cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neural representations of location outside the hippocampus

Place cells of the rat hippocampus are a dominant model system for understanding the role of the hippocampus in learning and memory at the level of single-unit and neural ensemble responses. A complete understanding of the information processing and computations performed by the hippocampus requires detailed knowledge about the properties of the representations that are present in hippocampal afferents and efferents in order to decipher the transformations that occur to these representations in the hippocampal circuitry. Neural recordings in behaving rats have revealed a number of brain areas that contain place-related firing properties in the parahippocampal regions and in other brain regions that are thought to interact with the hippocampus in certain behavioral tasks. Although investigators have just begun to scratch the surface in terms of understanding these properties, differences in the precise nature of the spatial firing between the hippocampus and these other regions promise to reveal important clues regarding the exact role of the hippocampus in learning and memory and the nature of its interactions with other brain systems to support adaptive behavior.
A Bailey Lemma from the Quintuple Product

In a previous paper, the discovery of further Rogers-Ramanujan type identities from new Bailey Lemmas was discussed. In that paper, the starting point was a product of independent Jacobi triple products. In this paper, we start from the quintuple product.
The Structure and Evolution of Convection in a Tropical Cloud Cluster

Abstract A large cloud cluster which occurred over the data network of the Global Atmospheric Research Program's Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) on 5 September 1974 is examined. Data from four quantitative shipboard weather radars show that virtually all of the precipitation in the tropical cloud cluster was associated with six mesoscale precipitation features. A prototype for the structure and life cycle of these features is presented which is sufficiently general to describe all six precipitation features, one of which was a tropical squall-line system. These mesoscale features appear to he the primary entitles within which deep tropical convection occurs. In their formative stage, mesoscale precipitation features consist of a line of isolated cumulonimbus cells oriented perpendicular to the low-level wind flow. In the intensifying stage, the rain areas of the individual cells merge when new convective cells develop between and ahead of the existing cells, where the outflow from convective-scale dow...
Arboreal Beetles of Neotropical Forests:AGRAFabricius, A Taxonomic Supplement for thePLATYSCELISGroup with New Species and Distribution Records (Coleoptera: Carabidae, Lebiini, Agrina)

Abstract The platyscelis group of the carabid genus Agra Fabricius, an equatorially centered lineage, consists of 30 species that have a composite range extending from the isthmus of Panama to French Guiana south into Brazil and Bolivia. The majority of species are found in the Amazon Basin. Structural features of both body and appendages are convergent with other carabid beetles that are known to dwell in ant nests, however, no life history of any Agra species is known. The following 12 specific taxa of the platyscelis group are described as new (type locality in parenthesis): A. tingo new species, (PERU, Huanuco, 13 km S Tingo Maria, Tambillo, Chico Canyon, 09°15′S, 76°23′W); A. biolat new species, (PERU, Madre de Dios, 30 air km SW Puerto Maldonado, Rio Tambopata Res., 12°50′S, 69°20′W); A. aeris new species, (PERU, Madre de Dios, BIOLAT Biodiversity Station, Pakitza, 11°56′S, 71°17′W); A. solimoes new species, (BRAZIL, Amazonas, Tefe (Ega), 3°22′S, 64°42′W); A. servatorum new species, (PERU, Loreto, 1...
Learning from Others: What South Korean Technology Policy Can Teach the U.S.

I have recently traveled to South Korea, where Seoul National University hosted the XXII World Congress of Philosophy, the first time the congress has been hosted in Asia. I was astonished by the pervasive use of many of the latest technological advancements. Among the most impressive changes were environmental. The methods employed in hotels and at the University for minimizing unnecessary consumption of electricity were exemplary. Given the great need America has now for developing its economy, and preferably in a way that does not easily lend itself to outsourcing, South Korea can serve as a model for change implemented through the development and manufacturing of advanced technological tools including high-speed internet access, which will be the focus of the present paper. Some changes have begun already in some arenas of industry and responsiveness to environmental forces, such as in Toyota's decision to move from making SUV's in its new factory coming to Tupelo, Mississippi, to making only the Prius. But Americans have let the governmental incentives for a number of environmentally preferable products run out, and have not lead the way in the propagation of new renewable energy source technologies. Also, America's common approach to the propagation of technological and business development with the use of tax-incentives is fundamentally different far less forceful than the South Korean approach I will discuss.
Social and economic antecedents and consequences of adolescent aggressive personality: predictions from the interactionist model

