cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antibiotic resistance in Listeria species isolated from catfish fillets and processing environment

Aims: To investigate the susceptibility of 221 Listeria spp. (86 Listeria monocytogenes, 41 Listeria innocua and 94 Listeria seeligeri-Listeria welshimeri-Listeria ivanovii) isolated from catfish fillets and processing environment to 15 antibiotics. Methods and Results: Listeria isolates were analysed by disc-diffusion assay for their resistance to 15 drugs. All isolates were resistant to cefotaxime and clindamycin but were sensitive to ampicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamycin, kanamycin, rifampin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and vancomycin. Unlike L. monocytogenes and L. seeligeri-L. welshimeri-L. ivanovii isolates, 22% of L. innocua isolates displayed tetracycline/oxytetracycline resistance. Screening of tet genes by PCR identified tet(M) gene in the chromosome of all tetracycline/oxytetracycline-resistant L. innocua. However, this gene was not associated with the integrase gene of Tn1545. Repetitive extragenic palindromic- and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR typing methods showed no genotype-specific tetracycline resistance in the tet(M)-positive strains. Conclusions: Catfish fillets and processing environment were currently free of L. monocytogenes resistant to antibiotics commonly used in human listeriosis treatment. However, the presence of tet(M) gene in L. innocua raises the possibility of future acquisition of resistance by L. monocytogenes. Significance and Impact of the Study: These data will be helpful in improving background data on antibiotics resistance strains isolated from food and processing environment.
Construction of a submaximal cardiovascular step test for college females.

Abstract A submaxial cardiovascular step test that consists of alternating 30 sec. of stepping with 20 sec. of rest at a cadence of 24 steps/min and 30 steps/min on a 14-in. and 17-in. bench was developed for college females, age range 18–22 years. Test results with N=20 (number of innings for heart rate to reach 168 bpm) correlated with the Balke Treadmill Test resulted in a validity coefficient of .85. A test-retest reliability coefficient of .90 was obtained with N=51. It was concluded that a submaximal heart rate of 168 bpm is probably sufficient for cardiovascular testing with college females.
Chapter 17 Dietary influences on pancreatic α-amylase expression and secretion in ruminants

Publisher Summary This chapter explains how diet and post-ruminal nutrients influence pancreatic α-amylase expression and secretion in ruminants. Specific mechanisms involved in dietary regulation of α-amylase expression and secretion are also discussed. While the majority of starch consumed is fermented in the rumen, considerable quantities pass to the small intestine. The starch that passes to the small intestine is first hydrolyzed by pancreatic α-amylase. α-amylase provides the glycosidic activity secreted in pancreatic juice. The production and secretion of α-amylase is an important component regulating the digestive efficiency of starch in ruminants fed high-concentrate diets. Diet and post-ruminal nutrients do influence the expression and secretion of pancreatic α-amylase. At the cellular level, diet and post-ruminal nutrients appear to regulate expression of α-amylase at the translational level. Increases in the pancreatic protease and α-amylase activities are also observed when dietary protein or starch is replaced by a protein hydrolysate or glucose, respectively.
Kantian Friendship: Duty and Idea

Kant commentators have recently begun to pay attention to Kant’s account of friendship. They have asked questions, such as: Is his description of friendship consistent and robust and does it provide an account of friendship that satisfies common intuitions and expectations of friendship? Their answers to these questions have often been negative. At the same time, many of these critics share a common understanding of two basic aspects of Kant’s account of friendship. Kant sees friendship as both a duty and an ideal state. One critic, Patricia Flynn, considers the implications of this dual claim. She argues that the view that friendship is both duty and idea gives rise to a tension in the concept of friendship. This tension makes the duty of friendship different from all other Kantian moral duties and leaves us with a duty that we cannot achieve. My aim is to revisit Flynn’s argument and by reassessing Kant’s claims to show that there is indeed complexity in Kant’s understanding of friendship, but there is no conceptual problem that makes friendship a duty unlike all other duties or makes it an impossible duty.
The ultrastructure of reproduction in the brown algaPylaiella littoralis

