cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface parameterization in volumetric images for curvature-based feature classification

Curvature-based surface features are well suited for use in multimodal medical image registration. The accuracy of such feature-based registration techniques is dependent upon the reliability of the feature computation. The computation of curvature features requires second derivative information that is best obtained from a parametric surface representation. We present a method of explicitly parameterizing surfaces from volumetric data. Surfaces are extracted, without a global thresholding, using active contour models. A monge/spl acute/ basis for each surface patch is estimated and used to transform the patch into local, or parametric, coordinates. Surface patches are fit to a bicubic polynomial in local coordinates using least squares solved by singular value decomposition. We tested our method by reconstructing surfaces from the surface model and analytically computing Gaussian and mean curvatures. The model was tested on analytical and medical data.
Europe debates its destiny

In this article, I propose to examine the issue that at present most mobilizes the European states and public opinion within them: the modification of the insti- tutional-political model, in the form of a Constitutional Treaty for Europe, requir- ing parliamentary or popular ratification by its twenty-five member States, within a period that remains undecided. Events surrounding the consultation proposed to the European governments and their citizens, indicate – particularly if we take into account the negative votes in France and Holland, and others that may yet occur – that the European Union is divided, raising the concern that its process of regional integration could suffer interruption or even reversal. My analysis of the reasons European citizens and European states find themselves divided, with em- phasis on those that separate the bureaucracy in Brussels from the EU’s citizens and national governments, will revolve on two basic axes: the enlargement of the EU, recently grown from fifteen states to twenty-five, and the transformation of the EU’s political-institutional model, which in securing itself to a constitutional anchor modifies both symbolically and substantively the degrees of sovereignty and autonomy of Europe’s numerous political actors. So doing, this analysis will seek support in theoretical currents that, stimulated by the importance and singu- larity of the process of European construction, have been brought to bear on the examination of the political instruments and procedures involved, their determi- nants, and their consequences. Beginning with the matter of enlargement, this article will look at the recurrent problems arising from admission of the ten new member countries from the Center and East of the continent – that is, the “other Europe” – formally incorporated in May 2004, and at the decisive weight this had in the decision to formulate a Constitution for Europe. Arriving thus at my second topic, I will reconstruct the debate between a “Europe-Union of States” and a “Super-State Europe,” discussing issues directly connected to this classic dichotomy – democracy, legitimacy, formation of a collective identity, division of sovereignty, and others – which, having direct impact on European citizens, will determine the acceptance or rejection of what is being proposed to them in the Constitutional Treaty.
Measuring Power and Presence: Bureaucratic Representation in the American States

This article introduces a new measure of bureaucratic representation that provides a more complete view of a demographic group's potential to be effectively represented by its members in a bureaucracy. It does so by combining information about a group's overall presence in the bureaucracy (penetration)
Female Song in the Common Yellowthroat

Abstract A mated female was observed singing in a color-banded population of Common Yellowthroats (Geothlypis trichas) in New York State in 2011. This female continued to sing, often concurrently with her mate, for ∼1 week, at which time she completed nest construction and was not observed singing for the remainder of the season. Her song did not resemble any normal Common Yellowthroat song or vocalization. No previous publications have described female song in this species; common explanations for female song in other species include abnormally high testosterone levels, development of male-like characteristics with age, and increased territory defense demands at high densities. We found little support for any of these hypotheses, as our singing female was within the normal range for breeding density, testosterone, morphology, ornamentation, and several physiological parameters. We did not know the age of our female and could not discount old age as a cause of singing; however, other known-age, old female...
Determination of Modulation Indexes and Design of Two-Channel Coherent Communication Systems

This paper presents an approach to the determination of modulation indexes for 2-channel, phase coherent communication systems (of the Mariner type). The method is based upon a mean-squared error criterion and can be used to apportion the total transmitter power between the carrier signal, the modulated data subcarrier, and the modulated sync subcarrier. Further, a method is given which enables the communications engineer to determine the system data rate which will yield a predetermined bit-error probability. The method takes into consideration errors due to radio-frequency carrier phase jitter, subcarrier reference phase jitter, and jitter about the instants in time with which the modulation may change states. The results are useful for designing coherent communication systems for space applications.
D1–D2 Interaction in Feedback Control of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons

