cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photoluminescence and Electronic Structure Studies to Probe Metal-Metal Interactions in Thallium Dicyanoargentate(I): A New Low Dimensional Solid State Class

Abstract An experimental-theoretical investigation using low temperature photoluminescence studies and relativistically-parameterized extended Huckel calculations have revealed the importance of metal-metal interactions in the low-dimensional complex Tl[Ag(CN)2].
Landau-Lifshitz magnetodynamics as a Hamilton model: Magnons in an instanton background

To take full advantage of the well-developed field-theoretic methods, Magnonics needs a yet-existing Lagrangian formulation. Here, we show that Landau-Lifshitz magnetodynamics is a member of the covariant-Schr\"odinger-equation family of Hamilton models and apply the covariant background method arriving at the Ginzburg-Landau Lagrangian formalism for magnons in an instanton background. Magnons appear to be nonrelativistic spinless bosons, which feel instantons as a gauge field and as a Bose condensate. Among the examples of the usefulness of the proposition is the recognition of the instanton-induced phase shifts in magnons as the Berry phase and the interpretation of the spin-transfer-torque generation as a ferromagnetic counterpart of the Josephson supercurrent.
The Transition from Atomic to Molecular Hydrogen in Interstellar Clouds: 21 cm Signature of the Evolution of Cold Atomic Hydrogen in Dense Clouds

We have investigated the timescale for formation of molecular clouds by examining the conversion of H I to H2 using a time-dependent model with H2 photodissociation including self-shielding. H2 formation on dust grains and cosmic-ray destruction are also included in one-dimensional model slab clouds that incorporate time-independent density and temperature distributions. We calculate 21 cm spectral line profiles seen in absorption against a background provided by general Galactic H I emission and compare the model spectra with H I narrow self-absorption (HINSA) profiles absorbed in a number of nearby molecular clouds. The time evolution of the H I and H2 densities is dramatic, with the atomic hydrogen disappearing in a wave propagating from the central, denser regions, which have a shorter H2 formation timescales, to the edges, where the density is lower and the timescales for H2 formation longer. The model 21 cm spectra are characterized by very strong absorption at early times. Emission at early times produced by the warm edges of the cloud is difficult to separate from variations in the background spectrum, when the background temperature is low. The minimum time for cloud evolution based on the model spectra is set by the requirement that most of the H I in the outer portions of the cloud be removed. The characteristic time that has elapsed since cloud compression and initiation of the H I → H2 conversion is a few ×1014 s, or 107 yr. This sets a minimum time for the age of these molecular clouds and thus for star formation that may take place within them.
Adaptive Capacity-Achieving Channel Coding for Fountain-Coded Multicast Transmission in Packet Radio Systems

For time-varying fading, adaptation of the physical-layer channel code greatly enhances the throughput of a multicast transmission system, even if the system employs an application-layer fountain code for packet erasure correction. Performance evaluations for adaptive channel-coding protocols typically require extensive simulations of the fading channel, the iterative decoding process, and the generation of the control information that is used for the adaptation of the channel code. We present a method for the evaluation of such protocols that avoids a substantial amount of the computation required by traditional simulations, and we demonstrate that some important performance measures can be evaluated entirely by analysis. By the use of capacity-achieving channel codes in our investigation, we also decouple the performance of the adaptive coding protocol from the performance of a particular type of channel code and decoding method, which facilitates comparisons among different protocols. The application of our methods is demonstrated for two adaptive channel-coding protocols that are candidates for fountain-coded multicast transmission in packet radio systems.
Thrombolytic therapy for venous thromboembolism: Current clinical practice†‡

BACKGROUND: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a life-threatening condition for which thrombolytic therapy may be beneficial. The appropriate setting for the use of thrombolytic therapy remains controversial. More than 10 years ago we described the case-based practice patterns for the use of thrombolytics in VTE, and now, in the context of recent studies and guidelines, we sought to reevaluate the use of thrombolytics and to determine whether beliefs have changed. METHODS: Active pulmonologists in 11 southeastern states were selected to complete a web-based questionnaire that included background questions and hypothetical case scenarios involving VTE and potential treatment with thrombolytics. RESULTS: Eighty-one physicians completed the survey and 84% reported using thrombolytic therapy for VTE within the last 2 years. In the absence of absolute contraindications, 99% of respondents would strongly consider using systemic thrombolytic therapy for massive pulmonary embolism (PE) with hypotension, 83% would strongly consider thrombolysis for a large PE with severe hypoxemia, and 62% would strongly consider thrombolysis for PE with echocardiographic evidence of right ventricular dysfunction. In a patient with massive PE and hypotension with certain contraindications, 91% of respondents would still strongly consider thrombolysis. CONCLUSIONS: Most practicing pulmonologists would strongly consider administering thrombolytic therapy for massive PE with hypotension or hypoxemia, and a majority favor thrombolysis for PE in the setting of echocardiographic evidence of right heart dysfunction. Despite the evolving data and guidelines for the management of VTE, our findings are similar to prior survey results, emphasizing the need for further physician education and future randomized trials to clarify the therapy for this potentially deadly condition. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2009;4:313–316. © 2009 Society of Hospital Medicine.
SU‐FF‐J‐145: Comparsion of Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI), T2‐Weighted and Post Contrast T1 Weighted Imaging After MR Guided High Intensity Focused Ultrasound Treatment of Uterine Leiomyomata: Preliminary Results

