cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Noise and performance characteristics of a model scale X-wing rotor system in hover

Noise data for the hover condition were measured for a 8 m diameter X-wing model rotor mounted on an outdoor whirl tower. The noise was found to be a function of operating condition, in general increasing with performance. The X-wing spectra obtained from narrowband and 1/3-octave band analyses were dominated by the blade passage frequency harmonics. The circulation control slot blowing produced 1 to 10 kHz broadband noise which exhibited a jet velocity to the 5.4 dependency. Under the rotor plane loading noise was dominant, except at low values of blade pressure ratio where a sharp decrease in the blade passage frequency harmonic levels was observed. In the rotor plane, the contribution of the broadband noise sources was greater than under the rotor plane. The X-wing rotor system in hover exhibited flexibility in operating conditions to achieve a specific level of performance. The high collective, low blade passage ratio combinations which meet a given level of performance were associated with low overall sound pressure levels.
Nonequilibrium evaporation from a heated liquid layer

The nonequilibrium evaporation or condensation under weightless conditions across an interface between a viscous gas and a viscous liquid, which is heated from below at a finite depth, is analyzed. An exact solution of the problem involving a moving boundary between a liquid and a gas-vapor mixture is obtained. Numerical results are used to demonstrate the dependence of the evaporation rate on the ratios of density, pressure, temperature, and the molecular weights of the two phases separated by the interface. It is shown that in a nonequilibrium evaporation process, heat transfer across the interface is not merely to supply the heat of evaporation as assumed in equilibrium evaporation, but also to effect the change in the internal energy of the gas-vapor mixture and to provide the flow work and kinetic energy required for the removal of vapor by a nondiffusive process. A numerical example is given to show the magnitude of the error arising from the equilibrium assumption. Based on the obtained exact solution, a conceptual experiment for the determination of the evaporation coefficient devoid of natural convection effect at microgravity is suggested.
A tridiagonal solver for massively parallel computers

This paper describes a tridiagonal solver for solving large systems of linear equations on massively parallel computers. Assume using NP processors, then the original tridiagonal matrix is divided into NP portions by NP-1 separators, with each processor storing one portion and the NP-1 separators. Communications are needed only for those arithmetic operations involved with the NP-1 separators. Numerical performance of this solver in solving 38.4 million equations on 128 Intel iPSC/860 processors (Gamma) is presented, which shows a speedup of more than 98.
THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS OXYGEN TENSIONS ON EMBRYOGENY AND LARVAL RESPONSES OF AEDES AEGYPTI

Eggs of Aedes aegypti (L.) were submerged in water containing dissolved oxygen at levels ranging from less than 1 to 14 parts per million, at 1, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after being laid. After a 4.5 day exposure period, which encompasses the normal period of embryogeny, the eggs were subjected to the hatching stimulus as a measure of maturity. The whole of embryogeny occurred at a normal rate under levels of 3.8 to 14 ppm dissolved oxygen. An oxygen level of 0.95 ppm was lethal to all eggs except those exposed only in the advanced stages of development. A level of 1.9 ppm dissolved oxygen caused a retardation of developmental rate, with 6.5 days being required to achieve maturation. Immature, but advanced, embryos could be ‘hatched’ artificially, with completion of development to normal adults. Zusammenfassung DIE WIRKUNGEN UNTERSCHIEDLICHER SAUERSTOFFSPANNUNGEN AUF DIE EMBRYOGENESE UND LARVALREAKTIONEN VON AEDES AEGYPTI Eier von Aedes aegypti wurden 1, 24, 48, 72 und 96 Stunden nach der Ablage in Wasser getaucht, das gelosten Sauerstoff in Mengen von weniger als 1 bis 14 Teilen pro Million enthielt. Nach einer Behandlungszeit von 4, 5 Tagen, die dem normalen Zeitraum der Embryonalentwicklung entspricht, wurden die Eier als Mas ihrer Reife dem Schlupfreiz unter-worfen. Die gesamte Embryonalentwicklung verlief bei Sauerstoffspannungen von 3, 8 bis 14 ppm in normalem Ausmas. Eine Sauerstoffspannung von 0, 95 ppm war fur alle Eier lethal mit Ausnahme derjenigen, die ihr erst in fortgeschrittenen Entwicklungsstadien ausgesetzt wurden. Eine Menge von 1, 9 ppm gelosten Sauerstoffs verursachte eine Verzogerung der Entwicklungs-geschwindigkeit, bei der 6, 5 Tage zur Erreichung der Schlupfreife benotigt wurden. Unreife, aber fortgeschrittene Embryonen konnten kunstlich zum Schlupfen gebracht werden, bei vollstandiger Weiterentwicklung zu normalen Imagines.
Harry Eckstein as Political Theorist

Few political scientists can claim to have made significant substantive as well as methodological contributions as has Harry Eckstein. His theory of political stability has won a lasting place in t...
Sustaining and Expanding Systems of Care to Provide Mental Health Services for Children, Youth and Families Across America

