cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-photon photoemission spectroscopy: atomic oxygen on Cu(111) and styrene on oxygen covered Cu(111)

Two-photon photemission (2PPE) spectroscopy was employed to investigate the unoccupied electronic states at surfaces of Cu(111) dosed with 0 2 at 400 K and then exposed to styrene at 90 K. Without styrene, the spectrum after 100 L 0 2 exhibits an occupied Cu-derived surface state and an unoccupied state at 2.8 eV above the Fermi level. Consistent with polarization results, we attribute the latter to strong hybridization and covalent bonding between the 2p states of oxygen atoms located in three-fold hollow sites and the d z2 states of the Cu atoms in the second layer. As styrene is added, the O-induced unoccupied state disappears and a new unoccupied state appears 3.3 eV above the Fermi level. For styrene on clean Cu(111), a different state appears at 3.5 eV above the Fermi level and is attributed to antibonding orbitals formed by hybridization of copper and styrene orbitals. Thermal desorption provides evidence that the chemisorbed oxygen and styrene react. For a 1000 L 0 2 exposure, the occupied Cu-based surface state vanishes, and there is a broad unoccupied state located at 2.8 eV above the Fermi level. These results are consistent with a surface structure that is a precursor to Cu 2 O. As styrene is added, no new features appear in 2PPE and there is no evidence for chemical reaction in thermal desorption.`
Omnistatic high frequency surface wave radar Architecture and applications

This paper describes an “omnistatic” high frequency surface wave radar (HFSWR) that can use a single array of antennas on a single site or be deployed over two or more sites. The term omnistatic is used to indicate it can be deployed and operated as a conventional monostatic or bistatic HFSWR or over multiple sites implementing a “multistatic” configuration. The HFSWR's architecture uses multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) techniques to provide some distinct advantages in operational performance and deployment flexibility. The paper also proposes and considers some applications for omnistatic HFSWRs using possible local deployment scenarios.
PROMOTING THE SOCIAL JUSTICE ORIENTATION OF STUDENTS: THE ROLE OF THE EDUCATOR

Thirteen social work educators were interviewed regarding their responsibility to fulfill the CSWE educational standard related to integrating content that prepares students to promote social justice in their practice. Findings revealed differing understandings about this responsibility as well as factors in the institution that were reported to constrain the ability of social work educators to meet this responsibility. In addition, interviewees observed that many educators may be underprepared to engage their students in this regard. Implications for further research and recommendations for CSWE-accredited social work education programs and doctoral programs are provided.
TGF-β receptors-I and -II immunoexpression in Alzheimer’s disease: a comparison with aging and progressive supranuclear palsy

The transforming growth factor-betas (TGF-betas) influence cell survival, and TGF-beta2 shows increased immunoexpression in neurofibrillary tangle-bearing neurons and reactive glia in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). We compared immunohistochemical expression of TGF-beta type I (RI) and type II (RII) receptors in eight patients with AD, eight controls and three cases of progressive supranuclear palsy. Mild intraneuronal immunoreactivity for the RI receptor was observed in all cases. Intraneuronal TGF-beta RII receptor immunoexpression was more common in all groups, and its frequency did not differ between groups. We observed increased immunoreactivity for both RI and RII subtypes in reactive glia in the AD frontal cortex (RI: U = 0.5, p = 0.002; and RII: U = 9.000, p = 0.006) and parahippocampal gyrus (RI: U = 9.500, p = 0.013; RII: U = 14.5, p = 0.05) compared to control cases. We conclude that TGF-beta RI and II immunoreactivity is increased in reactive glia in AD and progressive supranuclear palsy, and RI immunoreactivity may occasionally be increased in neurons in cases with advanced AD.
The Adult Student and Course Satisfaction: What Matters Most?

Student satisfaction with a course is important because it can contribute to student retention, and it can also be used as one way to assess faculty effectiveness. This investigative work suggests that course satisfaction among non-traditional, adult students seeking business degrees is positively influenced by giving attention to four specific service-based factors. Based on feedback from 1,725 such students and 214 instructors at five institutions of higher education, a service-based model of course satisfaction is proposed. This model focuses on four manageable variables that are observed as influencing adult students’ satisfaction with a business course: relevancy of subject-matter, faculty subject-matter competency, faculty classroom management, and student workload.
Beyond the boundaries of the blues: Diane mckinney-whetstone's blues dancing as middle-class blues narrative

(2006). Beyond the Boundaries of the Blues: Diane McKinney-Whetstone's Blues Dancing as Middle-Class Blues Narrative. Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction: Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 44-57.
Quantitative analysis of inclusion distributions in hot pressed silicon carbide

