cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study of the Radiation Stability of Austenitic Type 347 Stainless Steel

The effect of neutron bombardment upon the stability of type 347 austenitic stainless steel has been investigated by a magnetic technique. The relation of the ferrite content of a stainless steel to its magnetic properties is given, and an apparatus suitable for the measurement of the ferromagnetic saturation induction of small specimens is described. Results of measurements on irradiated specimens are tabulated. Exposure to a neutron flux was found to cause a slight increase in the ferrite content of type 347 stainless steel, the change increasing with increasing length of exposure and with increasing initial ferrite content. The similarity of the effect of irradiation to the effect of annealing is pointed out. Possible effect of irradiation upon density of austenitic stainless steel is discussed.
Users' perspective on designing inclusive privacy-enhancing indicators

With the advent of Internet technologies, information privacy has emerged as an important but complicated notion that is difficult to articulate and conceptualize in technological system design. In this study we identify the key baseline factors for designing privacy-enhancing systems from users' perspective. Utilizing Solove's pragmatic approach to investigate global users' conceptualization of information privacy, we identify two indicators that pertain to information privacy: users' need for information control (NIC) and their perceived risks of information misuse (PRIM). We also examined social influences on these indicators, including region, age, and gender. Our results show that users from different regions of the world consider “the ability to stop unauthorized access” as their foremost priority for information control, while they report “the invasion of personal private sphere” as the highest risk for information misuse. We also found that social factors greatly impact these two indicators. For instance, users from different regions exhibit different needs for information control and perceive risks differently. Based on users' NIC and PRIM as well as regional and generational differences, we propose several user-centered design directions for system developers and policy makers to advance privacy-enhancing systems globally.
Compression Freezing Kinetics of Water to Ice VII.

Time-resolved x-ray diffraction (XRD) of compressed liquid water shows transformation to ice VII in 6 nsec, revealing crystallization rather than amorphous solidification during compression freezing. Application of classical nucleation theory indicates heterogeneous nucleation and one-dimensional (e.g., needlelike) growth. These first XRD data demonstrate rapid growth kinetics of ice VII with implications for fundamental physics of diffusion-mediated crystallization and thermodynamic modeling of collision or impact events on ice-rich planetary bodies.
Southeastern Mills: The Improvement Journey (a)

Appropriate for courses in operations design and performance management. Owners and employees of this company spent considerable effort developing a unique, extremely successful high-performance work place culture based on trust and a decentralized structure and little direct supervision from middle and upper management. Now management wants to consider blending a Lean or Six Sigma program into their work-place culture. A Business Process Improvement Team evaluates four different system designs for launching Lean-Six Sigma. The three-part case series follows the team's investigations, selection criteria development, assessments, and final decision. Students are asked to consider the pros and cons of the alternatives of the team, prepare a recommendation for the senior managers and then critique their choice against the team's recommendation. There is a teaching note (OM-1393TN) available. Excerpt UVA-OM-1419 September 9, 2010 SOUTHEASTERN MILLS: DESIGNING AN IMPROVEMENT JOURNEY (A) The Company Southeastern Mills (SEM), a group of flour-milling, mix-manufacturing, and product-development facilities, owned and operated by the Grizzard family, was headquartered in Rome, Georgia, one hour north of Atlanta. Its plants ground fresh wheat and corn and mixed it with other dry ingredients such as baking powder, baking soda, and spices to produce flours, corn meal, mixes for baked goods, gravy, soups, and food coatings such as fried-chicken batter. SEM also sold individually packaged consumer products and produced custom biscuit and pancake mixes and chicken coatings in bulk for national food-processor, retail, and food-service accounts (Figures 1 and 2). Figure 1. Southeastern Mills products. . . .
The Use of Fluorescein Angiography to Evaluate Pediatric Abusive Head Trauma: An Observational Case Series:

Background or Purpose:The evaluation of retinal hemorrhages in the setting of suspected abusive head trauma (AHT) has important medical, social, and legal implications. Challenges include late pres...
Periodization in World History: Challenges and Opportunities

Starting with the premise that the historian’s effort to manage time—to make change and continuity over time both more intelligible and more manageable—is a scholarly choice, open to discussion, Stearns systematically works through a tentatively proposed world historical framework aimed at developing critical thinking skills through debate over world history periodization. He argues that the basic themes of each period need to be made explicit in comparative relation to one another, while the periodization framework selected must not be too intricate or complicated. This open-ended approach aims to foster fresh, creative and hopefully improved approaches amid ongoing debate over world history periodization.
Agronomic Field Trait Phenomics

Recent advances in high-throughput phenotyping allow breeders to collect phenotypic data with a level of accuracy that was impossible to achieve previously. However, many of these technologies depend on leveraging-controlled environments like green houses or growth chambers. While these controlled phenotypes can have strategic value for gene discovery, their relevance for breeding and understanding genotype x environment interactions to predict field performance is an active field of study and currently limited, at best. This chapter deals with various technologies that have empowered the collection of phenotypic data directly under field conditions and the relative advantages and disadvantages of using them to collect agronomic phenotypes. Important considerations to be aware of before planning a high-throughput phenotyping experiment that use technologies like field spectroscopy and remote sensing are also discussed including a review of various publically available and/or commercial aerial, ground-based and root phenotyping platforms.
The sociology of Stuart Hall

This brief essay animates two signature features of Stuart Hall’s sociology, diaspora and culture, to draw attention to not only the paradigms manifest in his work but also how they point to fruitf...
Regiospecific intestinal absorption of the HIV protease inhibitor L-735,524 in beagle dogs.

