cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Nature, Existence and Significance of Organic Unities

Many philosophers have endorsed G. E. Moore’s principle of organic unities – according to which the value of a whole must not be assumed to be the same as the sum of the values of its parts – claiming this principle to be of fundamental importance to ethics. In this paper, I cast doubt on the principle. In Section 1, I provide a provisional reformulation of the principle of organic unities and contrast such unities with mere sums of value. In Section 2, I do some groundwork in order to arrive at an account of the part–whole relation with which the principle of organic unities is concerned. In so doing, I provide some further reformulations of that principle. In Section 3, I discuss the isolation method that Moore proposes for determining the value of something, and then, in Section 4, I begin an extended discussion of a particular example of an alleged organic unity, namely, Schadenfreude. I explain why some philosophers claim that such pleasure constitutes an organic unity, but I also present reasons for denying this claim. In Section 5, I pursue one of these reasons in particular, a reason that appeals to the concept of what I call evaluative inadequacy, and, in Section 6, I seek to motivate this appeal by drawing on the relation between value and fitting attitudes. In so doing, I provide still further reformulations of the principle of organic unities. In Section 7, I entertain objections to my account of Schadenfreude, one of which requires one final reformulation of the principle of organic unities, and then, in Section 8, I discuss the more general objection that, even if my reasons for denying that Schadenfreude constitutes an organic unity are cogent, these reasons do not extend to other alleged organic unities, such as the related phenomenon of Mitleid. In the final section, I address the significance of the debate about whether the principle of organic unities is true.
Standards and Interoperability

In a complex information technology (IT) environment such as medical imaging, no single information system can provide all of the functionality necessary for safe, high-quality, accurate, and efficient operations. Information systems must, therefore, share data and status with each other.
What Is Curvature

If you’ve just completed an introductory course on differential geometry, you might be wondering where the geometry went. In most people’s experience, geometry is concerned with properties such as distances, lengths, angles, areas, volumes, and curvature. These concepts, however, are barely mentioned in typical beginning graduate courses in differential geometry; instead, such courses are concerned with smooth structures, flows, tensors, and differential forms.
Variable Hemagglutination Reactions with Ulex europaeus Lectin and Group O Erythrocytes

Group O red blood cells (RBCs) express the highest amount of H antigen of any other blood group and, therefore, are expected to demonstrate strong reactivity when tested with Ulex europaeus anti-H lectin, unless the RBCs are from individuals possessing the Bombay or para-Bombay phenotypes. We report several examples of group O RBCs not belonging to the aforementioned groups that consistently produced weak reactions with quality-controlled Ulex europaeus lectin.
Photopolymerized Micelle-Laden Hydrogels Can Simultaneously Form and Encapsulate Nanocrystals to Improve Drug Substance Solubility and Expedite Drug Product Design

Formulation technologies are critical for increasing the efficacy of drug products containing poorly soluble hydrophobic drugs, which compose roughly 70% of small molecules in commercial pipelines. Nanomedicines, such as nanocrystal formulations and amorphous solid suspensions, are effective approaches to increasing solubility. However, existing techniques require additional processing into a final dosage form, which strongly influences drug delivery and clinical performance. To enhance hydrophobic drug product efficacy and clinical throughput, a hydrogel material is developed as a sacrificial template to simultaneously form and encapsulate nanocrystals. These hydrogels contain micelles chemically bound to the hydrogel matrix, where the surfactant structure dictates the crystal size and drug loading. Therefore, nanocrystals can be produced in high yield (up to 90% drug loading, by weight) with precisely controlled sizes as small as 4 nm independently of hydrogel composition. Nanocrystals and surfactant are then released together to increase the solubility up to 70 times above bulk crystalline material. By integrating nanocrystals into a final dosage form, micelle-laden hydrogels simplify hydrophobic drug product design.
Novel Acoustically Actuated Magnetoelectric Antennas

Antenna miniaturization has been a vital issue and has been studied extensively for decades in wireless communication. Instead of relying on electromagnetic wave resonance, which leads to the size of conventional antennas comparable to the electromagnetic wavelength λ 0 , a novel miniaturized antenna that utilizes the acoustic wave resonance due to magnetoelectric (ME) effect was demonstrated. Comparing with the conventional compact antennas, the proposed ME antennas with a released ferromagnetic / piezoelectric thin-film heterostructures could miniaturize the magnitude in 1–2 orders without performance degradation. In this paper, the fundamental limits on size reduction of conventional antennas are firstly presented. And then a general review of techniques already used in the literature to design miniaturized antennas is given. A section is also devoted to discuss the ME antenna theory and further design to improve the performance with series and parallel antenna arrays. Finally, a comparison of performance between conventional small antennas and novel ME antennas is given.
A Miniaturized Fourier Transform Electrostatic Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer: Mass Range and Resolution.