Dopamine (DA) D1-like receptors are present in pathways implicated in feedback control of midbrain DA neurons. However, stimulation of these receptors either produces no effect on DA cells, or the effect is inconsistent. It is possible that the expression of a D1 feedback effect requires co-activation of D2-like receptors. To test this hypothesis, we recorded extracellularly the spontaneous activity of nigral DA cells in a low cerveau isole rat preparation. SKF38393 and dyhydrexidine, two D1 agonists, were administered systemically to animals pretreated with different doses of the D2 agonist quinpirole. Supporting the hypothesis, the two D1 agonists consistently inhibited DA cells in animals given high doses of quinpirole (≥40 μg/kg, i.v.). However, no significant D1 effect was observed in animals pretreated with only low doses (≤20 μg/kg) of quinpirole. Because low doses of D2 agonists preferentially act on DA autoreceptors, and because the D1 inhibition persisted in animals whose DA autoreceptors were blocked by intranigral application of raclopride, our results suggest that the expression of D1 feedback inhibition requires co-activation of D2-like receptors on DA target neurons, instead of DA neurons themselves. These results, together with the finding that chloral hydrate completely blocked the D1 inhibition, may explain why previous studies have failed to show a consistent D1 effect on DA cells and suggest that drugs designed to act specifically on one subtype of DA receptor may, via feedback pathways, influence the action of endogenous DA on other DA receptor subtypes as well.
Hepatitis C virus and ethanol alter antigen presentation in liver cells.

Alcoholic patients have a high incidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Alcohol consumption enhances the severity of the HCV disease course and worsens the outcome of chronic hepatitis C. The accumulation of virally infected cells in the liver is related to the HCV-induced inability of the immune system to recognize infected cells and to develop the immune responses. This review covers the effects of HCV proteins and ethanol on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I- and class II-restricted antigen presentation. Here, we discuss the liver which functions as an immune privilege organ; factors, which affect cleavage and loading of antigenic peptides onto MHC class I and class II in hepatocytes and dendritic cells, and the modulating effects of ethanol and HCV on antigen presentation by liver cells. Altered antigen presentation in the liver limits the ability of the immune system to clear HCV and infected cells and contributes to disease progression. HCV by itself affects dendritic cell function, switching their cytokine profile to the suppressive phenotype of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) predominance, preventing cell maturation and allostimulation capacity. The synergistic action of ethanol with HCV results in the suppression of MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation. In addition, ethanol metabolism and HCV proteins reduce proteasome function and interferon signaling, thereby suppressing the generation of peptides for MHC class I-restricted antigen presentation. Collectively, ethanol exposure further impairs antigen presentation in HCV-infected liver cells, which may provide a partial explanation for exacerbations and the poor outcome of HCV infection in alcoholics.
Finite element solutions of heat transfer in molten polymer flow in tubes with viscous dissipation

This paper presents the results of finite element analysis of a heat transfer problem of flowing polymer melts in a tube with constant ambient temperature. The rheological behavior of the melt is described by a temperature dependent powerlaw model. Aviscous dissipation term is included in the energy equation. Temperature profiles are obtained for different tube lengths and different entrance temperatures. The results are compared with some similar results in the literature. � 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Using whole-genome sequencing to determine appropriate streptomycin epidemiological cutoffs for Salmonella and Escherichia coli.

For Enterobacteriaceae such as Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli , no unified interpretive resistance criteria exist for streptomycin, an epidemiologically important antibiotic. As part of the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS), we had previously used a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ≥64 μg/mL as an epidemiological cutoff value (ECV) to define non-wild-type isolates. To identify whether this ECV correlated with genetic determinants of resistance, we performed whole-genome sequencing of 463 Salmonella and E. coli isolates to identify streptomycin resistance genotypes. From this analysis we found that using a streptomycin resistance breakpoint of ≥64 μg/mL classified over 20% of strains possessing aadA or strA/strB resistance genes as wild-type. Therefore, to improve the concordance between genotypic and phenotypic data, we propose reducing the phenotypic cutoff values to ≥32 μg/mL for both Salmonella and E. coli , to be used widely as ECVs to categorize non-wild-type isolates.
Biofractal devices

Development of revolutionary biofractal and novel organic bio-inspired devices using non-integer methodology is the focus of this paper. Non-integer methodology is explored in the form of a quantitative biofractal architecture, which incorporates ontogentic and epigenetic scalable mechanisms for multiple signal carriers, fragility and dimensional scalability in the development of nonlinear sensor models and methodology. Biofractal devices will provide a precision, low power, low weight integrated real-time sensory capability for mobile platforms applications such as unmanned air vehicles, emerging optical communication, and radar.
Developing composite nanofibre fabrics using electrospinning, ultrasonic sewing, and laser cutting technologies

ABSTRACTIn this study, we combine Nylon 6 nanomembranes with tulle and organza fashion fabrics to construct a full-scale, flying kite. For the first time, this work demonstrates the processing of electrospun nanofabrics using laser cut and ultrasonic technologies. The composite fabrics were analysed for their morphological and mechanical properties. Micrographs show the nanofibres are about 129 nm in diameter and the fashion fabrics have yarn diameters greater than 40 µm. The nanofibres were at least 300 times smaller than the individual fibres in the fashion fabrics and successfully joined with non-puncturing ultrasonic seaming. The fracture strain of the nanomembrane–tulle composites increased 58–171% compared to the control samples due to nanofibre entanglements on the open weave structure of tulle. The ultrasonic sewn fabric regions endured 169% greater applied stress with the addition of the organza fabric and the seaming process compared to the nanomembrane–tulle composite. The burst strength of the...
Effects of Exciton Polarity in Charge-Transfer Polymer/PCBM Bulk Heterojunction Films

