cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of a triple-bend isochronous achromat with minimum coherent-synchrotron-radiation-induced emittance growth

Using a 1D steady-state free-space coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) model, we identify a special design setting for a triple-bend isochronous achromat that yields vanishing emittance growth from CSR. When a more refined CSR model with transient effects is included in the analysis, numerical simulations show that the main effect of the transients is to shift the emittance growth minimum slightly, with the minimum changing only modestly.
Is current surgery resident and GI fellow training adequate to pass FES

The purpose of this study was to assess the adequacy of current surgical residency and gastroenterology (GI) fellowship flexible endoscopy training as measured by performance on the FES examination. Fifth-year general surgery residents and GI fellows across six institutions were invited to participate. All general surgery residents had met ACGME/ABS case volume requirements as well as additional institution-specific requirements for endoscopy. All participants completed FES testing at the end of their respective academic year. Procedure volumes were obtained from ACGME case logs. Curricular components for each specialty and institution were recorded. Forty-eight (28 surgery and 20 GI) trainees completed the examination. Average case numbers for residents were 76 ± 26 colonoscopies and 45 ± 12 EGDs. Among GI fellows, PGY4 s (N = 10) reported 99 ± 64 colonoscopies and 147 ± 79 EGDs. PGY5 s (N = 3) reported 462 ± 307 colonoscopies and 411 ± 260 EGDs. PGY6 GI fellows (N = 7) reported 515 ± 111 colonoscopies and 418 ± 146 EGDs. The overall pass rate for all participants was 75 %, with 68 % of residents and 85 % of fellows passing both the cognitive and skills components. For surgery residents, pass rates were 75 % for manual skills and 85.7 % for cognitive. On the skills examination, Task 2 (loop reduction) was associated with the lowest performance. Skills scores correlated with both colonoscopy (r = 0.46, p < 0.001) and EGD experience (r = 0.46, p < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristics curves were examined among the resident cohort. The minimum number of total cases associated with passing the FES skills component was 103. Significant variability existed in curricular components across institutions. These data suggest that current flexible endoscopy training may not be sufficient for all trainees to pass the examination. Implementing additional components of the FEC may prove beneficial in achieving more uniform pass rates on the FES examination.
Association of spinal degenerative disc disease with thyroid autoimmunity

OBJECTIVES Autoimmune thyroiditis (ATD) has been linked to various forms of arthritis. The relationship with spinal degenerative disc disease (DDD) is not known. We studied the association between ATD and spinal DDD. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional analysis of patients who had data on both anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) from January 1997 to January 2014 in Clinical Looking Glass (CLG), a data analysis software platform. Spinal DDD was confirmed by radiological diagnosis. RESULTS Of the 7698 patients for whom the TPOAb and TgAb values were available, 4383 patients with complete data for the following covariates; age, gender, race, ethnicity, smoking, diabetes, body mass index and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, were included. Thirty-three percent had ATD, while 67% did not. The unadjusted odds ratio (OR) of having spinal DDD with ATD was 1.5 (95% confidence interval (CI)1.3, 1.7), p<0.001. After adjustment for covariates, ATD remained associated with a higher frequency of spinal DDD, OR 1.8 (95% CI 1.6, 2.2), p<0.001. Stratifying by BMI and TSH levels showed similar results. Additional analyses excluding patients with known connective tissue diseases and spondyloarthritis (SpA) also showed consistent results. CONCLUSIONS ATD is associated with increased frequency of spinal DDD independent of BMI and TSH levels, and among those without connective tissue diseases or SpA. This finding suggests that there may be an important link between thyroid autoimmunity and spinal DDD.
Whose Evidence, Which Methods?

This chapter provides an overview of ethical issues in research on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Such a discussion must include commonly accepted ethical concepts from research ethics combined with an understanding of some specific features of CAM research and practice. This chapter adopts the definitions of CAM used by the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) at the National Institutes of Health (Table 1 [1]).
Additional mission applications for NASA's 13.3-kW Ion propulsion system

NASA's Space Technology Mission Directorate has been recently developing critical technologies for high-power solar electric propulsion (SEP), including large deployable solar array structures and high-power electric propulsion components. An ion propulsion system based on these developments has been considered for many SEP technology demonstration missions, including the Asteroid Redirect Robotic Mission (ARRM) concept. These studies and the high-power SEP technology developments have generated excitement within NASA about the use of the ARRM ion propulsion system design for other types of potential missions. One application of interest is for Mars missions, especially with the types of orbiters now under consideration for flights in the early 2020's to replace the aging Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. High-power SEP can deliver large payloads to Mars with many additional capabilities, including large orbital plane changes and round-trip missions, compared to chemically-propelled spacecraft. Another application for high-power SEP is for exo-planet observation missions, where a large starshade spacecraft would need to be repositioned with respect to its companion telescope relatively frequently and rapidly. SEP is an enabling technology for the ambitious science goals of these types of missions. This paper will discuss the benefits of high-power SEP for these concepts based on the STMD technologies now under development.
Privacy Preserving Access Control in Service-Oriented Architecture

