cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acquisition of New In Vivo Genomic Change over Time in Multiple Myeloma.

Multiple myeloma (MM) cells present with significant genetic abnormality. This genetic instability is considered responsible for not only development of malignant phenotype but also progression of myeloma as well as development of drug resistance. We have previously demonstrated that MM cell lines have elevated homologous recombination activity that leads to acquisition of new genomic changes over time and is associated with development of drug resistance (Blood2004; 104: 3409). However, such genomic evolution in patient samples has not been documented. Here, we have performed a genome wide loss of heterozygosity (LOH) assay, using high-density oligonucleotide arrays capable of measuring up to 500K single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) loci, and identify areas of amplification and losses to determine ongoing development of new changes that may reflect instability. We have evaluated 17 MM patients with purified myeloma cells obtained at two time points, at least six months apart. CD138–expressing myeloma cells from these patients were purified and their peripheral blood mononuclear cells were also obtained. Genomic DNA from these cells was digested with StyI, PCR amplified and hybridized to 250K SNP array. Results from CD138+ myeloma cells from two time points or more were compared with each other using the dChip software for LOH and copy number analysis. During the LOH analysis, we have adapted a tumor vs. tumor comparison to track all the new SNPs affected. We have observed that myeloma cells acquired new LOH loci in the subsequent samples. These new areas of genetic changes were recurrent; for example on chromosome 13, an average area of recurrent LOH of 87 Mb was found to be present among three patients. We were able to observe recurrence of significant copy changes on several chromosomes with/without LOH. The reproducible area of new acquisition of LOH and/or significant copy changes interestingly involved areas on chromosomes 1p, 1q, 8p, 9q, 13q, 15, 16q, 20p, 21q, and X that may have significant role in the pathogenesis and progression of the disease. We are currently analyzing the gene expression profile from these time points to identify expression changes correlating with the observed genomic changes on follow up samples. In summary we demonstrate continued acquisition of new genomic changes in vivo in MM over time and provide a molecular basis for evolution of more aggressive disease able to escape therapeutic interventions. The mechanism governing such evolution is an important target to not only inhibit progression of the disease but also development of drug resistance.
Regulation of the placental BCRP transporter by PPAR gamma.

Identifying regulators of placental breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) expression is critical as downregulation of this transporter may increase exposure of the fetus to xenobiotics. Here, we sought to test whether the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) regulates BCRP expression in the placenta. To test this, human BeWo placental choriocarcinoma cells were cultured with the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone or the PPARγ antagonist T0070907 for 24 h. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of syncytialization markers, GCM1 and hCGβ, as well as BCRP increased with PPARγ agonist treatment. Conversely, BCRP mRNA and protein expression decreased 30%–50% with PPARγ antagonist treatment. Rosiglitazone enhanced BCRP protein expression and transport activity, resulting in a 20% greater efflux of the substrate Hoechst 33342 compared with control cells. These results suggest that PPARγ can upregulate BCRP expression in the placenta, which may be important in understanding mechanisms that protect the fetus from xenobiotic exposure during development.
Technology and conflict: Group processes and collective violence in the Internet era

The origins and escalation of group violence are central to the criminological enterprise. Explanations of collective violence were developed when face-to-face interactions constituted the primary form of social exchange. The Internet and related technologies provide new formats for social interaction and collective behaviors and have become increasingly salient for both of these topics. Technology alters the communication capacities of individuals and groups through the dissemination of rumor and gossip and is closely tied to inter- and intra-group relations. We illustrate the evolving landscape of group process and collective violence by focusing on street gangs and the nascent literature on gangs’ use of the Internet. Next, we provide an expanded model of the cycle of gang violence, one that emphasizes the correlates and contingencies of the diffusion and escalation of conflict and more explicitly recognizes the growing importance of technology for violence. Using data from street offenders and gang members in five US cities, we provide an initial empirical assessment of core theoretical propositions in the model. We conclude by discussing the implications for future research on the relationship between technology and violence.
The Clinical Year

This article makes the case for the value – and the feasibility, under current accreditation and related rules governing law schools - of a clinical rotation for law students, modeled on the rotations that are a key part of medical school education. The “clinical year,” which would engage students in almost full-time practice/study for their third year of law school, could be a significant step in building the complete apprenticeship that the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching has urged. It would also rely to a large extent on the supervision, and teaching, that adjunct law school faculty – supervisors at the rotation settings – would provide. In that respect, the “clinical year” differs from in-house clinical education. The article addresses the differences in students’ experience that this approach to bridging the gap between theory and practice would generate, and argues that this model is worth exploring, despite – and in some respects because of – these features.
Ben & Jerry's Homemade: The Unilever Scoop

