cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Historia e identidad nacional en dos autores latinoamericanos contemporáneos: Rudolfo Anaya y Magali García Ramis

The article explores the use of autobiographical discourse to produce a narrative capable of formulating a national identity. It discusses the different strategies used by the main character of each novel to reach a cultural identity for them and their people in a social context alien to their reality, their search for a cultural identity in the midst of a disintegrating tradition, and the historical silences imposed by mainstream culture over Latino socieites in the United States.
Reevaluation of the body mass estimate for the KNM-ER 5428 Homo erectus talus.

Objectives In this study, we reexamined the body mass estimate for the Homo erectus specimen KNM-ER 5428 based on talus dimensions. Previous estimates of >90 kg for this fossil are large in comparison to body mass estimates for other H. erectus specimens. Materials and methods The study sample consisted of tali and femora of 132 modern cadaver males from a documented body mass skeletal collection. We recorded the talus trochlear mediolateral (TTML) breadth and femoral head diameter (FHD) for each modern human specimen, and obtained KNM-ER 5428's TTML values from the literature. We developed regression formulae based on TTML using the body mass estimated from FHD for the entire human sample and for known body masses from a normal-BMI subsample, and then used these formulae to calculate body mass for KNM-ER 5428. In addition, we examined the range of body masses for individuals with TTML measurements comparable to KNM-ER 5428. Results The body masses of normal-BMI individuals with a TTML ≥32.3 mm (the smaller of the two fossil measurements from the literature) ranged between 60.3 and 86.2 kg and averaged 72.3 kg. The body masses of normal-BMI individuals with a TTML ≥33.7 mm (the larger measurement) ranged between 63.5 and 86.2 kg with a mean of 73.6 kg. The correlations between TTML and body mass are moderate. Revised body mass point estimates for KNM-ER 5428 ranged between 69.2 and 81.6 kg based on TTML, and average 70.5 and 76.0 kg. Discussion Results suggest previously published body mass estimates of KNM-ER 5428's are too large. Its body mass was likely between 70 and 76 kg rather than >90 kg.
Changes and interrelationships among luteal LH receptors, adenylate cyclase activity and phosphodiesterase activity during the bovine estrous cycle.

Changes and interrelationships among the cellular mechanisms that may regulate luteal progesterone synthesis during the bovine estrous cycle were studied. Corpora lutea (CL) were enucleated from 30 cows via a transvaginal incision on d 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 19 following estrus (estrus = d 0). Mean corpus luteum weight, and luteal progesterone and plasma progesterone concentrations increased (P less than .05) from d 4 to 7 or 10, and declined following luteal regression (d 19). Unoccupied LH receptor (UOR) concentrations increased (P less than .05) more than fourfold from d 4 (38 fmol/mg protein) to d 16 (173 fmol/mg protein) before declining (P less than .05) by d 19 (30 fmol/mg protein). The dissociation constant for UOR concentrations increased (P less than .05) during the estrous cycle. Concentrations of occupied LH receptors (OR) were less (P less than .05) on d 7 than other days; however, the total number of OR/CL increased fourfold from d 4 (47 fmol/CL) to d 10 (221 fmol/CL) and remained similar thereafter. Basal adenylate cyclase, LH-activated adenylate cyclase, and Gpp(NH)p-activated adenylate cyclase activities were greatest (P less than .05) on d 7 to 16 as compared with d 4 and 19. Luteinizing hormone stimulated (P less than .05) adenylate cyclase activity relative to basal activity on d 7, 10, 13, and 16; whereas, Gpp(NH)p stimulated (P less than .05) adenylate cyclase activity relative to basal activity at each period. Phosphodiesterase was 46% greater on d 19 as compared with d 4.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Design Consideration for Characterization and Study of Dynamic on State Resistance of GaN Devices

On state resistance (R DSON ) of GaN devices is not constant like Si devices. The RDSON of GaN devices exhibits a dynamic behavior and can be much larger than the static RDSON. This dynamic behavior depends on various factors and device-to-device from different manufacturers. The increased RDSON leads to increased power loss and reduces overall system efficiency which can lead to reliability concern. For the dynamic R DSON characterization, Double Pulse Test (DPT) is a widely used method. To calculate R DSON , real-time measurements of voltage across the Device Under Test (DUT) and current through the DUT are required. Common DUT current measurement techniques require the insertion of current sensor in the current path, which introduces additional loop inductance in the current path. In this paper inductor current measurement is used instead of DUT current for the dynamic R DSON calculation. Use of the inductor current measurement in R DSON calculation optimizes the switching loop by eliminating the need of direct DUT current measurement. Furthermore, different design considerations for double pulse test circuit, and dynamic RDSON characterization of two different GaN devices are presented.
Impact of microbiome-based interventions on gastrointestinal pathogen colonization in the intensive care unit:

In the intensive care unit (ICU), colonization of the gastrointestinal tract by potentially pathogenic bacteria is common and often precedes clinical infection. Though effective in the short term, traditional antibiotic-based decolonization methods may contribute to rising resistance in the long term. Novel therapies instead focus on restoring gut microbiome equilibrium to achieve pathogen colonization resistance. This review summarizes the existing data regarding microbiome-based approaches to gastrointestinal pathogen colonization in ICU patients with a focus on prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics.
Fluorescence-Enabled Self-Reporting for Redox Flow Batteries

Monitoring battery health is challenging. Self-reporting enables rapid health assessment of redox flow batteries (RFBs) and provides insight into degradation mechanisms of electrochemically active ...
Adaptation of Insulin Clearance to Metabolic Demand Is a Key Determinant of Glucose Tolerance

With the development of insulin resistance (IR), there is a compensatory increase in the plasma insulin response to offset the defect in insulin action to maintain normal glucose tolerance. The insulin response is the result of two factors: insulin secretion and metabolic clearance rate of insulin (MCRI). Subjects (104 with normal glucose tolerance [NGT], 57 with impaired glucose tolerance [IGT], and 207 with type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM]), divided in nonobese and obese groups, received a euglycemic insulin-clamp (40 mU/m2 ⋅ min) and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (75 g) on separate days. MCRI was calculated during the insulin-clamp performed with [3-3H]glucose and the OGTT and related to IR: peripheral (glucose uptake during the insulin clamp), hepatic (basal endogenous glucose production × fasting plasma insulin [FPI]), and adipocyte (fasting free fatty acid × FPI). MCRI during the insulin clamp was reduced in obese versus nonobese NGT (0.60 ± 0.03 vs. 0.73 ± 0.02 L/min ⋅ m2, P < 0.001), in nonobese IGT (0.62 ± 0.02, P < 0.004), and in nonobese T2DM (0.68 ± 0.02, P < 0.03). The MCRI during the insulin clamp was strongly and inversely correlated with IR (r = -0.52, P < 0.0001). During the OGTT, the MCRI was suppressed within 15-30 min in NGT and IGT subjects and remained suppressed. In contrast, suppression was minimal in T2DM. In conclusion, the development of IR in obese subjects is associated with a decline in MCRI that represents a compensatory response to maintain normal glucose tolerance but is impaired in individuals with T2DM.
Model-theoretic semantics as model-based science

In the early days of natural language semantics, Donald Davidson issued a challenge to those, like Richard Montague, who would do semantics in a model-theoretic framework that gives a central role to a model-relative notion of truth. Davidson argued that no theory of this kind can claim to be an account of real truth conditions unless it first makes clear how the relativized notion relates to our ordinary non-relativized notion of truth. In the 1990s, Davidson’s challenge was developed by Etchemendy into an argument against the model-theoretic account of logical consequence, one that also threatens the attempt to capture natural language entailment relations in modeltheoretic terms—one of the central desiderata of semantics. Nevertheless, the modeltheoretic framework has flourished within natural language semantics. But it has flourished without any consensus among semanticists as to how to answer Davidson’s challenge. The aim of this essay is to develop an answer. I argue that model-theoretic semantics is best understood as model-based science: a semantics for a natural language is a scientific model of truth conditions. This makes good sense of the way model-theoretic tools are used in natural language semantics. And it allows us to answer Davidson’s challenge by showing how a theory that employs a relativized notion of truth manages to tell us about ordinary truth conditions. Moreover, I argue that it helps us see how semantics can provide genuine explanations for natural language entailment and other truth-conditional phenomena.
"Fighting an uphill battle": A mixed methods exploration of surgeon involvement in medical schools' preclinical curricula.

Abstract Background Limited exposure to surgeons early on in medical school may adversely impact students’ clerkship experiences and professional development. This explanatory sequential mixed methods study investigates a perceived discrepancy between surgical and nonsurgical instructors in our institution’s preclinical curriculum. Methods The demographics of preclinical faculty were assessed before and after a curricular reform. Semi-structured interviews with 13 surgical faculty explored barriers and facilitators to surgeon involvement. Responses were inductively coded and thematically analyzed. Results Surgeons’ contributions to preclinical instruction fell from 10% to 5% across the curriculum reform. Barriers both leading to and reinforced by surgeons’ limited involvement relate to surgeon, medical school, and student factors. Participants proposed three solutions to barriers in each domain. Conclusions Surgeons provide a minority of our preclinical instruction and may be disproportionately impacted by reform efforts. Deliberate efforts are necessary to increase opportunities for surgeons to engage with preclinical medical students.
Robotic Total Mesorectal Excision for Rectal Cancer

Robotic TME is an evolution of the classic laparoscopic technique with an aim to overcome the limitations of the non-articulating laparoscopic instruments within the narrow confines of the pelvis. The purpose of this chapter is to share our experience and the experience of others in this constantly evolving field of robotic TME.
Modeling the dominance of the gradient drift or Kelvin–Helmholtz instability in sheared ionospheric E × B flows

