cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure, function and regulation of the vacuolar (H+)-ATPases

The vacuolar (H+)-ATPases (or V-ATPases) function to acidify intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells, playing an important role in such processes as receptor-mediated endocytosis, intracellular membrane traffic, protein degradation and coupled transport. V-ATPases in the plasma membrane of specialized cells also function in renal acidification, bone resorption and cytosolic pH maintenance. The V-ATPases are composed of two domains. The V1 domain is a 570-kDa peripheral complex composed of 8 subunits (subunits A–H) of molecular weight 70–13 kDa which is responsible for ATP hydrolysis. The V0 domain is a 260-kDa integral complex composed of 5 subunits (subunits a–d) which is responsible for proton translocation. The V-ATPases are structurally related to the F-ATPases which function in ATP synthesis. Biochemical and mutational studies have begun to reveal the function of individual subunits and residues in V-ATPase activity. A central question in this field is the mechanism of regulation of vacuolar acidification in vivo. Evidence has been obtained suggesting a number of possible mechanisms of regulating V-ATPase activity, including reversible dissociation of V1 and V0 domains, disulfide bond formation at the catalytic site and differential targeting of V-ATPases. Control of anion conductance may also function to regulate vacuolar pH. Because of the diversity of functions of V-ATPases, cells most likely employ multiple mechanisms for controlling their activity.
Aerodynamically forced response and flutter of structurally mistuned bladed disks in subsonic flow

To analyze the aeroelastic characteristics of structurally mistuned rotors, both flutter and forced response, a structural dynamics model appropriate for flexible bladed disks is developed utilizing flexible disk theory and small perturbation gust and motion-induced unsteady aerodynamic analyses. This model is then used to investigate the effects of structural mistuning on rotor aeroelasticity. Mistuning is found to be beneficial for flutter stability, with the motion-induced unsteady aerodynamics and thus the stability somewhat dependent on the far field acoustic wave behavior generated by the blade motion, as indicated by the acoustic resonance conditions. With regard to forced response, mistuning is shown to be generally detrimental. Nomenclature
Directed Therapy: An Approach to the Improved Treatment of Exfoliation syndrome.

Exfoliation syndrome (XFS) is an age-related, generalized disorder of the extracellular matrix characterized by the production and progressive accumulation of a fibrillar extracellular material in many ocular tissues and is the most common identifiable cause of open-angle glaucoma worldwide. Exfoliation syndrome plays an etiologic role in open-angle glaucoma, angle-closure glaucoma, cataract, and retinal vein occlusion. It is accompanied by an increase in serious complications at the time of cataract extraction, such as zonular dialysis, capsular rupture, and vitreous loss. It is associated systemically with an increasing number of vascular disorders, hearing loss, and Alzheimer's disease. Exfoliation syndrome appears to be a disease of elastic tissue microfibrils. Directed therapy simply means devising specific treatments for specific diseases. There was little incentive to attempt to distinguish between various open-angle glaucomas if the treatments were essentially the same. However, this view also prevented the application of directed therapy in those instances in which such was available and applicable. Pilocarpine has multiple beneficial actions in eyes with XFS. Not only does it lower IOP, but by increasing aqueous outflow, it should enable the trabecular meshwork to clear more rapidly, and by limiting pupillary movement, should slow the progression of the disease. Theoretically, miotics should be the first line of treatment. Pilocarpine 2% q.h.s. can provide sufficient limitation of pupillary mobility without causing these side effects. In 2007, two common single nucleotide polymorphisms in the coding region of the lysyl oxidase-like 1 ( LOXL1 ) gene located on chromosome 15 were specifically associated with XFS and XFG. LOXL1 is a member of the lysyl oxidase family of enzymes, which are essential for the formation, stabilization, maintenance, and remodelling of elastic fibers and prevent age-related loss of elasticity of tissues. LOXL1 protein is a major component of exfoliation deposits and appears to play a role in its accumulation and in concomitant elastotic processes in intra- and extraocular tissues of XFS patients. This discovery should open the way to new approaches and directions of therapy for this protean disorder.
ParColl: Partitioned Collective I/O on the Cray XT

Collective I/O orchestrates I/O from parallel processes by aggregating fine-grained requests into large ones. However, its performance is typically a fraction of the potential I/O bandwidth on large scale platforms such as Cray XT. Based on our analysis, the time spent in global process synchronization dominates the actual time in file reads/writes, which imposes a 'collective wall' on the performance of collective I/O. In this paper, we introduce a novel technique called partitioned collective I/O (ParColl). ParColl augments the original two-phase collective I/O protocol with new mechanisms for file area partitioning, I/O aggregator distribution and intermediate file views. Through these mechanisms, a group of processes and their targeted file are consistently divided into a collection of small subgroups, each performing I/O aggregation in a disjoint manner. File consistency is maintained through intermediate file views when necessary. Together, these mechanisms greatly reduce the cost of global synchronization. Our experimental results demonstrate that ParColl significantly improves the performance and the scalability of collective I/O. In one case, we show a 416% improvement on 1024 processes for a visualization I/O benchmark. We also show that the I/O patterns in scientific applications can benefit significantly from this technique, e.g. BT-I/O and Flash I/O.
Pollution Attacks and Defenses in Wireless Inter-Flow Network Coding Systems

