cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Associative interference in Pavlovian conditioning: a function of similarity between the interfering and target associative structures.

Three lever-press suppression studies were conducted with water-deprived rats to investigate the role of similarity in proactive interference within first-order Pavlovian conditioning. Experiments 1a and 1b assessed the influence of stimulus complexity in proactive interference. Both experiments found greater interference when the interfering cue and target cue were composed of the same number of elements. Experiment 2 assessed the influence of context similarity in proactive interference and demonstrated that stronger proactive interference occurred when the interfering cue and the target cue were trained in the same context. The results in conjunction with other reports indicate that various types of cue interaction (e.g., interference and competition) are influenced by similarity of the interacting training events.
Ka-band link optimization with rate adaptation for Mars and lunar communications

On-going development of Ka-band capability for the Deep Space Networks (DSN) will radically increase the bandwidth available to support advanced mission concepts envisioned for future robotic as well as human exploration of Mars and beyond. While Ka-band links can operate at much higher data rate than X-band, they are much more susceptible to fluctuating weather conditions and manifest a significant trade-off between throughput and availability. If the operating point is fixed, the maximum average throughput for deep space Ka-band link is achieved at about 80% availability, i.e. weather-related outages will occur about 20% of the time. Low availability increases the complexity of space mission operation, while higher availability would require additional link margins that lowers the overall throughput. To improve this fundamental throughput-availability trade-off, data rate adaptation based on real-time observation of the channel condition is necessary. In this paper, we model the Ka-band channel using a Markov process to capture the impact of the temporal correlation in weather conditions. We then develop a rate adaptation algorithm to optimize the data rate based on real time feedback on the measured channel conditions. Our algorithm achieves both higher throughput and link availability as compared to the constant rate scheme presently in use. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gradual mode types for energy-aware programming

Modeling energy related concepts as high level constructs that can be checked by a type system is challenging due to the dependency on runtime factors related to energy consumption. Pushing energy concepts such as energy mode types into a language helps less skilled programmers write energy-aware software without relying on lower level techniques that depend upon hardware. We develop a language that allows energy specific type checking to be done gradually with both static and dynamic checks. As a result we allow energy-aware programming that is both natural and flexible at the language level.
Thermal infrared emission spectroscopy of titanium-enriched pyroxenes

[1] Pyroxenes are useful indicators of igneous processes and may be identified in geologic materials in the laboratory or remotely through the use of spectroscopic analysis. Studies of the thermal infrared (vibrational) spectra of many compositions in the pyroxene solid solution series (quadrilateral orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene, and some nonquadrilateral compositions) have shown that spectral absorption features shift in wavelength position, vary in number, and change shape as a function of pyroxene silicate structure and cation substitution. These spectral variations can be used to identify the approximate composition(s) of pyroxenes in the thermal infrared emission spectra of rocks. Here I demonstrate that the spectra of Ti-rich calcic clinopyroxenes also have thermal infrared spectral characteristics that distinguish them from typical quadrilateral compositions via a comparison to the spectrum of Angra dos Reis, a meteorite dominated by Ti-enriched clinopyroxene. The distinctive spectral character of Ti-rich pyroxenes may permit their identification not only in laboratory mineral and rock samples but also in thermal infrared remote sensing data, providing additional chemical information about igneous lithologies.
Optimization Approaches to the Single Airport Ground-Holding Problem

This paper surveys optimization approaches to the single airport ground-holding problem. The article provides a comprehensive summary of six approaches, highlights the merits and limitations of eac...
Maximum voluntary strengths of male adults in some lifting, pushing and pulling activities.

Maximum voluntary isometric strengths of 29 healthy adult males were measured in 120 activities representative of manual materials handling tasks. Forces in six different directions were applied using one or both hands in eight body positions, of which six were asymmetric about the sagittal plane. Strength means over all subjects varied from 74 to 386 N, depending on the task, with corresponding standard deviations from 24 to 157 N. Suggestions are made to improve the conduct of future additional studies of this nature.
Using Focus Groups to Assess Pre— and Post-Placement Needs for Caregivers of Individuals with Alzheimer's Disease

Abstract Placing a relative who has Alzheimer's disease or other dementia into an assisted living facility is one of the most stressful events a caregiver will experience. In this study, focus groups were used as a means for Alzheimer's caregivers (N = 20) to discuss pre— and postplacement needs. Alzheimer's caregivers openly discussed their experiences and recounted their successes, coping strategies, and overcoming of barriers. Focus group dialogue generated three main areas of discussion that included (1) choosing a facility, (2) advice for the first day of placement, and (3) ongoing issues and concerns of post-placement. From the information shared by caregivers, practical solutions indicated the value of incorporating current and former caregivers into a support network or mentor program for new caregivers coping with placement decisions.
Serine 18 Phosphorylation of RAX, the PKR Activator, Is Required for PKR Activation and Consequent Translation Inhibition *

