cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bayesian mixture modeling approach to account for heterogeneity in speed data

Speed is one of the most important parameters describing the condition of the traffic flow. Many analytical models related to traffic flow either produce speed as a performance measure, or use speed to determine other measures such as travel time, delay, and the level of service. Mathematical models or distributions used to describe speed characteristics are very useful, especially when they are utilized in the context of simulation and theoretical derivations. Traditionally, normal, log-normal and composite distributions have been the usual mathematical distributions to characterize speed data. These traditional distributions, however, often fail to produce an adequate goodness-of-fit when the empirical distribution of speed data exhibits bimodality (or multimodality), skewness, or excess kurtosis (peakness). This often occurs when the speed data are generated from several different sub-populations, for example, mixed traffic flow conditions or mixed vehicle compositions. The traditional modeling approach also lacks the ability to explain the underlying factors that lead to different speed distribution curves. The objective of this paper is to explore the applicability of the finite mixture of normal (Gaussian) distributions to capture the heterogeneity in vehicle speed data, and thereby explaining the aforementioned special characteristics. For the parameter estimation, Bayesian estimation method via Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling is adopted. The field data collected on IH-35 in Texas is used to evaluate the proposed models. The results of this study show that the finite mixture of normal distributions can very effectively describe the heterogeneous speed data, and provide richer information usually not available from the traditional models. The finite mixture modeling produces an excellent fit to the multimodal speed distribution curve. Moreover, the causes of different speed distributions can be identified through investigating the components.
Intrastrain differences in Helicobacter pylori: a key question in mucosal damage?

Helicobacter pylori causes persistent infection and inflammation in the human stomach, yet only a small fraction of infected people develop Illness. An important question is why this diversity exists in infection outcome. In recent years, there has been evidence of substantial phenotypic as well as genotypic diversity of H. pylori. Three different phenotypes — production of vacuolating cytotoxin, presence of cagA, and ability for strong PMN activation — appear to be linked to one another and to the propensity for a H. pylori strain to cause peptic ulcer disease. Further investigation in this field may help to define which infected people bear the highest risk for serious clinical consequences, and ultimately to define optimal vaccine candidates and strategies.
Initial evaluation of commercially available InGaAsP DFB laser diodes for use in high-speed digital fiber optic transceivers

NASA has been pursuing the development of high-speed fiber-optic transceivers for use in a number of space data system applications. Current efforts are directed toward a high-performance all-integrated-circuit transceiver operating up to the 3-5 Gb/s range. Details of the evaluation and selection of candidate high-speed optical sources to be used in the space-qualified high-performance transceiver are presented. Data on the performance of commercially available DFB (distributed feedback) lasers are presented, and their performance relative to each other and to their structural design with regard to their use in high-performance fiber-optic transceivers is discussed. The DFB lasers were obtained from seven commercial manufacturers. The data taken on each laser included threshold current, differential quantum efficiency, CW side mode suppression radio, wavelength temperature coefficient, threshold temperature coefficient, natural linewidth, and far field pattern. It was found that laser diodes with buried heterostructures and first-order gratings had, in general, the best CW operating characteristics. The modulated characteristics of the DFB laser diodes are emphasized. Modulated linewidth, modulated side mode suppression ratio, and frequency response are discussed. >
An online Fisheries and Wildlife degree: Can you really do that?

Online education has moved into the mainstream in the United States higher learning educational system, with enrollments increasing more rapidly than on many university campuses. The Department of Fisheries and Wildlife at Oregon State University began offering a Bachelor of Science (BS) Degree in Fisheries and Wildlife Science (FWS) completely online in autumn 2009, which resulted in numerous questions from potential students, educators, and fish and wildlife professionals. We provide an overview of our distance education (DE) degree and characterize our DE learners. The DE degree itself is the same as the on-campus major but the curriculum is slightly different; online students have fewer choices in classes and hands-on activities, but engage in more discussion than on-campus students. Our DE students differ from on-campus majors: they are on average 9 years older, 40% have a college degree, and 20% are employed by a natural resources agency. The value of our online FWS BS ultimately will be gauged by the success of our graduates and feedback from stakeholders. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Rapid purification of RNA secondary structures

A new method for rapid purification and structural analysis of oligoribonucleotides of 19 and 20 nt is applied to RNA hairpins SL3 and SL2, which are stable secondary structures present on the psi recognition element of HIV-1. This approach uses ion-pairing reversed-phase liquid chromatography (IP-RPLC) to achieve the separation of the stem-loop from the transcription mix. Evidence is presented that IP-RPLC is sensitive to the different conformers of these secondary structures. The purity of each stem-loop was confirmed by mass spectrometry and PAGE. IP-RPLC purification was found to be superior to PAGE in terms of time, safety and, most importantly, purity.
Teaching Social Work Students to Resolve Ethical Dilemmas in Domestic Violence

