cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do Nighttime Driving Restrictions Reduce Criminal Participation Among Teenagers? Evidence From Graduated Driver Licensing

To date, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have a three-stage Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) system that phases in driving privileges for teenagers. GDL laws effectively impose a statutory driving curfew and a limitation on the number of passengers in motor vehicles. Both the timing of motor vehicle access and a limitation on the peer influences available in a motor vehicle could significantly affect the production of criminal behavior. Using the Uniform Crime Reports 1995 to 2011 and a triple-differences approach, we find that the implementation of GDL decreased criminal participation by 6 percent among teenagers ages 16 and 17, as measured by arrests. These effects are larger in magnitude in states where the nighttime driving curfew is required for a longer period of time. We also show that GDL plays an important role in reducing crime in periods of low gasoline prices, a time when teen driver prevalence would otherwise have been high. These results suggest that there is another benefit to states for adopting GDL laws and provide insight into the production of teenage crime.
Messaging in web service grid with applications to geographical information systems

Several efforts to design globally distributed computing systems have converged to the principles of message-centric, service-oriented architectures. As realized through several Web Service specifications, these provide the scaling, robustness, and reliability for delivering distributed capabilities that collectively form virtual organizations. Service architectures are based a clean separation between service implementations and their communication patterns. In this article, we examine several consequences of this separation. First, services should exist on a general purpose, software messaging substrate. Services (and their containers) inherit various qualities of service directly from this substrate: we implement message level security, reliability, events, and notifications in the message routing middleware. Second, all communications involving services should be treated as messages. This applies not only to remote procedure call-style messages and notifications, but to streaming data as well. Finally, services are often domain-specific, but collective applications are cross-domain. Using message-based Geographical Information Systems as an example, we illustrate how a Grid of services is really a Grid of Grids: a composition of capabilities developed independently of specific end applications.
Storage thresholds for relative sea-level signals in the stratigraphic record

The tug of relative sea level (RSL), set by climate and tectonics, is widely viewed as the most important boundary condition for the evolution of deltas. However, the range of amplitudes and periodicities of RSL cycles stored in deltaic stratigraphy remains unknown. Experimental results presented here suggest that extraction of RSL cycles from the physical stratigraphic record requires their magnitudes and periodicities to be greater than the spatial and temporal scales of the internal (autogenic) dynamics of deltas. These results predict stratigraphic storage of information pertaining to RSL cycles during icehouse Earth conditions. However, these thresholds commonly overlap with the magnitudes and periodicities of RSL cycles for major river deltas during greenhouse Earth conditions, suggesting stratigraphic signal shredding. This theory suggests quantitative limits on the range of paleo-RSL information that can be extracted from stratigraphy, which could aid the prediction of deltaic response to climate change.
American Legislative Decision Making and the Size Principle

This article explains why previous empirical tests of the size principle have failed to produce conclusive results. Particular stress is given to seldom considered aspects of constitutional choice; their implications are explored by means of a simple simulation. Then I propose a test of the size principle and report some initial empirical findings based upon this test.
Low Dimensional Carbon Materials for Applications in Mass and Energy Transport

Low dimensional materials are those that possess at least one physical boundary small enough to confine the electrons or phonons. This quantum confinement reduces the dimensionality of the material and imparts unique and novel properties that are not seen in their bulk forms. Examples include quantum dots (0-D), carbon nanotubes (1-D), and graphene (2-D). Accordingly, these materials exhibit new concepts in mass and energy transport that can be exploited for technological applications. In this Perspective, we review several topics related to mass and energy transport in and around carbon-based low dimensional materials. Recent developments in the study of matter being transported through carbon nanotube and graphene nanopores are reviewed, as well as applications of excitonic, thermal, and electronic energy transport in carbon nanotubes. The nanometer-scale interior of a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) has been studied as a unique nanopore, exhibiting periodic ionic conduction currents and dimension...
Structural chemistry and magnetic properties of Nd2BaLiRuO7

The synthesis and characterization of a polycrystalline sample of the n = 2 Ruddlesden-Popper phase Nd 2 BaLiRuO 7 are reported. X-ray and neutron diffraction show that the 6-coordinate sites are occupied by a 1:1 ordered arrangement of Li and Ru, that the 12-coordinate sites within the perovskite-like blocks are occupied by Ba, and that the cation sites on the block edges are occupied by Nd. Transmission electron microscopy shows that this compound is less susceptible to stacking faults then many other n = 2 phases, and 7 Li MAS NMR spectroscopy shows that the environment of the single Li site in the structure is well-defined. The compound is an antiferromagnet below 32 K, with ordered magnetic moments of 2.2(2) μ B and 2.53(8) μ B on the Ru and Nd cations respectively at 2 K.
Tobacco education in U.S. respiratory care programs.

