cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Novel Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Protection Circuit in D-Mode pHEMT Technology

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection structures in the D-Mode GaAs HEMT technology are commonly constructed using either stacked Schottky diode or Single-Gate clamp. This paper develops an improved ESD protection clamp based on a novel multi-gate pHEMT in D-Mode technology. With similar layout area, the proposed ESD protection clamp can carry much higher current than the conventional single-gate pHEMT clamp under the human body model (HBM) stress.
Nonstationary homogeneous nucleation

The theory of homogeneous condensation is reviewed and equations describing this process are presented. Numerical computer solutions to transient problems in nucleation (relaxation to steady state) are presented and compared to a prior computation.
The academic‐professional divide: generating useful research and moving it to practice

Purpose – The aim of this study is to examine the divide between academicians and professionals in the applied field of real estate in the USA and the impact of this divide on the use of best evidence by professionals. Its purpose is to introduce the concept of evidence‐based management to the discipline of real estate, to propose a framework for gathering best evidence, and to develop a stream of translational research to bridge the academic‐professional divide.Design/methodology/approach – The paper takes an interdisciplinary conceptual approach regarding the gap between academic theory and practice, and its resolution. The authors apply the idea of best evidence and its management from the field of medicine to construct guidelines appropriate for real estate scholars and practitioners.Findings – The paper offers a framework as a starting point for handling the academic‐professional divide. The paper borrows the concept of translational research from medicine to discuss how basic theoretical knowledge m...
Neuroprotective properties and mechanisms of resveratrol in in vitro and in vivo experimental cerebral stroke models

Resveratrol, a natural stilbene present at relatively high concentrations in grape skin and seeds and red wine, is known for its purported antioxidant activity in the vascular and nervous systems. In contrast to its direct antioxidant role within the central nervous system, recent research supports a protective mechanism through increasing endogenous cellular antioxidant defenses, which triggers a cascade of parallel neuroprotective pathways. A growing body of in vitro and in vivo evidence indicates that resveratrol acts through multiple pathways and reduces ischemic damage in vital organs, such as the heart and the brain, in various rodent models. Most of the protective biological actions of resveratrol have been associated with its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties and other indirect pathways. Continued public interest and increasing resveratrol supplements on the market warrant a review of the available in vitro and in vivo science reported in the stroke-related literature. Rigorous clinical trials evaluating the effects of resveratrol in stroke are absent, though the general population consumption appears to be relatively safe. Resveratrol has shown potential for treating stroke in laboratory animals and in vitro human cell studies, yet there is still a need for human research in preclinical settings. This review summarizes many of the findings on the neuroprotective potential of resveratrol in cerebral stroke, focusing on both the in vitro and in vivo experimental models and some proposed mechanisms of action.
Algebra and logic for access control

The access control problem in computer security is fundamentally concerned with the ability of system entities to see, make use of, or alter various system resources. We provide a mathematical framework for modelling and reasoning about (distributed) systems with access control. This is based on a calculus of resources and processes together with a Hennessy–Milner-style modal logic, based on the connectives of bunched logic, for which an appropriate correspondence theorem obtains. As a consequence we get a consistent account of both operational behaviour and logical reasoning for systems with access control features. In particular, we are able to introduce a process combinator that describes, as a form of concurrent composition, the action of one agent in the role of another, and provide a logical characterization of this operator via a modality ‘says’. We give a range of examples, including analyses of co-signing, roles, and chains of trust, which illustrates the utility of our mathematical framework.
Identification of skeletal muscle mutations in tail snips from neonatal mice using immunohistochemistry.

Naturally occurring or laboratory-generated genetic modifications of striated muscle in mice have been linked to cardiomyopathies or muscular dystrophies (1–4). Such mutations are generally recognized by recombinant DNA techniques, especially PCR, but uncertainties about the genetic locus of particular mutations and variations in DNA sequences among different strains of mice may limit the usefulness of this approach. We investigated the possibility of using tail snips, typically obtained for PCR analysis, for immunofluorescence assays of muscle proteins. We report here that skeletal muscle fibers present in the distal 1-cm-end of the tail of the neonatal mouse can be assayed using immunohistochemistry to identify desmin null (5), dysferlin null (6), and dystrophin null muscles. Identification of these muscles by immunofluorescent assays allows phenotypic conformation of genetic screening of mutant mice, facilitating evaluation of muscle from only those animals expressing the genotype of interest.Standard tail snips, approximately 1 cm in length, were collected from young mice (<4 weeks of age) and used for PCR or immunofluores-cence analysis or both. The tails were swabbed with alcohol, and sterile surgical scissors were used to obtain tissue. For immunolabeling, tissue (≤5 mm) was mounted with optimal cutting temperature (OCT) medium and snap-frozen in pentane-cooled liquid nitrogen. Serial cross-sections, 10 μm in thickness, were prepared with a cryostat, collected on glass slides (Superfrost
Neutron activation determination of iridium, gold, platinum, and silver in geologic samples

