cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulation of non-isothermal transients in gas/condensate pipelines using TVD scheme

A non-isothermal transient flow of gas/condensate in pipelines is discussed. The main objective of the model is to predict the distribution of major parameters along the pipeline. Two-fluid model coupled with dispersed with uniform droplet size flow regime is used to describe the flow. A non-isothermal condition is incorporated to the model through energy equations written for each phase. Energy and mass transfer between the phases are taken into consideration and regarded as a source/sink terms in phases' equations. Inertia terms in the phases' momentum equations are also included. An explicit, five-point, second-order accurate total variation diminishing (TVD) scheme is formulated to solve the system of governing equations. Special attention is given to the treatment of boundary conditions at inlet and outlet of the pipeline. TVD scheme is found to preserve the shock adequately, with small dispersion effect. The obtained results are found to be quantitatively descriptive; however, they can not be quantified because of the lack of experimental data.
Alveolar Bone Regeneration after Removal of Inflammatory and Traumatic Factors

In this investigation periodontal destruction was produced by a combination of inflammatory and traumatic factors. After the inflammation was resolved and the trama stopped, a significant amount of alveolar bone regeneration took place. The implications of these findings for the management of advanced periodontal disease are discussed.
Qualitative exploration of nurses' decisions to activate rapid response teams.

Aims and objectives To identify barriers and facilitators to nurses' decisions regarding activation of rapid response teams (RRTs) in hospitals. Background Hospitalised patients in the United States who experience cardiopulmonary arrest seldom recover. Most of these patients show signs of clinical deterioration prior to cardiopulmonary arrest. RRTs have been shown to decrease the incidence of cardiopulmonary arrest by bringing needed resources to unstable patients. Despite the evidence in support of the activation of RRTs, nurses do not always use this resource. Nurses' decisions to activate or not to activate the RRT are not clearly understood. Design We used a qualitative design for this study. Methods A purposive sample of 15 medical/surgical nurses was recruited from a small medical centre in the Midwest. Researchers used semistructured, open-ended questions to elicit subject responses regarding facilitators and barriers to activating RRTs. Results Themes emerged and were categorised as facilitators and barriers to calling the RRT. Facilitators and barriers were then subdivided into distinct subthemes: RRT characteristics and unit culture. The expertise of the RRT members and support and encouragement from nursing unit colleagues and leaders emerged as two potential facilitators. Communication of the RRT members and calling the physician first emerged as two potential barriers. We also identified educational factors that were not clearly facilitators or barriers to calling the RRT. Conclusions Further study is needed using quantitative designs with larger sample sizes. Relevance to clinical practice Nurses can build upon knowledge of facilitators and barriers related to RRT characteristics and nursing unit culture.
Particle states as realizations (linear or nonlinear) of spacetime symmetries

Abstract After commenting on the historical importance of Wigner's 1939 paper, some general considerations are presented regarding the introduction of nonlinearities in the structure of quantum mechanics. It appears that a good way to search with high sensitivity for such nonlinearities is to look for violations of predictions of symmetry principles, like the Wigner-Eckart theorem, that depend not only on the assumed symmetry, but also on the linear superposition principle of quantum mechanics.
Continuous approximate solution of ordinary differential equations and their systems

Abstract The solution of initial value problems in ordinary differential equations are continuously differentiable functions, yet all effective methods presently used for the numerical solution of these problems either in scalar or vector form are discrete processes—they yield a finite set of approximate values of the solution. The process derived in this paper yields a continuously differentiable function (a polynomial) which gives fourth order Runge-Kutta approximations at all interior points of each interval of application and a fifth order approximation at each end point. Like conventional fifth order Runge-Kutta algorithms, the process requires only six evaluations of the given directional function per application or step; it is endowed with an imbedding property for step-size control and provides valuable information about committed local truncation errors. It may be called a continuous imbedded Runge-Kutta process of maximum order five; it is valid for both scalar and vector cases.
An effective method for harvesting salmon

Abstract In this paper, we attempt to model the population dynamics of the migratory salmon and develop an easily implemented, sustainable harvesting strategy. We first examine the life cycle of the salmon and conclude that it could be best and most simply modelled by a coupled system of nonlinear difference equations. We choose difference equations because of the essentially discrete nature of the annual cycle in which salmon engage. Salmon can be caught during a relatively short period of time (about four weeks) and only once yearly. We opted for a coupled system in order to emphasize the two distinct habitats in a salmon's life: lake and ocean. We next formulate the model using two possible harvesting strategies: constant yield vs. constant effort. Unfortunately, the complexity of the model prevents more than a cursory examination of any others. We conclude that the constant effort model is more desirable, in part by examining the stability of steady-state solutions of each model. We also determine optimal yield in the constant yield model, given values for the parameters. The theoretical findings are supported by empirical findings, gathered from computer simulations of each harvesting strategy of the model.
Monitoring the Reactions of Single Enzyme Molecules and Single Metal Ions

