cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Robert Dirks, Food in the Gilded Age; What Ordinary Americans Ate

Abstract. Robert Dirks offers an important contribution to food and nutrition history in his book Food in the Gilded Age: What Ordinary Americans Ate. The book spans a broad swath of late 19 th century US nutrition history using available dietaries from diverse sources and multiple ethnic groups. Early Mexican-Americans represent one of the earliest ethnic groups in the US. During the Gilded Age, the children of Native-Mexicans with early white European explorers –Mestizos-reflectthe most pre-developed diets in the West. Dirks summarizes their diets using Mexican-American households in Las Cruces, New Mexico and the Rio Grande Valley, Texas that were transitioning into Southwestern economies. Keywords. Food policy, Economic hitory, Americans ate. JEL. B10, L66, Q18.
COMPARISON RESULTS FOR REACTION-DIFFUSION EQUATIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents comparison results for reaction–diffusion equations. One of the important and effective techniques in the qualitative analysis of dynamical systems is the comparison method or theory of differential inequalities. This method is also a useful tool for the qualitative analysis of reaction–diffusion systems. However, comparison theorems for systems impose monotonicity requirements on the reaction terms that are physically unreasonable and thus not suited to the problems at hand. To circumvent these monotonic restrictions, there are two alternatives: (1) as this difficulty is essentially caused by the choice of the cone relative to the system—namely, the cone of non-negative elements of Rn—a possible answer lies in choosing an appropriate cone other than Rn to work in a given situation; and (2) extend suitably the important result of Muller that leads to the new notion of quasi-solutions that have a computational advantage. This chapter develops these ideas and considers reaction–diffusion equations in a Banach space and also works with arbitrary cones. This general approach unifies several results and offers a flexible mechanism. The results are demonstrated in the chapter by the use of simple examples.
Fourteen-Year Visit

Reimi Maki is brought to the pediatric clinic by her mother for her school checkup. Reimi weighs 37.76 kilo (83.25 pounds), and stands 148.7 cm tall (58.5 in.), putting her in the 5th percentile. Her BMI is 17.1, or the 12th percentile for BMI. Her blood pressure is 106/63. Her tanner stage is 3. Her mother was born in Japan but the family moved to the USA when Mrs. Maki was 4. They live in a major city where Japanese food and supplies are available. Mrs. Maki has become aware of some disturbing issues in Reimi’s school such as use of pornography and teen suicides. She sees that Reimi is not sharing as much information about her activities with her mother as she used to. Mrs. Maki believes in strict control of her daughter at this age and is disturbed by the pressures from school friends. Reimi has many responsibilities besides her school work. She is expected to practice her violin for an hour every evening and to study her parent’s language in addition to another language in school.
Multinucleon Transfer Reactions — an Alternative Path to Heavy Element Synthesis

The identification of transuranium, and particularly, transactinide (Z > 104) elements brings information on the properties of these nuclei and provides a strong test of the nuclear structure models adopted in the theoretical calculations. Over the years, considerable effort on both theoretical and experimental side has been dedicated to the discovery of heavy and superheavy elements, an excellent presentation of which can be found in ref. 1. Since the first man-made heavy element (N p ) has been prepared in 1940 by McMilan and Abelson1, 17 transuranium elements have been synthesized, extending thus the limits of the periodic table to Z=109 1–4 (and references therein). Two methods have been used to produce heavy elements: cold fusion reactions and multinucleon transfer reactions (hereafter abbreviated as MNTR). The object of this study are MNTR leading to heavy elements,with particular reference to those induced by exotic beams.After a review of the present status of the search for transuranium elements (Chapter 2) general features and production mechanism of MNTR are discussed in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 explores the possibilities of using radioactive nuclear beams (hereafter abbreviated as RNB) for the synthesis of heavy elements by MNTR.
Systolic Blood Pressure Response in SPRINT (Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial) and ACCORD (Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes): A Possible Explanation for Discordant Trial Results.

BackgroundSPRINT (Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial) and the ACCORD (Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes) blood pressure trial used similar interventions but produced discord...
Heat Transfer Modes: Conduction, Convection, and Radiation

Heat transfer is energy transfer driven by a temperature difference. A first step in estimating the rate of heat transfer between, say, a hot mug of coffee and its environment is to identify the modes of heat transfer and the thermal channels of heat flow between two locations. There are different pathways, or thermal channels, that heat can take from hot coffee to ambient; directly from the coffee to the air above the free surface, through the side wall of the mug, or through the bottom of the mug and through the floor on which the mug rests. Within each of these pathways, heat flow encounters discontinuities in material properties, from coffee, to mug, to air. The mathematical expression of the different underlying physics associated with these discontinuities gives rise to three modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. In contrast, there are two mechanisms of heat transfer (conduction and radiation) that refer to the physical phenomena that give rise to the energy transfer. The mode of heat transfer by convection is based on a conduction mechanism. A thermal channel is defined as a “pathway” for heat to flow from a hot fluid or surface to a cold one, expressible in terms of a series combination of heat transfer modes. In this chapter, the practical application of a single-paned window is used to develop the engineering tools (and the thinking process behind them) used in heat transfer analysis. This example involves a single thermal channel. The basic method is applied more generally, and to the coffee/mug problem with its multiple channels, in subsequent chapters.
Exploring the Role of Project Management in the Development of the Academic Agile Software Discourse: A Bibliometric Analysis:

