cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Challenge and Perspective of Interface between Li Metal and Llzo in Solid State Battery

The solid-state battery is becoming a promising technology beyond the current Li Ion battery. There are various candidates for the materials in solid-state battery, and utilizing LLZO as solid-state electrolyte and Li metal as anode material shows great potentials due to the advantages in safety, energy density, conductivity, chemical stability and electrochemical stability. However, the compatibility between the anode (Li metal) and electrolyte (LLZO) is very different from the traditional Li ion battery. The interface between LLZO and Li metal generates high resistance for the Li ion transfer and the interface is dynamic during the stripping and plating cycles. Also, some studies show that LLZO is not free of Li dendrites during plating. There are extensive studies on improving ion transfer between Li metal and LLZO and eliminating the Li dendrite formation on LLZO but no convincing solutions are available yet. These issues may become more challenging when applying LLZO/Li metal in EV/HEV batteries because of special requirements in safety, power and energy density from automotive applications. This work will review the current research status on interface between LLZO and Li metal, address challenges from automotive application, analyze the technology gap, and discuss the perspectives of future technology.
Geospatial analysis of health risks and solid waste management behaviour

The lack of proper waste management behaviour creates environmental debasement and induces health risks. This study employs primary survey data collected in 2016 to investigate the association betw...
Asymmetries in doubling and Cyclic Linearization

This paper investigates asymmetries in doubling among verbs, objects and subjects in Cantonese. It is shown that each of these elements has a distinct doubling profile in topic constructions and right dislocation: doubling is sometimes prohibited, required or optional. Couched in terms of the copy theory of movement, I suggest that the operation responsible for erasing copies in a movement chain is regulated by phonological requirements that follow from a version of cyclic linearization. Particularly, I propose that the copy-erasing operation can be suspended as a last resort in cases where its application would otherwise violate phonological requirements imposed by cyclic linearization. The differences in doubling possibility among verbs, objects and subjects follow from the availability of the edge position of a phase to these elements. The proposal derives the Cantonese doubling pattern without recourse to the phrase-structural status of the (non-)doubling elements and maintains that the mechanism that determines copy pronunciation is the same for heads and phrases. I take this as a further piece of evidence for the unification of head and phrasal movement, resonating with much recent work on this topic.
Development of CRISPR_Cas9 genome editing system and its application in rice molecular breeding

Gene editing is a new genetic engineering technology that uses sequence-specific nucleases to insert, delete, or replace nucleic acid base(s) of the target gene, or introduce exogenous DNA sequences at a specific site in the genome of an organism to achieve the desired modification. Currently, the CRISPR/Cas system is the most widely used genome editing technology because it is relatively simple with high editing efficiency. In this review, we discuss the CRISPR/Cas system’s application and its current limitations in rice breeding. Also, we elaborate on possible improved methods regarding its mechanism and development history.
Experimental Studies of the Program of Assertive Community Treatment (PACT) A Meta-Analysis

The effectiveness of the Program of Assertive Community Treatment (PACT) versus standard inpatient/outpatient treatment was investigated through a meta-analysis. The study included 19 peer-reviewed...
Canadian Folk Music Holdings at Columbia University

Jay Rahn fait la description d ’une importante collection de musique folklorique deposee au Centre d ’Etudes d'Ethnomusicologie a l’Universite Columbia. Elle comprend plus de mille item enregistres chez les Inuit, les Indiens du Nordouest, et les Iroquois ainsi qu’un certain nombre dans les colonies Polonaises, Ukrainiennes, Francaises, et Britanniques au Canada. La plus grande partie de ce materiel a ete recueilli par Laura Boulton en 1941-42, alors qu'elle fit une serie de voyages sur des terrains de recherche a travers le Canada et prepara sept courts metrages pour VOffice National du Film.
PANCREATIC ISLET-CELL DAMAGE IN CHILDREN WITH FATAL VIRAL INFECTIONS

The pancreases from 250 children with fatal infections caused by at least fourteen different viruses were examined for lesions in the islets of Langerhans. Viral cytopathology was found in 4 of 7 cases of Coxsackievirus B infection, 20 of 45 cases of cytomegalovirus infection, 2 of 14 cases of varicella-zoster infection, and 2 of 45 cases of congenital rubella. Destruction of beta cells and acute and chronic inflammatory infiltrates were found in islets from cases with Coxsackievirus B infections. Characteristic inclusion bodies were observed in islets from cases with cytomegalovirus and varicella-zoster infections. This survey provides further evidence that some viruses can infect and damage human beta cells.
Time representation: an example

The representation of time in a network is a challenging problem. In particular when the need arises in the use of networks for production rules. On a broad scale, the development of temporal logic is an attempt to yield an adequate modeling technique. Yet, the main complication remains how to handle the uncertainty which is associated with the occurence of an event, the time length, etc. Fuzzy sets provide such tool. An example of a particular character is presented here.
CCEM-K2 key comparison of 10-M/spl Omega/ and 1-G/spl Omega/ resistance standards

