cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are high-latitude forward-reverse shock pairs driven by CME overexpansion?

[1] During its passage through the high-latitude heliosphere, Ulysses observed interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) bounded by shocks. These forward-reverse shock pairs have only been observed at high latitude in the fast solar wind. It has been suggested (e.g., Gosling et al., 1995) that these shock pairs are the result of expansion of coronal mass ejections into the ambient solar wind, so-called “overexpansion”. Here we demonstrate an alternative explanation for forward-reverse shock pairs by means of a three-dimensional numerical magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) model of a CME interacting with the solar wind. Our global steady state coronal model possesses fast and slow speed solar wind at high and low latitudes, respectively, reminiscent of near solar minimum conditions. Within this model system, a CME erupts from the coronal streamer belt with an initial speed in excess of 1000 km/s, which naturally drives a forward shock into the ambient solar wind. When the CME is greater than 40 R⊙ from the Sun, we find that a reverse shock forms poleward of the CME as a result of the interaction of the CME with the solar wind. In front of the CME, the slow wind is deflected to higher latitude while behind the CME, fast wind is deflected to low latitude. These deflected streams collide to form a reverse shock. The shock pair formed in this way naturally occurs at high latitude in the fast wind as observed. We will discuss these model results in the context of in situ solar wind data.
Instrumental Analysis of Seafood Composition

Seafood products such as fish, crabs, shrimp and the aqueous solution from oysters, were analyzed for volatiles content by direct gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Compounds were detected and identified which appear to be associated with freshness quality of the products. The data obtained suggests that the changing composition attending storage of seafood products can be effectively and rapidly analyzed by objective instrumental means.
Base catalyzed proton transfer polymerization of 1‐hydroxypentamethylcyclotrisiloxane. Comparison of hyperbranched polymer microstructure and properties to those of highly regular linear analogs

Treatment of 1-hydroxypentamethylcyclotrisiloxane (1), an A 2 B monomer, with a phosphazene P 4 -t-Bu superbase followed by quenching with phenyldimethylchlorosilane/triethylamine leads to a hyperbranched polysiloxane (2). The microstructure and properties of 2 and compared to these of highly regular linear analogs obtainged by anionic or cationic regiospecific ring opening polymerization of 1-(phenyldimethylsiloxy)pentamethylcyclotrisiloxane (3).
The impact of robotics on practice management of endometrial cancer: transitioning from traditional surgery

Background Evaluation of the impact of a new robotic surgery programme on perioperative outcomes for endometrial cancer Methods A prospective database of all patients undergoing staging for endometrial cancer during July 2007–July 2008 was collected and analysed. Demographic data and perioperative outcomes were compared between cases performed via laparotomy, laparoscopy and robotics. Results Sixty-five patients underwent staging during the time of data collection (LAP-26, LSC-7, ROB-32). No difference in surgical volume in the year before vs. after robotics was identified. Median operative time for robotics and laparotomy was significantly less than for laparoscopy (p = 0.023). There was no significant difference in lymph node yields between the three groups (p = 0.92). Robotics was associated with significantly less blood loss (p < 0.0001). Complication rates were significantly lower in the robotic group compared to the laparotomy group (p = 0.05). Median hospital stay was 1 day for the minimally invasive groups. Total number of perioperative inpatient days decreased from 331 to 150 in one year. Practice management of endometrial cancer transitioned from a predominantly open approach (5.6% LSC) to robotics (11% LSC, 49% ROB) within 12 months. Conclusions Robotic surgery dramatically altered our management of endometrial cancer and was associated with a significant improvement in several perioperative outcomes when compared to laparotomy and laparoscopy. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perioperative Antibiotics in Thoracic Surgery

No official guidelines exist for perioperative antibiotic use in noncardiac thoracic surgery. Despite some conflicting data and few randomized clinical trials there exists strong evidence supporting the use of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in pulmonary resection. This article discusses the evidence-based indications for antibiotic prophylaxis after lung resection, esophageal surgery, and lung transplantation.
Rebel masculinities of star/director/text: James Dean, Nicholas Ray, and Rebel Without a Cause

Director Nicholas Ray is arguably most familiar to cinema culture as the American test case for la politique des auteurs, the influential mode of film criticism formulated at the French magazine Cahiers du Cinema after World War II. Ray was elevated to the status of film ‘author’ for a consistency of vision and style associated with rebellion. Yet, he was known in the film industry as an ‘actor's director,’ both for his background in theater and for bringing Lee Strasberg's ‘The Method’ to Hollywood after it had gained considerable cachet at the Actors Studio in New York since the 1930s. Although Ray was relatively unknown among the movie-going public, his films were (and still remain) recognizable for their male stars, including James Dean, Robert Mitchum, and Humphrey Bogart. In this essay, I look at his most famous film, Rebel Without a Cause (1955), to argue that Ray's reputation as a rebel auteur was as much the product of highbrow auteurist film criticism as the mass cultural persona of ‘rebel male ...
Colony migration in the tropical honey bee Apis dorsata F. (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

