cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of electropolymerized poly(cyclophosphazene-benzoquinone)

Formation of a inorganic−organic hybrid material from hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene, (NPCl2)3, and quinone precursors directly at the electrode surface was studied. These materials are formed from electrochemically generated quinone radical anion and quinone dianion at the electrode surface followed by nucleophilic substitution of the chlorine on the phosphazene heterocycle. The polymerization process is controlled by the electrochemical−chemical−electrochemical−chemical.. (ECEC..) mechanism and is independent of the concentration of the BQ in the solution. The chemical composition of the poly(cyclophosphazene-benzoquinone), PPBQ, material was examined by elemental analysis and the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. 31P Nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the chemical structure of the material. The results confirm that the PPBQ is formed by replacement of four chlorine atoms on one (NPCl2)3 precursor by four quinones which are...
The structure of interphase boundaries in Al-CuAl2 curved eutectic crystals

Direction lly solidified crystals were grown in which the Al-CuAl2 interphase boundary was uniformly misoriented by 6-8 deg with respect to the usual crystallographic relations interface \(\left\| {(1\overline 1 1)_{Al} } \right.\left\| {(21\overline 1 )_{CuAl_2 } } \right.\). The rrays of features then found in the boundary were shown to be ledges by transmission electron microscopy. These ledges could move in the boundary plane during heating-stage experiments. The broad faces of the ledges were the low-energy orient tions mentioned above and were rotated with respect to the macroscopic ihterphase boundary plane by bout 7 deg. From these observations, it is concluded that the misoriented interphase boundaries in Al-CuAl2 curved eutectic crystals are best described in terms of regions of good fit separated by diffusion-glide (DG) ledges.
Effect of Delamination on Active Constrained Layer Damping of Smart Laminated Composite Beams

An ove lw ork demonstrates the effect of delamination in smart laminated composite beams on the performance of active constrained layer damping (ACLD) treatment. A finite element model has been derived to formulate the dynamics of the composite beams integrated with a patch of ACLD treatment and a patch of piezoelectric film acting as a distributed sensor with and without the presence of delamination at different locations. Frequency response functions of the beams have been examined to observe the effect of delamination on the performance of ACLD treatment. It has been observed that the ACLD treatment improves the active damping characteristics of the beams, even in the presence of delamination, and that the responses of the beams are sensitive to the variation of the location of delamination. The responses due to active constrained layer damping presented may provide a useful guide to detect the presence of delamination in smart composite beams by the use of the existing numerical techniques.
Effect of interfractional shoulder motion on low neck nodal targets for patients treated using volume modulated arc therapy (VMAT)

Purpose: To quantify the dosimetric impact of interfractional shoulder motion on targets in the low neck for head and neck patients treated with volume modulated arc therapy (VMAT). Methods : Three patients with head and neck cancer were selected. All three required treatment to nodal regions in the low neck in addition to the primary tumor site. The patients were immobilized during simulation and treatment with a custom thermoplastic mask covering the head and shoulders. One VMAT plan was created for each patient utilizing two full 360° arcs and a second plan was created consisting of two superior VMAT arcs matched to an inferior static AP supraclavicular field. A CT-on-rails alignment verification was performed weekly during each patient’s treatment course. The weekly CT images were registered to the simulation CT and the target contours were deformed and applied to the weekly CT. The two VMAT plans were copied to the weekly CT datasets and recalculated to obtain the dose to the deformed low neck contours. Results: The average observed shoulder position shift in any single dimension relative to simulation was 2.5 mm. The maximum shoulder shift observed in a single dimension was 25.7 mm. Low neck target mean doses, normalized to simulation and averaged across all weekly recalculations were 0.996, 0.991, and 1.033 (Full VMAT plan) and 0.986, 0.995, and 0.990 (Half-Beam VMAT plan) for the three patients, respectively. The maximum observed deviation in target mean dose for any individual weekly recalculation was 6.5%, occurring with the Full VMAT plan for Patient 3. Conclusion : Interfractional variation in dose to low neck nodal regions was quantified for three head and neck patients treated with VMAT. Mean dose was 3.3% higher than planned for one patient using a Full VMAT plan. A Half-Beam technique is likely a safer choice when treating the supraclavicular region with VMAT. ------------------------------------------- Cite this article as: Casey K, Wang P, Tung S, Rosenthal D. Effect of interfractional shoulder motion on low neck nodal targets for patients treated using volume modulated arc therapy (VMAT). Int J Cancer Ther Oncol 2014; 2 (2):020218. DOI : 10.14319/ijcto.0202.18
Measurement of brain compartment volumes from MRI data using region growing and mixed-volume methods

