cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Saving the Constitution from Lawyers: How Legal Training and Law Reviews Distort Constitutional Meaning

This book is a sweeping indictment of the legal profession in the realm of constitutional interpretation. The adversarial, advocacy-based American legal system is well suited to American justice, in which one-sided arguments collide to produce a just outcome. But when applied to constitutional theorizing, the result is selective analysis, overheated rhetoric, distorted facts, and overstated conclusions. Such wayward theorizing finds its way into print in the nation's over 600 law journals – professional publications run by law students, not faculty or other professionals – and peer review is almost never used to evaluate worthiness. The consequences of this system are examined through three timely cases: the presidential veto, the 'unitary theory' of the president's commander-in-chief power, and the Second Amendment's 'right to bear arms'. In each case, law reviews were the breeding ground for defective theories that won false legitimacy and political currency. This book concludes with recommendations for reform.
The Post-Islamist Turn and the Contesting Visions of Democratic Public Religion

This article examines the relationship between religion and sociopolitical development in the context of the re-emergence of popular social movements in Muslim societies in the Middle East and North Africa. It makes a case that despite the decline of Islamism as a mode of social mobilization, religion maintains an active presence within the public sphere. Focusing on the religious-political discourses of Abdolkarim Soroush and neo-Shariatis, as the representatives of two distinct post-Islamist currents in post-revolutionary Iran, the article identifies some of the capacities and limitations of their particular conceptions of democratic public religiosity for contributing to the ongoing processes of change in Iran and other contemporary Muslim societies.
Erratum to: Demographic, Economic, Household, and Health Profile of Grandparents Responsible for Grandchildren

The article accidentally claimed GrFG refers to anyone who responded with a ‘‘yes’’ to the following question: Is this grandparent currently responsible for most of the basic needs of any grandchild(ren) under the age of 18 who live(s) in this house or apartment? It also states that the sample included any GRfGs at or over the age of 21 and who reside in the US mainland (contiguous states) for a total of 9,177 actual survey respondents. Instead, the analytic sample should have been described as follows: GrFG refers to anyone who reported being responsible for grandchild(dren) for less than 6 months. The sample included any GRfGs at or over the age of 21 and who reside in the US mainland (contiguous states) for a total of 9,177 actual survey respondents. GRfGs in this analysis only includes grandparents responsible for grandchildren for less than 6 months. The author apologizes deeply for the mistake and the inconvenience caused to the readers.
EFFECT OF AGING ON VERTICAL VISUAL TRACKING AND VISUAL-VESTIBULAR INTERACTION

We investigated the effect of aging on vertical smooth pursuit, small-field optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), and visual-vestibular interactions (VVI). Telescopic spectacles were used to magnify the visual effects of head movements and accentuate the demand on VVI. Eleven normally sighted young subjects (age 30 +/- 6 y, mean +/- SD), and 9 normally sighted elderly subjects (age 70 +/- 8 y) were studied. Three types of stimulus motion were used: 1) predictable single sinusoidal frequencies from 0.8 to 3.2 Hz, 2) poorly predictable motion consisting of a sum of multiple harmonics of a 0.4 Hz fundamental, and 3) unpredictable velocity impulses. Tracking gains declined with frequency and stimulus unpredictability but were always greater for young than elderly subjects. Pursuit gain was always less than OKN gain for subjects tested under comparable conditions of frequency and velocity. In both subject groups, pursuit and OKN tracking exhibited phase lags at higher frequencies, particularly for poor predictable motion. Tracking phase lags were greater for pursuit than OKN and were consistently greater in the elderly than in young subjects. In young subjects, stimulus dimming using a 2 log neutral density filter reduced tracking gains and increased phase lags. In both young and elderly subjects, VOR gain was < 1.0 at low frequencies and increased slightly with increasing frequency. Visually enhanced VOR gain during normal vision was the ideal value of 1.0 at all frequencies in both subject groups. During wearing of telescopic spectacles, the young subjects exhibited marked gain enhancement that was greatest at lower frequencies and greater during predictable than unpredictable motion. Young subjects were able to suppress the VOR by fixation of real or imaginary targets moving with the head; this suppression was better at the lowest frequencies and for predictable motion. Phase errors were substantial for significant VVI in young subjects but were minimal in the elderly. Visual enhancement of VOR gain, as well as suppression by real and imaginary head-fixed targets, were attenuated in the elderly subjects. During rotations in which young subjects wore 4x telescopic spectacles, 2 log unit dimming of the visual environment reduced gain and increased phase lags. The deficiencies in VVI exhibited by elderly subjects are attributable both to deficits in the visual tracking component, as well as to nonvisual mechanisms, because even changes in mental set are less effective in modifying gain in older subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Stresses and coping in ICU nursing: I. A review

