cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ionization energies of benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[e]pyrene

Photoelectron spectra of benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[e]pyrene have been assigned on the basis of ab initio electron propagator theory. Electron correlation effects are included in the partial third order approximation and agreement with experimental peaks is very close. To each ionization energy, there corresponds a Feynman–Dyson amplitude that exhibits the change in electronic structure associated with the removal of an electron. Correlation corrections to the Koopmans description of the cationic states are large for many states, but the qualitative validity of this model remains valid. The lowest final states with σ holes occur around 11.0 eV.
Facile, Near-Quantitative, Aqueous Routes to Nearly Any [Cp*Ru(η6-arene)]Cl Compound

Facile syntheses of water-soluble [Cp*Ru(arene)]Cl compounds exploiting the extraordinary properties of [Cp*Ru(μ3-Cl)]4 in aqueous media are described. These methods produce no byproducts, involve little to no workup, and are applicable to almost any simple arene.
Effects of orbital drift on advanced very high resolution radiometer products: Normalized difference vegetation index and sea surface temperature

Abstract Although orbits of the NOAA TIROS-N satellites are designed to be sun-synchronous, epheremis data shows that the afternoon, ascending node satellites currently cross the equator hours later than they did upon launch. This delay results in different illumination conditions for measurements made by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). The effects of illumination on two standard AVHRR products—normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and sea surface temperature (SST)—are modeled here. Combining orbital data with model results, the effects of the NOAA-11 orbital drift on NDVI are quantitatively assessed for three earth targets: an equatorial Africa site (0° N), the First ISLSCP Field Experiment (FIFE) site (39° N), and the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) site (55° N). Top-of-atmosphere NDVI corrections for solar zenith angle are developed for a dense, deciduous forest. Orbital drift effects on SST are given for an equatorial site. Although results vary with season, latitude, atmosphere and time since launch, NDVI differences of up to 0.23 and SST differences of up to 0.5 K may occur due strictly to orbital drift.
Failure to detect “cap” structures in mitochondrial DNA-coded poly(A)-containing RNA from HeLa cells

The structure of the 5'-termini has been investigated in mitochondrial DNA-coded poly(A)-containing RNA from HeLa cells. For this purpose, mitochondrial RNA isolated from cells labeled for 3 hours with [32P]orthophosphate in the presence of 20 microgram/ml camptothecin, and selected for poly(A) content by two passages through oligo(dT)-cellulose, was digested either with the nuclease P1 or with a mixture of RNases: the digestion products were then fractionated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. No "cap" structures were detected under conditions where the presence of such structures in one out of five to ten RNA molecules would have been recognized. It is, therefore, likely that "cap" structures are completely absent in HeLa cell mitochondrial poly(A)-containing RNA.
Side-chain oxysterol regulation of 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A reductase activity

Side-chain oxysterols are known to be potent inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase, a key regulatory enzyme in the biosynthesis of sterols. Structural variations in the side-chain oxysterols influence enzyme inhibition. Under certain conditions, biological systems have been induced to produce side-chain oxysterols, adding support to the hypothesis that oxysterols may be natural regulators of sterol biosynthesis in the intact cell. Specific inhibition of sterol biosynthesis is of interest as it may prove useful in the prevention or reversal of various cardiovascular disease states, as well as in the control of normal and abnormal cell growth.
Mastery Teaching: The Basic Principles

(1985). Mastery Teaching: The Basic Principles. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 58, No. 7, pp. 307-309.
Impact-collision ion-scattering spectroscopy of Cu(110) and Cu(110)-(2 x 1)-O using 5-keV 6Li+

Impact-collision ion-scattering spectroscopy was performed using 5-keV $^{6}$${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ ions to study the Cu(110) and Cu(110)-(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)-O surfaces. Polar-angle scans were collected for scattering along the [11\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0], [11\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}2], and [001] azimuths. These scans were quantitatively analyzed by comparing them to the results of an algorithm that combined a one-atom Monte Carlo computer simulation with various structural models to calculate trial polar scans. The results for the clean surface support a model in which the first- to second-atomic-layer spacing was contracted (10\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5)% compared to the bulk spacings and the vibrational amplitudes of the atoms in the outermost atomic layer were enhanced by a factor of 1.5 over the bulk vibrational amplitude. For a surface with a 200 L oxygen exposure (1 L\ensuremath{\equiv}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}6}$ torr sec), the results were not consistent with a buckled-row model, but indicated that every other [001] atom row was missing, the first-to second-layer spacing was expanded (25\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10)%, and the second- to third-layer spacing was contracted (10\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5)%. At higher oxygen exposures, the surface Cu layer became disordered.
Fluorine peroxide (FOOF): A continuing problem for normally reliable theoretical methods

