cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiologists' Self-Assessment Versus Peer Assessment of Perceived Probability of Recommending Additional Imaging.

Abstract Objective Determine radiologist ability to accurately select the probability of recommendation of additional imaging (RAI) for themselves and colleagues when arrayed in a feedback report. Methods In this institutional review board–approved study, we analyzed 318,366 diagnostic imaging reports from examinations performed in the radiology department of a large quaternary teaching hospital during calendar year 2016. A validated machine learning algorithm identified reports containing RAI. A multivariable logistic regression model was then used to determine the probability of RAI. In 2018, an e-mailed survey asked radiologists to identify their own RAI probability and that of their colleagues from a report arrayed lowest to highest. Radiologists were grouped into quartiles based on their RAI probability. χ2 Analysis compared self-assessment and assessment of colleagues between quartiles. Results Forty-eight of 57 radiologists completed the survey (84.2%). Fourteen (29.2%) accurately self-identified their RAI probability (chose the correct quartile); 34 (70.8%) did not. There was no statistically significant difference between quartiles of radiologists and their ability to self-identify their RAI probability (ie, radiologists in the bottom or top quartile of RAI probabilities did not correctly predict their RAI probability). However, radiologists were better able to identify the RAI probability of their colleagues who were in the top and bottom quartiles. Discussion Radiologists were unable to estimate their own RAI probability but were better at predicting the RAI probability of colleagues. Given that radiologists, and physicians in general, may be poor evaluators of their own performance, objective assessment tools are likely needed to help reduce unwarranted variation.
Hybrid Model of Cascading Failure in Power Systems using Trajectory Sensitivity-based Classification

A new hybrid model of cascading failure is proposed, which employs a detailed dynamic model to identify and correct the cascade propagation path of QSS model. At every event or failure, trajectory sensitivities for a few seconds following that failure are computed using the detailed dynamic model. Classification based on computed sensitivities reveal the accuracy of QSS model's prediction. If necessary, corrections are made by simulating the detailed dynamic model for a sufficient time. The proposed hybrid model along with a review of trajectory sensitivity is presented. The effectiveness of the proposed model is validated through case studies on IEEE 4-machine and 16-machine systems.
Managing complications of percutaneous tracheostomy and gastrostomy

Percutaneous tracheostomy and gastrostomy are some of the most commonly performed procedures at bedside in the intensive care unit. While they are generally considered safe, they can be associated with numerous short and long-term complications, many of which can occur long after their placement and cause significant morbidity. Performers of these procedures should possess a comprehensive understanding of procedural indications and contraindications, and know how to recognize and manage complications that may arise. In this review, we highlight complications of percutaneous tracheostomy and describe strategies for their prevention and management, with a special focus on post-tracheostomy tracheal stenosis. Other complications reviewed include bleeding, pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema, posterior wall injury, tube displacement, tracheomalacia, tracheoinominate artery fistula, tracheo-esophageal fistula, and stomal cellulitis. Gastrostomy complications and their management are also discussed including bleeding, internal organ injury, necrotizing fasciitis, aspiration pneumonia, buried bumper syndrome, tumor seeding, wound infection, tube displacement, peristomal leakage, and gastric outlet obstruction. In light of the potentially serious outcomes associated with complications of percutaneous tracheostomy and gastrostomy, the emphasis should be placed on risk-reduction strategies to minimize morbidity and mortality. We therefore present detailed pragmatic and comprehensive checklists to serve as a reference for clinicians involved in performing these procedures.
Lipoprotein Subfractions in Clinical Practice

Subfractionation methods provide increased granularity for size and density plasma lipoproteins. The prevailing hypothesis is that this increased granularity will isolate the most atherogenic measure of cholesterol. Plasma lipoproteins continuously change in size and composition in order to transport cholesterol and triglycerides between tissues. Several methods for measuring lipoprotein subfractions are commercially available including electrophoresis, nuclear magnetic resonance, ion mobility, and direct homogeneous enzymatic methods. The various methods measure different lipoprotein components, separate subfractions by different means, and define small, medium, and large by different limits. Consequently, concordance across methods is relatively poor. Smaller low-density lipoprotein (LDL) subfractions are associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis. However, this association is attenuated in models that account for basic lipid parameters such as total LDL cholesterol or apolipoprotein B. This suggests that the information provided by LDL subfractions is neither independent nor additive to standard lipid assessments. Subfractions of high-density lipoproteins have been controversial and often conflicting regarding which size fractions are associated with risk. No clinical society has recommended the use of subfractionation and several relevant organizations including the American Heart Association and the National Lipid Association specifically recommend against use of lipoprotein subfraction testing in clinical practice.
A 0.8V Input Charge Pump Circuit with PVT Aware Body Bias Clock Drivers for Powering Non-Volatile Memories