We study data pollution attacks in wireless inter-flow network coding systems. Although several defenses for these attacks are known for intra-flow network coding systems, none of them are applicable to inter-flow coding systems. We classify pollution attacks in inter-flow coding systems based on the type of packets injected by the attacker and the attacks' impact on flows in the network. We identify a new attack, cross-flow pollution, which exploits the coding dependencies among flows to propagate pollution across flows. Our analysis shows that the effects of pollution attacks depend not only on the network topology, but also on the location and strategy of the attacker nodes. We propose a reactive attestation-based defense mechanism that uses efficient bit-level traceback and a novel cross-examination technique to unequivocally identify attacker nodes.
Both a traditional and modified Daniel Fast improve the cardio-metabolic profile in men and women

The Daniel Fast involves dietary modification similar to a purified vegan diet. Although improvements in several health-specific biomarkers have been noted with this plan, the removal of animal products results in a significant reduction in both dietary protein and saturated fatty acid intake, which results in a loss of lean body mass and a reduction in HDL-cholesterol. We assigned 29 men and women to either a traditional or modified Daniel Fast for 21 days and measured anthropometric and biochemical markers of health pre and post intervention. The modified Daniel Fast was otherwise identical to the traditional plan but included one serving per day of lean meat and dairy (skim milk), providing approximately 30 grams per day of additional protein. Compared to baseline, both plans resulted in similar and significant improvements in blood lipids, as well as a reduction in inflammation. Modification of dietary intake in accordance with either a traditional or modified Daniel Fast may improve risk factors for cardiovascular and metabolic disease.
EUS-FNA of Cystic Pancreatic Tumors

Due to limitations with diagnostic imaging alone, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) of pancreatic cyst fluid provides additional information to help characterize these lesions as inflammatory, benign, premalignant, or malignant. When greater than 2 mL of cyst fluid is obtained from EUS-FNA, the following should be examined: cytology, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and amylase. Pseudocyst fluid generally has thin viscosity, is yellow to brown in color, and has low CEA and elevated amylase levels. Fluid from serous cystic neoplasms is thin, colorless with a low CEA ( 200 ng/mL) but variable amylase levels. Complications following EUS-FNA of these lesions occur in 1% to 2% of patients and may be minimized by performing only one pass, completely aspirating the punctured cyst, and administration of antibiotics.
Cognitive Determinants of Affective Forecasting Errors

Often to the detriment of human decision making, people are prone to an impact bias when making affective forecasts, overestimating the emotional consequences of future events. The cognitive processes underlying the impact bias, and methods for correcting it, have been debated and warrant further exploration. In the present investigation, we examined both individual differences and contextual variables associated with cognitive processing in affective forecasting for an election. Results showed that the perceived importance of the event and working memory capacity were both associated with an increased impact bias for some participants, whereas retrieval interference had no relationship with bias. Additionally, an experimental manipulation effectively reduced biased forecasts, particularly among participants who were most distracted thinking about peripheral life events. These findings have theoretical implications for understanding the impact bias, highlight the importance of individual differences in affective forecasting, and have ramifications for future decision making research. The possible functional role of the impact bias is discussed within the context of evolutionary psychology.
'What Exactly Are You Implying?': The Elusive Nature of the Implied Copyright License

Every copyright lawyer knows Effects Associates v. Cohen, the case of the exploding alien yogurt. The Ninth Circuit’s opinion raises — and doesn’t really answer — troubling doctrinal questions about the nature of an implied copyright license: Is it a kind of contract, and if so, what kind? What principles govern whether one exists and whether it can be terminated? Is it transferable by the licensee? Does it bind assignees of the copyright? And what sources of law should courts look to in deciding these matters?Building on prior work about the nature of a license interest, I provide an account of implied copyright license doctrine that seeks to answer these questions while staving off two different misconceptions. One is the faulty premise that licenses are contractual obligations, and that therefore findings of implied license must be somehow justified in accordance with state contract law. The other is the view that implied license is an open-ended invitation for courts to override owners’ rights of control in service of various policy goals.Distinguishing implied license from the adjacent doctrines of estoppel, exhaustion, and compulsory license, I show it to be rooted, not in contract, but in the same implied consent that is recognized as providing a defense to property and other torts. Implied license doctrine uses context-based default rules to allocate the burdens of seeking or disclaiming grants of permission, thereby discouraging opportunism and reducing transaction costs without harming copyright owners’ legitimate interests in control. In addition, I show how explaining implied license doctrine through a property framework resolves the problems of irrevocability, transferability, and choice of law that have long led to confusion in this part of the law.
Pathways of Anaerobic Carbon Cycling Across an Ombrotrophic–Minerotrophic Peatland Gradient

