cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Pathology

This chapter will review the clinical and histopathologic features associated with the presentation and diagnosis of retinoblastoma. A thorough appreciation of the differential and a detailed clinical assessments is the cornerstone of arriving at the proper diagnosis. Unlike most cancers, retinoblastoma is unique, as tissue is generally not necessary for diagnostic and treatment purposes. However, once the eye is enucleated, the histopathologic features guide therapy and prognosis. We will review ancillary testing that can assist the clinician and address pathologic features that can affect patient prognosis.
Neuromorphic Graph Algorithms: Extracting Longest Shortest Paths and Minimum Spanning Trees

Neuromorphic computing is poised to become a promising computing paradigm in the post Moore's law era due to its extremely low power usage and inherent parallelism. Traditionally speaking, a majority of the use cases for neuromorphic systems have been in the field of machine learning. In order to expand their usability, it is imperative that neuromorphic systems be used for non-machine learning tasks as well. The structural aspects of neuromorphic systems (i.e., neurons and synapses) are similar to those of graphs (i.e., nodes and edges), However, it is not obvious how graph algorithms would translate to their neuromorphic counterparts. In this work, we propose a preprocessing technique that introduces fractional offsets on the synaptic delays of neuromorphic graphs in order to break ties. This technique, in turn, enables two graph algorithms: longest shortest path extraction and minimum spanning trees.
Anchor selection for topology inference and routing in wireless sensor networks

Anchor-based ad-hoc networks utilize hop measurements to generate a virtual coordinate system for topology inference and routing applications. A common problem with such coordinate system is its sensitivity to anchor placement. We present a general formulation to the anchor node selection problem. Then, we relax the optimization problem by deriving an upper-bound of the objective function. We finally propose an iterative algorithm that consists in choosing additional anchor nodes based on the connectivity information provided by the current anchor set. Numerical simulations indicate that our anchor selection method is robust to missing measurements and improves network topology inference and routing performance.
Host–microbial systems as glass cannons: Explaining microbiome stability in corals exposed to extrinsic perturbations

Although stability is relatively well understood in macro-organisms, much less is known about its drivers in host-microbial systems where processes operating at multiple levels of biological organisation jointly regulate the microbiome. We conducted an experiment to examine the microbiome stability of three Caribbean corals (Acropora cervicornis, Pseudodiploria strigosa and Porites astreoides) by placing them in aquaria and exposing them to a pulse perturbation consisting of a large dose of broad-spectrum antibiotics before transplanting them into the field. We found that coral hosts harboured persistent, species-specific microbiomes. Stability was generally high but variable across coral species, with A. cervicornis microbiomes displaying the lowest community turnover in both the non-perturbed and the perturbed field transplants. Interestingly, the microbiome of P. astreoides was stable in the non-perturbed field transplants, but unstable in the perturbed field transplants. A mathematical model of host-microbial dynamics helped resolve this paradox by showing that when microbiome regulation is driven by host sanctioning, both resistance and resilience to invasion are low and can lead to instability despite the high direct costs bourne by corals. Conversely, when microbiome regulation is mainly associated with microbial processes, both resistance and resilience to invasion are high and promote stability at no direct cost to corals. We suggest that corals that are mainly regulated by microbial processes can be likened to 'glass cannons' because the high stability they exhibit in the field is due to their microbiome's potent suppression of invasive microbes. However, these corals are susceptible to destabilisation when exposed to perturbations that target the vulnerable members of their microbiomes who are responsible for mounting such powerful attacks against invasive microbes. The differential patterns of stability exhibited by P. astreoides across perturbed and non-perturbed field transplants suggest it is a 'glass cannon' whose microbiome is regulated by microbial processes, whereas A. cervicornis' consistent patterns of stability suggest that its microbiome is mainly regulated by host-level processes. Our results show that understanding how processes that operate at multiple levels of biological organisation interact to regulate microbiomes is critical for predicting the effects of environmental perturbations on host-microbial systems.
How Does Green Dot Bystander Training in High School and Beyond Impact Attitudes Toward Violence and Sexism in a Prospective Cohort

Bystander interventions are recognized as “promising” programming to reduce sexual violence. Gaps in current evaluations include limited follow-up post-training (beyond 24 months) and knowledge of ...
Literacy Teachers' Pedagogical Content Knowledge

Literacy instructors are encountering accumulative challenges in today`s classrooms. Large-scale high-stake assessments and managerial/parental expectations have doubled the pressure on teachers to produce high-achieving literacy learners. One of the chief aspects the teacher training programs have been focusing on lately has been the notion of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). This paper provides an overview of the PCK and how it can be used optimally in classrooms. This article is concluded by some suggestions and arguments on the reciprocal correlations between PCK and effective practice.
Investigating the brain regions involved in tDCS-Enhanced category learning using finite element modeling

