cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A constitutive model of cold drawing in polycarbonates

This paper presents a set of constitutive equations to model cold-drawing (necking) in polycarbonates (PC). The model is based on a representation of cold drawing as a double glass transition, i.e., a transition from a glass into a rubbery state, when a certain yield surface in the stress space is reached, and a transition back to the glassy state upon unloading or when a certain molecular orientation (draw ratio) is achieved. The stretching process in the rubbery state is modeled by a hyperelastic extension of the J2-flow theory to the finite strain range. An appropriate yield surface and an associative flow rule (defined via the Kuhn‐Tucker optimality conditions) are presented to simulate this process in polycarbonates. The isochoric constraint during double glass transition is treated via an exact multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient into volume preserving and spherical parts. Numerical constitutive integration algorithm is based on an operator splitting technique where constraint/consistency during inelastic deformation is enforced via return mapping algorithm. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the correspondence with the experimental data. # 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Genome-wide linkage scan to detect loci influencing levels of dehydroepiandrosterones in the HERITAGE Family Study.

Abstract A genome-wide linkage scan was performed to identify genomic regions that influence levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulfate (DHEAS), and DHEA fatty acid esters (DHEA-FA) at baseline and in response to 20 weeks of endurance exercise training in sedentary white and black participants in the HERITAGE Family Study. The baseline levels were log-transformed and adjusted for the effects of age and sex prior to genetic analysis. The training responses were adjusted for the effects of age, sex, and the baseline values. A total of 509 autosomal component polymorphic markers were used for the genome scan with an average spacing of 6.0 Mb. Multipoint variance components linkage analyses were performed in nuclear families containing 360 white and 106 black sibling pairs. We found 5 genomic regions with significant linkages for baseline DHEA-FA in whites, with log odd (LOD) scores over 3.6 ( P [lt ] 2 [times ] 10 [minus ]5 ). They include (1) D1S468 (LOD 4.56, 2.533 Mb, 1p36.22); (2) D2S177 (LOD 5.65, 52.663 Mb, 2p16.3); (3) D4S2397 (LOD 3.98, 32.246 Mb, 4p15.2); (4) the paraoxonase loci (LOD 3.93[sim ]3.99, 101.544[sim ]102.933 Mb, 7q21.3), and D7S821 (LOD 3.88, 104.497 Mb, 7q22.1); and (5) D12S372 (LOD 4.66, 2.129 Mb, 12q13.33). In addition, we obtained evidence of suggestive linkages (2.2 [lt ] LOD [lt ] 3.6; 2 [times ] 10 [minus ]5 [lt ] P [lt ] 7 [times ] 10 [minus ]4 ) on chromosomes 3p, 6q, and 8q for baseline DHEAS; on chromosomes 2q, 3p, 9q, 10p, 16q, and 17p for baseline DHEA-FA in whites; and on chromosomes 9q and 11p for baseline DHEA in blacks. This is the first genome-wide linkage scan searching for genomic regions influencing human DHEA levels. Several potential candidate genes are located in these genomic regions, which warrant further studies in HERITAGE and other cohorts.
Benefit of carotid endarterectomy after prior stroke.

Abstract Purpose: The benefit of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in preventing recurrent stroke in patients who have sustained a previous stroke remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immediate results and long-term benefit of CEA after recovery from a prior ipsilateral stroke. Methods: Between 1980 and 1990, 85 patients underwent CEA for prior stroke with an average follow up of 54 months (range 0.3 to 130). The interval from prior stroke to CEA averaged 19.8 months (range 0.1 to 158.3). Vascular risk factors included hypertension in 70.6%, diabetes in 20.0%, history of smoking in 80.0%, and associated coronary artery disease in 51.8% of the patients. Results: There were no perioperative deaths. Four patients (4.7%) had an ipsilateral stroke within 30 days of operation. During the follow up 31 patients (36.5%) died. The leading cause of death was cardiac (54.8%) followed by cancer (16.1%). By life-table methods, the cumulative incidence of recurrent stroke at 9 years was 14% for strokes in the ipsilateral distribution, for an annual stroke risk of 1.6% per year. The cumulative incidence of stroke in other distributions was 5%, for an annual stroke risk of 2.1% per year for all strokes. When interval to operation, preoperative stroke severity, vascular risk factors, and neurologic symptoms were evaluated, no independent indicator of increased risk of recurrent postoperative stroke could be identified. Conclusion: These results demonstrate a marked improvement over the natural history and best medical therapy for these lesions as reported in the literature. We conclude that CEA is beneficial in preventing recurrent stroke in this group of patients and should be considered the appropriate management in this setting. (J VASC SURG 1993;18:666-71.)
Unit roots versus trend stationarity in growth rate estimation

