cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The use of hypertext and sensory-level supports for visual learning of aircraft names and shapes

Hypertexts have many novel and unexplored features for representing, linking, and exploring knowledge to make it more useful for learning. We contrasted traditional textbook presentation of information against a hypertext that implemented database retrieval of text and manipulation of colored, bitmapped displays. Hypertext enabled us to explore the role of sensory-level supports, such as apparent motion and colored overlays, as aids for visual cognition and concept formation. One visible difference between traditional text and hypertext was in the use of a rapid browsing strategy by the hypertext learners, compared with a methodical, extended side-by-side comparison by the book learners. The research also discovered that students better learned local neighborhoods of concepts, as opposed to widely dispersed concepts, in the hypertext environment. We selected visual aircraft recognition (VACR) as a topical area for the research because it is a very important problem in the Army, because traditional VACR training emphasizes both text and images, and because we had available to us a fine manual (Army Field Manual FM 44–30) full of black-and-white pictures and text that was artfully arranged on the page, as well as access to hundreds of color slides of airplanes. Our research found superior learning with the hypertext field manual, and we examined higher order learning strategies, such as depth-first versus breadth-first paths through the hierarchy of knowledge, and sensory-level supports for learning within these environments.
Early androgen effects on interest in infants: Evidence from children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Early androgens have been shown to facilitate male‐typical behavior in people, but little attention has been paid to androgen effects on female‐typical behavior. We studied the effects of early androgen on human interest in infants, attempting to extend studies in rodents and primates that indicate that exposure to high levels of androgen in the prenatal and early postnatal periods reduces the expression of maternal behavior in juvenile and adult animals. Parents completed a questionnaire about the behavior of children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) who had been exposed to high levels of androgens early in life, and their unexposed siblings. As hypothesized, girls with CAH were reported to have less interest in infants than their sisters. These results suggest that early androgens may act to suppress some aspects of female‐typical behavior in people, as in other species, and that sex differences in maternal behavior result, in part, from early hormones.
COMMENTS ON OAKES ON THE FOUNDATIONS OF STATISTICAL INFERENCE IN THE SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES: THE MARKET FOR STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE '

A recent book by psychologist M. Oakes (1986) surveys the practice and logical foundations of statistical tests in the social and behavioral sciences. The book is aimed at producers and consumers o...
Generating facets for phone-based navigation of structured data

Designing interactive voice systems that have optimum cognitive load on callers has been an active research topic for quite some time. There have been many studies comparing the user preferences on navigation trees with higher depths over higher breadths. In this paper, we consider the navigation of structured data containing various types of attributes using phone-based interactions. This problem is particularly relevant to emerging economies in which innovative voice-based applications are being built to address semi-literate population. We address the problem of identifying the right sequence of facets to be presented to the user for phone-based navigation of the data in two stages. Firstly, we perform extensive user studies in the target population to understand the relation between the nature of facets (attributes) of the data and the cognitive load. Secondly, we propose an algorithm to design optimum navigation trees based on the inferences made in the first phase. We compare the proposed algorithm with the traditional facet generation algorithms with respect to various factors and discuss the optimality of the proposed algorithm.
Computer requirements for inverted coordinate indexes

The use of computers for processing coordinate indexes creates a number of operational limitations and constraints which very realistically can reduce or eliminate the obvious advantages. The pros and cons are presented in such a way that they may be applied as guides by those who are about to “mechanize.” The discussion is limited to principles which may be applied to computers in general, and no specific types of computers are considered.
Modulation of cerebral calcium homeostasis in rats by angiotensin II in vivo

Abstract The uptake of 45 Ca 2+ by different regions of the brain was determined in anaesthetised rat after infusing angiotensin II (AII; 14 μ g in 1 ml) through the carotid artery. The control animals (C) were infused with physiological saline. 45 Ca 2+ was injected in the tail vein 2 min after the infusion of AII or saline. Plasma radioactivity was monitored until euthanasia at different times post injection when the cerebral uptake of 45 Ca 2+ was determined. While the plasma turnover of 45 Ca 2+ was similar in AII and C animals, the uptake was markedly higher in AII vs. C at the different brain sites at all times. Kinetic analysis suggested that AII induced a short term increase in Ca 2+ transport across the blood–brain barrier and also in the cellular uptake. The effect of AII was receptor mediated being abolished by saralasin, an AII antagonist, and appeared to be at least in part independent of its pressor effect.
Stress Distribution and Tomographic Profiling with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Scattering