Abstract The main objective of this work was to investigate the relationship between microstructural defects and ballistic variability in hot pressed SiC. Two plates, 4” × 4” × 1” thick, from the same manufacturing lot, identified as samples A and B, were subjected to nominally identical high velocity impacts on the 4” × 4” face under which sample B performed more poorly than A. The exposed microstructural defects on fragments of the two samples were carefully characterized using scanning electron and optical microscopy. Two types of inclusion defects were identified: carbonaceous and aluminum-iron-oxide phases. While only small inclusions were found on polished cross sections, the rubble fracture surfaces were found to contain disproportionate numbers of large inclusions, strongly suggesting an influence on crack formation. A statistical function derived previously by Jayatilaka and Trustrum was successfully used to describe the defect populations. Sample A had more numerous, but smaller inclusions on its fragments than sample B. The exponent ( n ) of the distribution function can be related to the Weibull modulus ( m ) used to describe the strength variation of brittle materials by the relation m = 2 n , a relationship that may be useful in efforts to represent defect distributions in micromechanical models. The data suggests that sample B has a higher probability of having a large inclusion on its fragments than sample A, which had more numerous smaller inclusions. Therefore, sample B would have a greater likelihood of crack nucleation and resulting failure at high strain rates from the distribution of large defects. The Pareto Principle, which suggests that 20% of the large inclusions in the tail of the distribution account for 80% of the total performance may be applicable.
Association Between Tacrolimus Levels and Outcomes after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) is a life threatening complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus is commonly used in combination with other immunosuppressants to prevent GVHD; however the optimal serum target concentration for tacrolimus in this population remains unknown. A retrospective review was conducted to determine whether an association exists between tacrolimus concentrations and transplant-related outcomes, specifically acute GVHD, as well as the rate of renal toxicity and mortality. Data from 203 patients who underwent an allogeneic HSCT from a related (n1⁄495) or unrelated (n1⁄4108) donor between January 1, 2003 and December 31, 2011 at a large academic hospital was analyzed. Sixty-two (31%) patients developed acute GVHD within the first 30 days following allogeneic stem cell transplant. Median tacrolimus concentrations at day 0, 7, 14, and 28 were 11.2, 13.8, 13.5 and 10.2 ng/mL, respectively among those who developed acute GVHD. Patients who did not develop acute GVHD had similar tacrolimus concentrations of 10.4,13.1,12.3 and 9.9 ng/mL for the same respective time points. Serum tacrolimus concentrationswere similar across all grades of GVHD and therewas no correlation between drug concentrations with respect to renal toxicity. Patients who developed renal dysfunction (n1⁄418) had tacrolimus concentrations similar to the median concentration of the entire cohort, including those who did not experience renal toxicity. Overall mortality among the 203 included patients was 49%. Mortality was higher among patients who developed acute GVHD (55%) than in patients who did not experience the disease (47%). The results of this analysis support previous conclusions that tacrolimus blood concentrations are not associated with acute GVHD within the first 30 days post allogeneic HSCT.
The Comparative Influence of Government Funding by the U.S. Commerce Department's Advanced Technology Program and Private Funding on the Marketing Strategy of High-Tech Firms

SUMMARY This paper conducts an exploratory study on whether high-tech venture firms funded by a United States Federal Government program–Department of Commerce Advanced Technology Program (ATP)–pursue different types of marketing strategies and different goal levels than firms without such funding. A sample of ATP and non-ATP-funded firms was used. Nineteen hypotheses relating to commercialization processes, i.e., types of strategy (licensing), types of commercial advantage (new, innovative solutions), and types of commercialization applications (product vs. process) and four hypotheses relating to levels of performance (levels of cost reduction) were tested. Small ATP firms are more likely to pursue best practice marketing policies such as R&D collaboration, and licensing strategies, and to pursue higher cost reduction and performance goals than non-ATP firms.
LADAR MOUT Evaluation (LAME) conducted at the McKenna MOUT site, Fort Benning, Georgia

The Aviation and Missile Research, Development and Engineering Center (AMRDEC) of the U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Command (AMCOM) conducted a series of Captive Flight Tests (CFT) gathering urban Laser Radar (LADAR) imagery at the McKenna Military Operations in Urban Terrain (MOUT) facility located at Fort Benning, Georgia, July 18 through August 4, 2001.
The time factor in electrocardiography following chest surgery.

Review of pre-operative electrocardiograms on 95 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis who were candidates for chest surgery revealed one abnormal electrocardiogram. Comparison of the pre-operative and post-operative electrocardiograms (one to four months after completion of surgery) of 51 indicated that approximately 50 per cent showed some electrocardiographic changes. Only one, however, had an electrocardiogram indicating myocardial disease and it was compatible with pericarditis and myocardial damage. In all of the others the differences noted could apparently be explained by positional changes in the heart and mediastinum. Analysis of electrocardiograms on 28, two to ten years following chest surgery, showed that two had evidence of heart disease, neither of which were compatible with the findings in pulmonary heart disease. It is pointed out that electrocardiographic findings without reference to cardiac position may be misleading with reference to the existence of right ventricular hypertrophy. The importance of the time factor in explaining many of the divergent reports on the frequency and nature of electrocardiographic findings following chest surgery is stressed.
Cystic fibrosis problem probed by proteolysis

The cystic fibrosis mutation, ΔF508, disrupts CFTR biosynthesis. ΔF508 protein resembles an early intermediate in wild type folding, but fails to adopt a mature conformation and hence cannot escape the ER.
Esterolytic Activity of Certain Alimentary and Related Tissues from Cattle in Different Age Groups

