cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulated tyrosine phosphorylation at the tips of growth cone filopodia

Several types of evidence suggest that protein-tyrosine phosphorylation is important during the growth of neuronal processes, but few specific roles, or subcellular localizations suggestive of such roles, have been defined. We report here a localization of tyrosine-phosphorylated protein at the tips of growth cone filopodia. Immunocytochemistry using a mAb to phosphorylated tyrosine residues revealed intense staining of the tips of most filopodia of Aplysia axons growing slowly on a polylysine substrate, but of few filopodia of axons growing rapidly on a substrate coated with Aplysia hemolymph, which has growth-promoting material. Cytochalasin D, which causes F-actin to withdraw rapidly from the growth cone, caused the tyrosine-phosphorylated protein to withdraw rapidly from filopodia, suggesting that the protein associates or interacts with actin filaments. Phosphotyrosine has previously been found concentrated at adherens junctions, where bundles of actin filaments terminate, but video-enhanced contrast-differential interference contrast and confocal interference reflection microscopy demonstrated that the filopodial tips were not adherent to the substrate. Acute application of either hemolymph or inhibitors of protein-tyrosine kinases to neurons on polylysine resulted in a rapid loss of intense staining at filopodial tips concomitant with a lengthening of the filopodia (and their core bundles of actin filaments). These results demonstrate that tyrosine-phosphorylated protein can be concentrated at the barbed ends of actin filaments in a context other than an adherens junction, indicate an association between changes in phosphorylation and filament dynamics, and provide evidence for tyrosine phosphorylation as a signaling mechanism in the filopodium that can respond to environmental cues controlling growth cone dynamics.
Exploring methods to improve access to Music resources by aligning library Data with Linked Data: A report of methodologies and preliminary findings

As a part of a research project aiming to connect library data to the unfamiliar data sets available in the Linked Data (LD) community's CKAN Data Hub (thedatahub.org), this project collected, analyzed, and mapped properties used in describing and accessing music recordings, scores, and music-related information used by selected music LD data sets, library catalogs, and various digital collections created by libraries and other cultural institutions. This article reviews current efforts to connect music data through the Semantic Web, with an emphasis on the Music Ontology (MO) and ontology alignment approaches; it also presents a framework for understanding the life cycle of a musical work, focusing on the central activities of composition, performance, and use. The project studied metadata structures and properties of 11 music-related LD data sets and mapped them to the descriptions commonly used in the library cataloging records for sound recordings and musical scores (including MARC records and their extended schema.org markup), and records from 20 collections of digitized music recordings and scores (featuring a variety of metadata structures). The analysis resulted in a set of crosswalks and a unified crosswalk that aligns these properties. The paper reports on detailed methodologies used and discusses research findings and issues. Topics of particular concern include (a) the challenges of mapping between the overgeneralized descriptions found in library data and the specialized, music-oriented properties present in the LD data sets; (b) the hidden information and access points in library data; and (c) the potential benefits of enriching library data through the mapping of properties found in library catalogs to similar properties used by LD data sets.
Rare-earth ion distribution in sol–gel glasses co-doped with Al3+

Abstract Terbium spectroscopy is used to probe clustering of rare earth (RE) ions in sol–gel glasses. We use pulsed laser experiments to study energy transfer among Tb 3+ dopants, and analyze the fluorescence decay curves using the Inokuti–Hirayama model. The analysis yields new insights about the role of Al 3+ co-doping. Assuming a multipolar interaction, we derive an effective Tb 3+ concentration for a series of samples with varying amounts of RE. When actual doping concentration is varied over 2 orders of magnitude, the effective Tb 3+ concentration of centers that emit light changes by only a factor of 10. The results indicate that Al 3+ co-doping is only effective at dispersing RE ions when the ratio of Al:RE is 10:1 or greater. At higher RE concentrations, most ions reside in clusters; 5 D 3 fluorescence is observed from a minority of isolated ions. This interpretation contradicts earlier work that used fluorescence line narrowing to demonstrate that Al 3+ co-doping caused RE dispersal at high doping levels.
Killing by Ampicillin and Ofloxacin Induces Overlapping Changes in Escherichia coli Transcription Profile

The basis of bactericidal versus bacteriostatic action of antibiotics and the mechanism of bacterial cell death are largely unknown. Related to this important issue is the essential invulnerability to killing of persisters: cells forming a small subpopulation largely responsible for the recalcitrance of biofilms to chemotherapy. To learn whether death is accompanied by changes in expression of particular genes, we compared transcription profiles of log-phase Escherichia coli treated with bactericidal concentrations of two unrelated antibiotics: ampicillin and ofloxacin. Massive changes in transcription profile were observed in response to either agent, and there was a significant overlap in genes whose transcription was affected. A small group of mostly uncharacterized genes was induced and a much larger set was transcriptionally repressed by both antibiotics. Among the repressed genes were those required for flagellar synthesis, energy metabolism, transport of small molecules, and protein synthesis.
On the classification of extremal even formally self-dual codes of lengths 20 and 22