Service-oriented Architecture (SOA) comprises a number of loosely-coupled independent services, which collaborate, interact and share data to accomplish incoming requests. A service invocation can involve multiple services, where each service accesses, processes and shares the client's data. These interactions may share data with unauthorized services and violate client's privacy. The client has no means of identifying if a violation occurred because it has no control over the service invocations beyond its trust domain. Such interactions introduce new security challenges which are not present in traditional systems. This paper proposes a data-centric approach for privacy preserving access control in SOA. Benefits of the proposed approach include the ability to dynamically define access polices by the clients and control data access at the time of each service interaction. A realistic healthcare scenario is used to evaluate the implementation of the proposed solution which validates its viability.
Assessing the Complexity of Diversity Perceptions: Breadth, Depth, and Balance

Despite the wealth of prescriptive information on how to manage diversity, relatively little attention has been paid to measures of workplace diversity. The present study developed a set of measures that practitioners and researchers can use to assess the degree to which members of an organization hold simple or complex views on workplace diversity. Three measures of perceptual complexity were defined and examined in the study: perceptual breadth, depth, and balance. Data collected from 266 participants in three different organizational settings revealed statistically significant differences on all three complexity measures. Practical implications of the study are discussed and directions for future research are identified.
Genetically Encoded Toolbox for Glycocalyx Engineering: Tunable Control of Cell Adhesion, Survival, and Cancer Cell Behaviors

The glycocalyx is a coating of protein and sugar on the surface of all living cells. Dramatic perturbations to the composition and structure of the glycocalyx are frequently observed in aggressive cancers. However, tools to experimentally mimic and model the cancer-specific glycocalyx remain limited. Here, we develop a genetically encoded toolkit to engineer the chemical and physical structure of the cellular glycocalyx. By manipulating the glycocalyx structure, we are able to switch the adhesive state of cells from strongly adherent to fully detached. Surprisingly, we find that a thick and dense glycocalyx with high O-glycan content promotes cell survival even in a suspended state, characteristic of circulating tumor cells during metastatic dissemination. Our data suggest that glycocalyx-mediated survival is largely independent of receptor tyrosine kinase and mitogen activated kinase signaling. While anchorage is still required for proliferation, we find that cells with a thick glycocalyx can dynamically...
Predicting the width and average fracture frequency of damage zones using a partial least squares statistical analysis: Implications for fault zone development

Abstract We introduce the partial least squares (PLS) statistical analysis that quantifies and predicts the observed relationships among normal fault slip, fracturing associated with the fault, and lithology. We describe the systematic process for constructing a multivariate PLS model that predicts the average fracture frequency and the width of fracture-dominated fault damage zones from fault, lithologic and fracture data. Conversely, the model can also predict normal fault net slip for a defined lithology given the average fracture frequency and width of a fracture-dominated fault damage zone, hereafter defined as a fracture intensification domain (FID). Fracture, fault and lithologic data were collected in the Mohawk Valley of New York State from outcrops in the Upper Ordovician Utica Group and Lorraine Group. Data collection was focused on faults with observable slip, associated FIDs, and no observable lateral restriction. Our statistical analysis used three variables to describe the geometry of the FID: FID width (FID w ), average fracture frequency within the FID (FID ƒ ), and the power law regression exponent (FID R ) of the least squares trend line. We incorporated additional data from literature and tested multiple PLS models in order to refine the analysis using quality indicators provided by the PLS summary statistics output. Variables included in the final predictive model included FID w , FID ƒ , fault slip, grain size and clay percent. Fault slip and grain size were found to have a positive covariance with FID w while clay percent had a negative covariance. Fault slip, grain size and clay percent all showed a negative covariance with FID ƒ . Results from this research indicate that increasing fault slip leads to wider FIDs and lower average fracture frequency within the FID. The lower average fracture frequency in wider FIDs is primarily attributed to an increase in the length of the low-frequency FID tail away from the associated fault. A possible secondary influence reducing fracture frequency is due to the progressive development of a fault core at the expense of the adjacent damage zone and the consumption of the highest-frequency fractures adjacent to the fault surface.
Learned Drives based on Hunger

Four experiments, using 100 albino rats, were done to test the hypothesis that stimuli which are repeatedly paired with intense hunger become aversive. In Experiment I and II Ss under different degrees of hunger were put in a goal box. The aversiveness of the goal box was then assessed by the speed with which satiated Ss ran to or from the goal box (Experiment I) or to the goal box (Experiment II). In Experiments III and IV, using a within-Ss design, Ss were put in one box when hungry and another box when satiated. The aversiveness of the boxes was evluated by T-maze preference tests. No evidence was found to support the hypothesis.
Aerodynamic Design and Analysis of the Hyperloop

