cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Slow-binding inhibition of peptide deformylase by cyclic peptidomimetics as revealed by a new spectrophotometric assay

A new spectrophotometric/fluorimetric assay for peptide deformylase (PDF) has been developed by coupling the PDF reaction with that of dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPPI) and using N-formyl-Met-Lys-AMC as substrate. Removal of the N-terminal formyl group by PDF renders the dipeptide an efficient substrate of DPPI, which subsequently removes the dipeptidyl units to release 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin as the chromophore/fluorophore. The PDF reaction is conveniently monitored on a UV-Vis spectrophotometer or a fluorimeter in a continuous fashion. The utility of the assay was demonstrated by determining the catalytic activity of PDF and the inhibition constants of PDF inhibitors. These studies revealed the slow-binding behavior of a previously reported macrocyclic PDF inhibitor. This method offers several advantages over the existing PDF assays and should be particularly useful for screening PDF inhibitors in the continuous fashion.
Fatigue Life Prediction of Pultruded E-glass/Polyurethane Composites:

In this article, the tension–tension fatigue behavior of newly developed pultruded E-glass/polyurethane composites is characterized, and an improved model for fatigue life prediction including the effects of stress ratio, frequency, and mean stress as the testing parameters is proposed. The proposed non-dimensional analysis is in good agreement with the predictions of existing available fatigue data and present testing data. The model is consistent with the Goodman line relationship and has a clear physical meaning. The fatigue test data of E-glass/polyurethane composites are analyzed using the proposed model, and they are compared with other common E-glass fiber-reinforced plastic composites. It indicates that the E-glass/polyurethane composites are more fatigue sensitive but comparable to other fiber-reinforced plastic composites in their fatigue behaviors. The effects of stress ratio, frequency, and mean stress on fatigue life of E-glass/polyurethane composites are studied and discussed. The correspond...
Effects of the protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor, herbimycin A, on prolactin gene expression in GH3 and 235-1 pituitary tumor cells.

Abstract The high basal level of prolactin (PRL) gene expression in rat pituitary GH 3 cells is maintained through the spontaneous activity of voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCCs). This can be observed experimentally by addition of 0.5 mM CaCl 2 to GH 3 cells cultured in a low calcium, serum-free medium. CaCl 2 specifically induces PRL gene expression and this induction is inhibited by VSCC blockers. PRL gene expression is also stimulated by several hormones and growth factors. In the present study, we examined the effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors on the ability of CaCl 2 , basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and thryrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) to increase PRL mRNA levels. Of several PTK inhibitors used, one PTK inhibitor, herbimycin A, specifically inhibited the CaCl 2 -induced increase in cytoplasmic and nuclear prolactin (PRL) mRNA without affecting cell viability, cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion, or the expression of several other genes. The effects of herbimycin A were reversible. In cells pretreated with herbimycin A, PRL mRNA levels were reduced by 69±12% ( P n =4).Western blot analysis using anti-phosphotyrosine antibody revealed a decrease of 91±1% ( P n =4) in the phosphotyrosine content of proteins in the molecular weight range of 130–160 kDa. After changing the medium back to SFM plus 0.5 mM CaCl 2 , levels of PRL mRNA increased over a period of several hours, and this increase was accompanied by the tyrosine phosphorylation of two or more proteins in the approximate size range of 130–160 kDa. Herbimycin A also inhibited PRL gene expression in the independently-derived 235-1 lactotrope cell line and lowered the tyrosine specific phosphorylation of protein(s) in a similar size range. Herbimycin A inhibited the ability of bFGF, EGF and TRH to stimulate PRL gene expression in GH 3 cells. Again, in cells pretreated with herbimycin A, bFGF induced a reappearance of tyrosine-specific phosphorylation, followed by a reappearance of PRL mRNA. These findings provide evidence for a role for at least one PTK which is necessary for basal and stimulated PRL gene expression.
Universality from resonance renormalization of Hamiltonian maps

Abstract The Hamiltonian for a single island chain (pth-resonance) of the standard mapping is obtained using secular perturbation theory and the method of averaging. A local standard mapping is reconstituted, approximately, for a single island of that chain. The relation between the stochasticity parameter K of the local mapping, and the parameter K of the original mapping is obtained, which constitutes a renormalization of p mapping iterations. Setting K=K then determines a value of K for which each p-island chain is self-similar in all orders.
Topical carmustine (BCNU) for mycosis fungoides and related disorders: A 10-year experience

A 10-year experience in eighty-six patients confirms the effectiveness of topical carmustine (BCNU) in mycosis fungoides (MF). Complete remission (CR) was achieved in 84% of those with 10% involvement (stage IB), median CR, 23 months. The probability of freedom from relapse for 1 year was 72% in stage IA and 37% in stage IB. No deaths in stages IA or IB were attributable to MF. Including all causes of death, the probability of 5-year survival for stage IA was 93% and for stage IB, 48%. Good results were obtained with only local BCNU in fourteen patients with mostly
Oxidation of hydrazine metabolites formed from isoniazid.

