cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple Forms of Stress in Cambodian Adolescent Refugees

A sample of 170 Cambodian youth and 80 of their mothers were interviewed regarding DSM-III-R diagnoses of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and depressive disorders, and the stress of war trauma, resettlement, and recent life events. A consistent relation between earlier war trauma, resettlement stress, and symptoms of PTSD was found. In contrast, the strongest relation with depressive symptoms was found for recent stressful events. Despite the long interval of time since the occurrence of the war trauma, these youth and their parents reported these experiences in a highly consistent fashion. PTSD and depression in refugee youth appear to be different conditions following different pathways during adolescent development.
Ecological optimality in water-limited natural soil-vegetation systems: 1. Theory and hypothesis

The solution space of an approximate statistical-dynamic model of the average annual water balance is explored with respect to the hydrologic parameters of both soil and vegetation. Within the accuracy of this model it is shown that water-limited natural vegetation systems are in stable equilibrium with their climatic and pedologic environments when the canopy density and species act to minimize average water demand stress. Theory shows a climatic limit to this equilibrium above which it is hypothesized that ecological pressure is toward maximization of biomass productivity. It is further hypothesized that natural soil-vegetation systems will develop gradually and synergistically, through vegetation-induced changes in soil structure, toward a set of hydraulic soil properties for which the minimum stress canopy density of a given species is maximum in a given climate. Using these hypotheses, only the soil effective porosity need be known to determine the optimum soil and vegetation parameters in a given climate.
Development of a Liquid Scintillator Neutron Multiplicity Counter (LSMC)

A new neutron multiplicity counter is being developed that utilizes the fast response of liquid scintillator detectors. The ability to detect fast (vs. moderated) fission neutrons makes possible a coincidence gate on the order of tens of nanoseconds (vs. tens of microseconds). A neutron counter with such a narrow gate will be much less sensitive to accidental coincidences making it possible to measure items with a high single neutron background to greater accuracy in less time. This includes impure Pu items with high (alpha,n) rates as well as items of low mass HEU where a strong active interrogation source is needed. Liquid scintillator detectors also allow for energy discrimination between interrogation source neutrons and fission neutrons, allowing for even greater assay sensitivity. Designing and building a liquid scintillator multiplicity counter (LSMC) requires a symbiotic effort of simulation and experiment to optimize performance and mitigate hardware costs in the final product. We present preliminary Monte Carlo studies using the GEANT toolkit along with analysis of experimental data used to benchmark and tune the simulation.
Matching Wits with Melanoma Brain Metastases: From Biology to Therapeutics

Melanoma brain metastases (MBM) present a significant clinical challenge. Molecular profiling of MBM is useful to identify molecular pathways, such as the PI3K pathway, that are specifically and differentially altered in MBM. Therapeutic studies should recruit patients with MBM and prospective tissue collection will lay the foundation for further advances. Clin Cancer Res; 20(21); 5346–8. ©2014 AACR .
Nucleon-number dependence of the production cross sections for massive dihadron states

We have measured the nucleon-number ($A$) dependence of the production cross sections for dihadron states in which each hadron is required to have large transverse momentum. We find that the $A$ dependence varies with the total dihadron transverse momentum in a manner similar to that previously observed for single hadrons.
Watching the watcher: regulation of p53 by mitochondria.

p53 has been referred to as the ‘guardian of the genome’ because of its role in protecting the cell from DNA damage. p53 performs its duties by regulating cell-cycle progression and DNA repair and, in cases of irreparable DNA damage, by executing programmed cell death. Mitochondria are an important target of transcription-dependent and -independent actions of p53 to carry out the apoptotic function. However, increasing evidence suggests that p53 activity is regulated by mitochondria. Cellular insults that alter mitochondrial function can have important consequences on p53 activity. In light of these new findings, the following review focuses on p53/mitochondria connections, in particular how reactive oxygen species generated at mitochondria regulate p53 activity. A better understanding of the mechanisms by which mitochondria regulate p53 may have an impact on our understanding of the development and progression of many diseases, especially cancer.
Location of deuterium on the silicon (100) monohydride surface determined by transmission-ion channeling

The location of deuterium (D) in the monohydride configuration on the silicon (100) surface is established using transmission-ion channeling. A 2-MeV $^{4}\mathrm{He}^{+}$ ion beam was used to elastically recoil D from the beam-exit surface of a thin silicon crystal. The yield of recoiled D was measured versus angle about the 〈100〉, 〈110〉, and 〈111〉 axes. The location of the surface D relative to the silicon lattice was determined by comparing the measured yields with computer-channeling simulations. The observed location is consistent with a Si-D bond length of 1.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 \AA{} along the silicon tetrahedral bond direction in agreement with recent ab initio theoretical calculations.
Polarization aberration control for ArF projection lenses

