cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Older Latina women and HIV/AIDS: an examination of sexuality and culture as they relate to risk and protective factors.

Older Latina women are one of the least studied American demographic groups with regard to social, health, or sexual behavior. This could leave social workers and other geriatric professionals unprepared for dealing with HIV/AIDS in this population. Currently, older Latina women are one of the fastest growing groups of new AIDS cases. Twenty percent of all women ever diagnosed with the disease are Latina and 5.5% of Latinas infected with the virus are older. The number of diagnosed infections is increasing in older women, including Latinas, in spite of recent declines in infection rates with younger populations. There are also a potentially large number of cases that go misdiagnosed or undiagnosed. This article also addresses risk and protective factors related to gender roles, traditional Latino family values, religion, socioeconomic factors, health, and health care, with special attention to the triple jeopardy faced by this population by virtue of being female, seniors, and minorities. The article conc...
Convex M-matrices and polytopic dynamic systems

The purpose of this paper is to derive a number of sufficient conditions for all matrices in a convex polytope to be M-matrices. The conditions involve only vertex matrices of the polytope and can be used to establish robust stability of systems with polytopic uncertainty structures. Applications of the convexity conditions will be made to uncertain linear constant systems and Lotka-Volterra population models. An interesting feature of the analysis is the use of Lyapunov functions which depend on systems parameters.
Multiscale modeling of thermal conductivity of high burnup structures in UO2 fuels

Abstract The high burnup structure forming at the rim region in UO2 based nuclear fuel pellets has interesting physical properties such as improved thermal conductivity, even though it contains a high density of grain boundaries and micron-size gas bubbles. To understand this counterintuitive phenomenon, mesoscale heat conduction simulations with inputs from atomistic simulations and experiments were conducted to study the thermal conductivities of a small-grain high burnup microstructure and two large-grain unrestructured microstructures. We concluded that the phonon scattering effects caused by small point defects such as dispersed Xe atoms in the grain interior must be included in order to correctly predict the thermal transport properties of these microstructures. In extreme cases, even a small concentration of dispersed Xe atoms such as 10−5 can result in a lower thermal conductivity in the large-grain unrestructured microstructures than in the small-grain high burnup structure. The high-density grain boundaries in a high burnup structure act as defect sinks and can reduce the concentration of point defects in its grain interior and improve its thermal conductivity in comparison with its large-grain counterparts. An analytical model was developed to describe the thermal conductivity at different concentrations of dispersed Xe, bubble porosities, and grain sizes. Upon calibration, the model is robust and agrees well with independent heat conduction modeling over a wide range of microstructural parameters.
A Primer for New Civil Law Clinic Students

Many Law students' initial experiences in live-client clinics are likely to be unfamiliar and unsettling. It may be reassuring to know that generations of students before them have encountered a remarkably similar array of issues. Moreover, the new clinic students' experiences will take place within a context that has been shaped significantly by a series of choices, conflicts, and controversies that have marked the common history and development of the civil legal aid and clinical legal education movements in America. The goal of this Primer is to familiarize such students with this common ancestry and the choices and controversies that have arisen from it. Such an understanding may go a long way toward enhancing the educational benefits students glean from their clinical experience.
Photoconductively excited plasmonic modulator-switch

A novel plasmonic modulator-switch for the long-wave infrared (LWIR) region is presented. The device consists of a thin metal film, an underlying photoconductive substrate, input and output reflection gratings located on top of the film on opposite ends of the device, and a limited aperture detector located over the out-couple grating. LWIR incident at a given angle is in-coupled, generating surface plasmons (SPs). Since the underlying metal film is thinner than the SP penetration depth, the SPs are couple on both the top and the bottom of the thin film and propagate on both sides of the metal film toward the out-coupling grating. When free carriers in the photoconductive substrate are excited by laser illumination, the electrical properties of the substrate are changed. This change in substrate electrical properties is sensed by the propagating SPs and thus changes the wavevector of the SPs. The SP wavevector change will cause the out-coupled radiation magnitude and angle to change. Thus, the radiation incident on the detector is modulated implementing a plasmonic modulator-switch. Full-wave electromagnetic simulations were performed on the device. The reflected power at various angles was calculated for a fixed incident angle at λ = 10 μm using various geometries and substrate materials. The substrate materials modelled include III-V compound semiconductors and Si. The dielectric functions for these materials were computed as functions their free carrier concentration to simulate excited and unexcited states. This paper reports on how device performance was affected by variation of these geometric and material parameters.
Solution NMR Spectroscopy for the Study of Enzyme Allostery

