cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control of mitochondrial respiration by the phosphate potential

Abstract The rate of respiration of suspensions of mitochondria in the presence of excess oxygen and substrate is shown to be dependent on the ratio of the concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to the product of the concentrations of adenosine diphosphate and orthophosphate. The mitochondrial respiratory chain is essentially in equilibrium with the reactions for ATP synthesis. The rate of mitochondrial respiration is controlled by the free energy requirement for ATP synthesis and this control is expressed on the rates of the reactions for reduction of the dehydrogenases by substrate and the oxidation of cytochrome a 3 by molecular oxygen.
VDR/RXR and TCF4/β-catenin cistromes in colonic cells of colorectal tumor origin: impact on c-FOS and c-MYC gene expression.

Many of the transcriptional and growth regulating activities of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] in the intestine and colon are recapitulated in the human colorectal cancer cell LS180. We therefore used this line together with chromatin immunoprecipitation-seq and gene expression analyses to identify the vitamin D receptor (VDR)/retinoid X receptor (RXR) and transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2/TCF4)/β-catenin cistromes and the genes that they regulate. VDR and RXR colocalized to predominantly promoter distal, vitamin D response element-containing sites in a largely ligand-dependent manner. These regulatory sites control the expression of both known as well as novel 1,25-(OH)2D3 target genes. TCF4 and β-catenin cistromes partially overlapped, contained TCF/lymphoid enhancer-binding factor consensus elements, and were only modestly influenced by 1,25-(OH)2D3. However, the two heterodimer complexes colocalized at sites near a limited set of genes that included c-FOS and c-MYC; the expression of bot...
Ignition and flame propagation in dilute polydisperse sprays - importance of d32 and d20

Suitability of d32 (the Sauter mean diameter) and d20 (the surface-area mean diameter) for representing the ignition and combustor behavior of polydisperse sprays is examined. Initial size distributions considered are the Nukiyama-Tanasawa distribution and a bidisperse spray. Two physical situations are analyzed. In the first, the ignition characteristics of a polydisperse spray in the vicinity of a hot wall are studied. In the second, the flame propagation through a mixture of air and polydisperse spray in a constant-volume combustor is investigated. For both situations, the relevant two-phase equations are solved by a hybrid Eulerian-Lagrangian numerical method. The results indicate that the ignition behavior of polydisperse sprays is best represented by the surface-area mean diameter, whereas the flame propagation characteristics are best correlated by the Sauter mean diameter. These correlations are observed over a wide range of initial droplet size, size distribution, fuel volatility, and overall equivalence ratio, which is typical in practical combustion systems. 13 references.
Remarks on the nomenclature of mercury

Abstract Longitudes of surface marking observed on Mercury by E.M. Antoniadi are determined. The most frequent of the locations are used to determine the most probable positions on Mercury's surface for the names defined on Antoniadi's 88-day planisphere. It is suggested that these locations can serve as a valid and accurate basis for Mercurian nomenclature.
Helping out the kids: Expectations about parental support in young adulthood

This paper examines the expectations of very young adults (age 18) and their mothers about financial support that parents might provide under a variety of situations common in young adulthood. Using representative data from women and one of their children, we examine differences in expectations between mothers and children and model variation in these expectations. We find that a lower proportion of mothers expect to provide support than their children expect them to, with particularly large gaps between mothers and sons. Further, there are substantial differences in support priorities. Many mothers would support only a married child and others only an unmarried one; similarly, some mothers would support only an unmarried child at home, whereas many others would only support a child away. Although some of these differences reflect differences in resources, most suggest disagreements and confusion about Americans’ family values.
Oxidative pathways insensitive to antimycin A.

Abstract 1. 1. Antimycin A inhibited oxygen uptake in the DPN-coupled oxidation of malate to the extent of, respectively, 81, 33, 17, and 3% in homogenates of heart, kidney, liver, and Flexner-Jobling carcinoma. The equivalent figures for the DPN-coupled oxidation of d -glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate were, respectively, 98, 18, 31, and 33%. 2. 2. The maximum degree of inhibition was reached in both these systems at levels of antimycin A at which complete inhibition of succinoxidase activity was obtained. Further increases in antimycin A concentration produced no further inhibition. 3. 3. The data suggest the existence of an alternative pathway for DPN oxidation that bypasses the antimycin-blocked factor.
Unification of different views of decoherence and discord

Macroscopic behavior such as the lack of interference patterns has been attributed to ``decoherence,'' a word with several possible definitions such as (1) the loss of off-diagonal density matrix elements, (2) the flow of information to the environment, (3) the loss of complementary information, and (4) the loss of the ability to create entanglement in a measurement. In this article, we attempt to unify these distinct definitions by providing general quantitative connections between them, valid for all finite-dimensional quantum systems or quantum processes. The most important application of our results is to the understanding of quantum discord, a measure of the nonclassicality of the correlations between quantum systems. We show that some popular measures of discord measure the information missing from the purifying system and hence quantify security, which can be stated operationally in terms of distillable secure bits. The results also give some strategies for constructing discord measures.
Effects of egg removal on maternal aggression, biogenic amines, and stress indicators in ovigerous lobsters (Homarus americanus)