INTRODUCTION Exposure to tobacco smoke impacts the onset or exacerbation of most respiratory disorders, and respiratory therapists are well positioned to identify tobacco use and provide cessation assistance. The purpose of this study was to characterize the level of tobacco cessation education provided to students in U.S. respiratory care training programs. METHODS A national survey of 387 respiratory care programs assessed the extent to which tobacco is addressed in required coursework, methods of instruction, perceived importance, and adequacy of current levels of tobacco education in curricula and perceived barriers to enhancing the tobacco-related education. RESULTS A total of 244 surveys (63.0% response) revealed a median of 165 min (IQR, 88-283) of tobacco education throughout the degree program. Pathophysiology of tobacco-related disease (median, 45 min) is the most extensively covered content area followed by aids for cessation (median, 20 min), assisting patients with quitting (median, 15 min), and nicotine pharmacology and principles of addiction (median, 15 min). More than 40% of respondents believed that latter 3 content areas are inadequately covered in the curriculum. Key barriers to enhancing tobacco training are lack of available curriculum time, lack of faculty expertise, and lack of access to comprehensive evidence-based resources. Nearly three-fourths of the respondents expressed interest in participating in a nationwide effort to enhance tobacco cessation training. CONCLUSIONS Similar to other disciplines, enhanced tobacco cessation education is needed in respiratory care programs to equip graduates with the knowledge and the skills necessary to treat tobacco use and dependence.
MORTALITY PREDICTORS IN PATIENTS REFERRED FOR BUT NOT UNDERGOING TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT

Although transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has expanded the proportion of patients with aortic stenosis (AS) who are candidates for valve replacement, some patients remain untreated, and their outcomes are not clear. We evaluated 172 consecutive patients with severe symptomatic AS referred for TAVR who declined (n = 55) or were not candidates for (n = 117) intervention. We examined clinical and echocardiographic variables associated with mortality. There were 77 deaths, and mean follow-up was 17.9 ± 10.9 months for survivors. Mortality rate at 1 and 2 years was 39.2% and 52.6%, respectively. There was a significant difference in mortality rate between patients who declined the procedure and those who were not candidates (p = 0.001), with 1-year mortality rates of 20.6% and 48.4%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, 4 variables were independently associated with all-cause mortality: New York Heart Association Class IV heart failure (hazard ratio [HR] 2.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.6 to 4.2, p <0.001), glomerular filtration rate <48 ml/min (HR 2.1, 95% CI 1.3 to 3.4, p = 0.002), albumin <3.9 g/dl (HR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2 to 3.1, p = 0.007), and ejection fraction <50% (HR 1.9, 95% CI 1.4 to 3.0, p = 0.01). In this new era with expanded treatment options, patients with severe symptomatic AS who remain untreated after referral for TAVR experience a mortality rate of 39% at 1 year. The presence of advanced heart failure, renal dysfunction, low albumin, and/or left ventricular dysfunction identifies patients at higher risk of mortality.
Catalytic, enantioselective, intramolecular carbosulfenylation of olefins. Preparative and stereochemical aspects.

The first catalytic, enantioselective, intramolecular carbosulfenylation of isolated alkenes with aromatic nucleophiles is described. The combination of N-phenylsulfenylphthalimide, a chiral selenophosphoramide derived from BINAM, and ethanesulfonic acid as a cocatalytic Bronsted acid induced an efficient and selective cyclofunctionalization of various alkenes (aliphatic and aromatic) tethered to a 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl ring. Under these conditions, 6-phenylthio-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalenes are formed diastereospecifically in good yields (50–92%) and high enantioselectivities (71:29–97:3 er). E-Alkenes reacted much more rapidly and with much higher selectivity than Z-alkenes, whereas electron-rich alkenes reacted more rapidly but with comparable selectivity to electron-neutral alkenes and electron-deficient alkenes. The Bronsted acid played a critical role in effecting reproducible enantioselectivity. A model for the origin of enantioselectivity and the dependence of rate and selectivity on alkene st...
Latent classes of sexual behaviors: Prevalence, predictors, and consequences

Scholars of adolescent and emerging adult sexuality have recently begun to study how diverse patterns of sexual behaviors contribute to development and well-being. A person-oriented approach to studying sexual behaviors provides a nuanced understanding of sexual repertoires. The goals of this paper were to document patterns of sexual behaviors ranging from kissing to penetrative sex, and to examine how latent classes of behaviors, gender, and partner type (romantic vs. nonromantic) predict intra- and interpersonal consequences of sexual behaviors. Latent class analysis of a stratified random sample of U.S. college students revealed four classes of sexual behaviors: Kissing Only, Kissing and Touching, All Behaviors, and Oral and Penetrative Only. Compared to individuals in the All Behaviors class, individuals in the Kissing Only class were less likely to experience a positive or a negative intrapersonal consequence of sexual behaviors. Men were less likely to report a negative intrapersonal consequence than women were. Partner type predicted negative interpersonal consequences for the All Behaviors class. Implications are discussed in terms of normative sexual development, prevention, and sexual and relationship education.
Symbolic power and group-making: On Pierre Bourdieu’s reframing of class:

