cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early negative affect in males and females with fragile X syndrome: implications for anxiety and autism

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a genetic disorder that is highly comorbid with anxiety and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Elevated negative affect in young children has been associated with increased risk for both anxiety and ASD; however, these relations remain poorly understood in FXS. The present prospective longitudinal study examined the trajectory of negative affect from infancy through preschool in males and females with FXS and typical development and its relation to anxiety and ASD. Results indicate a complex association reflecting group, developmental, and sex effects. Specifically, the group with FXS displayed a trajectory of increasing negative affect across age that was distinct from the typical controls. This atypical trajectory of negative affect in FXS was driven by sex effects in that males showed lower negative affect during infancy followed by steep increases across the toddler and preschool years whereas the females displayed a flatter trajectory. Finally, elevated negative affect predicted anxiety symptoms in males, but not females, with no relationship to ASD in males or females with FXS. The current work addresses the importance of studying the development of psychopathology in a specific neurogenetic population. Temperamental negative affect was shown to be an important early marker for anxiety in young children with FXS, with subtle differences observed between males and females.
The Routledge history of Italian Americans, edited by William J. Connell and Stanislao G. Pugliese

Recent years have seen a remarkable explosion of scholarly work on the Italian-American experience, including a well-received 2015 PBS documentary ‘The Italian Americans’. Given that current trends...
Low Fetal Fraction and Birth Weight in Women with Negative First-Trimester Cell-Free DNA Screening.

Objective To determine the association between low fetal fraction and birth weight among women with a negative cell-free DNA (cfDNA) result for common aneuploidies in the first trimester. Study Design This is a retrospective cohort of women who delivered a singleton between July 2016 and June 2018 at a single institution and had normal cfDNA testing in the first trimester. The primary variable of interest was “low fetal fraction,” which was defined as fetal fractions less than 5th percentile among all fetal fractions in the cohort (fetal fraction Results A total of 7,478 women delivered a singleton at ≥24 weeks' gestation, of which 2,387 (32%) underwent genetic screening through cfDNA; the majority were in the first trimester (n = 2,052 [86%]). 2,035 met the inclusion criteria. Birth weight ≤ 5th percentile was significantly higher in the low fetal fraction group (6.9 vs. 3.2%; p = 0.04). A low fetal fraction was associated with higher odds of an infant with a low birth weight: adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 2.32 (95% CI 1.15–4.67) for birth weight ≤ 10th percentile (p = 0.02) and aOR of 3.73 (95% CI 1.40–9.03) for birth weight ≤ 5th percentile (p = 0.004). Conclusion Low fetal fractions of ≤ 5th percentile were associated with an increased risk of birth weights ≤ 5th and ≤ 10th percentiles in women with negative cfDNA screening in the first trimester. Future work is needed to further investigate this relationship and to determine the potential clinical implications, such as third-trimester screening for growth restriction in women with low fetal fractions and negative cfDNA screening results.
Lectures on Astrophysics

Lectures on Astrophysics provides an account of classic and contemporary aspects of astrophysics, with an emphasis on analytic calculations and physical understanding. It introduces fundamental topics in astrophysics, including the properties of single and binary stars, the phenomena associated with interstellar matter, and the structure of galaxies. Nobel Laureate Steven Weinberg combines exceptional physical insight with his gift for clear exposition to cover exciting recent developments and new results. Emphasizing theoretical results, and explaining their derivation and application, this book provides an invaluable resource for physics and astronomy students and researchers.
The Use of Radiolabeled Low Density Lipoprotein for Evaluating Atherosclerosis: Present Status and Future Promise

Emerging noninvasive techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging, vascular ultrasound, and synchrotron angiography promise in vivo detection and analysis of atherosclerosis in ways that could only be imagined a decade ago. Conventional invasive arteriography, verified whenever possible by dissection and lesion component morphometry, remains the gold standard for revealing atheroma location and lesion-associated stenosis. Yet the newer modalities are acquiring the power and the resolution that may permit accurate assessment of plaque size and shape; of spatial disposition of lipid, mineral, and tissue components within a plaque; and of structural distortions and adaptations in the artery wall adjacent to an atherosclerotic lesion.
Balancing Pragmatism and Values in Business Decision Making

Decision making is fundamental to every business. The questions that are key to any business are ‘what to do’ and ‘how to accomplish purpose’. In recent years, in the defense & aerospace monopsony, there has been a sea-change reversal, where now, the commercial industry is leading technological innovation, and is executing agile-product development – enabling faster time to market, with more robust products. This paper uses a mixed-methods research approach to compare and contrast portfolio management (PM) and new product development (NPD) practices in the commercial industry with those practiced in the defense industry. There are many unique aspects to the defense industry that differentiate it from many other industries. Primary amongst these is secrecy – that is, much work in the industry is classified, and/or deliberately obfuscated. Thus there is scant published research on defense industry PM practices and NPD decision making processes. To address this, the researchers analyzed published studies on commercial industry to extract the PM and NPD decision-making factors used in large-sized commercial technology companies. And, then used peer-interviews and broad-area surveys to examine the applicability of these factors in the defense industry's PM and NPD practices. The initial conclusions are that PM and NPD decision-making processes, in both the commercial and in the defense industry share a common frame work. The factors include, market conditions, company's internal processes, and individual organization's assessment of the value-proposition. Often most decisions are made based on a combination of strategic intent and opportunistic reactions. A surprising finding is the unique role that middle managers play in the defense industry in shaping and in the outcome of PM and NPD decisions.
“La parola «rammendare».” Natalia Ginzburg’s Gemeinschaft