One approach for studying single molecules is to cycle the molecule through a reaction repeatedly, i.e., to monitor the products from a reaction catalyzed by the molecule of interest. By using a laser-based optical microscope and a CCD detection system, we have determined the chemical activities of individual enzyme molecules. Single molecules are trapped inside femtoliter-size vials (pores in membranes or nanoscopic silica vials manufactured by photolithography) ranging from 5 to 12 μm in diameter and from 4 to 6 μm deep, which act as individual nanoscopic reactors. Single lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-1) molecules are isolated by filling these reactors with very low concentrations of LDH-1, excess lactate, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). The fluorescent product NADH in more than 100 individual reactors can be followed simultaneously in real time. Different reaction characteristics are observed, both in terms of the instantaneous reaction rates and the average rates over a 30-min interval. We ...
Optical Sensor For Closed-Loop Mechanical Testing

Development of accurate constitutive relations for the mechanical behavior of materials at high strain requires continuously interactive testing. Tensile testing at constant true strain rate illustrates this process. In such a test a servo-controlled testing machine is driven by a control signal produced by the difference between a feedback and a command signal. Response of the specimen to the testing environment produces the feedback signal. This paper describes an optical sensor which produces a signal suitable for controlling a servohydraulic test system. The device employs a projection system and a scanning galvanometer mirror to translate a silhouette of a test specimen past a fixed slit covering a photodiode. The photodiode produces an ac waveform, which subsequent processing converts to a dc signal proportional to the minimum dimension of the silhouette scanned. For many materials this provides sufficient information to measure the instantaneous true strain rate in the deforming region. The paper concludes with a discussion of limitations of the device.
Lunar magnetic anomalies and the Cayley formation

Correlation between the Cayley Formation and the magnetic anomaly at the Apollo 16 site in the northern plains of the crater Van de Graaf is discounted. The planar fill in the north end of Van de Graaf is described as dissimilar from Cayley-like plains, and orbital magnetic data collected by Apollo sub-satellites is shown not to substantiate the correlation of Cayley-like plains with any particular magnetic signature. The magnetic anomaly near Van de Graaf is explained as most likely being due to a subsurface source.
Ecology and evolution of microbial populations for bioremediation

Bioremediation exploits the genetic diversity and metabolic versatility of microorganisms for the transformation of contaminants into less-harmful end-products, which are then integrated into natural biogeochemical cycles. Understanding the ecology, physiology and evolution of degradative microorganisms is critical for the successful consideration and implementation of bioremediation. This article focuses on the common ecological and evolutionary constraints that influence bioremediation processes.
5-Oxoprolinuria: Biochemical observations and case report

We have studied a patient with 5-oxoprolinuria who presented with hemolysis and metabolic acidosis as a neonate; he has had normal growth and development to one year of age. Compensated hemolytic anemia persists, and he requires alkalinizing agents for correction of acidosis. Biochemical studies have confirmed that a deficiency of glutathione synthetase is responsible for the 5-oxoprolinuria. Genetic heterogeneity was apparent on comparative study of glutathione synthetase kinetics in cells from two patients with this disorder. The consequences of the deficiency of glutathione synthetase, decreased intracellular glutathione, and overproduction of 5-oxoproline are discussed with reference to the possible cellular roles of these compounds.
Preservation of Human Granulocytes: II. Characteristics of Granulocytes Obtained by Counterflow Centrifugation

Abstract : Human granulocytes were isolated from whole blood and from the buffy coat of blood by counterflow centrifugation using the Beckman JE-6 rotor. Ninety-one percent of granulocytes in the human blood sample were isolated in 59 studies. The differential white blood cell count showed 97% Polys, 1% lymphs, and 2% others. Measurements of oxygen consumption, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis in granulocytes isolated by counterflow centrifugation were similar to those in granulocytes isolated from blood by dextran sedimentation. The granulocytes had normal adenine and guanine di-and trinucleotide levels. After fluorescein diacetate treatment, the cytoplasm of 98.5 + or - 0.7% of fresh granulocytes was positive, while 98.5 + or - 1.2% of the fresh granulocytes excluded ethidium bromide from their nuclei. The response of freeze-preserved granulocytes to treatment with fluorescein diacetate and ethidium bromide showed that 75% of granulocytes survived freezing and thawing in 5% DMSO but were progressively unstable after incubation for 2 hours at 37C.
Three‐Dimensional Echocardiography of Intracardiac Masses

We describe two cases in which three-dimensional echocardiography provided unique anatomical data. This information enhanced the diagnostic power of two-dimensional echocardiography by improving confidence in interpretation and by providing distinctive spatial insights.
Adapting Composition Theory to the Business Communication Course.