Pierre Bourdieu’s recasting of the question of class exemplifies the major features of his sociology and the way he extends, melds, and mends classical views into a distinctive framework. Bourdieu’s approach is relational, agonistic, and synthetic; it spotlights the symbolic dimension of group formation as practical achievement while fusing theory and research, and it introduces multiple correspondence analysis as a statistical technique suited to grasping constellations of plural capitals. Bourdieu reformulates the problem of domination by questioning the ontological status of collectives and by forging tools for elucidating the politics of group-making: the sociosymbolic alchemy whereby a mental construct is turned into a historical reality through the inculcation of schemata of perception and their deployment to draw, enforce, or contest social boundaries. The article traces the impetus behind the key conceptual shifts Bourdieu effects, from class structure to social space, from class consciousness to ...
Light scattering, field localization and local density of states in co-axial plasmonic nanowires

We systematically investigate the near-field enhancement, scattering and LDOS in concentric circular MIM structures using analytical scattering theory. We find unique confined plasmon modes and large, three orders of magnitude, enhancement of LDOS.
Functional Heart Murmurs

No child should become a psychologic cardiac cripple because of an innocent heart murmur. Such murmurs are audible in more than 75 percent of all children examined. If the significance of the murmur is not obvious on auscultation, further evaluation is necessary. Usually this can be accomplished with an electrocardiogram and radiographic study of the chest, but some cases may require more elaborate hemodynamic studies.
ACD: Action Concept Discovery from Image-Sentence Corpora

Action classification in still images is an important task in computer vision. It is challenging as the appearances of actions may vary depending on their context (e.g. associated objects). Manually labeling of context information would be time consuming and difficult to scale up. To address this challenge, we propose a method to automatically discover and cluster action concepts, and learn their classifiers from weakly supervised image-sentence corpora. It obtains candidate action concepts by extracting verb-object pairs from sentences and verifies their visualness with the associated images. Candidate action concepts are then clustered by using a multi-modal representation with image embeddings from deep convolutional networks and text embeddings from word2vec. More than one hundred human action concept classifiers are learned from the Flickr 30k dataset with no additional human effort and promising classification results are obtained. We further apply the AdaBoost algorithm to automatically select and combine relevant action concepts given an action query. Promising results have been shown on the PASCAL VOC 2012 action classification benchmark, which has zero overlap with Flickr30k.
Intensity Ratio of Resonant Raman Modes for (n , m) Enriched Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes

Relative intensities of resonant Raman spectral features, specifically the radial breathing mode (RBM) and G modes, of 11, chirality-enriched, single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) species were established under second-order optical transition excitation. The results demonstrate an under-recognized complexity in the evaluation of Raman spectra for the assignment of (n,m) population distributions. Strong chiral angle and mod dependencies affect the intensity ratio of the RBM to G modes and can result in misleading interpretations. Furthermore, we report five additional (n,m) values for the chirality-dependent G+ and G– Raman peak positions and intensity ratios; thereby extending the available data to cover more of the smaller diameter regime by including the (5,4) second-order, resonance Raman spectra. Together, the Raman spectral library is demonstrated to be sufficient for decoupling G peaks from multiple species via a spectral fitting process, and enables fundamental characterization even in mixed chiral ...
Phase III Trial Evaluating Letrozole As First-Line Endocrine Therapy With or Without Bevacizumab for the Treatment of Postmenopausal Women With Hormone Receptor–Positive Advanced-Stage Breast Cancer: CALGB 40503 (Alliance)

PurposeTo investigate whether anti–vascular endothelial growth factor therapy with bevacizumab prolongs progression-free survival (PFS) when added to first-line letrozole as treatment of hormone receptor–positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC).Patients and MethodsWomen with hormone receptor–positive MBC were randomly assigned 1:1 in a multicenter, open-label, phase III trial of letrozole (2.5 mg orally per day) with or without bevacizumab (15 mg/kg intravenously once every 3 weeks) within strata defined by measurable disease and disease-free interval. This trial had 90% power to detect a 50% improvement in median PFS from 6 to 9 months. Using a one-sided α = .025, a target sample size of 352 patients was planned.ResultsFrom May 2008 to November 2011, 350 women were recruited; 343 received treatment and were observed for efficacy and safety. Median age was 58 years (range, 25 to 87 years). Sixty-two percent had measurable disease, and 45% had de novo MBC. At a median follow-up of 39 months, the addition of...
A Note on the Structure of Roller Coaster Permutations

In this paper we consider the structure of a special class of permutations known as roller coaster permutations, first introduced by Ahmed & Snevily (2013). A roller coaster permutation is described as, a permutation that maximizes the total switches from ascending to descending, or visa versa, for the permutation as well as all of its subpermutations, simultaneously. This paper looks at the structure of these permutations, particularly the alternating structure, what the entires of these permutations can look like, we then introduce a notion of a condition stronger than alternating that we shall refer to as recursively alternating.
A Deep Learning Approach to Link Prediction in Dynamic Networks.