This paper estimates growth rates of quantity and trade variables of 32 primary commodities for the periods 1970–1980, 1980–1990, and 1990–1999 through log-linear trend regressions. The properties of the models were assessed through conventional and stationarity statistics. Based on Monte Carlo experiments, of the 105 regressions examined, in only 35 cases the error term was found to be stationary at the 5% level of significance, implying that in many cases the stochastic component is far more important in explaining the behaviour of the series under consideration, in turn implying that the validity of growth rates should be interpreted with some degree of caution.
Truancy Intervention Programs: Challenges and Innovations to Implementation

School truancy, particularly in primary and secondary schools, represents a serious issue deserving attention in communities across the nation. Most often treated as a management and disciplinary problem, serious attention to the underlying causes of truancy is usually given after the youth's absence from school becomes frequent or chronic. Truant youths are at considerable risk of continuing their troubled behavior in school, experiencing psychosocial difficulties, and entering the juvenile justice system. Unfortunately, with few exceptions, truancy has not received significant attention by criminologists. This paper addresses three questions: (1) What kinds of truancy programs exist in the U.S? (2) What evidence do we have regarding their effectiveness? (3) What system and programmatic issues present obstacles to implementing successful truancy programs, and need to be considered in establishing effective programs? Finally, we discuss efforts that are underway in Hillsborough County, Florida in implementing an effective continuum of service for truant youths and their families.
A human polysialyltransferase directs in vitro synthesis of polysialic acid.

Polysialic acid (PSA) is a linear homopolymer of alpha-2,8-linked sialic acid residues whose expression is developmentally regulated and modulates the adhesive property of the neural adhesion molecule, N-CAM. Recently, hamster and human cDNAs encoding polysialyltransferase (PST-1 for the hamster enzyme and PST for the human enzyme) were cloned, and by using the human cDNA it was demonstrated that the expression of PSA in N-CAM facilitates neurite outgrowth (Nakayama, J., Fukuda, M.N., Fredette, B., Ranscht, B., and Fukuda, M. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 92, 7031-7035; Eckhardt, M.A., Muhlenhoff, M., Bethe, A., Koopman, J., Frosch, M., and Gerardy-Schahn, R. (1995) Nature 373, 715-718.) Although these studies demonstrated that PST-1 and PST synthesize PSA in cultured cells, it was not shown that they could catalyze the polycondensation of alpha-2,8-linked sialic acid on a glycoconjugate template containing alpha-2,3-linked sialic acid. Here we demonstrate that PSA formation by PST is independent from the presence of N-CAM in vivo. We then develop an in vitro assay of PSA synthesis using glycoproteins other than N-CAM as acceptors and a soluble PST as an enzyme source. The soluble PST, produced as a chimeric protein fused with protein A, was incubated with rat alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, fetuin or human alpha 1-acid glycoprotein as acceptors together with the donor substrate CMP-[14C]NeuNAc. Incubation of fetuin with the soluble PST, in particular, resulted in a high molecular weight product that was susceptible to PSA-specific endoneuraminidase. Polysialylated products were not formed when alpha-2,3-linked sialic acid was removed from the acceptor fetuin before incubation. These results establish that a single enzyme, PST, alone can catalyze both the addition of the first alpha-2,8-linked sialic acid to alpha-2,3-linked sialic acid and the polycondensation of all alpha-2,8-linked sialic acids, yielding PSA.
Roles of charge interactions on astringency of whey proteins at low pH

Whey proteins are a major ingredient in sports drink and functional beverages. At low pH, whey proteins are astringent, which may be undesirable in some applications. Understanding the astringency mechanism of whey proteins at low pH could lead to developing ways to minimize the astringency. This study compared the astringency of β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) at low pH with phosphate buffer controls having the same amount of phosphate and at similar pH. Results showed that β-LG samples were more astringent than phosphate buffers, indicating that astringency was not caused by acid alone and that proteins contribute to astringency. When comparing among various whey protein isolates (WPI) and lactoferrin at pH 3.5, 4.5, and 7.0, lactoferrin was astringent at pH 7.0 where no acid was added. In contrast, astringency of all WPI decreased at pH 7.0. This can be explained by lactoferrin remaining positively charged at pH 7.0 and able to interact with negatively charged saliva proteins, whereas the negatively charged WPI would not interact. Charge interactions were further supported by β-LG or lactoferrin and salivary proteins precipitating when mixed at conditions where β-LG, lactoferrin, or saliva themselves did not precipitate. It can be concluded that interactions between positively charged whey proteins and salivary proteins play a role in astringency of proteins at low pH.
Newborn Screening for Fragile X Syndrome

