cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Novel Computational Approach for Modeling Stent Reconstructing of an Aortic Bifurcation

Stent reconstruction of the aorta-iliac bifurcation was studied using computational fluid dynamics. Stents were modeled using a novel method, whereby the stents were represented as porous media. Three-dimensional numerical simulations using FLUENT were performed to determine how stent orientation affects the fluid dynamics. Three cases were studied and compared for both iliacs unstented, one iliac stented, and both iliacs stented. The stents lowered wall shear stress along the stented artery walls as compared to the unstented aorta-iliac model. However, the stent presence elevated vorticity, both in magnitude and size of the region. Additional studies were conducted to determine the effects for stent mis-alignment, where one stent protruded more into the aorta. It was found that when the stents were misaligned, wall shear stress increased near the stent inlet for the stent further inserted into the iliac. The resulting flow phenomena were consistent with other numerical models and medical investigations of stent reconstruction.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Cultural influences on the sexual attitudes beliefs and norms of young Latina adolescents.

This report of a study describing the influence of cultural values on the sexuality of young adolescents in Latin America opens with a review of: 1) the adverse consequences of early and unprotected sexual intercourse among adolescents; 2) data on adolescent sex behavior; 3) the importance of considering cultural values when designing interventions; and 4) the role of parents in transmitting cultural values. The report then reviews the current study design that employed separate focus groups for 21 ethnic Puerto Rican or Mexican mothers and 49 of their daughters (aged 10-15) in Detroit and Philadelphia. Measures included an ethnographic interview guide for mothers and one for daughters. Data were submitted to thematic and pattern analyses conducted separately for Puerto Rican and Mexican-American informants. With more similarities than differences found among these groups results are reported together in terms of dreams and realities support for assigning a high value to virginity protection (of the future of children) and gender differentials in the treatment of sons and daughters. Important findings include the fact that Latina youth are made vulnerable by exposure to violence and drugs in their communities; that the mothers expressed interest in providing their adolescents with appropriate information about sex but felt uncertain about when and how much information to provide; and that cultural values found in familialism and gender roles were linked to sex behavior. The report ends by discussing the implications of these findings.
Solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays: 3. Implications of the Compton‐Getting Coefficient

Spectra of modulated galactic cosmic rays are expressed in terms of the Compton-Getting coefficient C. This parameter can reveal the energy range over which the force field approximation is valid, and the range where convection effects dominate those of diffusion. A value of C near zero over an extended low energy range implies that the radial gradient at low energies can not be large. This small gradient may imply that the diffusion coefficient increases beyond 1 AU less rapidly than proportionally to heliocentric radial distance, and/or there is essentially no scattering for a sizeable distance from the Sun to earth. The behavior of C with rigidity (or energy) is discussed in terms of the omnidirectional distribution function f sub zero. Contours of constant f sub zero in the heliocentric distance vs rigidity plane are useful for illustrating the mean rigidity loss experienced by cosmic rays in the interplanetary medium.
A viscoelastic property study in canine liver before and after HIFU ablation in vitro

Elasticity imaging techniques have shown great potential in detecting High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) lesions based on their distinct biomechanical properties. However, quantitative tissue viscoelastic properties and the optimal power to obtain the best contrast parameters remain scarce. In the present study, fresh canine livers were ablated ex vivo using six different acoustic powers and time durations, covering an energy range of 80-330 J. Biopsy samples were then extracted and examined, using rheometry, to obtain the viscoelastic properties post-ablation in vitro. All mechanical parameters were found to be frequency dependent. Both the shear complex modulus and viscosity exhibited monotonic increase for the first 4 groups (80-240 J), relatively lower HIFU powers. Similar parameters from groups 5-6 (300-330 J) showed relative decrease, still higher than unablated group 0. The tangent of the stress-strain phase shift was found to vary from unablated group 0 to ablated groups 1-6. However, no measurable difference amongst the ablated groups was found. Decreased stiffening at high powers compared to the baseline could likely be due to compromised structural integrity in the pulverized tissue well beyond the boiling point. The findings here can be used to optimize the efficient monitoring and treatment of tumors using any thermally-based methods where strong tissue damage is expected and/or warranted, respectively.
Clinical forensic medicine: An unexplored frontier

Abstract Emergency medical personnel, nurses, and medical practitioners working in prehospital care and acute care settings are likely to encounter forensic issues such as child abuse, assault, or unexpected death. Few training programs prepare emergency medical professionals to adequately manage these issues. This article reviews the major facets of clinical forensic medicine, including performing an interview, documenting findings, recognizing pattern injury, preserving and identifying evidence, obtaining diagnostic imaging, and anticipating criminal litigation. The field of clinical forensic medicine is a varied and rich one, yet it remains a relatively unexplored frontier.
Spectroscopic and Photothermal Study of Myoglobin Conformational Changes in the Presence of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

