cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low Shot Learning with Untrained Neural Networks for Imaging Inverse Problems

Employing deep neural networks as natural image priors to solve inverse problems either requires large amounts of data to sufficiently train expressive generative models or can succeed with no data via untrained neural networks. However, very few works have considered how to interpolate between these no- to high-data regimes. In particular, how can one use the availability of a small amount of data (even $5-25$ examples) to one's advantage in solving these inverse problems and can a system's performance increase as the amount of data increases as well? In this work, we consider solving linear inverse problems when given a small number of examples of images that are drawn from the same distribution as the image of interest. Comparing to untrained neural networks that use no data, we show how one can pre-train a neural network with a few given examples to improve reconstruction results in compressed sensing and semantic image recovery problems such as colorization. Our approach leads to improved reconstruction as the amount of available data increases and is on par with fully trained generative models, while requiring less than $1 \%$ of the data needed to train a generative model.
Broadening and Strengthening Underrepresented Group Inclusion in Immunological Research.

Promoting diversity across biomedical fields is crucial for building comprehensive and innovative research programs, as well as providing trainees from underrepresented groups (URGs) the ability to establish agency and develop skills in a culturally and structurally supportive environment. Despite this awareness, there is still a lack of students from URGs being trained for independent research careers. The Immunology, Microbiology, and Virology (IMV) graduate program at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry (URSMD) has been working for the last 13 years to increase diversity through an NIH funded Post-baccalaureate Research Education Program (PREP). Historically, our program has trained URG scholars in Immunology, but as we have progressed we have embraced the understanding that both the scholars and the institution benefit from expanding the interdisciplinary nature of our program. Over the last three years, we have integrated a broader and highly collaborative faculty mentor pool, including representation from Immunology, Microbiology, Virology, Neuroscience, Genetics, Biochemistry, Biophysics, Toxicology, and Biomedical Engineering. This expansion, coupled with changes in our education program, including skill building workshops and cross campus integration with our student diversity groups and the Office of Diversity and Inclusion, has strengthened the competitiveness and success of our cohorts. These improvements are enhancing the diversity of our graduate school, creating a research environment that retains students from URGs in biomedical research. We attribute our success to the interdisciplinary and team-building nature of our pipeline program, as well as the URSMD’s initiatives to be a more inclusive and equitable institution.
Chapter 5 – Angiogenesis

Angiogenesis is a complex multifaceted process essential for cancer growth and progression. The underlying biology regulating angiogenesis is incredibly complicated, involving interaction between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment. Angiogenic growth factor and receptor targets have been exploited to develop antiangiogenic therapies that have been successfully translated into clinical trials. Adoption of these agents into the clinical arena has improved survival in women with selected gynecologic cancers. The incorporation of bevacizumab, the most studied antiangiogenic, has received regulatory approval for the treatment of ovarian and cervical cancers. Further research has elucidated novel biomarkers and targets currently in preclinical and early clinical trial development. Translational research from pivotal trials has identified predictive biomarkers that can be explored in integral biomarker-directed trials. If successful, biomarkers to direct antiangiogenic therapy will identify women most likely to benefit from treatment and avoid unnecessary toxicity and cost.
Reference and Liaison Librarians: Endangered Species or “Vital Partners?” Views of Academic Library Administrators

Reference, liaison, subject librarianship: all of these terms traditionally describe a combination of research assistance, instruction, and collection management. This study used structured intervi...
British native cattle breeds on postage stamps

Two years ago, on March 6, 1984, the British Post Office issued 5 special stamps. The 16 pence stamp depicted a Highland cow, and commemorated the centenary of the foundation of the Highland Cattle Society. Some details ofthis breed, both in Britain and elsewhere, and of the other four breeds depicted, are given here.
Fluidigm's Survival Battle: Turnaround in the Midst of a Genomics Revolution

This field-based case uses the challenges facing Fluidigm Corporation, a publicly traded biotechnology company, to explore and analyze innovation-driven growth. Facing a number of headwinds product backorders, strong competition, declining product demand, missed earnings, and an 87% stock collapse over 10 months new CEO Chris Linthwaite needs to devise and share his turnaround strategy with the board of directors. He could recommend launching a new product, reallocating and reprioritizing R&D spend, cutting administrative costs, acquiring a new company or technology, or restructuring the company's capital structure. Which choice will lead to the quickest path back to profitability while driving long-term value creation for its various stakeholders? The case provides an opportunity to explore the tensions between short-run viability and long-run R&D and innovation. Excerpt UVA-S-0339 Rev. Jan. 26, 2021 Fluidigm's Survival Battle: Turnaround in the Midst of a Genomics Revolution Introduction When new CEO Chris Linthwaite sat down at his desk at Fluidigm Corporation (Fluidigm) for the first time in August 2016, he could almost feel the walls burning around him. Fluidigm, a biotechnology company based in south San Francisco, had started out as a promising genomics start-up in 1999 but had experienced rough times in recent years. Following a year of missed earnings in 2015, strong currency headwinds, product backorders, strong competition, and a lag in product demand, the market had finally borne all it could bear, and Fluidigm's stock had collapsed 87% in 10 months, from a high of 43.97 in April 2015 to a low of 5.83 in February 2016 (Exhibit1). Fluidigm was burning through cash and had posted yet another quarter of losses (Exhibits2 and 3). In addition to the street doubting Fluidigm's capabilities, employee morale had plummeted and the company had mounting cash flow issues. In mid-October 2016, more disappointing Q3 results were just about to become public. Fluidigm had missed its earnings again, and Linthwaite was preparing his turnaround strategy to present to his board of directors tomorrow. Recognizing that he had multiple stakeholders to please and many levers he could pull to right the ship, he wondered where he should start. . . .
Towards data-enabled discovery and design of organic semiconductors