My article has a dual purpose: on the one hand I will discuss the concept of social community that emerges from the public activity of Ginzburg. I will look at the political practice that Ginzburg sketched out, clarifying how this would become that “politica della memoria” aimed at defending and rebuilding what is ‘in ruin,’ i.e. — and this is also the ‘duty’ that Ginzburg had always assigned to Jewish people — aimed at standing up for all the losers of History, for all the people defeated by ‘progress.’ On the other hand, I will clarify the connection this concept of community has not only with Ginzburg’s literary topics, but with the forms of her narrative. I will make clear, in other words, how the idea of community is related to a precise form of novel structure, a structure modified according to the different historical judgments given by Ginzburg on the community-Italy.
Curricular Change and Resiliency in the Era of Coronavirus (COVID-19): The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU) Experience.

INTRODUCTION: The Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has presented a myriad of organizational and institutional challenges. The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, like many other front line hospitals and clinics, encountered a myriad of challenges in fostering and sustaining the education of students enrolled at the nation's only military medical school. Critical to the function of any academic medical institution, but particularly one devoted to the training of future physicians for the Military Health System, was the ability to rapidly adapt, modify, and create new means of keeping medical students engaged in their core curricula and progressing toward full and timely attainment of established educational goals and objectives. METHODS: This article highlights some of the particular challenges faced by faculty and students during the first 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic and describes how they were managed and/or mitigated. RESULTS: Six key "lessons learned" were identified and summarized in this manuscript. These lessons may be applicable to other academic institutions both within and outside of the Military Health System. CONCLUSIONS: Recognizing and embracing these key tenets of academic change management can accelerate the generation of a cohesive, organizational response to the next pandemic or public health crisis.
Automatic synthesis of 3D asynchronous state machines

An automatic synthesis tool (3D) for designing asynchronous controllers from burst-mode specifications, a class of specifications allowing multiple input change fundamental mode operation, is described. An algorithm for constructing a three-dimensional next-state table, a heuristic for encoding states, and a procedure for generating necessary constraints for exact logic minimization are presented. The effectiveness of the 3D implementation and the synthesis procedure on numerous designs including a large realistic example (asynchronous data transfer protocol of the SCSI bus controller) is demonstrated. The latency (input to output delay) and the cycle time (time required for the circuit to stabilize after the excitation) for all benchmark designs using a 0.8- mu m CMOS standard cell library are estimated. >
RTEC-intrinsic IL-17–driven inflammatory circuit amplifies antibody-induced glomerulonephritis and is constrained by Regnase-1

Antibody-mediated glomerulonephritis (AGN) is a clinical manifestation of many autoimmune kidney diseases for which few effective treatments exist. Chronic inflammatory circuits in renal glomerular and tubular cells lead to tissue damage in AGN. These cells are targeted by the cytokine IL-17, which has recently been shown to be a central driver of the pathogenesis of AGN. However, surprisingly little is known about the regulation of pathogenic IL-17 signaling in the kidney. Here, using a well-characterized mouse model of AGN, we show that IL-17 signaling in renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) is necessary for AGN development. We also show that Regnase-1, an RNA binding protein with endoribonuclease activity, is a negative regulator of IL-17 signaling in RTECs. Accordingly, mice with a selective Regnase-1 deficiency in RTECs exhibited exacerbated kidney dysfunction in AGN. Mechanistically, Regnase-1 inhibits IL-17-driven expression of the transcription factor IκBξ and, consequently, its downstream gene targets, including Il6 and Lcn2. Moreover, deletion of Regnase-1 in human RTECs reduced inflammatory gene expression in a IκBξ-dependent manner. Overall, these data identify an IL-17-driven inflammatory circuit in RTECs during AGN that is constrained by Regnase-1.
Consent is an organizational behavior issue

Abstract Consent is central to many organizational interactions and obligations. Employees consent to various terms of employment, both formal (contractual obligations) and informal (extra-role responsibilities, interpersonal requests). Yet consent has traditionally been considered a legal matter, unrelated to organizational behavior. In this article, we make a case for why, and how, organizational behavior scholars should undertake the study of consent. We first review scholarship on the legal understanding of consent. We argue that the traditional legal understanding is an incomplete way to think about consent in organizations, and we call for a more nuanced understanding that incorporates psychological and philosophical insights about consent—particularly consent in employer-employee relationships. We then connect this understanding of consent to traditional organizational behavior topics (autonomy, fairness, and trust) and examine these connections within three organizational domains (employee surveillance, excessive work demands, and sexual harassment). We conclude with future directions for research on consent in organizations.
mHealth and technology innovations for anxiety and OC spectrum disorders