Two novel and potentially powerful, x-ray scattering techniques for tomographic profiling of composite materials and for profiling residual strain variation, versus depth, in a specimen are presented. The techniques utilize a high intensity/energy “white” beam synchrotron source and monitor the energy dispersive scattering from a fixed micro-volume as the specimen is scanned through it. The tomographic profiles based on the net scattered intensity and exploiting absorption coefficient/scattering-power variations, can be contrast enhanced by selectively monitoring scattering from specific crystal structures in a composite material. The strain profiling technique is shown to chronicle the detailed internal the stress variation over several mm’s of steel. The initial state residual stresses, the effect of a cantilever spring imposed external stress, and their interplay in elastic/plastic deformation are discussed.
Satisfaction, involvement, and unconditional care: The perceptions of children and adolescents receiving wraparound services

Client satisfaction has emerged as an important variable in evaluating outcomes for mental health treatment, yet studies have seldom queried children and adolescents about their perceptions of the services they receive. The present study surveyed 20 youths receiving community-based, wraparound services about their satisfaction, sense of involvement, and feelings of unconditional care. Unconditional care, in this case, referred to the youth's sense that his or her caretakers would remain stable regardless of what happened. Each of these variables was in turn related to behavioral adjustment. It was found that both youths' sense of involvement and their perceptions that their care was unconditional were strongly associated with satisfaction with services. However, neither satisfaction nor involvement were correlated with the severity of subjects' acting-out behaviors. Subjects' perception that care was unconditional was strongly, negatively correlated with the severity of acting-out behaviors. Thus, while the relationship between satisfaction and behavior remains unclear, it appears that youths' perceptions of the stability of their services plays a role in their acting out. It was concluded that youths' feelings about their services can provide meaningful information for researchers and service providers.
Diagnosis and Management of Perforated Duodenal Ulcers following Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass: A Report of Two Cases and a Review of the Literature

Perforated duodenal ulcers are rare complications seen after roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGP). They often present as a diagnostic dilemma as they rarely present with pneumoperitoneum on radiologic evaluation. There is no consensus as to the pathophysiology of these ulcers; however expeditious treatment is necessary. We present two patients with perforated duodenal ulcers and a distant history of RYGP who were successfully treated. Their individual surgical management is discussed as well as a literature review. We conclude that, in patients who present with acute abdominal pain and a history of RYGB, perforated ulcer needs to be very high in the differential diagnosis even in the absence of pneumoperitoneum. In these patients an early surgical exploration is paramount to help diagnose and treat these patients.
Abstract 3504: Targeting the Akt pathway and HDAC signaling in prostate cancer

Loss of the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog protein (PTEN), a negative regulator of the survival Akt pathway, and elevated levels of histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes which regulate DNA transcription, correlated positively with the prostate cancer progression, recurrence and metastasis. MK-2206 is an allosteric Akt inhibitor with a broad antitumor activity; clinical studies have recently been completed in patients with solid tumors, showing MK-2206 good tolerability and evidences of clinical activity. vorinostat, an HDAC inhibitor, is involved in more than 100 clinical trials in solid tumors and it showed antitumor activity in different prostate cell lines. In this study we hypothesized that combination of MK-2206 and vorinostat may provide a greater antitumor efficacy, targeting different survival pathways activated in prostate cancer. Different prostate cell lines were tested in both in vitro and in vivo xenograft models. LuCaP23.1. hormone-sensitive tumors were placed subcutaneously into male SCID mice. Tumor growth was assessed twice weekly by using serial caliper measurements. Luciferase-transfected PC3 hormone-independent tumor cells were injected in the right tibiae of male SCID mice and tumor progression was monitored weekly by bioluminescence assay using the Xenogen IVIS Living Imaging System. At the end of the experiment, Faxitron radiographs of the tibiae were taken. Mice were treated with MK-2206 at 120 mg/kg/d by oral gavage and i.p. injection of vorinostat at 100 mg/kg/d, 5 days per week. In vitro treatment of PC3 cells showed that both MK-2206 and vorinostat affected cell proliferation in a dose and time dependent manner, with a greater effect in combination. Western blot experiments validated p-Akt protein level inhibition due to MK-2206 treatment. Preliminary PC3 and LuCaP23.1. xenograft in vivo experiments confirmed the therapeutic activity of MK-2206 and vorinostat as single agents. The combination therapy showed a modest but greater inhibition of tumor growth in the PC3 xenograft bone metastatic model though not statistically significant. The antiproliferative effect of this combination was more evident in the subcutaneously LuCaP 23.1. xenograft model. This study showed for the first time the therapeutic association of MK-2206 and vorinostat in prostate cancer. We expect to further investigate the MK-2206 +/- vorinostat therapy and to provide new insight into the role of HDACs signaling and Akt pathway in prostate cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3504. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3504
High resolution, high sensitivity, dynamic distributed structural monitoring using optical frequency domain reflectometry

