cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eye and head movements to auditory targets.

Three adult female monkeys were trained to direct their gaze toward auditory targets. When the animals were free to move their heads about the vertical axis, this was accomplished with shortlatency, coordinated eye-head movements reminiscent of responses to visual targets. The similarity of response to auditory and visual targets suggests a common motor program elicited by stimuli of different modalities. Since these modalities do not share the same reference system, this implies a remapping between the two reference systems.
How Effective are Interventions to Enhance Adherence to Psychiatric Medications? Practice Implications for Social Workers Working With Adults Diagnosed With Severe Mental Illness

This study integrates eight systematic reviews of adherence enhancement interventions to develop practice guidelines for social workers who work with adults who do not adhere to prescribed psychiatric medications. Findings indicate that existing investigations are disparate in their adherence definitions, methodologies employed, and sampling strategies, rendering it difficult to construct overall guidelines for social work practice. However, themes associated consistently with increased adherence are collaboration between clients and providers regarding medication decisions, consistent follow-up care, and a comprehensive network of professionals and caregivers who support clients in their use of medication to facilitate stabilization of mental health symptoms.
Working in a context of hostility toward women: implications for employees' well-being.

This study examined how working in an organizational context perceived as hostile toward women affects employees’ well-being, even in the absence of personal hostility experiences. Participants were 289 public-sector employees who denied any personal history of being targeted with general or gender-based hostility at work. They completed measures of personal demographics, occupational and physical well-being, and perceptions of the organizational context for women. Results showed that 2 contextual indices of hostility toward women related to declines in well-being for male and female employees. The gender ratio of the workgroup moderated this relationship, with employees in male-skewed units reporting the most negative effects. These findings suggest that all employees in the workplace can suffer from working in a context of perceived misogyny. Over the past few decades, there has been increasing recognition of the seriousness of different forms of misogyny and hostility toward women in the workplace. Sexual harassment, in particular, has received considerable attention. Most of this work has focused on specific incidents of sexual harassment and other forms of hostility and the consequences of being the target of such behavior. However, theory and data are beginning to suggest that the negative consequences of this mistreatment extend beyond individual targets to include bystanders, workgroups, and whole organizations. The present study takes these possibilities a step further, examining through a gendered lens how working in a misogynistic context can detract from employees’ well-being, or general quality of life (Kahn & Juster, 2002). In particular, we examine three aspects of employees’ general well-being: occupational satisfaction, organizational withdrawal, and physical health satisfaction. We describe below how and why these well-being domains might be related to working in a hostile climate for women. Of note, we focus on less extreme, more common forms of hostility toward women in the workplace. Much of the sexual harassment discourse focuses on quid pro quo behavior, or sexual conduct in which submission to or rejection of the harassment is used as a basis of employment decisions. In contrast, we examine how gender-based incivility and the gender harassment of women affect employees. Thus, we focus more on hostile environment harassment, which is far more prevalent than quid pro quo behavior (Koss et al., 1994). The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (1980) guidelines defined hostile environment harassment as workplace behavior that interferes with an employee’s performance on the job and creates an intimidating, offensive, or hostile working environment. Although somewhat different, both quid pro quo and hostile environment harassment have been linked with negative wellbeing consequences for targets of, or people who personally experienced, the mistreatment.
Emerging Adulthood and the Perception of Parental Depression

Few studies have examined children’s perceptions of parental depression. This study was a qualitative analysis of the changes in the perception of parental depression between the ages of 17 and 19 years. Archived interview narratives of 16 respondents from a longitudinal, preventive intervention study of depression in families were analyzed. The respondents were purposefully selected to represent both genders as well as higher and lower levels of family adversity. The perceptions of parental depression were found to fall into three categories: self-oriented perspectives (resistance and negativity), ambivalent perspectives, and, other-oriented perspectives (acceptance and compassion). Over time, respondents from the high-adversity families showed shifts from self-orientation to other-orientation, whereas the perspectives of respondents from low-adversity families remained unchanged. Some respondents with depression in both parents and/or siblings revealed changes in perception toward one parent but no chan...
Urban School Failure and Disproportionality in a Post-Brown Era Benign Neglect of the Constitutional Rights of Students of Color

The decision in the Brown v. Board of Education (1954) case was one of the most significant events in American history in general and specifically in the educational system. Brown is so highly regarded because it held promise of placing America on the path toward equitable treatment of all of its citizens and laid the foundation for the civil rights and disabilities rights movements. Fifty years after Brown, however, it is very clear that many of the promises of Brown have not been fulfilled with regard to students of color living in urban settings, students who live in poverty, and students with disabilities. This article will discuss (a) the state of urban schools in the post-Brown era, (b) special education in the post-Brown era, (c) disproportionality and resegregation of African American students, (d) the double jeopardy of disproportionality and urban school failure, (e) the reasons why Brown is not working from the perspectives of urban community leaders, and (f) recommendations for fufilling the p...
Classical spin-orbit coupling of light in micro-dome cavities with Bragg mirrors

We study vectorial modes in dome-shaped high-finesse microcavities in which one of the mirrors is a planar DBR. Its birefringence leads to an externally controllable, classical spin-orbit coupling of light.
Cost analysis of Down syndrome screening in advanced maternal age.