High NA imaging or/and polarization illumination imaging for exposure tool requires not only scalar aberration performance but also vectorial aberration (so called polarization aberration) control. There are several methods to explain vectorial aberrations such as, Jones Matrix Pupil, Pauli spin matrix, etc. Pauli spin matrix may be intuitively easier to understand and suitable to show scalar wavefront. However, direct use of Pauli spin matrix method may not express physical meaning of vectorial aberration exactly, especially when the amount of polarization aberration is large. In this paper we would like to propose a new explanation method, which is natural expansion of scalar aberration explanation to vectorial aberration explanation and physically mostly exact form. Furthermore useful approximation of the form makes it possible to make vectorial aberration sum-operant from productoperant. Using this method, it is possible to use scalar aberration control technique, such as wavefront control, Zernike sensitivity analysis, Zernike linear combination method, etc. to vectorial aberration control.
Use of [14C]-2-deoxyglucose to detect regional brain activities associated with fearful behavior in wild Norway rats

The 2-deoxyglucose method was used to compare regional brain activities of unrestrained wild Norway rats engaged in fear-based defensive behavior (n = 8), and that of solitary controls (n = 8). After infusion with 100 micrograms/kg of (14C)-deoxyglucose via jugular catheters, experimental rats spent the 45-min uptake period in flight, boxing, and defensive attack to painless threat stimuli. Coronal sections of brains were exposed to X-ray film, and the resultant global maps of regional brain activity for the two groups were quantitated by high-resolution fiber optic densitometry at 86 cerebral points and analyzed statistically by computer. Significant group differences in regional brain glucose uptake were found at 16 loci. The considerable agreement between these structures and those previously identified in the literature as involved in defensive behavior provides evidence for the potential of this method of investigation of brain correlates of specific behavioral patterns.
Problematizing the “Dual” in a Dual-Immersion Program: A Portrait

Abstract The purpose of this study was to provide a critical look at the issues pertaining to language variety and language use in a unique dual-immersion program. In order to reveal multiple perspectives, the data collected and analyzed included systematic participant observations in K–8th classrooms for over a year, formal interviews with program teachers, and conversations with parents and students. This portrait clearly communicates that while participants seemingly share a common language, complex sociocultural and historical tensions not only inform day-to-day classroom interactions but even dictate the legitimate language of instruction. This study underscores the social and political complexities that are often uncritically taken for granted, even in multicultural and multilingual educational environments.
RESPONSE OF HERBS TO SHRUB REMOVAL ACROSS NATURAL AND EXPERIMENTAL VARIATION IN SOIL MOISTURE

Like many semiarid grasslands, large montane meadows of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California (USA) have experienced widespread expansion of woody plants (here Rothrock sagebrush, or Artemisia rothrockii), a reduction in herbaceous species cover, and apparent aridification over the past century. Because soil moisture is an important limiting resource in this system, we investigated the interactive effects of shrub removal and soil moisture on herbaceous species recovery. We conducted replicated shrub removal experiments across four sagebrush habitats that differed in soil moisture, water table depth, and related characteristics (e.g., soil texture, initial total herbaceous cover, and initial shrub biomass). Changes in herb cover after shrub removal were monitored over four years that differed in spring snow pack, a critical source of water in this system. To more directly quantify the effects of soil moisture on shrub–herb competition, shrub removal was combined with experimental water addition in the m...
The Impact of Cooperative Learning Experiences on Cross‐Ethnic Relations and Attitudes

A field experiment examined the effects of cooperative interethnic contact on ethnic relations and attitudes in the setting of newly desegregated junior and senior high schools. Cooperative interethnic contact was induced in the experimental classrooms by means of a teaching method which emphasized the use of small interdependent student work groups composed of white, black, and Mexican-American students. Results indicated that the interethnic group method received a favorable endorsement from the teachers, produced substantially more cross-ethnic helping behavior, promoted greater relative respect and liking for Mexican-American classmates among white students, and elicited more frequent friendship choices for Mexican-Americans by whites.
Delayed Hypersensitivity Skin Testing. II. Clinical Correlates and Anergy

The responses of 752 hospitalized patients to skin tests with six common antigens were evaluated by clinical status. On the average each patient had 1.5 clinical conditions and reacted to 2.5 antigens. Known positive and negative associations, such as that between tuberculin and pulmonary disease, and that between nonreactivity or anergy and age, immunosuppressive medications, malignancy, and azotemia, were confirmed. Novel associations with anergy were also found with leukocytosis, anemia, and fever; although strongly interrelated, each also related independently to anergy. Relative anergy, or a response to only one of six antigens, was found in the same clinical setting as absolute anergy. All but two of 57 patients with absolute anergy had one or more of these previously or newly defined clinical conditions present. The detection of major new categories of illness leading to anergy seems unlikely.
Electron transport in staphylococci. Properties of a particle preparation from exponential phase Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract A particulate respiratory enzyme preparation can be derived from exponential cultures of S. aureus by treatment with lysozyme and sonic oscillation. Three hemoproteins which participate in the transfer of electrons from substrate to oxygen can be identified by spectral characteristics and prosthetic groups. Certain properties of the terminal oxidase cytochrome o are discussed in some detail, and a sequence of electron transport is proposed.
The burden of liver cancer in Asians and Pacific Islanders in the Greater San Francisco Bay Area, 1990 through 2004.

