cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Extracellular DNA in Autoimmunity in SLE

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic autoimmune disease characterized by the expression of antibodies to DNA. These antibodies form immune complexes that can stimulate cytokine production as well as deposit in the tissues to incite inflammation and damage. For the formation of immune complexes, the availability of extracellular DNA in an immunologically relevant form is essential. While apoptosis has been implicated as the source of this nuclear material in SLE, as shown with in vitro or in vivo systems, extracellular DNA can originate from apoptotic as well as necrotic cells. In experimental models, the release of DNA occurs with the administration of cells induced to die, in vitro as well as the administration of agents to induce cell death in situ. This release can be influenced by the presence of inflammatory cells such as macrophages that can interact with dead and dying cells to modulate the translocation of DNA from the inside to the outside of cells. In vivo, both glucocorticoids and oestrogens can modify the extent of DNA release from the administration of dead and dying cells. Together, these findings indicate that the generation of extracellular DNA in SLE can result from cell death and that steps in this process represent potential targets for new therapies.
Why Does the Cold War Continue in the Third World

1. An Anomaly in Gorbachev's Foreign Policy The Cold War in Europe is coming to an end. Yet despite communist troop withdrawals not only from Eastern Europe but also from Afghanistan, Cambodia, and Angola, conflict in many parts of the Third World still rages on, and both superpowers remain involved in it. Indeed, present Soviet foreign policy toward the Marxist regimes of the Third World is something of an anomaly. It does not appear logical that the USSR should now be withdrawing its troops and allowing democratization in Eastern Europe a region which the Soviets consider fundamentally important to their security interests while at the same time Moscow continues to
The regional optimization of infrared measurements of sea surface temperature from space

The accuracy with which well-calibrated satellite infrared radiometers can measure sea surface temperature is limited by the validity of the correction applied for the modification of the electromagnetic radiation before it reaches the radiometer. An accurate numerical line-by-line model of the radiative transfer through the atmosphere is used to simulate measurements of the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR/2) on the NOAA series of near-polar-orbiting satellites for conditions of the region of the Greenland, Iceland, and Norwegian Sea. A set of regionally optimized zenith-angle dependent coefficients for the “split-window” algorithm is derived and its error characteristics are discussed. While the benefit of using such coefficients is demonstrated, the errors resulting from failing to account properly for seasonal changes in this particular region are shown to be relatively small.
India’s Reproductive Assembly Line:

Why do working class women in India choose to become surrogate mothers? Sociologist Sharmila Rudrappa explains that these decisions make sense when contexualized within larger changes in the economy, the appallingly low wages these women command for their labor, and the lack of meaningful work.
Do the Near-Elderly Value Mortality Risks Differently?

Wage hedonic models are estimated with the Health and Retirement Study to measure the risk-wage tradeoffs (value of statistical lives) for older workers. The analysis explicitly allows for multiple employment states, including retirement, using a multinomial selection model. The results suggest that the oldest and most risk-averse workers require significantly higher, not lower, compensation to accept increases in job-related fatality risks.
Transverse atomic motion in transient polarization phenomena

We report the observation and explanation of a time-dependent nonexponential photon-echo amplitude decay that is due to transit of atoms out of the excitation laser beam.
A Regulatory Role for ADP-ribosylation Factor 6 (ARF6) in Activation of the Phagocyte NADPH Oxidase

In activated neutrophils NADPH oxidase is regulated through various signaling intermediates, including heterotrimeric G proteins, kinases, GTPases, and phospholipases. ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) describes a family of GTPases associated with phospholipase D (PLD) activation. PLD is implicated in NADPH oxidase activation, although it is unclear whether activation of PLD by ARF is linked to receptor-mediated oxidase activation. We explored whether ARF participates in NADPH oxidase activation by formyl-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine (fMLP) and whether this involves PLD. Using multicolor forward angle light scattering analyses to measure superoxide production in differentiated neutrophil-like PLB-985 cells, we tested enhanced green fluorescent fusion proteins of wild-type ARF1 or ARF6, or their mutant counterparts. The ARF6(Q67L) mutant defective in GTP hydrolysis caused increased superoxide production, whereas the ARF6(T27N) mutant defective in GTP binding caused diminished responses to fMLP. The ARF1 mutants had no effect on fMLP responses, and none of the ARF proteins affected phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-elicited oxidase activity. PLD inhibitors 1-butanol and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, or the ARF6(N48R) mutant assumed to be defective in PLD activation, blocked fMLP-elicited oxidase activity in transfected cells. The data suggest that ARF6 but not ARF1 modulates receptor-mediated NADPH oxidase activation in a PLD-dependent mechanism. Because PMA-elicited NADPH oxidase activation also appears to be PLD-dependent, but ARF-independent, ARF6 and protein kinase C may act through distinct pathways, both involving PLD.
Visual-motor organization: differences between and within individuals.