The literature on stresses in ICU nursing is reviewed to help the liaison psychiatrist facilitate nurses' coping with the considerable stresses in their work environment. Excessive workloads and understaffing have been found to be the most intense stresses. Also important are intrapsychic and interpersonal issues such as emotional reaction to loss, conflicts between ICU personnel, and insecurity stimulated by great responsibility in patient care. The studies reviewed suggest that nurses cope with these stresses by talking things out, by active mastery of complex technical procedures, and by drawing on mutually shared past experiences. Based on the above findings, the authors suggest means to reduce stress and enhance ICU nurses' coping.
Policy for the Protection and Reuse of Non-Copyrightable Database Contents

With the increasing use of the Internet, many of us feel strongly about the free and unfettered exchange and use of information. But the actual situation is not that simple. After the European Union adopted the Database Directive to provide legal protection for non-copyrightable database contents, the U.S. has introduced six legislative proposals, all of which failed to become a law. One of the major difficulties of formulating a socially beneficial database law is in finding the right balance between protecting the incentives of creating publicly accessible databases (including semi-structured web sites) and preserving adequate access to factual data for value creating activities. We address the problem by developing an extended spatial competition model that explicitly considers the inefficiencies in policy administration. With the model, we can determine various conditions and the corresponding socially beneficial policy choices. The results show that, depending on the cost level of database creation, the degree of differentiation of the reuser database, and the efficiency of policy administration, the socially beneficial policy choice can be protecting a legal monopoly, encouraging competition via compulsory licensing, discouraging voluntary licensing, or even allowing free riding. The results provide useful insights to the formulation of a socially beneficial database protection policy.
A Variational Approach to Shape from Defocus

We address the problem of estimating the three-dimensional shape and radiance of a surface in space from images obtained with different focal settings. We pose the problem as an infinite-dimensional optimization and seek for the global shape of the surface by numerically solving a partial differential equation (PDE). Our method has the advantage of being global (so that regularization can be imposed explicitly), efficient (we use level set methods to solve the PDE), and geometrically correct (we do not assume a shift-invariant imaging model, and therefore are not restricted to equifocal surfaces).
Molecular biology of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma progression: Aberrant activation of developmental pathways

Embryonic development marks a period of peak tissue growth and morphogenesis in the mammalian lifecycle. Many of the pathways that underlie cell proliferation and movement are relatively quiescent in adult animals but become reactivated during carcinogenesis. This phenomenon has been particularly well documented in pancreatic cancer, where detailed genetic studies and a robust mouse model have permitted investigators to test the role of various developmental signals in cancer progression. In this chapter, we review current knowledge regarding the signaling pathways that act during pancreatic development and the evidence that the reactivation of developmentally important signals is critical for the pathogenesis of this treatment-refractory malignancy.
The hemolymph proteins of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus: II. A lipoprotein serologically identical to oocyte lipovitellin

Abstract Statistical analyses of mean protein and copper concentrations in hemolymph samples from 435 female blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus Rathbun), grouped according to an arbitrary classification of ovary size, indicate that there is a significant increase in protein and copper concentrations of the hemolymph during oocyte maturation. Techniques are described for the isolation of lipovitellin, the major high-density lipoprotein in mature oocytes, and a lipoprotein from hemolymph serum which has been found almost exclusively in adult females. The two lipoproteins have identical mobilities and staining reactions when subjected to vertical starch gel electrophoresis. Lipovitellin and the serum lipoprotein are indistinguishable in analyses using immunochemical techniques. It is probable that lipovitellin is synthesized external to the ovary and transferred to the oocytes during vitellogenesis.
Effects of arc current on the life in burner rig thermal cycling of plasma sprayed ZrOsub2-Ysub2Osub3

An analysis of thermal cycle life data for four sets of eight thermal barrier coated specimens representing arc currents (plasma gun power) of 525, 600, 800, or 950 amps is presented. The ZrO2-8Y2O3/NiCrAlY plasma spray coated Rene 41 rods were thermal cycled to 1040 C in a Mach 0.3-Jet A/air burner flame. The experimental results indicate the existance of a minimum or threshold power level which coating life expectancy is less than 500 cycles. Above the threshold power level, coating life expectancy more than doubles and increases with arc current.
The ZNF217 Gene Amplified in Breast Cancers Promotes Immortalization of Human Mammary Epithelial Cells

Thefunctional consequences of overexpression of a candidate oncogene on chromosome 20q13.2, ZNF217 , were examined by transducing the gene into finite life span human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs). In four independent experiments, ZNF217 -transduced cultures gave rise to immortalized cells. HMECs that overcame senescence initially exhibited heterogeneous growth and continued telomere erosion, followed by increasing telomerase activity, stabilization of telomere length, and resistance to transforming growth factor β growth inhibition. The incremental changes in telomerase activity and growth that occurred in ZNF217 -transduced cultures after they overcame senescence were similar to the conversion pattern we have described previously in rare HMEC lines immortalized after exposure to a chemical carcinogen. Aberrant expression of ZNF217 may be selected for during breast cancer progression because it allows breast cells to overcome senescence and attain immortality.
The Diverse Schools Dilemma: A Parent's Guide to Socioeconomically Mixed Public Schools by Michael J. Petrilli