The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration has been instrumental in supporting the development and implementation of systems of care to provide services to children and youth with serious mental health conditions and their families. Since 1993, 173 grants have been awarded to communities in all 50 states, Puerto Rico, Guam, the District of Columbia, and 21 American Indian/Alaska Native communities. The system of care principles of creating comprehensive, individualized services, family-driven and youth-guided care and cultural and linguistic competence, supported by a well-trained and competent workforce, have been successful in transforming the field of children's mental health and facilitating the integration of child-serving systems. This approach has achieved positive outcomes at the child and family, practice and system levels, and numerous articles have been published using data collected from system of care communities, demonstrating the effectiveness of this framework. This article will describe lessons learned from implementing the system of care approach, and will discuss the importance of expanding and sustaining systems of care across the country.
Special track on Middleware Engineering (ME): editorial message

Welcome to the Middleware Engineering (ME) track of 23rd Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing (ACM SAC 2008). Research in middleware systems has evolved from simple client server models to distributed systems, peer-to-peer (P2P) systems, mobile devices, service oriented computing, grid computing, agent based computing, smart environment, and sensors network. Each of the above areas in distributed computing, peer-to-peer computing, service oriented computing, grid computing, agent based computing and smart devices, and sensor networks, poses its own unique challenges in the design, development and deployment of middleware, its components and applications using such middleware. The main objective of the middleware engineering track is to bring together researchers and practitioners working in middleware systems with topics ranging from different areas from the afore mentioned areas under one roof with an aim of encouraging exchange of ideas and experiences among these diverse communities.
Seeded emulsion terpolymerization of dimethyl meta‐isopropenyl benzyl isocyanate (TMI®) with acrylic monomers

Dimethyl meta-isopropenyl benzyl isocyanate (TMI®) is a novel bifunctional monomer. It has a double bond and an isocyanate group. The seeded emulsion terpolymerization of TMI with the acrylic monomers, methyl methacrylate and n-butyl acrylate, has been studied. A copolymer of methyl methacrylate and n-butyl acrylate was used as the seed latex. In order to minimize the risk of hydrolysis of TMI, polymerizations were carried out at 40°C using redox initiators. No additional surfactant was added during the second-stage polymerization in order to avoid the nucleation of secondary particles. TMI was found to retard the polymerization kinetics. The effect of variables, such as the total number of particles, initiator concentration, and the monomer feed rate on polymerization kinetics, was investigated. The composition of the second-stage polymer could be controlled by running the polymerization under monomer-starved conditions. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 67: 685–694, 1998
The keratinophilic fungi in soils from the Detroit metropolitan area

Summary: The keratinophilic fungi in soils from the Detroit metropolitan area were surveyed by the hair-bait technique. One-hundred soil samples were studied and 92 yielded 172 isolates. Trichophyton ajelloi and its teleomorph, Arthroderma uncinatum, were the preponderant organism, appearing in 58 % of the soils (21% minus, 13% plus, and 24% teleomorphic). Microsporum gypseum and its teleomorph, Nannizzia gypsea, occurred in 33% of the soils (8% teleomorphic). Other isolates were M. cookei (8%) and its teleomorph, N. cajetani (6%); Chrysosporium spp. (46%); Aphanoascus sp. (7%); Ctenomyces serratus (2%); T. terrestre (5%); and 5% were unidentified. Zusammenfassung: Die keratinophilen Pilze in Bodenproben vom Hauptstadtgebiet Detroit wurden durch die Haar-Koder-Methode uberpruft. Hundert Bodenproben wurden analysiert und 92 ergaben 172 Isolierungen. Trichophyton ajelloi und dessen Teleomorphe, Arthroderma uncinatum, waren die uberwiegenden Organismen, die in 58% der Bodenprobe (21% minus, 13% plus und 24% teleomorph) gefunden wurden. Microsporum gypseum und dessen Teleomorphe, Nannizzia gypsea, kamen in 33% der Bodenproben vor (8% davon waren teleomorph). Andere Isolate waren: M. cookei (8%) und dessen Teleomorph, N. cajetani (6%); Chrysosporium spp. (46%); Aphanoascus sp. (7%); Ctenomyces serratus (2%); T. terrestre (5%); und 5% blieben unidentifiziert.
Effect of a magnetic field on the vibrations of an ionic lattice.

