cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Tale about Simplicity and Imagination

Lorenzo Mosca received his PhD degree from the University of Pavia, where he worked on anion receptors by utilizing metal-ligand and hydrogen-bond interactions with Prof. Luigi Fabbrizzi. In 2012, he moved to Bowling Green State University to work with Dr. Pavel Anzenbacher, Jr. There, he focused on the sensing aspect of supramolecular chemistry and worked on anion sensors, as well as sensors and chemodosimeters for explosives. In the summer of 2016, he moved to Northwestern University to work with Sir Fraser Stoddart on interlocked molecules and electron donors and acceptors. His scientific interests span self-assembly, molecular recognition and sensing, biomaterials, green chemistry, and high-performance materials for aerospace and structural engineering.
Transparency and the Office of Legal Counsel

Recent scrutiny of the Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) in the Department of Justice has led to a consensus across ideological lines that its work must become more transparent. Commentators both sympathetic to and skeptical of the OLC’s role have recommended greater publication of its written legal opinions. Insufficient attention has been paid, however, to the inherent functions of public written legal opinions, and their suitability (or lack thereof) for the OLC. Examining the existing comparison point of judicial written opinions reveals several core functions served by public written legal opinions, including efficiency, guidance, persuasion, authority, and accountability. Yet the purposes served by publishing written opinions are either met by existing OLC practices or would conflict with the OLC’s institutional responsibilities, in ways deleterious to its value and effectiveness. Given the importance of the OLC’s work, an opaque status quo is therefore preferable to a more transparent future. Appreciating the limits of transparency as a tool for governance can also point toward more productive roads for institutional reform.
Performance-Based Design of Self-Centering Steel Frame Systems

Innovative self-centering (SC) moment resisting frames (SC-MRFs) and concentrically-braced frames (SC-CBFs) are being developed. This paper focuses on SC-MRFS. The beams of an SC-MRF are post-tensioned to the columns using high strength post-tensioning (PT) strands. A beam web friction device (WFD) is included in each beam-column connection to dissipate energy under seismic loading. Together, the PT strands and WFD provide the flexural resistance of the beam-column connections. The connection behavior is characterized by gap opening and closing at the beam-column interface. The SC-MRFs in this study are designed to meet two primary seismic performance objectives, namely, (1) no damage or residual drift under the Design Basis Earthquake (DBE), leading to immediate occupancy performance after the DBE, and (2) collapse prevention performance under the Maximum Considered Earthquake. A 7-bay, 4-story SC-MRF prototype building was designed for a stiff soil site in the Los Angeles area using a performance-based design procedure with the above performance objectives. A 0.6-scale model of a 2-bay SC-MRF from the prototype building was developed and tested at Lehigh University using the hybrid simulation method. Experimental results of earthquake simulations on the SC-MRF are used to assess the design procedure. Related research on SC-CBFs is introduced.
Extracorporeal Life Support in Lung Transplantation

Extracorporeal life support in lung transplantation has been associated with poor posttransplant outcomes. However, recent advances have resulted in more favorable posttransplant outcomes. The increased use of this technology must be weighed against the risks inherent in its use, especially when complications arising in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)-dependent patients result in loss of transplant candidacy, leaving them with no viable alternative for long-term support. Existing and emerging data support the judicious use of this technology in carefully selected patients at high-volume transplant and ECMO centers that prioritize minimization of sedation, avoidance of endotracheal intubation, and early mobilization.
Use of web-based screening and brief intervention for unhealthy alcohol use by older adults.

Abstract Background While the number of older adults who engage in unhealthy drinking is increasing, few studies have examined the role of online alcohol screening and intervention tools for this population. The objective of this study was to describe characteristics of drinking behaviors among older adults who visited an alcohol screening and intervention website, and compare them to younger adults. Methods We analyzed the responses of visitors to Alcoholscreening.org in 2013 (n = 94,221). The prevalence of unhealthy alcohol use, behavioral change characteristics, and barriers to changing drinking were reported by age group (ages 21–49, 50–65, 66–80). Logistic regression models were used to identify characteristics associated with receiving a plan to either help cut back or quit drinking. Results Of the entire study sample, 83% of respondents reported unhealthy drinking (exceeding daily or weekly recommended limits) with 84% among 21–49 year olds, 79% among 50–65 year olds, and 85% among adults over 65. Older adults reported fewer negative aspects of drinking, lower importance to change, highest confidence and fewer barriers to change, compared to younger adults. In the adjusted model, females (AOR = 1.45, p Discussion An online screening and intervention tool identified many older adults with unhealthy alcohol use behaviors and most were receptive to change. Web-based screening and interventions for alcohol use have the potential to be widely used among older adults.
Calcium Throughout the Life Cycle

