cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics of Strongly Coupled Plasmas by Numerical Simulation

The intent of these lectures is to give a summary of theoretical understanding and computer simulation results for the equilibrium thermodynamic properties of fully ionized light elements at high density. Matter in this state is a “dense” plasma or “strongly coupled” plasma because of the strength of the Coulomb interaction among the point nuclei. At the extreme densities found in white dwarf stars the Coulomb interactions can be so strong that the nuclei are localized into lattice sites, i.e. a Coulomb solid. Most of these lectures, however, will deal with lower densities in which the nuclei form a strongly-correlated fluid. Real matter in this state may be considered to be a mixture of two fluids: the fluid of point nuclei governed by pairwise Coulomb interactions with classical mechanics, and a neutralizing fluid of electrons which is degenerate due to Fermi statistics. In real physical systems such as stellar interiors, interiors of large planets (Jupiter), and laser fusion compression experiments, the two fluids interact with each other chiefly by means of the electron screening effect due to some increase of electron density in the neighborhood of each nucleus. A large fraction of the matter in the universe is in the strongly coupled plasma state, and consequently the physics of this state of matter is of great importance.
Modelling hard gamma-ray emission from supernova remnants

The observation by the CANGAROO experiment of TeV emission from SN 1006, in conjunction with several instances of non-thermal X-ray emission from supernova remnants, has led to inferences of super-TeV electrons in these extended sources. While this is sufficient to propel the theoretical community in their modelling of particle acceleration and associated radiation, the anticipated emergence in the next decade of a number of new experiments probing the TeV and sub-TeV bands provides further substantial motivation for modellers. In particular, the quest for obtaining unambiguous gamma-ray signatures of cosmic ray ion acceleration defines a "Holy Grail" for observers and theorists alike. This review summarizes theoretical developments in the prediction of MeV-TeV gamma-rays from supernova remnants over the last five years, focusing on how global properties of models can impact, and be impacted by, hard gamma-ray observational programs, thereby probing the supernova remnant environment. Properties of central consideration include the maximum energy of accelerated particles, the density of the unshocked interstellar medium, the ambient magnetic field, and the relativistic electron-to-proton ratio. Criteria for determining good candidate remnants for observability in the TeV band are identified.
A Century of Induced Earthquakes in Oklahoma

Seismicity rates have increased sharply since 2009 in the central and eastern United States, with especially high rates of activity in the state of Oklahoma. Growing evidence indicates that many of these events are induced, primarily by injection of wastewater in deep disposal wells. The upsurge in activity has raised two questions: What is the background rate of tectonic earthquakes in Oklahoma? How much has the rate varied throughout historical and early instrumental times? In this article, we show that (1) seismicity rates since 2009 surpass previously observed rates throughout the twentieth century; (2) several lines of evidence suggest that most of the significant earthquakes in Oklahoma during the twentieth century were likely induced by oil production activities, as they exhibit statistically significant temporal and spatial correspondence with disposal wells, and intensity measurements for the 1952 El Reno earthquake and possibly the 1956 Tulsa County earthquake follow the pattern observed in other induced earthquakes; and (3) there is evidence for a low level of tectonic seismicity in southeastern Oklahoma associated with the Ouachita structural belt. The 22 October 1882 Choctaw Nation earthquake, for which we estimate M w 4.8, occurred in this zone. Online Material: A discussion of historical earthquakes and populations in Oklahoma, figures of intensity and earthquake location maps and a cumulative count of earthquakes in Oklahoma, and tables of accounts and felt reports.
Outcomes of congenital heart disease in late preterm infants: double jeopardy?

Aim: To evaluate outcomes of late preterm (34–36 6/7 weeks gestation) infants with congenital heart defects requiring surgical intervention during initial admission (added), in comparison with term (37–42 weeks) controls. Methods: This was a retrospective chart review of consecutive late preterm and term infants with congenital heart lesions, requiring surgical intervention during initial admission. Results: Our cohort (n = 88) comprised 26 late preterm infants (group 1) and 62 term controls (group 2). The two groups differed significantly in mean (SD) gestation [34.5 (1.5) vs. 39.1 (1) weeks)], birth weight [2335 (402) vs. 3173 (401) g] and weight [2602 (739) vs. 3273 (507) g] and age [33 (51) vs. 11 (14) days] at surgery. Cardiac diagnosis frequencies were similar in both groups. The mean (SD) duration of PGE1 [31.9 (56.8) vs. 11.3 (24.9) days] and need for preoperative pressors (25% vs. 8%) were significantly higher in group 1. Death (23% vs. 8%, p = 0.05) tended to be higher in group 1. Rates of necrotizing enterocolitis (23% vs. 1.7%), seizures (19% vs. 0%), oxygen need (12% vs. 0%) and gavage feeds (12% vs. 1.6%) at discharge were all significantly higher in the late preterm cohort. Conclusions: These data highlight the extreme vulnerability of infants with the ‘double hits’ of prematurity and heart defects.
Kinematic and Energetic Properties of the 2012 March 12 Polar Coronal Mass Ejection

