cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
4.6. Special programming models

Abstract Conventional linear programming modeling approaches for several decades now have been extended to include variants of basic nonlinear programming algorithms. Considered here are elementary spatial programming, quadratic programming, mixed integer programming, and linear complementarity programming models.
Managerial style and the design of decision aids

Abstract A science of managerial decision making and of aids to management describes the nature and dynamics of decision making. This article proposes one possible descriptive framework of decision making styles for marketing and product managers. It has consequences for both communication between designer and manager and the design of the aids. A decision aid is, per definition, an aid designed to assist a manager of a particular style in making decisions. Different kinds of decision aids can be conceived to match different styles, along certain criteria. Several linkage criteria between aids and styles will be briefly explored here.
Comparison of Single Bout Effects of Bicycle Training Versus Locomotor Training on Paired Reflex Depression of the Soleus H-Reflex After Motor Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury

Abstract Phadke CP, Flynn SM, Thompson FJ, Behrman AL, Trimble MH, Kukulka CG. Comparison of single bout effects of bicycle training versus locomotor training on paired reflex depression of the soleus H-reflex after motor incomplete spinal cord injury. Objective To examine paired reflex depression changes post 20-minute bout each of 2 training environments: stationary bicycle ergometer training (bicycle training) and treadmill with body weight support and manual assistance (locomotor training). Design Pretest-posttest repeated-measures. Setting Locomotor laboratory. Participants Motor incomplete SCI (n=12; mean, 44±16y); noninjured subjects (n=11; mean, 30.8±8.3y). Intervention All subjects received each type of training on 2 separate days. Main Outcome Measure Paired reflex depression at different interstimulus intervals (10s, 1s, 500ms, 200ms, and 100ms) was measured before and after both types of training. Results (1) Depression was significantly less post-SCI compared with noninjured subjects at all interstimulus intervals and (2) post-SCI at 100-millisecond interstimulus interval: reflex depression significantly increased postbicycle training in all SCI subjects and in the chronic and spastic subgroups ( P Conclusions Phase-dependent regulation of reflex excitability, essential to normal locomotion, coordinated by pre- and postsynaptic inhibitory processes (convergent action of descending and segmental inputs onto spinal circuits) is impaired post-SCI. Paired reflex depression provides a quantitative assay of inhibitory processes contributing to phase-dependent changes in reflex excitability. Because bicycle training normalized reflex depression, we propose that bicycling may have a potential role in walking rehabilitation, and future studies should examine the long-term effects on subclinical measures of reflex activity and its relationship to functional outcomes.
Using domain knowledge for ontology-guided entity extraction from noisy, unstructured text data

Domain-specific knowledge is often recorded by experts in the form of unstructured text. For example, in the medical domain, clinical notes from electronic health records contain a wealth of information. Similar practices are found in other domains. The challenge we discuss in this paper is how to identify and extract part names from technicians repair notes, a noisy unstructured text data source from General Motors' archives of solved vehicle repair problems, with the goal to develop a robust and dynamic reasoning system to be used as a repair adviser by service technicians.In the present work, we discuss two approaches to this problem. We present an algorithm for ontology-guided entity disambiguation that uses existing knowledge sources such as domain-specific ontologies and other structured data. We illustrate its use in automotive domain, using GM parts ontology and the unit structure of repair manuals text to build context models, which are then used to disambiguate mentions of part-related entities in the text. We also describe extraction of part names with a small amount of annotated data using Hidden Markov Models (HMM) with shrinkage, achieving an f-score of approximately 80%. Next we used linear-chain Conditional Random Fields (CRF) in order to model observation dependencies present in the repair notes. Using CRF did not lead to improved performance, but a slight improvement over the HMM results was obtained by using a weighted combination of the HMM and CRF models.
Efficient high-precision matrix algebra on parallel architectures for nonlinear combinatorial optimization

We provide a first demonstration of the idea that matrix-based algorithms for nonlinear combinatorial optimization problems can be efficiently implemented. Such algorithms were mainly conceived by theoretical computer scientists for proving efficiency. We are able to demonstrate the practicality of our approach by developing an implementation on a massively parallel architecture, and exploiting scalable and efficient parallel implementations of algorithms for ultra high-precision linear algebra. Additionally, we have delineated and implemented the necessary algorithmic and coding changes required in order to address problems several orders of magnitude larger, dealing with the limits of scalability from memory footprint, computational efficiency, reliability, and interconnect perspectives.
We Change the World by Doing Nothing

