cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Executive function facilitates learning from math instruction in kindergarten: Evidence from the ECLS-K

Abstract Extensive evidence has suggested mathematical skill in early childhood is a robust predictor of children's later academic skills and eventual labor market outcomes; however, there is substantial heterogeneity in the degree to which different students learn from the same instructional contexts. Using data from N = 12,082 children enrolled in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort, this paper employs a latent piecewise growth curve modeling approach to investigate the role of classroom math instruction and executive function and approaches to learning in the development of mathematical skills in kindergarten, first, and second grade. Findings suggest that overall instructional frequency relates to math development in kindergarten through second, and that this is driven by exposure to advanced content in kindergarten. Further, executive function moderates children's learning in kindergarten, such that children with higher levels of executive function benefit more from instruction than do those with lower levels.
Improving LMOF luminescence quantum yield through guest-mediated rigidification

Luminescent metal–organic frameworks (LMOFs) are among the fastest growing solid-state optical materials and have been studied for a wide variety of applications. However, when developing a new LMOF, it can be challenging to balance a strong luminescence quantum yield with all other important properties required by the intended application (appropriate excitation/emission wavelengths, chemical and physical stability, low toxicity, etc.). Being able to post-synthetically improve a LMOF's quantum yield is valuable, as it offers additional tunability in materials design and modification. As framework flexibility can limit quantum yield, post-synthetic methods of rigidifying an LMOF have the potential to improve its performance. This paper discusses a pair of nearly identical isoreticular LMOFs, and uses them as a model system to investigate how framework flexibility affects quantum yield. Introducing optically-inactive guests into a LMOF pore is shown to be an effective method for rigidifying the framework, improving the quantum yield of a flexible LMOF from 12.2% to 59.3%—an improvement of nearly 400%.
The Changing Nature of Hazard and Disaster Risk in the Anthropocene

The concept of the Anthropocene provides the reflexive rubric for examining human alteration of the Earth’s basic natural systems and, in turn, how society responds to and adapts to such changes in...
Multilevel associations of daily skill use and effectiveness with anxiety, depression, and stress in a transdiagnostic sample undergoing dialectical behavior therapy skills training

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is effective at treating disorders of emotion dysregulation. However, it is unclear which mechanisms contribute to these effects. The aim of this study was to cha...
The Water Protectors at Standing Rock: Survivance Strategies for Gendered Relinking

Violence against Indigenous individuals and the land is exacerbated by the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL). Such violence stems from and is sustained by structures of settler colonialism. Analyzing R...
Spectrally Tunable Collimated Pulsed Solar Simulator

There is a need for characterization of multi-junction solar cell based test coupons under collimated sunlight for both terrestrial and space applications. These applications include solar cell angle measurements and concentrator systems. The U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) has modified a 3-zone Spectrolab LAPSS (Large Area Pulsed Solar Simulator) to provide a tunable spectrum with a 1° collimation for testing of solar arrays. NRL has added filters and a complete measuring system capable of testing individual cells and small concentrator coupons requiring collimation comparable to the sun.
Research Note: Evaluation of the incidence of white striping and underlying myopathic abnormalities affected by fast weight gain in commercially fed broiler chickens.

Significant improvements in genetics, nutrition, and food efficiency have had a great impact on the rapid growth of broilers, notably with increases in muscle mass. However, with rapid growth, the broiler industry has been negatively impacted by the increased incidence of myopathies, including white striping. White striping affects the pectoralis major muscle of broilers, particularly the larger breasts of rapidly growing modern commercial broiler lines. In this study, we documented the growth process of commercial broiler chickens from hatching to market weight at 6 wk. Gross pathology and histopathology analyses were performed on pectoralis major muscle collected weekly from birds culled from 1 to 6 wk. The severity of both gross and histologic pathologies in the breast muscle increased over time. White striping was initially observed at week 2, with a rise in the incidence and severity through the sixth week. Mild histopathology was noted in week 2, characterized by macrophage infiltration and limited phagocytosis of the muscle. Muscle condition deteriorated with age and weight gain, with more prevalent macrophages, phagocytosis, and interstitial fibroblasts. By week 5 and 6, there was severe myopathy including regions of obliterated muscle tissue. Linear regression models show a positive correlation between white striping, gross pathology, and histopathology relative to weight and age.
Multi-Class Malware Classification Using Deep Residual Network with Non-SoftMax Classifier

The traditional malware detection approaches rely heavily on feature extraction procedure, in our paper we convert the raw bytecodes of malware samples to 3-channel RGB images and applied an 18-layers deep residual network to classify the malware. Instead of using the SoftMax function as the only classification layer in the deep residual model, we replaced SoftMax layer with non-SoftMax classifiers: Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and K-nearest Neighbor as the new classification layer to classify the feature tensors extracted from the residual network and compared the overall classification performance of the proposed model on the Malimg dataset. Our result shows that the 18-layer deep residual network model has comparable average testing classification accuracies of 85.73% by the SoftMax function, 86.80% by the Support Vector Machine, 87.47% by Random Forest, 86.27% by K-nearest Neighbor algorithms.
Proteins of herpesvirus type 2. II. Studies demonstrating a correlation between a tumor-associated antigen (AG-4) and a virion protein.

