cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Input Impedance Analyses of Charge Controlled and Frequency Controlled LLC Resonant Converter

LLC resonant converters are popular for point-of-load dc-dc conversion in applications such as data-centers and electric vehicles. In complex systems, where converters are cascaded to feed disparate loads, system stability issues related to the impedance interaction in converters may arise. At the very least, the designed system must satisfy Middlebrook's criterion for stable operation; therefore, the knowledge of input and output impedance of converters is essential. In this respect, the paper analyses the impact of two control strategies of LLC resonant converter on its input impedance. The two strategies are: conventional variable frequency control (VFC) and bang-bang charge control (BBCC). The input impedance models of LLC resonant converter in case of these two strategies are derived. The developed models are validated through impedance plots extracted from simulation. Further, the models are applied to a system comprising of a dual active bridge (DAB) converter feeding a single LLC resonant point-of-load converter to investigate the impact of two strategies on the stability of such cascaded systems.
Genomic signatures of somatic hybrid vigor due to heterokaryosis in the oomycete pathogen, Bremia lactucae.

Abstract Lettuce downy mildew caused by Bremia lactucae is the most important disease of lettuce globally. This oomycete pathogen is highly variable and has rapidly overcome resistance genes and fungicides deployed in attempts to control it. The described high-quality genome assembly of B. lactucae provides the foundation for detailed understanding of this economically important pathogen. The biotrophic nature of B. lactucae coupled with high levels of heterozygosity and the recently expanded repeat content made genome assembly challenging. The combined use of multiple read types, including synthetic long reads, single molecule sequences, and Hi-C, resulted in a high-quality, chromosome-scale, consensus assembly of this diploid organism. Phylogenetic analysis supports polyphyly in the downy mildews consistent with the biotrophic mode of pathogenesis evolving more than once in the Peronosporaceae. Flow cytometry plus resequencing of 30 field isolates as well as sexual offspring and asexual derivatives from multinucleate single sporangia demonstrated a high incidence of heterokaryosis in B. lactucae. Heterokaryons have phenotypic differences and increased fitness compared to homokaryotic derivatives. Consequently, B. lactucae exhibits somatic hybrid vigor and selection should be considered as acting on a population of nuclei within coenocytic mycelia. This provides evolutionary flexibility to the pathogen enabling rapid adaptation to different repertoires of host resistance genes and other challenges. The advantages of asexual persistence of heterokaryons may have been one of the drivers of selection that resulted in the loss of uninucleate zoospores in multiple downy mildews.
Witnessing the 2014 Gaza War in Tumblr

During the summer of 2014, Israel launched Operation Protective Edge against Hamas positions in the Gaza Strip. The decades old conflict between Israel and Palestine flared up after three teenagers...
Evaluating the EEG and Eye Movements for Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism Spectrum Disorder is a developmental disorder that often impairs a child’s normal development of the brain. Early Diagnosis is crucial in the long term treatment of ASD, but this is challenging due to the lack of a proper objective measures. Subjective measures often take more time, resources, and have false positives or false negatives. There is a need for efficient objective measures that can help in diagnosing this disease early as possible with less effort. This paper presents EEG and Eye movement data for the diagnosis of ASD using machine learning algorithms. There are number of studies on classification of ASD using EEG or Eye tracking data. However, all of them simply use either Eye movements or EEG data for the classification. In our study we combine Eye movements and EEG data to develop an efficient methodology for diagnosis. This paper presents several models based on EEG, and eye movements for the diagnosis of ASD.
Potent antiviral HIV-1 protease inhibitor combats highly drug resistant mutant PR20

Drug-resistance threatens effective treatment of HIV/AIDS. Clinical inhibitors, including darunavir (1), are ineffective for highly resistant protease mutant PR20, however, antiviral compound 2 derived from 1 with fused tricyclic group at P2, extended amino-benzothiazole P2' ligand and two fluorine atoms on P1 shows 16-fold better inhibition of PR20 enzyme activity. Crystal structures of PR20 and wild-type PR complexes reveal how the extra groups of 2 counteract the expanded ligand-binding pocket, dynamic flaps, and faster dimer dissociation of PR20.
Reviews of Science for Science Librarians: Vaping

While developed as a means for adult combustible cigarette smokers to avoid the cancer-causing tars in burning tobacco while still satisfying their addiction to nicotine, and used successfully by t...
The effects of density and artificial substrate on intensive shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei nursery production

