cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Could SARS-CoV-2 cause tauopathy?

This letter discusses whether SARS-CoV-2 causes tauopathy. Tauopathies are characterized by the deposition of insoluble aggregated tau in neurons and, occasionally, glial cells. Tauopathies are classified as either primary, in which tau is thought to be the driver of disease, or secondary, in which tau aggregation is downstream of another insult. SARS-CoV-2 might cross the blood- brain barrier and directly infect neurons or the surrounding vasculature, as shown in non-human primates. Once inside cells, SARS-CoV-2 can directly activate the NLRP3 inflammasome and induce tau mislocalisation4 in human cells in vitro. A second possible mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 could affect the CNS is through inducing a widespread systemic inflammatory response. Accumulated exposures to pathogens that contribute to neuroinflammation might increase the risk of developing a tauopathy. Only 0.01-0.1% of measles infections lead to subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. If a COVID-19-induced tauopathy develops at a similar rate, there could be 10 000-100 000 cases for every 100 million people infected with SARS-CoV-2. However, the proportion of individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 who have substantial neuroinflammation, and who are therefore potentially at a higher risk of developing secondary tauopathy, is unknown. It is also important to note that no direct causal link between COVID-19 and neurological or psychiatric sequelae has been found, and some complications-including anxiety disorders-might be due to the stress and trauma associated with social factors and treatment options. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)
Consciousness of cyber defense: A collective activity system for developing organizational cyber awareness

Abstract Cloud environments enable organizations to offer uninterrupted delivery of information and services to their subscribers. Unfortunately, these platforms also create opportunities for cyber-attacks. As organizations become increasingly virtual, the channel that enables authorized users to access targeted information becomes the same channel used by hackers to propagate mischief. Cyber defense has thus become a dynamic challenge in the ever-connected cloud space. This study adopts the lens of activity theory to conceptualize cyber defense as an activity system and offers a transformative approach to developing organizational cyber awareness. The study contributes to organizational collective learning mechanisms in building effective computer incident response teams for cybersecurity operations.
The Future of e-Health and Wireless Technologies

In this issue of IEEE Wireless Communications, we are pleased to present two feature topics that are both related to the future of e-Health and wireless technologies. One feature topic, “5G and Beyond Technologies-enabled Remote e-Health”, includes three articles; the other feature topic, “The Future of e-Health: Applications, Solutions and New Visions in the IoT Era”, includes five articles. Thanks to the guest editors who did an excellent job in editing these two feature topics for our readers. Please stay tuned for new developments in the research area of the future of e-Health and wireless technologies and read the editorials and the papers in the feature topics.
Relationship between food insecurity and smoking status among women living with and at risk for HIV in the USA: a cohort study

Objectives People living with HIV (PLHIV) in the USA, particularly women, have a higher prevalence of food insecurity than the general population. Cigarette smoking among PLHIV is common (42%), and PLHIV are 6–13 times more likely to die from lung cancer than AIDS-related causes. This study sought to investigate the associations between food security status and smoking status and severity among a cohort of predominantly low-income women of colour living with and without HIV in the USA. Design Women enrolled in an ongoing longitudinal cohort study from 2013 to 2015. Setting Nine participating sites across the USA. Participants 2553 participants enrolled in the Food Insecurity Sub-Study of the Women’s Interagency HIV Study, a multisite cohort study of US women living with HIV and demographically similar HIV-seronegative women. Outcomes Current cigarette smoking status and intensity were self-reported. We used cross-sectional and longitudinal logistic and Tobit regressions to assess associations of food security status and changes in food security status with smoking status and intensity. Results The median age was 48. Most respondents were African-American/black (72%) and living with HIV (71%). Over half had annual incomes ≤US$12 000 (52%). Food insecurity (44%) and cigarette smoking (42%) were prevalent. In analyses adjusting for common sociodemographic characteristics, all categories of food insecurity were associated with greater odds of current smoking compared with food-secure women. Changes in food insecurity were also associated with increased odds of smoking. Any food insecurity was associated with higher smoking intensity. Conclusions Food insecurity over time was associated with smoking in this cohort of predominantly low-income women of colour living with or at risk of HIV. Integrating alleviation of food insecurity into smoking cessation programmes may be an effective method to reduce the smoking prevalence and disproportionate lung cancer mortality rate particularly among PLHIV.
Barack Obama and the Politics of Redemption

Every new president raises many questions in the public mind. Because Barack Obama was a relative newcomer to the national political scene, he raised more questions than most. Would he prove to be a pragmatic centrist or would his politics of hope ultimately flounder on the rocky shoals of America’s deep political divisions? What of his leadership style? How would the uncommonly calm character he demonstrated on the campaign trail shape Obama’s political style as commander-in-chief? Based on extensive biographical, psychological, and political research and analysis, noted political psychologist Stanley Renshon follows Obama’s presidency through the first two years. He digs into the question of who is the real Obama and assesses the advantages and limitations that he brings to the presidency. These questions cannot be answered without recourse to psychological analysis. And they cannot be answered without psychological knowledge of presidential leadership and the presidency itself. Renshon explains that Obama’s ambition has been fueled by a desire for redemption—his own, that of his parents, and ultimately for the country he now leads, which has enormous consequences for his choices as president of a politically divided America.
Knowledge about AIDS and attitudes towards persons with AIDS: Implications for occupational therapy

Persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are frequent users of healthcare services, and their care presents a critical challenge to the healthcare profession. With an estimated one million persons in the United States believed to be infected, occupational therapy practitioners will see increasing numbers of referrals to provide services to persons with AIDS. Like other healthcare professionals, occupational therapy practitioners have expressed inaccurate knowledge about AIDS and negative attitudes towards persons with AIDS, both affecting the therapeutic relationship, and possibly leading to suboptimal clinical care. This paper summarizes research that measures healthcare professionals' knowledge and attitudes about AIDS. It also explores the effectiveness of educational programs aimed at increasing knowledge about AIDS and modifying attitudes towards persons with AIDS. Further research is proposed in the occupational therapy field to assist in the development of educational programs addressing these important AIDS issues.
Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness

A groundbreaking discussion of how we can apply the new science of choice architecture to nudge people toward decisions that will improve their lives by making them healthier, wealthier, and more free Every day, we make decisions on topics ranging from personal investments to schools for our children to the meals we eat to the causes we champion. Unfortunately, we often choose poorly. Nobel laureate Richard Thaler and legal scholar and bestselling author Cass Sunstein explain in this important exploration of choice architecture that, being human, we all are susceptible to various biases that can lead us to blunder. Our mistakes make us poorer and less healthy; we often make bad decisions involving education, personal finance, health care, mortgages and credit cards, the family, and even the planet itself. In Nudge, Thaler and Sunstein invite us to enter an alternative world, one that takes our humanness as a given. They show that by knowing how people think, we can design choice environments that make it easier for people to choose what is best for themselves, their families, and their society. Using colorful examples from the most important aspects of life, Thaler and Sunstein demonstrate how thoughtful "choice architecture" can be established to nudge us in beneficial directions without restricting freedom of choice. Nudge offers a unique new take-from neither the left nor the right-on many hot-button issues, for individuals and governments alike. This is one of the most engaging and provocative books to come along in many years.
Remedies, Race & Civil Rights in the Old South

The central thesis of my larger body of scholarly work is that remedies shape rights. In this article, I argue that remedies shape civil rights. The law sometimes offers inadequate protections for redressing injuries. This shortfall is especially true for civil rights. Barriers — from immunity doctrines to constitutional limitations on monetary awards — block redress for civil rights. Such obstacles and gaps are not rare but flow with ease like the waters along the Georgia coast where aggrieved blacks have lived this shortfall from the time slave ships docked in 1755. Often the remedy that will best right such wrongs is an equitable remedy such as an injunction. Money may compensate as far as it can, but often cannot rectify the harm. For abridgement of certain rights, money alone will not suffice: it does not undo the vestiges of slavery. Undoing vestiges requires unshackling lingering chains. Those chains block equality and identity. Laws coupled with custom, rooted in inequality, blocked access to life’s basic services and amenities, denying individuals the ability to shape their own identity. Equitable remedies restore property rights and secure access to constitutional as well as other legal rights. Equity plays a vital role in vindication and advancement of civil rights. Equitable remedies in this arena, however, are forceful, complex, and difficult to effectuate. Ideally the very existence of the threat of equitable remedies coupled with the proof of constitutional violation leads to a consent decree under which the aggrieved and the government agree to relief mirroring a complex injunction. Otherwise, judges must exercise wise discretion to shape the equitable remedy: they must advance the right as far as reason will permit. However obtained, equitable remedies shape civil rights.
Strategies for institutional Kyoto compliance: A case study of the Lewis & Clark experience

This article attempts to answer the question of how should institutions of higher education best go about achieving the emissions reductions specified in the Kyoto Protocol. To answer this question, it examines the efforts to make Lewis & Clark College (LCC) the first institution of higher education in the USA to actually meet the emissions targets stipulated in the Kyoto Protocol. The article concludes that LCC's strategy of offset purchasing for immediate Kyoto compliance is feasible and desirable for other institutions of higher education, particularly when combined with a program for long‐term on‐campus emissions reductions.
Cruciform extrusion facilitates intramolecular triplex formation between distal oligopurine.oligopyrimidine tracts: long range effects.