In a recent report by the American Educational Research Association's Consensus Panel on Teacher Education, Etta Hollins (2003), whose role it was to examine teacher education programs' ability to meet the needs of underserved communities, concluded that many of these programs offer candidates a strong foundation in social justice but they generally do not provide comprehensive strategies for prospective teachers to work with neglected and disenfranchised student populations. What this finding suggests is that while progressive teacher educators are proficient in raising awareness around issues of equity, justice, and democracy, there is a great deal of work that needs to be done to advance the necessary tactics to enact these principles. But even when teacher education programs provide practical strategies for combating oppressive practices in schools, student-teachers frequently report that they are faced with institutional barriers that block their ability to operationalize critical pedagogy in their classrooms. Prospective teachers often state that they cannot find ways, nor are they encouraged, to integrate new ideas into old, defunct, institutionalized schemata that continue to shape learning and teaching in the places that they works. In addition, many student-teachers are struggling just to keep up with the overwhelming Suzanne Soo Hoo is a demands of the existing curriculum. And finally, there professor with the School are those educators who are complacent with the status of Education at Chapman quo and thus reject efforts to democratize schooling. University, Orange, While critical academics recognize the need for California. teacher education programs to help infuse equity and
Transition from polymer-like to diamond-like a-C:H films structure and mechanical properties

Abstract Amorphous hydrogenated carbon (a-C:H) films were deposited on polymeric substrates by the glow-discharge decomposition of butane. IR spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance were used for the structural characterization of the films. For a set of samples, produced at different pressures, mechanical properties such as nanohardness and wear resistance were investigated. It was found that the mechanical properties of a-C:H films are strongly dependent on the pressure in the reactor. At a reactor pressure of about 10 Torr, the deposition of polymer-like a-C:H films occurs. Such films are characterized by low hardness and wear resistance and visco-elastic behaviour at indent reloading. On reducing the pressure in the reactor, an improvement of the mechanical properties of polymer-like a-C:H films was observed due to ion bombardment. Ion bombardment of the growing a-C:H film surface caused drastic increases of its hardness, the value of elastic recovery of the indent depth after unloading and wear resistance. With respect to the mechanical properties, polymer-like a-C:H films hardened by ion bombardment occupy a position between polymer-like and diamond-like a-C:H films. A high wear resistance and adhesion to a polymeric substrate, as well as the possibility of being deposited on substrates with a large area at temperatures below 80°C, make polymer-like a-C:H films, hardened by ion bombardment, a promising protective coating for polymeric materials.
Necrotrophic phase of Moniliophthora perniciosa causes salicylic acid accumulation in infected stems of cacao

Moniliophthora perniciosa infects young meristematic tissue of Theobroma cacao and induces abnormal shoot development and ultimately necrosis. We analyzed culture filtrates of M. perniciosa to identify metabolites with possible effects on witches’ broom disease symptom development. All isolates produced salicylic acid (SA), phenyllactic acid and mandelic acid. When SA levels were measured in plant tissues, infected brooms had 5 times more SA compared to healthy shoots. In contrast, leaf inoculation with basidiospores and application of chemical elicitors did not alter leaf SA content. These findings suggest that the necrotrophic phase of M. perniciosa causes SA accumulation in diseased tissues. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Supercontinuum generation using imaging taper

We investigate supercontinuum generation from a Schott imaging fiber taper. Supercontinua simultaneously generated from two fibers of an imaging taper were demonstrated.
Self-biased magnetic photonic crystals for unidirectional antennas

We propose a new magneto-dielectric metamaterial exhibiting unidirectional (non-reciprocal) wave propagation properties without using an external magnetic bias field. Previous demonstration of the unique properties of such magnetic photonic crystals (MPCs) was carried out under a large external DC magnetic field (∼0.7 T). This magnetic bias is required to induce Faraday rotation within the ferrimagnetic layers of the MPC. Obviously, the high field requirement is of concern for practical antenna applications. In the new design, we imbedded the magnetic bias into the MPC structure in the form of permanently magnetized M-type hexaferrite layers. We show that with proper material parameters and layer thicknesses, it is possible to obtain a dispersion diagram that exhibits spectral non-reciprocity (i.e. ω(K) ≠ ω(−K)) and a stationary inflection point (ω′=ω″=ω‴=0). The latter is responsible for the so-called “frozen mode” and a corresponding increase in group delay.
Carrying guns in public: legal and public health implications

In District of Columbia v. Heller, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Second Amendment protects an individual's right to own handguns in the home for protection, invalidating a Washington, D.C. law banning most handgun possession. The Heller decision, however, provided lower courts with little guidance regarding how to judge the constitutionality of gun laws other than handgun bans. Nevertheless, lower courts have upheld the vast majority of federal, state, and local gun laws challenged since Heller. One area in which some lower courts have disagreed has been the constitutionality of laws regulating the ability to carry firearms in public. This issue may be the next to be addressed by the Supreme Court under its evolving Second Amendment jurisprudence. Courts should carefully consider the negative public health and safety implications of gun carrying in public as they weigh the constitutionality of these laws.
An Improved Distance Heuristic Function for Directed Software Model Checking