Interdisciplinary mobile health (mHealth) technologies and intervention approaches are changing the nature of health research, providing the opportunity to shift from more reactive approaches for patient care to a more proactive stance. As with the larger field of medicine, mHealth and technology-enhanced approaches in psychiatry and clinical psychology are opening an unparalleled number of avenues to help reduce the risk for psychiatric disease, treat psychological disorders, and increase well-being of our patients. While promising, this research is characterized by complex challenges across the domains of concept development, initial design and testing, and downstream implementation and scaled-up dissemination. This Special Issue in the British Journal of Clinical Psychology was designed to highlight the development and implementation of mHealth research in the anxiety and obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. In addition to informing readers about important advances that have been made, the present special issue also draws attention to the myriad challenges that will need to be considered in future research. Three domains relevant for mHealth research are addressed, including a careful consideration of where the research currently stands and what challenges we should prepare for, the adaptation of traditional and adjunctive treatments to mobile or online platforms, and the ability for technology and associated methodological approaches to provide further insight into aetiological investigations.
Global Heading Estimation For Wide Area Augmented Reality Using Road Semantics For Geo-referencing

In this paper, we present a method to estimate global camera head- ing by associating directional information from road segments in the camera view with annotated satellite imagery. The system is based on a multi-sensor fusion framework that relies on GPS, cam- era and an inertial measurement unit (IMU). The backbone of the system is built on a very strong visual-inertial navigation (VIO) pipeline with very low drift rate and the proposed algorithm com- bines relative motion provided by VIO with global cues obtained by an image segmentation module to extract heading information for geo-referenced AR applications over wide area.
Designs and simulations of ballistic-resistant metal/ceramic sandwich structures

In this paper, we report our numerical work on the ballistic penetration of various armor designs by a 20 mm fragment-simulating projectile at a velocity of 1000 m/s. For the design with monolithic metal plate, numerical simulations show that final failure of the plate is tearing of the metallic material. Incorporation of ceramic material (i.e., metal/ceramic armor) changes the final failure mode of the armors to plastic bending and stretching of the backing plate. Two types of metal/ceramic designs are studied. One consists of ceramic layer backed by a metal plate, with or without a front metallic faceplate. The other metal/ceramic design utilizes the honeycomb structure and is made by filling the free space in a honeycomb-core sandwich panel with solid ceramics. The ballistic limits (the minimum mass required to stop the projectile) associated with all the designs are obtained and compared. Finite element calculations show that incorporation of ceramic gives a benefit of mass reduction of 20-30%. While utilizing honeycomb structure slightly improves the ballistic limits (compared with the case of ceramic layer backed by metal plate), it could remarkably reduce the deformation of the backing plate at ballistic limits. It is also found that for all metal/ceramic designs, the front faceplate does not contribute to improve the ballistic performances.
Studies on 4 C stored frozen-reconstituted red blood cells. II. Chemical and cytological changes during storage.

In order to determine the feasibility of 4 C storage of frozen-thawed red blood cells beyond the 24 hours now allowed by the Food and Drug Administration (BoB), chemical and cytological measurements were made of blood units processed by different methods. The only significant findings were a progressive increase in the plasma hemoglobin and plasma potassium. These were most pronounced when the storage medium was the 0.8% NaCl-0.2% dextrose and storage was continued past five days. Storage in autologous plasma produced less pronounced changes, but the changes were still about twice that found in a unit of whole blood stored for the same amount of time. Storage in 5% albumin or Plasma Protein Fraction did not seem to provide conditions much superior to the dextrose-saline solution. Contamination of the unit produced somewhat more hemolysis than in its sterile control but not enough to be readily detectable. From these studies it seems logical that the 4 C storage time could be extended to at least three, and in all probability five days, with no significant harm to the recipient, and with a great increase in the useable life of the blood unit, thus increasing the availability of a very precious commodity.
DAMAGE AND DEREPRESSION IN ESCHERICHIA COLI RESULTING FROM GROWTH AT LOW TEMPERATURES

Ng, Henry (University of California, Davis), John L. Ingraham, and Allen G. Marr. Damage and derepression in Escherichia coli resulting from growth at low temperatures. J. Bacteriol. 84:331–339. 1962.—Exponentially growing cultures of Escherichia coli ML30 were subjected to abrupt changes in temperature. If the change in temperature was made within the range of temperature in which the temperature characteristic, μ, is constant, exponential growth resumed immediately at a rate characteristic of the new temperature. But, if the shifts were made to or from a temperature below the range of constant μ, the initial growth rate was intermediate to the rates normal for the initial and final temperatures. The results indicate that growth at low temperature alters or damages the cell in a way that reduces the growth rate. A period of growth at higher temperature is required to correct the damage. Release from glucose repression of the induction of β-galactosidase occurs at a temperature coincident with low-temperature damage. Derepression may be the damage that results from growth at low temperature.
Increasing Academic Engagement at HBCU’s Through the Implementation of an Undergraduate Research Showcase

