cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SERAPHIM: A PROPULSION TECHNOLOGY FOR FAST TRAINS

The Segmented Rail Phased Induction Motor (SERAPHIM) is a compact, pulsed linear induction motor (LIM) offering a unique capability for very high speed train propulsion. It uses technology developed for the Sandia coilgun, an electromagnetic launcher designed to accelerate projectiles to several kilometers per second. Both aluminum cylinders and plates were accelerated to a kilometer per second (Mach 3) by passing through a sequence of coils which were energized at the appropriate time. Although this technology was developed for ultra-high velocity, it can be readily adapted to train propulsion for which, at sea level, the power required to overcome air resistance limits the operational speed to a more modest 300 mph. Here, the geometry is reversed. The coils are on the vehicle and the ``projectiles`` are fixed along the roadbed. SERAPHIM operates not by embedding flux in a conductor, but by excluding it. In this propulsion scheme, pairs of closely spaced coils on the vehicle straddle a segmented aluminum reaction rail. A high frequency current is switched on as a coil pair crosses an edge and remains off as they overtake the next segment. This induces surface currents which repel the coil. In essence, the pulsed coils push off segment edges because at the high frequency of operation, the flux has insufficient time to penetrate. In contrast to conventional LIMs, the performance actually improves with velocity, even for a minimal motor consisting of a single coil pair reacting with a single plate. This paper will present results of proof-of-principle tests, electromagnetic computer simulations, and systems analysis. It is concluded that this new linear induction motor can be implemented using existing technology and is a promising alternative propulsion method for very high speed rail transportation.
Picosecond UV single photon detectors with lateral drift field: Concept and technologies

Abstract Group III–V semiconductor materials are being considered as a Si replacement for advanced logic devices for quite some time. Advances in III–V processing technologies, such as interface and surface passivation, large area deep submicron lithography with high-aspect ratio etching primarily driven by the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor development can also be used for other applications. In this paper we will focus on photodetectors with the drift field parallel to the surface. We compare the proposed concept to the state-of-the-art Si-based technology and discuss requirements which need to be satisfied for such detectors to be used in a single photon counting mode in blue and ultraviolet spectral region with about 10 ps photon timing resolution essential for numerous applications ranging from high-energy physics to medical imaging.
Decoding of short LT codes over BIAWGN channels with Gauss-Jordan elimination-assisted belief propagation method

Belief propagation (BP) algorithm has been widely used for decoding LT codes. It is well known that the premature termination of the BP decoding due to the lack of degree one symbols in the ripple impairs the decoding performance of the code. This problem has been well studied and tackled for binary erasure channel (BEC). However, for binary input additive white Gaussian noise (BIAWGN) channels, the issue still remains unaddressed. In this paper, we propose Gauss-Jordan elimination (GJE)-assisted BP algorithm to address this problem and study its decoding performance for short LT codes over BIAWGN channels. The use of GJE can effectively help the BP decoder continue the decoding process whenever it gets stuck due to the premature termination. Simulation results show that, under the same channel conditions and transmission overheads, the bit error rate (BER) performance obtained using the GJE-assisted BP method significantly outperforms the one obtained using the traditional BP algorithm.
A Grasp for Aircraft Routing in Response to Groundings and Delays

This paper presents a greedy randomized adaptive search procedure (GRASP) to reconstruct aircraft routings in response to groundings and delays experienced over the course of the day. Whenever the schedule is disrupted, the immediate objective of the airlines is to minimize the cost of reassigning aircraft to flights taking into account available resources and other system constraints. Associated costs are measured by flight delays and cancellations. In the procedure, the neighbors of an incumbent solution are generated and evaluated, and the most desirable are placed on a restricted candidate list. One is selected randomly and becomes the incumbent. The heuristic is polynomial with respect to the number of flights and aircraft. This is reflected in our computational experience with data provided by Continental Airlines. Empirical results demonstrate the ability of the GRASP to quickly explore a wide range of scenarios and, in most cases, to produce an optimal or near-optimal solution.
A Murine Model for the Switch From Fetal to Adult Hemoglobin During Ontogeny

In murine erythroleukemia cells, the minor/major hemoglobin (Hb) ratio depends on the cell line and the inducing agent. To determine whether mouse minor hemoglobin is a “fetal” hemoglobin in vivo, globin chain composition and synthesis rates were determined in DBA/2 mice of various ages ranging from 14-day embryos to > 6-mo adults. Globin chains were separated by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing urea and Triton X-100. This method separates the embryonic (x,y,z) and the adult (alpha, beta ma, beta mi) globin chains. Fourteen day embryos had only 5%-10% adult globins but approximately 30% of the adult beta chains were beta mi. The % beta mi decreased with age and reached 20% in adult mice. Biosynthetic studies led to more pronounced differences: beta mi synthesis was 45% of total beta chain production in 14-day embryos and declined to 22% in adults. Thus beta minor/total beta globin synthesis declines during mouse ontogeny. This resembles qualitatively the human switch from fetal to adult hemoglobin and provides a murine model for studies of hemoglobin regulation.
Foreign Bodies: Performance, Art, and Symbolic Anthropology

