cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abiotic effects on the clear-winged grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acridae) and its fungal pathogen Entomophaga grylli (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) in an intermountain bunch-grass prairie

The grasshopper, Camnula pellucida Scudder (Orthoptera: Acridae), is a severe pest of small grains and rangeland forage in North America. In a field experiment using cages containing C. pellucida in northwestern Montana, United States of America, we manipulated exposure to the fungal entomopathogen, Entomophaga grylli Fresenius (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) pathotype 1, temperature using small greenhouses, and moisture for the pathogen with water pillows. Treatment effects on fungal infection (mycosis) rates and grasshopper survivorship were assessed. Water pillows provided additional moist habitat for E. grylli without having an impact on grasshopper performance or the plant biomass and nitrogen content. Number of fungal spores, pathogen-induced mortality rates, and treatment effects on grass biomass and nitrogen content were also measured. Water pillows benefited the pathogen by increasing fungal spore levels by eightfold, which in turn shortened pathogen-exposed grasshopper survival time by half. In contrast, warming reduced fungal spore levels by 50% and subsequently reduced mortality from E. grylli by 67%. However, warmed pathogen-exposed grasshoppers did not exhibit enhanced survival, which may be due, in part, to intraspecific competition among the surviving grasshoppers.
3.24 Piezoelectro Composites

Composite materials can exhibit improved properties and/or new functions compared with single-phase materials. We consider the principles of composite effects and their typical applications, taking particularly piezo-composites. The geometry for two-phase composites can be classified according to the connectivity of each phase into 10 structures. Piezoelectric composite materials are especially useful for underwater sonar and medical diagnostic ultrasonic transducer applications (Combination Effect). PZT:polymer:carbon composites exhibit superior mechanical damping performance. Another type of composite comprised of a magnetostrictive ceramic and a piezoelectric ceramic produces an intriguing product effect, the magnetoelectric effect.
Escape from bacterial diversity: potential enemy release in invading yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) microbiomes

Invasive species may benefit from introduction to new regions where they can escape their natural enemies. Here we examined whether geographic patterns of microbial community composition support a role for enemy escape in the invasion of California, USA by yellow starthistle, a highly invasive plant in western North America. We used high-throughput sequencing of the 16S V4 region to characterize bacterial community composition in the phyllosphere, rhizosphere, leaves, and roots of plants from seven populations in California and eight populations in the native European range. We compared bacterial diversity between the native and invaded ranges, and with previously published estimates of plant genetic diversity within each population. Bacterial communities differed significantly among plant compartments, and between native and invaded ranges within compartments, with consistently lower diversity in the invaded range. Plant genetic diversity did not explain this pattern in bacterial diversity, but a positive relationship was found within ranges between bacterial diversity in roots and plant genetic diversity within populations. Our observation of lower bacterial diversity in the invaded relative to the native range of yellow starthistle is consistent with potential enemy escape, providing some of the first evidence for this scenario in plant microbiomes.
LiDAR for Archaeological Research and the Study of Historical Landscapes

Remote sensing technologies have helped to revolutionize archaeology. LiDAR (light detection and ranging), a remote sensing technology in which lasers are used as topographic scanners that can penetrate foliage, has particularly influenced researchers in the field of settlement or landscape archaeology. LiDAR provides detailed landscape data for broad spatial areas and permits visualization of these landscapes in ways that were never before possible. These data and visualizations have been widely utilized to gain a better understanding of historical landscapes and their past uses by ancient peoples.
Perch selection in a guild of tropical dragonflies (Odonata: Libellulidae): relationships with body size and thermal ecology

In the temperate zone, male perch height of co-occurring dragonfly species (Odonata: Libellulidae) often correlates with species body size. I tested for this relationship in a guild of tropical dragonflies at a wetland at La Selva Biological Station, Heredia, Costa Rica. Males of 12 species were observed perching in January–February 2016. Mean male perch height was positively correlated with species body size. For six common species, I quantified differences in perch substrate selection, relationships between diurnal activity, temperature and radiation, and aggressive interactions. The largest species, Libellula herculea and Orthemis discolor, exhibited typical heliotherm behavior: they used sunny perches at mid-day, and activity correlated more with radiation than temperature. Orthemis cultriformis, a slightly smaller heliotherm, was active at mid-day but used shadier perches. Micrathyria atra – previously classified as a “behavioral endotherm” – behaved accordingly, avoiding over-heating by flying early...
The Relationship Between Workload and Performance in Air Traffic Control: Exploring the Influence of Levels of Automation and Variation in Task Demand

In an air traffic environment, task demand is dynamic. However, previous research has largely considered the association of task demand and controller performance using conditions of stable task demand. Further, there is a comparatively restricted understanding of the influence of task demand transitions on workload and performance in association with different types and levels of automation that are available to controllers. This study used an air traffic control simulation to investigate the influence of task demand transitions, and two conditions of automation, on workload and efficiency-related performance. Findings showed that both the direction of the task demand variation and the amount of automation influenced the relationship between workload and performance. Findings are discussed in relation to capacity and arousal theories. Further research is needed to enhance understanding of how demand transition and workload history affects operator experience and performance, in both air traffic control and other safety-critical domains.
Does Pain Reduction with Oral Steroids Predict Pain Reduction after a First-Time Cervical Epidural Steroid Injection in Patients with Cervical Radicular Pain? A Pilot Study.

