cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinematics and hydrodynamics of linear acceleration in eels, Anguilla rostrata

The kinematics and hydrodynamics of routine linear accelerations were studied in American eels, Anguilla rostrata, using high-speed video and particle image velocimetry. Eels were examined both during steady swimming at speeds from 0.6 to 1.9 body lengths (L) per second and during accelerations from -1.4 to 1.3 L s(-2). Multiple regression of the acceleration and steady swimming speed on the body kinematics suggests that eels primarily change their tail-tip velocity during acceleration. By contrast, the best predictor of steady swimming speed is body wave speed, keeping tail-tip velocity an approximately constant fraction of the swimming velocity. Thus, during steady swimming, Strouhal number does not vary with speed, remaining close to 0.32, but during acceleration, it deviates from the steady value. The kinematic changes during acceleration are indicated hydrodynamically by axial fluid momentum in the wake. During steady swimming, the wake consists of lateral jets of fluid and has minimal net axial momentum, which reflects a balance between thrust and drag. During acceleration, those jets rotate to point downstream, adding axial momentum to the fluid. The amount of added momentum correlates with the acceleration, but is greater than the necessary inertial force by 2.8+/-0.6 times, indicating a substantial acceleration reaction.
Particle detection by electrical impedance spectroscopy with asymmetric-polarization AC electroosmotic trapping

Recently, considerable interest and effort have been devoted to the on-site detection of low-concentration pathogenic bacteria in order to deter infectious diseases and bioterrorism. Conventionally, bacteria detection involves culturing, which is time-consuming and unfeasible under field conditions. Microfluidic devices with integrated electrical detection will enable fast, low-cost, and portable sensing and processing of biological and chemical samples. AC electroosmosis (EO) is well-suited for integration into microsystems due to its low-voltage operation and no-moving-part implementation and microelectrical impedance spectroscopy can be integrated with AC EO for particle manipulation, leading to enhanced sensitivity due to a reduction of the transport time to the detector. Experiments are performed to find optimal conditions for obtaining particle and bacterial assembly lines on electrodes by AC EO and preliminary results show good resolution at a concentration of 104 bacteria/ml, indicating that combining AC EO with impedance measurement can improve the sensitivity of particle electrical detection.
New organotypic model to culture the entire fetal rat spinal cord.

We have developed a system for culturing separately the entire longitudinally-cut ventral and dorsal parts of the whole spinal cord of 12–14 day rat embryos, either on polylysine-collagen mixture or co-cultured with human muscle. At the time of explantation and throughout the period of culturing (up to 21 days) choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity in dorsal macroexplants (D-MEs) was negligible (2% of that in the ventral macroexplants (V-MEs)). During culturing neuronal survival was evaluated by measurements of ChAT and enolase. The densities and lengths of neuronal processes outgrowing from the MEs were measured in living and fixed cultures. In the latter, immunocytochemical and cytochemical stainings, allowing visualization of neurites, were evaluated by computerized video image analysis. The ChAT activity in the MEs cultured under our two experimental conditions differed only during the first few days of culturing, being significantly higher in the V-MEs co-cultured with muscle as compared to those cultured on a polylysine-collagen mixture. After 3 weeks of culturing, ChAT activity was not statistically different. However, the co-cultured muscle fibers definitely influenced: (a) neurite outgrowth, (b) the expression of neurofilament proteins and (c) the ability to maintain cultured MEs long-term. This new system allows study of motor neurons and the influence on them of putative growth, survival and maturation factors in a tissue culture milieu that more closely resembles in vivo conditions than other culture systems. Our established parameters can now serve as a basis for such studies.
Atypical presentation of VLCAD deficiency associated with a novel ACADVL splicing mutation

Very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency is an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism characterized by impaired mitochondrial beta-oxidation of fatty acids with a chain length between 14 and 18 carbons. While expansion of newborn screening has improved our ability to detect VLCAD deficiency in early childhood, the late-onset form of the disease still presents a significant diagnostic challenge. We report a 20-year-old female with VLCAD deficiency who first presented in infancy with hypoketotic hypoglycemia. In childhood the patient developed complex partial seizures that were aggravated by Lamotrigine treatment. The clinical course in early adulthood was complicated by recurrent, often unprovoked, episodes of rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria. In addition, she suffered from chronic myalgia, muscle weakness, and diffuse abdominal tenderness. A muscle biopsy revealed accumulation of fat droplets. Her acylcarnitine profile showed significantly elevated C14, C14:1, C16, and C18-carnitines. Sequence analysis of ACADVL revealed a heterozygous recurrent mutation c.848T>C (p.V283A) and a heterozygous novel splice mutation c.879-8T>A that results in the inclusion of six nucleotides from intron 9 into the transcript sequence. The molecular characterization of this novel mutation and its correlation with the clinical phenotype are discussed.
Neuroticism and resting mean arterial pressure interact to predict pain tolerance in pain-free adults

