cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Remote Sensing of Canopy Water Content During SMEX'04 and SMEX'05 Using Shortwave-Infrared Reflectances

The Soil Moisture Experiments in 2004 and 2005 were conducted to validate algorithms for soil moisture retrievals. One of the key parameters for determination of soil moisture from microwave sensors is the vegetation water content of canopy and stems. We tested if canopy water content could be determined from reflectances in the shortwave-infrared and if the amount of canopy water content was related to the total vegetation water content by allometric equations. The normalized difference infrared index (NDII) was linearly related to canopy water content for all plants up to an equivalent water thickness of 1.0 mm. The biggest factor affecting the estimation of canopy water content was the soil background reflectance. For corn and soybean canopy equivalent water thickness were linearly related to total vegetation water content. However, there may be a separate allometric equation required for each vegetation type.
Costochondritis in adolescents

One hundred adolescent clinic patients who complained of chest or upper abdominal pain were evaluated. Seventy-nine were found to have only tender costal cartilages. Costochondritis pain orginates in the anterior chest wall and may radiate into the chest, back, or abdomen. It is reproducible by palpating the affected costal cartilage. Costochondritis was more often unilateral than bilateral ( P =0.001), and in unilaterally affected patients ( P These findings suggest that chest pain and upper abdominal pain in adolescents rarely arise from serious problems. Adolescents are normally hypersensitive about physical symptoms, but they can be effectively reassured and an expensive diagnostic and treatment program can be avoided.
On the Product and Ratio of Gamma and Beta Random Variables

The distributions of the product XY and the ratio X/Y are derived when X and Y are gamma and beta random variables distributed independently of each other. Tabulations of the associated percentage points and illustrations of their practical use are also provided.
Genes differentially expressed with malignant transformation and metastatic tumor progression of murine squamous cell carcinoma

Molecular changes occurring with tumor formation and metastasis need to be identified in order to define novel markers and targets for chemoprevention and therapy. Cell lines from a multistage model of murine squamous cell carcinoma were analyzed for differences in gene expression using mRNA differential display. mRNA was isolated from primary keratinocytes, an in vitro transformed keratinocyte line (Pam 212), and three metastatic cell lines derived from Pam 212 following tumor progression in vivo. cDNA was synthesized by reverse transcription and amplified by PCR using 72 primer combinations to screen and compare approximately 3,600 sequences. Five cDNAs with a differential expression pattern confirmed by Northern blot analysis were cloned and sequenced, revealing homology with known genes. The gene encoding tropomyosin α was preferentially expressed in primary keratinocytes; genes for tyrosine kinase Yes-associated protein (YAP65) and ribosomal protein L18a were preferentially expressed in transformed and metastatic tumor cell lines; and genes for the Gro-α family cytokine KC and antigen Sp17 exhibited increased expression in the three metastatic cell lines. The structure and function of the genes identified suggest that they may possibly be linked to cell shape and motility, signal transduction, protein synthesis, growth, granulocyte chemotaxis, and angiogenesis. This study demonstrates the ability of mRNA differential display to detect altered gene expression in this tumor progression model of murine squamous cell carcinoma, and the potential usefulness of this approach for identification of candidate genes as chemoprevention markers and targets. J. Cell. Biochem. Suppls. 28/29:90–100. Published 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.11
127 Climate Variability and Phytoplankton Production in PNW Coast Estuaries

The west coast of North America receives strong forcing from climate modes such as El Nino-Southern Oscillation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Estuaries are poised at a sensitive interface because estuarine biota and habitat will be affected by variability in properties and processes associated with the ocean, the watershed, and the local weather. Observations from the Washington coast and Willapa Bay illustrate these three arenas of influence. Variation in ocean upwelling and ocean thermocline depth associated with the 1997–98 El Nino versus the 1999 La Nina affected temperature and nutrient availability in Willapa Bay. Variation in river flow associated with the 2000–01 drought affected estuarine circulation and residence time. And, variation in prevailing wind direction and/or cloudiness was highly correlated with phytoplankton biomass. This situation is responsible for the complexity of understanding climate impacts on estuarine systems. In order to help evaluate which mechanisms, remote oceanic processes or local watershed/estuarine characteristics, most affected Willapa Bay's phytoplankton production, several phytoplankton species were used as indicators of water mass origin and compared with primary productivity data to assess whether phytoplankton blooms were dominated by endemic or imported species. Our analysis resolved that the highest primary production (and the appearance of Pseudo-nitzschia spp.) was associated with oceanic intrusions of phytoplankton biomass into Willapa Bay. This result underscores the dominant role that variation in ocean and climate play in controlling Pacific Northwest estuarine production. However, while the largest blooms were oceanic in origin, numerous medium-sized production events were from either oceanic or estuarine sources, indicating a complex picture.
Active localization on the ocean floor with multibeam sonar

