cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solar wind interaction with Comet Bennett (1969i)

This paper examines the relations between the solar-wind and Comet Bennett during the period March 23 to April 5, 1970. A large kink was observed in the ion tail of the comet on April 4, but no solar-wind stream was observed in the ecliptic plane which could have caused the kink. Thus, either there was no correlation between the solar wind at the Earth and that at Comet Bennett (which was 40° above the ecliptic) or the kink was caused by something other than a high-speed stream. The fine structure visible in photographs of the kink favors the second of these alternatives. It is shown that a shock probably passed through Comet Bennett on March 31, but no effect was seen in photographs of the comet. A stream preceded by another shock and a large abrupt change in momentum flux might have intercepted the comet between March 24 and March 28, but again no effect was seen in photographs of the Comet. In view of these results, one must seriously consider the possibility that a large, abrupt change in momentum flux of the solar-wind (such as that at a shock wave or ahead of a stream) is neither necessary nor sufficient to cause a large kink in a comet tail.
Rapid actions of estrogens in GH3/B6 pituitary tumor cells via a plasma membrane version of estrogen receptor-α

The focus of our work on rapid actions of estrogens has been on the immuno-identification of a membrane version of the estrogen receptor-α (mERα) and the correlation of the presence of this receptor to the rapid secretion of prolactin in pituitary tumor cells. We demonstrated the mERα by both fluorescence and immuno-enzyme-cytochemistry and with both conventional and confocal microscopy in the cell line GH3/B6 and its sublines. Its presence on cells (including recently subcloned ones) is very heterogenous, unlike the nuclear ERα, which is present in every cell. An impeded ligand (estradiol covalently linked to BSA) binds to mERα and elicits the same response. A total of eight antibodies to ERα recognize mERα, making it likely that the membrane and nuclear proteins are highly related. Immuno-identification techniques have also been used to identify mERα on the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line. Estradiol at very low concentrations elicits prolactin release from GH3/B6 cells within a few minutes of application. This response is bimodal, with effective concentrations in both the picomolar and nanomolar ranges. Prolactin release is also elicited or inhibited by ERα-specific antibodies. The characteristics of mERα and the membrane receptor for glucocorticoids have many similarities, suggesting that this mode of subcellular location/function alternative might be used by other members of the gene family.
What are white progressive masculinities? Counternarratives and contradictions of committed white male teachers in inner-city schools

This life history reflection aims to constitute, generate, and proliferate complex progressive masculinities for male teachers and advance notions of progressive masculinities writ large in education and elsewhere. This reflection, working with life story interviews of white male teachers in US inner-city schools, positions this research within the researcher's life history. Informed by existing literatures on male teachers emphasising crisis-shortage and gender workplace issues, this reflection expands these literatures by developing life narrative concepts that replace static masculinities with narrativised identifications, lived counternarratives, and contradictory progressive masculinities. Key to respondents' progressive masculinities, this life history reflection provides four lived counternarratives including respondents' illegal drug use, process spirituality, alternative media, and critical politics. Through these counternarratives, respondents' contradictory progressive masculinities emerge as b...
Hypotheses for the Climax Wintertime Orographic Cloud Seeding Experiments

The hypothesis used for the initial Climax wintertime cloud seeding experiment and for subsequent Climax replication-type experiments are described and briefly discussed. More recent physical studies of Colorado orographic clouds and seeding hypotheses are briefly summarized. These later tests and studies of orographic cloud seeding hypotheses emphasized direct and remotely sensed cloud and precipitation measurements utilizing instrumentation and modeling capabilities not available during the Climax statistical experiments. The conclusions suggested from the hypothesis testing, considering both the statistical experiments and the later physical studies, are summarized.
Sulfamylon acetate in the treatment of pseudomonas pyocyanea infection of burns

Summary Sulfamylon acetate is a synthetic antiseptic which is particularly active against Pseudomonas pyocyanea . It is free from the disadvantages of the hydrochloride previously used. Seven patients with extensive burns infected with pseudomonas were treated. In six the infection was soon brought under control and these patients recovered. One patient already had septic˦mia when treatment was commenced and he died. Five patients with extensive burns were treated prophylactically and none became infected with pseudomonas. The use of Sulfamylon acetate has reduced the incidence of pseudomonas infection in the ward as a whole. In a controlled trial comparing Sulfamylon with N.C.P. cream there was no significant difference in the incidence of pseudomonas infection. Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus proteus were more frequent in the Sulfamylon group than in the N.C.P. group, but the incidence of significant clinical infection was very low in both groups. It is suggested that the frequency of dressings may have something to do with this result.
Effect of typicality on online category verification of animate category exemplars in aphasia.