Purpose: To investigate the agreement between diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), T2 weighted imaging(T2WI), and contrast T1 weighted imaging(cT1WI) in uterine leiomyoma following treatment by magnetic resonance imaging guided high intensity focused ultrasound surgery (MRg‐HIFUS). Materials and Methods: Twenty‐one patients (45±3.8yrs) with clinical symptoms of uterine leiomyoma were treated by MRg‐HIFUS using an integrated 1.5T MRI‐FUS System. The post MRg‐HIFUS treatment volume in the leiomyoma was assessed by cT1WI and DWI. MRI parameters consisted of DWI, T2WI, and T1 weighted fast spoiled gradient echo (FSPGR) before and after contrast. Trace apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps were constructed for quantitative analysis. The regions of the treated uterine tissue were defined by a semi‐supervised segmentation method called the Eigenimage filter using both cT1WI and DWI. Signal to noise ratios were determined for the T2WI pretreatment images. Segmented regions were tested by similarity index for congruence. Descriptive, regression, and ANOVA statistics were completed. Results: All the patients exhibited heterogeneously increased DWI signal intensity localized in the treated leiomyoma regions and were colocalized with the cT1WI defined area. The mean pretreatment T2WI signal intensity ratios were T2WI/muscle=1.8±0.7 and T2WI/myometrium=0.7±0.4. The congruence between the regions was significant, with a similarity of 84% and a difference of 8% between the regions. Regression analysis of the cT1WI and DWI segmented treatment volumes were found to be significantly correlated (r2=0.94,p<0.05) with the linear equation,(cT1WI)=1.1(DWI)−0.66. Conclusion:Diffusion weighted imaging exhibited excellent correlation and agreement with the cT1WI defined region of treatment in uterine leiomyoma. Therefore, DWI could be useful as an adjunct for assessing treatment of uterine leiomyomata by MRg‐HIFUS.
The Final Reconciliation: Reflections on a Social Dimension of the Eschatological Transition

The basic thesis of the essay is this: If the world to come is to be a world of love, then the eschatological transition from the present world to that world, which God will accomplish, must have an inter-human side. The work of the Spirit in the consummation should be understood to include not only the resurrection of the dead and the last judgment but also the final social reconciliation. The final social reconciliation is the eschatological side of the vision of social transformation contained in the movement of the Triune God toward sinful humanity to take them up into the circle of divine communal love.
Experimental inoculation of mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos) with Borrelia burgdorferi.

Birds have been incriminated as disseminaters of Borrelia burgdorferi and have the potential to spread the organism over a wide geographic range. Borrelia burgdorferi has been isolated from the liver and blood of passerine birds and from Ixodes dammini removed from passerines. The objective of this study was to determine if waterfowl, specifically mallards (Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos), were susceptible to infection with B. burgdorferi. Eight ducks were inoculated with B. burgdorferi; four orally and four intravenously (i.v.) and two ducks were inoculated with phosphate buffered saline as controls. All eight inoculated birds became infected and developed antibodies to B. burgdorferi. The spirochete was isolated from cloacal material from an orally infected duck on day 22 postinoculation (PI) and from an i.v. infected bird on day 29 PI, from the blood of an i.v. infected bird on day 7 PI, and from the kidney of an orally infected bird. Borrelia burgdorferi was detected by indirect immunofluorescence u...
The Social Psychology of Compassion

This article places social work clinicians’ compassion fatigue, burnout, and other negative consequences in a broader context of positive social work. We argue for a paradigm shift towards identifying the factors that lead clinical social workers toward human flourishing in their field. We introduce a model for creating “compassion satisfaction” or feelings of fulfillment with clients, rooted in positive psychology and expanded to incorporate the social work perspective. The model suggests that affect, work resources, and self-care influence clinicians’ positivity–negativity ratio, which in turn can result in compassion satisfaction. To maximize compassion satisfaction, research, education, and training should consider how classroom instruction and workplace policies can promote the most success among clinical social workers.
The impact of self-selected identity on productive or perverse social capital in social network sites

Social network sites can provide a person with the freedom to represent themselves in various ways, thus exhibiting multiple variations of their identity. Research states that an individual's identity is self-monitored depending on the contextual situation that they are in. The type of social capital that one derives from social network sites can be impacted by this self-monitoring ability. Current research has addressed how productive social capital can be gained in social network sites. However, limited research has addressed the issue of perverse social capital, especially in social network sites. We argue that social network sites are a particularly unique environment that can affect an individual's representation of their identity, thus increasing the likelihood of producing perverse social capital. We examine how technology affects an individual's selected self-identity, as measured through their self-monitoring ability, and how this altered behavior leads to productive or perverse social capital in social network sites.
Mechanisms of Directed Attention in the Human Extrastriate Cortex as Revealed by Functional MRI

