cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Procollagen Lysyl Hydroxylase 2 Is Essential for Hypoxia-Induced Breast Cancer Metastasis

Metastasis is the leading cause of death among patients who have breast cancer. Understanding the role of the extracellular matrix in the metastatic process may lead to the development of improved therapies to treat cancer patients. Intratumoral hypoxia, found in the majority of breast cancers, is associated with an increased risk of metastasis and mortality. We found that in hypoxic breast cancer cells, HIF-1 activates transcription of the PLOD1 and PLOD2 genes encoding procollagen lysyl hydroxylases that are required for the biogenesis of collagen, which is a major constituent of the extracellular matrix. High PLOD2 expression in breast cancer biopsies is associated with increased risk of mortality. We demonstrate that PLOD2 is critical for fibrillar collagen formation by breast cancer cells, increases tumor stiffness, and is required for metastasis to lymph nodes and lungs.
Cost optimization with solar and conventional energy production, energy storage, and real time pricing

Research is presented that investigates the potential for solar power generation with battery energy storage for reducing the effective cost of energy delivered to residential customers if real time pricing is present. A linear optimization approach is developed based upon a two-step process. In step one, given a specified solar array area and battery capacity, the optimal means to meet loads based upon grid power, solar power, and/or battery power is determined. This analysis considers an expected life-span of the solar panel. With these results established, in the next step, the capital costs for the solar arrays and batteries are considered for each point (solar area and battery capacity) in the design space. Ultimately, the results illuminate the most cost effective means to provide power to customers for the chosen system.
Configurable string matching hardware for speeding up intrusion detection

Signature-based Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) monitor network traffic for security threats by scanning packet payloads for attack signatures. IDSs have to run at wire speed and need to be configurable to protect against emerging attacks. In this paper we consider the problem of string matching which is the most computationally intensive task in IDS. A configurable string matching accelerator is developed with the focus on increasing throughput while maintaining the configurability provided by the software IDSs. Our preliminary results suggest that the hardware accelerator offers an overall system performance of up to 14Gbps.
A Multiple-Level Approach to Motor Pattern Generation

Motor control is studied at multiple levels, e.g., the movement level, the network/circuit level, and the cellular/synaptic/molecular level. The movement level requires the nervous system as well as the muscular system and the structural support system, e.g., skeletal system. The network/circuit level occurs strictly within the central nervous system (CNS). The cellular/synaptic/molecular level has its focus on each individual neurone. Understanding each level illuminates properties at other levels. A levels analysis is used to approach the comparative physiology of motor pattern generation. Specific examples from work on the physiology of turtle scratch reflex are used (Stein, 1989).
Symptom Correlates among Adolescents Showing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder versus Conduct Disorder

21 adolescents with a primary diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, 24 Conduct Disordered, and 23 control adolescents were compared on measures of depression, anxiety, behavior problems, and fears. Analyses showed that posttraumatic adolescents showed associated symptoms of depression and state-anxiety, Conduct Disordered adolescents showed depressive trends, and both groups were evaluated by their teachers as showing significant behavior problems.
Primer design and transcript quantification of a highly multiplexed RT-PCR for a nonmodel avian species.

Multiplexed qRT-PCR assays are currently lacking for nearly all species without genome or transcriptome resources. Here, we present a strategy for primer design of highly multiplexed qRT-PCR assays, evaluate Beckman Coulter’s Quant Tool gene expression quantification software and provide details of our assay for the North American songbird Carpodacus mexicanus (house finch), for which only small sections of genome sequence are available. We combined Beckman Coulter’s eXpress Designer module for creating custom multiplex primers with the free, online program Amplify 3 to design and evaluate primers computationally before testing them empirically. We also generated a standard curve for each gene included in the final multiplex. We compared models using cubic and quadratic polynomial estimators that did and did not force the intercept through zero. Ultimately, we used the sequences available for 316 clones differentially expressed in cDNA macroarray and microarray comparisons, and from these sequences, we were able to generate a set of transcript-specific primers for use with the GeXP analyser for 20 house finch genes.
Mechanisms of Adrenomedullin-Induced Dilatation of Cerebral Arterioles

