cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dithiane-directed Rh(III)-catalyzed amidation of unactivated C(sp3)–H bonds

An oxidant-free Rh(III)-catalyzed direct amidation of alkyl dithianes via C(sp3)–H bond activation utilizing diverse and robust dioxazolone reagents is reported. The reaction hinges on use of a Cp*Rh(III) complex in combination with an essential amino-carboxylate additive to generate usefully protected 1,3-aminoaldehyde derivatives. The scalability of the reaction was demonstrated as was a series of downstream product functionalizations, including dithiane deprotection, anion alkylation and reductive desulfurization, highlighting the general applicability of this transformation in the synthesis of novel scaffolds and building blocks.
State Tax Actions 2003

The report details state legislative tax actions taken in 2003. Forty states imposed net tax increases in 2003. Legislatures in 20 states raised taxes by 1 percent or more of the previous year's collections.
Manufacturing of Clinical Grade Cellular Products Under GMP Conditions

Cellular therapies for retinal diseases have been increasing in numbers and have demonstrated safety and initial efficacy in clinical trials, recently. It is anticipated that some of these therapies will be moved into late stage clinical trials, with potential marketing approval in the near future. In order to safely manufacture such products, first for clinical trials, and then later for potential marketing, larger scale Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) processes must be developed. In this chapter, we will describe the principles behind GMP manufacturing, the standards set by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and facilities, materials, and personnel required for such manufacturing. We will also be discussing potential methods for scale-up and how to possibly produce large doses for the treatment of large numbers of patients in the future, after these therapies have been approved as marketed products. Conventional small-scale tissue culture flask based manufacturing methods are compared to manufacturing methods in multilayer cell factories and to a closed system hollow fiber bioreactor, possibly providing an advancement in producing the required numbers of cells. Only with the application of reproducible and reliable large-scale cellular manufacturing methods for allogeneic products will there be enough cell doses available to treat the anticipated number of patients in need of such therapies, and provide them with a clinical benefit.
Experimental Challenges in Using a 1.2 kV GaN HEMT for High Power Density Converters

Recent success in the fabrication of 1.2 kV high-performance GaN HEMTs has made this technology an interesting alternative for high power applications. In this paper, for the first time, the newly available 1200V/15A GaN HEMTs is experimentally studied. The switching behavior of the device is investigated precisely to provide a better perspective on this family of switches. A test converter circuit is built with the GaN HEMT devices, which has been tested under different voltages and frequencies. Various challenges faced throughout the designing and testing stages are identified and reported in this paper for further investigations in the future.
A practical approach to teaching the aspects of plant closing in an undergraduate operations management course

In light of the recent economic downturn, the introduction and instruction of methods and practices related to plant and facility closings are topics that are long overdue as part of the Operations Management course content presented in our Business Schools. Operations Management textbooks provide little to no coverage of operations shutdown for plant closing. As a result, this topic is frequently excluded from Operations Management courses. Two elements missing from most OM courses are a textbook chapter covering the closing process and inclass exercises/activities related to applying that process. This paper addresses the key topics needed for a textbook chapter dealing with the operational aspects of closing a facility. Such topics include employee impact (and dealing with employee retraining), the WARN act (including ERISA issues), inventory disposition, and quality control. Teaching notes for each section are included, with an overall discussion of class activities related to the topics. We provide educators with a best practices approach to teaching students how to handle the operation of the plant in this difficult time. There are activities that the operations manager should start doing, stop doing and keep doing. A frank, practical experience-based perspective is given.
Numerical Investigation of the Performance of Caissons in Cohesive Soils under Cyclic Loading

Abstract Cumulative plastic deformations under cyclic loading can be a key consideration in the design of caissons and short piles. In the case of caissons and piles serving as anchors for floating...
Algebraic realization of actions of some finite groups

Let G be $$A_5$$ , $$A_4$$ , or a finite group with cyclic Sylow 2 subgroup. We show that every closed smooth G manifold M has a strongly algebraic model. This means, there exist a nonsingular real algebraic G variety X which is equivariantly diffeomorphic to M and all G vector bundles over X are strongly algebraic. Making use of improved blow-up techniques and the literature on equivariant bordism theory, we are extending older algebraic realization results.
Signaling mechanisms in abscisic acid-mediated stomatal closure

The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a central role in the regulation of stomatal movements under water-deficit conditions. The identification of ABA receptors and the ABA signaling core consisting of PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors, PP2C protein phosphatases and SnRK2 protein kinases has led to studies that have greatly advanced our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms mediating ABA-induced stomatal closure in the past decade. This review focuses on recent progress in illuminating the regulatory mechanisms of ABA signal transduction, and the physiological importance of basal ABA signaling in stomatal regulation by CO2 and, as hypothesized here, vapor-pressure deficit. Furthermore, advances in understanding the interactions of ABA and other stomatal signaling pathways are reviewed here. We also review recent studies investigating the use of ABA signaling mechanisms for the manipulation of stomatal conductance and the enhancement of drought tolerance and water-use efficiency of plants.
A Mapping for the Gravitational Few-Body Problem with Dissipation