Mass resolution (M/ΔMFWHM) was increased by reducing the axial length of a Fourier transform electrostatic linear ion trap (FT-ELIT) mass spectrometer. The increase in mass resolution corresponds directly to increased axial ion frequencies in the FT-ELIT. Increased mass resolution was demonstrated for equivalent transient lengths in a 5.25″ versus 2.625″ ELIT using the isotopes of [bradykinin+2H]2+ and [insulin+5H]5+ as test ions. Both bradykinin and insulin show mass resolution increases of ~ 90% allowing baseline resolution of the [insulin+5H]5+ isotopes after only 300 ms of data acquisition. Relative changes in mass/charge range were explored using mirror switching to trap ions injected axially into the ELIT. When trapping ions using mirror switching, the mass/charge range in a FT-ELIT mass spectrometer for a given switch time is determined by the time required for fast ions to enter and exit the trap after one reflection versus the time it takes for slow ions to enter the trap. By reducing the length of the FT-ELIT mass spectrometer while maintaining a constant distance from the point from which ions are initially accelerated to the entrance mirror, only the low m/z limit is affected for a given mirror switching time. For the two ELIT lengths examined here, the effective mass/charge range at any given switch time is reduced from m/zlow-8.9*m/zlow for the 5.25″ ELIT to m/zlow-5.2*m/zlow for the 2.625″ ELIT.
Creating Persuasive Substance-Use Prevention Communications: The EQUIP Model

The effectiveness of media-based campaigns to discourage psychoactive substance use (PSU) has come under severe question. This chapter outlines some of the many reasons for campaign failure. These include the nonoptimal choice of theoretical framework, failure to recognize the essential relation of persuasion in prevention, necessity to overcome resistance in all persuasive contexts, and need to construct communications that take advantage of the past 70 years of evidence-based research on communication and persuasion. We argue that currently popular (grand) theories often provide useful frameworks for research, but are relatively unhelpful in specifying communications that move the frameworks from theory to actionable interventions. We argue that it is necessary to develop theories of the middle range, which inform development of effective preventive communications, and propose one such theory. Termed the EQUIP model, it specifies the features that must be a part of any communication if it is to succeed. The model requires the communicator to engage the audience, question the critical belief, undermine the expected defensive response, inform receivers of the evidence which is necessary to evoke changes in cognitions and behaviors, and finally persuade, by offering cognitive reinforcement for acceptance of proffered information and advice. The EQUIP model details the essential features of persuasive communications and facilitates creation of messages that take advantage of many years of evidence-based research.
Towards photoacoustic sensing and mapping of neuroelectrical and hemodynamic activity

Understanding the neurological function and disorders is an enduring challenge, particularly because the brain activity involves a diverse set of chemical, ionic, and electrical interactions spanning a wide range of spatial scales from microns to several centimeters. Recording these time-varying dynamics in intact, mammalian brain provides an insight into how signaling is processed in neural networks and how these signals modulate physiological function. Optical-fluorescence techniques have emerged as tools of choice for the imaging neuronal activity. Despite significant advances in fluorescent voltage and calcium reporters, these methods are limited to penetration depths of less than 1 mm. One viable alternative to overcome the depth limitation is photoacoustic sensing, which relies on absorption of light and subsequent thermoelastic generation of ultrasound. Photoacoustic methods provide spectroscopic specificity to endogenous and exogenous chromophores, but the molecular information is relayed to the sensor acoustically, which is not as susceptible to scattering in tissue as light. We will present on ongoing efforts to develop (1) PA-based voltage reporters, (2) photoacoustic imaging of the voltage and hemodynamic activity at micro- and meso-scales, and (3) a deep learning framework for achieving super-resolution (exceeding the diffraction limit of ultrasound) photoacoustic tomography of the brain. [Partially supported by NIH-1R21EY023012.]Understanding the neurological function and disorders is an enduring challenge, particularly because the brain activity involves a diverse set of chemical, ionic, and electrical interactions spanning a wide range of spatial scales from microns to several centimeters. Recording these time-varying dynamics in intact, mammalian brain provides an insight into how signaling is processed in neural networks and how these signals modulate physiological function. Optical-fluorescence techniques have emerged as tools of choice for the imaging neuronal activity. Despite significant advances in fluorescent voltage and calcium reporters, these methods are limited to penetration depths of less than 1 mm. One viable alternative to overcome the depth limitation is photoacoustic sensing, which relies on absorption of light and subsequent thermoelastic generation of ultrasound. Photoacoustic methods provide spectroscopic specificity to endogenous and exogenous chromophores, but the molecular information is relayed to the s...
Management Strategies for Early-Onset Pulmonary Events Associated with Brigatinib.

