cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developmental Programming of Long Non-Coding RNAs during Postnatal Liver Maturation in Mice

The liver is a vital organ with critical functions in metabolism, protein synthesis, and immune defense. Most of the liver functions are not mature at birth and many changes happen during postnatal liver development. However, it is unclear what changes occur in liver after birth, at what developmental stages they occur, and how the developmental processes are regulated. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in organ development and cell differentiation. Here, we analyzed the transcriptome of lncRNAs in mouse liver from perinatal (day −2) to adult (day 60) by RNA-Sequencing, with an attempt to understand the role of lncRNAs in liver maturation. We found around 15,000 genes expressed, including about 2,000 lncRNAs. Most lncRNAs were expressed at a lower level than coding RNAs. Both coding RNAs and lncRNAs displayed three major ontogenic patterns: enriched at neonatal, adolescent, or adult stages. Neighboring coding and non-coding RNAs showed the trend to exhibit highly correlated ontogenic expression patterns. Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that some lncRNAs enriched at neonatal ages have their neighbor protein coding genes also enriched at neonatal ages and associated with cell proliferation, immune activation related processes, tissue organization pathways, and hematopoiesis; other lncRNAs enriched at adolescent ages have their neighbor protein coding genes associated with different metabolic processes. These data reveal significant functional transition during postnatal liver development and imply the potential importance of lncRNAs in liver maturation.
Histochemical study of ovarian hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity during normal pseudopregnancy in the rat.

3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was localized in ovaries removed from rats during normal pseudopregnancy. Ovarian sections were incubated in media containing either pregnenolone (P-one) or dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA). P-one-3β-HSD activity appeared strongest on day 6 whereas DHA-3β-HSD was highest on day 13. NADH2 diaphorase activity was localized and observed to be greater than 3β-HSD. Both P-one- and DHA-3β-HSD activities were localized in primary-, secondary- and tertiary follicles; granulosa and theca interna cells have a variable potential for steroidogenesis. Mature tertiary follicles appear most responsive of the follicular population in steroidogenic potential. In atretic follicles, theca interna cells showed a marked ability for potential steroid production and may be one of the more stable sites of steroidogenesis. Interstitial tissue is a major site for potential estrogenic and progestational biosynthesis during the functional life of the ovary. Luteal cells exhibited strong ability for DHA-3β-HSD activity during the ongoing process of pseudopregnancy while P-one-3β-HSD activity declined in these cells as pseudopregnancy progressed. In summary, at the onset of pseudopregnancy, it appears that ovarian P-one-3β-HSD activity is greater than DHA-3β-HSD activity. Near the termination of this condition, DHA-3β-HSD activity is greater than P-one-3β-HSD activity in the rat.
Cycloid kinematics of relative plate motion

The trajectory of a point on one plate as observed from another plate is generally a complex curve and not a small circle around a single axis of relative motion, as is commonly assumed. The shape of the relative-motion path is given the general name “spherical cycloid” because of its morphological similarity to cycloid planetary trajectories described by early astronomers. The cycloid relative-motion model predicts that the following phenomena occur during finite displacements: (1) the relative velocity and the curvature of the trajectory of a point on one plate relative to another plate varies systematically; (2) plates wobble relative to one another, and (3) the angle of convergence and/or divergence varies systematically along the length of any given transform fault. The small-circle relative-motion model, whereby transform faults have been considered “lines of pure slip” along which crust is “conserved,” is not generally valid for finite relative displacements.
Using landfill gas: a UK perspective

Abstract Landfill gas (LFG) is a flammable and potentially harmful mixture of methane, carbon dioxide and a large number of trace constituents produced when waste decays in landfills. The need to prevent harm from LFG emissions has been recognised since the 1970s, and is now enshrined in site regulations. Control measures such as gas extraction wells and multi-layered liners are now being implemented on a wide scale. Using LFG as a fuel or feed stock can complement the requirements of control for environmental protection, whilst providing an additional revenue stream and displacing conventional fuels. Use of LFG for power generation began in the UK in 1985 and government support for electricity from renewable sources has made this its dominant application. By the end of 1993 there were 49 power generation projects with a combined capacity of 80 MWe, generating 447 GWh of electricity in the year. In addition, the 12 direct use schemes using LFG as a fuel for kilns and boilers produced a further 9,200 GJ as heat. This paper reviews the processes of LFG formation and the technology and economics of generating electricity from it in the UK, and outlines the scope for further development.
Quantification of sudomotor innervation: A comparison of three methods