We present a method for infrastructure-free localization of underwater vehicles with multibeam sonar. After constructing a large scale (4 km), high resolution (1 m) bathymetric map of a region of the ocean floor, the vehicle can use the map to correct its gradual dead-reckoning error, or to re-localize itself after returning from the surface. This ability to re-localize is particularly important for deep-operating vehicles, which accumulate large amounts of error during the descent through the water column. We use a 3D evidence grid, stored in a efficient octree data structure, to fuse the multibeam range measurements and build maps that do not rely on particular features and are robust to noisy measurements. We use a particle filter to perform localization relative to this map. Both map and filter are general, robust techniques, and both run in real-time. Localization convergence and accuracy are improved, particularly over sparsely varying terrain, by deliberately selecting actions that are predicted to reduce the vehicle's position uncertainty. Our approach to this active localization is to select actions that are expected to generate sonar data that maximally discriminates between the current position hypotheses. Maximal discrimination is a very fast proxy for standard particle filter entropy-based active localization. These methods are demonstrated using a dataset provided by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute from their mapping AUV, collected near the Axial Seamount in the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Though it depends on the situation, the vehicle's position estimate typically converges to within 2 m of the true position in less than 100 s of traverse, or 150 m at 1.5 m/s. We explore the limitations of our approach, particularly with a smaller number of range sensors: although performance is degraded, satisfactory results are achieved with just four sonars.
Preventing sudden death after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: complex therapy for complex patients.

Arrhythmias in Tetralogy of Fallot. Sudden arrhythmic death in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot or its variants has a variety of causes. Consequently, it can serve as a paradigm for management of potentially malignant arrhythmias in all pediatric patients, particularly with regard to the use of nonpharmacologic therapy for management. Five cases are presented as touchpoints for discussion and demonstrate a number of important issues concerning the assessment and reduction of sudden cardiac death risk in these patients. First, there are no clinical parameters that can be used to accurately assess risk. Second, pharmacologic agents alone rarely are adequate therapy. Third, catheter ablation and antitachycardia devices continue to play an ever increasing role in management of these patients, and, finally, additional data are necessary to establish clear management guidelines in patients with congenital heart disease at risk for arrhythmic death.
BENEFITS FROM USING SURROGATE ENTREPRENEURS IN TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIALIZATION

Is there a benefit to encourage more surrogates to take scientific discoveries to commercial markets in lieu of technologists or in support of technologists? This paper reports on a survey that contrasted two groups of technology entrepreneurs. The first group includes technologists who start companies based on their technology whereas the second group is made of surrogate entrepreneurs who "adopt" someone else's technology and build companies around them with or without the help of the original technical innovator. The results indicate that technologists favored technology issues whereas surrogates were more interested in market issues. These behaviors led to differences in the groups' emphases, success factors, and funding. The recommendations for R&D organizations include a prescription for encouraging more surrogate entrepreneurs to move technological innovations into successful companies.
A 2D post-beamforming filter for contrast restoration in medical ultrasound: in vivo results

We have recently developed a robust 2D post-beamforming filter for contrast restoration in ultrasound imaging systems using coarsely-sampled array apertures, e.g. high frequency ultrasound (HFUS). The filter can be derived from a discretized 2D impulse response model in the region of interest (ROI). The key to the robustness of the regularized 2D pseudoinverse filter is transforming the operator to k-space, where the regularized inversion is implemented using 2D DFT instead of computationally intractable matrix operations. Using computer simulations, the 2D PIO was shown to produce complete restoration of contrast loss due to grating lobes resulting from coarse, 2λ sampling of HFUS arrays in the 25–35 MHz range. In this paper, we present the first in vivo demonstration of the 2D PIO in imaging the carotid artery using a commercially available probe. The results show that the 2D PIO increases the tissue/blood contrast by 4 dB (when imaging a cross section of the vessel). These results are in agreement with experimental results obtained using the same probe in imaging quality assurance phantoms. The 2D PIO's ability to remove the clutter from grating lobe is expected to improve the performance of speckle tracking algorithms for the estimation of tissue and blood displacements in vivo.
Design, science, and engineering topics?: teaching HCI with a unified method

Reacting to challenges that have been observed in human-computer interaction (HCI) education, as well as the multidisciplinary design, science, and engineering underpinnings, we investigate a pedagogical approach based on case methods. Our study of various case method techniques in an undergraduate HCI class provides insights into challenges that can be expected in the employment of case methods, student learning outcomes, and considerations for HCI curriculum planning. In general, case methods show great promise with a wide variety of topics, and we present broad recommendations for future work that will improve integration of HCI professional practice, research, and education.
Transient sensitivity analysis for nonlinear population models