The Hyperloop vehicle is a conceptual mode of transportation in which a pod travels at high speed through a low-pressure tunnel to minimize the aerodynamic drag. In the current paper, an aerodynami...
Phrenic long-term facilitation following intrapleural CTB-SAP-induced respiratory motor neuron death

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating disease leading to progressive motor neuron degeneration and death by ventilatory failure. In a rat model of ALS (SOD1G93A), phrenic long-term facilitation (pLTF) following acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) is enhanced greater than expected at disease end-stage but the mechanism is unknown. We suggest that one trigger for this enhancement is motor neuron death itself. Intrapleural injections of cholera toxin B fragment conjugated to saporin (CTB-SAP) selectively kill respiratory motor neurons and mimic motor neuron death observed in SOD1G93A rats. This CTB-SAP model allows us to study the impact of respiratory motor neuron death on breathing without many complications attendant to ALS. Here, we tested the hypothesis that phrenic motor neuron death is sufficient to enhance pLTF. pLTF was assessed in anesthetized, paralyzed and ventilated Sprague Dawley rats 7 and 28 days following bilateral intrapleural injections of: 1) CTB-SAP (25 μg), or 2) un-conjugated CTB and SAP (control). CTB-SAP enhanced pLTF at 7 (CTB-SAP: 162 ± 18%, n = 8 vs. Control: 63 ± 3%; n = 8; p 0.05). Thus, pLTF at 7 (not 28) days post-CTB-SAP closely resembles pLTF in end-stage ALS rats, suggesting that processes unique to the early period of motor neuron death enhance pLTF. This project increases our understanding of respiratory plasticity and its implications for breathing in motor neuron disease.
Use of Granular Activated Carbon for the Removal of Biohazardous Compounds from Drinking Water

Treatment plant procedures are being developed for the removal of biohazardous organic compounds from source waters. Many of these are unknown biologically active compounds of low volatility that are present at low concentrations; others are known mutagens and carcinogens. Bioassays performed on subfractions of extracted organics have demonstrated the presence of additional and as yet unidentified mutagens. The toxic organic contaminants probably arise from two main sources: man-made industrial chemicals entering the source waters from point discharges, spills, and agricultural runoff, and as conversion bioproducts of disinfection during the treatment processes used in the preparation of drinking water. An effective method for the removal of many bioreactive water-borne contaminants is through adsorption by granular activated carbon (GAC). The role, effectiveness and limitations of GAC in the removal of residues of organic compounds in drinking water will be assessed.
Shifts in spinach microbial communities after chlorine washing and storage at compliant and abusive temperatures.

Fresh produce, like spinach, harbors diverse bacterial populations, including spoilage and potentially pathogenic bacteria. This study examined the effects of produce washing in chlorinated water and subsequent storage on the microbiota of spinach. Baby spinach leaves from a commercial fresh-cut produce processor were assessed before and after washing in chlorinated water, and then after one week's storage at 4, 10, and 15 °C. Microbial communities on spinach were analyzed by non-selective plating, qPCR, and 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing. Bacterial populations on spinach, averaging 6.12 ± 0.61 log CFU/g, were reduced by 1.33 ± 0.57 log after washing. However, populations increased by 1.77-3.24 log after storage, with larger increases occurring at higher temperature (15 > 10 > 4 °C). The predominant phylum identified on unwashed spinach leaves was Proteobacteria; dominant genera were Pseudomonas and Sphingomonas. Bacterial communities shifted significantly after chlorine washing and storage. Several Proteobacteria species, such as Stenotrophomonas sp. and Erwinia sp., were relatively tolerant of chlorine treatment, while species of Flavobacterium and Pedobacter (phylum Bacteroidetes) grew rapidly during storage, especially at abusive temperatures. Cupriavidus sp. and Ralstonia sp. showed significant increases after washing. After storage, microbial communities on spinach appeared to shift back toward the pre-washing distributions.
Coase and Colorado: Exploring the Effects of Transaction Costs on Water Markets

Price theory analysis teaches us that, as the cost of using markets rises (ie transaction costs), we will expect to see either higher prices in the market, lower activity, or some combination of the two. We have a natural experiment to test this hypothesis in water exchange markets in Colorado. Colorado has a Byzantine regulatory process governing water market transactions. In 2003, Colorado passed legislation with the goal of streamlining the exchange process in certain cases. Using a regression analysis and regression discontinuity design, I find Colorado's law change in 2003 had a statistically significant effect on water exchange prices in Colorado.
Wolves, Dogs, and Moral Geniuses: Anthropocentrism in Schopenhauer and Freud

