowy. Ten tekst ma wytlumaczyc nastepującą zagadke: jak kraj, ktory prowadzi taką rygorystyczną i konserwatywną polityke makroekonomiczną moze byc tak tolerancyjny dla panstwowego i oligarchicznego kapitalizmu.
Tempol augments the blunted cutaneous microvascular thermal reactivity in healthy young African Americans.

NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? The purpose was to determine whether there is a difference between African Americans and Caucasians in cutaneous microvascular function and whether this difference is attributable to elevated oxidative stress. What is the main finding and its importance? The main finding is that African Americans have an attenuated cutaneous vasodilatation during local heating relative to Caucasians that is restored with local infusion of the superoxide dismutase mimetic, tempol. This suggests that superoxide mediates microvascular dysfunction and might contribute to the greater prevalence of cardiovascular disease in this population. ABSTRACT African Americans (AA) have elevated risk for cardiovascular disease relative to other populations. We hypothesized that the cutaneous hyperaemic response to local heating is reduced in young AA relative to Caucasian Americans (CA) and that this is attributable to elevated oxidative stress. As such, ascorbic acid (a global antioxidant) and tempol (a superoxide dismutase mimetic) would improve this response in AA. Microdialysis fibres received lactated Ringer solution (control), 10 mm ascorbic acid or 10 μm 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (tempol) at a rate of 2.0 μl min-1 . Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was calculated as the red blood cell flux divided by mean arterial pressure. Data were presented as a percentage of maximal CVC (%CVCmax ) induced by 44°C heating plus sodium nitroprusside. Twenty-four (12 AA, 12 CA) young (23 ± 4 years old) subjects participated. During 39°C heating, the %CVCmax was lower in AA at the control (CA, 65 ± 20% versus AA, 47 ± 15%; P < 0.05) and ascorbic acid sites (CA, 73 ± 14% versus AA: 49 ± 17%; P < 0.01). At the tempol site, there were no differences between groups. This was followed by infusion of 10 mm l-NAME at all sites to assess the contribution of nitric oxide to vasodilatation during local heating. The contribution of nitric oxide was lower in AA relative to CA at 39°C; however, this was restored with tempol. These data suggest that: (i) cutaneous vasodilatation in response to local heating is blunted in AA relative to CA; and (ii) elevated superoxide generation attenuates nitric oxide-mediated cutaneous vasodilatation in AA.
Dynamic changes in display architecture and function across environments revealed by a systems approach to animal communication.

Animal communication is often structurally complex and dynamic, with signaler and receiver behavior varying in response to multiple environmental factors. To date, studies assessing signal dynamics have mostly focused on the relationships between select signaling traits and receiver responses in a single environment. We use the wolf spider Schizocosa floridana to explore the relationships between courtship display form and function across two social contexts (female presence vs absence) and two light environments (light vs dark). We use traditional analytical methods to determine predictors of copulation success (i.e., signal function) and examine these predictors in a structural context by overlaying them on signal phenotype networks (Wilkins et al. 2015). This allows us to explore system design principles (degeneracy, redundancy, pluripotentiality), providing insight into hypotheses regarding complex signal evolution. We found that both social context and light environment affect courtship structure, although the predictors of mating success remain similar across light environments, suggesting system degeneracy. Contrastingly, the same display traits may serve different functions across social environments, suggesting pluripotentiality. Ultimately, our network approach uncovers a complexity in display structure and function that is missed by functional analyses alone, highlighting the importance of systems-based methodologies for understanding the dynamic nature of complex signals.
High-Content Small Molecule Screening Strategies for Stem-Cell-Derived Motor Neurons

Abstract Human pluripotent stem cells possess great potential as a source of large numbers of defined cell populations that can be used for therapeutic applications and for pharmaceutical screening. By using disease-specific stem cells, in vitro disease models can be established that better recapitulate human diseases and lead to the development of more effective therapeutics and more informative disease mechanism studies. We have developed a high-content screening (HCS) assay using embryonic-stem-cell-derived motor neurons to study disease-related processes such as differentiation, survival, and protein expression. In particular, the assay described here is aimed at finding small molecules that can modulate the level of a key protein—survival of motor neuron—implicated in the human motor neuron disease—spinal muscular atrophy. A detailed protocol for the assay setups, including the parameters for growth conditions, compound library selection, and hit validation methods, are described.
Arterial disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: what has imaging taught us?