Foreign Bodies: Performance, Art, and Symbolic Anthropology, A. David Napier. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992. 223 pp., 47 b/w Illustrations,. color plates. $35.00 (cloth).
The Vitality of Kabiye in Togo

In Togo, speakers of Kabiye have been in contact with the speak- ers of Ewe for several decades due to migration. As a result of this language contact, many members of the Kabiye speech community have become bilingual in Kabiye and Ewe. There have been a number of claims that Kabiye "est une langue en peril" (Aritiba 1993: 11). These claims have been based mainly on the observation of Kabiye speakers in Lome and other major cities, where younger speakers seem to be losing their mother tongue to the benefit of Ewe. However, the extent of the loss of Kabiye is not well known because no extensive sociolinguistic study has been carried out among Kabiye speakers in these areas, and more specifically, in major Kabiye-speaking areas. The current study which has been carried out in Kara, the major Kabiye-speaking city and Awidina, a Kabiye village of the prefecture of Kara, fills the gap. The paper examines Kabiye speakers' re- ports of patterns of language use in these areas of the Kabiye community.
Modified Radioimmunoassay for Murine Sarcoma-Leukemia Virus Group-Specific Antigen

Abstract Iodination of disrupted Moloney strain murine sarcoma-leukemia virus resulted in labeled group-specific (gs) protein which was subsequently purified on an isoelectrofocusing column. This iodinated purified gs antigen, prepared from a relatively small quantity of purified virus, was used in a radioimmunoassay. A radioimmunoassay inhibition method was developed so that antibody specific for mammalian C-type gs antigen could be measured in undiluted or low dilutions of test serum without altering the known reagents of the test. The gs antigen isolated from purified Moloney strain murine sarcoma-leukemia virus has an isoelectric point (pH 5.95) which is significantly lower than that reported for other murine leukemia viruses.
Inequalities for absolute maxima of a polynomial and its derivative

Suppose z1, z2, ... zn are complex numbers with absolute values more than 1 and Arg zj ≠Arg zk for j ≠ k where Arg w stands for the argument of the complex number w in [0,2π). In this note we show that $$\mathop {{\text{min}}}\limits_{\left| z \right| = 1} \frac{{\left| {\sum\limits_{j = 1}^n {\frac{{z_j }}{{z - z_j }}} } \right|}}{{\left| {\sum\limits_{j = 1}^n {\frac{1}{{z - z_j }}} } \right|}} \geqslant \frac{{\sum\limits_{j = 1}^n {\frac{{\left| {z_j } \right|}}{{\left| {z_j } \right| - 1}}} }}{{\sum\limits_{j - 1}^n {\frac{1}{{\left| {z_j } \right| - 1}}} }}.$$ We also give necessary and sufficient conditions for equality in the above inequality. As an application, we improve the result of Govil and Labelle on Bernstein's inequality for some special polynomials.
Newton Algorithms for Analytic Rotation: an Implicit Function Approach

In this paper implicit function-based parameterizations for orthogonal and oblique rotation matrices are proposed. The parameterizations are used to construct Newton algorithms for minimizing differentiable rotation criteria applied to m factors and p variables. The speed of the new algorithms is compared to that of existing algorithms and to that of Newton algorithms based on alternative parameterizations. Several rotation criteria were examined and the algorithms were evaluated over a range of values for m. Initial guesses for Newton algorithms were improved by subconvergence iterations of the gradient projection algorithm. Simulation results suggest that no one algorithm is fastest for minimizing all criteria for all values of m. Among competing algorithms, the gradient projection algorithm alone was faster than the implicit function algorithm for minimizing a quartic criterion over oblique rotation matrices when m is large. In all other conditions, however, the implicit function algorithms were competitive with or faster than the fastest existing algorithms. The new algorithms showed the greatest advantage over other algorithms when minimizing a nonquartic component loss criterion.
Quantitative and qualitative comparison of 1.5 and 3.0 Tesla MRI in patients with chronic liver diseases.

Purpose To compare the quantitative and qualitative image quality intra-individually, at 1.5 and 3.0 Tesla (T) in patients with chronic liver diseases. Materials and Methods The study group included 24 consecutive patients (17 males, 7 females; mean age ± standard deviation 56.5 ± 11.5) who had chronic liver diseases and underwent abdominal MRI for the liver evaluation at both 1.5 and 3.0T within a 4-month period. All MRI studies were retrospectively evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively. Quantitative analysis was performed by measuring signal to noise ratio (SNR) on various abdominal organs. Qualitative analysis was performed by two reviewers to assess image quality, artifacts, and imaging findings of chronic liver diseases. Quantitative and qualitative analyses findings were compared between 1.5 and 3.0T using the paired Student t-test and Wilcoxon signed rank test, respectively. Results The statistically significant increase in SNRs in various abdominal tissues ranged from 1.3- to 3.5-fold at 3.0T compared to 1.5T. Three-dimensional gradient echo (3D-GE) sequences demonstrated significantly higher image quality at 3.0T (P 0.05). Conclusion The SNRs of various abdominal tissues demonstrated significant increases at 3.0T. The image quality of 3D-GE sequences was higher at 3.0T, whereas the image quality of precontrast SGE sequences was higher at 1.5T. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:869–879. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
BARRIER TO COMPLEX FORMATION IN THE HYDROGEN ATOM-CHLORINE MOLECULE REACTION

