cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transport of Particulates in an Internal Cooling Ribbed Duct

A ribbed square duct (P/e = 10, e/Dh = 0.10) subjected to sand ingestion is studied using an Eulerian-Lagrangian framework. Particle sizes of 10μm, 50μm, and 100μm with response times (normalized by friction velocity and hydraulic diameter) of 0.06875, 1.71875, and 6.875 respectively are considered. The calculations are performed for a nominal bulk Reynolds number of 20,000 under fully-developed conditions. It is found that at any given instant in time about 40% of the total number of 10 micron particles are concentrated in the vicinity (within 0.05 Dh ) of the duct surfaces, compared to 26% of the 50 and 100 micron particles. The 10 micron particles are more sensitive to the flow features and are prone to preferential concentration more so than the larger particles. At the side walls of the duct, the 10 micron particles exhibit a high potential to erode the region in the vicinity of the rib due to secondary flow impingement. The larger particles are more prone to eroding the area between the ribs and towards the center of the duct. At the ribbed walls, while the 10 micron particles exhibit a fairly uniform propensity for erosion, the 100 micron particles show a much higher tendency to erode the surface in the vicinity of the reattachment region. The rib face facing the flow is by far the most susceptible to erosion and deposition for all particle sizes. While the top of the rib does not exhibit a large propensity to be eroded, the back of the rib is as susceptible as the other duct surfaces because of particles which are entrained into the recirculation zone behind the rib.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
A conformant planner with explicit disjunctive representation of belief states

This paper describes a novel and competitive complete conformant planner. Key to the enhanced performance is an efficient encoding of belief states as disjunctive normal form formulae and an efficient procedure for computing the successor belief state. We provide experimental comparative evaluation on a large pool of benchmarks. The novel design provides great efficiency and enhanced scalability, along with the intuitive structure of disjunctive normal form representations.
Utility of CD8 score by automated quantitative image analysis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Abstract Introduction In head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) high numbers of tumor infiltrating CD8 T cells in the tumor microenvironment are associated with better outcome. However, no investigators have employed automated image analysis on whole slide images to permit CD8 scores for use in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to develop and validate an image analysis algorithm to automatically quantify CD8 T cells in patients with oropharyngeal HNSCC. Materials and Methods Using brightfield image analysis results were cross-validated with fluorescence based quantification (AQUA™). A nuclear image algorithm designed to run on whole slide images was optimized to manual count. The algorithm was locked down and used on a cohort of whole tissue sections from HNSCC patients. Multivariate clinicopathologic parameters and outcomes were statistically correlated with image analysis results. Results Linear correlation between manual counts and the customized CD8 algorithm was 0.943. A total of 74 oropharyngeal HNSCC cases were analyzed for CD8 immune cell infiltrate using this image analysis algorithm. A CD8 immune cell density above 136 cells/mm2 was associated with median survival of 18 years compared to 5 years. When multivariate modeling was performed, HPV infection was the only predictor of survival; however, when HPV was excluded only CD8 cell density predicts survival. Conclusions We report the successful technical development and clinical validation of an image algorithm to automate CD8 immune cell density for oropharyngeal HNSCC. Employing brightfield image analysis on entire tumor sections instead of tumor subcompartments permits this strategy to be widely implemented.
Beals syndrome with middle and inner ear dysplasia and encephalocele: A case report and review of imaging findings

Abstract A 10-year-old male with history of Beals syndrome presented with hearing loss and was found to have middle and inner ear dysplasia and left temporal encephalocele on imaging. Beals syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder caused by a mutation in the fibrillin-2 gene. Skeletal manifestations of Beals have been reported, including anomalies of the long bones, calvarium, and spine. External ear abnormalities with “crumpled ear” deformity are seen in the majority of patients. This is the first case to report imaging findings of the middle and inner ear in a patient with Beals.
From Camp Town to International City: Us Military Base Expansion and Local Development in Pyeongtaek, South Korea

In Pyeongtaek, South Korea, the US military is currently completing construction of its largest overseas base, and tens of thousands of American troops, civilian workers and accompanying family members are relocating to the city. Activist and civil society groups fiercely opposed base expansion in Pyeongtaek, leading to violent confrontations with police in 2006. As many scholars have pointed out, the country's 1980s democratization and 1990s decentralization created the conditions in which such vocal anti‐US and anti‐base politics became possible. Yet it was under the very same conditions that South Korea's central government harnessed local aspirations for urban growth to counter the anti‐base protests. By deregulating land use in Pyeongtaek and promising support for a number of major urban projects, the central government sought to build support for US expansion in the city and re‐cast militarization as a desirable form of 'international city' development. Haunted by the specter of gritty soldier‐entertainment 'camp town' areas and eager to see urban growth, the city government joined with the central government in constructing Pyeongtaek's new urban vision. However, new projects intended as a form of collective compensation displaced thousands and sparked new protest movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Truth is Truth: U.S. Abortion Law in the Global Context

