cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Value and Use of Land

In this chapter the conflicting goals for the use of land that exist for indigenous peoples are discussed. The formative basis for the goals depends at first on the nature of the control that the people in question have over the land. In the case of American Indians with reservations, their political sovereignty allows them a great deal of leeway when considering what uses to put to their land. Alaska Natives have fewer alternatives because they do not inhabit politically sovereign space, but the corporations they are members of do have private ownership of land and therefore can employ it as they see fit within the bounds of the applicable external governing authority. Native Hawaiians have the fewest choices, and they face the most challenging means of communicating their preferences because they have no political autonomy and no organization over any private land. They do have opportunities to apply for leases in Hawaiian Home Lands that offer the potential for them to live on land that is in some way their own.
Multimorbidity patterns and their relationship to mortality in the US older adult population.

Background Understanding patterns of multimorbidity in the US older adult population and their relationship with mortality is important for reducing healthcare utilization and improving health. Previous investigations measured multimorbidity as counts of conditions rather than specific combination of conditions. Methods This cross-sectional study with longitudinal mortality follow-up employed latent class analysis (LCA) to develop clinically meaningful subgroups of participants aged 50 and older with different combinations of 13 chronic conditions from the National Health Interview Survey 2002-2014. Mortality linkage with National Death Index was performed through December 2015 for 166,126 participants. Survival analyses were conducted to assess the relationships between LCA classes and all-cause mortality and cause specific mortalities. Results LCA identified five multimorbidity groups with primary characteristics: "healthy" (51.5%), "age-associated chronic conditions" (33.6%), "respiratory conditions" (7.3%), "cognitively impaired" (4.3%) and "complex cardiometabolic" (3.2%). Covariate-adjusted survival analysis indicated "complex cardiometabolic" class had the highest mortality with a Hazard Ratio (HR) of 5.30, 99.5% CI [4.52, 6.22]; followed by "cognitively impaired" class (3.34 [2.93, 3.81]); "respiratory condition" class (2.14 [1.87, 2.46]); and "age-associated chronic conditions" class (1.81 [1.66, 1.98]). Patterns of multimorbidity classes were strongly associated with the primary underlying cause of death. The "cognitively impaired" class reported similar number of conditions compared to the "respiratory condition" class but had significantly higher mortality (3.8 vs 3.7 conditions, HR = 1.56 [1.32, 1.85]). Conclusion We demonstrated that LCA method is effective in classifying clinically meaningful multimorbidity subgroup. Specific combinations of conditions including cognitive impairment and depressive symptoms have a substantial detrimental impact on the mortality of older adults. The numbers of chronic conditions experienced by older adults is not always proportional to mortality risk. Our findings provide valuable information for identifying high risk older adults with multimorbidity to facilitate early intervention to treat chronic conditions and reduce mortality.
Efficient perovskite solar cells processed in supercritical carbon dioxide

Abstract Perovskite-based solar cells with high power conversion efficiency were produced by annealing the perovskite layer at low temperature in the presence of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). Photovoltaic devices were produced with perovskite layers annealed at either 50 ℃ or 100 ℃, with and without the assistance of scCO2. For devices annealed at 50 ℃, the use of scCO2 resulted in an 88% increase in the power conversion efficiency (from 9.17% to 17.22%) in comparison to devices annealed without scCO2. For devices annealed at 100 ℃ the use of scCO2 resulted in a smaller (3%) improvement in power conversion efficiency (from 16.94% to 17.52%). The quality of the perovskite layer at each condition was analyzed using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and optical absorption. It was determined that the improvement in the observed device power conversion efficiency corresponds to an improvement in the quality of the photoactive perovskite layer.
A Survey of the Prevalence and Predictors of Workplace Bullying Towards the Dental Hygienist.

OBJECTIVE/PURPOSE Given the lack of research within dentistry as it relates to workplace bullying (WPB), the purpose of this study was to explore the prevalence of WPB and predictors of WPB for dental hygienists in clinical practice. METHODS Cross-sectional survey research was used with a convenience sample of dental hygienists (n = 943) providing patient care to explore WPB. Ninety-three per cent of participants resided in the United States, and 6.9% lived internationally. The survey was shared via social media on Facebook and Instagram group pages, specifically dental focussed. The validated Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised (NAQ-R) was used to measure the exposure WPB using descriptive, correlation, chi-square and Mann-Whitney U. RESULTS The completion rate was 81% (n = 765). Results showed 21% of participants had experienced WPB now and then, 9.4% several times a week and 2.9% almost daily. Predictors for WPB included highest degree earned (p = -0.03), US (United States) region of residence (p = 0.001), clinical setting (private practice vs. dental service organization) (p < 0.001), clinical years of experience (p = 0.002) and work status (full- or part-time) (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS The findings confirmed WPB has been experienced by 1 in 5 clinical dental hygienists. Dental hygienists in their early years are more likely to have reported workplace bullying than those with more years of practice. WPB is not a new phenomenon, but given the prevalence observed in dental hygiene participants, employers need to be active in preventing and managing bullying to create and maintain an effective dental team and positive work environment.
Empowering Emotion: The Driving Force of Share and Purchase Intentions in Viral Advertising

This research adopts the PAD model of emotions (i.e., pleasure–arousal–dominance) and conducts two survey studies to empirically test the role of emotions in viral advertising. Study 1 confirms the...
Alleviating Strain in Organic Molecules by Incorporation of Phosphorus: Synthesis of Triphosphatetrahedrane.

