cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk of heavy drinking among sexual minority adolescents: indirect pathways through sexual orientation-related victimization and affiliation with substance-using peers.

AIMS: To test two indirect pathways through which sexual minority adolescents (SMAs) may be at risk for heavy episodic drinking (HED) including a socialization pathway via substance-using peer affiliations and social marginalization pathway via sexual minority-specific victimization and subsequent substance-using peer affiliations. DESIGN: Analysis of the first three waves (six-months apart) of a longitudinal adolescent health risk study (2011-2014). Participants were referred by medical providers or a screening system in providers' waiting rooms. SETTING: Two large urban adolescent health clinics in Pennsylvania and Ohio, USA. PARTICIPANTS: 290 adolescents (ages 14-19, mean: 17) who were 71% female, 33% non-Hispanic White, and 34% SMAs. MEASUREMENTS: Self-reported sexual minority status (wave 1) and affiliation with substance-using peers (waves 1 and 2), and latent sexual-minority specific victimization (waves 1 and 2) and HED (waves 1 and 3) variables. FINDINGS: Using mediation analyses in a structural equation modeling framework, there was a significant indirect effect of sexual minority status (wave 1) on HED (wave 3) via affiliation with substance-using peers (wave 2; indirect effect = 0.03, 95%CI: 0.01, 0.07), after accounting for the indirect effect of sexual-orientation related victimization (wave 2; indirect effect = .10, 95%CI: 0.02-0.19). The social marginalization pathway was not supported as victimization (wave 1) was not associated with affiliation with substance-using peers (wave 2; β = -.04, p = .66). Sex differences in the indirect effects were not detected (ps > .10). CONCLUSIONS: Sexual minority adolescents in the US appear to exhibit increased heavy episodic drinking via an indirect socialization pathway including affiliations with substance-using peers and a concurrent indirect pathway involving sexual minority-related victimization. The pathways appear to operate similarly for boys and girls. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Language: en
The Autospreader Flap for Midvault Reconstruction following Dorsal Hump Resection

Dorsal hump reduction without adequate reconstitution of the midvault can often result in cosmetic or functional problems. One of the simplest techniques to avoid these problems is the use of the excess upper lateral cartilage to reconstruct the midvault (the spreader flap or autospreader). Herein we outline the history of the technique and present the specific indications and contraindications, as well as describe our method for achieving it successfully. Case studies are presented with the specific indications. Grafting alternatives to the spreader flap are also outlined. The spreader flap technique offers multiple advantages, including maximal use of local tissues, simplicity, and airway preservation. Disadvantages are the use of an external approach and the inability to use it alone in the presence of severe asymmetries.
Examining Shifts in Preservice Teachers' Beliefs and Attitudes toward Writing Instruction.

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of integrating self-reflection, focused instruction, and field practice in a semester-long language arts course in order to shift early childhood preservice teachers’ (PSTs) beliefs and attitudes about writing instruction, as well as their development and planned use of tools for instruction. The findings revealed that a course focused primarily on preparing PSTs to teach writing can influence PSTs’ definitions of writing, the importance they place on writing instruction, their self-efficacy related to teaching writing, and their tools for instruction.
221 BILATERAL PARAVERTEBRAL BLOCK VERSUS INTRAOPERATIVE LOCAL ANESTHETIC IN REDUCTION OF NARCOTIC AND ANTIEMETIC USAGE.

Purpose Bilateral paravertebral block (PVB) is an anesthetic method that anesthetizes the intervertebral nerves as they exit the intervertebral foramina by single-injection or a continuous catheter technique. The technique was originally used in abdominal surgery by Hugo Sellhiem in early 1919. However, it remained relatively unused until its resurrection by Eason and Wyatt in 1979 and its application to ambulatory care by Wood in 1981. Since its employment in breast cancer surgery by Weltz in 1995, PVB has been used as the primary method of anesthesia or as an adjunct analgesic in breast surgery procedures. Bilateral PVB provides an alternative in care for breast surgery patients due to its ability to decrease pain and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). A retrospective study of patients undergoing primary augmentation and mastopexy augmentation was done to compare outcomes of those patients that received bilateral PVBs to those that received intraoperative local anesthesia. Methods The charts of primary breast augmentation and augmentation mastopexy patients that received either bilateral PVBs or intraoperative local anesthesia were reviewed. The end points chosen for comparison were the amount of narcotics used intraoperatively and in the recovery room, the length of time in the recovery room, and the number of antiemetics given. Results Preliminary data show that the patients who received bilateral PVB as their anesthetic method used less narcotics intraoperatively and postoperatively as well as less antiemetics when compared with patients that received intraoperative local anesthetic. Conclusions Bilateral PVBs appear to decrease intraoperative and postoperative narcotic and antiemetic use when compared to intraoperative local anesthesia. Further prospective studies will be conducted to assess the use of bilateral PVBs as primary anesthesia.
The Preparation of Pyrrolyl Metal Complexes and Their Applications in Organic Synthesis

