cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of epithelial electrical characteristics with an automatic voltage clamp device with compensation for solution resistance

A device is described which provides continuous measurement of transepithelial currents in isolated intestine or other tissues while clamping the transmural potential difference at zero or at a predetermined value. With tissues such as intestine, where the apparent tissue resistivity is of the same order as that of the bathing solution between the potential measuring electrodes and the tissue surface, compensation for the IR voltage drop in the solution is required. Using operational amplifiers and a special feedback circuit to drive a summing junction to virtual ground, the device enforces the equation E T ?E IR ?E VC =0 where ET is the measured transmural potetial difference between a pair of reversible electrodes and E IR is the potential drop in the solution due to the transmural currrent IT . The clamped voltage across the tissue E vc is thus equal to the true transmural potential difference. The circuit employed provides for readout of E T , E IR , E vc , and I T with uncertties emof 0.2 mV and 0.2 ?A and a 90 percent response time of 0.1 second. Because of its rapid automatic response, this devie is especially useful for accurately following transient changes in I T following temperature changes or the addition of transported solutes, metabolites, hormones, or drugs to the bathing medium.
Structure of Human Transferrin Receptor Oligosaccharides: Conservation of Site-Specific Processing†

The human transferrin receptor (TfR) has three N-linked oligosaccharides. A combination of site-directed mutagenesis and carbohydrate and protein chemistry was used to characterize the structures of the N-linked oligosaccharides and to map their locations. We find that the type of oligosaccharide at each position was unique for that particular site. Human TfR isolated from placentae was used to characterize the structure of the oligosaccharides found in the native TfR. Following digestion of purified TfR with trypsin, individual peptides were obtained via RP-HPLC and were assayed for monosaccharides by strong acid hydrolysis and HPAE-PAD. Peptides containing carbohydrate were subjected to amino acid sequencing to identify the specific Asn residue. The oligosaccharides at Asn 251 are of the complex type. HPAE-PAD and FACE analysis suggests that they are triantennary and trisialylated with core fucosylation. The glycopeptide containing the site at Asn 317 was obtained after limited tryptic digestion and RP-HPLC. FACE analysis reveals predominantly a family of sialylated hybrid oligosaccharides. The consensus sequences for each N-linked site were mutated in various combinations and the resultant TfRs expressed in mouse 3T3 cells. Endoglycosidase H digestion of the mutated TfRs indicates that the pattern of oligosaccharides is consistent with the type of oligosaccharides found at each position in human tissue and the glycosylation of one site does not directly affect the glycosylation of other sites. Previous studies indicated that the oliosaccharide at Asn 727 was high-mannose type [Hayes, G. R., et al. (1995) Glycobiology 5, 227-232]. These results indicate that the type of oligosaccharide found at each site is most dependent on the environment surrounding it.
Perspectives: Hamilton's Legacy: Mechanisms of Kin Recognition in Humans

The behavior literature is replete with examples of individuals exhibiting costly acts that benefit someone else. These examples troubled Darwin so much so that he thought they would be fatal to his theory of natural selection. A century later, W. D. Hamilton refined that theory by showing, quantitatively, that such acts could be favored if the individuals involved were relatives. His theory of inclusive fitness is generally considered one of the greatest theoretical advances in evolution since Darwin's time. Less appreciated from Hamilton's 1964 paper is the hypothesis that mechanisms favoring accurate kin recognition will also be selected. Here, I review those recognition mechanisms and survey the literature on human kin recognition. Although not often considered, humans both produce cues to kinship that vary with genetic relatedness and have perceptual abilities to detect these cues in others and assess that relatedness. The potential functions of these abilities are discussed. Importantly, gaps in our understanding of the development and use of recognition mechanisms are noted.
Mitochondrial Transport (Carrier) Proteins. Homodimers and Heterodimers

Mitochondria are essential for the eukaryotic cell. A primary reason is metabolic reactions taking place within the mitochondrial matrix. These reactions require metabolites from the cytosol and generate metabolites essential for cytosolic reactions. The flux of such metabolites across the mitochondrial membrane can be deleterious to the electrochemical proton gradient with a dramatically negative impact on oxidative phosphorylation. Transport (carrier) proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane tightly regulate the transmembrane flux/exchange of the metabolites. These transporters may possess novel and as yet unidentified characteristics that are in proportion to their critical role in cell metabolism. Evidence has been presented that they function as homodimers (1) even though each subunit appears to posses its own metabolite transport path (2). We have expressed some of these transporter subunits as bacterial inclusion bodies. Homodimers but not complexes with more than two subunits can be formed and such dimers are able to catalyze metabolite transport or exchange when incorporated into liposomes. We find now that dimers can also be formed between subunits of different transporters (carriers), i.e. between phosphate and oxaloacetate or between phosphate and dicarboxylate. These experiments suggest that the subunit interface of different transporters must be very much alike. Heterodimers have never been purified from or identified in mitochondria. The homodimers are formed during insertion into the mitochondrial membrane (3). These membrane insertion steps are very important since a heterodimer of different transporter subunits can lead to an inappropriate exchange of metabolites that can be deleterious to oxidative phosphorylation and to the link between metabolic reactions of the matrix and the cytosol.(1) J. Biol. Chem. (1998) 273 14269.(2) Nature (2003) 426 39.(3) Science (2003) 299 1747.
Use of a pneumatic tube system for delivery of blood bank products and specimens