In many disparate taxa, including crayfish, a freshwater decapod crustacean, the presence of one’s offspring has been shown to be an important variable in the level of maternal aggression. Ovigerous American lobsters (Homarus americanus) show a territorial advantage against nonmaternal females, even though no posthatch care is provided. The eggs are attached to the pleopods (swimmerets) throughout embryogenesis. We evaluated the effect of stripping ovigerous H. americanus females of their eggs on maternal territoriality. In one treatment group, maternal females were stripped of all eggs. Twelve days later, including being individually isolated for an additional 48 h in a test tank, each resident was serially intruded upon by 4 non-maternal conspecific females. An identically treated control group of ovigerous female residents was left intact prior to the serial intrusions. Various biochemical parameters of the stripped and unstripped animals were measured before and after the experimental treatment (or co...
A reconceptualization of the process of leaving the role of competitive athlete.

In an attempt to broaden research considerations pertaining to retirement from sport, this paper critically examines notions embedded in social gerontology and thanatology. Both perspectives are criticized for their narrowness of approach, and analysis suggests that neither may be applicable to the athlete who voluntarily or involuntarily leaves sport. Alternative notions which are derived from a data base of former female and male intercollegiate athletes are discussed. It is suggested that concepts of life-long development, role aptitude and anticipatory socialization might offer a more useful framework for future sport retirement research.
Mast Cell Phenotype, Location, and Activation in Severe Asthma: Data from the Severe Asthma Research Program

Rationale: Severe asthma (SA) remains poorly understood. Mast cells (MC) are implicated in asthma pathogenesis, but it remains unknown how their phenotype, location, and activation relate to asthma severity. Objectives: To compare MC-related markers measured in bronchoscopically obtained samples with clinically relevant parameters between normal subjects and subjects with asthma to clarify their pathobiologic importance. Methods: Endobronchial biopsies, epithelial brushings, and bronchoalveolar lavage were obtained from subjects with asthma and normal subjects from the Severe Asthma Research Program (N = 199). Tryptase, chymase, and carboxypeptidase A (CPA)3 were used to identify total MC (MCTot) and the MCTC subset (MCs positive for both tryptase and chymase) using immunostaining and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Lavage was analyzed for tryptase and prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) by ELISA. Measurements and Main Results: Submucosal MCTot (tryptase-positive by immunostaining) numbers were highest in “mild asthma/no inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) therapy” subjects and decreased with greater asthma severity (P = 0.002). In contrast, MCTC (chymase-positive by immunostaining) were the predominant (MCTC/MCTot > 50%) MC phenotype in SA (overall P = 0.005). Epithelial MCTot were also highest in mild asthma/no ICS, but were not lower in SA. Instead, they persisted and were predominantly MCTC. Epithelial CPA3 and tryptase mRNA supported the immunostaining data (overall P = 0.008 and P = 0.02, respectively). Lavage PGD2 was higher in SA than in other steroid-treated groups (overall P = 0.02), whereas tryptase did not differentiate the groups. In statistical models, PGD2 and MCTC/MCTot predicted SA. Conclusions: Severe asthma is associated with a predominance of MCTC in the airway submucosa and epithelium. Activation of those MCTC may contribute to the increases in PGD2 levels. The data suggest an altered and active MC population contributes to SA pathology.
Response Surface Methodology to Study Fat Destabilization and Development of Overrun in Ice Creams Produced with Polyunsaturated Safflower Oil and Milk Fat Blends

Abstract Effects of safflower oil concentration (0 to 52% of the total fat), emulsifier concentration (0 to .32%), and freezing temperature (−5.3 to −2.5°C) on maximum overrun and fat destabilization of ice cream were studied. Experimental ice cream mixes were whipped and partially frozen in a laboratory batch ice cream freezer over 30min. Semifrozen samples were collected periodically and analyzed for percent overrun and extent of fat destabilization. Fat destabilization was determined by a turbidity test and by microscopic examination. A central composite experimental design, analyzed by response surface methodology, was used to elucidate main effects and interactions. Increasing safflower oil tended to depress overrun but with little effect on fat destabilization. The effect of emulsifier concentration and freezing temperature on development of overrun depended upon the safflower oil concentration, but the effect of these variables on fat destabilization was independent of safflower oil concentration. Thus, changes in the extent of fat destabilization alone were insufficient to explain the whipping properties of ice cream containing polyunsaturated fat. Ice cream containing high levels of safflower oil can be made with typical overrun through proper formulation and processing changes.
Inverse monoids and rational subsets of related groups

LetM be an inverse monoid given by generators and relations, where every relation is of the formu=1. LetG be the maximal group homomorphic image ofM, and let σ:M→G be the associated homomorphism. We consider the monoidP(G) ·G, with a semidirect product, and we define ψ:M′P(G) ·G bym↦(Rmσ,mσ). We characterize the image of ψ, and show that ψ is a homomorphism. IfM isE-unitary, then ψ is a monomorphism. IfM is finitely presented, thenRm is a rational subset ofM, and (Rm)σ is a rational subset ofG. This enables one to give a concise and beautiful description ofE-unitary inverse monoids with presentations of this type, and illustrates a fundamental connection betweenE-unitary inverse monoids and rational subsets of groups.
Desmin-containing intermediate filaments: structural analysis using monoclonal antibodies.