An international comparison of DC resistance at 10 M/spl Omega/ and 1 G/spl Omega/ was organized under the auspices of the Consultative Committee for Electricity and Magnetism (CCEM) and piloted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) with 14 other National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) participating. The transport standards were measured by the participating NMIs during a three-and-a-half year period beginning August 1996 and concluding March 2000. The transport standards used for this comparison were a set of three wirewound 10-M/spl Omega/ standard resistors and three film-type 1-G/spl Omega/ standard resistors, all packaged at NIST for this key comparison. The comparison demonstrated that all participating NMIs agree with the key comparison reference value at 10 M/spl Omega/ and 1 G/spl Omega/ within the 95% confidence level.
Chemotaxis of Rhizobium meliloti towards Nodulation Gene-Inducing Compounds from Alfalfa Roots

Luteolin, a flavone present in seed exudates of alfalfa, induces nodulation genes (nod) in Rhizobium meliloti and also serves as a biochemically specific chemoattractant for the bacterium. The present work shows that R. meliloti RCR2011 is capable of very similar chemotactic responses towards 4',7-dihydroxyflavone, 4',7-Dihydroxyflavanone, and 4,4'-dihydroxy-2-methoxychalcone, the three principal nod gene inducers secreted by alfalfa roots. Chemotactic responses to the root-secreted nod inducers in capillary assays were usually two- to four-fold above background and, for the flavone and flavonone, occurred at concentrations lower than those required for half-maximal induction of the nodABC genes. Complementation experiments indicated that the lack of chemotactic responsiveness to luteolin seen in nodD1 and nodA mutants of R. meliloti was not due to mutations in the nod genes, as previously thought. Thus, while nod gene induction and flavonoid chemotaxis have the same biochemical specificity, these two functions appear to have independent receptors or transduction pathways. The wild-type strain was found to suffer selective, spontaneous loss of chemotaxis towards flavonoids during laboratory subculture.
A test of the Darwin–Fisher theory for the evolution of male secondary sexual traits in monogamous birds

The Darwin–Fisher theory proposes that the presence of male secondary sexual traits in monogamous birds is selected for by early season breeding of females that are in good condition. These early breeding females have high fecundity because of their good condition, and they select mates based on secondary sex traits. We tested whether this hypothesis may be responsible for the presence of male sexual ornaments in the great frigatebird, a socially and genetically monogamous seabird. Consistent with the Darwin–Fisher theory, we found that reproductive success declined over the season. However, males with more exaggerated ornaments were not chosen as mates earlier in the season than males with less exaggerated ornaments, and selection gradients on these ornaments were not significantly different from zero.
Referring physician satisfaction: toward a better understanding of hospital referrals.

Abstract Customer satisfaction literature has contributed significantly to the development of marketing strategies in the healthcare arena. The research has led to the development of hospital-driven relationship marketing programs. This study examines the inclusion of referring physicians as partners in the hospital's relationship marketing program. In exploring this relationship, medical and hospital facility characteristics that referring physicians find important in making patient referrals to specialty care hospitals are identified and analyzed. The results lead to the development of strategic initiatives which hospital marketers should consider when developing relationship marketing programs designed to satisfy their referring physicians.
A Case Report: Primary Glioblastoma of the Pineal (P7.272)

Objective: To describe a rare case of primary glioblastoma of the pineal. Background: While glioblastoma is the most common primary tumor of the CNS, it is rarely implicated as the primary tumor of the pineal. We describe a 69-year-old previously healthy female who was transferred to our facility for management of hydrocephalus. She initially presented to an outside hospital with symptoms of lethargy which quickly progressed to confusion and impaired balance. CT scan of the head at that time revealed enlarged ventricles and a calcified mass in the pineal region. Physical examination revealed a patient who was slow to respond, right-sided dysmetria on finger to nose and was unable to ambulate. Methods: Patient underwent an MRI of the brain that revealed a contrast-enhancing lesion in the pineal gland with mass effect upon the cerebral aqueduct with resultant hydrocephalus. Patient underwent a left frontotemporal burr hole craniostomy for MRI-guided needle biopsy of pineal mass and an endoscopic third ventriculocisternostomy. Patient was started on radiation therapy with adjunctive chemotherapy, temozolomide. After completing radiation therapy the patient will undergo a repeat MRI of the brain. Results: Surgical pathology report revealed positive MGMT methylation and immunohistochemistry and histological features consistent with glioblastoma. Patient’s course is ongoing. Conclusion:Based on a literature review, since the 1972 report of Bradfield and Perez, only 18 cases were reported, not including the one described here. A SEERs database review showed 9 registered cases of WHO Grade IV gliomas from 1973-2005. As with our patient, symptoms related to hydrocephalus and Parinaud’s syndrome tend to be the most common presentation. Imaging modalities such as CT and contrast MRI imaging is important in the initial evaluation of the patient, final diagnosis is made on histologic basis. Albeit extremely rare in the pineal region, this case along with others previously described, continues to remind us that glioblastoma should be considered as part of the differential diagnosis when evaluating mass lesions in this location. Disclosure: Dr. Krel has nothing to disclose. Dr. Krutoshinskaya has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rosiello has nothing to disclose. Dr. Seidman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kowalska has nothing to disclose.
Down to Earth: The Territorial Bond in South China