This article examines findings from three focus groups conducted about resolving ethical dilemmas in the area of domestic violence. The study's findings point to the need to increase content on domestic violence throughout the social work curriculum and provide educational opportunities for field instructors and local professionals. Helping students engage in values clarification and self-assessment regarding domestic violence is also key to helping them resolve ethical dilemmas in this area of practice. Faculty teaching these courses should be prepared to spend more time responding to assignments and serving as a resource to students, field instructors, and local professionals. Finally, there are steps that can be taken to help social workers be more responsive and resolve ethical dilemmas related to domestic violence.
Coronary Dilatation and Constriction Visualized by Selective Arteriography

Selective coronary angiograms were made in dogs with intact chests prior to and following various groups of drugs. They demonstrated visible constriction and dilatation of the coronary vessels and the appearance of previously invisible channels following coronary vasodilators and embolization with lycopodium spores.
Involvement of T1R3 in calcium-magnesium taste

Calcium and magnesium are essential for survival but it is unknown how animals detect and consume enough of these minerals to meet their needs. To investigate this, we exploited the PWK/PhJ (PWK) s...
Soft magnetic particles and their composites for high frequency applications

Soft magnetic alloys have useful DC properties such as high saturation magnetization, low coercivity, and good mechanical stability.However, for applications at frequencies in the MHz range, eddy currents and increased loss impose serious limitations. By forming polymer composites with separated particles of these magnetic alloys, it is expected that losses can be reduced at these frequencies. In order to prepare composites with optimized permeability and losses, magnetic particles of amorphous Fe-Si-B, and crystalline Co-Fe, Co-Fe-V and Fe-Al-Mo were produced by spark erosion, and composites made from them were compared. The structures and magnetic properties of the particles were examined with x-ray diffraction and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM).It is particularly interesting to note that amorphous FeSiB particles exhibit significantly higher saturation magnetization when spark eroded in water.
The effects of age and divided attention on spontaneous recognition

Studies of recognition typically involve tests in which the participant's memory for a stimulus is directly questioned. There are occasions however, in which memory occurs more spontaneously (e.g., an acquaintance seeming familiar out of context). Spontaneous recognition was investigated in a novel paradigm involving study of pictures and words followed by recognition judgments on stimuli with an old or new word superimposed over an old or new picture. Participants were instructed to make their recognition decision on either the picture or word and to ignore the distracting stimulus. Spontaneous recognition was measured as the influence of old vs. new distracters on target recognition. Across two experiments, older adults and younger adults placed under divided-attention showed a greater tendency to spontaneously recognize old distracters as compared to full-attention younger adults. The occurrence of spontaneous recognition is discussed in relation to ability to constrain retrieval to goal-relevant information.
Lean NOx Trap Chemistry Under Lean-Gasoline Exhaust Conditions: Impact of High NOx Concentrations and High Temperature

The primary technical barrier to deployment of fuel saving lean gasoline engines is NOx emissions control. We conducted automated flow reactor experiments on a commercial LNT catalyst to identify opportunities and challenges associated with the higher temperatures and higher NOx concentrations expected in lean gasoline applications. Overall NOx conversion was quite high at low to moderate temperatures, but dropped off at high temperatures. The decrease in NOx conversion with temperature was worse for higher inlet NOx concentrations. As expected from equilibrium considerations, the catalyst stored more NOx under higher gas phase NOx concentrations, but that NOx was rapidly released during the rich phase and slipped out of the catalyst before it could be converted to N2 by incoming reductant. This rich phase NOx release was the primary factor limiting performance of the catalyst at high temperatures, and resulted in significant spikes of NOx that would likely exceed any not-to-exceed regulated emissions levels. N2O production was also significant, and increased with NOx concentration. The catalyst made very little NH3 at high temperatures. NH3 yield was significant at the lowest operating temperature studied, but it decreased with increasing NOx concentration.
Signal integrity education on the Web

Signal integrity has become a critical area in the design of high-speed communications systems and fast computers. Many research areas have emerged from industry and universities to address issues related to electrical performance. However, the educational infrastructure is seriously lagging. In a collaboration between the University of Illinois and the Georgia Tech Packaging Research Center, an internet-based virtual classroom is being explored for packaging education. The effort makes use of the existing infrastructure to implement a modem platform for asynchronous learning.
Prevention of Hemodynamic and Vascular Albumin Filtration Changes in Diabetic Rats by Aldose Reductase Inhibitors

