cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photometric properties of outer planetary satellites

Optical broadband photometry for the satellites J6, J7, J8, S7, S9, U3, U4, and N1 and polarimetry for J6, obtained between 1970 and 1979, are presented. The outer Jovian satellites resemble C-type asteroids; J6 has a rotational lightcurve with a period of approximately 9.5 hr. The satellites beyond Jupiter also show C-like colors with the exception of S7 Hyperion. S9 Phoebe has a rotational lightcurve with period near either 11.25 or 21.1 hr. For U4 and N1 there is evidence for a lightcurve synchronous with the orbital revolution. The seven brighter Saturnian satellites show a regular relation between the ultraviolet dropoff and distance to the planet, probably related with differences in the rock component on their surfaces.
SU‐FF‐I‐54: Use of Wisconsin Test Cassette with CR System

Purpose: The Wisconsin Cassette had been widely used for beam quality measurements of the screen‐film radiographic systems. We explore the possibility of modifying this tool to use CR imaging plate instead of film and the application to the state‐of‐the‐art radiographic systems. Method and Materials: When using a Wisconsin Cassette to survey the beam quality, one compares the adjacent dots in the testing and reference regions of the exposed film to find the location of equal optical density, and checks the appropriate calibration curve. In this preliminary study, we removed the back cover of the cassette and placed it on a CR imaging plate. The amount of radiation exposure under the interesting region of the cassette was chosen to be about 1 mR. During the kVp and HVL testing, we added additional copper and aluminum to the reference region until the cassette's original calibration curves became usable. The imaging plate was processed by a Fuji FCR 5000 plus CR reader with S value fixed to 200 under Test/Sensitivity menu option. We analyzed the image by comparing the pixel value of dots in the testing and reference regions. Results: With the modified Wisconsin Cassette and CR system, kVp tests at 60, 80, 100, and 120 KVp, as well as the HVL tests at 60 and 80 kVp, were performed at four radiographic systems. The results agree with the recent measurements by noninvasive kVp electronic sensor to within 4% for kVp values, and the measurements by ionization chamber to within 8% for HVL values. Conclusion: The modified Wisconsin Cassette can be used with CR as a QA testing tool for radiographic systems with high frequency converters. It will allow for more frequent evaluation of beam quality, and the possibility of finding tube problems associated with kVp and HVL degradation sooner.
Integrating Yield and Shortage Management under Multiple Uncertainties

An economic-engineering modeling approach is presented for integrating urban water supply reliability analysis with shortage management options such as dry year option and spot market water transfers, water reuse, and long- and short-term water conservation. The integrated model uses a probability plotting position formula to link supply-side yield simulation to probabilistic shortage management optimization. The approach can help joint planning of supply and demand management and estimate the economic value of expanding infrastructure and changing institutional constraints. Results from a case study show that jointly managing supply capacity and operating rule decisions with shortage management decisions within a risk analysis framework can create significant economic savings. The importance of hydrologic and institutional uncertainties is explored. Tuning supply system and reservoir operating policies to match the seasonal and cost characteristics of available shortage management measures is shown to be...
Widespread antigenic cross-reactivity between plasma proteins of a gastropod, and its trematode parasite

Evidence obtained earlier with immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy was interpreted to imply molecular mimicry of the host Biomphalariaglabrata by the parasite Schistosomamansoni. Using Western Blotting, we find that “mimicry” is due to widespread shared epitopes. Furthermore, at least one individual plasma protein of B. glabrata shares epitopes with the majority of plasma proteins in the mollusc. The widespread antigenic determinants may be carbohydrates. Caution is warranted when antisera, raised in mammals against heterogeneous invertebrate extracts, are used to screen for related antigenic determinants.
Thai lexical tone perception in native speakers of Thai, English and Mandarin Chinese: An event-related potentials training study

Tone languages such as Thai and Mandarin Chinese use differences in fundamental frequency (F0, pitch) to distinguish lexical meaning. Previous behavioral studies have shown that native speakers of a non-tone language have difficulty discriminating among tone contrasts and are sensitive to different F0 dimensions than speakers of a tone language. The aim of the present ERP study was to investigate the effect of language background and training on the non-attentive processing of lexical tones. EEG was recorded from 12 adult native speakers of Mandarin Chinese, 12 native speakers of American English, and 11 Thai speakers while they were watching a movie and were presented with multiple tokens of low-falling, mid-level and high-rising Thai lexical tones. High-rising or low-falling tokens were presented as deviants among mid-level standard tokens, and vice versa. EEG data and data from a behavioral discrimination task were collected before and after a two-day perceptual categorization training task. Behavioral discrimination improved after training in both the Chinese and the English groups. Low-falling tone deviants versus standards elicited a mismatch negativity (MMN) in all language groups. Before, but not after training, the English speakers showed a larger MMN compared to the Chinese, even though English speakers performed worst in the behavioral tasks. The MMN was followed by a late negativity, which became smaller with improved discrimination. The High-rising deviants versus standards elicited a late negativity, which was left-lateralized only in the English and Chinese groups. Results showed that native speakers of English, Chinese and Thai recruited largely similar mechanisms when non-attentively processing Thai lexical tones. However, native Thai speakers differed from the Chinese and English speakers with respect to the processing of late F0 contour differences (high-rising versus mid-level tones). In addition, native speakers of a non-tone language (English) were initially more sensitive to F0 onset differences (low-falling versus mid-level contrast), which was suppressed as a result of training. This result converges with results from previous behavioral studies and supports the view that attentive as well as non-attentive processing of F0 contrasts is affected by language background, but is malleable even in adult learners.
The comparative ultrastructure of the pancreatic islet of Langerhans