As part of an effort to enact new abortion restrictions, abortion opponents increasingly characterize laws regarding abortion access in the United States as being far more permissive than the rest of the world. To support this argument, they point to a rudimentary global tally of national laws on abortion and urge policymakers to enact bans and further restrictions on abortion access in order to bring the United States more in step with “international norms” on abortion access. But international norms on abortion access cannot be portrayed through a “yes-no” tally, and uncritical reliance on a simplified scorecard is misleading, inaccurate, and ignores important protections for women’s health. There is nothing inherently troubling about looking beyond U.S. borders to inform legal and policy approaches. Both foreign law and international human rights law can provide a useful perspective for U.S. courts as well as policymakers as they assess legal questions, policy, and practice. However, a global comparative approach must give an accurate account of the laws that are being compared, and the descriptions that underlie the global abortion tally fail to meet this threshold standard. Even when relevant laws are accurately described, a valid comparative analysis requires more than just nose-counting. The comparative anti-abortionist argument treats all countries’ abortion laws as relevant for both comparing United States’ law and practice and also for identifying an international consensus, even though many of the countries listed do not share a legal tradition or other commonalities. Notably, many of the countries that inform the statistic have dramatically different legal traditions concerning gender equality and the role of religion in the law. In reality, the international trend is toward liberalization, which coincides with increasing protections in international human rights law.
Piecing Together the Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death on Dialysis.

According to ESRD Death Notification forms, 40% of hemodialysis (HD) patient deaths with a known cause and 30% of all HD patient deaths in 2014–2016 were primarily due to cardiac arrest or arrhythmia.[1][1] A decade earlier, corresponding shares were 36% and 27%.[2][2] Amid a secular trend toward
“Wire” Circuit Courts Split on Cable Piracy: The Fifth Circuit Examines Federal Telecommunications Law in J&J Sports Productions, Inc. v. Mandell Family Ventures

On May 2, 2014, in J&J Sports Productions, Inc. v. Mandell Family Ventures, LLC, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit overturned the lower court’s decision and held that section 605 of the Communications Act of 1934 does not apply to the unauthorized reception of cable wire transmissions originating as radio communications. The Fifth Circuit joined the Seventh and Third Circuits in maintaining that section 553 of the Communications Act of 1934 exclusively regulates this unauthorized reception after analyzing the legislative history and congressional intent behind the federal regulation. The Second Circuit, alternatively, has ruled that section 605 does regulate such transmissions. This Comment argues that the Fifth Circuit’s interpretation of the Communications Act of 1934 is correct. To rule otherwise would unreasonably impose the obligation on customers to take the additional step to verify that their cable provider has a license to provide the cable program. Furthermore, to apply section 605 would irrationally limit section 553 to only the regulation of local cable providers.
Lineage-specific control of convergent cell identity by a Forkhead repressor

ABSTRACT A central goal in developmental biology is to decipher the molecular events that govern cell fate specification in each developmental lineage. Here, we show that the C. elegans Forkhead transcription factor UNC-130 specifies two glial types that arise from one lineage, but does not affect equivalent glia that are produced in different anatomical regions from other lineages. We show that glial defects correlate with UNC-130:DNA binding, and that UNC-130 acts as a transcriptional repressor via two independent domains. UNC-130 can be functionally replaced by its human homolog, the neural crest lineage determinant FoxD3, and other neural crest factors (UNC-86/Brn3 and RNT-1/Runx) act in the same pathway. We propose that, in contrast to “terminal selectors”, UNC-130 acts as a "lineage selector" to enable molecularly distinct progenitor cells to generate regionally equivalent cell types. This novel mechanism may underlie the recent observation of convergent lineages as a prevalent feature of vertebrate development.
Comparative repeatability of pancreatic lipase assays in the commercial and in-house laboratory environments.

Background Sensitivity and specificity for commercial and in-house pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (cPLI) assays have been reported, but repeatability under routine clinical conditions is unknown. Objectives To determine: Coefficient of variation (CV) between replicates of a commercial assay (Spec cPL) and 2 in-house assays (VetScan cPL, Vcheck cPL) under routine conditions. Effects of sample condition or personnel on results. Potential directional bias between assays. Animals Serum from 12 canine clinical patients. Methods Prospective study. Serum Spec cPL, VetScan cPL, and Vcheck cPL (6 aliquots each) were measured, and CVs were calculated, effects of sample condition and personnel were assessed using a linear mixed model, and direction of bias was assessed using least square mean cPLI concentration. Results Mean %CVs for Spec cPL, VetScan cPL, and Vcheck cPL were 5.5, 17.0, and 23.7%. Three of 6 VetScan cPL samples and 5/9 Vcheck cPL samples had an unacceptably high %CV (>20%). Transportation (Spec cPL) and sample condition or personnel (VetScan cPL, Vcheck cPL) did not affect repeatability. Least square mean cPL was higher for Spec cPL (807.9 μg/L) than for VetScan cPL (558.5 μg/L) or Vcheck cPL (399.8 μg/L). Conclusions and clinical importance For clinical use, the commercial Spec cPL has the highest repeatability, and Vcheck cPL has significantly lower repeatability. Both in-house assays evaluated may provide discrepant categorical results ("pancreatitis" versus "equivocal" versus "not pancreatitis") for the same sample. In-house pancreatic lipase concentrations may be lower than those determined by the Spec cPL assay.
Grouping of hantaviruses by small (S) genome segment polymerase chain reaction and amplification of viral RNA from wild-caught rats