Time varying problems usually have complex underlying structures represented as dynamic networks where entities and relationships appear and disappear over time. The problem of efficiently performing dynamic link inference is extremely challenging due to the dynamic nature in massive evolving networks especially when there exist sparse connectivities and nonlinear transitional patterns. In this paper, we propose a novel deep learning framework, i.e., Conditional Temporal Restricted Boltzmann Machine (ctRBM), which predicts links based on individual transition variance as well as influence introduced by local neighbors. The proposed model is robust to noise and have the exponential capability to capture nonlinear variance. We tackle the computational challenges by developing an efficient algorithm for learning and inference of the proposed model. To improve the efficiency of the approach, we give a faster approximated implementation based on a proposed Neighbor Influence Clustering algorithm. Extensive experiments on simulated as well as real-world dynamic networks show that the proposed method outperforms existing algorithms in link inference on dynamic networks.
Concise Enantioselective Synthesis of Oxygenated Steroids via Sequential Copper(II)-Catalyzed Michael Addition/Intramolecular Aldol Cyclization Reactions.

A new scalable enantioselective approach to functionalized oxygenated steroids is described. This strategy is based on chiral bis(oxazoline) copper(II) complex-catalyzed enantioselective and diastereoselective Michael reactions of cyclic ketoesters and enones to install vicinal quaternary and tertiary stereocenters. In addition, the utility of copper(II) salts as highly active catalysts for the Michael reactions of traditionally unreactive β,β′-enones and substituted β,β′-ketoesters that results in unprecedented Michael adducts containing vicinal all-carbon quaternary centers is also demonstrated. The Michael adducts subsequently undergo base-promoted diastereoselective aldol cascade reactions resulting in the natural or unnatural steroid skeletons. The experimental and computational studies suggest that the torsional strain effects arising from the presence of the Δ5-unsaturation are key controlling elements for the formation of the natural cardenolide scaffold. The described method enables expedient gen...
Electrophoresis of proteins of irradiated mouse chimeras.

A comparative study was made of the proteins in various tissues of Sprague-Dawley rats and (101 x C3H)F/sub 1/ mice. The results were used as a basis for studying changes in the protein patterns in tissues of rat-mouse chimeras: i.e., (101 x C3H)F/sub 1/ mice were given 950 r of x rays and then received an injection of bone marrow from Sprague-Dawley rats. Electrophoretic mobilities of rat proteins extracted from the bone marrow, spleen, lymph node, and thymus of chimeras and rats were similar. The quantity of rat proteins and the rate and time at which they appeared in different hematopoietic organs were quite different. Some mouse-type proteins not found in chimera tissues examined 30 days after treatment were frequently present on the 50th day or later, which suggests regression of the graft. The results are consistent with the idea that rat-type proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm of transplanted rat cells are controlled by the genotype of these cells, even in a mouse environment. They also indicate that there are organ-specific differences, in the rate and degree of replacement of transplanted cells, that require further investigation. (auth)
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSMS

Intracranial aneurysms are lesions with high morbidity and mortality, but in most cases represent treatable disease. Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging and in some cases MR angiography can make valuable contributions to their diagnosis and characterization. The ultimate tool for imaging these lesions, however, remains catheter angiography. This article focuses on saccular aneurysms, with a brief discussion on atherosclerotic fusiform aneurysms and mycotic aneurysms.
NAVIGATION: TRACKING YOUR WAY HOME

Navigation has been felt to play a role in a number of THA issues. These issues include: 1) Instability-Dislocation; 2) Leg Length discrepancy; 3) Impingement and its impact on range of motion and wear; 3) gait mechanics; and 4) less invasive surgery. Navigation requires that anatomic landmarks be accurately identified. This can be done using images obtained either pre-operatively or intra-operatively (image-based navigation) or using intra-operative techniques for registering the relevant bony anatomy (image-free). The suggested advantages of imaged-based navigation are that is potentially very accurate, makes registering bone landmarks relatively easy and provides information about relevant anatomic landmarks that are not visible during surgery. The disadvantages of image-based navigation are that the acquisition of pre-operative imaging may be inconvenient or cumbersome, the imaging may be associated with increased radiation exposure, the imaging may be associated with additional costs and the pre-operative planning carried out on the imaging may be elaborate and time consuming. The advantages of image-free navigation are that no special pre-operative planning is required, no special imaging is necessary and the intra-operative workflow is consistent with the routine performance of a THA. However, image free registration techniques may be unreliable or inaccurate and the information obtained with image-free registration techniques is limited. When surgeons proficient in the technique perform image free navigation, positioning of the acetabular component is more accurate and consistent than that achieved using manual techniques. However, this increased accuracy has not been associated with a reduction in hip dislocations and has not had a measurable impact on short-term clinical outcomes. However, navigation is an accurate measurement tool that can be used to validate other computer-based technologies (e.g. patient specific guides). Navigation is also essential to the performance of robotic hip surgery. It is in this latter capacity that navigation may prove most useful to the hip surgeon.
COCONET: Co-operative Cache Driven Overlay NETwork for p2p Vod Streaming