Abstract A comparative study of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans was undertaken in which correlative thick-thin sectioning techniques for light and electron microscopy were used. This permitted the identification of cell types as well as relating within the same cell, tinctorial differences of light microscopy with the fine structure of electron microscopy. Alpha, beta, delta, and “clear” cells were clearly identified with both optical techniques. Contrary to the findings of light microscopy, clear cells contained some low-density, ill-defined granules. With electron microscopy, the granules of delta cells appeared morphologically different from those of either the alpha or beta variety. Delta and clear cells may represent cells producing an unrecognized hormone or they possibly may indicate stages in the secretion cycle of the alpha or beta types. Beta cell cytoplasm was highly variable with two extremes noted. Some cells were filled with secretory granules and contained little ER, Golgi, ribosomes, and mitochondria, while others contained few secretory granules and an abundance of these other organelles. Since intermediate stages between these extremes were noted, it is suggested that such variability is representative of a beta cell secretion cycle. The beta granules of some species such as the dog, Congo eel, and salamander appeared crystalline. In addition, some beta granules of the dog and the sheave-like beta granules of the chicken appeared to have a subunit fibrillar structure. The presence of granule periodicity and fibril formation may have been the result of in vivo polymerization of secretory product within the saccule.
Undifferentiated Embryonal Sarcoma of the Liver Successfully Treated With Chemotherapy and Liver Resection

Undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma is the third most common malignant tumor of the liver in children, accounting for 13% of hepatic malignancies in this age group. It has been considered an aggressive neoplasm with very poor prognosis until the late 1980s, when long-term survivors were reported after multiagent chemotherapy followed by resection. We, herein, report two pediatric cases of undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma treated successfully with surgical resection after neoadjuvant chemotherapy based on therapy used in childhood soft tissue sarcomas and in childhood hepatic malignancies. The first patient also had a concurrent cerebellar tumor (pilocytic astrocytoma), for which he first underwent craniotomy and resection, delaying the liver tumor resection by 10 weeks. They are alive and tumor free at 48 months (case no. 1) and 18 months (case no. 2) following neoadjuvant chemotherapy and liver resection.
Laparoscopic vs open gastrectomy. A retrospective review.

Background The totally laparoscopic approach to partial gastrectomy had not been compared previously with results of the open technique. This study compares the results of a series of laparoscopic cases with matched open cases.
Outcomes in a cohort of patients with Stage I twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome

Objective To determine pregnancy outcomes of patients who present with Stage I twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). Methods This was a retrospective review of all patients with TTTS referred to our institution between January 2005 and December 2006. Quintero criteria were used for staging. Laser ablation was not offered to patients with Stage I disease. Results A total of 155 twin pregnancies were evaluated for TTTS during this period. Forty-two met the criteria for Stage I and were included in the analysis. The overall survival to discharge was 82%. The mean gestational age at the time of consultation was 20.9 ± 0.4 weeks. A total of 23 cases (54.8%) underwent amnioreduction. Progression of TTTS requiring invasive therapy occurred in four cases. The mean gestational age at delivery was 32.5 ± 0.62 weeks. When divided according to use of amnioreduction, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups for gestational age at delivery or for birth weight. Those Stage I cases with a CHOP cardiovascular score of 5 or higher delivered almost 3 weeks earlier than the remainder of the cohort. Conclusions Progression of TTTS beyond Stage I occurred in only 9.5% of the cohort. Mean gestational age at delivery and survival to discharge did not differ between Stage I patients and those treated with placental laser ablation for more advanced stages of TTTS. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling a Piezothermoelastic Laminated Plate-Membrane

Analysis of laminated piezopolymer actuated circular membranes is presented. The nonlinear equations of motion governing a continuous circular laminate of arbitrary thermal, electrical and mechanical properties are developed. Assuming axisymmetry, a closed-form asymptotic solution is developed using a combination of perturbation techniques. These governing equations are applied to a model laminate of Kapton and PVDF materials where static and dynamic results are discussed.
Photoinduced absorption changes at 520 nm in Chlorella and their relationship to the two-pigment system of photosynthesis.