This study evaluated the effect of pneumatic tube transport on blood bank specimens and products. No important differences were found between aliquots transported in the tube system and those stored in the laboratory as controls. ABO, Rh, antibody detection or identification, direct antiglobulin testing, and elution were studied. Further, no differences in plasma hemoglobin and potassium concentration were found between units of whole blood and packed cells handled in either manner. Platelet counts in platelet concentrates were not decreased and coagulation factor levels in units of fresh-frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate did not decrease after pneumatic transport. The system tested is currently providing expeditious transport of specimens and blood between blood banks and patient care areas.
The Interaction between HCV and Nuclear Receptor-mediated Pathways

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is presently the leading indication for liver transplantation in Western countries. Treatment for HCV infection includes a combination of pegylated interferon and ribavirin, which produces highly variable response rates. This reflects the lack of information regarding the roles of host and viral components during viral pathogenesis. Vital processes regulated by the liver, including metabolism, lipid homeostasis, cellular proliferation, and the immune response, are known to be systematically dysregulated as a result of persistent HCV infection. Nuclear receptors and their ligands are recognized as indispensable regulators of liver homeostasis. Pathways mediated by the nuclear receptor superfamily have been shown to be profoundly disrupted during HCV infection, leading to an increased importance in elucidating the exact nature of this complex relationship. Expanded understanding of the role of nuclear receptors in HCV infection may therefore be an essential step in the search for a more universally effective treatment.
Tests of Magnetometer/Sun-Sensor Orbit Determination Using Flight Data

A magnetometer-based orbit determination batch e lter has been improved and tested with real e ight data from Dynamics Explorer 2 (DE-2), the Magnetic Field Satellite (MAGSAT), and the O rsted satellite. These tests have been conducted to determine the performance of a low-cost autonomous orbit determination system. The spacecraft’ s orbit, magnetometer biases, and correction terms to the Earth’ s magnetic e eld are estimated by this e lter. Synthesized sun-sensor data, in addition to real magnetometer data, are used to make the e eld model correction terms observable. The e lter improvements include a new dynamics model and consideration of a priori variancesforthee eldmodel corrections.Thebestperformancethathasbeenachieved withthise lterisamaximum position error of 4.48 km for a 2-day batch of DE-2 data with second-order/degree e eld model corrections and 2.35 km for a 24-h batch of MAGSAT data with second-order/degree e eld model corrections. The maximum position error for a 24-h batch of O rsted data is 59.50 km without e eld model corrections, but is only 2.19 km with 10th-order/degree e eld model corrections.
The radial X-ray brightness profile of the Coma cluster

Radial brightness profiles of the Coma cluster of galaxies in the 0.15-4.0 keV X-ray band are presented, along both major and minor axes, from data obtained with the Einstein Observatory imaging proportional counter. These are compared to various theoretical brightness distributions predicted by Strimpel and Binney (1979), after the predictions have been modified to take into account the varying energy response and finite spatial resolution of the instrument. The observed profiles are closest to the isothermal oblate model of Strimpel and Binney (although there are some systematic differences), and may therefore lend support to 'pancake' theories of cluster origin. Possible sources for the systematic differences are discussed. The present study also suggests how improved modeling could make possible a more definitive oblate-versus-prolate test, even in the absence of additional data.
Time-domain calculations of sound interactions with outdoor ground surfaces

Abstract A time-domain formulation for sound propagation in rigid-frame porous media, including waveform attenuation and dispersion, is developed. The new formulation is based on inversion of the relaxation functions from a previous model [Wilson DK, Ostashev VE, Collier SL. J Acoust Soc Am 2004;116:1889–92], thereby casting the convolution integrals in a form amenable to numerical implementation. Numerical techniques are developed that accurately implement the relaxational equations and transparently reduce to previous results in low- and high-frequency limits. The techniques are demonstrated on calculations of outdoor sound propagation involving hills, barriers, and ground surfaces with various material properties. We also compare the relaxation formulation to a widely applied phenomenological model developed by Zwikker and Kosten. The two models can be made equivalent if the resistance constant, structure constant, and compression modulus in the ZK model are allowed to be weakly frequency dependent. But if the ZK parameters are taken to be constant, as is typically the case, the relaxation model provides more accurate calculations of attenuation by acoustically soft porous materials such as snow, gravel, and forest litter.
Myocardial imaging agents: Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of [(Z) and (Z,E)-(1-[82br]bromo-1-penten-5-yl)]triphenylphosphonium cations