Abstract In this paper we prove that there are exactly 7 inequivalent [20,10,6] even extremal formally self-dual binary codes and that there are over 1000 inequivalent [22,11,6] even extremal formally self-dual binary codes. We give properties of these codes and present a summary of what is known about the classification of even extremal formally self-dual codes of small length.
Factors that Influence Physicians’ and Medical Students’ Confidence in Counseling Patients About Physical Activity

Less than half of US adults and two-thirds of US high school students do not meet current US guidelines for physical activity. We examined which factors promoted physicians' and medical students' confidence in counseling patients about physical activity. We established an online exercise survey targeting attending physicians, resident and fellow physicians, and medical students to determine their current level of physical activity and confidence in counseling patients about physical activity. We compared their personal level of physical activity with the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines of the US Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS). We administered a survey in 2009 and 2010 that used the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. A total of 1,949 individuals responded to the survey, of whom 1,751 (i.e., 566 attending physicians, 138 fellow physicians, 806 resident physicians, and 215 medical students) were included in this analysis. After adjusting for their BMI, the odds that physicians and medical students who met USDHHS guidelines for vigorous activity would express confidence in their ability to provide exercise counseling were more than twice that of physicians who did not meet these guidelines. Individuals who were overweight were less likely to be confident than those with normal BMI, after adjusting for whether they met the vigorous exercise guidelines. Physicians with obesity were even less likely to express confidence in regards to exercise counseling. We conclude that physicians and medical students who had a normal BMI and met vigorous USDHHS guidelines were more likely to feel confident about counseling their patients about physical activity. Our findings suggest that graduate medical school education should focus on health promotion in their students, as this will likely lead to improved health behaviors in their students' patient populations.
Efficacy of alpha-adrenergic agonist therapy for prevention of pediatric neurocardiogenic syncope.

Objectives. The purpose of our study was to determine whether alpha-adrenergic agonist therapy could prevent neurocardiogenic syncope in pediatric patients. Background. Recent reports from adult patients suggest that withdrawal of alpha-sympathetic stimulation contributes to neurocardiogenic syncope. Methods. Sixteen young patients (mean age 13.1 years, range 7 years 10 months to 17 years 10 months) with recurrent syncope and a positive baseline head-up tilt response were studied. After a positive baseline tilt response, phenylephrine was infused and repeat tilt was performed for 30 min or until the test result was positive. At discharge, patients were followed up on a regimen of oral pseudoephedrine to evaluate treatment effectiveness and side effects. Results. During baseline tilt, seven patients experienced vasodepressor syncope, seven had mixed vasodepressor-cardioinhibitory syncope and two had cardioinhibitory responses. All patients became symptomatic, reproducing their clinical symptoms. Baseline mean arterial pressure decreased slightly immediately on tilt testing and significantly at the end point (82 ± 13 vs. 77 ± 18 vs. 30 ± 14 mm Hg, respectively, p < 0.0001). Although heart rate varied, the changes were not statistically significant (78 ± 17 vs. 105 ± 19 vs. 87 ± 46 beats/min, respectively, p = NS). Phenylephrine was infused (mean 1.74, range 0.6 to 3.0 μg/kg per min) as patients underwent follow-up tilt testing. Fifteen patients remained asymptomatic without hemodynamic changes; the remaining patient manifested a blunted mixed response. During phenylephrine infusion, heart rate (64 ± 12 vs. 81 ± 17 vs. 76 ± 16 beats/min, respectively, p = NS) and mean arterial pressure (96 ± 15 vs. 83 ± 19 vs. 80 ± 18 mm Hg, respectively, p = NS) did not change. During outpatient oral pseudoephedrine treatment (mean 11.7, range 6 to 14) 15 of 16 patients reported that their clinical condition was controlled without side effects. Conclusions. Alpha-adrenergic stimulation prevents pediatric neurocardiogenic syncope. Intravenous phenylephrine prevents neurocardiogenic syncope during head-up tilt, despite reflex vagal bradycardia. Oral pseudoephedrine alleviates symptoms in patients with neurocardiogenic syncope without causing significant side effects.
Instrumentation: Automated board testing: Coping with complex circuits: As printed circuit boards become harder to test due to VLSI components, automated systems and new design techniques are coming to the rescue

As printed-circuit boards become harder to test due to VLSI components, automated systems and new design techniques are coming to the rescue. The author outlines the use of automatic test equipment (ATE).
Phonological correlates of middle-ear involvement in speech-delayed children: a methodological note.