Objective Oral and injected steroids are used commonly in the treatment of cervical radicular pain despite a paucity of data demonstrating their efficacy. The purpose of this study is to assess whether the response to orally administered steroids among patients with acute cervical radicular pain who develop recurrent pain is associated with their subsequent response to cervical epidural steroid injections. Methods Patients referred to our center were evaluated and then referred for cervical epidural steroid injections at the clinical discretion of the provider; those who met inclusion criteria were offered participation in the study. After the injection was administered, patients were contacted by telephone and asked to complete the Brief Pain Inventory Short Form at one week, one month, three months, and six months postinjection. Results Pain reduction after cervical steroid injection was not significantly different between 49 patients who reported pain reduction with a prior course of oral steroids and 22 patients who reported no pain reduction. Average pain scores decreased over six months (P < 0.001) among 72 patients treated with epidural steroid injection for cervical radicular pain. Of the 55 who provided baseline and six-month data, 14 (25.5%) reported complete relief at six months and 20 (36.4%) reported decreased pain. Conclusions Patients can be reassured that they may experience pain reduction after a cervical epidural steroid injection even if oral steroid therapy was not effective. The majority of patients treated for cervical radicular pain with epidural steroid injection have reduced or absent pain for at least six months after treatment.
Adaptive building load control to enable high penetration of solar photovoltaic generation

This paper investigates the use of a collection of dispatchable heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) loads to absorb the slow (low-frequency) fluctuations in solar photovoltaic (PV) generation. We find the optimal number of aggregated HVAC loads that offset fluctuations in PV power using power-frequency analysis. To guarantee quality of service, in a fleet of residential/commercial buildings, a quadratic optimization problem is formulated to compute the optimal schedule for a given set of HVAC loads, while maintaining occupants comfort and PV generation constraints. The proposed mechanism not only minimizes the tracking error between PV generation and total consumption, but also significantly reduces the capacity of the required energy storage devices (ESD) such as batteries and fly-wheels. Simulation results show that the proposed mechanism is able to achieve good PV tracking performance as well as obtain a minimal ESD capacity. We show that most of the renewable generation can be consumed locally through an intelligent coordination of HVAC loads that minimizes the impact on the grid and reduces the need for large capacity of ESD.
Effortful Control Development in the Face of Harshness and Unpredictability

Using psychosocial acceleration theory, this multimethod, multi-reporter study examines how early adversity adaptively shapes the development of a self-regulation construct: effortful control. Investigation of links between early life harshness and unpredictability and the development of effortful control could facilitate a nuanced understanding of early environmental effects on cognitive and social development. Using the Building Strong Families national longitudinal data set, aspects of early environmental harshness and early environmental unpredictability were tested as unique predictors of effortful control at age 3 using multiple regression. Early harshness variables were financial harshness, mothers' and fathers' observed parenting, mothers' and fathers' reported use of harsh discipline, and harsh neighborhood conditions. Early unpredictability was measured by number of paternal transitions. Cues of harshness, specifically observed unresponsive parenting, observed harsh parenting, and neighborhood harshness, did significantly negatively predict effortful control. Paternal transitions also significantly predicted effortful control, but in the opposite (i.e., positive) direction. The results corroborate previous research linking quality of parenting to the development of children's effortful control and place it within an evolutionary-developmental theoretical framework. Further, the results suggest that neighborhood harshness may also direct developmental trajectories of effortful control in young children, though the mechanisms through which this occurs are still unclear. This is the first study to explicitly investigate effortful control development in early childhood within the harshness and unpredictability framework.
Understanding and Overcoming ȜBottlenecksȝ in Student Learning

Pedagogically, the term "bottleneck" refers to a moment when students may face barriers to understanding content in the process of learning. As instructors identify Ȝbottlenecksȝ within their cours...
Acute and chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in guinea pigs