Abstract Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) influences performance in many cognitive domains. However, the question of which brain networks are involved in these effects is rarely examined. In prior experiments we identified tDCS protocols that produce a large improvement in category learning. Here we examined which brain regions were involved by modelling and comparing the behavioral effects of different electrode placements. In Experiment 1, we placed electrodes at two cephalic sites found the be most effective in our prior studies (F10 and T5/P7), expecting an increased combined effect. However, no effect was found, suggesting that stimulation of additional far field regions using extracephalic electrodes in our prior studies may have been necessary for producing these effects. In Experiment 2, we used finite element modeling (FEM) to compare the E-fields produced by these montages. One region with large differences and that is accessible to tDCS was the cerebellum. We then tested the involvement of the cerebellum by placing electrodes below the inion vs. the left arm in thirty-six participants who received anodal, cathodal, or sham stimulation during training. Neither anodal nor cathodal cerebellar tDCS led to significant changes when compared with sham. These results suggest that neither far-field stimulation of the cerebellum nor nearby cranial nerves played a large causal role in our previous tDCS studies. To our knowledge, this one of the first studies to systematically compare the behavioral and energetic effects produced by different montages to identify the specific brain regions involved in the behavioral responses to tDCS.
Emotional Problems among Children with Same-sex Parents: Difference by Definition

Aims: To test whether small non-random sample findings that children with same-sex parents suffer no disadvantage in emotional well-being can be replicated in a large population sample; and examine the correlates of any differences discovered. Methodology: Using a representative sample of 207,007 children, including 512 with same-sex parents, from the U.S. National Health Interview Survey, prevalence in the two groups was compared for twelve measures of emotional problems, developmental problems, and affiliated service and treatment usage, with controls for age, sex, and race of child and parent education and income. Instruments included the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and the Kessler Scale of Psychological Distress (SPD). Bivariate logistic regression models tested the effect of parent psychological distress, family instability, child peer stigmatization and biological parentage, both overall and by opposite-sex family structure. Results: Emotional problems were over twice as prevalent (minimum risk ratio (RR) 2.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.7-3.0) for children with same-sex parents than for children with oppositesex parents. Risk was elevated in the presence of parent psychological distress (RR 2.7, CI 1.84.3, p (t) < .001), moderated by family instability (RR 1.3, CI 1.2-1.4) and unaffected by stigmatization (RR 2.4, CI 1.4-4.2), though these all had significant direct effects on emotional problems. Biological parentage nullified risk both alone and in combination with any iteration of
Precision Measurements of the Triplet and Singlet Positronium Decay Rates

Positronium (Ps) is the hydrogen-like bound state of the electron and its antiparticle, the positron. Positronium is an attractive testing ground for the theory of quantum electrodynamics (QED) since its constituent particles interact to high order only through the electromagnetic interaction. Fundamental tests of QED involving Ps may be classified as measurements of either fine structure in the n=1 or n=2 levels or of annihilation decay properties. After a brief overview, the precision measurement of the triplet and singlet ground state decay rates will be discussed.
Numerical study of reflection and transmission coefficients for different inhomogeneous walls

Analytical expressions such as Fresnel reflection and transmission coefficients have been extensively used in most of the ray tracing simulation tools for the last few years. Although these tools predict the field accurately for simple homogeneous wall structures, it is difficult if not impossible, to extend such an analysis to find reflection and transmission coefficients for walls composed of dielectric and imperfectly conducting materials. In the past we demonstrated the successful application of the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method to numerically obtain reflection and transmission coefficients for pure homogeneous layered walls. We also compared measurements with the FDTD method for a certain type of inhomogeneous wall with satisfactory results. In this paper we further extend the FDTD approach to analyze the transmitted and reflected fields from 2-D inhomogeneous walls which represent practical wall structures, in order to identify the importance of the various parameters such as thickness, permittivity, and presence or absence of metallic rebars.
Postsecondary Preparation and Remediation: Examining the Effect of the Early Assessment Program at California State University.

In this paper we investigate how participation in the Early Assessment Program, which provides California high school juniors with information about their academic readiness for college-level work at California State University campuses, affects their college-going behavior and need for remediation in college. Using administrative records from California State University,–Sacramento and the California Department of Education, we find that participation in the Early Assessment Program reduces the average student's probability of needing remediation at California State University by 6.1 percentage points in English and 4.1 percentage points in mathematics. Rather than discouraging poorly prepared students from applying to Sacramento State, EAP appears to lead students to increase their academic preparation while still in high school. © 2010 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Mathematical, physical and numerical principles essential for models of turbulent mixing