Two short d(AG)n tracts separated by either of two 40-base pair (bp) inverted repeats adopt a triple-stranded conformation (H-DNA) at the bottom of an extruded cruciform stem in negatively supercoiled plasmids at pH 4.5. Plasmids containing one d(AG)n adjacent to the inverted repeat or containing two d(AG)n tracts separated by a random sequence did not form the triplex structures. These conclusions were derived from chemical modification patterns and UV-sensitivity studies. Two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis revealed that the entire insert containing the cruciform and the triplex is locally unlinked. Moreover, a long range structural effect (over 40 bp of random sequence) of one (AG)7 block on the behavior of a second (AG)7 sequence was detected. This effect cannot be transmitted throughout a 50-bp segment of random sequence. A GenBank search revealed the frequent occurrence of short oligopurine blocks with an intervening random sequence of 17-40 bp.
Molecular properties of voltage-sensitive sodium and calcium channels.

Voltage-sensitive sodium and calcium channels mediate the inward movement of those ions during the action potential in nerve and muscle cells. These membrane proteins have now been purified, their physiological activity has been restored by reconstitution in vitro, the primary structures of their principal subunits have been determined, and models for the relationship between their structure and function have been proposed. In this chapter, I review work on the molecular properties of voltage-sensitive sodium channels from brain and voltage-sensitive calcium channels from skeletal muscle.
Enhanced magnetoelectric effect in (1 - X) Pb(Zr0.52Ti 0.48)O3-x NiFe1.9Mn0.1O4 particulate composites - Electrical and magnetic properties

ABSTRACT In this paper, the ferroelectric, ferromagnetic and magnetoelectric properties of lead zirconate titanate and nickel ferrite composite (1 − x) Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3-x NiFe1.9Mn0.1O4 (PZT–NFM, x = 0.03, 0.05, 0.1) are reported. The magnetoelectric composites were fabricated using the process based on controlled precipitation route, a combination of conventional mixed oxide sintering and thermal treatment. The thermal treatment constituted of annealing at high temperature close to the calcination temperature followed by aging at lower temperatures. The phase diagram for the system PZT–NFM was not investigated in this study but an estimation of the phase fields for the PZT-rich end was conducted using the X-ray diffraction. Microstructure of the fabricated samples was analyzed using the X-ray mapping in SEM. The density of the composites sintered in the temperature range of 1100–1125°C was in the range of 7.2–7.8 gm/cm3, increasing with NFM content. The magnitude of piezoelectric constant (d33) and the...
Partition of Transient and Sustained Inhibitory Glycinergic Input to Retinal Ganglion Cells

Physiological and pharmacological properties of possible subtypes of the native glycine receptor were investigated in retinal neurons using whole-cell voltage-clamp techniques. Two discrete inhibitory glycine responses were identified in ganglion cells. The responses could be distinguished pharmacologically: one was sensitive to strychnine and the other to 5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid. The two responses had different kinetics: the former had a fast onset and fast desensitization, whereas the latter had a slower onset and was much more sustained. The physiological and pharmacological distinctions suggest that the responses are mediated by different receptors. These receptors transduce glycinergic synaptic signals to ganglion cells, where they serve as low- and high-pass filters, respectively, of EPSPs.
Gellan beads as a transparent media for protein immobilization and affinity capture

Gellan gum beads are presented as a novel substrate for protein immobilization and immobilized protein activity measurements. The optical transparency of the gellan beads down to 200 nm provides a method for direct quantitation of the amount of protein immobilized onto the beads. The ability to utilize these beads in a non-aqueous activation step allowed for a fourfold increase in the amount of protein immobilized, and this method was used to immobilize Protein A onto gellan beads at a final yield of 1.42 ± 0.07 mg of Protein A/g of beads. The optical transparency also allowed for detection of the activity of the immobilized Protein A simply by measuring the absorbance of the beads following capture of rabbit IgG. This activity measurement method was compared with a traditional method utilizing the amount of protein remaining in solution after the IgG capture step. The traditional method yielded an activity measurement of 10.9 ± 0.2 mg IgG/mg of Protein A, while the absorbance method showed an activity of only 7.5 ± 0.3 mg IgG/mg of Protein A. The difference can be explained by the more direct measurement used in the absorbance method. The optical transparency of the beads was also evaluated in a fluorescence based IgG capture experiment, showing that detection of fluorescent IgG captured on the beads was possible with no interference from the beads.
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of 151Eu and 153Eu in europium iron garnet

Abstract The nuclear magnetic resonances of 151 Eu and 153 Eu have been studied in polycrystalline europium iron garnet at 4.2°K in zero external fields using the spin-echo technique.
Organizational Culture and Its Impact on African American Teachers

This article provides a descriptive analysis of how the organizational culture of schools and the cultural values that African American teachers bring into the school affect the professional experience of these teachers in schools where they are in the minority. The culture within an organization strongly influences how minorities will be treated by their European American counterparts. Because the majority establishes the work norms, there becomes a uniformity of rules and regulations with which people of color are expected to comply. Strong organizational cultures provide cues on how to behave and establish reinforcing expectations to influence organizational members.
Multiple clear cell acanthomas

