cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neutron imaging with multi-wafer monochromators

Multi-wafer monochromators for neutron scattering have been developed at MURR. Units made from commercial thin silicon [100] wafers and from non-standard [511] and [110] wafers were fabricated for stress-mapping machines at MURR, NIST and ORNL. The phase-space optics of multi-wafer assemblies was worked out. This revealed that, with thick packets of wafers, neutron imaging can be done at the spatial resolution of a single thin wafer. The imaging may be dispersive (as with prisms), with respect to the neutron wavelength, direction, or a combination of these, but it may also be non-dispersive (as with mirrors). Experiments have confirmed these conclusions. Dispersive and non-dispersive images were obtained with multi-wafer units at spatial resolutions comparable to those of single wafers. For non-dispersive imaging the acceptance window indeed did not depend on the neutron wavelength.
SOI technology and tools (abstract only)

SOI represents a technology shift comparable in Impact to the shift from NMOS to CMOS. It has impacts on many aspects of modeling, simulation and analysis, and presents some unique challenges due to the presence of a number of electrical phenomena unique to SOI.In this tutorial, we will review SOI technology, touching specifically on devices and models, as well as the impact of the floating body and parasitic bipolar effects. We show examples of the impact of these electrical phenomena on circuit behavior and balance that against existing sources of variation such as power supply variations, signal-to-signal coupling and processing fluctuations. We will then show the impact of these phenomena on relevant areas of ECADD such as circuit simulation, timing (or fast circuit) simulation, static timing analysis, power and thermal estimation, synthesis/technology mapping and physical design.This paper proposes lazy group sifting for dynamic variable re-ordering during state traversal. The proposed method relaxes the idea of pairwise grouping of present state variables and their corresponding next state variables. This is done to produce better variable orderings during image computation without causing BDD size blowup in the substitution of next state variables with present state variables at the end of image computation. Experimental results show that our approach is more robust in state traversal than the approaches that either unconditionally group variable pairs or never group them.
The sole of deconstruction: Preparations for the truth in mourning

L'A. compare les theorie de M. Heidegger, de M. Schapiro concernant la nature de l'art et de la creation artistique. Il s'efforce de mettre en lumiere les origines de la theories de la deconstruction de l'art developpee par J. Derrida. Il montre comment Schapiro et Heidegger envisagent la peinture de V. van Gogh et examine de quelle maniere Schapiro, Heidegger et Derrida concoivent la «verite» dans la peinture. Il evoque la bande dessinee «Maus» realisee par Art Spiegelman qui depeint la vie au sein des camps d'extermination
Dimensionality, internal consistency, and item analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys activities of daily living instrument among patients with report of low back pain.

Abstract Objective To measure selected psychometric properties of individual item responses from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) activities of daily living (ADL) instrument among a population of patients with low back pain (LBP). Methods The study group consisted of 926 individual attendees of a traditional medical appointment. All subjects had self-reported LBP and completed questions within the NHANES ADL instrument, a 16-item questionnaire designed to represent the internal latent construct of ADL. Data analyses included exploratory factor analysis, internal consistency measures, and polytomous (graded) item response theory. Results The NHANES ADL instrument is a unidimensional and internally consistent measure of ADL. Graded item response theory analyses indicated that although some variability exists, all 16 single items were sensitive measures of the latent construct of ADL. Most item responses demonstrated high discrimination. Conclusion Individual use of selected items of the NHANES ADL instrument may further improve the capacity of the health care provider in measuring and recording dysfunction associated with LBP.
Cation Distribution, Cycling, and Removal from Mineral Soil in Douglas-Fir and Red Alder Forests

Overstory species influence the distribution and dynamics of nutrients in forest ecosystems. Ecosystem-level estimates of Ca, Mg, and K pools and cycles in 50-year old Douglas-fir and red alder stands were used to determine the effect of overstory composition on net cation removal from the mineral soil, i.e. cation export from the soil in excess of additions. Net cation removal from Douglas-fir soil was 8 kg Ca ha-' yr-~, 1 kg Mg ha-' yr-~, and 0.3 kg K ha-l yr-1. Annual cation export from soil by uptake and accumulation in live woody tissue and O horizon was of similar magnitude to leaching in soil solution. Atmospheric deposition partially off-set export by adding cations equivalent to 28-88% of cation export. Net cation removal from red alder soil was 58 kg Ca ha-' yr-~, 9 kg Mg ha- yr-1, and 11 kg K ha-' yr-~. Annual cation accumulation in live woody tissue and O horizon was three times greater than in Douglas-fir, while cation leaching in soil solution was five to eight times greater. The lack of excessive depletion of exchangeable cations in the red alder soil suggests that mineral weathering, rather than exchangeable cations, was the source of most of the removed cations. Nitric acid generated during nitrification in red alder soil led to high rates of weathering and NO3-driven cation leaching.
Biphasic developmental expression of adrenocorticotropin receptor messenger ribonucleic acid levels in the baboon fetal adrenal gland

