cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure, distribution and number of surface sensilla and their receptor cells on the olfactory appendage of the male moth Manduca sexta.

Distribution and neuronal organization of sensilla on the surface of the annulate flagellar segment of the antenna of the maleManduca sexta were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Nine types of sensilla were identified and their bipolar neurons ascribed to specific sensory modalities on the basis of their cuticular and dendritic morphology. Cuticle morphology identifies two types of sensilla trichodea, two types of sensilla basiconica and one type of sensillum coeloconicum. Certain of these olfactory sensilla are further subdivided on the basis of their dendritic structures. One type of sensillum chaeticum was interpreted as a contact chemoreceptor. A second type of sensillum coeloconicum and a styliform sensilla complex were interpreted as bimodal hygro- and thermosensilla. A second species of sensillum chaeticum serves mechanosensation. Counts from annuli situated about midway along the flagellum revealed a total of about 2200 sensilla supplied by approximately 5160 sensory neurons. A conservative estimate suggests that a male antenna with 85–90 annuli provides the flagellar nerve with at least 3.6 × 105 receptor axons, a number that exceeds previous estimates by almost 50% Each species of receptor has a characteristic location on the annulus. Of the 2100 or so sensilla situated on the dorsal, ventral and the leading edge surfaces, about 800 consist of male-specific type-I trichoids containing pheromone-sensitive receptors. Arciform arrays of these sensilla on the upper and lower surfaces of each annulus presumably optimize the capture and absorbtion of odour molecules. The trailing edge of the flagellum, which is thickly covered by scales and was assumed until now to lack receptors, contains both mechanosensitive and contact chemoreceptors. The modality of non-olfactory receptors is considered with respect to similar elements that have been functionally identified in other species. The coexistence of non-olfactory sensilla with olfactory elements is discussed with respect to current knowledge of the organization of olfactory centres in the brain.
Improvement of kiln furniture for firing ceramic articles

A technical solution making racks for rolling multitier stacks more efficient for firing ceramics is presented. A rack possesses a horizontal shelf in the form of a quarter-square or -disk and a vertical bearing shape. To increase heat-resistance, decrease mass, and conserve furnace space the shape is hollow with two flat walls joined at 90° and additionally connected by a curvilinear, concave, vertical wall. To increase the effectiveness of the rack and the stability of the stack the rectilinear faces of the rack are equipped at the base with r-shaped protrusions vertically oriented along the faces to form scarf joints with similar protrusions on the rectilinear faces of the adjoining supports, while the carrying section of the racks decreases in steps along the vertical position in the stack.
Towards a theory of silence as a political strategy

This essay outlines a theory of strategic, political silence. That sort of silence directs public attribution of predictable meanings towards political leaders who unexpectedly refuse to speak in public. Those meanings are mystery, uncertainty, passivity, and relinquishment. The theory is illustrated in a criticism of President Carter's silence from 5 July to 15 July 1979.
A common site on TBP for transcription by RNA polymerases II and III

The TATA-binding protein (TBP) is involved in all nuclear transcription. We show that a common site on TBP is used for transcription initiation complex formation by RNA polymerases (pols) II and III. TBP, the transcription factor IIB (TFIIB)-related factor Brf1 and the pol III-specific factor Bdp1 constitute TFIIIB. A photochemical cross-linking approach was used to survey a collection of human TBP surface residue mutants for their ability to form TFIIIB–DNA complexes reliant on only the TFIIB-related part of Brf1. Mutations impairing complex formation and transcription were identified and mapped on the surface of TBP. The most severe effects were observed for mutations in the C-terminal stirrup of TBP, which is the principal site of interaction between TBP and TFIIB. Structural modeling of the Brf1–TBP complex and comparison with its TFIIB–TBP analog further rationalizes the close resemblance of the TBP interaction with the N-proximal part of Brf1 and TFIIB, and establishes the conserved usage of a TBP surface in pol II and pol III transcription for a conserved function in the initiation of transcription.
N-METHYL-THIO-TETRAZOLE INHIBITION OF THE GAMMA CARBOXYLATION OF GLUTAMIC ACID: POSSIBLE MECHANISM FOR ANTIBIOTIC-ASSOCIATED HYPOPROTHROMBINAEMIA

Several new antibiotics which contain an N-methyl-thio-tetrazole side chain have been associated with the development of hypoprothrombinaemia. This side chain was found to be capable of the in-vitro inhibition of a necessary reaction in the synthesis of prothrombin, the gamma carboxylation of glutamic acid. The 50% inhibitory concentration was 1.1 mmol/l. The intact antibiotics latamoxef, cephamandole, and cefoperazone, which contain the side chain, did not inhibit the reaction at concentrations up to 2 mmol/l. These results suggest that hypoprothrombinaemia associated with antibiotics containing N-methyl-thio-tetrazole side chains may be a consequence of the in-vivo degradation of these antibiotics and the subsequent inhibition of the gamma carboxylation of glutamic acid by the side chain.
Solidification of hastelloy alloys: an alternative interpretation