Allostery is a ubiquitous biological regulatory process in which distant binding sites within a protein or enzyme are functionally and thermodynamically coupled. Allosteric interactions play essential roles in many enzymological mechanisms, often facilitating formation of enzyme–substrate complexes and/or product release. Thus, elucidating the forces that drive allostery is critical to understanding the complex transformations of biomolecules. Currently, a number of models exist to describe allosteric behavior, taking into account energetics as well as conformational rearrangements and fluctuations. In the following Review, we discuss the use of solution NMR techniques designed to probe allosteric mechanisms in enzymes. NMR spectroscopy is unequaled in its ability to detect structural and dynamical changes in biomolecules, and the case studies presented herein demonstrate the range of insights to be gained from this valuable method. We also provide a detailed technical discussion of several specialized NM...
UNUNITED FRACTURE OF THE NECK OF THE FEMUR TREATED BY THE AID OF THE BONE GRAFT

1. No attempt has been made to compare the bone graft with other methods of treatment for ununited fractures of the neck of the femur. The fact that a review of twenty-six years' work in a large surgical clinic revealed only seventy-seven cases in which bone-grafting was employed testifies to the caution with which the method has been used. It has, been employed in treatment of about one in ten of the ununited fractures of the neck of the femur encountered. 2. The patients were mostly less than fifty years of age, and the average age was forty-six years, emphasizing the fact that, to the present time, use of the bone graft has been confined to the younger group of patients. 3. The author has presented his findings in this series of cases because there are too few reports on the subject in the literature, and because he believes that, with the improved technique by which the channel for the bone graft is drilled over a guide wire, thus removing the necessity of opening the joint, the field for bone-grafting will be widened.
Expression of CD39 on Activated T Cells Impairs their Survival in Older Individuals

In an immune response, CD4(+) T cells expand into effector T cells and then contract to survive as long-lived memory cells. To identify age-associated defects in memory cell formation, we profiled activated CD4(+) T cells and found an increased induction of the ATPase CD39 with age. CD39(+) CD4(+) T cells resembled effector T cells with signs of metabolic stress and high susceptibility to undergo apoptosis. Pharmacological inhibition of ATPase activity dampened effector cell differentiation and improved survival, suggesting that CD39 activity influences T cell fate. Individuals carrying a low-expressing CD39 variant responded better to vaccination with an increase in vaccine-specific memory T cells. Increased inducibility of CD39 after activation may contribute to the impaired vaccine response with age.
NEARSHORE CIRCULATION WITH 3-D PROFILES

A model that predicts the depth variations of wave generated currents within the framework of a 2-D depth-integrated surf-zone model is described. The equations are formulated and solved for the case of a long, straight coast. The model is used to demonstrate that the effects of current refraction are weak and to determine the variation of the 3-D spiral shaped current profiles across the surf-zone. Finally, we show that the mixing coefficient required to get realistic variations of the longshore current is much larger than what the turbulence measurements can justify.
Energy propagation and network energetic coupling in proteins.

Understanding how allosteric proteins respond to changes in their environment is a major goal of current biological research. We show that these responses can be quantified by analyzing protein energy networks using a method recently developed in our group. On the basis of this method, we introduce here a quantity named energetic coupling, which we show is able to discriminate allosterically active mutants of the lactose repressor (LacI) protein, and of the catabolite activator protein (CAP), a dynamically driven allosteric protein. Our method assumes that allostery and signal transmission can be more accurately described as efficient energy propagation, and not as the more widely used atomic motion correlations. We demonstrate the validity of this assumption by performing energy-propagation simulations. Finally, we present results from energy-propagation simulations performed on folded and fully extended conformations of the postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95). They show that the protein backbone pr...
Monosaccharide Identification as a First Step toward de Novo Carbohydrate Sequencing: Mass Spectrometry Strategy for the Identification and Differentiation of Diastereomeric and Enantiomeric Pentose Isomers

De novo carbohydrate sequencing, including monosaccharide identification, largely remains a tremendous analytical challenge. A first step in the complete structural determination of any large polysaccharide is an accurate and robust method for analysis of the constituent monosaccharides. Herein, the first mass spectrometry-based method for the complete identification and absolute configuration determination of all 12 pentose isomers, including the d and l enantiomers for arabinose, lyxose, ribose, xylose, ribulose, and xylulose, is reported. As compared to earlier work to distinguish hexose isomers, the chiral separation of the pentose isomers was significantly more challenging. Specifically, the 12 pentoses are much more structurally similar to one another, with only the axial or equatorial orientation of two hydroxyl groups differentiating among these isomers in their five-membered ring furanose structure and smaller energetic differences between pentose conformations than between hexose conformations. ...
D1 Dopamine Receptor Modulation of Breathing in Young Hypothyroid Female Hamsters

Previously we noted in 8 month old female hamsters hypothyroid (H) for 5 months that administration of the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390 (SCH) in saline increased ventilation (VE) while...
Network security situation factor index system research

Aiming at the network security situation assessment index system is not perfect and the difficulty of selecting and construction and other issues,to the relevant standards and regulations as the basis,starting from system security mechanism,in accordance with the established principle,put forward a kind of network security situation element method of constructing the index system,and gives the network availability situation element data acquisition and the index value calculation method.Experimental results show that,the network security situation factor index system construction has certain scientific sex,for the network security situation assessment provides a new way to solve the data.
REVIEW OF RESEARCH PROGRESSES AND APPLICATIONS OF HOEK-BROWN STRENGTH CRITERION