We have previously shown an estrogen-dependent developmental regulation of placental oxidation of cortisol to cortisone that results in enhanced fetal pituitary ACTH production and the induction of steroidogenic enzymes in and de novo cortisol production by the fetal adrenal in the second half of baboon pregnancy. However, it is not known whether the receptor for ACTH is simultaneously generated at this time in development to provide a mechanism for mediating the tropic action of ACTH on steroidogenesis in the primate fetal adrenal gland. Therefore, in the present study we determined the levels of ACTH receptor messenger RNA (mRNA) and correlated ACTH receptor expression with appearance of the mRNA for delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase (3betaHSD), the enzyme protein that signals functional maturation of the definitive cortical zone in the baboon fetal adrenal. A baboon ACTH receptor complementary DNA was cloned and hybridized with polyadenylated RNA isolated from baboon (Papio anubis) fe...
EFFECT OF COMPRESSION RATIO ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CHEESE

The effect of compression ratio on the following mechanical properties of cheeses was studied: compression force, work ratio, adhesive force, recovered height, and compression ratio at the inflection point. The mechanical properties changed with compression ratio in a unique pattern for each type of cheese; changes in work ratio and recovered height produced the most distinctive patterns. The mechanical responses of imitation processed American cheese to changes in the compression ratio clearly differed from those of natural ripened cheeses. The correlations between sensory evaluations of hardness, chewiness, springiness, and adhesiveness, and the mechanical properties measured by instrument changed with the compression ratio used for the instrumental determinations. Therefore, the optimum compression ratio to be used for instrumental determmations of mechanical properties must be evaluated for each property with the fitness test correlating instrumental and sensory evaluations.
The relationship of normal, involuntary retirement to early mortality among U.S. rubber workers☆

Abstract This paper describes an epidemiologic study of the patterns and correlates of mortality around compulsory retirement (age 65) among U.S. rubber tire workers. Death rates were significantly decreased before retirement, and were elevated 3–4 years after retirement. Lower status workers were more likely to die within 3 years of retirement than higher status workers. Higher status workers were more predominant among deaths 4–5 years after retirement. Risks of dying were greater among men with a pre-retirement history of repeated non-medical absences. The findings are discussed with respect to stress, retirement adaptation, and longevity theories.
Thermoelectric properties of Sn-doped Bi–Sb

Abstract The Seebeck coefficients, electrical resistivities, and total thermal conductivities are reported for temperatures between 10 and 300 K for p-type Bi–Sb alloys made by Sn-doping at the 5% level or below. Alloys are investigated for Sb contents at both extremes of the semiconducting region of the Bi–Sb alloy solid solution, 7–10% Sb and 18–20% Sb. The behavior of all the alloys is relatively similar, and the best p-type material found, Bi 0.885 Sb 0.075 Sn 0.04 , has a maximum thermoelectric figure of merit of ZT = 0.08 at 200 K. The thermoelectric efficiency of the optimal n–p couple in this alloy system peaks at ZT = 0.13 at a temperature of 200 K.
Increased sensitivity to a nondepolarizing muscle relaxant in a patient with acquired neuromyotonia

Neuromyotonia is a disorder of hyperexcitability of the peripheral nerve. It has electromyographic features of spontaneous, continuous, irregularly occurring doublets, or multiplets of motor unit potential discharges. Neuromyotonia is characterized by both myokymic and neuromyotonic discharges. To our knowledge, this is the first report in the literature to assess the sensitivity of skeletal muscle to a nondepolarizing muscle relaxant drug, rocuronium, in a woman with acquired neuromyotonia. She had a past medical history notable for prolonged postoperative paralysis following anesthesia. The patient showed increased sensitivity to the neuromuscular effects of rocuronium. This increase in sensitivity may be explained by downregulation of acetylcholine receptors in response to chronic high agonist (acetylcholine) concentrations. If patients with neuromyotonia receive anesthesia, we recommend that smaller doses of a nondepolarizing muscle relaxant be administered, accompanied by monitoring of neuromuscular function, so as to provide optimal muscle relaxation while avoiding overdose and prolonged postoperative recovery.
Guidelines for training in the ethical conduct of scientific research.

