cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Urinary Concentration and Dilution: Physiology

The sections in this article are: 1 Control of Water Balance 1.1 General Principles 1.2 Regulation of Water Intake: Thirst 1.3 Regulation of Water Excretion: Antidiuretic Hormone 1.4 Hormones Other Than Arginine Vasopressin That Affect Urinary Water Excretion 1.5 Prostaglandins 2 Architecture of the Medulla 2.1 Nephrons and Collecting Ducts 2.2 Circulation 2.3 Topography of the Renal Medulla 3 Mass Balance and the Countercurrent Principle 3.1 Osmotic Gradient in the Medulla 3.2 Mass Balance for Water and Solute 3.3 Countercurrent Multiplication 4 Permeability and Transport Properties of the Renal Tubule Beyond the Pars Recta 4.1 Thin Descending Limb 4.2 Thin Ascending Limb 4.3 Thick Ascending Limb 4.4 Distal Tubule and Connecting Tubule 4.5 Collecting Tubule 5 Intracellular Osmoregulation 6 Microcirculation of the Renal Medulla 6.1 Countercurrent Exchange 6.2 Fluid Removal from the Medulla 6.3 Medullary Blood Flow 6.4 Regulation of Medullary Circulation 6.5 Summary of Role of Vasa Recta 7 Renal Pelvis 7.1 Structure 7.2 Mechanical Function: Peristalsis and Reflux 7.3 Water and Solute Exchange in the Renal Pelvis
Diffusion controlled current at a stationary finite disk electrode: Experiment

Abstract Microdisk electrodes were constructed from glassy carbon electrodes coated with photoresist by using conventional photolithography. Chronoamperometric measurements were made at these electrodes in the ferrocyanide/ferricyanide system. Dependence of currents on time and on radii of the electrodes was in good agreement with that predicted by the theory presented previously.
Do Stock Prices Move too Much to be Justified by Changes in Dividends? Evidence from Real Estate Investment Trusts

A central issue in asset pricing is whether asset prices move too much in relation to cash flows. We take advantage of the existence of two parallel markets for a set of cash flows to show that better measurement of cash flows can dramatically improve the performance of a dynamic dividend discount model. We apply the model to returns on Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) and REIT dividends. We use a unique data set of directly held commercial real estate and augment information in REIT dividends with information from cash flows from this parallel market. The addition of this information leads to a significant improvement in the performance of a traditional dividend discount model. First, when REIT dividends are supplemented with direct property dividends, innovations in cash flows and economic news explain approximately 24% of REIT return variation. This is higher than the approximately one-fifth of variation explained in the stock market as reported in the classic study by Cutler, Poterba and Summers (1989). Second, we apply a dividend discount model to REITs, using out-of-sample estimation, unlike previous literature. When only information from REIT dividends is used, the model performs somewhat better than was previously found for the stock market (Campbell and Shiller (1988b)), which is congruous with the nature of REITs and the information content of their dividends. The results, however, further improve dramatically when information from direct property cash flows is added to the model. These findings suggest that the performance of dividend pricing models improves greatly with better measurement of cash flows, and thus contribute to the resolution of the excess volatility puzzle.
Overurbanization reconceptualized: a political economy of the world-system approach.

After many years of relative neglect the issue of overurbanization in Third World countries has recently received renewed attention in the social science literature. Adopting a political economy of the world-system perspective on urbanization and development this article critiques the theoretical adequacy of the overurbanization thesis. Conceptualizing a causal relationship between spatio-demographic imbalances (labelled over-urbanization) and relatively skewed and stagnant economic development is midleading. Both urban patterns and development trajectories are distorted by the international dependency of Third World nations in the world economy. The general argument is illustrated by discussing the role that the so-called urban surplus labor of the informal sector plays in surplus extraction under peripheral capitalism. (EXCERPT)
Goldstone-boson equivalence theorem and the Higgs resonance

The Goldstone-boson equivalence theorem equates the amplitude for longitudinal-vector-boson scattering to the corresponding amplitude for the scattering of the Goldstone bosons of the {ital R}{sub {xi}} gauge. When the Higgs-boson width is included in the Higgs-boson propagator, this equality is apparently lost. We show that this apparent violation of the theorem is a result of making an inconsistent perturbative expansion of the amplitude. We demonstrate this for the process {ital W}{sub {ital L}}{sup +}{ital W}{sub {ital L}}{sup {minus}}{r arrow}{ital W}{sub {ital L}}{sup +}{ital W}{sub {ital L}}{sup {minus}} both on resonance ({ital s}={ital m}{sub {ital H}}{sup 2}) and far below ({ital s}{much lt}{ital m}{sub {ital H}}{sup 2}). We also reformulate the scalar sector of the standard model in such a way that the equivalence theorem is manifestly upheld in the presence of a Higgs-boson width.
Integrative reviews of nursing research

Integrative reviews of research are a valuable part of the process of creating and organizing a body of literature. It has been argued that integrative reviews should be held to the same standards of clarity, rigor, and replication as primary research. In this paper methods for conducting an integrative review are discussed. Seventeen reviews from nursing journals were examined and compared with a proposed set of criteria for reviews. The results indicated that the majority of integrative reviews in nursing fell short of primary research standards. Guidelines for conducting more rigorous reviews are presented.
Introduction to Neurobiology and Clinical Work

The purpose of this article1 is to familiarize the readers of this Special Issue of Smith College Studies in Social Work with fundamental theoretical concepts that are elaborated and deepened in th...
Petrogenesis and geological history of a uranium source rock: a case study in northeastern Washington, U.S.A.