The phosphonium compounds, [(Z) and (Z/E)-(1-bromo-1-penten-5-yl)]triphenylphosphonium iodides (yield, 65–70%) and the corresponding bromine-82-labeled analogues have been prepared as potential myocardial imaging agents. The 2/1 isomer composition of the Z/E mixture has been confirmed by single crystal X-ray analysis. The radiobrominated (Z)-isomer and (Z/E)-mixture both show high heart uptake and high heart/blood ratios in rats. These data suggest that the bromine-75 and bromine-76-labeled agents could be good candidates for myocardial imaging using positron emission computed tomography.
Analysis of micro-Doppler signatures

Mechanical vibration or rotation of a target or structures on the target may induce additional frequency modulations on the returned radar signal which generate sidebands about the target's Doppler frequency, called the micro-Doppler effect. Micro-Doppler signatures enable some properties of the target to be determined. In the paper, the micro-Doppler effect in radar is introduced and the mathematics of micro-Doppler signatures is developed. Computer simulations are conducted and micro-Doppler features in the joint time - frequency domain are exploited.
Physiological factors affecting intestinal drug absorption

Abstract An in situ technique for determining drug absorption rates from isolated segments of the gastrointestinal tracts of anesthetized animals has been described. In rats, the absorption half-lives for salicylic acid, barbital and haloperidol were found to be 8, 19 and 32 min respectively. When a fasting period exceeding 20–25 hr preceded the experiments, the absorption rates were found to decrease significantly and approximately in proportion to the fasting time. The influence of alterations in mesenteric blood flow on the absorption profile of sulfaethidole was investigated in anesthetized dogs. Reduction of intestinal blood flow to approximately 65%, 35% or 0% of initial values resulted in significant increases in absorption half-life. It is suggested that prolonged inanition may inhibit the intestinal drug absorption process by virtue of an induced diminution in intestinal blood perfusion.
Role of neurotransmitter receptors in mediating light-evoked responses in retinal interplexiform cells.

Interplexiform (IP) cells are a long-neglected group of retinal neurons the function of which is yet to be determined. Anatomical study indicates that IP cells are located in the inner nuclear laye...
Replicated batch means variance estimators in the presence of an initial transient

Independent replications (IR) and batch means (BM) are two of the most widely used variance-estimation methods for simulation output analysis. Alexopoulos and Goldsman conducted a thorough examination of IR and BM; and Andradottir and Argon proposed the method of replicated batch means (RBM), which combines good characteristics of IR and BM. This article gives analy-tical results for the mean and variance of the RBM estimator for a class of processes having initial transients with an additive form. Along the way, we provide succinct complementary extensions of some of the results in the aforementioned papers. Our expressions explicitly show how the transient function affects estimator performance and suggest that in some cases, the RBM estimator is a good compromise choice with respect to bias and variance. However, care must be taken to avoid an excessive number of replications when the transient function is pervasive. An example involving a simple moving average process illustrates our findings.
Toward An Expanding Methodological Base in Leisure Studies: Researchers' Knowledge, Attitudes And Practices Concerning Qualitative Research

Abstract The nature and content of the leisure studies literature in the next century will be influenced by the methods that researchers employ. Therefore the purpose of this study is to explore the current attitudes, knowledge and practices concerning qualitative research of a group of active North American leisure researchers (n = 115) in order to understand the changes that may lie ahead. Findings suggest that attitudes toward qualitative data are surprisingly positive. A majority of the survey respondents had undertaken at least one qualitative study and felt that qualitative data hold many potential benefits to leisure studies. A majority of the sample were favorable about graduate students learning about and engaging in qualitative research. Results suggest that our understanding of leisure in the next millennium may be based on a broader variety of data collection methods.
On Diffusion, Diffusionism, and Cultural Materialism

or more times. These findings suggest that although three places are regarded as meccas of method and theory, considerable expertise is recognized elsewhere. The implications of the present findings are many, particularly for curriculum development and the organization of information flow in archaeological publications. The heavy emphasis on quantitative methods should lead to the inclusion of appropriate courses in archaeological curricula as early as possible in a student's training. In addition, the expansion and differentiation of topics should by itself lead to the demise of casual and one-semester exposures to method and theory. Archaeological curricula need to include separate courses in many topics, particularly those dealing with the central concerns of explanation, inference, analysis, and recovery. And finally, with the emergence of fullblown specialization in method and theory, it is necessary that information begin to flow consistently from the few people working on any topic to the rest of the profession who apply that knowledge. This will require development of specialty journals (in topics like ethnoarchaeology, lithic technology, and quantitative research) and of new publication outlets in which review articles are featured. In view of these considerations, Academic Press has established at my urging a new annual publication, Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, where syntheses of advances within specialized topics will be published. Volume 1 is scheduled to appear in mid-1978. The responses to the questionnaire have provided an interesting glimpse into the way that archaeological theoreticians and methodologists view current directions. Analyses of these data have documented the differentiation of method and theory and the development of considerable individual specialization. These findings portend good news for the fledgling science of archaeology. It is clear, however, that in order to reap the benefits of specialization and advances in knowledge within specialties, the discipline must adjust by restructuring curricula and by reorganizing the flow of topical information.
Sequential Procedures for Detecting Deviations in the Parameters of the Autoregressive Model from Specified Targets

