cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contribution of agroforestry trees for climate change adaptation: narratives from smallholder farmers in Isiolo, Kenya

Agroforestry is often praised as a sustainable approach for the adaptation of smallholder farmers to climate change and variability in Africa. The environmental, economic, and social benefits of agroforestry can contribute to climate change adaptation efforts; however, most studies to date are quantitative and do not focus on specific natural hazards. To address these gaps, this study draws from the concepts of vulnerability and adaptation to explore how individuals from 20 smallholder farming households in semi-arid Isiolo County, Kenya have benefited from their agroforestry trees during drought and flood events. A total of 83 qualitative interviews were conducted with both male and female household heads. The interviews were recorded, and interview text was coded into major themes. The results highlight (1) the contributions of agroforestry trees to reducing sensitivity and increasing adaptive capacity to drought and flood events, as well as (2) the key characteristics of drought-important and flood-important agroforestry trees. In both drought and flood events agroforestry had an important role to play in reducing sensitivity, largely through improving environmental conditions (shade, soil erosion, windbreaker, microclimate regulation), and increasing adaptive capacity by providing critical tree products and financial benefits (fruit, food, firewood, construction materials, fodder, traditional medicines, money from sales of fruit products). Agriculture is often considered the livelihood strategy most vulnerable to climate change, and thus better understanding how to adapt agriculture to the impacts of climate change is critical for both the livelihoods of smallholder farmers and global food security efforts.
Breast Cancer Risk and Screening in Transgender Persons: A Call for Inclusive Care

The Society of Surgical Oncology is committed to reducing health disparities adversely affecting sexual and gender minorities. Transgender persons represent a socially disadvantaged group who frequently experience discrimination and receive disparate care, resulting in suboptimal cancer outcomes. The rate of breast cancer development in transgender individuals differs from rates observed in their cisgender counterparts, however there is little evidence to quantify these differences and guide evidence-based screening and prevention. There is no consensus for breast cancer screening guidelines in transgender patients. In this review, we discuss barriers to equitable breast cancer care, risk factors for breast cancer development, and existing data to support breast cancer screening in transgender men and women.
Greenhouse gas sources and mitigation strategies from a geosciences perspective

Certain gases that are capable of trapping heat in the Earth’s atmosphere are known as “greenhouse gas” and are important for helping to regulate temperature. Major greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, chloroﬂuorocarbons, and nitrous oxide. Burning fossil fuels produces carbon dioxide as a combustion product and atmospheric concentrations have increased dramatically over the past two centuries. The heat trapped by this additional greenhouse gas is changing climates, melting ice sheets and glaciers in polar regions, raising sea levels, and affecting ocean currents. Climate change can be mitigated by preventing the emission of additional fossil fuel combustion products to the atmosphere and reducing existing greenhouse gas levels back to pre-industrial revolution concentrations. This requires switching energy production to sustainable, non-fossil sources and applying carbon capture, use, and storage technology on the fossil fuel combustion that remains. The implementation of direct air capture technology to reduce existing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere can further remediate climate impacts. Captured carbon dioxide can be stored in plant tissues, soils, deep underground in geological repositories, or as solid materials like concrete or carbonates to keep it from reentering the atmosphere. Although non-carbon energy sources have recently become more cost-competitive with fossil energy, technological advancements and government policies are still needed to overcome the inherent economic advantages of fossil fuels. A global strategy must be developed to convince people that the higher cost of clean, sustainable energy is a price worth paying to replace fossil fuels and prevent a major environmental calamity. Cited as: Soeder, D. J. Greenhouse gas sources and mitigation strategies from a geosciences perspective. Advances in Geo-Energy Research, 2021, 5(3): 274-285, doi: 10.46690/ager.2021.03.04
Putting it all Together: Evaluating Patellar Instability Risk Factors and Revisiting the “Menu”

Management of the patient with multiple risk factors for recurrent patellar instability is complex. Surgeons must possess familiarity with the anatomic risk factors that are associated with first time and recurrent instability events and weigh them in the patient's individualized surgical "menu" options for surgical patellar stabilization. Addressing individual risk factors, pairing imaging findings with physical examination, and thoughts on prioritizing risk factors to determine which should be prioritized for surgical correction are discussed.
Radical Reactions of N -Heterocyclic Carbene Boranes with Organic Nitriles: Cyanation of NHC-Boranes and Reductive Decyanation of Malononitriles

The observation that NHC-boryl radicals abstract cyano groups from various organic nitriles has been parlayed into two complementary transformations. In the main group chemistry aspect, reactions of various NHC-boranes with simple organic dinitriles selectively provide stable NHC-boryl mono- or dinitriles, depending on the nitrile source. In the organic synthesis aspect, reaction of malononitriles and related derivatives with readily available 1,3-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene borane provides reductively decyanated products in good yields.
Late Eastern Archaic

