cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ion microprobe investigations of interfacial phenomena in composites

This article describes the application of a scanning ion microprobe (SIM) for the microanalytical characterization of reactions that take place during fabrication of composite materials. Combined with secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), mass-resolved distribution maps of major and minor elements can be rapidly acquired with good sensitivity and excellent lateral resolution (∼50–100 nm). The SIM/SIMS technique is ideally suited for exploring processing-induced microchemical phenomena in complex, multicomponent composite materials. The results of the characterization of three composite systems are presented as examples.
Static and Clocked Spintronic Circuit Design and Simulation With Performance Analysis Relative to CMOS

Spin-based devices, in which information is carried via electron spin rather than electron charge, are potential candidates to complement CMOS technology due to the promise of non-volatility and compact implementation of logic gates. One class of such devices is all-spin logic (ASL) which is based on switching ferromagnets by spin transfer torque and conduction of spin-polarized current. Using previously developed physics-based circuit models for ASL, we develop a complete logic family for static ASL comprising of majority logic gates. We compare its performance metrics by means of circuit simulations using our Verilog-A compact models. We also show the novel implementations of sequencing elements (e.g., latch and D flip-flop) to enable clocked ASL. We also refine the models for ferromagnets to include spin relaxation inside ferromagnetic metals (FMs).
Use of Global Value Chains by Labor Organizers

Abstract Understanding global value chains is important for labor as well as business. However, to be useful for labor organizers, workers must first be located as entities in global value chains. Further modification can reveal possible strengths and weaknesses in the chain, identify worker allies and reveal necessary steps in the organizing process. This paper examines ways that labor educators have modified global value chains to teach workers about their industries, and uses two case studies to illustrate the application that global value chains have to comprehensive organizing campaigns. The paper argues that labor organizers should go one step further by using global value chains to conceptualize global plans to stabilize employment for workers after the end of the Multi-Fiber Arrangement, and to raise wages in this context.
Effects of physical and virtual rotations and display device on users of an architectural walkthrough

Most virtual worlds need a mechanism for the user to get from "here" to "there" in the virtual world. This type of interaction is called locomotion, and is perhaps the most common form of interaction in virtual environments (VEs). The term locomotion is used to indicate a user's control of movement through the VE. Our previous work created a classification system for virtual locomotion methods, based on five basic components of locomotion: rotation, translation, display device, interaction device, and task [Arns and Cruz-Neira 2002]. The classification provides guidelines for designers of new virtual reality (VR) applications, on what types of locomotion are best suited to the requirements of new applications. We proposed that display device and rotation method are critical components of locomotion, and that they are closely related. This paper describes a user experiment designed to validate the criticality of appropriate display device and rotation method when designing virtual environment applications, specifically for an architectural walkthrough. Both objective and subjective measures were studied, including completion time, collisions, presence, and spatial understanding of the virtual world. The experimental results indicate that choice of display device and rotation method can have a significant impact on users' ability to travel in a virtual environment and their performance on several of the above measures. These results can be used as guidelines for VR developers when designing and implementing locomotion methods for VEs.
Effect of prescription drug coverage on the cost of care to Medicare beneficiaries with asthma.

The objective of this review is to investigate the impact of asthma on Part A and B expenditures for enrollees in the Medicare program, and the effect of voluntary outpatient prescription drug coverage on Medicare-covered asthma expenditures. Data were drawn from the 2001 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey Access to Care file, a nationally representative sample of the Medicare population, and includes data on individual healthcare expenditures and characteristics, such as health status. Using regression analysis, it was found that self-reported asthma increased the probability of Part A (hospital) expenditures and the level of Part B (outpatient) expenditures. Voluntary prescription drug coverage decreased Part B spending on people with self-reported asthma by 7% but increased Part B spending by 23% for those without asthma. Prescription drug coverage had no effect on the level of Part A expenditures in either those with or without self-reported asthma. The author’s study suggests that increases in spend...
A Mixtures-of-Trees Framework for Multi-Label Classification

We propose a new probabilistic approach for multi-label classification that aims to represent the class posterior distribution P(Y|X). Our approach uses a mixture of tree-structured Bayesian networks, which can leverage the computational advantages of conditional tree-structured models and the abilities of mixtures to compensate for tree-structured restrictions. We develop algorithms for learning the model from data and for performing multi-label predictions using the learned model. Experiments on multiple datasets demonstrate that our approach outperforms several state-of-the-art multi-label classification methods.
Distinct Mechanisms for Globular Adiponectin That Integrate Vascular and Metabolic Actions of Insulin to Help Maintain Coordinated Cardiovascular and Glucose Homeostasis