A case of multiple clear cell acanthomas is described with a review of the literature. This benign glycogen-rich epidermal tumor is generally unable to accept melanin and lacks phosphorylase or cytochrome oxidase activity. However, the basement membrane zone appears antigenically normal, as documented by the presence of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita antigen, bullous pemphigoid antigen, heparan sulfate proteoglycan, type IV collagen, and laminin by immunofluorescence microscopy.
ATS-6 radio beacon experiment

SINCE ATS-6 was launched into a geostationary orbit at 94°W in late May 1974, measurements of the total electron content (TEC) using the Faraday polarisation-rotation1 and group dispersive-delay techniques have been made at Fort Monmouth (40.18°N; 74.06°W). Comparison of TEC rate of change obtained by the two techniques yields the temporal variation of the integrated number of free electrons above the ionosphere. This variation indicates a flow of electrons from regions above the ionosphere into the ionosphere at night, while during the day the direction of flow is reversed. The rate of the electron flux is estimated using the continuity equation.
First-principles study of Al–Ni–Y ternary compounds for crystal structure validation

Abstract The crystal structures of 10 Al–Ni–Y ternary compounds have been validated from first-principles calculations. From their prototypes, all the atoms in the systems are fully relaxed to minimize the total energy, and their space groups, lattice constants, and atom positions are obtained. The calculated results have been standardized and compared with the experimental data when available, showing good agreement. If a prototype yields more than one crystal structural configuration for a phase, the one with the lowest total energy reproduces the experimentally determined lattice parameters.
On the elimination of numerical Cerenkov radiation in PIC simulations

Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations are a useful tool in modeling plasma in physical devices. The Yee finite difference time domain (FDTD) method is commonly used in PIC simulations to model the electromagnetic fields. However, in the Yee FDTD method, poorly resolved waves at frequencies near the cut off frequency of the grid travel slower than the physical speed of light. These slowly traveling, poorly resolved waves are not a problem in many simulations because the physics of interest are at much lower frequencies. However, when high energy particles are present, the particles may travel faster than the numerical speed of their own radiation, leading to non-physical, numerical Cerenkov radiation. Due to non-linear interaction between the particles and the fields, the numerical Cerenkov radiation couples into the frequency band of physical interest and corrupts the PIC simulation. There are two methods of mitigating the effects of the numerical Cerenkov radiation. The computational stencil used to approximate the curl operator can be altered to improve the high frequency physics, or a filtering scheme can be introduced to attenuate the waves that cause the numerical Cerenkov radiation. Altering the computational stencil is more physically accurate but is difficult to implement while maintaining charge conservation in the code. Thus, filtering is more commonly used. Two previously published filters by Godfrey and Friedman are analyzed and compared to ideally desired filter properties.
A Normal Law for the Plug-in Estimator of Entropy

This paper establishes a sufficient condition for the asymptotic normality of the plug-in estimator of Shannon's entropy defined on a countable alphabet. The sufficient condition covers a range of cases with countably infinite alphabets, for which no normality results were previously known.
Mechanics of rubber shear springs

Abstract FEA calculations have been carried out for a model rubber shear spring, consisting of a block of a highly elastic material, bonded between two rigid parallel plates and sheared by displacing one of the plates parallel to the other in its own plane. The block was prevented from deforming in the perpendicular direction, and thus was deformed in plane strain. Stress distributions along the bond-line and the center-line are reported and compared with those expected from the theory of large elastic deformations. Unexpected tensile stresses were found to develop in the interior of the sheared block. They are attributed to the absence on the end surfaces of the stresses needed to maintain a simple shear, causing a pronounced change in the reference pressure—a consequence that is usually overlooked. Because the internal stresses are governed by the boundary conditions, they were strongly affected by the shape of the end surfaces. In addition, they were reduced markedly by assigning values to Poisson's ratio slightly lower than 0.5, thus allowing some volume expansion of the rubber. Strain energy release rates were also evaluated for growth of a crack along the bond-line, starting at the edges, and compared with those reported previously by Lindley and Teo [Energy for crack growth at the bonds of rubber springs, Plast. Rubber Mat. Appl. 4 (1979) 29–37], Muhr et al. [A fracture mechanics study of natural rubber-to-metal bond failure, J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 10 (1996) 593–616], Gregory and Muhr [Stiffness and fracture analysis of bonded rubber blocks in simple shear, in: D. Boast, V.A. Coveny (Eds.), Finite Element Analysis of Elastomers, Professional Engineering Publications, Bury St. Edmunds, UK, 1999, pp. 265–274] and Gough and Muhr [Initiation of failure of rubber close to bondlines, in: Proceedings of the International Rubber Conference, Maastricht, Netherlands, June 2005, IOM Communications Ltd., London, 2005, pp. 165–174]. They confirm that a long crack at the compression edge will grow faster than one at the tension edge, but the results for short cracks were inconclusive.
Operating flexibility, global manufacturing, and the option value of a multinational network

