cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surfactant-Enhanced Treatment of Oil-Based Drill Cuttings

Surfactant-enhanced washing of oil-based drill cuttings was evaluated as a technology of benefit to domestic oil producers. Laboratory studies showed the branched C14-C15 alcohol propoxylate sulfate to be a promising surfactant for liberating oils from these drill cuttings. Low concentrations (∼0.1% by weight) of this surfactant produced ultra-low oil-water interfacial tensions (IFTs), thereby allowing the rollup/snap-off mechanisms to liberate drilling oil (C16, C18 alpha olefins) from the cuttings. Surfactant-enhanced washing was compared between oil-based drill cuttings, Canadian River Alluvium (CRA), and silica, showing that the hydrophobic nature of the oil-based cuttings limited the amount of oil removed. The Ca+ + content of the cuttings promoted surfactant abstraction by the cuttings, thereby increasing the hydrophobicity and oil retention by the cuttings. For this reason, three components were added to produce a robust system: (1) branched C14-C15 alcohol propoxylate sulfate, (2) octyl-sulfobetaine, and (3) builder (Na 2 SiO 3 ). The Na 2 SiO 3 builder was added to promote Ca++ sequestration, thereby decreasing the Ca++ available for precipitating the surfactant. The octyl-sulfobetaine helps mitigate high hardness and high hydrophobicity by acting as a lime soap dispersing agent (LSDA). Surfactant losses were minimized and oil removal was maximized by using all three components. When washing with this three-component formulation, oil removal was relatively independent of operating conditions such as bath-cuttings contact time and agitation energy; minimizing the contact time and agitation has the added benefit of reducing the fines production during washing operations. When washing with the three-component formulation, the oil was liberated from the cuttings as a free phase layer, sans surfactant and sans solids. The final (post washing) oil content of oil-based cuttings was in the range of 2% to 5%, which is below treatment standards for these cuttings. In addition, greater than 85% of the initial branched C14-C15 alcohol propoxylate sulfate remained in the bath after washing, which minimizes the need for make-up surfactant when the wash water is reused.
Rebellion as a Quasi-Criminal Activity

Economic models of rebellion usually treat it as a form of crime or banditry. However, the analogy is not developed. This article treats rebellion as a distinctive form of organized crime that differs from other crime in its objective, which is the predation of the rents on natural resource exports. Because such rents can be defended by government forces, rebel forces must be sufficiently large to defend themselves. This introduces a survival constraint that affects whether a rebellion is financially viable and how it reacts to increases in government forces and introduces an entry threshold. This threshold gives rise to a problem for the rebellion of attracting sufficient start-up finance. The predictions of the model are shown to be consistent with four stylized facts.
OSCILLOGRAPH STUDY OF DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF BARIUM TITANATE

A disk of barium titanate was fired to 1350°C. for six hours in an electric furnace. Silvered electrodes were then fired on the disk at 650°C. A cathode-ray oscillograph measurement was made of the dielectric properties in order to analyze the whole charging and discharging cycle. The material showed saturation of the dielectric flux density or charge with increase of field strength or voltage and is therefore a new type of ferroelectric material. The dielectric properties of such a nonlinear circuit element was studied over a temperature range from –175° to +140°C. at field strengths of 59, 134,234, 580, and 4300 volts per cm. Peaks in the dielectric constant were observed near –70°, +10°, and 120°C. As the field strength was increased, the two lower peaks increased in magnitude and all peaks shifted slightly to lower temperature.
On Quadratic Coupling in the Flow Past a Harmonically Excited Cylinder

Direct numerical simulations of the flow past stationary and oscillating cylinders have been performed at a moderate range of Reynolds numbers. We compute the pressure, integrate it over the surface, and obtain the lift and drag forces for the two cases. Higherorder spectral analysis are performed on the fluctuating hydrodynamic forces to investigate the nonlinear interaction between the forces. We observe quadratic coupling between the lift and drag forces and their phase relationship. We identify additional modes present due to this quadratic nonlinear interaction and the energy associated with these modes.
Transfusion Medicine: The Evolution of a New Discipline

BLOOD banking is an archaic term. It should be discarded. If this seems too radical a step to take in the 50th anniversary year of the American blood bank, perhaps the term should be given a gold watch and nudged into an honorable retirement. The bank analogy, connoting a place to deposit, store, and withdraw blood, no longer suits the scope of services and direct patient care responsibilities offered by present-day transfusion centers. During the past quarter of a century, a complex clinical and research discipline has quietly emerged from blood banking. This new discipline projects a different image and deservedly has acquired a new name— transfusion medicine . Blood banking was an American innovation and one that revolutionized medicine. When Bernard Fantus established the first blood bank at Cook County Hospital in Chicago in 1937, the scientific principles for rudimentary blood storage had already been described 1 ; however, practical guidelines
A weighted multiplicative analysis to estimate trends in year-class size of capelin