Objective: To analyze the potential cost and efficacy of Down syndrome screening in the population with advanced maternal age. Methods: Three screening methods defining Down syndrome risk for women with advanced maternal age were analyzed: advanced maternal age; advanced maternal age and maternal serum triple screen; and advanced maternal age, maternal serum triple screen and genetic sonogram. Costs for all tests and procedures were estimated. Procedure-related loss for amniocentesis was assumed to be 1 : 200. Efficacy was defined as: number of amniocenteses performed, number of Down syndrome cases detected, procedure-related losses, Down syndrome cases detected per fetal loss, cost per Down syndrome case detected and total cost of screening. Results: In 1999 in the USA, there were 530 610 women with advanced maternal age at 16 weeks' gestation carrying an estimated 4043 fetuses with Down syndrome. Screening by maternal age alone would result in the 100% detection of Down syndrome cases, but would require...
Consumption of human milk glycoconjugates by infant-associated bifidobacteria: mechanisms and implications

Human milk is a rich source of nutrients and energy, shaped by mammalian evolution to provide all the nutritive requirements of the newborn. In addition, several molecules in breast milk act as bioactive agents, playing an important role in infant protection and guiding a proper development. While major breast milk nutrients such as lactose, lipids and proteins are readily digested and consumed by the infant, other molecules, such as human milk oligosaccharides and glycosylated proteins and lipids, can escape intestinal digestion and transit through the gastrointestinal tract. In this environment, these molecules guide the composition of the developing infant intestinal microbiota by preventing the colonization of enteric pathogens and providing carbon and nitrogen sources for other colonic commensals. Only a few bacteria, in particular Bifidobacterium species, can gain access to the energetic content of milk as it is displayed in the colon, probably contributing to their predominance in the intestinal microbiota in the first year of life. Bifidobacteria deploy exquisite molecular mechanisms to utilize human milk oligosaccharides, and recent evidence indicates that their activities also target other human milk glycoconjugates. Here, we review advances in our understanding of how these microbes have been shaped by breast milk components and the strategies associated with their consumption of milk glycoconjugates.
Comparison of Early and Conventional Soybean Production Systems for Yield and other Agronomic Traits

The early soybean production system (ESPS) was reported to be beneficial for yield compared to the conven tional soybean production system (CSPS) and is widely used in the Southern USA. The objective of this study was to compare yield, yield components, root traits, and shoot traits in ESPS (April planting) and CSPS (June planting) in NC Sandhills using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population, ‘Hartwig’ by ‘Flyer’ (n=92). The population was grown in Spring Lake, NC in 2008 at a density of 16 seeds m -2 . The traits measured were days to germination, days to flower ing, plant height, seed weight, seed number, pod number, harvest index, root fresh weight, root dry weight, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, maximum root length, and lateral root number. The survival rate ranged from 83.7 to 90.22% for ESPS; however, it was 21.74% for CSPS. Significant differ ences were observed for almost all traits measured in ESPS (April) compared to CSPS (June) apart from fresh root weight and lateral root number. An average increase in flowering time of 9 days was observed in CSPS compared to ESPS. On the other hand, several traits showed a significant mean de crease in CSPS compared to ESPS as plant height by 41.96%, seed weight by 74.7%, harvest index by 73.3%, pod number by 65.2%, and seed number by 64.9%. The means for root fresh weight, root dry weight, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, maximum root length, and lateral root numbers are shown in Table 2 for both ESPS and CSPS. The results indicated an average decrease of 40.4% in root fresh weight, of 70.2% in root dry weight, of 68.1% in shoot fresh weight, of 80.1% in shoot dry weight, and of 83.3% in maximum root length in CSPS compared to ESPS. However, lateral root numbers increased by an average of 12.7% in CSPS compared to ESPS. Therefore, CSPS may not be appropriate for soybean at least in NC Sandhills.
International Economic Law in North America: Recent Developments in Dispute Resolution Under Regional Economic Agreements