The research described in this monograph uses control theory's pursuit-tracking paradigm of voluntary movement to identify several elementary psychomotor tasks. They are simple to administer and tap increasingly complex, nonverbal cognitive or perceptual attributes. Two series of experiments are reported. Study 1 examined the hypothesis that dissimilar arrays of individual differences, as determined through test-retest correlations, may exist among the same subjects: first, across various static and dynamic visual and motor “tasks” selected from the terms of control theory's tracking equations and, second, in the organization of these tasks as represented by pursuit tracking. The hypothesis could not be rejected. Study 2 determined that test-retest individual differences in visual-motor organization not only persisted in the absence of practice, but that they also withstood active intervention by practice. This study also showed that subjects differ reliably in their ability to plan, i.e., to take advanta...
Demographic patterns of postfire regeneration in Mediterranean-climate shrublands of California

This study uses detailed demographic data to determine the extent to which functional groupings, based on seedling recruitment and resprouting response to fire, capture the dynamics of postfire responses and early successional change in fire-prone ecosystems. Following massive wildfires in southern California, USA, we sampled chaparral and sage scrub vegetation in nested 0.1-ha plots from 90 sites for five postfire years. Prefire density of woody skeletons and cover and density of all postfire species were recorded. Functional types of postfire obligate seeder, facultative seeder, and obligate resprouter are broadly useful but fail to capture much of the dynamics of postfire succession in these shrublands. For the woody flora, stratifying these three regeneration modes by life-form captures important differences. Postfire obligate-seeding shrubs exhibit a single postfire seedling cohort whereas the faster growing suffrutescent species reach reproductive maturity by the second year and produce multiple seedling cohorts. Postfire obligate-resprouting shrubs reach reproductive maturity early but have very limited seedling recruitment in the early postfire years, whereas obligate-resprouting subshrubs flower the first year from resprouts and have seedling recruitment pulses in the second and subsequent postfire years. For the rich herbaceous flora, further subdivisions are needed to capture the range of variation. Herbaceous perennials are nearly all postfire obligate resprouters, and there are important demographic differences during early succession in different growth forms such as geophytes and rhizomatous grasses. Annuals lack resprouting ability and are postfire obligate seeders. Some exhibit extreme life-history specialization and are present only in the immediate postfire year(s). Others are highly specialized on fire but persist during early succession, and still others are opportunistic species widely distributed on open sites but can expand their populations during early succession.
Preoptic/anterior hypothalamic warming increases EEG delta frequency activity within non-rapid eye movement sleep

The effects of mild POAH warming and cooling on EEG frequency patterns within sustained periods of NREM sleep were examined. EEG spectral power analysis showed that POAH warming increased delta (0.5-4.0 Hz) activity, but had no effect on theta or sigma frequencies. Delta power was also increased during a 1 h recovery period, following warming. POAH cooling had no EEG effects. Since delta power is thought to be an index of sleep depth, our findings suggest that POAH thermoregulatory mechanisms participate in the regulation of the depth of NREM sleep.
Dosimetry of steady-state gamma rays or pulsed X rays using liquid-core optical waveguides

Abstract A liquid-core optical waveguide (OWG) sensor of ionizing radiation can be used for dosimetry over broad absorbed-dose ranges, by means of a relatively simple experimental arrangement. The analyzing visible light from one of several narrow wavelength-band sources at the proximal end of the OWG is propagated efficiently through a tightly coiled waveguide containing a radiochromic solution. This solution constitutes the sensor and attenuates the measuring light according to the simple Beer-Lambert relationship, where increases in the optical absorbance, measured photometrically at the distal end of the OWG, are proportional to the concentrations of the radiation-induced absorbing species (dye molecules), which in turn are proportional to the absorbed dose in the sensor. When the analyzing light is of broad spectral distribution, the absorbance vs dose relationship becomes sublinear. The apparatus may be adapted either to the spectrophotometric measurement of absorbed dose rate or integrated absorbed dose during gamma radiolysis or to dosimetry in the pulse radiolysis or flash photolysis of radiation-stimulated chromophores. The OWG principle works with any transparent liquid or gel sensor held as the core material of a flexible plastic tubing, whose refractive index is less than that of the light-propagating core.
Dialysis and pediatric acute kidney injury: choice of renal support modality