Chemists have the capability to tune the electronic, redox, and optical properties of π-conjugated molecules and polymers, which in turn are used as the building blocks to develop organic semiconductors. In these materials, the nature of the molecular-scale solid-state packing arrangement dictates performance, rendering knowledge as to how materials processing impacts these arrangements critical. Currently, there exist few hard-and-fast rules that combine molecular design and process conditions in the discovery of new organic semiconductors, as the understanding that links these domains is quite limited. Here, we will discuss the development of data-enabled tools, including an open-access database dedicated to crystalline organic semiconductors, that aim to seek out physicochemical understanding across the multiple physical and chemical scales that dictate performance and offer machine-based discovery and design of new generations of organic semiconductors.
Two new heterocyclic [3.3.3.01,5]-propellanoid compounds: 2,8-dioxatricyclo[3.3.3.01,5]undecane-3,7-dione and a related dimer.

2,8-Dioxatricyclo[3.3.3.0 1,5 ]undecane-3,7-dione, C 9 H 10 O 4 , (I), is the dilactone acylal of cyclopentanone-2,2-diacetic acid. Both molecules in the asymmetric unit have conformational chirality and differ principally in the flexing of the carbon ring, which produces a resolvable conformational disorder in one of the molecules. Three intermolecular C-H...O close contacts exist. 7,7'-Oxybis(2,8-dioxatricyclo[3.3.3.0 1,5 ]undecan-3-one), C 18 H 22 O 7 , (II), a racemate, lies on a C 2 axis and is a non-meso furanosyl furanoside dimer derived from the monoacid monoaldehyde corresponding to (I). One intermolecular C-H...O close contact exists. Diminished intramolecular void space in these small propellanoids generates unusually high crystal density in both species, particularly (I).
Immunological studies in familial primary biliary cirrhosis.

Tests for cell-mediated immunity and presence of autoantibodies were performed in a mother and daughter with primary biliary cirrhosis. Lymphocytes transformation to phytohemagglutinin, delayed cutaneous response to one or more skin test antigens, and percentage of peripheral T and B lymphocytes were normal in both patients. Although successful in the mother, dinitrochlorobenzene sensitization was not achieved in the daughter. Histocompatibility antigens 1 and 8, elevated levels of IgM, and antibodies to mitochondria, smooth muscle, and skeletal muscle were present in both patients. However, the clinical course was more severe in the daughter who developed portal hypertension with bleeding esophageal varices requiring portacaval anastomosis. Except for intermittent pruritus, the mother has remained asymptomatic.
Rules and precedents as complementary warrants

This paper describes a model of the complementarity of rules and precedents in the classification task. Under this model, precedents assist rule-based reasoning by operationalizing abstract rule antecedents. Conversely, rules assist case-based reasoning through case elaboration, the process of inferring case facts in order to increase the similarity between cases, and term reformulation, the process of replacing a term whose precedents only weakly match a case with terms whose precedents strongly match the case. Fully exploiting this complementarity requires a control strategy characterized by impartiality, the absence of arbitrary ordering restrictions on the use of rules and precedents. An impartial control strategy was implemented in GREBE in the domain of Texas worker's compensation law. In a preliminary evaluation, GREBE's performance was found to be as good or slightly better than the performance of law students on the same task.
Identification of individual genotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis from experimentally mixed serovars and mixed infections among trachoma patients.