Fragile X syndrome (FXS), caused by a trinucleotide expansion (>200 CGG repeats) in the fragile X mental retardation gene ( FMR1 ), is currently not included in newborn screening (NBS) panels in the United States as it does not meet the standards for recommendation. Although in the past few years FXS has met many of the criteria for population screening and studies have shown that NBS for FXS is feasible, the idea is still controversial and the debate is open. The recent advances in genomic testing as well as groundbreaking advances in targeted treatment for FXS have been challenging the dogma and principle of the national NBS program: screen only if you can intervene. Arguments in favor of NBS include benefits of early intervention and follow-up for the identified baby, which would justify NBS even in the absence of medical benefit to the child. In addition, the extended family members may benefit from genetic and reproductive counseling, informed decision making before a subsequent pregnancy, and access to treatment and services. However, communicating the results and the potential consequences to families is a challenge and could lead to a heavy psychosocial burden. A controversial issue is the identification of premutation carriers (55-200 CGG repeats), because it not only can lead to information on the reproductive possibility of having a child with FXS but also leads to information about personal health risks associated with the premutation. Yet, knowledge of carrier status could stimulate and encourage lifestyle changes and preventive measures likely to reduce the risk of medical problems reported in premutation carriers. If NBS for FXS is developed, it must be carried out with clear awareness of the potential impact on the lives of the children, and it should be done after counseling and parents’ informed consent. Importantly, the infrastructure to support testing, counseling, treatment, and follow-up will have to be made available to the families.
Performance comparison of the CRAY-2 and CRAY X-MP on a class of seismic data processing algorithms

Abstract This paper discusses the architectural differences and similarities of the CRAY-2 and CRAY X-MP computer systems. The authors focus on those factors which have a direct impact on computational performance. System specifications such as clock speed, instruction issue rates, memory bandwidth, local and common memory sizes and access speeds are compared in detail. Issues affecting vector performance such as parallelism and ‘chaining’ of functional units are explored. A small class of algorithms used in seismic data processing are benchmarked on both systems. Theory and implementation of the algorithms is discussed. The authors explain the advantages/disadvantages and ease/difficulties relevant to code performance on each machine. The results of these tests are tabulated and conclusions are presented.
Over-expression of the thrombin receptor in the placenta of patients with preeclampsia: The intersection between coagulation and inflammation

WITH PREECLAMPSIA: THE INTERSECTION BETWEEN COAGULATION AND INFLAMMATION OFFER EREZ, SUNG-SU KIM, JUNG-SUN KIM, YEON MEE KIM, DEREK E. WILDMAN, NANDOR GABOR THAN, FRANCESCA GOTSCH, JIMMY ESPINOZA, SONIA HASSAN, CHONG JAI KIM, ROBERTO ROMERO, Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Detroit, Michigan, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Detroit, Michigan, Wayne State University, Center for Molecular Medicine & Genetics, Detroit, Michigan, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan OBJECTIVE: Preeclampsia (PE) is characterized by excessive thrombin generation, which has been implicated in the multiple organ damage associated with the disease. Protease activated receptor-1 (PAR-1), a G-protein receptor, mediates the biological effects of thrombin on coagulation and its proinflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of PAR-1 in placentas from women with PE as well as from patients with preterm labor (PTL) without inflammation. STUDY DESIGN: A cross sectional study was designed including two study groups matched for gestational age at delivery: 1) preterm PE (!35 weeks gestation; n=27) and 2) PTL without inflammation (n=27). Placental tissues were immunostained for PAR-1 using a monoclonal anti-PAR-1 antibody. Placental tissue microarrays were constructed using an automated tissue arrayer and a standard 0.6 mm microarray needle. Immunoreactivity of PAR1 in the villous trophoblasts was graded as: 0, negative; 1, weakly positive; and 2, strongly positive. RESULTS: 1) Protein expression of PAR-1 was found in the cellular compartments of the placental villous tree, mainly in villous trophoblasts and stromal endothelial cells; 2) PAR-1 was detected in 92.6% (25/27) of the placentas of PE women and in 88.9% (24/27) of the placentas from the control group; and 3) The rate of strong positive PAR-1 immunostaining was significantly higher in placentas of PE patients than placentas from the control group [36% (9/25) vs. 8.3% (2/24); p=0.037, respectively]. CONCLUSION: Placentas from pregnancies complicated by preterm PE have significantly higher expression of immunoreactive PAR-1 than placentas from women with spontaneous PTL. This observation is consistent with a role for PAR-1 as a mediator of thrombin’s effect on coagulation and inflammation. We propose that the effects of thrombin in PE are due to increased thrombin generation and higher expression of the major receptor for this enzyme.
Application of the Galerkin-Kantorovich-Dorodnitsyn method of integral relations to the solution of steady laminar boundary layers

The Galerkin-Kantorovich-Dorodnitsyn N-parameter method of integral relations belongs in the same general category as those of Ritz and Galerkin. The method is employed to solve the steady, incompressible, two-dimensional flow of a laminar boundary layer. General Nth-order solutions are obtained for regions of accelerated flow and, with a modification to account for a possible separation point, for regions of retarded flow. The convergence and accuracy of the method are evaluated by comparing the solutions with a large number of similar and nonsimilar flow problems. The method permits a separation point to be approached as closely as desired without encountering numerical difficulties or requiring special continuation techniques.
LEARNING TO REQUEST IN A SECOND LANGUAGE: A STUDY OF CHILD INTERLANGUAGE PRAGMATICS