This paper proposes a 0.8V input, highly efficient charge pump circuit suitable for low voltage and high output current applications in 130nm triple well CMOS process. A gate control and boosting strategy for the charge transfer switches is implemented to improve the charge transfer efficiency and voltage gain of the charge pump circuit. In addition, a PVT aware body biasing technique is applied to the transistors in the clock drivers for improving their drive strength at 0.8V supply voltage. Simulations are performed at a clock frequency of 100MHz and output current of up to 500µA. Results show higher voltage gain and power efficiency of the proposed charge pump circuit when compared with other topologies.
Giant terahertz polarization rotation in ultrathin films of aligned carbon nanotubes: publisher’s note

This document reports a correction to the funding section of Optica8, 760 (2021)OPTIC82334-253610.1364/OPTICA.422826.
Hospitalization Burden and Incidence of Krabbe Disease.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of our study was to understand the healthcare burden and incidence of Krabbe disease (Krabbe). METHODS Retrospective analysis of Krabbe patients identified October 1, 2015 through December 31, 2020, ages birth through age 3, evaluated in two national databases. We estimated point prevalence and incidence from year 2016 data. RESULTS We identified 98 unique Krabbe patients with 736 visits including 260 were inpatient admissions. Total healthcare charges were $51.5 million dollars. We determined a point prevalence of 34 68 Krabbe patients in 2016 ages 0 3 years. This estimates a birth incidence of ~1 in 310,000 live births. Significance: Krabbe disease patients had over $51 million in health care charges and hundreds of hospitalizations. Estimated prevalence and birth incidence is similar to rates observed from newborn screening. Our findings show the tremendous health impacts of Krabbe disease, and provide guidance for efforts in screening and treatment planning.
Does the Progestogen Used in Combined Hormonal Contraception Affect Venous Thrombosis Risk

Combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs) use a combination of estrogen and progestogen to provide contraception. The most important risk of using CHCs is venous thromboembolism (VTE). It is unclear whether the type of progestogen used in a method augments that risk. Although the evidence supporting an increase in thrombosis risk is not conclusive, neither is the evidence supporting the benefit of newer progestogens in terms of tolerability or continuation. The benefits of CHCs outweigh the risks and the absolute risk of VTE remains small. A balanced discussion of potential risks and benefits of particular CHC formulations is warranted during contraception counseling.
Dehydroalanine in Histidine Ammonia Lyase

Abstract Preparations of highly purified Pseudomonas histidine ammonia lyase were inactivated by reduction with sodium borotritide. Alanine was the only labeled material in acid hydrolysates of the dialyzed product. Its presence indicates the presence of dehydroalanine (2-aminoacrylic acid) in the enzyme. There was approximately 0.9 mole of labeled alanine per mole of enzyme. Enzyme inactivation and tritium incorporation into alanine were largely prevented by the presence of histidine. This result suggests that dehydroalanine is at the active site of histidine ammonia lyase.
N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea-Induced Spinal Tumors in an Inbred Strain of W Albino Rats

Exposure to N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) either transplacentally via the maternal bloodstream or postnatally by direct injection into the cerebellum or the cisterna magna resulted in a high incidence of spinal tumors in an inbred strain of W albino rats. After prenatal exposure to 60 mg ENU/kg maternal body weight, as many as 92% of the offspring developed 1 or more tumors in the spinal cord, whereas after postnatal exposure to 0.2 mg ENU/animal, 50% of the animals eventually developed spinal tumors. These tumors included relatively pure oligodendrogllomas, astrocytomas, and the usual mixed gllomas. Obvious clinical symptoms of paralysis of the limbs and weight loss accompanying the high incidence of tumors in the spinal cord make this system pertinent to the study of carcinogenesis in the central nervous system as well as to the study of related problems to the incidence of these tumors are discussed.
MORE THINGS IN HEAVEN AND EARTH

What follows is an exercise in hunter-gatherer ontology. More precisely, the region of space and of spatial objects will be adopted as a happy hunting ground for the purposes of Meinongian meta­ physics. Meinong, notoriously, struggled against the prejudice in favour of the actual and fought on behalf of the ontological rights of incomplete, impossible, and indeterminate objects. A parallel struggle, as we shall see, can be waged in the domain of spatial objects. Meinong's ideas can in this way be seen to have relevance for studies of the philosophical foundations of the theories of land-surveying and of international law.
Biomimetic studies on the mechanism of stereoselective lanthionine formation

Selenocysteine derivatives are useful precursors for the synthesis of peptide conjugates and selenopeptides. Several diastereomers of Fmoc-3-methyl-Se-phenylselenocysteine (FmocMeSec(Ph)) were prepared and used in solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). Once incorporated into peptides, the phenylselenide functionality provides a useful handle for the site and stereospecific introduction of E- or Z-dehydrobutyrine residues into peptide chains via oxidative elimination. The oxidation conditions are mild, can be performed on a solid support, and tolerate functionalities commonly found in peptides, including variously protected cysteine residues. Dehydropeptides containing unprotected cysteine residues undergo intramolecular stereoselective conjugate addition to afford cyclic lanthionines and methyllanthionines, which have the same stereochemistry as found in lantibiotics, a family of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide antibiotics. The observed stereoselectivity is shown to originate from a kinetic rather than a thermodynamic preference.
Methylated bases of ribosomal ribonucleic acid from HeLa cells.

