cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Substantial Burden and the Reasonable Necessity Doctrine in Severance Deed Ownership: Whiteman v. Chesapeake Appalachia

Horizontal severance deeds separate property rights above and below the surface. Sub-surface rights have typically belonged to mineral estate owners, whereas surface rights above have typically belonged to farmers. In West Virginia, courts have traditionally applied a common law trespass doctrine known as reasonable necessity to account for times when these bifurcated rights clash. The reasonable necessity doctrine in West Virginia has evolved over time as state courts have made it more rigorous by requiring that, in exercising their rights, sub-surface mineral estate owners not substantially burden the surface. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit’s decision in Whiteman v. Chesapeake Appalachia, L.L.C. applies the current standard to resolve disputes between the rights of surface and mineral estate owners in horizontal severance deed disputes. This Comment argues that the Fourth Circuit properly applied the heightened reasonable necessity doctrine that has developed in West Virginia common law over the past thirty years, and that in so doing, the court properly balanced the values that both mining and farming bring to the national economy.
An Orally Available Small-Molecule Inhibitor of c-Met, PF-2341066, Reduces Tumor Burden and Metastasis in a Preclinical Model of Ovarian Cancer Metastasis

Deregulated expression of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor, c-Met, in cancer contributes to tumor progression and metastasis. The objective of this study was to determine whether blocking c-Met with an orally available c-Met inhibitor, PF-2341066, reduces tumor burden and increases survival in a xenograft model of ovarian cancer metastasis. Treatment of mice injected interperitoneally with SKOV3ip1 cells showed reduced overall tumor burden. Tumor weight and the number of metastases were reduced by 55% ( P P P = .0003). In vitro , PF-2341066 reduced HGF-stimulated phosphorylation of c-Met in the tyrosine kinase domain as well as phosphorylation of the downstream signaling effectors, Akt and Erk. It was apparent that inhibition of the pathways was functionally important because HGF-induced branching morphogenesis was also inhibited. In addition, proliferation and adhesion to various extracellular matrices were inhibited by treatment with PF-2341066, and the activity of matrix metalloproteinases was decreased in tumor tissue from treated mice compared with those receiving vehicle. Overall, these data indicate that PF-2341066 effectively reduces tumor burden in an in vivo model of ovarian cancer metastasis and may be a good therapeutic candidate in the treatment of patients with ovarian cancer.
Acoustic Tube Modeling of Speech Production

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Acoustic Tube Models of English Phonemes Excitation Mechanisms in Speech Production Exercises
Using the iHOP Information Resource to Mine the Biomedical Literature on Genes, Proteins, and Chemical Compounds

The iHOP (Information Hyperlinked over Proteins) resource employs sophisticated text-mining methods to assist researchers in their quest for information on specific genes and proteins, their physical interactions and regulatory relationships, their relevance in pathologies, and their interactions with chemical compounds. iHOP parses thousands of PubMed documents every day and collects information specific to thousands of different biological molecules. Rather than providing long lists of entire abstracts upon keyword searches, iHOP selectively retrieves information that is specific to genes and proteins, and summarizes their interactions and functions. In iHOP, with genes and proteins acting as hyperlinks between sentences and abstracts, a large part of the PubMed knowledgebase becomes a giant navigable information network. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 20:1.16.1-1.16.16. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: information resource; literature network; PubMed hyperlinked; gene-guided exploration
A synaptosomal protein kinase is regulated by phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and Mg2+.

Abstract Triton X-100 extracts of purified rat brain synaptosomes exhibited marked phosphorylation of an endogenous Mr 87,000 polypeptide following chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The protein kinase catalyzing this reaction was insensitive to cyclic AMP, Ca2+, calmodulin, and phorbol esters. However, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP) proved to be a potent inhibitor of the Mr 87,000 polypeptide phosphorylation at submicromolar concentrations, whereas phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylglycerol were less potent inhibitors. Unsaturated fatty acids could also mimic the effects of PIP at levels above 4 micrograms/ml. The inhibitory effect of PIP largely reflected a profound increase in the apparent Km for Mg2+ such that increasing Mg2+ levels could partially offset the action of PIP. The PIP-sensitive protein kinase was enriched in hypotonic lysates of synaptosomes from which it was partially purified by DEAE-cellulose, hydroxylapatite, and gel permeation chromatography. This purification separated the enzyme from its Mr 87,000 substrate; however, the presence of this polypeptide in heat-inactivated alkali extracts of rat brain provided an exogenous source of substrate which could be used to assay enzyme activity. The relevance of these data to a possible role for PIP and Mg2+ in cellular signaling is discussed.
CeCu 2 Si 2 : More nearly magnetic than UBe 13