With advances in antiretroviral therapy (ART), individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are living longer and increasingly die of non–HIV-related diseases, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). Several observational studies suggest that HIV-infected patients on ART are at increased risk of CVD; however, the precise mechanisms underlying the association between HIV infection and CVD risk are uncertain. Atherosclerosis and arterial disease in HIV-infected individuals is a multifactorial process with several potential targets for research and therapeutic intervention. This paper critically reviews the contributions of imaging to our understanding of arterial disease, atherosclerosis, and CVD risk in HIV-infected individuals. In general, the findings of studies using carotid ultrasound, coronary computed tomographic angiography, and aortic positron emission tomography agree with those from observational studies of CVD events and suggest that HIV infection is associated with an increased risk of CVD. Observational studies of CVD outcomes and studies using carotid intima-media thickness suggest that there is a moderate increase in CVD risk related to HIV serostatus. Less can be said about the role of ART and specific ART therapies in CVD risk, mainly because imaging studies have had serious methodological limitations that diminish their generalizability. Brachial artery reactivity testing has been especially useful for elucidating the arterial pathophysiology of HIV infection and its treatments, as well as the arterial effects of interventions for treating HIV and dyslipidemia. Aortic positron emission tomography has been especially useful for evaluating arterial inflammation. Coronary artery calcium has not proven to be a useful marker of subclinical atherosclerosis in HIV-infected individuals. Imaging studies support the intriguing hypothesis that persistent inflammation and immune dysregulation contribute to increased CVD risk among treated and suppressed patients with HIV infection.
Effective Communication of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Data by Pathologists to Clinicians

Despite predictions in the mid-twentieth century that bacterial and viral diseases would be wiped out by the year 2000, microbial infections in the early years of twenty-first century have remained major causes of morbidity and mortality. The emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in the hospital environment, and more recently in community settings, augmented by frequent reports in the lay press, has heightened the awareness of primary care physicians as well as specialists in the importance of surveillance for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, and that the administration of antimicrobial chemotherapy should be guided by in vitro susceptibility data whenever possible. The increased attention focused on microbiology data by clinicians has a secondary effect in that it mandates involvement of the clinical pathologist as a leader in how laboratory information is obtained and communicated to physicians in the most accurate, timely, and effective manner. Keeping abreast of the epidemiologic trends in antimicrobial resistance locally and nationally, maintaining awareness of current guidelines and recommendations for susceptibility testing, communication of data in an understandable format, and regular interactions with clinicians require considerable time allotment by the pathologist in order to ensure optimum patient management and fiscal responsibility to the hospital or laboratory that generates the data.
The Role of Sexual and Gender Identity in Long-Term Psychodynamic Therapy for Comorbid Social Anxiety and Depression in an Adolescent Female:

Adolescence is a time of significant change with social, cognitive, and emotional alternations, and growth of autonomy and identity. This is a single clinical case study that uses long-term psychod...
The interplay between Korean men’s movements and hegemonic masculinity: Identity, complicity, and resistance

This article examines the three representative forms of Korean men’s groups and movements, including men’s rights, conservative evangelical, and profeminist groups. By analyzing how the discourses and practices of each group relate to hegemonic masculinity, this paper will demonstrate how hegemonic masculinities are expressed, enacted, renegotiated, or challenged in public and political spheres and how each of these three groups is complicit with, reinforces, or resists the politics of hegemonic masculinity. Based on the critical evaluation of these three forms of masculinity politics in Korean society, some of the challenges and prospects for profeminist politics of masculinity are discussed.
Arthroscopic Bankart Repair

