cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biogeochemical hotspots: temporal and spatial scaling of the impact of freshwater mussels on ecosystem function

SUMMARY 1. In streams, the creation of nutrient-transformation hotspots by aggregated organisms may have heterogeneous and strong cumulative influences on stream nutrient dynamics. Here, we examine the potential for aggregations of freshwater mussels to create such hotspots. 2. We measured nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) excretion rates of six mussel species and body tissue composition of eight. We combined these data with population densities of surveyed mussel beds in the Kiamichi River, OK, to estimate reach-scale and stream-scale nutrient recycling and storage. Additionally, we estimated the temporal variability in the magnitude of mussel nutrient recycling combining volumetric excretion at a reach scale with discharge and temperature data. 3. Mussel beds constituted 1.45% of the area of the Kiamichi River. Mussel nutrient remineralisation varied greatly across beds (11.1–699.5 lmol N m � 2 h � 1 and 0.8–53.0 lmol P m � 2 h � 1 ), because of varying mussel densities. The community-wide average excretion N:P (molar) of the mussel communities was 29.57, with higher excretion N:P significantly associated with higher abundances of Actinonaias ligamentina. Total nutrient storage per bed varied two orders of magnitude (6.3–631.7 kg N and 2.3–227.5 kg P) between mussel beds. Moreover, areal nutrient storage varied among the beds (11.2– 133.7 mg N m � 2 , 4.1–48.9 mg P m � 2 ) with the majority of nutrient storage in a long-term store, shell (c. 87% of total N storage, c. 95% of total P storage). 4. Freshwater mussels can be important to nutrient dynamics through nutrient regeneration and the creation of storage hotspots. However, the importance of nutrient remineralisation varies dramatically in response to organism patchiness, flow conditions and background nutrient concentrations.
One-loop regularization of supergravity: The dilaton and the superfield formulation

The on-shell regularization of the one-loop divergences of supergravity theories is generalized to include a dilaton of the type occurring in effective field theories derived from superstring theory, and the superfield structure of the one-loop corrections is given. Field theory anomalies and quantum contributions to soft supersymmetry breaking are discussed. The latter are sensitive to the precise choice of couplings that generate Pauli-Villars masses, which in turn reflect the details of the underlying theory above the scale of the effective cutoff. With a view to the implementation the Green-Schwarz and other mechanisms for canceling field theory anomalies under a U(1) gauge transformation and under the T-duality group of modular transformations, we show that the Kaehler potential renormalization for the untwisted sector of orbifold compactification can be made invariant under these groups. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Maximal areal density for PRML data channels

A method of determining the maximal areal density and optimal user bit aspect ratio of a data channel is developed. Examples of three types of partial response maximum likelihood (PR4, MSN, and EPR) channels and a peak detector channel are compared to each other and to the theoretical upper capacity bound.
Duodenal Sparing Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy For Locally-Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: Technique, Toxicity, and Local Response

Purpose/Objective(s): The proximity of the pancreas to bowel presents a unique challenge for pancreatic cancer SBRT. This study explores the safety and effectiveness of a novel approach optimizing pancreatic tumor coverage and duodenal sparing. Materials/Methods: From 2010 to 2012, twenty-four patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (21 head/3 body) were treated with initial chemotherapy (Gemcitabine or 5-FU/Cisplatin) for 2-6 months. All underwent endoscopic ultrasound-guided fiducial placement in and around the tumor and had a 4D treatment planning CT scan with oral contrast. This CTwas used in conjunction with EUS findings, PET, and biphasic CT scans to identify the Gross Tumor Volume (GTV) in the expiration phases. The planning target volume (PTV) was created by expanding the GTV by 2 mm. Dose-volume histogram (DVH) endpoints were constructed, keeping V7/15/20 (stomach/duodenum volumes that receive 7 Gy/15 Gy/ 20 Gy) <40%, /<25%/ <15%; the dose to 1/3 of the duodenal circumference <20 Gy and duodenal point max dose <23 Gy. Additional dose constraints included liver D50 <5 Gy, ipsilateral kidney D25 <5 Gy, cord D max <10 Gy. Three 10 Gy fractions, normalized to the 85% isodose were delivered to the PTV on consecutive weekdays using fiducial-based respiratory motion tracking on a dedicated 6 MV linac-integrated stereotactic delivery system. The patients were then offered systemic therapy for 6 months or until tolerance or disease progression. Follow-up occurred at 4 weeks, 12 weeks, and every 3 months. Results: All patients completed SBRTand a median of 5 total cycles of preand post-SBRT chemotherapy. Planning target volumes ranged from 14-197 cm (median 44 cm). The 12-month survival and local control was 20% and 92%, respectively. One patient developed transient gastroparesis, 2 G 2 abdominal pain; 1 G 2 hematologic toxicity. No late toxicity was observed. Conclusions: Linac-delivered organ-sparing SBRT with chemotherapy in locally advanced pancreatic cancer resulted in excellent local control and also was well tolerated acutely and subacutely. A phase I dose-escalation study is underway. Author Disclosure: M. Ghaly: None. A. Modh: None. E. Montchal: None. M. Marrero: None. V. Vinciguerra: None. N. Kaushik: None. J. Sullivan: None. J. Knisely: None.
Residual Circulation and Tropopause Structure