Abstract Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) can be installed indoors, allowing year-round production of tropical animals in nearly any climate. A nursery phase is commonly used in Litopenaeus vannamei production since it allows for enhanced biosecurity and better quantification of animals while reducing space requirements. However, it is unclear whether animal density and inclusion of artificial substrate may improve shrimp performance during the nursery phase. In this experiment, we compared shrimp production parameters in two stocking densities with or without the use of an artificial substrate by creating four treatments: low-density LD; 1500 PL/m−3, low-density with substrate LDS, high-density HD; 3000 PL/m−3), and high-density with substrate (HDS). The LDS and HDS treatments included 0.46-m2 of high-density polyethylene 2.5-cm mesh as a substrate, which increased the tank surface area by 21 %. Each treatment was randomly assigned to four 160-l culture tanks, each with a biofilter. The shrimp had an initial weight of 4 mg and were grown for 50 days. The low-density treatments had significantly higher dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH than the high-density treatments (P ≤ 0.001). Specifically, LDS had the highest DO and pH followed by the LD, HD, and HDS treatments, respectively. High-density treatments had significantly higher NO2-N levels than low-density treatments during week 2 of the experiment when an unusually high concentration of nitrite was observed. FCR was significantly lower in both low-density treatments than in high-density treatments. At harvest, the total biomass (kg m−3) was significantly higher in high-density treatments than in low-density treatments (P ≤ 0.001), and the HDS treatment had a significantly greater biomass output than HD. Producers should consider artificial substrate and higher densities during nursery production to maximize shrimp production; however, the effects on water quality should also be taken into account.
Utilization Pattern of Kisan Credit Card (KCC) in Baghpat district of Uttar Pradesh

The Kisan Credit Card scheme introduced in the year 1998 with the objective of fulfillment of credit requirement of the farmers in hassle-free manner for raising agricultural production. There has been tremendous increase in number of Kisan Credit Cards in the rural areas during the last five years. Keeping the importance of KCC, the present study was an attempt to assess utility of KCC as perceived by the farmers. The present investigation was carried out in Baghpat district of Utter Pradesh state with a sample of 120 farmers. The study revealed that the utilization of Kisan Credit Card (KCC) by the respondents was observed as maximum in the aspect i.e. increase in agricultural produce followed by increase in income, crop production activities, utilization of credit for vegetable production and allied activities and duration of utilizing credit. it was also found that Utilization of KCC was considerable low in the respect of the components as utilization for crop insurance, change in cropping pattern and diversified farming. The study suggests that Contingent planning for adverse climatic condition should be communicated to farmers well in advance. With a view to enhance the adoption of improved crop production technologies among the farmer’s awareness and training programmes should be conducted in the regard.
Cognitive and affective responses to marijuana prevention and educational messaging.

Abstract Background Perceptions of risk of using marijuana have decreased significantly in the US over the last decade, while marijuana use has increased. In order to educate people on the risks associated with marijuana use, large-scale health messaging campaigns have been deployed to educate the public about the risks associated with marijuana use, particularly in states where medical or recreational marijuana is legal. Few studies have examined how messages about marijuana affect the audiences’ cognitive and emotional responsivity to these messages. Methods To address this knowledge gap, this study used psychophysiological assessment (heart rate, skin conductance, facial action coding) and self-report measures to explore the impact of different marijuana risk messages on real-time cognitive and affective responses and self-reported message receptivity, likeability, and intentions to use marijuana in a sample of 50 young adult marijuana users and non-users. Each participant saw six messages. Three messages were used from each of two campaigns, representing one of three risks (cognitive ability, driving, health harms). Results Psychophysiological responses showed that the driving-themed messages for both campaigns had the greatest cognitive resource allocation to encoding the message, the greatest arousal, and the most positive emotional response, regardless of user status. Self-reports showed a less consistent pattern. Conclusions Overall, psychophysiological measures provided a more consistent picture of message processing and effects than self-report measures. Findings from this study provide immediately useful data for improving the development and effectiveness of marijuana health-risk prevention campaigns by elucidating cognitive and emotional processes that could be targeted in future programs.
The role of psychosocial factors in the decision to enroll in physical education courses at the state college level

OBJECTIVE Physical education (PE) courses may provide young adults with opportunities to become active, however, enrollment in college PE courses remains low. PARTICIPANTS This study examined psychosocial factors related to PE enrollment in a sample of 177 college students (29.4% completed a PE course). METHODS Participants completed an online survey that inquired about demographic information, college PE enrollment, exercise self-efficacy, and several open-ended questions regarding their enrollment decisions. RESULTS There were no differences in self-efficacy scores between PE completers and non-completers. PE completers had more positive previous experiences with PE (43.7% vs 19.3%, p < .01) while non-completers had more negative PE experiences (33% vs 12.5%, p = .03). PE completers felt that self-improvement (51.5% vs 21.3%, p < .01) was most important regarding decisions to enroll in a PE course, while non-completers were concerned with PE courses counting toward their degree (29.2% vs 9.1%, p = .02). CONCLUSIONS These findings can help inform those involved in teaching and administration of PE courses at the state college level. Future research should further investigate how past PE experiences shape students' feelings toward PE.
Climate Stress Testing