The ultrastructure of zoosporogenesis in unilocular sporangia ofPylaiella littoralis is described. Zoosporogenesis begins with the formation of spore mother cells from intercalary vegetative cells. A meiotic division then occurs in each spore mother cell, which is usually not synchronous in each member of a spore mother cell pair. Centrioles replicate at 1 pole of the nucleus during the meiotic division, and during centriole migration, Golgi bodies and microtubules are present near the centrioles. Synaptonemal complexes have been observed in spore mother cells. Following meiosis, four nuclei are present in each sporangium and a series of mitotic divisions takes place as the sporangium enlarges. At the beginning of the mitotic period nuclei and plastids migrate to the sporangium periphery and vacuoles and vesicles gather in the middle of the sporangium. Eventually nuclei and plastids are redistributed throughout the sporangium and the mitotic divisions continue. Centriole behavior during the early stages of mitosis is similar to that which occurs in meiosis. Microtubules end near the centrioles often in amorphous material. The formation of flagella and mastigonemes occurs after the end of the mitotic period. Flagella form within the cytoplasm in vesicles, the two flagella developing in a slightly different manner. Flagella show various degrees of enclosure within the cytoplasm, this probably being related to their development. Mastigoneme formation occurs in ER cisternae and Golgi cisternae but mastigonemes were not observed in the perinuclear continuum, although it is believed this stage does occur but was overlooked. Mastigonemes are often tightly packed together in the flagellar vesicle and occur over about half of the flagellar circumference at this time. During the time of flagellum and mastigoneme formation the mass of cytoplasm in the sporangium shrinks away from the cell wall and cleavage divides up the cytoplasm into individual zoospores. During later stages of zoosporogenesis, characteristic vesicles, previously rare in the cytoplasm, develop in large numbers. Also at this time mitochondrial cristae contain tubular structures 5–10 mμ in diameter. Zoospores, when mature, are released through an aperture in the cell wall. The inner half of the cell wall of a sporangium undergoing release is partially broken down. The remnants of the inner half of the wall surround the zoospores as they are released. Flagellum and mastigoneme formation inPylaiella are discussed in detail and compared to other organisms. Zoospore release is also discussed.
Characterization of the chicken inward rectifier K+ channel IRK1/Kir2.1 gene.

Background Inward rectifier potassium channels (IRK) contribute to the normal function of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. The chick inward rectifier K+ channel cIRK1/Kir2.1 is expressed in skeletal muscle, heart, brain, but not in liver; a distribution similar but not identical to that of mouse Kir2.1. We set out to explore regulatory domains of the cIRK1 promoter that enhance or inhibit expression of the gene in different cell types.
COST-EFFECTIVE HYDROCELE ABLATION

AbstractPurpose: The surgical repair of hydroceles can be relatively expensive in some in terms of costs and initial limitation of activity. We ascertain whether aspiration and sclerotherapy of hydroceles is a safe, efficient, cost-effective treatment modality in select patients.Materials and Methods: In 47 patients 51 hydroceles were treated in the office with aspiration and instillation of a sclerosing solution based on a sodium tetradecyl sulfate preparation. One treatment was done in 14 cases and 2 in the remainder. Medicare data for 1995 were used for charge analysis.Results: The overall success rate was 61% (34 of 51 cases) with success defined as no perceptible ipsilateral scrotal fluid reaccumulation on palpation by a physician and complete patient satisfaction. The failure rate was 39% (17 cases) with failure defined as perceptible ipsilateral scrotal fluid reaccumulation on palpation by a physician and/or patient dissatisfaction. The charge differential of surgery versus aspiration and sclerothe...
Post-traumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury

Abstract The co-existence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) has rarely been reported. It has been hypothesized that this co-morbidity is unusual since amnesia for the traumatic event would be protective against the development of PTSD. In this paper, we present seven individuals who developed the full syndrome of PTSD after TBI. We discuss the clinical features that are characteristic of PTSD and not commonly found in those individuals who have TBI without PTSD. We believe that this co-morbidity is not uncommon, and can be detected with a thorough psychiatric evaluation.
Resources, key traits and the size of fungal epidemics in Daphnia populations

Parasites can profoundly affect host populations and ecological communities. Thus, it remains critical to identify mechanisms that drive variation in epidemics. Resource availability can drive epidemics via traits of hosts and parasites that govern disease spread. Here, we map resource-trait-epidemic connections to explain variation in fungal outbreaks (Metschnikowia bicuspidata) in a zooplankton host (Daphnia dentifera) among lakes. We predicted epidemics would grow larger in lakes with more phytoplankton via three energetic mechanisms. First, resources should stimulate Daphnia reproduction, potentially elevating host density. Secondly, resources should boost body size of hosts, enhancing exposure to environmentally distributed propagules through size-dependent feeding. Thirdly, resources should fuel parasite reproduction within hosts. To test these predictions, we sampled 12 natural epidemics and tracked edible algae, fungal infection prevalence, body size, fecundity and density of hosts, as well as within-host parasite loads. Epidemics grew larger in lakes with more algal resources. Structural equation modelling revealed that resource availability stimulated all three traits (host fecundity, host size and parasite load). However, only parasite load connected resources to epidemic size. Epidemics grew larger in more dense Daphnia populations, but host density was unrelated to host fecundity (thus breaking its link to resources). Thus, via energetic mechanisms, resource availability can stimulate key trait(s) governing epidemics in nature. A synthetic focus on resources and resource-trait links could yield powerful insights into epidemics.
College Campus Violence: The Nature of the Problem and Its Frequency

