cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lina Svedin, Ethics and Risk Management

The book Ethics and Risk Management focuses on the ethical aspects of risk management and reveals how culture and social values shape risk perceptions and, consequently, the actions that a communit...
The Effects of Offering a Middle Response Option with Opinion Questions

A frequently encountered consideration in the construction of social survey opinion questions is whether respondents should be offered the choice of a middle response option that states a neutral response. This paper reports the results of six split-ballot tests in each of which a random half of the sample was offered the middle option and the other half was not. As in many earlier studies, the explicit offer of the middle option was found substantially to increase the proportion of respondents expressing a neutral response. An analysis of whether the size of this effect differed according to the socio-demographic subgroup of the respondent found few such interactions to be significant.
Sensation Seeking and Drivers’ Glance Behavior while Engaging in a Secondary Task

To investigate possible relationships between drivers’ sensation seeking and glance behavior while interacting with human-machine interfaces, a total of 70 drivers’ eye-glance data, Sensation Seeki...
Direct Visual-Inertial Odometry and Mapping for Unmanned Vehicle

We present a direct visual-inertial system that can track camera motions and map the environment. This method aligns input images directly based on the intensity of pixels and minimizes the photometric error, instead of using key features detected in the images. IMU measurements provide additional constraints to suppress the scale drift induced by the visual odometry. The depth information for each pixel can be computed either from the inverse depth estimation or from stereo images. Experiments using an existing dataset shows that the performance of our method is comparable to that of a latest reported method.
Abstract 5315: Receptors for Advanced Glycation Endproducts Cause Decreased Collateral Vessel Formation in the Face of Uncontrolled Diabetes

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is associated with the development of poor collateral vasculature. The precise cellular and molecular processes are not well understood, but monocytes (MO) play a critical role. Chronic DM leads to the formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) which alter molecular functions through the Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts (RAGE). The major goal of this study was to explore the contribution of RAGE to impaired collateral growth in the setting of DM, specifically when absent from MO. Hypothesis: Decreased RAGE on MO leads to improved collateral vasculature in the setting of hyperglycemia. Methods : Four groups of mice on a C57/Bl6 background were created: Wild type (WT), WT + DM, RAGE Knockout (RAGE KO), RAGE KO + DM. Streptozocin was given intraperitoneally to induce DM. After 4 weeks of DM, the left femoral artery was ligated for a hind limb ischemia model. Laser Doppler Perfusion Imaging (LDPI) was used for qualitative evaluation of collateral vessel development. Alpha-actin smooth muscle staining was used for quantitative anatomic evaluation of neovascularization. Spontaneous running duration was employed as a functional endpoint. Adoptive transfer was used to assess MO involvement. WT + DM mice were injected with RAGE KO MO and RAGE KO + DM mice were injected with WT MO on post-op days 0,2,5,7. LDPI was performed on post-op days 1 and 8 Results : WT + DM mice had the lowest level of blood flow recovery of all three groups, with a significant difference when compared to RAGE KO + DM (34% +/− 6.3%, 80.8 %+/− 12%; p Conclusions : RAGE on MO appears to play a significant role in the hindrance of collateral vessel development in the face of hyperglycemia.
Organ Sparing Surgery for Penile Cancer: A Systematic Review

Purpose: Although penile cancer represents only 1% of all male cancers, the traditional treatment, total or subtotal penectomy, carries devastating psychological and functional outcomes. Organ sparing surgery is an attractive option if it can provide satisfactory cancer control equivalent to or nearly equivalent to standard techniques. This approach is meeting increasing acceptance. We offer a timely comprehensive review to increase awareness of these procedures and their applicability, to evaluate the techniques objectively and to provide guidance to the practicing urologist.Materials and Methods: A PubMed® search was conducted using the key words “organ sparing/conserving” in “penile cancer” alone or in combination with “partial penectomy,” “glansectomy,” “glans resurfacing,” “penile reconstruction,” “laser,” “Mohs,” “outcomes” and “quality of life.”Results: Many techniques of organ sparing surgery in patients with penile cancer have been described through the years. To be practical and useful, a requir...
Social Interaction and Safer Sex at Sex Parties: Collective and Individual Norms at Gay Group Sex Venues in NYC

Sex-on-premise venues for gay/bisexual men have been identified as high-HIV risk environments, partly because they seem to have norms discouraging discussion of safer sex. This study investigated individual and collective norms about social and sexual interaction in these venues through qualitative interviews with 20 men recruited from private sex parties in New York City. All participants recognized that there was a collective norm encouraging casual conversation at sex parties, which was supported by organizational features of these events; however, participants’ willingness to engage in social interaction ranged widely. Although conversation seemed pervasive in the social area of parties, most participants said there was no conversation in the sexual area and very few participants reported ever asking potential sex partners about HIV status or safer-sex preferences. Participants preferred going to events that set clear expectations regarding condom use (either “safer-sex” or “bareback” parties). These data point to a dichotomy in the norms of sex parties where conversation is expected in the social area of a venue but inappropriate around sexual activity. Sexual health interventions targeted to this population are more likely to be successful if they take the social and sexual norms of these events into account.
Optimising treatment of elderly patients with ovarian cancer: Improving their enrolment in clinical trials