Historically, scientists in training have learned the rules of ethical conduct by the example of their advisors and other senior scientists and by practice. This paper is intended to serve as a guide for the beginning scientist to some fundamental principles of scientific research ethics. The paper focuses less on issues of outright dishonesty or fraud, and more on the positive aspects of ethical scientific behavior; in other words, what a scientist should do to maintain a high level of ethical conduct in research. There are a number of fairly specific rules, guidelines, or commonly accepted operating principles that have evolved for the ethical conduct of science. In order to discuss this code of ethics, this paper is divided into sections dealing with specific areas of scientific ethics. These areas are: data collection and storage, ownership of data, confidentiality, communication, authorship, collaboration, the peer review system, and rules of dealing with ethical complaints. Illustrative case histories are presented to provide examples of the type of ethical dispute or problem being discussed. If scientific trainees learn the accepted rules of behavior that govern the conduct of science, ethical problems that arise out of ignorance, misunderstanding, or poor communication can be avoided.
Performance characterization of a rover navigation algorithm using large-scale simulation

Autonomous rover navigation is a critical technology for robotic exploration of Mars. Simulation allows more extensive testing of such technologies than would be possible with hardware test beds alone. A large number of simulations, running in parallel, can test an algorithm under many different operating conditions to quickly identify the operational envelope of the technology and identify failure modes that were not discovered in more limited testing. GESTALT is the autonomous navigation algorithm developed for NASA's Mars rovers. ROAMS is a rover simulator developed to support the Mars program. We have integrated GESTALT into ROAMS to test closed-loop, autonomous navigation in simulation. We have developed a prototype capability to run many copies of ROAMS in parallel on a supercomputer, varying input parameters to rapidly explore GESTALT's performance across a parameter space. Using these tools, we have demonstrated that large scale simulation can identify performance limits and unexpected behaviors in an algorithm. Such parallel simulation was able to test approximately 500 parameter combinations in the time required for a single test on a hardware test bed.
The interaction of the galactic center arches cluster and the thermal filaments

We present Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) measurements of the far-infrared (FIR) fine-structure lines [S IV] (10.5 μm), [S III] (33.5 μm), [O III] (51.8 and 88.4 μm), [N III] (57.3 μm), [N II] (121.9 μm), [O I] (63.2 and 145.5 μm), and [C II] (157.7 μm) at five positions on the thermal ``Arched'' Filaments in the Galactic center region in order to investigate the influence of the massive, young Arches cluster on the interstellar medium. Serendipitous measurements of OH (119.3 μm) are also presented. Radio recombination line and ISO spectroscopic measurements provide strong evidence that the Arches cluster is responsible for the excitation of the Arched Filaments. The observations reported here were selected to provide measurements close to the Arches cluster and at uniformly increasing projected distances over the range 0-9 pc. Within the measurement uncertainties, the diagnostic line ratios most sensitive to excitation and least sensitive to density fluctuations, [O III]/[S III] and [S IV]/[S III], appear to decrease with projected distance from the Arches cluster. In agreement with other studies, this provides additional evidence that the cluster is the primary ionization source for the Arched Filaments. The total FIR luminosity also generally falls with projected distance from the Arches cluster. The best predictions from photoionization models for the rapid decrease in the measured line flux ratios with projected distance from the Arches cluster, however, are only accurate to a factor of 1.5, including allowance for additional offset along the line of sight. The measurements of lines formed predominantly in photodissociation regions are not well matched by current models. High-resolution spectra indicate gas moving at -70 km s-1 only at the location of the Arches cluster, significantly different from the predominant -30 km s-1 gas seen in the underlying molecular cloud.
Proton radiotherapy for parameningeal rhabdomyosarcoma: clinical outcomes and late effects.

Purpose To report the clinical outcome and late side effect profile of proton radiotherapy in the treatment of children with parameningeal rhabdomyosarcoma (PM-RMS). Methods and Materials Seventeen consecutive children with PM-RMS were treated with proton radiotherapy at Massachusetts General Hospital between 1996 and 2005. We reviewed the medical records of all patients and asked referring physicians to report specific side effects of interest. Results Median patient age at diagnosis was 3.4 years (range, 0.4–17.6). Embryonal ( n = 11), alveolar ( n = 4), and undifferentiated ( n = 2) histologies were represented. Ten patients (59%) had intracranial extension. Median prescribed dose was 50.4 cobalt gray equivalents (GyRBE) (range, 50.4–56.0 GyRBE) delivered in 1.8–2.0-GyRBE daily fractions. Median follow-up was 5.0 years for survivors. The 5-year failure-free survival estimate was 59% (95% confidence interval, 33–79%), and overall survival estimate was 64% (95% confidence interval, 37–82%). Among the 7 patients who failed, sites of first recurrence were local only ( n = 2), regional only ( n = 2), distant only ( n = 2), and local and distant ( n = 1). Late effects related to proton radiotherapy in the 10 recurrence-free patients (median follow-up, 5 years) include failure to maintain height velocity ( n = 3), endocrinopathies ( n = 2), mild facial hypoplasia ( n = 7), failure of permanent tooth eruption ( n = 3), dental caries ( n = 5), and chronic nasal/sinus congestion ( n = 2). Conclusions Proton radiotherapy for patients with PM-RMS yields tumor control and survival comparable to that in historical controls with similar poor prognostic factors. Furthermore, rates of late effects from proton radiotherapy compare favorably to published reports of photon-treated cohorts.
Bridge-Building in International Relations: A Neotraditional Plea

