cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of changes in interannual climatic variability on CERES-wheat yields: sensitivity and 2 × CO2 general circulation model studies

Abstract This study concerns the investigation of how changes in climate variability could affect agricultural production. To date very few studies of this effect have been made, whereas changes in climate variability, in addition to changes in mean conditions could have serious effects on crops. Currently there is very little certainty regarding how climate variability will change in a greenhouse-gas-warmed world. In view of this uncertainty, it is desirable to perform sensitivity analyses of how crop-climate models (e.g. the CERES-Wheat model) respond to changes in climate variability. We apply the winter wheat model to two climate stations in the wheat growing region of Kansas. Goodland in the western region, and Topeka in the moister eastern region. Time series of temperature and precipitation, are simulated, systematically changing the interannual variance of the series (from one quarter to four times the actual variance), and determining how the crop climate model responds to these changes. In addition, these variability changes are combined with mean changes of both temperature and precipitation. We then also apply a GCM-derived climate change scenario. Results indicate that it is the relative magnitude of change of the mean and variance of the climate that determines their relative importance to changes in wheat yields. In general increases in variability of temperature and precipitation resulted in significant increases in yield variability and crop failures in the sensitivity experiments, but precipitation changes had a more pronounced effect. In the GCM-derived scenario, mean temperature effects dominate, resulting in increased yield variability and crop failures, because the magnitude of mean change is much greater than the magnitude of variance change. Over all experiments, the importance of considering not only mean but also variance changes of climate variables, when investigating the effect of climate change on wheat yields, is confirmed.
Prostate Gland and Epididymis Phosphatase Isoenzymes: Comparisons of Young Adult and Aged Rats

Relative activities of acid and alkaline phosphatases in rat reproductive tissue were studied in young adult (10–12 months) and aged (30–34 months) rats. Prostatic alkaline phosphatase alone increased
Management of real‐time streaming data Grid services

We discuss our message-based approach to managing real-time data streams and building higher level services to produce and consume them. Our messaging system acts as a substrate that can be used to provide qualities of service to various streaming applications ranging from audio–video collaboration systems to sensor Grids. The messaging substrates are composed of distributed, hierarchically arranged message broker networks. Services such as filters are deployed along the edges of the network. We discuss the role of management systems for both broker networks and filter services: broker network topologies must be created and maintained, and distributed filters must be arranged in appropriate sequences. These managed broker networks may be applied to a wide range of problems. We discuss applications to audio–video collaboration in some detail and also describe applications to streaming Global Positioning System data streams. These provide specific application filters that can transform and republish message streams to the broker system. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitro reinforcement of hippocampal bursting: Possible cellular and molecular mechanism of drug reward

Abstract The spontaneous bursting activity of individual CA1 cells in hippocampal slices was progressively increased in a dose-related manner by burst-contingent microinjections of dopaminergic and cannabinoid receptor agonists, whereas the bursting responses of CA3 units were similarly increased by opioid receptor agonists. General pharmacological stimulation of bursting could be ruled out because the same injections administered independently of bursting were ineffective, and because burstcontingent applications of the excitatory transmitter glutamate failed to increase CA1 bursting. The findings suggested that individual neuronal responses may be reinforceable in vitro by a cellular operant conditioning mechanism analogous to that in behavioral reinforcement. As a possible molecular mechanism of in vitro reinforcement (IVR), we propose 1) that unreinforced CA1 bursting induces rapid dephosphorylation of L-type calcium channels through Ca 2+ -dependent activation of calcineurin and phosphatase-1 and 2) that such calcium-channel dephosphorylation is prevented by burst-contingent applications of dopamine acting through D 1 receptors to activate cAMP kinase and DARPP-32.
Fumigation and Reuse of Broiler Litter

Abstract THE periodic scarcity of conventional litter materials is a matter of increasing concern to broiler producers in many parts of the country. In areas where the problem has been especially acute some poultrymen have resorted to reusing the litter for 2 or more broods. Although Kennard and Chamberlin (1947, 1948a, b, 1949a, b, 1951) have demonstrated the effectiveness of built-up litter pathologists and poultrymen are still concerned about the possibility of perpetuating disease organisms to succeeding broods. The use of a soil fumigant, methyl bromide, by Andrews et al. (1943) and Boney (1948) for control of coccidia and intermediate hosts of some internal parasites suggested to Edgar and King (1955) the possibility of sterilizing poultry litter with methyl bromide. In a controlled laboratory study and under “semi-field conditions” they reported that methyl bromide killed Aspergillus fumigatus on agar, Ascaridia galli eggs and Eimeria tenella oocysts in a small amount of water…
Fuel cycle efficiencies of different automotive on-board hydrogen storage options