Studies in rats indicate that the metabolic activation of acetylhydrazine, a metabolite of isoniazid, is a critical determinant of the hepatotoxicity of isoniazid. As demonstrated in that model, the formation of 14CO2 after the administration of 14C-acetylisoniazid reflects the activity of the toxic pathway. A similar approach in man should make it possible to demonstrate the presence and to assess the quantitative importance of this toxifying pathway, and thus to evaluate its role in the pathogenesis of isoniazid hepatitis. We gave 300 mg isoniazid together with 10 µCi 14C-acetylisoniazid (12 mg) to 17 healthy subjects and determined the time course of the plasma concentrations of isoniazid, acetylisoniazid, acetylhydrazine, and diacetylhydrazine and of the exhalation of 14CO2. The time course of 14CO2 in breath closely paralleled the plasma concentration-time curve of acetylhydrazine but not those of acetylisoniazid or diacetylhydrazine, indicating that the 14CO2 originated directly from the metabolism of acetylhydrazine. The cumulative exhalation of 14CO2 increased with decreasing rate of acetylation of isoniazid, such that slow acetylators generated more 14CO2 than rapid acetylators. Simulation studies demonstrated that even if the data are corrected for the different formation of acetylisoniazid from isoniazid in slow and rapid acetylators, the slow acetylators still generated more 14CO2. The data therefore indicate that a substantial fraction of the acetylhydrazine formed from isoniazid passes through a pathway that has been shown in animals to generate highly reactive and hepatotoxic intermediates. The observation that slow acetylators metabolize more isoniazid via the toxic pathway, together with recent data showing an exceptionally high incidence of hepatitis in slow acetylators receiving large therapeutic doses of isoniazid, further support the hypothesis that the metabolic activation of acetylhydrazine from isoniazid is an important determinant of the hepatotoxicity of isoniazid in man. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1985) 38, 566–571; doi:10.1038/clpt.1985.225
The anodic dissolution of polycrystalline Be

Abstract The effect of F − , Cl − , Br − , I − , NO 3 − , SO 4 2− PO 4 3− , Li + , Na + , K + and Mg 2+ on the anodic dissolution of polycrystalline Be at various c.d.s has been studied in aqueous solutions. The apparent (calculated) valency with which Be ions enter into solution was found to be relatively independent of c.d. but dependent on the nature and concentration of the solutions. The halide anions were found to cause the greatest decrease in the apparent valency. An anodic dissolution mechanism, involving local corrosion, disintegration, and the effect of ions has been proposed to explain the results.
GC-AED Studies of Nicotine Fate in a Burning Cigarette

An atomic emission detector (AED) for a gas chromatograph (GC) can be used to selectively detect compounds labeled with stable isotopes, such as D, 13C, and 15N. This capability can be used to determine precursor-fate relationships within complex matrixes, using stable isotopes rather than radiolabeled isotopes. Employing stable isotopes removes the safety consideration associated with radiolabeling studies. Two previous reports have employed GC-AED in fate studies for 13C-labeled precursors. The goal of this study was to evaluate the utility of GC-AED for precursor-fate determinations in tobacco science. In this work, GC-AED was used to determine the fate of nicotine-d4 in a burning cigarette. GC-MSD was then employed to identify the compounds that the AED indicated contained D. Spectral confirmation of the presence of D was performed on each chromatographic peak of interest with both AED and MSD to ensure that the identification of the products was correct. Nicotine and nicotine-d4 standards were used t...
The effects of syntactical violation and practice on the free recall of verbal materials in children

The objective of this experiment was to determine whether free recall differs when sentences of varying degrees of syntactical violation were presented to fifth grade and college students. Three levels of syntactical violation were employed. The Ss were asked, after each of the six presentations of the stimulus materials, to recall as many stimulus words as possible. Syntactical violation was found to significantly affect recall; however, words totally lacking in grammaticalness were recalled significantly better than words from the semi-grammatical condition.
Crack growth of natural rubber using a modified double cantilever beam

The objective of this work is to investigate the crack growth properties of a natural rubber vulcanizate. This work utilizes a modified double cantilever beam (DCB) for measuring the crack propagation in natural rubber. Results of the crack growth in the plane strain dominated DCB are presented and compared to results from plane stress single edge notch test specimens. It is found that the crack growth rate in natural rubber under plane strain conditions is one hundred times faster than under plane stress. The failure surface of the DCB is examined for cavitation occurring within the rubber due to high hydrostatic pressure. No evidence of cavitation was found.
Sol−Gel Synthesis and Catalytic Properties of Sulfated Zirconia Catalysts