The purpose of this note is to illustrate the potential contribution of phonological analysis to the study of the origins of developmental phonological disorders (delayed speech). Speech samples fr...
A Class of Symplectic Integrators with Adaptive Time Step for Separable Hamiltonian Systems

Symplectic integration algorithms are well suited for long-term integrations of Hamiltonian systems, because they preserve the geometric structure of the Hamiltonian flow. However, this desirable property is generally lost when adaptive time step control is added to a symplectic integrator. We describe an adaptive time step, symplectic integrator that can be used if the Hamiltonian is the sum of kinetic and potential energy components and the required time step depends only on the potential energy (e.g., test-particle integrations in fixed potentials). In particular, we describe an explicit, reversible, symplectic, leapfrog integrator for a test particle in a near-Keplerian potential; this integrator has a time step proportional to distance from the attracting mass and has the remarkable property of integrating orbits in an inverse-square force field with only "along-track" errors; i.e., the phase-space shape of a Keplerian orbit is reproduced exactly, but the orbital period is in error by O(N-2), where N is the number of steps per period.
Algebras defined by patterns of zeros

Abstract If X is any set and T any subset of X×X, call V(T) the vector space of all functions with support T and values in a field of characteristic zero. The main theorem below shows that a necessary and sufficient condition that V(T) admit (and be closed under) a convolution f*g(x,y)=Σf(x, z) g(z, y), sum over all z∈X, is that T be a locally finite transitive relation. One special corollary is that, if V(T) consists of upper triangular (finite or infinite) matrices and contains the identity, then there is such a convolution if and only if V(T) is the incidence algebra, as defined by Rota, of the locally finite partial order T.
GREEN'S FUNCTION SYNTHESIS FOR SANDWICHED DISTRIBUTED PARAMETER SYSTEMS

Abstract Dynamic Green's functions for a class of layered distributed parameter systems are derived using a new method. The resulting system Green's function, which is comprised of the elemental Green's function of each of the substructures, defines the dynamics of the fully coupled system. Green's functions for sandwiched beams with both identical and different layer properties are derived. The result, which retains the accuracy of the elemental Green's functions, isexactfor systems of Euler–Bernoulli beams. The application of the method to systems of other layered structures is immediate as long as the elemental Green's functions of the substructures are known.
Reflectometer for the Vacuum Ultraviolet

A newly designed device for the measurement of absolute reflectance in the vacuum ultraviolet region is discussed. Notable features of this reflectometer are compactness and simplicity. The source and monochromator with which the reflectometer is used are also discussed. The system produces data in the wavelength range 800 to 2500 A at any angle of incidence between 15° and 80°. A sample reflectance curve for a crystal of KCl is shown.
Analysis of Cavitation in a Near-γ Titanium Aluminide During High-Temperature/Superplastic Deformation

The superplastic flow behavior of a near-{gamma} titanium aluminide (Ti-45.5 Al-2Cr-2Nb) is determined under uniaxial tension in as-rolled or rolled-and-heat treated conditions (1,177 C/4 hr or 1,238 C/2 hr). Cavitation characteristics, including cavity growth rates, are established via isothermal, constant strain rate tests conducted at 10{sup {minus}4} to 10{sup {minus}2} s{sup {minus}1} and temperatures between 900 C and 1,200 C. Differences in cavitation as a function of initial structure, strain, strain rate and temperature are noted. Cavity growth is found to be largely plasticity controlled. Experimental growth rates are compared with equations that predict rates as a function of strain rate sensitivity. Although the equations assume no coalescence and no nucleation of new cavities, which are experimentally observed, they are useful in predicting actual growth rates.
Effects of enhanced lighting on the behaviour of nocturnal frogs

Abstract Abstract. Biologists studying anuran amphibians usually assume that artificial, visible light does not affect the behaviour of nocturnal frogs. This assumption was tested in a laboratory experiment. The foraging behaviour of grey treefrogs, Hyla chrysoscelis , was compared under four lighting conditions: ambient light (equivalent to bright moonlight, 0·003 lx), red-filtered light (4·1 lx), low-intensity 'white' light (3·8 lx), and high-intensity 'white' light (12·0 lx). The treatments were chosen to correspond to standard methods of field observation of frog behaviour. The foraging behaviour of frogs in the four treatments was observed using infra-red light that was invisible to the frogs. The ability of the frogs to detect, and subsequently consume prey was significantly reduced under all of the enhanced light treatments relative to the ambient light treatment. Thus, the use of artificial light, within the visible spectrum of the frogs' eyes, can influence the outcome of nocturnal behavioural observations. These results lead to the recommendation that anuran biologists use infra-red or light amplification devices when changes in frogs' visual capabilities may influence the conclusions drawn from a study.
Inhibition of aromatase and α-amylase by flavonoids and proanthocyanidins from Sorghum bicolor bran extracts.