We have prepared and studied, via dc and ac susceptibility and specific heat, samples of ${\mathrm{Ce}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathit{M}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2.2}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$, with M=Y, La, and Lu. All samples show an increase in the Wilson ratio, \ensuremath{\propto}\ensuremath{\chi}/\ensuremath{\gamma}, with the low-temperature \ensuremath{\chi} per Ce mole increasing from Lu to Y to La and ${\mathrm{Ce}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{La}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2.2}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$ actually having \ensuremath{\chi}(1.8 K) per Ce mole larger than in pure ${\mathrm{CeCu}}_{2.2}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$ for xg0.5. The low-temperature specific heat of ${\mathrm{CeCu}}_{2.2}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$ is enhanced by dilution by La, when normalized per Ce mole, whereas dilution by Y and Lu strongly depresses the per-Ce-mole specific heat. These two contrasting effects may be linked to a volume effect, since Y and Lu contract the ${\mathrm{CeCu}}_{2.2}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$ lattice while La expands it. The fact that dilute Ce in the expanded host lattice ${\mathrm{Ce}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{La}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2.2}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$ has increased \ensuremath{\chi} and \ensuremath{\gamma} at low temperatures argues for a nearness to magnetism (substantiated by recent work on ${\mathrm{Ce}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Th}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2.2}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$) that contrasts with results for ${\mathrm{U}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{M}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Be}}_{13}$.
Synchronous collection of multisource feedback evaluations does not increase inter-rater reliability.

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:S65–S70 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Abstract Objectives: Most multisource feedback (MSF) evaluations are performed asynchronously, with raters reflecting on the subject’s behavior. Numerous studies have demonstrated poor inter-rater reliability of MSF. This may be due to cognitive biases that are inherent in such a process. We sought to determine if within- and between-rater group reliability is increased when evaluations are gathered synchronously and relate to a specific patient interaction. Methods: This was a survey at a university emergency department (ED) of 30 emergency medicine (EM) residents. ED nurses and faculty anonymously participated in asynchronous MSF assessment of resident performance from February to April 2010 using a Web-based survey, the Emergency Medicine Humanism Scale (EM-HS). In May 2010, a second round of MSF collection was conducted in the ED. At the conclusion of patient encounters, the EM-HS was synchronously obtained from ED nurses and faculty. Evaluators were instructed to assess the resident based on the patient encounter, placing aside any preconceptions of resident performance, attitude, or behavior. Evaluators rated resident performance using a 1–9 scale (“needs improvement” to “outstanding”). The mean rating for each of the questions and the total score provided by each evaluator class was calculated for each EM resident. Differences between the asynchronous and synchronous ratings were compared with t-tests. Pearson correlations were used to measure agreement in scores within and between nurse and faculty rater groups. Correlations > 0.70 were deemed acceptable and are reported with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Twenty-one of 30 residents had assessments collected by both asynchronous and synchronous methods. A total of 699 Web-based (asynchronous) assessments were completed by nurses and 149 by faculty. Synchronous nurse and faculty assessments were obtained in 105 resident–patient encounters. There was no difference in faculty ratings between the MSF collection methods. Nurses assigned slightly (but significantly) higher ratings during synchronous collection. Correlation of the total MSF score between asynchronous and synchronous feedback collection methods within the faculty rater group was poor (0.18, 95% CI = −0.22 to 0.60). Correlation of the total MSF score between asynchronous and synchronous feedback collection methods within nurse rater groups was moderate (0.63, 95% CI = 0.27 to 0.83). Correlations between faculty–nurse rater groups for the total MSF collected asynchronously and synchronously were moderate (0.39, 95% CI = −0.05 to 0.7; and 0.44, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.73, respectively). Conclusions: Synchronous collection of MSF did not provide clinically different EM-HS scores within rater groups and did not result in improved correlations. Our small, single-center study supports asynchronous collection of MSF.
Indigenous Geography, GIS, and Land-Use Planning on the Bois Forte Reservation.

The map is a primary tool in geographic research, and the discipline of geography has experienced a significant methodological transformation during the last three decades with the development and now near ubiquity of geographic information systems (GIS) technology. The introduction of this technology into Indian country has spurred a debate over the appropriateness and effectiveness of using GIS for Native mapping purposes. In this article, I review issues concerning the use of GIS in Native communities and present a case study of one particular tribe’s implementation of the technology. GIS are computer systems designed to store, manipulate, and portray spatial data, theoretically making analysis of such data easier, faster, and more powerful. However, many in the geographic community view GIS as a “contradictory technology that can both empower and marginalize people and communities.” 1 At the same time that broader debates about the social impacts of GIS, public-participation or community-based GIS, and GIS and society developed in urban geographic research, so did a more focused debate centered around GIS and Indigenous peoples. 2
Clinical neurogenetics: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease, about which our understanding is expanding rapidly as its genetic causes are uncovered. The pace of new gene discovery over the last 5 years has accelerated, providing new insights into the pathogenesis of disease and highlighting biological pathways for target for therapeutic development. This article reviews our current understanding of the heritability of ALS, provides an overview of each of the major ALS genes, highlighting their phenotypic characteristics and frequencies as a guide for clinicians evaluating patients with ALS.
The sun as a star: solar phenomena and stellar applications.