The present study examined the development of a cohort of 279 early adolescents (52% female) from 1990 to 2005. Guided by the interactionist model of socioeconomic status and human development, we proposed that parent aggressive personality, economic circumstances, interparental conflict, and parenting characteristics would affect the development of adolescent aggressive personality traits. In turn, we hypothesized that adolescent aggressiveness would have a negative influence on adolescent functioning as an adult in terms of economic success, personality development, and close relationships 11 years later. Findings were generally supportive of the interactionist model proposition that social and economic difficulties in the family of origin intensify risk for adolescent aggressive personality (the social causation hypothesis) and that this personality trait impairs successful transition to adult roles (the social selection hypothesis) in a transactional process over time and generations. These results underscore how early development leads to child influences that appear to directly hamper the successful transition to adult roles (statistical main effects) and also amplify the negative impact of dysfunctional family systems on the transition to adulthood (statistical interaction effects). The findings suggest several possible points of intervention that might help to disrupt this negative developmental sequence of events.
Design of Experiments in Campaign Logistics Analysis

In integrated modeling and simulation of space exploration architectures and campaigns, the challenge is to effectively explore the breadth of the trade space while reaching sufficient depth to gain insight. The use of Design of Experiments (DOE) in this field can enable more efficient parametric studies thereby allowing more resources to be focused on detailed analysis of interesting cases. This paper presents an approach based on DOE with orthogonal arrays and presents a recent integrated modeling and trade study effort within the Constellation Program (CxP) Integrated Design Analysis Cycle (IDAC-3) as a case study 1 . The DOE analysis showed that the three largest factors impacting the campaign cargo margins are spares demand uncertainty (K'-factor), lunar lander cargo capacity and consumables demand uncertainty. A related contingency analysis showed that once outpost construction is completed, from a logistics perspective the campaign can absorb failed cargo flights for up to 3 years (6 flights).
Methods to locate and track ion channels and receptors expressed in live neurons.

Brain cells use electrical and chemical signaling to communicate with each other and to send and receive information from the body. These neurons also encode information such as memories and are constantly adapting to changes as a result of positive alterations, such as learning, or negative events, such as neurological insults or neurodegeneration. In the last two decades, it has become clear that the placement of minute branches of neurons and, more importantly for the topic of this review, the placement of individual protein molecules, are the key events that enable neuronal network building and pruning. Advances in both electrophysiology and light-based imaging have allowed neuroscientists to answer fundamental questions about the key proteins involved in memory formation, maintenance, and loss. These findings have been enabled often through the clever use of chemical biology, biotechnology, and genetic engineering. In this review, we highlight numerous examples where chemical biology was used to prov...
ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY AND THE DISPERSION OF PESTICIDES

Applicators have long recognized that temperature inversions dramatically influence the behavior of pesticide material released into the atmosphere during pesticide application. This behavior can be explained in terms of the relationship between vertical atmospheric temperature gradients (stability) and atmospheric mixing (turbulence). This relationship is not intuitively obvious, but once it is understood, it provides the applicator with a tool to use for anticipating pesticide drift potential. The term inversion is synonymous with a stable thermal layer in the atmosphere. In stable thermal layers, mixing is suppressed and both dispersion and translation (or mean movement) of material is slow. This is typical of clear nights. Conversely, under clear, sunny conditions mixing is strong and dispersion is rapid. This situation indicates an unstable thermal laver.
Mutations in a newly identified Drosophila melanogaster gene, mago nashi, disrupt germ cell formation and result in the formation of mirror-image symmetrical double abdomen embryos.

The mago nashi (mago) locus is a newly identified strict maternal effect, grandchildless-like, gene in Drosophila melanogaster. In homozygous mutant mago females reared at 17 degrees C, mago+ function is reduced, the inviable embryos lack abdominal segments and 84–98% of the embryos die. In contrast, at 25 degrees C, some mago alleles produce a novel gene product capable of inducing the formation of symmetrical double abdomen embryos. Reciprocal temperature-shift experiments indicate that the temperature-sensitive period is during oogenetic stages 7–14. Furthermore, embryos collected from mago1 homozygous females contain no apparent functional posterior determinants in the posterior pole. In viable F1 progeny from mago mutant females, regardless of genotype and temperature, polar granules are reduced or absent and germ cells fail to form (the grandchildless-like phenotype). Thus, we propose that the mago+ product is a component of the posterior determinative system, required during oogenesis, both for germ cell determination and delineation of the longitudinal axis of the embryo.
Environmental Variables That Influence Patient Satisfaction: A Review of the Literature

Patient's perception of care-referred to as patient satisfaction-is of great interest in the healthcare industry, as it becomes more directly tied to the revenue of the health system providers. The perception of care has now become important in addition to the actual health outcome of the patient. The known influencers for the patient perception of care are the patient's own characteristics as well as the quality of service received. In patient surveys, the physical environment is noted as important for being clean and quiet but is not considered a critical part of patient satisfaction or other health outcomes. Patient perception of care is currently measured as patient satisfaction, a systematic collection of perceptions of social interactions from an individual person as well as their interaction with the environment. This exploration of the literature intends to explore the rigorous, statistically tested research conducted that has a spatial predictor variable and a health or behavior outcome, with the intent to begin to further test the relationships of these variables in the future studies. This literature review uses the patient satisfaction framework of components of influence and identifies at least 10 known spatial environmental variables that have been shown to have a direct connection to the health and behavior outcome of a patient. The results show that there are certain features of the spatial layout and environmental design in hospital or work settings that influence outcomes and should be noted in the future research.
Testing building controls with the BLDG toolbox

