cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
O19.3 Trends in Discussion of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for HIV on Reddit, 2014–2019

Background Data from social media forums offer a window into real-time discussions and emerging issues, often from individuals who might not otherwise be represented in research settings. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention among individuals without HIV has become a key preventive measure for ending the HIV epidemic. In the United States, gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) constitute the majority of new HIV diagnoses. To provide insight on topics of most concern to GBMSM regarding PrEP, we examined user-generated posts on the Reddit subreddit r/askgaybros. Methods We collected Reddit posts from Pushshift.io’s and Reddit’s application program interfaces that contained ‘PrEP’ and/or ‘Truvada’ (case insensitive) posted between November 1, 2012 and December 31, 2019 on the r/askgaybros subreddit which produced the most mentions of Truvada. We developed a codebook based on themes identified in a subset of posts and thematically coded all posts based on the primary purpose expressed in post titles and body. All data are descriptive. Results We identified 1,163 PrEP-related posts in total. There was a 23.3 fold increase in posts per year from 2014 (first year of posts) to 2019. The proportion of posters self-identifying as not on PrEP (26.8%) and on PrEP (30.3%) were similar. Incidental mentions of PrEP (54.5%), access challenges (19.1%), information seeking (17.5%), and cultural effects (16.3%) were the most common themes. 19.2% of posts involved assessment of risk following a sexual encounter. The topics mentioned least frequently, each with Discussion Reddit is a useful way of documenting user-initiated interest in discussion of PrEP. The frequent incidental mention of PrEP reflects the normalization and perceived importance of PrEP. Reddit may be less useful for gaining insight into issues like usage and side effects.
On generalist scholarship: A hierarchical view of research

In this Perspective, the author presents his vision of scholarship as consisting of hierarchically nested levels of specialization, each level offering its own perspective and value. He argues that in an era of increasingly sophisticated analysis tools, modern scholarship tends to proceed largely unaware of the benefits of conducting research at the higher, more general levels of the hierarchy. Drawing upon his own research and that of others, he gives examples of the manner in which generalist scholarship may proceed, the type of unique insights it uncovers, and the wisdom afforded us via an awareness of where our scholarship resides within the hierarchy.
Some observations on Denaea fournieri (Chondrichthyes, Symmoriiformes) from the Lower Carboniferous of Belgium

Preliminary observations are presented concerning endoskeletal morphology in the Lower Carboniferous symmoriiform shark Denaea fournieri , and some problems in the original description are highlighted. D. fournier i almost certainly possessed a tropibasic braincase and its cranial morphology agrees in most respects with that observed in other symmoriiforms, although it had an extremely narrow ethmoidal region and may have lacked supraorbital cartilages. Its pectoral fins were probably similar to those of other symmoriiforms, and the radialbearing margin of its metapterygium most closely resembles that of falcatids and Stethacanthulus . Using Cladoselache as an outgroup, several apomorphic characters are identified in symmoriiform pectoral fins.
Human erythrocyte calmodulin. Further chemical characterization and the site of its interaction with the membrane.

Human erythrocyte and bovine brain calmodulins were indistinguishable by tryptic peptide mapping, indicating that the primary sequence of the two proteins is either very similar or identical. Calcium binding determinations of human erythrocyte calmodulin, by equilibrium dialysis and fluorescence titration, were in close agreement with previous studies on other calmodulins. The calcium-activated adenosine triphosphatase which is stimulated by calmodulin was shown to be firmly associated with smooth erythrocyte plasma membranes devoid of spectrin and actin. Kinetic titration demonstrated that there are 4500 calmodulin binding sites per erythrocyte and that the turnover number of this calcium-activated adenosine triphosphatase is 3000 mumol of Pi . (mumol of site)-1 . min-1 which is similar to the turnover numbers of other transport adenosine triphosphatases. Furthermore, calmodulin stimulates calcium-activated adenosine triphosphatase by a simple enzyme-ligand association.
Understanding the benign nature of natural SIV infection: Implications for AIDS pathogenesis

Simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) infections of natural hosts, including sooty mangabey (SM), African green monkeys (AGMs), and many other African non-human primate species, typically do not induce CD4+ T cell depletion and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) despite chronic high levels of virus replication. In contrast, SIV infection of non-natural hosts, such as several macaque species, induces a disease that resembles AIDS in humans. The mechanisms underlying the lack of disease progression in SIV-infected SMs are incompletely understood, but certainly reflect a complex evolutionary adaptation whereby the host immune system is not significantly damaged by the highly replicating virus. It is now widely recognized that a better understanding of these mechanisms may provide clues to the pathogenesis of immunodeficiency in HIV-infected humans. In this presentation we will review and discuss: (1) the evidence supporting a key role for the absence of generalized immune activation in maintaining natural SIV hosts disease-free; (2) the potential mechanisms underlying the different level of immune activation in natural versus non-natural HIV/SIV hosts; and (3) the similarities and differences in the way SIV infection affects the mucosal immune system in natural versus non-natural hosts.
Universality for Turing Machines, Inductive Turing Machines and Evolutionary Algorithms

