cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing the social and physical determinants of circumpolar population health.

Introduction. Systematic reviews of the social and physical determinants of health provide metrics for evaluation of programs to mitigate health disparities. Previous meta-analyses of the population health literature have identified several proximate social and physical determinants of population health in the circumpolar north including addiction, environmental exposures, diet/nutrition and global climate change. Proximate health determinants are most amenable to early detection and modification or mitigation through disease prevention or health promotion interventions. Design. There is a need for research to replicate these findings based on the latest science. This presentation describes a study applying Dahlgren and Whitehead’s (1991) socio-ecological model of health determinants to identify the proximate social and physical determinants of health in the circumpolar north. Methods. The study consisted of a systematic review of recent studies that link determinants of health with the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in Alaska. Our search strategy employed a keyword search using the Circumpolar Health Bibliographic Database (CHBD) and 4 databases within the Web of Knowledge (WoK) data gateway. Keywords included various terms for the arctic, all relevant nations and territories within the region, as well as leading health outcomes. Results. Studies meeting the following inclusion criteria were reviewed: original research within a circumpolar population, published in English during 2011, and involving a rigorous demonstration of a link between a social determinant and selected health outcomes. Conclusions. Study conclusions includes a list of determinants identified, their associated outcomes and the study designs implemented to assess that association. Keywords: arctic; population health; determinants; systematic review (Published: 5 August 2013) This paper is part of Supplement 1, 2013, ICCH15 Proceedings . More papers from this Supplement can be found here . Citation: Int J Circumpolar Health 2013, 72 : 21400 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v72i0.21400
Dynamics of a bistable snapping microactuator

A study on the dynamics characteristics of a snap-action bistable microactuator that employs bimorph heating and residual-stress tension for switching behavior is presented. This study helps to characterize the device more completely and also provides valuable insights into the dynamic behavior of devices in micro-scale. The relation of bending moment and deflection during switching is numerically simulated by applying a simplified snap-through model. The model also takes air drag into consideration. The analysis shows that the switching time from one stable position to the other is less than 1 microsecond(s) , which is one thousand times shorter than the required cooling after each actuation. Hence, for the reported bistable microactuators that have overall lengths of about 200 micrometers and operate in air the maximum switching cycle time is expected to be in the kHz range that is based on thermal characteristics of the device.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Molecular Phylogeny of the Species-Rich Neotropical Genus Anthurium (Araceae) Based on Combined Chloroplast and Nuclear DNA

Abstract Anthurium is a strictly Neotropical genus of Araceae ranging from southern Mexico to northern Argentina, including approximately 900 accepted species names. Despite its immense diversity, its ecological importance in Neotropical forests, and a long history of botanical collection, cultivation, and taxonomical research, Anthurium has been only cursorily sampled in previous molecular phytogenies. This study aims to test the monophyly of Anthurium, to understand the evolutionary history of the genus, and to elucidate relationships among its species using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses on a combined chloroplast (trnG intron, tmH-psbA and tmC-ycf6 intergenic spacers) and nuclear (CHS first intron and partial flanking coding regions) DNA sequence dataset for 102 Anthurium species and closely related outgroups. Despite some limitations (ca. 11% species richness coverage, and lack of nuclear sequences for outgroups), results indicate that Anthurium is a strongly supported mon...
A novel porous scaffold fabrication technique for epithelial and endothelial tissue engineering

Porous scaffolds have the ability to minimize transport barriers for both two- (2D) and three-dimensional tissue engineering. However, current porous scaffolds may be non-ideal for 2D tissues such as epithelium due to inherent fabrication-based characteristics. While 2D tissues require porosity to support molecular transport, pores must be small enough to prevent cell migration into the scaffold in order to avoid non-epithelial tissue architecture and compromised function. Though electrospun meshes are the most popular porous scaffolds used today, their heterogeneous pore size and intense topography may be poorly-suited for epithelium. Porous scaffolds produced using other methods have similar unavoidable limitations, frequently involving insufficient pore resolution and control, which make them incompatible with 2D tissues. In addition, many of these techniques require an entirely new round of process development in order to change material or pore size. Herein we describe “pore casting,” a fabrication method that produces flat scaffolds with deterministic pore shape, size, and location that can be easily altered to accommodate new materials or pore dimensions. As proof-of-concept, pore-cast poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffolds were fabricated and compared to electrospun PCL in vitro using canine kidney epithelium, human colon epithelium, and human umbilical vein endothelium. All cell types demonstrated improved morphology and function on pore-cast scaffolds, likely due to reduced topography and universally small pore size. These results suggest that pore casting is an attractive option for creating 2D tissue engineering scaffolds, especially when the application may benefit from well-controlled pore size or architecture.
Emigration of monocyte-derived cells to lymph nodes during resolution of inflammation and its failure in atherosclerosis.