The aging population is the fastest growing segment of our population. Over the last century, the average life expectancy has increased by 25 years. The incidence of ovarian carcinoma, seen primarily in postmenopausal women, is, therefore, expected to increase. The current standard treatment of ovarian cancer has been determined on the basis of prospective, randomised clinical trials carried out by cooperative groups. Sixty-one percent of new cancer cases occur in women >65 years of age. Despite this fact, enrolment in clinical trials has been exceedingly low. In turn, this causes suboptimal treatment for a very fatal disease. The aetiology of this is multifactorial, and strategies for improvement are lacking. Elderly patients may be barred from participation based on physician biases alone. Elderly patients may have limited access to academic centres where clinical trials are conducted or be excluded on the basis of unrealistic inclusion criteria. As physicians, it is our duty to understand the elderly patient and the comorbidities in this age group that may influence the tolerability and toxicity of conventional therapies. Therefore, it is imperative that we make a conscious effort to examine ways in which we may improve enrolment of elderly women with ovarian cancer in clinical trials.
Measurement of the effective capacitance of solutions containing nanoscale uranyl peroxide cage clusters (U60) reveals cluster effects

The effective capacitance of an aqueous solution containing the nanoscale uranyl peroxide cage cluster U60 (Li48K12[UO2(O2)(OH)]60(H2O) n , n ≈ 310) was measured using cyclic voltammetry. The potential window (50–90 mV) for the measurements precluded changes to the oxidation state of U(VI) in the system. The effective capacitance for solutions containing 0.5–14.0 g L−1 U60 exhibited a dependence on cluster concentration caused by the dissociation of Li+ and K+ counterions from the clusters. The effective capacitance of U60 cluster solutions and salt solutions of KCl and LiCl were compared.
The spicy spectacular: food, gender, and celebrity on Hot Ones

“How are you with hot food?”So begins Hot Ones, a YouTube interview show launched in 2015. 1 In each weekly episode, host Sean Evans interviews a celebrity of varying renown—from Danny Brown and Jo...
Biology of the duodenal (Brunner’s) glands

The duodenal glands were first observed in 1679 by Wepfer (1) who described them during the autopsy of a beheaded woman. Wepfer described their arrangement in the duodenum and observed that when they were macerated in water, the duodenal glands discharged copious amounts of mucus. Nine years later, Brunner (2,3), who was Wepfer’s son-in-law (4), described the duodenal glands in the horse, ox, sheep, deer, dog, and beaver and presented a brief description in man. Brunner considered these glands to be accessory pancreatic tissue and termed them “glandulae duodeni” or “pancreas secundarium.” Middeldorpf (5) realized that the secretion of the duodenal glands differed from that of the pancreas and suggested that these glands be designated “the glands of Brunner.” Florey and Harding (6,7) found that the region of the duodenum containing the duodenal glands is more resistant to acid erosion than other regions of the small intestine.
Realization of Fine-Grain Ceramics

Grain size is but one factor in the complex microstructures of ceramics. Ability to control or minimize unwanted phases has made feasible evaluation of the effect of grain size on physical properties, but interpretations must also account for other influences such as grain bonding and internal strains, surface condition, and extrinsic flaws. Recently, attention has been focused on processing as the key to grain refinement. The diverse approaches within particulate, melt, and vapor-processing will be highlighted in terms of potential for control over grain size.
siRNA Delivery Using Dithiocarbamate-Anchored Oligonucleotides on Gold Nanorods.

We present a robust method for loading small interfering RNA (siRNA) duplexes onto the surfaces of gold nanorods (GNRs) at high density, using near-infrared laser irradiation to trigger their intracellular release with subsequent knockdown activity. Citrate-stabilized GNRs were first coated with oleylsulfobetaine, a zwitterionic amphiphile with low cytotoxicity, which produced stable dispersions at high ionic strength. Amine-modified siRNA duplexes were converted into dithiocarbamate (DTC) ligands and adsorbed onto GNR surfaces in a single incubation step at 0.5 M NaCl, simplifying the charge screening process. The DTC anchors were effective at minimizing premature siRNA desorption and release, a common but often overlooked problem in the use of gold nanoparticles as oligonucleotide carriers. The activity of GNR–siRNA complexes was evaluated systematically against an eGFP-producing ovarian cancer cell line (SKOV-3) using folate receptor-mediated uptake. Efficient knockdown was achieved by using a femtosec...
Scalable spectral clustering with cosine similarity