Abstract A small (4 km 2 ) drainage basin in northeastern Washington contains highly uraniferous groundwater and highly uraniferous peaty sediments of Holocene age. The U is derived from granitic bedrock that underlies the entire drainage basin and that contains 9–16 ppm U. This local bedrock was studied by petrographic, chemical and isotopic methods to determine conditions of its petrogenesis and post-emplacement history that may have contributed to its present high U content and source-rock capability. The original magma was derived by anatexis of Precambrian continental crust of probable mixed metaigneous and metasedimentary character. Mineral-melt partitioning controlled the enrichment of U in chemically evolved phases of the crystallizing melt. Following emplacement in the upper crust at ∼100Ma, the pluton interacted with meteoric-hydrothermal water at ambient temperatures 300°C. Locally intense fracturing promoted alteration, and fracturing and alteration probably continued during later regional uplift in the Eocene. Regional uplift was followed by low-temperature alteration and weathering in the middle to late Tertiary. The combined result of hydrothermal alteration and low-temperature alteration and weathering was the redistribution of U from primary mineral hosts such as allanite to new sites on fracture surfaces and in secondary minerals such as hematite. Zones of highly fractured and altered rock show the most obvious evidence of this process. A model is proposed in which high-angle fractures beneath the drainage basin were the sites of Tertiary supergene enrichments of U. Recent glacio-isostatic uplift has elevated these older enriched zones to shallow levels where they are now being leached by oxidizing groundwater. The chemistry, mineralogy, texture and geological history of this U source-rock suggest criteria for locating other granitic terrane that may contain uraniferous waters and associated young surficial U deposits. The details of U distribution and mobility at this site also apply to the general topic of U mobility in granitic rocks.
Secondary compaction after secondary porosity: Can it form a pressure seal

Petrography analysis of sandstones from the vicinity of a pressure seal (transition from normal to overpressure) at 5.5-km depth in the lower Tuscaloosa Formation in Louisiana documents local, high porosity above and below the seal. Packing analysis shows that compaction is greater in normally pressured, high-porosity sandstones than in overpressured, high-porosity sandstones; compaction in overpressured, high-porosity sandstones is similar to that in normally pressured, well-cemented sandstones. We propose that focused corrosive fluids created a zone of high secondary porosity, allowing further compaction that we call "secondary compaction." Secondary compaction is greater above the seal than below, suggesting that high-pressure fluid below the seal has preserved porosity and that the pressure seal became effective soon after dissolution of cement. Cuttings from the pressure-seal zone reveal an unusual texture of fragmented, pressure-solved grains and matrix, which may be a result of extensive secondary compaction.
Negative affect and social judgment: The differential impact of anger and sadness

The overwhelming majority of research on affect and social information processing has focused on the judgments and memories of people in good or bad moods rather than examining more specific kinds of emotional experience within the broad categories of positive and negative affect. Are all varieties of negative affect alike in their impact on social perception? Three experiments were conducted to examine the possibility that different kinds of negative affect (in this case, anger and sadness) can have very different kinds of effects on social information processing. Experiment I showed that angry subjects rendered more stereotypic judgments in a social perception task than did sad subjects, who did not differ from neutral mood subjects. Experiments 2 and 3 similarly revealed a greater reliance upon heuristic cues in a persuasion situation among angry subjects. Specifically, their level of agreement with unpopular positions was guided more by the credibility of the person advocating the position. These findings are discussed in terms of the impact of emotional experience on social information-processing strategies.
IS THE BLOOD CALCIUM LEVEL OF MAMMALS INFLUENCED BY ESTROGENIC SUBSTANCES?1

The literature on the relationship of the gonads to the level of calcium in the blood has recently been reviewed by Zwarenstein (1) and by Marlow and Koch (2). A study of the results which have been reported leads to the impression that the gonads (i.e. the gonadal hormones) have very little, if any, influence on the level of the serum calcium in mammals. In a recent communication, Riddle and Dotti (3), on the basis of results obtained by administering various estrogens to pigeons, doves, rats, and dogs, conclude that these substances, particularly theelin and dihydrotheelin benzoate, are potent agents in raising the serum calcium level. The actual increases in calcium level found by these investigators were small, except in the experiments on pigeons and doves. Furthermore, the data reported were obtained from very small groups of animals. On the basis of these results, Riddle and Dotti have suggested several implications relating the estrogenic substances, via the calcium balance, to sexual and racial d...
Sandwich-type flow-through fiber-optic cells for optical absorbance measurements.