Recently a new class of numerical integration methods -- ``mixed variable symplectic integrators'' -- has been introduced for studying long-term evolution in the conservative gravitational few-body problem. These integrators are an order of magnitude faster than conventional ODE integration methods. Here I present a simple modification of this method to include small non-gravitational forces. The new scheme provides a similar advantage of computational speed for a larger class of problems in Solar System dynamics.
TASI 2020 Lectures on Precision Tests of the Standard Model

This write-up of lectures given at TASI 2020 provides an introduction into precision tests of the electroweak Standard Model. The lecture notes begin with a hands-on review of the (on-shell) renormalization procedure, and subsequently highlight a few subtleties that occur in the renormalization of a theory with electroweak symmetry breaking and massive gauge bosons. After that a set of typical electroweak precision observables is introduced, as well as a range of input parameter measurements that are needed for making predictions within the Standard Model. Finally, it is discussed how comparisons of the electroweak precision observables between experiment and theory can be used to stress-test the Standard Model and probe new physics.
Correlation of I-131 Tositumomab biodistribution and FDG PET positivity in patients treated with Bexxar for non-Hodgkins lymphoma

1784 Objectives: It has been demonstrated that prolonged clinical remissions can be achieved when radioimmunotherapy with Bexxar is used in patients with relapsed or refractory Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). Our goal is to determine whether tumor targeting on dosimetry scans is a predictor of clinical response in these patients. Methods: Of 12 patients treated for advanced stage relapsed or refractory NHL, 11 were evaluable with adequate follow-up. Six of the 11 patients had low grade follicular lymphoma, four had transformed follicular lymphoma, and one patient had a histologic diagnosis of MALT. Each patient received a single course of I-131 Tositumomab therapy (Bexxar). Tumor targeting was assessed by analysis of findings on baseline pre-treatment FDG PET and dosimetry scans. Extent of targeting on the I-131 scans was categorized as greater than, similar to, or less than the baseline FDG PET. Clinical response was also evaluated with a median follow-up of 5 months. A complete response was defined as complete disappearance of detectable disease by physical exam and FDG PET or CT of at least 12 week’s duration, partial response 50% reduction in measurable lesions and no new lesions, and progressive disease appearance of new lesions or more than 25% increase in size of existing lesions. Results: In our subset of heavily pretreated patients, two had a complete response (18%), six had a partial response (55%), and three had progressive disease (27%). All patients with low grade lymphoma (without transformation) and evidence of antibody targeting of tumor greater than or similar to the baseline FDG PET had a complete or partial response (n=5). In contrast, only 3 of 6 patients with transformed histology or poor antibody targeting responded. Two of the responders demonstrated targeting of antibody in sites that did not metabolize FDG. Possible explanations for the discordant findings are as follows: 1. antibody targeting of CD20 positive cancer cells which have low metabolic activity 2. aggressive immune reaction to the tumor which suppresses its metabolic activity (dormant state) 3. nonspecific inflammatory changes that recruit normal B lymphocytes (false positive). Conclusions: Patients with low grade (non-transformed) NHL who demonstrate tumor targeting on dosimetry scans greater than or similar to baseline FDG PET had better clinical outcomes in our small study population. Discordant findings between antibody scan and FDG PET can be explained by differences in the metabolic activity of the tumor, the degree of differentiation and neovascularization, and the associated immune reaction. Updated analysis with longer follow-up will be presented.
COVID-19 Impact on Smokers Participating in Smoking Cessation Trials: The Experience of Nondaily Smokers Participating in a Smartphone App Study

Objectives: To provide initial insight into how the COVID-19 pandemic could affect smoking behaviors and cessation efforts that were underway at its onset. Methods: An additional survey was added t...
Serum Protects Cells and Increases Intracellular Delivery of Molecules by Nanoparticle-Mediated Photoporation.

Introduction Intracellular delivery of molecules is central to applications in biotechnology, medicine, and basic research. Nanoparticle-mediated photoporation using carbon black nanoparticles exposed to pulsed, near-infrared laser irradiation offers a physical route to create transient cell membrane pores, enabling intracellular delivery. However, nanoparticle-mediated photoporation, like other physical intracellular delivery technologies, necessitates a trade-off between achieving efficient uptake of exogenous molecules and maintaining high cell viability. Methods In this study, we sought to shift this balance by adding serum to cells during nanoparticle-mediated photoporation as a viability protectant. DU-145 prostate cancer cells and human dermal fibroblasts were exposed to laser irradiation in the presence of carbon black (CB) nanoparticles and other formulation additives, including fetal bovine serum (FBS) and polymers. Results Our studies showed that FBS can protect cells from viability loss, even at high-fluence laser irradiation conditions that lead to high levels of intracellular delivery in two different mammalian cell types. Further studies revealed that full FBS was not needed: viability protection was achieved with denatured FBS, with just the high molecular weight fraction of FBS (>30 kDa), or even with individual proteins like albumin or hemoglobin. Finally, we found that viability protection was also obtained using certain neutral water-soluble polymers, including Pluronic F127, polyvinylpyrrolidone, poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline), and polyethylene glycol, which were more effective at increased concentration, molecular weight, or hydrophobicity. Conclusion Altogether, these findings suggest an interaction between amphiphilic domains of polymers with the cell membrane to help cells maintain viability, possibly by facilitating transmembrane pore closure. In this way, serum components or synthetic polymers can be used to increase intracellular delivery by nanoparticle-mediated photoporation while maintaining high cell viability.
Finding the Next Resident Physicians in the COVID-19 Global Pandemic: An Applicant Survey on the 2020 Virtual Urology Residency Match.