Abstract Introduction Rare cases of early-onset pulmonary events (EOPEs) occurring within days of the start of administration of brigatinib have been reported (incidence 3%–6% with use of the recommended dose of 90 mg for 7 days and then a 180-mg step-up dosing regimen). Current prescribing information suggests dose interruption and then dose reduction for grade 1 or 2 events and discontinuation for recurrent or higher grade events. However, clinical experience suggests that alternative strategies exist to safely maintain dosing. Methods Case vignettes illustrating different EOPE clinical scenarios were assembled; they included (1) successful treatment through the initial EOPE, (2) successful rechallenge after the EOPE, (3) successful rechallenge after the EOPE with utilization of a shallower step-up regimen, and (4) unsuccessful rechallenge. Results Rapid tolerization to EOPEs within 5 to 8 days may occur with continued dosing, suggesting that dose interruption could be avoided with close observation and temporary supportive care (including supplemental oxygen). If dose interruption occurs, restarting administration of brigatinib at 30 mg, followed by dose increases in 30-mg increments every 3 days to the full dose as tolerated (“shallow step-up dosing”) may maximize safety during rechallenge. As compromised baseline respiratory function may increase the rate of clinically apparent EOPEs, proactive use of shallow step-up dosing could be considered in select cases. Conclusions Clinically apparent EOPEs are a rare complication of brigatinib. They occur within days of starting administration of the drug, with rapid tolerization possible during continued dosing. Adapting the EOPE nomenclature to include the word transient (TEOPE) may further clinician and patient understanding in distinguishing these events from the pneumonitis seen with other tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Improved education and appropriate supportive care and dosing should allow more patients to maximally and safely benefit from brigatinib.
Toxic Acetaminophen Exposure Induces Distal Lung ER Stress, Proinflammatory Signaling, and Emphysematous Changes in the Adult Murine Lung.

Clinical studies have demonstrated a strong association between both acute toxic exposure and the repetitive, chronic exposure to acetaminophen (APAP) with pulmonary dysfunction. However, the mechanisms underlying this association are unknown. Preclinical reports have demonstrated that significant bronchiolar injury occurs with toxic APAP exposure, but very little information exists on how the distal lung is affected. However, cells in the alveolar space, including the pulmonary epithelium and resident macrophages, express the APAP-metabolizing enzyme CYP2E1 and are a potential source of toxic metabolites and subsequent distal lung injury. Thus, we hypothesized that distal lung injury would occur in a murine model of toxic APAP exposure. Following exposure of APAP (280 mg/kg, IP), adult male mice were found to have significant proximal lung histopathology as well as distal lung inflammation and emphysematous changes. Toxic APAP exposure was associated with increased CYP2E1 expression in the distal lung and accumulation of APAP-protein adducts. This injury was associated with distal lung activation of oxidant stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inflammatory stress response pathways. Our findings confirm that following toxic APAP exposure, distal lung CYP2E1 expression is associated with APAP metabolism, tissue injury, and oxidant, inflammatory, and endoplasmic reticulum signaling. This previously unrecognized injury may help improve our understanding of the relationship between APAP and pulmonary-related morbidity.
Taxonomic Interference Associated with Phonemic Paraphasias in Agrammatic Primary Progressive Aphasia

Phonemic paraphasias are thought to reflect phonological (post-semantic) deficits in language production. Here we present evidence that phonemic paraphasias in non-semantic primary progressive aphasia (PPA) may be associated with taxonomic interference. Agrammatic and logopenic PPA patients and control participants performed a word-to-picture visual search task where they matched a stimulus noun to 1 of 16 object pictures as their eye movements were recorded. Participants were subsequently asked to name the same items. We measured taxonomic interference (ratio of time spent viewing related vs. unrelated foils) during the search task for each item. Target items that elicited a phonemic paraphasia during object naming elicited increased taxonomic interference during the search task in agrammatic but not logopenic PPA patients. These results could reflect either very subtle sub-clinical semantic distortions of word representations or partial degradation of specific phonological word forms in agrammatic PPA during both word-to-picture matching (input stage) and picture naming (output stage). The mechanism for phonemic paraphasias in logopenic patients seems to be different and to be operative at the pre-articulatory stage of phonological retrieval. Glucose metabolic imaging suggests that degeneration in the left posterior frontal lobe and left temporo-parietal junction, respectively, might underlie these different patterns of phonemic paraphasia.
Two-step extinction of Late Cretaceous marine vertebrates in northern Gulf of Mexico prolonged biodiversity loss prior to the Chicxulub impact

