cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
History, Historical Record, and Ceremonial Action: Incas and Spaniards in Cuzco

In March 1534, the residents of Cuzco, the capital and sacred centre of the Inca empire, witnessed the last ceremony of royal inauguration and triumph to be celebrated in their city by an Inca ruler, Manco Inca Yupanqui.Pedro Sancho, An account of the Conquest of Peru (tr. P. A. Means, New York 1917), chapter 12, 111; Diego de Esquivel y Navia, Noticias cronologicas de la gran ciudad del Cuzco (Lima 1980), vol. 1, 83. The author of this work belonged to a family of Cuzco notables, on whom see Bernard Lavalle, Le Marquis et le Marchand. Les luttes de pouvoir au Cuzco (1700–1730), Paris (1987). Eight months earlier, in July 1533, the Spanish invaders of the Inca empire, led by Francisco Pizarro, had executed Manco's brother, the Inca Atahuallpa. Shortly thereafter, they named Manco as the next ruler, while at the same time occupying the capital. Although, therefore, the victory being celebrated had been won under Spanish tutelage, some part of the traditional ceremonial was performed on this occasion, and affords a glimpse of the functioning of Cuzco as an imperial capital, of political relationships among the Inca elite, and of the vision of the past that gave meaning to these relationships.
Universal Residuals: A Multivariate Transformation.

Rosenblatt's transformation has been used extensively for the evaluation of model goodness-of-fit, but it only applies to models whose joint distribution is continuous. In this paper we generalize the transformation so that it applies to arbitrary probability models. The transformation is simple, but has a wide range of possible applications, providing a tool for exploratory data analysis and formal goodness-of-fit testing for a very general class of probability models. The method is demonstrated with specific examples.
Magnetic separation of micro-spheres from viscous biological fluids

A magnetically based detoxification system is being developed as a therapeutic tool for selective and rapid removal of biohazards, i.e. chemicals and radioactive substances, from human blood. One of the key components of this system is a portable magnetic separator capable of separating polymer-based magnetic nano/micro-spheres from arterial blood flow in an ex vivo unit. The magnetic separator consists of an array of alternating and parallel capillary tubing and magnetizable wires, which is exposed to an applied magnetic field created by two parallel permanent magnets such that the magnetic field is perpendicular to both the wires and the fluid flow. In this paper, the performance of this separator was evaluated via preliminary in vitro flow experiments using a separator unit consisting of single capillary glass tubing and two metal wires. Pure water, ethylene glycol–water solution (v:v = 39:61 and v:v = 49:51) and human whole blood were used as the fluids. The results showed that when the viscosity increased from 1.0 cp to 3.0 cp, the capture efficiency (CE) decreased from 90% to 56%. However, it is still feasible to obtain >90% CE in blood flow if the separator design is optimized to create higher magnetic gradients and magnetic fields in the separation area.
Sublethal effects of three pesticides on activities of selected target and detoxification enzymes in the aquatic midge, Chironomus tentans (diptera: chironomidae).

Sublethal effects of three pesticides including atrazine (triazine herbicide), DDT (organochlorinated insecticide), and chlorpyrifos (organophosphate insecticide) on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), general esterase (GE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) activities were evaluated in the aquatic midge Chironomus tentans. Exposures of midges to atrazine at 30 and 150 micrograms per liter (μg/L) for 20 d (i.e., from the first- to fourth-instar larvae) enhanced P450 O-deethylation activity by 12.5- and 15.5-fold, respectively, but did not significantly change AChE, GST, and GE activities. Similar exposures to DDT at 0.01 and 0.05 μg/L did not significantly affect AChE, GE, and P450 activities; however, DDT at 0.05 μg/L enhanced GST activity toward the substrate 1-chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene by 33.6%. Exposures of midges to chlorpyrifos at 0.10 μg/L for 20 d reduced AChE activity by 59.8%, and GE activities toward the substrates α-naphthyl acetate and β-naphthyl acetate by 30.7 and 48.8%, respectively. The reduced GE activities appear to be due to the inhibition of several esterases, particularly the one with a slow migration, by chlorpyrifos as demonstrated by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Furthermore, exposure of midges to chlorpyrifos at 0.10 μg/L for 20 d enhanced the P450 O-deethylation activity by 3.3-fold although no significant effect was observed at 0.02 μg/L for the same enzyme. These results provide insights into the sublethal effects of these commonly detected pesticides in aquatic environments on important enzymes in aquatic midges.
Association of Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Gene Polymorphisms and Sex-Specific Survival in Patients With Metastatic Colon Cancer

Purpose Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a key enzyme regulating intracellular folate levels, which affects DNA synthesis and methylation. Two MTHFR gene polymorphisms, C677T and A1298C, are linked to altered enzyme activity. Several studies have shown these two polymorphisms to be associated with response to fluorouracil (FU) -based treatment in advanced colon cancer patients, but data are inconsistent and contradictory. Meanwhile, epidemiologic studies demonstrated that these MTHFR polymorphisms were associated with cancer risk in a sex-specific manner. We tested the hypothesis of whether these two polymorphisms are associated with sex-specific clinical outcome in metastatic colon cancer patients treated with FU-based chemotherapy. Patients and Methods This study included 318 patients (177 men and 141 women) with metastatic colon cancer treated between 1992 and 2003 at the University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center or Los Angeles County/University of Southern Cali...
Evaluation of Two Types of Differential Item Functioning in Factor Mixture Models With Binary Outcomes