According to the National Survey on Student Engagement (NSSE), it has been shown that academic engagement and environmental characteristics influence student success. Students attending Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU’s) tend to have academic profiles that are different from students attending Predominantly White Institutions (PWI’s). These factors tend to result in a negative effect on student engagement in the academic environment. To instill academic engagement, an Undergraduate Scholarship Showcase (USS) was implemented at a public HBCU in the Southeast. The showcase allowed select students the opportunity to collaborate with faculty on current research, and disseminate the findings at an on-campus poster session.
Submembraneous microtubule cytoskeleton: regulation of microtubule assembly by heterotrimeric G proteins

Heterotrimeric Gproteins participate in signal transduction by transferring signals from cell surface receptors to intracellular effector molecules. Gproteins also interact with microtubules and participate in microtubule-dependent centrosome/chromosome movement during cell division, as well as neuronal differentiation. In recent years, significant progress has been made in our understanding of the biochemical/functional interactions between Gprotein subunits (alpha and betagamma) and microtubules, and the molecular details emerging from these studies suggest that alpha and betagamma subunits of Gproteins interact with tubulin/microtubules to regulate the assembly/dynamics of microtubules, providing a novel mechanism for hormone- or neurotransmitter-induced rapid remodeling of cytoskeleton, regulation of the mitotic spindle for centrosome/chromosome movements in cell division, and neuronal differentiation in which structural plasticity mediated by microtubules is important for appropriate synaptic connections and signal transmission.
Identification of metal-isocitrate binding site of pig heart NADP-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase by affinity cleavage of the enzyme by Fe(2+)-isocitrate.

Abstract The divalent metal-isocitrate site of pig heart NADP-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase can be located by affinity cleavage of the enzyme by Fe(2+)-isocitrate in the presence of O2, in analogy to the "chemical nuclease" action of DNA-binding drugs linked to Fe-EDTA. The enzyme is irreversibly inactivated and cleaved by Fe(2+)-isocitrate more rapidly than by Fe2+. Mn2+ prevents inactivation and cleavage by Fe(2+)-isocitrate or by Fe2+. Furthermore, other tri- or dicarboxylates (such as citrate, tricarballylate, or malate), which are not effective substrates of the enzyme, fail to promote inactivation and cleavage of the enzyme by Fe2+. These results indicate that the oxidative inactivation and cleavage reactions are specific. Two pairs of major peptides are generated during Fe(2+)-isocitrate inactivation: 30 + 17 kDa and 35 + 11 kDa, as compared with 46 kDa for the intact enzyme. NH2-terminal sequencing revealed that these peptides arise by a mutually exclusive cleavage at either Asp253-Met254 or His309-Gly310, suggesting Asp253 and His309 as coordination sites for Fe(2+)-isocitrate and, by implication, for Mn(2+)-isocitrate. Fe2+ alone produces peptides (32 + 15 kDa) by an alternate specific cleavage between Tyr272 and Asp273, consistent with free metal ion occupying a different site from metal-isocitrate in NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. Affinity cleavage may be a generally useful method for locating metal and metal-substrate sites in enzymes.
Energy deposition in the earth's atmosphere due to impact of solar activity-generated disturbances

Energy deposition in and dynamic responses of the terrestrial atmosphere to solar flare-generated shocks and other physical processes such as particle precipitation and local heating are investigated self-consistently in the context of hydrodynamics. The problem is treated as an initial boundary-value problem. The undisturbed terrestrial atmosphere is the steady-state solution of hydrodynamic equations with appropriate boundary conditions corresponding to a realistic atmospheric model from 50,000 (∿10 RE) to 120 km. A solar event (such as the impact of a flare-generated shock wave on the magnetosphere or other physical processes) is considered to initiate an impulsive increase of density, temperature and/ or velocity of long duration at 50,000 km. The model follows this perturbation down to the lower boundary (i.e., 120 km) as time progresses. Numerical results are presented for energy flux and propagation trajectories of the disturbances for various initial pulses in relation to different physical processes. We find that the amount of energy flux and the time required to reach to 120 km depend on the strength of the initial disturbances as well as on the physical origin of the disturbance. The amount of energy flux is of the order of 10−1 to few erg cm−2 s−1, which is comparable to the day-side cusp auroral emission. The results further show that gravity waves are excited by a density pulse.
Chiari I malformation with syringomyelia: Evaluation of surgical therapy by magnetic resonance imaging