Recent studies on mass extinctions are often based on the global fossil record, but data from selected paleogeographic regions under a relatively constant paleoenvironmental setting can also provide important information. Eighty-nine marine vertebrate species, including cartilaginous and bony fish and marine reptiles, from northern Gulf of Mexico – located about 500 km from the Chicxulub crater – offer a unique opportunity to determine an extinction process during the last 20 million years of the Late Cretaceous. Our diversity data show two separate extinction events: (i) the ‘Middle Campanian Crisis’ (about 77 Mya) and (ii) the end-Maastrichtian (66 Mya) events. Whether this stepwise pattern of extinctions occurred locally or globally cannot be determined at present due to the lack of a dataset of the marine vertebrate record for reliable comparison. However, this stepwise pattern including the Middle Campanian and end-Maastrichtian events for, at least, a 13 million-year interval indicates long-term global marine environmental changes (e.g., regression, ocean water chemistry change). Because most Cretaceous marine vertebrates already disappeared in the Gulf of Mexico prior to the latest Maastrichtian, the Chicxulub Impact may not be considered as the most devastating extinction event for the community.
Monitoring Breathing Frequency, Pattern, and Effort

Monitoring respiratory values such as breathing frequency, minute ventilation, breathing effort, and dyspnea are common in acute care. There is evidence that accurate monitoring and interpretation of these values leads to early identification and treatment of impending respiratory failure. Despite this evidence, some values, such as breathing frequency, are largely undervalued in the clinical setting. The undervaluation of breathing frequency is complex and will require a multifaceted approach, including education and improved technology, to reestablish its clinical potential. Many questions remain regarding how to most efficiently and effectively monitor other respiratory values, like noninvasive minute volume and breathing effort, as well. As technology continues to improve alongside the understanding of respiratory physiology, clinicians are able to apply basic clinical assessment skills and technology together to improve patient safety and outcomes.
Early-Stage Entrepreneurship: Some Key Indicators and a Summary Index

Entrepreneurship is a process and a series of dynamic steps, rather than a binary or static outcome. To provide more granular insights into the early stages of entrepreneurship, we elaborate on four indicators and a summary index capturing different dimensions of entrepreneurial activity within the population and within new businesses. The four early-stage entrepreneurship indicators: - Rate of new entrepreneurs: the percentage of the adult, non-business owner population that starts a business each month. - Opportunity share of new entrepreneurs: the percent of the total number of new entrepreneurs who were not unemployed and not looking for a job as they started the new business. - Startup early job creation: the total employment created by new employer firms in their first year for every 1,000 people, meaning that it is a measure of average first year job creation by a startup, and it is comparable across time and by geography. - Startup early survival rate: the percentage of new employer establishments that are still active after one year of operation.
Land Parcel Identification

Land parcel is the finest unit to describe the location, boundary, and ownership in land management. Land survey is the most popular way to identify land parcel in the history of land management. However, land parcel survey come with huge financial cost while the accuracy of the survey is not acceptable for many applications such as agricultural management. The development of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) introduced a novel way of collecting, storing, and analyzing agricultural land parcel information. This study discusses agricultural land parcel identification and management approaches from local to global level. In most countries, local authorities are responsible for the collection and storage of land parcel information. For this reason, the aggregation of land parcel information from various authorities’ datasets becomes critical in large-scale agricultural management activities. However, agencies and nations develop land parcel databases differently, and these databases are often not interoperable. This study also summarizes the state-of-art approaches to reduce friction in land parcel database integration across the globe. The study concludes that international standards and corporations between organizations are essential to the management of land parcel information in agro-geoinformation systems.
The Weight of History: When Historical Corporate Transgressions Affect Present-Day Consumer Attitudes

Many organizations with long histories have committed major moral transgressions in their distant past. We establish that such transgressions, even if they were the responsibility of individuals long departed from the firm, can negatively bias consumers’ present-day attitudes toward these organizations. Neither attempting to make up for past wrongs nor highlighting a high transgression base rate among similar organizations of the past is particularly effective at mitigating negative consequences of past transgressions. Conversely, behaving righteously in the present in a domain unrelated to that of the transgression and having consumers deliberate on the connection (or lack thereof) between the past and present organization appear relatively effective at mitigating the effect of past transgressions on present attitudes. We argue that these findings can be explained by consumers instinctively representing organizations as possessing an immutable essence.
Enrollment in Supplemental Insurance Coverage Among Medicare Beneficiaries by Race/Ethnicity.