Abstract The absence of formation of the stable hydrogen dichloride as an intermediate in the beam studies of the hydrogen atom-chlorine molecule reaction is explained in terms of a symmetry imposed barrier accompanying the broadside attack of a hydrogen atom on a chlorine molecule.
Coping and family functions after closed head injury

Cognitive deficits associated with closed head injury (CHI) have been well studied. Less attention has been directed to the emotional consequences of CHI and subsequent attempts to cope with major life events. CHI typically constitutes a catastrophic injury, yet few studies have examined coping strategies used by individuals after CHI or the effects of CHI on family functioning that may mediate coping. Previous workers have speculated that time since injury is a crucial determinant of coping; however, this has not been investigated with regard to CHI. In this preliminary investigation, 40 patients with CHI were compared with 17 neurologically intact controls. The CHI group was divided into two groups according to time since injury. It was found that patients with CHI used information seeking as their most dominant coping strategy regardless of their time since injury. Patients with CHI had higher family cohesion scores than control subjects. Implications of these findings for psychological response to CHI are discussed.
Evidence that priority of free recall of newly learned items is not a recency artefact

Contrary to recent claims ( Baddeley, 1968 ; Postman & Keppel, 1968 ; Shuell & Keppel, 1968 ) that priority of free recall of newly learned items (PRNI) reflects merely a recency effect due to the disproportionate presentation of such items in terminal serial positions; the present study demonstrated the PRNI effect under conditions where the first two and last two items had always been correct on the previous trial. In addition to showing the PRNI effect where it could not be accounted for by recency, its belated appearance during later stages of learning implicates a strategy whereby S s increasingly attend to new or previously incorrect items and recall these first before they can be forgotten.
Fiction, Film, Painting, and Comparative Literature

In her article "Fiction, Film, Painting, and Comparative Literature" Ramona L. Ceciu proposes a view of comparative literature as a "language in a process of ascertaining its proper grammar." She argues that like any language in order to survive, comparative literature must allow for a constant rejuvenation of its vocabulary and methods it must keep an "open" structure that would accommodate fresh extra-methodological approaches through a procedure of re-invention and expansion. Ceciu posits that in this process the comparatist's "objective creativity" plays a crucial role and draws on Steven Totosy de Zepetnek's concept of a "new comparative literature" and applies the concept to literature, painting, and film in India.
Image theory: An alternative description of audit decisions

Abstract Building upon an analysis of audit decisions by Waller & Felix (1984) [in Moriarty, S. and Joyce, E. (eds) Decision Making and Accounting: Current Research (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1984)], an alternative to the expected utility and “heuristics and biases” characterization of decision-making is presented. In this alternative, Image Theory, decisions are about adoption of goals and adoption of plans for attaining the goals, as well as about whether the plans are succeeding. The audit process is interpreted in terms of Image Theory and the salient research issues that this interpretation suggests are examined.
Recursive Direct Weight Optimization in Nonlinear System Identification: A Minimal Probability Approach

In this paper, a direct weight optimization method is proposed for nonlinear system identification based on a minimal probability idea. The approach has several quite attractive features and is very different from existing ones. It is optimal for any given number of finite data points and at the same time possesses asymptotic convergence. The estimator admits a closed form and no numerical optimization is needed. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations show that the approach is a very competitive alternative to existing nonlinear identification methods.
One-loop-order renormalization of the massive Wess-Zumino model in anti-de Sitter space.

We calculate the one-particle-irreducible two- and three-point functions of the model and check that our regularization prescription preserves supersymmetry for the divergent one-loop corrections. It turns out that the no-renormalization theorem valid in flat space-time still holds in the four-dimensional anti--de Sitter background space, since neither the mass nor the interaction Lagrangians get renormalized. The common renormalization factor that, multiplied times the kinetic action, gives the effective action is calculated.
Elucidation of the chemistry of enzyme-bound thiamin diphosphate prior to substrate binding : Defining internal equilibria among tautomeric and ionization states

Both solution and crystallographic studies suggest that the 4‘-aminopyrimidine ring of the thiamin diphosphate coenzyme participates in catalysis, likely as an intramolecular general acid−base catalyst via the unusual 1‘,4‘-iminopyrimidine tautomer. It is indeed uncommon for a coenzyme to be identified in its rare tautomeric form on its reaction pathways, yet this has been possible with thiamin diphosphate, in some cases even in the absence of substrate [Nemeria, N., Chakraborty, S., Baykal, A., Korotchkina, L., Patel, M. S., and Jordan, F. (2007) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 78−82.]. The ability to detect both the aminopyrimidine and iminopyrimidine tautomeric forms of thiamin diphosphate on enzymes has enabled us to assign the predominant tautomeric form present in individual intermediates on the pathway. Herein, we report the pH dependence of these tautomeric forms providing the first data for the internal thermodynamic equilibria on thiamin diphosphate enzymes for the various ionization and taut...
Interpretation of EIS data from accelerated exposure of coated metals based on modeling of coating physical properties