This study investigated hemodynamic changes in diabetic rats and their relationship to changes in vascular albumin permeation and increased metabolism of glucose to sorbitol. The effects of 6 wk of streptozocin-induced diabetes and three structurally different inhibitors of aldose reductase were examined on 1) regional blood flow (assessed with 15-μm 85 Sr-labeled microspheres) and vascular permeation by 125 I-Iabeled bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 2) glomerular filtration rate (assessed by plasma clearance of 57 Co-labeled EDTA) and urinary albumin excretion (determined by radial immunodiffusion assay). In diabetic rats, blood flow was significantly increased in ocular tissues (anterior uvea, posterior uvea, retina, and optic nerve), sciatic nerve, kidney, new granulation tissue, cecum, and brain. 125 I-BSA permeation was increased in all of these tissues except brain. Glomerular filtration rate and 24-h urinary albumin excretion were increased 2- and 29-fold, respectively, in diabetic rats. All three aldose reductase inhibitors completely prevented or markedly reduced these hemodynamic and vascular filtration changes and increases in tissue sorbitol levels in the anterior uvea, posterior uvea, retina, sciatic nerve, and granulation tissue. These observations indicate that early diabetes-induced hemodynamic changes and increased vascular albumin permeation and urinary albumin excretion are aldose reductase-linked phenomena. Discordant effects of aldose reductase inhibitors on blood flow and vascular albumin permeation in some tissues suggest that increased vascular albumin permeation is not entirely attributable to hemodynamic changes. We hypothesize that 1) increases in blood flow may reflect impaired contractile function of smooth muscle cells in resistance arterioles and 2) increases in vascular 125 I-BSA permeation and urinary albumin excretion reflect impaired vascular barrier functional integrity in addition to increased hydraulic conductance secondary to microvascular hypertension associated with decreased vascular resistance.
Association of herd average genetic and environmental milk yield with dairy herd improvement variables

Abstract Two hundred fifteen Virginia Holstein herds were used to evaluate the relationship of genetic and environmental herd averages for mature equivalent milk yield with DHIA measures from 1976 to 1980. Herd breeding value was the average of twice the USDA Cow Index for individual cows. Means (±SD) were +243 kg (±107 kg) for genetic value and +685 kg (±757 kg) for environmental value. Herds progressed 31 kg/yr genetically and 122 kg/yr environmentally. Regressions of DHIA variables on genetic and environmental averages were within herd and year. Holding herd and year constant at +250 kg genetic milk, a 600 kg increase in environmental milk resulted in increases of 559 kg herd average milk, 19 kg fat, 13 kg genetic SD, and .08 services per conception and decreases of .64 d dry, 1.6 d open, .48 mo age at first lactation, and .05 mo calving interval. At +700 kg environmental milk, a 150 kg increase in genetic milk was associated with increases of 134 kg milk, 1.9 kg fat, and .05 services per conception; and decreases of .59 d dry, 4.8 d open, .65 mo age at first lactation, and .05 mo calving interval. Within herds, environmental improvement tended to be associated with improvement in reproductive measures, and genetic improvement was not detrimental to most measures of herd performance.
Parallel Event-Driven Neural Network Simulations Using the Hodgkin-Huxley Neuron Model

Neural systems are composed of a large number of highly-connected neurons and are widely simulated within the neurological community. In this paper, we examine the application of parallel discrete event simulation techniques to networks of a complex model called the Hodgkin-Huxley neuron[1]. We describe the conversion of this model into an event-driven simulation, a technique that offers the potential of much greater performance in parallel and distributed simulations compared to time-stepped techniques. We report results of an initial set of experiments conducted to determine the feasibility of this parallel event-driven Hodgkin-Huxley model and analyze its viability for large-scale neural simulations.
Lectin receptors for endometrial H-type 1 antigen on goat conceptuses.

Problem: The goal of this study was to determine if caprine conceptuses express lectin-like receptors for endometrial H-type 1 (HT1) antigen. Method of study: Conceptus tissues were collected during the apposition, adhesion and attachment phases of placentation and evaluated using immunofluorescence microscopy. Results: Conceptus staining for the trisaccharide lacto-N-fucopentaose-1 was strong and uniform during apposition of fetal and maternal tissues but changed by day 25 of pregnancy when large aggregates of intense staining were observed. Monoclonal antibodies to galectin-3 did not stain conceptus tissue during the apposition phase but intense punctate staining was observed after day 25. Strong uniform staining for Lewis Y antigen was detected only on day 17 of pregnancy. Conclusion: Conceptus tissue expresses potential receptors for endometrial HT1 antigen. Carbohydrate–lectin interactions may facilitate attachment of the apical surfaces of uterine epithelial cells and trophectoderm during the early stages of placentation.
Predicting the Performance of Randomized Parallel Search: An Application to Robot Motion Planning

In this paper we discuss methods for predicting the performance of any formulation of randomized parallel search, and propose a new performance prediction method that is based on obtaining an accurate estimate of the k-processor run-time distribution. We show that the k-processor prediction method delivers accurate performance predictions and demonstrate the validity of our analysis on several robot motion planning problems.
Expression of a Clostridium perfringens Type IV Pilin by Neisseria gonorrhoeae Mediates Adherence to Muscle Cells

Clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic, Gram-positive bacterium that causes a range of diseases in humans, including lethal gas gangrene. We have recently shown that strains of C. perfringens move across the surface of agar plates by a unique type IV pilus (TFP)-mediated social motility that had not been previously described. Based on sequence homology to pilins in Gram-negative bacteria, C. perfringens appears to have two pilin subunits, PilA1 and PilA2. Structural prediction analysis indicated PilA1 is similar to the pseudopilin found in Klebsiella oxytoca, while PilA2 is more similar to true pilins found in the Gram-negative pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Strains of N. gonorrhoeae that were genetically deficient in the native pilin, PilE, but supplemented with inducible expression of PilA1 and PilA2 of C. perfringens were constructed. Genetic competence, wild-type twitching motility, and attachment to human urogenital epithelial cells were not restored by expression of either pilin. However, attachment to mouse and rat myoblast (muscle) cell lines was observed with the N. gonorrhoeae strain expressing PilA2. Significantly, wild-type C. perfringens cells adhered to mouse myoblasts under anaerobic conditions, and adherence was 10-fold lower in a pilT mutant that lacked functional TFP. These findings implicate C. perfringens TFP in the ability of C. perfringens to adhere to and move along muscle fibers in vivo, which may provide a therapeutic approach to limiting this rapidly spreading and highly lethal infection.
Ceramic/Polymer Nanocomposite Properties for Microelectronic Packages

This paper reviews some of the research efforts in microelectronic packaging to develop composites with dimensions of the fillers ranging down to nanometer dimensions. Some initial experiments have been conducted with nanocomposites, where the thermal and dielectric properties of polymer/fumed silica composites have been studied. The bulk samples were prepared in different ratios of polymer to silica using polydimethyl siloxane and Cab-O-Sil. Differential thermal analyses carried out on these samples showed no changes in the samples till 330°C. The dielectric constant of the 70:30 (Cab-O-Sil- Polymer by Wt.%) composite is 3.8, similar to that of the pure silica. For the same composite the value of the thermal expansion coefficient is 350 ppm, closer to the value of pure polymer (439 ppm). It is suggested that the key to model these nanocomposites with ceramic and polymer phases is to understand the interfaces and their chemical bonding.
Permanent paralysis of the atrium in a patient with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy

Abstract A 32 year old man with the facioscapulohumeral (Landouzy-Dejerine) type of muscular dystrophy was evaluated because of a slow pulse rate. Hemodynamic studies were performed at rest and during ventricular pacing. The patient's atria were found to be electrically and mechanically silent. This unusual disorder of permanent atrial paralysis (standstill) is reviewed. There seems to be more than a casual relation between permanent atrial paralysis and this form of muscular dystrophy.
Health Systems Agencies and Planning of Pediatric Hospital Services A Case Study

Health Systems Agencies (HSA) are the official national health planning and regulatory agencies in the United States. This case study examines three HSA activities: determination of need, review and approval of federal grants, and ap propriateness review. The article raises questions about planning assumptions and suggests the need to simplify regulatory process and strengthen standards of pe diatric care in community hospitals.
Erratum: A quantitative study on the low frequency breakdown of EFIE

Originally published Microwave Opt Technol Letter 50:1159–1162, 2008. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 3278–3279, 2008; Published online in Wiley Inter-Science (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23934
Do “high commitment” human resource practices affect employee commitment? A cross-level analysis using hierarchical linear modeling

Relying on a cross-level paradigm and on social exchange theory (i.e., perceived organizational support) I explore the relationships among human resource practices, trust-in-management, and organizational commitment. Individual-level analyses from a sample of 1689 employees from 180 credit unions indicate that trust-in-management partially mediates the relationship between perceived organizational support and organizational commitment. Cross-level analyses using hierarchical linear modeling indicate that human resource practices affect the relationship between perceived organizational support and organizational commitment or trust-in-management.
Designing Embodied Cues for Dialog with Robots

Of all computational systems, robots are unique in their ability to afford embodied interaction using the wider range of human communicative cues. Research on human communication provides strong evidence that embodied cues, when used effectively, elicit social, cognitive, and task outcomes such as improved learning, rapport, motivation, persuasion, and collaborative task performance. While this connection between embodied cues and key outcomes provides a unique opportunity for design, taking advantage of it requires a deeper understanding of how robots might use these cues effectively and the limitations in the extent to which they might achieve such outcomes through embodied interaction. This article aims to underline this opportunity by providing an overview of key embodied cues and outcomes in human communication and describing a research program that explores how robots might generate high-level social, cognitive, and task outcomes such as learning, rapport, and persuasion using embodied cues such as verbal, vocal, and nonverbal cues.
Solid State X-Band Power Limiter

An X-band solid-state power limiter has been designed and built to protect receiver crystals from high-power microwave pulses in the kilowatt region. This passive and reliable crystal protection has been achieved by utilizing the nonlinear properties of both ferrites and semiconductor diodes. An understanding of the ferrite nonlinear mechanism, which gives rise to the characteristically large leakage spike, has been achieved and quantitatively described. This formulation resulted in an essentially optimized high-power ferrite limiter, whose mode of operation is qualitatively understood. Use of this ferrite limiter for crystal protection requires a fast response, lower threshold secondary-limiting unit, which was developed by using semiconductor diodes for power limiting in a reactive mode of operation. The ferrite and diode limiters were combined in a single device with an over-all insertion loss of 2.0 db and a 200-Mc operating "bandwidth."
Effects of structural marsh management and salinity on invertebrate prey of waterbirds in marsh ponds during winter on the Gulf Coast Chenier Plain