To obtain insights into the organization and adaptive significance of seasonal migration by colonies of the giant honey bee,Apis dorsata, we monitored the arrivals and departures of colonies in a rain forest habitat in northeastern Thailand, compared patterns of honey bee abundance with other measures of habitat variability, and observed the role of dance communication in organizing the migratory departure of a colony. Colonies arrived in the area during the end of the dry season, reproduced, and then departed early in the rainy season. During the immigration phase, early-arriving colonies stayed only temporarily, as if assessing habitat quality. Colonies departing after a long stay always left barren combs behind, suggesting that they had left in response to deteriorating resource quality. These observations support the idea that migration allows colonies to track seasonally varying resources in different regions. Our observations of a colony preparing for migration revealed that the dance language is involved in organizing the colony's departure, but that dancers signal only the direction to be taken, rather than, as in dances to feeding sites, both the direction and distance of a particular location.
Ameliorative effects of sodium chloride on acute copper toxicity among Cope's gray tree frog (Hyla chrysoscelis) and green frog (Rana clamitans) embryos

Urban stormwater runoff is composed of a mixture of components, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, metals, deicing agents, and many others. The fate of these chemicals is often in stormwater detention ponds that are used by amphibians for breeding. Among aquatic organisms, the toxic mechanism for many metals involves interference with active Na(+) and Cl(-) uptake. Addition of cations has been shown to reduce the toxicity of metals among some aquatic organisms through competitive inhibition, but no studies have investigated the interaction between NaCl and Cu among amphibian embryos and larvae. To determine the degree to which NaCl may ameliorate the toxicity of Cu to amphibian embryos and larvae, the authors exposed Hyla chrysoscelis (Cope's gray treefrogs) and Rana (Lithobates) clamitans (green frogs) to seven levels of Cu and NaCl in fully factorial experiments. When exposure was in artificial hard water, Cu was highly toxic to both species (96-h median lethal concentration [LC50] of 44.7 µg/L and 162.6 µg/L for H. chrysoscelis and R. clamitans, respectively). However, approximately 500 mg/L of NaCl eliminated Cu toxicity over the range of Cu concentrations used in the experiments (maximum 150 µg Cu/L for H. chrysoscelis and 325 µg Cu/L for R. clamitans). The current results suggest that NaCl is likely responsible for the toxic effects of NaCl and metal mixtures that might be typical of runoff from road surfaces in northern latitudes.
Efficacy and Efficiency in Natural Family Planning Services

Relatively few Catholic couples in the United States use modern methods of natural family planning (NFP). So too, few Catholic physicians and health professionals prescribe the use of NFP methods for their patients. Reasons for low use of NFP methods include their perceived low efficacy; the complexity of learning, using, and teaching these methods; and the prolonged (and often unnecessary) required abstinence. Newer and simplified methods of NFP have been developed by physicians and scientists that are less complex and use modern technologies of detecting fertility and communicating instructions. Catholic physicians and scientists need to continue to answer the call by the Holy Fathers (from Pius XII to Benedict XVI) to develop secure and scientifically sound methods of NFP.
Evaluation of Rice Hull Ash as Broiler Litter

SUMMARY Three trials were conducted to examine the efficacy of rice hull ash as a litter material for broiler chickens. Each 42-d trial used the following litter materials: pine shavings, rice hull ash, and rice hull ash blended with pine shavings. In trial 1, pine shavings (PS), rice hull ash (RHA), and a 50/50 blend of PS and RHA were used as the 3 litter treatments. In trials 2 and 3, PS, RHA, PS/RHA (50/50), PS/RHA (70/30), and PS/RHA (70/30 layered) were used as the 5 litter treatments. Body weight, feed conversion, and NH3 production, N, phosphate, and potash in litter were determined at the end of each trial. Body weight and feed conversion were not consistently altered by any of the litter treatments among the 3 trials. Likewise, NH3, N, phosphate, and potash in litter were not consistently altered by any of the litter treatments among the 3 trials. RHA alone or in combination with PS can be used as litter material for broiler chickens with no adverse effects on broiler performance, litter NH3 production, or litter fertilizer value.
Energetics of nestling growth and parental effort in Antarctic fulmarine petrels.

