cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Obama vs. Clinton: Categorical Boundaries and Intra-Party Electoral Outcomes

The 2008 Democratic presidential primary provides a unique opportunity to examine how community structure is related to intra-party electoral outcomes. Because the contest between Barack Obama and Hilary Clinton remained competitive until the very end, we are able to analyze voting outcomes for more than 2,300 U.S. counties where votes were cast before the ultimate winner had been determined. The primary was also noteworthy because Obama was seeking to become the nation's first African American President, while Clinton hoped to be the first woman president. The competition, and the response that the candidates received from voters as they campaigned across the country, revealed interesting dynamics pertaining to race, class, and gender. We argue that Obama and Clinton appealed to constituencies on different sides of a cultural divide among Democratic voters, and that divide is rooted in occupational segregation. Our results show that occupational segregation by race, and especially by sex, are related to the voting outcomes, with Obama gaining his strongest support in the most integrated contexts and his weakest support in segregated contexts.
Unusual Propargylic Oxidations Catalyzed by Chloroperoxidase

This paper describes a new chloroperoxidase oxidative activity, namely, propargylic oxidations. Under appropriate conditions, chloroperoxidase catalyzes the oxidation of a variety of 2-alkynes to aldehydes via alcohol intermediates. Both hydrogen peroxide and t-butyl hydroperoxide can serve as terminal oxidants. The triple bond in the substrate is usually untouched. A free radical mechanism is proposed for the initial hydroxylation step in the overall reaction.
Green liquor extraction of hemicelluloses from southern pine in an Integrated Forest Biorefinery

Abstract Loblolly Pine chips were extracted with fresh green liquor solutions containing sufficient alkalinity to approximately neutralize the acids released upon treatment of the chip-liquor mass at elevated temperatures of 170, 180 and 190 °C for various times. The components of green liquor extracts were then quantified using high pressure anion exchange chromatography and UV spectrophotometer. The time–temperature effect on the extracted yields including the wood weight loss of wood chips after extraction could be well described by the H-factor approach. Sugar components were all found in their polymeric forms in the liquor. About 2.5–3% of wood mass was extracted as total sugars at an H-factor of about 4000. In general, mannose showed lower extraction than xylose. With increasing chemical charge, arabinoglucuronoxylan and galactoglucomannan extracts decreased, whereas dissolved lignin increased. Cellulose showed a minimum dependence on H-factor and chemical charge. The total sugar showed an inverse proportionality to the final liquor pH that rapidly dropped from alkali to the neutral in the very early stages of extraction and leveled off slowly reaching the acid region. Significant difference between total organic yield and the weight loss provides a possible evidence for the presence of significant amount of low molecular weight dissolved organics that were not accounted for.
Methods of measuring radio interference from high-voltage insulators

A critical study of the methods available for the measurement of radio interference from high-voltage insulators has been made by comparing the results obtained with the various methods for a range of insulators. It was found that the method which measured the noise current through a resistor coupled to the high-voltage system by a capacitor gave consistent results for all insulators. The second method, which measures the noise currents in the earth lead of the insulator, gave results which depended upon the size of the insulators. This method was subsequently modified by using an artificial earth plane connected to the measuring set. The results then approached those of the first method. A third method assumes that the onset voltage of visual corona is the criterion for the onset of radio interference. It was found that some radio interference was generated before visual corona commenced and that the levels at the critical visual corona voltages depended upon the types of insulators used.
Experimental Hydrodynamic Drag Studies of Scuba Divers

The phrases "...low profile,...less drag," and "...streamlined design" have all recently been used to describe the hydrodynamic characteristics of new SCUBA diving equipment. The manufacturers are responding to the diving community's plea for ergonomic considerations by producing equipment which will allow the diver to perform underwater tasks more safely and efficiently. However the analyses generally utilized in the diving industry for determining drag forces yield qualitative results which do not effectively lend themselves to meaningful comparison. The present investigation considers a unique methodology for experimentally determining the drag forces induced by various configurations of underwater diving equipment. Drag measurements have been made using the Department of Ocean Engineering's tow tank facility at the University of Rhode Island, Repeatable results were obtained due to the stability of the full-size diver in a specialy designed tow-frame dynamometer.
Chemical Characterization of Organic Compounds in Leachates from Surface-Retorted Oil Shale Generated by Gas Combustion and Indirect Pyrolysis

Abstract Chemical characterization of leachates from surface-retorted oil shale generated by gas combustion (Paraho process) and indirectly-heated pyrolysis (TOSCO II process) revealed the presence of several classes of organic acids. Paraho leachates contained various oxygenated species, such as aliphatic monocarboxylic acids (C5-C8), dicarboxylic acids (C8-C11), and arenecarboxylic acids, with benzoic acid as the major component. A series of methyl-substituted arenecarboxylic acids were identified in the TOSCO leachate, with 3,5-dimethylbenzoic acid as the major component. Differences in chemical composition of the two leachates can be explained in terms of the different processes used to generate the two types of spent shale. Arenecarboxylic acids in both leachates were quantitatively determined. The potential exists for leaching of these oxygenated species from spent shale.
An Effective Tool? Mastery Learning: Pros And Cons