One of the most persistent objections to the rapidly accelerating behavioral trend in contemporary international relations is the alleged departure of behavioralists from the "realities" of political life. Many critics of behavioralism lament. the triviality and the pretentious high level of abstraction of behavioral writings, and such criticisms frequently are augmented by pleas to return to the use of case study material from the flesh and blood political world. Entreating a return to the rich, unique, and allegedly unquantifiable world of political life, critics of behavioralism contend that without an eye turned to this subject matter, all general theories must be pompous and hollow. More specifically, Mulford Sibley asserts that a "behaviorally oriented study will remove one from the stuff of everyday politics and cannot be related to that stuff execpt by means which would usually be regarded as non-behavioral. . ."t And, in a similar vein,
Biochemical and behavioral effects of magnesium pemoline

Magnesium pemoline decreased training response latency in a shock avoidance situation, of male, but not female rats. The groups did not differ on a 24-hour retention test. The drug had no discernible effect on orotic acid incorporation into brain or liver RNA or upon RNA content. Liver RNA was slightly increased, probably because of stimulated drug metabolism. Magnesium pemoline did not augment hormonal stimulation of nuclear RNA synthesis and, therefore, does not generally stimulate RNA synthesis. The behavioral effects of magnesium pemoline are probably not related to RNA metabolism.
A three-dimensional crystal plasticity model for duplex Ti–6Al–4V

Abstract A rate dependent crystal plasticity model for the α/β Ti–Al alloy Ti–6Al–4V with duplex microstructure is developed and presented herein. Duplex Ti–6Al–4V is a dual-phase alloy consisting of an hcp structured matrix primary α-phase and secondary lamellar α + β domains that are composed of alternating layers of secondary α laths and bcc structured residual β laths. The model accounts for distinct three-dimensional slip geometry for each phase, anisotropic and length scale dependent slip system strengths, the non-planar dislocation core structure of prismatic screw dislocations in the primary α-phase, and crystallographic texture. The model is implemented in the general purpose finite element code (ABAQUS, 2005. Ver 6.5, Hibbitt, Karlsson, and Sorensen, Inc., Pawtucket, RI) via a UMAT subroutine.
Notosacantha dammaropsi sp. nov. from new guinea (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae).

Abstract. Notosacantha dammaropsi, a species new to science is described and figured from New Guinea. It is a member of the N. molucana group. New host plant records to N. molucana (Boheman, 1850) and N. dammaropsi sp. nov. are given.
Gonadectomy and hormone replacement exert region- and enzyme isoform-specific effects on monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyltransferase activity in prefrontal cortex and neostriatum of adult male rats.

Sex differences and gonadal hormone influences are well known for diverse aspects of forebrain amine and indolamine neurotransmitter systems, the cognitive and affective functions they govern and their malfunction in mental illness. This study explored whether hormone regulation/dysregulation of these systems could be related to gonadal steroid effects on catechol-O-methyltransferase and monoamine oxidase which are principal enzymatic controllers of forebrain dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine levels. Driven by male over female differences in cortical enzyme activities, by male-specific associations between monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyltransferase gene polymorphisms and cognitive and dysfunction in disease and by male-specific consequences of gene knockouts in mice, the question of hormone sensitivity was addressed here using a male rat model where prefrontal dopamine levels and related behaviors are also known to be affected. Specifically, quantitative O-methylation and oxidative deamination assays were used to compare the activities of catechol-O-methyltransferase's soluble and membrane-bound isoforms and of monoamine oxidase's A and B isoforms in the pregenual medial prefrontal cortex and dorsal striatum of male rats that were sham operated, gonadectomized or gonadectomized and supplemented with testosterone propionate or with estradiol for 28 days. These studies revealed significant effects of hormone replacement but not gonadectomy on the soluble but not the membrane-bound isorfom of catechol-O-methyltransferase in both striatum and cortex. A significant, cortex-specific testosterone—but not estradiol—attenuated effect (increase) of gonadectomy on monoamine oxidase's A but not B isoform was also observed. Although none of these actions suggest potential roles in the reguation/dysregulation of prefrontal dopamine, the suppressive effects of testosterone on cortical monoamine oxidase-A that were observed could have bearing on the increased incidence of cognitive deficits and symptoms of depression and anxiety that are repeatedly observed in males in conditions of hypogonadalism related to aging, other biological factors or in prostate cancer where androgen deprivation is used as a neoadjuvant treatment.
Excess diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma during spring in the USA.