This article examines the phenomenon of violence on college and university campuses in the United States. The nature of the problem is defined, efforts to discern its dimensions are reviewed, and the challenges presented by an infirm database to those who would do something about the problem are outlined. The incomplete diagnosis and reporting of campus violence impede understanding of the phenomenon and its dimensions and compromise the effort to respond. Educational institutions can, however, take steps to facilitate better diagnosis and reporting of violent incidents by promoting their recognition, acknowledgment, and communication. The attainment of these goals will require dealing with the barriers to action presented by certain of the beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors surrounding violence in the postsecondary educational setting.
Molecules and the process of star formation

Stars are born inside clouds of gas and dust which are predominantly molecular in composition. The chemistry and physics of these molecules are important contributors to the overall evolution of the parent clouds and on the formation of the stellar systems. We review the methods and techniques through which molecules are used to probe the process of star formation. We also detail our current understanding of the chemical processes active in molecular clouds preceding and during the initial stages of stellar birth.
Properties of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase purified from rabbit liver microsomes.

Abstract NADPH-cytochrome P -450 reductase has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from rabbit liver microsomes by a procedure that may be used in conjunction with the isolation of the major forms of cytochrome P -450. The purified reductase is active in a reconstituted hydroxylation system containing P -450LM 2 or P -450LM 4 . The enzyme contains one molecule each of FMN and FAD per polypeptide chain having an apparent minimal molecular weight of 74,000. Immunological techniques provided evidence for only a single form of the reductase; lower molecular weight forms occasionally seen are believed to be due to degradation by contaminating microsomal or bacterial proteases. Upon anaerobic photochemical reduction, the rabbit liver reductase undergoes spectral changes highly similar to those previously described by Vermilion and Coon for the rat liver enzyme; the fully reduced rabbit liver enzyme is converted to the three-electron-reduced form by the addition of NADP and then to the stable one-electron-reduced form by exposure to oxygen. The CD spectra of the fully oxidized enzyme, one-electron-reduced form (air-stable semiquinone), three-electron-reduced form, and fully reduced form are presented. The results obtained provide evidence that the FMN and FAD are in highly different environments in the enzyme, as also indicated by the different redox potentials and oxygen reactivities of the flavins.
Synchrony among rhythmical facial tremor, neocortical ‘ALPHA’ waves, and thalamic non-sensory neuronal bursts in intact awake rats

Summary A fine (approx. 9 c/sec) tremor of the jaw and/or vibrissae was observed in normal rats while they were standing still and not showing gross bodily movement. The tremor was distinctly different in frequency, intensity, and behavioral context, from movements involved in gnawing, tooth chattering, or exploratory sniffing. Individual tremor movements (recorded as EMG) occurred in synchrony with individual bursts of multiunit activity (MUA) recorded in the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus and with individual ‘spikes’ in the cortical (frontal-occipital) EEG. Single trains of this rhythmical activity often lasted more than a minute. The phase relationships between EMG and MUA differed among individuals, but tended to remain consistent within each individual. Movement artifacts were ruled out since (1) the moments of occurrence of individual tremor movements and MUA bursts were interdigitated rather than simultaneous, and (2) during high amplitude EMG bursts accompanying sniffing (associated with EEG theta rhythm), tooth chattering, eating or licking, no corresponding activity in the MUA was observed. We also ruled out the possibility that the neural activity was generated by reafference, for (1) during vigorous non-tremor sniffing movements of the vibrissae, or chattering or chewing movements of the jaws, the rhythmical MUA was absent (although the units did discharge if the vibrissae contacted an obstacle or were brushed by the experimenter), (2) rhythmical MUA often continued both during brief pauses in the motor tremor, and in its absence, and (3) injection of Xylocaine s.c. into the face abolished sensory responses of the thalamic units, but the rhythmical MUA persisted. We discuss evidence which suggests that (1) the rhythmical cortical EEG waves are the equivalent in the rat of the alpha (mu) rhythm, and (2) the existence of parallels between alpha-tremor and Parkinsonian tremor in terms of their mechanisms and functions.
Laser-Induced Self-Assembled Nanostructures on Electron-Transparent Substrates

Currently, one of the challenges in high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies of nanomaterials is to make contamination-free materials in a simple and time-efficient way. Here, a method is demonstrated that combines nanosecond-pulsed laser dewetting of thin films with a film float-off technique to realize nanostructures (NSs) on electron-transparent substrates in a robust and rapid manner. NSs of metal (Ag) and bimetals (AgCo, AuCo) ranging from 20 to 150 nm are synthesized on thin carbon film deposited on mica substrates. The NS/carbon system is subsequently transferred onto TEM grids by a float-off process resulting from debonding of the carbon from mica due to their contrasting hydrophobic nature. This process enables the fabrication of different NSs on flexible and electron-transparent substrates.
Deposition and optical studies of silicon carbide nitride thin films

Thin films of silicon carbide nitride (SiCN) have been prepared by reactive radioactive frequency (r.f.) sputtering using SiC target and nitrogen as the reactant gas. Deposition rates are studied as a function of deposition pressures and argon-nitrogen flow ratios. The optical absorption studies indicated the band edge shifting of the films when the nitrogen ratios are increased during deposition. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis on the films indicated several stretching modes corresponding to SiC, SiN and CN compositions.
The effect of exposure conditions upon the release of soluble copper and tin from dental amalgams.