Phosphatetrahedranes (tBuCP)2 and (tBuC)3P were recently reported and represent the first tetrahedranes containing a mixed carbon/phosphorus core. Herein, we report that tetrahydrofuran (THF) solutions of the parent triphosphatetrahedrane HCP3 may be generated in 31% yield (NMR internal standard yield) by combining [Na(THF)3][P3Nb(ODipp)3] (Dipp = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl), INb(ODipp)3(THF), and bromodichloromethane in thawing THF. While HCP3 was found to be stable in dilute THF solutions for extended periods of time, the concentration of the solution at -40 °C led to the formation of a black precipitate, which has been tentatively assigned as a polymerized form of HCP3. HCP3 reacts readily with (dppe)Fe(Cp*)Cl (dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, Cp*= η5-C5Me5) in the presence of Na[BPh4] to form a purple cationic iron complex of triphosphatetrahedrane (50% yield), which was structurally characterized in a single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiment. Additionally, we present a series of homodesmotic equations analyzed via quantum chemical calculations that suggest triphosphatetrahedrane is the least strained of the mixed C/P phosphatetrahedranes.
IsoLATE: A Type System for Self-recursion

A fundamental aspect of object-oriented languages is how recursive functions are defined. One semantic approach is to use simple record types and explicit recursion i.e. fix to define mutually recursive units of functionality. Another approach is to use records and recursive types to describe recursion through a "self" parameter. Many systems rely on both semantic approaches as well as combinations of universally quantified types, existentially quantified types, and mixin operators to encode patterns of method reuse, data encapsulation, and "open recursion" through self. These more complex mechanisms are needed to support many important use cases, but they often lack desirable theoretical properties, such as decidability, and can be difficult to implement, because of the equirecursive interpretation that identifies mu-types with their unfoldings. Furthermore, these systems do not apply to languages without explicit recursion such as JavaScript, Python, and Ruby. In this paper, we present a statically typed calculus of functional objects called ISOLATE that can reason about a pattern of mixin composition without relying on an explicit fixpoint operation. To accomplish this, ISOLATE extends a standard isorecursive type system with a mechanism for checking the "mutual consistency" of a collection of functions, that is, that all of the assumptions about self are implied by the collection itself. We prove the soundness of ISOLATE via a type-preserving translation to a calculus with F-bounded polymorphism. Therefore, ISOLATE can be regarded as a stylized subset of the more expressive calculus that admits an interesting class of programs yet is easy to implement. In the future, we plan to investigate how other, more complicated forms of mixin composition again, without explicit recursion may be supported by lightweight type systems.
Carbon-doped HBTs for OEICs

Carbon base doping for high performance HBTs promises higher reliability, but the growth techniques must be optimized so that the hydrogen passivation of C acceptors inherent in suitable epitaxial growth techniques does not degrade device performance. Recent results are discussed in this paper.
A possible role for calcitonin-gene-related peptide in the regulation of the smooth muscle tone of the bladder and penis.

Abstract We investigated the effect of calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) on bladder contractions and penile erection in 12 dogs. In a system in which the arteries were tied bilaterally to ensure delivery of high drug levels to the bladder, arterial injections of CGRP significantly reduced the peak intravesical pressure of bladder contractions induced by pelvic nerve stimulation or arterial injection of carbachol. When given intravenously, CGRP had no effect on bladder contractions consequent to neural stimulation. Intravesical instillation of CGRP, however, reduced the bladder contractions significantly. Histologic staining showed CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers within the smooth muscle layers of the bladder wall. Intracavernous CGRP increased cavernous arterial flow and induced cavernous smooth muscle relaxation and venous outflow occlusion. Muscarinic blockade had no effect on the canine intracavernous pressure response to intracavernous injection of CGRP. Histologic staining for CGRP-immunoreactivity showed nerve-fiber-like staining within the cavernous arterial wall, the nerves running near the cavernous arteries, and the cavernous smooth muscles. Our results suggest a possible role for CGRP in the regulation of the smooth muscle tone of the bladder and penis. ( J. Urol., 143: 392–397, 1990 )
Aryl Extensions of Thienopyrimidinones as Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 Kinase Inhibitors.