We propose a unified scalable computing framework for three versions of spectral clustering - Normalized Cut (Shi and Malik, 2000), the Ng-Jordan-Weiss (NJW) algorithm (2001), and Diffusion Maps (Coifman and Lafon, 2006), in the setting of cosine similarity. We assume that the input data is either sparse (e.g., as a document-term frequency matrix) or of only a few hundred dimensions (e.g., for small images or data obtained through PCA). We show that in such cases, spectral clustering can be implemented solely based on efficient operations on the data matrix such as elementwise manipulation, matrix-vector multiplication and low-rank SVD, thus entirely avoiding the weight matrix. Our algorithm is simple to implement, fast to run, accurate and robust to outliers. We demonstrate its superior performance through extensive experiments which compare our scalable algorithm with the plain implementation on several benchmark data sets.
1890. Healthcare Professionals’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs Regarding Factors That Contribute to Inappropriate Antibiotic Use

Background In 2003, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) launched Get Smart: Know When Antibiotics Work, a campaign to improve antibiotic use for common outpatient respiratory infections. Although improvements in prescribing have been observed for children, inappropriate prescribing remains a problem in all healthcare settings. To update CDC’s communications materials for the new Be Antibiotics Aware educational effort, we sought to identify factors that influence antibiotic prescribing behavior among healthcare professionals (HCPs).
Patient experience after kidney transplant: a conceptual framework of treatment burden

Kidney transplant recipients face a lifelong regimen of medications, health monitoring and medical appointments. This work involved in managing one’s health and its impact on well-being are referred to as treatment burden. Excessive treatment burden can adversely impact adherence and quality of life. The aim of this study was to develop a conceptual framework of treatment burden after kidney transplantation. Qualitative interviews were conducted with kidney transplant recipients (n = 27) from three Mayo Clinic transplant centers. A semi-structured interview guide originally developed in patients with chronic conditions and tailored to the context of kidney transplantation was utilized. Themes of treatment burden after kidney transplantation were confirmed in two focus groups (n = 16). Analyses confirmed three main themes of treatment burden after kidney transplantation: 1) work patients must do to care for their health (e.g., attending medical appointments, taking medications), 2) challenges/stressors that exacerbate felt burden (e.g., financial concerns, health system obstacles) 3) impacts of burden (e.g., role/social activity limitations). Patients describe a significant amount of work involved in caring for their kidney transplants. This work is exacerbated by individual, interpersonal and system-related factors. The framework will be used as a foundation for a patient-reported measure of treatment burden to promote better care after kidney transplantation.
An Examination of Art Museum Education Practices since 1984

This paper reports on the results of a follow-up study to The Uncertain Profession: Observations on the State of Museum Education in Twenty American Art Museums (Eisner & Dobbs, 1986), an evaluation of art museum education practices from nearly a decade ago. Eisner and Dobbs' findings were controversial because they were critical of the state of the art museum education profession in general. In this follow-up report it was found that there have been significant changes in art museum education since 1984, when the Eisner and Dobbs study began, although many of the same problems are still being addressed.
Asymptotic Solutions for High Frequency Helmholtz Equations in Anisotropic Media with Hankel Functions

We present asymptotic methods for solving high frequency Helmholtz equations in anisotropic media. The methods are motivated by Babich’s expansion that uses Hankel functions of the first kind to approximate the solution of high frequency Helmholtz equation in isotropic media. Within Babich’s expansion, we can derive the anisotropic eikonal equation and a recurrent system of transport equations to determine the phase and amplitude terms of the wave, respectively. In order to reconstruct the wave with the phase and amplitude terms for any high frequencies, they must be computed with high-order accuracy, for which a high-order factorization approach based on power series expansions at the primary source is applied first to resolve the source singularities, after that high-order schemes can be implemented efficiently. Rigorous formulations are derived, and numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the methods.
Why Methods Matter: Approaches to the Study of Deception and Considerations for the Future

Throughout time researchers have tried to use their latest ideas and technology to detect lies. However, the methods and variables used were often ill defined, which may seriously affect how this research can be applied in the real world. This chapter proposes that researchers make five important considerations when designing any deception study: their specific definitions of phenomena, their use stakes or incentives, their allowing participants to choose to lie, their use of sanctioned or unsanctioned lies, and their appreciation of the power of the interview process itself in generating behaviors associated with truth or lie. We conclude that researchers should approach the study of deception in a more united, clearly defined methodological fashion for the betterment of our collective scholarly knowledge and for those professionals who rely on it.
Managing Medications and Addressing Polypharmacy

Restraints have been used in the care of older adults in healthcare settings and at home for many years. Restraint use in the United States of America has been under national scrutiny since the 1980s, when federal regulations regarding their use were issued.
Electron Transfer Reactions of Pentacyanocobaltate(II)

The oxidation of [Co(CN)5]3- to cobalt(III) is accompanied by an increase in the coordination number of the cobalt ion. The mechanism of electron transfer may be inner - or outer sphere, depending on whether the sixth ligand required to complete the octahedral coordination shell of the cobalt ion is derived directly from the oxidant or, alternatively, is an anion (e. g. CN -) derived from the solution. The substitution -inertness of the product, and the different kinetic patterns of the two paths, permit this ligand to be identified and the mechanism of electron transfer to be established.
Quantifying the impact of R&D on PV project financing costs

