cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Survey for Galaxies Associated with z~3 Damped Lyman alpha Systems II: Galaxy-Absorber Correlation Functions

We use 211 galaxy spectra from our survey for Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) associated with 11 damped Lyman alpha systems (DLAs) to measure the three-dimensional LBG auto-correlation and DLA-LBG cross-correlation functions with the primary goal of inferring the mass of DLAs at z~3. Conventional binning of the data while varying both r_0 and gamma parameters of the fiducial model of the correlation function xi(r)=(r/r_0)^{-gamma} resulted in the best fit values and 1 sigma uncertainties of r_0=2.65+/-0.48, gamma=1.55+/-0.40 for the LBG auto-correlation and r_0=3.32+/-1.25, gamma=1.74+/-0.36 for DLA-LBG cross-correlation function. To circumvent shortcomings found in binning small datasets, we perform a maximum likelihood analysis based on Poisson statistics. The best fit values and 1 sigma confidence levels from this analysis were found to be r_0=2.91(+1.0,-1.0), gamma=1.21(+0.6,-0.3) for the LBG auto-correlation and r_0=2.81(+1.4,-2.0), gamma=2.11(+1.3,-1.4) for the DLA-LBG cross-correlation function. We report a redshift spike of five LBGs with Delta z = 0.015 of the z=2.936 DLA in the PSS0808+5215 field and find that the DLA-LBG clustering signal survives when omitting this field from the analysis. Using the correlation functions measurements and uncertainties, we compute the z~3 LBG galaxy bias b_LBG to be 1.5<b_LBG<3 corresponding to an average halo mass of 10^(9.7)<M_LBG<10^(11.6) M_odot and the z~3 DLA galaxy bias b_DLA to be 1.3<b_DLA<4 corresponding to an average halo mass of 10^(9)<M_LBG<10^(12) M_odot. Lastly, two of the six QSOs discovered in this survey were found to lie within Delta z = 0.0125 of two of the survey DLAs. We estimate the probability of this occurring by chance is 1 in 940 and may indicate a possible relationship between the distribution of QSOs and DLAs at z~3.
Probabilistic definition of the clinical target volume - implications for tumor control probability modeling and optimization.

Evidence has been presented that moving beyond the binary definition of clinical target volume (CTV) towards a probabilistic CTV can result in better treatment plans. The probabilistic CTV takes the likelihood of disease spread outside of the gross tumor into account. An open question is: how to optimize tumor control probability (TCP) based on the probabilistic CTV. We derive expressions for TCP under the assumptions of voxel independence and dependence. For the dependent case, we make the assumption that tumors grow outward from the gross tumor volume. We maximize the (non-convex) TCP under convex dose constraints for all models. For small numbers of voxels, and when a dose-influence matrix is not used, we use exhaustive search or Lagrange multiplier theory to compute optimal dose distributions. For larger cases we present (1) a multi-start strategy using linear programming with a random cost vector to provide random feasible starting solutions, followed by a local search, and (2) a heuristic strategy that greedily selects which subvolumes to dose, and then for each subvolume assignment runs a convex approximation of the optimization problem. The optimal dose distributions are in general different for the independent and dependent models even though the probabilities of each voxel being tumorous are set to the same in both cases. We observe phase transitions, where a subvolume is either dosed to a high level, or it gets 'sacrificed' by not dosing it at all. The greedy strategy often yields solutions indistinguishable from the multi-start solutions, but for the 2D case involving organs-at-risk and the dependent TCP model, discrepancies of around 5% (absolute) for TCP are observed. For realistic geometries, although correlated voxels is a more reasonable assumption, the correlation function is in general unknown. We demonstrate a tractable heuristic that works very well for the independent models and reasonably well for the dependent models. All data are provided.
Lattice Functions for the Analysis of Analog-to-Digital Conversion

Analog-to-digital (A/D) converters are the common interface between analog signals and the domain of digital discrete-time signal processing. In essence, this domain simultaneously incorporates quantization both in amplitude and time, i.e. amplitude quantization and uniform time sampling. Thus, we view A/D conversion as a sampling process in both the time and amplitude domains based on the observation that the underlying continuous-time signals representing digital sequences can be sampled in a lattice—i.e. at points restricted to lie on a uniform grid both in time and amplitude. We refer to them as lattice functions. This is in contrast with the traditional approach based on the classical sampling theorem and quantization error analysis. The latter has been mainly addressed with the help of probabilistic models, or deterministic ones either confined to very particular scenarios or considering worst-case assumptions. In this paper, we provide a deterministic theoretical analysis and framework for the functions involved in digital discrete-time processing. We show that lattice functions possess a rich analytic structure in the context of integral-valued entire functions of exponential type. We derive set and spectral properties of this class of functions. This allows us to prove in a deterministic way and for general bandlimited functions a fundamental lower bound on the maximum frequency component introduced by quantization that is independent of the resolution of the quantizer.
Laying the Groundwork for Automated Computation of Surrogate Safety Measures (SSM) for Skateboarders and Pedestrians using Artificial Intelligence

