cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solvent-induced embrittlement in a crystallizable polyarylate

The effects of solvent-induced crystallization on the micromechanical properties of thin films of polyarylate (PAr) were studied. Under uniaxial extension amorphous polyarylate was observed to deform exclusively by shear deformation with no evidence of crazing. Upon exposure to methylethyl ketone, vapor, or liquid, PAr crystallizes and is subsequently embrittled. Our transmission electron microscopy results clearly show that this embrittlement results from a transition in plastic deformation mechanism from shear yielding to crazing. A detailed examination of the samples revealed that the crazes formed preferentially within the noncrystalline regions and that the craze tips followed a complex trajectory around the crystallites. In some cases the craze tip advance deviated by as much as ±30 from a direction normal to the tensile axis. Because crazes are inherently more susceptible to forming cracks than shear deformation zones, crystallization reduces the fracture toughness of the polymer. This type of embrittlement, via a transition in plastic deformation mechanism, is believed to be a general behavior for solvent-crystallizable thermoplastics.
TIME CORRELATIONS OF X-RAY SPECTRA WITH NEUTRON EMISSION FROM A PLASMA- FOCUS DISCHARGE.

Time correlations between neutron and x-ray emissions from a plasma-focus discharge are strongly dependent on photon energy. The time history of neutron emission coincides with that of nonthermal x-ray emission above 30 keV, in a manner consistent with an acceleration model for neutron production. Plasma x radiation below 5 keV corresponds to ${T}_{e}=0.4$ keV and does not correlate with neutron emission.
Modeling, Analysis and Control of Ethylene Glycol Reactive Distillation Column

The dynamic behavior and control of an ethylene glycol reactive distillation column were studied. A detailed tray-by-tray model that explicitly includes the vapor-phase balances is derived and compared with a conventional model that ignores the vapor holdup. The steady-state variation of the product purity (the key output to be controlled) with respect to reboiler heat duty was studied, identifying a region of output multiplicity with three branches corresponding to different conversion and product selectivity. Further analysis of the process on the steady-state branch with high conversion and selectivity reveals a transition from minimum phase behavior at moderate purity to nonminimum phase behavior at high purity. The nonminimum phase behavior was analyzed and addressed in the design of a nonlinear inversion-based controller that performs well with stability in the high purity region.
Extinction of stimulus elements decreases the rate of conditional discrimination learning

Pigeons were trained on a successive discrete-trial conditional discrimination, in which either of two colors appeared on the center key and either of two forms appeared on the two side keys. Some combinations of color and form (S+ trials) were followed by food; other combinations (S-trials) were followed by no food. The colors on the center key appeared throughout the intertrial interval (ITI) preceding the trial period in which both the color and the form compound were presented or the color appeared only during the trial period in compound with the forms. Presentation of the colors during the ITI substantially degraded acquisition of two separate types of conditional discrimination. The results show that the temporal correlation of the eolors-with food, independent of their association with the form cues, played a substantial role in determining their availability for acquisition of the conditional discrimination.
Efficacy and safety measurements of proton pump inhibitors in infants and children.

The design of studies to evaluate the efficacy of acid-lowering drugs in children differs significantly from study designs in adult populations. Efficacy measurements may be less extensive than those used in adult studies because of limitations that exist secondary to concerns for patient safety, parental and institutional review board acceptance of efficacy end points, and existing standards of care within the pediatric gastroenterology community. Study designs involving patients who would routinely receive acid-lowering therapy have been successfully used to characterize the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of acid-lowering therapies (H 2 receptor antagonists) and have led to pediatric labeling for these drugs. This approach may likewise be used in the study of newer acid-lowering agents, such as proton pump inhibitors.
TRANSLOCATION OF 14C METABOLITES IN CARROT ROOT

A B S T R A C T Four-month-old carrot plants exposed to 14CO2 for 1 hr in light were harvested successively at 1, 5, 10, 26, and 78 hr after initial exposure. Half-mm thick transverse slices from 3 and 10 cm below the crown were frozen quickly, freeze-dried, and autoradiographed on film. Radioactivity was first localized in a ring surrounding the cambium. The radioactive region extended centrifugally along radii as discrete loci to half the phloem thickness in 10 hr, in a pattern similar to radial rows of callose-stained sieve elements. Median longitudinal sections stained for callose demonstrated the presence of anastomosing sieve tube strands between the more vertical sieve tubes of differing age. Radioactive materials did not move across the cambium for 5-10 hr. These data fit with the decreased growth, in earlier studies, of uniform phloem explants removed from increasing distances from the cambium and of the lesser growth than phloem of similar xylem explants. CARROT ROOT is a storage organ attached to a short stem bearing a crown of leaves via a 2.5 cm-long hypocotyl region which forms an integral part of the storage structure (Esau, 1940). In the mature root secondary phloem and xylem are relatively massive tissues consisting mostly of parenchyma cells together with sieve tubes and vessels, respectively, arranged in radial rows from cells cut off by the cambium. In studies of the growth in culture media of uniform cylindrical explants removed from the secondary phloem and xylem of carrot root, a decrease in amount of growth with increase in distance from the cambium was observed (Caplin and Steward, 1952). The growth decrease in the xylem is more precipitous than in the phloem, suggesting that the hormonal and nutrient content of explants from the phloem may play a role in this growth differential. The question posed was to what extent sieve tubes which transport these substances remain functional in the thick secondary phloem of the carrot root. Esau (1940) has indicated that in carrot root
Politics and school psychology: A case study