SUMMARY Antarctic fulmarine petrels breed in some of the coldest conditions encountered by any bird and their young grow twice as fast as predicted allometrically. To examine the energetic consequences of fast growth in a cold environment, we used the doubly labeled water technique to measure field metabolic rates of adults (three species) and different-aged nestlings (four species) of Antarctic fulmarine petrels in the Rauer Islands, East Antarctica: Antarctic fulmar Fulmarus glacialoides , Antarctic petrel Thalassoica antarctica , Cape petrel Daption capense and snow petrel Pagodroma nivea . We used our data to assess parental effort and, together with literature values on nestling growth and resting metabolic rate, to construct and partition nestling energy budgets. Nestling total energy expenditure and peak daily metabolic rate were significantly higher than predicted allometrically (33–73% and 17–66% higher, respectively), and the relative cost of growth in nestling petrels was among the highest reported for birds (54–72 kJ g -1 ). Parental effort during the nestling-feeding period was identical in adult Cape and Antarctic petrels (3.5 times basal metabolic rate, BMR), and was somewhat (but not significantly) higher in snow petrels (4.6 times BMR). These values are comparable to those of other high-latitude procellariiform birds. Thus, despite the constraints of a compressed breeding season, cold temperatures and fast-growing nestlings, adult Antarctic fulmarine petrels do not work harder than procellariid adults whose chicks grow much more slowly. Our findings suggest that obtaining sufficient food is generally not a constraint for adult fulmarine petrels and that factors operating at the tissue level limit nestling growth rate.
Development of Abbreviated Eight-Item Form of the Penn Verbal Reasoning Test

The ability to reason with language is a highly valued cognitive capacity that correlates with IQ measures and is sensitive to damage in language areas. The Penn Verbal Reasoning Test (PVRT) is a 29-item computerized test for measuring abstract analogical reasoning abilities using language. The full test can take over half an hour to administer, which limits its applicability in large-scale studies. We previously described a procedure for abbreviating a clinical rating scale and a modified procedure for reducing tests with a large number of items. Here we describe the application of the modified method to reducing the number of items in the PVRT to a parsimonious subset of items that accurately predicts the total score. As in our previous reduction studies, a split sample is used for model fitting and validation, with cross-validation to verify results. We find that an 8-item scale predicts the total 29-item score well, achieving a correlation of .9145 for the reduced form for the model fitting sample and .8952 for the validation sample. The results indicate that a drastically abbreviated version, which cuts administration time by more than 70%, can be safely administered as a predictor of PVRT performance.
Wildlife damage management research needs: perceptions of scientists, wildlife managers, and stakeholders of the USDA/Wildlife Services program

Abstract This paper presents the results of a nationwide research needs assessment of the important wildlife–human conflict issues and associated research needs of the USDA/APHIS-Wildlife Services (WS) program and its stakeholders. Thirty-six WS State Directors, 23 WS/National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC) scientists and 6 members of the National Wildlife Services Advisory Committee (NWSAC) to the US Secretary of Agriculture responded to a request for participation. This paper compares these current research needs with previous regional and national research needs assessments for wildlife damage management in the United States. Important national problems identified included issues related to aviation, timber, agriculture, aquaculture, and livestock industries, as well as wildlife-borne diseases, invasive species, and overabundant wildlife populations. This assessment provides useful input, along with legislative and administrative guidance, to NWRC for allocating resources to specific research projects that address the WS program's needs for knowledge and new methods.
ReVirt: enabling intrusion analysis through virtual-machine logging and replay

Current system loggers have two problems: they depend on the integrity of the operating system being logged, and they do not save sufficient information to replay and analyze attacks that include any non-deterministic events. ReVirt removes the dependency on the target operating system by moving it into a virtual machine and logging below the virtual machine. This allows ReVirt to replay the system's execution before, during, and after an intruder compromises the system, even if the intruder replaces the target operating system. ReVirt logs enough information to replay a long-term execution of the virtual machine instruction-by-instruction. This enables it to provide arbitrarily detailed observations about what transpired on the system, even in the presence of non-deterministic attacks and executions. ReVirt adds reasonable time and space overhead. Overheads due to virtualization are imperceptible for interactive use and CPU-bound workloads, and 13--58% for kernel-intensive workloads. Logging adds 0--8% overhead, and logging traffic for our workloads can be stored on a single disk for several months.
Effects of pesticides on songbird productivity in conjunction with pecan cultivation in southern Georgia: A multiple-exposure experimental design

A prototypic experimental design was used to assess sublethal effects of multiple and varied organophosphates and carbamates on reproduction in birds. The design allowed for classification of pesticide exposure according to toxicity of applied compounds and type and frequency of applications. Daily survival rates (DSRs) of nests, eggs, and nestlings were determined for northern mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos), brown thrashers (Toxostoma rufum), and northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) nesting along edges of pecan orchards and row crops in southern Georgia. Egg and nestling DSRs for all species combined varied inversely (P 0.05) among three exposure levels. Brain cholinesterase activities were age-dependent and substantiated adult, but not nestling, exposure. Results suggest that increasing exposure to pesticides may reduce songbird productivity.
International Review of Industrial & Organizational Psychology

The article presents a review of the book “International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1987,” by Cary L. Cooper and Ivan T. Robertson.
Plug-In Electric Vehicles - Distribution system impacts and high level screening methodologies for calculating costs and benefits