E.Hoek and E.T.Brown proposed the Hoek-Brown(H-B) strength criterion in 1980.This strength criterion is now widely accepted and studied by researchers and engineers in rock mechanics and engineering field,and is now widely applied to rock mass engineering.In this paper,a systematic review is performed on the progresses of the H-B strength criterion firstly,which are the work by E.Hoek and E.T.Brown,the studies on the three-dimensional H-B strength criteion,the parameters used in this criterion,and the criterion related to anisotropy of rocks with layered joints.Then,the applications of the H-B strength criterion during the past 30 years to different rock mass engineering problems were reviewed.Finally,the progresses of the H-B strength criterion carried out by the authors are introduced.A generalized three-dimensional H-B strength criterion has been proposed and modified by utilizing three different Lode dependences,so it can be directly applied to construct constitutive model and be embedded in numerical software.Based on three-dimensional numerical simulations with particle flow model,the parameters of rock and rock mass used in H-B strength criterion are studied in microscopic scale and a multi-scale relationship is found for providing a more reliable basis for determination of these parameters.
A Case-Control Study on the Relationgship Among Environmental Factors,COMT Genetic Polymorphisms and Breast Cancer

In present study,a hospital-based 1:1 matched case-control study was conducted to explore the role of COMT gene polymorphism and to provide theory foundation for studying the etiology and primary prevention of breast cancer.Methods: 1:1 matched case-control study method was adopted.All cases and controls were recruited from hospitals in Tangshan.120 newly diagnosed female breast cancer patients from October 2010 to October 2011 were selected as cases,which were pathologically confirmed.Controls were identified as patients at the same hospital,with the exception of gynecological,endocrinological and oncological diseases.Between the cases and controls,the difference of age was not over five years.All subjects were investigated by face to face interview according to the same questionnaire.DNA of subjects was extracted by salting out method,and detected COMT genotype by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment polymorphism(PCR-RFLP).The database was set up by excel and analyzed using the statistical software SPSS16.0 version.Results: 1 The environmental risk factors of breast cancer were environmental pollution of residence(OR=13.17,95%CI:2.73~63.56),passive smoking exceeding 10 years(OR=17.80,95%CI:4.07~78.47),and pesticide using exceeding 10 years(OR=5.66,95%CI:1.24~25.94).After the earthquake within one year the pesticide odor was smell little(OR=0.10,95%CI:0.03~0.35)and equipment using in cooking(OR=0.16,95%CI: 0.03~0.88)were all protective factors.2 The differences of the frequencies of COMT were statistically significant(χ2=8.28,P0.05).The genotype of GA and AA were susceptible genotype.Refer to GG,the OR value of breast cancer for ones carrying GA and AA were 1.79(95%CI:0.57~5.56;) and 1.15(95%CI: 0.35~3.85).Conclusions: 1 The environmental risk factors of breast cancer are environmental pollution of residence,passive smoking exceeding 10 years and pesticide using exceeding 10 years.Few exposure to pesticide after the earthquake and equipment using in cooking were protective factors.2 Women with COMT AA variant genotype may have more risks of breast cancer.
Feeding a higher plane of nutrition and providing exogenous estrogen increases mammary gland development in Holstein heifer calves

Feeding heifers a higher plane of nutrition postweaning but before puberty can negatively affect mammary gland development and future milk yield. However, enhanced nutrition preweaning may promote development and future production. Our objectives were to determine the effects of enhanced feeding preweaning and exogenous estrogen immediately postweaning on mammary gland development and the composition of the mammary parenchyma (PAR) and mammary fat pad (MFP). Thirty-six Holstein heifer calves (<1 wk old) were reared on 1 of 2 dietary treatments for 8 wk: (1) a restricted milk replacer fed at 0.45 kg/d (R; 20% crude protein, 20% fat), or (2) an enhanced milk replacer fed at 1.13 kg/d (EH; 28% crude protein, 25% fat). Upon weaning, calves from each diet (n=6) were given either a placebo or estrogen implant for 2 wk, creating 4 treatments: R, R + estrogen (R-E2), EH, and EH + estrogen (EH-E2). Calves were housed individually with ad libitum access to water. Starter feeding began at wk 5 and was balanced between treatments. Udders were evaluated by palpation and physical measurements weekly. Subsets of calves were killed at weaning (n=6 per diet) and at the conclusion of the trial (n=6 per treatment). Udders were removed, dissected, and weighed. At wk 8, EH calves had longer front and rear teats. Providing estrogen to EH calves increased the length of rear teats during wk 9 and 10. Enhanced-fed calves had 5.2-fold more trimmed mammary gland mass than R calves. Providing estrogen to EH calves further increased mammary gland weight. Masses of PAR and MFP were markedly greater for EH calves than for R calves (e.g., 7.3-fold greater PAR tissue). Estrogen increased the mass of both PAR and MFP in EH calves. Feeding a higher plane of nutrition increased total protein, DNA, and fat in the MFP and total protein and DNA in the PAR. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry estimates of mammary fat mass were highly correlated with biochemical analyses of fat content. From histological study, we observed that the degree of expansion of epithelium into the adjacent stromal tissue and the complexity of ductal development were minimal in R, increased in EH, and increased by estrogen in both dietary treatments. Results provide compelling evidence that preweaning nutrition and estrogen administration immediately postweaning markedly increase mammary gland development in dairy calves. Cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for these differences are currently under study.
Uncertainty Propagation in Production-Rule Systems Using a Probability-Possibility Approach