Osteoporotic fractures are common and devastating occurrences. Many lifestyle and hereditary factors contribute to fracture risk. Several components of the diet influence risk of osteoporosis in older men and women and the best studied of these are calcium and vitamin D. This chapter focuses on the role of calcium in bone health in older men and women. It includes a review of the physiology and determinants of calcium absorption and a summary of the evidence that calcium intake influences the rate of bone remodeling and bone loss in older individuals. The limited available evidence that calcium alters fracture rates will also be addressed. The National Academy of Sciences now recommends that men and women age 51 yr and older consume 1200 mg/d of calcium. Although food sources of calcium are preferred, many individuals will need supplements in order to meet their calcium requirement. Supplement absorbability and optimal dosage schedules are reviewed.
Using Evolutionary Programming to Add Deterministic and Probabilistic Skill to Spatial Model Forecasts

AbstractEvolutionary programming is applied to the postpocessing of ensemble forecasts of temperature on a spatial domain. These forecasts are obtained from the 11-member Reforecast V2 ensemble ove...
Dual-Energy Computed Tomography: Image Acquisition, Processing, and Workflow.

Dual energy computed tomography has been available for more than 10 years; however, it is currently on the cusp of widespread clinical use. The way dual energy data are acquired and assembled must be appreciated at the clinical level so that the various reconstruction types can extend its diagnostic power. The type of scanner that is present in a given practice dictates the way in which the dual energy data can be presented and used. This article compares and contrasts how dual source, rapid kV switching, and spectral technologies acquire and present dual energy reconstructions to practicing radiologists.
Centrality and Circumstance: Influences of Multidimensional Racial Identity on African American Student Organization Involvement

In order to explore the social realities and centrality of race for African American students at a predominantly white institution, this inquiry applied case study methodology to the multidimensional model of racial identity (MMRI). Rather than following quantitative methodology which operationalizes racial identity through surveys, the study utilized in-depth interviews to capture students' racial realities. Directly utilizing survey items from the multidimensional inventory of black identity (MIBI) in the interview protocol, this methodology allowed participants to be reflective of the influence of the institutional environment. Findings revealed insight regarding how African American students exhibit their understandings of race through involvement in student organizations. Challenges to overcoming stereotypes and barriers to black group connectivity gave evidence to the need for a heterogeneous approach to the involvement and identity development of African American students.
The Persistence of Underdevelopment: Constituencies and Competitive Rent Preservation

Why is underdevelopment so persistent? I argue that one reason is the initial inequality in endowments and opportunities, which leads to self-interested constituencies that perpetuate the status quo. Each constituency prefers reforms that preserve only its rents and expand its opportunities, so no comprehensive reform path may command broad support. Though the initial conditions may well be a legacy of the colonial past, persistence does not require the presence of coercive political institutions. This may be why underdevelopment has survived independence and democratization. On the one hand, such an analysis offers hope that the destiny of societies is not preordained by the political institutions they inherit through historical accident. On the other hand, it suggests we need to understand better how to alter factor endowments when societies may not have the internal will to do so.
Bootstrap Lower Confidence Limits for Capability Indices

The indices Cp, Cpk, and Cpm are widely used to estimate whether a process is capable. Recently, techniques and tables were developed to construct lower 95% confidence limits for each index. These techniques, however, assume the underlying process is no..
LONGITUDINAL VIBRATIONS OF A SOLID PROPELLANT ROCKET MOTOR

This paper deals with the problem of calculating the lower natural frequency of a long clamped circular cylinder with a star-shaped stress-free internal perforation vibrating in axial shear mode. This problem is interpreted as a first approximation for a typical long, solid propellant rocket motor.
The Internet of Places

The Internet of Places is a specialization of the Internet of Things. Personal places (like home) and intimate public places (like neighborhood) are comprised of “things”. Such place-things can be instrumentally empowered through sensors, data sharing, and computation, thereby exemplifying and contributing to the Internet of Things. But places are distinctively significant to people in sheltering, in anchoring memories, in evoking meanings, and in providing settings for social interactions and human development. To that extent, the Internet of Places should be analyzed as a special case, and an especially social case of the Internet of Things.
Not Minding the Gap: How Hostile Sexism Encourages Choice Explanations for the Gender Income Gap:

Researchers have shown that prejudice encourages explanations for inequality that attribute stigmatized groups’ negative outcomes to internal-controllable causes. We extended this research by inves...
Abstract # 3141 Association between depression and inflammation among bereaved adults