BACKGROUND. To the authors' knowledge, no previous U.S. study has examined time trends in the incidence rate of liver cancer in the high-risk Asian/Pacific Islander population. In this study, liver cancer incidence trends were evaluated in Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese men and women in the Greater San Francisco Bay Area of California between 1990 and 2004. METHODS. Populations at risk were estimated by using the cohort-component demographic method. Annual percentage changes (APCs) in age-adjusted incidence rates of primary liver cancer among Asians/Pacific Islanders in the Greater Bay Area Cancer Registry were calculated by using joinpoint regression analysis. RESULTS. The incidence rate of liver cancer between 1990 and 2004 did not change significantly in Asian/Pacific Islander men or women overall. However, the incidence rate declined, although the decline was not statistically significant, among Chinese men (APC, −1.6%; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], −3.4–0.3%), Japanese men (APC, −4.9%; 95% CI, −10.7–1.2%), and Japanese women (APC, −3.6%; 95% CI, −8.9–2%). Incidence rates remained consistently high for Vietnamese, Korean, and Filipino men and women. Trends in the incidence rate of hepatocellular carcinoma were comparable to those for liver cancer. Although disparities in liver cancer incidence between Asians/Pacific Islanders and other racial/ethnic groups diminished between the period from 1990 through 1994 and the period from 2000 through 2004, the disparities among Asian subgroups increased. CONCLUSIONS. Liver cancer continues to affect Asian/Pacific Islander Americans disproportionately, with consistently high incidence rates in most subgroups. Culturally targeted prevention methods are needed to reduce the high rates of liver cancer in this growing population in the U.S. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Reversible changes in the oscillator strengths of Si-H vibrations in a-Si:H induced by He + -ion bombardment

We report measurements of infrared (ir) vibrational absorption made on thin films of rf-sputtered $a$-Si: H bombarded with 100- and 200-keV ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ ions, and also after an anneal at temperatures up to 320 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. We find that the integrated intensities of ir vibrational bands at 2000 and 850 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ are enhanced significantly after the bombardment, whereas bands at 2100, 890, and 650 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ show little change. Annealing at 320 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C reduces the integrated intensities of the 2000- and 850-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ peaks, again with little change in the other peaks, thus reversing the effect of bombardment. We explain these observations in terms of changes in the oscillator strengths of the vibrational modes induced by defects created near the vibrating complex during bombardment. The significance of the dependence of the ir oscillator strengths on the local defect structure and its implications for the interpretations of ir spectra are discussed.
Purification of the major cytochrome P-450 of liver microsomes from rabbits treated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD).

Abstract Cytochrome P-450 was isolated in highly purified form from liver microsomes of adult male rabbits treated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD). Preparations average 17.8 ± 0.8 nmoles cytochrome P-450 per mg protein and have an estimated molecular weight of 54,500. The visible absorption spectrum of the purified cytochrome displays absorption spectral maxima characteristic of high spin forms of cytochrome P-450. When reconstituted with highly purified NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, this cytochrome catalyzes the hydroxylation of acetanilide and the O-deethylation of 7-ethoxyresorufin, two activities induced by TCDD.
Longitudinal, Quantitative Monitoring of Therapeutic Response in 3D In Vitro Tumor Models with OCT for High-Content Therapeutic Screening

Abstract In vitro three-dimensional models of cancer have the ability to recapitulate many features of tumors found in vivo , including cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions, microenvironments that become hypoxic and acidic, and other barriers to effective therapy. These model tumors can be large, highly complex, heterogeneous, and undergo time-dependent growth and treatment response processes that are difficult to track and quantify using standard imaging tools. Optical coherence tomography is an optical ranging technique that is ideally suited for visualizing, monitoring, and quantifying the growth and treatment response dynamics occurring in these informative model systems. By optimizing both optical coherence tomography and 3D culture systems, it is possible to continuously and non-perturbatively monitor advanced in vitro models without the use of labels over the course of hours and days. In this chapter, we describe approaches and methods for creating and carrying out quantitative therapeutic screens with in vitro 3D cultures using optical coherence tomography to gain insights into therapeutic mechanisms and build more effective treatment regimens.
A Team Approach to MBO: History and Conditions for Success

Introduction Most management by objectives (MBO) programmes feature a one‐on‐one dialogue between a subordinate and superior about individual goals and goal attainment. However, the emphasis on this two‐person relationship, the clarification of individual goals in hopes of enhanced motivation and performance and the review of individual performance against objectives may represent some lost opportunities for increasing organisational performance. In fact, it may at times be counter‐productive. Our purpose is to identify some elements missing from many MBO programmes, to review the history of group or team approaches to goal setting, to speculate on why one‐on‐one approaches dominate the literature on MBO, and to suggest conditions for making team approaches to MBO most useful.
Spelling Ability of Reading Disabled LD Students and Able Readers.

