cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Davidson's Theory of Propositional Attitudes

One commonly stated reason for thinking that there are abstract entities such as propositions is that they are needed to account for undeniable facts about propositional attitudes and the sentences reporting such attitudes. According to the propositional theory, belief, doubt, assertion and other attitudes are relations between individuals and propositions. In sentences reporting these relations the words in the content-sentence (e.g., 'p' in sentences of the form 'S said that p') refer to concepts or other abstract things and the entire 'that-clause' refers to a proposition. According to a common rival account, propositional attitudes are complex relations between individuals and sentences and each that-clause refers to the content-sentence it contains. The words in the content-sentence either fail to refer or refer to themselves. A
Determinative properties of muscle lineages in ascidian embryos

Blastomeres removed from early cleavage stage ascidian embryos and reared to ‘maturity’ as partial embryos often elaborate tissue-specific features typical of their constituent cell lineages. We used this property to study recent corrections of the ascidian larval muscle lineage and to compare the ways in which different lineages give rise to muscle. Our evaluation of muscle differentiation was based on histochemical localization and quantitative radiometric measurement of a muscle-specific acetylcholinesterase activity, and the development of myofilaments and myofibrils as observed by electron microscopy. Although the posterior-vegetal blastomeres (B4.1 pair) of the 8-cell embryo have long been believed to be the sole precursors of larval muscle, recent studies using horseradish peroxidase to mark cell lineages have shown that small numbers of muscle cells originate from the anterior-vegetal (A4.1) and posterior-animal (b4.2) blastomeres of this stage. Fully differentiated muscle expression in isolated partial embryos of A4.1-derived cells requires an association with cells from other lineages whereas muscle from B4.1 blastomeres develops autonomously. Clear differences also occurred in the time acetylcholinesterase activity was first detected in partial embryos from these two sources. Isolated b4.2 cells failed to show any muscle development even in combination with anterior-animal cells (a4.2) and are presumably even more dependent on normal cell interactions and associations. Others have noted an additional distinction between the different sources of muscle: muscle cells from non-B4.1 lineages occur exclusively in the distal part of the tail, while the B4.1 descendants contribute those cells in the proximal and middle regions. During the course of ascidian larval evolution tail muscle probably had two origins: the primary lineage (B4.1) whose fate was set rigidly at early cleavage stages and secondarily evolved lineages which arose later by recruitment of cells from other tissues resulting in increased tail length. In contrast to the B4.1 lineage, muscle development in the secondary lineages is controlled less rigidly by processes that depend on cell interactions.
Evidence for O 2 p Hole-Driven Conductivity in La 1 − x Sr x MnO 3 ( 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.7 ) and La 0.7 Sr 0.3 MnO z Thin Films

Oxygen $K$-edge electron-energy-loss spectra have been measured for ${\mathrm{La}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ $(0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.7)$ and ${\mathrm{La}}_{0.7}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.3}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{z}$ thin films as a function of $x$ and $z$. The spectra show a prepeak at the Fermi level, corresponding to transitions to empty states in the ${\mathrm{O}}_{2p}$ band, at the threshold of the $K$ edge around 529 eV. This prepeak systematically increases with an increase in conductivity through divalent doping $(x)$ or oxygen content $(z)$. This confirms that these materials are charge-transfer-type oxides with carriers having significant oxygen $2p$ hole character. We argue that, the double exchange mechanism has to include the role of oxygen hole density to satisfactorily describe their transport properties.
Retrospective analysis of the impact of kidney function on the outcomes of first autografts for de novo myeloma patients in the era of novel agents

45% of the relevant groups). The serum creatinine of the whole cohort showed significant improvement in paired analysis preand post-transplant with a median 1.5% decrease (p1⁄40.01). Of the 11 patients on dialysis at the transplant 5 became dialysis independent later. ASCT was well tolerated with no statistically significant difference in TRM (eGFR <60 vs 60ml/min, 3.7% vs 1.2% at day 100 and 3.7% vs 1.6% at day 180, p1⁄4.3). Neither the higher creatinine nor the eGFR categories at transplant had a significant impact on OS (Figure) or PFS. There was no death in the first 6 months in patients with <30ml/min. However patients with creatinine <65 umol/l (lowest interquartile) had a significantly better OS (p1⁄4.001). This retrospective analysis demonstrates that renal impairment in the era of novel agents is not associated with excess TRM or an adverse PFS or OS. Furthermore 5 of 11 patients were able to discontinue dialysis. We would suggest renal impairment should not preclude proceeding to autograft.
Two-nucleon transfer reactions induced by 16 O on 42 Ca and 48 Ca

The reactions $^{42,48}\mathrm{Ca}$ ($^{16}\mathrm{O}$, $^{18}\mathrm{O}$) $^{40,46}\mathrm{Ca}$ and $^{42,48}\mathrm{Ca}$ ($^{16}\mathrm{O}$, $^{14}\mathrm{C}$) $^{44,50}\mathrm{Ti}$ were studied at 56-MeV bombarding energy. Angular distributions for transitions to the ground and excited states of the residual nuclei and of the outgoing particles are analyzed in the framework of both "cluster" and microscopic distorted-wave Born-approximation calculations. The measured transfer cross sections are not described by calculations using optical-model parameters which fit elastic scattering. Agreement is substantially improved by a systematic change in the exit channel parameters. Cross sections for excited states relative to ground-state transitions are compared to relative strengths obtained from light-ion reactions and from simple shell-model calculations.
Gold-coated silver dendrites as SERS substrates with an improved lifetime.

