cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conservation of Electrical Charge

By 1734, the French scientist Charles Francois de Cisternay du Fay had supposed that electrical phenomena may be attributed to the behavior of two distinct and invisible fluids: a vitreous electricity, produced by rubbing substances such as glass and gemstones; and resinous electricity, produced by rubbing substances such as amber and hard resin rods. According to Du Fay, each of these two fluids repelled the same, and attracted the opposite, kind of fluid. It is in this historical context that Franklin begins his famous Experiments and Observations on Electricity. As mentioned at the outset of his first letter to Mr. Collinson, Franklin has just received an “electrical tube” in the mail with which to carry out his very own experimental researches. By rubbing this glass tube with leather or silk and then drawing a knuckle along the tube, one could readily collect the “electrical fire” from the tube. When exploring the text below, try to put yourself in Franklin’s shoes, so to speak. That is: try to imagine that you yourself are approaching electricity for the first time. Is it conceivable that electricity is some kind of fluid? What experiments does Franklin perform? What conclusions does he draw? Does he adopt du Fay’s two-fluid theory of electricity, or something different? Is he correct? How do you know?
Science, Knowledge, and Sport Psychology

Two sport psychologies have emerged—academic sport psychology and practicing sport psychology—which presently are on diverging courses because of an unjustified belief in orthodox science as the primary source of knowledge. To support this contention, the basic assumptions of orthodox science are examined, with the doctrine of objectivity singled out as fallacious and especially harmful in that it attempts to remove the person from the process of knowing. Polanyi’s (1958) heuristic philosophy of knowledge, which places humans in the center of the process of knowing, is recommended as an alternative approach for the study of human behavior. This alternative approach reveals the inadequacy of the laboratory experiment which has been invented primarily to pursue the doctrine of objectivity. Next, the Degrees of Knowledge theory is proposed as an alternative way to view the reliability of knowledge. This view, within the heuristic paradigm, places great significance on experiential knowledge. Recommendations ...
Abstract 2043: Effects of 24-h carboplatin pretreatment on olaparib clearance in women's cancers using noncompartmental and population pharmacokinetic analyses

Background: Olaparib (OLA) is a PARP inhibitor approved for use in deleterious germline BRCA mutated recurrent or refractory ovarian cancer. Combining OLA with carboplatin (CARBO) could have additive effects based on platinum-DNA adducts requiring PARP for DNA repair. Preclinical data suggest greater cytotoxicity when CARBO is given prior to OLA. However, the optimal treatment sequence of these agents has not been studied previously in patients. We therefore investigated: 1) the effects of CARBO treatment on the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of OLA; 2) in vitro mechanisms of the interaction between CARBO and OLA. Methods: Clinical PK and PD data of OLA were obtained from 58 patients with confirmed recurrent or refractory women9s cancers participating in a two arm, parallel design, phase 1 trial (NCT01237067). In cycle 1 OLA tablets (200 mg BID) were given for 7 days either followed by CARBO (AUC 4) on day 8 (arm A) or after CARBO on day 1 (Arm B). In cycle 2 the arms received the reversed scheme. PK of OLA were assessed in both cycles by noncompartmental (NCA) and population pharmacokinetic (PPK) analyses. For PK/PD analyses, PAR levels were measured at baseline and 24 h after the first OLA dose. In vitro mechanistic studies were carried out by incubating whole human blood and avian DT40 PARP-1 KO cells with 10 μM CARBO for 24 h, followed by 1h-treatment of isolated PBMCs and PARP-1 KO cells with 10 μM OLA. Intracellular OLA concentrations were determined using UPLC-MS/MS. Results: Both NCA and PPK analyses showed a ∼50% increase in OLA clearance when CARBO was administered 24-h prior (P Conclusion: This is the first known PK analysis showing a significant increase in OLA clearance after pretreatment with CARBO, possibly leading to subtherapeutic plasma concentrations of OLA. Preclinical experiments are ongoing to reveal the exact pharmacological mechanisms of this interaction. Citation Format: Andrew K.L. Goey, Cody J. Peer, Tristan M. Sissung, Jeffrey Roth, Shandiz Shahbazi, Jeffers Nguyen, Christina M. Annunziata, Nicole Houston, Elise C. Kohn, Jung-Min Lee, William D. Figg. Effects of 24-h carboplatin pretreatment on olaparib clearance in women9s cancers using noncompartmental and population pharmacokinetic analyses. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2043.
In Situ Spectroscopic Investigation into the Active Sites for Crotonaldehyde Hydrogenation at the Pt Nanoparticle-Co3O4 Interface