Relative Time Period: Follows the Middle Eastern Archaic tradition, precedes the Early Eastern Woodland tradition.
The distribution of 10-Year risk for coronary heart disease among U.S. adults: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III

Abstract Objectives We sought to establish the distribution of the 10-year risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) among U.S. adults. Background Risk assessment for CHD was developed to provide clinicians with a tool to estimate the absolute risk of developing CHD. More recently, risk assessment is increasingly being incorporated into guidelines for diagnostic testing and treatment. Yet, little is known about the 10-year risk distribution for CHD among adults in the U.S. based on these risk assessment tools. Methods We applied the risk prediction algorithm used by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines to data from 13,769 participants (representing 157,366,716 U.S. adults) age 20 to 79 years in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988 to 1994). Results Among participants without self-reported CHD (heart attack and angina pectoris), stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and diabetes, 81.7% (140 million adults) had a 10-year risk for CHD of 20%. The proportion of the participants with a 10-year risk for CHD of >20% increased with advancing age and was higher among men than among women but varied little with race or ethnicity. Conclusions Our results help to define the distribution of 10-year risk for CHD among U.S. adults.
An empirical analysis of the incentives to engage in costly information acquisition: The case of risk arbitrage

Abstract In order for security prices to be informationally efficient, incentives must exist for traders to engage in costly information acquisition. This paper provides empirical evidence on this proposition. We observe that risk arbitrageurs (i.e., market participants who trade in securities of firms that are involved in mergers, tender offers, and voluntary liquidations) are able to generate private information regarding the success or failure of corporate reorganizations. Moreover, risk arbitrageurs earn substantial returns on their trading activities. These results suggest that security prices are sufficiently noisy to create incentives for costly information acquisition.
Examining the Role of Implementation Quality in School-Based Prevention Using the PATHS Curriculum

In order for empirically validated school-based prevention programs to "go to scale," it is important to understand the processes underlying program dissemination. Data collected in effectiveness trials, especially those measuring the quality of program implementation and administrative support, are valuable in explicating important factors influencing implementation. This study describes findings regarding quality of implementation in a recent effectiveness trial conducted in a high-risk, American urban community. This delinquency prevention trial is a locally owned intervention, which used the Promoting Alternative THinking Skills Curriculum as its major program component. The intervention involved 350 first graders in 6 inner-city public schools. Three schools implemented the intervention and the other 3 were comparison schools from the same school district. Although intervention effects were not found for all the intervention schools, the intervention was effective in improving children's emotional competence and reducing their aggression in schools which effectively supported the intervention. This study, utilizing data from the 3 intervention schools (13 classrooms and 164 students), suggested that 2 factors contributed to the success of the intervention: (a) adequate support from school principals and (b) high degree of classroom implementation by teachers. These findings are discussed in light of the theory-driven models in program evaluation that emphasized the importance of the multiple factors influencing the implementation of school-based interventions.
Physics and Dynamics of Clouds and Precipitation: Aerosol in the atmosphere

Our atmosphere consists not only of gases but also of particulate matter. The particulate matter can be either liquid droplets or solid particles, which are collectively called aerosol particles. Strictly speaking, clouds are also a kind of aerosol because they are particulates too, but we will exclude them from this category in this book. Many people have the impression that aerosol particles are merely a contamination in the atmosphere, but the scientific community sensed the important role of aerosol particles in the atmosphere early on. In 1875, the French scientist Paul Jean Coulier, when working with an expansion chamber, discovered that condensation of water vapor would not occur unless there were some dust particles in the air, and thus demonstrated the fallacy of the old “common sense” that water vapor would always condense as soon as it reaches saturation. The existence of condensation nuclei (CN) was discovered. Six years later, the Scottish scientist John Aitken independently confirmed the same thing. It is now well established that the formation of cloud droplets also needs to have these particles, and they are called cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in this circumstance. Evidently, these particles should be viewed not just as contaminants but as an important component of the atmospheric physicochemical system.
Quantum p-adic Spaces and Quantum p-adic Groups

We discuss examples of non-commutative spaces over non-archimedean fields. Those include non-commutative and quantum affinoid algebras, quantized K3 surfaces and quantized locally analytic p-adic groups.
EFFECTS OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID PRODUCTS ON RESPIRATION OF VIRULENT AND AVIRULENT PNEUMOCOCCI

Firshein, W. (Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn.). Effects of deoxyribonucleic acid products on respiration of virulent and avirulent pneumococci. J. Bacteriol. 82:181-186. 1961.-In the presence of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) + deoxyribonuclease + mixtures of deoxynucleosides and deoxynucleotides (supplement-1) which had previously been shown to enhance DNA synthesis in virulent (S) pneumococci without affecting such synthesis in avirulent (R) pneumococci, a significant enhancement of glucose oxidation was observed over control levels in S cells of types I, II, and III. In contrast, this supplement either depressed oxygen uptake or had no effect when R or weakly virulent (I) pneumococci were present. In the absence of glucose, S cells were unable to oxidize supplement-1 extensively, whereas R cells exhibited definite activity in this respect. Supplement-1 enhanced glucose oxidation specifically and was not oxidized in the process. The selective advantage produced by the DNA products in S cells could not be explained on the basis of nitrogen content, since a substance containing twice as much of this element as that found in the entire supplement did not enhance oxygen uptake to the extent that was observed with supplement-1.
Microbial formation of ethane in anoxic estuarine sediments.