Purpose. To evaluate regional intestinal absorption and the feasibility of sustained release dosage form development for an HIV protease inhibitor, L-735,524.
It's Not What You Expected! The Surprising Nature of Cleft Alternatives in French and English

While much prior literature on the meaning of clefts – such as the English form ‘It is X that Z’ – concentrates on the nature and status of the exhaustivity inference (‘nobody/nothing other than X Z’), we report on experiments examining the role of the doxastic status of alternatives on the naturalness of c’est-clefts in French and and it-clefts in English. Specifically, we study the hypothesis that clefts indicate a conflict with a doxastic commitment held by some discourse participant. Results from naturalness tasks suggest that clefts are improved by a property we term ‘contrariness’ (along the lines of Zimmermann, 2008). This property has a gradient effect on felicity judgments: the more strongly interlocutors appear committed to an apparently false notion, the better it is to repudiate them with a cleft.
From classroom to library: What are the transferable knowledge and skills teachers bring to library work:

This paper explores the transferable knowledge, experience or skills second-career librarians with a teaching background bring to bear or utilize in the discharge of their library work. It also exp...
Prevalence of Anxiety or Depression Diagnosis in Deaf Adults

The national prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders among deaf adults who use American Sign Language (ASL) remains largely understudied. Data for self-reported depression and anxiety disorder diagnosis (n = 1,704 deaf adults; n = 3,287 hearing adults) as told by their healthcare providers were drawn from HINTS-ASL and HINTS datasets. Chi-square and Poisson regression analysis compared characteristics and predictors for depression or anxiety disorder diagnosis among deaf adults. Rate of diagnosed depression or anxiety disorder was significantly higher (25%) and occurred at earlier age (45 years; SD = 15) for deaf adults compared to hearing adults (22%; mean age = 56; SD = 14). After adjusting for covariates, deaf individuals who were White, younger, female, educated, or single were significantly more likely to self-report a diagnosis of depression/anxiety disorder as told by their healthcare providers. Deaf adults have higher reported rate of diagnosis of depression or anxiety disorder at an earlier onset compared to the general population. Communication access with healthcare providers is essential for accurate diagnosis, treatment, and follow up care.
A partition-based optimization model and its performance benchmark for Generative Anatomy Modeling Language.

Abstract Background This paper presents a novel iterative approach and rigorous accuracy testing for geometry modeling language - a Partition-based Optimization Model for Generative Anatomy Modeling Language (POM-GAML). POM-GAML is designed to model and create anatomical structures and their variations by satisfying any imposed geometric constraints using a non-linear optimization model. Model partitioning of POM-GAML creates smaller sub-problems of the original model to reduce the exponential execution time required to solve the constraints in linear time with a manageable error. Method We analyzed our model concerning the iterative approach and graph parameters for different constraint hierarchies. The iteration was used to reduce the error for partitions and solve smaller sub-problems generated by various clustering/community detection algorithms. We empirically tested our model with eleven graph parameters. Graphs for each parameter with increasing constraint sets were generated to evaluate the accuracy of our method. Results The average decrease in normalized error with respect to the original problem using cluster/community detection algorithms for constraint sets was above 63.97%. The highest decrease in normalized error after five iterations for the constraint set of 3900 was 70.31%, while the lowest decrease for the constraint set of 3000 was with 63.97%. Pearson correlation analysis between graph parameters and normalized error was carried out. We identified that graph parameters such as diameter, average eccentricity, global efficiency, and average local efficiency showed strong correlations to the normalized error. Conclusions We observed that iteration monotonically decreases the error in all experiments. Our iteration results showed decreased normalized error using the partitioned constrained optimization by linear approximation to the non-linear optimization model.
Dislocation geometry in the TGB A phase: Linear theory