Abstract School psychology is one of several professions in education which offer services beyond the regular school curriculum and program. Psychologists who work in school systems have long recognized the need to cooperate with these other professionals in school settings. In addition, they have been aware of the pressures from parents, teachers, and community groups which can impinge upon their jobs. However, limited availability of funding, federally mandated services, and legislation regarding certification are rapidly placing local, state, and national politics into prominance for school psychologists. An example is provided using the Commonwealth of Kentucky.
On the form and location of the Psychometric Bisection Function for time

The Psychometric Bisection Function for time relates the discriminability of intermediate duration stimuli to a short and long training duration. Bisection Functions for animals (R. M. Church & M. Z. Deluty, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 1977, 3, 216–228) confirm Weber's Law and also show indifference between short and long reports at the geometric mean of the training durations. Two discrimination processes are studied which, in combination with different constructions of the subjective time scale, result in Bisection Functions which differ in form and location. The two discrimination processes use a likelihood ratio rule or a similarity rule to compare intermediate durations to the training durations. These rules in combination with two different constructions of the subjective time scale result in four models which conform to Weber's Law. For one of the scales subjective time is a power function of real time with the scalar property on variance (Scalar Timing). For the other, subjective time is a logarithmic function of real time with constant variance (Log Timing). Both Log and Scalar Timing assume normality on the subjective scale. Only three of these models also entail the geometric mean at the indifference point. The exception is Scalar Timing with the likelihood ratio discrimination rule. This model entails indifference at approximately the harmonic mean of the training stimuli. Variants of the remaining three models differ theoretically but alternatives are difficult to discriminate empirically. A contrast is provided by a Poisson Timing subjective scale in which variance increases directly with the mean. This scale results in indifference at the geometric mean for both discrimination rules but violates Weber's Law in both cases.
Protection against burn, tourniquet and endotoxin shock by histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine derivatives.

Abstract 1. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), tryptamine, 5-methyltryptamine, 5-methoxytryptamine, N-methyltryptamine, 5-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, and histamine markedly protect mice subjected to burn, tourniquet and endotoxin shock. All of these compounds protect when given 30 min before the production of shock, but not when administered afterwards. 2. The above compounds, as well as purines and purine derivatives have a similar chemical structure. Protection requires the compounds to contain a 5-membered ring with one unsubstituted N atom and a side chain with a basic N atom three atoms from the ring. 3. All other biological amines tested without this chemical structure did not protect. 4. Since the simplest compounds containing all the prerequisites for protection is histamine, this compound may play the key role in protection, for both 5-HT and purines release histamine from tissues. 5. Protective doses of 5-HT and histamine prevent swelling of the injured area after tourniquet trauma and produce an increased bleeding volume and lower haematocrit value after burning. These actions of the drugs on the circulation may account for the increased survival after thermal trauma.
Diurnal and nocturnal sleep stage patterns following sleep deprivation

The extent to which the propensities for Stage 4 and REM sleep are dependent upon amount of sleep loss, length of prior wakefulness, and circadian factors was examined. Diurnal and nocturnal sleep stage patterns in eight male and four female Ss were studied following 24 and 36 h of sleep deprivation, respectively. Stage 4 increased on day (p <.01) and night (p <.001) recovery but remained confined to the first third of sleep on both conditions. REM latency was reduced on day recovery (p <.05), but percentage REM did not change following sleep deprivation. The propensity for Stage 4 appears to be influenced by the amount of sleep loss and that for REM by circadian factors.
A Fluorometric Assay for Pyridoxal Kinase Applicable to Crude Cell Extracts

We have developed an assay for pyridoxal kinase which takes advantage of the intense fluorescence yield of the oxime of pyridoxal or pyridoxal-5'-phosphate and the substantial difference in the rates of formation of these two oximes. Evidence is presented which demonstrates that the assay is linear with respect to time and amount of protein and is applicable to the activity in crude cell extracts as well as purified enzyme.
The Critical Role of Advertising Media Planning in Federal Rule 23 Class Action Notice

Abstract Federal judges frequently must use mass media advertising to provide legal notice in class actions to meet requirements of court rules and constitutional due process. Unlike most marketing situations, in which relatively low but sustained target audience coverage by advertising can help support long-term sales and profits, court rules and constitutional due process demand high class coverage within a relatively short time frame, often spanning 30 to 90 days. Yet judges and attorneys typically lack the expertise to determine the number of class members who are exposed to and read a mass media notice, and case law and official judicial guidelines provide minimal and thus inadequate information. The use of mass media notice without sufficient analyses of likely notice coverage among class members can jeopardize the rights of class members and the legal integrity of the proceedings. Therefore, courts should demand the use of state-of-the-art media planning procedures, as demonstrated in this study, t...
Evidence that control of fetal thyrotropin secretion is independent of both the fetal and maternal hypothalamus.

