cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Specialized cell types in the human fetal small intestine.

In the present study we describe the time of appearance and morphological differentiation of specialized epithelial cells in human fetal small intestine (SB). Proximal and distal SB from 36 nonviable fetuses was studied by light and electron microscopy. During the 9- to 10-week period, villi lined by simple columnar epithelium replaced the stratified epithelial lining which was two to six cell layers thick. During this transition, distinctive junctional complexes and a single secondary lumen were identified in the deeper layers of stratified epithelium, and there was evidence of cellular degeneration of some superficial cells. Oligomucous and mature goblet cells were present in both the stratified and simple columnar epithelium. Crypt formation began proximally at 10 to 11 weeks and, within a week, crypts lined by undifferentiated crypt cells (UCC) could also be identified in the distal SB. These cells resembled adult UCC's except for the presence of large aggregates of glycogen, and the absence of large adult-type secretory granules (SG) until 16 weeks. At all ages SG's were smaller and less numerous than in adults. Paneth cells appeared with crypt development at 11 to 12 weeks. Unlike adult Paneth cells their SG's were structurally heterogeneous and frequently had cores with halos of differing density. Caveolated or tuft cells with dense bundles of microfila-ments extending from microvilli into apical cytoplasm, apical granules, occasional caveolae, and a microvillus membrane denser than that of adjacent cells were identified by 16 weeks. Putative microfold (“M”) cells were seen in the distal SB of a 17-week fetus. These cells had an unusual apical border with irregular projections, many small membrane bound vesicles in the cytoplasm, and were in direct contact with underlying lymphoid cells. The glandular cells of Brunner's glands at 14 to 15 weeks resembled those of normal adult.
Toucan and hornbill beaks: a comparative study.

Abstract The structure and mechanical behavior of Toco Toucan (Ramphastos toco) and Wreathed Hornbill (Rhyticeros undulatus) beaks were compared. The beak of both species is a sandwich-structured composite, having an exterior, or rhamphotheca, consisting of multiple layers of keratin scales and a core composed of a fibrous network of bony closed-cell foam. The rhamphotheca is an arrangement of ∼50 μm diameter, overlapping, keratin tiles. The hornbill rhamphotheca exhibits a surface morphology on the ridged casque that is distinguishable from that observed on the bill proper. Intermediate filaments in the keratin matrix were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The Young’s modulus measurements of toucan rhamphotheca indicate isotropy in longitudinal and transverse directions, whereas those of hornbill rhamphotheca may suggest anisotropy. The compressive response of beak foam is governed by brittle crushing behavior. The crushing strength of hornbill foam is six times higher than that of toucan foam. Micro- and nanoindentation hardness values were measured for rhamphotheca and foam trabeculae of toucan and hornbill specimens. The sandwich design of beaks was analyzed using the Karam–Gibson and Dawson–Gibson models. The presence of a cellular core increases the bending resistance (Brazier moment) by a factor of 3–6 while decreasing the compressive strength by only 50%.
Ethnic differences in weight control practices among U.S. adolescents from 1995 to 2005.

Objective: To examine trends in weight control practices from 1995 to 2005. Method: The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System biennially assesses five weight control behaviors among nationally representative samples of United States high school students. Results: Across time, more females than males dieted (53.8% vs. 23.8%), used diet products (10% vs. 4.3%), purged (7.5% vs. 2.7%), exercised (66.5% vs. 46.9%), or vigorously exercised (42.8% vs. 36.8%). All weight control behaviors among males increased during the decade. Black females were less likely than Hispanic females, who were less likely than White females, to practice weight control. White males were less likely than Black males, who were less likely than Hispanic males, to practice weight control. The ethnic difference in weight control practices is consistent across time. Conclusion: All male adolescents are at increasing risk for developing eating disorder symptomatology, and Black females appear to continue to resist pressure to pursue thinness. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2008
Coactivation and timing-dependent integration of synaptic potentiation and depression

Neuronal synaptic connections can be potentiated or depressed by paired pre- and postsynaptic spikes, depending on the spike timing. We show that in cultured rat hippocampal neurons a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII)-mediated potentiation process and a calcineurin-mediated depression process can be activated concomitantly by spike triplets or quadruplets. The integration of the two processes critically depends on their activation timing. Depression can cancel previously activated potentiation, whereas potentiation tends to override previously activated depression. The time window for potentiation to dominate is about 70 ms, beyond which the two processes cancel. These results indicate that the signaling machinery underlying spike timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) may be separated into functional modules that are sensitive to the spatiotemporal dynamics (rather than the amount) of calcium influx. The timing dependence of modular interaction provides a quantitative framework for understanding the temporal integration of STDP.
Carbon isotope ratios document that the elytra of western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) reflects adult versus larval feeding and later instar larvae prefer Bt corn to alternate hosts.