Personality traits and resting mean arterial pressure are known to play a role in how people experience and cope with chronic pain, but their relationships with acute pain responses in healthy adults remain unknown. The current study aims to examine the effects of personality variables, blood pressure variables, and their interactions on pain tolerance in a sample of healthy, pain-free adults. Data were collected from 41 pain-free participants. Results revealed a significant crossover interaction such that those with higher mean arterial pressure (MAP) were able to tolerate more pain only at low levels of neuroticism. At high levels of neuroticism, MAP was inversely related to pain tolerance. The current study is the first to our knowledge to suggest that stable personality traits interact with physiology to influence pain tolerance in healthy populations. These findings could be useful in advancing the theoretical understanding of the psychological correlates of pain.
College students’ prejudicial biases against instructors who smoke cigarettes

In an investigation of students’ prejudicial biases against instructors who smoke, 61 female and 16 male undergraduates watched and listened to a 20-min lecture about parasomnias, completed a survey asking for instructor evaluation ratings and ratings of perceived learning, and completed a lecture-retention test with multiple-choice questions to assess actual learning. In a between-subjects design, the lecture was given by either a man or woman, who was portrayed as a smoker or nonsmoker. The instructors’ sex and smoking status did not affect the students’ perceived or actual learning (all p’s > .05). However, a significant interaction on the instructor evaluation ratings revealed that students rated the female instructors equivalently (p = .78), but rated the smoker male instructor significantly lower than the nonsmoker male instructor (p = .01). These findings suggest that students hold prejudicial biases against male instructors who smoke, but that these biases do not affect student learning.
War and peace: Third-party intervention in conflict

Abstract This paper develops a simple sequential-move game to characterize the endogeneity of third-party intervention in conflict. We show how a third party's “intervention technology” interacts with the canonical “conflict technologies” of two rival parties in affecting the sub-game perfect Nash equilibrium outcome. From the perspective of deterrence strategy, we find that it is more costly for a third party to support an ally to deter a challenger from attacking (i.e., to maintain peace or acquiescence), as compared to the alternative case when the third party supports the ally to gain a disputed territory by attacking (i.e., to create war), ceteris paribus. However, an optimally intervening third party can be either “peace-making”, “peace-breaking”, or neither depending on the characteristics of the conflict and the stakes the third party holds with each of the rival parties.
Comparison of Soi Technologies

Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) technologies are becoming more important as CMOS becomes the preferred technology for VLSI. The progress of the three most actively researched SOI technologies, beam-recrystallized SOI, implanted buried oxide and Full Isolation by Porous Oxidized Silicon will be summarized in this paper.
Substance abuse and the domestic assault of women

Social workers often meet with practice situations, sometimes unknowingly, where domestic assault coincides with substance abuse by the batterer or victim. Knowledge for practice in this complex area is both minimal and remote. This article examines current research on the involvement of substance abuse in woman abuse and discusses issues of assessment and intervention.
Stable isotope ecology of fossil hippopotamids from the Lake Turkana Basin of East Africa

The diet of African hippopotamids can be documented through δ13C analyses of enamel and other tissues. Analysis of a 10-million-year sequence of hippopotamids in and near the Lake Turkana Basin of northern Kenya shows that hippos have included a substantial fraction of C3 vegetation in their diets since the late Miocene when C4 vegetation first appears in hippo diet as a measurable fraction. The C4 component of vegetation becomes dominant (>50%) by Upper Burgi time (c. 2 million years ago) but does not reach 100% for all individuals. It is therefore not unexpected that the δ13C values of modern hippopotamids show a higher fraction of dietary C3 biomass than has been estimated from traditional observations. Analysis of δ18O of hippos from different stratigraphic levels shows no systematic trend over time; the average value for fossil hippos over the last 10 million years is similar to that of modern hippos from the Omo River system.
Plato’s Rejection of the Instrumental Account of Friendship in the Lysis

In the Lysis, Socrates argues that friendship is driven by a desire to use others for one’s own gain (210b-d). Some commentators take Socrates to be speaking for Plato on this point. By contrast, I shall argue that the Lysis is a reductio ad absurdum of this instrumental account of friendship. First, three arguments in the Lysis (210c-d, 214b-215b, 216d-218a) reach counterintuitive conclusions which may be avoided by abandoning the common premise that friendship is instrumental. Second, the dramatic context includes counterexamples to the instrumental account of friendship (e.g. the two friendship trios: Lysis, Menexenus, and Socrates; Lysis, his mother, and his father). Third, Socrates distinguishes between people who are desirable because they are useful, and “true friends” who are desirable for their own sake (219c-221b). This is an explicit rejection of the instrumental account of friendship.
Psoriasis without neutrophils.