The use of skateboards for transportation in pedestrian dense areas is becoming more prevalent. Increased use of skateboarding raises the probability of pedestrian-skateboarder collisions and near-collision events. Skateboarders and pedestrians can face significant injury when involved in a collision. New approaches are needed to measure the frequency and predict the potential for collision events, in real-time, as traffic conditions change due to construction or land usage. Surrogate Safety Measures can be computed to assess hazard conditions on roads and sidewalks using deep learning object detection and classification models. We developed a new dataset consisting of over ten thousand images with nearly thirty thousand bounding box annotations of pedestrians and skateboarders at eighteen different camera perspectives. We trained the Faster R-CNN and SSD models with our dataset. While both models were found to correctly classify pedestrians and skateboarders with images containing both classes, the Faster R-CNN model performed with greater accuracy than the SSD model. However, the SSD model was shown to classify at a higher video frame rate which makes SSD a candidate for edge-based detection and classification and lays the ground work for automating the calculations for Surrogate Safety Measures between skateboarders and pedestrians.
Feasibility and acceptability of virtual mock oral examinations for senior vascular surgery trainees and implications for the certifying exam.

Abstract Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the cancellation of in-person testing across the country. We sought to understand the feasibility of conducting virtual oral examinations as well as solicit opinions of vascular surgery program directors (PD) regarding the use of virtual platforms to conduct both low stakes mock oral examinations with their trainees and potentially “real” high stakes certifying examinations (CE) moving forward. Methods Forty-four senior vascular surgery trainees from 17 institutions took part in a virtual mock oral examination conducted by 38 practicing vascular surgeons via Zoom. Each examination lasted 30 minutes with four clinical scenarios. An anonymous survey pertaining to the conduct of the examination and opinions on feasibility of using virtual examinations for the vascular surgery CE was sent to all examiners and examinees. A similar survey was sent to all vascular surgery program directors. Results The overall pass rate was 82% (36/44 participants) with no correlation with training paradigm. 32/44 (73%) of trainees, 29/38 (76%) of examiners and 49/103 (48%) of PDs completed the surveys. Examinees and examiners thought the experience was beneficial and PDs also thought the experience would be beneficial for their trainees. While the majority of trainees and examiners believed they were able to communicate and express (or evaluate) knowledge and confidence as easily virtually as in person, PDs were less likely to agree confidence could be assessed virtually. The majority of respondents thought the CE of the Vascular Surgery Board of the American Board of Surgery could be offered virtually, although no groups thought virtual exams were superior to in person exams. While cost benefit was perceived in virtual examinations, the security of the examination was a concern. Conclusions Performing virtual mock oral examinations for vascular surgery trainees is feasible. Both vascular surgery trainees as well as PDs feel that virtual CEs should be considered by the Vascular Surgery Board.
Exploring kindergarten teachers’ classroom practices and beliefs in writing

The purpose of this descriptive study was to examine how kindergarten teachers teach writing and their beliefs about writing instruction using survey methodology. Participants in this study included 78 kindergarten teachers in the United States. Results revealed that most kindergarten teachers used a balanced approach to writing instruction, combining instructional procedures from two common methods for teaching writing: skills instruction and process writing. The majority of kindergarten teachers devoted considerable time to writing instruction (36 min a day) and student writing (24 min a day) and used most of the instructional practices included in the survey to teach writing. These positive findings must be tempered by other issues involving classroom writing practices. This included concerns that teaching foundational skills was overemphasized with little attention devoted to teaching writing strategies and process. Writing tasks involved writing without composing and limited extended writing. The use of technology for writing and writing instruction was absent. Further, motivation for writing and extending writing to the home were largely ignored. Most participating teachers expressed positive beliefs about writing, their effectiveness in teaching writing and their capabilities as writers themselves.
Persistence and Significance of Chlamydia trachomatis in the Housefly, Musca domestica L.