Low-level methods for the determination of iridium and other noble metals have become increasingly important in recent years due to interest in locating abundance anomalies associated with the Cretaceous and Tertiary (K-T) boundary. Typical iridium anomalies are in the range of 1 to 100 μg/kg (ppb). Thus methods with detection limits near 0.1 μg/kg should be adequate to detect K-T boundary anomalies. Radiochemical neutron activation analysis methods continue to be required although instrumental neutron activation analysis techniques employing elaborate gamma-counters are under development. In the procedure developed in this study samples irradiated in the epithermal neutron facility of the U. S. Geological Survey TRIGA Reactor (Denver, Colorado) are treated with a mini-fire assay technique. The iridium, gold, and silver are collected in a 1-gram metallic lead button. Primary contaminants at this stage are arsenic and antimony. These can be removed by heating the button with a mixture of sodium perioxide and sodium hydroxide. The resulting 0.2-gram lead bead is counted in a Compton suppression spectrometer. Carrier yields are determined by reirradiation of the lead beads. This procedure has been applied to the U.S.G.S. Standard Rock PCC-1 and samples from K-T boundary sites in the Western Interior of North America.
Histochemical and ultrastructural features of the epidermis of the land planarian Bipalium adventitium

The epidermis of the land planarian Bipalium adventitium was examined by light and electron microscopy. In all regions, the epidermis consists of a simple columnar ciliated epithelium associated with a prominent basement membrane. The epithelial cells, possessing abundant microvilli and poorly developed terminal webs, are conjoined laterally at their apical ends by septate junctions. The epidermis of the creeping sole is distinguished from that of adjoining regions by a "insunken" condition of the epithelial cells, a greater number of cilia per cell, and an absence of glandular secretions other than mucus. The insunken cells of the sole possess large glycogen disposits and attributes of metabolically active cells. Unusual intranuclear inclusions of unknown significance are also found in many of the epidermal cells in all regions. The basement membrane lacks distinct layering and consists of fine fibrils displaying a beaded appearance but no obvious cross-banding. Histochemical tests indicate that the fibrils are collagenous. In addition to mucus, secretory material found in nonsole regions includes lamellated granules and rhabdites, both stained intensely by acidic dyes. Rhabdites and the basement membrane also contain disulfide-enriched proteins. In scanning electron micrographs, the sole appears as a faint, longitudinally oriented band extending along the entire length of the animal. In all regions except the sensory border of the head, the microvilli are generally obscured by the densely arranged cilia. The sensory border consists of a row of toothlike papillae and grooves covered almost exclusively by microvilli, small club-shaped structures, and larger spherical protrusions.
The superior college teacher from the students' view

This analysis attempts a systematic synthesis of the rather large body of research on college students' views on teaching and their assessment of the effectiveness of various attitudes, behaviors, and pedagogical practices of instructors. Across studies, the following characteristics are consistently associated with superior college teachers or teaching (as determined in a variety of ways): stimulation of interest; clarity and understandableness; knowledge of subject matter; preparation for, and organization of, the course; and enthusiasm for the subject matter and for teaching. Friendliness (concern and respect for students), helpfulness (availability), and openness to others' opinions (encouragement of class questions and discussion) are characteristics that students say they prefer in teachers (especially when they freely describe their ideal or best teacher and the characteristics they see as important to good teaching). However, a teacher's standing on these characteristics appears not to be particularly important to students' global assessment of their actual teachers on teacher-evaluation questionnaires. Finally, relative to other characteristics, certain regulative activities of the instructor are typically and consistently lower in importance for superior teaching, at least by the several indicators used in the studies under review. The analysis concludes with interpretations and cautions.
Occupational feminization, occupational decline? Sociology’s changing sex composition

In recent years, research and popular wisdom have often linked the feminization of sociology with discussions of sociology's decline. In light of these concerns, this article examines recent data on the influx of women into sociology's graduate programs and academic positions, women’s position in the field, and the health of the field itself. The data show that women have made notable progress moving into academic sociology's recruitment pool, and lower level academic positions. As well, the gender gap in earnings has narrowed, real annual earnings continue to increase, and underemployment and underutilization continue to decline. All these are strong indicators that the field is on the upswing, and women's position in it improving. Despite these successes, gender boundaries remain in the sociological workplace. Women are not represented in the numbers one would expect in the tenured associate and full professor ranks, and all races have not benefited equally from the declining earnings gap. Intellectual boundaries also persist, as men and women often operate in different sociological spheres.
Use of a Diffuser for Producing Texture Masks for Image Processing

