cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improved micro-distribution of antibody-photon absorber conjugates after initial near infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT)

Near infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT), a targeted cancer therapy which uses an antibody-photo absorber conjugate (APC) and near infrared light exposure, dramatically improves nano-drug delivery into treated tumor beds due to enhanced vascular permeability. We investigated the micro-distribution of APCs in a variety of NIR-PIT treated tumors. Either cetuximab (cet) or trastuzumab (tra) conjugated with IR700 (cet-tra-IR700) was administered, as appropriate, to each mouse model of tumor. Tumor-bearing mice implanted with A431-GFP, MDAMB468-GFP, 3T3Her2-GFP or N87-GFP were separated into 5 groups: group 1=no treatment; group 2=cet-tra-IR700 i.v., no light exposure; group 3=cet-tra-IR700 i.v., NIR light exposure; group 4=cet-tra-IR700 i.v. and additional cet-tra-IR700 i.v. at 24h but no light exposure; group 5=cet-tra-IR700 i.v., NIR light exposure and additional cet-tra-IR700 i.v. immediately after NIR but no additional NIR light exposure. In vivo, ex vivo and microscopic fluorescence imaging was performed. Fluorescence from the surface of the tumor (s-tumor) was compared to fluorescence from deeper areas of the tumor (d-tumor). In general, there was no significant difference in the fluorescence intensity of GFP in the tumors among all groups, however the highest IR700 fluorescence intensity was consistently shown in group 5 tumors due to added APC after NIR-PIT. Fluorescence microscopy in all tumor types demonstrated that GFP relative fluorescence intensity (RFI) in s-tumor was significantly lower in group 3 and 5 (NIR-PIT groups) than in group 1, 2, and 4 (no NIR-PIT) yet there was no significant difference in d-tumor RFI among all groups. IR700 fluorescent RFI in the d-tumor was highest in group 5 (NIR-PIT+additional APC) compared to the other groups. Cell killing after NIR-PIT was primarily on the surface, however, APCs administered immediately after NIR-PIT penetrated deeper into tissue resulting in improved cell killing after a 2nd NIR-PIT session. This phenomenon is explained by increased vascular permeability immediately after NIR-PIT.
Lateral acetabular labral length is inversely related to acetabular coverage as measured by lateral center edge angle of Wiberg

Patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip often have compensatory labral hypertrophy, which presumably lends stability to an unstable joint. Conversely, patients with acetabular overcoverage may have small or ossified labra. The purpose of this study is to explore the interaction of labral length with the degree of acetabular hip coverage. A retrospective cohort of patients with hip pain presenting to a hip preservation center, who had undergone hip magnetic resonance imaging and AP pelvis radiographs were studied. General linear multivariate models were used to assess the association between three measures of labral length (lateral, anterior and anterior inferior locations along the acetabular rim) and the X-ray derived lateral center edge angle (LCEA) of Wiberg. Of the three acetabular labral locations measured, only the lateral labrum was associated with LCEA Wiberg (P = 0.0008). Lateral labral length increases as LCEA of Wiberg decreases. The anterior and anterior inferior labral locations did not show a predictable increase in labral length as LCEA Wiberg decreased.
Plant Protection in the American Economy: The Entomologist's Arsenal

To control insects we must have effective weapons to destroy them. We also must know how to use effectively the weapons we have. Entomologists and associated scientists, I think, have accomplished more over the years in developing basic procedures for controlling insects than in using them with maximum efficiency. In my opinion, we have not and are not achieving maximum results with some of our available control procedures, simply because we do not know enough about the particular insect and thus do not know how to apply control measures against the total population.
Methods of Implementation and Applications of Urea Kinetic Modeling for Patients on Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

Abstract Patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) are in a steady state and do not have large changes in volume or solute removal compared with patients on hemodialysis. Therefore, urea kinetic modeling (UKM) for CAPD is not as mathematically complicated as it is for hemodialysis and is very similar to UKM for patients not on dialysis. We used a personal computer (PC) with a spreadsheet program to develop the UKM data base for our patients on CAPD. The peritoneal effluent, analyzed as though it were urine, mimics residual renal function and when combined with residual renal function (Kr u ) provides a value for total solute clearance. Patients bring a 24-hour effluent and urine collection to the clinic every 6 months. Fluid aliquots are analyzed for urea nitrogen, creatinine, glucose, and total protein. These data, along with height, sex, weight, and number and type of exchanges as well as serum values for urea nitrogen and creatinine, are entered into the PC for determination of peritoneal urea and creatinine clearance, Kr u , protein losses, protein catabolic rate, Kt/V, and estimated glucose absorption. We currently have 90 patients in our CAPD program. Reported here are 53 patients who have had serial UKM evaluations for at least 2 years. The mean time on dialysis when UKM was begun was 25 months (range, 1 to 125). Over time, the Kt/V changed from a mean of 1.9 ± 0.0 SEM to 1.7 ± 0.1 ( P P P = .7. Development of UKM for CAPD on a PC is easy and can provide ongoing information concerning changes in and nutritional parameters of CAPD dialysis delivery.
Analysis of surveillance on iodine salt among the local residents in Daoli District of Harbin from 2006 to 2008