Electrochemical studies on the accelerated weathering of corrosion protective coatings systems in this laboratory have yielded time series data in the low frequency portion of the spectrum that can be fit by a simple exponential decay function in time. A description of how this can be empirically used for lifetime prediction for coatings has already been presented. Attempts have been made to use other parts of the EIS spectrum for analyzing coating performance in accelerated exposure, but these have not yet yielded a predictive model for the effects of exposure on the structure and performance of organic coatings. First, a simple model which considers only loss of coating thickness by UV-induced ablation is applied to the interpretation of EIS time series results from coatings systems undergoing accelerated weathering. Next, more complete models which include a diffusion front of electrolyte that moves with either Fickian or Type II diffusion kinetics are applied to the same problem. Incorporating these models for degradation as a simple RC equivalent circuit representation of a coating gives predictions of EIS performance that have reasonable agreement with experimental data. Further, using a two layer representation of coating changes due to water intrusion and known effective medium theories for dielectric and resistivity changes due to water intrusion allow prediction of the changes in EIS spectra seen in immersion or other accelerated testing of coating films. These results provide further evidence of the power of modeling physical processes in interpreting EIS data and predicting coating protective lifetimes.
Selective oxidation of steroidal allylic alcohols

Abstract Pyridinium chlorochromate in CH2Cl2 containing pyridine (2%) at 2—3°C has been found to effect the high yield selective oxidation of the hydroxyl function of a number of steroidal allylic alcohols. Under these conditions the oxidation of cholest-4-cn-3β-ol to the corresponding ketone was effected in 92% yield. Only the allylic hydroxyl function of 5α-cholest-8(14)-ene-3β,15α-diol, 5α-cholest-8(14)ene-3β,15β-diol and 5α-cholest-8(14)-ene-3β,7β-diol was oxidized under these conditions to give the corresponding α,β-unsaturated ketones in high yields. 5α-Cholest-8(14)-ene-3β,7α,15α-triol gave 5α-cholest-8(14)-ene-3β,7α-diol-15-one in 82% yield. Attempted oxidations of the 5α-cholestan-3β,15α-diol and 5α-cholest-7-ene-3β,15α-diol, both lacking an allylic hydroxyl function, under these conditions, were unsuccessful. Selective oxidation of the allylic alcohol function of 5α-cholest-8(14)-ene-3β,15β-diol using activated manganese dioxide gave 5α-cholest-8(14)-en-3β-ol-15-one in high yield while oxidation of the corresponding 15α-hydroxy epimer using manganese dioxide was unsuccessful.
Interaction of Escherichia coli cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase and its physiological partner flavodoxin: binding of flavodoxin leads to axial ligand dissociation from the cobalamin cofactor.

Cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase from Escherichia coli catalyzes the last step in de novo methionine biosynthesis. Conversion of the inactive cob(II)alamin form of the enzyme, formed by the occasional oxidation of cob(I)alamin during turnover, to an active methylcobalamin-containing form requires a reductive methylation of the cofactor in which an electron is supplied by reduced flavodoxin and the methyl group is derived from S-adenosyl-l-methionine. E. coli flavodoxin acts specifically in this activation reaction, and neither E. coli ferredoxin nor flavodoxin from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus will substitute, despite their highly similar midpoint potentials for one-electron transfer. As assessed by EPR spectroscopy, the binding of flavodoxin to cob(II)alamin methionine synthase results in a change in the coordination geometry of the cobalt from five-coordinate to four-coordinate. Histidine 759 of methionine synthase, which replaces the normal lower ligand dimethylbenzimidazole on binding of me...
Energy, chemical disequilibrium, and geological constraints on Europa.

Europa is a prime target for astrobiology. The presence of a global subsurface liquid water ocean and a composition likely to contain a suite of biogenic elements make it a compelling world in the search for a second origin of life. Critical to these factors, however, may be the availability of energy for biological processes on Europa. We have examined the production and availability of oxidants and carbon-containing reductants on Europa to better understand the habitability of the subsurface ocean. Data from the Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer were used to constrain the surface abundance of CO2 to 0.036% by number relative to water. Laboratory results indicate that radiolytically processed CO2-rich ices yield CO and H2CO3; the reductants H2CO, CH3OH, and CH4 are at most minor species. We analyzed chemical sources and sinks and concluded that the radiolytically processed surface of Europa could serve to maintain an oxidized ocean even if the surface oxidants (O2, H2O2, CO2, SO2, and SO4 2−) ar...
Expression of CXCL16 in Human T Cells

To the Editor: In the November 2001 issue of Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology , Minami et al1 demonstrated expression of a novel scavenger receptor for phosphatidylserine and oxidized lipoprotein (SR-PSOX), which is identical to the chemokine CXCL16, in lipid-laden macrophages accumulated in the intima of atherosclerotic lesions. Based on reports of this group as well as reports of other authors,2–4⇓⇓ SR-PSOX expression has been shown to be a unique feature of antigen-presenting cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, and CD19-positive B lymphocytes) but not of other cells. However, in the April 2002 issue of Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology , Hofnagel et al5 used reverse-transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect expression of SR-PSOX in smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells, thus raising the question whether SR-PSOX/CXCL16 may be expressed in other cells besides antigen-presenting cells. These authors also observed a lack of regulation of this ligand by tumor necrosis factor-α …
Antimicrobial peptides: primeval molecules or future drugs?