A methodology is developed to provide a framework for the quantification and propagation of uncertainty in Production-Rule Systems, when such uncertainty consists of both random - or probabilistic - and fuzzy - or possibilistic - components. Randomness in this context refers to the uncertainty of occurrence of an event, and fuzziness describes the imprecision of the meaning of the event. In the statement, “Power will increase about 10% with a probability of 80%”, the random component is given by “a probability of 80%”, and the fuzzy component by “about 10%”. The concepts of information granularity and of the probability of a fuzzy event are used in the development of this methodology. The approach is demonstrated through an application to a model Knowledge-Base constructed in the form of qualified if/then rules. Quantification of the “performance level” and the relationship to the concept of “reliability” is discussed.
Practical Generator Kinetics

Equations describing the decay and buildup of nuclides in the 99Mo–99mTc generator are presented and discussed. The three basic time functions which describe the quantities of 99Mo, 99mTc, and 99Tc are then manipulated to yield time-dependent factors which simplify the calculations of generator decay. These factors are (A) the fraction of maximum 99mTc radioactivity at t hr following prior elution, (B) 99mTc radioactivity as a fraction of 99Mo radioactivity at time t following prior elution, and (C) The mole fraction of total technetium present in the generator as the metastable isomer at time t. These factors allow simple and accurate calculations of relative yields of 99mTc at different times following prior elution, expected yield in millicuries and generator elution efficiency, and total molar quantity of technetium eluted. Examples are presented. Solutions of the basic differential equations are described in detail in the Appendix.
Beryllium and graphite performance in ITER during a disruption

Plasma disruptions are considered one of the most limiting factors for successful operation of magnetic fusion reactors. During a disruption, a sharp, rapid release of energy strikes components such as the divertor or limiter plates. Severe surface erosion and melting of these components may then occur. The amount of material eroded from both ablation and melting is important to the reactor design and component lifetime. The anticipated performance of both beryllium and graphite as plasma-facing materials during such abnormal events is analyzed and compared. Recent experimental data obtained with both plasma guns and electron beams are carefully evaluated and compared to results of analytical modeling, including vapor shielding effect. Initial results from plasma gun experiments indicate that the Be erosion rate is about five times larger than that for a graphite material under the same disruption conditions. Key differences between simulation experiments and reactor disruption on the net erosion rate, and consequently on the lifetime of the divertor plate, are discussed in detail. The advantages and disadvantages of Be over graphite as a divertor plasma-facing material are discussed.
Real-time architecture for a highway vehicle detection system

A three layer real-time architecture for a highway vehicle detection system is presented in the article. The Laser-Based Detection System (LBDS), focused on helping the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), measures a key quantitative parameter of vehicles moving across a link of highway, namely, travel time. Travel time is based upon identifying and re-identifying vehicles at various points on the highway. This article provides a method to collect hard real-time signals from an active laser source in the LBDS and calculate real-time vehicle parameters using a standard computer. A method of seamlessness message exchange between a hard real-time kernel process, for real-time data acquisition, and a soft real-time application process, for computing and displaying, is given under the RTLinux environment. Experimental results from field tests show that the application of the real-time architecture to the LBDS provides vehicle parameter calculations deterministically. Experimental data are analyzed using the Video Sync program with both video images and graphical display.
Efficacy and safety of liquid nitrogen cryotherapy for treatment of Barrett’s esophagus

Aim To evaluate the efficacy and safety of liquid nitrogen cryotherapy as a primary or rescue treatment for BE, with and without dysplasia, or intramucosal adenocarcinoma (IMC). Methods This was a retrospective, single-center study carried out in a tertiary care center including 45 patients with BE who was treatment-naive or who had persistent intestinal metaplasia (IM), dysplasia, or IMC despite prior therapy. Barrett's mucosa was resected via EMR when clinically appropriate, then patients underwent cryotherapy until eradication or until deemed to have failed treatment. Surveillance biopsies were taken at standard intervals. Results From 2010 through 2014, 33 patients were studied regarding the efficacy of cryotherapy. Overall, 29 patients (88%) responded to cryotherapy, with 84% having complete regression of all dysplasia and cancer. Complete eradication of cancer and dysplasia was seen in 75% of subjects with IMC; the remaining two subjects did not respond to cryotherapy. Following cryotherapy, 15 patients with high-grade dysplasia (HGD) had 30% complete regression, 50% IM, and 7% low-grade dysplasia (LGD); one subject had persistent HGD. Complete eradication of dysplasia occurred in all 5 patients with LGD. In 5 patients with IM, complete regression occurred in 4, and IM persisted in one. In 136 cryotherapy sessions amongst 45 patients, adverse events included chest pain (1%), stricture (4%), and one gastrointestinal bleed in a patient on dual antiplatelet therapy who had previously undergone EMR. Conclusion Cryotherapy is an efficacious and safe treatment modality for Barrett's esophagus with and without dysplasia or intramucosal adenocarcinoma.
On the relationship between long-distance and heterogeneous electron transfer in electrode-grown Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilms.