In the current issue of Circulation Research , Zhao et al1 present interesting and important studies describing mechanisms by which insulin and adiponectin interact to integrate cardiovascular and metabolic physiology. The mechanism revealed by these studies uses both parallel and distinct pathways that may have important implications for the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus, obesity, and their cardiovascular complications, as well as for the development of novel effective therapies in the future. Article, see p 1263 The molecular signaling pathways in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue responsible for direct actions of insulin to enhance glucose uptake and disposal involve activation of the insulin receptor, which then initiates a signaling cascade, involving IRS-1/PI3K/PDK-1/Akt and PKC-ζ, that culminates further downstream in the translocation of insulin response glucose transporters (GLUT4) from intracellular compartments to the cell surface, where GLUT4 acts as a facilitative transporter to drive glucose down its concentration gradient.2,3 Strikingly similar insulin signaling pathways in vascular endothelium involving insulin receptor/IRS-1/PI3K/PDK-1/Akt/eNOS promote increased production of the potent vasodilator nitric oxide that increases blood flow and capillary recruitment leading to increased delivery of the substrate (glucose) and the hormone (insulin) to metabolic targets, including skeletal muscle.4,5 These vascular actions of insulin represent a secondary mechanism for insulin to promote glucose uptake and disposal. Indeed, ≈40% of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle may be attributed to vascular actions of insulin in conduit arteries and recruitment of nutritive capillaries.6,7 In addition, the transendothelial transport of insulin has recently been identified as a potential rate-limiting step in metabolic actions of insulin.8–10 Taken together, it is apparent that reciprocal relationships between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction help tie together metabolic diseases with their …
But Economics Is Not an Experimental Science

The fact is, economics is not an experimental science and cannot be. "Natural" experiments and "quasi" experiments are not in fact experiments. They are rhetorical devices that are often invoked to avoid having to confront real econometric difficulties. Natural, quasi-, and computational experiments, as well as regression discontinuity design, can all, when well applied, be useful, but none are panaceas. The essay by Angrist and Pischke, in its enthusiasm for some real accomplishments in certain subfields of economics, makes overbroad claims for its favored methodologies. What the essay says about macroeconomics is mainly nonsense. Consequently, I devote the central part of my comment to describing the main developments that have helped take some of the con out of macroeconomics. Recent enthusiasm for single-equation, linear, instrumental variables approaches in applied microeconomics has led many in these fields to avoid undertaking research that would require them to think formally and carefully about the central issues of nonexperimental inference -- what I see and many see as the core of econometrics. Providing empirically grounded policy advice necessarily involves confronting these difficult central issues.
Surgical Site Infection after Breast Surgery: Impact of 2010 CDC Reporting Guidelines

Reported surgical site infection (SSI) rates after breast operations ranges 0.8–26 % in the literature. The aims of the present study were to characterize SSI after breast/axillary operations and determine the impact on the SSI rate of the 2010 Centers for disease control and Prevention (CDC) reporting guidelines that now specifically exclude cellulitis. Retrospective chart review identified 368 patients with 449 operated sides between July 2004 and June 2006. SSI was defined by CDC criteria: purulent drainage (category 1), positive aseptically collected culture (category 2), signs of inflammation with opening of incision and absence of negative culture (category 3), and physician diagnosis of infection (category 4). The impact of excluding cellulitis was assessed. Prior CDC reporting guidelines revealed that among 368 patients, 32 (8.7 %) experienced SSI in 33 (7.3 %) of 449 operated sides. Of these, 11 (33 %) met CDC criteria 1–3, while 22 (67 %) met CDC criterion 4. Excluding cellulitis cases per 2010 CDC SSI reporting guidelines eliminates 21 of the 22 infections previously meeting CDC criterion 4. Under the new reporting guidelines, the SSI rate is 12 (2.7 %) of 449 operated sides. SSI rates varied by procedure, but these differences were not statistically significant. Cellulitis after breast and axillary surgery is much more common than other criteria for SSI, and SSI rates are reduced almost threefold if cellulitis cases are excluded. Recently revised CDC reporting guidelines may result in underestimates of the clinical burden of SSI after breast/axillary surgery.
Self-Enhancement and Social Responsibility: On Caring More, but Doing Less, Than Others

Self-enhancement biases have been found in a variety of self-rated skills, traits, and abilities, yet past research has not examined whether people show such biases in ratings of their social concern and activism. In the present paper, we report the results of two surveys on this question. In the first survey, 549 adults rated their level of concern and activism on one of six different issues (e.g., homelessness). The results showed a general pattern of self-enhancement in professed concern but self-deprecation in activism. In the second survey, a random-digit dialing method was used to contact a representative sample of the general public. A total of 817 respondents rated their level of concern and activism on the issues of environmental protection, animal welfare, and world hunger. The second survey also explored two techniques for debiasing self-enhancement in concern: one based on a cognitive consistency model, and one based on the salience of others' actions. Findings from the second survey replicated those of the first, and both debiasing techniques failed to reduce self-ratings of concern. Moreover, a sizable number of respondents said that they would do more if others showed more concern. These results are consistent with a social dilemma in which citizens feel a personal sense of concern, but are reluctant to act until others show greater concern.
Systemic pilocarpine for treatment of xerostomia.