Abstract The concentrations of soluble copper and tin which were generated by the corrosion of a number of different amalgams in both an artificial saliva and Ringer's solution are reported. Besides variations in solution composition, the effects of solution agitation and abrasive particle wear upon the release of soluble species are studied Immersion only, moderate solution agitation, vigorous solution agitation with abrasive particle wear, and accelerated corrosion by both constant currents and cyclic voltammetry are included. The results indicate that an artificial saliva but not Ringer's solution is capable of generating high levels of soluble tin. With artificial saliva, agitation increases the amalgam weight losses and increases soluble copper and tin concentrations, whereas agitation with Ringer's solution decreases sample weight losses and decreases levels of soluble copper and tin. This latter effect is believed to be due to the increased oxygen supply to the amalgam surfaces with agitation and the greater ability for producing protective passivating films of the basic hydroxide and copper chlorides in solutions of higher chloride ion concentrations e.g. Ringer's solution. Abrasive particle wear, including pumice, alumina, glass beads, and silica gel had varied effects upon the release of soluble species. Depending upon the amalgam, the solution, and the abrasive combination, either larger increases in copper or in tin occurred or reduced concentrations.
Metabolism of preconditioned myocardium: effect of loss and reinstatement of cardioprotection.

Abstract Ischemic preconditioning is associated with slower destruction of the adenine nucleotide pool and a slower rate of anaerobic glycolysis during subsequent ischemic stress. Whether this association is causal is uncertain. Using metabolite levels found at baseline and after a 15 min test episode of ischemia, this study tested for concordance, or lack thereof, between the presence or absence of metabolic features v the presence or absence of the preconditioned state. Dogs were assigned to one of four groups: non-preconditioned control (C), full preconditioning (PC) caused by 10 min ischemia (I)+10 min reperfusion (R), dissipated PC (DPC) caused by 10 min I and 180 min R, or reinstated PC in which PC was reinstated in DPC hearts by another 10 min I and 10 min R. At baseline, PC and RPC hearts had a 25% or more decrease in the adenine nucleotide pool (∑Ad), a substantial creatine phosphate (CP) overshoot, and a 4–6 times elevation in tissue glucose (G). Of these changes, the decreased ∑Ad and the CP overshoot persisted during DPC, whereas only G returned to control. Thus, increased G was the only baseline feature, which was concordant with the preconditioned state. The response to ischemic stress in PC and RPC tissue included less lactate production and much less degradation of the ∑Ad pool to nucleosides and bases than in the C or DPC groups. Thus, slower destruction of the ∑Ad pool and slower lactate production during ischemia also were concordant with the PC state. The results support the hypothesis that a reduction in energy demand is an essential component of the mechanism of cardioprotection in preconditioned myocardium. However, the mechanism through which ischemic preconditioning results in lower energy demand remains to be established.
Vapour-liquid equilibrium in the krypton-xenon system

Abstract Isothermal vapour-liquid data were measured for the krypton-xenon system at ten temperatures between 165 and 270 K and pressures to 6.7 MPa, using a vapour recirculating technique. The mixture critical line has been located in (P, T, x) space. Barker's method of data reduction has been used to test the thermodynamic consistency of isotherms below the critical temperature of krypton (209.4 K) and the excess Gibbs energy was evaluated, at the same temperatures, as a function of composition. The results of the experiments have been compared with predictions of the Peng-Robinson equation of state. With interaction parameter calculated by fitting the isotherm of 200.64 K, this equation predicts the liquid and vapour phase compositions to within about a few mole per cent over most of the experimental range.
A new black-body equation

A new equation for black-body radiation, more accurate than Planck’s, is derived without quantum energy. Mates toE = hv are also obtained.
Digital Signal Processing with Program Synchronization Between Two Microprocessors

This paper addresses the synchronization problems which arise when real-time signal processing is performed in a multimicroprocessor machine. An experimental machine composed of two specialized microprocessors has been assembled: one to compute correlation and convolution products with a high thruput; the second one is a general purpose microprocessor which efficiently handles independent tasks on its various interrupt levels. The signal processing was decomposed into a sequence of elementary time dependent tasks executed in an appropriate order. Due to microprocessor specialization, the microprocessors had to give assistance to each other, and a tight synchronization between the programs run by each of these was necessary. This machine has been used successfully in data communication applications.
Significance of momentary pressure changes during isovolumic relaxation.