To determine whether the strength of acute hypoxic vasoconstriction predicts the magnitude of chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension, we performed serial studies on guinea pigs. Unanesthetized, chronically catheterized guinea pigs increased mean pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) from 11 +/- 0.5 to 13 +/- 0.7 Torr in acute hypoxia (10% O2 for 65 min). The response was maximal at 5 min, remained stable for 1 h, and was reversible on return to room air. Cardiac index did not change with acute hypoxia or recovery. Guinea pigs exposed to chronic hypoxia increased PAP, measured in room air 1 h after removal from the hypoxic chamber, to 18 +/- 1 Torr by 5 days with little further increase in PAP to 20 +/- 1 Torr after 21 days. Cardiac index fell from 273 +/- 12 to 206 +/- 7 ml.kg-1.min-1 (P less than 0.05) after 21 days of hypoxia. Medial thickness of pulmonary arteries adjacent to terminal bronchioles and alveolar ducts increased significantly by 10 days. The magnitude of the pulmonary vasoconstriction to acute hypoxia persisted and was unabated during the development and apparent stabilization of chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension, suggesting that if vasoconstriction is the stimulus for remodeling, then the importance of the stimulus lessens with duration of hypoxia. In individual animals followed serially, we found no correlation between the magnitude of the acute vasoconstrictor response before chronic hypoxia and the severity of chronic pulmonary hypertension that subsequently developed either because the initial response was small and variable or because vasoconstriction may not be the sole stimulus for vascular remodeling in the guinea pig.
The cisterna chyli: incidence and characteristics on CT

The objective of this study was primarily to determine the incidence of the cisterna chyli (CC) on computed tomography (CT). Its radiologic characteristics were also evaluated. Retrospective review of 403 randomly chosen CT cases was made. All patients received intravenous contrast. Note was made of incidence, location, size, attenuation values, slice thickness, age, sex, and the presence or absence of malignancy or adenopathy. There were seven cases of demonstrated CC (1.7%). It was variably located at the L2 to T11 levels; average attenuation was 4 H and average size was 7.4 mm AP by 7.0 mm in transverse diameter with rounded to elliptical shape. Average length of CC was 1.5 mm. Malignant primary was present in four of the seven cases, and none of the seven had adenopathy. There were three males and four females; average age of the CC group was 55.5 years. Visualization of the CC on CT is not rare (1.7%); as previously reported, it should be distinguished from retrocrural adenopathy by its low water attenuation, anatomic continuity with the thoracic duct, tubular nature, and lack of intravenous contrast enhancement.
Oral HIV-1 Transmission in BLT Humanized Mice

Currently, over 15 % of new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections occur in children. Oral transmission is a major contributor to HIV infections in infants. Reconstitution of the oral cavity and upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract with human leukocytes, including the human cell types important for mucosal HIV transmission (i.e. dendritic cells, macrophages and CD4+ T cells), renders bone marrow/liver/thymus (BLT) humanized mice (hu-mice) susceptible to oral transmission of cell-free and cell-associated HIV. Oral transmission of HIV results in systemic infection of lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues. Importantly, infection of the oral cavity results in virus shedding into the saliva of these mice. The availability of an in vivo model of oral HIV transmission permits the study of the molecular events that occur following an oral HIV exposure that result in infection and the evaluation of novel preventative strategies.
Dare to Be Different: How to Commit to Investment Beliefs Through Knowledge Management

Knowledge Management (“KM”), in institutional asset management, is defined as the explicit and systematic management of knowledge – and its associated processes of creation, organization, diffusion, use and exploitation – in pursuit of improving portfolio performance and managing risks. Asset owners exist at the nexus of unique knowledge and data flows from partners such as asset managers, banks, and consultants. Innovative asset owners can crowdsource unique data sets from partners and leverage InvestTech to dynamically manage asset allocations (and risk factors). This paper describes the importance of converting KM into a skill that supports alpha generation, and how most asset owners can replicate this process to develop bespoke approaches based on specific relationships, key risks, and objectives. The paper demonstrates how investors can commit to their investment beliefs using KM (or conversely, imply their investment beliefs from investment choices made) around three major areas: (i) investing style (formulaic or discretionary); (ii) optimization method (for setting the Strategic Asset Allocation, (“SAA”) and Tactical Asset Allocation (“TAA”)); and (iii) rebalancing process (mechanical or informed). The paper extends the analysis to show how effective KM can also help with risk-management, with a particular example of a new approach to risk-management, termed “Agent-Based Risk Management,” and also how KM may lead to different implementations for say a public pension plan versus a captive insurance company.
Notch in skeletal physiology and disease

Notch (Notch1 through 4) are transmembrane receptors that play a fundamental role in cell differentiation and function. Notch receptors are activated following interactions with their ligands in neighboring cells. There are five classic ligands termed Jagged (Jag)1 and Jag2 and Delta-like (Dll)1, Dll3, and Dll4. Recent work has established Notch as a signaling pathway that plays a critical role in the differentiation and function of cells of the osteoblast and osteoclast lineages and in skeletal development and bone remodeling. The effects of Notch are cell-context dependent, and the four Notch receptors carry out specific functions in the skeleton. Gain- and loss-of-function mutations of components of the Notch signaling pathway result in a variety of congenital disorders with significant craniofacial and skeletal manifestations. The Notch ligand Jag1 is a determinant of bone mineral density, and Notch plays a role in the early phases of fracture healing. Alterations in Notch signaling are associated with osteosarcoma and with the metastatic potential of carcinoma of the breast and of the prostate. Controlling Notch signaling could prove useful in diseases of Notch gain-of-function and in selected skeletal disorders. However, clinical data on agents that modify Notch signaling are not available. In conclusion, Notch signaling is a novel pathway that regulates skeletal homeostasis in health and disease.
Nearest Neighbor Anomaly Detector for Passively Augmented LADAR