HeLa cells were grown in a medium containing l-methionine-methyl-14C. The ribosomal RNA of these cells was isolated and separated into its 18S and 28S components by centrifugation in a sucrose gradient. By the measurement of the radioactivities of these species of RNA it was determined that the 18S RNA contained approximately 1.4 times as many methyl groups per 1000 nucleotides as did the 28S RNA. Each type of RNA was subjected to hydrolysis followed by separation of the hydrolyzed components by chromatography on ion exchange resins. Methylated bases (radioactive bases) were then identified by paper Chromatographic and paper electrophoretic methods. Approximately 44% and 50% of the methyl groups in the 18S RNA and the 28S RNA, respectively, consisted of 2-O-methylribose units present as nucleotide residues. The major methylated base present in both 18S and 28S RNA was N4-methylcytosine. Other methylated bases that were identified are as follows: 1-methyl-adenine, N6-methyladenine, N6-dimethyladenine, 1-methylguanine, N2-methyl-guanine, N2-dimethylguanine, 7-methylguanine, 3-methylcytosine, and 3-methyl-uracil. The methylated components present in 18S and 28S RNA were qualitatively similar but, in some cases, quantitatively different. For example, the 18S RNA was richer in the methylated guanine compounds and N6-dimethyladenine, whereas the 28S RNA was somewhat richer in 2-O-methylribose.
Predicting extent of anisotropy in anisotropic hollow fiber membrane formation

The relationships between processing conditions and ultimate membrane properties that exist in the spinning of hollow fiber membranes are not fully understood. To address the need for a widely applicable fiber spinning model, the present work builds on the thin filament analysis (TFA) model of the fiber spinning process and predicts the variation of fiber size, velocity, and temperature in the draw zone, including the effects of surface tension. By modeling concentration gradients in the draw zone, this model also predicts both the extent of anisotropy (portion of membrane thickness containing a pore size gradient) and degree of anisotropy (indicative of the pore size range across the membrane thickness). For typical hollow fiber membrane spinning, predicted membrane extent of anisotropy is most sensitive to the diffusion coefficient. The predicted degree of anisotropy is most sensitive to the viscosity activation energy, affected significantly by the diffusion coefficient and spinning temperature, and affected slightly by the air gap length. Trends in the model-predicted and experimental measurements of final fiber outer diameter, ratio of outer to inner diameter (OD/ID), and extent of anisotropy agree. While model sensitivity studies show that surface tension can reduce the rate of fiber elongation, it has little effect on the predicted degree and extent of anisotropy. Furthermore, this analysis allows prediction of counter-intuitive concentration changes associated with temperature dependence of the diluent vapor pressure: for some cases, the degree of anisotropy can increase and then decrease along the draw zone during spinning. Reducing the dependence of vapor pressure on temperature eliminates this phenomenon.
A low‐cost microcomputer system for interactive graphical processing of geophysical data on magnetic tape

In a recent Eos article (“Applications of Personal Computers in Geophysics,” Eos, November 18, 1986, p. 1321), W.H.K. Lee, J.C. Lahr, and R.E. Haberman described the uses of microcomputers in scientific work, with emphasis on applications in geophysics. One of the conclusions of their article was that common microcomputers are not convenient for processing of geophysical data in a high-level language such as Fortran because of the long times required to compile executable programs of only moderate size. They also indicate that common personal computers (PCs) are usually not equipped with tape drives and are not powerful enough to do heavy input/output (I/O) or “number crunching.” The purpose of this note is to supplement the material that Lee et al. presented by describing a relatively low-cost microcomputer system that is capable of performing interactive graphical processing of meteorological data on magnetic tape in a variety of computer languages, including Fortran.
Note on the Squared Multiple Correlation as a Lower Bound to Communality.

A simple proof that the squared multiple correlation of a variable with the remaining variables in the set of variables is a lower bound to the communality of that variable is presented.
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Flour Fortification with Soy Flour

A flour was prepared from “sweet”cassava tubers. Cyanogenic acid content was 24.4 mg/kg of flour. Proximate analysis was made; crude protein content was 2.1%. Soy flour with 53.8% protein was used to fortify cassava flour at 5, 10, 15, and 20%. Quality of the cassava flour protein was very low; addition of soy raised the quality. Protein efficiency ratio of 80% cassava-20% soy composite flour was 1.55 when fed to rats. Rats receiving diets with 100% cassava, and 95% cassava-5% soy lost body weight. Diets with 90% cassava-10% soy caused no change in body weight. Soy softened the dough made from cassava-soy flours. Therefore, the smaller amounts of water needed to maintain a uniform dough consistency with increased levels of soy were determined. Dough became darker, more red and more yellow with increased amounts of soy. Panel scores for dough were increased with increased levels of soy up to 15%. Scores for appearance and eating quality for dough with 20% soy were lower than scores for dough containing no soy.
Decision Making and Learning While Taking Sequential Risks

