cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Forecast Error Correction Using Optimal Tracking

The basic principle of forecast error correction using dynamic data assimilation (DDA) is to alter or move the model trajectory towards a given set of (noisy) observations in such a way that the weighted sum of squared forecast errors (which is also the square of the energy norm of the forecast errors) is a minimum. We have classified the various sources of forecast error in Sect. 1.5.2 A little reflection reveals that there are essentially two ways of altering the solution of a dynamical system: (1) changing the control consisting of the initial/boundary conditions and the parameters of the dynamical model, and (2) by adding an explicit external forcing (a form of state dependent control) which will in turn force the model solution towards the desired goal. The 4D-VAR and FSM based deterministic framework are designed to alter the model trajectory to correct the forecast errors by iteratively adjusting the control (initial/boundary conditions and parameters) using one of the well established algorithms for minimizing the square of the energy norm of the forecast errors. Refer to Chaps. 2 and 4 of this book and Lewis et al. (2006) for details. Identification of errors in the dynamics and associated adjustments go beyond correcting control. Generally, the correction terms added to the constraints force the model forecast to more closely fit the observations either empirically (so-called nudging process) or optimally (a process that involves a least squares fit of model to observation). Lakshmivarahan and Lewis (2013) have comprehensively viewed the work on nudging. In this chapter we address the process of optimally adjusting the constraints to fit the observations. The most powerful method to accomplish this task is Pontryagin’s minimum principle (PMP). It is the centerpiece of this chapter. At the end of the chapter, we also consider an optimal method used in meteorology developed by Derber (1989) and applied to hurricane tracking by DeMaria and Jones (1993).
Gravitational waves from SU(N) glueball dark matter

A hidden sector with pure non-abelian gauge symmetry is an elegant and just about the simplest model of dark matter. In this model the dark matter candidate is the lightest bound state made of the confined gauge fields, the dark glueball. In spite of its simplicity, the model has been shown to have several interesting non-standard implications in cosmology. In this work, we explore the gravitational waves from binary boson stars made of self-gravitating dark glueball fields as a natural and important consequence. We derive the dark SU(N) star mass and radius as functions of the only two fundamental parameters in the model, the glueball mass m and the number of colors N, and identify the regions that could be probed by the LIGO and future gravitational wave observatories.
Novel Delivery Strategies

The delivery of therapeutic agents to malignant brain tumors is limited by several physical and biological barriers, including the blood–brain barrier (BBB), drug efflux transporters, and the steric and physiologic constraints of the brain interstitium. Novel strategies for optimizing drug delivery to the CNS include the development of innovative carriers, such as nanoparticles, viral vectors, and stem cells. These drug vehicles may be delivered systemically (potentially including osmotic, chemical, or ultrasound-induced BBB opening) or locally (via catheter-based, intrathecal/intraventricular, intranasal, or interstitial delivery). The limitations of each of these methods suggest that a multimodality approach is likely needed for the effective delivery of therapeutic agents to malignant brain tumors.
Book Review: The Ethics of Everyday Life: Moral Theology, Social Anthropology, and the Imagination of the Human:

The Ethics of Everyday Life: Moral Theology, Social Anthropology, and the Imagination of the Human. By Michael Banner. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. xiii + 223 pp. $35.00 (cloth).Michael Banner, in this book form of his 2013 Bampton Lectures, argues for three innovations in Christian ethics. First, and most significantly in Banner's view, he aims to reorient Christian moral discourse toward what he calls "everyday ethics" (p. 3). For too long, he contends, moral theology has seen "a simple naming of the good and bad as sufficient fulfilment of its obligations" in limited but difficult situations like abortion or the use of military force (p. 202). Rather, ethics should concern itself with events across the whole course of human experience, without necessarily neglecting its treatment of hard cases. One might think that Christian ethics could find assistance from moral philosophy in this regard, but that discipline proves even more remote from everyday life due to the abstracted reflection of both Kantian deontological ethics and utilitarianism, according to Banner. His alternative proposal-the second innovation-is deep engagement with social anthropology, specifically the ethnography's textured portrayal of the human motives and desires that underpin moral choices. The third innovation is his method, the crafting of an everyday ethics through the lens of Christ's own life as the paradigmatic human. His method is, in short, ethics as Christology.The moments of Christ's life as narrated in the Nicene Creed thus become the foci of Banner's everyday ethics. Conception, birth, suffering, death, and burial each receive their own chapter, as does the act of remembrance-itself an objective of the creed. In addressing conception, for example, Banner draws from Augustine and certain erstwhile Christian baptismal liturgies to argue that Christianity reconstructs kinship around spiritual solidarity rather than blood ties. This spiritual kinship challenges the modem preoccupation with conceiving a biological child through fertility treatments, emotionally taxing as they may be, rather than considering options like adoption (chapter 2). Later in his discussion of suffering, he employs ethnographies to criticize modem humanitarianism, which too often responds to crises through "curious spectatorship" (p. 90). Instead, conceiving suffering through Holy Week remembrances of Christ's sufferings implores Christians to nurture sympathy and to involve ourselves with the sufferings of others, which he aptly portrays in the compassion practiced in Christian L'Arche communities. His chapter on expanding forgiveness in acts of communal remembrance (chapter 7) proves especially poignant, especially his moving account of a Greek village that remembers its dead by coupling their names "with the adjective ? …
Network Structure and Power in Supply Chain Manufacturing Joint Venture Formations