State exploration in directed software model checking is guided using a heuristic function to move states near errors to the front of the search queue. Distance heuristic functions rank states based on the number of transitions needed to move the current program state into an error location. Lack of calling context information causes the heuristic function to underestimate the true distance to the error; however, inlining functions at call sites in the control flow graph to capture calling context leads to an exponential growth in the computation. This paper presents a new algorithm that implicitly inlines functions at call sites to compute distance data with unbounded calling context that is polynomial in the number of nodes in the control flow graph. The new algorithm propagates distance data through call sites during a depth-first traversal of the program. We show in a series of benchmark examples that the new heuristic function with unbounded distance data is more efficient than the same heuristic function that inlines functions at their call sites up to a certain depth.
The Prevalence of Nausea and Vomiting in Pediatric Patients Receiving Home Parenteral Nutrition

We have observed that many home parenteral nutrition (HPN) recipients experience nausea, vomiting, or both during cyclic parenteral nutrition infusions. The current investigation was performed to determine the prevalence and course of these symptoms and effectiveness of therapeutic maneuvers. Eighty-nine recipients of HPN were contacted and 53 families (60%) responded. Thirty-five patients (66%) reported complaints of nausea, vomiting, or both associated with their HPN infusion. Patients with cancer (82%) or cystic fibrosis (83%) reported symptoms at similar rates, while patients with gastrointestinal disease (46%) reported symptoms less often (p < .05, chi-square). Within each diagnostic group, prevalence of symptoms did not vary with age. The majority of patients were symptomatic in the morning when being weaned or soon after completing the HPN infusion. Response rates to a variety of therapies were also similar. In conclusion, nausea and vomiting associated with cyclicHPN infusions appear to be common. The precipitating events and efficacy of interventions await identification and prospective evaluation.
The role of learning and technical capabilities in predicting adoption of B2B technologies

Abstract Using the resource-based view and the learning organization as its theoretical framework, this study hypothesized that organizations which possessed not only the technical capabilities for automation but also the ability to learn and share information would be most likely to automate their supply chain processes. An empirical study with the top suppliers of a major airline supported this hypothesis. As predicted, both learning capabilities and certain technical capabilities were important in predicting the likelihood of adoption of Ariba, a web-based e-procurement tool.
Dictators and Death: Casualty Sensitivity of Autocracies in Militarized Interstate Disputes

Why are some authoritarian regimes so quick to surrender amid lower numbers of casualties while others prove willing to incur significant casualty counts to continue their war efforts? In this study, we explore the propensity of different authoritarian regime types to sustain casualties in interstate conflicts. We argue that authoritarian leaders with smaller winning coalitions find it easier to distribute the costs of militarized conflicts outside of those coalitions. This diminishes their sensitivity to casualties. Applying a theoretical model based on an inverse divide-the-dollar game (with respect to the distribution of public “bads”), we find that personalist regimes tend to sustain the highest number of casualties in militarized interstate disputes when compared to other autocracies. Our findings suggest that along with the audience cost abilities of an autocratic adversary, target states should also consider an autocratic regime's casualty sensitivity in deciding whether to reciprocate with military action.
Reactive Airway Disease in Patients with Prolonged Exposure to Industrial Solvents

This study examines the effects of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at the workplace on pulmonary function tests. Forty-two patients with a history of industrial exposure to organic solvents and pulmonary symptomatology were studied. Lung function tests were determined utilizing screening spirometry lung volumes, diffusion capacity and methacholine stimulation test. While only 10-15% of the symptomatic patients had abnormal screening spirometry, 42% of the patients had significantly abnormal methacholine stimulation tests. These data show that exposure to volatile organic solvents is associated with bronchial hyperreactivity not commonly detected by screening spirometry and requires methacholine stimulation testing in individuals with unexplained symptomatology and history of exposure to industrial solvents. These findings indicate that the incidence of bronchial hyperreactivity is underestimated in patients with (1) verifiable exposure history to volatile organic compounds known to be pulmonary irritants, (2) pulmonary symptomatology with normal screening spirometry.
IGBT behavior during desat detection and short circuit fault protection

A common fault condition in motor drive applications involves an IGBT turning on into a short-circuit. If the only impedance is the cable inductance to a shorted motor winding, the current through the device ramps up very rapidly until it saturates, forcing the IGBT voltage to rise to the DC clamp. After fault detection, depending on the point at which the fast turn-off pulse is applied, very different levels of hole current can flow under the n/sup +/ source region, making this an important factor in the successful containment of the fault current. We present experimental observations showing that IGBT failure under short-circuit conditions is dependent on where the turn-off pulse is applied. The physics of this behavior is explained using numerical mixed-mode simulations. A practical two step gate waveform is studied for avoidance of device failure under short-circuit conditions, and is experimentally demonstrated.
Monk’s Music: Thelonious Monk and Jazz History in the Making

By Gabriel Solis. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008. ISBN: 978‐0‐520‐25201‐1 (paperback). Pp. 239. $23.95. The “great man” approach to jazz history is dead. It was eulogized and buried...
Observation of room temperature B-Cl activation of the HCB11Cl11(-) anion and isolation of a stable anionic carboranyl phosphazide.