We demonstrate that an arbitrary system of screw dislocations in a smectic-A liquid crystal may be consistently treated within harmonic elasticity theory, provided that the angles between dislocations are sufficiently small. Using this theory, we calculate the ground-state configuration of the ${\mathrm{TGB}}_{A}$ phase. We obtain an estimate of the twist-grain-boundary spacing and screw dislocation spacing in a boundary in terms of the macroscopic parameters, in reasonable agreement with experimental results.
Ver para saber: los cortometrajes en la didáctica conversacional del español LE/L2

espanolEste ensayo presenta la ensenanza del espanol como lengua extranjera o segunda lengua (LE/L2) y de nivel intermedio o avanzado a partir de cortometrajes, genero desestimado tanto en el ambito filmico como en el academico. Asimismo, propone que los cortos dejen de ser una pequena herramienta que se muestra un par de veces al semestre para divertir a los/las estudiantes y que, por el contrario, se conviertan en los protagonistas del aula de espanol LE/L2. Aunque se podria considerar una propuesta de cine o de cultura, me decanto por el campo de la didactica de la conversacion. Al igual que los cortometrajes, la competencia comunicativa, la interaccion o la competencia conversacional suelen desatenderse. Por eso, este ensayo examina los cortometrajes y la conversacion en la ensenanza del espanol LE/L2 y, sobre todo, ofrece una propuesta didactica a partir de los cortometrajes. Antes de pasar a la propuesta, explicare brevemente las caracteristicas intrinsecas, la historia reciente y las ventajas pedagogicas de los cortos. Continuare con la presentacion de los cortometrajes escogidos y, tambien, proporcionare los datos basicos sobre cada uno de ellos. Terminare tomando uno de los cortos y disenando una unidad pedagogica en torno a el, que servira de modelo para los otros cortometrajes. EnglishThis essay presents a second language (LE/L2) Spanish intermediate or advanced course based on short films, a genre overlooked both in the film industry and in the academia. Rather than a mere tool to amuse students a couple of times a semester, the short films will become the protagonists of the LE/L2 Spanish class. Although it might be categorized as a film or culture proposal, I have designed a conversational Spanish class. Like short films, conversation courses are underestimated and often labeled as easy. Therefore, this essay will examine neglected courses; put short films and conversation in their well-deserved place; and, above all, organize a LE/L2 conversation course based on short films. Before moving on to the proposal, I will briefly describe the intrinsic characteristics, recent history, and pedagogical benefits of the short films. I will continue with the presentation of the selected short films, providing basic information on each of them. I will conclude by choosing one of the short films and designing a pedagogical unit around it, which will serve as a model for the other short films.
Multidimensional Generalized Right Fractional Taylor Formula and Landau Inequalities

Here we present a multivariate generalized right side fractional Taylor’s formula with fractional integral remainder. Based on this we give three multivariate generalized right side fractional Landau’s type inequalities. Their constants are exactly calculated and we give best upper bounds. It follows [2].
Friendly or condescending? Negotiating appropriateness in online discourse on medical practitioners’ non-use of honorifics

This article illustrates how participants’ sense of appropriate language use is discursively negotiated, examining entries in online discussion boards regarding medical practitioners’ use and non-use of honorifics. The analysis shows social factors deemed relevant by the discussion board participants regarding their evaluations on honorifics use and non-use such as interlocutors’ age and social distance as well as the location and type of medical institution. Participants’ evaluations, the article demonstrates, are based on their views of medical practice (whether it is similar to or different from other types of service, whether it is similar to first-time encounters, and so forth). Medical practitioners’ non-use of honorifics tends to be accepted and appreciated in a context in which the addressee (patient) experiences urgency, vulnerability, and/or anxiety. Lastly, the study illustrates the process of enregisterment of honorific usage.
Progressive Cellular Architecture in Microscale Gas Chromatography for Broad Chemical Analyses.

Gas chromatography is widely used to identify and quantify volatile organic compounds for applications ranging from environmental monitoring to homeland security. We investigate a new architecture for microfabricated gas chromatography systems that can significantly improve the range, speed, and efficiency of such systems. By using a cellular approach, it performs a partial separation of analytes even as the sampling is being performed. The subsequent separation step is then rapidly performed within each cell. The cells, each of which contains a preconcentrator and separation column, are arranged in progression of retentiveness. While accommodating a wide range of analytes, this progressive cellular architecture (PCA) also provides a pathway to improving energy efficiency and lifetime by reducing the need for heating the separation columns. As a proof of concept, a three-cell subsystem (PCA3mv) has been built; it incorporates a number of microfabricated components, including preconcentrators, separation columns, valves, connectors, and a carrier gas filter. The preconcentrator and separation column of each cell are monolithically implemented as a single chip that has a footprint of 1.8 × 5.2 cm2. This subsystem also incorporates two manifold arrays of microfabricated valves, each of which has a footprint of 1.3 × 1.4 cm2. Operated together with a commercial flame ionization detector, the subsystem has been tested against polar and nonpolar analytes (including alkanes, alcohols, aromatics, and phosphonate esters) over a molecular weight range of 32–212 g/mol and a vapor pressure range of 0.005–231 mmHg. The separations require an average column temperature of 63–68 °C within a duration of 12 min, and provide separation resolutions >2 for any two homologues that differ by one methyl group.
Roundtable Report on the Emerging Governance Challenges Related to 5G

