cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Victim Readjustment Following Assault

A growing literature on the impact of assault has given little consideration to the factors contributing to variations in victim reaction. This paper reviews the preassault and postassault variables that are associated with the recovery process. Among key factors are the psychosocial resources of the victim at entry to the crisis and the violence of the assault itself; however, variables often contribute differentially at different points in the recovery process. Subsequent discussion focuses on the methodological, theoretical, and policy implications of these findings.
Spatial and temporal variability of trophic relationships among aquatic macroinvertebrates in a seasonal marsh

We examined macroinvertebrate trophic relationships in stands of two emergent plants, pickleweed (Salicornia virginica) and alkali bulrush (Scirpus robustus), and in epiphytic and benthic habitats within pickleweed stands. Numbers of detritivores, predators, and herbivores were examined throughout the flooding season (October 1990–March 1991). Trophic structure of macroinvertebrate communities differed between epiphytic and benthic habitats; both herbivores and detritivores were abundant in epiphytic habitats, but detritivores alone were numerically dominant in benthic habitats. Macroinvertebrate communities also differed between pickleweed and alkali bulrush stands: (1) all trophic groups were abundant in pickleweed, but detritivores were numerically dominant in alkali bulrush; (2) pickleweed supported higher macroinvertebrate numbers than alkali bulrush. Species composition was similar in both vegetation types, and diversity decreased during the season. Macroinvertebrate trophic structure in the epiphytic habitats changed during the season; detritivores quickly colonized both vegetation types after flooding, and predator and herbivore numbers increased later. Herbivores were an important component of macroinvertebrate communities in these wetlands, indicating that algal herbivory may be more important than previously thought.
The Ideology of Dense Neighborhood Redevelopment: Cultural Diversity and Transcendent Community Experience

The trend of central-city neighborhood reinvasion resembles a social movement and has undertones of ideology and utopia. The ideological content has certain parallels with the anti-urban suburban t...
Simulation study of a fuzzy-logic-based controller for laser cavities

This report summarizes the Threat Object Map (TOM) handover analysis that the ODA team has performed during the past year. The areas of study include evaluating data from the STORM 4 and STORM 6 missions to determine: (1) performance of a radar to optical interceptor TOM handover, (2) sensitivities to data latency both above and within the atmosphere, (3) platform sensitivities to closely spaced objects, and (4) sensitivity to N objects handed up from the radar to M objects on the interceptor focal plane. This analysis is limited to metric only TOM handover and does not include generalized TOM evaluation. The analysis uses the OMEGA and TOMAHOC codes. OMEGA models the radar noising. TOMAHOC (Threat Object Map and Handover Code) performs the metric handover. TOMAHOC contains bias removal algorithms and a Sparse Munkre's algorithm.
Phase dynamics with drift: boundary effects

Abstract The description of patterns in nonequilibrium systems is a fascinating subject. It becomes somewhat untractable if one insists to keep the original equations in their complete form, as the Oberbeck–Boussinesq equations for instance in Rayleigh–Benard convection. Various reduction scheme have been imagined, the ultimate one being the phase picture. I examine a simple version of the phase equation, relevant for systems of travelling rolls or for distributed self-oscillations. The boundary effects limit the ability of this phase to drift freely and yields a well-defined space structure, which can be analyzed in two different limits.
Self-organization as a new method for synthesizing smart and structured materials

Abstract Self-organization in chemical systems may be a basis for entirely new 21st-century technologies. During self-organization, concentrations of chemical species spontaneously organize in space and time, forming a variety of complex structures. Examples of these structures are Turing patterns which result from interaction between chemical kinetics and diffusion. In this paper we report numerical studies of Turing structures that develop spontaneously from single perturbations. Many of these structures are built from layers of different chemical concentrations. Others form skeletal type patterns, or respond to environment. These structures may find applications in formation of highly structured or smart materials.
δ-Aminolevulinic acid synthetase: Regulation of activity in various tissues of the aging rat

Abstract The basal and ethanol-induced activities of the rate-limiting enzyme of heme biosynthesis, δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthetase were measured in the liver, heart, kidney, and brain of young, adult, and aged Sprague-Dawley rats. When assayed in whole mitochondria derived from either fed or 24-h fasted animals, the basal levels of hepatic ALA synthetase activity decreased dramatically as a function of age. An equivalent decrease was seen in the ethanol-induced activity although the ratio of induced to basal activities did not change with age. In the heart, ALA synthetase activity also decreased significantly during aging. The activity was not induced by ethanol and was decreased markedly by fasting. By contrast, kidney ALA synthetase activity showed no age-related changes. The activity was unaffected by fasting and showed a variable induction response to ethanol. Brain ALA synthetase activity displayed a significant age-dependent decrease in its activity which was neither affected by fasting nor sensitive to induction by ethanol. The data presented are consistent with the hypothesis that ALA synthetase activity is subject to metabolic regulation. Further, they indicate that while the enzyme activity is regulated in a tissuespecific manner, a time-dependent decrease is a general feature of the aging animal.
Prescribing Family Criticism as a Paradoxical Intervention