The effect of large-scale dynamics as represented by the residual mean meridional circulation in the transformed Eulerian sense, in particular its stratospheric part, on lower stratospheric static stability and tropopause structure is studied using a comprehensive chemistry‐climate model (CCM), reanalysis data, and simple idealized modeling. Dynamical forcing of static stability as associated with the vertical structure of the residual circulation results in a dominant dipole forcing structure with negative static stability forcing just below the tropopause and positive static stability forcing just above the tropopause. This dipole forcing structure effectively sharpens the tropopause, especially during winter. Furthermore, the strong positive lowermost stratospheric static stability forcing causes a layer of strongly enhanced static stability just above the extratropical tropopause—a tropopause inversion layer (TIL)—especially in the winter midlatitudes. The strong positive static stability forcing is shown to be mainly due to the strong vertical gradient of the vertical residual velocity found just above the tropopause in the winter midlatitudes. Stratospheric radiative equilibrium (SRE) solutions are obtained using offline radiative transfer calculations for a given tropospheric climate as simulated by the CCM. The resulting tropopause height in SRE is reduced by several kilometers in the tropics but is increased by 1‐2 km in the extratropics, strongly reducing the equator-to-pole contrast in tropopauseheight. Moreover,the TIL in wintermidlatitudes disappearsin the SRE solution in contrast to the polar summer TIL, which stays intact. When the SRE solution is modified to includetheeffectofstratosphericdynamicsasrepresentedbythestratosphericresidualcirculation,theTILin winter midlatitudes is recovered, suggesting that the static stability forcing associated with the stratospheric residual circulation represents the main cause for the TIL in the winter midlatitudes whereas radiation seems dominant in causing the polar summer TIL.
Real-time estimation of the distribution of brake response times for an individual driver using Vehicular Ad Hoc Network

Adapting the functioning of the collision warning systems to the specific drivers’ characteristics is of great benefit to drivers. For example, by customizing collision warning algorithms we can minimize false alarms, thereby reducing injuries and deaths in highway traffic accidents. In order to take the behaviors of individual drivers into account, the system needs to have a Real-Time estimation of the distribution of brake response times for an individual driver. In this paper, we propose a method for doing this estimation which is not computationally intensive and can take advantage of the information contained in all data points.
Detection of the Madden–Julian Oscillation in the Indian Ocean From Satellite Altimetry

The role of air-sea interaction on Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) propagations across the tropical Indian Ocean is analyzed using integrated multimission satellite measurements of sea surface height and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR). MJO-related activity is observed in both parameters in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean indicating a unique interaction in this region. In the eastern Indian Ocean, atmospheric conditions appear to aid in the creation of equatorial Rossby waves, while in the central and western Indian Ocean, different phases of oceanic Rossby wave propagations seem to have a strong influence on atmospheric conditions associated with the MJO. The downwelling phase of equatorial Rossby waves corresponds to a strengthening of OLR anomalies in extent and magnitude across the equatorial Indian Ocean, while the upwelling phase appears to weaken atmospheric MJO activity. This study improves climate research by identifying the MJO signal in altimetry data.
Classy Delicates: A Case Study

Andy Steiner was checking the Internet for late night West Coast baseball game scores early on Saturday morning, August 3 rd , 2007, when an email message popped up on his screen. It was a message from a prospective buyer for Classy Delicates, Steiner’s online lingerie retailing business. Intrigued by the offer, Steiner contacted the prospective buyer who reiterated his intention and talked specific terms for the purchase. “Isn’t this a coincidence,” remarked Steiner to his wife, Julia. “We were just talking about the future of our business and here comes this new offer. This is the fourth offer we’ve had.” “We should consider a sale of the business seriously,” said Julia, “even though you were thinking of upgrading the site to improve traffic.” “How much time do we have to examine the offers?” asked Julia to her husband. “The current buyer has made an offer to one other business and he told me that it’s either the other business or us, and not both. I don’t know if he is bluffing or not, but I think we have a week to decide for all four,” answered Steiner.
ESTABLISHMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A CAPRINE MAMMARY EPITHELIAL CELL LINE (CMEC)

