cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gram-positive siderophore-shuttle with iron-exchange from Fe-siderophore to apo-siderophore by Bacillus cereus YxeB

Small molecule iron-chelators, siderophores, are very important in facilitating the acquisition of Fe(III), an essential element for pathogenic bacteria. Many Gram-negative outer-membrane transporters and Gram-positive lipoprotein siderophore-binding proteins have been characterized, and the binding ability of outer-membrane transporters and siderophore-binding proteins for Fe-siderophores has been determined. However, there is little information regarding the binding ability of these proteins for apo-siderophores, the iron-free chelators. Here we report that Bacillus cereus YxeB facilitates iron-exchange from Fe-siderophore to apo-siderophore bound to the protein, the first Gram-positive siderophore-shuttle system. YxeB binds ferrioxamine B (FO, Fe-siderophore)/desferrioxamine B (DFO, apo-siderophore) in vitro. Disc-diffusion assays and growth assays using the yxeB mutant reveal that YxeB is responsible for importing the FO. Cr-DFO (a FO analog) is bound by YxeB in vitro and B. cereus imports or binds Cr-DFO in vivo. In vivo uptake assays using Cr-DFO and FO and growth assays using DFO and Cr-DFO show that B. cereus selectively imports and uses FO when DFO is present. Moreover, in vitro competition assays using Cr-DFO and FO clearly demonstrate that YxeB binds only FO, not Cr-DFO, when DFO is bound to the protein. Iron-exchange from FO to DFO bound to YxeB must occur when DFO is initially bound by YxeB. Because the metal exchange rate is generally first order in replacement ligand concentration, protein binding of the apo-siderophore acts to dramatically enhance the iron exchange rate, a key component of the Gram-positive siderophore-shuttle mechanism.
Signal-averaged electrocardiographic late potentials in patients with ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia: correlation with clinical arrhythmia and electrophysiologic study.

Abstract High-frequency potentials measured in the terminal 40 ms of the signal-averaged QRS complex during sinus rhythm are of abnormally low amplitude in most patients with ventricular tachycardia (VT). However, less is known about high-frequency late potentials in patients with ventricular fibrillation (VF), and the relation between late potentials and arrhythmia inducibility during electrophysiologic study has not been established. Signal-averaged electrocardiography was used to measure high-frequency (more than 25 Hz) late potentials in 24 patients with spontaneous VF, 27 patients with spontaneous sustained VT, and 19 normal subjects, none of whom were receiving antiarrhythmic drugs. Late-potential amplitude in patients with VT was significantly lower than that in patients with VF (p
Development and dosimetry of an "epithermal" neutron beam for possible use in neutron capture therapy. II. Absorbed dose measurements in a phantom man.

In order to evaluate the usefulness of an epithermal neutron beam (05 eV to 10 keV) for the neutron capture therapy procedure, a tissue -equivalent chamber was used to determine separately the depth-dose distributions from γ-rays, fast neutrons, and the 14N(n, p)14C reaction in a phantom man. Results showed that tumours deeper than 25 cm could not be treated with a thermal beam (assuming 35 μg of 10B per gramme of tumour, and a ratio of 10B in tumour to 10B in tissue of 3 to 1) because the ratio of tumour dose to maximum normal tissue dose (advantage factor) would have been less than unity. With the epithermal beam on the other hand advantage factors of 14 to 19 were obtained at all depths greater than 15 cm in the phantom head, assuming the same conditions as with the thermal beam. Advantage factors were found to be more sensitive to the absolute 10B concentration than to the 10B ratio in tumour to normal tissue. Improved depth-dose curves generated by the epithermal beam can solve the problem of rapid neutron attenuation encountered with thermal neutron beams.
General sensitivity formulas for lossless two-ports

Simple first-order sensitivity relations, which give the effects of component-value variations, losses and stray elements in both singly and doubly terminated lossless two-ports, are introduced. They provide a generalisation of some earlier results, and also lead to some new formulas. They are also applicable to active-RC and switched-capacitor filters modelled on doubly terminated lossless ladder two-ports.
Current and Future Trends in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Human MR imaging to field strengths of 9.4T and higher appears to be possible according to recent data from the University of Minnesota. The Larmor wavelength in the human tissue dielectric at 400 MHz is on the order of 9cm. By conventional methods and thinking, this wavelength would preclude any possibility of achieving safe and successful human imaging. RF interference patterns from a conventional, uniform field volume coil would create severe inhomogeneities in the anatomy. RF losses to the tissue conductor and the tissue dielectric at 400 MHz would result in severe heating for conventional pulse protocols. New methods and technology being developed however at the University of Minnesota not only solve some of these problems, but actually use the short wavelength to great advantage. By controlling the currents in individual RF coil elements, in phase, gain, frequency, time, and space, the RF field can be manipulated to optimize signal from a targeted region of interest for SNR, SAR, CNR, homogeneity, or other criteria. Such "RF shimming" will be automated much like magnetic shimming is today. First examples of these new methods, technologies, and results from them will be presented and discussed in this talk.
Activation of MEK 1/2 and p42/44 MAPK by angiotensin II in hepatocyte nucleus and their potentiation by ethanol.