A seasonal peak in hematologic malignancies may support hypotheses of infection-related precipitating events. Moderately increased incidence rates have been observed during the spring for leukemias and Hodgkin's disease but few studies have been conducted of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Our study consisted of 77,173 NHL patients in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database diagnosed during 1973 – 99. Chi-square analyses showed excess observed-vs.-expected diagnoses during March, April, and June (P < 0.0001). B-cell origin subtype, but not T-cell/NK, was diagnosed more frequently in March. Controlling for age, sex, geographical location, and diagnosis year, multivariate Poisson regression revealed peaks in both March and April (P < 0.0001). Excluding cases in December, due to consistent troughs, regression uncovered greater-than-expected incidence during spring months for patients aged 20 – 39 years and 40 – 64 years (P = 0.043, P = 0.0001) but not among patients ≥ 65 years. Future studies ...
Sixty years at Cornell

Abstract The School of Hotel Administration at Cornell University has been teaching and researching for over 60 years. Joan S. Livingston, the Executive Editor of the Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, describes the activities of the school.
Electron microscopic study of the developing neuroblast of the dorsal root ganglion of the rabbit embryo

The differentiation of the neuroblast of the spinal ganglion of the embryonic rabbit has been studied by phase, light, and electron microscopy from the period of migration of the cells from the neural crest until their transformation into unipolar neurons. The relatively undifferentiated migratory neuroblast, which has single primitive neurite, contains fine filaments and large numbers of ribonucleoprotein particles, but very little membranous endoplasmic reticulum. The presence in the Golgi-centriolar region of large numbers of neurotubules, which probably originate from the centriole, is one of the first signs of further maturation of the neuroblast. The neurotubles migrate into the neurite, where they become a prominent feature during development, particularly in the distal processes. Elements of the immature Golgi complex appear to participate directly in the formation of the membranous portion of the primitive Nissl substance, which develops during the bipolar period. A difference was noted in the fine structure of the processes of the transitional bipolar neuroblast; i.e., one neurite resembles an axon; whereas, the other contains granular endoplasmic reticulum typical of dendrites. The findings of this study are in accord with the concept that the unipolar process arises by constriction and elongation of perikaryal cytoplasm. Two neural cell types, a small cell having randomly disposed organelles, and a larger cell having large clumps of endoplasmic reticulum at the periphery, can be distinguished. The application of the Cajal reduced silver technique to embryonic ganglia, which were subsequently examined with the electron microscope, resulted in a random distribution of silver deposit throughout neural perikarya.
Dimensions of the “people problem” in energy research and “the” factual basis of dispersed energy futures☆

Abstract Those of us advocating adaptive behavior in times of scarcity and change of resources need to be more aware of the roles we are playing and of the ideas that influence our actions. Some important dimensions of the “people problem” often appear in binary opposition: institutional constraints vs individual freedom, credible vs non-credible, tangible vs abstract, restricted vs global time perspective, specialist vs generalist, voluntary vs involuntary, and progress vs decline or status quo. Several of these dimensions were central to our understanding of two transitional mechanisms in California: the Residential Building Code and the exploration of the potential of dispersed electric generators. The “people problems” of energy reach beyond the technical-science problems, and beyond educating the little people in the value of efficiency, conservation, and the impending exhaustion of fossil fuels. Indeed, they are central to any compilation of the factual basis of dispersed energy futures. Experts and decision-makers need to look within themselves for an improved understanding of what constitutes “the” energy problem and, indeed, what constitutes “the” factual basis for energy planning.
Prediction of Water Depth From Multispectral Satellite Imagery—The Regression Kriging Alternative

Bathymetric information is crucial to the study and management of coastal zones. Passive remote sensing provides a cost-effective alternative to acoustic surveys and bathymetric LiDAR techniques. Most previous studies estimated water depth from multispectral imagery in shallow coastal and inland waters by establishing the relationship between image pixel spectral values and known water depth measurements, in which the log-linear inversion model is most widely used. Given a set of known water depth sample points, a bathymetric grid/map can be created by using a spatial interpolation technique. However, when a limited number of water depth sample points are available, the interpolation result is often unsatisfactory for portraying benthic morphology. In this letter, we propose to use the regression kriging (RK) approach to combine the optimal spatial interpolation of kriging with the high-resolution auxiliary information of multispectral imagery for a detailed bathymetric mapping. A case study has been performed to demonstrate and evaluate the performance of the RK method in comparison with ordinary kriging and log-linear inversion methods. It shows that the RK method can produce more accurate water depth estimations than the log-linear inversion method due to the account of the spatial pattern of the modeling residuals. The bathymetric grid created from the RK contains much more spatial details about the ocean floor morphology than that from the ordinary kriging owing to the incorporation of auxiliary information from multispectral satellite imagery.
STERICALLY CROWDED GALLIUM AMIDINATE COMPLEXES