The greatest single success of modern computational quantum chemistry has been its ability to correctly predict the geometrical structures of molecules. The FOOF molecule stands in contrast to the overwhelming mass of comparisons between theory and experiment. This research shows that configuration interaction (CI) methods including all single and double excitations (SD) fail to predict the correct FOOF structure, even when high-quality basis sets are employed.
Export of Galectin-3 from Nuclei of Digitonin-Permeabilized Mouse 3T3 Fibroblasts

Abstract Galectin-3 is a galactose-/lactose-binding protein (Mr ∼30,000), identified as a required factor in the splicing of pre-mRNA. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that galectin-3 distributes differentially between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, depending on the proliferative state of the cells under analysis. Using digitonin-permeabilized mouse 3T3 fibroblasts, we provide evidence that galectin-3 is rapidly and selectively exported from the nucleus. Although both phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated isoforms of galectin-3 are found in the nuclear fraction, only phosphorylated galectin-3 is identified in the exported fraction, implying that phosphorylation is important for the nuclear export of the protein. The rate of galectin-3 export is temperature dependent and is decreased by the addition of wheat germ agglutinin. More strikingly, galectin-3 export can be inhibited by the addition of leptomycin B, a drug that disrupts the interaction between the leucine-rich nuclear export signal and its receptor, CRM1 (chromosome maintenance region 1). Indeed, a putative leucine-rich nuclear export signal can be found in residues 241–249 of the murine galectin-3 sequence. Finally, gel filtration of the exported material showed that galectin-3 can be found in at least two high molecular weight complexes (∼650 and ∼60 kDa), both of which can be disrupted by lactose.
Off-energy-shell continuation of the two-nucleon transition matrix

Abstract For an uncoupled partial wave without bound state, the symmetric part σ ( k , k ′) of the half-shell T -matrix can be given arbitrarily. This in turn determines the entire T -matrix. Since σ ( k , k ) is essentially the phase shift, the arbitrary part of T appears as a continuation into two dimensions of the phase shift function, symmetry being the only restriction. This formulation stays closer to experiment than the usual one, in which the arbitrary function is the potential V ( k , k ′). A practical method is given to go from σ to the entire T -matrix.
Kinetic Evidence for an Acylpyridinium Intermediate in Hydrolysis of p-Nitrophenyl Alkanoates Catalyzed by a Polyamide with 4-(Dialkylamino)pyridine Groups

We report the first observation of burst kinetics for polymeric 4-(dialkylamino)pyridine-catalyzed hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl esters. The catalyst is the novel polyamide [CO(CH 2 ) 2 N(C 5 NH 4 )(CH 2 ) 6 NH] n
Source identification of volatile organic compounds in Houston, Texas

The complexity of the volatile organic compound (VOC) mixture in the Houston area makes studies of the air quality in that area very challenging. In this paper, a novel factor analysis model, where the normal chemical mass balance model was augmented by a parallel equation that accounted for wind speed and direction, temperature, and weekend/weekday effects, was fitted with a multilinear engine (ME) to provide identification and apportionment of the VOC sources at the La Porte Municipal Airport site in Houston during the Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS) 2000. The analysis determined the profiles and contributions of nine sources and the corresponding wind speed, wind direction, temperature, and weekend factors. The reasonableness of these results not only suggests the high resolving power of the expanded factor analysis model for source apportionment but also provides the novel and effective auxiliary information for more specific source identification. In addition, a new approach to estimate the measurement uncertainty and the details of determining the source number and dealing with missing values are also presented as important parts of the data analysis process. This study demonstrates the feasibility of the expanded model to identify sources in complex VOC systems and extract useful information for locating VOC emitters and controlling their emissions in the Houston area.
A quark model of antilambda-lambda production in p̄p interactions

Abstract A quark model which includes both scalar and vector contributions to the reaction mechanism is used in a DWBA calculation of total and differential cross sections, polarizations, and spin-correlation coefficients for the reaction p p → Λ Λ at laboratory momenta from threshold to 1.92 GeV/ c . The free parameters of the calculation include the scalar and vector strengths, a quark-cluster size parameter, and six parameters in the unknown Λ Λ interaction. Excellent agreement with experiment is found for a constructive interference of scalar and vector terms, and for a Λ Λ potential which differs from that suggested by several authors on the basis of SU(3) arguments. The fit to the data is better than that obtained by other quark models, which use only scalar or vector annihilation terms. The agreement with experiment is as good as that found in meson-exchange models, which use more parameters than the present calculation.
Test geometries for measuring interfacial fracture toughness

Abstract Two types of test specimen for determining interfacial fracture toughness are calibrated in this paper. Previous studies have shown that interfacial fracture toughness is strongly dependent on mode mixity. Both specimen types presented are well-suited for investigating interfacial toughness over a wide range of mode mixities. The structure of the near tip elastic fields for an interface crack is examined and in particular near tip contact and the variation of mode mixity with distance are dealt with. The concept of K dominance for interface cracks is discussed and a zone of K dominance is shown to exist for the specimens calibrated, provided the zone of non-linear effects is small. A procedure for determining the effect of residual stresses on the stress intensity factor is presented.
Lyn, a Src family kinase, regulates activation of epidermal growth factor receptors in lung adenocarcinoma cells.