Spousal bereavement is a highly stressful life event associated with an increased mortality risk due to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Work from our team and others has documented that inflammation as a key mechanism that underlies this link. Of course, not every bereaved individual is at the same risk. In this study, we sought to determine if bereaved individuals who reported more depressive symptoms show elevations in inflammation in comparison to bereaved individuals with less depressive symptoms. We examined the relationship between inflammation and depressive symptoms in 100 bereaved participants. Inflammation was measured using in vitro stimulated cytokine secretion by T cells. After controlling for standard confounds, bereaved individuals with more depressive symptoms exhibited greater elevations in pro-inflammatory cytokines compared with those who reported less depressive symptoms. Specifically, depression was associated with higher levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 (unstandardized β = .028, p = .020), TNF-alpha (unstandardized β = .031, p = .010), and IFN-gamma (unstandardized β = .038, p = .009). Depression did not significantly predict IL17-A, IL-2, or any other chemokines (CCL2, CCL5, CXCL10). Given that, on average, these bereaved individuals reported very high levels of depressive symptoms, it is novel that a gradient increase in depression could be identified. Thus, this study provides evidence that those bereaved individuals who are most depressed may be at highest risk for cardiovascular complications among widows/widowers.
Transparency and reflection

Much recent work on self-knowledge has been inspired by the idea that the ‘transparency’ of questions about our own mental states to questions about the non-mental world holds the key to understand...
Cyclin binding Cy motifs have multiple activities in the initiation of DNA replication

Summary The initiation of DNA replication involves the cell cycle-dependent assembly and disassembly of protein complexes, including the Origin Recognition Complex (ORC) and CDC6 AAA+ ATPases. We report that multiple short, linear protein motifs (SLiMs) within intrinsically disordered regions in ORC1 and CDC6, including Cyclin-binding (Cy) motifs, mediate Cyclin-CDK dependent and independent protein-protein interactions, conditional on cell cycle phase. The ORC1 Cy motif mediates an auto-regulatory self-interaction, and the same Cy motif prevents CDC6 binding to ORC1 in mitosis, but then facilitates the destruction of ORC1 in S phase. In contrast, in G1, the CDC6 Cy motif promotes ORC1-CDC6 interaction independent of Cyclin-CDK protein phosphorylation. CDC6 interaction with ORC also requires a basic region of ORC1 that in yeast mediates ORC-DNA interactions. We also demonstrate that protein phosphatase 1 binds directly to a SLiM in ORC1, causing de-phosphorylation upon mitotic exit. Thus, Cy-motifs have wider roles, functioning as a ligand and as a degron.
P131 Mobile Food Ordering App Influence on Caffeinated Beverages Purchased in a University Setting

Background Digital food ordering usage through mobile applications is increasing at dramatic rates. These platforms may influence the ordering decisions of consumers, yet little is known about their impact on the diet quality of foods and beverages ordered. Objective To compare the sales and nutrient composition of caffeinated beverages ordered using a mobile ordering application (app) versus a traditional walk-up ordering method. Study Design, Settings, Participants This was a cross-sectional study conducted over a one-month period at a southeastern university in Miami. Itemized-sales data were collected from the on-campus Starbucks outlet, for customers who ordered drinks either via a traditional walk-up method or an online ordering system using the app Tapingo. Measurable Outcome/Analysis The average drink order per customer was analyzed and sales, calories, saturated fat, and sugar was compared between the Tapingo group and the non-Tapingo group. Independent t-tests were conducted using SPSS v.21.0. Results Over the month examined, Tapingo app sales were $14,427.91 for n = 3,451 drink orders. Non-Tapingo sales were $79,396.73 for n = 21,839 drink orders. Sale prices, calories, saturated fat and sugar were all standardized by number of drinks ordered per platform for comparison. Tapingo app orders were higher in price (t =-8.187, P Conclusion These findings suggest that consumers who use mobile food ordering applications are more likely to order less nutrient dense options and caffeinated beverages higher in calories, saturated fat, and sugar compared to a consumer using the traditional walk-up ordering method. Future research should focus on understanding the health implications of online ordering, and nutrition education opportunities need to be provided for consumers using these platforms to help them make better food choices. Funding None.
How to Target Households in Adaptive Social Protection Systems? Evidence from Humanitarian and Development Approaches in Niger

The methods used to identify the beneficiaries of programmes aiming to address persistent poverty and shocks are subject to frequent policy debates. Relying on panel data from Niger, this report si...
Educating Civic-Minded Engineers: A Qualitative Study of First-Year Engineering Students

This Work-in-Progress Research paper introduces a qualitative study about engineering students’ perceptions and experiences with civic engagement. This study extends the scholarship on civic engagement in higher education into a context that has received relatively little attention: the engineering profession. As professionals, engineers have a responsibility to serve public welfare and community interests. Engineers can contribute their skills to serve community needs and improve the livelihoods of community members. Postsecondary engineering education provides a valuable opportunity to help students develop an appreciation for the civic aspects of the profession. As a result, it is important to understand how engineering programs influence students’ civic-minded dispositions. Using a social cognitive approach, this study seeks to understand how civic mindedness manifests in engineering students’ pre-curricular, curricular, and co-curricular experiences and how these experiences shape their perceptions of civics within the engineering profession. This paper outlines the theoretical approach and research design of this study, including data collection methods and validity considerations. The paper concludes with a summary of future work.
1348 Triage challenges of neonates in the paediatric emergency department