Sulfated zirconia catalysts were prepared using a sol−gel method with zirconium n-propoxide as the alkoxide precursor and a water/alkoxide ratio of 40. The strength of the sulfuric acid solution used to activate the zirconia was found to be an important variable in the synthesis of the superacid catalyst. A maximum both in the BET surface area and in the activity observed in the isomerization of n-butane was observed when 0.5 N H2SO4 was used. Rehydration in air following calcination at 600 °C requires that excess moisture be removed prior to reaction. The deactivation rate of the sample could be reduced by introducing H2 into the feed. A TGA−mass spectroscopy study of the deactivated catalysts shows two SO2 desorption maxima at 600 and 900 °C. The SO2 desorption maximum at 600 °C is coincident with a CO2 maximum at the same temperature. These results are interpreted in terms of an organo−sulfur complex on the surface of the deactivated catalyst.
Income and fertility: The elusive relationship

This paper uses longitudinal data for 1962–1977 to examine the relationship of husband’s income to 1962 expected fertility, to final parity, and to the discrepancy between initial expectations and final parity, separately for four groups of women who in 1962 either had just given birth to a first, second, or fourth child or had just been married. Although economic reasons frequently were cited in 1977 for downward revisions in family size goals, husband’s income was not positively related to fertility in three of the four parity groups. For the merged sample, excluding women with unwanted births, husband’s income showed a small positive relationship to completed fertility.
Public participation in environmental decisions: stakeholders, authorities and procedural justice

We analysed a stakeholder participation process undertaken by the North Carolina Division of Water Quality to see if the process satisfied elements of procedural justice: representation of relevant parties, voice, sound technical basis, fair treatment by authorities and absence of bias. The rushed timeframe for the process compromised several elements of procedural justice. Representation suffered from the absence of pre-process contact with potential participants. Too frequent meetings prevented stakeholders from digesting complex technical information on water quality impacts of excess nutrients. The Division of Water Quality dominated the function of the stakeholder groups by playing multiple roles, including convening meetings, providing technical information, drafting documents, and serving as liaison to the state legislature. Stakeholders acknowledged that the division's strong role was probably essential to making progress in such a short timeframe but worried that the result was biased in favour of division views.
Noninvasive assessment of left ventricular remodeling: concepts, techniques, and implications for clinical trials.

Background: Over the past decade, our understanding of the cellular and biochemical mechanisms that underlie global changes in ventricular morphology and function has grown enormously. Nevertheless, although the sequence of events that lead to overt changes in the ventricle begin at the cellular level, in living patients we rarely have the opportunity to assess these phenomena as they occur. Thus, to study the process of remodeling in practice and in clinical trials, we have relied on assessments and measurements derived from cardiac imaging tests. Methods and Results: Since the initial angiographic based methods for assessing ventricular remodeling in humans, a variety of techniques has been developed that have been used for assessment of ventricular size, shape, and function for both clinical and research studies. As two-dimensional echocardiography has emerged as the predominant noninvasive diagnostic method for clinical use in evaluating left ventricular function, this modality has become the most widely used technique to assess ventricular remodeling. Nevertheless, nuclear techniques that have proven both reliable and highly reproducible have also been used in clinical and research setting and, more recently, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging has offered the potential to obtain extremely high-quality images of the heart at much higher resolution than either of the other techniques. Conclusions: Each of these techniques carries specific advantages and disadvantages for assessment of remodeling in individual patients and in the context of large-scale clinical trials.
Some current challenges in research on air pollution and health

This commentary addresses some of the diverse questions of current interest with regard to the health effects of air pollution, including exposure-response relationships, toxicity of inhaled particles and risks to health, multipollutant mixtures, traffic-related pollution, accountability research, and issues with susceptibility and vulnerability. It considers the challenges posed to researchers as they attempt to provide useful evidence for policy-makers relevant to these issues. This commentary accompanies papers giving the results from the ESCALA project, a multi-city study in Latin America that has an overall goal of providing policy-relevant results. While progress has been made in improving air quality, driven by epidemiological evidence that air pollution is adversely affecting public health, the research questions have become more subtle and challenging as levels of air pollution dropped. More research is still needed, but also novel methods and approaches to address these new questions.
Proflavine and Light in the Treatment of Experimental Herpetic Ocular Infections

The effect of purified proflavine and light exposure was assessed in rabbits whose eyes had been infected with one of two strains of herpesvirus. In comparing proflavine-light and placebo-light treatment, 0.1% proflavine administered twice daily for 5 days had a significant effect in suppressing herpetic eye disease, but 0.05% proflavine was less effective. In addition to being effective in infections with either virus strain, the 0.1% proflavine also suppressed intensity of corneal epithelial ulceration and stromal opacity in animals pretreated with subconjunctival corticosteroids to produce more severe disease. Proflavine or idoxuridine (IDU) alone or in combination showed no differences in suppressing herpetic ocular disease, but all were significantly more effective than placebo. Virus recovery rates were approximately the same from eyes treated with proflavine, IDU, or placebo, indicating that viral replication in the cornea and conjunctiva was not completely suppressed by either of the antiviral drugs alone or in combination.
Delirium Presenting With Symptoms of Depression

