cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Life cycle based multi-criteria optimization for optimal allocation of commercial delivery truck fleet in the United States

Abstract Parcel delivery trucks, due to their intensive stop-and-go operational patterns, have relative lower fuel efficiency and higher environmental impacts to urban areas. The adoption of alternative fuel trucks may mitigate the environmental impacts, however, the first cost of these trucks is higher than those of traditional diesel trucks. To this end, based on environmental, social, and economic indicators, a model that provides optimized solutions for a fleet consists of 30 commercial delivery trucks is studied in this paper. An economic input–output based hybrid life cycle assessment is performed in conjunction with Multi-Objective Linear Programming to evaluate various delivery truck fleet combinations and to provide a comprehensive analysis of fleet performance. Furthermore, six specific scenarios, representing different utilization levels and fuel economy levels, have been taken into consideration to reflect the sensitivity of fleet performance with respect to real word operation. The performances of the vehicles are evaluated based on three criteria: economic aspects, environmental concerns, and public health impacts. Furthermore, the results are considered from two perspectives, the first being a case in which no constraints are taken into account, and the second case being considered under tailpipe emission constraints. The results indicate that when fuel economy is high and annual mileage is low, current diesel trucks are able to fulfill the requirement in both cases with reasonably low costs. Conversely, in scenarios with low fuel economy and high utilization levels, hybrid vehicles are preferred. However, the optimization model selects more electric trucks when tailpipe emission constraints are accounted.
High resolution absorption cross sections for propylene in the 3 µm region at high temperatures

Abstract High resolution infrared spectra in the 3 µm region for propylene (C 3 H 6 ) were recorded at temperatures up to 700 K. Measurements were taken using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer at a resolution of 0.005 cm −1 using a quartz cell inside a tube furnace. Calculated cross sections were calibrated against composite spectra from the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. These cross sections are provided with this work and will find use in remote sensing and combustion monitoring.
Los Angeles 1968–1970

We drove from Portland to Los Angeles in our overloaded Falcon. Mel Judkins sold the car to me for a very low price. Los Angeles welcomed us on April 1 with unexpected weather, a hard, long downpour. But, after that, we didn’t see rain for more than half a year; only beautiful sunshine. Looking for lodging, I granted the children’s wish to be close to the ocean. We expected that they would go back to Prague in about 4 months to start a new school year so therefore we rented an apartment in Santa Monica three blocks from the ocean. They had an excellent time in Santa Monica, a real vacation. This, however, lasted only a few months. Soon, we were receiving news from Prague that the political situation was changing there. After the Warsaw Union tanks occupied Czechoslovakia and crushed the “Prague Spring,” we decided not to return to Czechoslovakia and to stay in the US. The University office for foreign students helped us in formalizing this decision. It was an extremely serious decision with many ramifications. We rented a house in Los Angeles close to the University and our children enrolled in school. We also bought a new car, an eight cylinder Ford Country Squire station wagon, to explore the California country side. In California, we found almost everything. In the winter, we went to June Lake for skiing in the Sierra Mountains. After coming back the next day, we went for outdoor swimming in the University recreation area. We used this area often for our weekend relaxation combining swimming with volleyball. My son, Jon, and I were on a competitive doubles team in volleyball. Both summers, I went with the children and Charles on vacation to hike mountains. One year in California, specifically in Yosemite National Park, and the other in Colorado.
EssD, a Nuclease Effector of the Staphylococcus aureus ESS Pathway.

Specialized secretion systems of bacteria evolved for selective advantage, either killing microbial competitors or implementing effector functions during parasitism. Earlier work characterized the ESAT-6 secretion system (ESS) of Staphylococcus aureus and demonstrated its contribution to persistent staphylococcal infection of vertebrate hosts. Here, we identify a novel secreted effector of the ESS pathway, EssD, that functions as a nuclease and cleaves DNA but not RNA. EssI, a protein of the DUF600 family, binds EssD to block its nuclease activity in the staphylococcal cytoplasm. An essD knockout mutant or a variant lacking nuclease activity, essDL546P, elicited a diminished interleukin-12 (IL-12) cytokine response following bloodstream infection of mice, suggesting that the effector function of EssD stimulates immune signaling to support the pathogenesis of S. aureus infections. IMPORTANCE Bacterial type VII or ESAT-6-like secretion systems (ESS) may have evolved to modulate host immune responses during infection, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of important diseases such as tuberculosis and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infection. The molecular mechanisms whereby type VII secretion systems achieve their goals are not fully elucidated as secreted effectors with biochemical functions have heretofore not been identified. We show here that MRSA infection relies on the secretion of a nuclease effector that cleaves DNA and contributes to the stimulation of IL-12 signaling during infection. These results identify a biological mechanism for the contribution of the ESS pathway toward the establishment of MRSA disease.
On the solvation properties of supercritical electrolyte solutions