The multinational corporation is a network of activities located in different countries. The value of this network derives from the opportunity to benefit from uncertainty through the coordination of subsidiaries which are geographically dispersed. We model this coordination as the operating flexibility to shift production between two manufacturing plants located in different countries. A stochastic dynamic programming model treats explicitly this flexibility as equivalent to owning an option, the value of which is dependent upon the real exchange rate. The model is extended to analyze hysteresis effects and within-country growth options. We show that the management of across-border coordination has led to changes in the heuristic rules used for performance evaluation and transfer pricing.
Guttural vowels and guttural co-articulation in Ju∣’hoansi

Abstract The Khoesan language Ju∣’hoansi has a rich set of phonation type contrasts: aspirated, glottalized, uvularized and epiglottalized consonants, as well as breathy, glottalized and epiglottalized vowels. These sounds form a natural class of gutturals, based on their participation in several phonotactic constraints. Gutturals are articulated in the laryngeal or pharyngeal region of the vocal tract, and are difficult to characterize as a unified group on the basis of a common articulator. This study reports on three experiments investigating the acoustic realization of gutturals. Results show that guttural vowels exhibit a range of marked (non-modal) acoustic voice quality attributes, and vowels following guttural consonants exhibit the same range of voice quality attributes through guttural co-articulation. Guttural co-articulation is sustained over a relatively long interval in Ju∣’hoansi. The timing of acoustic voice quality attributes associated with guttural consonants covers almost the same extent of the following vowels as the analogous acoustic attributes associated with diphthongs differing in voice quality (e.g., vowels that are breathy in the first mora and modally voiced on the second mora). Harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR) captures the similarity of all gutturals, and spectral slope differentiates sounds involving glottal or pharyngeal stricture from those involving glottal opening.
Activity change in response to bad air quality, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2010.

Air pollution contributes to poor respiratory and cardiovascular health. Susceptible individuals may be advised to mitigate effects of air pollution through actions such as reducing outdoor physical activity on days with high pollution. Our analysis identifies the extent to which susceptible individuals changed activities due to bad air quality. This cross-sectional study included 10,898 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2010. Participants reported if they did something differently when air quality was bad. Susceptible categories included respiratory conditions, cardiovascular conditions and older age (≥65 years). Analyses accounted for complex survey design; logistic regression models controlled for gender, race, education, smoking, and body mass index. 1305 individuals reported doing something differently (12.0%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 10.9, 13.1). This percentage was 14.2% (95% CI: 11.6, 16.8), 25.1% (95% CI: 21.7, 28.6), and 15.5% (95% CI: 12.2, 18.9) among older adults, those with a respiratory condition, and those with a cardiovascular condition, respectively. In adjusted regression models the following were significantly more likely to have changed activity compared to those who did not belong to any susceptible group: respiratory conditions (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 2.61, 95% CI: 2.03, 3.35); respiratory and cardiovascular conditions (aOR: 4.36, 95% CI: 2.47, 7.69); respiratory conditions and older age (aOR: 3.83; 95% CI: 2.47, 5.96); or all three groups (aOR: 3.52; 95% CI: (2.33, 5.32). Having cardiovascular conditions alone was not statistically significant. Some individuals, especially those with a respiratory condition, reported changing activities due to poor air quality. However, efforts should continue to educate the public about air quality and health.
Effect of acute changes in aortic pressure on the coronary reserve.

Study objective — The aim was to evaluate the effect of acute changes in aortic pressure on the coronary reserve and hyperaemic response. Design — Aortic pressure changes were induced either by intra-aortic balloon pumping or by the production of acute aortic regurgitation. A transient 20 s occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery was used as the hyperaemic stimulus Experimental subjects — The experiments were performed on 19 open chest anaesthetised dogs, weight 13-32 kg. Measurements and main results — During intra-aortic balloon pumping the mean diastolic aortic pressure increased by 24.7(SEM 2.9) mm Hg (p<0.001), while in aortic regurgitation it decreased by 47.7(11.1) mm Hg (p<0.01). At the peak hyperaemic response the driving coronary pressure was 121.4(2.8) mm Hg during intra-aortic balloon pumping and 59.8(11.5) mm Hg during aortic regurgitation. The peak hyperaemic flow increased by 12.0(3.8) ml·min−1 (p<0.01) during intra-aortic balloon pumping, compared to the values before pumping and decreased by 14.9(4.2) ml·min−1 (p<0.01) during aortic regurgitation, compared to the values before aortic regurgitation. The coronary reserve, expressed as the ratio of the hyperaemic to the resting flow, increased by 0.7(0.1) (p<0.001) during intra-aortic balloon pumping and decreased by 0.4(0.2) (p<0.05) during aortic regurgitation. A positive significant correlation coefficient was found at the peak hyperaemic response between the mean aortic pressure and the total forward effective coronary flow, and between the mean diastolic aortic pressure and the diastolic component of the coronary flow, during both intra-aortic balloon pumping and aortic regurgitation. Conclusions — The results suggest that coronary reserve increases during intra-aortic balloon pumping and decreases during aortic regurgitation; these changes could be attributed to the effect of the pressure changes on the hyperaemic flow.
Valuing Housework: Nineteenth-Century Anxieties About the Commodification of Domestic Labor