Dialytic intervention for infants and children with acute kidney injury (AKI) can take many forms. Whether patients are treated by intermittent hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis or continuous renal replacement therapy depends on specific patient characteristics. Modality choice is also determined by a variety of factors, including provider preference, available institutional resources, dialytic goals and the specific advantages or disadvantages of each modality. Our approach to AKI has benefited from the derivation and generally accepted defining criteria put forth by the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) group. These are known as the risk, injury, failure, loss, and end-stage renal disease (RIFLE) criteria. A modified pediatrics RIFLE (pRIFLE) criteria has recently been validated. Common defining criteria will allow comparative investigation into therapeutic benefits of different dialytic interventions. While this is an extremely important development in our approach to AKI, several fundamental questions remain. Of these, arguably, the most important are “When and what type of dialytic modality should be used in the treatment of pediatric AKI?” This review will provide an overview of the limited data with the aim of providing objective guidelines regarding modality choice for pediatric AKI. Comparisons in terms of cost, availability, safety and target group will be reviewed.
Peroxynitrite formation from macrophage-derived nitric oxide

Peroxynitrite formation by rat alveolar macrophages activated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate was assayed by the Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase-catalyzed nitration of 4-hydroxyphenylacetate. The inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis N-methyl-L-arginine prevented the Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase-catalyzed nitration of 4-hydroxyphenylacetate by stimulated macrophages, while Cu-depleted Zn superoxide dismutase did not catalyze the formation of 3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylacetate either in vitro or in the presence of activated macrophages. The rate of phenolic nitration by activated macrophages was 9 +/- 2 pmol x 10(6) cells-1 x min-1 (mean +/- STD). Only 8% of synthetic peroxynitrite was trapped by superoxide dismutase, which suggested that the rate of peroxynitrite formation may have been as high as 0.11 nmol x 10(6) cells-1 x min-1. This upper estimate was consistent with N-methyl-L-arginine increasing the amount of superoxide detected with cytochrome c by 0.12 nmol x 10(6) cells-1 x min-1. The rate of nitrite and nitrate accumulation was 0.10 +/- 0.001 nmol x 10(6) cells-1 x min-1, suggesting that the majority of nitric oxide produced by activated macrophages may have been converted to peroxynitrite. The formation of a relatively long lived, strong oxidant from the reaction of nitric oxide and superoxide in activated macrophages may contribute to inflammatory cell-mediated tissue injury.
Stress-induced sickness behaviors: an alternative hypothesis for responses during maternal separation.

During maternal separation, some primate and nonprimate species show a biphasic (active/passive) response. The second stage is characterized by reduced activity, a hunched body posture, and other behaviors. Traditionally, the second stage has been referred to as "despair" and is considered an animal model for human depression. Recent research in psychoneuroimmunology suggests an alternative hypothesis--that behaviors occurring during the second passive phase represent stress-induced "sickness behaviors." This perspective more readily accounts for findings in widely divergent species, does not require assumptions regarding the ability to express complex emotional states, is empirically testable, and aligns the separation model with recent hypotheses regarding the nature and ontogeny of depressive illness.
Deliberate Practice Is Necessary but Not Sufficient to Explain Individual Differences in Piano Sight-Reading Skill The Role of Working Memory Capacity

Deliberate practice—that is, engagement in activities specifically designed to improve performance in a domain—is strongly predictive of performance in domains such as music and sports. It has even been suggested that deliberate practice is sufficient to account for expert performance. Less clear is whether basic abilities, such as working memory capacity (WMC), add to the prediction of expert performance, above and beyond deliberate practice. In evaluating participants having a wide range of piano-playing skill (novice to expert), we found that deliberate practice accounted for nearly half of the total variance in piano sight-reading performance. However, there was an incremental positive effect of WMC, and there was no evidence that deliberate practice reduced this effect. Evidence indicates that WMC is highly general, stable, and heritable, and thus our results call into question the view that expert performance is solely a reflection of deliberate practice.
Driver Acceptance of Unreliable Traffic Information in Familiar and Unfamiliar Settings

How reliable must traffic information be for motorists to trust and accept such advice? This study provides data to aid the designer of advanced traveler information systems (ATIS) in selecting an appropriate level of system accuracy. The Battelle Route Guidance Simulator was used to study the effects of information accuracy and familiarity of the driving environment on objective and subjective indices of driver performance and opinion. The simulator provided real-time information and traffic video. Information was 100%, 71%, or 43% accurate. Drivers experienced either Seattle and its environs or an artificial setting that was topologically matched to Seattle. Results showed that 100% accurate information yielded the best driver performance and subjective opinion, information that was 71% accurate was still accepted and used, but information that was 43% accurate produced powerful decrements in performance and opinion. Simulated ATIS information was not used as effectively in the familiar Seattle setting. Driver trust decreased with inaccurate information but recovered, though not always, with subsequent accurate information.
Global exponential stability of neural networks with globally Lipschitz continuous activations and its application to linear variational inequality problem