Normal young, elderly, Broca’s aphasic, and Wernicke’s aphasic individuals participated in an online category verification task where primes were superordinate category labels while targets were either typical or atypical examples of animate categories or nonmembers belonging to inanimate categories. The reaction time to judge whether the target belonged to the preceding category label was measured. Results indicated that all four groups made significantly greater errors on atypical examples compared to typical examples. Young and elderly individuals, and Broca’s aphasic patients performed similarly on the verification task; these groups demonstrated faster reaction times on typical examples than atypical examples. Wernicke’s aphasic patients made the most errors on the task and were slowest to respond than any other participant group. Also, these participants were not significantly faster at accepting correct typical examples compared to correct atypical examples. The results from the four groups are discussed with relevance to prototype/family resemblance models of typicality.
Conserved Non-Coding Sequences are Associated with Rates of mRNA Decay in Arabidopsis

Steady-state mRNA levels are tightly regulated through a combination of transcriptional and post-transcriptional control mechanisms. The discovery of cis-acting DNA elements that encode these control mechanisms is of high importance. We have investigated the influence of conserved non-coding sequences (CNSs), DNA patterns retained after an ancient whole genome duplication event, on the breadth of gene expression and the rates of mRNA decay in Arabidopsis thaliana. The absence of CNSs near α duplicate genes was associated with a decrease in breadth of gene expression and slower mRNA decay rates while the presence CNSs near α duplicates was associated with an increase in breadth of gene expression and faster mRNA decay rates. The observed difference in mRNA decay rate was fastest in genes with CNSs in both nontranscribed and transcribed regions, albeit through an unknown mechanism. This study supports the notion that some Arabidopsis CNSs regulate the steady-state mRNA levels through post-transcriptional control mechanisms and that CNSs also play a role in controlling the breadth of gene expression.
The hydrates of sodium hyponitrite

Abstract Novel 2- and 3 1 2 - hydrates of sodium hyponitrite are reported for the first time. Karl Fischer titrations and X-ray crystallographic analyses were used in the determination of these salts. Reexamination by Karl Fischer titration of earlier preparations of 5- and 8-hydrates of sodium hyponitrite show a smaller number of lattice waters than first reported by Partington and Shah.
Sensitive fluorescent quantitation of myo-inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate and myo-inositol 1-phosphate by high-performance thin-layer chromatography.

Abstract A non-radioactive micro-assay for the cyclic phosphodiesterase reaction catalyzed by Bacillus cereus phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C is described. The assay involves high-performance thin-layer chromatography on silica gel to resolve the substrate ( myo -inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate) and the product ( myo -inositol 1-phosphate), followed by detection with a lead tetraacetate–fluorescein stain. The quantitation of these inositol phosphates in sample spots relative to a series of standards is accomplished by analysis of the fluorescent plate image with a commercial phosphoimager and associated software. The experimental considerations for reliable quantitation of inositol monophosphates in the range of 0.1 to 50 nmol are presented.
A new pedagogy for explanatory public speaking: Why arrangement should not substitute for invention

Because of its eighteenth‐ and nineteenth‐century roots, current informative speaking pedagogy emphasizes arrangement rather than invention. Today's pedagogy provides speakers with a rich array of possibilities for organizing speeches but gives little systematic assistance in anticipating and overcoming audiences' likely sources of confusion. Because rhetorical forms themselves do not make complex ideas clear, this approach is inadequate. Speakers attempting to inform need heuristics or diagnostic frameworks for determining why complex material is apt to confuse. They also need tested methods for avoiding such confusions. This essay offers a new pedagogy for explanatory speaking, a type of informative speech, built around such heuristics. This pedagogy is supported by classical rhetoric's emphasis on the importance of invention or inquiry prior to presentation and by decades of contemporary educational research. In essence, this new pedagogy casts informative speaking as an explicitly strategic enterprise...
Microwave noise properties of heterojunction bipolar transistors

The broadband noise performance of silicon ger- manium (SiGe) and compound semiconductor (CS) heterojunc- tion bipolar transistors (HBTs) is presented. The key noise mechanisms in HBTs are summarized to provide a framework through which the noise limitations of the devices can be understood. Process related details and transport physics of each class of device are then compared and contrasted with a focus on details relevant to the broadband noise performance. Fundamental noise performance limitations are presented for exemplary InP/InGaAs/InP BiCMOS DHBTs and SiGe HBTs. The state-of-the-art for SiGe and CS HBTs operating in the 1- 300 GHz frequency range is reviewed and interpreted in the context of fundamental performance limitations. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion of how the performance of future HBT technology generations should improve. Index Terms—Noise, SiGe, InP/InGaAs/InP, low noise ampli- fier, noise figure, noise measure, HBT, cryogenic Low noise amplifiers (LNAs) are critical components in a variety of systems with applications ranging from terrestrial communications to quantum computing. These devices enable the sensitive systems that permit scientists to listen to mi- crowave emissions from distant galaxies and are an essential component in nearly every radio receiver. The performance of a well designed low-noise amplifier is ultimately limited by the underlying intrinsic noise properties of the transistor technology. Therefore, decades of intense research has been focused on understanding and optimizing the noise perfor- mance of semiconductor devices. In this paper, we review the broadband 1 noise properties of silicon germanium (SiGe) and compound semiconductor (CS) heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs), with an emphasis on fundamental frequency and temperature dependent perfor- mance limitations as well as the requirements for improving the state of the art. The outline of the paper is as follows: 1) A review of the key sources of noise in an HBT, and how they relate to different aspects of the device. 2) A summary of the key physical factors impacting the noise performance of CS and SiGe devices. 3) A discussion of the fundamental noise limits of devices from example SiGe and CS HBT processes.
Predictive value of the CFU-C assay in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia

Abstract A double-layer agar culture assay for granulopoietic progenitor cells (CFU-C) was employed to study the in vitro growth pattern of bone marrow or peripheral blood cells from 37 patients at diagnosis of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. The patients were classified as having type A growth if there were greater than 50 colonies (A1), or greater than one colony and greater than 50 clusters was observed after 14 days in culture (A2). Type B growth was defined as no growth (B1), less than 50 colonies and less than 50 clusters (B2) or cluster growth only (B3). Agar cultures containing marrow cells from 10 patients were stained in situ, and the colonies and clusters revealed abnormal cellular maturation. Treatment with cytosine arabinoside and an anthracycline resulted in a complete remission of leukemia in one of 15 patients with type A growth and 17 of 22 patients with type B growth. The subtype of growth pattern did not correlate with the mechanism (i.e., drug resistance versus kinetic resistance) for the failure to achieve a complete remission. The subtype of type B growth (B1, B2 or B3) did not correlate with the duration of complete remission. Nonetheless, the growth patterns observed in cultures of cells obtained from patients; with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia appear to be excellent predictors of the success of achieving complete remission with induction therapy.
Effects of magnetospheric activity on the current sheet energy resonance ion distribution function signature

[1] In this paper, we discuss the effects of magnetospheric activity (as measured by Kp) on an ion distribution function signature of nonlinear particle dynamics in current sheet-like magnetic fields. The signature manifests itself as a series of peaks in the ion distribution function whose separation depends on the fourth root of the energy and parameters that describe the current sheet structure. We have found that the signature is evident in Geotail CPI data for Kp ≤ 3+ and that the larger the value of Kp, the closer the peaks are together. We have also used the energy resonance signature in conjunction with measurements of the magnetic field to determine a lower bound on the current sheet thickness and have found that this lower bound decreases for increasing levels of magnetospheric activity. For values of Kp > 4−, there are frequently peaks in the ion distribution function; however, their separations do not follow a simple rule.
Adaptation of the Mitral Valve to Chronic Ischemic Left Ventricular Failure in Swine

Abstract Mitral valve leaflets in patients with chronic heart failure are severely stiffened, larger and fibrotic; though the mechanisms underlying such biological remodeling are currently unknown. Chronic tethering of the valve leaflets by the enlarged left ventricle, and the presence of mitral regurgitation (MR), is hypothesized to trigger fibrotic pathways that induce such remodeling. In this study, we sought to develop a large animal model of chronic ischemic left ventricular failure in which moderate leaflet tethering and MR can be repeatedly induced, and the remodeling of the mitral valve can be assessed in vivo using echocardiography. Inferior wall myocardial infarction (IMI) was induced in 16 farm swine (30-35kg) using a percutaneous transfemoral approach. Coronary angiography was performed to selectively identify the marginal branches of the left circumflex artery perfusing the inferior left ventricular (LV) wall and the posterior papillary muscle (PPM), and then these regions were infarcted using a 2 mm balloon catheter and injection of 100% ethyl alcohol into the corresponding branch. Transthoracic 2D echocardiography (TTE) of the left heart was performed pre and post-IMI in all animals, at 4 weeks and at 8 weeks. MR percentage (MR jet/left atrial area), mitral leaflet length and thickness, and mitral annular geometry were measured. Leaflet length and thickness were measured at end diastole to assure measurements were taken in the maximal unloaded state. All animals survived the procedure without complications (0% mortality). At baseline, the swine had mild MR (10.7±8%) which significantly increased to 26.6±9% immediately post-op (p<0.05), declined slightly to 23.8±7.8% at 4 weeks, and increased to 32.2±13.9% at 8 weeks. Mitral annular diameter increased from 2.7±0.5 cm pre-op, to 3.1±0.5 cm post-op (p<0.05), then to 3.8±0.4 cm (p<0.005) and 3.9±0.6 cm (p<0.005), at 4 and 8 weeks, respectively. Posterior leaflet length was 1.8±0.2 cm pre-op, and then stabilized at 1.9±0.2 cm post-op, at 4 weeks, and at 8 weeks. Anterior leaflet length was 2.3±0.3 cm at baseline and increased with the increase in MR, to 2.5±0.4 cm post-op, 2.8±0.5 cm at 4 weeks (p<0.05), and 3.2±0.2 cm at 8 weeks (p<0.001). Posterior leaflet thickness increased from 0.36±0.05 cm at baseline, to 0.37±0.07 cm post-op, and then to 0.4±0.05 cm and 0.41±0.03 cm at 4 weeks and 8 weeks, respectively. Anterior leaflet thickness was 0.4±0.05 cm at baseline and post-operatively, and 0.47±0.03 cm (p<0.01) and 0.45±0.07 cm at 4 weeks and 8 weeks, respectively. Changes in mitral leaflet geometry correspond with changes in the mitral valvular apparatus after IMI in a chronic swine model. As the mitral annulus increases in diameter, significant lengthening is seen from the anterior leaflet, while the posterior leaflet remains relatively static and tethered. The anterior leaflet thickens by 4 weeks, while the posterior leaflet remains stable.
Interplay of spin and orbital ordering in the layered colossal magnetoresistance manganite La 2 − 2 x Sr 1 + 2 x Mn 2 O 7 ( 0.5 x 1 . 0 )

