cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CAMEL: Centrality-Aware Multitemporal Discovery Protocol for Software-defined Networks

The virtualization and software-definition of network functions, controls, and applications enhance performance and operation costs while bringing new value to the infrastructures. However, due to the stateless, gossipy, centralized, periodic, and tardy nature, the network control and management approaches in Software-Defined Networking (SDN), such as the current OpenFlow Discovery Protocol (OFDP), pose scalability, latency, and reliability challenges. This paper designs a novel Centrality-Aware Multitemporal (CAMEL) discovery protocol for SDN to enhance the centralized discovery mechanism’s scalability and latency issues. We facilitate multiple discovery timers for each target according to the significance instead of using a single timer for the entire network. CAMEL generalizes the significance measurement for various network topologies by using the centrality models. We combine the normalized degree and betweenness centrality values to find an unbiased impact factor of each node. Applying the identified significance to a multitemporal discovery mechanism, CAMEL reduces network impact by decreasing the discovery delay to the significant nodes and enhances control message efficiency by lowering the discovery frequency to the less significant targets. We have implemented CAMEL on the RYU controller. The experimental results validate that CAMEL improves discovery message efficiency, makes the control traffic less bursty, and enhances the network service quality by reducing discovery delay to the significant nodes.
‘It's medicine to me’: Examining coping resources and strategies utilized in the sweat lodge ritual experience to improve health of Mexican Americans

Abstract This study contributes a critical Indigenous-based framework to minority stress process theory to study Mexican American health and well-being. Using qualitative methodology, we examine how a sense of connection to Indigeneity and group singing and drumming cultivated within sweat lodge experiences buffer stress and improve the well-being of Mexican Americans. We draw from 52 in-depth interviews with Indigenous-identifying Mexican American adults from disadvantaged positions, who collectively participate in sweat lodge ceremonies throughout Los Angeles and the Central Valley of California as part of their communities of practice. Findings reveal: (1) sweat lodges are sacred spiritual ceremonies that enhance participants’ sense of connection to Indigenous identity, ancestry, and culture; (2) this connection serves as a symbolic and active coping strategy vis-a-vis singing and drumming during sweat lodges; (3) singing and drumming helps moderate stressors by stimulating symbolic memory and positive emotions that help regulate negative emotions; and (4) all of this results in perceived improved well-being, though it varies in duration based on the symbolism and emotional energy derived from the ritual experience as reported by respondents. The study demonstrates how Indigeneity is a coping resource and Native singing and drumming are coping strategies that enhance positive emotions during sweat lodge ceremonies, which helps ameliorate stress to improve the overall well-being of Mexican American participants. We conclude by discussing implications for interventions to strengthen positive coping and health in Mexican Indigenous communities.
ICRF heating during DT experiments on TFTR: System improvements and results

In order to carry out a program of ICRF experiments in deuterium-tritium plasmas on the TFTR device a series of technical improvements have been made to the ICRF system. These improvements allow more flexible and reliable operation of the system which is crucial for the limited number of tritium discharges available. During the last year circuitry has been installed to feedback the plasma position on antenna loading, to lock the phase between antenna elements, and to detect arcs from the second harmonic content of antenna signals.
Services and wealth measures of military capital

This paper develops a methodology for measuring the capital value of military assets in monetary terms. We distinguish between two military capital measures. One measure, called the value of military capital (services) summarizes the value of military defense assets during a particular year. A comparison of the capital‐services value of U.S. and Soviet tactical combat aircraft is provided for the period 1970–1984. One feature of the capital‐services measure that makes it particularly interesting is that its size can be compared with such military expenditures as operating and support. While these latter expenditures reflect the readiness of a defense establishment, the relevant capital‐services measure reflects force structure and modernization. A second measure, called the value of military capital (wealth), summarizes the military benefits obtained from defense assets over the remainder of their service lives. This measure depreciates the capital as it ages, and is useful for comparing military wealth w...
The Role of Conserved N-Linked Glycans on Ebola Virus Glycoprotein 2

Background. N-linked glycosylation is a common posttranslational modification found on viral glycoproteins (GPs) and involved in promoting expression, cellular attachment, protection from proteases, and antibody evasion. The GP subunit GP2 of filoviruses contains 2 completely conserved N-linked glycosylation sites (NGSs) at N563 and N618, suggesting that they have been maintained through selective pressures. Methods. We assessed mutants lacking these glycans for expression and function to understand the role of these sites during Ebola virus entry. Results. Elimination of either GP2 glycan individually had a modest effect on GP expression and no impact on antibody neutralization of vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotyped with Ebola virus GP. However, loss of the N563 glycan enhanced entry by 2-fold and eliminated GP detection by a well-characterized monoclonal antibody KZ52. Loss of both sites dramatically decreased GP expression and abolished entry. Surprisingly, a GP that retained a single NGS at N563, eliminating the remaining 16 NGSs from GP1 and GP2, had detectable expression, a modest increase in entry, and pronounced sensitivity to antibody neutralization. Conclusions. Our findings support the importance of the GP2 glycans in GP expression/structure, transduction efficiency, and antibody neutralization, particularly when N-linked glycans are also removed from GP1.
A comparative systems analysis of polysaccharide‐elicited responses in Neurospora crassa reveals carbon source‐specific cellular adaptations