Abstract The sandwich cell described by Pavon et al.1 and a similar sandwich cell, except with angled (45°, confocal) single strand optical fibers and a conventional Z-type cell of 6-mm path length have been studied with respect to their performance for absorbance detection. Both sandwich cells show less susceptibility by one order of magnitude to artifact absorbance signals from RI changes than the Z-cell. The light throughput in the sandwich cells increase by an order of magnitude when an inert metallized reflector is used and this improves S/N. The overall light throughput is substantially greater for the angled entrance single strand fiber optic cell rather than the cell with the bifurcated fiber optic. Attainable limits of detection with these cells appear to be related to the pathlength for the cell dimensions studied.
Hemodynamic responses of quadriplegics to maximal arm-cranking and FNS leg cycling exercise

The purpose of this study was to compare maximal central hemodynamic responses of spinal-cord-injured quadriplegic subjects to voluntary arm-crank exercise (ACE) and to electrically induced leg cycling exercise. Six C6-C7 quadriplegic men performed graded exercises to maximum with both an arm-crank ergometer and a leg-cycle ergometer, utilizing functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) of paralyzed leg musculature. Both exercise modes produced a V-dot O/sub 2/ peak of approximately 1 l/min, with peak power outputs for the arm and leg exercises of 38 and 11 W, respectively. Compared with voluntary ACE, FNS cycling elicited a significantly higher mean cardiac output, stroke volume, and mean arterial blood pressure, and significantly lower mean heart rate and rate-pressure product. While maximal FNS cycling is mechanically less efficient than ACE, it appears to produce a more desirable hemodynamic response pattern, i.e. greater venous return and cardiac volume-load with less myocardial stress. Thus, FNS leg cycling may be more effective than ACE for aerobic cardiovascular training of quadriplegics. >
‘Consuming Children’ Reading the impacts of tourism in the city of Banaras

What makes ‘corrupt’ children such efficacious or nodal symbols? How and why is it that certain groups of children take on this signifying function? How do narratives about corrupt children provide...
A Meta-Analysis of Fear Appeals: Implications for Effective Public Health Campaigns

The fear appeal literature is examined in a comprehensive synthesis using meta-analytical techniques. The meta-analysis suggests that strong fear appeals produce high levels of perceived severity and susceptibility, and are more persuasive than low or weak fear appeals. The results also indicate that fear appeals motivate adaptive danger control actions such as message acceptance and maladaptive fear control actions such as defensive avoidance or reactance. It appears that strong fear appeals and high-efficacy messages produce the greatest behavior change, whereas strong fear appeals with low-efficacy messages produce the greatest levels of defensive responses. Future directions and practical implications are provided.
Optical characterization technique for n-type semiconductors including infrared detector and other optical materials

An optical method for measuring carrier concentration and mobility in n-type semiconductors is presented. The method depends on an accurate knowledge of the free electron effective mass,(M), as a function of temperature and dopant concentration. These values are not generally available in the literature. Measured values for M in HgCdTe, for example, are rare and, according to several authors, significantly higher than calculated values in the literature. M for n-type HgCdTe, InSb, GaAs, and Si were measured using Faraday rotation and van der Pauw testing over the range 77 K < T < 296 K. Good agreement was obtained with available published values of M in InSb and GaAs. M in HgCdTe was found to be on the order of 90 percent higher than calculated values at 296 K. The specific results have ben sent to the open literature for publication and consequently cannot be included for republication here. Faraday rotation and absorption can be combined with a constant, C, to yield carrier mobility. C was measured in the above materials at selected wavelengths. With M and C for a material known, carrier concentration and mobility can be determined from Faraday rotation and absorption measurements alone.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Are cluster ion analysis beams good choices for hydrogen depth profiling using time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry?

For more than three decades, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) has been used for elemental depth profiling. In recent years, cluster primary ion sources (principally, C60+, Bin+, and Aun+) have become widely available, and they can greatly enhance the signal intensity of molecular ions (10–1000 times). Understanding the performance of cluster ion analysis beams used in elemental depth profiling can greatly assist normal ToF-SIMS users in choosing the optimal analysis beam for depth profiling work. Presently, however, the experimental data are lacking, and such choices are difficult to make. In this paper, hydrogen and deuterium depth profiling were studied using six different analysis beams—25 keV Bi+, Bi3+, Bi5+, 50 keV Bi32+, 10 keV C60+, and 20 keV C602+. The effort shows that cluster primary ions do enhance H− and D− yields, but the enhancement is only about 1.5–4.0 times when compared to atomic Bi+ ions. Because the currents of atomic ion analysis beams are much stronger than the currents of cluster ion analysis beams for most commercial ToF-SIMS instruments, the atomic ion analysis beams can provide the strongest H− and D− signal intensities, and may be the best choices for hydrogen and deuterium depth profiling. In addition, two representative nuclides, 30Si and 18O, were also studied and yielded results similar to those of H− and D−. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parametric dependence of solution multiplicity in reactive flashes