On June 6, 2017, the Silicon Flatirons Center at the University of Colorado Boulder convened a roundtable discussion entitled “5G Wireless and the Challenges of Governance” in Washington, D.C. at the offices of Kelley Drye & Warren. The invitation-only roundtable brought together leading industry experts and public interest organization representatives to explore: 1) the way 5G standards are currently developed, 2) the importance of public values being included in the 5G standards setting process, and 3) how public input and engagement with 5G standards setting bodies might be improved. This roundtable report describes the discussion that took place, compiles questions raised for further research, and identifies potential limitations and solutions for improving public input in the 5G standards setting process. It is not a consensus document. The roundtable discussion followed a modified Chatham House Rule and no participant is quoted in this report without his or her permission. This roundtable report aims to reflect the diverse views of the roundtable participants. Any opinions or recommendations expressed in this summary are those of the author and participants, as cited, and do not necessarily reflect the views of all participants or their institutions.
Gender, Myths, and Assumptions: Correlates of Risk Perception in Sexual Assault Scenarios.

Sexual violence continues to plague college campuses even with the implementation of bystander intervention programs. Previous research has demonstrated that diminished situational risk recognition...
Projection and integration of connected-infrastructure LiDAR sensing data in a global coordinate

Abstract Recently, roadside Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) has been deployed for different transportation applications such as high-resolution-micro-traffic data collection, vehicle–pedestrian safety evaluation, and driver’s behavior analysis. An ideal LiDAR-enhanced traffic infrastructure system needs multiple LiDAR sensors deployed around intersections and along road segments, which generate a seamless coverage of intersections or arterials. To obtain continuous and complete traffic data, the integration method is much more important to extend the data range and improve the density of scanned points. In this research, an innovative approach based on the GPS mapping method was present to automatically integrate data collected by different LiDAR sensors in a global coordinate. In this method, the raw data collected by multiple LiDAR sensors are used as input, at least 4 reference points collected by GPS devices are needed for each LiDAR sensor, then a transformation step is applied to transform all the LiDAR points into the Earth-centered, Earth-fixed coordinate system. After obtaining all the LiDAR points in the global coordinate system, an Iterative Closest Point (ICP) method was used to reduce the errors caused by data collection and calculation. The sensitivity analysis part provided the best number for the reference points collection. At last, the data collected at two sites (Evans & McCarran intersection and Blue parking lot of University of Nevada, Reno (UNR) were selected to verify the method. The testing results showed that the proposed method has a high level of automation and improved accuracy.
Reduced test application time based on reachability analysis

A test application method to reduce the test application time in full scan designs is presented. It can be used either during or after the test pattern generation phase so that one or more patterns can be reached from an already scanned pattern using scan reapply or scan shift operations. The presented approach is based on established methods for reachability analysis in sequential verification and a fault grading algorithm to ensure that all targeted faults are covered.
Genetically defined risk of salt sensitivity in an intercross of Brown Norway and Dahl S rats.

Cowley, A. W., Jr., Monika Stoll, Andrew S. Greene, Mary L. Kaldunski, Richard J. Roman, Peter J. Tonellato, Nicholas J. Schork, Pierre Dumas, and Howard J. Jacob. Genetically defined risk of salt ...
The community response to rape: victims' experiences with the legal, medical, and mental health systems

This research examined how the legal, medical, and mental health systems respond to the needs of rape victims. A national random sample of rape victim advocates (N = 168) participated in a phone interview that assessed the resources available to victims in their communities, as well as the specific experiences of the most recent rape victim with which they had completed work. Results from hierarchical and iterative cluster analysis revealed three patterns in victims' experiences with the legal, medical, and mental health systems. One group of victims had relatively positive experiences with all three systems, a second group had beneficial outcomes with only the medical systems, and the final group had difficult encounters with all three systems. Multinominal logistic regression was then used to evaluate an ecological model predicting cluster membership. Community-level factors as well as features of the assault and characteristics of the victims predicted unique variance in victims' outcomes with the legal, medical, and mental health systems. These findings provide empirical support for a basic tenet of ecological theory: environmental structures and practices influence individual outcomes. Implications for ecological theory and interventions to improve the community response to rape victims' needs are discussed.
Direct uptake of copper from plasma ceruloplasmin by cells that do and do not express CTR1 (996.2)