Aquatic invertebrates are important food resources for wintering waterbirds, and prey selection generally is limited by prey size. Aquatic invertebrate communities are influenced by sediments and hydro- logic characteristics of wetlands, which were affected by structural marsh management (levees, water-control structures and impoundments; SMM) and salinity on the Gulf Coast Chenier Plain of North America. Based on previous research, we tested general predictions that SMM reduces biomass of infaunal invertebrates and increases that of epifaunal invertebrates and those that tolerate low levels of dissolved oxygen (O 2) and salinity. We also tested the general prediction that invertebrate biomass in freshwater, oligohaline, and mesohaline marshes are similar, except for taxa adapted to specific ranges of salinity. Finally, we investigated relationships among invertebrate biomass and sizes, sediment and hydrologic variables, and marsh types. Accordingly, we measured biomass of common invertebrate by three size classes (63 to 199 mm, 200 to 999 mm, and $1000 mm), sediment variables (carbon content, C:N ratio, hardness, particle size, and O 2 penetra- tion), and hydrologic variables (salinity, water depth, temperature, O 2, and turbidity) in ponds of impounded freshwater (IF), oligohaline (IO), mesohaline (IM), and unimpounded mesohaline (UM) marshes during winters 1997-1998 to 1999-2000 on Rockefeller State Wildlife Refuge, near Grand Chenier, Louisiana, USA. As predicted, an a priori multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) contrast indicated that biomass of an infaunal class of invertebrates (Nematoda, 63 to 199 mm) was greater in UM marsh ponds than in those of IM marshes, and biomass of an epifaunal class of invertebrates (Ostracoda, 200 to 999 mm) was greater in IM marsh ponds than in those of UM marshes. The observed reduction in Nematoda due to SMM also was consistent with the prediction that SMM reduces invertebrates that do not tolerate low salinity. Furthermore, as predicted, an a priori MANOVA contrast indicated that biomass of a single invertebrate class adapted to low salinity (Oligochaeta, 200 to 999 mm) was greater in ponds of IF marshes than in those of IO and IM marshes. A canonical correspondence analysis indicated that variation in salinity and O 2 penetration best explained differences among sites that maximized biomass of the common invertebrate classes. Salinity was positively correlated with the silt-clay fraction, O 2, and O2 penetration, and negatively correlated with water depth, sediment hardness, carbon, and C:N. Nematoda, Foraminifera, and Copepoda generally were associated with UM marsh ponds and high salinity, whereas other invertebrate classes were distributed among impounded marsh ponds and associated with lower salinity. Our results suggest that SMM and salinity have relatively small effects on invertebrate prey of wintering waterbirds in marsh ponds because they affect biomass of Nematoda and Oligochaeta, and few waterbirds consume these invertebrates.
Rapid Lacustrine Response to Recent High Arctic Warming: A Diatom Record from Sawtooth Lake, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut

Abstract Diatoms from Sawtooth Lake (79°20′N, 81°51′W) on the Fosheim Peninsula in Central Ellesmere Island, Canada were analyzed to assess the temporal extent and magnitude of climatic change in the High Arctic during the late Holocene. Diatom results from the sediment cores show an absence of diatoms throughout the last ∼2.5 ka (4.6 m) until the 1920s. However, ca. 1926 (5.3-cm depth), a rapid colonization of diatoms in the lake occurred. Within the uppermost section of the core (∼1920 to ∼1997), the diatom flora shift from a small Fragilaria-dominated assemblage to a more diverse assemblage that is dominated by large planktonic taxa (e.g., Cyclotella bodanica) and large raphid benthic species. The postglacial nature of this assemblage suggests a decrease in ice cover and a concomitant increase in light and nutrient availability for diatom growth over the last ∼75 yr. Of particular significance is this absence of diatoms prior to the ∼1920s, which indicates that environmental conditions of the last ∼75 ...
The Role of Account Subjectivity and Risk of Material Misstatement on Auditors' Internal Audit Reliance Judgments

SYNOPSIS: Using a field-based questionnaire, we examine how auditors simultaneously use client-level misstatement risk (inherent risk and control risk) with account subjectivity when utilizing internal audit. We contend that auditor use of internal audit will reflect a balance of the costs and benefits of using internal audit. Prior audit research has primarily focused on lower and higher risk conditions, with relatively few studies examining the implications of moderate risk on internal audit use. Data on actual audits from an instrument administered to external auditors reveal significant differences in reliance decisions across lower, moderate, and higher misstatement risk levels. Results reveal that increases in account subjectivity have no effect on auditors' internal audit reliance when risk of material misstatement is at lower levels. However, auditors increase their internal audit reliance when account subjectivity increases across moderate misstatement risk. Finally, our results suggest that audi...
Qualitative and Quantitative Proteomics Methods for the Analysis of the Anopheles gambiae Mosquito Proteome