Objective To explore the iodine content of household consumption of salt in Daoli District of Harbin,to grasp exactly epidemic state of iodine deficiency,as well as to find problems and take measures to ensure the salt be qualified in time.Methods We took randomization and detected iodine content of household salt by GB/T13025.7-1999 redox titration.Results From 2006 to 2008,the fraction of coverage of iodine salt among the local residents in Daoli District salt was over 93 % and went up year by year.The rate of qualified salt was over 96 % and offered steady state,the intake rate of qualified iodine salt was over 92 %.Conclusion We have gained some progress in extending and popularizing the intake of iodized salt,but we must insist on intaking qualified iodine salt in order to prohibit non-iodine salt.
The Silk Route and Body Art in Ancient Xinjiang Murals

As the prosperity of the silk route,although Xinjiang painting was greatly influenced by Greek art and indian Buddhism art,it was the contribution and creation ascribed to Xinjiang painters after all. Murals of body art in Qiuci and Gaochang grottoes are the first to mention in China. Body art in Xinjiang murals has its various representative forms and contents,divided into two kinds with more detailed division in each: naked and half-naked.
Small Things Considered

The biosynthetic and metabolic capacity of microbes has evaded us for years due to their astounding range and variability under different growth conditions. Yet, its study has rich potential not only to reveal more about microbial communication, sensing, and signal transduction, but also to lead to the discovery of novel microbial compounds that may be useful in human applications.
Popliteal Artery Thrombosis After Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of the Patella: A Case Report.

Case: A 31-year-old man presented with a right patellar fracture after a motor-vehicle accident. He had a history of a myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular accident, for which he reported taking aspirin and clopidogrel daily. One hour after surgery, an acute popliteal artery thrombosis was detected. The patient was ultimately successfully managed with endovascular placement of a catheter and a 14-hour infusion of tissue plasminogen activator. The patient had no further known thromboembolic events after 11 months of follow-up. Conclusion: High suspicion must be maintained for acute thromboembolic events in patients with a history of such events.
Expressing stance in undergraduate writing: Discipline-specific and general qualities

Abstract The expression of stance—defined broadly as expression of attitudes, epistemic judgments, and interactional involvement—is increasingly recognized as an important, though hidden, feature of both expert and student academic writing, one with potentially “much impact on the success of writing” ( Wingate, 2012 , p. 147). The study this article reports is motivated by the question of whether there are stance-taking qualities in undergraduate students' coursework writing that, in addition to being valued within specific course contexts, are valued across contexts. Specifically, it presents results from a corpus-based comparative analysis of stance in high- and low-graded papers written in two distinct undergraduate courses at a university in the United States. The investigation reveals both contextual specificity and overlap across the HG papers. It shows that the HG papers in both courses expressed stance with significantly greater frequency than the corresponding LG papers and in ways that project greater contrastiveness, critical distance, and positive alignment with disciplinary concepts. These three stance qualities, I suggest, are a part of a general novice academic stance that may be implicitly expected in students' coursework writing across a range of contexts, especially formal assignments calling for “critical analysis” and evidence-based argumentation.
Chromosomal and Endocrinological Origins of Sex

Sexual differentiation begins in utero with the sex chromosomes dictating subsequent endocrine and physiological effects. Distinctly timed events influence each subsequent developmental phase. Although the sex-dependent developmental paths typically occur in predicted patterns, individual and environmental variations may produce alterations in the expected sex-typical profiles. As aging progresses, males and females experience varying endocrine fluctuations, some with far-reaching consequences and the roots of these variations may be grounded in prior developmental events. In order to understand, study, and treat diseases and disorders that are impacted by sex, an appreciation of the mechanisms of organizational differences between the sexes is essential.
Lessons learned in adapting a lab-based measure of working memory capacity for the web:

The purpose of this project was to document the challenges in adapting a measure of complex working memory span for delivery over the web. Automated operation span (AOSPAN; Unsworth, Heitz, Schrock...
Area and energy-efficient physically unclonable function based on k-winners-take-all

An area and energy-efficient physically unclonable function (PUF) based on k-winners-take-all (k-WTA) is presented. Competitive computing dynamics of k-WTA reduces key-generation cell in WTA-based PUF to a single transistor, necessary for area/energy-constrained applications. Differential key generation in the PUF generates stable keys at varying temperature and supply voltage variations. Array design considerations for WTA-PUF are studied. Performance of k-WTA-based PUF is compared against the static random access memory (SRAM)-based PUF.
Dealing with Character Strings