Abstract Genetic polymorphisms in the major outer membrane protein gene (omp-1) of Chlamydia trachomatis B and Ba serovars have been demonstrated in Tunisian isolates. A total of 15 of 27 unique sequence signatures or omp-1 genotypes were identified. However, differentiation of unique signatures from sequences that reflect those of strains involved in a mixed infection is necessary to define the molecular epidemiology of chlamydial ocular infections. We devised a strategy for identifying mixed infections by characterizing their effects on omp-1 genotyping. Various ratios of elementary bodies from organisms of serovars A, B, Ba, and C that cause trachoma were amplified by PCR and were subjected to automated and manual sequencing. Serovar-specific primers were also designed so that each serovar could be individually amplified and its omp-1 genotype unequivocally determined. One of 27 Tunisian samples showed a mixed infection with sequences comparable to those of serovars B and D. The omp-1 genotypes of organisms involved in mixed infections can be accurately identified by automated sequencing and will be useful for molecular epidemiologic studies of populations worldwide who live where trachoma is endemic.
4-(N,N-dipropylamino)benzaldehyde inhibits the oxidation of all-trans retinal to all-trans retinoic acid by ALDH1A1, but not the differentiation of HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells exposed to all-trans retinal

The signal transduction pathways mediated by retinoic acid play a critical role in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation during embryogenesis and hematopoiesis as well as in a variety of tumor cell lines in culture. Following the reports that two members of the superfamily of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) enzymes, ALDH1A1 and ALDH1A2, were capable of catalyzing the oxidation of all-trans retinal to all-trans retinoic acid with submicromolar Km values, we initiated an investigation of the ability of 4-(N,N-dipropylamino)benzaldehyde (DPAB) to inhibit the oxidation of retinal by purified mouse and human ALDH1A1. Our results show that DPAB potently inhibits retinal oxidation, with IC50 values of 0.11 and 0.13 μM for purified mouse and human ALDH1A1, respectively. Since the HL-60 human myeloid leukemic cell line has been used extensively to study the retinoic acid induced differentiation of HL-60 cells to granulocytes, and ALDH1A1 activity had previously been reported in HL-60 cells, we investigated the ability of DPAB to block differentiation of HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells exposed to retinal in culture. In HL-60 cells coincubated with 1 μM retinal and 50 μM DPAB for 144 hours, cell differentiation was inhibited only 30%. Furthermore, the NAD-dependent oxidation of propanal or retinal was less than 0.05 nmoles NADH formed/min-107 cells in spectrophotometric assays using HL-60 cell extracts. Although ALDH1A1 may be the major catalytic activity for retinal oxidation in some retinoid-dependent mouse and Xenopus embryonic tissues and in adult human and mouse hematopoietic stem cells, another catalytic activity appears to synthesize the retinoic acid ligand necessary to stimulate the differentiation of HL-60 cells to end stage granulocytes.
Motivating a Nation to War: An Analysis of Bush’s Address to Congress after 9/11

The events of September 11, 2001, changed the way Americans felt about their sense of security. For the first time in a while, American citizens had become the target of foreign attack on American soil, a catalyst that would lead them into a foreign campaign to eradicate a new enemy—terrorism. Following the tragedy that occurred in New York, Washington, D.C., and Pennsylvania, President George W. Bush delivered an address to Congress discussing these events and how the nation would move forward. This address is the rhetorical artifact I will examine using the Pentadic method found in the writings of Kenneth Burke. The essay concludes with an assessment of George W. Bush’s motives and effect this address had on our nation’s response the transgressions of that fateful morning in September.
ADMINISTRATIVE RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM

ABSTRACT The environmental justice movement challenges public administrators to develop appropriate administrative and policy responses to environmental racism claims. Public administration scholarship has focused little attention on claims of environmental racism and the environmental justice movement, in part as a result of a too narrow conceptualization of racism. The theoretical and empirical literature on racism would be useful in guiding research on environmental racism and contribute to developing effective administrative responses by local, state and federal government.
Ultrastructure ofAspergillus fumigatus conidia development and maturation

The development and maturation of conidia of the pathogenic fungus,Aspergillus fumigatus, were studied with the electron microscope. Thin sectioning and freeze-etching techniques were employed to examine young and mature phialides, as well as developing and mature conidia. The morphological changes observed during the process of conidia formation and their maturation centered primarily around the cell wall layers and the inclusions in the cytoplasm.
Where gifted children do and do not excel on metacognitive tasks

Metacognition is an important component of advanced intellectual performance and, therefore, has been proposed to be more advanced in intellectually gifted than average children. However, existing research comparing gifted to average children's metacognitive abilities does not support this idea uniformly. Compared to average children, gifted children appear to have generally better declarative metacognitive knowledge and better ability to transfer strategies to situations distinct from those in which the strategy was learned. However, gifted children do not demonstrate consistently better strategy use, maintenance, or near transfer compared to average children. Nor do they display better cognitive monitoring ability compared to average children. Metacognition appears to be important to the development of high achievement in a domain. We argue that metacognitive abilities might be incorporated as additional criteria for entry into programs for the gifted beyond standard intelligence measures. Several ident...
Estradiol-17-beta, progesterone and 20-alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one in rabbit ovarian venous plasma. I. Steroid secretion from paired ovaries with and without corpora lutea; effect of LH.

