cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Graduate education in construction management

Construction management has been in existence for many years. This paper reviews the graduate construction management programmes offered by departments of civil engineering in the US. The courses offered in such programmes are categorized and examined in twelve groups. The findings indicate that the most popular subjects are those related to laws, contracts, and specifications; planning and scheduling; and operations research methods. Also, it was found that programmes differed a great deal from each other in terms of the concentration of and emphasis on the subjects treated. It is concluded that a clearer conception of the disciplineis necessary both by educators and the industry for higher quality and more uniform graduate programmes in construction management.
SU‐E‐T‐609: Impact of Breath‐Hold Level, Age, and BMI on Normal Tissue Dosimetry for Left Breast Cancer Patients

Purpose: This study evaluates dose to heart, left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) and left lung as a function of breath‐hold level, age and body mass index (BMI), for patients undergoing deep‐inspiration breath‐hold (DIBH) treatments for left breast cancer. Methods: The study involved 35 patients with free‐breathing and breath‐hold CT scans. The RPM System (Varian Oncology Systems, Palo Alto, Ca) was used to measure breath‐hold level which is defined as the distance from end of normal inspiration to the average breath‐hold level during simulation. RPM data was analyzed. Free‐breathing and breath‐hold scans were fused by matching the field borders, scar, excision cavity, and skin. All image fusions and contours were performed by one physician. Dose change was expressed as percent change from free‐breathing to breath‐hold. Mean doses to heart and LAD and V20 of the left lung were analyzed. Clinical parameters evaluated were breath‐hold level, patient age and BMI. Results: Using breath‐hold technique an average mean dose reduction was noted to heart and LAD of 61% and 69%, respectively. Average left lung V20 for free‐breathing and breath‐hold were 18% and 13%, respectively. Mean heart dose reduction correlated with both breath‐hold level (r = 0.50) and age (r = 0.55). Fair correlation was noted for LAD mean dose reduction and breath‐hold level (r = 0.47), but little correlation was found for BMI or age. Little or no correlation was found between average left lung V20 change and breath‐hold level, BMI or age. Conclusions: On average, all patients experienced a dose reduction to heart and LAD with breath‐hold. Good correlations were noted in mean heart dose reduction with breath‐hold level and age. This study indicates younger patients treated with breath‐hold typically achieved greater heart dose reduction and those with higher breath‐ hold levels demonstrated larger dose reduction to heart and LAD.
Intracranial Aneurysms and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

An aneurysm is an abnormal dilatation of an artery. In layman terms, an aneurysm can be thought of as a weak spot in the wall of an artery, similar to a garden hose that has been filed down on one side; water under pressure inside the hose will make the weak spot bulge out. Intracranial aneurysms can be broadly classified as saccular, fusiform, or dissecting.
A comparison of commercially available quasistatic meters and methods

The capacitance-voltage (C-V) technique is one of the most powerful and direct methods to investigate interface traps in metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS or MOS) related devices. As the C-V technique is of such fundamental importance in detecting and monitoring process related defects the systematic measurement concerns, misinterpretations and limitations associated with the equipment used to implement this technique must be fully understood and characterized. This study reports the results of a detailed comparison of both the (raw) measured C-V curve and the (analyzed) interface trap density versus energy data obtained using commercially available quasistatic meters, specifically the Hewlett-Packard (HP) model 4140B quasistatic/dc picoammeter and the Keithley model 595 quasistatic meter.
Stability of children's and adolescents' hemodynamic responses to psychological challenge: A three-year longitudinal study of a multiethnic cohort of boys and girls

This report evaluated (a) the temporal stability of hemodynamic responses to three tasks using impedance cardiography, and (b) the influence of aging on stress responses in a multi-ethnic pediatric sample. One hundred children 8 to 10 years old and 49 adolescents 15 to 17 years old were tested at study entry and on average 3 years later. Results showed that the composite task-induced changes in stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), total peripheral resistance (TPR), and pre-ejection period (PEP) were moderately stable across 3 years (rs = .36 to .51), with children showing greater stability in task-induced CO change than did adolescents. However, the magnitude of the participant's stress responses changed over time, varied by task, age group, and gender. These results suggest that hemodynamic responses to stress change with aging during childhood and adolescence and that they can be measured reliably.
Posterior myocardial revascularization performed experimentally with vein graft, artery graft, and internal mammary artery implant.