Nearest neighbor anomaly detection is applied to polarimetric thermal imagery to improve the data collection timeline of scanning laser detection and ranging (LADAR) remote sensing applications. Multiple algorithm variations are explored to improve target-clutter discrimination of man-made objects for cueing a passively augmented LADAR architecture.
Proper Fourier decomposition formalism for cosmological fields in spherical shells

Cosmological random fields are often analysed in spherical Fourier-Bessel basis. Compared to the Cartesian Fourier basis this has an advantage of properly taking into account some of the relevant physical processes (redshift-space distortions, redshift evolution). The observations usually come in redshift slices and have a partial sky coverage. These masking effects strongly correlate Fourier-Bessel modes that are meant for a perfect spherical geometry and result in a lot of redundant measurements. This work proposes a new Fourier basis that is better suited for measurements in redshift shells and results in fewer Fourier modes, with the radial modes strictly uncorrelated on large scales and the angular modes with significantly reduced redundancy. I argue that the spherical Fourier analysis of cosmological fields should always use these new modes instead of the historically established Fourier-Bessel eigenfunctions. The new angular modes on the other hand have number of practical advantages and disadvantages and whether or not to adopt them for a particular analysis should be made on a case by case basis.
Play in the analytic setting: The development and communication of meaning in child analysis.

Child analysts increasingly appreciate that play can stand on its own as a mutative process. When the analyst shares a child’s “play state,” her participation creates a transitional space in which ...
Superacid-promoted synthesis of quinoline derivatives

A series of vinylogous imines have been prepared from anilines and cinnamaldehydes. These substrates react in superacidic media to provide quinolines and related compounds. A mechanism for the conversion is proposed which involves the cyclization of dicationic superelectrophilic intermediates. Aromatization of the quinoline ring is thought to occur by superacid-promoted elimination of benzene.
Effects of Pregnancy on Otosclerosis

ObjectiveThe effect of pregnancy on otosclerosis is controversial. If pregnancy physiologically increases the risk of progression, females with children would be expected to receive stapedectomy ea...
On Set-Representable Orthocomplemented Difference Lattices

Matousek introduced and axiomatized a notion of symmetric difference for orthocomplemented lattices (OMLs) called the orthocomplemented difference lattics (ODLs). We focus on the class of all ODLs that are set-representable and prove that this class is not locally finite by constructing an infinite three-generated set-representable ODL. This result answers a question posed by Matousek and Ptak. We also prove, by example, that not every concrete OML can be OML-embedded into an ODL.
The Physical Mechanical Processes that Shape Tissues in the Early Embryo

The morphology of a multicellular organism and its internal organs is determined by interactions between an organism’s genome and the physical properties of living matter. Recent successes in sequencing the genome have revived interest the generation of physical shape, or morphogenesis, the physical properties of living matter, and how biological and biophysical processes shape that living matter during development. One of the goals of modern developmental biology is to understand how tissues are shaped and how physiological function is initiated. Remarkable advances in cell and molecular biology have led to a wealth of data on the molecular mechanisms required during early development. More recently, developmental biologists have been turning to biophysical and bioengineering approaches to understand how embryos as well as organs are shaped by these molecular mechanisms. These studies are finding hints that mechanical processes may be playing novel roles in developing embryos in addition to their direct roles in shaping tissues. Many early molecular pathways regulating cell differentiation and embryonic morphogenesis are reused as tumors grow and metastasize and during the regeneration of injured or damaged tissues. These discoveries have attracted cancer biologists and tissue engineers to join developmental biologists in studying the mechanical processes that drive morphogenesis. In this review we will present a short primer for the engineer on developmental biology and embryonic morphogenesis and then describe experimental and theoretical approaches to investigate the physical principles of morphogenesis.
Transient nonlinear optical media facilitated by hot-electron transport

Second-order optical processes are pivotal to the active modulation and wave mixing of light waves. The inversion symmetry in most materials, however, prevents achieving a bulk chi-2 effect, thereby limiting the portfolio of second-order nonlinear materials. We propose and demonstrate ultrafast conversion of a statically-passive dielectric to a transient second-order nonlinear medium upon the generation and transfer of plasmonically induced hot electrons. Triggered by an optical switching signal, the amorphous dielectric with vanishing intrinsic chi-2 develops dynamically tunable second-order nonlinear responses, which can be leveraged to address the critical need for all-optical control of second-order nonlinearities in nanophotonic systems.
Abstract IA04: Relating single cell function to tissue structure in human tumors using MIBI-TOF