The aim of this paper is the development of foundations for evolutionary computations. To achieve this goal, a mathematical model of evolutionary automata is introduced and studied. The main classes of evolutionary automata considered in this paper are evolutionary Turing machines and evolutionary inductive Turing machines. Various subclasses and modes of evolutionary computation are defined. Problems of existence of universal objects in these classes are explored. Relations between Turing machines, inductive Turing machines, evolutionary Turing machines, and evolutionary inductive Turing machines are investigated.
Polynomial discrete-time SISO H/sub 2/ and H/sub /spl infin// controller synthesis: single Diophantine equation solution

Is solving a single Diophantine equation sufficient for synthesizing a polynomial discrete-time single-input-single-output (SISO) H/sub /spl infin// controller? This has been a longstanding question practically important due to the pervasive use of the polynomial-based discrete-time SISO self-tuners. The present work gives the answer to this question through the development of a novel polynomial algebra based reduction methodology. This reduction technique is also applied to the discrete-time SISO polynomial H/sub 2/ controller computation.
Gray Wolf ( Canis lupus ) Movements and Behavior Around a Kill Site and Implications for GPS Collar Studies

Global Positioning System (GPS) radio-collars are increasingly used to estimate Gray Wolf ( Canis lupus ) kill rates. In interpreting results from this technology, researchers make various assumptions about wolf behavior around kills, yet no detailed description of this behavior has been published. This article describes the behavior of six wolves in an area of constant daylight during 30 hours, from when the pack killed a Muskox ( Ovibos moschatus ) calf and yearling on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada, to when they abandoned the kill remains. Although this is only a single incident, it demonstrates one possible scenario of pack behavior around a kill. Combined with the literature, this observation supports placing a radio-collar on the breeding male to maximize finding kills via GPS collars and qualifying results depending on whatever other information is available about the collared wolf’s pack.
Acoustic ecology and the cinematic representation of architectural space: Strains of R. Murray schafer's acoustic design in the films of Jacques Tati

Acoustic ecology and the cinematic representation of architectural space is discussed with a particular focus on the strains of R. Murray Schafer's acoustic design in the films of Jacques Tati. R. Murray Schafer aims to develop awareness about the way modern spaces create and shape sound, and move towards the design of such spaces with an appreciation for how their sound affects their inhabitants. French filmmaker Jacques Tati made a career out of fashioning cinematic explorations of the sonic differences between old-world community spaces, urban environments, and the increasing sprawl to suburbia in the 50s and 60s. Film sound in terms of Acoustic Ecology in general, and the work of R. Murray Schafer in particular, can offer a new paradigm in which formal and aesthetic analysis can be carried out within the discipline of Film Studies. The study of the cinematic representation of space can offer new paths for exploration within the field of Acoustic Ecology.
Effects of skf 525a phenobarbital and 3 methylcholanthrene on ethylene dichloride toxicity following inhalation exposure

The effect of cytochrome P-450-dependent metabolism on ethylene dichloride (EDC) toxicity was investigated in mice. Prior to exposure to EDC, groups of male CD-1 mice were pretreated with phenobarb...
Simultaneous radiation damage and annealing of GaAs solar cells

In this report, concepts and equations are developed to describe the simultaneous radiation damage and annealing of solar cells. The annealing characteristics of three types of defects are employed to study three examples of continuous irradiation and annealing. One example shows that the effective damage could be reduced by a factor of fifty. The difficulty of a laboratory experiment properly simulating the effects in space are discussed. Potential advantages of continuous annealing such as reduction of stable defect formation and omission of radiation cover glasses are presented.
An Alpha Class Mouse Glutathione S-Transferase with Exceptional Catalytic Efficiency in the Conjugation of Glutathione with 7β,8α-Dihydroxy-9α,10α-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene

Abstract The kinetics of the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) with anti-7β,8α-dihydroxy-9α,10α-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene (anti-BPDE) catalyzed by GSH S-transferase (GST) isoenzymes purified from the liver and forestomach of female A/J mouse has been investigated. The GST isoenzymes studied included an alpha class isoenzyme of forestomach (GST 9.5), alpha class hepatic isoenzymes mGSTA3-3 and mGSTA4-4, pi class hepatic isoenzyme mGSTP1-1, and mu class hepatic isoenzyme mGSTM1-1. When the concentration of (+)-anti-BPDE was varied (5-120 μM) at a fixed GSH concentration (2 mM), linear Lineweaver-Burk plots were observed for each isoenzyme. The kcat values for GST 9.5, mGSTA3-3, mGSTP1-1, mGSTM1-1, and mGSTA4-4 were 2.0, 0.02, 0.40, 0.05, and 0.01 s−1, respectively, with corresponding Km values of 16, 12, 29, 27, and 49 μM. The catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of GST 9.5 in the conjugation of GSH with (+)-anti-BPDE, which is believed to be the ultimate carcinogenic metabolite of benzo(a)pyrene, was about 9-625-fold higher as compared with other mouse GST isoenzymes. These results indicate that GST 9.5 of forestomach is different among mammalian alpha class GSTs because (+)-anti-BPDE has been shown to be a poor substrate for alpha class rat or human GST isoenzymes. The catalytic efficiency of GST 9.5 was approximately 4.5-fold higher than that of pi class human isoenzyme (hGSTP1-1), which among human GSTs is reported to be most efficient in the detoxification of (+)-anti-BPDE. Unlike rat GST isoenzymes, linear Lineweaver-Burk plots were observed for mouse GSTs when GSH was used as a variable substrate. The catalytic efficiencies of the mouse GSTs toward (+)-anti-BPDE were about 2-20-fold higher as compared with the (−)-enantiomer of anti-BPDE. The results of the present study suggest that GST 9.5 may play an important role in the detoxification of (+)-anti-BPDE.
Rethinking Central Asia and its Security Issues