We propose mathematical, physical and numerical principles which are important for the modeling of turbulent mixing, especially the classical and well studied Rayleigh-Taylor and Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities which involve acceleration driven mixing of a fluid discontinuity layer, by (respectively) a continuous acceleration or an impulsive delta function force. The fundamental mathematical issue is the nonuniqueness and thus indeterminancy of solutions of the 3D compressible Euler equation. Verification (demonstration that the numerical solution of the equations is mathematically correct) is meaningless for such a model of turbulent mixing. Uniqueness requires physical fluid transport, i.e. the compressible (multifluid) Navier-Stokes equation. The same fundamental issue, formulated in terms of physics, is that the properties of the mixing depend on dimensionless ratios of the transport coefficients, namely the Schmidt number (viscosity/mass diffusion) and Prandtl number (viscosity/thermal conductivity). Validation (meaning that the simulation equations correctly model the problem to be solved) is impossible without specification of fluid transport. It is in effect an effort to validate an answer for 0/0. The fundamental issue, formulated in numerical terms is that the physical transport terms are so small that they cannot be resolved at feasible grid levels. Large eddy simulations (LES) are needed. For these, subgrid scale (SGS) terms must be added to the equations, to correctly reflect the influence of the unresolved transport on the grid scales that are resolved. In the absence of such an approach, numerical artifacts intrude, leading to apparently converged solutions, with answers that depend on the computer code. Plainly, this issue, in its three guises, poses a challenge for verification and validation (V&V), and since V&V is a major scientific enterprise, it is of great importance.
Data-Oblivious Graph Drawing Model and Algorithms

We study graph drawing in a cloud-computing context where data is stored externally and processed using a small local working storage. We show that a number of classic graph drawing algorithms can be efficiently implemented in such a framework where the client can maintain privacy while constructing a drawing of her graph.
Opportunistic Communications in an Orthogonal Multiaccess Relay Channel

The problem of resource allocation is studied for a two-user fading orthogonal multiaccess relay channel (MARC) where both users (sources) communicate with a destination in the presence of a relay. A half-duplex relay is considered that transmits on a channel orthogonal to that used by the sources. The instantaneous fading state between every transmit-receive pair in this network is assumed to be known at both the transmitter and receiver. Under an average power constraint at each source and the relay, the sum-rate for the achievable strategy of decode-and-forward (DF) is maximized over all power allocations (policies) at the sources and relay. It is shown that the sum-rate maximizing policy exploits the multiuser fading diversity to reveal the optimality of opportunistic channel use by each user. A geometric interpretation of the optimal power policy is also presented.
Systolic blood pressure at end-expiration measured by the automated systolic pressure variation monitor is equivalent to systolic blood pressure during apnea.

Objective.It is necessary to define a reference systolic arterial blood pressure (RP) to calculate delta-Up (dUp) and delta-Down (dDown) for systolic pressure variation. Most studies define the reference pressure as the average systolic blood pressure during a short period of apnea. We describe an automated systolic pressure variation monitor that measures airway pressure and defines the reference pressure as the systolic blood pressure at end-expiration. The present study compares the reference systolic blood pressure measured at end-expiration by the automated systolic pressure variation monitor and the reference systolic blood pressure measured during apnea to test whether the end-expiration value is an adequate substitute for the value during apnea. Methods.After obtaining informed consent, 108sets of measurements of systolic pressure variation (SPV) were made in 20intubated, mechanically-ventilated, anesthetized patients by the automated SPV monitor and during apnea. Measurements were taken during periods of hemodynamic stability defined as three consecutive end-expiratory systolic blood pressures within four mmHg of each other. The three systolic pressure sat end-expiration were averaged (RP monitor ). Immediately following these measurements, the ventilator was turned off and the systolic blood pressure was measured at 6, 8, 10 and 12 seconds of apnea. The reference pressure during apnea (RP apnea ) was defined as the average of the systolic blood pressure at 8, 10 and 12 seconds of apnea. For each measurement set, RP monitor and the systolic blood pressure at6 seconds of apnea (SBP6) were compared to RP apnea using Bland–Altman analysis. Results.Bland–Altman analysis for the difference between SBP6 and RP apnea yielded a small bias of −0.3 mmHg with standard deviation of 1.3, indicating that the systolic pressure tends to continue to increase slightly after 6seconds of apnea. Results were similar for the difference between RP monitor and RP apnea (−0.2 ± 3.1mmHg). Conclusions.dUp and dDown are calculated using the reference pressure. RP monitor is an average of 0.2 mm Hg less than RP apnea , thus dUp calculated by the automated SPV monitor is an average of 0.2 mm Hg greater than dUp measured by the reference pressure during apnea and dDown is 0.2 mm Hg less. Since the bias of −0.2 mm Hgis clinically insignificant, there is acceptable agreement between the reference pressure obtained during apnea and that obtained by the automated SPV monitor at end-expiration. The mean difference between RP monitor and RP apnea is explained by the continued rise in systolic pressure during the period of apnea as demonstrated by the difference between SBP6 and RP apnea .
Anisotropic resistivity of single-crystal Sm2−xCexCuO4−y