Dealing with character strings is often under-emphasized in data analysis training. The focus typically remains on numeric values; however, the growth in data collection is also resulting in greater bits of information embedded in character strings. Consequently, handling, cleaning and processing character strings is becoming a prerequisite in daily data analysis. This chapter is meant to give you the foundation of working with characters by covering some basics followed by learning how to manipulate strings using base R functions along with using the simplified package.
Abstract 707: Distinct roles of Na,K-ATPase function and expression in medulloblastoma

Medulloblastoma, which usually arises in the cerebellum, is the most common malignant brain cancer in children and is still associated with substantial mortality and survivors often suffer from serious life-long therapy-related side effects. In recent years several medulloblastoma subtypes with distinct developmental origins, genetic profiles, pathway signatures, and clinicopathological features have been identified. The current consensus divides medulloblastoma tumors into four subgroups, WNT, sonic hedgehog (Shh), Group 3 and Group 4 allowing for different targeted therapeutic approaches. Not specifically restricted to a defined subgroup, aberrant activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor family (EGFR/ErbB) has been reported in a large percentage of medulloblastoma and has been associated with poor outcome. The Shh pathway is an important signaling pathway involved in cerebellar development. Shh is secreted from the Purkinje cells, and acts as a mitogen for cerebellar granule precursor (CGP) cells. Mutations leading to hyperactive Shh signaling have been associated with improper migration and differentiation of CGP cells and medulloblastoma formation. Still, the molecular targets contributing to Shh-mediated proliferation in these cells are poorly understood. Na,K-ATPase is a membrane protein that maintains intracellular ion homeostasis, and is responsible for generating ion gradients across cell membranes. Consisting of a catalytic alpha subunit and a beta subunit, the enzyme not only pumps sodium ions out and potassium ions into the cell using ATP but also functions a signaling scaffold and a cell adhesion molecule. Changes in Na,K-ATPase function and expression have been reported in various cancers and may contribute to tumor development and progression. We now show that the Na,K-ATPase beta1-subunit is drastically reduced in medulloblastoma tumors of mice with aberrant activation of Shh signaling. In addition, Shh activation prevented the upregulation of the beta1-subunit in primary cultures of normal cerebellar granule cells and the polycomb transcription factor Bmi1 that is induced upon activation of Shh signaling repressed beta1-subunit levels. Furthermore, shRNA-mediated knockdown of the beta1-subunit increased cell proliferation and tumorigenicity of medulloblastoma cells. Nevertheless, cardiac glycosides that inhibit the pump function of Na,K-ATPase inhibited EGF-induced signaling and cell motility suggesting that Na,K-ATPase alpha and beta subunit may have dual functions in CGP cells and medulloblastoma. Citation Format: Zhiqin Li, Alisa Litan, Seung Joon Lee, Bruce Graves, Sonali P. Barwe, Sigrid A. Langhans. Distinct roles of Na,K-ATPase function and expression in medulloblastoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 707. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-707
Capacitive Deionization Using Alternating Polarization: Effect of Surface Charge on Salt Removal

Abstract Alternating polarization (AP) at ±1.2/0 V is performed on a capacitive deionization stack assembled with carbon xerogel (CX) electrodes. Long-term testing shows enhanced cycling stability without the formation of inversion peaks. AP also leads to an arch-shaped plot of salt adsorption capacity (SAC) versus cycling time, with the highest SAC of approximately 3 mg (NaCl) g−1 (CX) during this long-term test. Characterization of both the freshly prepared and cycled electrodes depict that AP results in surface charge of all the electrodes being modified from positive to negative character. By leveraging balances of electronic, surface, and ionic charges in carbon micropores, it is found that a portion of the electronic charge contributes to the ionic charge for salt adsorption, and another portion is parasitically consumed to balance the surface charge during the charge reconciliation process. When the consumption of electronic charge for charge reconciliation becomes minimal, both the positive and negative surface charges are nearly equivalent on the CX electrode. Under such a condition, the highest SAC values can be achieved for AP testing.
Temperature, Photoperiod, and Aggregation Effects on Development, Diapause, Reproduction, and Survival in Corythucha cydoniae (Heteroptera: Tingidae)

Corythucha cydoniae (Fitch), the hawthorn lace bug, required an average of 55.6 – 18.5 days to complete development at temperatures ranging from 21 – 33°C. Nymphs emerged from eggs at 18°C but failed to develop further. Nymphal survival at 21°C was poor. Developmental thresholds for egg, nymphal, and total development were 13.3, 14.9, and 14.3°C, respectively. Thermal unit requirements for those stages were 162.9, 157.3, and 318.2 centigrade degree-days. Nymphal development was slightly accelerated by increasing the size of a cluster from one to three individuals at 24 but not at 27°C. Ovipositional rate was higher at 33 than 27°C, but total egg production was similar at both temperatures. Critical photoperiod for reproductive diapause was between 13:11 and 12:12 (L:D) at 24°C. Nymphal development was accelerated at short daylengths.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Migrations in Slavic, Tsarist Russian and Soviet History