This writer takes a close look at the strengths and the drawbacks of mastery learning, and offers the admomition that we should never permit a tool- regardless of how effective it may be-to prevent us from exploring other avenues.
A Fourier-Wavelet Monte Carlo Method for Fractal Random Fields

A new hierarchical method for the Monte Carlo simulation of random fields called the Fourier?wavelet method is developed and applied to isotropic Gaussian random fields with power law spectral density functions. This technique is based upon the orthogonal decomposition of the Fourier stochastic integral representation of the field using wavelets. The Meyer wavelet is used here because its rapid decay properties allow for a very compact representation of the field. The Fourier?wavelet method is shown to be straightforward to implement, given the nature of the necessary precomputations and the run-time calculations, and yields comparable results with scaling behavior over as many decades as the physical space multiwavelet methods developed recently by two of the authors. However, the Fourier?wavelet method developed here is more flexible and, in particular, applies to anisotropic spectra generated through solutions of differential equations. Simulation results using this new technique and the well-known nonhierarchical simulation technique, the randomization method, are given and compared for both a simple shear layer model problem as well as a two-dimensional isotropic Gaussian random field. The Fourier?wavelet method results are more accurate for statistical quantities depending on moments higher than order 2, in addition to showing a quite smooth decay to zero on the scales smaller than the scaling regime when compared with the randomization method results. The only situation in which the nonhierarchical randomization method is more computationally efficient occurs when no more than four decades of scaling behavior are needed and the statistical quantities of interest depend only on second moments.
Canopy herbivory can mediate the influence of plant genotype on soil processes through frass deposition

The ecosystem consequences of intraspecific genetic variation is an emerging field of research that strengthens the link between population and ecosystem ecology. Despite recent advances, it remains unclear under what conditions (abiotic and biotic) plant genetic variation will be important to belowground processes. Forest canopy herbivores can have large influences on soil processes by altering the timing, quantity, and quality of forest floor inputs. We demonstrate that the frass inputs from canopy folivores (forest tent caterpillars and gypsy moths) reflect the intraspecific variation in green leaf chemistry (C:N, condensed tannins) of the aspen clones on which they fed. We then varied the genotype and nutrient availability of aspen and monitored the decomposition of both gypsy moth frass and senesced leaf litter in laboratory microcosms for 63 days. Aspen genotype influenced the short-term, frass-induced soil respiration as well as the longer-term, litter-induced respiration. In addition, aspen genotype interacted with nutrient availability to influence the activity of extracellular enzymes measured at the end of the experiment. These results suggest that in aspen forests, canopy herbivores can mediate the influence of intraspecific variation on ecosystem processes through frass deposition. Intraspecific variation is likely more important to ecosystem functioning than previously thought when trophic interactions are also taken into account. The potential for genetic variation within a single plant species to influence the ecosystem effects of herbivores highlights the importance of understanding how and when genetic variation matters to ecosystem processes.
Determination of Time Optimal Diafiltration for an Ultrafiltration Process

An ultrafiltration process (UFP) associated with the Hanford Department of Energy facility separates sodium solution from radioactive solids, which are then individually immobilized. An oversight of the UFP design and operation has identified several areas to improve the capacity of the UFP. This paper presents the development of a time optimal controller for an ultrafiltration process (UFP). The current mode of operation is a form of diafiltration where feed rates into the UFP are matched with the permeate rates (permeate matching diafiltration). Another approach advocated in this paper is to allow the control parameters into the UFP to vary with time and is termed time optimal diafiltration. It will be shown that permeate matching diafiltration and time optimal diafiltration are equivalent in terms of dewatering times, but not in terms of feedback. An empirical model for optimal time was then developed.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
"The Saga of Third World Belle": Resurrecting the Ethnic Woman in Ishmael Reed's Flight to Canada

This is the author's accepted manuscript. The publisher's official version can be found at: http://www.melus.org/journal.htm
A Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Independent Pathway Involved in the Phosphorylation and Activation of Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 in Human Neutrophils Stimulated with Tumor Necrosis Factor-α

Abstract Although tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α stimulation of human neutrophils does not result in a significant release of arachidonic acid, it primes the cell for arachidonic acid release when cells are further stimulated by agents that induce an intracellular calcium increase. We demonstrate that TNF-α stimulation of neutrophils induces the phosphorylation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and also increases its activity. These results indicate that although TNF-α, by itself, does not cause the release of arachidonic acid in intact cells, it increases the phosphorylation and activation of the enzyme cPLA2. Since we recently found that TNF-α stimulation of neutrophils does not increase the tyrosine phosphorylation or activation of the p42erk2 and p44erk1 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), the present studies demonstrate the involvement of a MAPK independent pathway in the phosphorylation and activation of cPLA2.
Determination of the gas-phase basicities of proline and its di- and tripeptides with glycine: the enhanced basicity of prolylproline.