Hepato-subcellular effect of angiotensin II (Ang II) and ethanol on the p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and MAPK kinase (MEK 1/2) was investigated in the nucleus of rat hepatocytes. Hepatocytes were treated with ethanol (100 mM) for 24 h and stimulated with Ang II (100 nM, 5 min). The levels of p42/44 MAPK and MEK 1/2 were monitored in the nuclear fraction using antibodies. Ang II itself caused significant accumulation of phosphorylated p42/44 MAPK (phospho-p42/44 MAPK) in the nucleus without any significant translocation of p42/44 MAPK protein thereby suggesting activation of p42/44 MAPK in the nucleus. Ang II caused marked accumulation of phosphorylated MEK 1/2 (phospho-MEK 1/2) in the nucleus without any significant accumulation of MEK 1/2 protein. Ratio of phospho-MEK 1/2 to MEK 1/2 protein in the nucleus after Ang II treatment was 2.4 times greater than control suggesting phosphorylation of MEK 1/2 inside the nucleus. Ethanol had no effect on the protein level or the activation of p42/44 MAPK in the nucleus. Ethanol treatment potentiated nuclear activation of p42/44 MAPK by Ang II but not translocation of p42/44 MAPK protein. This was accompanied by potentiation of Ang II-stimulated accumulation of phospho-MEK 1/2 in the nucleus by ethanol. MEK 1/2 inhibitor, U-0126 inhibited Ang II response and its potentiation by ethanol. These results suggest that Ang II-mediated accumulation of phospho-p42/44 MAPK in the hepatocyte nucleus involves MEK 1/2-dependent activation and this effect is potentiated by ethanol.
Communication and the inducement of cooperative behavior in conflicts: A critical review

Studies of conflict are critically reviewed for their treatment of communication. The implications of these studies for communication theory are explicated.
Exploring the pedagogical outcomes of service learning in international public relations education

The present study examines an innovation in service learning that amplifies the pedagogical outcomes for international public relations students. Approximately 12 public relations and advertising majors (six seniors and six juniors) participated in the international service learning project involving the development of public relations strategies for the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) in Washington, DC, USA. Student reflections were collected over a period of 18 months. The results parallel the findings of the longitudinal study conducted by the Higher Education Research Institute (HERI) on the impact of community-based service learning. The implications of introducing international service learning to public relations education are also discussed.
Comparing substrate moisture-based daily water use and on-demand irrigation regimes for oakleaf hydrangea grown in two container sizes

a b s t r a c t Independently controlled irrigation plots were designed to test two container nursery irrigation regimes on oakleaf hydrangea (Hydrangea quercifolia 'Alice') in both nursery and controlled greenhouse environ- ments. The experiments were conducted in both 3.8 and 11.4 L containers. Plants were automatically irrigated by one of two soil moisture sensor-based regimes: (1) a daily water use (DWU) system that delivered the exact amount of water that had been lost in the previous 24 h and (2) an on-demand (OD) irrigation system based on a specific substrate moisture content derived from the relationship between substrate moisture and photosynthetic rate. In this system, irrigation was applied when the substrate
Electrochemical probings of Li1+xVS2

Abstract Re-investigation of Li insertion into the layers of Li 1+ x V 1− y M y S 2 (M = Cr, Ni and y = 0 and 0.1, x ≤ 0.8) reveals that the transformation of Li from octahedral to tetrahedral sites in Li 1+ x VS 2 leads to a 1.0 V stabilization V(III)/V(II) plateau at 0.1 C rate. Substitution of 10 mol% Ni for V to form Li 1+ x V 0.9 Ni 0.1 S 2 increases the voltage on Li insertion by 0.1–0.2 V compared to nominal LiVS 2 , but it leads to an overall decrease in the capacity. An irreversible capacity loss on the initial charge/discharge cycle is the result of formation of an SEI layer at and below 1 V versus lithium. 10 mol% substitution of Cr for V (i.e. Li 1+ x V 0.9 Cr 0.1 S 2 ) has no effect on the voltage, but it increases the capacity fade as the discharge/charge cycles progress.
Growth hormone injections improve bone quality in a mouse model of osteogenesis imperfecta.

