cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early Rifting in the Narragansett Basin, Massachusetts–Rhode Island: Evidence from Late Devonian Bimodal Volcanic Rocks

Abstract The basal Wamsutta Formation of the Narragansett Basin, Massachusetts–Rhode Island, contains \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage[OT2,OT1]{fontenc} \newcommand\cyr{ \renewcommand\rmdefault{wncyr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{wncyss} \renewcommand\encodingdefault{OT2} \normalfont \selectfont} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textcyr}{\cyr} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} \landscape $373\pm 2$ \end{document} Ma rhyolite that is unexpectedly 60 m.yr. older than sedimentary strata containing late Pennsylvanian floras higher in the basin fill. The transitional alkalic geochemistry of the rhyolite and associated basalt signifies Late Devonian rifting pre‐dating major basin subsidence. Surface rifting was accompanied by voluminous alkalic intrusions of the 380–370 M...
Physics, biology, and sociology: a reappraisal.

To the extent that all biological phenomena are perceivable only through their physical manifestations, it may be justified to assume that all biological phenomena will be eventually represented in terms of physics; perhaps not of present day physics, but of some “extended” form of it. However, even if this should be correct, it must be kept in mind that representing individual biological phenomena in terms of physics is not the same as deducing from known physical laws the necessity of biological phenomena. Drawing an analogy from pure mathematics, it is possible that while every biological phenomenon may be represented in terms of physics, yet biological statements represent a class of “undecidable” statements within the framework of physics. Such a conjecture is reinforced by the history of physics itself and illustrated on several examples. The 19th century physicists tried in vain todeduce electromagnetic phenomena from mechanical ones. A similar situation may exist in regard to biological and social sciences. Quite generally, the possibility of representing a class B phenomena in terms of class A phenomena does not imply that the phenomena of class B can be deduced from those of class A. The consequences of the above on the relation between physics, biology, and sociology are studied. A tentative postulational formulation of basic biological principles are given and some consequences are discussed. It is pointed out that not only can the study of biological phenomena throw light on some physical phenomena, but that the study of social phenomena may be of value for the understanding of the structures and functions of living organisms. The possibility of a sort of “socionics” is indicated.
Learning by Exams: The Impact of Two-Stage Cooperative Tests.

Decades of research have documented the positive impacts of cooperative learning on student success: increased learning, retention through graduation, improved critical thinking, and intrinsic motivation. One cooperative teaching technique, however, has received relatively little attention. In the two-stage cooperative, group, or “pyramid” exam students first take an exam individually—as in traditional testing—and then take the same exam together with their learning group, with the exam grade being a weighted combination of their individual and group scores. This approach uses the exam itself not only for evaluation, but also as a learning tool. Although some researchers have studied group exams, they have not isolated the impact of group tests from individual achievement—an important omission. Using data from a mass lecture introductory sociology course, I found that holding individual achievement constant the group exam process significantly increased learning both for students who knew the material ini...
The Preparation of Immunosuppressant SR-31747

Abstract The preparation of immunosuppressant SR-31747 is described. Attempts to install the Z-allyl amine included Lindlar partial hydrogenation and vinyl stannane methodologies. Ultimately, the Wittig olefination of aldehyde 12, with the ylide derived from β-aminoethyl phosphonium salt 13 proved successful.
Faithful cross-media color matching using neural networks

Cross-media color matching is receiving a great deal of attention as a result of the increasing availability of color devices. The authors propose a practical approach to accurate color rendering, integrating colorimetric and interactive methods by means of feed-forward neural networks trained by back-propagation. This approach could substantially benefit CAD and multimedia systems, offering accurate color matching with a minimum of low cost equipment and little effort on the part of the user. Experimental results, also reported here, confirm the feasibility of the procedure.
Donut-shaped "miniparticles" in nuclei of human and rat cells.

Abstract Donut-shaped “miniparticles” were extracted from nuclei of various types of human and rat cells. Electron-microscopic investigations showed these particles were predominantly in sucrose density gradient fractions that had an approximate sedimentation coefficient of 21S. These particles were 113±8 A o in diameter and had an electron dense center of 29±6 A o . They appeared to be composed of 8 subunits. Quantitative analysis of the number of these particles by electron-micrographic field counting showed nuclei of tumor samples had a larger amount of the particles than the cytosol. However, normal cell cytosol had a larger number of particles than the nuclei. A group of proteins in the 25, 000–33, 000 molecular weight range was shown to be the main protein component by two dimensional gel electrophoresis.
Covalent functionalization of natural rubber latex

A general method was developed for the covalent functionalization of natural rubber latex with fluorinated phenyl azides. Surface functionalization was carried out in either aqueous or organic solvents. The use of poly(ethylene glycol) and hyaluronic acid resulted in biocompatible coatings that prevented proteins from leaching out of the latex. Latex functionalized under aqueous conditions retained their physical properties after storing at room temperature for 1 year.
“Even I Was Tempted”: The Moral Ambivalence and Ethical Practice of Veiling-Fashion in Turkey