This paper presents a review on the recent developments of the Pyrrolyl metal co-mplexes, and a detail discussion on the preparation of σ_N-, σ_C-and π-pyrrolyl metal comp-lexes and their applications as synthesis reagents and catalysts in organic synthesis.
A Comparison of Methods to Assess Mastectomy Flap Viability in Skin-Sparing Mastectomy and Immediate Reconstruction: A Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND Skin-sparing mastectomy with immediate reconstruction can yield excellent aesthetic results, but high rates of mastectomy flap necrosis have been reported. A prospective cohort study was undertaken to compare three methods of assessing mastectomy flap viability following skin-sparing mastectomy and immediate reconstruction to determine which is most effective in reducing mastectomy flap necrosis. METHODS The study group included 60 consecutive patients (99 breasts) undergoing skin-sparing mastectomy and immediate reconstruction with either tissue expanders (n = 39) or transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flaps (n = 21). Mastectomy flap viability was assessed either visually (n = 20), with fluorescein dye and Wood's lamp imaging (n = 20), or by indocyanine green angiography (n = 20). Variation across groups was analyzed using analysis of variance for continuous variables and chi-square test for dichotomous variables. RESULTS The mean follow-up was 10 months. There were no significant differences in mean age, body mass index, medical history, smoking history, pathologic diagnosis, chemotherapy, or reconstruction type. Mastectomy flap necrosis was observed in eight of 30 breasts in the direct visualization group (27 percent), compared with 14 percent in the indocyanine green angiography group and 3 percent in the fluorescein group (p = 0.03). The reoperation rate in the direct visualization group was 20 percent, compared with 15 percent in the indocyanine green angiography group and 0 percent in the fluorescein group. CONCLUSIONS Fluorescein dye was associated with the lowest rate of complications after skin-sparing mastectomy, but indocyanine green angiography was also shown to reduce mastectomy flap necrosis compared with direct visualization. Routine imaging of mastectomy flap perfusion seems to be beneficial in skin-sparing mastectomy, but intravenous fluorescein may be as effective as more expensive modalities. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, II.
Violence, Nonviolence, and the Palestinian National Movement: Comparisons: South Africa and Northern Ireland

A full test of the generalizability of the organizational mediation theory of protest is beyond the scope of this book. However, preliminary analysis of the South Africa antiapartheid struggle and the Northern Ireland republican movement demonstrates the promise of its broad application. These cases differ from the Palestinian national movement with regard to the culture and social structure of the populations involved and the international and regional contexts in which they were embedded. Nevertheless, important commonalities indicate a sound basis for comparison. All three are self-determination movements that developed through various stages over the greater part of the 20th century. Each viewed its struggle as that of an indigenous population against dispossession that occurred when another people, facilitated by imperial power, settled their homeland. Conflicting claims to political power over a single territory spawned protracted conflicts in which insurgent national movements fought a state, as well as another ethnic, sectarian, or national group. In this context, the South African, Northern Irish, and Palestinian movements employed a mixture of armed and unarmed strategies. They ultimately engaged in peace negotiations as well. Along the way, each movement struggled with the challenge of unifying its ranks, asserting command and control, and instituting legitimate rules for the resolution of internal disputes over strategy, ideology, and external alliances. Each movement’s success in doing so depended on the extent to which its organizational structure was made cohesive through leadership, institutions, and collective purpose. In turn, this organizational cohesion or fragmentation systematically mediated the movements’ abilities to engage in nonviolent protest, as well as their propensities toward violence. South Africa European penetration of what became South Africa began in the 17th century with Dutch and other settlers from northwest Europe, who came to be known as Afrikaners. Colonists from Great Britain arrived later. In 1910 the Union of South Africa combined these British colonies, Afrikaner republics, and neighboring African kingdoms as a dominion of the British Empire. The country’s white minority proceeded to establish its domination over the 75 percent of the population that was not white. It did so through a series of informal and formal rules, such as those confining the right to vote to whites, restricting Africans’ landownership to reserves, requiring nonwhites to carry passes at all times, and barring them from skilled trades. By the time South Africa attained independence in 1931, racial segregation and discrimination pervaded all areas of politics, economics, and society.
Cohomological Dimension Theory

The paper outlines the development of the cohomological dimension theory from its beginning (around 1930) to the present. The emphasis is on the main ideas and on the interaction between geometric intuition and the powerof algebra. The historical development of ideas is mentioned with an explanation from the modern point of view.
Facing the Stranger in the Mirror in Illness, Disability, and Physical Decline