Systemic growth hormone injections increased spine and femur length in a mouse model of OI. Femur BMC, cross-sectional area, and BMD were increased. Smaller gains were produced in vertebral BMC and cross-sectional area. Biomechanical testing showed improvements to structural and material properties in the femur midshaft, supporting expanded testing of growth hormone therapy in children with OI. Introduction: Osteoblasts in heterozygous Cola2oim mutant mice produce one-half the normal amounts of the α2 strand of type I procollagen. The mice experience a mild osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) phenotype, with femurs and vertebrae that require less force than normal to break in a biomechanical test. Materials and Methods: Subcutaneous injections of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) or saline were given 6 days per week to oim/+ mice between 3 and 12 weeks of age, in a protocol designed to simulate a trial on OI children. Results: rhGH injections promoted significant weight gain and skeletal growth compared with saline-treated control animals. Femur and spine lengths were increased significantly. Significant increases at the femur midshaft in cortical BMD (2.2%), BMC (15.5%), and cross-sectional area (13%) were produced by rhGH treatment. Increases in the same cortical bone parameters were measured in the metaphyseal region of the femur and in tail vertebrae, but lumbar vertebrae showed significant increases in BMC (9.6%) and cross-sectional area (10.1%) of trabecular bone. Three-point bending testing documented functional improvements to the femur midshafts. GH treatment produced significant increases in bone stiffness (23.7%), maximum load (30.8%), the energy absorbed by the femurs to the point of maximum load (44.5%), and the energy to actual fracture (40.4%). The ultimate stress endured by the bone material was increased by 14.1%. Conclusions: Gains in bone length, cross-sectional area, BMD, BMC, structural biomechanical properties, and strength were achieved without directly addressing the genetic collagen defect in the mice. Results support expanded clinical testing of GH injections in children with OI.
Fiber Optics. Part II. Image Transfer on Static and Dynamic Scanning with Fiber Bundles

The image transfer through a stationary bundle of fibers can be thought of as a static sampling of the illuminance of the image at the entrance end of the bundle by each fiber element. This discrete sampling limits the band width of signals which can be transmitted. Also, the ends of the component fibers form an obtrusive pattern in the received image. However, the resolving power of the system is improved materially by random dynamic scanning with the fiber bundle. Also, the individual fiber ends are thus blurred out and the obtrusive pattern formed by them is destroyed. Because each fiber integrates the flux falling upon and its entrance aperture, the entire picture format scanned dynamically is reproduced at the frequency response characteristic of a uniform disk whose diameter is equal to that of the component fibers. An experimental setup for the detailed investigations of the effect of dynamic scanning with a fiber bundle is described. A gain of 100% in resolution by this method is illustrated by photographs and densitometer traces of various test objects which have been scanned both statically and dynamically.
Retiree Health Insurance and Disengagement from a Career Job

Over the past two decades the prevalence of partial/phased retirements has increased dramatically, redefining retirement and the way in which retirement benefits are evaluated. Specifically the effect of retirement benefits on the transition away from a state of career employment has become the primary issue of interest. This study uses data obtained from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and the Rand HRS files, to examine the relationship between access to retiree health insurance (RHI) and the decision to leave one’s career job. We employ a Cox Proportional Hazard Model to estimate how RHI affects the probability that an individual disengages from their career job, given they have not yet done so. Results indicate that those with access to RHI are 21% more likely to leave their career employer in all time periods than similar individuals without RHI. Several robustness tests including stratified estimation and propensity score matching are performed and no evidence of bias is detected.
Silphids in urban forests: Diversity and function

Many ecologists have examined the process of how urbanization reduces biological diversity but rarely have its ecological consequences been assessed. We studied forest-dwelling burying beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae)—a guild of insects that requires carrion to complete their life cycles—along an urban-rural gradient of land use in Maryland. Our objective was to determine how forest fragmentation associated with urbanization affects (1) beetle community diversity and structure and (2) the ecological function provided by these insects, that is, decomposition of vertebrate carcasses. Forest fragmentation strongly reduced burying beetle diversity and abundance, and did so far more pervasively than urbanization of the surrounding landscape. The likelihood that beetles interred experimental baits was a direct, positive function of burying beetle diversity. We conclude that loss of burying beetle diversity resulting from forest fragmentation could have important ecological consequences in urban forests.
Radiation asymmetries during disruptions on DIII-D caused by massive gas injectiona)

One of the major challenges that the ITER tokamak will have to face during its operations are disruptions. During the last few years, it has been proven that the global consequences of a disruption can be mitigated by the injection of large quantities of impurities. But one aspect that has been difficult to study was the possibility of local effects inside the torus during such injection that could damage a portion of the device despite the global heat losses and generated currents remaining below design parameter. 3D MHD simulations show that there is a potential for large toroidal asymmetries of the radiated power during impurity injection due to the interaction between the particle injection plume and a large n = 1 mode. Another aspect of 3D effects is the potential occurrence of Vertical Displacement Events (VDE), which could induce large poloidal heat load asymmetries. This potential deleterious effect of 3D phenomena has been studied on the DIII-D tokamak, thanks to the implementation of a multi-location massive gas injection (MGI) system as well as new diagnostic capabilities. This study showed the existence of a correlation between the location of the n = 1 mode and the local heat load on the plasma facing components but shows also that this effect is much smaller than anticipated (peaking factor of ∼1.1 vs 3-4 according to the simulations). There seems to be no observable heat load on the first wall of DIII-D at the location of the impurity injection port as well as no significant radiation asymmetries whether one or 2 valves are fired. This study enabled the first attempt of mitigation of a VDE using impurity injection at different poloidal locations. The results showed a more favorable heat deposition when the VDE is mitigated early (right at the onset) by impurity injection. No significant improvement of the heat load mitigation efficiency has been observed for late particle injection whether the injection is done “in the way” of the VDE (upward VDE mitigated by injection from the upper part of the vessel vs the lower part) or not.
On minimizing the number of L-shaped channels