Trachoma is the leading cause of infectious blindness worldwide. Ocular infection by the obligate intracellular pathogen, Chlamydia trachomatis, causes the eyelashes to turn in and scratch the corn...
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and Plant Development

microRNAs (miRNAs) are a novel class of 21–24 nucleotide, endogenous, noncoding small ribonucleic acids (RNAs) that play critical roles in diverse biological processes such as: development, cellular differentiation, cell-cycle control, apoptosis and oncogenesis. In plants, roles of miRNAs in development have been extensively investigated in recent years. This review highlights and discusses the current knowledge about the roles of microRNAs in leaf development, patterning and polarity, floral identity and flower development, developmental phase transition and flowering time, shoot and root development, vascular development and hormone signalling for plant development. Keywords: microRNAs; plant development; gene regulation; transcription factors; arabidopsis
The impact of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) mating disruption on apple pest management in Yakima Valley, Washington

From 1991 to 1993, pheromone-based mating disruption for control of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) was evaluated in seven apple orchards. Each pheromone-treated orchard was paired with a similar orchard without pheromone. Populations of codling moth, secondary pests, and selected natural controls were monitored. The cost of using pheromone dropped nearly $100 per ha from 1991-1993 because of reductions in the price of dispensers and improved application. Growers saved $87-147 in insecticides per ha in pheromone-treated orchards, because of an 83% reduction in sprays for codling moth, but savings from reduced labor and machinery costs in treated orchards were minimal. Damage from codling moth was high in one treated orchard in 1991 (7.4%), and increased to 20.8% in 1992. The population density of codling moth was low in the other orchards (fruit injury 3% fruit injury in three of seven treated orchards, but were not a problem thereafter. Substituting mating disruption for insecticides to manage codling moth in apple orchards may therefore be successful, but for the first three years, may not substantially improve biological control of secondary pests. Key words: Cydia pomonella; apple; mating disruption
The rural family nurse practitioner: the quest for role-identity.

This study was conceived as an inquiry into the marginal nature of the rural family nurse practitioner's role. Data collection began with administration of a questionnaire to all family nurse practitioners in New Mexico for the purpose of selecting a subgroup for in-depth study. Eight rural family nurse practitioners were identified who were practicing as primary health care providers with a physician on-site 20% of the time or less. This group was studied over a period of 3 months. The major outcome of the study was the delineation of three highly interactive clusters of variables which appear to influence the development of a role-identity: personal attributes; organizational factors and inter-personal relations. Demographic data collected resulted in a profile indicating that the ‘average’ rural family nurse practitioner in New Mexico is a single ‘Anglo’ female between 35 and 44 years of age with a BSc in nursing and a strong religious background. Hypothetically, as agreement on role-expectations and behaviour is increased between the rural family nurse practitioner and the role-set, increased institutionalization of the role can be expected to occur.
An Experimental Investigation of Internet Advertising and the Elaboration Likelihood Model

Abstract Given the similarities and potential differences between the Internet and other mass media, this research investigates the applicability of the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) in this new domain. The moderating effect of involvement on both arguments and peripheral cues is tested, as is the influence of peripheral cues under higher involvement. Although the results of one experiment cannot be interpreted as conclusive, major tenets of the ELM were not supported. This study gives reason to believe that Internet advertising may be processed differently than “traditional” advertising. Specifically, involvement (both manipulated, and self-reported) has little moderating effect for arguments or peripheral cues on attitudes and intentions. Additionally, peripheral cues have little influence, regardless of involvement. On the basis of the results theoretical and practical implications are provided, as well as important directions for future research.
Steric hindrance relationship of some phenols to fungistatic potency.

Abstract The effect of several alkylated phenols on the growth of Aspergillus niger indicated that ortho and/or para substitution in phenol enhanced fungistatic potency, while a di-ortho-alkyl configuration in phenol generally resulted in derivatives devoid of any significant activity. Fungitoxicity data are related in this report with the hydrogen-bonding tendencies reported for a limited number of alkylated and chlorinated phenols. Stereochemical relationships and degree of steric hindrance proved to be correlated with the fungistatic activity for partially hindered and hindered phenols but failed to account wholly for the demonstrated activity of the unhindered alkylphenols or the isomeric trichlorophenols included in this study.
Modeling Manipulation in Medical Education.

As residents and medical students progress through their medical training, they are presented with multiple instances in which they feel they must manipulate the healthcare system and deceive others in order to efficiently treat their patients. This, however, creates a culture of manipulation resulting in untoward effects on trainees’ ethical and professional development. Yet manipulation need not be a skill necessary to practice medicine, and steps should be taken by both individuals and institutions to combat the view that the way medicine must be practiced “in the real world” is somehow different from what one’s affective moral sense implores.
Type of contraception method used at last intercourse and associations with health risk behaviors among US adolescents

Background This study was conducted to examine associations with contraception methods used at last sexual intercourse among US adolescents.
The logical structure of evolutionary explanation and prediction: Darwinism’s fundamental schema