Abstract 1. 1. Monoclonal antibodies have been raised against N- and C-terminal desmin sequence regions. 2. 2. The antibodies decorated desmin intermediate filaments in a helical fashion with four antibody molecules per helix turn. 3. 3. The filaments could be decorated with both types of antibody consecutively. 4. 4. These results support a model of intermediate filament assembly in which the tetrameric protofilaments are aligned in a staggered fashion with partial overlapping of the central rod domain regions of the desmin sequence.
Corrosion behaviour and biocompatibility of boron containing titanium alloys in simulated physiological environments

The corrosion behaviour of cast and hot isostatically pressed Ti–6Al–4V–B alloys was studied for several compositions in the <0·001–1·09 wt-%B range. Passivity and corrosion resistance were observed in all of the alloys subjected to cyclic potentiodynamic polarisation (CPP) in phosphate buffered saline. The CPP tests were also conducted in 0·9 wt-% sodium chloride (saline) over a wide potential range. The pitting potentials generally decreased with increasing boron content with the notable exception of the 0·01B alloys, which did not pit. The repassivation potentials generally increased with increasing boron content. When osteoclast precursor cells (macrophages) and osteoclast activating cells (fibroblasts) were cultured on Ti–6Al–4V–B alloy discs, higher levels of macrophage receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK) and fibroblast RANK ligand were expressed in comparison with CP Ti, 316L and Ti–6Al–4V. This suggests that boron containing alloys may facilitate differentiation of osteoclasts derived f...
Statistical model study of prompt neutrons from spontaneous fission of Cf252

Abstract Numerical data produced by Bowman, Thompson, Milton and Swiatecki from a study of neutrons in coincidence with spontaneous fission of Cf 252 are compared with predictions from the statistical model of nuclear reactions. The energy balance is first tested, and is found to be reliable in data regions where the statistics are best. A form of the neutron energy spectrum deduced by Le Couteur for an evaporation cascade is re-derived under more general conditions, giving a closer description of actual nuclear properties. The experimental form of the energy spectrum is in close agreement. Values of the level density parameter a are calculated from the data and agree with measurements made in other experiments.
ASCAT: a lightweight low-cost scatterometer

The Seasat scatterometer (SASS) first demonstrated that winds could be measured from space using spaceborne scatterometers. Such measurements are crucial in understanding air/sea interaction and in studies of global climate. New scatterometer technologies promise lighter and cheaper instruments in the future. In this paper a scatterometer concept known as ASCAT (A Scanning Scatterometer) is presented. ASCAT is a conically- scanning pencil-beam scatterometer system designed for flight on a small satellite. Coupled with an advanced wind retrieval algorithm, the design concept is inherently very flexible and is suited for a variety of tradeoffs in its design and implementation. Some of these tradeoffs are discussed and associated performance estimates are presented.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mediastinoscopy and mediastinal roentgenology. A clinical correlation.

Abstract A retrospective analysis of the accuracy of mediastinal tomography in 70 consecutive patients undergoing mediastinoscopy is reported. The results clearly support the hypothesis that routine mediastinoscopy is not necessary for assessing the etiology or operability of indeterminate pulmonary lesions. Evidence for a pathological mediastinal abnormality is provided by noninvasive mediastinal tomography; both benign and malignant disease processes qualify. In bronchogenic carcinoma there was a 76.2% correlation between abnormal tomography and biopsy-positive mediastinoscopy. More significantly, there was a 95.4% correlation between normal tomography and negative biopsy. We submit that mediastinal tomography is of value in selecting patients for mediastinoscopy and in determining those who would best be deferred for thoracotomy.
An examination of tax professionals' judgments: The role of experience, client condition and reciprocal obligation

In spite of the expanding role of tax preparers in the tax reporting process, very little research has been directed at how tax preparers make tax-related decisions. This study extends prior research by using tax preparers as opposed to taxpayers as subjects. The judgment of tax preparers presumably can be influenced by three categories of factors: 1) factors relating to the law and regulatory environment, 2) individual differences between professionals, and 3) differences across clients and client conditions. This research has focused on the second and third categories of influence. Individual differences examined were experience, ethical disposition and fear of reprisals related to tax preparer penalties. Client related influences examined were reciprocity demands of an aggressive client and year-end client overpayment/underpayment tax position.
Raman Spectroscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy of the Reaction of Sulfuric Acid with Sodium Chloride