Nanostructured silver is known to yield the highest signal-enhancement factors in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, but its low chemical stability toward oxidation presents a challenge in the realization of Ag-based SERS substrates with long operating lifetimes. Here, a study of the long-term stability of silver dendrites as SERS substrates is reported. SERS spectra of 1,2-benzenedithiol monolayers on Ag dendrites, acquired over a period of time in excess of 1 year, shows appreciable degradation with time. However, no degradation is observed in the spectra of monolayers deposited on Ag dendrites that were coated with a monolayer-thin Au film deposited by an immersion plating process. X-ray photoelectron spectra confirm the oxidation of the uncoated Ag dendrites whereas no chemical changes are detected in the Au-coated ones. These results suggest that the galvanic displacement of Au on preformed Ag nanostructures provides a suitable route to producing SERS-active substrates with long operating and/or sh...
Dental education and people with special needs

In 2000, the U.S. surgeon general, in the landmark report Oral Health in America , highlighted the fact that people with special needs are among the most underserved groups in our society and experience profound oral health disparities as a result.[1][1] In 2011, the Institute of Medicine in its
The in vivo effect of levamisole on phytohaemagglutinin stimulation of lymphocytes in normal and Marek's disease virus inoculated chickens.

Subcutaneous administration of levamisole al 2·5 mg/kg enhanced phytohaemagglulinin (PHA) stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes in normal chickens. In a sequential sludy, levamisole initially enhanced PHA stimulation in Marek’s disease virus inoculated chickens compared to untreated virus inoculated chickens. Significant virus induced suppression of PHA stimulation was observed on day 6 after inoculation in levamisole treated chickens compared to days o and 9 alter inoculation in untreated chickens.
Cognitive behavioral therapy of childhood OCD.

A growing body of evidence suggests that cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) based on exposure plus response prevention may be a highly effective treatment for childhood OCD. Although originally based on treatment models for adults, CBT protocols for childhood OCD have been recently developed which incorporate a number of age-appropriate adaptations to address potential cognitive and motivational limitations of younger children. This article reviews the current CBT literature for childhood OCD and presents practical guidelines for the behavioral assessment and treatment of this disorder. Additional relevant issues including family involvement in treatment, diagnostic comorbidity, and combining CBT with medication are also highlighted.
Socioeconomic Status, Amygdala Volume, and Internalizing Symptoms in Children and Adolescents

The associations among socioeconomic disadvantage, amygdala volume, and internalizing symptoms in children and adolescents are unclear and understudied in the extant literature. In this study, we examined associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and amygdala volume by age across childhood and adolescence to test whether socioeconomic disadvantage would be associated with larger amygdala volume at younger ages but with smaller amygdala volume at older ages. We then examined whether SES and amygdala volume were associated with children's levels of anxiety and depression. Participants were 3- to 21-year-olds from the Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics study (N = 1,196), which included structural magnetic resonance imaging. A subsample (n = 327; 7-21 years of age) completed self-report measures of anxiety and depression. Lower family income and parental education were significantly associated with smaller amygdala volume in adolescence (13-21 years) but not significantly associated with amygdala volume at younger ages (3-12 years). Lower parental education, but not family income, was significantly associated with higher levels of anxiety and depression, even after accounting for family history of anxiety/depression. Smaller amygdala volume was significantly associated with higher levels of depression, even after accounting for parental education and family history of anxiety/depression. These findings suggest that associations between SES and amygdala structure may vary by age. In addition, smaller amygdala volume may be linked with an increased risk for depression in children and adolescents.
Adaptive Control and Estimation with Forgetting Factors

Abstract The paper contains an investigation of the least squares estimator with fixed and variable forgetting factors. Stability and asymptotic time average results are presented for linear systems with fixed parameters and stochastic disturbances. Some preliminary results are also presented for time varying systems. The system is represented by a linear time series model with parameter jumps and white noise disturbances.
Diabetes in the Pediatric Surgical Patient

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is one of the most common chronic diseases in children and is frequently encountered in pediatric surgical practice. The annual incidence of diabetes in the United States is about 1/4000 children, but the worldwide incidence varies markedly by geographic location and ethnicity. Diabetes will be encountered frequently in pediatric surgical practice, and familiarity with the principles of its pathophysiology, treatment, and potential complications is critical for providing optimal surgical care to these patients. Surgery in patients with diabetes is associated with a variety of special considerations and risks. Perioperative care of these patients requires an understanding of the pathophysiology and current treatment of this disease, which are reviewed in this chapter. Surgical planning, preoperative evaluation, and intraoperative and postoperative management are discussed in detail, including principles of glycemic control, insulin management, and nutrition. Relevant acute and chronic complications of diabetes are also discussed.
Artificial Neural Network Based Group Contribution Method for Estimating Cetane and Octane Numbers of Hydrocarbons and Oxygenated Organic Compounds