Abstract Energy technology research and development (R&D) typically focuses on advancing the performance and reducing equipment and installation costs. However, such R&D can also have significant indirect impacts on other factors. Incorporating the impact that R&D activities have on financing costs can provide a more complete picture of the consequences of these decisions, and may allow policymakers to make better decisions. In this paper we discuss some historical examples of R&D impacting financing costs in the solar energy sector, summarize the areas of R&D that can impact financing, and describe methodological approaches that can be used to quantify the impact of R&D on financing costs and, as a result, the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). We estimate that R&D-driven reductions in financing costs in the solar sector, from current levels to low-risk levels, could reduce LCOE approximately 25%. Alternatively, without the R&D advances needed to prevent future risks and complications, financing costs in the solar sector could increase by as much as 115%.
Hearing loss and employment: a systematic review of the association between hearing loss and employment among adults.

Background Hearing loss affects over 1.3 billion individuals worldwide, with the greatest burden among adults. Little is known regarding the association between adult-onset hearing loss and employment. Methods Seven databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, ABI/Inform Collection, Business Source Ultimate, Web of Science and Scopus) were searched through to October 2018. The key word terms used related to hearing loss and employment, excluding paediatric or congenital hearing loss and deaf or culturally deaf populations. Results The initial search resulted in 13 144 articles. A total of 7494 articles underwent title and abstract screening, and 243 underwent full-text review. Twenty-five articles met the inclusion criteria. Studies were set in 10 predominantly high-income countries. Seven of the 25 studies analysed regionally or nationally representative datasets and controlled for key variables. Six of these seven studies reported associations between hearing loss and employment. Conclusion The highest quality studies currently available indicate that adult-onset hearing loss is associated with unemployment. However, considerable heterogeneity exists, and more rigorous studies that include low- and middle-income countries are needed.
The Process and Timeline to Develop a New Vaccine

The steps needed to bring an investigational vaccine candidate from the laboratory bench to the clinic are complex, highly regulated, costly, and time consuming. Years of preclinical effort are usually necessary before a candidate vaccine is ready to be studied in humans. Phase I, or “first in human,” clinical trials are organized first, involving only a small number of subjects. They are designed to evaluate the safety profile of the investigational vaccine to determine whether a larger Phase II trial should follow. Phase II studies continue to assess safety while beginning to assess “proof of concept.” For vaccine studies, this is most often a preliminary evaluation of the vaccine’s ability to induce the anticipated immune response. Investigational vaccines that pass Phase II safety and “proof of concept” criteria move into Phase III. Phase III trials are large multicenter studies designed to evaluate the immunogenicity and/or efficacy of candidate vaccine. When applicable, this is done as a comparison with the current standard of care to be sure that any newly approved vaccine meets or exceeds options already available. Upon successful completion of Phase III studies, an application for licensure is submitted to the appropriate regulatory body. In the USA, the Food and Drug Administration has responsibility for the review and disposition. Official vaccine recommendations are developed and published by the Center for Disease Control’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Post licensure, Phase IV trials to evaluate the vaccine’s safety and effectiveness in the “real world” context have become routine.
Aiding and abetting the unruly past: queer and critical disability approaches to American political development

This article offers a strategy for applying queer and critical disability theory to American political development (APD). Queer and critical disability theorists deconstruct the use of biological c...
Regulation Almost Destroyed Money Market Funds, But Cash Management Needs Kept Them Alive

Extensive regulatory overhaul in October 2016 changed the money market fund (MMF) industry considerably, especially for institutional clients. Nonetheless, MMFs continue to be an important cash management tool for institutions even though their asset allocations are now much more restricted to preserve the feature of a constant share price.
Flat Bundles and Holonomy

We begin by discussing a construction of flat bundles. Let h : F → F be a diffeomorphism of a smooth manifold F. The product foliation defined by the inverse images of the projection R × F → F is invariant under the action (t,y)n = (t+n,hn(y)) of hn, n ∈ ℤ. This means that the quotient R × ℤF carries a 1-dimensional foliation transverse to the fibers of R × ℤF → R/ℤ≅ S1. The effect of h on a point x is obtained by the endpoint of the unique horizontal lift of S1 with initial point x. Note that for the flow on R × ℤF transverse to the fibers, the map h is precisely the Poincare map mentioned in the Introduction. The open Moebius band is of this type. For F = (0,1) and h(y) = - y, it is the total space of the fibration R × ℤR → S1 with (x,y) ~ (x+n, (−1)ny) being the equivalence relation defining the total space. The leaves are circles; which are 2-fold coverings of the central circle (y = 0), except for the central circle itself.
Experience in Teaching a Management-Oriented Capstone Software Engineering Course