In comparing different options for producing, distributing and storing hydrogen, it is important to use a consistent set of definitions and to clearly identify assumptions. It is equally important to consider the complete fuel cycle and account for losses, inefficiencies and energy consumption in upstream processes that recover and convert energy feedstock to process fuel. The purpose of this paper is to propose a rational definition of well-to-tank efficiency in terms of the specific energies for hydrogen production, distribution and storage steps. The paper also shows how the specific energies can be consistently calculated by combining information from different processes that comprise the production, distribution and storage steps.
Emotion Regulation in Depression: Reflection Predicts Recovery from a Major Depressive Episode

Little is known about the relation between individual differences in emotion regulation (ER) and the maintenance of clinical depression. This study examined whether frequency of use of four ER strategies (i.e., cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, reflection, and brooding) predicts recovery from a major depressive episode. At an initial appointment (Time 1), participants diagnosed with current major depressive disorder completed measures assessing symptom severity and use of ER strategies. Six months later (Time 2), participants were reassessed to determine diagnostic status (i.e., recovered or non-recovered). Results demonstrated that, after controlling for symptom severity, use of ER strategies predicted recovery status at Time 2. Specifically, use of reflection at Time 1 was a unique and significant predictor of greater chance for recovery. Results indicate that ER strategies may be utilized to predict long-term symptom maintenance and provide support for the proposition that reflection may be used adaptively among individuals diagnosed with depression.
Role of leukotrienes in killing of Mycobacterium bovis by neutrophils

The neutrophil (PMN) plays an important role in the phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms. Pro-inflammatory leukotrienes (LT) play an important role in various disease states. However LT elaborated by PMN have also been shown to be important in host defense, specifically phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms. Defective LT synthesis by phagocytes correlates with their reduced anti-microbial activity. Therefore, we determined if LT played an important role in the killing of Mycobacteria bovis (M. bovis) by PMN. Endogenous LT play a role in the killing of mycobacteria since the LT synthesis inhibitor MK-886 reversed the killing of M. bovis by PMN. Increased synthesis of LT occurred following incubation of PMN with M. bovis. Treatment with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, which augments PMN LT synthesis, also boosted anti-microbial activity. Furthermore, exogenous LTB4 augmented dose-dependent killing of M. bovis by PMN. In conclusion, LT play a vital role in promoting mycobactericidal actions of PMN.
Corporate Life Cycles and the Evolution of Management — Part I

The first part of the article posited a segmentation of corporate life cycles into four stages: birth, youth, maturity and resurrection. A review of the characteristics of each of the corporate life stages indicated that the role of management and the planning and control systems are quite different in each stage. Part one concluded with the observation that the personality of the key top manager must fit the particular corporate stage of development, since the manager has the greatest internal influence on the organisation.
Precise oxygen evolution catalysts: Status and opportunities

Abstract This Viewpoint highlights recent advances in oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysis using well-defined/characterized systems and outlines a path for possible further improvements. First, we review our results on ultra-thin film catalysts and compare them to other systems, emphasizing methods that provide accurate intrinsic catalyst activities. We then discuss reports that catalysts with the highest OER activities (in base) often undergo structural and chemical changes during the OER. These findings have implications on how OER catalysts are studied and designed. We suggest opportunities to control molecular-scale interactions in hydrous layered hydroxide/oxyhydroxide catalysts as well as the control of three-dimensional nano- and microstructures using templating approaches.
Designing a Modular Rapid Manufacturing Process

Freeform fabrication and additive fabrication technologies have been combined with subtractive processes to achieve a variety of fully integrated rapid manufacturing systems. The combination of separate fabrication techniques into one rapid manufacturing system results in unit manufacturing process integration, sometimes known as a hybrid system. However, the design methods or approaches required to construct these integrated systems are vaguely described or not mentioned at all. The final product from any integrated system is affected not only by the unit manufacturing processes themselves, but also by the extent the individual units are assimilated into an integrated process. A wide variety of integrated and hybrid manufacturing systems and current manufacturing design methodologies are described in this paper, along with their similarities and differences. Through our extensive review, it was discovered that there are five key elements to a reliable integrated rapid manufacturing system: process planning software, motion system, control system, unit manufacturing process, and a finishing process. By studying the manner in which all other systems have been integrated, a table of successful integrated manufacturing system element combinations has been complied, documenting each of the key element choices, resulting in a variety of modular designs. This paper further discusses the importance of the five elements in manufacturing system integration, and how an integrated system is the way to move forward in the manufacturing domain. To that end, a rapid manufacturing system design methodology was developed that explores designs via process analysis to discover integration potential. Cost-benefit analysis is then used to assess the performance of the new system. This analysis determines if all needs have been met, while staying within the constraints of time and resources. Additionally, a table of common issues and obstacles encountered during manufacturing system development has been compiled to assist in the design and development of future rapid manufacturing systems. To illustrate the design methodology, our modular design experience with a laser aided manufacturing process is presented. Unit manufacturing process integration has increased the productivity and capabilities of our system, which reduced resource volume and increased productivity.
A Critical Review of the Research into the Effects of Defendant Attractiveness, Inadmissible Evidence and Restriction of Verdict Alternatives on Jury Decisions