Sudden momentary fluctuations of left ventricular, aortic, right ventricular, and pulmonary arterial pressure were noted during isovolumic relaxation of the respective ventricles. The presence of such transients raised questions related to their meaning and significance. The purpose of this report is to emphasize the nonartifactual nature of these pressure transients and to describe their origin and significance in the cardiac cycle. Pressure transients were observed in 31 of 32 patients with normal aortic valves, and in 17 patients with normal pulmonary valves in whom right-sided measurements were made. Such transients, however, were absent on the left ventricular and aortic pressure recordings of three patients with calcific aortic stenosis. These sudden changes in pressure are indicative of momentary compressions and rarefactions of the blood that occur within the ventricles and their respective arterial chambers. Whenever present, pressure transients were noted to occur coincident with the major aortic or pulmonary components of the second sound. Since intraarterial sound pressure is derived from the pressure signal by filtering the low frequencies and amplifying the high frequencies, one can deduce that intraarterial sound pressure is in fact a representation of these pressure changes. The recognition of these pressure transients on an otherwise smooth ventricular, aortic, or pulmonary arterial pressure places in proper perspective their role in the production of the second heart sound.
Alarm/investigation responses of hermit crabs as related to shell fit and crab size

Hermit crabs may acquire shells by trading with other crabs or at predation events that make new shells available. Predation events are located chemically through odors associated with the death of gastropods and the death of conspecifics. Crabs respond identically to either source of cues. Here we report that hermit crabs, Clibanarius vittatus from the field respond in one of three distinct ways to chemicals from gastropod flesh and from conspecific hemolymph: (1) crabs do not respond (23%), (2) crabs flee (40%), and (3) crabs investigate neighboring shells (37%). Changing the size of the shell can cause crabs to change behavior. Altering shell size by clipping down shells resulted in high (approx. 80%) response by investigation. Crabs given a free choice of unoccupied shells fled (86%) in response to chemical stimulation. In a series of experiments small crabs were tested for chemically‐stimulated behavior and then given access to excess empty shells. Chemically‐stimulated behavior was assessed after 24...
Radiation energetics of a laser-produced plasma

The energy transport in a laser-heated thin foil is investigated with the use of a detailed radiation-hydrodynamic model. The calculation is performed for a long laser pulse (3 nsec full width at half maximum) at relatively low irradiance (${10}^{13}$ W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$), incident on an 8-\ensuremath{\mu}m-thick aluminum foil, and results confirm earlier experimental hypotheses that the dense plasma at the rear side of the foil is heated predominantly by radiation. The model couples a one-dimensional, planar hydrodynamic calculation with a detailed description of the radiation-ionization dynamics in a totally self-consistent manner, thereby assuring that the dominant physical processes determining the energy transport are characterized accurately. The specific radiative mechanisms responsible for energy transfer from the front to the back surface of the foil are found to be quite complex and are described in detail. The front and rear spectral emission are presented and discussed from the point of view of both energetic and diagnostic considerations. Shifting absorption edges due to ionizing plasma are shown to be responsible for many interesting phenomena affecting the energy transport. Time integration of the $K$-shell spectral features is also studied and its effects on the temperature and density diagnostics are analyzed. Finally $K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ emission lines are shown to be a promising new diagnostic in determining the time development of the temperature near the foil ablation surface.
Multiagent chemotherapy studied in a xenograft model of medulloblastoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumour: analysis of the VETOPEC regimen.

Abstract Brain tumours remain the most important challenge in the treatment of childhood cancer. The intraocular (io) xenograft model was used to study components and variations of the VETOPEC multiagent chemotherapy regimen in the medulloblastoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumour (MB/PNET) xenograft cell line JRMB-6. VETOPEC, a combination of vincristine (VCR), etoposide (VP-16) and escalated dose cyclophosphamide (CPA), has been shown to be highly active in clinical trials. A total of 190 xenografted tumours were treated with one of nine regimens: saline; single agent CPA, VP-16 (single dose [sd], five dosages daily [d × 5] or continuous infusion, [ci]) or VCR; combinations of CPA (d × 5) + VP-16 (d × 5 or ci) or CPA (d × 5) + VP-16 (ci) + VCR (sd). Results were calculated using both response (volume reduction >50%) and ‘time to progression’ (TtP). Effectiveness of CPA was confirmed. Single-agent VCR or VP-16 produced no response. No difference was documented in TtP with VCR, VP-16 (sd) or VP-16 (d × 5) versus control, but a significant prolongation occurred when VP-16 was given by ci ( p = 0.001). With the 3-agent combination of CPA + VP-16 (ci) + VCR a significantly prolonged TtP was documented versus both single agent CPA ( p = 0.003) and the combination of CPA + VP-16 (d × 5) ( p = 0.004). The results suggest improved efficacy of VP-16 when given as ci in both single-agent and combination settings. The addition of VP-16 (ci) + VCR to an already effective dosage of CPA further prolongs TtP. These data support and progress VETOPEC phase II clinical studies and suggest potential further benefits of prolonged exposure to VP-16 by ci.
The loan and financial aid theory: an empirical investigation of domestic and international graduate students with emergency loan needs signal global challenge to manage the cost of US education