Sequential procedures are developed for detecting deviations in the parameters of a time-dependent autoregressive model from specified targets. This model can be formulated so that its parameters represent typically relevant aspects, e.g. the mean or variance, of a time series, and hence is useful for monitoring these aspects of autoregressive series. The procedures are based on scores-type statistics aimed at detecting arbitrary shifts in the parameters, and are capable of addressing any subset of the model parameters, so that any combination of these aspects may be monitored. The procedures' false signal rates are controlled, and their reaction quickness under local shift alternatives studied, via invariance principles obtained by exploiting the martingale structure of the scores vector. Non-local shifts in the mean and variance are studied via simulation
Cloning of novel splice variants of mouse mGluR1.

Abstract Three splice variants of the mouse metabotropic glutamate receptor 1, mGluR1E55, mGluR1a and mGluR1b, have been isolated from mouse brain cDNA libraries. The sequences of mGluR1a and mGluR1b are similar to those from rat and human. mGluR1E55 is a novel splice variant. mGluR1E55 has two additional exons. One is 80-bp long at the 5′ untranslational region. The other (E55) is 110-bp long at the cysteine-rich region after the ligand-binding domain and before the seven-transmembrane domain. Insertion of the E55 exon results in an inframe stop codon. The predicted protein product contains only the extracellular domain of the receptor and may be secreted.
Adverse Selection in Dynamic Moral Hazard

This paper studies a multiperiod moral hazard problem under two assumptions: (i) contracts are subject to renegotiations; (ii) the agent's action has long-term effects. The action is also interpreted as a choice of characteristic or "type." Renegotiation-proof contracts that implement various actions, including random ones, are characterized. Under appropriate conditions, the equilibrium involves the principal implementing a random action. Therefore, the equilibrium has standard properties of "adverse selection" models.
Optical trapping of director structures and defects in liquid crystals using laser tweezers.

We demonstrate optical manipulation of structures and defects in liquid crystals (LCs). The effective refractive index depends on the LC molecular orientations and the laser beam’s polarization. We use the orientation-mediated refractive index contrast for the laser trapping in LCs with a homogeneous composition, but with spatially-varying patterns of molecular orientations. Tightly-focused polarized beams allow for optical trapping of disclinations and their clusters, dislocations and oily streaks, cholesteric fingers and focal conic domains, etc. We calculate the optical gradient forces for typical structures and explain the trapping properties at low laser powers. We also show that when a high-power beam causes local molecular realignment, the laser trapping properties change for two reasons: (1) the refractive index pattern and optical gradient forces are modified; (2) additional elastic structural forces arise to minimize the elastic free energy.
Nonsense suppression in Schizosaccharomyces pombe: the S. pombe Sup3-e tRNASerUGA gene is active in S. cerevisiae.

The gene encoding the efficient UGA suppressor sup3-e of Schizosaccharomyces pombe was isolated by in vivo transformation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae UGA mutants with S. pombe sup3-e DNA. DNA from a clone bank of EcoRI fragments from a S. pombe sup3-e strain in the hybrid yeast vector YRp17 was used to transform the S. cerevisiae multiple auxotroph his4-260 leu2-2 trp1-1 to prototrophy. Transformants were isolated at a low frequency; they lost the ability to grow in minimal medium after passaging in non-selective media. This suggested the presence of the suppressor gene on the non-integrative plasmid. Plasmid DNA, isolated from the transformed S. cerevisiae cells and subsequently amplified in E. coli, transformed S. cerevisiae his4-260 leu2-2 trp1-1 to prototrophy. In this way a 2.4 kb S. pombe DNA fragment carrying the sup3-e gene was isolated. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of two tRNA coding regions separated by a spacer of only seven nucleotides. The sup3-e tRNA Ser UGA tRNA gene is followed by a sequence coding for the initiator tRNAMet. The transformation results demonstrate that the cloned S. pombe UGA suppressor is active in S. cerevisiae UGA mutant strains.
Isolation and phenotypic characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pseudorevertants containing suppressors of the catabolite repression control-defective crc-10 allele.