We study in this paper the problem of minimizing the number of L-shaped channels in the routing region definition and ordering for building-block layouts. Given a building-block layout of rectangular modules, the routing region is to be decomposed into straight and L-shaped channels and routed in a certain order. Since channel routers usually produce superior results, it is desirable to minimize the number of L-shaped channels used in such a decomposition. We present a fast algorithm which can produce provably better results than the previously known algorithm proposed in [7]. Our algorithm is based on a careful study of the structure of such layouts, and a transformation of the original problem to a graph theoretical problem. For examples of up to 136 channels, our algorithm took less than one tenth of a second to finish the computation, and it obtained up to 29% reduction in the number of L-shaped channels over the results produced by the algorithm in [71.
Required Behavior of Sequence Diagrams: Semantics and Refinement

Sequence diagrams are a widely used design notation for describing software behavior. Many reusable software artifacts such as design patterns and design aspects make use of sequence diagrams to describe interaction behavior. When a pattern or an aspect is reused in an application, it is important to ensure that the sequence diagrams for the application correctly refines the corresponding sequence diagrams for the pattern or aspect. However, reasoning about refinement of sequence diagrams has not been addressed adequately. In this paper, we focus on refinement of required behavior specified by a UML sequence diagram. A novel trace semantics is given that captures precisely required behavior specified by a sequence diagram and a refinement relation between sequence diagrams is formalized based on the semantics. Properties of the trace semantics and the refinement relation are studied.
Patient-caregiver concordance in symptom assessment and improvement in outcomes for patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy

Objective: To measure the agreement between cancer patients’ and family caregivers’ perceptions of the patients’ symptom severity, and the association between changes in caregiver accuracy and changes in outcomes.Methods: Secondary analysis of baseline and 10-week follow-up data from 142 cancer patient/caregiver dyads. Patient/caregiver agreement about symptom burden was measured for the 8 most prevalent symptoms and overall. Bivariate analyses examined the patient and caregiver characteristics associated with caregivers who were overestimators, underestimators or accurate at baseline. We tested the relationship between change in caregiver accuracy and both caregiver behaviour (e.g. use of information, hours spent caregiving) and patient outcomes (e.g. total symptom severity and frequency).Results: At baseline, caregivers overestimated the severity of 17 out of 18 symptoms; 50% predicted mean symptom severity accurately. Accuracy worsened over time for 51%, stayed the same for 36%, and improved for 13%. W...
Multiploid Inheritance of HIV-1 during Cell-to-Cell Infection

During cell-to-cell transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), many viral particles can be simultaneously transferred from infected to uninfected CD4 T cells through structures called virological synapses (VS). Here we directly examine how cell-free and cell-to-cell infections differ from infections initiated with cell-free virus in the number of genetic copies that are transmitted from one generation to the next, i.e., the genetic inheritance. Following exposure to HIV-1-expressing cells, we show that target cells with high viral uptake are much more likely to become infected. Using T cells that coexpress distinct fluorescent HIV-1 variants, we show that multiple copies of HIV-1 can be cotransmitted across a single VS. In contrast to cell-free HIV-1 infection, which titrates with Poisson statistics, the titration of cell-associated HIV-1 to low rates of overall infection generates a constant fraction of the newly infected cells that are cofluorescent. Triple infection was also readily detected when cells expressing three fluorescent viruses were used as donor cells. A computational model and a statistical model are presented to estimate the degree to which cofluorescence underestimates coinfection frequency. Lastly, direct detection of HIV-1 proviruses using fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed that significantly more HIV-1 DNA copies are found in primary T cells infected with cell-associated virus than in those infected with cell-free virus. Together, the data suggest that multiploid inheritance is common during cell-to-cell HIV-1 infection. From this study, we suggest that cell-to-cell infection may explain the high copy numbers of proviruses found in infected cells in vivo and may provide a mechanism through which HIV preserves sequence heterogeneity in viral quasispecies through genetic complementation.
Out of Control: One Aspect of Infertility

A perceived loss of control over many aspects of life often accompanies the problem of infertility While most couples feel the effects of this lack of control in their lifestyle, relationship, and reproductive capacities, there are also some benefits inherent in giving up some control of the problem to outside sources. Nursing interventions are discussed which incorporate the concept of control into the plan of care for the infertile couple.
Reinventing an authentic ‘ethnic’ politics: Ideology and organizational change in Koreatown and Field’s Corner

Based on Koreatown in Los Angeles and the Vietnamese Field’s Corner in Boston, our aim is to understand how transnational relationships with countries of origin and settlement among the second gene...
Caregiver psychological adjustment and institutionalization of persons with Alzheimer's disease.