Understanding the role of distinct cellular phenotypes in tissue function, development, and pathogenesis requires tools that can rapidly and consistently quantify the expression of multiple proteins while preserving spatial information. To meet this need, we have developed Multiplexed Ion Beam Imaging by Time-Of-Flight (MIBI-TOF). MIBI-TOF uses secondary ion mass spectrometry to visualize up to 50 metal labeled antibodies at subcellular resolution simultaneously with histochemical stains and native biological elements. We have used this capability to study how single cell function and tissue structure interact at the tumor immune microenvironment, the human maternal-fetal interface, and in infectious disease. These studies have led us to develop scalable, automated, and extensible tools for image thresholding, single cell segmentation, cell clustering, and cell neighborhood analyses that can be deployed on any tissue. Through NIH HuBMAP and CIMAC initiatives, we are currently working to deploy this computational pipeline as well as preformulated antibody staining master mixes as a streamlined, end-to-end workflow for routine high dimensional tissue analysis in basic and translational research. Lastly, we are currently working to develop brighter primary ion sources and new metal reporter constructs that will permit full tissue section scanning while extending multiplexed detection to include RNA and DNA. Citation Format: R. Michael Angelo. Relating single cell function to tissue structure in human tumors using MIBI-TOF [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Tumor Heterogeneity: From Single Cells to Clinical Impact; 2020 Sep 17-18. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(21 Suppl):Abstract nr IA04.
Regulation of Intestinal UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 by the Farnesoid X Receptor Agonist Obeticholic Acid Is Controlled by Constitutive Androstane Receptor through Intestinal Maturation

UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1 is the only transferase capable of conjugating serum bilirubin. However, temporal delay in the development of the UGT1A1 gene leads to an accumulation of serum bilirubin in newborn children. Neonatal humanized UGT1 (hUGT1) mice, which accumulate severe levels of total serum bilirubin (TSB), were treated by oral gavage with obeticholic acid (OCA), a potent FXR agonist. OCA treatment led to dramatic reduction in TSB levels. Analysis of UGT1A1 expression confirmed that OCA induced intestinal and not hepatic UGT1A1. Interestingly, Cyp2b10, a target gene of the nuclear receptor CAR, was also induced by OCA in intestinal tissue. In neonatal hUGT1/Car -/- mice, OCA was unable to induce CYP2B10 and UGT1A1, confirming that CAR and not FXR is involved in the induction of intestinal UGT1A1. However, OCA did induce FXR target genes, such as Shp, in both intestines and liver with induction of Fgf15 in intestinal tissue. Circulating FGF15 activates hepatic FXR and, together with hepatic Shp, blocks Cyp7a1 and Cyp7b1 gene expression, key enzymes in bile acid metabolism. Importantly, the administration of OCA in neonatal hUGT1 mice accelerates intestinal epithelial cell maturation, which directly impacts on induction of the UGT1A1 gene and the reduction in TSB levels. Accelerated intestinal maturation is directly controlled by CAR, since induction of enterocyte marker genes sucrase-isomaltase, alkaline phosphatase 3, and keratin 20 by OCA does not occur in hUGT1/Car -/- mice. Thus, new findings link an important role for CAR in intestinal UGT1A1 induction and its role in the intestinal maturation pathway. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Obeticholic acid (OCA) activates FXR target genes in both liver and intestinal tissues while inducing intestinal UGT1A1, which leads to the elimination of serum bilirubin in humanized UGT1 mice. However, the induction of intestinal UGT1A1 and the elimination of bilirubin by OCA is driven entirely by activation of intestinal CAR and not FXR. The elimination of serum bilirubin is based on a CAR-dependent mechanism that facilitates the acceleration of intestinal epithelium cell differentiation, an event that underlies the induction of intestinal UGT1A1.
Recharging Higher Education’s Social Responsibility via Anchor Institutions

This chapter discusses several ways in which colleges and universities, as anchor institutions, could recharge their social responsibility, thus promoting their third mission to the public they serve. By using a descriptive case study focused on a public, mid-sized, research university in the American Midwest, processes and procedures are outlined as they inform the alignment of mission-driven efforts across campus with public involvement as an anchor institution in its geographic location. Connections to functional areas of a university demonstrate how to coalesce decision-making bodies and stakeholder groups that could chart its strategic direction. Moving forward, this case study intends to contribute to the national/global conversations on how to promote institutions of higher education as anchor institutions in urban areas perceived as places of promise and opportunity. All along, components of a theoretical framework proposed for anchor institution planning emphasize established practices that inform higher education management/governance.
Gradual Typing for Functional Languages