The crystallographic and magnetic phase diagram of the $n=2$ layered manganite ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\ensuremath{-}2x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{1+2x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ in the region $xg~0.5$ has been studied using temperature-dependent neutron powder diffraction. The magnetic phase diagram reveals a progression of ordered magnetic structures generally paralleling that of three-dimensional (3D) perovskites with similar electronic doping: A $(0.5l~xl~0.66)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}C$ $(0.75l~xl~0.90)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}G$ $(0.90l~xl~1.0).$ However, the quasi-2D structure amplifies this progression to expose features of manganite physics uniquely accessible in the layered systems: (i) a ``frustrated'' region between the A and C regimes where no long-range magnetic order is observed; (ii) magnetic polytypism arising from weak interbilayer magnetic exchange in the type-C regime; and (iii) a tetragonal-to-orthorhombic phase transition whose temperature evolution directly measures ordering of ${d}_{{3y}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{r}^{2}}$ orbitals in the $a\ensuremath{-}b$ plane. This orbital-ordering transition is precursory to type-C magnetic ordering, where ferromagnetic rods lie parallel to the b axis. These observations support the notion that ${e}_{g}$ orbital polarization is the driving force behind magnetic spin ordering. Finally, in the crossover region between type-C and type-G states, we see some evidence for the development of local type-C clusters embedded in a type-G framework, directly addressing proposals of similar short-range magnetic ordering in highly doped ${\mathrm{La}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{x}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ perovskites.
Computed tomography of tumors of the pineal region

Eight pathologically proven cases of pineal region tumors examined by computed tomography (CT) were found upon reviewing 11,000 consecutive CT studies at the Massachusetts General Hospital. The CT scan findings of the eight cases are described and related to a pathological classification of pineal tumors.
Cell Velocity Gradients Underlie Early Morphogenesis of the Avian Gut Tube

At the end of gastrulation, the endoderm forms the ventral surface of the developing embryo. Subsequently, through a series of poorly understood morphogenetic events, the initially flat endoderm is transformed into the gut tube, a cylindrical structure that gives rise to the epithelial lining of the entire respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. At present there is no mechanistic understanding of how the endoderm is transformed from a planar sheet to a simple tube. In avian and mammalian species, formation of the gut tube begins with two invaginations at the anterior and posterior poles of the embryo, termed the anterior (AIP) and caudal intestinal portals (CIP). The AIP, which forms the foregut, and CIP which forms the hindgut, begin moving toward one another, “zipping” the gut tube closed along the embryonic midline (Fig. 1A). The AIP and CIP meet at the umbilicus (mammals) or yolk stalk (avian), where the midgut is formed.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Surrogate tests and the risk of posttransfusion hepatitis; their time has come

A total of 481 recipients of blood transfusions who had received 6,295 units of blood were followed for 6–9 months in order to evaluate the relationship between posttransfusion hepatitis (PTH) and transfusion of blood that is positive for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc). The incidence of non-A, non-B PTH (NANB-PTH) was 11.9% among the 193 recipients who received one or more units of anti-HBc-positive blood compared to only 3.2% of the 288 recipients of only anti-HBc-negative blood (p < 0.001). There was, however, no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of hepatitis B virus or hepatitis B serological response following transfusion of anti-HBc-positive blood compared to anti-HBc negative blood. The relationship of NANB-PTH following receipt of anti-HBc-positive blood and/or blood with an elevated ALT level was studied in a subset of 230 recipients and their 1,549 donors. Donor anti-HBc appeared to be more closely associated with an increased rate of NANB-PTH than an elevated donor ALT level, or with the volume of blood transfused. Donor blood that was anti-HBc-positive and blood with increased ALT activity behaved as independent variables with respect to the development of NANB-PTH. Although only 15% of the units that were anti-HBc-positive were associated with NANB-PTH, calculation of maxi-mal correlated efficacy predicted that exclusion of the 4% of the units that were anti-HBc-positive might have prevented 43% of the cases of NANB-PTH. The authors conclude that screening donors with surrogate tests should be seriously considered because of the serious complications of NANB-PTH.
Geminivirus‐based vectors for gene silencing in Arabidopsis