Propylthiouracil (PTU) administered to pregnant rats from day 18–21 of gestation caused a significant increase in maternal and fetal thyroid weight and plasma TSH. Fetal encephalectomy on day 18 did not significantly affect basal or PTU-stimulated pituitary- thyroid function. Destruction of the basal hypothalamus in the mother on day 13 or 16 markedly reduced maternal plasma TSH and thyroxine and prevented a PTU-induced increase in thyroid size, but did not affect fetal pituitary-thyroid function. Plasma PRL was undetectable in both intact and encephalectomized fetuses at 21 days but was increased > 6-fold to approximately 2 μg/ml in the mothers by maternal hypothalamic destruction. We conclude that fetal pituitary-thyroid function in the rat is not dependent on either fetal or maternal hypothalamic TRH. (Endocrinology 102: 852, 1978)
Design and Manufacture of Large Beryllium Optics

This paper summarizes development of large, lightweight, beryllium optical components pursued for nearly three years under a U.S. Air Force contract. The entire process of large beryllium optical technology is described, beginning with materials development, through the design and fabrication process, and final optical surface figuring. The results achieved to date are presented, and finally, the future direction and expectations of ultralightweight optical technologies that will eventually derive from this initial effort are addressed.
Contrasting profiles of language development in children with williams and down syndromes

We describe language acquisition in two distinct genetically based syndromes. Parents of children with Williams syndrome (WMS) and Down syndrome (DNS) were given the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory (CDI), a parental report measure of child language development. Although both groups of children were found to be equally delayed according to normative standards, differential patterns of language acquisition emerged. Early in language development, the groups were differentiated primarily by a proclivity for gesture production by the children with DNS. Later in language development, the groups were cleaved by grammatical development: Children with WMS displayed a significant advantage over children with DNS. These findings are striking given the marked differences observed between adolescents and adults with WMS and DNS: Individuals with WMS exhibit linguistic skills superior to those of matched DNS controls despite significant but comparable cognitive deficits.
A new photography style using a shooting assistant robot

Photography gives us pleasures in many ways. Shooting a photo itself is fun. It is also interesting to express one's emotion by photography. You can show pictures to friends and share memories. We focus on shooting and consider how to enhance a pleasure of shooting. One of the interesting things about shooting photos is storing information of a scene and keeping a memory of it. Usually a photographer takes photos only from a single viewpoint, but if one can shoot from multiple angles simultaneously in a simple action, then richer information of the scene can be obtained and that information will make photography more interesting. For instance, it would be attractive to take photos of a subject from different angles when there are few right moments to take photos available. If one can shoot a runner from one's side and the opposite side at the same time, power of representation of those photos becomes stronger. Also, it would be heartwarming to take the photos of a subject and oneself in the style of "making-of" movie. If a parent can shoot a smiling child and oneself at the same time, those photos become an enjoyable record of the family. However, it is difficult to take such photos without a help of others or a camera with a remote shutter button. Though automatic photography systems with autonomous mobility and computer vision were proposed in the past [GRIMM and SMART 2002, HIGU-CHI et al. 2011], they were designed to work alone and didn't behave in a cooperative manner with a human photographer.
Use of the childhood myositis assessment scale to measure disease activity in juvenile dermatomyositis and the possible limitation of patient age

Aims We aimed to assess the use of the Childhood Myositis Assessment Scale (CMAS) via a retrospective audit in our tertiary rheumatology department. CMAS, our audit gold standard, is internationally validated, included in two recently proposed sets of measures of disease activity in Juvenile Dermatomyositis (JDM). Methods Physiotherapy and medical notes of all patients diagnosed with JDM from 2005 to 2011 were reviewed recording CMAS scores and other JDM assessment tools including muscle-enzymes and Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaires (CHAQ). Results Eleven new patients were diagnosed, in-keeping with the incidence of JDM (age range 3-15 years). Most CMAS scores were done by our physiotherapist. All had a CMAS prior to treatment, 73% on the day of diagnosis and all within 2 days of diagnosis. The five younger children (≤5 years) had higher CMAS scores at diagnosis (mean 29) than the six older children (mean 22). Muscle-enzyme results were documented at diagnosis for all (maximum Creatinine Kinase 18100 U/l). All patients had follow-up CMAS. Children living further from the tertiary hospital had less CMAS scores documented (table 1). Younger children rarely achieved a maximum CMAS score at follow-up (table 2). 9/11 patients had CHAQ data in their notes (scores: 0-1.625) although unexpectedly not dated. Conclusions This audit confirms that from 2005-2011 our department routinely used CMAS for all JDM patients at diagnosis and follow-up. This involved an important physiotherapist role. The lower number of CMAS scores documented for children living >50 miles away was probably because there were also some done at local hospitals unavailable for this audit. Persistent low scores at follow up for our younger patients may reflect a recently reported finding that ≤5 year olds without JDM are unable to score a maximum CMAS score. We propose a novel CMAS computer game for young JDM patients. CMAS, CHAQ, and muscle-enzymes are now included on a database at each clinic visit and re-audit will be performed in the future.
Diapause status of females affects attraction of male pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola, to volatiles from female‐infested pear shoots