Migration in Rus’-land, Tsarist Russia and Soviet history received little attention before 1986. Since the 2000s interest has intensified. This issue of the Journal of Migration History provides a synopsis of the continuity as well as multiplicity of migrations from the sixth to the nineteenth century and case studies of different migrations from the late nineteenth century to the 1990s. Migration of state-backed Slavic-speaking peasants in the late nineteenth century into Kazakhs’ grazing lands disrupted the way-of-life of the herders and acerbated class relations between increasingly wealthy and increasingly poor herders. In Tsarist society as a whole, the regime deprived dissidents of ways of expression and encouraged pogroms against Jewish families and communities. Many of those who fled made their way to London and other safe havens. In Parliament, and among the British public in general, a sometimes acrimonious debate about immigration restrictions began. A 1905 anti-alien law kept the door open for political refugees but closed it to impoverished migrants. In wartime after 1914 and far more so after 1941 the state evacuated people before advancing armies and deported others, perceived to be disloyal. In this respect, the change from Tsarist to Bolshevik rule in its Stalinist version was no break – but the much larger quantity of people being moved around led to a new quality: authorities lost sight or interest in distinguishing evacuees from deportees. When, in the late 1950s, control relaxed, young people began to migrate on their own for a limited period of time. The limichiki faced exploitative hiring factories but often supportive state authorities. When glasnost changed the labour regime under neo-liberalist policies, the status of the temporary workers declined. The Tsarist-Soviet/Stalinist-post-1986 sequence of regimes encouraged, hindered or prohibited, and organised a vast variety of free, unfree, and forced labour migrations that were, in part at least, ways of life.
A Wax Effigy Pierced by Three Bones: The Pharaonic Origins of a Late-Antique Cursing Ritual?

Papyrus fragments from a late-antique Greek magical handbook preserve a unique recipe that directs us to make a wax “voodoo doll” and pierce it with three bones – “the left one, the right one and the one from the back” – “of an eisphatēs”, a previously unknown Greek word that has been emended to mean “sacrificial victim” (sphaktēs) or “dove” (phattēs). Emendation is not warranted, however, because the word is probably a local and previously unknown Egyptian term for the Nile catfish, which has three distinctive nail-like spines – the right and left pectoral and the dorsal – that match those of the eisphatēs. The bone of this fish is, moreover, used in a native Egyptian cursing ritual of Pharaonic date also involving a wax “voodoo doll”, that is inscribed with the bone, rather than pierced by it.
National trends in tongue reduction surgery for macroglossia in children.

Abstract Objectives To examine the frequency of partial glossectomy performed for the indication of macroglossia in children within the United States, assessing for differences in rates of intervention across various demographics. To identify potential morbidities associated with partial glossectomy in this population and determine how such factors may influence length of stay and cost of admission following tongue reduction surgery. Study Design Retrospective cross-sectional study. Setting The Kids' Inpatient Database 2003, 2006, 2009, and 2012. Subjects Patients under age 5 diagnosed with macroglossia who underwent partial glossectomy. Methods Demographics were analyzed and cross tabulations, linear regression modeling, and multivariate analysis were performed. Results During the four-years studied, partial glossectomy was performed in 196 children under age 5 with macroglossia. A disproportionately higher rate of intervention was seen in white children (p = 0.001), patients undergoing surgery in the mid-west (p Conclusion Partial glossectomy for macroglossia is typically performed prior to age 2 in the United States. A higher rate of intervention is seen in white children, those who have surgery in the mid-west and affluent children even when controlling for confounding variables. Level of evidence III.
Titanized Transobturator Sling Placement for Male Stress Urinary Incontinence Using an Inside-out Single-incision Technique: Minimum 12-Months Follow-up Study.

Objective To evaluate prospectively midterm outcomes of a new titanium-coated fixed polypropylene sling for male stress urinary incontinence. Materials and Methods From January 2013 to June 2016, 44 consecutive patients with incontinence caused by radical prostatectomy (39) or transurethral resection of prostate (5) underwent transobturator 2-arm titanium-coated sling (TiLOOP Male) implantation with an inside-out, single-incision technique, leaving the bulbourethral muscle in place. Patients have been assessed postoperatively with uroflowmetry, pad count, International Prostate Symptom Score-Short Form, Incontinence Impact Quetionnaire-7, Patient's Global Impression of Improvement, Overactive Bladder questionnaire, International Prostate Symptom Score, and satisfaction (yes or no). Successful outcome included cure (no pad use or 1 dry “security” pad) or improvement (reduction of at least 50% of the pad count). Results Evaluated patients had mild (11 of 44, 25%), moderate (26 of 44, 59%), or severe (7 of 44, 16%) incontinence. After a median follow-up of 25 months (range 12-55, minimum 12 months), 24 (54.6%) patients were cured and 10 (22.7%) were improved, which was a global success rate of 77.3%. There were 10 (22.7%) failures in the first 6 months. Zero pad rate was 50%. Subjective success (Patient's Global Impression of Improvement very much or much improved) was achieved in 33 (75%) patients. Mean scores of ICIQ-SF, ICIQ-QoL, and IIQ-7 improved to a statistically significant extent. Satisfaction was reported by 33 (75%) patients. Uroflowmetry parameters were unchanged postoperatively, and most of the complications were Clavien-Dindo grade I. Body mass index ≥30 and previous irradiation or high-intensity focused ultrasound were independent predictors of failure. Conclusion TiLOOP Male provided favorable and stable midterm continence outcomes. The inside-out approach was safe, and the tolerability of the sling and the single-incision technique was satisfactory. Patients with obesity and previous irradiation or high-intensity focused ultrasound should be aware of their higher risk of failure.
Resource Utilization for Initial Hospitalization in Pediatric Heart Transplantation in the United States.