Anopheles gambiae is the major African malaria vector. Insecticide and drug resistance highlight the need for novel malaria control strategies. A. gambiae exhibits daily (diel and/or circadian) rhythms in physiology and behavior that include flight, mating, sugar and blood-meal feeding, and oviposition. Olfaction is important for detecting blood-feeding hosts, sugar feeding sources, and oviposition sites. We previously reported on mRNA array-based changes in gene expression under light–dark cycle (diel) and constant dark (circadian) conditions. We were able to characterize 25 known or putative olfactory genes in female heads. We sought to follow up on these reported changes in gene expression and correlate them with expected changes in protein response. Here, we describe our recently developed methods and meta-level results for both qualitative and differential proteomics analyses of A. gambiae mosquitoes collected in a time-of-day-specific framework to assess temporal changes in protein abundance over the 24-h day. The traditional challenges associated with proteomics are amplified in an insect such as the mosquito, which contains a large amount of non-proteinaceous material associated with the cuticle and trachea and a high dynamic background of proteins associated with flight muscles and oxidative metabolism (e.g., myosin, glutathione S-transferases). We thus sought to use targeted, quantitative proteomics to directly measure differences in protein abundance in a time-of-day-dependent manner. We used multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), which has the advantage of being able to probe selected target lists with high sensitivity, wide dynamic range, and good/excellent reproducibility. We first characterized proteins in a qualitative format and subsequently examined subsets of specific proteins of interest in a high-fidelity quantifiable approach. Targeted quantitative multiple/single reaction monitoring (MRM/SRM) proteomics allowed for the measurement of changes in protein abundance in a time-of-day-specific manner over the 24-h diel cycle. Utilizing this accurate technique requires robust and reproducible protein/peptide preparation techniques in order to obtain consistent data. Here, we describe a technique using liquid N2 homogenization-based protein extraction and proteolytic digestion applied to multiple discrete tissues (whole heads, antennae, total head appendages, compound eyes, and bodies), with subsequent liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS)-based analysis of the resulting tryptic peptides. This technique is largely portable and should function well in any arthropod system with little modification. The results of our analyses are the generation of tissue-discrete determination of peptides, targeted quantitative analysis of peptides, and the deposition of datasets in VectorBase.org for use by the vector biology, arthropod, and proteomics research communities.
Radiation Therapy Induces Macrophages to Suppress T-Cell Responses Against Pancreatic Tumors in Mice

Background & Aims The role of radiation therapy in the treatment of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is controversial. Randomized controlled trials investigating the efficacy of radiation therapy in patients with locally advanced unresectable PDA have reported mixed results, with effects ranging from modest benefit to worse outcomes compared with control therapies. We investigated whether radiation causes inflammatory cells to acquire an immune-suppressive phenotype that limits the therapeutic effects of radiation on invasive PDAs and accelerates progression of preinvasive foci. Methods We investigated the effects of radiation therapy in p48 Cre ;LSL-Kras G12D (KC) and p48 Cre ;LSLKras G12D ;LSL-Trp53 R172H (KPC) mice, as well as in C57BL/6 mice with orthotopic tumors grown from FC1242 cells derived from KPC mice. Some mice were given neutralizing antibodies against macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1 or MCSF) or F4/80. Pancreata were exposed to doses of radiation ranging from 2 to 12 Gy and analyzed by flow cytometry. Results Pancreata of KC mice exposed to radiation had a higher frequency of advanced pancreatic intraepithelial lesions and more foci of invasive cancer than pancreata of unexposed mice (controls); radiation reduced survival time by more than 6 months. A greater proportion of macrophages from radiation treated invasive and preinvasive pancreatic tumors had an immune-suppressive, M2-like phenotype compared with control mice. Pancreata from mice exposed to radiation had fewer CD8 + T cells than controls, and greater numbers of CD4 + T cells of T-helper 2 and T-regulatory cell phenotypes. Adoptive transfer of T cells from irradiated PDA to tumors of control mice accelerated tumor growth. Radiation induced production of MCSF by PDA cells. A neutralizing antibody against MCSF prevented radiation from altering the phenotype of macrophages in tumors, increasing the anti-tumor T-cell response and slowing tumor growth. Conclusions Radiation treatment causes macrophages murine PDA to acquire an immune-suppressive phenotype and disabled T-cell–mediated anti-tumor responses. MCSF blockade negates this effect, allowing radiation to have increased efficacy in slowing tumor growth.
Effect of polymyxin B and endotoxin on renal cortical fibrinolysis.