This paper investigates the existence, uniqueness, and global exponential stability (GES) of the equilibrium point for a large class of neural networks with globally Lipschitz continuous activations including the widely used sigmoidal activations and the piecewise linear activations. The provided sufficient condition for GES is mild and some conditions easily examined in practice are also presented. The GES of neural networks in the case of locally Lipschitz continuous activations is also obtained under an appropriate condition. The analysis results given in the paper extend substantially the existing relevant stability results in the literature, and therefore expand significantly the application range of neural networks in solving optimization problems. As a demonstration, we apply the obtained analysis results to the design of a recurrent neural network (RNN) for solving the linear variational inequality problem (VIP) defined on any nonempty and closed box set, which includes the box constrained quadratic programming and the linear complementarity problem as the special cases. It can be inferred that the linear VIP has a unique solution for the class of Lyapunov diagonally stable matrices, and that the synthesized RNN is globally exponentially convergent to the unique solution. Some illustrative simulation examples are also given.
What genes make a tree a tree

Woody growth is evolutionarily ancient, yet has been gained and lost multiple times in plant evolution and is readily enhanced or minimized in eudicot speciation. New molecular genetic and genomic studies in Populus and Arabidopsis that are defining the genes responsible for cambium function and woody growth suggest that the genes regulating woody growth are not unique to woody plants. Surprisingly, key genetic mechanisms originally characterized as regulating the meristematic cells of the shoot apical meristem are also expressed in the vascular cambium during woody growth. This has important implications for the development of Populus as a model species and illustrates why forest trees constitute a contrived group of plants that have more in common with herbaceous relatives than we foresters like to admit.
Coping with Fiscal Stress: Predicting the Use of Financial Management Practices among U.S. Cities

The process by which large cities respond to fiscal stress is analyzed in light of the "garbage-can model" of organizational decision making. The model is informed by the assumption that choices are often ill-defined and ambiguous, resulting in a decision process that is poorly structured. When applied to the fiscal retrenchment process, the expectation is that the selection of various financial management strategies may be difficult to explain. To the extent that coherence exists, it is likely that the process will be executive-dominated. These expectations are generally confined when the retrenchment behavior of a large group of cities is tested within a multivariate framework.
ICSE workshop on dynamic analysis (WODA 2003)

Dynamic analysis of software systems has long proven to be a practical approach to gain understanding of the operational behavior of the system. This workshop will bring together researchers in the field of dynamic analysis to discuss the breadth off the field, order the field along logical dimensions, expose common issues and approaches, and stimulate synergistic collaborations among the participants.
Dynamics of Violence: Processes of Escalation and De-Escalation in Violent Group Conflicts

Dynamics of Violence: Processes of Escalation and De- Escalation in Violent Group Conflicts. Sociologus, Special Publication 1. Georg Elvert. Stephen Feuchtwang. and Dieter Neubert. eds. Berlin: Duncker and Humblot, 1999 290 pp.
Requirements Engineering Needs in a Solution and Infrastructure Improvement Project

A recent research has studied different views of suppliers and customers have of solution projects that include both provided goods and rendered services. The goal of the research is to help the suppliers and customers to understand each other better, and therefore make solution projects more profitable for the suppliers and be more effective for the customers. We are involved in an infrastructure improvement project that shares many characteristics of a solution project. Our early experience suggests introducing a contractor view that is different from the supplier and customer views. Our experience also indicates that effective requirements engineering, under the constraint of lengthy and complex contractual requirements is of great importance for the project success.
Self‐adjoint elliptic operators and manifold decompositions Part II: Spectral flow and Maslov index

This the second part of a three-part investigation of the behavior of certain analytical invariants of manifolds that can be split into the union of two submanifolds. In Part I we studied a splicing construction for low eigenvalues of self-adjoint elliptic operators over such a manifold. Here we go on to study parameter families of such operators and use the previous “static” results in obtaining results on the decomposition of spectral flows. Some of these “dynamic” results are expressed in terms of Maslov indices of Lagrangians. The present treatment is sufficiently general to encompass the difficulties of zero-modes at the ends of the parameter families as well as that of “jumping Lagrangians.” In Part 111, we will compare infinite- and finite-dimensional Lagrangians and determinant line bundles and then introduce “canonical perturbations” of Lagrangian subvarieties of symplectic varieties. We shall then use this information to study invariants of 3-manifolds, including Casson’s invariant. 0 1996
STARS: Static relays for multi-robot real-time search and monitoring

We first present a problem called precedence constrained two traveling salesman (PC2TSP). We propose a near-optimal heuristic to PC2TSP to generate tours by clustering points, generating optimal single-traveler tours, and tour pruning and balance. Second, we show an application of PC2TSP and how our solution to PC2TSP can be applied to the application. By modeling in part by PC2TSP, we solve the problem of minimum time two-robot real-time search with relay deployment. We call the solution STAtic Relay aided Search (STARS), which identifies visiting positions by set cover and Steiner connected dominating set; assigns the precedence constraint by breadth-first search; and finally generates tours by PC2TSP. STARS substantially reduces cost compared to a homogeneous mobile robot system and enables constant monitoring of suspicious areas. STARS and our solution to PC2TSP are extensible to deal with more than two travelers. Extensive simulations with both narrow and wide regions show that our solution to PC2TSP achieves near-optimal performance with less than 2% average difference from optimal.
Eliminating popping artifacts in sheet buffer-based splatting

