cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical Analysis of Overpressure Development in the New Madrid Seismic Zone

We use mathematical and numerical modeling techniques to evaluate overpressure resulting from topographic-driven flow in the Mississippi Embayment and discuss potential implications for wave propagation and seismic hazards in the New Madrid seismic zone (nmsz). The mathematical model implies that the magnitude of excess pore pressure in the discharge area is determined by a basin’s geometry and the hydraulic conductivity of basin strata. Our modeling results explain how excess pore pressures can be sustained in a wide discharge area of the nmsz by regional gravity flow. When a vertical fault zone is included in the model, the predicted magnitude of excess pressure is generally consistent with observed elevation heads (10–30 m) of artesian wells that penetrate the Upper Cretaceous and Paleozoic aquifers in the basin. The modeling results demonstrate that overpressures developed in Cambrian-Silurian carbonate rocks in the central embayment could be communicated to shallower layers if basin-wide confining units are locally breached by faults. We suggest that the stratigraphic conditions responsible for overpressure development may significantly influence the hydrologic response of the basin during large earthquake events.
Kinematic models of assembly primitives for free-floating robots

Mathematical models are developed for the following motion primitives: (a) self-motion and -propulsion of a robot, (b) single- and dual-arm catching or release of a workpiece by a robot, and (c) catching and release of a robot chain by another robot. These primitives can be combined to build strategies for automated handling and cooperative assembly in space. The developments in this paper, even though illustrated for planar systems, easily extend to spatial free-floating robot systems.
The Damping Tail of Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropies

By decomposing the damping tail of cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies into a series of transfer functions representing individual physical effects, we provide ingredients that will aid in the reconstruction of the cosmological model from small-scale CMB anisotropy data. We accurately calibrate the model-independent effects of diffusion and reionization damping, which provide potentially the most robust information on the background cosmology. Removing these effects, we uncover model-dependent processes, such as the acoustic peak modulation and gravitational enhancement, that can help distinguish between alternate models of structure formation and provide windows into the evolution of fluctuations at various stages in their growth.
High prevalence of white-coat hypertension in Spanish resistant hypertensive patients.

See related article, pp 898–902 Resistant hypertension is a major public health challenge both in the United States and worldwide. Although various authors use different definitions, a recent scientific statement from the American Heart Association Professional Education Committee of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research1 defined resistant hypertension as blood pressure either controlled by ≥4 antihypertensive medications or ≥140/90 mm Hg, despite 3 antihypertensive medications of different classes, at near-maximal US Food and Drug Administration–approved doses, one of which is a diuretic. Some authors add a minimum duration of 3 months of such treatment; others insist that the medications must be “appropriately chosen,” the patient adherent, and/or the patient referred by a physician to a hypertension center. Patients with resistant hypertension are of great public health importance, because they have a higher risk of future cardiovascular and renal events, greater healthcare expenditures, a higher prevalence of secondary hypertension and target organ damage, and are, by definition, “difficult to control.”1,2 Most reports of the prevalence of resistant hypertension come from tertiary referral centers2,3 or from clinical trials that implemented a stepwise sequence of medications to control blood pressure4,5; ≈15% to 20% of all hypertensives in these reports would be classified as “resistant.” A major confounder in the office diagnosis …
Inter-mineral Fe isotope variations in mantle-derived rocks and implications for the Fe geochemical cycle

Iron isotope and major- and minor-element compositions of coexisting olivine, clinopyroxene, and orthopyroxene from eight spinel peridotite mantle xenoliths; olivine, magnetite, amphibole, and biotite from four andesitic volcanic rocks; and garnet and clinopyroxene from seven garnet peridotite and eclogites have been measured to evaluate if inter-mineral Fe isotope fractionation occurs in high-temperature igneous and metamorphic minerals and if isotopic fractionation is related to equilibrium Fe isotope partitioning or a result of open-system behavior. There is no measurable fractionation between silicate minerals and magnetite in andesitic volcanic rocks, nor between olivine and orthopyroxene in spinel peridotite mantle xenoliths. There are some inter-mineral differences (up to 0.2‰ in 56Fe/54Fe) in the Fe isotope composition of coexisting olivine and clinopyroxene in spinel peridotites. The Fe isotope fractionation observed between clinopyroxene and olivine appears to be a result of open-system behavior based on a positive correlation between the Δ56Feclinopyroxene-olivine fractionation and the δ56Fe value of clinopyroxene and olivine. There is also a significant difference in the isotopic compositions of garnet and clinopyroxene in garnet peridotites and eclogites, where the average Δ56Feclinopyroxene-garnet fractionation is +0.32 ± 0.07‰ for six of the seven samples. The one sample that has a lower Δ56Feclinopyroxene-garnet fractionation of 0.08‰ has a low Ca content in garnet, which may reflect some crystal chemical control on Fe isotope fractionation. The Fe isotope variability in mantle-derived minerals is interpreted to reflect subduction of isotopically variable oceanic crust, followed by transport through metasomatic fluids. Isotopic variability in the mantle might also occur during crystal fractionation of basaltic magmas within the mantle if garnet is a liquidus phase. The isotopic variations in the mantle are apparently homogenized during melting processes, producing homogenous Fe isotope compositions during crust formation.
Hent de Vries and the Other of Reason