: Histologic studies suggest that polymorphonuclear leukocytes (polys) may initiate, enable, and/or enhance the development of psoriasis. A man with long-standing psoriasis developed acute myelogenous leukemia. His psoriasis disappeared after treatment with daunorubicin and cytosine arabinoside. Smears of his peripheral blood showed essentially zero polys from day 10 to day 22 after start of chemotherapy. His psoriasis began to reappear on day 14, became prominent by day 76, and persisted. Polys may not be requisite for the development and maintenance of psoriasis.
Molecular genetics of herbicide resistance in cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria offer an excellent model system for studies of herbicide resistance in higher plants. Mutants resistant to classical and non-classical herbicides have been isolated, and in some cases the amino acid alteration(s) are known. Mutations in plants, algae, photosyntehtic bacteria, and cyanobacteria are compared. Data concerning the question of dominance or recessiveness of herbicide resistance in cyanobacteria are also discussed.
Descartes and Berkeley on mind: The fourth distinction

Historians of philosophy have long since noted the affinity between Berkeley's concept of mind and that of Descartes. 1 For example, Charles McCracken claims that, although they obviously disagree ...
Broadband, high-brightness 10-Gbit/s supercontinuum source for A/D conversion

Summary form only given. We demonstrate a broadband (140 nm) supercontinuum (SC) source that has broad flat region (40 nm), high-power spectral density (7.9 dBm/nm), high coherence and potentially high temporal resolution. Compared with other sources used in analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion, short fiber SC simultaneously has quadrupled uniform spectral width, nearly doubled bandwidth and eight times better temporal resolution (/spl sim/5 ps). Based on the parameters of our SC source, we estimate that sampling of continuous signals with <10% pulse-to-pulse variation and up to 400 GSa/s with 1-nm filter spacing is achievable.
Experimental unsteady pressures on an oscillating cascade with supersonic leading edge locus

The first experimental data for an oscillating cascade with a supersonic leading edge locus (SLEL) at zero stagger angle is presented which were obtained in the NASA/OSU supersonic oscillating cascade facility. Reduced frequencies from .093 to .146, based on half chord were investigated. An influence coefficient technique for a linear oscillating cascade with constant interblade phase angle has been extended to a cascade with a SLEL.
Cognitive Development Considerations to Support Bereaved Students: Practical Applications for School Psychologists

Despite the number of deaths that occur worldwide each year and their negative effects on school-aged children and teenagers, teachers and school psychologists report not being properly prepared to assist grieving students (Adamson and Peacock, Psychology in the Schools, 44, 749–764, 2007; Pratt et al. Education, 107, 279–286, 1987). Therefore, it is vital that school psychologists increase their comfort in supporting bereaved students and help foster a greater understanding and acceptance surrounding death in the schools. Since an individual’s understanding of death differs depending on his/her age and cognitive development, the current paper provides school psychologists with essential information to support bereaved students of all ages. Specific symptoms and considerations pertaining to different levels of cognitive development are first described. Next, developmentally appropriate strategies that can easily be applied in school settings are provided. The paper concludes with a case study describing the interventions utilized and comparing the outcomes in two school-based bereavement groups. Practical implications and areas for future research are also provided.
Mechanisms of spatial attention revealed by hemispatial neglect.

Abstract We report performance by a patient, NG, with hemispatial neglect after nondominant stroke, in detecting briefly (200 msec) presented visual targets. NG's detection of targets (gaps in circles) was determined by the location of the target in the space in which stimuli appeared. Gaps on the neglected side of a circle at fixation were rarely detected when circles of uniform size were always presented at fixation. The same targets in the same location were detected far more often in blocks that also included targets presented on each side of the central circle, or in blocks that included larger target stimuli. In these blocks, the window of space in which stimuli appeared was larger, such that the target fell closer to the center of this “window”. These results indicate that the spatial extent of attention, and of hemispatial neglect, can be modified on the the basis of expectations and task requirements.
Secure cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks using interference signatures

Cooperative spectrum sensing has received considerable attention as a viable means to enhance the detection performance by exploiting spatial diversity in received signal strengths. However, this is vulnerable to sensing data falsification attacks due to the distributed nature of cooperative spectrum sensing. To overcome this problem, we introduce a primary user emulation test (PUET), under which a trustful central entity (e.g., a cellular base station) transmits a test signal while other users are sensing the spectrum. The core of PUET is to correlate the reported sensing data with the transmission power of the test signal. Since this test signal is, in reality, an interference to the sensing of a primary signal, sensors cannot distinguish the test signal from the primary signal. Considering this characteristic of sensors, PUET detects attacks by evaluating the consistency of channel parameters, which are not known to sensors. By recognizing this defense mechanism, PUET checks the validity of reports from each sensor separately. The efficacy of PUET is validated via experimentation on a testbed deployed in an indoor environment. Our measurement study shows that PUET achieves over 95% detection rate while keeping the false alarm rate under 5%.
The effect of hydration on structure and location of Ti-sites in Ti-silicalite catalysts. A computational study