Plug-In Electric Vehicles (PEVs) present an interesting dilemma for utilities - on one hand charging of EVs can result in overloading of distribution transformers requiring expensive upgrades, on the other increased electricity sales can increase a utility's revenue; knowledge of both is essential in successfully integrating PEVs with the distribution system. In this paper we present a high-level screening methodology for identifying the reliability impact of PEVs on the distribution system; developing estimates of the distribution system upgrade costs; and calculating revenue potential of PEVs, and demonstrate its application on a prototype test feeder with characteristics typical of suburban and rural 12.47 kV feeders found on the west coast (including Northern California) of the US. The methodology presented here can assist utility executives and policy makers in short listing the most suitable policy alternatives/rate structures for a detailed cost/benefit analysis. The policies/rate structures so developed can encourage the adoption of PEVs while minimizing their adverse impact on the electric grid.
Bathymetrically controlled velocity‐shear front at a tidal river confluence

Nonbuoyant front formation at the confluence of Nanjemoy Creek and the main Potomac River (MD) channel is examined. Terra satellite ASTER imagery reveals a sediment color front emerging from Nanjemoy Creek when the Potomac is near maximum ebb. Nearly contemporaneous ASTER and Landsat ETM+ imagery are used to extract surface velocities, which suggest a velocity shear front is collocated with the color front. In situ velocities (measured by RiverRay traverses near the Nanjemoy Creek mouth) confirm the shear front's presence. A finite-element simulation (using ADCIRC) replicates the observed velocity-shear front and is applied to decipher its physics. Three results emerge: (1) the velocity-shear front forms, confined to a shoal downstream of the creek-river confluence for most of the tidal cycle, (2) a simulation with a flat bottom in Nanjemoy Creek and Potomac River (i.e., no bathymetry variation) indicates the velocity-shear front never forms, hence the front cannot exist without the bathymetry, and (3) an additional simulation with a blocked-off Creek entrance demonstrates that while the magnitude of the velocity shear is largely unchanged without the creek, shear front formation is delayed in time. Without the Creek, there is no advection of the M6 tidal constituent (generated by nonlinear interaction of the flow with bottom friction) onto the shoals, only a locally generated contribution. A tidal phase difference between Nanjemoy and Potomac causes the ebbing Nanjemoy Creek waters to intrude into the Potomac as far south as its deep channel, and draw from a similar location in the Potomac during Nanjemoy flood.
The personal and the political: forgiveness and reconciliation in restorative justice

At the center of this paper are three questions: in the absence of a religious worldview, can one gain access to the concepts of forgiveness and reconciliation, can reconciliation be achieved in the absence of forgiveness or does the former depend in some way upon the latter, and can we make sense of a restorative approach to justice in the absence of either forgiveness or reconciliation? To answer these questions, I look closely at the concept of forgiveness in the first section of this article with the goals of disentangling it from its religious undertones and emphasizing its importance to the very concept of restorative justice. Drawing on both theoretical work and practical examples, I argue that forgiveness is not necessarily a religious concept – contrary to common perception – and that, contra Zehr, it is a foundational component of restorative justice. Having considered this first problem, I turn – in the second section – to a discussion of the concept of reconciliation, arguing that personal and...
Phased arrays with sub-array architecture

This paper presents a simplified true time delay beam steering at the element level which is no more complex than using a phase shifter at each element of the sub-array. The architecture described here makes multiple use of switched time-delays and thereby significantly reduces the complexity. The method however, introduces losses and is therefore mainly applicable to active arrays, where the losses can be compensated by amplification.
Blood cell exchange in the treatment of exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis in a patient with sickle cell trait.

ABSTRACT We report the use of red blood cell exchange (RBCex) to treat rhabdomyolysis complicated by acute kidney injury in a 16-year-old African–American female with sickle cell trait (SCT). Treatment with aggressive fluid and electrolyte management failed to stem the rise in her creatine kinase, and RBCex was instituted 27 hours after symptom onset. She had a transient improvement in her creatine kinase following this treatment although it failed to resolve a developing lower extremity compartment syndrome, requiring bilateral lower extremity fasciotomies. The mechanism of exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis in individuals with SCT is theorized to result from localized hypoxia and acidosis within exercising muscle significant enough to cause a localized sickling crisis with resultant rhabdomyolysis. Despite the unique pathophysiology of rhabdomyolysis in individuals with SCT, there is a paucity of adjunctive treatment options beyond fluid and electrolyte therapy. To the best of our knowledge, RBCex for trea...
Immigration, Community Integration and Public Health in Colorado's Rocky Mountains: An Overview and its Governance