This prospective study examines the relationship between caregiver psychological adjustment and institutionalization of persons with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Method: A 3-year longitudinal study was conducted with a clinic-based cohort of 396 persons with AD and their respective family caregivers. Caregiver adjustment was sequentially measured in 3-month intervals using standard scales of appraisal (perceived burden and satisfaction) and emotion (depressive symptoms and positive affect). Results: In multivariable proportional hazards regression models predicting time to institutionalization controlling for AD severity, hazard ratios were significant for appraisal measures of caregiver adjustment, perceived burden (1.053; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.014, 1.093), and satisfaction (.929; 95% CI, .883, .977). In contrast, levels of caregivers’ positive and negative emotion did not reliably predict institutionalization. Discussion: The findings highlight the importance of caregiver appraisals in decisions ...
Scaling Function Dynamics

In September 1979, P. Hohenberg gave me a picture which showed the first preliminary results of A. Libchaber’s experiment on liquid helium [1], the power spectrum of a measured signal (Fig. 1). It was immediately clear that the picture had something to do with period doubling, but how it was that one was supposed to understand a one-dimensional theory for a discrete dynamics in order to learn what a fluid was doing was in no way very clear. Over a period of a few months, I tried to understand the picture, and, in the end, was lead to an idea that I have called the scaling function [2]. In these lectures, I shall try to explain what the idea is that came out of this observation and while doing so, discuss the idea that goes under the name of “presentation functions” [3]. I will indicate what these notions mean and explain how from that picture you can determine what is actually the most interesting part of the dynamics.
The discrete Laguerre transform: derivation and applications

The discrete Laguerre transform (DLT) belongs to the family of unitary transforms known as Gauss-Jacobi transforms. Using classical methodology, the DLT is derived from the orthonormal set of Laguerre functions. By examining the basis vectors of the transform matrix, the types of signals that can be best represented by the DLT are determined. Simulation results are used to compare the DLT's effectiveness in representing such signals to that of other available transforms in applications such as data compression and transform-domain adaptive filters.
Pictorial Representation of Adults as Observed in Children's Literature.

The 37 Caldecott Medal award‐winning children's books and 129 runner‐up books were subjected to a content analysis in order to evaluate the portrayal of adults in children's literature, both fictional and nonfictional. Of the total 166 books analyzed, 43 were excluded from the data because they contained no adult portrayals. For the 123 books subjected to final content analysis, and the 751 characters contained in these books, the data revealed statistically significant differences on four variables: (1) more male than female adults were represented; (2) more healthy than physically handicapped adults were portrayed; (3) more positive than negative or neutral illustrations of adults occurred; (4) adults were represented more in fictional than in nonfictional children's books. Results were interpreted as demonstrating that children's literature portrays neither adult figures nor adult life in a realistic manner.
Intellectual China in 1919

In the whole modern history of China the year 1919 certainly deserves the name annus mirabilis. The long series of memorable events beginning with the Fourth of May and ending in the teachers’ strike during the last weeks of the year, are too well known to require mentioning here. But the real miracle of the year seems to be the marked change in the thoughts and ideas of the nation. So rapid indeed has been the spread of the intellectual transformation that it even astounded those who have entertained the wildest expectations for its final triumph.
Alkaloid presence and brine shrimp (Artemia salina) bioassay of medicinal species of eastern Nicaragua.

We used an alkaloid test and a brine shrimp bioassay to assess the bioactivity of the medicinal plants used by eastern Nicaraguan healers in traditional medicine. Ethnomedicinal uses were obtained from interviews of traditional healers. Aqueous extracts derived from 30 species of angiosperms were assayed for the presence of alkaloids and toxicity. Species tested are distributed in 30 genera and 21 families. Of the 30 species tested for alkaloids with Dragendorff’s reagent, 29 contained alkaloids. Toxicological analysis was conducted using the brine shrimp lethal assay (BSLA). Biological activity using BSLA was recorded as the median lethal concentration (LC50) that kills 50% of the larvae within 24 h of contact with the aqueous plant extracts. The LC50 of the shrimp was less than 2500 µg/mL for 3 (10%) species, 2500-5000 µg/mL for 9 (30%), 5001-7500 µg/mL for 7 (23%), 7501-10000 µg/mL for 3 (10%), and greater than 10000 µg/mL for 8 (27%) of the species. The members of the orders Santales and Rubiales in g...
Bilateral Thalamic Infarction in a Patient With Factor V Leiden Mutation