Purpose of reviewThis review compares the fate of monocyte-derived cells that enter atherosclerotic plaques with those that accumulate at other sites of inflammation.Recent findingsResolution of inflammatory reactions involves emigration of monocyte-derived cells out of the inflamed site through nea
Effect of grain size on friction and wear behavior of Ti3SiC2

Abstract The effects of grain size on the sliding friction, sliding wear, and two-body abrasive wear behavior of Ti3SiC2 were investigated. Samples with two different grain sizes, namely, 5 μm (`fine') and 100 μm (`coarse'), were used as discs in pin-on-disc sliding wear tests against a 440C steel pin and as rectangular pins in diamond belt abrasion tests. In the pin-on-disc test, irrespective of the grain size, it was found that the material undergoes an initial transition stage where the friction coefficient, μ, increases linearly to 0.15 to 0.45. After this transition stage, μ rises to steady state values, of about 0.83 for both coarse- and the fine-grained materials. It was concluded that the transition from the low to high μ is due to accumulation of debris entrapped between the disc and the pin, resulting in third-body abrasion. The average sliding wear rates in the pin-on-disc tests were 4.25×10−3 and 1.34×10−3 mm3/N m for the fine and the coarse grains, respectively. In the diamond belt abrasion tests, the average wear rates were much higher: 6.14×10−2 and 3.96×10−2 mm3/N m for the fine and the coarse grains, respectively. In the fine-grained material, it was concluded that the wear mechanisms include grain pre-fracture and removal. Delamination, crack bridging, grain deformation, microcracking, and grain fracture are the operative wear mechanisms observed in the case of the coarse-grained material. It is this multitude of possible sliding energy dissipation mechanisms that is believed to enhance the wear resistance of the coarse-grained material relative to the fine-grained one.
Drug-nitrite interactions: the lack of toxicity of a N-nitroso derivative of tripelennamine formed in the rat.

Abstract [ Benzyl - 14 C]-tripelennamine (100 mg/kg, 100 μCi/kg) and sodium nitrite (100 mg/kg) were administered orally to 24-hr fasted rats. After 1 hr, the rats were sacrificed and the stomach contents were analyzed for the N -nitroso derivative of tripelennamine with the aid of preparative thin-layer chromatography (tlc) and mass spectrometry. About 6% conversion of the administered drug to its N -nitroso derivative was found to occur in the rat stomach during the first hour. The N -nitroso compound was also detected in the 24- and 48-hr urine samples from rats to which tripelennamine and nitrite were coadministered. The N -nitroso derivative failed to produce any definitive hepatic or kidney necrosis in rats during acute and short-term toxicity studies, and it was found to be devoid of the central nervous system (CNS) activity of the parent drug.
Prostatitis in the rat.

A high incidence of spontaneous, non-acute, age-dependant prostatitis was observed in the lateral prostate of Copenhagen rats and Wistar rats. The lumen of infected acini was filled with polymorphonuclear leucocytes, shed epithelial cells and cell residues. Epithelial cells lining such acini showed degenerative changes. Lymphocytes and macrophages were seen in the stroma. A histochemically observed increase in acid phosphatase and β-glucuronidase activity in affected epithelial cells may indicate an increased lysosomal activity. Some bacteriological cultures of infected lateral prostates were positive for Proteus vulgaris and diphtheroids. It is suggested that this spontaneous rat prostatitis may be a useful model for the study of the pathogenesis and treatment of human non-acute prostatitis.
Increased Growth and Production of Striped Bass × White Bass Hybrids in Earthen Ponds

Four 0.1 hectare earthen ponds were stocked with 16,500 hybrid striped bass (female Morone saxatilis × male M. chrysops) per hectare on 22 June 1982. Mean weight at stocking was 5.2 g ± 0.10 SE. Fish were fed to satiation two or three times daily with a dry commercial salmonid diet, and the ponds were aerated mechanically during periods of low dissolved oxygen during warm weather. Survival at harvest on 6 March 1983 averaged 84.7%, and mean weight of the fish was 170.2 g ± 2.66 SE. Average weights of fish from individual ponds ranged from 149.0 to 189.7 g. The ponds were restocked on 1 April 1983 with 10,000 fish per hectare averaging 193.6 g. Ten months later, average survival in 3 ponds was 83.9% (range, 81.3–87.0%) and mean weight was 656.3 g ± 5.51 SE. Average weights of fish from individual ponds ranged from 632.5 to 690.7 g. All fish in one pond died in June as a result of an aerator failure. Standing crop at harvest in the three remaining ponds averaged 5, 504 kg/ha (range, 5,247–5,765 kg/ha). Improvements in culture techniques resulted in approximately a 138% increase in production per hectare over that reported in a prior study. Results demonstrated that hybrid striped bass offer considerable potential for commercial aquaculture in warm temperate latitudes of the United States.
The Challenge of Quality Care for Family Caregivers in Pediatric Cancer Care

