cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conceptualizing and Treating Comorbid Chronic Pain and PTSD

The purpose of this paper is to review the rationale for concurrent, evidence-based treatment of chronic pain and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). To meet this end, we review pertinent definitions and extant theories related to the two conditions and their correlations with each other. We then synthesize theoretical components into a proposal of a comprehensive conceptual framework for understanding the relationship and clinical complexity of overlapping chronic pain and PTSD. We conclude with an example of an integrated treatment model designed specifically to address a fundamental factor associated with pain and PTSD: avoidance.
Regulated expression of nullo is required for the formation of distinct apical and basal adherens junctions in the Drosophila blastoderm.

During cellularization, the Drosophila embryo undergoes a large-scale cytokinetic event that packages thousands of syncytial nuclei into individual cells, resulting in the de novo formation of an epithelial monolayer in the cortex of the embryo. The formation of adherens junctions is one of the many aspects of epithelial polarity that is established during cellularization: at the onset of cellularization, the Drosophila β-catenin homologue Armadillo (Arm) accumulates at the leading edge of the cleavage furrow, and later to the apicolateral region where the zonula adherens precursors are formed. In this paper, we show that the basal accumulation of Arm colocalizes with DE-cadherin and Dα-catenin, and corresponds to a region of tight membrane association, which we refer to as the basal junction. Although the two junctions are similar in components and function, they differ in their response to the novel cellularization protein Nullo. Nullo is present in the basal junction and is required for its formation at the onset of cellularization. In contrast, Nullo is degraded before apical junction formation, and prolonged expression of Nullo blocks the apical clustering of junctional components, leading to morphological defects in the developing embryo. These observations reveal differences in the formation of the apical and basal junctions, and offer insight into the role of Nullo in basal junction formation.
A Polymerase Super Complex within Vesicular Stomatitis Virus

The material properties of biological samples such as viruses are important, and properties such as elasticity can be determined with technologies like Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). These material studies have a great impact on our understanding of viral assembly, budding and maturation regarding highly ordered viruses such as Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV). VSV is a negative sense RNA virus which is studied widely as a model system for non-segmented negative sense RNA viruses. These viruses require the assembly and inclusion of multiple copies of their RNA-specific polymerase for transcription and replication in future generations. Despite their importance, little is known about their locality in a fully formed virion. While studying the elastic material property of intact wild-type VSV utilizing AFM; in conjunction with super resolution microscopy techniques; we have discovered that 20-70 polymerases stack at the blunt end of each virion near the 3' transcriptional promoter and form a super complex with the polymerase cofactor proteins of the virus. Since these observations show that the super complex is located near the only transcriptional promoter of the mature virus, they imply a mechanism other than stochastic collision for the association of polymerase with the promoter for initial transcription of all the polymerase within the virus.
Determinants of the fluorescence emission spectrum of atheromatous plaques treated with haematoporphyrin in vitro

Studies were carried out on atheromatous plaques which had been incubated with the fluorescent dye haematoporphyrin. By varying the wavelength of excitation, it was possible to obtain fluorescence signals from different depths in plaque, since enhanced tissue penetration occurs when the wavelength of exciting light is increased. Moreover, the presence of ulcerated regions altered both excitation and emission spectra. These results suggest that corresponding measurements using laser/fibre-optic systems may be used to characterize plaques in vivo.
Creating an ideal objective structured clinical exam for an obstetrics and gynecology medical student clerkship

Objective The objective of the study was to describe our experience with the Objective Structured Clinical Exam during the third-year obstetrics/gynecology clerkship. Study design Our 8-station Objective Structured Clinical Exam is described in detail. We analyzed grades from the Objective Structured Clinical Exam for overall distribution, comparing among and between groups by year and among exam sites and correlating with the National Board of Medical Examiners subject exam and the final clerkship grades. Results The Objective Structured Clinical Exam is provided at 3 sites, 1 at a technically advanced simulation center. Most students (54.6%) received a grade of A; however, the mean grade from the Objective Structured Clinical Exam at the simulation center (3.41 on a 4-point grade-point average scale) was lower than that at the clinic sites (3.60, P =.005; 3.73, P Conclusion An Objective Structured Clinical Exam in the obstetrics/gynecology clerkship can be administered with limited resources and provides a valuable assessment method.
Characterization of tissue-specific transcription by the human synapsin I gene promoter.