“Facing the Stranger in the Mirror in Illness, Disability, and Physical Decline” draws on studies of illness and disability to illuminate the embodied experiences of older women who are socially shamed and devalued because they are chronically ill or disabled or physically infirm. If women experience shame because they inhabit bodies visibly marked by the signs of age, they experience even more shame in this era of successful or healthy aging if they suffer from the chronic illnesses or functional limitations or physical disabilities that are part of the natural aging process. As this chapter focuses on older women’s embodied experiences of the disabling conditions or chronic illnesses that accompany aging, it covers both fictional and nonfiction post-1960 works by women authors, including Mary Felstiner, Jackie Stacey, Jo Spence, Christina Middlebrook, Susan Gubar, Nancy Mairs, Thea Astley, May Sarton, Margaret Laurence, Doris Lessing, and Pat Barker.
Difference co-array methods for reconstructing elementary dipole sources from near-field measurements in underwater mediums

We consider the problem of imaging small current sources embedded in an underwater medium by means of a novel compressive Near-field Electromagnetic Holography (NEH) method. Near-field measurements of the electromagnetic field are represented by a finite combination of electric and magnetic dipoles distributed over a source surface. We investigate a co-array formulation of the resulting linear model by means of a Khatri-Rao product of the forward projection operators. We illustrate that such a formulation can dramatically increase the degrees of freedom which can be leveraged through a compressive inversion method. We illustrate proof of concept of the proposed approach using planar magnetic array measurements taken in an earth field simulator (EFS). The data presented in this paper was graciously obtained under permission from DRDC Atlantic.
Breaking the paradigm: record quindecim charged magnetic ionic liquids

A family of bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide-based ionic liquids of composition [RE5(C2H5-C3H3N2-CH2COO)16(H2O)8](Tf2N)15 (RE = Er, Ho, Tm; C3H3N2 ≡ imidazolium moiety) featuring the cationic, record quindecim {15+} charged pentanuclear rare earth (RE)-containing ion [RE5(C2H5-C3H3N2-CH2COO)16(H2O)8]15+ has been synthesized and characterized. In addition, due to the presence of rare earth ions, these ionic liquids show a response to magnetic fields with the highest effective magnetic moment observed so far for an ionic liquid and are rare examples of ionic liquids showing luminescence in the near-infrared. These ionic liquids also were successfully employed in a three-component synthesis of 2-pyrrolo-3′-yloxindole with an extremely low (<0.035 mol%) catalyst loading rate.
Interferon-based chemoradiation followed by gemcitabine for resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma: long-term follow-up.

Abstract To report long-term follow up of a phase II, single-arm trial of resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) treated with adjuvant interferon-based chemoradiation followed by gemcitabine to determine survival, recurrence, and complications. Methods From 2002 to 2005, 53 patients with PDAC underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy and received adjuvant interferon-based chemoradiation consisting of external-beam irradiation and simultaneous 3-drug chemotherapy of continuous daily 5-fluorouracil infusion, weekly intravenous bolus cisplatin, and subcutaneous interferon-α, followed by two months of weekly intravenous gemcitabine. Results Actual overall survival for the 5- and 10-year periods were 26% and 10%, respectively, with a median overall survival of 25 months (95% CI: 16.4–38.5). Adverse prognostic factors on multivariate analysis were positive tumor margin ( p p p p p p Conclusions Adjuvant interferon-based chemoradiation for PDAC improves long-term survival compared to standard therapy. However, recurrence rates and long-term complications remain high, thus further studies are indicated to assess patient characteristics that indicate a favorable treatment profile.
Fluorometric Quantification of Specific Chemical Species in Single Cells

Chemical and biochemical analyses of homogenized tissue, once considered suitable to describe the chemical content of a tissue, are, in fact, inadequate because of heterogeneity of cell types and chemical composition that may exist within a tissue. Using microanalytic techniques, tissues can be dispersed into single cell units and analyzed by fluorescence. The cell becomes a microcuvette having a volume of a few nanoliters, and the microscope objective and eyepiece coupled to a photodetector becomes the spectrofluorometer.
The legacy of William Vennard and D. Ralph Appelman and their influence on singing voice pedagogy: reflections after 50 years (1967–2017)

The year 2017 marks the 50th anniversary of two seminal textbooks in the history of singing voice pedagogy: D. Ralph Appelman’s The Science of Vocal Pedagogy: Theory and Application and the revised...
Molecular Pathology of Head and Neck Cancer

Recent advances in molecular biology have changed the way we approach, diagnose, and treat cancers of the head and neck. Notable advances in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) include the association of tumor suppressor genes with the human papilloma virus (HPV) in a subset of patients without the traditional risk factors of smoking and alcohol use. The detection of viruses in head and neck malignancies lends not only important diagnostic but also prognostic information as in the case of both HPV in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and Epstein bar virus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Multiple gene mutations have now been detected in various head and neck cancers, including EGFR and p16 in HNSCC and BRAF and RET gene mutations in thyroid carcinomas. Novel molecular therapies are being developed specifically targeting these genes. The future of state of the art therapy in head and neck cancer is based on further advances in molecular biology. This chapter provides an overview of the most up to date understanding of the molecular biology underlying head and neck cancer pathology. We also highlight future directions in both diagnosis and treatment of head and neck cancers based on the most recent research advances.
Red algal Rubisco fails to accumulate in transplastomic tobacco expressing Griffithsia monilis RbcL and RbcS genes