The reaction of NaCl with H2SO4 is investigated using Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and gravimetric analysis. Raman spectra are consistent with the formation of NaHSO4 with no evidence for Na2SO4. The spectra indicate that the phase of NaHSO4 varies with the amount of H2O in the H2SO4. At low H2O concentrations, the reaction produces anhydrous β-NaHSO4, which undergoes a phase change to anhydrous α-NaHSO4 over the course of 18 h. At higher H2O concentrations, anhydrous α-NaHSO4 is formed with small amounts of NaHSO4·H2O. AFM measurements on NaCl (100) show the formation of two distinct types of NaHSO4 structures consistent in shape with α-NaHSO4 and β-NaHSO4. The β-NaHSO4 structures are mobile and move along the NaCl (110) plane until they encounter existing stationary α-NaHSO4 structures whereupon the two forms coalescence to form larger α-NaHSO4 structures. Gravimetry was used to determine the amount of HCl evolved upon exposure to aqueous H2SO4 solutions modeling atmospheric aeroso...
Design and construction of a fluorotitrator

Abstract An instrument is described that permits fluorometric titrations in a large, open compartment that accommodates titration vessels of a wide variety of shapes and sizes. The influence of ambient light is excluded by applying geometric exclusion in combination with electronic monitoring and compensation. In test titrations of copper and calcium with EDTA and calcein, the instrument performed satisfactorily.
Dye Sensitization of Nanocrystalline Titanium Dioxide with Osmium and Ruthenium Polypyridyl Complexes

The goal of this work is to explore the idea of replacing the ruthenium metal center of polypyridine complexes with osmium to increase the overlap between the spectral response of the "Gratzel cell" and the solar spectrum. A series of osmium polypyridine dyes with various ground state reduction potentials has been synthesized, purified, characterized and utilized to sensitize nanoporous titanium dioxide electrodes to solar radiation. The dyes are ML'2(NCS)2, ML'2(CN)2, ML'3^2+ and ML2L'^2+ where M is Os(II) or Ru(II), L is bipyridine and L' is 4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine. The visible absorption spectra of the Os complexes showed an additional absorption band at longer wavelengths than the Ru complexes. The spectral response and current-voltage properties of electrodes modified with the Os dyes have been compared with their Ru analogs. In general, the Os dye showed a similar maximum external quantum yield, an enhanced response at longer wavelengths, a higher photocurrent density and a similar open-circuit voltage than th Ru analog. The Os complexes thus appear to be promising sensitizers for energy conversion applications. The only discrepancy in this trend was observed for the OsL'2(NCS)2 complex, which showed a much lower maximum external quantum yield, lower photocurrent and lower open-circuit voltage than the Ru analog. Experiments suggest that the regeneration rate of Os(II)L'2(NCS)2 by iodide does not compete effectively with the regeneration rate of the dye by the electron in the TiO2. The ground-state redox potential of Os(II/III)L'2(NCS)2 (+0.42 V vs aq SCE in methanol) may represent a limit on how negative the redox potential of the dye can be to obtain efficient regeneration of the sensitizer by I-/13-. For electrodes with very low dye coverage, the open-circuit voltage was mainly determined by the reduction of I3-, whereas for high dye coverage, the open-circuit voltage also depended on the nature of the complex and on the dye loading level.
Vascular tissue (Na,K)ATPase activity and aging in the F344 rat

Abstract Vascular tissue (heart, thoracic aorta and tail artery) was removed from Fischer 344 rats 12, 18 and 27 months of age. The intact tissue was then used to determine total, ouabain-sensitive and ouabain-insensitive 86 Rubidium ( 86 Rb) uptakes, to provide a reflection of (Na,K)ATPase activity. These studies indicate no change in total, ouabain-sensitive nor ouabain-insensitive 86 Rb uptakes into cardiac tissue isolated from these rats. However, tail artery total and ouabain-sensitive 86 Rb uptake decreased with age (a 61% decrease in ouabain-sensitive 86 Rb uptake in 12 vs. 27-month-old rats) without significant changes in the ouabain-sensitive 86 Rb uptake. This pattern was repeated in aortic tissue with a 56% decrease in ouabain-sensitive 86 Rb uptake in 12 vs. 27-month-old rats. The results of these studies support an age-related decline in (Na,K)ATPase activity in aortic and tail artery tissue without a significant change in cardiac (Na,K)ATPase activity between 12, 18 and 27-month-old Fischer 344 rats.
Cs induced work function changes on the graphite (0001) surface

Abstract The retarding potential method has been used to measure the work function changes due to Cs adsorption on the graphite (0001) surface. The work function decreases sharply and linearly with increasing Cs coverage up to a coverage θ = 1 × 10 14 atoms cm 2 after which there is no significant change. The work function minimum is reached at the onset of the (√3 × √3)R30° LEED pattern with a resultant ΔΦ of − 2.44 eV. The characteristic retarding field current-voltage curves also yield information about localized electron states at the Cs/graphite surface.
The history and source of particulate 137Cs and 239,240Pu deposition in sediments of the Ob River Delta, Siberia