In the operations/supply chain management (OM/SCM) domain research has been advanced to understand the role of power in buyer/supplier relationship management. Yet, while there has been a substanti...
Efficient single-mode waveguide coupling of electrically injected optical antenna based nanoLED

We propose a novel structure to efficiently couple the output of electrically injected slot antenna based nanoLEDs into a single mode waveguide. 3D FDTD simulations show it is possible to achieve 85% waveguide-coupling efficiency with a 250nm 3dB bandwidth.
Yellow Roses and Bulbuls: Marianne Moore’s Persian Effects

Hubbard argues that, like many of her contemporaries, Moore sought out “primitive” and exotic aesthetic models with which to challenge western artistic conventions, among these Middle Eastern artifacts whose presence was growing in private and public collections. In particular, references to Persian decorative objects and paintings abound in Moore’s poems from the mid-teens through the 1950s, although few critics have taken note of these elements. Hubbard’s essay argues that Persian cultural influences helped Moore to develop a modernist aesthetics of the “arabesque” that embodied her contradictory attraction to both precision and detail, reduction and elaboration, and offered her ways of valuing pleasure unavailable within Judeo-Christian traditions.
Do Orthopaedic Resident and Fellow Case Logs Accurately Reflect Surgical Case Volume

Objective The purpose of this study is to determine whether orthopedic resident and fellow case logs accurately reflect trainee case volume. Design For each orthopedic case performed at our institution between 7/1/14 and 10/31/14, the names of trainees who participated were obtained from the chart. The trainee Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education case logs were queried to determine if the procedure in question was logged and, if so, which current procedural terminology (CPT) codes were reported. The CPT codes reported by the trainees were compared to those reported by the attendings in the billing database. To ascertain the opinions of trainees regarding coding, a survey was conducted. Setting University of Maryland Medical Center (Baltimore, MD), a tertiary and quaternary care center which features a state-wide trauma referral center as well as orthopedic residency and fellowship training programs. Participants All orthopedic surgery residents and fellows present at the institution during the study period. Results Trainees failed to log their cases 24% of the time (465/1925), including 25% (283/1117) for residents and 23% (182/808) for fellows (p = 0.16). Among cases that were logged, CPT codes were missed 46% of the time (673/1460) and extra codes were added 28% of the time (412/1460) compared to the attendings. In the survey, most trainees stated that it was “extremely” or “very” important for them to be able to code correctly (83%; 29/35). Conclusions In this study of orthopedic trainee case logging practices, cases were not logged 24% of the time. Caution should be taken with activities which rely on trainee case logs given the potential for inaccuracy.
Exposures to Single-Use Detergent Sacs Reported to a Statewide Poison Control System, 2013-2015.

BACKGROUND Single-use detergent sacs (SUDSs) represent a relatively new household hazard to children. Brand differences and packaging changes may contribute to differential risks with accidental exposure. We sought to identify high-risk features from SUDS exposures in children and to assess whether product packaging changed trends in SUDS exposures reported to poison centers. METHODS In this institutional review board-approved, retrospective chart review of SUDS exposures from January 2013 to August 2015, deidentified case records of a large statewide poison control system were extracted and analyzed for clinical associations and trends. Clinical and demographic data were gathered, and outcomes were analyzed for differences by brand type, presenting complaints, and occurrence in relation to SUDS packaging changes. RESULTS There were 3502 SUDS exposures, with 3343 (95%) in children 5 years or younger. Metabolic, central nervous system, and pulmonary effects were significantly associated with moderate or severe outcome (P < 0.05). Forty patients received invasive procedures such as endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and/or endotracheal intubation, and more than half had mucosal lesions discovered by the diagnostic procedure. The presence of stridor, wheezing, drooling, lethargy, and exposure to the brand All Mighty Pacs were all significant predictors of moderate or severe outcome (P < 0.05). After the implementation of packaging changes, there was a transient decline in the number of exposures to the Tide Pods product. CONCLUSION Central nervous system and respiratory effects as well as certain brand types predict serious outcomes from SUDS exposures. Manufacturing changes had a brief beneficial effect on the volume of SUDS exposures reported between 2013 and 2015.
Nuclear Scintigraphy in Practice: Gastrointestinal Motility.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to describe the clinical utility of state-of-theart gastrointestinal transit scintigraphy, including the standardized esophageal transit, solid and liquid ...
Engineering scaling and quantification of the test requirements for fusion nuclear technology