The Dutch philosopher of religion Hent de Vries has explored and complicated the boundaries between religion and modern thought in order to create the space for an innovative “minimal theology.” This article reconstructs de Vries's interpretation of the changes in Theodor W. Adorno's thought between Dialectic of Enlightenment and Negative Dialectics in order to demonstrate its fecundity for a philosophical account of otherness. It also examines and defends de Vries's own rhetorical mode of reading texts as an exemplary approach to philosophical dialogue. Finally, however, the essay challenges de Vries's privileging of the religious as the site of ethical relationality and his intentional bracketing of Adorno's critical social theory.
Isolation with flexibility: a resource management framework for central servers

Proportional-share resource management is becoming increasingly important in today's computing environments. In particular, the growing use of the computational resources of central service providers argues for a proportional-share approach that allows resource principals to obtain allocations that reflect their relative importance. In such environments, resource principals must be isolated from one another to prevent the activities of one principal from impinging on the resource rights of others. However, such isolation limits the flexibility with which resource allocations can be modified to reflect the actual needs of applications. We present extensions to the lottery-scheduling resource management framework that increase its flexibility while preserving its ability to provide secure isolation. To demonstrate how this extended framework safely overcomes the limits imposed by existing proportional-share schemes, we have implemented a prototype system that uses the framework to manage CPU time, physical memory, and disk bandwidth. We present the results of experiments that evaluate the prototype, and we show that our framework has the potential to enable server applications to achieve significant gains in performance.
Reassortment Networks and the Evolution of Pandemic H1N1 Swine-Origin Influenza

Prior research developed Reassortment Networks to reconstruct the evolution of segmented viruses under both reassortment and mutation. We report their application to the swine-origin pandemic H1N1 virus (S-OIV). A database of all influenza A viruses, for which complete genome sequences were available in Genbank by October 2009, was created and dynamic programming was used to compute distances between all corresponding segments. A reassortment network was created to obtain the minimum cost evolutionary paths from all viruses to the exemplar S-OIV A/California/04/2009. This analysis took 35 hours on the Cray Extreme Multithreading (XMT) supercomputer, which has special hardware to permit efficient parallelization. Six specific H1N1/H1N2 bottleneck viruses were identified that almost always lie on minimum cost paths to S-OIV. We conjecture that these viruses are crucial to S-OIV evolution and worthy of careful study from a molecular biology viewpoint. In phylogenetics, ancestors are typically medians that have no functional constraints. In our method, ancestors are not inferred, but rather chosen from previously observed viruses along a path of mutation and reassortment leading to the target virus. This specificity and functional constraint render our results actionable for further experiments in vitro and in vivo.
Mixed-form extremum problem statements for small-deformation elastostatics

In situations outside those identified with routine elastic structural analysis, there is often a need for formulation in mixed form. Small-deformation elastostatics, expressed in terms of stress, strain, and displacement, is described here in the form of either of two complementary constrained-extremum problems. The set of governing equations and boundary conditions of elastostatics are obtained by an interpretation of the generalized "necessary conditions" for each of these fully mixed variational formulations. While the objectives in the problem statements are bilinear and therefore nonconvex, a simple proof is available to confirm that the solution to these conditions is an extremizer. Extensions of the basic formulation, obtained by the introduction of constraints or optimal relaxations, simulate constitutively nonlinear systems. The mixed formulations also provide a convenient representation of the mechanics requirements in connection with structural optimization.
A new Lagrangian Relaxation algorithm for single-stage chemical scheduling

A Lagrangian relaxation-based solving framework for the scheduling of single-stage chemical process is presented. The problem is formulated as an Integer Programming model. Unlike the regular procedure of LR algorithm, the relaxed problem can be optimally solved without being decomposed into a set of smaller subproblems. Therefore, the computational effort can be dramatically reduced. By testing 50 types of random problem instances, this solution strategy is found to be effective, in terms of both quality of solution and computational requirements.
Many Body Forces and the Cluster Decomposition

Direct-interaction dynamics is considered in the relativistic Hamiltonian constraint formalism. It is proven that the Todorov-Komar equations for an $N$-particle system ($Ng2$) of mutually interacting particles have no solutions that permit interaction if only two-body forces are admitted. The inclusion of many-body forces leads to a system of equations that determines allowed classes of such forces recursively. Starting with given two-body forces that are allowed for the two-body problem, three-body, four-body, etc. forces can be obtained in successive steps from the solutions of equations which we specify. When the interactions are separable, i.e., when they vanish sufficiently fast with increasing distance, the cluster decomposition holds: for large enough separation the dynamics of each cluster becomes independent of the dynamics of all other clusters while maintaining the internal dynamics.
Erratum to: open access implementation and diabetes outcomes.