Abstract Optimization of thienopyrimidinone derivatives as FGFR1 kinase inhibitors is being pursued. The present results confirm predictions of computational modeling that an aryl substituent can be introduced at the 2-position in structure 3. The substituent is anticipated to project deeper into the binding site and provide opportunities for enhanced activity and selectivity. The most potent analog reported herein, 13, has a 4-hydroxyphenyl substituent and yields an IC50 of 6 μM for inhibition of phosphorylation by FGFR1 kinase. It was also found that the western anisole-containing substituent in 3 can be replaced by a propionic acid group with no loss in potency and with potentially significant gains in pharmacologically relevant properties.
Wafer-level magnetotransport measurement of advanced transistors - making a powerful technique even more powerful

For transistor research and development, one of the important figures of merit is the carrier mobility. The measurement of mobility is cumbersome in large devices, and nearly impossible in nano scale devices. Very often, effective mobility (µ eff ) is extracted from the I–V curve instead. There are many pitfalls in equating µ eff to mobility (µ), including charge-trapping and series resistance effects. The error can be quite large. This is a urgent issue for advanced CMOS technology.
Variations in carbon fractions within a dimictic and a meromictic basin of the Junius Ponds, New York

SUMMARY. 1. The Junius Ponds, a unique series of proximate glacial kettle basins located between the cities of Rochester and Syracuse. New York, U.S.A., contain basins of dimictic and meromictic nature. This study focused upon differences in partitioning of total inorganic carbon (TIC), paniculate organic carbon (POC), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) within the dimictic Junius Pond 7 (JP7, ∼8m) and the meromictic Junius Pond 5 (JP5, ∼17m). 2. For TIC, variations with depth were much greater in JP5 than in JP7. However, seasonal variations were greater in JP7 than in JP5. We attribute these variations to differences in the mictic nature of the basins. 3. Concentrations of POC were substantially less in the relatively clear mixolimnion of JP5 than in the epilimnion of JP7. Distinct POC layers formed at the oxic-anoxic boundary in both basins during late summer. 4. The lower monimolimnion of JP5 is believed to have the warmest water occurring under ice (8.2–8.6°C) of any natural body of water in the continental United States east of the Mississippi River. The monimolimnetic region of JP5 has unusually low DOC:POC ratios of ≤1:l.
Unfaulting mechanism of trapped self-interstitial atom clusters in bcc Fe: A kinetic study based on the potential energy landscape

We report on the complete unfaulting mechanism of a trapped self-interstitial atom cluster in the form of a nonparallel configuration (NPC), investigated using the autonomous basin climbing (ABC) method. A detailed set of transition state atomic trajectories in the unfaulting process from the trapped to the mobile glide $⟨111⟩$ configuration and the corresponding potential energy landscape were identified. The breaking of the initial ring structure of the three trimers on (111) planes followed by the rotation of the $⟨111⟩$ crowdion in the NPC are the main rate limiting processes of the unfaulting mechanism. The effective activation barrier in the transition from the NPC to the glide $⟨111⟩$ configuration was calculated by combining the ABC and kinetic Monte Carlo methods and was further benchmarked against molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The effective activation barrier was found as 0.82 eV; smaller than its previously reported value of 1.68 eV. The ABC method was confirmed to be more efficient than MD, especially for the defect structure evolution processes associated with high barriers and at low temperatures.
The effect of change in a stimulus sequence on P300.

Abstract In past studies, the P300 amplitude of the ERP has been found to be enhanced for infrequent, unpredictable and/or task-relevant eliciting events. A fourth factor, namely the physical change between two consecutive stimuli in event sequences used, has often been confounded with frequency, predictability and relevance. The current study examined whether change also increases the P300 amplitude. Fourteen adults viewed sequences of slides in which predictability, task (counting) and change varied within subject. ERP was recorded at C Z , P Z , O Z and F Z . P300 amplitudes were significantly larger: (1) for unpredictable than for predictable events, (2) for counted than for non-counted stimuli, and (3) for stimulus change rather than no stimulus change. The change effect interacting with counting suggested that P300 amplitude may be particularly increased by stimulus changes imbedded within only certain cognitive tasks.
The dynamics of gait transitions: effects of grade and load.

Abstract Diedrich and Warren (1995a) proposed that gait transitions behave like bifurcations between attractors, with the relative phase of the leg segments as an order parameter and stride frequency and stride length as control parameters. In the present experiments, the authors tested the prediction that manipulation of the attractor layout, either through the addition of load to the ankles or through an increase in the grade of the treadmill, induces corresponding changes in the walk-run transition. As predicted, the load manipulation shifted the most stable walk and the transition to lower stride frequencies. In contrast, the grade manipulation shifted the most stable walk and the transition to shorter stride lengths. Other features of the dynamic theory were also replicated, including enhanced fluctuations of phase and systematic changes in stride length and frequency at the transition. Overall, in these experiments a shift of the attractors in control parameter space yielded a corresponding shift of...
Surface-enhanced raman scattering on silver-coated teflon sphere substrates

Abstract A simple experimental method for detecting organic species adsorbed on surfaces by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is described. The rough silver surfaces were obtained by vapor deposition of Ag on teflon spheres of uniform size and shape on glass substrates. The spectra obtained from adsorbed phthalic acid, benzoic acid, and nitrobenzoic acid excited by the 514.5 nm substrates. The spectra obtained from adsorbed phthalic acid, benzoic acid, and nitrobenzoic acid these bands were not present and characteristic line spectra were obtained. The reproducibility of the method due to the well-defined roughness of the substrate constitutes a good tool by which theory can be tested.
Nitric oxide and hemoglobin