If an ionic solid is regarded as a vibrating lattice of point charges, a static magnetic field will exert a Lorentz force on each ion. In this paper the standard lattice dynamical theory is modified to allow for such forces, and a perturbation approach is developed. The frequencies of lattice vibrations and the velocity of propagation of acoustic waves are found to be perturbed, with the perturbation parameter being the ratio of the ion-cyclotron frequency in the magnetic field to the characteristic frequency of lattice vibrations. It is found that in non-centro-symmetric crystals the perturbation will be first order in this parameter (and hence in the magnetic field), while for centro-symmetric crystals, with certain exceptions, they will be second order. The exceptions are for degenerate modes, such as 〈100〉 and 〈110〉 propagation in cubic crystals, when a first-order effect which is quadratic in the wave number is predicted. The possibility of experimental measurements of the first-order effects is pointed out. A simple two-dimensional model is examined for more detailed illustration.
Banded vegetation-dune development during the Medieval Warm Period and 20th century, Chihuahuan Desert, New Mexico, USA

With the advent of systematic high-resolution satellite photography, striking geometric shapes of banded vegetation several km2 in size, but not apparent from the ground, have been documented for many areas of the arid and semiarid world. Banded vegetation, in which dense perennial vegetation alternates with bands of bare soil may originate from geomorphic processes, ecological self-organization, or human land use. In the Chihuahuan Desert of New Mexico prominent arc-shaped bands of vegetation and dunes occur along the contact of a piedmont slope (bajada) and basin floor. The origin and chronology of this banded vegetation-dune complex was investigated using early aerial photography (1936–1942), landscape photography (1918), vegetation and soil surveys (1858, 1918), soil stratigraphy, 13C/12C ratios, and 14C dating. These methods reveal two periods of eolian deposition. The first began in the Medieval Warm Period (ca. AD 900–1300) and was followed by a period of landscape stability during the Little Ice Age (ca. AD 1500 to 1850). The second began in the late-1800s when widespread desertification occurred throughout the American Southwest. Banded vegetation was initiated after formation of erosional scarplets that functioned as obstacles upon which eolian sand accumulated, thus becoming a dam to overland flow and causing strips of vegetation to form. Banded vegetation in this study is an emergent pattern produced by a coupled ecologic-geomorphic-climatic system. The stratigraphic record produced by this system enables us to compare current ecological responses to climate change with baseline prehistorical responses to climate change.
Posttraumatic Taylor Spatial Frame Deformity Correction in Adults

Abstract The Taylor Spatial Frame (Smith & Nephew, Inc., Memphis, TN) has become an important tool in the treatment of post-traumatic deformities. This article concentrates on the technical indications, preoperative planning, frame construction, intraoperative strategies, and postoperative regimes used to correct post-traumatic problems. Chronic and Total Residual mode are discussed and advantages and disadvantages of each technique are considered. Clinical examples are given. Posttraumatic osteomyelitis, malunions and complex nonunions are emphasized and detailed treatment outlines are suggested depending on the severity of the problem. Stacked bone transport is reviewed in the setting of significant bone loss, poor surrounding soft tissue, infection, and nonunion.
Depression, self-focused attention, and the self-serving attributional bias

Abstract Research suggests that nondepressed and depressed individuals differ in their attributions for success and failure: whereas nondepressed individuals exhibit more internal attributions for success than for failure (the self-serving bias), this bias is attentuated for depressed individuals. It has also been found that whereas nondepressed individuals prefer self-focus after success to self-focus after failure, depressed individuals prefer self-focus after failure to self-focus after success (i.e. they exhibit a depressive self-focusing style). Pyszczynski and Greenberg [(1987a) Coping with negative life events: Clinical and social psychological perspectives . New York: Academic Press; (1987b) Psychological Bulletin, 102 , 122–138] have proposed that this depressive self-focusing style accounts for the lack of a self-serving attributional bias in depressed persons. To test this idea, depressed and nondepressed subjects were led to experience a success or failure. These subjects were then led to focus either internally or externally, in order to create conditions that simulate either the depressive or nondepressive pattern of attentional focus following performance outcomes. As predicted, conditions analogous to the depressive self-focusing style led to the typical depressed pattern of outcome attributions; in contrast, conditions analogous to the nondepressive pattern of attentional focus led to a self-serving attributional bias for all subjects.
The contribution of family communication patterns to children's interpretations of television violence

In this study, children were shown one of three violent TV clips. Each clip showed an identical act of aggression but the perpetrator's motivation and punishment for the violent act were manipulated. Children also filled out a questionnaire that asked about their family communication patterns (FCP). Overall, children who rated higher on the communication dimension were more likely to see motivated violence as more justified, whereas children who rated higher on the control dimension were likely to see punished violence as less justified. In addition, children who were more control‐oriented and who had perceived the violent clip as justified chose aggressive story endings significantly more frequently than other children.
Simulation and analysis of the effects of strong scattering

The scattering of acoustic waves from three dimensional compressible scatterers is considered. Particular attention is paid to cases where the scatterers have moderate magnitude in compressibility contrast and nondimensional wavenumber. A perturbation method based on Pade approximants is developed. It is shown that the Pade approximant model allows one to represent and evaluate the characteristic features such as internal resonances and mode shapes of the scattered pressure field. These modes are a function of the compressibility contrast and the frequency of the incident pressure wave. Numerical results are in agreement with the analytical solutions for scattering from a sphere.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
DIRECT EVIDENCE OF THE GENERALITY OF CHARGE-ASYMMETRIC DISSOCIATION OF MOLECULAR IODINE IONIZED BY STRONG LASER FIELDS