We are re-printing this letter, which originally appeared in volume 24, issue 8 (August 2009), because the associated reply (10.1007/s11606-009-1003-z) was mistakenly omitted from that issue. The publisher regrets the error. To the Editor:—We appreciated the recent article by Subramanian and colleagues exploring the impact of open access (OA) scheduling on diabetes care,1 but were left with two critical unanswered questions. How do the authors conceptualize “open access”? The authors do not describe what changes intervention group clinics undertook to implement open access. Their statement that “The index date for the OA clinics was the date of OA implementation” suggests OA was implemented on a single day. We therefore speculate they use the term “open access” to describe only a scheduling strategy that emphasizes same-day appointments and does not allow future appointments to be scheduled. We understand OA to connote a much broader set of principles. As conceptualized by Mark Murray and others,2,3 OA is designed to eliminate unwanted delays for appointments and delays in the office through intensive, clinic-wide redesign of care delivery processes (e.g., balancing the supply of and demand for appointments, reducing the pre-existing appointment backlog, addressing bottlenecks, and several other redesign strategies). Further, the authors state that, with OA, patients “...are required to remember and schedule their appointments at a suggested interval,” which is not a property of OA systems as we understand them. As Murray has stated, “...when a patient needs a pre-scheduled or follow-up appointment, that appointment is given...Pre-scheduling patients with certain clinical needs ensures you will not lose them to followup.”4 The purpose of OA is to improve the accessibility of health care, not limit it by banning future appointments. Did intervention practices successfully implement open access, as described in the literature? Though the authors hypothesized that “OA implementation would improve access to care,” they do not report any clinic-level data (e.g., time to the third available preventive care appointment) to suggest whether this hypothesis was supported and acknowledge they did not have a measure of the degree of OA implementation. This is particularly relevant given the study’s non-randomized design. At baseline, intervention practices were those selected for “less than optimal provider productivity and high missed appointment rates.” Whether or not OA was fully and successfully implemented and overcame these pre-intervention differences in clinic operations is essential information for interpreting the study results. Waiting is ubiquitous in American medicine, is costly, and may be harmful to patient health. We agree with the authors wholeheartedly that OA is worthy of further study. Unfortunately, it appears this study did not actually evaluate OA. Instead, it seems the intervention was simply a scheduling strategy that limited access by not allowing patients to schedule appointments in the future.
Hybrids of amino acids and acetylenic DNA-photocleavers: optimising efficiency and selectivity for cancer phototherapy

Hybrid agents which combine potent DNA-photocleavers with tunable amino acids or small peptides were designed to improve selectivity of Nature's most potent class of antibiotics towards cancer cells. The ability of these compounds to photocleave DNA is controlled by their incorporation into hybrid architectures with functional elements derived from natural amino acids. These conjugates are highly effective at inducing double-strand DNA cleavage and, in some cases, rival or even surpass both naturally occurring DNA cleavers and anticancer agents that are currently in clinical use. The possibility of triggering their activity in a photochemical and pH-sensitive fashion allows for a high degree of selectivity over activation. The conjugates were shown to penetrate cell membranes and induce efficient intracellular DNA cleavage. Initial in vitro tests against a variety of cancer cell lines confirm the potential of these compounds as anticancer agents at low nanomolar concentrations.
Turbulent supply of nutrients to phytoplankton at the New England shelf break front

[1] We present observations from deployments of a microstructure turbulence instrument (the Towed Microstructure and Auxiliary Sensor Instrument) aboard a pumping profiling vehicle (the Lamont Pumping SeaSoar) towed behind a research vessel at the New England shelf break front in August 2002. From these we determined coincident fine-scale vertical eddy diffusivity and gradients of nitrate, phosphate, and silicate on several transects spanning the front. We then quantified vertical turbulent nutrient fluxes through the base of the euphotic zone (defined as the 1% light level), the base of the density transition zone, maximum nutrient gradients (the nutriclines), and the depth of maximum stratification (the pycnocline). Vertical eddy diffusivity estimates spanned a wide range from near-molecular levels at the pycnocline to values exceeding 10−3 m2 s−1 at depth and in the surface layers. Vertical nutrient fluxes were maximal at the 1% light level and decreased by 2 orders of magnitude as they moved upward through the water column to the depth of the pycnocline. Nutrient fluxes were enhanced shoreward of the front because of high mixing rates and nutrient gradients at the depth of the 1% light level. Nitrate fluxes there averaged about 6 × 10−5 mmol N m−2 s−1, sufficient to support a net community productivity of 30 mmol C m−2 d−1. Seaward of the front, these fluxes averaged about 1 × 10−5 mmol N m−2 s−1 and would support correspondingly lower productivity. A small part of the upward flux appeared to support a silicifying community of phytoplankton that consumed phosphate in proportion to nitrate at about double the canonical Redfield stoichiometry.
Adaptive Request Scheduling for Parallel Scientific Web Services