During the 20 years of independence, security environment in Central Asia has been changing drastically, with changes in strategies and alliances. This region is acquiring day by day more geostrategic importance due, among other things, to the situation in Afghanistan, to their natural resources, hydrocarbons specially, and their localization among Europe and Asia, Russia and China, India and Iran. This fight for gaining the complete influence in the region is known with the term “new great game”.
Immunoablative high-dose cyclophosphamide without stem cell rescue in a patient with pemphigus vulgaris.

Abstract The use of ablative intravenous cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg per day for 4 days) without stem cell rescue has been described in patients with refractory autoimmune diseases such as paraneoplastic pemphigus, systemic lupus erythematosus, and aplastic anemia. We describe a 33-year-old patient with pemphigus vulgaris recalcitrant to multiple therapies. The patient presented with numerous oral ulcerations, erosions, and hyperpigmented crusted plaques on his face, trunk, and arms. Findings of a skin biopsy and direct immunofluorescence were consistent with pemphigus vulgaris. The circulating pemphigus vulgaris autoantibodies were present at a titer of 1:640. The patient received immunoablative therapy (50 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide for a total of 4 days) and tolerated the regimen well. Complications such as thrombocytopenia and Pseudomonas septicemia were quickly treated. Four months after the 4-day therapy, his oral and skin lesions completely healed, and his pemphigus titers have decreased to zero. He is no longer receiving prednisone and no new lesions have developed. This provides further evidence that this regimen is relatively safe and provides a potential "cure" for refractory autoimmune diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;43:1065-9.)
A simple condition for asymptotic optimality of linear predictions of random fields

Abstract Consider linear predictions of a stationary random field at an unobserved location in a bounded region as the observations become increasingly dense in that region. Suppose the ratio of the actual spectral density of the process to the spectral density used to generate the linear predictions tends to a positive finite constant as the frequency increases. Then the sequence of predictions based on the incorrect spectral density and the first n observations are asymptotically optimal as n → ∞.
RHIC beam instrumentation.

AbstractRHICinstrumentationsystemsmustaccuratelycharacterizediversebeamsofupto110bunchesineachofthetwocolliderrings,rangingfrom10 11 protons/bunchat250GeVto10 9 Au þ79 ions/bunchat100GeV=nucleon; aswellaslower-intensitycommissioningandpilotbunches.Thecolliderinstrumentationincludes:667beampositionmonitor(BPM)channels,363beamlossmonitor(BLM)channels,wallcurrentmonitors,DCcurrenttransformers,ionizationproﬁlemonitors,tunemeasurementdevices,andresonantSchottkymonitors.ColliderinstrumentationisalsousedintheAGS-to-RHICtransferline,including52BPMchannels,56BLMchannels,5fastintegratingcurrenttransformers,and12videobeamproﬁlemonitors(RHICDesignManual,April1998;Proceedingsofthe’98BeamInstrumentationWorkshop,1998).PublishedbyElsevierScienceB.V. PACS: 29.20.Lq;29.27. a;07.05.HdKeywords: Accelerator;RHIC;Instrumentation;Positionmonitor;Lossmonitor;Currentmonitor;Luminositymonitor 1. Beampositionmonitors1.1. BPM assemblies and cablesThebeampositionmonitor(BPM)electrodeassembliesforthecolliderringandtheAGS-to-RHIC(AtR)lineshareacommonmechanicaldesign[1].AllAtRassembliesoperateatroomtemperature;mostcolliderassembliesoperateat4:2K: Eachassemblycontains23cmlong,3cmwide shorted striplines with a controlled 50Oimpedance.Largestriplinescoupleenoughpowertoallowaccuratemeasurementoflow-intensitypilotbunches.Theshorteddesignrequireselectro-nicswithlowreturnlosstolimitimpedance,butthestaticcryogenicthermalloadisreducedbyafactoroftwoovermoreexpensiveback-termi-nateddesigns.Mostoftheassembliescontaintwoopposingstriplines,andmeasureeitherhorizontalorverticalbeampositionatalocationwithcorrespondinglarge optical beta function. These single-planemonitorsaredesignatedType1ðID¼ 8cmÞ; acutawayviewofoneisshowninFig.1.Incriticalareasaroundtheinteractionregions,assemblieswithfourstriplinesareinstalled,allowingsimulta-neousmeasurementofbothhorizontalandver-ticalpositions.Tomatchexpectedbeamsizeand
The United States' retreat from the Middle East and pivot to the Far East is likely to intensify