Studies have shown that in sheared E × B flows in an inhomogeneous ionospheric plasma, the gradient drift (GDI) or the Kelvin–Helmholtz (KHI) instability may grow. This work examines the conditions that cause one of these instabilities to dominate over the other using a novel model to study localized ionospheric instabilities. The effect of collisions with neutral particles plays an important role in the instability development. It is found that the KHI is dominant in low collisionality regimes, the GDI is dominant in high collisionality regimes, and there exists an intermediate region in which both instabilities exist in tandem. For low collisionality cases in which the velocity shear is sufficiently far from the density gradient, the GDI is found to grow as a secondary instability extending from the KHI vortices. The inclusion of a neutral wind-driven electric field in the direction of the velocity shear does not impact the dominance of either instability. Using data from empirical ionospheric models, two altitude limits are found. For altitudes above the higher limit, the KHI is dominant. For altitudes below the lower limit, the GDI is dominant. In the intermediate region, both instabilities grow together. Increasing the velocity shear causes both limits to be lower in altitude. This implies that for ionospheric phenomena whose density and velocity gradients span large altitude ranges, such as subauroral polarization streams, the instabilities observed by space-based and ground-based observation instruments could be significantly different.
Multi-Compartment Spatially-Derived Radiomics From Optical Coherence Tomography Predict Anti-VEGF Treatment Durability in Macular Edema Secondary to Retinal Vascular Disease: Preliminary Findings

Objective: Diabetic macular edema (DME) and retinal vein occlusion (RVO) are the leading causes of visual impairments across the world. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates breakdown of blood-retinal barrier that causes accumulation of fluid within macula. Anti-VEGF therapy is the first-line treatment for both the diseases; however, the degree of response varies for individual patients. The main objective of this work was to identify the (i) texture-based radiomics features within individual fluid and retinal tissue compartments of baseline spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) images and (ii) the specific spatial compartments that contribute most pertinent features for predicting therapeutic response. Methods: A total of 962 texture-based radiomics features were extracted from each of the fluid and retinal tissue compartments of OCT images, obtained from the PERMEATE study. Top-performing features selected from the consensus of different feature selection methods were evaluated in conjunction with four different machine learning classifiers: Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (QDA), Random Forest (RF), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) in a cross-validated approach to distinguish eyes tolerating extended interval dosing (non-rebounders) and those requiring more frequent dosing (rebounders). Results: Combination of fluid and retinal tissue features yielded a cross-validated area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.78±0.08 in distinguishing rebounders from non-rebounders. Conclusions: This study revealed that the texture-based radiomics features pertaining to IRF subcompartment were most discriminating between rebounders and non-rebounders to anti-VEGF therapy. Clinical Impact: With further validation, OCT-based imaging biomarkers could be used for treatment management of DME patients.
Zebrafish Models of Human Liver Development and Disease

The liver performs a large number of essential synthetic and regulatory functions that are acquired during fetal development and persist throughout life. Their disruption underlies a diverse group of heritable and acquired diseases that affect both pediatric and adult patients. Although experimental analyses used to study liver development and disease are typically performed in cell culture models or rodents, the zebrafish is increasingly used to complement discoveries made in these systems. Forward and reverse genetic analyses over the past two decades have shown that the molecular program for liver development is largely conserved between zebrafish and mammals, and that the zebrafish can be used to model heritable human liver disorders. Recent work has demonstrated that zebrafish can also be used to study the mechanistic basis of acquired liver diseases. Here, we provide a comprehensive summary of how the zebrafish has contributed to our understanding of human liver development and disease.
Impact of age on clinicopathological outcomes and recurrence-free survival after the surgical management of nonseminomatous germ cell tumour.

UNLABELLED: Study Type - Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4. What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? The effect of advancing age on the clinicopathological outcomes of men with germ cell testicular cancers remains uncertain. Through the review and comparison of the present large cohort of men with testis cancer, we report on our experience in men aged ≥50 years. Our results showed similar clinical and pathological characteristics, and survival outcomes that compare favourably with those of men aged <50 years. OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of age on clinicopathological findings and disease recurrence in men with nonseminomatous germ cell tumour (NSGCT) undergoing retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We identified 1246 patients with NSGCT who underwent either primary or post-chemotherapy-RPLND (PC-RPLND) between 1989 and 2006 from our prospective testis cancer database. • Perioperative characteristics were compared among men aged < or ≥50 years. • Multivariable models were used to evaluate the association of age with disease-free survival, controlling for established clinical and pathological features. RESULTS: Of 514 men undergoing primary and 732 men undergoing PC-RPLND, 12 (2.3%) and 23 (3.1%) were aged ≥50 years, respectively. • There were no significant differences between men aged < or ≥50 years for perioperative clinicopathological characteristics, with the exception of pre-RPLND CT nodal size. • The pathological distributions at primary RPLND were similar in men aged < or ≥50 years. After PC-RPLND, there were no differences in RPLND histology, number of lymph nodes resected, estimated blood loss, hospital stay, or perioperative complication rate. • Age at surgery was not a significant predictor of disease recurrence when subjected to a multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggests that age at RPLND does not predict for disease recurrence and men aged ≥50 years had similar pre- and postoperative characteristics to those aged <50 years. • We conclude that RPLND can be safely performed in men aged ≥50 years and these patients should be offered optimal treatment regimens for NSGCT as directed according to established guidelines.
Noticias de Haití en Cuba