Social science research has explored the effects of many variables on jury decision-making. This paper reviews research on three of those variables: defendant attractiveness, inadmissible evidence, and restriction of verdict alternatives. It attempts to synthesize the results of studies in each area, while critically evaluating both the individual studies and the general methodologies employed in jury research. Suggestions are made for improving future research in these areas.
The Structure of Leibnizian Simple Substances

At its core, Leibniz's metaphysics is a metaphysics of substances. In his late or ‘mature’ metaphysics he maintained that the created world consists in an infinity of mind-like substances, which he...
Consequences of ratio-dependent predation by wolves for elk population dynamics

A growing number of studies suggest ratio-dependence may be common in many predator–prey systems, yet in large mammal systems, evidence is limited to wolves and their prey in Isle Royale and Yellowstone. More importantly, the consequences of ratio-dependent predation have not been empirically examined to understand the implications for prey. Wolves recolonized Banff National Park in the early 1980s, and recovery was correlated with significant elk declines. I used time-series data of wolf kill rates of elk, wolf and elk densities in winter from 1985–2007 to test for support for prey-, ratio-, or predator dependent functional and numeric responses of wolf killing rate to elk density. I then combined functional and numeric responses to estimate the total predation response to identify potential equilibrium states. Evidence suggests wolf predation on elk was best described by a type II ratio-dependent functional response and a type II numeric response that lead to inversely density-dependent predation rate on elk. Despite support for ratio-dependence, like other wolf-prey systems, there was considerable uncertainty amongst functional response models, especially at low prey densities. Consistent with predictions from ratio-dependent models, however, wolves contributed to elk population declines of over 80 % in our Banff system. Despite the statistical signature for ratio-dependence, the biological mechanism remains unknown and may be related to multi-prey dynamics in our system. Regardless, ratio-dependent models strike a parsimonious balance between theory and empiricism, and this study suggests that large mammal ecologists need to consider ratio-dependent models in predator–prey dynamics.
SU-E-CAMPUS-T-05: Experimental Characterization of Two-Dimensional Pencil Beam Scanning Proton Spot Profiles

Purpose: Dose calculation of pencil‐beam scanning treatment plans relies on the accuracy of proton spot profiles; not only the primary component but also the broad tail components. A pair/magnification method is applied to EBT3 films to generate primary and tail components of two‐dimensional spot profiles and dose kernels. Methods: Four films are taken at multiple locations in air and multiple depths in Solidwater for six selected energies from the IBA universal nozzle. The films used for the primary component are exposed to 50–200 MU to avoid saturation. The films used for tail components are exposed to 800, 8000 and 80000 MU. By merging these data, dose kernels down to 10−4 of central spot dose can be generated. In‐house programs are developed to calculate the total dose from multiple spots in each treatment field at all in‐air locations and phantom depths based on the constructed dose kernels. Integration of these kernels from zero to 40 mm radius is used to evaluate the charge missed by the PTW Bragg peak chamber during integral depth‐dose measurements. Results: Measurement agrees within 1% of calculation for output versus field size using dose kernels. The asymmetric comet‐shaped profile tails have a bigger impact at superficial depths and low energies. This output difference between two orientations at the surface of a rectangular field of 40 mm by 200 mm, a typical cranialspinal field, is about 2%, which persists until a depth of 50 mm and drops to 1% at the end of range. The charge deficit in the Bragg peak chamber varies < 2% from entrance to the end of Bragg peak for energies < 180 MeV, but exceeds 5% at 225 MeV. Conclusion: Application of the pair/magnification method to EBT3 films shows the evolution of two‐dimensional composite spot profiles in air and dose kernels in phantom. This work was supported by the US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command under Contract Agreement No. DAMD17‐W81XWH‐04‐2‐0022. Opinions, interpretations, conclusions and recommendations are those of the author and are not necessarily endorsed by the US Army.
Epitaxial Growth and Characterization of Single Crystal Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Co2NiGa Films

Single crystal ferromagnetic Co 2 NiGa films were grown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaAs (001) substrates using 6 monolayers of ErAs as an interlayer. In situ reflection high energy electron diffraction, x-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy show that the Co 2 NiGa films were grown as a tetragonally distorted B2-like single crystal with a = 2.83 A and c = 2.99 A. The magnetic measurements show no evidence of martensitic transformation from the Al / Co 2 NiGa / ErAs / GaAs / Al 0.6 Ga0.4As / GaAs (001) heterostructure. The room temperature saturation magnetization of the Co 2 NiGa films was 390 emu/cm 3 and the Curie temperature was 670 K.
A Monolithic Photovoltaic-Photoelectrochemical Device for Hydrogen Production via Water Splitting