OBJECTIVE To assess interviewing applicant perceptions of a virtual urology residency interview in the setting of changes mandated by COVID-19 and to determine applicant preference for virtual or in person interviews. Applicant perceptions of multiple interview components were queried to identify program specific and interview modality specific strengths or weaknesses in the 2020 to 2021 Urology Match. METHODS A 12 question multiple choice and free text survey was emailed to 66 virtually interviewed applicants for open residency positions at a metropolitan training program after conclusion of interviews. Items of interest included interview type preference, overall interview impression, and recommendations for improvement. RESULTS A total of 50 of 66 (76%) applicants completed the survey corresponding to approximately 11% of the 2020 national urology applicant pool. A total of 49 of 50 (96%) respondents assessed faculty interaction and the virtual platform positively. A total of 38 of 50 (76%) was satisfied with their resident interaction and 32 of 50 (64%) applicants stated they were able to satisfactorily evaluate the site and program. Ultimately, 39 of 50 (78%) respondents would have preferred an in person interview to our virtual interview. Respondents cited challenges in assessing program culture and program physical site virtually. CONCLUSION The majority of survey respondents indicated a preference for in person interviews. A smaller proportion of applicants preferred virtual interviews citing their convenience and lower cost. Efforts to improve the virtual interview experience may focus on improving applicant-resident interaction and remote site assessment.
Pandemic of Paradoxes: The Indirect Global Health Impacts of COVID-19

The indirect impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on several public health issues will be examined in the context of its impacts on multiple nations around the world. Not all possible health aspects of COVID-19 that are indirectly related to the disease will be examined. The ones chosen are: I. influenza, II. suicide, III. alcohol consumption, IV. fatal automobile accidents and V. birth rates. In each of these cases COVID-19 has had a paradoxical impact. Although COVID-19 is a dangerous respiratory virus, there has not been a synergism with the influenza virus as initially feared by some public health experts. In fact, there has been a global nonappearance of seasonal flu; a good, though indirect, paradoxical consequence of COVID-19. But most other paradoxical health consequences of COVID-19 have been largely negative, these include an increase in suicide but unexpectedly an initial reduction and changes in suicide patterns in many countries, an increase in alcohol consumption but paradoxically a reduction in beer consumption, some evidence of an increase in fatal automobile accidents (at least on a per mile driven basis) and of monumental long term global consequence, a significant decline in births in many major nations.
Neutronics Studies of Uranium-Bearing Fully Ceramic Microencapsulated Fuel for Pressurized Water Reactors

This study evaluated the neutronics and some of the fuel cycle characteristics of using uranium-based fully ceramic microencapsulated (FCM) fuel in a pressurized water reactor (PWR). Specific PWR l...
Residential energy demand in the United States: A regional econometric analysis

Abstract A static equilibrium and a dynamic partial adjustment model of residential demand for electricity and natural gas are presented and estimated for the United States over a recent period characterized by sharply increasing energy prices. The static model is estimated using Ordinary Least Squares while the instrumental variables method is used for the dynamic partial adjustment model. The estimates of long-run elasticities suggest the residential demand for electricity and natural gas are price and income elastic. Intercept and slope dummies used in the models identify significant regional differences in demand functions.
Using Video Modeling via Handheld Computers to Improve Geometry Skills for High School Students with Learning Disabilities

The researchers examined the use of video modeling by means of a handheld computer as an alternative instructional delivery system for learning basic geometry skills. Three high school students wit...
Quantized response and topology of magnetic insulators with inversion symmetry