We report on the energetics of the 2012 March 12 polar coronal mass ejection (CME) originating from a southern latitude of ?60?. The polar CME is similar to low-latitude (LL) CMEs in almost all respects: three-part morphology; post-eruption arcade (PEA), CME, and filament kinematics; CME mass and kinetic energy; and the relative thermal energy content of the PEA. From polarized brightness images, we estimate the CME mass, which is close to the average mass of LL CMEs. The CME kinetic energy (3.3 ? 1030 erg) is also typical of the general population of CMEs. From photospheric magnetograms, we estimate the free energy (1.8 ? 1031 erg) in the polar crown source region, which we find is sufficient to power the CME and the PEA. About 19% of the free energy went into the CME kinetic energy. We compute the thermal energy content of the PEA (2.3 ? 1029 erg) and find it to be a small fraction (6.8%) of the CME kinetic energy. This fraction is remarkably similar to that in active region CMEs associated with major flares. We also show that the 2012 March 12 is one among scores of polar CMEs observed during the maximum phase of cycle 24. The cycle 24 polar crown prominence eruptions have the same rate of association with CMEs as those from LLs. This investigation supports the view that all CMEs are magnetically propelled from closed field regions, irrespective of their location on the Sun (polar crown filament regions, quiescent filament regions, or active regions).
Distributed filtering with random sampling and delay

The problem of estimation and filtering in a distributed sensor environment is considered. The sensors obtain measurements about target trajectories at random times which transmit to the fusion center. The measurements arrive at the fusion with random delays which can be due to queuing at the sensor buffer and to delays in the transmission time as well as in the propagation time. The fusion generates estimates of the target tracks using the received measurements. The measurements are received from the sensors at random times, can have unknown time-origin and can arrive out of sequence. Optimal filters for the estimation of target tracks based on measurements of uncertain origin received by the fusion at random times and out of sequence have been derived for the cases of random sampling, random delay, and both random sampling and random delay. It is shown that the optimal filters constitute an extension to the Kalman filter to account for the uncertainty involved with the data time-origin. >
Weighted sampling without replacement from data streams

New results for sampling in the streaming model.A new method of performing weighted random sampling without replacement using weighted random sampling with replacement.The new sampling algorithm avoids losing error when using finite precision. Weighted sampling without replacement has proved to be a very important tool in designing new algorithms. Efraimidis and Spirakis 5 presented an algorithm for weighted sampling without replacement from data streams. Their algorithm works under the assumption of precise computations over the interval 0 , 1 . Cohen and Kaplan 3 used similar methods for their bottom-k sketches.Efraimidis and Spirakis ask as an open question whether using finite precision arithmetic impacts the accuracy of their algorithm. In this paper we show a method to avoid this problem by providing a precise reduction from k-sampling without replacement to k-sampling with replacement. We call the resulting method Cascade Sampling.
Row products of random matrices

Abstract Let Δ 1 , … , Δ K be d × n matrices. We define the row product of these matrices as a d K × n matrix, whose rows are entry-wise products of rows of Δ 1 , … , Δ K . This construction arises in certain computer science problems. We study the question, to which extent the spectral and geometric properties of the row product of independent random matrices resemble those properties for a d K × n matrix with independent random entries. In particular, we show that the largest and the smallest singular values of these matrices are of the same order, as long as n ≪ d K . We also consider a problem of privately releasing the summary information about a database, and use the previous results to obtain a bound for the minimal amount of noise, which has to be added to the released data to avoid a privacy breach.
Effectiveness of data dependence analysis

Data dependence testing is the basic step in detecting loop level parallelism in numerical programs. The problem is undecidable in the general case. Therefore, work has been concentrated on a simplified problem, affine memory disambiguation. In this simpler domain, array references and loops bounds are assumed to be linear integer functions of loop variables. Dataflow information is ignored. For this domain, we have shown that in practice the problem can be solved accurately and efficiently.(1) This paper studies empirically the effectiveness of this domain restriction, how many real references are affine and flow insensitive. We use Larus's llpp system(2) to find all the data dependences dynamically. We compare these to the results given by our affine memory disambiguation system. This system is exact for all the cases we see in practice. We show that while the affine approximation is reasonable, memory disambiguation is not a sufficient approximation for data dependence analysis. We propose extensions to improve the analysis.
Localness of energy cascade in hydrodynamic turbulence. II. Sharp spectral filter