This chapter reviews legal developments in regional economic integration in North America, including Central America and the Caribbean, by examining recent dispute resolution decisions under international economic agreements in the region. The chapter finds that these recent decisions represent a modest body of case law. The agreements providing for regional integration in North America are intergovernmental as opposed to supranational, and the region has no centralized or unified adjudicatory body analogous to the European Court of Justice. The dispute resolution processes are used sparingly, resulting in a small number of decided cases, most of which are investment disputes addressed in investor-state arbitrations. Most of the recent decisions make sound contributions to international economic law, and they belie the stereotype that investor-state arbitrations tend to be biased in favor of business interests. But some decisions do not go as far as might be hoped in promoting stability and predictability in the law, the classic goal for dispute resolution in international economic institutions. These disappointing decisions are a minority of the total. They suffer from questionable reasoning or from inconsistency with other decisions on identical issues. Other decisions, while apparently correct under existing law, reveal gaps in the availability of dispute resolution in the regional agreements.
Optimizing hemithoracic pleural intensity-modulated radiation therapy for malignant pleural mesothelioma

The treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) remains challenging. Optimal management for resectable patients involves an aggressive approach, frequently using trimodality therapy. Historically, poor tumor control and profound pulmonary toxicity prevented conventional radiation therapy from being widely used. The advent of intensity-modulated radiation therapy was a major development in the delivery of radiation for MPM in the adjuvant setting, improving target coverage and dose homogeneity while maintaining acceptable toxicity profiles. Nevertheless, there remains a significant risk of severe pulmonary toxicity, ameliorated by careful target delineation, treatment planning and proactive toxicity management. Innovative technology, including arc therapy, simultaneous integrated boosts and proton therapy as well as neodjuvant delivery of radiation followed by pneumonectomy are being actively investigated to improve outcomes in the treatment of MPM.
The regulation and packaging of synaptic vesicles as related to recruitment within glutamatergic synapses

The reserve pool (RP) and readily releasable pool (RRP) of synaptic vesicles within presynaptic nerve terminals, at crayfish and larval Drosophila neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), were examined for physiological differenti- ation into distinctly separate functional groups. These NMJs are glutamatergic and produce graded excitatory postsynap- tic potentials (EPSPs). The packaging of glutamate was perturbed by blocking the vesicular glutamate transporter (VGlut) with bafilomycin A1. Various frequencies of motor nerve stimulation, exposure time, and concentration of bafilomycin A1 were examined. The low-output tonic opener NMJs in crayfish exposed to 4 lM bafilomycin A1 and 20-Hz continuous stimulation decreased the EPSP amplitude to 50% in 30 min with controls lasting 3 h. After activity and bafilomycin A1-induced synaptic depression, the EPSPs were rapidly revitalized by serotonin (5-HT, 1 lM) in the cray- fish preparations. The 5-HT action can be blocked with a PLC inhibitor. We postulate 5-HT recruits unused vesicles from the RP. The perception is the RRP is selectively activated dur- ing rapid electrical stimulation (20 Hz) sparing the RP. When stimulation frequency is high (40 Hz) the RP is recruited to the RRP and dampens subsequent recruitment with 5-HT. The higher output synapses of the larval Drosophila NMJ when stimulated at 1 Hz or 5 Hz and exposed to 4lM of bafilo- mycin A1 showed a depression rate of 50% within 10 min with controls lasting 40 min. After low frequency depres- sion and/or exposure to bafilomycin A1 a burst of higher fre- quency (10 Hz) can recruit vesicles from the RP to the RRP. 2012 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Infertility in transgenic mice overexpressing the bovine growth hormone gene: luteal failure secondary to prolactin deficiency.

Overexpression of growth hormone (GH) in transgenic mice is associated with various degrees of impairment of female reproductive functions. Transgenic PEPCK.bGH mice express high GH levels, and only around 20% of the females will carry gestation to Day 7. The objective of the present study was to investigate luteal function in PEPCKbGH mice during early pregnancy, when CL are fully dependent on the pituitary. Plasma progesterone levels measured on Days 2 or 7 postcoitum (p.c.) were lower in transgenic than in normal females. In transgenic females with a previous history of infertility, daily injections of 1 mg progesterone starting on Day 2 p.c. significantly increased the proportion of animals pregnant on Day 7. When ovaries from transgenic mice were transplanted into ovariectomized normal littermates, the recipients exhibited normal vaginal cycles and responded to mating by vaginal cytology changes consistent with pseudopregnancy. In contrast, ovariectomized transgenic females bearing transplants of ovaries from normal mice had slightly prolonged estrous cycles and failed to become pseudopregnant after mating. Plasma progesterone levels on Days 2 and 7 p.c. in normal females with transgenic ovaries were not different from plasma progesterone levels measured in normal females into which normal ovaries had been transplanted. Twicedaily injections of 100 yIg of prolactin (PRL) in saline or in polyvinylpyrrolidone starting on the evening of Day 2 p.c. were able to rescue luteal function. The proportion of PRL-injected transgenic animals that were pregnant on Day 7 was significantly higher than that of saline-injected transgenic controls and resembled the pregnancy rate of normal animals. The results suggest that the high incidence of infertility in transgenic females from this line is due to luteal failure. However, ovaries from PEPCKbGH transgenic mice are fully capable of normal cyclic and luteal function when transplanted into normal hosts. We suspect that infertility in transgenic PEPCKbGH mice reflects an inability to produce the PRL surges that are normally responsible for maintenance of luteal function during early pregnancy in this species.
Development of biomechanical models of electroporation