Activation of receptors for growth factors on lung epithelial cells is essential for transformation into tumor cells, supporting their viability and proliferation. In most lung cancer patients, EGFR is constitutively activated without evidence of mutation. Defining mechanisms for constitutive activation of EGFR could elucidate additional targets for therapy of lung cancers. The approach was to identify lung cancer cell lines with constitutively activated EGFR and use systematic selection of inhibitors to evaluate their effects on specific EGFR phosphorylations and downstream signaling pathways. Interactions between receptors, kinases, and scaffolding proteins were investigated by co-immunoprecipitation plus Western blotting. The results revealed a dependence on Src family of tyrosine kinases for downstream signaling and cell growth. Lyn, a Src family kinase functional in normal and malignant B-lymphocytes, was a defining signal transducer required for EGFR signaling in Calu3 cell line. Src family kinase activation in turn, was dependent on PKCsII. Lyn and PKC exist in membrane complexes of RACK1 and in association with EGFR which pairs with other receptor partners. Silencing of Lyn expression with interfering siRNA decreased EGFR activation and cell viability. The importance of Src family kinases and PKCsII in the initiation of the EGFR signaling pathway in lung tumor cells was demonstrated. We conclude that phosphorylation of EGFR is mediated through PKCsII regulation of Lyn activation, and occurs in association with RACK1 and Cbp/PAG proteins. We suggest that protein complexes in cell membranes, including lipid rafts, may serve as novel targets for combination therapies with EGFR and Src Family Kinase inhibitors in lung cancer.
Moorean Arguments and Moral Revisionism

G. E. Moore famously argued against skepticism and idealism by appealing to their inconsistency with alleged certainties, like the existence of his own hands. Recently, some philosophers have offered analogous arguments against revisionary views about ethics such as metaethical error theory. These arguments appeal to the inconsistency of error theory with seemingly obvious moral claims like “it is wrong to torture an innocent child just for fun.” It might seem that such ‘Moorean’ arguments in ethics will stand or fall with Moore’s own arguments in metaphysics and epistemology, in virtue of their shared structure. I argue that this is not so. I suggest that the epistemic force of the canonical Moorean arguments can best be understood to rest on asymmetries in indirect evidence. I then argue that this explanation suggests that Moorean arguments are less promising in ethics than they are against Moore’s own targets. I conclude by examining the competing attempt to vindicate Moorean arguments by appealing to Rawls’s method of reflective equilibrium.
The distribution of a non-native ( Rosa multiflora ) and native ( Kalmia latifolia ) shrub in mature closed-canopy forests across soil fertility gradients

A soil fertility gradient, ranging from infertile to highly fertile soils, may define whether or not a plant will establish and spread at a site. We evaluated whether or not such a fertility gradient exists for Rosa multiflora Thunb., a nonnative invasive shrub, and Kalmia latifolia L., a native problem shrub, in closed-canopy forests of the eastern U.S. We sampled soil and vegetation at the regional scale, along four randomly located 1-km transects in 70+ year-old undisturbed forests in each of three national forests in Ohio, Pennsylvania and West Virginia. We also sampled soil, vegetation and leaf tissue at the local scale, from ten individual shrubs of each species in each national forest. Regional analyses showed a significant fertility gradient with Ohio being the most fertile and West Virginia the least. Soil fertility was associated with pH (most acidic in West Virginia and least acidic in Ohio) and elevation (highest in West Virginia and lowest in Ohio). At the local level, R. multiflora was associated with soil Ca:Al ratios greater than 0.5, and K. latifolia was associated with Ca:Al ratios less than 0.3. Rosa multiflora foliage contained higher concentrations of Ca, Mg, and K than K. latifolia, while K. latifolia foliage contained higher concentrations of Mn and Zn. Our research documents the importance of soil fertility as a predictor of the establishment of invasive and expansive shrubs. This study further shows that R. multiflora can establish and spread across a broader range of soil conditions than K. latifolia.
On the effects of boundary conditions at the cathode on the equations of steady space-charge flow

The steady, zero-temperature, space-charge flow problem has a unique solution if formulated in the differential equation form. However, if the differential equations are approximated by a difference equation formulation, it is shown that the solution is no longer unique. The effect is demonstrated by the example of the Langmuir planar diode. It is proved theoretically for the planar diode, and demonstrated numerically for a two-dimensional example, that the ambiguity in the perveance of a gun due to this effect is of order h/d ; here h is the mesh size of the difference mesh, and d is the mean length of the particle trajectories.
Excretion of Endogenous Cadaverine Leads to a Decrease in Porin-Mediated Outer Membrane Permeability