An increasingly common urban tale is that of the politically correct yuppie couple drawn to the big city's vibrant diversity, yet pulled to the suburbs by the lure of “good schools.” A good school,...
Renten‐ und Gesundheitsinformationen: Datensammlung und Datennutzung für die politische Gestaltung

Auszug Eine wachsende Zahl von Landern entwickelt oder reformiert die Renten- und Gesundheitspolitik angesichts der Alterung der Bevolkerung, um die Wohlfahrt der Burger zu fordern. Das unterschiedliche Vorgehen in den verschiedenen Landern fuhrte zu einer Reihe von naturlichen Experimenten. Dies ist eine ungewohnliche Gelegenheit, die Auswirkungen dieser verschiedenen Masnahmen auf Gesundheit und Renten, das Verhalten von Individuen und Familien und die Wohlfahrt zu untersuchen. Diese Gelegenheit wahrzunehmen, ist nur mit einer harmonisierten Datensammlung moglich. Eine wachsende Zahl von Landern hat sich bereit erklart, harmonisierte Daten im Rahmen einer Studie uber Gesundheit und Renten in den Vereinigten Staaten zur Verfugung zu stellen. Der vorliegende Beitrag analysiert dieses Datenmaterial, einschlieslich der zentralen Parameter, die Rente und Gesundheitszustand, Forschungsansatze, Stichproben und Rucklaufquoten bestimmen. Er erortert auch die Moglichkeiten, die diese Daten fur landerubergreifende Studien bieten, sowie deren Bedeutung fur Evaluierung und Entwicklung politischer Ansatze.
Analysis of the Globose Basal Cell Compartment in Rat Olfactory Epithelium Using GBC-1, a New Monoclonal Antibody against Globose Basal Cells

The olfactory epithelium (OE) supports ongoing neurogenesis throughout life and regenerates after experimental injury. Although evidence indicates that proliferative cells within the population of globose (light) basal cells (GBCs) give rise to new neurons, little is known about the biology of GBCs. Because GBCs have been identifiable only by an absence of staining with reagents that mark other cell types in the epithelium, we undertook to isolate antibodies that specifically react against GBCs and to characterize the GBC compartment in normal and regenerating OE. Monoclonal antibodies were produced using mice immunized with regenerating rat OE, and a monoclonal antibody designated GBC-1, which reacts against GBCs of the rat OE, was isolated. In immunohistochemical analyses, antibody GBC-1 was found to label GBCs in both normal and regenerating OE as we are currently able to define them: basal cells that incorporate the mitotic tracer bromodeoxyuridine and fail to express cytokeratins or neural cell adhesion molecule. During epithelial reconstitution after direct experimental injury with methyl bromide, expression of the GBC-1 antigen overlaps to a limited extent with expression of cell-specific markers for horizontal basal cells, Bowman's gland and sustentacular cells, and neurons. These data suggest that GBC-1 may mark multipotent cells residing in the GBC compartment, which are prominent during regeneration. However, a limited number of cells in the regenerating OE with other phenotypic characteristics of GBCs lack expression of the GBC-1 antigen. GBC-1 has revealed novel aspects of GBC biology and will be useful for studying the process of olfactory neurogenesis.
Localized Retroperitoneal Lymphangioleiomyomatosis Mimicking Malignancy

Abstract Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (lymphangiomyomatosis [LAM]), a rare disease of unknown etiology that is seen only in women usually in the reproductive period, generally presents with features of pulmonary involvement. Extrapulmonary involvement, such as angiomyolipomas and retroperitoneal adenopathy, can occur in up to 75% of cases. It is very rare, however, for patients to present with features of extrapulmonary LAM. We present an unusual, localized case of LAM presenting with neurologic symptoms related to a retroperitoneal mass in a 51-year-old woman. Magnetic resonance imaging showed that the mass involved retroperitoneal lymph nodes, and a clinical diagnosis of atypical sarcoma (possibly from a uterine primary) was made. The mass was resected, and a total abdominal hysterectomy was performed. On pathologic examination, the mass showed classic histologic features of LAM with spread along lymphatic channels in the lymph nodes. Intralymphatic projections simulated lymphatic metastasis; however, the c...
A Cytotoxic Proteinase Isolated from Human Lymphocytes

A proteinase active at physiologic pH was isolated from unstimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes with gel filtration and affinity chromatography. The proteinase with a molecular mass of approximately 30,000 daltons was completely inhibited by diisopropylfluoro-phosphate (DFP) and soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI). Incubation of the lymphocyte enzyme with 3 H-proline labeled T24 human bladder carcinoma cells resulted in significant cytotoxicity of the target cells. Cytotoxicity was only observed with much higher concentrations of trypsin. Similar results were obtained with a 51 Cr release assay. This investigation demonstrates that unstimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes contain a cytotoxic proteinase capable of killing pre-labeled target cells. The proteinase may be involved in lymphocytemediated cytotoxicity.
High-performance sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel capillary electrophoresis of peptides and proteins.