Abstract We compared the ability of simple flavonoids and proanthocyanidins in Sorghum bicolor bran extracts to inhibit enzymes in vitro. In particular, aromatase is a target for breast cancer therapy, and inhibition of α-amylase can reduce the glycemic effect of dietary starches. Proanthocyanidin-rich sumac sorghum bran extract inhibited α-amylase at a lower concentration (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50]=1.4 μg/mL) than did proanthocyanidin-free black sorghum bran extract (IC50=11.4 μg/mL). Sumac sorghum bran extract inhibited aromatase activity more strongly than black sorghum bran extract (IC50=12.1 μg/mL vs. 18.8 μg/mL, respectively). Bovine serum albumin (BSA), which binds proanthocyanidins, reduced inhibition by sumac but not black sorghum bran extract. When separated on Sephadex LH-20, sumac sorghum proanthocyanidins inhibited both enzymes but showed reduced inhibition with BSA. Flavonoids from either cultivar had higher IC50 values than proanthocyanidins, and BSA had little effect on their inh...
The volatility of offshore investment

Abstract Offshore investment often bears the image of 'footloose' industry, with little to hinder movement to the most favorable environment. An effort to describe this particular segment of U.S. direct investment supports some elements of the colorful anecdotal portrait painted by critics in the Third World. Semiconductor assemblers are moderately sensitive to wage rates, and adjust quite rapidly in maintaining what they perceive as a diversified portfolio of 'risky' LDC production locations. On the other hand, this reaction is small enough to guarantee that modest increases in wages will not send all investment fleeing from an export platform. New methods of modelling direct foreign investment when risk diversification is important in explaining industrial location decisions are introduced in this paper.
The use of MRI in the diagnosis and management of a bulky cervical carcinoma.

Abstract Background In the treatment of gynecologic cancer, surgical planning depends on the site and extent of disease. The evaluation of the origin of a large pelvic mass with combined pelvic examination and ultrasound is often adequate. However, the following case report illustrates the utility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) when sonographic findings are indeterminate and the origin of a pelvic mass is unclear. Case A 73-year-old woman presented for her first gynecologic exam in over 40 years. On speculum examination the cervix was not visible. A large, mobile pelvic mass was palpated during physical examination. Pelvic ultrasound revealed a large, cystic pelvic mass thought to be ovarian in origin. Surgery for presumed ovarian carcinoma was planned. Because a vaginal Pap smear revealed squamous-cell carcinoma, MRI was performed for further evaluation. MRI demonstrated a blood distended uterus with a large cervical tumor obstructing the endocervical os. After cervical dilatation under sonographic guidance, evacuation of the hematometrium was performed. Multiple biopsies of the cervix confirmed the diagnosis of a bulky Stage IIA squamous-cell carcinoma of the cervix. The patient was subsequently treated with concomitant chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Follow-up MRI demonstrated an excellent treatment response. Modified radical hysterectomy was performed demonstrating very small residual tumor. Conclusions Magnetic resonance imaging, through multiplanar capabilities and high-contrast resolution, is a valuable tool that can assist the clinician in the evaluation, diagnosis, and management of challenging gynecologic malignancies.
Obesity and recent mammography use among black and white women in the Southern Community Cohort Study (United States).

Objective To examine the relationship between obesity and mammography use in a large population of black and white women.
Projection of farm labor displacement from geothermal development, Imperial County, California, U.S.A.

A methodology is introduced to project the number of farm laborers displaced by reduction in agricultural land by geothermal energy development. For each geothermal area, the projection is based on estimates of land used for energy facilities and of land environmentally disrupted, on estimates of manpower per acre by crop type, and on estimates of alternative employment of farm laborers. Each area's projected farm labor force displacement per 100 megawatts is multiplied by the area's projected geothermal capacity. Results for Imperial County, California, indicate maximal farm laborer displacement in 25 years of 4.81 percent of the 1970 farm labor force. Assumption of slant drilling techniques reduces projected displacement. Distribution of crop types also significantly affects displacement. The methodology is transferable to other agricultural areas undergoing geothermal development.
Emerging Security Concerns for the Pharmacy Department

We are a few months into 2010 and thought we would spend some time looking at a topic that continues to be—and will likely indefinitely be—an important area of focus for the health information technology industry: security and privacy. The topics below are not specific to the current national focus on electronic health records, but we know from following the health and lay news that security and privacy are primary public concerns. This installment looks at parallel security concerns for the health care industry.
The chemical reduction of nitrate in aqueous solution

Abstract The nitrate ion has high chemical stability, especially at low concentrations. Standard reduction potentials indicate that it should serve as an excellent oxidizing agent, but in order to react with suitable reducing agents to form elemental nitrogen or ammonia, special conditions, such as catalysts and high temperature and pressure, are required. A review of the literature on the chemical reduction of nitrate in aqueous systems has found about a hundred articles dealing with nitrate removal from such systems, with the majority having been published over the last decade. The reducing agents which have been examined to the greatest extent for acidic solution are formic acid, iron metal, methanol and the ammonium ion; while for basic solution aluminum, zinc and iron metals, iron(II), ammonia, hydrazine, glucose and hydrogen have been studied.
Evidence of dioecy in the mesopelagic ctenophore Bathocyroe fosteri (Lobata Ctenophora)