Peatland soils represent globally significant stores of carbon, and understanding carbon cycling pathways in these ecosystems has important implications for global climate change. We measured aceticlastic and autotrophic methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, denitrification, and iron reduction in a bog, an intermediate fen, and a rich fen in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan for one growing season. In 3-d anaerobic incubations of slurried peat, denitrification and iron reduction were minor components of anaerobic carbon mineralization. Experiments using 14C-labeled methanogenic substrates showed that methanogenesis in these peatlands was primarily through the aceticlastic pathway, except early in the growing season in more ombrotrophic peatlands, where the autotrophic pathway was dominant or codominant. Overall, methane production was responsible for 3-70% of anaerobic carbon mineralization. Sulfate reduction accounted for 0-26% of anaerobic carbon mineralization, suggesting a rapid turnover of a very small sulfate pool. A large percentage of anaerobic carbon mineralization (from 29% to 85%) was unexplained by any measured process, which could have resulted from fermentation or possibly from the use of organic molecules (e.g., humic acids) as alternative electron acceptors.
Urban Politics and School Reform The Case of Baltimore

In big cities across the nation, there is a general consensus that fundamental change is needed to improve the nation's urban schools. This author examines the contemporary politics of school reform in Baltimore. The concept civic capacity is used to study the ability of local educational stakeholders to form effective alliances to shape and carry out meaningful systemic school reform. The strengths and weaknesses of Baltimore's leaders' capacity to reform the Baltimore City Public Schools are assessed.
CHANGES IN THE LOCATION OF EMPLOYMENT AND OWNERSHIP: EVIDENCE FROM CALIFORNIA*

We use the National Establishment Time-Series database to describe shifts in the geographic dispersion of employment and ownership of firms. Focusing on data on business establishments in California, and establishments anywhere in the United States that are owned by firms headquartered in California, we find shifts in the operations of businesses headquartered in California to other states. However, this shift has been offset by increased employment in the state by firms headquartered elsewhere, resulting in California's share of national employment holding quite constant. The evidence points to increasing geographic dispersion of firms' operations, especially in industries with lower communication costs.
Heat transfer from a circular cylinder by acoustic streaming

An analysis is described for convection from a circular cylinder subjected to transverse oscillations relative to the fluid in which it is immersed. The analysis is based upon use of the acoustic streaming flow field. It is assumed that the frequency involved is sufficiently small that the acoustic wavelength in the fluid is much larger than the cylinder diameter, and that there is no externally imposed mean flow across or along the cylinder. Solutions are presented which are appropriate for a wide range of Prandtl number, and the cases of small and of large streaming Reynolds number are distinguished. The analysis compares favourably with experiments when the influence of natural convection is small.
Compiling for instruction cache performance on a multithreaded architecture

Instruction cache aware compilation seeks to lay out a program in memory in such a way that cache conflicts between procedures are minimized. It does this through profile-driven knowledge of procedure invocation patterns. On a multithreaded architecture, however, more conflicts may arise between threads than between procedures on the same thread. This research examines opportunities for the compiler to optimize instruction cache layout on a multithreaded architecture. We examine scenarios where (1) the compiler has knowledge, about multiple programs that will be or are likely to be co-scheduled, and where (2) the compiler has no knowledge at compile time of which applications will be co-scheduled. We present solutions for both environments.
Highly monodisperse conjugated polymer particles synthesized with drop-based microfluidics

A facile method for preparing highly monodisperse, sub-micrometre conjugated polymer particles is reported. The particles are prepared through emulsification of a conjugated polymer solution on a microfluidic chip followed by solvent evaporation. The particle size is tuned between 150 nm to 2 μm, by controlling the polymer concentration.
Field-based evaluation of a novel approach for infecting Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tagetis

Abstract Canada thistle is resilient to many control tactics, especially in undisturbed sites. Such sites are suitable for slow acting biological control agents, such as the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. tagetis (PST), because complete control is usually not required in the short term. A new method of introducing or intensifying PST infection of Canada thistle was investigated. Sap of naturally infected Canada thistle was extracted and applied in water plus Silwet L-77 organosilicone surfactant with a backpack sprayer to healthy Canada thistle plants in the field. Application variables of time of the season, spray volume, concentration, and frequency were studied. When practical field rates were applied, infected sap concentration and spray volume did not affect the level of disease observed. This suggests that PST applications could be practical at the field scale because a single application caused apical chlorosis. However, multiple applications proved beneficial because four consecutive weekly ap...
Developmental changes in plasma thiol-disulfide turnover in rats: a multicompartmental approach