Abstract High-performance capillary sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) has been developed for the separation and molecular weight (MW) determination of peptides and proteins. In this work, acrylamide was polymeized in fused-silica capillaries of 75 μm I.D. and 10 or 20 cm length. On-line UV detection was employed by placing the capillary in the optical path of the detector. Rapid separations of myoglobin fragments and of a mixture of standard proteins were demonstrated with efficiencies of the order of 40 000 plates for a column, 20 cm in length. Linear plots of log MW vs. mobility for the SDS protein complexes were observed. Variation in the percentage monomer compositin (% T) of the polyacrylamide yielded the expected common intercept of log mobility vs. % T, confirming the size separation mechanism in the gel capillaries. The separation of the A and B chains of insulin with a 10-cm column in less than 10 min was also demonstrated.
El primer aporte de los obispos de Brasil a la codificación del derecho canónico de 1917: los 'postulata' de los arzobispos de San Salvador de Bahía y de Rio de Janeiro

In 1904, Pope Saint Pius X ordered the first draft for the Code of Canon Law that the Latin Church ever had. The codification task, however, was not only the work of a closed group of experts, but it also took into account the considerations of the Latin episcopate that was consulted in two different occasions and, in both times, the bishops of the ecclesiastics provinces of Brasil were consulted. Based on the documents kept at the Vatican Secret Archives, this article studies the contribution of the bishops of the ecclesiastics provinces of Brasil in their first request in 1904.
MEGADEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA: FROM HERITAGE LANDSCAPES TO “LEISURESCAPES” IN MELAKA'S TOURISM SECTOR

In Malaysia, state promotion of tourism as a main component of service sector expansion and foreign exchange earnings has compelled government at all levels to facilitate leisure industry development. Even in the relatively small state of Melaka, where its historic landscapes constitute significant heritage tourism resources, development projects for theme parks and golf resorts have proliferated. This analysis examines Malaysian tourism development through an evaluation of the diverse tourism sectors in Melaka town and state—heritage, theme park, golf resort, and ecotourism—to demonstrate how the developmental contexts of national and international economic restructuring, combined with regional tourism demand for activity-oriented leisure, have rationalised large-scale, high-cost, environmentally-sensitive real estate development projects. In the process, authentic natural and historic landscapes have been rapidly forsaken for ersatz “leisurescapes” where both domestic and foreign tourists consume representations of diverse symbolic worlds.
Melt inclusions and crystal-liquid separation in rhyolitic magma of the Bishop Tuff

Melt inclusions in quartz phenocrysts from a single clast of pumice near the base of the plinian pumice fall of the Bishop Tuff were studied to test ideas concerning separation of melt and crystals in silicic magmas. Ten analyzed inclusions from the pumice clast are of high silica rhyolite composition with very low contents of the highly compatible elements Ba, Sr, and Eu, consistent with extensive fractionation. The concentrations of U, La, Ce, Mg, and Ca of these ten melt inclusions vary considerably as determined by ion microprobe. Petrologic considerations indicate that uranium is an incompatible element with a maximum bulk partition coefficient D of about 0.2 and that the evolution of the uranium content of the melt was controlled by crystallization of the magma. A minimum of 33 wt% perfect fractional crystallization is required to explain the observed range in uranium. However, only 17 wt% crystals occurred in the pumice clast. The greater calculated fraction of crystals requires significant separation of crystals and melt before the eruption of the plinian pumice fall in spite of the fact that crystal mixing (settling, etc.) did not occur in the Bishop magma.
Public utility cost of capital models: an examination of assumptions

ABSTRACT The controversy chat exists in rate-hearing cases can be partially attributed to participants assuming theoretical compatibility between various cost of capital models, when in fact, equivalence assumptions are unsupportable. Using the traditional model, the capital asset pricing model, and the Modigliani and Miller cost of capital model, the authors show equivalency exists only under certain conditions of no change in business risk and financial risk. Unless these conditions hold, the cost of capital calculated using any of these three models is wrong. The authors derive a generalized cost of capital model.
Bricks and Mortar for a Theory of Intelligence

Intelligence may be thought of as three kinds of activities carried out by secretive agencies: first, the gathering, interpreting, and distribution of information (collection and analysis, for short); second, clandestine attempts to manipulate events abroad (covert action); and, third, the guarding against the hostile operations of foreign intelligence agencies (counterintelligence). This paper examines a core set of propositions about these activities that, taken together, point toward the outlines of a theoretical framework for understanding intelligence. The propositions and the evidence suggest that effective collection and analysis is, above all, a function of national wealth, but depends as well on focused targeting, all-source synergism, and good communication links (“liaison”) between intelligence officers and policy officials. Successful, sustained covert action also relies on national wealth, and is a function in addition of modest objectives, weak targets, and the support of well-armed local al...
Neuroprotective strategies for traumatic brain injury: improving clinical translation