Nitric oxide (NO) is produced by nitric oxide synthases (cNOS and iNOS) in endothelial cells upon stimulation by various agents like Ca2+-calmodulin, cytokines and TNF. It acts as a paracrine on adjacent cells to activate soluble guanylyl cyclase in the production of cGMP, a second messenger in signal transduction cascades, leading to various cellular responses. The circulating blood contains certain steady-state concentrations of NO in the plasma in order to maintain normal vascular tone and other appropriate conditions for the systemic and pulmonary circulation. This homeostasis of NO in the rapidly moving blood must be maintained by a delicate balance between its production by NOSs and its instant scavenging by hemoglobin (Hb) in the erythrocytes. Under physiological conditions ([NO] ?? [Hb]), NO is sequestered by deoxy Hb to form α-nitrosyl Hb, α(Fe-NO)2β(Fe)2, where NO is tightly (KD ?? 10-12 M) bound to the α-subunits. Upon binding NO to the α-subunits, Hb shifts its conformation to a T-(low-affinity extreme) state and its β-subunits become an efficient O2 carrier. The same molecular mechanism of NO-induced conformation change operates in both Hb and soluble guanylyl cyclase. This is caused by the NO-induced trans-axial cleavage of the heme Fe-proximal His bonds in these hemoproteins. This bond cleavage mechanism allows Hb to survive as an effective O2 carrier even after sequestration of NO. The NO sequestered in Hb is eventually oxidized aerobically to NO3- in the reaction of Fe-NO + O2 → Fe+ + NO3-. Met Hb (Fe+) so formed is cycled back to deoxy Hb (Fe) by intra-erythrocyte Hb reductase to complete the NO scavenging. Thus, the NO in the blood acts on soluble guanylyl cyclase in vascular smooth muscles to dilate the blood vessels to increase blood delivery, whereas excess NO in the blood, which is sequestered by Hb, could help Hb to deliver O2 more efficiently in peripheral tissues.
THE FORMATION OF ETCH HILLOCKS DURING STEP-FLOW ETCHING OF SI(111)

Abstract The formation of etch hillocks during NH 4 F etching of vicinal Si(111) surfaces was investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. Simple, site-specific reaction kinetics are shown to produce two- and three-dimensional etch hillocks. Two-dimensional hillocks are nucleated at self-propagating defect sites. Their size is kinetically controlled. Simulations showed that three-dimensional hillocks can be caused by the collisions of two-dimensional hillocks.
A linear algorithm for a core of a tree

A core of a graph G is a path P in G that is central with respect to the property of minimizing d(P) = Συ ϵ V(G)d(υ, P), where d(υ, P) is the distance from vertex υ to path P. We present a linear algorithm for finding a core of a tree. Since the core of a graph is not necessarily unique, we also output a list of all the vertices which are in some core.
Parasitism of Cabbage Aphid and Green Peach Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Collards in Relation to Weed Management

In Davis, Calif., cabbage aphids, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), and green peach aphids, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), were sampled from collards planted October 1982 and March 1983 in replicated plots (3 by 7 m) where weeds were subjected to one of three treatments—mowed, tilled, or unmanaged. In the October planting, collards and weeds began growth simultaneously, and weeds had no apparent impact on collard growth or on colonization by either aphid species. Parasitism of aphids by Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) was significantly higher in plots containing unmanaged weeds only once (6 December), and during early November secondary parasitism, mostly by Alloxysta fuscicomis (Hartig), was greater in tilled and mowed plots (18–38%) than where weeds were unmanaged (0–5%). In the March planting, collards were planted among preexisting weeds; collard growth among weeds was retarded as was the development of aphid populations. Primary parasitism was negligible (as were aphids) in unmanaged weedy plots and greater in mowed (7.2%) than in tilled plots (3.6%). The overall impact of parasitism on aphid populations was minimal. Secondary parasitism (again mostly by A. fuscicornis) averaged 40.8% in tilled, 7.5% in mowed, and none in weedy plots.
Analysis of a Randomized Congestion Control Scheme with DSDV Routing in ad Hoc Wireless Networks

Ad hoc wireless networks are expected to play an increasingly important role in future civilian and military settings where wireless access to a wired backbone is either ineffective or impossible. However, frequent topology changes caused by node mobility make routing in ad hoc wireless networks a challenging problem. In addition, limited capabilities of mobiles require a control on node congestion due to message forwarding. In this paper, we present a randomized version, called R-DSDV, of the known destination-sequenced distance vector (DSDV) routing protocol for ad hoc networks and analyze its capabilities for distributed congestion control. The analysis is based on a novel approach that uses Markov chains for representing the distribution of routing information over the network. Our results indicate that a probabilistic congestion control scheme based on local tuning of protocol parameters is feasible and that such a mechanism can be effective in reducing the amount of traffic routed through a node which is temporarily congested. The traffic reduction is almost linear with respect to the decrease in the R-DSDV routing table advertisement rate of the congested node. On an average, the convergence time is relatively small as compared to the transmission rates of protocol messages.
Storage Time and Ostrich Egg Hatchability