Charge-transfer copolymers with local electron density gradients, systematically modified by quantity and position of fluorination, result in widely variable (2–8%) power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). Ultrafast, near-infrared, transient absorption spectroscopy on the corresponding films reveals the influence of exciton polarity on ultrafast populations and decay dynamics for the charge-separated and charge-transfer states as well as their strong correlation to device PCEs. By using an excitation energy-dependent, dynamic red shift in the transient absorption signal for the polymer cation, the exciton polarity induced by push–pull interactions within each polymer fragment is shown to enhance charge dissociation on time scales of tens to hundreds of picoseconds after excitation. These results suggest the important role played by the local electronic structure not only for exciton dissociation but also for device performance.
EVOLUTIONARY IMPLICATIONS OF DNA DIVERGENCE IN THE DROSOPHILA OBSCURA GROUP

Using DNA-DNA hybridization, we have determined the degree of single-copy DNA (scDNA) divergence among eight species of the Drosophila obscura group. These include Old World and New World species as well as members of two subgroups. Contrary to classical systematics, members of the affinis subgroup are more closely related to American members of the obscura subgroup than are Old World species. The Old World species are not a monophyletic group. The degree of scDNA divergence among species is not necessarily correlated with morphology, chromosomal divergence, or ability to form hybrids. A unique pattern of hybrid formation was found: species separated by a ΔTm of 6.5°C can form hybrids whereas species separated by a ΔTm of 2.5°C cannot. As with other groups of Drosophila, the obscura group has discrete parts of the genome evolving at very different rates. The slow evolving fraction of the nuclear genome is evolving at about the same rate as mitochondrial DNA. The additional scDNA divergence accompanying the step from partial reproductive isolation (between North American pseudoobscura and the isolated Bogota population) to full isolation is very small. The resolution of the technique was challenged by five closely related taxa with a maximum ΔTm of 2.5°C separating them; the taxa were unambiguously resolved and the "correct" phylogeny recovered. Finally, there is some indication that scDNA in the obscura group may be evolving considerably slower than in the melanogaster subgroup.
Physical activity patterns in morbidly obese and normal-weight women.

OBJECTIVE To compare physical activity patterns between morbidly obese and normal-weight women. METHODS Daily physical activity of 18 morbidly obese and 7 normal-weight women aged 30-58 years was measured for 2 days using the Intelligent Device for Energy Expenditure and Activity (IDEEA) device. RESULTS The obese group spent about 2 hr/day less standing and 30 min/day less walking than did the normal-weight group. Time spent standing (standing time) was positively associated with time spent walking (walking time). Age- and walking time-adjusted standing time did not differ according to weight status. CONCLUSION Promoting standing may be a strategy to increase walking.
Algorithm of Energy Saving Generation Dispatch Scheduling

One of the important issues of generating schedule is how to implement the sorted table of generating units.An algorithm for dispatch schedule is proposed.The algorithm is implemented by following steps:Firstly,according to the load forecast over the whole and region power grid,associated with the sorted table of the energy saving generation,the operating mode is determined;and then the equal incremental principle is employed to deal with economic dispatch problem.By introducing the utilization coefficients of generating units,outputs of generating units,which meet the demands of load level,system security,and operating constraints,are obtained.The proposed algorithm is validated on Jiangsu power grid.In this system,a majority of generating units are thermal units.The results of case study show that the algorithm is reasonable.
Application Study of Harmonic Control Based on the Neural Network in Carrier Communication

The interference sources in the carrier communication are summarized.Based on the artificial neural network,an adaptive approach of suppressing the harmonic currents is presented in this paper.The artificial neural network(ANN) keeps up to date and inputs,and its weights are adjusted through BP algorithms,its output can vary adaptively with the input.Moreover,both member variables of neural fuzzy control rules and the display function can be changed.Based on the electromagnetic compatibility,the power line-carrier communication can be achieved by the use of active filters and power filters.
Clinical effect observation of LEEP combined with Fukeqianjin Tablets for treating chronic cervicitis

Objective:To research the treatment of LEEP and Fukeqianjin Tablets of chronic cervicitis.Methods:120 cases of chronic cervicitis were randomly selected and divided into control group(LEEP) and treatment group(LEEP + Fukeqianjin tablets).Theefficacy of the two groups were detected.Results:The cure rate and total effective rate were 80.0% and 90.0% in the control group,which was 90.0% and 98.3% in treatment group.The efficacy of the treatment group was much better than that of the control group(P0.05).The total effective rate from high to low was mild,moderate and severe erosion according to the size of cervical erosion.There were significant difference between the treatment group and the control group in the same sub-type.The total effective rate from high to low was simple type,grain type and mastoid-type according to the pathological types of cervical erosion.There were significant difference between the treatment group and the control group in the same sub-type.Conclusion:The united treatment of the LEEP and Fukeqianjin tablets can markedly improve the efficacy of chronic cervicitis.
Topography of nucleic acid helices in solutions. The interaction specificities of optically active amino acid derivatives