The patient was identified as the correct person in the preoperative holding area, the operative extremity was marked, and the patient was brought into the operative suite and placed supine on the operating table. He was induced into general endotracheal anesthesia without difficulty and the patient was then repositioned for his surgical procedure. The patient was placed up in the beach-chair position with all bony prominences well-padded distally. The head was secured in the headrest as well. The patient was given IV antibiotics prior to the beginning of the procedure. Exam under anesthesia demonstrated grade 2 anterior instability, grade 1 sulcus, grade 0 posterior translation, and full range of motion. The patient’s left arm was then prepped and draped in a normal sterile fashion. A time out was performed with the entire surgical team.
Human-mediated disturbance in multitrophic interactions results in outbreak levels of North America's most venomous caterpillar.

Anthropogenic environmental change is predicted to disrupt multitrophic interactions, which may have drastic consequences for population-level processes. Here, we investigate how a large-scale huma...
On-the-fly Homomorphic Batching/Unbatching.

We introduce a homomorphic batching technique that can be used to pack multiple ciphertext messages into one ciphertext for parallel processing. One is able to use the method to batch or unbatch messages homomorphically to further improve the flexibility of encrypted domain evaluations. In particular, we show various approaches to implement Number Theoretic Transform (NTT) homomorphically in FFT speed. Also, we present the limitations that we encounter in application of these methods. We implement homomorphic batching in various settings and present concrete performance figures. Finally, we present an implementation of a homomorphic NTT method which we process each element in an independent ciphertext. The advantage of this method is we are able to batch independent homomorphic NTT evaluations and achieve better amortized time.
Percutaneous ultrasonic tenotomy with the TX-1 device versus surgical tenotomy for the treatment of common extensor tendinosis.

To compare outcomes in patients treated for chronic common extensor tendinosis with percutaneous ultrasonic tenotomy (TX-1 device) versus surgical tenotomy. Outcomes from consecutive patients who underwent percutaneous tenotomy with the TX-1 device were compared with outcomes from consecutive patients who underwent surgical tenotomy. Patients were contacted to retrospectively assess their outcomes at 4 time points: before treatment, 2 weeks after treatment, 3 to 6 months after treatment, and 12 months after treatment. Outcomes were assessed using the quick disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand score (QuickDASH) and the Oxford elbow score (OES). Student’s t tests were used to compare postprocedural versus preprocedural scores and percutaneous versus surgical tenotomy scores. Response rates were 23 of 43 and 10 of 47 for surveyed percutaneous and surgical tenotomy patients, respectively. There were significant improvements from preprocedural scores in all primary outcome measures at 3-to-6-month and 12-month time points for both procedures. No significant changes from preprocedural scores were seen for either procedure at 2 weeks after treatment or between percutaneous and surgical tenotomy in preprocedural or postprocedural scores for any outcome measure. At 2 weeks, improved percutaneous tenotomy scores approached significance compared with percutaneous preprocedural QuickDASH (p = 0.060) and surgical 2-week OES function domain (p = 0.074) scores. Ultrasonic percutaneous tenotomy with the TX-1 device and surgical tenotomy have similar outcomes for chronic common extensor tendinosis, with significant symptomatic improvement occurring after 3 to 6 months. Larger studies are needed to assess for differences at 2 weeks.
Burden of cannabis use and disorder in the U.S. veteran population: Psychiatric comorbidity, suicidality, and service utilization.