We introduce the open-source MATLAB® toolbox bldg. The main function, bsim, simulates a simple building under forcing from the outdoor air temperature, sun, and internal heat sources. bsim retains the mathematical structure of state-of-the-art building simulators, including time-varying solar forcing, PDE-governed wall temperatures, and nonlinearities arising from thermal radiation and temperature-dependent convection coefficients. Supporting functions are provided to instantiate a default building object, import weather data, and generate internal heat source signals. The bldg toolbox is intended to eliminate the need to model a building or leave the MATLAB® environment before testing an estimation or control algorithm. We demonstrate the software through the examples of system identification, online state and parameter estimation, and model predictive control. Open research questions that the bldg toolbox could help explore are noted.
The Battles for Unification and for Berlin

Throughout the war, Arnold had been very sensitive to the public’s perception of the uses of air power. He wanted public opinion to assist him to move quickly, as soon as the hostilities ceased, to establish the Air Force as a separate and coequal Service with the Army and the Navy. This is one reason for his focus on “strategic” bombing as the central concept of Air Power doctrine, rather than on the use of air power in support of the land (or naval) battle. As he had written to Eaker in June 1943, when Eaker was Commanding General of the Eighth Air Force: It is also very important, for whole-hearted public and official support of our Air Forces in their operations, that the people understand thoroughly our Air Forces precepts, principles, and purposes … it is important for the people to understand that our prime purpose is destruction of the enemy’s ability to wage war, by our planned persistent bombing and sapping of his vital industries, his transportation, and his whole supply system …. In short, we want the people to understand and have faith in our way of making war.2 In December 1943, Major General Barney M. “Bennie” Giles, Arnold’s Chief of Staff, wrote: “We are devoting a great deal of thought to plans for the organization and composition of a postwar Air Force.
The Congressional Response to Corporate Expatriations: The Tension Between Symbols and Substance in the Taxation of Multinational Corporations

During the past few years, several high-profile U.S.-based multinational corporations have changed their tax residence from the United States to Bermuda or some other tax haven. They have accomplished these expatriations, and the resulting millions of dollars of annual tax savings, merely by changing the place of incorporation of their corporate parent, without the need to make any substantive changes to their business operations or their U.S.-based management structure. Congress and the media have focused significant attention on this phenomenon. Despite this attention, Congress initially enacted only a non-tax provision targeting corporate expatriations - a purported ban on expatriated companies entering into contracts with the Department of Homeland Security. This Article addresses this alternative sanction, concluding that it is prototypical symbolic legislation, with no instrumental effect. The Article also discusses the extent to which the initial Congressional debate over expatriations may have had indirect instrumental effects by furthering the informal enforcement of social norms. Ultimately, after almost three years of debate, Congress enacted a tax provision intended to deny the desired tax benefits to expatriating corporations. The Article also addresses the substantive tax policy implications of this response, concluding that it illustrates the tenuous normative underpinnings of the place-of-incorporation rule for determining corporate residence and the need for Congress to reconsider what makes a corporation American in an increasingly globalized world.
Human CaaX protease ZMPSTE24 expressed in yeast: Structure and inhibition by HIV protease inhibitors

The function and localization of proteins and peptides containing C-terminal "CaaX" (Cys-aliphatic-aliphatic-anything) sequence motifs are modulated by post-translational attachment of isoprenyl groups to the cysteine sulfhydryl, followed by proteolytic cleavage of the aaX amino acids. The zinc metalloprotease ZMPSTE24 is one of two enzymes known to catalyze this cleavage. The only identified target of mammalian ZMPSTE24 is prelamin A, the precursor to the nuclear scaffold protein lamin A. ZMPSTE24 also cleaves prelamin A at a second site 15 residues upstream from the CaaX site. Mutations in ZMPSTE24 result in premature-aging diseases and inhibition of ZMPSTE24 activity has been reported to be an off-target effect of HIV protease inhibitors. We report here the expression (in yeast), purification, and crystallization of human ZMPSTE24 allowing determination of the structure to 2.0 A resolution. Compared to previous lower resolution structures, the enhanced resolution provides: (1) a detailed view of the active site of ZMPSTE24, including water coordinating the catalytic zinc; (2) enhanced visualization of fenestrations providing access from the exterior to the interior cavity of the protein; (3) a view of the C-terminus extending away from the main body of the protein; (4) localization of ordered lipid and detergent molecules at internal and external surfaces and also projecting through fenestrations; (5) identification of water molecules associated with the surface of the internal cavity. We also used a fluorogenic assay of the activity of purified ZMPSTE24 to demonstrate that HIV protease inhibitors directly inhibit the human enzyme in a manner indicative of a competitive mechanism.
Highly luminescent S-doped carbon dots for the selective detection of ammonia