Down to Earth: The Territorial Bond in South China. David Faure and Helen Siu. eds. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995. 222 pp.
Uncertainty and the optimal production tax

Optimal policies to restrict production under uncertainty for a large country which employs a time-consistent tariff are investigated. The Nash-Cournot assumption is used for domestic and foreign production decisions under uncertainty. If the income elasticity of demand for the importable is zero and the consumer is risk neutral, production controls are unnecessary. However, production controls improve welfare if the importable is normal and the consumer is risk neutral or averse. Production quotas are also equivalent to fixed target prices. If the importable is normal, the optimal production tax is positive whether the consumer is risk neutral or averse.
Fluid resuscitation for trauma patients in the 21st century

There is no consensus regarding the optimal treatment of hemorrhagic shock in trauma patients. Continued controversy exists regarding the most appropriate fluid during trauma resuscitation. Published data can be found in support of isotonic crystalloids, hypertonic solutions, colloids, and, recently
Slit1a inhibits retinal ganglion cell arborization and synaptogenesis via Robo2-dependent and -independent pathways.

Summary Upon arriving at their targets, developing axons cease pathfinding and begin instead to arborize and form synapses. To test whether CNS arborization and synaptogenesis are controlled by Slit-Robo signaling, we followed single retinal ganglion cell (RGC) arbors over time. ast ( robo2 ) mutant and slit1a morphant arbors had more branch tips and greater arbor area and complexity compared to wild-type and concomitantly more presumptive presynaptic sites labeled with YFP-Rab3. Increased arborization in ast was phenocopied by dominant-negative Robo2 expressed in single RGCs and rescued by full-length Robo2, indicating that Robo2 acts cell-autonomously. Time-lapse imaging revealed that ast and slit1a morphant arbors stabilized earlier than wild-type, suggesting a role for Slit-Robo signaling in preventing arbor maturation. Genetic analysis showed that Slit1a acts both through Robo2 and Robo2-independent mechanisms. Unlike previous PNS studies showing that Slits promote branching, our results show that Slits inhibit arborization and synaptogenesis in the CNS.
Initiation events in in-vitro packaging of bacteriophage φ29 DNA-gp3☆

Abstract Initiation events in the packaging of bacteriophage φ29 DNA-gp3 (DNA-gene product 3 complex) were studied in a completely defined in-vitro system that included purified proheads, DNA-gp3 and the DNA packaging protein gp16. In the sequential interactions, gp16 first bound to, and was modified by, the prohead. The prohead-gp16 complex then bound to DNA-gp3, resulting in a second modification of gp16 that permitted binding of ATP. DNA-gp3 aggregates were produced, and the hydrolysis of ATP accompanied DNA-gp3 packaging. Binding and hydrolysis of ATP by gp16 was both prohead- and DNA-gp3-dependent. Interruption of packaging by DNase I addition revealed filled heads but few particles containing partial lengths of DNA, suggesting that following a rate-limiting initiation, the translocation of DNA-gp3 into the prohead was much faster in the defined in-vitro system than in extracts.
Relationship of crop and rainfall to soil nematode community structure in perennial agroecosystems

Abstract Population densities in soil of nematodes belonging to different genera were monitored for 3 years in a citrus grove and an adjacent bahiagrass pasture in Florida, USA, to determine whether indices of community structure or densities of key genera were more useful in characterizing the soil nematode communities of these very different perennial agroecoystems. Population densities of Acrobeles, Aphelenchus, Cervidellus, Ironus, Paratrichodorus, and Zeldia were consistently greater (P⪯0.10) 0.10) in the citrus site, where 64% to 83% of the nematodes found were bacterivores and only 1 % to 16% herbivores. The pasture, containing 19% to 47% bacterivores and 25% to 67% herbivores, had greater numbers of Bunonema, Criconema, Criconemella, Eucephalobus, Hemicriconemoides, Miconchus, Tylenchorhynchus, and Wilsonema. Several indices of nematode community structure also showed consistent differences with site. The Shannon-Weaver diversity index, calculated across trophic groups, was greater in the pasture, but Simpson's index and the ratio of decomposers to herbivores were greater in citrus, reflecting the preponderance of bacterivores at that site. Within each site, population densities of nematodes in several key genera were correlated with rainfall over time, but correlations between rainfall and indices of community structure were infrequent.
Calculation of transonic flows over bodies of varying complexity using slender body theory