The hydrogenation of crotonaldehyde by platinum nanoparticles supported on cobalt oxide was used as a reaction to probe the effect of the interface between the two materials on the activity and selectivity of the catalyst. Four potential products can be formed by this reaction: propylene, butyraldehyde, crotyl alcohol, and butanol. When Pt nanoparticles are supported on SiO2, an inert support, only propylene and butyraldehyde are formed. However, when Pt is supported on cobalt oxide, the alcohols make up roughly 40% of the total activity, indicating that cobalt oxide plays a pivotal role in the reaction, much like other active supports such as TiO2. To elucidate the mechanism of alcohol formation, in situ sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG) and ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS) were utilized to probe the reactant adsorption and intermediate formation and the chemical state of the materials under working catalytic conditions. The SFG data indicate that crotonald...
Poster as design dialogue

AbstractA fourth-year class in a pre-professional programme explored the idea of a visual dialogue emerging from the investigative nature of the properties and variables of individual responses to design studio challenges. All members of a Senior Design Studio collaborated in planning, designing and producing a single poster announcing a public parade of their work. This article describes the poster, as well as the use of alternative teaching and learning approaches which students learn to broaden their design and architectural repertoire to include more creative, collaborative, intuitive and flexible skills.
Evaluation of Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinomas That Do Not Produce α-Fetoprotein.

Importance Serum α-fetoprotein (AFP) is a biomarker for hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) associated with a more aggressive tumor phenotype and inferior outcomes after a liver transplant (LT). Data on the outcomes for patients with HCCs that do not produce AFP are limited. Objective To compare characteristics and outcomes among LT recipients with radiographically apparent HCC lesions with AFP-producing tumors or with tumors that do not produce AFP (hereafter referred to as non-AFP–producing tumors), and to identify factors influencing recurrence in LT recipients with non-AFP–producing tumors. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective analysis at a university transplant center of 665 adults with HCC who underwent an LT during the period from 1989 to 2013. Of the 665 LT recipients, 457 (68.7%) had AFP-producing tumors, and 208 (31.3%) had non-AFP–producing tumors (the maximum AFP level before an LT was ≤10 ng/mL). Dates of study analysis were from August 2015 to June 2016. Intervention Liver transplant. Main Outcomes and Measures Recurrence-free survival and recurrence rates. Results Patients with non-AFP–producing tumors had radiographic tumor characteristics similar to those of patients with AFP-producing tumors, but, pathologically, they had fewer lesions (25% vs 35% with >2 lesions; P = .03), smaller cumulative tumor diameters (4.2 vs 5.0 cm; P = .02), fewer microvascular (17% vs 22%) and macrovascular (2% vs 9%) invasions ( P P P = .002) and lower 5-year recurrence rates (8.8% vs 22%; P P 2 tumors [HR, 4.98; 95% CI, 1.72-14.4; P = .003]; cumulative diameter [1.70 per log SD; 1.12-2.59; P P 2 tumors [4.39; 1.32-14.6; P = .02]; cumulative diameter [2.32 per log SD; 1.43-3.77; P = .001]; microvascular [3.07; 1.02-9.24; P = .05] and macrovascular invasion [8.75; 2.15-35.6; P = .002]). Conclusions and Relevance Nearly one-third of patients with radiographically apparent HCC have non-AFP–producing tumors that have more favorable pathologic characteristics, lower posttransplant recurrence, and superior survival compared with patients with AFP-producing tumors . Posttransplant HCC recurrence for patients with non-AFP–producing tumors is predicted by important radiologic and pathologic factors, and is negligible for patients within the Milan criteria. Stratifying patients by AFP status in addition to radiological criteria may improve the selection process for and the prioritization of transplant candidates.
I am a legend: Hacking hearthstone using statistical learning methods

In this paper, we demonstrate the feasibility of a competitive player using statistical learning methods to gain an edge while playing a collectible card game (CCG) online. We showcase how our attacks work in practice against the most popular online CCG, Hearthstone: Heroes of World of Warcraft, which had over 50 million players as of April 2016. Like online poker, the large and regular cash prizes of Hearthstone's online tournaments make it a prime target for cheaters in search of a quick score. As of 2016, over $3,000,000 in prize money has been distributed in tournaments, and the best players earned over $10,000 from purely online tournaments. In this paper, we present the first algorithm that is able to learn and exploit the structure of card decks to predict with very high accuracy which cards an opponent will play in future turns. We evaluate it on real Hearthstone games and show that at its peak, between turns three and five of a game, this algorithm is able to predict the most probable future card with an accuracy above 95%. This attack was called “game breaking” by Blizzard, the creator of Hearthstone.
A treatise for a new philosophy of chiropractic medicine.