Interactions between sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and horse heart myoglobin (Mb) at surfactant concentrations below the critical micelle concentration have been studied using steady-state and transient absorption spectroscopies and photoacoustic calorimetry. SDS binding to Mb induces a heme transition from high-spin five-coordinate to low-spin six-coordinate in met- and deoxyMb, with the distal His residue likely to be the sixth ligand. The transition is complete at an SDS concentration of ∼350 μM and ∼700 μM for met- and deoxyMb, respectively. ΔGH2O and m values determined from equilibrium SDS-induced unfolding curves indicate similar stability of met- and deoxyMb toward unfolding; however, the larger m value for the deoxyMb equilibrium intermediate indicates that its structure differs from that of metMb. Results from transient absorption spectroscopy show that CO rebinding to Fe2+−Mb in the presence of SDS is a biphasic process with the rate constant of the first process approximately 5.5 × 103 s-1, whe...
Influence of chronic naloxone treatment on development of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.

Chronic administration of naloxone by means of miniosmotic pumps retarded the development of hypertension in young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) in a dose-related manner. Abrupt termination of naloxone treatment resulted in acceleration in the rate of the blood pressure increase, while increasing the naloxone concentration further slowed the development of hypertension in SHRs. The heart rates of SHRs undergoing chronic naloxone treatment were generally lower than those of control SHRs. Naloxone had no influence upon the mean systeolic blood pressures or heart rates of normotensive Wistar-Kyoto control rats. These findings indicate that chronic naloxone treatment can alter the development of hypertension in the SHR.
Treatment of heart failure with abnormal left ventricular systolic function in the elderly.

This article summarizes the four stages of heart failure (HF) as defined by the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association and discusses the treatments for elderly patients with HF and abnormal left ventricular systolic function. The article explains the important role of diuretics, the first-line drugs in the treatment of older patients with HF and volume overload. Other treatments described include angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers, β-blockers, aldosterone antagonists, isosorbide dinitrate plus hydralazine, digoxin, and calcium channel blockers. The article explains the role each of these plays and reports on studies that have examined and compared various treatments.
A formulation for 2-D array neural nets for electro-optical implementation

Summary form only given, as follows. A formulation is described for 2-D neural nets which is suitable for the processing of 2-D array images. The formulation essentially processes a 2-D input array to be pre- and postmultiplied by a matrix of weights. Then the resulting 2-D array of data is processed via the usual sigmoidal thresholding and feedback which are characteristic of neural nets. A description is also given of two electrooptical implementations of the formulation: (i) it includes adaptations of the available incoherent optical techniques for the real-time multiplication of three matrices, and (ii) it includes adaptations of vector-matrix multiplication and the sum of the outer product of vectors. The second requires reduced optical hardware for its implementation. >
Pore structures of hydrated calcium silicates and portland cements by nitrogen adsorption

The pore structures of sixteen hardened pastes of hydrated calcium silicates and portland cements were analyzed by nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. Analysis by means of water vapor adsorption, which will be reported later, indicates that only a part of the pore system of the pastes was accessible to nitrogen. The micropores of the pastes were inaccessible to nitrogen; consequently the “corrected modelless” method of Brunauer and coworkers was used for the complete analysis. The shapes and sizes of the hysteresis loops, as well as the pore data, indicated that the majority of the pastes contained mostly ink-bottle pores with large bodies and narrow necks; for these pastes the adsorption branch gave acceptable pore structure results. Other pastes contained only a small fraction of ink-bottle pores or none; for these the desorption branch gave good results. The number of pores accessible to nitrogen is estimated to be of the order of 1015 per gram of paste with an uncertainty of about one order of magnitude.
Preparation and characterization of members of the chromium-zirconium oxide system

Abstract : Samples of zirconium oxide containing 5-20 atomic percent chromium were prepared by double decomposition of the nitrates. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the products to be single phase. Magnetic suspectibility measurements were used to characterize the formal oxidation state of the chromium.
Efficient 'Cool Down' of Parallel Applications

As we move to exascale machines, both peak power and total energy consumption have become prominent major challenges. There has been a lot of research on saving machine energy consumption for HPC data centers. However, a significant part of energy consumption for HPC data centers can be attributed to cooling the machine room. We have already shown significant reduction in cooling energy consumption by constraining core temperatures in our previous work. In this work, we strive to save machine energy consumption while constraining core temperatures in order to provide a total energy solution for HPC data centers that saves both machine and cooling energy consumption. Our approach uses Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) to constrain core temperatures and is particularly designed to reduce the timing penalty associated with DVFS. Using a heuristic that exploits the difference in frequency sensitivity for different parts of an application, we present results that show 17% reduction in machine energy consumption with as little as 0.9% increase in execution time while constraining core temperatures below 60°C.
Fusogenic properties of Sendai virosome envelopes in rat brain preparations.