A follow up for Ben & Jerry's Homemade (UVA-F-1364), this case is suitable for MBA, EMBA, and GEMBA programs, and could work as a stand-alone undergraduate introduction to corporate finance and M&A or an introductory strategy class on M&A or post-merger integration. Did the Unilever/Ben & Jerry's merger yield both firms' fundamental objectives? What did the market think? What did each get from the deal? What can students tell about where future value will lay? The case allows students to discuss post-merger integration issues and what makes for a successful merger. The case requires little or no calculations. Excerpt UVA-F-1656 Aug. 18, 2011 BEN & JERRY'S HOMEMADE: THE UNILEVER SCOOP Four offers were on the table to purchase Ben & Jerry's Homemade (Ben & Jerry's) in early 2000; in the end, Unilever's deal was by far the most attractive. And now, 10 years after becoming a subsidiary of the Dutch global consumer product company, much had changed at Ben & Jerry's—and much had remained the same. By the time the purchase was announced in South Burlington, Vermont, on April 12, 2000, Ben & Jerry's pre-deal stock price of $ 21 had increased substantially, to just shy of $ 35, and the company had $ 237 million in sales and $ 3.4 million in earnings. Unilever had increased its earlier tender offer of $ 36 to $ 43.60 per share or $ 326 million total, to be paid in cash (see Exhibit 1 for stock price charts). Both Unilever and Ben & Jerry's hoped to benefit from the acquisition. The Unilever muscle offered Ben & Jerry's an opportunity to scale up and enter several new markets internationally—something it had not been able to do previously. Unilever was one of the largest global firms in the world operating in 88 countries, employing 255,000 worldwide, and earning sales over $ 45 billion in 1999. Within the US, the company had 66 offices, manufacturing operations in 23 states, 22,000 people, and over $ 8 billion in sales. With increased access to capital and resources, Ben & Jerry's would have the potential to dramatically increase the size and social impact of its brand. . . .
Hope and Despair: In State Tuition and Undocumented Immigrants

The issue of immigration has long been part of American politics; often considered the land of immigrants, policies regarding immigration have sharply divided the country along party lines and ideologies. These and other factors have prevented the federal government coming out with a comprehensive immigration plan. It the light of these challenges, some States have taken the initiates on immigration such as the establishment of sanctuary cities and in- state tuition rates for undocumented college immigrants. This paper will focus on the latter to analysis the factors that influence States to take these decisions. Currently, at least 18 States have policies allowing in- state tuition rates for undocumented immigrants. On the surface, it might seem that this legislation fares better with liberal States than conservative States. But that cannot explain why in-state tuition legislation is allowed by law in conservative States such as Utah and Nebraska but not allowed in a liberal state like Delaware and Vermont. To get a deep understand of the phenomena, the researcher uses two liberal States as a case study (California and Delaware) to gain insight on the underlining factors that contribute to these liberal States taking different stands on undocumented immigrants’ education.
Bismuth — From the Element to the Tablet: The General Chemistry of Bismuth with Relevance to Pharmacy and Medicine

There is now considerable evidence accumulating which links Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) etiologically to histological gastritis [18, 21], and the strength of its close association with duodenal ulcer disease is beyond all doubt [9, 3]. Moreover, bismuth compounds, which are apparently biologically active in the treatment of H. pylori, are much more effective in preventing post-treatment relapse of duodenal ulcer disease than are other agents such as cimetidine which lack this bismuth-related bactericidal activity [19, 12].
The evolution of a colluvial hollow to a fluvial channel with periodic steps following two transformational disturbances: A wildfire and a historic flood

Abstract The transition of a colluvial hollow to a fluvial channel with discrete steps was observed after two landscape-scale disturbances. The first disturbance, a high-severity wildfire, changed the catchment hydrology to favor overland flow, which incised a colluvial hollow, creating a channel in the same location. This incised channel became armored with cobbles and boulders following repeated post-wildfire overland flow events. Three years after the fire, a record rainstorm produced regional flooding and generated sufficient fluvial erosion and sorting to produce a fluvial channel with periodically spaced steps. An analysis of the step spacing shows that after the flood, newly formed steps retained a similar spacing to the topographic roughness spacing in the original colluvial hollow (prior to channelization). This suggests that despite a distinct change in channel form roughness and bedform morphology, the endogenous roughness periodicity was conserved. Variations in sediment erodibility helped to create the emergent steps as the largest particles ( >D84) remained immobile, becoming step features, and downstream soil was easily winnowed away.
Retention of Communal Lands

Kruse maintains despite all the customary land preservation mechanisms, there is still opportunity for mischief under the current registration statutes. Kruse explains that not only has the High Court allowed individualized land holding, but the Fono has also made the individualization process relatively easy by passage of the Land Registration Act. The chapter points out that any individual can register a claim to any land not previously registered, which comprises majority of land in the territory. If no one objects within a proscribed period then the land may be individualized. Kruse scrutinizes the High Court’s application of British influences, Henry Maine and William Blackstone’s property concepts of the individual right that converted communal lands to individual ownership. Individual rights were applied and accepted by the High Court to evidence individual ownership over bush lands by applying European principles and concepts of old English law through adverse possession and individual rights.
Redox regulation of Cdc25B by novel cell active quinolinediones