Abstract Synapsin Ia and synapsin Ib are abundant synaptic vesicle proteins that are derived by differential splicing from a single gene. To identify control elements directing the neuronal expression of synapsins Ia/b, we functionally analyzed the promoter region of the human synapsin I gene. A hybrid gene was constructed containing 2 kilobases of 5' flanking sequence from the synapsin I gene fused to the bacterial gene chloramphenicol acetyltransferase and transfected into 12 different neuronal and nonneuronal cell lines. In general, expression of the chimeric reporter gene showed excellent correlation with endogenous expression of synapsin I in different neuronal cell lines, whereas transcription was low in all nonneuronal cell lines examined. The addition of the simian virus 40 enhancer promoted non-tissue-specific expression. Deletion mutagenesis of the synapsin I promoter revealed the presence of positive and negative sequence elements. A basal (constitutive) promoter that directs reporter gene expression in neuronal and nonneuronal cell lines was mapped to the region -115 to +47. The promoter region from -422 to -22 contains positive elements that upon fusion with the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase promoter potentiate its transcription in PC12 and neuroblastoma cells but not in Chinese hamster ovary cells.
Air Pollution and Acute Respiratory Illness: Evidence from Taiwan and Los Angeles

Developing and newly industrialized countries are suffering from severe air pollution problems. Growing concerns about both the effects of air pollution on health and the rising costs of continued efforts to improve air quality imply that these countries will increasingly need quantitative estimates of the health benefits and costs of reducing air pollution. The health benefits of improved air quality are usually obtained by combining epidemiologic evidence linking pollution levels to health outcomes with the value of avoiding such outcomes (Alberini and Krupnick, Cropper and Freeman). Unfortunately, very few original epidemiologic or willingness-to-pay studies have been conducted in developing countries, leading analysts to offer recommendations based on extrapolating both concentration-response functions and the value of avoiding illness from U.S. studies (Krupnick et al., Ostro). However, this approach neglects differences between the United States and the target country in pollution levels, baseline health, the age distribution of the population, medical care systems, sickleave policies, and cultural factors that might affect perceptions of illness and pollution and behavioral responses. In this paper, we explore the appropriateness of concentration-response function transfers by comparing two health studies conducted following a similar format-but years apart-in Los Angeles and Taiwan. Daily records of acute respiratory symptoms, headaches, and eye irritation experienced by study participants were matched with pollution concentrations at multiple monitoring sites in Taiwan and a site in Azuza in Los Angeles (all participants were less than 1.5 miles from the Azuza site). The Los Angeles respondents report much higher "background" illness rates and appear much more sensitive to fluctuations in pollution levels, even at pollution levels comparable to those for Taiwan, calling into question the validity of concentration-response function transfers. We believe that the different makeup and concentration of air pollutants in the two areas only partly explains the different responsiveness to air pollution.
Observing dark energy

I review the observational evidence for dark energy, arguing that the large-scale structure observed at low redshift and in the cosmic microwave background offers a strong corroboration of the supernova Ia results. The angular scale of the acoustic oscillations in the cosmic microwave background strongly support a nearly flat universe, while many arguments from low-redshift cosmology support a matter density around 25% of the critical density. The observational constraints on the cosmological model have improved dramatically over the past decade. The coming decade will likely bring another two to three orders of magnitude in improvements in the data sets used for the study of dark energy.
Distribution of Guanylic Acid Residues in Tobacco Mosaic Virus Nucleic Acid

THE mode of arrangement of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides in tobacco mosaic virus nucleic acid was studied using the actions of pancreatic ribonuclease and micrococcal phosphodiesterase. This work showed that in tobacco mosaic virus nucleic acid the purine nucleotides and pyrimidine nucleotides occur in ‘clusters’ of two or more and also ‘singly’ alternating with each other. The extension of these studies to nucleic acids of three viral strains (TMV, HR and M) revealed for the first time significant differences in the arrangement of nucleotides in each of their molecules1–5. Additional information on the distribution of guanylic acid residues in tobacco mosaic virus nucleic acid, obtained by the action of an enzyme specific to secondary phosphate esters of guanosine 3′-phosphates, is given in the present communication.
Fidarestat improves cardiomyocyte contractile function in db/db diabetic obese mice through a histone deacetylase Sir2-dependent mechanism.