Carbon dots (S-CDs) were obtained from two different S-containing polymer precursors using a hydrothermal treatment. They were used as highly sensitive and selective ammonia sensors based on a change in the fluorescence intensity. The gas detection test was carried out through the direct insertion of gaseous ammonia into the CD solutions. The results showed a time-dependent (concentration dependent) fluorescence quenching in the presence of ammonia. The detection time was as low as 30 s. The fluorescence quenching was linked to the involvement of sulfur and oxygen containing surface functional groups in a chemical reaction with NH3. In particular, sulfonic and carboxylic acids participated in acid-base reactions with ammonia to form ammonium salts. In the reaction of the target gas with carboxylic acids/acid anhydrites or phenols, cyclic ethers and ketone groups (diketones), amides and amines were formed, respectively. Strongly acidic sulfones and sulfonic acids played the most crucial role. The sample with the highest contribution of those groups showed the highest affinity for the reaction with ammonia, and thus the highest sensitivity among two samples tested.
Correlation between Classic Driver Oncogene Mutations in EGFR, ALK, or ROS1 and 22C3–PD-L1 ≥50% Expression in Lung Adenocarcinoma

Abstract Introduction Targeted somatic genomic analysis (EGFR, anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase gene [ALK], and ROS1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) tumor proportion score (TPS) determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) are used for selection of first-line therapies in advanced lung cancer; however, the frequency of overlap of these biomarkers in routine clinical practice is poorly reported. Methods We retrospectively probed the first 71 pairs of patients with lung adenocarcinoma from our institution. They were analyzed for PD-L1 by IHC using the clone 22C3 pharmDx kit (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA) and evaluated for co-occurrence of genomic aberrations and clinicopathologic characteristics. Results Surgical resection specimens, small biopsy (transbronchial or core needle) samples, and cytologic cell blocks (needle aspirates or pleural fluid) were tested. A PD-L1 TPS of at least ≥50% was seen in 29.6% of tumors. Of 19 tumors with EGFR mutations, ALK fluorescence in situ hybridization positivity, or ROS1 fluorescence in situ hybridization positivity, 18 had a PD-L1 TPS less than 50% versus only one tumor with a PD-L1 TPS of at least 50% (p = 0.0073). Tumors with a PD-L1 TPS of at least 50% were significantly associated with smoking status compared with tumors with a PD-L1 TPS less than 50% but were not associated with patient sex, ethnicity, tumor stage, biopsy site, or biopsy type/preparation. Conclusions PD-L1 IHC can be performed on routine clinical lung cancer specimens. A TPS of at least 50% seldom overlaps with presence of driver oncogenes with approved targeted therapies. Three biomarker-specified groups of advanced lung adenocarcinomas can now be defined, each paired with a specific palliative first-line systemic therapy of proven clinical benefit: (1) EGFR/ALK/ROS1-affected adenocarcinoma paired with a matched tyrosine kinase inhibitor (∼20% of cases), (2) PD-L1–enriched adenocarcinoma (TPS ≥50%) paired with anti–PD-1 pembrolizumab (∼30% of cases), and (3) biomarker-negative (i.e., EGFR/ALK/ROS1/PD-L1–negative) adenocarcinoma paired with platinum doublet chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab (∼50% of cases).
Americans Support Price Shopping For Health Care, But Few Actually Seek Out Price Information

The growing awareness of the wide variation in health care prices, increased availability of price data, and increased patient cost sharing are expected to drive patients to shop for lower-cost medical services. We conducted a nationally representative survey of 2,996 nonelderly US adults who had received medical care in the previous twelve months to assess how frequently patients are price shopping for care and the barriers they face in doing so. Only 13 percent of respondents who had some out-of-pocket spending in their last health care encounter had sought information about their expected spending before receiving care, and just 3 percent had compared costs across providers before receiving care. The low rates of price shopping do not appear to be driven by opposition to the idea: The majority of respondents believed that price shopping for care is important and did not believe that higher-cost providers were of higher quality. Common barriers to shopping included difficulty obtaining price information...
Reciprocal Intraguild Predation between Alligator mississippiensis (American Alligator) and Elasmobranchii in the Southeastern United States

Abstract The food habits and predatory interactions of Alligator mississippiensis (American Alligator) have been thoroughly studied within populations inhabiting inland freshwater ecosystems; however, it is increasingly evident that coastal populations habitually forage in estuarine and nearshore marine ecosystems inhabited by other top predators. While few studies have been performed, data reported thus far from marine-foraging populations indicate individuals chiefly consume small-bodied prey such as crustaceans, fish, and wading birds. Nonetheless, capture and consumption of large-bodied marine prey such as multiple species of sea turtles and a single species of Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays) have been documented. Here, we examine evidence regarding reciprocal intraguild predation between American Alligators and elasmobranchs. We provide the first evidence of American Alligator depredation of 4 Elasmobranchii species and review putative evidence for Elasmobranchii depredation of American Alligators. ...
When is electronic friction reliable for dynamics at a molecule–metal interface?