Transonic flows over several bodies of varying complexity, including a simple wing-body combination and the Shuttle Orbiter, have been modeled with the use of slender body theory. In the theory, the original three-dimensional problem is divided into two simpler component problems, the near field and the far field. The near field problem represents a crossflow that is almost incompressible and is defined by Laplace's equation with a flow tangency boundary condition on the body. A nonlinear transonic small disturbance approximation is the basis for the far-field problem and describes the flow over a body of revolution having the same longitudinal area distribution as the asymmetric body. Both the nearand far-field problems are two-dimensional boundary value problems. A boundary-element method is used to solve the near-field problem. The solution for the axisymmetric far-field problem is obtained by a successive line overrelaxation method. The two component solutions are combined to obtain the complete solution. Flows with various angles of attack and zero sideslip have been considered. Also, some off-body flow calculations were conducted. For attached flows, the calculations predicted the pressure results with good accuracy.
Subcutaneous NaAs3+ exposure increases metallothionein mRNA and protein expression in juvenile winter flounder

Abstract We investigated the effect of NaAs3+ exposure on liver metallothionein (MT) mRNA and protein expression in juvenile winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus). Sexually immature flounder (age 18 months) were subcutaneously implanted with silastic tubing containing 0 (vector control), 1.5, 3.0, 6.0 and 16.0 μmol g−1 fish wt. NaAs3+. Liver MT mRNA and protein were significantly elevated within 24 h of exposure at the 1.5 μmol g−1 dose before there was significant liver As accumulation or mortality. All four NaAs3+ treatments caused a significant rise in MT mRNA and protein and the mRNA demonstrated the clearest dose response and greatest fold change (19 fold at 16.0 μmol g−1 dose). MT protein reached its maximum (1.8 times the control) at the 1.5 μmol g−1 dose. This maximum was maintained across all four treatments and decreased slightly at the 16.0 μmol g−1 dose where there was 40% mortality. The level of liver As content among fish with maximal MT expression was similar to that of fish which recently succumbed to NaAs3+ toxicity. This links saturation of the MT response with mortality and provides a framework for assessing the significance of MT measurements in feral flounder. The experiment was repeated (minus the 16.0 μmol g−1 dose) in a smaller (and younger) group of fish (12 months old) which expressed a two-fold lower liver Zn and MT protein content. This relatively low level of pre-existing MT theoretically widened the MT response window such that the MT maximum was not attained until the 6.0 μmol g−1 dose. These fish also did not show a significant rise in either MT mRNA or protein at the sublethal dose (1.5 μmol g-1). This lack of change appeared to reflect the higher level of baseline liver As which also did not increase at the 1.5 μmol g−1 dose. Reevaluation of the earlier experiment revealed a 1.5 fold increase in liver As content at the 1.5 μmol g−1 dose that was not significant due to high variance. This suggests that MT is a better biomarker of NaAs3+ exposure because there is less variance associated with either MT mRNA or protein measurements. These results lend merit to MTOs usefulness as a biomarker of metal exposure and provides the foundation for linking NaAs3+ exposure with MT expression and possibly metal-induced carcinogenesis in fish.
Linearizing controller design for a packed-bed reactor using a low-order wave propagation model

A nonlinear controller design for a packed-bed reactor is presented. The scheme employs a two-tier approach in which, first, a low-order nonlinear model is developed and, subsequently, a feedback linearizing control law is synthesized. The reduced-order model treats transport mechanisms in the reactor as a nonlinear wave which propagates through the bed. Application of input−output “linearizing” control yields linear dynamics over a wide range of operating conditions. The practical issues of implementing the resultant digital, implicit, nonlinear control law on an actual system are addressed. Closed-loop simulations are used to illustrate the robustness properties of the nonlinear controller. In addition, the relative strengths of this approach over traditional linear control are identified.
Teaching the Art of Public Deliberation—National Issues Forums in the Classroom

Democracy requires a deliberating citizenry, and college is the best place to teach the practice of public deliberation. From this perspective we will describe how you can teach this democratic practice in your political science classroom. In a traditional political science class, students are taught to participate in the political process by voting, joining interest groups, and protesting. According to focus group discussions with students on ten college campuses, many students are now rejecting these forms of participation (Harwood Group, 1993). The good news is that students are able to envision alterna-
Reliability analysis of nutrient removal from stormwater runoff with green sorption media under varying influent conditions.