The present study investigated differences in the spelling ability of two populations of elementary pupils: reading disabled students receiving learning disability services and able readers. Subjects consisted of three groups totaling 107 children. Pupils were matched on reading recognition ability with intelligence controlled for. Results revealed that reading disabled pupils differed from able readers of the same chronological age in phonetic spelling ability, nonphonetic spelling ability, and recognition spelling ability. It was concluded that the spelling ability of school-identified students with severe reading deficiencies was significantly inferior to that of reading able students.
Imperfect nesting and scattering due to disorder in spin-density-waves

As is well-known both imperfect nesting and scattering reduces the spin-density-wave transition temperature and the quasi-particle energy gap at T=0 K. We extend our earlier analysis to the condensate density f 1 and the pinning potential thus the threshold field, at both T=0 K and T=T c when both imperfect nesting and scattering effect are present. At T=0 K, f 1 =1 in the presence of both imperfect nesting and scattering until the quasi-particle energy gap is closed. Consequently, the threshold field E T is almost constant until SDW is almost destroyed, where E T suddenly moves up. We found that E T exhibits a small peak just before T c for small scattering rates. This result may help disentangle the mechanism behind the rapid cooling of (TMTSF) 2 ClO 4
A general method for the chromatographic analysis of mono‐, di‐, and triglycerides and the mono‐ and diesters of ethylene glycol and polyethylene glycol

A procedure for the chromatographic separation and determination of the ester mixtures of glycerin, ethylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol is presented. The adsorbent is silea gel, and the mobile phase is a series of solvents with increasing polarity. A procedure for quantitative determination of small amounts of monoglyceride present in a glyceryl ester mixture is presented. A solvent system different from that used for glyceryl and ethylene glycol ester mixtures was developed for ester mixtures of polyethylene glycols. The esters of polyethylene glycols with average molecular weights of 300–600 were shown to give the same chromatogram.
The connection between photon mass andB (3) : The poincaré group

The longitudinal vacuum fieldB (3) is an experimental observable which produces by magnetization a well-defined square-root beam power density dependence. Its longitudinal polarization implies that the helicities of the photon are +1, 0, and −1, and that the little group of the Poincare group is the rotation group 0(3) of a massive boson. The mass of the photon (m) is therefore related directly toB (3) through the Proca equation, and it is concluded that experimental evidence forB (3) is also evidence for finitem.
A Hybrid Scheme Based on Finite Element/Volume Methods for Two Immiscible Fluid Flows

We have successfully extended our implicit hybrid finite element/volume (FE/FV) solver to flows involving two immiscible fluids. The solver is based on the segregated pressure correction or projection method on staggered unstructured hybrid meshes. An intermediate velocity field is first obtained by solving the momentum equations with the matrix-free implicit cell-centered FV method. The pressure Poisson equation is solved by the node-based Galerkin FE method for an auxiliary variable. The auxiliary variable is used to update the velocity field and the pressure field. The pressure field is carefully updated by taking into account the velocity divergence field. This updating strategy can be rigorously proven to be able to eliminate the unphysical pressure boundary layer and is crucial for the correct temporal convergence rate. Our current staggered-mesh scheme is distinct from other conventional ones in that we store the velocity components at cell centers and the auxiliary variable at vertices. The fluid interface is captured by solving an advection equation for the volume fraction of one of the fluids. The same matrix-free FV method, as the one used for momentum equations, is used to solve the advection equation. We will focus on the interface sharpening strategy to minimize the smearing of the interface over time. We have developed and implemented a global mass conservation algorithm that enforces the conservation of the mass for each fluid.
The role of evolutionary psychology within an interdisciplinary science of religion

The recent explosion of research on religion by biologists, anthropologists, and psychologists offers the prospect of a truly interdisciplinary science organized by an evolutionary paradigm. However, such unification will be elusive in the absence of proper vertical integration of biological, psychological, and anthropological levels of analysis. This article reviews arguments for an evolutionary approach to psychology that is consistent with, and founded upon, evolutionary biology; it then argues that in the same manner, an evolutionary approach to anthropology must be consistent with, and founded upon, evolutionary psychology. The author suggest that ongoing debates in the evolutionary study of religion, such as whether religion is an adaptation or a byproduct, often conflate biological, psychological, and cultural levels of analysis, and often fail to appreciate the indispensible role of the psychological level of analysis between biological and cultural levels. In the final section, the author attempt...
Realistic models of binary glasses from models of tetrahedral amorphous semiconductors

We present an approach for modeling binary glasses beginning with models of tetrahedral amorphous semiconductors and report models of glassy ${\mathrm{GeSe}}_{2},{\mathrm{SiSe}}_{2},{\mathrm{SiO}}_{2},$ and ${\mathrm{GeSe}}_{4}.$ The topology of our models are analyzed through partial pair correlations and static structure factors. Structural properties, including the first sharp diffraction peak, electronic and vibrational properties are all in agreement with experiment. Our approach is simpler and faster than traditional melt-quench simulations and emphasizes the importance of correct topology of starting structure for successful modeling.
Néphrectomie partielle laparoscopique assistée par robot : analyse monocentrique et rétrospective sur cinq ans