Composition research provides a vast field of information from which business communication instructors can draw. Major changes in techniques for responding to student writing include teaching the process of writing and ways to teach grammar.
Resistance to 5-fluoroorotic acid and pyrimidine auxotrophy: A new bidirectional selective system for mammalian cells

We have isolated a clone of murine erythroleukemic cells which will yield a population when a single cell is suspended in a medium composed of dialyzed sera and small molecules. We report that it is feasible—in one experiment—to screen more than 1011 of these cells for growth under selective conditions. After exposure to a mutagen, descendants of our clone were placed in selective media containing 10−4 M 5-fluoroorotic acid and 10−4 M uridine. Cells capable of sustained growth in such media were eventually recovered. Clones of these cells, unlike clones of the parental population, required uridine for growth and contained only 0.39% as much orotate phosphoribosyltransferase, less than 0.5% as much 5-fluoroorotate phosphoribosyltransferase, and 0.013% as much orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase activity as the parental clones. The parental and variant clones had similar levels of activity for six other enzymes that participate in pyrimidine metabolism.
Photoaffinity Labelling of MSH Receptors on Anolis Melanophores: Effects of Catecholamines, Calcium and Forskolin

AbstractPhotoaffinity labelling of MSH receptors on Anolis melanophores was used as a tool for studying the effects of catecholamines, calcium and forskolin on hormone-receptor interaction and receptor-adenylate cyclase coupling. Covalent attachment of photoreactive α-MSH to its receptor was suppressed in calcium-free buffer but was hardly influenced by catecholamines or forskolin. The longlasting signal generated by the covalent MSH-receptor complex was readily and reversibly abolished by adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine or clonidine or by the absence of calcium. The suppression of pigment dispersion by catecholamines was blocked by the simultaneous presence of yohimbine but not prazosin, indicating that the catecholamines antagonize the α-MSH signal by inhibitory action on the adenylate cyclase system through an alpha-2 receptor. Forskolin, which stimulates melanophores by direct action on the catalytic unit of the adenylate cyclase and at about the same speed as α-MSH, produced a slower and weaker r...
Worse Than the Devil: Anarchists, Clarence Darrow, and Justice in a Time of Terror. By Dean A. Strang. (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2013. Pp. xviii, 268. $26.95.)

The author of this book retrieves an episode in Milwaukee that presaged the Red Scare of the post‐World War I period. On the third Sunday of a modest campaign to proselytize for Protestantism in on...
Traffic Aggregation for Malware Detection

Stealthy malware, such as botnets and spyware, are hard to detect because their activities are subtle and do not disrupt the network, in contrast to DoS attacks and aggressive worms. Stealthy malware, however, does communicate to exfiltrate data to the attacker, to receive the attacker's commands, or to carry out those commands. Moreover, since malware rarely infiltrates only a single host in a large enterprise, these communications should emerge from multiple hosts within coarse temporal proximity to one another. In this paper, we describe a system called Ti¾?md (pronounced "tamed") with which an enterprise can identify candidate groups of infected computers within its network. Ti¾?md accomplishes this by finding new communication "aggregates" involving multiple internal hosts, i.e., communication flows that share common characteristics. We describe characteristics for defining aggregates--including flows that communicate with the same external network, that share similar payload, and/or that involve internal hosts with similar software platforms--and justify their use in finding infected hosts. We also detail efficient algorithms employed by Ti¾?md for identifying such aggregates, and demonstrate a particular configuration of Ti¾?md that identifies new infections for multiple bot and spyware examples, within traces of traffic recorded at the edge of a university network. This is achieved even when the number of infected hosts comprise only about 0.0097% of all internal hosts in the network.
Modeling tensile response of fiber‐reinforced polymer composites using discrete element method

An advanced discrete element method (DEM), coupled with imaging techniques, of the tensile response of carbon fiber-reinforced composite materials is presented in this article. DEM was developed using the image-based shape structural model to determine the composites' elastic modulus, stress–strain response, and tensile strength. The developed model utilizes the microfabric micromechanical discrete element modeling technique. Clusters of very small bonded discrete elements were used to model the two composite constituents (matrix and reinforcement). The microparameters of each discrete element were determined from the macrocharacteristics of each constituent. The results from the developed model were compared with the results from an experimental case study. The results obtained from DEM simulations are within the coefficient of variation of the experimental values. The comparison indicates that the image-based DEM micromechanical model accurately determines the elastic modulus and tensile strength of the molded carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composite. POLYM. COMPOS., 34:877–886, 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
The formation of the Alabama middle voice

Abstract Alabama has a middle voice morpheme with three simple variants involving an l, which occur either as prefixes or infixes in the forms il, l, and li. The variants with l are in complementary distribution with a suffix -ka. The l variants of the middle echo a recurrent theme in Alabama verbal morphology whereby minimally specified phonological material is placed in various arrangements (C, VC, CV) and positions (prefix, infix, suffix) subject to certain general prosodic constraints on word formation or verb stem derivation. The formation of the middle voice stem is compared to that of negative stem formation and agent pronominal agreement and shown to be determined by the same general constraint: all radical morphological processes applying to verb stems in Alabama must result in a three-mora, two-syllable final foot. The l stem variants can be minimally specified as /1/ attached to a single mora. The appearance of a -ka suffix, which occurs rather than the phonologically expected ∗-li, is explained historically. The occurrence of a complex suffix -ilka is explained in terms of the semantics of the ‘middle voice’ affix and inherent ‘middle’ semantics of verb stems.
American Management and British Labor: Lancashire Immigrant Spinners in Industrial New England