Peripheral sudomotor dysfunction is present in many peripheral neuropathies, but structural assessments of sudomotor fibers rarely occur. We evaluated 36 diabetic and 72 healthy control subjects who underwent detailed neurologic examinations and punch skin biopsies. Physical exam findings were quantified by neuropathy impairment score in the lower limb. Skin biopsies quantified intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) and sweat gland nerve fiber density (SGNFD) by a manual, automated, and semiquantitative method. The automated and manual SGNFD correlated with the IENFD at the same site (r = 0.62, P < 0.05 automated method, r = 0.67, P < 0.05 manual method). As neuropathy worsened, the SGNFD at the distal leg declined (automated counting r = -0.81, P < 0.001; manual counting r = -0.88, P < 0.001). The semiquantitative method displayed poor inter- and intrareviewer reliability and correlated poorly with standard neuropathy evaluation scores. Our results suggest that sudomotor fibers can be rapidly and reproducibly quantified, and results correlate well with physical exam findings.
An efficient annotation and gene-expression derivation tool for Illumina Solexa datasets

The data produced by an Illumina flow cell with all eight lanes occupied, produces well over a terabyte worth of images with gigabytes of reads following sequence alignment. The ability to translate such reads into meaningful annotation is therefore of great concern and importance. Very easily, one can get flooded with such a great volume of textual, unannotated data irrespective of read quality or size. CASAVA, a optional analysis tool for Illumina sequencing experiments, enables the ability to understand INDEL detection, SNP information, and allele calling. To not only extract from such analysis, a measure of gene expression in the form of tag-counts, but furthermore to annotate such reads is therefore of significant value. We developed TASE (Tag counting and Analysis of Solexa Experiments), a rapid tag-counting and annotation software tool specifically designed for Illumina CASAVA sequencing datasets. Developed in Java and deployed using jTDS JDBC driver and a SQL Server backend, TASE provides an extremely fast means of calculating gene expression through tag-counts while annotating sequenced reads with the gene's presumed function, from any given CASAVA-build. Such a build is generated for both DNA and RNA sequencing. Analysis is broken into two distinct components: DNA sequence or read concatenation, followed by tag-counting and annotation. The end result produces output containing the homology-based functional annotation and respective gene expression measure signifying how many times sequenced reads were found within the genomic ranges of functional annotations. TASE is a powerful tool to facilitate the process of annotating a given Illumina Solexa sequencing dataset. Our results indicate that both homology-based annotation and tag-count analysis are achieved in very efficient times, providing researchers to delve deep in a given CASAVA-build and maximize information extraction from a sequencing dataset. TASE is specially designed to translate sequence data in a CASAVA-build into functional annotations while producing corresponding gene expression measurements. Achieving such analysis is executed in an ultrafast and highly efficient manner, whether the analysis be a single-read or paired-end sequencing experiment. TASE is a user-friendly and freely available application, allowing rapid analysis and annotation of any given Illumina Solexa sequencing dataset with ease.
First wall surface problems for a D ↽ T tokamak reactor

Abstract The effects of deuterium, tritium, helium and neutron bombardment on surface degradation of the first wall of a 5000 MWth D-T reactor have been analyzed. The effects of both sputtering and blistering have been analyzed and the results applied to 316 stainless steel wall operating at temperatures from 300 to 500°C. It has been calculated that the total wall erosion rate is 0.22 mm/year and that 14 MeV neutron sputtering accounts for two thirds of this number. Sputtering from all neutrons results in ≈0.17 mm/year erosion. The calculated erosion rate is 2–3 times that which would be allowable for a 30 year first wall lifetime.
Closure properties of certain positivity classes of matrices under various algebraic operations

Abstract We present a table indicating whether or not each of five positivity classes of matrices (positive definite Hermitian matrices, M -matrices, inverse M -matrices, totally positive matrices, and inverse totally positive matrices) is closed under each of seven algebraic operations (conventional multiplication, addition, powers, extraction of roots, Hadamard multiplication, the Hadamard product of one element and the inverse of another, and LU factorization.) Three of these 35 facts seem not to have been previously known, and key examples and references are given.
Risk of the view through the keyhole: there is much more to physician reactions to the DEA than the number of formal actions.

“The Risk of Action by the Drug Enforcement Administration Against Physicians Prescribing Opioids for Pain,” by Jung and Reidenberg, highlights important issues relating to physician fear of regulatory and legal scrutiny. While they clarify that few cases are ultimately brought to final action by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), these physician fears are not necessarily based on exact calculations of prosecutions or regulatory actions. It seems that all you may need to change physician behavior is to simply advance intimidating policy statements or even initiate a few physician investigations that begin with a visit from DEA field agents dressed in flak jackets who carry weapons. Physician fear of regulatory scrutiny may not always be based on real threats, but they lead to real changes in prescribing behaviors that can substantially impair the treatment of patients in pain. The authors' usage of the term “action” in regard to the formal and final regulatory process that leads to revocation or arrest represents a semantic problem. The term may be technically correct when it comes to DEA protocol, but it is certainly not limited to this when you consider the experiences of many physicians who have directly or indirectly felt the actions of the DEA. These actions must be factored into any assessment of DEA impact, irrespective of whether or not they went on to revocation or arrest. The authors state that during just the first three quarters of 2003, 557 investigations were begun, but there is no mention of the impact of these investigations on the targeted physicians and the greater community during this relatively short period of time. These data suggest that it is possible that there may be significant risk of DEA intervention of some kind for a physician who prescribes sufficient opioids for many patients in chronic pain. …
Determination of large nematic pre-tilt in liquid crystal cells with mechanically rubbed photorefractive Ce:SBN windows