Chemical pathways for converting biomass into fuels produce compounds for which key physical and chemical property data are unavailable. We developed an artificial neural network based group contribution method for estimating cetane and octane numbers that captures the complex dependence of fuel properties of pure compounds on chemical structure and is statistically superior to current methods.
Community, family and individual factors influencing adolescent obesity: mediating role of parental health and the social and mental health consequences of obesity in young adulthood

This study explores structural community adversity, family, and individual factors as potential risks of poor parental and adolescent physical health. Poor physical health among adolescents, specifically obesity, in turn may lead to educational, economic, and social disadvantages as adolescents become young adults. Community and family disadvantages uniquely influence the risk of poor general physical health among parents. Poor parental general health in turn is associated with adolescent obesity. Structural community adversity, family, and individual level influences on parental physical health and adolescent obesity emphasize the need for intervention programs to support disadvantaged youth and their families. In addition to exploring factors that influence adolescent obesity, results indicate that being obese/overweight during adolescence has a detrimental influence on a wide range of non-physical life domains. Obese/overweight adolescents are at an increased risk for a lower level of educational attainment and involvement in early sexual activities than normal weight adolescents. In addition, obese/overweight adolescents have higher levels of economic hardship and depressive symptoms in young adulthood. However, results indicate that the influence of adolescent obesity/overweight is moderated by gender.
Demo abstract: An anti-jamming wireless communication system

This demonstration presents a real-time anti-jamming MIMO-OFDM wireless communication system that consists of a transmitter, a receiver, and a high-power wideband radio jammer. The key component of our system is a new PHY design for the receiver, which can mitigate jamming signal and recover the desired signal. We demonstrate using software-defined radio (SDR) USRP devices that OFDM-MIMO wireless communications can be enabled in the face of unknown high-power wideband jamming attacks. We show that our PHY design for the receiver can achieve up to 30 dB jamming cancellation.
Modulation of cellular transglutaminase: protease-induced activation.

Multiple molecular forms of transglutaminase are found in cells and each form is widely distributed. We find a 95 K dalton enzyme associated with membrane fractions. A 50 K dalton enzyme occurs primarily in epidermis and hair follicles. Cells after treatment with proteases show greater transglutaminase activity. The activated enzyme in rat chondrosarcoma cells is one of 95 K daltons, whereas mouse epidermal cells and rabbit endometrium cells after protease activation display enzymes of both 95 K daltons and 50 K daltons. The 95 K dalton enzyme, but not that of 80 K daltons, can be activated by proteases or sulfhydryl compounds after cell lysis. In cells that undergo terminal differentiation, e.g., reticulocytes, megakaryocytes, monocytes, chondrocytes, and epidermal cells, the forms of transglutaminase are modulated. Our findings suggest that these modulations in differentiating cells are the results of transglutaminase post-translational modifications that cause pronounced changes in catalytic activity.
Capping layer thickness and quantum dot height dependences of strain and internal field distributions in wurtzite InGaN/GaN quantum dots

Abstract Strain and internal field distributions in wurtzite (WZ) lens-shaped InGaN/GaN quantum dots (QDs) were investigated as a function of both a QD height (dh) and a capping layer thickness (Lc). The polarization in the QD with a relatively large dh rapidly decreases with increasing Lc while that in the QD with a relatively small dh is a weak function of Lc. This is connected with the fact that the variation by Lc of the strain component, e z z , in the QD is dominant for the QD with a large dh. The potential difference affecting the spatial separation of electron and hole wavefuntions is shown to increase rapidly with increasing Lc. However, it begins to decrease when Lc is further increased. These results can be used as a design guideline for fabrication of high-efficiency QD-based optoelectronic devices.
A Nudge in a New Direction: Integrating Behavioral Economic Strategies Into Suicide Prevention Work:

Three commonly used behavioral economic strategies were tested to investigate their utility in suicide prevention and mental health initiatives. Study 1 used a social norms nudge to potentially inc...
Optimizing the use of androgen deprivation therapy in men with localized intermediate-risk prostate cancer in the era of modern dose-escalated radiation therapy.

109Background: While level one evidence has shown an overall survival (OS) advantage with the addition of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) to radiotherapy (RT) for intermediate risk prostate canc...
Translators Producing Knowledge: Where There Is No Doctor in Tamil

where there is no doctor is one of the most widely used community health books in the world and has been translated into over 80 languages. this paper traces four aspects of translation in tamil-language editions of the text, including doctor illaadha idaththil and related books. first, translators choose and create language to produce a colloquial text related to, but different from, the original. second, the translated text, as part of a genre of health writing, is edited to motivate readers to take new and different actions related to their bodies and wellbeing. third, the success of this work is assessed by asking future readers to respond to the draft. finally, the finished translation circulates to new arenas, influencing popular writing on health and ways of understanding the body. analyzing the translation of a health text through the lens of postcolonial translation studies, this paper argues that the translation and adaptation of where there is no doctor and the books it inspired engage translators, clinicians, and future readers in a transnational knowledge production process.
Transition state analysis of an enantioselective Michael addition by a bifunctional thiourea organocatalyst.