The main Cu-binding protein of blood plasma, ceruloplasmin (Cp), has mainly been studied for its role in mediating cellular iron efflux but also has other functions, and as shown by i.v. infusion of 67Cu-Cp, its Cu enters most major organs. To determine whether it delivers Cu directly to cells and the mechanisms involved, we incubated purified radio-copper-labeled and unlabeled Cp with cells and measured rates of Cu uptake and accumulation. Uptake was demonstrated for human mammary epithelial cell monolayers (PMC42 cells) with tight junctions, and with mouse embryonic fibroblasts expressing/not expressing Ctr1. Cp-Cu was internalized. It could not be washed from the cell surface even with acidic buffers, and was found in the cytosol. Inhibitors of endocytosis did not impair uptake. Cu deficient cells exposed to Cp increased their cellular Cu contents; and holo-Cp was converted to apo-Cp during cell treatment, with no loss of total Cp protein. Uptake was almost the same in cells not expressing Ctr1. Excess...
Synchrotron X-ray analyses demonstrate phosphate-bound gadolinium in skin in nephrogenic systemic fibrosis

Summary Background Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is an incurable, debilitating disease found exclusively in patients with decreased kidney function and comprises a fibrosing disorder of the skin and systemic tissues. The disease is associated with exposure to gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agents (GBCA) used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Tissue samples from many patients with NSF contain micron-sized insoluble Gd-containing deposits. However, the precise composition and chemical nature of these particles is unclear. Objectives To clarify the precise chemical structure of the Gd-containing deposits in NSF tissues. Methods Autopsy skin tissues from a patient with NSF were examined in situ using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF) microscopy and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy and in correlation with light microscopy and the results of scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy analyses. Results The insoluble Gd deposits were shown to contain Gd no longer coordinated by GBCA chelator molecules but rather in a sodium calcium phosphate material. SXRF microscopy shows a clear correlation between Gd, Ca and P. EXAFS spectroscopy shows a very different spectrum from the GBCAs, with Gd–P distances at 3·11 A and 3·72 A as well as Gd–Gd distances at an average of 4·05 A, consistent with a GdPO4 structure. Conclusions This is the first direct evidence for the chemical release of Gd from GBCA in human tissue. This supports the physical–chemical, clinical and epidemiological data indicating a link between stability and dose of GBCA to the development of NSF.
Parametric amplification in optical fibers with random birefringence

By averaging the OPA equations for fibers with random birefringence, we show that the gain coefficient with orthogonal pumps is significantly larger than would be expected in nonbirefringent fibers. This is verified by experiments.
Macrosegregation during convection-free plane front solidification: I. Rectilinear geometry

Abstract The diffusion equation has been solved by numerical methods to determine the solute profiles produced in convection-free plane front solidification for finite rectilinear geometries with negligible solid state diffusion. It is shown that the profiles depend upon two parameters, the equilibrium distribution coefficient, k , and a Peclet number, Pe, defined as the ratio of sample length, L , to a liquid diffusion length D / V . It is found that for Pe > Pe ∗ the solute profile follows the initial and final transient solutions of Smith . [Can. J. Phys. 33 (1955) 723], where data for Pe ∗ versus k are presented graphically. For k (1− k )Pe⪅0.1 the Scheil equation [Z. Metallk. 34 (1942) 70] is followed. For intermediate values of k (1− k Pe the solute profile follows the initial transient equation of Smith et al. out to some value of fraction solidified, f ∗ . Values of f ∗ are presented for Pe from 0.1 to 1000 and k from 0.01 to 1.90.
Cross-Sale In Integrated Supply Chain System

In this article, we study two manufacturers, each producing a single substituting product, selling the products through their own centralized distribution channels, and also using each other’s distribution channel at their choice. Distribution channels are also substitutable. Using price competition and a game theoretic approach, we find that the same products can be sold at a higher price in the cross-sale channel than in its own centralized distribution channel. The first mover in doing a cross-sale doesn’t necessarily enjoy the advantage in terms of higher profit. Not only manufacturers can charge higher prices for their own and cross-sold product from their competitor, but also cross-sale increases the profits of both manufacturers; and most importantly, cross-sale improves the system’s profit dramatically.
Maternal race, weight for gestational age, and infant survival

Objective: To examine racial differences in survival among small, large, and appropriate for gestational age (SGA, LGA and AGA, respectively) infants born to non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white mothers and assess the impact of selected sociodemographic and behavioral risk factors on infant survival for the three weight for gestational age (WGA) groups. Methods: Data were obtained from the North Carolina (U.S.) linked birth/infant death files from 1999 to 2007. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox regression were used to assess the effect of maternal race and other factors on infant survival for all WGA groups. Results: Unadjusted analyses demonstrated that black SGA and LGA infant survival time was greater than that of white infants in these categories. However, when our analyses were adjusted for sociodemographic, behavioral, and life factors, the significant differences in survival between black and white infants no longer remained for any of the three WGA groups. We did not find any significant racial differences in survival time among the AGA infants. Conclusion: Overall, the findings of this study indicate that infants born to black mothers do not survive longer than infants born to white mothers. Further, our results show that several socioeconomic and behavioral factors need to be addressed if the national Healthy People 2020 objective of reducing infant mortality rate is to be met.
Antecedents and consequences of parental rejection: A theory of emotional abuse