Scientific web services often possess data models and query workloads quite different from commercial ones and are much less studied. Individual queries have to be processed in parallel by multiple server nodes, due to the computation- and data-intensiveness of the processing. Meanwhile, each query is performed against portions of a large, common dataset. Existing scheduling policies from traditional environments (namely cluster web servers and supercomputers) consider only the data or the computation aspect alone and are therefore inadequate for this new type of workload. In this paper, we systematically investigate adaptive scheduling for scientific web services, by taking into account parallel computation scalability, data locality, and load balancing. Our case study focuses on high-throughput query processing on biological sequence databases, a fundamental task performed daily by millions of scientists, who increasingly prefer to use web services powered by parallel servers. Our research indicates that intelligent resource allocation and scheduling are crucial in improving the overall performance of a parallel sequence database search server. Failure to consider either the parallel computation scalability or the data locality issues can significantly hurt the system throughput and query response time. Also, no single static strategy works best for all request workloads or all resources settings. In response, we present several dynamic scheduling techniques that automatically adapt to the request workload and system configuration in making scheduling decisions. Experiments on a cluster using 32 processors show the combination of these techniques delivers a several-fold improvement in average query response time across various workloads.
Distributed network simulations using the dynamic simulation backplane

Presents an approach for creating distributed, component-based simulations of communication networks by interconnecting models of sub-networks drawn from different network simulation packages. This approach supports the rapid construction of simulations for large networks by reusing existing models and software, and fast execution using parallel discrete event simulation techniques. A dynamic simulation backplane is proposed that provides a common format and protocol for message exchange, and services for transmitting data and synchronizing heterogeneous network simulation engines. In order to achieve plug-and-play interoperability, the backplane uses existing network communication standards and dynamically negotiates among the participant simulators to define a minimal subset of required information that each simulator must supply, as well as other optional information. The backplane then automatically creates a message format that can be understood by all participating simulators and dynamically creates the content of each message by using callbacks to the simulation engines. We describe our approach to interoperability as well as an implementation of the backplane. We present results that demonstrate the proper operation of the backplane by distributing a network simulation between two different simulation packages, ns2 and GloMoSim. Performance results show that the overhead for the creation of the dynamic messages is minimal. Although this work is specific to network simulations, we believe our methodology and approach can be used to achieve interoperability in other distributed computing applications as well.
Cracking Characteristics of Model Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements

An experimental program was conducted in the laboratory to predict the behavior of model continuously reinforced concrete (CRC) slabs in tension. A tensile loading arrangement was devised using a Universal Testing Machine for this purpose. Model concrete slabs were cast for two types of reinforcement arrangements: a regular grid pattern, and an inclined grid pattern. Tests were conducted for different rebar spacings and orientations. In the numerical study, a two-dimensional model of the CRC slabs was developed using FLAC, a commercially available software package based on the finite difference method. Experimental and numerical results were compared and were found to be in close agreement. Finally, the average crack spacings for different rebar spacings and orientations from both experimental and numerical studies were compared with the results obtained from the Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute design method.
Psychological symptoms among parents of adolescents with anorexia nervosa: a descriptive examination of their presence and role in treatment outcome

Parent psychological symptoms were examined in a randomized controlled trial comparing family-based treatment (FBT) and adolescent-focused therapy (AFT) for anorexia nervosa, and were explored across treatments and in relation to treatment outcomes. Moderator and mediator analyses were completed with parent symptoms as predictors and weight remission and recovery status as outcome variables. Few parents had clinically significant symptoms at presentation. At the end of treatment (EOT), parents had decreased psychological symptoms in both treatment arms. Higher baseline levels of overall maternal symptomology and improvement in maternal symptomology were non-specific predictors of adolescent weight outcome at EOT and 12-month follow up. Mothers with few to no depressive symptoms had children with the greatest improvement in weight at EOT when assigned to family treatment. In sum, parent symptoms did not appear to negatively impact on the treatment outcome among adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Practitioner points Parent involvement is considered best practice in the treatment of adolescent anorexia nervosa (AN). There are limited data on psychological symptoms among parents of individuals with AN, and their impact on treatment outcome. Among a sample of adolescents with AN, parent psychological symptoms improved across individual and family treatment. Future studies may wish to explore the impact of maternal depression on refeeding efforts in family-based treatment.
“What do you think of when I say the word ‘snack’?” Towards a cohesive definition among low-income caregivers of preschool-age children