Abstract Experimental experience with aortomyocardial autogenous free vein grafts, artery grafts, and intact posterior internal mammary-artery implants into the ischemic myocardium in dogs has been explored. Ten- to twelve-month follow-up studies of patency and flow were obtained. A patency rate of only 14% was found in the posterior vein-graft implants, 20% in the free artery-graft implants, and 57% in the posterior intact internal mammary-artery implants. It is concluded that the best results for implant procedures into the posterior surface of the heart may be obtained by implanting the intact vessel.
Molecular adaptations to the diving habit: Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase of a diver, the harbor seal

Abstract 1. 1. The regulatory properties of -1,6-bisphosphatase (FbPase) from seal liver were examined and compared with those of the dog FbPase. 2. 2. The liver enzyme appears to be identical with that from kidney cortex and occurs as one form with a pI of 5.85. 3. 3. This FbPase has a pH optimum near 7.0 and is relatively insensitive to pH in affinity for substrate over the range 6.8 to 7.4. 4. 4. An activator of FbPase, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), markedly reduces the S 0.5 for FbP over a wide pH range and also enhances the degree of interaction between the substrate binding sites. 5. 5. Seal FbPase is inhibited by 5′-AMP but affinity for the inhibitor is relatively unaffected by a wide pH range. PEP reduces FbPase-AMP affinity and also maintains the S 0.5 for AMP independent of pH. 6. 6. These observations, particularly the marked insensitivity of the enzyme to large pH changes, which contrasts strongly with that of the non-diving mammal, suggest a mechanism for extended control of carbohydrate metabolism by this key enzyme in the diver.
The weapon potential of a microbe

The designation of a microbe as a potential biological weapon poses the vexing question of how such a decision is made given the many pathogenic microbes that cause disease. Analysis of the properties of microbes that are currently considered biological weapons against humans revealed no obvious relationship to virulence, except that all are pathogenic for humans. Notably, the weapon potential of a microbe rather than its pathogenic properties or virulence appeared to be the major consideration when categorizing certain agents as biological weapons. In an effort to standardize the assessment of the risk that is posed by microbes as biological warfare agents using the basic principles of microbial communicability (defined here as a parameter of transmission) and virulence, a simple formula is proposed for estimating the weapon potential of a microbe.
Are 2 cords better than 1

In this issue of Blood , Brunstein and colleagues describe the use of nonmyeloablative conditioning and double umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT) for treatment of adult patients. UCBT is an attractive source of hematopoietic progenitor cells that might be broadly applicable to patients
Role of energy in oxidative phosphorylation.

This article reviews the current status of information regarding the role of energy in the process of oxidative phosphorylation by mitochondria. The available data suggest that in submitochondrial particles (SMP) energy is utilized for the binding of ADP and Pi and for the release of ATP bound at the catalytic sites of F1-ATPase. The process of ATP synthesis on the surface of F1 from F1-bound ADP and Pi appears to be associated with negligible free energy change. The rate of energy production by the respiratory chain modulates the kinetics of ATP synthesis between a low Km (for ADP and Pi)-low Vmax mode and a high Km-high Vmax mode. The Km extremes for ADP are 2-3 microM and 120-150 microM, and Vmax for ATP synthesis at high rates of energy production by bovine-heart SMP is about 440 S-1 (mole F1)-1 at 30 degrees C, which corresponds to 11 mumol ATP (min.mg of protein)-1. The interaction of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) or oligomycin at the proteolipid (subunit c) of the membrane sector (F0) of the ATP synthase complex alters the mode of ATP binding at the catalytic sites of F1, probably to one of lower affinity. It has been suggested that protonic energy might be conveyed to the catalytic sites of F1 in an analogous manner, i.e., via conformation changes in the ATP synthase complex initiated by proton-induced alterations in the structure of the DCCD-binding proteolipid. Finally, the relationship between the steady-state membrane potential (delta psi) and the rates of electron transfer and ATP synthesis has been discussed. It has been shown, in agreement with the delocalized chemiosmotic mechanism, that under appropriate conditions delta psi is exquisitely sensitive to changes in the rates of energy production and consumption.
Surface studies of tetraalkylammonium bromides and iodides using atomic force microscopy

The surface structures of two series of tetra-n-alkylammonium halides, N(C x H 2x-1 ) 4 I and N(C x H 2x+1 ) 4 Br have been investigated with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and compared to hexatriacontane (C 36 H 74 ). The surfaces could be imaged with atomic resolution. The observed primitive, square surface-patterns of tetra-n-butyl chloride and bromide are in good accord with x-ray single-crystal structure. For n>4, x-ray powder diffraction showed that increasing the alkyl chain-length leads mainly to an appropriate increase of the unit cell along the c-axis, which suggests similar layer structures for all long-chain salts beyond the butyl homologue
Microscopic Observations on the Filopodia of Entamoeba histolytica

Living Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites were examined by phase-contrast microscopy. Intact critical point dried trophozoites were examined by transmission electron microscopy at an accelerating voltage of 1000 kV (HVEM) and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Half and quarter micrometer thick sections of epoxy-embedded trophozoites were examined by HVEM. Many of the trophozoites of 2 strains examined had surface filopodia, 1 to over 100 micrometers in length. The cytoplasm of filopodia was continuous with the cytoplasm and bounded by surface plasmalemma bearing a glycocalyx. Structures called "surface-active lysosomes with trigger," "dendritic plasmalemmal extensions," and "extra-amebic vesicles" by previous investigators probably represent portions of filopodia demonstrated in the present study. Filopodia appear to be of frequent normal occurrence in E. histolytica and may function in: (a) endocytosis or pinocytosis; (b) exocytosis; (c) attachment to substratum; (d) penetration of tissue; (e) release of cytotoxic substances; or (f) contact cytolysis of host cells.
Reducing lockup crowding with expedited initial processing of minor offenders