In much of the Corn Belt and parts of Europe, the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, is the most important insect pest of maize. The need for additional basic knowledge of this pest has been highlighted while developing resistance management plans for insecticidal genetically modified crops. This study evaluated the possibility of tracking feeding habits of western corn rootworm larvae using stable carbon isotope signatures. Plants accumulate different ratios of 13C:12C isotopes, usually expressed as δ13C, according to whether they use the C3 or C4 photosynthetic pathway. Herbivore biomass is expected to reflect the δ13C of the food they eat. For the current experiment, western corn rootworm larvae were grown on different species of plants exhibiting different δ13C values. The δ13C values were then measured in elytra of emerged beetles. When beetles were unfed, biomass reflected larval feeding. When beetles were fed for 31 d postemergence, δ13C values of elytra almost exclusively reflected adult feeding. These results suggest the use of caution in the interpretation of δ13C data aiming to document larval diet history when adult feeding history is unknown. The technique was also used to evaluate western corn rootworm larval choice between alternate hosts and maize with and without genetically modified (Bt) traits aimed at their control. Propensity for feeding on alternate hosts versus maize was biased toward feeding on maize regardless whether the maize had Bt or not, suggesting western corn rootworm larvae were not repelled by Bt. These data will be helpful for regulators in interpreting western corn rootworm feeding data on Bt maize.
Detection, Recognition, and Resolution in Photographic Systems

The ability of observers to recognize and detect small, isolated, low-contrast detail in photographs taken with a diffraction-limited lens combined with three different emulsions has been investigated experimentally. The results are compared with the corresponding experimentally determined resolving powers and modulation transfer functions; the resolving power measurements were made with high-contrast three-line targets and with low- and very-low-contrast Cobb and annular targets. The relationships between recognition or detection performance of the system and resolving power or any single figure derived from the modulation transfer functions are not linear. The low-contrast Cobb and annular resolving powers appear to offer the most useful single-number index of the low-contrast recognition and detection performance.
Stress profile of infant rib in the setting of child abuse: A finite element parametric study

The primary goal of this study is to advance our current understanding of infant rib injuries in the setting of child abuse. To this end, we employed finite element model simulations to determine the sensitivity of an infant rib's stress response to varying material properties and under varying degrees of anterior-posterior chest compression. Using high-resolution chest CT images obtained from a 6-day-old infant, we constructed a simplified geometric model consisting of bone and cartilage structures. To simulate the lateral gripping of an infant in child abuse, an anterior-posterior chest compression load was applied to cause increased stresses along the costovertebral articulation, a classic site for inflicted rib fractures. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to quantify the effects of varying Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of the bones and cartilages. In addition, we varied the amount of anterior-posterior chest displacement to assess the sensitivity of this parameter to the rib's stress profile. We found that varying Young's modulus of the bone and cartilage not only changed the magnitude but also the shape profile of the rib's stress response. In contrast, varying the degree of chest compression only changed the magnitude of the stress response and not the shape profile. We also discovered that by varying Poisson's ratio of the bone and cartilage, no appreciable change was seen in the magnitude or the shape profile of the rib's stress response. Finite element modeling shows promise as a tool to elucidate the mechanisms of rib fractures in abused infants. Language: en
POLY(N-BUTYL ACRYLATE) POLYSTYRENE INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORKS AND RELATED MATERIALS. II: ASPECTS OF MOLECULAR MIXING VIA MODULUS-TEMPERATURE STUDIES

The glass transition, rubbery modulus, and tensile behavior of poly(n-butyl acrylate)/polystyrene interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN's), semi-1 IPN's, and their corresponding random copolymer networks were studied as a function of both composition ratio and crosslink density. Two temperatures were selected for analysis: 25°C, halfway between the two transition temperatures, and at 160°C., in the rubbery plateau region. The modulus data at 25°C were compared with wellknown composite models. The moduli of the IPN's and semi-1 IPN's lie close to the Davies model in the polymer II rich region but follow the Budiansky model in the polymer I rich region. In one interpretation of the Coran-Patel model, a phase inversion takes place around ϕ2 = 0.8, which is higher than the composition at which the phase connectivity of polymer II begins to appear, ϕ = 0.5, via electron microscopy studies. The rubbery modulus behavior of the full and semi-1 IPN's follow the equation of Siegfried, et al. reasonably well, which considers the deformation effect of polymer I in terms of the rubber elasticity front factor. The stress-strain behavior of both the full and semi-1 IPN's was similar to that of toughened plastics at polymer II rich compositions, and to that of reinforced elastomers at polymer I rich compositions.
Facies relationships, alluvial architecture, and paleohydrology of a Paleogene, humid-tropical alluvial-fan system; Chumstick Formation, Washington State, U.S.A.