A typical scene contains many different objects, but the capacity of the visual system to process multiple stimuli at a given time is limited. Thus, attentional mechanisms are required to select relevant objects from among the many objects competing for visual processing. Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in humans showed that when multiple stimuli are present simultaneously in the visual field, their cortical representations within the object recognition pathway interact in a competitive, suppressive fashion. Directing attention to one of the stimuli counteracts the suppressive influence of nearby stimuli. This mechanism may serve to filter out irrelevant information in cluttered visual scenes.
Cellular expression of ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits on specific striatal neuron types and its implication for striatal vulnerability in glutamate receptor-mediated excitotoxicity

Glutamate receptors are composed of subtype-specific subunits. Variation in the precise subunit composition of a receptor may result in significant functional differences. Thus, a precise knowledge of subunit composition on striatal neurons is a prerequisite for understanding the selective vulnerability of striatal neurons to excitatory amino acids. In the present study, we used an immunohistochemical double-labelling approach to localize ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits (NMDAR1, GluR1, GluR2/3, GluR4 and GluR5/6/7) on specific striatal neuron populations. Our results showed that striatal cholinergic and somatostatin interneurons were not labelled for the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate, receptor subunits GluR1, GluR2/3 and GluR4. Most cholinergic and somatostatin interneurons (83.3% to 100%), however, were double-labelled for the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR1 and kainic acid receptor subunits GluR5/6/7. All parvalbumin interneurons were labelled for GluR1 and GluR4, and 96% GluR1 positive and 95% GluR4 positive neurons were also double-labelled as parvalbumin interneurons. About half of all parvalbumin interneurons co-localized with GluR2/3, and over 97% were labelled for NR1 and GluR5/6/7. Among striatal projection neurons, enkephalin-positive (mainly striatopallidal) neurons, striatonigral neurons (mainly substance P-positive) and calbindin-positive matrix neurons were not immunostained for GluR1 or GluR4. In contrast, 95% to 100% of each of these types of projection neurons were double-labelled for NR1, GluR2/3 and GluR5/6/7. Our results demonstrate that striatal neuron types differ in their expression of ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits and subtypes. The clear difference between striatal interneurons and projection neurons in ionotropic glutamate receptor subtypes/subunits supports the idea that differential glutamate receptor expression mechanism may account for the selective vulnerability of striatal projection neurons to excitotoxicity, and that glutamate receptor-mediated excitotoxicity may be involved in the striatal neurodegenerative diseases.
Inhaled nitric oxide in neonates with persistent pulmonary hypertension

Summary To investigate the oxygenation and haemodynamic dose response to inhaled nitric oxide in neonates with persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPHN), we gave seven neonates nitric oxide and measured directly pulmonary arterial pressure. Inhaled nitric oxide produced peak improvement in oxygenation at 5 parts per million (ppm) whereas peak improvement in the pulmonary-to-systemic arterial pressure ratio did not occur until a nitric oxide dose of 20 ppm, which suggests that an initial dose of 20 ppm is optimum for the treatment of PPHN.
Mined land rehabilitation in the semiarid regions of the United States

Summary Mined land rehabilitation is one of the most important alternatives offered in response to the need to protect and maintain the integrity of the surface landscape. Technology alone cannot solve the problem; it can only alleviate the problem temporarily. We presently operate under a vaguely defined and only partially workable environmental ethic where mined lands are concerned. For the moment we must direct our research towards the goals of modifying the method and manner by which mining activities influence our environment. Our best rehabilitation efforts rely heavily on the reintroduction of vegetation so as to reestablish the processes of self‐repair (succession) and self‐adjustment (species tolerance to environmental stress) on the site itself.
Barium responsiveness of the rat aorta and femoral artery during pregnancy

Abstract The barium responses of isolated aortic strips and femoral arteries from non-pregnant and pregnant rats were investigated. Barium caused concentration-related increases in tension of vessels from both pregnant and non-pregnant rats. The concentration-response curves of femoral arteries from non-pregnant and 3 week pregnant rats were not different; however contractility and slopes of concentration-response lines for thracic aortas from 1, 2 and 3 week pregnant rats were significantly less than those of aortas from non-pregnant rats. In addition, barium caused rhythmic contractions to develop in both femoral arteries and aortas of 3 week pregnant rats more frequently than vessels from non-pregnant rats. Rhythmic contractions did not develop in aortas from 3 week pregnant rats rats in calcium-free Krebs. Since the effects of barium on the electrical and mechanical activity of various muscles have been postulated to be similar to and/or dependent on calcium, these results may indicate that changes in calcium sensitivity of vascular smooth muscle occur during pregnancy. Such changes may contribute to the blood flow redistribution and other cardiovascular adaptations of pregnancy.
Alcohol Consumption and Health Status in Very Old Veterans