HASTELLOY C-22 and C-276 are engineering nickel-based alloys that served as the focus of a comprehensive examination of the microstructural development of this class of materials presented previously by Cieslak et al. The work presented here provides a re-examination of this study. The use of computational thermodynamic algorithms combined with solidification-path calculations based on experimentally determined solute-partition data eliminates the need for many assumptions and serves as the basis for the solute-redistribution model that is presented here. A new series of solidification sequences for HASTELLOY C-22 and C-276 is proposed based on this model, and these conclusions are supported by the microstructural characterization presented in the previous work.
Supermicroporous alumina-silica zinc oxides

A new family of porous mixed oxides with pores largely in the 8-20 {angstrom} range have been prepared. TEOS acts as a solvent and as a source of silica to which aluminum butoxide and transition metal acetates are added. Neutral amines are added as templates and to effect hydrolysis. This paper describes the ZnO-Al{sub 2}O{sub 5}-SiO{sub 2} system but similar results have been obtained with other transition metal oxides. An interesting feature of the technique is that the larger the amine template the greater is the surface area of the mixed oxide with only a slight increase in the average pore diameter. Both NMR and atomic pair distribution functional methods have been used to prove the homogeneity of the mixed oxide products. This preparative method complements our earlier report in Chemical Communications on mixed oxides prepared with ZrO{sub 2} and TiO{sub 2} incorporating transition metal oxides.
Targeting and function in mRNA export of nuclear pore complex protein Nup153

Nup153 is a large (153 kD) O-linked glyco-protein which is a component of the basket structure located on the nucleoplasmic face of nuclear pore complexes. This protein exhibits a tripartite structure consisting of a zinc finger domain flanked by large (60-70 kD) NH2- and COOH-terminal domains. When full-length human Nup153 is expressed in BHK cells, it accumulates appropriately at the nucleoplasmic face of the nuclear envelope. Targeting information for Nup153 resides in the NH2-terminal domain since this region of the molecule can direct an ordinarily cytoplasmic protein, pyruvate kinase, to the nuclear face of the nuclear pore complex. Overexpression of Nup153 results in the dramatic accumulation of nuclear poly (A)+ RNA, suggesting an inhibition of RNA export from the nucleus. This is not due to a general decline in nucleocytoplasmic transport or to occlusion or loss of nuclear pore complexes since nuclear protein import is unaffected. While overexpression of certain Nup153 constructs was found to result in the formation of unusual intranuclear membrane arrays, this structural phenotype could not be correlated with the effects on poly (A)+ RNA distribution. The RNA trafficking defect was, however, dependent upon the Nup153 COOH-terminal domain which contains most of the XFXFG repeats. It is proposed that this region of Nup153, lying within the distal ring of the nuclear basket, represents a docking site for mRNA molecules exiting the nucleus.
Signaling pathways utilized by tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 in adipocytes to suppress differentiation.

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) has profound effects on cultured adipocytes, one of which is the inhibition of terminal differentiation. Previous studies in TNF receptor (TNFR)-deficient preadipocytes have demonstrated that the anti-adipogenic effect of both secreted and transmembrane TNFα is mediated solely by TNFR1. In this study, we performed a structure–function analysis of the intracellular domains of TNFR1 and investigated the signaling pathway(s) involved in TNFR1-mediated inhibition of adipocyte differentiation. Our results show that repression of adipogenesis required the juxtamembrane and death domains and was independent of the pathways involving nuclear factor κB and neutral sphingomyelinase.
Does Relief from Intra-articular Anesthetic Injection Predict Outcome after Hip Arthroscopy?:

Objectives:Arthroscopy is being used more frequently as a treatment for intra-articular hip pathology due to femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). Prior to surgery, intra-articular anesthetic injecti...
CASTE AND CLASS IN HISTORICAL NORTH-WEST ETHIOPIA: THE BETA ISRAEL (FALASHA) AND KEMANT, 1300–1900

This article compares the histories of two small groups in north-western Ethiopia between about 1300 and 1900. It explores the development of separate identities by the Beta Israel (Falasha) and the Kemant peoples from an orginal common. Agaw-speaking base during three time periods in Ethiopian history: the centralizing state to 1632; the urban-centered state, 1632-1755; and the regionalized but re-centralizing state, 1755-1900. It argues that the key variable in explaining the historical development of these two groups was their differential relationship to the Ethiopian state. During this six hundred year period, Beta Israel resisted conquest, were partially incorporated into the broader society, but ultimately maintained a high degree of social separation in an essentially caste relationship with the dominant society and state. This separation allowed the group to refashion their identity again in the twentieth century: between the 1970s and 1991 virtually all Beta Israel separated completely from Ethiopia by emigrating to Israel. In contrast, Keman did not resist the original royal incursion into the region beginning in the fourteenth century. Unlike Beta Israel, they tried to maintain their identity through a process of accommodation and withdrawal up to the mid-nineteenth century. Beginning in the late nineteenth century and continuing into the twentieth, however, their society has experienced strong pressures from the dominant society and state, leading to the loss of their cultural distinctiveness and their incorporation into the overall class system of the region. These two cases, thus, illustrate some to the processes by which north-western Ethiopia became a traditional Amhara area.
Water Management Issues for Direct Borohydride/Peroxide Fuel Cells