The Middle to Late Eocene Chumstick Formation represents a thick sequence of fluvial and lacustrine rocks that filled a tectonically active basin under humid-tropical paleoclimatic conditions. Four facies associations are recognized in the Chumstick Formation: gravel-bedload, sand-bedload, and mixed-load stream deposits and lacustrine deposits. The depositional system is interpreted as a humid-tropical alluvial-fan system. Five sets of basinal characteristics are believed to result from the combination of humid-tropical paleoclimate, active basin-margin faulting, and high (0.2 to 1.2 m/k.y.) basin subsidence rates. 1) Fluvial architecture was strongly affected by basin-margin faulting. Proximal regions of the fan consist of broadly lenticular, laterally stacked (i.e., offlapping ribbons), gravel-bedload stream deposits representing fanhead channels. Distal regions of the fan consist of gravel- and sand-bedload stream deposits with a sheet-like geometry. The basin-fill is dominated by multistory, vertically stacked, sand-bedload and mixed-load stream deposits and lacustrine deposits. 2) Rapid subsidence has resulted in the preservation of compositionally immature sediments (sublithic, feldspathic arenites) with thin, shallow paleosols. 3) Paleohydraulic reconstructions indicate that streams carried coarse-grained bedload through channel reaches with paleoslopes < 5 m/km. 4) Rapid vegetation growth resulted in the bank stabilization of sandy sediments, development of paleosols, leaf-litter layers on emergent bar-tops, and the introduction of woody debris into channels. Even coarse-grained, proximal fluvial deposits have a significant overbank component and show evidence for bank stability, cutbanks, and cohesive bank failures. 5) Debris-flow deposits are relatively minor, except for local talus-cone deposits. The rarity of debris flows throughout the basin may be due to hillslope stability imparted by vegetation.
Predictive genetic testing for cardiomyopathies

Abstract Genetic testing is now available on a clinical basis for several of the genes responsible for cardiomyopathies. The identification of the genetic basis for cardiomyopathies can be useful in identifying family members at risk, stratifying risk of arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death, and clarifying prognosis. There are however many limitations and continuing challenges of genetic testing for cardiomyopathies. Some of these challenges are even more difficult in children including age dependent penetrance, management of asymptomatic children, and psychological effects of testing asymptomatic minors. However, if clinical trials are able to demonstrate efficacy in primary prevention of cardiomyopathies, predictive genetic testing in asymptomatic individuals will be essential not only for early detection but for disease prevention.
Correlates of Attitudes Toward Cohabitation Looking at the Associations With Demographics, Relational Attitudes, and Dating Behavior

The present study examines how demographics, attitudes toward marriage, attitudes toward sexual activity, sexual behaviors, and dating experience are associated with three different attitudes toward cohabitation among never-married young adults. Results from a sample of 1,036 young adult college students suggest that the endorsement of cohabitation is strongly associated with permissive attitudes toward sex. Young adults who held positive attitudes toward marriage were also found to be unlikely to endorse cohabitation where the couple did not have marital plans. Results suggest that different background and individual factors predict whether young adults believe cohabitation is beneficial and if they endorse cohabitation based on the marital plans of the partners. Findings provide further evidence for how cohabitation fits within the larger union formation goals of young adults.
A dissipativity-based controller for series resonant DC/DC converters

This paper describes a controller design methodology for series resonant DC/DC power converters. The control goal is to maintain the output voltage in the presence of large load perturbations by varying the switching frequency. This methodology utilizes large-scale, nonlinear switched and generalized averaged models and the resulting closed-loop system is exponentially convergent under typical operating conditions. The designer has a direct handle over the convergence rate, and the nonlinear controller requires only the usual output voltage measurements while the load variations are estimated. When compared to fixed, robust linear compensators, the performance is greatly improved as the duration of a transient is decreased more than an order of magnitude, while size of the output voltage excursion is less than half of the one typically achievable with linear compensators. The nonlinear compensator is fairly simple, as it comprises a static nonlinearity, a saturable integrator, and a few linear and logic elements.
Esophagectomy for clinical high-grade dysplasia

Objective: Esophageal high-grade dysplasia/tumor in situ (HGD/Tis) management is in evolution. However, treatment decisions must be made on clinical staging,which may notreflect pathologic staging. Long-termrandomized trial information, large treatmentseries, and cancer registry data do not exist to guide treatment decisions. This evaluation of esophagectomy for clinically diagnosed HGD (cHGD) serves as a reference point for future therapies. Methods: From a 1296-patient prospective esophagectomy database, 134 patients were diagnosed with cHGD (HGD without detectable mass at biopsy) before esophagectomy (mean age 60 10 years, 120 [90%] male, and 132 [99%] Caucasian). Median follow-up was 7.1 years. Results: Histopathologic cell type was adenocarcinoma in 124 (93%) patients. Pathologic T (tumor) classification (pT) was 77 (57%) pHGD, 46 (34%) pT1a, eight (6%) pT1b, and one each (1%) indefinite for dysplasia, low-grade dysplasia, and pT2. Three (2%) had regional lymph node metastases (pT1N1M0). There was one hospital death (0.7%) and four deaths from recurrent cancer. Survival at 1 month, 6 months, and 5, 10, and 15 years was 99%, 97%, 96%, 94%, 82%, and 75%, respectively. Survival was at least that of a matched population. Older age and poor lung function predicted worse survival. Sixteen patients developed nonesophageal cancers, 6.1 times greater than expected. Conclusions: Despite clinical staging errors, survival following esophagectomy for cHGD is excellent. The diagnosis of cHGD does not alter survival referenced to the matched general population; however, cHGD patients appear to be at increased risk of second nonesophageal primarycancers. Therapy for cHGD should be patient specific, because patient and not cancer characteristics determine survival.
The role of heat shock proteins and Rho kinase in regulation of denervated wound healing