This paper presents the first results of a project designed to examine the transfer of particle-associated artificial radionuclides down the Ob River in Siberia to its delta over the past 5 decades. The main sources include fallout from atmospheric nuclear weapons tests and weapons complexes and test sites of the Former Soviet Union in or near the Ob watershed. The approach is to measure the accumulation of the radionuclides in undisturbed delta sediments-obtaining a record of their deposition over time. These records were found in sediments of shallow lakes apart from, and connected to, the main channel. Sediment cores were collected in the summer of 1994 using a shallow draft catamaran to reach these lakes from a support ship in the main channel. Measurements are presented on the depth distributions of 137Cs and Pu isotopes and their inventories in a series of dated sediment cores-including one from a location in the Taz Estuary (which does not receive Ob River sediments). Sediment dating was carried out using the excess 210Pb technique. The results obtained are compared with known information on the temporal history of releases from the various sources and characteristics of the isotopic composition of the sources. The results show that good records of radionuclide deposition indicate that the major fraction of 137Cs and Pu isotopes deposited in these delta sediments comes from atmospheric nuclear weapons test fallout-both delivered directly from the atmosphere and from downstream transport of watershed sediments. No more than 25% of the observed inventories could be derived from other sources.
Parainfluenza virus infection damages inhibitory M2 muscarinic receptors on pulmonary parasympathetic nerves in the guinea-pig

1. The effect of viral infection on the function of neuronal M2 muscarinic autoreceptors in the lungs was studied in anaesthetized guinea-pigs. 2. Guinea-pigs were inoculated intranasally with either parainfluenza type 3 or with a vehicle control. Four days later the animals were anaesthetized, paralysed and artificially ventilated. Pulmonary inflation pressure, tidal volume, blood pressure, and heart rate were recorded. Both vagus nerves were cut and electrical stimulation of the distal portions caused bronchoconstriction (measured as an increase in pulmonary inflation pressure) and bradycardia. 3. In control animals, pilocarpine (1-100 micrograms kg-1, i.v.) attenuated vagally-induced bronchoconstriction by stimulating inhibitory M2 muscarinic receptors on parasympathetic nerves in the lungs. Conversely, blockade of these receptors with the antagonist gallamine (0.1-10 mg kg-1, i.v.) produced a marked potentiation of vagally-induced bronchoconstriction. These results confirm previous findings. 4. In guinea-pigs infected with parainfluenza virus, pilocarpine did not inhibit vagally-induced bronchoconstriction. Furthermore, gallamine did not potentiate vagally-induced bronchoconstriction to the same degree as in uninfected controls. 5. There was no increase in baseline pulmonary inflation pressure in the infected animals over the controls. Receptors on airway smooth muscle were unchanged by viral infection since large doses of pilocarpine caused equivalent bronchoconstriction in both groups of animals. Gallamine inhibited the vagally-induced fall in heart rate equally in both groups of animals indicating that virus-induced changes in M2 receptor function on pulmonary parasympathetic nerves are not part of a generalized decrease in M2 receptor function. 6. These results demonstrate that the M2 muscarinic receptor-mediated inhibition of acetylcholine release from parasympathetic nerves in the lungs is decreased in animals infected with parainfluenza virus. Loss of this inhibition would result in increased release of acetylcholine from the parasympathetic nerves and may explain virus-induced airway hyperresponsiveness.
Cultivation of coxsackie virus in embryonated eggs and in Chick tissue cultures.

SummaryAmong 29 strains of Coxsackie virus tested in embryonated eggs, one strain, serologically Group A, Type 2, exhibited unusual pathogenicity for chick embryos. Of 16 strains tested, the same strain, 3 other Type 2 strains, and a Group A, Type 4 strain grew readily in vitro on embryo chick tissue. These results suggest that strain differences are a primary factor in adaptation to growth in embryonated eggs or tissue culture.
Communication in a High School Staff

A communication diary was used to gather data on the oral communication of a small high school staff. The data were analysed to gain information on the patterns of communication in the organization. It was found that communication concerning school policy was an important activity of teachers—more so, in fact, than communication of a private and personal nature. Within the school hierarchy high status persons ranked high in communication on personal and private matters. The most senior members of the hierarchy seemed to be isolated from the personal or informal communication net. The results appear to have some implications for the allocation of teachers to staff rooms.
Influence of carbon coating on the performance of a LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2 cathode

Abstract The effects of coating α-NaFeO2-structured LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2 cathode materials with carbon particles has been investigated. The coated cathodes exhibit average discharge capacities of 108, 101 and 87 mAh/g at current densities of 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 mA/cm2, respectively, when cycled between 2.75 and 4.25 V, versus capacities of 88, 82 and 69 mAh/g for the uncoated cathodes cycled under the same conditions. The carbon coatings are shown to suppress the capacity fade observed in the uncoated cells by increasing the electronic conductivity and reducing cell polarization, thus preventing the evolution of oxygen from the cathodes.
Ultraviolet and temperature effects on planktonic rotifers and crustaceans in northern temperate lakes