A single pair of consensus primers in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified a conserved region of the small genome segment of twenty hantavirus isolates. Isolates tested included representatives of the four recognized hantaviruses, Hantaan, Seoul, Puumala and Prospect Hill, as well as isolates from Mus musculus (Leakey), Bandicota indica (Thailand 749), and Suncus murinus (Thottapalayam). Viruses from the Nairovirus and Phlebovirus genera yielded negative results. The amplification products were 281-nucleotide pairs (np) in length, with the exception of Thottapalayam, which had an amplification product of approximately 320 np. Products of all isolates were detected by Southern hybridization with a 32P-labeled Hantaan 76-118 amplicon, while an oligonucleotide probe to a conserved region of the amplified fragment failed to detect some isolates of Seoul and Puumala viruses. Restriction endonuclease analysis allowed three groupings: Hantaan-like viruses, Seoul-like viruses, and a diverse group of patterns for the other viruses. Differences were found within the Seoul-like virus group by this method, whereas the Hantaan-like viruses were shown to be similar. RNA extracted from tissues of seropositive and seronegative rats trapped in Baltimore showed the practical application of the test. Hantavirus-specific RNA was detected in 12 (92%) of 13 seropositive rats, but not in seronegative rats. This simple method for detecting and characterizing hantaviruses has potential for epidemiologic studies and for diagnosing human hantavirus infections.
Beyond Saints and Sinners: Discretion and the Need for New Narratives in the U.S. Immigration System

This article examines the forces affecting the exercise of discretion in American immigration courts, and argues that in this present age of immigration anxiety, the same facts that place an individual in deportation proceedings may constitute the reasons a judge will, relying on discretion, deny them relief for which they are otherwise eligible. The article explores the polarized narratives told about “good” and ”bad” immigrants, the exceptionally difficult task of adjudicating in overburdened immigration courts, and the ways in which these polarized narratives interact with psychological short-cuts, or heuristics, that affect judicial exercises of discretion. After engaging in this analysis, the article concludes that awareness of the force of broader societal narratives in immigration court can equip lawyers with tools to understand what might drive a judge’s use of discretion, help them tell the most effective narrative possible for their clients, and be aware of the opportunities - and need - to broaden the narrative space outside the courtroom in ways that can positively shape the cases of their clients of tomorrow.
Intersectional geographies and COVID-19:

We argue that it is time for geography as a discipline to embrace intersectionality. Using the COVID-19 pandemic as the subject of analysis, we raise questions for geographers about the novel coron...
Dosimetric Quality of Online Adapted Pancreatic Cancer Treatment Plans on an MRI-Guided Radiation Therapy System

Abstract Purpose Stereotactic magnetic resonance image–guided adaptive radiation therapy (SMART) is an emerging technique that shows promise in the treatment of pancreatic cancer and other abdominopelvic malignancies. However, it is unknown whether the time-limited nature of on-table adaptive planning may result in dosimetrically suboptimal plans. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively address that question through systemic retrospective replanning of treated on-table adaptive pancreatic cancer cases. Methods and Materials Of 74 consecutive adapted fractions, 30 were retrospectively replanned based on deficiencies in planning target volume (PTV) and gross tumor volume (GTV) coverage or doses to organs-at-risk (OARs) that exceeded ideal constraints. Retrospective plans were created by adjusting dose-volume objectives in an iterative fashion until deemed optimized. The goal of replanning was to improve PTV/GTV coverage while keeping the dose to gastrointestinal OARs the same or lower or to reduce OAR doses while keeping PTV coverage the same or higher. The global maximum dose was required to be maintained within 2% of that of the treated adaptive plan to eliminate it as a confounding factor. A threshold of 5% improvement in PTV coverage or 5% decrease in OAR dose was used to define a clinically significant improvement. Results Of the 30 replans, 7 obtained at least 5% PTV coverage improvement. The average increase in PTV coverage for these plans was 11%. No plans were clinically significantly improved in terms of OAR sparing. Changes in beam-on time did not show any correlation. Statistical analysis via a linear mixed-effects model with a nested random effect suggested that both GTV and PTV coverage were improved over SMART process plans by 0.91 cc (P = .02) and 2.03 cc (P Conclusions Dosimetric plan quality of at least 10% of SMART fractions may be improved through more extensive replanning than is currently performed on-table. Further work is needed to develop an automated replanning workflow to streamline the in-depth replanning process to better fit into an on-table adaptive workflow.
Learning to Control Direct Current Motor for Steering in Real Time via Reinforcement Learning.