Static and dynamic type systems have well-known strengths and weaknesses, and each is better suited for different programming tasks. There have been many efforts to integrate static and dynamic typing and thereby combine the benefits of both typing disciplines in the same language. The flexibility of static typing can be improved by adding a type Dynamic and a typecase form. The safety and performance of dynamic typing can be improved by adding optional type annotations or by performing type inference (as in soft typing). However, there has been little formal work on type systems that allow a programmer-controlled migration between dynamic and static typing. Thatte proposed Quasi-Static Typing, but it does not statically catch all type errors in completely annotated programs. Anderson and Drossopoulou defined a nominal type system for an object-oriented language with optional type annotations. However, developing a sound, gradual type system for functional languages with structural types is an open problem. In this paper we present a solution based on the intuition that the structure of a type may be partially known/unknown at compiletime and the job of the type system is to catch incompatibilities between the known parts of types. We define the static and dynamic semantics of a -calculus with optional type annotations and we prove that its type system is sound with respect to the simply-typed -calculus for fully-annotated terms. We prove that this calculus is type safe and that the cost of dynamism is “pay-as-you-go”.
Testosterone and muscle hypertrophy in female rats

The effects of chronic treatment with testosterone propionate (TP) on compensatory muscle hypertropy in female rats are examined. The 48 female rats were placed in one of four test groups: (1) no overload (synergist removal), no TP, (2) overload, no TP, (3) no overload + TP, and (4) overload + TP. The technique used to administer the TP is described. The preparation of the plantaris muscle, the analysis of pyruvate oxidation and the determination of malate and lactate dehydrogenases and the noncollogen protein are explained. The results which reveal the effect of overload and TP on body weight, noncollogen protein concentration, lactate and malate dehydrogenase activities, and pyruvate oxidation are presented and discussed. It is concluded that in terms of body weight, protein content, pyruvate, glycolysis, and oxidative metabolisms chronic TP treatments do not change compensatory muscle hypertropy.
Examining climate variability over West Africa during the 1979–1993 period: observations and CCM3 comparisons

The Community Climate Model Version 3.6 is used to simulate the mean climate of West Africa during the Northern Hemisphere summer season (June–August). The climate model uses prescribed climatological sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and observed SSTs during the 1979–1993 period. Two important circulation features, the African Easterly Jet (AEJ) and the Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ), are found in the simulations but a westerly wind bias is found with respect to 700 hPa winds. Consequently, easterly waves and rain rates are poorly simulated. The primary cause of the poorly simulated AEJ is the advection of cold air from Europe producing a cold bias over northern Africa and a weaker than observed meridional temperature gradient. The cold bias is caused by an eastward displacement of the simulated Azores surface high into Western Europe creating a stronger than observed meridional sea level pressure gradient over northern Africa. This bias systematically occurs in simulations using both climatological and observed SSTs. The biases in sea level pressure, temperature and zonal winds have the potential to produce poor regional climate model results for West Africa if the meteorological output from the CCM3 is used as lateral boundaries. Moreover, these biases introduce uncertainties to West African GCM sensitivity studies associated with interannual variability, land-use change and elevated anthropogenic greenhouse gases.
Localizing tags using mobile infrastructure

This paper presents algorithms, simulations, and empirical results of a system that finds relative tag positions in 3D space using a new approach called "mobile infrastructure." Mobile infrastructure consists of one or more sensors in a fixed configuration on a mobile platform, and a set of tags affixed to objects or locations in the environment which the users want to localize. It is especially useful in cases where infrastructure is needed only temporarily, such as during installation, calibration, or maintenance. Mobile infrastructure can cover a much larger area than installed infrastructure with the same number of sensors, and is especially useful in cases where localization hardware costs are asymmetric, with expensive sensors and inexpensive tags. The data collected at various positions are combined by a simple "leapfrog" procedure, with constrained optimization to obtain better accuracy. Our system achieves about one foot (0.3 meter) accuracy with 90% confidence in indoor environments.
PET/CT imaging in systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the classical immune-complex disease. Involvement of vital organs, particularly the kidneys and brain, accounts for significant morbidity and mortality. A number of imaging tools are currently available for evaluation of inflammatory conditions. By targeting the increased glucose uptake of infiltrating granulocytes and tissue macrophages, positron emission tomography with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose ([(18) F]FDG PET/CT) has been shown to delineate inflammation with high sensitivity. Because activated lymphocytes have increased glucose metabolism, [(18) F]FDG PET has been successfully used to visualize large concentrations of these cells in lymphoid organs where antigen presentation and lymphocyte activation occur. Widespread increased FDG uptake in lymph nodes of patients with active SLE, as well as increased thymic uptake, has been described. The most prevalent and dramatic PET/CT finding in neuropsychiatric SLE (NP-SLE) patients is parieto-occipital hypometabolism. In conclusion, PET/CT has become an excellent ancillary tool to assess disease activity and prognosis in SLE patients.
Alterations in Crack-Tip Deformation During Variable-Amplitude Fatigue Crack Growth