This paper argues that an assessment of the influence of the Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) in the Atlantic world requires that we go beyond customary references to fear and terror. Part of that endeavor entails understanding the transmission and nature of knowledge about the Haitian Revolution as it unfolded. Here I analyze the information about Haiti entering Cuba , which itself was making the transition to a sugar and slave-based economy similar to prerevolutionary Haiti. An analysis of Haitian news in Cuba reveals that residents of the latter island received ample and detailed information on the events of the Revolution. Alongside the richness of the news in circulation, however, we see the rapid emergence and consolidation of the binary, apocalyptic images that would become the prevailing symbols of Haiti and its revolution in Cuba.
Relationship of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) at the bovine calpastatin locus to calpastatin activity and meat tenderness

Restriction fragment length polymor- phisms (RFLP) have been identified at the bovine calpastatin locus. The objective of the present study was to determine whether these polymorphisms are related to variations in calpastatin activity or beef tenderness in unrelated animals of mixed breeding. A sample of 83 crossbred steers from sires representing eight different breeds was examined to determine this relationship. A 2.2-kb cDNA coding for domains 2 through 4 plus a 3' untranslated region of bovine skeletal muscle calpastatin was used as a probe for calpastatin RFLP. Polymorphisms were found using the restriction enzymes BamHI and EcoRI. Poly- morphic restriction fragments for BamHI were 9.0 and 5.0 kb and for EcoRI were 6.0 and 4.0 kb. Allelic frequencies for BamHI restriction fragments were .53 for the 9.0-kb allele and .47 for the 5.0-kb allele. Allelic frequencies for EcoRI restriction fragments were .43 for the 6.0-kb allele and .57 for the 4.0-kb allele. No polymorphisms were identified using the restriction enzymes BglII, DraI, or PstI. No associations between EcoRI and BamHI RFLP and 24-h calpastatin activity or Warner-Bratzler shear force at 14 d postmortem were detected. Therefore, the polymorphic EcoRI and BamHI restriction sites within the bovine calpastatin locus do not detect DNA sequence differences responsible for variation in cal- pastatin activity or tenderness of aged beef. Therefore, these polymorphisms cannot be used to predict tender- ness of aged beef from unrelated animals of mixed breeding. These results do not exclude the possibility that other DNA sequences in or near the bovine calpastatin gene are responsible for variation in calpastatin activity or meat tenderness. The lack of a relationship between these calpastatin RFLP and meat tenderness must be distinguished from the well- documented relationship between calpastatin activity and meat tenderness. Therefore, further development of calpastatin-based methods for predicting beef tenderness in unrelated animals of mixed breeding should focus on basic factors influencing calpastatin activity at the molecular and cellular level.
Estimating the Permanent Component of Accounting Earnings Using the Unobservable Components Model: Implications for Price-Earnings Research:

This study proposes the unobservable components (UC) model as a conceptually and statistically superior approach to modeling the stochastic properties of accounting earnings. Based on the UC model,...
Effects of NAFTA on US Employment and Policy Responses

The signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was a contentious event in United States (US) politics, in particular with respect to public views about the possible labour market effects. This paper is structured as follows. First, we provide background on the political debate in the United States at the time of the signing of NAFTA. We then outline the dynamics of trade and employment among the NAFTA partners over the last 20 years. The third section provides a literature review that summarises estimates of NAFTA’s employment impact, both shortly before its implementation and afterwards. Against this background, we provide an overview and assessment of US employment policy responses aimed at facilitating labour-market adjustment and support of trade-displaced workers.
Effect of zinc supplementation on growth and body composition in children with sickle cell disease.

Background Poor growth and delayed maturation in children with sickle cell disease (SCD) may be due, in part, to mild zinc deficiency. Objective The objective was to determine the effects of zinc supplementation on growth and body composition in children with SCD. Design Forty-two prepubertal children (20 girls and 22 boys) aged 4-10 y with SCD-SS were randomly assigned to receive 10 mg elemental Zn/d in cherry syrup (zinc group) or cherry syrup alone (control group). The 2 groups were stratified by sex and initial height status. Dietary intakes were evaluated and anthropometric, high-precision knee-height, and plasma zinc measurements were made at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 mo. Body composition was determined every 6 mo with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and z scores for anthropometric variables were computed from national reference data. Longitudinal-mixed-effects analysis was used to test for differences between the groups over the 12-mo observation period. Results Thirty-eight children completed the study. No significant differences were observed at baseline. After 12 mo, the zinc group had significantly greater mean (+/- SE) increases in height (0.66 +/- 0.29 cm/y), sitting height (0.97 +/- 0.40 cm/y), knee height (3.8 +/- 1.2 mm/y), and arm circumference z scores (0.27 +/- 0.12 cm/y). Height-for-age and weight-for-age z scores decreased significantly by 0.11 +/- 0.04 and 0.13 +/- 0.05, respectively, in the control group but did not change significantly in the zinc group. Conclusions Prepubertal children with SCD-SS may have zinc deficiency and may benefit from zinc supplementation to improve linear growth and weight gain.
Characterization of thin titanium oxide adhesion layers on gold: resistivity, morphology, and composition