A novel force field for titanosilicates, of the ion-pair shell-model type, has been derived from ab initio calculations on cluster models. This force field is used within a combined quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) embedded cluster approach to examine several possible Ti sites in silicalite and their interaction with one or two water molecules. This method takes the full periodic zeolite structure into account. Periodic QM calculations on the model system Ti-chabasite show that it converges to the true periodic QM value when large enough QM regions are used. In the dehydrated state the stability differences between structures with Ti in different crystallographic positions are typically between 0 and 10 kJ mol−1. In agreement with previous studies no pronounced site preferences are predicted. In the hydrated state one or two water molecules form stable complexes with the Ti sites, extending their oxygen coordination from 4 to 5 or 6. The binding energies per water molecule range from 0 to 31 kJ mol−1 and strongly depend on the site location. This makes the stability difference between different Ti sites much larger (up to 40 kJ mol−1) than in the dehydrated state and also the order of stability of Ti sites in Ti-silicalite changes by hydration. This demonstrates that hydration has to be taken into account when discussing Ti siting in zeolites. Hydrolysis of Ti–O–Si bridges is endothermic, although the hydrolyzed structures represent stable structures. The reaction energies are strongly site- and framework-dependent. The hydrolyzed structures show a peculiar bridging hydroxy group, Ti–O(H)–Si, similar to that observed in acidic zeolites. The silanol group acts as an oxygen ligand for Ti and extends its coordination from 4 to 5 or 5 to 6. Complete hydrolysis of a tetrahedral Si or Ti site, which gives rise to the so-called ‘‘ hydrogarnet defect’’, is calculated to be exothermic on silicalite-1 but endothermic on Ti-silicalite-1. This is in accord with the stability of the Ti centres and explains the observed ability of mono-nuclear Ti species to heal hydroxylated defects in zeolite frameworks.
Mountain versus sea level rainfall measurements during storms at Juneau, Alaska

Abstract This paper presents a comparison of concurrent rainfall measurements made during storms at Juneau, Alaska, at both a sea level station and a nearby mountain station. Also described is a new type of recording rain gage used in the study which can operate unattended for 60 days.
Gene 5 of the Avian Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus Is Not Essential for Replication

The avian coronavirus Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), like other coronaviruses, expresses several small nonstructural (ns) proteins in addition to those from gene 1 (replicase) and the structural proteins. These coronavirus ns genes differ both in number and in amino acid similarity between the coronavirus groups but show some concordance within a group or subgroup. The functions and requirements of the small ns gene products remain to be elucidated. With the advent of reverse genetics for coronaviruses, the first steps in elucidating their role can be investigated. We have used our reverse genetics system for IBV (R. Casais, V. Thiel, S. G. Siddell, D. Cavanagh, and P. Britton, J. Virol. 75:12359-12369, 2001) to investigate the requirement of IBV gene 5 for replication in vivo, in ovo, and ex vivo. We produced a series of recombinant viruses, with an isogenic background, in which complete expression of gene 5 products was prevented by the inactivation of gene 5 following scrambling of the transcription-associated sequence, thereby preventing the expression of IBV subgenomic mRNA 5, or scrambling either separately or together of the translation initiation codons for the two gene 5 products. As all of the recombinant viruses replicated very similarly to the wild-type virus, Beau-R, we conclude that the IBV gene 5 products are not essential for IBV replication per se and that they are accessory proteins.
The effectiveness of chlorine residuals in inactivation of bacteria and viruses introduced by post-treatment contamination

Abstract The protection afforded the water consumer by the maintenance of a free or combined chlorine residual in water distribution systems was evaluated in a laboratory system provided with a simulated cross connection. Tap water, adjusted to the appropriate pH, temperature and chlorine residual, was challenged with varying levels of autoclaved sewage seeded with Shigella sonnei, Salmonella typhimurium, a coliform (IMVIC++−−), poliovirus 1 and f2 bacterial virus. Comparative survivals of these microorganisms were evaluated over 2 h periods. As expected, microbial inactivation was increased by lower pH, higher temperature, higher initial chlorine concentration and lower sewage concentration. An initial free chlorine residual was more effective than an equivalent initial combined chlorine residual. Generally, S. sonnei, S. typhimurium and the coliform organism were inactivated at the same rate but poliovirus 1 was more resistant and f2 was the most resistant. At pH 8, with an initial free chlorine residual of 0.7 mg 1−1, and added sewage levels of up to 1% by vol, 3 logs or greater bacterial inactivation was obtained within 60 min. Viral inactivation under these conditions was less than 2 logs.
Modeling of hydrogen-assisted ductile crack propagation in metals and alloys