Estradiol-17β (E2) secretion in rabbits was measured in the ovarian venous blood by a radio-ligand binding procedure. Mean E2 secretion in 6 estrous rabbits studied was 17.7 ± 1.71 μg/ovary/hr. Levels of E2, progesterone and 20α-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one (20α-OH) in the ovarian effluent of pseudopregnant and pregnant rabbits, each having one ovary with and one without corpora lutea (CL), indicated that estrogen secretion was independent of the CL or the volume of interstitial tissue. Estrogen secretion was not altered by acute administration of ACTH, but a single small injection of LH (0.5 μg/kg iv) induced an immediate increase in the output of E2, progesterone and 20α-OH. It is concluded that the follicle constitutes the sole source of ovarian E2 in the rabbit, and that physiological levels of LH stimulate estrogen release. (Endocrinology 89: 105, 1971)
Hydrogeology of an Atoll Island: A Conceptual Model from Detailed Study of a Micronesian Example

Findings from a detailed hydrogeologic study of a Micronesian atoll island are combined with published descriptions of the hydrogeology of other atoll islands. The purpose is to propose a conceptual model which describes how the occurrence and flow of ground water in atoll islands are related to the underlying geologic framework. The study island is Deke, a small, uninhabited island on Pingelap Atoll in the Eastern Caroline Islands. Integrated studies on Deke of surface geology and physiography, water levels and their variation, surface geophysics (seismic refraction and resistivity), and subsurface core samples indicate a hydrogeologic system that is more complex than would ordinarily be expected for a small and, at first glance, uncomplicated island. Of utmost importance to the occurrence and flow of ground water is the fact that the island straddles the lagoonward edge of the very firmly indurated reef-flat plate. This plate is a hard, impermeable substrate beneath the northern portion (ocean side) of the island, occurs at sea level, and is underlain by unconsolidated or loosely cemented sediments. Study results indicate that this reef-flat plate acts as a confining bed along the ocean side of the lens; elsewhere the lens is unconfined, receives recharge directly, and forms a thicker fresh-water nucleus. The conceptual model of atoll-island hydrogeology involves a dual aquifer system: (1) an aquifer of mostly unconsolidated Holocene sediments resting on (2) a once emergent and now very permeable Pleistocene limestone platform. The Holocene aquifer, which is where the island lens occurs, is heterogeneous with respect to its hydraulic properties and is confined in part of the island and unconfined elsewhere, with the location of the two regions depending on where the island sits relative to the pinchout of the reef-flat plate. In the unconfined region, there is a hydrologically-important central depression, where low lying sediments are enclosed by ocean-derived washover fans and a lagoon-bordering dune. This area is a likely ground-water sink due to direct evapotranspiration during the dry season. Accordingly, the model includes two flow patterns: a wet-season pattern radiating outward from the unconfined lagoon-side of the island, and a dry-season pattern that includes a superimposed area of centripetal flow at the central depression.
Breast-feeding of very low birth weight infants

Twenty very low birth weight infants (birth weight p =0.056) but a lower incidence of oxygen desaturation ( p p p
Why Have the Injustices Perpetrated against Blacks in America Not Been Rectified

L'A. met en evidence l'absence de reparation des injustices commises envers les Noirs aux Etats-Unis. Comparant le statut des Afro-americains a celui des Americains japonais victimes de la Seconde Guerre Mondiale, l'A. esquisse une theorie de l'action reparatrice vis-a-vis des groupes ethniques minoritaires, et montre qu'une conception non raciste dominante de l'inferiorite des Noirs explique la non-reparation des injustices qu'ils ont subies.
Civil Engineering: A Reference Guide

Civil engineering encompasses such a wide array of subject areas that it would be very difficult to cover all of them in one survey. Basically, civil engineers are concerned with the planning, design and construction of buildings, transporation facilities and other structures required for human health, safety and welfare. A major part of their job relates to achieving a coherent relationship between the “built environment” and the “natural environment.” They are required to fulfil this function within the framework of constraints imposed by the present day building codes, union regulations and economic considerations. This survey concerns itself mostly with the general civil engineering reference books and some selected sources on specialized topics like construction engineering, foundation engineering, structural engineering, highway and dam engineering and codes and specifications. A forthcoming survey will deal with the major area of environmental and sanitary engineering.
Interfacial Segregation in Perovskites: IV, Internal Boundary Layer Devices

A proposed model for interfacial segregation in perovskites, with induced heterogeneous defect distributions, is extended here to account for the formation of internal boundary layer devices, such as positive temperature coefficient of resistance (PTCR) thermistors and internal boundary layer capacitors (IBLC). Boundary layer effects in doped BaTiO3 are attributed to factors which contribute to the formation of highly resistive boundary layers by a segregation-induced shift in donor incorporation and/or acceptor segregation, and the inhibiting action of segregated donors on boundary mobility and grain growth. The distribution of space charges, formed by electron transfer from conductive grains to resistive boundary layers, leads to the formation of impedance barriers in the grain-boundary vicinity. Depending on the grain size, and on relative size and spatial distribution of the space charge layer and the resistive layer, a transition from semiconducting properties to insulating properties may take place. This model accounts for the observed PTCR and IBLC phenomena.
Chronologic localization of myelin-reactive cells in the lesions of relapsing EAE : implications for the study of multiple sclerosis