Our Sun is a run-of-the-mill star, having no obvious extremes of stellar properties. For this reason it is perhaps more, rather than less, interesting as an astrophysical object, for its sameness to other stars suggests that in studying the Sun, we are studying at close hand common, rather than unusual stellar phenomena. Conversely, comparative study of the Sun and other solar-type stars is an invaluable tool for solar physics, for two reasons: First, it allows us to explore how solar properties and phenomena depend on parameters we cannot vary on the Sun—most fundamentally, rotation rate and mass. Second, study of solar-like stars of different ages allows us to see how stellar and solar phenomena depend on age; study of other stars may be one of the best ways to infer the earlier history of the Sun, as well as its future history. In this review we shall concentrate on phenomena common to the Sun and solar-type (main sequence) stars with different fundamental properties such as mass, age, and rotation.
Selling Fear: Counterterrorism, the Media, and Public Opinion, by Brigette Nacos, Yaeli Boch-Elkon, and Robert Shapiro

Selling Fear is a must read for scholars of the mass media, public opinion, and terrorism. The book matches extensive content analysis of television coverage of the war on terrorism with public opi...
Comparison of two neonatal indomethacin protocols: efficacy and outcome for patent ductus arteriosus closure.

Summary What is known: Indomethacin, a non-selective inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, is the gold standard treatment for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Indomethacin has been shown to permanently close the ductus and when given prophylactically, it reduces the incidence of PDA (1, 2). Objective: This study compares PDA closure and surgical ligation rates between patients using two different indomethacin administration protocols. Methods: This is a retrospective comparison analysis of 72 neonates, who received one of two indomethacin administration protocols. Our previous protocol suggested an initial dose of 0·2mg/kg followed by two 0·1mg/kg, with doses infused over 4 h and a 24-h dosing interval. A new potentially more useful protocol using the same mg/kg dose regimen but with doses infused over 30 min and a 12-h dosing interval, was evaluated. Each neonate was allowed three courses of treatment before surgical ligation was performed for persistent PDA. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the two protocol groups when comparing percentages of neonates with gestational age ≤28 weeks, birth weight ≤1000 g, male gender or receiving indomethacin for the indication of PDA prophylaxis vs. treatment. There was a trend towards a higher PDA closure rate and subsequently a lower PDA ligation rate in the new protocol when compared with the previous protocol. What is new and conclusion: In this small population of premature neonates, there was a trend, but no significant difference, towards increasing PDA closure and lower surgical ligation rates in neonates given indomethacin with more frequent dosing and shorter infusion time. A well-powered randomized controlled trial is now needed.
Spectral near-infrared fluorescence imaging of curved surfaces using projection reconstruction algorithms.

In vivo spectral fluorescence imaging has made it possible to non-invasively visualize superficial curved structures as well as structures deep to the skin. However, the defocus created by blurring has been an obstacle to creating anatomically interpretable surface images. Herein we present a methodology to correct for blurring induced by curved structures during spectral fluorescence imaging using signal intensity projection algorithms. In a phantom and an animal model in which the lymphatic system was visualized after the interstitial injection of quantum dots with emission spectra in the near-infrared (NIR) range, the planes of focus were sequentially adjusted to obtain a z-stack of images which contains images acquired from multiple focal points. Maximum, minimum, median and average intensity projections were applied to the resulting images. Using the phantom, the minimum and the median intensity projection images demonstrated improved deblurring whereas during in vivo imaging the median intensity projection images more clearly visualized important structures than did the other projection techniques. Image stacking with subsequent application of appropriate projection techniques provides a simple method for deblurring in vivo optical images obtained from curved surfaces, thus improving their anatomic resolution. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of the omega-3 fatty acids on vascular tone in hypercholesterolaemia and balloon arterial injury

Abstract Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) are associated with reduced coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. To define mechanisms, we investigated the vasoactive properties of these fatty acids in a rat model of hypercholesterolaemia (HC) and balloon arterial injury. Mature Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were fed a control (C), HC-inducing diet or a HC diet after aortic balloon injury (HC+EI) for 3 weeks. Serum cholesterol (mg/dL) was increased in HC (793±31) and HC+EI (857±36) as compared to C (85±3, p≤0.001). Cumulative concentration-response curves to norepinephrine (NE, 10 −9 to 10 −5 mol/L) followed by docosahexaenoic (DHA) or eicosapentaenoic (EPA) (1 to 100 μmol/L) were generated in isolated aortic rings (intact and de-endothelialised, E-). Overall, contractions to NE (10 −9 to 10 −5 mol/L) in intact rings were diminished in HC and HC+EI groups than were apparent in the C group (p≤0.001). De-endothelialised rings exhibited much greater NE contractile responses as compared to intact rings from each of the 3 groups. Endothelium-dependent relaxations to acetylcholine (10 −7 to 10 −4 mol/L) were significantly decreased in the HC+EI group. Relaxant responses to the ω-3 PUFAs, DHA and EPA (1–100 μmol/L) were similar in intact rings, but enhanced in E- rings among the 3 groups. De-endothelialised ring responses were −8.6 to −35.5% (C), −8.4 to −30.5% (HC), −7.8 to −25.6% (HC+EI) to DHA (1–100 μmol/L) and −6.8 to −339% (C), −4.8 to=t-40.8% (HC), −8.9 to −34.6% (HC+EI) to EPA (1–100 μmol/L). In areas of aortic intimal hyperplasia, lipid deposition quantified spectrophotometrically using oil red O (ORO) was greater in HC+EI (0.539 μmol ORO/mm 2 aortic tissue, p
Bridging efficient viral infection.

