cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Need for More Incentives to Stimulate Next Generation Network Investment

Incumbent carriers often vilify the regulatory process as a drain on efficiency and an unnecessary burden in light of robust marketplace competition. Some claim that regulation creates disincentives for investing in expensive next generation networks (“NGNs”), and even accepting subsidies for broadband development if the carrier must provide access to competitors. Without fully assessing the necessity to do so legislators, regulators and judges have accepted the premise that government must create incentives for NGN investment. Incumbent carriers in particular have seized upon the concept of uncertainty as a justification for refraining from making necessary infrastructure investments, despite the onset of declining revenues and market shares in core services. In the worst case scenario, incumbent carriers secure unwarranted and premature deregulation, despite an ongoing need for governments to guard against anti-competitive practices and to promote sustainable competition. Governments also risk providing direct financial subsidies, or creating a regulatory mechanism for indirect subsidies, to stimulate infrastructure investment when no such catalyst is necessary in light of competitive necessity. Once a subsidy mechanism is in place, government may not easily “wean” carriers off such artificial compensation. In rare instances government may find some key carriers unwilling to accept subsidies and in turn disinclined to pursue expedited NGN development, as is currently occurring in the U.S., because incumbent carriers do not want to provide interconnection and access to competitors, a legal duty these carriers must bear when operating as common carrier providers of telecommunications networks, but which does not apply when these carriers offer information services which include broadband.This paper will examine how incumbent carriers in the United States have gamed the incentive creation process for maximum market distortion and competitive advantage. The paper suggests that the U.S. government has rewarded incumbents with artificially lower risk, insulation from competition, and partial underwriting of technology projects that these carriers would have to undertake unilaterally. The paper also examines the FCC’s recently released National Broadband Plan with an eye toward assessing whether the Commission has properly balanced incentive creation with competitive necessity. The paper provides recommendations on how governments can calibrate the incentive creation process for maximum consumer benefit instead of individual carrier gain.
Difference Between Manganese Ion Requirements of Pediococci and Enterococci

For maximal turbidity and dissimilatory activity, three strains of pediococci required the addition of Mn(2+) to Rogosa basal medium. Twenty-two strains of enterococci proved indifferent to this supplement.
Adoption of the Responsibility to Protect

This book chapter traces the legal and political origins of the Responsibility to Protect doctrine from its early origins in the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty through the 2005 World Summit Outcome Document and up to January 2011. The chapter examines the legal meaning of the Responsibility to Protect, the obligations the Responsibility imposes on states and international institutions, and its implications in for the international legal and political systems. The chapter argues that while the Responsibility to Protect has developed with extraordinary speed, it is still a norm in development rather than a binding legal rule. Its greatest powers lie not in its formal legal status, but rather in the legitimating compliance pull the Responsibility to Protect is coming to exert on state responses to mass atrocity.
Great Towns and Regional Polities in the Prehistoric American Southwest and Southeast.

Great Towns and Regional Polities in the Prehistoric American Southwest and Southeast. Jill E. Neitzel. ed. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1999. 325 pp.
Production of 3-Methyl-6-Methoxy-8-Hydroxy-3,4-Dihydroisocoumarin by Aspergillus caespitosus

Aspergillus caespitosus Raper and Thom cultured on autoclaved cracked, yellow field corn produced 3-methyl-6-methoxy-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin which was extracted and then purified by silica gel columns. The physical and spectral properties of the colorless crystals from methylene chloride:hexane were consistent with those published for 3-methyl-6-methoxy-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin. Yield of high purity 3-methyl-6-methoxy-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin was about 140 mg of corn per kg.
High-Frequency Seismic Wave Propagation in Northeastern North America

A key element in the assessment of seismic hazard is the estimation of how energy propagation from a given earthquake is affected by crustal structure near the receiver and along the more distant propagation path. In this paper, we present data from a variety of sources in eastern North America recorded at epicentral distances of a few to 800 km, and characterize and interpret systematic features. Site effects have been classically considered in terms of amplification either within a sediment-filled valley or from a single topographic feature (Geli et al., 1988). We present evidence of high frequency (5–30 Hz) resonances observed in hard-rock recordings of both body waves and Lg waves, and suggest that site effect should be expanded regionally to include structural and topographic information over sufficiently large areas to include several wavelengths of any features that may interact with seismic waves in the frequency range of interest. A growing body of evidence suggests that ground motions at high frequencies recorded at large epicentral distances in eastern North America are controlled by resonance effects. We hypothesize that a fundamental difference between eastern and western North America spectra stems from a combination of differences in the character of topography and near-surface structure. Active tectonics of western North America gives rise to a complex crust that scatters seismic energy in a random manner and results in very effective attenuation of high frequencies. The older eastern North American crust contains scatterers that are more ordered, with characteristic length scales that give rise to resonance phenomena in the frequency band critical for earthquake hazard. We present preliminary analysis of topographic data from the Adirondack Mountains in New York that demonstrates the existence of characteristic length scales on the order of up to 1–3 kilometers. Features with these length scales will effectively scatter energy at frequencies in the 1 to 10 Hz range.
The Purification and Mechanism of Action of Human Antithrombin-Heparin Cofactor