Summary 1. Performing sensitivity analyses for deterministic multi-stage, multi-parameter population models that include nonlinearity presents a significant computational challenge. 2. We implement a standard forward sensitivity analysis to evaluate partial derivatives of population state variables with respect to parameters at all times for which the solution is known. We present a hybrid Matlab/Maple software package, sensai, which automates the steps required to calculate sensitivities and elasticities. We focus on sensitivities of transient states of populations. Our analysis therefore differs from the more common analysis of linear systems where sensitivities are computed for the asymptotic stable-stage distribution assuming unbounded population growth. The method generalizes the matrix calculus methods for nonlinear, stage-structured matrix models previously developed by Caswell (2009, Journal of Difference Equations and Applications, 15 ,3 49– 369). 3. We present an example of a nonlinear, discrete-time population model in the form of a stagestructured Lefkovitch matrix, and another multi-stage, continuous-time SIR disease model in the form of a system of ordinary differential equations. In addition, we extend the framework for composite nonlinear maps of population demography to include single-locus genetics with natural selection discriminating among genotypes. 4. SENSAI allows for the analysis of a quantity of interest (an arbitrary function of variables and parameters, e.g. the proportion of infected individuals in a disease model), and sensitivity to combinations of model parameters. For example, we can compute sensitivities with respect to parameters and initial conditions at all times during an outbreak in a disease model, before a steady state of disease prevalence is attained. Similarly, in population genetic models, we can compute sensitivity of a response to natural selection (e.g. the change in allele frequencies) in relation to fitness differences among genotypes. 5. We illustrate the capabilities of sensai through a series of canonical models with relatively few variables and parameters. However, sensai has the capability to analyse significantly more complex models.
The effect of single wall carbon nanotube metallicity on genomic DNA-mediated chirality enrichment

Achieving highly enriched single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) is one of the major hurdles today because their chirality-dependent properties must be uniform and predictable for use in nanoscale electronics. Due to the unique wrapping and groove-binding mechanism, DNA has been demonstrated as a highly specific SWNT dispersion and fractionation agent, with its enrichment capabilities depending on the DNA sequence and length as well as the nanotube properties. Salmon genomic DNA (SaDNA) offers an inexpensive and scalable alternative to synthetic DNA. In this study, SaDNA enrichment capabilities were tested on SWNT separation with varying degrees of metallicity that were formulated from mixtures of commercial metallic (met-) and semiconducting (sem-) abundant SWNTs. The results herein demonstrate that the degree of metallicity of the SWNT sample has a significant effect on the SaDNA enrichment capabilities, and this effect is modeled based on deconvolution of the near-infrared (NIR) absorption spectra and verified with photoluminescence emission (PLE) measurements. Using molecular dynamics and circular dichroism, the preferential SaDNA mediated separation of the (6, 5) sem-tube is shown to be largely influenced by the presence of met-SWNTs.
Phase uncertainty in case-control association studies.

The possible evidence for association comprises three types of information: differences between cases and controls in allele frequencies, in parameters for Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium (HWD), and in parameters for linkage disequilibrium (LD). LD between marker and disease alleles results in a difference in at least one of the three types of parameters [Won and Elston, 2008]. However, the parameters for LD require knowledge about phase, which is usually unknown, making the LD contrast test without modification infeasible in practice. Methods for handling phase uncertainty are: (1) the most probable haplotype pair for each individual can be considered as the true phase; (2) a weighted average of haplotypes can be used; (3) we can consider the composite LD, which does not require any information about phase. We compare these methods to handle phase uncertainty in terms of validity and efficiency, and the effect on them of HWD in the population, at the same time confirming results for the three types of information. When the LD between markers is high, the LD contrast test that uses a weighted average of haplotypes or the most probable haplotypes to calculate the LD is recommended, but otherwise the LD contrast test that uses the composite LD is recommended. We conclude that, even though the difference in allele frequencies is usually the most informative test except in the case of a recessive disease, the LD contrast test can be more powerful if the markers are dense enough. Genet. Epidemiol. 33:463–478, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Role of Cytochrome b5 in the NADH Synergism of NADPH-Dependent Reactions of the Cytochrome P-450 Monooxygenase System of Hepatic Microsomes

Two systems are known to transfer electrons in hepatic microsomes: 1) the NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase system, and 2) the NADH dependent cytochrome b5 system. Their coexistence in the same organelle suggested to Estabrook and associates (Estabrook et al., 1971; Hildebrandt and Estabrook, 1971) that the systems might interact during the oxidation of drug substrates in much the same way electron transfer systems interact in mitochrondria. As evidence for the interaction of the two systems, they showed that the rate of NADH oxidation by liver microsomes was enhanced in the presence of NADPH and drug substrate, and that the rate of oxidation of NADH was related to the rate of oxidation of the substrate. They further implicated cytochrome b5 in cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase reactions by showing that the steady state of reduced cytochrome b5 in the presence of NADPH and NADH was decreased by the addition of drug substrate. Other experiments eliminated some alternative possibilities that might explain these observations, e.g., the possibility that NADH was converted to NADPH, or that NADH was sparing NADPH used in competing reactions occurring simultaneously in microsomes.
The Role of Prophylactic Antibiotics After Minimally Invasive Pyeloplasty With Ureteral Stent Placement in Children