The mechanism of the enantioselective Michael addition of diethyl malonate to trans-β-nitrostyrene catalyzed by a tertiary amine thiourea organocatalyst is explored using experimental 13C kinetic isotope effects and density functional theory calculations. Large primary 13C KIEs on the bond-forming carbon atoms of both reactants suggest that carbon–carbon bond formation is the rate-determining step in the catalytic cycle. This work resolves conflicting mechanistic pictures that have emerged from prior experimental and computational studies.
An assay of drug-induced emesis in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus).

BACKGROUND Emesis has significant evolutionary value as a defense mechanism against ingested toxins; however, it is also one of the most common adverse symptoms associated with both disease and medical treatments of disease. The development of improved antiemetic pharmacotherapies has been impeded by a shortage of animal models. METHODS The present studies characterized the responses of the squirrel monkey to pharmacologically diverse emetic drugs. Subjects were administered nicotine (0.032-0.56 mg/kg), lithium chloride (150-250 mg/kg), arecoline (0.01-0.32 mg/kg), or apomorphine (0.032-0.32 mg/kg) and observed for emesis and prodromal hypersalivation. RESULTS Nicotine rapidly produced emesis and hypersalivation. Lithium chloride produced emesis with a longer time course without dose-dependent hypersalivation. Arecoline produced hypersalivation but not emesis. Apomorphine failed to produce emesis or hypersalivation. CONCLUSIONS The squirrel monkey is sensitive to drug-induced emesis by a variety of pharmacological mechanisms and is well-positioned to examine antiemetic efficacy and clinically important side effects of candidate antiemetic pharmacotherapies.
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Diet Concordance and Incident Heart Failure: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

Introduction In observational studies, the association between the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet and incident heart failure has been inconsistent. It was hypothesized that higher DASH diet concordance has a protective effect on heart failure in a multi-ethnic cohort. Methods The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis cohort includes men and women of multiple ethnicities who were aged 45–84 years and free of clinical cardiovascular disease at baseline. Participants were recruited between 2000 and 2002 from six U.S. communities and followed for incident cardiovascular health events through 2015 for the purpose of this data set. Diet was measured using food-frequency questionnaires. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to investigate the associations of the DASH diet concordance with incident heart failure in 2017–2018. Results During a median 13 years of follow-up, 179 of 4,478 participants developed heart failure, corresponding to a rate of 3.4 per 1,000 person years. Heart failure incidence rates did not vary significantly by DASH quintile for the population as a whole. In participants younger than 75 years, highest DASH concordance was associated with a lower risk of incident heart failure compared with those in the lowest quintile (hazard ratio=0.4, 95% CI=0.2, 0.9 vs all participants hazard ratio=1.0, 95% CI=0.2, 0.9) after adjusting for demographics, energy consumption, and known cardiovascular confounders. Conclusions This study supports the hypothesis that DASH is beneficial in heart failure prevention within the individuals aged less than 75 years subgroup, an idea that to date was substantiated only by much smaller studies or in less diverse patient populations.
Neuropsychological Symptoms and Intrusive Thoughts Are Associated With Worse Trajectories of Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea

Abstract Context Although chemotherapy-induced vomiting is well controlled with evidence-based antiemetic regimens, chemotherapy-induced nausea (CIN) remains a significant clinical problem. Objectives Study purposes, in a sample of outpatients with breast, gastrointestinal, gynecological, or lung cancer who received two cycles of chemotherapy (CTX, n = 1251), were to evaluate for interindividual differences in the severity of CIN and to determine which demographic, clinical, symptom, and stress characteristics are associated with higher initial levels as well as with the trajectories of CIN. Methods Patients were recruited during their first or second cycle of CTX. Patients completed self-report questionnaires a total of six times over two cycles of CTX. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to evaluate for interindividual differences in and characteristics associated with the severity of CIN. Results Across the two cycles of CTX, higher levels of sleep disturbance, depression, and morning fatigue, as well as higher levels of intrusive thoughts, were associated with higher initial levels of CIN. In addition, lower functional status scores and shorter cycle lengths were associated with higher initial levels of CIN, and younger age and higher emetogenicity of the CTX regimen were associated with both higher initial levels as well as worse trajectories of CIN severity. Conclusion These findings suggest that common symptoms associated with cancer and its treatment are associated with increased severity of CIN. Targeted interventions for these symptoms may reduce the burden of unrelieved CIN.
Drug Formularies in Correctional Settings.