Model free techniques have been successful at optimal control of complex systems at an expense of copious amounts of data and computation. However, it is often desired to obtain a control policy in a short period of time with minimal data use and computational burden. To this end, we make use of the NFQ algorithm for steering position control of a golf cart in both a real hardware and a simulated environment that was built from real-world interaction. The controller learns to apply a sequence of voltage signals in the presence of environmental uncertainties and inherent non-linearities that challenge the the control task. We were able to increase the rate of successful control under four minutes in simulation and under 11 minutes in real hardware.
Bio-layer interferometry of a multivalent sulfated virus nanoparticle with heparin-like anticoagulant activity

Heparin is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan that is routinely used as an anticoagulant. It is typically purified from bovine or porcine sources, leading to heterogeneity that poses several challenges when used clinically. We have found that the bacteriophage Qβ can be selectively sulfated to yield virus-like nanoparticles (sulf-VLP) that elicit anticoagulant activity similar to heparin. In an effort to explore the binding interactions that heparin-like VLPs make with cationic targets, described herein are bio-layer interferometry studies utilizing the BLItz platform that evaluate the interaction of sulf-VLP with the cationic peptide CDK5 (50 % Lys). Streptavidin biosensors modified with biotin-CDK5 were found to bind strongly to sulf-VLP and not to the underivatized nanoparticle. Titration of sulf-VLP yielded concentration-dependent sensorgrams, permitting calculation of rate and equilibrium constants: k on = (8 ± 3) × 106 s−1 for the association phase, k off = (5 ± 2) × 10−3 M s−1 for the dissociation phase, yielding an overall dissociation constant K D ~ 1 nM. Fitting was best achieved using an equation possessing both exponential and linear terms, suggesting a mechanism more complex than 1:1 binding. To mitigate multivalency and rebinding effects, experiments were conducted with protamine (~70 % Arg) added during the dissociation phase, leading to more pronounced dissociation curves and k off values that yielded a near-linear relationship with protamine concentration.
A Computational Critique of an Algorithm for Image Enhancement in Bright Field Electron Microscopy

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a computational critique of an algorithm for image enhancement in bright field electron microscopy. It is a truism that the enhancement or improvement of any image can only be undertaken, if a reasonably detailed theory is available for the process of image formation. Although the dark field image mode is more attractive to the eye, it has been found by numerous tests that the bright field mode is not inferior in information content. Once the bright field micrograph is digitized, moreover, the background density level can be subtracted and the contrast level of the remainder expanded to the limits of the final display medium so that the eye can be fully satisfied. A similar contrast enhancement could, of course, be performed by optical printing onto a high contrast emulsion.
Using mostly native data to correct errors in learners' writing: a meta-classifier approach

We present results from a range of experiments on article and preposition error correction for non-native speakers of English. We first compare a language model and error-specific classifiers (all trained on large English corpora) with respect to their performance in error detection and correction. We then combine the language model and the classifiers in a meta-classification approach by combining evidence from the classifiers and the language model as input features to the meta-classifier. The meta-classifier in turn is trained on error-annotated learner data, optimizing the error detection and correction performance on this domain. The meta-classification approach results in substantial gains over the classifier-only and language-model-only scenario. Since the meta-classifier requires error-annotated data for training, we investigate how much training data is needed to improve results over the baseline of not using a meta-classifier. All evaluations are conducted on a large error-annotated corpus of learner English.
The long-term impact of combat exposure on health, interpersonal, and economic domains of functioning.

Purpose: Wartime combat exposure is linked to a broad array of negative outcomes. The current study identified potential differences between middle-to-older aged men exposed to combat and those not...
Repeat resection of pulmonary metastases in patients with soft-tissue sarcoma

Abstract Background: Even after an apparent complete resection of sarcomatous pulmonary metastases, 40% to 80% of patients will re-recur in the lung. The benefit of subsequent re-resection is poorly defined. This study examines patient survival after repeat pulmonary exploration for re-recurrent metastatic sarcoma at a single institution. Study Design: Between July 1982 and December 1997, data on 3,149 adult in-patients with soft tissue sarcoma were prospectively gathered. Of these, pulmonary metastases were present or developed in 719 patients and 248 underwent at least one resection. Of the patients relapsing in the lung after an apparently complete resection, 86 underwent reexploration. Disease-specific survival (DSS) after re-resection was the end point of the study. Time to death was modeled using the method of Kaplan and Meier. The association of factors to time-to-event end points was analyzed using the log-rank test for univariate analysis and the Cox proportional hazards model for multivariate analysis. Clinicopathologic factors were analyzed with the Pearson chi-square or Fisher's exact test when appropriate. Results: The median DSS after re-resection for all patients undergoing at least two pulmonary resections was 42.8 months with an estimated 5-year survival of 36%. The median DSS in patients with complete re-resection was 51 months (n = 68) compared with 6 months in patients with an incomplete re-resection (n = 16, p 2 cm, and high-grade primary tumor histology. Patients with either zero or one poor prognostic factor had a median DSS > 65 months and patients with three poor prognostic factors had a median DSS of 10 months. Conclusions: Reexploration for recurrent sarcomatous pulmonary metastases appears beneficial for patients who can be completely re-resected. Outcomes are described by factors that may be determined preoperatively, including metastasis size, metastasis number, and primary tumor histologic grade. Patients who cannot be completely re-resected or those with numerous, large metastasis and high-grade primary tumor pathology have poor outcomes and should be considered for investigational therapy.
Feeding by mandibular raking in a snake