Abstract Background Cannabis use is associated with psychiatric illness and suicidality, which are prevalent among U.S. military veterans. However, the psychiatric burden of cannabis use and cannabis use disorder (CUD) among veterans is unclear. Using data from a nationally representative sample of veterans, we evaluated associations of lifetime cannabis use and CUD with psychiatric problems, suicidality, and treatment utilization. Methods Participants were 3,157 veterans aged 21 to 96 years from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study (NHRVS). Cannabis use and CUD were assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Psychiatric morbidities, suicidal ideation and attempts, and treatment utilization were assessed and compared between three cannabis groups: [1] no lifetime cannabis use (never-use); [2] lifetime cannabis use but never met criteria for CUD (non-CUD cannabis use); [3] lifetime CUD (CUD). Results Relative to the never-use group, veterans who used cannabis had elevated odds of current and lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders, current suicidal ideation, lifetime suicide attempts, and current and lifetime mental health treatment utilization [odds ratios (ORs)=1.5-8.3]. Veterans with CUD had higher odds of current and lifetime PTSD, mood, and anxiety disorders, lifetime nicotine and alcohol dependence, and current suicidal ideation, relative to veterans who used cannabis but never met criteria for CUD (ORs=1.6-2.7). Limitations The cross-sectional design of this study precludes causal inference. Conclusions Cannabis use and CUD are associated with substantial psychiatric and suicide-related burden among veterans, highlighting the need for screening, education, and treatment to mitigate potential cannabis-related harm.
A Prospective Randomised Comparative Study Between Weekly Cisplatin Versus Three Weekly Cisplatin with Radiotherapy in Unresectable Locally Advanced Head and Neck Cancer

To compare the efficacy, compliance and the complications of weekly cisplatin 40 mg/m2 against the three weekly cisplatin 100 mg/m2 with EBRT(external beam radiotherapy) in unresectable locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(LAHNSCC) Study design was Prospective randomized and comparative.85 Patients with histologically proven stage III–IVA LAHNSCC presenting from December 2017 to May 2019 were assigned to concurrent three weekly cisplatin 100 mg/m2 (arm 1) and weekly cisplatin 40 mg/m2 (arm 2) with EBRT. There were 41 patients were in arm 1 and 44 patients in arm 2. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 2.0. At 4 week of completion of treatment, response was assessed using RECIST(1.1) criteria.In Arm 1,61% patients and in arm 2 55% patients achieved complete response but the difference was statistically non- significant (p = 0.756).Median follow up was 12 months after which 49% patients in arm 1 and 38% in arm 2 had complete response whereas 12% patients in arm 1 and 15.5% patients in arm 2 had locoregional relapse. There was no statistically significant difference between the two arms in terms of mucositis, nausea,vomiting, dysphagia, acute skin reaction and ototoxicity. Leukopenia (p = 0.003),thrombocytopenia (p = 0.04) and acute renal toxicity (p = 0.004) was significantly more in three weekly arm. As compared to three weekly cisplatin, weekly cisplatin with radiotherapy is an acceptable approach in a limited resource setting due to good patient compliance where a large number of patients are treated on outpatient basis.
Delayed spectrum allocation in elastic optical networks with anycast traffic

We investigate the problem of dynamic routing and spectrum assignment for advance reservation anycast requests using a novel algorithm called Delayed Spectrum Allocation (DSA) which delays allocation of resources until immediately before transmission begins. We evaluate the flexible window STSD (demands that specify start-time and duration) to further improve request blocking. Through extensive simulation results, we show that anycast with flexible STSD using DSA approach can significantly reduce blocking probability of anycast and unicast requests compared to traditional Immediate Spectrum Allocation (ISA). The improvement is up to 50 percent in unicast traffic and even higher in anycasting. We also propose balanced routing for anycast algorithms to reduce the blocking.
Aorticorenal ganglion as a novel target for renal neuromodulation

Background Clinical trials for renal artery (RA) ablation have shown limited efficacy. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the aorticorenal ganglion (ARG) can be targeted for renal denervation. Methods Twenty-eight pigs were studied under isoflurane or alpha-chloralose to examine hemodynamic responses and catecholamine release in response to RA or ARG stimulation. To assess the efficacy of ARG ablation, we randomized 16 pigs to either sham, RA, or ARG ablation, followed by occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). Hemodynamic responses, cardiac electrophysiological parameters, and arrhythmias/sudden cardiac death were assessed following LAD occlusion. Absent hemodynamic responses to stimulation confirmed ARG or RA ablation. In vivo stellate ganglion neural activity was recorded to assess cardiac sympathetic signaling. Cadaveric dissections were performed to localize the ARG in humans for comparison to swine. Results The ARG is a purely sympathetic ganglion with cholinergic inputs and pass-through sensory afferent fibers. Compared to RA stimulation, ARG stimulation yielded greater hemodynamic responses during alpha-chloralose anesthesia. However, neither site yielded significant responses under isoflurane. Radiofrequency ablation of the ARG eliminated responses to both RA and ARG stimulation, whereas RA ablation did not eliminate responses to ARG stimulation. Ablation of the ARG did not impact the kidneys or adrenal glands. Compared to control and RA ablation, ARG ablation was protective against ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death. Human and swine ARG are similarly located in the aorticorenal region. Conclusion Our findings indicate that the ARG may be a novel target for renal neuromodulation. Further studies are warranted to validate these findings.
Influencing the Preferences of Children through Legal Impacts on Parenting Style