Drug formularies are a key determinant of access by incarcerated patients to psychotropic medications. The National Commission on Correctional Health Care (NCCHC) defines a formulary as “a written list of prescription and nonprescription medications that are ordinarily available to authorized
Are we on the precipice of a new epidemic? Risk for hepatitis C among HIV-negative men-, trans women-, and trans men- who have sex with men in the United States.

Emerging data from Europe have documented increases in diagnoses of acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among HIV-negative men who have sex with men. We investigated risk factors for HCV and th...
Governance spending fixation as a tool for reform to improve institutions

There is a consensus in the scientific community that most often the main obstacle to development is the absence of good institutions, however, it is also widely recognised, that this idea is of li...
Abstract TMIM-076: OMENTAL MACROPHAGES REGULATE OVARIAN CANCER METASTATIC COLONIZATION THROUGH THE CCL6-CCR1 SIGNALING AXIS

BACKGROUND: Metastatic ovarian cancer remains an urgent clinical problem. The homing and invasion of cancer cells into the omental adipose tissue, which is the preferred site of ovarian cancer metastasis, is a critical step in disease progression. Omental adipose tissue contains adipocytes, blood vessels, and clusters of leukocytes known as milky spots. We have previously demonstrated in several mouse models that intraperitoneally injected ovarian cancer cells localize to the omentum and specifically to the milky spots. However, we found that B, T, or NK cells were not required for omental colonization. We hypothesize that macrophages within the milky spots play a crucial role in promoting ovarian cancer progression. METHODS AND RESULTS: Depleting macrophages disrupts cancer cells9 localization to the omentum. This result supports our hypothesis that macrophages play an essential role in attracting ovarian cancer cells to the omental milky spots. Correspondingly, factors secreted by omental macrophages promote ovarian cancer migration in vitro, in contrast to factors secreted by macrophages isolated from other peritoneal adipose tissues. In order to understand the specific mechanism(s) that regulate metastatic colonization of the omentum, we performed RNA-Seq of CD45+CD11b+F4/80+ flow-sorted macrophages from the omentum and the mesenteric fat of naive and cancer-bearing mice. We found that omental macrophages have a distinct and dynamic gene expression pattern even when compared to a very similar cell type. The chemokine CCL6 is one of the most highly upregulated genes during metastatic colonization. The human homolog of CCL6 is CCL23 and is also expressed by human omental macrophages. Genomic inactivation of CCR1, the gene encoding receptor for CCL6 in mice and CCL23 in humans, in mouse ovarian cancer cells abolishes their ability to home to omental milky spots. Our findings establish a role for chemokine signaling in the early colonization of the omentum by ovarian cancer. CONCLUSION: We demonstrate that omental milky spots are the preferential sites for cancer colonization of peritoneal adipose. Further, we have identified omental macrophages as the critical mediators of colonization via the CCL6/CCR1 chemokine axis. Future studies are focused on understanding the cancer cell-macrophage interactions that can be targeted therapeutically to disrupt metastatic growth and extend disease-free survival. Citation Format: Venkatesh Krishnan, Supreeti Tallapragada, Bruce Schaar, Anita Chanana, Carrie Rinker-Schaeffer, Oliver Dorigo. OMENTAL MACROPHAGES REGULATE OVARIAN CANCER METASTATIC COLONIZATION THROUGH THE CCL6-CCR1 SIGNALING AXIS [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 12th Biennial Ovarian Cancer Research Symposium; Sep 13-15, 2018; Seattle, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2019;25(22 Suppl):Abstract nr TMIM-076.
Bidirectional reflectance spectroscopy 8. The angular width of the opposition effect in regolith-like media

Abstract The opposition effect is the sharp, narrow surge observed in the reflectance of a scattering medium near zero phase angle. Numerous observations and experiments have shown that the primary cause of the phenomenon in particulate media is coherent backscattering, in which wavelets traveling in opposite directions along chains of scatterers interfere constructively and generate the peak. A broader opposition surge caused by shadow hiding and preferential escape is also present, but is entangled with the incoherent continuum reflectance on which the coherent peak is superposed, making it difficult to identify and isolate. Theoretical models of media of independent scatterers predict that the angular width and shape of the coherent backscatter peak depend on the wavelength, porosity and particle size. It was hoped that remote measurements of the opposition effect would give information on the latter two quantities in planetary regoliths. However, observations and laboratory studies of media of large particles in contact with one another find little dependence on any of these quantities. Instead, these studies imply that the opposition effect in regolith-like media comes from reflection by short chains only a few scatterers long located on the surfaces of the particles of the medium, and that the lengths of these chains are proportional to the wavelength. Since the angular width of the peak is controlled by the ratio of the wavelength to the mean scattering chain length, the width is independent of wavelength. Because the wavelets never enter a particle, low albedo media can exhibit a strong coherent backscatter peak. Opposition effect peaks less than a degree wide on solar system bodies can imply an immature regolith; peaks several degrees wide imply a mature regolith.
Effect of lithium incorporation on tweaking the electrocatalytic behavior of tantalum-based oxides