The practical applications of agile methods and their impact on the productivity and efficiency of software development dominate the agile literature. We analyzed 827 academic articles with bibliom...
Non-Cooperative Bargaining Theory

This chapter describes the major ideas contributed to the study of negotiation by non-cooperative game theory. Several different lines of research are described, including the strategy for making demands, the role of time, and the more recent analyses of coalitional bargaining. Related chapters include the Cooperative Game Theory Approaches described by Kibris (in this volume), the applications of game theory in voting systems and fair division methods (see chapters by Nurmi and Klamler, this volume), and the game-theory-related Conflict Analysis and Drama methods (see chapter by Kilgour and Hipel, and Bryant, this volume).
Is Hume's principle analytic?

There are a number of issues on which Crispin Wright and I disagree, some of them substantive and some merely terminological. For example, we disagree over whether the term “analytic” can be suitably applied to HP and whether a derivation of arithmetic from HP would establish a doctrine appropriately called “logicism.” I also have certain reservations, which I shall set out later, about his notions of explanation and reconceptualization. However, I think the areas of agreement about the interest of Frege’s derivation of arithmetic are both wide-ranging and far more significant than those of disagreement. In particular I want to endorse Wright’s closing suggestion that “the problems and possibilities of a Fregean foundation for mathematics remain [wide?] open” and the remark made earlier in his paper that “The more extensive epistemological programme which Frege hoped to accomplish in the Grundgesetze is still a going concern.” I also want to emphasize that I consider Wright to have made a great scientific contribution in showing contemporary readers
Superficial Equality: Gender and immigration in Asian American political participation

Asian American men and women have voted at roughly similar rates across the last three presidential elections. This sets Asian Americans apart; women in America have generally voted at higher rates...
Does CEO inside debt compensation benefit both shareholders and debtholders

We examine whether the proportion of CEO inside debt holdings (pension and deferred compensation) to stock holdings benefit both shareholders and debtholders by relating CEO inside debt to a firm’s dividend payout policies. Based on the positive association of CEO inside debt and the propensity and the size of the dividend payout, we find that firms paying their CEOs with large inside debt present the lower cost of debt and default risk, and these benefits transfer to better firm performance and valuation. Moreover, we find that CEO inside debt is related to superior firm performance only in dividend-paying firms. Dividends tend to increase when firms with high agency costs of equity use inside debt. We conclude that dividends serve as a channel through which CEO inside debt compensation mitigates both agency costs of debt and agency costs of equity.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from an Irrigated Crop Rotation Utilizing Dairy Manure

Information on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from manure application in cropping systems of the irrigated mountain west region is needed. The effects of manure application rate and timing on GHG emissions from a four-year commercial rotation under sprinkler irrigation was investigated. Treatments included dry manure rates of 52 or 18 Mg/ha applied annually or 36 Mg/ha applied biennially as well as fertilizer and control treatments. Cumulative losses of N2O-N over the rotation ranged from 1.4 to 8.4 kg/ha with the 52 Mg/ha manure application losing the greatest amount of N2O-N. Calculated emission factors indicated that 0.13 to 0.24% of total N applied was lost as N2O-N, much less than the emission factor of 1% used by the IPCC. Cumulative CO2-C losses were greater in the manure treatments compared to the fertilizer and controls, with approximately 7% of carbon added lost as CO2-C. These soils acted as a sink for CH4-C with average fluxes ranging from -0.1 to -0.3 kg/ha. Maximum N2O-N flux levels occurred at soil moisture contents ranging from 0.3 to 0.4 m3/m3 and temperature near 25 °C, while CO2-C emissions occurred over broader soil moisture and temperature conditions. The overall global warming potential (GWP) associated with manure application indicated that the manure treatments had a net negative GWP while fertilizer treatment was near neutral. A better understanding of regional soil and climatic conditions that affect GHG emissions will enable the development of emission factors more appropriate for use in GHG inventory efforts.
Epidemiology of cattle anaplasmosis in colombia: I. Prevalence and distribution of agglutinating antibodies

A survey to detect antibodies againstAnaplasma marginale, using the Card Test, was conducted on serum samples collected from cattle of Cordoba Department and north-eastern region of the Department of Antioquia in the Republic of Colombia. The samples were from native cattle of Spanish descent(Bos taurus), Zebu(Bos indicus) and various Zebu-native crosses. The age range was between three and eight year olds. The results revealed that90·3 per cent of the samples were positive. All breeds showed a high prevalence of antibodies.
Review: Long-term alendronate or zoledronic acid reduces fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.