The perchlorinated carba-closo-dodecaborate anion is typically inert toward B–Cl functionalization. We present here the observation of two competing reactions that occur with this anion at ambient ...
A Novel Design of Butler Matrix With Relatively Flexible Phase Differences

This letter presents a novel topology of a 4 ×4 Butler matrix, which can realize relatively flexible phase differences at the output ports. The proposed Butler matrix employs couplers with arbitrary phase-differences to replace quadrature couplers in the conventional Butler matrix. By controlling the phase differences of the applied couplers, the progressive phase differences among output ports of the proposed Butler matrix can be relatively flexible. To facilitate the design, closed-form design equations are derived and presented. For verifying the design concept, a planar 4×4 Butler matrix with four unique progressive phase differences ( - 30 ° , + 150 ° , - 120 ° , and + 60 ° ) is designed and fabricated. At the operating frequency, the amplitude imbalance is less than 0.75 dB, and the phase mismatch is within ±6 ° . The measured return loss is better than 16 dB, and the isolation is better than 18 dB. The bandwidth with 10 dB return loss is about 15%.
New players in Trousseau syndrome.

In this issue of Blood , [Nickel et al][1] show that long-chain polyphosphates (polyP) on the surface of secreted microvesicles (MVs) from prostate cancer cells activate coagulation factor XII (FXII), leading to thrombosis.[1][2] ![Figure][3] Prostate cancer cells synthesize and secrete
Overview of Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics: Opportunities and Challenges

The field of metabolomics has witnessed an exponential growth in the last decade driven by important applications spanning a wide range of areas in the basic and life sciences and beyond. Mass spectrometry in combination with chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance are the two major analytical avenues for the analysis of metabolic species in complex biological mixtures. Owing to its inherent significantly higher sensitivity and fast data acquisition, MS plays an increasingly dominant role in the metabolomics field. Propelled by the need to develop simple methods to diagnose and manage the numerous and widespread human diseases, mass spectrometry has witnessed tremendous growth with advances in instrumentation, experimental methods, software, and databases. In response, the metabolomics field has moved far beyond qualitative methods and simple pattern recognition approaches to a range of global and targeted quantitative approaches that are now routinely used and provide reliable data, which instill greater confidence in the derived inferences. Powerful isotope labeling and tracing methods have become very popular. The newly emerging ambient ionization techniques such as desorption ionization and rapid evaporative ionization have allowed direct MS analysis in real time, as well as new MS imaging approaches. While the MS-based metabolomics has provided insights into metabolic pathways and fluxes, and metabolite biomarkers associated with numerous diseases, the increasing realization of the extremely high complexity of biological mixtures underscores numerous challenges including unknown metabolite identification, biomarker validation, and interlaboratory reproducibility that need to be dealt with for realization of the full potential of MS-based metabolomics. This chapter provides a glimpse at the current status of the mass spectrometry-based metabolomics field highlighting the opportunities and challenges.
Cautions in Measuring In Vivo Interactions Using FRET and BiFC in Nicotiana benthamiana.

Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) are two widely used techniques to investigate protein-protein interactions and subcellular compartmentalization of proteins in complexes. As of January 2015, there were 805 publications retrieved by PUBMED with the query "bimolecular fluorescence complementation" and 11,327 publications retrieved with the query "fluorescence resonance energy transfer". Only a few of these publications describe studies of plant cells. Given the importance and popularity of these techniques, applying them correctly is crucial but unfortunately many studies lack proper controls and verifications. We describe (1) BiFC and FRET problems that are frequently encountered at different stages of the protocols, (2) how to use appropriate controls, and (3) how to apply plant transformation and imaging procedures. We provide step-by-step protocols for the beginner to obtain high quality, artifact-free BiFC and FRET data.
Information quality, privacy policies, and data safety practices in online social networks for health: a longitudinal analysis