The gas-phase basicity (GB) of proline, which is the only imino acid and is reported to play a significant role in protein folding, was determined by deprotonation reactions in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer. Protonated peptide ions were generated by fast atom bombardment in an external ion source. The GB of proline was found to be 213.3 kcal/mol. Among the dipeptides studied, the GB of glycylproline (GlyPro) was determined to be 214.8 kcal/mol, while prolylglycine (ProGly) was 4.2 kcal/mol more basic (GB = 219.0 kcal/mol). The basicity of the tripeptide prolylglycylglycine (ProGlyGly, GB = 219.0 kcal/mol) is 2 kcal/mol higher than the basicities of glycylglycylproline (GlyGlyPro) and glycylprolylglycine (GlyProGly), both of which have GB = 217.0 kcal/mol. The enhanced basicity of ProGlyGly is consistent with the protonation site being the terminal amino nitrogen with enhanced stabilization of the charge by the nearby bulkier residue. Interestingly, prolylproline (ProPro), which has a GB of 223.3 kcal/mol, is more basic than the other di- and tripeptides studied. Consequently, semi-empirical AM1 calculations were employed to probe the structural characteristics and intramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions for ProPro, GlyPro, ProGly and glycylglycine (GlyGly). ProPro was found to have a unique structure with two potential hydrogen bonds between amino hydrogens and both carbonyl oxygens.
Hydroclimatology of the U.S. Gulf Coast Under Global Climate Change Scenarios

The historical climate record and climate change scenarios of the north-central Gulf of Mexico Coast (roughly from Houston, Texas to Mobile, Alabama) was examined to assess past and future temperat...
Theories of Growth and Theories of Value

A number of recent treatments of growth, otherwise widely divergent in approach, have found themselves confronted by certain common problems.1 For example, a series of questions has arisen with respect to the concept of capital: how should it be measured? Does it consist of one ‘capital good’ or of many goods? Should materials and depreciation be included as part of the capital upon which returns are calculated? Should the wage bill likewise be included? Secondly, some closely related questions concerning distribution have emerged, for the concept of capital adopted in a model determines to a considerable extent both what the model will say about the relation of the return to capital to the wages of labor and how this relation will be affected by growth. Consideration of relative shares leads naturally to a third question concerned with the relation between the amounts of the various factors advanced and the output produced. If this relationship, the ‘production function,’ is to be of any use in the study of technical changes during growth, it must be disaggregated to exhibit the structure of production as a set of relationships between technologically specific inputs and outputs. But in this case ‘capital’ will be composed of different specific goods in different industries, with the result that the notion of a ‘marginal physical product of capital’ must be discarded as meaningless.
An X-ray scattering study of the bacterial virus R17

An X-ray scattering study has been made on solutions of the RNA-containing bacteriophage R17. The radius of gyration of the virus was found to be 128 A. The scattered intensity shows regularly spaced maxima and minima out to a scattering angle of 75 milliradians, corresponding to a Bragg spacing of about 20 A. The radial density distribution calculated by Fourier inversion of the scattering amplitudes indicates that the virus has a mean outer radius of 133 A, an outer shell of 30 to 40 A thickness, an inner region of somewhat lower electron density and a small hollow region of about 15 A radius at the center of the virus. Presumably the outer shell is protein, the inner region contains the RNA and the hollow center contains only solvent. The above dimensions, together with the dry molecular weight and partial specific volume of the virus, indicate that there is associated with the virus 1·0 gram of water per gram of virus.
Optical solitons with time-dependent dispersion, nonlinearity and attenuation in a power-law media

This paper obtains the 1-soliton solution of the nonlinear Schrodinger’s equation with Kerr law nonlinearity and time-dependent dispersion, nonlinearity and attenuation. The solitary wave ansatze is used to obtain this solution. The constraint relation between these time-dependent coefficients is also obtained for the solitons to exist. The variation of the soliton velocity also falls out by this method.
Beta- and gamma-frequency coupling between olfactory and motor brain regions prior to skilled, olfactory-driven reaching

A major question in neuroscience concerns how widely separated brain regions coordinate their activity to produce unitary cognitive states or motor actions. To investigate this question, we employed multisite, multielectrode recording in rats to study how olfactory and motor circuits are coupled prior to the execution of an olfactory-driven, GO/NO-GO variant of a skilled, rapidly executed (approximately 350-600 ms) reaching task. During task performance, we recorded multi-single units and local field potentials (LFPs) simultaneously from the rats' olfactory cortex (specifically, the posterior piriform cortex) and from cortical and subcortical motor sites (the caudal forepaw M1, and the magnocellular red nucleus, respectively). Analyses on multi-single units across areas revealed an increase in beta-frequency spiking (12-30 Hz) during a approximately 100 ms window surrounding the Final Sniff of the GO cue before lifting the arm (the "Sniff-GO window") that was seldom seen when animals sniffed the NO-GO cue. Also during the Sniff-GO window, LFPs displayed a striking increase in beta, low-gamma, and high-gamma energy (12-30, 30-50, and 50-100 Hz, respectively), and oscillations in the high gamma band appeared to be coherent across the recorded sites. These results indicate that transient, multispectral coherence across cortical and subcortical brain sites is part of the coordination process prior to sensory-guided movement initiation.
Gender and self-concept: A reexamination of stereotypic differences and the role of gender attitudes.