We present a logically detailed case-study of Darwinian evolutionary explanation. Special features of Darwin’s explanatory schema made it an unusual theoretical breakthrough, from the point of view of the philosophy of science. The schema employs no theoretical terms, and puts forward no theoretical hypotheses. Instead, it uses three observational generalizations—Variability, Heritability and Differential Reproduction—along with an innocuous assumption of Causal Efficacy, to derive Adaptive Evolution as a necessary consequence. Adaptive Evolution in turn, with one assumption of scale (‘Deep Time’), implies the observational generalization of Adaptation. It is a fascinating methodological task to regiment the premises and make the reasoning both rigorous and clear. Doing so reveals how surprisingly small an amount of mathematics is needed in order to carry out the argument. The investigation also reveals the crucial role played by heritability, and how heritability itself admits of Darwinian explanation.
Design of 3-D Nacelle near Flat-Plate Wing Using Multiblock Sensitivity Analysis (ADOS)

One of the major design tasks involved in reducing aircraft drag is the integration of the engine nacelles and airframe. With this impetus, nacelle shapes with and without the presence of a flat-plate wing nearby were optimized. This also served as a demonstration of the 3-D version of the recently developed aerodynamic design optimization methodology using sensitivity analysis, ADOS. The required flow analyses were obtained by solving the three-dimensional, compressible, thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations using an implicit, upwind-biased, finite volume scheme. The sensitivity analyses were performed using the preconditioned version of the SADD scheme (sensitivity analysis on domain decomposition). In addition to demonstrating the present method's capability for automatic optimization, the results offered some insight into two important issues related to optimizing the shapes of multicomponent configurations in close proximity. First, inclusion of the mutual interference between the components resulted in a different shape as opposed to shaping an isolated component. Secondly, exclusion of the viscous effects compromised not only the flow physics but also the optimized shapes even for isolated components.
Short-term memory and paired-associate learning

Summary This study deals with the relationship between STM and PA learning. The first three experiments were an attempt to determine if traditional variables of PA learning had the expected effect on STM for individual pairs. The general procedure was such that a list of pairs composed of common English words paired at random was presented once with a presentation time of 2 sec. per pair; then, one of the pairs was tested for recall. In Exp. I lists were two, three, four, or five pairs long. In Exp. II presentation time was 1, 2, or 3 sec. per pair. In Exp. III one, two, or three presentations of each list preceded the recall test. Results suggested that the retention curve leveled out after approximately two subsequent pairs at a value which increased with presentation time, number of presentations, and, possibly, shorter lists. Experiment IV was essentially the first trial of a PA learning task; all pairs were tested for recall and lists were 8, 16, 24, or 32 pairs long. As predicted, number of words recalled increased with list length. Also, during the first block of eight recalls, recall probability for the 8 pair list was higher than for the 16-, 24-, and 32-pair lists; the latter three lengths did not differ. In general the results lent support to the notion that there might be marked intratrial learning and forgetting of individual pairs during PA learning, that some of the phenomena of PA learning might be predictable from studies of STM, and the PA “learning” might basically be increased resistance to intertrial forgetting.
The Effect of Drainage Configuration on Heat Transfer Under an Impinging Liquid Jet Array

Impinging jets provide high transport coefficients which make them attractive for use in applications such as paper drying, quenching of metals, turbine blade cooling, and thermal control of a variety of high heat flux devices (electronics, X-ray optics, etc.). Here, the heat transfer characteristics of single and dual-exit drainage configurations for arrays of liquid jets impinging normal to a heated isoflux plate has been studied experimentally. The interaction of drainage channel crossflow from upstream jets and the stagnation jets and its impact on heat transfer was the focus of the investigation. Infrared thermography was used to measure the local temperature distribution on the heated plate, from which local heat transfer coefficients were determined. A single jet diameter was used, and jet arrays with jet-to-jet spacings of 4.8, 6, 9, and 12 jet diameters were studied. Average jet Reynolds numbers in the range 400--5,000 were investigated for jet nozzle-to-impingement plate spacings of 1, 2, and 4 jet diameters for fully flooded (submerged) drainage flow. A single jet-to-plate spacing large enough to yield free-surface jets was also studied. The data reveal a complex dependence of local and average Nusselt numbers on the geometric parameters which describe the problem configuration.
Group-V composition control for InGaAsP grown by gas source molecular beam epitaxy

Based on our kinetics models for gas source molecular beam epitaxy of mixed group-V ternary materials, the group-V composition control in InyGa1−yAs1−xPx epilayers has been studied. The P or As composition in InyGa1−yAs1−xPx (lattice matched to InP or GaAs) can be obtained from a simple equation for substrate temperatures below 500°C. This has been verified by a series of experimental results.
ePMV Embeds Molecular Modeling into Professional Animation Software Environments