Sendai virosomes were characrerized with respect to their ability to bind to, fuse with, and introduce substances into several rat brain preparations. Encapsulation efficiency for Sendai virosomes was enhanced but binding to cerebral cortical P2 preparations was attenuated by addition of bovine brain phosphatidylcholine during reconstitution. A higher percentage of Sendai virosomes than phosphatidylcholine liposomes appeared to bind to, fuse with and subsequently deliver [14C]sucrose into osmotically labile pools of the P2 preparation. Fusogenic activity was estimated by measuring dequenching of fluorescently labelled N-NBD-phosphatidylethanolamine. More virosomally encapsulated [14C]sucrose was bound to the P2 fraction than introduced into osmotically labile organelles, and the fraction of vesicles undergoing fusion was intermediate between these two values. Non-encapsulated [14C]sucrose did not bind to and was not taken up by the P2 fraction in a quantifiable manner. Virosomal envelopes also bound to primary cultures of rat brain neurons and glia in an apparently saturable manner. Addition of increasing amounts of the adenoassociated virus-derived vector pJDT95 increased encapsulation efficiency, and virosomes reconstituted in the presence of 60 μg DNA retained most of their binding activity (5.4% of total label) compared to those containing [14C]sucrose alone (8.4%). These data indicate that Sendai virosomes may be useful in the delivery of substances into brain-derived tissues, potentially for the modulation of gene expression and neurotransmission.
Inhibition of progesterone receptor activation by vanadate.

Abstract The cell-free activation of progesterone receptor from the avian oviduct was determined by measuring the binding of activated receptor to ATP-Sepharose. When transformation of the receptor-hormone complex to the activated form was initiated by temperature elevation, this process could be blocked by sodium vanadate. However, vanadate has no effect on receptor that is already in the activated state; therefore, the inhibitor acts in preventing the activation process. The inhibitory effect of vanadate appears to be on the rate of receptor activation rather than on the maximum extent of activation. Inhibition by vanadate resembles that previously shown for molybdate. However, vanadate is a more potent inhibitor and, unlike molybdate, its action can be reversed by addition of the chelator, EDTA, and by the reducing agent, sodium borohydride. Whether receptor activation involves phosphate metabolism, as is the case with several vanadate-sensitive enzymes, remains unknown.
Picturing Blood Diamonds

Abstract Diamonds traded on black markets for weapons used in civil war are known as ‘blood diamonds’. This article examines how blood diamonds have been constructed by images deployed in the ongoing contest over the meaning of these gems. On the one hand, corporations and governments transfigure rocks into gems through marketing and by defining the boundaries of a ‘licit’ trade. Meanwhile, NGOs and retailer discourse appeals to ethical consumerism, helping people feel good about ‘clean’ stones, but ironically encourages the existence of black markets by reproducing exclusionary ‘licit’ channels. Tracking the visual conversation between these parties reveals an interplay – and an unlikely ideological convergence – between state and non-state players who, only apparently at odds, advance parallel neoliberal agendas.
Reaffirming the significance of context: The Charlotte School Safety Program

This study reexamined the Charlotte School Safety Program, a school resource officer-delivered fear of crime reduction initiative. Initial evaluation of the program (Kenney & Watson, 1998) found increased perceptions of safety and reduced fear of crime for school youth, although structural properties of the study setting were not considered. Reanalysis of the data with a multivariate model generated qualifying findings that suggested the program may be less effective than previously determined. Minimal attention to environmental factors and the social setting reaffirmed the importance of addressing context in the criminological enterprise and the related issue of delivering empirically sound policy recommendations.
Pericardial Substitutes: Delayed Reexploration and Findings

Abstract Four patients' experience with two varieties of pericardial substitutes has been evaluated. Two patients received glutaraldehyde-preserved, formalin-fixed bovine bioprosthetic pericardial substitutes. These were associated with dense prosthesis-to-epicardium adhesions and the formation of a thick gelatinous peel. Two other patients received glutaraldehyde-preserved, ethanol-fixed bovine bioprosthetic pericardial substitutes. One patient had minimal prosthesis-to-epicardium adhesions, and the remaining patient demonstrated moderate prosthesis-to-epicardium adhesions with giant-cell and lymphocyte fibrosis. In all patients prosthesis-to-sternum adhesions were minimal. These observations suggest that careful washing is essential in all bioprosthetic implants to eliminate residual preservatives and fixatives. In addition, preservation in ethanol is associated with less prosthesis-epicardium reaction than is formalin preservation. Both products are successful in easing reentry, and no episode of infection has been associated with either prosthesis.
Trait Rumination, Depression, and Executive Functions in Early Adolescence