Gender differences in overall self-evaluation and in specific dimensions of self-concept were examined in primarily White Caucasian college and high school students. The role of gender attitudes in the relationship between gender and self-concept was also examined. Findings indicated gender differences in overall self-evaluation that favored males, and gender differences in specific self-concept dimensions that were consistent with gender stereotypes. However, differences in overall self-evaluation were small, and the stereotypicality of differences was not consistent. Gender attitudes were unrelated to self-concept. Implications for changing self-concept are discussed.
New Options and Strategies for the Treatment of Urinary Incontinence

Urinary incontinence is a prevalent, although often unreported, disease within the elderly population, with consequences spanning many aspects of the patient's life. Treatments differ for each subtype of urinary incontinence: urge incontinence, stress incontinence, and incontinence associated with bladder outlet obstruction and lower urinary tract symptoms in men. Limitations in current therapies have negatively affected care for each of these subtypes, particularly in the vulnerable elderly population. An emergence of new treatment options and strategies has created opportunities to optimize care for the general population. These include the use of trospium, darifenacin, solifenacin, and duloxetine as well as the strategic use of antimuscarinic agents in conjunction with alpha adrenergic blockade in men with bladder outlet obstruction. Yet, the literature regarding use of these agents and strategies in the elderly should be carefully evaluated to determine the benefits and the unique risks posed by their...
Exclusionary Practices and the Delegitimization of Client Voice How Staff Create, Sustain, and Escalate Conflict in a Drop-In Center for Street Kids

This article provides a case study of a drop-in center serving homeless youth, focusing on staff-client conflict. It is the result of approximately 200 hours of ethnographic research and in-depth interviews with staff members. This article explores how and why staff actively utilize the exclusionary practices of withdrawal, nonengagement, and silencing. Second, it examines how these practices, which are meant to be therapeutic and prevent conflict, paradoxically create, sustain, and escalate much of the staff-client conflict within the center, forcing staff to rely heavily on expulsion to maintain control of clients. A closing example is offered as evidence.
An adaptive Newton algorithm based on numerical inversion: Regularization as postconditioner

We examine a class of approximate inversion processes, satisfying estimates similar to those defined by finite element or truncated spectral approximations; these are to be used as approximate right inverses for Newton iteration methods. When viewed at the operator level, these approximations introduce a defect, or "loss of derivatives", of order one or more. Regularization is introduced as a form of defect correction. A superlinearly convergent, approximate Newton iteration is thereby obtained by using the numerical inversion adaptively, i.e., with spectral or grid parameters correlated to the magnitude of the current residual in an intermediate norm defined by the defect. This adaptive choice makes possible ascribing an order to the convergent process, and this is identified as essentially optimal for elliptic problems, relative to complexity. The design of the algorithm involves multi-parameter selection, thereby opening up interesting avenues for elliptic problems, relative to complexity. This applies also to the regularization which may be carried out in the Fourier transform space, and is band-limited in the language of Whittaker-Shannon sampling theory. The norms employed in the analysis are of Holder space type; the iteration is an adaptation of Nash-Moser interation; and, the complexity studies use Vituskin's theory of information processing. Computational experience is described in the final section.
Critical exponents and stability at the black hole threshold for a complex scalar field.

This paper continues a study on Choptuik scaling in gravitational collapse of a massless complex scalar field at the threshold for black hole formation. We perform a linear perturbation analysis of the previously derived complex critical solution, and calculate the critical exponent for black hole mass, \ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\approxeq}0.387 111\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000 003. We also show that this critical solution is unstable via a growing oscillatory mode.
Tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C-gamma 1 induced by cross-linking of the high-affinity or low-affinity Fc receptor for IgG in U937 cells

The human monocytic cell line U937 possesses two classes of the IgG Fc receptor (Fc gamma R), a high-affinity 72-kDa Fc gamma R (Fc gamma RI) and a low-affinity 40-kDa Fc gamma R (Fc gamma RII). Cross-linking of either class of Fc gamma R in U937 cells elicits an increase in the concentration of free intracellular Ca2+. A rapid rise in the concentration of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins-1,4,5-P3) and of several other inositol phosphates derived from Ins-1,4,5-P3 was observed after cross-linking of Fc gamma Rs in U937 cells. This result suggests that Ins-1,4,5-P3, generated by the action of phospholipase C (PLC), acts as a second messenger by which Fc gamma Rs mobilize intracellular Ca2+ in U937 cells. The mechanism by which the cross-linking of Fc gamma Rs triggers activation of PLC was studied. Cross-linking of Fc gamma RI or Fc gamma RII resulted in a rapid and transient phosphorylation of PLC-gamma 1 on tyrosine residues. It has previously been shown that phosphorylation of PLC-gamma 1 on tyrosine residues activates its enzymatic activity in cells. Prior incubation of U937 cells with a protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor, herbimycin A, prevented the tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC-gamma 1 and the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate induced by the cross-linking of Fc gamma Rs. Thus, Fc gamma RI and Fc gamma RII appear to be functionally coupled to a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that phosphorylates PLC-gamma 1 after receptor cross-linking, thereby causing activation of PLC-gamma 1.
Smoke and mirrors: Finding order in a chaotic world