Source Citation Fink HA, MacDonald R, Forte ML, et al. Long-term drug therapy and drug discontinuations and holidays for osteoporosis fracture prevention: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2019;...
Assessment of Acute Motor Effects and Tolerance Following Self‐Administration of Alcohol and Edible ∆9‐Tetrahydrocannabinol in Adolescent Male Mice

Background Cannabinoids and their principle psychoactive target, the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R), impact a number of alcohol-related properties, and although alcohol and cannabis are often co-used, particularly in adolescence, few animal models of this phenomenon exist. We modeled the co-use of alcohol and ∆9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in adolescent mice using ingestive methods popular during this developmental period in humans, namely binge-drinking and edible THC. With this model, we assessed levels of use, acute effects, and tolerance to each substance. Methods Adolescent male C57BL/6J mice had daily, limited access to 1 of 2 edible doughs (THC or control), to 1 of 2 fluids (ethanol (EtOH) or water), and in 1 of 2 orders (dough-fluid or fluid-dough). Home cage locomotor activity was recorded both during access and after access. On the day following the final access session, a subset of mice were assessed for functional and metabolic tolerance to alcohol using accelerating rotarod and blood EtOH concentrations, respectively. The remaining mice were assessed for tolerance to THC-induced hypothermia, and whole-brain CB1R expression was assessed in all mice. Results EtOH intake was on par with levels previously reported in adolescent mice. Edible THC was well-consumed, but consumption decreased at the highest dose provided. Locomotor activity increased following EtOH intake and decreased following edible THC consumption, and edible THC increased fluid intake in general. The use of alcohol produced neither functional nor metabolic tolerance to an alcohol challenge. However, the use of edible THC impaired subsequent drug-free rotarod performance and was associated with a reduction in THC's hypothermic effect. Conclusions Adolescent mice self-administered both alcohol and edible THC to a degree sufficient to acutely impact locomotor activity. However, only edible THC consumption had lasting effects during short-term abstinence. Thus, this adolescent co-use model could be used to explore sex differences in self-administration and the impact substance co-use might have on other domains such as mood and cognition.
Addressing Disparities in Physician Access to Information in Support of Evidence-based Practice.

The purpose of this study is to determine if Minnesota physicians have access to information resources needed to support evidence-based practice (EBP), which supports a culture of safety and patien...
The Culture of Digital Scholarship in Academic Libraries: Robin Chin Roemer and Verletta Kern, editors. (2019). Chicago, IL: American Library Association/Neal Schuman, 256 pages, $71.99, softcover, ISBN: 978-0-8389-1897-5.

Both editors work at the University of Washington Libraries: Robin Chin Roemer is the head of Instructional Design and Outreach Service, and Verletta Kern is the digital scholarship librarian. They...
Intra-pulmonary arterial antitumor necrosis factor-α antibody effect on ultra-structure of lung following cardiopulmonary bypass

Objective To study the effect of intra-pulmonary arterial anti-tumor necrosis factor-α antibody(TNF-α Ab) on ultra-structure of lung after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).Methods Forty New Zealand rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups:group Ⅰ-Ⅲ underwent CPB; group Ⅳ only received open chest operation.In the group Ⅱ,rabbit TNF-α Ab(27 ng/kg) was dropped into the pulmonary artery when the aorta was clamped and CPB continued 30 minute.Pulmonary arterial perfusion was given to the group I instead.Blood TNF-α and neutrophils count from right and left atrium and oxygenation index in the four groups were determined perioperatively.Lung water content,TNF-αmessenger RNA,Bcl-2 protein,Bax protein,Bcl-2/Bax,apoptosis index and pathomorphological change were measured in the lung tissues.Results TNF-α Ab can restrain leukocyte accumulation and reduce releasing of TNF-α in the lung and improve oxygenation index.Moreover,TNF-α Ab can reduce the expression of Bax on alveolar epithelial cells and alleviate the decreasing of the expression of Bcl-2.It can also reduce the occurrence of apoptosis and attenuate pathomorphological changes in the lung tissue.Conclusion Intra-pulmonary arterial antitumor necrosis factor-α antibody markedly lessens the injury of inflammatory reaction and ultra-structure of lung after CPB via Bcl-2/Bax pathway. Key words: Cardiopulmonary bypass; Lung injury; Apoptosis ; Ultra-structure ; Anti-tumor necrosis factor antibody
Dynamic pair-breaking current, critical superfluid velocity, and nonlinear electromagnetic response of nonequilibrium superconductors