Introduction: The nervous system plays an important role in preserving the skin and promoting the healing. Heat Shock Proteins (HSP’s) and Rho Kinases modulate the intensity of the inflammatory and proliferative signal during wound healing. We hypothesize that denervation leads to a decline in Rho activity and impaired Heat Shock response hindering the wound healing process. This study aims to evaluate the effect of denervation on HSP’s and Rho signaling in wound healing. Methods: Fifty male, SD rats were divided into 2 groups: Inferior epigastric flap with intact inferior epigastric nerve and denervated inferior epigastric flap. Contralateral inguinal skin of each group was used as control. Samples were processed by western blot, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry postoperatively at 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days. Results: Flap Surgery as a metabolic stressor leads to over-expression of HSP 27, 60, and 70 in both denervated and innervated flap groups in the early postoperative period. Whereas this over-expression of HSP’s was then down-regulated in denervated flap group in postoperative days 14 and 21. Difference between groups was found significant by utilizing Student’s t-test (p<0.05). Currently the investigation of Rho activity is in progress. Conclusions: Diminished HSP’s response in denervated tissue deprives the affected tissue of stress-related protection and delay wound healing process. Elucidating the detrimental effect of denervation in healing at the molecular level will provide insight into the enhancement of chronic denervated wound healing by upregulating HSP expression using gene therapy approaches.
The cleft-columellar angle: a useful variable to describe the unilateral cleft lip-associated nasal deformity.

Objective: To study a method for quantification of the severity of either the unilateral cleft lip deformity or the associated cleft nasal deformity. A standard method would be useful for defining surgical outcomes. Design: Using a developed rating questionnaire and patient photographs, 26 nonexpert volunteers rated 14 children with untreated unilateral cleft lip according to the severity of their overall deformity, as well as the individual lip and nose deformities. The cleft-columellar angle was measured as defined by the intersection of a line in the parasagittal plane and a line perpendicular to the columellar base along the midcolumellar line. The association between deformity ratings and the cleft-columellar angle was modeled using mixed-model regression analysis. Setting: Tertiary care academic medical center. Results: After accounting for within-rater and within-child effects, the cleft-columellar angle explained a statistically significant portion of the variance in the rated severity for lip def...
Subsurface communication between dipoles in general media

In his book, Dipole Radiation in the Presence of a Conducting Half-Space, Banos analyzes the problem of communicating between two points in the ocean by means of infinitesimal dipoles. His general formulas involve complex integrals which are reduced to simple approximate expressions in special cases that correspond to limited ranges of the numerous parameters. A numerical study of the general problem for antennas in seawater was made by Siegel and King and compared with Banos' special cases. In this paper the numerical approach is extended to other than conducting half-spaces. The three cylindrical components of the electric field of a horizontal electric dipole in seawater, lake water, and dry earth have been computed and intercompared as functions of the frequency and of the distance between the source and the receiver. The applicability of Banos' special formulas is examined. The results are discussed in their bearing on the design of directive systems for lateral-wave and direct transmission.
Sellar susceptibility artifacts: theory and implications.

PURPOSE To investigate the prevalence and physical basis of a specific form of MR susceptibility artifact that may be seen in the pituitary gland near the junction of sellar floor and sphenoidal septum. MATERIALS AND METHODS Coronal, T1-weighted MR images of the pituitary glands in 50 subjects without clinical evidence of pituitary or sphenoidal sinus disease were reviewed to determine the prevalence of a focal susceptibility artifact near the sellar floor. A plexiglass phantom was constructed to duplicate this artifact in vitro, the appearance of which was studied by varying the direction and intensity of the readout gradient. RESULTS In the clinical studies, a focal artifact larger than 1 mm2 was observed in MR studies of seven (14%) of 50 subjects and was sufficiently large to mask or mimic pathology in all cases. The location of this artifact was always within the pituitary gland but closely related to the junction of the sphenoidal septum and sellar floor. The artifact was successfully reproduced in the phantom, and its magnitude was shown to be linearly related to the strength and direction of the readout gradient. An explanation for the focal nature and shape of this artifact is presented based on consideration of the boundary conditions of the Maxwell equations of electromagnetism. CONCLUSION A focal susceptibility artifact may be seen on MR images of the pituitary gland closely related to the junction between the sellar floor and sphenoidal septum that may mimic or obscure a microadenoma.
Postmodernism, Business Ethics, and Solidarity