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces secondary biochemical changes that contribute to delayed neuroinflammation, neuronal cell death, and neurological dysfunction. Attenuating such secondary injury has provided the conceptual basis for neuroprotective treatments. Despite strong experimental data, more than 30 clinical trials of neuroprotection in TBI patients have failed. In part, these failures likely reflect methodological differences between the clinical and animal studies, as well as inadequate pre-clinical evaluation and/or trial design problems. However, recent changes in experimental approach and advances in clinical trial methodology have raised the potential for successful clinical translation. Here we critically analyze the current limitations and translational opportunities for developing successful neuroprotective therapies for TBI.
A “Superactive” Charcoal for Antidotal Use in Poisonings

Amoco Grade PX-21 powdered activated charcoal was found to adsorb nearly three times as much sodium salicylate from simulated gastric fluid than did another charcoal (Norit A), which is representative of the best of all other charcoals heretofore available. This indicates the potential superior effectiveness of the Amoco charcoal as an oral antidote in poisonings.
Crystal structures and magnetic properties of mixed iridium-ruthenium triple perovskites. 2. Ba3MRuIrO9 (M=Li, Na, Mg, Ni, Zn, Bi, In).

Crystal structures and magnetic properties of polycrystalline Ba3MRuIrO9 (M1+ = Li, Na; M2+ = Mg, Ni, Zn; M3+ = Bi, In) were investigated. Rietveld refinements of the crystal structures using powder diffraction data indicate that, with the exception of Ba3BiRuIrO9, all compounds crystallize in the 6H-BaTiO3 structure type in space group P63/mmc; Ba3BiRuIrO9 crystallizes in space group C2/c. The 6H-BaTiO3, or triple-perovskite, structure is composed of hexagonal and cubic stacking of [AO3] layers and contains face- and corner-sharing octahedra. The structures in this study contain a disordered mixture of Ir and Ru in the face-sharing octahedra dimers, which are connected via corner-shared MO6 octahedra. Magnetic susceptibility measurements as a function of temperature were carried out on each compound. Effective magnetic moments were smaller than values estimated using spin-only moments, which indicate the presence of spin−orbit coupling and strong interactions in the face-sharing octahedra that contain a ...
Measurement of axonal membrane conductances and capacity by means of a varying potential control voltage clamp.

A new mode of voltage clamping in the squid giant axon is introduced and its advantages are analyzed, tested, and utilized to investigate membrane conductances and capacity. This method replaces the constant command potentials of the standard voltage clamp with potentials which vary with time. Some of the advantages in using the varying potential clamp are: (1) slowly varying potentials generate practically pureIK; (2) rapidly varying potentials generate practically pureINa; (3) triangular waves generate, under proper conditions, pure capacity currents and easy-to-analyze leakage currents; (4) the method gives direct, on-line display of sodium or potassium I–V characteristics within milliseconds; (5) it enables rapid and accurateENa andEK determinations; and (6) it enables simple and accurate determination ofCm. The method was utilized to study the effects of various ions on membrane conductances and the effects of ionic composition, ionic strength, and temperature on membrane capacity. Membrane capacity was found to be practically independent of frequency in the 200 to 2,000 Hz range. Replacement of external sodium by Ca++, by impermeable Tris+, or even by dextrose or sucrose (low ionic-strength solutions) had negligible effects onCm.Cm showed a small, positive temperature coefficient of 1.39% per °C in the 3 to 21°C range, and little change with temperature in the 20 to 40°C range. Above 40°C, bothCm andgL increased considerably with temperature.
Pricing of Mutual Fund Services in Retirement Plans: Evidence from Open-End Equity Funds

Management fees of mutual funds are more costly to investors than is often realized. Moreover, research indicates that in many cases, the fees are not related to performance, contrary to what might be expected from an efficient market. This study uses sample data to illustrate the consequences of inefficiency to an individual investor. It then turns to an empirical examination of the determinants of the ratio of management fees to total assets (MER), investigating market concentration, fund performance, and non-performance characteristics as explanatory variables. All of these classes of variables contributed to the variation of MERs.
Life stress and the course of early-onset bipolar disorder.

Background Studies of adult bipolar patients and adolescents with major depression indicate that life stress and mood symptoms are temporally and causally related to one another. This study examined whether levels of life stress predict levels of mood symptoms among bipolar adolescents participating in a treatment development study of family-focused psychoeducation and pharmacotherapy.
Defining the Available Labor Pool: The Kansas Labor Force Survey

One of the key questions for employers seeking to locate or expand their operations is whether a prospective community has an available and affordable labor force with the prerequisite skills. This study outlines an applied theoretical perspective and a set of survey methods to move beyond the inherent limitations of unemployment rates and other census data used to infer availability and prevailing wage rates of a community's workforce. Applying these methods to Kansas in 2001, the authors found more than 7% of Kansans of working age, or about 110,000 potential workers, were unemployed in some manner but were available for job opportunities. Another 12.6% of the Kansas labor force, or just more than 159,000 people, were employed (full- and part-time) and were actively seeking new employment opportunities. A total of 43.7% of the Kansas labor force, or about 651,000 people, would consider a new employment opportunity given the right circumstances.
Sexual allocation and andromonoecy: resource investment in male and hermaphrodite flowers of Solanum carolinense (Solanaceae)