Summary Extracts of various alimentary and related tissues from cattle of different ages were prepared and assayed for their esterolytic activity. Extracts of tissues from the tongue in the region of the vallate papillae, from the glosso-epiglottic area, from the pharyngeal end of the esophagus, and from the submaxillary salivary gland were higher in activity than extracts of tissues from the tongue in the region of the fungiform papillae, from the sublingual salivary gland, from the parotid salivary gland, from the portion of the esophagus distal to the pharyngeal end, and from the fundic and the pyloric regions of the abomasum. Extracts of the tissues from the tongue in the region of the vallate papillae, from the glosso-epiglottic area, and from the pharyngeal end of the esophagus of day-old calves were more active than extracts of corresponding tissues from older calves and mature cattle. The activity of extracts of the submaxillary and the sublingual salivary glands increased slightly with increasing age of animal.
Blood pressure crisis following withdrawal of clonidine (Catapres, Catapresan), with special reference to arterial and urinary catecholamine levels, and suggestions for acute management

Abstract In five patients with severe essential hypertension, placebo was substituted after 24 to 48 months of treatment with clonidine and a diuretic. In the present study, four of the patients developed a marked blood pressure rise following withdrawal of clonidine which was rapidly reversed by intravenous administration of propranolol 0.2 mg. per kilogram of body weight and phentolamine 20 to 30 mg. The fifth patient was pretreated with reserpine 2.0 mg. intramuscularly for three days prior to withdrawal of clonidine, and the blood pressure rise which he experienced was far less impressive. All patients experienced similar “withdrawal” symptoms, consisting of headaches, insomnia, restlessness, tremor, and nausea. Catecholamines were determined in arterial blood and urine, before and during the overshoot. They revealed a marked increase, particularly in the urine samples, consistent with the appearance of a hyperadrenergic state.
The output of neuronotrophic and neurite-promoting agents from rat brain astroglial cells: a microculture method for screening potential regulatory molecules

Throughout embryonic development, as well as in response to injury of the central nervous system, astroglial cells may present neurons with a critical supply of neuronotrophic and neurite-promoting factors which control, respectively, neuronal survival and axonal growth. The identification of such astroglial cell-derived factors, as well as of specific extrinsic agents regulating their production, will require the use of in vitro techniques. We define here a new microculture system in which added agents can be screened for their ability to enhance or inhibit the output of trophic and neurite-promoting factors from purified neonatal rat brain astroglial cells. With such a procedure, thousands of replicate secondary astroglial cultures can be set-up and maintained in chemically defined medium, on a defined substratum and in a viable, low proliferative stable state. These cultured astroglial cells release into their medium at least three distinct and separable types of agents addressing nerve cells in vitro: (i) high molecular weight trophic factors (Mr > 10,000) which support the survival of embryonic peripheral neurons; (ii) low molecular weight trophic agents (Mr < 10,000) supporting embryonic central neurons; and (iii) polyornithine-binding neurite-promoting factors which enhance neuritic regeneration for both peripheral and central neurons. The temporal release patterns of these three agents from astroglial cultures are quite distinct suggesting that their output is independently regulated.
Optimizing off-chip accesses in multicores

In a network-on-chip (NoC) based manycore architecture, an off-chip data access (main memory access) needs to travel through the on-chip network, spending considerable amount of time within the chip (in addition to the memory access latency). In addition, it contends with on-chip (cache) accesses as both use the same NoC resources. In this paper, focusing on data-parallel, multithreaded applications, we propose a compiler-based off-chip data access localization strategy, which places data elements in the memory space such that an off-chip access traverses a minimum number of links (hops) to reach the memory controller that handles this access. This brings three main benefits. First, the network latency of off-chip accesses gets reduced; second, the network latency of on-chip accesses gets reduced; and finally, the memory latency of off-chip accesses improves, due to reduced queue latencies. We present an experimental evaluation of our optimization strategy using a set of 13 multithreaded application programs under both private and shared last-level caches. The results collected emphasize the importance of optimizing the off-chip data accesses.
The Russian federation: Possible disintegration scenarios

The possibility that the Russian Federation may disintegrate like the Soviet Union has been the subject of much debate for the past 2 years. In the disintegration scenarios, the most critical factors usually cited include weakness and indecisiveness of the central authorities, different economic conditions in the various regions and their diverse interests and priorities, the ambitions of local elites often drawn from the old nomenklatura, and ethnic and religious divisions. This article examines scenarios of “explosion” and “implosion,” that is, the process of disintegration beginning either at the country's center or in its provinces.
Acoustical Scattering by Multilayer Spherical Objects Containing Electrorheological Fluid

Scattering is the most fundamental problem in the research on phononic crystals and acoustic metamaterials; and scattering in a three-dimensional space poses challenging issues; and yet, the most challenging of all, is the scattering by elastic objects since an acoustic wave splits into different types of waves, propagating at different speeds, when it enters an elastic object. In this paper, a unified formalism is developed to analyze the scattering of an acoustic wave by a multilayer spherical object that is made of a mixture of an arbitrary number of concentric layers of elastic and acoustic media. Using this formalism, acoustical scattering by a multilayer spherical scatterer encasing an electrorheological (ER) fluid layer in an underwater environment is studied. Numerical examples show that ER fluids can alter the scattering characteristics above the first resonant frequency, which itself can be tuned by the applied electric field.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
FINITE ELECTROMAGNETIC MASSES.