Increasingly complex research has made it more difficult to prepare data for publication, education, and outreach. Many scientists must also wade through black-box code to interface computational algorithms from diverse sources to supplement their bench work. To reduce these barriers we have developed an open-source plug-in, embedded Python Molecular Viewer (ePMV), that runs molecular modeling software directly inside of professional 3D animation applications (hosts) to provide simultaneous access to the capabilities of these newly connected systems. Uniting host and scientific algorithms into a single interface allows users from varied backgrounds to assemble professional quality visuals and to perform computational experiments with relative ease. By enabling easy exchange of algorithms, ePMV can facilitate interdisciplinary research, smooth communication between broadly diverse specialties, and provide a common platform to frame and visualize the increasingly detailed intersection(s) of cellular and molecular biology.
Transcriptional entrainment between master-slave genes via sister chromatid exchanges

Abstract The paper discusses a mechanism for the coordination of a differentiation path through activation of slave genes by transcriptional complexes (excitons) organised by master genes. Entrainment occurs when master-slave genes form partnerships of closely apposed entities. Sister chromatid exchanges provide the action necessary for successful entrainment. Although concerned mainly with normal hemopoeitic (stem) cells, the model applies also to certain leukemic cells, regarding in particular retrodifferentiation back to the stem state followed by attenuation of malignancy.
On Haber's Minimum Term Rank Formula

A simple proof is given of a simplification of Haber's formula for the minimum term rank of matrices of 0's and 1's with a specified row and column sum vector.
Dynamic Rheology of Agar Gel Based Aqueous Binders

Dynamic rheology was used to study the gelation behavior of agar gel based aqueous binders (1–3 wt%) for powder injection molding. Typical gelation temperatures, Tgel, and liquefaction temperatures, Tliq, were 36° and 78°C, respectively. The thermal history of the gels was found to influence Tgel and the asymptotic storage modulus, G′. A higher degree of undercooling (ΔT=Tgel−Thold) enhanced the driving force for gelation. G′ master curves were created and revealed a relatively weak frequency dependence. G′ increased significantly with agar content. The shape of the gel's relaxation spectrum was found to be independent of agar content, indicating that the nature of the relaxation processes does not change significantly.
Bias and mean-square error for the kaplan-meier and nelson-aalen estimators

Under the assumption of random censoring, the exact bias and exact mean-square error of both the Kaplan-Meier estimator of the survival distribution and the Nelson-Aalen estimator of the hazard function are obtained and good, computationally simple bounds are derived. These bounds are useful to determine, for fixed sample size and increasing time rather than fixed time and increasing sample size, the precision of the estimators when the testing program is subject to chance sensoring. Explicit small-sample comparisons are made when the hazard of life and the hazard of censoring are proportional. General bounds are then expressed in similar terms. These results indicate that bias is lower under random censoring when life has a decreasing, and censoring an increase, hazard rate.
Disturbances in Post-Partum Adaptation and Depressive Symptomatology

An exploratory study was conducted to identify disturbances in women's postpartum adaptation and the relationship between such disturbances and self-report of depressive symptomatology. Eighty women completed 3 questionnaires (Inventory of Post-partum Adaptation, Beck Depression Inventory, and Pitt Questionnaire) during the third and eighth post-partum weeks. Five areas of post-partum adaptation were assessed: changes in daily activities, impact of childbirth events, interactions with the new baby, social activities and supports, judgments about one's self and future. Results indicated that disturbances in adaptation occurred mainly in the areas of changes in daily activities, social activities and supports, and judgments about the self. Correlational analyses indicated that selected areas of women's post-partum adaptation had positive relationships with depressive symptomatology: mood changes, decreased energy level, inability to maintain eating schedule, negative affect while with baby, lack of comfort ...
Performed Conversations in an ESL Classroom

L2 classroom learners normally expect lessons to give them both language practice and information about language usage. L2 teachers can respond to this implicit request by organizing instruction that provides (a) authentic language activities requiring the selection of language options and the negotiation of meaning among participants as well as (b) explicit information about formal features of the language. This article argues that the way teachers meet their goals for communication and instruction can best be examined in process-oriented studies of classroom discourse. In this article, a segment of classroom interaction is microanalyzed to reveal a structure of classroom interaction that combines the goals of communication and instruction. In addition, the comprehensive analysis reveals insights into the teacher's thinking as she deals with the instructional constraints produced by a class of intermediate students who do not share a common language background. The article concludes with an evaluation of the effectiveness of this type of interaction for language learners. It also recommends engaging teachers in micro-analysis in order to improve pedagogical practices in L2 classrooms.
Family Communication: Cohesion and Change