Abstract 1. 1. The appearance of the 520 nm absorption band upon illumination of an aerobic cell suspension of Chlorella is partially inhibited by DCMU. In the presence of background light, this absorption change is sensitized by short-wave excitation and is completely inhibited by DCMU. 2. 2. In a similar sample made anaerobic by its own respiration or by the addition of an oxygen-scavenging system, the appearance of the 520 nm band is not inhibited by DCMU. This band is now sensitized by light of long wavelength. 3. 3. It is postulated that the absorption change at 515–520 nm is composed of two components: one related to pigment system I, the other to pigment system II.
“In Spite of Her Sex”: The Cacica and the Politics of the Pueblo in Late Colonial Cusco*

In October, 1797, the indios principales of the Andean pueblo of Munani appealed to the royal court in Cusco to depose their governor, or cacica, Dona Maria Teresa Choquehuanca. Not challenging hereditary Choquehuanca rule, they instead focused on Maria Teresa's incompetence and her sex, complaining of “the miseries that we have suffered with [her] inappropriate entry into the cacicazgo,” adding that “on account of her distinct sex she should by justice be deposed, because she is not worthy of so estimable an office.” That office was central to the indigenous politics of colonial Peru, the legal and administrative ordering of which placed most of the Indian population in relatively autonomous, land-owning “pueblos de indios” over which the cacique, responsible for collecting the crown's tribute and maintaining order, presided as something between a chief and a lord. As the village leaders in a parallel, popular tradition that reserved its authority for men, Munani's principales asserted that this bastion of elite indigenous authority ought not be held by a woman. But they made clear that it sometimes was: Maria Teresa had governed Munani for five years. Nor was she alone. Cacicas governed pueblos and ayllus throughout the Andes, and it was quite common for the husbands of cacical heiresses to rule in their names.
Beta-ray spectrometer with curved exit slit†

Computer calculations have been performed for a high-resolution beta-ray spectrometer with curved exit slit. Models with focusing angles of 324.50°, 484.66°, 655.21°, and 829.74° have been explicitly treated. Results are given for the shape of the exit slit and for the resolution and transmission.
A test of the psychoanalytic theory of mate selection.

Summary The Psychoanalytic theory of mate selection postulates resemblance between a man's wife and his mother and between woman's husband and her father. Ethnicity of fathers and mothers was compared to ethnicity of spouses. The Ss were 577 brides and 403 grooms of mixed ethnic parentage married twice while living in Hawaii. Repeated observations of the same Ss revealed that parental images were probably important even after prolonged interactions with persons of the opposite sex. The data seemed to support the psychoanalytic theory of mate selection for both sexes.
SLURS AND STEREOTYPES

A number of theorists have recently advocated semantic analyses of slurring terms that advance a common source of slurs’ offensiveness: stereotypes of the group to which the slur is standardly applied. A stereotype semantics of slurs (SSS) takes (nonappropriated) uses of slurring terms to semantically encode and express or conventionally implicate stereotypes of the group that is referenced by the slur’s neutral counterpart. So, for example, on an SSS, “S is a Nigger” expresses or implicates that S is lazy, stupid, dangerous; “S is a Kike” expresses or implicates that S is a greedy, penny-pinching schemer. Though oversimplified, these examples display how an SSS explains slurs’ offensiveness—in terms of the offensiveness of properties included in stereotypes. Lynn Tirrell, Tim Williamson, Christopher Hom, Adam Croom, and Liz Camp have each proposed some variety of SSS. While stereotype views differ in various crucial respects, all can be seen as motivated by at least some of the following considerations. First, uses of slurs bring stereotypes of the referenced group to mind almost effortlessly. Second, slurs are widely regarded as extraordinarily pernicious, far more so than many other pejoratives like “jerk” or “idiot”—harming their target’s self-conception and self-worth, often in ways that are common to the social group as a whole. Stereotypes seem to be a natural explanation of this effect. Third, and correlatively, slurring terms are strongly taboo in society, much more so than other pejoratives like “jerk,” “asshole,” and even “fucker.” While many of these are taboo in various contexts, societal taboos against using slurs seem stronger and differently rooted, so an SSS appears to account for why slurs are more strongly prohibited. Fourth, some slurs seem to be more heinous, more offensive, than others. “Nigger” is said to be more offensive than “honkey” and “limey.” By appealing to stereotypes, proponents of SSS possess a compelling explanation of slurs’ “derogatory variation.” Stereotypes of Caucasians or the French are
Simple ways to calculate the empirical resonance energies of benzenoid hydrocarbons, their derivatives, and graphite