This paper explores the link between new immigration to Colorado (USA) mountain communities and public health service access with a case study focus on Lake County, Colorado. It utilizes a combination of key informant interviews—with county commissioners, health providers, locally-based organizations and civic leaders—and focus groups with community members, in order to examine how disparities in access and representation across sub-populations translate into health outcomes. This paper makes several arguments. Specifically, this paper recognizes important efforts taking place within the community to better integrate the Latino population, and to include its input on evolving public health and youth empowerment/well-being initiatives. Nevertheless, the Latino population remains isolated, based on a combination of economic and social factors that structurally limit the participation of the greater Latino population in civic affairs. Certain culturally-relevant attributes, and Latino agency, provide opportunity as well, however, and this paper isolates several pathways through which local governance can merge formal and informal processes in order to better bridge between the self-identified needs and desires of the Latino population and health access and outcomes. The paper concludes with a note on the emerging “socio-economic ecosystem” of Colorado mountain regions, which distinguishes employee-housing communities from resort communities, augmenting disparities in services and deepening the structural exclusion of minority immigrant communities from adequate healthcare. Keywords: immigration, public health, resort-based economies, structural exclusion, environmental health, Colorado
Microglia in the Outer Retina and Their Relevance to Pathogenesis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the largest cause of legal blindness in the elderly in the Western world, is a disease whose pathogenesis is incompletely understood and for which therapeutic challenges remain. The etiology of AMD is thought to involve chronic neuroinflammation of the retina but the details of relevant cellular mechanisms are still not fully understood. Retinal microglia are the primary resident immune cell in the retina and are normally absent from the outer retina, the locus of AMD. Their migration and infiltration into the outer retina under conditions of advanced age and disease implicate their involvement in the neuroinflammatory etiology of AMD. We propose that interactions between microglia and RPE cells in the subretinal space result in significant alterations in the structure and physiology of RPE cells that in turn transforms the environment of the retinochoroidal interface into one conducive for the progression and advancement of AMD. In particular, microglia induce RPE alterations that result in a more chemoattractive, pro-inflammatory, and pro-angiogenic environment that increases the recruitment and activation of immune cells and fosters the growth of neovascular vessels into the retina. Microglia-to-RPE influences may represent a cell–cell interaction that may be targeted for therapeutic strategies to treat and/or prevent AMD.
Robot-assisted automatic ultrasound calibration

Ultrasound (US) calibration is the process of determining the unknown transformation from a coordinate frame such as the robot’s tooltip to the US image frame and is a necessary task for any robotic or tracked US system. US calibration requires submillimeter-range accuracy for most applications, but it is a time-consuming and repetitive task. We provide a new framework for automatic US calibration with robot assistance and without the need for temporal calibration. US calibration based on active echo (AE) phantom was previously proposed, and its superiority over conventional cross-wire phantom-based calibration was shown. In this work, we use AE to guide the robotic arm motion through the process of data collection; we combine the capability of the AE point to localize itself in the frame of the US image with the automatic motion of the robotic arm to provide a framework for calibrating the arm to the US image automatically. We demonstrated the efficacy of the automated method compared to the manual method through experiments. To highlight the necessity of frequent ultrasound calibration, it is demonstrated that the calibration precision changed from 1.67 to 3.20 mm if the data collection is not repeated after a dismounting/mounting of the probe holder. In a large data set experiment, similar reconstruction precision of automatic and manual data collection was observed, while the time was reduced by 58 %. In addition, we compared ten automatic calibrations with ten manual ones, each performed in 15 min, and showed that all the automatic ones could converge in the case of setting the initial matrix as identity, while this was not achieved by manual data sets. Given the same initial matrix, the repeatability of the automatic was [0.46, 0.34, 0.80, 0.47] versus [0.42, 0.51, 0.98, 1.15] mm in the manual case for the US image four corners. The submillimeter accuracy requirement of US calibration makes frequent data collections unavoidable. We proposed an automated calibration setup and showed feasibility by implementing it for a robot tooltip to US image calibration. The automated method showed a similar reconstruction precision as well as repeatability compared to the manual method, while the time consumed for data collection was reduced. The automatic method also reduces the burden of data collection for the user. Thus, the automated method can be a viable solution for applications that require frequent calibrations.
Multiscale model of heat dissipation mechanisms during field emission from carbon nanotube fibers

A multiscale model of field emission (FE) from carbon nanotube fibers (CNFs) is developed, which takes into account Joule heating within the fiber and radiative cooling and the Nottingham effect at the tip of the individual carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the array located at the fiber tip. The model predicts the fraction of CNTs being destroyed as a function of the applied external electric field and reproduces many experimental features observed in some recently investigated CNFs, such as order of magnitude of the emission current (mA range), low turn on electric field (fraction of V/μm), deviation from pure Fowler-Nordheim behavior at large applied electric field, hysteresis of the FE characteristics, and a spatial variation of the temperature along the CNF axis with a maximum close to its tip of a few hundred °C.
Social Networks and Civic Participation and Efficacy in Two Evangelical Protestant Churches