This research addresses graduate students studying in the USA who are either US citizens or non-resident aliens who demonstrated emergency loan needs. There have been limited studies that have compared US citizen or non-resident alien graduate students in relation to emergency loan need and GPA. To address this issue, we conducted research by collecting data from 290 graduate students enrolled in a large public university located in the USA. The dataset includes 188 students who are US citizens or have US permanent residency; and 102 non-resident aliens. The results of the regression analysis shows that there is no significant relationship between GPA and emergency loan need for graduate students who are either US citizens or international students. Also, in our data analysis, the visual representation of the dataset strongly indicates that emergency loan need exists in a diverse spectrum of nationality, colleges, degree types, ethnicity, gender, and marital status. These results have practical and theoretical implications for administrations and key decision makers in higher education.
Simulating the Concentration Equations and the Gas-Wall Interface for One-Dimensional Based Diesel Particulate Filter Models

This paper enhances an earlier publication by including the concentration equations of motion into the area-conserved one-dimensional based diesel particulate filter model. A brief historical review of the species equations is accomplished to describe this model and the pertinent physics involved. In the species equations through the wall and soot layers, the diffusion constants are modified to account for the close proximity of the porous walls and the particulate matter to the gas flowing through the accompanying layers. In addition, a review of potential options involving the diffusion velocity is accomplished to determine the effect of pressure gradients on this phenomenon. In the previous paper, the model formulation illustrated that a common assumption to make for an enthalpy difference is the use of constant pressure specific heat times a temperature difference. Because of the different heats of formation and sensible enthalpies associated with the chemical species, this assumption reviewed is found to have a related error. Finally, because each channel is treated as an open system, making the common assumption of dilute mixture simplification is reviewed and found to have an associated error.
Haldane's Rule in Taxa Lacking a Hemizygous X

Haldane9s rule states that species hybrids of the XY sex are preferentially sterile or inviable. In all taxa known to obey this rule, the Y is inert and X-linked genes show full expression in XY individuals. Until recently, all theories of Haldane9s rule depended on this hemizygosity. A test of Haldane9s rule in animals lacking a hemizygous sex—mosquitoes having two functional sex chromosomes in both sexes—reveals that these species show Haldane9s rule for sterility but not inviability. A related group having a “normal” hemizygous X obeys Haldane9s rule for both sterility and inviability. These results support the faster male and dominance theories of Haldane9s rule.
Effect of high-oxygen atmospheres on blueberry phenolics, anthocyanins, and antioxidant capacity.

The influence of high oxygen concentrations on total phenolic, total anthocyanin, individual phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity (measured as oxygen radical absorbance capacity, ORAC) in highbush blueberry fruit (Vaccinium corymbosum L. cv. Duke) was investigated. Freshly harvested blueberries were placed in jars ventilated continuously with air or with 40, 60, 80, or 100% O2 at 5 °C for up to 35 days. Samples were taken initially and at 7-day intervals during storage. Whereas the quality parameters of titratable acidity, total soluble solids, and surface color were only slightly affected by the superatmospheric O2 treatments, the antioxidant levels were markedly increased by 60−100% O2 treatments as compared with 40% O2 treatment or air control during 35 days of storage. Elevated O2 between 60 and 100% also promoted increases of total phenolics and total anthocyanins as well as the individual phenolic compounds analyzed by HPLC. Fruit treated with O2 concentrations of ≥60% also exhibited signifi...
Critical Loads of Acid Deposition for Wilderness Lakes in the Sierra Nevada (California) Estimated by the Steady-State Water Chemistry Model

Major ion chemistry (2000–2009) from 208 lakes (342 sample dates and 600 samples) in class I and II wilderness areas of the Sierra Nevada was used in the Steady-State Water Chemistry (SSWC) model to estimate critical loads for acid deposition and investigate the current vulnerability of high elevation lakes to acid deposition. The majority of the lakes were dilute (mean specific conductance = 8.0 μS cm−1) and characterized by low acid neutralizing capacity (ANC; mean = 56.8 μeq L−1). Two variants of the SSWC model were employed: (1) one model used the F-factor and (2) the alternate model used empirical estimates of atmospheric deposition and mineral weathering rates. A comparison between the results from both model variants resulted in a nearly 1:1 slope and an R 2 value of 0.98, suggesting that the deposition and mineral weathering rates used were appropriate. Using an ANClimit of 10 μeq L−1, both models predicted a median critical load value of 149 eq ha−1 year−1 of H+ for granitic catchments. Median exceedances for the empirical approach and F-factor approach were −81 and −77 eq ha−1 year−1, respectively. Based on the F-factor and empirical models, 36 (17 %) and 34 (16 %) lakes exceeded their critical loads for acid deposition. Our analyses suggest that high elevation lakes in the Sierra Nevada have not fully recovered from the effects of acid deposition despite substantial improvement in air quality since the 1970s.
TREATMENT OF ACUTE NECROTIZING GINGIVITIS.