Although deficits in executive functions have been linked with both depression and rumination in adulthood, the nature of the relationship between these constructs is not well understood and remains understudied in adolescence. The present study examined the relationship of rumination and depression to deficits in executive functions in early adolescence, a critical developmental period for the emergence of depression and rumination and the development of executive functions. Participants were 486 early adolescents (52.7% female; 47.1% African American, 48.8% Caucasian; 4.2% Biracial/Multiracial/Other; M age = 12.88 years; SD = .62) and their mothers, recruited through local schools. Measures included (a) a semi-structured diagnostic interview of the mother and adolescent, (b) youth self-report forms assessing depressive symptoms and trait rumination, (c) mother-report forms assessing demographic information, and (d) behavioral tests of executive function (sustained, selective and divided attention, attentional set shifting, and working memory). Gender moderated rumination-set shifting associations, such that rumination predicted better set shifting in boys only. The current level of depressive symptoms moderated rumination-sustained attention associations, such that rumination predicted better sustained attention in those with low levels of depressive symptoms and worse sustained attention in those with high levels of depressive symptoms. Rumination did not predict performance on other measures of executive functions. Likewise, depressive symptoms and diagnosis were not associated with executive functions. Implications for future research are discussed.
Core sequence of ATP regulatory module in receptor guanylate cyclases

Abstract Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)-activated guanylate cyclases are single-chain transmembrane-spanning proteins, containing both ligand binding and catalytic activities. In both proteins, ligand binding to the extracellular receptor domain activates the cytosolic catalytic domain, generating the second messenger cyclic GMP. Studies with ANF receptor guanylate cyclase (ANF-RGC) have indicated that obligatory in this activation process is an ATP-dependent step. ATP directly binds to the cyelase and bridges the events of ligand binding and signal transduction. A defined ATP-regulated module (ARM) sequence (Gly503-Arg-Gly-Ser-Asn-Tyr-Gly509) in the cyclase is critical in the ATP-mediated event. Through genetic remodeling techniques, we have now identified the core ARM sequence that is essential in both ANF and CNP signaling. This sequence is Gly-Xa-Xa-Xa-Gly, represented by Gly505-Ser-Asn-Tyr-Gly509 in the case of ANF-RGC ARM and by Gly499-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Gly503 in the CNP receptor guanylate cyclase ARM.
Soviet ideology: The necessity of Marxism

Czechoslovakia was much the most significant act yet undertaken by the rather cautious post-Khrushchev leadership. It abruptly altered the climate of Eastern Europe and the perspectives of the world communist movement. Together with the concurrent and subsequent ideological hardening of the Soviet Union, it cast doubts on many optimistic expectations of Western observers of the Soviet political scene who, like this author,1 saw reasons to expect that the overall tendency of the Soviet system towards rationality and openness could be expected to continue.2
Through the Looking Glass: Axon Guidance at the Midline Choice Point

Faced with the axon guidance problem posed by a symmetric body plan, it appears that nature has used gatekeepers, switches, and symmetry-breaking markers. The characterization of Robo and SAX-3 places the gatekeeper function on a firm molecular basis. While other guidance systems may have similar actions, the dramatic robo and sax-3 phenotypes show that no other system can fully take their place, and that these molecules play a key role in operating the midline choice point.It is interesting to consider the species differences. C. elegans has an asymmetric ventral nerve cord, implying that the bilateral symmetry problem is solved in part with asymmetric markers (which could be factors within the neurons or cues outside them). SAX-3 is required to maintain the asymmetry and may have an ancient role in dividing the nervous system. In Drosophila and vertebrates, there is a symmetric nervous system with commissures. Here, Robo seems to retain its dividing function. Comm, as Kidd et al. point out, has no homolog in the largely complete C. elegans genome sequence and may have appeared more recently in evolution. If the function of Comm is to allow axons to cross, or if it acts as a switch, it may have been instrumental in allowing the evolution of a more sophisticated symmetric nervous system with a more efficient flow of information between the two body halves.These studies suggest exciting directions for future research. In vertebrates, does Robo function in midline guidance, and are there homologs of Comm? What is the function of Drosophila Robo2—as Zallen et al. suggest, could it be a positive receptor that has taken on some of the positive functions of nematode SAX-3? How does Comm locally regulate Robo? A key direction will be to identify the presumptive ligands for the Robo family, and the receptor(s) for Comm; genetic and molecular affinity approaches are available that should make this possible.Some of the mysteries remain. It will be interesting to see if these new molecules can explain why axons, having been attracted to the midline, don't stop, or turn around, when they get there. Also, the molecular signaling mechanism for the left–right switch, which must affect responsiveness to multiple cues, is still unknown. Want the answers? Go Ask Alice!
High-performance remote access to climate simulation data: a challenge problem for data grid technologies