To study the effect of lithium incorporation on the electrochemical properties and catalytic behavior of tantalum-based oxides, a series of mesoporous lithium-contained tantalum oxides was developed adopting an inverse micelle-based sol gel synthesis method. Four various phases of amorphous Ta2O5, polycrystalline LiTaO3, Li5.04Ta6.16O17.92, and Li3TaO4 were determined for samples synthesized at Li/Ta ratios of 0.5 (LTO-0.5), 1 (LTO-1), 2 (LTO-2), and 3 (LTO-3) respectively. The surface analysis revealed that LTO-2 sample is featured with lower amount of lithium atoms at the surface rather than the bulk of the sample. The electrochemical analysis of LTO samples showed that LTO-2 possesses lower charge transfer resistance extracted from impedance spectroscopy that consequently leads to a better electrocatalytic performance. The LTO-2 electrode also showed a low open circuit potential (OCP) combined with a relatively higher electroactive surface area, thus capable of running an electrooxidation reaction at a potential lower than all other LTO samples. The more negative OCP value of LTO-2 electrode in AA solution states a more facile electron transfer between the analyte and electrode compared to other synthesized samples. Mott–Schottky plots of LTO electrodes are characterized by positive slopes which indicate n-type semiconductor behavior. The charge carrier density (5.5 × 1019 cm−3) in LTO-2 sample is the lowest among all other samples. The charge carrier density is dependent on the amount of applied lithium in the synthesis confirming various lithium diffusion behaviors in LTO samples. The lower carrier concentration in LTO-2 justifies its higher activity in electrooxidation providing less populated lower unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) for the accommodation of electrons extracted from the analyte higher occupied molecular orbital (HOMO). Therefore, LTO-2 showed an improved electrocatalytic performance due to lower charge transfer resistance (higher conductivity) offered by lower amount of lithium atom at its surface and higher oxygen vacancies in the bulk.
The holographic dual of Rényi relative entropy

The relative entropy is a measure of the distinguishability of two quantum states. A great deal of progress has been made in the study of the relative entropy between an excited state and the vacuum state of a conformal field theory (CFT) reduced to a spherical region. For example, when the excited state is a small perturbation of the vacuum state, the relative entropy is known to have a universal expression for all CFT’s [1]. Specifically, the perturbative relative entropy can be written as the symplectic flux of a certain scalar field in an auxiliary AdS-Rindler spacetime [1]. Moreover, if the CFT has a semi-classical holographic dual, the relative entropy is known to be related to conserved charges in the bulk dual spacetime [2]. In this paper, we introduce a one-parameter generalization of the relative entropy which we call refined Renyi relative entropy. We study this quantity in CFT’s and find a one-parameter generalization of the aforementioned known results about the relative entropy. We also discuss a new family of positive energy theorems in asymptotically locally AdS spacetimes that arises from the holographic dual of the refined Renyi relative entropy.
Comparative Risk of Serious Infections With Tumor Necrosis Factor α Antagonists vs Vedolizumab in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Background and Aims We conducted a retrospective cohort study comparing the risk of serious infections between patients treated with tumor necrosis factor-a (TNFa) antagonists vs. vedolizumab in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Methods Using an administrative claims database, we identified patients with IBD who were new-users of either TNFa antagonists or vedolizumab between 2014-2018 and had insurance coverage for at least 1y before and after treatment initiation. We compared the risk of serious infections (infections requiring hospitalization) between patients treated with vedolizumab or TNFa antagonists using marginal structural Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for baseline disease characteristics, healthcare utilization, comorbidities, and time-varying use of corticosteroids, immunomodulators and opiates. Results We included 4881 patients treated with TNFa antagonists (age, 41 ± 15y, 60% with Crohn’s disease [CD]) of whom 434 developed serious infections over 5786 person-year [PY] follow-up, and 1106 patients treated with vedolizumab (age, 44 ± 16y, 39% with CD) of whom 86 developed serious infections over 1040-PY follow-up. Vedolizumab was associated with 46% lower risk of serious infections as compared with TNFa antagonists in patients with ulcerative colitis (HR,0.54 [95% CI,0.35-0.83), but no significant differences were observed in patients with CD (HR,1.30 [0.80-2.11]). Vedolizumab was associated with lower risk of extra-intestinal serious infections in patients with UC, but higher risk of gastrointestinal serious infections in patients with CD. Conclusions In an observational study of patients with IBD, vedolizumab was associated with lower risk of serious infections as compared with TNFa antagonists, in patients with UC, but not in patients with CD.
Quantifying Disparities in Computing Education: Access, Participation, and Intersectionality

Quantitative research in CS education has suffered from inattention to complexities inherent in measuring educational equity. This study aims to tease apart the complexities of educational equity and advance the field by developing a disparity index for quantifying inequities and using it to investigate the importance of accounting for intersectionality and distinguishing between access to and participation in CS education. This descriptive study analyzed student demographic and course-taking data for N=1,537,073 high school students in Texas. Results showed the disparity index can be a useful tool for quantifying and assessing equity in CS education. Disparities in terms of access to and participation in CS education were compounded for students who were members of multiple underrepresented subpopulations (e.g., rural Black females). Disparities differed between measures of access and participation. Implications of this study are that accounting for the intersectionality of students' multiple social identities and distinguishing between access and participation in quantitative measures are key to understanding (and thus addressing) the complexities of educational equity.
Patterns and risk factors of opioid-suspected EMS overdose in Houston metropolitan area, 2015-2019: A Bayesian spatiotemporal analysis.