Abstract The ability of certain microorganisms to live in a multi-cell thick, electrode-grown biofilm by utilizing the electrode as a metabolic electron acceptor or donor requires electron transfer across cell membranes, through the biofilm, and across the biofilm/electrode interface. Even for the most studied system, anode-grown Geobacter sulfurreducens, the mechanisms underpinning each process and how they connect is largely unresolved. Here we report on G. sulfurreducens biofilms grown across the gap separating two electrodes by maintaining one electrode at 0.300 V vs. Ag/AgCl (0.510 V vs. SHE) to act as a sustained metabolic electron acceptor while the second electrode was at open circuit. The poised electrode exhibited the characteristic current-time profile for electrode-dependent G. sulfurreducens biofilm growth. The open circuit potential (OCP) of the second electrode however increased after initially decreasing for 1.5–2 days. The increase in OCP is taken to indicate the point at which the growing biofilm bridged the gap between the electrodes, enabling cells in contact with the open circuit electrode to utilize the poised electrode as an electron acceptor. After but not prior to reaching this point, the second electrode was able to act as a sustainable electron acceptor immediately after being placed under potential control without requiring further time to develop. These results indicate that heterogeneous ET (H-ET) across the biofilm/electrode interface and long-distance ET (LD-ET) through the biofilm are highly correlated, if not inseparable, and may share many common components.
Construction of an Apical Plug for Explantation of HeartWare HVAD Left Ventricular Assist Device

Utilization of a left ventricular assist device as a bridge to myocardial recovery is an established therapy for acute systolic heart failure. However, device removal can present a technical challenge, with no clear consensus on preferred method. In this case report, we describe a complex patient who underwent successful explantation of a left ventricular assist device using an intraoperatively constructed apical plug. This method utilizes inexpensive and easily accessible materials, minimizes ventricular distortion during device removal, and preserves the ventricular sewing ring for future reimplantation.
Development of Chemically Defined Media Reveals Citrate as Preferred Carbon Source for Liberibacter Growth.

Liberibacter crescens is the closest cultured relative of four important uncultured crop pathogens. Candidatus L. asiaticus L. americanus, and L. africanus are causal agents of citrus greening disease, otherwise known as huanglongling (HLB). Candidatus L. solanacearum is responsible for potato Zebra chip disease. Cultures of L. crescens grow slowly on BM-7 complex medium, while attempts to culture the Ca. Liberibacter pathogens in BM-7 have failed. Developing a defined medium for the growth of L. crescens will be useful in the study of Liberibacter metabolism and will improve the prospects for culturing the Ca. Liberibacter pathogens. Here, M15 medium is presented and described as the first chemically defined medium for the growth of L. crescens cultures that approaches the growth rates obtained with BM-7. The development of M15 was a four step process including: 1) the identification of Hi-Graces Insect medium (Hi-GI) as an essential, yet undefined component in BM-7, for the growth of L. crescens, 2) metabolomic reconstruction of Hi-GI to created a truly defined version of this medium which was evaluated for the growth of L. crescens cultures, 3) the discovery of citrate as the preferred carbon and energy source for L. crescens growth, and 4) the demonstration of culture growth in M15 medium though 14 generations. The composition of M15 medium includes inorganic salts as in the Hi-GI formula, amino acids derived from the metabolomic analyses of Hi-GI, and a 10-fold increase in vitamins compared to the Hi-GI formula, with exception choline chloride, which was increased 5000-fold in M15. Since genome comparisons of L. crescens and the Ca. Liberibacter pathogens show that they are very similar metabolically. Thus, these results imply citrate and other TCA cycle intermediates are main energy sources for these pathogens in their insect and plant hosts. Thus, strategies to reduce citrate levels in the habitats of these pathogens may be effective in reducing Ca. Liberibacter pathogen populations thereby reducing symptoms in the plant host.
Outcomes and Complications of Balloon and Conventional Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery.