Relative sizes of year-classes of capelin have previously been estimated as a compromise among several measurements. In this paper, the variability of each type of measurement around the compromise is estimated, and an improved compromise that downweights high-variability types of measurement is produced. For the most recent year-class, where few measurements are as yet available, the compromise estimate is obtained by a method that balances year-class variability and measurement precision.
Incorporating Nurse‐Midwifery Students into Graduate Medical Education: Lessons Learned in Interprofessional Education

There is a current emphasis on interprofessional education in health care with the aim to improve teamwork and ultimately the quality and safety of care. As part of a Health Resources and Services Administration Advanced Nursing Education project, an interprofessional faculty and student team planned and implemented the first didactic coursework for nurse-midwifery and medical students at the University of California, San Francisco and responded to formative feedback in order to create a more meaningful educational experience for future combined cohorts. This article describes the process of including advanced nurse-midwifery students into 2 classes previously offered solely to medical students: 1) an elective in which students are matched with a pregnant woman to observe care that she receives before, during, and after giving birth; and 2) a required course on basic clinical care across the human lifespan. The development of these interprofessional courses, obstacles to success, feedback from students, and responses to course evaluations are reviewed. Themes identified in student course evaluations included uncertainty about interprofessional roles, disparity in clinical knowledge among learners, scheduling difficulties, and desire for more interprofessional education opportunities and additional time for facilitated interprofessional discussion. As a result of this feedback, more class time was designated for interprofessional exchange; less experienced rather than advanced midwifery students were included in both classes; and more interdisciplinary panel presentations were provided, along with clearer communication about student and clinician roles. Early project activities indicated nurse-midwifery students can be effectively included in existing medical student courses with revised curriculum and highlighted challenges that should be considered in the planning phase of similar projects in the future. This article is part of a special series of articles that address midwifery innovations in clinical practice, education, interprofessional collaboration, health policy, and global health.
The Drosophila gene morula inhibits mitotic functions in the endo cell cycle and the mitotic cell cycle

In the endo cell cycle, rounds of DNA replication occur in the absence of mitosis, giving rise to polyploid or polytene cells. We show that the Drosophila morula gene is essential to maintain the absence of mitosis during the endo cycle. During oogenesis in wild-type Drosophila, nurse cells become polyploid and do not contain cyclin B protein. Nurse cells in female-sterile alleles of morula begin to become polyploid but revert to a mitotic-like state, condensing the chromosomes and forming spindles. In strong, larval lethal alleles of morula, the polytene ring gland cells also inappropriately regress into mitosis and form spindles. In addition to its role in the endo cycle, morula function is necessary for dividing cells to exit mitosis. Embryonic S-M cycles and the archetypal (G1-S-G2-M) cell cycle are both arrested in metaphase in different morula mutants. These phenotypes suggest that morula acts to block mitosis-promoting activity in both the endo cycle and at the metaphase/anaphase transition of the mitotic cycle. Consistent with this, we found cyclin B protein to be inappropriately present in morula mutant nurse cells. Thus morula serves a dual function as a cell cycle regulator that promotes exit from mitosis and maintains the absence of mitosis during the endo cycle, possibly by activating the cyclin destruction machinery.
Sustainable Energy, Environmental Policy, and States' Rights: Discerning the Energy Future Through the Eye of the Dormant Commerce Clause

This article analyzes the various regulatory incentives for renewable energy development in the various states, and their possible Constitutional shortcomings. Almost half the states have enacted renewable portfolio standards, which create monetized renewable energy credits that are tradable credits for sustainable energy development compliance. About one-third of the states have developed system benefit charges and renewable trust funds to subsidize selected renewable energy projects. Each of these states have defined differently what is a qualifying renewable energy project. Some of the states, to further in-state interests, have established programs that impermissibly violate the Commerce Clause of the Constitution. Others come close to crossing the line of infringing on preempted federal jurisdiction. This article dissects what is and is not permissible in establishing renewable energy programs at the state level. These issues are inherent in various state subsidy mechanisms.
Computational Intelligence Methods in Forward-Looking Explosive Hazard Detection

This chapter discusses several methods for forward-looking (FL) explosive hazard detection (EHD) using FL infrared (FLIR) and FL ground penetrating radar (FLGPR). The challenge in detecting explosive hazards with FL sensors is that there are multiple types of targets buried at different depths in a highly-cluttered environment. A wide array of target and clutter signatures exist, which makes detection algorithm design difficult. Recent work in this application has focused on fusion methods, including fusion of multiple modalities of sensors (e.g., GPR and IR), fusion of multiple frequency sub-band images in FLGPR, and feature-level fusion using multiple kernel and iECO learning. For this chapter, we will demonstrate several types of EHD techniques, including kernel methods such as support vector machines (SVMs), multiple kernel learning MKL, and feature learning methods, including deep learners and iECO learning. We demonstrate the performance of several algorithms using FLGPR and FLIR data collected at a US Army test site. The summary of this work is that deep belief networks and evolutionary approaches to feature learning were shown to be very effective both for FLGPR and FLIR based EHD.
Supraclavicular block as a sole anesthetic technique in craniopagus twins.