We describe the establishment of a continuous, nontransformed cell line obtained from primary culture of a lactating (114 days postparturition) Anglo-Nubian (Capra hircus) goat mammary gland biopsy. These cells (CMEC), have been cultured in the presence of supraphysiologic concentrations of insulin and hydrocortisone for more than 560 population doublings (over 80 passages) without any sign of senescence while maintaining a normal/near-normal diploid chromosome modal number of 2n = 60 and are responsive to contact inhibition of proliferation. Cytoskeletal analysis indicates that CMECs are epithelial, without detectable fibroblastic or myoepithelial cells. When grown at low density on plastic substratum, the cells tend to form island monolayer aggregates with the characteristic cobblestone morphology of epithelial cells. With increasing density, the cells organize into lumen-like structures with various morphology consisting of large and small vacuolized and nonvacuolized cells. Postconfluent cultures form epithelial raised dome-like structures, implying a process of contact-induced differentiation. This is corroborated by positive immunocytochemistry to lactation-specific proteins: beta-casein and alpha-lactalbumin, which were predominantly expressed in dome-forming cells. We also observed an overall modulation of cytokeratin 18/19 expression associated with number of days post subculture and with the expression of lactation-specific proteins. Postconfluent cultures which contain lactation-specific, antibody-reactive, dome-like structures showed a decreased expression of keratin 18 and no (null) expression for keratin 19. Lastly, cells cultured within a collagen matrix show morphological differentiation with the organization of branching duct-like and acini-like structures. This study suggests that CMECs are a useful in vitro model for study of mammary gland development and differentiation, in particular, direct modulation of epithelial cells grown on plastic substratum or extracellular matrix without the influence of stromal elements or the necessity and variability associated with primary cell culture or tissue explants.
Pineal-mediated regression of the reproductive organs of female hamsters exposed to natural photoperiods during the winter months

failure, and hyperkalemia. All of these findings were present in this patient and led to the clinical diagnosis prior to the culture report. The mortality rate ranges from 50 to 85 per cent in clostridial septicemia. Clostridial infection, as well as accompanying uterine malignancy, has often been described in postpartum and postabortal patients. According to Novak and \Voodruff, 1 myoma, especially those in a submucous location, are prone to infection from the lower genital tract. Such infections, however, may have their inception in curettage and are prone to develop after spontaneous abortion or parturition in uteri with submucous myomas. Clostridium jJerfringens has been found in the vagina of 4.5 to 8 per cent of normal prenatal patien ts.~ Damaged uterine musculature, as in cesarean section , infected with Clostridium perfringcns rapidly leads to severe infection. Vaginal examination might be a means of entrance of the organism to the uterus. The gastrointestinal tract also provides a source of Clostridia. Thus, as one might anticipate, clostridial septicemia has been reported with perforated peptic ulcer and malignancy. The patient in the present report had no evidence of prior vaginal examination, curettage, or instrumentation. She was not puerperal or postabortal, had no gastrointestinal disease, and March 15. 1974 Am. j. Obsw. r;ynocol.
A FRAMEWORK FOR A EURASIAN RELIGIONBASED SOCIAL MARKETING CAMPAIGN IN OPPOSITION TO HUMAN TRAFFICKING

In theory, religion-based anti-human trafficking appeals may dissuade traffickers from engaging in certain offensive behaviors, and victims from engaging in certain risky behaviors. This discussion correlates religion, religiosity and human trafficking data to identify the potential for religion-based anti-trafficking social marketing campaigns in Eurasia. Based on a sample of sixty Eurasian nations, it indicates which religions (e.g. religious leaders) would be more or less likely to participate in antitrafficking prosecution, protection, prevention and partnership interventions.
Are Values of Managers Associated with the Tasks They Perform? A Transnational Level Empirical Analysis

A transnational empirical research is conducted to investigate the association between values of managers and the tasks they perform. Using data of more than 3000 managers from 52 nations, pooled regressions are conducted. It is shown that values of managers (similar to low-level Schwartz’s type) are associated with three types of tasks: cognitive, creative, and independent, after controlling for national effects, demographic variables, and ICT use. When firm size is additionally taken into consideration, it can be observed that certain values of managers (similar to high-level Schwartz’s type) are associated with these three types of tasks. Firms in smart nations may increase performance of their managers by matching tasks they perform with the values they hold.
Effects of Simulated Damage by Midges on Seed Production by Guar

Removing flower buds from guar, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub., at 7-day intervals during the growing season to simulate damage done by a midge, conattarinia texana (Felt), caused plants to produce more buds. With dryland cultivation, no rate of bud excision before the 45th or after the 90th day postemergence significantly reduced pod production. However a 30% or higher removal of buds between 46 and 90 days post-emergence caused significantly reduced pod production. With guar grown under irrigation, the effects of simulating the damage done to buds of guar by C. texana were influenced by both date of planting and removal rate.
Understanding the Bases of Parental Concern and Reaction to Children's Food Advertising:

While the possibility of a federal ban on children's food advertising has been eliminated, the possibility of private actions by concerned parents remains a potent threat. Marketers can use sociali...
Hands on My Hips Politics of a Subversive Fish

These interpretive autoethnographic tales are about my life experiences, growing up in rural Ohio as a queer male. I relive several of the innumerable unfortunate encounters with bullies who have haunted me over the years, partly as a therapeutic means to cope with the lasting effects of those torturous years and partly to potentially reach and touch the lives of others similarly affected. I use performative texts as a powerful means of portraying and articulating my message and persuasively voicing the emotion experienced. I also reflect on the queer predicament and how it has shaped my life.
Hepatotoxicity of Phenothiazines in Vitro as Measured by Loss of Aminotransferases to Surrounding Media