Resume Introduction Analyser les resultats perioperatoires d’une large serie de nephrectomies partielles laparoscopiques assistees par robot. Patients et methodes Etude retrospective de 413 patients ayant une tumeur renale et ayant ete operes d’une nephrectomie partielle laparoscopique robot-assistee entre juin 2006 et decembre 2011. Les caracteristiques demographiques des patients et les donnees operatoires et postoperatoires ont ete analysees. Resultats L’âge moyen etait de 58,6 ± 11,9 ans, l’indice de masse corporelle moyen etait de 30,5 ± 7,1 kg/m2 et l’ASA median de 3. Les tumeurs avaient une taille moyenne de 3,2 ± 1,66 cm et etaient divisees en tumeur de faible (40 %), de moyenne (44 %) et de haute complexite (16 %) selon le RENAL Nephrometry Score. La duree operatoire et la duree d’ischemie chaude moyennes etaient respectivement de 191 et 21 minutes. Les pertes sanguines moyennes etaient de 200 mL et 4,1 % de complications majeures ont ete relevees. Les durees d’hospitalisation etaient en moyenne de 3,6 jours. Le debit de filtration glomerulaire (DFG) postoperatoire etait de 74,84 mL/min × 1,73 m2 avec une perte moyenne de 8,6 % par rapport au DFG preoperatoire. En analyse multivariee, les facteurs predictifs independants de la fonction renale postoperatoire etaient l’index de Charlson (p = 0,005), la fonction renale preoperatoire (p Conclusion La nephrectomie partielle laparoscopique robot assistee a ete une intervention sure et reproductible dans des mains experimentees. L’index de Charlson, la fonction renale preoperatoire et la duree d’ischemie chaude etaient des facteurs predictifs independants de la fonction renale a long terme.
Detection and molecular specificity of murine thymocyte receptors for GAT in responder and non-responder mice utilizing a microradioreceptor assay

Abstract A microassay for the detection of murine thymocyte antigen receptors reactive to GAT ∗ has been developed. Immunochemical specificity was demonstrated under competitive binding conditions utilizing labeled antigen. Only GAT could competitively displace 125 I GAT from the thymocyte receptor. Erythrocytes did not bind 125 I GAT whereas myeloma MPC-11 or acute lymphoblastic leukemia CCRF-CEM cell lines bound ≅ 3.5-fold less GAT than thymocytes. The magnitude of thymocyte ligand binding was approximately 4-fold greater at 37°C than at 4°C. Biased displacement studies under conditions which favored phagocytosis indicated that 70% of the cell-associated counts were surface (plasma membrane) bound, making it unlikely that phagocytosis was the source of ligand uptake. Similarly, thymocyte suspensions adsorbed to petri dishes for 45 min at 37°C or assayed in the presence of NaN 3 showed no dimunition in B 0 binding. A rabbit anti-mouse T cell monospecific serum was capable of blocking 125 I GAT binding whereas normal serum was without effect. The specifie binding of GAT to thymocytes occurred through a trypsin-sensitive thymocyte membrane component. In further studies, the equilibrium displacement of 125 I GAT from the T cell GAT receptor by copolymers GA or GT demonstrated that the thymocyte receptor(s) for GAT in unimmunized responder and non-responder mice react with GAT through apparently identical antigenic determinants within the GAT terpolymer. These specificity data corroborate in-vivo functional data and suggest that the T cell antigen receptor for GAT does not regulate the GAT immune response by itself.
New Gradient-index Materials and Designs with Polymers, Glass and ALON

The University of Rochester is researching new gradient-index (GRIN) materials and designs with polymers, glass and ALON. GRIN materials open up additional degrees of freedom in optical system design.
The Role of Causal Reasoning and Language Competence in Narrative Comprehension

The study investigates the role of causal reasoning in second language (L2) narrative comprehension. Subjects read and recalled texts that were either high or low in causal coherence. This read-and-recall procedure was repeated. Half of the subjects reported their thoughts during reading. The major finding was that first language (L1) readers recalled the high coherence texts better than the low coherence texts. Advanced L2 readers showed a similar advantage for thehigh coherence texts, but only in their second reading. Intermediate readers' recall was lower and showed no advantage for highly coherent texts. The verbal report data generally supported these patterns. These results indicate that L2 readers have difficulty detecting the higher order causal structure in texts. This structure is a central component of L1 readers' mental representation of the information in a text. As L2 readers' skills improve, their ability to detect causal relations increases, although even advanced L2 readers may need a second reading to do so.
Developmental Origins of Childhood Overweight: Potential Public Health Impact