Although T cells play a pathogenetic role in MS, specific disease-inducing T cells have not been identified. T cells can be labeled and traced in adoptively transferred experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a T-cell-mediated animal model for MS. We have followed the appearance and topographic localization of radio-labeled myelin basic protein-reactive (MBP+) T cells in evolving lesions as EAE extended to other regions of the CNS. By high-resolution autoradiography, we confirmed that MBP+ cells initially homed to perivascular regions in the lower spinal cord. With increasing time after cell transfer, labeled cells appeared in more recent lesions in rostral locations (upper spinal cord, cerebellum, and forebrain) and constituted a progressively smaller percentage of cells in lower spinal cord lesions. The presence of unlabeled inflammatory cells in the CNS parenchyma coincided temporally with clinical signs. In agreement with previous studies, we have shown that MBP+ cells constituted a minority (mean, < 1.5%) of the total infiltrating cells and were most numerous in fresh lesions. We suggest that the perivascular regions of recent lesions would be the most likely areas to detect putative antigen-specific cells in MS lesions.
Visual Impairment in Infants: Localizing the Lesion on a Clinical Basis

Visual impairment in infants and small children differs significantly in underlying cause, clinical features, and therapeutic and prognostic implications from visual impairment which occurs during adult life. Areas of similarities and differences will be clarified. Visual impairment in infants and children arises from lesions of the globe, anterior visual pathways, posterior visual pathways, or a combination of these. Localization of the lesion rests on the recognition of certain clinical patterns that accompany lesions of each of these locations. This clinical recognition can obviate the need for much of the ancillary diagnostic testing. The major causes and general clinical features of visual impairment caused by lesions of the anterior and posterior visual pathways are provided and contrasted. Parental education, counseling, and support continue to be the most important areas in which the physician can help these children.
LeRoy Meisinger, Part I: Biographical Tribute with an Assessment of His Contributions to Meteorology

LeRoy Meisinger was a U.S. Weather Bureau meteorologist and aeronaut who worked vigorously to bring meteorology to the aid of aviation in the post-World War I period. He was killed at the age of 29 in a scientific ballooning accident that has been detailed in a companion paper by Lewis and Moore. Meisinger's personality and scientific profile are reconstructed by examination of his oeuvre, which contains research contributions augmented by popular articles in the magazines of the period. Meisinger's personal characteristics were those of a quiet, scholarly man with strong interests in science, music, and art. His experiences as a Signal Corps weather officer during World War I inclined him toward a career in meteorology. While stationed at the Fort Omaha Balloon School, he became intrigued with the possibilities of using the free balloon as a platform for tracking air currents. As a research meteorologist with the U.S. Weather Bureau after the war, Meisinger melded adventurous scientific ballooning with the more painstaking and arduous task of scrutinizing data from the limited upper-air network of kite stations. His principal research contribution was a form of differential analysis that extrapolated surface data to the 1- and 2-km levels by using climatological statistics from the upper-air network. The impressive line of research he pioneered at the bureau came to an immediate and abrupt end with his accidental death in 1924
Employee attitudes toward pre-employment drug testing in the full-service restaurant industry.

The purpose of this research was to assess employee responses to pre-employment drug-testing policies in the full-service restaurant industry. Specifically, this research attempted to explore the perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs of full-service restaurant hourly employees and management staff in regard to pre-employment drug-testing (PEDT) policies in the full-service restaurant industry. Differences were also assessed for those employees working at establishments with testing policies versus those working at restaurants without those policies. No significant difference was found among employee attitudes toward PEDT policies based on employment level or presence of PEDT policies at their current places of employment.
The relative success of private funders and government funders in funding important science

Regression analysis is used to test the effects of funding source (and of various control variables) on the importance of the article, as measured by the number of citations that the article receives. Funding source is measured by the number of private and the number of government grants mentioned in the acknowledgements section. The importance of an article is measured by an “early” count (of citations through October 1992), and a “late” count (of citations through July 2002). Using either measure of article importance, the evidence suggests that private funders are more successful than the government at identifying important research.
Computer model for a high power SCR

This paper describes a general computer model for a high power SCR that gives an accurate simulation of all important static and dynamic performance characteristics including such two-dimensional effects a spreading, gate isolation, and latch-in. Computer simulated vs. measured static characteristics of a representative device are listed for comparison. A comparison of a computer simulated vs. measured turn on transient is also included.
The cognitive representation of persons and groups and its effect on recall and recognition memory