Abstract The synthesis and interactions of the d- and l-enantiomers of the amino acid amide derivatives [Formula: see text] (I) and lysyl dipeptides [Formula: see text] (II) with poly rI·poly rC, poly rA·poly rU and calf thymus DNA is reported. The following results were found. (1) The degree of stabilization of the helices as measured by the Tm (`melting' temperature) of the helix–coil transition was dependent on the nature of the amino acid. (2) For the poly rI·poly rC helix, the l-enantiomers of salts (I) and (II) stabilized more than the d-enantiomers. The same was true for calf thymus DNA in the presence of salts (II) and for poly rA·poly rU in the presence of salts (II) and the proline derivatives of salts (I). (3) As R increased in size and became more apolar, the amount of stabilization of the poly rI·poly rC helix in the presence of salts (I) decreased. On the other hand, the amount of stabilization increased with more polar substituents. An attempt was then made to determine whether the difference in stabilization of the double-stranded helices at the Tm in the presence of the l- and d-enantiomers of salts (I) is due to the interaction with the helix, the random coil or both. A new method was developed for determining the binding of small ions to polyions that involves a competition between an insoluble polystyrene ion-exchange resin and the soluble polyion for the counterion. Dissociation constants are obtained for the complexes of single- and double-stranded helices with the salts (I). The results are illuminating and indicate that with certain helices, i.e. poly rA·poly rU, the interactions of salts (I) with the single strands may not be ignored. It is concluded that the high optical specificity found in Nature, i.e. d-ribose in nucleic acids and l-amino acids in proteins, cannot be attributed solely to monomer–polymer interactions described by Gabbay (1968).
The Distribution of Click-Evoked Activity Within the Medial Geniculate Body of the Anesthetized Cat

Abstract The parvocellular portion of the medial geniculate body has commonly been considered to be the main thalamic relay nucleus in the auditory pathway. However, recent anatomical evidence has demonstrated that it is composed of two major subdivisions, the dorsal and ventral regions respectively. In the present study the question of whether these two divisions are also functionally differentiated was investigated by mapping the distribution of click-evoked activity within the medial geniculate body of the anesthetized cat. Both multiple-unit and slow-wave activity evoked by click stimulation were recorded from the same electrode by differential filtering. Clear differences were found between the dorsal and ventral divisions. The ventral division exhibited much greater evoked activity than did the dorsal region. Evoked potentials recorded within the dorsal division could be attributed primarily to volume conduction, whereas those recorded in the ventral division appear to be locally generated. Furthermore, evoked multiple-unit activity was much greater in the ventral than the dorsal region. Therefore it appears that the anatomical differentiation of the dorsal and ventral divisions is associated with a functional differentiation. It is proposed that only the ventral division of the parvocellular portion of the medial geniculate body constitutes the primary thalamic nucleus in the auditory pathway.
Integration of System Modeling and Design Processes, Data and Technology for Streamlining Enterprise Integration

Abstract Complex systems, Pattern-based Systems Engineering, and Model-based Systems Engineering are approaches to model system lifecycles and address engineered systems complexity. Each approach advocates languages, tools, and processes as supplements to traditional engineering processes; however, these approaches are not readily adopted. The challenge for these system modeling approaches is they are not linked to traditional engineering processes and require unique tools and languages independent of traditional engineering domains. Furthermore, the knowledge of the external standards and specifications used in traditional processes are not available to users of system modeling technology, and those who have knowledge of external standards and specifications do not have knowledge of system modeling technology. Moreover, embedding intelligence of external standards and specifications is available within traditional system modeling applications. The research goal is integrating the technology and processes employed by system modeling and traditional engineering to automate data creation, flow and validation through removal of barriers to rule-driven technology adoption. Rule-driven technology adoption should lead to efficiencies in creating and managing extremely large datasets through automation. The results project significant improvement to data quality and enterprise IT systems integration while reducing labor costs to; validate data, avoid and correct errors, and eliminate data omissions.
Theoretical Investigation of the Gas-Phase Reaction of CrO+ with Propane

Transition metal oxide cations (e.g., MO+) have been shown to oxidize small alkanes in the gas phase. The chromium oxide cation is of particular interest because it is more reactive than oxides of earlier transition metals but is more selective than oxides of later transition metals. The reaction of CrO+ with propane has been shown to produce a number of products: propanol, propene, ethene, and hydrogen. Few theoretical studies exist for reactions of simple transition metal oxide cations with larger alkanes. We have analyzed the potential energy surfaces associated with the reaction of CrO+ with propane using two DFT methods, B3LYP and M06-L. Energetically viable reaction paths leading to each experimentally observed product have been characterized. Each reaction path begins with formation of a reactive intermediate in which either an α- or β-hydrogen from propane is extracted by the oxygen atom of CrO+. While pathways leading to formation of hydrogen and ethene were found to occur on a single spin surfac...
Aluminium magnesium boride: synthesis, sintering and microstructure