Conventional differential item functioning (DIF) detection methods (e.g., the Mantel– Haenszel test) can be used to detect DIF only across observed groups, such as gender or ethnicity. However, research has found that DIF is not typically fully explained by an observed variable. True sources of DIF may include unobserved, latent variables, such as personality or response patterns. The factor mixture model (FMM) is designed to detect unobserved sources of heterogeneity in factor models. The current study investigated use of the FMM for detecting between-class latent DIF and class-specific observed DIF. Factors that were manipulated included the DIF effect size and the latent class probabilities. The performance of model fit indices (Akaike information criterion [AIC], Bayesian information criterion [BIC], sample size– adjusted BIC, and consistent AIC) were assessed for their detection of the correct DIF model. The recovery of DIF parameters was also assessed. Results indicated that use of FMMs with binary outcomes performed well in terms of the DIF detection and for recovery of large DIF effects. When class probabilities were unequal with small DIF effects, performance decreased for fit indices, power, and the recovery of DIF effects compared with equal class probability conditions. Inflated Type I errors were found for non-DIF items across simulation conditions. Results and future research directions for applied and methodological are discussed.
Effect of gender and estrous cycle on the pharmacokinetics of ethanol in the rat brain.

Background: Aspects of ethanol pharmacokinetics in the blood, such as elimination, are known to vary by gender in the rat. Ethanol concentrations reaching the brain, which are relevant in affecting behavior, have not been measured rigorously by gender. This study used quantitative microdialysis to measure ethanol pharmacokinetics in the nucleus accumbens after a moderate dose of ethanol, comparing males with females and females across the estrous cycle. Methods: We administered 1 g/kg ethanol intravenously or intragastrically to male and female rats. We measured ethanol concentrations in the nucleus accumbens by use of microdialysis with in vivo probe calibration and compared them with concentrations in jugular venous blood. Results: After intravenous delivery, apparent ethanol elimination was approximately 15% faster in females than males from both brain and blood. After intragastric delivery, blood ethanol concentrations peaked faster in females than males by approximately 20 min, suggesting faster absorption or diffusion from the stomach. Likewise, accumbal ethanol concentrations peaked faster in females than males by approximately 25 min, indicating faster distribution to the brain. These pharmacokinetic parameters did not vary across the estrous cycle, nor were they influenced significantly by body water. Conclusions: This study provides the first quantitative measurement of ethanol concentrations and, thus, pharmacokinetics in the brain of awake rats. If ethanol distribution to the brain varies between genders, as these results suggest, then differences in the pharmacological response to ethanol can be expected, providing a rationale for studying the pharmacodynamics of ethanol in the brain of the self-administering rat.
Data dependence and program restructuring

Data dependence concepts are reviewed, concentrating on and extending previous work on direction vectors. A bit vector representation of direction vectors is discussed. Various program restructuring transformations, such as loop circulation (a form of loop interchanging), reversal, skewing, sectioning (strip mining), combing, and rotation, are discussed in terms of their effects on the execution of the program, the required dependence tests for legality, and the effects of each transformation on the dependence graph. The bit vector representation of direction vectors is used to develop simple and efficient bit vector operations for the dependence tests and to generate the modified direction vector for each transformation. Finally, a simple method to interchange complex convex loop limits is given, which is useful when several loop restructuring operations are being applied in sequence.
Lepidium galapagoensis (Brassicaceae), a New Species From Ecuador

Abstract. Lepidium galapagoensis is described, and its distinguishing characters from all of the New World species of Lepidium are discussed. The species is readily identified by a combination of two stamens, elliptic and wingless fruits, short styles exserted from the apical fruit notch, and bimodal trichomes, of which those on the stems are minute and recurved and those on the leaves are distinctly larger and restricted to the margins of otherwise glabrous blades and petioles.
Resolution of B-B-G-K-Y hierarchy for transport coefficients

The rigorous evolution equation for the one-body density matrix n ( t ) describing a quantum system of interacting particles is not closed according to the investigations of Bogoliubov, Born, Green, Kirkwood, Yvon and others (B-B-G-K-Y hierarchy). The analysis of this equation is made in terms of connected diagrams. It is found that in the limits of large volume and time this equation can be reduced to a generalized Boltzmann equation which is a closed equation with respect to n ( t ) and which can rigorously describe linear and non-linear transport coefficients.
Calcium Transport in Isolated Bone Cells III. Effects of Parathyroid Hormone and Cyclic 32,52-AMP1