Abstract To support nutrient removal, various stormwater treatment technologies have been developed via the use of green materials, such as sawdust, tire crumbs, sand, clay, sulfur, and limestone, as typical constituents of filter media mixes. These materials aid in the physiochemical sorption and precipitation of orthophosphates as well as in the biological transformation of ammonia, nitrates and nitrites. However, these processes are dependent upon influent conditions such as hydraulic residence time, influent orthophosphate concentrations, and other chemical species present in the inflow. This study aims to compare the physiochemical removal of orthophosphate by isotherm and column tests under differing influent conditions to realize the reliability of orthophosphate removal process with the aid of green sorption media. The green sorption media of interest in this study is composed of a 5:2:2:1 (by volume) mixture of cement sand, tire crumb, fine expanded clay, and limestone. Scenarios of manipulating the hydraulic residence time of the water from 18 min and 60 min, the influent dissolved phosphorus concentrations of 1.0 mg · L− 1 and 0.5 mg · L− 1, and influent water types of distilled and pond water, were all investigated in the column tests. Experimental data were compared with the outputs from the Thomas Model based on orthophosphate removal to shed light on the equilibrium condition versus kinetic situation. With ANOVA tests, significant differences were confirmed between the experimental data sets of the breakthrough curves in the column tests. SEM imaging analysis helps to deepen the understanding of pore structures and pore networks of meta-materials being used in the green sorption media. Life expectancy curves derived from the output of Thomas Model may be applicable for future system design of engineering processes.
On the theory of imperfect diffraction gratings.

The “dynamical” theory of gratings originally developed by Rayleigh and Voigt is applied to derive the intensity of the light diffracted in various directions by an imperfect grating of finite area. The problem is reduced to the numerical solution of a system of linear equations by an approximation method in which “ghosts” and high order spectra are treated as perturbations of the main spectra. Current elementary theories are then seen to yield merely order of magnitude estimates of the intensity of the ghosts caused by various grating imperfections.
A chromosome substitution analysis of geotactic maze behavior in Drosophila melanogaster.

Positive and negative geotactic maze behaviors were selected in strains of Drosophila melanogaster, for over 40 generations on 15-unit classification mazes. A chromosome substition analysis of these behaviors was undertaken to determine which of the three major chromosomes is most important in causing the differences in geotactic maze behavior between the divergent strains. By following the appropriate mating scheme, every possible homozygous chromosomal combination of the X, II, and III chromosomes from the geopositive and geonegative strain was produced. Heterozygous combinations were also produced to test for dominance and interchromosomal interactions. The results indicate that all three chromosomes are involved in geotactic behavior. The order of importance was II>III>X. Dominance effects were found in females for the X chromosome from the geopositive strain and for the III chromosome from the geonegative strain. No evidence for interchromosomal interactions was uncovered.
Successful experience with simultaneous lung volume reduction and cardiac procedures

C oronary artery disease (CAD) is prevalent in candidates for lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS),1 and significant valve dysfunction may also coexist with severe emphysema. The National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT) excludes patients with a variety of cardiovascular risk factors from undergoing LVRS,2 as do many surgeons who perform the procedure outside of the trial. Few have performed LVRS in those patients with severe CAD that cannot be managed percutaneously. Thus, although the literature on combining cardiac procedures and pulmonary resections for cancer is extensive, we have identified only 4 published cases3-5 from 3 different groups using diverse operative strategies combining cardiac procedures and LVRS. We report our series of 4 combined, simultaneous cardiac/LVRS procedures to aid in determining whether this is an appropriate approach in selected patients and, if so, to help select the ideal operative strategy.
There’s No Place Like Home/Camino a Casa Crónica

Ana Maria Shua Ani, you were my first. Suena a lover, pero me refiero a real, live Argentine amiga. Judia, and famous. Entre otras cosas, por ser judia. O digamos, not for being, OB-vio, sino por escribir, textualizar—dar textura a—’lo’ judio. A veces de modo directo, like in El libro de los recuerdos pero otras veces, your Jewishness was something more ... que se sho, organic, un tipo de background, bien matter of fact, to the larger (or smaller) story. Which was, en mi lectura al menos, always about el genero. Gender and genre.
Localization of fatty acid hydroperoxide cleavage activity in membranes of cucumber fruit

Abstract The subcellular localization of the fatty acid hydroperoxide cleavage enzyme from cucumber fruit has been studied. Activity from the flesh tissue has been located in 3 fractions; plasma and Golgi membranes and endoplasmic reticulum, at equilibrium densities on sucrose gradients of 1.17, 1.15 and 1.12 g/cm 3 respectively. Enzymatic activity and electron microscopy studies were carried out to identify plasma and Golgi membranes. Little activity was associated with microbodies (1.23), plastids (1.21) and mitochondria (1:19 g/cm 3 ). However, chloroplasts isolated from the peel of the cucumber fruit contained a large amount of hydroperoxide cleavage activity.
Influence of thyroid hormone on brain glucose conversion to lipids and amino acids.