Gene silencing, or RNA interference, is a powerful tool for elucidating gene function in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. The vast genetic, developmental and sequence information available for Arabidopsis thaliana makes this an attractive organism in which to develop reliable gene-silencing tools for the plant world. We have developed a system based on the bipartite geminivirus cabbage leaf curl virus (CbLCV) that allows silencing of endogenous genes singly or in combinations in Arabidopsis. Two vectors were tested: a gene-replacement vector derived from the A component; and an insertion vector derived from the B component. Extensive silencing was produced in new growth from the A component vectors, while only minimal silencing and symptoms were seen in the B component vector. Two endogenous genes were silenced simultaneously from the A component vector and silencing of the genes was maintained throughout new growth. Because the CbLCV vectors are DNA vectors they can be inoculated directly from plasmid DNA. Introduction of these vectors into intact plants bypasses transformation and extends the kinds of silencing studies that can be carried out in Arabidopsis.
Reflections on Developing Collaborative Research in Pediatric Psychology: Implications and Future Directions

OBJECTIVES: Collaborative research with pediatric colleagues has become increasingly important in the professional agenda of pediatric psychology, and there is a continuing need to articulate the challenges of such research. To address this need, this article describes types of collaborative research, reasons for collaboration, collaborative process, challenges, and strategies to facilitate collaborative research. METHODS: Experiences and lessons learned over the course of a career in collaborative research are described. RESULTS: Challenges in collaborative research can be overcome by effective strategies of engagement and communication. Useful methods of training researchers in collaborative research include modeling and supervised mentored experiences in research initiated by trainees. CONCLUSION: Data are needed to identify the characteristics of successful collaborative research, strategies to promote effective research, and methods of training and career development. Language: en
Sex differences in the evaluation and performance of dominant acts

Bakan conceptualizes two major modes of existence: agency and communion. In the agentic (masculine) mode, the individual is concerned with self-protection, self-assertion, and self-enhancement. Communion involves concern with the larger group of which one is a part. Two studies were conducted to explore these distinctions in the domain of dominance. In the first study, subjects (n = 57) evaluated 100 acts, previously and independently nominated as dominant, on their social desirability. Male raters judged self-enhancing and self-asserting acts (e.g., flattering someone to get one's way) as relatively more desirable than did female raters, who judged group-oriented, communal acts (e.g., introducing a speaker at a meeting) as more desirable. The second study (« = 83) examined sex differences in the behaviors that express dominance. Dominant men tend to express their dominance through both communal and agentic acts, whereas dominant women tend to express dominance primarily through group-oriented actions. These results lend support to the agency/communion conceptualization and suggest sex-linked differentiation of dominant behavior.
α-Proteobacterial Symbionts of Marine Bryozoans in the Genus Watersipora

Bacterial symbionts that resembled mollicutes were discovered in the marine bryozoan Watersipora arcuata in the 1980s. In this study, we used PCR and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes, specific fluorescence in situ hybridization, and phylogenetic analysis to determine that the bacterial symbionts of "W. subtorquata" and "W. arcuata" from several locations along the California coast are actually closely related alpha-Proteobacteria, not mollicutes. We propose the names "Candidatus Endowatersipora palomitas" and "Candidatus Endowatersipora rubus" for the symbionts of "W. subtorquata" and "W. arcuata," respectively.
Identifiability and well-posedness in nonlinear system I/O modeling

If a specified set of parameterized nonlinear state differential equations possesses an equivalent input-output differential operator model, then the latter model has the potential for deciding the issue of the identifiability property of the former model in a straightforward manner. This property is discussed in relation to the property of well-posedness for the least-squares parameter identification of a class of input-output models that are separable in the parameters. >
Critical comparison of sample preparation methods for major and trace element determinations using X‐ray fluorescence

Ten geochemical reference rocks were used to evaluate the preparation of glass disks and pressed powder samples and counting errors in XRF analyses. Disks prepared with and without heavy element doping at various dilutions with lithium tetraborate demonstrated that all of the methods were limited by preparation errors and that they would give comparable precisions for the 10 major and 12 trace elements determined. However, simplicity of preparation, precision of analysis and total analysis times favored 10:1 or 3:1 dilutions without doping over the doped or pressed powder methods.
Leucocratic and Gabbroic Xenoliths from Hualalai Volcano, Hawai'i

A diverse range of crustal xenoliths is hosted in young alkali basalt lavas and scoria deposits (erupted 3–5 ka) at the summit of Hual alai. Leucocratic xenoliths, including monzodiorites, diorites and syenogabbros, are distinctive among Hawaiian plutonic rocks in having alkali feldspar, apatite, zircon and biotite, and evolved mineral compositions (e.g. albitic feldspar, clinopyroxene Mgnumber 67–78). Fine-grained diorites and monzodiorites are plutonic equivalents of mugearite lavas, which are unknown at Hual alai. These xenoliths appear to represent melt compositions falling along a liquid line of descent leading to trachyte—a magma type which erupted from Hual alai as a prodigious lava flow and scoria cone at 114 ka. Inferred fractionating assemblages, MELTS modeling, pyroxene geobarometry and whole-rock norms all point to formation of the parent rocks of the leucocratic xenoliths at 3–7 kbar pressure. This depth constraint on xenolith formation, coupled with a demonstrated affinity to hypersthenenormative basalt and petrologic links between the xenoliths and the trachyte, suggests that the shift from shield to post-shield magmatism at Hual alai was accompanied by significant deepening of the active magma reservoir and a gradual transition from tholeiitic to alkalic magmas. Subsequent differentiation of transitional basalts by fractional crystallization was apparently both extreme—culminating in >5.5 km of trachyte—and rapid, at 2.75 · 10 m magma crystallized/year.
Predictors for return to work for those with occupational respiratory disease: clinical and structural factors.