Filamentous fungi are powerful producers of hydrolytic enzymes for the deconstruction of plant cell wall polysaccharides. However, the central question of how these sugars are perceived in the context of the complex cell wall matrix remains largely elusive. To address this question in a systematic fashion we performed an extensive comparative systems analysis of how the model filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa responds to the three main cell wall polysaccharides: pectin, hemicellulose and cellulose. We found the pectic response to be largely independent of the cellulolytic one with some overlap to hemicellulose, and in its extent surprisingly high, suggesting advantages for the fungus beyond being a mere carbon source. Our approach furthermore allowed us to identify carbon source-specific adaptations, such as the induction of the unfolded protein response on cellulose, and a commonly induced set of 29 genes likely involved in carbon scouting. Moreover, by hierarchical clustering we generated a coexpression matrix useful for the discovery of new components involved in polysaccharide utilization. This is exemplified by the identification of lat-1, which we demonstrate to encode for the physiologically relevant arabinose transporter in Neurospora. The analyses presented here are an important step towards understanding fungal degradation processes of complex biomass.
Low threshold Be implanted (GaAl)As laser on semi-insulating substrate

Be implanted stripe geometry double heterostructure lasers have been fabricated on a semi-insulating GaAs substrate, with threshold currents as low as 15 mA for a cavity length of 100 μm. The laser has been monolithically integrated with a metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor.
Decentralized Communication and Control Systems for Power System Operation

Due to the rapid deployment of phasor measurement units (PMUs) on large power grids, the system operators now have access to high speed high resolution data. A new class of monitoring and control applications are made possible with the PMUs. Although PMU based monitoring systems have been well developed, implementations of PMU based fast acting closed loop wide area control systems are relatively rare. To meet the stringent latency requirements of a wide area controller the communication and power infrastructures have to collaborate strongly. In this paper, a combined process for design and simulation of both communication network and power network has been presented with the objective of damping interarea oscillations. A method to determine the optimal location of data routing hubs so as to minimize the volume of communications is also proposed. The IEEE 118 bus system is used to study the performance of communication system and the wide area power damping control system on both centralized and decentralized topologies, and the results are discussed. One of the conclusions of the paper is that the decentralized communication architectures involving data routing hubs are better suited for control applications requiring fast control actions.
Tc-99m Sulfur Colloid Scintigraphy for Detecting Perigraft Flow Following Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair: A Feasibility Study

Purpose: To determine if scintigraphy with Tc-99m sulfur colloid can be used to detect perigraft flow after stent-graft repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA).
Complemented hereditary radicals

The complemented elements of the lattice of hereditary radicals are characterized. A hypernilpotent complemented hereditary radical is the upper radical determined by a finite number of finite matrix rings. As a corollary, Stewart's characterization of radical semisimple classes is obtained. The methods are universal algebraic in nature.
Experimental evidence for English syllabification and syllable structure

Most phonologists regard the syllable as a unit of language. In recent years, partly in reaction to Chomsky's and Halle's neglect of it in The sound pattern of English, much work has been done to incorporate the syllable into phonological theory (Anderson & Jones, 1974; Bailey, 1978; Hoard, 1971; Hooper, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1978; Kahn, 1976; Pulgram, 1970; Rudes, 1977; Vennemann, 1972).Syllable theories have been based on evidence from phonetics, phonological processes, prosody, language change, child language acquisition, and language universals. The purpose of this experimental study is (a) to contribute empirical evidence about the nature of the syllable from native speakers' actual syllabifications of words and (b) to determine how this evidence reflects on the syllable theories already proposed.Syllable studies have focused on two major questions: (1) what is the structure of the syllable and (2) how are words divided into syllables (syllabified). These questions are obviously related, and the answers to each have implications for the other. This study was designed to elicit data directly addressing both questions.
Climate Change and Land Management in the Rangelands of Central Oregon