This paper presents a finite element study of the hydrogen effect on ductile crack propagation in metals and alloys by linking effects at the microstructural level (i.e., void growth and coalescence) to effects at the macro-level (i.e., bulk material deformation around a macroscopic crack). The purpose is to devise a mechanics methodology to simulate the conditions under which hydrogen enhanced plasticity induces fracture that macroscopically appears to be brittle. The hydrogen effect on enhanced dislocation mobility is described by a phenomenological constitutive relation in which the local flow stress is taken as a decreasing function of the hydrogen concentration which is determined in equilibrium with local stress and plastic strain. Crack propagation is modeled by cohesive elements whose traction separation law is determined through void cell calculations that address the hydrogen effect on void growth and coalescence. Numerical results for the A533B pressure vessel steel indicate that hydrogen, by accelerating void growth and coalescence, promotes crack propagation by linking simultaneously a finite number of voids with the crack tip. This “multiple-void” fracture mechanism knocks down the initiation fracture toughness of the material and diminishes the tearing resistance to crack propagation.
Electron self‐trapping in SiO2

Electron trapping and detrapping behavior of SiO2 has been studied at different temperatures by applying avalanche injection technique to metal oxide semiconductor capacitors. Experimental evidence is presented for the transfer of electrons initially captured at 100 K by shallow centers with σ≂10−16 cm2 to the deep centers with σ≂10−19 cm2. The trapping sites with σ 10−16 cm2 show no transfer of charge. It is proposed that the electrons localized at 100 K by the centers with σ≤10−16 cm2 undergo a self‐trapping process that is triggered by a lattice relaxation. The lattice relaxation seems to be encouraged by the strain in the interfacial region.
Potassium accumulation in interstitial space during epileptiform seizures

The K4a surface efflux from the cat neocortex and rat hippocampus was studied after preloading with K”a from the surface. This K4s efflux increases from two to nine times during or after all electrically or Metrazol-induced seizures and “spontaneous” seizures. The K4s influx does not change during a seizure, so this increased efflux is not due to change in the diffusion constant or water flow from brain. The time course of the efflux is not compatable with the efflux simply idicating increased turnover of potassium from cells. We conclude there is an increase in the concentration of potassium in the interstitial space during seizures. A model is proposed in which this potassium accumulation is an important step in the regenerative, all-or-none-aspect of the initiation of seizures.
Anesthesia risks associated with pediatric imaging

Any medical procedure, whether diagnostic or therapeutic, should produce at least as much benefit as risk. This principle applies from the simplest, seemingly innocuous test to the most complicated invasive operation. Knowledge of the benefits and risks, and analysis of the risk-to-benefit ratio, therefore, should precede the decision to go forward with any procedure. Radiological imaging is not immune to this situation.
The Locus Coeruleus as a Site for Integrating Corticotropin-Releasing Factor and Noradrenergic Mediation of Stress Responses

Anatomic and electrophysiologic studies have provided evidence that CRF meets some of the criteria as a neurotransmitter in the noradrenergic nucleus, the locus coeruleus (LC), although some of the criteria have yet to be satisfied. Thus, immunohistochemical findings suggest that CRF innervates the LC, but this must be confirmed at the ultrastructural level. CRF alters discharge activity of LC neurons and these effects are mimicked by some stressors. Moreover, the effects of hemodynamic stress on LC activity are prevented by a CRF antagonist. However, it has not been demonstrated that stimulation of CRF neurons that project to the LC activates the LC or that the effects of such stimulation are prevented by a CRF antagonist. The role of CRF in LC activation by stressors other than hemodynamic stress needs to be determined. It could be predicted that the effects of CRF neurotransmission in the LC during stress would enhance information processing concerning the stressor or stimuli related to the stressor by LC target neurons. One consequence of this appears to be increased arousal. Although this may be adaptive in the response to an acute challenge, it could be predicted that chronic CRF release in the LC would result in persistently elevated LC discharge and norepinephrine release in targets. This could be associated with hyperarousal and loss of selective attention as occurs in certain psychiatric diseases. Manipulation of endogenous CRF systems may be a novel way in which to treat psychiatric diseases characterized by these maladaptive effects.
RACE, GOD, AND GUNS: UNION VOTING IN THE 2004 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

The conservative political preferences of many working class Americans have been the subject of much academic and popular analysis in recent years. This article investigates the voting behavior of union household residents in the 2004 presidential election. The source for this information is national and state exit polls from the 2004 election. There has been much debate about whether white working class support of Republicans is rooted in conservative cultural values. Despite ardent opposition by the Bush administration to the goals of organized labor, 46 percent of white voters who resided in union households voted Republican in the 2004 presidential election. The impact of race, religion, and gun ownership on the voting choice of labor households is investigated in an effort to provide an understanding of conservative voting by so many households affiliated with an interest group that is at odds with the Republicans.
Schistosoma mansoni: cytochemistry of eosinophils in egg-caused early hepatic granulomas of mice.