In C3 plants, the carbon fixation step catalyzed by ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) represents a major rate-limiting step due to the competing oxygenation reaction, which leads to the energy-intensive photorespiration and lowers the overall photosynthetic efficiency. Hence, there is great biotechnological interest in replacing the Rubisco in C3 crops with a more efficient enzyme. The Rubisco enzymes from red algae are among the most attractive choices due to their remarkable preference for carboxylation over oxygenation reaction. However, the biogenesis of Rubisco is extremely complex. The Rubisco enzymes in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria are made up of eight large and eight small subunits. The folding of the large subunits and the assembly of the large subunits with the small subunits to form a functional holoenzyme require specific chaperonin complexes and assembly factors. As a result, previous success in expressing foreign Rubisco in plants has been limited to Rubisco large subunits from closely related plant species and simpler bacterial enzymes. In our previous work, we successfully replaced the Rubisco in tobacco with a cyanobacterial enzyme, which was able to support the phototrophic growth of the transgenic plants. In this work, we used the same approach to express the Rubisco subunits from the red alga Griffithsia monilis in tobacco chloroplasts in the absence of the tobacco Rubisco large subunit. Although the red algal Rubisco genes are being transcribed in tobacco chloroplasts, the transgenic plants lack functional Rubisco and can only grow in a medium containing sucrose. Our results suggest that co-expression of compatible chaperones will be necessary for successful assembly of red algal Rubisco in plants.
Interactive Learning in a Multicultural Setting

Learning occurs in a cultural context. In the 1950s, educators and anthropologists started to evaluate educational systems within their cultural context. Educator David Kolb (1984) proposed a theor...
Understanding, predicting and preventing failure of Ti–Ni shape memory alloys used in medical implants

Abstract In this chapter, the focus is on the mechanical fatigue of shape memory alloys intended for use in biomedical applications. Emphasis is placed on understanding the current state of knowledge regarding processing–structure–property relationships under cyclic loading. In addition, the major factors to consider when designing a Ti–Ni device for resistance to mechanical fatigue are discussed.
Long-Term Release of Perchlorate as a Potential Source of Groundwater Contamination

Recently, perchlorate has been found at appreciable levels in the drinking water supplies of California and other southwestern states.1 Water suppliers have detected concentrations at part per billion levels, but some have found concentrations as high as 280 μg L−1. Perchlorate has also been detected in Lake Mead and the Colorado River at ppb levels. The source of the perchlorate ion is the salt, ammonium perchlorate, which is used predominately as an oxidizer in solid rocket fuel and fireworks. Perchlorate has been released to the environment from manufacturing facilities and solid rocket booster testing and maintenance sites. Perchlorate has also been reported in certain fertilizers at concentrations up to 0.84 % w/w.2
REFLECTIONS ON THE EVOLUTIONARY TRANSITION FROM PROKARYOTES TO EUKARYOTES

Publisher Summary This chapter presents reflections on the evolutionary transition from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. Because evolution in the stationary plants was relatively slow, only animal evolution is considered in the following discussion. It is pointed out that the eventual fast acceleration after a long induction period must be rooted in the drastic transformation of a prokaryote into a eukaryote cell type. A reconstruction lies within experimentally accessible domains because both the prokaryotes and the eukaryotes are easily available for study. Yet only recently has evidence built up to enable one to begin to understand the insularity of the energy-transducing organelles within the eukaryote cell. Earlier, when studying homogenates of E. coli and liver, Ochoa and Rendi and Nathans and Lipmann simultaneously showed that the respective ribosomes were not cross-complemented by their supernatant factors. There is great use of photosynthesizing implementation of eukaryotes, predominantly in the fungi and represented by the great variety of lichens and in aquatic polycellulars; the latter generally develop in families called Viridans .
NLP@UIOWA at SemEval-2019 Task 6: Classifying the Crass using Multi-windowed CNNs

This paper proposes a system for OffensEval (SemEval 2019 Task 6), which calls for a system to classify offensive language into several categories. Our system is a text based CNN, which learns only from the provided training data. Our system achieves 80 - 90% accuracy for the binary classification problems (offensive vs not offensive and targeted vs untargeted) and 63% accuracy for trinary classification (group vs individual vs other).
Effect of yohimbine hydrochloride on erectile impotence: a double-blind study.