This paper describes a longitudinal analysis of online social networks designed for patients diagnosed with chronic kidney disease. Observational analysis of 20 indicators in three domains -- practices for auditing and moderating the quality of content provided by users, accessibility of privacy policies, and data sharing policies and member control over data sharing -- was conducted on 10 sites in 2013 and again on 12 sites in 2015, with 7 of the same sites included in both samples. The sites were identified using Google. Indicators for each domain were scored dichotomously. These scores were compared among sites in order to analyze their general practices and policies. Total composite scores were also analyzed to determine whether individual sites had significantly different practices and policies in comparison with the group. Finally, scores for each domain were compared across years in order to assess whether practices and policies had changed over time. Differences in site practices and policies between 2013 and 2015 were not significant, although there is much room for improvement in all domains. Quality was variable across all sites, with gaps in medical disclaimers, a lack of external review of privacy policies and data safety audits, and missing information about internal quality control in the form of moderators. Although most sites employ moderators, their credentials are not often reported. Privacy policies are inaccessible across the board, with none readable at below a twelfth-grade level. Data safety practices are also problematic, with most sites sharing user data with third parties. The quality and safety of social networks for CKD is variable, and improvement is feasible. Suggested improvements include auditing privacy policies and data safety practices, making information about moderators easily available, and third-party audits of information posted by users to ensure the removal of misinformation.
Spezifische Bestandteile des therapeutischen Handelns

Obwohl wir nicht beabsichtigen, die Analogie zwischen unserem jetzigen Ansatz und der pharmakologischen Terminologie allzu sehr zu strapazieren, wird es von Nutzen sein zu untersuchen, welche Bestandteile des psychotherapeutischen Handelns wirksam und welche unwirksam sind und zwischen spezifisch und unspezifisch wirksamen zu unterscheiden. Diese Untersuchung der ‚Einzelteile’ von erfolgreichen Psychotherapien wird es uns spater ermoglichen, uber (a) die Grundbedingungen fur das Masschneidern, (b) den Vorgang des Masschneiderns und seine Anwendung und (c) das Prufen des Masschneiderns und seine Verbesserung besser reflektieren zu konnen.
Degrees of Whiteness

On February 26, 2012, George Zimmerman shot and killed Trayvon Martin, the 17-year-old African American who had been walking back to his house in a gated community in Sanford, Florida. The crime was seen by the public as being motivated by racial vigilantism, a white guy protecting the community from hoodie-clad African American high school student. Zimmerman, a member of the local neighborhood watch group, had followed Martin on his way back home from the local 7-Eleven store. He called 911 to alert them of a suspicious-looking individual and asked for guidance. Although the 911 operator told Zimmerman to walk away, he did not, and Martin ended up dead. Claiming self-defense, Zimmerman left the crime scene a free man. Florida, like roughly 30 other states in the union, has a “stand your ground” law which protects individuals from arrest if they are able to prove that they acted in self-defense.1 When it became apparent that Zimmerman would not be charged under “stand your ground,” the country erupted. Protests and rallies, like the Million Hoodie March, were staged and millions signed petitions calling for Zimmerman’s detention. Six weeks after Martin’s death, Governor Rick Brown ordered that Zimmerman be arrested. When he was finally tried in July 2013, more than a year later, he was found not guilty.
Evaluation of the coronary venous system using electron beam computed tomography.

New therapeutic strategies in interventional cardiology and electrophysiology involve the coronary veins. This study examines the potential usefulness of electron beam computed tomography to obtain detailed noninvasive definition of the coronary venous anatomy and of arteriovenous relationships. Electron beam computed tomography allows acquisition and three-dimensional reconstruction of tomographic images of the beating heart with high spatial and temporal resolution. Contrast-enhanced, thin-section electron beam computed tomographic coronary arteriographic images of 34 patients (21 men and 13 women, age 60 ± 10 years) were analyzed. The visibility of the coronary veins and their spatial relationship to the coronary arteries were assessed qualitatively on two- and three-dimensional displays. The coronary sinus was visible in 91%, the great cardiac vein in 100%, the middle cardiac vein in 88%, at least one vein overlying the lateral surface of the left ventricle in 97%, the anterior interventricular vein in 97%, and the small cardiac vein in 68%. A left marginal and a left posterior vein were seen in 44%, one of the two in 38%, and neither in 3%. The course of the anterior interventricular vein was parallel to the left anterior coronary artery in 79% and a crossover between the two vessels at an obtuse angle occurred in 12%. Contrast-enhanced electron beam computed tomography imaging of the heart noninvasively provides information on the coronary venous system and arteriovenous relationships that may help guide new interventional procedures.
Naive social learning in Ising networks

We analyze a model of learning and belief formation in networks where agents attempt to maximize their state-dependent utilities by their choice of actions, while being unaware of the true state. They do so by making rational inferences about their observations which include a sequence of independent and identically distributed private signals as well as the decisions of their neighboring agents at each time. Successive applications of Bayes rule to the entire history of past observations lead to forebodingly complex inferences due to lack of knowledge about the global network structure that is causing those observations. To address these complexities, we consider a Bayesian without Recall (BWR) model of inference, which in addition to providing a tractable framework for analyzing the behavior of rational agents in social networks, can also provide a behavioral foundation for the variety of non-Bayesian update rules in the literature. We specialize the model to the case of binary state and action spaces and show that the action updates in this case take the form of a weighted majority and threshold function leading to an Ising model. We analyze the evolution of action profiles under the derived rules and investigate behavioral implications that are of interest in our model, including consensus, learning and emergence of experts and opinion leaders.
Shedding of Hepatitis C Virus Into the Rectum of HIV-infected Men Who Have Sex With Men