LEARNING TO REQUEST IN A SECOND LANGUAGE: A STUDY OF CHILD INTERLANGUAGE PRAGMATICS. Machiko Achiba. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters, 2003. Pp. xii + 223. $69.95 cloth.This volume is one of those workhorses that could easily be overlooked. However, it represents one of the most detailed and extensive of the very few longitudinal studies of the pragmatic development of a child learning English as a second language. The learner, Yao (the author's daughter), is a native speaker of Japanese. At the age of 7, with only brief prior exposure to English, she moved with her mother to Australia, where she was immediately enrolled in a local school. Shortly after their arrival, Yao's mother began collecting audio and videotaped data of Yao playing with peers, a teenager, and two adults (a babysitter and a neighbor). Transcripts of these interactions—collected every 6 weeks over 17 months by Achiba, who was present as an observer—form the basis of the analysis. Despite the fact that Achiba continued to use Japanese with her daughter, Yao began early on to address her mother in English. Achiba was thus able to supplement the play data with a diary of additional requests by Yao to her mother as well as Yao's metalinguistic comments. Yao's requests were analyzed to determine the development of request strategies—linguistic realizations and modifications as well as variation according to goal or addressee.
Improved neural-network model predicts dewpoint pressure of retrograde gases

Abstract Accurate prediction of dewpoint pressure is a critical element in reservoir-engineering calculations. The objective of this paper is to present a novel and highly accurate application of the neural-network model (NNM) to predict dewpoint pressures in retrograde gas reservoirs. We were able to demonstrate that the model described in this paper is more accurate than any presented to date. In addition, the model is simple and is able to duplicate with reasonable accuracy the temperature–dewpoint pressure behavior of constant-composition gas condensate fluids. The neural-network model was developed using a set of 802 experimental constant volume depletion (CVD) data points. To train the neural-network model, a set of 641 experimental data points of CVD for different gas condensate fluids was used. The model was tested with 161 experimental data points, not used during the training process, to prove its accuracy. The study also considered a detailed comparison between the results predicted by this more efficient neural-network model and those predicted by other correlations for estimating dewpoint pressure of retrograde gas. The performance of this improved neural-network model and available correlations was evaluated versus the Peng–Robinson Equation of State (PR-EOS) model for the same reservoir fluid composition, a gas condensate from the Cusiana Field, in Colombia. This improved neural-network model was able to predict the dewpoint pressure with an average absolute error of 8.74%, as a function of temperature, hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbon compositions, molecular weight, and specific gravity of heptanes-plus fraction. Neural-network models can save calculation time in the prediction of the dewpoint pressures with more reliability than available multiple-regression techniques.
Homo Socio-Economicus: Foundational to social economics and the social economy *

In his introduction to The Social Economics of Human Material Need, John Davis directs attention to a paradox that only a few in mainstream economic thought are willing to admit: The concept of nee...
Comparison of emotional distress in men with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in men with cancer.

I N EVALUATING research findings, the potential for generalizability of findings is essential for applied nursing research. Sometimes it is assumed that the unique characteristics of a sample, for example, those sharing a specific medical diagnosis, directly affect the phenomenon of interest and limit generalizability to other populations. If the validity of generalizing findings from previous studies to similar subjects can be supported, an expanded body of research is available for application in clinical practice. The purpose of this study was to compare emotional distress (hopelessness and depression), stressful life events, and stress resistance resources (hope and social support) in two populations with life-threatening illnesses: men with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and men with cancer. Serious psychological morbidity is not an inevitable part of AIDS or cancer. However, depression is a serious problem for approximately 25% of patients with advanced cancer (Derogatis et al., 1983), as compared with 6% in the general population (Depression Guideline Panel, 1993). An even greater prevalence of emotional distress has been reported for patients with AIDS (Atkinson & Grant, 1994). Men with human immunodeficiency virus have been reported to have more frequent and greater disruptions in quality of life than men with cancer (Ganz, Schag, Kahn, Petersen, & Hirji, 1993). Negative life events and poor social support also have been linked to depression in people with cancer (Bukberg, Penman, & Holland, 1984); difficulties with adequate social support also have been reported for men with AIDS (DiPasquale, 1990; van Servellen, Padilla, Brecht, & Knoll, 1993). METHODS Design
Analysis of the performance of cooling extruders in thermoplastic foam extrusion