AbstractA double-blind, partial crossover study on the therapeutic effect of yohimbine hydrochloride on erectile dysfunction was done in 82 sexually impotent patients. All patients underwent a multifactorial evaluation, including determination of penile brachial blood pressure index, cavernosography, sacral evoked response, testosterone and prolactin determination, Derogatis sexual dysfunction inventory and daytime arousal test. After 1 month of treatment with a maximum of 42.0mg. oral yohimbine hydrochloride daily 14 per cent of the patients experienced restoration of full and sustained erections, 20 per cent reported a partial response to the therapy and 65 per cent reported no improvement. Three patients reported a positive placebo effect. Maximum effect takes 2 to 3 weeks to manifest itself. Yohimbine was active in some patients with arterial insufficiency and a unilateral sacral reflex arc lesion, and in 1 with low serum testosterone levels.The 34 per cent response is encouraging, particularly in a V...
AlgoBOWL: A Competition-Based Group Project for Algorithms Courses

We describe a competition-based group project that has been in use in the Algorithms course at our institution each semester since 2012. The class is given an NP-hard optimization problem; each student group is asked to create a heuristic algorithm for the problem. The heuristic is run on a set of inputs (with each group supplying one input) and groups are ranked based on their aggregate performance within a specified time period. This paper describes our experience with this approach, including challenges, and our recent efforts to address these through a web application used to facilitate the competition.
Introduction to Part II: What Is a System?

Energy is a large systems problem and energy strategists need to think in systems to be effective in making change. A system is a group of interacting and interrelating objects that function as a whole. On the inside are processes and on the outside is the environment, or context. These two are separated by the boundary. Boundaries can be a limiting constraint, eliminating distractions and focusing the team onto what’s important. Boundaries can be an enabling constraint, giving an anchor for exploration and unlocking play. Performance improvements happen inside the boundaries. Disruptive innovations happen at the boundaries. Communicating in boundary conditions can communicate entire systems. Part II develops these concepts further in three chapters.
Innovative Humanitarian Health Financing for Refugees

More than 68 million persons globally are currently forcibly displaced, of which over 23 million are refugees. Conflicts are increasing, and existing ones are becoming more protracted; a refugee remains a refugee for over 10 years (World Bank, Forcibly displaced: Toward a development approach supporting refugees, the internally displaced, and their hosts. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2017). The current modalities used to fund refugee emergencies are not sustainable, and will become even less so as health needs increase and health services become more expensive.
The role of microRNAs in the legume–Rhizobium nitrogen-fixing symbiosis

Under nitrogen starvation, most legume plants form a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with Rhizobium bacteria. The bacteria induce the formation of a novel organ called the nodule in which rhizobia reside as intracellular symbionts and convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia. During this symbiosis, miRNAs are essential for coordinating the various plant processes required for nodule formation and function. miRNAs are non-coding, endogenous RNA molecules, typically 20-24 nucleotides long, that negatively regulate the expression of their target mRNAs. Some miRNAs can move systemically within plant tissues through the vascular system, which mediates, for example, communication between the stem/leaf tissues and the roots. In this review, we summarize the growing number of miRNAs that function during legume nodulation focusing on two model legumes, Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula, and two important legume crops, soybean (Glycine max) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). This regulation impacts a variety of physiological processes including hormone signaling and spatial regulation of gene expression. The role of mobile miRNAs in regulating legume nodule number is also highlighted.
Atoms in quasilocal integral domains and Cohen–Kaplansky domains

Let (R,M) be a quasilocal integral domain. We investigate the set of irreducible elements (atoms) of R. Special attention is given to the set of atoms in M∖M2 and to the existence of atoms in M2. W...
Bioinspired Triangular Patterns on Flat Surfaces for Water Harvesting

It has been mentioned in Chap. 3, that cactus spines and spider silk take advantage of the conical geometry to drive water droplets by Laplace pressure gradient for water transport and storage/use, before they are evaporated. Bioinspired surfaces with conical geometry for water harvesting from fog and/or condensation of water vapor have been inspired by the cactus spine and spider silk (Bhushan in Biomimetics: bioinspired hierarchical-structured surfaces for green science and technology. Springer International, Cham, 2018; Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 377:20190119, 2019). In addition, triangular geometries on flat surfaces, inspired by cactus spines, have been pioneered by Song and Bhushan (Philos Trans R Soc A 377:20180335, 20190127, 20190128, 2019a; J Colloid Interface Sci 557:528–538, 2019d) for water harvesting from fog and/or condensation of water vapor.
Application factors associated with clinical performance during pediatric internship.

Abstract Objective Our goal was to identify aspects of residency applications predictive of subsequent performance during pediatric internship. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of graduates of US medical schools who began pediatric internship in a large pediatric residency program in the summers of 2013 to 2017. The primary outcome was the weighted average of subjects’ Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education pediatric Milestone scores at the end of pediatric internship. To determine factors independently associated with performance, we conducted multivariate linear mixed-effects models controlling for match year and Milestone grading committee as random effects and the following application factors as fixed effects: letter of recommendation strength, clerkship grades, medical school reputation, master's or PhD degrees, gender, US Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 score, Alpha Omega Alpha membership, private medical school, and interview score. Results Our study population included 195 interns. In multivariate analyses, the aspects of applications significantly associated with composite Milestone scores at the end of internship were letter of recommendation strength (estimate 0.09, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.04, 0.15), numbers of clerkship honors (est. 0.05, 95% CI: 0.01–0.09), medical school ranking (est. 0.04, 95% CI: 0.08–0.01), having a master's degree (est. 0.19, 95% CI: 0.03–0.36), and not having a PhD (est. 0.14, 95% CI: 0.02–0.26). Overall, the final model explained 18% of the variance in milestone scoring. Conclusions Letter of recommendation strength, clerkship grades, medical school ranking, and having obtained a Master's degree were significantly associated with higher clinical performance during pediatric internship.
A Systematic Review of Educational Mobile-Applications (Apps) for Surgery Residents: Simulation and Beyond