In numerous scientific disciplines, terabyte and petabyte-scale data collections are emerging as critical community resources. A new class of "data grid" infrastructure is required to support management, transport, distributed access to, and analysis of these datasets by potentially thousands of users. Researchers who face this challenge include the climate modeling community, which performs long-duration computations accompanied by frequent output of very large files that must be further analyzed. We describe the Earth System Grid-I prototype, which brings together advanced analysis, replica management, data transfer, request management, and other technologies to support high-performance, interactive analysis of replicated data. We present performance results that demonstrate our ability to manage the location and movement of large datasets from the user's desktop. We report on experiments conducted over SciNET at SC'2000, where we achieved peak performance of 1.55 Gb/s and sustained performance of 512.9 Mb/s for data transfers between Texas and California. Finally, we describe the development of the next-generation Earth System Grid-II (ESG-II) project. Important issues for ESG-II include security requirements for production environments, efficient data filtering and transport, metadata services for discovery of relevant climate datasets, and sophisticated request or workflow management for complex tasks.
Judge, Professor, Chronicler of Fairyland: James Campbell’s Legal Imaginary

This article examines a little-known archive of illustrated children’s stories written by a nineteenth-century Michigan jurist, James Valentine Campbell. Despite his public reputation as a sober-minded judge and law professor who resisted interjecting his personal views into his decisions, Campbell’s domestic life as an author and performer of children’s stories served as an outlet for criticizing the excesses of the legal profession and proposing alternative methods of dispute resolution. His tales urged children to avoid laws and lawyers and instead to cultivate their own ethical and imaginative capacities for solving problems. His public and private activities intersected in his work as a founding professor at the University of Michigan Law School, training students to remain participants in the democratic process and resist mindlessly applying the law without understanding the deeper social and historical contexts of their work. This case study demonstrates the complexity of American legal subjectivit...
Pairwise-difference estimation of incomplete information games

Abstract This paper contributes to the literature on econometric estimation of incomplete information games with Nash equilibrium behavior by introducing a two-step estimation procedure that makes no parametric assumptions about the distribution of unobservable payoffs shocks. Instead, its asymptotic properties rely on assuming only that these distributions satisfy an invertibility condition, and that the underlying equilibrium selection mechanism is degenerate. Our methodology relies on a pairwise-differencing procedure which, unlike Aradillas-Lopez (2010) , does not require computing the equilibria of the game. Furthermore, if normal-form payoffs are linear in the parameters of interest, our procedure results in an estimator with a closed-form expression. We contribute to the pairwise-differencing econometric literature by introducing the first model, where both the control variables being matched and the regressors in the index function parameterized by θ contain nonparametric functions. In particular, the asymptotic theory developed in Aradillas-Lopez et al. (2007) does not cover this setting. We describe conditions under which nonparametrically estimated plug-ins yield a N -consistent and asymptotically normal estimator for the parameter of interest. A consistent specification test based on semiparametric residuals is also developed. It appears to be the first test of this type for a model involving nonparametric or “generated” regressors. Several extensions of our method are also discussed. A series of Monte Carlo experiments are used to investigate the properties of our estimator and our specification test.
Interaction of aryl azides with tungsten complexes. Three new types of reactions yielding coordinated RN3PR3, RN3H, and RN.

Abstract The first phosphazide and monosubstituted triazenide complexes have been prepared by allowing either phenyl or p-tolylazide to react with WBr 2 (CO) 3 (PPh 3 ) 2 and WH(CO) 2 (NO) (PPh 3 ) 2 under mild conditions to yield WBr 2 (CO) 3 (RN 3 PPh 3 ) and W(RN 3 H) (CO) (NO) (PPh 3 ) 2 , respectively. The same arly azides react with W(CO) 2 (S 2 CNEt 2 ) 2 )(PPh 3 ) to yield dinitrogen and the aryl nitrene complex, W(CO) (RN) (S 2 CNEt 2 ) 2 . The coordinated RN 3 PR 3 and RN 3 H 3 are of special interest because they may aid understanding the mechanism of nitrene and amide formation from azides.
Public health and laboratory considerations regarding newborn screening for congenital cytomegalovirus

Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the most common infection in newborns worldwide and causes hearing loss and other neurological disability in 15–20% of infected infants. Only about half of the hearing loss resulting from congenital CMV infection is currently detected by universal newborn hearing screening because of late-onset hearing loss. Thus, much of the hearing loss and the majority of other CMV-associated disabilities remain undetected for years after birth and are never connected to CMV infection. Congenital CMV may be appropriate to include in national newborn screening (NBS) programs because it is more common than other disorders tested for by NBS programs and is a major cause of disability. Significant obstacles to the implementation of screening for congenital CMV include the lack of a standardized, high-throughput screening test and a protocol for follow-up of CMV-infected children. Nonetheless, screening newborns for congenital CMV infection merits further consideration.
A battery chemistry-adaptive fuel gauge using probabilistic data association