We investigate the scale-locality of subgrid-scale (SGS) energy flux and interband energy transfers defined by the sharp spectral filter. We show by rigorous bounds, physical arguments, and numerical simulations that the spectral SGS flux is dominated by local triadic interactions in an extended turbulent inertial range. Interband energy transfers are also shown to be dominated by local triads if the spectral bands have constant width on a logarithmic scale. We disprove in particular an alternative picture of “local transfer by nonlocal triads,” with the advecting wavenumber mode at the energy peak. Although such triads have the largest transfer rates of all individual wavenumber triads, we show rigorously that, due to their restricted number, they make an asymptotically negligible contribution to energy flux and log-banded energy transfers at high wavenumbers in the inertial range. We show that it is only the aggregate effect of a geometrically increasing number of local wavenumber triads which can susta...
Commercial Relationships and Spaces after Disaster

Sociological research on the relationship between social bonds and economic activity typically focuses on how social bonds facilitate economic activity. There is, however, a growing and important literature on the development of commercial relationships into social friendships and the important role that commercial spaces can play in facilitating social connections. To date, however, this research has not focused on the important role that these commercial friendships and spaces can play in facilitating an individual’s recovery efforts after a major disaster like a tornado, hurricane or flood. It has also not focused on the effect that major disasters can have on commercial ties. Moreover, while the sociological literature on post-disaster recovery has emphasized the important role of social capital, it has not emphasized the role that social networks developed within commercial contexts can play in helping individuals to rebound from disaster. This article is an effort to fill these gaps in the literature. Using interview data collected in the Gulf Coast following Hurricane Katrina, we argue and describe how meaningful social bonds that emerge out of and are facilitated by commercial activity as well as the social spaces provided by commercial entities can facilitate community rebound after a major disaster.
HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT OF TITANIUM SHEET UNDER MULTIAXIAL STATES OF STRESS

Abstract The influence of hydrogen on the ductility of commercially pure titanium sheet has been investigated over a range of stress states from uniaxial to equibiaxial tension. The data show that hydrogen embrittlement of plastically anisotropic Ti sheet depends on stress state, being the most severe in equibiaxial tension. Quantitative metallography indicates that the effect of stress state is primarily a result of two factors: (1) plane strain and equibiaxial tensile deformation are especially effective in causing the strain-induced fracture of hydrides and consequently void formation, and (2) the void link-up process in plane strain and equibiaxial tension initiates at a comparatively low bulk void density. The results are analyzed in terms of the influence of stress state on both hydride fracture and the occurrence of shear instabilities triggered by hydride fracture/void nucleation.
Gender, Agricultural Production, and the Theory of the Household

Virtually all models of the household assume that the allocation of resources is Pareto efficient. Within many African households, agricultural production occurs on many plots controlled by different members of the household. Pareto efficiency implies that factors should be allocated efficiently across these plots. I find, in contrast, that plots controlled by women are farmed much less intensively than similar plots within the household controlled by men. The estimates imply that about 6 percent of output is lost because of inefficient factor allocation within the household. The paper suggests a new approach to modeling intrahousehold allocation consistent with the empirical results.
Structural Probability Concepts Adapted to Electrical Engineering

Through the use of equivalent variable analogies, the authors demonstrate how an electrical subsystem can be modeled by an equivalent structural subsystem. This allows the electrical subsystem to be probabilistically analyzed by using available structural reliability computer codes such as NESSUS. With the ability to analyze the electrical subsystem probabilistically, we can evaluate the reliability of systems that include both structural and electrical subsystems. Common examples of such systems are a structural subsystem integrated with a health-monitoring subsystem, and smart structures. Since these systems have electrical subsystems that directly affect the operation of the overall system, probabilistically analyzing them could lead to improved reliability and reduced costs. The direct effect of the electrical subsystem on the structural subsystem is of secondary order and is not considered in the scope of this work.
Quantum Brownian motion in a periodic potential and the multichannel Kondo problem

We study the motion of a particle in a periodic potential with Ohmic dissipation. In $D=1$ dimension it is well known that there are two phases depending on the dissipation: a localized phase with zero temperature mobility $\ensuremath{\mu}=0$ and a fully coherent phase with $\ensuremath{\mu}$ unaffected by the periodic potential. However, for nonsymmorphic lattices with $Dg1$, such as the honeycomb lattice, there is an intermediate phase with a universal mobility ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{*}$. This intermediate phase is relevant to resonant tunneling experiments in strongly coupled Coulomb-blockade structures as well as multichannel Luttinger liquids. We relate this problem to the Toulouse limit of the $D+1$ channel Kondo problem, which allows us to compute ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{*}$ exactly using results known from conformal field theory.
Matrix design for optimal sensing

We design optimal 2 × N (2 <; N) matrices, with unit columns, so that the maximum condition number of all the submatrices comprising 3 columns is minimized. The problem has two applications. When estimating a 2-dimensional signal by using only three of N observations at a given time, this minimizes the worst-case achievable estimation error. It also captures the problem of optimum sensor placement for monitoring a source located in a plane, when only a minimum number of required sensors are active at any given time. For arbitrary N ≥ 3, we derive the optimal matrices which minimize the maximum condition number of all the submatrices of three columns. Surprisingly, a uniform distribution of the columns is not the optimal design for odd N ≥ 7.
Chains in the Noncrossing Partition Lattice