Objectives To discuss the needs and potential interventions for parental caregivers of children with cancer. Data Sources Published articles between 2002 and 2012. Conclusion In general, parents do adjust and cope with their child's cancer, but a significant majority experience post-traumatic stress symptoms. Families also report that the shift to parenting a child with cancer is very disruptive to identity and family structure and can cause negative outcomes for mothers, father, and siblings. There is growing evidence of post-traumatic growth and resilience in parents of children with cancer. Recent studies have suggested that targeted interventions may relieve distress. Implications for Nursing Practice Nurses can support families in the difficult transition to having a child with cancer and may be able to intervene to reduce long-term distress in families.
Vapor growth of InGaAs and InP on (100), (110), (111), (311) and (511) InP substrates

Abstract Surface morphology, photoluminescence, lattice mismatch and growth rate results are reported. Superior properties have been found with the (311) B and (511) B orientations.
Protein docking prediction using predicted protein-protein interface

Background Many important cellular processes are carried out by protein complexes. To provide physical pictures of interacting proteins, many computational protein-protein prediction methods have been developed in the past. However, it is still difficult to identify the correct docking complex structure within top ranks among alternative conformations.
Abilities and Individual Differences in Complex Skill Acquisition

A theoretically - driven, information processing based examination of ability - performance relations during the acquisition of a high - fidelity complex air traffic controller simulation task is described. Two laboratory experiments and one field experiment are reviewed that describe the results of extensive ability testing (including measures of general, reasoning, spatial, perceptual speed, and perceptual/psychomotor abilities) and individual differences in skill acquisition over protracted skill-learning sessions. Laboratory studies examine individual differences in the acquisition of skills on TRACON® - a Terminal Radar Approach Controller simulation. The field investigation examines acquisition of skills by FAA Air Traffic Controller Trainees. Results are reported from perspective of global/component abilities, and global/component criterion task performance measures. Results validate and further extend the Ackerman (1988) theory of the cognitive ability determinants of individual differences in ski...
Endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol protects neurons by limiting COX-2 elevation.

Endocannabinoids are involved in synaptic signaling and neuronal protection; however, our understanding of the mechanisms by which endocannabinoids protect neurons from harmful insults remains elusive. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), the most abundant endogenous cannabinoid and a full agonist for cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2), is a substrate for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and can be metabolized by COX-2. Here we show, however, that 2-AG is also capable of suppressing elevation of hippocampal COX-2 expression in response to proinflammatory and excitotoxic stimuli. 2-AG prevents neurodegeneration from toxic assaults that elevate COX-2 expression and inhibits the COX-2 elevation-enhanced excitatory glutamatergic synaptic transmission. The action of 2-AG on suppression of COX-2 appeared to be mediated via the pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein-coupled CB1 receptor and MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathways. Our results reveal that 2-AG functions as an endogenous COX-2 inhibitor protecting neurons from harmful insults by preventing excessive expression of COX-2, which provides a mechanistic basis for opening up new therapeutic approaches for protecting neurons from inflammation- and excitotoxicity-induced neurodegeneration.
Expert Knowledge in Intelligence Assessments: Bird Flu and Bioterrorism

In 2011, scientists in the Netherlands and Japan announced that they had created a modified variant of the H5N1 avian influenza virus that was transmissible via aerosol, raising fears of a new, highly lethal H5N1 virus that could cause a deadly global pandemic. Soon, government officials and the media were raising alarms about the wisdom of publishing such experimental methods and results in the open scientific literature. Their concerns sparked a large public controversy about the H5N1 experiments and their potential publication. In the midst of this controversy, U.S. intelligence analysts began assessing the potential security implications of the H5N1 manuscripts, including whether a terrorist, criminal, or state could easily replicate these experiments and create mutated viruses for bioweapons use. An in-depth look at this controversy reveals that, first, U.S. intelligence analysts do not have adequate social and material resources to identify and evaluate the tacit knowledge, or know-how, that underpins dual-use experiments such as those in the H5N1 case. Second, they lack dedicated structures and methods to understand the politics that characterize the use of technical expertise in such controversial biosecurity issues. Third, they require new types, structures, and uses of expert knowledge to enable them to make more informed and balanced assessments of biosecurity threats.
The Toughest Teaching: Capturing Attention, Sketching Pictures, and Touching Humanity

Storytelling is fundamental to human nature. and one of the most powerful of all binding forces. In today's world, there are too many stories. It is difticultto get people to pay attention to what you have to say. Any organization must expend considerable effort to identify the story they have to tell and then communicate that tale with one voice. A key element of the story is differentiating yourself from everyone else. To be successful, organizations must incorporate three key elements: They must capture attention, sketch pictures, and touch humanity. It is also important to recognize when outside opinion can help define the message. In higher education, the future environment holds promise for departments such as kinesiology and physical education, provided individuals in these areas are successful in exploring mergers, seeking strategic partnerships, investing in technology, controlling costs, and improving their product by adding value.
Short Note: Adapting molar data (without density) for molal models