Abstract Antigen AG-4, a HSV-2 antigen associated with actively growing squamous cervical tumors, correlates with infected cell protein number 10 (ICP 10), a minor component of the HSV-2 virion. This association is based on the following evidence: (i) There is a positive correlation between the amounts of AG-4 and ICP 10 produced at various times following sequential treatment of infected cells with cycloheximide and actinomycin-D; (ii) the passage history of HSV-2 affects the synthesis of AG-4 and ICP 10 in a similar manner; their synthesis is unaffected by the cell type; (iii) ICP 10 is precipitated by AG-4 positive but not by AG-4 negative sera; and (iv) following partial biochemical purification of crude AG-4 preparations, those fractions containing the AG-4 complement-fixing activity differ from those without this activity in that they contain ICP 10.
Design and characterization of polyaniline:Poly(L-lactic) acid thin films for stem cell monitoring applications

Human mesenchymal stem (hMSC) cells have demonstrated a use for regenerative and therapeutic treatments; yet, more effective methods are needed to homogenize differentiated hMSCs to ensure their reliability in a clinical setting. This study focused on developing an electroconductive platform that would enable precise monitoring of hMSCs differentiation via conductive atomic force microscopy. Polyaniline:poly(L-lactic) acid (PANi:PLLA) thin films were fabricated and characterized to assess their potential to serve as an electroconductive substrate for hMSCs. Results from currentvoltage (I–V) measurements showed that films with PANi:PLLA mass ratios of 1∶2 and 3∶2 exhibited linear I–V behavior, which is characteristic of conductive materials. These electroconductive films will be used as an electroconductive platform to measure I–V curves of individual hMSCs and identify their state of differentiation.
Preliminary assessment of corrosion product transport in fusion reactors

Corrosion which is tolerable from the standpoint of system mechanical integrity may cause substantial problems if the corrosion product is released and deposited at locations where it interferes wi...
D-modules on 1|1 supercurves

Abstract It is known that to every ( 1 | 1 ) -dimensional supercurve X there is associated a dual supercurve X ˆ , and a superdiagonal Δ ⊂ X × X ˆ . We establish that the categories of D -modules on X , X ˆ and Δ are equivalent. This follows from a more general result about D -modules and purely odd submersions. The equivalences preserve tensor products, and take vector bundles to vector bundles. Line bundles with connection are studied, and examples are given where X is a super elliptic curve.
Drug interactions with acetaminophen: Effects of phenobarbital, prednisone and 5-fluorouracil in normal and tumor-bearing rats

Abstract Acetaminophen (APAP) was determined by a simplified gas Chromatographic method, without derivatization, on a column packed with 3% OV17 on Gas Chrom Q. APAP, released enzymatically from its conjugates, was also so determined. Changes in urinary excretion patterns of APAP, its glucuronide (APAPGA) and its sulfate (APAPS) were studied as indicators of interference with metabolism of APAP. Effects of the presence of some tumors on APAP metabolism of hosts were examined, as were the effects of the following agents: phenobarbital, as a prototype of a hepatic enzyme inducer, prednisone and prednisolone, as alternate substrate inhibitors, and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and galactosamine, as possible modifiers of cofactors. Normal rats, Reuber H-35 hepatoma hosts and colon carcinoma hosts excreted 87.8 ± 8 percent of a 300 mg/kg dose of APAP, in the form of APAP plus APAPGA and APAPS. The presence of colon carcinoma did not alter significantly the quantities of APAP metabolites appearing in the urine of the hosts. Hepatoma hosts excreted significantly higher amounts of APAPGA, and early urine samples also contained elevated APAPS. These effects of the tumors were related to the presence of APAP conjugating enzymes in the hepatoma, and their virtual absence in the colon carcinoma tissue. The above effects on conjugations contrast with known depressive effects of tumors on mixed function oxidation pathways of hosts. Phenobarbital pretreatment (80 mg/kg, i.p., daily for 7–9 days) of Sprague-Dawley, or ACI, rats increased (3- to 4-fold) the amount of urinary APAPGA excreted in the first 3 hr after injection of APAP, and decreased (2-fold) the amount of unchanged APAP excreted. Coadministration of prednisone, or prednisolone (14 mg/kg, i.p.), with APAP caused a small but significant decrease in urinary APAPGA, which is consistent with the previously reported inhibitory effects of these steroids on APAP glucuronidation in vitro . Treatment of rats with 5-FU (120 mg/kg, i.p.) 3 hr prior to administration of APAP produced slight decreases in urinary APAPGA and APAPS. Contrary to expectations, pretreatment with galactosamine, on a schedule known to markedly reduce UDP-sugar pools, did not decrease urinary APAPGA. The results suggest that drugs which can induce hepatic glucuronyltransferase, or which can compete with APAP for the enzyme, rather than those that can alter UDP-sugar pools, are likely to have marked effects on APAP metabolism.
Potassium-magnesium antagonism in high magnesium vineyard soils