Climate change, along with exotic species, disturbances, and land use change, will likely have major impacts on sagebrush steppe ecosystems in the western U.S. over the next century. To effectively manage sagebrush steppe landscapes for long-term goals, managers need information about the interacting impacts of climate change, disturbances and land management on vegetation condition. Using a climate-informed state-and-transition model, we evaluated the potential impacts of climate change on rangeland condition in central Oregon and the effectiveness of multiple management strategies. Under three scenarios of climate change, we projected widespread shifts in potential vegetation types over the twenty-first century, with declining sagebrush steppe and expanding salt desert shrub likely by the end of the century. Many extreme fire years occurred under all climate change scenarios, triggering rapid vegetation shifts. Increasing wildfire under climate change resulted in expansion of exotic grasses but also decreased juniper encroachment relative to projections without climate change. Restoration treatments in warm–dry sagebrush steppe were ineffective in containing exotic grass, but juniper treatments in cool–moist sagebrush steppe substantially reduced the rate of juniper encroachment, particularly when prioritized early in the century. Overall, climate-related shifts dominated future vegetation patterns, making management for improved rangeland condition more difficult. Our approach allows researchers and managers to examine long-term trends and uncertainty in rangeland vegetation condition and test the effectiveness of alternative management actions under projected climate change.
Modeling of the mass-transfer kinetics in chromatographic columns packed with shell and pellicular particles.

The equations of the general rate model of chromatography and those of simple models (the POR, equilibrium-dispersive, and transport-dispersive models) are derived for beds packed with shell particles. Shell particles are made of a solid, nonporous core surrounded by a shell of a porous material that has properties similar to those of the fully porous materials conventionally used in HPLC. These equations have no algebraic solutions, but the moments of the peaks eluted under linear conditions can be calculated, affording the HETP equation for these columns. The discussion of the contribution to the HETP of the mass-transfer resistances shows that shell particles exhibit much lower plate heights for large molecular size compounds (e.g., peptides and proteins) than do fully porous particles, this advantage increasing with decreasing thickness of the shell. In contrast, the efficiencies of columns packed with shell particles and with fully porous particles having the same diameters are nearly the same for lo...
Langmuir evaporation from the (100), (111A), and (111B) faces of GaAs

Abstract We have measured the Langmuir evaporation of Ga and As from the (100), (111A), and (111B) faces of GaAs above and below the congruent evaporation temperature T c . We have found that T c is lowest for the (111B) face and highest for the (111A) face. These differences can be understood in terms of the different lifetimes of surface Ga on these faces. Furthermore, we have deduced that the evaporation processes are the rate limiting steps in the decomposition of GaAs. Below T c , decomposition is controlled by the evaporation of Ga; above T c it is controlled by the evaporation of As.
Effects of gastric acidity on food intake in rats

Abstract Intragastric infusion of hydrochloric acid lowered rats' intragastric pH, but failed to produce any increase or decrease in food intake. Conversely, infusions of base (aluminum and magnesium hydroxide) increased pH without altering food intake.
Model-Based Optimization of Coupled Thermo-Electro-Magneto-Mechanical Behavior of Load-Bearing Antennas

Load-bearing antennas are multi-functional sensing (actuating) and receiving (detecting) devices that are integrated with a load-bearing structure. These antennas are appealing for military applications, importantly Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). The antenna structure is subjected to mechanical forces, temperature gradients, and electromagnetic fields, giving rise to highly-coupled nonlinear thermo-electro-magneto-mechanical (TEMM) behavior. In the present work, we have developed analytical techniques and computational tools for multi-scale, multi-physics modeling of composite load-bearing antennas, specific to UAV applications. Our mathematical model, based predominantly on first principles, employs the thermomechanical governing equations (i.e., conservation of mass, momentum, angular momentum, energy and second law of thermodynamics) coupled with Maxwells equations. The macro-scale coupling terms that characterize the thermo-mechanical and electromagnetic interactions are deduced from micro-scale behavior. Our modeling has identified 92 nondimensional numbers which quantify the competition between physical effects in the operation of load-bearing antenna. Depending on the design of the structure and nature of the excitation, only a subset of physical effects are dominant, which dictates the appropriate computational model. A fixed relative ordering of all competing effects as quantified by nondimensional numbers, determines a regime of antenna/environment interaction. The mathematical structure of leading-order equations for various physical regimes is presented for use in the optimization and analysis of coupled TEMM behavior of load-bearing antennas.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Are we really fixing up the food supply

Abstract Twenty years ago, in response to a general conviction that nutrition education had failed, many nutrition professionals supported fortification of the food supply with vitamins and minerals. Although the nutrition problems of most concern today are the result of macronutrient excesses, not micronutrient deficiencies, once again there is an effort to correct these problems by altering the food supply. This article reviews the arguments used to justify widespread micronutrient fortification in the years after World War II. Micronutrient fortification was undertaken without sufficient evidence of need; however, evidence is lacking that it was ineffective nutritionally. Assuming that the goal of the dietetics profession is to teach the public to select healthful diets, the energy-reduced fat substitutes, designer starches, nonnutritive sweets, and various fibers now being added to the food supply are unlikely to help nutritionists achieve that goal.
A Unified Approach to Test Data Analysis