A sequential risk-taking paradigm used to identify real-world risk takers invokes both learning and decision processes. This article expands the paradigm to a larger class of tasks with different stochastic environments and different learning requirements. Generalizing a Bayesian sequential risk-taking model to the larger set of tasks clarifies the roles of learning and decision making during sequential risky choice. Results show that respondents adapt their learning processes and associated mental representations of the task to the stochastic environment. Furthermore, their Bayesian learning processes are shown to interfere with the paradigm's identification of risky drug use, whereas the decision-making process facilitates its diagnosticity. Theoretical implications of the results in terms of both understanding risk-taking behavior and improving risk-taking assessment methods are discussed.
Trading off the benefits and costs of choice: Evidence from Australian elections☆

Abstract I investigate the robust predictions of a theory on the costs and benefits of dealing with increased numbers of choices in an election context. My data consist of a rich array of measures of voting behaviors and corresponding ballot and voter population characteristics for a panel of electoral districts from three Australian federal election cycles. I examine how the number of candidates and voting tickets on the ballot, as well as key moderating variables, affect the share of voters (1) opting for a simplified alternative to the baseline voting process; and (2) intentionally casting an invalid ballot. The findings indicate that incremental options can increase or decrease motivation to engage in a choice process; the overall pattern of results appears consistent with a diminishing returns model of expanded choice. Voters appear to trade off costs and benefits rationally in their decisions concerning how and whether to make choices. Public policies and private strategies should leverage moderating variables to encourage participation in choice processes and should account for opt-out tendencies at both ends of the choice spectrum.
The Effects of USDA Crop Announcements on Commodity Prices

ecent studies on spot (stock, bonds, commodities) as well as on futures R markets have stirred academic interest on the effect of the economic impact of public announcements on prices. Scheduled releases of economic information (earnings, dividends, inflation, money supply, CPI, etc.) as well as non-scheduled announcements (tender offers, investment proposals, new patents and discoveries, etc.), were analyzed to determine whether prices reflected this information before it was released. These semi-strong market efficiency tests conclude that prices reflect all publicly available information and only unanticipated changes in economic data can surprise the market. This study is based on the notion that commodity markets are information driven mechanisms which determine equilibrium prices. If markets are active, the information is quickly disseminated among market participants who, upon trading, determine a fair price. It is also hypothesized that prices can reflect information which is not publicly announced by a governmental agency but yet successfully forecasted by private agents. The investigation of these hypotheses should shed light on three issues: (1). the existence of the semi-strong market efficiency and the speed of information dissemination with respect to the USDA crop forecasts, (2). the effectiveness of a governmental agency in providing the market with useful and reliable forecasts, and (3). the importance of private forecasting companies in predating official estimates and help traders form a direction of price changes, if not an accurate prediction. This article examines the first two issues explicitly and finds implications about the third. We chose five agricultural commodities traded at the Chicago Board of Trade (corn, wheat, soybeans, soybean meal, and soybean oil) to investigate the cash price behavior upon the (USDA) U.S. Department of Agriculture, crop size forecasts over 19 years (1966-1984). The USDA crop announcements are made available on a monthly basis during the summer and fall months. Due to weather conditions during the critical stages of the crops the final size is very uncertain. The unique way in which USDA forecasts *This article has benefited from helpful discussions with Harry Grammatikos and Joel Arata. Any remaining errors are mine. The author thanks Panos Chrysanthis for the graph preparation.
Solid‐State 13C CP/MAS NMR Investigations of EDTA–Metal Complexes

Solid-state 13C CP/MAS NMR spectra are reported for different EDTA–metal complexes. The effect of metal binding on the isotropic 13C chemical shift and principal elements of the carboxyl 13C chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) tensor are discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nuclear and chloroplast poly(A) polymerases from plants share a novel biochemical property.

Abstract Poly(A) polymerases are centrally involved in the process of mRNA 3′ end formation in eukaryotes. In animals and yeast, this enzyme works as part of a large multimeric complex to add polyadenylate tracts to the 3′ ends of precursor RNAs in the nucleus. Plant nuclear enzymes remain largely uncharacterized. In this report, we describe an initial analysis of plant nuclear poly(A) polymerases (nPAPs). An enzyme purified from pea nuclear extracts possesses many features that are seen with the enzymes from yeast and mammals. However, the pea enzyme possesses the ability to polyadenylate RNAs that are associated with polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNP), a chloroplast-localized enzyme involved in RNA turnover. Similar behavior is not seen with the yeast poly(A) polymerase (PAP). A fusion protein consisting of glutathione-S-transferase and the active domain of an Arabidopsis-encoded nuclear poly(A) polymerase was also able to utilize PNP, indicating that the activity of the pea enzyme was due to an interaction between the pea nPAP and PNP, and not to other factors that might copurify with the pea enzyme. These results suggest the existence, in plant nuclei, of factors related to PNP, and an interaction between such factors and poly(A) polymerases.
Observation of resonant impurity states in semiconductor quantum-well structures.