Abstract Group 1B metal films (copper, silver and gold) are attractive for metallizations in multichip modules (MCM) and integrated circuits because they have high electrical conductivities. Unfortunately, Group 1B metals require additional bonding layers for adhesion to insulators (i.e. silicon dioxide or polymers). In this work, thin electrically insulating films of titanium oxide on titanium have been investigated as adhesion layers between gold and a wide variety of insulators. The adhesion layer does not alter the dielectric properties of the insulator surrounding the metal because it is thin. The morphology, composition, and resistivity of the titanium oxide films were studied with angle resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and electrical resistance measurements. The results show that sputter-deposited titanium films grow by an island growth (Volmer-Weber) mechanism. The islands coalesce after 10–20 A of titanium deposition. Following deposition, the titanium films were oxidized by exposure to air at relatively low temperatures (T 20 A) were oxidized, a layered film was also produced with a titanium core and titanium oxide surface layer.
Carotid hemorrhage: A complication of peritonsillar abscess

Carotid hemorrhage secondary to peritonsillar abscess occurs infrequently today because of the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. When it does occur, however, emergency physicians unfamiliar with such a complication may have difficulty making its diagnosis and instituting appropriate therapy. Prevention is the easiest way to treat septic erosion. Abscesses are treated best with penicillin or, in the allergic patient, clindamycin followed by incision and drainage. Once the abscess has eroded into the carotid artery, it usually must be tied off to control the subsequent massive bleeding.
Optimal integrated operation of reservoir-assisted stormwater treatment areas for estuarine habitat restoration

Significant reductions in pollutant loadings can be achieved through coordinated operation of constructed wetlands or stormwater treatment areas (STAs) when connected to retention reservoirs for maintaining ideal water levels and hydraulic residence times in STAs that maximize treatment efficiency. Reservoir-assisted STA systems can provide additional benefits including maintenance of target frequency distributions of stormwater inflows into coastal estuarine systems for ecosystem rehabilitation, dry season flow augmentation in coastal riverine systems for maintaining the lower salinity zone, and supplemental water supply. An implicit stochastic optimization approach is applied to adaptive, multiobjective control of interconnected reservoir-assisted STAs that optimizes fuzzy rule-based operating rules using a genetic algorithm interacting with a simulation model of the stormwater drainage system. The model is applied to the four interconnected reservoir/STAs in the design configuration of the Indian River Lagoon-South project for the St. Lucie River watershed and estuary, South Florida. Results of simulated long-term performance of the optimal operating rules show attainment of targets for remediation of the aquatic ecology of the St. Lucie estuary, riverine environmental protection, and reliable supplemental water supply.
High-Throughput 1H NMR and HPLC Characterization of a 96-Member Substituted Methylene Malonamic Acid Library

A solid phase organic synthesis method has been developed for the preparation of substituted methylene malonamic acids and malonic ester mono acids 5. Two substituents are introduced into the core molecule 5 by preparation of unsymmetrical malonic acid derivatives 2, followed by Knoevenagel condensation with aromatic or aliphatic aldehydes, giving resin-bound 4. Evaluation of the scope of these reactions led to the preparation of a 96-member library from a set of eight amines/alcohols (seven amines and one alcohol) and 11 aldehydes leading to 88 substituted methylene malonamic/malonate mono acids 5 and eight unsymmetrical malonamic/malonate mono acids 3. Structural validation and quantitation for every member of the library was obtained by evaluation of 1H NMR and HPLC, respectively. The 1H NMR data were obtained using automated delivery of DMSO solutions of every library member from a 96-deep well microtiter plate to a flow probe-equipped NMR spectrometer. HPLC data were used for determination of the ext...
Introduction to Special Issue on Learning and Work

In the conventional way of thinking about things, learning is something that happens in schools – we learn in preparation to go out into the world and do. Learning and work, by such a view, are cleanly separable and utterly different matters. The problem, however, is that things seem to be changing and this simple view no longer appears to hold in the increasingly complex world in which we live, work, and learn. Success now seems to be tied to continuous processes of learning and improvement on the part of both individuals and organizations (Leonard-Barton 1992 Cusumano 1988). These changes in the workplace have led to new demands on our systems of education. It is no longer sufficient to provide training in a static curriculum; students in the ‘knowledge age’ (Bereiter 2002) must be prepared for careers of life-long learning. Such preparation often involves participation in “authentic” (Petraglia 1998) projectbased activities featuring student teamwork. In this way, the lines between learning and work are becoming increasingly blurred – work is constituted of learning, while formal learning is beginning to look more like work. Under theses circumstances, it becomes more and more difficult to defend the historical division between domains of inquiry of the CSCW research community and those of researchers operating within its sister field in which the ‘W’ has been replaced with an ‘L’ for learning (see, for example, Koschmann 1996; Koschmann et al. 2002; Stahl 2006). Such a division seems hopelessly mired in a traditional and no longer valid view of the relationship between learning and work. The question to be taken up here, therefore, is how can we begin to study both topics in new ways that treat them not as isolated phenomena, but rather as densely interconnected features of life in the complex, modern world? This question, however, presupposes a variety of others: What is it that we mean exactly by learning (or, for that matter, work)? Is learning in formal educational settings different from learning in the workplace? What about learning in museums and other informal settings; is this a different sort of learning? What are the appropriate methods and disciplinary traditions for studying learning in these diverse settings? How are technologies to be designed that support both work and learning? Rather than approach these issues in the abstract, they will be addressed
Effect of methyltestosterone on the apolipoprotein and lipid composition of canine serum lipoproteins.