This research note examines the proposition that participation in church—particularly the social interaction that accompanies church participation—is an important source of social capital that promotes civic activity and efficacy. Employing survey data from over 600 attendees of two evangelical Protestant churches, we tested hypotheses linking churchgoers’ social networks to their levels of civic efficacy and participation. Three key findings emerged. First, the number of friends in church was positively associated with churchgoers’ civic efficacy, religious civic activity, and secular civic activity, while the number of friends outside of church was unrelated to these outcomes. Second, the association between in-church networks and secular civic activity was partially mediated by civic efficacy. Third, church attendance moderated the association between in-church friends and secular civic activities such that high attending churchgoers with few in-church friends were far less likely to participate in secular civic activities. Taken together, these findings illustrate the importance of in-church social networks for Evangelical Protestants’ civic participation and feelings of civic efficacy, in contrast to out of church social networks which had little overall impact on these factors.
Competition Policy Control over Intellectual Property Abuses: Some Lessons from Latin America

This paper describes the interaction between Intellectual Property (IP) protection and competition policy in Latin America, as well as the institutional difficulties of Latin American countries in making progress towards an increased control of IP abuses. The first part gives a summary of the current state of IP protection in the region; the second part, highlights areas of interaction between IP protection and competition policy; the third part explores some of the institutional problems undermining the capacity of competition agencies to effectively redress IP competitive abuses.
ROBOT interpreter

The ROBOT Interpreter is an environment for running programs for the ROBOT computer. It is intended to be a companion teaching device. The ROBOT computer is a simple demonstration of the fetch/execute cycle useful for an introductory or computer literacy course. The ROBOT has simple movement and sensing commands (and a go to command to implement looping), which are stored in its thirty-two 8-bit memory locations.The ROBOT's environment (called a scene) is a square room from 1x1 to 11x11, possibly containing doors. The ROBOT initially begins somewhere inside the room facing in any direction. The interpreter allows for ROBOT programs and scenes to be loaded and saved.ROBOT Interpreter is freely distributed by the Department of Computer Science at the United States Air Force Academy as a service to the CS education community.
Dawsonite: An inclusion mineral in quartz from the Tin Mountain pegmatite, Black Hills, South Dakota

Dawsonite -NaAl(CO 3 )(OH) 2 -was identified in primary fluid inclusions in quartz from the Li-rich Tin Mountain pegmatite, Black Hills, South Dakota, by petrography, SEM-EDS analysis, and Raman spectroscopy. This is the first report of dawsonite as an inclusion mineral in a pegmatite. The presence of dawsonite in the inclusions is evidence for the existence of carbonate ions in the complex pegmatite melt and/or exsolved magmatic fluid. The lack of dawsonite as a macroscopic mineral is attributed to its high solubility in the late pegmatite fluids and to the small fraction of carbonate ions in the melt. However, its common occurrence, along with other carbonate and borate minerals in fluid inclusions, suggests that carbonate and borate complexes play an important role in petrogenesis of pegmatites..
The Effect of Low Dose Rate Radiation on the Microchemistry of 304 Stainless Steel

As part of the shutdown of the EBR-II reactor, structural materials were retrieved to analyze the effect of long term, low dose rate irradiation. In this work, the effect of low dose rate (10 to 10−9 dpa/s) irradiation on grain boundary and void surface chemistry is analyzed. These dose rates are comparable to those in light water reactor structural components. The components were irradiated at 375-379°C, temperatures near the highest temperatures experienced in pressurized water reactors. Radiation-induced segregation (RIS) was measured on samples taken from 304 stainless steel hex ducts irradiated to doses between 10 and 12 dpa. Radiation-induced segregation is shown to vary with dose rate, with measured grain boundary chromium concentrations reaching as low as 5 at. % and nickel concentrations reaching as high as 33 at. %. For some radiation conditions, significant grain boundary precipitation occurs, possibly leaving components susceptible to environmental attack.
Spacetime variation of Lorentz-violation coefficients at a nonrelativistic scale

The notion of uniform and/or constant tensor fields of rank $g0$ is incompatible with general curved spacetimes. This work considers the consequences of certain tensor-valued coefficients for Lorentz violation in the Standard-Model extension varying with spacetime position. We focus on two of the coefficients, ${a}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ and ${b}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$, that characterize Lorentz violation in massive fermions, particularly in those fermions that constitute ordinary matter. We calculate the nonrelativistic Hamiltonian describing these effects, and use it to extract the sensitivity of several precision experiments to coefficient variation.
Physical Simulation of Shale Content Requirement in Fault Zone Sealing Oil and Gas

Based on the analysis of the vertical sealing mechanism of static fault and its affecting factors,simulation of the cutoff value of shale content required in hydrocarbon sealing by static fault zone with different grain sizes is made.The result shows that the coarser the grain size in fault zone is,the lower the shale content requirement for oil-gas sealing is,and on the contrary,the higher the shale content requirement is.Using this result,as evaluating standard,to vertical oil-gas sealing evaluation of several major faults in northern Wuerson sag,good suitability is gained.It is indicated that such a standard for evaluation of vertical oil-gas sealing in fault is feasible to use.
Gene Function Inference From Gene Expression of Deletion Mutants