Climate change could impose systemic risks upon the financial sector, either via disruptions in economic activity resulting from the physical impacts of climate change or changes in policies as the economy transitions to a less carbon-intensive environment. We develop a stress testing procedure to test the resilience of financial institutions to climate-related risks. Specifically, we introduce a measure called CRISK, systemic climate risk, which is the expected capital shortfall of a financial institution in a climate stress scenario. We use the measure to study the climate-related risk exposure of large global banks in the collapse of fossil-fuel prices in 2020.
Programmable Security in the Age of Software-Defined Infrastructure

Today's network and computing infrastructure rests on inadequate foundations. An emerging, promising new foundation for computing is software-defined infrastructure (SDI), which offers a range of technologies including: compute, storage, and network virtualization; novel separation of concerns at the systems level; and new approaches to system and device management. As a representative example of SDI, software-defined networking (SDN) is a new networking paradigm that decouples the control logic from the closed and proprietary implementations of traditional network data plane infrastructure. SDN is now becoming the networking foundation for cloud/data-center, future Internet and 5G infrastructures. We argue that we should leverage software-defined infrastructure to design new methodologies and principles to make security programmable. In this talk, I will discuss some new opportunities as well as challenges in this new direction, and demonstrate with case studies from our recent research results. Our vision is that future security will be programmable thus more intelligent and powerful to secure a software-defined world.
Principal A-Determinants

Our aim in this and in the following chapter is to study the Newton polytope of the A-discriminant Δ A . This will be done through an intermediary object, the so-called principal A-determinant E A . Like the A-discriminant, E A = E A (f) is a polynomial function in coefficients a ω of an indeterminate polynomial f ∈ C A . We shall do the following: (1) give a complete description of the Newton polytope of E A . It turns out to coincide with the secondary polytope Σ(A) (see Chapter 7); (2) give a formula (prime factorization) expressing E A as a product of Δ A and discriminants corresponding to some subsets of A; (3) give a formula for the product of values of a polynomial at its critical points in terms of the principal A-determinants.
Ceramic Components in Gas Turbine Engines: Why Has It Taken So Long?

Extensive efforts have been in progress worldwide since the late 1960s to develop ceramic turbine components, particularly since the introduction of high-strength silicon nitride and silicon carbide materials. This paper identifies the difficult challenges that have been encountered and highlights some of the key milestones in overcoming these challenges. Issues of improvements in material properties (especially long term durability at high temperature), property measurement and standards, component fabrication, quality assurance, design methodology for brittle materials, life prediction codes, and accumulation of rig and engine testing are all discussed.
Effective and Efficient Use of Excel to Create Personal Financial Statements in the Classroom

This paper discusses using a particular Excel assignment in a Financial Planning or Personal Finance course. Excel worksheets allow students to more readily see interactions between concepts, and a finance major who is sufficiently skilled in Excel has an advantage entering the job market over those who are not. The paper discusses using an Excel assignment that requires students to complete a personal balance sheet and income and expense statement. It also discusses methods for evaluating the worksheets that the students turn in. Grading Excel assignments can be tedious. This paper also discusses using resources within Excel to reduce the time spent on evaluating student work and making it more efficient.
Towards a dynamic data driven application system for wildfire simulation

We report on an ongoing effort to build a Dynamic Data Driven Application System (DDDAS) for short-range forecast of wildfire behavior from real-time weather data, images, and sensor streams. The system should change the forecast when new data is received. The basic approach is to encapsulate the model code and use an ensemble Kalman filter in time-space. Several variants of the ensemble Kalman filter are presented, for out-of-sequence data assimilation, hidden model states, and highly nonlinear problems. Parallel implementation and web-based visualization are also discussed.
Adenocarcinoma of Mullerian origin: review of pathogenesis, molecular biology, and emerging treatment paradigms

Traditionally, epithelial ovarian, tubal, and peritoneal cancers have been viewed as separate entities with disparate origins, pathogenesis, clinical features, and outcomes. Additionally, previous classification systems for ovarian cancer have proposed two primary histologic groups that encompass the standard histologic subtypes. Recent data suggest that these groupings no longer accurately reflect our knowledge surrounding these cancers. In this review, we propose that epithelial ovarian, tubal, and peritoneal carcinomas represent a spectrum of disease that originates in the Mullerian compartment. We will discuss the incidence, classification, origin, molecular determinants, and pathologic analysis of these cancers that support the conclusion they should be collectively referred to as adenocarcinomas of Mullerian origin. As our understanding of the molecular and pathologic profiling of adenocarcinomas of Mullerian origin advances, we anticipate treatment paradigms will shift towards genomic driven therapeutic interventions.
In-stream sorption of fulvic acid in an acidic stream: A stream-scale transport experiment