Family Communication: Cohesion and Change encourages students to think critically about family interaction patterns and to analyze them using a variety of communication theories. Using a framework of family functions, current research, and first-person narratives, this text emphasizes the diversity of today's families in structure, ethnic patterns, gender socialization, and developmental experiences. New for the tenth edition are expanded pedagogical features to improve learning and retention, as well as updates on current theory and research integrated throughout the chapters for timely analysis and discussion. Cases and research featured in each chapter provide examples of concepts and themes, and a companion website offers expanded resources for instructors and students. On the book's companion website, www.routledge.com/cw/galvin, intstructors will find a full suite of online resources to help build their courses and engage their students, as well as an author video introducing the new edition: Course Materials Syllabi & Suggested Calendars Course Projects & Paper Examples Essay Assignments Test/Quiz Questions and Answer Keys Case Studies in Family Communication Family Communication Film and Television Examples Family Communication in Literature Examples Chapter Outlines Detailed Outlines Discussion Questions Case Study Questions Sample Chapter Activities Chapter PowerPoint Slides
Automatic target recognition using Karhunen-Loeve transform-generated `eigenimages`

Most automatic target recognition (ATR) systems are based upon measuring a set of predetermined features someone has decided will separate the classes of targets from one another. However, this system requires the user to decide what features will work best. Maybe it would be best to look at the targets and decide what is different between them. This is the motivation behind taking the Karhunen-Loeve Transform (KLT) of the images. The KLT finds the most variance between the images thus leaving to the computer the decision of where the difference between the targets lies. In this paper, two approaches to feature generation for target classification of infrared images are addressed: a standard feature set approach, and a KLT approach. Each method is explained and results are included.
When Families Won’t Play Ball: A Case Example of the Effect of Family Accommodation on Anxiety Symptoms and Treatment

Family accommodation is a pervasive problem among families of youth with anxiety disorders that frequently perpetuates anxiety symptoms and oppositional behaviors occurring in response to anxiety. Unfortunately, this problem is addressed all too infrequently in the literature regarding empirically supported treatments for anxiety disorders. The purpose of this report is to present a case of severe family accommodation for a young child with anxiety and oppositional behaviors. This case highlights the detriment of family factors such as accommodation, maternal distress, and anxious modeling as well as provides strategies for adapting an empirically supported treatment protocol (i.e. cognitive-behavioral therapy) to address such family factors. Behavioral and cognitive behavioral techniques, described within, were modified and utilized for treatment of a 6-year-old with significant anxiety symptoms. With adaptations, despite complicating family factors, behavioral treatment was successful in alleviating clinical symptoms of anxiety in a young child. This case exemplar suggests that treatment adaptation can produce successful outcomes in terms of symptom reduction; however, for circumstances in which families are particularly challenging, full remission may not be achieved should family accommodation fail to be eradicated.
Behavior Problems and Parenting Stress in Families of Three-Year-Old Children With and Without Developmental Delays

Children and adolescents with mental retardation are at heightened risk for mental disorder. We examined early evidence of behavior problems in 225 three-year-old children with or without developmental delays and the relative impact of cognitive delays and problem behaviors on their parents. Staff-completed Bayley Behavior Scales and parent-completed Child Behavior Checklists (CBCLs) showed greater problems in children with delays than in those without delays. Children with delays were 3 to 4 times as likely to have a total CBCL score within the clinical range. Parenting stress was higher in delayed condition families. Regression analyses revealed that the extent of child behavior problems was a much stronger contributor to parenting stress than was the child's cognitive delay.
The Performance of Multilevel Growth Curve Models Under an Autoregressive Moving Average Process

The authors examined the robustness of multilevel linear growth curve modeling to misspecification of an autoregressive moving average process. As previous research has shown (J. Ferron, R. Dailey, & Q. Yi, 2002; O. Kwok, S. G. West, & S. B. Green, 2007; S. Sivo, X. Fan, & L. Witta, 2005), estimates of the fixed effects were unbiased, and Type I error rates for the tests of the fixed effects were generally accurate when the present authors correctly specified or underspecified the model. However, random effects were poorly estimated under many conditions, even under correct model specification. Further, fit criteria performed inconsistently and were especially inaccurate when small sample sizes and short series lengths were combined. With the exception of elevated Type I error rates that occurred under some conditions, the best performance was obtained by use of an unstructured covariance matrix at the first level of the growth curve model.
Pairwise key establishment for large-scale sensor networks: from identifier-based to location-based

Letting two communicating parties share a key is an effective approach to achieve confidentiality and authenticity for their communications. If the parties know each other's id or are within each other's communication range, such a key can be set up using existing pairwise key establishment schemes. However, in sensor networks, there exist some communication patterns in which the sender only knows some attribute such as the rough location of its desired receiver, and the sender and receivers could be far apart. Directly extending the existing schemes to establish a pairwise key for such communicating parties is not efficient due to various reasons. To address the problem, we propose in this paper a new scheme that enables the two parties to securely communicate as long as they know each other's rough location. In this scheme, any two groups of nodes can set up a group-to-group (G2G) pairwise key based on their rough locations. Then the G2G key can be used to protect the communications between any two nodes in these groups. Extensive analysis and simulations are conducted to evaluate our approach. The results show that, by choosing the system parameters appropriately, a desired security level can be achieved without incurring high overhead.
The hypothalamic 14C differential and feeding behavior