The amiE gene encodes an aliphatic amidase capable of converting fluoroacetamide to the toxic compound fluoroacetate and is one of many genes whose expression is subject to catabolite repression control in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The protein product of the crc gene, Crc, is required for repression of amiE and most other genes subject to catabolite repression control in this bacterium. When grown in a carbon source such as succinate, wild-type P. aeruginosa is insensitive to fluoroacetamide (due to repression of amiE expression). In contrast, mutants harboring the crc-10 null allele cannot grow in the presence of fluoroacetamide (due to lack of repression of amiE). Selection for succinate-dependent, fluoroacetamide-resistant derivatives of the crc-10 mutant yielded three independent pseudorevertants containing suppressors that restored a degree of catabolite repression control. Synthesis of Crc protein was not reestablished in these pseudorevertants. All three suppressors of crc-10 were extragenic, and all three also suppressed a Δcrc::tetA allele. In each of the three pseudorevertants, catabolite repression control of amidase expression was restored. Catabolite repression control of mannitol dehydrogenase production was also restored in two of the three isolates. None of the suppressors restored repression of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase or pyocyanin production.
Theories of Work and Working Today

The article discusses conceptions of work as a focus of research in the area of organization and management. We consider obstacles in the study of work, including different disciplinary lenses used in research. We discuss the contributions of the articles in this special topic forum, as well as questions generated from them. We end by examining how different disciplines may approach new questions about work, and call for an engaged and rich consideration of work as a dynamic phenomenon
Lack of psychological resilience: an important correlate for urinary incontinence

Our study evaluated medical conditions, level of physical functioning, and psychological health as correlates of urinary continence (UI) for four different age groups of women. Survey questions from the 1996 MIDUS survey were used in three domains of health: medical conditions, physical functioning, and psychological health. Mean questionnaire scores or prevalence percentages for individual and total medical conditions, physical functioning, and psychological health were computed. Two-sample independent t tests or chi-square tests were used to compare women with UI to those without. Prevalence of UI was as follows: 25–39 years: 13.3%, 40–49 years: 24.0%, 50–59 years: 32.7%, and 60–74 years: 32.8%. Lower psychological resilience scores were significantly associated with UI in all age groups. Significant correlates (p < 0.02) for women 25–39 years were hysterectomy, weak core muscles, and lack of psychological resilience. In older women, more chronic conditions and parity were significantly (p < 0.01) associated with UI. Although each age group had specific medical associations with UI, lack of resilience and poor core muscle strength are particularly correlated with UI in young women.
Distinguishing Melting of Heterogeneous Mantle Sources from Crustal Contamination: Insights from Sr Isotopes at the Phenocryst Scale, Pisgah Crater, California

Compositionally heterogeneous basaltic centers from a variety of tectonic environments, including Pisgah Crater in the Mojave Desert region of California, exhibit secular changes in their chemistry that might be explained by the sequential melting of ultramafic to mafic mantle sources. We have analyzed phenocrysts from alkali basalts and hawaiites erupted at Pisgah Crater to investigate the effects of open-system modifications imposed on basaltic systems. We present Sr/Sr data for individual phenocrysts of amphibole and clinopyroxene and the first published results of single olivine grains, in addition to plagioclase. Each mineral phase exhibits a range in Sr isotope composition that may only partially overlap the isotopic composition of the other mineral phases, suggesting an interplay between two magmatic end-members that continued up to the time of eruption. Limited Sr/Sr variability in minerals from early and intermediate lavas indicates only moderate syn-crystallization open-system modification, whereas minerals in late-erupted lavas have much higher Sr/Sr, consistent with extensive opensystem modification. Rimward increases in Sr/Sr of plagioclase confirm that these changes occurred within the stability field of plagioclase and, therefore, at crustal or near-crustal depths. The major element compositions of olivine-hosted melt inclusions indicate that an Al-rich component of andesitic composition ( Sr/Sr 0 7056), possibly derived from plagioclase-rich cumulates or pelites, was assimilated by magma generated from asthenosphere or young lithosphere with Sr/Sr 0 7038. The results clearly demonstrate the utility of measuring the Sr/Sr of individual minerals and indicate that Pisgah Crater basalts probably acquired isotopically enriched geochemical signatures from crustal contamination, rather than from mixing of heterogeneous mantle melts.
Valuing Vineyards: A Directional Distance Function Approach

We exploit the duality between the cost function and the directional distance function in value space to recover hedonic prices of product or asset characteristics. An application is offered for 96 Oregon vineyards located in the Willamette Valley of Oregon that sold between 1995 and 2007. Specifically, we recover hedonic prices for the number of high-, medium-, and low-quality vineyard acres and the number of nonvineyard acres sold in the parcel. Not surprisingly, higher-quality vineyard acres have a higher estimated hedonic price than medium- or low-quality acres, but as the number of high-quality acres increases, the hedonic price falls. (JEL Classification: D24, C61, Q10)
Tight lips?: Aging mothers’and adult daughters’responses to interpersonal tensions in their relationships

and daughters maintain strong positive relationships despite interpersonal tensions. This study examined the ways in which older mothers and their adult daughters handle problems in their relationships. Forty-eight dyads of healthy, aging mothers (mean age, 76 years) and their adult daughters (mean age, 44 years) participated. Rusbult's (1980) model of relationship investment was used as a framework for exploring how mothers and daughters might react when upset with the other party. Self-reports and observed behaviors across individual and joint interviews were examined. The mothers and daughters seemed to rely on constructive approaches to deal with problems in their relationship. Mothers tended to rely on loyalty behaviors more than their daughters did, but findings pertaining to such responses are complex. Reactions to problems in this relationship did not appear to be related to levels of investment, regard for the relationship, or frequency of tensions. The implications of this study for understanding the strength of mothers' and daughters' ties are discussed. Connections between parents and offspring continue to be important to both parties in later life. Positive features of these inter- generational relationships have been
Body shape preferences: Effects of instructional protocol and level of eating disturbance