MRI data were collected from normal control subjects and from patients having AIDS or closed head injury (CHI). Both T1-weighted and T2-weighted images were collected; in some cases transverse images were made, while in others coronal images were collected. The images were analyzed in three ways, each of which determined white matter (WM), gray matter (GM), and CSF volume, and the results were compared. Segmentation by interactive threshold selection or manual outlining is still the most commonly used method for compartment volume analysis. This method was applied to the control and AIDS brains, with repetition by two trained observers. These results were compared with those from a second method in which each voxel is viewed statistically as a mixture of whichever two compartments are closest at that anatomical location. Automatic thresholding, followed by regional skeletonization, is used to identify a small set of pixels in each slice that represent the central portion of each of the three regions of interest. All pixels in the slice are then subjected to an interpolation procedure in which their fractional composition is determined from these three intensity values. The intensities from the T1-weighted images show contrast between GM, WM, and CSF, and these are used for the volume computation. Geometric information from the T2-weighted image is used for the location of the authentic compartment locations, as these images show strong contrast between the CSF and the skull. The third method studied is based on a three-dimensional region-growing algorithm that estimates each volume compartment by growing a volume from a seed point, limiting the growth based on spatial and feature criteria. The feature bounds are set restrictively so that GM, WM, and CSF regions are not contiguous, leaving a volume of mixed voxels between the regions. The distributions of intensities in each region are then used to interpolate the most likely composition of the unassigned voxels, so that volume mixing is assumed only in the spaces between the assigned regions. This method is quite robust, requiring little operator judgement. The volumes obtained by these methods are not substantially different, and the methods differ primarily with respect to interoperator variability and convenience of use. The third method also differs from the others in that it treats the set of slices as a single 3-dimensional data set, making better use of regional information. All methods reveal significant changes in brain compartment volume in cases of CNS pathology.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Plasticity, Microstructure and the Thermal Dependence of Flow Stresses in Aluminum Thin Film Interconnects

A study was conducted towards fundamentally understanding the nature and magnitude of thermal stresses in aluminum thin films on silicon and correlating them with deformation mechanisms that serve to relax the stresses imposed by the thermal strain. A number of experiments and theoretical considerations are described in order to describe the sources of strengthening and stress relaxation in such films. It is shown that the flow stress of an aluminum film corresponds to the critical stress required to drive dislocation glide events. This mechanism entails an inverse flow stress dependence on the film thickness and grain size. A novel set of experiments in which the effects of strengthening due to finite film thickness and the grain size were separated and quantified is described. The variation of these strengthening components with temperature during heating and cooling were noted. Theoretical considerations of diffusional relaxation combined with the results of grazing incidence X-ray scattering (GIXS) experiments suggest that grain boundary diffusion is much less effective in limiting film flow stress than would be expected from the strain rate relation derived for a free-standing film. Line broadening observations in the GIXS experiments suggested large changes in dislocation density in the tested films during thermal cycling. The nature of these variations are qualitatively consistent with those of the film flow stress, suggesting that strain hardening could be an additional strengthening mechanism in Al films during thermal cycling.
Recognition of the carboxyl-terminal signal for GPI modification requires translocation of its hydrophobic domain across the ER membrane.

A carboxyl-terminal hydrophobic domain is an essential component of the processed signal for attachment of the glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) membrane anchor to proteins and it is linked to the site (omega) of GPI modification by a spacer domain. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the hydrophobic domain interacts with the lipid bilayer of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane to optimally position the omega site for GPI modification. The hydrophobic domain of the GPI signal in the human folate receptor (FR) type alpha was substituted with the carboxyl-terminal segment of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), including its membrane spanning region, without altering either the spacer or the omega site. The FR-alpha/LDLR chimera was not GPI modified but was attached to the plasma membrane by a polypeptide anchor. When the carboxyl-terminal half of the hydrophobic transmembrane polypeptide in the FR-alpha/LDLR chimera was altered by introduction of negatively charged (Asp) residues, or when the cytosolic domain in the chimera was deleted, the mutated proteins became GPI-anchored. On the other hand, attachment of a carboxyl-terminal segment of LDLR including the entire cytosolic domain to FR-alpha converted it into a transmembrane protein. The results indicate that in the FR-alpha/LDLR chimera the inability of the cellular machinery for GPI modification to recognize the hydrophobic domain is not due to the intrinsic nature of the peptide, but is rather due to the retention of the peptide within the lipid bilayer. It follows that the hydrophobic domain in the signal for GPI modification must traverse the ER membrane prior to recognition of the omega site by the GPI-protein transamidase. The results thus establish a critical topographical requirement for recognition of the GPI signal in the ER.
Ranking of As-Received Micro/Nanoparticles by their Surface Energy Values at Ambient Conditions

Nanoparticles have been widely applied in many applications due to their specific physical or chemical properties that differ from the bulk counterparts. Because nanoparticles vary significantly in composition and geometry, the comparison of their interaction with another matter is difficult, although in many cases, to characterize and assort nanoparticles in a quantified way is highly desired. Among the many properties of nanoparticles, the surface energy is especially important in evaluating their potential affinity to the environment. Pretty elegant techniques have been developed to evaluate the surface energy of pure metal oxides. However, heating or acid treatment would destroy the real surface conditions, for example, organic coatings outside of the particles. An effective method has to be developed to determine the surface energy of the as-received natural particles, whether they are pure, contaminated, or prehydrated. We designed a technique to quantitatively evaluate the surface energy of the as-...
NGF suppression of weight gain in adult female rats correlates with decreased hypothalamic cholecystokinin levels.