Fiber-optic ultrasonic transducers are an important component of an active ultrasonic testing system for structural health monitoring. Fiber-optic transducers have several advantages such as small size, light weight, and immunity to electromagnetic interference that make them much more attractive than the current available piezoelectric transducers, especially as embedded and permanent transducers in active ultrasonic testing for structural health monitoring. In this paper, a distributed fiber-optic laser-ultrasound generation based on the ghost-mode of tilted fiber Bragg gratings is studied. The influences of the laser power and laser pulse duration on the laser-ultrasound generation are investigated. The results of this paper are helpful to understand the working principle of this laser-ultrasound method and improve the ultrasonic generation efficiency.
The relationship between governance structure and corporate performance in entrepreneurial firms

Abstract Organizational scholars and practitioners alike continue to focus on the role of chief executive officers and boards of directors in small and entrepreneurial firms. The popular business literature suggests strong linkages between these individuals and firm performance among the largest firms; however, this linkage may be strongest in the more modestly sized firm. While there is little agreement concerning the nature and strength of this relationship, it is clear that this issue remains a fruitful area of investigation. This study examines the organizational agent/firm performance linkage focusing specifically on the role of founder chief executive officers (CEOs) and the composition of the boards of directors. Extant research would suggest that founder CEOs rely on dysfunctional governance structures (e.g., CEO duality, lower numbers of outside directors, lower proportions of outside directors) to a greater extent than their non-founder counterparts. Additionally, it is believed that these inappropriate governance structures will be associated with decreased firm performance. The 1989 Inc. 100 corporations provide the sample of firms to test these propositions. The data reveal that CEOs of these successful entrepreneurial firms do not demonstrate a tendency to adopt inappropriate governance structures. This finding is contrary to related research which has found that stable small corporation founder CEOs are less likely to utilize prescribed governance structures, jeopardizing firm performance. Founder CEOs of the Inc. 100, however, apparently realize the benefit of outside direction and elect to rely on the independent structure and outside board direction in similar degrees as their non-founder cohorts. The CEO's ability to sacrifice some measure of control by inviting outside direction may contribute to the overall high performance of this sample of firms. While no performance differences were apparent under either dual or independent board leadership, modest performance advantages were found with greater numbers and proportions of outside directors. These findings provide some support for the ability of founder and non-founder CEOs to relinquish the tight control and effectively guide the growth of the firm. The board of directors, then, provides a sensible tool when striving for the goal affirm growth. While it is unlikely that there is one optimal board configuration that will effectively guide the entrepreneurial firm to success, utilizing the expertise and resources provided by outside directors appears to enable the desired growth. Future investigations in this area may provide further understanding of the value of outside assistance and the specific types of outside directors that may best contribute to firm performance.
JOHN OVEREND: 1928 - 1984 A Colleague's Appreciation

It is not inappropriate that John Overend should be remembered at the 1985 Conference on FTIR. His premature loss in November, 198k at age 56, at the height of his powers, is so recent; although no paper of his appears on the program, the influence of his work shows up in a number of ways, not only in the explicit references; the participants include many of his former students and colleagues; and so many recall him as a spectroscopist and as a man and a friend worth knowing.
A Qualitative Analysis of Metaplay in the Preschool Years.

Abstract Previous play research has focused on social or representational processes occurring within make believe. This study examined young children's metaplay —the process of suspending actual role playing to think or communicate about pretend themes from outside of the play frame. Twelve preschool subjects were videotaped during 8 separate half-hour sessions, as they engaged in spontaneous free play with a same-aged peer. Videotapes were transcribed and analyzed using the constant comparative method—a naturalistic data processing procedure. The primary researcher and a second observer unitized all metaplay behaviors, categorized these units, named the resulting categories, and wrote rules for inclusion. The outcome was a typology of metaplay behaviors, comprised of three broad categories-initiations, responses, and constructions—and 38 subcategories. Each specific metaplay behavior was described and working hypotheses were formulated regarding its cognitive, metacognitive, and social significance. It was concluded that a rich array of developmentally useful interactions—which increase in frequency and complexity with age-transpire outside of actual role playing.
Being there: a "teach them to fish..." approach to training and support using WebEx™, videoconferencing, and the telephone

The Challenge: As training and support staff at North Dakota State University we are continuously "expanding our boundaries" by providing more of the one-on-one and just-in-time training our clients want and need. Unfortunately, while our boundaries are constantly expanding, our budget is not.We provide training and support not only to our on-campus clients, but to our external clients on 11 campuses within our University System, and county Extension Service offices throughout the state of North Dakota as well.One Solution: The NDSU ITS training staff of two depends heavily on WebEx™ (a Web Conferencing and Remote Support application), videoconferencing, and the telephone to conduct successful training sessions at remote locations without traveling long distances, and to provide one-on-one training on demand while responding to support requests received via an online help ticketing system, email, and by telephone.Combining the web conferencing capabilities of WebEx™ with videoconferencing allows us to provide training at a distance while saving manpower, travel time, and money.WebEx™ also allows us to use a "Teach Them To Fish..." philosophy to provide remote support via telephone and the Web. Rather than simply "fixing the problem" for them, we use WebEx™ to help our clients learn by doing. We can see what they see while they fix their own problem with our assistance.This paper elaborates on this training and support philosophy, and details what works and what does not.
Elevation of protein synthesis is a complex response to fertilisation