It is now apparent that the double-stranded (ds)RNA-dependent protein kinase, PKR, is a regulator of diverse cellular responses to stress. Recently, the murine dsRNA-binding protein RAX and its human ortholog PACT were identified as cellular activators of PKR. Previous reports demonstrate that following stress, RAX/PACT associates with and activates PKR resulting in eIF2α phosphorylation, consequent translation inhibition, and cell death via apoptosis. Although RAX/PACT is phosphorylated during stress, any regulatory role for this post-translational modification has been uncertain. Now we have discovered that RAX is phosphorylated on serine 18 in both human and mouse cells. The non-phosphorylatable form of RAX, RAX(S18A), although still able to bind dsRNA and associate with PKR, fails to activate PKR following stress. Furthermore, stable expression of RAX(S18A) results in a dominant-negative effect characterized by deficiency of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 α subunit phosphorylation, delay of translation inhibition, and failure to undergo rapid apoptosis following removal of interleukin-3. We propose that the ability of RAX to activate PKR is regulated by a sequential mechanism featuring RAX association with PKR, RAX phosphorylation at serine 18, and activation of PKR.
Tumor-suppressive effects of psoriasin (S100A7) are mediated through the β-catenin/T cell factor 4 protein pathway in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells.

Psoriasin (S100A7) is expressed in several epithelial malignancies including breast cancer. Although S100A7 is associated with the worst prognosis in estrogen receptor α-negative (ERα−) invasive breast cancers, its role in ERα-positive (ERα+) breast cancers is relatively unknown. We investigated the significance of S100A7 in ERα+ breast cancer cells and observed that S100A7 overexpression in ERα+ breast cancer cells, MCF7 and T47D, exhibited decreased migration, proliferation, and wound healing. These results were confirmed in vivo in nude mouse model system. Mice injected with S100A7-overexpressing MCF7 cells showed significant reduction in tumor size compared with mice injected with vector control cells. Further mechanistic studies revealed that S100A7 mediates the tumor-suppressive effects via a coordinated regulation of the β-catenin/TCF4 pathway and an enhanced interaction of β-catenin and E-cadherin in S100A7-overexpressing ERα+ breast cancer cells. We observed down-regulation of β-catenin, p-GSK3β, TCF4, cyclin D1, and c-myc in S100A7-overexpressing ERα+ breast cancer cells. In addition, we observed increased expression of GSK3β. Treatment with GSK3β inhibitor CHIR 99021 increased the expression of β-catenin and its downstream target c-myc in S100A7-overexpressing cells. Tumors derived from mice injected with S100A7-overexpressing MCF7 cells also showed reduced activation of the β-catenin/TCF4 pathway. Therefore, our studies reveal for the first time that S100A7-overexpressing ERα+ breast cancer cells exhibit tumor suppressor capabilities through down-modulation of the β-catenin/TCF4 pathway both in vitro and in vivo. Because S100A7 has been shown to enhance tumorigenicity in ERα− cells, our studies suggest that S100A7 may possess differential activities in ERα+ compared with ERα− cells.
Finance Leaders Link Climate Change to Economic Development

“If we don't tackle climate change, with the kinds of disasters that are lurking in our future, a single event could reverse years of development success in individual countries,” World Bank Group president Jim Yong Kim said at a 9 October forum at the start of the bank's 2013 annual meeting in Washington, D. C. The current annual cost of responding to natural disasters is about U.S. $6 billion, and that projection suggests that the cost could increase to up to $1 trillion a year by the year 2050, Kim said.
Maternal age specific chromosomal abnormalities at amniocentesis

Suttleworth (1909) suggested that with regard to parentage, the significant etiologic factor would be the advanced age of the mother at the birth of the child. For the past thirty years, advanced maternal age (>35 years) has been the single most important criteria used to rule-out chromosomal abnormalities. Risk estimates in such populations has become an important denominator for physicians or obstetricians and numerous studies have been compiled. Since May 1997, we evaluated 1126 cases and found 27 cases cytogenetically abnormal. Eight cases were diagnosed with trisomy 21 (30%) two with trisomy 18 (7.4%) one with trisomy 13 (3.7%) 5 cases (18.5%) with various chromosomal abnormalities while the remaining have had balanced or unbalanced translocations (40.7%). The over all frequency of chromosomal abnormalities for the advanced maternal age group was 2.4%; 40.7% were structural while 29.6% were trisomy 21. We are in the process of compiling data from various centers that shall be useful during pre- and post genetic counseling. Certain religious groups do prefer counseling only; and would not go for genetic amniocentesis. For such groups, information on the risks and incidence for various chromosomal abnormalities, should serve as an educational tool.
Induction of epidermal hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, and papillomas in transgenic mice by a targeted v‐Ha‐ras oncogene