Abstract This article assesses the effects of one jurisdiction's attempt to control its lockup population through creation of a separate processing center designed to expedite initial processing of individuals charged with misdemeanors and minor felonies. In the new center, cases were screened and initial hearings held around-the-clock, seven days per week. “Before” and “after” samples of arrestees are compared on prosecutorial screening time, time to court, and time in custody. The results show significant reductions in case screening and length of time to initial court hearing. Individuals released on recognizance and those with no charges filed spent significantly less time in custody and saved considerable bed space for the jurisdiction. Individuals with bond set experienced no reductions in length of custody. Collateral consequences of the new facility included improved procedural justice, expanded detention capacity in the county, and an end to part of the federal litigation.
Radar Contrast Patterns of Airport Runways

The radar contrast of a perfectly absorbing gap surrounded by reflecting semi-infinite half-planes has been derived as a special example of a theory giving the radar contrast of any extended target complex. The radar contrast is defined in terms of the power received at the antenna and does not take into account the effects of noise. By comparing the contrast of an absorbing gap with that obtained for two point sources of angular separation equal to the width of the gap, an explanation is given of the unexpectedly good results obtained by side-looking reconnaissance radars in resolving airport runways of angular widths as small as one-fifth that of a half-power beam width.
Derivation of large-screen display requirements

Large screen displays are typically viewed from distances which are proportionally greater than smaller CRT displays. In specifying large screen displays, conventional performance standards such as HFS-88-100 must be augmented to consider the effects of visual acuity limitations in the user. Using an expression for the viewer's modulation threshold as a function of angular frequency and luminance presented by Barten, we derive a requirement for screen modulation as a function of observer position. We define a parametric relationship between display contrast ratio and display modulation transfer function which bounds the set of usable values for these parameters. This analysis predicts luminance and resolution requirements often unobtainable from current systems. This analysis is presented in the context of a case study derived from the installation of a large screen display at the Gaston Steam Plant control room of Alabama Power Company. The use of front or rear projection, as well as the implications of the color usage in the displayed images is discussed.
Adjustment rules based on quality control charts

SUMMARY When lack of control is detected on a control chart, the usual recommendation is to ‘search for an assignable cause’, or ‘take remedial action’, etc., without specific advice on how to proceed. One important situation is a continuously adjustable machine whose mean output is being monitored by a Shewhart -chart. When lack of control is indicated by a signal from this or some other type of control chart, a natural action is to make an adjustment to re-centre the process mean. In this paper we propose three simple methods for determining the amount of adjustment and report on analytical investigations of their properties Somewhat different from other literature in this area is our desire to avoid overadjustment of the process mean, viewing this as a more serious error than underadjustment.
Indicative planning in Korea

Abstract Planning and outstanding economic performance have coincided in Korea since the early 1960s. This paper examines characteristics of Korea's six plans and the nature of the planning process. Also examined are the indicative, coordinative, and prescriptive features of Korean planning. In addition, the relation between planning and economic performance is assessed, as is the likely impact of recent democratization and interest-group influence on planning.
Instream Restoration to Improve the Ecohydrologic Function of a Subalpine Meadow: Pre-implementation Modeling with HEC-RAS

Vegetation in subalpine meadows in the Sierra Nevada Mountains is particularly vulnerable to lowering of groundwater levels because wet meadow vegetation is reliant upon shallow groundwater during the dry summer growing season. These ecosystems are especially vulnerable to channel incision as meadow aquifers are hydrologically connected to tributaries, and many have not yet recovered from previous anthropogenic influences. While instream restoration projects have become a common approach, lack of postrestoration monitoring and communication often result in a trial-and-error approach. In this study we demonstrate that preimplementation modeling of possible instream restoration solutions, chosen to raise stream stage and subsequently groundwater levels, is a useful tool for evaluating and comparing potential channel modifications. Modeling allows us to identify strategic locations and specific methods. Results show additional sediment depth and roughness on tributaries along with introduced woody debris (simulated by high roughness) on the Tuolumne River are the most effective means of raising stream stage. Results demonstrate that restoration efforts are most efficient in tributary streams. Managers and planners can more efficiently direct resources while minimizing the potential for negative impacts or failed restoration projects by modeling the possible effects of multiple restoration scenarios before implementation.
An electrospray/inductively coupled plasma dual-source time-of-flight mass spectrometer for rapid metallomic and speciation analysis: instrument design