Abstract A series of hydrothermal diamond anvil cell experiments was conducted to constrain the effect of anions (Cl − , F − ) and cations (Mg + 2 , Na + ) on the molecular structure of high temperature/-pressure fluids, and to express the extent of hydration as a function of solute's speciation and concentration at temperatures ranging from 400 to 800 °C and pressures of 1.7 to 30.1 kbar. Results reveal that hydrogen-bonding environments for H 2 O molecules in the first hydration shell of anions evolve from pure O H ⋯ O to dynamic mixtures with O H ⋯ X − (F − , Cl − ). The distribution of the “O H ⋯ X − ” structures (O H ⋯ O, O H ⋯ X − ) is proportional to the concentration of dissolved anions; strongly dependent, however, on ionic speciation. To this end, the O H ⋯ O structures inside the hydration shell of F − are weaker than the O H ⋯ Cl − and O H ⋯ O in Cl − bearing solutions. On the contrary, cations (Na + , Mg 2 + ) appear to impose a minimal effect on the Raman spectra of the O H ⋯ O structures. The thermodynamic stability of “O H ⋯ Cl − ” environments shows a strong correlation with the activity of H 2 O, indicative of the localized effect of the Cl − electric field that decouples the hydration from the bulk water molecules. The enthalpy change required to rupture these H-bonding environments (ΔHO H ⋯ Cl − ) provides a measure for the extent of ion hydration and constrains the solvation properties of supercritical electrolyte solutions. For example, the dominant presence of “O H ⋯ Cl − “ environments lowers the concentration of isolated water dipoles and contributes to the decrease in the dielectric constant of supercritical electrolyte solutions, which in turn, could suppress the solubility of hydrophobic non-polar aqueous species, such as SiO 2(aq) .
Network closure and integration in the mid-20th century American mafia

Abstract Criminal networks are thought to be biased toward decentralization and security rather than integration and efficiency. This article examines this tradeoff in a large-scale national criminal network spanning more than 700 members of 24 distinct American mafia families operating in the mid-20th century. Producing a novel network image of the American mafia as a set of highly differentiated yet intertwined islands of criminal activity, the analysis uncovers a small-world structure that allowed both for strong intragroup closure and high intergroup connectivity. This balance reflected a division of network labor in which integrative bridging connections were disproportionately concentrated among a small number of criminals. Furthermore, the criminals who held such bridging ties tended to be either low- or high-status—but not of middling status—within their respective organizations.
Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase activity is regulated by BCR/ABL and is required for the growth of Philadelphia chromosome-positive cells

The BCR/ABL oncogenic tyrosine kinase is responsible for initiating and maintaining the leukemic phenotype of Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1)- positive cells. Phosphatidylinositol-3 (PI-3) kinase is known to interact with and be activated by receptor and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases. We investigated whether PI-3 kinase associates with and/or is regulated by BCR/ABL, whether this interaction is functionally significant for Ph1 cell proliferation, and, if so, whether inhibition of PI-3 kinase activity can be exploited to eliminate Ph1-positive cells from bone marrow. We show that the p85 alpha subunit of PI-3 kinase associates with BCR/ABL and that transient expression of BCR/ABL in fibroblasts and down-regulation of BCR/ABL expression using antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) in Ph1 cells activates and inhibits, respectively, PI-3 kinase enzymatic activity. The use of specific ODNs or antisense constructs to downregulate p85 alpha expression showed a requirement for p85 alpha subunit in the proliferation of BCR/ABL-dependent cell lines and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) primary cells. Similarly, wortmannin, a specific inhibitor of the enzymatic activity of the p110 subunit of PI-3 kinase, inhibited growth of these cells. The growth of normal bone marrow and erythromyeloid, but not megakaryocyte, progenitors was inhibited by p85 alpha antisense [S]ODNs, but wortmannin, at the concentrations tested, did not affect normal hematopoiesis. The proliferation of two BCR/ABL- and growth factor-independent cell lines was not affected by downregulation of the expression of the p85 alpha subunit or inhibition of p110 enzymatic activity, confirming the specificity of the observed effects on Ph1 cells. Thus, PI-3 kinase is one of the downstream effectors of BCR/ABL tyrosine kinase in CML cells. Moreover, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction performed on single colonies to detect BCR-ABL transcripts showed that wortmannin was able to eliminate selectively CML-blast crisis cells from a mixture of normal bone marrow and Ph1 cells.
Case Report of Mimicry between Synovial Hemangioma and Synovial Chondromatosis of the Shoulder.