A member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives sent in 1881 a letter to the state Bureau of Statistics of Labor asking: "Why is it that the working people in Fall River are in constant turmoil when at Lowell and Lawrence they are quiet?" Subsequently the bureau conducted a massive inquiry (Massachusetts 1882: 195-415). It concluded that the main cause of the labor troubles in Fall River during the 1870s was the recent influx of British immigrant cotton workers who brought with them their Old Country tradition of labor militancy. This explanation was generally accepted by later historians. Rowland Berthoff (1953), Clifton Yearly (1957), Charlotte Erickson (1957), and Philip Foner (1947: 227-28) emphasize the growth of militancy in New England textile centers of British immigrants, as well as in other American industries dominated by British-born workers, such as mining, the metals, pottery, stonecutting, and the building trades. To be sure, a longstanding militant tradition among British immigrants in industrial America certainly contributed to the eruption of labor struggles in a number of trades and industries during the Gilded Age. British immigrant workers were above all experienced trade unionists; they carried over their union tradition across the Atlantic. Yet, union tradition does not provide a sufficient explanation for the growth in militancy. After all, employment conditions in the United States were very different from those in Britain. British employers had granted skilled workers complete control over their crafts. American employers, by contrast, challenged the craftsmen's job control. The roots of militant strikes in industries dominated by British skilled workers, 1 therefore argue, are to be sought in the changing status of the craft worker who moved from Britain to the United States. When the British
Kinematic and behavioral evidence for a distinction between trotting and ambling gaits in the cockroach Blaberus discoidalis

Earlier observations had suggested that cockroaches might show multiple patterns of leg coordination, or gaits, but these were not followed by detailed behavioral or kinematic measurements that would allow a definite conclusion. We measured the walking speeds of cockroaches exploring a large arena and found that the body movements tended to cluster at one of two preferred speeds, either very slow (<10 cm s(-1)) or fairly fast (∼30 cm s(-1)). To highlight the neural control of walking leg movements, we experimentally reduced the mechanical coupling among the various legs by tethering the animals and allowing them to walk in place on a lightly oiled glass plate. Under these conditions, the rate of stepping was bimodal, clustering at fast and slow speeds. We next used high-speed videos to extract three-dimensional limb and joint kinematics for each segment of all six legs. The angular excursions and three-dimensional motions of the leg joints over the course of a stride were variable, but had different distributions in each gait. The change in gait occurs at a Froude number of ∼0.4, a speed scale at which a wide variety of animals show a transition between walking and trotting. We conclude that cockroaches do have multiple gaits, with corresponding implications for the collection and interpretation of data on the neural control of locomotion.
A simple route to the indolizidine alkaloid skeleton

Abstract The Barton-Ester (PTOC) methodology allows for the high yielding synthesis of the indolizidine alkaloid skeleton 12 starting from readily available (pyrrol-1-yl)acetic acid 7 .
Improving MBA Teaching Evaluation: Insights from Critical Incident Methodology:

Improvement of the quality of MBA teaching requires use of evaluation instruments unique to the problems and concerns of MBA students. This study used critical incident methodology to develop and evaluate a behaviorally based system to gauge the perception of MBA students regarding teaching quality. Perceptions fell into five distinct categories: instructor's accessibility to the student; instructor's application of course material; instructor's knowledge of the subject; instructor's preparation and organization; and instructor's empathy for the student.
Relationship of Anxiety and Depression Scores to WAIS Performance of Psychiatric Patients

Relationships between the D scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the Taylor Scale of Manifest Anxiety and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale were investigated in 464 acute psychiatric inpatients divided into four age-sex groups. Bivariate product-moment and multiple regression coefficients were obtained between Taylor's scale and D scale scores and both relative and absolute WAIS subtest scores, Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, and Full Scale IQ. 21 of 288 first-order and 7 of 144 multiple regression coefficients were significant. 18 of 21 significant first-order correlations occurred on timed subtests. IQ range had little effect on the magnitude or pattern of relationships obtained. With the exception of the Block Design there was little evidence of any systematic relationship between WAIS performance and either the anxiety or depression scale scores.
The development of obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperglycemia in ob/ob mice