Abstract This is the first report in the literature of a sole regional anesthetic for adult craniopagus twins using a supraclavicular block for an elbow incision and drainage/bursa excision procedure. It demonstrates that for these complex medical patients, a total regional anesthesia technique is preferable when possible. There are several known general anesthetic complications in these patients. Anesthetic crossover between the twins can occur and may be variable; furthermore, the incidence and severity of the crossover effects of different anesthetics vary. Positioning of the twins can be difficult with both regional and general anesthesia. However, with regional anesthesia, the twins can position themselves and report any discomfort, which could go unnoticed under general anesthesia, leading to other complications. Craniopagus twins have a high likelihood of a difficult airway due to anatomy or positioning difficulties, which is avoided by regional anesthesia. This case emphasizes the unique challenges that these patients pose and the ability of regional anesthesia to help avoid the pitfalls of general anesthesia in these patients.
Soil Microbial Community of Vineyard with Different Planting Years and Correlation Analysis with Fertility Factors

Yunnan is one of the nine grape planting regions in China. The continuous cropping obstacle of grape is gradually getting more and more serious with planting years. In order to reveal the microbial reasons of these obstacles,rhizosphere microbial community and soil fertility change of vineyard with different planting years( 3,6,10,30 years) in Mile county,Yunnan Province were determined using the standard dilution-plating technique and MPN. The results showed that the amount of bacteria was the most abundant,followed by actinomyces in all planting-years samples. Total microbe population,B / F and A / F of soils increased in the beginning and then decreased with the cultivation years,the peak of those were observed with 6 years samples and the lowest were with 30 years samples. The amount of fungi continuously increased with the cultivation years. Abiogenous azotobacter,nitrifyingbacteria,inorganic phosphorus bacteria,organic phosphorus bacteria and cellulose decomposing bacteria decreased with cropping year increase,and their population followed the order: inorganic phosphorus bacteria abiogenous azotobacter cellulose decomposing bacteria organic phosphorus bacteria nitrifying bacteria. The result also indicted that rhizosphere soil shifted from bacteria type to fungi type significantly after continuous cropping and the beneficial bacteria populations were decreased. Based on soil fertility index,the fertility level increased in the beginning and then decreased with the cultivation years. The principal component analysis showed that available K was related to several microbial amounts,and fertility level was related to planting-years.
Marching toward Justice: Lessons Learned from the Shaw High School Mighty Cardinals Marching Band in East Cleveland.

The Shaw High School marching band has emerged as a collective site of individual and group pride and empowerment in the stories gathered through the community-based ‘Voicing & Action Project’, whi...
Transitioning from parenteral to inhaled prostacyclin therapy in pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Abstract Background Parenteral prostacyclin therapy for PAH has allowed for improvements in functional status, quality of life and mortality. Parenteral therapies however carry an increased risk of line-associated complications. Inhaled prostacyclins are an attractive alternative therapy; however, limited data exists supporting the safety and outcomes after transition. Methods We describe a retrospective observational analysis of adults with PAH who were transitioned from a parenteral prostacyclin to inhaled treprostinil at our institution. Endpoints include duration of transition, hospital length of stay, adverse effects during transition, and cardiopulmonary function post transition. Results Eight patients were included, all of which were on triple therapy. Seven patients receiving intravenous prostacyclin therapy were transitioned in an ICU setting, while one patient was transitioned from subcutaneous treprostinil as an outpatient. The average ICU and hospital length of stay was 4.1 ± 0.7 days. Patient preference was the most common reason for transition (n = 5), followed by line complication (n = 2), and intolerance to parenteral therapy (n = 1). One adverse event was observed while initiating inhaled treprostinil that only required slowing of the transition process. On follow-up (19.6 ± 11.1 months) functional class did not change, and non-parametric test showed no change in 6MWD after transition (p = 0.62). One patient failed inhaled therapy necessitating transition back to intravenous therapy. Conclusion Transitioning patients from parenteral to inhaled prostacyclin therapy can be safely accomplished in specialized centers over a 48–72 h period. Patient preference was overwhelming the most prevalent reason for transition.
Cultural-Existential Psychology: The Role of Culture in Suffering and Threat

Cultural psychology and experimental existential psychology are two of the fastest-growing movements in social psychology. In this book, Daniel Sullivan combines both perspectives to present a groundbreaking analysis of culture's role in shaping the psychology of threat experience. The first part of the book presents a new theoretical framework guided by three central principles: that humans are in a unique existential situation because we possess symbolic consciousness and culture; that culture provides psychological protection against threatening experiences, but also helps to create them; and that interdisciplinary methods are vital to understanding the link between culture and threat. In the second part of the book, Sullivan presents a novel program of research guided by these principles. Focusing on a case study of a traditionalist group of Mennonites in the midwestern United States, Sullivan examines the relationship between religion, community, guilt, anxiety, and the experience of natural disaster.
Precision glycocalyx editing as a strategy for cancer immunotherapy.