Two case studies are presented in which parental criticism of children was prescribed in two fused families, who in part were fused because of the mutual and intense criticism between the parents and children. In both cases, prescribing the criticism resulted in blocking the parental criticism, thus forcing the family members to interact in new and different ways. Blocking the criticism permitted the individuals and the family to evolve to the next developmental stages in the family life cycle. Discussion is detailed as to why the prescription of family criticism led to shifts in the family system.
Evolutionary genetics of host use in swallowtail butterflies

PHYTOPHAGOUS insects include many of the most species-rich genera and families worldwide1,2, and much of that diversity seems to result from speciation onto different plant species3–7. Divergence onto different host plants is thought to involve at least two sets of loci, which may be genetically linked: loci controlling the preference of ovipositing females for a particular plant species, and loci controlling the ability of larvae or nymphs to feed on those plants8–11. Others have argued that oviposition preference and larval performance may be pleiotropic effects of the same loci12–15. The genetic relationship between oviposition preference and larval performance has therefore become a central problem in the developing theory of insect and plant interactions16–23 and speciation in insects24–27. Results from interspecific crosses between two swallowtail butterfly species that feed on different plant families indicated that oviposition preference is controlled in these insects primarily by one or more loci on the X chromosome28. In a series of reciprocal interspecific crosses between these species, Papilio zelicaon and Papilo oregonius, we investigated whether larval performance on different plant species was also controlled by X-linked loci, which could allow for strong correlations between oviposition preference and larval performance. We found no X-chromosome effect for any component of larval performance. Loci from both parents influenced survivorship, and maternal effects influenced pupal mass and possibly development time. The results varied with the specific measure of performance, the host plant species used in comparing reciprocal crosses, and the sex of the larvae, all of which caution against the use of any single measure of performance in evaluating the evolutionary genetics of host shifts.
Light dependence of osmium reactivity in mouse photoreceptor cells

Mouse photoreceptor cells exhibit local accumulations of osmium deposits after prolonged osmic staining at slightly elevated temperatures. Deposits were evident along the membranes of outer segment lamellae, Golgi cisternae and vesicles, nuclear envelopes, and synaptic vesicles. Other membranes within the photoreceptor cells were unreactive. No osmium reactivity was seen in other cells of the retina except for osmiophilic outer segment material which had been phagocytized by the pigment epithelium. In the outer segments, inner segments, and synaptic regions of the photoreceptor cells, the amount of osmium reactivity was increased by light stimulation and decreased following extended dark adaptation. The possible significance of the localized osmium reactivity is discussed.
Esthesioneuroblastoma: an update on the UCLA experience, 2002-2013.

Objectives To profile the clinical presentation and treatment results of esthesioneuroblastomas at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), from 2002 to 2013. Design Retrospective review. Setting Tertiary academic institution. Participants Forty-one patients with esthesioneuroblastomas treated at UCLA. Main Outcome Measures Overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS). Results Thirty-six patients were included with a mean age of 50.1 years and a median duration of follow-up of 33 months. The 5-year RFS and OS were 54% and 82%, respectively. Modified Kadish stage was the only factor identified to affect OS. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that tumor grade was the only factor that had an independent impact on RFS. There was no statistical difference in survival among the surgical approaches chosen. Conclusions The updated data on the UCLA experience reveals that all three surgical approaches chosen provide comparable survival, although longer follow-up will be needed to ascertain if these findings hold true. The endoscopic approach had a statistically significant decrease in length of hospital stay and a trend toward reduced blood loss, intensive care unit admission, and complications. The modified Kadish staging was the only factor identified to predict OS. Multivariate analysis revealed that tumor grade was an independent predictor of recurrence; therefore, its importance should be emphasized in future staging systems.
Detection of two biological markers of intercourse: prostate-specific antigen and Y-chromosomal DNA.

Abstract Background Although biological markers of women's exposure to semen from vaginal intercourse have been developed as surrogates for risk of infection or probability of pregnancy, data on their persistence time and clearance are limited. Study Design During 2006–2008, 52 couples were enrolled for three 14-day cycles of abstinence from vaginal sex during which women were exposed in the clinic to a specific quantity (10, 100 or 1000 μL) of their partner's semen. Vaginal swabs were collected before and at 1, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 144 h after exposure for testing for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and Y-chromosome DNA (Yc DNA). Results Immediately after exposure to 1000 μL of semen, the predicted sensitivity of being PSA positive was 0.96; this decreased to 0.65, 0.44, 0.21 and 0.07 at 6, 12, 24 and 48 h, respectively. Corresponding predicted sensitivity of being Yc DNA positive was 0.72 immediately postexposure; this increased to 0.76 at 1 h postexposure and then decreased to 0.60 (at 6 h), 0.63 (at 12 h), 0.49 (at 24 h), 0.21 (at 48 h), 0.17 (at 72 h) and 0.12 (at 144 h). Conclusions Overall findings suggest that PSA may be more consistent as a marker of very recent exposure and that Yc DNA is more likely to be detected in the vagina after 12 h postexposure compared to PSA.
Contrast-enhanced computed tomography scanning of the postoperative spine