Background With increasing wait times seen across Emergency Departments in recent years, it is vital to have a reliable triage system in place. Newborns represent a particularly high-risk group. They often have nonspecific presentations for serious underlying illness and a tendency toward rapid clinical deterioration. A range of benign clinical findings specific to this age group may also pose a diagnostic challenge. Despite these nuances, the triage tools used to assign clinical priority in older children and adults continue to be applied in the neonatal population. Objectives To review all neonatal attendances to a Paediatric Emergency Department (PED) during the months of September 2019 (pre-COVID-19) and April 2020 (COVID-19 era) with the aim of determining if triage assignments and outcomes for newborn patients correlate with their disposition and if new trends are apparent due to the pandemic. Methods The PED is based in a tertiary paediatric hospital in the UK which utilizes the Manchester Triage System (MTS) adapted for neonates to triage this particular group of patients. The electronic case notes for each patient were reviewed noting their age, presenting complaint, assigned MTS triage category and discharging diagnosis. Outcomes evaluated included the need for diagnostic testing, treatment and admission. The relationship between assigned triage categories and outcomes was then reviewed. Results 179 neonates presented in September 2019 compared to 79 in April 2020, (3.4% of monthly PED attendances for Sept 2019 vs 3.8% for April 2020); 43% of these patients were Conclusions Trends across the triage categories demonstrate that the more urgent the triage category assigned, the more likely investigations and admission to hospital are. This is demonstrated in both months audited pre COVID-19 and during the pandemic. There is less of a hospitalization difference in those triaged urgent and standard. In these categories we see more variation in diagnosis and disposition, reflecting a more heterogenous group of well babies mixed in with babies requiring further investigations, treatment and admission. It is this group that pose the diagnostic challenge and raise concerns about the suitability of the triage system in identifying clinical priority. Further work needs to focus on examining the suitability of this triage model in the neonatal group to understand if there are more robust diagnostic clinical indicators of illness that can be determined at triage.
Production of disease in animals by psychosocial stimulation

Evidence will be presented showing that if the bias produced by an emotional disturbance tilting the physiologic regulatory processes toward pathophysiology is sustained, it will eventually induce nonreversible pathologic disturbances, in other words, disease. Although the previous chapter dealt with disorders of the equilibrium from which recovery is possible, we now show that irreversible damage can occur. Much of this material, however, was collected without the measurement of intermediate functional stages—the focus of the preceding chapters—and therefore lacks direct evidence of a stage of neuroendocrine or local functional involvement. Yet the circumstances surrounding these cases permit assumptions to be made about the probable state, for example, of adrenal-medullary and cortical functions, but most importantly, they do not point to microorganisms as the cause of disease.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Applications

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has traditionally found useful applications in the production of food and alcoholic beverages. The completed sequence of its genome has revolutionized the use of yeast as a model system for the investigation of eukaryotic cell processes at a whole-genome level. The production of enzymes and recombinant proteins and the development of drug screening assays are commercial applications of yeast cells. Keywords: genome; transcriptome; proteome; two-hybrid screening
Parallelizing the spin model checker

We describe an extension of the Spin model checker that allows us to take advantage of the increasing number of cpu-cores available on standard desktop systems. Our main target is to speed up the verification process for safety properties, the mode used most frequently, but we also describe a small modification of the parallel search algorithm, called the piggyback algorithm, that is remarkably effective in catching violations for an interesting class of liveness properties at little cost.
The Effects of Three Different Foci in Graduate Introductory Computer Courses on Educators' Stages of Concern.

AbstractThe current emphasis on productivity tools and CAI skills has virtually replaced the early emphasis on programming in preservice teacher introductory computer courses, although programming may still be a viable topic. This study compared beginning educational computer users’ beliefs about classroom computing before and after enrolling in one of three introductory computer courses, each of which focused primarily on one of three domains–productivity tools, CAI, and programming languages. The Stages of Concern instrument, which identifies seven ordered concerns through which people pass when introduced to an innovative technology was used. Results indicate inservice teachers are aware of educational computing and are not concerned with how they will manage to integrate the technology, but, rather, are very concerned about learning as much as possible about technology, the effect it can have on their students, how to work with others, and how to devise new and innovative ways to use what is presently...
Requirement of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nef for in vivo replication and pathogenicity.