Background and Purpose Adrenomedullin is a recently discovered vasoactive peptide that is structurally related to calcitonin gene–related peptide (CGRP). Adrenomedullin is produced by vascular endothelium and smooth muscle and is present in the brain. The goals of this study were to determine (1) whether adrenomedullin produces dilatation of cerebral arterioles and whether this effect is mediated by activation of CGRP receptors and (2) whether vasodilatation to adrenomedullin was mediated by K+ channels. Methods Diameter of cerebral arterioles (mean±SE baseline, 46±1 μm) was measured using a closed cranial window in anesthetized rats. Results Application of rat adrenomedullin (10−7 and 10−6 mol/L) increased vessel diameter by 16±3% and 45±8% (n=5), respectively. Vasodilator responses to repeated application of adrenomedullin were reproducible. Pretreatment of cerebral arterioles with the specific CGRP1 receptor antagonist CGRP-(8-37) (5×10−7 mol/L) selectively inhibited the vasodilator responses to adrenomedullin without inhibiting responses to ADP (10−5 to 10−3 mol/L). Responses to adrenomedullin (10−7 and 10−6 mol/L) were 14±1% and 40±3% before and 2±2% and 6±1% after CGRP-(8-37), respectively ( P <.01). Glibenclamide (10−6 mol/L), an inhibitor of ATP-sensitive K+ channels, reduced the responses to adrenomedullin without attenuating responses to ADP. Responses to adrenomedullin were 19±4% and 35±6% before and 6±3% and 19±5% after glibenclamide, respectively ( P <.05). Iberiotoxin (10−7 mol/L), an inhibitor of calcium-dependent K+ channels, also significantly attenuated responses to adrenomedullin and did not inhibit vasodilatation to papaverine. Responses to adrenomedullin were 16±2% and 55±8% before and 12±4% and 26±3% after iberiotoxin, respectively ( P <.01 for 10−6 mol/L adrenomedullin). Conclusions Adrenomedullin produces substantial dilatation of cerebral arterioles in vivo, and the response is mediated in large part by activation of CGRP1 receptors. Cerebral vasodilatation to adrenomedullin appears to be dependent on activation of K+ channels.
From frequency doubling to efficient generation of high-order harmonics of Fourier-transform-limited CO 2 laser at 10.6 μm from GaSe crystals

Coherent ns pulses for 2nd, 3rd, and 4th harmonics of CO2 laser frequency were efficiently generated from GaSe crystals, with corresponding output peak powers as high as 443 W, 23 W, and 2 W, respectively.
Regional TNFα mapping in the brain reveals the striatum as a neuroinflammatory target after ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest in rats

Abstract Cardiac arrest (CA) triggers neuroinflammation that could play a role in a delayed neuronal death. In our previously established rat model of ventricular fibrillation (VF) CA characterized by extensive neuronal death, we tested the hypothesis that individual brain regions have specific neuroinflammatory responses, as reflected by regional brain tissue levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α and other cytokines. In a prospective study, rats were randomized to 6 min (CA6), 8 min (CA8) or 10 min (CA10) of VF CA, or sham group. Cortex, striatum, hippocampus and cerebellum were evaluated for TNFα and interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 and interferon gamma at 3 h, 6 h or 14 d after CA by ELISA and Luminex. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the cell source of TNFα. CA resulted in a selective TNFα response with significant regional and temporal differences. At 3 h after CA, TNFα-levels increased in all regions depending on the duration of the insult. The most pronounced increase was observed in striatum that showed 20-fold increase in CA10 vs. sham, and 3-fold increase vs. CA6 or CA8 group, respectively ( p p p This study was approved by the University of Pittsburgh IACUC 1002340A-3.
Development and return migration to rural French Polynesia.

In this article a recent trend towards return migration to outer island French Polynesia is examined. Following a discussion of massive rural to urban migration throughout island Oceania the regional and international factors responsible for reversing population movements in this French Territory are discussed. Finally the impact of return migration on Tubuai a rapidly developing outer island is assessed specifically analyzing the manner in which returnees are reintegrated socially and economically into rural community life. The article concludes that returnees are development-oriented but that increasing population growth in a context of fundamentally limited rural resources is not an economically viable process in the long term. (EXCERPT)
It's all in the rhythm: the role of cannabinoids in neural oscillations and psychosis

Evidence has accumulated over the past several decades suggesting that both exocannabinoids and endocannabinoids play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The current article presents evidence suggesting that one of the mechanisms whereby cannabinoids induce psychosis is through the alteration in synchronized neural oscillations. Neural oscillations, particularly in the gamma (30-80 Hz) and theta (4-7 Hz) ranges, are disrupted in schizophrenia and are involved in various areas of perceptual and cognitive function. Regarding cannabinoids, preclinical evidence from slice and local field potential recordings has shown that central cannabinoid receptor (cannabinoid receptor type 1) agonists decrease the power of neural oscillations, particularly in the gamma and theta bands. Further, the administration of cannabinoids during critical stages of neural development has been shown to disrupt the brain's ability to generate synchronized neural oscillations in adulthood. In humans, studies examining the effects of chronic cannabis use (utilizing electroencephalography) have shown abnormalities in neural oscillations in a pattern similar to those observed in schizophrenia. Finally, recent studies in humans have also shown disruptions in neural oscillations after the acute administration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the primary psychoactive constituent in cannabis. Taken together, these data suggest that both acute and chronic cannabinoids can disrupt the ability of the brain to generate synchronized oscillations at functionally relevant frequencies. Hence, this may represent one of the primary mechanisms whereby cannabinoids induce disruptions in attention, working memory, sensory-motor integration, and many other psychosis-related behavioral effects.
Two-Dimensional Spreads of Synaptonemal Complexes from Solanaceous Plants. I. The Technique