Abstract The kaleidoscope is a toy that turns chips of colored glass into endlessly varied patterns through the use of mirrors. There's something satisfying about patterns—we need them to create meaning, and we find beauty in their symmetry. Yet complex systems defy simple formulas. For example, it is impossible to describe something as mundane as the behavior of smoke as it rises using classical mathematics. Borrowing ideas from different disciplines, we can recast information literacy as an invitation to our students to play with the unpredictable variety of human experience and discover meaningful patterns for themselves.
Can outcomes in Duchenne muscular dystrophy be improved by public reporting of data

Objective: To review current approaches for obtaining patient data in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and consider how monitoring and comparing outcome measures across DMD clinics could facilitate standardized and improved patient care. Methods: We reviewed annual standardized data from cystic fibrosis (CF) clinics and DMD care guidelines and consensus statements; compared current approaches to obtain DMD patient data and outcome measures; and considered the best method for implementing public reporting of outcomes, to drive improvements in health care delivery. Results: Current methods to monitor DMD patient information (MD STARnet, DuchenneConnect, and TREAT-NMD) do not yet provide patients with comparative outcome data. The CF patient registry allows for reporting of standard outcomes across clinics and is associated with improved CF outcomes. A similar patient registry is under development for the Muscular Dystrophy Association (MDA) clinic network. Suggested metrics for quality care include molecular diagnosis, ambulatory status and age at loss of ambulation, age requiring ventilator support, and survival. Conclusions: CF longevity has increased by almost 33% from 1986 to 2010, in part due to a CF patient registry that has been stratified by individual care centers since 1999, and publically available since 2006. Implementation of outcome reporting for MDA clinics might promote a similar benefit to patients with DMD.
Superplastic behavior of regular α2 and super α2 titanium aluminides

Superplasticity in two titanium aluminides, regular α2 and super α2 were studied at temperatures ranging from 920 to 1040 °C and strain rates from 2 × 10−5 to 5 × 10−3 s−1. Results show that superplastic elongations of over 500% can be obtained in this group of intermetallic materials. Dynamic grain growth and changes in volume fraction of the phases were observed in both alloys. The regular α2 alloy failed mainly by intergranular separation whereas transgranular fracture with extensive ductility occurred in the super α2 alloy. Possible mechanisms of superplastic deformation of these intermetallic alloys are also proposed.
Excessive drinking (polydipsia) in a galápagos mockingbird (Nesomimus)

Abstract 1. 1. A species of Galapagos mockingbird Nesomimus parvulus on a diet of insects, goat meat and bread drank between 14 and 30 per cent of its body weight/day in distilled water. As the NaCl concentration of the drinking water was increased to 300 mM, the amount drunk increased. Lesser amounts of 400 and 500 mM NaCl were drunk. The maximum cloacal fluid to plasma chloride concentration ratio was 3·2–3·6. 2. 2. Another Galapagos mockingbird species, Nesomimus macdonaldi, on the same diet drank 52 to 89 per cent of its body weight/day in distilled water, an excessive consumption of water. As the salinity of the drinking water was increased in 100 mM steps, the amount drunk remained constant until a precipitous decline occurred on 400 mM NaCl. The maximum cloacal fluid to plasma chloride concentration ratio was estimated as 3·4–4.·1. On a dry diet (chicken mash), drinking varied between 54 and 119 per cent body weight/day. This species feeds partly in the intertidal zone on marine invertebrates and probably has no access to fresh water for long periods of time. The cause of the pronounced polydipsia observed and its relevance to adaptation of this species to arid conditions deserve futher study.
High Expression of Folate Receptor Alpha in Lung Cancer Correlates with Adenocarcinoma Histology and Mutation

Introduction: Folate receptor alpha (FRα) and reduced folate carrier-1 (RFC1) regulate uptake of folate molecules inside the cell. FRα is a potential biomarker of tumors response to antifolate chemotherapy, and a target for therapies using humanized monocloncal antibody. Information on the protein expression of these receptors in non–small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is limited. Material and Methods: Expressions of FRα and RFC1 were examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 320 surgically resected NSCLC (202 adenocarcinomas and 118 squamous cell carcinomas) tissue specimens and correlated with patients' clinico-pathologic characteristics. Folate receptor α gene (FOLR1) mRNA expression was examined using publicly available microarray datasets. FRα expression was correlated with thymidylate synthase and p53 expression in NSCLCs, and with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and V-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral (KRAS) gene mutations in adenocarcinomas. Results: NSCLC overexpressed FRα and RFC1. In a multivariate analysis, lung adenocarcinomas were more likely to express FRα in the cytoplasm (OR = 4.39; p p p p =0.0005) FRα than those from smokers. In adenocarcinoma, EGFR mutations correlated with higher expression of membrane FRα and FOLR1 gene expressions. High levels of FRα expression was detected in 42 NSCLC advanced metastatic tumor tissues. Conclusions: FRα and RFC1 proteins are overexpressed in NSCLC tumor tissues. The high levels of FRα in lung adenocarcinomas may be associated to these tumors' better responses to antifolate chemotherapy and represents a potential novel target for this tumor type.
Response to 1-Deamino-8-D-Arginine Vasopressin in von Willebrand Disease