A time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOFMS), which employs inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and electrospray ionization (ESI) sources simultaneously, has been designed, constructed, and evaluated for comprehensive elemental speciation analysis. The simultaneous operation of both sources with a single mass spectrometer is an improvement over existing techniques. The mass analyzer shares a third-stage vacuum system, extraction region, acceleration region, field-free region, and two-stage reflectron between both sources. Most of the other components, such as first and second-stage vacuum systems, pre-extraction ion optics, microchannel plate detectors, and data acquisition are independent, to provide the greatest degree of flexibility in source operation and signal optimization. A detailed description is given of the design and optimization of the orthogonal acceleration and spontaneous drift geometry, energy discrimination, and the reflectron and preliminary performance data are presented.
CD8 T Cells Modulate CD4 T-Cell and Eosinophil-Mediated Pulmonary Pathology in Pneumocystis Pneumonia in B-Cell-Deficient Mice

Pneumocystis spp. pneumonia (PCP) in humans and in surrogate animal species typically occurs in the absence of CD4 T cells, as takes place during acquired immune deficiency syndrome. However, patients treated with highly active anti-retroviral therapy sometimes exhibit an exacerbation of diseases such as PCP that coincides with resurgent CD4 T cells, a phenomenon known as immune reconstitution disease. We used an animal model of PCP using the B-cell-deficient μMT mouse together with antibody-mediated depletion of various T-cell subsets to examine the role of CD4 and CD8 T cells in the development of pathology in PCP. Although overt pathology occurs in the presence of CD4 T cells only, CD8 T cells only, or both, pulmonary injury occurs via different paths, depending on the complement of T cells present. Surprisingly, profound damage occurred when only CD4 T cells were present, and this pathology coincided with enhanced recruitment and activation of eosinophils and strong type 2 cytokine polarization in the alveolar environment. In addition, CD8 T cells can act to moderate this CD4 T cell-mediated pathology, possibly by increasing the ratio of putative CD25+ suppressor CD4 T cells to CD25− effector CD4 T cells.
Estrogen-induced maternal behavior in hysterectomized-ovariectomized virgin rats.

Abstract A single injection of 100 μg/kg estradiol benzoate (EB) either alone or in combination with 0.5 mg progesterone resulted in a significant reduction in the latency for the onset of maternal behavior in hysterectomized-ovariectomized virgin rats as compared to the latencies of groups which either remained intact or were hysterectomized, hysterectomized-ovariectomized, hysterectomized-ovariectomized and treated with 20 μg/kg EB, or ovariectomized-sham hysterectomized and injected with 100 μg/kg EB. In contrast to recent research, there was no shortening of the maternal latencies when ovariectomy or combined hysterectomy-ovariectomy was performed 8 weeks prior to testing while the administration of EB 8 weeks postoperatively was still effective in stimulating short-latency maternal care in hysterectomized-ovariectomized females and increased the percentage of ovariectomized sham hysterectomized animals responding maternally. It was concluded that estrogen is capable of inducing, not suppressing, maternal behavior in virgin rats and that the uterus may play an important but as yet undetermined role.
Dynamic regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor mRNA levels in the anterior pituitary gland during the rat estrous cycle.

The number of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors on pituitary gonadotropes varies substantially during the rat estrous cycle and may modulate pituitary responsiveness to GnRH. The present studies were undertaken to determine to what extent these changes in GnRH receptor number reflect a change in GnRH receptor mRNA expression in the anterior pituitary gland. Using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), pituitary GnRH receptor mRNA levels were measured at various timepoints throughout the rat estrous cycle. There was a three-fold increase in GnRH receptor mRNA levels on the afternoon of proestrus (PRO) when compared to levels observed on the morning of metestrus (MET). This rise preceded the onset of the LH surge by 6h (1200h). GnRH receptor mRNA levels remained elevated through 2100h PRO, after which they dropped dramatically, and by 2400h PRO were not significantly different from levels observed at 0900h MET. A two-fold increase in GnRH receptor mRNA expressio...
An adhesive wear model based on variations in strength values

Abstract It is postulated that adhesive wear particles are formed when the interface at a junction between two sliding metals is strong while some path within one of the metals but near the interface is weak. Plausible assumptions about the strength values and their statistical variation are made, and it is shown that in good agreement with experimental findings wear coefficient values are obtained varying from 5.7 × 10 −3 for clean identical metals to 4 × 10 −7 for metals lubricated so as to produce a friction coefficient of 0.10. The model makes no explicit assumptions about the causes of adhesive wear but emphasizes the importance of adhesion at the interface and fluctuations in strength in the contacting materials.
A novel affinity column for purification of glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase.