Necessary conditions for steady-state multiplicity in an isobaric reactive flash with constant split fraction are established. Multiplicity is caused by the interaction between separation and reaction in systems in which the activation energy and the gradient of boiling temperature with composition are sufficiently large. This interaction may cause the net reaction rate to decrease even with an increase in reactant mole fraction. Parametric studies and asymptotic arguments show that the ratio of the activation energy to the heat of vaporization must be greater than one for multiplicity to occur. Even when no vapor is generated, i.e. a CSTR whose liquid contents are at the boiling point, multiplicity can occur. Multiplicity is possible in endothermic systems as well as those with a small heat of reaction, which typically do not display multiplicity in the one phase CSTR. Several examples are considered, including the synthesis of ethylene glycol.
The effectiveness of screening history, physical exam, and ECG to detect potentially lethal cardiac disorders in athletes: A systematic review/meta-analysis

Abstract Background The optimal cardiovascular preparticipation screen is debated. The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review/meta-analysis of evidence comparing screening strategies. Methods PRIMSA guidelines were followed. Electronic databases were searched from January 1996 to November 2014 for articles examining the efficacy of screening with history and physical exam (PE) based on the American Heart Association (AHA) or similar recommendations and electrocardiogram (ECG). Pooled data was analyzed for sensitivity, specificity, false positive rates and positive and negative likelihood ratios. Secondary outcomes included rate of potentially lethal cardiovascular conditions detected with screening and the etiology of pathology discovered. Results Fifteen articles reporting on 47,137 athletes were reviewed. After meta-analysis the sensitivity and specificity of ECG was 94%/93%, history 20%/94%, and PE 9%/97%. The overall false positive rate of ECG (6%) was less than that of history (8%), or physical exam (10%). Positive likelihood ratios were ECG 14.8, history 3.22 and PE 2.93 and negative likelihood ratios were ECG 0.055, history 0.85, and PE 0.93. There were a total of 160 potentially lethal cardiovascular conditions detected for a rate of 0.3% or 1 in 294. The most common pathology was Wolff-Parkinson-White (67, 42%), Long QT Syndrome (18, 11%), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (18, 11%), dilated cardiomyopathy (11, 7%), coronary artery disease or myocardial ischemia (9, 6%) and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (4, 3%). Conclusions The most effective strategy for screening for cardiovascular disease in athletes is ECG. It is 5 times more sensitive than history, 10 times more sensitive than physical exam, has higher positive likelihood ratio, lower negative likelihood ratio and a lower false positive rate. 12-lead ECG interpreted using modern criteria should be considered best practice in screening for cardiovascular disease in athletes while the use of history and physical alone as a screening tool should be reevaluated.
Science and technology at millimeter and submillimeter waves

Advances in millimeter and submillimeter technology have created new opportunities in basic and applied research. The improvements in the generation of radiation in this region of the spectrum and the further developement of techniques and components enhances possibilities in resonance spectroscopy of solids, gases, and plasmas as well as application in atmospherics, materials processing, radiometery, astronomy, and others.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Maternity Care for Vietnamese in America

ABSTRACT: Among Vietnamese families receiving maternity care in the United States are people with at least five different social backgrounds and religious beliefs. Maternity care is affected by these, and many traditional cultural beliefs and customs regarding pregnancy and birth.
Aryltrimethylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonates as precursors to aryl [18F]fluorides: Improved synthesis of [18F]GBR‐13119

Aromatic nucleophilic substitution of various trimethylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonates with [18F]fluoride has been evaluated. Fluorinations were studied over a temperature range of 45–165°C, with decay corrected yields ranging from 20–80%. [18F]GBR 13119, 1-[2-{(4-[18F]fluorophenyl)(phenyl)methoxy}ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine, a potential radio-tracer for the dopamine uptake system, has been prepared in no-carrier-added form from 4-N,N,N,-trimethylaniliniumphenylmethanone trifluoromethanesulfonate. Purification by solid-phase techniques yielded the product in 20% decay corrected radiochemical yield and >98% radiochemical and chemical purity without HPLC.
INFLUENCE OF POTASSIUM ON ABILITY OF HEART TO UTILIZE SUBSTRATES FOR CONTRACTION.