Summary Study of gonads of the mesopelagic ctenophore Bathocyroe fosteri revealed that the animals are dioecious for at least part of their life span. Specimens were collected using the Johnson Sea-Link I and II submersible vehicles during the periods of October 4–11, 1988, off the Bahamas Banks and July 18–20, 1991, off Cape Hatteras at depths of 550–900 m. Each animal was provisionally sexed by scanning all comb rows with a dissecting microscope. The provisional sex was confirmed after preparation of squashes of ad-tentacular and ab-tentacular comb rows for eggs and sperm at various magnifications using dark field optics and histological sections. With two exceptions, only one type of gamete was found in any sexual specimen and all comb rows bore the same type of gamete on both sides of the gastrovascular canal. Unlike Ocyropsis, the only other dioecious, planktonic ctenophore known, Bathocyroe has a gonad location typical of all other ctenophores. Our observations suggest that ctenophore dioecy is not ...
Efficient FPGA implementation of FFT based multipliers

Finite field multiplication is one of the most useful arithmetic operations and has applications in many areas such as signal processing, coding theory and cryptography. However, it is also one of the most time consuming operations in both software and hardware, which makes it pertinent to develop a fast and efficient implementation. In this paper, we propose a novel FFT based finite field multiplier to address this problem. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) is the collection of computationally efficient algorithms that perform the discrete Fourier transform (DFT). For our purposes, we will use its efficient computation for polynomial multiplication. The FFT performs polynomial multiplication in O(nlog(n)) time compared to the classical method time of O(n2). The idea of using the FFT for finite field multiplication has been researched extensively, but to our knowledge, this is the first implementation in hardware
Software architecture in industrial applications

To help us identify and focus on pragmatic and concrete issues related to the role of software architecture in large systems, we conducted a survey of a variety of software systems used in industrial applications. Our premise, which guided the examination of these systems, was that software architecture is concerned with capturing the structures of a system and the relationships among the elements both within and between structures. The structures we found fell into several broad categories: conceptual architecture, module interconnection architecture, code architecture, and execution architecture. These categories address different engineering concerns. The separation of such concerns, combined with specialized implementation techniques, decreased the complexity of implementation, and improved reuse and reconfiguration.
New Antibody Weapons against an Old Foe

Antibodies have been used in a diagnostic capacity for many diseases and for identifying serotypes within single species of pathogens, notably between the multiple capsular polysaccharide serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae. For many years, the functions of antibodies in infection were thought to be limited to the opsonization of microorganisms followed by phagocytosis and to the fixing of complement. The thought that antibodies could have other functions has emerged only recently. The study by Yano and coworkers from the laboratory of Liise-anne Pirofski published in mBio [M. Yano, S. Gohil, J. R. Coleman, C. Manix, and L.-A. Pirofski, mBio 2(5):e00176-11, 2011] identifies one mechanism whereby nonopsonic antibodies enhance the transformation competence of two S. pneumoniae serotypes, which leads to an increase in genetic exchange and bacterial variability with a resulting population reduction through fratricide. These new and revealing antibody functions will add another chapter to the burgeoning story of the diversity and versatility of the immune response to bacteria.
A New Nearctic Species of the Fungus Gnat Genus Dziedzickia Johannsen (Diptera: Mycetophilidae)

Abstract. A new Nearctic species of the fungus gnat genus Dziedzickia Johannsen was discovered in western Michigan. One adult male flew to a Malaise trap in an ecotone between swamp and second-growth forest dominated by black ash (Fraxinus nigra Marshall), paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marshall), red maple (Acer rubrum L.), and black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrhart). Adult females and juveniles of Dziedzickia michigana Taber remain unknown.
Patents in Genomics and Human Genetics

Genomics and human genetics are scientifically fundamental and commercially valuable. These fields grew to prominence in an era of growth in government and nonprofit research funding, and of even greater growth of privately funded research and development in biotechnology and pharmaceuticals. Patents on DNA technologies are a central feature of this story, illustrating how patent law adapts—and sometimes fails to adapt—to emerging genomic technologies. In instrumentation and for therapeutic proteins, patents have largely played their traditional role of inducing investment in engineering and product development, including expensive postdiscovery clinical research to prove safety and efficacy. Patents on methods and DNA sequences relevant to clinical genetic testing show less evidence of benefits and more evidence of problems and impediments, largely attributable to university exclusive licensing practices. Whole-genome sequencing will confront uncertainty about infringing granted patents, but jurisprudenc...
Effect of underemployment on school-leavers' self-esteem

This study explores whether self-esteem is adversely affected by economic underemployment as defined by unemployment, involuntary part-time employment, intermittent unemployment, and poverty income in a group of recent school-leavers. Results indicate that self-esteem was significantly lower in each of the economically underemployed groups relative to the adequately employed after controlling for early self-esteem, socio-economic status, gender, ethnicity, aptitude, age, and education. There were no differences in self-esteem among the economically underemployed groups after adjusting for the control variables. Economic underemployment proved to be a distinct concept relative to self-reported job satisfaction. Underemployment was negatively related to self-esteem after controlling for perceived job satisfaction and the other control variables. Our findings suggest a need for societal attention to the levels of underemployment on par with the attention given to monitoring traditional unemployment levels.
Superoxide stimulates NaCl absorption by the thick ascending limb.

The thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (THAL) plays an important role in the regulation of NaCl and water reabsorption. In vivo studies have shown that the free radical superoxide (O 2 − ) s...
Nanolasers on Si-MOSFET: A monolithic integration

InGaAs nanopillar lasers directly grown on the gate, source and drain areas of Si-MOSFET are demonstrated for the first time using 410°C MOCVD. This represents the first monolithic integration of lasers on functional transistors.
The integral closure need not be a Prüfer domain

Recent years have witnessed a significant development of the theory of Prufer domains; there are many known characterizations of such domains within the class of integral domains with identity or the class of integrally closed domains—for example, see [6; Exer. 12, p. 93] or [10; Chap. 4]. E. Bastida and R. Gilmer have recorded in [4] a number of open questions concerning Prufer domains that are of the following form:If D is an integral domain with identity with property E, is the integral closure of D a Prufer domain?Specifically, the questions listed by Bastida and Gilmer were first raised in [13], [11], [7], and [12].
Response inhibition in attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder

An overview of a number of different lines of research is presented to demonstrate that problems with response inhibition are involved in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Response inhibition is defined as the capacity to delay prepotent responses, to interrupt ongoing responses given feedback about performance, and to inhibit responding to sources of interference when engaged in tasks requiring self-regulation and goal-directed action. A considerable amount of research is explored on each of these aspects of inhibition in both children and adults with ADHD. Results in that literature are reasonably consistent in supporting the assertion that ADHD creates deficiencies in each of the three areas of inhibitory functioning. Such deficits appear to be rather specific to ADHD and do not seem to be caused by other disorders that often coexist with ADHD, such as mood, anxiety, and learning disorders. More research needs to be done, however, on whether or not conduct disorder is also associated with difficulties in behavioral inhibition and, if so, whether they are of the same qualitative nature as those seen in ADHD and are simply not the result of the large overlap of conduct disorder with ADHD. MRDD Research Reviews 1999;5:177–184. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Choosing Sides in Polarized Endothelial Adaptation to Shear Stress

See related article, pages 177–185 The endothelium is a primary integrator of biophysical and chemical cues that guide vascular wall physiology and pathology. Normally, arterial endothelial cells appear elongated longitudinally and rest on a basement membrane of collagen type IV and laminin. In atherosclerosis, lesions form primarily near arterial bifurcations and along the inner curvature of the aorta where complex spatiotemporal profiles of hemodynamic forces exist and where endothelial cells exhibit a nonpolarized structure and upregulate expression of a provisional matrix enriched in fibronectin and fibrinogen. The regional heterogeneity in endothelial phenotype and matrix expression suggests that lesion progression requires transduction of mechanical cues associated with hemodynamic wall shear stress and artery wall stretch into biochemical signals for inflammation. Integrins have been proposed as candidate mechanotransducers capable of differentiating both physical cues and matrix composition, but an integrin-mediated mechanism that confers directionality in response to shear stress has remained elusive. In this issue of Circulation Research , Goldfinger et al1 report that shear stress activates protein kinase A (PKA) to phosphorylate α4 integrin locally at the downstream edge of endothelial cells, and phosphorylated α4 releases inhibition of the GTPase Rac1 to direct polarized reorganization of the cytoskeleton. The proposed mechanism is important not only because it improves understanding of intracellular spatial organization in mechanotransduction mechanisms but also because it suggests new avenues for engineering a healthy endothelium after bypass grafting or vascular stent procedures. Endothelial cells associated with an atheroprotective phenotype exhibit planar polarity characteristics that include elongated shape, actin stress fibers oriented parallel to the shear stress direction, and microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) located downstream of the nucleus. Goldfinger et al propose that phosphorylated α4 integrin is localized preferentially near the downstream edge of the cell and serves as …
Dynamic coding of border-ownership in visual cortex

Humans are capable of rapidly determining whether regions in a visual scene appear as figures in the foreground or as background, yet how figure-ground segregation occurs in the primate visual system is unknown. Figures in the environment are perceived to own their borders, and recent neurophysiology has demonstrated that certain cells in primate visual area V2 have border-ownership selectivity. We present a dynamic model based on physiological data that indicates areas V1, V2, and V4 act as an interareal network to determine border-ownership. Our model predicts that competition between curvature- sensitive cells in V4 that have on-surround receptive fields of different sizes can determine likely figure locations and rapidly propagate the information interareally to V2 border-ownership cells that receive contrast information from V1. In the model border-ownership is an emergent property produced by the dynamic interactions between V1, V2, and V4, one which could not be determined by any single cortical area alone.
Reducing the risk of falls among older people

A third of people aged 65 years and over fall each year. Linda Nazarko examines the causes of falls in older people and explains how staff can reduce their occurrence.
Kinetic Calcium, Phosphate, and Fluoride Dissolution After Topical Fluoride Application to Intact Enamel Surfaces

In a system without accumulation of products dissolved from enamel, the total mineral dissolved was reduced by about 10% for NaF- and SnF2-treated surfaces and was increased by about 10% for APF-treated surfaces. Accumulation in solution of products dissolved from the enamel surfaces enhanced surface remineralization to account for a net decreased dissolution as compared with dissolution without accumulation of products.
Heparin accelerates gelsolin amyloidogenesis.