This study evaluated water management strategies to lengthen the run time of a batch fueled direct sodium borohydride/peroxide (NaBH 4 /H 2 O 2 ) proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The term "batch fueled" refers specifically to a fuel tank containing a fixed volume of fuels for use in the run. The length of a run using a fixed fuel tank is strongly influenced by water dynamics. The water that reacts at the anode is produced at the cathode, and is transported through the membrane via drag and diffusion. Resulting concentration changes in the fuel of the NaBH 4 /H 2 O 2 fuel cell were modeled to evaluate the run lifetime. The run time is defined as the amount of time required for NaBH 4 or for NaBO 2 (the byproduct compound) to reach either solubility limit or until the fuel is depleted, whichever occurs first. As part of the evaluation, an "effective" H 2 O drag coefficient (net drag minus back diffusion) with Nafion® 112 was experimentally determined to be 1. 14 and 4.36 at 25°C and 60°C, respectively. The concentrations of the NaBH 4 and NaB0 2 solutions were calculated as a function of initial concentration, and for the case where H 2 O was supplied to the anode compartment during operation. Several strategies to increase the run time by both passive and active water management were considered. It is found that the run time is increased from 10 W h to 57 W h, with a decrease in the initial NaBH 4 concentration from 30 wt % (typically employed in these cells) to 10 wt %. Adding 0.125 ml/min H 2 O to the bulk anode solution increases the run time of a 10 wt % NaBH 4 solution by a factor of 1.6. Adding 0.225 ml/min H 2 O to 30 wt % NaBH 4 bulk solution increases the run time by a factor of 4.4. While attractive for increasing run time, the practicality of water addition depends on its availability or requires incorporation of an added unit, designed to separate and recirculate water from the cathode solution.
Battered children grown up: A follow-up study of individuals severely maltreated as children☆

Despite intensive research interest, the field of child abuse has produced few long-term follow-up studies. This paper describes the adult functioning of a group of 19 individuals who were severely battered as young children. Results indicate highly variable outcomes for the group: Some individuals exhibited limited autonomy and few adult coping skills while others were raising families, holding jobs, and maintaining functional social ties. There was little evidence of overt aggression in the group but resentment and suspiciousness scores were high. Many subjects maintained ties with their troubled parents while others sought out birth parents after losing contact with them in childhood. Several had developed long-term stable marriages, and social supports appeared adequate for most subjects in the group. Overall, study findings indicate that early abusive trauma and adult functioning have no simple relationship.
Retention deficits after combined amygdalo-hippocampal and selective hippocampal resections in the monkey.

Abstract In one experiment, monkeys with either combined amygdalo-hippocampal, or selective hippocampal or entorhinal resections, were impaired on a task which required both visual recognition of objects and retention of their reward-value. In a second experiment, monkeys with selective hippocampal resections were impaired on the same task in the tactual modality. In the last two experiments, monkeys with hippocampal, or entorhinal area resections, were impaired in retaining two-choice object discriminations at either 1 or 24 hr intervals. Thus, retention deficits can follow hippocampal damage in non-human primates, provided appropriate tasks are used.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for study of serological relationships and detection of three luteoviruses

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) systems were used to examine serological relationships and to detect three luteoviruses; a vector-non-specific strain of barley yellow dwarf virus from Illinois (BYDV-PAV-IL), a strain of beet western yellows virus from California (BWYV-CA) and a dwarfing strain of soybean dwarf virus from Japan (SDV-D). Indirect ELISA (IND-ELISA) systems detected distant reciprocal serological relationships among all three viruses. This is the first report of a serological relationship between a vector-non-specific strain of BYDV and any strain of SDV. Double antibody sandwich ELISA (DAS-ELISA) systems detected the purified homologous viruses at concentrations as low as 1.6 ng/ml. hut did not detect heterologous viruses as concentrated as 800 ng/ml. In contrast, when DAS-ELISA systems were used for detection of the three viruses in sap extracts from infected plants some weak but significant (P=0.05) heterologous reactions occurred. The BYDV-PAV-IL DAS-ELISA system usually detected BWYV-CA and sometimes detected SDV-D; the BWYV-CA DAS-ELISA system never detected BYDV-PAV-IL and rarely detected SDV-D; the SDV-D DAS-ELISA system sometimes detected BYDV-PAV-IL and consistently detected BWYV-CA.
Conceptual Approaches to Studying Gender in Education