Abstract Isolated rat ventricle strips were stimulated in substrate-free Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution in the presence and in the absence of potassium. When the force of contraction had declined to from 9 to 61 per cent of the original level, glucose, pyruvate or succinate was added. If potassium was present in the external medium the force of contraction increased. If potassium was not present the force of contraction did not increase but continued to decline. Contracture which developed in potassium-free solutions also was not altered by the presence of the above substrates.
A method for characterizing adsorption of flowing solutes to microfluidic device surfaces

We present a method for characterizing the adsorption of solutes in microfluidic devices that is sensitive to both long-lived and transient adsorption and can be applied to a variety of realistic device materials, designs, fabrication methods, and operational parameters. We have characterized the adsorption of two highly adsorbing molecules (FITC-labeled bovine serum albumin (BSA) and rhodamine B) and compared these results to two low adsorbing species of similar molecular weights (FITC-labeled dextran and fluorescein). We have also validated our method by demonstrating that two well-known non-fouling strategies [deposition of the polyethylene oxide (PEO)-like surface coating created by radio-frequency glow discharge plasma deposition (RF-GDPD) of tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (tetraglyme, CH3O(CH2CH2O)4CH3), and blocking with unlabeled BSA] eliminate the characteristic BSA adsorption behavior observed otherwise.
NVO activities at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

The Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) provides an ideal test-bed for the Virtual Observatory. Cfa has expertise covering virtually all branches of observational astronomy and of astrophysical research, as well as data and information management (the Chandra X-ray Center -- CXC, and the Astrophysical Data System -- ADS). At CfA, we have a leading role in the U.S. National Virtual Observatory (NVO) team for the development of the VO Data Model(s), in collaboration with the European Astrophysical Virtual Observatory (AVO). To this end, we are validating our design with a local prototype, which will federate the CfA data archives, starting with the X-ray (Chandra) and optical (Telescope Data Center -- TDC) archives. This paper describes our approach and progress.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Does altered glucocorticoid homeostasis increase cardiovascular risk

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, like the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system, sustains life in stressful situations by increasing vascular tone and ensuring fuel availability. It also modulates inflammation and tissue repair processes. Untoward cardiovascular effects of chronic sympathetic and RAA activation are well recognized, illustrating that the short-term benefit of the physiologic stress response can be detrimental in the long term. Similarly, chronic tissue exposure to glucocorticoids may lead to metabolic and vascular changes that accelerate vascular senescence. Specific situations associated with chronic activation of the HPA axis-such as major depression, inflammatory disease and perhaps the metabolic syndrome-may derive some of their associated cardiovascular risk from untoward glucocorticoid effects. Since there are no definitive clinical studies directly addressing the relationship between the HPA axis and cardiovascular disease, we present indirect evidence from two types of studies: (1) studies that examine the cardiovascular effects of exogenous glucocorticoids, and (2) studies demonstrating that endogenous glucocorticoid activity varies between individuals. The effects of physiologic increases in endogenous glucocorticoid activity may not always mirror the effects of supraphysiologic glucocorticoids. Nevertheless, the known effects of exogenous glucocorticoids provide important insights into the putative effects of endogenous glucocorticoids.
Electronic Basis of Improper Hydrogen Bonding: A Subtle Balance of Hyperconjugation and Rehybridization

The X−H bond length in X−H..Y hydrogen bonded complexes is controlled by a balance of two main factors acting in opposite directions. “X-H bond lengthening” due to n(Y)→σ*(H−X) hyperconjugative interaction is balanced by “X-H bond shortening” due to increase in the s-character and polarization of the X−H bond. When hyperconjugation dominates, X−H bond elongation is reflected in a concomitant red shift of the corresponding IR stretching frequency. When the hyperconjugative interaction is weak and the X-hybrid orbital in the X−H bond is able to undergo a sufficient change in hybridization and polarization, rehybridization dominates leading to a shortening of the X−H bond and a blue shift in the X−H stretching frequency.
Analysis of catalyst deactivation during steam reforming of jet fuel on Ni-(PdRh)/γ-Al2O3 catalyst

Abstract Catalyst deactivation during steam reforming of transportation fuels, primarily due to sulfur poisoning and carbon deposition, is a major hurdle in the commercialization of fuel cell technologies. In an attempt to better understand the phenomena, a previously formulated multi-component (Ni, Pd, Rh) catalyst supported on γ-Al 2 O 3 was studied under steam reforming of Jet A spiked with thiophene to achieve a total sulfur content of 1000 ppm by weight. Analysis of fresh catalysts showed the presence of two groups of active metal particles, primarily distinguished by their size and composition; small particles (1–5 nm) largely comprised of Rh and large particles (10–20 nm) that were predominantly Ni, with or without the presence of Pd. Analysis of used catalysts showed sintering of crystallites containing Ni but no identifiable growth in Rh crystallites. When complete conversion of sulfur compounds to hydrogen sulfide was observed, catalyst deactivation was minimized. However, when the conversion of sulfur compounds was low, significant catalyst deactivation was noted. In the presence of sulfur, increased amounts of cracking products were observed, suggesting that sulfur primarily affected the active sites responsible for steam reforming. Sulfur was preferentially adsorbed on the surface of Ni crystallites. It has been postulated that sulfur adsorption on Ni sites causes the initial deactivation of the catalyst which suppresses carbon gasification on the active sites, leading to the accumulation of carbon deposits over time.
Increased output power 300 GHz oscillator based on linear superposition