A prospective study of contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scanning was undertaken for 17 levels previously operated upon in the lumbosacral spine in 14 patients. All levels with prior operations were scanned before and after the administration of intravenous contrast medium. A standardized technique for contrast enhancement using high doses of intravenous contrast medium was employed and a specialized technique for measuring enhancement with corrections for scan artifacts was used. Results indicated that measurable contrast enhancement occurred in 16 of 17 postoperative scars up to 12 years after surgery. Enhanced scans provided more accurate delineation of the size and margins of postoperative scarring than precontrast scans. No instances of enhancement of normal disk or recurrent herniated disk were observed. In six instances recurrent herniated disks were predicted on the basis of contrast-enhanced CT scans and subsequently confirmed at reoperation. Contrast-enhanced CT scans meticulously performed appear to permit differentiation between scarring and disk herniation in patients with recurring symptoms after operations for lumbosacral disk disease.
Communicative styles and adaptations in physician-parent consultations.

This investigation compares the degree to which personal and interactive factors respectively account for variation in patterns of physician-parent communicative exchange. The analysis of audiorecordings of 115 pediatric consultations revealed several notable findings: (a) individual physicians differed in the degree to which each provided information, issued directives, exhibited positive socioemotional behavior, and engaged in partnership-building, (b) parents who asked more questions and expressed more negative affect (e.g. concerns, frustrations) received more information and directives from physicians, (c) parents who were more affectively expressive elicited a greater number of positive socioemotional comments from doctors, and (d) parents' question-asking and opinion-giving were related to the parents' level of education and the degree to which physicians' engaged in partnership-building. The results of this study suggest that, as are other forms of interpersonal communication, medical consultations are processes of personal and mutual influence that unfold according to the characteristics of the individuals and to interactive processes related to how interactants adapt their communication to one another.
Adenosquamous carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater - a rare disease at unusual location

Adenosquamous carcinoma is defined as a tumor in which both glandular and squamous elements are histologically malignant. Although some published studies have analyzed and discussed adenosquamous carcinomas, hybrid malignancy of the ampulla of Vater has rarely been discussed thus far in the literature. In this study, we report the case of a 64-year-old man who presented with jaundice and intermittent abdominal dull pain that persisted for several weeks. The patient was diagnosed with adenosquamous carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater and underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy. The final diagnosis was adenosquamous carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater, T3N1M0, stage IIB. Although R0 resection was performed, he had multiple liver metastases 2 months after the operation; he died 4 months later. Upon reviewing the medical records of our institute, we identified 4 patients who were diagnosed with adenosquamous carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater in the past 2 decades. We also identified only five reported cases of this lesion in the English literature. Adenosquamous carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater is a rare disease with a dismal prognosis. Surgical intervention does not appear to prolong patient survival. Early recurrence and distal metastasis may be encountered after surgery.
Identification of LFA-1 as a Candidate Autoantigen in Treatment-Resistant Lyme Arthritis

Treatment-resistant Lyme arthritis is associated with immune reactivity to outer surface protein A (OspA) of Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease, and the major histocompatibility complex class II allele DRB1*0401. The immunodominant epitope of OspA for T helper cells was identified. A homology search revealed a peptide from human leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 (hLFA-1) as a candidate autoantigen. Individuals with treatment-resistant Lyme arthritis, but not other forms of arthritis, generated responses to OspA, hLFA-1, and their highly related peptide epitopes. Identification of the initiating bacterial antigen and a cross-reactive autoantigen may provide a model for development of autoimmune disease.
Synthesis of 4-alkoxy-Δ3-pyrrolin-2-ones and tetramic acids

Abstract Acetoacetic ester is converted into 4-alkoxy-Δ3-pyrrolin-2-ones which can be hydrolyzed to give tetramic acids.
History of diagenetic fluids in a distant foreland area, Middle and Upper Pennsylvanian, Cherokee basin, Kansas, USA: Fluid inclusion evidence