660 Cdc25 dual specificity phosphatases are overexpressed in many human tumors and have oncogenic properties. Although several quinone inhibitors of Cdc25 phosphatase have been identified, their selectivity and cellular mechanisms of action have not been fully established. We synthesized and evaluated five novel quinolinedione congeners of a previously reported Cdc25 inhibitor, 6-chloro-7-(2-morpholin-4-yl-ethylamino)-quinoline-5,8-dione (DA3003-1 or NSC 663284). All five quinolinediones inhibited Cdc25A, B and C. The dehalogenated and minimal structure, JUN1111, was a more selective in vitro inhibitor of Cdc25 phosphatases compared with DA3003-1. Like DA3003-1, JUN1111 caused cell cycle arrest and directly inhibited etopically expressed Cdc25B activity in transfected cells. In vitro Cdc25B inhibition by these compounds was sensitive to dithiothreitol concentration, pH, and the presence of glutathione and catalase, suggesting that oxidation was a mechanism for irreversible Cdc25B inactivation. Mass spectrometric analysis showed that the catalytic cysteine of Cdc25B was indeed irreversibly oxidized to its sulfonic acid (SO 3 ) form upon treatment with DA3003-1. DA3003-1 and JUN1111 were also shown to rapidly generate reactive oxygen species in cells, further supporting enzyme inhibition by oxidation. We propose that these quinolinediones regulate the phosphatase activity of Cdc25 through selective and irreversible oxidation at the active site cysteine.
Parental duties, labor market behavior, and single fatherhood in America

Longitudinal analysis using samples from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics suggests that men’s income and wages decrease after entering into single fatherhood by marital separation. This loss exceeds what can be explained by marital separation alone. Using a difference in difference approach, I estimate that single fatherhood suppresses men’s annual income by more than $8,000 per year, putting these men and their children at increased economic risk. Similar labor market changes are experienced by widower fathers, a subset of exogenous single fathers. The apparent effects show persistence after single fathers remarry, but mostly diminish after children mature and leave the household. These results stand at odds with previous research suggesting that fatherhood increases men’s wages and hours, and that male labor market outcomes are not significantly influenced by housework.
Applicants Laid Bare: The Privacy Economics of University Application Files

So—Princeton University’s admissions staff hacked into Yale University’s application files to get access to personal information about Yale applicants. This unlikely event brings to mind the comprehensiveness of application files—a veritable one-stop-shop for those interested in applicants’ personal information. Just how private are university application files? How private should they be? The common law, supported by the law-and-economics literature, offers little protection to the privacy of personal information. In most circumstances it allocates to those lawfully in possession of another’s personal information a right to re-employ it. A rule of disclosure is not efficient in every case, however. Significantly for present purposes, a rule of disclosure may well be inefficient in adhesive relationships in which willing disclosure of high-value, private facts is followed by secondary employment unanticipated by the subject. This Article addresses the privacy economics of such relationships. As an example, this Article
A Comparison of Chinese and American College Students' Perceptions of Professors' Behaviors.

This empirical study reports on similarities and differences in the perceptions that Chinese and American students hold about classroom behavior of professors. At issue is identifying behaviors deemed as acceptable as opposed to being offensive. Cultural dimensions and educational philosophical worldviews are offered for context, The underlying premise of the research is that professors establish and maintain the classroom tone; certain behaviors are expected by professors to promote a conducive learning environment. Fifty professors behaviors were scored by 405 college students at one university in China and one in the US. For the most part, Chinese students perceived the offensiveness of professors behaviors as significantly less egregious than did American students. Competence and respect for the individual are important to Americans while behaviors that demonstrate fulfillment of the role of teachers are important to Chinese students. This article not only explains the differing expectations students bring to the classroom, but some deep cultural foundations on which they are likely to be based.
Effects of a Primary Palliative Care Intervention on Quality of Life and Mental Health in Cystic Fibrosis

BACKGROUND Despite the significant impact of chronic symptoms on quality of life with cystic fibrosis (CF), the role of palliative care in management of this disease is not well defined. The coping, goal assessment, and relief from evolving CF symptoms (CF-CARES) model is a primary palliative care intervention designed to provide chronic symptom management at all stages of the disease. The goal of this pilot study was to estimate the effectiveness of the CF-CARES intervention on improving chronic symptoms and quality of life for people living with CF. METHODS A structured assessment was used to guide referral to supportive services intended to address burdensome symptoms. Follow-up assessments were performed approximately 3 and 6 months later. Longitudinal regression analyses of changes in symptoms and quality of life were performed for all participants regardless of utilization of supportive services. Subgroup analyses were performed for subjects participating in mental health and alternative health services. RESULTS Forty-one subjects completed assessment and referral processes. The mean number of CF-associated symptoms decreased over time, as did respiratory symptom-related distress and depressive symptoms. Subjects utilizing alternative health services reported less psychological distress at follow-up. Among subjects with severe disease, mental health, and quality of life improved, especially for those using mental health services. CONCLUSIONS The CF-CARES model resulted in significant mental health and quality-of-life benefits, suggesting the value of integrating symptom management interventions into routine CF care. Moreover, mental health services can play a key role in CF-specific primary palliative care, especially for those with advanced disease.
Worst-Case Measurement-Based Statistical Tool