We study three-dimensional insulators with inversion symmetry in which other point group symmetries, such as time reversal, are generically absent. We find that certain information about such materials' behavior is determined by just the eigenvalues under inversion symmetry of occupied states at time reversal invariant momenta (TRIM parities). In particular, if the total number of $\ensuremath{-}1$ eigenvalues at all TRIMs is odd then the material cannot be an insulator. A likely possibility is that it is then a ``Weyl'' semimetal. Additionally if the material is an insulator and has vanishing Hall conductivity, then a magnetoelectric response, parameterized by $\ensuremath{\theta}$, can be defined, and is quantized to $\ensuremath{\theta}=0,\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\pi}$. The value is $\ensuremath{\pi}$ if the total number of TRIM parities equal to $\ensuremath{-}1$ is twice an odd number. This generalizes the rule of Fu and Kane that applies to materials in which time reversal is unbroken. This result may be useful in the search for magnetic insulators with large $\ensuremath{\theta}$. These two results are obtained as part of a classification of the band topology of inversion-symmetric insulators. Such band structures can be classified by two sets of numbers: the TRIM parities and three Chern numbers. The TRIM parities have the physical implications just described, and additionally they constrain the values of the Chern numbers modulo 2. An alternate geometrical derivation of our results is obtained by using the entanglement spectrum of the ground-state wave function.
Randomized controlled trial of insulin detemir versus NPH for the treatment of pregnant women with diabetes

Objective We sought to determine if insulin detemir (IDet) is noninferior to insulin neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) for the treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in pregnancy. Study design We conducted a randomized, controlled noninferiority trial of women with GDM and T2DM who entered our Diabetes in Pregnancy Program from March 2013 through October 2014. Exclusion criteria were type 1 diabetes, age Results In all, 105 women were randomized. Eighteen women were excluded leaving 87 participants for analysis (45 NPH, 42 IDet). Maternal characteristics were similar in both groups. The difference in the mean BG of the groups was 2.1 mg/dL with a 1-sided upper 95% confidence limit of 5.5 mg/dL (less than the maximal acceptable difference of 7 mg/dL; P = .2937). There was no significant difference in the primary outcome when an intent-to-treat analysis was performed or when the T2DM patients were excluded. The time to achieve GC was similar in both groups. There were no differences in perinatal outcomes and maternal weight gain among the groups. There were more hypoglycemic events per patient in the NPH group. Conclusion IDet is noninferior to insulin NPH for the treatment of GDM and T2DM in pregnancy.
Random Periodic Arrays

Recent theoretical and experimental works on large arrays showed important advantages of random spacings over conventional uniform spacings. In that design, however, the elements can be anywhere in the aperture; as a result, the element distribution becomes completely chaotic, an undesirable practice. In this paper, another approach is investigated, which allows a random selection of elements over a uniform grid system in the aperture, thereby giving rise to an array with random periodic pattern function. Probabilistic properties of these arrays are analyzed in detail and several Monte Carlo experiments are used to verify the theory.
Granular cell tumor of the stellate ganglion presenting with Horner's syndrome.

We report a granular cell tumor (GCT) that occurred within the stellate ganglion of a 26-year-old woman who initially presented with a unilateral Horner’s syndrome and progressive right upper extremity pain. We also review the literature related to the differential diagnoses of such a cervicothoracic tumor, with particular emphasis on the embryologic origin of these possibilities. GCT are rare tumors of Schwann cell origin which are more often found in subcutaneous locations than in relation to neural elements. In this woman, a mass identified on preoperative imaging was positioned anterolateral to the T1 vertebral body and displaced the vertebral artery anteriorly. During surgery, the lesion was observed within the sympathetic chain in the area of the stellate ganglion. The sympathetic chain was transected above and below the mass in order to achieve an adequate resection. The pathology demonstrated polygonal cells with diffuse eosinophilic granular cytoplasm positive for CD68 (a marker of lysosomes) and S-100 (a marker of neural crest derivatives) which established the diagnosis of GCT. This is the first patient, to our knowledge, with a granular cell tumor arising from the stellate ganglion.
Genetic regulation of human brain development: lessons from Mendelian diseases

One of the fundamental goals in human genetics is to link gene function to phenotype, yet the function of the majority of the genes in the human body is still poorly understood. This is especially true for the developing human brain. The study of human phenotypes that result from inherited, mutated alleles is the most direct evidence for the requirement of a gene in human physiology. Thus, the study of Mendelian central nervous system (CNS) diseases can be an extremely powerful approach to elucidate such phenotypic/genotypic links and to increase our understanding of the key components required for development of the human brain. In this review, we highlight examples of how the study of inherited neurodevelopmental disorders contributes to our knowledge of both the "normal" and diseased human brain, as well as elaborate on the future of this type of research. Mendelian disease research has been, and will continue to be, key to understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie human brain function, and will ultimately form a basis for the design of intelligent, mechanism-specific treatments for nervous system disorders.
A Mile in My Patients' Shoes: A Health Literacy Simulation for Baccalaureate Nursing Students

Abstract Background In clinical practice, nurses often overestimate patients' health literacy (HL). A classroom simulation of inadequate HL was conducted with second-year nursing students to explore its impact on HL assessment and nurse–patient communication. Method A retrospective qualitative content analysis of 39 students' narrative responses to four open-ended questions revealed their experience of inadequate HL after being quizzed with unfamiliar medical jargon. Results The following five themes emerged: empathy, nervousness, embarrassment, helplessness, and communication. Conclusion The simulation facilitated the students' empathy for patients and their future communication with them. HL simulation should be incorporated into early undergraduate nursing education.
A MULTI-STAGE BAYESIAN PREDICTION FRAMEWORK FOR SUBSURFACE FLOWS