Plasma glutathione (GSH), derived principally from the liver, has been proposed as the main endogenous source of plasma cysteine (CYSH). In an earlier study in immature (I) and mature (M) rats, with the use of tracer boluses of intravenous [35S]GSH, we found the movement of the label through plasma GSH, CYSH, and cystine (CYSS) pools to be incompatible with a series of precursor-product compartments (GSH-->CYSH-->CYSS). Thus plasma GSH did not appear to account for sole source of plasma CYSH. To delineate the quantitative interrelationships of plasma GSH, CYSH, and CYSS in I and M rats, we used tracer bolus injections of intravenous [35S]CYSH and [35S]CYSS. The data from the present and previous studies were then used to develop a comprehensive multicompartmental model that fits the data from all experiments. Our analysis indicates the following. 1) Plasma CYSH does not account for the sole intermediate, kinetically homogeneous pool for the movement of label from GSH to CYSS. 2) Only one-half of the irreversible disposal rate (IDR; nmol.min-1.ml-1) of plasma GSH in I rats, but all of it in M rats, is accounted for by hydrolysis to CYSH+CYSS. Thus I rats appear capable of taking up substantial amounts of plasma GSH intact. 3) Significant age-related declines take place in the following IDRs: GSH, from 38 to 18 (approximately 55%); CYSH, from 81 to 11 (approximately 85%); CYSS (in CYSH equivalents), from 30 to 10 (approximately 67%). 4) Hydrolysis of GSH supplies only approximately 22% of plasma IDR of CYSH in I rats vs. approximately 78% in M rats. Thus, in I rats, a sizable inflow of CYSH from other sources than GSH is required to maintain plasma CYSH. 5) In contrast, plasma CYSS appears fully supplied through circulating GSH and CYSH.
Graphic warning labels and the demand for cigarettes

Background In 2010, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) proposed requiring tobacco companies to add graphic warning labels (GWLs) to cigarette packs. GWLs are large prominently placed warnings that use both text and photographic images to depict health risks of smoking. The companies challenged FDA9s authority on First Amendment grounds; the courts accepted that FDA could compel companies to add GWLs, but argued that FDA had not established that GWLs would significantly reduce smoking. Objective This paper adds new evidence on the question of whether GWLs would have reduced cigarette demand, by examining whether tobacco companies’ share prices fell unusually after news indicating a higher likelihood of having GWLs, and rose on the opposite news. Such findings would be expected if investors viewed GWLs as likely to reduce cigarette demand. Methods An event-study approach is used to determine whether the stock prices of US tobacco companies rose or fell unusually after news events in the period when GWLs were proposed, finalised, challenged and withdrawn. Findings Tobacco companies’ stock prices indeed realised significant abnormal returns after GWL news, consistent with expected negative effects on cigarette demand. Our estimates suggest investors expected GWLs to reduce the number of smokers by an extra 2.4–6.9 million in the 10 years after the rule took effect. Conclusions These findings support the view that the GWLs proposed by FDA would have curbed cigarette consumption in the USA in an appreciable way.
The Beginnings of Analytic Geometry in Three Dimensions

(1948). The Beginnings of Analytic Geometry in Three Dimensions. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 76-86.
International Politics: The Past as Science

"Science" is one of this century's supreme values, roughly on a level with "democracy" or "peace." Nobody very willingly admits to unenthusiasm about these totems, while everybody eagerly accuses his enemies of hating them all. The discipline of international politics has been no exception. In the civil conflict which has characterized it over the last decade, each side has sought either to lay claim to the banner of "science" or to deny that banner to its opponents.' The resulting debate has been vehement, and this has led many to conclude that one side or the other is wrong; it has also been flatulently irrelevant, and this leads me to suggest that both sides are wrong. Their error, I think, lies paradoxically in their agreement. The general lack of communication between the parties has been relieved primarily by their acceptance of common notions about the
Inconsistent and Incomplete Logics

(1975). Inconsistent and Incomplete Logics. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 154-159.
Local Embeddedness and Knowledge Management Strategies for Project-Based Multi-National Firms

Abstract:Multinational, project-based organizations are faced with competing challenges of adapting to a local marketplace and integrating various offices globally. Case studies with 14 multinational real estate development, general contracting, and engineering firms revealed types of knowledge required for international operations, knowledge management strategies, and the level of embeddedness within the local project area. Eighty-nine interviews were recorded, transcribed, and imported into qualitative coding software. Analysis of the data built propositions regarding different levels of local project embeddedness and the relationship between embeddedness and knowledge management strategies. The findings indicate that firms with a low level of local embeddedness have more formal knowledge management platforms to share local knowledge, whereas firms with a high level of embeddedness, which require the most local knowledge, lack formal knowledge management strategies to share their knowledge across projects.
Dielectrics in micro-circuitry for communications

A little over a decade ago, two technologies emerged from the laboratories which were to have a profound impact on the military communications and electronics equipments of today. First, pre-fabricated wiring introduced an orderly geometrical discipline, automation of inter-connections and modular subassemblies within equipments. Secondly, the transistor permitted the design of many circuits with marked reduction in size, power requirements, operating voltages and temperature rise. Figure 1 illustrates a typical application to circuitry from a telemetry deck of one of the early “Explorer” Satellites. Here fullest use is made of printed wiring and transistors as well as special subminiature passive components scaled down for compatibility with transistor characteristics. This low power digital circuit contains solid tantalum capacitors, multilayer high K ceramic capacitors, 0.1 watt fixed resistors, and glass packaged diodes. Higher power levels and tuned circuits require the use of miniature foil capacitors and stable film resistors.
Reply to Bile acids in Non-Alcoholic Steato-Hepatitis: inserting nuclear receptors into the circle.