Using β-glucuronidsase the cell walls of tomato and potato primary microsporocytes can be digested. When the resulting protoplasts are exposed to distilled water, they burst, and complete sets of synaptonemal complexes are released to settle on plastic coated slides. After drying and formalin fixation, the synaptonemal complexes can be stained with silver or phosphotungstic acid and observed in the light and/or electron microscope. Silver staining gives better contrast for both light and electron microscopy but stains only lateral elements and kinetochores. Phosphotungstic acid staining gives little or no contrast for light microscopy, but stains both the lateral and central elements of the synaptonemal complex, kinetochores, and structures that are probably recombination nodules for electron microscopy. This technique offers a powerful tool for genome analysis by allowing (1) the determination of relative and absolute lengths of synaptonemal complexes and chromosome arm ratios at pachytene, (2) the analy...
I'd Rather Stay Stupid: The Advantage of Having Low Utility

Motivated by cost of computation in game theory, we explore how changing the utilities of players (changing their complexity costs) affects the outcome of a game. We show that even if we improve a player's utility in every action profile, his payoff in equilibrium might be lower than in the equilibrium before the change. We provide some conditions on games that are sufficient to ensure this does not occur. We then show how this counter-intuitive phenomenon can explain real life phenomena such as free riding, and why this might cause people to give signals indicating that they are not as good as they really are.
HAPPINESS AND THE ATTAINMENT OF HAPPINESS: AN ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE

Happiness is a universal concept and experience that cuts across cultures and religions. Nonetheless, the particular manifestations and descriptions of happiness are culturally informed and contextualized. This essay explores the concepts of happiness and the pursuit of happiness in Islamic thought, arguing that the pursuit of happiness is envisaged differently in Islamic thought. Rather than the more transient forms of happiness celebrated in modern, secularized or hedonistic cultures, the pursuit of happiness in Islamic thought is concerned above all with the attainment of enduring happiness.
Investigating the Impact of Historical Factors on the Present Level of Income Inequality in the United States

Recently, income inequality has been rising in many parts of the world. This is creating some serious concerns among policymakers, as higher levels of income inequality can lead to various social ills. However, little is known about the role of historical factors in explaining the current level of inequality. I use the model of Durlauf (1996) as reference to create an econometric model to estimate this impact. I use current and historical data of US states to study the effect of different socio-economic factors on inequality. Using two measures of income inequality, one that places equal weight on all individuals, and one that places a higher weight on the richer group, I find that illiteracy rate in 1920 and bank deposits in 1920 have a strong positive influence on current level of inequality. Higher levels of farmland inequality in 1920 also increase current incomes of the richer segment among the rich. Higher illiteracy indicates a lower level of human capital, and that can affect income distribution. Higher levels of bank deposits and farmland inequality in the past indicate a higher inequality of wealth in the past. Through the intergenerational transmission of income and wealth, income distribution can be more skewed in the future, leading to higher levels of inequality.
Studies on uterine hemorrhage

Abstract An analysis of 1137 cases of abnormal uterine bleeding showed that 630 were associated with pregnancy, while 507 cases were in nonpregnant women. The latter patients were classified into 8 distinct categories according to the clinical manifestation of the hemorrhage. 1. 1. Menorrhagia, or profuse or prolonged flow in patients with otherwise normal menses. The sequence of events of the menstrual cycle in the ovaries and endometrium is undisturbed. The most frequent etiologic factor is any condition which interferes with the contractile power of the uterus or results in a hyperemia of the pelvic organs. 2. 2. There is an irregularity in the time factor, the menstrual periods appearing too frequently, or are delayed, or are totally irregular in their occurrence. The main etiologic factor is to be sought in disturbances of ovarian function, which may be of a primary endocrine nature or secondary due to anatomic lesions. 3. 3. 3.1. (a) Hemorrhage initiated with a menstrual period may continue for a prolonged length of time. In these cases are mainly found lesions intimately connected with the endometrium, such as submucous fibromyomas and endometrial polyps, or definite pathologic changes such as hyperplasia of the endometrium or endometritis. 3.2. (b) Continuous bleeding may set in during the stage of endometrial proliferation. The physiologic explanation may be found in a sudden destruction of the corpus luteum due to extension of an inflammatory process. 3.3. (c) Bleeding during the endometrial stage of secretion is of unusual occurrence, and may be partly due to the premenstrual hyperemia of the pelvic organs. 4. 4. Hemorrhage may occur in the middle of the menstrual cycle at a time corresponding to the rupture of the graafian follicle, the so-called “ovulation bleeding”. 5. 5. A type of hemorrhage characterizing hyperplasia of the endometrium is found when the menstrual periods become progressively more profuse or irregular and end finally in continuous bleeding. 6. 6. Bleeding may occur following a period of amenorrhea in non-pregnant women of the childbearing age due to (a) hyperplasia of the endometrium, or (b) a traumatic or ulcerative lesion of the uterus following a previous removal or destruction of the ovaries. 7. 7. Hemorrhage may occur at irregular times and without any connection with the events of the menstrual cycle, due to traumatic or ulcerative lesions of the cervix or endometrium resulting from newgrowths or inflammation. 8. 8. Irregular hemorrhage due to the same causes as in Group 7 may occur in women past the climacteric. In rare cases ovarian newgrowths may also affect the endometrium and produce bleeding.
Cognitive and reactive control processes Associations with ADHD symptoms in preschoolers