Despite agreement that snacks contribute significant energy to children's diets, evidence of the effects of snacks on health, especially in children, is weak. Some of the lack of consistent evidence may be due to a non-standardized definition of snacks. Understanding how caregivers of preschool-aged children conceptualize and define child snacks could provide valuable insights on epidemiological findings, targets for anticipatory guidance, and prevention efforts. Participants were 59 ethnically-diverse (White, Hispanic, and African American), low-income urban caregivers of children age 3-5 years. Each caregiver completed a 60-90 min semi-structured in-depth interview to elicit their definitions of child snacks. Data were coded by two trained coders using theoretically-guided emergent coding techniques to derive key dimensions of caregivers' child snack definitions. Five interrelated dimensions of a child snack definition were identified: (1) types of food, (2) portion size, (3) time, (4) location, and (5) purpose. Based on these dimensions, an empirically-derived definition of caregivers' perceptions of child snacks is offered: A small portion of food that is given in-between meals, frequently with an intention of reducing or preventing hunger until the next mealtime. These findings suggest interrelated dimensions that capture the types of foods and eating episodes that are defined as snacks. Child nutrition studies and interventions that include a focus on child snacks should consider using an a priori multi-dimensional definition of child snacks.
Antecedents of Involvement and Perceived Purchase Risk: Better Understanding the Consumer Involvement Profile

Components of Laurent and Kapferer’s Consumer Involvement Profile were examined as antecedents of purchase decision involvement. Specifically, the researchers posited that risk importance mediates the relationship between involvement antecedents (sign, pleasure, interest) and purchase decision involvement. The results support this proposition. Implications of the present research include the need to develop a more complete model of the antecedent processes influencing purchase decision involvement as this would extend our understanding of this important buyer behavior variable.
The Political Economy of Judicial Production of International Law

This paper treats the design of judicial mechanisms (international courts, domestic courts, arbitral tribunals and the like) as variables that are intended to and do affect the output of these courts, particularly the scale and scope of claims about international law. It looks at the selection process for tribunal members, the terms of reference given the tribunal, and the post-adjudication retention constraints on members, such as length of term and non-reappointment. To test this claim, the paper focuses on six case histories of instances where judicial mechanisms have diverged about the content of international law, in some instances within a single overarching case. The case histories both illustrate and are consistent with four conjectures about the effect of variation in design on the content of the product of international adjudication: national courts will demonstrate great variation; the responsiveness of international tribunals to state interests will reflect these design features; regional tribunals will reflect particular regional interests to a greater extent than will broad-based multilateral tribunals; and special purpose tribunals will tend to expand their jurisdiction, which is the say the scope of the claims they make about international law, to a greater extent than will broad-based multilateral tribunals.
Isogeometric triangular Bernstein–Bézier discretizations: Automatic mesh generation and geometrically exact finite element analysis

Isogeometric analysis (IGA) was introduced as a way to bypass the design-to-analysis bottleneck inherent in the traditional Computer Aided Design (CAD) through Finite Element Analysis (FEA) paradigm. However, an outstanding problem in the field of IGA is that of surface-to-volume parameterization. In CAD packages, solid objects are represented by a collection of NURBS or T-spline bounding surfaces, but to perform engineering analysis on real world problems, we must find a way to parameterize the volumes of these objects as well. This has proven to be difficult using traditional IGA, as the tensor-product nature of trivariate NURBS and T-splines limit their ability to create analysis suitable parameterizations of arbitrarily complex volumes. To overcome the limitations of trivariate NURBS and T-splines, we propose the use of rational Bernstein–Bezier tetrahedra to create analysis suitable volumetric parameterizations for isogeometric analysis. In this paper, which is part one of a two part series, we present the methodology for discretizing two dimensional geometries using rational Bernstein–Bezier triangles. In addition to presenting finite element analysis methodologies based on rational Bernstein–Bezier triangles, we also introduce two new mesh generation strategies for automatically creating high quality, geometrically exact curvilinear meshes. We assess the quality of our mesh generation schemes using a suite of challenging two-dimensional geometries, and we verify the accuracy of our proposed numerical discretization approach using the method of manufactured solutions.
Effect of SWCNT dilution on the resistivity of MgB2

We report an increase in superconducting temperature of magnesium diboride (MgB2) by minute single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) inclusions. The SWCNTs concentration was varied from 0.1wt% to 1.0wt%. The temperature dependence resistivity of sintered MgB2- SWCNTs composites containing 0.1wt%, 0.5wt% and 1.0wt% were measured and compared with that of the pure MgB2. The superconducting critical temperature (Tc) of the MgB2 increased from 40 K to as high as 42.4 K for the MgB2 containing 0.5wt% of SWCNTs. The room temperature resistivity ratio (RRR) shows dependence on the sample composition. The temperature width (ΔT) decreases with increasing SWCNT content from 0.1wt% to 1.0wt%. The normal state resistivity data were fitted with the generalized Block-Gruneisen function obtaining a Debye temperature of ∼ 900K.
Use of a Multifunctional Column for the Determination of Deoxynivalenol in Grains, Grain Products, and Processed Foods