Direct water electrolysis was achieved with a novel, integrated, monolithic photoelectrochemical-photovoltaic design. This photoelectrochemical cell, which is voltage biased with an integrated photovoltaic device, splits water directly upon illumination; light is the only energy input. The hydrogen production efficiency of this system, based on the short-circuit current and the lower heating value of hydrogen, is 12.4 percent.
Direct comparison between Czerny-Lembert and circular-stapled anastomotic techniques in colorectal anastomosis: A similar pattern of healing for both

There are scant experimental data directly comparing the healing of the circular-stapled (CS) anastomotic technique with the standard Czerny-Lembert two-layer handsewn (HS) anastomotic technique during the acute and chronic phases of healing. The purpose of this study, therefore, was toseriallyevaluate wound healing in CS and HS anastomoses in the normal porcine colorectum. Forty-two adult female mixed-breed pigs randomly under-went either HS or CS anastomosis at the sacral promontory. Laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) was used to measure perianastomotic blood flow. Groups of animals under-went a second surgery at 3, 5, 11, 60, or 120 days postoperatively, and anastomoses were restudied using LDV, gross and microscopic grading of inflammation, bursting pressures, and hydroxyproline content. Additionally, the 60-day and 120-day groups of animals under-went preoperative biplanar barium enemas to identify leaks or stenoses. No significant differences in perianastomotic blood flow between the HS and CS techniques were obtained over the entire 120-day study period. Serial evaluation of wound healing revealed no significant differences between the two anastomotic techniques with respect to bursting pressures, gross or microscopic inflammatory scores, or hydroxyproline content. There were no leaks or stenoses with either technique. Despite earlier reports to the contrary, there appears to be no fundamental difference in the mode of healing in the porcine colorectum comparing the HS technique with the CS technique.
High spatial frequency structured light imaging for intraoperative breast tumor margin assessment

A new superficial wide-field imaging technique is presented, which utilizes high spatial frequency structured illumination to constrain the light sampling volume to a sub-diffuse regime. In this transport regime, the effects of absorption are drastically reduced and the sensitivity to local scattering from ultrastructrual alterations is increased. Absorption independence is validated with multiple experiments including a bovine blood-Intralipid solution matrix and avian tissue with superficial bovine blood. The resulting structured light demodulated images show a complete insensitivity to the blood over Hb concentrations of 0 – 240 μM. Increased sensitivity to ultrastructual changes is demonstrated by imaging avian tissue with controlled morphological alterations including formalin-induced crosslinking. This imaging technique is currently being translated towards intraoperative assessment of breast tumor margins because of its ability to capture an entire lumpectomy margin in a single field of view, insensitivity to confounding surface blood present on lumpectomies, and its inherent scatter signal without the need of any model inversion. Further, a new lumpectomy marking system is introduced that allows for both the surgeon to mark the lumpectomy during excision and optical assessment of the specimen after the margins have been marked. Structured light images acquired intraoperatively of all margins of lumpectomy specimens are presented to show feasibility of clinical translation. Immediate future work will focus on developing a multi-spectral system.
High-affinity binding of Chp1 chromodomain to K9 methylated histone H3 is required to establish centromeric heterochromatin

In fission yeast, assembly of centromeric heterochromatin requires the RITS complex, which consists of Ago1, Tas3, Chp1, and siRNAs derived from centromeric repeats. Recruitment of RITS to centromeres has been proposed to depend on siRNA-dependent targeting of Ago1 to centromeric sequences. Previously, we demonstrated that methylated lysine 9 of histone H3 (H3K9me) acts upstream of siRNAs during heterochromatin establishment. Our crystal structure of Chp1's chromodomain in complex with a trimethylated lysine 9 H3 peptide reveals extensive sites of contact that contribute to Chp1's high-affinity binding. We found that this high-affinity binding is critical for the efficient establishment of centromeric heterochromatin, but preassembled heterochromatin can be maintained when Chp1's affinity for H3K9me is greatly reduced.
The Web We Weave: Online Education and Democratic Prospects

Near the end of The Public and Its Problems, John Dewey writes that the consummation of democracy will involve the art of full communication. The internet might appear to fulfill Dewey's vision, increasing opportunities for inquiry, interaction, and renewal through the social construction of meaning. Yet certain forms of technologically mediated communication threaten the development of much needed skills for democracy. While citizenship education may be facilitated by digital technology, it also demands pedagogy of a more traditional sort, one characterized by embodied, experiential interactions between teachers and students. We employ pedagogical theory, democratic theory, evolutionary psychology, and neuroscience to underline the crucial importance of these embodied, experiential interactions and their relationship to the challenge of sustaining democracy in our times.
Connectionist learning of weights for k-NN retrieval