The chemical environment of the extracellular matrix may influence the tissue-selective deposition observed there in gelsolin amyloid disease. Previously, we have identified the proteases that generate the amyloidogenic fragments from the full-length gelsolin variants and demonstrated that heparin is capable of accelerating gelsolin amyloidogenesis. Herein, we identify the structural features of heparin that promote the 8 kDa disease-associated gelsolin fragments (residues 173-243) generated at the cell surface to form amyloid. In conjunction with electron microscopy analyses, our kinetic studies demonstrate that heparin efficiently accelerates the formation of gelsolin amyloid by enabling intermolecular ! -sheet formation. The use of heparin analogues reveals that sulfation is important in accelerating amyloidogenesis and that the extent of acceleration is proportional to the molecular weight of heparin. In addition, heparin accelerated aggregation at both early and late stages of amyloidogenesis. Dynamic light scattering coupled to size exclusion chromatography showed that heparin promotes the formation of soluble aggregates. Collectively, these data reveal that heparin templates fibril formation and affords solubility to the aggregating peptides through its sulfated structure. By extension, the biochemical results herein suggest that tissue- selective deposition characteristic of the gelsolin amyloidoses is likely influenced by the extracellular localization of distinct glycosaminoglycans. Amyloid diseases are characterized by the extracellular deposition of a given protein into a variety of structures, including cross ! -sheet-rich fibrillar aggregates called amyl- oid. More than 20 nonhomologous human proteins become amyloidogenic later in life. The clinically most important example is the amyloid ! -peptide (A! ), 1 the deposits of which are associated with Alzheimer's disease. Many amyl- oid diseases exhibit distinct tissue-selective deposition of a given amyloidogenic protein, with the exact tissue targeted being dependent on the biological and chemical character- istics of the amyloidogenic protein (1). Familial gelsolin amyloidosis is an autosomal dominantly inherited neurode- generative disease. Heterozygotes usually have a normal lifespan with clinical manifestations presenting in the third to fifth decade. In contrast, homozygotes generally do not survive past their thirties. Extensive deposition of mutant gelsolin fragments as amyloid in the basement membrane of the skin, blood vessel walls, central nervous system, and the ocular system causes cutis laxa, cranial neuropathy, and corneal lattice dystrophy (2-4). The endoproteolytic cascade generating the amyloidogenic gelsolin peptides is distinct from that affording A! , in that the mutations (D187N/Y) causing gelsolin amyloidosis
The effect of enclosure type on the behavior and heart rate of captive coyotes

Abstract The potential for captivity to elicit changes in animal behavior and physiology is well known. Recent research on captive populations has examined the effect of feeding protocols, enclosure types, and enrichment programs on indices of stress and displays of species-typical behaviors. We investigated the impact of enclosure type upon captive coyotes ( Canis latrans ) by examining differences in coyote behavior and heart rate, among 3.3 m 2 kennels (K), 65.5 m 2 small pens (S), and 1000 m 2 large pens (L). Time budgets and repertoire of species-specific behaviors were compared among each enclosure type and to a sample of wild (W) coyotes. Baseline heart rates and heart rate (HR) responses to food delivery and fecal collection (measured as mean heart rate and latency of heart rate to return to baseline) were also compared among treatments. We found that behavioral budgeting, but not repertoire, differed significantly among enclosure types. Relative to small and large pen enclosures, coyotes maintained in kennels exhibited the greatest amount of stereotypic behavior ( P P = 0.04). Similarly, latency to return to baseline was significantly higher in kennels than in small and large pens ( P = 0.001). These results suggest that enclosure type does influence coyote behavior and heart rate responses to some human activities.
Non-parametric regression and neural-network infill drilling recovery models for carbonate reservoirs

This work introduces non-parametric regression and neural network models for forecasting the infill drilling ultimate oil recovery from reservoirs in San Andres and Clearfork carbonate formations in West Texas. Development of the oil recovery forecast models helps understand the relative importance of dominant reservoir characteristics and operations variables, reproduce recoveries for units included in the database, forecast recoveries for possible new units in similar geological settings, and make operations decisions. The variety of applications demands the creation of multiple recovery forecast models. One of the significant constraints for the model development is the limited number of field data that are inexact and often exhibit uncertain relationships. The inexact and uncertain relationship may also encompass a large number of possible independent variables. This situation mandates proper selection of independent variables for the infill drilling recovery model. Non-parametric regression and multivariate principal component analysis are used to identify the dominant and the optimum number of independent variables. The advantage of the non-parametric regression is easy to use and can quickly provide results that reveal the dominant independent variables and relative characteristics of the relationships. The disadvantage is retaining a large variance of forecast results for a particular data set. The insight of interdependency of the variables gained in non-parametric regression and multivariate principal component analysis is employed to develop an eAective neural network. The neural network infill drilling recovery model is capable of forecasting the oil recovery with less error variance. This work shows that a multiple use of various modeling techniques may provide a healthy interaction between the diAerent approaches and thereby, a better oil recovery forecast. 7 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Oncolytic adenoviral vectors which employ the survivin promoter induce glioma oncolysis via a process of beclin-dependent autophagy