Pediatric heart transplantation (HT) is resource intensive. Event-driven pediatric databases do not capture data on resource use. The objective of this study was to evaluate resource utilization and identify associated factors during initial hospitalization for pediatric HT. This multicenter retrospective cohort study utilized the Pediatric Health Information Systems database (43 children's hospitals in the United States) of children ≤19 years of age who underwent transplant between January 2007 and July 2013. Demographic variables including site, payer, distance and time to center, clinical pre- and post-transplant variables, mortality, cost, and charge were the data collected. Total length of stay (LOS) and charge for the initial hospitalization were used as surrogates for resource use. Charges were inflation adjusted to 2013 dollars. Of 1,629 subjects, 54% were male, and the median age at HT was 5 years (IQR [interquartile range] 0 to 13). The median total and intensive care unit LOS were 51 (IQR 23 to 98) and 23 (IQR 9 to 58) days, respectively. Total charge and cost for hospitalization were $852,713 ($464,900 to $1,609,300) and $383,600 ($214,900 to $681,000) respectively. Younger age, lower volume center, southern region, and co-morbidities before transplant were associated with higher resource use. In later years, charges increased despite shorter LOS. In conclusion, this large multicenter study provides novel insight into factors associated with resource use in pediatric patients having HT. Peritransplant morbidities are associated with increased cost and LOS. Reducing costs in line with LOS will improve health-care value. Regional and center volume differences need further investigation for optimizing value-based care and efficient use of scarce resources.
Lightweight gait based authentication technique for IoT using subconscious level activities

With the rapid growth of IoT market, it is expected that a large number of IoT devices will be deployed in the future networked systems. However, traditional user authentication techniques may be too heavy and not be applicable to the IoT devices that have low computation and communication resources. To address such potential limitation, we propose a light-weight user authentication technique for IoT systems, called Li-GAT (Lightweight Gait Authentication Technique) that exploits various information collected from IoT devices, namely the subconscious level of user activities, to effectively authenticate users with high accuracy while reducing the resource consumption. In Li-GAT, we authenticate users by extracting and identifying different walking patterns of users (gait). We implement our technique on an Android platform to collect and analyze the accelerometer data from different users. The user authentication is done on a selected number of features using various machine learning classifiers. Our experiment results show that Li-GAT successfully authenticates users with high accuracy (96.69%) comparable to the existing techniques while using only the half number of features.
Antibiotics and bacterial mechanisms of resistance

Infections resistant to many or all antimicrobials are occurring globally, nationally, and locally. Resistance is mediated through common, and often communicable, mechanisms and has eliminated many antibiotics from the treatment armamentarium. New antimicrobial agents have been developed to address new resistance mechanisms. Effectively combating antimicrobial resistance requires that we recognize its complex and extensive impact, encourage and legislate for new antimicrobial development, and establish treatment strategies for infections caused by antimicrobial resistant pathogens.
Pursuing Inclusive Higher Education in Egypt and Beyond through the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

Inclusive higher education is elusive for students with disabilities, especially in developing countries. The adoption and rapid ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) provides, if applied as its drafters intended, a “whole of institution” framework for its realization (CRPD Committee, 2016). Myriad legal, attitudinal, physical, and communication-based barriers limit or exclude participation. The individual impact of such discrimination is clear and carries lifelong consequences. Equally endemic are the broad societal and pedagogical effects of this exclusion. To illustrate: preventing persons with disabilities from Teacher Education courses impacts inclusive education in primary and secondary education; barring people with disabilities from academic programs in the sciences stifles innovation in assistive technology, health, and rehabilitation; and limiting access to studying the humanities hampers the emergence of disability studies as a rightful discipline. This article presents a framework for inclusive higher education in developing countries as contemplated by the CRPD. In doing so, we draw on field work conducting the first assessment of the accessibility of Egyptian public higher education to students with disabilities. We outline lessons that can be learned and pitfalls to be avoided both in Egypt and indeed for other countries in the Global South.
Morphology and Habitats of the Hermit-Crab-Associated Calyptraeid Gastropod Ergaea walshi