Abstract The role of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) accessory genes in pathogenesis has remained unclear because of the lack of a suitable in vivo model. The most controversial of these genes is nef. We investigated the requirement for Nef for in vivo replication and pathogenicity of two isolates of HIV-1 (HIV-1JR-CSF and HIV-1NL4-3) in human fetal thymus and liver implants in severe combined immunodeficient mice. HIV-1JR-CSF and HIV-1NL4-3 differ in their in vitro phenotypes in that HIV-1JR-CSF does not induce syncytia and is relatively noncytopathic, while HIV-1NL4-3 is highly cytopathic and readily induces syncytia. The nef mutants of both isolates grew with kinetics similar to those of parental virus strains in stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes but demonstrated attenuated growth properties in vivo. HIV-1NL4-3 induced severe depletion of human thymocytes within 6 weeks of infection, whereas its nef mutant did not. Thus, HIV-1 Nef is required for efficient in vivo viral replication and pathogenicity.
Optical diagnostics of 4 MV water switches in the Z-20 test facility

We are studying the behavior of self-breaking, high voltage water switches for the Z refurbishment project. In Z-20, 3 or 4 water switches in parallel are charged to 4 MV in /spl sim/220 ns. The water gap between switch electrodes is 13-15 cm and the enhancement of the positive and negative electrodes is varied to study current sharing and switch simultaneity. In addition to the standard electrical diagnostics (V, I) we are looking at one of the switches during the breakdown phase with two optical diagnostics: a streak camera and a fast framing camera. We find that the velocity of the streamers is approximately a linear function of macroscopic electric field, with streamers from positive electrodes having velocities about twice as fast as streamers from negative electrodes. We find that optical closure of the gap correlates well with the beginning of the main current pulse. We demonstrate that only about 2% of the total light emitted by the switches is emitted during the accelerator power pulse.
Excretion and Fluid Balance in Vertebrates

Vertebrates have adapted to large variations in environmental conditions in each of which the internal environment of volume and solute composition must be maintained within narrow limits. In mammals, some 80–90% of the total osmolality is made up of sodium and chloride ions. To maintain their highly regulated internal environments, animals must be ‘in balance’ – a state termed homeostasis that is achieved through complex positive and negative feedback mechanisms. Keywords: urinary excretion in vertebrates; fluid balance in vertebrates; osmotic regulation; nephron; kidney
The State of Surface Structural Chemistry Theory, Experiment and Results

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the various experimental methods of surface structure determination. The chapter discusses the theoretical issue that arise when experimental data are analyzed to obtain surface chemical bond distances and angles, in particular, the problem of electron propagation in solids, and the progress that is made in answering these questions. A number of important techniques in addition to low energy electron diffraction (LEED) rely on a proper understanding of electron propagation in solids to enable surface structure determination. This is followed by a discussion of the application of theoretical quantum chemistry to the calculation of the structure and bonding of chemisorbed atoms and molecules. Various calculational methods are reviewed, along with the results that have been obtained. Finally, the surface structural results that have become available, ranging from clean surfaces to reconstructed surfaces, multi-component systems, and chemisorbed atoms and molecules are reviewed.
High power and high speed DC solid-state relay: 1500 V-20 A class Photo Power Module

A 1500 V 20 A class solid-state relay, called the Photo Power Module, for DC switching applications has been developed. The module consists of a light-triggered static induction thyristor (LT SIT), a photovoltaic diode array, a MOS transistor, resistors and LEDs. The LT SIT, the main device of the module is triggered by direct irradiation of a light pulse and quenched by the MOS transistor that is driven with the generated voltage of the diode array on irradiation of another light pulse. Good switching characteristics of 3.9 /spl mu/s for turn-on time and 19.5 /spl mu/s for turn-off time at 800 V-20 A were observed. The device had a low forward voltage drop of about 1.7 V at 20 A. >
Two Culture Problems in Law and Economics

This Essay briefly reviews where law and economics has been, and then sets out important problems it now faces. My primary theme is that law and economics faces two culture problems: between scholars who self- identify as being in a field - contracts, torts - and who do not use economics in their work and scholars who self- identify as being in the same field but who do; and between "field scholars" and technically trained scholars who are not in any particular legal field, but who rather look for problems their techniques can solve. The second problem seems easier to ameliorate than the first. Both law and economics types make less progress with implementation issues than they should because they do not access the insights that rational actor political science can yield, a third two culture problem that seems easier to solve than the others.
Hematoma of the sigmoid colon as a complication of laparoscopy

A hematoma of the bowel occurring at the time of insertion of the pneumoperitoneum needle is reported. The patient was a 28-year-old nulligravida. Polycystic ovaries had been diagnosed. Ptosis of the left kidney had been noted on pelvic examination and earlier shown by intravenous urography. After failure of treatment for sterility laparoscopy and ovarian biopsy were recommended. On first insertion of the Verres needle to produce pneumoperitoneum free-flowing blood was obtained on aspiration. Reinsertion of the needle obtained no blood on aspiration. Observation of the abdominal contents after a satisfactory pneumoperitoneum showed a retroperitoneal bulge beneath the pelvic colon. Ovarian biopsy confirmed bilateral tubal patency. A hematoma 2 cm in diameter was found on the flexure of the sigmoid colon. The puncture site could also be seen. As the hematoma did not increase in size during the other procedures nothing further was done. Oral ampicillin was given. On subsequent observations the patient has remained well. As a predisposing factor elevation of the sigmoid colon by the ptosed left kidney is believed to have been important. Aspiration is needed each time the needle is advanced. Laparatomy is not needed if the hematoma remains stable. Antibiotics are advised.
A critical research synthesis of privilege in computing education