Abstract The anisotropic resistivity of electron-doped superconducting Sm 2−x Ce x CuO 4−y single crystals was measured for the first time using the Montgomery method. The data revealed very large resistive anisotropies, ϱ c / ϱ a ≈15,000–30,000. Such anisotropy is comparable to that of the Nd 2−x Ce x CuO 4−y system ( ϱ c / ϱ a ≈5,000–20,000) and the Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8− x system. Also, the in-plane resistivity values observed here are roughly a factor of 10 lower than recently reported from measurements using other lead configurations. The T-dependent part of in-plane resistivity is nearly T 2 , which the out-of-plane component is nearly T 2 , while the out-of-plane component is nearly T 3 2 between 80 and 300 after the subtraction of low temperature behavior proportional to -logT. Crystals exhibit interesting non-monotonic resistive anisotropy as a function of temperature, both in the transition region and in the normal state.
Biometrics and Security

The science of Biometrics is concerned with recognizing people based on their physiological or behavioral characteristics. It has emerged as a vibrant field of research in today's security conscious society. In this talk we will introduce the important research challenges in Biometrics and specifically address the following topics: i) unobtrusive people tracking using a novel evolutionary recognition paradigm, ii) efficient indexing and searching of large fingerprint databases, iii) cancelability of templates where the task is to ensure that enrolled biometric templates can be revoked and new templates issued, and iv) fusion of fingerprints with other biometric modalities such as face where we will explore optimal trainable functions that operate on the scores returned by individual matchers.
Egoism, Psychological Egoism, and Ethical Egoism

Egoism is mainly an ethical doctrine whereby one is implored to advance one's own well being first and foremost, though not exclusively. It differs from psychological egoism, from hedonism, etc. It goes back to Socrates' ethics that one should live to make the best of oneself. Keywords: egoism; psychological egoism; ethical egoism; egoism in business; self interest
Accuracy and Reliability of Dosing Equations to Individualize Theophylline Treatment of Apnea of Prematurity

Apnea of prematurity is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Treatment generally includes supplemental oxygen and theophylline or caffeine. The half-life of theophylline is prolonged in newborns because of their immature cytochrome P-450 system, and there is considerable variation in the drug's metabolism in infants. We compared the accuracy, precision, and reliability of two equations that use postnatal age (PNA) to determine a maintenance dosage of theophylline with a standard maintenance dosage (SMD) that produced a steady-state serum theophylline concentration (STC) of 8 μg/ml for apnea of prematurity in 46 infants less than 34 weeks' gestational age (GA) and less than 36 weeks' postconceptional age (PCA). The two equations were mg/kg/day=[(0.2×PNA in wks)+5], and mg/kg/day=[(0.3×PNA in wks)+8]. Their reliability to predict the SMD was determined by correlation analysis. The precision and accuracy with which they predicted SMD are determined and analyzed by χ 2 . The SMD did not correlate with the maintenance dosages calculated by equations 1 and 2 (r=0.296 and 0.296, p>0.05 in both cases). Multiple linear regression of SMD versus GA, PNA, and PCA was not significant (r=0.33, p=0.32). After stratifying data based on GA and performing correlation analysis of SMD versus PNA, a weak but significant correlation (r=0.42, p=0.0517) was found for infants with GA between 31 and 34 weeks. Poor correlation was found between SMD versus PNA for infants 27-30 weeks' GA. Two new equations of the best fit line were generated using the same data. Currently available equations for determining maintenance dosages of theophylline in infants and children are not reliable for premature newborns, in whom two new equations based on GA and PNA have been developed. The equations will be evaluated for their utility, and employed to accrue data to determine if better ones can be developed
Guidelines for Establishing Undergraduate Bioinformatics Courses

This paper first provides a bird's-eye view of the topics involved in teaching undergraduate courses in bioinformatics. It then presents constructive suggestions on how to design such courses so that the subject can be introduced early in the undergraduate curriculum; that allows students to pursue a career in the field by taking few additional courses. This effort represents a first step in the design and implementation of a major in bioinformatics. The approach encourages an interaction among the faculty in biology and in computer science and paves the way for wider channels of communication which can benefit both computer scientists and biologists. Worth noting is the description of a project-oriented syllabus that has been used in a joint Brandeis–Wellesley course for the past years. This paper may also assist as a guide for further discussions on the teaching of bioinformatics.
Nice Guys Finish Last and Guys in Last Are Nice The Clash Between Doing Well and Doing Good

True altruism involves sacrifice and is thus incompatible, in people’s minds, with benefits to the benefactor. Consistent with this prototype, selflessly motivated prosocial actors are perceived as less likely to benefit from their acts compared with selfishly motivated actors (“Nice guys finish last”), and prosocial actors who benefit are perceived as less benevolent than those who do not (“Guys in last are nice”)—even in situations for which benefits are randomly determined and completely out of the control of the actor. The studies present supportive evidence of the reflexive association between a pure, selfless motive and sacrifice with respect to both individuals and organizations.
On spherically symmetric cosmology in Riemann-Cartan spacetime with spin-density

We develop the average effective energy-momentum tensor for a spherically symmelric cosmology with randomly oriented spin using the improved energy-momentum tensor in the framework of the self-consistent Einstein-Cartan theory with spindensity. PACS numbers: 9530S, 9880C. 4775,0340G. 0450
Assessing Financial System Vulnerabilities