We thank Drs. Gabbi and Gustafsson for their interest in our study on serum metabolomic analysis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in mice (1). We measured the hepatic contents of taurocholate and tauro-β-muricholate using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. However, the hepatic levels of these bile acids were not decreased in mice treated for two weeks with a methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet (Fig. 1). Although changes in expression of the canalicular bile acid transporters were not detected, hepatic bile excretion might be decreased to some degree. When hepatic bile acid levels are altered, the expression of small heterodimer partner (Shp) may be changed accordingly to maintain hepatic bile acid levels. Indeed, the levels of Shp mRNA were decreased by MCD treatment, even in the absence of a significant decrease in hepatic bile acid content (Fig. 2). These findings suggest an abnormal response of transcription factors and their target genes associated with bile acid homeostasis, and thus we propose a disruption of bile acid homeostasis during the course of NASH where pro-inflammatory cytokines and cellular stress may disrupt bile acid homeostasis, causing a vicious cycle. Thus, we are generally in agreement with Drs. Gabbi and Gustafsson's view that clarification of the dynamic changes in bile acid homeostasis and the related transcriptional factors during NASH development might lead to new bile-modulating therapies for NASH.
New Sonic Cleaning Technology for Particle Removal from Semiconductor Surfaces

Several sonic cleaning technologies are currently used in the semiconductor industry. An overview of these technologies is presented, comparing their cleaning mechanisms, applications and suitability. Using an analogy to photography, we then discuss a “reciprocity principle” in megasonic cleaning and describe an experiment we performed to test this hypothesis. Equivalent cleaning was observed for the same average acoustic power, independent of peak intensity. In addition, cleaning was approximately dependent on total energy exposure. Implications for the design of megasonic cleaning equipment are discussed.
Stop the privatization of health data

Tech giants moving into health may widen inequalities and harm research, unless people can access and share their data, warn John T. Wilbanks and Eric J. Topol.
Narrative and Spatial Movement in Hamlet

The opening act of Hamlet directs our attention to the nature of the Ghost and the disorienting story it has to tell, while more subtly setting the stage with a different kind of disorientation, that of place. The first scene opens with the question “Who’s there?” (1.1.1) and much critical discussion has focused on the various personal identifications the “who” might call into question in the play. Maynard Mack noted that “Hamlet’s world is pre-eminently in the interrogative mood,” calling attention to how the play “reverberates with questions, anguished, meditative, alarmed.”1 Rather than the “who” of the opening line of the play, I shall take up the question of “there” with its spatial indeterminacy, particularly as it exists for playgoers as a locational marker and also as an important part of the interrogative mood of the play. In many instances, characters’ spatial interactions establish the position of the playgoers; this spatial specificity develops the narrative momentum of a play, a momentum toward the final stasis of the ending.
A Narrative Account of Shared Responsibility

In this chapter I sketch a new theory of shared responsibility among members of identity groups. I do not presume to give a fully articulated and defended theory. Instead, my goal is to show how an alternative account of broadly shared responsibility might go. More specifically, my aim is to give an account of ‘white’ responsibility for racially motivated hate crime. It is possible that the account may generalize to include other identity groups and other types of harm; however, my immediate task is to provide a theory capable of explaining responsibility in the Ward case. With this in mind, I argue that broadly shared responsibility is best understood as a kind of ‘role responsibility’ based upon the burdens and benefits of identity group membership and one’s participation in constructing or maintaining a faulty group norm. On such a view, if one’s personal contributions, be they fully, obliquely, or partly intentional, promote or maintain morally faulty norms (which in turn prompt members to cause harm), then one shares responsibility with others in one’s group for that harm.
Transient model of a refrigerant-to-water helically coiled tube-in-tube heat exchanger with corrugated inner tube

Abstract A transient model of a refrigerant-to-water helically coiled double tube with corrugations in the inner tube is developed. The refrigerant flows in the annulus, and a secondary fluid (water, glycol/water solution, etc.) flows in the inner tube. The model addresses both the single-phase and the two-phase flows of the refrigerant and the single-phase flow of the secondary fluid. Both the ON/OFF operation of the compressor and of the secondary fluid pump (at compressor shut-down, the pump may be ON or OFF) are considered. To deal with the lack of suitable friction factor and heat transfer correlations, a superposition principle that allows to combine the effects of the curvature of the heat exchanger and of the flutes in the inner tube is adopted. The finite volume method is used to numerically solve the governing equations. The developed model is experimentally validated and achieves reasonable agreement with the experimental data in both steady-state and transient conditions, in both the heating and the cooling modes.
Expression: A dyadic conversation aid using Google Glass for people who are blind or visually impaired