The use of a diffuser in synthesizing binary texture-variance masks for applications in image processing is investigated. The binary texture-variance masks are used to separate various objects in an image on the basis of their spatial texture variance. The diffuser is required to reduce the speckling present in the mask. The reduction in speckling is described quantitatively as a reduction of the misclassification probability associated with the separation of the objects into several texture classes. General results are furnished for the statistics of the field scattered by the diffuser, and these are used to obtain expressions for the misclassification probabilities in the presence of a diffuser. Some applications are furnished.
Avoiding conditions when electrolytic respirometers fail to function as oxygen chemostats

Abstract While the performance of a commercially available electrolytic respirometer was being evaluated, it was discovered that the oxygen concentration in the head space of a respirometric vessel can decrease as the rate of oxygen consumption exceeds the rate of oxygen transfer from the electrolytic cell to the head space. The phenomenon could be corrected by initially filling the holding chamber in the electrolytic cell and in the conduit leading to the vessel head space with oxygen instead of air in order to improve the system response time. A series of experiments was conducted at different initial oxygen concentrations in the head space with and without purging the space in the electrolytic cell and the conduit to observe the above phenomenon and to demonstrate the validity of the proposed procedure
Response of mouse plantaris muscle to functional overload: comparison with rat and cat

Functional overload (FO) of a muscle by removing its synergists results in a compensatory hypertrophy of the muscle. However, the extent of the response appears to be dependent, at least in part, on the activity and/or loading levels of the muscle following surgery. Thus, differences in the inherent physical activity levels across species may be an important factor to consider. In the present study, the effects of 8 weeks of FO on the isometric mechanical properties of the plantaris of mice (highly active) were determined and the findings compared with the results from previous studies performed on the plantaris of rats (highly active) and cats (less active). FO resulted in approximately a doubling of the mass, the physiological cross-sectional area and the maximum tetanic tension per unit cross-sectional area, was similar in the plantaris of control and FO mice. Isometric twitch speed properties were unaffected, but the tension enhancement in response to an increase in the rate of stimulation showed the pattern of a "faster" muscle following FO. The fatigue resistance of the plantaris in FO mice was significantly higher than in control mice. Although the degree of hypertrophy that occurred in the mouse plantaris was similar to that observed after FO in rats and in cats that are exercised intermittently at high intensities, there were differences in the mechanical properties that may be related to the adaptability of species and/or the behavioral responses to the overload.
On Measuring Competitive Viability and Monopoly Power in Cable: An Empirical Cost Approach

This study provides empirical evidence concerning the economic feasibility of competition in the local market for video-delivery services. Using responses from the FCC?s 1995 cost survey, we jointly estimate a translog cost function with factor share equations. To evaluate subadditivity, the fitted total cost of each firm is compared with the cost of two firms providing the same total output in eleven different market scenarios. Although costs were mildly superadditive, in the vast majority of cases they were lower when one firm provided the output. Average cost savings with respect to a monopoly were fairly small, ranging from 1.37% with a 10% market overlap to 5.05% with a complete overbuild. We also calculated marginal cost from the fitted total cost equation, and a price for cable services derived from the FCC survey data. Using these results and Rubinovitz?s price elasticity of 1.46, we estimated that reregulation had a regulatory effectiveness of 0.3251 and held prices to 40.5% of the monopoly level.
l-Tryptophan inhibition of tyrosine aminotransferase degradation in rat liver in vivo

Abstract The administration of l -tryptophan to both intact and adrenalectomized animals results in a marked increase in the activity of tyrosine aminotransferase. Maximal increases in enzyme activity are stimulated by doses of l -tryptophan much lower than those required for maximal stimulation of tryptophan oxygenase activity in vivo . When l -tryptophan was administered to animals that had been given cortisone 5 hr earlier, a further sustained increase in enzyme activity was demonstrated. 5-Hydroxy- dl -tryptophan and indole administration in amounts equimolar to l -tryptophan also result in similar increases in activity whereas α-methyl- dl -tryptophan produces little or no increase. Utilizing pulse-labeling in vivo with quantitative immunochemical precipitation of tyrosine aminotransferase by specific antisera, it was demonstrated that the administration of tryptophan caused an increase in enzyme amount with no concomitant increase in the rate of enzyme synthesis. In animals given cortisone, subsequent injections of tryptophan caused the amount of enzyme to continue to increase while both the amount of enzyme in control animals, as well as the rates of synthesis in both tryptophan-treated and control animals, decreased in a parallel fashion. Prelabeling of tyrosine aminotransferase in vivo after the enzyme had been induced with cortisone demonstrated that the subsequent administration of tryptophan caused a marked inhibition in the decay of the radioactive enzyme, as well as in enzyme activity. These data support the proposal that the amino acid, tryptophan, has a special role both in the maintenance of hepatic protein synthesis and in the regulation of specific enzyme degradation in rat liver.
Hybrid Gas Bearings With Controlled Supply Pressure to Eliminate Rotor Vibrations While Crossing System Critical Speeds