Many computer science departments teach a capstone software engineering course involving the design and implementation of a large-scale project. Such a course is normally taught with students working together in teams; consequently, students must face a number of problems related to project management and team dynamics. Our experience has been that students frequently fail to adequately cope with these organizational problems, and consequently fail to complete their projects at an acceptable level of quality. To prepare students to better face these problems, we have modified our capstone software engineering course to provide equal emphasis in both management and technical areas. Our approach to management topics is formal rather than anecdotal, stressing general principles applied to organizational problems arising specifically from situations that occur frequently in technical organizations. This paper reports on the structure of this course, and provides insight into our initial experience in teaching it.
Indirect currency substitution: A structural approach

Abstract Previous empirical tests of McKinnon's indirect currency substitution (ICS) hypothesis based on macro reduced-form models yield ambiguous results because evidence cannot discriminate ICS from competing non-monetary models. This note suggests a structural model based on the money demand function. Preliminary evidence supports McKinnon's hypothesis for the Federal Republic of Germany, Switzerland, Canada, and the Netherlands, but not for the U.S.
The infinitary logic of sparse random graphs

Let L/sub /spl infin//spl omega///sup /spl omega// be the infinitary language obtained from the first-order language of graphs by closure under conjunctions and disjunctions of arbitrary sets of formulas, provided only finitely many distinct variables occur among the formulas. Let p(n) be the edge probability of the random graph on n vertices. Previous articles have shown that when p(n) is constant or p(n)=n/sup -/spl alpha// and /spl alpha/>1, then every sentence in L/sub /spl infin//spl omega///sup /spl omega// has probability that converges as n gets large; however, when p(n)=n/sup -/spl alpha// and /spl alpha/<1 is rational, then there are first-order sentences whose probability does not converge. This article completes the picture for L/sub /spl infin//spl omega///sup /spl omega// and random graphs with edge probability of the form n/sup -/spl alpha//. It is shown that if /spl alpha/ is irrational, then every sentence in L/sub /spl infin//spl omega///sup /spl omega// has probability that converges to 0 or 1. It is also shown that if /spl alpha/=1, then there are sentences an the deterministic transitive closure logic (and therefore in L/sub /spl infin//spl omega///sup /spl omega//), whose probability does not converge.
Seeds of Change

Seeds of Change National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. (October 1991 through May 1993).
Bibliography on domination in graphs and some basic definitions of domination parameters

The following bibliography on Domination in Graphs has been compiled over the past six years at Clemson University, where we regularly maintain a computer data base on this topic. Several people have been especially helpful in keeping this bibliography up-to-date and we would like to thank them: E.J. Cockayne, Victoria, British Columbia; P.J. Slater, Huntsville, Alabama; Maciej Syslo, Wroclaw, Poland; Bohdan Zelinka, Liberec, Czechoslovakia; E. Sampathkumar, Dharwad, India; A. Brandstadt, Restock, GDR; and Peter Hammer, New Brunswick, New Jersey. This bibliography essentially starts with the graph theory texts of Kijnig (1950), Berge (1958) and Ore (1962). Although a few research papers on domination were published between 1958 and 1975, a survey paper by Cockayne and Hedetniemi (1975) served to focus attention on the subject sufficiently to ‘get the ball rolling’. By 1988 the domination bibliography included well over 300 citations, about one-third of which are concerned with algorithms for computing various domination numbers for special classes of graphs. In our view, the rapid growth in the number of domination papers is attributable largely to three factors: (i) the diversity of applications to both real-world and other mathematical ‘covering’ or ‘location’ problems; (ii) the wide variety of domination parameters that can be defined; (iii) the NP-completeness of the basic domination problem, its close and ‘natural’ relationships to other NP-complete problems, and the subsequent interest in finding polynomial time solutions to domination problems in special classes of graphs. Thus we expect that this bibliography will continue to grow at a steady rate. As far as we know, only four survey papers have been written on domination in graphs: Cockayne and Hedetniemi, 1975;
Oxygen dynamics of aquatic Closed Ecological Systems: Comparing the whole to a subsystem

Abstract This Closed Ecological System technique measures the biotic O 2 changes of an aquatic community during light:dark cycles as an estimate of total ecosystem metabolism. The whole system metabolism method is being tested as a complementary approach to Systems Analysis as it reflects an envelope within which the system is constrained. We are exploring the use of O 2 as an emergent property of the ecosystem that displays the sum of all interactions within the ecosystem. The total O 2 changes of an ungrazed and a grazed Closed Ecological System were measured over 30+ days; the patterns of ecosystem and grazer O 2 dynamics were compared. The changes in O 2 concentration during the day (lighted) and night (dark) were measured, and Net Ecosystem Production (24 h) was calculated. Population abundance of the green algae (estimated by in vivo fluorescence) and the grazers, Daphnia magna , were measured. The oxygen dynamics of both ecosystems were logistic shaped, beginning slowly, increasing rapidly until the inflection point, slowing and eventually approaching an asymptote. In the grazed ecosystem the grazer population bloomed and crashed. The effect of the grazers was to reduce algal abundance temporarily, associated with a modest decline in total O 2 , and as the Daphnia declined, the algae and O 2 concentrations increased. The respiration of the Daphnia was estimated from abundance and size counts, and literature values of respiration rate (minimum and maximum feeding conditions). The patterns of ecosystem and grazer respiration were very different and the ecosystem pattern could not have been predicted if the respiration of only the visible organisms ( Daphnia ) had been estimated. Measuring the metabolism of the whole ecosystem demonstrated the patterns of energetic changes throughout the systems’ development without the additional uncertainty of estimating metabolism from organism counts and average values, and the uncertainty of distinguishing biotic changes from atmospheric diffusion.
Accelerated tests for predicting long-term creaming stability of infant formula emulsion systems