We establish recursions counting various classes of chains in the noncrossing partition lattice of a finite Coxeter group. The recursions specialize a general relation which is proven uniformly (i.e., without appealing to the classification of finite Coxeter groups) using basic facts about noncrossing partitions. We solve these recursions for each finite Coxeter group in the classification. Among other results, we obtain a simpler proof of a known uniform formula for the number of maximal chains of noncrossing partitions and a new uniform formula for the number of edges in the noncrossing partition lattice. All of our results extend to the $m$-divisible noncrossing partition lattice.
[3+2] Photooxygenation of aryl cyclopropanes via visible light photocatalysis

Abstract We report that Ru ( bpz ) 3 2 + is an excellent sensitizer for the photooxygenation of aryl cyclopropanes upon irradiation with visible light. The effectiveness of this photocatalyst enables the synthesis of a range of five-membered endoperoxides in excellent yield with quite low (0.5 mol %) catalyst loadings even when standard household light sources are utilized.
Total Synthesis of (±)-Cytisine

[reaction:see text] The nicotine partial agonist cytisine was prepared in five steps featuring an "in situ" Stille or Suzuki biaryl pyridine coupling. Differentiation of the pyridyl rings was accomplished via selective benzylation and then reduction of a pyridinium ring. The penultimate diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane intermediate was obtained with high diastereoselectivity. A similar sequence has been employed for the synthesis of novel derivative 9-methoxycytisine.
A New Abundance Scale for the Globular Cluster 47 Tuc

We present chemical abundances for O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, and Fe in eight red giants and one turnoff star in the metal-rich globular cluster 47 Tuc, based on spectroscopy with the Magellan Inamori Kyocera Echelle high-resolution spectrograph on the Magellan 6.5 m Clay telescope. A robust line by a line differential abundance analysis technique, relative to the K-giant Arcturus, was used to reduce systematic errors from atmospheric and atomic parameters. Our derived mean LTE [Fe/H] of –0.76 ± 0.01 ± 0.04 dex (random and systematic error, respectively) is more metal poor by about 0.1 dex than recent literature results. The chemical element ratios in this nearby globular cluster most closely resemble those of the Galactic bulge, although there is a non-negligible overlap with the composition of thick-disk stars. We find that the [Al/Fe] and [Na/Fe] ratios coincide with the upper boundary of the trends seen in the bulge and thick disk. There is only a small intrinsic scatter in the majority of the abundance ratios, indicating that 47 Tuc is mostly a rather chemically homogeneous system.
Novel synthesis of 3-acetamido-3-deoxy- and 4-acetamido-4-deoxy-d-altrose from levoglucosenone using regioselective cis-oxyamination

Abstract Two rare amino sugars, 3-acetamido-3-deoxy- and 4-acetamido-4-deoxy- d -altrose, were prepared from levoglucosenone (1,6-anhydro-3,4-dideoxy-β- d - glycero -hex-3-enopyranos-2-ulose) respectively by reduction of the carbonyl group, selective cis -oxyamination of the carbon-carbon double bond, detosylation of the p -toluenesulfonamido group, acetylation, acetolysis of the 1,6-anhydro bond, and finally deacetylation of the O -acetyl groups. The regioselectivity in cis -oxyamination of the carbon-carbon double bond of allylic alcohol obtained by reduction of levoglucosenone could be controlled by the choice of the protecting groups of the allylic hydroxyl group.
Astrophysical origins of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays

In the first part of this review we discuss the basic observational features at the end of the cosmic ray (CR) energy spectrum. We also present there the main characteristics of each of the experiments involved in the detection of these particles. We then briefly discuss the status of the chemical composition and the distribution of arrival directions of CRs. After that, we examine the energy losses during propagation, introducing the Greisen–Zaptsepin–Kuzmin (GZK) cutoff, and discuss the level of confidence with which each experiment has detected particles beyond the GZK energy limit. In the second part of the review, we discuss the astrophysical environments that are able to accelerate particles up to such high energies, including active galactic nuclei, large scale galactic wind termination shocks, relativistic jets and hot-spots of Fanaroff–Riley radio galaxies, pulsars, magnetars, quasar remnants, starbursts, colliding galaxies, and gamma ray burst fireballs. In the third part of the review we provide a brief summary of scenarios which try to explain the super-GZK events with the help of new physics beyond the standard model. In the last section, we give an overview on neutrino telescopes and existing limits on the energy spectrum and discuss some of the prospects for a new (multi-particle) astronomy. Finally, we outline how extraterrestrial neutrino fluxes can be used to probe new physics beyond the electroweak scale.
Terminal olefin cross-metathesis with acrolein acetals

Abstract New olefin metathesis methodology for the homologation of terminal olefins to protected α,β-unsaturated aldehydes is described. Acrolein acetals, including asymmetric derivatives, are robust cross-metathesis substrates as evidenced by reaction yields of 80–90% at catalyst loadings of 2–5 mol % (PCy 3 ) 2 Cl 2 RuCHPh ( 1 ).
The Juno New Frontiers mission