Objectives The objective of this study was to examine racial/ethnic differences in enrollment trends for supplemental insurance coverage among traditional Medicare (TM) and Medicare Advantage (MA) beneficiaries. Study design We employed a retrospective cohort study design using the 2010-2016 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey. Methods We included two types of outcomes: 1) seven exclusive types of insurance coverage in a given year and 2) changes in insurance coverage in the next year for those with each of the seven exclusive types of insurance coverage. Our primary independent variable was race/ethnicity. We conducted regression while controlling for demographic, socioeconomic, and health characteristics. We calculated the adjusted value of the outcome by race/ethnicity after adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic, and health status characteristics. Results We found substantial racial/ethnic differences in supplemental insurance coverage among TM and MA beneficiaries. Compared to White beneficiaries, racial/ethnic minority beneficiaries had lower adjusted rates of enrollment in Medigap among TM beneficiaries and higher enrollment in Medicaid among both TM and MA beneficiaries. Trends in enrollment differed by supplemental insurance coverage, but an increasing trend in enrollment among MA beneficiaries without supplemental insurance coverage and MA beneficiaries with Medicaid was notable. Overall trends were consistent across all racial/ethnic groups. Finally, most beneficiaries were less likely to change insurance coverage in the next year, but a distinct phenomenon was observed among Black beneficiaries with the lowest rates of remaining in Medigap or MA only. Conclusions Our findings indicate the minority Medicare beneficiaries may not have equitable access to supplemental insurance coverage.
A study of a special class of groups in a partially ordered linear algebra

We study subgroups G of the multiplicative group of a unital Dedekind \({\sigma}\)-complete partially ordered linear algebra A satisfying the property that the set \({H = \{ x^{2} : x \in G \}}\) is a chain. Among other things, we show that if such a group is bounded above by some element \({u \in A}\), then x4 = 1 for all \({x \in G}\) (so that H consists entirely of involutions), while if the upper bound u belongs to G, then x2 = 1 for all \({x \in G}\) (so that G is abelian).
Oxygen regulation of the ccoN gene encoding a component of the cbb3 oxidase in Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1T: involvement of the FnrL protein.

The ccoNOQP gene cluster of Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1T encodes a cbb3 cytochrome oxidase which is utilized in oxygen-limited conditions for aerobic respiration. The β-galactosidase activity of a ccoN::lacZ transcriptional fusion was low under high (30%)-oxygen and anaerobic growth conditions. Maximal ccoN::lacZ expression was observed when the oxygen concentration was lowered to 2%. In an FnrL mutant, ccoN::lacZ expression was significantly lower than in the wild-type strain, suggesting that FnrL is a positive regulator of genes encoding the cbb3 oxidase.
A deep space power system option based on synergistic power conversion technologies

Deep space science missions have typically used radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) power systems. The RTG power system has proven itself to be a rugged and highly reliable power system over many missions, however the thermal-to-electric conversion technology used was approximately 5% efficient. While the relatively low efficiency has some benefits in terms of system integration, there are compelling reasons why a more efficient conversion system should be pursued. The cost savings alone that are available as a result of the reduced isotope inventory are significant. The Advanced Radioisotope Power System (ARPS) project was established to fulfill this goal. Although it was not part of the ARPS project, Stirling conversion technology is being demonstrated with a low level of funding by both NASA and DOE. A power system with Stirling convertors. although intended for use with an isotope heat source. can be combined with other advanced technologies to provide a novel power system for deep space missions. An inflatable primary concentrator would be used in combination with a refractive secondary concentrator (RSC) as the heat source to power the system. The inflatable technology as a structure has made great progress for a variety of potential applications such as communications reflectors, radiators and solar arrays. The RSC has been pursued for use in solar thermal propulsion applications, and it's unique properties allow some advantageous system trades to be made. The power system proposed would completely eliminate the isotope heat source and could potentially provide power for science missions to planets as distant as Uranus. This paper will present the background and developmental status of the technologies and will then describe the power system being proposed.
Design Fabrication & Real Time Vision Based Control of Gaming Board

This paper presents design, fabrication and real time vision based control of a two degree of freedom (d.o.f) robot capable of playing a carom board game. The system consists of three main components: (a) a high resolution digital camera (b) a main processing and controlling unit (c) a robot with two servo motors and striking mechanism. The camera captures the image of arena and transmits it to central processing unit. CPU processes the image and congregate useful information using adaptive histogram technique. Congregated information about the coordinates of the object is then sent to the RISC architecture based microcontroller by serial interface. Microcontroller implements inverse kinematics algorithms and PID control on motors with feedback from high resolution quadrature encoders to reach at the desired coordinates and angles. The striking unit exerts a controlled force on the striker when it is in-line with the disk and carom hole (or, pocket). The striker strikes with the disk and pots (to hit (a ball) into a pocket) it in the pocket. The objective is to develop an intelligent, cost effective and user friendly system that fulfil the idea of technology for entertainment.
Biodegradable, polymer encapsulated, metal oxide particles for MRI‐based cell tracking