Abstract 1. 1. A series of lipoprotein fractions was isolated by sequential preparative ultracentrifugation of serum obtained before and during methyltestosterone administration. The apolipoprotein and lipid components of the purified, albumin-free lipoprotein fractions were characterized by immunochemical and quantitative chemical analyses. 2. 2. Methyltestosterone reduced the apolipoprotein, cholesterol, phospholipid and triglyceride concentration in each fraction. Relatively more of the total triglyceride was found in serum lipoproteins of d 3. 3. Methyltestosterone significantly increased albumin concentration and decreased α1- and β-globulin concentrations, without altering the total serum protein concentration.
Influence of Varying Amounts of Urea on the Fermentation Pattern and Nutritive Value of Corn Silage

Abstract Urea, in amounts of either 0%, .5% or .75%, was added to silages containing 37 to 40% dry matter (DM) in Experiment I (1968) and 38 to 42% DM in Experiment II (1969). Acetic acid production in all silages was essentially complete after 5 days of fermentation while lactic acid production continued for 25 days. The production of propionic, butyric, and lactic acids increased (P 3 -N accounted for 23 to 44% of this decrease in urea-N. In the lactation trials, 24 Holstein cows were in a 3×3 Latin square design with three 28-day periods. Experimental silages were fed in amounts to maintain 10% weigh back daily. Diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. In Experiment I, cows fed 0% and .50% urea silages consumed more (P
Apoptosis in human glioblastoma cells produced using embryonic stem cell–derived astrocytes expressing tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand

Object. Embryonic stem (ES) cell‐derived astrocytes have several theoretical and practical advantages as gene therapy vectors in the treatment of malignant gliomas. The aim of this study was to test the proapoptotic effects of ES cell‐ derived astrocytes expressing transgenic tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in human malignant glioma cells. Methods. Mouse ES cells containing a doxycycline-inducible transgene were engineered with human TRAIL (hTRAIL) and then directed to differentiate into astrocytes. The ES cell-derived‐TRAIL-expressing astrocytes were cocultured with human malignant glioma cells. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, immunocytochemistry, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling, and flow cytometry were used to quantify results. In vitro coculture of ES cell‐derived astrocytes expressing hTRAIL with A172 human malignant glioma cells after doxycycline induction caused a significant decrease in cell viability from 85 6 2% at baseline to 8 6 2% posttreatment (p , 0.001). Labeling with apoptotic markers showed that cell death occurred by means of apoptosis. A significant increase in apoptotic rate (88 6 3%) from baseline (4 6 2%) was found in A172 cells after doxycycline induction (p , 0.005). This effect was superior to the apoptotic rate seen after treatment with recombinant TRAIL (57 6 2%). A decrease in cell viability and an increase in the apoptotic rate were not found in TRAIL-expressing‐ES cellderived astrocytes after induction with doxycycline or in A172 cells exposed to doxycycline alone. Conclusions. Engineering of transgenic hTRAIL by using ES cell‐derived astrocytes induced apoptosis in human malignant glioma cells while sparing nontumor astrocytes. The apoptotic effects of transgenic hTRAIL are greater than those of recombinant hTRAIL. Analysis of these results suggests that hTRAIL-expressing‐ES cell-derived astrocytes should be considered in the development of new in vivo strategies to treat malignant human gliomas.
Debrided skin as a source of autologous stem cells for wound repair.

Major traumatic injuries to the body, such as large surface area burns, limit the availability of autologous stem cell populations for wound repair. This report demonstrates that even after severe burn trauma to the body, resident stem cells present within the subcutaneous adipose tissue survive and are available for therapeutic uses. Debrided skin from wounded areas contains subcutaneous adipose tissue and can yield approximately 1.5 × 105 to 2.5 × 105 cells per milliliter of tissue. This observation indicates that tissue, which is normally discarded, could be a valuable source of stem cells. Initial immunohistochemistry of the debrided tissue localized platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta+ (PDGFR-β+) cells to perivascular niches of vascular beds. It was immunophenotypically confirmed that the cell isolates are stem cells and designated as debrided skin adipose-derived stem cells (dsASCs). Gene expression analysis of stem cell specific transcripts showed that the dsASCs maintained their stemness over serial passages. Furthermore, dsASCs were able to differentiate into adipogenic, osteogenic, and vascular cell lineages. Finally, an in vivo excision wound model in athymic rats demonstrated that the dsASCs are engrafted within a wound bed after 12 days. These data provide the first evidence that subcutaneous adipose tissue from discarded burned skin contains a viable population of stem cells that can be used for wound repair and skin regenerative therapies. STEM CELLS 2011;29:1219–1230
Acute insulin responses to leucine in children with the hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia syndrome.