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of storage time and other factors on hatchability and, concurrently, incubation weight loss of ostrich eggs. Eight local ostrich producers collected the eggs and stored them on their farms for up to 15 days at 55 to 60°F. The eggs then were incubated in the University of Florida hatchery. Eggs from different farms showed significant differences in fertility and hatchability of fertile eggs. Hatchability decline linearly with storage time, much as in domestic poultry and game birds. For maximum hatchability, 7 days or less of egg storage appears to be best. Hatchability also declined linearly with successive sets, possible reflecting effect of season. Egg weight loss to day 38 of incubation averaged 13.2% for eggs that hatched. Chick weight at hatching averaged 63.6% of initial egg weight, which is similar to most avian species. Chicks lost 1.35 g/hr when they remained in the hatcher for a period of time after hatching.
The Caribbean Sugar Bowl: A Case Study of “Human-Environment Interaction”

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to show how a middle school lesson on “human-environmental interaction” can be developed by comparing and contrasting two natural environments, that of the Dominican Republic and the American Gulf South, in the production of one agricultural product, sugar cane, and then relating this to technological change in agriculture. The specific locational focus is on Alabama.
A study of familial resemblance for two cognitive psychometric tests by permutation analyses.

The recently expanded structured exploratory data analysis (SEDA) methodology is applied to two psychometric test scores of Caucasian and Japanese families who participated in the Hawaii Family Study of Cognition. Our analyses focused on the Raven progressive matrices (PM) test, which assesses deductive reasoning aptitude, and the Thurstone vocabulary (VOC) test, which bears on verbal facility. Both tests revealed pronounced spouse closeness and parent-child similarity. The degree of closeness of a child to the midparental value tends to be stronger than the corresponding level of closeness of a child to each separate parent. In addition, sex asymmetries in our assessments of parent-child closeness appeared, which also differ between the two ethnic groups. Deductive reasoning abilities of daughters were relatively closer to those of their parents in the Americans of Japanese ancestry (AJA) group than in the Americans of European ancestry (AEA) group. The opposite ordering was realized with respect to parent-son closeness measures. In terms of verbal aptitudes, measures of parent-offspring closeness were stronger in the AJA group compared to the AEA group, for both sons and daughters. Possible interpretations related to cultural and behavioral covariates in the populations studied are given.
Visual analysis of stream data

We present the DEVise (data exploration via visualization environment) toolkit designed for visual exploration of stream data. Data of this type are collected continuously from sources such as remote sensors, program traces, and the stock market. A typical application involves looking for correlations, which may not be precisely defined, by experimenting with graphical representations. This includes selectively comparing data from multiple sources, selective viewing by zooming and scrolling at various resolutions, and querying the underlying data from the graphics. DEVise is designed to provide greater support than packages such as AVS or Khoros for this type of application. First, by abandoning the network flow model of AVS and Khoros in favor of a database query model, we are able to incorporate many performance improvements for visualizing large amounts of data. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to eliminate data size limitations in a visualization package. Second, by structuring the stand-alone graphics module of most existing tools into user accessible components, users can quickly create, destroy, or interconnect the components to generate new visualizations. This flexibility greatly increases the ease with which users can browse their data. Finally, through limited programming, users can query the underlying data through the graphical representation for more information about the records used to generate the graphical representation.
Cavity-aided nondemolition measurements for atom counting and spin squeezing

Probing the collective spin state of an ensemble of atoms may provide a means to reduce heating via the photon recoil associated with the measurement and provide a robust, scalable route for preparing highly entangled states with spectroscopic sensitivity below the standard quantum limit for coherent spin states. The collective probing relies on obtaining a very large optical depth that can be effectively increased by placing the ensemble within an optical cavity such that the probe light passes many times through the ensemble. Here we provide expressions for measurement resolution and spectroscopic enhancement in such cavity-aided nondemolition measurements as a function of the cavity detuning. In particular, fundamental limits on spectroscopic enhancements in ${}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ are considered.
Highly specific and sensitive non-enzymatic determination of uric acid in serum and urine by extended gate field effect transistor sensors

A potentiometric non-enzymatic sensor using off-chip extended-gate field effect transistor (EGFET) with a ferrocenyl-alkanethiol modified gold electrode is demonstrated for determining the uric acid concentration in human serum and urine. Hexacyanoferrate (II) and (III) ions are used as redox reagent. This potentiometric sensor measures the interface potential on the ferrocene immobilized gold electrode, which is modulated by the redox reaction between uric acid and hexacyanoferrate ions. The device shows a near Nernstian response to uric acid and is highly specific. The interference that comes from glucose, bilirubin, ascorbic acid and hemoglobin is negligible in normal concentration range of these interferents. The sensor also exhibits excellent long term reliability. This extended gate field effect transistor based sensors can be used as a point of care UA testing tool, due to the small size, low cost, and low sample volume consumption.
Design and evaluation of an intraocular B-scan OCT-guided 36-gauge needle