Theoretical geochemical models for electrolyte solutions based on classical thermodynamic principles rely largely upon molal concentrations as input because molality (wt/wt) is independent of temperature and pressure. On the other hand, there are countless studies in the literature where concentrations are expressed as molarity (wt/vol) because these units are more easily measured. To convert from molarity to molality requires an estimate of solution density. Unfortunately, in many, if not most, cases where molarity is the concentration of choice, solution densities are not measured. For concentrated brines such as seawater or even more dense brines, the difference between molarity and molality is significant. Without knowledge of density, these brinish, molar-based studies are closed to theoretical electrolyte solution models. The objective of this paper is to present an algorithm that can accurately calculate the density of molar-based solutions, and, as a consequence, molality. The algorithm consist of molar inputs into a molal-based model that can calculate density (FREZCHEM). The algorithm uses an iterative process for calculating absolute salinity (S"A), density (@r), and the conversion factor (CF) for molarity to molality. Three cases were examined ranging in density from 1.023 to 1.203 kg(soln.)/l. In all three cases, the S"A, @r, and CF values converged to within 1ppm by nine iterations. In all three cases, the calculated densities agreed with experimental measurements to within +/-0.1%. This algorithm opens a large literature based on molar concentrations to exploration with theoretical models based on molal concentrations and classical thermodynamic principles.
EXOPHTHALMIC GOITER AND MYXEDEMA: REPORT OF A CASE*

The characteristic phenomena of exophthalmic goiter are probably brought about because of the production and delivery to the tissues of an abnormal agent from the thyroid gland. This agent is usually associated with an excess of the normal thyroid secretion, but that it must be so is not essential to the hypothesis that in exophthalmic goiter two products are elaborated by the thyroid gland, nor is it consistent with theoretical or practical considerations of thyroid function and disease. There is abundant evidence that the thyroid gland may produce amounts of secretion sufficient to hold the basal metabolic rate at a normal level and still be associated with the phenomena of exophthalmic goiter, presumably because of an abnormal secretion. It is theoretically possible to have the abnormal thyroid secretion so limited in amount that, when controlled with compound solution of iodine (Lugol's solution) the patient shows frank evidence of myxedema; and in the same patient to find the phenomena of exophthalmi...
The Organic Globalizer: The Political Development of Hip-Hop and the Prospects for Global Transformation

This article argues that hip-hop is an “organic globalizer.” No matter its pervasiveness or its reach around the world, hip-hop ultimately remains a grassroots phenomenon that is born of the community from which it permeates. The authors contend that the political development of hip-hop in the United States holds important lessons for global political and social transformation. They identify three stages in its development: (1) the cultural awareness and emergence stage marked by the identification and recognition of voices of marginalized communities through music and art; (2) the social creation and institutionalization stage, marked by the development of independent alternative institutions and non-profit organizations in civil society geared toward social and economic justice; and (3) the political activism and participation stage, which hip-hop has entered in the United States. It is marked by demands made on the state by group actors, and the recognition of hip-hop's ability to affect electoral outc...
Familiarity Breeds Attempts: A Critical Review of Dual-Process Theories of Recognition:

Recognition memory and recall/recollection are the major divisions of the psychology of human memory. Theories of recognition have shifted from a ‘‘strength’’ approach to a dual-process view, which distinguishes between knowing that one has experienced an object before and knowing what it was. In this article, I discuss the history of this approach and the two processes of familiarity and recollection and locate their origin in pattern matching and organization. I evaluate various theories in terms of their basic requirements and their defining research and propose the extension of the original two process theory to domains such as pictorial recognition. Finally, I present the main phenomena that a dual-process theory of recognition must account for and discuss future needs and directions of research and development.
Laser in situ keratomileusis enhancement for consecutive hyperopia after myopic overcorrection.

Purpose: To assess the efficacy, predictability, and safety of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for the treatment of consecutive hyperopia after myopic LASIK. Setting: Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. Methods: In a retrospective study, 36 eyes of 30 patients with consecutive hyperopia after myopic LASIK had LASIK retreatment using the VISX S2 excimer laser. Primary outcome variables including uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), manifest refraction, complications, and vector analysis were evaluated preoperatively and 1 day and 3 months postoperatively. Results: The mean spherical equivalent decreased from +1.52 diopters (D) ± 0.55 (SD) (range +0.63 to +2.63 D) preoperatively to −0.10 ± 0.52 D (range −1.25 to +1.50 D) 3 months after retreatment. The UCVA was 20/20 or better in 24 eyes (66.7%) and 20/40 or better in 34 eyes (94.4%). Twenty eyes (55.5%) were within ±0.5 D of the intended correction and 34 eyes (94.4%), within ±1.0 D. No eye lost 2 or more lines of BSCVA. One eye (2.8%) developed diffuse lamellar keratitis that resolved without sequelae, and 2 eyes (5.6%) developed nonprogressive epithelial ingrowth that did not require removal. Conclusions: Laser in situ keratomileusis retreatment for consecutive hyperopia following myopic LASIK was an effective, predictable, and safe procedure. Long-term follow-up is needed to assess stability.
Highlights from the 20th Scientific Sessions of the American Heart Association: November 12 to 15, 2006, Chicago, Illinois