The synthetic agent, l-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP), is generally regarded to be the treatment of choice for persons with type I von Willebrand disease (vWD), and may be useful in type IIA vWD as well. Several formulations of the drug are available, including a highly concentrated intranasal spray formulation which is ideal for home use. The degree of F VIII and vWF response to DDAVP varies among individuals, but is generally consistent in individual patients over time. Some have tachyphylaxis while others do not. While side effects are uncommon, DDAVP is a potent antidiuretic agent. Thus one should be aware of the possibility of hyponatremia and water intoxication if certain precautions are not observed.
Integrating Market Makers, Limit Orders, and Continuous Trade in Prediction Markets

We provide the first concrete algorithm for combining market makers and limit orders in a prediction market with continuous trade. Our mechanism is general enough to handle both bundle orders and arbitrary securities defined over combinatorial outcome spaces. We define the notion of an e-fair trading path, a path in security space along which no order executes at a price more than e above its limit, and every order executes when its market price falls more than e below its limit. We show that, under a certain supermodularity condition, a fair trading path exists for which the endpoint is efficient, but that under general conditions reaching an efficient endpoint via an e-fair trading path is not possible. We develop an algorithm for operating a continuous market maker with limit orders that respects the e-fairness conditions in the general case. We conduct simulations of our algorithm using real combinatorial predictions made during the 2008 US presidential election and evaluate it against a natural baseline according to trading volume, social welfare, and violations of the two fairness conditions.
C-terminal and n-terminal fusions of aequorin with small peptides in immunoassay development.

Aequorin fusion proteins have been used extensively in intracellular Ca2+ measurements and in the development of binding assays. Gene fusions to aequorin for production of fusion proteins have been...
A gas chromatographic micromethod for trace determinations of phenols

La methode convient a l'analyse de tres petits echantillons (0,5 a 1 ml). La detection se fait par ionisation de flamme et capture electronique. La limite de detection pour le phenol, les chlorophenols, le p-cresol, les dimethyl- et nitrophenols varie de 0,01 a 0,2 ng/ml a l'exception du phenol (dinitro-«2,4»)
Differential responses by neurotensin systems in extrapyramidal and limbic structures to ibogaine and cocaine.

Ibogaine (Endabuse) is a psychoactive indole alkaloid found in the West African shrub, Tabernanthe iboga. This drug interrupts cocaine and amphetamine abuse and has been proposed for treatment of addiction to these stimulants. However, the mechanism of action that explains its pharmacological properties is unclear. Since previous studies demonstrated differential effects of psychotomimetic drugs (cocaine and methamphetamine) on neuropeptides such as neurotensin (NT), the present study was designed to determine: (1) the effects of ibogaine on striatal, nigral, cortical, and accumbens neurotensin-like immunoreactivity (NTLI); (2) the effects of selective dopamine antagonists on ibogaine-induced changes in NT concentrations in these brain areas; and (3) the effects of ibogaine pretreatment on cocaine-induced changes in striatal, nigral, cortical and accumbens NTLI content. Ibogaine treatments profoundly affected NT systems by increasing striatal, nigral, and accumbens NTLI content 12 h after the last drug administration. In contrast, NTLI concentrations were not significantly increased in the frontal cortex after ibogaine treatment. The ibogaine-induced increases in NTLI in striatum, nucleus accumbens and substantia nigra were blocked by coadministration of the selective D1 receptor antagonist, SCH 23390. The D2 receptor antagonist, eticlopride, blocked the ibogaine-induced increase in nigral NTLI, but not in striatum and nucleus accumbens. Ibogaine pretreatment significantly blocked the striatal and nigral increases of NTLI resulting from a single cocaine administration. Whereas many of the responses by NT systems to ibogaine resembled those which occur after cocaine, there were also some important differences. These data suggest that NT may contribute to an interaction between ibogaine and the DA system and may participate in the pharmacological actions of this drug.
Inline function expansion for compiling C programs