Resonant Raman scattering experiments on GaAs(Si doped)-${\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{As}$ quantum-well structures show transitions involving the ground state of the donors and narrow resonant donor states derived from higher conduction subbands. These new impurity-related features, which occur at slightly higher energies than the associated conduction intersubband excitations, have been studied as a function of power density, temperature, and well width.
The early road to material requirements planning

Material requirements planning (MRP) systems became a prominent approach to managing the flow of raw material and components on the factory floor in the late 20th century. Its adoption was not an over night phenomenon, but was a slow progression over many decades. This article chronicles many developments and events during the formative years of MRP, highlighting changes in computer technology and contributions by key early proponents of this approach for managing the flow of material on the factory floor.
Policy‐making in the public interest: a contextual analysis of the passage of closed‐captioning policy

In 1990 the United States Congress approved the Television Decoder Circuitry Act, which mandated that all television sets 13 inches or larger for sale in the United States be manufactured with caption‐decoding microchips. This legislation allowed millions of deaf and hearing‐impaired people throughout the US access to captions on commercials and television programs. Access to technology is one determinant of who can participate in the social, cultural, political and economic facets of a society. Scholars recognize that communication processes in the public sphere often are unbalanced. Access to media outlets creates a gap between those with media power and those without. Using a contextual analysis framework supported by a social model of disability, this paper defines the roles of parties involved in the passage of closed‐captioning legislation and highlights how social forces were successful in passing legislation beneficial to the Deaf and Hearing‐impaired community.
Three‐Dimensional Assemblies of Zirconia Nanocrystals Via Shape‐Preserving Reactive Conversion of Diatom Microshells

The synthesis of three-dimensional (3-D) assemblies of zirconia nanocrystals via the shape-preserving reactive conversion of biologically reproducible, silica-based microtemplates (diatom microshells) is demonstrated for the first time. Silica diatom microshells were first converted into magnesia replicas via an oxidation–reduction displacement reaction with magnesium gas. The magnesia replicas were then converted into zirconia replicas via a metathetic displacement reaction with zirconium tetrachloride gas. By utilizing both types of shape-preserving displacement reactions, bioclastic silica microtemplates may be converted into functional nanocrystalline assemblies with a variety of complex, but well-controlled 3-D shapes and chemistries for catalytic/chemical, biological, electrical, thermal, mechanical, and other applications.
Corticothalamic cells in layers 5 and 6 of primary and secondary sensory cortex express GAP-43 mRNA in the adult rat

The expression of a presynaptic phosphoprotein, growth-associated protein (GAP)-43, is associated with synaptogenesis during development and synaptic remodeling in the adult. This study examined GAP-43 mRNA expression and distribution in primary and secondary areas of visual, auditory, and somatosensory cortex of the adult rat, by in situ hybridization with a digoxigenin-coupled mRNA probe, focusing particularly on the corticothalamic cells in layers 5 and 6. In the six cortical areas studied, GAP-43 mRNA was expressed predominantly in layers 5 and 6 and was greater in secondary than primary areas. There were densely labeled cells in layers 5 and 6 of all areas, which showed a restricted sublaminar distribution in primary areas and more even distribution in secondary areas. Combining retrograde transport of rhodamine beads with in situ hybridization in visual and auditory cortex showed that corticothalamic cells in layers 5 and 6 express GAP-43 mRNA. There are more of these GAP-43 mRNA positive corticothalamic cells in layer 5 of secondary areas than in primary areas. The evidence suggests that in the adult rat, plasticity related to GAP-43 is present in primary and secondary sensory cortex and more so in secondary areas. J. Comp. Neurol. 468:96–111, 2004. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Incidence and risk of developing fungal prosthetic valve endocarditis after nosocomial candidemia

Abstract PURPOSE: To determine the incidence of prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) in fungemic patients with prosthetic heart valves (PHV), estimate the risk of subsequent PVE, and describe risk factors and diagnostic and therapeutic management issues in such patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective chart review in a 1,100-bed tertiary referral center with an active cardiothoracic surgical service. Forty-four patients with PHVs developed nosocomial fungemia between January 1985 and April 1995. RESULTS: Of 44 patients, 33 never developed evidence of PVE (group 1), 7 (16%) had evidence of PVE at the time of candidemia (group 2), and 4 (9%) developed PVE a mean of 232 days after candidemia (group 3). Predisposing factors including intravascular lines, prior antibiotic therapy, and an identifiable portal of entry for fungemia were common in group 1 but not group 2. Candidemia occurred significantly later after PHV surgery in group 2 (mean 270 days) as compared to groups 1 and 3 (means 48 and 15.5 days, respectively; P = 0.02). Ten of 11 patients with Candida PVE (group 2 and 3) were treated with amphotericin B and valve replacement. Three relapses after combined therapy were documented in two patients. Mortality was significantly higher for patients without Candida PVE (group 1) as compared to patients with Candida PVE (groups 2 and 3) at 1 month (53% vs 9%), 2 months (69% vs 20%) and 1 year (83% vs 25%) after candidemia. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with prosthetic heart valves who develop nosocomial candidemia are at notable risk of either having or developing Candida PVE months or years later. Late onset candidemia and lack of an identifiable portal of entry should heighten concern about Candida PVE in such patients.
Advancing a Typology of Open Innovation