The regulatory elements of the human keratin K1 gene have been used to target expression of the v-Ha-ras oncogene exclusively in the epidermis of transgenic mice. We developed 12 transgenic mouse lines that express the HK1.ras transgene, producing epidermal hyperplasia in neonates and hyperkeratosis in juveniles. Eventually this skin phenotype diminished but with time adult animals developed papillomas that could persist or regress. The rate and frequency of tumorigenesis appeared to be limited, which suggests that v-Ha-ras requires a second or even third event to elicit and maintain a benign phenotype intransgenic mice. Since in certain transgenic lines papillomas appeared at wound sites, it appears that the promotion stimulus from wounding may be a second event. We envision that such transgenic mice that express v-Ha-ras in the epidermis will become a powerful model for assessing how environmental and molecular factors affect the process of multistage skin carcinogenesis in vivo, as well as a model for evaluating novel therapeutic protocols.
Fluorometric method for quantitative determination of free amine groups in peptide-containing merrifield resins

Abstract A highly sensitive fluorometric method for determining free amine groups on the Merrifield peptide resin is presented. The method, as described, is capable of quantitatively analyzing 1.5 nmoles of free amine on 7 mg of resin, and is currently being used to follow the kinetics of amino acid incorporation into resin bound peptides. In addition the method should be applicable to monitoring the free amine content of resins during solid-phase synthesis and/or solid-phase Edman degradation of peptides.
Adaptive phased-array radar processing using photorefractive crystals

An unconstrained, adaptive, null-steering phased-array optical processor that utilizes a photorefractive crystal to time-integrate the adaptive weights, and null out correlated jammers is described. A passive processor is presented, where it is assumed that it is only known a priori that the signal is broad-band and the jammers are narrow-band. The passive processor computes the angle(s) of arrival of the jammers and extinguishes them. Also presented is an active processor in which the temporal waveform of the desired signal is known, but the look direction is not. The processor computes the angle(s) of arrival of the desired signal and steers the array to look in that direction while nulling any narrow-band jammers. These are two embodiments of a class of processors which use the angular selectivity of volume holograms to form the nulls and look directions in an adaptive phased array radar antenna pattern
Rocket‐borne ultraviolet spectrometer measurement of OH resonance fluorescence with a diffusive transport model for mesospheric photochemistry

An upper limit on the column density of the hydroxyl radical in the earth's upper atmosphere was determined with a rocket-borne scanning spectrometer using resonance fluorescence techniques in the near ultraviolet. The (0–0) band of the A2Σ-X2Π transition at 3064 A was studied between 60 and 108 km under evening twilight conditions from Wallops Island, Virginia, on June 27, 1969. The solar zenith angle was 92°. Particular attention is given to the problem of determining the Rayleigh scattered background to allow an accurate determination of the column emission rate from the OH molecule. An emission rate factor calculation for OH is presented that considers the rotational structure of the molecule and the effect of absorption by OH in the solar atmosphere. By using this emission rate factor, the upper limit on the column density of OH is found to be 6×1012 cm−2 at 65 km, 3×1012 cm−2 at 75 km, and 7×1011 cm−2 at 85 km. The dissociation rate for water vapor was calculated by using a high-resolution analysis of the O2 absorption cross section. A significant amount of H2O dissociation was found to occur throughout the mesosphere down to the stratopause. A mesospheric oxygen-hydrogen model that includes diffusive transport of water vapor and the recalculated H2O dissociation rate is considered in order to interpret the experimental results. It is demonstrated that the upper limit on the hydroxyl column density requires the eddy diffusion coefficient to be less than 4×106 cm2/sec in the lower mesosphere. A model for the concentration of H, OH, HO2, and H2O in the mesosphere is presented that uses a water vapor mixing ratio of 5×10−6 at 50 km and an eddy diffusion coefficient of 1×10−6 cm2/sec.
Time-resolved measurements of nanoscale surface pattern formation kinetics in two dimensions on ion-irradiated Si

The nanoscale kinetics of surface topography evolution on silicon surfaces irradiated with 1 keV Ar${}^{+}$ ions is examined in both directions perpendicular and parallel to the projection of the ion beam on the surface. We use grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering to measure in situ the evolution of surface morphology via the linear dispersion relation. We study the transition from surface ultra-smoothening at low angles of deviation from normal ion incidence to a pattern-forming instability at high incidence angles. A model based on the effects of impact-induced redistribution of those atoms that are not sputtered away explains both the observed ultra-smoothening at low angles from normal ion incidence and the instability at higher angles and accounts quantitatively for the measured two-dimensional dispersion relation and its dependence on incidence angle.
Preparation of fetal rat brains for light and electron microscopy