Summary 1. Anthropogenic stressors such as climate change, ozone depletion and acidification may act in concert to alter ultraviolet (UV) light and temperature regimes in freshwater ecosystems. These physical and chemical changes will inevitably affect zooplankton community dynamics, but little is known about their relative effects on different species in natural communities. During spring, species that migrate to surface waters to take advantage of warmer temperatures may be especially vulnerable as UV levels can be high. 2. The objective of this study was to investigate the in situ effects of UV and temperature on a natural assemblage of planktonic rotifers and crustaceans during the spring. We performed in situ exposure experiments in two lakes with different surface temperatures. 3. Exposure to UV had a significant effect on the abundance and/or reproduction of four rotifers: Gastropus spp., Kellicottia bostonensis, Kellicottia longispina, Keratella spp.; two cladocerans: Holopedium gibberum, Daphnia catawba, and one copepod: Leptodiaptomus minutus. Incubation under cooler temperatures had a negative effect on K. longispina and H. gibberum. Temperature and UV had a significant interactive effect on abundance and/or reproduction of L. minutus and Ploesoma truncatum. Our results indicate that changes in underwater UV and temperature can significantly influence the composition of the zooplankton community and ultimately food web dynamics.
The free‐convection temperature profile

Measurements of horizontally averaged temperature within a convection chamber suggest that as the Rayleigh number is increased, there is a tendency for Priestley's constant H∗ of the free-convection temperature profile to approach the atmospheric value. An extrapolation of this trend implies that an atmospheric layer in which the temperature gradient varies as z−4/3 is truly representative of free convection and is not influenced by very small values of mean wind shear. In Townsend's open-box convection experiment, the downdraught which persisted at the location of temperature measurements is considered here to have suppressed the appearance of a — 4/3 power region and perhaps to have caused an extended — 2 power region in the temperature gradient. A small-scale field experiment is proposed to settle the controversy of the power dependence of the free-convection temperature gradient in windless conditions.
Cyclosporine and the renin-angiotensin axis

Patient 1. A 58-year-old man was hospitalized with hypertension, 168/114 mm Hg, congestive heart failure secondary to fluid retention, and a serum creatinine of 6.9 mgldl. Six years earlier he had received a cardiac transplant for end-stage idiopathic cardiomyopathy and was given cyclosporine (CsA). Prior to transplantation he was normotensive (blood pressure, 100/70 mm Hg) and had a serum creatinine concentration of 3.6 mg/dl, which was attributed to his refractory biventricular heart failure. He gave no family history for renal disease or high blood pressure. The serum creatinine decreased to 0.8 mg/dl one month after cardiac transplantation and fluctuated between 1 to 2 mg/dl for about four years before beginning an inexorably upward course. His blood pressure rose rapidly after transplantation, reaching 160/120 mm Hg by the second month. Four months before this admission, he had been evaluated for rapid deterioration in renal function and refractory hypertension; his blood pressure reached as high as 180/140 mm Hg. A percutaneous renal biopsy was obtained. An endomyocardial biopsy at the same time revealed no evidence of rejection. During this admission, acute dialysis was initiated, and thc patient's congestive heart failure improved markedly following a 10-liter fluid removal. He subsequently was maintained on chronic dialysis with continued good cardiac graft function. Patient 2. A 6-year-old girl first developed steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome at age 26 months. A renal biopsy at 33 months showed minimal-change disease and normal juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA, Fig. 1A). A chlorambucil-induced remission of eight weeks was followed by a relapse two months after the drug was discontinued. Her nephrotic syndrome became resistant to oral corticosteroid administration, responding only to intravenous methyiprednisolone. yclosporine (10—12 mg/kg/day), given in divided doses at eight-hour
Clark's theorem for semi-infinite convex programs

In 1961, Clark proved that if either the feasible region of a linear program or its dual is nonempty and bounded, then the other is unbounded. Recently, Duffin has extended this result to a convex program and its Lagrangian dual. Moreover, Duffin showed that under this boundedness assumption there is no duality gap. The purpose of this paper is to extend Duffin's results to semi-infinite programs.
Des usages intempestifs de l'expression « droits collectifs »

L'expression « droits collectifs » se retrouve de plus en plus frequemment dans le discours politique contemporain. Pourtant, elle ne possede pas de definition juridique claire. Or, il appert que l'absence de definition decoule tout simplement d'une contradiction interne : d'une perspective legale, seuls peuvent exister des droits individuels, meme lorsque ceux-ci sont mis en œuvre par une entite morale. Le present article propose a la fois une taxinomie des emplois de l'expression « droits collectifs » et une refutation de l'utilite de ces emplois dans un cadre legal.
Impact of Modified Richards Equation on Global Soil Moisture Simulation in the Community Land Model (CLM3.5)