Objective To determine whether children discharged with prophylactic antibiotics following laparoscopic pyeloplasty with indwelling ureteral stent have a decrease risk of postoperative urinary tract infections (UTIs) compared to those discharged without antibiotics. Materials and Methods A retrospective review of all minimally invasive pyeloplasties performed at our institution from January 2009 to March 2015 was conducted. Patients were discharged home with or without daily prophylactic-dose antibiotics continued until 3 days after ureteral stent removal per surgeon preference. The primary outcome was incidence of culture-positive UTI. Secondary outcomes included bacteriuria at time of stent removal and adverse events associated with extended antibiotic therapy. Results Of 163 pyeloplasties (106 robotic and 57 pure laparoscopic) performed over the study period, 126 patients were discharged on prophylactic antibiotics whereas 37 patients were discharged without prophylaxis. Groups were different with respect to median age (7.1 vs 12.0 years, P = .03) and median duration of ureteral stent (35 days vs 28 days, P = .02). The incidence of culture-positive UTI between the time of discharge and stent removal was comparably low between groups; 2/126 (1.6%) in the prophylaxis group and 1/37 (2.7%) in the group not on prophylaxis. At time of stent removal, perioperative urine culture was positive in 2/20 (10.0 %) patients who received prophylactic antibiotics and in 1/25 (4.0%) patients who did not (P = .54). Conclusion The administration of extended prophylactic antibiotics showed no significant impact on the rate of UTI following minimally invasive pyeloplasty.
Targeting of Proteins into and Across the Chloroplastic Envelope

Chloroplasts are functionally complex organelles that perform a diverse array of metabolic processes in addition to their well known role in photosynthesis. Consistent with their functional complexity, chloroplasts are structurally complex organelles, possessing three different lipid bilayer membranes enclosing three different aqueous compartments (Fig. 1). Because of the limited coding capacity of the plastid genome, most of the proteins in each compartment are encoded by nuclear genes and synthesized in the cytoplasm (Fig. 1). Understanding how these precursor proteins are targeted from the cytoplasm to their proper location within chloroplasts is an intriguing problem that has received considerable attention in recent years. In this chapter, we will briefly summarize relevant work from other laboratories as well as some recent results from our laboratory, all of which are aimed at understanding the import and proper localization of cytoplasmically synthesized chloroplastic proteins.
Posterior humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament as a cause of posterior shoulder instability. A case report.

Traumatic forces applied to the shoulder during sports activities often result in glenohumeral instability. Frequently, the main reason for instability is the lack of soft-tissue restraint to the translation of the humeral head on the glenoid. Approximately 5% of the cases of glenohumeral instability have been reported to involve posterior instability of the shoulder1. Studies have shown that posterior instability has several soft-tissue-related etiologies, including capsulolabral detachment, capsular laxity, and rotator interval lesions1,2. Anterior avulsion of the humeral attachment of the glenohumeral ligaments has been shown to account for 7.5% (forty-one of 547) to 9.4% (six of sixty-four) of the cases of anterior instability3,4. To date, the case of one patient who was treated because of posterior humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral capsule has been reported in the orthopaedic literature and two series of such patients without reference to treatment have been reported in the radiology literature5,6. In the present report, we describe the case of a patient who had traumatic posterior glenohumeral instability secondary to humeral detachment of the posterior capsule and the posterior portion of the inferior glenohumeral ligament. Arthroscopic repair of this posterior lesion resulted in a successful outcome. Our patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication. Anineteen-year-old, left-hand-dominant man presented to our clinic with a two-year history of intermittent clicking and pain in the left shoulder. The symptoms started after he sustained a blow to the anterior aspect of the left shoulder while trying to tackle another player during a high-school football game. The patient reported that the left shoulder had slipped out of place and then spontaneously returned to its normal position. Since then, he continued to experience intermittent clicking, pain, and “looseness” of the …
Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome: a case report.

Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich (HWW) syndrome is a rare congenital disorder of the Mullerian ducts in which there is uterus didelphys, obstructed hemivagina and unilateral renal agenesis. The most common presentation is an abdominal mass secondary to hematocolpos, pain and dysmenorrhea. However, in some cases, such as the one we present here, menses are normal due to an obstructed hemivagina, and diagnosis can be delayed. We describe evaluation and surgical management of a 13-year-old girl with this condition who was diagnosed by computed tomography (CT) scan and confirmed by pelvic ultrasound and surgical exploration, as well as a review of the literature.
Heterobimetallic complexes of polypyridyl ligands containing paramagnetic centers: synthesis and characterization by IR and EPR.