The permeability of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli to hydrophilic compounds is controlled by porin channels. Electrophysiological experiments showed that polyamines inhibit ionic flux through cationic porins when applied to either side of the membrane. Externally added polyamines, such as cadaverine, decrease porin-mediated fluxes of β-lactam antibiotics in live cells. Here we tested the effects of endogenously expressed cadaverine on the rate of permeation of cephaloridine through porins, by manipulating in a pH-independent way the expression of the cadBA operon, which encodes proteins involved in the decarboxylation of lysine to cadaverine and in cadaverine excretion. We report that increased levels of excreted cadaverine correlate with a decreased outer membrane permeability to cephaloridine, without any change in porin expression. Cadaverine appears to promote a sustained inhibition of porins, since the effect remains even after removal of the exogenously added or excreted polyamine. The cadaverine-induced inhibition is sufficient to provide cells with some resistance to ampicillin but not to hydrophobic antibiotics. Finally, the mere expression of cadC, in the absence of cadaverine production, leads to a reduction in the amounts of OmpF and OmpC proteins, which suggests a novel mechanism for the environmental control of porin expression. The results presented here support the notion that polyamines can act as endogenous modulators of outer membrane permeability, possibly as part of an adaptive response to acidic conditions.
Direct Solution of Current Density Induced on a Rough Surface by Forward Propagating Waves

A new Volterra integral equation of the second kind with square integrable kernel is derived for paraxial propagation of radiowaves over a gently varying, perfectly conducting rough surface. The integral equation is solved exactly in terms of a infinite series and the necessary and sufficient conditions for the solution to exist and converge are established. Super exponential convergence of the Neumann series for arbitrary surface slope is established through asymptotic analysis. Expressions are derived for the determination of the number of terms needed to achieve a given accuracy, the latter depending on the parameters of the rough surface, the frequency of operation and the maximum range. Numerical results with truncated series are compared with that obtained by solving the integral equation numerically for a sinusoidal surface, Gaussian hill, and a random rough surface with Pierson-Moskowitz spectrum.
Racial identity beliefs and academic achievement: does being black hold students back?

The examination of a student’s racial identity beliefs along with the extent to which being Black is a central part of his or her self-concept provides a novel, insightful approach to understanding the relationship between racial identity and academic achievement (Chavous et al., 2003,). Using Sellers et al. (1998a) Multi-dimensional Model of Black Identity (MMBI) as a framework, this study investigated racial centrality, public regard and private regard beliefs in relation to the grade point average of African–American high-school students. A total of 289 African–American students from a large urban district participated in this study. Cluster analyses conducted on the three subscales of the MMBI on separate samples of 9th and 12th grade students replicated three of four racial identity profile groups previously identified by Chavous et al. (2003). Additionally, among both 9th and 12th grade students, Alienated students achieved significantly higher grade point averages than did Idealized students.
Lower Eyelid Involutional Entropion Repair with Lateral Tarsal Strip and Infraciliary Rotation Sutures: Surgical Technique and Outcomes

AbstractPurpose: To describe a novel technique for the surgical repair of involution entropion of the lower eyelid and to evaluate its effectiveness in a series of patients.Methods: This retrospective interventional case series includes patients who underwent entropion repair via lateral tarsal strip with infraciliary rotation sutures during a 5-year period by one surgeon. Demographic data was collected and incidence of recurrence was determined.Results: Forty-four eyelids of 36 patients with involutional entropion underwent surgical repair via lateral tarsal strip plus infraciliary rotation sutures. All patients had successful repair of entropion with no recurrences recorded on follow-up, which ranged from 1 to 67 months.Conclusions: Lateral tarsal strip combined with infraciliary rotation sutures is a successful method for the repair of involution entropion of the lower eyelid.
Research note: Two measures of conflict orientation

This study analyzed the construct validity of two new measures: the Attitude Toward Conflict Scale and the Mediation Scale. Although both of these measures are still being developed, results of two studies (with 557 participants) suggest that these instruments are valid and reliable measures that might be of use to alternative dispute resolution administrators, other mediation practitioners, and university personnel who deal with conflict as a screening device to measure attitude toward conflict and the mediation process.
Clopidogrel added to aspirin versus aspirin alone in secondary prevention and high-risk primary prevention: Rationale and design of the Clopidogrel for High Atherothrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilization, Management, and Avoidance (CHARISMA) trial