The sterically crowded gallium amidinate complexes {l{underscore}brace}{sup t}BuC(NR{prime}){sub 2}{r{underscore}brace}GaX{sub 2} (X = Cl, Me, Et, CH{sub 2}Ph; R{prime} = {sup i}Pr, Cy, {sup t}Bu) have been synthesized in good yield. X-ray crystallographic analyses show that the steric interactions between the {sup t}Bu and R{prime} groups influence the R{prime}{single{underscore}bond}N{single{underscore}bond}Ga angle and the steric environment at gallium.
Asparagus somatic embryos: Production in suspension culture and conversion to plantlets on solidified medium as influenced by carbohydrate regime

Methods were developed for the production of somatic embryos of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) in suspension culture and subsequent conversion to plantlets on solidified medium. Stem-derived callus that was subcultured twice on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium + 0.54 μM naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 1.4 μM 2-isopentenyladenine (2iP) was used to initiate suspension cultures. Six out of 15 such cell suspensions (MS medium with 54 to 107 μM NAA) had a high embryogenic capacity. These cell suspensions consisted primarily of single elongated cells (about 90% of all single cells), embryogenic cell clusters (2571/ml), and globular translucent embryos (32/ml). The latter converted to plantlets within four weeks on embryo development medium (EDM), which was solidified MS medium containing 0.54 μM NAA and 0.98 μM 2iP. Suspension-derived embryos formed secondary globular embryos at high frequencies (251 to 258/g callus) when placed on EDM with a low carbohydrate (sucrose, glucose or fructose) level (2%). In contrast, EDM with a high carbohydrate level (10%) caused a reduction in the frequency of secondary embryos (30 to 85/g callus), while resulting in the promotion of embryo growth and conversion, 3.6 to 8.5 times higher than 2% carbohydrates. Transfer of globular somatic embryos from cell suspension to EDM with high carbohydrate levels (4 to 10%) for two weeks followed by transfer to EDM with a low carbohydrate level (2%) resulted in a 2 to 4 times higher conversion rate to plantlets than those that remained at the 4 to 10% levels.
Effect of emissions control programs on visibility in southern California.

A new method for the analysis and display of the effect of emissions controls on visibility is applied to conditions in southern California. An advanced mechanistic air quality model that represents airborne particles as a source-oriented external mixture first is used to track emissions source contributions to the size distribution and chemical composition of airborne particles at Claremont, CA, under heavy smog conditions. The resulting description of the aerosol is used in a Mie scattering calculation to determine the magnitude and particle size dependence of light scattering and absorption in the atmosphere. The resulting light scattering and absorption coefficient values are supplied to an image processing-based visibility model that creates full color representations of the appearance of the local terrain in the presence of the specified level of air pollution based on satellite-generated landscape images. By linking these models, a direct connection is established between source emissions and resulting visual air quality. The composite modeling system then is used to study the effect that different emissions control strategies would have on visibility in southern California. An aggressive program of 92 specific emissions control measures that include primary particle controls plus controls on reactive gases that act as secondary aerosol precursors would more than double visual range at Claremont under the 1987 historical conditions studied. Synthetic landscape images show that the mountains to the north of Claremont that are not visible at a range of 10 km under base-case conditions would be visible if the emissions controls described above were applied.
K-Nucleus Optical Potential

A nonlocal, energy-dependent, ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$-nucleus optical potential is derived by means of the independent pair approximation and a $t$-matrix method. Strong coupling of the ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$-proton pair to the ${{Y}_{0}}^{*}$ is taken into account. The effects of nonlocality and off-energy-shell behavior of the $t$ matrix are found to be appreciable. Approximately equivalent local potentials are defined; they all differ significantly from the shape of the nuclear density in the surface region. Shifts and widths of levels in several light kaonic atoms are calculated and found to be in reasonable agreement with experiment.
Streamflow Variability in the United States: 1931–78

Abstract Systematic modes of spatial and temporal variation in a 48-year record of streamflow are defined using principal components. The components were calculated from a matrix of annual streamflow departures for 106 grid cells covering the United States in the years 1931–78. Five statistically significant components are found to account for more than 56% of the total variance. A varimax orthogonal rotation of the original components describes regional anomaly cores located in the middle Mississippi Valley, Pacific Northwest, Far West, Northeast, and northern Great Plains. Each of these patterns is an enhancement of a less well defined spatial form apparent in the unrotated solution. Temporal variations in the scores of all five components closely agree with contemporaneous national and regional departure patterns in several climatic variables.
The level of average production cost chosen by a multiplant spatial monopolist

Abstract Multiplant monopoly models generally assume that firm demand is unaffected by the number of plants established. This assumption is inappropriate when transportation costs are significant. Because of this, a multiplant spatial monopolist may choose to operate on the downsloping, constant, or upsloping segment of plant average production cost curves, depending upon the impact of additional plants on cost levels. However, such a monopolist will choose a long-run firm size which is associated with increasing firm level average costs as long as economic profits are available. Long-run average costs are minimized if the monopolist just breaks even.
Rape Protests in India and the Birth of a New Repertoire