Inline function expansion replaces a function call with the function body. With automatic inline function expansion, programs can be constructed with many small functions to handle complexity and then rely on the compilation to eliminate most of the function calls. Therefore, inline expansion serves a tool for satisfying two conflicting goals: minizing the complexity of the program development and minimizing the function call overhead of program execution. A simple inline expansion procedure is presented which uses profile information to address three critical issues: code expansion, stack expansion, and unavailable function bodies. Experiments show that a large percentage of function calls/returns (about 59%) can be eliminated with a modest code expansion cost (about 17%) for twelve UNIX* programs.
Solvent-Mediated End-to-End Assembly of Gold Nanorods

We demonstrate a new method for the bottom-up assembly of anisotropic nanoparticles, showing that alkanethiol molecules can induce controlled end-to-end assembly of gold nanorods in mixed water/acetonitrile solutions. The assembly is driven by solvent-mediated interactions among hydrophobic alkanethiol ligands selectively bound to the ends of the nanorods and among hydrophilic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactants on the sides of the rods. It occurs only when the gold-nanorod samples have been aged for approximately two weeks. We compare the kinetics of solvent-mediated assembly using undecanethiol ligands to assembly processes driven by covalent bonding using α,ω-undecanedithiol ligands and processes driven by hydrogen bonding using 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid ligands. Our experiments demonstrate the different assembly mechanisms involved as well as the conditions needed to obtain selective end-to-end assembly.
Tetrahydroisoquinolinecarboxylic acids and catecholamine metabolism in adrenal medulla explants.

Abstract In a study of the relationship of the tetrahydroisoquinolinecarboxylic acids (TIQCAs) to catecholamine metabolism, we have investigated their effects on cultured rat adrenal medulla explants. Medullae were incubated in medium containing norlaudanosolinecarboxylic acid (NLCA) or 3′,4′-deoxynorlaudanosolinecarboxylic acid (DNLCA) (0.5 mM) in the presence and absence of [ 3 H]tyrosine. By paired-ion reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography, tissue epinephrine (EPI), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and TIQCA were resolved. Endogenous concentrations were measured with electrochemical detection, and radioactivity was assayed by collecting appropriate effluents. Tissue levels of the TIQCAs reached saturating levels of 0.36 mM by about 20 hr. DNLCA elicited a significant decrease (60%) in endogenous DA, NE and EPI at 40 hr, whereas only DA was depressed at 30 hr. NLCA had little effect after 30 or 40 hr. When tissues were maintained in the presence of α-methyltyrosine (0.5 mM) for 40 hr, catecholamine levels were depressed to an extent similar to that observed with DNLCA. Incubation with [ 3 H]tyrosine in the presence of TIQCAs revealed inhibition of tyrosine uptake and suggested a reduction in the rate of catecholamine synthesis. These results are consistent with previous data on the inhibition of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase by DNLCA in vitro .
Computer Detection of Errors in Natural Language Texts: Some Research on Pattern-Matching.

Etat et avancement des recherches menees a l'universite de Pittsburgh (Etats-Unis) pour mettre au point un programme d'ordinateur qui permettra aux etudiants ayant des difficultes en orthographe, d'editer et de corriger leurs travaux en ce qui concerne les erreurs de syntaxe, de ponctuation, de grammaire, d'usage et d'orthographe. La methodologie suivie par l'ordinateur pour detecter les fautes dans le texte en langage naturel est detaillee
Regularized Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis with Continuous Observations

Probabilistic latent semantic analysis (PLSA) has been widely used in the machine learning community. However, the original PLSAs are not capable of modeling real-valued observations and usually have severe problems with over fitting. To address both issues, we propose a novel, regularized Gaussian PLSA (RG-PLSA) model that combines Gaussian PLSAs and hierarchical Gaussian mixture models (HGMM). We evaluate our model on supervised human action recognition tasks, using two publicly available datasets. Average classification accuracies of 97.69% and 93.72% are achieved on the Weizmann and KTH Action Datasets, respectively, which demonstrate that the RG-PLSA model outperforms Gaussian PLSAs and HGMMs, and is comparable to the state of the art.
Unexpected High Winds in Northern New Jersey: A Downslope Windstorm in Modest Topography

AbstractThis study presents the first evidence for the occurrence of a downslope windstorm in New Jersey. During the early morning hours of 4 January 2009, an unanticipated strong wind event was observed. Despite a zone forecast calling for winds less than 4 m s−1 issued 4 h prior to the event, winds up to 23 m s−1 were reported at High Point, New Jersey (elevation 550 m), with gusts to 30 m s−1 in its immediate lee (elevation 311 m). These winds were highly localized; a nearby Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) station (Sussex, New Jersey, 12 km distant) reported calm winds between 0700 and 1000 UTC, just as the winds were peaking near High Point. High Point is the highest point in New Jersey, and is part of the quasi-two-dimensional Kittatinny Mountain extending from Pennsylvania into New York. This study tests the hypothesis that the topography of High Point, upon interacting with the local atmospheric stability and wind profiles, was sufficient to produce a downslope windstorm, thus causing the...
Sialic acid content of cortical bone