The overriding theme of the conference honoring Bob Cooter and his work is the question whether law and policy can change people’s preferences. The conventional “law and economics” answer is “no.” People have preferences that are fixed. What changes in law and policy do is to change how people behave by altering the costs and benefits people face in pursuit of their preferences. Put simply, the assumption of the “law and economics” model is that people respond to financial incentives by changing how they act, not what they want. So, to take a simple example, imagine two people at the same starting point, both wanting to drive separately to visit a mutual friend. Their preference to get there promptly and safely is common to both of them, but how they act in pursuit of that goal may well differ. Moreover, government can alter how they drive to their friend’s by making changes such as putting in a freeway, or adding a new lane to the road, or installing lots of new traffic signals or stop signs along one route. The two people may have driven different routes previously, and they may alter their driving strategy in response to the policy changes government has adopted and may still decide that different routes are better for them. But they do not change their desire to see their friend in a prompt and safe manner. In this Article I offer a counterexample — an instance in which changes in law and policy can not only alter the behavior of some with fixed preferences, but also can impact the preferences of others. My example is about changes in society that can alter parenting style (of those parents with a fixed preference to have their children succeed) and can also change the underlying preferences that those children have as to how their lives should play out.
Added sugars mediate the relation between pre-pregnancy BMI and infant rapid weight gain: a preliminary study.

BACKGROUND Parental obesity is linked to offspring obesity, though little research has explored factors that might influence this relationship during the complementary feeding period. This study investigated whether infant intakes of added sugars mediate the relationship between a mother's pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and infant rapid weight gain (defined as upward weight-for-age percentile crossing). METHODS This study was of a cross-sectional design. Anthropometrics for 141 mother-infant dyads (mean age [standard deviation]: 32.6 [4.4] year for mothers, 11.9 [1.9] months for infants) were obtained. Data from three 24-h recalls pertaining to the infants' diets were collected and analyzed. Pearson product-moment correlations and multivariable regressions assessed bivariate relationships between pre-pregnancy BMI, infant added sugar intakes and upward weight-for-age percentile crossing. Mediation models evaluated the effects of added sugars and breastfeeding duration. RESULTS Pre-pregnancy BMI correlated positively with infants' added sugar intakes (r = 0.230, p = 0.006). Added sugar intakes mediated the impact of pre-pregnancy BMI on upward weight-for-age percentile crossing (indirect effect = 0.007, 95% CI = 0.0001, 0.0197, indirect/total effect ratio = 0.280). Breastfeeding duration also moderated the relationship, with infants who were breastfed for a shorter duration experiencing a greater mediating effect (indirect effect = 0.010, 95% CI = 0.0014, 0.0277, indirect/direct effect ratio = 0.7368). CONCLUSIONS Mothers who were overweight or obese prior to pregnancy were significantly more likely to give their infants foods and beverages with added sugars, and this practice was found to mediate the relationship between maternal and infant obesity. Breastfeeding duration moderated the mediating effect of added sugars between pre-pregnancy BMI and infant rapid weight gain.
Comparative Cancer Cell Signaling in Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder in Dogs and Humans

Muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma (MIUC) is the most common type of bladder malignancy in humans, but also in dogs that represent a naturally occurring model for this disease. Dogs are immunocompetent animals that share risk factors, pathophysiological features, clinical signs and response to chemotherapeutics with human cancer patients. This review summarizes the fundamental pathways for canine MIUC initiation, progression, and metastasis, emerging therapeutic targets and mechanisms of drug resistance, and proposes new opportunities for potential prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutics. Identifying similarities and differences between cancer signaling in dogs and humans is of utmost importance for the efficient translation of in vitro research to successful clinical trials for both species.
Preparing an incompressible-flow fluid dynamics code for exascale-class wind energy simulations

The U.S. Department of Energy has identified exascale-class wind farm simulation as critical to wind energy scientific discovery. A primary objective of the ExaWind project is to build high-performance, predictive computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools that satisfy these modeling needs. GPU accelerators will serve as the computational thoroughbreds of next-generation, exascale-class supercomputers. Here, we report on our efforts in preparing the ExaWind unstructured mesh solver, Nalu-Wind, for exascale-class machines. For computing at this scale, a simple port of the incompressible-flow algorithms to GPUs is insufficient. To achieve high performance, one needs novel algorithms that are application aware, memory efficient, and optimized for the latest-generation GPU devices. The result of our efforts are unstructured-mesh simulations of wind turbines that can effectively leverage thousands of GPUs. In particular, we demonstrate a first-of-its-kind, incompressible-flow simulation using Algebraic Multigrid solvers that strong scales to more than 4000 GPUs on the Summit supercomputer.
New concepts for bio-inspired sustainable grinding

Abstract Sustainability in manufacturing processes needs to be increased. Bio-inspired design is one promising and innovative approach to design better products and processes. Therefore, this study uses bio-inspired design to find new process setups for novel grinding system components to address problems defined through an axiomatic grinding model. This paper discusses bio-inspired ideas for chip transport and tool cleaning, abrasive wear resistance, self-sharpening, breaking air barriers, cooling, and new process environments. Case studies and new concepts highlight potential improvements, but future research needs to validate these ideas. This study shows how nature can inspire improvements in grinding processes.
Intra-arterial chemotherapy with osmotic blood-brain barrier disruption for aggressive oligodendroglial tumors: results of a phase I study.

Objective Refractory anaplastic oligodendroglioma (AO) and oligoastrocytoma (OA) tumors are challenging to treat. This trial primarily evaluated toxicity and estimated the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of intra-arterial (IA) melphalan, IA carboplatin and intravenous (IV) etoposide phosphate in conjunction with blood-brain barrier disruption (BBBD) in these tumors. The secondary measure was efficacy.
High-fidelity modeling of computer network worms

Abstract modeling, such as using epidemic models, has been the general method of choice for understanding and analyzing the high-level effects of worms. However, high-fidelity models, such as packet-level models, are indispensable for moving beyond aggregate effects, to capture finer nuances and complexities associated with known and future worms in realistic network environments. We first identify the spectrum of available alternatives for worm modeling, and classify them according to their scalability and fidelity. Among them, we focus on three high-fidelity methods for modeling worms, and study their effectiveness with respect to scalability. Employing these methods, we are then able to, respectively, achieve some of the largest packet-level simulations of worm models to date; implant and attack actual worm monitoring/defense installations inside large simulated networks; and identify a workaround for real-time requirement that fundamentally constrains worm modeling at the highest fidelity levels.
Physical Principles and Formalisms of Electrical Excitability

The sections in this article are: 1 Membrane Potentials and Ionic Fluxes 1.1 Fundamental Concepts 1.2 Two Important Examples of Equilibrium Situations 1.3 Electrodes — the Measurement of Potential Difference 1.4 Quasi-equilibrium Systems 1.5 Ion Transport (the Nernst-Planck Flux Equations) 2 Formal Consequences of Voltage-Dependent Conductances 2.1 The Nature of Electrical Excitability 2.2 Current-Voltage (I-V) Characteristics 8 3 Voltage-Dependent Conductance in Thin Lipid Membranes 3.1 The Unmodified Thin Lipid Membrane 3.2 Nonvoltage-dependent Modifiers 3.3 Voltage-dependent Modifiers
Improved computer algorithm for characterizing skewed chromatographic band broadening: II. Results and comparisons