This paper presents ‘Expression’ — an integrated assistive solution using Google Glass. The key function of the system is to enable the user in perceiving social signals during a natural dyadic conversation. The design and implementation of the system addressed a number of technical and research challenges — video acquisition and communication over Wi-Fi, efficient detection and tracking of faces, overheating of Google Glass, robust detection of facial features and modeling behavioral expressions, and feedback system for perceiving social signals. Performance evaluation was conducted to ensure the completeness and generalizability of models. Furthermore, usability studies were performed with ten (10) subjects (six visually impaired and four blind-folded) to illustrate the utility of the ‘Expression’. Subjective evaluation of Expression was performed using a five (5) point Likert Scale and was found to be excellent (4.383).
Synthesis of low side lobe planar arrays

A new technique for synthesis of planar rectangular arrays is presented. Using the specified design requirements for side lobe level and half-power beamwidths in the principal planes, the number of elements and element excitation currents are determined. These arrays are constructed using the patterns of uniformly excited rectangular arrays as building blocks. An important feature of these arrays is that their element currents decrease monotonically away from the array center.
Crustal Structure Beneath the Atlantic Coastal Plain of South Carolina

In April, 1991, a northwest-southeast trending 120-km-long seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection profile was recorded across the Atlantic Coastal Plain of South Carolina, the passive margin of the eastern United States formed by Mesozoic extension during the opening of the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. Two-dimensional ray tracing of first arrivals and reflections indicates large lateral velocity variations in the upper 5 km of the crust. From northwest to southeast along the profile, Coastal Plain sediments thicken from a few tens of meters to more than 1 km. P-wave velocities within the sediments range from 1.85 to 3.5 km s −1 , while intercalated basalts have velocities of 5.2–5.5 km s −1 . The top of the crystalline basement dips eastward and is characterized by velocities of 6.0–6.2 km s −1 . High velocities of 6.2 km s −1 within the crystalline basement are locally restricted to a shallow 25-km-wide zone adjacent and east of the Dunbarton basin. Seismic, gravity and magnetic observations suggest that this anomaly represents a pre-Cretaceous mafic intrusion formed during Mesozoic rifting. Mesozoic rifting is also evident from observed eastward thinning of the crust from 37 to 32 km along the profile.
Neuronal brain region-specific DNA methylation and chromatin accessibility are associated with neuropsychiatric disease heritability

Epigenetic modifications confer stable transcriptional patterns in the brain, and both normal and abnormal brain function involve specialized brain regions, yet little is known about brain region-specific epigenetic differences. Here, we compared prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate gyrus, hippocampus and nucleus accumbens from 6 individuals, performing whole genome bisulfite sequencing for DNA methylation. In addition, we have performed ATAC-seq for chromatin accessibility, and RNA-seq for gene expression in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex from 6 additional individuals. We found substantial neuron- and brain region-specific differences in both DNA methylation and chromatin accessibility which were largely non-overlapping, and were greatest between nucleus accumbens and the other regions. In contrast, glial methylation and chromatin were relatively homogeneous across brain regions, although neuron/glia ratios varied greatly, demonstrating the necessity for cellular fractionation. Gene expression was also largely the same across glia from different brain regions and substantially different for neurons. Expression was correlated with methylation and accessibility across promoters and known enhancers. Several classes of transcription factor binding sites were enriched at regions of differential methylation and accessibility, including many that respond to synaptic activity. Finally, both regions of differential methylation and those of differential accessibility showed a surprising >10-fold enrichment of explained heritability associated with addictive behavior, as well as schizophrenia- and neuroticism-associated regions, suggesting that common psychiatric illness is mediated through brain region-specific epigenetic marks.
Enhanced Power Saving Mechanism for Large-Scale 802.11ah Wireless Sensor Networks

We consider the power saving mechanism for 802.11ah on large-scale sensor networks. Power saving mode allows sensor nodes to switch to low-power state while APs buffer incoming frames for them. Also, 802.11ah introduced the TIM and page segmentation scheme to cope with a large number of nodes. Although it is a powerful tool for reducing contention and increasing sleep intervals, the advantage comes at the expense of additional energy waste, which becomes exacerbated as the number of nodes increases. This paper aims at minimizing such energy waste and enhancing energy efficiency which is critical to large-scale 802.11ah networks. We propose a method that selectively and dynamically changes the membership of nodes and rearranges their traffic to maximize overall sleeping intervals without causing delay to data delivery. To this end, we propose a temporary membership change scheme and a traffic scheduling algorithm which reduce overall power consumption. Also, to make the problem tractable and scalable, we apply a relaxation technique and devise a low-complex scheduling algorithm, respectively, of which performance is comparable to optimum. Evaluation results show that the proposed scheme can enhance energy efficiency by decreasing the number of active nodes by up to 37.8% compared to 802.11ah.
Molecular design of confined organic network hybrids with controlled deformation rate sensitivity and moisture resistance