Background Few occupational researchers have examined “return to work” among patients with work-related respiratory diseases. In addition, prior studies have emphasized individual patient characteristics rather than a more multi-dimensional approach that includes both clinical and structural factors. Methods A retrospective chart review identified patients with occupational respiratory diseases in the Occupational Health Clinical Center, Syracuse, NY between 1991 and 2009. We assessed predictors of work status using an exploratory, sequential mixed methods research design, multinomial (n = 188) and Cox regressions (n = 130). Results The findings suggest that patients with an increased number of diagnoses, non-union members, and those who took more than a year before clinical presentation had significantly poorer work status outcomes, after adjusting for age, education level, and relevant diagnoses. Conclusions Efforts to prevent slow return to work after developing occupational respiratory disease should recognize the importance of timely access to occupational health services, disease severity, union membership, and smoking status. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:1371–1382, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bounded Linear Transformations

Nonlinear analysis studies functions on normed linear spaces and, if all those functions were linear, the subject wouldn’t have that name. But some of the functions we study are linear, and there is a branch of mathematics, functional analysis, that can tell us a lot about such linear functions. This book contains one substantial topic from functional analysis, the spectral theory of compact linear operators, that is presented in detail in Chapter 15. As background to that chapter, and for several other topics, we need the facts about linear transformations that I have collected here. Everything in this appendix can be found in textbooks of functional analysis. But those books are long and this appendix is short so, if you don’t already know these things, you’ll find it a bit easier to locate them here. I’ll assume that you are looking up these facts to support what is in the text and therefore you’ll know from the text what the words and symbols mean.
Insights into lipoprotein metabolism from studies in transgenic mice

Lipoproteins are complex particles composed of various lipids and proteins that transport endogenous and dietary fats in the blood stream. There are five types of lipoprotein particles that range from smallest to largest: HDL, LDL, IDL, VLDL, and chylomicrons. Abnormal lipoprotein levels are associated with several human diseases, most commonly atherosclerosis. Individuals with atherosclerotic coronary heart disease almost invariably have one or more of four lipoprotein abnormalities: increased LDL-C; decreased HDL-C, usually associated with increased levels of triglyceride­ rich lipoproteins (VLDL); increased levels of IDL-C and chylomicron remnants; and high levels 'of an abnormal lipoprotein Lp(a) , which is a complex of LDL and a large glycoprotein called apo(a). In the last decade genes have been isolated that code for proteins that directly interact with plasma lipids, thus enabling us to better understand lipoprotein metabolism and its abnormalities. There are approximately 17 such lipoprotein transport proteins including apolipoproteins that coat lipo­ protein particles, lipoprotein processing proteins, and lipoprotein receptors (Figure 1). The genes coding for these proteins are all single copy in the human genome. They have been sequenced, mapped, and used as candidate
Discriminative training for full covariance models

In this paper we revisit discriminative training of full covariance acoustic models for automatic speech recognition. One of the difficult aspects of discriminative training is how to set the constant D that appears in the parameter updates. For diagonal covariance models, this constant D is set based on knowing the smallest value of D, D*, for which the resulting covariances remain positive definite. In this paper we show how to compute D* analytically, and show empirically that knowing this smallest value is important. Our baseline speech recognition models are state of the art broadcast news systems, built using the boosted Maximum Mutual Information criterion and feature space Maximum Mutual Information for feature selection. We show that discriminatively built full covariance models outperform our best diagonal covariance models. Moreover, full covariance models at optimal performance can be obtained by only a few discriminative iterations starting with a diagonal covariance model. The experiments also show that systems utilizing full covariance models are less sensitive to the choice of the number of gaussians.
Macrophage activation syndrome and other systemic inflammatory conditions after BMT

Autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is being used to treat autoimmune diseases refractory to conventional therapy, including rheumatoid arthritis. Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a descriptive term for a systemic inflammatory disorder that has been described in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). This case report describes a young adult with systemic JRA (sJRA) who developed MAS on day # 12 post-autologous transplantation. The patient developed high fever, laboratory evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), hepatocellular injury, pancytopenia and hyper-ferritinemia. All viral, bacterial and fungal studies were negative and the patient improved with high-dose glucorticosteroid and cyclosporine therapy. Extreme elevation of serum ferritin was documented and helpful in monitoring response to therapy. A number of systemic inflammatory syndromes have been described in association with HCT. These include DIC, 'engraftment syndrome,' infection-associated hemophagocytic syndrome and familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Macrophage activation syndrome presents with features of DIC and is closely related or identical to infection-associated hemophagocytic syndrome. The diagnosis needs to be established in a timely fashion because early and appropriate treatment may improve outcome.
Analysis of a Schnute postulate-based unified growth model for model selection in evolutionary computations