For integrated testing of fusion nuclear components, it is likely that the test device parameters will not match the device parameters of a full scale fusion reactor because of cost constraints. This will result in changes in the behavior of the test module and limit the ability of the test to resolve key nuclear issues. However, it may be possible to modify the test module in order to retain the important aspects of the issues over a range of test device parameters. In order to understand and quantify this range and set requirements for blanket testing, analyses of several aspects of blanket operation were performed. The results suggest that a useful integrated test device should have at least 1 MW/m/sup 2/ neutron wall load, 0.2 MW/m/sup 2/ surface heat flux, 20% availability, 500 s burn length, and 0.5 m/sup 2/ by 0.3 m per test module.
The Road Not Taken: Recommendations for Research into Street Sweeping

In this book, street sweeping has been examined from a number of different perspectives, incorporating specifically the themes of art, science, and policy, as introduced in Chapter One. In each of these areas, street sweeping was shown to have made significant contributions to the smooth running of society. Chapters Two through Six, for instance, provided details on the characteristics of street sweeping practices and on the results stemming from academically-based research that had been conducted. Throughout, allusions were made to different research areas on which scientists and policy makers should focus their attention in future work. However, this was not Consolidated into any meaningful approach. In this chapter, then, a more formal, comprehensive research strategy for street sweeping is outlined. It is hoped that scientists, policy analysts, and street sweeping managers will provide the impetus for this research agenda. Indeed, it is only through rigorous research, that sound and efficient street sweeping practices can be developed and subsequently implemented in communities for the betterment of the environment.
Resting-State Functional Connectivity and Psychotic-like Experiences in Childhood: Results From the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study

Abstract Background Psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) during childhood are associated with greater risk of developing a psychotic disorder (and other mental disorders), highlighting the importance of identifying neural correlates of childhood PLEs. Three major cortical networks—the cingulo-opercular network (CON), default mode network (DMN), and frontoparietal network—are consistently implicated in psychosis and PLEs in adults. However, it is unclear whether variation in functional connectivity is associated with PLEs in school-aged children. Methods Using hierarchical linear models, we examined the relationships between childhood PLEs and resting-state functional connectivity of the CON, DMN, and frontoparietal network, as well as the other networks, using an a priori network parcellation, using data from 9- to 11-year-olds (n = 3434) in the ABCD (Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development) study. We examined within-network, between-network, and subcortical connectivity. Results Decreased CON and DMN connectivity, as well as cinguloparietal (CPAR) network connectivity, were associated with greater PLEs, even after accounting for family history of psychotic disorders, internalizing symptoms, and cognitive performance. Decreased DMN connectivity was more strongly associated with increased delusional ideation, whereas decreased CON connectivity was more strongly associated with increased perceptual distortions. Increased CON-cerebellar and decreased CPAR-cerebellar connectivity were also associated with increased PLEs, and CPAR-cerebellar connectivity was more strongly associated with increased perceptual distortions. Conclusions Consistent with hypotheses about the dimensionality of psychosis, our results provide novel evidence that neural correlates of PLEs, such as reduced functional connectivity of higher-order cognitive networks, are present even in school-aged children. The results provide further validation for continuity of PLEs across the life span.
Abstract 619: Regulatory Mechanism of Lmod1 Mediated Predisposition to Coronary Artery Disease

Atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD) continues to be the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, with an estimated 40% of one’s lifetime risk attributed to genetic factors. Met...
Prognostic significance of elevated pre-treatment serum CA-125 levels in patients with stage I ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors.

Abstract Objective To investigate the prognostic significance of elevated pre-operative serum CA-125 values for patients with early stage ovarian sex cord – stromal tumors (SCSTs). Methods Patients diagnosed between 2004 and 2015 with a SCST were drawn from the U.S National Cancer Database. Those with stage I disease, and normal or elevated CA-125 values were selected for further analysis. Overall survival (OS) was evaluated for patients diagnosed between 2004 and 2014 with Kaplan-Meier curves, and compared with the log-rank test. A multivariate Cox analysis was performed to control for known confounders. Results A total of 1156 patients met the inclusion criteria; 486 (42%) had elevated pre-treatment CA-125 values. Patients with elevated pre-treatment CA-125 (n = 417) had worse OS compared to those with normal values (n = 588), p = 50 yrs), the presence of medical co-morbidities, tumor histology (granulosa vs non-granulosa), size ( = 10 cm vs unknown) and the performance of lymphadenectomy, elevated pre-treatment CA-125 levels were associated with a worse survival (HR: 1.80, 95% CI: 1.15, 2.82, p = 0.01). Conclusions In a large cohort of patients with early stage SCSTs elevated preoperative CA-125 levels were associated with worse survival.
INOSITOL-1-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE MUTANTS OF THE YEAST, SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE

SUMMARY: More than 100 independent inositol-requiring mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been obtained by ethyl methane sulfonate mutagenesis. Representative mutants have been shown to lack the enzyme inositol-1-phosphate synthase. The mutants fall into 15 major complementation groups. Several of the complementation groups are represented by mutants which are simultaneously respiratory deficient (petite). The petite phenotype cosegregates with the inositol requirement. Progress in the genetic analysis of the mutants is reported.
Thermally-resilient image sensor packaging approach for Mars2020 Enhanced Engineering Cameras