[1] A fundamental deficiency has been found in the numerical solution of the soil moisture-based Richards equation using the mass-conservative scheme in the Community Land Model (CLM) in the first part of our efforts (Zeng and Decker 2009). This study implements the revised form of the Richards equation from that study (which doesn't change the property of the differential equation but does remove the deficiency of the numerical solution) along with a new bottom boundary condition into the current version of CLM (CLM3.5) for global offline modeling evaluations. CLM3.5 represents a significant improvement over its earlier version (CLM3.0), but it also introduces a new deficiency in the vertical distribution of the soil moisture variability. Mean soil moisture in CLM3.5 is also too wet. It is found that the new treatments (primarily a numerically correct solution of Richards equation with a new bottom boundary condition) with minimal tuning are able to maintain the improvements of the CLM3.5 over CLM3.0 and, at the same time, remove the new deficiencies of CLM3.5 based on in situ and satellite data analysis. Because the deficiency in the numerical solution of the soil moisture-based Richards equation is also expected in other land models, implementation details are provided to facilitate similar tests using other land models in the future.
An application of empirical bayes techniques to the simultaneous estimation of many probabilities

Consider the following situation: Each of N different combat units is presented with a number of requirements to satisfy, each requirement being classified into one of K mutually exclusive categories. For each unit and each category, an estimate of the probability of that unit satisfying any requirement in that category is desired. The problem can be generally stated as that of estimating N different K-dimensional vectors of probabilities based upon a corresponding set of K-dimensional vectors of sample proportions. An empirical Bayes model is formulated and applied to an example from the Marine Corps Combat Readiness Evaluation System (MCCRES). The EM algorithm provides a convenient method of estimating the prior parameters. The Bayes estimates are compared to the ordinary estimates, i.e., the sample proportions, by means of cross validation, and the Bayes estimates are shown to provide considerable improvement.
Amyloid β binding proteins in vitro and in normal human cerebrospinal fluid

Abstract A major neuropathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) in the form of senile plaques. The Aβ peptide exists both in a β-pleated sheet fibrillar form in amyloid deposits and as a normal soluble protein in biological fluids. Numerous proteins have been identified immunohistochemically to be associated with senile plaques, where Aβ is the major constituent. Some of the latter have also been suggested to be carrier of the normal soluble Aβ (sAβ) including apolipoprotein J (apoJ), apolipoprotein E (apoE) and transthyretin (TTR). We have found, using several different methods, that numerous proteins can bind synthetic Aβ peptides when high concentrations are used; however, using an affinity anti-sAβ column we confirm that apoJ is the major binding protein in pooled human cerebrospinal fluid. On the other hand it is known that apoE co-purifies with Aβ biochemically extracted from senile plaques. In AD tissue there may be a change in the major apolipoprotein binding Aβ from apoJ to apoE.
Effective flux-creep activation energy and anisotropy in a Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox single crystal

Magnetic relaxation studies have been performed on a Bi2Sr2CaCu2Op single crystal for field orientations parallel and perpendicular to the c-axis. The current density dependence of the effective flux-creep activation energy is derived from the flux-creep data through an expansion of the effective activation energy U about a magnetization current Jo. Although the current densities are much lower in the H∥ab orientation, the overall U(J) behaviors are similarly logarithmic for both field orientations. We discuss the nature of the effective activation energy and the so-called “apparent activation energy”, Uo, contrasting them to the actual activation energy, Up, and our data is used to illustrate problems pith the definition of Uo. A value ≈ 764 is found for the ratio of the critical vortex current densities in the tpo field orientations, {Jc}ab{Jc}c.
Succimer chelation normalizes reactivity to reward omission and errors in lead-exposed rats

This study evaluated the efficacy of a 3-week course of succimer treatment to alleviate behavioral deficits in rats exposed to lead (Pb) for the first 4 weeks of life. A 3 x 2 factorial design was used: three levels of lead exposure (No Pb, Moderate, and High Pb) and two levels of chelation (succimer or vehicle). Behavioral testing was conducted following chelation therapy, from 2 to 9 months of age; this report presents the results of two of the administered tasks: (1) a conditional olfactory discrimination task (baseline task), and (2) a conditional olfactory discrimination task with periodic reward omission on some correct trials (RO task). In the RO task, the performance disruption produced by committing an error on the previous trial was significantly greater for both unchelated lead-exposed groups than for controls. The High Pb rats were also more sensitive to reward omission than controls, providing converging evidence for impaired regulation of arousal or emotion. Importantly, succimer treatment was effective in normalizing the heightened reactivity of the lead-exposed animals to both errors and reward omission. In addition, non-lead-exposed rats that were treated with succimer tended to be more affected by a prior error than controls in their latency to respond on post-error trials. In sum, these findings provide new evidence that succimer chelation can significantly lessen the lasting neurobehavioral dysfunction produced by early lead exposure, but also suggest that there may be risks of administering the drug to individuals without elevated blood lead levels.
Rest and Motion in the Sophist

In a recent article,' Professor Julius M. E. Moravcsik has attempted an interpretation of a very difficult passage in Plato's Sophist (255 a4-b 6), in which Plato sought to prove that neither the Same nor the Other is identical with either Rest or Motion. The interpretation which Moravcsik puts forth aims at making Plato's argument sound and consistent with other points made in the dialogue. Unfortunately, Moravcsik's presentation is not always clear itself. It is one of the chief purposes of this paper to clarify Moravcsik's argument. In addition, it will be argued that his interpretation of the passage in the Sophist fails to save Plato's argument, and that it rests on a subtle logical distinction which there seems little reason to assume Plato intended to use. Indeed, it will be argued that an interpretation which Moravcsik rejects seems better suited to Plato's passage.
Relationship between virion-associated kinase-effected phosphorylation and transcription activity of vesicular stomatitis virus.