Interest in the concept of open innovation (OI) has increased during recent years; yet, this line of inquiry remains limited due to the lack of a more comprehensive conceptual framework. As a first step toward a unifying framework, we provide a critical review of previous research on the conceptualization, antecedents, and consequences of OI. We then offer a typology describing four OI strategies: (i) innovation seeker, (ii) innovation provider, (iii) intermediary, and (iv) open innovator, which emerge through unique combinations of sources of innovation, firm attributes, and mechanisms of inter-organizational exchange, and produce varying outcomes. Finally, we discuss our typology's implications for theory and practice, and advance potential research avenues.
Regulatory behavior and skin temperature in mid-aged male rats on three different isoflavone-containing diets.

Soy isoflavones, the most abundant phytoestrogens, are known as endocrine modulators and appear to be an effective treatment in some women during perimenopause when symptoms such as hot flashes may...
Field Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Surfactant Modified Zeolite and Iron‐Oxide‐Coated Sand for Removing Viruses and Bacteria from Ground Water

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of iron-oxide-coated sand (ICS) and surfactant modified zeolite (SMZ) to remove viruses and bacteria from ground water. The reactive media were employed as filter packs of a pumping well that withdrew sewage effluent from a constructed wetland at a rate of 0.72 L/min. The contact time of the pumped water with the filter pack (10 cm thick) was about two minutes. Upgradient of the pumping well, the sewage effluent was spiked with MS-2 bacteriophage and E. coli. While the employed ICS filter pack failed to remove viruses and bacteria to a significant degree, the SMZ filter pack removed more than 99% of the viruses and 100% of E. coli from the ground water while fresh. In an additional field experiment using the same configuration but leaving the filter pack in place for more than five months, the SMZ filter pack was still removing 100% of E. coli, but failed to reduce virus numbers to a significant degree.
Hemodynamic rounds series II: Coronary hemodynamics for angioplasty and stenting after myocardial infarction: use of absolute, relative coronary velocity and fractional flow reserve.

The application of absolute coronary velocity reserve, relative coronary velocity reserve, and pressure-derived fractional flow reserve of the myocardium may have influence on decision making for angioplasty and stenting in patients after myocardial infarction. This case highlights the use and limitations of these techniques in the setting of myocardial infarction where absolute coronary flow reserve may be commonly compromised. The role for absolute, relative coronary, and fractional flow reserve are discussed. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 45:174–182, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
RESPONSE TO VACCINE AND RISK OF HAEMOPHILUS TYPE B (Hib) DISEASE IN CHILDREN WITH THE KM(1) IMMUNOGLOBULIN (Ig) ALLOTYPE

In experimental animals, immune response (Ir) genes have been identified which are linked to genes controlling Ig allotypes. We examined the antibody (Ab) responses of 74 children with different Km(1) or Gm(23) allotypes to an Hib vaccine (PRP-Pertussis). By RIA, the responses of Km(l)+ black or white children to the type b capsule (PRP) were 4.6 to 9.5-fold higher than in subjects who lacked Km(1) (p≤0.003). No differences were found in the responses with respect to Gm(23). To date, IgG and IgM antiPRP have been measured by ELISA in sera from 25 children. The higher antiPRP ab in Km(1)+ children was due to IgG (p=0.004) and not IgM (p=NS). No significant differences were found in the IgG responses to pertussis outer membrane protein. The frequency of Km(1) was examined in 170 patients (pts) with Hib meningitis, 71 pts with epiglottitis and 173 controls. Km(1) was detected less frequently in blacks with meningitis (38%) than in those with epiglottitis (81%, p<0.002) or in controls (66%, p<0.0006). No differences in the frequency of Km(1) were found in the white pts (18%) and controls (18%). Thus, Km(1) defines a subpopulation of both races who are high responders to Hib vaccine. Furthermore, blacks but not whites with this allotype are at decreased risk of developing meningitis (relative risk=0.3). These data suggest that in blacks, genes associated with Km(1) may interact with another factor related to race and affect susceptibility to Hib meningitis.
Improvement of growth hormone response to stimulation in primary aldosteronism with correction of potassium deficiency