Abstract A conceptualization of the manner in which trait and behavioral information is organized in memory is proposed and applied in predicting both the recall and recognition of information about persons and groups. Three information presentation conditions were considered: (1) Subjects are told to form an impression of a target (person or group) on the basis of the target's behaviors, and are given a trait-based concept of what the target is like before learning about these behaviors. (2) Subjects are told to form an impression of the target, but a general traitbased concept of the target is not induced until after they learn about the target's behaviors. (3) Subjects receive information about the target's behaviors with instructions to remember the information, and only subsequently are told to form an impression and are given more general information about the target's traits. The proposed model accounted for between-condition differences in both the recall and recognition of behaviors that were consistent and inconsistent with a general trait-based concept of the target, and for contingencies of these differences on whether the target was a single person or a group.
Greater trochanteric epiphysiodesis

In this paper, we wished to determine: (1) if a greater trochanteric epiphysiodesis (GTE) slows the growth of the greater trochanter; (2) if bone peg epiphysiodesis or screw epiphysiodesis is more effective at slowing greater trochanteric growth; and (3) if a GTE is most effective in young ( 8) age. In this retrospective study, 35 children with unilateral Perthes disease underwent GTE. The height of the greater trochanter was measured radiographically at the time of surgery and at least two years after surgery. The untreated opposite side, which showed no radiographic evidence of Perthes disease, was used as a control. Epiphysiodesis was performed by using multiple drill holes and either a screw or a bone peg. Mean age at the time of surgery was 7 years (range, 3.2 to 12.2 years) and mean follow-up was 58 months (range, 24 to 104 months). We found that the growth of the greater trochanter that underwent epiphysiodesis was inhibited by 0.9 mm/year, as compared to the unaffected side (p = 0.007). Greater inhibition (1.8 mm/year) was noted in children who underwent a bone peg epiphysiodesis and also, surprisingly, in those over 8 years of age.
Beat and Shake Bucket Sampling of Cotton Terminals for Cotton Fleahoppers , Other Pests and Predators

Arthropods were sampled in the upper 15-20 cm of cotton terminals using easily constructed beat and shake buckets. When compared to the visual examination method, the standard beat and shake procedure sampled 1.9-2.0× more arthropod predators, 2.3-5.3× more cotton fleahopper nymphs, 3.2-5.3× more small cotton leafworm larvae, and required 8-16% less time. Similarly, when compared to the beat procedure, the shake procedure sampled 1.2× more predators and 1.6× more small cotton leafworm larvae, but increased sampling time by 6%. Two other beat buckets were compared with the standard beat bucket and generally sampled either similar or slightly reduced numbers of arthropods. These sampling buckets have considerable potential for use in research and cotton pest management programs to sample arthropod predators and certain pest species.
EGFR Inhibition Fails to Suppress Vascular Proliferation and Tumor Growth in a Ewing's Sarcoma Model

Background Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a potent regulator of cellular homeostasis, is associated with aggressive tumor behavior. The mechanism by which EGFR inhibition functions is unclear, with controversial results demonstrating an effect on the tumor cells, endothelial cells, or pericytes. EGFR activation has been linked to the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a known mitogen of angiogenesis, but the relationship between these factors and their effect on tumor vessel development is vague. We hypothesized that using an EGFR inhibitor on a human Ewing's sarcoma model would inhibit tumor growth by suppressing vessel proliferation. Methods A cell proliferation assay was performed on the Ewing's sarcoma (SK-NEP-1) cell line. Tumor cells were implanted intrarenally in athymic mice. Animals received daily gavage with vehicle or gefitinib 1 wk following implantation. Mice ( n = 12/cohort) were euthanized 6 wk following implantation. Remaining mice were maintained without treatment for 2 wk. Vascular changes were assessed by angiography and immunohistochemically. EGFR and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression were quantified using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results Gefitinib suppressed in vitro cell growth with an IC 50 = 1.36 μM. Minimal tumor growth suppression was noted at 6 wk (6.01 ± 1.2 g in control versus 4.61 ± 0.9 g treated, P = 0.36). After cessation of gefitinib, tumor growth was increased in both groups (7.37 ± 1.62 g versus 6.77 ± 1.53 g, P = 0.79). Microvessel density was unchanged despite EGFR inhibition (161,000 ± 16,000 pixels versus 135,000 ± 18,000 pixels, P = 0.31). At 6 wk, the vascular maturity index was similar in both groups (3.63 ± 1.12 versus 4.09 ± 1.71, P = 0.83). A downward trend in EGFR expression (49% of control) and an upward trend in VEGF levels (50% of control) occurred in the treated group. Conclusions EGFR expression was suppressed in cultured cells and xenograft tumors. Despite a cytotoxic effect on cell lines, gefitinib had little effect on tumor growth. No effects on the tumor vasculature were noted in the setting of EGFR suppression, suggesting that angiogenesis induced by SK-NEP-1 cells is refractory to EGFR inhibition. Interestingly, the resulting increase in VEGF expression following EGFR blockade, provides an alternative pro-angiogenic pathway promoting tumor survival.
Optical absorption enhancement in silicon nanowire and nanohole arrays for photovoltaic applications