Abstract A treatment program for acute necrotizing gingivitis that aims specifically at the infection and possible predisposing factors has been presented. The infection is treated by either penicillin or a combination of penicillin and sulfonamides, which has proved more effective than other antibiotics for those patients who have no sensitivity problem. The malnutrition is treated by means of a liquid food that is palatable and easily swallowed, as well as adequate in necessary proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. Vitamins C and B complex are added in more than the minimum daily requirements, for additional amounts have proved beneficial in the treatment of this oral disease. Oxygenating agents are necessary in acute necrotizing gingivitis, even though this has been questioned. It has been found that 3 per cent hydrogen peroxide will decrease healing time and reduce the number of pathogenic organisms. The treatment of pain has not been discussed here, since this is a variable finding and can be treated, according to intensity, by a number of drugs. Prophylaxis, including the scaling of teeth after the infection subsides, is a most important step in the treatment of acute necrotizing gingivitis.
Predictive correlations for the toxicity of alkyl- and halogen- substituted phenols.

Abstract The structure-activity relationships between toxicity (log BR), monitored as cell population growth, and the log 1-octanol/water partition coefficient (log Kow) for a series of 20 alkyl- and halogen-substituted phenols have been examined. The equation log BR = 0.9455 log Kow −1.9190 has been found to be an excellent linear model for these compounds. It explains 93.8% of the variability in toxicity. Sub-division of the tested derivatives based on substituent field electronic effects reveals that those with electron-releasing effects, e.g. methyl or ethyl groups, are slightly less toxic than those with electron-withdrawing effects, e.g. halogen groups.
Ion funnel trap interface for orthogonal time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

A combined electrodynamic ion funnel and ion trap coupled to an orthogonal acceleration (oa)-time-of-flight mass spectrometer was developed and characterized. The ion trap was incorporated through the use of added terminal electrodynamic ion funnel electrodes enabling control over the axial dc gradient in the trap section. The ion trap operates efficiently at a pressure of ∼1 Torr, and measurements indicate a maximum charge capacity of ∼3 × 107 charges. An order of magnitude increase in sensitivity was observed in the analysis of low concentration peptides mixtures with orthogonal acceleration (oa)-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (oa-TOF MS) in the trapping mode as compared to the continuous regime. A signal increase in the trapping mode was accompanied by reduction in the chemical background, due to more efficient desolvation of, for example, solvent related clusters. Controlling the ion trap ejection time was found to result in efficient removal of singly charged species and improving signal-to-noise r...
Music therapy song repertoire for children with autism spectrum disorder: A descriptive analysis by treatment areas, song types, and presentation styles

Abstract The purpose of this descriptive study was to identify the song types, presentation styles, and song repertoire utilized within specific treatment areas with children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The researchers sent surveys to 257 music therapists who worked with children between the ages of birth through 19 years diagnosed with ASD. Ninety-one music therapists participated in the survey, resulting in a 35% return rate. The number of participants responding to each question ranged from 72 to 91. Overall, the majority of respondents indicated they utilized more pre-existing songs, followed by original compositions and lyric replacement (piggyback) songs. However, when asked questions about song types used to address specific treatment areas, respondents indicated they utilized live original compositions across all treatment domains more frequently than live pre-existing and live lyric replacement songs. Developing protocols to choose song types may be helpful for the acceptance of music therapy as an evidence-based treatment modality for children with ASD. Future research is warranted to determine the type of songs most conducive to facilitating improvement in specific treatment areas. Implications for clinical practice, educational preparation, and limitations of this study are provided.
A Developmental Study of Artificial Skin Using the Alginate Dermal Substrate

Alginate, which is isolate from brown seaweed, a bioabsorbable long chain polysaccharides of guluronic acid and mannuronic acid. The authors produced alginate, fibroblastgrowth- factor mixed alginate and alginate-collagen complex as a disc form. For study of wound healing, full thickness skin defects were made on the dorsal area of the animal model. And then alginate, fibroblast-growth-factor mixed alginate, alginate-collagen complex, vaseline gauze as control were applied on the wound and evaluated grossly and histopathologically. For biocompatibility test, alginate and alginate-collagen complex discs were implanted on back of New Zealand white rabbits. And we measured size of wound healing, size of wound epithelization, size of wound contracture at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 days. Four weeks after implantation, implanted animals were examined immunologically against alginate and collagen. Alginate and FGF-mixed alginate, alginate-collagen complex group showed statistically higher percentage of wound contraction and wound healed than control group(p
Regulation of Promoter Activity of the APP Gene by Cytokines and Growth Factors