The performance of cooling extruders widely used in thermoplastic foam extrusion was analyzed, by numerically solving the equations of motion and heat transfer. Analysis of cooling extruders does not require a consideration of the melting behavior of polymers, thus simplifying the system equations considerably. The flow geometry analyzed was an unwound screw channel of a single-screw extruder, i.e., a rectangular channel of uniform height followed by diverging and converging sections. Due to the cooling of both the extruder barrel and the screw, the heat transfer equation considered includes the terms describing the convective heat transfer in the down-channel direction and the conductive heat transfer in the cross-channel direction, in addition to the terms describing the viscous shear heating. For the analysis, a power-law model was used as the constitutive rheologlcal equation, describing the viscosities of a mixture of a fluorocarbon blowing agent and a low-density polyethylene melt (or polystyrene melt). The parameters in the Theological model were determined using the data of Han and Ma (13). In obtaining numerical solutions of the equations of motion, an integration method was employed to overcome the problem of numerical instabilities. The present analysis predicts the profiles of developing temperature and velocity in the down-channel direction, and the profiles of temperature, velocity, shear rate, and viscosity in the cross-channel direction. In presenting the results of computer simulation, emphasis is placed on the effects of cooling the extruder barrel and screw on the performance of cooling extruders, in terms of the pressure drops along the extruder axis and the mechanical power consumption. This study provides a rational basis for the design of cooling extruders widely used in thermoplastic foam extrusion and for the selection of optimum extrusion conditions in producing thermoplastic foams.
Toxic epidermal necrolysis in childhood: differentiation from staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome.

The staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome usually occurs in children less than 5 years old, whereas drug-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis is considered a disease of adults.1 Except for the age differential, the two often cannot be distinguished clinically. Therefore, rapid and definitive biopsy diagnosis is essential in the management of patients with acute exfoliative skin disorders. We wish to report the case of a young child with proven toxic epidermal necrolysis and review the manifestations of this disease, as well as the staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. CASE REPORT A 4-year-old white girl was admitted to Strong Memorial Hospital because of a generalized bullous eruption.
Is Mexican democracy consolidated

In the wake of Mexico's electoral watershed of 2 July 2000, many scholars are willing to classify the country as an electoral democracy, yet debate persists over whether Mexican democracy is consolidated. This article seeks to advance this debate by clarifying the meaning of the term democratic ‘consolidation’ and how it should be operationalised. It argues that the concept should refer exclusively to a regime with a low probability of democratic breakdown. This avoids the conceptual confusion created by viewing consolidation as any change that improves the quality of democracy. In terms of measuring consolidation, it maintains the importance of placing greater weight on the proximate cause of regime instability, anti‐democratic behaviour, and discounting more remote causes of democratic breakdown, including economic performance, institution building, and attitudinal support. Based on this understanding, the article explains why Mexican democracy is fully consolidated.
Analytical Solution to Transient Asymmetric Heat Conduction in a Multilayer Annulus

In this paper, we present an analytical double-series solution for the time-dependent asymmetric heat conduction in a multilayer annulus. In general, analytical solutions in multidimensional Cartesian or cylindrical r,z coordinates suffer from existence of imaginary eigenvalues and thus may lead to numerical difficulties in computing analytical solution. In contrast, the proposed analytical solution in polar coordinates (2D cylindrical) is “free” from such imaginary eigenvalues. Real eigenvalues are obtained by virtue of precluded explicit dependence of transverse (radial) eigenvalues on those in the other direction. DOI: 10.1115/1.2977553
Systematics of the Carex aquatilis and C. lenticularis lineages: Geographically and ecologically divergent sister clades of Carex section Phacocystis (Cyperaceae)

Carex aquatilis is a highly diverse and geographically widespread member of one of the largest genera of flplants, Carex , and is ideally suited for the study of the role of hybridization and niche partitioning in ecological speciation. Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ITS and ETS 1f and chloroplast psbA-trnH DNA sequences support the monophyly of a broadly defi ned Carex aquatilis - Carex lenticularis lineage, which includes C. aquatilis and C. lenticularis and their allies within section Phacocystis . However, neither taxon is monophyletic as currently circumscribed. The C. aquatilis lineage includes C. aquatilis and four morphologically and molecularly distinct salt-tolerant maritime taxa with which C. aquatilis s.s. is reported to form stabilized homoploid hybrids. The C. lenticularis lineage includes a paraphyletic C. lenticularis and seven allied species from both the New and Old World. The data provided here allow recognition of four species within the North American endemic C. lenticularis and suggest a neotropical origin for the C. lenticularis lineage with subsequent radiation and divergence through northwestern North America to Asia and via northeastern North America to Europe and southern South America. Evolutionary rate analyses indicate an origin for the C. aquatilis - C. lenticularis group around 1.89 million years ago during the early Pleistocene.
Experimental control of neoplastic progression in cell populations: Foulds' rules revisited.