Summary The formation of brain lipids and amino acids from [U-14C]glucose, the major substrate used in the developing brain, was reduced in hypothyroid rats at ages 10, 14, 23 and 29 days. Hepatic lipid and amino acid formation was not altered. At age 10 days brain ATP and glucose concentrations were statistically lower, and phosphocreatine levels higher, in hypothyroid brains.14CO2 expiration was unaltered 10 and 30 min after the glucose injections, but was lower after 60 min in 10-day-old hypothyroid animals. Following T3 (tri-iodothyronine) injections to euthyroid pups for the first 5 days of life, brain [U14-C]glucose conversion to lipids and amino acids was increased.
ACTA (Automatic Computerized Transverse Axial)-The Whole Body Tomographic X-Ray Scanner

The ACTA (Automatic Computerized Transverse Axial) tomographic scanner is designed for the radiological delineation of tissue abnormalities through the whole body, accurately portraying in pictorial and quantitative form both the nature of the lesion and its precise three-dimensional location in the body. The nature of the lesion is identified by means of the relative absorption coefficient (for X-rays), and the location of the lesion is given precisely by its position in the picture and location of its cross section. The concept of computerized transverse axial tomography involves the production of X-ray absorption profiles made at different angles in the same cross-sectional plane. A highly columnated X-ray beam scans the cross section in two composite modes of motion - a translation, or scan-pass, and a rotation. The pencil-thin beam of X-rays passes through the body and is detected by a sodium iodide crystal, whose scintillation is measured by a photomultiplier tube. The X-ray profiles are sampled, digitized, and fed into a computer, which synthesizes them into a picture giving the relative absorption coefficients of the body cross section in the plane of the scan. The cross section picture can have as many as 160 X 160 elements, each representing 1.5 mm x 1.5 mm of cross-sectional area. Two adjacent cross sections can be scanned each time (about 4 1/2 min.), each of which has a thickness of 7.5 mm and with a 3 mm distance between them. The picture is reconstructed immediately upon completion of the scan and is instantaneously displayed on a color TV console and two black-and-white consoles. The color TV display shows at a glance the areas of different ranges of absorption coefficients as areas of different colors which, in turn, will facilitate the clinical diagnosis. The picture can also be stored for permanent record.© (1974) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Nitric Oxide Sensitivity of the Aconitases

Aconitases are important cellular targets of nitric oxide (NO⋅) toxicity, and NO⋅-derived species, rather than NO⋅ per se, have been proposed to mediate their inactivation. NO⋅-mediated inactivation of theEscherichia coli aconitase and the porcine mitochondrial aconitase was investigated. In E. coli, aconitase activity decreased by ∼70% during a 2-h exposure to an atmosphere containing 120 ppm NO⋅ in N2. The NO⋅-inactivated aconitase reactivated poorly in E. coli under anaerobic or aerobic conditions. Elevated superoxide dismutase activity did not affect the aerobic inactivation of aconitase by NO⋅, thus indicating a limited role of the NO⋅- and superoxide-derived species peroxynitrite. Glutathione-deficient and glutathione-containingE. coli were comparably sensitive to NO⋅-mediated aconitase inactivation, thus excluding the participation of S-nitrosoglutathione or more oxidizing NO⋅-derived species. NO⋅ progressively decreased aconitase activity in extracts in the presence of substrates, and inactivation was greatest at an acidic pH withcis-aconitate. The porcine mitochondrial aconitase was sensitive to NO⋅ when exposed at pH 6.5, but not at pH 7.5, and irreversible inactivation occurred during catalysis. The requirement of an acidic pH or substrates for sensitivity may explain the reported resistance of aconitases to NO⋅ in vitro (Castro, L., Rodriguez, M., and Radi, R. (1994) J. Biol. Chem.269, 29409–29415; Hausladen, A., and Fridovich, I. (1994)J. Biol. Chem. 269, 29405–29408). AnS-nitrosation of the aconitase [4Fe-4S] center catalyzed by the solvent-exposed electron withdrawing iron atom (Fea) is proposed.
A TECHNIQUE FOR EXTRUSION FORMING OF BRITTLE AND REFRACTORY COMPOSITIONS

AbstractRecently, a number of compounds of transition-group metals with carbon, nitrogen, boron, and silicon have been found to exhibit high values of the important superconducting parameters, critical temperature and critical magnetic field strength. As a group, these compounds are characterized by high melting points and extreme brittleness, and hence require special fabricating techniques. A brief description is given of an extrusion method in use at the authors’ laboratory.A powdered material, either metallic or not, is coated with polystyrene in such a manner and proportion that the mixture as a whole takes on the characteristics of a typical thermoplastic. The preparation may then be subjected to the forming methods commonly employed with plastics, such as moulding, extruding, and hot forming. Brittle materials may thus be obtained in the form of rod, ribbon, or wire. These products are next subjected to a programmed heating cycle in an appropriate atmosphere, during the course of which the polystyr...
Standoff trace chemical sensing via manipulation of excited electronic state lifetimes

We present a technique for standoff trace chemical sensing that is based on the dependence of excited electronic state lifetimes on the amount of internal vibrational energy. The feasibility of the technique is demonstrated using N,N-dimethylisopropylamine (DMIPA). Time-resolved measurements show that the lifetime of the S1 state in DMIPA exponentially decreases with the amount of vibrational energy. This property is employed to acquire molecular spectral signatures. Two laser pulses are used: one ionizes the molecule through the S1 state; the other alters the S1 state lifetime by depositing energy into vibrations. Reduction of the S1 state lifetime decreases ionization efficiency that is observed by probing the laser-induced plasma with microwave radiation.
P04: Histopathological investigation of Wilson slices from developmental toxicity studies