Ligands containing linked dipicolylamine (dpa) and bipyridine sites have been explored as platforms for the synthesis of heterometallic complexes containing the paramagnetic metals Cu2+ and Co2+. IR and EPR studies on the bimetallic complexes and simplified model compounds support dpa-selective binding by both of these metals. The IR spectra have also been compared to those of diamagnetic Rh+, Zn2+, and Pd2+ complexes whose metal binding sites had been independently determined through NMR techniques. The binding preferences have been used to control selective metalation in the synthesis of heterometallic Pt/Cu, Pd/Cu, and Rh/Cu complexes.
Application of Antimicrobial Agents via Commercial Spray Cabinet To Inactivate Salmonella on Skinless Chicken Meat

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium is a food safety concern for raw poultry products. New and innovative application methods of antimicrobials for the reduction of Salmonella in poultry and poultry products are essential. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of three antimicrobial compounds against Salmonella on raw chicken meat when applied individually and in combination using a commercial spray cabinet. Raw chicken thigh meat inoculated with 5 log CFU/g Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 53647 was passed through a spray cabinet while being sprayed with 5% lauric arginate (LAE), 0.8% vinegar solution (VS), near-neutral electrolyzed water, or deionized water. The following three experiments were carried out: (i) exposure times of 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 s, (ii) storage at 4°C for 0, 1, 2, and 3 days after a 60-s exposure, and (iii) a combination of treatment with LAE and VS followed by storage at 4°C for 0, 1, 2, and 3 days. Analysis of variance and the Tukey test were used to determine mean significant differences (P < 0.05). The experiment was carried out in duplicate for each replicate (n = 3 × 2). In comparing individual antimicrobials, the 60-s treatment time resulted in the greatest reduction of Salmonella Typhimurium, with LAE achieving the greatest reduction (2.07 log), followed by VS, near-neutral electrolyzed water, and deionized water (0.63, 0.56, and 0.53 log, respectively). After 3 days of storage, LAE significantly (P < 0.05) reduced Salmonella Typhimurium, by 1.28 log. The combination of VS and then LAE resulted in a significantly (P < 0.05) greater reduction than using LAE followed by VS (1.61 and 0.93 log, respectively). The results of this study suggest that LAE is a viable compound to reduce Salmonella Typhimurium on raw chicken meat and that the order of application of antimicrobial agents plays a vital role.
Magnetic Resonance in K 2 Cu Cl 4 ·2 H 2 O

We have observed the microwave electron spin resonance of ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$ and the proton nuclear magnetic resonance in the temperature range $0.17\ensuremath{\leqq}T\ensuremath{\leqq}4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K and in fields in the range 3 to 6 kOe for single crystals of ${\mathrm{K}}_{2}$Cu${\mathrm{Cl}}_{4}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}2${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O, an ideal Heisenberg insulating ferromagnet with a Curie temperature ${T}_{c}=1.1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K. The temperature dependence of the magnetization, as measured by the proton-magnetic-resonance field, is in close agreement with the molecular-field model. The dependence of the microwave ferromagnetic resonance on temperature and sample geometry is in agreement with Kittel's equation. Numerous sharp magnetostatic modes are observed and compared with the theory of Walker. The ferromagnetic resonance line width has a temperature-independent component of a few Oe, and a temperature-dependent component which narrows from 65 to 1 Oe as the temperature varies from 4.2 to 0.7\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. From the observed shift in the ferromagnetic resonance below 0.6\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K due to the hyperfine (hfs) field of the copper nuclei, we find that the hfs constant $A=1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. We observe a new type of ferromagnetic resonance induced by a microwave field parallel to the dc field, which we interpret as a "forbidden" hyperfine resonance corresponding to the simultaneous flip of an electron spin and a nuclear spin.
A Survey of Chinese Anomalous Experiences and Comparison with Western Representative National Samples

Random samples of dormitory residents at three colleges in Xi'an, People's Republic of China, were polled regarding frequency of deja vu, night paralysis, extrasensory perception, communication with the dead, out-of-body experience, and belief in a "sixth sense." The Chinese students (N = 314) revealed incidence of these experiences, and faith in a "sixth sense," equivalent to, or higher than those found in Western populations. Since Chinese students engage in no formal religious practices, this finding suggests that such experiences are not totally a product of religious faith, but are universal in some sense.
The evolution of inhaled particle dose modeling: A review

Inhaled aerosol dose models play critical roles in medicine, the regulation of air pollutants and basic research. The models fall into several categories: traditional, computational fluid dynamical (CFD), physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK), empirical, semi-empirical, and “reference”. Each type of model has its strengths and weaknesses, so multiple models are commonly used for practical applications. Aerosol dose models combine information on aerosol behavior and the anatomy and physiology of exposed human and laboratory animal subjects. Similar models are used for in-vitro studies. Several notable advances have been made in aerosol dose modeling in the past 80 years. The pioneers include Walter Findeisen, who in 1935 published the first traditional model and established the structure of modern models. His model combined aerosol behavior with simplified respiratory tract structures. Ewald Weibel established morphometric techniques for the lung in 1963 that are still used to develop data for modeling today. Advances in scanning techniques have similarly contributed to the knowledge of respiratory tract structure and its use in aerosol dose modeling. Several scientists and research groups have developed and advanced traditional, CFD, and PBPK models. Current issues under study include understanding individual and species differences; examining localized particle deposition; modeling non-ideal aerosols and nanoparticle behavior; linking the regions of the respiratory tract airways from nasal–oral to alveolar; and developing sophisticated supporting software. Although a complete history of inhaled aerosol dose modeling is far too extensive to cover here, selected highlights are described in this paper.
Non cooperation and refusal during induction of anesthesia in children