We present ion time-of-flight data showing strong-field ionization of iodine molecules up to ${\mathrm{I}}_{2}^{13+}$ using 33-fsec laser pulses. Every even molecular charge state shows an charge asymmetric dissociation channel $({\mathrm{I}}_{2}^{2n+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{I}}^{(n+1)+}+{\mathrm{I}}^{(n\ensuremath{-}1)+})$ with a significant branching ratio (15--30 %) in addition to the symmetric dissociation channel $({\mathrm{I}}_{2}^{2n+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{I}}^{n+}+{\mathrm{I}}^{n+})$ showing the general nature of this process. Furthermore, all charge states are formed at internuclear separations less than the critical separation for electron localization and enhanced ionization ${(R}_{c}).$ One channel, in particular, ${\mathrm{I}}_{2}^{10+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{I}}^{6+}+{\mathrm{I}}^{4+},$ represents a direct electronic excitation by nonresonant strong-field interaction to a state 20.9 eV above the ground state $({\mathrm{I}}_{2}^{10+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{I}}^{5+}+{\mathrm{I}}^{5+}).$ We show that the interaction of the dipole moment of the asymmetric charge distribution with the external field can account for this energy and the excitation mostly likely involves charge-transfer states. These results establish strong-field ionization of molecules as an efficient method for populating highly excited electronic states.
A performance improvement-based resuscitation programme reduces arrest incidence and increases survival from in-hospital cardiac arrest

Abstract Background Traditional resuscitation training models are inadequate to achieving and maintaining resuscitation competency. This analysis evaluates the effectiveness of a novel, performance improvement-based inpatient resuscitation programme. Methods This was a prospective, before-and-after study conducted in an urban, university-affiliated hospital system. All inpatient adult cardiac arrest victims without an active Do Not Attempt Resuscitation order from July 2005 to June 2012 were included. The advanced resuscitation training (ART) programme was implemented in Spring 2007 and included a unique treatment algorithm constructed around the capabilities of our providers and resuscitation equipment, a training programme with flexible format and content including early recognition concepts, and a comprehensive approach to performance improvement feeding directly back into training. Our inpatient resuscitation registry and electronic patient care record were used to quantify arrest rates and survival-to-hospital discharge before and after ART programme implementation. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to adjust for age, gender, location of arrest, initial rhythm, and time of day. Results A total of 556 cardiac arrest victims were included (182 pre- and 374 post-ART). Arrest incidence decreased from 2.7 to 1.2 per 1000 patient discharges in non-ICU inpatient units, with no change in ICU arrest rate. An increase in survival-to-hospital discharge from 21 to 45% (p Conclusions Implementation of a novel, performance improvement-based inpatient resuscitation programme was associated with a decrease in the incidence of cardiac arrest and improved clinical outcomes.
Truth and Consequences in Guatemala

occurring. As in other nations, the parties seeking to negotiate a transition from war to peace in Guatemala agreed to establish a truth commission to address human rights violations. The Commission for Historical Clarification1 marked the first instance that an official body addressed the extraordinary violence that had dominated Guatemala. From its conception, through its gestation, during its brief (18 months) period in operation, and finally, with the publication of its final report, 'Memory of Silence', (February 1999), the Guatemalan truth commission was extremely controversial. Sectors competing for the power to establish 'the truth' about the history of violence struggled over ever detail of the truth commission: its powers, its practices, and the production of its final report. For some, that struggle concerned defeating Guatemala's notorious system of impunity by establishing a record of the violence complete with 'all the details' (as the accord which mandated the truth commission stipulated) including those responsible for the atrocities. For others, the truth commission would explain the violence experienced by Guatemalan society as a by-product of the battle between two armies, caught up in the 'winds of the Cold War'.2 And for thousands of Guatemalans, the truth commission represented the hope of discovering what happened to a missing relative, to locate physical remains, and to attempt to deal with the pain of the past through a proper burial. This article traces the establishment, experiences, and impacts of the Guatemalan truth commission. As in other truth commissions, twin goals were expressed in its mandate: the prevention of future violations of human rights, and the social healing and reconciliation engendered by the project of truth telling. This research demonstrates the difficulties such truth commissions have realizing these goals. The Guatemalan truth commission did, however, serve a different and critical purpose: It created a site of struggle in which debates about the meaning of the past influence transformations in future power relations. Truth commissions as sites of struggle
A comparison of queen oviposition rates from monogyne and polygyne fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, colonies

Abstract. The oviposition rate of individual queens of Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in relation to their weight and number of queens present in the colony was investigated by direct 2 h observations. There is a strong positive correlation between the weight of a queen and its oviposition rate in both monogyne and polygyne colonies. However, the number of eggs laid per mg queen is higher for moonogyne queens than for polygyne queens. This difference is more evident when the total weight of queens present in a colony is considered. The individual queen oviposition rate is negatively correlated with the number of queens in the colony. In addition, the weight loss per egg laid is significantly greater for polygyne than for monogyne queens, probably due to differences in egg size. These data suggest that oviposition is more efficient in monogyne than in polygyne queens at the individual level; however, at the colony level, polygyne colonies produce significantly more eggs. Comparison of colony level efficiency predicts that polygyne colonies must have at least nine queens to compete reproductively with a mature monogyne queen. Therefore, oligogyny does not appear to be a viable strategy for S.invicata.
Surface layer relaxation on Mo(111) measured by low energy alkali ion scattering