Background For over a decade we have known of an epidemic of sexually transmitted hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected men who have sex with men (MSM), but there still remains significant controversy over which bodily fluid(s) are responsible for HCV transmission in these men. Methods We enrolled HIV-infected MSM with recent and chronic HCV infection and quantified HCV from rectal fluid obtained by blind swab. We compared the rectal HCV viral load (VL) with paired blood HCV VL. Results We found rectal HCV shedding in 20 (47%) of 43 men, only one (2%) of whom had visible bleeding. Detection of rectal HCV shedding was associated with blood VL > 5 log10 IU/mL (p = .01), and 85% with blood VL > 5 log10 IU/mL had rectal shedding. The HCV VL of the rectal fluid ranged from 2.6 to 5.5 log10 IU/mL. Based on the median rectal fluid VL, the surface of an average human penis would be exposed to at least 2,300 IU of HCV for the duration of anal intercourse. Conclusion This study provides the first direct evidence to our knowledge that a sufficient quantity of HCV is shed into the rectum in HIV-infected men with HCV infection to directly infect an inserted penis or be passed indirectly through fomite-like transmission to the rectum of sex partner. We must develop an appropriate public health campaign to educate MSM about these routes of HCV infection to reverse the HCV epidemic among HIV-infected MSM.
The coherence of Omniscience: A defense

Refutation des arguments contre la coherence de l'omniscience developpes par P. Grim a partir de l'idee des indexicaux essentiels, du paradoxe du menteur et du theoreme de Cantor. Rejetant l'idee selon laquelle Dieu n'aurait pas la connaissance des enonces indexicaux, des enonces autoreferentiels et de l'ensemble de toutes les verites, l'A. defend une definition de l'ominscience qui preserve l'attribut traditionnel de la simplicite divine
Linking social, ecological, and physical science to advance natural and nature-based protection for coastal communities

Interest in the role that ecosystems play in reducing the impacts of coastal hazards has grown dramatically. Yet the magnitude and nature of their effects are highly context dependent, making it difficult to know under what conditions coastal habitats, such as saltmarshes, reefs, and forests, are likely to be effective for saving lives and protecting property. We operationalize the concept of natural and nature-based solutions for coastal protection by adopting an ecosystem services framework that propagates the outcome of a management action through ecosystems to societal benefits. We review the literature on the basis of the steps in this framework, considering not only the supply of coastal protection provided by ecosystems but also the demand for protective services from beneficiaries. We recommend further attention to (1) biophysical processes beyond wave attenuation, (2) the combined effects of multiple habitat types (e.g., reefs, vegetation), (3) marginal values and expected damage functions, and, in particular, (4) community dependence on ecosystems for coastal protection and co-benefits. We apply our approach to two case studies to illustrate how estimates of multiple benefits and losses can inform restoration and development decisions. Finally, we discuss frontiers for linking social, ecological, and physical science to advance natural and nature-based solutions to coastal protection.
Human-Systems Integration Challenges in Resilient Multi-UAV Operation

Operating multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) simultaneously gives superior mission coverage but creates human-systems integration challenges as well as joint human-system performance challenges. For example, when disrupting events happen, one can use multiple resilience techniques to recover from them. Some require human-in-the-loop response while others require humans to act in a backup capacity. Often these recovery mechanisms require context switching – something that humans are not good at because they have cognitive limitations. This paper examines multi-UAV operations from the perspective of different human roles and identifies challenges that exist when human operators are in the loop and have to adapt and context switch in response to the system’s adaptive behavior.
Chemical-Carcinogen-Induced Transformation of Primary Cultures of Mouse Mammary Epithelial Cells Grown inside Collagen Gels

A method is described for the chemical carcinogen induced transformation of mouse mammary epithelial cells cultured in three-dimensional collagen gels with defined mitogens. Transformation is assayed in this system by the transplantation of the carcinogen treated cells to the parenchyma free mammary fat pads of syngeneic female mice. Resultant mammary outgrowths are scored as to the development of morphologically distinct preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions. The phenotype and the nature of genetic lesions is greatly dependent on the mitogen used at the time of carcinogen exposure.
Synthesis and Characterization of Fatty Acid Grafted Chitosan Polymer and Their Nanomicelles for Nonviral Gene Delivery Applications

The aim of this study was to synthesize and characterize fatty acid-grafted-chitosan (fatty acid-g-CS) polymer and their nanomicelles for use as carriers for gene delivery. CS was hydrophobically modified using saturated fatty acids of increasing fatty acyl chain length. Carbodiimide along with N-hydroxysuccinimide was used for coupling carboxyl group of fatty acids with amine groups of CS. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to quantify fatty acyl substitution onto CS backbone. The molecular weight distribution of the synthesized polymers was determined using size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography and was found to be in range of the parent CS polymer (∼50 kDa). The critical micelle concentration (cmc) of the polymers was determined using pyrene as a fluorescent probe. The cmc was found to decrease with an increase in fatty acyl chain length. The amphiphilic fatty acid-g-CS polymers self-assembled in an aqueous environment to form nanomice...
Monomer sequence in PLGA microparticles: Effects on acidic microclimates and in vivo inflammatory response.