Abstract Effects of chronic intraventricular administration of nerve growth factor (NGF, 1 μg qod for 21 days) on weight gain, hypothalamic neuropeptide levels and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity were determined in adult female Wistar rats. Rats chronically treated with cytochrome c (cc) gained 163 g over the 21 day treatment schedule, whereas NGF-treated rats only gained 110 g. Thus, NGF-treated rats gained 53 g less; this change in weight gain is equivalent to approximately a 20% decrease of total weight gain compared to the cc-treated control rats. Chronic NGF treatment significantly decreased hypothalamic cholecystokinin (CCK) levels by 24% (P = 0.0070), but did not alter either hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) or bombesin (BOMB) levels (98% and 105% of cc-treated control levels, respectively). In addition, chronic NGF treatment did not significantly alter hypothalamic ChAT acticity (95% of cc-treated control rats). The results of the present study suggest that NGF-induced decreases in weight gain are not the result of alterations of hypothalamic cholinergic function. However, it is possible that NGF-induced alterations of hypothalamic CCK synthesis and release may be involved in the NGF-induced decrease in weight gain.
The use of analogies in written text

Although analogies are commonly used in instruction, little is known for whom and under what conditions they are most beneficial. This descriptive study investigated the use of analogies in the design of instructional text. Twenty-six science textbooks, ranging from elementary to post-secondary level, were analyzed for the presence of analogies. A total of 216 analogies were identified and organized into several categories which were then synthesized into a classification system. Based on these results, a set of prescriptions regarding the nature and characteristics of the vehicle and topic and their relationship, the presence and amount of grounds and limitations and the appropriate format and position for an analogy in written instruction are proposed. Recommendations for additional research are suggested.
Role of manufacturing flexibility in managing duality of formalization and environmental uncertainty in emerging firms

Abstract Increased firm formalization helps emerging firms develop stable routines and processes to increase their chances of survival. However, uncertain and dynamic task environments of emerging firms require more flexible organizational structures. Such duality of structural prescriptions stems from competing demands of task and institutional environments. We propose that manufacturing flexibility could help decouple activities required in task environments from those required in institutional environments, thereby mitigating the conflict of adopting flexible and rigid structures at the same time. An emerging venture could meet demands of institutional environments through formalized structures, and use manufacturing flexibility to address needs of task environment in order to mitigate liabilities of newness. Using a sample of 167 high-technology manufacturing firms in the UK, we use a moderated polynomial regression approach to test the proposed framework. Results indicate that formalized structures in conjunction with manufacturing flexibility lead to enhanced performance. The findings extend literature on organizational structures in operations management and entrepreneurship.
Mercury determination at the microgram level by a reduction-aeration method of concentration

Abstract At room temperature, reduction with tin(II) and aeration, are suitable for quantitative separation of microgram quantities of mercury (II) from sulfuric and nitric acid solutions over wide ranges of concentrations Mercury is concentrated during the separation, and is determined by a direct photometric dithizone procedure. This technique is applicable for 0.10 μg mercury per sample charge with a standard deviation for a single determination of 0.05 μg mercury in the o to 0.5 μg range.
Transport Development and Modernization in Malaya

(1975). Transport Development and Modernization in Malaya. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography: Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 63-67.
Resistant gram-positive infections: where have we been, where are we now, and where are we going?