Induction of anesthesia can be very distressing for children. This may lead to a lack of cooperation and refusal. The knowledge about the reasons of this behaviour is important to develop strategies and techniques to minimize the preoperative stress. Adequate preparation and the use of anxiolytic premedication are important modules. Non-pharmacological interventions are interesting and could be an alternative to sedative drugs in the future.
Multi-Generational Kinship, Multiple Mating, and Flexible Modes of Parental Care in a Breeding Population of the Veery (Catharus fuscescens), a Trans-Hemispheric Migratory Songbird.

We discovered variable modes of parental care in a breeding population of color-banded Veeries (Catharus fuscescens), a Nearctic-Neotropical migratory songbird, long thought to be socially monogamous, and performed a multi-locus DNA microsatellite analysis to estimate parentage and kinship in a sample of 37 adults and 21 offspring. We detected multiple mating in both sexes, and four modes of parental care that varied in frequency within and between years including multiple male feeders at some nests, and males attending multiple nests in the same season, each with a different female. Unlike other polygynandrous systems, genetic evidence indicates that multi-generational patterns of kinship occur among adult Veeries at our study site, and this was corroborated by the capture of an adult male in 2013 that had been banded as a nestling in 2011 at a nest attended by multiple male feeders. All genotyped adults (n = 37) were related to at least one other bird in the sample at the cousin level or greater (r ≥ 0.125), and 81% were related to at least one other bird at the half-sibling level or greater (r ≥ 0.25, range 0.25–0.60). Although our sample size is small, it appears that the kin structure is maintained by natal philopatry in both sexes, and that Veeries avoid mating with close genetic kin. At nests where all adult feeders were genotyped (n = 9), the male(s) were unrelated to the female (mean r = -0.11 ± 0.15), whereas genetic data suggest close kinship (r = 0.254) between two male co-feeders at the nests of two females in 2011, and among three of four females that were mated to the same polygynous male in 2012. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of polygynandry occurring among multiple generations of close genetic kin on the breeding ground of a Nearctic-Neotropical migratory songbird.
Vignettes in Global Business

A professor's reflections on introducing the topic of global business to graduate students and practitioners.
Congenital Airway Anomalies

Management of the pediatric airway in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) carries the inherent potential of becoming problematic. Practitioners must balance the immediate respiratory and ventilator needs of the patient with the potentially detrimental long-term sequelae of their management choices. The presence of congenital airway anomalies compounds this problem, making it more difficult to secure and maintain an adequate airway. Early identification of these anomalies can assist the practitioner in developing strategies to safely secure the airway, provide adequate ventilation, and mitigate complications. This chapter presents an overview of airway management in critically ill infants, with particular emphasis on infants and children with anatomic airway anomalies. The specific anomalies described include retrognathia, laryngomalacia, vocal cord paralysis, subglottic stenosis, posterior laryngeal cleft, vascular compression, and complete tracheal rings.
Corticotropin Releasing Factor Receptor Deficiency in Mice

Corticotropin releasing factor receptor-deficient mice confirm the importance of CRF receptors in activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in response to stress. These mice also reveal how CRF receptors function to modulate anxiety-related behavior. Furthermore, unexpected phenotypes have uncovered new functions of CRF receptors.
Educational Inequality in Apartheid South Africa

In this article, I explore the utility of effectively maintained inequality theory in examining educational inequality in South Africa at the end of the apartheid era. As an obviously unequal count...
Differentiation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma from Other Hepatic Malignancies in Patients at Risk: Diagnostic Performance of the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System Version 2014