In order to evaluate the feasibility of a combined evolutionary algorithm-information theoretic approach to select the best model from a set of candidate invasive species models in ecology, and/or to evolve the most parsimonious model from a suite of competing models by comparing their relative performance, it is prudent to use a unified model that covers a myriad of situations. Using Schnute's postulates as a starting point [Schnute, J., 1981. A versatile growth model with statistically stable parameters, Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci. 38, 1128-1140], we present a single, unified model for growth that can be successfully utilized for model selection in evolutionary computations. Depending on the parameter settings, the unified equation can describe several growth mechanisms. Such a generalized model mechanism, which encompasses a suite of competing models, can be successfully implemented in evolutionary computational algorithms to evolve the most parsimonious model that best fits ground truth data. We have done exactly this by testing the effectiveness of our reaction-diffusion-advection (RDA) model in an evolutionary computation model selection algorithm. The algorithm was validated (with success) against field data sets of the Zebra mussel invasion of Lake Champlain in the United States.
Different lengths of times for progressions in adolescent substance involvement

The present study examined Lengths Of Times for important transitions in substance involvement from Initiation to Regular use (LOTIR), first Problem from drug use (LOTIP), and first experience of Dependence (LOTID) for alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, cocaine, and opiates. Data were from a longitudinal study of 590 children (22.2% female) at different levels of risk for substance use disorders based on their fathers' substance use-related diagnoses. Participants' substance involvement was assessed at four ages: 10-12, and follow-ups at two, five, and eight years later. Results suggested that faster transitions were more due to drug-related constructs (including possible social milieus of different drug classes and interactions between drug class and neurophysiology) than intrapersonal constructs. The shortest transition times (and greatest addictive liabilities) were for opiates followed respectively by cocaine, cannabis, tobacco, and alcohol. Females had shorter transition times, though gender differences were small. Some evidence was found for a familial influence on transition times above what was accounted for by differences between substances.
Hyperthermia-induced cardiac arrest in dogs and monkeys☆

The pattern of dying from immersion hyperthermia was documented in 8 dogs, 9 rhesus monkeys and 12 pigtail monkeys. Under light general anesthesia and spontaneous breathing, the animals were immersed into water of 45 degrees C, which was subsequently adjusted to control brain (parietal epidural) temperature at 42 +/- 0.5 degrees C. Transient initial hypertension, tachycardia, tachypnea and hypocarbia were followed by progressive hypotension with decreasing central venous pressure and pulmonary artery occlusion pressures (measured in three dogs only), bradycardia and bradypnea. Cardiac arrest occurred in the dogs after immersion of 288 +/- 66 min and more rapidly (P less than 0.02) in the rhesus monkeys (at 137 +/- 75 min) and pigtail monkeys (at 178 +/- 26 min). EEG silence occurred in the monkeys at MAP 40 mmHg and in the dogs at MAP 25 mmHg. Cardiac arrest occurred in form of sudden ventricular fibrillation (2/5 dogs, 2/9 rhesus monkeys, 3/12 pigtail monkeys), or later in electromechanical dissociation leading to electric asystole (3/5 dogs, 7/9 rhesus monkeys, 9/12 pigtail monkeys). The mean blood glucose levels decreased to less than 30 mg/dl (P less than 0.002), whereas hematocrit, serum osmolality, lactate and potassium levels increased. Necropsies revealed macroscopic petechial hemorrhages in all extracerebral organs, but not in the brain. There was no gross evidence of cerebral edema. Death seemed to be the result of primary cardiovascular failure leading to secondary (ischemic) cerebral failure (EEG silence) and apnea, which coincided with pulselessness.
Pharmacogenetics at 50: Genomic Personalization Comes of Age

The study of the genetics of drug responses has a long history but has provided only a few examples of gene variants that are relevant clinically. Here, we discuss the current state of the pharmacogenomics field with emphasis on the potential of data generated through drug development in order to shed new light on genetic variants predictive of therapeutic outcomes-and likewise the potential of pharmacogenomics to improve clinical trial design. We note some examples in which data from clinical trials have already provided clear pharmacogenomic insights and suggest ways in which genomic technology might be used successfully in drug development.
Ravana in London: The Theatrical Career of a Demon in the South Asian Diaspora

The Ramayana, one of Hinduism's two pre-eminent epics, portrays the heroic Rama as an exemplar of proper behavior, but demon king Ravana as deviant in culinary, sexual, and political deeds. Representations of Ravana have been theorized as functioning to (1) dehumanize (mostly Muslim) enemies as aliens or (2) condemn treatment by plantation owners in indentured labor colonies. This article analyzes representations of Ravana in three London plays (1970—2001) to see how South Asian diasporic performances depict the demonic. In a feminist Ramlila in Southall, Greater London, Ravana symbolizes racism in Britain. In a family entertainment at the National Theatre, Ravana is composed of ten `multicultural' heads. In a Tara Arts production where Rama meets Odysseus, the external enemy (Ravana), matters less than the internal one (the suspicions men harbor about their wives). These examples suggest that, in diaspora contexts, representations of Ravana can generate multiple, complex, and sometimes contradictory mean...
Total hip replacement after failed hemiarthroplasty or mould arthroplasty. Comparison of results with those of primary replacements