In this paper, we address the problem of computing the worst-case timing bound for avionics applications. The worst-case bounds are defined by the application Worst-Case Execution Time (WCET). The avionic applications are executed on a Commercial-Of-The-Shelf (COTS)multi-core processor from the embedded domain. Based on the identified gap in the existing state-of-the-art approaches analysis, we propose a WOrst-case Measurement-Based stAtistical Tool (WOMBAT). The proposed WOMBAT uses the Extreme Value Theory (EVT). WOMBAT is a stand-alone tool, and it relies on the user to correctly configure the experimental setup. As an input, WOM-BAT employs traces from application execution time traces and the probability of exceedance defined by the Design Assurance Level (DAL). As an output, WOMBAT estimates the application WCET. We experiment with execution time traces from real and synthetic applications, both executed on an embedded COTS multi-core processor. The purpose of the experiments is to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed statistical approach.
Disparities in Access to Health Care Among US-Born and Foreign-Born US Adults by Mental Health Status, 2013-2016.

Objectives. To compare access to care between US-born and foreign-born US adults by mental health status.Methods. We analyzed data on nonelderly adults (n = 100 428) from the 2013–2016 National Hea...
Power management for PV-battery based hybrid microgrid using WBG devices

In this paper, control and power management system of PV-Battery hybrid system in two modes of operations gridconnected mode and islanded mode is proposed and investigated. In this configuration power flow from PV is used as primary power source and battery is used as a storage system to deliver power to the loads and utility grid through DCDC converters and an inverter. Wide bandgap semiconductor devices with higher switching speeds and higher efficiencies such as silicon carbide (SiC), and Gallium Nitride (GaN) devices will become a critical component in building microgrids. So, the impact of using GaN based Inverter on energy efficiency and power quality needs to be investigated. The power management system balances the power flow of the system under any operating circumstances such as: load demand changes, switching between operating modes disturbance, or changes in irradiance or temperature for solar energy. Multiple case studies are simulated to verify the effectiveness of the system. The PV-Battery hybrid system and power management system are simulated in PSIM and MATLAB/Simulink platforms.
Smoking and cessation treatment among persons with and without HIV in a U.S. integrated health system

Abstract Background Persons with HIV (PWH) are more likely to smoke and are more susceptible to the harmful effects of smoking than persons without HIV. We examined smoking patterns and use of cessation treatment among PWH and persons without HIV in a U.S. integrated health system. Methods We identified adults (≥18 years) with HIV and demographically-matched persons without HIV between July 2013 and December 2017. Smoking status and cessation treatment were ascertained from health records. We calculated age-standardized annual prevalence of smoking and evaluated trends using Cochran-Armitage tests and Poisson regression. Factors associated with cessation treatment during the study period, and smoking in the last year of the study, were evaluated by HIV status using multivariable Poisson models. Results The study included 11,235 PWH and 227,320 persons without HIV. Smoking prevalence was higher among PWH across all years but declined for both groups (from 16.6% to 14.6% in PWH and 11.6% to 10.5% in persons without HIV). Among smokers, PWH were more likely to initiate cessation treatment compared to persons without HIV (17.9% vs. 13.3%, covariate-adjusted prevalence ratio of 1.31, 95% CI = 1.15–1.50), with few differences in cessation treatment across subgroups of PWH. In 2017, smoking prevalence remained higher in PWH, especially among those who were younger or who had diagnoses of depression or substance use disorder. Conclusion In a setting with access to cessation resources, smoking prevalence decreased both in PWH and persons without HIV. PWH had greater uptake of cessation treatment, which is encouraging for smoking reduction and improved health.
Establishing an Orthopedic Excess Hospital Days in Acute Care Program.

BACKGROUND Excess days in acute care (EDAC) after total joint arthroplasty (TJA) represent a large economic burden. We developed an Orthopedic EDAC program that triages TJA patients to the appropriate service line (orthopedic vs medicine) and level of care (observation vs inpatient) on re-presentation. We developed and used evidence-based protocols for the treatment of TJA patients who are rehospitalized. METHODS We defined Orthopedic EDAC as the length of stay (LOS) during readmission and observation stays. Our target population included TJA and revision TJA patients. Patients between April 2017 and September 2017 and between October 2017 and September 2018 were defined as pre-implementation and post-implementation of the Orthopedic EDAC program, respectively. RESULTS A total of 2,662 patients underwent TJA and revision TJA during the pre-implementation and post-implementation periods. Twenty-three patients were managed on observation status during the study period. Readmissions decreased from 49 (6.1%) during pre-implementation to 37 (2.0%) during post-implementation (P = .004). By design, more rehospitalized patients were on the orthopedic surgery service after implementation of the Orthopedic EDAC program (n = 49; 70%) versus before (n = 22; 35%; P = .028). EDAC LOS decreased from 7.75 days to 4.73 days (P = .005). CONCLUSION In this single-center, before-after pilot of a novel Orthopedic EDAC program, we demonstrated a reduction in readmissions and Orthopedic EDAC LOS, as well as improved continuity of care for TJA patients on representation.
E-069 Preventability of stroke due to large vessel occlusion treated with mechanical thrombectomy