Electronics designed for NASA planetary missions such as the Martian surface environment require wide-temperature survivable electronics packaging designs to ensure high-reliability avionics and instrumentation. Planetary surface temperature range of −135C to +40C dictate that electronics packaging solutions provide resiliency to large thermal excursions to counteract mismatches in the coefficient of thermal expansion in the myriad of materials found within space born electronics. The Mars2020 Enhanced Engineering Cameras (EECAMs) are a collection of medium- and wide-angle cameras used across the Mar2020 Flight System. The EECAMs use a commercial off the shelf (COTS) image sensor [1] packaged in a 143-pin Ceramic Pin Grid Array (PGA). Early in the EECAM development, breadboard camera electronics that used conventional thru-hole soldering techniques was subjected to limited thermal cycling to investigate packaging survivability in Martian surface thermal environments from −135C to +70C. Functional testing following 2000 cycles showed that the detector was inoperable. Visual inspection of the part exhibited sever solder joint cracking in a substantial number of pins, and in some cases resulted in complete sheering of the pins from the ceramic package substrate. We will present the steps taken to derive the thermally-resilient electronics packaging design of the Mars2020 EECAM detector. We will highlight analyses and empirical test results that lead to a wide-temperature-survivable COTS component packaging design. Details of thermal cycle testing, in-process inspections, and final packaging design will be presented.
Starred Polyhedral Shell Reinforced with Internal Pockets Considering an Internal Vacuum

AbstractThe concept of vacuum lighter-than-air vehicles is a generalization of the idea behind floating vehicles, which enclose a volume of gas that is lighter than air. In particular, the enclosed...
Instituting patient interviewing team simulation assessments into the curriculum.

Abstract Background and purpose Literature demonstrates that the primary concerns for entry-level graduates relate to standards covering professional competencies and outcome expectations; knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values; and pharmacy practice experiences. Implementing patient interviewing team simulation assessments (PITSA) into the curriculum is an option to address these concerns. Educational activity and setting PITSA are formative or summative assessment tools that can measure student's ability to communicate with a healthcare provider in addition to evaluating the student's clinical knowledge and skills during scheduled class time. At the University of Texas at Tyler Fisch College of Pharmacy, PITSA were implemented into an OSCE remediation course as an alternative strategy to allow students to review past content and practice counseling and interviewing techniques. Findings Students identified the PITSA as a strength of the OSCE remediation course. Students reported the PITSA allowed them to improve their pharmacy practice skills. In addition, students stated the PITSA were beneficial to have prior to starting advanced pharmacy practice experiences. Summary Although PITSA have some limitations, it can be a cost-effective instrument to prepare students for capstone OSCE assessments as well as advanced pharmacy practice experiences.
Open Reduction Internal Fixation of a Medial Epicondyle Avulsion Fracture With Incarcerated Fragment.

Purpose The purpose of this video is to present a technique for open reduction and internal fixation of a displaced unstable medial epicondyle avulsion fracture. Method A 13-year-old boy presented 2 days after injury at our institution after sustaining a medial epicondyle avulsion fracture with incarcerated fragment and posterolateral dislocation of the elbow after a fall off a fence. He described paresthesia in the ulnar nerve distribution and demonstrated slight weakness to intrinsic hand strength on examination. He was urgently reduced under sedation in the emergency department using the Roberts maneuver, a technique consisting of a valgus stress with forearm supination with finger and wrist extension that uses muscle forces to extract the fragment. Successful reduction of the ulna-humeral joint and extraction of the incarcerated medial epicondyle was demonstrated on CT. The patient was then taken in a nonurgent fashion to the operating room for open reduction and internal fixation of the displaced medial epicondyle fracture. Intraoperative examination after fixation demonstrated a congruent and stable elbow. A long-arm cast was then applied. Results The video is 7-minute, 38-second duration in time and 461 MB in size. Conclusions Although fixation of medial epicondyle avulsion fractures may be controversial, there are some indications for ORIF including incarcerated epicondylar fragment, suspected entrapment and dysfunction of the ulnar nerve, marked instability of the elbow, and open fracture. Presented in this video is a safe technique for ORIF of the displaced and unstable medial epicondyle avulsion fracture.
Acrylamide determination during an industrial roasting process of coffee and the influence of asparagine and low molecular weight sugars.