In the mid-1970s Goetz examined published work in educational anthropology and distinguished four conceptual approaches to gender and education. This article analyzes research in anthropology, education, feminist studies, psychology, and sociology appearing since Goetz's review. We find decreases in what Goetz termed “sex difference” studies, but increases in research on how gender relationships are created, maintained, and transformed through education. Social interactionism and sociocultural reproduction have become increasingly dominant as theoretical frameworks.
PQP5: TRANSLATING SF-36 SCORES INTO PREFERENCES: AN EXAMINATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF TWO PREDICTIVE EQUATIONS

Despite widespread use of the SF-36, its use in cost-utility analyses has been precluded by its inability to measure patient preferences. To overcome this obstacle, various investigators have derived equations to estimate preference scores from the SF-36. OBJECTIVE: To compare two methods of estimating preference values from SF-36 scores. METHODS: A convenience sample of patients completed the SF-36 and EuroQol during their initial visit to a specialty headache center. Preference scores were estimated from the SF-36 using two equations, one developed by Fryback and the other by Brazier. The performance of each equation was assessed by calculating the correlation coefficient between the estimates and actual preference scores from the EuroQol. Mean preference scores from each method were compared using one-way repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS: Forty-seven patients were enrolled; 45 completed the EuroQol and SF-36. Mean preferences estimated by the Brazier and Fryback equations were 0.815 (SD: 0.110, Range: 0.497–0.971) and 0.655 (SD: 0.060, Range: 0.511–0.791). The mean EuroQol score was 0.553 (SD: 0.347, Range: −0.239–1.000). The correlation coefficient between predicted preferences from Brazier and Fryback's equations and the EuroQol were 0.613 and 0.494, respectively. The mean preference scores produced by the three methods were significantly different (F = 24.59, p = 0.0001) and both of the predictive equations yielded significantly higher mean values (p < 0.05) than the EuroQol. CONCLUSIONS: Both equations to estimate a single, preference-based index from the SF-36 produced higher mean scores and a narrower range of values than the EuroQol. Preferences produced by the Brazier equation were more highly correlated with EuroQol scores than preferences from the Fryback equation. The Fryback equation also produced a wider range of scores. Continued development and validation of predictive equations is needed in order to use SF-36 scores in cost-utility analyses.
Morphologic aspects of cardiac valve dysfunction.

Mitral valve prolapse. Although recognized earlier im4 delineation of the click-late systolic murmur syndrome as a consequence of mitral valve prolapse was not appreciated until the 1960s.5-9 It is now apparent that the click-late systolic murmur is common, probably occurring in 5% or more of persons >15 years of age.1°-12 Although generally not considered as such, the click-systolic murmur syndrome in most persons is probably a form of congenital heart disease and therefore is the most common congenital heart disease.13 The auscultatory manifestations, however, are usually not evident until adulthood. The click-murmur syndrome may be viewed from both auscultatory and morphologic standpoints as manifesting three stages: (1) systolic click(s) only, (2) click(s) plus a mid to late systolic murmur, and (3) pansystolic murmur only. Although progression from stage 1 to 3 has been documented in relatively few patients, it appears likely that this is the natural sequence of events in some patients. In others, there may be no progression from stage 1, patients in stage 2 may revert to stage 1, patients in stage 1 may lose their click(s) altogether, and patients appearing in stage 3 (p~systolic murmur) may have had no documentation of stages 1 and 2. With rare exception, stages 1 and 2 are unassociated with symptomatic evidence of cardiac dysfunction. The exception includes patients with arrhythmias or chest pain. Patients in stage 3 have congestive heart failure because
Effects of hydration on scale factors for ab initio force constantsII

Abstract Experimentally measured vibrational frequencies from the polar groups of peptides in aqueous solutions do not agree with frequencies calculated from scaled quantum mechanical force fields (SQMFF) using differential scale factors developed for molecules in the vapor phase. Measured stretching frequencies for carbonyl groups are more than 50 wavenumbers lower than the calculated values. On the other hand, frequencies for non-polar groups calculated using these scale factors are relatively accurate. Our goal is to develop a SQMFF that yields accurate calculated frequencies for peptides in aqueous solutions. To achieve this goal, it has been necessary to obtain scale factors for smaller hydrated molecules that can be used as a starting point for calculations on peptides. To this end, we have calculated scale factors for ab initio force constants for methylamine and protonated methylamine using a least-squares fit of calculated and experimental frequencies. We present a comparison of the experimental and calculated frequencies, along with their potential energy distributions, for both vapor and aqueous phases. We compare the scale factors derived from our measurements with changes observed in the ab initio force constants calculated for these molecules at various states of hydration. These force constants are calculated using fully optimized geometries for these hydrated molecules using the 4-31G, 4-31G**, 6-31G+, and 6–311G ∗∗ basis sets. The results here are similar in consistency with those found in our previous calculations on formic acid, acetic acid and acetone. The differences in scale factors between vapor and aqueous phase molecules are smaller than those previously found for polar groups, indicating that methylamine exhibits relatively non-polar behavior in solution with respect to its vibrational spectrum.
Quadri-directional Air Thrusters for Free-floating Robot Applications