Abstract Models for sterilized, concentrated infant formulae were prepared from whey protein concentrate (WPC) and high-heat non-fat dry milk (NFDM) to yield a casein to whey ratio of 40:60%. The protein, carrageenan and lecithin levels were varied within a number of 2 × 3 factorial designs. Statistical techniques were used to evaluate the relationship of compositional factors to physical stability and to determine which emulsion stability test best predicted stability toward creaming after prolonged storage. Emulsion stability was assessed by gravitational and centrifugal creaming, relative viscosity, adsorbed protein and light scattering. Centrifugation and relative viscosity were the best predictors of 10 and 18-week stability, whereas emulsion activity index and particle size were poor predictors of stability in the infant formula model.
The effect of secondary reinforcement on differential instrumental conditioning in rats

A food cup placed in S− maintained response strength to that stimulus, confirming the hypothesis that secondary reinforcement retards discrimination learning because of its effect on the incorrect response. No effects were noted on S+ or on speeds to the old S− in a subsequent reinforcement stage.
Geotechnical properties of deep sea sediments: Bermuda rise

Abstract The Giant Piston Corer has been used to obtain good quality sediment samples from several sedimentological/acoustic regimes in the northwestern Atlantic. A total of 185 m of sediment were recovered in nine cores with lengths ranging from 6.5 to 30.5 m. Sediment types include calcareous ooze, pelagic brown clay, organic‐rich gray‐green silty clay, and graded sand. Data are presented from three of these cores, taken from three different acoustic provinces. Seismic profiles and 3.5 kHz records from our study area on the eastern Bermuda Rise (4–5 km water depth) reveal marked differences in acoustic characteristics that are consistent with physical property variations at three of the core sites. This area contains three major features: (l)a broad, gently rolling plateau covered with about 300 m of sediment containing numerous conformable reflectors; (2) a slope region with maximum slope angle of 0.275 rad (16°), which is underlaid by acoustically transparent sediments; and (3) a region at the toe of ...
Invited Commentary for: Predicting clinical physiology: A Markov chain model of heart rate recovery after spontaneous breathing trials in mechanically ventilated patients

This study proposes a Markov chain model study to assess heart rate recovery (HRR) in mechanically ventilated patients upon attempted weaning (spontaneous breathing trial, or SBT). It is known that postexercise HRR data can be plotted as an exponentially decreasing HR vs time curve, with an initial rapid decline (in the first 30 seconds), which can be curve fitted as a first-order decay curve with an exponential time constant. This initial rapid decline has been previously attributed to parasympathetic blockade, with minimal dependence on the sympathetic system and exercise intensity. The second slow HR decay phase supposedly reflects sympathetic activity withdrawal and the clearance of stress metabolites [1]. In fact, the interactions are quite complex, and it has been difficult to establish a clear correlation between HRR and HRV. What is established is that attenuated HRR after exercise is a reflection of the parasympathetic tone and is an independent predictor of mortality among patients undergoing stress testing [2]. The presence of autonomic dysfunction, as assessed by HRVor baroreceptor insensitivity, is likewise predictive of increased mortality. Can these alterations be extended to patients with pulmonary abnormalities? Seshadri et al [3] have similarly shown that during stress testing, in patients with a worsening FEV1 and FEV/ FVC, these spirometry abnormalities are associated with abnormal HRR. Finally, it has been demonstrated in healthy children and adolescents that there is an inverse correlation between HRR and metabolic risks (waist circumference,
Dissection of the de novo designed peptide alpha t alpha: stability and properties of the intact molecule and its constituent helices.

Alpha t alpha is a de novo designed 38-residue peptide [Fezoui et al. (1995) Protein Sci. 4, 286-295] that adopts a helical hairpin conformation in solution [Fezoui et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 3675-3679; Fezoui et al. (1997) Protein Sci. 6, 1869-1877]. Since alpha t alpha was developed as a model system for protein folding at the stage where secondary structures interact and become mutually stabilizing, it is of interest to investigate the increase in stability that occurs with helix association. alpha t alpha was dissected into its component helices and the relative stabilities of the individual helices and the parent molecule were assessed. The Delta G0 of unfolding of alpha t alpha measured by guanidine hydrochloride denaturation was determined to be 3.4 kcal/mol. The equilibrium constant for folding of alpha t alpha was estimated from the Delta G0 as 338 and from hydrogen exchange measurements as 259. The stability of the helices in intact alpha t alpha over the individual helices increased by a factor of at least 37 based on amide proton exchange measurements. Sedimentation equilibrium studies showed very little association of the peptides to form either homo- or heterodimers, suggesting that helix association is stabilized by the high effective concentration of the helices caused by the presence of the connecting turn. The effects of salt and pH on the helicity of the component peptides are largely reflected in the intact molecule, implying that short-range interactions still make important contributions to the conformation of the intact molecule even though significant stabilization is caused by helix association.
Physiology and relevance of human adaptive thermogenesis response