A combination of threat analysis and “subterranean forces” (such as proclivities to fight conventional wars as compared to asymmetric ones) leads the USA to prefer focusing on the threats from China rather than those emanating from the Middle East.
Integer partitions and the Sperner property

The objectives of this paper are three-fold. First, we would like to call attention to a very attractive problem, the question of whether or not the poset of integer partitions ordered by refinement has the Sperner property. We provide all necessary definitions, and enough bibliography to interest a newcomer in the problem. Second, we prove four new theorems, two by exhaustive computation and two in the more traditional manner. Finally, we highlight the central role played by Larry Harper in the literature of this subject.
Dependence of the stimulated emission cross section of Yb 3+ on host glass composition

The stimulated emission cross section for the2F 5/2 →2F 7/2 transition of Yb3+has been determined from absorption and emission measurements of 41 different oxide, fluoride, and oxyfluoride glasses at 293 K. The effective peak cross sections for transitions to Stark levels above the ground state range from approximately 0.3 to 0.8 pm2. The largest values occur in borate and phosphate glasses; the smallest values occur in silicate and low-refractive-index fluoride glasses. Radiative lifetimes calculated from integrated absorption spectra are also reported and range from 0.6 to 2.7 ms. Systematic variations in cross sections with changes in modifier ions can be used to tailor stimulated emission cross sections and fluorescence lifetimes.
Serum urea nitrogen and conception rate : the usefulness of test information

Total of 627 AI in 332 Holstein cows in nine herds were used to examine the relationship between serum urea N and conception rate. Cows were assigned randomly to one of three isocaloric diets varying in protein degradability and content. The AI occurred from 50 to 150 DIM. Mean serum urea N for each cow from 50 to 150 DIM was used to examine conception rate and serum urea N. The clinical interpretation of serum urea N on conception rate is evaluated using Bayes theorem from two approaches (dichotomization vs. continuous). Test information resulting from dichotomization of serum urea N into high and low categories (maximizing the average of test sensitivity and specificity) is compared with likelihood ratio approaches allowing a continuous measure. Likelihood ratio test indicates that conception rate decreases with serum urea N of > 14.9 mg/dl, but dichotomized test suggests that the decrease does not occur until serum urea N is > 20 mg/dl.
Effects of sublingual nitroglycerin on the gas exchange response to exercise in stable angina pectoris.

Abstract To quantitate changes in gas exchange variables that occur after administration of sublingual nitroglycerin in patients with stable angina pectoris, a randomized double-blind 2-period crossover study was performed with continuous expired gas exchange chalysis and progressive exercise using individualized ramp treadmill protocols. Significant reductions in minute ventilation and respiratory rate were observed at 5 minutes of exercise during nitroglycerin therapy. Gas exchange variables i.e., minute ventilation, carbon dioxide production and oxygen uptake were significantly increased at the onset of angina after nitroglycerin administration. When techniques for optimizing the assessment of cardiopulmonary function were used, significant improvements in gas exchange variables were demonstrated in stable angina pectoris after administration of sublingual nitroglycerin.
He Said What? Guided Cognitive Reframing About the Co-resident Father/Stepfather-adolescent Relationship.

We studied young adolescents' seeking out support to understand conflict with their co-resident fathers/stepfathers, and the cognitive and affective implications of such support-seeking, phenomena we call guided cognitive reframing. Our sample included 392 adolescents (Mage = 12.5, 52.3% female) who were either of Mexican or European ancestry and lived with their biological mothers and either a stepfather or a biological father. More frequent reframing was associated with more adaptive cognitive explanations for father/stepfather behavior. Cognitions explained the link between seeking out and feelings about the father/stepfather and self. Feelings about the self were more strongly linked to depressive symptoms than cognitions. We discuss the implications for future research on social support, coping, guided cognitive reframing, and father–child relationships.
Self-reinforcement in pigeons

Abstract Pigeons were trained to reward their own performances by eating from a freely available food source only after pecking a disc. The self-reinforcement pattern was established by fading in the work requirement and punishing noncontingent self-feeding by food withdrawal. The animals maintained faultless self-reinforcement for hundreds of trials after the punishment contingency was removed so that the birds could safely feed themselves without performing any pecking responses. In successive induction and extinction of the phenomenon, the number of responses per self-reward was observed to covary with self-reinforcement rate. By progressively raising the work requirements an animal was trained to adopt increasingly higher performance standards of self-reward. After maintaining a high response output for each self-reward the animal promptly discarded all self-imposed work contingencies and quickly resumed them again, though less durably, following additional training.
Chitosan bicomponent nanofibers and nanoporous fibers.