Background: Xerostomia is the feeling of dryness in the mouth, usually owing to hypofunctioning of the salivary glands. Causes of xerostomia include medications, the effects of radiation therapy on the salivary glands during the treatment of head and neck cancer or thyroid cancer, and autoimmune diseases such as Sjogren's syndrome. The primary treatment to reduce xerostomia is oral pilocarpine. Objective: This review discusses the randomized trials available on the efficacy and tolerability of oral pilocarpine for the treatment of xerostomia. Methods: The randomized trials of pilocarpine for xerostomia available in the medical literature are reviewed. Results/conclusion: Pilocarpine has some efficacy in the treatment of xerostomia from radiation therapy, graft-versus-host disease and Sjogren's syndrome. It has limited activity for the prevention of xerostomia during radiation therapy. It may have increased efficacy in combination with newer forms of radiation therapy.
Photoreceptors, visual pigments, and ellipsosomes in the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus: a microspectrophotometric and histological study.

The photoreceptor layer of F. heteroclitus was examined by light and electron microscopy. We identified four cone visual pigments with maximum absorbance (λmax) in the UV (363 nm), short (400 nm), middle (463 nm), and long (563 nm) wavelength regions of the spectrum and a rod visual pigment that peaked in the middle wavelengths (503 nm). Electron-dense bodies, ellipsosomes and pseudoellipsosomes, were present in the distal ellipsoids of long/middle (L/M) and long/long (L/L) wavelength double cones and in single short wavelength (S) cones, respectively. The light absorption of ellipsosomes indicated the presence of reduced cytochrome-c with the highest optical densities found in the M members of L/M double cones. By contrast, S cones contained pseudo-ellipsosomes which had very low optical density. UV cones were present everywhere as part of square or row mosaics in the retina of F. heteroclitus. Cone packing was on average higher for locations in the upper half of the retina while the highest cone density was found in the centro-ventral retina. An analysis of potential quantum catches for each cone type as a function of retinal sector and underwater irradiance characteristics revealed higher overall quantum catches for cones in the upper retina when the light field was assumed homogeneous, and higher quantum catches for cones in the lower retina when downwelling, horizontal, and upwelling irradiances were considered separately. At dusk, quantum catch was highest for M cones and the contribution to the overall retinal quantum catch by UV and S cones was much greater than during daylight hours. We propose that UV and S cones may be used to detect targets of interest against the background irradiance sensed by double cones.
A Comparative Marketing Analysis of Major Agricultural Products in the United States and Argentina

The second in a series of three papers focusing on Argentina, this paper analyzes issues pertinent to the relative advantages and disadvantages between the United States and Argentina for producing, transporting, processing, and marketing major agricultural commodities in the context of distribution to significant global markets. Designed as a tool for agribusiness students and prospective investment and trade partners, it provides a side-by-side analysis of major U.S. and Argentine agricultural commodities. All facts and figures are in U.S. currency and common U.S. (avoirdupois) weights and measures. Also, from a comparative perspective, it defines the differences in technologies between the countries and examines in detail the marketing channels for grains (corn, soybeans, wheat, and sunflower) and livestock (beef and pork).
Functional relationships between giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) interference and sweet corn yield and ear traits

Abstract Field experiments were conducted to quantify functional relationships between giant ragweed density and sweet corn yield and ear traits. A rectangular hyperbolic model was fit to yield loss measured in terms of marketable ear mass, appropriate for the processing industry, and boxes of 50 marketable ears, relevant to the fresh market industry. The initial slope of the hyperbolic yield loss function (I ), which describes the linear portion of yield loss as weed density (weeds per square meter) approaches zero, was 119 for loss of ear mass and 97 for loss of boxes of ears. Furthermore, 10 of 12 ear traits including green ear mass, husked ear mass, ear length, filled ear length, ear width, number of kernels per row, number of rows, kernel depth, kernel mass, and kernel moisture content were significantly affected by giant ragweed interference. Nomenclature: Giant ragweed, Ambrosia trifida L. AMBTR; sweet corn, Zea mays L. ‘GH0937’.
The effect of contrast dose, imaging time, and lesion size in the MR detection of intracerebral metastasis.

PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of MR contrast dose versus delayed imaging time on the detection of metastatic brain lesions based on lesion size. METHODS Contrast MR examinations with gadoteridol were obtained in 45 patients with brain metastases. The patients were divided into two groups: 16 received cumulative standard dose (0.1 mmol/kg) and 29 received cumulative triple dose (0.3 mmol/kg). Both groups were evaluated at two dose levels (lower dose and higher dose) with two separate injections. Each patient received an initial bolus injection of either 0.05 (cumulative standard dose) or 0.1 (cumulative triple dose) mmol/kg of gadoteridol to reach the lower-dose level and underwent imaging immediately and 10 and 20 minutes later. Thirty minutes after injection, an additional bolus injection of 0.05 (cumulative standard dose) or 0.2 (cumulative triple dose) mmol/kg was administered to reach the cumulative higher-dose level (cumulative standard dose, 0.1 mmol/kg; cumulative triple dose, 0.3 mmol). Images were acquired immediately. RESULTS There was no difference in the detection rate for lesions larger than 10 mm among T2-weighted, lower-dose immediate and delayed, or immediate higher-dose images in both study groups. Lesions smaller than 10 mm had improved detection with delayed imaging in both study groups; however, the immediate higher-dose studies still had the highest detection rate. CONCLUSION In the evaluation of small central nervous system metastases, either delayed imaging after the injection of standard contrast dose or higher contrast dose may improve their detection, and therefore affect clinical management. Higher contrast dose (cumulative triple dose) studies appear to be more effective than delayed imaging with standard dose.
Assessing the Financial Performance of Forestry-Related Investment Vehicles: Capital Asset Pricing Model vs. Arbitrage Pricing Theory

Capital asset pricing model (CAPM) and arbitrage pricing theory (APT) are used to assess the financial performance of eight forestry-related investment vehicles. Although results from APT support previous findings from CAPM about timberland investments, three bodies of evidence show that APT findings are more robust. The major conclusions are (a) institutional timberland investments and timberland limited partnerships have a low risk level and excess returns; (b) forestry industry companies have not earned risk-adjusted returns, and the performance of medium forest industry firms is worse than that of large firms; (c) stumpage price does not resemble the return generation process of timberland investments; and (d) lumber futures have little excess return. Copyright 2001, Oxford University Press.
Increasing Disparities in the Age-Related Incidences of Colon and Rectal Cancers in the United States, 1975-2010

Importance The overall incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) has been decreasing since 1998 but there has been an apparent increase in the incidence of CRC in young adults. Objective To evaluate age-related disparities in secular trends in CRC incidence in the United States. Design, Setting, and Patients A retrospective cohort study using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) CRC registry. Age at diagnosis was analyzed in 15-year intervals starting at the age of 20 years. SEER*Stat was used to obtain the annual cancer incidence rates, annual percentage change, and corresponding P values for the secular trends. Data were obtained from the National Cancer Institute’s SEER registry for all patients diagnosed as having colon or rectal cancer from January 1, 1975, through December 31, 2010 (N = 393 241). Main Outcome and Measure Difference in CRC incidence by age. Results The overall age-adjusted CRC incidence rate decreased by 0.92% (95% CI, −1.14 to −0.70) between 1975 and 2010. There has been a steady decline in the incidence of CRC in patients age 50 years or older, but the opposite trend has been observed for young adults. For patients 20 to 34 years, the incidence rates of localized, regional, and distant colon and rectal cancers have increased. An increasing incidence rate was also observed for patients with rectal cancer aged 35 to 49 years. Based on current trends, in 2030, the incidence rates for colon and rectal cancers will increase by 90.0% and 124.2%, respectively, for patients 20 to 34 years and by 27.7% and 46.0%, respectively, for patients 35 to 49 years. Conclusions and Relevance There has been a significant increase in the incidence of CRC diagnosed in young adults, with a decline in older patients. Further studies are needed to determine the cause for these trends and identify potential preventive and early detection strategies.
Patterns of Gene Expression in Microarrays and Expressed Sequence Tags from Normal and Cataractous Lenses

In this contribution, we have examined the patterns of gene expression in normal and cataractous lenses as presented in five different papers using microarrays and expressed sequence tags. The purpose was to evaluate unique and common patterns of gene expression during development, aging and cataracts.
High-temperature hall effect measurements in indium-doped cadmium sulfide in sulfur vapor

High-temperature Hall effect measurements on indium-doped cadmium sulfide in cadmium and sulfur vapor, combined with the results of similar measurements on undoped CdS lead to the parameters of the equilibrium constant of Schottky disorder K″=410exp(−4.09eV/kT)site fr2 vacancy formation, KCdV=3.56× 109exp(−2.34eV/kT)site fr, and pairing of V″Cd with In·Cd Kp=6.7(×/:)25exp(0.47±0.3eV/kT)site fr
A T-Coil-Enhanced 8.5Gb/s High-Swing source-Series-Terminated Transmitter in 65nm Bulk CMOS

Source-series-terminated (SST) drivers offer the advantage of providing a large range of termination voltages, making them particularly suitable for multi-standard I/Os. Many standards however, call for larger vertical eye openings that require raising the dc supply voltage from the 1.0 V limit for thin-oxide devices(FETs) in 65 nm technology to 1.2 or 1.5 V. These requirements are addressed in the proposed SST transmitter design by combining a thin-oxide pre-driver stage running at 1.0 V followed by thick-oxide output stages operated at 1.5 V. Key features of this design include the implementation of tri-statable output slices consisting of programmable binary-weighted pre-distortion slices to achieve a mutually independent adjustment of the impedance tuning and FIR-based transmitter equalization, the level shifter design and the application of T-coils that enable a broad-band impedance matching with a return loss of -16 dB over 10 GHz bandwidth. Moreover, the transmitter is capable to suppress the clock duty-cycle distortion by a factor of 5x.
Insights from Public Health: A Framework for Understanding and Fostering Vaccine Acceptance