A very simple equation is presented which reproduces the empirical resonance energies of 12 different benzenoid hydrocarbons within an average of ±1.4%, a considerably better result than those obtained by the VB method (±11.0%) and the simple LCAO–MO methods including overlap (±5.1%) and neglecting overlap (±11.8%). In the cases of the larger polyacenes (9 hydrocarbons) for which experimental values of empirical resonance energies are not available, this equation provides nearly the same results as the LCAO–MO-overlap method. A second equation is given which yields the electron delocalization energies, in units of γ, of 21 benzenoid hydrocarbons within an average of ±1.0%. Formulas, based on the first equation, are found for the empirical resonance energies of eight different sequences of benzenoid hydrocarbons (e.g. benzene, coronene, peri-dodecabenzocoronene, etc.). As a check, these formulas are used to estimate the resonance energy, per gram atom, of graphite, with satisfactory results (12 kcal versus the literature value of 10). It is then shown that the empirical resonance energies of benzenoid hydrocarbon derivatives can be determined by making use of group corrections to the calculated values of the empirical resonance energies of benzenoid hydrocarbons. The average error of the empirical resonance energies calculated by this method for 44 compounds was ±0.8 kcal/mole or ±1.5%.
The Establishment of a Criterion of Depth of Sleep in the Newborn Infant

* Recommended by F. C. Dockeray, and received in the Editorial Office on December 31, 1936. 1 This paper is part of the dissertation presented as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Psychology at the Ohio State University.
Independent component analysis of photoacoustic depth profiles

Photoacoustic spectroscopy is a powerful tool to non-destructively retrieve depth related information with minimal sample preparation from heterogeneous samples. Using a phase modulated step-scan arrangement and digital signal processing a series of spectra with effectively different modulation frequencies, probing different thermal diffusion lengths within a sample, can be collected simultaneously. In this report independent component analysis is used to analyze photoacoustic data acquired from a multilayer sample in an attempt to isolate the spectra of the constituent layers. The ICA findings are compared to the approach of eliciting this information through difference spectroscopy. The results suggest that ICA may offer substantial benefits for segmentation of PAS depth profiles without user intervention. This approach can be useful in analysis of complex heterogeneous samples when one has no prior knowledge of their constituents or their distribution in the sample.
Cation-mediated regulation of excitation energy distribution in chloroplasts lacking organized Photosystem II complexes

Abstract Despite the total loss of Photosystem II activity, thylakoids isolated from the green nuclear maize mutant hcf∗-3 contain normal amounts of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a b pigment-protein complex (LHC). We interpret the spectroscopic and ultrastructural characteristics of these thylakoids to indicate that the LHC present in these membranes is not associated with Photosystem II reaction centers and thus exists in a ‘free’ state within the thylakoid membrane. In contrast, the LHC found in wild-type maize thylakoids shows the usual functional association with Photosystem II reaction centers. Several lines of evidence suggest that the free LHC found in thylakoids isolated from hcf∗-3 is able to mediate cation-dependent changes in both thylakoid appression and energy distribution between the photosystems: (1) Thylakoids isolated from hcf∗-3 and wild-type seedlings exhibit a similar Mg2+-dependent increase in the short/long wavelength fluorescence emission peak ratio at 77 K. This Mg2+ effect is lost following incubation of thylakoids isolated from either source with low concentrations of trypsin. Such treatment results in the partial proteolysis of the LHC in both membrane types. (2) Thylakoids isolated from both hcf∗-3 and wild-type seedlings show a similar Mg2+ dependence for the enhancement of the maximal yield of room temperature fluorescence and light scattering; both Mg2+ effects are abolished by brief incubation of the thylakoids with low concentrations of trypsin (3) Mg2+ acts to reduce the relative quantum efficiency of Photosystem I-dependent electron transport at limiting 650 nm light in thylakoids isolated from hcf∗-3. (4) The pattern of digitonin fractionation of thylakoid membranes, which is dependent upon structural membrane interactions and upon LHC in the thylakoids, is similar in thylakoids isolated from both hcf∗-3 and wild-type seedlings. We conclude that the surface-exposed segment of the LHC, but not the LHC-Photosystem II core association, is necessary for the cation-dependent changes in both thylakoid appression and energy distribution between the two photosystems, and that the LHC itself is able to transfer excitation energy directly to Photosystem I in a Mg2+-dependent fashion in the absence of Photosystem II reaction centers. The latter phenomenon is equivalent to a cation-induced change in the absorptive cross-section of Photosystem I.
Probability distributions of wave run-up on a TLP model