SummaryExposure of rabbit liver slices to chlorpromazine in concentrations of 10-3M, led to appreciable leakage of GOT and GPT into the surrounding medium. Promazine, in equal concentrations did not lead to an identifiable degree of leakage of these enzymes into the medium. The different effect of the two drugs on this system parallels what is known about their potential hepatotoxic effect in humans.
Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Infections

Cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infections are complex medical problems that are increasingly encountered. They are associated with significant morbidity and mortality with tremendous economic cost. The current review will emphasize the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of this clinical entity using the relatively limited evidence that is currently available. Because there is a paucity of high quality evidence regarding prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of CIED infections, this review will attempt to summarize the best evidence as well as to suggest, when possible, paradigms for care. The topic of CIED infections is a dynamic one as the scope of CIED continues to widen. Furthermore, there are promising advancements in CIED technology which may help reduce its occurrence the future. Unfortunately, significant gaps in knowledge remain, and definitive recommendations regarding CIED infections and future studies should be directed at improving our ability to prevent infections.
Is Buy and Hold Investing Really Dead

The objective of this paper is to create a metric, called the MT-BH indicator (Market timing- Buy and Hold) to determine when conditions are favorable for the opposing investing strategies of buy and hold or market timing. Macro-economic variables of GDP growth rate and inflation growth rate are then regressed to explain the favorability of buy and hold or market timing investing strategies. Using MSCI returns from 44 countries for the period of 1995 thru 2008, I found that high levels of inflation rate and GDP growth rate were both significant and favored a buy and hold investing strategy. Conversely, a market timing strategy was favorable when GDP and inflation rates were low or negative. These results were robust to country level of development and negative market return years within each country. The MT-BH indicator gives investors and brokers a metric which provides a signal when to adjust investing strategies from a buy and hold strategy to a market timing strategy.
Life and death of the medical lie

Pendant des siecles, chez les medecins comme dans la population, l'idee a prevalu que de bonnes paroles pouvaient hâter la guerison et qu'un pronostic fatal devait etre escamote par un "mensonge charitable". A la fin du XXeme siecle, un revirement a fait passer en pratique une authenticite qui a plus d'avantages que d'inconvenients.
Characterization of a novel Canine distemper virus causing disease in wildlife

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a common cause of a multisystemic disease in both domestic dogs and wildlife species, including raccoons and foxes. Outbreaks of CDV in domestic dogs in eastern Tennessee have occurred since 2012, and it was determined that these outbreaks resulted from a novel genotype of CDV. We hypothesized that this virus is also infecting area wildlife and may be a source of the virus for these outbreaks in dogs. From 2013 to 2014, autopsies were performed and tissues collected from raccoons (Procyon lotor; n = 50) and gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus; n = 8) for CDV testing. A real-time reverse transcription PCR was used to document the presence of CDV in tissue samples, and a portion of the virus was subsequently sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. A high percentage of wildlife, both with (86%) and without (55%) clinical signs, tested positive for CDV, with the majority (77%) testing positive for the novel genotype. Microscopic findings, including syncytia in the lungs and viral inclusion bodies in urothelium, astrocytes, neurons, and bronchiolar epithelium, were also consistent with canine distemper. Minimal inflammation in the central nervous system of affected animals was indicative of the acute neurologic form of the disease. Pneumonia and parasitism were also commonly found in CDV-infected animals. Based on these results, CDV appears to be prevalent in eastern Tennessee wildlife. Subclinical or clinically recovered shedders are a potential source of this novel genotype for domestic dogs, and this genotype is genetically distinct from vaccine strains.
First Principles and Contexts

The premises of a dialectician regarded qua dialectition are generally not as important as the nexus of his arguments and the speed and acumen with which he overthrows the arguments of his opponent. If the dialectician is regarded qua both arguer and author, however, some account must be taken of the principles from which he argues, if for no other reason than that an author is usually a committed person and we need to know what principles in his commitment he defends and what contrary principles he attacks. In literature, if not in logic, substance cannot be separated from style. The simplicity and obviousness of Swift’s principles have dismayed some commentators, who point out the poverty of his commitment, his unphilosophic mind, even his lack of intelligence.1 In this instance, however, what is loss for the philosopher is gain for the dialectician,2 if the criticisers of Swift’s intelligence3 are correct, because a proper dialectician can argue either side of a question with success, his strength lying in wit and style and not necessarily in insight and commitment. That is one view of dialectic. But nowhere is it mandated that the truth must be dull and unconvincing. There is little one can say in reply to a charge that Swift is not a great or profound thinker but only a brilliant stylist with intense feelings; one may hold up the ‘Voyage to the Houyhnhnms’ and the ‘Digression on Madness’ and suggest that they are piercing, philosophic commentaries on human nature, society and the mind, but as yet there is no consensus on that view.
The Planner¿s Guide to Natural Resource Conservation:

Exurbanization occurs on privately owned lands that are found beyond the metropolitan fringe and outside the jurisdiction of federal and state lands held in the public trust. This chapter describes exurban land development from the perspective of Aldo Leopold’s human–land community. It uses a historical approach to explain why Leopold’s human–land community never materialized and how this framed the country’s relationship with land from its founding through the recent era of exurban land development. Issues covered include urbanization, the rise of regional planning, consumerism, conservation and preservation movements, federal land policies, and the causes of exurbanization.
Significance of peer relationship problems in childhood

In his 1917 sixteen-volume series Practical Child Training, educator R. C. Beery offered advice to mothers whose children have few friends and are reticent to approach others. Beery urged mothers to facilitate get-togethers with peers, such as backyard picnics that include the child’s schoolmates, and to help the children “have a royal good time” (p. 1325). Beery also suggested what to do when a child is fearful about approaching other children: “If your child ever comes to you to bury his head in your skirts, you should not scold or make any scene, but simply appear to pay no attention to him” (p. 741).
On the applications of the minimum mean p-th error (MMPE) to information theoretic quantities

This paper considers the minimum mean p-th error (MMPE) estimation problem: estimating a random vector in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) in order to minimize an L p norm of the estimation error. The MMPE generalizes the classical minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimation problem. This paper derives basic properties of the optimal MMPE estimator and MMPE functional. Optimal estimators are found for several inputs of interests, such as Gaussian and binary symbols. Under an appropriate p-th moment constraint, the Gaussian input is shown to be asymptotically the hardest to estimate for any p ≥ 1. By using a conditional version of the MMPE, the famous “MMSE single-crossing point” bound is shown to hold for the MMPE too for all p ≥ 1, up to a multiplicative constant. Finally, the paper develops connections between the conditional differential entropy and the MMPE, which leads to a tighter version of the Ozarow-Wyner lower bound on the rate achieved by discrete inputs on AWGN channels.
The Disappearance of Religion from Debates About Religious Accommodation

In recent years the escalating polarization among Americans over lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender rights and reproductive choice has spawned bitter conflicts over religious accommodation. Opposition to the recognition of same-sex marriage has been followed by resistance to exemptions from laws prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, and religious believers and government officials have fought over exemptions from government rules designed to facilitate reproductive choice. A number of scholars have argued that the very idea of religious accommodation in conflicts between believers and the state is now being contested. However, few scholars are actually challenging the principle of accommodation itself. Rather, scholars are increasingly envisioning protections for religious practice very modestly, and there is growing support for a much more privatized vision of the religious exercise that accommodations should protect. Along with these shifts has come much scholarship that focuses on the costs of accommodation, but there has been less attention to the harms that accommodation is designed to alleviate and the state’s interests in accommodating religious practice. This essay explores the latter side of the ledger. Using illustrations from current conflicts over religious exemptions, I examine what is at stake for religious believers in conflicts with the state and the multiple values served by religious accommodation. I argue that an approach to exemptions that addresses both the benefits and costs of accommodation will afford robust protection for religious exercise, including exercise with public manifestations and effects, and will also include carefully defined limits. Indeed, the best approaches to religious accommodation will encourage religious believers and government officials to work together to find mutually acceptable solutions to their disagreements whenever possible. Behind our disagreements about exemptions in culture war contexts are important considerations on both sides, and this is often the case when there are clashes over religious accommodation. However, even when there is a lot at stake for both parties, compromises are often possible that substantially address their needs. We need an approach to exemptions that pushes religious believers and government officials to reach such agreements.
Relationship between Tree Value, Diameter, and Age in High-Quality Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum) on the Menominee Reservation, Wisconsin

Guidelines for managing sugar maple-dominated forests by the single-tree selection method are well established and widely adopted. The forests of the Menominee Tribe in Wisconsin provide an opportunity to validate current guidelines by testing tree value and size/age relationships in forests that have substantially older and larger high-quality trees than can be found through the northern region. We harvested grade 1 sugar maple trees across a wide spectrum of ages and diameters, which we then manufactured into veneer, sawlogs, cants, and hardwood/pulpwood bolts to determine tree value. Tree value continued to increase with increasing dbh, but when the effect of tree age on value was discounted, the value of trees older than 100 years dropped precipitously toward zero. Thus, managing trees to maximize diameter and quality within genetic and site potential and harvesting at about 100 years will produce high-value grade 1 trees in the range of 24 to 30 in. dbh.
Geoarchaeological Modeling of Late Paleoindian Site Location in the Northwestern Great Lakes Region

ABSTRACTFull-time occupation of recently deglaciated landscapes in the northwestern Great Lakes by late Paleoindian groups marks a key milestone in the colonization of the region, yet settlement-subsistence systems of these colonizing populations remains poorly understood. Here we apply geoarchaeological modeling and early Holocene environmental reconstruction to analyze environmental settings of known late Paleoindian sites in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula. Our results reveal significant settlement patterning associated with this early Holocene record, highlighting the spatial correlation between site locations and high ground adjacent to hilly terrain and inland lakes – prime locations for monitoring the movement of large game. The analysis highlights a core area with a high likelihood for undiscovered late Paleoindian sites in the northwest corner of Marquette County and suggests the possibility of a north-south travel corridor into the region from upper Wisconsin along the Michigamme River.
Alternative Ways of Treating Domain Integrals in Boundary Elements