An affinity column was synthesized and utilized to partially purify glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase (L-glycerol-3-phosphate: NAD+ oxidoreductase, E.C.1.1.1.8) from rat skeletal muscle. The novelty of the column resides in the fact that the ligand used, 6-phosphogluconic acid, is neither an inhibitor nor a substrate of the enzyme when free in solution but when immobilized on an agarose matrix, glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase binds to it with a high degree of specificity. The bound enzyme could be eluted by either increasing the ionic strength or by addition of its natural substrate, α-glycerol phosphate. Using a combination of these methods and ammonium sulfate precipitation GPDH was purified about 250 fold with a 75% yield within 24 hours.
Serious Infections after Unrelated Donor Transplantation in 136 Children: Impact of Stem Cell Source

Abstract How the infection risks compare after umbilical cord blood (UCB) and bone marrow (BM) transplantation is not known. Therefore, we compared serious infections in the 2 years after pediatric myeloablative unrelated donor transplantation with unmanipulated BM (n = 52), T cell-depleted (TCD) BM (n = 24), or UCB (n = 60) for the treatment of hematologic malignancy. Overall, the cumulative incidence of 1 or more serious infections was comparable between groups (BM, 81%; TCD, 83%; UCB, 90%; P = .12). Furthermore, by taking all serious infections into account and using multivariate techniques with unmanipulated BM as the reference, there were also no significant differences between groups (TCD relative risk [RR], 1.6; P = .10; UCB RR, 1.0; P = .84). Within the time periods days 0 to 42, days 43 to 100, and days 101 to 180, the only difference was a greater risk of viral infections from days 0 to 42 in TCD recipients (RR, 3.5; P = .02). Notably, after day 180, TCD recipients had a significantly increased infection risk (RR, 3.1; P = .03), whereas the risk in UCB recipients (RR, 0.5; P = .23) was comparable to that in BM recipients. Other factors associated with an increased infection risk in the 2 years after transplantation were age ≥8 years, graft failure, and severe acute graft-versus-host disease. These data suggest that the risk of serious infection after pediatric UCB transplantation is comparable to that with unmanipulated BM.
Abstract B74: Phenethyl isothiocyanate and 4‐phenylbutyl isothiocyanate inhibit the proliferation and viability of human renal carcinoma cells in vitro

Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a protective association between dietary intake of cruciferous vegetables and the incidence of renal cell carcinoma. Isothiocyanates (ITCs) are a class of sulfur‐containing phytochemicals found uniquely and abundantly in cruciferous vegetables (broccoli, cauliflower, brussel sprouts, etc). We hypothesize that the inhibition of renal carcinoma cell growth and viability by ITCs underlies the protective effect of cruciferous vegetables on renal cell carcinoma. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effects of two ITCs: the naturally‐occurring phenethyl ITC (PEITC) and the synthetic 4‐phenylbutyl ITC (PBITC) on the Caki‐1 human renal carcinoma cell line. Both PEITC and PBITC inhibited the proliferation of Caki‐1 cells in a concentration‐dependent manner. Cell cycle analysis revealed that PEITC and PBITC caused an arrest in the G2/M phase. Additionally, higher concentrations of PEITC and PBITC were cytotoxic to Caki‐1 cells (IC50 of 7.0 and 4.8 µM, respectively). PEITC and PBITC induced caspase‐3/7 activity in a concentration‐ and time‐dependent manner, indicating that the ITCs induce apoptosis in the cells. These results indicate that PEITC and PBITC may be efficacious against renal cell carcinoma and suggest that the preventive effect of diets rich in cruciferous vegetables is due to their ITC content. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):B74.
Detection and Differentiation of Avian Mycoplasmas by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Based on a Silver Nanorod Array

Mycoplasma gallisepticum is a bacterial pathogen of poultry that is estimated to cause annual losses exceeding $780 million. The National Poultry Improvement Plan guidelines recommend regular surveillance and intervention strategies to contain M. gallisepticum infections and ensure mycoplasma-free avian stocks, but several factors make detection of M. gallisepticum and diagnosis of M. gallisepticum infection a major challenge. Current techniques are laborious, require special expertise, and are typically plagued by false results. In this study, we describe a novel detection strategy which uses silver nanorod array–surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (NA-SERS) for direct detection of avian mycoplasmas. As a proof of concept for use in avian diagnostics, we used NA-SERS to detect and differentiate multiple strains of avian mycoplasma species, including Acholeplasma laidlawii, Mycoplasma gallinarum, Mycoplasma gallinaceum, Mycoplasma synoviae, and M. gallisepticum, including vaccine strains 6/85, F, and ts-11. Chemometric multivariate analysis of spectral data was used to classify these species rapidly and accurately, with >93% sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, NA-SERS had a lower limit of detection that was 100-fold greater than that of standard PCR and comparable to that of real-time quantitative PCR. Detection of M. gallisepticum in choanal cleft swabs from experimentally infected birds yielded good sensitivity and specificity, suggesting that NA-SERS is applicable for clinical detection.
A Numerical Study of the Effect of Dissipative Heating on Tropical Cyclone Intensity

Abstract The impact of dissipative heating on tropical cyclone (TC) intensity forecasts is investigated using the U.S. Navy’s operational mesoscale model (the Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System). A physically consistent method of including dissipative heating is developed based on turbulent kinetic energy dissipation to ensure energy conservation. Mean absolute forecast errors of track and surface maximum winds are calculated for eighteen 48-h simulations of 10 selected TC cases over both the Atlantic basin and the northwest Pacific. Simulation results suggest that the inclusion of dissipative heating improves surface maximum wind forecasts by 10%–20% at 15-km resolution, while it has little impact on the track forecasts. The resultant improvement from the inclusion of the dissipative heating increases to 29% for the surface maximum winds at 5-km resolution for Hurricane Isabel (2003), where dissipative heating produces an unstable layer at low levels and warms a deep layer of the tropos...
Efferent fiber connections of the marmoset (Oedipomidas oedipus) trigeminal nucleus caudalis.