Abstract Wave run-up on multi-column compliant and rigid platforms both on the weather-side and beneath the platform deck is a complex wave–structure interaction problem. Predictions based upon higher order hydrodynamic design codes have been improved our understanding of this phenomena but have not appreciably reduced the reliance on model tests and statistical analyses. In this study a three parameter distribution model is developed based upon the inclusion of linear, second-order, and mean contributions to the wave run-up utilizing the method of L-moments. Explicit expressions are derived relating the L-moments and the input from experimental data. The sample L-moments are developed from a linear combination of ordered sequence of the data and consequently the high order L-moments, i.e. L-skewness and L-kurtosis, are less biased than the corresponding ordinary moments. The L-moment definitions of the variance, skewness and kurtosis are numerically compared with values obtained using the more standard definitions for these parameters. Rigid hull measurements are compared with the compliant hull configuration for a mini-TLP model. The sea-states investigated include the relatively benign sea conditions off of West Africa and the more extreme sea environments of Gulf of Mexico.
Antitakeover charter amendments and stockholder wealth

Abstract Many large corporations have recently adopted antitakeover charter amendments which make the transfer of corporate control more difficult. This paper develops and tests competing theoretical explanations for the passage of these amendments. In one view, antitakeover provisions are adopted because incumbent management seeks job protection at stockholders' expense. The alternative hypothesis is that antitakeover provisions benefit stockholders, perhaps by extracting greater payment in exchange for corporate control. Although inconclusive, the evidence provides weak preliminary support for the hypothesis that antitakeover amendments are best explained as a device for managerial entrenchment.
Reducing occupation-based disparities related to tobacco: roles for occupational health and organized labor.

Background Persistent and growing occupation-based disparities related to tobacco pose a serious public health challenge. Tobacco exacts a disproportionate toll on individuals employed in working class occupations, due to higher prevalence of smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke among these workers compared to others. Methods We provide an overview of recent advances that may help to reduce these disparities, including research findings on a successful social contextual intervention model that integrates smoking cessation and occupational health and safety, and a new national effort to link labor unions and tobacco control organizations around their shared interest in reducing tobacco's threat to workers' health. Conclusions Implications of these efforts for future research and action are discussed. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:170–179, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The dynamic system of parental work of care for children with special health care needs: A conceptual model to guide quality improvement efforts

The work of care for parents of children with complex special health care needs may be increasing, while excessive work demands may erode the quality of care. We sought to summarize knowledge and develop a general conceptual model of the work of care. Systematic review of peer-reviewed journal articles that focused on parents of children with special health care needs and addressed factors related to the physical and emotional work of providing care for these children. From the large pool of eligible articles, we selected articles in a randomized sequence, using qualitative techniques to identify the conceptual components of the work of care and their relationship to the family system. The work of care for a child with special health care needs occurs within a dynamic system that comprises 5 core components: (1) performance of tasks such as monitoring symptoms or administering treatments, (2) the occurrence of various events and the pursuit of valued outcomes regarding the child's physical health, the parent's mental health, or other attributes of the child or family, (3) operating with available resources and within certain constraints (4) over the passage of time, (5) while mentally representing or depicting the ever-changing situation and detecting possible problems and opportunities. These components interact, some with simple cause-effect relationships and others with more complex interdependencies. The work of care affecting the health of children with special health care needs and their families can best be understood, studied, and managed as a multilevel complex system.
The advective flux of heat by mean geostrophic motions in the Southern Ocean

Abstract A method that is independent of choice of reference level is advanced for calculating, from standard hydrographic data, advective oceanic heat flux by mean geostrophic motions. The method depends on the ability to choose a path of constant vertically averaged potential temperature (reference temperature). It was applied to a collection of historical hydrographic data from the Southern Ocean. A circumpolar path with reference temperature 1.3°C that closely follows the mean position of the Antarctic Polar Front was chosen. The advective geostrophic heat flux across this path was calculated to be 0±23×1013 W. The standard error (and bias, which was found to be small) of this calculation was estimated from a statistical model of correlation of ocean variability that seems appropriate to the way the data are sampled in space and time. The wind-driven Ekman heat flux was calculated at −15×1013 W, that is, equatorward. To balance Gordon's estimate of sea to air heat transfer of 30×1013 W south of the Polar Front, a compensating poleward flux of +45±30×1013 W is postulated. Eddy heat flux seems a prime candidate for accomplishing this flux.
Volcanoes of the World, Second Edition

How do you review an indispensable classic? In 1981, Tom Simkin and colleagues at the Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Project (GVP) published Volcanoes of the World. This was the first complete modern English language listing of volcanoes and their eruptions, and it became the fundamental reference for such information. In 1994, Simkin and Lee Siebert published a second edition, which adds 170 volcanoes, 2322 eruptions, and hundreds of references and corrections to the first edition. The value of this compilation is indicated by the fact that even though it is now 6 years old, it warrants a review in Eos!
Effect of nickel concentration on the mass transfer of Fe-Nl-Cr alloys in lithium