Abstract Foulds introduced six rules of tumor progression based on his observations of spontaneous mammary cancer in mice and generalized them to all forms of neoplasia [Foulds, L. (1954) Cancer Res. 14, 327-339 and Foulds, L. (1969) Neoplastic Development (Academic, New York), Vol. 1, preface and pp. 72-74.] Rules III, IV, and V are considered controversial, and research in animals seems inadequate to resolve the controversies. A subline of NIH 3T3 cells undergoes progressive transformation to produce foci of increasing population density when repeatedly constrained by sequential rounds of growth to and maintenance at confluence. Analysis of the results provides a cellular basis for rules III, IV, and V. Rule III states that progression is independent of the growth of the tumor and occurs in tumors that are arrested. Cell culture shows that progression is actually favored by constraint of growth, a result inconsistent with a major role for point mutations in progression. Indeed, there is a suggestion that the transformation may arise from chromatin changes preceding apoptosis. Rule IV states that progression can be gradual or abrupt but the latter conclusion has been frequently criticized. Cell culture exhibits both forms of progression but, in particular, eliminates the doubt about the abrupt form. Rule V, which is in a sense an extension of rule IV, states that progression follows one of alternative paths of development. The results in culture indicate that every independent transforming event gives rise to foci of unique morphology. Thus, even for the single characteristic of transformed focus morphology, many alternative paths to neoplasia are available to cells. In addition to clarifying the rules of progression, a method is described for pinpointing the time of the occurrence of events that are only expressed as dense foci after a variable lag time. The results in culture reinforce Foulds' conclusion that neoplastic development is primarily an epigenetically driven process and identify some of the cellular interactions that underlie that process.
Depression increases risk of incident myocardial infarction among Veterans Administration patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Abstract Objective This study evaluates whether depression is a risk factor for incident myocardial infarction (MI) in Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) between 30 and 79 years of age. Methods We used a retrospective cohort study of 15,634 patients with RA. Diagnoses and sociodemographic data were obtained from VA administrative and pharmacy databases between fiscal years 1999 and 2006. Entry into the cohort required 2 years of patient time with no evidence of cardiovascular disease. Cox proportional hazard models with time-dependent covariates were computed to determine whether RA patients with depression as compared to RA patients without depression were at increased risk for MI during the maximum 6-year follow-up period. Results Unadjusted analyses indicated depressed RA patients were 1.4 times more likely than nondepressed RA patients to have an MI during follow-up. These results remained significant (HR=1.4; 95% CI: 1.1–1.8) in the adjusted Cox proportional hazards model which included the effects of sociodemographics and known physical risks (e.g., diabetes) for MI. Conclusions Depressed RA patients, without a history of cardiovascular disease, are 40% more likely to have a heart attack as compared to those without depression. These data demonstrate a rapid (within 6 years) transition to MI following onset of depression in RA patients. Increased monitoring of depression and heart disease status in this patient population may be warranted which in turn may result in longer duration of life.
The Licensed Professional Exemption in Consumer Protection: At Odds With Antitrust History and Precedent

The body of laws intended to protect consumers from unfair and deceptive acts and practices originated from a common body with the antitrust laws. Today, the Federal Trade Commission uses the same sentence of the same statute (Section 5 of the FTC Act) to enforce both its consumer protection and antitrust missions. Most state consumer protection laws specifically state that the laws are to be enforced in a manner consistent with both FTC and federal precedent. Yet many state courts, when considering a case of first impression in consumer protection, do not look to the antitrust laws for at least persuasive precedent. This has led to inexplicable results. Most notably for licensed professionals, the Supreme Court has explicitly held that the antitrust laws apply to licensed professionals; nonetheless, in a number of states, citing no relevant precedent except the original anomalous decision, consumer protection laws have been held to exempt licensed professionals.
Synthesis and Characterization of Pincer-Molybdenum Precatalysts for CO2 Hydrogenation

A family of low-valent molybdenum complexes supported by the pincer ligand PNMeP (PNMeP = MeN(CH2CH2PPh2)2) was prepared and characterized, including (PNMeP)Mo(C2H4)2, which contains an agostic interaction between the metal and the N-methyl substituent. This β-agostic C–H bond was cleaved by molybdenum and produced a cyclometalated molybdenum formate complex, (κ4-PNMeP)Mo(C2H4)(κ2-O2CH), upon exposure to CO2. This species serves as a promotor of CO2 hydrogenation to formate under basic conditions, a rare transformation for group VI metals. The performance of the precatalyst was enhanced with the addition of Lewis acid salts.
A prediction model of vaginal birth after cesarean in the preterm period.