A study was made of the efferent fiber connections of the trigeminal nucleus caudalis in the marmoset monkey (Oedipomidas oedipus). Degeneration resulting from nucleus caudalis lesions in twelve animals was studied by the Nauta technique. Following lesions of the trigeminal nucleus caudalis, degeneration was present bilaterally in the medial reticular formation, medial and spinal lemnisci, ventral horn and nucleus cuneatus. Ipsilateral preterminal degeneration was observed in the intermediate, hypoglossal, supraspinal and retroambigualis nuclei, the trigeminal interpolaris, oralis and main sensory nuclei, and motor nuclei of V and VII cranial nerves. An ipsilateral intranuclear trigeminal path is described. Nucleus caudalis efferent connections with the thalamus are discussed.
Video multicast using network coding

We investigate the problem of video multicast in lossy networks using network coding and multiple description codes. The rate allocation for multiple descriptions can be optimized at the source to generate a scalable video bitstream such that the expected PSNR of the video at the receivers is maximized. We show that using network coding with multiple description codes can significantly improve the quality of video obtained at the receiver, in comparison to routing (with or without replication). Simulations show that as the loss rate increases, the improvement in the performance increases and in certain cases for loss rate of 0.20, the improvement can be as high as 3 to 3.5 dB when compared to routing with replication. Moreover, network coding obviates the need to construct multiple multicast trees for transmission, which is necessary in routing with replication.
Abstracts of manuscripts in review

Provides an overview of the technical articles and features to be presented in a future issue.
Combined Clinical and Computed Tomographic Diagnosis of Orbital Glioma end Meningioma

The clinical information on 22 patients with orbital optic nerve gliomas and 47 patients with meningiomas was correlated with computed tomographic findings obtained in both axial and coronal studies. Most of the gliomas occurred in children, although 7 patients presented after 20 years of age. Among the patients with meningiomas, the majority were women in early middle age, although two tumors occurred in children less than 20 years of age. Low grades of proptosis (median, 2 mm for both tumors), frequent significant visual field obscurations with eye movements, and opto-ciliary shunt vessels pointed toward the diagnosis of an optic nerve tumor. Patients with gliomas generally manifested massively swollen fusiform optic nerves with clear-cut margins due to circumscription by an intact dura. Kinks and bucklings of the optic nerve as well as infarctive cysts distinguished the glioma CT-scan patterns from the meningiomas. Distinctive axial CT-scan features of the meningiomas not shared by the gliomas were narrowly and diffusely enlarged nerves with polar expansions either at the orbital apex or immediately behind the globe; calcification; irregular excrescent margins signifying extradural invasion into the orbital soft tissues; a negative optic nerve shadow running down the center of the lesion; and bone erosion near the orbital apex. Coronal studies often revealed irregular margins signifying transgression of the dura. A diffusely and narrowly enlarged optic nerve shadow with regular margins (intrasheath lesions) was the one morphologically overlapping pattern displayed by 11 meningiomas and three gliomas. In these cases there tended to be more profound visual loss in the gliomas compared with the meningiomas, as well as the more frequent presence of opto-ciliary vessels in the meningiomas. Arteriography may be helpful in this particular category by demonstrating a tumor blush for the meningiomas, whereas this finding is typically absent with optic nerve gliomas. Meningiomas may be very closely simulated by dural or intraneural inflammations.
Flow-diversion panacea or poison?

Endovascular therapy is now the treatment of choice for intracranial aneurysms (IAs) for its efficacy and safety profile. the use of FD has recently expanded to cover many types of IAs in various locations. Some institutions even attempt FD as first line treatment for unruptured IAs. The most widely used devices are the Pipeline embolization device (PED), the SILK flow diverter (SFD), the flow redirection endoluminal device (FRED) and Surpass. Many questions were raised regarding the long-term complications, the optimal regimen of dual antiplatelet therapy, and the durability of treatment effect. We reviewed the literature to address these questions as well as other concerns on FD when treating IAs.
Construction and characterization of a site-directed CC-1065-N3-adenine adduct within a 117 base pair DNA restriction fragment