This article explores the role that law has played in insulating wives' household labor from market exchange. During the 19th century, the feminist movement challenged giving a husband property rights in his wife's labor and argued that wives were entitled to rights in labor they performed in and out of the household. Legislatures and courts ultimately granted wives rights in labor performed for third parties but refused to countenance any arrangement that would give a married woman rights in the labor performed for her husband or family. In particular, courts refused (and still refuse to this day) to enforce spousal agreements compensating wives for the performance of household labor. In reforming the law of marriage, legislatures and courts struggled to distinguish between market and family relations. In so doing, they imposed legal boundaries on the labor market and defined the economic structure of family transactions for the industrial era.
A revived opportunity for fetal research

One of President Bill Clinton's early decisions was to lift the ban on federally supported research on human fetal tissue. Under what circumstances can research on this material be justified?
Boreal lakes moderate seasonal and diurnal temperature variation and perturb atmospheric circulation: Analyses in the Community Earth System Model 1 (CESM1)

We used a lake thermal physics model recently coupled into the Community Earth System Model 1 (CESM1) to study the effects of lake distribution in present and future climate. Under present climate, correcting the large underestimation of lake area in CESM1 (denoted CCSM4 in the configuration used here) caused 1 °C spring decreases and fall increases in surface air temperature throughout large areas of Canada and the US. Simulated summer surface diurnal air temperature range decreased by up to 4 °C, reducing CCSM4 biases. These changes were much larger than those resulting from prescribed lake disappearance in some present-day permafrost regions under doubled-CO2 conditions. Correcting the underestimation of lake area in present climate caused widespread high-latitude summer cooling at 850 hPa. Significant remote changes included decreases in the strength of fall Southern Ocean westerlies. We found significantly different winter responses when separately analysing 45-yr subperiods, indicating that relatively long simulations are required to discern the impacts of surface changes on remote conditions. We also investigated the surface forcing of lakes using idealised aqua-planet experiments which showed that surface changes of 2 °C in the Northern Hemisphere extra-tropics could cause substantial changes in precipitation and winds in the tropics and Southern Hemisphere. Shifts in the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone were opposite in sign to those predicted by some previous studies. Zonal mean circulation changes were consistent in character but much larger than those occurring in the lake distribution experiments, due to the larger magnitude and more uniform surface forcing in the idealised aqua-planet experiments. Keywords: lake modelling; climate model evaluation; land-atmosphere interactions; atmospheric dynamics; boreal climate change (Published: 15 February 2012) Citation: TellusA 2012, 64 , 15639, DOI: 10.3402/tellusa.v64i0.15639 A technical note detailing the lake model is available in the Supplementary material (see Supplementary files under Article Tools).
Christian Higher Education: A Neglected Species in Christian Seminaries and Divinity Schools Accredited by the American Theological Schools (ATS)

A study was conducted of all Christian theological seminaries and divinity schools in the United States and Canada. The search was for Christian higher education courses, programs, and degrees offered by these graduate schools. Only a few schools offer courses per se in Christian higher education. Eight schools offered courses of instruction somewhat related to Christian higher education, but not even one school offered a degree per se in the burgeoning field of contemporary Christian higher education.
The variational and virial-like theory of oscillations and stability of non-conservative and/or non-linear mechanical systems

Abstract This paper presents the general theory and some applications of Hamiltonian action and virial-like methods to the exact and/or approximate study of the periodic solutions of non-conservative and/or non-linear, but holonomic, oscillators. Specifically, the first (theoretical) part covers: (i) a generalization of “Hamilton's law of varying action”, to include variable time-endpoints (i.e., frequency variations) and variable system parameters, such as elasticity and/or inertia, and (ii) a general formulation of the “virial” theorem and its use in determining the stability/instability of given oscillatory motions. Applications of the above (of the Rayleigh-Ritz type) to the following systems are then presented: (i) linear circulatory; (ii) linear conservative, loading parameter dependent, (iii) Duffing's (cubic) oscillator; (iv) van der Pol's oscillator, and related general non-linear and non-conservative case. Comparison of the method with other existing ones, and related open problems (such as limit-cycle stability), are finally discussed.
Statistics: P values are just the tip of the iceberg

Ridding science of shoddy statistics will require scrutiny of every step, not merely the last one, say Jeffrey T. Leek and Roger D. Peng.
Effect of 1,3,6‐triaminohexane and 1,4,7‐triaminoheptane on growth and polyamine metabolism in SV‐3T3 cells treated with 2‐difluoromethylornithine