We are concerned with the development of computationally efficient procedures for subsurface flow prediction that relies on the characterization of subsurface formations given static (measured permeability and porosity at well locations) and dynamic (measured produced fluid properties at well locations) data. We describe a predictive procedure in a Bayesian framework, which uses a single-phase flow model for characterization aiming at making prediction for a two-phase flow model. The quality of the characterization of the underlying formations is accessed through the prediction of future fluid flow production.
James Gardner March: Founder of organization theory, decision theorist, and advocate of sensible foolishness

ABSTRACT James G. March helped to create organization theory and a “behavioral theory of the firm”, and he contributed very important insights about decision making and organizational learning. His articles challenge prevalent assumptions and rely on casual observation rather than systematic empiricism. His influence demonstrates the power of conceptualization and creative logic, and examples that capture the imaginations of listeners and readers.
Method for the assay of free and esterified tocopherols.

Abstract A method for estimating the eight naturally occurring isomers of vitamin E and their esters is described. The prime feature of this method is the removal of the bulk of the lipids by low-temperature crystallization instead of saponification. The technique concomitantly affords a separation of tocopherol esters from free tocopherols. The recovery of tocopherols was superior to that obtained by the conventional saponification method, which was shown to cause extensive destruction of tocotrienols. Reduction with LiAlH 4 provided the highest yield of free tocopherols from tocopherol esters. The conjugated forms were found only in latex lipids. Analytical values are given for the tocopherols in several plant oils.
Green revolution versus instability in foodgrain production in India

India has exhibited a remarkable growth in total foodgrain production during the last 40 years. Total foodgrain production has increased by 236% with an annual growth rate of 2.74% during the period 1950/51–1989/90. Average production increased by 72% between periods 1950/51–1965/66 (pregreen revolution) and 1966/67–1989/90 (green revolution). These increases have been accompanied by higher instability and risk in production of certain crops. This study applies variance decomposition procedures to time series data on foodgrains to analyse the sources of instability. Statistical identities have been used to provide an exact decomposition of the components of change in mean and variance of production. The coefficient of variation and variance of total foodgrain production increased by 6.97 and 239.65%, respectively, between the two periods. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Calcium currents regulate dopamine autoreceptors.

This scientific commentary refers to ‘Cav1.3 channels control D2-autoreceptor responses via NCS-1 in substantia nigra dopamine neurons', by Dragicevic et al. (doi:10.1093/brain/awu131).
Design and layout of a video graphics system for reduced EMI

Abstract In the late 1970s systems design was much easier. All you had to do was design a digital system to carry out its logic function, and that was that (mostly). Today, things are rather different. As microprocessor systems are now clocked at rates of 33 MHz and above, systems design is no longer concerned only with considerations of logic. Engineers must pay close attention to the behaviour of pulses on the transmission lines making up the interconnections within the system. If transmission line effects are ignored, the system might be prone to spurious (and seemingly inexplicable) errors. This application note looks at one of the side effects of high-speed systems, the generation of electromagnetic interference (EMI). It describes how PCBs can be designed to reduce the emission of EMI.
Mimicry of host-defense peptides by unnatural oligomers: antimicrobial beta-peptides.

We have designed β-amino acid oligomers that are helical, cationic, and amphiphilic with the intention of mimicking the biological activity of amphiphilic, cationic α-helical antimicrobial peptides found in nature (e.g., magainins). We have previously identified a 17-residue β-peptide (called β-17) with antibiotic activity similar to that of a magainin derivative against four bacterial species, including two clinical isolates that are resistant to common antibiotics. This β-peptide displays very low hemolytic activity against human red blood cells, which indicates selectivity for bacterial cells over mammalian cells. Here we examine some of the factors important for activity in this class of β-peptides. An amphiphilic helix is necessary, because a nonamphiphilic isomer proved to be inactive. The ratio of cationic to hydrophobic residues is also important. Active β-peptides induce the leakage of β-galactosidase from treated Bacillus subtilis cells, as do α-helical antibiotic peptides, and this similarity s...
Magnesium complexes bearing η2-pyrazolato ligands

Despite the small size of the magnesium ion, η2 -bound pyrazolato ligands are found in complexes 1-3. These complexes provide new insight into the design of volatile Group 2 metal complexes for use in chemical vapor deposition processes.
Defect structure in nitrogen-rich amorphous silicon nitride films