The Iowa wine and grape industry underwent a rapid phase of growth at the turn of the 21 century that is continuing to evolve and develop today. Cultivar trials across the state found that ‘Marquette’ grapevines were performing poorly in eastern Iowa while other cultivars performed well. A preliminary investigation suggested a magnesium induced potassium deficiency and/or above optimum soil pH as the cause of poor growth of ‘Marquette’. Soils in the upper Mississippi Valley are derived from limestone and dolomite bedrock resulting in their characteristically high pH and high magnesium properties, which often inhibits potassium uptake. Recommendations to amend these soil types for grape production do not exist but are essential for optimizing grapevine yield. This study was undertaken to determine how to amend vineyard soils with a low potassium/magnesium concentration and above optimum pH. The multi-year pot culture study included two cultivars, Marquette and St. Croix, and four soil amendment treatments. Soil amendment treatments compared all combinations of potassium/magnesium concentration (0.24 and amended to 0.50) and soil pH (7.2 and amended to 6.2) in a two-by-two factorial. Results indicated potassium additions increased the soil potassium/magnesium concentration as well as increased the petiole potassium concentration. Decreasing the pH alone decreased available soil magnesium but had no effect on the potassium/magnesium concentration. This suggests that it is only necessary to add potassium to increase the potassium/magnesium concentration in these soils.
Dynamics of Skin-Stringer Panels Using Modified Wave Methods

The response of a damped, periodic, simply supported skin-stringer structure is studied by two variants of the decaying wave method. The proposed method is based on a combination of a wave propagation method with transfer matrices. One variant of the decaying wave method is based on an exact solution transfer matrix; the other is based on a finite element formulation. It is shown that both variants give response curves that compare very well with previous results for the undamped structure, which illustrates both the accuracy and the numerical stability of the decaying wave method variants. Numerical results, including deflections at various points at various frequencies as well as mode shapes, are presented, and comparisons are offered. The numerical results demonstrate the accuracy and reliability of both variants of the decaying wave method, and this is because advantages of three methods are combined in each variant. admittedly difficult to model, but much of the fuselage's dynamic behavior can be captured by a much simpler struc- ture: a flat, periodic, single row, simply supported skin- stringer structure of finite length. This one row structure, seen in Fig. 1, is designed to emulate somewhat a long circumferen- tial strip of the fuselage structure between two supporting circumferential beams, whose effects are somewhat simulated by a simple support boundary condition. The assumptions of a flat and periodic structure, while designed to make the calculation easier, are not completely unreasonable. Thus, the simpler structure should contain much of the same dynamic behavior as sections of fuselage skin would. The single row simply supported skin-stringer structure has been analyzed by many different researchers using several different methods. Lin1 found the dynamic behavior of this structure analytically, using the bending and torsional charac- teristics of the stringers. His analysis gives some important results, such as the existence and location of frequency filter bands in the infinite structure, but it does not provide a simple way to get complete response curves for the finite or infinite structure. Further, were the boundary conditions at the top or bottom of the structure to change, this type of analysis be- comes extremely difficult. Thus, it became necessary to look at this problem using a numerical method. The first choice of numerical method for many engineers is the finite element method, and finite element codes are com- monplace throughout industry. With regard to skin-stringer structures, Mei2 obtained the finite element matrices for a thin-walled open cross-sectional stringer, and he takes into account coupled bending and torsional vibrations that com- monly occur in this type of beam. Bogner et al. 3 derived a panel element using Hermite cubic polynomials for displace- ment patterns, which ensure continuity of displacement and slope at the element edges. The combination of these element types has led to finite element analysis of skin-stringer struc-
Availability to Rats of Iron from Spinach: Effects of Oxalic Acid

The availability to rats of iron from two varieties of spinach was determined. Also, the absorption of Fe was compared between FeCl3 and Fe-oxalate and the effects of adding 0.75% oxalate to the diet were determined. Absorption of iron from both varieties of spinach was comparable to that from FeCl3 and the iron was equally available from Fe-oxalate and FeCl3. The addition of 0.75% oxalic acid to the diet did not depress iron absorption and, if anything, appeared to enhance iron utilization by rats.
Evolution of upwelling-associated biological features in the Middle Atlantic Bight as captured by SAR, SST, and ocean color sensors