The possibility that one or both of the synthetic triamines, 1,3,6-triaminohexane and 1,4,7-triaminoheptane, could substitute for the naturally occurring polyamines in the growth of SV-3T3 cells was investigated. It was found that these triamines did lead to a restoration of growth in cells in which spermidine content had been depleted by exposure to the ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor 2-difluoromethylornithine. This resumption of a normal growth rate occurred prior to the reduction in the content of cellular decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine, suggesting that this nucleoside (which increases in concentration several hundred-fold in cells treated with 2-difluoromethylornithine) does not cause the reduction of cell growth. However, unlike the increase in cell growth brought about by spermidine, which continued indefinitely, the increase produced by 1,3,6-triaminohexane or 1,4,7-triaminoheptane was transient. Cell growth in the presence of 2-difluoromethylornithine and these triamines stopped after about three or four population doublings. This corresponded to the time at which the intracellular spermine content of the cells was reduced to values less than 20% of normal. It is suggested that the increased growth rate of spermidine-depleted cells in response to these triamines is due to their uptake into the cell and ability to displace spermine from intracellular sites, thus making spermine available to fulfill the polyamine function(s) essential for growth. These results indicate that the naturally occurring polyamines spermidine or spermine are essential for continued cell growth and cannot be replaced by analogues containing only primary amino groups.
Human mitochondrial and cytosolic branched-chain aminotransferases are cysteine S-conjugate β-lyases, but turnover leads to inactivation

The mitochondrial and cytosolic branched-chain aminotransferases (BCAT(m) and BCAT(c)) are homodimers in the fold type IV class of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-containing enzymes that also contains D-amino acid aminotransferase and 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate lyase (a beta-lyase). Recombinant human BCAT(m) and BCAT(c) were shown to have beta-lyase activity toward three toxic cysteine S-conjugates [S-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl)-L-cysteine, S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine, and S-(2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl)-L-cysteine] and toward beta-chloro-L-alanine. Human BCAT(m) is a much more effective beta-chloro-L-alanine beta-lyase than two aminotransferases (cytosolic and mitochondrial isozymes of aspartate aminotransferase) previously shown to possess this activity. BCAT(m), but not BCAT(c), also exhibits measurable beta-lyase activity toward a relatively bulky cysteine S-conjugate [benzothiazolyl-L-cysteine]. Benzothiazolyl-L-cysteine, however, inhibits the L-leucine-alpha-ketoglutarate transamination reaction catalyzed by both enzymes. Inhibition was more pronounced with BCAT(m). In the presence of beta-lyase substrates and alpha-ketoisocaproate (the alpha-keto acid analogue of leucine), no transamination could be detected. Therefore, with an amino acid containing a good leaving group in the beta position, beta-elimination is greatly preferred over transamination. Both BCAT isozymes are rapidly inactivated by the beta-lyase substrates. The ratio of turnover to inactivation per monomer in the presence of toxic halogenated cysteine S-conjugates is approximately 170-280 for BCAT(m) and approximately 40-50 for BCAT(c). Mitochondrial enzymes of energy metabolism are especially vulnerable to thioacylation and inactivation by the reactive fragment released from toxic, halogenated cysteine S-conjugates such as S-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl)-L-cysteine. The present results suggest that BCAT isozymes may contribute to the mitochondrial toxicity of these compounds by providing thioacylating fragments, but inactivation of the BCAT isozymes might also block essential metabolic pathways.
Viscosities of concentrated polymer solutions. III. Polystyrene and styrene-maleic acid copolymer

Abstract Viscosities of solutions of a sample of polystyrene (weight-average molecular weight 370,000) in Decalin and xylene, and of a sample of styrenemaleic acid copolymer (number-average molecular weight 190,000) in 50% aqueous dioxane, have been measured over a wide range of concentrations at several different temperatures. The apparent activation energy for viscous flow at 25°C. increases far more rapidly with concentration for polystyrene in the poor solvent Decalin than in the good solvent xylene. Plots of the logarithm of the relative viscosity at 25°C. against the square root of the volume concentration (c2) curve upward, more steeply for polystyrene in Decalin than in xylene. When the logarithm of the relative viscosity is plotted against [c 2 (jZ) 0.68] 1 2 , or against 5 log c2 + 3.4 log jZ, where jZ is the number of bonds in the polymer chain, data for these systems as well as previously reported data for solutions of polyvinyl acetate and polyisobutylene fall fairly close together, except for the system polystyrene-Decalin at high concentrations.
Interleukin-1 induces sleep-like behavior and alters call structure in juvenile rhesus macaques.