For several years now, there have been pitched battles in most departments within the humanities regarding the assault by the technique of deconstruction on the claims to objective knowledge by these disciplines. The impact of the deconstructionists has been greatest in departments of literature, but philosophy with its traditional emphasis on linguistic analysis has not been unaffected. Postmodernist themes are also appearing in the social sciences. The impact in the sciences and the professional schools has been slight. However, Ed Freeman who is trained as a philosopher and is a professor of management at the Darden School of the University of Virginia sponsored a conference in November of 1990 on deconstructionist and feminist themes in management. The proceedings of that conference will be published as a book. The themes of the Virginia conference were picked up in a session of the Academy of Management in the summer of 1991. Thus the issues raised by postmodernist thinking are being widely discussed in the academy and there is every reason to think that the scope of the discussion will continue to expand.
Applications of Multiphoton Microscopy - Lessons from the 90's and Where It's All Headed

Multiphoton microscopy grew rapidly in the decade after it was first demonstrated in 1990. This talk reviews the impact MPM has had on biology and the technological improvements needed for the growth in the future. Article not available.
Effect of Inhibition of Oxidative Phosphorylation on Incorporation of Inorganic Phosphate (P32) into Liver Mitochondrial ATP and Phospholipids.

Summary1. The effect of single dose of dinitrophenol, arsenate, and dietary magnesium deficiency on incorporation of inorganic P into mitochondrial ATP of the liver of rat was studied. 2. A statistically significant decrease occurred in the incorporation of P132 into mitochondial ATP and total phospholipids.
The Feeling of Being Hunted Pleasures and Potentialities of Predation Play

The debate over whether or not playing video games focused on shooting makes players more violent in daily life has obscured the potential benefits of playing these games. This article argues that ...
Competitiveness of sterile boll weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) relative to a native population in small field plots

Sterile Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman were 50.4% as competitive as native boll weevils in three 0.4-ha field plots. These weevils, released semiweekly for 2½ weeks, had been fed for 3 days on slabs of diet that contained 0.2% of an ecdysteroid, 3β, 5β, 14α-trihydroxy-5β-cholest-7-en-6-one, and 0.03% each of two antibiotics, kanamycin and chloramphenicol, before irradiation (10 krad in nitrogen). The high degree of competitiveness was attributed to three factors: addition of effective antibiotics to the adult diet, use of the ecdysteroid as a chemosterilant for females, and shortening of the release interval to 3–4 days.
Tumors of Schwann's cells and pigmented skin cells.

Both melanocytes and peripheral nerve sheath cells have an established origin from the neural crest. Benign and malignant neoplasms of these cells have distinctive ultra-structural features, but there is a group of tumors that has some characteristics of both cell types. The distinguishing feature of melanocytic neoplasms is the presence of cytoplasmic premelanosomes, which indicates cellular synthesis of melanin. Nerve-sheath neoplasms may show ultrastruc- tural variation, but are generally found to have long cell processes associated with basal lamina-like material. Immunocytochemistry can be used to help distinguish tumors of melanocytic and Schwann’s cells from unrelated neoplasms.
Carotenoid functions in photoprotection and cancer prevention.

Carotenoid pigments in in vitro and in vivo systems are able to quench excited species, such as singlet oxygen and free radicals. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved beta-carotene for use in humans for prevention of the photosensitivity associated with the orphan disease, erythropoietic protoporphyria. Although the usual adult dose used is 180 mg/day, intake up to 300 mg/day is allowed. No serious toxicity to beta-carotene has been reported. Carotenoids have demonstrated some anticancer activity in certain animals. Clinical trials in populations at high risk for developing certain types of cancer are presently underway, using doses of beta-carotene ranging from 15 to 50 mg/day, or much lower doses than used for photosensitivity prevention. There is no way of predicting which dose will be effective in preventing cancer: The lower doses were chosen to avoid development of marked carotenodermia; they are sufficient to cause an increase in the serum carotenoid level but may, occasionally, in individuals, cause the development of some degree of carotenodermia. This article reviews development of the use of beta-carotene for preventing photosensitivity in humans, studies investigating the anticancer properties of the carotenoids, and studies aimed at understanding how the carotenoids exert their protective functions.
The Cost Controversies

In the first three decades of the twentieth century the analysis of the laws of returns developed by Marshall and Pigou enkindled several contro­versies. Conceived most narrowly, they revolved around the functional relationship between costs and output and its implications for economic welfare.1 Regarded more broadly, they entailed important consequences for Cambridge economics. At the time of his retirement, Marshall’s Principles endowed his successors with several alternative profiles for the future of economics. In light of the unrivalled pre-eminence of this book — Joan Robinson called it the ‘bible’ of Cambridge economics in the 1920s (Robinson 1951, vii) — how Cambridge economics devel­oped would depend on how his disciples interpreted it. On this point, the conception of time in Marshall’s thought was critical. Should his followers adopt the framework of comparative statics elaborated in the Principles? Or should they attempt to develop an evolutionary theory, using as inspiration the organic metaphors with which Marshall embel­lished some of his arguments? For a number of reasons, Pigou took the former course, which rested on the concept he saw as the cornerstone of economics: the national dividend. In the ensuing, we consider the cost controversies of these years in so far as they bear upon Pigou’s interventions.
IFN-β Facilitates Neuroantigen-Dependent Induction of CD25+ FOXP3+ Regulatory T Cells That Suppress Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