The problem of tuning weights/classifying feature vectors is well known problem in CBR. Previously neural nets have been successfully incorporated in many applications associated with knowledge-based systems. Knowledge acquisition, feature selection, classifying feature vectors, tuning the weights is some of those many avenues in CBR where neural nets can be applied. This paper first describes some related previous work to learn feature weights. After that, this tries to see the applicability of neural nets to the current problem, formulates the problem's solution using a neural net topology. Next, this articulates an algorithm to be used in conjunction with Back propagation and tries to give theoretical foundation to the proposed algorithm. Then, this tries to establish the effectiveness of the proposed solution by running experiments on some critical sample domains, and results are published and studied. Finally, this accepts the challenges in the proposed integration work along with other bottlenecks and the future work expected in this direction.
The influence of ammonium, nitrate, and dissolved oxygen concentrations on uptake, nitrification, and denitrification rates associated with prairie stream substrata

Substrata samples were collected from Kings Creek on Konza Prairie Biological Station (Manhattan, Kansas) and incubated with varying levels of ammonium (NH ), nitrate (NO ), and dissolved oxygen (O2) to examine the 12 43 response of nitrogen (N) uptake and transformation rates. Substrata collected were fine benthic organic matter (FBOM), coarse benthic organic matter, filamentous green algae, bryophytes, suspended particulate organic matter, and epilithic diatoms. Nitrification and denitrification were estimated by use of the nitrapyrin and acetylene inhibition methods, respectively. Ammonium uptake demonstrated Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with the highest maximum rates (Vmax) associated with filamentous green algae (5.90 mg N gdm 21 d 21 ) and epilithic diatoms (4.96 mg N gdm 21
Cautionary Note about Estimating Mean Length at Age with Subsampled Data

Abstract Subsampling fixed or random numbers of fish per length category to estimate mean length at age is commonplace. However, biologists often ignore the fact that those data are collected in a stratified manner and do not represent a simple random sample of the population. We demonstrate that failure to consider the stratified nature of data and use the correct formulae to calculate means and standard errors will usually result in biased estimates of mean length at age and will always inflate standard error estimates. If the distribution of lengths within a particular age is highly skewed, estimates will be severely biased if the data are not treated in a stratified manner. Subsampling in proportion to the number of fish in each length category may be superior from a statistical standpoint; however, the more commonplace sampling of a fixed number of fish per length category is superior from the standpoints of logistics and the frequent need to accurately estimate age proportions in the largest length ...
Acrylonitrile‐based copolymers: Synthesis, characterization, and formation of ultrafiltration membranes utilized for the immobilization of proteins

Various high molecular weight copolymers of acrylonitrile and a vinyl comonomer containing an aryl amine, a pyridine, or an aliphatic hydroxyl group were synthesized via slurry polymerization techniques so as to contain from 1 to 15 mol % functional comonomer. The comonomer content was quantitated by ultraviolet absorbance, base titration of acid polymer salts, and/or relative chemical reactivity with trichloro-s-triazine. Thin films were cast from copolymer solutions, coagulated into unsupported ultrafiltration membrances, and characterized with respect to both water permeability and pore size distribution. Analysis by size exclusion chromatography of the membrane permeate of a pool of dextran fractions yielded a continuous distribution curve for membrane pore size over the range 1.5 to 70 nm. The ultrafiltration membranes were used for protein immobilization after appropriate chemical activation. The three distinct types of functional copolymers gave comparable results for α-chymotrypsin, with protein weight loadings of 6–12% and 40–65% retention of enzymatic specific activity.
A pilot study of IL-2Rα blockade during lymphopenia depletes regulatory T-cells and correlates with enhanced immunity in patients with glioblastoma.

Background: Preclinical studies in mice have demonstrated that the prophylactic depletion of immunosuppressive regulatory T-cells (TRegs) through targeting the high affinity interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor (IL-2Ra/CD25) can enhance antitumor immunotherapy. However, therapeutic approaches are complicated by the inadvertent inhibition of IL-2Ra expressing anti-tumor effector T-cells. Objective: To determine if changes in the cytokine milieu during lymphopenia may engender differential signaling requirements that would enable unarmed anti-IL-2Ra monoclonal antibody (MAbs) to selectively deplete TRegs while permitting vaccine-stimulated immune responses. Methodology: A randomized placebo-controlled pilot study was undertaken to examine the ability of the anti-IL-2Ra MAb daclizumab, given at the time of epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) targeted peptide vaccination, to safely and selectively deplete TRegs in patients with glioblastoma (GBM) treated with lymphodepleting temozolomide (TMZ). Results and Conclusions: Daclizumab treatment (n=3) was well-tolerated with no symptoms of autoimmune toxicity and resulted in a significant reduction in the frequency of circulating CD4+Foxp3+ TRegs in comparison to saline controls (n=3)( p=0.0464). A significant (p,0.0001) inverse correlation between the frequency of TRegs and the level of EGFRvIII specific humoral responses suggests the depletion of TRegs may be linked to increased vaccine-stimulated humoral immunity. These data suggest this approach deserves further study.
The Choices Program: Multisystemic Interventions for Enhancing the Personal and Academic Effectiveness of Urban Adolescents of Color

Through a collaboration with a public school in a poor, urban, largely Latino neighborhood, a multisystemic program was designed to foster positive youth development and promote school success. Aspects of the program highlighted include (a) the rationale; (b) interventions developed with and for youth, their parents, and their teachers; (c) the process of incorporating cultural issues into the program; and (d) evaluation strategies. Recommendations for future program development are provided along with general ideas for program evaluation.
Value changes in third generation Japanese Americans.