A companion study showed that male pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Forster) (Homoptera: Psyllidae) were attracted to volatiles from pear shoots infested with post-diapause females. The present study compared the behavioral response of males to diapause and post-diapause females. Assays were done using a Y-tube olfactometer. We collected male and female winterform psylla from pear orchards at regular intervals between late October (early diapause) and late February (post-diapause). Female-infested shoots were not attractive to males until the February samples, coinciding with ovarian maturation and onset of mating in the field. A second set of assays was done in which we manipulated diapause status in the laboratory either by exposing psylla to a long-day photoperiod or by treating insects with an insect growth regulator, fenoxycarb. In the photoperiod experiments, both short-day and long-day males preferentially selected long-day (post-diapause) females over short-day (diapause) females. Fenoxycarb-treated males preferred fenoxycarb-treated (post-diapause) females over untreated (diapause) females; untreated males showed no preferences. Results support observations made elsewhere that male winterform pear psylla perceive and are attracted to volatile odors associated with pear shoots infested with post-diapause females.
Local perceptions of forest certification for community-based enterprises

Abstract Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification has been promoted as a way to encourage and recognize community-based forest enterprises (CFEs). However, certification has proved more difficult for CFEs than expected, and few certified operations have achieved the highly anticipated market benefits of certification. This has led to questioning of the compatibility of certification with CFEs, though few studies have directly asked local CFE actors their perceptions on this issue. This study investigates perceptions of certification for two CFEs in Brazil's western Amazon. The specific objectives of this study were (1) to determine the positive and negative aspects of certification as perceived by community members, their principal support organizations, and other key stakeholders, (2) to identify the relative importance of these perceived positive and negative aspects, and (3) to analyze the differences in perceptions between actors. Data were collected through structured interviews and a review of pertinent documents. Overall, the most positive aspects were economic and social, and the most negative aspects concerned the certification process and, to a lesser extent, the associated economic expenditures. Community members typically scored the positive aspects higher and the negative aspects lower than the support organizations. This is likely due to differences in roles and vantage points of these actors. In general, informants agreed that positive aspects of certification outweighed negative ones. This stands in contrast to some communities in other parts of Latin America that are contemplating dropping certification. Two particular conditions may have enabled operations in this study to overcome common constraints for CFEs: (1) membership in a regional producers group, and (2) strong political, technical, and financial support from the state government. Their experiences specifically highlight the need to adapt the certification process for CFEs and demonstrate that obtaining market benefits is possible.
CITRUS PRODUCT COLOR ENHANCEMENT USING EXTRACTS OF PEEL OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES

SUMMARY— Colored fractions ware extracted and concentrated from peel of most commercial orange varieties and used to enhance the color of orange juice products. These included Pineapple, Hamlin, Parson Brown, Valencia, blood orange and Dancy tangerine. The relative yields of crude pigment per kg of peel were compared between he different varieties. The color extracts were analyzed for tristimulus yellowness (Y) and redness (RI factors. Crude pigment yields ranged from .34 g (Hamlin) to 1.29 g (Dancy tangerine) per kg of peel. R factors were highest for Dancy tangerine, followed by Pineapple orange and Valencia, and lowest for Hamlin. Y factors were highest for Dancy tangerine, followed by Valencia and Pineapple and lowest for Hamlin. Most color extracts were effective at a dilution of 113500 parts in improving the color of orange juice products.
Protein phosphorylation is suppressed when wheat embryos are hydrated and remain growth arrested

An early difference in net protein phosphorylation activity occurred in dormant and after-ripened wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grains within the first hour of imbibition at 30°C. Embryos from dry, dormant and after-ripened caryopses exhibited a high degree of protein phosphorylation, particularly of four proteins (68, 54, 51 and 42 kDa). Upon hydration, protein phosphorylation activity in dormant embryos decreased within 1 h and reached minimal phosphorylation activity by 5 h. Protein phosphorylation activity in after-ripened (germinable) embryos was not suppressed and remained high during germination. If the hydrated dormant embryos were dried, protein phosphorylation activity was restored. Application of the protein phosphatase inhibitor, okadaic acid, partially overcame dormancy and slowed the decrease in phosphorylation activity. These results suggested that reduction of protein phosphorylation activity slowed the rate of germination.
Gli1 Transcriptional Activity is Negatively Regulated by AKT2 in Neuroblastoma

Activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway has been implicated in a variety of malignancies including neuroblastoma. Expression of Gli1, a downstream effector of Hh, correlates with a favorable prognosis in patients with neuroblastoma. Moreover, Gli1 overexpression reduces mitotic index and induces transcription of genes involved in the differentiation of neuroblastoma cells; however, much remains unknown regarding the regulation of Gli1 transcriptional activity. Here, we report a novel negative regulation of Gli1 transcriptional activity by PI3K/AKT2 signal transduction pathway. Constitutively active PI3K subunit, p110α, inhibited Gli1 transcriptional activity in neuroblastoma cells, whereas, overexpression of an inactive form of PI3K subunit, p85, enhanced its activity. Specifically, the AKT2 isoform inhibited Gli1 luciferase activity. Silencing AKT2 using siRNA increased Gli1 transcriptional activity and conversely, overexpression of constitutively active AKT2 (myr-AKT2) decreased Gli1 transcriptional activity. Furthermore, Gli1 overexpression-mediated decrease in anchorage-independent growth was rescued by AKT2 overexpression. We also demonstrated that AKT2 overexpression regulates the nuclear-cytoplasmic distribution of exogenous Gli1 protein in neuroblastoma cells by relieving a GSK3β-mediated destabilization of SUFU, a negative regulator of Gli1 nuclear translocation. Inhibition of nuclear Gli1 accumulation may explain for the suppression of the tumor-suppressive function of Gli1. Collectively, our findings suggest an important role of Gli1 as a tumor suppressor in neuroblastoma, and offer a mechanism by which AKT2 regulates the subcellular localization, and in turn, inhibits the tumor-suppressive function of Gli1 in neuroblastoma.
High-K/Metal Gate Technology: A New Horizon

High-K/metal gate technology represents a fundamental change in transistor structure that restarts gate length scaling, enables performance improvement and offers chip power reduction. The gate stack presented is compatible with conventional high temperature CMOS processing and existing performance enhancement elements. A new knob in the form of metal gate work function promises separate and better optimization for high performance and low power applications. This technology introduces a unique PBTI reliability mechanism for N-FET that is now well understood and modeled.
ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF TWO MOJAVE DESERT SHRUBS TO SOIL HORIZON DEVELOPMENT AND SOIL WATER DYNAMICS

In the arid southwestern United States, subtle differences in soil horizon development affect seasonal soil hydrology and consequently influence plant performance and community structure. We measured canopy development, population structure, and seasonal ecophysiology (predawn water potential, ψpd, and midday net photosynthetic assimilation, Anet) of two co-dominant warm-desert shrubs, the evergreen Larrea tridentata and drought-deciduous Ambrosia dumosa, in five Mojave Desert soils varying in surface and sub-surface soil development, and we used process-based soil hydrology modeling output to determine longer-term soil water dynamics underlying soil/plant responses. We hypothesized that ecophysiological performance would covary with plant development, which would reflect soil hydrological characteristics. Among three sites on alluvial fan deposits of different geological ages (Young Alluvial, <4000 yr BP; Intermediate Alluvial, ∼12 000 yr BP; Old Alluvial, ∼40 000 yr BP), total canopy volume of Larrea (c...
Note on Some Problems in Geophysical Data Acquisition on Magnetic Tape

Gapped tapes, which are required by most computers, are often difficult or expensive to produce on-line. As a substitute, a reference word or byte may be introduced periodically, or a special track may be devoted to indicating the, beginning of every ith word. A better solution is to use special hardware enabling the machine to search for the reference word. The system in use on the Rice computer is a variation of the special track method. It enables one to start and stop reading anywhere and to minimize the loss of data by reading both forward and backward. Real time needs to be periodically recorded, for example, in place of a normal data word.
Google and Antitrust: Five Approaches to an Evolving Issue

Each generation, a new-economy case comes along that tests antitrust law. It features a new technology that threatens monopoly power and harm to rivals or competition. And it prompts the question of whether antitrust is up to the task. In the 1970s, it was IBM. In the 1990s, it was Microsoft. In 2013, it is Google.This piece provides an overview of five contributions to a symposium on Google’s relationship to antitrust. Pamela Samuelson discusses pricing and entry-barrier antitrust concerns presented by the Google Book Search settlement. Mark Patterson focuses on Google’s market power, emphasizing users’ inability to evaluate search results. Frank Pasquale laments the FTC’s inaction on the case related to search and calls for access to Google’s algorithms. In contrast, Marina Lao highlights the subjectiveness of “search neutrality” and explains why it should not form the basis for antitrust liability. And Geoff Manne and William Rinehart criticize antitrust condemnation of Google that is based on expansive notions of foreclosure, narrowly construed markets, and insufficient appreciation of innovative product design.Google presents an array of crucial, fast-moving antitrust issues that include barriers to entry, market power (in two-sided markets and with credence goods), neutral search, and innovation. Although the FTC decided not to challenge the search behavior in 2013, these issues will confront antitrust enforcers for years to come.
Arboreal Spiders in Eastern Hemlock