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in unfertilised eggs of the sea urchin proceeds at a low rate. However, fertilisation triggers a series of reactions beginning with changes in intracellular cation concentrations within a few seconds of sperm entry and extending to a cascade of more complex events1. As these events are sequential in time, each might depend on the preceding event, or there might be a parallel series of independent pathways. The latter hypothesis was shown to be correct by Epel et al.2, who demonstrated that artificial activation with ammonia failed to initiate events such as sodium influx and the cortical reactions but did initiate a variety of others including potassium conductance, protein synthesis, DNA synthesis and mRNA polyadenylation. We have been studying the elevation of protein synthesis in detail. The rate of protein synthesis increases severalfold during the early cleavage stages3 and eventually reaches an absolute rate which is 100 times higher than that in the mature oocyte4. Kaumeyer et al.5 and Jenkins et al.6 have demonstrated that unfertilised eggs contain ‘masked’ messenger ribonucleoprotein particles which are not translatable in vitro unless modified or deproteinised. Most of the increase in the rate of protein synthesis following fertilisation is due to the recruitment of this oogenetic mRNA as a result of unmasking7. However, a significant portion of the rise also results from an increase in translational efficiency8. As defined by Palmiter9, translational efficiency is the number of completed polypeptides released per unit time per message. The change in efficiency following fertilisation of sea urchin eggs is reflected in an increase in the rate of ribosome movement (that is, the time required to complete an average size protein decreases after fertilisation) coupled to a concomitant increase in initiation rate. The net effect on protein synthesis of an increase in number of mRNAs available for translation and an increase in translational efficiency is multiplicative. We present evidence here that these two processes are under separate controls.
Polar metabolites of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in the rat.

Abstract Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is an important industrial chemical widely used as a plasticizer for vinyl and other plastics. DEHP is extensively metabolized by mammals, different species showing dramatic differences in metabolite distributions. Previous studies of the metabolism in rats led to the suggestion that the enzymatic processes normally associated with ω-, ω-1, α-, and β-oxidation of fatty acids could account for the known metabolites of DEHP found in the urine. Several additional metabolites of DEHP have been identified in the present study. Their formation requires that the initial hydroxylation process be less specific than fatty acid ω- and ω-1 oxidation are thought to be. Furthermore, it is necessary to postulate either that the aliphatic chain of mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate can be oxidized at two sites simultaneously, or that oxidation products can be recycled for a second hydroxylation prior to excretion.
Motivating learning and assessing outcomes in continuing medical education using a personal learning plan

Introduction: Although there is increasing focus on provider behavior change as an outcome of continuing medical education (CME), it has long been known that an increase in knowledge alone is rarely sufficient to induce such change. The Personal Learning Plan (PLP), designed to motivate and assess CME learning, was partly derived from SMART goals (specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and timely), a concept well supported as a strategy to promote behavior change. The goal of this study was to explore the relationship between SMART goals developed after attending a CME conference and subsequent provider behavior change, using the PLP as a tool. Methods: PLPs were used as the outcome measure for Dartmouth-Hitchcock Continuing Medical Education conferences conducted during the fall of 2010. Three months later, participants were asked how close they were to completing their goals. All participants' goals were analyzed according to SMART criteria. Results: Of the 841 participants attending conferences in fall 2010, 347 completed a PLP. An independent t-test found that among the 125 participants who completed the follow-up survey, those who indicated that they had completed their goal or were “very close” or “extremely close” to completing their goal wrote SMARTer goals than those who reported being “not at all close” to “moderately close” to completing their goal (t = 2.48, df = 123, p = 0.015). Discussion: Our results corroborate previous research that has found “use of specific strategies to implement research-based recommendations seems to be necessary to ensure that practices change.” Future directions include both a study of use of a PLP compared to a simple intent to change document and work on helping participants to write SMARTer goals.
Distinct Roles of Unliganded and Liganded Estrogen Receptors in Transcriptional Repression