We compared the radiographic results of secondary total hip replacements, 99 following failed uncemented hemiarthroplasties and 21 following failed mould arthroplasties, with those of 825 primary cemented total hip replacements. The probability of occurrence of a number of radiological changes over time was calculated using survival analysis. The mean follow-up was 7.6 years (range one month to 20 years). The performance of the secondary total hip replacements varied with the preceding implant and was different for acetabular and femoral components. The incidence of radiological loosening was higher for femoral components implanted after failed hemiarthroplasties and for acetabular components after failed mould arthroplasties. However, the incidence of continuous radiolucent lines was lower for the acetabular components of converted hemiarthroplasties than for the primary replacements.
Incorporating Elizabeth Loftus's Research on Memory into Reforms to Protect the Innocent

More than any other scholar in the field of psychology, Elizabeth Loftus has focused her extraordinary career on how various influences on memory can affect the accuracy of the legal system's decision-making process. Although the reasons for wrongful convictions are multifaceted, errors caused by the malleability of human memory play a prominent role in conviction of the innocent. Every study of wrongful convictions has found that mistaken eyewitness identification is a leading cause of conviction of the innocent.In this chapter, I discuss in more detail how the research and scholarship of Elizabeth Loftus and her colleagues has contributed to understanding the causes of wrongful convictions and to the mission of preventing erroneous convictions. First, I provide an overview of the history and research on wrongful convictions. Next, I examine the legal system's current theory of how memory works and discuss problems associated with eyewitness identification and repressed memories within the context of two case histories. I use the cases to highlight the importance of educating participants in the legal system about the malleability of memory and its adverse consequences on innocent defendants. Finally, I outline reforms that focus on changing the methods by which eyewitness evidence is gathered and changing the legal standards for admissibility of memory evidence. The primary challenge will be to take what has been learned from the invaluable contributions of Elizabeth Loftus and her colleagues and apply those findings toward changing the system in an effort to prevent conviction of the innocent.
Recovery of functional groups and trophic relationships in tropical fisheries closures

Ecological changes associated with Kenya's fisheries closures were examined using a space-for-time substitution chronosequence based on 5 fisheries closures that ranged in age since closure from 5 to 41 yr. The chronosequence allowed estimates of the rates of change and recovery of key ecological processes and functional groups. I asked if ~35 yr was sufficient time for the ecosystem to recover and stabilize from fishing effects. Total consumer biomass peaked at 15�20 yr, but the magnitude and time scale of other functional group responses varied and were not always predictable based on assumed successional rates of recovery (i.e. plants > herbivore > carnivore > piscivore). For example, piscivore recovery was minor and variable while the biomass of herbivorous fishes was slow and had not clearly stabilized by the end of the time series. In con- trast, predation rates on sea urchins were a key process that increased slowly and sea urchin bio- mass declined to very low levels at ~20 yr of closure. Against predictions, total herbivory estimates and fleshy erect algae and hard coral cover did not change with the age of the closures, indicating the importance of multiple types of herbivores and climate disturbances. For benthic cover groups, time since closure was a strong predictor (R 2 > 0.50) for seagrass and red coralline algae, which increased over time, and sand and calcareous green algae, which declined over time. These changes were complete on the 20 to 30 yr time scale. Consequently, processes were generally slow and functional group recovery was not fully complete by ~35 yr of closure. I speculate that recovery processes and times in these closures are likely to be influenced by human disturbances in the surrounding seascape and that permanent, old, and large closures are needed to represent fully restored tropical reef lagoon ecosystems.
Production of Diabetes Insipidus in the Rat.

SummaryExperience with several technics for producing experimental diabetes insipidus (DI) in 550 rats has been described. These include neurohypophysectomy, cautery of stalk, and electrolytic lesions of the hypothalamus produced with aid of a stereotaxic instrument.
Persistence of O, O-Dimethyl O-4-nitro-m-tolyl phosphorothioate, Its Oxygen Analogue, and Its Cresol in Corn and Grass Forage

Coastal bermudagrass and corn treated with an emulsifiable concentrate of O, O -dimethyl O -4-nitro- m -tolyl phosphorothioate at I, 2, and 3 Ib/acre and sampled 0, 1, 7. 14, 21, and 28 days posttreatment were analyzed for residues of the parent compound, its oxygen analogue, and its cresol. The residues of the parent compound diminished rapidly, those of the analogue were low (none were detected in the 21- and 28-day samples), and those of the cresol were highest in the 1- and 7-day samples. All residues on both crops diminished to less than 1 ppm in 28 days. In contrast, residues of the parent compound and its analogue in corn ensiled in glass jars were relatively stable and diminished at a much lower rate, and the residues of the cresol increased significantly.