We report numerical calculations of a dynamic pairbreaking current density $J_d$ and a critical superfluid velocity $v_d$ in a nonequilibrium superconductor carrying a uniform, large-amplitude ac current density $J(t)=J_a\sin\Omega t$ with $\Omega$ well below the gap frequency $\Omega\ll \Delta_0/\hbar$. The dependencies $J_d(\Omega,T)$ and $v_d(\Omega,T)$ near the critical temperature $T_c$ were calculated from either the full time-dependent nonequilibrium equations for a dirty s-wave superconductor and the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau (TDGL) equations for a gapped superconductor, taking into account the GL relaxation time of the order parameter $\tau_{GL}$ and the inelastic electron-phonon relaxation time of quasiparticles $\tau_E$. We show that both approaches give similar frequency dependencies of $J_d(\Omega)$ and $v_d(\Omega)$ which gradually increase from their static pairbreaking GL values $J_c$ and $v_c$ at $\Omega\tau_E\ll 1$ to $\sqrt{2}J_c$ and $\sqrt{2}v_c$ at $\Omega\tau_E\gg 1$. Here $J_d$, $v_d$ and a dynamic superheating field at which the Meissner state becomes unstable were calculated in two different regimes of a fixed ac current and a fixed ac superfluid velocity induced by the applied ac magnetic field $H=H_a\sin\Omega t$ in a thin superconducting filament or a type-II superconductor with a large GL parameter. We also calculated a nonlinear electromagnetic response of a nonequilibrium superconducting state, particularly a dynamic kinetic inductance and a dissipative quasiparticle conductivity, taking into account the oscillatory dynamics of superconducting condensate and the kinetics of quasiparticles driven by a strong ac current. It is shown that an ac current density produces multiple harmonics of the electric field, the amplitudes of the higher-order harmonics diminishing as $\tau_E$ increases.
The protective role of estrogen on endothelial and glycocalyx barriers after shock conditions: A microfluidic study.

Abstract Background Sexual dimorphism has been demonstrated after major trauma and hemorrhage shock with protective effects related to female sex or estrogen. Traumatic endotheliopathy is an important component of trauma-induced coagulopathy. Components of endothelial barrier dysfunction include degradation of the endothelial glycocalyx and endothelial cellular injury. Estrogen modulates endothelial function via its membrane and cellular receptors. The effects of estrogen on the vascular endothelial barrier after trauma and hemorrhage shock are, however, unknown. This topic was studied in an in vitro model under flow conditions. Methods Monolayers of human umbilical vein endothelial cells were established in microfluidic flow devices. After overnight perfusion, cell monolayers were subjected to normoxic or hypoxic perfusion and then treated with either estrogen (as estradiol), testosterone (as dihydrotestosterone), or media alone. Endothelial activation/injury was indexed by soluble thrombomodulin and glycocalyx degradation by syndecan-1 and hyaluronic acid shedding as well as measurement of the thickness of the glycocalyx layer. The coagulation phenotype of the human umbilical vein endothelial cells was indexed by the relative values of the activities of tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Vascular endothelial growth factor was measured in cell culture supernatants using a solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Treatment with estrogen but not testosterone mitigated the adverse effect of shock on endothelial and glycocalyx barrier properties. Our biomimetic model suggests a beneficial effect of estrogen administration after trauma and hemorrhage shock on the glycocalyx and endothelial barriers. Conclusion Early estrogen treatment after trauma and hemorrhage shock may be a useful adjunct to mitigating the development of traumatic endotheliopathy.
Optimality vs Stability Trade-off in Ensemble Kalman Filters.

This paper is concerned with optimality and stability analysis of a family of ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) algorithms. EnKF is commonly used as an alternative to the Kalman filter for high-dimensional problems, where storing the covariance matrix is computationally expensive. The algorithm consists of an ensemble of interacting particles driven by a feedback control law. The control law is designed such that, in the linear Gaussian setting and asymptotic limit of infinitely many particles, the mean and covariance of the particles follow the exact mean and covariance of the Kalman filter. The problem of finding a control law that is exact does not have a unique solution, reminiscent of the problem of finding a transport map between two distributions. A unique control law can be identified by introducing control cost functions, that are motivated by the optimal transportation problem or Schrodinger bridge problem. The objective of this paper is to study the relationship between optimality and long-term stability of a family of exact control laws. Remarkably, the control law that is optimal in the optimal transportation sense leads to an EnKF algorithm that is not stable.
A history of rodent research in the Ukrainian Carpathians

The paper presents a survey on the history of rodent research in the region of the Ukrainian Carpathians from the very first known publications to modern days. The analysis of available sources showed that the study of mammals of the Ukrainian Carpathians has begun in the middle of the 19th century when the very first fauna checklists were published. The rodent fauna of the region had been studied the most actively after World War II by well-known university and academic scientists. This is the time of the most active enrichment of scientific collections of zoological and natural history museums by specimens and their series collected in the Ukrainian Carpathians. Since the 1990s, a decrease in activity of rodent research has been observed in the region.
Facts and Evidence: A Case Study of Developments in England’s Old Bailey Criminal Court During the Eighteenth Century