This paper describes the operational theory and design of a quadri-directional air thruster (quad) for propulsion of the free-floating robot of Ohio University. In this design, the air is drawn from a central air tank and routed to four nozzles of a quad thruster via a pressure regulator, a distribution manifold, four solenoid valves, and a quad manifold. The pressure regulator is controlled by a d.c. servomotor and the solenoid valves are turned on/off using the digital output ports of the computer. The performance characteristics of this quad thruster were determined experimentally. The experimental measurement of the thrust as a function of the regulated pressure shows a good match with the data predicted by the supporting theory.
Residual Effects of Slavery: What Clinicians Need to Know

Marriage and family therapists grapple with the intersection of societal influence and African American clients’ presenting problems. Questions include: what impact has the historical trauma of slavery had on African Americans and what are the clinical implications of this trauma? This paper reviews the literature on the various residual effects of slavery (RES) within the African American community. A case vignette and a broad discussion of therapeutic techniques will be used to highlight the clinical implications of RES.
Estimating mortality from growth parameters and a size distribution when recruitment is periodic1

A size distribution of organisms is determined by growth and survivorship functions together with variability in recruitment. If recruitment is seasonal and constant from year to year, then the instantaneous mortality coefficient, Z, is equal to ln{[1 ‒ C]/ [1 ‒ C·exp(K)]} where C = {S∞ ‒1/n ‒ X}/ {S∞‒1/n b·exp[K(1 ‒ t)]}, X is mean size of individuals in the population at time t since recruitment of the year, and other parameters are from the Richards function. Examples are presented for a simulated population and for a population of the sea urchin diadema setosum, which has an annual mortality of 25% and an average lifespan of about 3.5 years.
Surface‐manifestations of volcanic activity

The phenomenon of volcanic activity has occupied the attention of observers throughout the ages and will continue to do so if for no other reason than to try to satisfy our curiosity as to the cause of this outward expression of the forces beneath the Earth's crust and therefore removed from direct observation. The extrusion of hot materials either solid or fluid is our only direct evidence that what we call igneous rocks were once molten. It seems obvious, therefore, that if the study of the extruded lava and its related products can be coordinated with laboratory-investigations we shall have taken a step in the direction of finding that much-ought-for logical generalization as to the cause of volcanic activity.
Superprism Effect: Physics, Modeling, and Fabrication

A general, rigorous theory of photonic crystal refraction is developed for both ordinary crystallographic surfaces and quasi-periodic surfaces. A wavelength demultiplexer is designed based on the superprism effect. Fabricated photonic crystals are presented.
Loneliness and cortisol: Momentary, day-to-day, and trait associations

In attempts to understand the social determinants of health, strong associations have been found between measures of loneliness, physiological stress processes, and physical and mental health outcomes. Feelings of loneliness are hypothesized to have implications for physiological stress processes, including activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In a community sample of young adults, multilevel modeling was used to examine whether trait and state feelings of loneliness were related to changes in levels of the stress-sensitive hormone cortisol, and whether the associations between loneliness and cortisol were mediated or moderated by the presence of concurrent depression or high levels of chronic life stress. Results indicated that trait loneliness was associated with a flattening of the diurnal cortisol rhythm. In addition, both daily and momentary state variations in loneliness were related to cortisol. Prior day feelings of loneliness were associated with an increased cortisol awakening response the next morning and momentary experiences of loneliness during the day were associated with momentary increases in cortisol among youth who also had high chronic interpersonal stress. Results were significant after covarying current depression, both chronic and momentary reports of stress, and medical and lifestyle covariates. This study expanded on prior work by investigating and revealing three different time courses of association between loneliness and HPA axis activity in young adults: trait, daily and momentary.
Comment on ``Current Paths in the Corona and Energy Release in Solar Flares''

The dynamical behavior of an electrically conducting fluid containing a magnetic field B is described by Newton's and Maxwell's equations directly in terms of the momentum density, Reynolds stress, and Maxwell stress, all expressed simply in terms of B and v. The mathematical solution to the equations with the appropriate initial conditions (t = 0) and boundary conditions on B and v provides a complete and unique description of B and v for t > 0 so that further modifications are not possible. On the other hand, the electric current paradigm urged by Melrose provides dynamical equations that are mathematically intractable. The declaration of an electric current analog to replace a mathematical solution of the dynamical equations yields results that are at variance with the solutions of Newton's and Maxwell's equations. We suggest that a proper solution of the equations in terms of B and v is the preferable modus operandi in large-scale astronomical scenarios.
Generation of hazard identification functions

We study the problem of identifying the complete set of pairs of input patterns that can cause different types of hazards to appear at a circuit line. A novel methodology to implicitly identify all possible input configurations is proposed. The technique is based on a systematic derivation of the conditions for the occurrence of static and dynamic hazards at a line, which are subsequently formulated as Boolean functions defined over variables representing the primary input signals. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach is very promising and outperforms existing approaches. In addition, they show that a proposed solution for the decision problem of hazard existence at a circuit line is very efficient.
Human Herpesvirus 8 Induces Polyfunctional B Lymphocytes That Drive Kaposi’s Sarcoma