Abstract Background Clopidogrel is a more potent antiplatelet agent than aspirin, resulting in greater clinical efficacy in patients with atherothrombotic disease. Furthermore, the combination of clopidogrel plus aspirin has been demonstrated to be superior to aspirin alone in the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndromes and after coronary stenting. Whether dual antiplatelet therapy is superior to aspirin monotherapy for high-risk primary prevention and secondary prevention is unknown. Methods and results The Clopidogrel for High Atherothrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilization, Management, and Avoidance (CHARISMA) study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of clopidogrel plus aspirin versus placebo plus aspirin in patients with established coronary, cerebral, or peripheral arterial disease or in patients with multiple risk factors for atherothrombosis who have not yet sustained an ischemic event. This randomized, international, multicenter, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study has finished enrolling patients worldwide. A total of 15,603 patients will be followed long term. The primary end point will be the composite of vascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Rates of severe bleeding will also be compared between the two arms of the study. Conclusions This large-scale trial of patients at high risk for atherothrombotic events will allow determination of the value of a strategy of adding clopidogrel to the current standard of care, including low-dose aspirin, for a wide spectrum of patients with atherothrombosis.
Dynamics in congestion games

Game theoretic modeling and equilibrium analysis of congestion games have provided insights in the performance of Internet congestion control, road transportation networks, etc. Despite the long history, very little is known about their transient (non equilibrium) performance. In this paper, we are motivated to seek answers to questions such as how long does it take to reach equilibrium, when the system does operate near equilibrium in the presence of dynamics, e.g. nodes join or leave. , or the tradeoff between performance and the rate of dynamics. In this pursuit, we provide three contributions in this paper. First, a novel probabilistic model to capture realistic behaviors of agents allowing for the possibility of arbitrariness in conjunction with rationality. Second, evaluation of (a) time to converge to equilibrium under this behavior model and (b) distance to Nash equilibrium. Finally, determination of tradeoff between the rate of dynamics and quality of performance (distance to equilibrium) which leads to an interesting uncertainty principle. The novel technical ingredients involve analysis of logarithmic Sobolov constant of Markov process with time varying state space and methodically this should be of broader interest in the context of dynamical systems.
Applying a Response-to-Intervention Model for Early Literacy Development in Low-Income Children

This article describes the design and implementation of a program that incorporates a response-to-intervention (RTI) framework for promoting the development of early literacy and language skills am...
Preventing catheter-associated urinary tract infection: a happy marriage between implementation and healthier patients

Abstract Preventing catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is an important patient safety issue worldwide. In addition to understanding the required technical elements, addressing the socio-adaptive or behavioural elements of CAUTI prevention is also critical to ensure effective implementation and reduce the risk of patient harm.
Mathematical modeling of secondary lithium batteries

Modeling of secondary lithium batteries is reviewed in this paper. The models available to simulate the electrochemical and thermal behavior of secondary lithium batteries are discussed considering not only their electrochemical representation (transport phenomena and thermodynamics of the system), but also the mathematical techniques that have been used for solving the equations. A brief review of the governing equations for porous electrodes, and methods for solving these equations is also given. © 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Some structure-property relationships in polymer flammability: Studies of phenolic-derived polymers

The investigation of the thermal degradation of the char-formaing phenol–formaldehyde resins is conducted to provide information for the systematic design of high temperature flame-resistant phenolics. Three different processes of curing are used: (1) Formaldehyde or s-trioxane is reacted with m-substituted phenol–formaldehyde oligomers under acidic conditions to give the methylene bridged-novolac resins. (2) Phenol and m-substituted phenols are reacted with CH2O under basic conditions and then heated to give the methylene bridged resol resins. (3) p-Terephthaloyl chloride and m-and p-substituted novolac oligomers are reacted to give cured resins with ester linkages. The evaluation of the effect of various substituents indicates that the oxygen index (OI) increases from about 33 for unsubstituted phenolics to about 75 for meta-halogen substituted phenolics. The evaluation of the effect of various crosslinking agents shows that the OI for CH2O-cured phenolics is 75 as compared to 50 for the trioxane cured phenolics and to 40 for the terephthaloyl chloride cured phenolics. A set of phenolic copolymers with different weight percentage content of halogen substituted phenols are synthesized as novolacs and resols. The results surprisingly indicate no increase of OI for the cured novolac copolymers, whereas the increase is observed for the cured resol copolymers. The activation energy for the thermooxidative degradation of the cured novolacs is about 12–15 kJ/mol lower as compared to that of the curd resols.
Cardiac function and tolerance to ischemia–reperfusion injury in chronic kidney disease