Abstract Nanofibers with average diameters between 20 and 100 nm have been prepared by electrospinning of 82.5% deacetylated chitosan ( M v = 1600 kDa) mixed with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA, M w = 124–186 kDa) in 2% (v/v) aqueous acetic acid. The formation of bicomponent fibers was feasible with 3% concentration of solution containing up to an equal mass of chitosan. Finer fibers, fewer beaded structures and more efficient fiber formation were observed with increasing PVA contents. Nanoporous fibers could be generated by removing the PVA component in the 17/83 chitosan/PVA bicomponent fibers with 1 M NaOH (12 h). Fiber formation efficiency and composition uniformity improved significantly when the molecular weight of chitosan was halved by alkaline hydrolysis (50 wt % aqueous NaOH, 95 °C, 48 h). The improved uniform distribution of chitosan and PVA in the bicomponent fibers was attributed to better mixing mostly due to the reduced molecular weight and to the increased deacetylation of the chitosan.
Determination of electron number density via Stark broadening with an improved algorithm

Abstract A new algorithm is described for the calculation of electron number density ( n e ) via least-squares fittings of spectral lines to the theoretical Stark-broadened profiles. The range of measurement is limited only by the resolution of the spectrometer and the availability of spectral data. Electron number densities for helium and argon inductively coupled plasmas are determined by using H-beta line emitted at 486.13 nm. The effective n e , value of the He ICP (4.8 × 10 13 cm −3 ) is approximately 25 times less than that of the Ar ICP (1.2 × 10 15 cm −3 ) when the plasmas are operated under typical analytical conditions. Advantages of the present method over other methods are discussed.
Mutagenicity evaluation of chemical pesticides

Over the last few decades, the use of chemical pesticides has increased dramatically in the U.S. This relatively sudden increase greatly concerns the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), since it has the responsibility for ensuring the safety of all pesticides used in the U.S. In response to this concern, EPA has established a review program, the Rebuttable Presumption Against Registration (RPAR), for periodically reassessing the mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of pesticide compounds. This paper presents a review and evaluation of the data reported in the literature on six chemical pesticides suspect for mutagenic potential. The pesticide chemicals discussed are maleic hydrazide; rotenone; monuron; diallate; triallate, and benomyl.
Characterization of heteroepitaxial multiferroic interface BiFeO3/SrTiO3/Si by Cs-corrected STEM

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) produces scattered electrons and different kind of signals are registered in sync with the electron probe scanning. The resolution of the STEM is mostly determined by the size of the probe [1]. Characterization of materials at atomic level is possible with the aberration correctors, which can provide of a different contrast as a function of the atomic number (Z-contrast imaging). In this work we present the results from the characterization of multifunctional oxide BiFeO3/SrTiO3 (BFO/STO) thin films grown on silicon using conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Cs-corrected STEM.
Context and Meaning in Social Identity Theory: A Response to Oakes

A vibrant debate is a sure sign of a healthy theory. My current exchange with Penelope Oakes (2002) on the application of social identity theory to political phenomena provides clear evidence of the theory's positive vital signs. We may disagree over the extent to which social identity theory holds a specific road map for political research, but we do not differ on the theory's ultimate importance. Like Oakes, I believe that social identity has valuable insights to offer political behavior researchers. Indeed, I wrote my original critique of social identity theory not to dampen but rather to stimulate psychological thinking and research on the theory's benefit to fields beyond social psychology. I hope that the current exchange will provoke dialogue between social psychologists and political scientists and, in so doing, enrich the theory and enhance its contributions to political research.
Influence of stress distribution on fatigue strength of adhesive-bonded joints

A study was made of the fatigue behavior of three types of 2024-T3 aluminum-alloy adhesive-bonded joints: single-lap joint, scarf joint and butt joint bonded with two kinds of adhesives, a vinyl-phenolic type, FM-47 and a nitride rubber-phenolic type, Metlbond 4021. Two different modes of fatigue failures of the single-lap joints, i.e., sheet-metal failure and adhesive-bonding failure, were caused by the different stress components in the joint. The influence of the variations of stress distribution caused by the difference in mechanical properties of the adhesive, geometry of the joints, and the type of loading on fatigue strength of the adhesive-bonded joints, were analyzed.
The reaction behavior of Fe-C-S droplets in CaO-SiO2-MgO-FeO slags

The rate of reduction of FeO in the slag by carbon in iron droplets (2.9 wt pct C, 0.01 wt pct S) was studied for CaO-SiO2-MgO slags containing between 3 and 35 wt pct FeO and temperatures ranging from 1643 to 1763 K. The effects of Fe2O3 additions to the slag and sulfur variations in the metal on the reaction rate were also studied. It was found that the behavior of the metal droplets in the slag, as observed by X-ray fluoroscopy, changed significantly with FeO content in the slag. Below 10 wt pct FeO, the droplet remained intact while reacting with the slag; however, above this FeO concentration, the droplet became emulsified within the slag. The large increase in surface area of the metal droplet due to emulsification caused the rate of reaction to be one to two orders of magnitude faster than for droplets that did not become emulsified. It was suggested that when the droplet is emulsified, the surface area and reaction kinetics are greatly increased, and the rate becomes controlled by mass transfer of FeO as Fe2+ and O2− ions in the slag to the emulsified droplet. At low FeO contents for which the droplet does not emulsify, the rate is controlled by dissociation of CO2 on the metal. It was also found that a critical temperature exists for a given FeO content at which point the rate of CO evolution increases dramatically. Additions of Fe2O3 to the slag and sulfur to the metal caused significant changes to the rate of reaction possibly by affecting the emulsification behavior of the droplet.
Flowfield Study of a Close-Coupled Canard Configuration