Introduction The number of mobile-applications (Apps) increases daily. The regulation of App content is minimal yet surgical residents use these in daily educational practice. Surgical educators must be aware of the quality, efficacy, and validity of Apps available to effectively educate residents. The aim of this review was to determine the quality, efficacy, and validity evidence for educational Apps used by surgical residents. Materials and Methods We searched PubMed, Embase, and ERIC for articles published before September 1, 2019. Controlled vocabulary and natural language describing Apps/surgical residents were used. Two reviewers evaluated abstracts for inclusion. Inclusion criteria: studies measuring the quality, efficacy, or validity of educational Apps for surgical residents. Data was extracted from full text of included articles: study design, participants, App investigated, App development, evidence for efficacy, or validity of App. Results Initial search identified 278 articles. 64 articles were duplicates and 214 articles were screened. A further 156 were excluded with 58 full text articles assessed for eligibility. Forty-five were included in analysis. Simulation (9/45) and Feedback (15/45) Apps were the most commonly studied in surgical residents. These were the main Apps that provided validity evidence for their use in education. Conclusion Surgical education is evolving as educational technology becomes more prevalent. To be effective as surgical educators we must understand and appropriately use available tools. Of the educational Apps studied (21 Apps in 8 categories), only 3 categories reported validity evidence. Future studies should take care to measure validity and efficacy of educational Apps for surgical education to ensure quality control.
Regional variation in COVID-19 disparities: connections with immigrant and Latinx communities in U.S. counties.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate associations between counties’ COVID-19 cases and racial-ethnic and nativity composition, considering heterogeneity across Latin American-origin subgroups and regions of the United States. Methods Using county-level data and multilevel negative binomial models, we evaluate associations between COVID-19 cases and percentages of residents that are foreign-born, Latinx, Black, or Asian, presenting estimates for all counties combined and stratifying across regions. Given varying risk factors among Latinx, we also evaluate associations for percentages of residents from specific Latin American-origin groups. Results Percentage of foreign-born residents is positively associated with COVID-19 case rate (IRR = 1.106; 95% CI: 1.074–1.139). Adjusted associations for percentage Latinx are nonsignificant for all counties combined, but this obscures heterogeneity. Counties with more Central Americans have higher case rates (IRR = 1.130; 95% CI: 1.067–1.197). And, in the Northeast and Midwest, counties with more Puerto Ricans have higher case rates. Associations with percentage Asians are nonsignificant after adjusting for percentage foreign-born. With the confirmation of prior evidence, the percentage of Black residents is positively and robustly associated with COVID-19 case rate (IRR = 1.031; 95% CI: 1.025–1.036). Conclusions Counties with more immigrants, as well as more Central American or Black residents, have more COVID-19 cases. In the Northeast and Midwest, counties with more Puerto Rican residents also have more COVID-19 cases.
Abstract 17158: Patient-Specific Analysis of Pre-Surgical Leaflet Deformations to Predict Outcomes of Surgical Repair for Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation

Introduction: Ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) is a highly prevalent disorder, and current methods of repair have suboptimal rates of failure. Accounting for patient-specific variations in the p...
Molecular and genetic biomarkers implemented from next-generation sequencing provide treatment insights in clinical practice for Waldenström macroglobulinemia.

Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) is a distinct type of indolent lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL) with a high frequency of MYD88L265P mutation. Treatment for WM/LPL is highly variable in clinic and ibrutinib (a Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor, BTKi) has become a new treatment option for WM. To investigate the clinical impact of genetic alterations in WM, we assembled a large cohort of 219 WMs and 12 LPLs dividing into two subcohorts: a training cohort, patients sequenced by a same targeted 29-gene next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel, and a validation cohort, patients sequenced by allele specific-PCR or other targeted NGS panels. In both training and validation subcohorts, MYD88L265P and TP53 mutations showed favorable and adverse prognostic effects, respectively. CXCR4 nonsense/missense mutations (CXCR4NS/MS), cytogenetic complex karyotypes, and a family history of lymphoma/leukemia in first-degree relatives were associated with significantly worse clinical outcomes only or more in the validation subcohort. We further investigated the efficacy of various treatments and interaction with genetic factors in the entire cohort. Upfront dexamethasone usage was associated with poorer clinical outcomes in patients who received non-proteasome-containing chemotherapy as first-line treatment independent of genetic factors. Maintenance rituximab was associated with better survival. Ibrutinib/BTKi showed potential benefit in relapsed/refractory patients and patients without CXCR4NS/MS including those with TP53 mutations. In conclusion, genetic testing for MYD88L265P, TP53, and CXCR4 mutations and cytogenetic analysis provide important information for prognosis prediction and therapy selection. The findings in these study are valuable for improving treatment decisions on therapies available for WM/LPL patients with integration of NGS in clinic.
Re-Speaking the Bill of Rights: A New Doctrine of Incorporation