Potassium depletion frequently occurs in primary aldosteronism and has been implicated as the cause of the impaired carbohydrate tolerance frequently associated with this syndrome. Glucose, insulin, and growth hormone regulation were studied in a 42-yr-old, male patient with an aldosterone-secreting adenoma when the patient was potassium-depleted and again after potassium repletion. Potassium repletion was documented by serial body potassium measurements, with an increase in body potassium from 2400 mEq to 2850 mEq after 400 mg spironolactone and 80 mEq supplemental potassium chloride were administered daily for 7 days. Potassium repletion resulted in improvement of the patient's glucose tolerance test, with a decrease in the peak glucose level from 184 mg/100ml to 130 mg/100ml and an increase in the peak insulin level from 46 muU/ml to 85 muU/ml. Intravenous administration of arginine resulted in a subnormal insulin response of 28 muU/ml in the base-line test and an increase to 59 muU/ml after potassium stores were repleted. Growth hormone response to arginine infusion was also initially minimal at 12.5 ng/ml, increasing markedly to 26 ng/ml after potassium replenishment. Insulin-induced hypoglycemia resulted in a depressed growth hormone response of 8 ng/ml when the patient was potassium-deficient, but a normal response of 30 ng/ml after potassium repletion. These observations demonstrate that impairment of both insulin and growth hormone responses to stimulation occur in primary aldosteronism with potassium depletion. These abnormalities may be reversed by potassium repletion.
Active Regulation of Cellular Membrane Tension

Cell membrane tension plays a critical rule in a variety of cellular activities, including membrane protein signaling, cell motility and cell blebbing. The specific mechanical environment of eukaryotic cells may result the spatially dependent membrane tension, which is crucial to actin filaments activity. In this work, we will start with simple fluid model to estimate lipid membrane tension in terms of active contractile interaction of actin filaments and polymerization/depolymerization rate. We includes the case of suspended cells and lamellipodium-membrane tension at cells resting on 2D substrates. The simple mechanical model will give us an overall scene of membrane tension distribution at specific order of magnitude, including the surface tension gradient, which cannot be measured by conventional experiment. Membrane tension also actively controls cell membrane blebbing. We also discuss the case of cell motility. We purpose the jet propulsion is the main mechanism for cell moving. The fluid field around the cell imposes an unique mechanical environment to the cell, which we will further demonstrate surface tension distribution and membrane net flow due to the spatially variant tension.
Bayesian Probability Approach to Feature Significance for Infrared Spectra of Bacteria

The significance of a spectral feature is defined as the probability that the feature captures the structure of the data set at hand. In particular, the significance is equal to a value proportional to the variance of a feature within a particular data set. The larger the variance, the higher the probability that the feature will capture the underlying structure. This approach is particularly useful when significance is used to select features differentiating clusters of samples and for the construction of self-organizing maps (SOMs) of clusters. A significance spectrum is obtained by plotting significance as a function of wavenumber. After developing the approach for feature significance, the significance framework was applied to the construction of SOMs for clustering infrared spectra of bacteria. The significance framework consistently chooses features that make it possible to construct maps with reduced feature sets that are at least as good as the maps constructed on full feature sets. In addition, significance reliably picks features that are consistent with biological interpretations of the spectra.
Use of a Personal Cultural Perspective Profile (PCPP) in developing counsellor multicultural competence

This article explores the origin, design, applications and advantages of the Personal Cultural Perspective Profile (PCPP) in developing counsellor multicultural competence.
Absolute frequency measurement of the 190μ and 194μ gas laser transitions

Abstract By harmonic mixing with a 70 GHz source, the frequencies of the 190 and 194μ laser transitions in a D2O and C2N2 discharge have been measured as 1578.279 and 1539.756 GHz.
The effects of chronic papillary necrosis on acid excretion.

Complete papillary necrosis in rats can be induced within 1 month following a single injection of 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide (BEA) (50 mg, i.v.). Utilizing a combination of clearance and balance techniques the effects of complete absence of the papilla was examined as regards urinary acidification, whole kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR), single nephron GFR, and morphology. Whole kidney GFR was not different from control, however, the percent filtering juxtamedullary nephrons was markedly diminished (87.2±2.1 vs. 31.5±3.6% filtering, control vs. BEA, respectively,P<0.001) and significantly reduced in the superficial nephrons (80.6±3.6 vs. 62.2±6.1% filtering, control vs. BEA, respectively,P<0.05). There was a significant decrease in juxtamedullary single nephron GFR and an increase in the superficial single nephron GFR as assessed by the quantitative Hanssen's technique in the animals with chronic papillary necrosis. Complete papillary necrosis was associated with normal arterial bicarbonate concentration, pH, and plasma electrolyte concentrations. At the same degree of acidemia (induced by NH4Cl administration) minimal urinary pH, ammonium excretion, and titratable acid excretion were not different than seen in age matched controls. The response to Na2SO4 infusion and phosphate infusion was the same in both groups of animals. The urineblood (U-B)pCO2, an index of urinary acidification, was identical in BEA and control animals. Scanning electron microscopy showed scarring of the juxtamedullary glomeruli one month after BEA. The papilla was sloughed and lying free in the renal pelvis in every experimental animal. These data demonstrate that complete papillary necrosis is not associated with acidosis nor a defect in urinary acidification.
Association between phthalates and attention deficit disorder and learning disability in U.S. children, 6-15 years.