The effects of parathyroid hormone(PTH) and cyclic 32,52-AMP (cyclic AMP) on calciumtransport were studied in isolated bone cells.Bone cells were isolated by collagenase digestionof 20–21 day old fetal rat calvaria. Calciumtransport was measured with 45Ca. PTH (0.2 μg/ml)increased calcium uptake 30–40% over control valuesat 37 C. At 4 C, the effects were magnified and70–170% increases in calcium uptake were observed.The effects were present 1–10 minutes afterthe simultaneous addition of hormone and 45Ca.PTH had no effect on calcium efflux. Neitherdibutyryl cyclic AMP (10-4-10-3M) nor cyclic AMP(10-7–3 ×10-6M) had any effect on calcium uptake orefflux. Methylisobutylxanthine (0.1 mM) caused nochange in calcium uptake although increases incyclic AMP were noted. The characteristic PTHinducedincrease in cyclic AMP seen at 37 C wasnot observed at 4 C. It is postulated that PTH increases the permeabilityof bone cell membranes to calcium. At 4 Cthe membrane is relatively impermeable so the PTHeffect is magnified...
The JUDY theater surveillance and strike simulation model

This paper describes an architecture for an intelligent interactive instructional simulation modelling environment. It revolves around the production of tutorial and courseware authoring for different simulation software packages with a generic user interface shell. The generic shell is a 'front end' which provides a uniform graphical user interface to diverse simulation modelling software tutorials. An object oriented perspective is combined with tutorial activities based on the task classification structure to form the interactions between objects. The development environment brings together objects that are functionally coherent and allows them to share common resources within the shell.
Role of peroxidase in cotton resistance to bacterial blight

Abstract Peroxidase activity in blight resistant cotton cotyledons syringe-injected with 10 8 viable cells of Xantomonas malvacearum (E.F. Sm.) Dows. increased aboout 2-fold over zero-time controls 12 h after inoculation. No increase in peroxidase activity was observed in extracts from blight resistant cotyledons injected with heat-killed cells (120°C at a pressure of 1.05 kg × cm −2 for 10 min) No increase in peroxidase activity was observed in extracts from blight susceptible cotyledons that were inoculated with either viable or heat-killed bacterial cells. Bacterial numbers in both resistant and susceptible cotyledons increased about 3-fold during the first 3 h after inoculation. Bacteria multiplied another 6-fold in susceptible cotyledons during the next 9 h but decreased about 25-fold in the resistant cotyledons. Soluble and wall-bound peroxidase fractions isolated from the blight resistant cotyledons (when exposed to catechin and hydrogen peroxide) produced a product(s) bactericidal to X. malvacearum . These results suggest that oxidation of catechin by peroxidase may be a factor in restricting growth of the bacterial pathogen in blight resistant cotton.
Perspectives of Photodynamic Therapy for Skin Diseases

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is largely an experimental modality for the treatment of neoplastic and selected nonneoplastic diseases. This therapeutic procedure, through a cascade of events, leads to ce
Thrombosed Central Venous Catheters: Restoring Function With 6-Hour Urokinase Infusion After Failure of Bolus Urokinase

Nineteen central venous catheters with radiographically proven thrombotic occlusion failed to have function restored with a mean of 1.6 5000-unit boluses of urokinase per catheter. Catheters then underwent a 6-hour infusion of urokinase at 40,000 units per hour followed by repeat contrast injection and evaluation of function. Reduction in thrombus size occurred in all but one patient. Catheter function was restored in 15 patients. In two patients, thrombus dissolved but catheters remained occluded because of tip malposition. In the remaining two patients, catheter function was restored with an additional 6-hour infusion. No adverse reactions to the infusion were seen. After infusion catheters continued to function normally for a mean of 36.2 days. Five catheters rethrombosed, two of which responded to urokinase bolus instillation. Thrombosed catheters failing standard intracatheter bolus urokinase are generally salvaged with a 6-hour infusion of low-dose urokinase.
The effect of peripheral beta-blockade on psychophysiologic responses in obsessional neurotics.

Abstract Ithas been postulated that anxiety symptoms are mediated through peripheral mechanisms and that subjective feelings of anxiety are learned associations to bodily symptoms. 1 This hypothesis has been supported by findings indicating the beneficial effects of beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents in psychiatric patients. 2,3 In anxiety states, particularly, mood changes have been reported even with beta-blockers that penetrate very slowly into the brain. 4–6 Therefore, the improvement in subjective anxiety would appear to be related to peripheral beta-blockade rather than central action. There is also evidence that obsessive-compulsive patients experience increased subjective discomfort, associated with increased autonomic reactivity, while they hold in fantasy ruminative thoughts, or when they touch “contaminating” objects, compared to neutral thoughts or objects. 7,8 The present work is an attempt to measure the psychophysiologic arousal during internal stimulation of such patients before and after beta-blockade with practolol ∗ an agent lacking central effects. A decrease in autonomic reactivity accompanied by similar amelioration in subjective anxiety would support Breggin's hypothsis. 1 On the other hand, failure of the latter to accompany the physiologic modifications brought about by practolol would support the theoretical position that assigns fundamental importance to cognitive and situational factors in the genesis and maintenance of anxiety. 9 This would be of interest with patients in which a specific type of cognitive activity and avoidance behavior dominate the clinical symptomatology.
Establishment of inducible wild type and mutant myocilin-GFP-expressing RGC5 cell lines.