The design, construction, and characterization of a site-directed CC-1065-N3-adenine adduct in a 117 base pair segment of M13mpI DNA are described. CC-1065 is an extremely potent antitumor antibiotic produced by Streptomyces zelensis. Previous studies have demonstrated that the cyclopropyl ring of CC-1065 reacts quite specifically with N3 of adenine in double-stranded DNA to form a CC-1065-DNA adduct. Following alkylation, the drug molecule lies snugly within the minor groove of DNA, overlapping with five base pairs for which a marked sequence preference exists [Hurley, L. H., Reynolds, V. R., Swenson, D. H., Petzold, G. L., & Scahill, T. A. (1984) Science (Washington, D.C.) 226, 843-844]. On the basis of the unique characteristics of the reaction of CC-1065 with DNA and the structure of the resulting DNA adduct, we have designed a general strategy to construct a site-directed CC-1065-DNA adduct in a restriction fragment. The presence of unique AluI and HaeIII restriction enzymes sites on each side of a high-affinity CC-1065 binding sequence (5'-GATTA) permitted the preparation of a partial duplex DNA molecule containing the CC-1065 binding sequence in the duplex DNA region. Since CC-1065 only binds to duplex DNA, potential CC-1065 binding sequences in the long single-stranded regions were protected from drug binding during the construction process.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Ultrastructural localization of hippocampal TNF-α immunoreactive cells in rats following transient global ischemia

Using a polyclonal antibody against rat TNF-alpha, we have identified specific intracellular immunoreactive sites in hippocampal pyramidal cells, astroglia, and in microglia within 72 h after a period of ischemia. Electron opaque immunoreactive products in pyramidal cells were found mainly in somata and dendrites. Astrocytes and microglia were nearly devoid of such complexes. These findings demonstrate the presence of TNF-alpha in hippocampal neurons and its enhancement by ischemic stress.
Molecular and genetic properties of tumors associated with local immune cytolytic activity.

How the genomic landscape of a tumor shapes and is shaped by anti-tumor immunity has not been systematically explored. Using large-scale genomic data sets of solid tissue tumor biopsies, we quantified the cytolytic activity of the local immune infiltrate and identified associated properties across 18 tumor types. The number of predicted MHC Class I-associated neoantigens was correlated with cytolytic activity and was lower than expected in colorectal and other tumors, suggesting immune-mediated elimination. We identified recurrently mutated genes that showed positive association with cytolytic activity, including beta-2-microglobulin (B2M), HLA-A, -B and -C and Caspase 8 (CASP8), highlighting loss of antigen presentation and blockade of extrinsic apoptosis as key strategies of resistance to cytolytic activity. Genetic amplifications were also associated with high cytolytic activity, including immunosuppressive factors such as PDL1/2 and ALOX12B/15B. Our genetic findings thus provide evidence for immunoediting in tumors and uncover mechanisms of tumor-intrinsic resistance to cytolytic activity.
Combining 2-level logic families in grid-based nanoscale fabrics

Most proposed architectures for nanoscale computing systems are based on a certain type of 2-level logic family, e.g., AND-OR, NOR-NOR, etc. In this paper, we propose a new fabric architecture that combines different logic families in the same nanofabric. To achieve this we apply very minor modifications on the way a nanogrid is controlled but without changing the basic manufacturing assumptions. This new hybrid 2-level logic based fabric yields higher density for the applications mapped to it. When fault tolerance techniques are added it significantly improves fault tolerance. A nanoscale processor is implemented on this fabric for evaluation purposes. We found that compared with an implementation on a NASIC (nanoscale application specific IC) fabric with one type of 2-level logic, the density of this processor improves by up to 48% by using the hybrid logic. Furthermore, the yield is improved by 22% at 5% defective transistors and by 4X at 10% defect rates. Detailed analysis on density and yield is provided. The approach is applicable in grid-based fabrics in general: e.g., it can be used in both NASIC and CMOL designs.
The effects of gamma interferon on the natural killer and tumor cells of children with neuroblastoma. A preliminary report

Human neuroblastoma cells lack HLA-A,-B,-C molecules which can be induced in vitro by gamma interferon (gamma IFN). To test the hypothesis that the same induction would occur in vivo leading to tumor regression, a Phase I study was initiated. Seven patients with neuroblastoma were entered on a Phase I study of recombinant gamma IFN in children. Three received 0.05 mg/m2 intravenously (IV) three times a week, three received 0.1 mg/m2 for 4 weeks, and one patient withdrew from study before receiving adequate treatment for evaluation. No significant clinical response was seen. The side effects were fever and chills, and no serious toxicity occurred. Natural killer (NK) and lymphocyte activated killer (LAK) precursor activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was determined before and during treatment, and expression of HLA-A,B,C molecules was looked for on the tumor cells in the bone marrow of five patients. The NK activity initially low, reached control levels in six patients, but the increase was transient. The LAK precursor activity remained normal. Expression of HLA-A,B,C, initially absent, was induced on the neuroblastoma cells in four of six patients.
Abstract A58: Cdk6 association with a transcriptional coactivator indicates a potential role for this cyclin dependent kinase in regulating differentiation