We investigate rates of electron transfer for generalized Anderson-Holstein models in the limit of weak molecule-metal coupling, using both surface hopping and electronic friction dynamics in one and two dimensions. Overall, provided there is an external source of friction, electronic friction can sometimes perform well even in the limit of small metal-molecule coupling and capture nonadiabatic effects. However, we show that electronic friction dynamics is likely to fail if there is a competition between nonequivalent pathways. Our conclusions provide further insight into the recent observation by Ouyang et al., [J. Chem. Theory Comput., 2016, 12, 4178] regarding the applicability of Kramer's theory in the adiabatic limit to recover Marcus theory in the nonadiabatic limit.
Nanoscale Solute Partitioning and Carbide Precipitation in a Multiphase TRIP Steel Analyzed by Atom Probe Tomography

Nanoscale solute partitioning across multiple constituent phases in a 980-grade quenched and partitioned (Q&P) steel was analyzed using atom probe tomography (APT). The Q&P process was used to increase the C content in the retained austenite phase thereby improving its stability under plastic straining. Significant carbon enrichment of austenite was measured with decreased levels of C in martensite and almost depleted C content in ferrite, supporting the C partitioning mechanism in the literature. The APT analysis of retained austenite surrounded by martensite demonstrated a higher amount of C content compared with retained austenite surrounded by the ferrite phase. Lath and discrete carbide particle precipitation was also observed inside martensite colonies, tying up C and reducing the total amount of C available for austenite stabilization. In addition, the partitioning of Mn and other minor elements was quantitatively investigated by correlating APT and SEM-EBSD. These techniques provide a robust methodology for analyzing nanoscale compositional partitioning in multiphase steels, TRIP steels in particular, which can be used to better explain their microstructure-mechanical property relationships.
Which Universals are Natural Laws

In What is a Law of Nature? (1983), David Armstrong defends the view that laws of nature are relations between universals and also, thereby, universals themselves. (Tooley and Swoyer hold similar views, though Tooley says that what makes nomological statements of laws true are contingent relations among universals whereas Swoyer holds that the required relations hold by metaphysical necessity.) But Armstrong doesn’t simply hold that laws are some relationships or other between universals. For he claims that they are first-order universals (pp. 89–90). Each ordinary law—for example, some causal law—is numerically identical to some first-order universal. This is a striking, seemingly incredible hypothesis. What is Armstrong thinking of when he says (1983, p. 90): I propose that the state of affairs, the law, N(F,G), is a dyadic universal, that is, a relation, holding between states of affairs. Suppose that a particular object, a, is F, and so, because of the law N(F,G), it, a, is also G. This state of affairs, an instantiation of the law, has the form Rab, where R = N(F,G), a = a’s being F, and b, = b’s being G: (N(F,G))(a’s being F, b’s being G).
Magma wagging and whirling: excitation by gas flux

Author Posting. © The Authors, 2018. This article is posted here by permission of The Royal Astronomical Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Journal International 215 (2018): 713–735, doi:10.1093/gji/ggy313.
Pre-excitation induced ventricular dysfunction and successful berlin heart explantation after accessory pathway ablation

Abstract A 13 kg, 20 month-old, Caucasian girl, presented with cardiomyopathy, biventricular dysfunction and pre-excitation on electrocardiogram. She had normal intracardiac anatomy with severely dilated left ventricle and severely diminished biventricular function ( Fig. 1 ). She was treated with milrinone and epinephrine infusions, mechanical ventilation and listed for heart transplant. She underwent Berlin Heart EXCOR biventricular assist device (BiVAD) placement (30 ml LVAD and 25 ml RVAD pumps). No supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) was inducible or noted during her hospitalization. First ablation attempt without BiVAD support was unsuccessful; however, 18 days post BiVAD implantation, another electrophysiology study and successful radiofrequency ablation of a right anterolateral accessory pathway was performed on BiVAD support. After successful ablation and loss of pre-excitation, the cardiac dysfunction rapidly improved with initial improvement noted as early as 48 h after the successful ablation. Due to recovery of cardiac function, a BiVAD wean protocol was initiated and BiVAD explantation was performed 48 days after the implant (30 days after the successful ablation). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of successful BiVAD explantation.
Gender, BMI and side-to-side differences in spinal accessory nerve conduction from the upper and middle components of the trapezius muscle.