The development of obesity, hyperglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia, was examined in obese-hyperglycemic (ob/ob) mice, their lean littermates, and homozygous lean mice (+/+) between 17 days and 8 wk of age. By 4 wk of age ob/ob mice displayed many of the metabolic characteristics that are typical of the syndrome in adult animals, including elevated systemic insulin and glucose levels, increased body weight, obesity, reduced skeletal growth, and in vivo evidence of insulin resistance. In addition, 4-wk-old lean littermates of obese mice had greater body weights, increased per cent carcass lipid, and higher insulin levels than did +/+ mice of the same age that were raised under identical conditions. At 17 or 21 days of age ob/ob mice, defined by either (1) elevated carcass fat content when compared to littermates at time of killing or (2) by phenotypic expression of obesity at 6 wk of age, exhibited moderate hyperinsulinemia, hypoglycemia, reduced skeletal growth, and "obesity", as expressed by the Lee index. The present results indicate that altered pancreatic beta-cell function, obesity, and abnormalities of somatic growth all precede the onset of hyperglycemia and insulin "resistance" in ob/ob mice. Furthermore, the occurrence of these characteristics before 17 days of age suggests that the transition to laboratory diet is not essential for the expression of the ob mutation. The present data also support recent studies that have described a small but reliable effect of the ob gene on the metabolism of heterozygous lean mice.
First episode schizophrenia-related psychosis and substance use disorders: acute response to olanzapine and haloperidol.

Background: Co-occurring substance use disorders, mostly involving alcohol, cannabis or cocaine, occur commonly in patients with schizophrenia and are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Available but limited data suggest that substance use disorders (especially cannabis use disorders) may also be common in first-episode patients and appear linked to a poor outcome in these patients. Strategies to curtail substance use form an important dimension of the treatment program for both first-episode and chronic patients. We report on rates of co-occurring substance use disorders in patients within their first episode of schizophrenia-related psychosis from a multicenter, international treatment trial of olanzapine vs. haloperidol.
Growth of micro and small enterprises in southern Africa

As policy-makers and members of the donor community have recognized the importance of micro and small enterprises in developing countries, the paucity of information regarding the ways in which MSEs grow and change over time has become glaring. This study examines one issue of small-firm dynamics, namely growth, using new data collected in five southern African countries. The level of human capital embodied in the proprietor, firm location, sector, and proprietor gender are found to be important determinants of growth. The results also indicate an inverse relationship between firm growth and both firm age and firm size.
Defect analysis and yield degradation of integrated circuits

Various attempts have been made to analyze the yield of integrated circuits in the presence of point defects. This paper analyzes the yield considering both radial and angular variation in the defect density. The effect of statistical variations in the average defect density from slice to slice is also included. Different types of defects which affect the yield are reviewed. The degradation in yield due to point defects, line defects, area defects, and defect clusters is considered in detail. A method of optimum chip placement is described, and the results of computer calculations showing yield as a function of chip size are given assuming different defect density distributions. The results are primarily applicable to large integrated circuit chips.
A finite decentralized marriage market with bilateral search

Abstract I study a model in which a finite number of men and women look for future spouses via random pairwise meetings. The central question is whether equilibrium marriage outcomes are stable matchings when search frictions are small. The answer is they can but need not be. For any stable matching there is an equilibrium leading to it almost surely. However there may also be equilibria leading to an unstable matching almost surely. A restriction to simpler strategies or to markets with aligned preferences rules out such equilibria. However unstable—even Pareto-dominated—matchings may still arise with positive probability under those two restrictions combined. In addition, inefficiency due to delay may remain significant despite vanishing search frictions. Finally, a condition is identified under which all equilibria are outcome equivalent, stable, and efficient.
Origin of pathogenic determinants of recombinant murine leukemia viruses: analysis of Bxv-1-related xenotropic viruses from CWD mice.

Abstract The acquisition of U3 region sequences derived from the endogenous xenotropic provirus Bxv-1 appears to be an important step in the generation of leukemogenic recombinant viruses in AKR, HRS, C58, and some CWD mice. We report here that each of three CWD lymphomas produced infectious xenotropic murine leukemia virus related to Bxv-1. In Southern blot experiments, these proviruses hybridized to probes that were specific for the xenotropic envelope and Bxv-1 U3 region sequences. Nucleotide sequence analysis of a cloned CWD xenotropic provirus, CWM-S-5X, revealed that the envelope gene was closely related to but distinct from those of other known xenotropic viruses. In addition, the U3 region of CWM-S-5X contained a viral enhancer sequence that was identical to that found in MCF 247, a recombinant AKR virus that is thought to contain the Bxv-1 enhancer. Finally, restriction enzyme sites in the CWM-S-5X provirus were analogous to those reported within Bxv-1. These results establish that the virus progeny of Bxv-1 have the potential to donate pathogenic enhancer sequences to recombinant polytropic murine leukemia viruses. Interestingly, the three CWD polytropic viruses that were isolated from the same tumor cells that produced the Bxv-1-like viruses had not incorporated Bxv-1 sequences into the U3 region.
Fluoroquinolone Resistance Is a Poor Surrogate Marker for Type II Topoisomerase Mutations in Clinical Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae

The association between fluoroquinolone susceptibility and DNA mutations coding for amino acid substitutions in the quinolone resistance-determining region was assessed with 44 clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Twenty-three strains bore at least one amino acid substitution. Only seven strains with mutations were suggested by diminished susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (MIC, ≥2 μg/ml).
Impact of cancer research bureaucracy on innovation, costs, and patient care.