Abstract Peering down through the clouds and deep into Jupiter's atmosphere, Juno reveals fundamental processes of the formation and early evolution of our solar system. Using a simple, solar powered, spinning spacecraft in an innovative, highly elliptical polar orbit, Juno avoids Jupiter's highest radiation regions. The mission combines high heritage instruments and spacecraft with an experienced science and engineering team. The designs of the individual instruments are straightforward and have excellent heritage from previous space missions. Juno's scientific payload includes a dual frequency gravity/radio science system, a six wavelength Microwave Radiometer (MWR) for atmospheric sounding and composition, a dual-technique magnetometer, plasma detectors, energetic particle detectors (EPDs), a radio/plasma wave experiment, and an Ultraviolet Imager/Spectrometer. Juno's payload also includes a color camera to provide the public with their first glimpse of Jupiter's poles. Juno will launch in July, 2010 or August, 2011 and arrive at Jupiter 5.2 years later. The nominal mission ends one year after Jupiter arrival with a deorbit into Jupiter's atmosphere.
Jumping the technology s-curve

To anticipate technological progress, one tool often used by company strategists is the technology s-curve. Proposed about a quarter of a century ago by Richard Foster, the s-curve is based on a fairly straightforward concept. It tracks the progress of a base technology as a function of the R&D effort or, if R&D is constant, of time. The s-curve has been used in plotting technologies as diverse as computer processors, jet engines, fertilizers, and incandescent lamps. It can be described by mathematical models such as the Pearl function, which incidentally has its roots in the description of population growth. Besides optimizing technical productivity, the basic concept of the s-curve has been extended to the area of product and technology substitution. But to make the s-curve method useful for decision making in a commercial product environment several business issues must also be considered. >
A DEEP MULTICOLOR SURVEY. V. THE M DWARF LUMINOSITY FUNCTION

We present a study of M dwarfs discovered in a large-area, multicolor survey. We employ a combination of morphological and color criteria to select M dwarfs to a limiting magnitude in V of 22, the deepest such ground-based survey for M dwarfs to date. We solve for the vertical disk stellar density law and use the resulting parameters to derive the M dwarf luminosity and mass functions from this sample. We find that the stellar luminosity function peaks at MV ~ 12 and declines thereafter. Our derived mass function for stars with M M > 0.1 M⊙.
Immanuel Ness: Review of Immigrants, Unions, and the New U. S. Labor Market

Immanuel Ness’s book Immigrants, Unions, and the New U. S. Labor Market is based on an intriguing proposition. Contrary to the conventional wisdom that illegal immigrants are virtually impossible to organize and have little interest in standing up to their employers, Ness presents three case studies that illustrate that some undocumented workers are indeed willing to stand up to their employers, sometimes without any union assistance at all. Indeed, Ness suggests “that immigrants tend to engage in collective action at least as much as native-born workers” (p. 35). This claim has potentially enormous implications for unions, businesses and immigrant workers alike. To support this contention, the book begins by providing an in-depth review of the history of the organized labor movement in New York City (NYC) and detailing the changing nature of immigration in the city as well. In chapter 1, Ness provides evidence that commerce in NYC, like other international finance centers, is based upon a neoliberal economy that “advocates expanding global free trade and competition and withdrawing the state from regulating economic activity” (p. 2). He further states the impact of these policies in NYC has been to create an increased demand for very cheap labor. This, in turn, has lead to increasing international immigration into the city and has lead to work conditions that have deteriorated and in some instances have become predatory in nature. In chapter 2, Ness provides an extensive amount of data that details the industrial restructuring of NYC, which included a steep decline in the manufacturing sector. This decline decreased the power of labor unions in the city because many of the jobs that were lost were union jobs. Those jobs were replaced by service industry jobs and many of those positions paid very low wages. In many instances, employers J Labor Res (2009) 30:196–200 DOI 10.1007/s12122-008-9055-0
New Periodic Orbits for the n-Body Problem

Since the discovery of the figure-8 orbit for the three-body problem [Moore 1993] a large number of periodic orbits of the n-body problem with equal masses and beautiful symmetries have been discovered. However, most of those that have appeared in the literature are either planar or are obtained from perturbations of planar orbits. Here we exhibit a number of new three-dimensional periodic n-body orbits with equal masses and cubic symmetry, including some whose moment of inertia tensor is a scalar. We found these orbits numerically by minimizing the action as a function of the trajectories’ Fourier coefficients. We also give numerical evidence that a planar 3-body orbit first found �
Stability analysis of the mode-locking dynamics in a laser cavity with a passive polarizer