To provide cost-effective performance evaluation or engineering feedback from circuit test results often requires that complex analyses be performed on large volumes of non-standard data. Using a large scale data management system and a modular design philosophy, a system to cope with the above requirements has been developed. TDAS (Test Data Analysis System) has provided timely and economic solutions to test data analysis problems which might have been intractable by other means.
A respirometer to measure the uptake efficiency of waterborne contaminants in fish

Abstract The construction and testing of an apparatus to standardize the measurement of uptake efficiency of both waterborne contaminants and oxygen in conjunction with metabolic rate of unanesthetized rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ) of 60–110 g are described. Using radiolabeled methylmercury as the contaminant the apparatus gave consistent results. The uptake efficiency of methylmercury was found to be 7.1 ± 0.14% when oxygen uptake efficiency was 53.6 ± 0.01% and metabolic rate was above routine but within the scope of the fish at 9.26 ± 1.43 μg O 2 min −1 g −0.8 .
Is fibromyalgia a distinct clinical entity? The clinical investigator's evidence.

Abstract Consider three views: Subjective —Chronic widespread pain with multiple tender points ( fibromyalgia syndrome ) is a common clinical presentation. Criteria for inclusion of fibromyalgia patients into research studies have led to a medical model which integrates symptoms, signs, epidemiology, pathogenesis, responses to treatment, and prognosis. Controversy regarding fibromyalgia relates mostly to issues of compensation. Theoretical —The diagnosis of fibromyalgia has been challenged as an inappropriate extraction from an epidemiological continuum of subjective discomfort. There are many conditions in which normally distributed measures exhibit distinctly unique outcomes at their extremes. Objective —Since fibromyalgia patients exhibit lowered pain thresholds, the process of nociception was studied. Samples of fibromyalgia urine, blood, and spinal fluid disclosed abnormalities consistent with a biomedical model of failed neuroregulatory inhibition, altered nociception, central sensitization, and allodynia. All three views support fibromyalgia as a distinct clinical syndrome deserving of informed medical care and continued research to better understand chronic widespread pain.
Interleukin-4 Reversibly Inhibits Osteoclastogenesis via Inhibition of NF-κB and Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Signaling

To define the molecular mechanism(s) by which interleukin (IL)-4 reversibly inhibits formation of osteoclasts (OCs) from bone marrow macrophages (BMMs), we examined the capacity of this T cell-derived cytokine to impact signals known to modulate osteoclastogenesis, which include those initiated by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), receptor for activation of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and IL-1. We find that although pretreatment of BMMs with IL-4 does not alter M-CSF signaling, it reversibly blocks RANKL-dependent activation of the NF-κB, JNK, p38, and ERK signals. IL-4 also selectively inhibits TNF signaling, while enhancing that of IL-1. Contrary to previous reports, we find that MEK inhibitors dose-dependently inhibit OC differentiation. To identify more proximal signals mediating inhibition of OC formation by IL-4, we used mice lacking STAT6 or SHIP1, two adapter proteins that bind the IL-4 receptor. IL-4 fails to inhibit RANKL/M-CSF-induced osteoclastogenesis by BMMs derived from STAT6-, but not SHIP1-, knockout mice. Consistent with this observation, the inhibitory effects of IL-4 on RANKL-induced NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation are STAT6-dependent. We conclude that IL-4 reversibly arrests osteoclastogenesis in a STAT6-dependent manner by 1) preventing IκB phosphorylation and thus NF-κB activation, and 2) blockade of the JNK, p38, and ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways.
Performance characteristics of the MAMA detectors for the SUMER instrument on the SOHO Mission

We have initiated the characterizations of the Multi-Anode Microchannel Array (MAMA) detector systems for the European Space Agency/NASA Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) mission. In this paper we briefly review the configurations of the SOHO MAMA detectors and describe their expected performance characteristics based on the results of characterizations of the curved-channel microchannel plates and of the initial characterization of the first engineering model detector system for the Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation instrument.
Requirements for sulfate transport and the diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter in fibronectin matrix assembly

Diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter (DTDST) is a sulfate/chloride antiporter whose function is impaired in several human chondrodysplasias. We show that DTDST is upregulated by dexamethasone stimulation of HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells and is required for fibronectin (FN) extracellular matrix deposition by these cells. DTDST imports sulfate for the modification of glycosaminoglycans. We find that N-sulfation of these chains is important for FN matrix assembly and that sulfation of cell surface proteoglycans is reduced in the absence of DTDST. Of the candidate HT1080 cell surface proteoglycans, only loss of syndecan-2 compromises FN assembly, as shown by syndecan-2 small interfering RNA knockdown. DTDST is both necessary and sufficient to induce FN matrix assembly in HT1080 cells. Knockdown of DTDST ablates FN matrix, whereas its overexpression increases assembly without dexamethasone stimulation. These results identify a previously unrecognized regulatory pathway for matrix assembly via modulation of a sulfate transporter and proteoglycan sulfation. These data raise the possibility that FN assembly defects contribute to chondrodysplasias.
Implications of pion interferometry for O+Au at 200 A GeV