Batteredworkshoptablesandcrowdedchemicalbenchesbearsilentwitnesstothe thousands of failed prototypes that preceded development of theincandescentlightbulb,waxcylinderphonograph,andothertechni-cal advances described in Edison’s record 1,093 US patents. Edisonoftenwentseveraldayswithoutsleepingandmighthaveworkedevenlonger hours than a 1960s medical house ofﬁcer. He so detestedstoppingworktowaitforsuppliesfromvendorsthathekeptbinsandcupboards stocked with a broad range of exotic materials—anythinghisresearchteamsmightpossiblyneed.If Edison were an American cancer investigator working in theearly21stcentury,delaysinthesupplychainwouldbetheleastofhisperspiration-inducing problems. His shirt might be soaked withsweat, but his productivity would likely be meager and his nameunknown at the patent ofﬁce. Today, the inspirational idealism ofnewly minted medical faculty members with a driving ambition to“cure cancer”—oncology’s Edisons—is being smothered under amountain of red tape, their good intentions crushed by the logisticalrealityofwhatitactuallytakestoopenandexecuteaclinicalstudy.Trials of new drugs, especially in oncology, have become a longrow to hoe.
Output Properties and Organization of the Forelimb Representation of Motor Areas on the Lateral Aspect of the Hemisphere in Rhesus Macaques

Motor output capabilities of the forelimb representation of dorsal motor area (PMd) and ventral motor area (PMv) were compared with primary motor cortex (M1) in terms of latency, strength, sign, and distribution of effects. Stimulus-triggered averages (60 μA) of electromyographic activity collected from 24 forelimb muscles were computed at 314 tracks in 2 monkeys trained to perform a reach-to-grasp task. The onset latency and magnitude of facilitation effects from PMd and PMv were significantly longer and 7- to 9-fold weaker than those from M1. Proximal muscles were predominantly represented in PMd and PMv. A joint-dependent flexor or extensor preference was also present. Distal and proximal muscle representations were intermingled in PMd and PMv. A gradual increase in latency and decrease in magnitude of effects were observed in moving from M1 surface sites toward more anterior sites in PMd. For many muscles, segregated areas producing suppression effects were found along the medial portion of PMd and adjacent M1. Although some facilitation effects from PMd and PMv had onset latencies as short as those from M1 in the same muscle, suggesting equal direct linkage, the vast majority had properties consistent with a more indirect linkage to motoneurons either through corticocortical connections with M1 and/or interneuronal linkages in the spinal cord.
Philosophical ties that bind practice: the case of creativity

This article examines how philosophical assumptions of practice can thwart the conception, adoption, and implementation of critical actions such as creativity. Delineating positivism and interpretivism, it is argued that the former treats the world as an objective system that can be studied through scientific methods, whereas the latter conceptualizes the world as an ambiguous social construction that cannot be readily apprehended via standard empirical inquiry. This distinction is not drawn to aim another invective against positivist science but to connect it to scientific realism and scientific instrumentalism, revealing iterative mutuality. With the cultural value afforded positivism and the formal training delivered in professional schools, practitioners largely adhere to positivist assumptions. Therefore, after identifying and briefly reviewing the creativity literature as it relates to organizational change and innovation, three contrasts are drawn to illustrate how underlying assumptions prevent pr...
A Cognitive Diagnosis Model for Cognitively Based Multiple-Choice Options.

Cognitive or skills diagnosis models are discrete latent variable models developed specifically for the purpose of identifying the presence or absence of multiple fine-grained skills. However, applications of these models typically involve dichotomous or dichotomized data, including data from multiple-choice (MC) assessments that are scored as right or wrong. The dichotomization approach to the analysis of MC data ignores the potential diagnostic information that can be found in the distractors and is therefore deemed diagnostically suboptimal. To maximize the diagnostic value of MC assessments, this article prescribes how MC options should be constructed to make them more cognitively diagnostic and proposes a cognitive diagnosis model for analyzing such data. The article discusses the specification of the proposed model and estimation of its parameters. Moreover, results of a simulation study evaluating the viability of the model and an estimation algorithm are presented. Finally, practical consideration...
The duration of immunity in cattle following inoculation of rinderpest cell culture vaccine

The duration of immunity following a single administration of rinderpest cell culture vaccine, of 90 or more monolayer passages, was studied in E. African zebu (Boran) and grade (cross-bred European) cattle. All animals were kept for periods of 6-11 years in rinderpest-free environments; groups of them (in all 23 Borans and 10 grades) were then challenged by parenteral or intranasal inoculation of virulent virus or by contact exposure to reacting cattle. Nasal excretion of virus was studied daily over the 10-to 14-day period following challenge, and simultaneous attempts were made to detect viraemia. The neutralizing antibody response was followed at 6-month intervals over the whole post-vaccination period and then daily for 10 days and at longer intervals to 3 weeks after challenge. All 33 animals which were exposed by various routes failed to react clinically and a rinderpest viraemia was never detected. No transmission of virus from the vaccinates to susceptible in-contact controls occurred within 14 or more days, from the 20 animals which could be so tested. Clearcut serological responses to challenge were seen in six cattle (four Borans and two grades) which were challenged after 7 years or more; these reactions were all delayed to the 9th or 10th days, i.e. they were not typically 'anamnestic'. These results are discussed in relation to mass vaccination campaigns for the control of rinderpest and from the comparative viewpoint of measles vaccination in man.
Techniques, success, and adverse events of emergency department adult intubations.