The philosophy of chiropractic has been a much debated entity throughout the existence of the chiropractic profession. Much criticism has been passed upon the historical philosophy of chiropractic and propagated by contemporary adherents. To date, a new philosophy has not been detailed nor presented that demonstrates principles by which to follow. The purpose of this paper is to expand upon the work of Russell Kirk (b.1918, d. 1994), an American political theorist, as a basis for principles to guide the formation of a philosophy of chiropractic medicine (PCM). Each of Kirk’s principles will be explained and expounded upon as applicable to a PCM. The addition of the term “medicine” to chiropractic is indicative of a new direction for the profession. The ten principles that provide a foundation for a PCM include: (a) moral order, (b) custom, convention and continuity, (c) prescription, (d) prudence, (e) variety, (f) imperfectability, (g) freedom and property linkage, (h) voluntary community and involuntary collectivism, (i) prudent restraints upon power and human passions, and (j) permanence and change. Each of these principles offers not a dogmatic approach but provides insight into the application of chiropractic medicine to the entire station of the patient and society at large especially that of the economic, social and political. These principles provide direction in not only the approach to the doctor-patient encounter but can be used to visualize the wider world and its potential impact. Instead, these principles examine many tangential issues worthy of discussion that may impact health, social, political, and economic policy and how the chiropractic profession can approach these issues. This paper provides the initial steps in formulating a PCM using principles from a sociological, political and economic standpoint which may impact on how chiropractic medicine approaches the patient and society in totality. In addition, these principles provide the necessary first steps in the arena of the social, political and economic aspects and how chiropractic medicine can advance.
Biotemplated synthesis of inorganic materials: An emerging paradigm for nanomaterial synthesis inspired by nature

Abstract Biomineralization, the process by which biological systems direct the synthesis of inorganic structures from organic templates, is an exquisite example of nanomaterial self-assembly in nature. Its products include the shells of mollusks and the bones and teeth of vertebrates. By comparison, conventional inorganic synthesis techniques provide limited control over inorganic nanomaterial architecture. Inspired by biomineralization in nature, over the last two decades, the field of biotemplating has emerged as a new paradigm for inorganic nanomaterial assembly, wherein researchers seek to design novel nano-structures in which inorganic nanomaterial synthesis is directed from an underlying biomolecular template. Here, we review the motivation, mechanistic understanding, progress, and challenges for the field of biotemplating. We highlight the interdisciplinary nature of this field, and survey a broad range of examples of bio-templated engineering: ranging from strategies that exploit the inherent capabilities of proteins in nature, to genetically-engineered systems that unlock new capabilities for self-assembly with biomolecules. We illustrate that the use of biological materials as templates for inorganic self-assembly holds tremendous potential for nanomaterial engineering, with applications that range from electronics and energy to medicine.
A robotic couples counselor for promoting positive communication

Intimate relationships are crucially important in all human societies, yet many relationships are in some degree of distress. Couple psychotherapy has been demonstrated to be effective at reducing relationship distress, yet most couples do not seek help from professionals. Automated couples counselors could provide help to many couples who avoid professional help due to cost, logistics, or discomfort disclosing personal problems. We explore reactions to and acceptance of a humanoid robot that takes the role of a couples counselor in promoting positive communication skills among asymptomatic intimate couples. Couples were comfortable with the robot in this role; displaying intimate behavior during the counseling session. They followed the directions of the robot in practicing interpersonal communication skills, were largely satisfied with the experience, and described several advantages to working with a robot compared to human counselors or self-help materials.
Socio-Spatial Processes

The research covered in this chapter represents undoubtedly the most flourishing area within environmental psychology. The related issues of crowding, personal space, territoriality and privacy have all been active foci for research, with crowding the most popular by far of any topic in the field. This high level of research activity can be partially explained by the fact that these topics in many ways represent an outgrowth of social psychology, that is, they focus on the study of interpersonal and group relations across (empty) space. Indeed some (e.g. Epstein, see #63) have questioned whether this area of research properly belongs as a part of environmental psychology at all. However, given the central role this area occupies among those who consider themselves environmental psychologists, the answer to this question is apparent on purely pragmatic grounds.
Rights education without rights? Rights workshops and undocumented immigrants in the U.S.

Do rights education workshops have value when rights are difficult or impossible to claim? Drawing on three years of ethnographic field work of rights workshops for undocumented workers in the U.S....
Trouble with the Other: The Role of Romantic Rejection in Rampage School Shootings by Adolescent Males

Abstract This research considers the role of romantic rejections in rampage school shootings by adolescent males. Examined were the arguments that these young shooters understand such rejections as...
Patient Prioritization for Proton Beam Therapy in a Cost-neutral Payer Environment: Use of the Clinical Benefit Score for Resource Allocation.