Schopenhauer and Freud reject the anthropocentrism of the Western philosophical tradition by claiming that humans and animals are motivated by the same impulses, but they reinforce elements of that anthropocentrism by retaining the identification of animality with self-interested savagery, and by reserving for humans the capacity to overcome that state.
Comprehensive peptide quantification for data independent acquisition mass spectrometry using chromatogram libraries

Data independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry is a powerful technique that is improving the reproducibility and throughput of proteomics studies. We introduce a new experimental workflow that uses this technique to construct chromatogram libraries that capture fragment ion chromatographic peak shape and retention time for every detectable peptide in an experiment. These coordinates calibrate information in spectrum libraries or protein databases to a specific mass spectrometer and chromatography setup, and enable sensitive peptide detection in quantitative experiments. We also present EncyclopeDIA, a software tool for generating and searching chromatogram libraries, and demonstrate the performance of our workflow by quantifying proteins in human and yeast cells. We find that by exploiting calibrated retention time and fragmentation specificity in chromatogram libraries, EncyclopeDIA can detect and quantify >50% more peptides from DIA experiments than with DDA- based spectrum libraries alone.
Umbilical Doppler Velocimetry: Normative Data and Diagnostic Efficacy

The umbilical artery was the first fetal vessel to be evaluated by Doppler velocimetry and has since become the most widely investigated component of the fetal circulation. The attention paid to this vessel may be explained partly by its ready accessibility to Doppler interrogation, even without guidance by duplex imaging, and because it is a vital component of the fetal circulation, acting as the lifeline between the fetus and the placenta. Numerous studies have reported the methodogy of Doppler interrogation of the umbilical artery and have elucidated the factors that modulate the umbilical arterial Doppler indices under normal conditions. This chapter describes the procedure of Doppler sonography of the umbilical circulation and reviews the normative data on the umbilical arterial Doppler indices.
Dry eyes and corneal sensation after laser in situ keratomileusis with femtosecond laser flap creation Effect of hinge position, hinge angle, and flap thickness.

Purpose To determine whether corneal sensation and dry-eye signs and symptoms after myopic laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) surgery with a femtosecond laser are affected by varying hinge position, hinge angle, or flap thickness. Setting University-based academic practice, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. Methods This prospective randomized contralateral-eye study evaluated eyes after bilateral myopic LASIK with a femtosecond laser (IntraLase). Superior and temporal hinge positions, 45-degree and 90-degree hinge angles, and 100 μm and 130 μm corneal flap thicknesses were compared. Postoperative follow-up at 1 week and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months included central Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometry, the Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire, a Schirmer test with anesthesia, tear breakup time (TBUT), corneal fluorescein staining, and conjunctival lissamine green staining. Results The study evaluated 190 consecutive eyes (95 patients). Corneal sensation was reduced at all postoperative visits, with improvement over 12 months ( P P P P = .046, respectively). The percentage of patients with a TBUT longer than 10 seconds was significantly lower at 1 week and 1 month ( P Conclusions Dry-eye syndrome after myopic LASIK with a femtosecond laser was mild and improved after 3 months. Corneal flap hinge position, hinge angle, and thickness had no effect on corneal sensation or dry-eye syndrome.
Inhibition in the Center and the Periphery

It is a special pleasure to be able to discuss a subject to which Kees Wiersma has made such a remarkable series of pioneering contributions. The phenomenon of peripheral inhibition is now what Kees will not become for another decade, an obstinate octagenarian. It continues to pose questions we cannot answer: What are the functional roles of the pre- and postsynaptic varieties of inhibition? What is the mechanism of the farmer? Why is it used in some places and not in others? Why couldn’t arthropods have done without it altogether?
Derivation of a realistic forcing term to reproduce the turbulent characteristics of round jets on the centerline

Turbulence forcing techniques are often required in the numerical simulation of statistically stationary turbulent flows. However, the existing forcing techniques are not based on physics, but rather arbitrary numerical methods that sustain the turbulent kinetic energy. In this work, a forcing technique is devised to reproduce the centerline turbulent characteristics of round jets in a triply periodic box. It is derived from the Navier-Stokes equations by applying a Reynolds decomposition with the mean velocity of the axisymmetric jet. The result is an anisotropic linear forcing term, which is intended to be used in a three-dimensional box to create turbulence. Four direct numerical simulations with different Re_λ have been performed with these forcing terms. The budget of the terms in the kinetic energy equation is very close to the experimental measurement on the centerline. The anisotropy, kinetic energy k, and dissipation rate ɛ of the simulations are also comparable to experimental values. Finally, the kinetic energy spectrum in the axial direction, ϕ(κ_1), is presented. With appropriate normalizations, the spectrum agrees well with the round jet spectrum on its centerline.
Correction To: New obstructions to symplectic embeddings