Background Myocilin is a gene linked directly to juvenile- and adult-onset open angle glaucoma. Mutations including Gln368stop (Q368X) and Pro370Leu (P370L) have been identified in patients. The exact role of myocilin and its functional association with glaucoma are still unclear. In the present study, we established tetracycline-inducible (Tet-on) wild type and mutant myocilin-green fluorescence protein (GFP) expressing RGC5 stable cell lines and studied the changes in cell migration and barrier function upon induction. Methodology/Principal Findings After several rounds of selection, clones that displayed low, moderate, or high expression of wild type, Q368X or P370L myocilin-GFP upon doxycycline (Dox) induction were obtained. The levels of wild type and mutant myocilin-GFP in various clones were confirmed by Western blotting. Compared to non-induced controls, the cell migration was retarded, the actin stress fibers were fewer and shorter, and the trypsinization time needed for cells to round up was reduced when wild type or mutant myocilin was expressed. The barrier function was in addition aberrant following induced expression of wild type, Q368X or P370L myocilin. Immunoblotting further showed that tight junction protein occludin was downregulated in induced cells. Conclusions/Significance Tet-on inducible, stable RGC5 cell lines were established. These cell lines, expressing wild type or mutant (Q368X or P370L) myocilin-GFP upon Dox induction, are valuable in facilitating studies such as proteomics, as well as functional and pathogenesis investigations of disease-associated myocilin mutants. The barrier function was found impaired and the migration of cells was hindered with induced expression of wild type and mutant myocilin in RGC5 cell lines. The reduction in barrier function might be related to the declined level of occludin. The retarded cell migration was consistent with demonstrated myocilin phenotypes including the loss of actin stress fibers, lowered RhoA activities and compromised cell-matrix adhesiveness.
Ribosomopathies: human disorders of ribosome dysfunction.

Ribosomopathies compose a collection of disorders in which genetic abnormalities cause impaired ribosome biogenesis and function, resulting in specific clinical phenotypes. Congenital mutations in RPS19 and other genes encoding ribosomal proteins cause Diamond-Blackfan anemia, a disorder characterized by hypoplastic, macrocytic anemia. Mutations in other genes required for normal ribosome biogenesis have been implicated in other rare congenital syndromes, Schwachman-Diamond syndrome, dyskeratosis congenita, cartilage hair hypoplasia, and Treacher Collins syndrome. In addition, the 5q− syndrome, a subtype of myelodysplastic syndrome, is caused by a somatically acquired deletion of chromosome 5q, which leads to haploinsufficiency of the ribosomal protein RPS14 and an erythroid phenotype highly similar to Diamond-Blackfan anemia. Acquired abnormalities in ribosome function have been implicated more broadly in human malignancies. The p53 pathway provides a surveillance mechanism for protein translation as well as genome integrity and is activated by defects in ribosome biogenesis; this pathway appears to be a critical mediator of many of the clinical features of ribosomopathies. Elucidation of the mechanisms whereby selective abnormalities in ribosome biogenesis cause specific clinical syndromes will hopefully lead to novel therapeutic strategies for these diseases.
Quantitative FT-IRRAS spectroscopic studies of the interaction of avidin with biotin on functionalized quartz surfaces.

The interaction of avidin with biotin was studied on functionalized quartz surfaces terminated with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (3-APTMS), 2,2‘-(ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylenediamine) (DADOO), and fourth-generation amine-terminated polyamidoamine (G4-NH2 PAMAM) dendrimers with the use of Fourier transform infrared reflection−absorption spectroscopy (FT-IRRAS). In particular, the molecular recognition ability of these surfaces was quantified through FT-IRRAS in combination with the use of an alkyne dicobalt hexacarbonyl probe coupled with avidin. The degree of nonspecific adsorption of avidin was determined by exposure of the amine-terminated and/or biotinylated surfaces to solutions of biotin-saturated avidin. The results indicate that the biotinylated 3-APTMS layer exhibits a very low specific binding capacity for avidin (on the order of 0.15 pmol of avidin/cm2) and substantial nonspecific adsorption. Both the binding capacity and the specificity were greatly improved when the 3-APTMS layer on quartz was m...
Effect of solution chemistry on flotability of magnesite and dolomite

Abstract Magnesite and dolomite are salt-type minerals that show similar flotation behavior due to the same crystal structure, similar chemical composition, and sparingly soluble nature. It is difficult to achieve effective separation of magnesite from dolomite in a single stage of flotation. The present study was undertaken to investigate effects of dissolution rate, species distribution, solubility, surface conversion phenomenon, and surface electrical properties on flotability of magnesite and dolomite. Dissolution rate was measured by solution pH change as a function of stirring time. Species distribution diagrams were determined based on equilibrium constants for various chemical species. Solubility of mineral was calculated using species distribution diagram. Surface conversion was characterized using Gibbs equation and species distribution constants as a function of solution pH. Electrical properties were investigated using zeta potential measurement. The flotation behavior of magnesite and dolomite was studied using solution chemistry of magnesite and dolomite, dodecyl phosphate species distribution diagram. Both simulation results and experimental data show that the separation of magnesite from dolomite by flotation can be enhanced by controlling the solution chemistry.
Insight into the Effect of Dealumination on Mordenite Using Experimentally Validated Simulations