Viral transmission from an infected cell to a target cell has been long appreciated to be more efficient than infection with a cell-free virus. New work using high-resolution, live-cell microscopy techniques provides important insights into the mechanisms underlying the efficiency of retrovirus transmission between cells.
Integrating research into practice: The Forward-Focused Model of adolescent sexual behavior treatment

Abstract Knowledge of adolescents with sexual behavior problems has continued to grow over the past two decades, further differentiating the needs of this group from adult sex offenders. However, treatment programs based upon the current literature have yet to be fully articulated. In an attempt to address this gap between knowledge and practice, a comprehensive treatment program for adolescents with sexual behavior problems was developed: the Forward-Focused Model . The Forward-Focused Model is rooted in cognitive–behavioral theory, incorporates motivational approaches, and is developmentally-sensitive to address the unique needs of adolescents. This empirically-based model is introduced in this article.
Optimization of stochastic maintenance policies

Abstract The present study examines various inspection policy models, also known in reliability literature as preparedness models. These types of models deal with stochastically failing systems, in which failure is detected by inspection only. The present study deals with two yet unsolved problems in the field of maintenance preparedness models. The first is the analysis of various models and various objective functions while taking into consideration a positive discount factor. The second is the analysis of those models while the maintenance costs are varying in one way or another during the period of optimization. Different modes of inspection of both pure and mixed strategies are analyzed. The objective functions are set forth and solved by both a differentiation method and a dynamic programming approach.
Renaturation effects of cis and trans platinum II and IV compounds on calf thymus deoxyribonucleic acid.

Summary The effects of cis dichlorodiammine platinum [cis Pt(II)], trans dichlorodiammine platinum (trans Pt(II)],cis tetrachlorodiammine platinum [cis Pt(IV)], trans tetrachlorodiammine platinum [trans Pt(IV)], and ethylenediaminedichloride platinum [Pt(II)en] on the absorption spectra, and thermal hyper- and hypochromicity of calf thymus DNA were investigated. Platinum-induced renaturation was studied as one parameter of interstrand cross-linking. Based on a DNA cross-linking hypothesis, the tumor-inhibitory platinum compounds cis Pt(Il), cis Pt(IV) and Pt(II)en would be expected to induce renaturation following thermal denaturation, whereas the ineffective drugs, trans Pt(II) and trans Pt(IV) would not. All five bind to DNA in such a way as to induce renaturation. However, cis Pt(IV) requires at least a 3- to 4-fold longer incubation time than is required by the other compounds to form the coordination bonds necessary for renaturation. Maximum renaturation with all compounds was observed at a molar Pt/base ratio of 0.05 except cis Pt(IV), with which it was 0.25. The rate of the formation of the platinum-coordinated cross-links by fresh cis Pt(II) suggests two reactions or types of reactions occur. The first is rapid and destabilizes the DNA helix, whereas the second is slow and responsible for renaturation following thermal denaturation. These results suggest that cis Pt(IV) may be activated cellularly and that cross-linking is not the primary mechanism of action of the tumor-inhibitory platinum compounds.
Schedule-induced polydipsia as a function of NaCl composition of the food reinforcer

Four groups of four rats each received Noyes food pellets containing 0%, 7.5%, 10%, or 15% NaCl on a fixed-time (FT) 60-sec food reinforcement schedule. Relative to fluid intake levels in the baseline sessions that preceded and followed the FT schedule, water consumption in the FT 60-sec condition increased dramatically. Water intakes for the three NaCl groups differed significantly from the no-NaCl group only in the FT condition, but did not differ among NaCl groups under any condition. It is concluded that schedule-induced polydipsia is not explicable by appeals to underlying physiologically mediated response mechanisms.
The gene specifying RNase E (rne) and a gene affecting mRNA stability (ams) are the same gene.

Summary A DNA clone complementing the rne-3071 mutation has been expressed and localized in the physical map of Escherichia coli. The DNA fragment from this clone was localized to the region of the E. coli chromosome where the me-3071 mutation has been mapped. The position of this DNA fragment in the E. coli chromosome, the size of the product directed by this DNA fragment (110000 Da), the restriction map of this fragment, the fact that the same clone complements the ams mutation, and the observation that the rne-3071 and the ams mutations cause similar patterns of RNA synthesis, show that the me gene — a gene specifying the processing endonuclease RNase E — and the ams gene — a gene that affects mRNA stability — are identical.
Effects of age and sociosexual experience on the morphology and metabolic capacity of brain nuclei in the leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius), a lizard with temperature-dependent sex determination.

