cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Health, economic crisis, and austerity: A comparison of Greece, Finland and Iceland

Reports have attributed a public health tragedy in Greece to the Great Recession and the subsequent application of austerity programs. It is also claimed that the comparison of Greece with Iceland and Finland-where austerity policies were not applied-reveals the harmful effect of austerity on health and that by protecting spending in health and social budgets, governments can offset the harmful effects of economic crises on health. We use data on life expectancy, mortality rates, incidence of infectious diseases, rates of vaccination, self-reported health and other measures to examine the evolution of population health and health services performance in Greece, Finland and Iceland since 1990-2011 or 2012-the most recent years for which data are available. We find that in the three countries most indicators of population health continued improving after the Great Recession started. In terms of population health and performance of the health care system, in the period after 2007 for which data are available, Greece did as good as Iceland and Finland. The evidence does not support the claim that there is a health crisis in Greece. On the basis of the extant evidence, claims of a public health tragedy in Greece seem overly exaggerated.
Rate of body dysmorphic disorder in dermatology patients.

Abstract Background: Dermatologists appear to be the physicians most often seen by patients with the psychiatric condition body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), a distressing or impairing preoccupation with a nonexistent or slight defect in appearance. The frequency of BDD among patients seeking dermatologic treatment is unknown, however. Objective: This study determined the percentage of patients seeking dermatologic treatment who screened positive for BDD. Methods: A validated self-report questionnaire and a reliable defect severity scale were used to determine the rate of BDD in 268 patients seeking dermatologic treatment. Results: A total of 11.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.0%-15.8%) of patients screened positive for BDD. Rates were similar in a community general dermatology setting (14.4% [95% CI, 8.5%-20.3%]) and a university cosmetic surgery setting (10.0% [95% CI, 6.1%-13.9%]). Conclusion: BDD appears relatively common among patients seeking dermatologic treatment. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and to assist dermatologists in identifying these potentially high-risk patients. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42:436-41.)
Results of Renal Transplantation in Patients With Renal Cell Carcinoma and Von Hippel-Lindau Disease

Background Patients with von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease are at risk for the development of end-stage renal failure from the treatment of localized renal cell carcinoma. Transplantation with its attendant immunosuppression may predispose patients to tumor recurrence; however, there is little information regarding the outcome with this approach. In this article, we review the North American and European experience with renal transplantation in this patient population. Methods. The study group comprises 32 patients who have VHL rendered anephric secondary to localized renal cell carcinoma and who have undergone renal transplantation. Patients were identified from North American (n=18) and European (n=14) registries. The outcome of the study group is compared with a cohort of 32 renal transplant recipients without VHL from the Cleveland Clinic Unified Transplant Data Base, who were matched for donor source, gender, age, transplant status (primary vs. regraft), and date of transplantation. Results. The 23 men and 9 women in the study group received transplants between 1974 and 1996. The average age at transplantation was 36 years, and the average duration of dialysis before transplantation was 26 months. Patients have been followed for 48±35 months. There was no statistically significant difference in graft survival, patient survival, or renal function between the study and control groups. There were five deaths in both the study and control groups. In the study group, three patients died with metastatic disease. There was no difference in the duration of dialysis before transplantation between patients who developed metastatic disease and those who did not. Conclusion. These data support the utility of renal transplantation as an effective form of renal replacement therapy in this unique population, with a limited risk of recurrent cancer.
QUANTITATIVE EASING: A KEYNESIAN CRITIQUE

Keynesian economists have generally supported quantitative easing (QE) on groundsit increases aggregate demand and anything that increases demand at this time of demand shortage is welcome. This paper argues that response may be misplaced. QE may back fire with respect to demand stimulus, create potentially significant future dangers, and is supportive of a plutocratic political economy based on “asset market trickle-down” that obstructs needed policy change.
An Introduction to Chordal Graphs and Clique Trees

Clique trees and chordal graphs have carved out a niche for themselves in recent work on sparse matrix algorithms, due primarily to research questions associated with advanced computer architectures. This paper is a unified and elementary introduction to the standard characterizations of chordal graphs and clique trees. The pace is leisurely, as detailed proofs of all results are included. We also briefly discuss applications of chordal graphs and clique trees in sparse matrix computations.
The Importance of History for Economic Development

This article provides a survey of a growing body of empirical evidence that points toward the important long-term effects that historic events can have on economic development. The most recent studies, using microlevel data and more sophisticated identification techniques, have moved beyond testing whether history matters and attempt to identify exactly why history matters. The most commonly examined channels include institutions, culture, knowledge and technology, and movements between multiple equilibria. The article concludes with a discussion of the questions that remain and the direction of current research in the literature.
A Complete Annotated Bibliography of Work Related to Sidon Sequences

A Sidon sequence is a sequence of integers $a_1 < a_2 < \cdots$ with the property that the sums $a_i + a_j$ $(i\le j)$ are distinct. This work contains a survey of Sidon sequences and their generalizations, and an extensive annotated and hyperlinked bibliography of related work.
Experiments on Cake Development in Crossflow Filtration for High Level Waste