Background Cardiac dysfunction is an independent risk factor of ischemic heart disease and mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, yet the relationship between impaired cardiac function and tolerance to ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in experimental CKD remains unclear. Methods Cardiac function was assessed in 5/6 ablation-infarction (AI) and sham male Sprague-Dawley rats at 20 weeks of age, 8 weeks post-surgery using an isolated working heart system. This included measures taken during manipulation of preload and afterload to produce left ventricular (LV) function curves as well as during reperfusion following a 15-min ischemic bout. In addition, LV tissue was used for biochemical tissue analysis. Results Cardiac function was impaired in AI animals during preload and afterload manipulations. Cardiac functional impairments persisted post-ischemia in the AI animals, and 36% of AI animals did not recover sufficiently to achieve aortic overflow following ischemia (versus 0% of sham animals). However, for those animals able to withstand the ischemic perturbation, no difference was observed in percent recovery of post-ischemic cardiac function between groups. Urinary NOx (nitrite + nitrate) excretion was lower in AI animals and accompanied by reduced LV endothelial nitric oxide synthase and NOx. LV antioxidants superoxide dismutase-1 and -2 were reduced in AI animals, whereas glutathione peroxidase-1/2 as well as NADPH-oxidase-4 and H(2)O(2) were increased in these animals. Conclusions Impaired cardiac function appears to predispose AI rats to poor outcomes following short-duration ischemic insult. These findings could be, in part, mediated by increased oxidative stress via nitric oxide-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
Kahnawa:ke: Factionalism, Traditionalism, and Nationalism in a Mohawk Community

Kahnawa:ke: Factionalism, Traditionalism, and Nationalism in. Mohawk Community. Gerald F. Reid. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004. 235 pp.
Can Advanced Healthcare Technology Save Money

In this issue of Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes , Hulten et al1 found that coronary computed tomographic angiography (CTA) may reduce hospital costs if emergency department (ED) patients with chest pain who are at low/intermediate risk of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) underwent coronary CTA,1 thus potentially saving hospitalization costs in patients with negative test results who could be promptly discharged from the ED. National hospitalization costs for noncardiac chest pain are not trivial. As an example, in 2011, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services paid hospitals $526 million for hospitalizations classified into the chest pain diagnosis-related group2 (ie, patients who were ultimately found to have neither an acute myocardial infarction nor other acute coronary syndromes as the cause of their chest pain). A reduction in the frequency of such hospitalizations may result in substantial cost savings. Article see p 514 Using sophisticated economic modeling techniques with detailed hospital cost data obtained from patients in the Rule Out Myocardial Infarction Using Computer Assisted Tomography (ROMICAT) trial, Hulten et al1 compared the actual costs of clinical care incurred by patients in the trial with the hypothetical costs these patients might have incurred if coronary CTA results were available to the patients’ clinicians (in reality, clinicians were blinded to coronary CTA results per the ROMICAT research protocol).1 The authors projected that coronary CTA would save hospitals—and, by proxy, healthcare payers—money only if it were used in patients with <30% risk of significant or indeterminate coronary stenosis. But in actual practice, will ED use of coronary CTA …
Toxic Chemicals: Responding to Challenges and Opportunities

This technical note offers an overview of a major corporate issue for the twenty-first century: toxic chemicals and their impact. The risk of cancer and nervous-system disorders from workplace exposure to certain pesticides and solvents is well documented. Even more troubling are recent discoveries suggesting that certain chemicals may damage human endocrine, reproductive, and immune systems and impede normal physical and intellectual development, even at very low exposure levels. Toxic chemicals--ubiquitous in industrial processes and consumer products--represent both challenges and opportunities for business. One approach is simply to reduce a company's use of chemicals identified as problematic for human and ecosystem health. A second approach, called cradle-to-cradle (McDonough and Braungart, 2002), recommends that hazardous materials be designed out of products or recaptured in closed-loop cycles to be used again. Companies that move from a reactive stance to the redesign of their products and operations not only reduce the risk of liability, but also differentiate their products and brands for competitive advantage.
Individual Investors Perceptions On The Summary Annual Report: A Survey Approach

As the role of institutional investors is being transformed, there is a tendency to overlook the needs of individual investors. Nevertheless, there are well over 30 million individual investors in the United States, and these numbers are growing rapidly. One area of particular concern is corporate communications. All investors, professional as well as non-professionals, should have access to financial information. However, annual reports, as currently issued, are often difficult to read and understand, and therefore lack communication value. A possible solution is the summary annual report (SAR), which has been designed to condense and simplify the traditional GAAP statements. To date, most U.S. Corporations have not adopted the new format, in part, out of a fear of negative shareholder reaction. Our survey results clearly indicate that annual reports, as they are currently issued, are difficult to understand for a sizeable minority of investors. One out of 4 investors reported that annual reports were so difficult to understand that they were of no substantial help in making investment decisions. Further, results show that a majority of respondents demand inclusion of further explanation of the financial information in less technical terms, and over a third would like to see SARs to the exclusion of full GAAP reports. Through the SAR, management has an opportunity to significantly improve corporate communications. WE strongly recommend that management continues to experiment with its format, design, and content.
A Meta-Analysis of the Predictors of Cyberbullying Perpetration and Victimization.