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) approaches are gaining increasing popularity for video streaming applications due to their potential for Internet-level scalability. P2P VoD (Video On-Demand) applications pose more technical challenges than P2P live streaming since the peers are less synchronized over time as the playing position varies widely across the total video length along with the requirement to support VCR operations such as random seek, Fast-Forward and Backward (FF/FB). We propose COCONET in this paper, which uses a distributed cache partly contributed by each participant thereby achieving a random content distribution pattern independent of the playing position. It also achieves an O(1) search efficiency for any random seek and FF/FB operation to any video segment across the total video stream with very low maintenance cost through any streaming overlay size. Performance evaluation by simulation indicates the effectiveness of COCONET to support our claim.
Implications of aggregation with common factors

Many observed macrovariables are simple aggregates over a large number of microunits. It is pointed out that the generating process of the macrovariables is largely determined by the common factors in the generating mechanisms of the microvariables, even though these factors may be very unimportant at the microlevel. It follows that macrorelationships are simpler than the complete microrelationships, but that empirical investigations of microrelationships may not catch those components, containing common factors, which will determine the macrorelationship. It is also shown that an aggregate expectation or forecast is simply the common factor component of the individual agents' expectations.
The Impact of Price Regulations on Farm-Retail Price Transmission: The Case of Fluid Milk

This article analyzes the impact of federal and state milk pricing regulations on cost past through in the U.S. fluid milk market. Producer pricing in the fluid milk market is regulated by federal and/or state milk marketing regulations while the retailer price is influenced in some geographic locations by state regulations ranging from minimum to maximum pricing policies. The regulation either aims to support local dairy farmers or protect consumers from price gouging, either of which could also affect the response of retail milk prices to farm price changes. We use monthly state-level retail milk pricing data across the US from 2006 to 2011 to estimate the nonreversible function of farm-retail price transmission using the Houck (1977) procedure. Specifically, our model includes increasing and decreasing accumulated farm price changes with an expansion to include interaction terms of pricing regulations. This modeling approach allows us to explore the influences of price regulations on the farm-retail price transmission. The results indicate that pricing regulations have a significant influence on price transmission, regardless of the type of regulation. Minimum price laws have the strongest mitigation power of the asymmetries in farm-retail price transmission, while a maximum price law has an amplifying effect.
State secretaries reform in Ukraine : attempt to delineate responsibilities between ministers and senior civil servants

The relationship between politicians and senior officials has been on the reform agenda in many countries, often on the premise that balance between technical, nonpartisan appointments and ensuring the responsiveness of public servants to the policies of the current government could be improved (Matheson et al. 2007). This paper examines an attempt to de-politicize senior civil service in Ukraine through the introduction of state secretaries, to understand whether the diagnosis of imbalance in this political/administrative interface was correct, and why the reform failed. The paper draws on a survey of government officials and experts as well as legal acts, available documents, articles, and personal interviews. The paper concludes that politicized civil service was a problem of form rather than function—the immediate problem was the undefined political role of the executive. It led to compression of the roles of policy makers and senior civil servants, making the reform ultimately irrelevant.
Strategic Patient Discharge: The Case of Long-Term Care Hospitals

Medicare's prospective payment system for long-term acute-care hospitals (LTCHs) provides modest reimbursements at the beginning of a patient's stay before jumping discontinuously to a large lump-sum payment after a prespecified number of days. We show that LTCHs respond to the financial incentives of this system by disproportionately discharging patients after they cross the large-payment threshold. We find this occurs more often at for-profit facilities, facilities acquired by leading LTCH chains, and facilities colocated with other hospitals. Using a dynamic structural model, we evaluate counterfactual payment policies that would provide substantial savings for Medicare.
Altered sagittal- and frontal-plane kinematics following high-intensity stepping training versus conventional interventions in subacute stroke