Purpose To evaluate the diagnostic performance and interrater reliability of the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) version 2014 in differentiating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from non-HCC malignancy in a population of patients at risk for HCC. Materials and Methods This retrospective HIPAA-compliant institutional review board-approved study was exempt from informed consent. A total of 178 pathology-proven malignant liver masses were identified in 178 patients at risk for HCC but without established extrahepatic malignancy from August 2012 through August 2015. Two readers blinded to pathology findings and clinical follow-up data independently evaluated a liver protocol magnetic resonance or computed tomography study for each lesion and assigned LI-RADS categories, scoring all major and most ancillary features. Statistical analyses included the independent samples t test, x2 test, Fisher exact test, and Cohen k. Results This study included 136 HCCs and 42 non-HCC malignancies. Specificity and positive predictive value of an HCC imaging diagnosis (LR-5 or LR-5V) were 69.0% and 90.5%, respectively, for reader 1 (R1) and 88.3% and 95.5%, respectively, for reader 2 (R2). Tumor in vein was a common finding in patients with non-HCC malignancies (R1, 10 of 42 [23.8%]; R2, five of 42 [11.9%]). Exclusion of the LR-5V pathway improved specificity and positive predictive value for HCC to 83.3% and 92.9%, respectively, for R1 (six fewer false-positive findings) and 92.3% and 96.4%, respectively, for R2 (one fewer false-positive finding). Among masses with arterial phase hyperenhancement, the rim pattern was more common among non-HCC malignancies than among HCCs for both readers (R1: 24 of 36 [66.7%] vs 13 of 124, [10.5%], P < .001; R2: 27 of 35 [77.1%] vs 21 of 123 [17.1%], P < .001) (k = 0.76). Exclusion of rim arterial phase hyperenhancement as a means of satisfying LR-5 criteria also improved specificity and positive predictive value for HCC (R1, two fewer false-positive findings). Conclusion Modification of the algorithmic role of tumor in vein and rim arterial phase hyperenhancement improves the diagnostic performance of LI-RADS version 2014 in differentiating HCC from non-HCC malignancy. © RSNA, 2017 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
Open Heavy Flavor and Quarkonia Results at RHIC

RHIC experiments carry out a comprehensive physics program which studies open heavy flavor and quarkonium production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The discovery at RHIC of large high-pT suppression and flow of electrons from heavy quarks flavors have altered our view of the hot and dense matter formed in central Au + Au collisions at SNN=200 GeV. These results suggest a large energy loss and flow of heavy quarks in the hot, dense matter. In recent years, the RHIC experiments upgraded the detectors; (1) PHENIX Collaboration installed silicon vertex tracker (VTX) at mid-rapidity region and forward silicon vertex tracker (FVTX) at the forward rapidity region, and (2) STAR Collaboration installed the heavy flavor tracker (HFT) and the muon telescope detector (MTD) both at the mid-rapidity region. With these new upgrades, both experiments have collected large data samples. These new detectors enhance the capability of heavy flavor measurements via precision tracking. The PHENIX experiments established measurements of ψ (1S ) and ψ (2S ) production as a function of system size, p + p , p + Al, p + Au, and 3 He + Au collisions at SNN=200 GeV. In p/3 He + A collisions at forward rapidity, we observe no difference in the ψ (2S )/ψ (1S ) ratio relative to p + p collisions. At backward rapidity, where the comoving particle density is higher, we find that the ψ (2S ) is preferentially suppressed by a factor of two. STAR Collaboration presents the first J/ψ and ϒ measurements in the di-muon decay channel in Au + Au collisions at SNN=200 GeV at mid-rapidity at RHIC. We observe clear J/ψ RAA suppression and qualitatively well described by transport models simultaneously accounting for dissociation and regeneration processes.
Seroma Rates Are Not Increased When Combining Liposuction With Progressive Tension Suture Abdominoplasty: A Retrospective Cohort Study of 619 Patients.

Background Several studies have demonstrated that progressive tension sutures (PTS) reduce seroma. Many fear that adding liposuction to abdominoplasty will increase seroma rates and avoid drainless abdominoplasty when performing concomitant liposuction. Objectives We sought to identify whether liposuction increases seroma in PTS and non-PTS abdominoplasty. Methods In this retrospective study, 619 patients underwent abdominoplasty between 2009 and 2017, of which 299 patients had drainless abdominoplasty with PTS and 320 had drain-based abdominoplasty. We compared complications among PTS patients with and without liposuction and among drain-based abdominoplasty patients with and without liposuction. Results Demographics were similar between PTS and drain patients and between liposuction and nonliposuction PTS. Mean liposuction volume with PTS was 1592 ± 1048 mL. Seroma in the PTS group was found to be 2.6%, which is consistent with previous data. PTS without liposuction had a rate of seroma of 6.67% compared to a rate of 2.2% with liposuction; these rates were not significantly different (P = 0.20). A total of 207 patients had drain-based abdominoplasty with liposuction, and 113 had it without liposuction. Seroma with liposuction was 9.17% and without liposuction was 6.19%, although these differences were not significant (P = 0.52). PTS lipoabdominoplasty had less seroma compared with drain-based lipoabdominoplasty (P = 0.01). Conclusions Liposuction was performed in 80% of the patients, and patients with lipoabdominoplasty were not at a higher risk of seroma, in the drain group or the PTS group. More patients may allow validation that liposuction may actually be protective with PTS. Regardless, there is no increase in seroma with the addition of liposuction to PTS drainless abdominoplasty. Level of Evidence 3
Theoretical investigation of dephosphorylation of phosphate monoesters on CeO2(111)