Background Opioid-related overdose deaths are the top accidental cause of death in the United States, and development of regional strategies to address this epidemic should begin with a better understanding of where and when overdoses are occurring. Methods and findings In this study, we relied on emergency medical services data to investigate the geographical and temporal patterns in opioid-suspected overdose incidents in one of the largest and most ethnically diverse metropolitan areas (Houston Texas). Using a cross sectional design and Bayesian spatiotemporal models, we identified zip code areas with excessive opioid-suspected incidents, and assessed how the incidence risks were associated with zip code level socioeconomic characteristics. Our analysis suggested that opioid-suspected overdose incidents were particularly high in multiple zip codes, primarily south and central within the city. Zip codes with high percentage of renters had higher overdose relative risk (RR = 1.03; 95% CI: [1.01, 1.04]), while crowded housing and larger proportion of white citizens had lower relative risks (RR = 0.9; 95% CI: [0.84, 0.96], RR = 0.97, 95% CI: [0.95, 0.99], respectively). Conclusions Our analysis illustrated the utility of Bayesian spatiotemporal models in assisting the development of targeted community strategies for local prevention and harm reduction efforts.
The ionosphere of Mars from solar minimum to solar maximum: Dayside electron densities from MAVEN and Mars Global Surveyor radio occultations

Abstract Conditions in the ionosphere of Mars vary from solar minimum to solar maximum due to changes in the ionizing solar irradiance. Although changes in the main ionospheric layers, namely the M2 layer and the lower M1 layer, over the solar cycle have been well-characterized by previous work, corresponding changes in the upper regions of the photochemical ionosphere ( ∼ 140–200 km) have not. Here we investigate those changes using ionospheric electron density profiles acquired at solar zenith angles of 70°–90° under solar minimum conditions by the MAVEN Radio Occultation Science Experiment (ROSE) and under solar maximum conditions by a similar radio occultation experiment on Mars Global Surveyor. Due to the increase in ionizing irradiance from solar minimum to solar maximum, we expect that densities at all altitudes will increase from solar minimum to solar maximum. Due to the eccentricity of Mars’s orbit, observed electron density profiles must be adjusted to a common Mars–Sun distance to highlight solar cycle effects. This process involves increasing observed electron density values by a factor proportional to the Mars–Sun distance, which mitigates for variations in incident irradiance, and expressing altitude relative to the main ionospheric peak, which mitigates for variations in heating and expansion of the neutral thermosphere. We find that the scale height of the upper regions of the photochemical ionosphere is remarkably constant between solar minimum and solar maximum, whereas the corresponding neutral temperature increases by 50%. Yet these two quantities are thought to be proportional. Electron density values in the upper regions of the photochemical ionosphere and peak electron density values increase similarly from solar minimum to solar maximum.
The effects of COVID-19 on test-retest reliability in a behavioral measure for impulsivity

Predictive power of many behavioral measures relies on high test-retest reliability, whereby a measure yields similar data when repeated measure administration occurs at spaced-out intervals. Howev...
A Self-Oscillating Phase Conjugate Resonator as an Optical Frequency Comb

We demonstrate a phase conjugate resonator with a forward-propagating four-wave mixing process that oscillates with the build-up of spontaneous emission. The oscillation exhibits frequency comb properties: equal frequency spacing and phase coherence among different components.
Outcomes of dexmedetomidine sedation for drug-induced sleep ciné magnetic resonance imaging studies in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea patients.

BACKGROUND Dexmedetomidine is utilized as a sedative agent for drug-induced sleep cine magnetic resonance imaging studies due to its ability to mimic natural sleep and lack of respiratory depressant effects. The outcomes of dexmedetomidine sedation such as respiratory complications and unplanned admissions in obstructive sleep apnea patients undergoing these studies are currently unknown. AIM To describe the outcomes of dexmedetomidine sedation for outpatient drug-induced sleep magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric patients with obstructive sleep apnea. METHODS This is a retrospective chart review conducted in pediatric patients with obstructive sleep apnea undergoing outpatient drug-induced sleep cine magnetic resonance imaging studies with dexmedetomidine sedation. Demographics, comorbidities, polysomnography study results, vital signs, respiratory complications, airway interventions, successful completion of the scan, and unplanned hospital admissions were measured. MAIN RESULTS We analyzed 337 patients aged 2-18 years (median age of 11 years). The imaging was completed with dexmedetomidine as the sole sedative agent in 61% (N = 207) patients. Ketamine was administered as additional sedative agent in 36% (N = 122) of the patients. There was no difference in sedation-related adverse events and respiratory complications with regard to the severity of sleep apnea with the exception of mild desaturation episodes (SpO2 85%-90%). Patients who received additional sedative agents had significantly longer recovery room stay (71.5 [44] vs 55 [39] minutes; 95% CI of difference [9 to 23 min], p < 0.001) and total periprocedural stay (164.5 [52] vs 138 [64] minutes; 95% CI of difference [17 to 35 min], p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Dexmedetomidine alone or along with ketamine provided acceptable sedation in majority of the patients with obstructive sleep apnea undergoing outpatient diagnostic sleep magnetic resonance imaging studies without significant respiratory adverse events regardless of the severity of sleep apnea. Sedation failure and unplanned admissions are rare, and routine planned admission may not be required for this patient population.
Silibinin inhibits in vivo growth of colorectal cancer by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis in athymic nude mice