✓ Five patients with a Chiari I-syringomyelia complex of adult onset were evaluated by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. All patients underwent suboccipital craniotomy with upper cervical (C-1 and part of C-2) laminectomy, arachnoid retraction, and duraplasty. Postoperative MR studies of four patients disclosed collapse of the syringomyelic cavity, even when the cavity extended into the thoracic region. This appeared to be a progressive process taking place over several weeks. Operative complications are noted and physiological implications are discussed.
12C/13C kinetic isotope effects in the reactions of CH4 with OH and Cl

In qualitative agreement with previous MP2 level calculations of the 12C/13C kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) for H-abstraction of CH4 by OH and Cl, higher level calculations yield KIEs at 300 K that differ from the corresponding experimental values, but in different directions. At QCISD(T)/6-311+G(2df,p), the theoretical KIE for CH4 + Cl is 32 ‰ less than the measured value, while for CH4 + OH, the theoretical KIE is greater than the measured value, but only by 5 ‰. Noticeable differences in atmospheric model simulation studies can occur if the measured KIEs are replaced by the analogous theoretical values. For example, the effect of carbon isotopic fractionation from the CH4 + Cl reaction on stratospheric δ13CH4 will be significantly lower than that obtained by Bergamaschi et al. [1996]. It is suggested, for the CH4 + OH reaction and especially for the CH4 + Cl reaction, that additional KIE measurements are needed. Copyright 1997 by the American Geophysical Union.
Prevalence and Pathogenesis of Pancreatic Acinar Tissue at the Gastroesophageal Junction in Children and Young Adults

Abstract Background.—Pancreatic acinar tissue (PAT) at the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) has been reported in 3% of adults with Barrett esophagus (BE) and in 24% of healthy subjects. The pathogenesis of this ectopic tissue is controversial. Both an acquired metaplastic process in the setting of BE and a congenital abnormality have been suggested in adults. Objective.—To clarify the origin of PAT at the GEJ. Methods.—We reviewed material obtained from the GEJ in 69 children and young adults. Each specimen was evaluated by 3 levels stained with hematoxylin-eosin for the presence of PAT, BE, esophagitis, and gastritis. Selected cases were also examined with immunohistochemical stains for lipase, trypsin, and amylase. Results.—In 16% of the study population, PAT was present at the GEJ and was not associated with BE. The prevalence of esophagitis and/or gastritis did not vary significantly between patients with and without PAT. Conclusions.—Our data suggest that PAT at the GEJ develops independently of infla...
Anthropology, History, and Indonesia

Book reviewed in this article: The World of Maluku: Eastern Indonesia in the Early Modern Period. Leonard Y. Andaya. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1993. 306 pp. Constituting the Minangkabau: Peasants, Culture, and Modernity in Colonial Indonesia. Joel S. Kahn. Providence: Berg Publishers, 1993. 314 pp.
Optical Logic Using Quantum Dot Semiconductor Optical Amplifier

The performance of optical logic such as XOR is analyzed by solving rate equations of quantum dot SOA. Results show SOA with quantum dots active region can greatly increase the operation frequency limiting regular SOAs.
Biologic and Plastic Effects of Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury Treatment Paradigms and Their Relevance to Clinical Rehabilitation

Neuroplastic changes, whether induced by traumatic brain injury (TBI) or therapeutic interventions, alter neurobehavioral outcome. Here we present several treatment strategies that have been evaluated by using experimental TBI models and discuss potential mechanisms of action (ie, plasticity) and how such changes affect function.
Characterization of Medication Discrepancies Occurring at the Time of Discharge From an Adult State Psychiatric Inpatient Facility

Purpose: To retrospectively measure the frequency of medication discrepancies occurring at hospital discharge and to characterize these discrepancies.Methods: All consecutive discharges from an adult state psychiatric hospital with a length of stay ≥2 days were retrospectively evaluated for medication discrepancies occurring at the time of discharge. The content of the handwritten discharge plan was compared to the medication administration record from the last day of admission to identify medication discharge discrepancies. The primary endpoint was to determine the number of patients with a medication discharge discrepancy (MDD). Secondary objectives were to characterize the MDD by type of discrepancy and medication class (psychiatric vs nonpsychiatric).Results: From October 1, 2008 to December 31, 2008, 205 patients were screened for eligibility; 163 patients were included. Thirty-eight patients (23.3%) had at least 1 MDD, with 10 (26.3%) of these patients having >1 MDD (range, 2-6). Characterization of...
The role of the family in social integration in the Middle East and North Africa

Families play an important role in social integration because they shape the social relations between men and women and between generations. Gender and youth issues dominate the public debate about the future of the countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), so relations formed within the family are important for social integration. The division of labor and the balance of power within the family influences how gender equity issues play out in the society at large. Likewise, the decision made by parents regarding investment in the education of their children has implications for the relations between young and old. The last few decades have witnessed a dramatic transformation of the family in most countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), with implications for greater social integration of these societies. This transformation is characterized by decline in fertility and increase in investment in children, which implies change in the relationships between men and women as well as between parents and children. In this paper I take a comparative view of the MENA region's economic-demographic transition, defined as decline in fertility associated with increased child schooling. Language: en
Parkinsonian signs in older people in a community-based study: risk of incident dementia.