Abstract Parental acceptance-rejection theory predicts that emotional abuse by parents has consistent effects on the personality development of children everywhere, as well as having consistent effects on the personality functioning of adults who were rejected as children. More specifically, parental acceptance-rejection theory predicts—and worldwide tests of these predictions confirm the expectation—that rejected children everywhere tend more than accepted children to be: hostile, aggressive, passive aggressive, or to have problems with the management of hostility and aggression; to be dependent or “defensively independent,” depending on the degree of rejection; to have an impaired sense of self-esteem and self-adequacy; to be emotionally unstable; emotionally unresponsive, and to have a negative world view. The theoretical rationale for these predictions in parental acceptance-rejection theory is presented. The article also describes an effective multimethod research strategy for studying the antecedents and consequences of parental acceptance-rejection and emotional abuse internationally. Finally, some of the worldwide social correlates of parental acceptance-rejection are discussed. For example evidence shows that the effects of parental rejection and emotional abuse are not limited simply to individual personality and behavior disorders, but they reach into such abstract domains as the religious beliefs of a people, their art, music, and other expressive behaviors. There now seems to be little doubt that the results of parental rejection as well as the mechanisms which produce or distort parental warmth work uniformly throughout our species, regardless of differences in race, nationality, time or other limiting conditions.
Selected Drugs with Reported Secondary Cell-Differentiating Capacity Prime Latent HIV-1 Infection for Reactivation

Reactivation of latent HIV-1 infection is considered our best therapeutic means to eliminate the latent HIV-1 reservoir. Past therapeutic attempts to systemically trigger HIV-1 reactivation using single drugs were unsuccessful. We thus sought to identify drug combinations consisting of one component that would lower the HIV-1 reactivation threshold and a synergistic activator. With aclacinomycin and dactinomycin, we initially identified two FDA-approved drugs that primed latent HIV-1 infection in T cell lines and in primary T cells for reactivation and facilitated complete reactivation at the population level. This effect was correlated not with the reported primary drug effects but with the cell-differentiating capacity of the drugs. We thus tested other cell-differentiating drugs/compounds such as cytarabine and aphidicolin and found that they also primed latent HIV-1 infection for reactivation. This finding extends the therapeutic promise of N′-N′-hexamethylene-bisacetamide (HMBA), another cell-differentiating agent that has been reported to trigger HIV-1 reactivation, into the group of FDA-approved drugs. To this end, it is also noteworthy that suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a polar compound that was initially developed as a second-generation cell-differentiating agent using HMBA as a structural template and which is now marketed as the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor vorinostat, also has been reported to trigger HIV-1 reactivation. Our findings suggest that drugs with primary or secondary cell-differentiating capacity should be revisited as HIV-1-reactivating agents as some could potentially be repositioned as candidate drugs to be included in an induction therapy to trigger HIV-1 reactivation.
End-of-line inspection for annoying noises in automobiles: Trends and perspectives

Abstract Annoying noises such as buzzes, squeaks and rattles (BSRs) are particularly important to the perception of quality in complex manufactured durable goods such as automobiles. These products represent significant expenditures to the average consumer and are expected to provide safe and reliable performance for many years. Consumers use sensory responses such as sound as a gauge of the product quality; hence it is important to provide a product that does not exhibit BSRs. Manufacturers have traditionally relied on human auditors to conduct product acceptance testing for BSRs at the end of the assembly line. This paper provides state-of-the art review and future perspectives for the current processes of BSR inspection used by automobile manufacturers in the United States. The requirements for BSR inspection methodologies are presented in terms of three functional areas: detection, classification and localization. While human auditors provide an effective combination of these functions, they are limited in their performance. A critical perspective analysis of the current process, in terms of these three areas, reveals significant issues with repeatability and reproducibility of inspection results when human auditors are used. These issues demonstrate a clear need for more objective methods of inspection for annoying noises at the end of the assembly line. A number of new technology trends, particularly in the fields of psychoacoustic applications and acoustic imaging hold some promise in addressing the limitations of human auditors. These are discussed in the context of requirements for an ideal inspection system which is capable of providing all three capabilities. There is research being conducted in each of the three functional areas, and in some cases at the intersection of two out of the three areas, further work is needed in developing a methodology combining these functionalities.
Extension growth of the water mold Achlya: interplay of turgor and wall strength.