Splatting is a fast volume rendering algorithm which achieves its speed by projecting voxels in the form of pre-integrated interpolation kernels, or splats. Presently, two main variants of the splatting algorithm exist: (i) the original method, in which all splats are composited back-to-front, and (ii) the sheet-buffer method, in which the splats are added in cache-sheets, aligned with the volume face most parallel to the image plane, which are subsequently composited back-to-front. The former method is prone to cause bleeding artifacts from hidden objects, while the latter method reduces bleeding, but causes very visible color popping artifacts when the orientation of the compositing sheets changes suddenly as the image screen becomes more parallel to another volume face. We present a new variant of the splatting algorithm in which the compositing sheets are always parallel to the image plane, eliminating the condition for popping, while maintaining the insensitivity to color bleeding. This enables pleasing animated viewing of volumetric objects without temporal color and lighting discontinuities. The method uses a hierarchy of partial splats and employs an efficient list-based volume traversal scheme for fast splat access. It also offers more accuracy for perspective splatting as the decomposition of the individual splats facilitates a better approximation to the diverging nature of the rays that traverse the splatting kernels.
Inhibition of brain Gz GAP and other RGS proteins by palmitoylation of G protein α subunits

Palmitoylation of the α subunit of the guanine nucleotide-binding protein Gz inhibited by more than 90 percent its response to the guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase)–accelerating activity of Gz GAP, a Gz-selective member of the regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) protein family of GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). Palmitoylation both decreased the affinity of Gz GAP for the GTP-bound form of Gαz by at least 90 percent and decreased the maximum rate of GTP hydrolysis. Inhibition was reversed by removal of the palmitoyl group by dithiothreitol. Palmitoylation of Gαz also inhibited its response to the GAP activity of Gα-interacting protein (GAIP), another RGS protein, and palmitoylation of Gαi1 inhibited its response to RGS4. The extent of inhibition of Gz GAP, GAIP, RGS4, and RGS10 correlated roughly with their intrinsic GAP activities for the Gα target used in the assay. Reversible palmitoylation is thus a major determinant of Gzdeactivation after its stimulation by receptors, and may be a general mechanism for prolonging or potentiating G-protein signaling.
Femorofemoral bypass graft in intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation.

• Femorofemoral arterial crossover grafts were used in three patients to avoid or correct limb ischemia during intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation. In retrospect, these grafts should have been used in two earlier patients in whom the balloon was removed prematurely. They are applied to the femoral artery just distal to the site of insertion of the balloon or to the balloon access graft. Removal of the graft at the time of the balloon removal is optional. (Arch Surg 111:1070-1072, 1976)
Phonological interpretation into preordered algebras

We propose a novel architecture for categorial grammar that clarifies the relationship between semantically relevant combinatoric reasoning and semantically inert reasoning that only affects surface-oriented phonological form. To this end, we employ a level of structured phonology that mediates between syntax (abstract combinatorics) and phonology proper (strings). To notate structured phonologies, we employ a lambda calculus analogous to the φ-terms of [8]. However, unlike Oehrle's purely equational φ-calculus, our phonological calculus is inequational, in a way that is strongly analogous to the functional programming language LCF [10]. Like LCF, our phonological terms are interpreted into a Henkin frame of posets, with degree of definedness ('height' in the preorder that interprets the base type) corresponding to degree of pronounceability; only maximal elements are actual strings and therefore fully pronounceable. We illustrate with an analysis (also new) of some complex constituent-order phenomena in Japanese.
Jurassic and Early Cretaceous radiolarians in Puerto Rican ophiolite—Tectonic implications

The Mariquita Chert of the Bermeja Complex in southwestern Puerto Rico contains radiolarians ranging in age from early Tithonian to late Aptian. Local stratigraphic and structural relations indicate that Puerto Rican ultramafic rocks are as old as or older than the chert; they are thus probably Jurassic or older. These rocks are the first pre-Cretaceous rock assemblages between Cuba and La Desirade (Lesser Antilles) to be identified, and they document the presence of pre-Cretaceous oceanic crust in the northeastern Caribbean. Subduction of the Caribbean plate beneath the North American plate, ending in the Early Cretaceous, destroyed most of this old oceanic crust and created a belt of metamorphosed volcanic and ophiolitic rocks now exposed in Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico. The maximum radiometric ages from this belt are 127 m.y. Younger rocks were superimposed on the older belt when subduction polarity reversed and the North American plate was subducted beneath the Caribbean plate from 110 to 45 m.y. ago.
Finding Remo: A Preliminary Phonetic Analysis of the Language