Veiling-fashion, with its array of brands and ever-changing styles, has been on the rise in Turkey in the past decade. Although the producers of these styles present them as the perfect melding of fashion and piety, our analysis of focus groups with consumers in Istanbul and Konya in 2009 shows that veiling-fashion is, in practice, rife with ambivalence. Veiling is undertaken in relation to the moral code of of Islam, but fashion, as consumption, works as part of an ever-shifting economy of taste and distinction. In Baudrillard's terms, veiling-fashion is morally ambivalent, caught between its function as modest covering according to Islam and its social signification. In their negotiation of this ambivalence, consumers of these styles turn veiling-fashion into an ethical practice, into part of how they form themselves in relation both to a moral code (Islam) and to the aesthetics, politics, and pleasures of their sociospatial environments. The ethical practice of veiling-fashion thus engages a complex sp...
Cosine-modulated FIR filter banks satisfying perfect reconstruction

The authors obtain a necessary and sufficient condition on the 2M (M=number of channels) polyphase components of a linear-phase prototype filter of length N=2 mM (where m=an arbitrary positive integer), such that the polyphase component matrix of the modulated filter is lossless. The losslessness of the polyphase component matrix, in turn, is sufficient to ensure that the analysis/synthesis system satisfies perfect reconstruction (PR). Using this result, a novel design procedure is presented based on the two-channel lossless lattice. This enables the design of a large class of FIR (finite impulse response)-PR filter banks, and includes the N=2M case. It is shown that this approach requires fewer parameters to be optimized than in the pseudo-QMF (quadrature mirror filter) designs and in the lossless lattice based PR-QMF designs (for equal length filters in the three designs). This advantage becomes significant when designing long filters for large M. The design procedure and its other advantages are described in detail. Design examples and comparisons are included. >
DRAGONS IN THE DUST: THE PALEOBIOLOGY OF THE GIANT MONITOR LIZARD MEGALANIA

(2005). Dragons in the Dust: the Paleobiology of the Giant Monitor Lizard Megalania. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 479-479.
Branching ratio predictions for high energy reactions involving strange particles

Abstract From a combination of SU(3) symmetry and exchange degeneracy in the Regge pole model, a new set of simple branching ratios are predicted. These ratios are experimentally accessible, and their measurement would offer very valuable tests of how accurately the exchange degeneracy formalism holds.
Improved outcomes in patients with osteogenic sarcoma of the head and neck.

BACKGROUND The current study reviews the authors' recent institutional experience in the treatment of osteosarcoma of the head and neck (OSHN). METHODS The clinical records of 44 patients who were treated between 1981 and 1998 for OSHN were reviewed retrospectively. Archived histologic material was reviewed and data were analyzed to identify factors predictive of disease control and survival. Outcomes were compared with a previously reported historic cohort treated at the study institution. RESULTS Patients ranged in age from 6 to 64 years (median, 31 years). The mandible was the primary site in 18 patients (41%), the maxilla in 20 patients (45%), and the skull in 6 patients (14%). Surgery was employed in all 44 patients, neoadjuvant chemotherapy was administered in 30 patients (68%), and postoperative radiation therapy was given to 7 patients (16%). The surgical excision margins were positive in 13 patients (30%). High-grade lesions were reported in 50% patients and low-grade lesions were noted in 18% of patients (grade was not assessable in 32%). Histologic response was “unfavorable” in 22 of 30 patients (73%) who were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The 3-year overall, disease-specific, and recurrence-free survival rates were approximately 81%, 81%, and 73%, respectively (median follow-up of 41 months). Positive surgical margins were found to be the only significant predictor of worse disease-specific survival. Compared with the historical cohort, the current experience demonstrated an obvious improvement in the 5-year local control (35% vs. 78%), distant metastases (37% vs. 13%), and overall survival (23% vs. 70%). CONCLUSIONS Negative surgical margins were found to be the only significant predictor of overall and disease-specific survival. The results of the current study represent a considerable improvement over the authors' previously published experience and compare favorably with the results reported in the literature. Cancer 2002;95:1495–503. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10849
Decompositions of graphs into trees

Let θ be a family of graphs. By a θ-decomposition of a graph G we mean a partition λ of the edge set of G such that every F ϵ π spans in G a subgraph isomorphic to a graph in θ. In this paper we state the following conjecture: If T1 and T2 are two trees having relatively prime sizes then there exists c = c(T1 T2) such that every graph G satisfying the condition δ(G) ⩾ c has a {T1, T2}-decom-position. We prove this conjecture for some special pairs of trees. In particular, we prove it in the following cases: (i) T1 and T2 are stars having relatively prime sizes; (ii) T1 and T2 are paths having relatively prime sizes; and. (iii) T1 = T2 - {v}, where v is a terminal vertex in T2.
Legionellosis in nursing homes and long-term care facilities: what the Slovenian experience can teach us.