Ergaea walshi, a gastropod with a markedly flat shell, often lives inside empty snail shells occupied by hermit crabs. We investigated its lifestyle, shell growth pattern, and habitat preference for host hermit crabs and host snail shells. Four hundred sixteen snail shells, including 363 shells with hermit crabs and 53 empty shells, were collected from intertidal zones of sandy and muddy flats around Kii Peninsula, Japan. The specimens comprised seven hermit crab species occupying 24 shell species; E. walshi was harbored in 13.2% of snail shells with hermit crabs and 17.0% of those without hermit crabs. Although no preference was detected for particular species of hermit crab or snail shell, E. walshi preferred to live inside of snail shells with wider apertures used by comparatively bigger hermit crabs. This suggests that the occurrence of E. walshi was influenced by host size rather than host species. When looking at growth patterns, we found that the attached shell portion of E. walshi continued to be enlarged horizontally, while growth in shell height slowed at approximately 5.0 mm. The conspicuously flattened shell of E. walshi is considered as a growth pattern for adapting to the narrow space within the snail shell occupied by hermit crabs. Consistent with this idea, our comparison of shell growth patterns in 23 calyptraeid species showed that shell of E. walshi is the flattest in this family.
D-type potassium channels normalize action potential firing between dorsal and ventral CA1 neurons of the mouse hippocampus

Understanding differences in neurons within a brain region is integral in the reliable interpretation of comparative studies. Our findings identify a novel mechanism by which D-type potassium chann...
DC and Paris: Capitals of Punk

This chapter introduces the punk landscapes of Washington, DC, and Paris, drawing upon the relationships punk enjoys with geography as well as social theory. It also discusses the crucial context of circulation, scenes, and how punk music and culture spread via performers, zines, and recordings.
Translating Descriptive Representation into Substantive Representation: The Role of Electoral Institutions in Urban School Districts in Texas:

Scholarship has explored how descriptive representation translates into substantive representation in American schools with mixed findings. I argue here that electoral institutions condition this r...
The role of endogenous pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) in nicotine self-administration, reward and aversion.

Pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its receptors (PAC1, VPAC1, and VPAC2) are localized in brain regions implicated in stress response, reward seeking and aversive responses, raising the possibility that PACAP may be involved in motivational effects of nicotine. To test this hypothesis, we used two-bottle choice (TBC) and place conditioning paradigms and assessed if nicotine preference or conditioned place preference (CPP) or aversion (CPA) induced by nicotine would be altered in mice lacking PACAP compared to their wild-type controls. In the TBC paradigm, mice had access to two water bottles during the first week and then one of the water bottles was switched to nicotine solution (20, 40 and then 80 μg/mL). The volume of water and nicotine consumed was measured every day. In the place conditioning paradigm, mice were tested for baseline place preference on day 1, received conditioning with saline versus a low (0.25) or high (1 mg/kg) dose nicotine and, respectively, tested for CPP or CPA 24 h following the last conditioning. We discovered that mice lacking PACAP compared to their wild-type controls exhibited more preference for nicotine over water in the TBC paradigm, particularly at the two higher concentrations of nicotine. While the rewarding action of the low dose nicotine was not altered in mice lacking PACAP, the aversive effect of the high dose nicotine was blunted in these mice compared to their wild-type controls. The present results suggest that endogenous PACAP may play a functional role in nicotine preference and its aversive effect.
LMA Morbidity: A Case of Unilateral Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Palsy

Supraglottic airway devices, such as the laryngeal mask airway (LMA), are commonly used as part of the anesthetic management for various procedures. Initially used primarily in the operating room setting, the LMA is now considered a vital accessory device when confronting a difficult or emergent airway. LMAs are generally a safe and easily utilized airway device, but there are infrequent complications arising from their use. Sore throats, oropharyngolaryngeal injuries, and nerve palsies can occur from LMA use. Nerve palsies are some of the more serious complications from LMA use and usually manifest within 48 h. Contributing factors may include an inappropriate size or misplacement of the device, patient position, overinflation of the device cuff, and poor technique. Injuries other than to the recurrent laryngeal nerve are usually mild and self-limiting. In this chapter, we discuss a case of unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy following the intraoperative use of a Cookgas LMA. The discussion focuses on risk factors for LMA morbidity, airway anatomy and innervation, and diagnosis of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury.
Green space and mental health symptoms in a cardiac rehabilitation population

The association between mental health symptoms and the quantity of green space surrounding the homes of people who recently experienced a cardiovascular event were examined while also assessing pla...
Daily assessment of quality of life during 100 courses of radiation: Pain, anxiety, problems or concerns, and need to see physician.

e20625 Background: Patients (Pts) undergoing radiation therapy (RTRx) may have pain, anxiety, distress or other symptoms impacting on quality of life (QOL) at the time of initiation of RTRx. Pts ma...
Overview of Tissue Imaging Methods