Abstract We demonstrate molecular design strategies for engineering the deformation rate sensitivity and fracture resistance of organic-inorganic hybrid films in moist environment. Hybrids with intimate mixing of inorganic and organic molecular networks were synthesized with an epoxy-functionalized silane, (3-glycidoxypropyl) trimethoxysilane and an acetate-stabilized zirconium alkoxide, tetra-n-propoxyzirconium. The highly confined non-hydrolysable organic molecular network connectivity was systematically manipulated by tuning the epoxy ring opening polymerization reaction and the incorporation of carbon bridges of selected lengths. By investigating the corresponding time-dependent crack growth in moist environments, new insights into the fundamental molecular-scale relaxation and cracking mechanisms of the hybrids are provided. These processes were found to be impacted by the confined organic network connectivity which results in significant changes in the deformation rate sensitivity and fracture resistance. With increasing non-hydrolysable organic network connectivity, mechanical behavior that varied from almost perfectly elastic to increasingly viscoelastic could be obtained in a controlled fashion. The related resistance to cracking in moist environments was found to be significantly improved. These findings provide a basis for the rational design of functional hybrids with precisely defined mechanical properties.
Performance Metrics and Testing of Micro-concentrated and Hybrid Photovoltaic Systems for ARPA-E MOSAIC

We present metrics, test procedures and representative data on solar energy harvesting potential of optical designs customized for geographies with varying direct normal irradiance (DNI). The angular and spectral distribution of radiation is also considered.
Half theory fractional angular momentum and the application of fractional derivatives to quantum mechanics

In this paper, we review the fractional derivative and apply it to various problems in quantum mechanics. Among other things, we find fractional angular momentum, with “fractional spherical harmonics” as solutions to the squared quantum mechanical angular momentum operator, but with non-integer eigenvalues. These fractional functions might be interpreted as intermediary states visited by an orbiting electron as it jumps between the more stable, integer angular momentum values in an atom. Alternatively, these fractional states may be of interest in the mechanisms of chemical bonding. The justification for these new states, which are normalizable solutions to Hermitian operators, depends of course on experiment. We remember Feynmann’s statement about quantum mechanics, “Everything that is not expressly forbidden, is mandatory.”
The Picard-Lefschetz Theory

This problem arose in the study, first undertaken by Emile Picard In the period 1880–1905, of the extension to algebraic surfaces of the classical Riemann theory. The more remarkable part of this work is that Picard carried it out with the scantiest aid of algebraic topology, since indeed that chapter of mathematics was entirely in its infancy.
Axial evolution of forced helical flame and flow disturbances

This paper presents 5 kHz stereo particle image velocimetry and OH planar laser induced fluorescence measurements of transversely forced swirl flames. The presence of transverse forcing on this naturally unstable flow both influences the natural instabilities, as well as amplifies disturbances that may not necessarily manifest themselves during natural oscillations. By manipulating the structure of the acoustic forcing field, both axisymmetric and helical modes are preferentially excited away from the frequency of natural instability. The paper presents a method for spatially interpolating the phase locked disturbances which dominate the flow field over the entire axial domain. In both cases, the amplitudes of the anti-symmetric disturbances about the jet core grow with downstream distance before saturating and decaying, while the symmetric disturbances appear nearly negligible. It is suggested that this saturation and decay is due to linear effects (e.g. a negative spatial growth rate), rather than nonlinear interactions.
Early Events in the Pathogenesis of Enteric Fever in Mice

Salmonella typhimurium is the best studied of the salmonella which cause mouse typhoid (enteric fever). The portal of entry of salmonella that cause enteric fevers in the mouse and in other species is normally oral. However, the organisms quickly enter the lymph and blood, and most of the organisms that survive blood clearance become lodged in the spleen and liver where they grow and cause disease (Carter and Collins, 1974; Carter and Collins, 1974). Although salmonella which cause enteric fevers have been described as facultative intracellular parasites that resides within macrophages, there is controversy over the major location of S. typhimurium multiplication in vivo (Benjamin, et al, 1990; Carroll et al, 1979; Dunlap et al, 1991; Guo et al, 1986; Schurr et al, 1989).
Reactions of Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutases with Hydrogen Peroxide

Copper-zinc Superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) is a highly abundant and ubiquitous cytosolic 32 kDa homodimeric eukaryotic enzyme that catalyzes the disproportionation of Superoxide to give dioxygen and hydrogen peroxide (reactions 1—3) (Fridovich, 1997).
The influence of dual credit on Latinx students’ college aspirations and choices