Abstract Sialic acid levels in human and rabbit bone were investigated. Sialic acid was extracted from specimens of cortical bone with EDTA after grinding the defatted and dried specimens to a fine powder. After dialysis, sialic acid content was determined by the Warren assay. Thirty-five specimens of human cortical bone of various ages from fetus to 84 yr were tested. In addition, long bones from newborn to age 12-mo rabbits were analyzed, as well as callus from rabbit tibial fractures. Values in human cortical bone were 0.5-1.3 μm/g, with a mean of 0.9 μm/g. Mean values for males and females were the same, and there was no significant change with age from 4 to 84 yr. Rabbit long bone values were 0.5-1.6 μm/g. Values for human fetal and newborn rabbit long bones were 2.6 and 2.7 μm/g, respectively. Rabbit callus yielded values of 2.5 μm/g. No free sialic acid was found and no residual sialic acid could be detected after extraction.
A mechanism for sensory re-weighting in postural control.

A key finding of human balance experiments has been that the integration of sensory information utilized for postural control appears to be dynamically regulated to adapt to changing environmental conditions and the available sensory information, a process referred to as “sensory re-weighting.” We propose a postural control model that includes automatic sensory re-weighting. This model is an adaptation of a previously reported model of sensory feedback that included manual sensory re-weighting. The new model achieves sensory re-weighting that is physiologically plausible and readily implemented. Model simulations are compared to previously reported experimental results to demonstrate the automated sensory re-weighting strategy of the modified model. On the whole, the postural sway time series generated by the model with automatic sensory re-weighting show good agreement with experimental data, and are capable of producing patterns similar to those observed experimentally.
Crystallisation of paracetamol (acetaminophen) in the presence of structurally related substances

Paracetamol was crystallised from aqueous solutions containing various concentrations of structurally related compounds. Crystal shape was characterised by image analysis and the additive concentration incorporated into the crystals determined by HPLC. The crystal structure of pure acetaminophen displays a hydrogen bonded network, from which is derived a mechanistic interpretation of the abilities of additive molecules to influence crystal growth. This structural approach was used to explain the observed additive uptake, the morphological changes, and the previously reported inhibition of nucleation.
The School as a Democratic Community

Schools may be able to play a particular role in instilling a strong American identity in young people. They can do this by actively practicing democratic community within the school. This practice of democratic community is key to the development of an individual identity that prioritizes the interdependent relationship between individual and community. James Youniss and Jacques Benninga (along with myself) are introduced as authors who will draw specific attention to the roles of participation and community in schools, as they become places where young people both learn about and practice democracy.
Subsidence study for non-crushable containers in slit trenches at the Savannah River site

Using PC-based PorFlow™ Version 5.97, this study addresses the issue of waste and cover subsidence caused by corrosion of the non-crushable waste containers defined as containers with significant void space that will not be stabilized by dynamic compaction of the E-area Slit Trenches at the Savanaah River Site (SRS). Concentrations at the hypothetical 100-m (distance) well were evaluated for 1,000 years and compared with the base case value for compliance. To generalize the results, a hypothetical, no-decay radionuclide characterized by a partition coefficient Kd (5 ml/g) that would be most problematic was selected. Although the non-crushable containers will not be stabilized by dynamic compaction, these containers will gradually corrode, eventually collapse after placement of the final closure cap and cause the cap to subside resulting in an increase of the infiltration rates. The vadose zone model estimated the contaminant fluxes that were input to the aquifer model for prediction of concentrations at the 100-m well.To study the potential effect of trench subsidence on the well concentrations (i.e., concentrations at the 100-m well) within the 1000-year time window, two high-impact cases were considered. In the first case, trenches subsided right after dynamic compaction (i.e., at 125 years). In the second case, trenches subsided at 419 years to make the peak concentrations from both the subsided and unsubsided area align in space and time. The study shows that the first case presented no compliance problem for the subsidence of up to two trenches. In the second case, even a single trench subsidence caused the well concentration to be out of compliance. The peak concentration exceeded the base case value by as much as 15%. This paper discusses the general modeling approach and presents the study results.
Empirical Estimation and Use of Risk Preference: Discussion

questions relating to modeling risk in sector and firm-household models. Bernoulli's principle-or as it is otherwise known, the expected utility theorem-is a premise underlying much of the research on and models of decision making in a risky environment, an environment where an agent makes choices based on personal beliefs of the likelihood of uncertain outcomes. When decision making is viewed in this context, there are two related components that need emphasis. One involves the nature of an agent's preferences, which can be expressed as a cardinal (indirect) utility function. Hanoch and others have shown the restrictions on an
Penning effect cross sections for collisions between noble gas metastables and group II atoms

Abstract Pulsed afterglow measurements of Penning ionization cross sections for mixtures of He, Ne, Ar, and Kr metastable atoms with Cd and Zn atoms are presented. The systematic behavior of the cross sections is discussed in the light of available theory.
Iodine as a boundary lubricant: a contrary view.

Roberts and Owens reported1 that charge-transfer complexes of iodine and n-butylbenzene were effective boundary lubricants for titanium sliding on titanium. The discovery is interesting because titanium and its alloys are being used more widely and are difficult to machine and lubricate.