Mutations of glutamate dehydrogenase cause the hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia syndrome by desensitizing glutamate dehydrogenase to allosteric inhibition by GTP. Normal allosteric activation of glutamate dehydrogenase by leucine is thus uninhibited, leading us to propose that children with hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia syndrome will have exaggerated acute insulin responses to leucine in the postabsorptive state. As hyperglycemia increases β-cell GTP, we also postulated that high glucose concentrations would extinguish abnormal responsiveness to leucine in hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia syndrome patients. After an overnight fast, seven hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia syndrome patients (aged 9 months to 29 yr) had acute insulin responses to leucine performed using an iv bolus of l-leucine (15 mg/kg) administered over 1 min and plasma insulin measurements obtained at −10, −5, 0, 1, 3, and 5 min. The acute insulin response to leucine was defined as the mean increase in insulin from baseline at 1 and 3 min afte...
Toward the development of a service provider sociality scale and its relationship to customer satisfaction and loyalty

This study assessed the dimensional structure of the Service Provider Sociality Scale, then determined whether service providers' use of different sociality dimensions predicts customer satisfaction and, in turn, whether customer satisfaction predicts loyalty. A survey of 256 undergraduate student “customers” revealed two significant dimensions of sociality: Personal Connection and Courteous Expressions. These dimensions explained 74% of the variance in customer satisfaction, but only Courteous Expressions accounted for significant unique variance in satisfaction. Satisfaction, in turn, strongly predicted loyalty.
Electrochemical properties of benzoquinone and ferrocene monocarboxylic acid at a polyaniline coated platinum electrode for glucose sensing.

Abstract The electrochemical properties of benzoquinone and ferrocene monocarboxylic acid, which can be used as mediators for enzymatic reactions were studied at a polyaniline coated platinum electrode. Benzoquinone and ferrocene monocarboxylic acid were used in the catalytic cycle of a glucose oxidase—glucose reaction.
Liquid-vapor surface tension near the liquid-liquid consolute point

Abstract The liquid—vapor surface tensions of the binary solutions isobutyric acid—water and nitroethane-3-methylpentane have been measured as functions of temperature and composition in the neighborhood of the consolute points of the liquid mixtures. The results are compared with the predictions of theory. The measurements agree well with theoretical ideas about the isothermal composition-dependence of the surface tension at temperatures above that of the consolute point, but there may be an anomaly in the temperature-dependence of the surface tension at fixed, critical composition.
DEFICIENT KETOGENESIS IN NEONATAL HYPOGLYCEMIA

To investigate the reasons for the high incidence of neonatal hypoglycemia, hormone and metabolic fuel responses to postnatal fasting were examined in 24 term-AGA, 9 preterm-AGA, 6 term-SGA, and 4 preterm-SGA infants. At 8 hours of age or when plasma glucose (GLU) was <40mg%, blood was drawn for determinations of GLU, gluconeogenic substrates, fat-derived fuels, and hormones. Fuel and hormone levels in the preterm-AGA and 2 SGA groups were similar to term-AGA infants: lactate 2.9±.22mM (m±SEM), pyruvate .16±.01mM; alanine .48±.02mM; free fatty acids 1.4±.07mM: b-OH-butyrate .32±.04mM; acetoacetate .05±.01mM; insulin 10±9uU/ml: growth hormone 16±3ng/ml; cortisol 8±1.3ug/dl. Asymptomatic hypoglycemia (GLU ≤ 40mg%) occurred in 18% of AGA and 80% of SGA infants. In the 14 hypoglycemic infants, ketone levels were low (b-OH-butyrate .21±.04mM) despite low insulin (8±1.3uU/ml) and high free fatty acid levels (1.2±.14mM). These results suggest that capacity for hepatic ketogenesis is low during postnatal fasting. This may be a primary factor limiting the ability of neonates to tolerate fasting. In addition, at times of hypoglycemia, ketones are not available as fuel for CNS metabolism. This raises concerns about whether the currently accepted definition of hypoglycemia in the neonatal period provides sufficient margin for safety.
Age-Graded Risks for Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Male and Female Youth

Emerging evidence indicates male youth are affected by commercial sexual exploitation (CSE). However, most studies investigating risk markers influencing age of onset of CSE have focused on vulnerabilities of girls and women. Using a sample of 1,354 serious youthful offenders (of whom approximately 8% of males and females reported being paid for sex), the current study assessed whether risks associated with age of onset of CSE for girls and young women operated similarly in boys and young men. Findings showed that African American male youth were at heightened risk for CSE, while female youth of all races/ethnicities were at similar risk. For all youth, maternal substance use and earlier age of first sex were associated with early age of onset of CSE. For male youth, experiencing rape and substance use dependency were associated with early age of onset. Psychotic symptoms, likely experienced as social alienation, were associated with both early and late age of onset. For all youth, lower educational attainment was associated with CSE beginning in later adolescence or young adulthood. In addition, substance use dependency was linked to late age of onset for female youth. Implications of the study findings for theory development and application to CSE are noted.
A new cellulose synthase gene (PtrCesA2) from aspen xylem is orthologous to Arabidopsis AtCesA7 (irx3) gene associated with secondary cell wall synthesis.