Abstract Introduction There is a variety of testing methods described in the literature for the spinal accessory nerve (SAN). This study aims to evaluate side-to-side, gender, and BMI differences with surface recording from the upper and middle trapezius using a standard distance to the upper trapezius. Methods Subjects underwent bilateral SAN conduction testing with the active recording electrodes over the superior border of the upper trapezius, midway between the acromion and the C7 spinous process, and over the middle trapezius 3 cm medial to the vertebral border of the scapula. Results Mean latency values were 2.17 ± 0.22 msec and 3.14 ± 0.40 msec for the upper and middle trapezius, respectively. Mean amplitude values were 8.02 ± 2.2 mV for the upper trapezius and 3.96 ± 1.77 mV for the middle trapezius. The mean side-to-side latency difference was 7.8% for the upper and 9.5% for the middle trapezius, while the mean side-to-side amplitude difference was 18.2% for the upper and 37.6% for the middle trapezius. BMI had a significant inverse effect on upper and middle trapezius amplitudes such that both males and females with lower BMI had larger amplitudes. There was a significant gender difference for upper and middle trapezius latency with faster latency values observed in females. Conclusions SAN conduction with surface recording from the upper and middle trapezius is well tolerated. Side-to-side differences may be the best way to evaluate both amplitude and latency, so bilateral testing is essential in light of anatomical variation and BMI effects on amplitude.
“It’s Pretty Essential”: A Critical Race Counter-Narrative of Faculty of Color Understandings of Diversity and Equity in Doctoral Admissions

Using a short story fiction counter-narrative, this critical race study examines how faculty of color within higher education and student affairs doctoral-granting programs bring critical epistemologies to their decision-making in the student admissions process and work to decolonize the academy despite neoliberal pressures. Faculty of color depart from current accounts of faculty decision-making in doctoral education in two key ways—by disregarding standardized measures of success and by considering diversity throughout the entire admissions process—leading us to important insights about how faculty of color differ from white faculty in their perception of and in their emphasis on diversity, equity, and justice in the admissions process. The implications are both broad and specific for creating dynamically diverse campus climates in an era of persistent challenges to affirmative action. The findings speak to the ways that those concerned with educational diversity and equity can support diversity and equity efforts in a neoliberal, color-blind environment. In a world defined by such policy and practice and a country that determines options and opportunity based on race, this study centers the voices of faculty of color in their institutions and analyzes how identity and institutional logics influence behavior.
Treatment Options and Outcomes in Nonmetastatic Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer

Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) represents 25% of newly diagnosed bladder cancer. MIBC is aggressive and requires timely management. The current standard of care is neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical cystectomy, an approach that could result in significant morbidities. Modifications in the chemotherapy regimens, as well as in perioperative care and surgical approach, have resulted in better overall toxicity profile and faster recovery. However, bladder-preservation in carefully selected patients can lead to acceptable oncological outcomes and better quality of life. Optimization of bladder-preservation protocols and proper identification of patients who tolerate and respond to various treatment modalities will significantly impact patient survival in the coming future.
Prevalence and Characteristics of Chronic Spinal Pain Patients with Different Hopes (Treatment Goals) for Ongoing Chiropractic Care

Objectives: The treatment goals of patients successfully using ongoing provider-based care for chronic spinal pain can help inform health policy related to this care. Design: Multinomial logistical hierarchical linear models were used to examine the characteristics of patients with different treatment goals for their ongoing care. Settings/Location: Observational data from a large national sample of patients from 125 chiropractic clinics clustered in 6 U.S. regions. Subjects: Patients with nonwork-injury-related nonspecific chronic low-back pain (CLBP) and chronic neck pain (CNP). Interventions: All were receiving ongoing chiropractic care. Outcome measures: Primary outcomes were patient endorsement of one of four goals for their treatment. Explanatory variables included pain characteristics, pain beliefs, goals for mobility/flexibility, demographics, and other psychological variables. Results: Across our sample of 1614 patients (885 with CLBP and 729 with CNP) just under one-third endorsed a treatment goal of having their pain go away permanently (cure). The rest had goals of preventing their pain from coming back (22% CLBP, 16% CNP); preventing their pain from getting worse (14% CLBP, 12% CNP); or temporarily relieving their pain (31% CLBP, 41% CNP). In univariate analysis across these goals, patients differed significantly on almost all variables. In the multinomial logistic models, a goal of cure was associated with shorter pain duration and more belief in a medical cure; a goal of preventing pain from coming back was associated with lower pain levels; and those with goals of preventing their pain from getting worse or temporarily relieving pain were similar, including in having their pain longer. Conclusions: Although much of health policy follows a curative model, the majority of these CLBP and CNP patients have goals of pain management (using ongoing care) rather than "cure" (care with a specific end) for their chiropractic care. This information could be useful in crafting policy for patients facing provider-based nonpharmacologic care for chronic pain.
1970 Reproductive effort and the life history schedule