Between the late seventeenth century and the early years of the 1800s, English serious-crimes prosecution underwent a remarkable change in its approach to the gathering of evidence. Because of the existence of a reasonably reliable journalistic record, called the Old Bailey Session Papers, it is possible to trace how judges and, somewhat later, lawyers of those times transformed criminal trials from rudimentary, judge-driven, inquests into sophisticated legal proceedings dedicated to the examination of a wide range of testimonial and documentary evidence. At its core this transformation was the result of the work of British lawyers who, in steadily increasing numbers, came to prosecute and defend Old Bailey criminal cases. What these lawyers introduced was an energetic approach to the gathering, presentation an challenging of evidence produced at trials. It was the lawyers who, with increasing frequency, investigated the cases to be tried and found the witnesses critical to an effective examination of the facts underlying the charges. Counsel, increasingly, took over from the judges the direct examination of witnesses and the cross-examination used to test the quality of their testimony. The lawyers brought with them heightened focus on rules of evidence—rules frequently designed to protect the reliability of the fact-gathering process. As lawyers transformed and deepened the exploration of the factual underpinnings of cases, judges responded by reducing their questioning of witnesses. The judges became increasingly willing to develop, recognize and enforce evenhanded rules of evidence and commit themselves to functioning as neutral arbiters of the trial proceedings. What eventually developed was an adversarial system dedicated to a far more complete and careful examination of the factual predicate of criminal charges on the basis of proof adduced by the contending parties. This new approach improved the quality of the fact-gathering effort. It had the appeal of a process that respected litigants and gave them a genuine opportunity to voice their claims. In these ways it enhanced the legitimacy of the courts. It, however, also posed new risks. Zealous advocacy by contending counsel might obscure rather than illuminate the facts. Lawyers might capture the system and bend it to their ends.
Reproducibility of lung nodule radiomic features: Multivariable and univariable investigations that account for interactions between CT acquisition and reconstruction parameters

Purpose Recent studies have demonstrated a lack of reproducibility of radiomic features in response to variations in CT parameters. In addition, reproducibility of radiomic features has not been well established in clinical datasets. We aimed to investigate the effects of a wide range of CT acquisition and reconstruction parameters on radiomic features in a realistic setting using clinical low dose lung cancer screening cases. We performed univariable and multivariable explorations to consider the effects of individual parameters and the simultaneous interactions between three different acquisition/reconstruction parameters of radiation dose level, reconstructed slice thickness, and kernel. Method A cohort of 89 lung cancer screening patients were collected that each had a solid lung nodule >4mm diameter. A computational pipeline was used to perform a simulation of dose reduction of the raw projection data, collected from patient scans. This was followed by reconstruction of raw data with weighted filter back projection (wFBP) algorithm and automatic lung nodule detection and segmentation using a computer-aided detection tool. For each patient, 36 different image datasets were created corresponding to dose levels of 100%, 50%, 25%, and 10% of the original dose level, three slice thicknesses of 0.6 mm, 1 mm, and 2 mm, as well as three reconstruction kernels of smooth, medium, and sharp. For each nodule, 226 well-known radiomic features were calculated at each image condition. The reproducibility of radiomic features was first evaluated by measuring the intercondition agreement of the feature values among the 36 image conditions. Then in a series of univariable analyses, the impact of individual CT parameters was assessed by selecting subsets of conditions with one varying and two constant CT parameters. In each subset, intraparameter agreements were assessed. Overall concordance correlation coefficient (OCCC) served as the measure of agreement. An OCCC ≥ 0.9 implied strong agreement and reproducibility of radiomic features in intercondition or intraparameter comparisons. Furthermore, the interaction of CT parameters in impacting radiomic feature values was investigated via ANOVA. Results All included radiomic features lacked intercondition reproducibility (OCCC 50% of radiomic features. Conclusion We systematically explored the multidimensional space of CT parameters in affecting lung nodule radiomic features. Univariable and multivariable analyses of this study not only showed the lack of reproducibility of the majority of radiomic features but also revealed existing interactions among CT parameters, meaning that the effect of individual CT parameters on radiomic features can be conditional upon other CT acquisition and reconstruction parameters. Our findings advise on careful radiomic feature selection and attention to the inclusion criteria for CT image acquisition protocols within the datasets of radiomic studies.
Measurement of American Indian and Alaska Native Racial Identity Among Medical School Applicants, Matriculants, and Graduates, 1996-2017