[1] The variation of concentration and composition of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in stream waters cannot be explained solely on the basis of soil processes in contributing subcatchments. To investigate in-stream processes that control DOC, we injected DOC-enriched water into a reach of the Snake River (Summit County, Colorado) that has abundant iron oxyhydroxides coating the streambed. The injected water was obtained from the Suwannee River (Georgia), which is highly enriched in fulvic acid. The fulvic acid from this water is the standard reference for aquatic fulvic acid for the International Humic Substances Society and has been well characterized. During the experimental injection, significant removal of sorbable fulvic acid occurred within the first 141 m of stream reach. We coinjected a conservative tracer (lithium chloride) and analyzed the results with the one-dimensional transport with inflow and storage (OTIS) stream solute transport model to quantify the physical transport mechanisms. The downstream transport of fulvic acid as indicated by absorbance was then simulated using OTIS with a first-order kinetic sorption rate constant applied to the sorbable fulvic acid. The “sorbable” fraction of injected fulvic acid was irreversibly sorbed by streambed sediments at rates (kinetic rate constants) of the order of 10−4–10−3 s−1. In the injected Suwannee River water, sorbable and nonsorbable fulvic acid had distinct chemical characteristics identified in 13C-NMR spectra. The 13C-NMR spectra indicate that during the experiment, the sorbable “signal” of greater aromaticity and carboxyl content decreased downstream; that is, these components were preferentially removed. This study illustrates that interactions between the water and the reactive surfaces will modify significantly the concentration and composition of DOC observed in streams with abundant chemically reactive surfaces on the streambed and in the hyporheic zone.
Generalizing explanations of narratives into schemata

This paper describes a natural language system which improves its performance through learning. The system processes short English narratives and from a single narrative acquires a new schema for a stereotypical set of actions. During the understanding process, the system constructs explanations for characters’ actions in terms of the goals they were meant to achieve. If a character achieves a common goal in a novel way, it generalizes the set of actions used to achieve this goal into a new schema. The generalization process is a knowledge-based analysis of the narrative’s causal structure which removes unnecessary details while maintaining the validity of the explanation. The resulting generalized set of actions is then stored as a new schema and used by the system to process narratives which were previously beyond its capabilities.
Searching for dilepton resonances below the Z mass at the LHC

We consider LHC searches for dilepton resonances in an intermediate mass range, $\ensuremath{\sim}10--80\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$. We adopt a kinetically mixed ${Z}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ as an example of weakly coupled new physics that might have evaded detection at previous experiments but which could still be probed by LHC dilepton spectrum measurements in this mass range. Based on Monte Carlo simulations, we estimate that existing data from the 7 and 8 TeV LHC could be used to test values of the kinetic mixing parameter $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ several times smaller than precision electroweak upper bounds, provided an appropriate analysis were carried out by one of the experimental collaborations.
Engineering and economics of cellulose saccharification systems

Abstract The design of cellulose saccharification systems will govern the economics of biomass conversion to ethanol and other oxygenated compounds. Solids handling of bulky cellulosic materials, chemical processing of a physically and chemically heterogeneous substrate, cellulose pretreatment and product recovery present formidable engineering challenges. Marketing strategy must also be carefully formulated given the variety of hexoses, pentoses, organic acids, as well as lignin which result from biomass processing. Since the intrinsic cost of the biomass is $0.015 to $0.03/lb, and the processing costs are $0.03 to $0.10/lb, the key is to identify products having a value in excess of $0.10/lb which are uniquely suited for production from biomass-derived sugars. Competitive pressures from other carbohydrate sources such as corn and sugar cane must also be considered in the economic analysis. Process concepts and associated costs are presented in a comparison of corn and biomass saccharification routes.
Changes in accessibility in the Meseta Purepecha region of Michoacan, Mexico: 1940-2000

Abstract This paper examines changes in town accessibility on the Meseta Purepecha of Michoacan, Mexico before and after road construction beginning in the 1940s. In the mid-20th century researchers noted the presence of an important mountain–lake trade connection, which by 2000 had been significantly diminished. Between 1940 and 2000 there was an increase in accessibility of the area east of Lake Patzcuaro, while there were more modest increases seen in the western section of the meseta. Road improvements and realignments have led to substantial changes in the theoretical network associations among the towns, and while towns in the region have become better connected externally, improvements in accessibility among towns within the region were unevenly distributed.
Planting date affects phenology of London rocket (Sisymbrium irio) and interaction with beet leafhopper (Circulifer tenellus)

Abstract London rocket is a common winter annual weed in southern New Mexico that can host beet curly top virus and its insect vector, the beet leafhopper. Experiments were conducted in southern New Mexico to determine if London rocket could serve as a host for overwintering beet leafhopper. Field experiments were carried out from 2002 to 2003 and from 2003 to 2004 to compare the impact of three London rocket planting dates on plant emergence and life history and leafhopper survival. Emergence was highest in October-planted London rocket, low in January/February plantings, and did not occur for August plantings. The life cycle was 185 d and 125 d for October- and January-planted London rocket, respectively, and growth of the plant (including height and rosette base diameter) was greater for London rocket that was planted in October. October-planted London rocket survived from late October through mid to late April, the period of time needed to serve as an overwintering host for beet leafhoppers. Caging th...
The distinct metabolic profile of hematopoietic stem cells reflects their location in a hypoxic niche