Harmonic oscillators have generally demonstrated lower phase noise, higher frequencies, and less DC power consumption as compared to fundamental oscillators. However, oscillator designs using simple harmonic techniques have persistent issues with low output power and instability. Herewith, we propose an oscillator design at 300GHz with common-source amplifiers to stabilize signals in voltage-controlled oscillators. A buffer at the final output stage also increases power gain. Preliminary simulation shows that output powers up to -26.5 dBm are possible, a significant improvement over -46 dBm in previous work.
Association between extent of axillary lymph node dissection and survival in patients with stage I breast cancer

Background: The role of axillary lymph node dissection for stage I (T1N0) breast cancer remains controversial because patients can receive adjuvant chemotherapy regardless of their nodal status and because its therapeutic benefit is in question. The purpose of this study was to determine whether extent of axillary dissection in patients with T1N0 disease is associated with survival. Methods: Data from 464 patients with T1N0 breast cancer who underwent axillary dissection from 1973 to 1994 were examined retrospectively. Kaplan-Meier estimates of overall survival, disease-free survival, and recurrence were calculated for patients according to the number of lymph nodes removed (<10 or ⩾10; <15 or ⩾15), and survival curves compared using the Wilcoxon-Gehan statistic. Cox proportional hazards regression modelling was used to adjust for confounding prognostic variables. Results: Median follow-up time was 6.4 years. Patient groups were similar in age, menopausal status, tumor size, hormonal receptor status, type of surgery, and adjuvant therapy. There was a statistically significant improvement in disease-free survival in the ⩾10 versus <10 nodal groups (P<.01). Five-year estimates of survival were 75.7% and 86.2% for <10 nodes and ⩾10 nodes, respectively; 10-year estimates were 66.1% and 74.3%. There also was a notable improvement in the survival comparison of patients with <15 versus ⩾15 nodes (P⩽.05). These findings were confirmed in the multivariate analysis. Conclusions: These results may reflect a potential for misclassification of tumor stage among patients who had fewer nodes removed. The data, however, suggest that in patients with Stage I breast cancer, improved survival is associated with a more complete axillary lymph node dissection.
Self-reported Alcohol Use is an Independent Risk Factor for Head and Brain Injury among Cyclists but Does Not Confound Helmets' Protective Effect

BACKGROUND: Head and brain injury accounts for most morbidity and mortality related to bicycle accidents, much of which can be mitigated by helmet use; but other factors, such as alcohol use and type of accident, also correlate with injury. OBJECTIVE: To examine the correlation between alcohol use, helmet use, riding environment, and rider characteristics, with the presence of head and severity of brain injury in a group of bicycle riders presenting to a regional trauma center after an accident. METHODS: Data were collected at the bedside and from the medical records for all bicycle accident victims presenting during a 2 ½-year period to a regional trauma center. Data were analyzed in Stata version 10 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX) using chi-squared, analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis, or Wilcoxon rank-sum where appropriate. RESULTS: There were 427 patients enrolled, of which 82% were male, with a median age of 31 years. Two factors correlated with presence of head injury and severity of brain injury among bicycle riders presenting to the emergency department (ED) after an accident. For any head or brain injury, the odds ratios for helmet use and alcohol use were 0.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.32-0.78) and 2.68 (95% CI 1.66-4.33). Of accidents presenting to the ED, helmeted riders were less likely to sustain a head or brain injury, and riders who reported alcohol use were more likely to sustain a head or brain injury. CONCLUSIONS: Helmet use was protective for head or brain injury in non-drinking cyclists, but had a confounding effect in drinking riders. Language: en
Matrix attachment region (MAR) properties and abnormal expansion of AT island minisatellites in FRA16B fragile sites in leukemic CEM cells

AT-rich minisatellites (AT islands) are sites of genomic instability in cancer cells and targets for extremely lethal AT-specific drugs, such as bizelesin. Here we investigated the AT islands in the FRA16B fragile site region for their possible roles in the organization of DNA on the nuclear matrix. The FRA16B AT island nominally spans approximately 3 kb of mostly >90% A/T DNA. In silico analysis indicates that this domain exhibits characteristics of nuclear matrix attachment regions (MARs): an exceptionally intense computed 'MAR potential' and profound duplex destabilization and flexibility. FRA16B repeats specifically bind to isolated nuclear matrices, which indicates their in vitro MAR function. This binding is several-fold greater than that of a known MAR in the c-myc gene. AT islands in fragile sites FRA16B and FRA16D are significantly more abundant in CEM cells that are hypersensitive to bizelesin compared to normal WI-38 cells. FRA16B overabundance in CEM is due to an approximately 10-fold expansion of FRA16B repeats. The expanded FRA16B minisatellites in CEM cells preferentially localize to the nuclear matrix-associated DNA indicating their in vivo MAR function. The unexpanded repeats in WI-38 cells localize to the loop DNA. The c-myc MAR is also matrix-associated in CEM cells while localizing to loop DNA in WI-38 cells. These results are the first to demonstrate that AT islands in fragile sites can function as MARs both in vitro and in vivo. The ability of FRA16B-mediated MAR sites to rearrange depending on the repeat expansion status could be relevant to both genomic instability of cancer cells and their sensitivity to AT-island targeting drugs.
Ferroin-Collodion Membranes: Dynamic Concentration Patterns in Planar Membranes