To date, there have been no investigations of the behavioral effects of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in nonhuman primates. In this study the locomotor behavior and vocalizations of juvenile rhesus monkeys were monitored for 45 minutes following intravenous injections of recombinant human IL-1 alpha. In addition, their reaction to a broadcasted recording of infant monkey distress calls was determined 20 minutes after the beginning of each test session. IL-1 induced sleep-like inactivity and significantly diminished the monkey's behavioral and vocal responses to the broadcasted calls. The coo calls uttered by the monkeys following IL-1 treatment also had a longer duration and lower fundamental frequency than calls during the control condition. As several studies have indicated that behavioral effects of IL-1 may be mediated by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), a second group of rhesus monkeys was given injections of CRH. CRH did not alter behavior or call structure at the dose administered. These results extend previous research on the behavioral effects of IL-1 to include the nonhuman primate and provide the first evidence that cytokines can affect vocal communication in rhesus monkeys. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
UHV transmission line electric field reduction with a set of horizontal wires

A method to reduce the electric field using grids of parallel wires under transmission lines is described. The "shielding efficiency" of the grids is defined. Simplified dimensionless curves are presented relating shield grid wires, shielding efficiency, wire radius, wire height, and wiring spacing. An approximate formula is presented for edge effect performance. The approximate formulae agree with exact solutions and test data.
The structuring of an allergy index based on IgE-mediated skin sensitivity to common environmental allergens

We computed skin-test sensitivity levels in 485 adults puncture-tested with eight standardized, high-quality inhalant allergens tested at single concentrations. In order to quantitate the "average" IgE-mediated skin sensitivity of each subject, we used both nonparametric and parametric statistical methods to generate two "allergy indices" (Allergy Index I and Allergy Index II) based on sensitivity end-point data from the subpopulations of individuals positive to six of the eight allergens. For the 192 skin test-positive subjects, Allergy Index I and Allergy Index II were significantly correlated with each other (rs = 0.98, p less than 0.001) and with the number of positive skin-test reactions (rs congruent to 0.9, p less than 0.001) as well as with log[total serum IgE] (r congruent to 0.4, p less than 0.01). In 102 ragweed-positive subjects, log[specific IgE to ragweed] was significantly correlated with ragweed-specific "ragweed indices I and II" (r congruent to 0.6, p less than 0.01). Furthermore, the average daily symptom scores reported by 14 ragweed-positive subjects during the ragweed pollination season were significantly correlated with ragweed indices I and II (p less than 0.05). We propose the use of Allergy Index II in epidemiologic and genetic studies of allergic phenotypes as well as in clinical decisions for diagnosis and immunotherapeutic intervention.
Vitrectomy in exogenous Candida endophthalmitis.

A case of Candida endophthalmitis was clinically diagnosed three weeks after perforating injury. It was successfully treated with vitrectomy and intravitreal injection of 5 mcg of amphotericin B. A Candida species was cultured from the vitreous aspirations.
A prediction model for anomalies in smart grid with sensor network

A machine learning based model to monitor the smart grid for any suspicious activity or malicious attack is presented in this paper. The model is designed to detect and classify anomalies in the sensory data and is helpful in ensuring the security and stability of the smart grid. The model relies on the real time data collected using wireless sensor networks as an overlay network on the power distribution grid. The overlay network of wireless sensors/devices uses a cluster topology at each tower to collect local information about the tower, and is further augmented by the linear chain topology to connect each tower to the base station (usually at the substation). Preliminary results show that detection mechanism is promising and is able to detect the occurrence of any anomalous event that may cause threat to the smart grid.
On the fluorescent behavior of ketones at high temperatures

Results are presented of the effect of elevated temparature and pressure on the laser-induced fluorescence of ketone molecules. The fluorescent yield of ketones was found to decrease with temperature but was unaffected by pressure for a 266 nm excitation and broadband collection.
Genomewide scan in Ashkenazi Jewish families demonstrates evidence of linkage of ocular refraction to a QTL on chromosome 1p36

The development of refractive error is mediated by both environmental and genetic factors. We performed regression-based quantitative trait locus (QTL) linkage analysis on Ashkenazi Jewish families to identify regions in the genome responsible for ocular refraction. We measured refractive error on individuals in 49 multi-generational American families of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. The average family size was 11.1 individuals and was composed of 2.7 generations. Recruitment criteria specified that each family contain at least two myopic members. The mean spherical equivalent refractive error in the sample was −3.46D (SD=3.29) and 87% of individuals were myopic. Microsatellite genotyping with 387 markers was performed on 411 individuals. We performed multipoint regression-based linkage analysis for ocular refraction and a log transformation of the trait using the statistical package Merlin-Regress. Empirical genomewide significance levels were estimated through gene-dropping simulations by generating random genotypes at each of the 387 markers in 200 replicates of our pedigrees. Maximum LOD scores of 9.5 for ocular refraction and 8.7 for log-transformed refraction (LTR) were observed at 49.1 cM on chromosome 1p36 between markers D1S552 and D1S1622. The empirical genomewide significance levels were P=0.065 for ocular refraction and P<0.005 for LTR, providing strong evidence for linkage of refraction to this locus. The inter-marker region containing the peak spans 11 Mb and contains approximately 189 genes. Conclusion: We found genomewide significant evidence for linkage of refractive error to a novel QTL on chromosome 1p36 in an Ashkenazi Jewish population.