Previous research has linked drinking with health, but has yet to address alcohol consumption and the relationship between drinking and health among very old veterans. To help fill this gap, the authors present a cross-sectional self-report study on 1105 veterans age 90 and older who completed the national Veteran’s Affairs (VA) Survey of the Health Experiences of Patients (SHEP) for fiscal year (FY) 2005. Alcohol consumption was measured using Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test scores (AUDIT-C).1 Health status was measured using the Veterans Rand Health Survey: VR-12.2 Among men (n = 1063), 60% were abstainers. No significant differences in mental health component (MCS; F3,1040 = 1.80, P = .15) or physical health component (PCS; F3,1040 = 1.48, P = .22) scores were detected across consumption categories. Among women (n = 42), 47% were abstainers. These results suggest many very old veterans abstain from alcohol and, among men, the associations between health status and drinking observed in younger...
ez: DYNAMICS AND BIFURCATIONS

In this paper we describe some of the dynamical behavior of the complex exponential λ exp z. For various values of λ, this family exhibits chaotic behavior on the entire complex plane. For other values, the dynamics are relatively tame. We show how to analyze this behavior via symbolic dynamics and investigate the structural instability at various parameter values. Finally, we describe the relationship between the parameter space for the exponential family and the related families of polynomials given by .
A Pedagogical Approach to Action Research

Perhaps the best training for students to apply sociology is through hands-on community work. In this article, we write about the experience of a graduate-level qualitative research methods course in taking on an action research project over the course of a semester. We provide a detailed overview of the project along with practical tips for instructors who would like to replicate this pedagogy.
The Effect of Alcohol Prohibition on Illicit‐Drug‐Related Crimes*

Abstract We evaluate the effect of alcohol access on drug‐related crime and mortality using detailed information on access laws in Texas between 1978 and 1996. Counties with alcohol access have higher average levels of drug‐related crimes. However, after controlling for both county and year fixed effects, we find that having local alcohol access decreases crime associated with illicit drugs. This basic finding is replicated in two alternative analyses. First, we find that prohibiting the sale of beer to persons under 21, which arguably increases the implicit price of liquor more for juveniles in wet counties than for those in dry counties, increases the fraction of drug‐related arrests involving juveniles more in wet counties than in dry counties. Second, we find that after controlling for both county and year fixed effects, local alcohol access decreases mortality associated with illicit drugs. Alcohol access and illicit‐drug‐related outcomes appear to be substitutes.
The stress-buffering effects of functional social support on ambulatory blood pressure.

Social support is a reliable predictor of cardiovascular health, including morbidity and mortality (Holt-Lunstad, Smith, & Layton, 2010). The stress-buffering hypothesis posits social support may be linked to health because it reduces stress appraisals or weakens the association between stress and negative health outcomes (support X stress interaction, Cohen & Wills, 1985). Prior evidence for the stress-buffering hypothesis usually examines the later mechanism using measures of perceived functional social support, which refers to the internal perception that support is available in one’s network should it be needed, as opposed to received social support, which refers to actual enacted support, and structural support, which measures the make-up of one’s network (e.g. number of ties). Traditional conceptualizations of specific types of functional support include emotional (affirmations of one’s worth) informational (provision of information or advice) tangible (provision of material or financial resources), and belonging support (provision of social leisure and belonging). Most evidence for the buffering effects of social support on cardiovascular health comes from laboratory experiments. However, laboratory studies often manipulate acute stress, which may result in stressors that are less personally relevant or have weaker real world consequences. Thus, ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) methodologies can complement laboratory research by modeling daily life stress responses beyond assessing global stress with retrospective self-report and is in itself a clinically important measure of cardiovascular risk (Kamarck et al., 2005). In fact, one prior ABP study found that participants with relatively higher perceived social support had less stress-related increases in ABP compared to their counterparts with low social support (Steptoe, 2000). However, this study only measured global social support. Importantly, prior theoretical and experimental evidence suggests that individual support functions (e.g. emotional, informational, tangible, belonging) have their own independent links to health, including ABP (Bowen et al., 2012). Thus, examining specific support functions provides insight into mechanisms underlying the association between global support and health. For example, emotional and informational support are most consistently linked to health benefits, as they may be perceived as more welcome or helpful across a variety of stressors (e.g. controllable and uncontrollable), or are less likely to activate the costs of social support that can confound any benefits (e.g. relational debt, decreased self-efficacy, Cohen & Wills, 1985). The current study expanded upon previous findings by examining the specific links to individual support functions. Emotional and informational support were predicted to be the most consistent stress-buffering functions.
The Hypoglossal Nerve in Carotid Arterial Reconstructions