Abstract Controlling the backbone architecture of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)s (PLGAs) is demonstrated to have a strong influence on the production and release of acidic degradation by-products in microparticle matrices. Previous efforts for controlling the internal and external accumulation of acidity for PLGA microparticles have focused on the addition of excipients including neutralization and anti-inflammatory agents. In this report, we utilize a sequence-control strategy to tailor the microstructure of PLGA. The internal acidic microclimate distributions within sequence-defined and random PLGA microparticles were monitored in vitro using a non-invasive ratiometric two-photon microscopy (TPM) methodology. Sequence-defined PLGAs were found to have minimal changes in pH distribution and lower amounts of percolating acidic by-products. A parallel scanning electron microscopy study further linked external morphological events to internal degradation-induced structural changes. The properties of the sequenced and random copolymers characterized in vitro translated to differences in in vivo behavior. The sequence alternating copolymer, poly LG, had lower granulomatous foreign-body reactions compared to random racemic PLGA with a 50:50 ratio of lactic to glycolic acid. Statement of Significance This paper demonstrates that changing the monomer sequence in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)s (PLGAs) leads to dramatic differences in the rate of degradation and the internal acidic microclimate of microparticles degrading in vitro. We note that the acidic microclimates within these particles were imaged for the first time with two-photon microscopy, which gives an extremely clear and detailed picture of the degradation process. Importantly, we also document that the observed sequence-controlled in vitro processes translate into differences in the in vivo behavior of polymers which have the same L to G composition but differing microstructures. These data, placed in the context of our prior studies on swelling, erosion, and MW loss (Biomaterials 2017, 117, 66 and other references cited within the manuscript), provide significant insight not only about sequence effects in PLGAs but into the underlying mechanisms of PLGA degradation in general.
Raíz y flor de la “aventura” de los batanes ( DQ 1:20)

Critics have called the episode of the fulling mills an «incomplete adventure». So that readers can interpret it in a way that relates well to the major themes of the novel, a couple of links have been suggested to Virgil’s Aeneid, specifically to Aeneas’ descent to the underworld and the forging of his armor by Vulcan’s cyclops on Etna. However, the content matches more fully, perhaps as a complement to the Virgilian source, the Spanish legend of King Rodrigo’s forbidden entrance into the Cave of Hercules located in Toledo.Cervantes would have read the ideologically charged version by the royal translator Miguel de Luna, a Morisco writer used by Lope in an antithetical way in the composition of his Ultimo godo. Luna added the resounding torrent of water that with burlesque humor Cervantes turned into the seemingly terrifying sound of fulling mills, a racket misinterpreted by his protagonist as yet another chivalric adventure. Pedro de Rojas, conde de Mora, and Cristobal Lozano later told the story of the legend once again, the latter making use of a change in perspective taken from Cervantes’ ironic adaptation.
Improving Psychiatric Teaching and Recruitment

The authors report on a survey of medical school departments of psychiatry, addressing problems of and solutions to decreasing psychiatric recruitment. Seventy-two respondents indicated that the most productive initiatives are to improve medical student education using the demonstrated commitment of senior professors, giving students maximal patient care responsibility during their clerkships, utilizing small group teaching in the pre-clinical years, offering opportunities for social contacts between students and faculty, assigning teaching to psychiatrists instead of other mental health faculty, and most importantly, commitments by the chairmen of the departments to giving medical student education a major priority assignment. Psychiatrists’ commitment to and participation in medical student education is, above all, responsible for more effective, engaging instruction and ultimate enhancement of recruitment. Programmatic changes over a six-year period at the University of Cincinnati are described that led to more responsive undergraduate teaching activities and to a more than doubling of the number of students entering psychi- atry residencies.
Optimal Arma Models for the Statistical Analysis of Reservoir Operating Rules