Background: Acute decompensated heart failure may be difficult to recognize among the many causes of shortness of breath. The use of N-terminal proB-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) has been established as a potent diagnostic and prognostic marker in patients with heart failure. The IMPROVE-CHF study was a phase IV prospective multicenter, randomized, controlled trial testing how NT-proBNP, in addition to standard care, would influence the cost and clinical management of patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with acute dyspnea. Patients were randomized to either NT-proBNP–guided care or to standard care. In the latter group, the NT-proBNP result was not disclosed to treating physicians, who had to rely on traditional investigation tools. In addition, a health economic analysis was performed accounting for any ED visit, hospitalization, and/or outpatient visits.
Don't Cry for Argentina—It Is Not 2001 Again

Argentina has changed dramatically over the past decade. Even if the current crisis over debt payments does not go its way, the authors believe Argentina has the resources to survive and even prosper—not least because it is now collecting adequate taxes from its population, something new for the country.
Determination of Glucose in Submicroliter Samples by CE-LIF Using Precolumn or On-Column Enzymatic Reactions.

Two enzymatic reactions combined with capillary electrophoresis (CE) are used to determine glucose contained in sample volumes of ≤500 nL. In the first enzymatic reaction, glucose is oxidized in the presence of glucose oxidase producing hydrogen peroxide, which reacts quantitatively with the fluorogenic compound homovanillic acid catalyzed by the enzyme peroxidase. The second reaction generates a fluorescent species that is proportional to the glucose concentration. The reaction product is determined by CE using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) as the detection mode. The overall reaction scheme is faster than commonly used precolumn derivatization procedures and can be performed using very small sample quantities. Alternatively, the enzymatic reactions can be performed on-column, similar to the electrophoretically mediated microanalysis approach, accommodating sample quantities in the nanoliter range. The on-column reaction is a simple and practical approach for the determination of glucose contained in l...
On the Mie-Grüneisen and Hildebrand approximations to the equation of state of cubic solids

Abstract An analysis is made of the conditions under which the equation of state of a cubic solid under hydrostatic pressure takes the form given by either the Mie-Gruneisen or the Hildebrand approximation. The condition of validity of the vibrational or thermal formulation of the Mie-Gruneisen approximation is reduced to the existence of a purely volume-dependent characteristic temperature for the vibrational or thermal free energy of the solid. The analysis consists then in a search for temperature ranges where these restrictions on the functional form of the free energy, and the restrictions on the form of the internal energy imposed by the Hildebrand approximation, are satisfied for a non-metal in the quasi-harmonic approximation. The main results are as follows: (1) At temperatures somewhat above the Debye characteristic temperature for the (quasi-harmonic) high-temperature heat capacity at constant volume, it is appropriate to take as equation of state the vibrational Hildebrand equation: (2) at somewhat lower temperatures, this Hildebrand equation is generally more inaccurate than the corresponding Mie-Gruneisen equation; and (3) in the low-temperature T3 region of the heat capacity, the equation of state reduces to the thermal Mie-Gruneisen equation. The explicit forms of the vibrational and thermal Mie-Gruneisen equations of state, and of their volume derivatives at constant temperature, are reported together with the corresponding Hildebrand equations. Some corollary results are obtained, within the quasi-harmonic approximation, on the temperature variation at constant volume of the Gruneisen parameters relating the explicit volume and temperature dependence of the vibrational and thermal free energy and of the entropy of a cubic solid, and (in an Appendix) on the temperature variation of the Debye temperatures appropriate to the various thermodynamic functions of any non-metal. The available experimental and theoretical evidence on the anharmonic contributions to the thermodynamic functions of solids is briefly discussed, and points to the conclusion that their weight is quite small in the region of temperature of interest for our analysis.
The properties of the oil of Xanthium spinosum.

Some chemical and physical properties of the oil obtained from Xanthium spinosum are reported. Preliminary studies on toxicity and on blood pressure response indicate that the oil is pharmacodynamically inert.
tNOX, an alternative target to COX-2 to explain the anticancer activities of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).

Our work has identified a cancer-specific, cell surface and growth-related quinol oxidase with both NADH oxidase and protein disulfide-thiol interchange activities, a member of the ECTO-NOX protein family designated tNOX. We provide evidence for tNOX as an alternative drug target to COX-2 to explain the anticancer activity of COX inhibitors. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), piroxicam, aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen and celecoxib all specifically inhibited tNOX activity of HeLa (human cervical carcinoma) and BT-20 (human mammary carcinoma) cells (IC50 in the nanomolar range) without effect on ECTO-NOX activities of non-cancer MCF-10A mammary epithelial cells. With cancer cells, rofecoxib was less effective and two NSAIDS selective for COX-1 were without effect in inhibiting NOX activity. The IC50 for inhibition of tNOX activity of HeLa cells and the IC50 for inhibition of growth of HeLa cells in culture were closely correlated. The findings provide evidence for a new drug target to account for anticancer effects of NSAIDS that occur independent of COX-2.
Propagation of chirped ultra-short optical pulses