Crossflow filtration is a key process step in many operating and planned waste treatment facilities to separate undissolved solids from supernatant slurries. This separation technology generally has the advantage of self-cleaning through the action of wall shear stress created by the flow of waste slurry through the filter tubes. However, the ability of filter wall self-cleaning depends on the slurry being filtered. Many of the alkaline radioactive wastes are extremely challenging to filtration, e.g., those containing compounds of aluminum and iron having particles whose particle size and morphology reduce cake permeability. Low filter flux can be a bottleneck in waste processing facilities such as the Salt Waste Processing Facility at the Savannah River Site and the Waste Treatment Plant at the Hanford Site. To date, increased rates are generally realized by either increasing the crossflow filter axial flow rate, limited by pump capacity, or by increasing filter surface area limited by space and increasing the required pump load. The Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) set up both dead-end and crossflow filter tests to better understand filter performance based on filter media structure, flow conditions, and filter cleaning. Using nonradioactive simulated wastes, both chemically and physically similar to the actual radioactive wastes, the authors performed several tests to demonstrate increases in filter performance. With the proper use of filter flow conditions, filter flow rates can be increased over rates currently realized today. This paper describes the selection of a challenging simulated waste and crossflow filter tests to demonstrate how performance can be improved by varied filter operation methods. Those methods were a slow startup to better develop the filter cake and scouring the filter wall. The results showed that for salt waste and metal oxide hydroxide sludges, the process of backpulsing is not necessary to maintain a good filter flux, and the process of periodically scouring the filter improves filter performance. The results also imply that initial filter operation is important to develop a filter cake that minimized pressure drop, the presence of a filter cake can lead to improved solids separation, and a well-developed cake with periodic scouring may allow a good filter flux to be maintained for long periods of time.
A "Working" Solution to the Question of Nominal GDP Targeting ∗

Although a number of economists have tried to revive the idea of nominal GDP targeting since the financial crisis of 2008, very little has been said about how this objective might be achieved in practice. This paper adopts and extends a strategy first outlined by Holbrook Working (1923) and later employed by Hallman, et al. (1991) in the P-Star model. It presents a series of theoretical and empirical results to argue that Divisia monetary aggregates can be controlled by the Federal Reserve and that the trend velocities of these aggregates exhibit the stability required to make long-run targeting feasible.
Vertical structure of warming consistent with an upward shift in the middle and upper troposphere

[1] Warming in climate-change simulations reaches a local maximum in the tropical upper troposphere as expected from moist-adiabatic lapse rates. But the structure of warming varies between models and differs substantially from moist adiabatic in the extratropics. Here, we relate the vertical profile of warming to the climatological temperature profile using the vertical-shift transformation (VST). The VST captures much of the intermodel scatter in the ratio of upper- to middle-tropospheric warming in both the extratropics and tropics of simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5). Application of the VST to observed climatological temperatures yields warming ratios that are in the range of what is obtained from the model climatological temperatures, although biases in some model climatologies lead to substantial errors when shifted upward. Radiosonde temperature trends are consistent with an upward shift in recent decades in the Northern Hemisphere, with less-robust results in the Southern Hemisphere.
The Multilateral Arab-Israeli Negotiations: Genesis, Institutionalization, Pause, Future*

Why do national leaders choose to create a multilateral mechanism for international cooperation? This analysis of the multilateral Arab-Israeli peace negotiations (1993-95) takes stock of the original motivations in launching a multilateral process and of the subsequent development of institutional 'focal points' in five issue areas: Arms Control and Regional Security, Economic Development, Refugees, Water, and the Environment. The multilaterals were designed to provide a supportive framework for the bilateral negotiations, to lubricate the participants' common domestic political and economic agenda, to weaken domestic rivals opposed to the peace process, to enhance the support of the international community, and to provide inducements for inclusion and signal opportunity costs to rejectionists in the region. The multilaterals' preliminary, incipient achievements came about despite continued concerns with 'relative gains', raised mostly by opponents of the peace process. The collapse of bilateral Palestinian-Israeli negotiations (1996-99) doomed this very brief episode of institution-building. Although it is too early to project the direction of the peace process under the new Israeli coalition government led by Ehud Barak, a dedicated effort to resolve outstanding bilateral Palestinian-Israeli and Syrian-Israeli issues bodes well for a subsequent resumption of multilateral negotiations.
Design and Development of Highly Effective Lewis Acid Catalysts for Enantioselective Diels−Alder Reactions