Abstract In vertebrates having sex chromosomes, sexual behavior is influenced by steroid hormones throughout life as well as by the cumulative experiences of the individual. Because males and females differ genetically as well as hormonally, it would be valuable to distinguish the contribution of sex-specific genes from hormones. In addition, since animals age s they gain sociosexual experience, but do not necessarily gain sociosexual experience as they age, it is important to separate the effects of age rom those attributable to experience. The leopard gecko is a lizard lackin sex chromosomes, depending instead upon the temperature during incubation to establish gonadal sex. This effectively removes sex-specific genetic influences from any study of sexual differentiation. Eggs were incubated at either 26°C or 32.5°C, temperatures that produce only female hatchlings or a male-biased sex ratio, respectively. By raising geckoes in isolation and then housing some animals together in breeding groups at different ages after they attained sexual maturity, it was possible to assess the relative effects of age and sociosexual experience on the volume and metabolic capacity of limbic and non-limbic brain areas. In general, males showed more changes compared to females. For example, there was a decrease with age in the volume of the preoptic area and the ventromedial hypothalamus in males, but not in females. Both age and sociosexual experience influenced cytochrome oxidase activity in these and other brain areas. Experienced animals had greater metabolic capacity in nuclei functionally associated with sociosexual behavior in lizards and other vertebrates. For example, cytochrome oxidase activity was higher in the anterior hypothalamus of males, in the ventromedial hypothalamus of both males and females from the male-biased incubation temperature, and in the preoptic area of females from both incubation temperatures. These differences were not paralleled by differences in circulating levels of sex hormones; only plasma androgen levels differed as a function of experience in males. These data suggest that the volume and metabolic capacity of specific brain regions change as animals age and gain sociosexual experience, but the nature and degree of change depend upon prenatal events.
Virtual Raman KLL radiative Auger process.

By x-ray bombardment of metal single crystals, x rays of KLL radiative Auger electrons are observed on the low-energy side of the K\ensuremath{\alpha} lines. Unlike the usual radiative Auger process where x-ray continua result, we find x rays in the form of sharp lines that originate from a hitherto unobserved virtual Raman process. To our surprise this is the dominant radiative Auger process in the investigated single crystals.
Ribonucleotides in DNA: origins, repair and consequences.

While primordial life is thought to have been RNA-based (Cech, Cold Spring Harbor Perspect. Biol. 4 (2012) a006742), all living organisms store genetic information in DNA, which is chemically more stable. Distinctions between the RNA and DNA worlds and our views of “DNA” synthesis continue to evolve as new details emerge on the incorporation, repair and biological effects of ribonucleotides in DNA genomes of organisms from bacteria through humans.
“This voice which is not one”: Amy Winehouse sings the ballad of sonic blue(s)face culture

This manuscript explores the charged and complex cultural histories bound up in the music and performative repertoire of English retro soul artist Amy Winehouse. It considers the aesthetics of Winehouse's vocal gestures and racial mimicry, and it explores the politics of what we might call sonic blue(s)face culture, a vocal phenomenon pioneered by black and white female entertainers in early twentieth century popular culture. The essay re-situates Amy Winehouse's work within this cultural legacy, and it explores the ways that her performance aesthetics invoke a diverse swatch of twentieth-century popular music genres, everything from the turn of the (last) century's black and white women's minstrel phenomenon to the late twentieth-century white female R&B vocalizing sensation and beyond. In sum, this essay aims to recuperate the vocal legacies of white and black women's musical collaborations and (dis)identifications so as to trace a through line that runs from early interracial aesthetic encounters all t...
New Directions in Cariology Research 2011

Due to the great success of the “New Directions in Cariology Research” first issue, we decided to repeat the experience and here you have the “New Directions of Cariology Research 2011.” This issue coincides with the disturbing record of another death in the United States, a 24-year-old male from Cincinnati, OH, consequence of untreated carious lesions. It is still a puzzle to many how a largely preventable disease remains highly prevalent, affecting 80% of the people alive in the globe. This special issue is a sample of the current research efforts addressing issues related to the pathogenesis of caries. I would like to thank the authors for their excellent contributions, in addition to the many colleagues who assisted in the peer-review process. Finally, I would like to thank the support provided by my guest editors, Dr. F. Seymen, from the Istanbul University, Turkey and Dr. M. Buzalaf, from the University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Aspects related to the disease presentation can be appreciated in Grimoud et al., Honkala et al., Y. Kawashita et al., and Jindal et al. Caries is dependent on biofilm formation, and T. Hart et al., E. Decker et al., Tanaka et al., and M. Bockmann et al. are examples of current approaches to better understand the dynamic relationship between bacterial colonization and the host. How fluoride in the oral cavity environment interferes in the process of lesion formation continues to be of interest and, Chow et al. further explore this topic. Finally, genetics susceptibility to caries is an emerging area of interest in cariology, and D. Gati and A. Vieira, J. Brancher et al., and M. Levine provide examples of the challenges faced by this line of work. I invite you to read, evaluate, and share this collection of 12 papers that comprise this 2011 Special Issue. Furthermore, I hope the readers will be interested in participating more actively in this debate of what approaches are more efficient to revert the current figures of caries prevalence, and what aspects of this disease should be the focus of research in the coming years. Alexandre R. Vieira
Integer LU-factorizations