Abstract Gadgil and Bossert (1970) developed a model of life history evolution which explicitly examined age-specific survival and fertility. From this Gadgil and Bossert made predictions about the evolution of iteroparity and semelparity based trade-offs between current and future survival and reproduction.
Isolation of Metrosideros (ʻOhiʻa) Taxa on Oʻahu Increases with Elevation and Extreme Environments

Species radiations should be facilitated by short generation times and limited dispersal among discontinuous populations. Hawaii's hyper-diverse, landscape-dominant tree, Metrosideros, is unique among the islands' radiations for its massive populations that occur continuously over space and time within islands, its exceptional capacity for gene flow by both pollen and seed, and its extended life span (ca. >650 years). Metrosideros shows the greatest phenotypic and microsatellite DNA diversity on O'ahu, where taxa occur in tight sympatry or parapatry in mesic and montane wet forest on 2 volcanoes. We document the nonrandom distributions of 12 taxa (including unnamed morphotypes) along elevation gradients, measure phenotypes of ~6-year-old common-garden plants of 8 taxa to verify heritability of phenotypes, and examine genotypes of 476 wild adults at 9 microsatellite loci to compare the strengths of isolation across taxa, volcanoes, and distance. All 8 taxa retained their diagnostic phenotypes in the common garden. Populations were isolated by taxon to a range of degrees (pairwise FST between taxa: 0.004-0.267), and there was no pattern of isolation by distance or by elevation; however, significant isolation between volcanoes was observed within monotypic species, suggesting limited gene flow between volcanoes. Among the infraspecific taxa of Metrosideros polymorpha, genetic diversity and isolation significantly decreased and increased, respectively, with elevation. Overall, 5 of the 6 most isolated taxa were associated with highest elevations or otherwise extreme environments. These findings suggest a principal role for selection in the origin and maintenance of the exceptional diversity that occurs within continuous Metrosideros stands on O'ahu.
Efficient and scalable cross-ISA virtualization of hardware transactional memory

System virtualization is a key enabling technology. However, existing virtualization techniques suffer from a significant limitation due to their limited cross-ISA support for emerging architecture-specific hardware extensions. To address this issue, we make the first attempt at hardware transactional memory (HTM), which has been supported by modern multi-core processors and used by more and more applications to simplify concurrent programming. In particular, we propose an efficient and scalable mechanism to support cross-ISA virtualization of HTMs. The mechanism emulates guest HTMs using host HTMs, and tries to preserve as much as possible the performance and the scalability of guest applications. Experimental results on STAMP benchmarks show that an average of 2.3X and 12.6X performance speedup can be achieved respectively for x86_64 and PowerPC64 guest applications on an x86_64 host machine. Moreover, it can attain similar scalability to the native execution of the applications.
Risk Factors for Intra-articular Bone and Cartilage Lesions in Patients Undergoing Surgical Treatment for Posterior Instability:

Background:Patients with posterior shoulder instability may have bone and cartilage lesions (BCLs) in addition to capsulolabral injuries, although the risk factors for these intra-articular lesions...
Farm animal contact is associated with progression to Hemolytic uremic syndrome in patients with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli — Indiana, 2012–2018

Abstract Background Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a life-threatening complication of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection. The relationship between STEC exposure and severity of clinical outcomes is not well documented. We examined whether direct contact with farm animals increased the likelihood of HUS among Indiana residents diagnosed with STEC. Methods Exposure data for laboratory-confirmed STEC cases among Indiana residents during 2012–2018 were retrieved. Logistic regression and mediation analysis were performed to determine the extent to which a history of direct contact with farm animals was associated with post-diarrheal HUS independent of age and mediated by stx2 gene presence. Results A total of 784 STEC cases were retrieved. Of these, 46 (6%) developed HUS. Complete exposure data were available for 600 (77%) cases. A total of 24 (52%) HUS patients reported direct contact with farm animals, while 114 (21%) STEC patients who did not develop HUS reported this exposure. Among all STEC cases, HUS was associated with direct farm animal contact after adjusting for age (OR = 3.40, 95% CI: 1.81, 6.40). Detection of stx2 genes mediated 12% of the association between farm animal contact and HUS. Conclusions Direct farm animal contact was a risk factor for development of HUS among laboratory-confirmed STEC cases, independent of stx2 presence. Direct farm animal contact should be considered a potential predictor of progression to HUS when patients present for care and the mechanism for its effect on virulence investigated.
Assessing the readability of patient-targeted online information on musculoskeletal radiology procedures