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. This work was supported by NIH grants DE14424 and DE016257. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
The perception of stop consonants by children

Abstract Kindergarten and second-grade children's perception of voicing distinctions among the stop consonants was investigated by assessing their ability to identify and discriminate a series of synthetic speech stimuli varying in voice onset time (VOT). Perception of these sounds was found to be nearly categorical. No differences between the two age groups in either identification or discrimination performance were found; furthermore, the children's performance was comparable to adult performance in other studies using these stimuli. When considered in the context of data on the perception of VOT by infants as well as adults, the results suggest that the differential discriminability of stimuli along the VOT continuum has a biological basis.
Tate duality and wild ramification

Consider the Tate pairing A(K) x HltK, ,'])~OffZ for an abelian variety A over a local field K. There is a natural descending filtration A(K) ~= Ao(K ) ~_ A,(K) ~.... where Ao(K) is the group ofpoints specializing to the connected component on the N6ron model, and An(K) is the group of points on the formal group of A with coordinates in the n-th power of the maximal ideal. There is also a natural ascending filtration 0 c= H'(Kunr/K ' .~) C= H(K x/K, 71) C=..., where Ku., is the maximal unramified extension of K, and K, is the field fixed by the x-th ramification group (in the upper numbering) for all x > n 1 . In this paper we investigate the relation between these two filtrations with respect to Tate duality. Our main result (Theorem 1) states that these filtrations are compatible with the pairing in the sense that the n-th levels annihilate each other for all n. Since the restriction map is dual to the norm map under Tate duality, this is equivalent to saying that (.) A.(K)c= NL/xA(L ) if the conductor of L/K is < n.
Mitogen-induced human lymphocyte activation in serum-free medium.

Abstract Human peripheral blood lymphocytes isolated from normal donors were cultured in medium RPMI-1640 in the presence and absence of fetal calf serum. Transformation, as measured by DNA or RNA synthesis, induced by phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A and pokeweed mitogen, yielded comparable results either in the presence or absence of serum. The advantages of mitogenic stimulation in serum-free medium are discussed.
Light induced effects in bone.

SOME recent reports on photoelectric effects in human bone by Becker and co-workers have been interpreted as evidence that bone exhibits semiconducting properties, including photoconductivity1,2. The present investigation leads to the conclusion that the effect of light on bone is simply heating, which is often difficult to distinguish from photoconductivity. The reported photoelectric effects1,2 can probably be attributed to such an “artefact”.
A flexible LabVIEW™-based data acquisition and analysis system for scanning microscopy

Abstract A new data analysis system has been developed with computer-controlled beam and sample positioning, video sample imaging, multiple large solid angle detectors for X-rays and gamma-rays, and surface barrier detectors for charged particles. The system uses the LabVIEW™ programming language allowing it to be easily ported between different computer operating systems. In the present configuration, digital signal processors are directly interfaced to a SCSI CAMAC controller. However, the modular software design permits the substitution of other hardware with LabVIEW-supported drivers. On-line displays of histogram and two-dimensional elemental map images provide a user-friendly data acquisition interface. Subregions of the two-dimensional maps may be selected interactively for detailed analysis or for subsequent scanning. Off-line data processing of archived data currently yields elemental maps, analyzed spectra and reconstructions of tomographic data.
1ƒ noise measurements on HgCdTe field-effect transistors

We performed 1ƒ noise measurements on n-channel Hg1−xCdxTe Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MISFETs) biased in linear and saturation regions of operation at 77 K. The cadmium mole fraction x was approximately 0.29 which corresponds to an energy band-gap of 0.24 eV at 77 K. Through the investigation of the dependence of drain voltage noise power spectral density on gate and drain bias, we estimated the insulator-semiconductor interface trap density as a function of energy. In this analysis, both the noise magnitude and the spectral shape was studied. The frequency span was from 150 Hz to 5 kHz. The noise behavior of the device was modeled using the modified McWhorter Model, originally developed for silicon FETs. The interface trap concentration values computed from the low-frequency noise measurements using the above model were found to agree closely with HgCdTeZnS interface properties measured by capacitance and conductance methods.
Characterizing the graded structure of false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) vocalizations.