Patterns and waves of the Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction are produced in membranes in which one reactant is immobilized. Convection is eliminated, the generation and deformation of wave forms are studied, and patterns are permnanently fixed. Wave shape, frequency, length, and phase velocity are explained theoretically by the interactions of diffusion with reaction.
Abstract 5135: Breast cancer antiestrogen resistance-3 influences breast cancer cell migration by regulating Rac and Rho GTPase signaling

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Breast Cancer Antiestrogen Resistance-3 (BCAR3) was initially identified as a gene whose expression confers resistance to endocrine therapy, such as the antiestrogen tamoxifen. However, work from our group as well as others implicate BCAR3 as a prominent regulator of cell migration and invasion. This is of interest because expression of BCAR3 is elevated in more aggressive breast cancer cell lines. In this study, we have taken both a gain-of-function and loss-of-function approach to determine the mechanism by which BCAR3 regulates cell migration and invasion. We found that overexpression of BCAR3 in less aggressive breast cancer cells resulted in enhanced cell migration and increased protrusive activity. Additionally, BCAR3 was co-localized at the cell membrane with an established scaffold protein, p130Cas (also known as BCAR1 or Cas). Conversely, siRNA-mediated depletion of BCAR3 in more aggressive breast cancer cells inhibited cell migration and decreased membrane protrusiveness, coincident with a significant reduction in Rac GTPase activity. This was accompanied by mislocalization of Cas and a decrease in Cas tyrosine phosphorylation. Loss of BCAR3 was also associated with stabilization of stress fibers, reduced adhesion turnover, and increased ROCK-dependent phosphorylation of myosin light chain, a major downstream target of Rho GTPase. Inhibition of ROCK in BCAR3-depleted cells disrupted stress fibers and restored membrane protrusions, confirming and indicating that the effect of BCAR3 depletion on stress fiber dynamics was dependent on ROCK. Furthermore, Cas localization to the cell periphery was restored and partial rescue of Cas tyrosine phosphorylation was observed. Taken together, these results suggest a model whereby BCAR3 expression influences cell migration and invasion by promoting Cas phosphorylation and Cas-mediated Rac activation, while negatively regulating Rho-mediated contractility. While the major mechanisms of BCAR3 as a critical regulator of breast cancer cell migration are addressed here, future studies will determine whether elevated BCAR3 expression promotes metastasis in animal models and is associated with clinical outcome in patients. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5135.
Cerebral hemispheric specialization for spatial attention: spatial distribution of search-related eye fixations in the absence of neglect.

Abstract The “specialization” of the right hemisphere for spatial attention is widely accepted but poorly understood. While several theories have been supported by studies of patients with acute hemispatial neglect, generalizability beyond this population remains unclear. In this study, we compared the predictions of two attention models [Brain 119 (1996) 841; Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc. 95 (1970) 143] when applied to data obtained from subjects with unilateral right- or left-cerebral lesions, but without clinical evidence of neglect during a visual search task. Both Left Lesion and Right Lesion subjects detected fewer targets in the contralesional hemispace. However, the Right Lesion subjects also made fewer visual fixations and longer saccades in the contralesional hemispace, suggesting a fundamental alteration in the architecture of visual search. The spatial distribution of fixations made by Right Lesion subjects more closely fits the prediction of a “salience” model than of the strict interpretation of a linear “gradient” model. These data support the long-standing notion of right hemisphere dominance for spatial attention, especially for the top–down processes entailed in self-directed visual search, and extend this to lesion patients without clinically evident neglect. A theoretical model based on the salience of extrapersonal space appears useful for understanding alterations of attentional allocation, particularly after recovery from stroke.
The Perfect Reading Page

With the January 1937 issue, ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING presented to its readers the ``easy reading'' page. This article presents a discussion of the factors that would influence the production of a perfect reading page, and an opinion, founded upon scientific research, concerning this ``easy reading'' page as an approximation of the theoretical ideal.
CRYP-2 : A RECEPTOR-TYPE TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE SELECTIVELY EXPRESSED BY DEVELOPING VERTEBRATE NEURONS