Abstract This paper deals with some some alternative techniques to treat domain type integrals present in many boundary element problems. These integrals may originate in body forces distributed throughout the domain, nonlinear effects or initial conditions in the case of time dependent problems. The success of boundary elements as a generalized numerical technique rests to a large degree on its computationally efficient treatment of domain integrals. The prevalent existing technique of discretizing the domain into cells destroys in great part of the advantages of BEM over FEM. Other approaches tend to be applicable only to a limited range of problems. This paper describes a more general treatment of domain integrals which preserves the inherent advantages of using boundary elements, i.e. working with unknowns and integrals on the boundary only.
Understanding Membership in a World of Global Migration: (How) Does Citizenship Matter?

This article synthesizes the literature on citizenship and immigration to evaluate the heft of citizenship and theorize why it matters. We examine why citizenship laws vary cross-nationally and why some immigrants acquire citizenship while others do not. We consider how citizenship influences rights, identities, and participation and the mechanisms by which citizenship could influence lives. We consider frameworks, such as cultural and performative citizenship, that de-center legal status and the nation-state. Ultimately, we argue for a claims-making approach to citizenship, one that is a relational process of recognition, includes actors outside the individual/state dyad, and focuses on claims to legitimate membership.
Evaluation of RIP sensor calibration stability for daily estimation of lung volume

This work supports the development of a non-invasive wearable system for the tracking of cigarette smoking in the natural environment. Accurate estimation of lung volume, as well as preservation of calibration over the period of wear, are required for such a system. In this paper, the preservation of calibration of a Respiratory Inductive Plethysmograph (RIP) in a 24-hour period was evaluated. Attachment options, such as an RIP belt held in place by tension (belt), RIP belt held in place by adhesive (belt+adhesive), and RIP belt sewn into a T-shirt (belt+shirt) were studied and compared using data collected from three subjects performing usual daily activities. An 800 ml bag was used as the gold standard for evaluation. The average volume obtained for the belt, belt+adhesive, and belt+shirt options were 0.89+0.28 L, 1.02+0.27 L, and 0.79+0.05 L, respectively. Additionally, comparing these against a reference volume of 800 ml, the average RMSE was 0.24+0.05 L, 0.24+0.23 L, and 0.03+0.03 L, respectively. Results show that the RIP belt sewn into a T-shirt provides a better preservation of the calibration throughout the 24-hour period.
CameraHRV: robust measurement of heart rate variability using a camera

The inter-beat-interval (time period of the cardiac cycle) changes slightly for every heartbeat; this variation is measured as Heart Rate Variability (HRV). HRV is presumed to occur due to interactions between the parasym- pathetic and sympathetic nervous system. Therefore, it is sometimes used as an indicator of the stress level of an individual. HRV also reveals some clinical information about cardiac health. Currently, HRV is accurately measured using contact devices such as a pulse oximeter. However, recent research in the field of non-contact imaging Photoplethysmography (iPPG) has made vital sign measurements using just the video recording of any exposed skin (such as a person's face) possible. The current signal processing methods for extracting HRV using peak detection perform well for contact-based systems but have poor performance for the iPPG signals. The main reason for this poor performance is the fact that current methods are sensitive to large noise sources which are often present in iPPG data. Further, current methods are not robust to motion artifacts that are common in iPPG systems. We developed a new algorithm, CameraHRV, for robustly extracting HRV even in low SNR such as is common with iPPG recordings. CameraHRV combined spatial combination and frequency demodulation to obtain HRV from the instantaneous frequency of the iPPG signal. CameraHRV outperforms other current methods of HRV estimation. Ground truth data was obtained from FDA-approved pulse oximeter for validation purposes. CameraHRV on iPPG data showed an error of 6 milliseconds for low motion and varying skin tone scenarios. The improvement in error was 14%. In case of high motion scenarios like reading, watching and talking, the error was 10 milliseconds.
Megagauss-level magnetic field production in cm-scale auto-magnetizing helical liners pulsed to 500 kA in 125 ns

Auto-magnetizing (AutoMag) liners [Slutz et al., Phys. Plasmas 24, 012704 (2017)] are designed to generate up to 100 T of axial magnetic field in the fuel for Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion [Slutz et al., Phys. Plasmas 17, 056303 (2010)] without the need for external field coils. AutoMag liners (cylindrical tubes) are composed of discrete metallic helical conduction paths separated by electrically insulating material. Initially, helical current in the AutoMag liner produces internal axial magnetic field during a long (100 to 300 ns) current prepulse with an average current rise rate d I / d t = 5 k A / n s. After the cold fuel is magnetized, a rapidly rising current ( 200 k A / n s) generates a calculated electric field of 64 M V / m between the helices. Such field is sufficient to force dielectric breakdown of the insulating material after which liner current is reoriented from helical to predominantly axial which ceases the AutoMag axial magnetic field production mechanism and the z-pinch liner ...
Language Education Policies in South Asia