The relative retention of 1 4C in the medial hypothalamus as compared to the lateral hypothalamus after intragastric loads of 25 μC of d-glucose-1 4 C was attenuated by pretreatment with 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Using a similar temporal paradigm, it was also found that 2-deoxy-D-glucose prevented the satiating effects of intragastric loads of d-glucose at a point in time when the hypothalamic 1 4 C differential was attenuated. The data indicate that inhibition of feeding by glucose is correlated with greater relative retention of carbon in the medial hypothalamus than the lateral hypothalamus. When this distribution differential is attenuated then satiety is also reduced.
Characterization and distribution of angiotensin II receptor subtypes in the mouse brain

Abstract We localized and characterized angiotensin II receptor subtypes (AT1 and AT2) in the mouse brain, with the use of autoradiography after incubation with [ 125 I ][Sar1]-angiotensin II or [ 125 I ]CGP 42112 and displacement with selective angiotensin AT1 (losartan and candesartan) or angiotensin AT2 (CGP 42112(1) and PD 123319(2)) receptor ligands. In the mouse, the receptor subtype affinity for the different ligands was similar to that of the rat. The receptor subtype distribution was also similar to that in the rat, with some notable exceptions, such as the presence of angiotensin AT1 but not AT2 receptors in the locus coeruleus, and the expression of angiotensin AT1 receptors in the caudate putamen. These results confirm that careful consideration of the specific distribution of receptor subtypes in different species, even those closely related such as the mouse and the rat, should be conducted before meaningful comparisons could be proposed. Our data also form the basis for future studies of mouse models such as those with angiotensin receptor gene deficiencies.
Phosphorylation cascades control the actions of ethanol on cell cAMP signalling.

Our studies indicate that, in the presence of particular isoforms of adenylyl cyclase (i.e., type 7 AC), moderately intoxicating concentrations of ethanol will significantly potentiate transmitter-mediated activation of the cAMP signaling cascade. Activation of this signaling cascade may have important implications for the mechanisms by which ethanol produces intoxication, and/or for the mechanisms of neuroadaptation leading to tolerance to, and physical dependence on, ethanol. We initiated a series of studies to investigate the phosphorylation of AC7 by PKC, the role of this phosphorylation in modulating the sensitivity of AC7 to activation by Gsα, and the PKC isotype(s) involved in the phosphorylation of AC7. The T7 epitope-tagged AC7 expressed in Sf9 and HEK293 cells was found to be phosphorylated in vitro by the catalytic subunit of PKC. Treatment of AC7-transfected HEK293 cells with phorbol dibutyrate (PDBu) or ethanol increased the phosphorylation of AC7 and its responsiveness to Gsα. In human erythroleukemia (HEL) cells, which endogeneously express AC7, ethanol and PDBu increased AC activity stimulated by PGE1. The potentiation by both PDBu and ethanol was found to be sensitive to the PKC δ-selective inhibitor, rottlerin. The potentiation of AC activity by ethanol in HEL cells was also selectively attenuated by the RACK inhibitory peptide specific for PKC δ, and by expression of the dominant negative, catalytically inactive, form of PKC δ. These data demonstrate that AC7 can be phosphorylated by PKC, leading to an increase in functional activity, and ethanol can potentiate AC7 activity through a PKC δ-mediated phosphorylation of AC7.
Resolving Disputes over Frozen Embryos

The relation between respect for family and reproductive choice and use of IVF technology is in dispute in recent legal cases on the disposition of frozen embryos. Couples in IVF programs should be encouraged to stipulate in advance binding instructions regarding the disposition of such embryos.
Area-Based Dissemination in Vehicular Networks

Pure opportunistic dissemination of content in a vehicular network can incur high delays if the number of vehicles is relatively low. We consider in this paper an areabased approach to information broadcast in which vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communications is supplemented with vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communications in order to improve the delay performance. We show how area-based dissemination can analyzed mathematically using a Markovian model. We also investigate through trace-based simulations how different area partitioning approaches affect the total dissemination time.
THE ELECTROCHEMICAL PROTON GRADIENT IN THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC PURPLE SULPHUR BACTERIUM CHROMATIUM VINOSUM