Study objective We describe the operators, techniques, success, and adverse event rates of adult emergency department (ED) intubation through multicenter prospective surveillance. Methods Eighteen EDs in the United States, Canada, and Australia recorded intubation data onto a Web-based data collection tool, with a greater than or equal to 90% reporting compliance requirement. We report proportions with binomial 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and regression, with year as the dependent variable, to model change over time. Results Of 18 participating centers, 5 were excluded for failing to meet compliance standards. From the remaining 13 centers, we report data on 17,583 emergency intubations of patients aged 15 years or older from 2002 to 2012. Indications were medical in 65% of patients and trauma in 31%. Rapid sequence intubation was the first method attempted in 85% of encounters. Emergency physicians managed 95% of intubations and most (79%) were physician trainees. Direct laryngoscopy was used in 84% of first attempts. Video laryngoscopy use increased from less than 1% in the first 3 years to 27% in the last 3 years (risk difference 27%; 95% CI 25% to 28%; mean odds ratio increase per year [ie, slope] 1.7; 95% CI 1.6 to 1.8). Etomidate was used in 91% and succinylcholine in 75% of rapid sequence intubations. Among rapid sequence intubations, rocuronium use increased from 8.2% in the first 3 years to 42% in the last 3 years (mean odds ratio increase per year 1.3; 95% CI 1.3 to 1.3). The first-attempt intubation success rate was 83% (95% CI 83% to 84%) and was higher in the last 3 years than in the first 3 (86% versus 80%; risk difference 6.2%; 95% CI 4.2% to 7.8%). The airway was successfully secured in 99.4% of encounters (95% CI 99.3% to 99.6%). Conclusion In the EDs we studied, emergency intubation has a high and increasing success rate. Both drug and device selection evolved significantly during the study period.
The Origins and Organization of Vertebrate Pavlovian Conditioning

Pavlovian conditioning is the process by which we learn relationships between stimuli and thus constitutes a basic building block for how the brain constructs representations of the world. We first review the major concepts of Pavlovian conditioning and point out many of the pervasive misunderstandings about just what conditioning is. This brings us to a modern redefinition of conditioning as the process whereby experience with a conditional relationship between stimuli bestows these stimuli with the ability to promote adaptive behavior patterns that did not occur before the experience. Working from this framework, we provide an in-depth analysis of two examples, fear conditioning and food-based appetitive conditioning, which include a description of the only partially overlapping neural circuitry of each. We also describe how these circuits promote the basic characteristics that define Pavlovian conditioning, such as error-correction-driven regulation of learning.
Nanophase Engineering of Organic Semiconductor-Based Solar Cells

Organic photovoltaics are promising low-cost, easily processable energy sources of the future and are the subject of current academic and industrial interest. In order to achieve the envisioned device efficiencies to surpass commercialization target values, several challenges must be met: (1) to design and synthesize conjugated molecules with low optical bandgaps and optimized electronic energy levels; (2) to optimize the morphology of donor/acceptor interpenetrating networks by controlling nanoscale phase separation and self-assembly; and (3) for precise tuning of the active layer/electrode interfaces and donor/acceptor interfaces for optimized charge transfer. Here, we focus on recent advances in: (i) synthetic strategies for low-bandgap-conjugated polymers and novel fullerene acceptors, (ii) processing to tune film morphologies by solvent annealing, thermal annealing, and the use of solvent additives and compatibilizers, and (iii) engineering of active layer/electrode interfaces and donor/acceptor interfaces with self-assembled monolayer dipoles.
Development of High-Efficiency Insulation

Superinsulation, maximum-efficiency insulation, super-dewars, multiple-layer insulation, all of these terms denote the developments of insulating systems where the heat transfer mechanism of gas conduction solid-to-solid conduction, and radiation have been reduced to a minimum. Although these insulations have been developed only recently, the methods used to reduce heat flow are not fundamentally new. Dewar demonstrated in 1898 that an evacuated space between two vessels, suitably silvered, forms an. effective barrier by radiation-shielding the evacuated space. Smoluchowski, in his contribution to the kinetic theory of gases, showed in 1910 that thermal insulators more effective than air could be made from fine powders in a moderate vacuum. It is on the basis of the work of these scientists that further developments in insulation for cryogenic vessels have proceeded.
Rubella at a Military Installation

(1963). Rubella at a Military Installation. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal: Vol. 6, No. 5, pp. 657-663.
Variable osteoclast appearance in human infantile osteopetrosis.