Cell surface sialosides constitute a central axis of immune modulation that is exploited by tumors to evade both innate and adaptive immune destruction. Therapeutic strategies that target tumor-associated sialosides may therefore potentiate antitumor immunity. Here, we report the development of antibody–sialidase conjugates that enhance tumor cell susceptibility to antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) by selective desialylation of the tumor cell glycocalyx. We chemically fused a recombinant sialidase to the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-specific antibody trastuzumab through a C-terminal aldehyde tag. The antibody–sialidase conjugate desialylated tumor cells in a HER2-dependent manner, reduced binding by natural killer (NK) cell inhibitory sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin (Siglec) receptors, and enhanced binding to the NK-activating receptor natural killer group 2D (NKG2D). Sialidase conjugation to trastuzumab enhanced ADCC against tumor cells expressing moderate levels of HER2, suggesting a therapeutic strategy for cancer patients with lower HER2 levels or inherent trastuzumab resistance. Precision glycocalyx editing with antibody–enzyme conjugates is therefore a promising avenue for cancer immune therapy.
Modulators of Stomatal Lineage Signal Transduction Alter Membrane Contact Sites and Reveal Specialization among ERECTA Kinases

Signal transduction from a cell's surface to its interior requires dedicated signaling elements and a cellular environment conducive to signal propagation. Plant development, defense, and homeostasis rely on plasma membrane receptor-like kinases to perceive endogenous and environmental signals, but little is known about their immediate downstream targets and signaling modifiers. Using genetics, biochemistry, and live-cell imaging, we show that the VAP-RELATED SUPPRESSOR OF TMM (VST) family is required for ERECTA-mediated signaling in growth and cell-fate determination and reveal a role for ERECTA-LIKE2 in modulating signaling by its sister kinases. We show that VSTs are peripheral plasma membrane proteins that can form complexes with integral ER-membrane proteins, thereby potentially influencing the organization of the membrane milieu to promote efficient and differential signaling from the ERECTA-family members to their downstream intracellular targets.
Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: How Not to Put the CART Before the Horse.

Abstract Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) remains an important and potentially curative option for most hematologic malignancies. As a form of immunotherapy, allogeneic HCT (allo-HCT) offers the potential for durable remissions but is limited by transplantation- related morbidity and mortality owing to organ toxicity, infection, and graft-versus-host disease. The recent positive outcomes of chimeric antigen receptor T (CART) cell therapy in B cell malignancies may herald a paradigm shift in the management of these disorders and perhaps other hematologic malignancies as well. Clinical trials are now needed to address the relative roles of CART cells and HCT in the context of transplantation-eligible patients. In this review, we summarize the state of the art of the development of CART cell therapy for leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma and discuss our perspective of how CART cell therapy can be applied in the context of HCT.
Java bytecode optimizations

We present our results obtained from applying well known optimizations to Java bytecodes. We survey the optimizations implemented thus far, which include peephole optimizations, jump redundancy eliminations, and common subexpression elimination. The transformations are each analyzed according to several criteria. We measure the impact each has on reducing a program's execution time and size, the frequency by which the optimizations can be applied, and the extra compile time incurred. Together, these results quantify the overall effectiveness of employing classical optimizations on bytecodes. Our experiments were conducted on a representative set of public domain Java programs which were compiled using Sun's JDK 1.0.2. All transformations were applied to bytecodes with no access to their original source.
Fenestration of Solid Orbital Implants: Reducing Retrobulbar Hematoma Rate.

Purpose:Retrobulbar hematoma is an uncommon but potentially devastating complication following repair of orbital fractures. Since 2007, the senior author routinely fenestrates the solid porous polyethylene implants commonly used for orbital reconstruction. The perforated implant may facilitate drain
I Got the Job

Status updates on Facebook are a common enough phenomenon. When something good happens in one's life, an update may be posted. Conversely, when something isn't going right, a status update to that effect may also be posted. For those of us that use Facebook, we see this every day and may in fact be contributing to it. Nonetheless, the regular sharing of personal information also poses both a security and privacy risk. Thus, it is important that we understand the extent to which people post various types of information on social networking sites, such as Facebook. In this study, we develop an instrument to measure two types of status updates on Facebook: those that are positive in content and those that are negative. We then use this instrument, in conjunction with instruments that measure personality and trait affect, to determine to what extent various psychological factors may help explain the degree and nature of posting status updates on Facebook. This was done by performing two statistical analysis techniques: Pearson correlations and the use of partial-least-squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Overall, 14 out of 16 hypotheses were supported in at least one of the two statistical analysis techniques. Personality type helps explain the types of status updates made on Facebook.Trait affect also helps explain the types of status updates made on Facebook.Facebook behavior varied based on age, gender, and education level.Personality type and trait affect varied by age, gender, and education level.14 of 16 hypotheses were supported by at least one of the two statistical techniques.
Numerical simulation of the forced convective nanofluid flow through an annulus sector duct