In an electroporation system, a biomechanical function is proposed, based on Newton's Second Law, for a small patch with proteins and lipids, in a cell membrane and on the positive or the negative side. Two biomechanical models of the critical potential deference /spl Delta//spl psi//sub 0/ of electroporation are developed from the function. One is expressed in terms of the Law of the Conservation of Energy and another one is presented in terms of the Impulse-Momentum principle. The two models elucidate that: /spl Delta//spl psi//sub 0/ is proportional to the mass m, the thickness L and the departure velocity v/sub L/ of the patch and the electric attraction force f between the patch and the cell membrane; /spl Delta//spl psi//sub 0/ is inversely proportional to the net charge q carried by the patch and the absolute temperature T of the system. A concept of work function /spl phi//sub w/ of electroporation is proposed and /spl phi//sub w/ is described as /spl phi//sub w/=q /spl Delta//spl psi//sub 0//2 in the first model. The second model particularly indicates that /spl Delta//spl psi//sub 0/ and the critical width /spl tau//sub 0/ of the externally imposed electric pulse can compensate each other. Many previous experimental results can be qualitatively explained with the two models. The essential and sufficient conditions of electroporation occurrence at the patch are proposed too. The essential condition is -qd/spl psi//dx>f and the sufficient condition is /spl tau/>/spl tau//sub 0/, where -d/spl psi//dx and /spl tau/ are the electric field at the patch and the pulse width respectively.
Medellin v. Texas and the Ultimate Law School Exam

Commentators often fall in love with the object of their analysis and thereby lose perspective. After being immersed for so long in the minutia of a given topic, and investing so much in a particular narrative or thesis, it becomes difficult not to overstate the importance of the subject matter. In recognizing this bias with respect to Medellin v. Texas, I hope to avoid it. Having said that, I don’t believe it’s an exaggeration to call this the most intellectually interesting case of the term. It is also probably the one with the broadest implications for American jurisprudence, coming at the increasingly topical intersection of international and constitutional law. Medellin presented the Court with a law school exam of a case, combining questions of treaty interpretation and application, federalism, separation of powers, and criminal procedure. It forced the justices to grapple with tensions between international and domestic law (and what that means for the Constitution’s Supremacy Clause), federal and state government, and the president and three separate institutions: Congress, the Supreme Court, and — in what then-Texas Solicitor General Ted Cruz (who argued the case) has called a ‘‘Mobius twist’’ — state courts. In short, this remarkable case raised issues touching on every axis of governmental structure, checks and balances, and the design of political institutions. This article presents the lead-up to the case, analyzes the opinion and its aftermath, and evaluates Medelli´n’s implications for international law and executive authority. I begin in Part I with the factual and procedural background to the case, the legal developments that led to this intersection of international and constitutional law, and the course of litigation before the Supreme Court. In Part II, I parse the Medelli´n opinion, concentrating of course on Chief Justice John Roberts’s opinion for the Court, but also noting salient points from Justice John Paul Stevens’s concurrence and Justice Stephen Breyer’s dissent. Part III details subsequent legal action and Medelli´n’s execution. In Part IV, I look at the future of international law and executive power in U.S. courts and propose how a president could act in similar circumstances if an issue like this ever arises again.
Configurational Bias Monte Carlo Applied to Lipid Membranes in the Semi-grand Ensemble to Speed Up Mixing

We will define and test a Monte Carlo algorithm aimed to improve the efficiency of mixing in a multi-component lipid bilayer. In practice the move would be combined with ordinary molecular dynamics.
Exile as Source of Spanish Moderate Political Thinking during the First Half of Nineteenth Century

This article seeks to analyze the moderate political thinking of those exiled during the postrevolutionary stage, as a conservative solution that many new elites of the Spanish liberalism tried to perform within the difficult context Spain was going through by the first decades of 19th century. A new moderate constitutionalism was common in the 30s in this country, and it was considered a necessary step mean the transition towards liberalism was being completed. The main goal herein is to review some previous assumptions and provide new insights on the role that the exile played during the first half of nineteenth century as a source of moderate political thinking in Spain. This will be an effort to understand the influence of the exile in their new identities paying special attention to their lives overseas. It implies a study about how that experience had a bi g impact in the new Spanish political project.
Response to the letter to the editor by Drs Merchant and Federman