We correct here an error in the proof of Theorem 1.1 of our paper “New obstructions to symplectic embeddings,” henceforth referred to as [6].
Dermatologic Considerations in Vascular Malformations

Vascular malformations often have some component of skin involvement, ranging from capillary malformations which are present entirely on the skin to lymphatic and venous malformations which may all have cutaneous involvement. Other than the visibility of the lesions, other complications involving the skin include atrophy, ulceration, dermatitis, and the growth of pyogenic granulomas. Practicing general skin care principles is important in all patients with vascular malformations with skin involvement. Pulsed dye and other lasers may be used for treatment in some patients.
Leucovorin Following Methotrexate Graft-Vs-Host Disease Prophylaxis Shortens the Duration of Mucositis, Time to Neutrophil Engraftment and Length of Hospitalization in Myeloablative Allogeneic Hematopoietic Transplantation

Introduction Grade (gr) 2-4 mucositis complicates myeloablative (MAC) allogeneic hematopoietic transplantation (HCT) in 90% of patients. Methotrexate (MTX) GVHD prophylaxis (ppx) contributes to mucositis and delays engraftment. Severe mucositis increases patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) and TPN (total parenteral nutrition) use, length of stay (LOS) and precludes completion of post HCT MTX. Leucovorin (LCV) following MTX is controversial. Objectives To address exacerbation of mucositis by MTX, we implemented routine LCV post MAC alloHCT and compared outcomes with historical controls. The primary endpoint was the duration of gr 2-4 mucositis. Secondary endpoints were the incidence of gr 3-4 mucositis, time to engraftment, TPN and PCA use, LOS, incidence of GVHD and relapse. Methods Thirty-two consecutive adults received MAC alloHCT and MTX ppx with LCV 15 mg PO q6h x 4 doses, 12 h post d+3, +6, and +11 MTX and were compared to 33 consecutive historical controls. Controls did not receive routine LCV, but may have received ≥ 1 dose post d+6 or +11 MTX at physician discretion. Results Baseline characteristics were similar between the groups. All patients received tacrolimus and MTX GVHD ppx, most with Cy/TBI conditioning. Forty percent received peripheral blood stem cells and 60% had a matched unrelated donor. The median age was 46 y and 50% had AML. Thirty percent of controls received ≥ 1 LCV dose (most post d+11 MTX). The mean duration of gr 2-4 mucositis was shorter with LCV vs. control (7.4 vs. 11 d, p = 0.02). A trend towards lower incidence of gr 3-4 mucositis was observed with LCV (34% vs. 58%, p = 0.08). TPN use was similar between groups (25% vs. 36%, p = 0.4), however duration was shorter with LCV (8.6 vs. 21 d, p = 0.02). A trend towards less frequent PCA use was observed with LCV (34% vs. 58%, p = 0.08). Neutrophil engraftment was faster with LCV (17.6 vs. 20 d, p = 0.04) and a trend towards faster platelet engraftment was observed (15 vs. 20 d, p = 0.06). LOS was shorter with LCV (27 vs. 33 d, p = 0.01). LCV did not impact the incidence of GVHD. Relapse was less common in the LCV group (3% vs. 27%, p = 0.01) albeit with a shorter follow up (mean 202 d vs. 560 d). Conclusion Routine LCV addition to MAC alloHCT with MTX ppx shortened the duration of gr 2-4 mucositis, expedited neutrophil engraftment, shortened TPN and LOS and showed trends towards reduction in clinically important endpoints related to mucositis incidence, severity and associated supportive care. Our small sample size and non-randomized design may limit the strength of these conclusions. Differences between the groups may have been biased towards the null as 30% of controls received ≥ 1 LCV dose. LCV ppx warrants prospective evaluation to assess effects on mucositis, engraftment, GVHD, resource utilization and LOS.
Fela Kuti, Afrobeat Music, and Neocoloniality in Contemporary Nigeria

Twenty years after his death, Fela remains the most influential African musician, just as the thoughts articulated in his songs continue to ring true about Africa. This is especially so in Nigeria, a nation still plagued by polarizing political processes, economic mismanagement, and a citizenry increasingly resorting to religion (especially Christianity and Islam) as bastion of hope, but which has proven to be more of weapons of division and violence than stability. In his music, Fela critiqued the Nigerian system as characterized by "Colo[nial] mentality," being his own coinage and the equivalent of neocolonialism, a discourse that engages contemporary undue influences in African societies by former colonial powers. Using selected song analyses from albums released in 1979-1984, I present a portrait of neocolonialism as articulated in Fela's music with an imagery of a tripod stool whose three legs- local repressive regimes, multinational corporations, and foreign religions, mutually support one another in maintenance of the oppressive superstructure. Drawing upon Ibrahim Gassama's discourse on neocolonialism in service of political program' (2008), I interrogate current Nigerian situation. I suggest that Fela's music offers the most articulate artistic window through which Nigeria's political and sociocultural problems may be best appreciated.
Anorectal Anatomy and Function