Abstract The surface of clean Mo(111) has been studied using Li + ion scattering at 1000 eV. The dependence of single scattering intensity was measured as a function of incident polar angle in the [121] and the [211] azimuths for various total scattering angles. Very pronounced intensity cut-offs are observed and are readily assignable to shadowing and blocking effects in scattering from first, second or third layer atoms. After taking certain precautions to avoid interference from deeper layers, the measured positions of the features yield the first-second layer spacing which is found to be strongly contracted by (18 ± 2)% compared to the bulk spacing. The method also indicates that the second-third layer spacing is possibly expanded (4 ± 4)%, but this result is uncertain due to possible contributions from deeper layers which make this value an upper limit of the layer spacing. The physical implications of these results and the uncertainties in the technique are discussed.
Does the Attentional Focus Adopted by Swimmers Affect Their Performance

The study examined effects of attentional focus on swim speed in expert swimmers. In previous studies, an external focus directed at the movement effect has been shown to enhance automaticity, relative to an internal focus directed at the body movements (or no particular focus). The swimmers in the present study were given focus instructions related to the arm stroke in crawl swimming. All participants swam 3 lengths of a 25-yard pool, once under each of 3 conditions. In the external focus condition, they were instructed to focus on “pushing the water back”, in the internal focus conditions they were asked to focus on “pulling your hands back”, and in the control condition they were not given instructions. Swim times were similar in the control and external focus conditions, but they were significantly slower with an internal focus. Furthermore, questionnaire results revealed that most swimmers focused on the overall outcome (e.g., speed) in the control condition, whereas others indicated that they focused on specific body parts. Post-hoc analyses demonstrated that those in the latter group had slower swim times in the control condition than those with a focus on the outcome. Overall, the results provide converging evidence that a body-related, internal focus hampers performance. Moreover, when movements are already controlled automatically at a high skill level (and the focus is on the outcome), external focus instructions may be superfluous.
The role of the cytoskeleton and a molecular motor in trichome morphogenesis

We thank David Oppenheimer and Martin Hulskamp for providing seeds of zwichel mutants; Salah Abdel-Ghany for preparing scanning electron micrographs of trichomes. Work in our laboratory was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to A.S.N.R.
Targeting Sindbis virus-based vectors to Fc receptor-positive cell types

Abstract Some viruses display enhanced infection for Fc receptor (FcR)-positive cell types when complexed with virus-specific immunoglobulin (Ig). This process has been termed antibody-dependent enhancement of viral infection (ADE). We reasoned that the mechanism of ADE could be exploited and adapted to target alphavirus-based vectors to FcR-positive cell types. Towards this goal, recombinant Sindbis viruses were constructed that express 1 to 4 immunoglobulin-binding domains of protein L (PpL) as N-terminal extensions of the E2 glycoprotein. PpL is a bacterial protein that binds the variable region of antibody kappa light chains from a range of mammalian species. The recombinant viruses incorporated PpL/E2 fusion proteins into the virion structure and recapitulated the species-specific Ig-binding phenotypes of native PpL. Virions reacted with non-immune serum or purified IgG displayed enhanced binding and ADE for several species-matched FcR-positive murine and human cell lines. ADE required virus expression of a functional PpL Ig-binding domain, and appeared to be FcγR-mediated. Specifically, ADE did not occur with FcγR-negative cells, did not require active complement proteins, and did not occur on FcγR-positive murine cell lines when virions were bound by murine IgG-derived F(ab′) 2 fragments.
The Fundamentals of Special Education Policy: Implications for Music Teachers and Music Teacher Education

The purpose of this article is to examine the fundamentals of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and its impact on music educators. Topics include: (a) zero reject, (b) non-discriminatory evaluations, (c) free appropriate public education, (d) least restrictive environment, (e) procedural due process, (f) parental involvement, and (g) response to intervention (RTI). Detailed explanations of policy are provided along with strategies for implication in the music classroom.
Mapping the semantic structure of cognitive neuroscience

Cognitive neuroscience, as a discipline, links the biological systems studied by neuroscience to the processing constructs studied by psychology. By mapping these relations throughout the literature of cognitive neuroscience, we visualize the semantic structure of the discipline and point to directions for future research that will advance its integrative goal. For this purpose, network text analyses were applied to an exhaustive corpus of abstracts collected from five major journals over a 30-month period, including every study that used fMRI to investigate psychological processes. From this, we generate network maps that illustrate the relationships among psychological and anatomical terms, along with centrality statistics that guide inferences about network structure. Three terms—prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and anterior cingulate cortex—dominate the network structure with their high frequency in the literature and the density of their connections with other neuroanatomical terms. From network statistics, we identify terms that are understudied compared with their importance in the network (e.g., insula and thalamus), are underspecified in the language of the discipline (e.g., terms associated with executive function), or are imperfectly integrated with other concepts (e.g., subdisciplines like decision neuroscience that are disconnected from the main network). Taking these results as the basis for prescriptive recommendations, we conclude that semantic analyses provide useful guidance for cognitive neuroscience as a discipline, both by illustrating systematic biases in the conduct and presentation of research and by identifying directions that may be most productive for future research.
The self-annihilation rate of metastable Mg atoms