Abstract A null-plane current commutator algebra, abstracted from a fermion theory, is shown to satisfy the Pagels condition for finite electromagnetic self-masses of hadrons.
The role of protein and calorie restriction in outcome from Salmonella infection in mice.

We studied the separate effects of protein and calorie restriction in mice challenged with Salmonella typhimurium, an intracellular pathogen eliminated by cell-mediated immunity. Female A/J mice (n = 73) were placed on one of eight solid diets for 3 weeks. Animals were weighed at the beginning and the end of the feeding period. Diets were adjusted by two factors. The total amount of protein in the diet was 1%, 5%, 20%, or 40% by weight. The diets were fed to half the mice in quantities of 3 g and to the other half at 1.5 g per mouse per day. At the end of 3 weeks, mice were injected intraperitoneally with bacteria and mortality was observed for 2 weeks. Mortality was related to protein intake and was significantly higher in the 1% and 5% groups (chi 2: p = .0021). However, mortality was lower in the calorie-restricted groups (chi 2: p = .0242). Although caloric intake did not affect cell-mediated immunity, the response to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene was greater in the low protein groups. Lymphoproliferative responses in the mixed lymphocyte response were not affected by either caloric or protein intake. Lymphoproliferative responses to both lipopolysaccharide and phytohemagglutinin were affected by dietary protein but not by caloric intake; proliferative responses were higher in the low-protein groups. We conclude that protein restriction can increase mortality in this model. On the other hand, short-term calorie restriction can improve survival.
Existentialism in Counseling: THE SCIENTIFIC VIEW

The behavioral scientist can readily agree that existentialism is a powerful and meaningful movement for the counseling profession. However, to achieve its fullest usefulness it must grow to meet the scrutiny characteristic of the behavioral scientists' methods. Its weakness from this point of view include the reluctance to formulate public definitions of its most prized concepts and its rejection of rigor in methodology. The possibilities of a scientific existentialism which by no means destroys the magnificence of its concepts are demonstrated in a number of available experiments. Counseling as a helping profession cannot responsibly accept existentialism wholly as it comes from contemporary philosophy but must extrapolate and develop it into an adequate science of man.
Some recent developments in n-particle scattering theory

Abstract This is a review of selected research topics from the field of many-body scattering theory; the work reviewed is chosen mainly from that of the past two years. The emphasis is on a qualitative description, and the areas covered are: interdisciplinary applications, formal and mathematical developments, controversies, and open questions.
Evidence for participation of catecholamines in cardiac action of ouabain: positive chronotropic effect.

Abstract 1 The shortening of cycle length (=positive chronotropic effect) by ouabain produced in isolated spontaneously beating atria of the guinea-pig was analyzed. 2 The action of ouabain was dose-dependent; threshold response was seen at 1 × 10-7 M, and maximal response occurred at 4 × 10-7 M. The half-time of the ouabain effect was about 20 minutes. 3 The positive chronotropic effect of ouabain was reduced to 40% by β-adrenoceptor blockade (3.3 × 10-9 M propranolol) or by reserpine-depletion of catecholamines. Incubation of reserpine-treated atria with noradrenaline partially restored the action of ouabain. 4 The effect of ouabain was greatly dependent upon the calcium concentration. The optimal calcium level was 2.5 × 10-3 M. Calcium and ouabain acted synergistically. 5 Increasing calcium concentrations inhibited the positive chronotropic effect of noradrenaline in a manner similar to increasing ouabain concentrations. 6 A hypothesis is proposed which explains the chronotropic effect of ouabain on the basis of two mechanisms: (1) increase of the catecholamine concentration affecting the pacemaker; (2) mobilization of calcium, i.e. increase of the biologically effective intracellular calcium level.
Recumbent Cross-Training Is a Feasible and Safe Mode of Physical Activity for Significantly Motor-Impaired Adults With Cerebral Palsy