Abstract In this article, we have numerically analysed the effect of the concentration of solid nano particles Al 2 O 3 and Cu in the base fluid, with the help of the successive over relaxation (SOR) method. Flow is considered through an annulus sector duct. The governing momentum and energy equations are transformed to non-dimensional form and discretized with the help of the finite volume method (FVM). The study is carried out for different values of concentration of nanoparticles, aspect angle and ratio of radii. It has been observed that the concentration of nano particles in a base fluid can be affected by the heat transfer rate. Further it is seen that an increase of the solid concentration of nanoparticles causes a decrease in the magnitude of the temperature due to reduction of the flow. A comparison of our study with the published data is also carried out.
Consistent Neural Activity Patterns Represent Personally Familiar People

How does the brain encode and organize our understanding of the people we know? In this study, participants imagined personally familiar others in a variety of contexts while undergoing fMRI. Using multivoxel pattern analysis, we demonstrated that thinking about familiar others elicits consistent fine-grained patterns of neural activity. Person-specific patterns were distributed across many regions previously associated with social cognition, including medial prefrontal, medial parietal, and lateral temporoparietal cortices, as well as other regions including the anterior and mid-cingulate, insula, and precentral gyrus. Analogous context-specific patterns were observed in medial parietal and superior occipital regions. These results suggest that medial parietal cortex may play a particularly central role in simulating familiar others, as this is the only region to simultaneously represent both person and context information. Moreover, within portions of medial parietal cortex, the degree to which person-s...
Phase I trial of paclitaxel, bevacizumab, and temsirolimus in advanced solid malignancies.

2573Background: We sought to determine the MTD/recommended phase II (RP2D) dose of the combination of paclitaxel (P), bevacizumab (B), and temsirolimus (T) in patients (pts) with advanced solid tumors. Methods: Doses were escalated across 14 planned dose levels (DL) in a standard 3+3 design (Table). Responses were defined using RECIST 1.0. Results: To date, 61 pts have been enrolled. Four pts withdrew consent after one dose. Dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) occurred at DL8 (G3 fatigue), DL10 (G3 hypertension, G4 pain), DL11 (G3 mucositis, G4 thrombocytopenia/neutropenia) and DL12 (G3 hyperglycemia). DL10 is being explored in expansion as the RP2D. Most common adverse events ( > 10%) were fatigue (74%; G3/4 5%), hypertriglyceridemia (49%, G3/4 5%), thrombocytopenia (38%, G3/4 7%), nausea (33%, G3/4 0%), mucositis (31%, G3/4 5%), constipation (30%, G3/4 0%), neutropenia (21%, G3/4 8%), diarrhea (20%, G3/4 0%), rash (16%, G3/4 0%), hypertension (13%, 02%), headache (10%, G3/4 2%), and vomiting (10%, G3/4 0%)....
Reasoning About Confidence and Uncertainty in Assurance Cases: A Survey

Assurance cases are structured logical arguments supported by evidence that explain how systems, possibly software systems, satisfy desirable properties for safety, security or reliability. The confidence in both the logical reasoning and the underlying evidence is a factor that must be considered carefully when evaluating an assurance case; the developers must have confidence in their case before the system is delivered and the assurance case reviewer, such as a regulatory body, must have adequate confidence in the case before approving the system for use. A necessary aspect of gaining confidence in the assurance case is dealing with uncertainty, which may have several sources. Uncertainty, often impossible to eliminate, nevertheless undermines confidence and must therefore be sufficiently bounded. It can be broadly classified into two types, aleatory (statistical) and epistemic (systematic). This paper surveys how researchers have reasoned about uncertainty in assurance cases. We analyze existing literature to identify the type of uncertainty addressed and distinguish between qualitative and quantitative approaches for dealing with uncertainty.
T-Time: A data repository of T cell and calcium release-activated calcium channel activation imagery