The tiny threadsnake has a unique way of devouring ants before they can strike back. Most snakes transport prey through the mouth by using asynchronous ratcheting movements of their upper jaws1,2. In contrast, we have found that threadsnakes (members of the basal snake clade Scolecophidia) have a unique feeding mechanism in which the tooth-bearing elements of the lower jaw rotate synchronously in and out of the mouth, dragging prey into the oesophagus. This mechanism, which we call ‘mandibular raking’, is the only vertebrate feeding mechanism known in which prey is transported exclusively by movements of the lower jaw.
The value of identity: olfactory notes on orbitofrontal cortex function

Neuroscientific research has emphatically promoted the idea that the key function of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is to encode value. Associative learning studies indicate that OFC representations of stimulus cues reflect the predictive value of expected outcomes. Neuroeconomic studies suggest that the OFC distills abstract representations of value from discrete commodities to optimize choice. Although value-based models provide good explanatory power for many different findings, these models are typically disconnected from the very stimuli and commodities giving rise to those value representations. Little provision is made, either theoretically or empirically, for the necessary cooperative role of object identity, without which value becomes orphaned from its source. As a step toward remediating the value of identity, this review provides a focused olfactory survey of OFC research, including new work from our lab, to highlight the elemental involvement of this region in stimulus-specific predictive coding of both perceptual outcomes and expected values.
Gene expression of nAChR, SNAP-25 and GAP-43 in skeletal muscles following botulinum toxin A injection: a study in rats

Abstract Purpose: Botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) is used to manage spasticity in cerebral palsy. BoNT-A cleaves SNAP-25 protein, blocking acetylcholine release and weakening the muscle. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) including alpha, beta, delta, gamma, and epsilon subunits, and GAP-43 protein are associated with functional recovery of neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) following BoNT-A. To better understand the mechanism behind this functional recovery, this study attempted to (1) document changes in NMJ morphometry following BoNT-A, and (2) determine the gene expression of nAChR subunits, SNAP-25, and GAP-43 protein. Methods: In this rat study (46 rats), 6 units/kg body weight of BoNT-A was injected into the gastrocnimus. NMJ morphometry and the time course of gene expression of nAChR subunits, SNAP-25, and GAP-43 were evaluated up to 1 year post-injection. Results: NMJ morphometry: gutter depth was reduced vs. the control side at two months, and normalizing by 6 months following BoNT. nAChR alpha mRNA and gamma mRNA increased by 3 days, peaked at 7 days and returned to control levels; delta mRNA peaked at 3 days. Epsilon mRNA peaked by 7 days. SNAP-25 mRNA increased from 60 to 90 days, returning to control levels by 6 months. GAP-43 mRNA was unchanged. Conclusions: Specific nAChR subunit mRNA expression up-regulates and then returns to normal within two weeks, preceding changes in NMJ morphometry. Although GAP-43 participates in nerve sprouting, no increase of GAP-43 mRNA occurred following BoNT-A. Delayed up-regulation of SNAP-25 mRNA might be associated with muscle functional recovery.
Heterotopic ossification after acromioplasty and distal clavicle resection

A retrospective review of acromioplasty and distal clavicle resections disclosed 40 cases in which postoperative ectopic bone formation caused recurrent shoulder impingement or acromioclavicular joint pain. Symptomatic lesions either encroached on the supraspinatus outlet or were located in the acromioclavicular interval and were large in size. The incidence of symptomatic heterotopic ossification occurring after acromioplasty or distal clavicle excision was 3.2% and was disproportionately seen in patients with chronic pulmonary diseases ( p
Iron-57 ENDOR of the nitrogenase molybdenum-iron protein

In order to obtain a more complete characterization of the metal atoms in the EPR-visible center of MoFe, an /sup 75/F ENDOR study was performed and is examined in this report. Despite the complexity of the MoFe cluster, a spectra was obtained from six individual and distinct iron sites. Hyperfine coupling tensor of each were determined. Results show that the FeMo-co cluster must have an extraordiarily complex structure, for no two iron sites have the same characteristics. Since the site inequivalence must have a structural origin, this result will provide a stringent test of any postulated model for the cluster. ENDOR results also give a starting point for discussions of the cluster charge. They also suggest that no more than 3 equiv can be associated with the formally ferric/ferrous iron couple during reduction (or superoxidation) of the molybdenum cofactor of MoFe.
Densification process of α′-sialon ceramics