Abstract Objective To examine the feasibility and potential benefits of using recumbent cross-training for nonambulatory adults with cerebral palsy (CP). Design Observational. Setting Clinical center for CP treatment and rehabilitation. Participants Significantly motor-impaired adults with CP (N=11) with a mean age ± SD of 36.3±13.2 years and Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels III and IV. Interventions Participants completed a 40-minute session of aerobic exercise using the NuStep Recumbent Cross Trainer, in which resistance was progressively increased at 5-minute intervals. Main Outcome Measures Every 5 minutes during the exercise session, heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen consumption ( V ˙ O 2 ), energy expenditure, and respiratory exchange ratios (RERs) were recorded along with rating of perceived exertion. Immediately after, and 24 hours postexercise, participants received a standard survey to assess levels of pain and discomfort. Results All participants were able to complete the 40-minute exercise protocol. Five of the 11 participants achieved a heart rate of at least 60% maximum throughout the duration, 10 participants had a significant elevation in V ˙ O 2 from baseline, and all participants had elevated RER values. Six participants reported pain during exercise, but only 2 reported pain after exercise was over. Conclusions The NuStep Recumbent Cross Trainer is a feasible exercise modality for significantly motor-impaired adults with CP, GMFCS III and IV. Moreover, this mode was sufficient to stimulate a significant cardiorespiratory response in all participants, and thus it and similar devices may serve as a viable option for aerobic exercise interventions in this population, to prevent obesity and related cardiometabolic consequences.
Brn3a-expressing retinal ganglion cells project specifically to thalamocortical and collicular visual pathways

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) innervate several specific CNS targets serving cortical and subcortical visual pathways and the entrainment of circadian rhythms. Recent studies have shown that retinal ganglion cells express specific combinations of POU- and LIM-domain transcription factors, but how these factors relate to the subsequent development of the retinofugal pathways and the functional identity of RGCs is mostly unknown. Here, we use targeted expression of an genetic axonal tracer, tau/β-galactosidase, to examine target innervation by retinal ganglion cells expressing the POU-domain factor Brn3a. Brn3a is expressed in RGCs innervating the principal retinothalamic/retinocollicular pathway mediating cortical vision but is not expressed in RGCs of the accessory optic, pretectal, and hypothalamic pathways serving subcortical visuomotor and circadian functions. In the thalamus, Brn3a ganglion cell fibers are primarily restricted to the outer shell of the dorsal lateral geniculate, providing new evidence for the regionalization of this nucleus in rodents. Brn3a RGC axons have a relative preference for the contralateral hemisphere, but known mediators of the laterality of RGC axons are not repatterned in the absence of Brn3a. Brn3a is coexpressed extensively with the closely related factor Brn3b in the embryonic retina, and the effects of the loss of Brn3a in retinal development are not severe, suggesting partial redundancy of function in this gene class.
Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XLI. Cytogenetic experience with non-hodgkin, non-burkitt lymphomas

Abstract Twelve cases with non-Hodgkin, non-Burkitt lymphoma were studied cytogenetically, primarily with material obtained through bone marrow aspiration. An evaluation of the use of bone marrow material for karyotypic studies in lymphoma revealed it to be a rather unfruitful approach in that successful cytogenetic findings were obtained in less than 10% of all newly diagnosed cases of lymphoma observed during a period of several years. It would appear that the utilization of lymph node material or material obtained from tissues frequently and extensively involved by lymphoma (e.g., spleen) yield significantly more successful results than bone marrow material. The cytogenetic findings encountered were similar to those recently summarized for lymphoma and included, among others, three cases with 14q+, two cases with 6q−, two cases with iso-8q, one case with an iso-6p chromosome. Of interest was the demonstration of karyotypic changes compatible with those in lymphoma in two cases where the presence of a complicating acute myeloblastic leukemia or other acute leukemia was suspected. In addition, definitely abnormal cells compatible with those seen in lymphoma were found in the marrow of a patient in whom cytologic examination failed to reveal their presence. From these findings it is apparent that cytogenetic findings can be used as important diagnostic aids in some patients with lymphoma with complicated and/or uncertain histologic and clinical manifestations.
Contrasting plate-tectonic styles of the Qinling-Dabie-Sulu and Franciscan metamorphic belts

The Dabie Mountains are part of the >2000-km-long Qinling-Dabie-Sulu suture zone juxtaposing the Sino-Korean and Yangtze cratons. An eastern extension apparently crosses Korea and lies along the Japan Sea side of Honshu as the Imjingang and Sangun terranes, respectively; a northeastern segment may be present in Sikhote-Alin, Russian Far East. This orogenic belt records late Paleozoic ocean-floor consumption and the Triassic collision of two Precambrian continental massifs in east-central China. Coesite and microdiamond inclusions in strong, refractory minerals of eclogite facies ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks in the Dabie-Sulu area attest to profound subduction of a leading salient of the old, cold Yangtze craton, now recovered through tectonic exhumation and erosion. Northward increase in intensity of subsolidus recrystallization of the suture complex is analogous to the internal progression in grade of high-pressure (HP) and UHP metamorphism documented in the Western Alps. In both regions, subduction of narrow prongs of continental material, UHP metamorphism, and return toward midcrustal levels of relatively lower density, buoyant microcontinental blocks resulted from delamination of these rocks from the descending, higher density, oceanic-crust-capped lithospheric plate. Such salients of continental crust represent an integral structural part of the downgoing slab, remain intact, and may be dragged to great depths before disengaging and rising differentially as coherent blocks. UHP parageneses include trace mineralogic relics requiring peak metamorphic conditions of 700–900 ° C and 28–35 kbar or more. In contrast, Pacific-type HP metamorphic belts, as represented by the Franciscan Complex of western California, recrystallized under physical conditions up to 200–500 ° C, 10 ± 3 kbar. In this setting, voluminous quartzo-feldspathic and graywacke debris was carried downward on oceanic-crust-capped lithosphere, choking the subduction zone with incompetent material. Sited between both plates, and strongly adhering to neither, this buoyant, largely sedimentary complex decoupled at 25–30 km depth, and ascended toward the surface. In both Alpine-type intracontinental collision and Pacific-type underflow, light sialic material displaced dense mantle; thus, the return to midcrustal levels was propelled dominantly by body forces.
Method of unconfounding orientation and direction tunings in neuronal response to moving bars and gratings.