As I gather my thoughts about this Drugs and Biologics Update, I am mindful of the debt I owe to my mentor, Bob Moellering, whose untimely death at the age of 77 earlier this year leaves a tremendous void in the infectious diseases community. I had the privilege of serving as Bob’s Chief Resident, Infectious Disease Fellow, and infectious diseases faculty member at New England Deaconess Hospital, Boston, MA, where Bob was Chief of Medicine. For those of us who were fortunate to work with him, it was impossible not to appreciate—indeed, be awed by —the depth of the knowledge he shared with such humility and his patience, kindness, guidance ...a nd love of ag ood time. Bob’ sj ourney in infectious diseases began with isolating enterococci in the Solomon Islands; his work defining the molecular mechanisms of resistance in enterococci and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) spanned nearly a half-century. His contributions to our knowledge mark his legacy as a supreme scientist and thought leader. The articles in this issue are a testament to Bob’s heritage, as he continued to collaborate worldwide to meet the challenge of growing grampositive resistance. George Sakoulas trained in Bob’s lab; Abhay Dhand trained here at Tufts with those of us who also trained under Bob—Bob’s tendrils are everywhere. The problem of resistant gram-positive infections is well described. Our patients and their families fear the term MRSA, infection-control practitioners combat the spread of resistant gram-positive organisms on a daily basis, and our intensive care units are filled with patients requiring isolation and toxic or expensive antibiotics to control infections, with varying outcomes. Where we have been covers a billion years, with evidence of staphylococci in fossils and coevolution of antibiotics, bacteria, and resistance. 1 Where we are now challenges us to devise “concoctions” to save patients from overwhelming gram-positive infections, some of which you will read about in this issue of Clinical Therapeutics. Where we are headed encompasses applying our ability to isolate resistance mechanisms in concert with rapid molecular diagnostics, the development and approval of new drugs, and harnessing innate host immune responses—a challenge for young researchers of infectious diseases, microbiology, pharmacology, immunology, and animal husbandry everywhere. MRSA is the most prevalent resistant gram-positive organism causing infections today. Soon after the
Preparation and proton spectra of 1-aryl-1,2-dihydro-2-quinolones†

1-Phenyl-, 1-m-tolyl- and 1-p-tolyl-1,2-dihydro-2-quinolone have been prepared by treating the potassium derivative of 1,2-dihydro-2-quinolone with the corresponding aryl bromide in the presence of finely divided copper. The use of o-bromotoluene in this reaction gave trace amounts of a crystalline material which upon the basis of mass spectrum analysis was assigned 2-o-tolyloxyquinoline as a structure. The 1-aryl groups caused an unusual chemical shift of the 8-proton to the Δ 6.64–6.70 region. This behavior paralleled that observed for the 7-proton of 6-phenyl-6H-indeno[1,2-c]isoquinoline-5,11-dione in earlier studies.
Ash content and X-ray analysis of selected RDF and coal samples as a function of temperature

Abstract The objectives of the study were to find out whether recommended ashing procedures which are to be used in proposed ASTM protocols for a particular form of refuse-derived fuel (RDF-3) or which are used in existing ASTM protocols for coal yield different ash content values at different temperatures and to select the optimum ashing temperature for RDF-3. The ash content was determined for three selected refuse-derived fuel (RDF) and four coal samples at 100 °C intervals over the temperature range from 475° to 1175 °C. X-ray diffraction analysis of these ash samples reveals sequential changes in the crystalline phases, suggesting which chemical reactions may be taking place at the various temperatures.The mineral phases present at a given temperature were remarkably similar for all RDF ashes. This is also true for the coal ash samples, although to a lesser extent. From this study it is concluded that 725 °C should be recommended as the standard ashing temperature for RDF because of the close agreement between values obtained at 675 °C and 775 °C, the small uncertainties associated with measurements at these temperatures, finely divided metals are primarily in the unoxidized state, and carbonate decomposition is complete. The study also pointed out the inability to select equivalent analysis samples of RDF.
The relationship of the Mimbres to other southwestern and Mexican populations

Abstract Previous aDNA research in the Southwest provides a framework to understand the Mimbres population which maintains a unique identity in the archeology of the desert Southwest of North America. Both the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups and haplotypes of a sample of 46 Mimbres individuals were identified from skeletal remains and compared to those of other ancient and modern populations in the American Southwest and Mexico. The haplogroup frequency distribution of the Mimbres resembles that of other Southwestern populations, suggesting a close relationship between the Mimbres and the neighboring populations and population continuity for a long period of time. However, their relatively low frequency of haplogroup A (11% n = 5) is consistent with a clinal distribution of haplogroup A from Mesoamerica to the Southwest. Moreover, unlike other Southwestern populations, the Mimbres share haplotypes with populations to the south, such as the Cora, Huichol, and Nahua, suggesting gene-flow from Mesoamerica. Here we discuss this data in light of the origin of the Mimbres population and their relationship to other Southwestern and Mexican populations.
A hydrodynamic model for nucleate pool boiling

Abstract A hydrodynamic model of stagnation flow is proposed for saturated nucleate boiling over a flat surface. Through the established analytical results in axisymmetrical stagnation flow, a relation between the heat-transfer coefficient and the thermal boundary-layer thickness induced by rising bubbles is obtained, and a good agreement with measured results in the low heat-flux region is indicated. The predicted heat-transfer result is given as q = c Pr 0.33 k n 0.5 ΔT where c is a numerical constant equal to 61.3 as determined from the boiling data of water. The predicted relation is found to be in agreement with boiling data of most liquids.
Deep-Brain Stimulation for Basal Ganglia Disorders.