ABSTRACT Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is an unusual neoplasia wherein the tumor consists primarily of endothelial cells infected with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8; Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus) that are not fully transformed but are instead driven to excess proliferation by inflammatory and angiogenic factors. This oncogenic process has been postulated but unproven to depend on a paracrine effect of an abnormal excess of host cytokines and chemokines produced by HHV-8-infected B lymphocytes. Using newly developed measures for intracellular detection of lytic cycle proteins and expression of cytokines and chemokines, we show that HHV-8 targets a range of naive B cell, IgM memory B cell, and plasma cell-like populations for infection and induction of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, macrophage inhibitory protein 1α, macrophage inhibitory protein 1β, and interleukin-8 in vitro and in the blood of HHV-8/HIV-1-coinfected subjects with KS. These B cell lineage subsets that support HHV-8 infection are highly polyfunctional, producing combinations of 2 to 5 of these cytokines and chemokines, with greater numbers in the blood of subjects with KS than in those without KS. Our study provides a new paradigm of B cell polyfunctionality and supports a key role for B cell-derived cytokines and chemokines produced during HHV-8 infection in the development of KS. IMPORTANCE Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is the most common cancer in HIV-1-infected persons and is caused by one of only 7 human cancer viruses, i.e., human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8). It is unclear how this virus causes neoplastic transformation. Development and outgrowth of endothelial cell lesions characteristic of KS are hypothesized to be dependent on virus replication and multiple immune mediators produced by the KS cells and inflammatory cells, yet the roles of these viral and cell factors have not been defined. The present study advances our understanding of KS in that it supports a central role for HHV-8 infection of B cells inducing multiple cytokines and chemokines that can drive development of the cancer. Notably, HIV-1-infected individuals who developed KS had greater numbers of such HHV-8-infected, polyfunctional B cells across a range of B cell phenotypic lineages than did HHV-8-infected persons without KS. This intriguing production of polyfunctional immune mediators by B cells serves as a new paradigm for B cell function and classification.
UB at CLEF 2005: bilingual CLIR and medical image retrieval tasks

This paper presents the results of the State University of New York at Buffalo in the Cross Language Evaluation Forum 2005 (CLEF 2005). We participated in monolingual Portuguese, bilingual English-Portuguese and in the medical image retrieval tasks. We used the SMART retrieval system for text retrieval in the mono and bilingual retrieval tasks on Portuguese documents. The main goal of this part was to test formally the support for Portuguese that had been added to our system. Our results show an acceptable level of performance in the monolingual task. For the retrieval of medical images with multilingual annotations our main goal was to explore the combination of Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) and text retrieval to retrieve medical images that have clinical annotations in English, French and German. We used a system that combines the content based image retrieval systems GIFT and the well known SMART system for text retrieval. Translation of English topics to French was performed by mapping the English text to UMLS concepts using MetaMap and the UMLS Metathesaurus. Our results on this task confirms that the combination of CBIR and text retrieval improves results significantly with respect to using either image or text retrieval alone.
Structure of the Human BK Channel Ca2+-Activation Apparatus at 3.0 Å Resolution

High-conductance voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels encode negative feedback regulation of membrane voltage and Ca2+ signaling, playing a central role in numerous physiological processes. We determined the x-ray structure of the human BK Ca2+ gating apparatus at a resolution of 3.0 angstroms and deduced its tetrameric assembly by solving a 6 angstrom resolution structure of a Na+-activated homolog. Two tandem C-terminal regulator of K+ conductance (RCK) domains from each of four channel subunits form a 350-kilodalton gating ring at the intracellular membrane surface. A sequence of aspartic amino acids that is known as the Ca2+ bowl, and is located within the second of the tandem RCK domains, creates four Ca2+ binding sites on the outer perimeter of the gating ring at the "assembly interface" between RCK domains. Functionally important mutations cluster near the Ca2+ bowl, near the "flexible interface" between RCK domains, and on the surface of the gating ring that faces the voltage sensors. The structure suggests that the Ca2+ gating ring, in addition to regulating the pore directly, may also modulate the voltage sensor.
Undulator Spin Polarimetry for the “precursor” storage ring eEDM experiment

In a precursor eEDM experiment to the proton EDM, spin polarimetry based on undulator radiation is proposed.
The Supreme Court and Legal Uncertainty