Achieving and maintaining high immunization rates requires high vaccine acceptance. Most parents or members of a targeted population need to believe in the value and benefits associated with an immunization recommendation and understand the basis for the recommendation. This puts forward a framework for understanding and fostering vaccine acceptance. Drawing upon published studies, the framework identifies six categories of cognitive factors that affect vaccine acceptance: vaccination recommendation awareness and knowledge; assumptions, expectations, and understanding; risk-related beliefs and perceptions; benefit-related beliefs and perceptions; beliefs and perceptions regarding vaccination recommendations; and confidence/trust related to the vaccine, immunization recommendation and health professionals, including government health officials. Along with examining how these categories can impact vaccine acceptance, the framework links them to a vaccine acceptance continuum that ranges from “vaccine refusal” to “strong vaccine acceptance.” The overall framework provides the basis for identifying strategies and approaches to achieve or extend vaccine acceptance.
Electronic Control Devices

Modern particle detectors produce large quantitives of infor mation which must be translated into a form which can be understood by a computer. It is this translation which is the subject of these lectures. After a brief review of particle detectors from the point of view of electronics, two types of data acquisition systems will be discussed. This will be followed by a description of the trigger system for one of the modern detectors, CLEO, and the last topic will be an introduction to FASTBUS as it is presently proposed.
Public Sector Unions in Michigan: Their Presence and Impact According to Local Government Leaders

This report presents Michigan local government leaders’ assessments of their jurisdictions’ employee unions. These findings are based on statewide surveys of local government leaders in the Spring 2011 wave of the Michigan Public Policy Survey (MPPS).
A Local Search Hybrid Genetic Algorithm Approach To The Network Design Problem With Relay Stations

The network design problem with relay stations arises in telecommunication and logistic systems. The design problem involves selecting network links and determining the location of the relay stations to minimize the design cost. A constraint is imposed on the distance that a signal can travel without being regenerated by a relay station. An efficient hybrid meta-heuristic approach is presented to solve large sized problems.
Cytoskeletal matrix in striated muscle: the role of titin, nebulin and intermediate filaments.

In this chapter, first I will briefly describe the molecular properties of titin and nebulin — two extremely large, myofibrillar proteins -- and discuss their distribution and organization in the sarcomere. Although these novel proteins are major myofibrillar components of a wide range of striated muscles, they have escaped the attention of muscle biochemists until very recently. As I shall point out below, biochemical studies of these proteins have been unexpectedly challenging: many standard techniques had to be modified before they became capable of handling such giant proteins. In addition, our structural studies of these proteins have encountered a challange of a different nature: how to explain their distribution in the sarcomere according to the currently accepted two filament sarcomere model, because these proteins do not appear to be thick or thin filament-associated regulatory or anchoring proteins. These studies have led us to reexamine the question of whether continuous, longitudinal filaments exist within the sarcomere of striated muscle. I will attempt to integrate our results, as well as available literature data, within the framework of a hypothetical sarcomere model which incorporates an elastic filamentous matrix consisting of titin and nebulin as additional sarcomere constituents. Finally, I will very briefly mention our recent findings that an extensive three dimensional network of intermediate (10 nm) filaments, distinct from titin and nebulin, is intimately associated with the sarcomere of adult striated muscle.
Optimal use of IUDs: why aren't we there yet?

IUDs are safe and effective. Physicians with an understanding of IUD procedures and of their benefits and risks are more likely to appropriately counsel their patients.
Bipolare affektive Störungen

Bipolare Storungen sind durch Hochs und Tiefs in der Stimmung und im Antrieb gekennzeichnet. Ihre Haufigkeit wird auf 1 bis 5 Prozent geschatzt, je nachdem, ob man leichtere Verlaufsformen ebenfalls mitzahlt. Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie (KVT) kann Betroffenen und ihren Bezugspersonen helfen, ein besseres Selbstmanagement ihrer Erkrankung aufzubauen, Rezidive in ihrer Haufigkeit und Dauer zu reduzieren und insgesamt wieder mehr Lebensqualitat zu erfahren. KVT ist zwar auch bei bipolaren Depressionen indiziert, das Kapitel fokussiert aber bewusst auf KVT als Rezidivprophylaxe, da die psychotherapeutische Behandlung unipolarer und bipolarer Depressionen sich nicht grundlegend unterscheidet. Die Ziele und wesentlichen Strategien einer rezidivprophylaktisch orientierten KVT werden dargestellt, und es wird kurz darauf eingegangen, was aus psychotherapeutischer Sicht indiziert ist, wenn Betroffene manisch werden. Auch die Empirie zur Psychotherapie bipolarer Storungen wird skizziert.
Toward total automation of microfluidics for extraterrestial in situ analysis.