Abstract The second-order rate coefficient for the self-quenching of Mg * (3s3p 3 P J ) has been measured using. The time-resolved, laser-induced resonance fluorescence technique- The total bimolecular self-annihilation rate constant was determined to lie in the range of (0.7–6) × 10 −11 cm 3 /s over the temperature range of 820–920 K.
Crystallographic Comparison of Manganese- and Iron-Dependent Homoprotocatechuate 2,3-Dioxygenases

The X-ray crystal structures of homoprotocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenases isolated from Arthrobacter globiformis and Brevibacterium fuscum have been determined to high resolution. These enzymes exhibit 83% sequence identity, yet their activities depend on different transition metals, Mn2+ and Fe2+, respectively. The structures allow the origins of metal ion selectivity and aspects of the molecular mechanism to be examined in detail. The homotetrameric enzymes belong to the type I family of extradiol dioxygenases (vicinal oxygen chelate superfamily); each monomer has four βαβββ modules forming two structurally homologous N-terminal and C-terminal barrel-shaped domains. The active-site metal is located in the C-terminal barrel and is ligated by two equatorial ligands, H214NE1 and E267OE1; one axial ligand, H155NE1; and two to three water molecules. The first and second coordination spheres of these enzymes are virtually identical (root mean square difference over all atoms, 0.19 A), suggesting that the metal selectivity must be due to changes at a significant distance from the metal and/or changes that occur during folding. The substrate (2,3-dihydroxyphenylacetate [HPCA]) chelates the metal asymmetrically at sites trans to the two imidazole ligands and interacts with a unique, mobile C-terminal loop. The loop closes over the bound substrate, presumably to seal the active site as the oxygen activation process commences. An “open” coordination site trans to E267 is the likely binding site for O2. The geometry of the enzyme-substrate complexes suggests that if a transiently formed metal-superoxide complex attacks the substrate without dissociation from the metal, it must do so at the C-3 position. Second-sphere active-site residues that are positioned to interact with the HPCA and/or bound O2 during catalysis are identified and discussed in the context of current mechanistic hypotheses.
A characterization of a bimodal distribution

As a sequel to Khlnchirie's definition of unimodality a bimodal distribution function is defined, A characterization for such a distribution is given using the well-known result of Khinchine on unimodality and a characterization theorem for a U-shaped probability density function by Ghosh and Shanbhag(1972).
A Bayesian model of lightness perception that incorporates spatial variation in the illumination.

The lightness of a test stimulus depends in a complex manner on the context in which it is viewed. To predict lightness, it is necessary to leverage measurements of a feasible number of contextual configurations into predictions for a wider range of configurations. Here we pursue this goal, using the idea that lightness results from the visual system's attempt to provide stable information about object surface reflectance. We develop a Bayesian algorithm that estimates both illumination and reflectance from image luminance, and link perceived lightness to the algorithm's estimates of surface reflectance. The algorithm resolves ambiguity in the image through the application of priors that specify what illumination and surface reflectances are likely to occur in viewed scenes. The prior distributions were chosen to allow spatial variation in both illumination and surface reflectance. To evaluate our model, we compared its predictions to a data set of judgments of perceived lightness of test patches embedded in achromatic checkerboards (Allred, Radonjic, Gilchrist, & Brainard, 2012). The checkerboard stimuli incorporated the large variation in luminance that is a pervasive feature of natural scenes. In addition, the luminance profile of the checks both near to and remote from the central test patches was systematically manipulated. The manipulations provided a simplified version of spatial variation in illumination. The model can account for effects of overall changes in image luminance and the dependence of such changes on spatial location as well as some but not all of the more detailed features of the data.
Radiation treatment of oral epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma lesions: Potential adverse effects

Epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma, which has consistently been the most prevalent malignancy in people with HIV disease, frequently presents with lesions in the oral cavity. Guidelines for treating oropharyngeal lesions with radiotherapy are ubiquitous in the literature. Treatment indications include pain, dysphagia, and obstruction. Radiotherapy dosage and fractionation differ from that prescribed for non HIV-infected people. Current literature reveals better treatment outcomes for people infected with HIV if treatment is managed by practitioners experienced in HIV care. This article presents a review of the literature and a case study of a HIV-infected patient who experienced severe adverse effects of irradiation.
SOLID PHASE MICROEXTRACTION SAMPLING OF HIGH EXPLOSIVE RESIDUES IN THE PRESENCE OF RADIONUCLIDES AND RADIONUCLIDE SURROGATE METALS