We were pleased to read the letter from Drs Merchant and Federman as we had hoped that our study would prompt deeper thought and further discussion about interprofessional bedside rounds.1 Like Drs Merchant and Federman, we were disappointed that the intervention used on our study, patient-centred bedside rounds (PCBR), did not result in improved patients’ perceptions of shared decision making, activation or satisfaction with care. Merchant and Federman state that prior studies have shown that patients prefer their team conduct rounds at the bedside. We wish to point out that the studies cited …
Formation and effect of orientation domains in layered oxide cathodes of lithium-ion batteries

Abstract We show that in layered oxides that are employed as cathodes in lithium-ion batteries, the cation layers can order on different {111}NaCl planes within a single particle, which makes the lithium layer discontinuous across a particle. The findings challenge previous assertions that lithium undergoes 2-D diffusion in layered oxides and the data provide new insights into the decrease in rate capabilities for some layered oxides. Therefore, it is critically important to understand how these discontinuities form and how the loss of 2-D diffusion impacts the overall performance of the layered oxide cathode materials. Employing X-ray diffraction (XRD) and aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), we find that as the material transitions from a disordered to an ordered state, it forms four orientation variants corresponding to the four {111}NaCl planes. This transition is not intrinsic to all layered oxides and appears to be more strongly affected by nickel. Furthermore, with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), we show that there is an increase in the nickel concentration at the interface between each orientation variant. This reduces the rate of lithium diffusion, negatively affects the rate capability, and could be contributing to the overall capacity fade.
The Non-Linear Relationship of Egg Weight and Annual Production

Abstract The relationship between egg weight and annual production has been studied by many investigators. Brown (1921) studied the data from 81 pens of birds in the egg laying trials at the Harper-Adams Agr. College, for the year 1918–19. He found no relationship between the winter production and the number of second grade eggs, but in case of the annual production he found that the percentage of second grade eggs was increased in those pens giving the highest production. Pens of White Leghorns, White Wyandottes, Rhode Island Reds and Plymouth Rocks were involved in the study. Atwood (1923) reported on four flocks of White Leghorns in their pullet year and two flocks in their second laying year. All of his correlations were positive, but the relationship was significant for only one of the six flocks. Jull (1924) showed an insignificant correlation between mean egg weight and annual production for a flock . . .
In-Situ Regrowthi of GaAs Through Controlled Phase Transformations and Reactions of Thin Films on GaAs

In-situ depositions and reactions are utilized in the study of phase formation from solid phase reactions. We report on the formation of epitaxial GaAs and the formation of NiAs or Ni2Ga3 by the exposure of Ni3GaAs to As4 or Ga fluxes. In-situ annealing of Ni on MBE-grown GaAs leads to Ni3GaAs, and subsequent reaction with As4 or Ga drives regrowth of GaAs. The structures were analyzed by RBS, XRD, TEM, and in-situ electrical measurements.
Surface Thermodynamics and Kinetics of MgO(100) Terrace Site Hydroxylation

Surface thermodynamic and kinetic models are applied to MgO hydroxylation data obtained under adsorption–desorption water vapor conditions using ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Experimental conditions range from 0.67–67 Pa and 270–600 K (10–5 to 20% relative humidity). The resulting standard state enthalpy (ΔH°) and entropy (ΔS°) for terrace site hydroxylation are −40 ± 1 kJ mol–1 and −50 ± 3 J mol–1 K–1, respectively, and independent of OH coverage. At 298 K, this gives a Gibbs free energy of ΔG° = −25 kJ mol–1. The bulk reaction of water vapor with MgO to form Mg(OH)2 (brucite) is ΔG° = −36 kJ mol–1, suggesting that the hydroxylation of the top layer of MgO is a metastable state. Hydroxylation (adsorption) follows zero order kinetics with respect to surface site concentrations, suggesting water is a precursor prior to dissociative adsorption. Dehydroxylation (desorption) kinetics are first order, with a frequency factor of ν = 1.4 (±1.2) × 1011 s–1, suggesting that recombinative desor...
Incentive mechanisms for privacy-sensitive electricity consumers with alternative energy sources

Access to alternative energy sources provides consumers with a way to not only be energy efficient but also restrict the amount of information potentially shared with electricity providers via smart meters. On the other hand, electricity providers require certain amount of energy to be consumed directly from the grid in order to perform load forecasting and maintain stable and reliable operation. Therefore, the electricity provider may need to offer incentives to encourage consumers to consume a desired level of energy directly from the grid. Each consumer faces a trade-off between masking consumption from the electric power grid for privacy reasons and revealing consumption patterns to the electricity provider for energy cost reduction. In this paper, we present a game theoretic approach to design price-based incentives for consumers that balance their privacy concerns against the electricity provider's needs. Under certain conditions, we show the existence and uniqueness of the nondegenerate mixed strategy Nash equilibrium and study the relationship between incentive prices from the electricity provider and responses from privacy-sensitive consumers. Simulation results indicate that the proposed mechanism can benefit both electricity providers and consumers.
Kinesin I ATPase Manipulates Biohybrids Formed from Tubulin and Carbon Nanotubes