Metallic particles have shaped the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for molecular and cellular imaging. Although these particles have generally been developed for extracellular residence, either as blood pool contrast agents or targeted contrast agents, the coopted use of these particles for intracellular labeling has grown over the last 20 years. Coincident with this growth has been the development of metal oxide particles specifically intended for intracellular residence, and innovations in the nature of the metallic core. One promising nanoparticle construct for MRI-based cell tracking is polymer encapsulated metal oxide nanoparticles. Rather than a polymer coated metal oxide nanocrystal of the core: shell type, polymer encapsulated metal oxide nanoparticles cluster many nanocrystals within a polymer matrix. This nanoparticle composite more efficiently packages inorganic nanocrystals, affording the ability to label cells with more inorganic material. Further, for magnetic nanocrystals, the clustering of multiple magnetic nanocrystals within a single nanoparticle enhances r2 and r2* relaxivity. Methods for fabricating polymer encapsulated metal oxide nanoparticles are facile, yielding both varied compositions and synthetic approaches. This review presents a brief history into the use of metal oxide particles for MRI-based cell tracking and details the development and use of biodegradable, polymer encapsulated, metal oxide nanoparticles and microparticles for MRI-based cell tracking.
Control of sensory data acquisition

This chapter describes a new theory of cerebellar function which posits that the cerebellum is specifically involved in monitoring and adjusting the acquisition of most of the sensory data on which the rest of the nervous system depends. If correct, the cerebellum is not itself responsible for any particular behaviorally related function, whether “motor,” “sensory,” or “cognitive.” Instead the cerebellum facilitates the efficiency with which other brain structures perform their own functions. In this way the cerebellum is seen as being useful but not necessary for many different kinds of brain functions. This chapter describes how this theory of cerebellar function has arisen from detailed study of the pattern of tactile afferent prujections to the rat cerebellum as well as from an analysis of the neural circuitry that processes that information. It is proposed that the breadth of cerebellar involvement is reflected in the growing number of tasks which induce cerebellar activity, including cognitive tasks, even though the cerebellum is not itself directly involved in those tasks.
[17] Equilibrium isotope exchange in enzyme catalysis

Publisher Summary In 1980, Purich and Allison observed that the equilibrium isotope exchange kinetics (EIEK) method was “undergoing rapid expansion in theory and experiment.” At that time, in the absence of convenient methods for modeling enzyme kinetic behavior at equilibrium, the theoretical base for EIEK was badly underdeveloped compared to what existed for initial velocity and other methods. With the development of the ISOBI and ISOMOD programs, described here, many of these problems have been overcome. The primary objective of this chapter is to explain the breakthroughs in the methodology, resulting from the development of computer programs for quantitative simulation and analysis of EIEK data. These new approaches offer the nonexpert instant access to a versatile theoretical basis for almost any complex Bi Bi or Ter Ter kinetic scheme, unfettered by the requirement to derive complex algebraic equations in many cases an impossible task. Without these new methods, EIEK data analysis would still be done by the qualitative logic set forth by Boyer and Silverstein in the early 1960s.
Safety and utility of acute electroconvulsive therapy for agitation and aggression in dementia.

Objective Agitation and aggression are among the most frequent and disruptive behavioral complications of dementia that contribute to increased cost of care, hospitalization, caregiver burden, and risk of premature institutionalization. This current study examined the safety and efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) as a treatment for behavioral disturbances in dementia. We hypothesized that ECT would result in reduced agitated and aggressive behaviors between baseline and discharge.
Improving software quality: the use of formal inspections at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory

After surveying detection practices in the best of industry, JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Software Product Assurance decided that the most cost-effective early defect detection technique was the Fagan inspection procedure. The author describes this technique, how it was introduced to JPL, some of the difficulties involved in transferring technology, and the first provisional set of results. >
A mesochronous pipeline scheme for high performance low power digital systems

A mesochronous pipeline architecture is described in this paper. Significant performance gains are possible with mesochronous pipeline over conventional pipeline architecture. The clock period in conventional pipeline scheme is proportional to the maximum stage delay while in mesochronous pipelining it is proportional to the maximum delay difference, which means higher clock speeds are possible in the proposed scheme. Also, the clock distribution network is simple and load on it is less in mesochronous approach resulting in significant power savings. An 8/spl times/8-bit multiplier using carry-save adder technique has been implemented in conventional and mesochronous pipeline approach using TSMC 180 nm (drawn length 200 nm). The over all power dissipation in mesochronous approach is less than 50% of the power dissipation in conventional approach. In conventional approach, the power dissipation in clock network and pipeline registers is close to 80% of total power dissipation, while in mesochronous approach the logic dissipates more power.
Fibre type-specific satellite cell response to aerobic training in sedentary adults