Background Mild parkinsonian signs occur in 30% to 40% of community-dwelling older people. In a cross-sectional study, the severity of these signs was greater in people with dementia than in people without dementia. Objective To determine whether baseline mild parkinsonian signs are a predictor of incident dementia. Design A prospective, longitudinal study of community-dwelling older people who did not have dementia or Parkinson disease at baseline. Methods A neurological examination was performed on 1028 residents aged 65 years or older in the Washington Height–Inwood community in northern Manhattan, NY. Parkinsonian signs were rated with an abbreviated Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, resulting in a parkinsonian sign score (range, 0-40). The risk of incident dementia was assessed using Cox proportional hazards models. In some analyses, data from the modified Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale were divided into 3 domains: rigidity, axial function, and tremor at rest. Results The mean duration of follow-up was 5.6 years, and 224 participants (21.8%) developed dementia. In a Cox model, the risk of incident dementia was 57% higher in participants with a baseline parkinsonian sign score of 2 vs 0 (relative risk, 1.56; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-2.33; P = .03). In a second Cox model, the baseline parkinsonian sign score was associated with incident dementia (relative risk, 1.08; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.16; P = .02) independent of associations with baseline age, education, ethnicity, diabetes mellitus, and stroke. Conclusions Baseline mild parkinsonian signs are a predictor of incident dementia. Although these signs are mild, they are not prognostically benign. Brain imaging and postmortem examinations might further our insight into the anatomical and pathological basis for mild parkinsonian signs.
How Does Women’s Decision-Making Power Affect Budget Share, Nutrition and Education in Pakistan?

Understanding the effects of power distribution, particularly women’s decision making, on human development is important. This study used a set of direct measures of decision-making power from the Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey and examined the relationship between women’s decision-making power and the food budget share, nutrition and child schooling. It found that in Pakistan, the relationship between women’s decision-making power and nutrition was not linear and varied depending on rural or urban residence. There was no clear evidence that higher women’s decision-making power would lead to better nutrition availability in Pakistan, but overall households were more likely to consume less grain and more vegetables. When women had higher decision-making power, children, particularly rural girls, were more likely to be enrolled in school.
Evolution of solitary-wave solution of the perturbed regularized long-wave equation

Abstract The evolution of the solitary-wave solution of the regularized long-wave (RLW) equation is considered. The perturbation is of the type that adds energy to the solitary wave. The perturbed solitary wave does not conserve “mass”. So, a tail is introduced of which the near-tail portion remedies this “mass” defect, while the far-tail portion exhibits a plateau structure.
The nascent polypeptide-associated complex (NAC) of yeast functions in the targeting process of ribosomes to the ER membrane.

We study here the binding of ribosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and its dependence on nascent polypeptide-associated complex (NAC). For this, we use an in vitro translation system in combination with isolated microsomes. Importantly, all components in the system are derived from a single source, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ribosome nascent chains (RNCs) of the two naturally occurring invertase species (secreted or cytosolic) were prepared in wild-type, ΔαNAC or Δαβ1β3NAC translation lysates and tested for binding to the corresponding microsomal membranes. We provide evidence that NAC prevents binding of RNCs without a signal sequence to yeast membranes. In the absence of NAC, signal-less RNCs are able to bind to ER membranes. However, following puromycin treatment, only very few nascent chains translocate into the lumen, as detected by glycosylation.
Cardiac Restricted Overexpression of Membrane Type-1 Matrix Metalloproteinase Causes Adverse Myocardial Remodeling following Myocardial Infarction

The membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) is a unique member of the MMP family, but induction patterns and consequences of MT1-MMP overexpression (MT1-MMPexp), in a left ventricular (LV) remodeling process such as myocardial infarction (MI), have not been explored. MT1-MMP promoter activity (murine luciferase reporter) increased 20-fold at 3 days and 50-fold at 14 days post-MI. MI was then induced in mice with cardiac restricted MT1-MMPexp (n = 58) and wild type (WT, n = 60). Post-MI survival was reduced (67% versus 46%, p < 0.05), and LV ejection fraction was lower in the post-MI MT1-MMPexp mice compared with WT (41 ± 2 versus 32 ± 2%,p < 0.05). In the post-MI MT1-MMPexp mice, LV myocardial MMP activity, as assessed by radiotracer uptake, and MT1-MMP-specific proteolytic activity using a specific fluorogenic assay were both increased by 2-fold. LV collagen content was increased by nearly 2-fold in the post-MI MT1-MMPexp compared with WT. Using a validated fluorogenic construct, it was discovered that MT1-MMP proteolytically processed the pro-fibrotic molecule, latency-associated transforming growth factor-1 binding protein (LTBP-1), and MT1-MMP-specific LTBP-1 proteolytic activity was increased by 4-fold in the post-MI MT1-MMPexp group. Early and persistent MT1-MMP promoter activity occurred post-MI, and increased myocardial MT1-MMP levels resulted in poor survival, worsening of LV function, and significant fibrosis. A molecular mechanism for the adverse LV matrix remodeling with MT1-MMP induction is increased processing of pro-fibrotic signaling molecules. Thus, a proteolytically diverse portfolio exists for MT1-MMP within the myocardium and likely plays a mechanistic role in adverse LV remodeling.
Some Effects of Hydrolytic Enzymes on Coupled and Uncoupled Electron Flow in Chloroplasts