ABSTRACTAlMgB14 ceramics were reported as high-hardness materials over a decade ago. While different synthesis routes for processing of AlMgB14 ceramics were reported in the past, however the synthesis routes are still not optimised and present a significant challenge to the manufacturers. In this work six different synthesis routes were explored for the synthesis of AlMgB14 powder. The synthesised compositions were characterised by XRD, where weight fractions of each phase were calculated by Rietveld refinement. The bulk ceramics were sintered using powder with the highest yield (93.2%) of AlMgB14 phase by spark plasma sintering at 1315°C and 50 MPa. Both phase composition and microstructure of the sintered AlMgB14 were characterised by XRD and SEM/EDS, which revealed the existence of AlMgB14, MgAl2O4 and a small amount of unreacted Al. Hardness and indentation fracture resistance of AlMgB14 ceramics were measured to be 26.7 ± 2.2 GPa and 5.59 ± 0.42 MPa m1/2, respectively by Vickers indentation technique.
Laparoscopic Rectopexy with or without Resection for Full Thickness Rectal Prolapse

Approaches to the management of rectal prolapse have been the subject of discussion for more than a century. Described operations for rectal prolapse are myriad and include well-recognized eponymous associations. The literature on this rather uncommon condition has stimulated a disproportionate number of diverse operations, which include those directed at narrowing the anal orifice, obliteration of the pouch of Douglas, restoration of the pelvic floor, bowel resection by a number of routes, and suspension by various means. All have their advocates, especially when the procedure is to be used under limited circumstances. It is prudent for surgeons to have knowledge of history when selecting an operation for the treatment of rectal prolapse.
Response of the Separated Flow over an Airfoil to a Short-Time Actuator Burst

Experimental measurements of the flow structure evolving in the separated flow over an NACA 0009 wing at 12° angle of attack were obtained with particle image velocimetry, surface pressures, and force transducer measurements of the lift coefficient and pitching moment coefficient. Phase-averaged two-dimensional velocity field measurements provide details of the separated shear layer evolution following a four-pulse burst sequence from a synthetic jet actuator. The flow field development is quite similar to the observations made by Brzozowski, et al. (2010), who used a pulsed-combustion actuator that is orders of magnitude stronger than the synthetic jet. Proper orthogonal decomposition of the PIV data sets showed that the combination of the time-varying coefficients modes 1 and 2 correlate with the negative of the lift coefficient response. The surface pressure signals were correlated with the roll up and convection of the large-scale vortex structure that follows the actuator burst input. A spatially localized region of high pressure occurs below and slightly behind a "kink" that forms in the shear layer. A localized region of high surface pressure that follows the kinked region correlates with the lift reversal that occurs within 2.0t^+ after the burst signal was triggered.
Generalized Method of Moments

Generalized method of moments (Hansen, Econometrica, 50, 1029–1054, 1982) is one of the most popular methods in econometric literature. Due to this ground-break work, Hansen was awarded Nobel prize in 2013. The generalized method of moments (henceforth GMM) has become an important unifying framework for inference in econometrics during the last thirty years.
Theory of Finite-Length Grain Boundaries of Controlled Misfit Angle in Two-Dimensional Materials

Grain boundaries in two-dimensional crystals are usually thought to separate distinct crystallites and as such they must either form closed loops or terminate at the boundary of a sample. However, when an atomically thin two-dimensional crystal grows on a substrate of nonzero Gaussian curvature, it can develop finite-length grain boundaries that terminate abruptly within a monocrystalline domain. We show that by properly designing the substrate topography, these grain boundaries can be placed at desired locations and at specified misfit angles, as the thermodynamic ground state of a two-dimensional (2D) system bound to a substrate. Compared against the hypothetical competition of growing defectless 2D materials on a Gaussian-curved substrate with consequential fold development or detachment from the substrate, the nucleation and formation of finite-length grain boundaries can be made energetically favorably given sufficient substrate adhesion on the order of tens of meV/A2 for typical 2D materials. New pr...
Chromatin run-on reveals nascent RNAs that differentiate normal and malignant brain tissue

Non-coding elements in our genomes that play critical roles in complex disease are frequently marked by highly unstable RNA species. Sequencing nascent RNAs attached to an actively transcribing RNA polymerase complex can identify unstable RNAs, including those templated from gene-distal enhancers (eRNAs). However, nascent RNA sequencing techniques remain challenging to apply in some cell lines and especially to intact tissues, limiting broad applications in fields such as cancer genomics and personalized medicine. Here we report the development of chromatin run-on and sequencing (ChRO-seq), a novel run-on technology that maps the location of RNA polymerase using virtually any frozen tissue sample, including samples with degraded RNA that are intractable to conventional RNA-seq. We used ChRO-seq to develop the first maps of nascent transcription in 23 human glioblastoma (GBM) brain tumors and patient derived xenografts. Remarkably, >90,000 distal enhancers discovered using the signature of eRNA biogenesis within primary GBMs closely resemble those found in the normal human brain, and diverge substantially from GBM cell models. Despite extensive overall similarity, 12% of enhancers in each GBM distinguish normal and malignant brain tissue. These enhancers drive regulatory programs similar to the developing nervous system and are enriched for transcription factor binding sites that specify a stem-like cell fate. These results demonstrate that GBMs largely retain the enhancer landscape associated with their tissue of origin, but selectively adopt regulatory programs that are responsible for driving stem-like cell properties.
Researching Cyber Weapons: An Enumerative Bibliography