From a larger sample of 120 college females, subjects were dichotomized into eating-disturbed and asymptomatic groups (20 subjects per sample) based on responses to a measure of bulimic behaviors. All subjects chose body figure preferences based on the following protocols: (1) ideal; (2) how they thought they looked; (3) how they felt they looked; (4) how they thought they looked to others; and (5) the figure they thought was most attractive to men. Subjects also completed a measure of general physical appearance satisfaction and teasing history. Large discrepancies between figure ratings, appearance satisfaction, and teasing history were found between the two groups. The findings replicate and extend recent work in the area of human figure preferences in normal populations.
A Comparison of Multiple Urine Markers for Interstitial Cystitis

Purpose: We measured several urine markers in 24-hour specimens from patients with interstitial cystitis and healthy controls. For each marker we determined whether the urine level was significantly different in interstitial cystitis and control cases, and whether the marker level correlated with the symptom score.Materials and Methods: Study participants included 36 female patients with interstitial cystitis and 36 age matched female volunteers. Multiple urine aliquots were obtained to measure the various markers.Results: Certain markers were significantly increased in interstitial cystitis, including anti-proliferative factor, epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-3 and interleukin (IL)-6. Markers significantly decreased in interstitial cystitis were heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor, cyclic guanosine monophosphate and methylhistamine. Other markers were not significantly different in the interstitial cystitis and control groups, including tot...
Selected Body Composition Methods Can Be Used in Field Studies

This article provides an overview of the present status of in vivo body composition methodologies that have potential for use in field studies. The methods are divided into four general categories: anthropometric indices and skinfold, body volume measurements, body water measurements including bioelectrical methods, and imaging techniques. Among the newest technologies are air-displacement plethysmography, three-dimensional photonic scanning, multifrequency bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy and whole-body tomography using electrical impedance and magnetic induction. These newer approaches are compared with the established reference methods. The advantages and limitations of each technique as a field method are presented relative to the corresponding concepts of an ideal method.
Energy Potential and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Bioenergy Cropping Systems on Marginally Productive Cropland

Low-carbon biofuel sources are being developed and evaluated in the United States and Europe to partially offset petroleum transport fuels. Current and potential biofuel production systems were evaluated from a long-term continuous no-tillage corn (Zea mays L.) and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) field trial under differing harvest strategies and nitrogen (N) fertilizer intensities to determine overall environmental sustainability. Corn and switchgrass grown for bioenergy resulted in near-term net greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions of −29 to −396 grams of CO2 equivalent emissions per megajoule of ethanol per year as a result of direct soil carbon sequestration and from the adoption of integrated biofuel conversion pathways. Management practices in switchgrass and corn resulted in large variation in petroleum offset potential. Switchgrass, using best management practices produced 3919±117 liters of ethanol per hectare and had 74±2.2 gigajoules of petroleum offsets per hectare which was similar to intensified corn systems (grain and 50% residue harvest under optimal N rates). Co-locating and integrating cellulosic biorefineries with existing dry mill corn grain ethanol facilities improved net energy yields (GJ ha−1) of corn grain ethanol by >70%. A multi-feedstock, landscape approach coupled with an integrated biorefinery would be a viable option to meet growing renewable transportation fuel demands while improving the energy efficiency of first generation biofuels.
Time-Domain Model for Predicting Aerodynamic Loads on a Slender Support Structure for Fatigue Design

This paper presents the development of a universal model for predicting cyclic aerodynamic loads originating from buffeting, self-excited, and vortex shedding on a slender support structure in the time domain that can be used to predict its fatigue life. To accomplish this development, long-term monitoring was performed on a high mast light pole (HMLP) and the field data were used to validate the developed mathematical model. Wind-tunnel tests were conducted on the dodecagonal (12-sided) cylindrical cross section of the light pole to obtain the necessary aerodynamic parameters such as static force coefficients, Strouhal number, and indicial functions for buffeting that appear in the postulated model. Furthermore, these aerodynamic parameters were cast into a coupled dynamic model for predicting the response of any HMLP in time domain from vortex shedding and buffeting.
Synthesis and characterization of non-noble nanocatalysts for hydrogen production in microreactors