Several modifiable pre- and postnatal determinants of childhood overweight are known, but no one has examined how they influence risk of overweight in combination. We estimated the risk of overweight at age 3 years according to levels of maternal smoking during pregnancy, gestational weight gain, breastfeeding duration, and infant sleep duration. We studied 1,110 mother-child pairs in Project Viva, a prospective prebirth cohort study. The main outcome measure was child overweight (BMI for age and sex >or=95th percentile) at age 3. We ran logistic regression models with all four modifiable risk factors as well as the covariates maternal BMI and education, child race/ethnicity, and household income. From the model, we obtained the estimated probability of overweight for each of the 16 combinations of the four risk factors. During pregnancy, 9.8% of mothers smoked and 50% gained excessive weight. In infancy, 73% mother-child pairs breastfed for <12 m, and 31% of infants slept <12 h/day. Among the 3-year-old children in the cohort, 9.5% were overweight. In the prediction model, the estimated probability of overweight ranged from 0.06 among children exposed to favorable levels of all four risk factors, to 0.29 with adverse levels of all four. Healthful levels of four behaviors during early development predicted much lower probability of overweight at age 3 than adverse levels. Interventions to modify several factors during pregnancy and infancy could have substantial impact on prevention of childhood overweight.
The Volume of Federal Litigation and the Macroeconomy

Abstract In this paper we examine the extent to which fluctuations in a number of macroeconomic variables impact on the volume of federal litigation cases. In particular, the impact of aggregate U.S. GDP, consumption, inflation, unemployment, and interest rates on the volume of antitrust, bankruptcy, contract, personal injury, and product liability cases between the years 1960 and 2000 is examined using Granger causal analysis and vector autoregression models [see e.g., Granger, C. W. J. (1988). Some recent developments in a concept of causality. Journal of Econometrics, 39, 199–211]. Our empirical findings suggest that there are several linkages between macroeconomic variables and the volume of litigation cases, in broad agreement with the findings of Siegelman and Donohue [1995; The selection of employment discrimination disputes for litigation: using business cycle effects to test the Priest–Klein hypothesis. Journal of Legal Studies, 24, 427–462], who find that unemployment is an important determinant of the (number and) quality of employment cases filed. Most noteworthy, we find that there is a causal linkage from output, consumption and inflation to the total volume of federal litigation, so that predictions of future litigation volume can be improved by using information contained in current macroeconomic aggregates. Causation in the other direction (i.e. from the volume of litigation to macroeconomic activity) is not found in the data, however. Based on impulse response analysis, it is seen that shocks to income, consumption and inflation immediately lead to an increase in the volume of litigation, with shocks to inflation having the largest impact, and shocks to consumption having a rather moderate impact. In addition, the long run impact that shocks to each of these variables has on the volume of litigation is positive, regardless of whether the VAR or VEC model is used. Here, again, the impact of consumption is quite moderate, though. Additionally, similar results arise when examining the relation between various individual measures of federal litigation volume and the macroeconomy. Thus, the volume of federal litigation does not appear to be immune to the business cycle, a finding which is in broad agreement with the findings of Siegelman and Donohue.
A 75-Year Legacy on Assessment: Reflections From an Interview With Ralph W. Tyler

Abstract This essay presents an interview with Professor Ralph W. Tyler at the close of his lifetime. It seems fitting that the thoughts he expressed at that interview be shared with the academic community as we mark this 75th anniversary edition of The Journal of Educational Research. The interview offered an opportunity for historical perspective and reflection about Tyler's writings, writings that should not be regarded as archival documents but rather as still very useful 75 years later. In preparing this interview for JER, I noted some critical questions that educational researchers and evaluators ought to consider if we are to improve the next 75 years of schooling: What should be the goals of educational assessment in North America? How might assessment be used to encourage, rather than restrict or curtail, educational development and success? How do we avoid intellectual or moral harm through assessment or testing? How can we most successfully identify, nurture, and develop talent and learning acr...
Results of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting by a Single Surgeon Patients With Left Ventricular Ejection Fractions ≤30%

Abstract Despite the ominous prognosis of severe left ventricular (LV) dysfunction from coronary artery disease, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in this setting remains controversial because of concerns over high operative risk and low likelihood of functional or survival benefit. We analyzed 135 consecutive patients (113 men, 22 women; age 42 to 87 years, mean 66.5) with LV ejection fraction (EF) ≤30% undergoing isolated CABG by 1 surgeon over an 8-year period. LVEF ranged from 10% to 30% (mean 23.6%). Preoperatively, 63% of patients had angina, 61% had heart failure (23% with pulmonary edema), and 24% manifested severe ventricular arrhythmia. The mean number of grafts was 2.7 per patient. The internal mammary artery was used in 103 of the 120 grafts (86%) to the left anterior descending coronary artery. Seven patients (5.2%) died in hospital. Only 2 of 99 patients (2%) not in intensive care preoperatively died in hospital. Angina class improved by 2.0 categories and congestive heart failure class by 1.5 categories. LVEF (assessed in 104 of 128 hospital survivors) improved from 24% preoperatively to 34% postoperatively (p Experience with coronary artery bypass grafting in 135 patients with ejection fraction ≤30% indicates that operation can be performed safely, that survival and quality of life are improved, and that ejection fraction increases (24% to 34%, p
New Standards for Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease Treatment