Abstract Corrosion and mass transfer of selected Fe-Ni-Cr alloys between 500°C and about 300°C in slowly moving lithium (~15 mm/s) were studied in thermal-convection loops. The corrosion rates in the dissolution zones of these loops increased with the nickel concentrations of the respective alloys. All the alloys exhibited porous near-surface layers that were depleted in nickel. The greater weight loss of a 30 wt % Ni alloy relative to a 24 wt % Ni alloy could be correlated with a higher volume fraction of porosity, suggesting that the higher the starting nickel content of the alloy, the greater the volume of nickel removed from the alloy by the lithium. The results from this study indicate that higher nickel levels in Fe-Ni-Cr alloys will pose significant corrosion problems in lithium circuits operating at or above 500°C.
Rate of stratum corneum formation in the perinatal rat

Abstract During late gestation, the fetal rat exhibits marked hyperplasia of the interfollicular epidermis and accelerated cornification in preparation for birth. In this study, we utilized simple morphometric techniques to provide quantitative estimates of the rate of stratum corneum (SC) formation during the perinatal period. Cryostat sections of dorsal epidermis from rat pups between −48 and + 72 h of age were expanded under alkaline conditions and the number of corneocyte interfaces counted from photomicrographs. This method yielded the following regression lines: prenatal, y=0.19× + 13.07, r=0.93; postnatal, y=0.13× + 13.00, r=0.93, where y=number of SC layers and × = age in hours. Lack of desquamation was assured by the postnatal persistence of the granular periderm. Adhesive stripping of the epidermis followed by phase-contrast microscopy revealed intact monolayer sheets of SC. Quantitation using a computerized image analysis system gave an average corneocyte surface area in the newborn rat of 1908 ± 36 μ 2 (mean ±SEM). Treatment of neonatal rats with epidermal growth factor (500 ng/g BW) increased the number of SC layers over the first 24 h of life (p 2 of body surface; and 4) treatment with exogenous EGF augments the rate of terminal differentiation of perinatal rat epidermis.
Advances in hardware, system diagnostics software, and acquisition procedures for high performance airborne tunable diode laser measurements of formaldehyde

A tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) instrument was deployed onboard a DC-8 aircraft as part of the International Chemical Transport Experiment – North America (INTEX-NA) during the summer of 2004 to quantify atmospheric formaldehyde (CH2O) concentrations. A number of improvements, both software and hardware, are discussed and include the laser tuning waveform, spectral wavelength centering, and optical stabilization. In addition, the impact of perturbations to the instrument in flight is reviewed and a number of advanced TDLASdata-acquisition and processing concepts are introduced to identify the presence of optical perturbations in flight to objectively eliminate such perturbed data, assess the validity of the fitting routine in the presence of perturbed data, provide various diagnostic measures to elucidate system behavior, and assess the efficacy of various opto-mechanical improvements implemented to reduce the magnitude of such perturbations. The concepts specific to our TDLASmeasurements of CH2O should have broader and more universal applicability to measurement of other trace gases and possibly other methods of detection.
Chisholm's theory of action

In any generation there are relatively few people who make major original contributions to even a single area of philosophy. But the man whose work is the topic of this conference has made such contributions not only in a single field, but in several. This morning and afternoon we have devoted our attention to Chisholm's epistemology, the breadth and significance of which is evident. Equally deserving of our attention, however, are his contributions to the theory of action and metaphysics, and we shall be turning to these topics this evening and tomorrow. As in epistemology, Chisholm's work in these areas has focused on the deepest philosophical problems. He has worked out suggested solutions to these problems with a scope, precision, and care which serve as models for others to emulate.
Dual accountability and the nationalization of party competition: Evidence from four federations

This paper assesses the extent to which party systems are nationalized in four federations. In doing so, the research addresses two questions. First, is dual accountability operational across decentralized countries, or do sub-national voters turn to national cues as a means to economize in a complex information environment? By bringing a cross-national dataset to bear on this question, we are able to provide insight into where and why dual accountability might operate. Second, what explains variation in the extent to which party systems are nationalized across countries and time? We build on previous literature to suggest a number of factors likely to impact the extent of nationalization. We examine those factors in the context of provincial-level elections in Argentina, Canada, Germany and the United States. Using national and sub-national economic data, we find little evidence of dual accountability in any of our countries. We find that economic performance matters little for regional electoral outcome...
Reasons for lower dielectric constant of fluorinated SiO2 films

The electronic and ionic contributions to the overall dielectric constant of fluorinated SiO2 films deposited in SiF4 and O2 plasmas were quantified from the refractive index measured by in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry in the visible-to-UV range and the infrared spectra taken by in situ attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The Kramers–Kronig dispersion relations facilitated the computation of ionic contribution to the dielectric constant from the IR absorbance spectra. The dependence of the dielectric response of SiO2 films on the SiF4-to-O2 ratio (R) in the feed gas mixture revealed that F incorporation leads to a decrease in both electronic and ionic contributions, thus reducing the overall dielectric constant. The electronic component, for instance, comprised 1/3 of the total dielectric constant above the vacuum level and decreased with increasing F content until SiF4-rich plasma resulted in a-Si incorporation. The rate of decrease, however, showed a sudden change at ...
The role of DNA replication in chromosome condensation.