When an oriented bar or grating is drifted across the receptive field of a cortical neuron at various orientations, the tuning function reflects both, and thus confounds the orientation (ORI) and the direction-of-motion (DIR) selectivity of the cell. Since ORI (or DIR), by definition, has a period of 180(or360) deg∕cycle, a popular method for separating these two components, due to Worgotter and Eysel [Biol. Cybern.57, 349 (1987)] , is to Fourier decompose the neuron’s response along the angular direction and then identify the first and the second harmonic with DIR and ORI, respectively (the SDO method). Zhang [Biol. Cybern.63, 135 (1990)] pointed out that this interpretation is misconceived—all odd harmonics (not just the first harmonic) reflect the DIR component, whereas all even harmonics (including the second harmonic) contain contributions from both DIR and ORI. Here, a simplified procedure is proposed to accomplish the goal of unconfounding ORI and DIR. We first construct the sum of all odd harmonics of the overall tuning curve, denoted ODDSUM, by calculating the difference in the neuronal response to opposite drifting directions. Then we construct ODDSUM+∣ODDSUM∣ and identify it with DIR (here ∣∙∣ denotes the absolute value). Subtracting DIR, that is ODDSUM+∣ODDSUM∣, from the overall tuning curve gives ORI. Our method ensures that (i) the reconstructed DIR contains only one, positive peak at the preferred direction and can have power in all harmonics, and (ii) the reconstructed ORI has two peaks separated by 180° and has zero power for all odd harmonics. Using this procedure, we have unconfounded orientation and direction components for a considerable sample of macaque striate cortical cells, and compared the results with those obtained using Worgotter and Eysel’s SDO method. We found that whereas the estimate of the peak angle of ORI remains largely unaffected, Worgotter and Eysel’s method considerably overestimated the relative strength of ORI. To conclude, a simple method is provided for appropriately separating the orientation and directional tuning in a neuron’s response that is confounded as a result of the use of drifting oriented stimuli.
Type-II superlattice materials for mid-infrared detection

Type-II superlattices composed of alternating thin layers of InAs and GaSb, have been shown to be a highly flexible infrared materials system in which the energy band gap can be adjusted anywhere between 360 meV and 40 meV. These superlattices (SLs) are the III-V equivalent to the well established Hg x Cd 1-x Te alloys used for infrared detection in the short, mid and long wavelength bands of the infrared spectrum. There are many possible designs for these superlattices that will produce the same narrow band gap by adjusting individual layer thicknesses and interface composition. Systematic growth and characterization studies were performed to determine optimum superlattice designs suitable for infrared detection in the 3 to 5 μm wavelength band. For these studies the individual layer thicknesses were less than 35a. The effects of adding different thickness InSb-like interfaces were also studied. Through precision molecular beam epitaxy, design changes as small as 3a to the SL layers could be studied. Significant changes were observed in the infrared photoresponse spectra of the various SL samples. The infrared properties of the various designs of these type-II superlattices were modeled using an 8-band Envelope Function Approximation. The infrared photoresponse spectra, combined with quantum mechanical modeling of predicted absorption spectra, were a key factor in the design optimization of the InAs/GaSb superlattices with band gaps in the range of 200 to 360 meV.
Estimation in Mixtures of Two Normal Distributions

This paper is concerned primarily with the method of moments in dissecting a mixture of two normal distributions. In the general case, with two means, two standard deviations, and a proportionality factor to be estimated, the first five sample moments are required, and it becomes necessary to find a particular solution of a ninth degree polynomial equation that was originally derived by Karl Pearson [10]. A procedure which circumvents solution of the nonic equation and thereby considerably reduces the total computational effort otherwise required, is presented. Estimates obtained in the simpler special case in which the two standard deviations are assumed to be equal, are employed as first approximations in an iterative method for simultaneously solving the basic system of moment equations applicable in the more general case in which the two standard deviations are unequal. Conditional maximum likelihood and conditional minimum chi-square estimation subject to having the first four sample moments equated ...
Permanent income hypothesis: An optimal control theory approach to a classical macro thesis☆

Abstract This paper investigates the extent by which the permanent income hypothesis (the normal income and the proportionality hypotheses) can be obtained by the optimal control approach with an explicit recognition of individual's rational behavior over time.
Integrin-linked kinase production prevents anoikis in human mesenchymal stem cells.