The gang rape of a young physiotherapy student on a moving bus in December of 2012, in Delhi, India, brought forward a series of countrywide protests. These protests were unique compared with prior protests in India, leading to a need to re-examine the political importance of social movements in the subcontinent. Using data from 748 newspaper reports on the demonstrations that took place from December 2012 to April 2013, this paper examines the unique characteristics of the rape protests and their implications on the birth of a new repertoire in social movements. For the first time in Indian history, women's rights and violence against women occupied the forefront of national politics, and was no longer limited to agendas of feminists and women's groups. The protests were not led by a specific interest group, but were spontaneous and horizontal in nature, with participants from various social and political backgrounds. This paper argues that with the help of technology and new social media that a new repe...
The transient and steady-state response of a hereditary system

Abstract The distinctive features of the response of a system with limited slip and trigonometric excitation are discussed. Both the steady-state and transient behavior of this hereditary system are predicted using a first order approximation technique, and the predictions are compared with the results of “exact” numerical solutions.
Covert Reinforcement: Two Studies and a Comment

Summary Two studies are reported: the first extends the generality of covert reinforcement; the second poses a question about the processes that underlie behavior change with this procedure. Exp. 1, conducted with 50 male hospitalized psychiatric patients, indicated that covert reinforcement produced a significant change in plural-noun responding on a word naming task. Exp. 2, using the same experimental design, with 25 male and 25 female college students, showed significant change only for male subjects. While some support has been produced for the efficacy of covert reinforcement, a question is raised concerning the value of an operant model for explaining behavioral change via covert reinforcement.
Percy T. Diorets, endocrinologist: a fable.

“Just what are we doing here, spinning on a tilted planet swinging round a star?—We can look at the problem in two ways. What does a sun amount to without a living planet to nourish at its side, and what is a living being that we should pit its worth against a stellar furnace and the universe at large?”
Performance analysis of decision-feedback equalisation for cellular mobile radio with cochannel interference and fading

The error probability of minimum-mean-square-error decision-feedback equalisation (MMSE-DFE) is evaluated for digital cellular mobile radio systems in the presence of cochannel interference (CCI) and is compared with linear equalisation (LE). The main contribution of the paper is that this analysis accounts for pulse waveform, modulation and fading of the signal of interest, as well as the CCI. Quadrature-amplitude modulation (QAM) signalling in frequency-selective and quasi-static channels is considered. The CCI is treated as a stationary process, when caused by random phase and symbol-timing offsets relative to the signal of interest. Analysis includes techniques combining antenna diversity. The performance improvement as a function of taps in both feedforward and feedback filters is quantified. Owing to residual intersymbol interference (ISI) and CCI, the evaluation of the error probability is extremely complicated and time consuming in simulation. To overcome this issue, an efficient method based upon Gauss quadrature rules (GQR) is presented to compute the error probability. The method is not limited due to interference statistics and it yields remarkable advantages compared with other methods. The convergence of finite-length results to their infinite-length counterparts is also provided. Unlike the case of white noise, the simulations reveal that with the same finite length the DFE is unable to outperform the linear equaliser in a CCI-dominated channel if the feedback filter is of insufficient length.
Age at First Intoxication and Alcohol Use Disorders in Southwest California Indians

Background: In several national surveys, a younger age of onset of first drink and/or regular drinking has been associated with a higher likelihood of the development of alcohol dependence. Some studies have suggested that age at first drink is primarily an environmentally driven variable whereas others suggest that it may be partially mediated by a general vulnerability to exhibit problem behaviors. Although Native Americans, overall, have the highest prevalence of alcohol dependence of any U.S. ethnic group, the relationship of age of onset of intoxication with alcohol dependence in Native American populations is relatively unknown. Methods: Demographic information and DSM-III-R diagnoses were obtained from 525 Southwest California (SWC) Indian adults residing on contiguous reservations. Survival analyses and Cox and logistic regression were used to investigate the relationship between age of onset of first intoxication and the development of alcohol dependence. Heritability of the age of onset of first intoxication was also determined using SOLAR. Results: Age at first intoxication was not found to be heritable in this population. Early onset of intoxication, however, was found to be significantly associated with both a shorter time to onset of alcohol dependence and increased prevalence in this population, even on taking into account several other risk factors including externalizing diagnoses. Conclusions: These data suggest that effective environmental prevention efforts at reducing underage drinking may be an important strategy to lower the prevalence of alcohol dependence in this high-risk population.
The United States of America: “A culture of war”