A fundamental understanding of live-cell dynamics is necessary in order to advance scientific techniques and personalized medicine. For this understanding to be possible, image processing techniques, probes, tracking algorithms and many other methodologies must be improved. Currently there are no large open-source datasets containing live-cell imaging to act as a standard for the community. As a result, researchers cannot evaluate their methodologies on an independent benchmark or leverage such a dataset to formulate scientific questions. Here we present T-Time, the largest free and publicly available data set of T cell phase contrast imagery designed with the intention of furthering live-cell dynamics research. T-Time consists of over 40 GB of imagery data, and includes annotations derived from these images using a custom T cell identification and tracking algorithm. The data set contains 71 time-lapse sequences containing T cell movement and calcium release activated calcium channel activation, along with 50 time-lapse sequences of T cell activation and T reg interactions. The database includes a user-friendly web interface, summary information on the time-lapse images, and a mechanism for users to download tailored image datasets for their own research. T-Time is freely available on the web at http://ttime.mlatlab.org . T-Time is a novel data set of T cell images and associated metadata. It allows users to study T cell interaction and activation.
In Vitro Cultured Cardiomyocytes for Evaluating Cardiotoxicity

Cardiotoxicity has often been observed with the advent of pharmaceuticals for conditions such as cancer and characterized by abnormality of cardiac electrical activity and contractile dysfunction, ultimately leading to heart failure. Finding and understanding the primary cause of cardiotoxicity would improve pharmaceutical development for effective treatment without cardiac side effects. However, complexities of muscle structure and the heterogeneity of cell populations in the heart make in vivo studies and in vitro studies of the whole-heart preparations problematic to identify the primary cause and mechanisms underlying cardiotoxicity at the cellular level. Thus, isolated cardiomyocytes have been powerful tools to discover functional changes of individual cardiac myocytes in response to stimuli. With careful design and control of cell growth, isolated cardiomyocytes can be maintained for a long time in culture and can provide stable model systems for both short-term and long-term studies of genetic physiology, evaluation of cardiotoxicity, and reparative medicine. Understanding limitations of these cell cultures and utilizing multidisciplinary technologies in refined experimental conditions would enable one to take best advantage of unique varieties of these in vitro model systems. Then, cultured cardiomyocytes become the best systems and the choice for physiological, pharmacological, and toxicological studies to evaluate direct effects and underlying mechanisms of xenobiotics on the heart at cellular, subcellular, and molecular levels. Knowledge obtained from using in vitro cultured cardiomyocytes is essential and critical for further in vivo studies in whole animals and drug development to reduce cardiotoxicity.
Subcortical sources dominate the neuroelectric auditory frequency-following response to speech.

Abstract Frequency-following responses (FFRs) are neurophonic potentials that provide a window into the encoding of complex sounds (e.g., speech/music), auditory disorders, and neuroplasticity. While the neural origins of the FFR remain debated, renewed controversy has reemerged after demonstration that FFRs recorded via magnetoencephalography (MEG) are dominated by cortical rather than brainstem structures as previously assumed. Here, we recorded high-density (64 ch) FFRs via EEG and applied state-of-the art source imaging techniques to multichannel data (discrete dipole modeling, distributed imaging, independent component analysis, computational simulations). Our data confirm a mixture of generators localized to bilateral auditory nerve (AN), brainstem inferior colliculus (BS), and bilateral primary auditory cortex (PAC). However, frequency-specific scrutiny of source waveforms showed the relative contribution of these nuclei to the aggregate FFR varied across stimulus frequencies. Whereas AN and BS sources produced robust FFRs up to ∼700 Hz, PAC showed weak phase-locking with little FFR energy above the speech fundamental (100 Hz). Notably, CLARA imaging further showed PAC activation was eradicated for FFRs >150 Hz, above which only subcortical sources remained active. Our results show (i) the site of FFR generation varies critically with stimulus frequency; and (ii) opposite the pattern observed in MEG, subcortical structures make the largest contribution to electrically recorded FFRs (AN ≥ BS > PAC). We infer that cortical dominance observed in previous neuromagnetic data is likely due to the bias of MEG to superficial brain tissue, underestimating subcortical structures that drive most of the speech-FFR. Cleanly separating subcortical from cortical FFRs can be achieved by ensuring stimulus frequencies are >150–200 Hz, above the phase-locking limit of cortical neurons.
Addressing religion and spirituality in the intensive care unit: A survey of clinicians.

Objective Studies have shown that when religious and spiritual concerns are addressed by the medical team, patients are more satisfied with their care and have lower healthcare costs. However, little is known about how intensive care unit (ICU) clinicians address these concerns. The objective of this study was to determine how ICU clinicians address the religious and spiritual needs of patients and families. Method We performed a cross-sectional survey study of ICU physicians, nurses, and advance practice providers (APPs) to understand their attitudes and beliefs about addressing the religious and spiritual needs of ICU patients and families. Each question was designed on a 4- to 5-point Likert scale. A total of 219 surveys were collected over a 4-month period. Result A majority of clinicians agreed that it is their responsibility to address the religious/spiritual needs of patients. A total of 79% of attendings, 74% of fellows, 89% of nurses, and 83% of APPs agreed with this statement. ICU clinicians also feel comfortable talking to patients about their religious/spiritual concerns. In practice, few clinicians frequently address religious/spiritual concerns. Only 14% of attendings, 3% of fellows, 26% of nurses, and 17% of APPs say they frequently ask patients about their religious/spiritual needs. Significance of results This study shows that ICU clinicians see it as their role to address the religious and spiritual needs of their patients, and report feeling comfortable talking about these issues. Despite this, a minority of clinicians regularly address religious and spiritual needs in clinical practice. This highlights a potential deficit in comprehensive critical care as outlined by many national guidelines.
Subsampling based inference for U statistics under thick tails using self-normalization