Abstract When hyphae of the water mold Achlya were subjected to osmotic stress, imposed with polyethylene glycol (PEG)-300 or sucrose, turgor pressure fell in proportion to the increase in external osmotic pressure. There was no evidence of turgor regulation, even over a period of days, yet the extension rate was unaffected until turgor was reduced to less than a third of the normal level of 0.6-0.8 MPa (6-8 bars). Measurements of the pressure at which the hyphae burst indicate that they respond to osmotic stress by softening their apical cell walls, sustaining extension growth despite reduced turgor pressure. The effect of osmolytes excluded by the wall was very different; superfusion of growing hyphae with PEG-6000 or dextran-6000 reduced turgor and stopped extension but did not induce wall softening. Furthermore, the hyphae did not resume growth during an hour or more of continuous exposure to these substances. Although the two classes of osmolytes have the same effect on turgor, they may induce different strains within the cell wall; this might then affect the capacity of the organism to detect the drop in turgor or to soften its cell wall. The interplay between turgor and wall strength supports the proposition that turgor supplies the driving force for extension and that production of the standard hyphal form requires a balance between hydrostatic pressure and a resistive cell wall.
Colonial modernism's thwarted maternity: Elizabeth Bowen's The House in Paris and Jean Rhys's Voyage in the Dark

Anglophone women experienced modernism as a negotiation of an interrelated set of ideologies, including that of the imperial mother. A comparative reading of Elizabeth Bowen's The House in Paris and Jean Rhys's Voyage in the Dark demonstrates ways that Bowen's and Rhys's formal experimentations reveal the impact of colonialism on maternal ideology in the interwar period. Critical assessments of Bowen and Rhys have tended to treat the women's writings separately, but a comparative reading helps to illuminate shared reproductive concerns that characterize women's writings from the margins of the British Empire. Furthermore, this interrogation of gender as it intersects with modernism opens up critical inquiry into a neglected subcategory of sexuality and maternity. This reading argues that Karen and Anna (the respective characters) represent a thwarted maternal identity because colonial strictures have deemed them incapable of fulfilling imperial maternal imperatives.
P-type calcium channels in the somata and dendrites of adult cerebellar Purkinje cells

Abstract The pharmacological and single-channel properties of Ca 2+ channels were studied in the somata and dendrites of adult cerebellar Purkinje cells. The Ca 2+ channels were exclusively of the high threshold type: low threshold Ca 2+ channels were not found. These high threshold channels were not blocked by cu-conotoxin GVIA and were inhibited rather than activated by BAY K 8644. They were therefore pharmacologically distinct from high threshold N- and L-type channels. Funnel web spider toxin was an effective blocker. The channels opened to conductance levels of 9, 14, and 19 pS (in 110 mM Ba 2+ ). These slope conductances were in the range of those reported for N- and L-type channels. Our results are in agreement with previous reports suggesting that Ca 2+ channels in Purkinje cells can be classified as P-type channels according to their pharmacology. The results also suggest that distinctions among Ca 2+ channel types based on the single-channel conductance are not definitive.
Localization of pyroantimonate-precipitable cation and surface coat anionic binding sites in developing erythrocytic cells and macrophages in normal human bone marrow.

The surfaces of developing erythrocytic cells and macrophages have been examined in normal human bone marrow by means of the pyroantimonate-osmium, ruthenium red and Thorotrast techniques for inorganic cations, surface glycoprotein-phospholipid complexes and surface anionic binding sites, respectively. No differences in the degree of surface coat reactivity were noted in the erythrocytic cells at different stages of maturation while pyroantimonate binding to the plasmalemma was not evident developmentally until the final stages of erythrocytic development. Rhopheocytotic invaginations proved to be chemically distinct from the remainder of the cell surface since they did not bind Thorotrast or pyroantimonate and gave more staining with ruthenium red. Pyroantimonate does not bind to the surface of macrophages and the binding of Thorotrast by these cells is less. Macrophage-erythrocytic cell contact zones did not stain with Thorotrast but stained with ruthenium red. The significance of these observations is discussed.
Hereditary myokymia and periodic ataxia

A kindred in which at least 11 individuals in 3 consecutive generations have continuous muscle movement, i.e., myokymia, and periodic ataxia, has been studied. Three patients, a 24-year-old woman, her 4-year-old son and her 27-year-old sister, have been studied in detail. The disorder is inherited as an autosomal-dominant trait and presents in early childhood with attacks of ataxia of 1-2 min in duration, with associated jerking movements of the head, arms and legs. Attacks are provoked by abrupt postural change, emotional stimulus, and caloric-vestibular stimulation. At the age of 12 years approximately, facial and extremity myokymia appears. Physical findings include large calves, normal muscle strength and widespread myokymia of face, hands, arms and legs with a hand posture resembling carpopedal spasm. EMG studies at rest showed continuous spontaneous activity of otherwise normal motor units. Nerve conduction velocities were normal. Gastrocnemius biopsy in 2 patients showed fiber type grouping and small angular fibers, and was consistent with denervation. Histographic analysis of the biopsies demonstrated enlargement of both fiber types, particularly of Type I fibers. These findings are consistent with chronic denervation and an abnormality of motor neuron population or firing. The myokymia described here is of interest not only because of its genetic association with a movement disorder, but also because the muscle findings support a peripheral basis for the muscle movements.
Stream flow rate and velocity at the end of micturition