To the Editor,In the April issue of this journal, Trop Skaza and colleagues reported an outbreak of healthcare-associated legionellosis at a long-term care facility in Slovenia [1]. The authors pre...
Dental caries: Is it an extinct disease?

Although almost half of U.S. children aged 5 to 17 years are caries-free, less than 5 percent of adults 18 to 65 years have no tooth decay. It appears that caries attacks persist unrelentingly throughout life. Continuous caries prevention, therefore, is essential, especially in an aging population.
Ciliary ectosomes: transmissions from the cell's antenna.

The cilium is the site of function for a variety of membrane receptors, enzymes and signal transduction modules crucial for a spectrum of cellular processes. Through targeted transport and selective gating mechanisms, the cell localizes specific proteins to the cilium that equip it for the role of sensory antenna. This capacity of the cilium to serve as a specialized compartment where specific proteins can be readily concentrated for sensory reception also makes it an ideal organelle to employ for the regulated emission of specific biological material and information. In this review we present and discuss an emerging body of evidence centered on ciliary ectosomes – bioactive vesicles released from the surface of the cilium.
In situ X-ray diffraction studies of iron to Earth-core conditions

Abstract The high-pressure, high-temperature behavior of iron has been investigated to 161 GPa and 3000 K by in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction with double-side laser-heated diamond anvil cells. We found that only α-, γ- and e-Fe can be clearly verified as the stable solid phase in the P–T range studied. Only e-Fe is observed from deep lower mantle (∼1500 km) to outer core conditions. Within the P–T range examined, we did not observe a significant change with pressure or temperature on the c/a ratio of e-Fe. The melting curve of iron has been determined to 105 GPa. A Lindeman law fit gives a melting point of iron at the inner core boundary of 5800 (±200) K, which provides an upper bound on the temperature at that depth. We also examine numerous experimental factors that may complicate the analysis of high P–T diffraction data, and discuss the effects of sample stress on the X-ray diffraction results.
The value of pituitary magnetic resonance imaging in men with hypogonadism.

ABSTRACTPurpose: We assessed the usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain in the evaluation of hypogonadal men with a variety of endocrine patterns.Materials and Methods: A total of 51 men with low levels of total testosterone (TT) or free testosterone (FT) underwent MRI. Erectile dysfunction and/or decreased libido were present in 43 (84.3%) of cases and infertility in 8 (15.7%). Serum prolactin (PRL) was obtained in all cases. Low levels of TT and FT were defined as less than 300 and 1.5 ng/dl, respectively. Markedly low levels of TT were defined as less than 200 ng/dl.Results: In 38 of 51 (74.5%) men the MRI was normal. A small pituitary gland (the partially empty sella syndrome) was noted in 9 (17.6%) cases and microadenoma was noted in 4 (7.8%). Prolactin levels were greater than twice the upper limit of normal in 3 of 4 (75%) cases of adenoma, and low FT was noted in all 4 cases. An additional case of adenoma was identified in a man with markedly decreased TT and normal PRL. All m...
Macrophages Deficient in CTP:Phosphocholine Cytidylyltransferase-α Are Viable under Normal Culture Conditions but Are Highly Susceptible to Free Cholesterol-induced Death MOLECULAR GENETIC EVIDENCE THAT THE INDUCTION OF PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE BIOSYNTHESIS IN FREE CHOLESTEROL-LOADED MACROPHAGES IS AN ADAPTIVE RESPONSE

Macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions accumulate excess free cholesterol (FC) and phospholipid. Because excess FC is toxic to macrophages, these observations may have relevance to macrophage death and necrosis in atheromata. Previous work by us showed that at early stages of FC loading, when macrophages are still healthy, there is activation of the phosphatidylcholine (PC) biosynthetic enzyme, CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CT), and accumulation of PC mass. We hypothesized that this is an adaptive response, albeit transient, that prevents the FC:PC ratio from reaching a toxic level. To test this hypothesis directly, we created mice with macrophage-targeted disruption of the major CT gene, CTalpha, using the Cre-lox system. Surprisingly, the number of peritoneal macrophages harvested from CTalpha-deficient mice and their overall health under normal culture conditions appeared normal. Moreover, CT activity and PC biosynthesis and in vitro CT activity were decreased by 70-90% but were not absent. As a likely explanation of this residual activity, we showed that CTbeta2, a form of CT that arises from another gene, is induced in CTalpha-deficient macrophages. To test our hypothesis that increased PC biosynthesis is an adaptive response to FC loading, the viability of wild-type versus CTalpha-deficient macrophages under control and FC-loading conditions was compared. After 5 h of FC loading, death increased from 0.7% to only 2.0% in wild-type macrophages but from 0. 9% to 29.5% in CTalpha-deficient macrophages. These data offer the first molecular genetic evidence that activation of CTalpha and induction of PC biosynthesis in FC-loaded macrophages is an adaptive response. Furthermore, the data reveal that CTbeta2 in macrophages is induced in the absence of CTalpha and that a low level of residual CT activity, presumably due to CTbeta2, is enough to keep the cells viable in the peritoneum in vivo and under normal culture conditions.
Enamel Dissolution by Streptococcal Fermentation of Breakfast Cereals