Background Since the Food and Drug Administration approval of balloon sinuplasty (BSP) in 2005, no nationally representative population-based studies have examined the outcomes and adverse events of BSP. Objective To assess the rates of complications and revision surgery in patients who received BSP, functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS), or a hybrid procedure. Methods Using one of the nation's largest commercial insurance databases, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of pediatric and adult patients diagnosed with chronic rhinosinusitis between 2011 and 2014 who underwent BSP, conventional FESS, or a hybrid procedure. The primary outcomes were surgical complication and revision rates within 6 months of initial surgery. Results A total of 16,040 patients who underwent sinus surgery were included. Overall, 2,851 patients underwent BSP, 11,955 underwent conventional FESS, and 1 234 underwent a hybrid procedure. BSP surgery was more likely to have been performed in an office setting (86.53%) compared to FESS (0.74%). The complication rate was 5.26% for BSP and 7.35% for conventional FESS. Revision rates were 7.89% for BSP, 16.85% for FESS, and 15.15% for a hybrid procedure. Conclusion Despite the low overall risk, major complications occur with BSP including cerebrospinal fluid leak, pneumocephalus, orbital complications, and severe bleeding. Otolaryngologists should discuss these risks with their patients. Prospective studies are still needed to compare outcomes of BSP with those of FESS.
DESIGN OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT BUILDINGS AND BENEFITS OF ENHANCING RELIANCE ON NATURAL LIGHTING THROUGH MAXIMIZING THE EXTERNAL REFLECTED COMPONENT

Daylight can be provided via windows and glazed doors, as well as via skylights and other forms of top lighting. These glazed openings are collectively referred to as "fenestration." The placement, design, and selection of materials for fenestration are extremely important and can tip the balance between a high performance and low performance building. Fenestration impacts building energy efficiency by affecting cooling loads, heating loads, and lighting loads. Visual comfort is strongly affected by the window location, shading, and glazing materials. Well-designed windows can be a visual delight. But poorly designed windows can create a major source of glare. Thermal comfort can also be compromised by poor fenestration design. Poorly insulated windows add to a winter chill or summer sweat, while windows with low U-values keep glass surface temperatures closer to the interior air temperature, improving thermal comfort. In addition, east-west windows and unshaded south windows can cause excessive cooling loads. And although windows and skylights provide opportunities for natural ventilation, they must be designed to ensure a safe, secure, and easily maintained facility. The table below specifies the recommended minimum illumination levels. Any shortage in meeting these levels should therefore be supplemented via artificial means. According to Hofman in his textbook Handbook of Lighting Design, the table below (Table 1) provides a summary of the minimum illumination levels measured in lux. The Lx value indicated for each building use is the required illumination level needed to perform the specific task. The table also provides codes that should later be used by the designer in another table(s) to aid in the final selection of an efficient lighting source. The above steps should be carried out after completion of the daylighting analysis and design. In order to establish a complete, energy efficient, and sustainable lighting design, the designer must implement an integrated approach for the entire facility. This dictates consideration of both Natural and Artificial design elements withing the Egyptian building code of lighting. یرکز البحث على الفوائد العملیة و الصحیة للمستخدم نتیجة الإعتماد على الإضاءة الطبیعیة داخل تصمیم المساحات الداخلیة بالمبانى بإستخدام معامل (ERC). و یقدم البحث عدد من البیانات التخطیطیة التى تمکن المصمم من تقدیر الإضاءة الطبیعیة إعتمادا بشکل رئیسى على معامل الإنعکاس الخارجى و ذلک لجمیع الواجهات و عند کل الأدوار.
46 Year Old Male with Necrotic Blisters on Hands

A 46 year old hunter presented with a multiple, painful lesions on his hands. He was on a recent deer hunting trip where he butchered several deer that his hunting party had shot.
Measurement of the fusion probability P(CN) for the reaction of Ti-50 with Pb-208

The capture cross sections and fission fragment angular distributions were measured for the reaction of $^{50}\mathrm{Ti}$ with $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ at center of mass projectile energies (${E}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}$) of 183.7, 186.2, 190.2, 194.2, and 202.3 MeV (${E}^{*}=14.2$, 16.6, 20.6, 24.7, and 32.7 MeV). From fitting the backward angle fragment angular distributions, the cross sections for quasifission and fusion-fission and ${P}_{\mathrm{CN}}$, the probability that the colliding nuclei go from the contact configuration to inside the fission saddle point, were deduced. These quantities, along with the known values of the evaporation residue production cross sections for this reaction, were used to deduce values of the survival probabilities, ${W}_{\mathrm{sur}}$, for this reaction as a function of excitation energy. The deduced values of ${P}_{\mathrm{CN}}$ and ${W}_{\mathrm{sur}}$ and their dependence on excitation energy differ from some current theoretical predictions of these quantities.
Regarding Pilot Usage of Display Technologies for Improving Awareness of Aircraft System States