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can be identified in the preschool years, but little is known about the correlates of ADHD symptoms in preschool children. Research to date suggests that factors such as temperament, personality, and neuropsychological functioning may be important in understanding the development of early ADHD symptomatology. The current study sought to extend this research by examining how cognitive and reactive control processes predict ADHD symptoms. Data were drawn from a larger study that measured the cognitive, social, and emotional functioning of preschool children. Eighty-seven children (aged 4–6 years) were evaluated using teacher report and laboratory task measures relevant to cognitive control (i.e., conscientiousness, working memory) and reactive control (i.e., neuroticism, delay of gratification) processes. In multiple regression analyses, cognitive control variables added unique variance in the prediction of both inattention and hyperactivity, but only reactive...
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)-Based Karyotyping Reveals Rapid Evolution of Centromeric and Subtelomeric Repeats in Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and Relatives.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)-based karyotyping is a powerful cytogenetics tool to study chromosome organization, behavior, and chromosome evolution. Here, we developed a FISH-based karyotyping system using a probe mixture comprised of centromeric and subtelomeric satellite repeats, 5S rDNA, and chromosome-specific BAC clones in common bean, which enables one to unambiguously distinguish all 11 chromosome pairs. Furthermore, we applied the karyotyping system to several wild relatives and landraces of common bean from two distinct gene pools, as well as other related Phaseolus species, to investigate repeat evolution in the genus Phaseolus. Comparison of karyotype maps within common bean indicates that chromosomal distribution of the centromeric and subtelomeric satellite repeats is stable, whereas the copy number of the repeats was variable, indicating rapid amplification/reduction of the repeats in specific genomic regions. In Phaseolus species that diverged approximately 2–4 million yr ago, copy numbers of centromeric repeats were largely reduced or diverged, and chromosomal distributions have changed, suggesting rapid evolution of centromeric repeats. We also detected variation in the distribution pattern of subtelomeric repeats in Phaseolus species. The FISH-based karyotyping system revealed that satellite repeats are actively and rapidly evolving, forming genomic features unique to individual common bean accessions and Phaseolus species.
A Preview of the Dallas Meeting

Our national meetings should be provocative and educational. The information provided does not necessarily need to be harmonious with our point of view. Frequently a “burr under the saddle blanket” can do more good than an unlimited amount of partisan praise ! Hopefully, this year we can encourage many interdisciplinary features by the various Section Chairmen. Not the least important from this standpoint should be the workshops and/or informal discussion period. The informal discussion period can add much to our program. It creates an excellent opportunity for the young researcher to exchange his views with established individuals in a particular field. Hopefully, we can have announcements about the workshops and/or informal discussion periods so that the individuals will have an indication as to what will be available and that they can have their thoughts reasonably well prepared before coming to the meeting. Hopefully if one is to participate in an informal discussion, the institution represented would consider it equivalent to reading a paper and therefore pay all or a part of the expenses involved.
Comparison between melanoma gene expression score and fluorescence in situ hybridization for the classification of melanocytic lesions

Melanoma accounts for most skin cancer-related deaths and has an increasing incidence. Accurate diagnosis and distinction from atypical nevi can be at times difficult using light microscopy alone. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and melanoma gene expression score (myPath, Myriad Genetics) have emerged as ancillary tools to further aid in this differential diagnosis. Our aim in this study was to correlate FISH results, gene expression score, consensus histopathologic impression and clinical outcome on a series of 117 challenging melanocytic lesions collected from three separate institutions. The lesions were separated into two groups: 39 histopathologically unequivocal lesions (15 malignant, 24 benign) and 78 challenging lesions interpreted by expert consensus (27 favor malignant, 30 favor benign, and 21 ambiguous). Melanoma-FISH was performed using probes for 6p25, 11q13, 8q24, and 9p21/CEP9 and scored according to established criteria. Analysis by myPath gene expression score was performed and interpreted by the manufacturer as 'benign', 'indeterminate,' or 'malignant'. In the unequivocal group, melanoma-FISH and myPath score showed 97 and 83% agreement with the histopathologic diagnosis, respectively, with 93 and 62% sensitivity, 100 and 95% specificity, and 80% inter-test agreement. In the challenging group, FISH and the myPath score showed 70 and 64% agreement with the histopathologic interpretation, respectively, with 70% inter-test agreement and similar sensitivities and specificities. The inter-test agreement was 73% overall, excluding indeterminate results. Discordant test results occurred in 27/117 cases from both unequivocal and challenging groups. Melanoma-FISH and gene expression score are valuable ancillary tools, though both have limitations and return discordant results in a subset of cases. Follow-up studies with more extensive clinical outcome data are warranted to establish the accuracy of these tests for the classification of melanocytic lesions.
Raising the Legal Age of Tobacco Sales: Policy Support and Trust in Government, 2014-2015, U.S.