Background Common locomotor deficits observed in people poststroke include decreased speeds and abnormal kinematics, characterized by altered symmetry, reduced sagittal-plane joint excursions, and use of compensatory frontal-plane behaviors during the swing phase of gait. Conventional interventions utilized to mitigate these deficits often incorporate low-intensity, impairment-based or functional exercises focused on normalizing kinematics, although the efficacy of these strategies is unclear. Conversely, higher-intensity training protocols that provide only stepping practice and do not focus on kinematics have demonstrated gains in walking function, although minimal attention toward gait quality may be concerning and has not been assessed. Objective The present study evaluated changes in spatiotemporal and joint kinematics following experimental, high-intensity stepping training compared with conventional interventions. Design Kinematic data were combined from a randomized controlled trial comparing experimental and conventional training and from a pilot experimental training study. Methods Individuals with gait deficits 1 to 6 months poststroke received up to 40 sessions of either high-intensity stepping training in variable contexts or conventional lower-intensity interventions. Analyses focused on kinematic changes during graded treadmill testing before and following training. Results Significant improvements in speed, symmetry, and selected sagittal-plane kinematics favored experimental training over conventional training, although increases in compensatory strategies also were observed. Changes in many kinematic patterns were correlated with speed changes, and increased compensatory behaviors were associated with both stride length gains and baseline impairments. Limitations Limitations include a small sample size and use of multiple statistical comparisons. Conclusions Improved speeds and selected kinematics were observed following high-intensity training, although such training also resulted in increased use of compensatory strategies. Future studies should explore the consequences of utilizing these compensatory strategies despite the observed functional gains.
A Structurally Dynamic Region of the HslU Intermediate Domain Controls Protein Degradation and ATP Hydrolysis

The I domain of HslU sits above the AAA+ ring and forms a funnel-like entry to the axial pore, where protein substrates are engaged, unfolded, and translocated into HslV for degradation. The L199Q I-domain substitution, which was originally reported as a loss-of-function mutation, resides in a segment that appears to adopt multiple conformations as electron density is not observed in HslU and HslUV crystal structures. The L199Q sequence change does not alter the structure of the AAA+ ring or its interactions with HslV but increases I-domain susceptibility to limited endoproteolysis. Notably, the L199Q mutation increases the rate of ATP hydrolysis substantially, results in slower degradation of some proteins but faster degradation of other substrates, and markedly changes the preference of HslUV for initiating degradation at the N or C terminus of model substrates. Thus, a structurally dynamic region of the I domain plays a key role in controlling protein degradation by HslUV.
Discrepancies in parent and teacher ratings of low-income preschooler's social skills

ABSTRACTParent–teacher rating discrepancies in rating of children's social skills were examined in a low-income, ethnically diverse preschool sample, using the Social Skills Improvement System-Rating Scales [Gresham, F. M., & Elliott, S. N. (2008). Social Skills Improvement System – Rating Scales. Minneapolis, MN: Pearson Assessments]. Participants included 663 preschool children (326 male, 336 female, M = 3.51 years, SD = 0.50) rated in the Fall of their preschool year. Children were drawn from 68 classrooms in 13 preschool sites. The results indicated that mean parent ratings were significantly greater than mean teacher ratings for the Social Skills Scale. The mean parent–teacher ratings were not significantly different for the Problem Behaviours Scale. Follow-up analyses indicated that parent–teacher ratings differed across six of the seven Social Skills sub-scales. These differences were significantly associated with family income. Implications for parents, teachers, and educational policy are explored.
Does quantum mechanics carry the seeds of its own destruction

Quantum mechanics is the most powerful theory of physics. It was John Bell's view, however, that no formulation of orthodox quantum mechanics is free of fatal flaws. While fully recognising the theory's indisputable utilitarian success, Bell was convinced that its failings meant that "something is rotten in the state of Denmark". Indeed, as many know from personal experience, he was in the habit of proclaiming that quantum mechanics is "rotten". What I do not know is whether he chose this particular adjective as a veiled condemnation of the House of Bohr.
Temporary Loan Limits as a Natural Experiment in Federal Housing Administration Insurance

AbstractThe Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 dramatically but temporarily increased the mortgage loan amount eligible for insurance through the Federal Housing Administration (FHA). We use the implementation and expiration of these loan limits as a source of exogenous variation in the availability of FHA insurance to measure the impact on the overall mortgage market and conventional lending. We find that the introduction of higher loan limits increased the number of loan originations, but that the expiration of those loan limits roughly 6 years later did not significantly decrease affected loan originations. The substitution between loan products and small net impact on the overall mortgage market when the ESA loan limits expired may be explained by the return of a stronger conventional lending industry than existed during the housing crisis.
Speckle-Based Spectrometers

The speckle pattern, produced by a random scattering medium or a multimode fiber/waveguide, is sensitive to wavelength and used as a fingerprint to recover the spectrum. We achieve high spectral resolution with small footprint.
Ultrafast X-ray probe of dynamics in chromium

We apply ultrafast soft X-ray (SXR) magnetic spectroscopy to reveal the competition between different spin states in photoexcited antiferromagnetic (AFM) chromium (Cr) metal in a broad temperature range above the spin flip transition.
Deep learning in color: towards automated quark/gluon jet discrimination