Optical coherence tomography imaging is widely used in ophthalmology and optometry clinics for diagnosing retinal disorders. External microscope-mounted OCT operating room systems have imaged retinal changes immediately following surgical manipulations. However, the goal is to image critical surgical maneuvers in real time. External microscope-mounted OCT systems have some limitations with problems tracking constantly moving intraocular surgical instruments, and formation of absolute shadows by the metallic surgical instruments upon the underlying tissues of interest. An intraocular OCT-imaging probe was developed to resolve these problems. A disposable 25-gauge probe tip extended beyond the handpiece, with a 36-gauge needle welded to a disposable tip with its end extending an additional 3.5 mm. A sealed 0.35 mm diameter GRIN lens protected the fiber scanner and focused the scanning beam at a 3 to 4 mm distance. The OCT engine was a very high-resolution spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) system (870 nm, Bioptigen, Inc. Durham, NC) which produced 2000 A-scan lines per B-scan image at a frequency of 5 Hz with the fiber optic oscillations matched to this frequency. Real-time imaging of the needle tip as it touched infrared paper was performed. The B-scan OCT-needle was capable of real-time performance and imaging of the phantom material. In the future, the B-scan OCT-guided needle will be used to perform sub-retinal injections.
Longitudinal Use of the Teacher's Report Form in Tracking Outcome for Students with SED

The Teacher's Report Form (TRF) was investigated over 3 years for its practical ability to track the outcome in 89 elementary school students with serious emotional disturbance (SED). The pupils who remained in SED programming the entire time were characterized as unchanged by serial TRF's.The students whose placement was changed over the course of the study to less restrictive settings by school staff unaware ofTRF findings demonstrated significant improvement on consecutive TRF's in academic performance, classroom functioning, and aggressive behaviors.Those students who were placed in more intensive SED settings over time had TRF results that indicated significant generalized worsening without academic or classroom improvement. Overall, the TRF shows promise as an empirical supplement to the current less objective approaches used by school teams during their yearly individualized education program (IEP) assessment and subsequent placement and treatment planning for students with SED.
Light and scanning electron microscopy of the endolithic desert algal habitat1

Endolithic algae from fossiliferous limestones, crystalline limestones and sandstones collected in desert areas of Israel and California were studied with reflected light and scanning electron micr...
Vortices in density-wave systems subject to transverse electric fields

In this paper we predict many interesting properties of vortices in highly anisotropic density wave systems subject to strong transverse electric fields. We mainly concentrate on ground state properties. Besides electric field-induced vortices we consider also thermally activated vortices. A different type of temperature-driven transition between two different phases of density waves in strong fields is predicted and several properties of those phases are reported.
Gifted or Not, Parental Perceptions Are the Same: A Study of Chinese American Parental Perceptions of Their Children's Academic Achievement and Home Environment

This study offers insight into the perceptions of a group of Chinese American parents, many of whom have children who excel at school. The results indicate that the Chinese American parents had high expectations of their children's educational success, placed high value on education and effort, tended to sacrifice for their children's education, and followed a “training” parenting style. When comparing parental perceptions between different groups (parents of gifted–talented vs. average students; fathers vs. mothers; parents of boys vs. girls; and parents of different backgrounds), no significant differences were found between groups except that parents with different occupational status differed in perceptions of their children's academic achievement.
Thoracoscopic Internal Mammary Sentinel Node Biopsy: An Animal Model of a New Technique

Abstract Background. The nodal status remains the most important prognostic factor in breast cancer. While evaluation of the axillary lymph nodes remains a standard of practice, evaluation of the internal mammary lymph nodes is no longer routinely performed. In the era of extensive radical mastectomies, it was shown that up to 40% of breast cancer patients had nodal metastases in the internal mammary chain. This resulted in up to 10% of presumed “node-negative” patients actually being node-positive when the internal mammary nodes were examined. In the era of sentinel node biopsies, hot internal mammary nodes on lymphoscintigraphy are sometimes encountered and confusion exists regarding the appropriate approach to these nodes. New advances in endoscopic surgery have enabled a minimally invasive approach to the mediastinum. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of thoracoscopic internal mammary sentinel node biopsy in an animal model. Materials and methods. Five farm pigs were injected with isosulphan blue under the right upper nipple. After a sentinel node was identified, it was dissected thoracoscopically. Results. In all the animals, an internal mammary blue node was easily identified 1–5 min after the injection and dissected with thoracoscopic instruments without significant damage to other thoracic structures. The procedure length averaged 30 to 60 min. Conclusions. Thoracoscopic internal mammary sentinel node biopsies are feasible, short, easy to perform, minimally invasive, and well focused toward a sentinel node. Well-planned phase I studies should be initiated to further evaluate this new technique.
Aircraft Investigation of Mesoscale Cellular Convection During AMTEX 75.