4966 Dietary intake of many fruits and vegetables as well as supplements has been shown to be associated with reduced risk of cancer. In this regard, chemoprevention is emerging as an alternative and effective strategy for colorectal cancer (CRC) control. Here, for the first time we investigated the in vivo efficacy and associated molecular biomarkers and mechanisms of silibinin, a naturally occurring flavanolignan, in human colorectal tumor xenograft in athymic nude mice. Mice were implanted with human colorectal HT-29 carcinoma cells, and six days later when tumors were of ~300 mm3 size, oral gavaged with vehicle (carboxymethyl cellulose) or 200 mg/kg/day (5 days/week) dose of silibinin for 32 days. Tumor size, body weight and diet consumption were monitored twice a week. At the end of experiment, tumors were analyzed for biomarkers, namely, cell proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis, and associated molecular alterations by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and/or western blot analysis. Our data show that silibinin feeding strongly inhibited tumor growth that accounted for 48% (P=0.002) decrease in tumor volume/mouse and 42% (P=0.012) decrease in tumor weight/mouse at the end of the experiment. A stronger antitumor effect was observed when silibinin was fed as silybin-phytosome preparation which contains silibinin and phosphatidylcholine in 1:2 ratios in order to enhance its absorption. Silibinin feeding did not show any significant change in body weight gain and diet consumption. IHC analysis of tumors showed that silibinin decreases proliferation index by 40% (P
A Return to the States’ Rights Model: Amending the Constitution's Most Controversial and Misunderstood Provision

This Article seeks to return to the intent of the Symposium, which was to stimulate a meaningful dialogue on the modern Second Amendment. More specifically, it proposes a return to the states’ rights model that predated the Supreme Court’s narrow decisions in District of Columbia v. Heller and McDonald v. City of Chicago by using the Article V process set forth directly in the Constitution to address modern concerns about firearms. The proposal flows from a healthy skepticism about the role of the federal government in interpreting gun regulations, as well as a desire to avoid the inevitable follow-up decisions from a very fractured and often unpredictable Supreme Court.
Aerodynamic Design of Axial Flow Compressors and Turbines

Fundamental aerothermodynamic equations derived in Chapter 1 may now be applied for aerodynamic design of axial flow compressors and turbines. A typical sketch of an axial flow compressor is shown in Fig. 3-1.
Technology Impact Forecasting for a High Speed Civil Transport

Presented at the 3rd World Aviation Congress and Exposition, Anaheim, CA, September 28-30, 1998.
Infrared Observations of Radio Luminous OH/IR Stars

Our understanding of the nature and evolutionary status of OH/IR stars has made tremendous progress in the last decade. Initial interest in twin peaked 1612 MHz OH sources was sparked by the discoveries of Wilson and Barrett (1968) and Eliasson and Bartlett (1969) of strong OH emission coincident with bright infrared sources. This led to the extensive OH surveys of IR sources (Wilson and Barrett 1972; Wilson, Barrett and Moran 1970) and observations of their infrared and stellar characteristics (Hyland et al. 1972; Harvey et al. 1974).
Total depletion of Hg° in the upper troposphere-lower stratosphere

[1] Our current understanding of atmospheric mercury lacks fundamental details. Gas phase elemental mercury (Hg°) was measured aboard the NASA DC-8 research aircraft during the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment-Phase B (INTEX-B) conducted in spring 2006 over the North Pacific. Our data confirm efficient chemical cycling of Hg° in the tropopause region and show that it is strongly anti-correlated with O3 there, yielding a tropospheric-stratospheric mixing curve of ∼−0.20 ppqv Hg°/ppbv O3. In addition, we found frequent total depletion of Hg° in upper tropospheric (8–12 km) air masses impacted by stratospheric influence. When O3 mixing ratios were >300 ppbv, Hg° was rarely detected. It appears that in the tropopause and stratosphere Hg° is oxidized on the order of days followed by heterogeneous transformation to particulate mercury. These processes constitute an effective chemical sink for Hg° at the top of the troposphere, which may recycle mercury back to the gas phase as stratospheric aerosols are eventually dispersed into the troposphere.