The liquid-phase sintering process of α′-sialon ceramics has been investigated by high-temperature dilatometry and microstructural observation. In addition, isothermal shrinkage measurements have been performed to examine the densification kinetic parameter. It has been confirmed that densification kinetic parameters in the solution-reprecipitation stage are much larger than the rate exponent predicted for the classic liquid-phase sintering model, and are slightly smaller than that for the viscous flow process. Rapid shrinkage was observed in the solution-reprecipitation stage from the results of shrinkage rate, and corresponds to pore elimination by particle rearrangement and cooperative flow of particle/liquid mixture. These processes provide the major contribution to shrinkage. In addition, the liquid flow process occurs when the silica content in the raw powder increases, but it is retarded due to the formation of α′-sialon. It is anticipated that particle rearrangement and cooperative flow, as well as liquid-flow processes, take place in the solution-reprecipitation stage of sintering of Si3N4-based materials, and cause a large amount of shrinkage.
Estimation of Koc values for deuterated benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene, and application to ground water contamination studies

Sorption partition coefficients between water and organic carbon (Koc) for deuterated benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene have been estimated by measuring values of the octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) and HPLC retention factors (k1), which correlate closely to values of Koc. Measured values of log Kow for non-deuterated and deuterated toluene are 2.77 (+/- 0.02) and 2.78 (+/- 0.04), respectively, indicating that within experimental error, log Koc for deuterated and non-deuterated toluene are the same. The HPLC method provides greater precision, and yields values of delta log Koc (= log Koc [deuterated]-log Koc [non-deuterated]) of -0.021 (+/- 0.001) for benzene, -0.028 (+/- 0.002) for toluene, and -0.035 (+/- 0.003) for ethylbenzene. The small values of delta log Koc demonstrates that deuterated compounds are excellent tracers for the hydrologic behavior of ground water contaminants.
On Training PhDs in Economics: What Can Economics Programs Learn from Those in Agricultural Economics?

stream economics. They felt the profession was becoming too abstract and mathematical, that it was placing too much faith in laissezfaire economics. They believed that theory must be balanced with a good understanding of economic history, law, and the institutions that influence economic behavior. Most of all, they felt that the economics profession should address policy relevant issues that improve the well-being of society. In 1885, three of these men, Richard T. Ely, Simon Patten, and E.J. James, broke away from the establishment and created the American Economics Association
The structure of Ba3W2O9; an example of face-shared octahedra with tungsten (VI)

Abstract The structure of Ba3W2O9 has been determined from powder x-ray diffraction data and found to be the same as in Cs3Tl2Cl9. Two-thirds of the octahedral sites between hexagonal closest-packed BaO3 layers (ABAB…) are filled by the tungsten atoms. The enneaoxo W2O96− group represents the first crystal chemistry example of tungsten (VI) in a face-sharing arrangement. Infrared and Raman data are consistent with overall 32 (D3) site symmetry. Crystallographic and spectroscopic evidence supports a covalent bonding model with oxygen pπ → metal dπ stabilization of this tungsten (VI) phase.
Ins and outs of cellular cobalamin transport.

Quite a bit is now known about the complex mechanisms underlying how Cbl gets into cells. Just how the vitamin gets out for recycling remained a mystery until the findings by Beedholm-Ebsen and colleagues. In their article in this issue of Blood , cellular egress of Cbl is shown to occur by
Imagination, personality, and imaginary companions

A sample of 102 college women completed a set of imagination and personality measures and reported whether they had ever had imaginary companions during childhood. Participants who reported imaginary companions scored higher than did those who did not on measures of imagination including imagery use, hostile daydreams, and vivid night dreams, and on personality scales including dependent interpersonal styles and internal-state awareness. Participant groups did not differ significantly on shyness, other interpersonal styles, or measures of self-concept. Comparison of these results with research on children and adolescents with imaginary companions suggests a coherent developmental pattern in social orientation characterized by sensitivity and accommodation to others' needs.
Biochemistry of collagen crosslinking isolation of a new crosslink, hydroxylysinohydroxynorleucine, and its reduced precursor, dihydroxynorleucine, from bovine tendon

Abstract In collagenous tissues, borohydride-reduced crosslinks and their reduced aldehyde precursors are present in varying proportions, depending upon the nature of the tissue, the animal species, and the age of the animal. In the case of bovine Achilles tendon, a predominant reduced aldehyde is δ, e-dihydroxynorleucine. Furthermore, one of the most abundant crosslinks is a previously undescribed compound, hydroxylysinohydroxynorleucine. This compound is not present in solutions of tendon collagen but appears in reconstituted fibrils and probably is an intermolecular crosslink. It probably arises by reduction of the Schiff base formed between the α-amino group of hydroxylysine and the carbonyl moiety of α-amino-δ-hydroxy adipic acid-δ-semialdehyde. We have isolated and also synthesized the reduction product of the latter compound and located it in the chromatograms.
Pyridine nucleosides related to 5-fluorocytosine

4-Amino-5-fluoro-2-pyridone (4) [5-fluoro-3-deazacytosine] was isolated as the hydrochloride salt from the dealkylation of 4-amino-5-fluoro-2-methoxypyridine (2), which was obtained from the reduction of 5-fluoro-2-methoxy-4-nitropyridine-N-oxide (1). Acetylation of 2 gave 4-acetamido-5-fluoro-2-methoxypyridine (3), which was condensed with 2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-D-ribofuranosyl bromide to give the blocked nucleoside (8). Removal of the protecting groups gave 5-fluoro-3-deazacytidine. Fusion of the trimethylsilyl derivative of 4 (10), with 2-deoxy-3,5-di-O-p-toluoyl-D-erythro pentofuranosyl chloride gave a mixture of the β and α-anomers 12 and 13, which were separated and deblocked to yield 5-fluoro-2′-deoxy-3-deazacytidine (14) and its α-anomer (15). Several alkylated and acetylated derivatives of 2 were prepared as model compounds for use in the proof of structure.
Language Planning and Policy Development for Court Interpretation Services in the United States.