One of the major pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the presence of brain depositions of senile plaques that are primarily composed of potentially toxic amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta), which is generated from a family of Abeta-containing precursor proteins (APP; 695-770 amino acids). The role of inflammatory cytokines and growth factors has been implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. Our goal is to study the effects of these factors on the regulation of APP gene expression. Here we compared APP promoter activity in the presence of different growth factors and cytokines such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), interleukin (IL-1), nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrofin-3 (NT-3), transforming growth factor (TGF-beta1), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha1). PC12 neuronal cells, which were treated separately with these agents, were transfected with the construct containing either 190 bp APP proximal promoter region (-46 to 144 bp with respect to the transcription start site [+1]), 94 bp APP 5'-untranslated region (UTR, +50 to 144) or other 5'-UTR-deleted regions. Each construct was cloned upstream of a reporter chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene (CAT). The treatment of PC12 cells with NGF stimulated reporter activity in all constructs tested. The treatment of cells with BDNF, NT3, TGF-beta1, or TNF-alpha stimulated reporter activity in a promoter/UTR-specific manner. Transfection with the complete -46 to 144 region retained the maximum stimulatory activity for any treatment tested in PC12 cells. These results suggest that the regulatory elements of the APP gene respond to the stimulation of different growth factors, cytokines, and interleukins. This is consistent with the effects of the different growth factors, cytokines, and interleukins on APP message and protein levels.
Effect of 3 He impurities on the structure of quantized vortex lines and the lifetime of negative ions trapped on vortices

We use thermodynamics and statistical physics to study the effect of 3He impurities on the properties of quantized vortex lines in superfluid helium and on the escape of negative ions trapped by vortices. At very low temperatures 3He atoms condense onto vortex cores, resulting in phase separation. The binding energy of a single 3He atom is estimated to be ~0.78 K. The normal 3He-rich fluid occupies the central core region, the radius of which is determined as a function of temperature and 3He concentration. Our calculation also shows that the lifetime of electrons trapped on vortex lines decreases below ~0.6 K, increases rapidly near 0.3 K, and is almost zero for 0.3 K < T < 0.45 K.
Altered gene structure and tissue expression of islet amyloid polypeptide in the chicken.

In mammals, islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) is a putative pancreatic peptide hormone that is coproduced and cosecreted with insulin in the beta-cells. However IAPP is also structurally and functionally similar to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a 37-amino acid peptide that is expressed predominantly in neurones, and it has been suggested that these peptides arose from a common ancestral gene. In the present study we have characterized an avian IAPP cDNA and gene and have analyzed their expression in various tissues. The cloned chicken IAPP cDNA encodes a 135-amino acid (aa) precursor in which the mature 37-residue IAPP is 80% identical to human IAPP. However, the N-terminal propeptide of chicken proIAPP (55 aa) is considerably longer than that found in the mammalian proIAPPs (9-12 aa) and is comparable in length to that of chicken proCGRP (52 aa). Most of this additional peptide material was found to be encoded in an exon of the cloned chicken IAPP gene that is homologous to exon 3 in the CGRP ge...
Back to the Land: The Paradox of Organic Food Standards

This paper examines how the rent-creating conventions that regulate organic food production undermine growers' abilities to farm in a less intensive manner. The paper builds on a growing literature on food governance which points to the unintended consequences of standardization and their verification. The argument is based in theories of rent, with specific attention to how the constructed scarcity of organic food creates rents that are competed away or appropriated. The author also discusses how organic regulations may manifest in monopoly ground rents, especially given the attention paid to land in organic certification. Insofar as these rents pass through to land values, they contribute to a broader pattern of land valuation that pushes farmers to grow the most valuable crops in the most productive ways—an imperative that is not necessarily conducive to organic farming as it is generally envisioned.
A non-splitting theorem for d.r.e. sets

Abstract A set of natural numbers is called d.r.e. (difference recursively enumerable) if it may be obtained from some recursively enumerable (r.e.) set by deleting the numbers belonging to another recursively enumerable set. Sacks showed that for each non-recursive recursively enumerable set A there are disjoint recursively enumerable sets B, C which cover A such that A is recursive in neither A ∩ B nor A ∩ C. In this paper, we construct a counterexample which shows that Sacks's theorem is not in general true when A is d.r.e. rather than r.e.
Collagen and Hexosamine Changes in Subcutaneous Granuloma Irradiated Locally with a Co60Source.

SummaryRadioactive capsules containing 1 mC of Co60 when imbedded in subcutaneous induced granulomas, significantly decreased the amount of collagen present. This decrease is due mainly to a change in the rate of synthesis, as judged by the considerable drop in the amount of soluble collagen precursors present in the irradiated granulomas. Hexosamine concentration in developing granuloma was not significantly affected by irradiation. The necrotic skin above the granulation tissue in the irradiated animals showed an increase in total collagen, presumably of a relative nature due to a depletion of soluble tissue constituents. The rate of synthesis at this site was decreased as judged by a drop in soluble collagen precursors extractable by isotonic NaCl solution.