In the present study, we sought to determine the effect of a traditional, 12 week aerobic training protocol on skeletal muscle fibre type distribution and satellite cell content in sedentary subjects. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis [n = 23 subjects (six male and 17 female); body mass index 30.7 ± 1.2 kg m(-2)] before and after 12 weeks of aerobic training performed on a cycle ergometer. Immunohistochemical analyses were used to quantify myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform expression, cross-sectional area and satellite cell and myonuclear content. Following training, a decrease in MyHC hybrid type IIa/IIx fibre frequency occurred, with a concomitant increase in pure MyHC type IIa fibres. Pretraining fibre type correlated with body mass index, and the change in fibre type following training was associated with improvements in maximal oxygen consumption. Twelve weeks of aerobic training also induced increases in mean cross-sectional area in both MyHC type I and type IIa fibres. Satellite cell content was also increased following training, specifically in MyHC type I fibres, with no change in the number of satellite cells associated with MyHC type II fibres. With the increased satellite cell content following training, an increase in myonuclear number per fibre also occurred in MyHC type I fibres. Hypertrophy of MyHC type II fibres occurred without detectable myonuclear addition, suggesting that the mechanisms underlying growth in fast and slow fibres differ. These data provide intriguing evidence for a fibre type-specific role of satellite cells in muscle adaptation following aerobic training.
Balanced detection in single photon counting

We demonstrate balanced InGaAs/InP single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) operated in both pulse-gated mode and sinusoidal gating mode for data transmission rate up to 20 MHz. The photodiode pair is biased in a balanced configuration with only one of the SPADs illuminated. The common-mode signal cancellation realized with the balanced configuration enables detection of small avalanche pulses. Afterpulsing is significantly suppressed due to the capability of detecting small avalanche pulses at high laser repetition rate. For pulse-gated mode operation and laser repletion rate of 20 MHz at 240 K, the dark count probability for photon detection efficiency of 13% is 1.9×10 -5 . The afterpulse probability is 0.3% for 2 ns pulse width, hold off time of 20 ns, and 10% PDE, at 240K. For sinusoidal gating a phase shifter has been incorporated to achieve better synchronization between signals. At laser rate of 20 MHz and 240 K, the dark count probability and photon detection efficiency are 2.8×10 -5 and 10.8% respectively.
Hypoxia-induced shifts in nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in Chesapeake Bay

We investigated interactions between hypoxia and nutrient cycling in Chesapeake Bay using quantitative analysis of long-term monitoring data covering the periods 1965–1980 and 1985–2007. The data included vertical water column profiles of temperature, salinity, NH z ,P O 3{ 4 , and O2, as well as rates of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) loading to the bay from the Susquehanna River. We investigated the hypothesis that a doubling of the volume of hypoxic (O2 , 62.5 mmol L21) water generated per unit TN load in the past 25 yr is related to enhanced water-column and sediment recycling of NH z and PO 3{ 4 under low O2, and that this increased nutrient recycling creates a feedback that further generates hypoxia. We found that bottom water in the upper bay region, where seasonal hypoxia first develops, was enriched in NH z and PO 3{ 4 relative to other regions. Evidence of the positive feedback effect of low O2 on nutrient recycling was found in the fact that bottom-water pools of NH z and PO 3{ 4 per unit TN and TP loading, respectively, were significantly and positively related to hypoxic volume in upper bay regions during June. Similarly, NH z pools generated per unit TN load were significantly higher during 1985–2007, when hypoxic volume had been approximately doubled, relative to 1965–1980. This positive feedback effect on nutrient recycling may help to explain the persistence of extensive hypoxia in June, even during years of reduced N loading.
Comprehensive Engineering: A New Concurrent Engineering to Reduce Cost and Increase Productivity Across Industries

Concurrent Engineering (CE) realized faster time to market with great reduction of time, cost and energy. This old version of CE, however, focused its attention to production within an individual industry. It is process-focused.It is pointed out that if we expand CE from individual industry to a group of industries, greater increase of productivity and reduction of cost can be achieved.In this new version of industry-focused CE, overlaps will be eliminated and common functions across industries are pursued.Such seamless engineering will bring us a great reduction of energy consumption and it will contribute a great deal toward the establishment of the green society.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Variations in the Relationship Between the Frequency Content of EMG Signals and the Rate of Torque Development in Voluntary and Elicited Contractions

Our purpose was to characterize the relationship between EMG mean power frequency (MPF) or median frequency (MF) and rate of torque development in voluntary ballistic and electrically elicited isometric contractions. Twenty-three healthy adults participated in two sets of experiments performed on elbow flexor muscles. For Experiment 1, subjects were asked to generate voluntary ballistic contractions by reaching four different target torque levels (20, 40, 60 and 100% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)) as fast as they could. For Experiment 2, electrical (M-waves) and mechanical (twitches) responses to electrical stimulation of the nerves supplying the biceps brachii and brachioradialis muscles were recorded with the subjects at rest and with a background isometric contraction of 15% MVC. MPF, MF and rate of torque development (% MVC/s) were calculated for both voluntary and elicited contractions. Significant positive correlations were observed between MPF and rate of torque development for the voluntary contractions, whereas significant negative correlations were observed between the two variables for elicited contractions. This suggests that factors other than muscle fiber composition influence the frequency content of EMG signals and/or the rate of torque development, and that the effect of these factors will vary between voluntary and elicited contractions.
Polygonal Approximations by Newton's Method