We report on the determination of liquid crystal pre-tilt inside cells fabricated using single crystal birefringent and dichroic windows of cerium doped strontium barium niobate. We show that the average pre-tilt is significantly affected by the crystalline windows, leading to much larger values than those obtained with glass windows using identical fabrication methods. The same technique can be used to determine pre-tilts as large as 40 degrees, which is significantly larger than normally measurable using the cell rotation method.
The AHP Soviet Exchange Project: 1983-1990 and beyond

Seven years have gone by since AHP sent its first delegation to the Soviet Union. During that time, over 150 North American psychologists, psychotherapists, and educators have represented AHP as de...
Lessons from adult stroke trials

Before designing epidemiologic, genetic, or treatment trials in pediatric stroke, we should learn from adult trials which preceded. Adult trialists state that there is a need for improved animal models to mimic human disease. Dose-response curves with blinded outcome measures would improve preclinical data. Functional and histologic outcome measures would improve the animal model. In regard to human Phase 2 medication trials, safety, delivery, end points, and surrogate markers are necessary. The detection of biologic activity can be defined in Phase 2B trials. For Phase 3 trials, the experiment needs to be simple with global outcome measures as end points. New statistical designs such as futility analysis may improve and streamline trials in both adults and children. Clinical trials are a long process, and care needs to be incorporated at every step. Why is there a propensity of failed studies for acute ischemic stroke in adults? The reasons include (a) the animal model fails us, (b) the Phase 2 trials are ineffective in defining dose, and (c) the Phase 3 trials are poorly done. Because clinical trials, more often than not, fail to give positive (effective treatment) results, it seems reasonable to attempt to learn from others' past experiences before initiating pediatric stroke trials.
PREDICTING DIVORCE AT MARITAL THERAPY INTAKE: WIVES' DISTRESS AND THE MARITAL STATUS INVENTORY†

The Marital Status Inventory (MSI), a measure of divorce potential was given to couples in six independent samples. Scores from the five clinical sites and one marital enrichment sample (N = 241 couples) were used to provide adequate reliability, discriminant validity and predictive validity data. Compound probability for the five clinical sites supports the contention that, overall, wives’ are more distressed than their husbands. The MSI was also able to identify couples who later divorced. However, the Guttman properties of the MSI, previously identified, were not replicated. Clinical implications of the higher wives’ scores for prediction of divorce and marital therapy are discussed. Marital and family therapists often find it of practical use to predict the divorce potential of their clients. Knowledge that a client system is at risk for divorce may affect the style, pacing and type of therapy used. For example, divorce adjustment may be the therapy of choice as opposed to marital therapy. In response to the need for a means of assessing thoughts and actions toward divorce, the Marital Status Inventory (MSI) was developed (Weiss & Cerreto, 1980). The MSI was thought to be a Guttman-type measure of progression along a continuum, with no thoughts of divorce as one extreme and filing for or being divorced as the other. Fourteen questions are presented in true-false format and inquire into specific thoughts and behaviors believed to represent progressive steps toward divorce. Thus, scores range from 0 to 14, with higher scores thought to be representative of greater marital instability. Preliminary studies by Weiss and Cerreto (1980) and Crane and Mead (1980) offer some initial validity, reliability, and normative data for the instrument. Guttman analysis on the MSI was done with 134 married students and 24 couples participating in a marital therapy research project (Weiss & Cerreto, 1980). They found
Binding and electrostatic attraction of lanthanum (La3+) and aluminum (Al3+) to wheat root plasma membranes.

A general model for the sorption of trivalent cations to wheat-root (Triticum aestivum L cv. Scout 66) plasma membranes (PM) has been developed and includes the first published coefficients for La3+ and Al3+ binding to a biological membrane. Both ions are rhizotoxic, and the latter ion is the principal contributor to the toxicity of acidic soils around the world. The model takes into account both the electrostatic attraction and the binding of cations to the negatively charged PM surface. Ion binding is modeled as the reaction P−+IZ⇌PIZ−1 in which P− represents a negatively charged PM ligand, located in an estimated area of 540 A2, and IZ represents an ion of charge Z. Binding constants for the reaction were assigned for K+ (1 m−1) and Ca2+ (30 m−1) and evaluated experimentally for La3+ (2200 m−1) and H+ (21,500 m−1). Al sorption is complicated by Al3+ hydrolysis that yields hydroxoaluminum species that are also sorbed. Binding constants of 30 and 1 m−1 were assigned for AlOH2+ and Al(OH)+2, respectively, then a constant for Al3+ (20,000 m−1) was evaluated experimentally using the previously obtained values for K+, Ca2+ and H+ binding. Electrostatic attraction was modeled according to Gouy-Chapman theory. Evaluation of parameters was based upon the sorption of ions to PM vesicles suspended in solutions containing variable concentrations of H+, Ca2+ and La3+ or Al3+. Use of small volumes, and improved assay techniques, allowed the measurement of concentration depletions caused by sorption to vesicles. Some independent confirmation of our model is provided by substantial agreement between our computations and two published reports of La3+ effects upon zeta potentials of plant protoplasts. The single published report concerning the electrostatic effects of Al on cell membranes is in essential agreement with the model.
Frequency-domain photon migration techniques for online measurement of particle size distribution and volume fraction in concentrated process streams