Cdk6 is a well characterized cyclin dependent kinase that regulates the transition from G1 phase to S phase during the cell cycle with the assistance of the D‐type cyclins. Cdk6 is an oncogene and has long been considered to be functionally redundant to cdk4. Yet recent studies have shown functional discrepancies between the two kinases, with cdk6 often displaying distinct roles in development. In this study, a yeast two‐hybrid analysis was used to identify potential binding partners for cdk6 from a human fetal brain library. We have confirmed the association with one designated protein, Eya2, via an in vitro GST pull‐down assay. Eya2 is a mammalian homologue of the Drosophila gene eya, which is best known for its role as a co‐activator involved in transcriptional regulation during eye development. Initial comparison of cdk4 and cdk6 in the GST pull‐down assay indicate that cdk6 has a higher binding affinity for Eya2 than cdk4; interestingly, the yeast two‐hybrid experiments failed to demonstrate an interaction between cdk4 and Eya2. Additional experiments are underway to confirm this interaction with several in vivo approaches that may further our understanding of mechanisms involved in cancer and development. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(23 Suppl):A58.
Application of stochastic modeling to resist optimization problems

BACKGROUND: Modifying specific resist properties or isolating a particular resist response can be difficult or impossible in experiments. At EUV, tool time is limited and expensive, complicating access to experimental data. Computer modeling can help to mitigate these difficulties, allowing researchers to reduce or better focus the nature of actual experiments. METHODS: We apply stochastic simulation to the study of chemically-amplified resists at EUV. The model is calibrated to experimental data; the agreement between data and simulation are compared using RLS triangles. Using the calibrated model as a representation of the initial condition, we attempt to improve virtual resist performance by decreasing acid diffusivity rate, increasing quencher loading and by replacing conventional quencher with photo-decomposable base (PDB). The effect of PDB upon the virtual resist is further investigated. RESULTS: Virtual resist performance improved by lowering acid diffusivity, by increasing quencher loading and by replacing conventional quencher with photo-decomposable base (PDB). The net improvements observed are a 17% increase in EL and a 13% reduction in LER compared to the initial condition. PDB may offer a path to reduce resist roughness up to 20%, by allowing higher loading density than conventional quenchers and relaxing the acidic quantum yield required to achieve acceptable roughness. Using the simulator to isolate a specific response, PDB acts to improve the chemical contrast and reduce the chemical noise in the blocked polymer concentration after PEB.
A transition-state interaction shifts nucleobase ionization toward neutrality to facilitate small ribozyme catalysis.

One mechanism by which ribozymes can accelerate biological reactions is by adopting folds that favorably perturb nucleobase ionization. Herein we used Raman crystallography to directly measure pKa ...
Preferential Localization of Glutamate Receptors Opposite Sites of High Presynaptic Release

Abstract Background: The localization of glutamate receptors is essential for the formation and plasticity of excitatory synapses. These receptors cluster opposite neurotransmitter release sites of glutamatergic neurons, but these release sites have heterogeneous structural and functional properties. At the Drosophila neuromuscular junction, receptors expressed in a single postsynaptic cell are confronted with an array of hundreds of apposed active zones. Hence, this is an ideal preparation for the investigation of whether receptor clustering is sensitive to the morphological and physiological properties of the apposed active zones. Results: To investigate the relationship between the localization of glutamate receptors and the properties of the apposed active zones, we investigated receptor localization in mutants in which receptors are limited. We find that receptors are not uniformly distributed opposite the full array of active zones but that some active zones have a disproportionately large share of receptors as assayed by receptor levels and response to transmitter. The active zones at which receptors preferentially cluster are larger and have a higher neurotransmitter release probability than the average active zone. We find a similar relationship between glutamate receptor clusters and active-zone size at wild-type synapses. Conclusions: When confronted with an array of active zones, glutamate receptors preferentially cluster opposite the largest and most physiologically active sites. These results suggest an activity-dependent matching of pre- and postsynaptic function at the level of a single active zone.
Generation and characterization of the highest laser intensities (10(22) W/cm2).

We generated a record peak intensity of 0.7×1022 W/cm2 by focusing a 45-TW laser beam with an f/0.6 off-axis paraboloid. The aberrations of the paraboloid and the low-energy reference laser beam were measured and corrected, and a focal spot size of 0.8 µm was achieved. It is shown that the peak intensity can be increased to 1.0×1022 W/cm2 by correction of the wave front of a 45-TW beam relative to the reference beam. The phase and amplitude measurement provides for an efficient full characterization of the focal field.
Recursive properties of euclidean domains

On considere 2 proprietes des domaines euclidiens recursivement presentes: 1) le domaine a une fonction recursive euclidienne finiment valuee; 2) l'ensemble des unites dans le domaine est recursif
Spallation neutron source target station design, development, and commissioning

Abstract The spallation neutron source target station is designed to safely, reliably, and efficiently convert a 1 GeV beam of protons to a high flux of about 1 meV neutrons that are available at 24 neutron scattering instrument beam lines. Research and development findings, design requirements, design description, initial checkout testing, and results from early operation with beam are discussed for each of the primary target subsystems, including the mercury target, neutron moderators and reflector, surrounding vessels and shielding, utilities, remote handling equipment, and instrumentation and controls. Future plans for the mercury target development program are also briefly discussed.