This study was designed to determine if symptoms of delirium were mistaken for symptoms of depression in hospitalized patients referred for psychiatric consultation. Records were surveyed for all patients seen by a university hospital psychiatric consultation-liaison service for a 38-month period. Of 737 patients referred for depressive symptoms, 42 received a final diagnosis of delirium. Those patients with delirium tended to be older and were more likely to be male when compared with all patients referred for symptoms of depression. Given the grave prognostic implications of delayed or missed diagnosis, one needs to be aware that the presentation of delirium may be disguised as depression.
A clinicopathologic analysis of adriamycin cardiotoxicity

The cardiotoxic effects of adriamycin were studied in 399 patients treated for far-advanced carcimma. Forty-five patients (11%) exhibited transient electrocardiographs changes. Eleven others developed severe congestive heart failure. Eight of these latter patients died within 3 weeks of the onset of the cardiac decompensation. The diffuse nature of this myocardiopathy was suggested by: 1. a conspicuous decrease in the QRS voltage on the electrocardiograms; 2. rapidly occurring cardiac dilatation and ventricular failure, and 3. refractoriness to inoiropic drugs and mechanical ventricular assistance. Postmortem examination of the hearts in two cases showed a striking decrease in the number of cardiac: muscle cells present, degeneration of the remaining myocardial cells, loss o contractile substance, mitochondrial swelling, and intramitochondrial dense inclusion bodies. Congestive heart failure occurred only once in the 366 patients who were treated with less than 550 mg/m2 of adriamycin (0.27%), but there were 10 cases of cardiac failure in the 33 patients who received more than 550 mg/m2 of this drug (30%). Therefore, until more direct means are established to prevent adriamycin-induced congestive heart failure, it is suggested that the total dose of adriamycin should be limited to less than 550 mg/m2 to permit safer use of this efficacious cancer chemotherapeutic agent.
An application of MAP to change detection in moving video

Change detection in the presence of noise is one of the most important problems in video data processing. The traditional statistical models are based on Gaussian tests of interframe variations. The crucial thresholds, based on which the decision rules are made, are inevitably experimental because the Gaussian assumption is often unrealistic. We present a new approach to change detection by applying the maximum a posteriori (MAP) criterion which does not require selection of empirical thresholds. As an alternative to the previous pixel-based thresholding methods, a new change detection method formulated as an optimization problem is derived by modeling the video frame as a Markov random field (MRF) and applying the mean field theory (MFT). The change labeling of the pixels is translated into seeking the optimal configuration of the change map. Under the MRF assumption, the solution to this problem is obtained by minimizing the energy function associated with the MRF. By applying prior knowledge of the noise and smoothness constraints on the MRF's, we choose the first-order neighborhood system and design the potential functions that reflect the prior beliefs. The algorithm that computes the potentials is constructed by applying MFT, which greatly reduces the computational complexity. The experiments on several medical video sequences have shown promising results
Corrosion Behavior of Alloy 22 and Ti Grade 7 in a Nuclear Waste Repository Environment

Abstract Alloy 22 (UNS N06022) and Ti Grade 7 (UNS R52400) are the current corrosion-resistant materials of choice for fabricating the waste package outer barrier and the drip shield, respectively,...
Real time amplitude noise and jitter comparison of supercontinua generated at different dispersion regimes

An experimental investigation on noise performances of supercontinua generated in normal and anomalous dispersion fibers is carried out. The supercontinuum in the normal dispersion fiber has lower real time amplitude noise and timing jitter.
Financial Strain, Social Relations, and Psychological Distress Among Older People: A Cross-Cultural Analysis

Objectives. This article examines how financial strain and social relations may independently and jointly influence psychological distress among older people in four nations. Methods. Data from four Western Pacific nations (N = 3,277) are used to test additive and multiplicative models of the relationships between financial strain, social relations, and psychological distress. Results. Financial strain is associated with higher levels of psychological distress in three of the four nations. Interactive models of the effects of financial strain and social relations on distress were uncovered in three of the four nations, but the type of social relation influencing the strain-distress relationship varied. Subjective health and IADLs were significant predictors of psychological distress in all four nations. Discussion. Findings suggest that although financial strain is quite likely to lead to psychological distress among elders, this can be mitigated, at least in part, by social relationships. Modernization was not associated with higher psychological distress.
Scalar-function-driven editing on point set surfaces

Three-dimensional acquisition is an increasingly popular means of creating surface models. As 3D digital photographic and scanning devices produce higher resolution images, acquired geometric data sets grow more complex in terms of the modeled objects' size, geometry, and topology. Point-based geometry is a form of 3D content acquisition popular in graphics and related visual computing areas. Point set surfaces are enjoying a renaissance in modeling and rendering, with many efforts focused on direct rendering techniques and effective modeling mechanisms. We've developed a scalar-field-driven editing paradigm and system for point set surfaces that let users manipulate and sculpt point clouds intuitively and efficiently. The paradigm is primarily based on the representation of versatile, embedded scalar fields associated with any region of the point set surface. After constructing the surface distance field from the point clouds, we incorporate the dynamic implicit volumetric model into the point-based geometry deformation. We've also integrated a haptics interface into our surface-modeling framework.
A successful approach to faculty development at an independent academic medical center