Abstract This paper considers the problem of state of charge (SOC) tracking in Li-ion batteries when the battery chemistry is unknown. It is desirable for a battery fuel gauge (BFG) to be able to perform without any offline characterization or calibration on sample batteries. All the existing approaches for battery fuel gauging require at least one set of parameters, a set of open circuit voltage (OCV) parameters, that need to be estimated offline. Further, a BFG with parameters from offline characterization will be accurate only for a “known” battery chemistry. A more desirable BFG is one that is accurate for “any” battery chemistry. In this paper, we show that by storing finite sets of OCV parameters of possible batteries, we can derive a generalized BFG using the probabilistic data association (PDA) algorithm. The PDA algorithm starts by assigning prior model probabilities (typically equal) for all the possible models in the library and recursively updates those probabilities based on the voltage and current measurements. In the event of an unknown battery to be gauged, the PDA algorithm selects the most similar OCV model to the battery from the library. We also demonstrate a strategy to select the minimum sets of OCV parameters representing a large number of Li-ion batteries. The proposed approaches are demonstrated using data from portable Li-ion batteries.
Estrogen and progesterone receptor concordance between primary and recurrent breast cancer

Estrogen and progesterone receptor status in breast cancer can determine therapeutic options and may provide prognostic information. The purpose of this study is to compare the concordance of the primary breast cancer steroid hormone receptor status to that of the recurrent breast cancer and to determine whether the type of second lesion (local recurrence, second primary, or metatastic lesion) and adjuvant therapy received changed the receptor concordance. The records of eighty-three patients with estrogen receptor (ER) analysis available for primary (p) and recurrent (r) breast cancer for 1976-1990 were reviewed. In addition, 32 of these patients also had available progesterone receptor (PR) values for primary and recurrent breast cancers. Statistical evaluation was performed by chi-square, Student's r-test, and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. ER concordance (primary/ recurrent, p/r) was identified in 59/83 (71 %) patients; PR concordance was identified in 18/32 (56%) patients. Whether the second lesion was a local recurrence, second primary, or a metastatic lesion did not affect ER concordance or PR concordance. Adjuvant chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, or radiation therapy, either alone or in combination, did not affect ER or PR concordance. The disease-free survival (DFS) for patients with ER (p+)/(r-) (primary receptor positive/recurrent receptor negative) was significantly shorter than those with ER (p-)/(r+)(27.6 ± 7.4 months versus 50.6 ± 7.6 mo, P=0.04). The DFS for PR (p+)/(r-) patients was 28.8 ± 7.9 months compared to the DFS of 46.8 ± 11.8 months for PR (p-)/(r+) patients (P=NS). A significantly shorter DFS for ER (p+)/ (r-) patients compared to ER (p-)/(r+) patients and a trend towards a shorter DFS for PR (p+)/(r-) patients compared to PR (p-)/(r+) patients may reflect a loss of hormonal regulation or an increase in cancer aggressiveness. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
THE STORAGE OF NOREPINEPHRINE AND SOME OF ITS DERIVATIVES IN BRAIN SYNAPTOSOMES.

Abstract The subcellular localization of norepinephrine and some of its derivatives was determined in the rat brain after their intraventricular administration. The catecholamine derivatives, norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine, were highly localized in the synoptosomal fraction. The methoxyamine metabolites were also localized in synaptosomes but to a lesser extent. Octopamine, the β-hydroxylated metabolite of tyramine was more highly concentrated by the synaptosomal fraction than tyramine itself.
Biological and biochemical effects of bromodeoxyuridine and deoxycytidine on Syrian hamster melanoma cells.

The addition of deoxycytidine (dCyd) to the growth medium of cultured Syrian hamster melanoma cells causes a reversal of the toxic effects of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and a decrease in the extent of incorporation of BrdU into nuclear DNA. These effects of dCyd can be accounted for, in part, by the intracellular conversion of the exogenously supplied dCyd to thymidine (dThd) nucleotides which can compete with BrdU nucleotides for incorporation into DNA. To some extent, the conversion of dCyd to dThd nucleotides can be inhibited by increasing the concentration of BrdU in the growth medium. The conversion of dCyd to dThd nucleotides is inhibited completely by aminopterin (Apt), and Apt also prevents dCyd from reversing BrdU toxicity and from decreasing the level of BrdU incorporation into nuclear DNA. In a clone of Syrian hamster melanoma cells, increasing the concentration of dCyd in the growth medium from 1 μM to 1000 μM resulted in a progressive increase in the percentage of dThd residues in nuclear DNA being derived from the exogenous dCyd, until more than 90% of the dThd residues came from the exogenous dCyd. However, despite the increasing amount of dThd derived from exogenous dCyd, there was a plateau in the decrease in BrdU incorporation into nuclear DNA at concentrations of dCyd above 8 μM.
Preservation of the Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Response to Alloantigen by Xyloglucans or Oligogalacturonide does not Correlate with the Capacity to Reject Ultraviolet-Induced Skin Tumors in Mice

Chronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation suppresses T cell-mediated immune responses and induces the formation of suppressor T lymphocytes that prevent the rejection of highly antigenic ultraviolet-induced skin cancers in mice. Tamarind seed xyloglucans and pectinic oligogalacturonides prevent suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity immune responses in mice to Candida albicans and alloantigen caused by a single exposure of ultraviolet radiation. We therefore investigated the ability of these poly/oligosaccharides to prevent suppression of T cell-mediated immune responses and suppressor cell induction during chronic ultraviolet irradiation and to preserve the capacity of ultraviolet-irradiated mice to reject a transplanted, highly antigenic, ultraviolet-induced tumor. C3H/HeN mice were treated 3× per week for 12 wk with 15 kJ per m 2 ultraviolet B radiation followed by application of the polysaccharides/ oligosaccharides. The delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to C. albicans and alloantigen were measured after 1, 6, and 12 wk of treatment. Following the 12th wk of treatment the remaining mice were injected with the highly antigenic ultraviolet-induced, syngeneic tumor cell line UV5497-5. The polysaccharides/oligosaccharides protected delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to C. albicans but not contact hypersensitivity responses to dinitrofluorobenzene for up to 6 wk of ultraviolet radiation after which protection declined and suppressor cells were observed. In contrast, the delayed-type hypersensitivity response to alloantigen was preserved for the entire 12 wk of ultraviolet irradiation. Despite protection of immunity to alloantigen, the transplanted tumor cells grew equally well in all ultraviolet-irradiated animals. These results indicate that delayed-type hypersensitivity responses are heterogeneous and that delayed-type hypersensitivity to alloantigen is not a surrogate marker for rejection of ultraviolet-induced skin tumors.
Modeling of Acoustically Augmented Electroosmotic Flows in Microchannels

Effective mixing is restricted in electrosmotically driven flows in microchannels. We investigate the effectiveness and applicability of acoustic augmentation in such flow geometries for enhanced mixing. The proposed device geometry can be exploited to integrate micropumps into complex microfluidic chips improving the portability of micro-total-analysis systems along with the capabilities of actively controlling acoustics and electrokinetics. A computational study of acoustically augmented electroosmotic flow is carried out where flexural plate waves (FPW) are considered. A transient analysis is performed for microchannels with a flexural plate wave with an applied electric field parallel to the channel walls. The nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann and Laplace equations are used to model the induced electrical double layer (EDL) potential and the applied electric potential. The model predictions are compared with results available in the literature for electroosmotic flow, and for the flows generated by acoustic waves.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Rapid and selective removal of composite from tooth surfaces with a 9.3 µm CO2 laser using spectral feedback

Objective Dental composite restorative materials are color matched to the tooth and are difficult to remove by mechanical means without excessive removal or damage to peripheral enamel and dentin. Lasers are ideally suited for selective ablation to minimize healthy tissue loss when replacing existing restorations, sealants, or removing composite adhesives such as residual composite left after debonding orthodontic brackets. Methods In this study, a carbon dioxide laser operating at 9.3-µm with a pulse duration of 10–20-microsecond and a pulse repetition rate of ∼200 Hz was integrated with a galvanometer based scanner and used to selectively remove composite from tooth surfaces. Spectra of the plume emission were acquired after each laser pulse and used to differentiate between the ablation of dental enamel or composite. Microthermocouples were used to monitor the temperature rise in the pulp chamber during composite removal. The composite was placed on tooth buccal and occlusal surfaces and the carbon dioxide laser beam was scanned across the surface to selectively remove the composite without excessive damage to the underlying sound enamel. The residual composite and the damage to the underlying enamel was evaluated using optical microscopy. Results The laser was able to rapidly remove composite from tooth buccal and occlusal surfaces with minimal damage to the underlying sound enamel and without excessive heat accumulation in the tooth. Conclusion This study demonstrated that composite can be selectively removed from tooth surfaces at clinically relevant rates using a CO2 laser operating at 9.3-µm with high pulse repetition rates with minimal heat deposition and damage to the underlying enamel. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Biological impact of social disruption resulting from epidemic disease.