A low-dimensional model is constructed via a variational formulation which characterizes the mode-locking dynamics in a laser cavity with a passive polarizer. The theoretical model accounts explicitly for the effects of the passive polarizer with a Jones matrix. In combination with the nonlinear interaction of the orthogonally polarized electromagnetic fields, the evolution of the mode-locked state reduces to the nonlinear interaction of the amplitude, width and phase chirp. This model allows for an explicit analytic prediction of the steady-state mode-locked state (fixed point) and its corresponding stability. The stability analysis requires a center manifold reduction which reveals that the solution decays to the mode-locked state on a timescale dependent on the gain bandwidth and the net cavity gain. Quantitative and qualitative agreement is achieved between the full governing model and the low-dimensional model, thus providing for an excellent design tool for characterizing and optimizing mode-locking performance.
Surface Heat Flux Prediction Through Physics-Based Calibration, Part 2: Experimental Validation

A new approach for predicting surface heat flux from in-depth temperature measurements is experimentally verified herein. Specifically, this paper presents an experimental verification of the theory developed in the companion Part 1 work. In Part 1, a novel, physics-based calibration approach to the inverse heat conduction problem is mathematically developed, and a methodology for resolving surface heat flux is presented. It is significant to note that this new approach does not require knowledge of host material thermophysical properties, sensor depth, lead losses, or sensor characteristics. Regularization of the data is accomplished by way of a robust “future information parameter,” which is determined by examination of the residual. This paper presents an electrical heating experiment that validates the new inverse approach. A custom nichrome element heater is sandwiched between two identical bronze plates creating a symmetry condition. The setup is capable of surface heat fluxes near 12 W/cm2. Two te...
What is the Smallest Volume Into Which Light Can Be Focused, Efficiently?

Electromagnetic waves, running in close proximity to a metal surface, can have surprisingly short wavelengths, as short as lambda=1 nm, at optical frequencies. Thus the phrase Optical frequencies but with X-ray wavelengths, is appropriate. In effect these plasmon waves can experience a high effective refractive index, nGt100, dependent on the exact guiding structure. We find moreover, that at these short wavelengths, the skin depth or exponential decay depth, inside the metal can be <1 nm, much shorter than the conventional collisionless skin depth, c/omegarho ~ 25 nm in Silver. We propose an innovative dimple geometry as a focusing structure that makes it possible to focus visible frequencies down to ~5 nm dimensions, with an efficiency of ~50%. This focusing structure is much more efficient, and leads to a much smaller spot size, than can be achieved with conventional pinhole structures. We introduce a new figure-of-merit for focusing that properly accounts for plasmonic energy dissipation. We find that the limit of focusing is reached when the electromagnetic plasmonic group velocity vg becomes as slow as the electron Fermi velocity, vF.
WOW: Self-organizing Wide Area Overlay Networks of Virtual Workstations

This paper describes WOW, a distributed system that combines virtual machine, overlay networking and peer-to-peer techniques to create scalable wide-area networks of virtual workstations for high-throughput computing. The system is architected to: facilitate the addition of nodes to a pool of resources through the use of system virtual machines (VMs) and self-organizing virtual network links; to maintain IP connectivity even if VMs migrate across network domains; and to present to end-users and applications an environment that is functionally identical to a local-area network or cluster of workstations. We describe IPOP, a network virtualization technique that builds upon a novel, extensible user-level decentralized technique to discover, establish and maintain overlay links to tunnel IP packets over different transports (including UDP and TCP) and across firewalls. We evaluate latency and bandwidth overheads of IPOP and also time taken for a new node to become fully-routable over the virtual network. We also report on several experiments conducted on a testbed WOW deployment with 118 P2P router nodes over PlanetLab and 33 VMware-based VM nodes distributed across six firewalled domains. Experiments show that the testbed delivers good performance for two unmodified, representative benchmarks drawn from the life-sciences domain. We also demonstrate that the system is capable of seamlessly maintaining connectivity at the virtual IP layer for typical client/server applications (NFS, SSH, PBS) when VMs migrate across a WAN.
Summary of Lepton–Photon 2011

In this paper, developments presented at the Lepton–Photon 2011 Conference are summarized and a perspective on the current situation in high-energy physics is given.
Space – Time Distribution of G-band and Ca ii H-line Intensity Oscillations in Hinode/SOT – FG Observations

We study the space – time distributions of intensity fluctuations in 2 – 3 hour sequences of multi-spectral, high-resolution, high-cadence, broad-band filtergram images of the Sun made by the SOT – FG system aboard the Hinode spacecraft. In the frequency range 5.5 10 mHz. By looking at G-band frequencies above 10 mHz we find that the oscillatory power, both at these frequencies and at lower frequencies, lies in a mesh pattern with cell scale 2 – 3 Mm, clearly larger than normal granulation, and with correlation times on the order of hours. The mesh pattern lies in the dark lanes between stable cells found in time-integrated G-band intensity images. It also underlies part of the bright pattern in time-integrated H-line emission. This discovery may reflect dynamical constraints on the sizes of rising granular convection cells together with the turbulence created in strong intercellular downflows.
A pair of new apotirucallane triterpenes, meliavolkensins A and B, from Melia volkensii (Meliaceae)