Background: Faculty development is crucial to the success of medical education programs. Relatively few independent academic medical centers, despite their burgeoning role in medical education, offer active programs in faculty development.Aim: To describe the successful implementation of a voluntary departmental faculty development program at an independent academic medical center.Methods: Initiation of the program revealed significant barriers to faculty participation including clinical responsibilities and lack of supported time for educational pursuits. An extensive needs assessment, including detailed faculty interviews, was completed and a participant-driven faculty development program was designed based on the identified faculty needs. Local practice group leaders were also interviewed and asked to support the initiative. The resultant program centered on three domains, specifically Teaching Activities, Clinical Skills and Research/Leadership Training. Specific offerings included clinical skills and...
Identification of Campylobacter jejuni Genes Involved in Its Interaction with Epithelial Cells

Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of infectious gastroenteritis in industrialized nations. Its ability to enter and survive within nonphagocytic cells is thought to be very important for pathogenesis. However, little is known about the C. jejuni determinants that mediate these processes. Through an extensive transposon mutagenesis screen, we have identified several loci that are required for C. jejuni efficient entry and survival within epithelial cells. Among these loci, insertional mutations in aspA, aspB, and sodB resulted in drastic reduction in C. jejuni entry and/or survival within host cells and a severe defect in colonization in an animal model. The implications of these findings for the understanding of C. jejuni-host cell interactions are discussed.
Human Erythrocyte Sugar Transport KINETIC EVIDENCE FOR AN ASYMMETRIC CARRIER

Abstract The sugar transport system in the human red cell is highly asymmetric: the Km and Vmax for efflux are more than 20 times greater than those for influx. Sugar influx is accelerated up to 40-fold by increasing amounts of intracellular sugar, while efflux is increased on 2-fold by extracellular sugar. These distinct trans effects suggest that the sugar carrier has at least two sites for sugar which sit on opposite sides of the membrane but which are sensitive to the state of saturation at the trans face. These results are sufficient to explain the aspects of transport kinetics previously considered as anomalies. The pH dependence of efflux, influx, and exchange transport are also presented. They too provide evidence for more than one type of binding site for sugar.
Quantification of myocardial perfusion with myocardial contrast echocardiography during left atrial injection of contrast. Implications for venous injection.

BACKGROUNDThe purpose of this study was to determine whether myocardial perfusion can be quantified with myocardial contrast echocardiography using left atrial (LA) injection of contrast.METHODS AND RESULTSBased on a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments, the optimal dose of sonicated albumin microbubbles injected into the LA for establishing a linear relation between video intensity and blood volume in the anterior myocardium was determined. In 10 open-chest dogs, myocardial blood flow (MBF) was augmented by increasing myocardial blood volume (MBV) with an intravenous infusion of phenylephrine HCl. In the presence of this drug, left anterior descending artery stenosis was produced, followed by release of stenosis, to change MBF within the anterior myocardium. MBV was calculated by dividing radiolabeled microsphere-derived MBF by microbubble transit rate. There was close coupling between MBF and MBV in the anterior myocardium during LA injection of contrast (y = 1.0x-0.03, SEE = 1.07, r = .92, P < .0...
Tumor–host interactions contribute to the elevated expression level of α1‐antichymotrypsin in metastatic breast tumor xenografts

We investigated α1-antichymotrypsin (ACT) gene expression in xenograft tumors generated by two isogenic human breast cancer cell lines derived from the same parent, MDA-MB-435, which display opposite metastatic behaviors. Microarray and real-time PCR experiments showed an overexpression of this serine protease inhibitor in the metastatic tumors (M-4A4T) and its derived metastases (M4-Mets) compared with the weakly metastatic tumors (NM-2C5T), and its release into the blood was confirmed by western-blotting. However, functional assays in vivo using genetically engineered tumor cells demonstrated that ACT up-regulation was not, by itself, responsible for the metastatic phenotype. We also made observations that ACT gene regulation was sensitive to tumor–host interactions: inoculation of these lines into the mouse mammary gland greatly increased ACT production and accentuated the intrinsic difference observed when they are cultured in vitro. Sensitivity of tumor cells to their environment was further analyzed by in vitro experiments, which demonstrated that a purified ECM environment and soluble components from normal host mammary cells were both able to significantly promote ACT expression. In addition, we took advantage of the xenogeneic nature of the model to measure ACT expression by the host cells (mouse) and the tumor cells (human) within the neoplasm using species-specific primers in real-time PCR experiments. It was found that the presence of tumor cells, irrespective of their metastatic capabilities, induced local ACT production by host cells at the primary and secondary tumor sites. Thus, this work indicates that there is a specific association of ACT overexpression with the metastatic phenotype in our breast cancer metastasis model. Moreover, because of the xenogeneic nature of our system, we were able to provide evidence of tumor–host reciprocal regulation of ACT production.
Assessing the Relationship Between Conflict-Type and Emotions in Top Management Teams: An Attributions Perspective Within the Context of Strategic Decision-Making