Importance Accurate racial/ethnic identity measurement is needed to understand the effectiveness of outreach, recruitment, and programs to support American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) people becoming physicians. Objective To examine how changes in race/ethnicity data collection by the American Medical College Application System are associated with trends in applicants, matriculants, and graduates self-reporting as AIAN. Design, Setting, and Participants In this cohort study, interrupted time series regression was conducted using data from the American Medical College Application system identifying medical school applicants and graduates between January 1, 1996, and December 31, 2017, who identified as AIAN. The number of students identifying as AIAN was compared before and after the American Medical College Application System changed how it collected race/ethnicity data in 2002. Data analyses were conducted between December 2019 and May 2019. Exposures Applicants could select only 1 racial identity from 1996 to 2001 and could select more than 1 racial identity from 2002 to 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures Rates of AIAN groups before and after changing how race/ethnicity data were collected. Covariates were age, sex, and Medical College Admission Test scores. Results The total number of individuals identifying as AIAN in the study was 8361; the mean (SD) number of applicants per year was 380.0 (89.9) overall: 257.3 (39.6) in 1996 to 2001, with a mean (SD) age of 26.6 (5.5) years and 830 (54.0%) male individuals, and 426.1 (50.1) in 2002 to 2017, with a mean (SD) age of 25.5 (5.6) years and 3441 (50.5%) female individuals. Before the change, there was a decrease of 5% per year (relative rate [RR] of 0.95; 95% CI, 0.91-0.98; P < .001) in the rate of AIAN applicants. In 2002, the change in data collection was associated with an immediate 78% relative increase in applicants (RR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.55-2.06; P < .001). From 2002 to 2017 there was a 10% increase in applicants per year (RR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.06-1.14; P < .001). For matriculants, yearly trends indicated a nonsignificant 3% decrease before the change, whereas the change was associated with an immediate 62% relative increase in matriculants (RR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.35-1.95; P < .001), with no difference in trend after the change. For graduates, a nonsignificant yearly decrease of 2% was found in the mean number of graduates before the change, whereas the change was associated with an immediate 94% relative increase (RR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.57-2.38; P < .001), followed by no change in trend after the modification. Conclusions and Relevance Changing the method of race/ethnicity data collection captured more AIAN applicants, matriculants, and graduates. Yearly trends indicate concerning although nonsignificant differences after the change for AIAN graduates. These findings should inform diversity efforts.
Embodied Seeing: The Space Near the Hands

Abstract Recent research has revealed a special role of the hands in guiding vision. We process differently elements in the space around our hands and objects that are near the target of a hand movement. In this chapter we review several different but interrelated domains of research that have approached questions about the role of the hands from somewhat distinct perspectives. We organize our discussion by considering changes in vision during three different phases of a hand movement: (1) when a hand movement is not being contemplated yet is possible in the future, (2) when a hand movement is being planned or produced, and (3) after a hand movement has been completed. Consideration of these phases together reveals important connections between the different areas of research and may lead to enhanced understanding of the underlying processes.
Retrograde conduction to the auricles in paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia; a report of an unusual case diagnosed by the esophageal lead.

Abstract Ventricular tachycardia is a subject which has appeared in the literature with increasing frequency during the past decade. In most recent reports the activity of the auricles is of secondary importance and is often not discussed. Rarer still is there mention of retrograde auricular conduction during ventricular tachycardia. It is the purpose of this paper to present a case of probable ventricular tachycardia in which retrograde ventricular conduction to the auricles was seen. We say probable ventricular tachycardia because there seems to be at the present time no sure method of differentiating ventricular tachycardia without retrograde block from auricular tachycardia with ventricular aberration. We have also reviewed from the literature eighty-one cases of ventricular tachycardia with our attention directed toward the rate of the auricles in order to obtain some indication of the frequency of retrograde conduction. Above all, we wish to emphasize the importance of the esophageal lead in the diagnosis of obscure tachycardias.
The influence of spatial inhomogeneities on neutral models of geographical variation: I. Formulation

Abstract The influence of spatial variation in the carrying capacity and migration rate of a geographical barrier on the one-dimensional stepping-stone model is studied. The monoecious, diploid population is subdivided into an infinite linear array of panmictic colonies that exchange gametes. In each deme, the rate of self-fertilization is equal to the reciprocal of the number of individuals in that deme. Generations are discrete and nonoverlapping; the analysis is restricted to a single locus in the absence of selection; every allele mutates to new alleles at the same rate. In the diffusion approximation, a partial differential equation that incorporates spatial (and temporal) variation in the carrying capacity and migration rate is derived for the probability of identity. Transition conditions that simultaneously take into account discontinuities in the carrying capacity and migration rate are established: the probability of identity is continuous, but its partial derivatives are not, their ratio being a simple function of the carrying capacities and migrational variance on the two sides of the inhomogeneity. The partial derivatives of the probability of identity are continuous across a geographical barrier, whereas the probability of identity itself has a discontinuity proportional to the partial derivative at the barrier, the constant of proportionality being a measure of the difficulty of crossing the barrier.
Applications of the linear matroid parity algorithm to approximating steiner trees

The Steiner tree problem in unweighted graphs requires to find a minimum size connected subgraph containing a given subset of nodes (terminals). In this paper we investigate applications of the linear matroid parity algorithm to the Steiner tree problem for two classes of graphs: where the terminals form a vertex cover and where terminals form a dominating set. As all these problems are MAX-SNP-hard, the issue is what approximation can be obtained in polynomial time. The previously best approximation ratio for the first class of graphs (also known as unweighted quasi-bipartite graphs) is ≈ 1.217 (Gropl et al. [4]) is reduced in this paper to 8/7–1/160≈ 1.137. For the case of graphs where terminals form a dominating set, an approximation ratio of 4/3 is achieved.
40Ar-39Ar age of Northwest Africa 091: More evidence for a link between L chondrites and fossil meteorites