Eastern hemlock [Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere] is a foundation species in forests of eastern North America that plays a key role in ecosystem function. It is highly susceptible to the exotic invasive hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand), which is causing widespread hemlock mortality. We surveyed the spider communities of eastern hemlock and deciduous canopies over 2 yr, collecting over 4,000 spiders from 21 families. We found that eastern hemlock canopies harbored a more abundant, rich, and diverse spider community than did deciduous canopies. Five spider families were present in our hemlock collections that were absent from the deciduous collections, including Mysmenidae, Theridiosomatidae, Mimetidae, Lycosidae, and Agelenidae. In hemlock canopies there were 4× the number of web builders, consisting primarily of the Tetragnathidae and Araneidae, than active hunters, consisting primarily of the Anyphaenidae and the Salticidae. Ours is the first in depth study of the spider community in eastern hemlock. Spider abundance in hemlock canopies suggest that they may play a role regulating herbivore populations, and could possibly affect the invasive hemlock woolly adelgid, either through direct consumption of the adelgids themselves or through interactions with classical biological control agents.
Interfacial Plasticity Governs Strength Size-Scale Effects in Micro/Nanostructured Metals

The emerging areas of microand nano-technologies exhibit important strength differences that result from continuous modification of the material microstructural characteristics with changing size, with smaller being stronger. There are many experimental observations which indicate that, under certain specific conditions, the size of micro/nano-systems significantly affect their strength such that a length scale is required for predicting such size effects when using the classical theories of continuum mechanics. For example, experimental works have shown increase in strength by decreasing: (a) the particle size in nano-composites; (b) the diameter of nano-wires in torsion and uniaxial compression; (c) the thickness of thin films in micro-bending and uniaxial tension; (d) the grain size of nano-crystalline materials; (e) void size in nano-porous media; (f) the indentation depth in micro/nano indentation tests, etc (see Abu Al-Rub and Voyiadjis [1, 2] for a complete list of references). Therefore, it is well-known by now through intensive experimental studies that have been performed at the micron and nano length scales that the material mechanical properties strongly depend on the size of specimen and the microstructural features. The classical continuum mechanics fails to address this problem since no material length scale exists in its constitutive description. On the other hand, nonlocal continuum theories of integral-type or gradient-type have been to a good extent successful in predicting this type of size effect. However, they fail to predict size effects when strain gradients are minimal such as in the Hall-Petch effect. This problem is the main focus of this work. The effect of the material microstructural interfaces increase as the surface-to-volume ratio increases. It is shown in this work that interfacial effects have a profound impact on the scale-dependent plasticity encountered in micro/nano-systems. This is achieved by developing a higher-order gradient-dependent plasticity theory that enforces microscopic boundary conditions at interfaces and free surfaces. These nonstandard boundary conditions relate the microtraction stress at the interface to the interfacial energy. Application of the proposed framework to size effects in shear loading of a thin-film on an elastic substrate is presented. Three film-interface conditions are modeled: soft, intermediate, and hard interfaces.
The influence of the otic capsule in Ambystomid skull formation

In the absence of the otic capsule, or in the presence of capsular materials of varying volume or placement, the bones and cartilages of the contiguous skull showed several sorts of responses. The parietal and squamosal bones, and possibly the parasphenoid bone and parachordal cartilage apparently used the capsule as a substrate, spreading over its surface. The parietal, squamosal, and exoccipital bones, and the quadrate cartilage were displaced when otic capsule material was absent or oversized. The squamosal bone developed at first independently of the capsule but was modified in its shape and size by the capsule in later, possibly inductive, response. Stresses resulting from paired otic capsules of unequal size bent the parasphenoid bone and the parachordal cartilage through angles of predictable direction relative to the notochord. The paired exoccipital bones developed at different rates when one otic capsule was absent or oversized. The results obtained following manipulation of the otocyst indicate the major role of extrinsic (epigenetic) parameters in normal skeletogenesis and emphasize an apparent discrepancy between the normal and potential expansion of a bone.
Identification of a phenylalanine ammonia-Iyase inactivating factor in harvested head lettuce (Lactuca sativa)

Exposing head lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., crisphead or Iceberg type) leaf tissue to hormonal levels of ethylene (10 μl l−1) at 5°C promotes the de novo synthesis of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.5) and an increase in its activity. It also promotes the appearance of the postharvest physiological disorder called russet spotting (RS). Discontinuing ethylene exposure after 4 days resulted in a rapid decline in PAL activity which was delayed by treating excised midrib leaf tissue with actinornycin D or cycloheximide at 5°C. Only cycloheximide delayed the loss of PAL activity in tissue that was transferred from 5 to 15°C. Activity of PAL from Rhodolorula glutinis was. slowly lost during incubation in buffer alone, but there was a logarithmic decline in its activity over time when it was incubated with aliquots of the resuspended 10000 g pellet from homogenized, lettuce tissue affected with RS. The in vitro loss in PAL activity was 9–fold higher in extracts from lettuce showing RS symptoms than from control lettuce, boiled samples or the buffer control. The PAL-inactivating factor isolated from lettuce affected with RS had a pH optimum around 8.0. It appears that the rapid loss in PAL activity after the discontinuation of exposure to ethylene is dependent on the de novo synthesis of a PAL-inactivating factor.
Vehicular Emissions in Review