Abstract Electron spin resonance and photoluminescence measurements were carried out on nitrogen-rich, hydrogenated amorphous silicon-nitride films. Paramagnetic Si dangling bonds (K0 centers) are found in as-deposited films only after UV illumination. High temperature post-deposition annealing, followed by UV illumination, creates ESR-active, two-fold coordinated nitrogen dangling bonds (N20 centers). These two types of spin center are normally observed at room temperature. An extra component appears on the ESR spectrum measured at low temperature (6 K) for the as-deposited samples after UV illumination, at which temperature the line of the K0 center is saturated by microwave power. This component is tentatively attributed to N20 centers that are partially saturated. The photoluminescence efficiency is significantly decreased by the high temperature annealing.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE SEX SKIN AND SEX CYCLE IN THE CHIMPANZEE1

There are at least four stages involved in the study of the mammalian sex cycle. The first is the establishment of the length of the cycle in the particular species under investigation, the second the subdivision of the cycle into such phases as the periodic fluctuations in morphology permit, the third the study of deviations in the hope of obtaining information that may lead to a better understanding of the normal, and finally the correlation of endocrine changes with the periodic changes in morphology and behavior. In primates the first phase of the investigation is simplified by the almost universal occurrence of menstruation, which provides a reliable initial and terminal indicator. Further, in the chimpanzee and several other species of primates the natural periodic variations in size, color, shape, and the degree of tumesence of the anogenital area afford a second set of indicators which provide a direct perceptual basis for subdividing the sexual cycle.
Electrochemical studies on ion-selective polymer membrane electrodes

Abstract The selectivity and response of neutral carrier based polymer membrane electrodes are investigated via exchange current measurements for systems containing valinomycin, dibenzo-18-crown-6, and plasticizer alone in a polyvinyl chloride matrix. Using a transient galvanostatic step method, apparent exchange current densities of 1.3 X 10−3 A/cm2, 5.4 X 10−6 A/cm2, and 2.2 X 10−9 A/cm2 were obtained with K+ as the primary ion for the three types of membranes, respectively. Preliminary results indicate that the exchange current data obtained with this technique are complementary to the potentiometric response observed for the membranes studied.
High Power Nanocomposite TiS2 Cathodes for All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries

To deploy solid-state Li batteries in next-generation vehicles, it is essential to develop electrodes with durability, high energy and high power. Here we report on nanostructured composite cathode materials that enable solid-state Li batteries to cycle with durable high energy and high rate performance. Particle size of TiS2 is reduced by planetary ball-milling to enhance performance of nanocomposite cathodes in solid-state Li batteries. The better utilization of active material and fast kinetics resulting from the size reduction of TiS2 allow for highly reversible capacity in both room temperature and elevated temperature batteries. High power all-solid-state batteries have been constructed with nano-sized TiS2 and demonstrated high power density over 1000 W kg−1 for over 50 cycles, with a maximum power density of ∼ 1400 W kg−1. Galvanostatic intermittent titration technique and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are employed in order to explain the extremely high rate capability of nanostructured TiS2 nanocomposite. © 2011 The Electrochemical Society. [DOI: 10.1149/2.017112jes] All rights reserved.
Using Web Server Logs in Evaluating Instructional Web Sites

Web server logs contain a great deal of information about who uses a Web site and how they use it. Software exists to help analyze these logs, and the programs can produce a variety of reports about your site and its visitors. The analyses can tell us such things as where people enter and exit, what the most popular pages are, what browsers people use to access the site, patterns of use over time, and much more. This information, especially when used in conjunction with data from surveys, usability studies, and other sources, can help us design and revise our Web sites. The goal is to make them more useful to and usable by our students. This article describes the information available from Web server logs, discusses some of the ways to analyze it, and begins to look at how to use that information in formative evaluation for instructional Web sites.
Gravitational field theories combined

Einstein's gravitation theory has been beset with problems for a long time. These problems are related to the extension of the theory to outer space. All measurements to test the theory have been done on or near earth, but a number of convincing theoretical arguments have been made to suggest that the tests do not adequately explain effects in space beyond the solar system. It seems that an additional, supplementary field may be required in certain domains of outer space.
Computed Transition Probabilities for X-Ray Continua of Potassium

The rate of change of the oscillator strength at the $K$-edge of ionized potassium has been computed in a number of ways and a few computations have been made on the $L$-edge. The work has been carried through by using both hydrogenic and Hartree wave functions at the level of the single-electron approximation and Hartree and Hartree-Fock wave functions when the single-electron approximation was not used. Calcium wave functions both with with and without exchange have also been employed. The moment, momentum, and acceleration matrix elements have been computed. The momentum matrix element gives values most closely in agreement with experiment and is most stable with respect to changes in the wave functions. It is followed by the acceleration and the moment in that order. The single electron approximation gives good results. If the single-electron approximation is not used, it is essential that exchange effects be included by employing the determinant form of the wave functions, and the Hartree-Fock one-electron wave functions then give considerably better results than the ordinary Hartree functions. It also proves to be possible to substitute the wave functions of the unexcited ion of next higher atomic number, calcium, for the wave functions of potassium excited in an x-ray level without noticeable deterioration in the results.
Heat capacity measurement by sawtooth modulated standard heat-flux differential scanning calorimetry with sample temperature control