BACKGROUND Fidarestat, an aldose reductase (AR) inhibitor, displays promise for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy, although the underlying mechanism of action remains unclear. Histone modification, especially histone acetylation, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was two-fold: to examine the impact of fidarestat on diabetic cardiomyopathy; and to evaluate the role of histone acetylation in the fidarestat-elicited effect, if any. METHODS Cardiomyocytes from db/db diabetic obese and control mice were exposed to fidarestat (0.1-10 mumol/l) for 60 min in the absence or presence of splitomicin, an inhibitor of the NAD-dependent histone deacetylase Sir2. Superoxide levels were measured by dihydroethidium fluorescence. Expression of Sir2, IkappaB (inhibitor of kappaB) and phosphorylated IkappaB was evaluated by western blotting. RESULTS Myocytes from db/db mice exhibited greater cross-sectional area, depressed peak shortening and maximal velocity of shortening/re-lengthening, and prolonged duration of re-lengthening (TR90). Myocytes from db/db mice displayed a reduced rise in intracellular Ca and prolonged intracellular Ca decay. All abnormalities were attenuated by fidarestat. The beneficial effects of fidarestat on db/db cardiomyocytes were nullified by splitomicin with the exception of intracellular Ca decay rate and TR90. Intracellular superoxide was enhanced in db/db myocytes, which was attenuated by fidarestat. Protein expression of Sir2 was decreased in db/db mouse hearts. Phosphorylated IkappaB: IkappaB ratio was increased in db/db mouse. Fidarestat reduced the elevated phosphorylated IkappaB: IkappaB ratio, the effect of which was abolished by splitomicin. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results suggest that fidarestat may protect against cardiomyocyte dysfunction in db/db mice through a Sir2-dependent pathway.
Protein Synthesis and Secretion by the Rat Seminiferous Tubule in Vivo not Affected by Experimental Varicocele

AbstractPurpose: Varicocele is associated with testicular dysfunction and male infertility. In vivo protein synthesis and secretion by the seminiferous tubules can be studied as an overall assessment of Sertoli cell function. The present experiments were undertaken to determine the effect of experimental left varicocele (ELV) on seminiferous tubule protein synthesis and secretion.Materials and Methods: Androgen binding protein (ABP) was determined in native testicular interstitial fluid by radioimmunoassay.35 S-methionine was perifused around seminiferous tubules in vivo in testes of control rats and those with 30 day ELV. Interstitial fluid (IF) and lumen fluid (LF) were subsequently collected by micropuncture, and a tubule extract (TE) was prepared. Proteins in all fluids were subjected to one- and two-dimensional electrophoresis and autoradiography to evaluate the total synthesized proteins (those in TE) as well as the secreted proteins (those in LF).Results: Two-dimensional electrophoresis allowed det...
Scheduling Strategy Using Poisson Probability to Ensure 24/7 Scheduling Coverage for Emergency Nurses Caring for Patients that Have Been Sexually Assaulted

Background Sexual assault patients disproportionately experience gaps in health care delivery including delays in referrals, delays in medication administration, and extended lengths of stay in emergency departments. Victims of sexual assault have unique health care needs that require nurses to have extensive knowledge and skills to adequately address them. Training nurses with simulation is one approach to enhancing knowledge and skills. However, with a large number of nurses a burden is created whereby nurses have difficulty maintaining clinical competencies due to the decreased opportunity to gain actual hands-on experience. Purpose The purpose is to determine a reliable method for calculating an accurate number of nurses to select for simulation training so that one of the specially trained nurses will most likely be working in the emergency department on any given shift. Research Question Is there a reliable method to calculate the number of nurses to train with simulation so that there will be one trained nurse working at all times in the emergency department. Methods Using Poisson probability distribution the number of nurses selected for simulation training was calculated by reviewing a 6-month period of emergency room nurses schedules. A schedule pattern was selected that achieved 24/7 coverage in 8am to 8pm and 8pm to 8am shifts. Nurses working at least six 12-hour shifts in a 4-week period were selected for analysis. Results Training 6 nurses working 8am to 8pm results in a 0.143 probability that a nurse would not be working, and training 15 nurses working a shift of 8am to 8pm resulted in a 0.006 probability that one of the nurses would not be working on a given day. Training 6 nurses working 8am to 8pm results in a 0.113 probability that a nurse would not be working, and training 15 nurses results in 0.002 probability that one of the nurses would not be working on a given day. Conclusions and Implications Poisson probability distribution is a reliable method to determine a number of nurses to train for simulation in order to increase the likelihood that one trained nurse is working on any given shift. Additionally, using this scheduling method, Poisson can be applied specifically to other health care specialties where there are no fixed schedules, and the need to have a health care individual with specialized skills is essential.
Effect of Quartic Anharmonicity on the Infrared Absorption of Alkali Halide Crystals

A classical theory is given for the influence of quartic anharmonicity terms on the infrared lattice vibration spectra of ionic crystals. It is found that quartic anharmonicity introduces terms in the damping constant which are proportional to the square of the absolute temperature. A frequency renormalization is found to be necessary in order to make the simple classical theory go through for quartic terms.
A study of oxide-based heterostructure photoelectrodes

Abstract A review of the literature on solar-driven water photoelectrolysis cells employing semiconductor electrodes revealed that all devices tested suffered from three major problem areas: corrosion, poor sunlight absorption and external bias requirement. Only certain oxides are stable, but they are not good absorbers of sunlight and require biasing arrangements. The correlation between the external bias requirement and electron affinity of oxides was identified. A series of composite electrodes comprised of a stable wide band gap oxide (TiO2, SrTiO3, Al2O3) and a corrosion prone sunlight absorber (CdS, CdSe, ZnTe, Si) were fabricated and tested. Performance of heterostructure electrodes was shown to be limited either by pin hole problems or by potential barriers between the valence bands. These potential barriers can be minimized by using insulating oxide samples, with high work functions, and the photovoltaic properties of insulating SrTiO3 are presented.
Effects of the processing conditions and blending with linear low‐density polyethylene on the properties of low‐density polyethylene films