This study identifies why conflict reactions vary, focusing on the role attributions play on the relationship between conflict and anger within executive teams. Two attributions were examined: intentionality and controllability. Intentionality was a significant moderator between cognitive conflict and anger, whereas controllability marginally moderated the relationship between affective conflict and anger. These findings provide further evidence that attributions about the actions or comments of an individual can contribute to subsequent conflict. They also help understand prior mixed results about conflict effects. Cognitive conflict had a favorable outcome when it was attributed as being constructive and dysfunctional when attributed as destructive.
Multilevel, Hierarchical Linear Models and Marketing - This Is Not Your Adviser's OLS Model

This chapter provides an introduction to hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) for marketing researchers. We begin by motivating why one might use HIM models, describing what they are and what research questions they can address. We then describe the techniques. We illustrate the models on a small data set, and we instruct potential adopters on how to fit the models via existing software so that the reader should he able to reproduce the results we present in this chapter. We also present findings from a larger, real data set to illustrate the substantive insights that may be gleaned from these models.
Photoelectrochemistry of photosystem I bound in nafion

Developing a solid state Photosystem I (PSI) modified electrode is attractive for photoelectrochemical applications because of the quantum yield of PSI, which approaches unity in the visible spectrum. Electrodes are constructed using a Nafion film to encapsulate PSI as well as the hole-scavenging redox mediator Os(bpy)2Cl2. The photoactive electrodes generate photocurrents of 4 μA/cm2 when illuminated with 1.4 mW/cm2 of 676 nm band-pass filtered light. Methyl viologen (MV2+) is present in the electrolyte to scavenge photoelectrons from PSI in the Nafion film and transport charges to the counter electrode. Because MV2+ is positively charged in both reduced and oxidized states, it is able to diffuse through the cation permeable channels of Nafion. Photocurrent is produced when the working electrode is set to voltages negative of the Os3+/Os2+ redox potential. Charge transfer through the Nafion film and photohole scavenging at the PSI luminal surface by Os(bpy)2Cl2 depends on the reduction of Os redox center...
SCALING OF THE CENTERLINE MIXING BEHAVIOR IN THE NEAR FIELD OF AXISYMMETRIC TURBULENT JETS

Detailed measurements of the centerline mixing behavior in the near field of variable density jets were performed. Real-time measurements of jet fluid concentration for a propane and a methane jet issuing into still air were made utilizing Rayleigh light scattering. The initial conditions were those of fully developed pipe flow, and testing was done for flow rates yielding Reynolds numbers in the range of 3300 to 23,000, based on the jet average discharge-velocity, exit diameter, and initial fluid properties. Centerline decay characteristics in the near field indicate an asymptotic dependence on Reynolds number that is attributed to the initial velocity distribution at the jet exit. Investigation of the mean and turbulent characteristics of the velocity distribution yields a proposed streamwise scale variable that effectively captures this dependence and thus scales the virtual origin shift. Collapse of the near field centerline velocity and concentration distributions is achieved using the proposed scaling.
Coupling Multi-cycle Terahertz Pulses onto a Metal Wire Waveguide Using a Subwavelength Coaxial Aperture

We demonstrate a flexible approach for coupling multicycle terahertz pulses onto a metal wire. This is accomplished by inserting the wire into the center of a circular subwavelength aperture fabricated into a free-standing metal foil.
PLA micro- and nano-particles

Poly(d,l-lactic acid) (PLA) has been widely used for various biomedical applications for its biodegradable, biocompatible, and nontoxic properties. Various methods, such as emulsion, salting out, and precipitation, have been used to make better PLA micro- and nano-particle formulations. They are widely used as controlled drug delivery systems of therapeutic molecules, including proteins, genes, vaccines, and anticancer drugs. Even though PLA-based particles have challenges to overcome, such as low drug loading capacity, low encapsulation efficiency, and terminal sterilization, continuous innovations in particulate formulations will lead to development of clinically useful formulations.
Ontopimierung: Stolzäußerung des natürlichen Menschen

Naturliche Menschen haben einen guten Instinkt fur den Einsatz ihrer psychischen Energie und ihrer seelischen Kraft. Sie mochten gerne die Helden bei Grostaten sein und als solche triumphieren.
Mentoring Relationship Quality Profiles and Their Association With Urban, Low-Income Youth’s Academic Outcomes:

This study aimed to (a) identify mentoring quality profiles based on characteristics of informal mentoring relationships, (b) examine how mentor and youth demographic characteristics were related t...
Sobriety Checkpoint and Open Container Laws in the United States: Associations with Reported Drinking-Driving