INTRODUCTION Synovial hemangioma is a developmental hamartoma of vascular tissue within the synovium; no cases involving the shoulder girdle have been described in the literature. Synovial chondromatosis is a benign condition in which synovial cells undergo metaplasia into hyaline cartilage and is also thought to infrequently affect the shoulder region. CASE REPORT A 44-year-old female presented with left shoulder pain of 7-year duration. Magnetic resonance image displayed a 2.5 cm × 2.5 cm lesion in the anterior glenohumeral joint, with hypointense T1- and hyperintense T2-weighted signal and peripheral and septal enhancement. Arthroscopic biopsy of the synovial-appearing mass led to a histologic diagnosis of synovial hemangioma. Successful embolization was performed, and repeat arthroscopy then revealed a white consolidated mass at the subscapularis recess. After en bloc excision, histologic evaluation was consistent with synovial chondromatosis. At 6 months, she denied any pain or limitation in her shoulder. CONCLUSION Synovial hemangioma has never before been reported to involve the shoulder region. Histologically, engorged inflammatory vessels secondary to a mass effect are identical to a hemangioma. The clinician should be aware that synovial chondromatosis or other masses may compress synovial vessels and histologically mimic a hemangioma.
Reduced fronto-amygdalar connectivity in adolescence is associated with increased depression symptoms over time.

Abstract Depression is common among adolescents, affecting greater than 12% of youth in a given year. Studies have shown aberrant amygdala connectivity in depressed adolescents, compared with controls; however, no studies have examined whether these abnormalities precede and heighten risk for depressive symptom expression. This study used resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) magnetic resonance imaging to examine neurobiological markers of escalating depression symptoms in adolescents (ages 12–16 years; free from psychopathology at baseline). Of a large sample of adolescents, 18 showed ≥ 1 S.D. increase in depression scale t-scores over time (“escalators”; time to escalation ranging from 6 to 54 months in follow up) and were matched and compared to 19 youth showing stable CDI scores over time (“controls”). Whole-brain analyses on baseline RSFC data using an amygdala seed region-of-interest (ROI) showed that controls had greater RSFC, relative to escalators, between the right amygdala and left inferior frontal and supramarginal gyrus and right mid-cingulate cortex. Additionally, relative to escalators, control youth had less RSFC between the left amygdala and cerebellum. Findings suggest a possible neurobiological marker of increasing depressive symptoms during adolescence, characterized in part by reduced fronto-limbic connectivity, suggesting a premorbid deficiency in top-down emotional regulation.
A System Dynamics Model That Simulates a Significant Late Life Cycle Manpower Increase Phenomenon

Available software metrics data from an initially schedule and cost-driven satellite flight software project contains a late life cycle staff spike from a lack of initial rigor in inspection and unit testing. In order to study the effects on the number of staff from varying the degree of inspection and unit test rigor, Madachy's inspection-based system dynamics model was modified to add unit testing and an integration test feedback loop. This modified Madachy model generated a similar late life cycle manpower rate increase from a parametric lack of up-front rigor in these same defect removal techniques.
Influence of three types of borders on field evaluation of insecticides for fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) control in seedling corn.

The performance of insecticides when applied against the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), larvae in whorl stage corn was studied in relation to larval movement within and between test plots. The effectiveness of individual treatments varied in accordance with their toxicity to FAW. The degree of FAW suppression was critically influenced by the type of adjacent treatment (Exp 1). Side-by-side experimental plots with no borders gave results that made better performing insecticides look worse than they were, while poorer performers looked better. Plots having fallow (tillage only), untreated, and insecticide-treated borders (Exp 2) contained 21, 14, and 9% dead plants, respectively, from FAW feeding. Methomyl and monocrotophos gave the greatest control of FAW larvae, while trichlorfon and carbaryl were the least effective insecticides. Permethrin gave poor control with one application but improved with multiple applications to equal the effect of the methomyl standard after three app...
The aquaporin-4 water channel as a potential drug target in neurological disorders

Introduction: Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is a water transporting protein expressed at the plasma membrane of astrocytes throughout the central nervous system (CNS). Analysis of AQP4 knockout mice has sugge...
Complex Flow Structures in Strongly Chaotic Time-Dependent Mantle Convection

Large-scale numerical simulations of two-dimensional thermal convection have been conducted in the strong time-dependent regime for infinite Prandtl number fluids, as applied to the Earth’s mantle. Both Newtonian and non-Newtonian (strain-rate proportional to the third power of the deviatoric stress) rheologies have been studied. We have also investigated for Newtonian fluids the effects of multiple phase transitions in mantle convection. The transition from soft to hard turbulence is studied for linear and nonlinear rheologies. In non-Newtonian convection with internal heating, high temperature can be produced in stagnant regions. A non-Newtonian mantle can tolerate less internal-heating than a Newtonian mantle. Non-Newtonian plumes behave quite differently from Newtonian ones in that noticeable curvatures are developed in their ascent. The transition to the disconnected-plume regime takes place at much lower Nusselt numbers for non-Newtonian rheology. For the Earth’s mantle this would have strong implications, as the upper-mantle rheology is probably non-Newtonian. At high Rayleigh number, greater than 107, convection with a single olivine to spinel phase transition becomes intermittently layered. The effects of depth-dependent thermal expansivity and internal-heating are to increase the propensity toward layering. With increasing Ra the system becomes more layered, irrespective of the sign of the Clapeyron slope and various types of phase transitions. In an early Earth with a hotter temperature and greater amounts of radiogenic heating, mantle convection would have a greater tendency for layering.
The Medical Criteria: Physician Guidelines for Patient Participation