Abstract Following a discussion of the concept of war – its definitions, historical origins, 20th–21st century examples, and immediate and legacy costs and consequences – the question of the United States as an empire is explored. The evidence indicates the United States meets all qualifications to be considered an “empire,” specifically a global empire seeking hegemonic economic, political, and cultural control of the world. This evidence includes a worldwide system of military bases, an extensive military–industrial–congressional complex that shapes domestic and foreign policies and actions, and an extensive national security system that now endangers and threatens the legal rights of its own citizens. At the core of U.S. pursuit of empire is a historic commitment to the beliefs in “manifest destiny” and American “exceptionalism.” It is proposed that the process and consequences of much of this are rooted in the existence of a U.S. “culture of war” that dominates U.S. domestic and foreign policies, and their destructive implementation across the world. A “culture of war” is an interlocking system of national meanings, beliefs, behaviors, institutions, and identities that consider violence and war necessary and justifiable in the pursuit of U.S. hegemonic global interests. Given the continuous pursuit of violence and war by the U.S. in the clear absence of security and survival threats, popular views that human beings are instinctually programmed to engage in war appears untenable. A general systems model of the socialization of a “culture of war” in the United States is presented to demonstrate the critical elements and processes involved in its development. The possibility of countering the building of a “culture of war” with building a “culture of peace” is shared in the article's closing section.
Causes and Consequences of Student Evaluation of Instruction.

Student evaluation of course quality was examined as an intervening variable in a path model with seven input variables and the following two output variables: (1) whether students would recommend the course to others, and (2) students' plans to take more courses in the discipline. Student evaluation of the lecturer was the most powerful input variable for the intervening variable course rating. Class format, defined as lecture or lecture with small groups, did not affect course ratingper se but did relate to students' attitudes toward taking more courses in the discipline. Lecturer and textbook evaluation had significant independent effects on whether the student would recommend the course to others. The major implication for university departments is that quality of instruction in introductory courses has impact on future enrollment plans.
Improvement of the gelation properties of sugarbeet pectin following treatment with an enzyme preparation derived from Aspergillus niger — Comparison with a chemical modification

Abstract Pectin derived from sugarbeet pulp is extracted and then subjected to either enzymic or chemical modification. The enzyme is derived from the fungus Aspergillus niger . A partial purification of the enzyme yields a preparation which is devoid of polygalacturonase but which effects a number of changes in the pectin molecule; some deacetylation, some demethoxylation and a large reduction in the arabinose content. The resulting treated pectin possesses considerably enhanced gelling properties. Chemical modification of the pectin results in a greater degree of deacetylation and demethoxylation, but a much lower percentage removal of arabinosyl residues. Gels formed from the chemically modified pectin are firmer than those formed from the untreated material. However, they are more brittle and less like a conventional gel than those formed from the enzymatically treated pectin.
The distribution and role of carnitine in the mammalian brain

Abstract A differential distribution of carnitine was found in twelve microdissected areas of the frozen canine brain. The cerebellar cortex showed the highest level of carnitine, while the lowest amounts were found in the hippocampus and pons sections of the brain. However, the inability to demonstrate changes in carnitine levels after in vivo stimulation of the major afferent pathways in the caudate nucleus, and failure to demonstrate K+ stimulated release of carnitine in rat brain slices suggest that carnitine does not have a direct neurotransmitter role in the brain.
Molecular dynamics simulations of stress-induced phase transformations and grain nucleation at crack tips in Fe

The molecular dynamics simulation technique is used to study a stress-induced new grain formation mechanism at the crack tip of a nanocrystalline α-iron sample at temperatures ranging from 100 to 600 K. The stress-induced formation of new bcc grains, created inside existing grains, is found to occur through a metastable bcc to fcc phase transformation at the crack tip of the sample. A Nishiyama–Wassermann orientation relationship is found between the original bcc grain and the fcc phase and a Kurdjumov–Sachs orientation relationship is found between the new bcc grain created and the fcc transition phase. The new grain nucleation is observed to increase with increasing temperature and stacking faults associated with the fcc phase are observed at the higher temperatures.
The Utility of the Spatial Span in a Clinical Geriatric Population

ABSTRACT Spatial Span subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale has been viewed as an indicator of working memory and visuospatial processing. The current study examined the impact of cognitive impairment and its severity on Spatial Span performance. A neuropsychological battery including Spatial Span was administered to 538 individuals (65–89) who were grouped by consensus into Alzheimer's disease, Vascular Dementia, Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment, Non-Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment and cognitively normal. Increase in level of impairment resulted in a decrease in Spatial Span Total Score. A weak relationship between age and Spatial Span Total Score was found. Spatial Span Forward remains relatively stable regardless of level of impairment. Spatial Span Backward was more sensitive to severity. No significant differences were found between individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and those with Vascular Dementia suggesting similar deficit patterns in the cognitive abilities measured by the Spatial...
How hard are sparse sets

The frontier of knowledge about the structural properties of sparse sets is explored. A collection of topics that are related to the issue of how hard or easy sparse sets is surveyed. The strongest currently known results, together with the open problems that the results leave, are presented. >