Abstract Analysis of fluid inclusion data in diagenetic cements from Pennsylvanian limestones and sandstones of the Cherokee basin in southeastern Kansas reveals the succession of diagenetic fluids in a distant foreland of the Arkoma-Ouachita system. This succession includes early low-salinity (0.0–2.4 wt% NaCl eq.) fluids of meteoric affinity (Fluid I) followed by low-temperature Na-Ca-Cl brines (Fluid II with salinities between 8.4 and 24.1 wt% NaCl eq.). Fluids I and II were present in the system during precipitation of early-stage calcite cements at temperatures less than about 50°C. Another Na-Ca-Cl brine (Fluid III with salinity up to 25 wt% NaCl eq.) was present in the system later, at temperatures of maximum burial (at least 80–85°C) and higher. Fluid III is followed by a Na-Cl brine (Fluid IV, with salinities about 19–21 wt% NaCl eq.) characterized by temperatures distinctly higher than maximum burial, up to 150°C. Fluid III and Fluid IV were entrapped during precipitation of late-stage baroque dolomite and Fe-dolomite in Pennsylvanian limestones, and late-stage Fe-dolomite and ankerite in Pennsylvanian sandstones. The record of progression from Fluid III to Fluid IV may have been partially obscured by thermal re-equilibriation of some inclusions during migration of Fluid IV. Fluids with Na-Ca-Cl chemistry (Fluid II and III) were either indigenous subsurface fluids of the Cherokee and Arkoma basins, or might have originated as reflux fluids in a Permian evaporitic basin of Central Kansas. Later Na-Cl brine (Fluid IV) originated in deeper parts of the Arkoma-Ouachita system and might have acquired their salinity by dissolution of hypothetical salts buried beneath the Ouachitas. Temperatures recorded by fluid inclusions in late-diagenetic carbonates are 20–60°C higher than those calculated for the maximum burial of the studied section. This thermal anomaly suggests an advective heat transfer from the Arkoma-Ouachita system onto the shelf of the Cherokee basin related to the invasion of late-diagenetic fluids.
0n the Use of Resonant Diaphragms as FM Pressure Transducers

A theoretical pressure-frequency characteristic for thin diaphragms, used as resonant pressure sensors in FM pressure transducers, s derived. The characteristic is valid for both low and high pressures (where the diaphragm deflection is a nonlinear function of pressure) and agrees well with experimental data in the range of 0-3 atmospheres. The use of a deflection diaphragm in the resonant sensor mode reduces the pressure hysteresis by a factor of 2 at high pressures. By combining two diaphragms in a pressure capsule configuration, the advantages of a dual-sensor transducer can be realized with a single set of oscillator electronics. When the diaphragms are identical, the fundamental capsule natural frequency is equal to the natural frequency of either diaphragm. The sensitivity of the capsule configuration to external accelerations is much less than the sensitivity of an individual diaphragm. A calibration technique based on least squares fitting of data to a theoretical pressure-frequency characteristic is described. The technique accounts for the quadratic diaphragm deflection term, which is produced by numerical solution of the nonlinear differential elasticity equations, but which does not appear in the approximate analytic solution. This quadratic term accounts for the nonzero sensitivity of the pressure sensor at vacuum. An extension of the least squares curve fitting, using multiple linear regression methods, is proposed to provide temperature correction and thereby increase the versatility of the pressure transducer. The temperature sensitivity of the capsule is essentially due entirely to the thermoelastic coefficient of the diaphragrm material.
Sequential development of an angiogenic phenotype by human fibroblasts progressing to tumorigenicity

As normal cells progress to malignancy they must acquire an angiogenic phenotype that will enable them to attract the blood vessels necessary to support their progressive growth. Here we define the mechanism by which human fibroblasts cultured from Li Fraumeni patients and progressing to tumorigenicity in vitro become angiogenic. Initially cells were anti-angiogenic due to the secretion of high levels of inhibitory thrombospondin that overrode the modest amounts of the major inducer, vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF), that were also produced. Cells became fully angiogenic in two steps, the first dependent on the loss of both alleles of wild-type p53 which caused a drop of at least 20-fold in secreted thrombospondin and a fourfold increase in secreted VEGF. Angiogenic activity increased again upon transformation by activated ras due to a further twofold increase in VEGF. Changes in relative levels of VEGF mRNA were sufficient to account for changes in secreted protein levels and in overall angiogenic activity. These studies demonstrate that an angiogenic phenotype able to support tumorigenicity can arise in a step-wise fashion in response to both oncogene activation and tumor suppressor gene loss and involve both a decrease in the secretion of inhibitors and the sequential ratcheting up of the secretion of inducers of angiogenesis.
Beyond Games, Gadgets, and Gimmicks: Differentiating Instruction across Domains in Physical Education.

Abstract “Avoid one-size-fits-all instruction” is a sound injunction, but how should teachers individualize instruction?
Partial and generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus and a novel SCN1A mutation