Despite multiple orbiter and landed missions to extraterrestrial bodies in the solar system, including Mars and Titan, we still know relatively little about the detailed chemical composition and quantity of organics and biomolecules in those bodies. For chemical analysis on astrobiologically relevant targets such as Mars, Europa, Titan, and Enceladus, instrumentation should be extremely sensitive and capable of analyzing a broad range of organic molecules. Microchip capillary electrophoresis (μCE) with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection provides this required sensitivity and targets a wide range of relevant markers but, to date, has lacked the necessary degree of automation for spaceflight applications. Here we describe a fully integrated microfluidic device capable of performing automated end-to-end analyses of amino acids by μCE with LIF detection. The device integrates an array of pneumatically actuated valves and pumps for autonomous fluidic routing with an electrophoretic channel. Operation o...
Apothecial Development in Cookeina Tricholoma with Comments on Some Related Species

(1978). Apothecial Development in Cookeina Tricholoma with Comments on Some Related Species. Mycologia: Vol. 70, No. 6, pp. 1253-1257.
The Relation of Insect Taxonomy to Applied Biology

IT is generally recognized that some speakers appearing before organizations such as these have certain advantages that derive from their stage of scientific maturity. I refer to the very young and the very old. The youngsters, having established no pattern of professional behavior, can turn the shining light of optimism on the future and speak of things to come—better things, of course—with reasonable assurance that no one will be so discourteous as to look at the record a few years hence. The oldsters, knowing full well that they will not be saddled with the responsibility for implementing suggestions, can with equal impunity assume the role of elder statesmen and give advice. It is the mass of in-betweens, among whom I place myself, that lack these advantages and, in conselluence, often find difficulty in their speaking assignments. If we indulge at all in criticism it is pretty easy to check and see if the speaker is painting himself with the brush he holds. This knowledge engenders a certain amount of caution and makes one wish he had chosen to speak on some subject with which he has no dirert connection. But titles of papers must be submitted well in advance of meetings, and the hazards of the trail are seldom apparent when the expedition is being mounted.
Body mass and mast abundance influence foraging ecology of the American black bear (Ursus americanus) in Maine

We studied nutritional ecology of American black bears (Ursus americanus Pallas, 1780) in Maine, including active and hibernating bears during 5 years, across three study areas, using nitrogen stable isotope analyses of blood samples (n = 152). Our central finding, in two study areas, is positive correlation between body mass and 15N. This suggests use of large body size to acquire or guard food resources that have relatively high 15N, consistent with importance of ungulates as food for the largest bears in Maine. In these two study areas, hibernating bears across the spectrum of body mass showed greater 15N during 2 years of beechnut (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) scarcity compared with 2 years of beechnut abundance. Adiposity, measured by serum leptin, was greater in hibernating bears following a season of beechnut abundance compared with one of beechnut scarcity. Total litter mass correlated positively with maternal serum leptin and negatively with maternal15N, supporting the importance of mast, including beechnuts, to reproductive success of bears in Maine. In the third study area, bears across the spectrum of body mass had greater 15N in all years, consistent with food resources relatively high in 15N that were available to bears of all sizes.
Medical mineralogy as a new challenge to the geologist; silicates in human mammary tissue?

Medical questions surrounding the toxicity of "silica" and other silicon-containing materials introduced into the body can be answered only through use of microanalytical techniques that provide chemical and structural analyses of microscopic and submicroscopic particles. A useful approach to the study of minerals and other foreign substances associated with silicone breast implants is to use polarized-light optical microscopy to pinpoint the materials of interest in the tissue and to follow that observation with analysis by Raman spectroscopy. Silicone breast implants contain both the organic polymer silicone and particles of amorphous silica. We studied the breast tissue from six women who had silicone breast implants and from three controls who never had implants to address questions about post-implant alteration, such as to "crystalline SiO 2 ." Optical analysis of the mammary tissue sections revealed a variety of birefringent and non-birefringent, non-cellular materials. Raman spectroscopic analyses of those substances identified many similar materials in tissue from women with and without silicone implants: calcite, apatite, starch, lipid, and beta -carotene. We also spectroscopically identified silicone (only in breast tissue from patients recognized to have had ruptured implants) and paraffin (only in one sample that had been embedded in paraffin and subsequently "deparaffinized"). In tissue sections of 5 mu m thickness (standard thickness of pathology sections), it is impossible to detect optically the birefringence of quartz (or any other form of crystalline SiO 2 ), even though it may be possible to image such thin crystalline SiO 2 grains in polarized light due to light-scattering phenomena. Moreover, neither crystalline nor amorphous silica was identified by Raman spectroscopy in the tissue sections. Review of the pathology literature on such materials-based issues as silicosis and calcification revealed some misapplication of the optical microscopy term "birefringence" and misleading identifications of minerals in tissue sections. Our conclusion is that useful collaborations can be developed between (1) pathologists who observe foreign materials in tissue sections and understand the medical context of their findings and (2) mineralogists who routinely use optical, chemical, and structural analyses to characterize micrometer-sized crystalline materials and who understand materials properties.
Abstract ED04-02: Are we moving beyond race in clinical care? Lessons from the RACE Project