Estuarine sediment slurries produced methane and traces of ethane when incubated under hydrogen. Formation of methane occurred over a broad temperature range with an optimum above 65°C. Ethane formation had a temperature optimum at 40°C. Formation of these two gases was inhibited by air, autoclaving, incubation at 4 and 80°C, and by the methanogenic inhibitor, 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid. Ethane production was stimulated by addition of ethylthioethanesulfonic acid, and production from ethylthioethanesulfonic acid was blocked by 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid. A highly purified enrichment culture of a methanogenic bacterium obtained from sediments produced traces of ethane from ethylthioethanesulfonic acid. These results indicate that the small quantities of ethane found in anaerobic sediments can be formed by certain methanogenic bacteria.
Book Review: The Ideal Refugees: Gender, Islam, and the Sahrawi Politics of Survival

The Ideal Refugees: Gender, Islam, and the Sahrawi Politics of Survival Elena Fiddian-Qasmiyeh Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2014, pp. 304
Histologic and chemical studies of the smooth muscle in the human cervix and uterus.

Abstract Although the cervix appears to behave physiologically and functionally as if it contains muscle, histologic studies have been equivocal in this respect. In the present investigation grossly normal uteri and cervices from 31 nonpregnant women, 21 to 55 years of age, were studied. The amount of muscle was estimated from histologic preparations and measured chemically as actomyosin. On microscopic examination the mean proportion of smooth muscle estimated to be present in the lower third of the cervix was 6.4 per cent, in the middle third 18 per cent, in the upper third 28.8 per cent, and in the body of the uterus 68.8 per cent. Chemical measurements indicated that the amount of actomyosin in the uterus was significantly higher than that in the cervix and significantly higher in the upper than in the lower part of the cervix. A significant correlation was found between the histologic estimates and the chemical measurements.
Vascular mechanics for the cardiologist

Many common problems in clinical cardiology are due to disturbances in vascular mechanics. The terminology and basic principles of vascular mechanics, including fundamentals of the relation of stress and strain, are described in this review. Approaches to measuring vessel wall stiffness and the mechanical basis for vascular catastrophes are introduced.
Deposition of various radioactive elements on the surface of a platinum anode—IV Effect of the hydrogen ion concentration on the anodic deposition of radioactive elements

Abstract Changes in the rate constant, equilibrium distribution coefficient and in the number of active centres were studied as functions of the hydrogen ion concentration during the anodic deposition of 204 Tl, 144 Ce, 54 Mn and 212 Pb. It was found that the distribution coefficient and the number of active centres change when the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution to be electrolysed is altered, while the rate constant remains the same. The effect of adsorption on the kinetics of anodic deposition was interpreted with the experimental data obtained by the determination of the activation energy characteristic of the anodic deposition of various radioactive elements, as well as on the basis of the experimental data obtained in the kinetical study of the adsorption of radioactive elements on the surface of anodically polarized and non-polarized platinum.
Antioxidants tiron and N-acetyl-L-cysteine differentially mediate apoptosis in melanoma cells via a reactive oxygen species-independent NF-κB pathway

Tiron and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) have been recognized as potential antioxidants capable of inhibiting apoptosis induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although the ROS-scavenging function of tiron and NAC is clear, the mechanism for their regulation of apoptosis is still elusive. Here we demonstrate that tiron increases nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)/DNA binding and as a result enhances NF-kappaB transcriptional activity. In contrast, NAC inhibits NF-kappaB activation by reducing inhibitor of kappaB kinase (IKK) activity. Moreover, the expression of an NF-kappaB target gene, the chemokine CXCL1, is promoted by tiron and suppressed by NAC. Finally, tiron confers an antiapoptotic function, while NAC imparts a proapoptotic function in melanoma cells. These functions correlate with the alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential but not ROS production or induction of activating protein-1 (AP-1). This study underscores the potential benefits of regulating NF-kappaB activity in melanoma cells as a therapeutic approach.
Endogenous phosphorylation of platelet membrane proteins