In this proceeding, we simulate the optical properties of vertically-aligned silicon nanowire and nanohole arrays using the transfer matrix method. We find that the optical absorption in both silicon nanowire and nanohole arrays improves with increasing lattice constant up to 600nm - 700nm. We attribute the observed optical absorption enhancement effect to an increase in the field concentration inside the active silicon region and the excitation of guided resonance modes. For optimized parameters, both structures can be more absorptive than an equally-thick silicon solid film with an optimal single layer Si 3 N 4 anti-reflection coating. This conclusion holds true for both optically thin (2.33μm) and optically thick (100μm) structures. For optically thin structures, the enhancement in the optimal nanohole array exceeds the conventional light trapping limit. For optically thick structures, the enhancement in both optimal nanohole and nanowire arrays exceeds the light trapping limit. Additionally, we show that the overall absorption efficiencies for hexagonal and square lattices of nanowires are very similar.
Gangue mineral textures and fluid inclusion characteristics of the Santa Margarita Vein in the Guanajuato Mining District, Mexico

Successful exploration for mineral deposits requires tools that the explorationist can use to distinguish between targets with high potential for mineralization and those with lower economic potential. In this study, we describe a technique based on gangue mineral textures and fluid inclusion characteristics that has been applied to identify an area of high potential for gold-silver mineralization in the epithermal Ag-Au deposits at Guanajuato, Mexico. The Guanajuato mining district in Mexico is one of the largest silver producing districts in the world with continuous mining activity for nearly 500 years. Previous work conducted on the Veta Madre vein system that is located in the central part of this district identified favorable areas for further exploration in the deepest levels that have been developed and explored. The resulting exploration program discovered one of the richest gold-silver veins ever found in the district. This newly discovered vein that runs parallel to the Veta Madre was named the Santa Margarita vein. Selected mineralized samples from this vein contain up to 249 g/t of Au and up to 2,280 g/t Ag. Fluid inclusions in these samples show homogenization temperatures that range from 184 to 300°C and salinities ranging from 0 to 5 wt.% NaCl. Barren samples show the same range in homogenization temperature, but salinities range only up to 3 wt.% NaCl. Evidence of boiling was observed in most of the samples based on fluid inclusions and/or quartz and calcite textures. Liquid-rich inclusions with trapped illite are closely associated with high silver grades. The presence of assemblages of vapor-rich-only fluid inclusions, indicative of intense boiling or “flashing”, shows the best correlation with high gold grades.
Incorporating a constrained optimization algorithm into remote sensing/precision agriculture methodology

Abstract For two decades now, the use of Remote Sensing/Precision Agriculture to improve farm yields while reducing the use of polluting chemicals and the limited water supply has been a major goal. With world population growing exponentially, arable land being consumed by urbanization, and an unfavorable farm economy, farm efficiency must increase to meet future food requirements and to make farming a sustainable, profitable occupation. “Precision Agriculture” refers to a farming methodology that applies nutrients and moisture only where and when they are needed in the field. The real goal is to increase farm profitability by identifying the additional treatments of chemicals and water that increase revenues more than they increase costs and do no exceed pollution standards (constrained optimization). Even though the economic and environmental benefits appear to be great, Remote Sensing/Precision Agriculture has not grown as rapidly as early advocates envisioned. Technology for a successful Remote Sensing/Precision Agriculture system is now in place, but other needed factors have been missing. Commercial satellite systems can now image the Earth (multi-spectrally) with a resolution as fine as 2.5 m. Precision variable dispensing systems using GPS are now available and affordable. Crop models that predict yield as a function of soil, chemical, and irrigation parameter levels have been developed. Personal computers and internet access are now in place in most farm homes and can provide a mechanism for periodically disseminating advice on what quantities of water and chemicals are needed in specific regions of each field. Several processes have been selected that fuse the disparate sources of information on the current and historic states of the crop and soil, and the remaining resource levels available, with the critical decisions that farmers are required to make. These are done in a way that is easy for the farmer to understand and profitable to implement. A “Constrained Optimization Algorithm” to further improve these processes will be presented. The objective function of the model will used to maximize the farmer's profit via increasing yields while decreasing environmental damage and decreasing applications of costly treatments. This model will incorporate information from Remote Sensing, from in-situ weather sources, from soil history, and from tacit farmer knowledge of the relative productivity of selected “Management Zones” of the farm, to provide incremental advice throughout the growing season on the optimum usage of water and chemical treatments.
P‐54: Scalability of OLED Fluorescence in Consideration of Sunlight‐Readability Reflection Measurements