Mordenite (MOR-type zeolite) is a widely used catalyst, in particular for (hydro-) isomerization and alkylation reactions in the petrochemical industry. However, having a one-dimensional micropore system, this material is susceptible to diffusion limitations and deactivation. To circumvent this problem, typically additional (meso)porosity is created by applying dealumination and/or steaming processes. The detailed description of the dealumination process is of crucial importance to understand how mordenite can be modified into an efficient catalyst. In this work, we present for the first time a simulation model to describe the influence of the dealumination process on the structural properties of mordenite. Using kinetic Monte Carlo simulations, dealumination is described as a multiple-step process consisting of the removal of the framework Al as well as the self-healing of silanol nests by Si atoms. The simulation results are in very good agreement with experimental results from 29Si NMR, XRD, and N2 and...
Pralidoxime in the treatment of carbamate intoxication

The use of oxime reactivators of inhibited cholinesterase enzymes in poisoning by carbamate compounds has received mixed reviews in the medical literature. Data are limited and inconsistent on the possible role oxime reactivators might have in carbamate intoxication. Based on existing experience, atropine remains the treatment of choice and pralidoxime (2-PAM) is not recommended except in cases where atropine has first been proven inadequate, in serious mixed poisonings with both carbamate and organophosphorus compounds, or in serious poisonings by unidentified cholinesterase inhibitors.
Oncology Pharmacists in Health Care Delivery: Vital Members of the Cancer Care Team

The goal of this summary is to outline the unique knowledge, skills, and functions provided by oncology pharmacists to facilitate the provision of high-quality, team-based care of patients with cancer.
Application of shape factor to determine the permeability of perfusive particles

Abstract A modified graphical–statistical method for shape factor estimation has been developed and used to estimate the permeability of a perfusive particle as an example. The shape factor was evaluated by calculating the average cross-sectional area for diffusion and the average flow path line length separately. According to this method, a perfusive particle with a sealing surface length ratio, L s , of 0.04, i.e. a contact length of the perfusive particle on the walls of the test cell tube to the perfusive particle diameter of 0.04, would have a shape factor of 1.25 πa . Then, the graphical–statistical method and the geometrical method were used to propose an expression to evaluate the shape factor of any perfusive particle with a sealing surface length ratio of L s and a radius of a . Finally, the shape factor approach was compared with the CFD numerical simulation approach of Pfeiffer et al. [AIChE J. 42 (1996) 932], and excellent agreement between the two approaches has been demonstrated.
Automated Estimation of Time and Cost for Determining Optimal Machining Plans

In any manufacturing setting, producing a machined part is a complicated, multi-step process. It requires coordination between an engineer and a machinist to ensure all goals are met. A machinist creates a part based generally on personal experience and intuition, and while they know that this will result in the finished product, it is not guaranteed that the process plan chosen is the quickest or least expensive way to make the part. In the past year, we have been developing an automated tool that analyzes a solid model to determine its best process plan. The tool is essentially comprised of a reasoning engine that determines what processes are valid for particular sections of the part, and an evaluation engine that estimates the time and cost of the candidate processes.This paper presents the implemented evaluation engine, which assigns individual values of time and cost to machine operations. The evaluation starts with an automated tool selection strategy. The engineering model is able to determine the machining time of the tool(s) chosen. The method presented here takes a unique approach to machining time estimation that balances the trade-off between accuracy and computational time. Preliminary results suggest that the method is able to achieve accuracy near that of commercial CAM packages, with a much lower computational expense. The evaluation model takes into account non-productive manufacturing times (e.g. fixturing, inspection), and translates these to related costs. The method will be presented and discussed in this paper along with some preliminary results.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
A reassessment of the growth of the Greenland ice sheet using Seasat and Geosat altimeter data referenced to the same Earth geoid

Presents an analysis of Geosat-ERM and Seasat data using GEM-T2 orbits for both datasets. First, the 35-month Geosat-ERM dataset is analyzed and the results show that no significant trend in ice-sheet growth can be inferred. Next the author analyzed Geosat ERM-Seasat data spanning the time period from 1978-1987 and found a 0.07 m/yr growth rate. This rate is nearly 3 times smaller than previously reported results. The results eliminate some of the uncertainty in the previous work and are more consistent with reported in situ measurements of ice-sheet growth.
A long-term study of anaerobic dechlorination of PCB congeners by sediment microorganisms: Pathways and mass balance