Active physical therapy (APT) has been defined as a system in which functional electrical stimulation is applied to the paralyzed extremities of spinalcord-injured individuals. The electrical stimulation “activates” the paralyzed muscles so that a specific motion is created and the muscle works against a specific load at a specific rate. Both the rate and the load are characteristic of the type of exercise training desired, as discussed below. In APT the actively contracting muscles act upon their environment to produce the exercise effect.
Territorialexpansion und militärische Sicherheit

Die Verhaltnisse, die den Hintergrund des modernen Staates bilden, stehen in enger Beziehung zu seinen wichtigsten Zielen. Hingen sie nicht mit diesen Zielen zusammen, so konnten sie in der Tat nicht die Voraussetzungen fur die Entwicklung moderner Staaten bilden; denn das menschliche und soziale Leben ist im Gegensatz zum tierischen und anorganischen so geartet, das viele seiner wesentlichsten Bestimmungsfaktoren erst vom menschlichen Bewustsein verarbeitet werden mussen, bevor sich der Wille ihrer als Mittel zur Erreichung seiner Ziele bedienen kann1. So ubt der geographische Faktor seinen machtigen Einflus da aus, wo der Wille zur Expansion vorhanden ist. Der Trieb zur Expansion ist sehr wichtig in der menschlichen Geschichte. Lange Zeit hindurch war die Herrschaft uber Landbesitz die Hauptgrundlage aller Macht. Das Lehnswesen war in seiner Gesamtheit darauf aufgebaut. Wie wir schon erwahnten, nahm der Prozes der territorialen Einigung von der Ausdehnung des furstlichen Herrschaftsgebiets seinen Ausgang. Die grosen Fursten Europas, die moderne Staaten aufgebaut haben, waren in einem gewissen Sinne landhungrige Bauern.
MILKING MACHINES | Principles and Design

The principles of mechanical milking have a long and interesting developmental history. The development of a machine was intended to eliminate the necessity of hand milking to extract milk from the cow. Ultimately, the development of the machine was extended to include milking of other mammals such as the goat, sheep, and water buffalo. After the abandonment of the catheter and pressure principle, the use of vacuum for milk extraction became the norm. The development of the Alexander Gilles shell and liner became the foundation for the present-day operational principle for the part of the machine that comes in contact with the cow. That principle has lasted over 100 years and there does not appear to be anything on the horizon to replace it. Milk pipelines became popular and have replaced many bucket-type systems with the advent of clean-in-place methods. Milking cluster designs have increased in claw piece capacity to accommodate higher flow rates. Automatic cluster removers have become a familiar items on dairy farms in recent years. The robotic machine has reached a post early adoption stage; interestingly, however, it uses the basic Gilles design of the double-chambered teat-cup.
Can We Determine the Metaphysics Underlying Reality

The classical physicist‘s view, with its roots in the 17th century physics that matured under Isaac Newton, has influenced biology and psychology, an influence that began in the 19th century and still continues, although somewhat abated. The most devastating consequence of this metaphysical view (called material realism) of biological and psychological beings, which includes us, is that all our subjective experiences, indeed, our minds and consciousness, are regarded as meaningless epiphenomena of matter—only matter is real. This means that the dance of the elementary particles of matter is the real thing; mind and consciousness are merely ornamental, having no causal efficacy. “A physicist is [merely] an atom‘s way of knowing about atoms,” says the classical physicist. (The biologist puts this epiphenomenalism slightly differently; “A human being is a gene‘s way of knowing about genes.”)
Learning to play hearts

The success of neural networks and temporal difference methods in complex tasks such as in (Tesauro 1992) provides the opportunity to apply these methods in other game playing domains. I compared two learning architectures: supervised learning and temporal difference learning for the game of hearts. Supervised Learning Framework. This version employs a supervised learning algorithm. There are four evaluating networks, one for each suit. If a suit is legal to play, the corresponding network is evaluated on all legal plays in this suit. The card with the highest evaluation is returned as the best candidate in the suit. If several suits could be played then the card with the highest value across all suits is selected. Once the trick is completed, we calculate its value by summing all point-bearing cards in the trick. The neural network is updated with the target value being the trick
A 21.6 kDa tegumental protein of Clonorchis sinensis induces a Th1/Th2 mixed immune response in mice.