The continued support of the TAMU Turbomachinery Research Consortium is gratefully acknowledged. Thanks to KMC, Inc. for manufacturing the test bearings.
Feeding and Breathing in Lampreys

A basic problem faced by the agnathans in evolution was how to feed and breathe without jaws. Three solutions are represented by lampreys and their ammocoete larvae, reviewed here, and hagfishes. Lampreys feed upon fish with their suckers and breathe in and out of their branchial gill sacs. Parasitic species of lampreys can be flesh-feeders or blood-feeders, depending primarily on the structure of their teeth. Feeding behavior is characterized by rhythmic rasping, negative pressure pulses in the sucker, and swallowing of fluid into the gut. Ammocoete larvae use a velar pump for unidirectional ventilation and suspension feeding. In both lampreys and ammocoetes the branchial basket is actively compressed for exhalation; branchial expansion and inhalation is by passive elastic recoil, but in ammocoetes water is drawn from the mouth. Central pattern generators for respiration are distributed in the medulla, particularly lateral to Vm, and drive branchial motoneurons in VIIm-IXm-Xm. Trigeminal pattern generators in lampreys may be a holdover from the ammocoete stage, in which they drive nearby velar motoneurons as the primary pump for ventilation. Respiration in lampreys and ammocoetes is stimulated by hypoxia and modulated by reflexes. Metamorphosis from ammocoete to adult lamprey involves extensive remodeling of the head with regression and replacement of most muscles. Trigeminal motoneurons are probably preserved during metamorphosis, as inferred from constant maps of motoneurons in Vm. This hypothesis is supported by analogy with anuran metamorphosis in which V motoneurons are retained and remodeled. In Mallatt's current models, the earliest vertebrates breathed by branchial contractions and valves; jaws initially evolved for better ventilation and later were used for feeding.
The Oxidation-sensing Regulator (MosR) Is a New Redox-dependent Transcription Factor in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis thrives in oxidative environments such as the macrophage. To survive, the bacterium must sense and adapt to the oxidative conditions. Several antioxidant defenses including a thick cell wall, millimolar concentrations of small molecule thiols, and protective enzymes are known to help the bacterium withstand the oxidative stress. However, oxidation-sensing regulators that control these defenses have remained elusive. In this study, we report a new oxidation-sensing regulator, Rv1049 or MosR (M. tuberculosis oxidation-sensing regulator). MosR is a transcriptional repressor of the MarR family, which, similarly to Bacillus subtilis OhrR and Staphylococcus aureus MgrA, dissociates from DNA in the presence of oxidants, enabling transcription. MosR senses oxidation through a pair of cysteines near the N terminus (Cys-10 and Cys-12) that upon oxidation forms a disulfide bond. Disulfide formation rearranges a network of hydrogen bonds, which leads to a large conformational change of the protein and dissociation from DNA. MosR has been shown previously to play an important role in survival of the bacterium in the macrophage. In this study, we show that the main role of MosR is to up-regulate expression of rv1050 (a putative exported oxidoreductase that has not yet been characterized) in response to oxidants and propose that it is through this role that MosR contributes to the bacterium survival in the macrophage.
Myelinoid lamellated cytoplasmic inclusions in human renal adenocarcinomas: an ultrastructural study.

Ultrastructural study of 2 human renal adenocarcinomas demonstrated abundant myelinoid lamellated cytoplasmic inclusions, which were restricted to the neoplastic cells. They were structurally similar to those reported in renal adenocarcinomas chemically induced in rats; to those described in human diseases involving defects in lipid metabolism, including Gm2 gangliosidosis, Fabry's disease, Nieman-Pick disease, and juvenile-type neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis. Similar inclusions have also been reported to be induced by several drugs, none of which were taken by these patients. The occurrence of these lamellated inclusions in 2 human renal adenocarcinomas reinforces the phonotypic similarity between nitrosomorpholine-induced renal adenocarcinomas in rats and some renal adenocarcinomas seen in humans.
What's on the Genetics Test?

The prenatal genetic questionnaire given to every pregnant woman provides a useful basis for teaching genetics concepts.
Evolutionary preferences for physical formidability in leaders.