Abstract Two new bioactive apotirucallane triterpenes, meliavolkensins A ( 1 ) and B ( 2 ), were isolated from the root bark of Melia volkensii (Meliaceae). These two compounds have a new type of substituted tetrahydropyran ring side chain, and their structures have been elucidated by spectroscopic analyses. 1 and 2 also show cytotoxic selectivities to a hyman colon tumor cell line (H-29).
Performance of Residential Mortgages in Low- and Moderate-Income Neighborhoods*

This paper presents the first data on performance of mortgages on residences located in lowand moderate-income neighborhoods of U.S. cities. It provides new data on delinquencies and foreclosure provided by a sample of lenders who are members of the National Association of Affordable Housing Lenders and who have lending programs established pursuant to the Community Reinvestment Act. Sample mortgages on multifamily dwellings perform comparably with national sample data, whereas sample mortgages on single-family mortgages perform much better than comparable national sample data. The findings of this paper demonstrate clearly that lending programs in lowand moderate-income neighborhoods can be viable. The findings do not, however, help to settle the issue as the racial or gender discrimination in mortgage origination.
The Politics of Rights-based Approaches in Conservation

Scholars and advocates increasingly favor rights-based approaches over traditional exclusionary policies in conservation. Yet, national and international conservation policies and programs have often led to the exclusion of forest-dependent peoples. This article proposes and tests the hypothesis that the failures of rights-based approaches in conservation can be attributed in significant measure to the political economic interest of the state in the tropics. To this end, the article presents findings from the empirical analysis of the Forest Rights Act of 2006 in India. Two key recommendations emerge from this analysis. One, the proposals for operationalizing rights-based approaches will likely be far more effective if they protect the inalienability of a minimal set of rights critical to the subsistence and well-being of forest people, as opposed to promising the protection of an expansive set of rights subject to the instrumentality of conservation. Two, the proponents of rights-based approaches in conservation need to guard against their actions reinforcing the institutional status quo of the state control of forests. This, in turn, requires international conservation groups to join hands with national forest rights movements.
Frobenius-unstable bundles and p-curvature

We use the theory of p-curvature of connections to analyze stable vector bundles of rank 2 on curves of genus 2 which pull back to unstable bundles under the Frobenius morphism. We take two approaches, first using explicit formulas for p-curvature to analyze low-characteristic cases, and then using degeneration techniques to obtain an answer for a general curve by degenerating to an irreducible rational nodal curve, and applying the results of additional works by the author. We also apply our explicit formulas to give a new description of the strata of curves of genus 2 of different p-rank.
Ag-catalyzed asymmetric mannich reactions of enol ethers with aryl, alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl imines.

An efficient catalytic and enantioselective method (up to >98% ee) for Mannich reactions between trimethylsilyl enol ethers derived from acetone and acetophenone and aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and alkyl imines is disclosed. A large variety of β-amino ketones can be synthesized in the presence of 1−5 mol % AgOAc and an inexpensive and readily available amino acid-derived phosphine. All Ag-catalyzed asymmetric Mannich reactions can be run in undistilled THF and air. The o-anisyl activating groups of product amines can be removed in >70% isolated yield through a single vessel operation. The synthetic utility of the catalytic asymmetric method is illustrated by a four-pot synthesis of optically pure alkaloid (−)-sedamine.
How Chevron, Texaco, and the Indonesian Government Structured Transactions to Avoid Billions in U.S. Income Taxes

This paper explains the transactions, agreements, and accounting that Chevron, Texaco, and the Government of Indonesia used to structure transactions that avoided billions in U.S. income taxes. Although ChevronTexaco became a merged entity on October 9, 2001, for many years Chevron and Texaco operated as separate corporations, with each owning 50 percent of a group of primarily non‐U.S. companies collectively known as Caltex. Transactions were structured such that Chevron and Texaco subsidiaries paid Caltex excessive prices for Indonesian crude oil, leading to excessive dividend income (with foreign tax credits) and cost of sales deductions on U.S. income tax returns. When one of the equal shareholders purchased more overpriced oil than the other, Caltex paid monthly “Special Dividends” to the “overlifter” that could be construed as cost rebates, not dividends. To compensate for the extra taxes it received, the Government of Indonesia provided Caltex with oil in excess of the amount called for under the f...
Wilson versus clover fermions: A case for improvement

Abstract We present evidence for improvement with tadpole improved clover fermions based on an analysis of the chiral behavior of B K and the quark condensate. Also presented are a comparison of the mass splittings in the baryon octet and decuplet, a calculation of c A using standard 2-point correlation functions, and the problem of zero modes of the Dirac operator.
Protracted storage of biospheric carbon in the Ganges-Brahmaputra basin

The Ganges–Brahmaputra drainage basin represents one of the largest sources of terrestrial biospheric carbon to the ocean. Radiocarbon analyses suggest that 20% of the carbon exported from this system has an average age of more than 15,000 years.
An efficient enantioselective synthesis of the carbapenam-2-one system. An approach to (+)-thienamycin and related carbapenems