The problem of locating optimally the breakpoints in a continuous piecewise-linear approximation is examined. The integral square error E of the approximation is used as the cost function. Its first and second derivatives are evaluated and this allows the application of Newton's method for solving the problem. Initialization is performed with the help of the split-and-merge method [8]. The evaluation of the derivatives is performed for both waveforms and contours. Examples of implementation of both cases are shown.
Polymer nanocomposites for improved drug delivery efficiency

Abstract The drug release rate was studied for an anti-inflammatory drug, ibuprofen, in a modified carrier polymer matrix. Nanohybrids were synthesized of layered double hydroxide functionalized with ibuprofen. The ibuprofen was tethered with the layered double hydroxide and blended into the polymer, Poly l lactic acid (PLLA). Effective weight percentages of 3 and 5% of the nanohybrids were used in the polymer producing nanocomposite films. Corresponding films of 1.2 and 2 wt.% of pure ibuprofen were used in the polymer. The cumulative drug release rate of the nanocomposite films increased from ∼10% to 60%. The mechanism for release changed from diffusion control (stage 1) to a mix diffusion/ion-exchange control (stage 2) for the nanocomposite films. There was an improvement of elastic modulus for the nanocomposite films. These results indicated that nanocomposite films showed a significant improvement over the non-nanocomposite films.
Enhancement of on-chip combustion via nanoporous silicon microchannels

Abstract Due to its high energy density and MEMS compatible fabrication methods, on-chip porous silicon shows considerable promise as an energetic material. Rapid combustion events have been demonstrated with flame propagation speeds eclipsing 3 km/s, but much is still unknown about the controlling parameters of porous silicon combustion. Recent studies show that implementation of microstructure within a nanoporous silicon film greatly increases reaction rate of a relatively slow burning system. The present work utilizes porous silicon microchannels to enhance an already rapidly-reacting system. Reactions in channeled porous silicon regions of this system propagated at speeds up to 1.2 km/s faster than similar neat porous silicon films. The fastest propagation speed was 3660 m/s, the highest reported flame speed for comparable nanoenergetic systems to date. We provide evidence that the enhancement of flame propagation rates by channeled porous silicon is mechanistically different from the convectively controlled burning of neat porous silicon. This evidence suggests the presence of acoustically aided reactions for porous silicon channel combustion where the channels more readily ignite compared to neat porous silicon. We predict this allows for propagation of the reaction by intense sound waves within the porous medium.
Neurofuzzy model-based weld fusion state estimation

Proper fusion is crucial in generating a sound weld. Successful control of the fusion state requires accurate measurements of both the topside and back-side bead widths. A top-side sensor-based system is preferred so that the sensor can be attached to and moved with the torch. Thus, the system must be capable of estimating the back-side bead width with high accuracy. Because skilled human operators can estimate the fusion state from the observed weld pool, a neurofuzzy system is developed to infer the backside bead width from the pool geometry in this work. It is found that the back-side bead width can be estimated with satisfactory accuracy by the identified neurofuzzy model. Thus, accurate feedback of the fusion state can be provided for its control.
Role of reactive oxygen species in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury and preconditioning

(2003). Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Preconditioning. Journal of Investigative Surgery: Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 127-140.
The Use of a Standpipe to Evaluate Ground Water Samplers

A standpipe system was developed for testing the reliability of ground water samplers. The unit consists of a stainless steel pipe 5 inches (13 centimeters) in diameter and 100 feet (30.5 meters) in height. It has 14 sampling ports from which control samples can be withdrawn at the same time and position as the samples are collected by a sampler lowered to that position. Test solutions were made in two mixing tanks, totaling 260 gallons (980 liters), by diluting the concentrate of five volatile chlorohydrocarbons in water at two levels of concentration: 10-to-30 and 100-to-200 parts per billion (micrograms per liter). A gas chromatograph interfaced with a purge-and-trap system was used to perform the analyses. Comparisons of the control samples with the sampler-collected samples have indicated that the three non-pumping samplers had recoveries in the range of 92.4 to 103.5 percent and the three pumping samplers had recoveries ranging from 97.7 to 101.5 percent.
Entrepreneurs and Public-Sector Employees: The Role of Achievement Motivation and Risk in Occupational Choice.

Achievement motivation and risk taking are often identified as two dominant characteristics of entrepreneurs. This supposition is tested using a sample of self-employed workers to represent entrepreneurs and government employees as the control group.