Abstract Objective This study investigates the association between urinary phthalate metabolite levels and attention deficit disorder (ADD), learning disability (LD), and co-occurrence of ADD and LD in 6–15-year-old children. Methods We used cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2001–2004) . Phthalate metabolites with ≥75% detection in urine samples were examined. The study population comprised 1493 children with parent-reported information on ADD or LD diagnosis and phthalate concentrations in urine. Phthalate concentrations were creatinine-adjusted and log 10 -transformed for analysis. All models controlled for child sex, age, race, household income, blood lead, and maternal smoking during pregnancy. Results There were 112 ADD cases, 173 LD cases, and 56 ADD and LD cases in the sample. After adjusting for potential confounders, we found increased odds of ADD with increasing urinary concentration of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalates (OR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.1, 3.9) and high molecular weight phthalates (OR: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.2, 6.1). In addition, dibutyl phthalates (OR: 3.3; 95% CI: 0.9, 12.7) and high molecular weight phthalates (OR: 3.7; 95% CI: 0.9, 14.8) were marginally associated with increased odds of co-occurring ADD and LD. We did not find associations for any phthalate and LD alone. We observed stronger associations between phthalates and ADD and both ADD and LD in girls than boys in some models. Conclusions We found cross-sectional evidence that certain phthalates are associated with increased odds of ADD and both ADD and LD. Further investigations with longitudinal data are needed to confirm these results.
Evaluation of stability threshold analysis as a cursory method of screening potential streambank stabilization techniques

Abstract A water quality issue that is of particular concern in human-modified streams is sediment pollution. In-stream areas of sediment production have been targeted and managed using stream channelization and, more recently, biotechnical streambank stabilization. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of stability threshold analysis as a cursory method to develop a range of potential streambank stabilization techniques for eroding stream reaches. Stability threshold analysis compares permissible velocity and shear stress thresholds to velocity and shear stress values in stream reaches where stabilization is required. Geomorphological data were collected in four reaches of Cazenovia Creek, NY, where bank erosion has been occurring. Lowflow and bankfull flow velocity and shear stress values for each reach were compared with permissible thresholds for several biotechnical bank stabilization methods. Results indicate that stability threshold analysis provides a simple first step towards determining the appropriate type of bank stabilization to use in eroding reaches and that velocity and shear stress values for this study's sites fall within permissible thresholds for biotechnical streambank stabilization methods.
Fission reactor based epithermal neutron irradiation facilities for routine clinical application in BNCT—Hatanaka memorial lecture

Based on experience gained in the recent clinical studies at MIT/Harvard, the desirable characteristics of epithermal neutron irradiation facilities for eventual routine clinical BNCT are suggested. A discussion of two approaches to using fission reactors for epithermal neutron BNCT is provided. This is followed by specific suggestions for the performance and features needed for high throughput clinical BNCT. An example of a current state-of-the-art, reactor based facility, suited for routine clinical use is discussed. Some comments are provided on the current status of reactor versus accelerator based epithermal neutron sources for BNCT. This paper concludes with a summary and a few personal observations on BNCT by the author.
Effect of 6-azauracil, and of certain structurally similar compounds, on three pyridoxal-phosphate requiring enzymes involved in neurotransmitter metabolism.

Abstract 6-Azauracil, which is reported to have an hypnotic effect in man, rat and mouse, is a noncompetitive inhibitor of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-transaminase activity in rodent and human brain extracts. The Ki for the rat brain activity is 5 × 10−4 M. GABA-transaminase is also non-competitively inhibited by a number of other compounds-both drugs and natural substances—which are reported to affect arousal and which, like 6-azauracil, include within their structure a pyrimidine or pyrimidine-like ring. None of these compounds, however, is as potent an inhibitor of the transaminase as 6-azauracil. Glutamic acid decarboxylase is inhibited only weakly (and non-competitively) by 6-azauracil and, to an even lesser extent, by the other substances tested. None of the compounds under study caused appreciable inhibition of DOPA decarboxylase except under conditions where the enzyme proved highly unstable, and even under these conditions the inhibition was weak.
The effects of near surface and bulk microstructure on lithium intercalation of disordered, ``hard'' carbons

Disordered carbons were synthesized at 700 C from methacrylonitrile-divinylbenzene precursors. The disorder, even at the free surface, was confirmed with TEM. These powdered carbons were subjected to rapid surface heating by a pulsed infrared laser. While the bulk structure remained essentially unchanged, there was substantial surface reconstruction to a depth of 0.25 {micro}m after heating (5.9 W average power at 10Hz, 10 ns pulse width, 1,064nm wavelength). The surface ordering appears similar to the bulk microstructure of carbons isothermally annealed at 2,200 C (i.e., turbostratic). Improvements were observed in first cycle irreversible loss, rate capability, and coulombic efficiencies of the reconstructed carbons, relative to the untreated carbon.