This report describes the design and development of chiral Co(III)−salen catalysts for enantioselective Diels−Alder reactions. A crystal structure of a Co−salen catalyst with two equivalents of benzaldehyde provided insight on the factors that may be important for enantioselectivity. On the basis of this structural information, new catalysts were prepared in which the “bay region” tert-butyl groups were replaced by trimethylsilyl groups. The new silyl-substituted catalysts were exceptionally effective (catalyst loadings down to 0.05 mol %) and convenient to useroom temperature, under an air atmosphere, using a minimum amount of solvent.
A digital retina-like low-level vision processor

This correspondence presents the basic design and the simulation of a low level multilayer vision processor that emulates to some degree the functional behavior of a human retina. This retina-like multilayer processor is the lower part of an autonomous self-organized vision system, called Kydon, that could be used on visually impaired people with a damaged visual cerebral cortex. The Kydon vision system, however, is not presented in this paper. The retina-like processor consists of four major layers, where each of them is an array processor based on hexagonal, autonomous processing elements that perform a certain set of low level vision tasks, such as smoothing and light adaptation, edge detection, segmentation, line recognition and region-graph generation. At each layer, the array processor is a 2D array of k/spl times/m hexagonal identical autonomous cells that simultaneously execute certain low level vision tasks. Thus, the hardware design and the simulation at the transistor level of the processing elements (PEs) of the retina-like processor and its simulated functionality with illustrative examples are provided in this paper.
The Finance–Growth Link in Latin America

This paper analyzes the relationship between financial development and economic growth in Latin America with a Granger causality test and impulse response functions in a panel vector autoregression (VAR) model. With annual observations from a sample of 18 countries from 1962 to 2005, it is shown that while economic growth causes financial development, financial development does not cause economic growth. This finding is robust to different model specifications and different financial indicators. Interestingly, when the sample is divided according to different income levels and institutional quality, there is two-way causality between financial development and economic growth only for the middle income group and for countries with stronger rule of law and creditor rights. The impulse response functions show that a shock to financial development has a positive impact on economic growth only for these subsamples, but the net effect of financial development on growth is relatively small. During the 1980s, most Latin American countries suffered from distorted financial systems. In this decade the government kept interest rate controls, allocated credit arbitrarily, and deterred the expansion of security markets and the creation of new financial institutions (Edwards 1999). Nonetheless, there has been a significant improvement on the levels of financial development in the region. While credit to the private sector as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) in the Latin American region was on average 12% in the 1960s, it grew to an average of 29% in the early 2000s.1 Even though Latin American countries experienced significant financial reforms in the 1990s that promoted financial deregulation and the growth of the stock market, financial development indicators show that the region is financially underdeveloped when compared to other emerging regions.2 Therefore, lack of financial depth may be a barrier to better economic performance in Latin America. The link between financial development and economic growth is complex because the direction of causation between the two variables may run both ways. Theoretical and empirical analyses support causality running from financial development to economic growth (supply leading hypothesis), but there is also evidence that economic growth causes financial
On the superrigidity of malleable actions with spectral gap

Some of the most interesting aspects of the dynamics of measure preserving actions of countable groups on probability spaces, V rx (X, /?), are revealed by the study of group measure space von Neumann algebras L??(X) x T ([MvNl]) and the classification of actions up to orbit equivalence {OE), i.e. up to isomorphism of probability spaces carrying the orbits of actions onto each other. Although one is in von Neumann algebras and the other in ergodic theory, the two problems are closely related, as an OE of actions V rx X, A rxY has been shown to implement an algebra isomorphism L??(X) x T ~ L?? (y ) x A taking L??(X) onto L??(Y), and vice-versa ([Si], [Dy], [FM]). In particular, the isomorphism class of L??(X) xi T only depends on the equivalence relation 7?r = {{t,gt) 1t X,g ? T}. Thus, von Neumann equivalence (vNE) of group actions, requiring isomorphism of their group measure space algebras, is weaker than OE. Since there are exam ples of non-OE actions whose associated von Neumann algebras are all isomorphic ([CJ1]), it is in general strictly weaker. On the other hand, OE is manifestly weaker than classical conjugacy, which for free actions r rx X, A rx Y requires isomor phism of probability spaces A : (X,p) ~ (Y,v) satisfying Ar A-1 = A (so in particular r ~ A). How much weaker vNE and OE can be with respect to conju gacy is best seen in the amenable case, where by a celebrated theorem of Connes all free ergodic actions of all (infinite) amenable groups give rise to the same Hi factor ([Cl]) and by ([Dy], [OW], [CFW]) they are undistinguishable under OE as well. Also, any embedding of algebras L??(X) xi T C L??(Y) x A with A amenable forces T to be amenable. But the non-amenable case is extremely complex, and for many years progress has been slow ([MvN2], [Dy], [Me], [C2], [CW], [Sc]), even after the discovery of the first rigidity phenomena by Connes in von Neumann algebras ([C3, C4]) and by Zimmer in OE ergodic theory ([ZI, Z2]). This changed dramatically over the last 7-8 years, with the advent of a variety of striking rigidity results ([Ful], [Gl], [G2], [MoSh], [H], [HK], [P1]-[P8]; see [P9] for a survey; also [Sh] for a survey on OE rigidity). Our aim in this paper is to investigate the most "extreme" such phenomena, called strong rigidity, which show that for certain classes of source group actions
Layout Decomposition for Quadruple Patterning Lithography and Beyond