Male and hermaphrodite flowers from the andromonoecious perennial Solanum carolinense were compared. Hermaphrodite flowers were 1 1-16% heavier than males, and this difference was consistent for two clones studied. Hermaphrodite flowers contained a greater amount of nitrogen than did male flowers, but males had higher percent nitrogen. Male and hermaphrodite flowers had equal investment in male structures: stamen mass, number of pollen grains, mass of pollen grains ejected by vibration, and pollen size were all similar for the two flower types. In contrast, male flowers had reduced masses of disfunctional female structures: ovaries of males were 1/3 as massive, and styles 1/7 as massive, as those of hermaphrodites. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that male flowers (which occur where fruit set is unlikely) increase male fitness through pollen donation, while saving resources that would otherwise be invested in hermaphrodite flowers that abscise.
Impact of comorbid affective and alcohol use disorders on suicidal ideation and attempts

The effect of concurrent affective and alcohol use disorders on suicidal ideation and behavior was investigated. The Diagnostic Interview Schedule Version III-R (DIS) was administered to 307 adult veteran men ranging in age from 23 to 78. Participants were classified into one of four groups based on their final DIS diagnosis-lifetime unipolar depression and lifetime bipolar I disorder with or without a lifetime alcohol use disorder. Logistic regression analyses indicated that veterans with a major affective disorder were at greater risk for suicidality than veterans without an affective disorder. However, veterans with unipolar depression were at no greater risk for suicidality than those with bipolar I disorder. Unipolar and bipolar I disorders with a concurrent alcohol use disorder were always associated with an increased risk for suicidality.
Ultrasonic attenuation calculations for magnesium, zinc, and cadmium. II. Shear waves

The normal-state shear-wave attenuation has been calculated for propagation along the three principal symmetry directions in magnesium, zinc, and cadmium. The real metal theory of Pippard employing Fermi surfaces of these metals based on band structure calculations was used to calculate the attenuation. The attenuation was calculated for five shear modes for ql values between 0.1 and 60. The shear deformation parameter was assumed to equal zero in these calculations. The calculations are compared with experimental data for the fast shear modes for propagation along the [11–20] and [10–10] directions.
Formulation and Validation of Operating Speed-Based Design Consistency Models by Bootstrapping

Current U.S. policy for designing rural two-lane highways is based on design speed to ensure consistency among consecutive highway segments. The design speed concept, however, does not ensure that a consistent alignment will be achieved. A recent FHWA-sponsored project (Horizontal Alignment Design Consistency for Rural Two-Lane Highways) led to three operating speed-based geometric design consistency models, which have not yet been validated. Traditionally, the validation of such models involves the collection of additional data. The statistical technique known as “bootstrapping” was used to formulate and validate the operating speed-based geometric design consistency models by using the existing FHWA database. Bootstrapping involves random sampling with replacement from the existing database, which becomes the population. One-half of the original data collected are used in formulating the models. The remaining half of the data are subsequently used for validation. The models resulting from bootstrapping ...
Can Cultural Competency Speak to the Race Disparities in Methadone Dosage Levels

Although national methadone treatment trends have improved substantially from 1988 to 2001, current research has found that African Americans still receive lower dosages of methadone treatment than their white and Hispanic counterparts, which has significant public health concerns. We sought to empirically examine whether the degree of cultural competency within an outpatient substance abuse treatment (OSAT) organization has influence on the methadone dosage levels received by African Americans in 1995 and in 2005. The 1995 and 2005 National Drug Abuse Treatment System Survey (NDATSS) provided a nationally-representative, stratified sample of 618 and 566 OSAT organizations, respectively, of which 121 and 140 affiliated methadone maintenance treatment programs, respectively, were analyzed. The organizations’ director and clinical supervisor were surveyed. Fixed-effects linear regression models were fitted with measures of cultural competency, client, and organizational characteristics to assess methadone dosage levels. Culturally-competent units have smaller numbers of methadone clients, greater percentages of clients who receive methadone dosages of less than 40 mg/d, smaller percentages of clients who receive methadone dosages of 80 mg/d or more, and provide a larger number of therapeutic and ancillary services during treatment than non-culturally-competent units. OSAT units with more African Americans are significantly more likely to have clients who receive dosages of less than 40 mg/d and are significantly less likely to have clients who receive dosages of 80 mg/d or more. There is no racial difference among culturally-competent unit clients who receive dosages of less than 40 mg/d, between 40 and 59 mg/d, between 60 and 79 mg/d, and 80 mg/d or more. However, among non-culturally-competent units, a racial difference exists among African Americans and other clients who receive these various dosage levels. Research indicating that African Americans receive lower dosages of methadone than their White and Hispanic counterparts may now be explained by whether these clients receive treatment in culturally competent organizations, rather than solely by arguments related to organizational differences in resources, experience and training of staff, staff bias and/or racism. Culturally competent organizations may seek a method of treatment that dissuades “replacing one drug for another,” while simultaneously treating the root cause of the addiction through the provision of comprehensive therapeutic and ancillary support services. Further research is needed to determine if cultural competency results in better substance abuse treatment outcomes for African Americans.
An Integrated Methodology for QOS Driven Reusable Component Design and Component Selection