Privilege is an unearned, unasked-for advantage gained because of the way society views an aspect of a student's identity, such as race, ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic status, and language. Privilege may provide advantages to some students, and under-privileged students may face unfair barriers to success in education. We review and analyze existing research on privilege in STEM and computing with a focus on identifying privilege and inequality and noting and measuring the impact of privilege and underprivilege. There is more literature on privilege in the broader fields of general and STEM education than in computing education, so we use the superset to identify gaps in our understanding of privilege in computing education. We conclude with research questions that emerge from the gaps in the literature.
Relative to direct haptic feedback, remote vibrotactile feedback improves but slows object manipulation

Most prosthetic hand users are limited to visual feedback of movement performance. To characterize the benefit of vibrotactile feedback for a task that lacks haptic feedback, a virtual environment was used to experimentally manipulate visual, task-relevant haptic, and remote vibrotactile feedback on simple object manipulation for unimpaired subjects. The combination of visual and remote vibrotactile feedback was compared to visual feedback alone, and to simultaneous visual and direct haptic feedback to represent ideal performance. Visual and vibrotactile feedback resulted in improvement of most performance variables including difficulty ratings relative to visual feedback alone. However addition of sensory cues to visual feedback increased trial times and the increase was steeper for vibrotactile than for haptic feedback. Specifically, during vibrotactile feedback the velocity did not change, but the duration of execution increased due to improved performance, resulting in increased trial times. This result suggests future exploration of performance improvement and execution speed for augmented sensory feedback.
Knowledge-based monitoring and control: an approach to understanding behavior of TCP/IP network protocols

Complex, dynamic, and evolving network environments present difficult challenges for monitoring and control. We have encoded some of the expertise of human networking experts into a knowledge-based system that uses production rules and opportunistic scheduling, and have been using this system to better understand the behavior of the TCP/IP protocols and the applications that use them. Novel aspects of this research include understanding how to encode knowledge from this domain, and how to reason efficiently on real networking problems. The prototype system—KNOBS/TCP—can correctly identify many common problems that network experts would normally be required to find (e.g., improper or inefficient retransmission and ACK strategies, silly-window-syndrome, a subset of reset and connection closing anomalies, and basic problems with auxiliary protocols such as address resolution, and routing). Preliminary measurements indicate that the resulting system is reasonably fast and will scale well. In some important test cases, speedup of two orders of magnitude over analogous manual and partially automated techniques has been observed.
A new probe to monitor the effects of drugs on local field potentials

We describe a new device with which microdialysis can be combined with bipolar local field potential (LFP) recordings. The device consists of a microdialysis probe with two ultra-thin electrical wires located within its tip. The device can be used to monitor LFPs with differential recording methods before, during, and after local application of drugs by reverse microdialysis, while concomitantly sampling biochemical constituents from the area of recording.
Alkaline phosphatase in rodent secondary palate development. A histochemical and biochemical study.

Alkaline phosphatase (AlPase) has been examined histochemically and biochemically in Swiss White (SW) mouse and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat embryos during comparable stages of secondary palatal development. In the rats, AlPase was not detectable histochemically until after shelf transposition. Enzyme activity by biochemical assay was low in stages before shelf elevation. The mice, in contrast, showed AlPase in posterior areas of the developing shelves soon after shelf formation by histochemical techniques. With biochemical assays AlPase was higher in mouse than in rat shelves in early stages. After shelf transposition AlPase activity in the rat approached AlPase activity in the mouse by biochemical assays, but was demonstrable only in the posterior areas of the secondary palate by histochemical techniques.
Current status and future potential of transdermal drug delivery

The past twenty five years have seen an explosion in the creation and discovery of new medicinal agents. Related innovations in drug delivery systems have not only enabled the successful implementation of many of these novel pharmaceuticals, but have also permitted the development of new medical treatments with existing drugs. The creation of transdermal delivery systems has been one of the most important of these innovations, offering a number of advantages over the oral route. In this article, we discuss the already significant impact this field has made on the administration of various pharmaceuticals; explore limitations of the current technology; and discuss methods under exploration for overcoming these limitations and the challenges ahead.
SPATIAL PATTERNING AND COMPETITION IN AN ASPEN-WHITE PINE SUCCESSIONAL SYSTEM'