Abstract We consider a subsampling approach for U -statistics based on a self-normalized statistic recently suggested by Shao (2015) and establish its consistency. A simple finite averaging of the self-normalizer is proposed to reduce the average length of the associated confidence interval. Our procedure is robust to thick tailed distributions and skewed distributions and in simulations for the Gini index, is seen to provide an improvement over the t -statistic based intervals.
Signal Processing for High Symbol Rate Transmission: Challenges and Opportunities

As commercial system vendors begin to introduce line cards with symbol rates approaching 70 GBd, we review the current challenges and opportunities associated with this unabated demand for ever increasing net data rates per wavelength.
MUTUAL ENLIGHTENMENT: RECENT PHENOMENOLOGY IN COGNITIVE SCIENCE

This article provides a critical review of recent work at the intersection of phenomenology and cognitive science. What is and what ought to be the relationship between these two approaches to the study of consciousness? This review explores problems involved with expressing subjective experience in an objective fashion, and issues involved in the use of principles of isomorphism to explain how brain and consciousness are interrelated. It suggests that strict lines cannot be drawn between third-person theory and phenomenological description, that the division of labour between phenomenology and cognitive science is not very strict, and that the best model for understanding the relation between these two approaches is one that emphasizes an externalist viewpoint. The term phenomenology can be used in a generic sense to cover a variety of areas related to the problem of consciousness. In this sense it is a title that ranges over issues pertaining to first-person or subjective experience, qualia, and what has become known as 'the hard problem' (Chalmers, 1995). The term is sometimes used even more generally to signify a variety of approaches to studying such issues, including contemplative, meditative and mystical studies, and transpersonal psychol- ogy. 1 Within the disciplines of philosophy and psychology, however, phenomenology also has a more specialized meaning. In this case it refers to the methodology and philosophy initiated by the philosopher Edmund Husserl at the beginning of the Twentieth Century and developed in various ways by theorists such as Heidegger, Sartre, Merleau-Ponty, and Schutz. I restrict the scope of this review to phenomenol- ogy in this more specialized sense. In the light of several recent publications, the general questions I address are: What is and what ought to be the relationship between phenomenology and cognitive science? and what, if any, recent contributions has phenomenology made to the science of consciousness? 2
Introduction to Optimization in Wireless Networks

Wireless communications have progressed tremendously from the days of Marconi and Tesla. It is hard to imagine life without the comforts enabled by wireless technologies, which has impacted several facets of society.
Health Effects of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)

When the 1990 Amendments to the CAA were passed, Congress called upon EPA to regulate 189 HAPs (also known as Air Toxic s) as described in Chapter 4. Since it was not feasible to attempt to do controlled or epidemiologic studies of this many air pollutants, regulation required sources to keep the emission levels as long as possible using Maximum Available Control Technology (MACT). Congress did expect that EPA would be able to estimate the risk to public health from these compounds eventually. However data on outdoor concentrations of HAPs are not available for many communities. One study did attempt to estimate the public health risk from these so called Air Toxics (Woodruft et al, 1998). Approximately 10% of all census tracts had estimated concentrations of one or more carcinogenic HAPs greater than a 1-in-10,000 risk level. That survery found that background concentrations for eight of these HAPs ecxceed the no observed health effects level (NOEL, described in Ch 17). These eight compounds are listed in Table 14–1. The conclusion if this study was that HAPs may pose a potential public health problem.
Systemic Adjuvant (Combined Modality) Therapy in the Treatment of Primary Breast Cancer

Despite the use of expansive surgical procedures on women with primary breast cancers, noteworthy gains relative to survival and freedom from disease have not occurred during the past three or four decades. Elsewhere in this volume, it has been documented that operation alone is all too frequently inadequate to effect a cure. There is increasing acceptance of the consideration that most, if not all, such patients have disseminated disease at the time of diagnosis. Consequently, improvement in survival is only apt to result from the employment of effective systemic therapy in conjunction with those modalities used to control locoregional disease, i.e., operation and radiation. The use of chemo-, mmuno-, or hormonal therapy in conjunction with operation has been inappropriately designated as “adjuvant” therapy. Recent advances in knowledge support the contention that operation and/or radiation, by reducing tumor burden, may actually serve as the “adjuvant” to systemic therapy. Consequently, the term “combined modality” therapy seems more appropriate to describe the various conglomerate treatment regimens. Nonetheless, because of its common usage and the general familiarity with its connotation, the term “adjuvant therapy” will be employed in this review.
GenJam: A Genetic Algorithm for Generating Jazz Solos