The amount of radioactive bovine enamel dissolved by the streptococcal fermentation products of 29 breakfast cereals was not dependent on their sugar content. Enamel dissolution was reduced by addition of a variety of inorganic and organic substances, of which those containing calcium were particularly effective.
A three‐dimensional model of the generalized polar wind

[1] The dynamic behavior of the “generalized” polar wind is investigated using a three-dimensional (3-D) dynamic model. The model is composed of two components. The high-altitude component is based on a macroscopic particle-in-cell (mac-PIC) approach that extends from an altitude of 1200 km to several Earth radii. The lower boundary conditions of the mac-PIC model are provided by a 3-D fluid-like model (low-altitude component) that extends down to 100 km in altitude. With the coupled model, the relevant equations are solved along magnetic flux tubes that convect across the high-latitude region. A large number (∼1000) of plasma flux tubes are followed. The total number of simulation particles in the mac-PIC component is 108–109. The generalized polar wind is simulated for an idealized geomagnetic storm, with a time step of 2.5 s. The model properly accounts for many physical mechanisms such as ion-ion collisions, wave-particle interactions, magnetospheric energetic electrons, and low-altitude ion energization. The computing-intensive nature of the model requires utilization of supercomputers with thousands of processors. A 3-D picture is assembled from the temporal evolution of the individual flux tubes by keeping track of their locations. The resulting 3-D dynamic picture is investigated with special emphasis on the difference between the behaviors of the O+ and H+ ions. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) during the storm maximum phase, O+ may remain dominant for altitudes up to several Earth radii; (2) the O+-to-H+ density velocity and flux ratios tend to be greatly enhanced during the storm with time delays of 0.5 to 1 hour; (3) the O+ downward flow tends to occur in the subauroral region and the dawnside of the polar cap; and (4) the O+ downward flux in the polar cap tends to occur below 1 RE altitude and during the storm decay phase.
Hydration, entropy, and energy relationships for periodate oxidations

Periodate oxidations of ethanediol and pinacol each occur in two phases; these are (1) formation and (2) decomposition of the intermediate complex. In phase (1), an increase in acidity gives . The rate of oxidation of ethanediol decreases with increasing acidity, whereas the rate of oxidation of pinacol maximizes with H5IO6. For both glycols, the activation energy increases and ΔSact decreases with increasing acidity. In phase (2), the energy of activation is essentially constant with pH, whereas the rate decreases, and the entropy of activation decreases modestly as pH decreases. The latter correlates with the nonhomogeniuty of product formation. Rates for 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol are also listed. Pentaerythritol forms an inactive complex with or H5IO6 indicating the importance of chelation in the formation of the intermediate complex. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamics and Stability Limits of Syngas Combustion in a Swirl-Stabilized Combustor

The combustion dynamics, stability bands and flame structure of syngas flames under different operating conditions are investigated in an atmospheric pressure swirl-stabilized combustor. Pressure measurements and high-speed video data are used to distinguish several operating modes. Increasing the equivalence ratio makes the flame more compact, and in general increases the overall sound pressure level. Very close to the lean blowout limit, a long stable flame anchored to the inner recirculation zone is observed. At higher equivalence ratios, a low frequency, low amplitude pulsing mode associated with the fluid dynamic instabilities of axial swirling flows is present. Further increasing the equivalence ratio produces unstable flames oscillating at frequencies coupled with the acoustic eigenmodes. Additionally, a second unstable mode, coupled with a lower eigen-mode of the system, is observed for flames with CO concentration higher than 50%. As the amount of hydrogen in the fuel is increased, the lean flammability limit is extended and transitions between operating regimes move to lower equivalence ratios.Copyright © 2008 by Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Scratch test model for the determination of fracture toughness

Abstract We revisit the scratch test within the framework of linear elastic fracture mechanics. In the analysis, we employ an Airy stress function approach to determine stresses and displacement in the vicinity of the scratch-blade–material interface, which serve as input for the evaluation of the energy release rate by means of the J-Integral. In contrast to previous models, the energy release rate thus found scales with the sum of the applied forces squared. This entails a linear relation between the applied forces and w d , where w is the scratch width and d the scratch depth. This analytical scaling is validated using experimental scratch data on cement paste and sandstone, which shows that the proposed approach provides a convenient way to determine the fracture toughness from scratch tests carried out with different scratch widths and depths.
On Computation of the Hadamard Transform and the R Transform in Ordered Form