At metaphase, DNA in a human chromosome is estimated to be compacted at least 10,000 fold in length.1,2 However, the higher order mechanisms by which the chromosomes are organized in interphase and subsequently further condensed in mitosis have largely remained elusive. One generally overlooked participant in chromosome condensation is DNA replication. Many early studies of eukaryotic chromosome organization and cell fusions have suggested that DNA replication plays a role in chromosome compaction. Recent phenotypic analysis of Drosophila DNA replication mutants has revitalized this old idea. In this review, the role of DNA replication in chromosome condensation will be examined. BioEssays 24:411–418, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of estrogen and progesterone on plasma gonadotropins and on catecholamine levels and turnover in discrete brain regions of ovariectomized rats.

Abstract Estradiol benzoate (EB) was administered, either alone or followed 48 h later by progesterone to ovariectomized rats. Plasma gonadotropins (FSH and LH) and steady state levels of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) in 17 individual brain nuclei were assayed. In addition, catecholamines were measured after administration of the synthesis inhibitor α-methyltyrosine (α-MT) in order to assess hormonal influences on turnover. Treatment with EB, which lowered plasma FSH and LH, reduced the depletion of NE produced by α-MT in the lateral septum, interstitial nucleus of the stria terminalis, and central gray catecholamine area, and reduced the depletion of DA in the nucleus of the tractus diagonalis. EB enhanced NE depletion in the periventricular and anterior hypothalamic nuclei, and raised steady state levels of NE in the medial amygdaloid nucleus. These effects were reversed by subsequent treatment with progesterone, which stimulated FSH and LH release. EB plus progesterone enhanced the α-MT-induced depletion of NE over that observed with EB alone in the arcuate nucleus, and similarly enhanced DA depletion in the interstitial nucleus of the stria terminalis. EB plus progesterone prevented the depletion of NE by α-MT in the paraventricular and ventromedial nuclei, and also lowered resting NE levels in the paraventricular nucleus. The results suggest that catecholamine neurons in several discrete brain regions participate in the stimulatory and inhibitory feedback effects of ovarian hormones on gonadotropin secretion, and perhaps also on the hormonal induction of sexual receptivity.
Two new species of Campomanesia (Myrtaceae) from Espírito Santo and Bahia, Brazil

Campomanesia macrobracteolata andC. anemonea, apparently closely related species from Espirito Santo and Bahia, Brazil, are described as new and are illustrated. Comparisons are made with two other similar species.
Pumping potential of a hyperbolic shell-of-revolution flexible-matrix-composite structure

Abstract An idea for generating a pumping action with high pumping potential is proposed and evaluated. The pumping potential is defined as the amount of relative volume reduction engendered by an applied load (relative input stroke). The idea is based on the hypothesis that upon twisting a single-ply flexible-matrix-composite (FMC) hyperbolic shell-of-revolution structure, with rigid fibers and negligible matrix stiffness, a considerable volume reduction ensues. A mathematical model governing the large deformation of a hyperbolic shell-of-revolution FMC structure using the energy approach is presented. The response of a specific structure due to an angular twist is computed using a B-spline based technique. In addition, a crude single-ply carbon/polyurethane hyperbolic shell-of-revolution structure is built and tested. The analytical results are compared with a corresponding ANSYS simulation and the experimental ones. The results demonstrate that the proposed idea is viable. The results also suggest that the B-spline based approach is an attractive method for solving large deformation structural boundary value problems.
Novel Stable Configurations and Tautomers of the Neutral and Deprotonated Hydroxamic Acids Predicted from High-Level ab Initio Calculations

Hydroxamic acids, best known as iron chelators, have recently been widely used as a key functional group of potential therapeutics targeting at zinc-bound matrix metalloproteinases involved in canc...
Preferential formation of the atmosphere–sialic crust system from the upper mantle