Abstract : A nulling five-hole pressure probe was used to complete a flowfield survey behind a close-coupled canard and wing model set at 22 degrees angle of attack. The canard and wing were both low-aspect-ratio, highly-swept, delta planforms with rounded leading edges. The model was set at the condition of maximum lift enhancement of the canard/wing configuration over a corresponding wing-alone configuration, based on previous force measurements. For comparison, the pressure measurements were made with the canard on and with the canard off. From the pressure measurements, flowfield velocity-vector, velocity-streamline and total-pressure-coefficient contours were plotted. These plots showed the dramatic effect of the canard vortex on the wing flowfield. The location and interaction of the canard and wing leading-edge vortices were analyzed. Large- scale reattachment of previously reversed flow over the wing was noted, as well as the re-establishment and strengthening of the wing leading-edge vortex. Close-coupled canard, Vortex interaction, Post-stall, High angle of attack, Agility.
Entrainment of the female hamster to reversed photoperiod: Role of the pineal

Abstract The effects of pinealectomy and photoperiod reversal on locomotor activity and behavioral receptivity rhythms were investigated in the hamster. Activity rhythms of the control animals required 7.3 days to reentrain to the reversed photoperiod, while pinealectomized animals showed a precocious reentrainment of running activity. Behavioral receptivity reentrained to the new photoperiod within the first estrous cycle after photoperiod reversal in all animals. Thus there was a dissociation between the rhythms of activity and behavioral receptivity following photoperiod reversal, suggesting that two circadian thythms that are thought to be regulated by a common circadian system can become uncoupled from each other. The estrous cycle rhythms of estradiol, progesterone, FSH and uterine wet weight all appeared to be reentrained by at least the third estrous cycle after photoperiod reversal. This suggests that sex hormone rhythms are more rapidly reentrained than had been previously thought possible from studies on reentrainment of ovulation.
Calculation of oblique impact and fracture of tungsten cubes using smoothed particle hydrodynamics

The oblique impact and fracture of tungsten cubes is simulated using the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics code MAGI. A series of experiments with well defined and repeatable results provide the basis for validation of an evolving scalar damage model within SPH.
Follicular thyroid cancer

Patients with differentiated thyroid cancer generally have a good prognosis and high cure rates; however, subgroups of patients exist who develop progressive disease with significant morbidity and mortality. We analyzed the clinical outcome of patients with follicular thyroid cancer and distant metastases to define their presentation, impact of therapy and clinical outcome. A group of 44 patients with follicular thyroid cancer which had metastasized to the lungs or the skeleton was identified. All patients were treated at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center between 1965 and 1994. The group included 26 women and 18 men, with a median age of 56 years (range, 23 to 80 years). The primary tumor was limited to the thyroid in most cases. At the time of writing 13 patients were alive with metastatic disease a median of 43 months (range, 4 to 230 months) after diagnosis, while 27 patients died of thyroid cancer a median of 83 months (range, 4 to 238 months) after diagnosis. Bone pain was the chief complaint in almost all the 24 patients in whom distant metastases were present at diagnosis. In the 20 patients who initially presented with localized disease, distant metastases to the skeleton and/or lungs were detected after a median interval of 53 months (range, 8 to 216 months). Symptomatic spinal cord compression occurred in 13 patients and preceded their death by 4 to 34 months. Radioiodine uptake was seen in most bone metastases but in only about half of metastatic foci in the lungs. Radiotherapy was palliative and useful for bone metastases. We conclude that patients with follicular thyroid cancer and distant metastases have a distinct clinical profile that includes prominent skeletal and pulmonary involvement and substantial morbidity and mortality. Intensive multimodality therapy is required to optimize the clinical outcome.
Method for measuring the self-assembly of alkanethiols on gold at femtomolar concentrations