Abstract Let A be an m -by- n integer matrix and r = rank( A ). A necessary and sufficient condition is given for A to have an integer LU -factorization, and a modification of Gaussian elimination is given for finding such factorizations when the first r leading principal minors are nonzero. An algorithm is given for ordering the vertices of a tree with a loop at its root so that its adjacency matrix has an integer LU -factorization.
CS duration, amount, and concentration effects in conditioning taste aversions

Abstract The relative contributions of the duration, amount, and concentration of a taste CS were assessed in pairings with an ionizing radiation US in two experiments. Increasing the duration of the CS (0.1% saccharin) up to 9 min yielded increasingly better conditioning over a 1 2 - hr CS-US delay interval. When the concentration of the sacharin was increased, only a few seconds' exposure to the CS was necessary for near asymptotic conditioning. It was observed that the CS duration effect had not been identified earlier because most investigators utilize 10–20 min CS access periods. The role of CS duration in conditioning over a delay was discussed with reference to the probability of the memory of the CS being present at the time of the pairing with the US event.
A Neutron Radiography Technique for Studying Young Roots Growing in Soil

An indirect technique for taking neutron radiographs using indium collector foils has been used to study seed germination and root growth in soils. This paper describes the work done at Ames Laboratory Research Reactor, Ames, Iowa, in 1977–1978 to develop this technique for in situ studies to replace destructive sampling techniques. A diverging thermal neutron (.04 eV) beam of 107n/cm2/sec was used to irradiate samples for 8 to 10 min. to a total exposure of 5 × l09n/cm2 Plants grown in loamy sand soil wetted to 9% volumetric water content in aluminum boxes of 2.5 and 5 cm thickness were photographed with this technique. An indium collector plate attached to the back of the box produced a transfer screen during exposure in the neutron beam which was subsequently placed in direct contact with photographic film to produce an image of the plant roots. The resulting indirect images were useful in measurements of root elongation, seed germination, compacted soil surface penetration, and rate of growth, with resolution of roots at about 0.3 mm size being obtained in low moisture soil conditions. Serial neutron radiographs of the same plant allowed sequential studies of root systems that had never been possible prior to development of this technique.
Positron-atom scattering by the Kohn and Harris methods

S wave scattering from H and He positron systems at low energies, applying Kohn and Harris variational methods
Mural vegetations at the site of endocardial trauma in infective endocarditis complicating idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis

In two patients infective endocarditis developed as the primary manifestation of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Infected vegetations were present on the mitral and aortic valves. In addition, bacterial vegetations were observed on the septal endocardium at the site of contact between the mitral valve leaflet and the hypertrophic septum. Thus, chronic endocardial trauma, a common finding in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, may provide a fertile nidus for the development of bacterial vegetation.
Perspectives in palliative care.

Objectives To review the evolution of palliative care in the United States and to define the terms palliative, supportive, and end-of-life care. Data sources Published articles, textbooks, and reports. Conclusion The health care demands that will arise from our aging society will force change in the field of palliative care. Implications for nursing practice Nurses providing care to patients who are living and dying from advanced cancer should apply palliative interventions from diagnosis until death.
Light as an Analogy for Cognition in Buddhist Idealism ( Vijñānavāda )

In Sect. 1 an argument for Yogācāra Buddhist Idealism, here understood as the view that everything in the universe is of the nature of consciousness / cognition, is laid out. The prior history of the argument is also recounted. In Sect. 2 the role played in this argument by light as an analogy for cognition is analyzed. Four separate aspects of the light analogy are discerned. In Sect. 3, I argue that although light is in some ways a helpful analogy for the Buddhist Idealist, in other ways it is thoroughly inappropriate. At the end of the article I ask whether the lack of fit between light and cognition is unavoidable, or whether the Buddhist Idealists could have chosen a better analogy.
Retransplantation in 7,290 primary transplant patients: a 10-year multi-institutional study.