Bone marrow transplantation is the primary therapy for numerous hematopoietic disorders. The efficiency of bone marrow transplantation depends on the function of long-term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs), which is markedly influenced by their hypoxic niche. Survival in this low-oxygen microenvironment requires significant metabolic adaptation. Here, we show that LT-HSCs utilize glycolysis instead of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to meet their energy demands. We used flow cytometry to identify a unique low mitochondrial activity/glycolysis-dependent subpopulation that houses the majority of hematopoietic progenitors and LT-HSCs. Finally, we demonstrate that Meis1 and Hif-1α are markedly enriched in LT-HSCs and that Meis1 regulates HSC metabolism through transcriptional activation of Hif-1α. These findings reveal an important transcriptional network that regulates HSC metabolism.
Nanometer-Scale Printing

Progress in nanotechnology relies on the ability to fabricate structures with precisely defined, nanoscale dimensions. Historically, this task has been accomplished with energetic beams of electrons, ions, or photons, using sophisticated tools whose origins lie in the semiconductor industry ( 1 ). Although well suited for manufacturing of integrated circuits and related devices, such techniques are often not the best choices for exploratory research because they require expensive equipment and specialized facilities. They also tend to work well only with narrow classes of materials, and they can be prohibitively slow for use over large areas. On page 1517 of this issue, Liao et al. ( 2 ) introduce a scheme that bypasses these limitations, in which rubber stamps affect nanoscale pattern transfer via molecular-scale fracture. Their technique represents a conceptual advance on a class of “soft lithographic” methods in which elastomers with fine features of relief on their surfaces deliver molecules ( 3 , 4 ) or materials ( 5 , 6 ) onto substrates of interest, in a process of contact printing. By providing advanced nanofabrication capabilities to researchers with limited access to complex apparatus, these simple methods have played a central role in the emergence of nanotechnology as a broad, vibrant field of study.
Sociotechnical Design Factors for Virtual Team Performance

Recent developments in communication and information technology, coupled with an increased need to coordinate organizational activities across geographically dispersed locations, have led to the development and use of virtual teams. Evidence, most of it anecdotal, points to the benefits that can be obtained from the use of such teams. Unfortunately, a comprehensive understanding of the factors that affect virtual team-based system performance is lacking due to little empirical evidence and sound theory. In this paper, sociotechnical systems theory is used to identify design factors for virtual team performance.
Multi‐determinant trial functions in the determination of the dissociation energy of the beryllium dimer: Quantum Monte Carlo study

Both variational Monte Carlo (VMC) and fixed-node diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) are used to estimate the dissociation energy of Be2. The effect of using single- and multi-reference trial functions on the quality of the Monte Carlo estimates is investigated, with independent-particle wave functions ranging from a restricted Hartree–Fock (RHF) calculation up to a complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) with four valence electrons in 12 active orbitals. It was determined that the best trial function for DMC had a high cutoff for inclusion and included all 2s and 2p orbitals in a CASSCF(4,8) calculation. The best DMC estimate, De = 829(64) cm−1, compares well with the experimental value of 839(10) cm−1 but is lower than values from the best basis-set calculations. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
The B-Subunit of DNA Polymerase α-Primase Associates with the Origin Recognition Complex for Initiation of DNA Replication

The B-subunit (p70/Pol12p) of the DNA polymerase α-primase (Polα-primase) complex is thought to have a regulatory role in an early stage of S phase. We generated a panel of fission yeast thermosensitive mutants of the B-subunit (termed Spb70) to investigate its role in initiation of DNA replication by genetic and biochemical approaches. Here, we show that the fission yeast Spb70 genetically interacts and coprecipitates with origin recognition complex proteins Orp1/Orc1 and Orp2/Orc2 and primase coupling subunit Spp2/p58. A fraction of Spb70 associates with Orp2 on chromatin throughout the cell cycle independent of the other subunits of Polα-primase. Furthermore, primase Spp2/p58 subunit preferentially associates with the unphosphorylated Orp2, and the association requires Spb70. Mutations in orp2+ that abolish or mimic the Cdc2 phosphorylation of Orp2 suppress or exacerbate the thermosensitivity of the spb70 mutants, respectively, indicating that an unphosphorylated Orp2 promotes an Spb70-dependent replication event. Together, these results indicate that the chromatin-bound B-subunit in association with origin recognition complex mediates recruiting Polα-primase complex onto replication origins in G1 pre-Start through an interaction with primase Spp2/p58 subunit. Our results thus suggest a role for the recruited Polα-primase in the initiation of both leading and lagging strands at the replication origins.
The subcellular localization of histamine in guinea pig brain--a re-evaluation.