Summary: To compare the acculturation of third generation Japanese Americans with a contemporary Caucasian college student population 275 Japanese Americans (106 males, 169 females), and 346 Caucasian American college students (136 males, 210 females), were given the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, which describes personality in terms of 15 needs. The results indicated that while accuituration has taken place among the Japanese Americans, when their scores are compared with a contemporary Caucasian college sample, the Japanese Americans still express a significantly higher need for order, succorance, and abasement, and a significantly lower need for change and heterosexuality.
On finite anti-plane shear for imcompressible elastic materials

This paper is concerned with deformations corresponding to antiplane shear in finite elastostatics. The principal result is a necessary and sufficient condition for a homogeneous, isotropic, incompressible material to admit nontrivial states of anti-plane shear. The condition is given in terms of the strain energy density characteristic of the material and is illustrated by means of special examples.
States of transmission: Moving towards large-scale wind power

Efforts to plan and site transmission for wind power cannot currently keep pace with wind power development. The very nature of wind power, whether distributed or intermittent, challenges traditional models of electricity grid development. Much of the decision authority for transmission is located at the state level, creating tensions between a system-wide need for transmission capacity and the local nature of planning and implementation. This study identifies and discusses barriers for wind power transmission and highlights the critical role of states and state policies in expanding and transforming the electricity grid to accommodate large scale wind power. Drawing on extensive interview data with energy stakeholders, we present a comparative case study of state-level contexts linking wind and transmission in Montana, Minnesota, and Texas. Stakeholders were found to portray transmission challenges and solutions for wind power based on the character of the local transmission grid, their status as power importer, exporter or self-sufficient state, and the role wind already plays in the power supply.
Effect of Ascophyllum nodosum1 on alleviation of heat stress in dairy cows

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Tasco (Ascophyllum nodosum; Acadian Seaplants Limited, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada) on alleviation of heat stress in dairy cows. Thirty-two cows were randomly assigned (randomized complete block design) to 4 treatments: control-1 (C-1); control for period 2 and 0.50% Tasco for period 3 (C-.5T); 0.25% Tasco (0.25T); 0.50% Tasco (0.5T). The study was divided into 3 periods: period 1 (7 d; adaptation to Calan Gate system); period 2 [28 d; C-1 and C-.5T representing the control (CON)]; period 3 (28 d; C-.5T was changed to 0.50% Tasco to evaluate duration of feeding Tasco and other groups remained unchanged). Respiration rate and rump and ear skin temperatures were measured at 0700, 1600, and 1900 h. Core body temperature was recorded every 20 min with telemetric temperature transmitters in the reticulum. Tasco had no effect (P > 0.10) on milk production, but DMI was occasionally less (P < 0.05) for 0.25T cows than for CON cows in period 2. The rump skin temperature of 0.25T cows was reduced (P < 0.05) for some hours in period 2 and for some days in period 3. Linear regression of core body temperature and rump skin temperature versus ambient temperature in period 3 revealed less (P < 0.05) increase for 0.25T than for the control as ambient temperature increased. These results suggest that inclusion of 0.25% Tasco reduced body temperature response to increasing ambient temperature and sustained milk production, even with reduced DMI. No benefit of 0.50% Tasco was seen when fed for 28 or 56 d. Limited benefits of Tasco were observed in this study.
Transition between suppressed and active phases of intraseasonal oscillations in the Indo-Pacific warm pool

Intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs) are important large-amplitude and large-scale elements of the tropical Indo-Pacific climate with time scales in the 20-60-day period range, during which time they modulate higher-frequency tropical weather. Despite their importance, the ISO is poorly simulated and predicted by numerical models. A joint diagnostic and modeling study of the ISO is conducted, concentrating on the period between the suppressed and active (referred to as the "transition") period that is hypothesized to be the defining stage for the development of the intraseasonal mode and the component that is most poorly simulated. The diagnostic study uses data from the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE). It is found that during the transition period, the ocean and the atmosphere undergo gradual but large-scale and high-amplitude changes, especially the moistening of the lower troposphere caused jointly by the anomalously warm sea surface temperature arising from minimal cloud and low winds during the suppressed phase and the large-scale subsidence that inhibits the formation of locally deep convection. Using a cloud classification scheme based on microwave and infrared satellite data, it is observed that midtop (cloud with a top in the middle troposphere) nonprecipitating clouds are a direct response of the low-level moisture buildup. To investigate the sensitivity of ISO simulations to the transitional phase, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) coupled ocean-atmosphere climate model is used. The ECMWF was run serially in predictive ensemble mode (five members) for 30-day periods starting from 1 December 1992 to 30 January 1993, encompassing the ISO occurring in late December. Predictability of the active convective period of the ISO is poor when initialized before the transitional phases of the ISO. However, when initialized with the correct lower-tropospheric moisture field, predictability increases substantially, although the model convective parameterization appears to trigger convection too quickly without allowing an adequate buildup of convective available potential energy during the transition period.
Performance analysis of a Link-16 compatible waveform using errors-and-erasures decoding when corrupted by pulse-noise interference