Avionics-related systems and the procedures for interacting with them appear to be growing in complexity. This trend places a larger burden on pilots to manage increasing amounts of information and to understand system interactions. The result is an increase in the likelihood of loss of airplane state awareness (ASA). One way to gain more insight into this issue is through experimentation using objective measures of visual behavior. This study summarizes an analysis of oculometer data obtained during a high-fidelity flight simulation study that included a variety of complex pilot-system interactions that occur in current flight decks, as well as several planned for the next generation air transportation system. The study was comprised of various scenarios designed to induce low and high energy aircraft states coupled with other emulated causal factors in recent accidents. Three different display technologies were evaluated in this recent pilot-in-the-loop study conducted at NASA Langley Research Center. These technologies include a stall recovery guidance algorithm and display concept, an enhanced airspeed control indication of when the automation is no longer actively controlling airspeed, and enhanced synoptic diagrams with corresponding simplified electronic interactive checklists. Multiple data analyses were performed to understand how the 26 participating airline pilots were observing ASA-related information provided during different stages of flights and in response to specific events within these stages.
Beyoncé, Black Motherhood, and the Return of Wrenching Times

This article contends that Beyonce Knowles stages several spectacles in tribute to the mothers of slain Black sons as an homage to Mamie Till-Mobley, the mother of 14-year-old Emmett Till, and interrogates the role Beyonce plays in supporting Black mothers in rescuing their dead children’s fate from the banlieues of racist logic, and thus the normalising of Black children dying out of sequence. Knowles’s effectiveness results from the appeals she makes to Black collective memory of the staggering offence the U.S. nation-state has perpetuated against Black children. This article asserts that the relationship Knowles has forged with highly visible Black mothers of murdered sons enacts what Daphne A. Brooks has defined as ‘Black feminist surrogation,’ which is ‘an embodied performance that recycles palpable forms of Black female sociopolitical grief and loss as well as spirited dissent and dissonance.’ To this end, Knowles, recuperates Mrs. Till-Mobley as an icon of grief and in doing so, helps to define the Mamie Till-Mobley narrative of Black motherhood as that which expresses the will to overcome the continued denigration of the integrity of Black parenting as well as the sustained assault against Black mothers’ pursuit of justice for their children since 2012.
Using resting-state intrinsic network connectivity to identify suicide risk in mood disorders.

Background Little is known about the neural substrates of suicide risk in mood disorders. Improving the identification of biomarkers of suicide risk, as indicated by a history of suicide-related behavior (SB), could lead to more targeted treatments to reduce risk. Methods Participants were 18 young adults with a mood disorder with a history of SB (as indicated by endorsing a past suicide attempt), 60 with a mood disorder with a history of suicidal ideation (SI) but not SB, 52 with a mood disorder with no history of SI or SB (MD), and 82 healthy comparison participants (HC). Resting-state functional connectivity within and between intrinsic neural networks, including cognitive control network (CCN), salience and emotion network (SEN), and default mode network (DMN), was compared between groups. Results Several fronto-parietal regions (k > 57, p < 0.005) were identified in which individuals with SB demonstrated distinct patterns of connectivity within (in the CCN) and across networks (CCN-SEN and CCN-DMN). Connectivity with some of these same regions also distinguished the SB group when participants were re-scanned after 1–4 months. Extracted data defined SB group membership with good accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity (79–88%). Conclusions These results suggest that individuals with a history of SB in the context of mood disorders may show reliably distinct patterns of intrinsic network connectivity, even when compared to those with mood disorders without SB. Resting-state fMRI is a promising tool for identifying subtypes of patients with mood disorders who may be at risk for suicidal behavior.
The 2-Characters of a Group and the Weak Cayley Table

Group character theory has many applications, but it is not easy to characterize the information contained in the character table of a group, or give concise information which in addition to that in the character table determines a group. The first part of this chapter examines the extra information which is obtained if the irreducible 2-characters of a group are known. It is shown that this is equivalent to the knowledge of the “weak Cayley table” (WCT) of the group G . A list of properties which are determined by the WCT and not by the character table is obtained, but non-isomorphic groups may have the same WCT. This work gives insight into why the problems in R. Brauer, Representations of finite groups, in “Lectures in Modern Mathematics, Vol. I,” T.L. Saaty (ed.), Wiley, New York, NY, 1963, 133–175, have often been hard to answer.
Sell-Outs or Warriors for Change? A Comparative Look at Rightist, Political Women in Democracies

Feminist scholars and activists alike have asked for decades whether a democracy that excludes women from participating equally in democratic decision-making structures can be considered legitimate...
The Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Phenomenon Elucidated by Cryo-EM Reveals the Genuine Impact of Calcium Overload on Mitochondrial Structure and Function

Mitochondria have a remarkable ability to uptake and store massive amounts of calcium. However, the consequences of massive calcium accumulation remain enigmatic. In the present study, we analyzed a series of time-course experiments to identify the sequence of events that occur in a population of guinea pig cardiac mitochondria exposed to excessive calcium overload that cause mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). By analyzing coincident structural and functional data, we determined that excessive calcium overload is associated with large calcium phosphate granules and inner membrane fragmentation, which explains the extent of mitochondrial dysfunction. This data also reveals a novel mechanism for cyclosporin A, an inhibitor of MPT, in which it preserves inner membrane architecture despite the presence of massive calcium phosphate granules in the matrix. Overall, these findings establish a mechanism of calcium-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and the impact of calcium regulation on mitochondrial structure and function.
Are randomized controlled trials being conducted with the right justification