The importance of hypoglossal nerve in performing carotid arterial reconstructions has been illustrated by two case reports. Unilateral palsy is troublesome but bilateral damage may result in upper airway obstruction. Simple surgical maneuvers consisting of division of the sternocleidomastoid artery and vein and freeing up of the descendens hypoglossus permit nontraumatic retraction of the nerve, avoiding tongue paralysis.
Full and Home Smoking Ban Adoption After a Randomized Controlled Trial Targeting Secondhand Smoke Exposure Reduction

Introduction: The current study examined home and full (i.e., home plus car) smoking ban adop- tion as secondary outcomes to a randomized controlled trial targeting reduced secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) for children under treatment for cancer. Methods: Families with at least 1 adult smoker who reported SHSe for their children (n = 119) were randomized to control or intervention conditions and followed for 1 year with 5 assessments. Both groups were advised of the negative health outcomes associated with SHSe; the interven- tion group provided more in-depth counseling from baseline to 3 months. Parents reported on household and car smoking behavior, demographic, psychosocial, and medical/treatment-related information. Results: Regardless of group assignment, there was an increase in home (odds ration (OR) = 1.16, p = .074) and full (OR = 1.37, p = .001) smoking ban adoption across time. Families in the interven- tion group were more likely to adopt a full ban by 3 months, but this difference was nonsignificant by 12 months. Married parents (OR = 2.33, p = .006) and those with higher self-efficacy for control- ling children's SHSe (OR = 1.11, p = .023) were more likely to have a home smoking ban; parents who reported smoking fewer cigarettes were more likely to adopt a home (OR = 1.62, p < .0001) or full (OR = 7.32, p = .038) ban. Conclusions: Smoking bans are in-line with Healthy People 2020's tobacco objectives and may be more feasible for parents with medically compromised children for immediate SHSe reduction. Furthermore, interventions targeting full smoking bans may be a more effective for comprehen- sive elimination of SHSe.
Time-constrained optimization of multi-AUV cooperative mine detection

An increasingly important tool of mine counter-measures (MCM) is a team of autonomous unmanned vehicles (AUV) working in cooperation to provide effective mine detection. This approach reduces the total time required to create a map of mines in an underwater field while minimizing physical risk to humans. The challenge for the designers is to most effectively use the resources of the AUV team to obtain the most accurate possible map of the mines in the shortest possible time period. This paper presents several contributions toward solving this problem. First, a background demonstrates the relevant considerations of the cooperative AUV mission along with the shortcomings of previous research. A strategy is then presented that seeks to optimize the accuracy of a map of mines in an underwater field provided by the AUV team under an unknown time constraint. The strategy is encapsulated into an algorithm that optimizes the total assignments of search targets to all individual AUVs. Finally, results are shown from a simulation implementing the algorithm.
Rheological Evaluation of Inter-grade and Inter-batch Variability of Sodium Alginate

Polymeric excipients are often the least well-characterized components of pharmaceutical formulations. The aim of this study was to facilitate the QbD approach to pharmaceutical manufacturing by evaluating the inter-grade and inter-batch variability of pharmaceutical-grade polymeric excipients. Sodium alginate, a widely used polymeric excipient, was selected for evaluation using appropriate rheological methods and test conditions. The materials used were six different grades of sodium alginate and an additional ten batches of one of the grades. To compare the six grades, steady shear measurements were conducted on solutions at 1%, 2%, and 3% w/w, consistent with their use as thickening agents. Small-amplitude oscillation (SAO) measurements were conducted on sodium alginate solutions at higher concentrations (4–12% w/w) corresponding to their use in controlled-release matrices. In order to compare the ten batches of one grade, steady shear and SAO measurements were performed on their solutions at 2% w/w and 8% w/w, respectively. Results show that the potential interchangeability of these different grades used as thickening agents could be established by comparing the apparent viscosities of their solutions as a function of both alginate concentration and shear conditions. For sodium alginate used in controlled-release formulations, both steady shear behavior of solutions at low concentrations and viscoelastic properties at higher concentrations should be considered. Furthermore, among batches of the same grade, significant differences in rheological properties were observed, especially at higher solution concentrations. In conclusion, inter-grade and inter-batch variability of sodium alginate can be determined using steady shear and small-amplitude oscillation methods.
catena-Poly[[diazido­zinc(II)]-μ-di-4-pyridylamine-κ2N:N′]

In the title compound, [Zn(N3)2(C10H9N3)]n, tetra­hedrally coordinated ZnII ions with two monodentate azide ligands are linked into zigzag one-dimensional chain motifs by di-4-pyridylamine (dpa) tethers. Individual [Zn(N3)2(dpa)]n chains are connected into supra­molecular layers via N—H⋯N hydrogen bonding between the central amine groups of the dpa ligands and terminal unligated azide N atoms. The azide ligands in one supra­molecular layer penetrate through the neighboring layers above and below, allowing stacking into a three-dimensional structure.
Delinquency Prevention: Toward Comprehensive Models and a Conceptual Map