Artificial intelligence offers the potential to automate challenging data-processing tasks in collider physics. To establish its prospects, we explore to what extent deep learning with convolutional neural networks can discriminate quark and gluon jets better than observables designed by physicists. Our approach builds upon the paradigm that a jet can be treated as an image, with intensity given by the local calorimeter deposits. We supplement this construction by adding color to the images, with red, green and blue intensities given by the transverse momentum in charged particles, transverse momentum in neutral particles, and pixel-level charged particle counts. Overall, the deep networks match or outperform traditional jet variables. We also find that, while various simulations produce different quark and gluon jets, the neural networks are surprisingly insensitive to these differences, similar to traditional observables. This suggests that the networks can extract robust physical information from imperfect simulations.
Utilization of automatic differentiation in control algorithms

Symbolic languages are increasingly being used in the analysis and implementation of control algorithms. Many of these control procedures involve some type of differentiation or Jacobian formulation. Automatic differentiation provides an alternative means of computing this information which is rarely considered in the control literature. This correspondence discusses the use of automatic differentiation. Numerical results comparing the use of automatic differentiation and symbolic approaches in the context of a particular nonlinear control system are given. >
Temperature dependence of the magnetic excitations in Gd

Abstract Magnetic excitation spectra were measured for Gd in the 〈00l〉 and 〈hh0〉 directions over the temperature range from 9 to 320 K (Tc=292.7 K). Spin-wave-like modes are observed at T ⩾ Tc. The critical wavevector for the appearance of these modes is proportional to the inverse correlation length.
Finding cancer subtypes in microarray data using random projections

Abstract One of the benefits of profiling cancer samples using microarrays is the generation of molecular fingerprints that will define subtypes of disease. Such subgroups have typically been found in microarray data using hierarchical clustering. A major problem in the interpretation of the output is determining the number of clusters. We approach the problem of determining disease subtypes using mixture models. A novel estimation procedure for the parameters in the mixture model is developed based on a combination of random projections and the expectation–maximization algorithm. Because the approach is probabilistic, our method provides a measure for the number of true clusters in a given dataset. We illustrate our proposal with applications to both simulated and real microarray data.
Optimal repair schemes for some families of full-length reed-solomon codes

Reed-Solomon codes have found many applications in practical storage systems, but were until recently considered unsuitable for distributed storage applications due to the widely-held belief that they have poor repair bandwidth. The work of Guruswami and Wootters (STOC'16) has shown that one can actually perform bandwidth-efficient linear repair with Reed-Solomon codes: When the codes are over the field F q t and the number of parities r ≥ qs, where (t − s) divides t, there exists a linear scheme that achieves a repair bandwidth of (n − 1)(t − s) logg q bits. We extend this result by showing the existence of such a linear repair scheme for every 1 ≤ s t and r = qs. Additionally, we improve the lower bound on the repair bandwidth for Reed-Solomon codes, also established in the work of Guruswami and Wootters.
Data‐driven learning and planning for environmental sampling

Robots such as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and autonomous surface vehicles (ASVs) have been used for sensing and monitoring aquatic environments such as oceans and lakes. Environmental sampling is a challenging task because the environmental attributes to be observed can vary both spatially and temporally, and the target environment is usually a large and continuous domain whereas the sampling data is typically sparse and limited. The challenges require that the sampling method must be informative and efficient enough to catch up with the environmental dynamics. In this paper we present a planning and learning method that enables a sampling robot to perform persistent monitoring tasks by learning and refining a dynamic "data map" that models a spatiotemporal environment attribute such as ocean salinity content. Our environmental sampling framework consists of two components: to maximize the information collected, we propose an informative planning component that efficiently generates sampling waypoints that contain the maximal information; To alleviate the computational bottleneck caused by large-scale data accumulated, we develop a component based on a sparse Gaussian Process whose hyperparameters are learned online by taking advantage of only a subset of data that provides the greatest contribution. We validate our method with both simulations running on real ocean data and field trials with an ASV in a lake environment. Our experiments show that the proposed framework is both accurate in learning the environmental data map and efficient in catching up with the dynamic environmental changes.
Class of Baer ∗-rings defined by a relaxed set of axioms

Abstract We consider a class C of Baer ∗-rings (also treated in [S.K. Berberian, Baer ∗-Rings, Grundlehren Math. Wiss., vol. 195, Springer, Berlin, 1972] and [L. Vas, Dimension and torsion theories for a class of Baer ∗-rings, J. Algebra 289 (2005) 614–639]) defined by nine axioms, the last two of which are particularly strong. We prove that the ninth axiom follows from the first seven. This gives an affirmative answer to the question of S.K. Berberian if a Baer ∗-ring R satisfies the first seven axioms, is the matrix ring M n ( R ) a Baer ∗-ring.
Flats and submersions in non-negative curvature