This chapter describes a method for the formation of novel protein-nanotube hybrid conjugates. Specifically, we took advantage of the self-assembly and self-recognition properties of tubulin cytoskeletal protein immobilized onto carbon nanotubes to form nanotube-based biohybrids. Further biohybrid hierarchical integration in assemblies enabled molecular-level manipulation on engineered surfaces, as demonstrated with biocatalyst kinesin 1 ATPase molecular motor. The method presented herein can be extended for the preparation of biocatalyst-based or protein-based assemblies to be used as sensors or biological templates for nanofabrication.
Selective ketonization of acetic acid over HZSM-5: The importance of acyl species and the influence of water

Abstract The ketonization of acetic acid over HZSM-5 is investigated via a combination of temperature-programmed techniques (TP), IR, and reaction kinetics. TP experiments demonstrate the generation of stable acyl intermediates that require higher temperatures to facilitate C–C coupling with a second acetic acid molecule. Near-exclusive selectivities for the ketonization reaction devoid of significant sequential aldol condensation are observed at temperatures ranging from 270 to 330 °C. The rate-determining step is proposed to involve the interaction of an acyl group with a second acid, with an apparent reaction order of 1.6. This order can be explained by a second-order rate-determining step that is reduced as a result of acid-derived surface species. Isotope labeling experiments reveal that the rate-determining step is the formation of the C–C bond rather than the activation of the second acid. The ketonization reaction exhibits a −0.46 order with respect to water, but this loss in activity is accompanied by a significant increase in catalyst stability.
Self-help and serious mental illness.

The findings from research on self-help groups for people with serious mental illness consistently show: (1) reduced symptoms and substance abuse over time[4–7,9–12]; (2) concomitant reductions in crises, hospitalizations, and use of services[5–7,12–14]; (3) improved social competence and social networks[4,9,10,13,15]; and (4) increased healthy behaviors and perceptions of well-being.[3,7,10,12,14,15] Healthy behaviors and perceptions of well-being include: medication compliance; acceptance of illness; better coping and management of illness; improved quality of life and sense of well-being; greater sense of security and self-esteem; acceptance of problems without blame; creation of one's own meaningful structure; and changes in what mental healthcare consumers wanted from time spent with family.
Chronic nitrogen additions fundamentally restructure the soil fungal community in a temperate forest

Abstract Fungi dominate the microbial biomass of temperate forest soils and are a key driver of ecosystem nutrient cycling. Chronic nitrogen (N) amendments frequently cause the accumulation of soil organic matter within soils, suggesting that elevated N disrupts decomposition by altering fungal communities. To link previously observed increases in soil organic matter with potential changes in the fungal community, we assessed the effects of soil N amendment on fungal community structure at a long-term N addition experiment at Harvard Forest (Petersham, MA, USA). A decline in the relative abundance of ectomycorrhizal fungi following long-term N addition was offset by an increase in the relative abundance of saprotrophs. Species richness and diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi declined, while ascomycetes and saprotrophs responded positively to N enrichment. However, nitrophilic species included ectomycorrhizal as well as saprotrophic fungi, especially the ectomycorrhizal Russula vinacea, whose relative abundance increased from 10 to 37% of the entire community across N treatments. Two decades of soil N enrichment appears to have fundamentally altered the soil fungal community of this temperate forest.
Envisaging the New Citizen

Thomas Holcroft’s Anna St Ives, Charlotte Smith’s Desmond, Elizabeth Inchbald’s Nature and Art, and Robert Bage’s Hermsprong are among the most optimistic of the radical texts published in the 1790s. They impart the keen hopefulness of the discourse on rights as it attempted to fashion the “new citizen” — the legal subject of the contract — and prepare the populace for activity in the commonwealth. In their enthusiasm, these texts begin to define a new kind of literary hero who represents the enfranchised individual characterized by property that originates in ownership of the self and is sustained by access to economic opportunities that are released from the exclusive control of the family. The empowerment afforded by these qualities derives from the ability to claim inalienable, natural rights, which precede and exist independently of the government. Yet the individual narrativized by English Jacobin authors was not an isolated, egocentric figure retreating from humanity and responding to a blind self-interest; such was the criticism they received from their political adversaries. The image of a new citizen required responsible participation in the public domain and attentiveness to the well being of the community. Individual liberties were a mere foundation to the greater vision of a society comprised of a strong, enfranchised citizenry that is distinguished by self-determination and social obligation.
Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Internal Tooth Anatomy