The rapidly evolving fields of precision medicine and immuno-oncology are together driving an increasing need for detailed investigation of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) in a variety of solid tumors and hematologic neoplasms. The development of targeted therapies that may be efficacious in reprogramming the host immune response to recognize and eliminate tumor cells requires accurate identification of the various inflammatory cells and the spatial relationships between them within the TIME. While currently established techniques enable diagnostic pathologists to routinely interrogate for up to two protein markers and evaluate their expression by visual examination, there is a growing need to reliably query many more targets (i.e., multiplexing) simultaneously in a given tissue specimen, in order to more precisely characterize and distinguish the TIMEs between different tumor types, and between patients. Several technologies aimed at achieving these goals, including multiplex colorimetric immunohistochemistry (mCIHC), multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF), cyclic immunofluorescence (CycIF), multiplexed ion beam imaging (MIBI), codetection by indexing (CODEX), and digital spatial profiling (DSP), are discussed.
Behavioral Health Training Is Good Medicine for Counseling Trainees: Two Curricular Experiences in Interprofessional Collaboration

Based on training efforts at two universities, this article explores considerations when mental health professionals (MHPs) are trained to work effectively in primary care settings. It first outlines the curriculum of an advanced doctoral level course in health psychology practice. To better refine the experiences of trainees, it then describes a qualitative pilot study of counseling psychology practicum students (N = 4) in a primary care setting. Six themes from the interviews and focus groups are identified: mental health culture, primary care context, challenging entry, adapting to the primary care context, managing complex cases, and results of the collaborative process. Finally, it provides recommendations for future training and research direction.
Poverty, the Elephant in the Room.

As is often referenced, the Institute of Medicine defines quality of care in 6 domains: safety, effectiveness, patient centeredness, timeliness, efficiency, and equity.1 And although we have seen tremendous focus on the first 5 domains in pediatric health care, equity (provision of care that does not vary in quality because of characteristics such as sex, race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status) is a dimension that we need to continue to address. Efforts to improve population health and promote equity have led to efforts to define and address social determinants of health (SDOH): the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age.2 SDOH encompass aspects of well-being, like food security and adequate housing, that are linked to health outcomes.3,4 Poverty is a key factor that limits access to food and housing, and poverty is the “elephant in the room” when navigating patient and family factors that affect chronic disease management.5 In this month’s Hospital Pediatrics, Foster et al6 evaluated the association between SDOH and emergency department (ED) encounters or hospital admission among children with chronic disease. They demonstrated that participants who reported unaddressed housing and food insecurity at the time of enrollment in a case management program had increased ED use, and those who reported addressed food insecurity (referring to families who had received food-related resources and assistance before enrollment in this case management program) had decreased ED use. Neither food nor housing insecurity, addressed or unaddressed at the time of program enrollment, was associated with hospitalization rates.6 The impact of these SDOH on ED encounter versus hospitalization rates may reflect the impact that SDOH have on caregiver-driven versus provider-driven use. Foster et al6 highlight an important consideration: do SDOH impact use differences in health care access (seeking care in …
Decreased Levels of Blood AMPKα1 but not AMPKα2 Isoform in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease: A Pilot Study.

Background There is an urgent need to develop feasible biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mounting evidence implicates that dysregulation of energy metabolism is a key and early event in AD pathogenesis. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a central molecular sensor that plays a critical role in maintaining cellular energy homeostasis, and aberrant brain AMPK activities are linked to AD pathophysiology. Objective We aimed to investigated protein levels of AMPKα isoforms, AMPKα1 and AMPKα2, in plasma samples from patients clinically diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or AD, along with age-matched healthy controls. Methods 30 participants (10 MCI, 10 AD, and 10 controls) were included in our pilot study. Plasma levels of AMPKα1 and AMPKα2 were determined by ELISA. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to assess sensitivity and specificity. Linear regression was used to assess the correlation between levels of AMPKα isoforms and other biomarkers. Results Plasma levels of AMPKα1 were decreased in MCI and AD patients, while levels of AMPKα2 were unaltered as compared to controls. ROC analysis showed relatively high sensitivity and specificity for AMPKα1 to distinguish MCI and AD from controls. Linear regression analysis showed that plasma levels of AMPKα1 were correlated with a brain imaging biomarker (AD signature cortical thicknesses). Conclusion Plasma levels of AMPKα1 were decreased in MCI and AD patients. Future endeavor to explore whether blood AMPKα1 protein expression has the value as a potential biomarker for AD and MCI diagnosis shall be encouraged.
Human germline mutation and the erratic molecular clock

Our understanding of the chronology of human evolution relies on the "molecular clock" provided by the steady accumulation of substitutions on an evolutionary lineage. This understanding has been called into question by recent analyses of human pedigrees, suggesting that mutations accrue more slowly than previously believed. Translating mutation rates estimated from pedigrees into substitution rates is not as straightforward as it may seem, however. In this Unsolved Mystery, we dissect the steps involved, emphasizing that dating evolutionary events requires not "a mutation rate", but a precise characterization of how germline mutations accumulate in development, in males and females--knowledge that remains elusive.
Perceptions of firearms in a cohort of women exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) in Central Pennsylvania.