The vocalizations from two, captive false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) were analyzed. The structure of the vocalizations was best modeled as lying along a continuum with trains of discrete, exponentially damped sinusoidal pulses at one end and continuous sinusoidal signals at the other end. Pulse trains were graded as a function of the interval between pulses where the minimum interval between pulses could be zero milliseconds. The transition from a pulse train with no inter-pulse interval to a whistle could be modeled by gradations in the degree of damping. There were many examples of vocalizations that were gradually modulated from pulse trains to whistles. There were also vocalizations that showed rapid shifts in signal type—for example, switching immediately from a whistle to a pulse train. These data have implications when considering both the possible function(s) of the vocalizations and the potential sound production mechanism(s). A short-time duty cycle measure was developed to characterize the graded structure of the vocalizations. A random sample of 500 vocalizations was characterized by combining the duty cycle measure with peak frequency measurements. The analysis method proved to be an effective metric for describing the graded structure of false killer whale vocalizations.
Squeezing Flows of Viscoelastic Liquids

Squeezing flows occur in a variety of industrial applications, including lubrication, printing, and sheet molding. Squeezing flow also occurs in the region between two bubbles growing in a foaming liquid. An experiment designed to study squeezing flow has been designed, and data indicate that the force-time behavior cannot be modeled using purely viscous, non-Newtonian constitutive equations. The force resisting squeezing first rises above the purely viscous level, and then falls below the viscous level as time increases.
Antibody directed to a synthetic peptide encoding the NH2-terminal 16 amino acids of the adenovirus type 2 E1B-53K tumor antigen recognizes the E1B-20K tumor antigen.

A peptide, H2N-Glu-Arg-Arg-Asn-Pro-Ser-Glu-Arg-Gly-Val-Pro-Ala-Gly-Phe-Ser-Gly-(Cys )COOH, containing the amino acid sequence at the NH2 terminus of the adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) E1B-coded large T antigen (E1B-53K) has been synthesized. Anti-peptide antibody was generated in rabbits and used to immunoprecipitate Ad T antigens from Ad2 early infected cell extracts. In addition to the expected E1B-53K T antigen, anti-peptide antibody precipitated the Ad2 E1B-20K T antigen that was previously shown to be related to E1B-53K (M. Green, K.H. Brackmann, M.A. Cartas, and T. Matsuo, J. Virol. 42, 30-41, 1982). Anti-peptide prepared against the COOH terminus of the E1B-53K T antigen or against the NH2 terminus of the E1B-19K T antigen did not precipitate the E1B-20K T antigen. These data suggest that the Ad2 E1B-20K T antigen initiates translation at nucleotide 2016 in reading frame 3, as does E1B-53K. The viral mRNA that encodes the E1B-20K T antigen has not been identified.
Two-Quasiparticle States in Tb-158

Thirty-four levels in ${\mathrm{Tb}}^{158}$ have been observed up to an excitation energy of 1166 keV utilizing 12-MeV deuterons and the reaction ${\mathrm{Tb}}^{159}(d,t){\mathrm{Tb}}^{158}$. The ground-state $Q$ value was determined to be -1870 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 15 keV. The spectrum has been interpreted in terms of the coupling of the [$411\ensuremath{\uparrow}$] Nilsson proton orbital with the neutron orbitals prominent in the ($d,t$) spectrum of ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{157}$. This interpretation has resulted in the determination of relative energies due to the residual neutron-proton interaction for eight different configurations. The observed singlet-triplet splitting energies for the [$521\ensuremath{\uparrow}$], [$402\ensuremath{\downarrow}$], and [$400\ensuremath{\uparrow}$] neutron orbitals coupled to the [$411\ensuremath{\uparrow}$] proton orbital were measured to be +132, -111, and +136 keV, respectively. Theoretical calculations of these energies made for a zero-range spin-dependent central potential gave values of +174, -186, and +136 keV, respectively.
A Two-Plate Buckling Technique for Thin Film Modulus Measurements: Applications to Polyelectrolyte Multilayers

We present a modified version of a strain-induced buckling instability technique that relies on the analysis of a two-plate composite film deposited on an elastomeric poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) substrate. We have previously shown that the “strain-induced elastic buckling instability for mechanical measurements” (SIEBIMM) technique is suitable for testing polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) that are amenable to deposition directly on the testing substrate. The method presented in this paper broadens the applicability of the SIEBIMM technique through the transfer of a thin layer of polystyrene (PS) to the PDMS surface prior to film deposition, which creates a deposition surface that can be treated to promote adhesion of films not amenable to transfer or assembly directly onto PDMS. Multilayers assembled onto the PS-coated PDMS substrates yield thin two-plate PS−PEM composite films on the surface of the PDMS substrates that buckle like their homogeneous counterparts. The mechanical contribution of the PS l...
Microstructures in friction-stir welded dissimilar magnesium alloys and magnesium alloys to 6061-T6 aluminum alloy