Reductive dechlorination of PCBs by Hudson River sediment microorganisms was investigated using individual congeners, 2,3,4,2[prime],4[prime],5[prime]-, 2,4,5,2[prime],4[prime],5[prime]-, 2,3,4,5,6-, 2,4,2[prime],4[prime]-, and 3,4,3[prime],4[prime]-chlorobiphenyls (CBPs) in long-term studies lasting 15 to 20 months. The dechlorination of 2,3,4,2[prime],4[prime],5[prime]-CBP yielded 2,4,5,2[prime],4[prime]-, 2,4,2[prime],4[prime]-, 2,4,2[prime],5[prime]-, and 2,4,2[prime],5[prime]-, and 2,4,2[prime]-CBPs; notably absent was 2,2[prime]-CBP. Yet, the total molar concentration of all congeners decreased with time and at 15 months accounted for only 25% of the initial concentration of the parent compound. 2,3,4,5,6-CBP produced 2,3,5,6-, 2,4,6-, and 2,6-CBPs. At 15 months the sum of all congeners accounted for only about 50% of the initial amount of the parent congener. On the other hand, 2,4,5,2[prime],4[prime],5[prime]-CBP yielded six daughter products, including 2,2[prime]-CBP, and did not show any decrease in total molar concentration even at 20 months. 2,4,2[prime],4[prime]-CBP did not show any change at 15 months. These results indicate that anaerobic PCB biotransformation may include mechanisms other than dechlorination and that the mechanisms are congener dependent. Biphenyl was detected with 3,4,3[prime],4[prime]-CBP, indicating complete dechlorination; however, it accounted for <10% of the total molar loss. [sup 14]C-labeled tracer of this congener showed that all radioactivity was in the hexane fraction, suggesting that transformation products were hydrophobic.
The generation of a class of multipliers: synthesizing highly parallel algorithms in VLSI

A synthesis method for designing highly parallel algorithms in VLSI is presented. To illustrate the method, the familiar long multiplication algorithm for binary numbers is used. This algorithm is specified in the language Crystal, a very-high-level language for parallel processing. A total of 18 designs are derived from this specification. Each is optimal within its own class, which is characterized by a space-time map. The relative merits and tradeoffs of different designs are systematically compared and evaluated. >
Combining dendrochronological data and the disturbance index to assess Engelmann spruce mortality caused by a spruce beetle outbreak in southern Utah, USA

Forest disturbances such as bark beetle outbreaks are increasing in severity and extent across western North America. Classification of remote sensing imagery is a powerful way to analyze and detect large-scale disturbances. We used a temporal sequence of four Landsat TM images (1991, 1995, 1999, and 2003) to detect the spatiotemporal change in spectral response of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex. Engelm.) killed by an unprecedented spruce beetle outbreak in southern Utah, USA. After co-registration and masking out non-vegetation the Disturbance Index (DI) was calculated for each image. DI values associated with Engelmann spruce mortality, determined by comparing each image to a no outbreak baseline image, were then used to classify the images. Dendrochronologically determined dates of spruce death collected from across the outbreak area were used to assess the ability of the DI to accurately differentiate stands of dead spruce from live conifer forest. The overall classification accuracy of the DI varied from 80 to 82% while the accuracy to detect spruce beetle-killed spruce varied from 59 to 71%. Both user's and producer's accuracy to classify beetle infested stands increased over the temporal sequence of image dates. However, confusion matrix-derived statistics varied by image date. Consistent with previous studies, the spruce beetle outbreak began building in multiple, seemingly independent locations across the study area. Over time, areas attacked earlier in the outbreak enlarged and coalesced on the landscape.
A Short Story of Aequorin

One day in the fall of 1960, shortly after my arrival at Princeton from Japan, Dr. Frank Johnson showed me a small jar containing a spoonful of white powder. He explained that the powder was a freeze dried “squeezate” made from the luminous jellyfish Aequorea, and that it would emit light when mixed with water. He asked me if I would be interested in studying the bioluminescence of this jellyfish. The powder did not emit any light when moistened. But I was quite impressed by Dr. Johnson’s description of the brilliant luminescence of live jellyfish and the great abundance of specimens around Friday Harbor, Washington. So my response was a definite “yes.” My experience in bioluminescence research at the time was meager and limited to only the luminescent system of the ostracod Cypridina. I imagined, vaguely, that the jellyfish would probably contain a kind of luciferin and a luciferase, possibly with one of the cofactors, such as ATP, FMN, or NADH, like the fireflies, luminous bacteria, and Cypridina that were known at that time. In the early summer of 196 1, we traveled from Princeton to Friday Harbor in Dr. Johnson’s station wagon, which he had newly purchased for the excursion. The car was fully loaded with necessary equipment and chemicals, including a MacNichol integrating photometer of gigantic size (a two-foot cube), and four travelers (my wife and Yo Saiga, an assistant, came along) with all of their baggage on the roof. It took us seven days to the West Coast, through Chicago and Glacier National Park. Dr. Johnson was the only driver throughout the trip, driving 12 hours a day with an admirable toughness. Upon arrival at the Friday Harbor Laboratories, we were welcomed by Dr. Robert Fernald, Director of the Lab. We set up our work space in Lab 1, a small building consisting of two rooms, and we started to work. There were three other scientists in the room, and one of them
Effect of TPA and FCA Interplay on Pulse Compression in Silicon

FCA can be used as pulse compressor if it exceeds TPA at the pulse center by using sharper pulses or higher peak powers. Tripling rise time requires 7 dB more power to achieve 80 ps output pulses.
Financial Disparities In Prescription Drug Use Between Elderly And Nonelderly Americans