SummaryWhen given with the second dose of endotoxin, polymyxin B prevented both glomerular fibrin deposition and loss of lysis. Of interest was the fact that polymyxin B inhibited cortical lysis over a time interval similar to that induced by endotoxin. In vitro studies revealed that polymyxin B inhibits cortical lysis in the absence of serum. Inhibition of lysis with polymyxin B did not prepare for the generalized Shwartzman reaction. These studies demonstrate that, although polymyxin B neutralizes the effect of endotoxin, it also inhibits renal cortical fibrinolytic activity by a mechanism different than that of endotoxin. That polymyxin B-induced loss of cortical lysis did not prepare for the Shwartzman reaction suggests that multiple factors are involved in the production of the generalized Shwartzman reaction.
Immunization of heat-killed Klebsiella pneumoniae promotes strong mucosal Th17 responses and protects mice from live infection (59.4)

Bacterial pneumonia is a leading cause of mortality and one major pathogen associated with this disease is Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP). Thus, a vaccine against KP is in great need especially for immunocompromised patients. Here we show that intranasal immunization of mice with heat-killed KP strongly induces IL-17 production in the lung. Using an Il17f reporter mouse, we were able to sort IL-17F positive cells after immunization by FACS. Further analysis reveals that these cells are conventional CD4+TCR-beta+ Th17 cells and they express Il17a, Il17f, Il22, Rora and Rorc. These Th17 cells are antigen specific as they proliferate and produce IL-17 upon re-stimulation with heat-killed KP but not heat-killed Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus. These responses ultimately lead to the protection of immunized mice from live KP infection. This immunization strategy also confers protection in B cell-deficient (mu-MT) mice, demonstrating the vaccination can be antibody independent. We also show that other mucosal routes of vaccination such as intragastric immunization also reduces bacterial burden during pulmonary infection, suggesting that Th17 cells can be primed or recruited from other mucosal sites distal to the lung and oral vaccine can be effective in pulmonary infection. These data suggest that the Th17 pathway can be a target of pulmonary vaccine development through intranasal or intragastric immunization.
Investigation on moths in olive planting area of Longnan city,Gansu province

Four hundred and thirty-six specimens of moths were collected from Longnan olive planting area between 2013 and 2014. Forty-two species belonging to 35 genera,13 families were identified including nine species of Geometridae,nine of Arctiidae,seven of Notodontidae,five of Noctuidae,three of Pyralidae,two of Cossidae,and one of Heliodinidae,Drepanidae,Amatidae,Saturniidae,Lasiocampidae,Sphingidae and Limacodidae respectively. Among them,nineteen were newrecords in Gansu province.
Phosphoglycolate Phosphatase: EFFECT OF CATION AND pH ON ACTIVITY

P-glycolate phosphatase requires divalent cations for activity. Activity-pH curves identified 2 active site residues with pK values at pH 5.7 and pH 9.1 in the presence of magnesium and at pH 5.7 and pH 7.5 in the presence of manganese or cobalt. Saturation velocity kinetics enabled the identification of two distinct divalent cation binding sites. The first, nonspecific site has a K0.5 of 2 to 7 x 10(-5) M, depending on the cation and the pH. The second site, which is specific for magnesium, binds this cation in a negatively cooperative fashion. The affinity at pH 8.1 varies approximately 100-fold from the first magnesium bound to the fourth. The negative cooperativity is greatest at high pH. Because the pH range of activity is very broad, both the phosphate monoanion and dianion of P-glycolate must be bound as the substrate. The concentration of these two species at the apparent Km is independent of magnesium concentration. The P-glycolate.magnesium complex is kinetically inactive.
Introduction: workshop summary of the CD15 monoclonal antibody panel from the Fifth International Workshop on Leukocyte Antigens.

CD15 is expressed on a wide variety of tumor cells including myeloid leukemia, breast, colorectal, lung cancer cells. It is probable that the core proteins and lipids differ on the different cell types since there is marked variability in the binding of the mAb within and among the different cell types. Previously, there had only been a single mAb of the IgG class directed to CD15. The present study demonstrates the existence of one more IgG mAb (an IgG3). Unfortunately, a third mAb submitted as an IgG1, MA14, did not appear to be an IgG in our studies and a fourth mAb, MA9, submitted as an IgG1 did not have significant binding activity and also could not be confirmed as anti-CD15. An interesting finding was that all of the mAb could mediate complement-dependent cytotoxicity with rabbit serum. However, the two IgG3 mAb, MA63 (MCS-1) and MA88 (7C3), could not mediate lysis with human complement, while all of the IgM mAb could do so. It is not clear why this difference exists. CD15 is known to be expressed on mature myeloid cells in the hematopoietic lineage. The expression of CD15 on progenitor cells has been mapped by the indirect method of C'-dependent lysis and measurement of colony-forming cells. These studies have estimated that about 50% of normal CFU-GM express CD15. In the present workshop, we examined the expression of CD15 on a quantifiable cell population, the CD34 positive population.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Clinical recognition and endoscopic retrieval of misplaced endotracheal tubes.