Scholarly literature about cyber weapons can be found in a number of sources, especially in college and university libraries. Articles published in the subject areas of computer science, engineering, export controls, law and military studies are also among the best sources of current analysis assuming they are peer-reviewed and substantiated with research sources. Patent applications, blog posts, and government documents may also provide researchers with valuable information about cyber weapons at various stages of the development and deployment processes. Bibliographies, whether analytic or enumerative, offer researchers a short cut to the relevant published material on the topic. This chapter presents an enumerative bibliography of sources with an overview of other methods useful in locating scholarly papers or updating the ones already found.
Synthesis of High-Oxidation-State Mo═CHX Complexes, Where X = Cl, CF3, Phosphonium, CN

Reactions between (Z)-XCH═CHX, where X = Cl, CF3, CN, and Mo(N-t-Bu)(CH-t-Bu)(OHIPT)Cl(PPh2Me) (OHIPT = O-2,6-(2,4,6-i-Pr3C6H2)2C6H3) produce Mo(N-t-Bu)(CHX)(OHIPT)Cl(PPh2Me) complexes. Addition of 2,2′-bipyridyl (Bipy) yields Mo(N-t-Bu)(CHX)(OHIPT)Cl(Bipy) complexes, which could be isolated and structurally characterized. The reaction between Mo(N-t-Bu)(CH-t-Bu)(OHMT)Cl(PPh2Me) (OHMT = O-2,6-(2,4,6-Me3C6H2)2C6H3) and (Z)-ClCH═CHCl in the presence of Bipy produces a mixture that contains both Mo(N-t-Bu)(CHCl)(OHMT)Cl(PPh2Me) and Mo(N-t-Bu)(CHCl)(OHMT)Cl(Bipy), but the relatively insoluble product that crystallizes from toluene-d8 is the phosphoniomethylidene complex [Mo(N-t-Bu)(CHPPh2Me)(OHMT)Cl(Bipy)]Cl. The Mo(N-t-Bu)(CHX)(OHIPT)Cl(PPh2Me) complexes (X = Cl, CF3) were confirmed to initiate the stereoselective cross-metathesis between (Z)-5-decene and (Z)-XCH═CHX.
Pitfalls and Artifacts

FDG PET is extremely useful in staging and restaging cancer, differentiating malignant from benign processes, and locating otherwise occult sites of malignancy. However, areas of real or apparent FDG activity do not always represent malignancy. In this chapter we will review the more common categories of pitfalls and artifacts and how they can be recognized and avoided. Pitfalls arise when real benign biologic processes result in imaging findings that mimic malignancy. Common pitfalls are seen with abnormal nonmalignant biologic processes, as well as normal physiologic and anatomic variation. Artifacts are imaging findings that arise in the process of patient preparation and imaging. Artifacts can mimic real biologic processes, or can negatively affect the interpretation of real biologic processes. Common artifacts result from errors related to attenuation correction, motion, truncation, glucose and insulin, FDG injection and uptake. When combining PET and CT imaging, some pitfalls and artifacts are avoided, while others may be newly created or multiplied.
Hormonal control of glycogen metabolism.

It is now recognized that both glycogen synthesis and degradation are controlled by covalent modification as well as by soluble cellular effectors. In general, it appears that only the hormonal controls are exerted through covalent phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. By this mechanism one cell type, the endocrine cell, communicates with another cell type, the target cell. The soluble cellular effectors appear to be influenced by nonhormonal as well as hormonal stimuli.
Estrogen and the Breast

Breast estrogen receptors are the same for both endogenous and exogenous hormones. Multiple epidemiologic studies reveal that prolonged endogenous estrogen exposure increases breast cancer risk. Although conflicting, many studies exhibit an increased breast cancer risk for exogenous estrogen exposure. This literature analysis is intended to increase our understanding of the relationship between estrogens and breast cancer risk.
Investigating the effects of an employee wellness coaching intervention on patient engagement and healthcare costs

Responding to the burden of rising healthcare costs, employers have turned to wellness coaching, a holistic behavioral intervention designed to help clients attain wellness-promoting goals across a...
The pedagogy of design and technology at Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans

Xavier University of Louisiana (XULA) is a Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) university located in New Orleans, Louisiana. As an Historically Black University (HBCU), the university serves a diverse community of students in which many are first generation college graduates. Students enrolled in Design courses at XULA are studying in Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Art programs and majoring in subjects such as Computer Science, Physics, Mass Communication, Art, Business, and Science. The interdisciplinary student environment offers a unique opportunity for collaboration and peer learning, whereby students are able to share diverse perspectives on a topic by relating design processes to their fields of study. In laboratory practice, students work on independent and collaborative projects in Product Design and User Experience by developing work through a design process from ideation to production.
New Insights into Electrochemical Ammonia Oxidation on Pt(100) from First Principles

The electrocatalytic ammonia oxidation reaction (AOR) to molecular dinitrogen (N2) is an essential component within a sustainable nitrogen cycle. The state-of-the-art Pt nanocatalyst, preferably te...
Electrophoresis-Based Adaptive Manipulation of Nanowires in Fluid Suspension

Automated, highly precise online manipulation of nanoscale and microscale objects is essential to achieve scalable nanomanufacturing. However, nanoparticles and microparticles exhibit as yet unpredictable and, therefore, uncontrolled variations in their structures or compositions that can limit their functions and properties. In this article, we present an electric field-based adaptive manipulation scheme to precisely control the motion of individual nanowires, online estimate their unknown mobilities, and rapidly plan the desired trajectories with the estimated mobilities. The input saturation is considered in the adaptive controller, and the closed-loop system is proved to be asymptotically stable. The proposed motion planners (MPs), ${{\tt Bi}}$ - ${{\tt iSST}}$ s, are built on and extended by the stable sparse rapidly exploring random tree ( ${{\tt SST}}$ )-based kinodynamic motion-planning algorithms. Two sparse trees are maintained to increase the probability of finding a solution. The ${{\tt Bi}}$ - ${{\tt iSST}}$ algorithms use the workspace information, heuristics, and optimization to effectively guide the search process. When compared with the state-of-the-art algorithms, a ${{\tt Bi}}$ - ${{\tt iSST}}$ variant, the ${{\tt opt}}$ - ${{\tt Bi}}$ - ${{\tt iSST}}$ algorithm, quickly updates feasible solutions with the online estimated mobilities of multiple nanowires and converges to a near-optimal, minimum-time solution to increase the efficiency of simultaneous manipulation of the nanowires. Therefore, without complex characterization of each nanowire’s mobility, the nanowires can be steered simultaneously and efficiently to achieve precisely controlled positions without collisions. Simulation and experimental results confirm that the proposed integrated adaptive manipulation scheme precisely, independently, and simultaneously manipulates the motion of multiple nanowires.
Heterogeneous assets market design

In this paper, we study market design issues for heterogeneous assets. We consider a setting with multiple assets and multiple traders. The new modeling feature is that a social planner can decide to shut down some asset markets so that no traders can trade these assets. We show that closing down some asset markets can increase the total volume of trades by all traders. This is because a smaller number of assets available to trade can reduce coordination failures between different traders, and therefore improves the overall matching efficiency. Using numerical simulation, we study the optimal numbers of markets to open under different scenarios. This has practical implications towards the optimal design of session-based trading protocols in the corporate and municipal bond markets. This problem naturally leads to the use of simulation to select the best system from all possible market design choices. We implement simulation experiments to demonstrate our finding and analyze sensitivities to several market-relevant parameters.
Token fatigue: tolls of marginalization in white male spaces

Using data generated from interviews, participant observation, and archival materials, this article introduces the foundations for token fatigue: the mental, material, and physical penalties exacte...
A Nationwide Study of Skiing and Snowboarding-Related Facial Trauma:

Study Design:Retrospective descriptive observational study.Purpose:Skiing and snowboarding offers valuable opportunities for outdoor physical activity throughout the cold winter months, but these a...
Face and voice perception: Monkey see, monkey hear.

Summary Primate brains contain specialized areas for perceiving social cues. New research shows that only some of these areas integrate visual faces with auditory voices.
Quantification of pial collateral pressure in acute large vessel occlusion stroke: basic concept with patient outcomes.

Pial collateral perfusion to the ischemic penumbra plays a critical role in determining patient outcomes in acute stroke. We aimed to assess the validity and reliability of an intra-procedural technique for measuring and quantifying the pial collateral pressure (QPCP) to ischemic brain tissue during acute stroke secondary to LVO. QPCP measurements were correlated with standard computed tomography angiography (CTA) and digital subtraction angiography imaging assessments of pial collateral perfusion and outcomes after mechanical endovascular revascularization (MER). This prospective cohort study included 60 consecutive patients with middle cerebral artery (MCA)–M1 and proximal M2 occlusions. QPCP measurements were obtained during MER. The validity of QPCP measurements was evaluated using four widely accepted collateral grading scales. QPCP measurements were also analyzed as a predictor of patient outcomes utilizing National Institute of Health Stroke Scale reduction at 24 h and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores at 30 days. QPCP measurements and QPCP ratio (QPCP/systemic mean arterial blood pressure) showed a statistically significant association with single-phase pretreatment CTA Maas and American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology/Society of Interventional Radiology binary grading scales. Patient outcomes demonstrated for every 10-unit increase in QPCP, the odds of mRS 0-2 at 30 days increased by 76% (p = 0.019). QPCP measurements related best with the pretreatment CTA Maas collateral grading scale but were more strongly associated with patient outcomes than any of the four widely accepted collateral grading scales. Greater QPCP was significantly associated with better overall patient outcomes as defined by mRS at 30 days.
The Isolation of Histone from Neurospora crassa