The stenting versus aggressive medical therapy for intracranial artery stenosis (SAMMPRIS) trial compared aggressive medical therapy to aggressive medical therapy and percutaneous angioplasty and stenting (PTAS) in patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD; Chimowitz et al., 2011). The trial was halted when a higher 30-day rate of stroke and death was present in the PTAS compared to the aggressive medical therapy group (14.7 vs. 5.8%, p = 0.002).
Global uniform decay rates for the solutions to wave equation with nonlinear boundary conditions

Wave equation with nonlinear boundary conditions of Neumann type is considered. It is shown that the boundary damping produces a uniform global stability of the corresponding solutions.
Daily variations in the occurrence of symptomatic supraventricular tachycardia as determined by ambulatory event monitoring.

Abstract The diurnal incidence of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), including atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter, has been quantified by examining 7,891 cases of symptomatic arrhythmia in 5,869 patients assigned to ambulatory monitoring using electrocardiographic event recorders with transtelephonic reporting. The probability of occurrence of SVT was found to be high and moderately variable throughout the normally active hours of the day between 8 a.m. and 8 p.m. and to be uniformly low during the inactive hours between 1 and 5 a.m. Age-related peaks within the active phase were independently associated with the older half of the study population (9 a . m .) and with the younger half (6 p . m .). The daily incidence of SVT is primarily characterized by 2 states of activity, active and quiescent. Quiescence of SVT is associated with normal sleep and inactivity.
UThPb in chondrites—evidence of elemental mobilities and the singularity of primordial Pb

A unified graphical approach that emphasizes the strict corellativity in the U-Th-Pb systematics and projects subtle diagnostic deviations from it has been adopted for the evaluation of the existing data base. It has been revealed that: (1)Excess radiogenic Pb in chondrites is largely an artifact stemming from Pb contamination of some samples and apparent recent U loss from other samples (problems with U analysis?). (2)Taken at face value, the data indicate that recent U-Th mobility on the chondrule-scale is pervasive in Allende. In contrast, apparent recent U-Th mobility in Barwell is generally consistent with gain of terrestrial Pb. (3)Allende carries the isotopic imprints of recent multiple disturbances in which elemental mobilities were effected but not isotopic homogenization of Pb. (4)For Allende, the Pb isotope pattern of the matrix samples suggests terrestrial contamination. If this is the case, the systematics indicates for the matrix recent U gain as well. The U-rich chondrules and inclusions, whose discordance is often consistent with U loss, are the probable source. In contrast to the contaminated matrix, the uncontaminated matrix should then be discordant by Pb loss (i.e., U gain). (5)Canyon Diablo primitive Pb appears to represent the primordial composition from which chondritic Pb evolved. Allegations to the contrary appear ill founded. (6)Identification of variable ancient initial leads by the Pb-Pb method in correlation with as much as 100 m.y. difference in the ages of formations, is not feasible, apparently because of the low U/Pb in the nebula (μ ⋍ 0.25).
Can Spouses Provide Knowledge of Each Other's Communication Patterns? A Study of Self‐Reports, Spouses' Reports, and Observational Coding

The purposes of this study were (1) to assess individuals' self-reports of communication and their reports about their spouses' communication in order to examine the congruence of spousal views and (2) to investigate whether each report provided unique information about observed marital interactions. These associations were evaluated in a sample of 119 longtime married couples. The Verbal Aggression and Cooperation subscales from the Conflicts and Problem-Solving Scales were used as measures of negative and positive aspects of communication. The findings indicated that self-reports of both verbal aggression and cooperation were strongly associated with the same individual's report of his or her spouse's verbal aggression and cooperation. Conversely, self-reports were only moderately associated with reports made by spouses (e.g., the husband's report of his wife's communication). Hence, within-reporter agreement was higher than between-reporter agreement about marital communication. When entered into regression models, reports made by spouses, but not self-reports, explained unique variance in observations of marital hostility and affection. There was one exception: Wife self-report of verbal aggression explained unique variance in coders' ratings of wife hostility, controlling for husband report of wife verbal aggression. Findings indicate the importance of assessing partners' views of one another's communication for the most accurate portrayal of marital interactions. Implications for research and clinical work are discussed.
A new class of lipopolysaccharide from Thermoplasma acidophilum.