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Laboratory currently does not have on site facilities for handling radioactive evidentiary materials and there are no established FBI methods or procedures for decontaminating high explosive (HE) evidence while maintaining evidentiary value. One experimental method for the isolation of HE residue involves using solid phase microextraction (SPME) fibers to remove residue of interest. Due to their high affinity for organics, SPME fibers should have little affinity for most metals. However, no studies have measured the affinity of radionuclides for SPME fibers. The focus of this research was to examine the affinity of dissolved radionuclide (239/240Pu, 238U, 237Np, 85Sr, 133Ba, 137Cs, 60Co and 226Ra) and stable radionuclide surrogate metals (Sr, Co, Ir, Re, Ni, Ba, Cs, Nb, Ru, and Nd) for SPME fibers at the exposure conditions that favor the uptake of HE residues. Our results from radiochemical and mass spectrometric analyses indicate these metals have little measurable affinity for these SPME fibers during conditions that are conducive to HE residue uptake with subsequent analysis by liquid or gas phase chromatography with mass spectrometric detection.
In Vitro Assessment of Antifungal Therapeutic Potential of Salivary Histatin-5, Two Variants of Histatin-5, and Salivary Mucin (MUC7) Domain 1

Human salivary histatin-5 (Hsn-5) is a 24-residue peptide that possesses potent antifungal activity in vitro. The MUC7 gene encodes human salivary low-molecular-weight mucin (MG2). The candidacidal activity of MUC7 domain 1 (MUC7 D1, the N-terminal 51 amino acid residues of MUC7) in vitro has also been demonstrated. In this study, we have investigated the antifungal therapeutic potential of Hsn-5, its two variants, R12I/K17N and R12I/H21L, and MUC7 D1. First, these peptides were tested for activities against different clinically important fungi. We found them to possess broad-spectrum antifungal activities; specifically, most exhibited excellent in vitro activity against eight clinically important fungal strains tested, including Candida albicans and Candida glabrata and their azole-resistant counterparts and Cryptococcus neoformans and its amphotericin B-resistant counterpart. These findings also suggest that the mechanism of action of both Hsn-5 and MUC7 D1 for these fungi is different from that of amphotericin B or azole antifungal agents. Second, we examined the stability of these peptides in whole human saliva and human serum. In saliva, the Hsn-5 variants R12I/K17N and R12I/H21L and MUC7 D1 degraded at a lower rate than Hsn-5. In human serum, MUC7 D1 was also more stable than Hsn-5; both peptides were more stable in serum than in saliva. Third, we examined the cytotoxicity of these peptides using human erythrocytes and two human cell lines (KB and HSG). No (or very low) hemolytic activity was observed with any of the four peptides, even at the highest protein concentration tested (200 μM), while amphotericin B caused 100% hemolysis at only 12.5 μM. The toxic effects of Hsn-5 and MUC7 D1 toward KB and HSG cells were also much lower than that of amphotericin B as measured by trypan blue exclusion. Together, these findings indicate that the investigated peptides possess high antifungal therapeutic potential, in particular for the treatment of drug-resistant fungal strains associated with immunocompromised (particularly human immunodeficiency virus-infected) patients. The same peptides could also be used as components of artificial saliva for patients with salivary dysfunction.
Inhibition of oxidized LDL aggregation with the calcium channel blocker amlodipine: role of electrostatic interactions.

Abstract Atherogenic low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are characterized by elevations in cholesterol content and increased electronegativity, factors that contribute to aggregation and foam cell formation. This study was designed to test the effect of the positively charged calcium channel blocker (CCB) amlodipine on the aggregation properties of oxidized LDL lipids. Large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) (100 nm diameter) labeled with a non-exchangeable marker [ 3 H]cholesteryl hexadecyl ether were prepared with lipids extracted from human LDL following oxidation. The LUVs were shown to bind, in a reversible fashion, to charged diethylaminoethyl Sephadex columns. The addition of amlodipine inhibited binding of the oxidized LDL lipids in a dose-dependent fashion with an IC 50 in the nanomolar range as a result of its high lipophilicity and positively charged amino group (p K a of 9.02). The activity of amlodipine was reproduced in model membranes that contained fixed amounts of charged phospholipid (glycerophospholipid) in a concentration-dependent manner. By contrast, drugs lacking a formal positive charge, including CCBs (felodipine, nifedipine, diltiazem, verapamil) and an angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitor (ramiprilate) had no effect on the column binding of the modified, electronegative lipids. These effects of amlodipine on LDL lipid aggregation and electrostatic properties may represent a novel antiatherosclerotic mechanism of action.
Integration of range and intensity data to improve vision-based three-dimensional measurements