Embedded systems complexity has been increasing drastically in recent years. This had a negative impact on the product development cycle (PDC). The increasing software and hardware concurrency, and the need for architectural optimization, have also complicated the PDC. One way of enhancing system productivity is to exploit the principle of "design-and-reuse" to its full potential. Component-based design is one effective way of implementing "design-and-reuse". However, given a library of components with varying performance parameters and quality-of-service metrics, it is often difficult to select the right components that will satisfy the system requirements. In this paper, we develop an automated process of component selection. We further demonstrate the proposed methodology by applying it for component selection for a network-on-chip (NOC) architecture.
THERMAL CONTACT CONDUCTANCE OF NOMINALLY FLAT, ROUGH SURFACES IN A VACUUM ENVIRONMENT

Steady state thermal conductance coefficient at interface formed by nominally-flat rough contacting surface placed in vacuum environment
Perturbation expansion of the single‐electron density matrix for the impurity problem

A method for expanding the single-electron density matrix is sketched by using an expansion theorem due to Schafroth for the matrix element of a general function of an operator.
A Statistical Study of the Relationships between Ocean Surface Temperatures and the Indian Monsoon

Abstract The hypothesis that Indian Ocean sea surface temperatures are linked to the intensity of the Indian summer monsoon was tested using sea temperature, rainfall and sea level pressure data for the period 1949–72. The data sets were compacted using empirical orthogonal function analyses. The time coefficients of the most important functions were used to statistically test the general hypothesis. The results suggest that in summer a warmer Arabian Sea or Indian Ocean is weakly associated with decreased rainfall and increased sea level pressure over much of the Indian subcontinent. The relationship between the Indian summer monsoon and the sea surface temperatures of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean was also investigated. This analysis suggests that higher than normal Indian sea level pressures are often associated with higher eastern Pacific sea temperatures one month later and higher Indian region sea temperatures another month later.
Towards survivable network virtualization

Network virtualization decouples the traditional Internet Service Provider (ISP) into the infrastructure provider (InP) and the service provider (SP). Disruptive technologies hence can be easily employed by the SP and transparently mapped to the physical network managed by the InP after resolving the network embedding problem. In this work, we investigate the survivable network embedding (SNE) problem. We transform the SNE problem into a multi-commodity network flow problem, and present an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) model to achieve joint optimal resources allocation for both the working and backup demands. For large-scale problems, we propose an efficient algorithm based on the tabu-search meta-heuristic, which is shown to be close to the optimal results from the ILP.
Prediction of Bed Height in a Self-Aggregating Yeast Ethanol Tower Fermenter

A packed bed region and a mixed region were observed in an ethanol tower fermenter packed with flocs of self-aggregating yeast. Sizes of yeast flocs were 2–3 mm and 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter in the packed bed region and the mixed region, respectively. Three major factors were found to affect the height of the packed bed region significantly. They were dilution rate, nutrient limitation, and hydrodynamic limitation. An empirical method was proposed using these three factors to predict the height of the packed bed region in the fermenter.
Bioencapsulation of five forms of erythromycin by adult Artemia salina (L.)

Uptake of five chemical forms of erythromycin by adult Artemia salina (L.) (erythromycin phosphate -EP, erythromycin stearate - ES, erythromycin estolate - EE, erythromycin hydrate - EH and crystalline erythromycin - CE)was investigated in two trials. In each trial, final erythromycin concentration in Artemia tissue and survival after a 12-h bioencapsulation period were determined. In the first trial, Artemia tissue concentration after a 12-h bioencapsulation period was significantly (P CE (37.1 ′ 10.7 μg mL - 1 ) > EP (16.4 ′ 7.7 μg mL - 1 ) > control. In trial 2, Artemia tissue concentration was also significantly (P CE (89.1 ′ 1.7 μg mL - 1 ) > ES (78.9 ′ 1.6 μg mL - 1 ) > EP (33.4 ′ 5.2 μg mL - 1 ) > control. Survival was significantly affected by erythromycin form in trial 1 with EP = control (100 ′ 0.0%) > ES (74.4 ′ 2.0%) > CE (32.2 ′ 0.3%) > EH (8.8 ′ 4.4%). In trial 2, survival was also significantly affected by erythromycin form with EP = control (100 ′ 0.0%) > ES (67.1 ′ 3.7%) > CE (52.5 ′ 7.7%) > EE (5.0 ′ 2.5%). Based on both uptake and survival, EP and ES appear to be appropriate compounds for bioencapsulation of erythromycin using live adult Artemia.
Teacher Effectiveness in Team Teaching