Seasonal upwelling in the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) occurs during the summer months as a result of episodic wind forcing generally from the south. A wind-generated Ekman divergent surface flow is compensated by an onshore deeper flow that brings nutrient-rich colder waters to the surface. Colder upwelled waters are readily detectable using spaceborne sea surface temperature (SST) observations while increased productivity associated with the enhanced nutrient availability can be imaged by ocean color observations. Low backscatter patterns imaged by synthetic aperture radar (SAR) match closely upwelling patterns observed in the SST data. An abundance of slick filaments also indicated by SAR is consistent with-enhanced biological activity associated with the upwelling regime NOAA AVHRR SST, SeaWiFS ocean color (i.e., Chl-a), and Radarsat-1 SAR imagery of upwelling conditions in the MAB during 1998 were reviewed. The data indicate the development of upwelling centers along the MAB coast. The offshore extension of upwelling-associated filaments as well as offshore blooms is observed in the data. The ability and limitations of these diverse datasets to complement each other in the detection, interpretation, and monitoring of upwelling-associated biological features are explored.
Central angiotensin induction of fetal brain c-fos expression and swallowing activity

The present study examined physiological and cellular responses to central application of ANG II in ovine fetuses and determined the fetal central ANG-mediated dipsogenic sites in utero. Chronicall...
Sustained attentional and disattentional abilities and arousability : Factor analysis and relationships to hypnotic susceptibility

Abstract The neurophysiologically separate dimensions of deeply focused, sustained attention and arousability are shown to be differentially related to hypnotic susceptibility. University undergraduates, 98 men and 112 women, were administered the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility; the Group Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C (SHSS:C); and questionnaires that assessed attentional abilities (Differential Attentional Processes Inventory (DAPI), Tellegen Absorption Scale (TAS)), Extraversion (Eysenck Personality Questionnaire), strength of the nervous system (Strelau Temperament Scale (STS)), augmenting-reducing (Vando Reducer-Augmenter Scale (RAS)), and emotionality (Affect Intensity Measure (AIM)). Women were significantly higher on TAS, DAPI dual attention physical-cognitive scale, and AIM; men were significantly higher on TAS and STI Strength of Excitation Scale. Separate factor analyses for men and women separately yielded fairly similar four-factor solutions. The first major factor, defined by DAPI Moderately Focused Attention and Dual Attention scales, represented moderately sustained attention in a complex environment with limited interference from competing stimuli. The extremely involved and focused attention factor, defined by the TAS and DAPI Extremely Focused Attention Scale, had hypnotic susceptibility loaded more strongly for men than women. The arousability factor was defined by EPQ Extraversion, STI Mobility of Nervous System (MNS) scale, and RAS. The neo-Pavlovian nervous system processes factor was defined by the STI Strength of Excitation and Strength of Inhibition scales; the STI MNS scale also loaded on this factor for men. Only for women were introverts more hypnotizable than extraverts. Results support H. J. Crawford and J. H. Gruzelier's (1992) in E. Fromm and M. Nash (Eds.) Contemporary Perspectives in Hypnosis Research (pp. 227–266) New York: Guildford Press) neurophysiological model of hypnosis that proposes that highly hypnotizable persons have a more efficient fronto-limbic sustained attentional and disattentional system.
Amino acids and the erythrocyte under stress

In this issue of Blood, Morris and colleagues show that erythrocyte glutathione and glutamine levels are low in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) and that these markers are linked to markers of hemolysis and pulmonary hypertension.
Phagocytosis of aggregated lipoprotein by macrophages: low density lipoprotein receptor-dependent foam-cell formation

Low density lipoprotein (LDL) modified by incubation with phospholipase C (PLC-LDL) aggregates in solution and is rapidly taken up and degraded by human and mouse macrophages, producing foam cells in vitro. Human, mouse, and rabbit macrophages degraded 125I-labeled PLC-LDL (125I-PLC-LDL) more rapidly than native 125I-labeled LDL (125I-LDL), while nonphagocytic cells such as human fibroblasts and bovine aortic endothelial cells degraded 125I-PLC-LDL more slowly than 125I-LDL. This suggested the mechanism for internalization of PLC-LDL was phagocytosis. When examined by electron microscopy, mouse peritoneal macrophages appeared to be phagocytosing PLC-LDL. The uptake and degradation of 125I-PLC-LDL by human macrophages was inhibited greater than 80% by the monoclonal antibody C7 (IgG2b) produced by hybridoma C7, which blocks the ligand binding domain of the LDL receptor. Similarly, methylation of 125I-LDL (125I-MeLDL) prior to treatment with phospholipase C decreased its subsequent uptake and degradation by human macrophages by greater than 90%. The uptake and degradation of phospholipase C-modified 125I-MeLDL by macrophages could be restored by incubation of the methylated lipoprotein with apoprotein E, a ligand recognized by the LDL receptor. These results indicate that macrophages internalize PLC-LDL by LDL receptor-dependent phagocytosis.
Chimera Donor Cell Search Algorithm Suitable for Solving the Full Potential Equation