Whereas previous research on the disruptive effects of epidemic disease have focused on the ways in which epidemics affect social structure and function, this study focuses on the biological impact of social disruption. The hypothesis is that social disruption resulting from the occurrence of epidemic disease increases the biological impact of the epidemic, as assessed by disease incidence. This hypothesis is explored in terms of a "level of response" model, borrowed from Slobodkin and Rapoport (Q. Rev. Biol. 49:181-200, 1974). The Human Area Relations File (HRAF) provides ethnographic reports of social responses to epidemics. The most frequently reported response in the HRAF is flight or migration away from the locus of the epidemic, followed in frequency by extraordinary preventive and/or therapeutic measures and scapegoating. The model proposes a continuum of responses beginning with responses that are already part of the indigenous response to disease and proceeding through disruptive processes, including flight and rejection of authority systems. Social disruption increases the biological impact of epidemics by robbing the social group of important participants, dismantling public health programs, or producing general economic hardship. The model proposes a scheme for identification of situations under which particular social group responses are "biologically appropriate."
Spin coating of thin and ultrathin polymer films

The spin coating of thin (> 200 nm thick) and ultrathin (< 200 nm thick) polymer films is examined in several solvents of varying volatility over a broad range of polymer solution concentrations and spin speeds. Experimentally measured film thicknesses are compared with a simple model proposed by Bornside, Macosko, and Scriven, which predicts film thickness based on the initial properties of the polymer solution, solvent, and spin speed. This model is found to predict film thickness values within 10% over the entire range of conditions explored, which gave film thicknesses from 10 nm to 33 μ:m. The model underpredicts film thickness for cases in which a very volatile solvent is used or the initial concentration of polymer is high, while overpredicting film thickness for cases in which a low volatility solvent is used or the initial polymer concentration is very low. These deviations are a consequence of how the model decouples fluid flow and solvent evaporation.
Radiating dike swarms on Venus: evidence for emplacement at zones of neutral buoyancy

Abstract Theoretical calculations of extrusive volcanic degassing on Venus yield atmospheric pressure-related rock density profiles consistent with the formation of magma neutral buoyancy zones and magma reservoirs at different depths as a function of altitude (Head and Wilson, J. geophys. Res. 97, 3877, 1992). Global analysis of radiating dike swarms interpreted to originate at magma reservoirs show that their distribution matches these predictions across approximately 90% of the planet's surface; only those highland regions whose elevations exceed 6053 km appear anomalous. The distribution of the large volcano population (extrusive reservoir products) (Keddie and Head, Planet. Space Sci. 42, 455, 1994) has yielded similar results. Comparison between the dike swarm (intrusive) and large volcano (extrusive) populations suggests that neutral buoyancy plays an important role in governing volcanic processes near the venusian surface and that the depth to the level of neutral buoyancy increases systematically at altitudes above 6051 km.
Heat transfer to a silicon carbide/water nanofluid

Heat transfer experiments were performed with a water-based nanofluid containing 170-nm silicon carbide particles at a 3.7% volume concentration and having potential commercial viability. Heat transfer coefficients for the nanofluid are presented for Reynolds numbers ranging from 3300 to 13,000 and are compared to the base fluid water on the bases of constant Reynolds number, constant velocity, and constant pumping power. Results were also compared to predictions from standard liquid correlations and a recently altered nanofluid correlation. The slip mechanisms of Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis postulated in the altered correlation were investigated in a series of heating and cooling experiments.
Aerodynamic Investigations of an Advanced Over-the-Wing Nacelle Transport Aircraft Configuration

The transonic aerodynamic characteristics of an advanced, Over-the-Wing Nacelle (OWN), subsonic transport configuration are assessed using both inviscid Euler and viscous Navier-Stokes CFD. Results of the assessments are compared to a similar configuration with a more traditional Under-the-Wing Nacelle (UWN) installation and a similar reference Wing-Body (WB). The engine installation and inboard wing section of the OWN are designed to create a channel between the nacelle and fuselage that accelerates the upper surface wing flow, increases leading edge suction, and subsequently reduces the overall drag. CFD results were used to examine the span loadings of the three configurations and allow normalization of their wing twist distributions. Qualitative observations and quantitative drag computations are performed for the three configurations at a cruise Mach number of 0.78, an approximate altitude of 35,000 ft, and a CL of 0.44. It was found that the OWN’s inboard wing channel section is effective in producing favorable leading edge suction but that the overall drag, compared to the UWN, is higher by 32 counts. Although the source of this drag excess could not be precisely identified, it was isolated in the nacelle region. CFD solutions were obtained for several transonic Mach numbers to assess the drag rise characteristics of the three configurations. Inviscid Euler results showed similar trends to previous studies where the OWN is higher in drag at lower Mach numbers but enjoys a much milder drag rise than the UWN or WB and has lower drag at higher Mach numbers. Viscous Navier-Stokes results however showed that the effect of shock-induced flow separation significantly increases the drag rise but that the OWN still likely experiences it less severely than the UWN. Overall, the results of this study indicate that the Over-theWing Nacelle concept under consideration appears to be an aerodynamically competitive engine installation to the more traditional Under-the-Wing pylon installation.