The decline in estrogen levels during menopause is associated with increased cytokine production and inflammatory diseases. Estrogens exert anti-inflammatory effects by repressing cytokine genes, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha). The mechanisms involved in transcriptional repression by estrogens are virtually unknown. Here, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation to investigate how estrogens repress the autoinduction of the TNFalpha gene. TNFalpha assembled a transcriptional activation complex at the TNFalpha promoter that includes c-jun, p50-NFkappaB, p65-NFkappaB, CBP, Hsp90, and unliganded estrogen receptor (ER). Estradiol repressed TNFalpha gene expression by reversing the ligand-independent activation by ERalpha and the stimulatory actions of c-jun, NFkappaB, and CBP on transcription. Silencing of GRIP1 reversed the repression of TNFalpha and other cytokine genes by estradiol, demonstrating that GRIP1 is required for transcriptional repression and can act as a corepressor. Our study demonstrates that ERalpha is a TNFalpha-induced coactivator that becomes a repressor in the presence of estradiol by recruiting GRIP1.
Earthquake precursory effects due to pore fluid stabilization of a weakening fault zone

We report the analysis of two mechanisms by which pore fluids could partially stabilize the earthquake rupture process in natural rock masses. These mechanisms are based on dilatancy strengthening and on the increase of elastic stiffness for undrained as opposed to drained conditions. Both are studied in relation to an inclusion model in which a zone of strain weakening material, possibly representing a highly stressed seismic gap zone, is embedded in nominally elastic surroundings subjected to steadily increasing tectonic stress. Owing to the coupling between deformation and pore fluid diffusion, the inclusion does not exhibit an abrupt rupture instability; rather, a period of self-driven precursory creep occurs which ultimately accelerates to dynamic instability. The precursory time scale is reported for a wide range of constitutive parameters, including fluid diffusivity, ratio of undrained to drained stiffness, and factors expressive of strain softening and dilatancy. Our conclusions are that the precursory times for a spherical inclusion of 1-km radius are of the order of 15–240 days for a range of constitutive parameters that we suggest are representative. The predicted times are shorter by a factor of approximately 10 for a flattened ellipsoidal inclusion that we analyze with an 18 : 1 aspect ratio. It is suggested that perhaps only toward the latter part of the precursory period are the effects of accelerating inclusion strain detectable in terms of surface deformation or alteration of transport or seismic properties.
Flux growth of Cr2O3 crystals from a K2Cr2O7-K2CrO4-K2B4O7 mixture

Abstract High quality Cr 2 O 3 crystals were grown under an oxygen atmosphere at 1200°C by the slow decomposition of K 2 Cr 2 O 7 melt to which K 2 CrO 4 and K 2 B 4 O 7 were added. Bulky crystals were grown from an equimolar composition of the three components, platelets were formed in the K 2 Cr 2 O 7 rich region, and no crystals were yielded in the K 2 CrO 4 and / or K 2 B 4 O 7 excess region. Bulky crystals were of good quality compared to the plates. The measurement of the interfacial angles proved that c(0001), r{10 1 1} and n{22 4 3} develop preferentially as the main crystal planes. Etch pit results were also reported.
Cytochrome P450 2C11:Escherichia coliExpression, Purification, Functional Characterization, and Mechanism-Based Inactivation of the Enzyme

Abstract The male-specific P450 enzyme CYP 2C11, whose expression is developmentally and hormonally regulated, is the major steroid 16α-hydroxylase of the untreated rat liver. The enzyme metabolizes a host of substrates, including mechanism-based inactivators, such as 3,5-dicarbethoxy-2,6-dimethyl-4-ethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine (DDEP) and spironolactone (SPL). Structural and functional characterization of the specific mode of such inactivation, however, requires sufficient quantities of the fully purified enzyme. Although several laboratories including our own have isolated and purified the enzyme from male rats, the yields are typically low and of the order of 1%. For these reasons, we chose to heterologously express the enzyme in Escherichia coli. The full-length cDNA was excised from the yeast vector pD2M1 and cloned into the plasmid vector pCW after appropriate modifications for optimal expression in E. coli. The enzyme was isolated and purified from E. coli membranes in relatively high yields (≈60%) and relatively high specific content (19 nmol/mg protein). The purified recombinant enzyme had spectral and functional characteristics comparable to those reported for the native rat liver enzyme, including mechanism-based inactivation by DDEP and SPL. Studies with 14 C-heme-labeled enzyme indicated that the major mode of DDEP inactivation was via heme-N-ethylation. On the other hand, studies with radiolabeled SPL-SH (the proximal inactivating deacetylated metabolite of SPL) revealed that although both [22- 14 C]SPL-SH and SPL- 35 SH inactivated the enzyme, only SPL- 35 SH was found to irreversibly radiolabel the 2C11 protein. The latter findings thus suggest that during mechanism-based inactivation of 2C11, the thiol moiety of SPL-SH is oxidatively activated to a species that attacks the 2C11 protein during or after cleavage from the thiosteroid. Thus, these modes of mechanism-based 2C11 inactivation by DDEP and SPL-SH considerably differ from the corresponding modes of P450 3A inactivation by these agents, wherein heme modification of the protein predominates.
Clinical Assessment of Tourette Syndrome and Tic Disorders

Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder involving multiple motor and phonic tics. Tics, which usually begin between the ages of 6 and 8, are sudden, rapid, stereotyped, and apparently purposeless movements or sounds that involve discrete muscle groups. Individuals with TS experience a variety of different sensory phenomena, including premonitory urges prior to tics and somatic hypersensitivity due to impaired sensorimotor gating. In addition to other conditions, stress, anxiety, fatigue, or other heightened emotional states tend to exacerbate tics, while relaxation, playing sports, and focused concentration on a specific task tend to alleviate tic symptoms. Ninety percent of children with TS also have comorbid conditions, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), or an impulse control disorder. These disorders often cause more problems for the child both at home and at school than tics do alone. Proper diagnosis and treatment of TS involves appropriate evaluation and recognition, not only of tics, but also of these associated conditions.
A spontaneous intramural hematoma of the bowel presenting as obstruction in a child receiving low-molecular-weight heparin

Summary: Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) is a safe and effective alternative to unfractionated heparin and coumadin in the treatment and prophylaxis of thrombosis in children. When compared with these more established anticoagulants, it is easier to achieve therapeutic levels and the incidence of hemorrhagic complications is equivalent or lower. In children there is less published experience than in adults, but the low frequency of significant bleeding appears to be similar. The authors describe a child on therapeutic doses of LMWH for a deep vein thrombosis who spontaneously developed an intramural hemorrhage in his small bowel, leading to infarction and a partial bowel resection.
Performance of Experimental Low Volume Beach Fill and Clay Core Dune Shore Protection Project

Abstract An experimental shoreline protection project in Jefferson County, TX was constructed and monitored as part of the National Shoreline Erosion Control Development and Demonstration Program. The project determined the effectiveness of a nontraditional, low volume beach fill at reducing erosion of underlying clay layers and evaluated the performance of a clay core dune compared with that of a sand filled dune. Four cells were constructed on the beach face having 0.18 or 0.25 mm sand and fill volumes of 6 or 12 cy/ft. A fifth control cell had no fill. A 2500 ft long dune was constructed, with half being composed entirely of sand and half being composed of a clay core and sand cap. The project was constructed during the summer of 2004 and was impacted by Hurricane Ivan in September 2004 and later by the same storm as Tropical Storm Ivan in October 2004. An evaluation of profiles and other data taken before, between, and after these storms shows that the clay core dune survived the storms much more inta...
Experimental studies of membrane tethers formed from human neutrophils.

Membrane tethers (thin, cylindrical pieces of membrane) have been implicated in the rolling of neutrophils along the endothelium. In our studies, these tethers were formed from passive, stimulated (0.1 μM fMLP), and osmotically swollen (170–180 mOsm) human neutrophils; as well as neutrophils treated with 0.3 μM latrunculin A to disrupt the cytoskeleton. This tether formation was accomplished by micropipette suction of latex beads coated with antibodies to proteins on the neutrophil membrane surface. From plots of force versus velocity for the tether formation process, we calculated adhesion energies per unit area of the lipid membrane to the cytoskeleton and the viscous resistance (effective viscosity) that occurs during the formation of these tethers at finite velocity. Most of the properties of the neutrophil were altered once it had been treated as described above. We were also able to show mechanical reversibility of membrane tethers, as well as an unexpected formation rate at “high” tether forces. Since membrane tethers have been implicated in the rolling of neutrophils, then the changes in tether formation may ultimately alter how these cells roll. © 2002 Biomedical Engineering Society.
Seeds of Reform: Lessons from Vietnam about Informality and Institutional Change

Ordinary North Korean citizens have been coping with economic hardship by eking out livelihoods for themselves. Grassroots markets and local petty economies have become commonplace. A point of conjecture amongst scholars and policymakers is whether these developments may be the start of significant economic system change towards a market economy. This article reviews lessons learned from the transition economies about the informal and social processes required to effectively realize major economic transitions in order to discuss the preliminary evidence we have about North Korea's current informal civilian economic activity. Applying a social cognition theory of institutional change focuses our attention onto the discretionary behavior of local government, the social structure and networks that form firms and exemplars, and the social trust needed to move to new economic paradigms. It also discusses what the operations of hwa-gyo entrepreneurs, ethnic Chinese living in North Korea, pose to the existing st...
Forced convective mixing in a zero boil-off cryogenic storage tank