Abstract Recent NA35 data on O+Au→π−π− +X at 200 A GeV are shown to be consistent with both a hadronic resonance gas model and a quark-gluon plasma model for this reaction. We show, in addition, that much higher statistics data will be required to differentiate between these models even with the outward and sideward transverse projected correlation functions.
Hydrogen Migration and HCl Elimination Promoted by Metal-Centered Nucleophilic Attack on Osmium Hydrido−Carbynes

The carbynes [OsHCl2(CCH2R)L2] (R = Ph, CH3; L = PiPr3) react with CO to give, after 1,2-hydride migration from osmium to Cα of the carbyne ligand, the osmium carbene complexes [OsCl2(CO)(CHCH2R)L2]. For R = Ph, reactions with excess CO lead to HCl elimination to form [OsCl(CO)2((E)-CHCHPh)L2], which reacts with liberated HCl at Cα to yield [OsCl2(CO)2L2] and CH2CHPh. Abstraction of chloride from either the carbynes or carbenes with NaBAr‘4 (Ar‘ = 3,5-C6H3(CF3)2) yields the corresponding coordinatively unsaturated carbyne and carbene complexes [OsHCl(CCH2R)L2][BAr‘4] and [OsCl(CO)(CHCH2R)L2][BAr‘4], respectively. The carbynes [OsHCl(CCH2Ph)L2]+ react with reagent L‘ (L‘ = CO, HCCR‘) to initially give the carbenes [OsCl(L‘)(CHCH2Ph)L2]+ after 1,2-hydride migration to Cα of the carbyne ligand. These carbenes react further, eliminating HCl and undergoing selective protonation to yield either [OsCl(CO)3L2]+ and CH2CHPh (with L‘ = CO) or the σ-vinyl carbyne complexes [OsCl(CCH2R‘)((E)-CHCHPh)L2]+ (with L‘ = HC...
Social and behavioral factors associated with episodes of inhibitory breathing

Previous research has shown that episodes of inhibitory breathing, characterized by low-frequency breathing, occur both in laboratory animals during intervals preceding avoidance tasks and in humans in the natural environment. The present study investigated social and behavioral factors accompanying episodes of inhibitory breathing that occur in the natural environment. Breathing frequency and tidal volume of ambulatory subjects were monitored via inductive plethysmography. Information concerning location, social environment, behavior, and mood was self-recorded in a computerized diary. The percentage of episodes of inhibitory breathing was found to be significantly greater in social situations than when subjects were alone. Additional analyses eliminated talking as an explanation for these effects. Inhibitory breathing was more frequent when subjects were sedentary rather than active, and inhibitory breathing was not associated with changes in mood or appraisal. Additional research is needed to determine the nature of the social interactions that elicit inhibitory breathing, its physiological concomitants, and its long-term health implications.
Recirculation Gyres Forced by a Beta-Plane Jet

Abstract A numerical model, with quasigeostrophic and barotropic dynamics, is used to study the forcing of mean flows by an unstable jet. The initially zonal jet has specified shape and transport at the western inflow boundary and is sufficiently intense and narrow that the potential vorticity gradient changes sign, giving rise to barotropic instabilities. The resulting eddies act to smooth the potential vorticity anomalies transported into the domain and produce homogenized regions in which recirculations develop to the north and south of the jet. The intensity of these recirculations, as a function of nondimensional beta, is investigated and a simple, kinematic interpretation offered.
An algebraic proof of the maximum principle

Abstract A proof of the maximum principle is presented which is extremely general and, at the simple time, simple in its details and very explicit. Apart from its intrinsic merit, it is hoped that the method of proof will help simplify adaptation of the principle to novel applications and generalize existing adaptations in areas such as the distributed-parameter and stochastic system areas.
Simultaneous mixed-integer dynamic optimization for environmentally benign electroplating

Abstract Hoist scheduling, especially cyclic hoist scheduling (CHS), is used to maximize the manufacturing productivity of electroplating processes. Water-reuse network design (WRND) for the electroplating rinsing system targets the optimal water allocation, such that fresh water consumption and wastewater generation are minimized. Currently, there is still a lack of studies on integrating CHS and WRND technologies for electroplating manufacturing. In this paper, a multi-objective mixed-integer dynamic optimization (MIDO) model has been developed to integrate CHS and WRND technologies for simultaneous consideration of productivity and water use efficiency for environmentally benign electroplating. The orthogonal collocation method on finite elements is employed to convert the MIDO problem into a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem. The efficacy of the methodology is demonstrated by solving a real electroplating example. It demonstrates that the computational methods of production scheduling, process design, and dynamic optimization can be effectively integrated to create economic and environmental win–win situations for the electroplating industry.
Arms transfer and recipient cooperation with supplier policy references: The case of the Middle East