Recent financial crises have highlighted the potentially significant macroeconomic costs of financial system instability, and the potential for the instability in the financial system of one country to have broader implications for the stability of financial systems and macroeconomic performance in other countries. This paper reviews the different analytical approaches to assessing vulnerabilities in the financial systems and the benefits and limitations of the different approaches, and suggests enhancements that could help strengthen financial system stability assessments.
Habitat delineation of green and false-green kyllinga in turfgrass systems and interrelationship of elevation and edaphic factors

Abstract Knowledge of the influence of environmental factors on weed populations is important in developing sustainable turfgrass management practices. Studies were conducted to evaluate the relationship of green and false-green kyllinga population densities with elevation and edaphic factors in turfgrass systems. Studies were conducted on five different golf courses in North Carolina, three affected by green kyllinga, and two affected by false-green kyllinga. According to Spearman correlation coefficients, both green and false-green kyllinga were correlated with increasing soil volumetric water content, whereas correlation of other edaphic variables varied among sites and species. Stepwise logistic regression confirmed the correlation of volumetric water with green kyllinga presence, but model components varied among sites for false-green kyllinga. Increasing green kyllinga populations correlated with increasing soil sodium; however, sodium did not reach a level believed to be detrimental to turfgrass gr...
Flow measurements and selection of body-body and tip-tip enhanced samples in U + U collisions at STAR

Abstract The azimuthal anisotropy of particle production is commonly used in high-energy nuclear collisions to study the early evolution of the expanding system. The prolate shape of uranium nuclei provides the possibility to study how the initial geometry of the nuclei affects the azimuthal distributions. In this paper, the two- and four-particle cumulants, v 2 { 2 } and v 2 { 4 } , from U + U collisions at s NN = 193 GeV and Au + Au collisions at s NN = 200 GeV for inclusive charged hadrons will be presented. The STAR Zero Degree Calorimeter is used to subdivide the 0–1% centrality bin into even finer centralities. Differences were observed between the multiplicity dependence of v 2 { 2 } for most central Au + Au and U + U collisions. It has also been demonstrated that ZDC and multiplicity in combination provide a way to select body–body or tip–tip enhanced samples of central U + U collisions. Comparisons to models show that an IP-Glasma model based on gluon saturation for the initial state better describes the slope of v 2 { 2 } vs. multiplicity than the Glauber model with a standard two-component model for multiplicity.
Localization of epoxide-metablozing enzymes in rat testis

Abstract Antibodies raised against rat hepatic epoxide hydrolase (EC 3.3.2.3) and glutathione S-transferases (EC 2.5.1.18) B, C and E were used to determine the presence and localizations of these epoxide-metabolizing enzymes in testes of sexually immature and mature Wistar and Holtzman rats. Unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase staining for each enzyme was readily detected in rat testes at the light microscopic level. Although significant strain-related differences were not apparent, staining intensity for certain enzymes differed markedly between Leydig cells and seminiferous tubules. Leydig cells of immature and mature rats were stained much intensely for epoxide hydrolase and glutathione S-transferase B and E than were seminiferous tubules, whereas Sertoli cells, spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids, as well as Leydig cells, were stained intensely by the anti-glutathione S-transferase C. Age-related differences in staining for glutathione S-transferase B were not obvious, while the anti-glutathione S-transferase C stained seminiferous tubules more intensely in immature rats, and antibodies to expoxide hydrolase and glutathione S-transferases C and E stained Leydig cells much more intensely in mature rats. These observations thus demonstrate that testes of both sexually immature and mature rats contain epoxide hydrolase and glutathione S-transferases. Except for glutathione S-transferase C in immature rats, Leydig cells appear to contain much higher levels of enzymes than do seminiferous tubules. During sexual maturation, the testicular level of glutathione S-transferase B appears to remain constant, while levels of epoxide hydrolase and glutathione S-transferases C and E increase within Leydig cells and the level of glutathione S-transferase C decreases within seminiferous tubules.
Pulsing Policies for Aggregate Advertising Models

Classical continuous-time models of advertising expenditure tend to fall into two categories, those that prescribe spending at a constant level and those that prescribe switching infinitely quickly between several different levels of spending. The latter practice, chattering, though impossible literally, can be interpreted in practice to imply that the faster the switching the better. Empirical evidence, however, sometimes suggests the superiority of pulsing, alternating between different spending levels with finite frequency, for example in a periodic fashion. Furthermore, the actual behavior of marketing managers, who often advertise in flights or pulses, appears to differ from the optimal policies many current models prescribe. Showing how structural properties of common advertising models rule out finite-frequency pulsing a priori, we develop a continuous-time model for which finite-frequency pulsing can be optimal. Relaxing these structural assumptions yields a new class of models which, for certain values of their parameters, lead to periodic pulsing optima; this is accomplished by inclusion of both S-shaped response and an exponential-smoothing filter. These theoretical results are illustrated through simulation of a variant of the Vidale-Wolfe model.
Summation and numerousness judgments of sequentially presented sets of items by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).