Deoxynivalenol (DON), also known as vomitoxin, belongs to a class of naturally occurring mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp. DON, 12, 13-epoxy-3,7 trihydroxytrichothec-9-en-8-one, is one of the most frequently detected mycotoxins in agricultural commodities worldwide. A method consisting of extraction, filtration, column cleanup, and RP-HPLC-UV separation and quantitation was validated for the determination of DON in grains (rice and barley), grain products (whole wheat flour, white flour, wheat germ, and wheat bran), and processed foods (bread, breakfast cereals, and pretzels). A 25 g test portion was extracted with 100 mL acetonitrile-water (84 + 16, v/v). After blending for 3 min, the supernatant was applied to a multifunctional column (MycoSep 225). The purified filtrate (2 mL) was evaporated to dryness and redissolved in the mobile phase. The toxins were then subjected to RP-HPLC-UV analysis. The accuracy and repeatability characteristics of the method were determined. Recoveries of DON added at levels ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 microg/g for all test matrixes were from 75 to 98%. SD and RSD(r) ranged from 0.7 to 11.6% and 0.9 to 12.7%, respectively. Within-laboratory HorRat values were from 0.1 to 0.7 for all matrixes analyzed. The method was found to meet AOAC method performance criteria for grains, grain products, and processed foods. The identity of DON in naturally contaminated test sample extracts was confirmed by HPLC/MS/MS analysis.
Introduction to: Symposium, United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

This essay introduces a symposium on the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), which was adopted in 2007. It notes some concerns — from indigenous groups and from nation states — about the UNDRIP, and offers an overview of the symposium's four articles, addressing property issues in Australia, New Zealand, and Peru, and protection of spiritual expression in Australia.
Twitter Analysis: Studying US Weekly Trends in Work Stress and Emotion

We propose the use of Twitter analysis as an alternative source of data to document weekly trends in emotion and stress, and attempt to use the method to estimate the work recovery effect of weekends. On the basis of 2,102,176,189 Tweets, we apply Pennebaker's linguistic inquiry word count (LIWC) approach to measure daily Tweet content across 18 months, aggregated to the US national level of analysis. We derived a word count dictionary to assess work stress and applied p-technique factor analysis to the daily word count data from 19 substantively different content areas covered by the LIWC dictionaries. Dynamic factor analysis revealed two latent factors in day-level variation of Tweet content. These two factors are: (a) a negative emotion/stress/somatic factor, and (b) a positive emotion/food/friends/home/family/leisure factor, onto which elements of work, money, achievement, and health issues have strong negative loadings. The weekly trend analysis revealed a clear “Friday dip” for work stress and negative emotion expressed on Twitter. In contrast, positive emotion Tweets showed a “mid-week dip” for Tuesday-Wednesday-Thursday and “weekend peak” for Friday through Sunday, whereas work/money/achievement/health problem Tweets showed a small “weekend dip” on Fridays through Sundays. Results partially support the Effort-Recovery theory. Implications and limitations of the method are discussed.
Effect of Modal Truncation on Derivatives of Optimal Control Performance

Reference 1 investigated a multi-span beam, representative of a large space structure, with a direct-rate feedback control system using colocated sensors and actuators. It was shown that modal truncation can cause large errors in the derivatives of control performance with respect to structural parameters. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of modal truncation on a similar structure with a linear-quadratic, optimal control system.
The Role of the Combitube and Laryngeal Tube

First described in 1987 [1], the Combitube combines the lumen of an endotracheal tube with an esophageal obturator airway. The dual lumen design facilitates airway management for the skilled or novice operator. Like a conventional endotracheal tube, it can be inserted into the trachea blindly or using direct laryngoscopy. Like an esophageal obturator or LMA, it can also be introduced blindly. If the Combitube resides in the esophagus, the obturator (blue) lumen can be used to ventilate the patient. The number of attempts to successful placement should be minimized since ventilation is possible whether the device is placed in the esophagus or trachea. The structural features of the esophageal-tracheal Combitube (ETC) are detailed in Fig. 12.1.
Interoperable Nanoscale Communication [Future Directions]

Nanoscale communication fills a gap, namely, ad hoc communication among entities whose length scale is on the order of nanometers. These entities may be entirely synthetic, but in practice they have more often involved machine communication with small-scale biological entities, namely, subcellular components. Communication directly with and through neurons is a prime example. However, prior to the IEEE 1906.1-2015 standard, there was no clear and consistent definition of nanoscale communication because it encompasses a broad set of disciplines nor were the research results interoperable or even directly usable by others to build upon. The IEEE 1906.1-2015 standard has helped to alleviate this problem by defining a conceptual model, practical framework, and common metrics that allow industry and research to speak a common language and to develop interoperable simulations and hardware components without constraining innovation or creativity. The developers of the standard realize that this is an emerging technology and that new ideas and inventions that leverage change in length scale for communication have yet to be developed.
Evidence for Health Decision Making — Beyond Randomized, Controlled Trials