Abstract We report here the molecular cloning and characterization of a new full-length cellulose synthase (CesA) cDNA, PtrCesA2 from aspen (Populus tremuloides) trees. The predicted PtrCesA2 protein shows a high degree of identity/similarity (87%/91%) to the predicted gene product of Arabidopsis AtCesA7 gene that has been associated with secondary cell wall development. Previously, a mutation in AtCesA7 gene (irx3) was correlated with a significant decrease in the amount of cellulose synthesized (about 70%) and genetic complementation of irx3 mutant with a wild-type AtCesA7 gene restored the normal phenotype. This is the first report of a full-length AtCesA7 ortholog from any non-Arabidopsis species. Interestingly, PtrCesA2 shares only 64% identity with our earlier reported PtrCesA1 from aspen suggesting its structural distinctness from the only other known CesA member from the aspen genome. PtrCesA1 is a xylem-specific and tension stress responsive gene that is highly similar to another Arabidopsis gene, AtCesA8 which also has been associated with secondary wall development. Moreover, AtCesA7 and AtCesA8 are suggested to be part of the same cellulose synthase complex. Isolation of PtrCesA2 from a xylem library enriched in cells with active secondary wall synthesis, PtrCesA2 expression levels similar to PtrCesA1 and high similarity of PtrCesA1 and PtrCesA2 to AtCesA8 and AtCesA7, respectively, suggest that both these aspen genes might be involved in the secondary wall development in aspen woody tissues. Availability of two aspen CesA orthologs will now enable us to examine if PtrCesA1 and PtrCesA2 functionally interact during aspen wood development that has long-term implications on genetic improvement of forest trees.
Twisted nematic device fabrication using photoalignment monolayers

A method of fabrication of twisted nematic device is described utilizing the monomolecular chemisorbed layer on at least one internal transparent electrode of capillary cell. The layer is capable of aligning and re-aligning the liquid crystal molecules upon UV irradiation. The preliminary uniform LC orientation with high contrast of the order of 1000 occurs after filling the LC material into the cell, which is irradiated before filling with small UV dosage of polarized light of the order of 1 mJ/cm 2 . The obtained orientation can be further re-aligned and desirable local twist configurations can be obtained using the second irradiation with UV light having polarization different from that of the first irradiation.
Analytical Purification of the Slow, High Affinity NGF Receptor: Identification of a Novel 135 kd Polypeptide

Although nerve growth factor (NGF) action is mediated by the slow, high affinity NGF receptor, little is known regarding its molecular composition or mode of action. We have used reversible chemical cross-linkers and affinity chromatography strategies to purify the slow NGF receptor covalently cross-linked to its NGF ligand. Subsequent uncoupling of the cross-links reveals that the receptor-ligand complex is composed of only a novel 135 kd polypeptide interacting with NGF. The previously characterized 85 kd fast, low affinity NGF receptor is not a component of the cross-linked slow receptor-ligand complex. This newly identified 135 kd polypeptide is either the entire slow NGF receptor, or it might be one component of a larger, multisubunit slow NGF holo-receptor.
Acid rain: effects on arachidonic acid metabolism in perfused and ventilated guinea-pig lung.

Abstract Isolated, perfused and ventilated guinea-pig lungs were exposed for 10 min to acid (sulphuric + nitric acid) aerosol mimicking acid rain at pH 4.5 or 2.5, as well as to a control distilled water aerosol (pH 6.0–6.5). Lung perfusing solution was recovered and thromboxane (TX) B2 and leukotriene (LT) B4 were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) techniques. In a series of experiments TXB2 release averaged 0.43 ± 0.18 (± SD) ng/min during exposure to distilled water aerosol and increased to 0.70 ± 0.30 ng/min during exposure to acid aerosol at pH 4.5 (P
Landscape-level variation in forest response to hurricane disturbance across a storm track

Hurricane wind speeds at a given site are related to the intensity of the storm and the distance and direction from the storm center. As a result, forest damage is expected to vary predictably with respect to location relative to the storm track. To determine whether patterns of forest response along the track of a major hurricane in coastal New England were consistent with the expected patterns of wind damage, we investigated tree growth responses to the storm in several study sites that are similar with respect to site conditions, vegetation, and disturbance history. Growth responses to a severe hurricane in 1944 varied predictably among study sites with respect to distance from the storm track. Sites closest to the storm track experienced lesser wind damage and exhibited minimal growth responses, whereas sites farther east of the storm track and closer to the area of maximum estimated wind speed were characterized by greater wind damage and growth changes. Variation in estimated wind speed among our st...