This research uses evolutionary theory to evaluate followers' preferences for physically formidable leaders and to identify conditions that stimulate those preferences. It employs a population-based survey experiment (N ≥ 760), which offers the advantages to internal validity of experiments and external validity of a highly heterogeneous sample drawn from a nationally representative subject pool. The theoretical argument proffered here is followers tend to prefer leaders with greater physical formidability because of evolutionary adaptations derived from humans' violent ancestral environment. In this environment, individuals who allied with and ultimately followed physically powerful partners were more likely to acquire and retain important resources necessary for survival and reproduction because the presence of the physically powerful partner cued opponents to avoid a challenge for the resources or risk a costly confrontation. This argument suggests and the results indicate that threatening (war) and nonthreatening (peace, cooperation, and control) stimuli differentially motivate preferences for physically formidable leaders. In particular, the findings suggest threatening conditions lead to preferences for leaders with more powerful physical attributes, both anthropometric (i.e., weight, height, and body mass index) and perceptual (i.e., attributes of being “physically imposing or intimidating” and “physically strong”). Overall, this research offers a theoretical framework from which to understand this otherwise seemingly irrational phenomenon. Further, it advances the emerging but long-neglected investigation of biological effects on political behavior and has implications for a fundamental process in democratic society, leader selection.
Aneurysms of extracranial carotid arteries.

• Twenty-three extracranial carotid artery aneurysms were encountered in 19 patients. Arteriosclerosis was evident in 16 aneurysms. Severe arterial hypertension affected all patients with arteriosclerotic lesions. Trauma, penetrating neck injury once, and blunt neck injury three times caused four aneurysms. Three aneurysms resulted from earlier carotid artery operations. All 19 patients were symptomatic. Neurologic symptoms affected 13 individuals. Local symptoms referable to the aneurysmal mass troubled 15 patients. Twenty-one aneurysms were treated operatively. There was no operative mortality. Aneurysmectomy with arterial reconstruction was performed 16 times. Aneurysmorrhaphy was undertaken on four occasions and carotid ligation once. Two strokes and multiple cranial nerve injury accounted for three operative complications. No neurologic complications occurred during follow-up totaling 360 manmonths. These lesions may be successfully treated by a carefully performed, properly selected operation. (Arch Surg111:339-343, 1976)
Therapeutic connection: Help seeking on the Internet for persons with implantable cardioverter defibrillators

Abstract Purpose: The goal of this study was to understand common themes and shared meanings of help seeking on the Internet for persons with implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs). Setting: The study took place over an on-line, informal, public, electronic bulletin board for persons with ICDs. Sample: The sample included 469 postings by 75 users during 15 months. Results: Four related themes and 1 constitutive pattern were constructed. Themes included seeking and giving meaningful information; sharing personal perspectives; storytelling as common grounding; and supportive interacting. The constitutive pattern is “therapeutic connection.” Implications: Persons with ICDs are proactive, using Internet bulletin boards to seek practical information and support in coping with daily anxieties of living with an ICD. This form of self-directed patient education focuses on common experiences of illness versus information obtained from health care providers. (Heart Lung® 2000;29:248-55.)
An interferometer for radio astronomy with a single-lobed radiation pattern

The 150-foot slotted waveguide antenna for operation on a wavelength of 10 centimeters at the National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada, is now in operation as one element of an interferometer. The other element is itself a simple interferometer with element separation equal to that of the long array and is placed to the west on the common E-W axis. A rotary phase shifter in the arm between the array and simple interferometer is used, after Ryle, with a phase-sensitive detector. The resultant pattern consists of the product of three terms: 1) The single-lobe pattern of the long array; 2) the interference pattern of the simple interferometer, and 3) the interference pattern between the simple interferometer and array. This configuration gives a twofold increase in E-W resolving power over a uniformly collecting aperture of equal dimension. The presence of two interference patterns suggests the name, "compound interferometer," and the new antenna produces a fan-shaped beam 2' E-W \times 2\deg N-S. The instrument has been used to obtain daily drift curves of the sun.
Psychological Sex Type and Preferences for Musical Instruments in Fourth and Fifth Graders

Music education researchers have found biological sex to be in important determinant of whether elementary students persevere in musical instrument training. Psychological sex type may also play an...
Recent progress in the Photovoltaic Manufacturing Technology Project (PVMaT)

The Photovoltaic Manufacturing Technology (PVMaT) Project was initiated in 1990 to help the US photovoltaic (PV) industry extend its world leadership role in manufacturing and commercially developing PV modules and systems. It is being conducted in several phases, staggered to support industry progress. The four most recently awarded subcontracts (Phase 2B) are now completing their first year of research. They include two subcontracts in CdTe, one on spheral solar cells, and one on cast polysilicon. These subcontracts represent new technology additions to the PVMaT Project. Subcontracts initiated in earlier phases are nearing completion, and their progress is summarized. An additional phase of PVMaT, Phase 4A, is being initiated which will emphasize product-driven manufacturing research and development. The intention of Phase 4A is to emphasize improvement and cost reduction in the manufacture of full-system PV products. The work areas may include, but not limited to, issues such as: improvement of module manufacturing processes; system and system component packaging, integration, manufacturing, and assembly; product manufacturing flexibility; and balance-of-system development with the goal of product manufacturing improvements.
Dynamics of Resource Closure Operators