Randomized, controlled trials are key in advancing medical understanding, but some questions are not amenable to this approach. This review explores the usefulness of other forms of medical evidence.
Evaluation of extant computer vision techniques for detecting intruder sUAS

In this study, we investigate the feasibility of detecting small intruder aircraft through camera images obtained onboard a small unmanned aircraft. The research group (Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Laboratory) from NASA Langley Research Center flew a set of missions with their small UAS (sUAS) where one of those vehicles is outfitted with three 4K resolution cameras located at the tips of the wings and one at the nose. We utilize the MathWorks Computer Vision System Toolbox components to process the video data that are provided by NASA. We demonstrate the capabilities of COTS (Commercial Off-The-Shelf) state-of-art algorithms to detect the intruder aircraft in the video files. In the evaluation of these algorithms, various parameters of each algorithm are tuned to improve the detection performance in the case of the NASA flights, and the results are presented. The aim is to analyze performance of existing COTS state-of-art algorithms in detecting intruder aircraft from the camera images.
Use of erythropoietin in open heart surgery

Despite widespread efforts to reduce the need for homologous blood transfusion during and after cardiac surgery, most patients still do require transfusions. This may be explained in part by changing demographics (more elderly patients), more patients presenting for repeat operations, and improvements in surgical and anaesthetic technology that allow more complex and invasive procedures. Cardiac surgery-with the obligate haemodilution associated with cardiopulmonary bypass - presents a great challenge in blood conservation. Erythropoietin has a role in the pharmacological therapy of cardiac surgery because cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with endogenous erythropoietin deficiency. This report discusses the mechanisms of endogenous erythropoietin production, the effect of recombinant human erythropoietin therapy, and the role of this drug in specific cardiac surgical procedures and situations.
Key scientific issues in developing drinking water guidelines for perfluoroalkyl acids: Contaminants of emerging concern.

Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), a group of synthetic organic chemicals with industrial and commercial uses, are of current concern because of increasing awareness of their presence in drinking water and their potential to cause adverse health effects. PFAAs are distinctive among persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) contaminants because they are water soluble and do not break down in the environment. This commentary discusses scientific and risk assessment issues that impact the development of drinking water guidelines for PFAAs, including choice of toxicological endpoints, uncertainty factors, and exposure assumptions used as their basis. In experimental animals, PFAAs cause toxicity to the liver, the immune, endocrine, and male reproductive systems, and the developing fetus and neonate. Low-dose effects include persistent delays in mammary gland development (perfluorooctanoic acid; PFOA) and suppression of immune response (perfluorooctane sulfonate; PFOS). In humans, even general population level exposures to some PFAAs are associated with health effects such as increased serum lipids and liver enzymes, decreased vaccine response, and decreased birth weight. Ongoing exposures to even relatively low drinking water concentrations of long-chain PFAAs substantially increase human body burdens, which remain elevated for many years after exposure ends. Notably, infants are a sensitive subpopulation for PFAA’s developmental effects and receive higher exposures than adults from the same drinking water source. This information, as well as emerging data from future studies, should be considered in the development of health-protective and scientifically sound guidelines for PFAAs in drinking water.
Shear banding leads to accelerated aging dynamics in a metallic glass

Traditionally, strain localization in metallic glasses is related to the thickness of the shear defect, which is confined to the nanometer scale. Using site-specific x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy, we reveal significantly accelerated relaxation dynamics around a shear band in a metallic glass at a length scale that is orders of magnitude larger than the defect itself. The relaxation time in the shear-band vicinity is up to ten times smaller compared to the as-cast matrix, and the relaxation dynamics occurs in a characteristic three-stage aging response that manifests itself in the temperature-dependent shape parameter known from classical stretched exponential relaxation dynamics of disordered materials. We demonstrate that the time-dependent correlation functions describing the aging at different temperatures can be captured and collapsed using simple scaling functions. These insights highlight how a ubiquitous nanoscale strain-localization mechanism in metallic glasses leads to a fundamental change of the relaxation dynamics at the mesoscale.
Berechnung der Beschickung für den Hochofen