In developmental toxicity studies, the investigation of soft tissues from rat fetuses is routinely performed using Wilson's free hand razor cross sectioning technique. The unstained slices are investigated with a stereomicroscope for developmental variations or malformations. However, for some findings the correlation with tissue structures or their categorization may remain equivocal based on this technique. Histopathology may then be used for further clarification since the slices are prefixed in a conventional fixative (e.g. Davidson's solution) and thus give good technical results when paraffin histotechnique is applied. Examples of the usefulness of the combination of Wilson slices and histopathology are presented. A cyst-like structure at the mouth floor proved to be part of the oral cavity and was hence no abnormal finding. A case of enlarged laryngeal lumen could be traced back by histology to a differing section plane. In the eyes, retinal folding as a developmental anomaly could be distinguished from artificial retinal detachment and folding. These examples show that in developmental toxicity studies, histopathology may be valuable for the differentiation between technical artifacts and spontaneous or induced changes in soft tissues.
Localization of Herpesvirus of Turkeys in Blood Cells

The buffy coat pellets of blood clots from Broad Breasted Large White turkeys were processed for electron microscopy. No viruses were found in extracellular spaces nor in the heterophils, eosinophils, or basophils. Enveloped virions, measuring approximately 135 nm in diameter consisting of a core 30 to 35 nm in diameter and a capsid 20 to 30 nm thick were found in cytoplasmic vacuoles in lymphocytes. No developmental stages of virus maturation were observed in the nuclei or cytoplasm of any of the lymphocytes. Virus-like particles were observed in the nuclei and perinuclear zones of many erythrocytes and were approximately 135 nm in diameter but did not possess herpesvirus morphology.
Retention of immunogenicity after X-irradiation of mouse colon tumor cells expressing the transfected influenza virus hemagglutinin gene

We have previously demonstrated that murine colon tumor cells transfected with the gene coding for the hemagglutination antigen (HA) of influenza virus acquire an inherent immunogenicity, fail to grow in syngeneic mice, and demonstrate an ability to cross-protect against a challenge with parental nontransfected cells. In the present study the immunogenic potential of HA-transfected cells correlated with cell-surface HA expression, as measured both by a fluorescence-activated cell sorter and by radiolabeled antibody binding. HA-transfected immunogenic cells had a median lethal dose (LD50) that was 10000-fold greater than that of nontransfected cells. Most importantly this study demonstrated that HA-transfected cells retained their immunogenicity after X-irradiation with 12000 rad. This characteristic makes their potential usefulness in treating human neoplasia more plausible.
Flow visualization applied to a small refrigeration compressor

Abstract This paper describes a flow visualization technique that was used to evaluate qualitatively the gas flow pattern inside a small, hermetically sealed, reciprocating refrigeration compressor. The applicable compressor designs are those in which the suction gas from the evaporator is dumped into the compressor shell, and is then drawn through a muffler into the suction plenum of the compressor. The physical separation of the muffler inlet from the suction gas inlet serves to reduce compressor noise and also provides an easy and convenient means of separating any liquid (compressor oil or liquid refrigerant) from the refrigerant gas. For the flow visualization studies the compressor housing was replaced by a clear plastic shell. Atmospheric air seeded with white smoke was the working fluid. The suction inlet and muffler were parts from a commercial compressor. The flow pulsations were modelled by connecting the muffler outlet to the input plenum of an auxiliary compressor. The flow patterns near the muffler inlet were recorded with a video camera. The mixing of the inlet gas with the gas circulating inside the muffler was studied. The effect of alignment and offset of the muffler inlet relative to the suction inlet, the effect of muffler size, and the effect of a shroud around the muffler were studied. The results were used to guide a companion study of detailed temperature and pressure measurements inside a working compressor.
Generalized minimax and maximin inequalities for order statistics and quantile functions

Let A be a finite real matrix with element A(i, j) in row i and column j. We generalize von Neumann’s inequality minjmaxiA(i, j) ≥ maximinjA(i, j) by replacing min by every order statistic.
Elimination of the adverse effects of small model features by the local modification of automatically generated meshes

Issues related to the automated identification and elimination of the adverse influence of small geometric model features on the quality of automatically generated meshes, using local mesh modification operators, are addressed. The definition of mesh validity with respect to the geometric model is extended to include multiple mesh entity classifications. Checks based on mesh topology are used to ensure no dimensional reductions in the locally modified mesh. Example geometric models of varied complexity containing small geometric features are used to demonstrate the ability of presented procedures to improve mesh quality in terms of aspect ratio and small angle metrics.
Discrete-time realization of transcendental impedance models, with application to modeling spherical solid diffusion