Wrought Mg alloy AZ31B-H24 and semisolid-cast Mg alloy AZ91D (approximately 3% primary solid fraction) were friction-stir welded to Al alloy 6061-T6. Semisolid-cast (approximately 3% and approximately 20% primary solid fractions) Mg alloys AZ91D and AM60B were also joined using the same technique, with AZ91D on the advancing side. Numerous welds were made with the Mg alloys and the 6061-T6 Al alloy in alternating advancing and retreating sides. Light optical metallography was used to observe and confirm the weld zone characteristics unique to dissimilar welds. Dynamic recrystallization (DRX) was observed in the weld region as well as in the transition region, with a clear decrease in the grain size from the base material through the transition zone and into the weld zone. The welds were free of porosities. The welds between the dissimilar Mg alloys revealed a homogeneous, equiaxed, fine-grained structure in the weld zone. The weld zone in the welds of the Mg alloys to Al alloy 6061-T6 showed unique dissimilar weld, flow characteristics, such as complex intercalated microstructures with recrystallized lamellar-like shear bands rich in either Mg or Al. Elemental analysis performed on the weld region showed bands with equal parts of Mg and Al, as well as unique recrystallized bands with a predominance of either material. Vickers microhardness testing on all the welds revealed a lack of degradation of residual microhardness of the materials in the weld zone or the transition zone, with some unusual, erratic hardness spikes exhibiting hardness values as much as three times that of the base material hardness.
The Relationship between Workload and Training: An Introduction:

This paper reviews the relationships among workload, performance, and training. Its goal is to introduce the concepts of workload and training and to suggest how they may be related. It suggests some of the practical and theoretical benefits to be derived from their joint consideration. Training effectiveness can be improved by monitoring trainee workload and the reliability of workload predictions, and measures can be improved by identifying and controlling the training levels of experimental subjects.
Cyclic GMP breaks pupal diapause in the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis

Cyclic GMP and derivatives, when injected into diapausing pupae of the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis, promptly initiate adult development, whereas cyclic AMP and derivatives are inert. By injecting pupae simultaneously with cyclic nucleotides and a low level of ecdysterone, we find an opposing action for the two nucleotides: cyclic GMP + ecdysterone synergistically enhance the breaking of diapause while cyclic AMP antagonizes the effect of an ecdysterone injection. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors (caffeine, aminophylline, papaverine) are moderately effective agents in terminating diapause. Cholera toxin (an adenylate cyclase activator) produces only a slight response at 19 C, but its ability to break diapause is increased when pupae are transferred to 25 C.
Effects of physical training on hemodynamics and pulmonary function at rest and during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Five patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) underwent detailed evaluation of pulmonary function (PF), respiratory mechanics and hemodynamics before and after 18 weeks of physical training (PT). PT consisted of daily progressive upright bicycle exercise. All patients demonstrated marked subjective and objective improvement in exercise tolerance. After PT exercise heart rates were significantly decreased (p
Variability of the bottom mixed layer on the Oregon shelf

Abstract Fine-scale measurements of temperature gradients near the sea floor on the Oregon shelf revealed rapid changes in the characteristics of the bottom mixed layer. The total thickness of the layer, the thickness of the reverse-gradient region near the bottom, and the magnitude of the reverse gradient all changed greatly within an hour-long data series. Systematic changes over a 5-day period were not much larger than these variations. Cross-shelf variations were also not greater than the 1-h changes at one station, except that in depths of 40 m and less the layer disappeared. Mixed layer thicknesses were comparable to the turbulent Ekman depth. The reversed gradient was slightly superadiabatic on average, with large variations about the mean. Microstructure activity decreased to a low level near the bottom. Vertical wavenumber spectra could not be interpreted in terms of a universal turbulent form.
Targeted genome reconstruction strategy for endosymbionts in eukaryotic genomes

Background The human microbiome project [1] is the first systematic and large-scale survey of microbial communities present in a eukaryotic metagenome. The availability of low-cost high-throughput next-generation sequencing technologies that enable us to sequence eukaryotes to a high depth of coverage presents an opportunity for in silico discovery of endosymbionts. We describe a method for mining a whole genome shotgun metagenome from an insect to identify members of the endosymbiont community, followed by reconstruction and validation of a highquality draft microbial genome. The Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama or ACP) is host to 7+ bacterial endosymbionts [2] and is the insect vector of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las), which is the causal agent of citrus greening, a disease costing the Florida citrus industry US$3.63 billion and 6,611 jobs since 2006. Citrus greening is a complex patho-system that involves interactions between the psyllid vector, the citrus host, and Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus.
Developments in amino acid transport, illustrated for the blood-brain barrier.

The part played by membrane transport of metabolites in the regulation of metabolism is so extensive and widespread that I would offer a tedious catalog if I discussed the full range. Instead, the problem of the regulation of tryptophan access to the central nervous system has been selected as an example. I should be grateful if this summary brought to mind other cases, such as the more complex problems of membrane control of the flow of amino acids, first to the liver (e.g. from the portal system for temporary holding and interconversion, or from muscle for gluconeogenesis), and then away from the liver (e.g. to supply the other tissues of the body with the various amino acids in some degree of balance). Reference may also be made to the classical discussion of membrane transport in pharmacology by Wilbrandt and Rosenberg 1 I]. In this decade, two techniques have contributed to the study of metabolite flow to the brain. Oldendorf 121 introduced direct analysis of uptake by rat brain, during a single circuit from a “bolus” or pulse, of a labeled metabolite injected into carotid blood, compared with simultaneous uptake of tritiated water. The other technique, applied typically to the dog, measures the clear ante of a solute, using the arteriovenous difference determined by cannulation and without brain analysis [3,41.
Plasma norepinephrine concentration reflects pharmacological alteration of sympathetic activity in the conscious cat