The realization that medications used to treat movement disorders and psychiatric conditions of basal ganglia origin have significant shortcomings, as well as advances in the understanding of the functional organization of the brain, has led to a renaissance in functional neurosurgery, and particularly the use of deep brain stimulation (DBS). Movement disorders are now routinely being treated with DBS of ‘motor’ portions of the basal ganglia output nuclei, specifically the subthalamic nucleus and the internal pallidal segment. These procedures are highly effective and generally safe. Use of DBS is also being explored in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, with targeting of the ‘limbic’ basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuitry. The results of these procedures are also encouraging, but many unanswered questions remain in this emerging field. This review summarizes the scientific rationale and practical aspects of using DBS for neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders.
How Theory of Mind and Executive Function Co-develop

Theory of mind (ToM) and executive function (EF) have traditionally been measured starting in preschool and share a similar developmental progression into childhood. Although there is some research examining early ToM and EF in the first 3 years, further empirical evidence and a theoretical framework for a ToM-EF relationship from infancy to preschool are necessary. In this paper we review the ToM-EF relationship in preschoolers and provide evidence for early development in ToM, EF, and the ToM-EF relationship. We propose that models of cognitive control (i.e., Hierarchical Competing Systems Model: Marcovitch & Zelazo (Journal of Cognition and Development 7:477–501, 2006), (Developmental Science 12:1–25, 2009)); and Levels of Consciousness Model: Zelazo (Trends in Cognitive Science 8:12–17, 2004) account for the ToM-EF relationship across childhood through domain-general developments in the ability to form and reflect on relevant representations that can guide behavior in both ToM and EF situations. The combination of these models also presents unique, domain-general considerations for interpreting early ToM from infancy to preschool.
Magnetic properties of (Fe, Fe–B)/γ-Fe2O3 core shell nanostructure

Abstract Temperature-dependent magnetic properties of a core/shell nanostructure are reported employing magnetometry and electron magnetic resonance (EMR) spectroscopy. Structural characterization of the sample synthesized by NaBH4 reduction of FeCl3 was done by x-ray diffraction, TEM and Mossbauer spectroscopy and showed a core/shell nanostructure with a core of diameter D≃20 nm consisting of α-Fe and amorphous Fe–B alloy and a shell of 7 nm thickness made up of principally γ-Fe2O3. Temperature-dependent EMR studies at 9.28 GHz show a narrow line with g≃2.01 superimposed on a broad line with g≃2.20. The narrow line assigned to the oxide shell disappears below about 60 K, in agreement with a blocking temperature TB≃30 K measured in SQUID magnetometry. The EMR parameters of the broad EMR line are similar to those reported for α-Fe nanoparticles imbedded in amorphous SiO2 matrix. The magnitude of the saturation magnetization MS=70 emu/g of the nanostructure is smaller than that of bulk α-Fe (MS=220 emu/g) and bulk γ-Fe2O3 (MS=88 emu/g). Size dependence is used to interpret the absence of exchange-bias in the field-cooled sample of the nanostructure.
Development, implementation, and evaluation of an institutional daily awakening and spontaneous breathing trial protocol: a quality improvement project.

Introduction:While one controlled trial found that a daily awakening and spontaneous breathing trial (DA-SBT) decreases time on mechanical ventilation (MV), there is a paucity of real-world data surrounding the development, implementation, and impact of DA-SBT protocols. We describe a multidisciplinary process improvement effort in 2, 10-bed medical intensive care units (MICUs) at a 330-bed academic medical center that focused on the development, implementation, and evaluation of a new DA-SBT protocol.Methods:A DA-SBT protocol, developed using results from a nursing survey literature and available institutional resources, was implemented after extensive clinician education and institution of quality reminders to boost use. Postprotocol compliance was evaluated. Use of sedation, DA and SBT practices, and clinical outcomes were retrospectively compared between the before and after DA-SBT protocol groups (ie, consecutive MICU patients requiring a continuously infused sedative [CIS] ≥24 hours).Results:In the...
Robust, beat-to-beat estimation of the true pulse transit time from central and peripheral blood pressure or flow waveforms using an arterial tube-load model

We proposed a technique for estimating beat-to-beat pulse transit time (PTT) from central and peripheral blood pressure or flow waveforms based on an arterial tube-load model of wave reflection. The technique effectively estimates PTT from the entire waveforms after mathematically eliminating the reflected wave. So, unlike the conventional foot-to-foot detection technique, this technique should be robust to artifact while revealing the true PTT (i.e., the PTT in absence of wave reflection). We compared the two techniques, as applied to blood pressure and flow waveforms, in terms of the ability of their PTT estimates to correlate with blood pressure (a) during baseline (for which the naturally occurring beat-to-beat changes were small), (b) during low heart rate (wherein wave reflection was profound), and (c) in the presence of actual measurement artifact. In all three cases, the PTT estimates of the arterial tube-load model technique yielded markedly superior correlation to blood pressure.
Assessing the extent and sources of nitrate contamination in the aquifer system of southern Baldwin County, Alabama