In homoeothermic organisms, the preservation of core temperature represents a primal function, and its costs in terms of energy expenditure can be considerable. In modern humans, the endogenous thermoregulation mechanisms have been replaced by clothing and environmental control, and the maintenance of thermoneutrality has been successfully achieved by manipulation of the micro- and macroenvironment. The rediscovery of the presence and activity of brown adipose tissue in adult humans has renewed the interest on adaptive thermogenesis (AT) as a means to facilitate weight loss and improve carbohydrate metabolism. The aim of this review is to describe the recent advancements in the study of this function, and to assess the potential and limitations of exploiting AT for environmental/behavioral, and pharmacological interventions.
Air Cavity Transmission Lines for Off-Chip Interconnects Characterized to 40 GHz

In this paper, air cavity transmission lines are integrated into printed circuit boards and packages to enable high-speed low-loss chip-to-chip communication. Microstripline and parallel plate structures with copper conductors separated by an air gap dielectric layer are described. The structures use a sacrificial placeholder material along with conventional microelectronics techniques to create a unique buried copper- air-copper microstripline structure. Transmission lines were characterized by S-parameter measurements to 40 GHz. The capacitance was tracked during fabrication to analyze the impact of the air gap. The effective dielectric constant of the final buried copper-air-copper structure was as low as 1.25.
A graphical representation of concurrent processes

This paper describes a graphical representation called a concurrency map. It provides a succinct representation of the potentially large collection of possible correct event-orderings for a set of concurrent processes.The normal problems of monitoring, debugging and analyzing performance of single-process programs are compounded for programs with concurrent processes. Although we can observe the behavior of each separate process, we do not know what is occurring concurrently in the various processes during successive moments as execution progresses. Furthermore, unknown timing delays among the processes may cause different program behavior when we rerun the program. The relative time-ordering of events in different concurrent processes is not, in general, fixed, and events that occurred in one order on one occasion on which the program performed correctly might occur in another order on another occasion, with equal correctness. We need to know both how the program behaved during execution and how that behavior might have differed under normal variations of concurrent execution. The concurrency map aids in solving these problems.
Type A behavior pattern and coronary heart disease: The hostility factor?

It would appear that the type A behavior pattern (TABP) is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD), particularly at younger ages, and for incidence of initial myocardial infarction. Competitiveness may be the so-called ‘toxic’ factor in TABP, having seminal importance in aggressive drive, accelerated pace, impatience and hostility. Nevertheless, it seems unlikely that human emotional and behavioral aspects can ever satisfactorily be subdivided into single component parts such as ‘hostility’.
Synthese und Struktur eines Diarsen-Chromkomplexes mit freier Arsen-Arsen-Doppelbindung†

Das vollstandige Manuskript dieser Zuschrift erscheint in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1983, 1493. DOI: 10.1002/ange.198314930
Persistent thyroid function following hypophysectomy.

ABSTRACT Hypophysectomy in man usually results in suppression of thyroid function within two to four weeks. From a large series of patients hypophysectomized for metastatic mammary carcinoma, 10 who remained euthyroid were studied in detail. Three of them had a previous history of thyroid dysfunction, but were euthyroid at the time of operation. Serum protein-bound iodine levels and thyroidal radioiodine (I131) uptakes have remained normal up to two and a half years following surgery. In 8 of these patients, triiodothyronine suppression tests were performed; thyroid function was not significantly inhibited. Completeness of hypophysectomy was established at autopsy in 4 patients and by re-exploration in 2. Available autopsy data on 5 of the 7 patients who died revealed adenomas in 3 and a normal thyroid gland in 2. The data presented suggest that in some instances the thyroid gland may continue to function in the absence of the pituitary.
The formation of Cu 3 Sn intermetallic on the reaction of Cu with 95Pb-5Sn solder

This study characterizes the interfacial reactions that occur when Cu is soldered with 95 Pb-5Sn solder. A continuous layer of Cu3Sn e phase forms during the soldering process. Previous studies suggest that the intermetallic layer spalls off during soldering. However, the present work shows that the intermetallic layer is intact after soldering and that any spalling observed is due to improper polishing. A new polishing technique was developed to preserve the intermetallic layer. The Cu3Sn has a fine columnar grain structure that is very brittle. Both intergranular and transgranular fracture modes are observed. The size of the intermetallic layer is dependent upon the length of time the solder is molten. The rate of formation of e phase was measured and used to determine an activation energy for diffusion of Sn in 95Pb-5Sn of 13 kcal/mol.
Exact results for the dynamics of the classical one dimensional easy plane ferromagnet at low temperatures