Abstract The characteristics of the phosphorylating activity of platelet membranes have been studied. Plasma membranes of human platelets isolated by the glycerol lysis technique were shown to incorporate significant amounts of [ 32 P]phosphate into specific membrane proteins. This activity was only partially cyclic 3′:5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP)-dependent but had most of the other characteristics of protein kinases derived from other sources. Maximal stimulation of endogenous phosphorylation was obtained at 1 × 10 −7 , m cyclic AMP and exceeded by approximately 30% the [ 32 P]phosphate incorporation in the absence of this cyclic nucleotide. The platelet membrane protein kinase was able to phosphorylate exogenous proteins, e.g., histone, fibrinogen etc., as well as endogenous membrane proteins. The latter solubilized by sodium dodecyl sulfate and separated by dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis incorporated [ 32 P]phosphate into three polypeptides of apparent molecular weights 52,000, 31,000, and 20,000. The phosphorylation of the polypeptide of molecular weight 52,000 was cyclic AMP-dependent.
Chemistry of Thiophene on ZnO, S/ZnO, and Cs/ZnO Surfaces: Effects of Cesium on Desulfurization Processes

The adsorption of thiophene (C4H4S) on clean ZnO and oxide surfaces precovered with S and Cs has been studied using synchrotron-based high-resolution photoemission and ab initio self-consistent-field (SCF) calculations. On polycrystalline ZnO, C4H4S is weakly chemisorbed, and most desorbs at temperatures below 250 K. A very small fraction of the adsorbed C4H4S (∼0.02 monolayer) that interacts with O-unsaturated Zn sites decomposes on the oxide surface. S adatoms weaken the bonding interactions of thiophene on ZnO, whereas Cs adatoms enhance the adsorption energy of the molecule by at least 5−10 kcal/mol and facilitate the cleavage of C−S bonds. Pure metallic Cs reacts vigorously with C4H4S, decomposing the molecule at very low temperatures (100−200 K). The Cs atoms supported on ZnO are in an ionic state (Csδ+), but they retain a large chemical affinity for thiophene. Small amounts of Cs (∼0.2 monolayer) are enough to activate the oxide surface. Results of ab initio SCF calculations indicate that the bondi...
Dufek and Rust receive 2010 Hisashi Kuno Award: Response

[1] Josef Dufek and Alison Rust each received the Hisashi Kuno Award at the 2010 AGU Fall Meeting, held 13–17 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes “accomplishments of junior scientists who make outstanding contributions to the fields of volcanology, geochemistry, and petrology.”
Multimodality treatment of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas in the Onyx era: a single center experience.

Background The results of treatment of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) since Onyx became available as an embolic agent at our institution is reported. An algorithm is presented for treatment of DAVFs with Onyx, and the role of endovascular transvenous, surgical, and radiosurgical approaches are presented. Methods Thirty-two patients with DAVFs treated between November 2005 and November 2008 by endovascular embolization, surgery, or radiosurgery were identified by a retrospective chart review. Treatment strategies were based on the location or complexity of the fistula and the patient's clinical status. Data collected included DAVF characteristics, obliteration rates, complications, and outcomes. The results were analyzed and correlated with the treatment modality. Results Presenting symptoms were as follows: hemorrhage (n = 12 patients), headaches (n = 12), tinnitus (n = 5), orbital symptoms (n = 7), and seizures (n = 1). Thirty patients were treated by endovascular embolization (transarterial only with Onyx-21, transvenous only with platinum coils-6, transarterial [Onyx] and transvenous [coils]-3). Five patients (4 after incomplete/failed embolization) had surgical excision of the fistula. Three patients were treated with Gamma Knife radiosurgery (primary-1, 2 after incomplete/failed embolization). The locations of the fistulas were transverse sigmoid (10 patients), petrotentorial (7 patients), indirect carotid cavernous fistula (7 patients), parasagittal/falcine (3 patients), middle fossa dura (3 patients), torcula (1 patient), and anterior fossa dura (1 patient). The distribution of patients according to Borden classification was I-6, II-13, and III-13. Complete obliteration of the fistula was achieved in 26/32 (81%) patients after multimodal treatment. All surgical cases had complete obliteration. In the high-risk group with cortical venous reflux, 23/26 (89%) patients were cured. Endovascular complications included a stuck microcatheter tip with fracture of the tip in two patients and cranial nerves V and VII palsies in one patient. At last follow-up (range 1–36 months), 24 patients had modified Rankin score of 0–2, 5 patients had modified Rankin score of 3–5, and 3 patients were dead. Two patients died during admission due to the insult of the hemorrhage, and one died after an accidental fall with subsequent traumatic subdural hematoma. Conclusions Multimodality treatment of DAVFs has high success rates for cure at our center. Transarterial embolization with Onyx has become the primary treatment for intracranial DAVFs at our center and is associated with high safety profile and efficacy. Transvenous coil embolization is still preferred in DAVFs with supply from arterial branches supplying cranial nerves, predominant internal carotid artery feeders and potential extracranial–intracranial collateral anastomosis. In our series, patients with incompletely treated DAVFs were treated with surgery and those with partially treated type I fistulas had radiosurgery for palliation.
High-resolution simulations of particle–eddy interactions