Abstract A time series of mean annual flows with a high Hurst coefficient is used. The Kitagawa search procedure for the optimal order p, q of ARMA models is seen to work well. Simulation of the annual flow series using a slightly modified McLeod and Hipel's Waterloo Simulation Procedure 1 preserved the rescaled range and the Hurst coefficient. Reservoir releases and storages were obtained for an operation rule that minimizes losses for a specified penalty function. Probability distributions of individual events and sequences 2, 3,…,20 events were obtained for flows, releases and storages. Temporal disaggregation is used for the generation of monthly series. These in turn are used for the development of optimal seasonal release rules for the operation of the reservoirs. The reservoir reliability is then estimated in two different ways: in terms of the frequencies of failure years and of failure months.
Insect-Induced Synthesis of Phytoecdysteroids in Spinach, Spinacia oleracea

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) foliage is known to synthesize and accumulate insect molting hormones, predominantly in the form of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). We previously demonstrated that root 20E accumulation is increased following root damage. We designed two further experiments to address root responses to both mechanical and insect damage. In plants grown hydroponically, removal of 35% or less of the root mass did not result in changes in root 20E levels. However, removal of 70% of the root mass stimulated 6.0- and 1.5-fold increases in the root and shoot 20E concentrations, respectively. The effects of insect damage on soil-grown plants were investigated by infesting plant roots with black vine weevil (BVW: Otiorhynchus sulcatus) larvae and allowing them to feed for seven days. Decreases in root mass occurred in young plants; however, no changes were detected in mature plants. In all cases, root herbivory resulted in at least a 3.0-fold increase in root 20E concentrations. Our previous experiments implicated jasmonic acid and the analog methyl jasmonate (MJ) in signaling the damage-induced accumulation of root 20E levels. We investigated the activity of other phytohormones and growth regulators (GRs) on the 20E accumulation patterns of young plants as a means of examining the significance of jasmonates in the induction response. Hydroponic additions of MJ (0.5 μM) and the synthetic auxin, 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA; 0.5 μM), resulted in significant increases in root 20E levels. At the concentrations tested, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA3), abscisic acid (ABA), and trans-zeatin (Z) had no effects on root 20E concentrations. However, both NAA (0.5–5.0 μM) and Z (5.0 μM) treatments caused increases in the root/shoot dry mass ratios, indicating shifts in resource allocation to the roots. Treatments involving ABA (5.0 μM) and Z (0.5–5.0 μM) caused significant increases in shoot 20E concentrations. No other hormone treatments altered shoot accumulation patterns. The mechanisms underlying the root 20E induction phenomena were investigated through the incorporation of [2-14C]mevalonic acid ([14C]MVA). Within one day, excised roots readily incorporated radioactivity into 20E from [14C]MVA. In intact plants, [14C]MVA absorbed by the roots was rapidly incorporated into root 20E pools following damage and MJ treatments. This implies that the wound-induced root 20E accumulation is the result of increased de novo 20E synthesis in the root.
Abstract WP50: Potential Impact of Triage Using Non-Contrast Head CT and Stroke Severity on a Regional Stroke System of Care: A Population-Based Study

Background and Purpose: Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients may benefit from endovascular therapy (EVT) up to 24 hours since last known normal (LKN). Advanced imaging, including CT or MR angiography and perfusion studies, is required for patient selection. Large non-thrombectomy centers may be able to obtain and interpret these images quickly, but smaller hospitals may not have sufficient real-time CT technician and radiology support. We estimated transfer rates using non-contrast head CT and stroke severity to select patients to be transferred to larger centers for evaluation. Methods: We identified all AIS among residents of the Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study region in 2010 comprising approximately 1.3 million people. Study nurses abstracted relevant information from the medical record, including times of symptom onset, LKN, and ED arrival, and all cases were verified by study physicians. Only cases age ≥18 with baseline mRS 0-2 that presented to an ED were included. Among cases that...
Dynamics of a System of Particles

In Chap. 2 we used the motion of a single particle to discuss a wide range of topics including force versus moment equations, potential energy, work-energy concepts, constraint forces, generalized coordinates, Lagrange’s equations, and others. In this chapter we consider those topics and others for the case where a system of multiple, interacting particles is moving under the action of a set of forces.
Balanced information gathering and goal-oriented actions in shared autonomy

Robotic teleoperation can be a complex task due to factors such as high degree-of-freedom manipulators, operator inexperience, and limited operator situational awareness. To reduce teleoperation complexity, researchers have developed the shared autonomy control paradigm that involves joint control of a robot by a human user and an autonomous control system. We introduce the concept of active learning into shared autonomy by developing a method for systems to leverage information gathering: minimizing the system's uncertainty about user goals by moving to information-rich states to observe user input. We create a framework for balancing information gathering actions, which help the system gain information about user goals, with goal-oriented actions, which move the robot towards the goal the system has inferred from the user. We conduct an evaluation within the context of users who are multitasking that compares pure teleoperation with two forms of shared autonomy: our balanced system and a traditional goal-oriented system. Our results show significant improvements for both shared autonomy systems over pure teleoperation in terms of belief convergence about the user's goal and task completion speed and reveal trade-offs across shared autonomy strategies that may inform future investigations in this space.