Background: Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) is an autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by febrile seizures (FS) and a variety of afebrile generalized seizure types. GEFS+ has previously been linked to mutations in two genes encoding the voltage-gated sodium channel α-subunit ( SCN1A ) and β1-subunit ( SCN1B ). We studied a large family with FS and partial as well as generalized seizure types. Methods: All but two living affected family members were interviewed and examined. Information on deceased affected family members was sought. EEG for 11 affected family members and one unaffected family member were obtained. Genetic linkage analysis and mutation screening of SCN1A were performed on blood samples from 16 affected individuals and their first-degree relatives. Results: There were 27 affected family members; 18 were alive at the time of the study. All affected family members had FS; seven had FS only, and 19 also had afebrile seizures. Eleven individuals continued to have FS beyond 6 years of age. FS were complex in 12 family members, usually with prolonged duration. The index patient had right temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis. Four other patients had strong historical evidence of temporal lobe epilepsy, and three others had nonlocalizing evidence of partial epilepsy. Pedigree analysis indicated autosomal dominant transmission. All affected individuals who were tested and one asymptomatic individual had a sodium channel mutation of SCN1A , an A→C transversion at nucleotide 3809 resulting in the substitution of lysine 1270 by threonine in the D3/S2 segment (designated as K1270T). Conclusions: Our findings indicate that partial epilepsy preceded by FS can be associated with sodium channel mutations and may represent a variant of GEFS+.
In situ single-unit recording of hypothalamic hamartomas under endoscopic direct visualization.

OBJECTIVE: Hypothalamic hamartomas (HHs) are associated with refractory epilepsy and are amenable to surgical treatment. The gelastic seizures associated with HHs originate within the HH lesion, but the responsible cellular mechanisms are unknown. Microelectrode patch-clamp recordings from HH neurons in resected slice preparations show that small HH neurons spontaneously fire with intrinsic pacemaker-like activity. We questioned whether spontaneous firing of HH neurons was present in situ, and we hypothesized that single-unit field recordings from HH tissue could be obtained with instrumentation passed through the endoscope before surgical resection. TECHNIQUE: After informed consent was obtained, patients undergoing transventricular, endoscopic resection of an HH for intractable epilepsy were eligible for study. After placement of the endoscope, a bundled microwire (total of 9 contacts) was placed into the HH under direct visualization. Spontaneous activity was recorded for two or three 5-minute epochs, under steady-state general anesthesia. The wire was advanced 0.5 to 1 mm within the lesion between recording epochs. RESULTS: A total of thirteen 5-minute recordings were obtained from 5 patients. Noise levels were comparable to extraoperative microwire recordings for temporal lobe epilepsy. Single-neuron spike activity was isolated from a total of 5 channels obtained during recording of 3 sessions in 3 patients. CONCLUSION: We have shown that single-unit recordings from HH lesions can be successfully obtained in situ under direct endoscopic visualization. We believe that this is the first report using the working channel of a neuroendoscope to make physiological recordings of deep structures in humans.
Stiffness and energy conservation in molecular dynamics: an improved integrator

Molecular dynamics is the integration of a set of coupled differential equations describing the motion of atoms over time. These equations exhibit the unfortunate property of stiffness, that is, terms of the equations (the forces on the atoms) are defined on several scales—ranging from tens of kcal/mol/A to thousands of kcal/mol/A. Additional nonconservative and stiff effects occur when a distance cutoff is used for the electrostatics and nonbonded potentials. Because the first derivative at the cutoff is essentially infinite, small variations in positions will cause large variations in energy and violate conservation of energy. The effects are demonstrated in a small system of 125 isolated water molecules. It is possible to greatly reduce and nearly eliminate the stiff integration effects with an improved integrator. The nonconservative effects of the distance cutoff cannot be removed by changing the integrator. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Quality Control Of Video Components And Display Devices

Video systems are playing an ever increasing and more important role in diagnostic imaging. However, very little emphasis is being placed on the proper specification, evaluation, set-up or quality control of such systems. Even more disconcerting is the fact that the majority of video systems in use in diagnostic imaging do not conform to video standards making interchangeability of components and the evaluation of video signals difficult, if not impossible. The basics of video imaging systems will be discussed and video standards will be outlined. The basics of quality control of video components and display devices will be presented, while pointing out problems and pitfalls associated with testing these systems. In addition, some suggested acceptance limits will be provided.
SIR 2005 Annual Meeting Film Panel Case: Traumatic Pericallosal Pseudoaneurysm

A 23-year-old man was brought to the emergency department by paramedics after a high-impact motor vehicle accident. He was a restrained driver of a car that ran into the back of a truck. The car was thrown sideways and the driver-side door hit a stationary pole. The injured man had to be extricated from the massively damaged vehicle. At the scene he had a Glasgow coma score of 3. In the emergency department his score improved to 7, he was mildly combative, and he did not respond to commands. He was intubated and underwent urgent noncontrast head computed tomography (CT; Fig 1). Because of the intracranial CT findings, cerebral arteriography was performed (Fig 2).
Parent-Implemented Mand Training: Acquisition of Framed Manding in a Young Boy with Partial Hemispherectomy.