To study cellular shapes, growth patterns, and fine structure during early stages of CNS development in rat embryos, preparative procedures were evaluated and modified to meet two criteria: 1) Coronal semithin sections should reveal undeformed telencephalic hemispheres that were symmetrically expanded on both sides of midline structures and were surrounded by contiguous mesenchyme. 2) In electron micrographs, cells should have intact, undistorted surface membranes, evenly distributed nucleoplasm and well preserved cytoplasmic organelles. To meet these criteria, 378 fetuses with a gestational age of 11-20 days (E11-E20) were used to test and modify procedures for anesthesia, embryo removal and handling, dissection, fixation, dehydration, and embedding of the embryonic CNS. Most specimens were in an early stage of development (E11-E13), which, in case of the neopallial wall, is the preneural period. The tests produced methods that met the above criteria and identified the most common artifacts and their causes. Deformities of the cerebral hemispheres and separations between the brain and its coverings were usually caused by trauma during embryo removal and during handling before fixation. Changes in cellular volumes, especially swelling during fixation and dehydration, were the most important causes of histological artifacts. The procedures and methods that consistently produced the best light and electron microscopic preservation of the E11-E13 rat CNS are described. Fixation was best when the brains were treated with glutaraldehyde and s-collidine buffer, followed by osmium tetroxide in s-collidine buffer. A surprisingly beneficial effect of sodium chloride in the dehydrating alcohol was noted.
Purchasing's Performance as Seen By Its Internal Customers: A Study in a Service Organization

IN BRIEF In today's Total Quality Management environment, the purchasing function is not only responsible for securing vital production and facilitating resources for its organization, it is also charged with providing quality service to its internal customers. To date, the purchasing profession does not have a widely accepted instrument to measure the dimensions of service quality within a purchasing context. This research attempts to address this void by applying SERVQUAL, an instrument that has traditionally been used to assess retail consumer perceptions of service quality, to purchasing performance within a service organization. Initial results indicate that SERVQUAL does provide the purchasing function with a useful method for obtaining feedback from its internal customers.
Dis-Bond Detection and the Possibility of Interfacial Stiffness Measurement with Real-Time Impulsive Stimulated Thermal Scattering

We describe a new, real-time, noninvasive method for dis-bond (delamination) detection which is based on a technique known as impulsive stimulated thermal scattering (ISTS). We first explain the ISTS technique and compare data from polyimide films tightly bound to silicon substrates with data from unsupported polyimide films. The observed differences in the data from these two cases are readily understandable and offer an unmistakable signature for delaminations. We demonstrate ISTS dis-bond detection by locating and mapping out randomly-distributed and spatially-fine regions of delamination in a polyimide film-silicon substrate system. Finally, we present two simple physical models of the interfacial region which comprehensively describe acoustic data from the tightly-bound and the unsupported samples. With insight from simulations using these models, we suggest how ISTS might be used to determine interfacial adhesion quality and we show how ISTS sensitivity to interfacial effects can be adjusted.
Mathematical modeling of catalytic converter lightoff. Part III: Prediction of vehicle exhaust emissions and parametric analysis

The converter warmup model developed previously (Oh and Cavendish, 1985) has been used to simulate the performance of a packed-bed converter during the cold-start portion of vehicle emissions tests. Despite the highly transient converter inlet conditions, the model successfully predicts tailpipe mass emissions as a function of time.
An siRNA Screen in Pancreatic Beta Cells Reveals a Role for Gpr27 in Insulin Production

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the United States is projected to double or triple by 2050. We reasoned that the genes that modulate insulin production might be new targets for diabetes therapeutics. Therefore, we developed an siRNA screening system to identify genes important for the activity of the insulin promoter in beta cells. We created a subclone of the MIN6 mouse pancreatic beta cell line that expresses destabilized GFP under the control of a 362 base pair fragment of the human insulin promoter and the mCherry red fluorescent protein under the control of the constitutively active rous sarcoma virus promoter. The ratio of the GFP to mCherry fluorescence of a cell indicates its insulin promoter activity. As G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) have emerged as novel targets for diabetes therapies, we used this cell line to screen an siRNA library targeting all known mouse GPCRs. We identified several known GPCR regulators of insulin secretion as regulators of the insulin promoter. One of the top positive regulators was Gpr27, an orphan GPCR with no known role in beta cell function. We show that knockdown of Gpr27 reduces endogenous mouse insulin promoter activity and glucose stimulated insulin secretion. Furthermore, we show that Pdx1 is important for Gpr27's effect on the insulin promoter and insulin secretion. Finally, the over-expression of Gpr27 in 293T cells increases inositol phosphate levels, while knockdown of Gpr27 in MIN6 cells reduces inositol phosphate levels, suggesting this orphan GPCR might couple to Gq/11. In summary, we demonstrate a MIN6-based siRNA screening system that allows rapid identification of novel positive and negative regulators of the insulin promoter. Using this system, we identify Gpr27 as a positive regulator of insulin production.
A COMPARISON OF AUTOCORRELOGRAMS DETERMINED FROM SANS AND APFIM DATA

Les deux methodes sont complementaires pour l'interpretation des microstructures. Determination des fonctions d'autocorrelation par les deux methodes pour l'alliage Fe-30,1% at. Cr-9,9% at. Co vieillis a 525 C entre 2 et 485 heures. Ces traitements conduisent a la formation de phase α riche en fer et de phase α' enrichie en chrome
Interplay between conformational selection and induced fit in multidomain protein–ligand binding probed by paramagnetic relaxation enhancement