Survivin has gained attention as a tumor-specific marker which is upregulated in a variety of neoplasms. Although the survivin protein is implicated in anti-apoptotic tumor pathways, little is known about the function of the survivin promoter. In this study, we constructed a conditionally replicative adenoviral vector (CRAd) that utilizes the survivin promoter and examined the mechanism of CRAd induced cell death in malignant glioma. Our results indicate that CRAd vectors which utilize the survivin promoter effectively replicate in glioma cells and exhibit a high oncolytic effect. The survivin-mediated CRAd appeared to induce apoptosis as measured by Annexin/7-AAD. Caspase-3 and BAX mRNAs were upregulated based on microarray data, however, Western blot analysis of infected cells showed no evidence of elevated caspase-3, BAX, or p53 protein expression. Of note, at each time point infected glioma cells showed no evidence of activated BAD or AKT. The inhibition of AKT signaling led us to examine autophagy in infected cells. Electron micrographs of virally infected glioma cells suggested autophagosomal-mediated cell death and selective blocking of beclin with siRNA prevented autophagy. These results indicate that the survivin promoter enhances viral replication and induces autophagy of infected glioma cells via a beclin-dependent mechanism.
Shielding effectiveness of composite and aluminum aircraft, model and measurement comparison

Modern aircraft are subject to a barrage of high intensity radiated fields (HIRF) from a wide variety of man-made sources. Fortunately, the aluminum skin of traditional aircraft provides significant shielding to the sensitive electronics inside the aircraft. However, the drive to create lighter, more fuel efficient aircraft has created a trend in the aerospace industry away from aluminum, to lighter composite materials. These composite materials do not always provide the same level of shielding as their aluminum counterparts and has created an urgent need to characterize and measure the shielding effectiveness of entire airframes in a timely, cost effective manner. This paper presents preliminary results for an airframe analog and a composite Uncrewed Arial Vehicle (UAV) that show the viability of virtual measurements to identify and help correct shielding problems earlier in the design phase of an aircraft than traditional measurements.
Human sperm chromosomes obtained from hamster eggs after sperm capacitation in TEST-yolk buffer

Human sperm chromosomes were obtained after capacitation with TES-Tris (TEST) yolk buffer and fusion with Syrian hamster eggs. Semen samples could be stored at 4/sup 0/C for 3 days and remain functional in the assay system. The efficiency of TEST yolk buffer for obtaining karyotypes was as good as, or greater than, the efficiency of standard BWW medium containing human serum albumin. 16 references, 3 tables.
NASCAR Sponsorship And Shareholder Return: Some Preliminary Results

NASCAR sponsorship is a major investment for corporations that choose it as a marketing communication tool. Companies frequently spend in excess of $10 million to sponsor a car in the Nextel Cup series. This paper develops a return on investment measure for that spending using the financial market event study methodology where race day performance influence on publicly traded sponsoring firm’s stock returns is examined. Results for the 2005 NASCAR Nextel Cup season suggest that sponsorship of top 5 finishing cars generates significant positive returns for the sponsoring company shareholders.
Electrodiffusion Model of Electrical Conduction in Neuronal Processes

The cable model of electrical conduction in neurons is central to our understanding of information processing in neurons. The conduction of action potentials in axons has been modeled as a nonlinear excitable cable (Hodgkin and Huxley, 1952), and the integration of postsynaptic signals in dendrites has been studied with analytic solutions to passive cables (Rall, 1977). Recently, several groups have examined the possibility of more complex signal processing in dendrites with complex morphologies and excitable membranes by numerical integration of the cable equations (Shepherd et al., 1985; Koch et al., 1983; Rall and Segev, 1985; Perkel and Perkel, 1985).
Sub-barrier fusion of /sup 58,64/Ni with /sup 64/Ni and /sup 74/Ge

Differential cross sections for evaporation residue formation following complete fusion of /sup 64/Ni and /sup 74/Ge with 171 to 215 MeV /sup 58/Ni and /sup 64/Ni ions were measured with high precision using a velocity selector together with a counter telescope. The resulting excitation functions for complete fusion ranged in magnitude from 10 ..mu..b to 300 mb. The excitation functions exhibited a strong response, at subbarrier energies, to changes in the underlying nuclear structure. We interpreted these variations as evidence that the fusion proceeds through dynamic single-particle/softness-related processes. A phenomenological analysis was performed. In the analysis, we employed the WKB method, constructed a simple interaction potential and introduced a radially-dependent effective mass. The use of the variable effective mass led to a meaningful description of our above-barrier data and to improvements towards describing our subbarrier data.
Writing as Art

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