Abstract In early hepatic granulomas in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni , eosinophils were present in various stages of development. The sites of localization of myeloperoxidase were used as markers to determine the degree of maturity of the eosinophils. Immature eosinophils were present in early granulomas. These were characterized by reaction product in the Golgi region, in the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum and perinuclear membrane, and in the immature granules. Intermediate and mature eosinophils were also observed. The invasion of disrupted egg shells by eosinophils was noted. The eosinophilic granules appeared to empty their contents on the inner surface of the egg shell. Macromolecular diglycols were visualized in the eosinophil granules by the periodic acid-chromic acid-silver methenamine technique.
Passive and active tagging of glass-fiber polymeric composites for in-process and in-field non-destructive evaluation

Conventional non-destructive evaluation (NDE) methods are not very effective in monitoring the material conditions of advanced composite and adhesive joints. A technology that has been proposed to enhance the inspectability of advanced composites is the particle tagging technique. Two theoretical models were recently proposed to characterize the dynamic behavior of ferromagnetic and magnetostrictive tagging particles. These theoretical models concerning the development of an active tagging technique with embedded ferromagnetic and magnetostrictive particles and magnetic excitation are now experimentally verified. The experimental results of the active particle tagging shows a variation in the dynamic response of the specimens when defects and/or damage are present. The sensory signature from a tagged polymer is extracted as a result of the interaction between the embedded particles and their host matrix. A study of various types of composites and tagging particles for passive and active tagging was perfor...
Multiaxial empirically based assessment: Parent, teacher, observational, cognitive, and personality correlates of Child Behavior profile types for 6- to 11-year-old boys

The purpose of this study was to determine whether profile patterns derived from parents' ratings of clinically referred boys were significantly associated with differences in functioning identified via teachers' ratings, direct observations, cognitive tests, and personality measures. Subjects were 185 6- to 11-year-old boys who were referred to an outpatient psychiatric service or school psychologist and whose Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) profiles correlated significantly with types previously identified through cluster analysis. Comparisons of boys classified by six CBCL profile types and Internalizing versus Externalizing groupings of these types showed many differences that are not apt to be evident in linear correlations between the different sources of data. The findings provide a basis for research on differences between profile patterns with respect to etiology, course, prognosis, and responsiveness to interventions. They also indicate the potential importance of higher-order patterns of functioning that extend across multiple sources of data.
Some aspects of a stochastic two locus selfing genetic model with selection and computer simulation.

Abstract The present paper examines a specific genetic model as a finite Markov process, using the normal matrix approach. This model is the two locus selfing model with selection studied by Tan (1973), who used an eigenvalue approach. The properties of the process are analytically and numerically investigated and the effects of selection and crossover on the transition from a heterozygotic parent through several generations of heterozygotic progeny are assessed. These results enlarge upon Tan's work and, in addition, present two new aspects of the model. In particular (1) the expected number of generations of heterozygotic progeny of genotype j that will descend from a heterozygotic parent of genotype i and (2) the variance of this number of generations about the mean value have not been previously considered.
High-Resolution Airborne Radar Observations of Mammatus

Abstract High-resolution Doppler radar observations of mammatus clouds coupled with soundings of the preanvil and anvil environments provide a unique opportunity to examine previously reported observations of, and evaluate various hypotheses of, mammatus formation. These observations confirm the general hypothesis for mammatus formation advanced by Ludlam and Scorer, and provide detail of the cloud interior structure. Specifically, the radar observations indicate that mammatus elements are reminiscent of eddy circulations with a weak downdraft core flanked by horizontal convergence and divergence at the top and base of the cloud, respectively. Doppler spectral width measurements, however, yielded values of only 2–3 m s−1, indicating only weak turbulent motions within individual mammatus elements. Reflectivity analyses of mammatus elements indicate a firm link to the parent anvil. A dual-Doppler analysis of the parent anvil indicates that the larger-scale environment where the mammatus exist is characteriz...
Technological innovations in tissue removal during rhinologic surgery.

Background The modern rhinologist has a wide variety of technological innovations at his/her disposal for the removal of soft tissue and bone during endoscopic surgery. We identified and critically evaluated four leading tissue removal technologies that have impacted, or are poised to impact, rhinological surgery. Methods A literature review was conducted. Results Technological functions, strengths and limitations of microdebriders, radio frequency ablation, endoscopic drills, and ultrasonic aspirators were explored. The primary drawback of powered instruments continues to be the higher costs associated with their use, and their main advantage is the ability to accomplish multiple functions such as tissue removal, suction, and irrigation, all with one tool. The effective and safe use of any powered instrument requires an intimate understanding of its function, capabilities, and limitations. Conclusion Powered instrumentation continues to play a significant and evolving role in soft tissue and bone removal during rhinologic surgery.
Association between dietary nutrient composition and the incidence of cirrhosis or liver cancer in the united states population