Objectives There has been a rapid increase in the number of one- and two-room proton beam therapy (PBT) centers, which may be limited in the number of patients they can treat. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of the 'clinical benefit score' (CBS), utilized as a method for treatment prioritization for PBT operating in a 'cost-neutral' proton-photon payer environment. Materials & methods This study includes patients considered for PBT at a center that initially had only one or two treatment rooms available for clinical use. Patients were prospectively scored using the CBS, and higher scores were prioritized. The outcome was receipt of PBT and the independent variable was CBS. Crude and adjusted analyses were performed using logistic regression. Results There were 2163 patients evaluated. A total of 205 patients (9.5%) were deemed candidates for PBT, which was received by 122 (5.6%) patients. In patients considered for PBT, the mean CBS was 18.7. Patients who were <21 years old, female, non-Caucasian, receiving re-irradiation, and those with Medicare had a higher CBS. Multivariate analysis adjusting for insurance status revealed both CBS and insurance to be significant predictors for receiving PBT. A unit increase in CBS was associated with 1.04 times increased odds of receiving PBT (OR=1.04, 95%CI: 1.01-1.07, p=0.0145) and having Medicare was associated with 3.13 times increased odds of receiving PBT (OR=3.13, 95%CI: 1.57-6.26, p=0.0012). Subgroup analysis, which only included patients enrolled prior to opening the second gantry, showed 1.05 times increased odds of receiving PBT per unit increase in CBS (OR=1.05, 95%CI: 1.00-1.10, p=0.03) and 2.87 times increased odds of receiving PBT in patients with Medicare (OR=2.87, 95%CI: 1.04-7.92, p=0.04). Conclusion The CBS utilized was significantly associated with the receipt of PBT in a cost-neutral payer setting. Physicians may consider the use of CBS as a resource allocation tool.
Patients Who Have Cannabis Use Disorder Have Higher Rates of Venous Thromboemboli, Readmission Rates, and Costs Following Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty

Abstract Background Studies have shown that cannabis can interfere with hematological parameters and platelet morphology. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether patients with cannabis use disorder undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) have higher rates of (1) venous thromboemboli (VTEs); (2) readmissions; and (3) costs. Methods Study group patients undergoing primary TKA were identified from a large, nationwide database. Patients who had a history of VTEs, deep vein thromboses (DVTs), pulmonary emboli (PEs), and coagulopathies before their TKA were excluded. Study group patients were matched to controls in a 1:4 ratio by age, sex, a comorbidity index, and medical comorbidities. The query yielded 18,388 patients (cannabis = 3680; controls = 14,708). Outcomes analyzed included rates of 90-day VTEs, DVTs, and PEs, in addition to 90-day readmissions and costs. A P value less than .01 was considered statistically significant. Results Patients who have cannabis use disorder were found to have significantly higher incidence and odds (2.79% vs 1.78%; odds ratio [OR], 1.58; P Conclusion This study found that patients who have a cannabis use disorder have higher rates of thromboembolic complications, readmission rates, and costs following primary TKA compared to a matched cohort.
Recent perspectives of pediatric β-thalassaemias.

β-thalassaemia is a potentially lethal hereditary anaemia, caused by reduced or absent expression of HBB polypeptide chains of adult haemoglobin (HbA: α2β2). Current curative treatments options are limited to few patients, while alternative, chronic palliative therapy consisting of frequent transfusions coupled with iron chelation therapy, are costly. The above treatments also affect quality of life of patients. A search was conducted in the electronic databases like medline, pubmed, etc. for screening studies reporting various aspects including gene therapy, prevention strategies, blood, transfusion and chelation therapy for the management of β-thalassaemia. Increased levels of fetal haemoglobin (HbF: α2γ2) were shown to lessen the severity of β-thalassaemia, highlighting the therapeutic potential of a gene-therapy-mediated increase in HBG1 and HBG2 (HBG) expression. The primary outcome of most of the above studies was the efficient management of β-thalassaemia, without any major complication. So, the present review is focused on the recent perspectives in the management of β-thalassaemia including combinatorial gene therapy for β-thalassaemia.
Identifying Aspects of Mathematical Epistemology That Might Influence Productively Student Reasoning beyond Mathematics.

The value of some university mathematics courses gets characterized within a liberal arts course of study in terms of supporting “critical thinking skills” or some other phrase for generally improved reasoning. This can be seen as an application of the millennia old “Theory of Formal Discipline” that claims that mathematics learning fosters generally improved reasoning. This is ostensibly done by providing students with access to aspects of mathematical epistemology, which are taken to have some value beyond mathematics itself. The evidential basis both for learning mathematical epistemology and for its influence beyond the mathematics classroom are relatively thin, in part because they are hard to define and operationalize for research. In this paper, I will identify some challenges inherent in studying whether mathematical epistemology might contribute to productive reasoning beyond mathematics and proffer particular aspects of mathematical epistemology that could be useful for instruction and research thereupon. Given that mathematicians and many policy makers believe in the power of mathematical epistemology to improve people’s general reasoning, this appears a worthwhile avenue for investigation, even if the challenge is daunting.
T-Cell Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia as a Cause for Severe Neutropenia