The in-plane and out-of-plane dynamical correlation functions for the classical one dimensional easy plane ferromagnet are calculated asymptotically exactly at low temperatures. The results are restricted to temperatures much below the crossover temperature at which spins begin aligning in the plane. The long wavelength behavior of the in-plane fluctuations is consistent with dynamical scaling, in contrast to the isotropic case, and agrees with the results of Villain and of Nelson and Fisher. The linewidths for the in-plane fluctuations at short wavelengths are calculated exactly, and approach those of the isotropic model for small anisotropy. The theory of Villain, the theory of Cieplak and Sjolander, and the simulations of Loveluck, Jauslin, Schneider and Stoll all give incorrect results for these linewidths. The out of plane linewidths show an anomalous temperature dependence due to a singularity in the three spin wave density of states that is characteristic of one dimensional systems. The linewidth is proportional toT 2 lnT except at the wavevector for which the second derivative of the spin wave frequency with respect to wavevector vanishes (≅π/2 for CsNiF3) where the linewidth is proportional toT 5/3. The linewidth has a strong discontinuity as the wavevector increases as a result of a catastrophe occurring in the calculation of the three spin wave density of states. The position and strength of the discontinuity are temperature dependent. The diffusion coefficient is logarithmically dependent on the anisotropy, and diverges as (T 2 lnD)−1, which is consistent with the (lnT)−1 behavior predicted for the isotropic ferromagnet in earlier work. The results are derived for the case of single ion anisotropy, using a spin wave theory for static correlations and the spin current damping function, and can be readily extended to the case of anisotropic exchange.
SUPERCONDUCTING AND SEMICONDUCTING PHASES OF GRANULAR FILMS.

Abstract A theoretical upper limit is extablished for the normal resistivity of a granular superconductor at which superconductivity vanishes. Good agreement is found with the experimental value of 10 -1 Ω-cm for Al, Mo, W and Be in the form of 30 A grains embedded in SiO 2 .
Postcrystallization Analysis of the Irreproducibility of the Human Intrinsic Factor-Cobalamin Complex Crystals.

Approximately 15% (w/w) of human intrinsic factor (IF) is comprised of carbohydrate side chains, making crystallization problematic. In addition, IF is sensitive to proteolysis. To understand the role of these factors in crystallization, we carried out dynamic light scattering studies and assessed their correlation with crystallization. The packing of the IF−cobalamin complex and the known properties of the protein in solution were also analyzed to explore the irreproducibility of the IF−cobalamin complex crystals and the difficulty in obtaining apo-IF crystals suitable for crystallographic analysis. The results indicate that although glycosylation may in general be inhibitory for crystallization, time-dependent proteolysis appears to play a much more important role in the process of crystallization of IF. Thus, the presence of cobalamin and of domain fragments that can form incomplete dimers lacking one of two β-domains appears to promote the crystallization of IF.
Surgical site infections and other postoperative complications following prophylactic anticoagulation in total joint arthroplasty.

Background Anticoagulants reduce the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) after total joint replacement. However, concern remains that pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis can lead to bleeding, which may impact on postoperative complications such as infections and reoperations. Methods and Findings From the Global Orthopedic Registry (GLORY), we reviewed 3,755 patients in US who elected for primary total hip or knee arthroplasty, received either warfarin or low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) as VTE prophylactics, and had up-to-90-day follow-up after discharge. We compared incidence rates of VTE, infections and other complications between LMWH and warfarin groups, and used multivariate analyses with propensity score weighting to generate the odds ratio (OR). Patients receiving LMWH tended to be older and higher in the American Society of Anesthesiologists grade scores. In contrast, warfarin was used more frequently for hip arthroplasty with longer duration among patients with more pre-existing comorbidity (all P<0.02). A weight variable was created with propensity score to account for differences in covariate distributions. Propensity score-weighted analyses showed no differences in VTE complications. However, compared to warfarin, LMWH was associated with significantly higher rates of bleeding (6.2% vs. 2.1%; OR = 3.82, 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.64 to 5.52), blood transfusion (29.4% vs. 22.0%; OR = 1.75, 95% CI, 1.51 to 2.04), reoperations (2.4% vs. 1.3%; OR = 1.77, 95% CI, 1.07 to 2.93) and infections (1.6% vs. 0.6%; OR = 2.79, 95% CI, 1.42 to 5.45). Similar results were obtained from compliant uses of warfarin (26%) and LMWH (62%) according to clinical guidelines. While surgical site infections were mostly superficial, current study was underpowered to compare incidence rates of deep infections (<1.0%). Conclusions Surgical site infections and reoperations in 3 months following primary total joint arthroplasty may be associated with anticoagulant use that exhibited higher bleeding risk. Long-term complications and deep wound infections remain to be studied.