Introduction The National Academy of Medicine has called for an increase in the minimum age of tobacco product sales. It is not clear what age increase would garner the greatest public support, or whether trust in the U.S. government predicts policy support. Methods The data for these analyses are from a nationally representative telephone sample of U.S. adults (N=4,880) conducted from September 2014 to May 2015. The authors assessed whether support varied by the proposed minimum age of tobacco sales using a survey experiment (i.e., random assignment to the 19-, 20-, or 21-year age minimum condition) and, in cross-sectional analyses, whether smoking status, individual demographics, state-level politics, and general trust in the government predicted policy support. Analyses were conducted from May to December 2015. Results Odds of support for raising the minimum sales age to 21 years trended higher than support for raising to age 20 or 19 years (AOR=1.22, 95% CI=0.97, 1.53, p =0.09). There was majority support for raising the age of sales for cigarettes in all regions of the U.S. (66.3%, 95% CI=64.0, 68.6). Race, age, and trust in government were significant predictors of support. Conclusions Raising the age of tobacco sales is broadly supported by the public. An age 21 years tobacco sales policy trends toward garnering more support than a policy at age 19 or 20 years. Trust in government may be an important consideration in understanding policy support beyond demographics.
Psychiatric conditions in worker fitness and risk evaluation.

This chapter has reviewed the specific techniques of measuring fitness for work in individuals with psychiatric impairment. The discussion also considered the estimate of risk associated with various specific conditions and diagnoses. The use of psychiatric measures in work-fitness estimation is warranted in the following situations: 1. applicants with known or suspect history of psychiatric disorder; 2. employees returning to work after an episode of emotional illness or substance abuse; 3. employees referred to the medical department by management for evaluation of performance decrement, absence, abrupt indebtedness, unusual behavior, etc.; and 4. individuals evaluated for high stress or high risk jobs. Applicants' evaluations begin with a thorough medical history, a physical examination, a mental status examination, and basic laboratory studies. The personal history must include a complete work history, with particular attention paid to job duration and reasons for leaving employment. The mental status may be extended by specialized scales, e.g., the Griffiths work behavior rating scale. Unless an applicant has evidence of cognitive dysfunction, the usual battery of psychometric tests will not be helpful. Instruments that measure self-concept and ego strength, e.g., the Stotsky-Weinberg Sentence Completion Test and Miskimins Self-Goal-Other Test, may assist in resolving difficult questions about work fitness, especially in people with a history of schizophrenia. When an employee returns to work after an episode of psychiatric illness, the major questions for the occupational physician are: Is this person capable of returning to his current job? If not, what type of work is he capable of performing? In this instance, the fitness evaluation must add management data about the job to medical data about the patient. The patient-job fit is the crucial issue. For example, a socially-isolated, withdrawn paranoid schizophrenic functioned adequately for years as a third-shift computer operator. The scale of his operational responsibilities allowed him to work alone most of the time, a work environment unsatisfactory to most people but quite suitable for him. To aid in maintaining patient compliance with the treating physician's regimen, the patient should be asked to authorize release of medical information about the illness and to allow continued contact between the occupational physician and the treating doctor. Regularly scheduled follow-up visits are very helpful in maintaining patients on the job. They should include a brief interval history, an abbreviated mental status, relevant laboratory data (e.g., urine chromatography), and support.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Review: oncogenes in retroviruses, malignancy, and normal tissues

Oncogenes are genes with a proven cancer association that appear to function primarily in the regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation. The preliminary work leading to their discovery, their association with retroviruses, the retrovirus life cycle, and the use of retroviruses to find and characterize oncogenes is discussed in detail. Chromosomal abnormalities are discussed using Burkitt's lymphoma and the myc oncogene as prototypes. Finally, the normal (nonmalignant) functioning of oncogenes is discussed in terms of embryogenesis and hepatic regeneration.
Security assessment for Personal Health Data Management System