This study examined the effects of parent-implemented mand training on the acquisition of framed manding in a 4-year-old boy who had undergone partial hemispherectomy. Framed manding became the predominant mand form when and only when the intervention was implemented with each preferred toy, but minimal generalization to untrained toys nevertheless occurred. A pure mand test suggested that manding was controlled by the relevant motivating operation.
Applications of Popov controller synthesis to benchmark problems with real parameter uncertainty

A new approach to robust control design with real parameter uncertainty has been developed using the analysis criteria from absolute stability theory. Both time and frequency domain stability conditions have been investigated, and the results demonstrate that the analysis tests include information about both the phase and structure of the unknown parameters. This paper uses these analysis results to investigate the synthesis of robust controllers. The control design algorithm uses state space optimization techniques to minimize an overbound of the 3€2 permormance objective that is developed using the Popov stability criterion. In this technique, the optimal compensator and multiplier coefficients are designed simultaneously, which avoids the D-K iteration of JJL synthesis. The procedure is applied to the two and four mass benchmark problems. These examples illustrate that good guaranteed robust performance can be achieved using this Popov controller synthesis (or combined 3€2/ mixed jx) algorithm.
Creation and Validation of Embedded Assertion Statecharts

This paper addresses the need to integrate formal assertions into the modeling, implementation, and testing of statechart based designs. The paper describes an iterative process for the development and verification of statechart prototype models augmented with statechart assertions using the StateRover tool. The novel aspects of the proposed process include (1) writing formal specifications using statechart assertions, (2) JUnit-based simulation and validation of statechart assertions, (3) JUnit-based simulation and testing of statechart prototype models augmented with statechart assertions, (4) automatic, JUnit-based, white-box testing of statechart prototypes augmented with statechart assertions, and (5) spiral adjustment of model and specification using the test results. We demonstrate the proposed process with a prototype of a safety-critical computer assisted resuscitation algorithm (CARA) software for a casualty intravenous fluid infusion pump
Vinyl glove ingestion in children: a word of caution.

Abstract Background Vinyl gloves when ingested will harden and develop sharp edges producing gastric bezoars; bowel obstruction; and, ultimately, perforation. We report 4 children with complications secondary to vinyl glove ingestion who required surgical intervention. Methods A 3-year-old boy, a 13-year-old adolescent girl with Down syndrome, a 14-year-old adolescent girl, and a 15-year-old adolescent boy presented with bowel obstruction secondary to a bezoar caused by a vinyl glove. The adolescent girl with Down syndrome presented again at age 17 years with a large vinyl glove gastric bezoar. Three of the children had mental retardation, and 1 was a victim of child abuse. Three had laparoscopic-assisted removal of the vinyl glove bezoar, and 1 had laparotomy. Results The 4 children recovered uneventfully. Two of the patients had unsuspected intestinal perforation. The caretakers denied awareness of the vinyl glove ingestion. Conclusions Vinyl glove ingestion can cause intestinal obstruction and perforation. Vinyl gloves should be removed from the immediate proximity of mentally retarded patients or patients with pica. Most of the time, the finding of vinyl gloves as etiology of the obstruction or perforation is incidental. If the event is known or witnessed, prompt surgical intervention is generally recommended.
Smoke-free families: supplement overview

The papers in this supplement detail the research findings of projects funded by The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's (RWJF) Smoke-Free Families (SFF) program. As a collection of conceptual overviews, review articles, and empirical studies on the subject of smoking during pregnancy and the postpartum period, this work represents important new material to add to the knowledge base of what might make for the most effective, efficient, and disseminable interventions for promoting smoke-free families. Orleans et al (page iii6) set the context for the SFF program, providing an overview behind the RWJF rationale for funding programs delivered during pregnancy and the postnatal period. This paper nests the research efforts within a three pronged product development model. The authors explain that the first component of the model aims to strengthen the science or intervention “push”, by testing or improving interventions for wider use. The second component aims to increase the demand (or “pull”) for effective interventions by demonstrating cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness and providing other incentives. A third component aims to build the capacity of health systems …
Potential emissions reductions from grandfathered coal power plants in the United States

A two-tiered approach to environmental regulation in the United States has long allowed existing coal-fired power plants to emit air pollutants at far higher rates than new facilities. The potential for reducing the emissions of existing coal-fired facilities is quantified via two hypothetical scenarios: the installation of available retrofit control technologies, or the imposition of New Source Performance Standards (NSPS). Available control technologies could have reduced year 2005 emissions by 56% for NOx and 72% for SO2 for a cost of $11.3 billion/year (2004$), likely yielding far larger benefits to human health. Slightly more emission reductions would be achieved by upgrading or replacing existing facilities to achieve the NSPS emissions limits required of all new facilities. Potential CO2 reductions are more speculative due to the emerging nature of carbon capture and efficiency retrofit technologies. Recent policies such as the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule would likely achieve most of the NOx and SO2 reduction potential identified by the scenario analyses for grandfathered facilities. However, escalating obstacles to new generation capacity may perpetuate the reliance on an aging fleet of power plants, resulting in higher rates of coal consumption and CO2 emissions than could be achieved by new or retrofit units.
DEVELOPMENT OF WILDLIFE PROTECTION GUIDELINES FOR ALASKA'S FEDERAL ON-SCENE COORDINATORS