Languages of administration and education have always been matters of concern to the state in all parts of the world. Conquests, empires, and religious proselytization have been powerful agents of the spread of classical languages such as Arabic, Chinese, Greek, Latin, Pali, Persian, and Sanskrit, and of modern languages such as English, Spanish, and Portuguese. The states of South Asia have been engaged in determining and revising their language and language-education policies since obtaining their independence from colonial rule in the mid-20th century. This is a brief sketch of the language education policies of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka.
A Map from Normal to Undirected Wiring Diagrams

In this chapter we construct an operad map from the operad of normal wiring diagrams to the operad of undirected wiring diagrams. We also compute the image of this operad map.
Buying Time: The Legal Case for Italy to Extend Maturities and Its Effective Advantages and Disadvantages

This paper argues that Italy possesses the right to unilaterally extend maturities on its outstanding local law bonds under an explicitly established provision of Italian law, putting it in a strong negotiating position with its creditors for a potential restructuring. It also examines the unique ways in which Italy is insulated from legal risk in the event creditors take action, particularly due to a lack of acceleration clauses in some (and possibly all) debt instruments. Unilateral maturity extension would provide several benefits to Italy: first, maturity extensions, as opposed to principal haircuts, would mitigate the harm endured by Italy’s banking sector, which was a primary concern of the Edelen proposal and has grown even more important as Italy’s banking sector has only increased its exposure to Italian debt in recent years; second, Italy’s short-term debt obligations would be reduced, allowing the Italian government greater maneuverability in attempting to restart growth and adopt more reasonable fiscal policies; third, this proposal accomplishes the main objectives of a recovery while reducing legal risk, as it works within explicitly contemplated frameworks, without any ex post alterations or overly coercive and discriminatory measures. Part I of this proposal discusses the background Italian situation with an eye on the law permitting a unilateral extension of maturities on some (if not all) of the local law issued debt instruments. Part II outlines how this maturity extension would affect both Pre-2013 and Post-2013 issued debt instruments based on the presence or absence of the ESM instituted Euro CACs. Part III discusses the synergy between maturity extension, and the remedies available to a potential litigious creditor as a result, particularly with respect to acceleration.
Effect of Environmental Wind on Performance of a 600MW Direct Air-cooled Unit Based on FLUENT

The external flow field of a 600MW air-cooled unit is numerically simulated based on FLUENT. The distribution law of air flow field of air-cooled unit under different wind speed and wind direction conditions is studied. The influence of wind speed and wind direction on the heat transfer performance of air-cooled unit is analyzed. Predict the exhaust pressure of direct air-cooled unit under the influence of environmental wind. The results show that in the +X direction environmental wind, the first row of air-cooled unit on the windward side is prone to backflow; in the +Y direction environmental wind, the first row of air-cooled unit on the windward side is prone to hot air recirculation. As the wind speed increases, the heat transfer efficiency of the air-cooled unit decreases. The dominant wind direction (WNW) environmental wind has the least impact on the heat transfer efficiency, and the furnace wind (+Y direction wind) has the greatest influence on the heat transfer efficiency. To improve the heat transfer performance of the air-cooled unit under windy conditions, it is necessary to narrow the range of the negative pressure zone below the air-cooled unit and increase the cooling air flow rate of the air-cooled unit.
Magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of Fe2Ta thin films

A magnetocaloric effect (MCE) on rare-earth free Fe2Ta thin films is reported. The structural characterizations carried out using x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy have indicated the formation of a Laves phase in the Fe2Ta film in a MgZn2 type crystal structure. Applying the Maxwell relation to the magnetization (M) vs temperature (T) curves at various fields (H), ∂M/∂T vs H curves were integrated to indirectly obtain quantitative information about the isothermal entropy change. A positive MCE with an entropy change as high as 6.9 J/K m3 at 10 K and a negative MCE with an entropy change as high as −2.0 J/K m3 at 300 K were observed for the magnetic fields in the range of 0.05–0.5 T. The temperatures at which a crossover in the sign of the entropy change takes place were found to be a function of the field applied that ranged from 121 K at 5000 Oe to 159 K at 1000 Oe. The coexistence of the positive and negative MCE is attributed to a paramagnetic–antiferromagnetic transition in the Fe2Ta system.A magnetocaloric effect (MCE) on rare-earth free Fe2Ta thin films is reported. The structural characterizations carried out using x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy have indicated the formation of a Laves phase in the Fe2Ta film in a MgZn2 type crystal structure. Applying the Maxwell relation to the magnetization (M) vs temperature (T) curves at various fields (H), ∂M/∂T vs H curves were integrated to indirectly obtain quantitative information about the isothermal entropy change. A positive MCE with an entropy change as high as 6.9 J/K m3 at 10 K and a negative MCE with an entropy change as high as −2.0 J/K m3 at 300 K were observed for the magnetic fields in the range of 0.05–0.5 T. The temperatures at which a crossover in the sign of the entropy change takes place were found to be a function of the field applied that ranged from 121 K at 5000 Oe to 159 K at 1000 Oe. The coexistence of the positive and negative MCE is attributed to a paramagnetic–antiferromagnetic transition in the Fe...
Block cracking in surface coatings of polymeric substrates