Abstract The aim of this chapter is to provide the reader with information on the recent advances in our understanding of anal sphincter anatomy and of imaging and functional assessment tools. There are three distinct anatomical structures, the internal anal sphincter (IAS), external anal sphincter (EAS), and puborectalis muscle (PRM), the last one being a part of the pelvic-floor or levator-ani muscle that contributes to the anal-closure/sphincter mechanism.
Understanding the Needs of Incoming College Freshmen: The Parent Perspective

In the last few years, there has been an increase in reported difficulties related to adjusting to college. While work has been done to analyze how college students perceive themselves related to several domains, such as mental health and physical fitness, there is little research to examine parental perception of college student functioning during the transition into college. Furthermore, there is reason to believe that students may differ in their perceived readiness for college based on their gender and socioeconomic status (SES). Using an anonymous survey, this study examined the extent to which 714 parents of students at the University of Florida perceived their college student as being prepared for university life on the domains of time management, social and emotional functioning, and general life skills. ANOVA analyses were conducted to determine group differences. Overall, significant differences by gender were found, with female students outscoring their male peers in many areas, as reported by their parents. Surprisingly, very few significant differences were found based on SES. Where there were differences, the low SES group outperformed their high SES counterparts. As universities consider the needs of incoming students, they may wish to be more intentional with how they target specific populations.
Ultra-low stress SiO2 coatings by ion beam sputtering deposition

High mechanical stress can affect the performance of multilayer thin film optical coatings, causing wavefront aberrations. This is particularly important if the multilayer stack is deposited onto thin substrates, such as those used in adaptive optics. Stress in thin film coatings is dependent on the deposition process, and ion beam sputtering (IBS) thin films are known to have high compressive stress. In the present work, we show that stress in IBS $ {{\rm SiO}_2} $SiO2 thin films can be reduced from 490 MPa to 48 MPa using high-energy $ {{\rm O}_2} $O2 assist ion bombardment during deposition while maintaining high optical quality. A comparison of the reduction of stress in $ {{\rm SiO}_2} $SiO2 deposited from oxide and metal targets is provided.
Adverse Events: Risk Factors, Predictors, and Outcomes

The provision of sedation during therapeutic and diagnostic procedures in children is not without risk. Adverse events occur due to the interplay of patient, procedural, environmental, and medication characteristics. Preemptive recognition of the characteristics that may increase the risk of developing adverse events allows the practitioner to predict and prepare for such events. Early recognition can allow alteration to the sedation plan minimizing adverse events. Hence, timely recognition and effective management of adverse events are essential for successful outcomes.
Racial Differences in Patient Portal Activation and Research Enrollment Among Patients With Prostate Cancer.

PURPOSEThe purpose of this study was to examine racial differences in patient portal activation and research participation among patients with prostate cancer.MATERIALS AND METHODSParticipants were...
Review of Social Cognition Research on Stereotyping: Application to Psychologists Working with Older Adults

This paper summarizes a number of cognitive processes that contribute to the formation and maintenance of stereotypes. Specific discussion centers on how these may play a role in shaping perceptions of older adults. Suggestions are offered as to how psychologists might combat their tendency to stereotype because older adults have special needs that must be identified to provide accurate case conceptualization and effective psychotherapy from a professional ethics perspective.
Experimental techniques in high-energy nuclear and particle physics

Particle detectors, K.Kleinknecht principles of operation of multiwire proportional and drill chambers, F.Sauli high-resolution electronic particle detectors, G.Charpak and F.Sauli calorimetry in high-energy physics, C.Fabjan fluctuations in calorimetry measurements, U.Amaldi the physics of charged particle identification d/E/dx, Cherenkov and transition radiation, W.W.M.Allison and P.R.S.Wright a two-dimensional, single-photoelectron drift detector for Cherenkov ring imaging, E.Barrelet et al development of proportional counters using photosensitive gases and liquids, D.F.Anderson liquid-argon ionization chambers as total absorption detectors, W.J.Willis and V.Radeka fundamental properties of liquid argon, krypton and xenon as radiation detector media, T.Doke signal, noise and resolution in position-sensitive detectors, V.Radeka Monte Carlo theory and practice, F.James high resolution hadron calorimetry, R.Wigmans.
The relaxation time of a one-dimensional self-gravitating system

A computer experiment on a one-dimensional self-gravitating system is described. We attempt to observe the dynamic time required for this system to thermalize by comparing the position and velocity densities with those predicted by the microcanonical ensemble. Hohl and Broaddus (1967) have previously reported an estimate of the thermalization time which is inferred from studies of the kinetic energy covariance. We ran the system for the time which they report and find that the system has not thermalized. Furthermore, there is no evidence that the system is even proceeding towards equilibrium in the time-scale considered here. Significant changes in the distribution do occur in a short time, after which the system remains in a stationary state which is not characteristic of equilibrium.
Retirees Beware: Don't Worry About the British-- 2013 is Coming