Abstract In order to develop accurate momentum coupling models for particle-laden flow, high-resolution simulations including the no-slip boundary condition at the surface of each particle are required. We have developed a numerical technique using overset grids that is suitable for performing this type of simulation. Here we apply the numerical method to simulations of the Taylor vortex array with a fixed particle. A background cartesian grid resolves the relevant scales away from the particle and enforces the periodic boundary conditions of the Taylor vortex array. The no-slip boundary conditions at the surface of the particle and the smaller flow scales near the particle are resolved by an overset cylindrical grid. We find that the force on the particle is significantly different than the force predicted using a standard drag correlation and estimates of the velocity at the particle location.
A Distributed Cognition Perspective on Newcomers' Change Processes: The Management of Cognitive Uncertainty in Two Investment Banks:

This paper examines newcomers' cognitive change processes in two investment banks during their socialization. A two-year ethnographic study examines how the two banks managed the duration of junior...
INFRASTRUCTURE, LONG‐RUN ECONOMIC GROWTH AND CAUSALITY TESTS FOR COINTEGRATED PANELS

We investigate the consequences of various types of infrastructure provision in a panel of countries from 1950 to 1992. We develop new tests which enable us to isolate the sign and direction of long-run effects in a manner that is robust to the presence of unknown heterogeneous short-run causal relationships. We show that while infrastructure does tend to cause long-run economic growth, there is substantial variation across countries. We also provide evidence that each infrastructure type is provided at close to the growth-maximizing level on average globally, but is under-supplied in some countries and over-supplied in others.
p × n-Type Transverse Thermoelectrics: A Novel Type of Thermal Management Material

In this paper we review the recently identified p × n-type transverse thermoelectrics and study the thermoelectric properties of the proposed candidate materials. Anisotropic electron and hole conductivity arise from either an artificially engineered band structure or from appropriately anisotropic crystals, and result in orthogonal p-type and n-type directional Seebeck coefficients, inducing a non-zero off-diagonal transverse Seebeck coefficient with appropriately oriented currents. Such materials have potential for new applications of thermoelectric materials in transverse Peltier cooling and transverse thermal energy harvesting. In this paper we review general transverse thermoelectric phenomena to identify advantages of p × n-type transverse thermoelectrics compared with previously studied transverse thermoelectric phenomena. An intuitive overview of the band structure of one such p × n-material, the InAs/GaSb type-II superlattice, is introduced, and the plot of thermoelectric performance as a function of superlattice structure is calculated, as an example of how band structures can be optimized for the best transverse thermoelectric performance.
Heritability of Alveolar Bone Loss From Periodontal Disease in a Baboon Population: A Pilot Study

Background: Reports from studies of twins, disease aggregation in families, animal models for periodontal disease, and various genetic-analysis studies have determined that genetics plays a role in the susceptibility to periodontal disease. The purpose of this pilot study is to evaluate the effect of genetics on periodontal disease by evaluating the heritability of alveolar bone loss in a captive baboon population.Methods: A collection of baboon skulls from a pedigreed colony (for which scientists and veterinarians maintain complete genealogic and veterinary records) was obtained from the Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas and used in this pilot study. Measurements of alveolar bone loss were performed on 390 dry baboon skulls. A periodontal probe was used to measure alveolar bone loss. Maximum likelihood methods (designed to handle complex genealogies) were used to determine the heritability of alveolar bone loss. This software used known pedigrees in the captive baboon sample ...
Observations on thalamic and cortical responses to peripheral nerve volley.

Abstract The compound conducted action potential of the superficial radial nerve was investigated with respect to activation of contralateral thalamus and somatic receiving area of the cortex. Other observations relate to the sciatic nerve and its branches. Fifty-three cats, usually carried under light Nembutal anesthesia were used. The contributions of delta and C peripheral axons to the evoked thalamic potential were especially sought. Other matters studied were the phase relationship of the after-discharges of thalamus and cortex, relative latencies of primary responses at those sites, and comparative merits of unipolar and bipolar recording at and about the thalamic locus. 1. 1. Activation of large myelinated A axons of peripheral nerve evoked the positive deflection of shortest latency in the primary response to a nerve volley. Raising stimulus strength markedly over A maximum did not add to the height of this most rapid deflection provided that shock artifact was well balanced. 2. 2. After-discharge also appears with the A nerve spike but may be accentuated by the addition of delta and C components. 3. 3. With increase in stimulus strength over A maximum, a second positive elevation develops in the primary thalamic response which relates to the appearance of the second nerve spike. It is likely that this second nerve spike is due to delta axons. 4. 4. A C effect observed in a minority of reliable experiments was a train of fast spikes which appeared at a latency of 65–80 msec. and migh endure for 300 msec. It was not recorded invariably and we do not have sufficient data at this time to establish it as the significant effect of C activation of the forebrain. Other possible sequalae of C activation are also considered. 5. 5. When initial positive phases of thalamic and cortical primary responses are recorded on the identical sweeps of a dual beam oscilloscope, there is a shifted overlapping between the two indicating that the major synaptic transfer of the thalamic relay is over near the beginning of the second or negative phase of the thalamic response. Allowing for conduction between thalamus and cortex it seems likely that synaptic transfer commences soon after the start of the initial positive phase in the thalamus. 6. 6. We did not discern any invariable phase relationships between thalamic and cortical after-discharges. 7. 7. Bipolar recording from closely spaced electrode tips passed together through the thalamic locus closely parallel the results of recording vs. a distant electrode. They give further evidence that the potential field about the locus has a steep gradient.
Drawing History: Interpretation in the Illustrated Version of the 9/11 Commission Report and Art Spiegelman's In The Shadow of No Towers as Historical Biography