The principal hypothesis of this paper is that the utility of arms transfers as an instrument of supplier influence is highly dependent upon two sets of variables over which the supplier has little control. This is partly because the recipeints’ demand for arms rests largely on forces outside the major power suppliers’ control. The relative impact of arms transfers is evaluated in conjunction with 1) the arms transfers to the recipients's principal local adversary; 2) the intensity of the recipient's conflict involvement; 3) the amount of political support it receives from its major power supplier/patron; and 4) the identity of the supplier country itself. Recipient countries are Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. Supplier countries are France, Great Britain, the Soviet Union and the United States for the years 1947–1973. Combat aircraft weighted by their performance characteristics and treated as the dominant weapon system are used as the “arms transfers” variable. Conflict, coop...
THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF STYLE: Thorstein Veblen's The Theory of the Leisure Class as Contested Text

Social scientists have begun to appreciate the importance of style in academic discourse. Style and its evaluation, I argue, are not givens, but are created and negotiated by a body of readers, jud...
Humor: Incongruity, disparagement, and David Letterman

What makes David Letterman's disparagement humor funny? Disparagement creates an incongruity to be resolved. Perceiving a disparagement as humorous resolves that incongruity. Alternately, liking the disparager can resolve it. The present study finds support for hypotheses that respondents who perceive Letterman to be fair and likable, find his disparagement of a guest as more humorous; but guests who disparage Letterman are perceived as more likable. Results are supportive of an incongruity‐resolution interpretation.
Upper bound for the magnetic proximity effect extracted from Brillouin light scattering

The effective magnetic thickness of Fe films and of Fe/Al and Fe/Pd bilayers is determined using Brillouin light scattering. The magnetic thickness is extracted by fitting the field dependence of the frequencies of two magnon modes. Within experimental errors of about 1 \AA{}, no change in the effective magnetic thickness of the Fe layers was detected. If a net magnetization does exist in Pd when in contact with Fe, it is sufficiently different in nature so as to not modify the Fe spin waves.
Reply to “Comment on ‘Microwave vortex dissipation of superconducting Nd-Ce-Cu-O epitaxial films in high magnetic fields’”

We demonstrate with detailed analysis that the criticisms in the preceding Comment by Blackstead are largely due to insufficient understanding of the experimental issues associated with our system or the imposition of formalism that is inapplicable to our experiments. In particular, we distinguish the conventional formalism for “field-defined” surface resistance applicable to measurements on samples with filling factors i.e., the ratio of the sample volume to that of the microwave cavity approaching 1 from our “dissipation-defined” surface resistance derived from first principles for measurements on samples with very small filling factors.
Functional link between ETB receptors and eNOS maintain tissue oxygenation in the normal liver.

Objective:Endothelins and their receptors play a crucial role in regulating liver microcirculation in pathophysiological conditions. The authors investigated the functional significance of the coupling of ETBreceptors and eNOS in maintaining regional perfusion and tissue oxygenation in the normal liver. Methods:The effect of endothelin-1 or the ETBagonist IRL1620 on oxygen consumption was determined in isolated perfused liver and isolated hepatocytes. Oxygen delivery to the liver tissue was determined in vivo. Following eNOS or iNOS blockade, either ET-1 or IRL1620 was infused via the portal vein. Hepatic tissue oxygenation, redox state, and microcirculation were investigated by intravital microscopy. Injury was estimated by serum LDH. Results:Although IRL1620 and endothelin-1 increased oxygen consumption in isolated hepatocytes, in intact liver, endothelin decreased oxygen consumption while IRL1620 produced no change. In vivo, ETBstimulation modestly altered hepatic tissue PO2, redox potential, and micro...
Modulation of Atlantic aerosols by the Madden-Julian Oscillation

Much like the better-known EI Nino-Southern Oscillation, the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) is a global-scale atmospheric phenomenon. The MJO involves periodic, systematic changes in the distribution of clouds and precipitation over the western Pacific and Indian oceans, along with differences in wind intensity over even more extensive areas, including the north and subtropical Atlantic Ocean. The lead authors of this paper developed a sophisticated mathematical technique for mapping the spatial and temporal behavior of changes in the atmosphere produced by the MJO. In a previous paper, we applied this technique to search for modulation of airborne particle amount in the eastern hemisphere associated with the "wet" (cloudy) vs. "dry" phases of the MJO. The study used primarily AVHRR, MODIS, and TOMS satellite-retrieved aerosol amount, but concluded that other factors, such as cloud contamination of the satellite signals, probably dominated the observed variations. The current paper looks at MJO modulation of desert dust transport eastward across the Atlantic from northern Africa, a region much less subject to systematic cloud contamination than the eastern hemisphere areas studied previously. In this case, a distinct aerosol signal appears, showing that dust is transported westward much more effectively during the MJO phase that favors westward-flowing wind, and such transport is suppressed when the MJO reduces these winds. Aside form the significant achievement in identifying such an effect, the result implies that an important component of global dust transport can be predicted based on the phase of the MJO. As a consequence, the impact of airborne dust on storm development in the Atlantic, and on dust deposition downwind of the desert sources, can also be predicted and more accurately modeled.
Morphological scaffolding: how evolution and development improve robot behavior generation