Physicians hold attitudes about the causes of racial differences in health conditions, and they use race as a heuristic in their clinical practice. The presentation will explore the interaction of patient and provider characteristics on health care providers’ use of genetics and genomics knowledge in their clinical practice. Advancing this field of study requires research to assess how clinicians use and think about race and human genetic variation. Understanding physicians’ perceptions of race and genetics and its use in the clinical encounter as a context to shed light on contributors to racial and ethnic health disparities and the role genetic screening programs and genomic medicine may or may not have in reducing those racial and ethnic health disparities. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(10 Suppl):ED04-02.
Study on optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis process parameters by response surface methodology in preparing banana juice with liquid compound enzyme

The effects of enzyme addition amount,hydrolysis temperature,hydrolysis time,pH of cellulase B on preparing banana juice by the enzymatic hydrolysis process of banana were studied. The optimal conditions for preparing banana juice determined by response surface methodology were as follows:enzyme amount was 1.75μL/g,hydrolysis temperature was 55℃,hydrolysis time was 150min,the pH of reaction system was banana protoplasmic pH. Under above conditions,the clarity of banana juice reached up to 98.0%.
Study on the content of chlorophyll and physiological characteristics of etiolated leaf ofMagnolia grandiflora

The chlorophyll content,POD,SOD,MDA,and other physiological indicators of Magnolia grandiflora etiolated leaf were determined.The results showed that: with the increasing intensity of etiolation,the content of chlorophyll a and b both decreased which affected plant photosynthesis.The POD,SOD activity decreased as the etiolation increased,indicating a decreasing antioxidant activity.The content of MDA increased with the increase of the etiolation,influencing the activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex and key enzymes and finally.Finally,the physiological function became abnormal as the crosslinking occurrence among protein and nucleic acid.
Genetic Heterogeneity of Hepatitis C Virus: The Clinical Significance of Genotypes and Quasispecies Behavior

Knowledge of the molecular biology of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) has increased exponentially since its identification in 1989. Paradoxically, the understanding of many clinical aspects of HCV pathobiology has lagged behind, partly because of lack of suitable models of disease. The genomic variability of HCV is central to viral pathogenesis. This article briefly reviews some clinical and laboratory aspects of HCV variability, such as investigatory method, pitfalls in data interpretation, and possible directions for future research. The profound implications of stable quasispecies behavior, conserved genotype replication, and the unexpectedly low frequency of infection with multiple genotypes in susceptible individuals are discussed.
Monotone closure of relaxed constraints in submodular optimization: connections between minimization and maximization

It is becoming increasingly evident that many machine learning problems may be reduced to sub-modular optimization. Previous work addresses generic discrete approaches and specific relaxations. In this work, we take a generic view from a relaxation perspective. We show a relaxation formulation and simple rounding strategy that, based on the monotone closure of relaxed constraints, reveals analogies between minimization and maximization problems, and includes known results as special cases and extends to a wider range of settings. Our resulting approximation factors match the corresponding integrality gaps. For submodular maximization, a number of relaxation approaches have been proposed. A critical challenge for the practical applicability of these techniques, however, is the complexity of evaluating the multilinear extension. We show that this extension can be efficiently evaluated for a number of useful submodular functions, thus making these otherwise impractical algorithms viable for real-world machine learning problems.
Highly efficient optogenetic cell ablation in C. elegans using membrane-targeted miniSOG

The genetically encoded photosensitizer miniSOG (mini Singlet Oxygen Generator) can be used to kill cells in C. elegans. miniSOG generates the reactive oxygen species (ROS) singlet oxygen after illumination with blue light. Illumination of neurons expressing miniSOG targeted to the outer mitochondrial membrane (mito-miniSOG) causes neuronal death. To enhance miniSOG’s efficiency as an ablation tool in multiple cell types we tested alternative targeting signals. We find that membrane targeted miniSOG allows highly efficient cell killing. When combined with a point mutation that increases miniSOG’s ROS generation, membrane targeted miniSOG can ablate neurons in less than one tenth the time of mito-miniSOG. We extend the miniSOG ablation technique to non-neuronal tissues, revealing an essential role for the epidermis in locomotion. These improvements expand the utility and throughput of optogenetic cell ablation in C. elegans.
Immediate transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap reconstruction after mastectomy