A regional-scale groundwater study was conducted over a 2-year period to assess the extent of nitrate contamination and source identification for southern Baldwin County, AL. Groundwater wells were sampled and analyzed for nitrate and a host of other geochemical parameters which revealed that extensive areas within aquifer zone A2 exhibited nitrate concentrations exceeding regulatory limits. Spatial iso-concentration maps of nitrate were constructed using ArcGIS software to determine the extent and severity of contamination for the aquifers underlying southern Baldwin County with the primary interest focused on the heavily utilized aquifer zone A2. Nitrate levels in the central and northeastern portion of the study area were most extensive with maximum concentrations of 63 mg/L likely resulting from agricultural inputs. Several other small regions throughout the study area exhibited elevated levels of nitrate and chloride as high as 112 and 51.1 mg/L, respectively, and sources likely vary (i.e., residential septic systems, animal waste to agriculture). With the exception of a few groundwater samples, there was no obvious correlative relationship between chloride and nitrate concentration for data collected during the 2-year period. Collectively, a general inverse relationship between nitrate concentrations and well depth was observed for the aquifer system under investigation. The study provides an initial current data set of areas impacted or most vulnerable to nitrate contamination and initial assessment of likely sources of nitrate in the region.
Total Dose Response of STL and I2L Logic Devices

Total dose effects on nine STL and I2L LSI commercial circuits are discussed. The devices were developed to perform Global Positioning System (GPS) functions. The I2L devices showed some radiation sensitivity in output load voltage (VOL) at high output load currents but were functional at lower output currents to the maximum test level of 1 × 106 rad (Si). STL devices were relatively unaffected by the radiation. A diagnostic use of total dose testing is discussed. The test results of a hardened redesign of one of the circuits are shown.
Integration of 32x32 photodiode arrays with silicon for massively parallel optical interconnects

We demonstrated the integration of 32 by 32 p-i-n photodiode arrays with Si-dummy chips for potential use in massively parallel short-distance optical interconnects. Individual devices in 32 by 32 InGaAs/InP photodetector arrays were successfully tested and demonstrated a small signal modulation speed above 10 GHz under dark condition, corresponding to an aggregate data transmission capacity in excess of Tera-bit/s.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Displacements of Metallic Thermal Protection System Panels During Reentry

Bowing of metallic thermal protection systems for reentry of a previously proposed single-stage-to-orbit reusable launch vehicle was studied. The outer layer of current metallic thermal protection system concepts typically consists of a honeycomb panel made of a high temperature nickel alloy. During portions of reentry when the thermal protection system is exposed to rapidly varying heating rates, a significant temperature gradient develops across the honeycomb panel thickness, resulting in bowing of the honeycomb panel. The deformations of the honeycomb panel increase the roughness of the outer mold line of the vehicle, which could possibly result in premature boundary layer transition, resulting in significantly higher downstream heating rates. The aerothermal loads and parameters for three locations on the centerline of the windward side of this vehicle were calculated using an engineering code. The transient temperature distributions through a metallic thermal protection system were obtained using 1-D finite volume thermal analysis, and the resulting displacements of the thermal protection system were calculated. The maximum deflection of the thermal protection system throughout the reentry trajectory was 6.4 mm. The maximum ratio of deflection to boundary layer thickness was 0.032. Based on previously developed distributed roughness correlations, it was concluded that these defections will not result in tripping the hypersonic boundary layer.
Band antiferromagnetism and the new perovskite CaCrO3

Abstract The perovskite CaCrO 3 has been prepared by the solid-state reaction of CaO and CrO 2 at 65 kbar and 700°C. It has the O-orthorhombic structure with a = 5.287 A , b = 5.316 A , and c = 7.486 A . Below T N = 90°K, it exhibits a parasitic ferromagnetism with σ O = 0.295 emu/gm at 4.2°K. Up to 6 kbar, the pressure dependence of T N gives dT N dP = −0.23° K / kbar Four-probe resistivity measurements on a polycrystalline bar give resistivities of 10 6 and 10 4 ohm-cm at 77 and 300°K. Comparison with the properties of other ABO 3 perovskites having B = Mo 4+ , Cr 4+ , V 3+ indicates that CaCrO 3 represents spontaneous collective-electron magnetism.
Characteristics of Group A Streptococcal Bacteriophages.