The conceptual uncertainty which currently plagues the field of delinquency prevention poses a crucial barrier to understanding, planning, and evaluating delinquency prevention programs. "Preventive services," in the broadest sense, describes a myriad of activities, ranging from intensive casework, to group recreational programs, to the installation of street lights. In addition, programs failing under the prevention rubric deal with diverse target populations. Some programs are targeted to youths who have evidenced delinquent behavior; others are focused upon youths who show few signs of future delinquent activity. Most youths approach prevention programs with more than their visible delinquent tendencies or behaviors; in truth, they may bring with them a multitude of problems which may not be so evident, including drug abuse, alcoholism, broken families, and school failure. Unfortunately, the prevention literature often fails to consider the multiple influences on a youth's behavior and the important ne...
QoS information approximation for aggregated networks

Many important network functions (e.g., QoS provision, admission control, traffic engineering, resource management) rely on the availability and the accuracy of the network state information. However, it is impractical to maintain the complete state information of a large internetwork at a single location. Instead, a large network is often hierarchically structured, with each domain advertising its aggregated state. To achieve scalability, the amount of information after aggregation should he minimized. To improve accuracy, the aggregation method must be carefully selected. This paper gives a unified account of state aggregation based on the concept of service curves. The aggregation of network state is modeled as a recursive process of service curve transformation. New approximation methods based on polynomial curves, cubic splines and polylines are proposed, and their scalability/accuracy tradeoffs are studied. Our simulations show that these new methods approximate the network state far more accurate than the existing methods. In particular, the polylines achieve the best scalability/accuracy tradeoff.
Illumination estimation from shadow borders

In this paper we discuss illumination estimation from a single image in general scenes and associate it with the existence of shadow edges, avoiding several pitfalls that burden previous illumination estimation approaches, which rely on associating a parametrization of illumination with the per pixel intensity of shadows or shading. We show a way to couple shadow and illumination estimation, relying only on the subset of shadow edges that is relevant to the provided geometry. In our approach, illumination estimation is posed as the minimization of an energy function that penalizes the matching between the expected shadow outline and observed image edges. Minimizing this energy function is strongly tied to selecting the appropriate set of potential shadow edges in the image. Our approach leads to an illumination estimation algorithm that performs on par with or better than the state of the art, even when scene geometry knowledge is limited, while having much lower computational complexity than state-of-the-art methods. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach both with quantitative results on synthetic data and qualitative evaluation on real images.
Copyright Awareness, Partnerships, And Training Issues In Academic Libraries

Abstract This article reports on the results of a national survey of academic librarians and library staff (N = 226) in the United States about their awareness of various copyright policies, partnerships with campus groups to address copyright issues, and training needs. A majority of the survey respondents reported that they have answered copyright-related questions in the workplace, yet only 49% (n = 98) of the respondents perceived they were prepared to provide copyright information to library users. Awareness of various copyright policies among librarians and staff members varied, including a reported minimal awareness of the T.E.A.C.H. Act. In addition, survey respondents expressed the desire for more copyright-related training. In light of these findings, the present study extends the existing literature and offers recommendations to help better prepare a “copyright confident” or “copyright responsive” academic library workforce.
Dynamics of vertical mixing in a shallow lake with submersed macrophytes

[1] A model for vertical turbulent diffusion and stratification in a shallow lake with submersed macrophytes is formulated on the basis of a one-dimensional equation for production, transport, and dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy, coupled with a vertical heat transfer equation. Numerical solutions of the coupled equations allow simulation of the hourly variation of water temperature profiles in a shallow lake as a function of varying weather parameters. The model can be used to simulate water temperature and turbulent kinetic energy profiles in locations of a shallow lake with either dense macrophyte beds or relatively open water. The water temperature simulations are in good agreement with field data from a shallow lake. During the day, macrophyte beds are found to increase the strength of temperature stratification and to reduce the mixed layer depth compared to open water. Macrophyte beds are found to have relatively little effect on nighttime deepening of the mixed layer because of surface cooling. Lateral transport between open water and macrophyte beds of finite horizontal dimensions (patchiness) may limit the accuracy of one-dimensional transport models. Vertical diffusivity coefficient profiles found in this study may be useful to investigate mass transport in shallow lakes with macrophytes.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Historic Design Cases

Craig D. Howard is an Assistant Professor of Instructional Technology at Texas A&M University—Texarkana. He holds a PhD from Indiana University Bloomington in Instructional Systems Technology, and an MA in TESOL from Teachers College Columbia University. Prior to coming to Texas, Craig has taught at universities in Atlanta, New York City, and Tokyo, Japan as well as in K-12 schools for the New York City Board of Education and for the New York State Department of Social Services. Craig has designed learning for Microsoft and Cambridge University Press, and researches innovative designs for learning professional discourses.
New times, new millennium, new literacies

Abstract This paper conceptualizes literacy as a social practice consisting of multiliteracies, and reviews the research of students’ various uses of these literacies in school. Framed within d/Discourse theories proposed by Foucault and Gee, students’ multiple school literacy practices are categorized by processes of indoctrination into academic literacies, negotiation of home/community and academic literacies, and navigation of multiliteracies. From the studies examined, implications are drawn for teacher education practices in the new millennium. Recommendations address diversity in school d/ Discourses, identities, and literacy practices specific to students’ multiliteracies and to their ever changing and growing literacy needs.
Effects of induced water stress on leaf trichome density and foliar nutrients of three elm (Ulmus) species: implications for resistance to the elm leaf beetle.