This study introduces a flexible format for tolerogenic vaccination that incorporates IFN-β and neuroantigen (NAg) in the Alum adjuvant. Tolerogenic vaccination required all three components, IFN-β, NAg, and Alum, for inhibition of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and induction of tolerance. Vaccination with IFN-β + NAg in Alum ameliorated NAg-specific sensitization and inhibited EAE in C57BL/6 mice in pretreatment and therapeutic regimens. Tolerance induction was specific for the tolerogenic vaccine Ag PLP178-191 or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 in proteolipid protein- and MOG-induced models of EAE, respectively, and was abrogated by pretreatment with a depleting anti-CD25 mAb. IFN-β/Alum-based vaccination exhibited hallmarks of infectious tolerance, because IFN-β + OVA in Alum-specific vaccination inhibited EAE elicited by OVA + MOG in CFA but not EAE elicited by MOG in CFA. IFN-β + NAg in Alum vaccination elicited elevated numbers and percentages of FOXP3+ T cells in blood and secondary lymphoid organs in 2D2 MOG-specific transgenic mice, and repeated boosters facilitated generation of activated CD44high CD25+ regulatory T cell (Treg) populations. IFN-β and MOG35-55 elicited suppressive FOXP3+ Tregs in vitro in the absence of Alum via a mechanism that was neutralized by anti-TGF-β and that resulted in the induction of an effector CD69+ CTLA-4+ IFNAR+ FOXP3+ Treg subset. In vitro IFN-β + MOG-induced Tregs inhibited EAE when transferred into actively challenged recipients. Unlike IFN-β + NAg in Alum vaccines, vaccination with TGF-β + MOG35-55 in Alum did not increase Treg percentages in vivo. Overall, this study indicates that IFN-β + NAg in Alum vaccination elicits NAg-specific, suppressive CD25+ Tregs that inhibit CNS autoimmune disease. Thus, IFN-β has the activity spectrum that drives selective responses of suppressive FOXP3+ Tregs.
Visual orienting and attention deficits in 5- and 10-month-old preterm infants

Cognitive outcomes for children born prematurely are well characterized, including increased risk for deficits in memory, attention, processing speed, and executive function. However, little is known about deficits that appear within the first 12 months, and how these early deficits contribute to later outcomes. To probe for functional deficits in visual attention, preterm and full-term infants were tested at 5 and 10 months with the Infant Orienting With Attention task (IOWA; Ross-Sheehy, Schneegans and Spencer, 2015). 5-month-old preterm infants showed significant deficits in orienting speed and task related error. However, 10-month-old preterm infants showed only selective deficits in spatial attention, particularly reflexive orienting responses, and responses that required some inhibition. These emergent deficits in spatial attention suggest preterm differences may be related to altered postnatal developmental trajectories. Moreover, we found no evidence of a dose-response relation between increased gestational risk and spatial attention. These results highlight the critical role of postnatal visual experience, and suggest that visual orienting may be a sensitive measure of attentional delay. Results reported here both inform current theoretical models of early perceptual/cognitive development, and future intervention efforts.
Methodological Considerations for Studying Identities in School Science

Studying identity is a daunting task for new science education scholars. Part of the problem lies in the difficulty of theorizing the concept in rigorous, cohesive, and empirically accessible ways. When I teach qualitative research methods, my favourite question to ask students about their primary concept of interest is, “How will you know it when you see it?” Those studying identity inevitably have considerable difficulty answering this question. The purpose of this chapter is to provide methodological direction for those beginning the formidable task of studying identity in school science or for those who want to broaden their identity studies toolkit.
Biases in the Selection of Candidate Species for De-Extinction

AbstractEntrenched biases in favour of large, charismatic mammals, towards predators, towards terrestrial animals and towards species that have cultural importance can influence the selection of candidate species for de-extinction research. Often, the species with the highest existence value will also be the ones that raise the most serious animal welfare concerns.
High resolution T2 MRI in the diagnosis of cerebellopontine angle and internal auditory canal lesions.