The binding of ligands and substrates to proteins has been extensively studied for many years and can be described, in its simplest form, by two limiting mechanisms: conformational selection and induced fit. Conformational selection involves the binding of ligand to a pre-existing sparsely-populated conformation of the free protein that is the same as that in the final protein-ligand complex. In the case of induced fit, the ligand binds to the major conformation of the free protein and only subsequent to binding undergoes a conformational change to the final protein-ligand complex. While these two mechanisms can be dissected and distinguished by transient kinetic measurements, direct direction, characterization and visualization of transient, sparsely-populated states of proteins are experimentally challenging. Unless trapped, sparsely-populated states are generally invisible to conventional structural and biophysical techniques, including crystallography and most NMR measurements. In this review we summarize some recent developments in the use of paramagnetic relaxation enhancement to directly study sparsely-populated states of proteins and illustrate the application of this approach to two proteins, maltose binding protein and calmodulin, both of which undergo large rigid body conformational rearrangements upon ligand binding from an open apo state to a closed ligand-bound holo state. We show that the apo state ensemble comprises a small population of partially-closed configurations that are similar but not identical to that of the holo state. These results highlight the complementarity and interplay of induced fit and conformational selection and suggest that the existence of partially-closed states in the absence of ligand facilitates the transition to the closed ligand-bound state.
Statically locating web application bugs caused by asynchronous calls

Ajax becomes more and more important for web applications that care about client side user experience. It allows sending requests asynchronously, without blocking clients from continuing execution. Callback functions are only executed upon receiving the responses. While such mechanism makes browsing a smooth experience, it may cause severe problems in the presence of unexpected network latency, due to the non-determinism of asynchronism. In this paper, we demonstrate the possible problems caused by the asynchronism and propose a static program analysis to automatically detect such bugs in web applications. As client side Ajax code is often wrapped in server-side scripts, we also develop a technique that extracts client-side JavaScript code from server-side scripts. We evaluate our technique on a number of real-world web applications. Our results show that it can effectively identify real bugs. We also discuss possible ways to avoid such bugs.
Cold-sensitivity of heterokaryons of Candida albicans

Heterokaryons (hets) of Candida albicans are formed by fusing protoplasts of complementing auxotrophs. Het clones typically contain two kinds of monokaryons — parental-type auxotrophs arising by segregation of constituent nuclei, and prototrophs resulting from segregation of hybrid nuclei formed through infrequent karyogamy within het cells. Hets, but not their parental strains or monokaryotic derivatives, die in cultures held at 5°C–15°C. Death occurs at a high exponential rate during the first two days at low temperature and at a lesser exponential rate thereafter: death rates are highest at 10°C. Inactivation is not influenced significantly by the kinds of auxotrophies forcing heterokaryosis or by difference or identity in the wild type backgrounds of the auxotrophs used to construct the hets. It is also unaffected by amino acid analogues, specific inhibitors of mitochondrial protein synthesis or the general inhibitor of DNA synthesis, hydroxyurea. Inactivation is promoted by purine or pyrimidine analo...
Cross-Ply Elliptic Plates of Bimodulus Material

A differential-equation formulation is presented for the small-deflection elastic behavior of thin plates of cross-plied orthotropic bimodulus materials (which have different elastic stiffnesses depending upon the sign of the fiber-direction strains). An exact closed-form solution is presented for a fully clamped, cross-ply elliptic plate subjected to uniform normal pressure. For the special case of isotropic bimodulus material, a simplified approximate solution is also obtained. Good agreement is obtained between the two solutions presented here, as well as with numerical results existing in the literature for a special case.
Fabrication and deformation of aluminum-manganese microsandwich structure

The combination of low areal density, high flexural rigidity, and open architecture makes metallic microsandwiching a promising candidate for structural frameworks in small-scale multifunctional devices. We demonstrate a one-step electrodeposition procedure to synthesize an aluminum-manganese (Al-Mn) microsandwich using a porous polycarbonate (PC) membrane template from room-temperature ionic liquid. Mn was added to refine the microstructure and increase the hardness of Al. A cyclic voltammogram study shows Mn codeposit with Al in an acidic chloroaluminate electrolyte. Increasing the MnCl2 concentration in the electrolyte from 0.05 to 0.25 M promoted a crystalline to amorphous phase transition of the deposited structures. Finally, mechanical properties and damage resistance of the microsandwiches were evaluated using nano- and micro-indentation tests as well as finite element methods.
ENZYME VARIATION IN SEMI-ISOLATED POPULATIONS OF THE MOUNTAIN FLY CHAMAEMYIA HERBARUM.