Seedlings of three elm species with variable susceptibility to the elm leaf beetle (Pyrrhalta luteola Muller) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) were subjected to three water stress treatments (no stress, low stress, and high stress) in a greenhouse experiment. The species tested were Ulmus pumila L. (Siberian elm = highly susceptible), U. parvifolia Jacq. (Chinese elm = resistant), and U. americana L. (American elm = intermediate). The seedlings were analyzed for changes in the levels of selected host traits (trichome density, foliar concentration of nitrogen [N], phosphorus [P], potassium [K], calcium [Ca], magnesium [Mg], iron [Fe], and manganese [Mn]), some of which had previously been implicated in resistance to the elm leaf beetle. Density of leaf abaxial surface trichomes (simple, bulbous, and total trichomes) and foliar Fe and Mg concentrations increased significantly in the highly susceptible Siberian elms under water stress. In contrast, stress reduced trichome density in the moderately susceptible American elms, but it had no effect on levels of foliar mineral nutrients. The stress treatments had no influence on host traits in the resistant Chinese elms. The results suggest that environmental stress can alter plant traits that are likely involved in determining resistance of elms to the elm leaf beetle.
U.S. and E.U. sme subcontracting policy and practice trends: Towards a transatlantic accountability consensus

U.S. and E.U. public and defense procurement rules require large prime contractors to promote subcontracts to small businesses, a.k.a. small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Under the U.S. Small Business Act, large firms encourage subcontracting through publicity, subcontracting plans, and “good faith” efforts to achieve subcontracting goals. However, processoriented measures failed to guarantee definitive results. In contrast, E.U. and member governments can hold large firms accountable to stricter subcontracting standards (often sweetened by incentives). With the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010, the U.S. is trying accountability measures now. Therefore, large contractors must plan for definitive subcontracting commitments in both markets.
Comparison of beta adrenergic receptor binding characteristics and coupling to adenylate cyclase in rat pulmonary artery versus aorta.

In an effort to define the mechanisms regulating pulmonary vasodilatation and explain the greater in vitro response to iso-proterenol in the pulmonary artery (PA) vs. aorta (AO), we compared beta adrenergic receptor binding characteristics and coupling to adenylate cyclase in PA and AO obtained from adult male rats. Beta adrenergic receptor binding characteristics and affinity for agonists were determined with [125I]-iodocyanopindolol. Agonist displacement studies were characteristic of a beta-2 adrenergic receptor subtype. Receptor density (44.7 +/- 7.3 vs. 39.6 +/- 0.8 fmol/mg of protein means +/- S.E.M., PA vs. AO) and the dissociation constant for the radioligand (10.3 +/- 2.6 vs. 13.4 +/- 3.5 pM) were similar in the two arteries. However, affinity for l-isoproterenol was greater (the inhibition constant was lower) in PA compared to AO (0.08 +/- 0.03 vs. 1.20 +/- 0.18 microM, P less than .05), as was affinity for l-epinephrine (0.89 +/- 0.20 vs. 3.87 +/- 0.62 microM, P less than .05). Affinity was similar for l-norepinephrine (18.93 +/- 3.63 vs. 13.49 +/- 3.12 microM). Base-line cyclic AMP (cAMP) content, basal adenylate cyclase activity and adenylate cyclase activity stimulated by GTP, isoproterenol plus GTP and forskolin were measured by radioimmunoassay for cAMP. Base-line cAMP content was greater in PA than in AO (513.5 +/- 46.9 vs. 125.5 +/- 19.1 pmol of cAMP per mg of protein, P less than .001), as was basal adenylate cyclase activity (10.8 +/- 1.2 vs. 5.7 +/- 1.3 pmol of cAMP per mg of protein per min, P less than .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Building relationships with technology transfer officers.