Effects of blending low-density polyethylene (LDPE) with linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) were studied on extrusion blown films. The tensile strength, the tear strength, the elongation at break, as well as haze showed more or less additivity between the properties of LDPE and LLDPE except in the range of 20–40% where synergistic effects were observed. The LLDPE had higher tensile strength and elongation at break than did the LDPE in both test directions, as well as higher tear strength in the transverse direction. The impact energies of the LLDPE and the LDPE were approximately the same, but the tear strength of the LLDPE was lower than that of LDPE in the machine direction. The comparative mechanical properties strongly depend on the processing conditions and structural parameters such as the molecular weight and the molecular weight distribution of both classes of materials. The LLDPE in this study had a higher molecular weight in comparison to the LDPE of the study, as implied from its lower melt flow index (MFI) in comparison to that of the LDPE. The effects of processing conditions such as the blow-up ratio (BUR) and the draw-down ratio (DDR) were also studied at 20/80 (LLDPE/LDPE) ratio. Tensile strength, elongation at break, and tear strength in both directions became equalized, and the impact energy decreased as the BUR and the DDR approached each other.
The effect of alloy composition on radiation-induced segregation in FeCrNi alloys

Abstract The effect of alloy composition on radiation-induced segregation (RIS) was investigated in austenitic iron-base and nickel-base alloys using proton irradiation. Specifically, RIS was studied by irradiation of Ni18Cr, Ni18Cr9Fe, and Fe20Cr9Ni over a dose range of 0 to 1.0 dpa and a temperature range of 200 to 500°C. Grain boundary composition was measured using Auger electron spectroscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Measurements from this study along with measurements from Fe16Cr24Ni, Fe20Cr24Ni, Fe24Cr24Ni, and Fe24Cr19Ni alloys irradiated with protons confirm that RIS is strongly dependent on the alloy composition. Trends in segregation behavior in Fe-base alloys are consistent with high temperature diffusion measurements, indicating that a vacancy mechanism is the most likely primary driving force for RIS in austenitic steels. The migration energy for Cr is shown to be larger than the migration energy of Fe. Segregation measurements in Ni-base alloys are not consistent with high temperature diffusion measurements, indicating that ordering forces may be significant in the segregation process. Comparison of model calculations to measured RIS data indicate that Fe, Cr, and Ni diffusivities are composition dependent. This dependence on alloy composition limits the predictive ability of simple models because of the need for separate diffusion parameters for every alloy composition.
Efficient estimation in model-based clustering of Gaussian regression time series

This paper discusses an alternative approach to the estimation procedure presented in a recently published paper. The authors developed a model-based clustering approach for regression time series and proposed the APECM procedure as an acceleration method for the expectation–maximization algorithm. The process of the estimation of model parameters was discussed in great detail. In this paper, we show how the proposed procedure can be modified to achieve substantial acceleration and better stability. In particular, numerical maximization suggested for the estimation of parameters can be replaced with analytical closed-form expressions, and inverting high dimensional matrices can be avoided entirely. A convenient approach for assessing variability in parameter estimates is also provided. The results of conducted experiments are very promising. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining, 2012 © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Some determinants of the intensity of social protest

Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to relate feelings of inequity (as determined by the size of the CL-outcome discrepancy) to the intensity of social protest (operationally defined by the deliver of punishment to an elite). Three factors expected to influence perceptions of equity were manipulated: the competence of the Ss, the allocation of the outcomes, and the contingency of the outcomes on performance. Subjects were given the opportunity for expressive and instrumental aggression in the form of noxious white noise directed at a hypothetical elite, only one of whose members was responsible for a reversal in the Ss' outcomes. Subjects in the competent comditions showed evidence of a heightened CL. The experimental manipulations did not affect the amount of instrumental aggression transmitted to either member of the elite. However, the member of the elite responsible for the reversal did receive more expressive aggression from Ss in the competent conditions than Ss in the incompetent conditions. Moreover, competent Ss provided the elite with poorer outcomes than did incompetent Ss. The results obtained from the allocation manipulation also confirmed experimental hypotheses. Subjects faced with greater inequity in the division of outcomes showed a larger CL-outcome discrepancy and delivered more punishment to the elite. The contingency manipulation failed to influence CL and the major dependent variables.
Inter‐library loans and document delivery via EUCAT: a new PICA/OCLC initiative