Frequency-domain measurements of photon migration were conducted in concentrated polystyrene suspensions in order to assess their use for on-line particle sizing in undiluted process streams. Using a numerical inverse algorithm, particle size distributions (PSD) and volume fractions of three latex suspensions with differing size distributions were recovered from phase-shift measurements at fifteen or less visible wavelengths. Comparison to dynamic light scattering measurements show excellent agreement. Since it is the propagation characteristics of multiply scattered light instead of the amount of light detected that is employed to solve the inverse problem, the measurement technique provides a self-calibrating (and therefore especially suitable) method for on-line process monitoring of PSD in the chemical-based industries.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
TH‐C‐201B‐09: Calculating Cumulative CT Dose in the Trauma Patient Population

Purpose: Recent concerns about lifetime radiation dose from computed tomography(CT) exams has prompted a review of the CT dose delivered at our hospital a Level Itrauma center. A particular patient population of concern is trauma patients who routinely receive multiple CT exams during their stay. We sampled the trauma patient population and tracked their CT dose during the lengths of their stays to calculate their lifetime attributable risk of cancer incidence (LARi) and mortality (LARm) based on total CT dose sex and age. Methods and Materials: We selected as our population sample 100 patients chosen alphabetically by last name who were admitted under a trauma code in the month of November 2008. We collected information on the CTDI value the scan length and the anatomy scanned from the DICOM headers of all CT scans made during each patient's stay to calculate each patient's individual effective dose and cancer risk estimates (LARi and LARm using the BEIR VII data). Results: The mean effective dose (in mSv) for male and female trauma patients was 41.9 and 34.3 respectively and the maximum dose for any patient was 113.8 mSv. The mean LARm for males and females was 0.17% and 0.16% respectively. the LARm for males and females was 0.17% and 0.16% respectively. Conclusion: Based on our dose tracking information we have a better understanding of the risks of cancer incidence and mortality for our trauma patients due to our diagnostic tools which must be weighed against the risks of morbidity and mortality from the trauma incident itself. Our institution has adopted dose recording and dose tracking as an intrinisic part of each CT exam and as part of each patient's history which will allow a more comprehensive examination of the radiation dose to or patient population.
Design-Through-Production Formulations

Ever since the topic of design and digital fabrication in architecture surfaced ten or so years ago (encouraged by organizations of ACADIA, ECAADE, SIGraDi, and CAADRIA), it has thrived as a productive strategy for advancing the discipline. Clearly, new maps have been charted in architectural discourse that will steer us toward a promising future. Beyond just developing skills to serve new methods of design-through-production, we must now question what ends this methodology serves. This writing is an attempt to chart three potential trajectories inherent in a design-through-production methodology 1) outlining an ethic of production at regional levels in light of the ocean of global information access, 2) investigating the formulation of form inherent in digital design methods, and 3) finding humanist aims through a technological lens. Finally, several pedagocical cases are offered as incremental examples to a collective body of work which applies the design-through-production methodology.
Moisture Loss of Vegetables under Refrigerated Storage Conditions

Resume On a determine les coefficients de transpiration de cinq varietes de pomme de terre, de trois varietes d'oignons, de deux varietes de choux et de carottes et d'une variete de panais et de navets entreposes dans un espace refrigere. La valeurs moyennes du coefficient de transpiration peuvent etre classees dans trois grandes categories: elevee (de 500 a 850 mg/kg, h, mm Hg; pour les carottes et les panais); moyenne (de 100 a 250; pour les choux et les navets) et faible (de 10 a 80; pour les pommes de terre et les oignons).
Understanding mNP Hyperthermia for cancer treatment at the cellular scale

The use of magnetic nanoparticles (mNP's) to induce local hyperthermia has been emerging in recent years as a promising cancer therapy, in both a stand-alone and combination treatment setting. Studies have shown that cancer cells associate with, internalize, and aggregate mNP's more preferentially than normal cells. Once the mNP's are delivered inside the cells, a low frequency (30 kHz-300 kHz) alternating electromagnetic field is used to activate the mNP's. The nanoparticles absorb the applied field and provide localized heat generation at nano-micron scales. It has been shown experimentally that mNP's exhibit collective behavior when in close proximity. Although most prevailing mNP heating models assume there is no magnetic interaction between particles, our data suggests that magnetic interaction effects due to mNP aggregation are often significant; In the case of multi-crystal core particles, interaction is guaranteed. To understand the physical phenomena responsible for this effect, we modeled electromagnetic coupling between mNP's in detail. The computational results are validated using data from the literature as well as measurements obtained in our lab. The computational model presented here is based on a method of moments technique and is used to calculate magnetic field distributions on the nanometer scale, both inside and outside the mNP.
Sequential referenda and bureaucratic man