We propose a framework for managing resources via convergent operators. Operators represent their need for a resource to a designated resource closure operator that manages the resource. We evaluate a specific design for a resource closure operator by simulation and demonstrate that the operator achieves a near-optimal balance between cost and value without using any model of the relationship between resources and behavior. Instead, the resource operator relies upon its control of the resource to perform experiments and react to their results. These experiments allow the operator to be highly adaptive to change and unexpected contingencies.
Acceptance and usability of a relational agent interface by urban older adults

This study examines the acceptance and usability of an animated conversational agent designed to establish long-term relationships with older, mostly minority adult users living in urban neighborhoods. The agent plays the role of an exercise advisor who interacts with subjects daily for two months on a touch-screen computer installed in their homes for the study. Survey results indicate the eight subjects who completed the pilot study (aged 62-82) found the agent very easy to interact with, even though most of them had little or no previous experience using computers. Most subjects also indicated strong liking for and trust in the agent, felt that their relationship with the agent was more similar to a close friend than a stranger, and expressed a strong desire to continue working with the agent at the end of the study. These results were also confirmed through qualitative analysis of post-experiment debrief transcripts.
Soliciting Charity Contributions: The Parlance of Asking for Money1

The major purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of three verbally-mediated variables on financial contributions in a door-todoor charity campaign. The relationship of race to contributions was also observed by using both black and white subjects. One hundred and twenty black and 120 white subjects were randomly assigned to one of 8 verbal appeals in a 2 (High vs. Low Dependency) × 2 (Internal vs. External Causal Locus of Need) × 2 (“it is your social responsibility” vs. “it will make you feel good” Expressed Reason for Giving) factorial design. The solicitor controlled for order effects by varying the sequence of these three variables within each experimental group. Main effects were found for Rae, Causal Locus of Need, and Expressed Reason for Giving: Whites contributed more than blacks, the external locus of need condition produced more giving than the internal condition, and persons who heard the “feel good” reason donated more than those in the “social responsibility” condition. Additionally, a significant Causal Locus of Need × Expressed Reason for Giving interaction was found. The combination of external locus of need and “feel good” was considerably more productive of contributions than the other three combinations. Implications of these results for the helping behavior literature are discussed.
Living foraminifera and total populations in salt marsh peat cores: Kelsey Marsh (Clinton, CT) and the Great Marshes (Barnstable, MA)

Common species of intertidal agglutinated benthic foraminifera in salt marshes in Massachusetts and Connecticut live predominantly at the marsh surface and in the topmost sediment (O-2.5 cm), but a considerable part of the fauna lives at depths of 2.5-15 cm. Few specimens are alive at depths of 15-25 cm, with rare individuals alive between 25-50 cm in the sediments. Specimens living between the sediment surface and 25 cm deep occur in all marsh settings, whereas specimens living deeper than 25 cm are restricted to cores from the lower and middle marsh, and have an irregular distribution-with-depth. Lower and middle marsh areas are bioturbated by metazoa, suggesting that living specimens reach these depths at least in part by bioturbation. High-marsh sediments in New England consist of very dense mats of Spa&m paleens or Distichlis spicatu roots and are not bioturbated by metazoa. In this marsh region bioturbation by plant roots and vertical fluid motion may play a role in moving the foraminifera into the sediment. The depth-distribution of living specimens varies with species: living specimens of Trochammina injluta consistently occur at the deepest levels. This suggests that species have differential rates of survival in the sediment, possibly because of differential adaptation to severe dysoxia to anoxia, or because of differing food preferences. There is no simple correlation between depth-in-core and faunal diversity, absolute abundance, and species composition of the assemblages. It is therefore possible to derive a signal of fauna1 changes and thus the environmental changes that may have caused them from the complex fauna1 signal of fossil assemblages. 0 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
A simple divide-and-conquer approach for neural-class branch prediction

The continual demand for greater performance and growing concerns about the power consumption in high-performance microprocessors make the branch predictor a critical component of modern microarchitectures. Recent research in applying machine learning techniques to the branch prediction problem has shown incredible improvements in branch prediction accuracy by exploiting correlations in very long branch histories. Nevertheless, these techniques have not been adopted by industry due to the high implementation complexity. In this paper, we propose a global-history divide-and-conquer (gDAC) branch predictor that achieves IPC rates that are near that of the best neural predictors, but remains easy to implement because they only make use of simple tables of saturating counters. We show how to use ahead-pipelining to implement our gDAC predictor with a single-cycle effective latency. Our gDAC predictor achieves higher performance (IPC) than the original global history perceptron predictor across all predictor sizes evaluated, and outperforms the path-based neural predictor for predictors 16KB and larger. At 128KB, gDAC even achieves an IPC rate equal to the recently proposed piecewise-linear neural branch predictor.
Neural Factor in K Homeostasis of Hyperkalemic Ureter-Ligated Dogs