A light and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) study of iliac crest metaphyseal bone from nine patients with infantile osteopetrosis demonstrates a variable spectrum of osteoclast abnormalities. All bone was obtained at biopsy before treatment. The average age at biopsy was 6 months with a range from 1 to 12 months. Osteoclast number was always increased and the cells were always appropriately positioned in relation to bone and cartilage. Osteoclast number, size, and nucleation varied from mildly to markedly increased. In those with only a mild-to-moderate osteoclast increase, the marrow had an otherwise near-normal appearance with a good complement of hematopoietic cells. In those with markedly increased osteoclasts (hyperosteoclastic state) there were only scanty collections of hematopoietic cells. Light microscopic histomorphometry documented the percentage of bone and cartilage surfaces covered by osteoclasts. Controls from areas of greatest osteoclast presence documented a 5% coverage. One osteopetrotic patient registered a 4.8% value with all others elevated from 7.6 to 27.9%. Quantitative electron microscopy showed the ruffled borderclear zone complex to be absent or markedly diminished in seven of the nine patients. In two, however, osteoclast profiles had abundant ruffled border-clear zone complexes. Patients with the hyperosteoclastic bone marrow were more severely affected clinically. Light and TEM studies of marrow biopsies in initial assessment of osteopetrosis establish a baseline profile, may provide prognostic information, and allow for more meaningful treatment follow-up.
Chemical Vapor Deposition of Copper From Metal-Organic Copper(I) Phosphine Complexes

A series of new, molecular copper(I) compounds with the general formula (β-diketonate)Cu(PMe3) have been prepared which are specifically designed as precursors for the CVD of copper. These species have been designed such that the effects of systematic ligand variations on the CVD process can be examined. The series of derivatives where β-diketonate is one of hexafluoroacetylacetonate, 3 , trifluoroacetylacetonate, 4 , or acetylacetonate, 5 , have been prepared in high yield and are described here. A solid state X-ray diffraction study of 3 reveals that it is monomeric. Cryoscopic molecular weight determination and gas phase FTIR spectroscopy are also consistent with a monomeric structure in liquid and gas phases. Hot-wall CVD of copper from these precursors has been examined under various conditions. Auger electron spectroscopy indicates that the films all exhibit some degree of carbon contamination, but little contamination by oxygen, fluorine or phosphorus.
Influence of pH, Ionic Strength, and Multidentate Ligand on the Interaction of CdII with Biochars

Pyrolysis temperature-dependent changes in pH, ionic strength, and metal ion-coordinating dissolved organic carbon (DOC) control the sorption of CdII and other transition metals on biochar. Sorption of CdII on 300–700 °C pecan shell biochars was strongly pH- and ionic strength-dependent. Equilibrium speciation calculation suggested that CdOH+ and other hydrolysis products were the “reactive” CdII species engaging in the surface interaction with biochar. Sorption of CdII on 700 °C (lowest O:C) biochar progressively increased from pH 3 to 7 and was not affected by the citrate concentration. In contrast, low concentration of citrate ([CdII]:[citrate] molar ratios of 4–24) dramatically enhanced CdII sorption on lower temperature (300–500 °C) biochars; higher citrate concentrations diminished CdII sorption. Citrate-enhanced CdII sorption was accompanied by (i) a several-fold increase in DOC and (ii) pH buffering near 7 at equilibrium. Carboxyl ligands form an unusually strong hydrogen bond with the surface fun...
Tumors Arising From Injection of Cultured Murine Placental Cells Into Normal Animals: Direct Evidence for Placental Origin of Tumors of Two Histologic Types

Long-term culture of placentas obtained from the mating of a congenic C3H male mouse carrying a unique electrophoretic variant of the X-chromosome-linked enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK-1) and a normal C3H female mouse has resulted in cell lines that have apparently undergone spontaneous malignant transformation in vitro. When injected into normal syngeneic animals, these cell lines have given rise to invasive carcinomas of two distinct histologic types, an adenocarcinoma and a poorly differentiated carcinoma. Both were demonstrated to be of placental origin by the continued presence of the allozyme coded on the paternal X-chromosome. Compared to murine tumors of other etiologies, these cell lines were characterized by a high intracellular alkaline phosphatase concentration.
Playing with LEGO®, Learning about the Library, and “Making” Campus Connections: The Rutgers University Art Library Lego Playing Station, Part One

ABSTRACTAs libraries continue to grow and change in the 21st century, we are seeing an increased emphasis on outreach, engagement, creativity, and innovation for academic libraries. These ideas are crucial to the future of academic libraries and makerspaces are one way for academic libraries to realize these ideas. Makerspaces can be affordable, don't need to take up a lot of space, and have potential to be catalysts for creating partnerships within one's community. Engaging making events can stimulate broader conversations among library patrons and library employees as well as a way for library liaisons to connect with their faculty, students, and staff.