(2009). Drawing History: Interpretation in the Illustrated Version of the 9/11 Commission Report and Art Spiegelman's In The Shadow of No Towers as Historical Biography. a/b: Auto/Biography Studies: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 93-112.
Some social and economic factors relating to periodontal disease among young Negroes: No. 1.

Some social and economic factors relat­ ing to the prevalence of periodontal dis­ ease in 2,753 Negro children in Tennes­ see were studied. The findings point up the need to consider the major indexes of socioeconomic status when conducting epidemiological studies. Oral health is influenced by the social class in which the socialization of the child takes place. The significance which a family attaches to dental care largely determines the values and practices of the child.
Enhancement of the excitatory actions of GABA by barbiturates and benzodiazepines.

Abstract Whole cell recordings from hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons using electrode chloride concentrations of 12–80 mM demonstrated that the effect of synaptic activation of GABA A receptors was dependent on the transmembrane chloride gradient. When the chloride reversal potential was positive to action potential threshold, GABA A receptor activation was excitatory, and anticonvulsant barbiturates and benzodiazepines enhanced this excitation. Enhancement of GABAergic excitation of interneurons may contribute to the efficacy of these drugs, while enhancement of GABAergic excitation of principal neurons may be an important mechanism of failure, such as occurs in the treatment of neonatal seizures.
NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS FOR NATURAL CONVECTION IN A COMPLEX ENCLOSED SPACE CONTAINING EITHER AIR-LIQUID OR LIQUID-LIQUID LAYERS

Natural convection fluid flow and heat transfer has been studied numerically in the enclosed space between two concentrically positioned vertical cylinders having different finite heights. The cylinders were maintained at different uniform temperatures. The enclosed space was occupied by a system of two fluids, one situated atop the other in a layered manner. For the numerical work, consideration was given to three two-fluid systems: air-water, air-hexadecane, and hexadecane-water. Parametric variations were made of the position of the fluid-fluid interface and of the Rayleigh number. Another parameter was the retention or omission of the interfacial (surface) tension in the force balance at the fluid-fluid interface. The presentation of results included the patterns of fluid flow, velocity profiles, average Nusselt numbers, per-fluid heat transfer rates, and local heat flux distributions. Average Nusselt number definitions were constructed which virtually eliminated the dependence of the results on the l...
Interlaminar and intralaminar reinforcement of composite laminates with aligned carbon nanotubes

Abstract Three-dimensional reinforcement of woven advanced polymer–matrix composites using aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is explored experimentally and theoretically. Radially-aligned CNTs grown in situ on the surface of fibers in a woven cloth provide significant three-dimensional reinforcement, as measured by Mode I interlaminar fracture testing and tension-bearing experiments. Aligned CNTs bridge the ply interfaces giving enhancement in both initiation and steady-state toughness, improving the already tough system by 76% in steady state (more than 1.5 kJ/m2 increase). CNT pull-out on the crack faces is the observed toughening mechanism, and an analytical model is correlated to the experimental fracture data. In the plane of the laminate, aligned CNTs enhance the tension-bearing response with increases of: 19% in bearing stiffness, 9% in critical strength, and 5% in ultimate strength accompanied by a clear change in failure mode from shear-out failure (matrix dominated) without CNTs to tensile fracture (fiber dominated) with CNTs.
Mutual Optical Transparency through Quantum Wells in Strong Terahertz Fields

In the presence of a strong THz field, the exciton wavefunctions in a quantum well are described by Floquet states. As a consequence, exciton states dressed by a THz field have multiple optical resonances. If an optical beam is resonant with any of these frequencies, the beam is attenuated upon its transmission. Here we show that one can judiciously choose two coherent optical beams tuned to two different resonant frequencies, so that the beams produce no interband excitation, and thus are unattenuated.
Prevention of naphthalene-induced pulmonary toxicity by glutathione prodrugs: roles for glutathione depletion in adduct formation and cell injury.