Ultra-short optical pulses having initial linear chirp in nonlinear guides are discussed. The nonlinear Schrodinger equation for complex initial conditions is solved numerically by split-step Fourier method and beam propagation method. Some selected results for solitons are presented. The computations confirm physical expectations of an influence of the chirp magnitude on pulse propagation in nonlinear guide.
The Human Cytomegalovirus UL112-113 Locus Can Activate the Full Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Lytic Replication Cycle

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection of a cell containing latent Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) results in the activation of KSHV lytic replication and the production of infectious virus. In this study, we examined the HCMV genes identified as having a role in the activation of HCMV early genes for their ability to activate KSHV lytic replication. It was found that the UL112-113 locus was able to activate the complete KSHV lytic cycle, while the UL122-123 locus, encoding the IE1 and IE2 proteins, known to be strong transactivators, did not.
A distributed media access protocol for packet radio networks and performance analysis. Part 2: Network set‐up time and data rate

In this, the second part of a two-part paper, the required time for establishing a mobile packet radio network using the virtual circuit and time division multiple access protocol developed in Part 1 is analysed. Tools are developed to determine the virtual circuit and network set-up times in terms of the channel bandwidth allocated to establish and maintain the network. The tools are then extended to include the effects of user mobility. Then these results are combined with the network capacity results of Part 1 to analyse the trade-off between the data rate and set-up time of the network. Next a hierarchical architecture is proposed and the network data rate versus set-up time trade-off of this architecture is analysed using these tools. This architecture is shown to both provide a higher data rate and establish faster than flat networks of the same number of nodes.
Maturation of normal human epidermis without an ordered structure.

SUMMARY Whole mounts of epidermis were prepared from hamster and mouse ears and from three sites on six normal human volunteers. Corneocyte columns were sought visually with the light microscope and statistically with cluster analysis applied to the surface distribution of superficial nucleated keratinocytes. In fifteen consecutive fields of hamster and mouse epidermis, both cell columns and clustering of nuclei were detected. In eighteen consecutive biopsies from the forearm, back and thigh of six normal adult men, stacking was never seen and clustering could not be demonstrated statistically. Corneocyte columns do occur regularly in some mammalian species and they have been reported to occur in human skin, but such columns are not common in these sites from normal human skin. The stratum corneum of mammalian epidermis consists of multiple layers of flattened, anucleate corneocytes. At the skin surface these cells exfoliate, individually and in small aggregates, to the environment. This loss by exfoliation is balanced by proliferation and maturation of underlying nucleated keratinocytes (Bergstresser & Taylor, 1977). In cutaneous disorders such as psoriasis (Weinstein & Van Scott, 1965), or in response to environmental stresses such as tape stripping (Pinkus, 1951), retinoic acid application (Braun-Falco & Christophers, 1969) or ultraviolet light irradiation (Epstein, Fukuyama & Fye, 1970) the rate of proliferation, maturation and exfoliation is greatly accelerated.
A simplified adaptive nonlinear predistorter for high power amplifiers based on the direct learning algorithm

The adaptive nonlinear predistorter is an effective technique to compensate the nonlinear distortion existing in a digital communication system. In this paper, we first apply the recently developed nonlinear filtered-x LMS and adjoint nonlinear LMS algorithm to design an adaptive Hammerstein nonlinear predistorter for a high power amplifier (HPA) preceded by a linear system. Compared with the adaptive Hammerstein nonlinear predistorter with either direct learning or indirect learning, our developed adaptive nonlinear predistorter is computationally efficient and can be easily implemented via DSP hardware and software. By exploring the robustness of our proposed algorithm and the statistical properties of our virtual filter, we further simplify the adaptive Hammerstein nonlinear predistorter to further reduce the computational complexity and implementation cost. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm.
Chip design for monobit receiver

A design for the monobit-receiver application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) will be described. The monobit receiver is a wide-band (1-GHz) digital receiver designed for electronic-warfare applications. The receiver can process two simultaneous signals and has the potential for fabrication on a single multichip module (MCM). The receiver consists of three major elements: a nonlinear RF front end, a signal sampler and formatting system (analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and demultiplexers), and a patented "monobit" algorithm implemented as an ASIC for signal detection and frequency measurement. The receiver's front end, ADC, and algorithm experimental performance results were previously presented. The receiver uses a 2-b ADC operating at 2.5 GHz whose outputs are collected and formatted by demultiplexers for presentation to the ASIC. The ASIC has two basic functions: to perform a fast Fourier transform (FFT) and to determine the number of signals and report their frequencies. The ASIC design contains five stages: the input, the FFT, the initial sort, the squaring and addition, and the final sort. The chip will process the ADC outputs in real time, reporting detected signal frequencies every 102.4 ns.
Mallory-Weiss Tear Complicating Upper Endoscopy: Case Reports and Review of the Literature