The Link-16 is the tactical data link utilized by the Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS). The JTIDS system is important due to its wide use by U.S. armed forces, NATO, and other allied militaries. Link-16 is a hybrid frequency-hopped/direct sequence spread spectrum system that utilizes minimum-shift keying (MSK) to modulate the chips, cyclical code-shift keying (CCSK) to modulate the 32-chip symbols, and a (31, 15) Reed Solomon (RS) code with hard decision decoding (HDD) for forward error correction (FEC). This paper analyzes an alternative waveform compatible with the existing Link-16 which uses orthogonal modulation such as Walsh codes vice CCSK and errors-and-erasures decoding (EED) vice hard decision decoding. Both of these modifications are suggested for enhanced bit error rate (BER) performance. Orthogonal modulation for Link-16 with HDD has been explored before [1][2]. [2] shows that the proposed alternative waveform outperforms the Link-16 waveform slightly when HDD is used. This paper reveals potential further improvement through the use of EED. Currently, the Link-16 waveform is received noncoherently at the chip level, but in this paper the performance of the alternative Link-16-compatible waveform is evaluated for coherent as well as for noncoherent demodulation in order to ascertain the performance possible if coherent demodulation becomes practical. The performance of the alternative waveform for the relatively benign case where additive white Gaussian noise is the only noise present as well as when pulse-noise interference is present is investigated for both coherent and noncoherent demodulation.
Cohort study of women at risk for breast cancer and gross cystic disease.

Background: Gross cystic disease (GCD) is a common benign breast condition. Previous studies have reported conflicting results regarding the relationship of GCD and subsequent risk of developing breast cancer. This cohort study was conducted to investigate the association of GCD and breast cancer among women at high risk for breast cancer. Methods: The Women At Risk Registry provided the study population. The variables of interest included age at enrollment, age at breast cancer diagnosis, body mass index (BMI), presence of lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), and Gail scores. Statistical significance was determined by calculating multivariable-adjusted rate ratios using Cox proportional hazards regression model with years of follow-up as the time scale. Results: The study population included 1317 high-risk women, including 363 (28%) with GCD. The mean follow-up was 5.9 years for the GCD cohort, and 5.1 years for the non-GCD cohort (P <.001). The GCD and non-GCD groups differed by Gail score (P <.001), BMI (P <.01), presence of atypical hyperplasia (P <.001), presence of LCIS (P <.001), and family history of breast cancer (P <.001). Within the total population of 1317 women, 79 (6%) developed breast cancer; 28 (35%) out of the 79 had a prior history of GCD. Results from the Cox proportional hazards regression model showed a nonstatistically significant association of GCD and breast cancer (hazard ratio = 1.48, 95% confidence interval 0.88-2.51). The Kaplan-Meier overall survival estimate between the exposed and unexposed groups indicate that there are no differences in overall survival between the 2 groups (P =.5). Conclusions: These results do not support the contention that gross cystic disease is a significant risk factor for breast cancer.
Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire: Validation of a New Measure of Parental Feeding Practices

Objective Measures of parents’ feeding practices have focused primarily on parental control of feeding and have not sufficiently measured other potentially important practices. The current study validates a new measure of feeding practices, the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire (CFPQ). Method The first study validated a 9-factor feeding practice scale for mothers and fathers. In the second study, open-ended questions solicited feeding practices from parents to develop a more comprehensive measure of parental feeding. The third study validated an expanded 12-factor feeding practices measure with mothers of children from 2 to 8 years of age. Results The CFPQ appears to be an adequate tool for measuring the feeding practices of parents of young children. Conclusions Researchers, clinicians, and health educators might use this measure to better understand how parents feed their children, the factors that contribute to these practices, and the implications of these practices on children’s eating behaviors.
THE ANTIGENIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROTEUS X-19 AND TYPHUS RICKETTSIA : II. A STUDY OF THE COMMON ANTIGENIC FACTOR.