This paper explores the role of union catalogues in inter‐library loans and document delivery and how that role is changing to embrace virtual holdings and electronic document delivery. Figures from the Dutch National Union Catalogue (Nederlandse Centrale Catalogus, NCC) show that, contrary to expectations, physical loans are not decreasing but now comprise over a quarter of interlibrary loan activity. With direct user access, interlibrary loans have become unmediated and numbers of traditional loans and photocopies have steadily increased with a dramatic rise in electronic copy. International interlibrary loans pose technical and logistical problems for union catalogues. From a system viewpoint, it is necessary to integrate ILL systems, local library systems and to determine the end user’s ILL system and rights. EUCAT is an example of a federation of union catalogues. While the technical problems are more or less resolved, libraries still must determine the conditions for international co‐operation.
Three-dimensional equilibria of nonlinear pre-curved beams using an intrinsic formulation and shooting

Abstract This article describes a shooting method for computing three-dimensional equilibria of pre-curved nonlinear beams with axial and shear flexibility using the intrinsic beam formulation. For distributed and concentrated follower loads acting on a cantilevered beam, the method amounts to a direct solution approach requiring only a single shot (zero iterations) to compute the equilibria. This is possible since the system equations are defined in a local coordinate system that rotates and translates with the beam, akin to the follower loads themselves. A general procedure employing nonconservative follower loads, which invokes the Picard–Lindelof theorem on uniqueness and existence of solutions, is also introduced for finding all solutions for three-dimensional pre-curved beam problems with conservative loading. This is particularly useful in beam buckling problems where multiple stable and unstable solutions exist. Three-dimensional equilibrium solutions are generated for many loading cases and boundary conditions, including three-dimensional helical beams, and are compared to similar solutions where available in the literature. Excellent agreement is documented in all comparison cases. For buckling examples, the stability of the computed solutions is assessed using a dynamic finite element code based on the same intrinsic beam equations. Due to the ability to avoid iteration, the presented approach may find application in model-based control for practical three-dimensional problems such as the control of manipulators utilized in endoscopic surgeries and the control of spacecraft with robotic arms and long cables.
Structure determination of SO2 by electron diffraction

A determination of the structural parameters of gaseous sulfur dioxide has been made with counting electron diffraction apparatus at an electron energy of 54.157 keV over the s range from 10 to 30 A−1. The structure parameters are found to be ra(S–O) = 1.4343(3) A, ra(O⋅⋅O) = 2.4718(28) A, l(S–O) = 0.0359(10) A, l(O⋅⋅O) = 0.0561(31) A, and ∢ OSO = 119.5 °(0.3 °). The quoted uncertainties are 2σ. Since the experimental results agree very well with the spectroscopic and theoretical structure parameters, it is proposed that SO2 be accepted as the standard reference molecule in place of CO2.
WE‐C‐I‐609‐10: A Feasibility Study of Atlas‐Based Image Segmentation in 3D Treatment Planning

Purpose: To develop and evaluate a fully automatic atlas-based image segmentation method for radiotherapy treatment planning. Method and Materials: A very important part of 3-dimensional radiotherapy treatment planning is the contouring of normal regions of interests (ROIs). Currently, automatic image segmentation tools provided in treatment planning systems are usually based on edge detection and may not always be satisfactory. Atlas-based image segmentation is a promising method that uses deformable image registration to register the target images with reference images containing previously contoured ROIs. Atlas-based image segmentation utilizes all of the information in the images and has the potential to perform better than edge-detection based algorithms, in which only the edge information is used. The performance of atlas-based image segmentation relies on the deformable image registration algorithm. We implemented a fast variational deformable image registration algorithm. The algorithm was tested at three common radiotherapy sites: head/neck, chest and pelvis. Physicians manually contoured the ROIs in the reference CT images. The new, randomly selected target images were automatically contoured. The results were evaluated by the physicians. Results: The entire process was completed in less than 15 minutes using a single CPU computer. The ROI masks were transformed into the new images using the displacement maps from deformable image registration. Contours were regenerated from the ROI masks and imported into the Pinnacle™ treatment planning system. In all three clinical sites, the majority of generated ROI's required only minor further modifications. Conclusions: Atlas-based image segmentation is a powerful automatic contouring tool. Our algorithm provides excellent results in a majority of clinical cases. Implementation of atlas-based image segmentation may reduce the time required by physicians to contour normal structure ROI's in treatment planning. Additionally, it opens up the possibility of standardizing ROI contours, such as the parotid, in head and neck IMRT.
Initial-value approach to study the inertio-gravity waves without the 'traditional approximation'