This paper describes GenJam, a genetic algorithm-based model of a novice jazz musician learning to improvise. GenJam maintains hierarchically related populations of melodic ideas that are mapped to specific notes through scales suggested by the chord progression being played. As GenJam plays its solos over the accompaniment of a standard rhythm section, a human mentor gives real-time feedback, which is used to derive fitness values for the individual measures and phrases. GenJam then applies various genetic operators to the populations to breed improved generations of ideas.
Techniques of Hepatic Resection

At the present time it is generally recognized that the technical approach used for elective hepatic resection is different from that used in resections performed on an emergency basis, usually for extensive fracture of the liver from trauma. In the elective case, preoperative studies generally have identified the character of the lesion to be resected. The blood supply of the lesion, as well as that of the surrounding liver tissue and the lobe, has been accurately identified by selective arteriography. The type of incision can be carefully evaluated on the basis of the various factors to be discussed below, and the hepatic lesion itself can be approached without concern for other possible intra-abdominal lesions.
Raising Expectations for U.S. Youth with Disabilities: Federal Disability Policy Advances Integrated Employment.

While conversations around the inclusion of individuals with disabilities often focus on the educational rights and needs of children with disabilities during their school years, there is a growing recognition that the period of transition from secondary school to adult roles is a critical time in the lives of individuals with disabilities. For young people, gaining meaningfulemployment in a typical community job is an important step towards realising full community membership. The present article examines how contemporary U.S. federal disability policy has heightened expectations that youth with disabilities – including those with significant disabilities – can and should be prepared to work in integrated workplaces. The article begins with a consideration of how evolving assumptions about the nature of disability and the employment potential of individuals with significant disabilities have influenced the development of federal disability policy in the U.S. This is followed by an overview of key legislative and policy developments in the areas of civil rights and workforce development that havethe potential to dramatically impact the employment outlook for young people with disabilities. The article concludes with a discussion of challenges in translating the legislative intent of federal disability policy into noticeable improvements in employment outcomes, along with recommendations for aligning legislation, funding priorities and service delivery systems to achieve policy goals.
Adolescents in Constitutional Law

This chapter introduces how adolescents constitute a diverse group with different needs, abilities, and circumstances. It reveals how, despite that diversity, understanding the rights of adolescents requires beginning with a legal definition: it means viewing adolescents as youth who have reached puberty but have not yet reached 18 years of age—those considered “minors.” It then briefly details the legal system’s general approach to their rights and how legal developments have stalled. That failed development reveals how many freedoms go either ignored or unrecognized. The discussion then examines the obstacles that limit the development of adolescents’ rights, with those obstacles relating to adolescents’ abilities and place in society as well as the nature of rights themselves. The chapter ends by highlighting the importance of understanding the constitutional foundation of adolescents’ rights and by introducing the chapters that follow.
Ozone injections therapies for temporo-mandibular joint disorders/disfunctions [abstract]

INTRODUCTION: Temporomandibular Joint Disorders/Dysfunctions (TMJD) were first described in ancient Egyptian literature. The condition has been reported in the medical/dental literature under a variety terms and syndromes. TMJD is the currently accepted term for a variety of conditions in the head, neck and temporomandibular joint areas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review and search of the literature produced the following results: 1. TMJ Infection 2,080,000 Google 2. TMJ Injections 32,900 Google 3. TM Joint 24,839 PubMed 4. TMJ Disorders 16,511 PubMed 5. TMJ Dysfunction 6,439 PubMed The information obtained from these sources in conjunction with clinical training was the basis for the development of the currently described protocols. RESULTS: The current treatment protocols for TM Joint injections utilize homeopathic solutions, B vitamins, procaine and gaseous ozone. These protocols have been used and modified since 2001. The results have demonstrated a significant reduction in the pain levels and improved function of the TM Joint. CONCLUSIONS: Using gaseous ozone in therapeutic combinations of anesthetics, homeopathics and B vitamins have produced positive outcomes in the management of the majority of the very difficult to treat population of head, neck and TMJD patients
Stability of Phase Retrieval Problem

Phase retrieval is a non-convex inverse problem of signal reconstruction from intensity measurements with respect to a measurement frame. One of the main problems in phase retrieval is to determine for which frames the associated phaseless measurement map is injective and stable. In this paper we address the question of stability of phase retrieval for two classes of random measurement maps, namely, frames with independent frame vectors satisfying bounded fourth moment assumption and frames with no independence assumptions. We propose a new method based on the frame order statistics, which can be used to establish stability of the measurement maps for other classes of frames.