Abstract Mallory-Weiss tear of the gastroesophageal junction is a rare complication of flexible upper endoscopy. We report 2 cases of this complication and present a review of the relevant literature. Such tears may, in fact, occur more commonly than is currently recognized, particularly in patients with hiatal hernias. As Mallory-Weiss tears can result in serious morbidity, the endoscopist should suspect their occurrence in patients who tolerate endoscopy poorly.
A γ-Secretase-independent Mechanism of Signal Transduction by the Amyloid Precursor Protein

It has been proposed that γ-secretase-mediated release of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) intracellular domain (AICD) results in nuclear translocation and signaling through a complex with the adaptor protein Fe65 and the histone acetyltransferase Tip60. Here, we show that APP and Fe65 activate transcription through a Gal4-Tip60 reporter in presenilin-1/2-deficient cells lacking generation of AICD. APP and Fe65 also activated transcription in the presence of γ-secretase inhibitors that prevent amyloid β-peptide production in human embryonic kidney 293 and SH-SY5Y cells. In contrast to the transcriptionally active Notch intracellular domain, expression of AICD did not activate transcription. An alternative mechanism for APP signal transduction is suggested by the identification of essential cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) phosphorylation sites in Tip60. Mutation of these Tip60 phosphorylation sites or treatment with the CDK inhibitor roscovitine blocked the ability of APP to signal through Tip60. Moreover, APP stabilized Tip60 through CDK-dependent phosphorylation. Subcellular fractionation and confocal immunofluorescence showed that APP recruited Tip60 to membrane compartments. Thus, APP may signal to the nucleus by a γ-secretase-independent mechanism that involves membrane sequestration and phosphorylation of Tip60.
The Effect of Early Calf Weaning on Feed Intake, Growth, and Postpartum Interval in Thin, Brahman-Crossbred Primiparous Cows1

Abstract The effects of early weaning (EW) on productivity of primiparous Brahmancrossbred cows were investigated. Following calving, 12 primiparous cows were randomly allotted to be EW (n = 6) or were left with their calves to be normal weaned (NW; n = 6). All cows were maintained in separate, individual pens (114 m2): NW cows with their calves, and EW cows without their calves. Calf age at the time of EW (January 2; d 0) did not differ among treatments (average days postpartum = 93 ± 22). Cow BW and body condition score (BCS) (nine-point scale) did not differ at the time of EW (average BW = 354 ± 25 kg; average BCS = 3.7 ± 0.7). Following early weaning, all cows were provided free choice access to chopped stargrass (Cynodon spp.) hay and supplemental concentrate at an amount required to support a targeted ADG of 0.57 kg/d. Individual cow BW and BCS were measured on d 0, 21, 42, and 70. Postpartum interval was calculated by the determination of plasma progesterone concentrations. Cows were determined to be cycling on the 1st wk of 2- wk samplings containing >1.0 ng progesterone/mL. Overall, the NW cows had a lesser ADG (0.51 vs 0.66 kg/d; SEM = 0.02), but BW differed (P
In vivo use of a nanoknife for axon microsurgery.

Objective Microfabricated devices with nanoscale features have been proposed as new microinstrumentation for cellular and subcellular surgical procedures, but their effectiveness in vivo has yet to be demonstrated. In this study, we examined the in vivo use of 10 to 100 microm-long nanoknives with cutting edges of 20 nm in radius of curvature during peripheral nerve surgery. Methods Peripheral nerves from anesthetized mice were isolated on a rudimentary microplatform with stimulation microelectrodes, and the nanoknives were positioned by a standard micromanipulator. The surgical field was viewed through a research microscope system with brightfield and fluorescence capabilities. Results Using this assembly, the nanoknife effectively made small, 50 to 100 microm-long incisions in nerve tissue in vivo. This microfabricated device was also robust enough to make repeated incisions to progressively pare down the nerve as documented visually and by the accompanying incremental diminution of evoked motor responses recorded from target muscle. Furthermore, this nanoknife also enabled the surgeon to perform procedures at an unprecedented small scale such as the cutting and isolation of a small segment from a single constituent axon in a peripheral nerve in vivo. Lastly, the nanoknife material (silicon nitride) did not elicit any acute neurotoxicity as evidenced by the robust growth of axons and neurons on this material in vitro. Conclusion Together, these demonstrations support the concept that microdevices deployed in a neurosurgical environment in vivo can enable novel procedures at an unprecedented small scale. These devices are potentially the vanguard of a new family of microscale instrumentation that can extend surgical procedures down to the cellular scale and beyond.
The CD8+ Cell Phenotype Mediating Antiviral Activity in Feline Immunodeficiency Virus—Infected Cats Is Characterized by Reduced Surface Expression of the CD8 β Chain

The acute stage of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection is characterized by a CD8+ anti-FIV response that parallels the appearance of a CD8+ subpopulation with reduced expression of the beta chain (CD8 alpha + beta lo). The relationship between the CD8 alpha + beta lo phenotype and CD8+ anti-FIV activity was examined. Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with anti-CD8 beta chain monoclonal antibody 117 revealed that the CD8 alpha + beta lo phenotype expanded throughout the asymptomatic infection, constituting 80%-90% of the CD8 beta + cells in long-term-infected cats. Purified CD8 alpha + beta hi and CD8 alpha + beta lo subpopulations were analyzed for anti-FIV activity in an acute infection assay. Anti-FIV activity resided principally in the CD8 alpha + beta lo population and was demonstrated in acute FIV infections, as well as in long-term asymptomatic infections. These data suggest that a unique CD8 alpha + beta lo anti-FIV phenotype arises early in infection and may play a major role in eliminating virus and maintaining the asymptomatic infection.
Identification and characterization of striatal cell subtypes using in vivo intracellular recording in rats: I. Basic physiology and response to corticostriatal fiber stimulation.