Large granular lymphocytic (LGL) leukemia is a rare, indolent disease that can cause destruction of neutrophils. We discuss the case of a previously healthy 63-year-old male who presented with severe, recurrent febrile neutropenia, in whom three bone marrow biopsies over 13 months failed to produce a diagnosis. He presented to our facility with persistent fevers and an absolute neutrophil count of 20 cells/mm3 (reference range 1,700-7,000 cells/mm3). A fourth bone marrow biopsy did not show clonal proliferation, but T-cell LGL leukemia was diagnosed based on the identification of T-cell rearrangements. We propose that LGL leukemia could be an underdiagnosed cause of severe neutropenia in patients with no overt malignancy or immunosuppressive therapy and that population-based database studies of patients with unexplained neutropenia may reveal more cases of this rare disease class.
The origin of the causative and simulative suffix -ter in Hakha Lai and Falam Chin

Abstract This paper investigates the origin of the causative (CAUS) and simulative (SML) suffix -ter in two varieties of Lai language, Hakha Lai and Falam Chin. It also shows that Proto Central Chin (PCC) full verbs *tiir ‘to send someone to do an errand’ and *der ‘to pretend to’ grammaticalized and merged into the Lai CAUS and SML suffix -ter due to frequency pressure, the first time this type of argument for semantic change is used in Kuki-Chin (KC).
Ways secondary mathematics teachers apply definitions in Taxicab geometry for a real-life situation: Midset

Abstract Definitions in mathematics are an integral part of understanding concepts and are often not used correctly by students in mathematical proofs and problem-solving situations. Research shows that by observing properties and making conjectures in non-Euclidean geometry, students can better develop their understanding of concepts in Euclidean geometry. For this study, Taxicab geometry (defined by Taxicab distance, or the L 1 norm) was introduced to students enrolled in a College Geometry course at a university. Action-Process-Object-Schema (APOS) Theory was used as a guiding framework in the data analysis of responses from eleven secondary mathematics teachers to a real-life problem situated in Taxicab geometry. This report provides illustrations of the conceptual understanding of midset (known as a perpendicular bisector in Euclidean geometry) found among participants and suggestions for teaching material to help facilitate development of a deeper understanding of definitions in geometry.
Biocontrol of Wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) Using Entomopathogenic Nematodes: The Impact of Infected Host Cadaver Application and Soil Characteristics.

Wireworms have become a significant menace to cereals in the Northern Great Plains. Therefore, research toward developing effective control methods such as biological control with entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) is warranted. Two strains, each of two EPN species, Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) and Steinernema riobrave Cabanillas, Poinar, and Raulston in the form of infected Galleria mellonella (L.) cadavers were evaluated against wireworms in field and greenhouse. In field experiments, none of the four EPN strains were found effective against wireworms. However, in the greenhouse test, three of the strains, S. carpocapsae (All and Cxrd) or S. riobrave (355) applied in cadavers killed 50–68% of the sugarbeet wireworm, Limonius californicus (Mannerheim) was associated with 8–24% plant damage at 35 d after treatment (DAT), when seeds were treated with imidacloprid. The mortality range was 40–56% with 57–75% plant damage observed at 35 DAT, when seeds were planted without imidacloprid treatment. Synergistic effect among imidacloprid and S. carpocapsae (Cxrd) or S. riobrave (355) was observed in regard to L. californicus mortality. Additionally, effects of soil texture, moisture, and temperature on the infection rate of EPNs against L. californicus were examined in the laboratory. Limonius californicus mortality was not significantly affected by either soil moisture or soil types maintained at field capacity moisture levels. However, soil temperature showed a significant effect on L. californicus mortality. Overall, imidacloprid enhanced the infection and killing ability of EPNs against L. californicus and S. carpocapsae (All and Cxrd) strains were the virulent strains in different soil experiments.
Revelation, Decision and Fascination

We model the sequential decisions made by receivers in response to multiple signals. In the first part, we model this in a special setting where the signals in the system are generated by either truth-telling or lying. We classify the signals as binary high or low, and study the information herding behavior. Then we study the decision-making in response to signals that cannot be simply classified as binary high or low. Last, we apply the Polya urn process to model the dynamics of public announcements made by the receivers in a more general setting, and discuss how senders can design their strategies to take advantage of public announcements and further increase their benefits. This research quantitatively examines people’s reactions to signals, and can be generalized and adapted to cases like the design of game shows, advertising, biding, and customer review management.
Enduring myelin abnormalities in a third trimester-equivalent mouse model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.