In the vast majority of robotics experiments in which a controller is automatically optimized to produce some desired behavior, the robot's body plan does not change over the optimization process. This paper demonstrates the counterintuitive result that by gradually changing a quadrupedal robot's body plan from a prone to a standing posture over the course of the optimization process, desired behavior is discovered more rapidly compared to a simpler set up in which the same robot begins and maintains a standing posture throughout the optimization process. This mechanism of body plan change is referred to as morphological scaffolding, as the robot's body in effect scaffolds the optimization process. Moreover, it was found that this benefit becomes more pronounced for more challenging behaviors, and that this benefit is obtained only if the body plan gradually changes over the optimization process and during the evaluation of a single controller.
Investigation of four-meson symmetric-group dual models

Some proposals for four-meson dual Born amplitudes with ${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ invariance are analyzed in detail. For the simplest example we give a rigorous proof of an earlier assertion, which has been called spin-lowering symmetry. We then examine the implementation of the Adler consistency condition and derive a general expression for models having an Adler zero. Finally the results of a search for ghost-free examples are reported.
Clinical Aspects of the Use of Narcotic Antagonists: The State of the Art

The clinical application of narcotic antagonists would theoretically be of value to several major groups of users. However, while it is clear that supportive services are needed, these services have not been defined by controlled studies.
The hidden structure of contemporary violence.

The concept of structural violence is related to the phenomenon of direct violence. The global economy is examined as one structural source useful in identifying the roots of diverse manifestations of violence. These manifestations include child abuse by refugees, AIDS among poor women, domestic terrorism, slave trade in prostitution, victimization from environmental contamination, and the abuse of children and women in sweatshops. The global economy is shown to be a prime factor in each case. It is also responsible for increasing disparities between the poor and the affluent. Finally, examples are presented of 2 promising programs designed to restrict the power of the global corporate economy to victimize local communities.
Compact and integrated TM-pass waveguide polarizer

A novel integrated TM-pass waveguide polarizer with a subwavelength-wide slot is introduced and theoretically analyzed. With a proper design of the slot, the waveguide can be used as a single polarization waveguide to guide only TM polarization modes of the light signal. With 26 microm length of this TM-pass polarizer, our computer simulations predict the insertion loss of 0.54 dB for the TM polarization mode with the extinction ratio of 20.3 dB at the wavelength of 1.55 microm.
Diagnosis and staging of brain tumors.

T WAS ONLY 30 years ago when cerebral angiograms and pneumoencephalograms were routinely used to diagnose mass lesions in the brain. These diagnostic modalities carried significant morbidity and caused tremendous discomfort to patients. The advancement of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has transformed the practice of neurooncology. CT and MRI provide increased diagnostic accuracy, aid in treatment planning, and help predict clinical outcomes. In this article, we discuss the application of these imaging methods in the diagnosis, classification, and staging of brain tumors. THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION CLASSIFICATION OF BRAIN TUMORS
Adult Coccinellid Activity and Predation on Aphids in Spring Cereals

Abstract Improved understanding of coccinellid activity and predation on aphids in the field could clarify their potential in aphid biological control. Our objective was to determine the influence of abiotic and biotic factors on activity and predation by adults of three coccinellid species ( Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville, H. tredecimpunctata tibialis (Say), and Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer) in spring cereal fields. The proportion of time coccinellids spent searching was correlated with air temperature, aphid density, and time of day. The relationship between searching and these variables differed among species. Mean walking speed ranged from 66.4 cm/min for C. maculata to 83.2 cm/min for H. tredecimpunctata and increased with temperature for all species. The frequency of short flights ( 2 m) was similar for all species and influenced by temperature and calendar date. The frequencies with which aphids were encountered and eaten were correlated with aphid density and temperature for H. convergens and H. tredecimpunctata. Despite over 250 h spent observing adult coccinellid behavior in the field, predation data were insufficient to develop a useful predation model.
The radial gradient of relativistic electrons at geosynchronous orbit