Abstract The frequency dependence of the apparent heat capacity is analyzed when measuring with a heat-flux type, standard differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), controlled at the sample. A specially constructed, centrosymmetric sawtooth modulation composed of 14 heating and cooling segments was used for the measurements. This complex sawtooth produces four harmonics of the order ν=1,3,5 and 7 with close to equal amplitudes in the Fourier representation. A single measurement should thus be sufficient for the evaluation of the frequency dependence of the measured, apparent heat capacity from the amplitudes of the Fourier series of the differential heat-flow rate (AHF) and the sample temperature (ATs). The frequency independent heat capacity can, however, not be represented by the expression: Cp=AHF/(ATsνω)[1+(τνω)2]0.5, with a fixed τ, as is possible with a sinusoidal modulation which keeps the DSC in steady state, but τ depends on sample and reference properties, as well instrument parameters such as pan masses and thermal contacts, and may also be influenced by the design of the control and analysis software.
Lexical aspect and the use of verb morphology by children with specific language impairment.

Purpose Many typically developing children first use inflections such as –ed with verb predicates whose meanings are compatible with the functions of the inflection (e.g., using –ed when describing...
Protein intake by gypsy moth larvae on homogeneous and heterogeneous diets.

. Food selection behaviour, food utilization efficiency and growth performance of a generalist insect, the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar (L.), Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), were examined with respect to variation in food nitrogen concentration. The results suggest that gypsy moth do not suffer physiologically and in fact may benefit from intraplant variation by selective feeding. When provided with diet cubes containing identical nitrogen concentrations, control larvae tended to consume food from a single cube. This behaviour contrasted with that of larvae provided cubes differing in nitrogen concentration. These larvae tended to consume more from the high nitrogen cube, but allocated feeding more evenly among diet cubes than did control larvae. Overall, larvae mixed foods so as to obtain a mean concentration of 2.9-3.2% nitrogen, a concentration assumed to approximate the ’intake target’. Larvae confined to single nitrogen concentrations mitigated the impact of imbalanced diets on body composition via both pre-ingestive and post-ingestive compensation. When confined to a specific nitrogen concentration, larvae adjusted their intake to the point of best compromise. In this case, this was the geometrically closest point to the estimated intake target. Larvae with a choice of foods that deviated more than ±1% from each other in nitrogen concentration grew as well as or better than larvae without a choice but given identical mean nitrogen concentrations. These results demonstrate that selectivity and nitrogen consumption by gypsy moth larvae are altered according to the particular choices available. Insects may benefit from intraplant variation in food quality because such variation provides the opportunity to choose foods and mix them in ways that permit close matching with the intake target. Variation may be particularly important to insects which must offset changing nutritional demands.
Einfluß einer Cluster‐Beweglichkeit auf den Kondensations‐Mechanismus

Es werden Auswirkungen einer Cluster-Beweglichkeit auf die Kondensationsmechanismen im Keimbildungsstadium behandelt. Ausgehend von dem Normal-Fall mit Einzelatomen als einziger beweglicher Spezies werden erwartbare Abweichungen auf qualitativem Wege entwickelt. Dabei ist zu unterscheiden von Vorgangen nach der Kondensation. Diese allgemeinen Formulierungen werden mit experimentellen Beobachtungen bei der Kondensation von Gold auf Muskowit verglichen. Abschliesend werden einige weitere Konsequenzen angedeutet. The effects of cluster-mobility on condensation mechanisms in the nucleation stage are treated. Starting from the normal case with single atoms as the only mobile species deviations to be exspected may be formulated systematically, but only in a qualitative manner. Post-condensation phenomena are to be discrimated. This general picture is compared with experimental observations in high vacuum deposition of gold on muscovite. Finally some further consequences are indicated.
Wood Products, Corncob, and Cellulose as Tablet Disintegrating Agents

A comparative study of certain powdered wood products, corncob, and cellulose has been made for their tablet disintegrating properties. A brief description for preparing the powdered disintegrating agents from the natural products is given. The various disintegrating agents were incorporated into lactose granulations, compressed, and subsequently tested for tablet disintegration time. Powdered corncob was found to be superior to starch and the wood products as a tablet disintegrating agent. The results of the disintegrating action of powdered corncob proved to be reproducible. Powdered redwood bark was as good as starch but not as effective as powdered corncob. The three physically distinctive layers of corncob—chaff, woody substance, and pith—were separated and incorporated in lactose tablets as disintegrating agents. Significant differences were seen among the disintegration times produced by the three layers of corncob. The pith showed superiority over the chaff and woody portion. A series of tests was conducted to study the separate and combination effects of cellulose and starch—the two main constituents of corncob—on tablet disintegration. Cellulose was found to be a better tablet disintegrating agent than starch. The combination of cellulose and starch indicated better results than the separate action of either agent alone. The possible mechanism of action for tablet disintegration is discussed.
A DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSIS STUDY OF THE RARE EARTH ETHYL SULPHATES