Abstract The 1 s data set collected by the NCAR Electra research aircraft in the presence of closed mesoscale cellular convection (MCC) has been examined for the purpose of determining the convective wind field and horizontal profiles of temperature and specific humidity. Two flight legs during AMTEX (16 February 1975) were selected for study: one at the 100 m level (case 1) and the other at the 970 m level (case 2), 30 m below cloud base Two closed cells with diameters of 39,0 and 33.0 km were traversed in case 1. Filtered virtual temperature data showed a double-cycle variation, with an average difference between warm and cool regions of 0.32 K. The difference in specific humidity between moist cell center and dry cell wag was ∼1.0 g kg−1. The vertical velocity power spectrum showed no MCC-scale energy. Horizontal wind velocity data indicated convergence toward cell center with mesoscale wind velocity components ∼15 m s−1. The data for case 2 encompassed two closed cells, with traverse lengths ∼32 km ea...
Improved syntheses of N-Desmethylcitalopram and N,N-Didesmethylcitalopram

Abstract An improved and efficient synthesis of N‐desmethylcitalopram (2) and N,N‐didesmethylcitalopram (3) is presented. The method involved N‐demethylation of citalopram (1) using 1‐chloroethyl chloroformate to give 2 in 87% yield. Synthesis of 3 was accomplished by alkylation of 8 with 1‐(3‐bromopropyl)‐2,2,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1‐aza‐2,5‐disilacyclopentane (9).
Examination of severe, hospital acquired infections affecting extremely low birthweight (ELBW) infants.

Purpose: A nationwide questionnaire survey was carried out in 77 major neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) facilities in Japan. The survey investigated severe, hospital acquired infections occurring in extremely low birthweight (ELBW) infants at each institution. Methods: The nationwide questionnaire survey involved 77 major NICU facilities and ELBW infants born in 1996. The actual status of severe infection in these infants was investigated. Results: Replies were obtained from 57 of the 77 facilities that were sent a questionnaire (74% recovery). During the survey period, the total number of patients hospitalized in 57 facilities was 13 697, of which there were 836 ELBW infants. During this period, severe infection occurred in 126 of the ELBW infants. Of those, 98 who developed delayed infection (72 h or more after birth) on the basis of the date of onset were investigated. Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was the most common organism found, (38 infants, 38.8%), followed by Pseudomonas (10 infants, 10.2%) and Candida (8 infants, 8.2%). Septicemia was present in 67 patients (68.4%), while pneumonia and gastrointestinal complications were found in 15 patients (15.3%). With respect to therapy, the selection of antibiotics varied between facilities. Vancomycin (VCM) was used in 31 cases (31.6%) because MRSA was the most common organism. VCM was used from the early stage of treatment in as many as 20 infants (20.4%). Fifty-eight infants survived (59.2%), 28 infants died (28.6%), and 12 subsequentally had obvious complications (12.2%). Conclusion: It was confirmed that severe, hospital acquired infections caused by MRSA are still a significant problem in many institutions. Despite active prevention and treatment, the incidence of severe, hospital acquired infection has not decreased and the prognosis has not improved. Considering the inadequacy of the medical care environment in Japan, it seems impossible to solve these problems at present.
Graphene technology with inverted-T gate and RF passives on 200 mm platform

Wafer-scale graphene devices processed entirely in a standard 200 mm silicon fab are demonstrated for the first time. New embedded gate structures enable full saturation of the drain current in graphene FETs with sub-μm channels, resulting in high intrinsic voltage gain. In addition, passive devices were monolithically integrated with graphene transistors to form the first GHz-range graphene IC using large-scale CVD graphene. The demonstration of high performance graphene FETs and IC fabricated using a 200 mm platform is a major step in transitioning this promising material from a scientific curiosity into a real technology.
Effect of stress-triaxiality on void growth in dynamic fracture of metals: a molecular dynamics study

The effect of stress triaxiality on growth of a void in a three-dimensional single-crystal face-centered-cubic lattice has been studied. Molecular dynamics simulations using an embedded-atom potential for copper have been performed at room temperature and using strain controlling with high strain rates ranging from ${10}^{7}/\mathrm{sec}$ to ${10}^{10}/\mathrm{sec}.$ Strain rates of these magnitudes can be studied experimentally, e.g., using shock waves induced by laser ablation. Void growth has been simulated in three different conditions, namely, uniaxial, biaxial, and triaxial expansion. The response of the system in the three cases has been compared in terms of the void growth rate, the detailed void shape evolution, and the stress-strain behavior including the development of plastic strain. Also macroscopic observables as plastic work and porosity have been computed from the atomistic level. The stress thresholds for void growth are found to be comparable with spall strength values determined by dynamic fracture experiments. The conventional macroscopic assumption that the mean plastic strain results from the growth of the void is validated. The evolution of the system in the uniaxial case is found to exhibit four different regimes: elastic expansion; plastic yielding, when the mean stress is nearly constant, but the stress triaxiality increases rapidly together with exponential growth of the void; saturation of the stress triaxiality; and finally the failure.
Precision Templating with DNA of a Virus-like Particle with Peptide Nanostructures