Expression data from knockout mutants is a powerful tool for gene function inference, permitting observation of the phenotype of a deleted gene on the organismal scale. A computational method is demonstrated herein to assess gene function from gene expression measured in deletion mutants using Bayesian decomposition, a matrix factorization technique that permits the extraction of patterns and functional units from the data, i.e., sets of genes belonging to the same pathways shared by sets of knockout mutants. ClutrFree, a cluster visualization program is used to aid in the interpretation of functional units and the assessment of gene functions for a subset of unknown genes.
Too Young to Die

This case discusses the pharmacodynamic interaction between bupropion and pseudoephedrine, resulting in myocardial ischemia and infarction.
Paramagnetic relaxation enhancement for protein-observed 19F NMR as an enabling approach for efficient fragment screening

Protein-observed 19F (PrOF) NMR is an emerging tool for ligand discovery. To optimize the efficiency of PrOF NMR experiments, paramagnetic relaxation enhancement through the addition of chelated Ni(II) was used to shorten longitudinal relaxation time without causing significant line broadening. Thus enhancing relaxation time leads to shorter experiments without perturbing the binding of low- or high-affinity ligands. This method allows for time-efficient screening of potential ligands for a wide variety of proteins in the growing field of fragment-based ligand discovery.
A high-performance quadruple well, quadruple poly BiCMOS process for fast 16 Mb SRAMs

An advanced, high-performance BiCMOS technology has been developed for fast 16Mb SRAMs. A split word-line bitcell architecture, using four levels of polysilicon and two self-aligned contacts, achieves a cell area of 8.61 mu m/sup 2/ with conventional i-line lithography and 7.32 mu m/sup 2/ with i-line phase-shift lithography. The process features PELOX isolation to provide a 1.0 mu m active pitch, MOSFET transistors designed for a 0.80 mu m gate poly pitch, a double polysilicon bipolar transistor with aggressively scaled parasitics, and a thin-film polysilicon transistor to enhance bitcell stability. A quadruple-well structure improves soft error rate (SER) and allows simultaneous optimization of MOSFET and bipolar performance,. >
Global Brand Management

If the organizational structure is the anatomy of the firm, the management processes are its physiology. Thus, effective global brand management is as integral to a multinational’s success as its short term capital management and long-term investment plan. Failure to do so inevitably leads to clotting, weakening, and mediocrity. Yet only 10 % of companies believe they have the full complement of executional capabilities required to win overseas. Global brands without effective management are truly vulnerable to globally integrated powerhouses and nimble local brands. To manage global brands effectively, companies need to take the process seriously and make it a strategic priority. They should (1) assign global brand responsibility and leadership; (2) develop a global brand planning system; and (3) execute global brand strategies in local markets within a common framework.
Tracheostomy in Infants and Children

Over the last decade, tracheostomy has been increasingly performed in children, aligned with the improvements in neonatal and pediatric ICU care. Nowadays, the majority of children with tracheostomy represent a very complex cohort of patients with sustained reliance on tracheostomy and related medical technology for long-term survival. Tracheostomy is one of the most commonly performed procedures in the adult ICU. Contrary to adult practice, tracheostomy is a much less common procedure in the pediatric ICU, being performed in < 3% of patients. There is no definite consensus about the length of time a child should remain endotracheally intubated before the placement of a tracheostomy. Tracheostomy in children also continues to remain a predominantly surgical procedure, with percutaneous tracheostomy being performed infrequently and only considered feasible in older children. The indications, preoperative considerations, and procedure types for tracheostomy in children are reviewed. There is also a lack of consensus on an optimal pediatric decannulation protocol. The literature discusses a myriad of protocols that use varying combinations of in-patient/out-patient resources, specialized tests, and procedures An ideal decannulation protocol is presented, as well as review of recently published decannulation algorithms. Finally, children with tracheostomy have a higher risk of adverse events and mortality, which are largely secondary to their comorbidities rather than the tracheostomy. The majority of the tracheostomy-related events are in fact potentially preventable. There is a recognized need for improvement and coordination of care of pediatric patients with tracheostomy. A multidisciplinary coordinated approach to tracheostomy care has already shown promising results. This paper seeks to review the pertinent literature regarding quality improvement initiatives for tracheostomy care, including review of the recently established Global Tracheostomy Collaborative.
Density Ultracentrifugation of Sickle Cells During and After Pain Crisis: Increased Dense Echinocytes in Crisis

An increase in the number of irreversibly sickled cells (ISCs) in pain crisis has been found by some investigators but not others. We have used the technique of discontinuous arabinogalactan density-gradient ultracentrifugation of whole blood to study ISCs from patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA) during pain crisis and again when pain free (5- 331 days after crisis). Nine patients have been studied through ten episodes of pain crisis. Five layers with densities from 1.128 g/mL to 1.158 g/mL have been used. Careful classification of the cells using Nomarsky optics demonstrated highly significant changes occurring in the layers of the gradient. The changes involve the appearance of an increased percentage of echinocytic ISCs and echinocytic cells that were not ISCs, especially in the denser gradient layers, during crisis, and their replacement by normal-appearing discocytes in the pain-free state. There was no change in ISCs that were not echinocytic. Data collected previously demonstrated that reduced glutathione activity correlated with increased echinocytosis in our gradient layers. This indicates that the echinocytic change may occur as a result of oxidant stress. Hemoglobin F levels and the percentage of hemoglobin F from reticulocytes showed no consistent change to coincide with the rise in normal-appearing discocytes in the lightest layers after crisis. Our data indicate that pain crisis occurs in association with an echinocytic change, which may be induced by oxidant injury. The rise in normal-appearing cells after crisis may reflect increased hemoglobin F production in some patients but mainly relates to the disappearance of these echinocytic erythrocytes.
Scalable CO2-to-oxygenate production