The electrophysiological characteristics of two subtypes of striatal neurons, identified by their distinct patterns of response to paired impulse stimulation of corticostriatal afferents, were compared using in vivo intracellular recordings in rats. As observed in previous extracellular recording studies, the majority of neurons (73%) were found to be of the Type II class, with the remaining cells exhibiting the Type I response patern. For all cells, cortical stimulation elicited 5–30 mV EPSPs at latencies ranging from 2.0–5.3 msec; Increasing the stimulating current intensity caused a progressive increase in the amplitude of the evoked EPSPs without altering their latencies, suggesting that the EPSPs are monosynaptically mediated. Both the average amplitude and duration of the evoked EPSPs at spike threshold in Type I neurons (9.8 ± 1.7 mV, 11.8 ± 2.8 msec; mean ± SEM) were significantly smaller than those of Type II cells (20.3 ± 1.4 mV, 22.7 ± 2.1 msec). Although the average latency to the onset of the EPSP was similar for both cell classes (Type I cells: 2.3 ± 0.3 msec; Type II cells: 2.2 ± 0.2 msec), the EPSPs in Type I cells reached peak amplitude and the spikes were triggered at significantly longer latencies than in the Type II cells (peak I: 11.2 ± 2.5 msec vs. II: 7.6 ± 0.7 msec; spike I: 8.0 ± 1.2 msec vs. II: 5.7 ± 0.4 msec). Striatal neurons had a comparatively hyperpolarized resting membrane potential (−70.2 ± 2.1 mV) and had an average input resistance of 35.4 ± 7.6 MΩ. Overall, striatal neurons exhibited low levels of spontaneous activity (0.6 ± 0.7 Hz) with 50% of the neurons being quiescent. Type I cells exhibited significantly higher firing rates (3.2 ± 0.8 Hz) than Type II cells (0.8 ± 0.3 Hz), although their resting membrane potentials were not significantly different. Spontaneously occurring spikes had an average amplitude of 72.7 ± 3.4 mV and spike thresholds of −50.1 ± 1.5 mV. Irregularly occurring depolarizing plateau potentials, which typically gave rise to spike discharge, were frequently observed in both spontaneously firing and quiescent neurons. A small proportion of the cells recorded (3/55) exhibited a Type I response pattern but had unique physiological characteristics that were similar to those described by others as arising from large, aspiny striatal neurons. The present study shows that these two physiologically distinct neuron types appear to be similar in terms of their passive membrane properties (e.g., resting membrane potentials, input resistance, etc.) and firing characteristics, despite their unique patterns of response to corticostriatal stimulation. Therefore, the source of the distinct paired impulse response profiles of these neurons is more likely to arise from differences in their afferent drive than from a heterogeneity in their membrane properties. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Understanding Sexual Aggression Against Women An Examination of the Role of Men's Athletic Participation and Related Variables

Data from 139 college men who participated in and viewed contact (e.g., ice hockey) and noncontact (e.g., tennis) sports at different rates of frequency were examined to determine if there was a relationship between these variables and level of sexual aggression against women. The authors also examined whether attitudes toward women, fraternity membership, and sports ideology were related to sexual aggression against women. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that attitudes toward women, fraternity membership, and viewing contact sports were significant predictors of sexual aggression against women, with high scores on these variables forecasting higher levels of sexual aggression against women. In addition, low scores on men's contact sports participation significantly forecasted higher levels of sexual aggression against women. Suggestions for future research in this area are discussed and implications of the results for the socialization of fraternity members and other males are considered
A Computationally Efficient Ground-Motion Selection Algorithm for Matching a Target Response Spectrum Mean and Variance

Dynamic structural analysis often requires the selection of input ground motions with a target mean response spectrum. The variance of the target response spectrum is usually ignored or accounted for in an ad hoc manner, which can bias the structural response estimates. This manuscript proposes a computationally efficient and theoretically consistent algorithm to select ground motions that match the target response spectrum mean and variance. The selection algorithm probabilistically generates multiple response spectra from a target distribution, and then selects recorded ground motions whose response spectra individually match the simulated response spectra. A greedy optimization technique further improves the match between the target and the sample means and variances. The proposed algorithm is used to select ground motions for the analysis of sample structures in order to assess the impact of considering groundmotion variance on the structural response estimates. The implications for codebased design and performance-based earthquake engineering are discussed. [DOI: 10.1193/1.3608002]