An initial-value problem is formulated with linear Boussinesq equations to study the inertio-gravity waves without the ''traditional approximation'' that is to include a complete effect of rotation. Motions are assumed to be horizontally periodic, but bounded vertically at the top and bottom. The evolution of the vertical structure of wave motions can be calculated from given initial conditions with a one-dimensional finite-difference version of the model with or without forcing/dissipation under a variable thermal buoyancy condition in height. This program is intended to use as a simple numerical laboratory to study the time-evolution of inertio-gravity waves. Examples show for (1) the free oscillations using the normal mode solutions as initial conditions, and (2) the forced oscillations as a simulation of near-inertial currents in the oceans generated by atmospheric storms. An emphasis is made to asses the role of the horizontal component of the earth's rotation which has been traditionally neglected in the study of inertio-gravity waves.
THEORIES IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: AN INTRODUCTION. Bill VanPatten and Jessica Williams (Eds.)

THEORIES IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: AN INTRODUCTION. Bill VanPatten and Jessica Williams (Eds.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2007. Pp. xiv + 261. $32.50 paper.This volume consists of chapters contributed by a group of SLA experts whose work has had a significant influence on the field of contemporary SLA research. Its goal is to provide readers with accessible synopses of various approaches to the study of later language development. Twelve chapters define language either as a computational system that exists beyond general human cognition or as a dynamic system that links the two inextricably. All of them nonetheless presuppose that adult SLA is distinct in that its initial state is constitutive of a completed grammatical system. Each chapter, except for the introduction and the conclusion, follows the same format: introduction of the theory or approach, verification of its validity, discussion of its limitations, an illustrative study, and discussion of the theory's relevance to some of the SLA issues identified by VanPatten and Williams in the introduction. Each chapter ends with discussion questions and further suggested reading.
Periprosthetic modelling of femoral component fit using computed tomography data for total hip arthroplasty: A feasibility study

The aim of the work was to create a new three-dimensional periprosthetic multi-criteria optimisation technique to identify the best six degrees of freedom transform to position a porous-coated anatomic cementless femoral component for three factors, including: first, maximisation of the degree of contact achieved between designated bone ingrowth surfaces and the periprosthetic bone; secondly, minimisation of the bone mass to be removed to accommodate the component and thirdly, the extreme constraint of the component to be positioned so that it does not project beyond the periosteum. Discrete integrals were computed over regions of interest derived from the polyhedral component mesh in transaxial CT scan planes, using a polygon scan-conversion algorithm. A new biomedical imaging volume rendering technique utilising dynamic virtual textures was developed to visualise the design trade-offs.Pareto-optima were identified for four femora that matched an average-sized component. The non-linear, multi-modal fit metric was quadratic near minima, with a narrow trough of equivalent fit values within 3 mm of translation and 3 degrees of rotation with respect to the canal axis, and possessed a dependence most pronounced for distal-directed insertion against varus/valgus rotation. The study gives previously unavailable data on the three-dimensional femoral component fit and is the first report that demonstrates that fitting the implant using several design criteria in a multi-criteria optimisation scheme is feasible.
Polychlorinated biphenyl immunotoxicity: Dependence on isomer planarity and the Ah gene complex

Abstract Properties of certain halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, such as cytosolic receptor binding, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and cytochrome P -450 induction, and thymic atrophy, segregate with the Ah (aromatic hydrocarbon) gene complex in mice. This study tested the hypothesis that polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) immunotoxicity in mice also segregates with the Ah gene complex and is dependent on the planarity of the PCB molecule. Male C 57 BL 6 (Ah + ) and DBA 2 (Ah − ) mice were administered planar 3,4,3′,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) or nonplanar 2,5,2′,5′-TCB at doses of either 0, 10, or 100 mg/kg ip in corn oil 2 days prior to and 2 days after iv immunization with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). Five days after immunization the primary antibody response was evaluated by the Jerne plaque assay. 3,4,3′,4′-TCB significantly decreased the number of anti-SRBC antibody-forming cells per 10 6 spleen cells and per spleen by 79 and 90%, respectively, from control values. This isomer also caused thymic atrphy, hepatomegaly, hepatic centrilobular hypertrophy, and extensive hepatic fatty infiltration; decreased body and relative spleen/body weights; and induced cytochrome P -450. These effects were observed in C 57 BL 6 but not in DBA 2 mice. 2,5,2′,5′-TCB did not produce any of these effects in either strain. These results are consistent with our hypothesis and suggest that PCB immunotoxicity is mediated through a genetically controlled cytosolic receptor present in C 57 BL 6 but not in DBA 2 mice and that the immunotoxic potential of PCB isomers is dependent on their conformational planarity.
Does Hypertext Disadvantage Less Able Readers