Abstract Cycloaddition of the enantiomeric 4-acetoxy-2-azetidinone ( 5 ) with the 2-siloxy-1,3-butadiene ( 8 ) gives the carbacephem 9 which is cleaved via ozone and cyclized to the carbapenem system (+)- 13 in 30% overall yield.
Delay-adaptive feedback for linear feedforward systems

Predictor techniques are an indispensable part of the control design toolbox for plants with input and state delays of significant size. Yet, they suffer from sensitivity to the design values. Explicit feedback laws were recently introduced by Jankovic for a class of feedforward linear systems with simultaneous state and input delays. For the case where the delays are of unknown length, using the certainty equivalence principle, we design a Lyapunov-based adaptive controller, which achieves global stability and regulation, for arbitrary initial estimates for the delays. We consider a two-block subclass of linear feedforward systems. A generalization to the n-block case involves a recursive application of the same techniques.
APAR: automatic programming and recording

The Automated Integrated Data Systems (AIDS) program objectives are to: 1. automate weapon data activities reliably, economically and with realistic accuracies, 2. provide these facilities rapidly with a degree of flexibility for maximum utilization, 3. standardize a systems approach which takes into account technological advances.
Patterns in the organization of transnational information systems

Abstract Access to new markets for products, services, raw materials, and skills has always been a powerful incentive for organizations to expand internationally. Recently, the establishment of global alliances to leverage core competencies has led organizations to seek new ways of conducting business; these have demanded a rethinking of organizational structures, processes, and culture. One of the fundamental tasks has been the establishment of appropriate information technology (IT) platforms to co-ordinate business processes and provide coalition mechanisms for global business. This paper proposes five important dimensions of transnational strategy: the configuration of value chain activities, the co-ordination of such activities, centralization, strategic alliances, and market integration. These dimensions define the manner in which the value-added activities of the firm are dispersed and co-ordinated across nations, the hierarchical structures responsible for decision making, the strength of the external alliances of the firm and the managerial philosophy of global business conduct. These dimensions can be used to define a taxonomy of transnational strategy. A basic proposition is that a firm’s transnational strategy will be reflected in the design of its information systems (IS). In order to address this proposition, a two-stage questionnaire study was conducted. Respondents included 150 multinational corporations from 20 countries and 25 industries. The study has implications for practitioners when evaluating existing transnational business strategies and designing effective transnational information systems. It should also help researchers in determining factors that impact on the design of transnational IS.
3DPO: a three-dimensional part orientation system

A system that recognizes objects in a jumble, verifies them, and then determines some essential configurational information, such as which ones are on top, is presented. The approach is to use three-dimensional models of the objects to find them in range data. The matching strategy starts with a distinctive edge feature, such as the edge at the end of a cylindrical part, and then “grows” a match by adding compatible features, one at a time. (The order of features to be considered is predetermined by an interactive, off-line feature-selection process.) Once a sufficient number of compatible features has been detected to allow a hypothesis to be formed, the verification procedure evaluates it by comparing the measured range data with data predicted according to the hypothesis. When all the objects in the scene have been hypothesized and verified in this manner, a configuration-understanding procedure determines which objects are on top of others by analyzing the patterns of range data predicted from all the hypotheses. Experimental results of the system’s performance in recognizing and locating castings in a bin are presented.
STRESSES IN THICK-WALLED CONICAL SHELLS

Abstract The radial, tangential and axial wall stresses in a thick-walled cone under internal and/or external pressure are determined. The cone is considered to be “long” such that the end effect does not influence the wall stresses. The reason for studying the wall stresses in the thick-walled cone arose in the design of nozzles for pressurizers and steam generators used in the pressurized-water reactor systems of nuclear submarines and aircraft carriers.
Computer simulation and parameter optimization of phase-locked loops (PLL)

The automatic control and simulation of phased- locked loops (PLL) is treated with particular em phasis on the use of analog and digital computer simulation techniques. The object is to obtain an adequate mathematical model for the PLL and then to use this model to optimize parameters and investi gate pull-in performance. Results are presented for the second-order loop, with ramp, step, random noise, and sinusoidal inputs.The significant result is that an optimization of the PLL loop parameters is obtained using computer techniques.
Single-image, spatially variant, out-of-focus blur removal

This paper addresses the problem of two-layer out-of-focus blur removal from a single image, in which either the foreground or the background is in focus while the other is out of focus. To recover details from the blurry parts, the existing blind deconvolution algorithms are insufficient as the problem is spatially variant. The proposed method exploits the invariant structure of the problem by first predicting the occluded background. Then a blind deconvolution algorithm is applied to estimate the blur kernel and a coarse estimate of the image is found as a side product. Finally, the blurred region is recovered using total variation minimization, and fused with the sharp region to produce the final deblurred image.