For next-generation technology nodes, multiple patterning lithography (MPL) has emerged as a key solution, e.g., triple patterning lithography (TPL) for 14/11nm, and quadruple patterning lithography (QPL) for sub-10nm. In this paper, we propose a generic and robust layout decomposition framework for QPL, which can be further extended to handle any general K-patterning lithography (K>4). Our framework is based on the semidefinite programming (SDP) formulation with novel coloring encoding. Meanwhile, we propose fast yet effective coloring assignment and achieve significant speedup. To our best knowledge, this is the first work on the general multiple patterning lithography layout decomposition.
Pharmacokinetics of meropenem 0.5 and 2 g every 8 hours as a 3-hour infusion.

Study Objective. To assess the pharmacokinetics of meropenem administered as a 3-hour infusion. Design. Randomized, crossover, open-label study. Setting. Clinical research center. Subjects. Six healthy adult male volunteers. Intervention. Each subject received meropenem 0.5 or 2 g every 8 hours as a 3-hour infusion for three doses and then crossed over to the other dosage regimen. Measurement and Main Results. Pharmacokinetic parameters of both regimens were compared, and no significant differences between 0.5- and 2-g doses for the dose-independent parameters (half-life, clearance, and volume of distribution at steady state) were observed. The regimens displayed dose proportionality and were consistent with that of a traditional 0.5-hour infusion. The 3-hour infusion optimized the pharmacodynamic profile of meropenem and worked within the constraints of stability at room temperature stability. Conclusion. Prolonging the percentage of time above the minimum inhibitory concentration is a feasible option with meropenem; however, further studies are needed to quantify how this increase translates to efficacy.
METHYLTRIPHENYLPHOSPHONIUM PEROXYDISULFATE AND IODINE AS MILD REAGENTS FOR THE IODINATION OF ACTIVATED AROMATIC COMPOUNDS

(2005). METHYLTRIPHENYLPHOSPHONIUM PEROXYDISULFATE AND IODINE AS MILD REAGENTS FOR THE IODINATION OF ACTIVATED AROMATIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 279-283.
Random Cluster Models on the Triangular Lattice

We study percolation and the random cluster model on the triangular lattice with 3-body interactions. Starting with percolation, we generalize the star–triangle transformation: We introduce a new parameter (the 3-body term) and identify configurations on the triangles solely by their connectivity. In this new setup, necessary and sufficient conditions are found for positive correlations and this is used to establish regions of percolation and non-percolation. Next we apply this set of ideas to the q > 1 random cluster model: We derive duality relations for the suitable random cluster measures, prove necessary and sufficient conditions for them to have positive correlations, and finally prove some rigorous theorems concerning phase transitions.
SPINAL PROBLEMS IN MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS I (HURLER SYNDROME)

Bone-marrow transplantation has increased the survival of patients with mucopolysaccharidosis-I. We describe the spinal problems and their management in 12 patients with this disorder who have been followed up for a mean of 4.5 years since transplantation. High lumbar kyphosis was seen in ten patients which was associated with thoracic scoliosis in one. Isolated thoracic scoliosis was seen in another. One patient did not have any significant problems in the thoracic or lumbar spine but had odontoid hypoplasia, which was also seen in three other children. Four of the eight patients in whom MRI of the cervical spine had been performed had abnormal soft tissue around the tip of the odontoid. Neurological problems were seen in two patients. In one it was caused by cord compression in the lower dorsal spine 9.5 years after posterior spinal fusion for progressive kyphosis, and in the other by angular kyphosis with thecal indentation in the high thoracic spine associated with symptoms of spinal claudication.
Order-consistent programs are cautiously monotonic

Some normal logic programs under the answer set (or stable model) semantics lack the appealing property of ‘cautious monotonicity.’ That is, augmenting a program with one of its consequences may cause it to lose another of its consequences. The syntactic condition of ‘order-consistency’ was shown by Fages to guarantee existence of an answer set. This note establishes that order-consistent programs are not only consistent, but cautiously monotonic. From this it follows that they are also ‘cumulative’. That is, augmenting an order-consistent program with some of its consequences does not alter its consequences. In fact, as we show, its answer sets remain unchanged.
Universities and the success of entrepreneurial ventures: evidence from the small business innovation research program

There has been little direct, systematic empirical analysis of the role that universities play in enhancing the success of entrepreneurial ventures. We attempt to fill this gap by analyzing data from the US SBIR program, a “set-aside” program that requires key federal agencies (e.g., Department of Defense) to allocate 2.5% of their research budget to small firms that attempt to commercialize new technologies. Based on estimation of Tobit and negative binomial regressions of the determinants of commercial success, we find that start-ups with closer ties to universities achieve higher levels of performance.
Tandem directed lithiations of N-Boc-1,2-dihydropyridines toward highly functionalized 2,3-dihydro-4-pyridones.