Conventional vision techniques based on intensity data, such as the data produced by CCD cameras, cannot produce complete 3D measurements for object surfaces. Range sensors, such as laser scanners, do provide complete range data for visible surfaces; however, they may produce erroneous results on surface discontinuities such as edges. In most applications, measurements on all surfaces and edges are required to completely describe the geometric properties of the object, which means that intensity data alone or range data alone will not provide sufficiently complete or accurate information for these applications. The technique described in this paper uses a range sensor the simultaneously acquires perfectly registered range and intensity images. It can also integrate the range data with intensity data produced by a separate sensor. The range image is used to determine the shape of the object (surfaces) while the intensity image is used to extract edges and surface features such as targets. The two types of data are then integrated to utilize the best characteristics of each. Specifically, the objective of the integration is to provide highly accurate dimensional measurements on the edges and features. The sensor, its geometric model, the calibration procedure, the combined data approach, and some results of measurements on straight and circular edges (holes) are presented in the paper.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Role of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-reduced oxidase proteins in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced lung inflammation and permeability.

Earlier studies indicated a role for reactive oxygen species (ROS) in host defense against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. However, the role of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate–reduced (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) proteins and the mechanism of activation for NADPH oxidase in P. aeruginosa infection are not well-defined. Here, we investigated the role of NOX2 and NOX4 proteins in P. aeruginosa infection, ROS generation, and endothelial barrier function in murine lungs and in human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVECs). Airway instillation of P. aeruginosa strain 103 (PA103) significantly increased ROS concentrations in bronchial alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, along with the expression of NOX2 and NOX4, but not NOX1 and NOX3, in lung tissue. In addition, PA103-infected HLMVECs revealed elevated concentrations of ROS, NOX2, and NOX4. In murine lungs and HLMVECs, PA103 induced the NF-κB pathway, and its inhibition blocked PA103-dependent NOX2 and NOX4 expression. Barrier function analysis showed that heat-killed PA103 induced endothelial permeability in a dose-dependent manner, which was attenuated by treatment with small interfering (si)RNA specific for NOX4, but not NOX2. Furthermore, the knockdown of NOX4, but not NOX2, with siRNA reduced PA103-mediated apoptosis in HLMVECs. In vivo, the down-regulation of NOX4 with NOX4 siRNA attenuated PA103-induced lung vascular permeability. The deletion of NOX2 in mice exerted no effect on permeability, but offered significant resistance to P. aeruginosa–induced lung inflammation. These data show that P. aeruginosa lung infection up-regulates NOX2 and NOX4 expression and ROS generation, which play distinct roles in regulating lung inflammation, apoptosis, and permeability.
Orthogonal velocity-hydrophone ESPRIT for sonar source localization

This paper proposes a novel eigenstructure ESPRIT-based azimuth-elevation direction finding (DF) algorithm that yields closed-form estimates of multiple near-field or far-field sources' directions-of-arrival (DOA) by exploiting DOA information embedded in the sources' velocity-field, requires no a priori knowledge of signal frequencies, suffers no frequency-DOA ambiguity, automatically pairs the x-axis direction-cosines with the y-axis direction-cosines, greatly reduces hardware and computational costs, eliminates array inter-element calibration, but uses only three velocity-hydrophones (plus an optional pressure-hydrophone) and two time-delayed data sets. Velocity-hydrophone technology is well-established in the field of underwater acoustics and its inherent directionality allows it to measure separately the three Cartesian components of the incident sonar velocity-field. In one particular scenario with two closely spaced uncorrelated narrowband sources, the proposed algorithm offers a 67% savings in hydrophone hardware and 56% savings in computational costs over an array of spatially displaced pressure-hydrophones producing the same estimation performance. In another scenario where the hardware and computational costs are comparable between the proposed algorithm and the customary array of spatially displaced pressure-hydrophones, the proposed algorithm offers a 10 dB SNR advantage.
Spondyloarthritis in a Patient With Unilateral Buttock Pain and History of Crohn Disease

Background and Purpose Patients with inflammatory spinal conditions related to spondyloarthritis are rarely seen by primary care practitioners. However, patients with a history of inflammatory bowel disease and chronic low back or buttock pain should be examined carefully for the presence of spondyloarthritis, as proper management may include referral to a rheumatologist and appropriate medical intervention. Case Description A 27-year-old woman with a 6-month history of posterior buttock pain was referred for physical therapy with a diagnosis of piriformis syndrome. During the second physical therapy visit, a nonmechanical source of lumbopelvic pain was suspected, and the patient was referred for medical consultation. The patient underwent evaluation by a rheumatologist and was eventually diagnosed with spondyloarthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Outcomes The patient initiated treatment with anti-tumor necrosis factor medication to address the spondyloarthritis. Medical management resulted in significant improvement in all outcome measures. Discussion Clinical suspicion of spondyloarthritis is raised when specific historical, examination, and imaging findings are present. The posttest probability of spondyloarthritis is increased with the presence of inflammatory back pain and specific spondyloarthritic features, such as a positive history of inflammatory bowel disease, radiographic evidence of sacroiliitis, and improvement with anti-inflammatory medication. Referral of patients with these findings for a rheumatological evaluation is warranted, as these diseases are managed effectively with specific treatment.