RESUMOLingvo-planado kaj evoluigo de politiko por kortuminterpretaj servoj en UsonoEne de la ĝenerala tereno de lingvo-planado kaj politiko-evoluigo, lastatempe okazis akcelo en organizitaj klopodoj liveri altkvalitajn kortuminterpretajn servojn al neparo-lantoj de la angla lingvo, kiuj havas kontakton kun la usona kortuma sistemo. La nuna artikolo resumas la historion de federaciaj leĝoj, kiuj koncernas utiligon de in-terpretistoj, kun speciala atento al la plej lasta federacia leĝa preskribo, la Lego pri Kortumaj Interpretistoj de 1978 (Publika Lego 95-539). Ĝi ankaǔ detale esploras la Rajtigekzamenon por Hispanaj/Anglaj Interpretistoj en Federaciaj Kortumoj, kiun elformulis la Administra Fako de la Usonaj Kortumoj. Je la stata nivelo, oni ankau pridiskutas kelkajn problemojn pri la selekto de kortuminterpretistoj en la juraj sistemoj de Kalifornio kaj Novjorko. Krome, oni priskribas lastatempajn klopodojn evoluigi koheran kaj inkluzivan politikon pri utiligo de interpretistoj en la Distrikto Kolumbio kaj la Ŝtato Nov-Ĵerzeo. Fine, estas prezentataj kelkaj ĝeneralaj proponoj por plibonigi la mezan kvaliton de interpretaj servoj en kortumaj procedoj.SUMARIOPlaneamiento del lenguaje y politica a desarrollar para los servicios de interpretation en la corte de los Estados UnidosDentro del amplio campo de accion para el planeamiento del lenguaje y la politica de desarrollo, se han organizado y recientemente acelerado esfuerzos para proveer de alta calidad a los servicios de interpretacion de la corte, para personas que no hablan el ingles y que entran en contacto con el sistema judicial americano. Este articulo sigue la historia de las leyes federales referentes al uso de interpretes; destacando la mas re-ciente provision del estatuto federal: el acto de interpretes de la corte en 1978 (ley publica 95-539). Tambien explora en detalle el examen elaborado por la oficina administrativa de la corte de los E.U. para obtener el certificado de interprete de la corte federal en espanol/-ingles. A nivel estatal se discuten varios problemas respecto a la seleccion de los interpretes de la corte dentro del sistema legal de California y Nueva York. Ademas se describen los esfuerzos recientes para elaborar una politica coherente y amplia para uso de los interpretes en los distritos de Columbia y Nueva Jersey. Final-mente el articulo delinea algunas propuestas generales para el mejoramiento de la calidad de los servicios de interpretacion en los procedimientos judiciales.
The effects of reserpine on the ultrastructure and secretory responses of rat exocrine pancreas.

Abstract The effects of chronic reserpine administration on rats mimic in several respects the exocrine dysfunction observed in cystic fibrosis. This drug treatment has been proposed as a model for the human disease. In cystic fibrosis, the pancreas is usually a major organ involved pathologically. The present study was designed to investigate the fine-structural morphology and secretory responses of the pancreas of rats treated chronically with reserpine. Reserpine treatment resulted in increased storage of zymogen granules in pancreatic acinar cells and an apparently reduced ability to discharge these granules following stimulation with cholecystokinin. In addition, granule storage may have produced feedback inhibition on the protein synthesizing machinery as manifested by a slight reduction of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Many acinar cells also had autophagic bodies, suggesting the degradation of excess secretory material. Cholecystokinin stimulation of both control and reserpine-treated rats resulted in the appearance of large vacuoles containing myelin figures and granular material, numerous autophagic bodies (cytosegresomes), and a slight decrease of rough endoplasmic reticulum in pancreatic acinar cells. Secretin stimulation did not cause large vacuole formation, but did cause cytosegresome formation in acinar cells. Large vacuoles in intralobular ducts were noted after reserpine treatment, but were also present after stimulation of untreated pancreas with cholecystokinin.
Improving recall by recoding interfering material at the time of retrieval.

Our experiments demonstrate that interference of an interpolated list of items with recall of an original list can be substantially reduced by forming Ss just before testing how to reorganize and simplify the interpolated material. In Experiments 1 and 2, Ss better recalled an initial serial list of letters when informed at testing that an interpolated list spelled a certain phrase backward. Similarly, in Experiments 3 and 4, Ss better recalled an initial list of cities when told that the interpolated cities were also names of former U.S. presidents. Control experiments rule out several simple explanations. In contrast to an editing hypothesis, the postorganizing clue helped recall even when problems of list differentiation were minimized. Current memory models appear unable to explain this benefit of a postlearning clue that enables Ss to segregate the interpolated material from the to-be-remembered material.
Concomitant cholecystectomy for asymptomatic cholelithiasis.