Im vorigen Kapitel wurde die Bilanz der dem Ofen zugefuhrten und ihm entzogenen Stoffe erortert und die Verteilung der einzelnen Bestandteile der Beschickung auf die verschiedenen Produkte und Nebenprodukte gezeigt. Wir gingen dort nicht auf die Frage ein, wie der Huttenmann die Bestandteile der Beschickung: Erz, Brennstoff und Zuschlage bemist. Nur wenige Faktoren lassen sich hierbei einigermasen beliebig andern. Der Hochofen reduziert praktisch alles Eisen des Erzes zu Roheisen, und wenn das Erz z. B. 50, das Roheisen 90% Fe enthalt, sind 90 : 0,50 = 180 Teile Erz notig, um 100 Teile Roheisen zu erhalten. Die Erzmenge fur die Einheit Roheisen ist somit durch den Eisengehalt des Erzes gegeben und last sich nicht andern. Das Gewicht an Brennmaterial ist zwar nicht wie das des Erzes schon von vornherein festgelegt, es wird aber durch’ den Warmebedarf des arbeitenden Ofens beherrscht. Wenn Roheisen und Schlacke zu kalt fallen, so mus mehr Warme entweder dem Ofen zugefuhrt oder in ihm erzeugt werden, und der Betriebsleiter kommt dem sofort nach, entweder indem er die Temperatur des Windes erhoht (wenn er das kann), oder indem er die Menge des Brennstoffs vermehrt (was immer moglich ist). Je nach dem Verhaltnis zwischen Erz und Zuschlag (der „Erzgicht“) einerseits und der Brennstoffmenge (Koksgicht) andererseits unterscheidet man Schwere Gichtsatze (mit wenig Brennstoff) und leichte Gichtsatze (mit viel Brennstoff). In der Praxis macht man es so, das die Menge des auf einmal aufgegebenen Brennstoffes, die Brennstoffgicht, festgelegt ist und dann der Moller, die Erzgicht, je nach dem Warmebedarf des Ofens geandert wird, bis aus der Temperatur des Eisens und der Schlacke gefolgert werden kann, das die Beschickung die richtige Schwere besitzt. Die Menge des Windes auf die Einheit erzeugten Roheisens ist ebenfalls festgelegt. Wird mehr Win gegeben, so steigt die Roheisenerzeugung; wird der Wind abgestellt, der Ofen stillgesetzt, so hort die Eisenerzeugung auf. Es trifft annahernd zu, wenn auch nicht genau, das die Leistung des Ofens der Windmenge proportional ist. Durch Anderung der Temperatur des Windes gegestalten sich die Verhaltnisse wesentlich anders, worauf wir spater noch naher eingehen werden.
Dynamic Approximation of JPEG Hardware

JPEG compression based on the discrete cosine transform is a key building block in low-power multimedia applications. Approximate computation techniques are used to exploit the error tolerance of JPEG. An image-dependent framework is proposed in this paper to design optimized approximate hardware with variable approximate bit-widths for a user-specified error budget. The proposed method can dynamically adjust the extent of approximation in the system depending on the pixel values of the input image, thus leveraging the inherent sparsity of certain images. This novel technique not only improves the power-delay product by $3.4{\times }$ over the base case, i.e., where the JPEG hardware is accurate but also significantly outperforms the image-independent approximation case, which is solely based on the error tolerance of the JPEG algorithm.
Digital Empowerment and Socio-Political Stability [Last Word]

In this issue of IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, we contemplate SM; we can postulate effects on political, economic, socio-cultural, technological, legal, and environmental (PESTLE) factors. We reviewed how social networking sites (SNS) are channels used to socio-politically raise awareness and mobilize people during elections. We reviewed opinions shared by females who face strict gender segregation rules. We brought special focus to the Middle East, the transcontinental region with an estimated 130 million active SM users (up almost 40% from 2017) and 164 million Internet users (or 65% penetration).
Temperament Training for Early Childhood Caregivers: A Study of the Effectiveness of Training

The purposes of this study were a) to provide data on caregivers' preexisting knowledge of temperament concepts, and b) to investigate the effect of training sessions for caregivers about temperament concepts. Two hundred ninety-two caregivers of children 6 years and under completed questionnaires measuring their knowledge of temperament and acceptance of children. In addition, a randomized, pre-test-posttest-delayed posttest, control group design was used to assess the effect of temperament workshops on the knowledge of 169 of the caregivers. The major findings were: 1. Without training, caregivers knew what temperament was but had limited knowledge about many specific concepts concerning temperament, 2. without training, caregivers demonstrated little knowledge about how to achieve a goodness of fit by using behavioral management techniques; though they did particularly want to know more about this concept; 3. the caregivers showed a high degree of acceptance of temperament concepts; 4. training sessions were effective in increasing the caregivers' knowledge about temperament concepts; however, 5. there was no statistically significant indication that the training sessions were effective in increasing the caregivers' acceptance of children's behaviors and feelings.
Molecular Genitourinary Pathology

The genitourinary tract encompasses a broad array of cell types, which ultimately results in a diverse set of tumors ranging from epithelial to mesenchymal neoplasms. Within several broad tumor categories, subclassifications exist. For example, testicular, renal, urothelial, and even prostate cancer can develop along divergent pathways, thus leading to alterations in cellular morphology that are most likely reflected on a molecular level. Recent progress in the understanding of molecular alterations in a variety of genitourinary tumor types has led to the development of ancillary molecular studies that aid in successful tumor subclassification, with renal cell carcinoma being in the forefront; some limited progress has occurred in the other organ systems encompassed by genitourinary pathology. This chapter aims to provide an overview of molecular diagnostic tools available to the pathologist to further classify specific tumor types, predict clinical behavior, or both.