The easy money policy of the federal reserve and the 15 percent tax rate on qualified dividends have encouraged retirees to reorient their nest eggs away from certificates of deposit, Treasuries, and money market funds to dividend-paying stocks and mutual funds. According to the Internal Revenue Service, 43 percent of taxpayers age 65 or older reported qualified dividend income amounting to nearly half of the qualified dividend income reported by all taxpayers. By contrast, 46 percent of taxpayers age 65 or older reported net capital gains amounting to 30.5 percent of the net capital gains reported by all taxpayers. But 2013 is coming and, unless Congress extends the current rates or reaches an agreement on tax reform, dividends will be taxed as ordinary income at a marginal rate as high as 39.6 percent. The 15 percent tax on most net long-term capital gains is also going to rise by a third to 20 percent. For those whose modified adjusted gross income exceeds a certain amount, there will be a 3.8 percent medicare tax on their net capital gain income and dividend income (and interest income as well as other investment income), bring the highest marginal rate to 43.4 percent. In this article, we propose a compromise for both dividends and capital gains. Instead of taxing dividends as ordinary income and most long-term capital gains at a flat 20 percent rate, our compromise would apply a progressive tax rate schedule to both. We would aggregate all net capital gains and qualified dividends into a single figure, which for convenience we refer to as aggregated dividends and net capital gains or ADCG for short. We don’t propose an exact progressive rate schedule for ADCG. Congress would decide that. A possible schedule would reach the 30 percent marginal rate on $1,000,000 of ADCG and above, and might take the following form: 15 percent on the first $250,000, 20 percent on the next $250,000, 25 percent on the next $500,000, and 30 percent on $1,000,000 and above. The proposed compromise would provide a higher tax rate on the ADCG of the very wealthy while applying a 15 percent rate for those whose ADCG is more modest. We believe that this simple compromise would satisfy those who want the super-rich to pay higher taxes and also satisfy a quite different constituency: retirees who worked for a living, saved as much of their after-tax dollars as they could, and invested their nest eggs in dividend-paying stocks or mutual funds. Our proposal for a progressive-rate system for ADCG, ranging from 15 percent to 30 percent, appears to us to be a sensible compromise. We hope that it appears sensible to Congress, sensible enough to make the compromise permanent, so that small investors who are saving for retirement and those who have already retired will not constantly be in doubt about the future taxation of their nest eggs.
Comprehensive comparative analysis of kinesins in photosynthetic eukaryotes

Kinesins, a superfamily of molecular motors, use microtubules as tracks and transport diverse cellular cargoes. All kinesins contain a highly conserved ~350 amino acid motor domain. Previous analysis of the completed genome sequence of one flowering plant (Arabidopsis) has resulted in identification of 61 kinesins. The recent completion of genome sequencing of several photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic eukaryotes that belong to divergent lineages offers a unique opportunity to conduct a comprehensive comparative analysis of kinesins in plant and non-plant systems and infer their evolutionary relationships. We used the kinesin motor domain to identify kinesins in the completed genome sequences of 19 species, including 13 newly sequenced genomes. Among the newly analyzed genomes, six represent photosynthetic eukaryotes. A total of 529 kinesins was used to perform comprehensive analysis of kinesins and to construct gene trees using the Bayesian and parsimony approaches. The previously recognized 14 families of kinesins are resolved as distinct lineages in our inferred gene tree. At least three of the 14 kinesin families are not represented in flowering plants. Chlamydomonas, a green alga that is part of the lineage that includes land plants, has at least nine of the 14 known kinesin families. Seven of ten families present in flowering plants are represented in Chlamydomonas, indicating that these families were retained in both the flowering-plant and green algae lineages. The increase in the number of kinesins in flowering plants is due to vast expansion of the Kinesin-14 and Kinesin-7 families. The Kinesin-14 family, which typically contains a C-terminal motor, has many plant kinesins that have the motor domain at the N terminus, in the middle, or the C terminus. Several domains in kinesins are present exclusively either in plant or animal lineages. Addition of novel domains to kinesins in lineage-specific groups contributed to the functional diversification of kinesins. Results from our gene-tree analyses indicate that there was tremendous lineage-specific duplication and diversification of kinesins in eukaryotes. Since the functions of only a few plant kinesins are reported in the literature, this comprehensive comparative analysis will be useful in designing functional studies with photosynthetic eukaryotes.
MIP Models and BB Strategies in Brachytherapy Treatment Optimization