Axonal growth and guidance, like other aspects of neuronal differentiation, can be regulated by changes in tyrosine phosphorylation. Although much is known concerning the role of tyrosine kinases in these processes, relatively little is known about the nature and function of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) that may be involved. To identify the PTPs expressed in the embryonic chicken CNS at the time of axon growth, we performed a polymerase chain reaction based “screen” using degenerate primers directed against conserved regions of the PTP catalytic domain. We obtained five distinct PTP-related cDNAs, two of which code for novel PTPs. One, designated CRYP-2, is selectively expressed in the CNS. Full-length cloning of CRYP-2 revealed that it is a receptor-type PTP with an adhesion molecule-like extracellular region comprising fibronectin (FN) type III repeats and a single catalytic domain in the intracellular region. It is alternatively spliced in the juxtamembrane region, similar to other PTPs recently cloned. CRYP-2 mRNA is strongly expressed in the brain during the time of axon growth; it is downregulated toward the end of embryo-genesis. Western blot analysis identifies a 330-kDa glycoprotein as CRYP-2 and confirms that the protein is downregulated after hatching. Immunostaining of cerebellar neurons in vitro reveals that CRYP-2 is expressed on neuronal cell bodies and processes, but not on glia. The CAM-like structure, developmental pattern of expression, and neuron-specific localization of the CRYP-2 PTP suggest that it is involved in neuronal differentiation, particularly axon growth. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Engine test for wavelength-multiplexed fiber Bragg grating temperature sensor

A temperature sensor link based on wavelength-multiplexed fiber Bragg grating (FBG) was designed and fabricated for distributed temperature measurement in a jet engine nozzle under field conditions. Eight FBGs with different Bragg wavelengths ranging from 1520 nm to 1560 nm were fabricated along one single-mode fiber which was packaged inside a stainless steel tube. The reflected signal from the sensor link was simultaneously collected by an optical sensing interrogator and converted into temperature information. The steel tube was embedded in a steel flange assembly attached to a jet engine. Three engine cycles were performed from 55% (idle) to 80% of the engine’s full power to test the sensor response under high temperature, vibration and strong exhaust flow conditions. Test results show good survivability of the sensor, and the temperature around the nozzle was measured up to 290 °C. The system has a temperature measurement range from 20 °C to 600 ° and the response time is less than 1 second.
Predictions of hydrothermal alteration within near-ridge oceanic crust from coordinated geochemical and fluid flow models

Coordinated geochemical and hydrological calculations guide our understanding of the composition, fluid flow patterns, and thermal structure of near-ridge oceanic crust. The case study presented here illustrates geochemical and thermal changes taking place as oceanic crust ages from 0.2 to 1.0 Myr. Using a finite element code, we model fluid flow and heat transport through the upper few hundred meters of an abyssal hill created at an intermediate spreading rate. We use a reaction path model with a customized database to calculate equilibrium fluid compositions and mineral assemblages of basalt and seawater at 500 bars and temperatures ranging from 150 to 400°C. In one scenario, reaction path calculations suggest that volume increases on the order of 10% may occur within portions of the basaltic basement. If this change in volume occurred, it would be sufficient to fill all primary porosity in some locations, effectively sealing off portions of the oceanic crust. Thermal profiles resulting from fluid flow simulations indicate that volume changes along this possible reaction path occur primarily within the first 0.4 Myr of crustal aging.
Unusual augmentation of germline genome size in Cyclops kolensis (Crustacea, Copepoda): further evidence in support of a revised model of chromatin diminution

Embryonic chromatin diminution, the selective excision of large amounts of heterochromatic DNA from presomatic cell lineages, provides an example of an unusually large augmentation of the germline genome and raises questions regarding the source of the increased amount of DNA and its relevance to the biology of the organism. DNA levels in adult germ cell nuclei of the copepod Cyclops kolensis were determined by DNA-Feulgen cytophotometry and compared with those of somatic nuclei of adults and both pre- and postdiminuted embryos from the same mothers. Almost 75 pg DNA/nucleus is excised by diminution, resulting in the return of each generation to the approximately 1 pg DNA/nucleus level found for adult soma. To account for the increase in DNA levels of germ cells observed here, we propose alternative hypotheses to the original model of chromatin diminution: (1) repetitive endocycles or (2) proliferation of genetic elements. Specific tests for these hypotheses using next-generation sequencing and quantitative cytophotometry, as well as the functional significance of germ cell DNA augmentation to the copepod, are discussed.
Reactions of Bis(thiosemicarbazonato) Copper(II) complexes with tumor cells and mitochondria

The respiration of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells is inhibited by 3-ethoxy-2-oxobutyraldehyde bis (thiosemicarbazanato) copper (II). State 3 oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria from tumor cells is also inhibited, with the effect more pronounced using glutamate or pyruvate-malate as substrates than with succinate. The disruption of oxidative phosphorylation in bovine heart mitochondria is qualitatively similar. The principal site of inhibition is in coupling site one, energetically between the electron transport site chain and the locus of uncoupling by 2,4-dinitrophenol. This appears to contain thiol groups which are oxidized by the complex. For a series of bis (thiosemicarbazonato) copper complexes, the extent of inhibition of heart mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is correlated with the reduction potentials of the complexes and with their in vitro cytotoxic effects against Walker 256 carcinoma tumor cells.
The one-loop effective lagrangian of the superstring

Abstract Using the low-energy effective lagrangian of the superstring, we discuss the breaking of supersymmetry and the internal gauge group. We calculate the quadratically divergent part of the one-loop potential and examine the stability of the vacuum. The problem of generating masses for matter fields and fixing m 3 2 is discussed in detail.