The bulk of our evidence from studying sequential proposals in a multiple round school finance referenda process is consistent with the assumption that the school administrators act non-strategically to maximize the size of their budget rather than with the alternative hypotheses. This is another piece of evidence indicating that the ability of a system of government to provide what is desired of it by the average or median voter will ultimately depend on the structure of government and whether it induces competitive supply rather than on the regard of its public servants for serving public interests.
Release of β-endorphin immunoreactivity from brain by activation of a hypothalamicN-methyl-d-aspartate receptor

Lateral ventricle-cisterna magna perfusion in the halothane-anesthetized rat was used as a model to study β-endorphin release in the brain. Microinjection ofN-methyl-d-aspartate into the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus released β-endorphin immunoreactivity into perfusate and the release was blocked by systemic pretreatment with theN-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist dizocilpine (MK-801).N-methyl-d-aspartate microinjections did not increase β-endorphin immunoreactivity in plasma, and pretreatment with dexamethasone did not prevent release of β-endorphin immunoreactivity into perfusate, emphasizing that the released β-endorphin immunoreactivity did not come from plasma. The non-N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate receptor agonist α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid hydrobromide did not release β-endorphin immunoreactivity. High-performance liquid chromatography characterization of perfusates collected afterN-methyl-d-aspartate microinjection showed that a major part, but not all, of the β-endorphin immunoreactivity co-eluted with authentic β-endorphin1–31. Microinjection ofN-methyl-d-aspartate provoked an algogenic response in the anesthetized rat, and inhibited the motor and cardiovascular responses to tail immersion in 52.5°C water. This block was reversed by pretreatment with MK-801, but not naloxone. Injection of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazole-4-propionic acid hydrobromide elicited the same behavioral response and blocked the nociceptive tail-dip reaction, but did not release β-endorphin immunoreactivity. This dissociation suggests that the β-endorphin immunoreactivity releasing effect ofN-methyl-d-aspartate injection into the arcuate nucleus illustrates a specific regulatory activation ofN-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate receptors, and is not a result of a non-specific activation of the arcuate nucleus. In thisin vivo, anesthetized preparation including three tail immersions into hot water, β-endorphin can be released into a ventriculo-cisternal perfusate, and the response to tail immersion in hot water blocked, by acute activation ofN-methyl-d-aspartate receptors in the arcuate nucleus. The present data do not, however, provide evidence for a role of the released β-endorphin in nociceptive regulation.
Aplanochytrium kerguelensis gen. nov. spec. nov., a new phycomycete from subantarctic marine waters

A new monocentric marine fungus,Aplanochytrium kerguelensis gen. nov. spec. nov., was recovered from water samples taken in the vicinity of the Kerguelen Islands in the South Indian Ocean during a cruise of the research vessel USNS “Eltanin”.Aplanochytrium is very similar toThraustochytrium Sparrow (1936) in having a chytrid-like thallus and in being able to utilize pine pollen as a substrate to which it establishes contact by well-developed rhizoids. At maturity, however, only aplanospores are formed, as inDermocystidium sensu Goldstein and Moriber (1966).
Effects of multiple uncertainty on rationing

Abstract We analyze the problem of a policy maker who chooses an instrument and rations so as to minimize a loss function in the face of additive and multiplicative uncertainty. Theoretical and computational results are provided.
The Perceptual Image Formation Processes Of Brightness Contrast

The paper gives some preliminary results of a continuing experimental study of adjacency effect. One of the important variables to consider in evaluating photo-interpretation by human observers is the adjacency effect, such as that resulting from the sharp contrast of black and white areas on a photographic surface. When human observers view a photographic surface on which black and white are adjoining, the adjacency or "edge" effect occurs. They notice a band of greater brightness just before the light area apparently shades into gray and a band of greater darkness just before the apparently gray area shades into greater darkness. Examination by a photometer or other optical instrument shows that these bands of light and dark do not exist and are only apparently present in the pattern. The apparent brighter and darker bands occur at the point of what was first known as the Mach Band effect (1916). The paper is concerned with a quantitative evaluation of the Mach Band effect when brief exposure time, less than .5 seconds is used.© (1974) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Nutritional and photoperiodic control of the seasonal reproductive cycle in Chrysopa mohave (Neuroptera)