Cells of the photosynthetic purple bacterium Chromatium vinosum generate a transmembrane electrochemical proton gradient (δμH+H+) on illumination. The steady state values of the two components of δμH+m+, δpH and the membrane potential (δψ) have been measured as a function of both the pH and ion composition of the external medium. While δψ and δpH vary considerably as the external pH is varied from 5.5 to 7.5, the magnitude of δμH+h+ remains relatively constant over this pH range. δψ is relatively unaffected by the ion composition of the medium but δpH and δμH+H+ both vary considerably depending upon the cation present in the medium. The use of specific ionophores to eliminate either δpH or δψ results in changes in the magnitude of the other component. The δpH values determined here were used to predict the direction of Tl+ flux via the potassium-proton antiport and to demonstrate the reversibility of this antiport.
Issues and dilemmas in teaching research methods courses in social and behavioural sciences: US perspective

This paper is an attempt to initiate a dialogue among the 'first generation' of those who teach mixed methods research courses in the social and behavioural sciences. It is argued that in the past three decades, research methodology, and the teaching of research, has faced strong pressures toward polarizing into a qualitative and quantitative dichotomy. Research courses are either qualitative or quantitative, and graduate students are often encouraged to choose a 'track' early on in their education. Following the structure of most introductory research methods textbooks, when both approaches (qualitative and quantitative) are taught in a research course, they are discussed separately, with little effort to link them together. On the other hand, strong pressures are currently being faced from applied researchers in the field to train 'research experts' who are able to incorporate both the qualitative and quantitative methods and approaches in their projects. It is argued that those who teach research metho...
Robustness analysis of a multirate flutter suppression system

A unified approach for analyzing the robustness and performance of multirate systems is presented. The approach is a compilation of existing multirate performance and robustness analysis results, along with some new results, all presented in a consistent state-space formulation. The approach is used to analyze the robustness of a multirate flutter suppression system designed for a model wing. The example highlights some of the practical considerations in multirate performance and robustness analysis.
Challenges in improvement of perinatal health in developing nations: role of perinatal pathology.

Maternal fetal and infant mortality and morbidity are among the most significant public health problems in developing and resource-poor nations. In most developing countries important contributing factors to perinatal and maternal mortality are the lack of adequate diagnostic and pathology facilities inadequate or absent postmortem examination poor diagnostic pathology and microbiology capabilities and deficiency in surveillance systems statistical reporting and diagnostic accuracy of adverse maternal and perinatal health events. Most resource-poor nations have no pathologist trained in perinatal pathology who is available to address the clinical diagnostic public health and research aspects of these mortality and morbidity issues which are so prevalent in the developing world. The following article highlights some of the most important global perinatal health problems - including malaria low birth weight HIV/AIDS maternal malnutrition maternal death unsafe abortion and political turmoil - which would benefit by increased contributions from collaborations with physicians trained in perinatal pathology.
Utilizing Redundancy for Timing Critical Interconnect

Conventionally, the topology of signal net routing is almost always restricted to Steiner trees, either unbuffered or buffered. However, introducing redundant paths into the topology (which leads to non-tree) may significantly improve timing performance as well as tolerance to open faults and variations. These advantages are particularly appealing for timing critical net routings in nanoscale VLSI designs where interconnect delay is a performance bottleneck and variation effects are increasingly remarkable. We propose Steiner network construction heuristics which can generate either tree or non-tree with different slack-wirelength tradeoff, and handle both long path and short path constraints. We also propose heuristics for simultaneous Steiner network construction and buffering, which may provide further improvement in slack and resistance to variations. Furthermore, incremental non-tree delay update techniques are developed to facilitate fast Steiner network evaluations. Extensive experiments in different scenarios show that our heuristics usually improve timing slack by hundreds of pico seconds compared to traditional approaches. When process variations are considered, our heuristics can significantly improve timing yield because of nominal slack improvement and delay variability reduction.
Cellular burning in lean premixed turbulent hydrogen-air flames: Coupling experimental and computational analysis at the laboratory scale

One strategy for reducing US dependence on petroleum is to develop new combustion technologies for burning the fuel-lean mixtures of hydrogen or hydrogen-rich syngas fuels obtained from the gasification of coal and biomass. Fuel-flexible combustion systems based on lean premixed combustion have the potential for dramatically reducing pollutant emissions in transportation systems, heat and stationary power generation. However, lean premixed flames are highly susceptible to fluid-dynamical combustion instabilities making robust and reliable systems difficult to design. Low swirl burners are emerging as an important technology for meeting design requirements in terms of both reliability and emissions for next generation combustion devices. In this paper, we present simulations of a lean, premixed hydrogen flame stabilized on a laboratory-scale low swirl burner. The simulations use detailed chemistry and transport without incorporating explicit models for turbulence or turbulence/chemistry interaction. Here we discuss the overall structure of the flame and compare with experimental data. We also use the simulation data to elucidate the characteristics of the turbulent flame interaction and how this impacts the analysis of experimental measurements.