IN the past decade, extensive studies of the rare gas content of mantle derived rocks have led to several models of Earth degassing, all of which assume that the argon of the atmosphere degassed from the entire mantle. We give evidence here to support the concept of concurrent transfer of elements to the atmosphere and sialic crust preferentially from the upper mantle. This concept accounts for the following observations: (1) the 40Ar concentrations in the rapidly quenched glassy margins of deep sea pillow basalts are too low for many estimates of the K concentration of the mantle1,2; (2) the 40Ar/36Ar ratio of rocks derived from the deep mantle is similar to the atmospheric 40Ar/36Ar ratio3–7; (3) the upper mantle under oceanic ridges is depleted in K and other large-ion-lithophile elements. A schematic representation of the upper mantle depletion process is given in Fig. 1 which shows that partial melting associated with spreading ridges and Benioff zones exclusively in the upper mantle is responsible for the accretion of continents and associated degassing to the atmosphere.
Scalable FPGA Refurbishment Using Netlist-Driven Evolutionary Algorithms

In this work, Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) reconfigurability is exploited to realize autonomous fault recovery in mission-critical applications at runtime. The proposed Netlist-Driven Evolutionary Refurbishment technique utilizes design-time information from the circuit netlist to constrain the search space of the algorithm by up to 98.1 percent in terms of the chromosome length representing reconfigurable logic elements. This facilitates refurbishment of relatively large-sized FPGA circuits as compared to previous works. Hence, the scalability issue associated with Evolvable Hardware-Based refurbishment is addressed and improved. Experiments are conducted with multiple circuits from the MCNC benchmark suite to validate the approach and assess its benefits and limitations. Successful refurbishment of the apex4 circuit having a total of 1,252 LUTs with 10 percent spares is achieved in as few as 633 generations on average when subjected to simulated randomly injected single stuck-at faults. Moreover, the use of design-time information about the circuit undergoing refurbishment is validated as means to increase the tractability of dynamic evolvable hardware techniques.
Performance of the Roadside Tracker Portal-Less Portal Monitor

We have developed a proof-of-concept prototype, rapid-deployment, gamma-ray portal monitor that can uniquely link the radiation signatures and visible-light images of vehicles in the system's field of view from the side of a multilane roadway. The instrument uses both visible-light and gamma-ray imaging to accomplish this. Vehicles entering the field of view of the visible-light imaging system are identified and tracked by an automated target acquisition and tracking software engine. The vehicle locations provided by this code are reported to the gamma-ray imager which uses them to locate the vehicles in the gamma-ray images and to collect the vehicle-specific radiation signatures from those images. Using this technique the gamma-ray data is integrated over the entire residence time of the vehicle in the gamma-ray imager field of view. The complete instrument comprises ∼ 1-m2 CsI(Na) detector area split between two units. The system has been designed to handle up to five-lanes of traffic at highway speeds, with one unit located on either side of the roadway. Because no equipment is required in the roadway, the instrument can be deployed without impacting the flow of traffic. The results of a test and evaluation campaign indicates that the system meets its design goal of detecting 37 MBq-class sources in any of five-lanes of traffic at up to 113 km/h.
Cross-modal Warnings for Orienting Attention in Older Drivers with and without Attention Impairments

Older adults are overrepresented in fatal crashes on a per-mile basis. Those with useful field of view (UFOV) reductions show a particularly elevated crash risk that might be mitigated with vehicle-based warnings. To evaluate cross-modal cues that could be used in these warnings, we applied a variation of Posner's orienting of attention paradigm. Twenty-nine older drivers with UFOV impairments and 32 older drivers without impairments participated. Cues were presented in either a single modality or a combination of modalities (visual, auditory, haptic). Drivers experienced three cue types (valid spatial information, invalid spatial information, neutral) and an uncued baseline. Following each cue, drivers discriminated the direction of a target (a Landolt square with a gap facing up or down) in the visual panorama. Drivers with and without UFOV impairments showed comparable response times (RTs) across the different cue modalities and cue types. Both groups benefited most from auditory and auditory/haptic cues. Redundant visual cues, when paired with auditory cues, undermined performance rather than enhanced it. Overall, drivers responded faster to targets with valid spatial information followed by neutral, invalid, and uncued targets. Cues provide the greatest benefit in alerting rather than orienting the driver. The cue expected to be most effective at orienting attention - the extra-vehicular cue - performs most poorly when the spatial information is either invalid or neutral. Even when the spatial information is valid the extra-vehicular cue underperforms the auditory cues. The results suggest that temporal information dominates spatial information in the ability of cues to speed responses to targets. This study represents a first step in assessing whether combining a cognitive science paradigm and a driving simulator environment can quickly assess how different warning signals alert and orient drivers.
Stochastic price modeling of electricity in deregulated energy markets

The problem of modeling electricity price dynamics in deregulated energy markets is studied. Since the nature of customers' energy consumption, market participants' strategic behavior and the power system reliability indices are stochastic processes, the electricity price model will be stochastic as well. In our analysis, the price of electricity is modeled based on the customers' hourly consumption, day-ahead/real-time energy price generation and transmission outage schedules (evaluation of the power system reliability indices), spinning reserve requirements, demand elasticity and predicted strategic behavior of market participants.