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were infected with an adenovirus expressing integrin-linked kinase (ILK) to understand the role of cell-ECM signal transduction cascades in suppressing anoikis. Survivability of ILK-infected hMSCs encapsulated in poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels, an anoikis-inducing environment, was sustained at 90% over 7 weeks, and survival was attributed to increased protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) activation. hMSCs encapsulated in RGD-modified hydrogels induced an upregulation in ILK production, PKB/Akt activation, and subsequent survival to the same extent of ILK-infected, encapsulated hMSCs. As negative controls, encapsulated hMSCs were infected with cyclization recombinase (a protein not associated with cell survival)-expressing virus, and uninfected hMSCs exhibited very little ILK production, PKB/Akt activation, and survival (∼55% after 7 weeks). As a measure of cell–matrix interactions, vinculin was also quantified for the encapsulated hMSCs and found to be 30-fold greater for cells encapsulated in RGD-modified hydrogels and fivefold greater for ILK-infected hMSCs than controls, indicating that cell–material interactions are inducing the cell survivability of hMSCs encapsulated in RGD-modified hydrogels. In sum, ILK infection can support cell survival in the absence of matrix interactions and enable fundamental studies of three-dimensional cell function in response to extrinsic signals, independently of matrix–ligand interactions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Regulation of gene expression by site-specific inversion

Abstract A site-specific inversion event is responsible for phase transition in Salmonella, as indicated by heteroduplex analysis of recombinant molecules carrying the gene coding for H2 flagellin in Salmonella. The inversion region corresponds to approximately 800 base pairs in length, and the inversion process does not appear to be dependent upon the E. coil RecA recombination pathway. Specific deletion derivatives of the cloned fragments no longer produce H2-specific flagella, effectively mapping the H2 gene within about 300 bp of the inversion region. Recombinant products of the hybrid molecules arose spontaneously, and they were used in the mapping of restriction sites within the inversion region. The restriction maps further demonstrate the extent and nature of the inversion.
Size-dependent correlation effects in the ultrafast optical dynamics of metal nanoparticles

We study the role of collective surface excitations in electron relaxation in small metal particles. We show that dynamically screened electron-electron interaction in a nanoparticle contains a size-dependent correction induced by the surface. This leads to channels of quasiparticle scattering accompanied by the emission of surface collective excitations. We calculate the energy and temperature dependence of the corresponding rates, which depend strongly on the nanoparticle size. We show that the surface-plasmon-mediated scattering rate of a conduction electron increases with energy, in contrast to that mediated by a bulk plasmon. In noble-metal particles, we find that the dipole collective excitations (surface plasmons) mediate a resonant scattering of d holes to the conduction band. We show that, with decreasing nanoparticle size, the latter effect leads to a strong frequency dependence of the relaxation near the surface-plasmon resonance, while for even smaller sizes of a few nanometers we predict a drastic change in the differential absorption line shape. The experimental implications of our results in ultrafast spectroscopy are discussed.
Any iteration for polynomial equations using linear information has infinite complexity

Abstract This is the third paper in which we study iterations using linear information for the solution of nonlinear equations. In Wasilkowski [1] and [2] we have considered the existence of globally convergent iterations for the class of analytic functions. Here we study the complexity of such iterations. We prove that even for the class of scalar complex polynomials with simple zeros, any iteration using arbitrary linear information has infinite complexity. More precisely, we show that for any iteration ϕ and any integer k, there exists a complex polynomial ƒ with all simple zeros such that the first k approximations produced by ϕ do not approximate any solution of ƒ=0 better than a starting approximation x0. This holds even if the distance between x0 and the nearest solution of ƒ=0 is arbitrarily small.
Flow patterns of steady rainfall seeping through bedded land or a hillside with a barrier at great depth

Abstract The problem of the steady seepage of rainfall or other recharge through bedded fields underlain by an impermeable barrier at a great depth is solved for finite depths of water in the bedding furrows. The problem solution can apply to soil bedding, to hillside seepage as to a river, and to closely spaced furrows and ridges as in row cropping. Two basic geometries are considered, a rectilinear (tent shape) bedding and an elliptic (ellipse shape) bedding for homogeneous soil. It is assumed that Laplace's equation is valid. A potential function is obtained by use of a modified Gram-Schmidt method. The rainfall rate needed to keep the bedding saturated, the average quantity per unit area per unit time of water flowing through the soil, and the ratio of the latter to the former are calculated. By changing the shape of the soil surface from rectilinear to elliptic, the ratio for geometries considered greatly increases, about 400%. Flow nets for several soil-bedding geometries are presented. From these nets, it is seen that water enters the soil upslope above a critical point and, after flowing through the soil, resurfaces again downslope and enters surface runoff. The critical point is located farther downslope for elliptic bedding than for rectilinear and also is located farther downslope for a finite depth of barrier than for an infinite depth. This in-and-out seepage of water illustrates how soluble material may be removed from the soil and be added to surface runoff. The flow nets also show how seepage spots on a hillside may develop and how a type of base flow may occur. When rain or other applied recharge ceases, the soil water itself, draining from the soil surface region, may be considered to supply the recharge in quasi-steady flow for a limited time. This quasi-steady recharge drains downward over a larger percentage of the surface area of elliptic bedding than of rectilinear and thus indicates that elliptic is better than rectilinear for removal of soil water.
A Study of Electric Charging Using Low-Magnification Electron Holography