Abstract Background Cardiac retransplantation is a controversial procedure due to the disparity between donor heart demand and supply. Methods Of 7,290 patients undergoing primary cardiac transplantation between January 1990 and December 1999 at 42 institutions contributing to the Cardiac Transplant Research Database (CTRD), 106 patients later underwent a second and 1 patient a third cardiac transplant procedure. Results The actuarial freedom from retransplantation was 99.2% and 96.8% at 1 and 10 years, respectively. Reasons for retransplantation included early graft failure ( n = 34), acute cardiac rejection ( n = 15), coronary allograft vasculopathy (CAV, n = 39), non-specific graft failure ( n = 7), and miscellaneous ( n = 10). The only risk factor associated with retransplantation was younger age, reflecting the policy of preferential retransplantation of younger patients. Survival after retransplantation was inferior to that after primary transplantation (56% and 38% at 1 and 5 years, respectively). Risk factors associated with death after retransplantation included retransplantation for acute rejection ( p = 0.0005), retransplantation for early graft failure ( p = 0.03), and use of a female donor ( p = 0.005). Survival after retransplantation for acute rejection was poorest (32% and 8% at 1 and 5 years, respectively) followed by retransplantation for early graft failure (50% and 39% at 1 and 5 years, respectively). Survival after retransplantation for CAV has steadily improved with successive eras. Conclusions The results of retransplantation for acute rejection and early graft failure are poor enough to suggest that this option is not advisable. However, retransplantation for CAV is currently associated with satisfactory survival and should continue to be offered to selected patients.
Gynecologic oncology group trials of chemotherapy for metastatic and recurrent cervical cancer

Because only 16% of patients with metastatic cervical cancer are alive 5 years after diagnosis, the Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) has carefully designed and conducted many phase II studies to identify promising drugs. Cisplatin has emerged as the most active single agent with overall response rates of 19%. Recent phase III trials have documented response rates of 27% and 39% when cisplatin has been combined with either paclitaxel or topotecan, respectively. The comparison of cisplatin to cisplatin plus topotecan in GOG-179 has yielded the first study to show a statistically significant impact on the overall response rate, median progression-free survival, and median survival, with all outcome measures favoring the two-drug regimen. Despite these encouraging results, however, most of the responses are partial and of short duration. The need for novel combinations and the implementation of active biologic agents is implicit. The accumulated data in this disease setting, as evidenced by the experience of the GOG, are presented in this review.
Measurements of pressure broadening and pressure shifting by nitrogen in the ν1 and ν3 bands of H216O

Abstract Lorentz nitrogen-broadening coefficients and nitrogen pressure-induced shift coefficients have been measured for six lines in the ν 1 band and 98 lines in the ν 3 band of H 2 16 O. The results were obtained from analysis of 10 high-resolution (0.01 cm −1 ) infrared absorption spectra recorded at room temperature using the McMath Fourier transform spectrometer of the National Solar Observatory on Kitt Peak. The analysis was performed using a nonlinear least-squares spectrum fitting procedure. The measured nitrogen-broadening coefficients ranged from ∼0.04 to ∼0.104 cm −1 atm −1 , while the nitrogen pressure-induced shift coefficients varied between ∼+0.004 and ∼−0.011 cm −1 atm −1 . The majority of the measured pressure-induced shift coefficients (>90%) were found to be negative. The results are compared with previous values reported in the literature, where available.
Fabrication of nanoscale heterostructures comprised of graphene-encapsulated gold nanoparticles and semiconducting quantum dots for photocatalysis

Patterned growth of multilayer graphene shell encapsulated gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and their covalent linking with inorganic quantum dots are demonstrated. GNPs were grown using a xylene chemical vapor deposition process, where the surface oxidized gold nanoparticles catalyze the multilayer graphene shell growth in a single step process. The graphene shell encapsulating gold nanoparticles could be further functionalized with carboxylic groups, which were covalently linked to amine-terminated quantum dots resulting in GNP-quantum dot heterostructures. The compositions, morphologies, crystallinity, and surface functionalization of GNPs and their heterostructures with quantum dots were evaluated using microscopic, spectroscopic, and analytical methods. Furthermore, optical properties of the derived architectures were studied using both experimental methods and simulations. Finally, GNP-quantum dot heterostructures were studied for photocatalytic degradation of phenol.
Time resolved second harmonic generation studies of double layer reorganization: sulfate adsorption and desorption on a polycrystalline silver electrode

Abstract The kinetics of the adsorption and desorption of non-specifically adsorbed anions on polycrystalline Ag electrodes biased within the limits of the ideally polarisable region have been investigated using time resolved second harmonic generation. The transient SH intensity directly correlates with the time and potential dependent surface charge density on the electrode. Attempts to fit the temporal data with existing theoretical models were unsuccessful and suggest the need for more detailed models.
Evolution of particle number distribution near roadways—Part I: analysis of aerosol dynamics and its implications for engine emission measurement