Background Abnormal diffusion within white matter (WM) tracts has been linked to cognitive impairment in children with FASD. Whether changes to myelin organization and structure underlie the observed abnormal diffusion patterns remains unknown. Using a third trimester-equivalent mouse model of alcohol (EtOH) exposure, we previously demonstrated acute loss of oligodendrocyte lineage cells with persistent loss of myelin basic protein and lower fractional anisotropy (FA) in the corpus callosum (CC). Here, we tested whether these WM deficits are accompanied by changes in: (i) axial diffusion (AD) and radial diffusion (RD), (ii) myelin ultrastructure, or (iii) structural components of the node of Ranvier. Methods Mouse pups were exposed to EtOH or air vapor for four hours daily from postnatal day (P)3 to P15 (BEC: 160.4±12.0 mg/dl; range=128.2-185.6 mg/dl). Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and histological analyses were performed on brain tissue isolated at P50. Diffusion parameters were measured in ParavisionTM 5.1 software (Bruker) following ex vivo scanning in a 7.0 T MRI. Nodes of Ranvier were identified using high-resolution confocal imaging of immunofluorescence for Nav 1.6 (nodes) and Caspr (paranodes) and measured using ImarisTM imaging software (Bitplane). Myelin ultrastructure was evaluated by calculating G-ratio (axonal diameter/myelinated fiber diameter) on images acquired using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results Consistent with our previous study, high resolution DTI at P50 showed lower FA in the CC of EtOH-exposed mice (p=0.0014). Here, we show that while AD (diffusion parallel to CC axons) was similar between treatment groups (p=0.3087), RD (diffusion perpendicular to CC axons) in EtOH-exposed subjects was significantly higher compared to controls (p=0.0087). In the posterior CC, where we identified the highest degree of abnormal diffusion, node of Ranvier length did not differ between treatment groups (p=0.4137); however, the G-ratio of myelinated axons was significantly higher in EtOH-exposed animals compared to controls (p=0.023). Conclusions High resolution DTI revealed higher RD at P50 in the CC of EtOH exposed animals suggesting less myelination of axons, particularly in the posterior regions. In agreement with these findings, ultrastructural analysis of myelinated axons in the posterior CC showed reduced myelin thickness in EtOH animals, evidenced by higher G-ratio.
Using post-settlement demography to estimate larval survivorship: a coral reef fish example

Many species have multi-stage life cycles in which the youngest stages (e.g., larvae) are small, dispersive, and abundant, whereas later stages are sessile or sedentary. Quantifying survival throughout such early stages is critical for understanding dispersal, population dynamics, and life history evolution. However, dispersive stages can be very difficult to sample in situ, and estimates of survival through the entire duration of these stages are typically poor. Here we describe how demographic information from juveniles and adults can be used to estimate survival throughout a dispersive larval stage that was not sampled directly. Using field measurements of demography, we show that detailed information on post-settlement growth, survival, and reproduction can be used to estimate average larval survivorship under the assumption that a typical individual replaces itself over its lifetime. Applying this approach to a common coral reef fish (bicolor damselfish, Stegastes partitus), we estimated average larval survivorship to be 0.108 % (95 % CI 0.025–0.484). We next compared this demography-based estimate to an expected value derived from published estimates of larval mortality rates. Our estimate of larval survivorship for bicolor damselfish was approximately two orders of magnitude greater than what would be expected if larval mortality of this species followed the average, size-dependent pattern of mortality inferred from a published sample of marine fishes. Our results highlight the importance of understanding mortality during the earliest phases of larval life, which are typically not sampled, as well as the need to understand the details of how larval mortality scales with body size.
DESIGNING A GENERALIZED MULTIPLE CRITERIA DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM

Decision support systems are of many kinds depending on the models and techniques employed in them. Multiple criteria decision making techniques constitute an important class of DSS with unique software requirements. This paper stresses the importance of interactive MCDM methods since these facilitate learning through all stages of the decision making process. We first describe some features of Multiple Criteria Decision Support Systems (MCDSSs) that distinguish them from classical DSSs. We then outline a software architecture for a MCDSS which has three basic components: a Dialog Manager, an MCDM Model Manager, and a Data Manager. We describe the interactions that occur between these three software components in an integrated MCDSS and outline a design for the Data Manager which is based on a concept of levels of data abstraction.
Distributed video streaming using multicast (DVSM)

The Internet is a packet switched best effort service, which does not provide guarantees of reliability and timely packet delivery. Video streaming, requiring high bandwidth and low delay is not naturally suited for such a network. Distributed Video Streaming (DVS) takes note of this fact and attempts to provide a more reliable (and timely) way of streaming using multiple senders to stream a video to a receiver simultaneously. The essence of this approach involves utilizing path diversity of multiple senders. If a path from a sender to a receiver is congested, alternate paths are exploited to maintain the required throughput of the video stream. In this paper we report, Distributed Video Streaming using Multicast (DVSM) a research extending the protocol suggested by DVS. Many current video streaming protocols use multicast to efficiently utilize the available bandwidth of the network. DVSM operates in this vein by applying multicast to DVS thus enhancing its functionality. We discuss and evaluate modifications to the protocols and algorithms required to transition from DVS to DVSM.
An in vitro comparison of shear bond strength of zirconia to enamel using different surface treatments.

Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the shear bond strength of an airborne-particle abraded zirconia, an acid-etched zirconia (Piranha solution), an Alloy Primer treated zirconia, and a silaned zirconia to enamel, all bonded with a phosphate-methacrylate resin luting agent. Materials and Methods Seventy extracted intact human molars were collected, cleaned, and mounted in autopolymerizing acrylic resin, with the experimental surface of the teeth exposed. The specimens were randomly divided into seven groups of zirconia specimens (4 mm diameter, 2 mm thick). Group 1: Airborne-particle abrasion; group 2: Airborne-particle abrasion and Z-PRIME Plus; group 3: Airborne-particle abrasion and alloy primer; group 4: Piranha solution 7:1; group 5: Piranha solution 7:1 and Z-PRIME Plus; group 6: Piranha solution 7:1 and Alloy primer; group 7: CoJet and silane. All specimens were luted with a phosphate-methacrylate resin luting agent (Panavia F2.0) and stored in distilled water for 1 day, then thermocycled (5°C and 55°C) for 500 cycles and tested for shear bond strength (SBS), measured in MPa, with a universal testing machine at a 0.55 mm/min crosshead speed. All specimens were inspected under a scanning electron microscope to determine mode of failure. The mean values and standard deviations of all specimens were calculated for each group. A one-way ANOVA was performed, and multiple pairwise comparisons were then completed with post hoc Tukey test (alpha = 0.05). Results The airborne-particle abrasion and Z-PRIME Plus group resulted in a significantly higher SBS than the other groups (21.11 ± 6.32 MPa) (p < 0.001). The CoJet and silane group (15.99 ± 8.92 MPa) and airborne-particle abrasion and alloy primer group (11.07 ± 4.34 MPa) showed high shear bond strength but not statistically significant from the airborne-particle abrasion group (14.23 ± 5.68 MPa). Failure mode was predominately mixed in groups 1, 2, 3, and 7 with islands of retained resin on the zirconia and enamel surfaces; however, groups 4, 5, and 6 showed mostly adhesive failures, which left the zirconia surface free of the adhesive materials. No cohesive failures of the substrates (ceramic, resin, or enamel) were observed. Conclusion Airborne-particle abrasion followed by the application of a zirconia primer produced the highest bond strength to enamel. Therefore, it can be recommended as a promising surface treatment method to achieve a durable bond to densely sintered zirconia ceramics.
Modeling and Solving an Integrated Supply Chain System

We develop and optimize an integrated supply chain model that combines strategic decision (where to locate distribution centers) with the tactical decisions (production levels and inventory levels) and operational decisions (satisfying customer demand on time and coordinating logistics network). In previous studies, the integrated models for supply chain have been applied mostly in two areas: the first is the integration of production and inventory; and the second is the integration of production and distribution. We build a mixed-integer programming model to minimize the total costs of distribution, storage, inventory and operations, with production levels high enough to satisfy customer demand. Two heuristic solution methods are presented: horizontal staging and time slicing. The results show that the horizontal staging heuristic can provide solutions very close to the best solution of the optimal model and with significant savings in run time.
Effects of Cranberry Extracts on Growth and Biofilm Production of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus species

Biofilm producing bacteria such as Staphylococcus species and Escherichia coli are the most common cause of catheter related urinary tract infections (UTIs). The American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) is utilized widely as a prophylaxis for UTIs due to its prevention of microbial adhesion. Cranberry contains proanthocyanidins (PACs), which have been implicated as active constituents responsible for its bacterial antiadhesive properties. Despite overwhelming data supporting cranberry's beneficial effects against human pathogenic bacteria, there is limited information regarding its effects on biofilm formation. This study evaluated the effects of three proprietary PAC-standardized cranberry extracts on the inhibition of bacterial growth and biofilm production against a panel of clinically relevant pathogens: Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, clinical methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Escherichia coli. The extracts inhibited the growth of the Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus spp.) but not the Gram-negative species (E. coli) with minimum inhibitory concentrations in the range 0.02–5 mg/mL. The extracts also inhibited biofilm production by the Gram-positive bacteria but did not eradicate their established biofilm. These results suggest that cranberry may have beneficial effects against the growth and biofilm producing capability of Gram-positive bacteria pathogens. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Platinum Oxidation Kinetics with Convective Diffusion and Surface Reaction

The rate of oxidation of platinum is affected by the reversible surface reaction, , and by transport of the oxide vapor through a gaseous boundary layer. Both are considered in an analysis of the oxidation kinetics. Mass transfer coefficients for diffusion of the oxide vapor are calculated from the Nusselt numbers applicable to specific sample geometries and flow conditions. The equilibrium constant for oxidation of platinum is used to calculate the forward and backward specific rate constants for steady-state oxidation at the surface. A combined rate equation, including both convective diffusion and surface oxidation, is derived and used to calculate oxidation rate curves at a variety of pressures and temperatures. Good agreement with experimental data is obtained. Rate predictions in high velocity flow where experimental data have not been taken are presented.
Traumatic bone cyst. Report of a case.