ABSTRACTObjective: The objective of this study was to assess how 2 types of drinking-driving laws—permitting sobriety checkpoints and prohibiting open containers of alcohol in motor vehicles—are associated with drinking-driving and how enforcement efforts may affect these associations.Methods: We obtained 2010 data on state-level drinking-driving laws and individual-level self-reported drinking-driving from archival sources (Alcohol Policy Information System, NHTSA, and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System). We measured enforcement of the laws via a 2009 survey of state patrol agencies. We computed multilevel regression models (separate models for each type of law) that first examined how having the state law predicted drinking-driving, controlling for various state- and individual-level covariates; we then added the corresponding enforcement measure as another potential predictor.Results: We found that states with a sobriety checkpoint law, compared with those without a law, had 18.2% lower drinkin...
Frontal Horn Cysts in Normal Neonates

Among 3545 term or near term healthy neonates who underwent cranial ultrasound over a 2-year 5-month period at Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, 18 (0.5%) were diagnosed with frontal horn cysts (FHCs).
Heads in the Clouds: The Evolution of Educational Technologies

If you consider yourself technological savvy, the play on words in my title should have been self-evident and perhaps elicited an internal smile. Perhaps the literary allusion evaded you. We live in a world where “cloud computing” is becoming ubiquitous. Data is progressively moving to off-site servers. Your office computer and university account probably do not save your work on the machine at the desk you sit at. Instead, data is now archived, elsewhere at locations only privy to the informational technology folk on your campus or at your institution. With the explosion of online degree granting institutions and the migration of classes from face-toface formats to online formats, education is truly moving into the clouds and our students’ heads explore virtual worlds as educators increasingly use technology in their practices. Parallel to this general trend, there is national recognition that more needs to be done to educate health care providers to better match emergent needs and developments. What are the implications for learning? In setting the stage for the six chapters in the rest of this volume, I first highlight important changes and initiatives in health care and health care education and then provide a brief overview of the different diverse technologies being used in pedagogy, with implications of their use.
Free ammonia offers algal crop protection from predators in dairy wastewater and ammonium-rich media.

Cost-effective methods for protecting crops from grazing organisms like rotifers are needed to reduce the risk of pond crashes in mass algal cultures. We present a novel strategy to optimize the exposure time to free ammonia, via control of media pH, in both defined media and dairy anaerobic digester effluent to suppress rotifers and maintain algal productivity. We tested five different free ammonia exposure times (0, 1, 2, 6, and 12h) and found a significant nonlinear effect of exposure time (p 0.9) on rotifer survival. In both media types, 6-12h of elevated free ammonia significantly reduced Brachionus plicatilis rotifer survival with no negative effects on Nannochloropsis oculata, while shorter exposure times were insufficient to inhibit rotifers, leading to severe algal culture crashes. These results suggest that algal crops can be protected from rotifers, without productivity loss, by elevating free ammonia for 6 or more hours.
Surface Polarization Effects on Ion-Containing Emulsions

Surface polarization in ion-containing heterogeneous dielectric media such as cell media and emulsions is determined by and determines the positions of the ions. We compute the surface polarization self-consistently as the ions move and analyze their effects on the interactions between electro-neutral, ion-containing droplets using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations based on the true energy functional. For water droplets immersed in oil, the interdroplet interaction is attractive, and the surface polarization makes the major contribution. By contrast, for oil droplets in water, the ion-surface induced charge interaction is repulsive and counteracts the attraction between the ions, leading to a small attractive interaction between the droplets. This research improves our understanding of self-assembly in mixed phases such as metal extraction for recovering rare earth elements and nuclear waste as well as water purification.
Cardiac Optogenetics: 2018

Cardiac optogenetics is an emergent research area involving the delivery of light-sensitive proteins (opsins) to excitable heart tissue to enable optical modulation of cardiac electrical function. Optogenetic stimulation has many noteworthy advantages over conventional electrical methods, including selective electrophysiological modulation in specifically targeted cell subpopulations, high-resolution spatiotemporal control via patterned illumination, and use of different opsins to elicit inward or outward transmembrane current. This review summarizes developments achieved since the inception of cardiac optogenetics research, which has spanned nearly a decade. The authors first provide an overview of recent methodological advances in opsin engineering, light sensitization of cardiac tissue, strategies for illuminating the heart, and frameworks for simulating optogenetics in realistic computational models of patient hearts. They then review recent cardiac optogenetics applications, including: 1) all-optical, high-throughput, contactless assays for quantification of electrophysiological properties; 2) optogenetic perturbation of cardiac tissue to unveil mechanistic insights on the initiation, perpetuation, and termination of arrhythmia; and 3) disruptive translational innovations such as light-based pacemaking and defibrillation.
Rock Mass Response to Thermal Loading and Unloading at the Spent Fuel Test