INTRODUCTION Clonorchis sinensis is a major parasite affecting the Korea population. Despite the high infection rate and pathogenicity, very few studies have been conducted to investigate the immune responses against the proteins of C. sinensis. METHODS In this study, in vitro immune response induced by a recombinant 21.6 kDa tegumental protein derived from C. sinensis (rCsTegu21.6) was confirmed in murine dendritic cells and T cells. For the in vivo analysis, each mouse was immunized three times. Total serum IgG and T cell cytokine production were determined by ELISA, while T cell proliferation was detected by a WST (Water-Soluble Tetrazolium salt)-1 assay. RESULTS In vitro tests indicated that rCsTegu21.6 treatment increased the expression of surface molecules, such as CD40 (77%), CD80 (52%) and CD86 (46%), on murine dendritic cells and the secretion of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-12p70). Moreover, co-culturing dendritic cells activated by rCsTegu21.6 with allogenic T cells induced T cell proliferation over time. rCsTegu21.6 also stimulated specific antibody production and cytokine secretion [IL-2, IL-4, and interferon (IFN)-γ)] from T cells following immunization in vivo. Notably, rCsTegu21.6 predominantly induced IgG1 production and secretion of the Th2 cytokine IL-4, regardless of the type of adjuvant used. CONCLUSION These results serve as a foundation for the development of tegumental protein-based vaccines against C. sinensis.
Shared school transportation: determinants of carpooling as children’s school travel mode in California

Carpooling has potential as an alternative mode of school transportation along with other viable options, especially at a time when technology continues to increase our reliance upon shared mobility. Unfortunately, our knowledge of carpooling as a school travel mode is very limited. The purpose of this paper is to fill this gap. Using a multinomial logit model, this study presents an analysis of data from the 2012 California Household Travel Survey to assess the effects of various factors, such as trip characteristics, child characteristics, parental or caregiver’s characteristics, household characteristics, and spatial variables on choosing carpooling as a school travel mode. The findings of the study indicate that travel distance is one of the major determinants of carpooling, suggesting that children are more likely to carpool to school as travel distance from home to school increases. The analysis shows that a higher income two-parent two-earner family with a 5–15-year-old female schoolchild is more likely to use carpooling for school trips when compared to other modes of transportation. Parental/caregiver characteristics are also found to be important, as children from households with young, female, higher educated heads are more likely to carpool to school. Results of spatial variables suggest that families living in neighborhoods with higher numbers of schoolchildren are also more likely to carpool. The empirical evidence presented in this study provides useful insight to school districts, policymakers, and other transportation related entities in identifying potential target groups to whom this travel mode could be presented.
Antipsychotic Medication-Induced Weight Gain

A 35-year-old man is referred to you by his psychiatrist for assistance with weight management. The patient has a history of class 2 obesity (height 70 in, weight 258 lb, BMI 37 kg/m2) and bipolar disorder managed with olanzapine. The olanzapine was started 1 year ago after SSRIs and SNRIs proved ineffective. While olanzapine has been helpful with respect to mood, the patient has gained 19 lb since initiating therapy. The patient’s psychiatrist is hopeful that, together, you can formulate a plan to address the patient’s weight while maintaining mood stability.
Analytic theory for the determination of velocity and stability of bubbles in a Hele-Shaw cell

Here, we extend the analysis of Part I to determine the linear stability of a bubble in a Hele-Shaw cell analytically. Only the solution branch corresponding to the largest possible bubble velocity U for given surface tension is found to be stable, while all the others are unstable, in accordance with earlier numerical results.
Point of Care Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Necrotizing Fasciitis.

ABSTRACT Background: Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a severe, life-threatening soft tissue infection requiring prompt diagnosis and immediate surgical debridement. Imaging, including a computed tomography (CT) scan, can often aid in the diagnosis, though it can prolong time to treatment and diagnosis. Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is often used in the ED to identify soft tissue infections. The objective of this study is to evaluate the use of POCUS to identify NF in patients presenting to the emergency department. Methods: We prospectively enrolled patients who presented to the emergency department (ED) with suspected soft tissue infection who received a computed tomography and/or surgical consult. POCUS images of the suspected site of infection were obtained by the emergency medicine physician and interpreted based on sonographic findings of NF. These findings were compared with CT scan or surgical impression. Results: We enrolled 64 patients in this study. Eight were determined to be at high risk of having NF based on CT scan and/or surgical impression. All of these patients also had POCUS images interpreted as concerning for NF. Furthermore, 56 patients were classified as being low risk for having NF based on CT scan and/or surgical impression. All but one of these patients had POCUS images interpreted as not concerning for NF. Conclusions: Our data indicates that POCUS can be used to identify NF with a high sensitivity and specificity.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Pneumonia

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a ubiquitous respiratory virus and is well known as the most important cause of lower respiratory tract infection in young children (Hall & McCarthy, 1996). It also causes annual epidemics of respiratory illness in adults including upper respiratory infections, bronchitis, and pneumonia. Although previously considered a significant pathogen only in children, RSV has recently been recognized as a cause of serious disease in immunocompromised and elderly adults as well as persons with underlying heart and lung disease. Additionally, it has been shown to cause pneumonia in previously healthy, young adults, although the incidence is unknown (Dowell et al., 1996).
East Asian Perspective in Transmedia Storytelling | Yōkai Monsters at Large: Mizuki Shigeru’s Manga, Transmedia Practices, and (Lack of) Cultural Politics