Chamaemyia herbarum (Robineau-Desvoidy) is an acalyptrate fly in the family Chamaemyiidae. In southern Arizona, C. herbarum larvae prey upon one or more species of mealybugs (Trionymus spp.) which infest the bunch grass Muklenbergia virescens (H.B.K.) Kunth. The fly overwinters in the pupal stage and two to four generations are completed during summer breeding seasons. It is restricted to small, isolated populations within the pine forest or transition zone (Merriam, 1890). Adult populations in mountain meadows are small, from approximately 50 to 1,000 individuals, and are separated from each other on the same mountain by stretches of meadowless pine forest. The dispersal ability of the species is not known. Adults have been observed moving toward the base of grass clumps during windy periods. Such behavior would limit passive wind dispersal, the most likely means of movement between mountain ranges. The center of distribution of C. herbarum is in the Rocky Mountains of the western United States and the southernmost extension of its range is in the southeastern mountains of Arizona. Populations in the Colorado Rockies may be classified as semi-isolated; the proximity and continuity of the mountain ranges may allow limited migration between populations or subpopulations. In Arizona and northwestern New Mexico, each population is restricted to a separate mountain range and may be a geographic isolate. Although the species is restricted to the same pine forest zone across its range, populations are located within different biotic provinces (Dice, 1943). These provinces are based upon differences in floral composition; however, they also reflect faunal species boundaries. Grasses of southern Arizona mountains support mealybug species not found farther north. The specific grassmealybug associations are not available for C. herbarum; therefore, a comparison between isozyme frequency differences and biotic provinces may define possible genotype-environment interactions. The purpose of our study is to evaluate the importance of geographic isolation, small population size, founder effect, and ecological adaptation to the differentiation of C. herbarum populations. Genetic differences between populations were determined by multiple loci starch gel electrophoresis. A morphological analysis of metric characters was conducted to estimate further population variation.
Cytomegalovirus-specific cell-mediated immunity during pregnancy in lower socioeconomic class adolescents

The role of maternal cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific cellular immunity in gestational CMV excretion and transmission of congenital infection was assessed by studying CMV-specific mononuclear proliferation (CMV-MP) longitudinally during pregnancy in 59 lower socioeconomic class adolescents. CMV-MP was absent in mothers seropositive for CMV on more than 40% of occasions tested, but no significant difference was noted at any time in frequency or degree of CMP-MP between the 16 mothers who shed virus and the 29 who were seropositive for CMV but did not shed virus. The presence of CMV-MP did not preclude gestational CMV excretion. The lone mother who bore a congenitally infected infant lacked CMV-MP on all three occasions when she shed virus. CMV-MP was noted in cord blood from 14 uninfected infants of seropositive mothers. Maternal CMV-specific cellular immunity is not the major determinant of gestational CMV excretion, but the extent of its role in modulating transmission of congenital infection is yet unclear. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is found in the genitourinary tract of 5%-20% of pregnant women [1-4]. Congenital CMV infection occurs in 0.5%2.5% of all neonates and may be associated with significant neurologic and developmental morbidity [5]. The factors which regulate maternal viral excretion during pregnancy and viral transmission to the fetus are poorly understood. It has previously been shown that neither local nor systemic maternal CMV-specific antibody precludes cervical viral excretion [2, 3, 6] and that maternal systemic CMV-specific antibody may modulate but does not prevent fetal infection [7-9]. The possible role of maternal CMV-specific cellular immunity (CMV-CI) in congenital infection has been explored in cross-sectional samples of
THE MOVEMENT TO ESTONIANIZE SURNAMES IN INTERWAR ESTONIA

This article focuses on the movement to Estonianize surnames in interwar Estonia following the establishment of independence. A substantial proportion of Estonians had non-Estonian, mainly German, surnames, dating from the time of the emancipation of the serfs in the early nineteenth century. Finland, where a similar situation prevailed with the widespread presence of Swedish surnames, served as a stimulus and model for the Estonian movement. The initial efforts to promote nationalization of names in the 1920s and early 1930s failed, largely because the process was complicated and expensive. On the other hand, when the Pats regime placed the full force of the state behind the campaign, it quickly found a massive response. The extent to which the success of the movement also signified a more integrated and unified ethnic Estonian community, however, remains debatable.
Investigation on the Control Method of APF Forecast Based on the Three-phase Four-leg Converters

To solve the asymmetric three-phase four-wire power system harmonic pollution,in this paper,a method is applied to the three-phase four-leg active power filter(APF) control,the method is used to predict the net side voltage and converters output current values from T+1 sampling time when in T sampling time,calculate the reference voltage values in T+1 times based on the establishment of a systemic mathematical model,then use the three-dimensional voltage space vector to modulate control signal of main circuit,drive the main circuit to output compensation current to achieve the objective of eliminating harmonic.This method can reduce the delay caused by sampling and calculation,having the advantages of high efficiency usage of DC voltage,good dynamic response.The simulation results show the feasibility of the method.
Analysis of surveillance results for Aedes albopictus as dengue vector in Ningbo city,China 2011