Abstract Studies have suggested that aerosol number concentrations may be better correlated to health effects than mass concentrations so that the high particle number concentrations in the vicinity of freeways raise concerns regarding adverse health effects on people living there. Thus, it is important to understand how particles transport and transform near roadways for regulatory purposes. Driven by different mixing forces, exhaust dilution near roadways usually experiences two distinct dilution stages after being emitted—‘tailpipe-to-road’ and ‘road-to-ambient’. The first stage dilution is induced by traffic-generated turbulence and the dilution ratio usually reaches up to about 1000:1 in around 1–3 s; the second stage dilution is mainly dependent on atmospheric turbulence, the additional dilution ratio is usually about 10:1, and the process usually lasts around 3–10 min. The aerosol dynamical processes, such as nucleation, condensation and coagulation were qualitatively investigated in the first stage. For the second stage, condensation and dilution were the major mechanisms in altering aerosol size distribution, while coagulation and deposition play minor roles. Based on the analysis, a modeling structure for a mechanistic roadway air quality model is proposed. Our study also indicates that in order to simulate the first stage, ‘in-tailpipe’ measurement of aerosol size distribution and condensable material concentrations in their original phase states is necessary. The implications for dilution tunnel design are discussed.
Modification of the j/ψ momentum distribution in heavy-ion collisions through dispersion by the nuclear medium

Abstract The forces felt by a J / Ψ produced in a heavy-ion collision, arising from the dependence of its self-energy on the inhomogeneous surrounding medium, can, as discussed here, lead to a significant distortion of its transverse momentum distribution.
Hydrogel mediated delivery of trophic factors for neural repair

Neurotrophins have been implicated in a variety of diseases and their delivery to sites of disease and injury has therapeutic potential in applications including spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Biodegradable polymers, and specifically, biodegradable water-swollen hydrogels, may be advantageous as delivery vehicles for neurotrophins because of tissue-like properties, tailorability with respect to degradation and release behavior, and a history of biocompatibility. These materials may be designed to degrade via hydrolytic or enzymatic mechanisms and can be used for the sustained delivery of trophic factors in vivo. Hydrogels investigated to date include purely synthetic to purely natural, depending on the application and intended release profiles. Also, flexibility in material processing has allowed for the investigation of injectable materials, the development of scaffolding and porous conduits, and the use of composites for tailored molecule delivery profiles. It is the objective of this review to describe what has been accomplished in this area thus far and to remark on potential future directions in this field. Ultimately, the goal is to engineer optimal biomaterials to deliver molecules in a controlled and dictated manner that can promote regeneration and healing for numerous neural applications.
What is o-minimality?

Abstract We characterize the o-minimal expansions of the ring of real numbers, in mathematically transparent terms. This should help bridge the gap between investigators in o-minimality and mathematicians unfamiliar with model theory, who are concerned with such notions as non oscillatory behavior, tame topology, and analyzable functions. We adapt the characterization to the case of o-minimal expansions of an arbitrary ordered ring.
Monotone empirical Bayes tests for some discrete nonexponential families

This paper deals with the empirical Bayes two-action problem of testingH 0 : θ ≤ θo versusH 1 : θ > θo using a linear error loss for some discrete nonexponential families having probability function either \(\begin{gathered} f_1 (x|\theta ) = (x\alpha + 1 - \theta )\theta ^x /\prod\limits_{j = 0}^x {(j\alpha + 1)} \hfill \\ or \hfill \\ f_1 (x|\theta ) = \left[ {\theta \prod\limits_{j = 0}^{x - 1} {(j\alpha + 1 - \theta )} } \right]/\left[ {\prod\limits_{j = 0}^x {(j\alpha + 1)} } \right] \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \) Two empirical Bayes tests δn* and δn** are constructed. We have shown that both δn* and δn** are asymptotically optimal, and their regrets converge to zero at an exponential decay rate O(exp( -cn)) for some c > 0, wheren is the number of historical data available when the present decision problem is considered.
Thyroid Metastasis from Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer

Background. Thyroid metastases are rare. Clinically, they represent less than 4% of thyroid malignancy in clinical studies. Aim. To assess various presentations and therapy for patients with lung cancer metastatic in the thyroid. Materials and Methods. We report a case of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the lung to the thyroid. We reviewed similar reports through PubmMed search from 1997 until 2013. Case Presentation. A 48-year-old lady was seen in the clinic for an adenocarcinoma of left upper lobe (LUL) of the lung; she received neoadjuvant chemotherapy then LUL lobectomy. After 9 months she presented with diffuse goiter initially believed to be a solitary metastatic lesion as it was positive for adenocarcinoma of lung origin on histopathological exam with TTF-1 positivity. Unfortunately, PET scan showed additional mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Conclusion. The treatment strategy for metastatic thyroid disease is based on a multidisciplinary approach, where thyroidectomy would have been considered in case of a solitary metastatic involvement, but further metastatic workup is mandated to direct further systemic therapy versus palliative radiation therapy.
Sustainability, ecosystem services, and health

SUMMARY Sustainable development without regular delivery of services from the ecological component of Earth's life support system is presently impossible. Dependable delivery of these services over large temporal and spatial spans requires healthy ecosystems with unimpaired integrity. However, the conditions required for sustainable use of the planet's ecological life support systems have not received the attention necessary. Ecological resources as commodities (e.g. fisheries, timber) have received some attention, but those services (e.g. atmospheric gas balance) perceived as beneficial to human society have not. For example, we neither know how many can be eliminated and still serve as a life support system nor how much fragmentation will impair adequate delivery of services. The purpose of this manuscript is to initiate a discussion on these topics.