An approximate iterative search algorithm for finding donor cells associated with the chimera zonal grid approach is presented. This new algorithm is both fast and simple. It is used in conjunction with a chimera-based full potential solver for computing transonic flow solutions about wing and wing/fuselage configurations. Within each grid zone a fully implicit approximate factorization scheme is used to advance the solution one iteration. This is followed by the explicit advance of all common intergrid boundaries using a trilinear interpolation of the velocity potential. The presentation is highlighted with numerical result comparisons, a grid refinement study, and parametric variation of pertinent algorithm parameters. The new search algorithm produces donor cells for the two-zone wing problem at a rate in excess of 60,000 cells/s (single processor Cray C90). The approximate nature of the search algorithm, which causes some of the donor cells to be approximated by nearest neighbor cells, does not cause any impact on solution accuracy. Overall the results indicate that the present chimera zonal grid approach is a viable technique for solving the full potential equation for aerodynamic applications
Energetic neutral atoms from a trans-Europa gas torus at Jupiter

The space environments—or magnetospheres—of magnetized planets emit copious quantities of energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) at energies between tens of electron volts to hundreds of kiloelectron volts (keV)1,2. These energetic atoms result from charge exchange between magnetically trapped energetic ions and cold neutral atoms, and they carry significant amounts of energy and mass from the magnetospheres. Imaging their distribution allows us to investigate the structure of planetary magnetospheres1,3,4,5,6. Here we report the analysis of 50–80 keV ENA images of Jupiter's magnetosphere7, where two distinct emission regions dominate: the upper atmosphere of Jupiter itself, and a torus of emission residing just outside the orbit of Jupiter's satellite Europa. The trans-Europa component shows that, unexpectedly, Europa generates a gas cloud comparable in gas content to that associated with the volcanic moon Io. The quantity of gas found indicates that Europa has a much greater impact than hitherto believed on the structure of, and the energy flow within, Jupiter's magnetosphere.
Dream Interpretation in Clinical Practice: A Century After Freud

The therapeutic use of dreams was almost synonymous with the practice of psychotherapy in the twentieth century. Dream work was touted as the royal road to the unconscious and recommended as an effective vehicle for accessing hidden conflicts, enhancing the collaborative alliance, and facilitating important insights. More than a century after Freud’s groundbreaking book, The Interpretation of Dreams, 1 some elements of his clinical theories and techniques have stood the test of time, including the use of free association, dream mechanisms (such as reversal, displacement, and condensation), and the idea that dreams reveal deeper feelings, unconscious conflicts, and past trauma. However, subsequent discoveries burst the boundaries of Freud’s early wish fulfillment model. These breakthroughs included (1) the discovery of rapid eye movement (REM) in 1953, which identified the cyclic nature of dreams and allowed reliable laboratory collection of dreams; (2) more than a half century of using content analysis of dream narratives to study personality and psychopathology 2 ; (3) expansion of knowledge about the functions of dreams 3 ; and (4) the evolution of changes in dreaming patterns from childhood through the stages of adult development. 4 Finally, a century of case studies from various schools of psychology, such as psychoanalytic, Jungian, existential, cognitive, and humanistic, have tested innovative models and techniques with hundreds of thousands of psychotherapy patients. 5–7 This article discusses what has been learnt about how dreams can be used in psychotherapy and assessment and reviews practice guidelines for using dreams in a manner that is therapeutically effective, is within ethical guidelines, and is sensitive to cultural differences.
Effect of presentation mode on organization and recall

Six instances of each of six taxonomic categories were presented, using photos and words, to 48 college students under incidental learning set. The Ss were unexpectedly asked to free recall the items either 3 min or 1 week after seeing them. The results showed that items in recall were grouped by taxonomic category. Picture or word presentation was used, at best, only for forming subgroups. However, items presented as photos were recalled better than those presented as words, at least after a 1-week retention interval.
Inelastic collisions in the He + + H 2 system at low-keV energies

The direct and charge-exchange scattering is studied in the ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ + ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ collision system. Charge exchange, which is investigated at energies from 0.5 to 3.0 keV and at angles out to 12\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, rapidly becomes the most important collision process as the scattering angle increases. At least two dominant channels contribute to the charge exchange. Direct scattering is studied at 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 keV and at small angles. The direct scattering shows ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ energy-loss spectra having four peaks representing elastic scattering and inelastic processes resulting from vibro-rotational excitation of the ground and electronically excited states of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$. It is shown that the collision involves the entire molecule and that there is negligible coupling between the electronic and vibro-rotational excitation. Reduced cross-section plots for the observed direct scattering exhibit a behavior suggesting that the inelastic processes result from interactions occurring at particular interparticle separations.
Pattern formation during electropolishing