Summation and numerousness judgments by 2 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) were investigated when 2 quantities of M&Ms were presented sequentially, and the quantities were never viewed in their totality. Each M&M was visible only before placement in 1 of 2 cups. In Experiment 1, sets of 1 to 9 M&Ms were presented. In Experiment 2, the quantities in each cup were presented as 2 smaller sets (e.g., 2 + 2 vs. 4 + 1). In Experiment 3, the quantities were presented as 3 smaller sets (e.g., 2 + 2 + 3 vs. 3 + 4 + 1). In Experiment 4, an M&M was removed from 1 set before the chimpanzees' selection. In Experiments 1 and 2, the chimpanzees selected the larger quantity on significantly more trials than would be predicted by chance. In Experiments 3 and 4, 1 chimpanzee performed at a level significantly better than chance. Therefore, chimpanzees mentally represent quantity and successfully combine and compare nonvisible, sequentially presented sets of items.
Job Enrichment Versus Traditional Issues at the Bargaining Table: What Union Members Want

The article focuses on the reaction of union leaders toward job enrichment and motivation programs. The study presented attempts to examine the attitudes of union members to the use of job enrichme...
The synthesis and purification of pentylenetetrazole‐10‐14C

Pentylenetrazole-10-14C was synthesized by reacting hydrazoic acid with cyclohexanone-1-14C. Purification was carried out using sublimation and thick layer chromatography. Proof of radiochemical purity was determined using thin layer chromatography and autoradiography. The specific activity was found using liquid scintillation counting.
Simultaneous detection of 19 drugs of abuse on dried urine spot by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Abstract Background The lack of specificity of immunoassays for drugs of abuse testing (DAT), and concerns over its cost in conjunction with reflex confirmatory tests prompted us to investigate the combinatorial use of dried urine spot (DUS) and LC–MS/MS as an alternative. Methods The method development and validation were performed in accordance with the guidelines published by FDA and CLSI. Results In this study we established and validated the precision, accuracy, and linearity of our DUS–LC–MS/MS method, and assessed the recovery, interference, and carryover as well. The linearity check for all 19 analytes demonstrated slopes between 0.94 and 1.04, and R2 always greater than 0.99. Between-batch CV for QC at 4 difference levels ranged from 1.1% to 10%, where CV of LLOQ ranged from 1.2% to 12.8% and CV of ULOQ ranged from 0.8% to 5.1%. A concordance study with patient specimens between our method and GC–MS demonstrated 80.8% to 100% agreement. Stability of DUS specimens was assessed up to 30 days and the measured concentrations ranged from 94% to 114% of the 100 ng/mL urine calibrator used for this assessment. Conclusions We established and validated a DUS–LC–MS/MS method for DAT that conforms to the guidelines dictated by FDA, CLSI, and SAMHSA. While our method with high sensitivity and specificity provides an alternative diagnostic utility to EMIT immunoassays, it also offers superior solutions in specimen transportation, preservation, and storage. The benefits of our method are apparent in reducing turnaround time and test costs that result in better patient care.
APL and I-D-S/II APL access to large databases

This paper describes the CP-6 APL interface to I-D-S/II databases. Special emphasis is given to those capabilities that are available within APL that are not generally available in other programming language interfaces. A brief description of the I-D-S/II functionality is provided for those not familiar with CODASYL database systems.
Inability to distinguish ameloblastomas from odontogenic cysts based on expression of blood cell carbohydrates

This study was designed to confirm the report by Vedtofte and coworkers that the epithelium of ameloblastomas can be distinguished from that of nonneoplastic odontogenic cysts by differences in expressivity of cell surface carbohydrates with blood group specificity. Immunoperoxidase techniques were used to study four radicular cysts, seven dentigerous cysts, six ameloblastomas, and six examples of plexiform unicystic ameloblastoma. No consistent differences were found in the expressivity of the blood group carbohydrates A, B, and H type 2 in the nonneoplastic odontogenic cysts as compared to the ameloblastomas. Consequently, the demonstration of these blood group carbohydrates is of no value in the differential diagnosis of nonneoplastic odontogenic epithelium from ameloblastomas, including especially the plexiform unicystic ameloblastoma, the pattern that so closely resembles hyperplastic odontogenic epithelium.
Capturing the Moment: Innovative Approaches to Daily Alcohol Assessment