We find constraints on the extent to which O'Neill's horizontal curvature equa- tion can be used to create positive curvature on the base space of a Riemannian submersion. In particular, we study when K. Tapp's theorem on Riemannian submersions of compact Lie groupswithbi-invariantmetricsgeneralizestoarbitrarymanifoldsofnon-negativecurvature.
Sharp Asymptotics for KPP Pulsating Front Speed-Up and Diffusion Enhancement by Flows

We study KPP pulsating front speed-up and effective diffusivity enhancement by general periodic incompressible flows. We prove the existence of and determine the limits \({c^*_{e}(A)/A}\) and De(A)/A2 as the flow amplitude A → ∞, with \({c^*_{e}(A)}\) the minimal front speed and De(A) the effective diffusivity in direction e.
Optimality of the Neighbor Joining Algorithm and Faces of the Balanced Minimum Evolution Polytope

Balanced minimum evolution (BME) is a statistically consistent distance-based method to reconstruct a phylogenetic tree from an alignment of molecular data. In 2000, Pauplin showed that the BME method is equivalent to optimizing a linear functional over the BME polytope, the convex hull of the BME vectors obtained from Pauplin’s formula applied to all binary trees. The BME method is related to the Neighbor Joining (NJ) Algorithm, now known to be a greedy optimization of the BME principle. Further, the NJ and BME algorithms have been studied previously to understand when the NJ Algorithm returns a BME tree for small numbers of taxa. In this paper we aim to elucidate the structure of the BME polytope and strengthen knowledge of the connection between the BME method and NJ Algorithm. We first prove that any subtree-prune-regraft move from a binary tree to another binary tree corresponds to an edge of the BME polytope. Moreover, we describe an entire family of faces parameterized by disjoint clades. We show that these clade-faces are smaller dimensional BME polytopes themselves. Finally, we show that for any order of joining nodes to form a tree, there exists an associated distance matrix (i.e., dissimilarity map) for which the NJ Algorithm returns the BME tree. More strongly, we show that the BME cone and every NJ cone associated to a tree T have an intersection of positive measure.
Gamma benzene hexachloride toxicity: A review

Scabies major health problem. Currently, the most frequently used antiscabetic substance is a lotion containing 1% of the pesticide, gamma benzene hexachloride (lindane). Because of its widespread use in humans and because of some anecdotal communications suggesting that toxic reactions may have been observed in children treated for scabies with gamma benzene hexachloride, we felt it would be of interest to review toxicity of the substance and examine the indications and methods currently recommended for its use. Gamma benzene hexachloride is the y isomer of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCCH). It is the chlorine analogue of muco-inositol. 1 It is a nonaromatic compound whose physical properties are given in the Figure. Gamma benzene hexachloride is present in several products sold under a number of trade names. Although gamma benzene hexachloride was probably first synthesized by Michael Faraday in 1825, the pure alpha, beta, gamma, and delta isomers were not prepared until 1943 by
Effect of growth interruption on surface recombination velocity in GaInAsSb/AlGaAsSb heterostructures grown by organometallic vapor-phase epitaxy

Abstract The effects of growth interruption on interfacial quality of GaInAsSb/AlGaAsSb heterostructures grown by organometallic vapor-phase epitaxy are reported. In situ reflectance monitoring and ex situ characterization by high-resolution X-ray diffraction, 4 K photoluminescence (PL), and time-resolved PL indicate that GaInAsSb is extremely sensitive to growth interruption time as well as the ambient atmosphere during interruption. By optimizing the growth switching sequence, surface recombination velocity as low as 30 cm/s was achieved for GaInAsSb/AlGaAsSb double heterostructures.
Happiness is Flextime

We study how work a schedule flexibility (flextime) affects happiness. We use a US General Social Survey (GSS) pooled dataset containing the Quality of Worklife and Work Orientations modules for 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, and 2014. We retain only respondents who are either full-time or part-time employees on payrolls. For flextime to be associated with greater happiness, it has to be more than just sometimes flexible or slight input into one’s work schedule, that is, little flextime does not increase happiness. But substantial flextime has a large effect on happiness–the size effect is about as large as that of household income, or about as large as a one-step increase in self-reported health, such as up from good to excellent health. Our findings provide support for both public and organizational policies that would promote greater work schedule flexibility or control for employees.
A maternal-effect selfish genetic element in Caenorhabditis elegans

Selfish genetic elements spread in natural populations and have an important role in genome evolution. We discovered a selfish element causing embryonic lethality in crosses between wild strains of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans . The element is made up of sup-35 , a maternal-effect toxin that kills developing embryos, and pha-1 , its zygotically expressed antidote. pha-1 has long been considered essential for pharynx development on the basis of its mutant phenotype, but this phenotype arises from a loss of suppression of sup-35 toxicity. Inactive copies of the sup-35/pha-1 element show high sequence divergence from active copies, and phylogenetic reconstruction suggests that they represent ancestral stages in the evolution of the element. Our results suggest that other essential genes identified by genetic screens may turn out to be components of selfish elements.