Objective To investigate the changes in the population density indices of Aedes albopictus and their influential factors in Ningbo city,China,and to provide a basis for the control of dengue vector.Methods The densities of Ae.albopictus larvae in different environments in Ningbo were monitored and investigated,and the relationship between the changes in densities and climate and environment were analyzed.Results The container index(CI),house index(HI),and Breteau index(BI) for Ae.albopictus in Ningbo were 9.26%,8.88%,and 10.57,respectively,in 2011,and the total density of Ae.albopictus larvae reached the peak value in August.The density in the permanent container was significantly higher than that in the temporary container,with the maximum value in the pool and tank;the density in resident community was significantly higher than that in the park,construction site,and salvage station,with the minimum value in the school and hospital.Conclusion The population density of Ae.albopictus and its seasonal fluctuation were influenced by multiple factors.
Electrodiagnostic Abnormalities in Tick Paralysis: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

Objective To study the electrodiagnostic abnormalities in tick paralysis. Methods A 7-year-old girl with acute onset proximal muscle weakness and an engorged dog tick attached to her scalp was evaluated. Results The routine motor nerve conduction study showed normal compound muscle action potential amplitude. The stimulated jitter analysis of the orbicularis oculi muscle showed normal jitter with no blocking. The quantitative electromyography of the proximal muscles showed decreased mean duration of the motor unit potentials. Conclusion We propose toxin-mediated direct skeletal muscle involvement as one of the reasons for muscle weakness in tick paralysis.
A multiattribute decision model for bipolar disorder: identification of preferred mood-stabilizing medications.

OBJECTIVE To develop a multiattribute decision model (MADM) to aid in the selection of preferred medications for the treatment of bipolar disorder. STUDY DESIGN Data were obtained via a self-administered online survey among psychiatric pharmacist specialists. These survey data were used to construct a MADM based on multiattribute utility technology. METHODS Anticonvulsant mood stabilizers, atypical antipsychotics, olanzapine-fluoxetine combination, and lithium carbonate were evaluated using a MADM. Attributes included in the model were effectiveness, safety and tolerability, cost, monitoring burden, and dosing frequency. A survey instrument was developed to score the relative importance of each attribute and the factor scores for each medication. Four iterations of the model were performed to ascertain the medication with the highest total utility score when the effectiveness factors were weighted to consider the following: overall effectiveness, effectiveness in acute mania, effectiveness in acute bipolar depression, and effectiveness in maintenance treatment. Sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the stability of the MADM results. RESULTS When overall effectiveness, effectiveness in acute mania, or effectiveness in maintenance treatment was considered, lithium carbonate had the highest total utility score. When effectiveness in acute bipolar depression was considered, lamotrigine had the highest total utility score. When considering only atypical antipsychotics, aripiprazole was associated with the highest total utility score for all iterations of the MADM. CONCLUSION The use of a MADM may be a beneficial tool to assist in making formulary or preferred therapeutic agent decisions.
Bayesian models and algorithms for protein secondary structure and beta-sheet prediction

In this thesis, we developed Bayesian models and machine learning algorithms for protein secondary structure and beta-sheet prediction problems. In protein secondary structure prediction, we developed hidden semi-Markov models, N-best algorithms and training set reduction procedures for proteins in the single-sequence category. We introduced three residue dependency models (both probabilistic and heuristic) incorporating the statistically significant amino acid correlation patterns at structural segment borders. We allowed dependencies to positions outside the segments to relax the condition of segment independence. Another novelty of the models is the dependency to downstream positions, which is important due to asymmetric correlation patterns observed uniformly in structural segments. Among the dataset reduction methods, we showed that the composition based reduction generated the most accurate results. To incorporate non-local interactions characteristic of beta-sheets, we developed two N-best algorithms and a Bayesian beta-sheet model. In beta-sheet prediction, we developed a Bayesian model to characterize the conformational organization of beta-sheets and efficient algorithms to compute the optimum architecture, which includes beta-strand pairings, interaction types (parallel or anti-parallel) and residue-residue interactions (contact maps). We introduced a Bayesian model for proteins with six or less beta-strands, in which we model the conformational features in a probabilistic framework by combining the amino acid pairing potentials with a priori knowledge of beta-strand organizations. To select the optimum beta-sheet architecture, we analyzed the space of possible conformations by efficient heuristics, in which we significantly reduce the search space by enforcing the amino acid pairs that have strong interaction potentials. For proteins with more than six beta-strands, we first computed beta-strand pairings using the BetaPro method. Then, we computed gapped alignments of the paired beta-strands in parallel and anti-parallel directions and chose the interaction types and beta-residue pairings with maximum alignment scores. Accurate prediction of secondary structure, beta-sheets and non-local contacts should improve the accuracy and quality of the three-dimensional structure prediction.
Cosmic-ray generation, propagation and atmospheric effects