The incorporation of the Bill of Rights against the states by way of the Fourteenth Amendment raises a host of textual, historical and doctrinal difficulties. This is true even if (especially if) we accept the Fourteenth Amendment as having made the original Bill of Rights binding against the states. For example, do we have two Bills of Rights, one applicable against the federal government with one meaning, and a second applicable against the state governments with a different meaning? If historical understanding is to guide the interpretation of the incorporated Bill of Rights, is that understanding rooted in 1791, the year the people ratified the original Bill of Rights? Or is it rooted in 1868, when a new people added the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution? Do 1791 understandings carry forward into the 1868 amendment? Or do 1868 understandings of the Bill of Rights carry backward into the 1791 amendments by way of the doctrine of “reverse incorporation?” This essay proposes a new theory of incorporation (and reverse incorporation) that resolves these difficulties, one based on the text and historical understanding of the Fourteenth Amendment. When the people of 1868 ratified the opening sentence of the Fourteenth Amendment, their sovereign voice brought into constitutional existence “citizens of the United States” who, by definition, enjoyed certain “privileges or immunities.” The second sentence makes these privileges and immunities of national citizenship applicable against the states. If the people of 1868 understood the term “privileges or immunities” to include the rights enumerated in the 1791 amendments, then the two opening sentences of Section One of the Fourteenth Amendment effectively “re-speak” the Bill of Rights as 1868 privileges and immunities. Re-spoken by a new people in a new context, these 1791 words communicated a new understanding of the Bill of Rights — that held by the people of 1868 and which equally binds both federal and state governments.
A kinetic study of Hg(0) oxidation over Mo-promoted V-based SCR catalyst

Abstract A kinetic study of elemental mercury (Hg(0)) oxidation reaction over molybdenum (Mo)-promoted vanadium (V)-based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst was carried out. To probe the role of HCl and O2 in Hg(0) oxidation over the catalyst, a real-time Hg(0) oxidation experiment was conducted. It was found that Hg(0) adsorption was negligible and HCl adsorbed onto the catalyst surface could show consistent Hg(0) oxidation performances in the presence of O2 at realistic SCR temperatures. NH3 showed competitive adsorption with HCl, resulting in degrading Hg(0) oxidation performance. X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (XANES) data for mercury species showed that HgCl2 was the major mercury species formed onto the spent catalyst under typical flue gas conditions. Based on the current and previous studies, an Eley-Rideal followed by Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism was proposed, comprising multiple elementary reaction steps. A steady-state kinetic study was conducted based on an assumption of HgCl formation as a rate-determining step. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters determined from this study shed light on fundamental insights and practical catalytic reactor designs.
Comparative studies in crustacean neurosecretory hyperglycemic hormones. I. The initial survey.

Abstract Comparative studies of hyperglycemic hormone (HGH) in crustaceans furnish evidence for species differences in molecular structure of HGH. This evidence consists of: interspecific differences in hyperglycemic response to cross tests with injected extracts; differences in elution volumes after chromatography on DEAE-cellulose between Cancer, Pandalus , and Orconectes material; different mobilities on gel acrylamide electrophoresis of HGH from the three species. Steps in the purification are described.
Clinical Perineal Streptococcal Infection in Children: Epidemiologic Features, Low Symptomatic Recurrence Rate after Treatment, and Risk Factors for Recurrence

Objectives To evaluate the epidemiology of perineal streptococcal infection and recurrence rates following amoxicillin treatment. Study design We used laboratory logs in a single pediatric practice to identify patients 0-18 years of age with perineal cultures positive for group A Streptococcus (GAS) and reviewed their medical charts. We described epidemiologic features, determined recurrence rates following antibiotic treatment, and performed a case-control study to identify possible risk factors for recurrence in patients treated with amoxicillin. Results We found a perineal streptococcal infection rate of 4.6 per 10 000 patient encounters and a recurrence rate in 157 patients with perineal streptococcal infection of 12.4% after amoxicillin. In male patients, the predominant site of involvement was the perianal region (86%), and for female patients, the perivaginal area (62%). Nearly 80% of patients were 2-7 years of age (range 18 days-12.5 years). Perineal streptococcal infection and GAS pharyngitis followed a similar seasonal pattern of occurrence with 65% of perineal streptococcal infection occurring October through March. In patients with perineal streptococcal infection, 95% had a concomitant pharyngeal culture positive for GAS. Best predictive factors for recurrence after amoxicillin were longer duration of symptoms prior to diagnosis and having a sibling with perineal streptococcal infection at some time before or after the initial episode. Conclusions Following treatment with amoxicillin, we found a low recurrence rate of 12.4%. Amoxicillin can be expected to be reliable first-line therapy for perineal streptococcal infection.
Toward Better Understanding of the Learning Goal Orientation–Creativity Relationship: The Role of Positive Psychological Capital