The study of human tooth anatomy is fundamental to clinical endodontics. Several histologic methods used to evaluate tooth anatomy have been described for the purpose of identification and categorization of various root and root canal types. In addition, multiple articles have attempted to classify root and root canal configuration as it relates to tooth type, tooth location, root type, gender, geographic location, and ethnic background. For decades, two-dimensional radiographic images captured at various horizontal and vertical angulations have been the primary method for clinical evaluation of tooth anatomy prior to endodontic treatment. Attempting to evaluate multidimensional anatomy from planar imaging has significant limitations. Technological advancements in three-dimensional tomographic imaging have given rise to a more accurate method for the clinical evaluation of tooth anatomy. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) provides a nondestructive real-time capture of three-dimensional anatomic and morphologic information. A short acquisition time and a level of detail equivalent to that of in vitro tooth sectioning make CBCT imaging the first, and currently only, practical method available for the accurate, undistorted, chairside evaluation of tooth anatomy in three spatial planes prior to root canal therapy.
60. Thomas’ the Force That through the Green Fuse

(1950). 60. Thomas’ the Force That through the Green Fuse. The Explicator: Vol. 8, No. 8, pp. 121-123.
Multi-objective optimization to evaluate tradeoffs among forest ecosystem services following fire hazard reduction in the Deschutes National Forest, USA

Abstract Forest owners worldwide are increasingly interested in managing forests to provide a broad suite of ecosystem services, balancing multiple objectives and evaluating management activities in terms of potential tradeoffs. We describe a multi-objective mathematical programming model to quantify tradeoffs in expected sediment delivery and the preservation of Northern spotted owl (NSO) habitat following fuel treatments to reduce fire hazard in the Deschutes National forest in Central Oregon, USA. Our model integrates the management objective of fire hazard reduction and the provision of ecosystem services (water quality and NSO habitat protection) and helps evaluate tradeoffs among them. Our results suggest significant reductions in fire hazard can be achieved without compromising any NSO habitat by strategically placing the treatments; however, the treatments will lead to a short term increase in sediment delivery. An analysis of environmental risks showed that over the longer term, the increase in sediment delivery and NSO habitat loss caused by wildfires would be 30–50% greater in areas without fuel treatments. The use of the multi-objective optimization model described in this study can help managers quantify and assess potential tradeoffs among ecosystem services and provide data for more informed decision making.
Parent-of-Origin DNA Methylation Dynamics during Mouse Development

Parent-specific differentially methylated regions (DMRs) are established during gametogenesis and regulate parent-specific expression of imprinted genes. Monoallelic expression of imprinted genes is essential for development, suggesting that imprints are faithfully maintained in embryos and adults. To test this hypothesis, we targeted a reporter for genomic methylation to the imprinted Dlk1-Dio3 intergenic DMR (IG-DMR) to assess the methylation of both parental alleles at single-cell resolution. Biallelic gain or loss of IG-DMR methylation occurred in a small fraction of mouse embryonic stem cells, significantly affecting developmental potency. Mice carrying the reporter in either parental allele showed striking parent-specific changes in IG-DMR methylation, causing substantial and consistent tissue- and cell-type-dependent signatures in embryos and postnatal animals. Furthermore, dynamics in DNA methylation persisted during adult neurogenesis, resulting in inter-individual diversity. This substantial cell-cell DNA methylation heterogeneity implies that dynamic DNA methylation variations in the adult may be of functional importance.
Measuring Click and Share Dynamics on Social Media: A Reproducible and Validated Approach

Online social conversations have increasingly become the means to find and view information online. In contrast to traditional web surfing models, clicks from social media result from a series of endorsements subject to user memory, past behavior and intermittently divided attention. Understanding click dynamics allows us to leverage those facets to improve relevance, forecast traffic and better manage influence in information dissemination. Unfortunately, data on clicks – even in aggregate – remain proprietary and inaccessible to researchers and scientists in many disciplines. In our work, we aim to allow the study of clicks through a proxy, allowing analysts to fully study click dynamics on Twitter. We focus on the scope of a news content publisher with a large readership and a broad domain of topics. We validate one such proxy, clicks-per-follower (CPF), based on publicly accessible data. We develop a model to compute CPI from public data. We use this method to examine how sharing affects consumption on Twitter: our findings suggest that mass retweeting of a URL does not necessarily translate into a substantial increase in clicks.
Review of Data Analysis Using Stata, Third Edition, by Kohler and Kreuter

This article reviews Data Analysis Using Stata, Third Edition, by Ulrich Kohler and Frauke Kreuter (2012 [Stata Press]).
Conclusion: New Rules and Roles

The portrait emerging from the previous analyses is complex and nuanced. Nonetheless, certain trends seem clear. The structure of academic careers is changing with an increasing diversification in work roles and in institutional commitments. The demographic profile of the faculty is changing—even as gender continues to shape career prospects. Teaching roles are assuming greater prominence, while support for research is declining even as productivity pressures increase. Faculty are continuing to dominate the faculty appointment and promotion and tenure process on their campus, somewhat ceding their grip on academic program development, and have largely relinquished any role in budget and administrator selection. They report greater commitment to their academic field and department than to their institutions. What is less clear are the implications of these changes for faculty, their institutions, and the nation. In assessing impacts at various levels and over various time horizons, what is missing are any handy indicators of the bottom line that allow for easy determinations of impact—unlike dollars and sense profitability in the corporate sector.
Overconsumption, Procreation, and Morality