This article reports on an investigation of the relationship between print and hypertext reading skills in university students. The study employed a counterbalanced repeated measures design that required subjects to answer questions using both print and hypertext versions of a student advising handbook. Two research questions guided the study. One question explored whether readers in general experience greater difficulty with hypertext than they do in traditional print. The second question focused specifically on what, if any, differential disadvantage might be experienced by less able print readers. Significant effects included a practice effect, a general format effect favoring print over hypertext, and a question-set effect. The study supports the claim that readers find hypertext more difficult, but there was no evidence that hypertext differentially disadvantages less able print readers.
Milton erickson as playwright and director

Abstract Milton Erickson in his therapeutic practice can be characterized as a playwright who plans a little play for each patient and then leads that patient to accept and enact the assigned role. This arrangement permits him to be authoritarian as playwright and director by providing the staging and the strategy, while the patient then provides the tactics by carrying out the assignment in his or her own way. Several examples are given from published cases. The first is a case of enuresis in both husband and wife, selected because in this instance no mention is made of hypnosis as Erickson sets the circumstances and gives direct orders for carrying out the instructions. 3 pairs of cases are described to indicate how differently Erickson has treated cases with similar symptoms. Finally, I case is discussed more extensively because the treatment extended over a 6-year period. Its interpretation shows how difficult it is to distinguish what belongs to the strategic drama and what to hypnosis. All cases had...
The effects of cold storage and endotoxin challenge on osteoblast viability and interleukin-6 production

Autogenous hip marrow is an excellent source of pluripotential cells for regenerative procedures. However, before this treatment modality can be employed a method to attenuate osteoclast activity must be developed. The shock of cold storage (4 degrees C) is thought to abate osteoclast activity through the downregulation of osteolytic cytokines produced by osteoblasts. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of cold storage (4 degrees C) and endotoxin challenge on bone cell culture viability and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. These cells (osteoblasts) were primarily harvested from murine calvaria utilizing sequential digestions, separated by density gradient and combined. Twelve-well cell culture plates were inoculated with 2 x 10(4) cells/ml and placed in cold storage for 1-14 d. After cold storage the cultures were then incubated at 37 degrees C for 1-20 d. A set of replicate plates was also challenged with 10 ng/ml endotoxin upon incubation at 37 degrees C for 4 consecutive days. Cells were evaluated daily for alkaline phosphatase activity. Cell culture supernatants were also collected daily and batch assayed for IL-6 production. Cell cultures did not survive more than 48 h of cold storage. There was a decrease in IL-6 secretion in all refrigerated cultures and a significant decrease in those cells refrigerated for 48 h versus control cultures (p < 0.05). Replicate cultures treated with endotoxin secreted significantly increased amounts of IL-6 in both the control cultures and the cultures exposed to 24 h of cold storage versus non-endotoxin-treated control cultures (p < 0.05). These observations suggest that after 48 h of cold storage autogenous marrow may be safe to use because of the dramatic decrease in IL-6 production by osteoblasts.
Dietary Factors in Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer

A population-based case-control study of oral and pharyngeal cancer conducted in four areas of the United States provided information on a number of risk factors, including diet. Interviews were obtained from 871 oral cancer patients and 979 controls among whites, frequency matched for age and sex. Consumption frequency of 61 food items was assessed in the questionnaire; attention was given to foods that are sources of vitamins A and C and carotene. The major finding was an inverse relationship between fruit intake and risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer; individuals in the highest quartile of intake had about half the risk of those in the lowest quartile. Vitamin C, carotene, or fiber in fruit did not appear to account completely for this relationship, since these nutrients in vegetables did not provide similar protection. This finding suggests the influence of other constituents in fruits, although it is possible that cooking vegetables may have a nutrient-diminishing effect. Dietary intake of other nutrients, such as the B vitamins, vitamin E, folate, and iron, showed no consistent relationship to risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer. Coffee or other hot beverage consumption did not increase risk; intake of nitrite-containing meats or cooking practices, such as smoking, pickling, or charcoal grilling, also did not increase risk. All analyses were adjusted for the effects of tobacco and alcohol, strong risk factors for oral and pharyngeal cancer. Dietary findings among the few subjects who did not use tobacco or alcohol were similar to those for all subjects.
Evaluation of Microwave Radar Trailers for Nonintrusive Traffic Measurements

A trailer using two Wavetronix microwave radar units in side-fire mode was developed to measure traffic nonintrusively, including timestamped arrival records, moving average speed (N = 16), length, and classification (0 to 20 ft, 20 to 40 ft, more than 40 ft) of each vehicle. This paper reports on an initial validation of a prototype trailer on a fourlane section of US-50 east of Athens, Ohio. Traffic on the road was independently measured with video and radar, and the results were compared with records from the trailer to verify that the trailer was measuring the traffic with reasonable accuracy. The system records the arrival of more than 95% of all vehicles, with phantom and missed counts held to less than 5% in nearly all test cases. The overall average speed based on a 90-min time period is within 3 mph of the actual overall average values, although the observed standard deviation of the trailer moving average speed readings is about two to three times that of validation data, indicating that not all...
Effects of cartilage stiffness and viscosity on a nonporous compliant bearing lubrication model for living joints