In a 50-year-old unresponsive man with ophthalmoplegia, bilateral thalamic infarction was detected on magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. A thorough evaluation, including urinalysis, laboratory studies, computed tomography of the brain, chest radiography, lumbar puncture, magnetic resonance angiography, cerebral angiography, carotid ultrasonography, and transesophageal echocardiography, revealed no obvious predisposing factors other than heterozygous factor V Leiden mutation. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of bilateral thalamic infarction associated with factor V Leiden mutation. Physicians should consider the possibility of this mutation in patients with ischemie stroke if no other source is evident.
Analyzing aviation safety: Problems, challenges, opportunities

This paper reviews the economic literature relating to aviation safety; analyzes the safety record of commercial passenger aviation in the United States and abroad; examines aviation security as a growing dimension of aviation safety; and identifies emerging issues in airline safety and challenges for aviation safety research. Commercial airline safety has improved dramatically since the industry's birth over a century ago. Fatal accident rates for large scheduled jet airlines have fallen to the level where (along many dimensions) aviation is now the safest mode of commercial transportation. However, safety performance has not been evenly distributed across all segments of commercial aviation, nor among all countries and regions of the world. The finding that developing countries have much poorer safety records has been a persistent conclusion in aviation safety research and continues to be the case. Unfortunately, operations data are not available for many of the airlines that experience fatal accidents, so it is not possible to calculate reliable fatality rates for many segments of the worldwide aviation industry. Without more complete information, it will likely be difficult to make substantial improvements in the safety of these operations. Challenges to improving aviation security include: how much to focus on identifying the terrorists as opposed to identifying the tools they might use; determining how to respond to terrorist threats; and determining the public versus private roles in providing aviation security. The next generation of safety challenges now require development and understanding of new forms of data to improve safety in other segments of commercial aviation, and moving from a reactive, incident-based approach toward a more proactive, predictive and systems-based approach.
Requirements Management for True System Reusability

This paper examines capabilities that are required to maintain a reusable development environment for products that are shared across many unique customer needs. Uniqueness within a product offering is driven by special needs or circumstances of the customer, which is translated by a project team into real system requirements. This uniqueness, though, must be managed in light of the product offering that is being built and maintained within a business climate. Diversity of customer needs is a significant cost driver that should be managed to preserve the integrity of the product offering as well as to keep costs under control. By appropriately managing requirements within the project and product development environments, a single, reusable product definition can be preserved that is both tailorable for each customer as well affordable for future customers.
Undergraduate Health Care Ethics Internship: An Ignatian Innovation in Bioethics Education

This article describes an innovative and unique undergraduate bioethics course for students planning careers in health care. The Health Care Ethics Internship reflects the Ignatian values of (1) cura personalis signifying care for the whole person, both of the interns themselves and the patients and professionals they encounter and (2) being a person for others concerned not only with success but also with those poor in health and opportunity. Developed by Santa Clara University’s Markkula Center for Applied Ethics, the Health Care Ethics Internship is interdisciplinary, integrating experiential learning in various health care contexts with ethical theory and reflection with particular attention to justice. Surveys collected from participants indicate that the Internship: (1) influenced career decisions; (2) provided knowledge that was subsequently used in personal and professional ethical decision making; (3) enabled participants to more easily recognize ethical concerns and to think more critically about them; and, (4) prepared them to address ethical challenges encountered in post-graduate health care education.
Perfluoroalkyl Acids Inhibit Reductive Dechlorination of Trichloroethene by Repressing Dehalococcoides

The subsurface recalcitrance of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) derived from aqueous film-forming foams could have adverse impacts on the microbiological processes used for the bioremediation of co-mingled chlorinated solvents such as trichloroethene (TCE). Here, we show that reductive dechlorination by a methanogenic, mixed culture was significantly inhibited when exposed to concentrations representative of PFAA source zones (>66 mg/L total of 11 PFAA analytes, 6 mg/L each). TCE dechlorination, cis-dichloroethene and vinyl chloride production and dechlorination, and ethene generation were all inhibited at these PFAA concentrations. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the abundances of 65% of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) changed significantly when grown in the presence of PFAAs, although repression or enhancement resulting from PFAA exposure did not correlate with putative function or phylogeny. Notably, there was significant repression of Dehalococcoides (8-fold decrease in abundance) coupled with a corresponding enhancement of methane-generating Archaea (a 9-fold increase). Growth and dechlorination by axenic cultures of Dehalococcoides mccartyi strain 195 were similarly repressed under these conditions, confirming an inhibitory response of this pivotal genus to PFAA presence. These results suggest that chlorinated solvent bioattenuation rates could be impeded in subsurface environments near PFAA source zones.
Selenium in the environment