This study engages in a discussion of yōkai (preternatural monsters in Japanese folklore) characters in Mizuki Shigeru’s manga and their transmedia expansion not as an expression of Japanese cultural tradition, but as an outcome of transmedia adaptation practices (known as “media mix” in Japan) in the modern period by creators, media companies, and other social agents. This study argues that recent Japanese transmedia practices are principally propelled by the specific style of character drawing found in the manga medium and the character-centric multimedia production scheme, which makes manga(-originated) characters—including yōkai characters—versatile for moving across different media platforms. Although transmedia practices can enhance the potential for producing synergies among previously discrete cultural industries and media companies to attain more profits, such a close relationship undermines the autonomy of each media industry, company, and other actors, which can attenuate social critique or cultural politics previously exercised through storytelling in manga, including Mizuki’s yōkai works. By analyzing the transmedia practices that have used Mizuki’s yōkai manga as “original” sources, this article addresses what has been gained and lost when yōkai are migrated into different media platforms.
Learning Theories and Educational Paradigms

This article is an introductory review of learning philosophies and theories directly associated with human learning. We present an introduction to educational foundations followed by major sections on the two foundational areas of learning philosophy and learning theory. The focus of this article is on educational foundations; the goal is to help the individual understand the foundational relationships between learning philosophy and learning theory. The purpose is to set the underlying principles by which learning decisions are made.
Oligothiophene Synthesis by a General C-H Activation Mechanism: Electrophilic Concerted Metalation-Deprotonation (eCMD).

Oxidative C–H/C–H coupling is a promising synthetic route for the streamlined construction of conjugated organic materials for optoelectronic applications. Broader adoption of these methods is neve...
State-trace analysis misinterpreted and misapplied: Reply to Stephens, Matzke, and Hayes (2019)

Abstract After using state-trace analysis to reanalyze results from 63 different categorization studies, Stephens, Matzke, and Hayes (2019) concluded that “the evidence for two distinct category learning systems is much more limited and inconsistent” (p. 14) than Ashby and Valentin (2017) had previously claimed. This reply shows that Stephens et al. (2019) misinterpreted and misapplied state-trace analysis. They report no evidence that favors a single learning system over multiple systems. They acknowledge that they would favor a single-system account, regardless of how their re-analyses had turned out. They justify this bias by claiming that single-system theories are more parsimonious than dual-systems theories, but they use a definition of parsimony that is inconsistent with state-trace analysis, and with the entire statistical field of model selection. By any accepted definition of parsimony, the dual-systems COVIS model is more parsimonious than the single-system model they favor in the current applications. The correct interpretation of their results is that none of the 63 studies they examined, by itself, definitively identifies the number of parameters that are varying across the conditions of that study. However, this was never an issue of contention, and was stated explicitly in prior publications.
Corneal Neurotization: Review of a New Surgical Approach and Its Developments.

ABSTRACTBackground: Corneal neurotization is an innovative surgical approach for restoring corneal sensation, whereby the sensory functions of a normal donor nerve are rerouted to an anesthetic cor...
Variation at an adhesin locus suggests sociality in natural populations of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Microbes engage in numerous social behaviours that are critical for survival and reproduction, and that require individuals to act as a collective. Various mechanisms ensure that collectives are composed of related, cooperating cells, thus allowing for the evolution and stability of these traits, and for selection to favour traits beneficial to the collective. Since microbes are difficult to observe directly, sociality in natural populations can instead be investigated using evolutionary genetic signatures, as social loci can be evolutionary hotspots. The budding yeast has been studied for over a century, yet little is known about its social behaviour in nature. Flo11 is a highly regulated cell adhesin required for most laboratory social phenotypes; studies suggest it may function in cell recognition and its heterogeneous expression may be adaptive for collectives such as biofilms. We investigated this locus and found positive selection in the areas implicated in cell-cell interaction, suggesting selection for kin discrimination. We also found balancing selection at an upstream activation site, suggesting selection on the level of variegated gene expression. Our results suggest this model yeast is surprisingly social in natural environments and is probably engaging in various forms of sociality. By using genomic data, this research provides a glimpse of otherwise unobservable interactions.
An analysis of future population pressures.

The population issue is 1 major international issue that has suffered and continues to suffer from misinterpretation misrepresentation and deliberate or ignorant distortion for ends which are mostly nonscientific. It does need to be stressed however that the population issue is itself not a simple one of biology or medicine. The mere size of the population is not the only major problem since the indications are 1) that there will be enough space to accommodate this sort of population and 2) that with the proper application of known technology the feeding of a population of the expected size is not likely to go beyond human ingenuity as long as certain political and social barriers are eliminated. However 1 has to be pessimistic about the removal of such political and social barriers. It cannot be expected at this time that the more industrializaed countries will suddenly accept a deliberate effort to slow down their economic growth and assist the less developed nations to progress toward their level. The main future pressures in terms of medicine have to be related not only to the mere size of the population but to its structure. The problem of the future is that infant mortality will probably continue to decrease in some countries or regions rather precipitously. The life expectancy in the developing countries will continue increasing. The population will therefore continue to increase and this will occur despite that fact that many more countries will come to accept family planning as a logical step for population control. However family planning as now practiced cannot posibly lead to population control or global fertility limitation of any consequence. There is a need for realistic planning which includes a drastic limitation of the population. Doctors need to recognize their leadership role be informed about what can be done and support and encourage social activities which will really deal with the problems. Methods of fertility control should be freely and readily available and research for safer and more effective methods must be continued.
Lotka–Volterra signals in ASEAN currency exchange rates