This correspondence describes an improved computational algorithm for the Hadamard transform and the R transform. By performing the computation "in place", the number of storage locations is minimized and the speed is increased. The transformed coefficients are in the order of increasing sequency.
Defense against Sybil attack in vehicular ad hoc network based on roadside unit support

In this paper, we propose a timestamp series approach to defend against Sybil attack in a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) based on roadside unit support. The proposed approach targets the initial deployment stage of VANET when basic roadside unit (RSU) support infrastructure is available and a small fraction of vehicles have network communication capability. Unlike previously proposed schemes that require a dedicated vehicular public key infrastructure to certify individual vehicles, in our approach RSUs are the only components issuing the certificates. Due to the differences of moving dynamics among vehicles, it is rare to have two vehicles passing by multiple RSUs at exactly the same time. By exploiting this spatial and temporal correlation between vehicles and RSUs, two messages will be treated as Sybil attack issued by one vehicle if they have the similar timestamp series issued by RSUs. The timestamp series approach needs neither vehicular-based public-key infrastructure nor Internet accessible RSUs, which makes it an economical solution suitable for the initial stage of VANET.
Founder effects and the genetic structure of Coulter pine

Mean expected heterozygosity at 33 isozyme loci decreased with latitude from 0.193 near the southern extreme of Coulter pine's range to 0.107 at its northern extreme. This decrease was paralleled by a loss of alleles north of the Peninsular Ranges of southern California. Fifteen alleles dropped out along the roughly lineal range, at points coincident with large gaps in the species' distribution. The pattern may reflect a cascading series of founder events as Coulter pine invaded the Trans. verse Ranges and the South Coast Ranges from Pleistocene refugia. Alleles were not replaced following colonization, probably because migration, Nm, among populations is only 0.74-1.27, depending on estimator, the lowest values reported in any pines. Wright's (F(ST)) indicated that 16.5% of the total genic diversity is among populations. The fixation index, (F(IS)) of 0.072 indicated only a moderate excess of homozygotes. However, the northernmost outlier had significant excess homozygosity (F = 0.253). Hybridization may also play a role in the genetic structure of Coulter pine: 16 alleles were novel, or private, occurring only where Coulter pine was sympatric with Jeffrey pine, particularly at San Benito Mountain. Some of these novel alleles could be the result of introgression from Jeffrey pine, or possibly represent hybrizymes, products of intragenic recombination between genomes.
Getting to green: understanding resource consumption in the home

Rising global energy demands, increasing costs and limited natural resources mean that householders are more conscious about managing their domestic resource consumption. Yet, the question of what tools Ubicomp researchers can create for residential resource management remains open. To begin to address this omission, we present a qualitative study of 15 households and their current management practices around the water, electricity and natural gas systems in the home. We find that in-the-moment resource consumption is mostly invisible to householders and that they desire more real-time information to help them save money, keep their homes comfortable and be environmentally friendly. Designing for domestic sustainability therefore turns on improving the visibility of resource production and consumption costs as well as supporting both individuals and collectives in behavior change. Domestic sustainability also highlights the caveat of potentially creating a green divide by making resource management available only to those who can afford the technologies to support being green. Finally, we suggest that the Ubicomp community can contribute to the domestic and broader sustainability agenda by incorporating green values in designs and highlight the challenge of collecting data on being green.
The Topic of Small Clauses

This article proposes that understanding the syntax and semantics of small clauses (SCs) requires understanding their topic structure. The article focuses on two observations: (a) the lack of passive for verbs that take bare infinitival complements and (b) the lack of a narrow scope interpretation for subjects raised from adjectival SCs. It shows that with bare infinitival complements, the subject of the SC is not the topic; this contrasts with adjectival SCs, where the subject must be a topic. The differences between verbal and adjectival SCs then follow. Finally, the article compares raising verbs with adjectival SC complements and raising verbs with infinitival complements, showing again that the differences in the syntax and semantics of such constructions are related to whether or not the subject of the embedded clause must be a topic.
Towards Robust Multi-Layer Traffic Engineering: Optimization of Congestion Control and Routing

In the Internet today, traffic engineering is performed assuming that the offered traffic is inelastic. In reality, end hosts adapt their sending rates to network congestion, and network operators adapt the routing to the measured traffic. This raises the question of whether the joint system of congestion control (transport layer) and routing (network layer) is stable and optimal. Using the established optimization models for TCP and traffic engineering as a basis, we find the joint system can be stabilized and often maximizes aggregate user utility. We prove that both stability and optimality of the joint system can be guaranteed for sufficiently elastic traffic simply by tuning the cost function used for traffic engineering. Then, we present a new algorithm that adapts on a smaller timescale to changes in traffic distribution and is more robust to large traffic bursts. Uniting the network and transport layers in a multi-layer approach, this algorithm, distributed adaptive traffic engineering (DATE), jointly optimizes the goals of end users and network operators and reacts quickly to avoid bottlenecks. Simulations demonstrate that DATE converges quickly
The Expansion of the Labor Market in Capitalist Russia: 1861–1917