(1967). Teacher Effectiveness in Team Teaching. The Journal of Experimental Education: Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 65-70.
Small-angle scattering contrast calculator for protein and nucleic acid complexes in solution

Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) with contrast variation can provide useful information about the structure and disposition of two or more chemically distinct components within a complex. The SASSIE Contrast Calculator (SCC) is a new software tool designed to assist in planning SANS experiments with contrast variation on protein and nucleic acid complexes. On the basis of the primary sequence and deuteration level of each protein or nucleic acid component, the SCC calculates and plots I(0), contrast and scattering length densities; since SANS experiments often complement small-angle X-ray scattering studies, the program provides both neutron and X-ray parameters. The SCC is run as an integrated component of SASSIE [Curtis, Raghunandan, Nanda & Krueger (2012). Comput. Phys. Commun. 183, 382–389], a software suite for atomistic modeling of ensembles of structures consistent with scattering data.
Improving Business-Government Relations: What is the Role and Responsibility of Schools of Public Affairs

In this article I present a discussion of the role of schools of public affairs in promoting and facilitating business-government cooperation. A survey of National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration (NASPAA) members was conducted to determine if public administration schools are concerned about this issue and if they are involved in activities intended to foster public-private relations and cross-sector understanding. Results of the survey indicate that schools have a modest but increasing concern about business-government relations and that this concern is translated into some actions on their part. Schools of public affairs take their public service missions seriously and are engaged in a wide range of activities aimed at supporting the public sector practitioner. Much less energy is directed toward private sector constitutencies or toward promoting cross sector cooperation or understanding. A listing of activities aimed at promoting business-government relations is compiled and...
Supply rates for powered air-purifying respirators.

Abstract This study establishes the required air supply rate for powered air-purifying respirators used with half-masks. The methods considered in establishing the supply rate were matching of the maximum inspiratory flow, provision of positive pressure in the mask and reduction of leakage to 0.1%. In all approaches the recommended supply rate for a medium work rate of 415 kg-m/minute was found to be approximately 113 liters per minute.
The development of occupational sex-role stereotypes: The effects of gender stability and age

This study investigated occupational sex-role stereotypes of nursery school, kindergarten, third-grade, and sixth-grade children, and the effects of their acquiring gender constancy, specifically the concept of gender stability. Two types of occupational attitudes were assessed: (1) personal aspirations (PA) and (2) ideas about jobs men and women do. The latter were determined using the Occupations Survey (OS). Children chose stereotyped occupations for themselves even before they had a concept of gender stability. Boys' personal aspiration responses were more stereotyped than girls'. On the Occupations Survey, gender-stable nursery schoolers' responses were more stereotyped than those of the nonstable children; and a significant effect for age was found, with stereotyping decreasing among third graders and sixth graders. No sex differences were found on the OS. Differences in the two areas of occupational attitudes suggested two processes of learning sex roles. Social learning more readily accounts for the early stereotyped answers on the PA. Cognitive developmental theory is congruent with the OS scores of the nursery school children.
The use of propranolol for complicated infantile hemangiomas.

Objective To assess propranolol efficacy and safety in complicated infantile hemangiomas in two different age groups. Patients and methods We report on 68 infants with infantile hemangiomas treated with oral propranolol at the lowest effective dose at different ages for a period of six months. Inclusion criteria were life-threatening hemangiomas, function-threatening hemangiomas, facial hemangiomas with risk for disfigurement, and extensive and ulcerated hemangiomas. A previously designed safety protocol was applied to all patients. The evolution of all hemangiomas since baseline (pre-therapy) until the end of follow-up was assessed on the basis of clinical features (color, palpable softening, size, and volume) and taken at follow-up visits. Results Our results showed that propranolol was effective in arresting the proliferative phase and in accelerating the involution of infantile hemangiomas in 92.6% of cases. Propranolol efficacy was clear even when it was started after 12 months of life at low dose; after discontinuation of therapy there was a moderate-to-severe regrowth in 9.3% of cases and a mild regrowth in 22.5%. No adverse events were observed. Conclusions Propranolol should be used as first-line medical treatment in all cases of complicated infantile hemangiomas.
Deforestation and landscape structure changes related to socioeconomic dynamics and climate change in Zagros forests

The Zagros region of western Iran has been affected by the recent changes both in amount and in structure of forest cover. We evaluated the influence of several driving forces on forest cover and structure, including socioeconomic (urban and rural population and rural income) and climatic (mean annual rainfall and mean annual temperature) variables. We acquired all time series Landsat images of a study site from 1972 to 2009. The images were classified to produce a land cover map of each year. We calculated landscape and patch metrics and identified independent sets of metrics to describe forest change. The most influential driving force for forest loss was urban population and climatic variables to some extent. These challenges should be addressed at broader scales than those associated with the livelihoods and traditional management of local communities. Rural population had a significant association with landscape structure which should be considered in designing restoration projects.