Previous studies so far have investigated various aspects of cyberbullying. Using meta-analytic approaches, the study was primarily to determine the target factors predicting individuals’ perpetration and victimization in cyberbullying. A meta-analysis of 77 studies containing 418 primary effect sizes was conducted to exam the relative magnitude of demographic, individual, and contextual predictors. Several study characteristics (i.e., sample age, sample gender, study location, publication status, and publication year) were further analyzed as moderators. The results showed the average effect size of each predictor for both cyberbully and cybervictim groups. Several significant shared and unique predictors were identified as important factors for designing effective prevention and intervention programs. The implications of the findings for future research were discussed in relation to interventions on cyberbullying.
Certification Marks—Success or Failure?:

The function of a certification mark is to provide impartial third-party endorsement to aid buyers in overcoming some of the problems of product selection. However, little is known about the precis...
WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? Social crime prevention in SA: A critical overview

Crime prevention is a relatively new enterprise in South Africa, and the nature of progress in this area has been mixed. While much activity has been noted, particularly among civil society organisations, the generation and utilisation of information is an area of weakness. Key questions remain: how to promote government accountability for service delivery, and how crime prevention advocates engage with issues such as human rights and the strengthening of democracy.
Description and linkage analysis of ten new morphological markers in the oriental fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Ten new genetic markers are described in the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). They include variants in eye color: cherry, copper, gold-grey, and Grape; eye structure: Azure, Furrow, and notched eye; and wing structure: crossveinless, curled, and notch wing. The linkage map places these genes on the five autosomal linkage groups. Furrow is inherited as a dominant gene; Azure and Grape are inherited as semi-dominant genes. The remaining seven traits are inherited as recessive genes
P3.162 An Estimate of the Proportion of Gonococcal, Chlamydial and Non-Gonococcal Non-Chlamydial Urethritis (NGNCU) Attributable to Oral Sex Among Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM)

Background The proportion of infectious urethritis associated with oral sex is unknown. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of MSM diagnosed with symptomatic urethritis attending an STD Clinic between 2001–2010. We categorised men according to their urethral exposures in the previous 60 days: (1) only insertive oral sex and no insertive anal sex (IOS); (2) only protected insertive anal intercourse and insertive oral sex (PIAI); (3) unprotected insertive anal intercourse with or without oral sex (UIAI); (4) no insertive sex (oral or anal). We calculated the proportion of urethritis cases by groups as a minimum estimate of the proportion of cases attributable to oral sex. Results Between 2001–2010, 4,091 MSM were diagnosed with urethritis, had complete records for categorization, and were included in this analysis. Men reported the following urethral exposures: 13% IOS, 21% PIAI, 65% UIAI, and Conclusion While usually considered a safer sexual practise, our findings suggest that a large proportion of all cases of urethritis are attributable to insertive oral sex. These findings highlight the importance of screening the oropharynx and counselling MSM about the risks of oral sex.
The Metabolism of Clopidogrel: CYP2C19 is a Minor Pathway

The major metabolic pathway of clopidogrel is conversion to carboxylic acid by an esterase (CES1), forming clopidogrelic acid (SR26334) that is inactive. There is agreement on the structure of the active metabolite; however, there are differing views about the mechanism of its formation. Sanofi studied the conversion of clopidogrel to the active metabolite using human liver microsomes. It was concluded that 2-oxo-clopidogrel was formed via CYP3A oxidation. From a subsequent in vitro study by Sankyo of the metabolism of clopidogrel using recombinant DNA CYPs, it was concluded that CYP2C19 was the major oxidative pathway. Such CYPs can give false-negative results particularly with drugs such as clopidogrel that have high first-pass metabolism in the enterocyte. CYP3A is present in the enterocyte but not CYP2C19. However, the view that clopidogrel is a CYP2C19 substrate was reinforced by a finding that omeprazole, a CYP2C19 inhibitor, reduced the ability of clopidogrel to inhibit platelet aggregation. The drug-drug interaction study of clopidogrel with omeprazole had the effect of reducing the area under the curve (AUC) of the clopidogrel active metabolite by 45%. However, a drug interaction study with a CYP3A inhibitor, grapefruit juice, caused a 6-fold reduction in the AUC of the active metabolite. Clopidogrel is therefore now considered to be primarily a CYP3A4/5 substrate. CYP2C19 has a minor role whose effect can be detected using a sensitive methodology such as platelet aggregometry.
Rehabilitation following burn injury

The approach to burn rehabilitation at the Burn Center of the University of California at Irvine is described and its results are examined.
Ranitidine-lnduced Bradycardia in a Patient With Dextrocardia

ABSTRACT: Although rare, bradycardia and other cardiac arrhythmias have been associated with the use of H 2 -receptor antagonists. Ranitidine is among the most frequently prescribed drugs. In this article, the authors observed a ranitidine-mediated sinus bradycardia in a man with dextrocardia ( situs inversus ) who had acute bleeding from a duodenal ulcer. The bradycardia was resolved after ranitidine was discontinued.
CGRP and somatostatin modulate chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension.

Chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (PH), associated with increased pulmonary arterial pressure (PPA) and right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), correlates significantly with calcitonin gene-relat...
Advances in Neonatal Pulmonary Hypertension

Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is a surprisingly common event in the neonatal intensive care unit, and affects both term and preterm infants. Recent studies have begun to elucidate the maternal, fetal and genetic risk factors that trigger PPHN. There have been numerous therapeutic advances over the last decade. It is now appreciated that oxygen supplementation, particularly for the goal of pulmonary vasodilation, needs to be approached as a therapy that has risks and benefits. Administration of surfactant or inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) therapy at a lower acuity of illness can decrease the risk of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation/death, progression of disease and duration of hospital stay. Milrinone may have specific benefits as an 'inodilator', as prolonged exposure to iNO plus oxygen may activate phosphodiesterase (PDE) 3A. Additionally, sildenafil and hydrocortisone may benefit infants exposed to hyperoxia and oxidative stress. Continued investigation is likely to reveal new therapies such as citrulline and cinaciguat that will enhance NO synthase and soluble guanylate cyclase function. Continued laboratory and clinical investigation will be needed to optimize treatment and improve outcomes.
Green Tea and Other Tea Polyphenols: Effects on Sebum Production and Acne Vulgaris

Polyphenols are antioxidant molecules found in many foods including nuts, fruits, vegetables, chocolate, wine, and tea. Polyphenols have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic properties. Recent studies suggest that tea polyphenols may be used for reducing sebum production in the skin and for treatment of acne vulgaris. This review examines the evidence for use of topically and orally ingested tea polyphenols against sebum production and for acne treatment and prevention. The PubMed database was searched for studies on tea polyphenols, sebum secretion, and acne vulgaris. Of the 59 studies found, eight met the inclusion criteria. Two studies evaluated tea polyphenol effects on sebum production; six studies examined tea polyphenol effects on acne vulgaris. Seven studies evaluated topical tea polyphenols; one study examined systemic tea polyphenols. None of the studies evaluated both topical and systemic tea polyphenols. Tea polyphenol sources included green tea (six studies) and tea, type not specified (two studies). Overall, there is some evidence that tea polyphenols in topical formulation may be beneficial in reducing sebum secretion and in treatment of acne. Research studies of high quality and with large sample sizes are needed to assess the efficacy of tea polyphenols in topical and oral prevention of acne vulgaris and lipid synthesis by the sebaceous glands.
On the “How” of Social Experiments: Experimental Designs for Getting Inside the Black Box

Program evaluators generally prefer to use the strongest design available to answer relevant impact questions, reserving analytic strategies for use only as necessary. Although the “simple” treatment versus control experimental design is well understood and widespread in its use, it is our contention that creativity in evaluation design can help answer more nuanced questions regarding what about a program is responsible for its impacts. In response, this chapter discusses several experimental evaluation designs that randomize individuals—including multiarmed, multistage, factorial, and blended designs—to permit estimating impacts for specific policy design features or program elements. We hope that recasting what are some long-standing but underused designs in a new light will motivate their increased use, where appropriate.
Contributions to Leg Stiffness in High- Compared with Low-Arched Athletes.

PURPOSE High-arched (HA) athletes exhibit greater lower extremity stiffness during functional tasks than low-arched (LA) athletes. The contributions of skeletal and muscular structures to stiffness may underlie the distinct injury patterns observed in these athletes. The purpose of this study was to compare skeletal and muscular contributions to leg stiffness in HA and LA athletes during running and landing tasks. METHODS Ten HA and 10 LA female athletes performed five overground running trials at a self-selected pace and five step off bilateral landing trials from a height of 30 cm. Three-dimensional kinematics and kinetics were collected using a motion capture system and a force platform. Leg stiffness and its skeletal and muscular contributions were calculated. Independent t-tests were used to compare variable means between arch type groups and Cohen's d were computed to assess effect sizes of mean differences. RESULTS In running, HA athletes had greater leg stiffness (P = 0.010, d = 1.03) and skeletal stiffness (P = 0.016, d = 0.81), although there are no differences in muscular stiffness (P = 0.134). During landing, HA had greater leg stiffness (P = 0.015, d = 1.06) and skeletal stiffness (P < 0.001, d = 1.84), whereas LA athletes had greater muscular stiffness (P = 0.025, d = 0.96). CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that HA athletes place a greater reliance on skeletal structures for load attenuation during running and landing, whereas LA athletes rely more greatly on muscle contributions during landing only. These findings may provide insight into the distinct injury patterns observed in HA and LA athletes.