This study examines cross-sectional disparities in the financial burden of prescription drug use among U.S. elderly and nonelderly adult populations, using data from the 1998 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Out-of-pocket spending for prescriptions, copayment rates, and the proportion of family income spent on prescription drugs were examined to compare elderly people with working-age adults. Even after utilization or need was adjusted for, financial disparities were still observed between elderly and nonelderly adult populations. In particular, low-income elderly people were worse off than were nonelderly adults in the same poverty class and their elderly peers in other poverty classes.
The Relationship Between The Effectiveness Of Risk Diversification and Corporate Performance

This research examines the relationship between corporate risk diversification and financial performance. Prior research is extended by the use of a risk-adjusted performance measure typically used in the finance literature and a market-based measure of risk diversification. The analysis also uses a larger sample size than prior work, and controls for both firm size and ownership differences. The results support the hypothesis of a significant relationship between corporate risk diversification and performance. These findings are relevant for managers evaluating diversification strategies, for shareholders selecting appropriate firms for investment, and for researchers seeking to explain performance differences.
Learning To Invest - A New Frontier

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new and innovative course in the field of Finance, promoting the notion of “hands-on” instruction through the management of real-dollars. This course solely focuses on the management of such a Student Managed Fund (SMF). Employing a seminar setting on the undergraduate level, while using the latest security analysis technology, students take part in every aspect of fund management. From the initial stages of forming an investment strategy, to the later stages of portfolio reallocation, students are grounded in reality. This paper will illustrate the objectives set forth by the professor(s) and the methods used by the students to accomplish said goals. The focus will be on the differences in risk preferences and actions due to the management of real money versus simulated “play money,” as well as the benefits garnered from such a course. In conjunction with the introduction of this new course, this research will formulate the methodology behind the use of a real-time financial analysis platform, such as SDS MarketWatch, to create and manage a portfolio. Lastly, the benefits of using such a real-time financial analysis platform will be made evident.
Splenic Macrophages From Tumor-Bearing Mice Co-Expressing MAC-1 and MAC-2 Antigens Exert Immunoregulatory Functions Via Two Distinct Mechanisms

Tumor burden has been shown to induce a variety of phenotypic and functional changes in the cellular constituents of the host's immune system. These changes have been implicated as mechanisms by which tumors avoid rejection. Studies of BALB/c mice bearing a D1-DMBA-3 mammary adenocarcinoma showed alterations of the splenocyte populations. There was a five-fold increase of macrophages (M phi) that were phenotypically and functionally analyzed to establish their role in tumor-induced modifications of the host's immune response. Monoclonal antibody staining defined a Mac-1+2+ population which comprised up to 20% of the splenocytes in tumor-bearers (TB), but is negligible in spleens from normal mice. These Mac-1+2+ M phi were found to mediate down-regulation of both polyclonal and antigen-specific T and B cell responses in vitro and in vivo. Although B cell responses were suppressed via prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production by the TB M phi, T cell responses were relatively refractory to PGE2-mediated down-regulation. Instead, they were suppressed by a contact-dependent T cell-M phi interaction. Furthermore, tumor-derived factors such as granulocyte-M phi colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) seem to play an important role in the induction and expansion of the Mac-1+2+ M phi. These cells appear to mediate down-regulation of the host immune responses by at least two distinct mechanisms: 1) PGE2 production and 2) a cell contact-dependent, but non-major-histocompatibility-complex-specific, interaction.
Lamb shift and fine structure of n = 2 in /sup 35/C1 XVI

We have measured the wavelengths of the $2s^{3}S_{1}\ensuremath{-}2p^{3}P_{2}$ and $2s^{3}S_{1}\ensuremath{-}2p^{3}P_{0}$ transitions in Cl xvi to be 613.825\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.013 \AA{} and 705.854\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.076 \AA{}. Our precision is sufficient to provide measurements of the $2{s}_{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{-}2{p}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $2{s}_{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{-}2{p}_{\frac{3}{2}}$ Lamb shifts to an accuracy of \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3% and to test quantum electrodynamics (QED) theory in the strong-field region. We compare our results with the one-electron QED theories of Mohr and Erickson and discuss the accuracy of calculations of electron correlation in two-electron atoms.
Baclofen blocks yohimbine-induced increases in ethanol-reinforced responding in rats