AbstractIn ureter ligated or nephrectomized dogs continuously infused with 2 mEq KCl/kg/hr, a nonrenal K homeostatic mechanism retards the development of hyperkalemia by transferring much of the K load from extracellular to intracellular fluid. But, the K transfer capacity of ureter-ligated dogs is significantly less than that of equally anuric nephrectomized animals. However, K transfer ability in ureter-ligated dogs can be raised to the nephrectomy level if the kidneys are denervated or if the animals are vagotomized by cutting both cervical vagus trunks; in ureter-ligated preparations with bilateral adrenalectomy, vagotomy is without effect. It has been shown that in anuric dogs activity of β-adrenergic receptors is importantly involved in transfer of a K load to intracellular fluid. Our findings suggest that ureter-ligated kidneys give rise to neural impulses that course in fibers of the cervical vagus trunk and diminish K transfer by suppressing the secretion of epinephrine, a powerful β receptor ago...
Raman spectroscopic characterization of laminated glass and transparent sheet plastics to amplify a history of early aviation ‘glass’

A novel, non-invasive study of goggles, flight helmets, airplane windows, and canopies in Smithsonian collections is the first known large-scale technical survey of historic aviation plastics and leverages the world’s largest air and space collection as evidence of the materials and technologies used to create transparent plastic objects in the early-20th century. Transparent windows in these artifacts were analyzed with Fourier transform and portable dispersive Raman spectrometers to identify polymers and plasticizers present. The study demonstrates the potential of Raman spectroscopy to objectively and non-destructively measure historic plastic compositions, including formulations that have become obsolete. Data was interpreted in combination with archival research of historical documents to identify window materials including glass, laminated safety glass, and sheets of plasticized cellulose nitrate, plasticized cellulose acetate, and poly(methyl methacrylate). Results are contextualized into a coherent history of the role transparent plastics played in enclosing airplane cockpits. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Additional supporting information may be found in the online version of this article at the publisher’s web-site.
Stochastic problems with unbounded control set

Describes a change of time technique for stochastic control problems with unbounded control set. The authors demonstrate the technique on a class of maximization problems that do not have optimal controls. Given such a problem, the authors introduce an extended problem which has the same value function as the original problem and for which there exist optimal controls that are expressible in simple terms. This device yields a natural sequence of suboptimal controls for the original problem. By this the authors mean a sequence of controls for which the payoff functions approach the value function.
Status Report on Factoring (At the Sandia National Laboratories)

It is well known that the cryptosecurity of the RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman) two key cryptoalgorithm [1] is no better that the composite melulus is difficult to factor. Except for one special case, the converse statement is still an open and extremely important question. It is not so wll known, perhaps, that there are several other crypto-like schemes whose performanc is also bounded by the diffuculty of factoring large numbers: the digital signaure schemes of Ong—Schnorr [2], of Ong-Schrnorr-Shamir [3] and of Schnorr [4], the oblivius transefer of chennel of Rabin [5] and the subliminal channel of Simmons [6] to name only a few. The point is that the difficulty of factoring large integers has become a vital parameter in estimating the security achievable in many secure data schemes -- and conversely factoring techniques are potentially a tool for the cryptanalyst if the cryptographer misjudges the difficulty of factoring a composite number on which he bases a system.
Influence of gender and menopause on gastric emptying and motility

The aims of this study were to determine (a) if there are differences in gastric emptying rates of a mixed liquid and solid meal between men and women, (b) if menopausal status affects gastric emptying, and (c) whether differences in solid emptying rates are associated with alterations in postprandial antral motility parameters. A dual-isotope technique was used to measure gastric emptying in 20 men, 18 premenopausal women, 14 postmenopausal women, and 8 postmenopausal women taking estrogen and progesterone hormone replacement. A multilumen perfusion catheter was used to measure antral motility in 6 men and 6 premenopausal women. Premenopausal women, postmenopausal women, and postmenopausal women taking oral estrogen and progesterone had slower gastric emptying of liquids than did men (p < 0.025, < 0.05, and < 0.025, respectively). Both premenopausal women and postmenopausal women taking sex hormone replacement therapy had slower emptying of solids than did men (p < 0.025 and < 0.05) but, in contrast to liquids, postmenopausal women not on hormone replacement emptied solids at a rate similar to that of men. There were no differences in postprandial antral motility parameters between men and premenopausal women. These findings support the hypothesis that sex steroid hormones have variable inhibitory effects on gastric emptying of a mixed meal and this should be considered when studying gastric emptying in disorders that occur predominantly in premenopausal women.
Constitutive and Inducible Levels of egr-1 and c-myc Early Growth Response Gene Expression in Self-Renewing B-1 Lymphocytes