Background and Objective Mechanical Thrombectomy (MT) is standard treatment for acute ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion (LVO). However, extent of preventability of these strokes is generally not addressed. This study analyzes stroke preventability for patients treated with MT for LVO. Subjects and Methods We conducted retrospective analyses of stroke patients treated with MT for LVO at UC Irvine Medical Center from June 2008 to March 2019. We obtained data including age, NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at onset, and (beginning in 2015) 90-day outcome measured by modified Rankin Scale (mRS). We used the Stroke Preventability Score (SPS, 0–10 points) from our prior work (JAMA Neurology 2016, 73:186), based on how well patients had been treated given their hypertension, hyperlipidemia, atrial fibrillation, and prior stroke history. We examined associations of SPS with age, NIHSS at onset, and mRS. Results For 301 patients treated with MT for LVO, mean ± standard error of age was 60±0.1 years (range 18–97) and NIHSS was 17±0.4 (range 0–37, n=282); one-third (n=96) were male. SPS was calculated for 273 patients, with mean±SE 2.1±0.1 (range 0–8). Over two-thirds (n=184, 67%) demonstrated some degree of preventability (SPS 1 or higher), while 23% (n=64) showed high stroke preventability (SPS 4 or higher). Among those with high SPS, atrial fibrillation with no treatment was seen in 54 (85.7%) patients. Among 119 patients with mRS data, stroke preventability was associated with age (66±2.5, 69±2.4 and 79±1.7 years for no, low and high SPS, respectively; p Conclusion Nearly one-quarter of patients, with LVO treated with MT, presented with strokes that were highly preventable. High stroke preventability tended to be seen in older patients, patients with more severe deficits, and (to a lesser extent) patients with poor outcome. Severe LVO strokes with the worst outcome (post-mechanical thrombectomy) tended to be the most preventable strokes. While most acute stroke treatment efforts focus on streamlining workflow, these findings demonstrate the enduring importance of stroke prevention in this patient population. These findings raise the question whether resources for treatment of acute stroke are being directed toward patients whose strokes are the most preventable. Disclosures S. Suzuki: None. B. Nguyen: None. I. Yuki: None. J. Xu: None. M. Fisher: None.
Assisting With Systematic Reviews Can Be Associated With Job-Related Burnout in Information Professionals

Demetres, M. R., Wright, D. N., & DeRosa, A. P. (2020). Burnout among medical and health sciences information professionals who support systematic reviews: An exploratory study. Journal of the Medical Library Association, 108(1), 89–97. https://doi.org/10.5195/jmla.2020.665 Abstract Objective – This study explored reports of burnout among librarians who assist with systematic review preparation. Design – Electronic survey (Copenhagen Burnout Inventory). Setting – The survey was advertised via three email discussion lists based in the United States of America. Subjects – The study surveyed 198 librarians and information specialists who support the systematic review process. Of these, 166 completed the personal burnout scale, 159 completed the work burnout scale, and 151 completed the client burnout scale. Methods – The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) is a validated survey that includes three separate scales: personal burnout, work-related burnout, and client-related burnout. The end of the survey addressed demographics, including questions on the respondents’ involvement with systematic reviews. Survey questions use a 0 to 100 rating scale, with 0 indicating Never/To a Low Degree and 100 indicating Always/To a High Degree. The researchers shared the survey to the email discussion lists MEDLIB-L and DOCLINE and advertised it on the Medical Library Association (MLA) News. Survey answers were collected using Qualtrics Survey Software. Once emailed, the survey remained open for one month. Data was coded in Excel and analysis included scoring following the CBI metrics, as well as TukeyHSD and Kruskal-Wallis tests to determine differences in demographic groups. Main Results – Reported burnout levels were significantly lower for those who spend more than 80% of their time helping with systematic reviews compared to those who spend less than 10%. The consistent use of a systematic review support tool was also associated with significantly lower burnout levels. Other comparisons were not significant. The average overall response score for personal burnout was 48.6. The average score for work-related burnout was 46.4 and the average score for client-related burnout was 32.5. Reference librarians reported the highest average total burnout scores (47.1), while research librarians had the lowest (37.7). Conclusion – Consistency, either in time spent dedicated to systematic reviews or in the use of a support tool, was associated with lower levels of burnout among librarians and information specialists. The authors suggest that these results could inform ways of improving burnout among those assisting with systematic reviews.
FORMATION OF CLOSE IN SUPER-EARTHS AND MINI-NEPTUNES: REQUIRED DISK MASSES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS

Recent observations by the Kepler space telescope have led to the discovery of more than 4000 exoplanet candidates consisting of many systems with Earth- to Neptune-sized objects that reside well inside the orbit of Mercury around their respective host stars. How and where these close-in planets formed is one of the major unanswered questions in planet formation. Here, we calculate the required disk masses for in situ formation of the Kepler planets. We find that if close-in planets formed as isolation masses, then standard gas-to-dust ratios yield corresponding gas disks that are gravitationally unstable for a significant fraction of systems, ruling out such a scenario. We show that the maximum width of a planet's accretion region in the absence of any migration is 2v esc/?, where v esc is the escape velocity of the planet and ? is the Keplerian frequency, and we use it to calculate the required disk masses for in situ formation with giant impacts. Even with giant impacts, formation without migration requires disk surface densities in solids at semi-major axes of less than 0.1?AU of 103-105 g cm?2, implying typical enhancements above the minimum-mass solar nebular (MMSN) by at least a factor of 20. Corresponding gas disks are below but not far from the gravitational stability limit. In contrast, formation beyond a few?AU is consistent with MMSN disk masses. This suggests that the migration of either solids or fully assembled planets is likely to have played a major role in the formation of close-in super-Earths and mini-Neptunes.
Biomarkers of drug-induced liver injury: a mechanistic perspective through acetaminophen hepatotoxicity.

Introduction: Liver injury induced by drugs is a serious clinical problem. Many circulating biomarkers for identifying and predicting drug-induced liver injury (DILI) have been proposed.Areas cover...
Detecting cybersecurity attacks across different network features and learners

Machine learning algorithms efficiently trained on intrusion detection datasets can detect network traffic capable of jeopardizing an information system. In this study, we use the CSE-CIC-IDS2018 dataset to investigate ensemble feature selection on the performance of seven classifiers. CSE-CIC-IDS2018 is big data (about 16,000,000 instances), publicly available, modern, and covers a wide range of realistic attack types. Our contribution is centered around answers to three research questions. The first question is, “Does feature selection impact performance of classifiers in terms of Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC) and F1-score?” The second question is, “Does including the Destination_Port categorical feature significantly impact performance of LightGBM and Catboost in terms of AUC and F1-score?” The third question is, “Does the choice of classifier: Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), Naive Bayes (NB), Logistic Regression (LR), Catboost, LightGBM, or XGBoost, significantly impact performance in terms of AUC and F1-score?” These research questions are all answered in the affirmative and provide valuable, practical information for the development of an efficient intrusion detection model. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to use an ensemble feature selection technique with the CSE-CIC-IDS2018 dataset.
The Case for Human-Centered Research on the Complex Patient Journey of Deprescribing:

Current models of the deprescribing process are largely clinician driven and limited to a single point in time. Our objective with this work was to investigate the effects of these existing models ...
Adolescents’ Modern Media Use and Beliefs About Masculine Gender Roles and Norms:

In the current study, cultivation theory is used to examine associations among amount of time spent with television (including Netflix or other streaming services), video games, and YouTube and bel...
The Way I Live Now

I am making a statue of you out of your own body, commemorating the precise feeling of the surface of your skin, your head turning, the shape of your thighs, your back and shoulders. Your flesh keeps dissolving under my hands; it is striving toward memory, toward completion which I cannot reach. I keep forming you again, out of your own substance, elusive as the crucial fragment in a half remembered dream.
Following the Direction of Traffix: Trade Dress Law and Functionality Revisited

For much of American history, in order to promote competition among the producers of useful products, the law did not grant protection to the design of such products unless the design met the demanding requirements for patent or copyright protection. In the 1980s, an expansion of trade dress law resulted in protection of product designs, with the courts relying primarily on the functionality doctrine to preserve the interest in competition. The functionality doctrine, however, riddled by ambiguity and conflicting interpretations, was not effective in preventing overly broad protection of the designs of useful products. As a result, more and more designs of useful products were insulated from com-petition through trade dress law protection, and society’s interest in obtaining the best goods at the lowest cost was hampered. In the last ten years, the Supreme Court has indicated its distrust of this expansion of trade dress law. In particular, in TrafFix Devices v. Marketing Displays, the Court narrowed trade dress protection by providing a broader definition of functionality. Many scholars have struggled to make sense of the TrafFix decision, and many courts have struggled to apply it. The federal courts and the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board are split in their interpretations and applications of the TrafFix holding. Thus, there is considerable confusion about the extent to which the designs of useful products should be protected under trade dress law. It is time to resolve this confusion and return to the earlier era when trade dress law did not grant protection to the overall design of useful products.
Fabrication and application of in-line fiber Bragg gratings for distributed sensing applications