Abstract As experimentally found by low-magnification holography, both the size of the condenser aperture and the excitation of the objective lens strongly modify the object wavefunction of an electron wave. For example, the phase by electrically charged polystyrene latex spheres attached to a copper grid increases with decreasing excitation of the objective lens and/or decreasing diameter of the condenser aperture. It was also found that a smaller diameter of the condenser aperture increases the phase shift by a carbon foil or magnetic memory cells. In addition, the phase of the image wave is modified by the lateral position of the aperture, whereas different electron densities of the imaging beam have only minor influence on the detected phase shifts.
Flow rate analysis of an EWOD-based device: how important are wetting-line pinning and velocity effects?

An electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD)-based micropump was used as a platform to study the contribu- tion of the pinning and wetting-line velocity effects on its flow rate. In this micropump, a droplet is driven into a microchannel using EWOD to manipulate a meniscus in the channel. An interesting observation was that the shrinking input droplet changes its shape in two modes: (1) in the first mode, droplet contact angle decreases while its wetting area remains constant (pinning) and (2) in the second mode, droplet wetting line recedes while its contact angle changes as a function of its velocity (dynamic contact angle). Unexpectedly, the micropump flow rate was found to be constant in spite of the changes in the droplet radius. The pump performance was studied to unravel the physical concept behind its constant flow rate. A detailed charac- terization of variation in contact angle due to pinning, wetting-line velocity, and EWOD was carried out. Dynamic contact angles were used to accurately calculate the pressure gradient between the droplet and the meniscus for flow rate estimation. It was shown that neglecting either the wetting-line energy or the velocity effect results in not only a considerable gap between the predicted and the measured flow rates but also an unphysical instability in flow rate analysis. However, when these effects were fully taken into account, an excellent agreement between the predicted and the measured flow rates was obtained.
What Makes One Teacher a Better Explainer than Another.

(1986). What Makes one Teacher a Better Explainer than Another. Journal of Education for Teaching: Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 273-284.
Intraplaque Hemorrhage in Symptomatic Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Studies in patients with extracranial carotid disease have shown that high-resolution magnetic resonance direct thrombus imaging (MRDTI) can reliably identify intraplaque hemorrhage, which may be a better predictor of clinical events than traditional radiographic methods such as percent stenosis. We present the use of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging for the detection of intraplaque hemorrhage in the intracranial arteries. METHODS High-resolution 3 Tesla MRDTI was performed using T1-weighted scans with an inversion pulse to null the signal from blood. Abnormal intraplaque T1 signal compatible with hemorrhage or blood products was defined as equal to or higher than 150% of T1 signal of adjacent muscle. RESULTS The symptomatic middle cerebral artery demonstrated intraplaque signal higher than 150% of the muscle signal in two central slices, consistent with the imaging characteristics of intraplaque hemorrhage demonstrated in extracranial carotid arteries. CONCLUSIONS High-resolution MRDTI of intracranial atherosclerotic lesions could provide a surrogate marker of plaque activity in vivo and could lead to improvements in risk stratification and treatment of this common disease.
Effect of H Adsorption on the Displacive Transition of W(001) Surface

A theoretical model is proposed for understanding the effect of H adsorption on the displacive transition of the W(001) surface. The coupling of the H adatoms to the substrate distortion leads to an enhancement of the displacive transition and a change in the overall symmetry. This is consistent with the features observed in low-energy electron diffraction for the H/W(001) chemisorption system.
Decapod Crustacea Commensal With Queensland Branching Corals

Etude des Crustaces Decapodes qui sont des commensaux obliges sur les parties vivantes des coraux rameux des familles Acroporidae et Pocilloporidae. Au total trente-six especes ont ete trouvees en six endroits dans le Queensland, en Australie. Deux especes sont retirees de la synonymie et quatre nouvelles varietes sont decrites. La coloration des animaux vivants est donnee pour chaque espece. La plupart des especes ont une preference distincte pour leur hote; il n'y en a qu'une que l'on trouve regulierement sur les deux familles de coraux. On a note quelques differences dans les faunes commensales des trois genres, parmi les Pocilloporidae. En quatre endroits de la Grande Barriere d'Australie, les faunes collectees etaient tout a fait uniformes. A l'Ile Wallis, a 250 milles a l'est, la specificite discutee ci-dessus a egalement ete observee, malgre quelques differences dans la composition des especes. Dans la Baie de Moreton, au sud de la Barriere de recifs, on n'a trouve que des Acropora; ici il s'agissait de quatre especes, trouvees ailleurs sur les coraux Pocilloporides. L'auteur discute le fait que les commensaux des coraux sont parmi les quelques Decapodes trouves des deux cotes de la Barriere de l'Est-Pacifique.