Nanoscale Co and Ni catalysts in silica were synthesized using sol–gel method for hydrogen production from steam reforming of methanol (SRM) in silicon microreactors with 50m channels. Silica sol–gel support with porous structure gives high surface area of 452.35 m 2 g −1 for Ni/SiO2 and 337.72 m 2 g −1 for Co/SiO2. TEM images show the particles size of Ni and Co catalysts to be <10 nm. The EDX results indicate Co and Ni loadings of 5–6 wt.% in silica which is lower than the intended loading of 12 wt.%. The DTA and XRD data suggest that 450 ◦ Ci s an optimum temperature for catalyst calcination when most of the metal hydroxides are converted to metal oxides without significant particle aggregation to form larger crystallites. SRM reactions show 53% methanol conversion with 74% hydrogen selectivity at 5L min −1 and 200 ◦ C for Ni/SiO2 catalyst, which is higher than those for Co/SiO2. The activity of the metal catalysts decrease significantly after SRM reactions over 10 h, and it is consistent with the magnetization (VSM) results indicating that ∼90% of Co and ∼85% of Ni become non-ferromagnetic after 10 h. 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A Simple, No-Wash Cell Adhesion–Based High-Throughput Assay for the Discovery of Small-Molecule Regulators of the Integrin CD11b/CD18:

The leukocyte-specific integrin CD11b/CD18 plays a key role in the biological function of these cells and represents a validated therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases. Currently, the low affinity interaction between CD11b/CD18 integrin and its respective ligand poses a challenge in the development of cell-based adhesion assays for the high-throughput screening (HTS) environment. Here the authors describe a simple cell-based adhesion assay that can be readily used for HTS for the discovery of functional regulators of CD11b/CD18. The assay consistently produces acceptable Z' values (> 0.5) for HTS. After testing the assay using 2 established blocking antibodies as reference biologicals, the authors performed a proof-of-concept primary screen using a library of 6612 compounds and identified both agonist and antagonist hits.
Momentum roughness and zero-plane displacement of ridge-furrow tilled soil*

Mclnnes, K.J., Heilman, J.L. and Gesch, R.W., 1991. Momentum roughness and zero-plane displacement of ridge-furrow tilled soil. Agric. For. Meteorol., 55:167-179. Estimation of heat and mass transfer between the atmosphere and the ground surface by fluxprofile relationships may be influenced by the values chosen for zero-plane displacement d and momentum roughness Z0m. This study was conducted to determine the effect of wind direction on d and Z0m of a ridge-furrow tilled soil. Fifteen-minute average wind-speed and air-temperature profiles, together with wind direction, measured over a 28-day period above a ridge-furrow tilled field near College Station, TX, were used to determine d and Zorn as a function of wind direction relative to ridge orientation. The difference in height h between the ridge tops and furrow bottoms was 0.22 m and the spacing between ridges was 1 m. A trade-off between d and ZOrn that did not appreciably alter the fit of theoretical to measured wind-speed profiles made separation old and ZOm difficult. NO strong relationship was found between d or Zorn and wind direction when both were allowed to vary and the best fits of theoretical to measured windspeed profiles were found by a least sum of error squares technique. When Zorn was held constant and d allowed to vary, the best overall fit was with Zom/h=O.032 and d/h varying from about 0.091 to 1.2 when the wind direction was parallel and perpendicular to the ridges, respectively. When d was held constant and Zorn allowed to vary, the best overall fit was with d/h = 0.85 and Zom/h varying from 0.011 to 0.055 when the wind direction was parallel and perpendicular to the ridges, respectively. The implication to estimation of heat or mass transport between the atmosphere and the surface of a ridge-furrow tilled soil where d and ZOrn are required in the calculations is that wind direction should be considered.
Post mortem changes in extractable protein and in tissue pH in the guinea pig brain.

—Guinea pigs were killed by asphyxiation with nitrogen and the soluble proteins were extracted from the brain at various times post mortem. The quantity of extractable brain protein decreased by 21 per cent when the animals remained at room temperature for 2 h post mortem. This decrease was not a consequence of extensive proteolysis or variations in blood volume but was probably a result of precipitation. After death, the pH of the brain fell rapidly to a minimum of ∼6CE4 within about 35 min. Examination of the patterns of brain proteins after acrylamide gel electrophoresis showed a concomitant decrease in the content of several protein bands.
Effect of Multiple Turning upon Growth of Chick Embryos

Abstract THE influence of turning upon hatchability of eggs has been extensively studied, but the author is not aware of any evidence showing the effect of turning upon embryonic growth. Use is generally made of daily wet weights in studying embryonic growth, but differences in other procedure often make a comparison of investigations difficult. In this connection it is interesting to note that Romanoff (1929) showed that nine investigators obtained approximately the same growth curves when their data were grouped and a graphical comparison was made. While the important physical factors had a direct effect in producing the variability in these data, the lack of closer agreement might be due, in part, to a difference in the number of daily turnings which these investigators used. EXPERIMENTAL The eggs were selected for uniformity in size, shape, and shell texture from a flock of 42 S. C. White Leghorn yearling hens. The two . . .
Sources, fate and transport of atmospheric mercury from Asia