Abstract A newly developed method using an exponentially modified Gaussian peak shape model produces results that are more precise and less subject to baseline noise than previous methods for characterizing chromatographic band broadening. The method requires only precisely measurable experimental peak parameters: peak retention time, peak height, peak area, and peak centroid (first moment). Accuracy and precision of the new method were compared with other digital approaches by using computer-synthesized peaks and experimental chromatographic data from many HPLC columns. The proposed method offers a reasonable compromise between accuracy, precision, and convenience. A rapid visual estimate of peak skew can be made by inspecting peak shape and referring to a calibration plot involving peak parameters. Peak variance and skew data from this method are also useful for finding column dispersion corrections in size-exclusion chromatography calibrations.
Competing magnetic ground states in nonsuperconducting Ba( Fe 1 − x Cr x ) 2 As 2 as seen via neutron diffraction

We present neutron diffraction measurements on single-crystal samples of nonsuperconducting Ba(${\mathrm{Fe}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Cr}}_{x}$)${}_{2}$${\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ as a function of Cr doping for $0\ensuremath{\leqslant}x\ensuremath{\leqslant}0.47$. The average spin-density-wave moment is independent of concentration for $x\ensuremath{\leqslant}0.2$ and decreases rapidly for $x\ensuremath{\geqslant}0.3$. For concentrations in excess of 30% chromium, we find a new competing magnetic phase consistent with G-type antiferromagnetism which rapidly becomes the dominant magnetic ground state. Strong magnetism is observed for all concentrations measured, naturally explaining the absence of superconductivity in the Cr-doped materials.
Measure, Topology, and Differentiation

Nearly every measure used in mathematics is defined on a space where there is also a topology such that the domain of the measure is either the Borel σ-algebra generated by the topology, its completion for the measure, or perhaps an intermediate σ-algebra. Defining the integrals of real-valued functions on a measure space did not involve any topology as such on the domain space, although structures on the range space ℝ (order as well as topology) were used. Section 7.1 will explore relations between measures and topologies. The derivative of one measure with respect to another, dγ/dμ = f , is defined by the Radon-Nikodym theorem (§5.5) in case γ is absolutely continuous with respect to μ. A natural question is whether differentiation is valid in the sense that then γ ( A )/μ( A ) converges to f ( x ) as the set A shrinks down to x . For this, it is clearly not enough that the sets A contain x and their measures approach 0, as most of the sets might be far from x . One would expect that the sets should be included in neighborhoods of x forming a filter base converging to x . In ℝ , for the usual differentiation, the sets A are intervals, usually with an endpoint at x . It turns out that it is not enough for the sets A to converge to x .
Computational Methods in Geosciences

Discusses a dozen topics related to mathematical and computational issues in geophysical fluid and solid mechanics, including local grid refinement for reservoir simulation, a method of factoring long z-transform polynomials, and the finite element modelling of surface flow problems. See entry QC155
Solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells from polymer-templated TiO2 bilayer thin films

We report an inexpensive method using solvent-swollen poly(methyl methacrylate) as a sacrificial template for mesoporous titanium oxide thin films with tunable meso/nano morphology. The conversion ...
An optimized GPU-accelerated FDTD method for microwave imaging using a fast nonlinear inverse scattering algorithm