OBJECTIVE It has been estimated that much of health research may be wasted, resulting in billions of dollars in wasteful research spending worldwide each year. Given the increased use of randomized trials and their influence on medicine, one method to combat research waste is to conduct randomized clinical trials (RCTs) only when a systematic review (SR) suggests more data are needed or when no previous SRs are identified. Here, we analyzed RCTs to determine whether SRs were cited as justification for conducting a trial. METHODS We analyzed phase III RCTs published between 2016 and 2018 in New England Journal of Medicine, Lancet, and JAMA. We performed duplicate and independent data extraction to ensure the accuracy and validity of our data. For each trial, we extracted whether SRs were cited as justification for conducting the clinical trial. RESULTS We examined 637 RCTs that cited 728 SRs. Overall, 38.1% (243/637) of RCTs cited an SR as either verbatim (6.9%, 44/637) or inferred (31.2%, 199/637) for trial justification. The 79 remaining RCTs cited SRs in other ways. Approximately, 49.5% (315/637) of RCTs did not cite a SR. CONCLUSIONS Less than half of the analyzed clinical trials cited a SRs as the basis for undertaking the trial. We believe trialists should be required to present relevant SRs to an ethics or peer review committee demonstrating an unmet need prior to initiating a trial. Eliminating research waste is both a scientific and ethical responsibility.
Mechanical Aspects of Biosystems

The materials we are made from follow the same ‘laws’ of mechanics that inorganic materials do. From the sizes of macromolecules to the sizes of whales, these laws are those discovered by Isaac Newton back in 1665. We can understand much of our construction, operations, and our physical limitations by studying these Newtonian principles. The subject of the study is called mechanics, and the ideas in this subject describe relationships between forces, accelerations, stress, strain, and viscous flow. These connections will be applied to a number of biophysical systems.
The recommended protocol for in situ hybridization

Abstract Up until this chapter, none of this book has been a “cookbook” of how to use in situ hybridization or immunohistochemistry. I developed the book this way because of my strong belief that the stronger foundation you have in the theory of the methodologies, the better you will be able to develop your own protocol and troubleshooting strategy. This chapter presents my cookbook recipe to do in situ hybridization. It can serve as a starting point for you to develop your own protocol. The protocol in this chapter stresses several key points. They include the importance of using several different concentrations of the probe and varying the pretreatment conditions. This strategy will increase the likelihood that you will find the optimal conditions for the detection of RNA or DNA for any given tissue. Another key point stressed in this chapter is the importance of monitoring the in situ reaction so as to maximize signal and reduce background.
CONSISTENCY OF DYNAMIC KNEE VALGUS KINEMATICS AND PAIN ACROSS FUNCTIONAL TASKS IN FEMALES WITH PATELLOFEMORAL PAIN: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

Background and Purpose Dynamic knee valgus has been associated with patellofemoral pain (PFP) during high-level tasks, however, repeated lower-level stresses may be an alternative pain mechanism. The primary purpose of the current study was to examine the consistency of dynamic knee valgus and task-elicited pain demonstrated by females with PFP across four common functional tasks (stair ascent, stair descent, sit-to-stand, and stand-to-sit). A secondary purpose was to assess the correlation between the clinical test of single-limb squat and functional tasks. Hypothesis Females with patellofemoral pain will demonstrate a positive relationship in magnitude of dynamic knee valgus and task-elicited pain across functional tasks. Individuals who demonstrated greater dynamic knee valgus and task-elicited pain during the clinical test of single-limb squat would demonstrate greater dynamic knee valgus and task elicited pain during stair ascent/descent and sit-to-stand/stand-to-sit tasks. Study Design Cross-sectional study; secondary analysis of a feasibility intervention study. Methods Twenty-three women with patellofemoral pain (age: 21.8 SD 3.7 years; BMI: 22.2 SD 2.0 kg/m2) participated. Three-dimensional kinematic data were captured during task completion. Hip and knee frontal and transverse plane angles at 45 ° of knee flexion, and pain using a visual analog scale, were assessed during single-limb squat, stair ascent/descent, and sit-to-stand. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were calculated to examine between-task relationships for each variable at the pre-intervention assessment. Results Correlation coefficients between tasks ranged from 0.23-0.76 for hip frontal plane measures (7/10 significant relationships, p<0.02), 0.31-0.90 for hip transverse plane measures (7/10 significant, p<0.01), 0.87-0.95 for knee frontal plane measures (10/10 significant, p<0.01), and 0.54-0.86 for knee transverse plane measures (10/10 significant, p<0.01). Correlations spanned 0.59-0.85 for pain during tasks (10/10 significant, p<0.01). Conclusion Females with patellofemoral pain demonstrated positive correlations in dynamic knee valgus kinematics and task-elicited pain across five tasks. Movement and pain during the clinical test of single-limb squat test also was correlated with movement and pain during the functional tasks of stair ascent/descent and sit-to-stand. Level of Evidence Level 2b.