Friend, Patric L. (Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Ill.), and Hutton D. Slade. Characteristics of group A streptococcal bacteriophages. J. Bacteriol. 92:148–154. 1966.—A medium for the growth of group A streptococcal phages is described, consisting of Brain Heart Infusion broth supplemented with 0.2% yeast extract, 10−4m CaCl2, and 10 μg/ml of dl-tryptophan. Cell and phage growth in this medium was excellent, and did not require the addition of serum or other proteins as indicated by other workers. Growth of one phage has also been achieved in a completely synthetic medium. The adsorption characteristics of two group A phages in protein broth and synthetic broth were studied, and the initial adsorption of phage was found to be more extensive in synthetic broth. However, the final amounts of adsorption in both were similar. The addition of purified group A carbohydrate antigen to the adsorption mixture in synthetic broth had no effect on the adsorption, and cells containing type-specific M protein adsorbed phage at the same rate as those lacking M protein. It was concluded that neither the group antigen nor the type antigen was the primary site of phage adsorption. One-step growth curves of the two phages showed a second step or burst occurring. Sonic oscillation of the bacterial cultures, which broke up the chains to single cells, abolished the second step of the growth curve. It appears that the second step is a function of the chain formation of streptococcal cells.
Why Do South and Southeast Asians Vote for Female Heads of State

In the post World War II period only fifty women have been elected heads of state of their respective countries. Of these fifty women, eleven have come from South and Southeast Asia, including the first female head of state, Sirimavo Bandaranaike of Sri Lanka2. These eleven women represent the second highest number of elected women presidents and prime ministers in a world region, behind Western Europe. This paper contends that the political cultural variables that influence voters in the South and Southeast Asian region in electing female heads of state include the following: patriarchal perceptions of women, affinity for charismatic leaders, public regard of elite dynasties and public experience of the effects of colonialism.
The role of the superior laryngeal nerve in esophageal reflexes

The aim of this study was to determine the role of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) in the following esophageal reflexes: esophago-upper esophageal sphincter (UES) contractile reflex (EUCR), esop...
EFFECT OF MODEL ELEMENT FIDELITY WITHIN A COMPLEX FUNCTION-BASED BEHAVIORAL MODEL

The Function-based Behavioral Modeling (FBBM) design tool was introduced in prior work as a means of using formal functional modeling as the foundation for creating detailed mathematical models of system behavior. The overall objective of this work is to create a framework for partitioning modeling efforts into functional elements and promoting model storage and re-use through the use of functional models. In prior work, the FBBM method was introduced to model the complete vehicle dynamics of a Formula SAE racecar, highlighting the representation of functionality and the development of behavioral models. The objective of the work presented in the current paper is to demonstrate the ability to incorporate models of varying fidelity within a function-based behavioral model of a complex system. Additionally, the impact of model fidelity on the model’s predictions is addressed. A previously developed model is used as a foundation for developing the necessary new models and illustrating the impact of model fidelity on performance predictions when selecting a tire during early design. The results illustrate that the FBBM framework allows models of varying fidelity to be quickly made and their effect on predicted performance to be measured in order to assist critical early design choices.
Effects of gonadectomy on plasma LH concentration in the rhesus monkey.

The changes in plasma LH concentrations, as measured by a specific radioimmunoassay, were observed in 9 female and 3 male rhesus monkeys for a period of 20–35 days after gonadectomy. A 10-fold increase in plasma LH levels occurred during the first 3 weeks following castration. Hourly blood samples obtained from each of 3 chronically ovariectomized monkeys during a 24-hr period revealed major, seemingly random, peaks in plasma LH concentrations. (Endocrinology 87: 847, 1970)
Testing local-scale panmixia provides insights into the cryptic ecology, evolution, and epidemiology of metazoan animal parasites

When every individual has an equal chance of mating with other individuals, the population is classified as panmictic. Amongst metazoan parasites of animals, local-scale panmixia can be disrupted due to not only non-random mating, but also non-random transmission among individual hosts of a single host population or non-random transmission among sympatric host species. Population genetics theory and analyses can be used to test the null hypothesis of panmixia and thus, allow one to draw inferences about parasite population dynamics that are difficult to observe directly. We provide an outline that addresses 3 tiered questions when testing parasite panmixia on local scales: is there greater than 1 parasite population/species, is there genetic subdivision amongst infrapopulations within a host population, and is there asexual reproduction or a non-random mating system? In this review, we highlight the evolutionary significance of non-panmixia on local scales and the genetic patterns that have been used to identify the different factors that may cause or explain deviations from panmixia on a local scale. We also discuss how tests of local-scale panmixia can provide a means to infer parasite population dynamics and epidemiology of medically relevant parasites.
Effect of physical aging and variable stress history on the strain response of polymeric composites

Abstract A constitutive equation capable of modeling the effect of physical aging on the non-linear creep response for frequently changing stress levels is presented. Schapery's non-linear theory is used to model the non-linear viscoelastic behavior and the effect of physical aging is incorporated through the use of Struik's effective time theory. The constitutive model is then combined with classical laminate theory to predict the response of multi-angle laminates subjected to cyclic loading. Predictions on the basis of this constitutive model are compared with data from the literature. These comparisons confirm that preditions without including the effect of physical aging grossly overpredict the measured creep strains.
Specificity of attraction to floral chemistry in Misumenoides formosipes crab spiders