Using atomic force microscopy, we find that the surface morphology of a dissolving aluminum anode in a commercial electropolishing electrolyte can exhibit both highly regular and randomly packed stripe and hexagonal patterns with amplitudes of about 5 nm and wavelengths of 100 nm. The driving instability of this pattern formation phenomenon is proposed to be the preferential adsorption of polar or polarizable organic molecules on surface ridges where the contorted double layer produces a higher electric potential gradient. The enhanced relative coverage shields the anode and induces a smaller dissolution rate at the ridges. The instability is balanced by surface diffusion of the adsorbate to yield a length scale of 4{pi}(D{sub s}/k{sub d}){sup 1/2}, where D{sub s} is the surface diffusivity and k{sub d} is the desorption coefficient of the adsorbate, which correlates well with the measured wavelength. A long-wavelength expansion of the double-layer field yields an interface evolution equation that reproduces all of the observed patterns. In particular, bifurcation analysis and numerical simulation yield a single voltage-dependent dimensionless parameter {xi} that measures a balance between smoothing of adsorbate concentration by electric-field-dependent surface diffusion and fluctuation due to interfacial curvature and stretching. Randomly oriented stripes are favored at large {xi}more » (low voltage), while random hills dominate at small {xi} (high voltage) with perfectly periodic stripes and hexagonal hill patterns within a small window near {xi}=1. These predictions are in qualitative and quantitative agreement with our measurements. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}« less
Age-related changes in cell surface and senescence markers in the spleen of DBA/2 mice: A flow cytometric analysis

In murine studies of immune senescence cell preparations from whole organs, e.g. splenocytes, are frequently reported. However, age-related changes in spleen cell types have been poorly defined throughout the spectrum of adult age or across murine strains. The aim of this study was to use flow cytometry to more fully characterize cell types within the spleen of DBA/2 mice, a strain available from the National Institute of Aging (NIA), across the entire adult age spectrum. In advanced age, B cells comprise a greater percentage of the total splenocyte population, and there is a decline in the percentage of gammadelta+T cells in the spleen. The percentage of memory CD4+T cells increases in middle age with a corresponding decrease in the percentage of naive CD4+T cells. Expression of the co-stimulatory molecule CD28 on splenic CD4+ and CD8+T cells increases with age, but CD28 expression on peripheral blood T cells does not change. The senescence marker p16INK4a increases in B cells and CD8+T cells within the spleen and can be measured by flow cytometry.
Multiobjective optimization for integrated tolerance allocation and fixture layout design in multistation assembly

Cost and dimensional variation of products are significant attributes in multistation assembly processes. These attributes depend on product/process tolerances and fixture layouts. Typically, tolerance allocation and fixture layout design are conducted separately without considering potential interrelations. In this work, we use multiobjective optimization for integrated tolerance allocation and fixture layout design to address interactions and to quantify tradeoffs among cost, product variation, and assembly process sensitivity. A nested optimization strategy is applied to a vehicle side frame assembly. Results demonstrate the presence and quantification of tradeoffs, based on which we introduce the concept of critical variation and critical budget requirements.
A method for the on-site determination of prestressing forces using long-gauge fiber optic strain sensors

Structural health monitoring (SHM) consists of the continuous or periodic measurement of structural parameters and their analysis with the aim of deducing information about the performance and health condition of a structure. The significant increase in the construction of prestressed concrete bridges motivated this research on an SHM method for the on-site determination of the distribution of prestressing forces along prestressed concrete beam structures. The estimation of the distribution of forces is important as it can give information regarding the overall performance and structural integrity of the bridge. An inadequate transfer of the designed prestressing forces to the concrete cross-section can lead to a reduced capacity of the bridge and consequently malfunction or failure at lower loads than predicted by design. This paper researches a universal method for the determination of the distribution of prestressing forces along concrete beam structures at the time of transfer of the prestressing force (e.g., at the time of prestressing or post-tensioning). The method is based on the use of long-gauge fiber optic sensors, and the sensor network is similar (practically identical) to the one used for damage identification. The method encompasses the determination of prestressing forces at both healthy and cracked cross-sections, and for the latter it can yield information about the condition of the cracks. The method is validated on-site by comparison to design forces through the application to two structures: (1) a deck-stiffened arch and (2) a curved continuous girder. The uncertainty in the determination of prestressing forces was calculated and the comparison with the design forces has shown very good agreement in most of the structures? cross-sections, but also helped identify some unusual behaviors. The method and its validation are presented in this paper.
Physiological and ecological implications of a simple model of heating and cooling in reptiles

Abstract A model of heat exchange in reptiles is used to investigate the role of blood flow in controlling rates of heating/cooling in animals in complex thermal environments. The model suggests an allometry of heating and cooling time constants and of the effects of blood flow on those time constants that accords with published data. The model suggests a simple physical reason for the increased effect of blood flow on time constants in large animals. Two tools (the model and an impulse response method) are presented to allow projection of body temperatures in complex thermal habitats. Application of the model to ecologically important situations suggest that mass, blood flow, and shuttling schedules affect the rate of heating and cooling and the effect of blood flow on the range of body temperatures experienced.
Assessment of trace elements in honey produced on uranium mining reclaimed land

Abstract The concentration of 24 elements in honey produced on uranium mining reclaimed land in Hobson, Texas was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis. These elements were: As, Ba, Br, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Fe, Hf, Hg, K, La, NA, Ni, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sr, Th, U, Zn and Zr. The results obtained were compared to the concentration of the same elements in commercial honey and to the literature values for honey from different countries.
Temperature variations in the middle and upper stratosphere: 1979–1992