We report here the preparation of filamentous virus-like particles by the encapsulation of a linear or circular double-stranded DNA template with preassembled mushroom-shaped nanostructures having a positively charged domain. These nanostructures mimic the capsid proteins of natural filamentous viruses and are formed by self-assembly of coiled-coil peptides conjugated at opposite termini with cationic segments and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains. We found that a high molecular weight of PEG segments was critical for the formation of monodisperse and uniformly shaped filamentous complexes. It is proposed that electrostatic attachment of the nanostructures with sufficiently long PEG segments generates steric forces that increase the rigidity of the neutralized DNA template. This stiffening counterbalances the natural tendency of the DNA template to condense into toroids or buckle multiple times. The control achieved over both shape and dimensions of the particles offers a strategy to create one-dimensional supramolecular nanostructures of defined length containing nucleic acids.
Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor Induces Genes Associated with Inflammation and Gliosis in the Retina: A Gene Profiling Study of Flow-Sorted, Müller Cells

Background Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), a member of the interleukin-6 cytokine family, has been implicated in the development, differentiation and survival of retinal neurons. The mechanisms of CNTF action as well as its cellular targets in the retina are poorly understood. It has been postulated that some of the biological effects of CNTF are mediated through its action via retinal glial cells; however, molecular changes in retinal glia induced by CNTF have not been elucidated. We have, therefore, examined gene expression dynamics of purified Muller (glial) cells exposed to CNTF in vivo.
Pharmacokinetics and safety of Fosfluconazole after single intravenous bolus injection in healthy male Japanese volunteers.

This was a single blind, placebo-controlled, escalating single-dose, three-period crossover study using two subject cohorts to investigate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics in healthy male Japanese subjects after intravenous bolus injection of fosfluconazole 50 to 2000 mg, a phosphate prodrug of fluconazole (FLCZ). Fosfluconazole was rapidly converted to FLCZ with only minor amounts excreted in the urine (less than 4% of the dose). Fosfluconazole had a volume of distribution at the higher doses, which was similar to the extracellular volume in man (0.2 L/kg) and was eliminated with a terminal half-life of 1.5 to 2.5 hours. There was apparent dose proportionality in FLCZ pharmacokinetics. C m a x and A UC of FLCZ appeared to increase proportionally with increasing doses of fosfluconazole. There were no apparent dose-dependent trends in t m a x , t 1 / 2 , or mean residence time (MRT) of FLCZ. Bolus injection of fosfluconazole was well tolerated at doses of up to 2000 mg in healthy Japanese subjects.
Tip-induced adatom extraction and cluster manipulation

We present results for tip-induced extraction of a Cu adatom from Cu mound on Cu(111), and compare the characteristics to that for a similar Ag system. Molecular-dynamics and molecular static simulations were carried out using interaction potentials from the embedded atom method. Molecular-dynamics simulations revealed differences in the modes of extraction for the cases of Ag and Cu systems and their dependence on tip geometry. For the case of a sharp Ag tip, the extraction of a Ag adatom occurs via the pulling mode, while with a blunt Ag tip, the extraction is more complex involving a two-step motion. On the other hand, the relatively stronger Cu-Cu interaction leads to a sliding and/or dragging mode in which the whole three-dimensional cluster is dragged followed by the extraction of the adatom from the cluster. Molecular static simulations provide a detailed analysis of the changes in the energy landscape in the presence of the tip, resulting in a substantial decrease of the energy barrier for an adatom to descend from the mound.
Initial Opening Steps of K+ Channels Probed by Extracellular Multivalent Cations

The structural model of the open state of the Kv1.2-2.1 chimeric channel (Long et al., PDB 2R9R) has 4 negative residues distributed in S1, S2 and S3, all bound to positive residues in S4. Extrapolating the model to the resting state, the two outermost negative residues, E183 in S1 and E226 in S2, are exposed to the extracellular fluid and, in theory, not bound to S4 residues; E183 and E226 should thus be available to bind external cations. We have examined the effects on opening kinetics of multivalent cations using Shaker channels expressed in HEK cells. Addition of La3+ (50 μM) to the extracellular solution (in mM: 145 NaCl, 2 KCl, 10 CaCl2, pH 7.0) markedly prolonged the sigmoidal delay and slowed the rising phase of K+ current (IK) at all voltages tested. The closing kinetics of IK at negative voltages remained unaltered. Gating currents (Ig) recorded from a non-conducting mutant (W434F) showed that La3+ (50 μM) reduced the initial amplitude of Ig nearly twofold. We postulate that La3+ binds to the unoccupied negative side chains of E183 and E226, hindering outward S4 motion, thus increasing the lag and slowing the rise of IK. We further postulate that La3+, in the activated “up” state of S4, is not bound to E183 or E266, which are occupied by S4 positive charges; La3+ therefore has no effect on closing. Similar measurements using Ca2+ showed that at high concentrations it has an effect similar to that of La3+ on the activation time course. This Ca2+-dependent prolongation of the activation lag and slowing of the rising phase of IK is noticeably enhanced by complete removal of extracellular K+, perhaps because K+ and Ca2+ compete for E183 and E226 in the deactivated state.