Digestion of spinach chloroplasts with pancreatic lipase or trypsin effectively uncoupled electron transport. Continued digestion led to inhibition of saturated rates of Hill reaction activity and a decrease in quantum yield. Irradiation with ultraviolet light decreased the quantum yield and inhibited Hill activity, but did not uncouple. Ascorbate-dichlorophenol-indophenol-mediated reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate was not appreciably inhibited by treatment with either of the enzymes or by ultraviolet irradiation.Carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone became a potent inhibitor of electron transport after trypsin treatment of chloroplasts. It also inhibited, rather than uncoupled, electron transport in glutaraldehyde-fixed chloroplasts. No other uncouplers tested showed these effects. Glutaraldehyde fixation of chloroplasts also greatly reduced the inhibitory effects of lipase and trypsin digestion but not the inhibition by ultraviolet irradiation.The inhibitory effects of trypsin and pancreatic lipase, and probably ultraviolet irradiation as well, appear to be due to a general breakdown of the membrane structure rather than inactivation of specific sites in the electron transport chain.
Risk Stratification and Prognosis in Octogenarians Undergoing Stress Echocardiographic Study

BACKGROUND The prognostic value of stress echocardiography (SE) for the diagnosis and risk stratification of coronary artery disease in octogenarians is not well defined. METHODS Follow-up of 5 years (mean 2.9 +/- 1.0 years) for confirmed nonfatal myocardial infarction (n = 17) and cardiac death (n = 37) was obtained in 335 patients, age > or =80 years (mean age 84 +/- 3 years, 44% male), undergoing SE (33% treadmill, 67% dobutamine). Left ventricular (LV) regional wall motion was assessed by a consensus of two echocardiographers and scored as per standard five-point scale, 16-segment model of wall motion analysis. Ischemic LV wall segment was defined as deterioration in the thickening and excursion during stress (increase in wall-motion score index (WMSI) > or =1). RESULTS By univariate analysis, inducible ischemia (chi-square = 38.4, P < 0.001), left ventricular ejection fraction (chi-square = 41.2, P < 0.001), a history of previous myocardial infarction (chi-square = 22.3, P < 0.01), hypertension (chi-square = 33, P < 0.01), and age (chi-square = 27.7, P < 0.01) were significant predictors of future cardiac events. WMSI, an index of inducible ischemia, provided incremental prognostic information when forced into a multivariable model where clinical and rest echocardiography variables were entered first. WMSI effectively stratified octogenarians into low- and high-risk groups (annualized event rates of 1.2 versus 5.8%/year, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Stress echocardiography yields incremental prognostic information in octogenarians and effectively stratifies them into low- and high-risk groups. Precise therapeutic decision making in very elderly patients should incorporate combined clinical and stress echocardiography data.
Chemical dieferentiation of a convecting planetary interior: Consequences for a one plate planet such as Venus

Simple models of the thermal and chemical evolution of a planetary interior are developed to explore the possible consequences of a chemically buoyant depleted mantle layer for planetary evolution. As the depleted layer thickens the melting temperature at the top of the underlying convecting mantle also increases and the degree of partial melting of the mantle added to the depleted layer decreases. As the less depleted mantle with less positive compositional buoyancy is added, the negative thermal buoyancy of the layer eventually exceeds its positive compositional buoyancy. The depleted layer then sinks into and mixes with the convecting interior. On Venus the population of impact craters is indistinguishable from a random distribution over the surface and gives a surface age of about 500 Myr. It is suggested that the above mechanism may explain this episodic global resurfacing of Venus.
The response of human embryonic stem cell-derived endothelial cells to shear stress

An important physiological function of vascular endothelial cells is to detect and respond to physical stimuli. While many efforts have been made to derive endothelial cells from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), the ability of these derivatives to respond to mechanical forces has yet to be ascertained. hESC-derived endothelial cells (hEECs) were obtained by coculturing hESCs with OP9 stromal cells. Here we applied physiologic levels of shear stress to hEECs in a parallel plate flow chamber and observed changes in cell morphology and gene expression, comparing the response to that of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs). Shear induced hEECs to elongate and align in the direction of flow, and their overall transcriptional response to shear was similar to the primary cells tested. In response to shear in hEECs, COX2 and MMP1 were upregulated four- and threefold, MCP1 and VCAM1 expression decreased over fivefold, and ICAM1 and TPA were downregulated almost threefold. TGFbeta1 and SOD2 transcription exhibited no change under the conditions tested. Additionally, preshearing of hEECs mitigated TNFalpha-induced VCAM1 surface expression. These findings suggest that hEECs are capable of functionally responding to changes in fluid shear stress by modulating gene expression and cell morphology.
Expressive meaning in an AAE attributive construction