Abstract High resolution T2 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can provide exquisite detail of internal auditory canal (IAC) and cerebellopontine angle (CPA) lesions. In this retrospective case series, blinded imaging sequences were delivered to three radiologists and compared with previously archived clinical reads that were non-blinded and incorporated both T1 + C and T2 sequences together. This article demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity for high resolution T2 MRI particularly with lesions > 5 mm. This suggests a role for high resolution T2 MRI as an initial screening sequence or as a surveillance sequence.
Autism and Asperger syndrome: an overview

Autism and Asperger syndrome are diagnostic entities in a family of neurodevelopmental disorders disrupting fundamental processes of socialization, communication and learning, collectively known as pervasive developmental disorders. This group of conditions is among the most common developmental disorders, affecting 1 in every 200 or so individuals. They are also the most strongly genetically related among developmental disorders, with recurrence risks within sibships of the order of 2 to 15% if a broader definition of affectedness is adopted. Their early onset, symptom profile, and chronicity implicate fundamental biological mechanisms involved in social adaptation. Advances in their understanding are leading to a new social neuroscience perspective of normative socialization processes and specific disruptions thereof. These processes may lead to the emergence of the highly heterogeneous phenotypes associated with autism, the paradigmatic pervasive developmental disorder, and its variants. This overview focuses on the history, nosology, and the clinical and associated features of the two most well-known pervasive developmental disorders - autism and Asperger syndrome.
Performance Validity in Deep Brain Stimulation Candidates.

Objective Effort and motivation are important factors that influence performance on neuropsychological tests. Performance validity tests (PVT) have not been investigated in a sample of individuals who are at risk for cognitive decline and are presumably highly motivated to do well. The aim of the current study is to investigate performance validity in individuals with Parkinson's disease and essential tremor who are being considered for deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery. Methods Thirty DBS surgical candidates underwent neuropsychological evaluation including completion of the Word Memory Test (WMT) as well as embedded PVTs. Results Sixteen DBS candidates (53.3%) obtained a passing WMT score, 11 patients (36.6%) obtained scores in the "caution" range, and three patients (10%) produced failing scores. None of the patients scored below an 82.5% on the first three WMT subtests. Conclusions This pilot study is the first to describe PVT in DBS candidates and in a presumed highly motivated, older, and cognitively at-risk sample.
Laser scanning laser diode photoacoustic microscopy system.

Abstract The development of low-cost and fast photoacoustic microscopy systems enhances the clinical applicability of photoacoustic imaging systems. To this end, we present a laser scanning laser diode-based photoacoustic microscopy system. In this system, a 905 nm, 325 W maximum output peak power pulsed laser diode with 50 ns pulsewidth is utilized as the light source. A combination of aspheric and cylindrical lenses is used for collimation of the laser diode beam. Two galvanometer scanning mirrors steer the beam across a focusing aspheric lens. The lateral resolution of the system was measured to be ∼21 μm using edge spread function estimation. No averaging was performed during data acquisition. The imaging speed is ∼370 A-lines per second. Photoacoustic microscopy images of human hairs, ex vivo mouse ear, and ex vivo porcine ovary are presented to demonstrate the feasibility and potentials of the proposed system.
Deploying Fixed Wing Unoccupied Aerial Systems (UAS) for Coastal Morphology Assessment and Management

ABSTRACT Seymour, A.C.; Ridge, J.T.; Rodriguez, A.B.; Newton, E.; Dale, J., and Johnston, D.W., 2018. Deploying fixed wing unoccupied aerial systems (UAS) for coastal morphology assessment and management. Accurate measurement of the morphology and distribution of coastal habitats is critical for understanding the function of coastal environments, assessing the resilience of coastal communities, and managing the coastal zone effectively. Unoccupied aerial systems (UASs, also known as unmanned aerial vehicles) and structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry may be optimal for coastal surveys around small- or medium-sized municipalities, but guidance is needed to identify appropriate equipment configurations. Digital surface models (DSMs) from UAS equipped with mapping and survey-grade GPS units were processed with and without ground control point (GCP) correction, and their accuracy was compared to terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) derived DSMs and global navigation satellite system (GNSS) checkpoints. Four UA...
Determination of Geolocations for Anesthesia Specialty Coverage and Standby Call Allowing Return to the Hospital Within a Specified Amount of Time.

Background For emergent procedures, in-house teams are required for immediate patient care. However, for many procedures, there is time to bring in a call team from home without increasing patient morbidity. Anesthesia providers taking subspecialty or backup call from home are required to return to the hospital within a designated number of minutes. Driving times to the hospital during the hours of call need to be considered when deciding where to live or to visit during such calls. Distance alone is an insufficient criterion because of variable traffic congestion and differences in highway access. We desired to develop a simple, inexpensive method to determine postal codes surrounding hospitals allowing a timely return during the hours of standby call. Methods Pessimistic travel times and driving distances were calculated using the Google distance matrix application programming interface for all N = 136 postal codes within 60 great circle ("straight line") miles of the University of Miami Hospital (Miami, FL) during all 108 weekly standby call hours. A postal code was acceptable if the estimated longest driving time to return to the hospital was ≤60 minutes (the anesthesia department's service commitment to start an urgent case during standby call). Linear regression (with intercept = 0) minimizing the mean absolute percentage difference between the distances (great circle and driving) and the pessimistic driving times to return to the hospital was performed among all 136 postal codes. Implementation software written in Python is provided. Results Postal codes allowing return to the studied hospital within the specified interval were identified. The linear regression showed that driving distances correlated poorly with the longest driving time to return to the hospital among the 108 weekly call hours (mean absolute percentage error = 25.1% ± 1.7% standard error [SE]; N = 136 postal codes). Great circle distances also correlated poorly (mean absolute percentage error = 28.3% ± 1.9% SE; N = 136). Generalizability of the method was determined by successful application to a different hospital in a rural state (University of Iowa Hospital). Conclusions The described method allows identification of postal codes surrounding a hospital in which personnel taking standby call could be located and be able to return to the hospital during call hours on every day of the week within any specified amount of time. For areas at the perimeter of the acceptability, online distance mapping applications can be used to check driving times during the hours of standby call.
Difference Hierarchies for nT τ-functions