Sequential tandem directed lithiations of an N-Boc-4-methoxy-1,2-dihydropyridine have been achieved, leading to C-5,C-6 disubstituted dihydropyridones on acidic workup. The chlorine atom of the dihydropyridone products can in turn be substituted giving rise to diverse substituents at C-6.
THE CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE DRACO DWARF SPHEROIDAL GALAXY

We present an abundance analysis based on high-resolution spectra of eight stars selected to span the full range in metallicity in the Draco dwarf spheroidal (dSph) galaxy. We find that [Fe/H] for the sample stars ranges from –1.5 to –3.0 dex. Combining our sample with previously published work for a total of 14 luminous Draco giants, we show that the abundance ratios [Na/Fe], [Mg/Fe], and [Si/Fe] for the Draco giants overlap those of Galactic halo giants at the lowest [Fe/H] probed, but are significantly lower for the higher Fe-metallicity Draco stars. For the explosive α-elements Ca and Ti, the abundance ratios for Draco giants with [Fe/H] > – 2.4 dex are approximately constant and slightly subsolar, well below values characteristic of Galactic halo stars. The s-process contribution to the production of heavy elements begins at significantly lower Fe metallicity than in the Galactic halo. Using a toy model we compare the behavior of the abundance ratios within the sample of Draco giants with those from the literature of Galactic globular clusters, and the Carina and Sgr dSph galaxies. The differences appear to be related to the timescale for buildup of the heavy elements, with Draco having the slowest rate. We note the presence of a Draco giant with [Fe/H] <–3.0 dex in our sample, and reaffirm that the inner Galactic halo could have been formed by early accretion of Galactic satellite galaxies and dissolution of young globular clusters, while the outer halo could have formed from those satellite galaxies accreted later.
Job Sprawl, Spatial Mismatch, and Black Employment Disadvantage.

This paper examines the relationship between job sprawl and the spatial mismatch between blacks and jobs. Using data from a variety of sources, including the 1990 and 2000 U.S. Census and U.S. Department of Commerce's ZIP Code Business Patterns, I control extensively for metropolitan area characteristics and other factors. In addition, I use metropolitan area physical geography characteristics as instruments for job sprawl to address the problem of simultaneity bias. I find a significant and positive effect of job sprawl on mismatch conditions faced by blacks that remains evident in the twostage least squares models but not in first difference change regressions. The crosssectional effect is particularly important in the Midwest and West, and in metropolitan areas where blacks' share of the population is large and where blacks' population growth rate is relatively low. Among others, the results also reveal that the measures of mismatch and job sprawl used in this analysis are highly correlated with blacks' employment outcomes in the expected direction. © 2006 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
Rapid Estimates of the Source Time Function and Mw using Empirical Green’s Function Deconvolution

The U.S. Geological Survey National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC) uses a variety of classical network‐averaged magnitudes (e.g., m b and M s) and waveform modeling procedures to determine the moment magnitude ( M w) of an earthquake from teleseismic observations. Initial magnitude estimates are often inaccurate because of poor azimuthal control (sampling of the focal sphere) and/or intrinsic limitation of each method to a specific range of event size. To provide faster and more accurate estimates of the moment magnitude, source duration, and source complexity, NEIC is exploring the use of a variation of the empirical Green’s function (EGF) deconvolution procedure. This approach uses a predicted focal mechanism derived from the Global Centroid Moment Tensor Catalog to compute teleseismic P ‐wave synthetic seismograms, which are then deconvolved from observed P and SH waveforms to determine station‐specific M w, source time function, and a network‐averaged M w. Our EGF approach is validated using broadband waveforms from 246 earthquakes in the magnitude range M w 6.0–9.1. Within approximately 13 min of earthquake origin time, our procedure using teleseismic P waves only computes an M w that lies within ±0.25 of the final W ‐phase M w in the magnitude range 6–8. Using later arriving teleseismic SH phases results in an M w that lies within ±0.12 of the W ‐phase M w. For magnitude 8 or larger earthquakes, we underestimated the moment magnitude by up to 0.8 magnitude units, primarily due to the initial P phase not containing the total seismic moment release. Long‐period phases such as the W ‐phase and surface waves that better characterize total moment release can also be incorporated in the processing.
Relay strategies based on cross-determinism for the broadcast relay channel