We describe a cantilever-based method for measuring the self-assembly of alkanethiols on a gold surface in a flow system that permits easy step changes in concentration and acquire a continuous in situ measure of the resulting chemisorption through the change in resonance frequency. A gold-coated (2.2 mm2), piezoelectric-excited, millimeter-sized cantilever (PEMC) sensor was exposed to 1-hexadecanethiol (HDT) in ethanol at concentrations ranging from 1 fM to 1 mM, sequentially and separately. A high-order flexural mode at approximately 850 kHz was monitored during the self-assembly. The resonance frequency decreases as a result of increased mass as chemisorption occurs on the surface. We show for the first time that the chemisorption of HDT at 1 fM is readily measurable and gave a response of 220 +/- 13 Hz (n = 4). At higher concentrations (10 and 100 fM; 1, 10, and 100 pM; 1, 10, and 100 nM; 1 microM; and 1 mM), the responses were proportionately, but nonlinearly, higher. At high concentrations (1 mM), the responses to C4, C8, C11, C16, and C18 alkanethiols were linearly proportional and were complete in approximately 25 min. We report for the first time that, once the Au surface is equilibrated at 1 pM, further chemisorption at a lower HDT concentration does not take place, even though over 99% of surface adsorption sites are available. At 1 fM, the overall chemisorption rate did not increase with a 2-fold increase in the HDT flow rate, suggesting that chemisorption at 1 fM is not transport-limited. The measured overall chemisorption rate constant at 1 fM was more rapid than 0.1 min-1.
Intravitreal bevacizumab for treatment of choroidal neovascularization secondary to angioid streaks.

Intravitreal bevacizumab for treatment of choroidal neovascularization secondary to angioid streaks
Thermodynamic stabilities of AgMn alloys

Abstract The activities of manganese in four AgMn alloys (NMn = 0.048, 0.090, 0.138 and 0.174) were determined with a twin-chamber Knudsen cell mass spectrometer in the temperature range 1050–1220 K. From the measured aMn values, the Gibbs enthalpies of formation ΔGm of these four alloys were calculated as − 446, − 709, − 975 and − 1172 cal mol−1 respectively at 1150 K.
An Active-Learning Approach to Teaching the Undergraduate Psychology and Law Course

This article describes an active-learning approach to teaching an undergraduate psychology and law course specifically designed to improve critical-thinking skills. After reviewing the concepts of active learning and critical thinking, we describe the course and present data and observations regarding its success. Finally, we discuss strategies for handling problems that may arise when teaching a psychology and law course using this approach.
A microrespirometer capable of quantitative substrate mixing.

Abstract The Greggs ultramicrorespirometer was modified to permit the mixing of a substrate quantitatively with the tissue during the course of an experiment. The details of construction and manipulation of the microrespirometers are described. A typical experiment illustrating the use of the mixing microrespirometer is included.
Acylation and glycosylation of rhodopsin in the rd mouse.

Abstract Retinas of 9–10-day-old rd and control mice were incubated for 2 hr with [ 14 C]leucine along with either tritiated palmitic acid or galactose to investigate the acylation or glycosylation, respectively, of rhodopsin. Although other laboratories have reported that phosphorylation of rhodopsin is not detectable in rd retinas, the two post-translational modifications of rhodopsin investigated in the present work are detectable. The rod outer segments (ROS) were separated from the retinal debris containing the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) of photoreceptor cells by vortexing and then by linear sucrose gradients. The rhodopsin from the RER was purified by affinity chromatography and gel electrophoresis. In the acylation studies, the mean ratio of palmitate to leucine in the rd mouse was nearly twice that of controls (11·73 ± 2·84 v. 6·81 ± 1·04). Possible explanations for the disparity between the two groups could include: (1) a diminished internal pool size of the fatty acid; or (2) acylation of amino acids such as serine or threonine which normally are not acylated in rhodopsin. Treatment of purified rhodopsin with 1 m hydroxylamine released similar amounts of palmitate from the rd mice and controls. Hence, the higher ratio of palmitate to leucine in rd mice is apparently due to a diminished internal pool size. In the glycosylation studies, the ratio of galactose to leucine was very similar between rd mice and controls, 1·7 ± 0·43 v. 2·47 ± 0·74. Protein content and specific activity were determined for the crude ROS preparations and for the remaining retinal debris. Although the amount of ROS protein differed significantly between the two groups, the specific activities did not. Determinations of the amount of protein and specific activity in retinal debris pellets were similar for the two groups. The results suggest that building of the core structure of the N -linked oligosaccharide of rhodopsin proceeds normally in the rd mouse and that acylation of rhodopsin is not defective in the rd mouse.
Stalk Segment 5 of the Yeast Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase MUTATIONAL EVIDENCE FOR A ROLE IN GLUCOSE REGULATION

In P2-type ATPases, a stalk region connects the cytoplasmic part of the molecule, which binds and hydrolyzes ATP, to the membrane-embedded part through which cations are pumped. The present study has used cysteine scanning mutagenesis to examine structure-function relationships within stalk segment 5 (S5) of the yeast plasma-membrane H+-ATPase. Of 29 Cys mutants that were made and examined, two (G670C and R682C) were blocked in biogenesis, presumably due to protein misfolding. In addition, one mutant (S681C) had very low ATPase activity, and another (F685C) displayed a 40-fold decrease in sensitivity to orthovanadate, reflecting a shift in equilibrium from the E2conformational state toward E1. By far the most striking group of mutants (F666C, L671C, I674C, A677C, I684C, R687C, and Y689C) were constitutively activated even in the absence of glucose, with rates of ATP hydrolysis and kinetic properties normally seen only in glucose-metabolizing cells. Previous work has suggested that activation of the wild-type H+-ATPase results from kinase-mediated phosphorylation in the auto-inhibitory C-terminal region of the 100-kDa polypeptide. The seven residues identified in the present study are located on one face of the S5 α-helix, consistent with the idea that mutations along this face serve to release the auto-inhibition.
Heating rates in furnace atomic absorption using the L'vov platform