Selenium (Se) was discovered by Berzelius in 1817 in the residual slime from the preparation of sulfur dioxide from copper pyrites. For more than a century the element remained mainly the object of classical chemical studies and experimentation. Because of special properties the element found commercial application in the glass industry in manufacture of ruby glass and also in neutralizing the green color of glass, due to the presence of ferrous silicate. Another early use of Se was in photocells and photodetectors.
Foreign Official Immunity Determinations in U.S. Courts: The Case Against the State Department

The immunity of foreign states from suit in U.S. courts is governed by a federal statute, the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (“FSIA”). This statute does not apply to the immunity of individual foreign officials, however, as the Court recently held in Yousuf v. Samantar, 130 S.Ct. 2278 (2010). Instead, the Court reasoned, the immunity of foreign government officials is controlled by common law. But there is no extant body of federal or state common law governing foreign official immunity, and the Court did not clarify how this law should be developed going forward. The State Department claims the constitutional power to make individual immunity determinations on a case-by-case basis that are binding on the courts, and that the immunity principles articulated by the government should be followed even in cases where it does not make a specific determination. This article argues that the executive branch lacks such “lawmaking” power. The text and structure of the Constitution, functional and historical arguments, the Court’s case law, and implied congressional authorization are all examined and rejected as possible grounds for the power asserted by the executive branch. Instead, the development by courts of a federal common law of individual immunity (with no binding authority in the executive branch) fits comfortably within the existing jurisprudence on federal common law and is preferable on functional grounds. Federal common law should be constrained in some respects, however, by the content of the FSIA, by customary international law, and by the views of the executive branch on certain discrete issues.
Two-stage surgical resection of an atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor occupying the infratentorial and supratentorial compartment in children under two years: Report of two cases

Introduction Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors are highly malignant neoplasms that present in young children and can grow to a large size. Maximal safe surgical resection is a mainstay of treatment.
Metastasis. A primer for dermatologists

Background Dermatologists often diagnose, treat, and manage patients who have cutaneous tumors that are potentially metastatic. While the fund of knowledge regarding metastasis is still quite incomplete, more and more is becoming understood about the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and metastasis. Objective To present in understandable terms what is known about carcinogenesis and metastasis and how this information can and should affect the clinician's approach to diagnosis, management, and follow-up of potentially metastatic cutaneous disease. Methods The recent literature pertaining to the current understanding of the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and metastasis are assimilated and reviewed. Results Carcinogenesis is fundamentally a three-step process comprised of initiation, promotion, and progression. One of the most dramatic results of progression is metastasis. Metastasis is the result of a complex set of cellular adaptations that enable the tumor cell to be able to separate from the primary tumor, invade, intravasate, circulate, implant at a distant site, extravasate, and lastly proliferate. Conclusion A fundamental understanding of the mechanism of carcinogenesis and metastasis is important to the clinical dermatologist. Understanding these principles can affect the way in which the practitioner teaches and institutes preventative measures. It may also influence diagnostic and therapeutic approaches as well as subsequent management and follow-up of potentially metastatic or metastatic disease. There is little doubt that the best care for a patient with skin cancer can be given by the physician who knows the most about the integument. This behooves dermatologists to remain well informed about the present understanding of the development and progression of cancer.
BARRIER ISLAND DYNAMICS: OVERWASH PROCESSES AND SOLIAN TRANSPORT

The northern 5 miles of shoreline at Assateague Island, Maryland are presently being eroded. During storms, swash surges are able to overtop the most landward (storm) berm as overwash with deposition occurring on the barren flats. Where primary barrier dunes still exist, sediment-charged surges are funneled through breaches in the dune field for deposition of the entrained material on the washover fan. Sediment budget computations show that there has been a small net loss of material at each washover area, in spite of 7 discrete overwash events during a 26 month time interval. The predominant northwest winds effectively eroded the overwash material, transporting the majority of the sand back to the beach. This analysis indicates that there exists a balance between overwash and eolian processes with wind transport being slightly dominant.
Content Management Systems, Bittorrent Trackers, and Large-Scale Rhetorical Genres Analyzing Collective Activity in Participatory Digital Spaces

Scholars of rhetoric and writing have long recognized the mediated nature of rhetorical action. From Plato’s early indictments of writing as enemy of memoria to Burke’s recognition of instrumental causes to recent analyses of digital mediation, the study of meaning-making refuses one-to-one, transparent theories of communication, instead recognizing that there is more to rhetorical action than humans. This article follows the trail of Haas, Swarts, and others arguing that analyses of mediation uncover much about human motives, digital communities, and rhetorical action. I argue that technologies often function as rhetorical genres, providing what Miller characterizes as “typified rhetorical actions based in recurrent situations” that occur in uniquely digital spaces. Working from sites of participatory archival creation and curation, I argue that invisible rhetorical genres operating at macroscopic levels of scale are central to shaping individual and communal activity in sites of distributed social produ...
Pediatric and Adolescent Obesity