To assess the readability of patient-targeted online information on musculoskeletal radiology procedures. Eleven common musculoskeletal radiology procedures were queried in three online search engines (Google, Yahoo!, Bing). All unique patient-targeted websites were identified (n = 384) from the first three pages of search results. The reading grade level of each website was calculated using 6 separate validated metrics for readability assessment. Analysis of word and sentence complexity was also performed. Results were compared between academic vs. non-academic websites and between websites found on different pages of the search results. Statistics were performed using a t test. The mean reading grade level across all procedures was 10th–14th grade. Webpages for nerve block were written at a higher reading grade level on non-academic websites (p = 0.025). There was no difference in reading grade levels between academic and non-academic sources for all other procedures. There was no difference in reading grade levels between websites found on the first page of search results compared with the second and third pages. Across all websites, 16–22% of the words used had 3+ syllables and 31–43% of the words used had 6+ characters (complex words); 13–24% of the sentences used had 22+ words (complex sentences). Patient-targeted online information on musculoskeletal radiology procedures are written at the 10th–14th grade reading level, which is well beyond the AMA and NIH recommendation. Readability can be lowered by decreasing text complexity through limitation of high-syllable words and reduction in word and sentence length.
Medicaid Expansions and Participation in Supplemental Security Income by Noncitizens

Objectives. To estimate the effect of Medicaid expansion on noncitizens’ and citizens’ participation in the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) expanded Medica...
Reviving Merger Control: A Comprehensive Plan for Reforming Policy and Practice

Kwoka’s new analysis — which builds on his previous, widely cited and discussed analyses — begins by framing the different view of competition and antitrust that has recently burst upon the scene. A considerable number of economists, policymakers, and others have come to argue that antitrust policy has in fact become too permissive, in particular allowing mergers and other practices that have resulted in significant increases in concentration and considerable harm to consumers. Not all observers are convinced, of course, and the evidence continues to be debated. But the totality of evidence makes a persuasive case that concentration in the economy has risen, that competitive forces have been blunted, and that policy failures have contributed significantly to those problems. Kwoka’s analysis begins where that discussion leaves off. It sets out a comprehensive program of policy reforms necessary to remedy past weaknesses and failures and to restore the vitality of antitrust in protecting competition in the economy. While there have already been various specific reforms proposed and discussed in conferences, white papers, and even some legislation, the reform program proposed in Kwoka’s paper is different in three respects. First, rather than advancing one or two reform proposals, it is a fully comprehensive program. It consists of a number of specific substantive reforms as well as some procedural reforms — a total of ten specific measures. Second, while each reform has merit, the package is an integral whole rather than a menu of alternatives among which to choose. The problems of current merger control policy are numerous, so that the necessary reforms are equally numerous and should be viewed as an integral whole. Finally, the package of proposals is rooted in economic theory and empirical evidence. The proposals are not simply interesting or seemingly sensible ideas. Rather, they follow from modern economic understanding of market competition, and certainly past experience, all of which are fully documented in support of the proposals. The common thread that runs through the proposals is that, over time, merger control policy and practice have moved away from the central mission of preserving competition in all the meanings of that term, and instead narrowly focused on certain types of mergers, certain types of adverse outcomes, and certain resolutions of competitive problems. This has resulted in tolerance of a large number of mergers that have proven to be anticompetitive, with adverse effects on consumers and businesses alike. This paper presents specific proposals, grounded in the evidence, necessary to restore merger control.
Labor Market Concentration and Worker Contributions to Health Insurance Premiums

In concentrated labor markets, where workers have fewer employers to choose from, employers may exploit their monopsony power by contributing less to workers' health benefits. This study examined if labor market concentration was associated with higher worker contributions to health plan premiums. We combined publicly available data from the Census to calculate labor market concentration and the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey Insurance/Employer Component to determine premium contributions from 2010 to 2016 for metropolitan areas. After controlling for year fixed-effects and market characteristics, we found that higher labor market concentration was associated with higher worker contributions to health plan premiums, lower take-home income, and no change in employer contributions to premiums, consistent with the hypothesis that greater labor market concentration is associated with less generous health benefits. When evaluating the effects of mergers and acquisitions on labor markets, regulatory agencies should critically assess worker contributions to health insurance premiums.
Structural Insights into the Human Astrovirus Capsid

Astroviruses (AstVs) are non-enveloped, positive single-stranded RNA viruses that cause a wide range of inflammatory diseases in mammalian and avian hosts. The T = 3 viral capsid is unique in its ability to infect host cells in a process driven by host proteases. Intercellular protease cleavages allow for viral egress from a cell, while extracellular cleavages allow for the virus to enter a new host cell to initiate infection. High-resolution models of the capsid core indicate a large, exposed region enriched with protease cleavage sites. The virus spike protein allows for binding to target cells and is the major target for naturally occurring and engineered neutralizing antibodies. During maturation, the capsid goes through significant structural changes including the loss of many surface spikes. The capsid interacts with host membranes during the virus life cycle at multiple stages such as assembly, host cell entry and exit. This review will cover recent findings and insights related to the structure of the capsid and its function. Further understanding of the viral capsid structure and maturation process can contribute to new vaccines, gastric therapeutics, and viral engineering applications.