This essay is an outgrowth of a paper presented at the 16th Annual Clifford Symposium on Tort Law and Social Policy. Its thesis is that our contemporary Supreme Court all too often creates (or fails to reduce) legal uncertainty for no sufficient legal or policy reason. The essay focuses both on uncertainty about what the law is and uncertainty about whether the law will remain the same. The examples it addresses include (1) the Court’s inability consistently to adhere to its multi-factorial test for stare decisis in constitutional cases, (2) the Court’s refusal even to acknowledge that the dubious regime of Chevron deference creates enormous instability in federal regulatory law, (3) the Court’s inexplicable decision to wait twenty years before addressing the unclear and contested meaning of the “intangible right of honest services” mail-fraud statute, and (4) the Court’s precarious punitive-damages jurisprudence, an initiative to which the Court has committed substantial resources, but one whose future remains profoundly uncertain. In each instance, I suggest that the Court’s tendency to undervalue legal certainty and stability can be seen as a symptom of what Craig Lerner and Nelson Lund describe in a forthcoming article as “the Supreme Court’s Cult of Celebrity.” The almost complete freedom Congress has given the Justices to set their own agenda has resulted in a Court whose members tend to behave more like nine independent constitutional oracles than like self-effacing, craftsman-like, certainty-fostering judges. The fact that the Court is closely divided along ideological lines may exacerbate these worrisome tendencies, but they would persist even if a solid majority emerged – and regardless of whether it was liberal or conservative. That is bad news for anyone, of whatever political persuasion, who thinks legal certainty and stability should be among the Court’s top priorities.
Strategies for Integrating Research and Evaluation in Web Site Development

In the following article, we explain our process of integrating research and evaluation into the development of Web sites using five steps: (1) Profiling the target audience, (2) Assessing the audience's mental model of the Web site content, (3) Providing guidance from existing research on Web site design and research methodologies, (4) Evaluating prototype Web sites, and (5) Assessing user's information gain, understanding, and behaviors.
Population recovery capabilities of 35 cluster analysis methods

Comparative evaluation of population recovery capabilities of 35 cluster analysis methods defined by different combinations of 5 profile similarity measures and 7 agglomeration rules was undertaken using artificial data that represented duplicate mixture samples from 4 latent populations. The latent population mean profiles differed primarily in elevation or in pattern parameters. Latent population sampling variances were controlled to provide two different levels of realistic overlap. The within-population distributions were multivariate normal with diagonal covariance structure. Across all conditions examined, complete linkage and Ward's minimum variance methods, used with Euclidian or city block interprofile distance measures, performed best. Single linkage, median, and centroid methods were substantially inferior for clustering individuals in accordance with true population memberships.
The Prevalence of Juvenile Periodontitis ("Periodontosis") in a Dental School Patient Population

In order to obtain additional information about the prevalence of juvenile periodontitis, a retrospective, cross-sectional study was performed utilizing the dentulous patient pool of an urban dental school. For a one-year period, 2.4% of patients between the ages of 13 and 30 were found to have juvenile periodontitis.
3D Field D: Improved Path Planning and Replanning in Three Dimensions

We present an interpolation-based planning and replanning algorithm that is able to produce direct, low-cost paths through three-dimensional environments. Our algorithm builds upon recent advances in 2D grid-based path planning and extends these techniques to 3D grids. It is often the case for robots navigating in full three-dimensional environments that moving in some directions is significantly more difficult than others (e.g. moving upwards is more expensive for most aerial vehicles). Thus, we also provide a facility to incorporate such characteristics into the planning process. Along with the derivation of the 3D interpolation function used by our planner, we present a number of results demonstrating its advantages and real-time capabilities.
Multi-stream Regular Expression Matching on FPGA

Regular expression matching (REM) is widely used by network community for deep packet inspection and network intrusion detection. Most of the existing REM solutions on FPGA address only single-stream matching. In many real-life scenarios, however, multiple data streams are often interleaved on a high-bandwidth input to be matched by a set of regular expressions. Each data stream, for example, can consist of the payloads of a packet flow in the network. This paper presents the design and implementation of a multi-stream regular expression matching engine on FPGA. Our approach includes: (1) a flexible distributed RAM-based context storage design, (2) an efficient context switching mechanism with single-cycle switching overhead. We implemented a multi-stream REM engine on FPGA for matching against up to 96 concurrent input streams. Using our design, a state-of-the-art FPGA device can match ~1,000 regular expressions, each of length up to 100 characters, against up to 64 concurrent input streams. Place-and-route results show that our design achieves 270 MHz while matching 4 input characters per cycle, resulting in a maximum matching throughput of 8.6 Gbps.
Deletions in L-type calcium channel α1 subunit testicular transcripts correlate with testicular cadmium and apoptosis in infertile men with varicoceles

Objective To identify and understand predictors of successful varicocelectomy. Design Examination of testicular L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel (L-VDCC) mRNAs and proteins in testis biopsies and comparison of presence and absence of various mRNAs with testicular cadmium levels, with apoptosis, and with sperm count change after varicocelectomy. Setting University clinical urology practice and research laboratories. Patient(s) Infertile men with varicocele (left varicocele only, n=18; bilateral varicoceles, n=26) and controls (men with obstructive azoospermia undergoing testicular sperm extraction before intracytoplasmic sperm injection; n=7). Intervention(s) Left testis biopsies by percutaneous needle aspiration biopsy. Varicocele repair by subinguinal approach. Main outcome measure(s) Calcium channel mRNA sequence by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and amplicon analysis; calcium channel protein distribution by immunocytochemistry; cadmium levels by atomic absorption and apoptosis by deoxynucleotidyl transferase labeling; and sperm counts in the ejaculate before and after varicocelectomy. Result(s) Calcium channel mRNAs are polymorphic in human testis biopsies from different men. Proteins from sequence-deleted exons 7 and/or 8 localize to germ cell membranes. Expression of undeleted L-type calcium channel mRNAs correlates with normal testes cadmium and increased sperm count after varicocelectomy. Apoptosis is lower in such cases. Conclusion(s) Expression of normal testicular L-VDCC sequence in exons 7–8 predicts postvaricocelectomy sperm count increase. Deletions may alter calcium channel function and affect testicular cadmium and apoptosis.
Trends in food quality regulation: Implications for processed food trade and foreign direct investment