Abstract— Most 40Ar-39Ar ages of L chondrites record an event at approximately 500 Ma, indicating a large collisional impact at that time. However, there is a spread in ages from 400 to 600 Ma in these meteorites that is greater than the analytical uncertainty. Identification of, and correction for, trapped Ar in a few L chondrites has given an age of 470 ± 6 Ma. This age coincides with Ordivician fossil meteorites that fell to Earth at 467 ± 2 Ma. As these fossil meteorites were originally L chondrites, the apparent conclusion is that a large impact sent a flood of L chondrite material to Earth, while material that remained on the L chondrite parent body was strongly heated and reset. We have reduced 40Ar-39Ar data for Northwest Africa 091 using various techniques that appear in the literature, including identification and subtraction of trapped Ar. These techniques give a range of ages from 455 to 520 Ma, and show the importance of making accurate corrections. By using the most straightforward technique to identify and remove a trapped Ar component (which is neither terrestrial nor primordial), an 40Ar-39Ar age of 475 ± 6 Ma is found for Northwest Africa 091, showing a temporal link to fossil meteorites. In addition, high temperature releases of Northwest Africa 091 contain evidence for a second trapped component, and subtraction of this component indicates a possible second collisional impact at approximately 800 Ma. This earlier age coincides with 40Ar-39Ar ages of some H and L chondrites, and lunar samples.
Non-invasive fluorescence imaging under ambient light conditions using a modulated ICCD and laser diode

One limitation of fluorescence molecular imaging that can limit clinical implementation and hamper small animal imaging is the inability to eliminate ambient light. Herein, we demonstrate the ability to conduct rapid non-invasive, far-red and near-infrared fluorescence imaging in living animals and a phantom under ambient light conditions using a modulated image intensified CCD (ICCD) and a laser diode operated in homodyne detection. By mapping AC amplitude from three planar images at varying phase delays, we show improvement in target-to-background ratios (TBR) and reasonable signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) over continuous wave measurements. The rapid approach can be used to accurately collect fluorescence in situations where ambient light cannot be spectrally conditioned or controlled, such as in the case of fluorescent molecular image-guided surgery.
Fenfluramine and other serotoninergic drugs depress food intake and carbohydrate consumption while sparing protein consumption

SummaryConsumption of a carbohydrate meal accelerates brain serotonin synthesis (by increasing the ratio of plasma tryptophan to the sum of the concentrations of other neutral amino acids) whereas high-protein meals lack this effect. To determine whether the changes in brain serotonin following the consumption of particular foods influence subsequent food choices, the authors tested the effects of fenfluramine and related drugs, which presumably increase intrasynaptic serotonin levels, on the amounts of two diets presented simultaneously (5 % vs. 45 % protein, isocaloric, or 25 % vs. 75 % dextrin, isocaloric and isoproteiri) that rats choose to eat. Anorectic doses of fenfluramine caused rats to choose to eat greater proportions of the high-protein food or, when given isoprotein diets, to consume more of the low-carbohydrate food, i.e. the 25% dextrin diet. Fluoxetine, which blocks serotonin re-uptake, and MK 212, which stimulates serotonin receptors, had similar effects, but d-amphetamine did not. It is ...
Cushing's disease: radiation therapy.

The usual first treatment for Cushing’s disease is surgical removal of the pituitary adenoma. In patients in whom surgery is unsuccessful or who decline an operation, radiation to the pituitary offers the possibility of remission. No form of radiation delivery results in immediate control of cortisol production. Thus, until radiation treatment becomes effective, medical therapy to lower cortisol production is indicated. The time to remission with radiation therapy cannot be predicted, medical therapy should be discontinued every 6 months to assess response to radiation treatment; a normal 24 h urine free cortisol being the optimal outcome. There are no prospective studies comparing the results among the different types of radiation delivery. The type of radiation delivery depends on several factors, including the availability of different treatment modalities and the size of the target area (focused high dose radiation with the Gamma knife is not suitable for a large lesion close to the optic nerves or optic chiasm). All types of radiation delivery cause loss of normal pituitary function and patients should be monitored regularly (every 6 months) for development of new hypopituitarism and appropriate hormone replacement(s). Complications of radiation therapy may include adverse effects on vision, normal brain tissue, and with older methods of fractionated radiation delivery, vasculopathy with an increased risk of cerebrovascular disease. Current use of more targeted methods of delivery will hopefully reduce this risk. If pituitary surgery is unsuccessful and the patient undergoes bilateral adrenalectomy, without pituitary radiation, there is a substantial risk, approximately 50% of patients, of development of Nelson’s syndrome (growth of pituitary adenoma, increase in serum ACTH, hyperpigmentation). There is a role for pituitary radiation in the treatment of patients with Cushing’s disease, most commonly as adjunctive therapy after unsuccessful pituitary surgery. Regular medical monitoring is necessary to determine the effectiveness of radiation therapy and development of new pituitary hormone deficiency.
Total synthesis of the putative structure of the marine metabolite trunkamide A

Abstract The structure assigned to trunkamide A, a cycloheptapeptide alkaloid isolated from the colonial ascidian Lissoclinum sp., was prepared via segment condensations and an efficient oxazoline-thiazoline interconversion. The novel reverse prenylated serine and threonine amino acid building blocks were obtained by Lewis acid assisted opening of aziridines. In light of this total synthesis, the structure of natural trunkamide A needs to be revised.
Identification of a unique liganded estrogen receptor complex released from the nucleus by decavanadate.