Removal of foreign bodies has become the purview of gastroenterologists. Almost all foreign bodies within the reach of the endoscope can be endoscopically removed. Meyer and Levine describe a patient in whom an endotracheal tube was identified in the esophagus 2 weeks after emergency intubation outside of the hospital.1 This case raises an important point: endotracheal intubation in the “field” can be associated with serious complications. In a recent prospective, observational study of consecutive patients who were emergently endotracheally intubated, 11 of 132 patients had the tube incorrectly placed into their esophagus.2 Meyer and Levine's patient may have been re-intubated in flight prior to arrival in the hospital. It is possible that the original tube, which was believed to have been placed in the esophagus, was pushed further distally, such that it was entirely within the esophageal lumen. Similar cases to the preceding one have been previously reported in the literature.3–6 In one case, the tube was apparently swallowed and remained in place for 2 years until it was detected by a chest radiograph obtained when the patient was hospitalized for an unrelated health problem.5 The tube could not be extracted endoscopically due to “rigidity.” In another case, a child was emergently intubated in the field. The retained tube caused vomiting, which dislodged the tube into the retropharynx. The tube was then identified when the oropharynx was suctioned, and it was subsequently removed with digital extraction.6 As the preceding case illustrates, the symptoms of a retained endotracheal tube may not be as straightforward as expected. The patient presented to Meyer and Levine with complaints of hiccups and chest discomfort but not dysphagia. Thus, it is important for gastroenterologists asked to examine patients who present with any symptomatology and have been emergently intubated outside the hospital setting to recognize that the endotracheal tube could have been displaced into the esophagus, to ensure the prompt management of the tube. One would imagine that all of these tubes are radiopaque, and a careful review of available radiographs of the chest (including computed tomography, if obtained) is in order. As demonstrated in this case and in the cases previously published, endoscopic extraction is highly effective in retrieving displaced endotracheal tubes.
Postoperative Respiratory Function and Survival After Pneumonectomy in Dogs and Cats.

Objective: To describe indications for, and outcomes after, pneumonectomy in dogs and cats, including assessment of immediate postoperative respiratory function in comparison to dogs undergoing single lung lobectomy. Study Design: Retrospective case series. Animals: Dogs (n=16) and cats (n=7) with naturally occurring pulmonary disease. Methods: Medical records (1990–2014) of dogs and cats undergoing right or left pneumonectomy were reviewed. Data retrieved included signalment, history, preoperative diagnostics, operative descriptions, postoperative data including respiratory function, and postdischarge outcomes. For respiratory function comparisons, medical records of dogs having undergone a single lung lobectomy via median sternotomy (n=15) or intercostal thoracotomy (n=15) were reviewed. Results: Twenty-three cases (16 dogs, 7 cats) were included. Pneumonectomy was performed for congenital (1 dog, 1 cat), neoplastic (8 dogs, 1 cat), and infectious (7 dogs, 5 cats) disease. Postoperative aspiration pneumonia occurred in 2 dogs; 15 of 16 dogs (94%) and 6/7 cats (86%) survived to hospital discharge. After pneumonectomy, dogs had a significantly higher postoperative PaO2 on 21% oxygen (P=.033) and lower postoperative A-a gradient (P=.004) compared to dogs undergoing single lung lobectomy. Survival times (right-censored at last follow-up) for dogs ranged from 2 days to 7 years (estimated median=1,868 days) and for cats from 1–585 days. Conclusion: Dogs and cats have acceptable respiratory function immediately postoperatively and most have protracted long-term survival after pneumonectomy for a variety of pulmonary diseases.
Abstract A59: Glycosylation dynamically tunes the biophysical properties of the cancer cell glycocalyx

Muc1 is a large, heavily O-glycosylated membrane protein that is overexpressed in the majority of cancers and constitutes the major structural element of the cancer cell glycocalyx. While the biophysical properties of the glycocalyx directly regulate cell-ECM adhesion, cell-cell interactions, and receptor spatial organization, how these properties change dynamically during acquisition of a metastatic phenotype is largely unknown. To dissect the relationship among glycan biosynthesis, mucin rigidity, and the bulk properties of the cancer-specific glycocalyx, we isolated sub-populations of Muc1-expressing breast epithelial cells that present with distinct mucin glycophenotypes. Remarkably, alterations in glycosylation were associated with profound differences in glycocalyx structure, even in isogenic cell lines. In one stable glycophenotype, cellular mucins were highly rigid and mechanically disrupted integrin adhesion, resulting in complete dissociation of cells from the substrate. On the other extreme, we isolated a stable population of cells that expresses high levels of Muc1, but these mucins were apparently flexible and had no observable effect on cell adhesion or motility. Based on lectin profiling, we identified specific patterns of Muc1 O-glycosylation associated with the two extremes in glycocalyx structures. Of notable significance, we discovered that metabolic reprogramming by the H-Ras oncogene could induce a glycophenotype consistent with mechanically rigid mucins. Future studies will identify the specific glycosylation machinery associated with the different glycophenotypes, with the hope of identifying new avenues of therapeutic intervention based on normalizing the mechano-phenotype of the cancer cell glycocalyx. Citation Format: Carolyn Shurer, Matthew Paszek. Glycosylation dynamically tunes the biophysical properties of the cancer cell glycocalyx. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Engineering and Physical Sciences in Oncology; 2016 Jun 25-28; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(2 Suppl):Abstract nr A59.
Grids, Clouds, and Data Centers

Grid, cloud, and data center technologies are discussed. Grids allow distributed computation for applications such as scientific computing. Clouds are used for more prosaic applications such as those that arise in business, social media, search, and more. Data centers, centralized collections of thousands of servers, support grid and cloud computation. This chapter provides an introductory look at these three technologies.