Most electrochemical CO2 reduction research has been confined to fundamental studies that attempt to understand how to overcome low selectivity and energy efficiency for valuable oxygenated products. Now, a modular, scalable system generates multi-carbon oxygenates with a potential solar-to-alcohol efficiency of more than 8%.
Weak Formulations in Three Dimensions

Albeit a bit repetitive, we follow similar constructions to those used in the one-dimensional analysis of the preceding chapters. This allows readers a chance to contrast and compare the differences between one-dimensional and three-dimensional formulations.
Microzooplankton in the coastal Gulf of Alaska: Regional, seasonal and interannual variations

Abstract Microzooplankton communities in the coastal Gulf of Alaska (CGOA) were studied during two contrasting years: 2011, with a greatly reduced spring phytoplankton bloom, and 2013, with a robust spring bloom. Other sampling contrasts were season (spring, summer, fall) and region (eastern versus western shelf waters). Ciliates and dinoflagellates comprised nearly all microzooplankton in the ≥ 15 µm size class. Many of the strongest contrasts in the biomass and taxonomic composition of the microzooplankton community were regional. The east had generally lower microzooplankton biomass levels and a greater proportion of ciliates than the west, even in the face of basin-wide seasonal and interannual contrasts. This difference is likely a consequence of the narrower shelf in the east, which leads to a lower productivity environment. Interannual differences in spring bloom intensity were reflected in microzooplankton biomass (higher in spring 2013, especially in the east), while interannual differences in taxonomic composition persisted throughout the year, with a greater representation of ciliates in 2011. Ciliate dominance could reflect adaptations to lower productivity conditions, with many of the largest taxa likely retaining chloroplasts as a strategy (mixotrophy) for survival during times of prey scarcity. Microzooplankton: phytoplankton biomass ratios varied widely over time and space. These ratios indicate that lower productivity regions (east) and seasons (summer) also tend to be locations and times of reduced trophic transfer efficiency from phytoplankton to ciliates and dinoflagellates. Ciliates and dinoflagellates can be preferred prey of mesozooplankton, including dominant CGOA copepod species. Thus multiple mechanisms conspire to reduce the flow of matter and energy to higher trophic levels in low productivity locations and time periods in the CGOA.
Clinical Approach to Proximal Renal Tubular Acidosis in Children

Proximal renal tubular acidosis (pRTA) is an inherited or acquired clinical syndrome in which there is a decreased bicarbonate reclamation in the proximal tubule resulting in normal anion gap hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. In children, pRTA may be isolated but is often associated with a general proximal tubular dysfunction known as Fanconi syndrome which frequently heralds an underlying systemic disorder from which it arises. When accompanied by Fanconi syndrome, pRTA is characterized by additional renal wasting of phosphate, glucose, uric acid, and amino acids. The most common cause of inherited Fanconi syndrome in the pediatric age group is cystinosis, a disease with therapeutic implications. In this article, we summarize the clinical presentation and differential diagnosis of pRTA and Fanconi syndrome and provide a practical approach to their evaluation in children.
Modulation of Electromagnetically Induced Transparency in Toriodal Resonance Terahertz Metasurfaces

We report modulation of electromagnetically induced transparency in toroidal planar terahertz metamaterials. By breaking symmetry, we demonstrate tunability of EIT while exciting multiple Fano-like resonances with high Q-factor.
Site Application: The Archaeological Site of Sagalassos (Turkey)

During the summer of 2015 (4–11 July), a passive-and-active, electrical-resistivity tomography survey of two areas at the archaeological site of Sagalassos (Turkey) were undertaken. The first one, labelled Area 1, was the excavated structures of the Roman Bath, and the second one, labelled Area 2, was the stadium area. Data were collected along non-conventional profiles using a dipole–dipole array and variable electrode spacing. To obtain their distribution within a three-dimensional volume, two physical parameters were measured: the electrical resistivity and the self-potential. For Area 1, the aim of geophysical survey was to obtain information about the structural stability. For Area 2, the aim was to investigate about the existence of tombs. A two-dimensional least-squares algorithm based on the smoothness-constrained technique, implemented in Res2Dinv software, was used in order to invert the 2D apparent resistivity data, while ErtLab software was used for 3D total-volume data distribution in the subsurface.