Background This study examines the early and long-term outcomes of immediate transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) reconstruction of the breast after mastectomy. Study design The records of all patients undergoing mastectomy and immediate TRAM breast reconstruction between December 1989 and October 1993 were reviewed retrospectively using hospital and breast care center databases. Results Fifty-three patients underwent a total of 73 immediate TRAM breast reconstructions. Reconstruction was successfully completed in all patients, using 46 pedicle flaps and 27 free tissue transfers. There were no flap losses or cardiopulmonary complications. Overall, the complication rate was 26 percent (29 percent for pedicle TRAM and 22 percent for free TRAM flaps). The median follow-up period among the 53 patients was 22.6 months (range of three to 48 months). All patients employed preoperatively resumed their occupations postoperatively. Conclusions Our experience indicates that immediate TRAM breast reconstruction is a safe and viable option for patients seeking reconstruction at the time of mastectomy.
Statically Determinate Beams

Our focus in this chapter is on describing how beams behave under transverse loading, i.e., when the loading acts normal to the longitudinal axes. This problem is called the “beam bending” problem. The first step in the analysis of a statically determinate beam is the determination of the reactions. Given the reactions, one can establish the internal forces using equilibrium-based procedures. These forces generate deformations that cause the beam to displace. We discuss in detail the relationship between the internal forces and the corresponding displacements and describe two quantitative analysis procedures for establishing the displacements due to a particular loading. The last section of the chapter presents some basic analysis strategies employed in the design of beams such as influence lines and global envelopes.
Changes in Hospital–Physician Affiliations in U.S. Hospitals and Their Effect on Quality of Care

During recent years, more and more U.S. hospitals have become employers for their admitting physicians. Some observers believe that employed physicians are less likely to focus on generating revenu...
Extensible discrete-event simulation framework in simevents

A simulation framework is introduced that facilitates hierarchical definition and composition of discrete-event systems. This framework enables modelers to flexibly use graphical block diagrams, state charts, and MATLAB textual object-oriented programming to author custom domain-specific discrete-event systems. The framework has been realized in an implementation that spans multiple software simulation tools including SimEvents, Stateflow, Simulink and MATLAB.
Evolution and Vertical Structure of an Undular Bore Observed on 20 June 2015 during PECAN

AbstractThis study documents the evolution of an impressive, largely undular bore triggered by an MCS-generated density current on 20 June 2015, observed as part of the Plains Elevated Convection at Night (PECAN) experiment. The University of Wyoming King Air with profiling nadir- and zenith-viewing lidars sampled the south-bound bore from the time the first bore wave emerged from the nocturnal convective cold pool and where updrafts over 10 m s−1 and turbulence in the wave’s wake were encountered, through the early dissipative stage in which the leading wave began to lose amplitude and speed. Through most of the bore’s life cycle, its second wave had a higher or equal amplitude relative to the leading wave. Striking roll clouds formed in wave crests and wave energy was detected to about 5 km AGL. The upstream environment indicates a negative Scorer parameter region due to flow reversal at midlevels, providing a wave trapping mechanism. The observed bore strength of 2.4–2.9 and speed of 15–16 m s−1 agree ...
Prefrontal-hippocampal interactions in episodic memory

The roles of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) in memory processing - individually or in concert - are a major topic of interest in memory research. These brain areas have distinct and complementary roles in episodic memory, and their interactions are crucial for learning and remembering events. Considerable evidence indicates that the PFC and hippocampus become coupled via oscillatory synchrony that reflects bidirectional flow of information. Furthermore, newer studies have revealed specific mechanisms whereby neural representations in the PFC and hippocampus are mediated through direct connections or through intermediary regions. These findings suggest a model of how the hippocampus and PFC, along with their intermediaries, operate as a system that uses the current context of experience to retrieve relevant memories.
“The War Still Continues”: The Importance of Positive Validation for Undocumented Community College Students After Trump’s Presidential Victory:

Using the conceptual frameworks of validation theory and socioemotional development, this study investigated undocumented/DACAmented community college students’ emotional reactions to Trump’s presi...
Preschool Inhibitory Control Predicts ADHD Group Status and Inhibitory Weakness in School.

Objective Discriminative utility of performance measures of inhibitory control was examined in preschool children with and without ADHD to determine whether performance measures added to diagnostic prediction and to prediction of informant-rated day-to-day executive function. Method Children ages 4-5 years (N = 105, 61% boys; 54 ADHD, medication-naive) were assessed using performance measures (Auditory Continuous Performance Test for Preschoolers-Commission errors, Conflicting Motor Response Test, NEPSY Statue) and caregiver (parent, teacher) ratings of inhibition (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool version). Results Performance measures and parent and teacher reports of inhibitory control significantly and uniquely predicted ADHD group status; however, performance measures did not add to prediction of group status beyond parent reports. Performance measures did significantly predict classroom inhibitory control (teacher ratings), over and above parent reports of inhibitory control. Conclusions Performance measures of inhibitory control may be adequate predictors of ADHD status and good predictors of young children's classroom inhibitory control, demonstrating utility as components of clinical assessments.