Good relationships between inventors and technology transfer officers can reap dividends at every stage in the marketing of an invention or in forming a company. Conversely, a lack of communication can play into the hands of investors.
Scatter and Shatter: Centrosome Declustering is an Attractive Chemotherapeutic Strategy

The centrosome is a non-membranous organelle often found near the cell center, as per its namesake. It consists of two orthogonallyoriented centrioles enmeshed within a conglomeration of proteins called the pericentriolar material (PCM). Despite its diminutive size, the centrosome assumes a highly influential position in metazoan cells, serving as the major microtubule organizing center (MTOC). As such, the centrosome impacts a vast array of cellular processes, such as mitotic spindle formation and orientation, cell polarization, directional migration, cell signaling through the primary cilium, and locomotion via flagella [1]. Furthermore, the centrosome serves various MTOC-independent functions in cell cycle progression, such as G1/S transition, mitotic entry, anaphase onset, and cytokinesis. Consequently, disturbances in centrosome function typically engender far-reaching consequences.
Microbial pathogen quality criteria of rendered products

The North American rendering industry processes approximately 24 million metric tons (Mt) of raw materials and produces more than 8 million Mt of rendered products. More than 85 % of rendered products produced annually in the USA are used for producing animal feed. Pathogen contamination in rendered products is an important and topical issue. Although elevated temperatures (115–140 °C) for 40–90 min during the standard rendering processes are mathematically sufficient to completely destroy commonly found pathogens, the presence of pathogens in rendered products has nevertheless been reported. Increased concern over the risk of microbial contamination in rendered products may require additional safeguards for producing pathogen-free rendered products. This study provides an overview of rendered products, existing microbial pathogen quality criteria of rendered products (MPQCR), limitations, and the scope of improving the MPQCR.
Analysis of Engineer's Practice Ability from the Perspective of Successful Intelligence

Engineering is the practical activity of human creation.Engineers who are the subjects of engineering practice need a variety of ability,in which the key one is the practice ability.That is because only the practical ability can convert the knowledge accomplishment,innovative thinking and professional skills into realistic creation activity.From different points of view,the engineer's practical ability can be divided into different components.The engineer's practical ability is not fostered all at once,to accept education is the preparation for engineering practice ability,and the real engineering practice is the reality field which forms the engineering practice ability,while the society is the constrained environment which forms the engineering practice ability.
Utilization for protein synthesis of 2-ketoisocaproate relative to utilization of leucine, as estimated from exhalation of labelled CO2.

1. We have previously shown that the ratio ( R WBP ) of incorporation of label from 2-ketoisocaproate (KIC) into the leucine of whole-body protein to the simultaneous incorporation of label from leucine itself into protein is a measure of the nutritional efficiency of KIC as a substitute for leucine. 2. In order to determine whether R WBP can be estimated indirectly from measurement of labelled CO 2 excretion, rats were injected orally or intravenously with [4,5- 3 H]leucine and either [1- 14 C]leucine or [1- 14 C]KIC. Expired CO 2 was collected for 6 h. 3. The results show that 9–14% of KIC underwent first-pass oxidation after oral administration. When isotopes were given intravenously, the mean rate of excretion of 14 CO 2 from KIC, after 20 min, remained 1.8 times the mean rate of excretion of 14 CO 2 from leucine. 4. Mean R WBP , measured in whole-body protein in rats given isotopes orally or intravenously along with small or large doses of carriers, was the same as mean R WBP estimated from mean cumulative CO 2 excretion. 5. We conclude (1) that nutritional efficiency of KIC relative to leucine can be estimated from measurement of labelled CO 2 excretion, and (2) that the relative inefficiency of KIC as a substitute for leucine in the rat is attributable to first-pass oxidation of 9–14% (when given orally) and 80% greater susceptibility to systemic oxidation than leucine.
Nuclear responses to depletion of mitochondrial DNA in human cells

The derivation of human cell lines devoid of mitochondrial (mt) DNA (rho 0) provides an opportunity to study nuclear responses to a chronic impairment of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Expression of several nuclear genes is induced in human rho 0 cells, including those encoding integral proteins of the mitochondrial inner membrane, intermediate filaments, and ribosomes. In contrast to conditions in which mitochondrial respiration is altered acutely, expression of heat shock proteins and immediate early genes is not induced. Mitochondria from rho 0 cells maintain a transmembrane electrochemical potential and are distributed within the cytoplasm of these cells in a manner indistinguishable from that of wild-type cells. We conclude that a chronic deficiency of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation produced by elimination of mtDNA is associated with a different pattern of gene induction than that provoked by other acute or subacute conditions that impair mitochondrial respiration or create energy demands in excess of mitochondrial respiratory capacity.
Quantification of arteriovenous shunting in renal cell carcinoma.

AbstractArteriovenous shunting was quantitated with 20 plus or minus 10 µ 99mtechnetium human albumin microspheres in 12 patients with angiographically hypervascular renal cell carcinomas. Arteriovenous shunting was diagnosed angiographically when the renal vein was opacified during the arterial phase. With use of an angiographic catheter 2 to 3 mCi. 99mtechnetium human albumin microspheres were first injected into the renal artery directly supplying the tumor. Thereafter, 0.5 to 1 mCi. microspheres were injected into the inferior vena cava. Scintillation counts over the right lung were obtained immediately after each injection. The ratio between the 2 counts established the rate of tumor shunting after correction for dose difference and decay. Nine patients without angiographic evidence of arteriovenous shunting had mean shunt rates of 15 per cent, whereas 3 patients with angiographically visible shunting had significantly higher shunt rates of 57 per cent (p less than 0.001). It is concluded that angiog...