Brachytherapy (brachy being derived from a Greek word meaning short) is the treatment by means of radioactive sources that are placed at short distances from the target cells. This form of therapy is becoming common in the treatment of early stage prostate cancer, the most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer deaths among American males. We consider the use of mixed-integer programming (MIP) models and branch-and-bound (BB) methods to optimize the placement within the prostate of the radioactive ``seeds'' used in this procedure. Several different optimization models are considered along with a number of branchand- bound strategies. With appropriate combinations of modelling and solution strategies, nearoptimal seed placements can be generated for each two-dimensional ultrasound section of the prostate in less than five minutes on a 333-MHz workstation. The original three-dimensional problem can then be solved by considering an appropriately interrelated sequence of these two-dimensional problems.
Conservation Biology of the Genus Alouatta

As assessed by the IUCN Mace–Lande system, seven (35%) of the 20 Alouatta species and subspecies with adequate data are classified as “threatened,” i.e., critically endangered, endangered, or vulnerable (Rylands et al., 1995). This percentage is much lower than the 75 to 100% threatened taxa for the other large-bodied genera: Ateles, Lagothrix, and Brachyteles. Only 5 of the 16 Neotropical genera have lower percentages of threatened taxa than that of Alouatta: Cebuella, Pithecia, Saguinus, Saimiri, and Cebus. The threatened howler taxa occupy small distributions in areas of forest fragmentation. In general, populations are most affected by major habitat disturbance, such as total deforestation and flooding from dam construction, and by human hunters. Facilitated by their ability to exploit folivorous diets in small home ranges, howlers can tolerate considerable habitat fragmentation but not the increased exposure to hunting that may accompany it. Howlers seem particularly vulnerable to yellow fever and bot fly parasitism. Although the former threat may decrease by increasing fragmentation of the habitat, other sorts of parasitism may increase in disturbed habitats. The low genetic variability of the Central American howlers suggests a resistance to inbreeding depression potentially experienced during population bottlenecks. Greater between-population variability may still exist. Although howlers are not readily bred in captivity, they respond well to translocation. Translocation has been successfully achieved for ≥4 howler species and is a viable option for introducing new genetic variability into population fragments and repopulating areas from which howlers are extinct. Their pattern of bisexual dispersal facilitates colonization of regenerating habitats, and in suitable, protected habitats they have shown the capacity for strong population recovery.
Determining the predictive value of Read codes to identify congenital cardiac malformations in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink

Purposes The purposes of this study were to determine (i) the positive predictive value (PPV) of multiple Read codes used to identify congenital cardiac malformation (CCM) cases in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD); (ii) the accuracy of the diagnosis date; and (iii) the source of information that the general practitioners (GPs) use for validating the diagnosis suggested by the code. Methods Eight hundred eighty-eight records with Read diagnostic and procedures codes for CCM, between January 1996 and November 2010, were identified from CPRD. Questionnaires were sent to GPs to verify the diagnoses and date of the code-identified events. Results A total of 719 questionnaires were returned (81% response rate). The PPV of the CCM codes was 93% (670/719). Thirty-one percent of cases had a different event date than the one recorded in the electronic medical record (EMR); 10% of these differing dates were within 30days of the code-identified CCM date. GPs used a variety of data sources to confirm CCM diagnoses. Although the EMR was the most frequently used data source (70%), 66% reported using consultation letters, 9% reported using clinical notes or paper charts, and 35% of GPs reported using the hospital record to confirm the CCM diagnosis. Conclusions Clinical Practice Research Datalink Read codes for CCMs have 93% PPV and most likely point to true cases. However, the accuracy of diagnosis dates and the age at diagnosis may not be as reliable. The findings of this study indicate that GPs use information beyond what is available for researchers in the EMR to confirm clinical diagnoses when responding to validation questionnaires. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. key words—Clinical Practice Research Datalink; Read/OXMIS codes; validation of congenital cardiac malformation; heart defects; congenital abnormalities; pharmacoepidemiology
Special Issue: Ten Years Since the Crash of 1987

Monday, October 19, 1987, marked the largest single-day decline in stock-market history as the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) fell 508 points—nearly 23%—to close at 1738. The decline between the close on the preceding Tuesday, October 13, and the close on October 19 totaled 30.6%. By Tuesday, October 20, market participants and regulators feared defaults on outstanding transactions that could bring gridlock in financial payments, trigger a financial crisis, and propel the economy into a recession. Market observers recalled the crash of October 29–30, 1929, which had been followed by the severe depression of the 1930s and by continued stock price declines that totaled 89% from the market’s high in September 1929 to its low in July 1932. Would the crash of 1987 lead to a similar economic crisis? Fortunately the answer to this question was in the negative. Stock prices recovered sufficiently by year-end to post a positive return for calendar 1987, although they did not reach their prior high until the second half of 1989.