Abstract The 1997 Asian financial crisis stimulated interest in whether there are regional currency linkages that can transmit exchange rate fluctuations and pave the way to a single regional currency. Most such investigations to date are statistical analyses such as calculating cross-correlations rather than applications of nonlinear statistical models such as the Lotka–Volterra model. However, statistical significance is not the same as meaningful significance, and exchange rate time series appear to be noisy. How can we determine whether we are looking at temporally correlated signals–or at temporally correlated noise? We utilized the Lotka–Volterra model to extract and reconstruct signal from noisy long-term time series of daily exchange rates of ASEAN-5+3 currencies. The Lotka–Volterra model revealed hitherto undetected relationships with meaningful significance between certain currency pairs and provided four interpretable parameters for each pair-wise interaction. Statically significant fits were obtained for eleven of the sixty-four pair combinations. There is no evidence for trading blocs.
Cytokinin Effects on Creeping Bentgrass Responses to Heat Stress: I. Shoot and Root Growth

Heat stress injury may involve inhibition of cytokinin biosynthesis in roots. The objective of this study was to examine whether application of a synthetic cytokinin, zeatin riboside (ZR), to the root zone would enhance tolerance of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris L.) to high soil temperature or in combination with high air temperature. Grasses were exposed to three air and soil temperature regimes for 56 d in growth chambers: (i) optimum air and soil temperature (control), 20/20°C; (ii) optimum air but high soil temperature (20/35°C); and (iii) high air and soil temperatures (35/35°C). Four concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 μmol) of ZR or water (control) were injected into the 0-5 cm root zone on the day before heat stress (0 d) and 14 d after. Turf visual quality, canopy net photosynthetic rate (P n ), leaf photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), and vertical shoot extension rate decreased, whereas root mortality and root electrolyte leakage increased at 20/35 and 35/35°C, and to a greater extent at 35/35°C. Applications of 1 and 10 μmol ZR mitigated heat stress injury to shoots and roots during most of the experimental period, with 10 μmol ZR being more effective when applied at either 0 or 14 d of heat stress. Application of 0.1 μmol ZR was less effective than 1 and 10 μmol ZR. Application of 0.01 μmol ZR had no effects on shoot and root responses to high soil temperature alone or combined with high air temperature. Endogenous cytokinin content in both shoots and roots increased with the application of 1 and 10 μmol ZR. These results demonstrated that applying ZR at 1 or 10 μmol concentration to the root zone could alleviate heat stress injury of creeping bentgrass.
Physical activity and exercise to improve cardiovascular health for adults living with HIV

Pharmacologic advancements in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has extended the life expectancy of people living with HIV (PLWH). An unfortunate side effect of HIV treatment, however, is an increased prevalence of dyslipidemia, glycemic dysregulation and abnormal distribution of body fat (lipodystrophy). Consequently, the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) is significantly increased in PLWH and ultimately a major cause of mortality. Physical activity and exercise training are interventions that have effectively protected against the development of CVD and, in the presence of CVD, has help mitigate morbidity and mortality. Early concerns over potential immunosuppressive effects of exercise in PLWH have largely been dispelled and in some cases exercise has been shown to strengthen markers of immune function. Interventions with aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, and their combination, particularly at higher intensities, are showing promising health outcomes in PLWH. This review will summarize the key cardiovascular and metabolic effects of antiretroviral therapy; the effects of the types and intensities of exercise on cardiorespiratory fitness, cardiometabolic markers, and muscle strength; and provide recommendations on strategies to apply exercise interventions in clinical settings.
Photo Quiz: Subcutaneous Infection in an Immunocompetent Patient Handling a Wooden Wheelbarrow.

A 44-year-old male presented to the emergency department with injury to his right hand. Five days prior, he had been lifting a wheelbarrow out of his truck and punctured his right hand. The patient reported removing several splinters from the palmar surface of his right thumb and right index finger
Going the Distance: Incorporating Collection Maintenance into Technical Services in an Academic Library

Incorporating shelving and stacks maintenance into technical services puts responsibility for the full life cycle of physical materials in one place. Purchasing, cataloging, processing, shelving, r...
Securing ADS-B with Multi-Point Distance-Bounding for UAV Collision Avoidance

The Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) protocol is being adopted for use in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as the primary source of information for emerging multi-UAV collision avoidance algorithms. The lack of security features in ADS-B leaves any processes dependent upon the information vulnerable to a variety of threats from compromised and dishonest UAVs. This could result in substantial losses or damage to properties. This research proposes a new distance-bounding scheme for verifying the distance and flight trajectory in the ADS-B broadcast data from surrounding UAVs. The proposed scheme enables UAVs or ground stations to identify fraudulent UAVs and avoid collisions. The scheme was implemented and tested in the ArduPilot SITL (Software In The Loop) simulator to verify its ability to detect fraudulent UAVs. The experiments showed that the scheme achieved desired accuracy in both flight trajectory measurement and attack detection.
Formalizing a Residency Mentorship Program with a “Business of Medicine” Curriculum:

Background:Mentorship is critical for achieving success in academic medicine and is also considered one of the core professional competencies for residency training. Despite its importance, there h...
Developing an Adaptive Mobile Intervention to Address Risky Substance Use Among Adolescents and Emerging Adults: Usability Study

Background: Substance use among adolescents and emerging adults continues to be an important public health problem associated with morbidity and mortality. Mobile health (mHealth) provides a promising approach to deliver just-in-time adaptive interventions (JITAIs) to prevent escalation of use and substance use–related consequences. Objective: This pilot study aims to describe the iterative development and initial feasibility and acceptability testing of an mHealth smartphone app, called MiSARA, designed to reduce escalation in substance use. Methods: We used social media advertisements to recruit youth (n=39; aged 16-24 years, who screened positive for past-month binge drinking or recreational cannabis use) with a waiver of parental consent. Participants used the MiSARA app for 30 days, with feasibility and acceptability data reported at a 1-month follow-up. We present descriptive data regarding behavior changes over time. Results: The results show that most participants (31/39, 79%) somewhat liked the app at least, with most (29/39, 74%) rating MiSARA as 3 or more stars (out of 5). Almost all participants were comfortable with self-reporting sensitive information within the app (36/39, 92%); however, most participants also desired more interactivity (27/39, 69%). In addition, participants’ substance use declined over time, and those reporting using the app more often reported less substance use at the 1-month follow-up than those who reported using the app less often. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the MiSARA app is a promising platform for JITAI delivery, with future trials needed to optimize the timing and dose of messages and determine efficacy.
Time-integrated propulsive and braking impulses do not depend on walking speed.

Abstract Background Enhancing propulsion during walking is often a focus in physical therapy for those with impaired gait. However, there is no consensus in the literature for assessing braking and propulsion. Both are typically measured from the anterior-posterior ground reaction force (AP-GRF). While normalization of AP-GRF force by bodyweight is commonly done in the analysis, different methods for AP-GRF time axis normalization are used. Research question Does walking speed affect propulsion and/or braking, and how do different methods for calculating propulsion and braking impact the conclusion, in both healthy adults and those with lower limb impairment? Methods We investigated three different analysis methods for assessing propulsion. 1. BW-TimeIntegration: Bodyweight (BW) normalized time integration of AP-GRF (units of BW s). 2. BW-%StanceIntegration: BW normalized AP-GRF is resampled to percent stance phase prior to integration (units of BW %Stance). 3. BW-Peak: BW normalized peak force (units of BW). We applied these methods to two data sets. One data set included AP-GRFs from trials of slow, self-selected, and fast walking speeds for 203 healthy controls (HCs); a second data set included subjects with lower limb orthopedic injuries. Results Using the BW-TimeIntegration method, we found no effect of walking speed on propulsion for HCs. Time integration over the longer stance phase of slower walking balanced the lower magnitude AP-GRFs of slower walking, resulting in a time-integrated impulse that was the same regardless of walking speed. In contrast, the other two methods that are not time integration methods found that propulsion increased with walking speed. Similarly, in the gait pathology data set, differences in results were found depending on the analysis method used. Significance For many gait studies concerning propulsion and/or braking, the impulse measure used should be related to the body’s change of momentum, necessitating an analysis method with a time integration of the AP-GRF.
Nonlinear Granger Causal Paths, Dependence Measures and Canonical Correlations

A popular F test of Granger-causality relies on normally distributed errors of ordinary least squares (OLS) linear regressions. There is a long-standing need for a user-friendly algorithm replacing the OLS by kernel regressions, and the F test by a bootstrap. This paper introduces a version (1.1.6) of the R package 'generalCorr' which offers (bootGcRsq) to satisfy the need. Granger causality requires the 'cause' to occur at a time before the 'effect' occurs, ruling out instantaneous causality. The R command (causeSummary) for assessing instantaneous causality possibly in cross-sectional data is now enhanced by (causeSummBlk). The command (gmcmtx0) for the non-symmetric matrix of generalized correlation coefficients R* is enhanced by (gmcmtxBlk). The asymmetric R* leads to two new concepts, (i) measures of dependence implemented by the command (depMeas), and (ii) generalized canonical correlations which explicitly incorporate pairwise non-linear dependence between linear combinations of variables. The latter needs a new Lagrangian maximization implemented by the command (canonRho). We illustrate its application using joint production of wool and mutton by capital and labor.