Fatigue crack growth rate changes caused by single overloads and an overload followed by an underload have been studied in the high-strength aluminum alloy 7091. Crack-tip plasticity parameters were measured at each step in the loading sequence using the stereoimaging technique. Effective stress-intensity factor was measured with high resolution immediately at the crack tip both before an overload and during the subsequent growth rate retardation period. Crack-tip opening displacement and strain were altered in the same way as growth rate following the overload/underload events, and similitude with respect to crack-tip plasticity was preserved during the growth retardation period. Effective stress-intensity factor was found to correlate well with crack growth rate. Strains within the plastic zone were converted to stress at each step in load change. These stresses were then summed to determine the zone of residual stress caused by the overload. The region of compressive residual stress ahead of the crack tip was found to increase with overload severity but was limited to yield stress in magnitude. An underload shrank the spatial extent of the residual stresses caused by the overload.
Rápida búsqueda aproximada con autómatas de estado finito

We present a fast algorithm for finding approximate matches of a string in a finite-state automaton, given some metric of similarity. The algorithm can be adapted to use a variety of metrics for determining the distance between two words.
Effect of pH on a Gossypol Complex with Phospholipids: Gossypol-PE

PE, one of the major phospholipids in oilseed soapstock, may react with gossypol to form Schiff bases. PE amounts to 20–30% of the phosphorus compounds in soap-stock. In this report, the dependence on pH of the Schiff base products between PE and gossypol was investigated using a spectrophotometer, an HPLC equipped with an ELSD, and an LC-MS system. We observed that at pH 7 the Schiff reaction product and reactants were clearly detected by ELSD, absorption, and LC-MS spectra. The absorption spectra displayed the characteristic peak for the Schiff bases around 430–440 nm. The absorption spectra also indicated that the reaction was pH dependent. The reaction temperatures were 60 and 90°C. The LC-MS spectra supported the formation of Schiff bases as well as methyl ether derivatives of gossypol in alcohol at the elevated temperatures. The implications of these experimental findings are presented in this paper.
Remembering the future: Rhetorical echoes of World War II and Vietnam in George bush's public speech on the Gulf War

This essay provides an exegesis of George Bush's Gulf War rhetoric in terms of the World War II and Vietnam Wars and the presidential rhetoric in which they were embedded. The essay argues that Bush's rhetoric embraced and supported the orientational metaphor of the World War II paradigm, while simultaneously rejecting the Vietnam paradigm, through his use of specific language choices.
Problems in Cognitive Distance Implications for Cognitive Mapping

Three experiments are conducted on cognitive distance in order to investigate the problems of intransitivity, noncommutativity, and the consistency of estimates across different methodologies. The results suggest that it will be extremely difficult to identify any simple relationship between physical distance and cognitive distance and that people do not possess internalized spatial representations of the physical world that are based on Euclidian geometry.
Behavioural thermoregulation in Rana pipiens tadpoles

Abstract 1. 1.|The mean preferred temperature (final preferendum) of Rana pipiens tadpoles in an electronic thermoregulatory shuttlebox was 27.9°C. 2. 2.|The daytime modal preferendum was 28°C, while the nocturnal mode was 27°C; mean preferenda did not differ significantly between night (28.1°C) and day (27.8°C). 3. 3.|The tadpoles exhibited a bimodal pattern of preferred temperature with equal nocturnal and diurnal peaks (28.8°C), and minima at the transition from scotophase to photophase (27.1°C) and from photophase to scotophase (27.4°C); our data do not indicate whether this pattern is an endogenously controlled rhythm.
Experimental and theoretical comparison of actinide and lanthanide bonding in M[N(EPR2)2]3 complexes (M = U, Pu, La, Ce; E = S, Se, Te; R = Ph, iPr, H)

Treatment of M[N(SiMe3)2]3 (M = U, Pu (An); La, Ce (Ln)) with NH(EPPh2)2 and NH(EPiPr2)2 (E = S, Se), afforded the neutral complexes M[N(EPR2)2]3 (R = Ph, iPr). Tellurium donor complexes were synthesized by treatment of MI3(sol)4 (M = U, Pu; sol = py and M = La, Ce; sol = thf) with Na(tmeda)[N(TePiPr2)2]. The complexes have been structurally and spectroscopically characterized with concomitant computational modeling through density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The An−E bond lengths are shorter than the Ln−E bond lengths for metal ions of similar ionic radii, consistent with an increase in covalent interactions in the actinide bonding relative to the lanthanide bonding. In addition, the magnitude of the differences in the bonding is slightly greater with increasing softness of the chalcogen donor atom. The DFT calculations for the model systems correlate well with experimentally determined metrical parameters. They indicate that the enhanced covalency in the M−E bond as group 16 is descended arise...
The melatonin rhythm: both a clock and a calendar.