Background A validated model exists that predicts the probability of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery in patients at term who are undergoing a trial of labor after cesarean delivery. However, a model that predicts the success of a vaginal birth after cesarean delivery in the preterm period has not been developed. Objective We sought to develop and validate a predictive model for vaginal birth after cesarean delivery for women undergoing a trial of labor after cesarean delivery during the preterm period. Study Design We performed a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study designed to evaluate perinatal outcomes in women with a prior cesarean scar. We included women with 1 prior low transverse cesarean delivery undergoing a trial of labor after cesarean delivery with a vertex singleton pregnancy in the preterm period (26–36 weeks). Using multivariable logistic regression modeling, we constructed a predictive model for vaginal birth after cesarean delivery with information known at admission for preterm delivery. Using a 70% to 30% random split of the data, the model was developed in the training data and subsequently confirmed in the validation data. Predictions and area under the curve were based on a 10-fold cross-validated jackknife estimation and based on 1000 bootstrap resampling methods. The adequacy of all models was evaluated based on the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test. Results One thousand two hundred ninety-five women met our criteria for analysis. The significant predictors of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery success were chronic hypertension, hypertensive disease of pregnancy (gestational hypertension or preeclampsia), prior vaginal delivery, dilation on cervical examination at admission, prior vaginal birth after cesarean delivery, a recurring indication in a prior cesarean delivery, and induction of labor as well as a 2-way interactions between dilation and hypertensive disease of pregnancy, dilation and diabetes mellitus (pregestational or gestational), and induction of labor and hypertensive disease of pregnancy. The area under the curve from the prediction model was 0.80 (95% confidence interval, 0.77–0.83) and the model fit the data well (Hosmer-Lemeshow P = .367). The bootstrap and 10-fold cross-validated jackknife estimates of the corrected area under the curve of the model were 0.78 (95% confidence interval, 0.74–0.82) and 0.77 (95% confidence interval, 0.73–0.82), respectively, following incorporation of regression shrinkage. Conclusion A cross-validated predictive model was created for patients undergoing a trial of labor after cesarean delivery in the preterm period using 8 variables known on admission. These factors were notably different from factors used in the model for term patients. This new model can be used to counsel patients in the preterm period who want to undergo a trial of labor after cesarean delivery on their predicted vaginal birth after cesarean delivery success.
Prediction and Modeling of Shock-Particle Interaction

The interaction between a particle and a shock wave leads to unsteady forces that can be an order of magnitude larger than the quasi-steady force in the flow field behind the shock wave. Simple models for the unsteady force have so far not been proposed because of the complicated flow field during the interaction. Here, a simple model is presented based on the work of Parmar et al. (Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A, 366, 2161-2175, 2008). Comparisons with experimental and computational data for both stationary spheres and spheres set in motion by shock waves show good agreement in terms of the magnitude of the peak and the duration of the unsteady force.
On the zeros of polynomials over arbitrary finite dimensional algebras

In [3] it was shown that a polynomial of degree n with coefficients in an associative division algebra, which is d-dimensional over its center, has either infinitely many or at most nd zeros. In this paper we raise the same question for arbitrary m-ary F-algebras A which are d-dimensional over the algebraically closed field F. Our main result states that in the affine space of m-ary algebras of dimension d there is a non-empty Zariski-open set whose elements A have the following property: in the space of polynomial of precise degree n with coefficients in A there is a non-empty Zariski-open set whose elements have precisely nd zeros. It is shown that all simple algebras, all semi-simple associative algebras, all semisimple Jordan algebras (char F≠2), all semi-simple Lie algebras (char F=0), and the generic algebra possess this property.
Contextualizing Complex Social Contact: Mauritius, a Microcosm of Global Diaspora

This article supplements current dialogue on the archaeology of slavery, offering an Indian Ocean counterpoint to a topic that has largely focused on the Atlantic world. It also delves into the essentially uncharted domain of the archaeology of indentured labour. New plural societies, characterized by cultural hybridity, were created around the world as a consequence of labour diasporas in the late historic period. What do these societies look like during the process of nation building and after independence? Can we study this development through archaeology? Focusing on Mauritius, this paper discusses the complexities of the island, and how it can be representative of similar newly formed plural societies in the Indian Ocean. During French and British imperial rule, the island served as an important trading post for a range of European imperial powers. These varied groups initiated the movement and settlement of African, Indian and Chinese transplanted communities. By exploring the dynamic nature of inter-group interaction on Mauritius, this paper emphasizes the nuanced nature of how different peoples arrived and made the island their home. Mauritius played a vital role in the transportation of forced and free labour, both within and beyond this oceanic world, and offers an important viewpoint from which to survey the ways in which historical archaeology can improve our understanding of the broader archaeo-historical processes of which these diasporas were an integral feature. The paper focuses on the outcomes of settlement, as viewed through the complex practices that underpin local food culture, the use and development of language and the way materials are employed for the expression of identity. The article also traces the roots of contemporary cultural retention for indentured labourers to administrative decisions made by the British, and ultimately explores how heritage and language can provide a powerful lens on mechanisms of cultural expression. In addition to illustrating the nuanced and multifaceted nature of group interaction on Mauritius itself, this article raises an issue of broader relevance—the need for historical archaeologists to give greater consideration to the Indian Ocean, rather than focusing on the Atlantic world. This would allow us to achieve a more informed understanding of European slave trading and associated systems of labour migration within a more global framework.
A Study of Short Metal Fiber Reinforced Composite Materials

Over the years, the conventional involvement of short fiber reinforced composites in electrical applications has been as electrical insulation. Contrary to this approach, with the increasing need of better electromagnetic interference (EMI), radio—frequencyinterference (RFI) shielding and control of electrostatic charge distribution (ESD) for computer, defense, space exploration and some high—tech structural components, itis expected that the development of conductive polymeric composite materials will grow strongly and significantly. An experimental investigation is designed to systematically evaluate the mechanical properties and electrical properties of metal fiber reinforced composites subjected to various loading conditions. In this study, chopped Inconel 601 (nickel base) metal fiber witha fixed fiber aspect ratio (length/diameter ratio) is used to reinforce commercially available thermoset polyester resin. Mechanical testing of custom made samples, failure analyses using visual inspection, light microscopy and SEM are conducted to understand the fracture behaviors and possible failure causes in such composites. The feasibility of using metal fiber polymeric composites in structural/electrical applicationsis discussed in this paper.
The Occurrence of Dual Compatibility in Cochliobolus Spicifer