Abstract The formation and partial degradation of acrylamide (AA), asparagine and low molecular weight sugars were evaluated during an industrial coffee roasting process, in which the temperature increased from 90° to about 215 °C. Arabica and Robusta varieties were roasted individually. AA content reached the maximum value at 10 min, corresponding to a temperature of 175–177 °C (1045 ± 28 and 795 ± 25 µg kg−1 for Arabica and Robusta, respectively). Successively, AA content decreased very quickly and at 14 min (203–205 °C) its concentration was lower than the benchmark level of 400 µg kg−1 for roast coffee set by the EU Commission Regulation (2017/2158). In the final product, AA content was close to 300 µg kg−1. Asparagine quickly decreased; contrary, the concentration of fructose and glucose increased reaching their maximum value at 12 min. Then, a quick degradation occurred; their increase could be mainly due to the hydrolysis of sucrose, which decreased in the same period.
John Bogle Had It Right: The Benefits of International Diversification Are Limited

Stock index research over long-term periods supports a U-shaped relationship of the total risk to the allocation to foreign stocks (adding foreign equities lowers risk at first then increases it). This study constructs mean–variance efficient frontiers using 28 country exchange-traded funds (ETFs) available to US investors over two periods: 1996–2018 (mostly developed countries) and 2010–2018 (many emerging markets) to determine the optimal global allocation. Over both periods, the US-only ETF had the highest Sharpe ratio. For 1996–2018, the empirical mean–variance “market” portfolio of 17 country ETFs had a 94.5% allocation to the United States, and the minimum-variance portfolio had 56.55% in the United States. Over the 2010–2018 period, the empirical tangent portfolio of 28 country ETFs had a 100% allocation to the United States, and the minimum-variance threshold for efficiency was 52.65%. For both periods, global portfolios based on gross domestic product or market capitalization weights were highly inefficient. Home-country bias may not be a bias at all. Perhaps investors just rationally maximize the return-to-risk trade-off. TOPICS:Wealth management, exchange-traded funds and applications, global markets Key Findings • The empirical “market portfolio” of 28 country ETFs over 2010–2018 shows a 100% allocation to the United States. • The empirical “market portfolio” of 17 country ETFs over 1996–2018 shows a 94.5% allocation to the United States. • Strong US home country bias mean-variance dominates cap- or GDP-weighting in building global index portfolios.
The Efficacy of Albumin Dialysis in the Reversal of Refractory Vasoplegic Shock Due to Amlodipine Toxicity.

Objectives Calcium channel blockers are highly protein-bound medications frequently used in the management of hypertension. Overdose results in severe hypotension and is the fourth most common cause of toxicity-related deaths in the United States. Management is mostly supportive, with currently no standard role for targeted drug removal. The protein-bound nature of these medications presents the option of utilizing albumin dialysis for their removal and for the reversal of associated shock. Design and subjects We present two cases of life-threatening intentional amlodipine overdoses successfully treated with albumin dialysis. Both patients experienced profound distributive shock in the setting of preserved cardiac contractility that was refractory to maximal vasoactive agent support. Interventions and results After initiation of albumin dialysis, the patients showed rapid hemodynamic improvement and were able to be weaned off vasopressor support. Conclusions These cases demonstrate the safety and efficacy of albumin dialysis in the management of near-fatal calcium channel blocker overdoses related to amlodipine and offer an additional therapeutic option apart from conventional supportive care. Importantly, these cases were not associated with impaired cardiac contractility, thereby making venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation a less preferable option. Furthermore, this therapeutic benefit of albumin dialysis can potentially be extended to the management of toxicity related to other highly protein-bound drugs and toxins.
On Asymptotic System Error Convergence of Model Reference Adaptive Control Architectures in the Presence of Unmeasurable Coupled Dynamics

This paper focuses on a model reference adaptive control architecture for a class of uncertain systems with unmeasurable coupled dynamics. In particular, we propose a decoupling approach that yields asymptotic system error convergence; that is, asymptotic convergence between the trajectories of an uncertain system and a given reference model. The proposed approach reveals a tight sufficient condition for closed-loop system stability and it does not utilize any measurements from the coupled dynamics. We also present a numerical example for illustrating the presented approach.
Alginate-Based Bioinks for 3D Bioprinting and Fabrication of Anatomically Accurate Bone Grafts.

To realize the promise of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting, it is imperative to develop bioinks that possess the necessary biological and rheological characteristics for printing cell-laden tissu...
Special Session – Machine Learning in Test: A Survey of Analog, Digital, Memory, and RF Integrated Circuits

Integrated circuit (IC) testing presents complex problems that, when ICs become large, are exceptionally difficult to solve by traditional computing techniques. To deal with unmanageable time complexity, engineers often rely on human “hunches” and “heuristics” learned through experience. Training machines to adopt these human skills is called machine learning (ML). This survey examines applications of ML to testing analog, digital, memory, radio frequency (RF), and other application based ICs. This survey then highlights significant challenges and potential research directions.
Genetic risk score prediction of leg fat and insulin sensitivity differs by race/ethnicity in early pubertal children