Abstract Chrysopa mohave adults, which are predaceous, undergo a facultative reproductive diapause which can be induced, averted, and terminated in the laboratory by manipulating either photoperiod or diet. Photoperiods of LD 14:10 or shorter evoke a photoperiodically controlled diapause which breaks in long day (LD 16:8) conditions. Withholding prey induces the diapause syndrome in animals experiencing long day lengths, whereas supplying prey terminates this diapause; thus food constitutes a major factor in diapause induction and termination. Under short day regimens, with prey continuously present, diapause persists for approximately 60 days at 24±1°C; however, protein-fed, short day animals retain the diapause characteristics until they receive prey. Our experimental results in combination with field observations and examination of collected specimens, indicate four periods in the annual reproductive cycle as follows. The animals reproduce during April, May, and June when photoperiods are long and prey abundant. When prey become scarce during the dry months of the California summer, part of the population enters a food mediated diapause. During October, November, and December a short day diapause occurs in the population. Although the photoperiodic maintenance of diapause probably ends during early winter, the insects retain the diapause symptoms until prey becomes abundant at the end of March.
Interaction of a moving domain wall with surface magnetoelastic waves in yttrium orthoferrite

The amplitude-frequency characteristics of magnetoelastic surface waves excited by moving domain walls in a lamellar yttrium orthoferrite samples are discovered and measured. The results of analysis of the effect of magnetoelastic surface waves on the dynamics of domain walls in this orthoferrite are considered. The nonlinear interaction between magnetoelastic surface waves accompanying a moving domain wall is analyzed.
Filtering of non-linear instabilities

For Courant numbers larger than one and cell Reynolds numbers larger than two, oscillations and in some cases instabilities are typically found with implicit numerical solutions of the fluid dynamics equations. This behavior has sometimes been associated with the loss of diagonal dominance of the coefficient matrix. It is shown here that these problems can in fact be related to the choice of the spatial differences, with the resulting instability related to aliasing or non-linear interaction. Appropriate “filtering” can reduce the intensity of these oscillations and in some cases possibly eliminate the instability. These filtering procedures are equivalent to a weighted average of conservation and non-conservation differencing. The entire spectrum of filtered equations retains a three-point character as well as second-order spatial accuracy. Burgers equation has been considered as a model. Several filters are examined in detail, and smooth solutions have been obtained for extremely large cell Reynolds numbers.
I get proud when i read: First-graders talk about reading

This interpretive research addressed five first-graders' perceptions of reading and of being readers, asking the questions: What does reading or being a reader mean to a group of children who are at the end of first grade? What are they see as its purpose? How do they view themselves as readers? The data is presented in the form of narratives describing the children and their views, followed by a discussion of the children's reading identities and purposes for reading as condensed into five categories: practice, people, power, pleasure, and performance. Practice, a main purpose for the children, entailed reading longer words and books, learning more words, and developing decoding skills. Reading as a social process included connections to people, both while being taught to read and when sharing texts with others. Mastery of reading provided varied feelings of power and control either over general textual ideas or over the words themselves. Pleasure and humor were emphasized in relation to children's readi...
Prolonged C2 spinal hemisection-induced inactivity reduces diaphragm muscle specific force with modest, selective atrophy of type IIx and/or IIb fibers

The diaphragm muscle (DIAm) is critically responsible for sustaining ventilation. Previously we showed in a commonly used model of spinal cord injury, unilateral spinal cord hemisection at C2 (SH),...
Early effects of Helminthosporium victoriae toxin on plasma membranes and counteraction by chemical treatments

Abstract Several lines of evidence show that the host-specific toxin of Helminthosporium victoriae has a drastic effect on plasma membranes of susceptible oats. Loss of electrolytes and of 14 C-labeled metabolites increased almost immediately after exposure of susceptible leaf tissues to toxin; loss from resistant tissues was not affected by toxin. Bisulfite, semicarbazide and hydroxylamine gave partial protection against toxin-induced leakage of ions, provided the protective compounds were present during the time of exposure to toxin. Semicarbazide also protected aleurone cells of susceptible oats against toxin-induced inhibition of α-amylase synthesis. There was no evidence that these substances had a direct effect on the toxin molecule. Semicarbazide, bisulfite and hydroxylamine are carbonyl-binding reagents, which could mean that there are carbonyl groups in the toxin-sensitive sites of the cell. Uranyl compounds, which bind to the plasma membrane, also counteracted effects of toxin. However, uranyl ions appeared to complex with the toxin molecule, as indicated by bioassay and spectrophotometric studies. The data are compatible with the hypothesis that toxin reacts with specific receptor sites on the cell membrane and that the resulting membrane damage is the primary lesion leading to all other effects of the toxin.
Triarylphosphite substitution in pentakis(aromatic isocyanide)cobalt(I)

Abstract Triphenylphosphite and tirs(p-chlorophenyl)phosphite replace aromatic isocyanide in [Co(CNR)5]X (XClO4, BF4) to yield [Co(CNR)4P(OR′)3]X. The isoyanides R -C6H5, -C6H4F-p, -C6H4Cl-p, -C6H4Br-p, -C6H4I-p, -C6H4CH3-o and -C6H3(CH3)2−2,6 are investigated. Exceptional behavior is observed with phenylisocyanide in that [Co(CNC6H5)3{P(OC6H5)3}2]ClO4 is more easily prepared than [Co(CNC6H5)4P(OC6H5)3]ClO4. The -NC IR and 1H-NMR suggest trigonal bipyramidal structure and stereiochemical nonrigidity at ambient temperature in solution, with possible exception for [Co(CNC6H3{CH3}2-2,6) 4P(OC6H5)3]+. Only [Co(CNC6H4CH3-o)4P(OC6H5)3]+ and [Co(CNC6H4CH3-o)4P(OC6H4Cl-p)3]+ show evidence for solution-phase disproportionation into equilibrium mixtures of [Co(CNR)3{P(OR′)3}2]+, [Co(CNR)4P(OR′)3]+ and [Co(CNR)5]+. Reaction times are necessarily prolonged due to initial product separation as oils. Reactions and products show no sensitivity toward oxygen or water.
Cell death regulation in Drosophila: conservation of mechanism and unique insights.

Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is a genetically encoded form of cell suicide that results in the orderly death and phagocytic removal of excess, damaged, or dangerous cells during normal development and in the adult. The cellular machinery required to carry out apoptosis is present in most, if not all cells, but is only activated in cells instructed to die (for review see Jacobson et al. 1997). Here, we review cell death regulation in the fly in the context of a first pass look at the complete Drosophila genome and what is known about death regulation in other organisms, particularly worms and vertebrates.
The pattern of accumulation of cauliflower mosaic virus-specific products in infected turnips.

Abstract The concentrations of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) DNA and protein products in the developing leaves of a host, turnip, have been measured and the results have been correlated with symptom production. Virus-specific products were limited to the symptomatic leaves. CaMV DNA was detected in the youngest foliar tissues showing full systemic symptoms and continued to accumulate as the leaf expanded, indicating that virus multiplication was not restricted to meristematic tissues of the host plant and that virus concentration was not a primary determinant for symptom production. Using specific antisera for Western blot analysis, the distribution of CaMV-specific proteins (P1-P6) in a range of subcellular fractions of infected tissue was determined. The protein products (P2-P6) of genes II–VI were all detected in fractions enriched for virus inclusion bodies, although P5 was present only at low levels. A high-speed pellet fraction enriched for virus replication complexes revealed P5 in higher concentrations, and also contained P4 and small amounts of P6 in proportions which indicated that replication complexes had been released from inclusion bodies. In the different leaves of the host, P2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 all increased in concentration in parallel with viral DNA, although there appeared to be a bias toward protein rather than DNA synthesis in the very young leaves. P1 showed a different pattern of accumulation; it was most concentrated in the very young and the oldest infected tissues, and showed a different spectrum of products between leaves. The experiments described provide a more complete picture of the relationship between CaMV multiplication and expression, and leaf development, and an increased understanding of how the disease syndrome is established.
Judicial Independence: New Challenges in Established Nations

Because courts are both conflict-resolving and lawmaking bodies, they should be both independent and accountable. This paradox of incidence and accountability cannot be resolved but only addressed by various and shifting pragmatic accommodations between independence and accountability. Prosecutors, trial courts, appeals courts, and constitutional courts are each subject to differing consideration in arriving at such accommodations. Moreover, courts, as courts of law, are not independent but are agents of statutory and constitutional lawmakers. Excessive emphasis on judicial independence creates the danger that authoritarian regimes may achieve a cloak of legitimacy for their laws by having them enforced by independent judiciaries.
Baculovirus-mediated expression and functional characterization of human NADPH-P450 oxidoreductase.

Abstract Human NADPH-P450 oxidoreductase (OR) is an intrinsically membrane-bound flavoprotein that serves to transfer electrons from NADPH to cytochrome P450. OR is also involved in the metabolic activation of chemotherapeutic alkylating agents. The human OR cDNA was engineered into baculovirus and the recombinant virus was used to infect Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells. Approximately 3.3% of total protein of infected cells was human OR. The enzyme was purified by ion exchange and affinity chromatography to a specific activity of 20 units/mg protein. Baculovirus-expressed OR displayed an absolute spectrum typical of the protein purified from tissue sources. The purified enzyme was able to support P450 activity in a reconstituted lipid vesicle system where maximal P450 activity was achieved at an OR P450 ratio of 2. When recombinant OR and P450 DNA-containing baculoviruses were used to coinfect Sf9 cells, the OR P450 ratio needed to achieve half maximal P450 catalytic activity was less than 0.5. These studies demonstrate the utility of baculovirus to analyze the functional and structural relationship of OR and P450.
The Electric Vehicle Industry and Local Economic Development: Prospects and Policies for Southern California:

Southern California's manufacturing economy is currently facing a major crisis of deindustrialization and job loss. The emerging electric vehicle industry represents a possible new growth pole for the region, and a number of private and public initiatives have already been taken to encourage the development of the industry in the local area. I argue that policy can significantly enhance this development process by focussing on specifically regional sources of industrial productivity, innovativeness, and competitive advantage. I argue also that the existing industrial assets of Southern California, combined with policy of this sort, could indeed foster the growth of a major cluster of electric vehicle and parts producers in the region. To be successful, policy needs to be concentrated in particular on fostering flexible and collaborative manufacturing systems together with various services (for example, in the areas of technological research, labor training, venture capital provision, and so on) that enhan...
The relative signs of the spin-spin coupling constants in CH315NH2

Abstract The relative signs of the coupling constants in CH315NH2 and 13 CH 3 15 NH 2 have been determined by double resonance—1H {15N} and 1H{13C} in the liquid phase, and 1H {15N} and 1H{1H} in the gas phase. The reduced constants, J ij y i y j , for all five observable couplings are found to be of the same sign.
Electrophysiological properties and chemosensitivity of acutely isolated nodose ganglion neurons of the rabbit.