Abstract A hot aqueous phenol extraction of lipid extracted whole cells of Thermoplasma acidophilum yielded a polymer that comprises 97% of the aqueous phase. The polymer is composed of 80% carbohydrate and 20% glycerol diether. Analysis of this polymer showed a ratio of 25:1:2 of carbohydrate: glycerol: alkane. The carbohydrate was composed of mannose and glucose in a ratio of 24:1. The alkyl glycerol terminus is a 1,2-glycerol diether composed of forty carbon isopranol side chains. The molecular weight of the polymer is greater than 1200 000. The polymer can be dissociated with 0.5% sodium dodecylsulfate to yield a molecular weight of 67 000. A monomer appears to be approx. 5300. The molecular weight of the alkanes in the polymer is 560. Most, if not all of the mannosidic linkages are alpha (α) since α-mannosidase releases 95% of the mannose. The tentative structure of the lipopolysaccharide is (mannose) 24 -glucose-glycerol diether.
Dynamic roles for G4 DNA in the biology of eukaryotic cells

Recent advances have made a persuasive case for the existence of G4 DNA in living cells, but what--if any--are its functions? Experiments have established how G4 DNA may contribute to the biology of eukaryotic cells, and genomic analysis has identified new ways in which the potential to form G4 DNA may influence gene regulation and genomic stability. This Perspective highlights those advances and identifies some key open questions.
Generalized simulated annealing algorithms using Tsallis statistics: Application to conformational optimization of a tetrapeptide

A Monte Carlo simulated annealing algorithm based on the generalized entropy of Tsallis is presented. The algorithm obeys detailed balance and reduces to a steepest descent algorithm at low temperatures. Application to the conformational optimization of a tetrapeptide demonstrates that the algorithm is more effective in locating low energy minima than standard simulated annealing based on molecular dynamics or Monte Carlo methods.
Bidialectalism in the classroom: the case of African-American English

This article provides a brief description of the linguistic features of African-American English (AAE) and reviews the positions that have been taken up about its role in American education, ranging from those in which AAE is seen as an obstacle to the education of black children to those in which it becomes a language that is different from Standard American English to be taught as a second or foreign language. This article argues that a bidialectal paradigm is needed to describe the prevailing situation accurately and goes on to outline the steps that are necessary, within this paradigm, for the maintenance and development of AAE in the education of African-American children.
Synthesis and degradation of the major hepatic phosphofructokinase isozyme in rat liver and hepatoma 3924-A

Summary The rates of synthesis were determined for the major phosphofructokinase isozyme in rat liver and the fast growing, poorly differentiated hepatoma 3924-A. Its rate of synthesis, which was measured as rate of incorporation of leucine, was approximately 2.3-fold greater in the hepatoma compared to the normal liver. Using the double labeling technique, which has been demonstrated to estimate degradation rate constants, Glass and Doyle, J. Biol. Chem. , 247, 5234 (1972), the 3H/14C ratios for this isozyme in the liver and hepatoma were nearly the same, which implied that the degradative process for this isozyme is similar for both tissues. These results indicate for this isozyme that it has attained a steady state level in the hepatoma 3924-A different from the liver, which is described by a 2–3 fold increase in its rate of synthesis and degradation.
Principal Components Analysis of Spectral Components

Summary Spectral decomposition methods help illuminate lateral changes in porosity and thin bed thickness. Typically, an interpreter may generate 80 or more spectral components spanning the useable seismic bandwidth at 1 Hz intervals. However, most of these images contain redundant information. The most common means of displaying these components is by simply animating through them. By observing how bright and dim areas of the response move laterally with increasing frequency, a skilled interpreter can determine whether a channel or other stratigraphic feature of interest is thickening or thinning. Principal component analysis is a well-established means of reducing a multiplicity of data into a more manageable number of components. By construction, each principal component is mathematically orthogonal to other components. In addition the importance of each principal component is proportional to its corresponding eigenvalue. In this manner, we can reduce the 80 or more input spectral components to a more manageable 12 principal components. If the data are normalized with respect to amplitude, the first principal component represents the most common spectral variation seen along an interpreted horizon. The second principal component best represents that part of the spectrum not represented by the first principal component, and so on. Given typical depositional processes, principal components are therefore ideally suited to identify geologic features that give rise to anomalous spectra. Principal components implicitly remove random noise by throwing out those components having small eigenvalues. Equally important, by mapping the three largest principal components against Red, Green, and Blue, we can represent 75% of our spectral information with a single colored image.
Association Between Anxiety and Smoking in a Sample of Urban Black Men

Background Anxiety and smoking associations have been examined previously, but not in high risk populations of smokers, such as black males, who bear an excess burden of smoking-related illnesses. Methods This study assessed the relation between self-reported smoking status and anxiety using data collected by structured telephone interviews with a sample of 430 black, middle-aged males participating in an ongoing cancer prevention trial. Results There was a significant association between anxiety caseness and smoking (p = .006), with more probable cases among current smokers. A priori t-tests showed that current smokers had greater anxiety than former and nonsmokers (p’s = 0.02). Among current smokers, greater anxiety was associated with heavier smoking (p = .008), an association not present among former smokers. Discussion This study could guide future experimental studies examining smoking-anxiety associations and inform intervention strategies addressing anxiety in underserved nicotine dependent populations with high tobacco-related risks.