The paper briefly reviews the data which shows that the circadian production and secretion of melatonin by the pineal gland can impart both daily, i.e., clock, and seasonal, i.e., calendar, information to the organism. The paper summarizes the 3 patterns of nocturnal melatonin production that have been described. Clearly, regardless of the pattern of nocturnal melatonin production a particular species normally displays, the duration of nightime elevated melatonin is proportional to the duration of the night length. Since daylength under natural conditions changes daily the melatonin rhythm, which adjusts to the photoperiod sends time of year information to the organism. The melatonin receptors which subserve the clock message sent by the pineal gland in the form of a melatonin cycle may reside in the biological clock itself, namely, the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). The melatonin receptors that mediate seasonal changes in reproductive physiology are presumably those that are located on the pars tuberalis cells of the anterior pituitary gland. Besides these receptors which likely mediate clock and calendar information, melatonin receptors have been described in other organs. Interestingly, the distribution of melatonin receptors is highly species-specific. Whereas the clock and calendar information that the melatonin cycle imparts to the organism relies on cell membrane receptors, a fact that is of some interest considering the high lipophilicity of melatonin, recent studies indicate that other functions of melatonin may require no receptor whatsoever.
Parent-completed and adolescent-completed CDIs: relationship to adolescent social and cognitive functioning.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of both young adolescents' scores on the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and their mothers' ratings of the adolescents' depression (parent-completed CDI) to indices of their social and cognitive functioning obtained from a source outside the home. Subjects consisted of a nonclinic sample of 85 young adolescents (11–15 years of age), their mothers, and their social studies teachers. Recent school grades and teacher-completed measures served as the indices of adolescent social and cognitive competence. The results indicated that both adolescents' and mothers' CDI scores were significantly and negatively correlated with measures of adolescent cognitive and social functioning. Multiple regression analyses, utilizing adolescent- and parent-completed CDI scores as predictors, indicated that both predictor variables entered into the equations for cognitive functioning while only the mother-completed CDI entered into those for social functioning. When maternal depression was also entered into the multiple regressions, the findings regarding mother- and adolescent-completed CDI scores were not altered. The relationship of these findings to other somewhat disparate findings concerning the utility of mother and child reports of child depression is discussed.
Functional EpoR Pathway Utilization Is Not Detected in Primary Tumor Cells Isolated from Human Breast, Non-Small Cell Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Tumor Tissues

Several clinical trials in oncology have reported increased mortality or disease progression associated with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. One hypothesis proposes that erythropoiesis-stimulating agents directly stimulate tumor proliferation and/or survival through cell-surface receptors. To test this hypothesis and examine if human tumors utilize the erythropoietin receptor pathway, the response of tumor cells to human recombinant erythropoietin was investigated in disaggregated tumor cells obtained from 186 patients with colorectal, breast, lung, ovarian, head and neck, and other tumors. A cocktail of well characterized tumor growth factors (EGF, HGF, and IGF-1) were analyzed in parallel as a positive control to determine whether freshly-isolated tumor cells were able to respond to growth factor activation ex vivo. Exposing tumor cells to the growth factor cocktail resulted in stimulation of survival and proliferation pathways as measured by an increase in phosphorylation of the downstream signaling proteins AKT and ERK. In contrast, no activation by human recombinant erythropoietin was observed in isolated tumor cells. Though tumor samples exhibited a broad range of cell-surface expression of EGFR, c-Met, and IGF-1R, no cell-surface erythropoietin receptor was detected in tumor cells from the 186 tumors examined (by flow cytometry or Western blot). Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents did not act directly upon isolated tumor cells to stimulate pathways known to promote proliferation or survival of human tumor cells isolated from primary and metastatic tumor tissues.
Desiccant recovered, Crohn's disease discovered

Foreign bodies occasionally lodge in strictures due to Crohn's disease. Most cases involve patients known to have Crohn's disease. However, some patients deny or cannot recall ingestion of foreign bodies. Gastrointestinal obstruction caused by a foreign body is a rare presentation of Crohn's disease. We report the first case of Crohn's disease presenting as gastrointestinal obstruction resulting from accidental ingestion of a pharmaceutical desiccant.
Effects of Interspersing Rate on Student Preferences for Mathematics Assignments

This study investigated the extent to which interspersing effects are consistent with the effects of reinforcement on predicting students’ preferences for mathematics assignments. Students were exposed to 4 pairs of assignments. Each assignment pair contained a control assignment with 15 problems requiring multiplication of a three digit number by a two digit number, and an experimental assignment consisting of 15 similar multiplication problems plus additional brief one-digit by one-digit multiplication problems interspersed at four different rates (i.e., no interspersing, every other, every third, or every fifth problem) across assignment pairs. Performance data were collected for accuracy, total problem completion rate and target problem completion rate. In addition to performance data, students were asked to rate each assignment with regard to relative difficulty, time, effort to complete, and preference between assignments for homework. Results suggest that although interspersing rates do not affect accuracy, they do affect problem completion rate, and student preferences for academic assignments. Discussion focuses on interspersing rate and schedules of reinforcement with emphasis on both applied and theoretical implications.