Abstract This paper presents an overview of the syntax, semantics, and prosody of the discourse -ass construction in African American English, as in get all that ugly-ass junk out of here. This construction involves attributive modification in which a noun or adjective (called the associate ) forms a constituent with the word ass and modifies a head noun. The paper describes the syntactic distribution of both the associate and the word ass. Arguments are presented that support an analysis in which -ass is not a nominal but a functional head that categorizes its sister as adjectival, similar to -ish and -y in mainstream English. Semantically, it is argued that discourse -ass is an expressive in the sense of Potts (2007b): it is “semantically bleached” (Spears, 1998), and its semantic contribution is not truth conditional. The paper shows how discourse -ass has the properties associated with expressives as articulated by Potts (2007b) and as first observed about the construction in Spears (1998).
Radical Political Economy and the State: Lessons from Gender Theory

Feminist analyses of the state and public policy imply that the state should be treated as a site for the generation of social practices that can either reproduce or transform existing gender, racial-ethnic, and class relations. For this reason, discussing the state as an abstract, timeless construct holds little meaning. It is argued that the state is better viewed not simply as a lifeboat for women and other groups who are relatively disempowered in markets, not merely as a bandage for âmarket failures,â but rather as one of three sites, along with markets and families, where economic provisioning occurs.
A night at Cooper Union

Lincoln's Cooper Union address was instrumental in propelling him to recognition in the East, and establishing him as the political leader of the Republican cause.
O2-02-01: Endogenous Aβ enhances memory retention in the rat

Background: The amyloid precursor protein (APP) undergoes sequential cleavages to generate various polypeptides, including the A peptides, which accumulate as -amyloid plaque in the brain during Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Synaptic activity has been shown to increase APP processing and A production, and it is generally believed that A , particularly A oligomers, have deleterious effects on synaptic function. Methods: We have examined the in vivo role of endogenous A in learning and memory consolidation by manipulating A levels in the hippocampus of rats using a newly generated anti-rodent A monoclonal antibody, antibody m3.2. Results: Antibody m3.2 recognizes non-denatured rodent A within residues 10-15, binds both rodent A 1-40 and A 1-42, and does not bind to human A . Bilateral hippocampal injections of 1 g of antibody m3.2 in 1 l isotonic saline before, but not after, training significantly disrupted inhibitory avoidance memory formation in rat. Injection of a control antibody had no effect. We co-injected human A 1-42 along with antibody m3.2 to determine whether exogenous A rescues the amnesia caused by antibody m3.2. Co-injection of 200 pM human A 1-42, which we determined by ELISA to be similar to the concentration of A 1-42 in the hippocampus of the rat, restored inhibitory avoidance memory formation. Furthermore, hippocampal administration of exogenous human A 1-42 at this physiological concentration without antibody m3.2 enhanced memory retention above baseline. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that A should not only be regarded as a synapto-toxic factor to be reduced in the CNS in order to avoid AD pathogenesis, but that it plays a critical role at physiological concentrations as a positive modulator of learning and/or an early phase of memory consolidation in the normal brain. Indeed, disruption or dysregulation of the normal function of A during AD pathogenesis may be one of the underlying causes of synaptic dysfunction in the disease. (Supported by the NINDS, NS045205, and the Alzheimer’s Association, IIRG-07-60047, to PMM; and by the NIMH, MH65635, to CMA.
Hydrodynamic properties of ice-jam release waves in the Mackenzie Delta, Canada

Abstract Ice breakup is a controlling factor in the hydrology of arctic Deltas, including the Mackenzie River Delta, which is characterized by numerous channels and lakes. Ice jams that form during dynamic spring breakup events often result in flooding, thus replenishing Delta lakes with essential water, sediment and nutrients. The present study, carried out under the auspices of the International Polar Year, aims to gather and analyze essential quantitative information for improving understanding of Delta ice processes and associated prediction capability. Recent work has shown that dynamic breakup in the flat Delta channels can only be triggered by javes, the sharp waves generated by ice jam releases, which amplify the hydrodynamic forces applied on, and can dislodge, the winter ice cover. First-ever measurements of javes in Delta channels are presented and their hydrodynamic properties quantified via the Rising Limb Analysis Method (RLAM), which enables calculation of the hydrodynamic properties of the measured waveforms. Typical leading edge and crest celerities were 10 and 5 m/s respectively, while a record value of 16.5 m/s was obtained on one occasion and linked to large local depths in Middle Channel. The hydrodynamic forces applied on the riverbed and the ice cover, resulting from various javes, are subdued in Delta channels relative to those in the lower Mackenzie River and in other, previously studied, rivers. This is primarily due to low water surface slope and points to a northward-decrease in the incidence of dynamic breakup and ice jams in Delta channels.