The review paper summarizes major developments in vehicular emissions regulations and technologies in 2013. First, the paper covers the key regulatory developments in the field, including proposed light-duty (LD) criteria pollutant tightening in the US; and in Europe, the continuing developments towards real-world driving emissions (RDE) standards. Significant shifts are occurring in China and India in addressing their severe air quality problems. The paper then gives a brief, high-level overview of key developments in fuels. Projections are that we are in the early stages of oil supply stability, which could stabilize fuel prices. LD and HD (heavy-duty) engine technology continues showing marked improvements in engine efficiency. Key developments are summarized for gasoline and diesel engines to meet both the emerging NOx and GHG regulations. HD engines are or will soon be demonstrating 50% brake thermal efficiency using common approaches. NOx control technologies are then summarized, including SCR (selective catalytic reduction) systems and SCR filter developments. Emphasis is on low-temperature deNOx and integration of components and control. Diesel PM (particulate matter) reduction technologies are evolving around the behavior of ash deposits and SCR integration. Filters for direct injection gasoline applications are developing very rapidly, and in some cases the back pressure, light-off characteristics, and emissions reductions are very similar to standard three way catalysts (TWCs). Oxidation catalysts mainly involve developments towards stubborn problems, like low-temperature performance with exhaust with high hydrocarbon and CO, and methane oxidation. Finally, the paper discusses some key developments in gasoline gaseous emission control, focusing on matching engine calibration with emissions system characteristics; and on lean burn gasoline emissions control. CITATION: Johnson, T., "Vehicular Emissions in Review," SAE Int. J. Engines 7(3):2014, doi:10.4271/2014-01-1491. 2014-01-1491 Published 04/01/2014 Copyright © 2014 SAE International doi:10.4271/2014-01-1491 saeeng.saejournals.org 1207 This paper is posted on this website with permission from SAE International. It may not be shared, downloaded, duplicated, or transmitted in any manner without prior written permission from SAE.
Bis-carbene complexes from oxidative addition of imidazolium C–H bonds to palladium(0)

Oxidative addition of the C–H bond at the 2-position of N-(2-pyridyl)imidazolium salts takes place to palladium(0) to lead to unexpected final products containing two carbenes. The formation of either cis or trans bis-carbene complexes, both identified by X-ray crystallography and spectroscopy, apparently is a consequence of the substitution pattern of the imidazolium moiety. A mechanism is suggested based on recent theoretical studies.
An in vitro system for modeling brain reactive responses and changes in neuroprosthetic device impedance

Currently available methods for analyzing the structural properties of neural tissue are limited by the frequency at which data can be collected and by the need to sacrifice the specimen to correlate histology with other data. Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) can be used to complement conventional histological and imaging-based methods by measuring real-time electrical data that can be ascribed to changes in tissue composition and structure. This report describes an impedance-based method for the analysis and modeling of the electrical properties of three-dimensional neural tissue constructs in vitro. This model system was used to assess the effects of cell density, type and organization on neuroprosthetic device electrode performance.
Radiofrequency energy delivery to the lower esophageal sphincter (Stretta procedure) does not provide long-term symptom control.

The Stretta procedure (radiofrequency energy application to the lower esophageal sphincter) is a unique endoluminal technique for the management of gastroesophageal reflux. This article reports on the long-term effectiveness of the Stretta procedure in patients with significant gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) referred to a surgical practice. Patients who underwent Stretta with a minimum of 36 months follow-up were included. Thirty-two patients with an average follow-up of 53 months were included; 19 proceeded to anti-reflux surgery. Those not undergoing surgery showed a significant improvement in their GERD satisfaction from 3.14 to 1.46 (P = .0006) but had significantly lower preprocedure heartburn scores (2.43) than those who proceeded to surgery (3.66, P = .0401). The Stretta procedure was effective in reducing symptoms in 40% of patients. Responders had less severe preoperative heartburn. Radiofrequency energy delivery to the lower esophageal sphincter may be effective in selected patients for ...
Tobacco Policy and the Role of Law Enforcement in Prevention: The Value of Understanding Context

The Florida Office of Tobacco Control sponsors evaluations of the effect of its comprehensive youth tobacco prevention initiatives. As part of this evaluation, a quasi-experiment designed to assess the effect of law enforcement on youth tobacco use was conducted. An in-depth qualitative study was a critical component of this research. This study provided a rich description of the context in which law enforcement was implemented. Data collection involved interviews with judges, clerks of court, and selected officials in each of the study counties. Approximately 70 interviews were conducted. Extensive, ongoing computer-assisted analysis complemented the process. Several consistent themes emerged during the research that helped to give contextual meaning to the findings. These themes provided critical insights into the complexity of policies about youth tobacco possession, and the findings helped illuminate the varying contexts in which these interventions were applied.
A self-emulsifying catalytic system for the aqueous biphasic hydroformylation of triglycerides