A soluble specific substance was isolated from Mexican typhus Rickettsia which gave, with Proteus X-19 antiserum and typhus human serum, the same precipitation reactions as the polysaccharides extracted from B. proteus OX-19. The soluble specific substance extracted from Rickettsia and Proteus OX-19 is likely to be of a polysaccharide nature owing to the strong Molisch reactions obtained with such extracts, the heat stability and the negative protein reactions (biuret). Since, however, it still contains 7 per cent nitrogen, this is not certain. In the antigenic composition of both Proteus X-19 and typhus Rickettsia there is a common soluble specific factor which is responsible for the Weil-Felix reaction.
Fourier methods for control of inhomogeneous quantum systems

Finding control laws (pulse sequences) that can compensate for dispersions in parameters which govern the evolution of a quantum system is an important problem in the fields of coherent spectroscopy, imaging, and quantum information processing. The use of composite pulse techniques for such tasks has a long and widely known history. In this paper, we give several new control law design methods for compensating dispersions in quantum system dynamics. We focus on system models arising in NMR spectroscopy and NMR imaging applications.
Quantitative probabilistic functional diffusion mapping in newly diagnosed glioblastoma treated with radiochemotherapy.

Background. Functional diffusion mapping (fDM) is a cancer imaging technique that uses voxel-wise changes in apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) to evaluate response to treatment. Despite promising initial results, uncertainty in image registration remains the largest barrier to widespread clinical application. The current study introduces a probabilistic approach to fDM quantification to overcome some of these limitations. Methods. A total of 143 patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma who were undergoing standard radiochemotherapy were enrolled in this retrospective study. Traditional and probabilistic fDMs were calculated using ADC maps acquired before and after therapy. Probabilistic fDMs were calculated by applying random, finite translational, and rotational perturbations to both pre-and posttherapy ADC maps, then repeating calculation of fDMs reflecting changes after treatment, resulting in probabilistic fDMs showing the voxel-wise probability of fDM classification. Probabilistic fDMs were then compared with traditional fDMs in their ability to predict progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Results. Probabilistic fDMs applied to patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma treated with radiochemotherapy demonstrated shortened PFS and OS among patients with a large volume of tumor with decreasing ADC evaluated at the posttreatment time with respect to the baseline scans. Alternatively, patients with a large volume of tumor with increasing ADC evaluated at the posttreatment time with respect to baseline scans were more likely to progress later and live longer. Probabilistic fDMs performed better than traditional fDMs at predicting 12-month PFS and 24-month OS with use of receiver-operator characteristic analysis. Univariate log-rank analysis on Kaplan‐Meier data also revealed that probabilistic fDMs could better separate patients on the basis of PFS and OS, compared with traditional fDMs. Conclusions. Results suggest that probabilistic fDMs are a more predictive biomarker in terms of 12-month PFS and 24-month OS in newly diagnosed glioblastoma, compared with traditional fDM analysis.
Problems in the Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases

Invasive mycoses are escalating in frequency in contemporary medicine; most dramatic is the rise in the prevalence of opportunistic fungal infections among immunocompromised hosts. Despite increased awareness among physicians and greater mycologic acumen, morbidity and mortality remain substantial. In part, this situation is due to the difficulties encountered in the diagnosis of fungal infections by both the clinician and the laboratorian. Some of the factors contributing to these difficulties include the abrogation of the immune response associated with improved medical technology, the impact of AIDS, the invasion of the immunocompromised host by fungi previously considered to be saprobic, and the minimal mycologic training of medical personnel. Research efforts are under way that may be expected to improve the diagnosis and treatment of invasive mycotic diseases in the near future. For the present, it is recommended that mycologic training be encouraged and improved for all health care professionals.
Alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonism attenuates the diuretic response to acute cold exposure

Renal alpha 2-adrenoreceptors modulate the hydrosmotic action of arginine vasopressin (AVP) through suppression of AVP-stimulated adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation. Circulating catecholamines, likely candidates for the endogenous ligand, are elevated during cold exposure (CE). These studies therefore tested the hypothesis that the diuresis observed with acute CE in rats is due in part to modulation of AVP's tubular action via alpha 2-adrenoceptor activation. Subjects were five male Brattleboro homozygous diabetes insipidus (DI) rats (358 +/- 8 g) receiving chronic AVP replacement (1 microgram.kg-1 x day-1) and seven Long-Evans (LE) normal rats (395 +/- 5 g). In a CE protocol, baseline measurements at room temperature (RT, 24 +/- 0.3 degrees C) were followed by 60-min exposure to 5 +/- 0.5 degrees C. Results were compared with those from a RT time control protocol. The selective alpha 2-antagonist yohimbine (YOH; 10 micrograms.kg-1 x min-1) or vehicle (VEH) was infused throughout the CE and RT protocols. In VEH-infused rats, CE increased urine flow by 63 +/- 12 (DI rats) and 31 +/- 4 microliters.min-1 x 100 g body wt-1 (LE rats), and mean arterial pressure by 36 +/- 1 (DI rats) and 32 +/- 2 mmHg (LE rats). The increased flow was largely a water diuresis, with changes in free water clearance averaging 45 +/- 11 (DI rats) and 28 +/- 3 microliters.min-1 x 100 g body wt-1 (LE rats). YOH treatment completely blunted the cold-induced diuresis in both strains but did not alter the CE-induced hypertension. Glomerular filtration rate was not affected by either CE or YOH infusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)