The Remo language is a Munda language in the Austro-asiatic family that is spoken by the Remo tribe of eastern India. With few er than nine thousand native speakers, Remo is one of the highlights of what the Living Tongues Institute has classified as the Greater South Asia Language Hotsp ot. Between 1950, when Remo was first extensively written about, and the present day, very little attention has been paid to this co mmunity. In 2005, the Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages began a project to document Remo, to increase both awareness of and access to Remo on the Internet. As a part of this project, I was drawn to studying the unique aspects of this language. There is a paucity of published sources and recent linguistic research on the language of Remo. What it really needs is a complet e and up-to-date reference grammar and lexicon, which will move it beyond the status o f an under-documented language and into the common cognizance of the linguistic community. This thesis makes progress toward this goal by filling in gaps left by previou s work on Remo in the areas of its phonetics and phonology. My hope is that others may use it in the future for the purposes of investigating Munda phonology, writing the afore mentioned Remo reference grammar, or even learning how to speak this hidden treasure of a language.
The relationship of broiler breast meat color and pH to shelf-life and odor development

Experiments were conducted to compare the shelf-life of dark-colored and light-colored broiler breast meat. In each of three trials, 100 breast fillets were obtained from a commercial processing plant and subjectively categorized as "dark" or "light". The 100 fillets were then objectively evaluated for C.I.E. color values (lightness, redness, and yellowness). The fillets were separated into five storage groups, with each group containing 10 dark and 10 light fillets, and the fillets were held at 3 C for 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 d. On each sampling day, fillets were evaluated in duplicate for psychrotrophic plate count (PPC), capacitance detection time (CDT), pH, and subjective odor evaluation. Dark fillets had significantly (P < 0.05) lower lightness values (L*), higher redness values (a*), lower yellowness values (b*), and higher pH values. Regression coefficients for odor scores resulted in darker fillets having significantly (P < 0.05) higher slopes than lighter-colored fillets even though intercept values were similar. Significant correlations existed between pH and color as well as odor, CDT, and PPC. These data suggest that darker broiler breast meat fillets have a shorter shelf-life than lighter breast fillets; the shorter shelf-life may be due to differences in pH.
A Competitive Model of Economic Geography

Most of the literature argues that competitive analysis has nothing interesting to say about location. This paper argues, to the contrary, that a competitive model can have something interesting to say about location, provided that locations are not identical and transportation costs are not zero. To do this, it constructs a competitive intertemporal general equilibrium model and applies it to a suggestive example of migration.
Overview of the ultra long duration balloon project

Abstract The NASA balloon program research and development (R&D) efforts have focused on the development of technologies to support increased capability balloon missions. Advances made in analytical structural/performance modeling and light-weight composite materials offered the promise of superpressure balloons capable of extended flight duration. Experience with the NASA long duration balloon (LDB) systems have demonstrated the ability to send and receive scientific data and control missions on a global basis for up to approximately 20 days. It appeared that scientific ballooning was ready for the next step in capability. In 1997 a project was approved to develop and demonstrate those technologies required to support balloon missions lasting up to 100 days above 33.5 kms. The development project, called the ultra long duration balloon project (ULDB), will conclude with a demonstration flight in the year 2000. The ULDB project consists of four major systems: vehicle and recovery, ballooncraft, mission and operations, and science instrument. Technical challenges include the balloon materials, fabrication, power, thermal control, attitude control, telecommunications, data storage and international overflight. An overview of the ULDB project will be presented which addresses requirements, technical challenges, development activities, results and status of the ULDB project.
Historical aspects of the early Soviet/Russian manned space program

Human spaceflight was one of the great physiological and engineering triumphs of the twentieth century. Although the history of the United States manned space program is well known, the Soviet program was shrouded in secrecy until recently. Konstantin Edvardovich Tsiolkovsky (1857–1935) was an extraordinary Russian visionary who made remarkable predictions about space travel in the late nineteenth century. Sergei Pavlovich Korolev (1907–1966) was the brilliant “Chief Designer” who was responsible for many of the Soviet firsts, including the first artificial satellite and the first human being in space. The dramatic flight of Sputnik 1 was followed within a month by the launch of the dog Laika, the first living creature in space. Remarkably, the engineering work for this payload was all done in less than 4 week. Korolev’s greatest triumph was the flight of Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin (1934–1968) on April 12, 1961. Another extraordinary feat was the first extravehicular activity by Aleksei Arkhipovich Leonov (1934–) using a flexible airlock that emphasized the entrepreneurial attitude of the Soviet engineers. By the mid-1960s, the Soviet program was overtaken by the United States program and attempts to launch a manned mission to the Moon failed. However, the early Soviet manned space program has a preeminent place in the history of space physiology.
MEK inhibition leads to lysosome-mediated Na+/I− symporter protein degradation in human breast cancer cells