The Rh-catalyzed hydroformylation of the CC double bonds of triglycerides (T) was performed in aqueous medium through the formation of supramolecular complexes resulting from the inclusion of the alkenyl chains of T into the cavity of modified cyclodextrins (CDs). Mixing T and the aqueous catalytic phase in the presence of CDs led to emulsions that were characterized by phase diagrams and nephelometric measurements. Variations of the nature of the CDs, the reaction temperature, the CO/H2 pressure and the nature of the catalyst allowed for the optimization of the catalytic conditions. The concept was efficiently applied to commercial oils. Molecular dynamics simulations corroborated the experimental data.
Rickettsial Infection in Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae) Inhibits Transovarial Transmission of a Second Rickettsia

This study examined the ability of ticks to maintain multiple species of spotted fever group rickettsiae via transovarial transmission. Using a capillary feeding method, previously established Ricketisia montana- and Rickettsia rhipicephali-infected cohorts of Dermacentor variabilis (Say) were exposed to R. rhipicephali and R. montana, respectively, in two reciprocal challenge experiments. Eggs collected from individual females, for two successive generations, of each cohort were assessed for rickettsial infection by polymerase chain reaction for each challenge experiment. Assessment of the eggs from challenged ticks identified that both B. montana- and R. rhipicephali-infected ticks were refractory to their respective challenge rickettsiae. The prechallenged infection rate for both F1 and F2 generations (100%) of the B. montana-infected cohort was resistant to transovarial transmission of the second rickettsia species, and only R. montana was detected in the eggs of FL = (50%) and F2 = (74%) challenged females. The R. rhipicephali-infected cohort maintained a lower level of infection (20%) in the population and did not transovarially transmit the challenge species, however, detectable levels of infection were lost after the first generation. Second-generation ticks, no longer infected with B. rhipicephali, became susceptible to infection with R. montana and female ticks (approximately 4%) were able to transmit R. montana to their progeny. The resistance of the ovaries to co-infection and apparent host-specific nature of infection suggests that rickettsial infection of tick ovaries may alter the molecular expression of the oocytes so as to preclude secondary infection with other rickettsiae.
Contextual factors and challenges to e-health literacy

We live in a digital world or digital era. Hence, People will argue that not only do information communication technologies (ICTs) make e-health possible but rather that it is an innovation advance whose time has come. Notwithstanding, e-health while hoping to create well needed improvement in health care, it is rife with certain challenges which are not limited to e-health literacy. However, this paper looks specifically at e-health literacy. The paper, in particular overviews e-health while addressing the impacts of key contextual factors that impacts e-health and e-health literacy regarding the propensity to adopt and use e-health in LEDCs. https://doi.org/10.34105/j.kmel.2015.07.040
Testing whether a survival distribution is new better than used of an unknown specified age

A survival variable is a nonnegative random variable X with distribution function F and a survival function F = 1 - F. This variable is said to be new better than used of specified age t 0 if F(x + t 0 ) ≤ F(x)F(t 0 ) for all x ≥ 0 and a fixed t 0 . Testing H 0 : F(x + t 0 ) = F(x)F(t 0 ) for all x ≥ 0 against H 1 : F(x + t 0 ) ≤ F(x)F(t 0 ) for x ≥ 0 when the point t 0 is unknown but can be estimated from the data is proposed when t 0 = p, the mean of F, and also when t 0 = ζ p , the pth percentile of F. It is shown that, while the known tests for known t 0 (Hollander, Park & Proschan, 1986; Ebrahimi & Habibullah, 1990) continue to hold when t 0 = μ and is estimated by X, a simpler and distribution-free test is possible when t 0 = ζ p and is estimated by X ([np]) . The performance of this test is presented.
The Use of Diuretics in the Treatment of Ascites and Edema in Hepatic Cirrhosis

Publisher Summary Cirrhosis of the liver is a major cause of salt and water retention. The tendency for accumulating fluid to localize in the peritoneal cavity is typical of cirrhosis and is far more pronounced than in congestive heart failure or the nephrotic syndrome. Although peripheral edema does occur with cirrhosis, it is generally of lesser magnitude and rarely dominates the clinical picture. In the later stages of cirrhosis, malnutrition and severe hypoalbuminemia may contribute to the development of massive edema. The pathogenesis of the renal salt and water retention in patients with hepatic cirrhosis remain obscure. Two major fluid-retaining hypotheses have been advanced; first, being “the underfill theory,” and second, “the overflow theory.” This chapter reviews the evidence in support of these two theories and discusses the indications for dietary salt restriction and diuretic therapy, the specific diuretic options that are available, common complications of diuretic therapy, and complications specific to the cirrhotic population.