ABSTRACT Alaska's coastline and offshore areas provide seasonal feeding, breeding, and staging grounds for large numbers of birds and marine mammals. In addition, offshore waters serve as passageways for oil tankers and other ocean vessels, and as the location of oil exploration, development, and production activities. Because of the potential for wildlife to contact oil as a result of a spill in the marine environment, the Alaska Regional Response Team (RRT) established a working group in September 1987 to develop and maintain guidelines to assist Alaska's federal On-Scene Coordinators (OSCs) in dealing with oiled wildlife. The working group, originally comprised of representatives from four federal and state agencies on the Alaska RRT, was expanded to include members from three special-interest groups—the oil industry and environmental and native groups—and the guideline objectives were broadened to address three response strategies: (1) controlling the release and spread of oil to protect wildlife; (2)...
The idiosyncrasies of place: geographic variation in the climate–distribution relationships of the American pika

Although climate acts as a fundamental constraint on the distribution of organisms, understanding how this relationship between climate and distribution varies over a species' range is critical for addressing the potential impacts of accelerated climate change on biodiversity. Bioclimatic niche models provide compelling evidence that many species will experience range shifts under scenarios of global change, yet these broad, macroecological perspectives lack specificity at local scales, where unique combinations of environment, biota, and history conspire against generalizations. We explored how these idiosyncrasies of place affect the climate-distribution relationship of the American pika (Ochotona princeps )b y replicating intensive field surveys across bioclimatic gradients in eight U.S. national parks. At macroecological scales, the importance of climate as a constraint on pika distribution appears unequivocal; forecasts suggest that the species' range will contract sharply in coming decades. However, the species persists outside of its modeled bioclimatic envelope in many locations, fueling uncertainty and debate over its conservation status. Using a Bayesian hierarchical approach, we modeled variation in local patterns of pika distribution along topographic position, vegetation cover, elevation, temperature, and precipitation gradients in each park landscape. We also accounted for annual turnover in site occupancy probabilities. Topographic position and vegetation cover influenced occurrence in all parks. After accounting for these factors, pika occurrence varied widely among parks along bioclimatic gradients. Precipitation by itself was not a particularly influential predictor. However, measures of heat stress appeared most influential in the driest parks, suggesting an interaction between the strength of climate effects and the position of parks along precipitation gradients. The combination of high elevation, cold temperatures, and high precipitation lowered occurrence probabilities in some parks, suggesting an upper elevational limit for pikas in some environments. Our results demonstrate that the idiosyncrasies of place influence both the nature and strength of the climate-distribution relationship for the American pika. Fine- grained, but geographically extensive, studies replicated across multiple landscapes offer insights important to assessing the impacts of climate change that otherwise may be masked at macroecological scales. The hierarchical approach to modeling provides a coherent conceptual and technical framework for gaining these insights.
Expanding findings on D-cycloserine augmentation of therapeutic learning: a role for social learning relative to autism spectrum disorders?

r u b a O ne of the particular successes of translational research has been the use of d-cycloserine (DCS), a partial agonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, to enhance extinction earning. In an initial study that brought successful bench research o the clinic, Ressler et al. (1) showed that single-dose administraions of DCS before exposure (extinction) interventions enhanced reatment outcome for acrophobia. This initial success has been ollowed by studies in social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and bsessive-compulsive disorder, with impressive effect sizes for the dvantage of DCS over placebo for aiding treatment outcome in rief exposure-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) (2). In this pplication, DCS appears to act as a memory enhancer, improving he consolidation of the therapeutic learning achieved with expoure therapy. In doing so, DCS research helped establish a new type f combination treatment for the anxiety disorders. Traditional ombination treatment involved pharmacotherapy (typically an ntidepressant or benzodiazepine medication) combined with a sychosocial intervention (typically CBT). In contrast, DCS augmenation reflects an important shift in combination treatment stratgy, where medication is used not for anxiolysis but for enhanceent of the therapeutic learning offered by CBT. Moreover, in this pplication, DCS is used in weekly, single-dose applications, a paricularly important strategy, given evidence for rapid tolerance for ts augmentation effects. To date, the success of this novel combination treatment stratgy has been relatively specific to extinction-based learning. In ddition to the DCS augmentation successes across the anxiety isorders, DCS augmentation has also been applied selectively to xposure interventions for substance use disorders. In this latter pplication, DCS was again administered in single doses before xtinction interventions, this time designed to break the link beween drug cues and drug-craving behaviors. To date, there have een successes in both animal (3) and human (4) studies for these rug cue applications. The study by Modi and Young (5), published in this issue of iological Psychiatry, suggests that DCS effects might be expanded o the enhancement of select social behaviors as well. Specifically, he investigators showed a DCS enhancement effect for the formaion of social bonds in female prairie voles. D-cycloserine was given uring a 6-hour period of cohabitation, followed immediately by a -hour test of partner preference (for the familiar or a novel male ole). D-cycloserine enhancement of the social bond was indicated y the increased time spent with the known (partner) versus an nknown male vole. This effect reflected the speeding of learning een for extinction. That is, whereas 24 hours of cohabitation with ating was typically required for social bonding, DCS aided the chievement of a preference bond in the 6-hour cohabitation period.
Polarization mode basis functions for modeling insulator-coated through-silicon via (TSV) interconnections