Abstract Block cracking is commonly observed in form of a series of interconnected cracks that divide the surface of multilayered materials into approximately rectangular or square pieces. A three-dimensional (3D) elastic fracture model is developed to study the block cracking in thin film/substrate structures which consist of a thin protective metal oxide coating fully bonded to a polymer substrate. Under a temperature change, fracture occurs in the coating due to the thermal stress caused by the material mismatch. Using the plane assumption and non-shearing assumptions, the displacement and stress fields in this substrate-coating system under thermal loading are explicitly solved and verified with the finite element (FE) simulation results. Therefore, the energy release rate (ERR) can be calculated from the work done by the stress on the crack opening before crack and has been used to study the fracture initiation, infilling and saturation. Additionally, the theoretical fracture analysis results are verified by FE simulation using the cohesive zone model (CZM) and experimental data from literature. The results show that the fracture model presented in this study is able to capture the displacement and stress distributions in the thin hard oxide film fully bonded to a polymer substrate accurately and predicts the fracture initiation, infilling and saturation successfully.
Image-based scaling laws for somatic growth and pulmonary artery morphometry from infancy to adulthood.

Pulmonary artery (PA) morphometry studies to date have focused primarily on large arteries and intra-acinar arteries in either adults or children, neglecting preacinar arteries in both populations....
Mobilization of co-occurring trace elements (CTEs) in arsenic contaminated aquifers in the Bengal basin

Abstract The mobilization of co-occurring trace elements (CTEs) in aquifers with known metal(loid) contamination may exacerbate potential human health threats where release mechanisms are not geochemically limited. This study investigates the co-mobilization of the potentially toxic CTEs antimony (Sb), molybdenum (Mo), vanadium (V), uranium (U), and selenium (Se) with arsenic (As) and iron (Fe) in contrasting high and low As aquifers surrounding the river Bhagirathi in Murshidabad, West Bengal, India. We sought to determine the dominant release mechanisms and fate of each CTEs as they relate to redox conditions, major element dissolution pathways, and characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM). Groundwater samples collected in 2013 and 2015 field campaigns across six villages in the Murshidabad district were analyzed for major and trace elements, as well as the quantity and optical properties of DOM. East of the river Bhagirathi, the Holocene aquifer contained groundwater with compositions reflective of carbonate mineral dissolution and silicate mineral weathering, along with clear signs of Fe reduction and associated mobilization of As, Sb, Mo, V, and U. Relatively oxic groundwater in the Pleistocene aquifer underlying the study sites on the west side of the river showed minimal Fe reduction and signatures of carbonate mineral dissolution and silicate mineral weathering (i.e., Nabagram), or evaporite mineral dissolution (i.e., Kandi). In groundwater samples from the more oxic Pleistocene aquifer, concentrations of As, Sb, Mo, and V were substantially lower than in the Holocene aquifer, however, U concentrations were relatively higher where carbonate mineral dissolution predominated (i.e., Nabagram). Compelling positive correlations between Fe and CTEs in the Holocene but not in the Pleistocene aquifer implicated Fe reductive processes as the probable pathway for CTEs release. The presence of humic-like DOM ligands and inorganic ions (i.e., Ca2+, CO32−) may also enhance CTEs mobility via aqueous complexation reactions, or possibly by inhibiting CTEs adsorption. We further hypothesize that carbonate mineral dissolution mobilizes U in the absence of Fe reduction, and that U solubility in the reducing Holocene aquifer may be facilitated by carbonate mineral dissolution products (e.g., Ca2+, HCO3−, CO32−) that promote U complexation and the inhibition of (bio)immobilization pathways. Conclusively, potentially toxic CTEs are being mobilized concomitantly with As in the Murshidabad district of West Bengal, probably by microbial Fe reduction. Because these aquifers still contain requisite organic matter and bulk sediment Fe required for Fe reductive processes, it follows that concentrations of CTEs may increase in the future. We therefore argue that despite moderately low concentrations of CTEs in the current study, mechanistic modeling efforts and more extensive monitoring of trace metal(loid)s should be performed to ensure that drinking water supplies do not pose additional health threats in the coming years.
Leveraging international partnerships for sport management programs and soccer Brand expansion

This article examines the efficacy of educational partnerships by sport management and business programs with professional sports clubs. We utilize a case study of the Lock Haven University partner...
Beyond proximity and towards equity: a multidimensional view of urban greenspace access

Park access is primarily conceived of as a question of proximity. We sought to develop a multidimensional tool based on a broad theory of green space access to better understand objective and subje...