Summary form only given: Microwave imaging has received considerable attention as a low cost, non-invasive, non-ionizing method for breast cancer detection. In previous work, we have presented a time-domain nonlinear inverse scattering algorithm with multiparameter optimization for microwave imaging. In order to apply this algorithm to an experimental system that we have developed, it is crucial to have an accurate forward model of the imaging cavity. In this presentation, the modeling of the cavity using an in-house GPU accelerated finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) method will be introduced, demonstrating several optimizations for increased computational efficiency and accuracy. S-parameter simulations of the cavity antennas comparing the results with the commercial software packages Ansys HFSS and CST MWS will be shown. Finally, results from microwave imaging tests of our GPU accelerated inversion algorithm using this fast forward model for both breast cancer detection and for real-time thermal monitoring of focused hyperthermia will be presented.The imaging cavity is a dodecagon consisting of 12 panels. Each panel has three dual-band bow-tie patch antennas operating at 915MHZ and 2.1GHz. In order to accurately capture the fine geometry of the cavity, we have utilized a nonuniform orthogonal mesh. The electrical field grid distance varies slowly in each direction, while the magnetic field resides in the middle of two adjacent electrical field. Though in this scenario the electrical field no long resides in the middle of two adjacent magnetic field points, which may result in first-order error locally, it has been shown by Monk1 that second-order error can still be achieved globally. In addition, we exploit the fact that within one Yee cell, the electrical field and magnetic field in each direction are half grids away to create an anisotropically filled Yee grid. This implementation maintains the accuracy of the cavity model with reduced grids and thus reduced cost of computation.
Columella reconstruction using internal nasal vestibular flaps

Abstract The importance of the columella as an aesthetic entity in the composition of the face is easily underestimated and it is only when this tiny structure is destroyed by syphilis, infection or trauma that the tissue defect becomes glaringly obvious. The difficulty of reconstruction of this subtle aesthetic keystone has stimulated many elaborate operative techniques requiring multiple stages. The successful correction of loss of the lower septum and columella with a simple one-stage procedure is the justification for this short report.
AN EXPERT SYSTEM APPLICATION FOR DECISION SUPPORT IN LAW ENFORCEMENT

Expert systems offer promise for decision-making support in stressful circumstances such as those that occur when law enforcement officials respond to hostage-taking incidents. These are life-or-death situations in which the costs of decision error are enormous. This paper reports on an expert system being developed and tested to aid police decision makers in hostage-taking incidents. Knowledge is represented by rules embedded in an incident-based decision-tree network. Four different decision makers who have similar but distinct information needs are supported and their efforts are coordinated by the system, which must function in real time as the crisis unfolds. Clear, concise, highly focused dialogue is required at the user interface since frequently only seconds are available in which to make a decision and implement it.
Diffusion of dissolved oxygen in liquid-saturated Douglas fir sapwood

A technique was developed for the determination of the effective dissolved oxygen diffusivity in liquid-saturated softwood in a diffusion cell under ambient pressure. From the measurements in the temperature range 2° to 50°C, the activation energy of diffusion was found to be 4.6 kcal/mole. The diffusivity in summerwood is about one half of that in springwood. The diffusivity of dissolved oxygen through composite springwood and summerwood layers was based upon samples of two Douglas fir sapwood blocks saturated with water. In the radial and tangential directions, diffusivity was 1.4 to 2.3x10-6cm2/s, which is about 6 to 10% that of dissolved oxygen diffusivity in water. The diffusivity in the longitudinal direction is about 5.5 times that in the other two directions. The diffusivity of dissolved oxygen through liquor-saturated wood and the effect of delignification on oxygen diffusion were also determined.
Localization of a synthetic progestin in the reproductive organs of the female baboon

The uptake and retention of a radiolabeled synthetic progestin, ORG 2058, was studied in the female reproductive system of the baboon. Four estrogen-primed baboons were injected intravenously with 2.5 micrograms/kg body weight of 3H-ORG 2058. One animal, which served as a control, received an additional injection of 2.5 mg/kg body weight of unlabeled progesterone. One hour after the injections, the animals were killed and the uterus, cervix, oviduct, vagina, and labia were removed and processed for autoradiography. The cells in the germinative layers of the stratified squamous epithelium of the cervix, vagina, and labia demonstrated nuclear localization of the label. The columnar epithelium, both surface and glandular, of the uterus and cervix sequestered the synthetic steroid; however, the nuclei of the epithelium lining the oviduct were unlabeled. The nuclei of the fibroblasts and of the smooth muscle cells were labeled in all the organs studied. These preliminary observations suggest that there is a stage in the reproductive cycle in which progesterone receptors are contained in the stromal cells of the oviduct but are absent in the epithelium.