For the design of high-density 3-D integration, this paper presents a method to model through-silicon via (TSV) interconnections. Focusing on the modeling of annular insulator coating around the TSV, this paper proposes a new type of modal basis functions that describe polarization current density distribution in insulator. The equivalent network including modal excess capacitance from the basis functions provides accurate electrical characteristics, compared with analytic and EM simulation results.
Zr- and Hf-based nanoscale metal–organic frameworks as contrast agents for computed tomography

Nanoscale metal–organic frameworks (NMOFs) of the UiO-66 structure containing high Zr (37 wt%) and Hf (57 wt%) content were synthesized and characterized, and their potential as contrast agents for X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging was evaluated. Hf-NMOFs of different sizes were coated with silica and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to enhance biocompatibility, and were used for in vivo CT imaging of mice, showing increased attenuation in the liver and spleen.
Why is it difficult to find comprehensive information? Implications of information scatter for search and design

The rapid development of Web sites providing extensive coverage of a topic, coupled with the development of powerful search engines (designed to help users find such Web sites), suggests that users can easily find comprehensive information about a topic. In domains such as consumer healthcare, finding comprehensive information about a topic is critical as it can improve a patient’s judgment in making healthcare decisions, and can encourage higher compliance with treatment. However, recent studies show that despite using powerful search engines, many healthcare information seekers have difficulty finding comprehensive information even for narrow healthcare topics because the relevant information is scattered across many Web sites. To date, no studies have analyzed how facts related to a search topic are distributed across relevant Web pages and Web sites. In this study, the distribution of facts related to five common healthcare topics across high-quality sites is analyzed, and the reasons underlying those distributions are explored. The analysis revealed the existence of few pages that had many facts, many pages that had few facts, and no single page or site that provided all the facts. While such a distribution conforms to other information-related phenomena, a deeper analysis revealed that the distributions were caused by a trade-off between depth and breadth, leading to the existence of general, specialized, and sparse pages. Furthermore, the results helped to make explicit the knowledge needed by searchers to find comprehensive healthcare information, and suggested the motivation to explore distribution-conscious approaches for the development of future search systems, search interfaces, Web page designs, and training.
RF Performance of a UHF Triode

The details of techniques of measurements and the dynamic results obtained with a uhf triode are discussed. Performance characteristics in the vhf and uhf television bands are covered, and a comparison of gain and noise figures made with tubes now available for vhf amplifier service.
Feasibility and Utility of Three-Dimensional Color Flow Echocardiography of the Aortic Arch: The “Echocardiographic Angiogram”

Two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (2DE) is the most commonly used diagnostic modality to evaluate congenital and acquired abnormalities of the aortic arch. However, 2DE is frequently limited in this ability due to the three-dimensional character of the arch and its interrelationships with other vascular structures. Recently, three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) with 3D color flow Doppler became commercially available. We examined the feasibility and utility of 3DE with 3D color Doppler in the evaluation of patients with congenital (native and postoperative) abnormalities of the aortic arch. We found that 3DE color flow provides important diagnostic information in patients with aortic arch anomalies, in a manner that is quick and user-friendly. In addition, 17 of the 26 patients had their 3DE findings confirmed by additional modalities, providing reasonably significant validation for our findings with 3DE.
Formation of a new 5'-guanylic acid helix in neutral solution.

Abstract 5′-GMP forms in neutral solution a regular, ordered structure, presumably helical. The ordered structure is different from that previously reported at pH 5 and is not associated with gel formation. The transition is more cooperative than that of the pH 5 helix, but has a lower T m .
Tubulointerstitial renal diseases of children: pathologic features and pathogenetic mechanisms in Fanconi's familial nephronophthisis, antitubular basement membrane antibody disease, and medullary cyst disease.

The renal lesions of 15 children with tubulointerstitial diseases (TID), originally diagnosed as Fanconi's familial nephronophthisis (FFN), medullary cyst disease (MCD), or antitubular basement membrane (TBM) antibody disease were studied by light, electron, and immunoflauorescence microscopy and by peroxidase-anti-peroxidase stain for IgG. Kidneys originally considered in all three categories showed similar pathologic findings, with periglomerular fibrosis, interstitial fibrosis and infiltration, TBM thickening, and glomerulopathy. The data suggest that MCD and FFN are not synonyms, but that FFN can lead to medullary cystic disease, as can other tubulointerstitial diseases. Anti-TBM disease appears to be a more frequent cause of TID than is usually recognized. Glomerular involvement in TID may be due to deposition of anti-TBM antibody/TBM antigen complexes.