We introduce hierarchies of difference equations (referred to as nT-systems) associated to the action of a (centrally extended, completed) infinite matrix group GL∞(n) on n-component fermionic Fock...
Association of Cesarean Delivery With Body Mass Index z Score at Age 5 Years.

This study describes a within-family study of more than 16 000 siblings to investigate the potential link between cesarean delivery and childhood obesity.
Immune Aspects of the Blood–Brain Barrier

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the immune aspects of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB separates the central nervous system (CNS) from the blood through a unique functional complex formed by brain microvascular endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocyte processes. The BBB, with its vast surface area of approximately 240 cm2/g gray matter, is an important regulatory organ in maintaining brain homeostasis. Its ability to selectively transport essential substrates into the brain, and to exclude toxic substances and the vast majority of immune cells, is integral to the role of the BBB. Transendothelial transport is the principal pathway of molecular entry into and out of the CNS. The classic permeability studies of the BBB introduced by Davson and Oldendorf have revealed a strong positive correlation between BBB permeability for any given molecule and its lipophilicity, as measured by its oil/water partition coefficient. Lipid-soluble (hydrophobic) molecules, such as ethanol, readily diffuse through the endothelial cell membranes and equilibrate rapidly between the blood and the brain.
Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer

In the following discussion the terms “colorectal cancer,” “cancer of the large intestine,” and “cancer of the large bowel” will be used to indicate that tumors classified according to the Eighth Revision of the International Classification of Disease (Public Health Service, 1968) as ICD 153 (cancer of the colon, excluding rectum) and ICD 154 (cancer of the rectum and rectosigmoid junction) are being considered in the aggregate. Where there are references to “cancer of the colon,” it will be understood that this is colon (ICD 153), excluding the rectum and rectosigmoid, and “cancer of the rectum” (ICD 154) will be understood to include the rectosigmoid junction. Some authors (Logan, 1976) use the term “cancer of the intestine” to include cancers of the small intestine (ICD 152) as well as cancer of the colon (ICD 153). While generally cancers of the small intestine contribute such a small proportion of the total that this makes little difference, in some countries this is not the case. In Belgium, with high rates at both sites, small intestinal neoplasms make up 10% of cancer of the intestine defined in this way. In Japan, where mortality from colon cancer is low and mortality from small intestine cancer is rather high, the latter constitutes 30% of all cancers of the two sites combined. Unless otherwise specified, small intestine cancers will not be included in this review.
First Investigations on the Fecundability of a Woman

For the Gini Index, Gini's “approximate measure of the mean fecundability of primipares who had their child in the months of marriage from x + 9 to x + y + 9.”
Risk of health morbidity for the uninsured: 10-year evidence from a large hospital center in Boston, Massachusetts

Objective To investigate the independent contribution of insurance status toward the risk of diagnosis of specific clinical comorbidities for individuals admitted to intensive care unit (ICU). Design Retrospective analysis of secondary database. Setting Ten years of public de-identified ICU electronic medical records from a large hospital in USA. Participants Patients (18-65 years old) who had private insurance or no insurance were extracted from the database. Main outcome measures Independent association of insurance status (uninsured vs. privately insured) with the risk of diagnosis of specific clinical comorbidities. Results Among 14 268 (from 11 753 patients) admissions to ICU between 2001 and 2012, 96% of them were covered by private insurance. Patients with private insurance had higher proportion of females, married, White race, longer ICU stay and more procedures during stay, and fewer deaths. A lower CCI was observed in uninsured patients. At multivariable analysis, uninsured patients had higher odds of death and of admissions for accidental falls, substance or alcohol abuse. Conclusions Patients with no insurance coverage were at higher risk of death and of admission for physical and substance-related injury. We did not observe a higher risk for acute life-threatening diseases such as myocardial infarction or kidney failure. The lower CCI observed in the uninsured may be explained by under diagnosis or voluntary withdrawal from coverage in the pre-Affordable Care Act era. Replication of findings is warranted in other populations, among those with government-subsidized insurance and in the procedure/prescription domains.
Are They Buying or Selling Again? Estimating the Impact of Neighborhood-Level Contagion on Types of Juvenile Drug Recidivism:

We examine how the densities of adult and juvenile drug offenders within neighborhoods might be linked to the odds of juvenile recidivism due to drug sales and drug possession. To do so, we analyze...