We consider a two-user Gaussian multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) broadcast channel with a common multiple-antenna relay, and a shared digital (noiseless) link between the relay and the two destinations. For this channel, this paper introduces an asymptotically sum-capacity-achieving quantize-and-forward (QF) relay strategy. Our technique to design an asymptotically optimal relay quantizer is based on identifying a cross deterministic relation between the relay observation, the source signal, and the destination observation. In a relay channel, an approximate cross deterministic relation corresponds to an approximately deterministic relation, where the relay observation is to some extent a deterministic function of the source and destination signals. We show that cross determinism can serve as a measure for quantization penalty. By identifying an analogy between a deterministic broadcast relay channel and a Gaussian MIMO relay channel, we propose a three-stage dirty paper coding strategy, along with receiver beamforming and quantization at the relay, to asymptotically achieve an extended achievable rate region for the MIMO broadcast channel with a common multiple-antenna relay.
Kolmogorov versus Iroshnikov-Kraichnan spectra: Consequences for ion heating in the solar wind

[1] Whether the phenomenology governing MHD turbulence is Kolmogorov or Iroshnikov-Kraichnan (IK) remains an open question, theoretically as well as observationally. The ion heating profile observed in the solar wind provides a quantitative, if indirect, observational constraint on the relevant phenomenology. Recently, a solar wind heating model based on Kolmogorov spectral scaling has produced reasonably good agreement with observations, provided the effect of turbulence generation due to pickup ions is included in the model. Without including the pickup ion contributions, the Kolmogorov scaling predicts a proton temperature profile that decays too rapidly beyond a radial distance of 15 AU. In the present study, we alter the heating model by applying an energy cascade rate based on IK scaling and show that the model yields higher proton temperatures, within the range of observations, with or without the inclusion of the effect due to pickup ions. Furthermore, the turbulence correlation length based on IK scaling seems to follow the trend of observations better.
Laced permanent magnet quadrupole drift tube magnets

Twenty-three laced permanent magnet quadrupole drift tube magnets have been constructed, tested, and installed in the SuperHILAC heavy ion linear accelerator at LBL (Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory), marking the first accelerator use of this new type of quadrupole. The magnets consist of conventional tape-wound quadrupole electromagnets, using iron pole-pieces, with permanent magnet material (samarium cobalt) inserted between the poles to reduce the effects of saturation. The iron is preloaded with magnetic flux generated by the permanent magnet material, resulting in an asymmetrical saturation curve. Since the polarity of the individual quadrupole magnets in a drift tube linac is never reversed, advantage can be taken of this asymmetrical saturation to provide about 20% greater focusing strength than is available with conventional quadrupoles, while replacing the vanadium permendur poletips with iron poletips. Comparison between these magnets and conventional tape-wound quadrupoles are presented. >
Adapting California’s water management to climate change

California faces significant water management challenges from climate change, affecting water supply, aquatic ecosystems, and flood risks. Fortunately, the state also possesses adaptation tools and institutional capabilities that can limit vulnerability to changing conditions. Water supply managers have begun using underground storage, water transfers, conservation, recycling, and desalination to meet changing demands. These same tools are promising options for responding to a wide range of climate changes. Likewise, many staples of flood management—including reservoir operations, levees, bypasses, insurance, and land-use regulation—are available for the challenges of increased floods. Yet actions are also needed to improve response capacity. For water supply, a central issue is the management of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, where new conveyance, habitat investments, and regulations are needed to sustain water supplies and protect endangered fish species. For flood management, among the least-examined aspects of water management with climate change, needed reforms include forward-looking reservoir operation planning and floodplain mapping, less restrictive rules for raising local funds, and improved public information on flood risks. For water quality, an urgent priority is better science. Although local agencies are central players, adaptation will require strong-willed state leadership to shape institutions, incentives, and regulations capable of responding to change. Federal cooperation often will be essential.
An Unprecedented View of a Galaxy's Dynamic X-ray Source Population

In May/June 2005, Chandra observed M81 fifteen times, roughly once every three days, as part of our proposal to explore the days to weeks timescale of variability for extragalactic point sources. Each observation reached a sensitivity of $5\,{\times}\,10^{36}$ erg/s. Because these observations probe the timescale on which X-ray binaries typically evolve, we can now compare extragalactic sources to Galactic X-ray binaries on a more equal level than has been possible in the past. In addition, we can measure and quantify any possible time variability of M81's X-ray luminosity function and investigate alternative methods to characterize a galaxy's dynamic X-ray source population. We present here preliminary results of the observations.
Characterization of a resistive half plane over a resistive sheet

The diffraction of a resistive half plane over a planar resistive sheet under plane wave illumination is determined via the dual integral equation method (a variation of the Wiener-Hopf method). The solution is obtained by splitting the associated Wiener-Hopf functions via a numerically efficient routine. Based on the derived exact half plane diffraction coefficient, a simplified equivalent model of the structure is developed when the separation of the half-plane and resistive plane is on the order of a tenth of a wavelength or less. The model preserves the geometrical optics field of the original structure for all angles and is based on an approximate image theory of the resistive plane. Good agreement is obtained with the diffracted field exact solution. >
Regio- and Enantioselective Hydroamination of Dienes by Gold(I)/ Menthol Cooperative Catalysis**