Abstract The relationship between vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) protein phosphorylation effected by the virion-associated kinase and in vitro transcription was investigated. Activation of the virion-associated kinase resulted in the phosphorylation of the virion transcriptase proteins L and NS. In vitro phosphorylated NS, as well as unphosphorylated L and nucleocapsid protein N, was released from the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) core. In vitro virus protein phosphorylation and subsequent release occurred continuously during prolonged kinase reaction times, up to 2 hr. Phosphorylation of VSV proteins was blocked by the presence of N-α-tosyl- l -lysyl-chloromethyl ketone (TLCK), a specific protease inhibitor. When utilized as a specific probe to determine the requirement for phosphorylation during in vitro transcription of VSV, TLCK rapidly and completely inhibited ongoing transcription reactions and also inhibited transcription when added initially to the reaction mixture. These results strongly suggest that a direct functional relationship exists between virion-associated kinase-effected phosphorylation and transcription.
Optimal thresholds by maximizing or minimizing various metrics via ROC-type analysis.

Rationale and Objectives Based on imaging features, the optimal thresholds are typically determined as cutoff points to dichotomize the corresponding measurement scales. Materials and Methods Five metrics (ie, the Youden index, Euclidian distance, percent of correct diagnosis, kappa statistic, and mutual information) are individually maximized or minimized to derive the corresponding optimal threshold. These optimal thresholds are estimated under the parametric binormal assumption. Monte Carlo simulation studies are conducted to compare the performances of these different methods. A published radiological example on the choice of treatment outcomes following ureteral stones is used to illustrate and compare the estimated thresholds both empirically and parametrically. Results The optimal threshold can be a “moving target” because it would depend on modeling assumptions, metrics, and variability in the data. Even with large samples, disease prevalence has an impact on the robustness of the metrics. Conclusions It is recommended that researchers compare different optimal cutoff points using several metrics and select one that is most clinically relevant. The ultimate goal is to maximize diagnostic performances that are clinically meaningful to achieve improved global health.
Taking Responsibility for our Emotions

We often hold people morally responsible for their emotions. We praise individuals for their compassion, think less of them for their ingratitude or hatred, reproach self-righteousness and unjust anger. In the cases I have in mind, the ascriptions of responsibility are not simply for offensive behaviors or actions which may accompany the emotions, but for the emotions themselves as motives or states of mind. We praise and blame people for what they feel and not just for how they act. In cases where people may subtly mask their hatred or ingratitude through more kindly actions, we still may find fault with the attitude we see leaking through the disguise.
The effect of preoperative corticosteroids on peritoneal macrophage function after laparoscopic and open abdominal surgery in a rat model

Abstract Background Peritoneal macrophages play an important role in the immune response after abdominal operations. The stress response after these operations has been associated with impaired phagocytosis by peritoneal macrophages. This study examined the influence of minimally invasive techniques and preoperative corticosteroid administration on postoperative peritoneal macrophage phagocytic activity. Methods After IACUC approval, 66 Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 7 groups: baseline animals (B), anesthesia controls (AC), open cecectomy (OC), and laparoscopic cecectomy (LC). Within the AC, OC, and LC groups, half received intraperitoneal (IP) dexamethasone (10 mg/kg) 1 hour before surgery (+S), and the other half received an equal volume of normal saline IP (−S). Animals were observed postoperatively for 24 hours and were then euthanized. Peritoneal macrophages were harvested via intraperitoneal lavage. A phagocytosis assay was performed to calculate the net phagocytosis and percent response to the effector agent. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance and a Student t test between groups. A P value of Results Significant differences were observed between groups. The B group had a response rate of 94.2% ± 56.7%, which was not different from the AC groups (−S, P = .28; +S, P = .16) or the LC-S group ( P = .9). The lowest phagocytic activity rate was in the OC-S group with a response rate of 33.8% ± 28.5%. The highest phagocytic response rates occurred in the AC +S (145.2% ± 60.2%) and LC +S (198.1% ± 103.5%). These were not significantly different from each other ( P = .3). The LC +S group had a significantly higher percent response than all of the other groups. The phagocytic response rate of the OC +S group was not different from either the AC-S group ( P = .07) or the LC-S group ( P = .8); however, it was less than the AC +S group ( P = .02) and the LC +S group ( P = .003). Conclusion Open cecectomy resulted in greater impairment of the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages than laparoscopic cecectomy. The addition of preoperative corticosteroids improved phagocytic activity back to baseline function. The combination of minimally invasive surgical technique and preoperative corticosteroid administration resulted in the greatest postoperative phagocytic function of peritoneal macrophages in a rat model.