C rays, produced by high-energy extra-solar events, ionize the earth’s atmosphere. Ionized aerosol particles can combine and form “seed” particles for cloud formation. In addition, cosmic-ray ionization increases the atmospheric conductivity. Variations of these quantities would be expected to have an effect on climate, and they do vary. The solar corona has a temperature of one million degrees and is continually “boiling off,” producing “the solar wind.” The solar wind is plasma that fills the solar system to a distance of about 90 times the earth-sun distance. The cosmic rays that fill the galaxy must do work against the solar wind to reach the earth’s orbit and hence lose intensity. The work done is measured in hundreds of megavolts. The intensity of the solar wind, and hence the intensity of cosmic-rays at earth orbit varies irregularly over an approximately 11-year cycle and sometimes, falls to deep minima. The 17th century “Maunder Minimum,” when solar modulation, the energy necessary to reach earth orbit, fell nearly to zero, was accompanied by what has been known as the “Little Ice Age,” causing much hardship in Europe. This is evidence that changes in cosmic-rays intensity can be associated with an impact on climate. Another important climatological consideration due to cosmic-ray impacts on the terrestrial atmosphere is the production of 1.5 million-year Be-10 by the spallation process. Radioactive Be-10 is used to date sections of Greenland and Antarctic ice cores to analyze past climates. Calculations of these quantities from basic principles are presented.
After the curtain was pulled away [software development projects]

Before the curtain was pulled away, the Wizard of Oz was a booming, angry voice. After it was pulled away, the Wizard was a kind, sympathetic, elderly statesman who used his wisdom and position to recognize and reward the contributions of individual team members, honor their collective accomplishments and join with the team leader in a partnership to accomplish the team's goal. The Wizard's role was to identify problems and collective solutions, find out what was important to the project and the individuals, affirm and recognize the qualities necessary for success, inspire the team to even greater strength and accomplishment, and solidify their commitment to their vision and goals. The elements and people essential to project success have changed over the last few years. Not every project is perfect, with clearly defined requirements and goals. The author describes how wizards, the new team leaders, work with the chaos of real life to pull together a success.
Comprehensive Analysis of the Value of Single Versus Multiple Year (Season) Crop Residue Data for Establishment of Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs)

Disharmony currently exists in regulatory requirements regarding whether multiple seasons of field residue trials are necessary. This analysis used historical residue data to evaluate whether the year in which trials are conducted is a significant contributor to the overall variability in field residue data. It was concluded that residue behavior is highly variable in nature, regardless of the season, that variation of residue data compiled from multiple years is not statistically greater than data resulting from trials conducted within any one year, and that variation across years does not result in large systematic differences in residue values or resulting Maximum Residue Limits compared to trials conducted in any single year. Field trials conducted at a variety of locations across geographical regions will capture variability due to different environmental conditions and agricultural practices and provide a robust estimate of the spread of residues expected due to labeled use of a pesticide.
Adult Femoral Shaft Fractures

Complete evaluation of adult femoral shaft fractures (Fig. 41.1) includes neurovascular compromise, open vs. closed fracture, degree of shortening, associated injuries, displaced vs. non-displaced, results of CT femoral neck, and existing hardware.
Mice under Caloric Restriction Self-Impose a Temporal Restriction of Food Intake as Revealed by an Automated Feeder System

Caloric restriction (CR) extends lifespan in mammals, yet the mechanisms underlying its beneficial effects remain unknown. The manner in which CR has been implemented in longevity experiments is variable, with both timing and frequency of meals constrained by work schedules. It is commonplace to find that nocturnal rodents are fed during the daytime and meals are spaced out, introducing prolonged fasting intervals. Since implementation of feeding paradigms over the lifetime is logistically difficult, automation is critical, but existing systems are expensive and not amenable to scale. We have developed a system that controls duration, amount, and timing of food availability and records feeding and voluntary wheel-running activity in mice. Using this system, mice were exposed to temporal or caloric restriction protocols. Mice under CR self-imposed a temporal component by consolidating food intake and unexpectedly increasing wheel-running activity during the rest phase, revealing previously unrecognized relationships among feeding, metabolism, and behavior.
Circumbinary discs from tidal disruption events

Tidal disruption events, which occur when a star is shredded by the tidal field of a supermassive black hole, provide a means of fueling black hole accretion. Here we show, using a combination of three body orbit integrations and hydrodynamic simulations, that these events are also capable of generating circumbinary rings of gas around tight supermassive black hole binaries with small mass ratios. Depending on the thermodynamics, these rings can either fragment into clumps that orbit the binary, or evolve into a gaseous circumbinary disc. We argue that tidal disruptions provide a direct means of generating circumbinary discs around supermassive black hole binaries and, more generally, can replenish the reservoir of gas on very small scales in galactic nuclei.
The Story of An Intersection, or How Early Chicago Became an Urban Laboratory

This essay unravels the history of Chicago as an urban laboratory and the way crisis was utilised and even staged in order to project alternative scenarios. It centres on a single photograph of an ...
A Distributed Multi-Robot System for Cooperative Manipulation

In this paper we present a distributed multi-robot system that can achieve collaborative manipulation tasks through coordinated sensing, communication and control. We examine the specific task of locating an object in an unknown environment, caging it and then transporting it to a specified goal. Our framework for multi-robot coordination is extended from our previous work on cooperative localization and formation control. We focus on implementation and integration of these capabilities to robustly achieve the desired manipulation task.