Alcohol is key: regio- and enantioselective hydroamination of 1,3-dienes has been achieved with the dinuclear catalyst (R)-DTBM-SEGPHOS. The rate and selectivity of the reaction are enhanced by alcohol additives like menthol, which coordinates the cationic gold(I) to generate a Bronsted acid that can participate in catalysis. Mbs=p-methoxybenzenesulfonyl.
Gauged Floer Theory Of Toric Moment Fibers

We investigate the small area limit of the gauged Lagrangian Floer cohomology of Frauenfelder [Fr1]. The resulting cohomology theory, which we call quasimap Floer cohomology, is an obstruction to displaceability of Lagrangians in the symplectic quotient. We use the theory to reproduce the results of Fukaya–Oh–Ohta–Ono [FuOOO3,1] and Cho–Oh [CO] on non-displaceability of moment fibers of not-necessarily-Fano toric varieties and extend their results to toric orbifolds, without using virtual fundamental chains. Finally, we describe a conjectural relationship with Floer cohomology in the quotient.
Characterization of Mems Actuators Via Nanoindentation

Nanoindentation has been used to characterize polycrystalline silicon serpentine structures which will become the “framework” for piezoelectric meander line microactuators. These structures are fabricated using silicon wafer surface micromachining processing techniques, and they are suspended about 1 micron above the wafer surface. Normally, nanoindentation equipment is used for materials scratch-testing; however, this equipment was modified so that a probe tip could make contact to the sides of the meander lines, thus enabling known forces to be applied parallel to the wafer surface. For one type of device, the nanoindentaion technique yielded a spring constant of 400 N/m, while simple beam theory gave 1300 N/m and the finite element analysis software ANSYS gave 1200 N/m. This measurement technique holds the promise of being able to apply a known force and then countering that force with piezoelectric actuation to determine the forces that future piezoelectric microactuators will be able to provide.
Self and Superior Ratings of Performance: As Related to Self-Esteem and Satisfaction with Supervision

The relationship between self and superior ratings of performance was investigated. The difference between the two ratings was found to be related to the subordinate's self-esteem and his satisfact...
The crystal structure of chloroperoxidase: a heme peroxidase--cytochrome P450 functional hybrid.

Abstract Background: Chloroperoxidase (CPO) is a versatile heme-containing enzyme that exhibits peroxidase, catalase and cytochrome P450-like activities in addition to catalyzing halogenation reactions. The structure determination of CPO was undertaken to help elucidate those structural features that enable the enzyme to exhibit these multiple activities. Results Despite functional similarities with other heme enzymes, CPO folds into a novel tertiary structure dominated by eight helical segments. The catalytic base, required to cleave the peroxide O–O bond, is glutamic acid rather than histidine as in other peroxidases. CPO contains a hydrophobic patch above the heme that could be the binding site for substrates that undergo P450-like reactions. The crystal structure also shows extensive glycosylation with both N- and O-linked glycosyl chains. Conclusion The proximal side of the heme in CPO resembles cytochrome P450 because a cysteine residue serves as an axial heme ligand, whereas the distal side of the heme is ‘peroxidase-like' in that polar residues form the peroxide-binding site. Access to the heme pocket is restricted to the distal face such that small organic substrates can interact with an iron-linked oxygen atom which accounts for the P450-like reactions catalyzed by chloroperoxidase.
Optimal International Trade Agreements and Dispute Settlement Procedures

Abstract This paper explores the limits of international trade cooperation in the presence of a dispute settlement procedure. The dispute settlement procedure is modeled as set of conditions imposed on the punishment equilibria of a repeated tariff game, conditions that are consistent with the WTO principles of conciliation and reciprocity. The resulting equilibria are “renegotiation-proof” in the sense of Pearce [Renegotiation-proof equilibria: collective rationality and intertemporal cooperation. Yale Cowles Foundation Discussion Paper: 855, Yale University, 1987]. We find that tariff agreements cannot achieve free trade in the presence of the dispute settlement procedure, although the cost of this limitation becomes small for high discount factors. Quota agreements can achieve free trade under the dispute settlement procedure; however, countries would always prefer to settle disputes with tariff sanctions, if given a choice. These results are related to recent dispute settlement reforms.
The costs and profitability of tobacco compared to other crops in Zimbabwe

This study compares the financial costs and returns to tobacco growing with twelve (traditional and non-traditional) alternative crops, looking at profitability, costs, labor intensity, financial support, technical infrastructure, land-suitability, marketing difficulties, world demand, and production risks. It aims to provide an improved understanding of the trade-offs farmers face in deciding what crops to grow. The analysis is based on an original set of 91 production budgets estimated in January 2001 specifically for this study. The study finds that tobacco is a highly profitable cash crop for both large and small farmers. however even if global demand for tobacco were to fall significantly in the future, the impact on employment and the broader economy would depend on the extent to which commercial farmers were able to switch to other high value export crops. Changes in Zimbabwe's land policy in 2001/2002 are likely to have a much larger impact on tobacco growing and exports and on the economy than demand-induced changes in the global market for tobacco.
On the Nonexistence of Quadratic Lyapunov Functions for Consensus Algorithms