In this paper, we explore and discuss the data security issues in a real-time remote patient health monitoring system, called the Personal Health Data Management System (PHDMS). The health monitoring system examined for this study consists of multiple wireless sensors, central data coordinator called the Wireless Intelligent Personal Communication Node (W-iPCN), an Android smartphone, and a remotely located central medical server. The PHDMS transmits raw sensor data from the W-iPCN to the Android smartphone using the Bluetooth connection. In addition, the system transmits raw sensor data using the Wi-Fi or cellular broadband connection between the Android smartphone and the central medical server. As a case study, we present a security protection scheme to encrypt and decrypt raw sensor data using multiple cryptologic algorithms. We applied this security protection scheme on the W-iPCN, Android smartphone and the central medical server to test their ability to process and transmit sensor data in real-time. This security assessment aims to observe the performance of data encryption and decryption, and real-time feasibility to remotely monitor patients' health.
Gendered Helping Behaviors and Place Attachment in New Orleans’ Upper 9th Ward

This qualitative study examines the participation of post-Katrina residents in neighborhoods of New Orleans’ Upper 9th Ward. Using a social psychological lens, respondent self-concepts and attachment to the community are examined to gain understanding of how individuals participate in voluntary helping behavior in their locality and how this is related to individual and community level social problems. Interview data, brief economic and cultural examination of the area, and the author’s observations as a resident of the Upper 9th Ward inform analysis. Using participation as a measure of attachment to place and including theories of identity, this study reveals that fragmented social ties result in attachment to place related to abstract values and lifestyles that are increasingly divided from place based relationships or specific amenities. Qualitative methodology employing social psychological theory is unique to the study of place attachment. Findings suggest that there is a tension between an individual’s need to seek self-verification and their understanding of themselves and others within their own neighborhood. Respondents’ understanding of the impact of their own actions and those of their neighbors reinstates theories of displaced attachment to local context in regards to local community involvement. For women, people of color, and members of the LGBT community, identities related to membership in these groups are particularly activated as community issues alleviate or perpetuate social problems they experience.
Protein Kinases in Cerebral Ischemia

Posttranslational modifications of proteins play an important role in cellular signal transduction as those modifications may alter activity/function of their respective proteins. Protein phosphorylation is one of the important posttranslational modifications, and protein kinases are a major group of proteins responsible for protein phosphorylation. The goal of this chapter is to provide an overview of how protein kinases contribute to signal transduction during the induction of ischemia tolerance and during damage following cerebral ischemia. We will focus on three groups of protein kinases, namely, protein kinase A, protein kinase B (Akt), and protein kinase C. Considering their roles in ischemia tolerance and cerebral ischemic damage, future studies intended to modulate signaling of these protein kinases may ultimately help improve outcomes in patients with stroke.
Direct Versus Video Laryngoscopy for Prehospital Intubation: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis

Objectives The use of video laryngoscopy (VL) for intubation has gained recent popularity. In the prehospital setting, it is unclear if VL increases intubation success rates compared to direct laryngoscopy (DL). We sought to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies comparing VL to DL in the prehospital setting to determine whether the use of VL increases overall and first-pass endotracheal intubation success rates compared to DL. Methods A systematic search was performed of the PubMed, Embase, and SCOPUS databases through May 2016 to include studies comparing overall and first-pass success for VL versus DL in patients requiring intubation in the prehospital setting. Data were abstracted by two reviewers. A meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model. Results Of a potential 472 articles, eight eligible studies were included. Considerable heterogeneity (I2 > 90%) precluded reporting an overall pooled estimate across all studies. When stratified by provider type, the pooled estimates for overall intubation success using VL versus DL were a risk ratio (RR) of 0.05 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.01–0.18) in studies of physicians and RR = 2.28 (95% CI = 1.00–5.20) in nonphysicians. For first-pass intubation success the pooled RR estimates for using VL versus DL were 0.32 (95% CI = 0.23–0.44) and 1.83 (95% CI = 1.18–2.84) among studies using physicians and nonphysicians, respectively. There was moderate to significant heterogeneity between studies when stratified by provider. Conclusions Among physician intubators with significant DL experience, VL does not increase overall or first-pass success rates and may lead to worsening performance. However, among nonphysician intubators with less experience with DL, VL may provide benefit in the prehospital setting.
Grasping a Golden Opportunity: Librarian Support for Students on Summer Internships

Abstract In the standard curriculum for Master’s of Business Administration (MBA) students, a critical element is an internship, traditionally taken between the two full academic years. Increasingly, business schools are offering structured internships with start-ups, nonprofits, and social enterprises to provide students with enriching experiential learning. At the Ross School of Business (University of Michigan), these take the form of internships in which students are charged with solving an issue within an organization. Unlike business case studies, students rarely start with all the data they need to assess the problem. These projects are information-intensive and provide business librarians with a great opportunity to support students. In focusing on the programs available through the Ross School, the authors will explore service and student engagement opportunities that exist. While this innovative support potentially involves a great deal of work, the benefits to students and the library can be enormous.
Abstract TP299: Development and Validation of a Patient Centered Young Stroke Outcome Measure Tool

Introduction: Stroke is a leading cause of adult disability that has long-term impact on outcome of patients. The current outcome measures are felt to be inadequate in measuring the impact of strok...
Colonization of broiler chicks by Salmonella typhimurium definitive phage type 104.