Chronic or repeated stress increases alcohol consumption. The GABA-B agonist baclofen decreases alcohol consumption and may be most effective for individuals with comorbid anxiety/stress disorders. The present study sought to determine if baclofen blocks stress-induced increases in ethanol self-administration as modeled by repeated yohimbine injections in rats. Rats were trained to respond for 15% w/v ethanol in operant chambers using a method that applies neither water deprivation nor saccharin/sucrose fading. Following training, the rats received 6 injections of 1.25mg/kg yohimbine were given immediately prior to the operant sessions during a 2-week time period. Subsequently, some rats were pair-matched to receive either 1.25mg/kg yohimbine or saline in the presence of 0.3, 1, and 3mg/kg baclofen prior to sessions. Acquisition of ethanol self-administration was poor. Pretreatment with yohimbine consistently increased responding across repeated injections. Yohimbine's effect on ethanol intake unexpectedly diverged from the effect on responding as the rats failed to consume all reinforcers earned. Smaller doses of baclofen paired with saline injections had no effect on ethanol responding; only 3mg/kg baclofen reduced ethanol self-administration. The smallest baclofen dose of 0.3mg/kg failed to block the yohimbine-induced increase in self-administration. The large baclofen dose of 3mg/kg continued to suppress ethanol self-administration when given with yohimbine. Baclofen 1mg/kg blocked the effect of yohimbine even though it had no effect when given in the absence of yohimbine. Exposure to high ethanol concentrations may induce self-administration only in certain conditions. The dissociation between responding and intake suggests that repeated yohimbine injections may initiate other behavioral or physiological mechanisms that confound its effects as a pharmacological stressor. Furthermore, an optimal baclofen dose range may specifically protect against stress-induced alcohol self-administration, highlighting a specific contribution of GABA-B receptors and a potential therapeutic efficacy of GABA-B agonists at a non-sedating dose.
Symptoms of Psychopathology Within Groups of Eating-Disordered, Restrained Eating, and Unrestrained Eating Individuals.

Objective While eating-disordered individuals have shown high levels of comorbid psychopathology, there has not been an assessment of these symptoms across groups exhibiting different forms of problematic eating behavior. Method Using 1,122 participants recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk, this study examined self-reported differences between controls, restrained eaters, and individuals meeting criteria for binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa on several measures of psychopathology unrelated to eating. Results On nearly all outcome measures, eating-disordered participants had greater symptoms of psychopathology compared to restrained eaters, who had greater levels compared to controls. Among the eating-disordered participants, bulimia nervosa participants had more symptoms of psychopathology than binge eating-disordered participants. Conclusion Treatment of the populations included in this study may be informed by an understanding of the different amounts of symptoms of comorbid psychopathology that confer additional distress and impairment above and beyond disordered eating behavior.
Modeling the Gaitpath of a Running Animal

(2000). Modeling the Gaitpath of a Running Animal. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 93-97.
Computational Modelling of the Generation and Transport of Aerodynamic Losses in Turbine Blade Rows

With the development of low cost computing power, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technologies for turbomachinery flow have progressed significantly [1–7]. Three-dimensional steady flow calculations based on the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations are now relatively well established and routinely used to optimize blading and flow path contours. At the present time, numerical methods do not always predict the absolute aerodynamic loss exactly because of the inadequate physical models. However, the variations of aerodynamic performance due to design changes are predicted adequately for engineering guidance. CFD applications for investigating different design options are very useful during the design cycle. However, further studies are being conducted to improve the accuracy of numerical solutions so that the error in the calculated aerodynamic loss can be maintained below a certain margin. For this purpose, several test flows in turbomachinery have been proposed to evaluate the current capability of various CFD codes to calculate the aerodynamic loss in representative turbomachinery flows. For the turbine flow field, a well documented set of measurements in a low speed linear turbine cascade at Durham University, England, has been used as one of the test flows by ERCOFTAC [8]. The numerical exercises at the well organized ERCOFTAC meetings 224have indicated that the measured loss structure in this rather simple turbine blade row has not been successfully calculated so far. Working Group 26 of AGARD has used a well documented subsonic turbine flow measurement obtained at DLR [9]. Again, various calculations indicate that the detailed loss distributions are not well calculated. The primary objective of the current study is to evaluate the current capability of a turbomachinery CFD code in terms of calculating aerodynamic loss with two sets of well documented turbine flow. The calculations were executed without any specific tuning of any parameters inside the code. The numerical results are compared with the measurements as well as with previously published numerical results.
OSTEOCHONDRITIS DISSECANS OF THE HIP

Osteochondritis dissecans is as distinct an entity in the hip as it is in the knee or in the elbow. Diagnosis can be made only by the roentgenographic appearance, which is characteristic. Dislocation of the femoral head from the acetabulum is necessary for proper visualization and removal of the osteochondritic focus. Operative intervention should be undertaken only after careful consideration. In neither of the two cases reported did arthritis develop, although symptoms had been present for over twenty and ten years, respectively. In Case 1 there had been no change in the osteochondritic focus during six years of observation.
Effects of Aerodynamic Parameters on Coupled Dynamic Responses of Wind-vehicle-bridge System

A coupled dynamic analysis model of wind-vehicle-bridge system by combining Lagrange method,the principle of virtual work and the mode superposition method was established,the calculation formulas of aerodynamic coefficients of vehicle were fitted considering the aerodynamic interference between vehicles and the bridge,a coupled dynamic analysis method of wind-vehicle-bridge system was developed and the computation program was built in this study.Taking Jiangshun Yangtze bridge as an example,effects of the aerodynamic parameters of vehicle-bridge system on coupled dynamic response of bridge and vehicle under cross wind were discussed.The results show that the bridge aerodynamic parameters have significant effects on the coupled dynamic responses of bridge,but slight impacts on dynamic responses of the vehicle.The vehicle aerodynamic parameters have essentially no impact on the responses of bridge while have a great impact on the responses of vehicle.