Almost one-half of U.S. women will experience intimate partner violence (IPV), defined as physical, sexual, or psychological harm by a current or former partner. IPV is associated with an increased risk of homicide, with firearms as the most commonly used weapon. We designed this study to better understand the correlation of interpersonal trauma exposures and demographic factors on firearm perceptions among a cohort of IPV-exposed women. Two hundred sixty-seven women in central Pennsylvania with exposure to IPV were surveyed about perceptions of gun access, safety, and gun presence in the home. Trauma variables included IPV type, IPV recency, unwanted sexual exposure, and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Multivariable analyses examined three questions examining firearm perceptions controlling for trauma exposures and demographics. Ease of firearm acquisition: Women who were older (mean 44.92 years +/− SD 12.05), compared to women who were younger (40.91 +/− SD 11.81 years) were more likely to describe it as easy or very easy to acquire a gun (aOR 1.05, 95%CI 1.004, 1.10). Perceived safety in the proximity of a gun: Women with the highest ACE score were less likely to feel safe with a gun nearby (aOR 0.31, 95%CI 0.14, 0.67). Odds of guns in the home: Women who were divorced or separated (aOR 0.22, 95%CI 0.09, 0.54), women were widowed or single (aOR0.23, 95%CI 0.08, 0.67), and women who were partnered (aOR 0.45 95%CI 0.20, 0.97) had lower odds of having a gun in the home, compared to married women. There was no significant effect of the trauma variables on the odds of having a gun at home. Women with more severe childhood trauma felt less safe around firearms, but trauma exposures did not predict the perception of gun prevalence in the local community or gun ownership. Instead, demographic factors of marriage predicted presence of a gun in the home.
Dory: Overcoming Barriers to Computing Persistent Homology.

Persistent homology (PH) is an approach to topological data analysis (TDA) that computes multi-scale topologically invariant properties of high-dimensional data that are robust to noise. While PH has revealed useful patterns across various applications, computational requirements have limited applications to small data sets of a few thousand points. We present Dory, an efficient and scalable algorithm that can compute the persistent homology of large data sets. Dory uses significantly less memory than published algorithms and also provides significant reductions in the computation time compared to most algorithms. It scales to process data sets with millions of points. As an application, we compute the PH of the human genome at high resolution as revealed by a genome-wide Hi-C data set. Results show that the topology of the human genome changes significantly upon treatment with auxin, a molecule that degrades cohesin, corroborating the hypothesis that cohesin plays a crucial role in loop formation in DNA.
Impact of planet mesh phasing on the vibration of three-dimensional planetary/epicyclic gears

Abstract This work analytically derives rules for how planet mesh phasing impacts the vibration of planetary/epicyclic gears. A key quantity is defined that depends on the mesh frequency harmonic number, ring gear tooth number, and total number of planets. This quantity dictates, for each harmonic of mesh frequency, which central member (sun, carrier, and ring) motions are present or absent, which force and moment components can be transmitted from the central members to their surrounding components, which modes are present in the response at the given harmonic, and which modes can experience resonance in the given harmonic. Neither the derivation nor the mesh phasing rules depend on a planetary gear model; only cyclic symmetry and periodicity of the response at the mesh frequency are required. The mesh phasing rules apply to spur/helical planetary gears where each component has six, three-dimensional rigid-body degrees of freedom. They apply to systems with high-speed, gyroscopic effects and those where rotational effects are neglected. Dynamic simulations using a finite element/contact mechanics model and an analytical model confirm the mesh phasing rules. Use of these mesh phasing rules for design and troubleshooting offers significant benefits to reduce vibration of planetary gears.
The Tesla Meets the Fourth Amendment

Can police search a smart car’s computer without a warrant? Although the Supreme Court banned warrantless searches of cell phones incident to arrest in Riley v. California, the Court left the door open to warrantless searches under other exceptions to the warrant requirement. This article argues that the Fourth Amendment’s automobile exception currently permits the police to warrantlessly dig into a vehicle’s computer system and extract vast amounts of cell phone data. Just as the police can rip open seats or slash tires to search for drugs under the automobile exception, there is a strong argument that the police can warrantlessly extract data stored in a vehicle’s infotainment system. When a driver uses Bluetooth to connect their cell phone to a vehicle, the driver transfers text messages, call history, contacts, emails, photos, videos, and even social media information from their phone to the car’s infotainment system. Police departments can then use a sophisticated data extraction device to download all of that cell phone data. Police in multiple states have already acknowledged extracting rudimentary digital data from cars without a warrant. As Tesla and other smart cars become ubiquitous, police departments will be tempted to use more sophisticated data extraction tools to examine private cell phone data without first obtaining a warrant. Because the Supreme Court moves extremely slowly in addressing the legality of high-tech searches, this article argues that Congress and state legislatures should amend outdated privacy statutes to require police to obtain search warrants before extracting private cell phone data from a vehicle’s computer system.