Temperature variations in the stratosphere from 1979 to 1992 are investigated using 365-day running mean of the National Meteorological Center gridded analysis temperature data. Significant variations are seen at all levels between 70 and 1 mbar. The middle stratosphere shows temperature peaks during 1982 and 1983. The upper stratosphere has significant temperature declines between 1 and 10 mbar from 1981 to 1984. Temperatures at all levels recover to near their prior values after 1984, with the 5-mbar temperatures requiring the greatest time to fully recover. The temperature declines at 1 mbar occur in both hemispheres, over all longitudes, and in every month of the year. The decreases are largest in the middle latitudes and the polar regions and during the fall and the winter months. Such temperature variations, which appear to be of natural origin, must be taken into consideration when searching for temperature trends caused by the increase of CO2 or other greenhouse gases which affect the radiative balance of the Earth-atmosphere system or stratospheric ozone.
Dynamics and control of hypersonic aeropropulsive/aeroelastic vehicles

The guidance and control of hypersonic vehicles is examined by studying the airframe/engine/structural-dynamic interactions of a generic vehicle with scramjet propulsion. The pitch-attitude dynamics are described for the vehicle configuration that can sustain hypersonic flight at near-orbital altitudes. These aerospacecraft have strong airframe/engine/elastic coupling in attitude dynamics and engine responses with static instability with respect to pitch. An integrated airframe-engine control system is presented for the control of the system's strong aeropropulsive/aeroelastic coupling. The control methodology utilizes feedback of measured/synthesized values of angle of attack, blended pitch rate, thrust, and combustor-inlet pressure. The multiinput/multioutput engine controller requires high-bandwidth actuation of the fuel-flow control and the effective diffuser ratio. The proposed control laws do not provide optimized performance in terms of pitch response suggesting that additional control crossfeeds and filtering is needed.
Paramitotic granulation and ribosome bodies in erythroblasts.

Hitherto undescribed granular complexes were found in the cytoplasm of mitotic erythroblasts during anaphase and telophase stages. They were composed of granules, arranged in two different patterns, which had a strong affinity for toluidine blue and were similar in size, shape, and electron density to ribonucleoprotein granules. These ribosome bodies correspond to the basophilic paramitotic granulation described by Wenderoth. Recent electron microscope studies have indicated that they originated during prophase from relics of nucleoli.
Inflammation and Traumatic Stress The Society to Cells Resiliency Model to Support Integrative Interventions

Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent psychiatric disorder that develops following a traumatic event and has substantial health implications, including high rates of healt...
Heat Capacity of a Current Carrying Superconductor

We present an analysis of the heat capacity of a superconductor carrying a constant applied electric current. We find that the heat capacity diverges with an exponent of 0.5 at a depressed transition temperature. This result is similar to a recent calculation of the heat capacity of superfluid helium under an applied heat current.
Effects of novobiocin on the induction of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase positive foci in the liver of rats treated with diethylnitrosamine

Summary Effects of novobiocin on the induction of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase(GGT)-positive foci, an early lesion occurring during hepatocarcinogenesis, after diethylnitrosamine(DEN) initiation were investigated in Fischer 344 rats. Animals were given DEN at a dose of 20 mg/kg b. w. followed by novobiocin at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg b. w. The latter two doses, but not 50 mg/kg b. w., significantly inhibited the development of GGT-positive foci, providing evidence of the possible involvement of mono(ADP-ribosyl)ation in the initiation phase of hepatocarcinogenesis in rats.
Argon Adsorption on Cu3(Benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate)2(H2O)3 Metal−Organic Framework

Using volumetric adsorption techniques, we have measured the adsorption of argon on Cu3(BTC)2(H2O)3, (BTC = benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate), a microporous metal-organic framework structure, at temperatures between 66 and 143 K. In addition to the experiments, we have used Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulations to calculate the adsorption isotherm of argon at 87 K. Our experimental and theoretical results are compared to those of previous studies. The experiments were performed using a high density of points, allowing us to obtain, in detail, the isosteric heat's coverage dependence. Our values from the simulations are in reasonable agreement with those obtained in the experiments.
Correlation of Planned Dose to Area Postrema and Dorsal Vagal Complex with Clinical Symptoms of Nausea and Vomiting in Oropharyngeal Cancer (OPC) patients treated with radiation alone using IMRT