Abstract This paper presents the results of a study of fluid flow and heat transfer of liquid hydrogen in a cryogenic storage tank with a heat pipe and an array of pump-nozzle units. A forced flow is directed onto the evaporator section of the heat pipe to prevent the liquid from boiling off when heat leaks through the tank wall insulation from the surroundings. An axisymmetric computational model was developed for the simulation of convective heat transfer in the system. Steady-state velocity and temperature fields were solved from this model by using the finite element method. Forty five configurations of geometry and velocity were considered. As the nozzle fluid speed increases, the values of the maximum, average, and spatial standard deviation of the temperature field decrease nonlinearly. Parametric analysis indicates that overall thermal performance of the system can be significantly improved by reducing the gap between the nozzle and the heat pipe, while maintaining the same fluid speed exiting the nozzle. It is also indicated that increased inlet tube length of the pump-nozzle unit results in slightly better thermal performance. Increased heat pipe length also improves thermal performance but only for low fluid speed.
Cluster Based Data Query Analysis and Optimization for Wireless Sensor Networks

In a wireless sensor network, each sensor generates real-time data about its environment. The data volume can overload the limited storage and communication capacity of a sensor network. It is unpractical to store a large volume of raw data locally at the data sources or to transmit the data over the sensor network to a central depository. In the paper, we present a cluster based data query protocol and introduce the concept of query data volume as a way to quantify the cost of each query. Then we present our analysis and simulation results to show how our protocol and algorithm can optimize queries and reduce network data traffic.
Waxy gels with asphaltenes 1: Characterization of precipitation, gelation, Yield stress, and morphology

We examine the effects of asphaltenes upon the crystallization behavior of a model waxy oil. Yield stress measurements on the model waxy oils with asphaltenes isolated from Shengli crude oil showed that both the relative amount of wax to asphaltenes and the aggregation state of the asphaltenes affected the crystallization properties of the wax. At very low asphaltene concentrations and high wax concentrations, the yield stress of the waxy gel is not significantly affected. At higher asphaltene concentrations, the asphaltenes significantly degraded the microscopic structure of the wax network and drastically reduced the yield stress. There is a threshold ratio of ∼100 paraffin/asphaltene molecules for such behavior. Asphaltenes produced large decreases in yield stress when they were highly aggregated. Oscillatory testing showed that in such cases asphaltene−asphaltene interactions contributed to the gel strength, in addition to the wax platelet interactions. Asphaltenes increased the wax precipitation temp...
Exploration Of Unknown Mechanical Assemblies Through Manipulation

If robots must function in unstructured environments, they must also possess the ability to acquire information and construct appropriate models of the unknown environment. This paper addresses the automatic generation of kinematic models of unknown objects with movable parts in the environment. If the relative motion between moving parts must be observed and characterized, vision alone cannot suffice. An approach in which manipulation is used with vision for sensing is better suited to the task of determining kinematic properties. In this paper, algorithms for constructing models of unknown mechanical assemblies and characterizing the relative motion are developed. Results of a simulation are described to demonstrate the role of manipulation in such an endeavor.
The roles of soft computing and fuzzy logic in the conception, design and deployment of intelligent system

Fuzzy information granulation (IG) is central to human reasoning and concept formation. It is this aspect of fuzzy IG that underlies its essential role in the conception and design of intelligent systems. What is conclusive is that there are many tasks which humans can perform with ease and that no machine could perform without the use of fuzzy information granulation. This conclusion has a thought-provoking implication for AI: without the methodology of fuzzy IG in its armamentarium, AI cannot achieve its goals.
Shifts in bat community structure related to evolved traits and features of human-altered landscapes

Population declines for many bat species are associated with rapid, human-induced ecosystem changes. In this context, the available species pool is determined in part by historical adaptation to the native ecosystem, but the resulting community structure may be determined principally by the ability of evolved traits to function in the novel context of a human-dominated ecosystem. To investigate the role of human disturbance as a determinant of bat communities, we surveyed assemblages and species occurrence rates in 27 agriculturally dominated landscapes exhibiting a gradient of human-induced forest fragmentation in Indiana, USA. We used multiple linear regression to explore the relationship of landscape environmental variables to species diversity. We then examined the relationship between community structure, evolved species traits and fragmentation conditions across a landscape using RLQ analysis. Overall, species diversity was positively related to the amount of forest and negatively correlated with amount of urban development in a landscape. We also observed a significant relationship between evolved species traits and landscape-level variables that is consistent with globally anticipated trends for bat species extinction risk. Our findings suggest that responses of bat species to human modification of ecosystems on the scale of a few kilometers could drive distributional dynamics at larger spatial and longer temporal scales.
An Apparent Anomaly in Peanut Leaf Conductance