Little is known about the impact of dietary factors on the progression of liver disease. Our aim was to determine whether dietary intake was associated with the risk of cirrhosis-related or liver cancer–related death or hospitalization in the U.S. population. Participants included 9221 persons aged 25-74 years without evidence of cirrhosis at entry into the study or during the first 5 years of follow-up, who were subsequently followed for a mean of 13.3 years as part of the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Dietary intake was ascertained at baseline using a 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire. During follow-up, 123 of 9221 participants had a diagnosis of cirrhosis (n = 118) or liver cancer (n = 5) in hospitalization records or death certificates, including 36 who were diagnosed only on the basis of death certificates. Participants who reported a diet high in protein were at a higher risk of hospitalization or death due to cirrhosis or liver cancer (P = 0.001), whereas those who reported a diet high in carbohydrates were at a lower risk (P = 0.003), after adjusting for potential confounders (daily consumption of protein, carbohydrate, fat, tea or coffee, and alcohol, gender, race, age, educational attainment, U.S. geographical region, diabetes, body mass index, and subscapular-to-triceps skinfold ratio). Although total fat consumption was not significantly associated with the risk of cirrhosis or liver cancer, cholesterol consumption was associated with higher risk (P = 0.007), whereas serum cholesterol level was not associated with risk of cirrhosis or liver cancer. Conclusion: Diet may be an important and potentially modifiable determinant of liver disease. (HEPATOLOGY 2009.)
Gender and breathing route modulate cardio-respiratory variability in humans.

Abstract During spontaneous breathing, there is an intrinsic scaling of respiratory variability and a correlation between respiratory and heart rate variabilities. To identify the effect of breathing route on respiratory and heart rate variabilities, breath-to-breath interval (BBI) and heartbeat-to-heartbeat interval (RRI) were recorded from 12 female and 12 male adult subjects breathing through the nose or mouth. Temporal scaling within the BBI and RRI was quantified with detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA). We identified a significant gender-based breathing route interaction in the short-term scaling of BBI (p = 0.007), a decrease in the short-term scaling of RRI during nose breathing (p = 0.026), and a significant interdependence of short-term scaling of BBI and RRI in female subjects. We conclude that there is a gender-based differential effect of breathing route on the control of respiration and an increase in the random behavior of RRI associated with nasal breathing. These data also suggest the presence cardio-respiratory coupling of scaling behavior in female subjects.
Short-term memory tests in personnel selection: Low adverse impact and high validity

This study investigated the usefulness of short-term memory tests as a strategy for reducing adverse impact in personnel selection decisions, also achieving high validity in predicting job and training performance. Based on an integration of 27,973 individuals from 31 samples, the average Black-White mean difference in standard deviation units was .42. This is less than half the mean score difference that is typically obtained with general cognitive ability tests. A separate analysis of 141 validity coefficients based on 34,262 individuals indicated that short-term memory tests yielded validities of .41 for job performance (.19 observed) and .49 for training performance (.28 observed). Validity was generalizable for all distributions examined.
A Microsoft Excel template to estimate stock option fair value under FASB 123

The authors present a useful template for estimating employee stock option fair value, using the Black-Scholes pricing model. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Idiopathic fascicular left ventricular tachycardia: Linear ablation lesion strategy for noninducible or nonsustained tachycardia

Background Idiopathic "fascicular" left ventricular tachycardia (IFLVT) is frequently not inducible or nonsustained at the time of planned catheter ablation. The mechanism of the arrhythmia has been suggested to be reentry involving a sizable area of the LV inferior septum extending from base toward the apex. Objective We tested the ability of a series of radiofrequency lesions delivered in a linear fashion to the inferior-mid septum to control ventricular tachycardia not amenable to standard mapping ablation strategies. Methods Programmed stimulation both at baseline state and with isoproterenol after heart rate was increased by at least 25% was performed in all patients. The patients included in the study were either non-inducible or only had brief nonsustained VT not amenable to "traditional" mapping. A detailed electroanatomic map of the LV was performed in sinus rhythm. The location of the linear lesion along the inferior septum was guided by the presence of Purkinje potentials, with pacemapping as an additional guide. A linear lesion was placed perpendicular to the long axis of the ventricle approximately midway from the base to the apex in the region of the mid to mid-inferior septum. Radiofrequency lesions were delivered using a 4mm tip catheter at 50 Watts and 52 degrees for 60–90 seconds. Results Of 122 consecutive patients who underwent ablation of idiopathic VT from 1999 to 2003, 15 had IFLVT based on standard diagnostic criteria. Six of the 15 patients (40%) had nonsustained or no inducible VT in the EP lab. The number of RF lesions ranged from 7 to 15 (mean 9). The length of the effective linear lesion ranged from 1.2 to 2.2 cm (mean 1.7 cm). Developement of left posterior fascicular block was noted in two of the six patients. However, despite the absence of development of left posterior fascicular block in the other four patients, no VT or premature ventricular beats could be induced after ablation using the same provocation maneuvers as performed in the baseline state. No spontaneous arrhythmias occurred during follow-up to 16 ± 8 months (range 6 to 30 months). Conclusion In patients with difficult to induce or nonsustained VT with the typical right bundle branch block pattern and a superiorly directed axis on 12-lead ECG, RF energy ablation delivered in a linear fashion approximately midway to two thirds toward the apex along the mid to inferior septum and perpendicular to the plane of the septum is safe and effective for VT control.
Making collaborative watershed management work: the confluence of state and regional initiatives.