With employee creativity becoming increasingly critical to the competitiveness of today's organisations, there is a need to better understand and refine the role that positive psychological constructs such as learning goal orientation (LGO) and the now recognised psychological capital (PsyCap) may play in influencing creativity. In this study (N = 405 software engineers nested in 56 teams from China), we drew from social learning theory and the theory of situational strength to test a cross-level moderated mediation model and found that the positive relationship between LGO and PsyCap was stronger in teams low in learning behavior (i.e. weaker situational strength) and that the indirect effect of LGO on creativity via PsyCap was significant when team learning behavior was moderate or low. Thus, our study results indicate that when the team context is less favorable for learning behavior, LGO individuals can draw from their PsyCap to generate creativity. The contributions to theory development, directions for future research, and practical implications conclude the article.
Clean Water State Revolving Fund Loans and Landowner Investments in Agricultural Best Management Practices in Iowa1

Arbuckle, Jr., J. Gordon, 2012. Clean Water State Revolving Fund Loans and Landowner Investments in Agricultural Best Management Practices in Iowa. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1-9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2012.00688.x Abstract: Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) loan programs for water quality have traditionally funded infrastructure projects at the community, municipality, or state level. They are increasingly being used to support individual landowner adoption of agricultural best management practices (BMPs) for nonpoint source pollution abatement. In 2005, the Iowa CWSRF initiated the Local Water Protection Program (LWPP) to increase the scope, scale, and rate of agricultural BMP establishment. This research examines the effectiveness of that program through a comparison of survey data from LWPP participants and state cost-share recipients who were eligible for loans, but did not take them. Loan recipients’ assessments of the program were overwhelmingly positive, with near-universal satisfaction with both the loan product and process. Results of statistical analyses indicate that loan recipients invested substantially more in conservation than nonrecipients. Evidence suggests that by helping program participants to overcome financial constraints, loans are facilitating larger and accelerated investments in conservation. Although findings indicate that conservation loans can play an important role in funding conservation, loan recipients also still depend on cost-share. Loans are not necessarily a substitute for traditional forms of conservation funding, but rather another tool that landowners and conservation professionals can employ to facilitate investments in BMPs.
Local oxygen tension and its relationship to unit activity during penicillin interictal discharges in the bullfrog hippocampus

Simultaneous measurements of extracellular unit activity and pO2 were made with single polarographic microelectrodes in penicillin foci of the bullfrog hippocampus. Individual penicillin-induced ECoG interictal discharges were often associated with both a burst of extracellular unit activity and a simultaneous transient decrease in pO2. The bursts of unit activity lasted up to 1500 msec and were followed by longer periods of inhibition. Transient decreases in pO2 began within 150 msec of the onsets of the bursts but outlasted the bursts by many seconds. The durations of the pO2 transients ranged from 10 to 90 sec, depending upon the frequency of interictal discharges. When the frequency of interictal discharges increased, the pO2 transients summated such that pO2 approached 0 mm Hg. The magnitude of the pO2 decrease was related to both the baseline pO2 and the intensity of the associated burst of action potentials. The transient decrease in pO2 most likely represents increased local tissue O2 consumption. These measurements provide, for the first time, a means of assessing the relationship between local neuronal activity and local oxygen utilization in seizures.
Registration of W6 26740, W6 26743, and W6 26745 Green Pea Germplasm Resistant to Fusarium Root Rot

Three F 8 -derived breeding lines W6 26740 (RIL 846_34; GP-96, PI 652444), W6 26743 (RIL 846_40; GP-97, PI 652445), and W6 26745 (RIL 847_36; GP-98, PI 652446) of green pea (Pisum sativum L.), selected from a recombinant inbred line population developed by the USDA-ARS in 2002, are unique in combining high levels of resistance to Fusarium root rot (caused by Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. f. sp. pisi (F.R. Jones) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hans.) with acceptable agronomic traits. They will be useful as a resource for developing root rot resistant green pea cultivars. The parentage of W6 26740, W6 26743, and W6 26745 is a cross between 'Dark Skin Perfection'/90-2131 made in 1994 at Pullman, WA. Dark Skin Perfection is a freezing and canning cultivar characterized by straight, blunt, green, double pods; it was used by pea breeders in the 1950s as a source of resistance to Fusarium wilt race 1 (caused by F. oxysporum Schlecht. f. sp. pisi (van Hall) Snyd. & Hans). 90-2131 is a germplasm release characterized by white fl owers, green cotyledons, a clear seed coat, a black hilum and dimpled seed. This line has partial resistance to Aphanomyces root rot (caused by Aphanomyces euteiches Drechs.), Fusarium root rot, and Fusarium wilt races 1, 5, and 6. W6 26740, W6 26743 and W6 26746 are expected to serve as parental lines in the development of cultivars with improved disease resistance primarily to Fusarium root rot.