The Na(+)/I(-) symporter (NIS (SLC5A5)) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that mediates active iodide uptake into thyroid follicular cells. NIS-mediated iodide uptake in thyroid cells is the basis for targeted radionuclide imaging and treatment of differentiated thyroid carcinomas and their metastases. Furthermore, NIS is expressed in many human breast tumors but not in normal non-lactating breast tissue, suggesting that NIS-mediated radionuclide uptake may also allow the imaging and targeted therapy of breast cancer. However, functional cell surface NIS expression is often low in breast cancer, making it important to uncover signaling pathways that modulate NIS expression at multiple levels, from gene transcription to posttranslational processing and cell surface trafficking. In this study, we investigated NIS regulation in breast cancer by MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK) signaling, an important cell signaling pathway involved in oncogenic transformation. We found that MEK inhibition decreased NIS protein levels in all-trans retinoic acid/hydrocortisone-treated MCF-7 cells as well as human breast cancer cells expressing exogenous NIS. The decrease in NIS protein levels by MEK inhibition was not accompanied by a decrease in NIS mRNA or a decrease in NIS mRNA export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. NIS protein degradation upon MEK inhibition was prevented by lysosome inhibitors but not by proteasome inhibitors. Interestingly, NIS protein level was correlated with MEK/ERK activation in human breast tumors from a tissue microarray. Taken together, MEK activation appears to play an important role in maintaining NIS protein stability in human breast cancers.
Phytoplankton phosphorus deficiency and alkaline phosphatase activity in the McMurdo Dry Valley lakes, Antarctica

We assessed the nutrient (N, P) deficiency of phytoplankton from the perennially ice-covered lakes in Taylor Valley, Antarctica, with 14 C-based bioassays. Phytoplankton in the near-surface waters from three of the four lakes displayed elevated photosynthetic carbon assimilation in the presence of added P relative to controls. Carbon assimilation in samples from deep chlorophyll layers was also enhanced by P addition in two of the lakes. No effect of N addition without simultaneous P addition was noted in any lake. Lake Bonney near-surface phytoplankton consistently showed a strong response to P and N 1 P additions, suggesting P deficiency. The near-surface phytoplankton of Lake Hoare responded to N 1 P but not N or P addition alone, suggesting a more general nutrient deficiency. Further investigation of phytoplankton phosphorus deficiency was carried out in the east lobe of Lake Bonney and in Lake Hoare. Water column dissolved and sestonic elemental ratios and planktonic alkaline phosphatase activity measurements corroborated the results of the bioassays. Despite the proximity of the lakes and their similarity in ice cover and watershed, a high degree of phytoplankton phosphorus deficiency was evident in Lake Bonney but not in Lake Hoare. We hypothesize that the difference in the degree of phytoplankton P deficiency between these lakes may not be due to differences in external P fluxes, but rather to differences in the internal cycling of phosphorus stemming from large differences in water column chemistry.
Management of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Advanced Gastrointestinal Cancers: What Is the Role of Novel Oral Anticoagulants?

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a frequent complication of gastrointestinal cancers that increases morbidity and may impact mortality. Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) and vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) are standard anticoagulation options for the ambulatory gastrointestinal cancer patient with VTE, but both of these agents are challenging to use for various reasons. Novel oral anticoagulants (NOAs) are new, orally available anticoagulants designed to be easier to administer with more reliable pharmacokinetics that eliminate the need for frequent monitoring of various laboratory parameters. This paper reviews the existing efficacy and safety data for the use of NOAs dabigatran etexilate, rivaroxaban, and apixaban and discusses the potential role of these agents in the management of gastrointestinal cancer-related VTE.
Poecilogony and larval ecology in the gastropod genus Alderia

The gastropod genus Alderia (Allman, 1845) (Opisthobranchia: Sacoglossa) contains a rare case of poecilogony, or variable larval development within a species. This paper reviews the alternative larval morphs and dispersal strategies expressed by Alderia spp., and presents new data on larval ecology, environmentally induced changes in development, and rates of metamorphosis for larvae differing in age and life history. Recent morphological and molecular analyses revealed a cryptic poecilogonous species in the previously monotypic genus Alderia. The newly described Alderia willowi Krug et al., 2007 occurs south of Bodega Harbor, California, and was the subject of all prior studies by Krug and co-workers. Unlike its strictly planktotrophic congener Alderia modesta (Loven, 1844), A. willowi produces either small feeding larvae that have a 30-day pre-competent period or large larvae that need not feed to metamorphose. Individuals can vary the developmental mode of their offspring, with a variable proportion sw...
The topography of the divorce plateau: Levels and trends in union stability in the United States after 1980