The spatial patterning of and competition between established large-toothed aspen (Populus grandidentata) and invading white pine (Pinus strobus) were examined in a 65-yr-old forest system at the AuSable Trails Institute of Environmental Studies, Kalkaska County, Michigan. Density, diameter, and distance measures were recorded for tree species on two 40 x 40 m grids containing 64 quadrats each 5 x 5 m. Several indices of dispersion were used to assess pattern and regression analysis of nearest neighbor distance to tree diameter provided an index of competition. The results indicate strong aggregation for both aspen and pine on a large scale, but regularity of pattern for pines in relation to their nearest neighbor. This regularity appears to be due to competition with established aspens and suggests that the spatial patteming of the aspens acts to control the spacing and subsequent development of the invading white pines. LARGE-TOOTH ASPEN (Populus grandidentata Michx.) and white pine (Pinus strobus L.) are important components of the successional systems that develop after catastrophic disturbance in the northern hardwood forests of northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. During the late 1800's much of the pre-settlement old growth forest of the Great Lakes region was removed by large-scale logging and fires that were common on the clearcut sites. These heavily disturbed areas, especially those on poorer upland sites, were revegetated by nearly pure stands of aspen. Today many of these aspen stands are being replaced as pines and hardwoods, which are more shade tolerant, are seeded-in and become mature. The biology of aspen and its role in the postfire communities of the region has been widely studied (e.g., Gates, 1926, 1930; Kittredge, 1938; Kilburn, 1960; Graham, Harrison and Westell, 1963; and Barnes, 1966). Studies of general ecosystem development, particularly those related to the achievement of steadystate conditions in post-disturbance northern hardwood forests, are common and were recently reviewed by Bormann and Likens (1979). Notably lacking from the literature is work documenting the intermediate or transition phase between the post-fire aspen community and the "steady-state" or "climax" situation. The forests in the vicinity of the
From House to Haig: Private Life and Public Style in American Foreign Policy Advisers

Personal history may determine the individual's style of expressing political beliefs as much as or more than it influences the beliefs themselves. Connections between private life history and public political style have most often been studied in U.S. presidents. However, studies of prominent foreign-policy advisers can be just as useful for an understanding of how individual life history shapes the expression of political beliefs. This paper examines areas of apparent linkage between private life and public style in four of the most prominent American foreign policy advisers of the 20th century: House, Dulles, Kissinger, and Haig. Three styles of dealing with foreign policy issues—Machiavellianism, ego-idealism, and authoritarianism—are considered in relation to the public and private behavior of each man.
Failure of intestinal bacteriostasis following administration of pectin to the rat

No evidence of bacteriostasis as indicated by retardation of growth or the precipitation of nutritional deficiencies was observed in the rat following incorporation of pectin and nickel pectinate in a purified ration containing six B complex factors (thiamine hydrochloride, riboflavin, pyridoxine hydrochloride, calcium pantothenate, nicotinic acid and choline chloride).
Pre-accretionary and parent body histories of a cometary aggregate particle

Abstract Chondrite aggregate interplanetary dust particle IDP L2011K7, collected in the Earth’s lower stratosphere, is an agglomerate of diopside, Mg,Fe-olivine, rare Fe-sulfide and abundant amorphous Mg,Fe-silicates. The overwhelming majority of amorphous silicates have a serpentine-dehydroxylate [(Mg,Fe)3Si2O7] composition; a few have a smectite-dehydroxylate [(Mg,Fe)6Si8O22] composition. The cation ratios of the amorphous silicates are notably identical to those of serpentine and smectite phyllosilicates. This paper follows the chronological changes in the amorphous silicates that include (1) formation of nanometer scale crystalline silicates (Mg,Fe-olivine and pyroxene), (2) partial hydration and formation of antigorite–serpentine proto-phyllosilicates, (3) partial dehydration of these proto-phyllosilicates, and finally oxidation and Fe-oxide formation by flash heating during atmospheric entry. Environmental conditions capable of driving these changes in the diffuse interstellar medium or solar nebula, in a comet nucleus, or in circumsolar orbit as a cometary meteoroid were marginal at best. These changes could only proceed because of the unique amorphous silicate compositions. While this study cannot make a firm statement about an interstellar or solar nebula origin for its amorphous silicates that are irradiation-induced olivine, this study does find that amorphous silicates with serpentine and (rare) smectite compositions are an important fraction of the amorphous silicates in comets in addition to amorphous olivine and pyroxene. It is noted that an ice and water-free, millimeter-scale, structurally coherent crumb would be an ample ‘microenvironment’ to evolve micrometer-scale dust. After all IDP L2011K7 only measures 22 × 17 μm.
The Military Revolution, Administrative Development, and Cultural Change in Early Modern Russia