BACKGROUND In the United States, the underlying reasons for racial/ethnic disparities in type 2 diabetes risk remain unclear. However, differences in genetic risk for insulin resistance and peripheral adipose tissue distribution may be contributing factors. OBJECTIVE To investigate racial/ethnic differences in associations of genetic risk for insulin resistance with leg fat and insulin sensitivity in a cohort of American children. METHODS Participants were healthy European-American (n = 83), African-American (n = 79) and Hispanic-American (n = 74) children aged 7-12 years. Genetic risk scores were derived from published variants associated with insulin resistance phenotypes in European adults. Body composition was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Insulin sensitivity was determined from the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test and minimal modelling. Statistical models were adjusted for age, sex, pubertal stage and body composition. RESULTS In the combined cohort, risk score was inversely associated with insulin sensitivity (p = 0.033) but not leg fat (p = 0.170). Within Hispanic Americans, risk score was inversely associated with insulin sensitivity (p = 0.027) and leg fat (p = 0.005), while associations were non-significant in European and African Americans (p > 0.200). CONCLUSIONS The higher type 2 diabetes risk observed among Hispanic Americans may have a genetic basis related to an inability to store lipid in peripheral adipose tissue.
The Effect of Epinephrine Dosing Intervals on Outcomes from Pediatric In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Rationale: Animal studies of cardiac arrest suggest that shorter epinephrine dosing intervals than currently recommended (every 3–5 min) may be beneficial in select circumstances. Objectives: To ev...
Susceptibility of rosaceous pome and stone fruits to postharvest rot by Paecilomyces niveus.

Paecilomyces rot of apples is a postharvest disease caused by Paecilomyces niveus, a problematic spoiling agent of fruit juices and derivatives. Processing fruits infected with Paecilomyces rot can...
Improving Dietary Assessment Via Integrated Hierarchy Food Classification.

Image-based dietary assessment refers to the process of determining what someone eats and how much energy and nutrients are consumed from visual data. Food classification is the first and most crucial step. Existing methods focus on improving accuracy measured by the rate of correct classification based on visual information alone, which is very challenging due to the high complexity and inter-class similarity of foods. Further, accuracy in food classification is conceptual as description of a food can always be improved. In this work, we introduce a new food classification framework to improve the quality of predictions by integrating the information from multiple domains while maintaining the classification accuracy. We apply a multi-task network based on a hierarchical structure that uses both visual and nutrition domain specific information to cluster similar foods. Our method is validated on the modified VIPER-FoodNet (VFN) food image dataset by including associated energy and nutrient information. We achieve comparable classification accuracy with existing methods that use visual information only, but with less error in terms of energy and nutrient values for the wrong predictions.
Some Known Variational Principles In Elasticity

In the 1970-s and 80-s a significant change of style took place in variational treatment of continuum mechanics.
Pathways to Preventive Health, Evidence from India's Rural Road Program

This paper estimates the impact of a massive nationwide road construction program on the usage, provision, and awareness of preventive health care. Under this program, the government mandates to connect all villages with a population of at least 500 within the reach of the nearest link road via an all-weather road. Using the population of the village, we match the household survey data (DLHS-3) with the program placement data at the village (treatment) level We use a Fuzzy Regression Discontinuity (FRD) technique to overcome the problem of endogenous program placement. Our results suggest that the provision of roads increases the use of preventive health care by women and households. We further explore some of the potential mechanisms that may lead to this increase in the health care usage. We show that there is an: a) increase in the awareness about government run health care programs, b) improvement in health care supply, and c) increase in social interaction within and between villages. Our results provide important insights for increasing preventive health care use in developing countries.
The Disempowering Relationship Between Mediator Neutrality and Judicial Impartiality: Toward a New Mediation Ethic

The neutrality of the mediator has always been the constitutive idea informing the ideology of mediation. It is considered a necessary condition not only for conducting proper mediation but also for the very existence of the process called mediation. The absence of neutrality undercuts the foundations of mediation, so that it is no longer mediation but some other process altogether. “Non-neutral mediator,” therefore, is an oxymoron. In various laws, mediators’ ethical codes, and in the mediation literature, the term “neutral” appears as the heading for the titles of a third party that assists in resolving disputes. This use of the term points to the fact that the neutrality of the mediator not only manifests an aspiration for proper professional practice, it also establishes everyone who practices mediation as possessing the quality of neutrality.
Invariants of Linear Time-Varying Dynamical Systems under D-Similarity Transformations

In a series of recent papers [11], [12], the new notions of ED-eigenvalues, D-spectra, D-characteristic equation, and D-similarity transformations were introduced for (time-varying) Vector Linear Dynamical Systems (VLDS) of the form ?= A(t)x and Scalar LDS (SLDS) of the form y(n) + ?n k=1 ? k (t)y(k-1)=0. The present paper establishes several fundamental features of D-similarity classes of (time-varying) VLDS or SLDS, and thereby answers some important questions about uniqueness, and invariance under D-similarity transformation, of ED-eigenvalues, D-spectra, etc.. The results obtained in this paper are useful in deriving analytical solutions and stability criteria for time-varying VLDS and SLDS. Several worked examples are included here to demonstrate such applications.
Partial-Correctness Theories as First-Order Theories

We show that any predicate transformer is rendered (semantically) by a first-order theory, provided it is propositionally closed, i.e. closed under the rules of Consequence, Conjunction and Disjunction.
STUDIES ON ENCAPSULATED LACTOBACILLI. I. UTILIZATION OF CAPSULAR MATERIAL BY LACTOBACILLUS CASEI.