This study aimed to correlate planned dose to the nausea center (NC)—area postrema (AP) and dorsal vagal complex (DVC)—with nausea and vomiting symptoms in oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) patients treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) without chemotherapy. We also investigated whether it was possible to reduce doses to the NC without significant degradation of the clinically accepted treatment plan. From November 2004 to April 2009, 37 OPC patients were treated with definitive or adjuvant IMRT without chemotherapy. Of these, only 23 patients had restorable plans and were included in this analysis. We contoured the NC with the assistance of an expert, board-certified neuroradiologist. We searched for correlation between the delivered dose to the NC and patient-reported nausea and vomiting during IMRT. We used one-paired two-sample t test assuming equal variances to compare differences in dose to NC between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. We then replanned each case to determine if reduced dose to the NC could be achieved without compromising coverage to target volumes, increasing unwarranted hotspots, or increasing dose to surrounding critical normal tissues. Acute symptoms of nausea were as follows: grade 0 (n = 6), grade 1 (n = 13), grade 2 (n = 3), and grade 3 (n = 1). Patients with no complaints of nausea had a median dose to the DVC of 34.2 Gy (range 4.6–46.6 Gy) and AP of 32.6 Gy (range 7.0–41.4 Gy), whereas those with any complaints of nausea had a median DVC dose of 40.4 Gy (range 19.3–49.4 Gy) and AP dose of 38.7 Gy (range 16.7–46.8 Gy) (p = 0.04). Acute vomiting was as follows: grade 0 (n = 17), grade 1 (n = 4), grade 2 (n = 1), and grade 3 (n = 1). There was no significant difference in DVC or AP dose among those with and without vomiting symptoms (p = 0.28). Upon replanning of each case to minimize dose to the NC, we were, on average, able to reduce the radiation dose to AP by 18 % and DVC by 17 %, while the average dose variations to the planning target volume (PTV) coverage, brainstem, cord, temporal lobes, and cochlea were never greater than 3 %. Hotspots increased by 2 % for three patients while hotspots for the remaining patients were less than 2 % variation. For OPC cancer patients treated with IMRT without chemotherapy, dose to AP and DVC may be associated with development of nausea. We were able to show that reducing doses substantially to the NC is achievable without significant alteration of the clinically accepted plan and may reduce the incidence and grade of nausea. As symptoms of nausea can be devastating to patients, one can consider routine contouring and constraining of the NC to minimize chances of having this complication.
National Income Accounting and Public Policy

Modern national income accounting was designed in the early 20th century for the purpose of providing improved indicators about the performance of the economy so that government policy makers could better control the economy. The way that performance is measured affects the types of policies used to try to accomplish policy goals. Two attributes of national income accounting are analyzed for their effects on economic policy. First, government production is included in the national income accounts at cost, rather than at market value as private sector output is measured. This biases policy toward a larger public sector. Second, output is measured as a homogeneous dollar amount. This biases policy toward focusing on increasing quantities of inputs and outputs in the production process, rather than on innovation and entrepreneurship, which are the true engines of economic progress. Economic policy could be improved by focusing less on national income as an indicator of policy, and more on the underlying processes that foster economic progress.
Contribution of sorbitol combined with activated charcoal in prevention of salicylate absorption.

The use of cathartics and activated charcoal in treating toxic ingestions has become a standard treatment modality. Sorbitol has been shown to be the most rapidly acting cathartic, but its therapeutic significance has been debated. Using a previously described aspirin overdose model, ten healthy volunteers participated in a crossover design study that investigated the effect of activated charcoal alone versus that of activated charcoal and sorbitol in preventing salicylate absorption. In phase 1 of the study, subjects consumed 2.5 g aspirin followed by 25 g activated charcoal one hour later. Urine was collected for 48 hours and analyzed for quantitative salicylate metabolites. Phase 2 was identical except that 1.5 g/kg sorbitol was consumed with the activated charcoal. The mean amount of aspirin absorbed without the use of sorbitol was 1.26 ± 0.15 g, whereas the mean absorption was 0.912 ± 0.18 g with the addition of sorbitol. This is a 28% decrease in absorption of salicylates attributable to the use of sorbitol. The difference is significant at P t test. This study demonstrates that the addition of sorbitol significantly decreases drug absorption in a simulated drug overdose model. Effects on absorption in actual overdose situations and on patient outcome should be the subjects of further study.
The Two Editions of Some Introductory Psychology Textbooks

AbstractA comparative content analysis of the index tenns employed by two different editions of twelve introductory psychology textbooks, utilizing principal components analysis with varimax rotation, revealed a definite trend toward more unifonnity among the textbooks with respect to the tenns employed in the later versions than those used in the earlier editions of these texts. The relative prominence of various areas of psychology, however, remained about the same in both editions of the selected textbooks. The Spearman rho of .72 (p <.01) between the number of prominent tenns employed in the two editions indicated that the revision did not result in any substantial change in the relative status oJ the texts in regard to the thoroughness of their indices.
Smooth detectors of linear phase

Functions with (linear) phase depend on (linear) combinations of the independent variables. For example plane waves are functions of a single linear combination of the variables. Detection of phase is an important problem in seismic velocity analysis and ocean acoustic signal processing, amongst other applications. Robust estimation of phase by local optimization requires the construction of smooth objective functionals. For this purpose it is useful to characterize those quadratic functionals of functions with linear phase which are smooth in the phase: all such smooth phase detectors are pseudodifferential. Some of these pseudodifferential quadratic forms are globally convex in the phase, hence permit phase estimation using local smooth optimization methods.