fluorescence characteristics of an OLED material are demon- strated to be linear with sunlight-like illuminance levels up to several suns. It is therefore possible to make laboratory reflection measurements with much lower illuminance levels and scale them to sunlight levels to qualify such displays for sunlight readability. 1. Introduction sunlight readability measure- ments have historically been performed by using full-sun illumination levels. The presumption is that this direct method would take into account any possible nonlinear artifacts of the optical system, and result in a more accurate measure- ment. However, requiring sunlight levels for the measurement is a difficult re- quirement to meet considering the ex- pense and difficulty of providing the proper sunlight-level illumination and correct spectrum. It would be much better to permit lower-light-level illumination under laboratory conditions, and then scale the results to sunlight levels. But it must first be confirmed that the display has a linear optical response up to these high illumination levels As with other emitting displays, OLED (organic light-emitting diode) displays contain materials that can fluoresce when exposed to sunlight. There is a concern that the fluorescence emitted by such displays may exhibit satura- tion at full sunlight levels. If florescence saturation were to occur, it would prevent the use of scalable reflection measurements and require full sunlight illuminance at the correct spectrum. This paper shows that the fluorescence of a common large-molecule OLED is indeed linear and scalable, even up to illuminance levels of several suns. It is further shown how a possible sunlight- readability test might be performed based upon scaling.
Symposium Response: Talking to God in Accra

Responding to the symposia participants, this paper presents data from fieldwork in Accra, Ghana, with a new charismatic church similar to the one described in When God Talks Back. It finds that the broad secular context of the U.S. church and local U.S. culture—particularly, local ideas about the mind—did shape the way congregants represented God and understood their prayer experience. While the Accra subjects shared many of the same theological commitments, their “imaginal dialogue” with God was less playful and more focused on practical outcome than that of the U.S. congregants. A proclivity for absorption is still important, though the data remain unclear.
Continuous wavelet analysis based spectral features selection for winter wheat yellow rust detection

Remote-sensing technologies can provide quick responses for determining the presence of yellow rust disease. However, most studies selected spectral indicators solely based on the statistical relevance to disease severity. Few of them investigated the underlying mechanism including the variation of biochemical properties due to the presence of disease. This study aims at identifying some mechanism based spectral features through continuous wavelet (CWT) analysis. An inoculation of yellow rust fungal was conducted in the experimental field. The hyperspectral data and biochemical properties including the content of water and pigment were measured for both infected and non-infected winter wheat plants. A two-tailed paired student t-test was used to identify the biochemical properties which have significant variation when the plants were infected. For those sensitive biochemical properties, a CWT transformation was then processed with the spectral data. The sensitive spectral features were selected through a correlation scalogram. It was found that the content of chlorophyll decreased significantly in yellow rust infected plants. Four spectral features were identified which could well reflect the chlorophyll content. The predicted model of chlorophyll content was thus established based on the partial least squares (PLS) regression. In addition, the linear discrimination analysis (LDA) was adopted in classifying the infected and non-infected plants. The classification accuracy reached 74.8% which indicated the selected spectral features have great potential in detecting the winter wheat yellow rust infection.
Reactive and Nonreactive Binders in Glass/Vinyl Ester Composites

This study characterizes and evaluates two types of preform binders: reactive thermosets, and non-reactive thermoplastics. The interply adhesion between woven glass plies was measured as a function of binder type, concentration, and preforming conditions. It was found that reactive binders offer the potential to provide much larger interply adhesions between glass plies in a preform than thermoplastics, and are thus superior choices for the fabrication of complex-shaped preforms requiring little or no springback. Laminated composite panels fabricated from preforms with varying binder concentrations were evaluated in regards to their interlaminar properties. It was found that both binder types degraded the interlaminar shear strength of a woven glass reinforced vinylester composite. Additionally, composite laminates made from preforms containing the thermoplastic binder showed decreases in the interlaminar fracture toughness of the composite by approximately 60%. However, composite laminates fabricated from preforms utilizing the reactive epoxy binder showed an increase in fracture toughness of approximately 47%. Hence, it is concluded that a range of interlaminar properties can be achieved depending on the type of binder, the amount of binder, and the processing of the binder and also that of the composite itself. POLYM. COMPOS., 26:377–387, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers
Decay channels of the 5d-->5f excitation in thorium.

The valence bands and Auger emission of thorium have been studied in the 5d..-->..5f excitation region using synchrotron radiation. Three decay channels of the 5d hole have been identified: ordinary Auger deexcitation, resonant Auger deexcitation, and direct recombination. The latter two originating from strongly exchange-coupled 5d/sup 9/5f/sup 1/ virtually excited states. A kinetic energy shift of the O/sub 5/VV Auger line is observed around a 5d..-->..5f resonant absorption peak at h..nu.. = 89 eV and is attributed to overlap of the above two Auger features. The relative importance of these decay channels is discussed in terms of the discrete 5d/sup 9/5f/sup 1/..-->..continuum 5d/sup 9/epsilonf transition probability and the 5d..-->..5f dipole oscillator strength of the 5d/sup 9/5f/sup 1/ multiplet state.