Publisher Summary The Spent Fuel Test-Climax (SFT) was a unique test of retrievable deep geological storage of spent fuel. Conducted in three parallel drifts at a depth of about 1400 ft in jointed granitic rock, the SFT was the largest instrumented test of rock mass response to thermal loading and unloading conducted to date in the United States. Although the overall objective of the test was to evaluate the feasibility of geological storage of spent fuel assemblies at a depth representative of proposed geological repositories, the test also provided an opportunity to study geomechanical responses of a granitic rock mass to large-scale heating and subsequent cooling.
Background: The Duality of Nature

(Good references for this chapter on the historical background are the article by Niels Bohr, entitled “Discussions with Einstein. Epistemological Problems in Atomic Physics.” In Albert Einstein. Philosopher-Scientist. Vol. VII of Library of Living Philosophers, Paul A. Schilpp, ed., Evanston, Illinois, 1949; and the little book by Werner Heisenberg, The Physical Principles of the Quantum Theory, Dover Publications, 1949.)
Vaccination: the present and the future.

Vaccines have undoubtedly saved the lives of millions, and along with improved sanitation, they remain one of the cornerstones of modern medicine. Many diseases that were once widespread are now eradicated, but vaccine programs face ongoing challenges. Safety concerns as well as limited funding have led to pockets of reduced vaccine coverage around the world ― including in developed countries. Chronic and recurrent diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis, and malaria remain without effective vaccines. This review will briefly describe vaccines and the two major issues faced by modern vaccination programs: insufficient vaccine coverage and developing effective vaccines for chronic and recurrent diseases.
Optimization of Ultrasonic Phased Arrays

Ultrasonic phased arrays are an emerging technology in nondestructive evaluation (NDE) applications. A phased array is a multi-element piezo-electric device whose elements are individually excited by electric pulses at programmed delay times [1]. Such a delay scheme allows electronically controlled dynamic beam control. One of the advantages of using phased arrays in NDE applications over conventional ultrasonic transducers is their great maneuverability of the ultrasonic beam, i.e., dynamic beam steering and focusing. This way, target materials can be rapidly inspected by electronically sweeping the sound beam in the area of interest without requiring mechanical or manual scanning.
Mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis: your role in patient compliance and health care costs.

BACKGROUND: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic relapsing disease necessitating lifelong treatment. Most patients present with mild-to-moderate disease characterized by alternating periods of remission and clinical relapse. Continued disease progression and relapse of UC overtime are associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). OBJECTIVE: To discuss the latest treatment options for mild-to-moderateUC, to review the current data involving the economics of UC, and to demonstrate the relationship between treatment adherence, clinical relapse, inflammation severity, CRC risk, and treatment outcomes. SUMMARY: One of the main goals of therapy in UC is to induce and maintain a long-lasting remission of disease to reduce or avoid the high personal and financial costs of relapse. In recent studies, researcher shave demonstrated a link between increased colonic inflammation andCRC risk, highlighting the importance of preventing relapse, which can lead to costly surgical procedures and hospital sta...
Electrical Properties of Insulator-Semiconductor Interfaces on III-V Compounds

An enormous amount of theoretical and experimental work has been published on metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) structures which employ thermally oxidized silicon. The technology of these devices has reached a level of perfection which permits the formation of insulator- semiconductor interfaces in which essentially no extraneous charge-trapping mechanisms are present. The understanding of such structures has reached a level which permits the design and large-scale technological applications of MIS transistors and MIS integrated circuits. Although several other semiconductors appear to be superior to silicon for certain MIS applications, such as microwave logic and signal processing, the understanding of the surface properties of the alternative semiconductors is in a primitive state. The dielectrics that have been tried on such semiconductors always have exhibited larger amounts of charge trapping at the interface and greater frequency dispersion of the electrical properties of the insulator than those attainable on thermally oxidized silicon. In fact, the surface properties are, in many cases, so poor that comparison between experiment and theoretical models developed for silicon can be very difficult and often confusing.
Preparative Density Gradient Electrophoresis and Velocity Sedimentation at Unit Gravity of Mammalian Cells

In 1975 we described a new method for the preparative separation of mammalian cells by density gradient electrophoresis (Catsimpoolas and Griffith, 1975; Griffith et al., 1975). This development came about by combining the use of an isoosmolar Ficoll-sucrose density gradient medium (Boltz et al., 1973, 1976) with a commercially available apparatus originally designed for polyacrylamide gels (Jovin et al., 1964) and a fraction collection method involving differential pumping velocity of the chase and density gradient fluids (Svendsen, 1972). The technique can be used to separate highly viable and functional mammalian cells—in bulk quantities, i.e., up to 108 cells—if they exhibit different surface charge and therefore electrophoretic mobility. This capability has been demonstrated in several recent reports from this laboratory (Catsimpoolas et al., 1976a; Ault et al., 1976; Platsoucas et al., 1976; Griffith et al., 1976).
Shifting Influences of Pregnancy on Union Formation Across Age and Union Stability Across Cohabitation Duration

Nonmarital pregnancy increases the likelihood of entering a marital or cohabiting union. The timing of a pregnancy within the life course of an individual or relationship duration may also affect t...