Summary form only given. Fabrication of fiber Bragg gratings in-line during the fiber draw provides a low-cost method for making multi-element sensor arrays. As an example, distributed strain measurements have been made using an array embedded in a composite panel.
Kinetic Aspects of Regulation of Metabolic Processes: THE HYSTERETIC ENZYME CONCEPT

Hysteretic enzymes are defined as those enzymes which respond slowly (in terms of some kinetic characteristic) to a rapid change in ligand, either substrate or modifier, concentration. Such slow changes, defined in terms of their rate relative to the over-all catalytic reaction, result in a lag in the response of the enzyme to changes in the ligand level. Several mechanisms, including ligand-induced isomerization of the enzyme, displacement of tightly bound ligands by other ligands, or polymerization and depolymerization, are discussed and it can be shown that the description of the time-dependent change in enzyme activity is similar for many different cases. Examination of the literature reveals that a large number of enzymes may fall into the category termed hysteretic, that such enzymes are frequently those which are important in metabolic regulation, that the time of conversion from one kinetic form to another may vary between seconds and minutes, and that there are experimental examples of all the mechanisms which are discussed theoretically. The possible relation between those enzymes which are hysteretic and regulation of complex metabolic processes is discussed in terms of the fact that the slow response of the hysteretic enzyme to changes in ligand level will lead to a time-dependent buffering of some metabolites and that this may be important with respect to pathways which utilize common intermediates or in which there are multiple branch points. It is suggested that the question of hysteresis in enzyme systems as defined here be systematically investigated in regulatory enzymes and that this concept may be of value in discussing the regulation of complex processes in vivo.
Avances en gobierno electrónico: La conexión entre práctica, conocimiento e investigación

El gobierno digital es tanto un area de investigacion como un campo de practica. Nece sita, por lo tanto, nuevos conocimientos e investigacion para la innovacion y la resolu cion de problemas. Para alcanzar ambas metas, los investigadores deben desplegar todo su arsenal de teorias, estandares y metodologias al servicio de las necesidades reales del gobierno, mientras que el conocimiento profundo de las practicas del ambito politico, organizacional y de politica publica por parte de quienes las llevan a cabo, debe enrique cer la forma en que los investigadores enmarquen las preguntas, exploren las posibles explicaciones y entreguen los resultados. Hay diferencias profundamente enraizadas entre estas dos actividades profesionales, lo cual dificulta este compromiso y lo acerca al fracaso, pero la mejora es necesaria y posible. Este ensayo refleja la experiencia de veinte anos de confluencia de investigacion y practica y ofrece estrategias que otros investiga dores puedan usar para lograr resultados mas viables y exitosos. Las estrategias abarcan la construccion de relaciones, seleccion de metodos de investigacion, manejo de tecnicas de investigacion, acotar tiempos de investigacion y una apreciacion realista de costos, beneficios y riesgos. Palabras clave: investigacion implicada, asociacion entre usuario-investigador, abarcar las fronteras.
Microblogging Inside and Outside the Workplace

Microblogging has recently generated a lot of research interest. Yet very little is known about how corporate employees use microblogging tools. This study examined microblogging in the workplace by conducting a content analysis comparing posts from individuals who were using an internal proprietary tool and Twitter simultaneously. In both settings, posts that provided information or were directed to others were more common than posts on status. Within these categories, it was more frequent to provide information externally than internally but more common to ask questions either through broadcast or directed posts internally than externally. Qualitative interviews explored users’ motivations regarding microblogging behavior. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of microblogging for business use.
Chromosomal Studies in Erythroleukemia and Chronic Erythremic Myelosis

Chromosome studies were performed in four cases of erythroleukemia, in one case of acute erythremic myelosis and in one case of chronic erythremic myelosis. Abnormalities were encountered in all of these cases. No consistent patterns were found although clonal lines could be detected in three cases. A common feature in five of the cases was a variable degree of involvement of the chromosomes of the G group (presence of G monosomy in two cases, Ph1-like chromosome in two cases, and a slight reduction in size of a small acrocentric chromosome in 40 per cent of the metaphases in the case of chronic erythremic myelosis). C trisomy was present in one case. These findings indicate that the involvement of groups G and C may represent an important feature of the Di Guglielmo syndrome and suggest a close relationship of this disorder with other myeloproliferative diseases.
Comparator Power Reduction in Low-Frequency SAR ADC Using Optimized Vote Allocation