Initiatives in the Neponset, Ipswich, and Sudbury-Assabet-Concord watersheds highlight how watershed-scale innovation in engaging nongovernment participants is influenced, but not dominated, by the statewide program, the Massachusetts Watershed Initiative. The presence or absence of three elements—external support, process, and issue—and the order in which they occur, shape the viability of collaborative watershed-scale management initiatives. External support includes providing personnel or funding from outside an initiative. Process is the interaction among individuals undertaking watershed-wide policy development and/or implementation. An issue is an attention-requiring concern, vital to a watershed, that can most effectively be addressed by a coordinated strategy among different parties. A process generated by an issue is sustainable and amenable to enhancement through external support. The contribution of external support is most apparent when outside assistance is provided after an issue has crystallized into clear problem needs that can be addressed through specific research projects or implementation activities. Process is central in shaping issues, utilizing external support, and generating management results. The outcomes of voluntary processes in the three watershed initiatives highlight how the evolution of the Massachusetts Watershed Initiative leads to, and depends upon, the development of watershed-scale initiatives.
Nutrient Requirements for Dairy Cattle of the National Research Council Versus Some Commonly Used Ration Software

The first edition of the Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle was published by the National Research Council (NRC) in 1945. The current document is the sixth revised edition, published in 1989, and it appears that we are a few years from another edition being in print. Software designed to evaluate and formulate rations for dairy cattle commonly determine nutrient requirements using the NRC as a standard. However, the generation of new knowledge in dairy nutrition occurs more rapidly than the release of the NRC publication, and the developers of the software often modify the requirements based on more recently published research, geographical peculiarities, or factors not explicitly considered by NRC. The first step in evaluating or formulating rations is the prediction of dry matter intake (DMI). The primary variables used by NRC to predict DMI are body weight (BW) and fat-corrected milk (FCM) yield; however, developers of software programs often use different equations based on personal preference, availability of research data with given equations, and incorporation of other factors in addition to BW and FCM yield. The additional factors are included to provide a more dynamic estimation of DMI and, therefore, reduce the difference between predicted and actual DMI. Nutrients required for maintenance, lactation, and growth must be consumed in adequate quantities (e.g., kilograms or calories), but the dietary concentration of nutrients for a given animal group may differ because of DMI. Even when nutrients are fed above the requirements, dietary concentrations of nutrients may be important in some situations to minimize the risk of underfeeding caused by variability in the nutrient composition of feedstuffs and to account for interactions of certain nutrients (e.g., minerals). New research discoveries need to be incorporated into ration formulation strategies promptly, and the strategies used for ration formulation need to be dynamic.
Movement and Endogenous Levels of Abscisic Acid during Water-Stress-induced Abscission in Cotton Seedlings.

In an effort to investigate possible involvement of abscisic acid (ABA) in foliar abscission processes, its movement and endogenous levels were examined in cotyledons taken from cotton seedlings (Gossypium hirsutum L.) subjected to varying degrees of water deficit, a condition which initiates leaf abscission. Using a pulse-labeling technique to avoid complications of uptake and exit from the tissue, ABA-1-14C movement was observed in both basipetal and acropetal directions in cotyledonary petioles taken from well watered, stressed, and rewatered plants. The label distribution patterns obtained after 1 and 3 hours of transport under all situations of water supply were diffusive in nature and did not change when tested under anaerobic conditions. The transport capacity of the petioles ranged from 3.6 to 14.4% ABA-1-14C transported per hour at estimated velocities of 0 to 2 millimeters per hour. Comparison of basipetal and acropetal movement indicated a lack of polarity under all conditions tested. These low transport capacities and slow velocities of movement, when compared to the active transport systems associated with auxin movement, as well as the lack of anaerobic effects and polarity, suggest that ABA movement in cotton cotyledonary petiole sections is facilitated by passive diffusion. Increases in free and bound ABA in the lamina with increased water stress did not correlate with patterns of cotyledonary abscission. Thus, no evidence was found to suggest that ABA is directly involved in stress-induced abscission processes.