The most significant changes in voiding patterns in male subjects with prostatism occur toward the end of the stream rather than at the beginning or at peak flow. The flow curve shape that is heavily weighted toward endstream events flattens and can be expressed mathematically as the ratio of peak flow to time of voiding. The flow rate at the end of voiding deteriorates more in the obstructed patient than in the normal, so that terminal flow is a better discriminator of pathology than peak flow. The terminal velocity is also sensitive to minor changes in outflow resistance. Values of terminal flow rate in the obstructed male were scattered below 8 ml/s. Terminal velocity in obstructed males was usually less than 85 cm/s with an overlap zone between 85 and 100 cm/s. The studies were done on a total of 35 subjects, 12 normal men and 23 patients.
Preparation and characterization of novel coenzyme Q10 nanoparticles engineered from microemulsion precursors

The purpose of these studies was to prepare and characterize nanoparticles into which Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) had been incorporated (CoQ10-NPs) using a simple and potentially scalable method. CoQ10-NPs were prepared by cooling warm microemulsion precursors composed of emulsifying wax, CoQ10, Brij 78, and/or Tween 20. The nanoparticles were lyophilized, and the stability of CoQ10-NPs in both lyophilized form and aqueous suspension was monitored over 7 days. The release of CoQ10 from the nanoparticles was investigated at 37°C. Finally, an in vitro study of the uptake of CoQ10-NPs by mouse macrophage, J774A.1, was completed. The incorporation efficiency of CoQ10 was approximately 74%±5%. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) showed that the nanoparticle was not a physical mixture of its individual components. The size of the nanoparticles increased over time if stored in aqueous suspension. However, enhanced stability was observed when the nanoparticles were stored at 4°C. Storage in lyophilized form demonstrated the highest stability. The in vitro release profile of CoQ10 from the nanoparticles showed an initial period of rapid release in the first 9 hours followed by a period of slower and extended release. The uptake of CoQ10-NPs by the J774A.1 cells was over 4-fold higher than that of the CoQ10-free nanoparticles (P<.05). In conclusion, CoQ10-NPs with potential application for oral CoQ10 delivery were engineered readily from microemulsion precursors.
Anthecology of Schrankia nuttallii (Mimosaceae) on the tallgrass prairie.

Schrankia nuttalii flowers through late spring on the tallgrass prairie. Although each stem produces an average of 26 capitate inflorescences only 12% of those inflorescences will open each day to disperse and receive polyads. Each inflorescence may live up to 48 hours but anthers abscise by late afternoon on the first day and the filaments change color and lose their scent. The 78–93 florets comprising each inflorescence open synchronously before dawn or during early morning hours. First day inflorescences ofS. nuttallii are herkogamous and fragrant. They are nectarless. Bombyliid flies and male bees are infrequent floral foragers so the major pollinators include female bees representing five families;Anthophoridae, Apidae, Colletidae, Halictidae, andMegachilidae. All foraging insects ignore second day inflorescences although stigmas are still receptive. Although 97% of all bees collected onS. nuttallii carrySchrankia polyads in their scopae or corbiculae 59% also carry the pollen/pollinaria of one or more coblooming angiosperms. At least 98% of all bees carrying mixed pollen loads incorporate the pollen/pollinaria of one or more nectariferous taxa (e.g.Asclepias spp.,Asteraceae, Convolvulaceae, Delphinium spec., etc.). Species of halictid bees are more likely to carry pure loads ofS. nuttallii polyads (70%) than bees of the four remaining families. Due to the nectarless florets and high degree of polylectic foraging bee-pollination inS. nuttallii converges more closely with the pollination systems of some AustralianAcacia spp. than with most other xeric/tropical genera of mimosoids studied in the western hemisphere.
Solutions to frequency weighted optimal H/sub /spl infin// model reduction problem

A frequency weighted optimal H/sub /spl infin// model reduction problem for linear time-invariant (LTI) systems is considered. The objective of this class of model reduction problems is to minimize the H/sub /spl infin// norm of the frequency weighted truncation error between a given LTI system and its lower order approximation. A necessary and sufficient solvability condition is derived in terms of LMIs with one extra coupling rank constraint, which generally leads to a non-convex feasibility problem. Moreover, it has been shown that the reduced-order model is stable when both stable input and output weights are included.
Midbrain dopamine and prefrontal function in humans: Interaction and modulation by COMT genotype

Using multimodal neuroimaging in humans, we demonstrate specific interactions between prefrontal activity and midbrain dopaminergic synthesis. A common V(108/158)M substitution in the gene for catecholamine-O-methyltransferase (COMT), an important enzyme regulating prefrontal dopamine turnover, predicted reduced dopamine synthesis in midbrain and qualitatively affected the interaction with prefrontal cortex. These data implicate a dopaminergic tuning mechanism in prefrontal cortex and suggest a systems-level mechanism for cognitive and neuropsychiatric associations with COMT.