Abstract Differential thermal analysis (DTA) curves were obtained for all rare earth ethyl sulphates in a stationary air atmosphere at an upheat rate of about 10°C per min. The effects of particle size, upheat rate and the conditions of the surrounding atmosphere were investigated. A partial interpretation of the peaks was made by a modified thermogravimetric method and other analytical means. The decomposition of the salts follows more or less the following general pattern: M(C 2 H 5 SO 4 )3·9H 2 0→M(C 2 H 5 SO 4 ) 3 ·5H 2 0→M(C 2 H 5 SO 4 ) 3 → M(HSO 4 ) 3 →intermediates→M 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , where M represents any rare earth metal. The first three steps all occur below 200°. The last step is certainly completed at 500°. The intermediates are possible double salts of the sulphates and the bisulphates or have the composition pM 2 (SO 4 ) 3 · q H 2 SO 4 . The dehydration and the decomposition of the organic radical have activation energies of the order of 12 and 16 kcal/mole, respectively. The bisulphate decomposition may have an activation energy of something like 8·5 kcal/mole. The reactions are first order, with one exception, which appears to be of fractional order.
Fixed Costs and Market Price

Significance of cost analysis for economic theory, 507. — Analysis of commercial costs, 508. — Bearing on price policy, 511. — Devices resorted to: brands, cooperative arrangements, 511. — Analysis of manufacturing costs, 514. — Machine rate analysis, prime cost, additional cost, 514. — Endeavor to avoid cutthroat competition, by consolidations, associations, brands, uniform accounting, 517. — Competition in foreign markets, 520. — Conclusions, 521.
Abstract 3870: Distinct and cooperative functions of the RB and p53 tumor suppressors in genotoxic response and tumorigenesis

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC The compound inactivation of RB and p53 is a frequent occurrence in human cancers. At a molecular level, the RB and p53 pathways intersect at multiple points that have critical implications for cell cycle control and tumorigenesis. To examine the cooperation of these proteins in the response to genotoxic damage, we used a combination of genetic deletion and dominant negative strategies in vitro, and liver-specific genetic deletion in vivo. In vitro, RB proficiency was sufficient to maintain cell cycle checkpoint in response to genotoxic stress, independent of p53 status. In contrast, RB-deficient cells displayed deregulated cell growth, resulting in aggressive recovery from DNA damage. Strikingly, while disruption of the RB and p53 pathways alone does not result in transformation, the RB-deficient, recurred cell populations were tumorigenic. These in vitro findings indicate that RB is a critical suppressor of tumorigenesis, beyond that of p53, and a significant factor in the evolution of cells during genotoxic challenge. To further examine the cooperation of RB and p53 in vivo, a model of liver tumorigenesis was employed. Interestingly, these in vivo studies confirmed that while compound inactivation of the RB and p53 pathways in liver tissue promoted deregulated cell cycle control, this was not sufficient for transformation. However, loss of RB and p53 cooperated in promoting aberrant cell proliferation and mitosis in the presence of genotoxic challenge by DEN (diethyl-nitrosamine), ultimately resulting in enhanced tumorigenesis. Strikingly, loss of RB alone promoted S-phase entry as a result of genotoxic challenge, but there was an uncoupling of this event from productive mitosis. In contrast, the combined loss of RB/p53 resulted in further deregulation of DNA replication that was accompanied by a productive mitotic entry. These data indicate that, while both RB and p53 can contribute to appropriate replicative control, p53 plays a dominant role in mediating G2/M regulation. Furthermore, RB/p53-deficient livers displayed rapid progression to highly aggressive HCC within the span of six months, which was not observed in either RB-deficient or p53-deficient livers. Combined, these studies indicate that RB and p53 play distinct and cooperating roles in modulating response to genotoxic stress and tumorigenesis. Discovering the mechanism behind this cooperation could uncover a critical facet of tumor etiology and provide a means by which to treat this complex disease. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3870.
DIRECT AND LOCAL DEFINITIONS OF THE TURING JUMP

We show that there are Π5 formulas in the language of the Turing degrees, , with ≤, ∨ and ∧, that define the relations x″ ≤ y″, x″ = y″ and so {x ∈ L2(y) = x ≥ y|x″ = y″} in any jump ideal containing 0(ω). There are also Σ6&Π6 and Π8 formulas that define the relations w = x″ and w = x', respectively, in any such ideal . In the language with just ≤ the quantifier complexity of each of these definitions increases by one. For a lower bound on definability, we show that no Π2 or Σ2 formula in the language with just ≤ defines L2 or L2(y). Our arguments and constructions are purely degree theoretic without any appeals to absoluteness considerations, set theoretic methods or coding of models of arithmetic. As a corollary, we see that every automorphism of is fixed on every degree above 0″ and every relation on which is invariant under the double jump or under join with 0″ is definable over if and only if it is definable in second order arithmetic with set quantification ranging over sets whose degrees are in .