This article is a summary of a symposium presented at the 2005 Research Society on Alcoholism annual conference organized by Dan J. Neal and chaired by William R. Corbin. Event-level data, wherein each "event" (e.g., day) is captured as its own data point, capture the complex patterns of drinking and other high-risk behaviors in ways that the typical aggregate approach cannot. Because of their richness, methodologies that incorporate event-level data are becoming more common in alcohol research. At least 3 distinct forms of event-level data can be gathered: retrospective data (those collected on a single occasion, using memory aids to help each participant reconstruct all drinking events over a specific period of time), daily monitoring data (reporting on all events for that day), and momentary assessment (those recorded immediately following a drinking event or in response to a prompt from researchers). The goal of this symposium was to address many issues associated with event-level methodology, as well as demonstrate projects that are currently implementing such innovative data collection. The 4 presentations included in this symposium were "Realizing the Promise and Avoiding the Pitfalls of Retrospective Daily Estimation Assessments of Alcohol Use" by Frances K. Del Boca; "Using Interactive Voice Response Technology to Assess the Alcohol-Victimization Link" by Kathleen Parks, Linda King, and Ann Pardi; "Methodological Issues in Using Personal Data Assistants to Self-monitor Alcohol Consumption" by R. Lorraine Collins, Mark Muraven, and Charlene Vetter; and "Collecting Event-level Data Using the World Wide Web" by Dan J. Neal and Kim Fromme.
The Japanese version of the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist-Revised: development and validation.

In order to develop a Japanese version of the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist—Revised (MAACL-R), the 66 scored adjectives were translated into Japanese and translated back into English as recommended by Werner and Campbell (1971). Confirmatory factor analyses evidenced the existence of five first-order factors (i.e., the anxiety, depression, hostility, positive affect, and sensation-seeking factors) and the two second-order factors (i.e., the dysphoric and pleasant affect factors) underlying the response to the Japanese MAACL-R. Internal consistency ranged from .73 to .91, and four-week retest reliability ranged from .67 to .74 on the seven scales (Anxiety, Depression, Hostility, Positive Affect, Sensation Seeking, Dysphoria, and PASS). Although correlations with the scales of the State-Trait Personality Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale, a sensation-seeking scale, and a subjective well-being scale indicated only acceptable discriminant validity, adequate convergent validity was evidenced by the examination of these correlations. The Japanese version of the MAACL-R seems to be ready for use in research. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 59: 93–109, 2003.
Exact evaluation of Green's functions for a class of one-dimensional disordered systems

A new method for calculating the average of the product of any number of electron Green's functions for a class of one-dimensional models of disordered systems is given. This method is a combination of the "replica trick" and the Feynman expression for the propagator in terms of path integrals. The random potentials may be roughly characterized by saying they have zero range. The Frisch-Lloyd and Gaussian models are important special cases of this method.
Synthesis and characterization of new unsymmetrical β-diketiminate tris(dimethylamido)hafnium(IV) complexes as potential precursors for the MOCVD of HfO2

The synthesis and characterization of four new unsymmetrical β-diketiminate tris(dimethylamido)hafnium(IV) complexes, [2-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)amino-4-(phenyl)imino-2-pentene]tris(dimethylamido)ha...
1,2-bis(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-6-hydroxynaphthalene, a photofluorogenic ligand for the estrogen receptor.

Abstract— 1,2-bis(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-6-hydroxynaphthalene (6) is a non-steroidal ligand for the estrogen receptor that displays photofluorogenic properties. It binds to the receptor with an affinity greater than that of estradiol (150%), and it is esentially non-fluorescent. However, upon brief UV irradiation in protic media it is converted efficiently to an aryl tetraenedione system (8) that is highly fluorescent, but has low affinity for the receptor (0.35%). The aryltetraenedione has a complex electronic spectrum, with absorbance (and fluorescence excitation) bands extending beyond 450 nm. Both the maxima (emax) and the intensity (φf of the fluorescence emission of the aryl tetraenedione are solvent dependent. The tetraenedione (8) is structurally related to a tetraenedione (13) obtained by photocyclization of diethylstilbestrol(l0); since tetraenedione 13 is essentially non-fluorescent, it appears that the aryl dienone chromophore in 8 is responsible for its fluorescence. Photolysis of 6 in non-protic media results in a direct photocyclization-oxidation to benzodihydrochrysene system 9 that is unstable and has less desirable fluorescent properties. The formation of 8 from 6 in protic media (as contrasted to the formation of 9 in non-protic media) is thought to arise from the competition that operates on the primary photocyclization product, dihydrophenanthrene (7): In protic media, ketonization proceeds more rapidly than oxidation (aromatization), while in aprotic media, oxidation is more rapid. This photofluorogenic ligand for the estrogen receptor should enable interesting fluorescence binding studies with the estrogen receptor to be performed.
Deleterious effects of osteoarthritis on the structure and function of the meniscal enthesis.