Abstract Heating rate profiles for the furnace tube wall, the furnace atmosphere, and a L'vov platform were established for a range of conditions in a cyclically heated graphite atomizer. The tube wall profile was made by direct observation with a recording optical pyrometer. The sodium line reversal method was used to establish the heating rate of the furnace atmosphere, and appearance temperatures for a series metals of differing volatility was used to establish platform profiles. The tube wall heating rate was nearly linear at 2240°C s − until the desired temperature was reached after which the temperature remained constant. The furnace atmosphere reached a given temperature 0.2–0.4 s later than the tube wall through most of the atomize cycle. The platform lagged the tube wall 0.5–0.8 s. Under typical operating conditions the furnace atmosphere was 100–200°C cooler than the tube wall and at nearly constant temperature when the analyte vaporized from the platform. The L'vov platform causes the cyclically heated commercial furnace to approximate the behavior of a constant temperature furnace during atomization.
Reliability Enhancement: Increasing the accuracy of self-report through mediation-based procedures

Eighteen subjects, self-referred for tension and anxiety, were randomly assigned to either a Reliability Enhancement Package (composed of cognitive consistency, consequence clarification, public commitment, and cueing manipulations)or an Attention-Control condition. Subjects in both groups received anxiety-oriented treatment in the form of progressive relaxation training. A pre- and posttreatment bogus biofeedback assessment was conducted during which time subjects self-recorded “time in alpha” as a supposed measure of their relaxation abilities. Experimental procedures (i.e., REP and AC)were administered prior to the posttreatment assessment session. Self-recorded alpha records were then compared to external ratings in order to assess the accuracy of self-report data. Results indicated significantly greater inaccuracy scores at posttreatment for Attention-Control as compared to Reliability Enhancement subjects (p < .005).Moreover, errors committed were in the direction of overestimating time in alpha (p < .02).These results were discussed with regard to mediational manipulations and expanding self-observational research strategies.
Manipulating proteins with chemistry: a cross-section of chemical biology

Chemistry-driven strategies for modifying, controlling and monitoring protein function in vitro and in vivo have attracted widespread interest among chemists in recent years. Several strategies have now emerged that complement standard genetics-based approaches, and they are being increasingly adopted by biologists to address issues in relevant contexts from cells to animals. With the development of these chemical biology tools, we might be approaching a time when detailed quantitative analysis of protein function, to a degree previously available only in reconstituted systems, is attainable in an in vivo setting.
Earliest recollections of childhood: A demographic analysis.

Abstract A theory has recently been advanced which proposes that the development of autobiographical recollection is shaped by a child's participation in discussions of events with adults (e.g. Nelson, 1988; Snow, 1990). A logical prediction of the theory is that demographic factors related to the nature of linguistic environments might be associated with differences in the development of autobiographical recollection. Four questionnaire studies that test this prediction are presented. The results, on a total of 768 subjects, show that the age of earliest memory increases across birth order, is slightly earlier for females than for males, and is earlier for Caucasians than for Asians. These findings are discussed in light of previous research showing that parents interact and talk more with first-borns and with girls, and in light of differences between Western and Asian cultures in socialization goals and the significance of autobiography in the development of self-concept.
Effects of external force gradients in infrared and Raman activity of long wavelength optical phonons

It is possible to induce infrared and Raman activity in a crystal by the application of an external force which lowers the symmetry of the vibrational modes of the crystal. We present here a group theoretical analysis of the effects of a strain gradient and electric and magnetic field gradients on the infrared and Raman activity of the q≈0 optical vibrational modes in each of the thirty-two crystal classes.
Christian Universities and Colleges: The Need to Train Instructors to Teach the Bible as Literature in Public Schools.

The author examines the national growth of Bible literacy courses in America's public schools and examines what steps Christian universities and colleges can take to help meet the demand for teachers for these courses. The author asserts that several sources of training are currently available, but declares that they will be unable to train a majority of the increasing number of instructors that will be needed to fill these classes. As a result, Christian institutions need to develop courses specifically designed to prepare these instructors. The article examines why the recent growth of these courses across both entire states and school districts is likely to continue. The article then addresses the likely benefits of such courses, based on meta-analysis research and the examination of nationwide data sets. It then distinguishes the difference between Bible literacy and religious literacy, and also explains why Bible literacy is an important component of religious literacy. The paper concludes by examini...
High‐Throughput Method for Determining Modulus of Polymer Blends

Summary: A method for rapidly determining the modulus of polymer blends was developed. A polymer blend gradient library of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PDLLA) was created in the form of a strip-shaped film and characterized with FTIR microspectroscopy. Nanoindentation measurements were made along the gradients to obtain modulus data over a wide range of PLLA-PDLLA blend compositions. This novel, high-throughput approach to material characterization provides engineers with a technique to accelerate the development of materials. Deposition of the polymer composition gradient.