When operating at scaled supply voltages, the primary source of performance degradation in a successive approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is the comparator thermal noise. Low-noise comparator can be used but at the expense of increased power dissipation. This paper presents an approach to reduce the comparator power in SAR ADCs. A mathematical model of a SAR ADC derived in this paper suggests that using the same comparator noise variance for each bit cycle is suboptimal and results in more power consumption than necessary. A noise programmable comparator based on majority vote technique is proposed to adjust the comparator noise performance at each bit step. As a proof of concept, a 10-bit SAR ADC that operates at 0.5-V supply voltage and supports a flexible differential input dynamic range from 0.4 to 1 V has been fabricated in 65-nm CMOS process. The prototype achieves an effective number of bits ranging from 7.1 to 9.1 bits and a figure of merit from 3.3 to 6.8 fJ/conversion step while operating at 250 kS/s.
Metal ion concentrations in red spruce foliage over time

Abstract Two-year old red spruce ( Picea rubens Sarg.) seedlings growing in perlite were exposed for 3 successive days to Al, Cu, Pb and Zn as Cl − salts. Exhaustive flushing of the substrate and subsequent transplanting of control and metal ion-treated trees to fresh perlite eliminated external sources of these metal ions. Trees were then grown under greenhouse conditions in perlite with metal ion-free soluble fertilizer and were winter chilled for five successive winters. Five successive needle year cohorts were analyzed for these metals. Small increases in Zn and Cu, but no increases in Al, Pb and Zn in metal-treated needles of the first year needle cohort, indicated limited metal movement from substrate to foliage. Cu levels were constant in needles of the successive 5 year cohorts. Needle concentrations of Al, Pb and Zn fell steadily over the 5 year period.
The evidence for the use of nutritional support in liver disease.

Purpose of reviewAlthough there is a well established association between malnutrition and poorer clinical outcomes in patients with liver disease, that fact alone does not prove that improving the malnutrition will improve outcome. The best way to determine if nutritional interventions are effectiv
How North Atlantic cooling alters Southern Ocean wind

[1] At least seven times during the last ice age, large portions of the polar glaciers crumbled, sending rafts of ice floating into the North Atlantic Ocean. When these icebergs melted, the resultant injection of cold freshwater was enough to drive down ocean temperatures by as much as 12°C. These so-called Heinrich events are associated with rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, but a mechanism to explain the connection convincingly has yet to arise. One proposed explanation sees the melting-iceberg-triggered North Atlantic cooling tied to increases in CO2 venting from the Southern Ocean, which surrounds Antarctica, through increased wind-driven upwelling. To test this hypothesis, which was initially proposed by researchers in 2009 based on paleoclimate evidence, Lee et al. ran ocean-atmosphere coupled climate simulations to determine the physical mechanism that could support this cross-hemisphere connection. (Paleoceanography, doi:10.1029/2010PA002004, 2011)
Aging in a relaxor ferroelectric: scaling and memory effects.

A crossover as a function of temperature is found in the zero-field aging properties of the relaxor ferroelectric $\mathrm{Pb}({\mathrm{Mg}}_{1/3}{\mathrm{Nb}}_{2/3}){\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. Below a temperature near which nonlinear susceptibility has indicated a suspected phase transition, the time-frequency dependence shows simple scale-independent behavior resembling that for spin glasses. As in spin glasses, high temperature aging is stable as further aging occurs at lower temperature, but not vice versa, indicating hierarchical state arrangement. A more general interpretation of such effects is briefly discussed.
Low power data acquisition for microImplant biometric monitoring

In this paper, a scheme for data acquisition suited to long term biometric monitoring is presented for microImplants, in particular as applied to Parkinson's tremor monitoring. The system application informs the circuit design and combines the techniques of compressive sensing and adiabatic charging, we can show an effective improvement in the FOM of a 7-bit SAR ADC fabricated in a 0.18um process.
Tuftsin: A hormone-like tetrapeptide with antimicrobial and antitumor activities

Abstract A specific fraction of immunoglobulin G binds to polymorphonuclear neutrophils and stimulates their phagocytic activity. This phagocytosis-stimulating activity resides solely in a small peptide termed tuftsin, of the sequence Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg, which has been isolated from the leukophilic immunoglobulin G fraction. The physiological significance of tuftsin has been demonstrated in splenectomized patients and patients with a congenital tuftsin abnormality, in whom the low levels of tuftsin in sera (measurable by radioimmunoassay) coincides with a high incidence of infection. Tuftsin has also been shown to enhance bactericidal activity in addition to phagocytosis. Its biological activities appear to be mediated via specific tuftsin receptors which have been found on macrophages, monocytes and granulocytes. In addition, tuftsin possesses chemotactic, migration-enhancing and mitogenic properties for leukocytes and has recently been shown to enhance their anti-tumor activity in vitro as well as in vivo . Other known activities of tuftsin include effects on the activity of the hexose monophosphate shunt, on the concentrations of intracellular cyclic nucleotides and on the efflux of Ca2+ in leukocytes. Tuftsin has been chemically synthesized in various laboratories using different procedures and also is available commercially. The above features of tuftsin plus the expected low toxicity of this peptide make tuftsin a very attractive agent for immunotherapy against infection and cancer. However, a great deal of caution needs to be exercised when using tuftsin due to inhibitory contaminants found in certain commercial preparations.