The prevalence of an antibiotic-resistant strain of Salmonella Typhimurium definitive phage type 104 (DT104) has increased dramatically in recent years resulting in increased morbidity and mortality in both animals and humans. Colonization and shedding of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 was studied in broiler chickens in two trials. In trial 1, 180 day-of-hatch chicks (n = 60 per group, n = 30 per replicate) were challenged with 10(6) CFU DT104 (wild-type isolate from poultry) or were commingled with a seeder chick challenged with 10(6) CFU DT104. In trial 2, 360 day-of-hatch chicks (n = 120 per treatment, n = 30 per rep) were divided into three groups. Chicks in the susceptible group were commingled with two seeder chicks that were orally challenged with 10(7) CFU/bird of a pan-sensitive strain of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104. Chicks in the resistant group were commingled with two seeder chicks that were orally challenged with 10(7) CFU/bird DT104 used in trial 1. For both trials, a control group was not exposed to DT104, composite fecal samples were evaluated twice weekly for levels of Salmonella shedding and 20 chicks per group were necropsied weekly and their cecal contents were cultured. At hatch all groups were colonized with naturally occurring Salmonella Senftenberg and Salmonella Mbandaka (trial 1) or Salmonella Senftenberg and Salmonella Ohio (trial 2) prior to exposure to DT104. Throughout the study, the level of Salmonella spp. shedding in feces (trial 1 means 3.1, 2.9, and 3.0 log10 CFU per g feces for challenged, seeder, and control groups, respectively) or ceca (trial 2 means 2.9. 2.9. and 2.5 log10 CFU per g ceca for resistant, susceptible, and control groups, respectively) did not differ among groups. In trial 1, colonization of DT104 remained constant at higher levels in the challenged group (mean 87%, P 0.05) over time in the control group (75 to 20%) and significantly decreased (P < 0.05) over time in both susceptible and resistant groups (40 to 10%, r = 0.82 and 55 to 5%, r = 0.85, respectively). Salmonella Senftenberg was recovered from the control group at low frequency throughout the trial and was not recovered from the other groups. For either trial, no apparent affect on morbidity or mortality was observed. Introduction of DT104 by commingling may induce colonization resulting in persistent high levels of shedding in flocks simultaneously with other Salmonella species.
Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy Is Effective for Patients With Achalasia and Normal Lower-Esophageal Sphincter Relaxation Pressures

Increased lower esophageal sphincter integrated relaxation pressure (LES-IRP) is a cardinal feature of achalasia. However, some patients with characteristic features of achalasia have normal LES-IRP.1,2 The efficacy of peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) in achalasia patients with normal LES-IRP is not well known. Hence, we aimed to compare POEM outcomes in achalasia patients with normal (<15 mm Hg) and increased (≥15 mm Hg) LES-IRP.
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) and cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1) are critical for angiotensin II (Ang-II)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and L-type Ca2+ current in subfornical organ (SFO) neurons

We recently showed that cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1)-derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) signaling through PGE2 type 1 receptors (EP1R) in the SFO is required for ROS-mediated hypertension induced by slow-...
Liposomal bupivacaine reduces narcotic use and time to flatus in a retrospective cohort of patients who underwent laparotomy.

Abstract Introduction Sustained release liposomal bupivacaine (LB) is a new pain control option that can reduce opioid use after laparotomy, which is known to prolong ileus, length of stay. Methods Sixty-one consecutive patients undergoing laparotomy were treated with a standardized multi-modal therapy (MMT) consisting of IV tylenol, toradol, and morphine/dilaudid PCA. Thirty-one of those patients were additionally treated with LB infiltrated during fascial closure. Endpoints were opioid use, time to flatus, length of stay, and complications. Results Overall opioid use for 72 h was 78 mg of morphine for the MMT + LB group and 112 mg in the MMT control group (p = 0.04). During 0–24 h s PCA use was similar. However, during 24–48 h PCA use was decreased by 46% in the MMT + LB group (p = 0.038), and decreased by 55% during the 48–72 h period (p = 0.019). Time to flatus was decreased by 1.0 days in the MMT + LB group (p = 0.005). Conclusion Use of LB in laparotomy patients decreases opioid use, time to flatus, and should be considered as a component of post-operative pain control.
Improving Data Science Projects by Enriching Analytical Models with Domain Knowledge