Abstract We have repeated our studies, ‡ with the O -phthalaldehyde (OPT) fluorescence method, § of the subcellular distribution of histamine in guinea pig midbrain, this time purifying the extracts with cation-exchange resin chromatography. Our previous values included spermidine along with histamine. Guinea pig midbrain contains 0.55 nanomole histamine and 300 nanomoles spermidine. Histamine is bound to both a low-speed nuclear precipitate and an intermediate-speed mitochondrial precipitate. Forty-seven per cent of the spermidine is in the nuclear fraction. Attempts to relate histamine to subfractions of the mitochondrial fraction separated by density gradient centrifugation have been unsuccessful.
Centroid-moment tensor solutions for October-December 1985

Abstract Centroid-moment tensor solutions are presented for 158 earthquakes that occurred during the fourth quarter of 1985. The solutions are obtained using corrections for aspherical Earth structure.
Quantitative Assessment of Laryngeal Muscle Morphology After Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injury: Right vs. Left Differences

Objectives/Hypothesis: Reports of laryngeal response to denervation are inconsistent. Some document atrophy and fibrosis in denervated laryngeal muscles, whereas others indicate resistance to atrophy. Spontaneous reinnervation has also been documented. The goal of this study was to clarify the effects of nerve injury and reinnervation on thyroarytenoid (TA) and posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscles. Study Design: Laboratory experiment. Methods: TA and PCA muscles of cats were harvested 5 to 6 months after transecting right or left recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). Images of muscle cross-sections were acquired and studied using an image analysis workstation. Cross-sectional areas as well as total cross-sectional area of randomly selected muscle fibers were recorded. Results: TA reinnervation was robust on both sides, but there was less reinnervation of the PCA muscle after left-sided RLN lesion than after right-sided injury. Conclusions: Differences in reinnervation after RLN injury could contribute to the higher clinical incidence of left- vs. right-sided laryngeal paralysis.
Extracurricular associations and college enrollment.

Abstract There is consistent evidence that student involvement in extracurricular activities (EAs) is associated with numerous academic benefits, yet understanding how peer associations within EAs might influence this link is not well understood. Using Add Health’s comprehensive data on EA participation across 80 schools in the United States, we develop a novel measure of peer associations within EA activities. We find that EA participation with high achieving peers has a nontrivial link to college enrollment, even after considering individual, peer, and school-level factors. This suggests that school policies aimed at encouraging student exposure to high achieving peers in EAs could have an important impact on a student’s later educational outcomes.
Trait-based and sex-based discrimination in occupational prestige, occupational salary, and hiring

Two investigations examined how occupational stereotypes relate to sex discrimination in the prestige and salaries accorded to “men's” and “women's” jobs, and in hiring decisions. A distinction was drawn between the sex type of jobs (the ratio of male to female jobholders) and the gender type of jobs (the personality traits associated with jobholders). A descriptive study revealed that although the sex type and gender type of most jobs studied were consistent, significant exceptions occurred. Furthermore, most jobs that were “sex neutral” with respect to sex ratios were found to be highly gender typed. Regression analyses revealed that the “masculinity” of a job was a strong predictor of occupational salary and prestige, whereas feminine traits made a much smaller contribution to prestige and were unrelated to salary. The percentage of women jobholders was negatively related to occupational salary, but unrelated to prestige. Finally, a survey of career planning and placement professionals—who rated the suitability of job applicants whose sex and gender type were varied—demonstrated that two processes underlie sex discrimination in hiring decisions: gender-typed personality trait matching and sex matching of applicants to jobs.
Radiolysis of succinic acid in aqueous solution

Abstract The radiolysis of succinic acid in aqueous solutions induced by gamma irradiation from a Co60 source has been studied with respect to the identification and estimation of degradation products. Specifically labeled succinic acid-C14 and malic acid-C14 were utilized for product identification and elucidation of reaction mechanisms. The irradiation experiments were performed under both oxygenated and oxygen-free environments. The principal means of identification of the radiolytic products were by paper chromatography and autoradiography, utilizing the technique of cochromatography. The estimation of each radiolytic product was determined by radiochemical assay using liquid scintillation counting techniques. The finding that malonic acid is a major product of radiolysis of succinic acid is of considerable interest. A reaction mechanism has been proposed for the radiolytic conversion of succinic acid to malonic acid via the intermediary formation of malate and oxaloacetate.
Allowed beta decay of the N = 49 isotones☆

Abstract Log ft values for Gamow-Teller β + decay of the N = 49, Z > 38 isotones are calculated with wave functions within a 2 p 1 2 −1 g 9 2 model space. Decays between positive-parity states are well reproduced with an effective Gamow-Teller g 9 2 matrix element that is about half the single-particle value. It is shown that g 9 2 and p 1 2 nucleons contribute about equally to 1 2 − → 1 2 − decays of these nuclei and that, because they interfere destructively, a mechanism exists for explaining the strongly inhibited 89 Zr → 89 Y transition.
Effect of volumetric absorption coefficient on Rosseland radiative heat transfer