Among Western historians it is generally agreed that the "military revolution" spurred bureaucratization, and that bureaucracy in turn caused social and cultural change. This essay examines the links between military reform, administrative development, and cultural change in the Muscovite context. It argues that the "Europeanizing" military reforms of the mid-sixteenth to the mid-seventeenth century indeed had a significant impact on both Russian government and culture, at least among the service elite. In the era of Ivan III (1462-1505), the Muscovite court was a moderately-sized gathering of unlettered warriors who, together with a small group of scribes, managed a considerable principality in northeastern Rus'. A bit more than a century later the court was a much more complex entity comprising a well-stratified political elite, a system of functionally differentiated chancelleries, and a large network of gunpowder military forces. Behind this transformation were successive waves of military reform, waves which brought with them well-elaborated literate administration. The coming of literate administration to the governing class-the court elite, chancellery personnel, and higher gentry-had four effects: integration on an imperial level; increased status and functional differentiation; a slow movement from mechanical to organic solidarity; and, finally, the impersonalization of social identity.
Using telework to accommodate the needs of employees with disabilities

Few concerns are more important to managers than providing for the needs of employees who have been encumbered with short‐term or long‐term disabilities. The information society, with its advances in telecommunications technologies, is making it increasingly more possible, and more plausible, for human resources managers to implement the organizational strategy of telework to help accommodate their employees who have disabilities. Telework—or the use of telecommunications and/or computer technology to support working away from a primary worksite—is suitable for employees who are in some way disabled for at least three reasons: (1) it provides a buffer against the stress of work‐life disruptions, by offering control over the worksite; (2) it facilitates the inclusion in the work force of employees with severely limiting disabilities and (3) it helps “level the playing field”; for persons with speech or mobility impairments. In this context, the U.S. Department of Defense instituted a pilot program. The res...
Childhood sexual abuse and abuse-specific attributions of blame over 6 years following discovery.

Objective The purpose of this study was to examine patterns of change in attributions for childhood sexual abuse (CSA) over a 6-year period and whether such patterns were related to abuse severity, age, gender, and subsequent symptoms of depression and PTSD.
Distinct solution to a linear congruence

Proof. We first construct y1, y2, . . . yk iteratively, as will be explained. For notational convenience, for i 1 we let yj be any element chosen from Sj \ Tj , where Sj = {y ∈ Zn : 1 − ajy ∈ Zn }, and Tj = {y ∈ Zn : y(1 + ajyi,j) = yi,j , for some i with 1 ≤ i < j}. Note that the defining property of Sj ensures that 1− ajyj is invertible, and that Tj ensures that yj 6= yi,j(1− ajyj) = yi,j+1 for all i < j. Now, set xi = yi,k+1, for 1 ≤ i ≤ k. Note that a1x1 + a2x2 + · · · + akxk conveniently telescopes to 1, because a1y1 = 1. Suppose that xi = xj (for i < j). Then yi,k+1 = yj,k+1. We may cancel the common terms, because they were constructed to be invertible, to get yi,j+1 = yj,j+1 = yj , which contradicts our construction of yj . Hence the xi are distinct, and a solution to (∗). It remains to prove that Sj \ Tj is nonempty. We first prove that |Sj | = |Zn | = φ(n), by showing that f(y) = 1 − ajy is a bijection on Zn, and thus f(Sj) = Zn . If f(y) = f(y′), then 1− ajy = 1− ajy and aj(y− y′) = 0, but aj is invertible, hence y = y′. So f is injective on a finite set and hence bijective.
Differences in tobacco use between Canada and the United States.

Objectives This study explores differences in who smokes (smoker type) and exposure to smoking (pack-years) between Canada and the US. Both countries have policies to limit the number of smokers and smoking-related deaths.
Flow Directions and Paleomagnetic Study of Rocks from the Azufre Volcano, Argentina.

Determination of the stable direction of magnetization was made on eight lava flows from the Azufre volcano, Southern Volcanic Zone of the Andes. From these eight paleomagnetic sites, only six independent samples of the geomagnetic field were identified. Combination of these with results of a work made by CREER and VALENCIO (1969) allowed a better determination of a geomagnetic pole for the Bruhnes chron in this region of the Andes than that previously calculated. The coordinates of the new pole are 87°N, 236°E, and have an α95 region of confidence of 12°. Statistical comparison of directions of magnetization of groups of flows was used 1) to test the hypothesis of rapid extrusion of flows, and 2) to constrain the age of the lavas sampled in this work to more than 0.4 my. Finally, the utility of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility measurements on the determination of flow direction of lava flows was established despite the great scatter on the observations of multiple samples from the same unit. Criteria to determine the size of the region of confidence around the mean maximum susceptibility in order to accept or reject results were developed in analogy with those used in paleomagnetic studies.
One-electron oxidation and demetalation of metalloporphyrins and chlorophyll a in dichloroethane solutions as studied by pulse radiolysis

Abstract Formation of cation radicals by pulse radiolysis of metalloporphyrins and chlorophyll a in 1,2-dichloroethane is reported Demetalation of the metalloporphyrin by radiolytically produced HC1 is also observed. Rate constants for demetalation of ZnTPP and Chl a are 1 1 × 108 and ≈ 3 × 108 M−1 S−1. Oxidation of Chl a by ZnTPP+ has a rate constant of ≈ 4× 109 M−1S−1.