Abstract The role of capsular polysaccharides in the biochemical activities of mucoid (encapsulated) and non-mucoid (non-encapsulated) strains of Lactobacillus casei (L-324M) was investigated. Both the rate and extent of glucose oxidation were greater for non-encapsulated cells although the endogenous oxygen uptake was considerably less than that of encapsulated cells. A positive association was made between endogenous catabolism of capsular polysaccharide as measured by physico-chemical means and the in vitro growth and maintenance of the organism under conditions of nutrient limitation. The taxonomic and serologic implications of the findings are discussed in relation to the oral ecosystem.
Sleep and Waking Across the Life Span

1 A Primer on Sleep Physiology 2 Development of the Sleep-Waking Cycle and Changes During the Life Span 3 Summary Keywords: sleep homeostasis; circadian rhythms; rapid eye-movement sleep; non-rapid eye-movement sleep; sleep architecture; electroencephalographic slow wave activity; sleep pressure; slow oscillations; memory consolidation; synaptic homeostasis hypothesis; sleep deprivation; neuronal plasticity; cortical maturation; brain development; insomnia
An investment in tomorrow's university students: enhancing the multimedia skills of today's K-12 teachers

Teaching multimedia to computing majors is no longer new. The multimedia course experiences reported on herein, however, put a new slant on the topic-because of the target audience. Instead of narrowly focusing on traditional students, this course was designed, in addition, to develop the multimedia skills of classroom teachers, both inservice and preservice. The course pedagogy and target audience interests are outlined with only passing mentions of specific software. This is based on the belief that university computing professors should strive to understand K-12 problems before they offer technology solutions. Some fresh classroom challenges for teachers and professors, as well as possible far-reaching benefits, are also noted.
Application of a safeguard radiation detector to qualifying spent reactor fuel for transport

Summary form only given, as follows. The FORK measurement system, designed at Los Alamos National Laboratory for the International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards program, has been selected as the initial prototype for a system to qualify spent reactor fuel from utility sites to federal storage facilities are being designed to accept assemblies that meet certain reactivity restrictions, to ensure nuclear criticality safety. The aging inventory of spent fuel, with reduced shielding and thermal requirements, permits cask capacity to be increased so that, under extraordinary conditions, nuclear criticality becomes theoretically possible. Measurements of the neutron and gamma radiation from spent reactor fuel can be used to screen assemblies to prevent misloading of overreactive fuel. The FORK system has proved effective and reliable, and has been used extensively in the US and abroad. Tests at fuel storage sites with the FORT system will be used to determine operational procedures and the final system design. >
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 and calcium signaling in retinal amacrine cells.

To begin to understand the modulatory role of glutamate in the inner retina, we examined the mechanisms underlying metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5)-dependent Ca2+ elevations in cultured GABAergic amacrine cells. A partial sequence of chicken retinal mGluR5 encompassing intracellular loops 2 and 3 suggests that it can couple to both Gq and Gs. Selective activation of mGluR5 stimulated Ca2+ elevations that varied in waveform from cell to cell. Experiments using high external K+ revealed that the mGluR5-dependent Ca2+ elevations are distinctive in amplitude and time course from those engendered by depolarization. Experiments with a Ca2+-free external solution demonstrated that the variability in the time course of mGluR5-dependent Ca2+ elevations is largely due to the influx of extracellular Ca2+. The sensitivity of the initial phase of the Ca2+ elevation to thapsigargin indicates that this phase of the response is due to the release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum. Pharmacological evidence indicates that mGluR5-mediated Ca2+ elevations are dependent upon the activation of phospholipase C. We rule out a role for L-type Ca2+ channels and cAMP-gated channels as pathways for Ca2+ entry, but provide evidence of transient receptor potential (TRP) channel-like immunoreactivity, suggesting that Ca2+ influx may occur through TRP channels. These results indicate that GABAergic amacrine cells express an avian version of mGluR5 that is linked to phospholipase C-dependent Ca2+ release and Ca2+ influx, possibly through TRP channels.
The Computable Universe Hypothesis