Thomas Young (2001) argues that overconsumption and procreation are morally equivalent, and thus that anyone who disapproves of overconsumption must arrive at the same normative judgment concerning procreation (or procreation beyond a certain threshold). Young presents an analogical argument in support of his claim, and defends it against four varieties of objections intended to show that the analogy is weak or faulty. I argue that Young’s defense of his argument fails, and that though a stronger case can be made for his claim of moral equivalence between procreation and overconsumption, a full defense of the claim would unfortunately require a moral theory that we presently do not have (namely, Derek Parfit’s Theory X, the theory of beneficence that would tell us how many people there should be). This is unfortunate because in the absence of successful rational grounds for such a claim concerning the moral value (or disvalue) of procreation relative to resource consumption, we are likely to overlook or misjudge the moral and other costs of population growth.
BENDING STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS OF NO. 2 GRADE SOUTHERN PINE LUMBER

Southern pine is the most important species group planted and used for lumber products in the United States. Most southern pine trees come from managed forests, with relatively short rotations and excellent growth yields. The accelerated growth volume allows trees to reach merchantable size in 16- 22 yr. However, these trees may contain large amounts of juvenile wood which can negatively impact the bending properties of lumber. In 2010, the Southern Pine Inspection Bureau (SPIB) began to reevaluate the mechanical properties of southern pine lumber, which resulted in changes in design values. The objective of the study herein was to summarize the growth characteristics and bending properties of No. 2 grade 24, 26, 28, and 210 samples collected from across the geographical growing range (southern United States). Each piece met the requirements for No. 2 grade southern pine lumber. Overall, 34.5% of the sample contained pith, averaged 4.6 rings per inch, and contained 43.8% latewood. The sample’s average specific gravity,MOE, and MOR were 0.54, 10.1 GPa, and 41.7 MPa, respectively. The mean MOE found in this study was higher than the current design value required for No. 2 southern pine lumber. For allowable design bending strength (Fb), the results showed that, as dimension stock size increased, the Fb decreased from 11.2 MPa for 2 4 s to 7.1MPa for 2 10 s. The Fb values determined herein exceeded the new published design value and also met the previous SPIB design values. These results suggest that the timber resource quality might have increased since the housing crisis of 2008-2010.
Measures of Success: The Role of Human Factors in Lean Implementation in Healthcare

Desired improvements in the delivery of quality healthcare drive and healthcare managers toward lean technologies.
Causes and Implications of the Asian Crisis

Earlier speakers have already identified a number of internal factors that appear to have played an important role in the buildup to the Asian crisis. I will, therefore, first discuss the role of the external environment and then briefly address the implications of the crisis for Asia’s near-term growth prospects.
Land Subsidence — A. A State-of-the-Art Review

Following a description of the phenomena of land subsidence, its main features and its occurrence in many parts of the world, the review starts with the simplest depth-porosity model and models that are based on field data and empirical relations. It then continues through models that are based on the theories and physical concepts. The first studies of these kind are the semi- infinite elastic solid models which assume the earth to behave like a homogeneous, isotropic half space with a uniform elasticity modulus. A more rigorous approach to model land subsidence includes transient flow and equilibrium equations for isothermal reservoirs. A solution of this set of coupled equations can be obtained either by full-coupling which could be quite lengthy or by partial coupling which can be separated into two subgroups: “leap frog” and “two step” techniques. In the “two-step” method, the aquifer flow equation is solved in a three or two-dimensional space and then it is assumed that the solid deformation is one dimensional and one-dimensional consolidation equations are solved for aquitards in the reservoir. The results of the flow equation are the time dependent boundary conditions of the consolidation equations. An alternative approach to explain the behaviour of aquitards is given by viscoelastic models which assume a Theological constitutive equation instead of an elastic one as employed by the “two-step” technique. Later, models using a plastic stress- strain relation, and models for horizontal displacements are also reviewed. Finally, geothermal reservoir models that require an additional energy equation are discussed.
Compensating for Context by Learning Local Models of Perception Performance

Perception system performance can vary dramatically with contextual factors such as environmental geometry, appearance, and other phenomena. In this work we present a theoretical framework for understanding the role of context in perception and discuss three approaches for predicting probabilistic performance from observations by efficiently learning local performance models. We compare these approaches with experiments on the monocular and stereo visual odometry systems for a ground robot, and show that they can effectively predict system failures in a wide variety of environments.