Unoccupied estrogen receptor (ER) can be extracted from tissues by homogenization with a hypotonic buffer, whereas hormone-occupied ER becomes tightly bound to the nuclear pellet and must be extrac...
RAFTK/Pyk2 regulates EGF-induced PC12 cell spreading and movement.

The protein tyrosine kinase RAFTK, also termed Pyk2, is a member of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) subfamily. In this report, we show the role of RAFTK in neuroendocrine PC12 cells upon epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation. Following EGF treatment, we observed that RAFTK was tyrosine-phosphorylated in a time- and dose-dependent manner, while FAK was constitutively phosphorylated and primarily regulated by cell adhesion. Moreover, we found that RAFTK associated with the phosphorylated EGF receptor (EGFR) upon EGF stimulation. RAFTK phosphorylation was mediated primarily through PLCγ-IP3-Ca 2+ signaling and partially through PI3-Kinase. Furthermore, overexpression of PRNK, a specific dominant-negative construct of RAFTK, was sufficient to block EGF-induced cell spreading and movement. Paxillin, a key modulator of the actin cytoskeleton and an RAFTK substrate, was also phosphorylated following EGF treatment. EGF induced a dynamic reorganization of RAFTK and paxillin at neuronal adhesion sites, with the specific localization of paxillin at the inner juxtaposition of RAFTK. Additionally, we observed that RAFTK associated with the scaffold protein c-Cbl and mediated its phosphorylation. Our data demonstrate that while FAK mediated cell adhesion, RAFTK was localized at the cytoplasm where it mediated inside-out signaling through intracellular Ca 2+ , thus leading to cell spreading and movement upon EGF stimulation.
A proposed model for a residency experience in mass gathering medicine: The United States air show

Study objective: Mass gathering medicine is an increasingly important responsibility for emergency physicians. A formal experience in mass gathering medicine can introduce emergency medicine residents to this aspect of community medicine. Design: Educational model based on field experience and retrospective chart review from 1981 through 1991. Setting: The US Air Show is a summer event that attracts an average of 223,000 spectators annually. Medical care is provided by physicians, nurses, and technicians operating within an organized system of care. Emergency medicine resident physicians (first-, second-, and third-year) evaluate and treat patients appropriate for the resident's level of responsibility. Residents provide immediate medical control and are integrated into the event disaster plan. On-site attending physician supervision is available at all times. Didactic instruction and event orientation are integrated into the residency curriculum. Residents participate in the planning stages of the event. Results: During the study period, 2,091 patients were seen. The most common presenting problems were heat illness (28%), blisters and scrapes (25%), headaches (23%), fractures and lacerations (9%), and eye injuries (5%). One hundred forty-eight patients (7%) required transportation to the hospital. Approximately 16 residents participate each year and treat an average of 13.7 patients during their four-hour shift. A resident training model for a mass gathering experience is proposed to include adequate crowd size to generate useful patient volumes; a regularly scheduled event; organized medical and disaster preparations meeting local or published standards; didactic instruction on history, principles, and current issues; on-site attending supervision; degree of responsibility appropriate for training level; participation in planning and organizing the event; and postevent debriefing. Conclusion: A residency experience and training program in mass gathering medicine can introduce the principles of planning and providing care for crowds attending large public events.
Compositional heterogeneous abstraction

In model-based development, abstraction provides insight and tractability. Different formalisms are often used at different levels of abstraction to represent the variety of concerns that need to be addressed when designing complex cyber-physical systems. In this paper, we consider the problem of establishing abstraction across heterogeneous formalisms in a compositional manner. We use the framework of behavioral semantics to elucidate the general conditions that must be satisfied to assure that the composition of abstractions for individual components is an abstraction for the composition of the components. The theoretical concepts are illustrated using an example of a cooperative intersection collision avoidance system (CICAS).
Weight-Loss Groups on the Web

Abstract The weight loss/control industry has proliferated to match the growing problem of obesity in the American population. A selection of weight-loss organizations are profiled as a launching point to locating information on the Web. Comparisons of each site review such aspects as the history of the group, testimonies of weight loss, recipes, chat groups, and other interactive features such as an online body mass index calculator or a menu planner. Suggestions for searching the Internet with various search engines, i.e., YAHOO!, Excite, Snap!, and GoTo, for example, provide leads to thousands of resources—from personal pages to those developed by government agencies and established health care organizations.