Childhood obesity is of great concern in the USA and worldwide due its health consequences. BMI percentiles still remains the best tool available, and once at-risk youth are identified, pediatric providers are asked to engage families to make specific changes. We will review the role of obesity prevention in health promotion for youth through the framework of the social ecological model. First, individual choices are and should be discussed, and patient-centered communication is a useful tool in engaging parents and children. The role of parents and schools on the development of negative and positive habits that contribute to weight gain in youth is elucidated, as well as the importance of having a supportive neighborhood and community. National and local policies also influence the types of choices that children and their parents can make and have a wide impact that will be highlighted. To promote better health for children and assisting children in making healthier choices will be paramount.
Dielectric relaxation in molecular glasses

The dielectric absorption in amorphous solids arises mainly from two mechanisms:1 (1) the conformational rearrangements of the molecular chain, or network, which are relatively slow, and are associated with the glass transition, and, (2) the chain twisting, ion mobility, or a small unit motion of the network, which are relatively fast, and are generally seen in the glassy state below the dilatometric glass transition temperature, T g . These two relaxation regions are normally termed α- and β-relaxations, respectively.
The Decline and Possible Demise of Family Psychology: Families Without Personalities

The purpose of this chapter is to argue that the past sociological notion of the intact family-qua-family composed of two parents of the opposite gender and two children, is not longer tenable. This argument, of course, about the decline of the family, as conceived in the past, does not mean that the profession of Family Psychology should decline as well. It means that different conceptions about the family unit have evolved in the last half a century. Those conceptions will remain of interest to such a professional organization.
Impact of radiofrequency ablation geometry on electrical conduction

The gold standard of current treatment for atrial fibrillation is radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Single RFA procedures have low long-term, single-procedure success rates, which can be attributed to factors including inability to measure and visualize lesion depth in real time and incomplete knowledge of how atrial fibrillation manifests and persists. One way to address this problem is to develop a heart model that accurately fits lesion dimensions and depth using OCT to extract structural information. Twenty-three lesions of varying transmurality in left and right swine atrial tissue have been imaged with a Thorlabs OCT system with 6.5-micron axial resolution and a custom Ultra High Resolution system with 2.5-micron axial resolution. The boundaries of the ablation lesions were identified by the appearance of the birefringence artifact to identify areas of un-ablated tissue, as well as by changes to depth penetration and structural features, including decreased contrast between the endocardium and myocardium and disappearance of collagen fibers within the ablation lesion. Using these features, the lateral positions of the lesion boundaries were identified. An algorithm that fit ellipses to the lesion contours modeled the ablation geometry in depth. Lesion dimensions and shape were confirmed by comparison with trichrome histological processing. Finite-element models were fitted with these parameters and electrophysiological simulations were run with the Continuity 6 package. Next steps include correlating lesion geometry to conduction velocity, and including further tissue complexity such as varying tissue composition and fiber orientation. Additional models of linear lesions with gaps and adjacent lesions created with non-perpendicular contact will be created. This work will provide insight into how lesion geometry, tissue composition, and fiber organization impact electrophysiological propagation.
Traumatic instability of the wrist: diagnosis, classification, and pathomechanics.

The scaphoid is a mechanical link that stabilizes the intercarpal joint during motions of the wrist. Without this stability the proximal carpal row acts as an unsupported intercalated link in a three-link system and zigzag collapse occurs with axial loading. A deformity with dorsiflexion of the lunate within the linkage (dorsiflexion instability) occurs commonly after scaphoid fracture and scapholunate dissociation. When dissociation occurs the scaphoid assumes a vertical position, that is, the angle formed by the longitudinal axes of the scaphoid and the lunate approaches a right angle. Rupture of the distal attachments of the palmar radiocarpal ligament and of the scapholunate ligament appears to induce dissociation. It is therefore concluded that ligamentous injury along with scaphoid fracture is probably necessary if dorsiflexion instability is to develop. Palmar flexion instability characterized by palmar flexion of the lunate within the wrist linkage appears to be associated with ulnar displacement of the carpus as is seen in rheumatoid arthritis or after loss of the distal end of the ulna. This position may be normal in a small percentage of patients. The direction of the intercarpal collapse is related to the location of the pressure of the head of the capitate against the concave surface of the lunate, that is, whether this pressure is dorsal or palmar to the plane of the radiolunate fulcrum on the proximal convex surface of the lunate. The direction of the collapse is also related to the normal oblique path of motion (rotation and sliding) of the capitate during ulnar and radial deviation and is intimately controlled by the geometric configuration of the bones and the resultant of forces on the carpus. These forces are determined by the strength, direction, and leverage of the musculotendinous units, which cross the joints of the wrist complex.