Anyone interested in the historical anlysis of the emergence of a wage labor force in the early stages of industrialization will find much of interest in Rashin's study of the Russian case. The value of this study, an expansion and elaboration of a work published in 1940, lies in both over-all and sector estimates of the growth and composition of the work force, and in detailed data on specific aspects of the movement from the land to the factory.
Situated Learning and the Situated Knowledge Web: Exploring the Ground Beneath Knowledge Management

Knowledge is now recognized as an important basis for competitive advantage and many firms are beginning to establish initiatives to leverage and manage organizational knowledge. These include efforts to codify knowledge in repositories as well as efforts to link individuals using information technologies to overcome geographic and temporal barriers to accessing knowledge and expertise. We suggest that Knowledge Management (KM) efforts, to be successful, need to be sensitive to features of the context of generation, location, and application of knowledge. To this end, we highlight the situated organizational learning perspective that views knowledge as embedded in individuals, in connections between individuals, and in artifacts as a useful lens to examine phenomena related to the establishment of KM initiatives. In an ethnographic case study of an effort to change knowledge-work processes in a market research firm, we apply the situated knowledge perspective to highlight the factors responsible for the limited success of the initiative in the firm. This study suggests that a consideration of the situated knowledge web and the alignment of the initiatives with the features of the knowledge web are central to success in knowledge management efforts in firms.
Capacitance extraction of 3-D conductor systems in dielectric media with high-permittivity ratios

We describe a perturbation formulation for the problem of computing electrostatic capacitances of multiple conductors embedded in multiple dielectric materials. Unlike the commonly used equivalent-charge formulation (ECF), this new approach insures that the capacitances are computed accurately even when the permittivity ratios of the dielectric materials are very large. Computational results from a three-dimensional multipole-accelerated algorithm based on this approach are presented. The results show that the accuracy of this new approach is nearly independent of the permittivity ratios and superior to the ECF for realistic interconnect structures.
Micro-cantilever Array Pressure Measurement System for Biomedical Instrumentation

An analog signal processing IC for micro-cantilever array is designed for pressure measurement in biomedical applications. The chip includes analog multiplexer, instrumentation amplifier, sample and hold circuit, on chip voltage reference, SAR ADC and digital control unit. The 8-b ADC attains 45.4 dB SNDR and 56.4 dB SFDR while operating at 772 KHz. The chip occupies an area of 1.54 mm2 and consumes 17.8 mW power with a single 3.3 V supply. The chip was fabricated in a 0.35 mum 2-poly 4-metal process.
Rural Health Disparities, Population Health, and Rural Culture

In this commentary, I place the maturing field of rural health research and policy in the context of the rural health disparities documented in Health United States, 2001, Urban and Rural Health Chartbook. Because of recent advances in our understanding of the determinants of health, the field must branch out from its traditional focus on access to health care services toward initiatives that are based on models of population health. In addition to presenting distinct regional differences, the chartbook shows a pattern of risky health behaviors among rural populations that suggest a “rural culture” health determinant. This pattern suggests that there may be environmental and cultural factors unique to towns, regions, or United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) economic types that affect health behavior and health.
Intraoperative brachytherapy with the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap in advanced oral and oropharyngeal cancer: A preliminary report

Intraoperative brachytherapy with radioactive Iodine 125 seeds using a pectoralis major myocutaneous flap for carotid artery coverage and primary repair was used in 10 patients with advanced oral and oropharyngeal carcinoma. There were no major complications such as orocutaneous fistula, carotid artery blowout, or wound breakdown. Fifty percent of the patients are alive without evidence of disease. By introducing a nonirradiated blood supply with the myocutaneous flap, re-irradiation by brachytherapy is possible without significant complications. It is recommended that the use of intraoperative brachytherapy with 125I seeds be entertained when surgery is indicated for advanced or recurrent oral or oropharyngeal cancer.
Shifting the diagnosis of periprocedural myocardial infarction upstream