B-1 lymphocytes constitute a mature B cell population that differs from conventional B cells in signaling requirements for cell cycle progression, being unusually responsive to PKC agonism but refractory to antigen receptor stimulation. Further, B-1 cells are self-renewing and derive from surface immunoglobulin-positive precursors. A previous report on clonally derived B-1 cells suggested that increased levels of expression of c-myc might underlie these unusual growth characteristics. This issue has now been reexamined using primary B-1 cells. The possible role of egr-1, in addition to c-myc, in specifying the responsiveness of B-1 cells was evaluated by determining levels of gene expression at baseline and after mitogenic treatment. Expression of the two genes was similar in B-1 and B-2 cells prior to stimulation. Subsequently, B-1 cells responded with higher levels of gene expression than B-2 cells regardless of ultimate cell cycle progression, with the exception of stimulation by anti-Ig. Overall, there was no apparent direct correlation between stimulated levels of expression of egr-1 or c-myc and mitogen-induced S phase entry, nor were B-1 cells characterized by constitutively elevated levels of either proto-oncogene that might explain their capacity for self-renewal.
Within a family-centered practice, how can family outcomes be identified?

Family-centered practice (care, intervention, services, or help giving) and family-focused, and family-based care are terms used interchangeably over the past 60 years to describe an approach to wo...
U.S. Pneumonia and Influenza Mortality Surveillance: A New Era

The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and the Influenza Division are collaborating to increase accuracy and decrease resources needed for pneumonia and influenza mortality surveillance in the United States Electronic death registration systems as well as funding to states have made reporting of mortality data to NCHS near real-time. We assessed the timeliness of the NCHS data and compared the data to the 122 Cities Reporting System (CMRS). Because of increased timeliness of the NCHS data and correlation to the 122 CMRS we will continue to monitor data from NCHS as a potential replacement for the 122 CMRS.
GENDER AND PROFESSIONAL PURITY Explaining Formal and Informal Work Rewards for Physicians in Estonia

How does gender affect work rewards for professionals in a state-run economy? Using surveys from physicians in Estonia in 1991, the authors first found that the gender of the physician did not affect the level of formal rewards. However, because the state allocated formal rewards on the basis of professional purity, which was negatively correlated with feminization, specialties that had the greatest proportion of women also had the lowest formal rewards. These findings contrast with the author's findings for the level of informal “black market” rewards. Women were less likely to receive informal rewards than men, especially if they worked in subfields high in professional purity. The authors conclude that the link between professional purity and feminization is critical in explaining pay differences informal work rewards while gender itself is the critical factor in explaining informal reward differences.
Huntingtin: an iron-regulated protein essential for normal nuclear and perinuclear organelles

Huntington’s disease (HD), with its selective neuronal cell loss, is caused by an elongated glutamine tract in the huntingtin protein. To discover the pathways that are candidates for the protein’s normal and/or abnormal function, we surveyed 19 classes of organelle in Hdh ex4/5 /Hdh ex4/5 knock-out compared with wild-type embryonic stem cells to identify any that might be affected by huntingtin deficiency. Although the majority did not differ, dramatic changes in six classes revealed that huntingtin’s function is essential for the normal nuclear (nucleoli, transcription factor-speckles) and perinuclear membrane (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi and recycling endosomes) organelles and for proper regulation of the iron pathway. Moreover, upmodulation by deferoxamine mesylate implicates huntingtin as an iron-response protein. However, excess huntingtin produced abnormal organelles that resemble the deficiency phenotype, suggesting the importance of huntingtin level to the protein’s normal pathway. Thus, organelles that require huntingtin to function suggest roles for the protein in RNA biogenesis, trafficking and iron homeostasis to be explored in HD pathogenesis.
Contributions of prostacyclin and nitric oxide to carbon monoxide-induced cerebrovascular dilation in piglets

Carbon monoxide (CO) is an endogenous dilator in the newborn cerebral microcirculation. Other dilators include prostanoids and nitric oxide (NO), and interactions among the systems are likely. Expe...
An engineering student leadership development model for 21st century engineering: Using sociocultural theory to inform practice

To meet the demand for increased engagement of diverse engineers who possess 21st century skills, a leadership program was established in 2011 at a majority Hispanic four-year institution with an aim to develop engineers who work effectively with others in both public and private sectors through ideating, innovating, and thinking holistically through a systems approach to engineering problem solving. Designers of the program drew on leadership theory combined with situated learning theory to design and develop the program. Two theories of leadership informed our blended design: the relational model of leadership and the distributive actions theory of leadership. Situated learning theory, a sociocultural theory of learning, informed the programmatic implementation emphasizing learners' participation in authentic activities and the social relations in which they are embedded. Integral to the development of the leadership program model was a mixed methods research design to investigate its efficacy in relation to student development, which was structured in part to emphasize awareness and self-realization of various leadership skills. Qualitative research findings show that students associate their participation in situated learning activities of the leadership program with greater initiative and efficacy in their engineering classes. These findings corroborated the findings of the quantitative study.