Abstract This study (1) provides the first comprehensive set of basal values for hemodynamic variables, plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine concentrations and plasma renin activity in the conscious cat and (2) demonstrates that changes in plasma NE concentration in the conscious cat accurately reflect the alterations in sympathetic discharge caused by hydralazine, yohimbine, chlorisondamine and clonidine.
13CO substitution in Mn2(CO)10 and Re2(CO)10

Abstract By means of 13 CO-enriched Mn(CO) 5 Br and 13 CO-enriched Re(CO) 5 Cl, isotopically enriched species of Mn 2 (CO) 10 and Re 2 (CO) 10 have been prepared. I.R. and Raman spectra in the CO-stretching region have been obtained for these molecules and detailed assignments of the CO stretching modes are made. Force constants are calculated using a CO-factored force field. The results indicate that some of the assumption of the Cotton-Kraihanzel force field are valid for these compounds.
Spectral Analysis of Korotkoff Sounds

Korotkoff sounds were recorded and spectrally analyzed for five adult males at rest, during exercise, and immediately after exercise. The spectrum representing the average over the five subjects was calculated for each of the four Korotkoff sound phases under each condition. The average spectra thus obtained are presented so as to provide a comparison between the different phases and exercise conditions. The results provide a quantitative picture of the criteria by which the various phases and endpoints are distinguished. They should be useful in the design of filters for indirect blood pressure monitoring equipment.
Aging, Perceptual learning, and Changes in Efficiency of Motion Processing

In the present study we examined the use of perceptual learning to improve motion processing in older and younger individuals. Using the Perceptual Template Model (Lu & Dosher, 1998, 1999), age-related differences in baseline perceptual inefficiencies and changes due to training were assessed for additive internal noise, tolerance to external noise, and internal multiplicative noise. In Experiments 1 and 2 we trained participants by manipulating contrast in noise embedded sine-wave gratings and Random Dot Cinematograms (RDCs). The results indicate that older observers have higher additive internal noise and lower tolerance to external noise compared to younger observers. The rate of perceptual learning in older observers was found to be similar to that of younger observers suggesting that plasticity of motion processing mechanisms is well preserved in advancing age. Transfer of learning between sine-wave gratings and RDCs for both older and younger observers was examined in an analysis of pre/post-test measurements. The results indicate that transfer of learning occurred for both age groups. This suggests that older individuals maintain a sufficient degree of plasticity to allow generalization between sine-wave gratings and RDCs. In addition, training with RDCs was found to produce greater perceptual learning than training with sine-wave gratings. These experiments provide important findings regarding changes in perceptual efficiency for motion perception in older adults and suggest that perceptual learning is an effective approach for recovering from age-related declines in visual processing.
High Resolution Far Infrared Investigations

IntroductionThe inherent resolution capability and frequency precision of FTIR spectroscopy has ledto renewed interest into several "conventional" infrared investigations, one of these beingthe determination of the energy barrier hindering free internal rotation of moleculeswith two or more internal rotors.Up through the mid 1960's far infrared spectra were usually taken at 2 -6 cm -1 resolutionand therefore gave rise to one "torsional band."
Association between Smoking and Health Outcomes in Postmenopausal Women Living with Multiple Sclerosis

Background. In multiple sclerosis (MS), symptom management and improved health-related quality of life (HrQOL) may be modified by smoking. Objective. To evaluate the extent to which smoking is associated with worsened health outcomes and HrQOL for postmenopausal women with MS. Methods. We identified 251 Women's Health Initiative Observational Study participants with a self-reported MS diagnosis. Using a linear model, we estimated changes from baseline to 3 years for activities of daily living, total metabolic equivalent tasks (MET) hours per week, mental and physical component scales (MCS, PCS) of the SF-36, and menopausal symptoms adjusting for years since menopause and other confounders. Results. Nine percent were current and 50% past smokers. Age at smoking initiation was associated with significant changes in MCS during menopause. PCS scores were unchanged. While women who had ever smoked experienced an increase in physical activity during menopause, the physical activity levels of women who never smoked declined. Residual confounding may explain this finding. Smoking was not associated with change in menopausal symptoms during the 3-year follow-up. Conclusion. Smoking was not associated with health outcomes among post-menopausal women with MS.
An Evolution of Tutoring and Training from Humans to Intelligent Systems: Human Factors Considerations

As training researchers and developers, we strive to understand and produce effective and efficient training. Research suggests the most effective form of instruction is individualized human tutoring. Yet this is rarely the most efficient form of instruction monetarily or in instructor time. Technological advances and a vision of effective, yet more efficient, computer based tutors has led to the development of sophisticated new training technologies such as Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs). These systems have yet to reach their full forecast potential. In this paper we theorize that issues key to successful advancement of ITSs are human factors issues. Primary of these issues is determining how technology mediation impacts not only cognition, but also other key learning issues such as affect, emotions, motivation, and trust.