Abstract Neurons in the nodose ganglion were enzymatically dissociated from adult rabbits and electrophysiologically examined within 2 h. About 90% of the neurons survived the dissociation procedure. Their resting membrane potential (−59 ± 0.6 mV), time constant (5.7 ± 0.5 ms), input resistance ( 80 ± 5.3 M Ω ), action potential properties (amplitude, 79 ± 1.2 mV; overshoot 21 ± 1 0 mV; duration 5.2 ± 0.1 ms; threshold, −38 ± 0.9 mV; and fast spike afterhyperpolarizaton, 10 ± 0.5 mV, 64 ± 3.8 ms) were not different from values obtained from nodose neurons in intact ganglion in vitro and in vivo. An unusually long duration spike afterhyperpolarization observed in about 35% of nodose neurons in intact ganglion was demonstrated in about 28% of the acutely isolated neurons. The percentage of isolated neurons responding to bath applied acetylcholine, bradykinin, serotonin and histamine was similar to those reported for neurons in the intact ganglia. We conclude that the electrophysiological and chemoreceptive properties of acutely isolated adult rabbit nodose neurons are similar to those observed for neurons in intact ganglia. Thus the availability of large numbers of acutely isolated adult nodose neurons should allow multidisciplinary studies of vagal afferent C-fiber neurons not readily obtainable in the intact ganglion.
In-Situ X-Ray Diffraction and Resistivity Analysis of CoSi2 Phase Formation with and without a Ti Interlayer at Rapid Thermal Annealing Rates

It has been demonstrated, using synchrotron radiation, that at rapid thermal annealing rates (3°C/s) the formation of CoSi2 shifts to higher temperatures when a thin Ti interlayer is placed between Co and polycrystalline Si. It has also been shown that the Ti interlayer reduces the temperature range between the start of CoSi formation and CoSi2 formation (i.e. the range over which CoSi is present). 13 nm of Co deposited by physical vapor deposition on polycrystalline Si with and without either a 2 nm or 3.4 nm interlayer of Ti was analyzed in-situ by monitoring x-ray diffraction (XRD) peak intensity as a function of temperature using monochromatic radiation from a synchrotron beam line and by monitoring resistivity as a function of temperature in a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) system. The XRD analysis indicates that the phase formation proceeds from CoSi to CoSi2 in a temperature range that decreases from about 200°C to 140°C to 115°C with pure Co, Co/2 nm Ti and Co/3.4 nm Ti films respectively. The onset of the CoSi formation increases by about 135°C and 160° for Co/ 2 nm Ti and Co/3.4 nm Ti compared to pure Co. The CoSi temperature range decreases from about 75°C in pure Co to less than 50°C in Co/Ti. In-situ RTA resistance along with in-situ XRD analysis indicates that the onset formation temperatures for CoSi are about 440°C, 575°C and 600°C and the temperatures for the completion of CoSi2 formation are about 640°C, 715°C and 715°C for Co, Co / 2 nm Ti and Co / 3.4 nm Ti films respectively. The results are consistent with the Ti interlayer acting as a diffusion barrier during the initial stages of the Co-Si reaction.
Calix[4]arene, calix[4]resorcarene, and cyclodextrin derivatives and their lanthanide complexes as chiral NMR shift reagents.

Calix[4]arenes, calix[4]resorcarenes, and anionic cyclodextrin derivatives were examined as chiral NMR solvating agents. The calix[4]arenes were prepared by attachment of amino acids through the hydroxyl groups of the phenol rings. Chloroform-, methanol-, and water-soluble derivatives were prepared and tested with a range of substrates. Chloroform-soluble chiral calix[4]resorcarenes were prepared by attachment of chiral primary and secondary amines and examined in NMR applications with a variety of substrates. Sulfated and carboxymethylated β-cyclodextrin are effective at causing enantiomeric discrimination in the 1H NMR spectra of organic cations. Lanthanide ions associate at the carboxymethyl groups and cause sizeable shifts and enhancements in enantiomeric discrimination in the spectra of organic cations. The enhancements caused by the lanthanide ion are large enough that much lower concentrations of the cyclodextrin can be used as compared to conventional analyses. Chirality 15:S150–S158, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Detection of Local Surface Defects in Metal Structures by the Method of Correlation Signal Processing

To localize local subsurface defects in metal structures, we propose a method of correlation signal processing. Numerical and experimental results are presented to confirm the efficiency and reliability of the method.