Abstract This paper introduces the “discrete-time realization algorithm” (DRA) as a method to find a reduced-order, discrete-time realization of an infinite-order distributed-parameter system such as a transcendental impedance function. In contrast to other methods, the DRA is a bounded-time deterministic method that produces globally optimal reduced-order models. In the DRA we use the sample and hold framework along with the inverse discrete Fourier transform to closely approximate the discrete-time impulse response. Next, the Ho–Kalman algorithm is used to produce a state-space realization from this discrete-time impulse response. Two examples are presented to demonstrate the DRA using low-order rational-polynomial transfer functions, where the DRA solution can be compared to known solutions. A third example demonstrates the DRA with a transcendental impedance function model of lithium diffusion in the solid phase of a lithium-ion battery, showing that a third-order discrete-time model can closely approximate this infinite-order model behavior.
A Puzzle about Other-directed Time-bias 1

Should we be time-biased on behalf of other people? ‘Sometimes yes, sometimes no’—it is tempting to answer. But this is not right. On pain of irrationality, we cannot be too selective about when we are time-biased on behalf of other people.
The Geological History of the English Channel

Summary The geology of the English Channel has long been known to be much more complex than might appear from a study of the land areas on either side. The most important work on the subject was that of Dangeard, who examined a number of dredge samples and published his results in 1929. In recent years investigations with a free-drop cover which collected samples of rock in place, and geophysical work, largely that of Dr. M. N. Hill, have added much new information. The data now available are brought together and analysed. Maps showing the areas where each major rock group occurs at surface or at depth and estimates of thicknesses have been prepared. From these a map of the outcrops under the Channel and a contour map of the sub-New Red Sandstone—Mesozoic surface (the so-called Palaeozoic floor) have been drawn. The history of the area is then reviewed and it is concluded that since the Armorican orogeny the Channel has been an area with a tendency to intermittent downwarps while the surrounding land areas cf Devon and Cornwall on the one hand and Brittany on the other have been areas with intermittent uplift. This leads to the conclusion that many of the present uplands of Palaeozoic rock were blocked out in early times and that the present edges of these areas are not far from the positions they have occupied since New Red Sandstone times. It is suggested that palaeogeographical maps of the Mesozoic in this region should show a
Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose: Traversing the interdisciplinary gap between physics and biology [Reverberations]

Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose was a prolific and inventive experimental scientist. Born in what is now Bangladesh in 1858, his scientific career spanned more than 30 years and included a degree in natural sciences from Christ College, Cambridge, and a doctorate from the University of London in 1884. He studied under the likes of Lord Rayleigh, Sir James Dewar, and the great naturalist, Francis Balfour. In 1885, under great controversy, Bose assumed a faculty post in physics at Presidency College, Calcutta, India and remained there until his retirement in 1915. In 1917, he founded the institute which still bears his name and stayed technically active well into his 70s. At first, working with his own funds and only a tin smith, he managed to assemble the most sophisticated Hertzian wave apparatus of his day, and in only ten years, his fame had spread throughout Europe.
Fairness via Source Throttling: A Configurable and High-Performance Fairness Substrate for Multicore Memory Systems

Cores in chip-multiprocessors (CMPs) share multiple memory subsystem resources. If resource sharing is unfair, some applications can be delayed significantly while others are unfairly prioritized. Previous research proposed separate fairness mechanisms for each resource. Such resource-based fairness mechanisms implemented independently in each resource can make contradictory decisions, leading to low fairness and performance loss. Therefore, a coordinated mechanism that provides fairness in the entire shared memory system is desirable.This article proposes a new approach that provides fairness in the entire shared memory system, thereby eliminating the need for and complexity of developing fairness mechanisms for each resource. Our technique, Fairness via Source Throttling (FST), estimates unfairness in the entire memory system. If unfairness is above a system-software-set threshold, FST throttles down cores causing unfairness by limiting the number of requests they create and the frequency at which they do. As such, our source-based fairness control ensures fairness decisions are made in tandem in the entire memory system. FST enforces thread priorities/weights, and enables system-software to enforce different fairness objectives in the memory system.Our evaluations show that FST provides the best system fairness and performance compared to three systems with state-of-the-art fairness mechanisms implemented in both shared caches and memory controllers.
The place of civilians in policing

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the correlates of job satisfaction among civilian employees of law enforcement agencies, to assess how features of the policing workplace influence employee morale. Design/methodology/approach – The data for this study were drawn from surveys conducted as part of the National Police Research Platform. In total, 472 civilians from 19 police agencies completed the survey. Findings – The findings indicate that contentment with pay and benefits, lower levels of work-related stress, equality in the workplace, and feelings of acceptance were associated with civilian employee satisfaction. Research limitations/implications – The analyses presented here focusses on factors more unique to policing and did not include all of factors correlated with job satisfaction in past literature. Future research should address this as well as control for the effect of organizational-level factors. Practical implications – The research identifies key factors in each of those cat...