Conductance to gaseous transfer is normally considered to be greater from the abaxial than from the adaxial side of a leaf. Measurements of the conductance to water vapor of peanut leaves ( Arachis hypogaea L.) under well watered and stress conditions in a controlled environment, however, indicated a 2-fold higher conductance from the adaxial side of the leaf than from the abaxial. Studies of conductance as light level was varied showed an increase in conductance from either surface with increasing light level, but conductance was always greater from the adaxial surface at any given light level. In contrast, measurements of soybean ( Glycine max [L.] Merr.) and snapbean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) leaf conductance showed an approximate 2-fold greater conductance from the abaxial surface than from the adaxial. Approximately the same number of stomata were present on both peanut leaf surfaces and stomatal size was similar. Electron microscopic examination of peanut leaves did not reveal any major structural differences between stomata on the two surfaces that would account for the differences in conductance. Light microscope studies of leaf sections revealed an extensive network of bundle sheaths with achloraplastic bundle sheath extensions; the lower epidermis was lined with a single layer of large achloraplastic parenchyma cells. Measurements of net photosynthesis made on upper and lower leaf surfaces collectively and individually indicated that two-thirds of the peanut leaf9s total net photosynthesis can be attributed to diffusion of CO 2 through the adaxial leaf surface. Possibly the high photosynthetic efficiency of peanut cultivars as compared with certain other C 3 species is associated with the greater conductance of CO 2 through their upper leaf surfaces.
Excision versus curettage and electrodesiccation as dermatologic office procedures for the treatment of basal-cell carcinomas.

Excision, as well as curettage and electrodesiccation, both have important places in the treatment of basal-cell carcinomas by the dermatologist, who should be knowledgeable concerning all available methods for treating this malignancy. In this paper we discuss factors which help one select excision or curettage and electrodesiccation for the treatment of a particular basal-cell carcinoma, rather than one of the other methods available such as x-radiation, Mohs' surgery or cryosurgery. We further discuss factors which could influence the choice between excision and curettage and electrodesiccation.
A 1.9 Gb/s 358 mW 16–256 State Reconfigurable Viterbi Accelerator in 90 nm CMOS

A 16-256 state coarse-grain reconfigurable Viterbi accelerator fabricated in 1.3 Vt 90 nm dual-CMOS technology is described for 3.8 GHz operation, with 1.9 Gb/s data rate in 32-state mode. Radix-4 ripple-carry ACS circuits, reconfigurable path metric read/write control, and tree-bitline traceback memory circuits with programmable ring-buffer decoders enable 358 mW total power, measured at 1.3 V, 50degC, with performance scalable to 2.35 Gb/s at 1.7 V, 50degC.
Between Reconstructions: Congressional Action on Civil Rights, 1891–1940

Prior analyses of congressional action on the issue of black civil rights have typically examined either of the two major Reconstructions. Our paper attempts to fill the large five-decade black box between the end of the First Reconstruction and the beginning of the Second, routinely skipped over in scholarship on Congress, parties, and racial politics. Using a variety of sources—bill-introduction data, statements by members in the Congressional Record, roll-call votes, and newspaper reports, among others—we challenge the common assumption that civil rights largely disappeared from the congressional agenda between 1891 and 1940, documenting instead the continued contestation over racial issues in Congress. By examining several failed anti-lynching initiatives, this article uncovers a largely untold story about how and when the Republican and Democratic Parties reorganized around race, finding that the realignment began earlier than is commonly understood.
RecO and RecR Are Necessary for RecA Loading in Response to DNA Damage and Replication Fork Stress

RecA is central to maintaining genome integrity in bacterial cells. Despite the near-ubiquitous conservation of RecA in eubacteria, the pathways that facilitate RecA loading and repair center assembly have remained poorly understood in Bacillus subtilis. Here, we show that RecA rapidly colocalizes with the DNA polymerase complex (replisome) immediately following DNA damage or damage-independent replication fork arrest. In Escherichia coli, the RecFOR and RecBCD pathways serve to load RecA and the choice between these two pathways depends on the type of damage under repair. We found in B. subtilis that the rapid localization of RecA to repair centers is strictly dependent on RecO and RecR in response to all types of damage examined, including a site-specific double-stranded break and damage-independent replication fork arrest. Furthermore, we provide evidence that, although RecF is not required for RecA repair center formation in vivo, RecF does increase the efficiency of repair center assembly, suggesting that RecF may influence the initial stages of RecA nucleation or filament extension. We further identify single-stranded DNA binding protein (SSB) as an additional component important for RecA repair center assembly. Truncation of the SSB C terminus impairs the ability of B. subtilis to form repair centers in response to damage and damage-independent fork arrest. With these results, we conclude that the SSB-dependent recruitment of RecOR to the replisome is necessary for loading and organizing RecA into repair centers in response to DNA damage and replication fork arrest.