Prevention of periprocedural myocardial infarction (MI) has been the target of substantial research effort.1,2 Even routine, elective, uncomplicated percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has been demonstrated to produce embolization.3 The greater the patient acuity is, such as with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, the larger is the degree of embolization and the more apparent the clinical consequences. Although the exact threshold of PCI-related myonecrosis that is clinically relevant remains a matter of debate, few would challenge the central concept that myonecrosis is best avoided if possible.1,2 Article p 1948 Detection of periprocedural MI rests largely on the use of creatine kinase myocardial isoform (CK-MB) measurement. The problem with this approach is that by the time the myonecrosis is detected, the proverbial horse is out of the barn. Troponin measurements are more sensitive though less validated in this setting and still give information regarding myonecrosis only after the fact, though, at least in some study populations, have been shown to provide incremental information.4 Newer imaging modalities such as cardiac magnetic resonance imaging are able to detect microinfarctions,5 though, once more, the diagnosis is being made after the damage is done. Biomarkers, particularly those associated with inflammation, also seem to predict subsequent myonecrosis.6 Diminished response to antiplatelet therapy has also been linked to increased degrees of post-PCI myonecrosis, including in elective PCI.7–9 Although heightened inflammatory status or relative antiplatelet resistance may predispose to plaque embolization and subsequent platelet aggregatory response during PCI, other procedural factors that predispose to embolization such as plaque burden caused by lesion length and severity or that predispose to ischemia such as prolonged balloon inflation time would not be expected to be fully factored in by any combination of preprocedural tests. In this issue of Circulation , Balian and colleagues10 describe a …
An immunofluorescence study of the effects of ultraviolet radiation on the organization of microfilaments, keratin intermediate filaments, and microtubules in human keratinocytes

Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy has been used to investigate the ultraviolet (UV) radiation induced disruption of the organization of microfilaments, keratin intermediate filaments, and microtubules in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes. Following irradiation, concurrent changes in the organization of the three major cytoskeletal components were observed in cells incubated under low Ca2+ (0.15 mM) conditions. UV irradiation induced a dose-dependent condensation of keratin filaments into the perinuclear region. This collapse of the keratin network was accompanied by the reorganization of microfilaments into rings and a restricted distribution of microtubules, responses normally elicited by exposure to high Ca2+ (1.05 mM) medium. The UV induced alteration of the keratin network appears to disrupt the interactions between keratin and actin, permitting the reorganization of actin filaments in the absence of Ca2+ stimulation. In addition to the perinuclear condensation of keratin filaments, UV irradiation inhibits the Ca2+ induced formation of keratin alignments at the membrane of apposed cells if UV treatment precedes exposure to high Ca2+ medium. Incubation of keratinocytes in high Ca2+ medium for 24 hours prior to irradiation results in the stabilization of membrane associated keratin alignments and a reduced susceptibility of cytoplasmic keratin filaments to UV induced disruption. Unlike results from investigations with isogenic skin fibroblasts, no UV induced disassembly of microtubules was discernible in irradiated human keratinocytes. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Innate Immune CD11b+Gr-1+ Cells, Suppressor Cells, Affect the Immune Response during Theiler’s Virus-Induced Demyelinating Disease

Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease associated with an inflammatory immune response in the CNS. Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induced demyelinating disease is a relevant mouse model for the study of multiple sclerosis. TMEV infection of susceptible mice leads to a persistent virus infection of the CNS which contributes to development of demyelinating disease. We have previously shown that the innate immune response can affect the development and progression of demyelinating disease. In the current studies, we determined that the predominant infiltrating cells during the innate immune response are CD11b+Ly6C+ cells. CD11b+Ly6C+ cells are immature myeloid cells that have exited the bone marrow without maturing and have been shown to suppress CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. Therefore, we wanted to determine what role these cells play in development and progression of demyelinating disease. TMEV-infected mice depleted of CD11b+Ly6C+ cells during the innate immune response developed a reduced demyelinating disease which was associated with a decreased myelin-specific CD4+ T cell response and a decreased inflammatory immune response in the CNS. TMEV-infected mice depleted of CD11b+Ly6C+ cells had increased virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses during early virus infection associated with increased expression of IFN-γ and IL-17 and decreased expression of IL-10 in the CNS. These results suggest that CD11b+Ly6C+ cells which infiltrate into the CNS during the innate immune response are myeloid-derived suppressor cells that suppress virus-specific T cell responses and contribute to the development of demyelinating disease.
GABAergic regulation of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons in the male rat

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A and GABA B receptor blockade and activation on the activity of tuberoinfudibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neurons in male rats. The activity of TIDA neurons was estimated by measuring the concentration of the primary dopamine metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the media eminence. Administration of the GABA A receptor SR 95531 increased DOPAC concentration in the median eminence, and decreased plasma concentrations of prolactin, in a dose- and time-related manner. Administration of the GABA A receptor agonist isoguvacine had no effect per se on DOPAC concentrations in the median eminence, but produced a delayed decrease in plasma prolacin concentration. Isoguvacine pre-treatment prevented the increase agonist baclofen decreased DOPAC concentrations in the median eminence, and increased plasma prolactic concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. Administration of the GABA B concentrations in the median eminence and increases in neurons per se, but blocked baclofen-induced decreases in DOPAC concentrations in the median eminence and increases in plasma prolactin concentrations. These results indicate that while activation of GABA B recepectors inhibits TIDA neurons, these neurons are tonically inhibited by endogenous GABA acting at GABA A but not GABA B receptors.
Intracardiac echocardiography to guide closure of atrial septal defects in children less than 15 kilograms.