Two ascospore progenies from a cross between two obligately heterothallic isolates of Cochliobolis spicifer were found to be sexually compatible with both mating types although self-sterile, and were termed "dual compatible." All matings between dual compatible isolates were fertile and all ascospore progeny derived from crosses of dual compatible isolates and heterothallic isolates were fertile with the dual compatible parent. Genetic analyses of first and second generation dual compatible isolates gave dissimilar segregation patterns. Segregation patterns for one ascospore isolate followed a 1: 1:1 ratio for mating types of A: a: dual, respectively. The second ascospore isolate followed a 1: 2:1 segregation ratio for two generations for mating types of nonparental: parental: dual, respectively. The dual mating capacity does not appear to conform to any previously described sexual mechanism in the fungi.
CONSERVATION AND GRID ADAPTATION ENHANCMENTS TO A NORMAL RAY REFINEMENT TECHNIQUE FOR CARTESIAN-GRID BASED NAVIER-STOKES SOLVERS

The Normal Ray Refinement (NRR) technique allows for viscous fluid flow simulations using an unstructured Cartesian grid framework in a more computationally efficient manner. The NRR approach relies on the use of refined normal rays of cells emanating from the body surface and spanning the boundary layer. Separating these rays along the body surface are relatively large cells too coarse to accurately capture viscous gradients. Accuracy is maintained between the normal rays through use of an appropriate inter-ray communication technique. NRR yields a large reduction in the number of cells in the grid, thereby reducing the computational cost of simulation. Previous studies showed that the NRR has the capability to simulate viscous flows with boundary layers efficiently with far fewer cells than in a uniform Cartesian grid. In this paper, the NRR methodology is further developed and investigated. For improved efficiency, variable length NRR and adaptive length NRR capabilities have been implemented and validated for external flows. For improved accuracy, a conservation formulation have been added to the NRR technique and tested for internal and external flows.
Learning Cumulatively to Become More Knowledgeable

In classic supervised learning, a learning algorithm takes a fixed training data of several classes to build a classifier. In this paper, we propose to study a new problem, i.e., building a learning system that learns cumulatively. As time goes by, the system sees and learns more and more classes of data and becomes more and more knowledgeable. We believe that this is similar to human learning. We humans learn continuously, retaining the learned knowledge, identifying and learning new things, and updating the existing knowledge with new experiences. Over time, we cumulate more and more knowledge. A learning system should be able to do the same. As algorithmic learning matures, it is time to tackle this cumulative machine learning (or simply cumulative learning) problem, which is a kind of lifelong machine learning problem. It presents two major challenges. First, the system must be able to detect data from unseen classes in the test set. Classic supervised learning, however, assumes all classes in testing are known or seen at the training time. Second, the system needs to be able to selectively update its models whenever a new class of data arrives without re-training the whole system using the entire past and present training data. This paper proposes a novel approach and system to tackle these challenges. Experimental results on two datasets with learning from 2 classes to up to 100 classes show that the proposed approach is highly promising in terms of both classification accuracy and computational efficiency.
Where Is the "E" in STEM for Young Children? Engineering Design Education in an Elementary Teacher Preparation Program.

The purpose of this paper is to describe how one STEM focused elementary teacher preparation program incorporates engineering, an often neglected component of STEM education, in an appropriate, meaningful, and substantial way. Teacher candidates participate in a semester long engineering design methods course that is closely tied to the math and science methods courses. This program reinforces the importance, relevance and appropriateness of the engineering design process for elementary students through explicit integration and modeling within the teacher preparation courses and field placement work. Participation in this program encourages our graduates to value the engineering design process and work to implement it into their classrooms, as reflected by end of year interviews with current and former students of the program.
Boundary Resistance in Aluminum-Stabilized Conductors

The design and development of a conductor for large-scale superconductive magnetic energy storage require a unique set of specifications, which are the result of the proposed magnet design (a single-layer solenoid buried in bedrock) [1]. To compete economically with alternate energy storage schemes, the unit must be built with a low-cost, high-current-density composite conductor that will withstand many years of continuous operation.
Correction for Overholt et al., Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacteria Exhibit a Species-Specific Response to Dispersed Oil while Moderating Ecotoxicity.

Volume 82, no. 2, p. 518–527, 2016. Page 525: The second paragraph of the Funding Information should read, “This work was made possible in part by a grant from BP/The Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative to the C-IMAGE, C-IMAGE-2, and Deep-C consortia and in part by a National Science Foundation