We provide an example proving that there exists no quadratic Lyapunov function for a certain class of linear agreement/consensus algorithms, a fact that had been numerically verified in . We also briefly discuss sufficient conditions for the existence of such a Lyapunov function.
Intergenerational wealth accumulation and dispersion in the Ottoman Empire: observations from eighteenth-century Kastamonu

This article examines intergenerational wealth accumulation and transmission patterns in eighteenth-century Ottoman Kastamonu (located in north-central Anatolia), by utilizing the quantitative information as found in probate estate inventories. Specifically, it explores how sons' wealth levels were determined by a number of factors. Our results indicate that the father's wealth and the duration of wealth accumulation were positively related to the son's wealth. But the number of inheritors and, for the most part, honorary titles did not influence wealth accumulation. In addition to providing valuable insights into wealth accumulation patterns in eighteenth-century Anatolia, our findings allow us to make comparisons with Britain and comment on the process of economic development in the Middle East.
Optimization Flow Control: A Queue Proportional Algorithm

In this paper, an optimization approach to flow control in data networks is proposed. The model objective is to maximize the aggregate utilities of the data sources over soft bounds and delay constraints. The network links and data sources are considered as processors of a distributed computation system with a global objective function. The presented model works with different shapes of utility curves under the proposition of elastic data traffic. The approach relies on the observed delay as a measure of the network congestion at the routers. A primal-dual algorithm carried out by the data sources is used to solve the optimization problem in a decentralized manner. The algorithm solves for the rates without the access to any global information. The calculated rates conform to queue proportional fairness. Later, we present a simple approach for estimating the minimum roundtrip delay followed by simulation experiments.
The logic of interactive Turing reduction

The paper gives a soundness and completeness proof for the implicative fragment of intuitionistic calculus with respect to the semantics of computability logic, which understands intuitionistic implication as interactive algorithmic reduction. This concept — more precisely, the associated concept of reducibility — is a generalization of Turing reducibility from the traditional, input/output sorts of problems to computational tasks of arbitrary degrees of interactivity. MSC: primary: 03B47; secondary: 03F50; 03B70; 68Q10; 68T27; 68T30; 91A05
Sponge‐Derived Polyunsaturated C16 Di‐ and Tribromocarboxylic Acids

One previously described and two new bromo-substituted polyunsaturated C16 fatty acids were isolated from an Indonesian sponge, Oceanapia sp. Their common structural feature is an (13E, 15Z)-14,16-dibromodiene terminus. They differ in their C(5) to C(10) portions in unsaturation and halogenation. All three compounds are unstable oils. The mixture exhibits mild cytotoxicity against KB cells.
Localized, Targeted, and Sustained siRNA Delivery

Short interfering RNA (siRNA) functions directly in the cytoplasm, where it is assembled into an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The localized delivery of siRNA to a specific site in vivo is highly challenging. There are many disease states in which a systemic effect of RNAi may be desirable; some examples include non-localized cancers, HIV, neurodegenerative diseases, respiratory viruses, and heart and vascular disease. In this Concept, we will focus on the localized delivery of siRNA to a target site using various delivery modalities. In certain tissues, such as the eye, central nervous system and lung, it has been demonstrated that a simple injection of naked siRNA will silence gene expression specifically in that tissue. To achieve local gene silencing in other tissues, a variety of approaches have been pursued to help stabilize the siRNA and facilitate uptake; they include chemical modification of the siRNA or complexation within liposomes or polymers to form nanoparticles. Recently, the use of macroscopic biomaterial scaffolds for siRNA delivery has been reported, and although there is still significant work to be done in this area to optimize the delivery systems, it is an important area of research that offers the potential for having great impact on the field of siRNA delivery.
On uniqueness of tangent cones for Einstein manifolds

We show that for any Ricci-flat manifold with Euclidean volume growth the tangent cone at infinity is unique if one tangent cone has a smooth cross-section. Similarly, for any noncollapsing limit of Einstein manifolds with uniformly bounded Einstein constants, we show that local tangent cones are unique if one tangent cone has a smooth cross-section.
Adverse Selection and Liquidity Distortion in Decentralized Markets

This paper studies the competitive equilibrium outcome in decentralized asset markets when both search frictions and adverse selection play a role. In a dynamic environment with heterogeneous sellers and buyers, I show how adverse selection leads to the downward distortion of equilibrium market liquidity. As our setup captures two important dimensions in the trading market, price and liquidity, it shows how price and liquidity are jointly determined as an equilibrium outcome and further sheds lights on market segmentation. The model predicts a strong link between the market liquidity and the underlying uncertainty stemming from adverse selection and provides an explanation for the existence of massive illiquidity. It further allows for a richer analysis of how sorting patterns are determined in such � ( �