Summary Objective The ability of menisci to prevent osteoarthritis (OA) is dependent on the integrity of the complex meniscal entheses, the attachments of the menisci to the underlying subchondral bone (SB). The goal of this study was to determine mechanical and structural changes in meniscal entheses after the onset of OA. Design Healthy and osteoarthritic meniscal entheses were evaluated for changes in histomorphological characteristics, mineralization, and mechanical properties. Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and calcium in the insertion were evaluated with histological staining techniques. The extent of calcium deposition was assessed and tidemark (TM) integrity was quantified. Changes in the mineralized zone of the insertion were examined using micro-computed tomography (μCT) to determine bone mineral density, cortical zone thickness, and mineralization gradient. Mechanical properties of the entheses were measured using nano-indentation techniques to obtain material properties based on viscoelastic analysis. Results GAG thickness in the calcified fibrocartilage (CFC) zone and calcium content were significantly greater in osteoarthritic anterior meniscal entheses. TM integrity was significantly decreased in OA tissue, particularly in the medial anterior (MA) enthesis. The mineralized zone of osteoarthritic meniscal entheses was significantly thicker than in healthy entheses and showed decreased bone mineral density. Fitting of mineralization data to a sigmoidal Gompertz function revealed a lower rate of increase in mineralization in osteoarthritic tissue. Analysis of viscoelastic mechanical properties revealed increased compliance in osteoarthritic tissue. Conclusions These data suggest that significant changes occur at meniscal enthesis sites with the onset of OA. Mechanical and structural changes in meniscal entheses may contribute to meniscal extrusion, which has been shown to increase the progression of OA.
National digital newspaper program: a case study in sharing, linking, and using data

This poster presents a case study describing how the National Digital Newspaper Program's (NDNP) metadata specification and public website, Chronicling America, have been designed to promote a wide range of data sharing. Through use of the website's extensive application programming interface (API) and open-source software counterpart, several institutions are benefiting from the publicly-funded program's data.
Use of the polymerase chain reaction to identify coding sequences for chitin synthase isozymes in Phialophora verrucosa

Based on conserved amino-acid regions predicted for the chitin synthases (Chs) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, two different primer sets were synthesized and used in polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) to amplify 614-bp and 366-bp sequences from genomic DNA of the zoopathogenic fungus Phialophora verrucosa. DNA-sequencing and Southern-blotting analyses of the 614-bp DNA amplification products suggested that portions of two distinct P. verrucosa chitin synthase genes (PvCHS1, PvCHS2), coding for two different zymogenic-type PvChs isozymes, had been identified. The deduced amino-acid sequence of each fell into different Chs classes, namely class I and class II. In addition, the 366-bp DNA segment was shown to code for a conserved region having homology with the CSD2/CAL1 gene of S. cerevisiae, which encodes a nonzymogenic-type enzyme, Chs3, in that fungus. The amino-acid sequence derived from PvCHS3 exhibits 88.2% similarity and 78.4% identity to the same amino-acid region of the S. cerevisiae enzyme. These results provide a critical first step toward investigating the molecular and pathogenic importance of CHS gene regulation in this fungus and for exploring steps leading to Chs function as potential targets for the design of new therapeutic agents.
A colorimetric assay for a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent β-replacement reaction with l-cysteine: Application to studies of wild-type and mutant tryptophan synthase α2β2 complexes

Abstract We present an improved and simple direct assay for formation of inorganic sulfide from l -cysteine in a β-replacement reaction catalyzed by tryptophan synthase. This method provides a useful enzymatic assay for pyridoxal phosphate-dependent β-replacement reactions in which the amino acid substrate is l -cysteine and the cosubstrate is 2-mercaptoethanol. The assay should be applicable to similar reactions with l -cysteine and other cosubstrates. The method has several advantages over other methods which have been used to assay similar β-replacement reactions. The assay is highly reproducible and sensitive and is conveniently carried out in disposable 1.5-ml centrifuge tubes. The color remains stable for several hours. The thiol compounds l -cysteine and 2-mercaptoethanol do not interfere at the concentrations used. The method has useful applications to studies of the rates and reaction specificities of several other pyridoxal phosphate enzymes which catalyze β-replacement reactions. We demonstrate the use of the method to study the effects of site-directed mutagenesis on the reaction specificity and mechanism of the tryptophan synthase α2β2 complex.
Malignant reversion of a human osteosarcoma cell line, Saos-2, by inhibition of NFκB

Abstract Beyond a pivotal role in neoplastic transformation and malignant progression, NFκB is intricately involved in bone biology, pointed up by the osteopetrotic phenotype of NFκB (p50–p52) double knock-out mice. Osteopetrosis results from intrinsic defects in osteoclastogenesis, loss of osteoclast bone resorptive activity and, questionably, increased osteoblast activity (bone matrix apposition and mineralization). We here report that inhibition of NFκB signaling activity in Saos-2 cells results in a marked decrease in cellular proliferation, assessed by the incorporation of radioactive thymidine into cellular DNA. Decreased cellular proliferation was accompanied by the induction of bone morphogenic proteins (BMP) 4, 7, and the osteoblast specific transciption factor, Cbfa1, heralding osteoblast differentiation, given the induction of alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, and osteocalcin message levels and the attendant increase in matrix deposition and mineralization in vitro. These results point to the negative regulation of osteoblast differentiation by NFκB, with implications in the pathogenesis and progression of osteosarcomas.