Naphthalene is metabolized in the lung and liver to reactive intermediates by cytochrome P450 enzymes. These reactive species deplete glutathione, covalently bind to proteins, and cause necrosis in Clara cells of the lung. The importance of glutathione loss in naphthalene toxicity was investigated by using the glutathione prodrugs (glutathione monoethylester or cysteine–glutathione mixed disulfide) to maintain glutathione pools during naphthalene exposure. Mice given a single intraperitoneal injection of naphthalene (1.5 mmol/kg) were treated with either prodrug (2.5 mmol/kg) 30 min later. Both compounds effectively maintained glutathione levels and decreased naphthalene–protein adducts in the lung and liver. However, cysteine–glutathione mixed disulfide was more effective at preventing Clara cell injury. To study the prodrugs in Clara cells without the influence of hepatic naphthalene metabolism and circulating glutathione, dose-response and time-course studies were conducted with intrapulmonary airway explant cultures. Only the ester of glutathione raised GSH in vitro; however, both compounds limited protein adducts and cell necrosis. In vitro protection was not associated with decreased naphthalene metabolism. We conclude that (1) glutathione prodrugs can prevent naphthalene toxicity in Clara cells, (2) the prodrugs effectively prevent glutathione loss in vivo, and (3) cysteine–glutathione mixed disulfide prevents naphthalene injury in vitro without raising glutathione levels. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19:42–41, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20052
The effect of assay composition, detergent solubilization and reconstitution on red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) plasma membrane H+-ATPase kinetic properties

Abstract Modification of the salt concentration, composition and/or buffer type in the assay of plasma membrane ATPase activity caused substantial changes in the Km and slight changes in the temperature dependence of this enzyme. The Km and temperature dependence were also affected by detergent solubilization of the ATPase and its subsequent reconstitution into liposomes. Modulation of kinetic properties by assay composition and hydrophobic state reflect the sensitivity of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase to its immediate environment. This may indicate a possible regulatory mechanism for this important plant enzyme.
An electron microscopic analysis of abnormal ependymal cell proliferation and envelopment of sprouting axons following spinal cord transection in the rat.

Transection of the spinal cord in a series of Long Evans hooded rats results in a rapid degeneration of elements of the neuropil and white matter adjacent to the lesion site, and in the appearance of a wide variety of reactive cellular elements which ingest necrotic debris and produce a connective tissue matrix in the defect left by the lesion. Included among the non-neuronal elements found within the lesion zone and adjacent spinal cord segments cranial to the lesion were large clusters of ependymal cells displaced from their normal location. This aberrant proliferation produces extensive cords and nests of ependymal cells some of which maintain contiguity with those elements lining the central canal while other clusters were found several 100 μm distant in the gray matter. Rosettes with distinct lumina often occurred in such cellular aggregates and were similar in arrangement to those patterns displayed by primitive neuroepithelial cells following experimental manipulation (Watterson, 1965). Electron microscopy revealed typical oval euchromatin nuclei with a pale cytoplasm containing concentrations of filaments. Examination of rosette lumina revealed normal apical specializations including cilia with basal bodies, microvilli, and numerous zonulae adherentes Intracytoplasmic vacuole formation with abnormal microvilli and cilia were reminiscent of patterns described in certain ependymomas (Fu et al., 1974). During the period between 15–45 days following injury, axons sprout into the scar matrix and along the adjacent, eroded cord segments. Those fibers which became apposed to the aberrant ependymal cells were enveloped by them and a typical “mesaxon” was formed. With increasing postoperative periods until 90 dpo, groups of 3–8 fibers could be found enclosed within a single cell.
Protection and advancement of human rights in developing countries: Luxuries or necessities?

The luxury-versus-necessity controversy is primarily concerned with the importance of civil and political rights vis-a-vis economic and social rights. The viewpoint of political leaders of many developing and newly industrialized countries, especially China, Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia and Indonesia is that civil and political rights are luxuries that only rich nations can afford. The United Nations, transnational civil society and the Western advanced countries oppose this viewpoint on normative and empirical grounds. While this controversy is far from over, new challenges of “evidence” and “marketization” are emerging. The first calls for a narrative on the history of civil and political rights in the West in the comparative context of the Industrial Revolution and the East Asian Miracle and China’s economic growth. The effects of the recent financial crisis and insulation of China from the Arab Spring further deepen this challenge. The marketization challenge looks at this controversy from the social exclusion angle. It argues that the basic needs covered by the minimum human rights agenda are becoming luxuries in a real sense for those who do not have the power to purchase these needs from the market.
Patterns of maternal behavior in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.

Abstract Maternal behavior of spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) normotensive rats was assessed over the preweanling period (days 1–21). Ten litters of each strain were observed during the dark phase of the light:dark cycle using a scan sampling technique. Cages were observed periodically throughout the day and the momentary behavior of the dam was recorded on a checklist of 9 different behaviors. These behaviors included: nursing entire litter, nursing part of litter, contact with entire litter, contact with part of litter, pup carrying/retrieval, licking pups, sniffing pups, nest building, and away from litter. A second set of ten litters per strain was observed in the same manner during the light phase of the light:dark cycle thus providing around the clock data throughout the entire preweanling period. For purposes of data analysis, the 21-day preweanling period was divided into 7 3-day blocks. The mean relative frequency with which each behavior was observed from SHR and WKY mothers was determined for each block and for each phase of the light:dark cycle separately. SHR mothers were with their pups and nursing them more frequently than WKY mothers during the light phase of the circadian cycle. Complimentary to this finding, WKY mothers were observed away from their pups more frequently than SHR mothers during both light and dark phases. Finally, SHR mothers were observed to lick their pups more often than WKY mothers during both phases of the light:dark cycle. These findings were consistent across the entire preweanling period. The results are discussed in terms of early environmental influences on the development of hypertension in the SHR rat.
Skeletal Muscle Fiber-type Switching, Exercise Intolerance, and Myopathy in PGC-1α Muscle-specific Knock-out Animals

The transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) is a key integrator of neuromuscular activity in skeletal muscle. Ectopic expression of PGC-1α in muscle results in increased mitochondrial number and function as well as an increase in oxidative, fatigue-resistant muscle fibers. Whole body PGC-1α knock-out mice have a very complex phenotype but do not have a marked skeletal muscle phenotype. We thus analyzed skeletal muscle-specific PGC-1α knock-out mice to identify a specific role for PGC-1α in skeletal muscle function. These mice exhibit a shift from oxidative type I and IIa toward type IIx and IIb muscle fibers. Moreover, skeletal muscle-specific PGC-1α knock-out animals have reduced endurance capacity and exhibit fiber damage and elevated markers of inflammation following treadmill running. Our data demonstrate a critical role for PGC-1α in maintenance of normal fiber type composition and of muscle fiber integrity following exertion.
Lattice Boltzmann model for crystal growth from supersaturated solution

[1] We develop a new, lattice effects-free lattice Boltzmann model for simulating crystal growth from supersaturated solution. Simulations of crystal growth from a single or multiple nuclei in a domain initially filled with supersaturated solution are presented, such as in the case of gas hydrate formation. We find that as the process changes from diffusion-controlled to surface reaction-controlled, the crystal transforms from open cluster-type structure, via compact coral-type structure, to compact circular structure, and correspondingly, the fractal dimension of the crystal structure increases from a value close to that of a diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA) structure to the Euclidian value for a circle. At a high Damkohler number, crystal formed from a single nucleus becomes more compact as the saturation increases. At a low Damkohler number, the crystal has a fairly round shape for different saturation values and the effect of saturation is insignificant.
Instantaneous potentials in nonrelativistic lattice QCD

Abstract The validity of instantaneous potential ideas in heavy-quark bound-state problems is examined with the aid of a suitable lattice potential model. The model is also used as a testing ground for a multistate smearing method.
JID VisualDx Quiz: April 2013

Correction to: Journal of Investigative Dermatology (2013) 133, e3, published online 1 April 2013; doi:10.1038/jid.2013.122
Computer applications in intravenous anaesthetic admin0tration

The place of computerization in intravenous anaesthesia delivery: 1. Although total intravenous anaesthesia may have advantages over inhalational anaesthesia in certain circumstances, it has drawbacks from the point of view of feedback control. The ideal agent is not available, although di-isopropylphenol holds promise. There is an undefinable end-point. Inadequate dosage produces the extremely unpleasant phenomenon of intra-operative awareness. Future developments, it seems, should include the development of suitable intravenous agents and transducers of anaesthetic depth, rather than increasingly complicated control systems. 2. It is extremely unlikely that a computer will replace the anaesthetist in the foreseeable future. The anaesthetist is still required for, amongst other things, specifying the desired depth of anaesthesia and varying it during the operation, and for responding to unforeseen crises. It may be hoped that, by liberating the anaesthetist from those tasks which can be automated, more time can be devoted to patient monitoring and other aspects of anaesthetic care, thereby improving patient safety. 3. There is an undoubted place for computerized delivery of anaesthesia in teaching (particularly teaching pharmacokinetic principles) and in research (for standardization of anaesthetic depth).
Treatment options for angina pectoris and the future role of enhanced external counterpulsation.

Patients with coronary artery disease have a variety of treatment options available to them. These include medications to control anginal episodes and, when appropriate, revascularization interventions in the form of coronary artery bypass graft and angioplasty. Despite advances in the treatment of angina, a substantial number of patients continue to have symptoms that can significantly impair their quality of life. These patients may benefit from enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP). With recent results of the latest clinical trial of EECP just published, the role of EECP, including its position in the hierarchy of treatment options, needs to be seriously considered.
The effects of using formal assessment on preschool teachers’ beliefs about the importance of various developmental skills and abilities ☆

Abstract Two studies examined the effects of using a formal assessment instrument on preschool teachers’ beliefs concerning the importance of various developmental skills and abilities. In Study 1, users of a formal assessment instrument rated skills and abilities assessed by the instrument as more important for preschoolers to develop than non-users. In Study 2, teachers who newly adopted the instrument rated skills and abilities assessed by it as more important after using the instrument for several months than they did prior to use, while non-users showed no change in their ratings of the same skills and abilities over time. The results indicate that using a formal assessment instrument can change teachers’ beliefs concerning which skills and abilities are important for children to learn.