Abstract In calculating the temperature profile and heat transfer associated with an optically dense fluid it has been the practice to use Rosseland's approximation for the radiative heat flux, since its form lends itself well for use in partial differential equations. However, very little is known about the form of the absorption coefficient which is the fluid-characteristic term in the approximation. It is revealed in this analysis that in the case of uniform fluid (optically dense) flow past a flat plate, the calculated temperature profiles and heat transfer to the wall by radiation alone are sensitive to the choice of the form of the absorption coefficient.
Low-lying triplet electronic states of acetylene: cis 3 B 2 and 3 A 2 , trans 3 B u and 3 A u

Ab initio molecular electronic structure theory has been used in conjunction with flexible basis sets to investigate the equilibrium properties of the four low-lying triplet electronic states of acetylene. Self-consistent-field (SCF) and configuration interaction with single and double excitations (CISD) levels of theory were employed with basis sets ranging from double zeta plus polarization (DZP) to quadruple zeta plus triple polarization with higher angular momentum polarization functions [QZ(3df, 3pd)]. Complete geometry optimizations of the equilibrium structures and vibrational analyses for the3 B 2,3 B u ,3 A u , and3 A 2 states as well as the ground1Σ + state of acetylene were carried out at the SCF and CISD levels of theory. With the DZP basis set, configuration interaction with single, double, and triple excitations (CISDT) wavefunctions were also used to optimize geometries. At the CISD optimized geometries the total energies were determined using the correlated wavefunctions with higher excitations. Those wavefunctions include the triple zeta plus double polarization (TZ2P)-CISDT, coupled cluster with single and double excitations (CCSD), and CCSD with perturbative triple excitations [CCSD(T)] methods. Although the energy ordering of3 B 2<3 B u <3 A u <3 A 2 remained unchanged, the excitation energies of these four triplet states relative to the1Σ + ground state is increased by about 7.5 kcal/mol in comparison with previous theoretical work. At the highest level of theory, CCSD(T) with the QZ(3df, 3pd) basis set, the classical excitation energies of the four triplet states relative to the ground state were predicted to be 88.0(3.82; 30,790), 96.0(4.16; 33,590), 102.4(4.44; 35,830), and 109(4.76; 38,420) kcal/mol(eV; cm−1), respectively. For the first two triplet states, including the zero-point vibrational energies (ZPVE) the energy differences were 86.6(3.75; 30,270) and 94.8(4.11; 33,170) kcal/mol(eV; cm−1), respectively. The classical energy separation between the3 B 2 and3 A 2 states was predicted to be 7630 cm−1. Including the estimated ZPVE correction of 50 cm−1 this energy difference became 7680 cm−1, which is in very good agreement with the experimental value of 7388 cm−1. Thetrans triplet states have never been observed in the laboratory, and it is hoped that these quantitative theoretical predictions will assist in their experimental identification.
Negative conjectures and increased public good provision

Abstract A stochastic non-Nash model with negative conjectures is developed which yields a condition in which an individual increases voluntary public good provision relative to the Nash solution.
THERMAL ACOUSTIC OSCILLATIONS IN TRIPLE POINT LIQUID HYDROGEN SYSTEMS.

Abstract Thermal acoustic oscillations are often observed in tubes which penetrate a cryogenic system and are closed at the warm end and open at the cold end. Such tubes are genrally used for filling or vetning the tank, providing relief pressure or inserting instruments taps. Large amounts of heat (of the order of ten to a thousand times more than by normal heat conduction) can be transferred into a cryogenic system when such thermaloscillations occur. A number of studies examining thermal acoustic oscillations in liquid helium systems have been performed by Rott et al . However, only minimal consideration has been given to such oscillationsin liquid and sluch hydrogen systems. This study extends Rott's theory to the stability aspects of thermal acoustic oscillations for a straight tube closed at the warm end and inserted into a Dewar flask filled with triple point liquid hydrogen when the cold open end is located above the liquid surface. These results can also be applied to a slush hydrogen when the pressure in the Dewar flask is reduced to the triple point pressure of hydrogen. Numerical results have been obtained in this study for developing stability curves, establishing oscillation frequency characteristics and identifying critical configurations for initiating such oscillation. The mechanisms associated with the two branches of the stability curves for thermal acoustic oscillations have also been investigated.
Parents' Constructions of Teen Sexuality: Sex Panics, Contradictory Discourses, and Social Inequality

Teen sexuality occupies a highly ambivalent and contradictory place in U.S. society. Teenagers are deemed too young to know about sex, but too sexually driven to be trusted with information. Teen sexual activity is portrayed as fraught with danger, yet sexuality is a pervasive aspect of the American cultural landscape and considered key to identity and fulfillment. Drawing on in-depth interviews with forty-seven parents of teenagers, this article explores how parents navigate these contradictory discourses in making sense of teen sexuality. The findings show that parents do not think of their own teenagers as sexually desiring subjects, even as they construct adolescents in general as highly sexual and sexually predatory, with gender, racial, and class signifiers woven through their descriptions. I argue that parents' binary thinking—constructing their teen children as asexual but other teens as hypersexual—represents more than simply an effort to maintain a notion of their teens as sexually innocent: it reveals deep anxieties about their teenagers' future life chances and underscores the prominent role sexuality plays in reproducing social inequality.
Risk and protective factors as predictors of outcome in adolescents with psychiatric disorder and aggression.