Abstract There are several possible lubrication mechanisms for living joints. One such mechanism, the squeeze film compliant bearing, is examined through the use of a computational model. The model is based on a finite element representation for the compliant surfaces. The lubricant is described by Reynold's equation. A minimization technique provides solutions to this inherently nonlinear problem, and alleviates difficulties in numerical convergence. In earlier work, the results of this model showed good correlation with both numerical results of another model and laboratory measurements for film thickness of a compliant sphere approaching a glass plate. In this paper, the model is used as a basis for conducting a parametric study of the influence of cartilage modulus and fluid viscosity on the lubrication characteristics. A load of 445 N was applied in the studies. Results of the compliant system are compared with those for a system with rigid surfaces representing a prosthesis. Based on the results obtained by the model and the ranges of parameters considered, it was found that changes in viscosity of the lubricant had a greater influence than changes in the cartilage modulus. The lubrication qualities of the compliant system were superior to those of the system with rigid surfaces if the same lubricant properties were used. However, lubrication viscosities could be found such that a compliant system with a low viscosity has poorer lubrication properties than a rigid system with a higher viscosity.
Cake growth control in slip casting

A control technique of cake growth in slip casting was studied. The influence of geometrical features of the gypsum mold upon the cake growth pattern was examined in experimental slip casting using T-shaped gypsum molds. The T-shaped molds were of two types; one had walls inside and the other did not. These walls were formed from silicone rubber and did not transmit water. A water flow in the gypsum mold was controlled by silicone rubber walls, so that cake growth was controlled. Cake growth during slip casting using T-shaped mold was predicted by computer simulation.
Globalization and the Corporate Geography of Cities in the Less‐Developed World

Research on the globalization experience of cities in the less-developed world is sparse. There is a notable gap in the existing literature between theory on global cities and empirical studies of cities in the less-developed world. What is needed is a return to the kinds of intensive fieldwork and primary data collection that were common in “Third World” cities in the 1960s and 1970s—but informed by theory on the changing global political economy. To this end, we present research findings from parallel studies of Accra and Mumbai. These cities were chosen because of their similar political-economic histories and their similar geographic functions as gateways cities in the global economy. A historical theoretical perspective based on the cities’ roles in global political economy is employed to detail important phases in urban evolution in the less-developed world. We concentrate on the changing corporate presence in the two cities as one important manifestation of globalization. Our research focuses on id...
Relationship Between Family Economic Resources, Psychosocial Well-being, and Educational Preferences of AIDS-Orphaned Children in Southern Uganda: Baseline Findings

This study examines the relationship between economic resources, psychosocial well-being, and educational preferences of AIDS-orphaned children in southern Uganda. We use baseline data from a sample of 1410 AIDS-orphaned children (defined as children who have lost one or both biological parents to AIDS) enrolled in the Bridges to the Future study, a National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) funded study. Analyses from both bivariate and multiple regression analyses indicate the following: 1) despite the well-documented economic and psychosocial challenges AIDS-orphaned children face, many of these children have high educational plans and aspirations; 2) educational aspirations differ by orphanhood status (double orphan vs. single orphan); 3) regardless of orphanhood status, children report similar levels of psychosocial well-being; 4) high levels of family cohesion, positive perceptions of the future, school satisfaction, and lower levels of hopelessness (hopefulness) are associated with high educational aspirations; and 5) reported family economic resources at baseline, all seem to play a role in predicting children's educational preferences and psychosocial well-being. These findings suggest that the focus for care and support of orphaned children should not be limited to addressing their psychosocial needs. Addressing the economic needs of the households in which orphaned children live is equally important. Indeed, in the context of extreme poverty-in which most of the children represented in this study live-addressing structural factors, including poverty, may be a key driver in addressing their psychosocial functioning.
A Cultural-Asset Framework for Investigating Successful Adaptation to Stress in African American Youth

The purpose of this article is to present a cul- turally situated, asset-based developmental framework for understanding successful adaptation to stress. Making use of theory and research on differential exposure and reac- tivity to racial discrimination, it introduces a framework that can be used to investigate positive development in the context of other stressors. Toward this goal, the article highlights research related to the roles of racial socializa- tion messages, racial identity, stress appraisals, and unique coping in influencing responses to racial discrimi- nation. By integrating these themes, the article presents an asset-based framework for understanding how these components influence one another and can function together to promote positive youth development in the context of racial discrimination. Ultimately, it also illus- trates how the framework can be applied to other stressors that are experienced by African American youth and offers examples of how cultural assets work to promote positive youth development.