Abstract The dephosphorylation of neutral model phosphate monoesters on CeO2(111), including para-nitrophenyl phosphate and methyl phosphate, has been studied theoretically using self-consistent, periodic density functional theory calculations at the GGA+U-PW91 level. These phosphate monoesters interact strongly with CeO2(111) by forming a bond between the P atom and a surface lattice O atom. A surface-assisted hydrolysis mechanism is proposed for the catalytic dephosphorylation of the phosphate monoesters on CeO2(111), which involves P-O ester bond scission followed by phosphate hydration and product desorption. The energies of the transition states for the P-O ester bond scission are found to follow a linear scaling relation with respect to the energies of the dissociated fragments reasonably well. A nearly spontaneous transfer of one of the H atoms on the phosphate group to the alkoxide group produces the corresponding alcohol. The hydration of the remaining HPO3 group has a maximum activation energy of ca. 1.1 eV in vacuo. Thus although the nature of the alkoxide group affects the activation of the P-O ester bond, it should not affect the overall catalytic activity of CeO2(111) for dephosphorylation because the hydration of the phosphate group is rate-limiting.
Risk of adverse swallowing events and choking during deworming for preschool-aged children

Background In areas where the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) is >20%, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that deworming medication be given periodically to preschool-age children. To reduce risk of choking-related deaths in children <3 years old, WHO recommends that deworming tablets be crushed and given with water. Little is known about how widely this is practiced or its effectiveness. Methodology and principal findings Albendazole distributions for STH were observed for children 1–4 years old in 65 sites in India and Haiti. Information was recorded on child demographics; child demeanor immediately before, as well as struggling or resistance during albendazole administration; tablet form (i.e., crushed or not); and adverse swallowing events (ASEs), including choking, spitting; coughing; gagging; vomiting; and expelling a crushed tablet in a “cloud” of powder. Of 1677 children observed, 248 (14.8%) had one or more ASEs. ASE risk was 3.6% with whole tablets, 25.4% with crushed tablets, and 34.6% when crushed tablets were mixed with water. In multivariate analysis, ASE risk was significantly associated with children 1 year (OR 2.7) or 2 years (OR 2.9) of age; male gender (OR 1.6); non-content child demeanor (fearful, fussy, or combative) before albendazole administration (OR 4.3); child struggling when given albendazole (OR 2.1); and giving water, either after the tablet or mixed with it (OR 5.8). Eighteen (1.1%) children choked, none fatally; 17 choking incidents occurred with crushed tablets. In a multivariate analysis that controlled for distribution site, the only significant risk factor for choking was non-content demeanor (OR 20.6). Conclusions and significance Deworming-related choking deaths in young children are preventable. In our sample, risk of choking could have been reduced by 79.5% if deworming tablets were not given to young children who were fussy, fearful, or combative or who struggled to resist tablet administration, with only an 18.4% reduction in drug coverage.
Improvement in sleep apnea associated with closure of a patent foramen ovale.

Recent reports have documented an association between patent foramen ovale and obstructive sleep apnea. We report on a 51-year-old man with obstructive sleep apnea and recent stroke who was enrolled in a clinic trial evaluating the efficacy of closure of patent foramen ovale following ischemic stroke. He was randomly assigned to device closure. There was subjective dramatic improvement in sleep-apnea symptoms and objective improvement in polysomnographic testing after device implantation. Aside from a drop in apneas and hypopneas from 181 and 8 on the first polysomnogram to 19 and 0 on the second, there was no significant weight loss nor were there other significant changes in sleep parameters or medications. He stopped using continuous positive airway pressure 2 months after implantation and has had no recurrent sleep complaints during 18 months of follow-up. Further studies evaluating the relationship among patent foramen ovale, sleep apnea, and device implantation are warranted. Citations: Silver B; Greenbaum A; McCarthy S. Improvement in Sleep Apnea Associated With Closure of a Patent Foramen Ovale. J Clin Sleep Med 2007;3(3):295–296
Helping Couples Deal with Stress and Adversity

In light of accumulating evidence indicating that relationships are strongly affected by their environment, the purpose of this chapter is to review theory and research relevant to explaining how and why stress often impair couples’ relationship functioning. Particular attention is given to the role that cognitions, communication, problem solving, social support, and avoidance have in altering the impact that stressors have on relationship functioning. Following a brief review of this literature, research and theory are integrated with principles of cognitive behavioral therapy to provide treatment recommendations for individuals working with distressed couples. Emphasis is placed on educating couples on the effects of stress, minimizing environmental stressors as much as possible, and teaching individuals and partners to apply coping strategies that help increase positive and minimize negative thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. The chapter concludes with a case study illustrating the application of the principles and treatment strategies presented throughout the chapter.
A Revised Branch-and-Bound Approach for Inferring a Boolean Function from Examples

This chapter discusses a revised branch-and-bound (B&B) algorithm for inferring a single clause (in CNF or DNF) from two disjoint sets of binary training examples. This algorithm is an extension of the B&B algorithm described in the previous chapter. Now the states of the search space are described by using more information and this seems to be critical in leading to good search results faster. This chapter is based on the developments first presented in [ Triantaphyllou, 1994].