Although our understanding of arachnid olfactory physiology remains relatively limited, studies continue to reveal the importance of chemical cues for many spider behaviors. Olfactory cues for detecting prey, navigating to foraging sites, or finding mates might be especially beneficial to cursorial and ambush spiders living in structurally complex habitats. Previous field results suggested that volatile plant chemical cues were important in Misumenoides formosipes Walckenaer 1837 (Thomisidae) navigation and led us to design olfactometer bioassays to test this hypothesis in the laboratory. In our olfactometer trials, crab spider males were attracted specifically to the floral scent of Rudbeckia hirta (a species on which M. formosipes is commonly found in the field), but not to volatiles from foliage of the same plant species nor to volatiles from foliage of Morus rubra. Male spiders also failed to display any attraction to the floral scent of Daucus carota, even though they commonly reside on that plant in the field. Female M. formosipes did not move toward R. hirta inflorescences as a first choice over a control, although they did spend more time in the olfactometer arm with the R. hirta treatment. Males' use of olfactory cues to locate R. hirta inflorescences should increase encounters with potential mates, given that females in our population are found on that substrate more predictably than on any other.
Reform and relapse in bilingual policy in Moldova

In the Republic of Moldova, language education policy has shifted since independence from an uneven Soviet policy, in which minority Russian dominated, towards somewhat more equitable European norms. Although many reforms in language education have been beneficial in producing a more balanced bilingualism, official policy has at times tended towards a relapse into Soviet‐style policies. This paper examines key political and institutional facts related to this dialectic between reform and relapse in language education policy. It concludes that, while early reforms have been largely successful, they have been weakened by challenges from the central government and reversals in the breakaway region of Transnistria. Ultimately, the success of policies that support bilingualism in Moldova depends critically on improvements in political stability, a unified national identity, and the economy.
Incorporating IFRS Into The U.S. Financial Reporting System

The SEC issued the “Commission Statement in Support of Convergence and Global Accounting Standards” in February 2010 to reaffirm its position that IFRS was best positioned to serve as the single set of high-quality globally accepted accounting standards and indicated that its staff would continue its evaluation of IFRS and a determination was expected to be made in 2011 as to whether, when, and how to incorporate IFRS into the financial reporting system for U.S. issuers. However, 2011 has come and gone and the SEC still has not yet made a decision. The SEC has indicated that it will not incorporate IFRS into the financial reporting system for U.S. issuers unless such a change is in the best interest of U.S. investors and capital markets. Whatever decision eventually made by the SEC, hopefully, is indeed the most beneficial one for U.S. investors and capital markets. This paper provides an overview of the possible incorporation of IFRS into the U.S. financial reporting system.
Metabolic regulation of in-vitro-produced bovine embryos. I. Effects of metabolic regulators at different glucose concentrations with embryos produced by semen from different bulls.

The toxic and/or beneficial effects of four metabolic regulators on embryo development were evaluated. In-vitro-produced compact morulae were cultured for 3 days in a chemically defined medium + bovine serum albumin (BSA; CDM-2) plus regulators (4991 total embryos). Phenazine ethosulfate (PES), phloretin (PL), pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C), and sodium azide (NaN3) were evaluated at four doses each in factorial combinations with four concentrations of glucose: 0, 0.5, 2, and 8 mm. Phenazine ethosulfate at 0.9 μm resulted in poorer development than lower or no PES. Phloretin was, in general, detrimental for embryo development, but most markedly at the highest dose (270 µm). Pyrroline-5-carboxylate had little effect on post-compaction embryos at the doses studied, 9 to 81 μm. Sodium azide at the concentrations used (3, 9, and 27 μm) had little effect on embryo development compared with controls. Concentrations of glucose had little effect on development of embryos. A fifth metabolic regulator, 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), was studied at various doses at pre-morula or morula-blastocyst stages cultured in 2 mm glucose. Embryos (2189 total) cultured in 90 µm DNP developed more slowly and were darker than embryos cultured at lower doses. Embryos cultured in 30 µm DNP had a higher blastocyst rate (48.3%) than controls (34.9%). In the last experiment using G1.2/G2.2 media, DNP (30 μm) resulted in a marked decrease in embryonic development when embryos were exposed at the zygote to 8- to 16-cell stages but had little effect when morulae were exposed for 2 days. The dose–response information for these metabolic regulators is crucial for designing future experiments.
Valproic acid and ethosuximide interaction

The addition of valproic acid to ethosuximide in treatment to prevent seizures caused increased serum concentration of ethosuximide in four of five patients observed. Ethosuximide levels increased from 73 to 112 microgram/ml (53% higher), with concomitant toxicity. Both were reversed by reduction of the ethosuximide dose from 27.4 to 20.4 mg/kg. Serum concentrations of these two drugs should be monitored closely when they are given together.