When can a model of a physical system be regarded as computable? We provide the definition of a computable physical model to answer this question. The connection between our definition and Kreisel's notion of a mechanistic theory is discussed, and several examples of computable physical models are given, including models which feature discrete motion, a model which features non-discrete continuous motion, and probabilistic models such as radioactive decay. We show how computable physical models on effective topological spaces can be formulated using the theory of type-two effectivity (TTE). Various common operations on computable physical models are described, such as the operation of coarse-graining and the formation of statistical ensembles. The definition of a computable physical model also allows for a precise formalization of the computable universe hypothesis--the claim that all the laws of physics are computable.
Video EEG Monitoring in Infants: Predictors of Subclinical Seizures in the ICU Setting (P7.344)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of sub-clinical seizures in pediatric patients under the age of nine months undergoing video EEG monitoring in an ICU setting, and to determine any predictors of sub-clinical seizures. BACKGROUND: Infants with acute neurologic injury are at risk for sub-clinical seizures, but the incidence of sub-clinical seizures, and predictive factors have not been identified in the literature. DESIGN/METHODS:All video EEGs performed between November 2010 and June 2013 on infants aged 0-9 months in an intensive care setting were reviewed for clinical and sub-clinical seizures. Age, corrected gestational age, clinical indication, neurologic diagnoses and medical comorbidities were evaluated to determine predictors of sub-clinical seizures. RESULTS: 56 patients were identified,41% male, with an average age 0.15 months chronological age. Patients underwent an average of 45 hours of EEG monitoring each. 42 (75%) patients had diagnoses of neonatal encephalopathy, 4 patients had congenital cardiac disease (8%), and 6 (10%) were being treated for infection. 43 patients (76%) had seizures; of these, 14% (6/43) had sub-clinical seizures only, 28% (12/43) had only clinical seizures, and 58% (25/43) had both clinical and sub-clinical seizures. Predictors of sub-clinical seizures were younger chronological and corrected gestational age. CONCLUSIONS: Sub-clinical seizures are frequently seen in infants undergoing EEG monitoring for a variety of neurologic and systemic illnesses. Younger chronologic and corrected gestational age were independently associated with increased incidence of sub-clinical seizures. Disclosure: Dr. Broomall has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mrelashvili has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wirrell has received research support from the Mayo Foundation.
The miracle of counterfactuals: Counterexamples to Lewis's world ordering

L'A. met en doute les principes sur lesquels D. Lewis se fonde, en particulier celui d'un contexte standard de l'analogie, pour proposer la these selon laquelle la proposition s'il y a A, alors il doit y avoir C est vraie si et seulement si les mondes les plus ressemblants a A sont les mondes C, en vertu du poids accorde au respect de la similarite lors de l'ordonnance des mondes par des contrefactuels contingents qui peuvent se reveler faux
Clinicians’ Competence in Assessing Cultural Mistrust Among African American Psychiatric Patients:

A two-stage culturally sensitive diagnostic procedure allows for the assessment of cultural factors in paranoid symptom expression among African Americans. The first stage eliminates clinician bias...
Hydroxylation of the surface of PbS nanocrystals passivated with oleic acid

Controlling the structure of colloidal nanocrystals (NCs) is key to the generation of their complex functionality. This requires an understanding of the NC surface at the atomic level. The structure of colloidal PbS NCs passivated with oleic acid has been studied theoretically and experimentally. We show the existence of surface OH(-) groups, which play a key role in stabilizing the PbS(111) facets, consistent with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy as well as other spectroscopic and chemical experiments. The role of water in the synthesis process is also revealed. Our model, along with existing observations of NC surface termination and passivation by ligands, helps to explain and predict the properties of NCs and their assemblies.
Development of a Bright Futures Curriculum for Pediatric Residents

Objective.—To develop a standardized case-based curriculum for pediatric residents on child growth, development, behavior, and adolescent medicine that incorporates the Bright Futures health supervision guidelines. Design.—This project included a needs assessment, development of a list of important topics, writing and revising of standardized cases, formative evaluation of cases, and efficacy pilot testing of 2 cases. Setting.—A large pediatric teaching hospital continuity clinic. Participants.—Pediatric residents, fellows, and faculty. Interventions.—Preparation of standardized cases, facilitator training, and resident-led teaching conferences. Outcome Measures.—Learner and facilitator evaluation forms and two 10-item diagnostic skills assessments. Results.—During the project, faculty-fellow teams wrote 29 case-teaching modules. All participants gave high ratings to cases, and resident facilitators reported increased comfort with the case discussion method. Resident learners' ability to accurately interpret developmental screening tests and growth charts improved following sessions on those topics. Conclusions.—Further evaluation is required, but these standardized cases appear promising for teaching pediatric residents. The curriculum is now freely available to faculty nationwide.
High School Male and Female Learning-Style Similarities and Differences in Diverse Nations

Abstract The authors investigated gender differences among the learning styles of 1,637 adolescents from 5 countries—Bermuda, Brunei, Hungary, Sweden, and New Zealand. Statistical analyses included a multivariate analysis of variance with 22 dependent variables (learning-style elements) and 2 between-subjects variables (gender and country) and a discriminant analysis. The alpha level was established at the p < .05 level. There were significant main effects for gender with medium effect sizes and statistically significant and large effect sizes for country main effects. There also were statistically significant and medium effect sizes for the interactions of country by gender. On the basis of these findings, the authors maintain that gender-based patterns of differences in learning styles are observable, and they encourage educators to consider all learners' learning-style strengths to maximize instructional outcomes.