[1] Earth's outer electron radiation belt is a highly dynamic region, driven externally by the solar wind and controlled within the magnetosphere by numerous source and loss processes. Critical to assessing the importance of the different source and loss processes and to developing accurate physics-based models of the radiation belts is knowing phase space density and its radial gradient in terms of adiabatic invariants. In this paper, we demonstrate a new technique for determining the radial gradient of relativistic electron phase space density at geosynchronous orbit. This technique utilizes the fact that the GOES geosynchronous satellites are located at different geomagnetic latitudes because of their separation in longitude, even though both are located on the geographic equator. From simultaneous measurements at different geomagnetic latitudes, and therefore in different L shells, we are able to obtain the local radial gradient of phase space density. We have restricted these initial calculations to a single value of magnetic moment (M = 6000 MeV/G) and to equatorially mirroring particles. In order to minimize the sensitivity of our results to the magnetic field model used, we have analyzed data from a time period with quiet geomagnetic conditions, when the relativistic electron flux was elevated and steady. We find that during this time period the radial gradient of phase space density was positive. This indicates that the direction of radial diffusion was inward, transporting electrons from outside to within geosynchronous orbit.
Untangling the estrogen receptor web.

GPR30, a G-protein coupled receptor, is a recent addition to the family of receptors that bind to estrogens and antiestrogens. A new, selective compound for GPR30 has been developed to dissect the role of GPR30 in estrogen signaling.
Associations between Gun Violence Exposure, Gang Associations, and Youth Aggression: Implications for Prevention and Intervention Programs

Using cross-sectional data collected from three middle schools in Southeast Los Angeles, we assessed the association of neighborhood violence exposure, gang associations, and social self-control with past week aggression in a sample of minority youth (). Results from Poisson and logistic regression models showed that direct exposure to gun violence, having friends in gangs, and low social self control were all positively associated with past week aggression. Among girls, having gang affiliated family members was positively associated with aggression, whereas among boys having friends in gangs was associated with past week aggression. Subjective expectations of engagement in future interpersonal violence were associated with being male, having friends in gangs, and fear of neighborhood gun violence. We recommend that youth violence prevention and intervention programs address the impact of family, peers, and gun violence on student coping and identify students with low social self-control who could benefit from social and emotional skills training.
Field Calibration of a Capacitance Water Content Probe in Fine Sand Soils

Fine sand soils important to Florida agriculture have volumetric soil water content values (θ v ) of <0.10 cm 3 cm -3 after drainage due to gravity has ceased. Small changes in θ, in the range of 0.02 to 0.08 cm 3 cm -3 can greatly affect plant available water and, therefore, good calibration of soil water content sensors is necessary. The EnviroSCAN (Sentek Pty. Ltd., South Australia) is a multiple sensor capacitance probe capable of continuous measurement of soil water content by volume (θ v ). Many fine sand soils in Florida have plant available θ v values of ≤0.08 cm 3 cm -3 , The manufacturer's calibration curve has very few data points <0.10 cm 3 cm -3 θ, and no data in the 0.02 to 0.04 cm 3 cm -3 θ, range. Because of the lack of data in this range, a calibration curve from 0.02 to 0.08 cm 3 cm -3 θ v was developed for Candler fine sand (hyperthermic, uncoated Typic Quartzipsamments), Apopka fine sand (loamy, siliceous, hyperthermic Grossarenic Paleudults), and Immokalee fine sand (sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Arenic Alaquods) in two locations in Florida. Since calibration curves for the three soils did not differ significantly, data from the three soils were combined. An exponential calibration curve was developed (RMSE = 0.0085, R 2 = 0.83). This equation provides substantially different estimates of water content in the 0.02 to 0.08 range than values obtained from the manufacturer's calibration. This improved calibration extends the useful range of the EnviroSCAN to include an important group of soils with very low water holding capacity.
Analgesic Effect of Intraarticular Bupivacaine or Morphine After Arthroscopic Knee Surgery: A Randomized, Prospective, Double-Blind Study

The effect of 20 mL of intraarticular bupivacaine (0.25%, with or without 1:200,000 epinephrine), morphine (0.03%, with or without 1:200,000 epinephrine), or normal saline on postoperative analgesia after arthroscopic knee surgery was studied in a randomized, prospective, double-blind trial in ASA I
War Initiation and Selection by Consequences

Two data sets for interstate wars between 1495 and 1815, and between 1816 and 1990, were examined to determine how a nation's tendency to initiate a war depended on its history of winning or losing previous wars. In both data sets, the proportion of wars initiated by a nation increased with successive wins and decreased with successive losses, and the time to initiate a war after a previous win was shorter than after a previous loss. Pooling the data sets revealed that the slowing effect of a loss was offset by one or more wins before the loss, and that losers had a high probability of initiating a war 20-24 years after the loss. Warmaking is interpreted as a cultural practice that is selected by victory or defeat, much as individual behavior is selected by reinforcement and punishment. One possible mechanism for this selection process involves the combined effects of national strength based on prior wins, military influence within a nation (also based on prior wins), and military preparations that raise the odds that a dispute will escalate to war.