The probability of divorce in the U.S. has remained constant for the last two decades at about 'half of all marriages.' While this estimate is well established, and marked differentials in divorced rates are well known, there are no reliable estimates of differences in the cumulative probability of lifetime divorce. Using data from the 1990 June CPS, we document very large differentials by race, age at marriage, and education in the probability that recent cohorts of marriage will end in separation or divorce. Then, using data from the 1995 NSFG, we find important increases in differentials in marital dissolution, and especially in all unions, during this period of stable aggregate rates. These results indicate that examining only at marital transitions obscures the growth in family instability that has resulted among some groups because of an increasing proportion of unions begun as cohabitation.
Kyanite in upper Proterozoic quartzite near Veslebukta, Wedel Jarlsberg Land, western Spitsbergen

Kyanite has been identified in three specimens of dolomitic quartzite collected near Veslebukta, western Spitsbergen. The host rocks are fine-grained dolomitic quartzite with a recognizable foliation. The kyanite occurs as metacrysts, probably pre- or syntectonic; none appears detrital. The non-parallel kyanite crystals define laminae, and some of these layers are isoclinally folded, with axial planes parallel to foliation. This unusual occurrence of kyanite suggests that the metamorphism associated with the Proterozoic deformation may have reached medium grade, at least locally.
Constructing discontinuity planes for variable structure systems-a Lyapunov approach

The problem of constructing discontinuity planes in variable structure systems is studied from a Lyapunov point of view. A switching surface determined by the control coefficient matrix and the associated Lyapunov function is able to ensure asymptotic stability for the system in sliding mode. The proposed method may also be used for systems with nonlinear dynamics which are not feedback linearizable and for linear systems with delays.
Roundtable on the Future of Nuclear Medicine Training.

1966 Learning Objectives 1. Introduction to concepts of common courtesy and mutual respect in the workplace and specifically in the medical field. Why they are important. 2. Challenges related to interpersonal relationships in the radiology and nuclear medicine department. Common problematic senarios, including their impact and effect on patient care as well as proper solutions maximizing mutual respect. 3. Daily exercises that can be used. Importance of practice and teaching with the residents and staff. We discuss the challenges of maintaining interpersonal relationships in the radiology and nuclear medicine departments. We show why positive relationships and mutual respect are critical to departmental success. We discuss several common problem scenarios that can develop and the direct and indirect impact on the workplace, and the ultimate effect on patient care. We discuss common ways of addressing the respect and interpersonal issues and novel approaches to maximizing interpersonal respect within the department improving overall staff performance. We illustrate a series of exercises that can be utilized on a daily basis to show problems and solutions with mutual respect. We discuss the importance of teaching and practicing the concepts of mutual respect with residents. Common courtesy and mutual respect are important in the medical field, especially in radiology and nuclear medicine where communication of results and positive interdepartmental relationships are critical for the success of the institution as a whole.
Distribution of microtubules in the golgi apparatus of Euglena gracilis.

A system of microtubules has been demonstrated as a consistent feature within the Golgi apparatus of Euglena gracilis . The microtubules are between 12 and 17 nm in diameter and are usually positioned in the intercisternal space between adjacent cisternae. There are seldom more than 2-5 microtubules per dictyosome section, and these may be distributed variously throughout the stack. At least some of the microtubules are continuous with the surrounding cytoplasm, so they may act to transfer products into or out of the Golgi apparatus or as structural elements to orient or position the dictyosomes and secretion vesicles.
UQ and V&V techniques applied to experiments and simulations of heated pipes pressurized to failure

This report demonstrates versatile and practical model validation and uncertainty quantification techniques applied to the accuracy assessment of a computational model of heated steel pipes pressurized to failure. The Real Space validation methodology segregates aleatory and epistemic uncertainties to form straightforward model validation metrics especially suited for assessing models to be used in the analysis of performance and safety margins. The methodology handles difficulties associated with representing and propagating interval and/or probabilistic uncertainties from multiple correlated and uncorrelated sources in the experiments and simulations including: material variability characterized by non-parametric random functions (discrete temperature dependent stress-strain curves); very limited (sparse) experimental data at the coupon testing level for material characterization and at the pipe-test validation level; boundary condition reconstruction uncertainties from spatially sparse sensor data; normalization of pipe experimental responses for measured input-condition differences among tests and for random and systematic uncertainties in measurement/processing/inference of experimental inputs and outputs; numerical solution uncertainty from model discretization and solver effects.
Development of a trap for collecting newly emerged Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) in homes.

The visible light spectra most attractive to cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche), were determined. A green-yellow filter with a transmittance spectrum centered at 515-nm and a 82.5-nm half-height width attracted significantly more fleas than any other filter or white light. This information and observations on this flea's behavior were used to design a trap with a green-yellow filter and a light source with a 10-min:5-s (on and off) cycle. This trap collected > 86% of the live fleas released into a carpeted room (3.1 by 3.3 m) during a 20-h test period, whereas each of three commercially available flea traps collected approximately 13% of the fleas. Fleas 57% of the fleas released 8.4 m from the trap.