Abstract The case of an 18-year-old Caucasian girl with a radiolucent lesion in the area of the angle of the right side of the mandible has been presented. The pathology report was consistent with the radiographic diagnosis of a traumatic bone cyst. It is recommended that when patients have a history of trauma or surgery of the maxilla or mandible periodic apical or panoramic radiographic films should be made of the involved area. Annual or semiannual bitewing films are not satisfactory substitutes. The film must be of diagnostic quality.
Calf Augmentation and Reshaping with Autologous Fat Grafting.

Background Despite multiple advantages of fat grafting for calf augmentation and re-shaping over traditional silicone calf implants, few reports have been published. Objectives To report our technique and results with autologous fat grafting for calf augmentation and reshaping. Methods A retrospective review of the senior author's (JEV) experience with autologous fat grafting for calf augmentation was performed. Medial and lateral calf augmentation was accomplished with injection of prepared autologous lipoaspirate intramuscularly and subcutaneously. Results Over a 5-year period, 13 patients underwent calf augmentation and reshaping with the described technique. Ten cases were bilateral (77%), and 3 cases (23%) were performed for congenital leg discrepancies. Mean 157 cc of prepared lipoaspirate was transferred per leg, with roughly 60% and 40% transferred into the medial and lateral calf, respectively. Four patients (31%) underwent a second round of autologous fat injection for further calf augmentation because they desired more volume. At mean 19.6 month follow-up, durable augmentation and improvement in calf contour was documented by comparison of standardized preoperative and postoperative photographs. Conclusions Autologous calf fat grafting is a viable alternative to traditional implant-based calf augmentation for congenital calf discrepancies and the aesthetic pseudo-varus deformity. This technique provides results comparable to those obtainable with traditional methods. Level of Evidence: 4 ![Graphic][1] Therapeutic [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Introducing Joint Discussion 20: Frontiers of high resolution spectroscopy

This paper introduces the rationale and program of Joint Discussion 20, Frontiers of High Resolution Spectroscopy, which took place on 2003 July 23-24 during the IAU General Assembly in Sydney Australia.
Linked Data, Big Data, and the 4th Paradigm

Around 2006, the inception of Linked Data [2] has led to a realignment of the Semantic Web vision and the realization that data is not merely a way to evaluate our theoretical considerations, but a key research enabler in its own right that inspires novel theoretical and foundational research questions. Since then, Linked Data is growing rapidly and is altering research, governments, and industry. Simply put, Linked Data takes the World Wide Web’s ideas of global identifiers and links and applies them to (raw) data, not just documents. Moreover, and regularly highlighted by Tim Berners-Lee, Anybody can say Anything about Any topic (AAA)1 [1], which leads to a multi-thematic, multi-perspective, and multi-medial global data graph. More recently, Big Data has made its appearance in the shared mindset of researchers, practitioners, and funding agencies, driven by the awareness that concerted efforts are needed to address 21st century data collection, analysis, management, ownership, and privacy issues. While there is no generally agreed understanding of what exactly is (or more importantly, what is not) Big Data, an increasing number of V’s has been used to characterize different dimensions and challenges of Big Data: volume, velocity, variety, value, and veracity. Interestingly, different (scientific) disciplines highlight certain dimensions and neglect others. For instance, super computing seems to be mostly interested in the volume dimension while researchers working on sensor webs and the internet of things seem to push on the velocity front. The social sciences and humanities, in contrast, are more interested in value and veracity. As argued before [13,17], the variety dimensions seems to be the most intriguing one for the Semantic Web and the one where we can contribute-
Philosophy of Mathematics and Philosophy of History

The arguments in this book depend more on the study of history than on the study of logic; logic plays a role, but it is subordinate or subsidiary. Philosophers are now used to the idea that history is central to philosophy of science, but its pertinence to the philosophy of mathematics seems to need renewed defense. Thus I rehearse the helpful argument of the philosopher of history, W. B. Gallie, who shows that there can be no Ideal Chronicle, which in turn helps me to contest Philip Kitcher’s early and influential position in The Nature of Mathematical Knowledge, where he invokes the history of mathematics but in a manner that finally leaves mathematics once again ahistorical. Thus I turn to the French philosopher of mathematics Jean Cavailles whose sense of history was more refined, make some remarks about reference, and take up briefly Wiles’ strategy in his celebrated proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem, in order to carry out a thought experiment involving the ‘Math Genie’ that shows that proofs are embedded in history, like all human actions.