• The outcome of 68 patients with asymptomatic cholelithiasis undergoing laparotomy for other conditions was reviewed to determine those most likely to become symptomatic postoperatively. Thirty-seven patients (54%) became symptomatic postoperatively. Eight patients (22%) required cholecystectomy within 30 days of operation or within the same hospitalization. These patients fasted for a longer period of time postoperatively (15±21 vs 4±3 days) than those undergoing later cholecystectomy. Significantly more of these patients required transfusion (38% vs 7%), mechanical ventilation (50% vs 11%), and total parenteral nutrition (50% vs 18%). Cholelithiasis frequently becomes symptomatic after laparotomy for other intra-abdominal conditions. Patients who require mechanical ventilation, transfusions, and parenteral nutrition and who are slow to resume enteral nutrition are more likely to require early cholecystectomy. Concomitant cholecystectomy adds minimal morbidity to other procedures and should be undertaken unless specific contraindications exist, particularly in this high-risk group. ( Arch Surg 1989;124:460-462)
'Coatomer': a cytosolic protein complex containing subunits of non-clathrin-coated Golgi transport vesicles.

GOLGI-derived coated vesicles contain a set of coat proteins of relative molecular mass 160,000 (Mr 160K; α-COP), 110K (β-COP), 98K (γ-COP) and 61K (δ-COP), and several smaller subunits1. We have now identified and purified a cytosolic complex containing the same four coat proteins as those of Golgi transport vesicles. We term this complex the Golgi coat promoter or 'coatomer'. The coatomer also contains polypeptides of Mr 36K, 35K and 20K. It represents about 0.2% of soluble cytosolic protein. Gel filtration of unfractionated cytosol indicates that β-COP resides exclusively in the coatomer complex. The complex seems to be a likely candidate for the unassembled precursor of Golgi coated vesicles, and its purification should help investigations of the role of coat proteins in membrane budding, for which it is necessary to use a refined cell-free system.
The α5β1 integrin provides matrix survival signals for normal and osteoarthritic human articular chondrocytes in vitro

Objective Chondrocyte cell death may play an important role in the development of arthritis. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in promoting chondrocyte survival via signals through the integrin family of ECM receptors. Methods Chondrocytes were isolated by sequential enzymatic digestion from normal ankle cartilage of organ donors and from osteoarthritic (OA) knee tissue obtained from patients undergoing total knee replacement. Cell survival in monolayer and in suspension culture was measured using fluorescent labels after treatment with specific integrin-blocking antibodies and echistatin, a disintegrin peptide. A quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for histone-associated DNA fragments and morphologic evaluation by electron microscopy were used to evaluate apoptosis. Results Freshly isolated chondrocytes died when plated in serum-free media at low density on poly-L-lysine, but showed >95% survival on fibronectin (FN). A monoclonal blocking antibody to the α5-integrin subunit (FN receptor) significantly inhibited survival on FN, whereas control antibodies had no effect. Likewise, treatment of freshly isolated chondrocytes in serum-free alginate-suspension culture with the α5-blocking antibody resulted in cell death in a dose-dependent manner, with 20 μg/ml of the antibody reducing normal chondrocyte survival to 20% of that in controls, and OA chondrocyte survival to 23% of that in controls. Antibody inhibition of αv and α1 integrins or treatment with echistatin did not cause cell death. Addition of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1; 100 ng/ ml) was not able to improve survival of α5-antibody–treated cells. However, treatment with 10% fetal bovine serum improved normal chondrocyte survival to 98% (a 5.1-fold increase) and OA chondrocyte survival to 64% (a 2.8-fold increase). Cell death due to α5 inhibition was associated with apoptosis. Conclusion These results demonstrate that chondrocyte survival signals are transmitted via the α5β1 FN receptor. Inhibition of matrix survival signals mediated by α5β1 also inhibits the ability of IGF-1 to promote survival, suggesting that IGF-1–mediated survival signaling may require a cosignal from α5β1.
Handling the meconium-stained infant.

Clinicians who care for infants in the delivery room or afterward must frequently manage many born through meconium-stained amniotic fluid (MSAF). Approximately 5% of infants born through MSAF develop meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS). This disorder can be severe in nature, with half or more of the affected children needing mechanical ventilation. It is frequently associated with pulmonary air leaks and the presence of persistent pulmonary hypertension. MAS is the most common disorder for which babies may be treated with extracorporeal life support. Various possibilities for preventing MAS exist during labor, parturition, and the first minutes of life. Proposed antenatal therapies include amnioinfusion; intrapartum maneuvers include oropharyngeal suctioning prior to delivery of the babies shoulders; the postnatal intervention of intubation for intratracheal suctioning should be reserved for the non-vigorous meconium-stained infant.