ABSTRACT Objective To identify predictors of behavioral outcomes in high-risk adolescents with aggression and serious emotional disturbance (SED). Method Three hundred thirty-seven adolescents from a statewide North Carolina treatment program for aggressive youths with SED were followed between July 1995 and June 1999 from program entry (T 1 ) to approximately 1 year later (T 2 ). Historical and current psychosocial risk and protective factors as well as psychiatric symptom severity at T 1 were tested as predictors of high and low behavioral functioning at T 2 . Behavioral functioning was a composite based on the frequency of risk-taking, self-injurious, threatening, and assaultive behavior. Method Eleven risk and protective factors were predictive of T 2 behavioral functioning, while none of the measured T 1 psychiatric symptoms was predictive. A history of aggression and negative parent–child relationships in childhood was predictive of worse T 2 behavior, as was lower IQ. Better T 2 behavioral outcomes were predicted by a history of consistent parental employment and positive parent–child relations, higher levels of current family support, contact with prosocial peers, higher reading level, good problem-solving abilities, and superior interpersonal skills. Conclusions Among high-risk adolescents with aggression and SED, psychiatric symptom severity may be a less important predictor of behavioral outcomes than certain risk and protective factors. Several factors predictive of good behavioral functioning represent feasible intervention targets.
Low SNR — When only decoding will do

We investigate the issue of distributed receiver cooperation in a multiple-relay network with memoryless independent fading channels, where the channel state information can't be obtained. The received signals at distributed receiving nodes are first compressed or quantized before being sent to the decoder via rate-limited cooperation channels for joint processing. We focus on the low SNR regime and analyze the capacity bounds using network equivalence theory and a multiple-layer binning peaky frequency shift keying (FSK). When the received signals at the relaying nodes are in low SNR regime and the cooperation rates are not sufficiently high, compressed/quantized observations at relaying nodes become useless and only decoding can help.
Projections from the lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body to the medial superior olivary nucleus in the gerbil

We made small injections of horseradish peroxidase into the medial superior olivary nucleus (MSO) of gerbils in order to examine the sources of input into that nucleus. As previously described, the MSO receives inputs from neurons in the rostral part of both anteroventral cochlear nuclei. In addition, we found evidence for a projection from the ipsilateral lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body (LNTB). Our results are also compatible with previous reports that the medical nucleus of the trapezoid body (NMTB) projects to the MSO. It is likely that these projections into the MSO from the LNTB and MNTB are sources of inhibitory synaptic inputs.
The variation of solution composition during the initiation of crevice corrosion on stainless steel

Abstract A novel crevice cell was designed that allowed the dimensions of the crevice gap to be set reproducibly at a value of 3.8 ± 0.1 μm. With this cell the initiation of crevice corrosion of 304 stainless steel in aerated 0.1 N NaCl was investigated. The transient build-up of dissolved Fe, Cr, and Ni species was carried out by inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. It was found that during the initiation period prior to passivity breakdown the Cr concentration in the crevice solution was far less than its atomic fraction in the alloy, and that the crevice solution pH did not decrease appreciably. After breakdown, the relative concentration of dissolved Fe, Cr, and Ni became virtually the same as their relative atomic fractions in the alloy. The fact that Cr does not present itself during the first few hours of initiation suggests that mechanisms of activation based on pH decrease, supposedly caused by Cr dissolution and hydrolysis, may not be applicable.
Orthotopic heart transplantation: highlights and limitations

A little more than three decades after the successful introduction of cardiac transplantation, this revolutionary concept of advanced heart failure treatment has gained tremendous momentum and is considered the gold standard therapy in selected patients. More specific modalities of immunosuppression continue to decrease the impact of acute and chronic rejection and immunosuppression-related side effects. The success of cardiac transplantation has led to a widespread initiation of transplant programs and a run on cardiac transplantation waiting lists. The increasing gap between waiting lists and donor organ supply has stimulated research to identify those patients who benefit most from cardiac transplantation, as well as research to develop alternative therapies for advanced heart failure. Furthermore, it serves as a stimulus to address paradigmatic issues that are fundamental to modern medicine and society.
Atom-molecule scattering with the average wavefunction method

Abstract The average wavefunction method (AWM) is applied to atom-molecule scattering. In its simplest form the labor involved in solving the AWM equations is equivalent to that involved for elastic scattering in the same formulation. As an initial illustration, explicit expressions for the T-matrix are derived for the scattering of an atom and a rigid rotor. Results are presented for low-energy scattering and corrections to the Born approximation are clearly evident. In general, the AWM is particularly suited to polyatom scattering due to its reduction of the potential in terms of a separable atom-atom potential.