Abstract Two slightly lysine-rich histones (Fractions C-3 and C-4) have been isolated from Neurospora crassa chromatin during exponential growth. Their molecular weights are 14,000 and 8,000, respectively. Fraction C-3 is similar to the histone F2b of calf thymus in molecular weight, amino acid composition, disc gel electrophoretic mobility, and chromatographic behavior on Bio-Gel P-10. Fraction C-4 resembles the other slightly lysine-rich histone F2a2 of calf thymus but the size is much smaller than the histones of higher organisms. N. crassa chromatin contains RNA, histone, and non-histone proteins; the amounts of these components relative to DNA are about 0.14, 0.24, and 0.60 (by weight), respectively. This amount of histone is about one-quarter the amount usually found in eukaryotes.
Cognitive Bias Modification in Mental

Cognitive biases refer to a tendency to favor a particular way of processing information, such as habitually attending to threatening information in the environment, or interpreting ambiguous information in a negative way. Importantly, cognitive biases are linked to a number of emotional problems, such as anxiety and depression, raising the question of whether altering cognitive biases could relieve the symptoms of these disorders. Cognitive bias modification (CBM) refers to a group of interventions typically delivered via computer that alter cognitive biases through repeated practice in processing information in a healthy way (e.g., learning to attend to neutral, rather than threatening, cues). Some research suggests that CBM can ameliorate symptoms of mental illness and reduce emotional vulnerability to stressors. Moreover, CBM's computerized format offers a potentially cost-effective option for wide dissemination, which could prevent and reduce the public health burden of mental illness. At the same time, mixed research findings suggest more research is needed before CBM can be considered a frontline treatment for psychopathology. The current essay describes CBM's theoretical framework, reviews the CBM outcome literature, and explores key questions for future research, such as how CBM works, for whom it works best, and optimal delivery conditions. Keywords: cognitive bias modification; information processing; interpretation; attention; anxiety; depression
9.1 – Chemical Composition and Mineralogy of Marine Sediments

In this chapter, a review of the composition of marine sediments is presented, first addressing pelagic sediments in general, and then considering several specific types of sediments, each dominated by hydrogenous components. In each section, a review of the mineralogy of sediments is followed by an examination of their geochemistry using enrichment factors and factor analysis.
Traffic routing for multi-computer networks with virtual cut-through capability

The problem of selecting routes for interprocess communication in a network with virtual cut-through capability, while balancing the network load and minimizing the number of times that a message gets buffered, is addressed. The approach taken is to formulate the route selection problem as a minimization problem, with a link cost function that depends on the traffic through the link. The form of this cost function is derived on the basis of the probability of establishing a virtual cut-through route. It is shown that this route selection problem is NP-hard, and so an approximate algorithm that tries to reduce the cost incrementally by rerouting traffic is developed. The performance of this algorithm is evaluated for two popular network topologies: the hypercube and the C-wrapped hexagonal mesh. >
Non-uniform random membership management in peer-to-peer networks

Existing random membership management algorithms provide each node with a small, uniformly random subset of global participants. However, many applications would benefit more from non-uniform random member subsets. For instance, non-uniform gossip algorithms can provide distance-based propagation bounds and thus information can reach nearby nodes sooner. In another example, Kleinberg shows that networks with random long-links following distance-based non-uniform distributions exhibit better routing performance than those with uniformly randomized topologies. In this paper, we propose a scalable non-uniform random membership management algorithm, which provides each node with a random membership subset with application-specified probability e.g., with probability inversely proportional to distances. Our algorithm is the first non-uniform random membership management algorithm with proved convergence and bounded convergence time. Moreover, our algorithm does not put specific restrictions on the network topologies and thus has wide applicability.
Gastrointestinal transit the effect of the menstrual cycle

Gastrointestinal transit time as well as serum estradiol and progesterone levels were measured in 15 normally menstruating women twice during their menstrual cycle, once in the follicular phase (days 8-10) when progesterone levels are low and once in the luteal phase (days 18-20) when progesterone levels are increased. Each subject had a progesterone rise during the luteal phase and onset of menses at the expected time documenting ovulatory cycles. Gastrointestinal transit time from ingestion of lactulose to the delivery of the disaccharide to the cecum was determined by monitoring breath hydrogen levels at 10-min intervals. Gastrointestinal transit time was significantly (p less than 0.01) prolonged in the luteal phase when progesterone levels were increased compared with the follicular phase. This study demonstrates that the menstrual cycle plays an important role in determining the gastrointestinal transit time in normally menstruating women.