Background: Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) is increasingly replacing transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) as the primary imaging technique to guide device closure of atrial septal defects (ASD). Owing to the length of the procedure, the use of TEE requires general anesthesia. Investigators have reported the usefulness of ICE in adults and children. However, little is known about the use of ICE in children whose weight is <15 kg. Therefore, this study examines the use of ICE guided secundum ASD closure in children <15 kg. Methods: Nineteen patients with a median age of 3.1 years (range 1.8–4.8), and median weight of 13.2 kg (range 8.0–14.4) underwent transcatheter occlusion (Amplatzer occluder) of a secundum ASD using ICE guidance. ICE was performed using an Acunav® catheter. The ICE catheter (10 F shaft) was introduced into an 11 F sheath in a contralateral femoral vein. Diagnostic as well as periprocedure imaging was obtained. Results: Sixteen patients had single, and three had multiple defects. Median defect size as measured by ICE was 16 mm (range 2.5–25). The median balloon stretched diameter (obtained in eight patients) was 18 mm (range 10–21); the median size of the defect for these eight patients was 15 mm (range of 8–20). Both techniques for measuring the defect correlated well with r = 0.94. The ASD occluder size ranged from 7 to 26 mm with a median of 18 mm. The procedure was successful in 16 patients who had a device implanted and no residual shunt. ASD occlusion was not attempted in two patients due to deficient rims and in one patient, the attempt failed due to left atrial disk prolapse through the ASD. Four patients experienced transient complications during the catheter procedure, including supra ventricular tachycardia, sinus bradycardia, and two with complete heart block (resolving with device removal); all had subsequent successful device placement. No complications were attributed to the use of ICE and specifically, no vascular injury was noted. Conclusions: Comparable to results with larger patients, ICE provides adequate imaging (preprocedure diagnosis and periprocedure guidance) during device occlusion of secundum ASDs with no significant complications. Thus, ICE can successfully be used in the closure of ASD in smaller patients (<15 kg) and eliminate the need for endotracheal intubation. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Strategies for Handling Missing Data in Detecting Postoperative Surgical Site Infections

Researchers are increasingly interested in the secondary use of EHR data to detect specific outcomes and adverse conditions. Our aim is to develop valid, robust, and practical EHR-derived models for identifying postoperative surgical site infections (SSIs). SSIs can be classified into superficial, deep, and organ/space, and are costly with significant morbidity. Compared with administrative/claims data that previous research heavily relied on, our use of EHR data has the potential to allow for the construction of more informative SSI detection models. Unfortunately, secondary use of EHR data can be challenging due to its often incomplete nature -- some specific tests are just ordered to only a subset of patients (e.g., 52% of the surgical patients in our cohort do not have any white blood cell count data within 30 days after the operation). Mostly researchers ignore it by excluding cases or single variables with missing data, or imputing missing values for variables with slight amount of missing data. However, because of the high missingness rate in our data, to simply discard incomplete cases may result in losing important indicators of SSI. In our previous work, we only utilized the complete cases to detect SSIs within 30 days after surgery using the gold standard outcome from a validated national surgical registry -- National Surgical Quality Improvement Project (NSQIP)[1]. In the current study, we sought to explore several popular treatments of missing data. The performance of the models after applying different treatments are compared to that of the reference model based on the complete cases.
Feasibility and Acceptability of Classroom-Based Interventions for Students With Emotional/Behavioral Challenges at the High School Level:

Little is known about the feasibility and acceptability of interventions designed to address the needs of high school students with emotional and behavioral challenges and adopted by their teachers. In this study, 336 general and special education teachers rated classwide interventions (e.g., expectations, routines, positive student–teacher interactions [PSTI]) and individual student interventions (e.g., study skills, organizational skills) in terms of priority, feasibility, and acceptability before implementation. Teachers who implemented the interventions rated their acceptability post-implementation. Results indicated that acceptability ratings varied across interventions, and it appeared that teachers rated interventions that required the least amount of time to implement (e.g., PSTI) most acceptable and those that required the most time for implementation (e.g., study skills) least acceptable. Lack of time, perceived lack of effectiveness, and poor environmental fit were often cited as reasons for la...
Recovery Amid Pro-Anorexia: Analysis of Recovery in Social Media

Online communities can promote illness recovery and improve well-being in the cases of many kinds of illnesses. However, for challenging mental health condition like anorexia, social media harbor both recovery communities as well as those that encourage dangerous behaviors. The effectiveness of such platforms in promoting recovery despite housing both communities is underexplored. Our work begins to fill this gap by developing a statistical framework using survival analysis and situating our results within the cognitive behavioral theory of anorexia. This model identifies content and participation measures that predict the likelihood of recovery. From our dataset of over 68M posts and 10K users that self-identify with anorexia, we find that recovery on Tumblr is protracted - only half of the population is estimated to exhibit signs of recovery after four years. We discuss the effectiveness of social media in improving well-being around anorexia, a unique health challenge, and emergent questions from this line of work.