Environmental context. Mercury is a global problem and more than half of all anthropogenic emissions are from Asia. In this paper we review the sources of mercury coming from Asia, the environmental fate of these emissions and their global transport. Asian emissions of mercury are responsible for a small, but significant share of the mercury that deposits throughout the world, especially in the northern hemisphere. Abstract. Asian anthropogenic emissions of mercury to the atmosphere contribute 54% of all anthropogenic emissions. For this reason, it is important to understand how these emissions impact both the regional and global mercury cycle. The largest share of mercury emissions in Asia is due to coal combustion and smelting. Approximately half of the Asian anthropogenic emissions are emitted as Hg0. The remainder are emitted as gaseous Hg2+ compounds and particle-bound Hg (PHg). These latter forms of Hg are susceptible to relatively rapid removal from the atmosphere. The Asian emissions lead to very high concentrations of airborne Hg in urban and rural areas of Asia. Modelling the fate and transport of the Asian emissions using the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS)-Chem model of global tropospheric chemistry shows that these emissions are associated with high deposition of Hg within Asia, but there is little data with which to evaluate this model result. Observations downwind of Asia show that Hg0 is the dominant form in Asian plumes, with generally small, but variable amounts of other forms. Thus we conclude that most of the Asian Hg2+ and PHg have been removed in the source region. In addition, downwind observations show that total emissions are significantly larger than indicated by the anthropogenic emission inventory. This likely reflects either an underestimate of the anthropogenic emissions or emissions of Hg from land. Plumes containing enhancements in Asian Hg0, but not other species, have been detected as far away as North America. Because only Asian Hg0 is transported long distances, the deposition is distributed relatively uniformly in the northern hemisphere. In North America, Asian anthropogenic emissions account for 7–20% of all deposition, with an average of 16%.
Diel Movements of Beaked Redfish and the Implications of These for Stratified Random Bottom Trawl Estimates of Biomass and Abundance

Abstract Beaked redfish Sebastes spp. in the northwest Atlantic Ocean exhibit diel vertical migrations, moving off the bottom at night in pursuit of their prey. This movement is quite well documented and has implications not only for commercial fisheries, but also for researchers who may conduct 24-h trawling surveys. Catch data obtained from 6,898 research fishing sets in depths of 180 m or greater in the northwest Atlantic, involving two different trawls, were analyzed to determine the relative catch rates for beaked redfish during different time periods. The results were applied, as correction factors, to the catches of three time series of stratified random surveys. Application of these correction factors did not have any significant effect on the trends in either abundance or biomass determined from these surveys or on the perceived geographic distribution of the fish. It is concluded that diel movements do not have to be accounted for during trawling surveys for beaked redfish under the current samp...
Multirobot learning in an inherently cooperative task

An important need in multi-robot systems is the development of mechanisms that enable robot teams to autonomously generate cooperative behaviors. This paper first briefly presents the Cooperative Multi-robot Observation of Multiple Moving Targets (CMOMMT) application as a rich domain for studying the issues of multi-robot learning of new behaviors. We discuss the results of our hand-generated algorithm for CMOMMT, and then describe our research in generating multi-robot learning techniques for the CMOMMT application, comparing the results to the hand-generated solutions. Our results show that, while the learning approach performs better than random, naive approaches, much room still remains to match the results obtained from the hand-generated approach. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop techniques for multi-robot learning and adaptation that will generalize to cooperative robot applications in many domains, thus facilitating the practical use of multi-robot teams in a wide variety of real-world applications.
The Impact of Culture on Feedback-Seeking Behavior: An Integrated Model and Propositions

In recent research scholars have addressed the issue of an individual's behavior in feedback-seeking activity and, except in scant studies, have virtually ignored the role of culture in this area. In this article we explore four cultural syndromes, based on past research, to form a cross-cultural model of feedback-seeking behavior. We advance propositions for the study of culture as a moderator to feedback-seeking behavior.
Integrated circuit security techniques using variable supply voltage

This paper addresses integrated circuit (IC) security issues by using supply voltage based gate-level characterization (GLC). Our GLC scheme is capable of characterizing both manifestation and physical level properties of an IC accurately using variable supply voltage. We demonstrate that the proposed scheme can detect three types of IC attacks with low false positives and false negatives.
Short Communication: Effects of Prepartum Milking on Dry Matter Intake, Liver Triglyceride, and Plasma Constituents

An experiment was conducted to determine if initiation of milking 10 d prior to expected calving could prevent fatty liver by circumventing intake depression and by providing an alternative route for fatty acid metabolism. Prepartum milking tended to increase DMI before calving; liver triglyceride, plasma nonesterified fatty acids, and milk yield were not affected.