This study employed social capital and chain migration theory to understand the development of college aspirations and the college choice process of Latinx dual credit earners enrolled in engineeri...
Fuel geometry options for a moderated low-enriched uranium kilowatt-class space nuclear reactor

Abstract A LEU-fueled space reactor would avoid the security concerns inherent with Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU) fuel and could be attractive to signatory countries of the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) or commercial interests. The HEU-fueled Kilowatt Reactor Using Stirling Technology (KRUSTY) serves as a basis for a similar reactor fueled with LEU fuel. Based on MCNP6™ neutronics performance estimates, the size of a 5 kWe reactor fueled with 19.75 wt% enriched uranium-10 wt% molybdenum alloy fuel is adjusted to match the excess reactivity of KRUSTY. Then, zirconium hydride moderator is added to the core in four different configurations (a homogeneous fuel/moderator mixture and spherical, disc, and helical fuel geometries) to reduce the mass of uranium required to produce the same excess reactivity, decreasing the size of the reactor. The lowest mass reactor with a given moderator represents a balance between the reflector thickness and core diameter needed to maintain the multiplication factor equal to 1.035, with a H/D ratio of 1.81. All three heterogeneous geometries yield a minimum mass reactor using a moderator/fuel ratio of 80 wt%. The lifetime is directly proportional to the initial amount of fissile material in the core in all the cases. Based on the small differences in estimated masses, but large difference in estimated lifetimes between the 60 wt% and 80 wt% moderated reactors, the 60 wt% moderated systems with disc or helical fuel geometries represent the best balance between total mass and operating lifetime.
Effect of Brahman Genetics on Myofibrillar Protein Degradation, Collagen Crosslinking, and Meat Tenderness

ObjectivesNumerous studies have indicated steaks from cattle of greater Brahman genetics are tougher. Additionally, research demonstrated that steers of increased Brahman genetics have increased expression of genes related to collagen crosslinking. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of Brahman genetics on myofibrillar protein degradation, collagen crosslinking, and meat tenderness of Longissimus lumborum (LL) steaks. Materials and MethodsSeventy-two steers originating from the University of Florida’s Multibreed herd were classified into 4 categories based on percentage of Angus and Brahman genetics. Breed groups were: 100% Angus/0% Brahman, 62.5% Angus/37.5% Brahman, 50% Angus/50% Brahman, 0% Angus/100% Brahman. Steers were harvested at a common compositional endpoint of 1.0 to 1.5 cm of backfat and a 7.62 cm LL roast, extending from the 13th rib toward the posterior end, were collected and aged 14 d postmortem. Three 2.54 cm LL steaks were fabricated with steak 1 used to measure objective tenderness by Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), steak 2 utilized for trained sensory panel evaluation, and the remaining steak utilized for myofibrillar protein degradation and collagen crosslink analyses. Myofibrillar protein degradation analyses consisted of Western Blot quantification of degradation products of desmin (38 kDa band) and troponin-T (36, 34, and 30 kDa subunits). Collagen crosslinks were extracted by acid hydrolysis and hydroxylysylpyridinoline crosslinks were quantified utilizing a commercial ELISA kit. Data were analyzed utilizing preplanned linear and quadratic contrasts for the percentage of Brahman genetics. ResultsAs the percentage of Brahman genetics increased, LL steak thaw loss and WBSF increased (linear, P 0.35). Steaks from steers of greater Brahman genetics had decreased intensity of 38 kDa desmin, 36 kDa troponin-T, and 30 kDa troponin-T degradation bands (linear, P < 0.03). In contrast to these results, increasing Brahman genetics increased (linear, P = 0.04) intensity of 34 kDa degraded troponin-T band. Finally, there was no effect (P = 0.14) of Brahman genetics on amount of steak hydroxylysylpyridinoline collagen crosslinks. ConclusionAs expected, LL steaks originating from steers of greater percentage of Brahman genetics had reduced tenderness when measured objectively and subjectively. Additionally, trained sensory panelists detected an increase in connective tissue content as percentage Brahman increased. Decreases in tenderness from Brahman steaks were most likely due to the reduction in degradation of desmin and troponin-T proteins and not increases in hydroxylysylpyridinoline crosslinks. It is hypothesized Brahman genetics may increase other heat stable crosslinks, which may be responsible for the increase in connective tissue detected by panelists.
The Role of Anti-Angiogenic Agents (VEGF)

Angiogenesis refers to the growth of newly formed blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature (Wang et al., Oncotarget. 8:53854–72, 2017). Blocking the formation of blood vessels, theoretically, would stop a tumor from growing and metastasizing. For decades researchers have studied tumor growth and metastasis, ultimately discovering tumor-angiogenesis factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This discovery led to a different way of treating cancer, blocking certain targets to stop tumor growth (targeted therapy). The discoveries of VEGF, immunotherapy, and driver mutations have changed the treatment paradigm of lung cancer.