Domain knowledge is very important to support the development of analytic models. However, in today’s data science projects, domain knowledge is typically documented, but not captured and integrated with the actual analytic model. This raises problems in interoperability and traceability of the relevant domain knowledge that is used to develop an analytic model. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a Knowledge Enriched Analytic Model (KEAM) to enrich analytic models with domain knowledge. To explore the proposed methodology and its benefits, a case study explores the utilization of KEAM to support the development of a Bayesian Network model within the smart manufacturing domain. The case study shows that the efficiency in developing an analytic model is improved by using the proposed KEAM.
Corridor State Space

This chapter begins with a curious result that relates vertex numbers of a corridor to the inner products of previous states. We then explore eigenvector/eigenvalue decomposition of state vectors in order to discuss the asymptotics of certain kinds of corridors. Finally, we explore a connection between the norms of state vectors and their Fourier transforms which helps to approximate the values of corridor numbers.
High-performance thermoelectric silver selenide thin films cation exchanged from a copper selenide template

Over the past decade, Ag2Se has attracted increasing attention due to its potentially excellent thermoelectric (TE) performance as an n-type semiconductor. It has been considered a promising alternative to Bi–Te alloys and other commonly used yet toxic and/or expensive TE materials. To optimize the TE performance of Ag2Se, recent research has focused on fabricating nanosized Ag2Se. However, synthesizing Ag2Se nanoparticles involves energy-intensive and time-consuming techniques with poor yield of final product. In this work, we report a low-cost, solution-processed approach that enables the formation of Ag2Se thin films from Cu2−xSe template films via cation exchange at room temperature. Our simple two-step method involves fabricating Cu2−xSe thin films by the thiol-amine dissolution of bulk Cu2Se, followed by soaking Cu2−xSe films in AgNO3 solution and annealing to form Ag2Se. We report an average power factor (PF) of 617 ± 82 μW m−1 K−2 and a corresponding ZT value of 0.35 at room temperature. We obtained a maximum PF of 825 μW m−1 K−2 and a ZT value of 0.46 at room temperature for our best-performing Ag2Se thin-film after soaking for 5 minutes. These high PFs have been achieved via full solution processing without hot-pressing.
Explaining Environmental Classism

Chapter 7 discusses the reasons for the environmental classism laid out earlier, in terms of a number of theories. Seven broad explanations for environmental classism which have both an individual aspect and a structural aspect are discussed. These include class power imbalances, classist discrimination, income inequality, mutual hostility between workers and environmentalists, the separation of environmental and social aspects of life, the focus and composition of the mainstream environmental movement and limited democracy.
Using Strand Displacing Polymerase To Program Chemical Reaction Networks.

Chemical reaction networks (CRNs) provide a powerful abstraction to formally represent complex biochemical processes. DNA provides a promising substrate to implement the abstract representation (or...
Chapter 6 – Fretting Fatigue

Publisher Summary Fretting fatigue is a type of damage occurring in regions of contact where small relative tangential motion occurs between the two bodies in contact that are under compressive load. Fretting fatigue typically involves a contact region where both complete and partial slip occurs. It is usually associated with loading conditions where one of the components is subjected to bulk loading, which can cause cracks formed locally near edges of contact to propagate. Such conditions can lead to premature crack initiation and failure. Fretting-fatigue damage in blade/disk interfaces has been indicated as the cause of many unanticipated disk and blade failures in gas turbine engines. As the magnitude of relative motion in the contact region increases, the nature of the damage changes to what is commonly referred to as galling or wear. The emphasis in this chapter is on fretting fatigue that involves very small relative motion.
Improving the flavour of cheese.

Cheese manufacture and ripening and their influence on cheese flavour Compounds associated with cheese flavour. Part 1 Microbial physiology and the development of cheese in flavour: Carbohydrate metabolism and cheese flavour development Amino acid metabolism in relationship to cheese flavour development Lipolysis and cheese flavour development The relative contributions of starter cultures and non-starter bacteria to the flavour of cheese Starter culture development for improved cheese flavour Adjunct culture metabolism and cheese flavour Techniques for microbial species identification and characterization to identify commercially important traits Genomics and cheese flavour. Part 2 Influence of ingredients, processing and physical and chemical factors on cheese flavour: The effects of milk, its ingredients and salt on cheese flavour Physical factors affecting the flavour of cheese Flavourant-matrix interactions and flavour development in cheese Starter culture production and delivery for cheese flavour Bacteriocins: changes in cheese and flora flavour. Part 3 Monitoring and evaluating cheese flavour: Monitoring cheese ripening: new developments Defining cheese flavour Measuring cheese flavour. Part 4 Improving the flavour of different types of cheese: case studies Hard Italian cheeses: parmigiano-reggiano and grana-padano Low temperature hard cheeses and semi-hard washed cheeses Soft-ripened and fresh cheeses: feta, quark, halloumi and related varieties Cheeses with secondary cultures: mould-ripened, smear-ripened and farmhouse cheeses Producing low-fat cheeses Modelling gouda ripening to predict flavour development.