Foreign direct investment (FDI) has been increasing at a faster rate than direct exports of processed foods over the past decades. To what extent does national-level food quality regulation influence these trends? Although unquantified as to its impact, such national-level regulation is frequently cited as a potential source of nontariff barriers to trade for food products. FDI may allow food processors to avoid rules intended to disadvantage imported products by siting production within particular markets. It may also allow more precise and rapid adaptation to domestic quality regulations. We discuss what is known about the effect of national-level regulation on companies' strategies for operating in international markets. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Combining fine-needle aspiration and flow cytometric immunophenotyping in evaluation of nodal and extranodal sites for possible lymphoma : A retrospective review

The relatively recent evaluation of nodal and extranodal sites for malignant lymphoma by combining fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and flow cytometric immunophenotyping (FCI) techniques has resulted in a most rapid, accurate method. Our study represents a comprehensive retrospective review of in vivo applications of these techniques to cases suspicious for malignant lymphoma. We report our findings, which support the usefulness of these techniques, particularly in diagnosis and staging of primary and recurrent B-cell lymphomas (BCL). The findings of necrosis and numerous polymorphonuclear cells in cases with a previous history of BCL demand tissue biopsy. Initial diagnosis of BCL by FNA and FCI may obviate tissue biopsy.
Left ventricular function at rest and during exercise after aortic valve replacement in patients with aortic regurgitation

To determine the effect of aortic valve replacement on reversing abnormalities of left ventricular function in patients with aortic regurgitation, radionuclide cineangiography was used to study 16 symptomatic patients with aortic regurgitation before and 6 months after aortic valve replacement. Before operation, left ventricular ejection fraction was 46 ± 3 percent at rest (normal mean ± standard error of the mean 57 ± 1 percent; P < 0.001), and decreased to 37 ± 4 percent during exercise (normal 71 ± 2 percent; P < 0.001). After operation, ejection fraction rose to 58 ± 4 percent at rest, indistinguishable from the normal value, and during exercise was 53 ± 4 percent, increased (P < 0.001) from before operation but significantly (P < 0.001) subnormal. Thus, aortic valve replacement can improve but usually does not normalize left ventricular function during exercise in symptomatic patients with aortic regurgitation.
Hypersurfaces of special configurations of serial manipulators and related concepts. part III: Measures for the position and orientation space of 6 dof manipulators

In this article two alternatives are introduced as measures for the position and orientation space of 6 DOF manipulators which include considerations of joint limitations and scale. The cumulative freedom of the end effector, considered as a rigid body in 3D space, can thus be quantified. These alternative measures are shown to be equivalent for manipulators with spherical wrists. Applications are presented and the new concepts are illustrated by an example.
The prediction of chronic pain outcome by psychological variables.

Followup telephone interviews were conducted with fifty-four former patients of a multidisciplinary clinic for the evaluation of chronic pain. Interviews were conducted between thirteen and fifty-five months following initial evaluation at the pain clinic. Followup levels of pain and physical disability were compared with the following measures obtained at initial evaluation: levels of pain and physical disability and scores on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), and Zung Depression Inventory (ZDI). In general, both physical disability measures and psychological test scores obtained at initial interview were related to followup measures. However, when the predictive value of initial pain and physical disability was accounted for, psychological test scores tended not to produce further significant increment in predictability. These findings are interpreted to mean that the predictive value of these psychological tests stems less from their reflection of ...
Is there a sign for that? Media, American Sign Language interpretation, and the paradox of visibility

In the transitions between English and American Sign Language (ASL), linguistic and cultural translations are made visible through the embodied actions of interpreters. Recent years have seen a spike in attention to ASL interpreters, with mainstream media publishing stories on Lydia Callis and Holly Maniatty, among others. The very visibility of ASL interpretation poses a challenge to the invisibility of media access and the place of disability and difference in the public sphere, showing alternative arrangements of language, bodies, mediated communication, and public engagement. Yet, simultaneously, such visibility is not entirely progressive: the gendered and racialized spectacularization of ASL interpretation by hearing audiences allows it to remain exoticized even as it is briefly made part of public discourse. The double-bind of visibility means that appearances of ASL in the public sphere may not increase inclusion, but may in fact reinforce hierarchies of language, ability, and access.