A procedure is presented for purifying antithrombin-heparin cofactor from human plasma. The final product is homogeneous as judged by disc gel electrophoresis, sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, and immunoelectrophoresis. The final yield averages 12%. A specific antibody directed against pure inhibitor preparations precipitates virtually all of both antithrombin and heparin cofactor activity from defibrinated plasma. The purification, the immunoprecipitation, and other data, indicate that both activities are properties of a single molecular species. The inhibitor and thrombin form a 1:1 stoichiometric complex which cannot be dissociated with denaturing and reducing agents. Addition of heparin, a widely used anticoagulant which specifically accelerates the action of our inhibitor, increases the rate of formation of this complex without altering its stoichiometry or its dissociability. Interaction of thrombin with antithrombin-heparin cofactor requires the presence of the active center serine of the enzyme and arginine residue(s) on the inhibitor, since chemical modification of either of these critical residues inhibits complex formation both in the presence and absence of heparin. We suggest that, in analogous fashion to trypsin-trypsin inhibitor systems, a specific interaction occurs between the active center serine of thrombin and a unique arginine-x reactive site on the antithrombin-heparin cofactor. Furthermore, lysyl residues of the inhibitor probably serve as a binding site for heparin, since chemical modification of these residues virtually eliminates heparin cofactor activity with only minimal reduction of antithrombin activity. We postulate that heparin binds to the inhibitor and causes a conformational change which results in a more favorable exposure of the arginine reactive site, allowing a rapid interaction with thrombin.
X-ray structure and inhibition of the feline infectious peritonitis virus 3C-like protease: Structural implications for drug design.

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a deadly disease that effects both domestic and wild cats and is caused by a mutation in feline coronavirus (FCoV) that allows the virus to replicate in macrophages. Currently, there are no treatments or vaccines available for the treatment of FIP even though it kills approximately 5% of cats in multi-cat households per year. In an effort to develop small molecule drugs targeting FIP for the treatment of cats, we screened a small set of designed peptidomimetic inhibitors for inhibition of FIPV-3CL(pro), identifying two compounds with low to sub-micromolar inhibition, compound 6 (IC50=0.59±0.06 μM) and compound 7 (IC50=1.3±0.1 μM). We determined the first X-ray crystal structure of FIPV-3CL(pro) in complex with the best inhibitor identified, compound 6, to a resolution of 2.10 A to better understand the structural basis for inhibitor specificity. Our study provides important insights into the structural requirements for the inhibition of FIPV-3CL(pro) by peptidomimetic inhibitors and expands the current structural knowledge of coronaviral 3CL(pro) architecture.
Gene Transfer of Drug Resistance Genes Implications for Cancer Therapy

Two general approaches to the gene therapy of cancer have been proposed: (1) strategies that use exogenous genes to modify cancer cells so that they are less malignant or more susceptible to host defenses or to killing by exogenous agents; and (2) approaches that modify host cells so that they are more effective in eliminating cancer cells or more resistant to agents that are used to treat cancer. In both cases, the development of vectors that encode in vivo selectable phenotypes, such as drug resistance, would be extremely valuable because of the inherent inefficiency of gene transfer and the potential of such vectors to protect normal tissues against toxic agents. To allow the selection of cells in vivo that have been transduced with vectors for gene therapy, we have utilized the human multidrug resistance (MDR1) gene. The product of this gene is a 170,000-dalton glycoprotein known as P-glycoprotein, which acts as an energy-dependent efflux pump for a great many cytotoxic anticancer drugs, including doxorubicin, daunorubicin, etoposide, teniposide, actinomycin D, and taxol. Vectors encoding an MDR1 cDNA are able to transduce many cell types, including bone marrow cells, with high efficiency to allow selection of drug resistance in vitro and in vivo in mouse models. Thus, it should be possible to protect the bone marrow of patients undergoing intensive chemotherapy by transduction of their bone marrow with MDR1 vectors. Furthermore, the ability to select for the presence of the MDR1 cDNA in vivo means that it can be used to introduce otherwise nonselectable genes into the bone marrow for therapy of cancer and other diseases.
Investigation of the use of Derivative Neutron Activation Analysis for Drug Assay

The use of neutron activation analysis for assay of chlorine-or bromine-containing drugs or derivatives of drugs was investigated. The ubiquitous nature of chloride greatly limited the use of this analytical method for chlorine-containing derivatives because of the background problem. Bromine-containing derivatives of aspirin and salicylic acid were prepared for neutron activation analysis, but again background bromide and interfering substances limited detection to 1 × 10 −2 mcg. of bromide. Sensitivity of this analytical method is not comparable to that attainable with gas chromatography or spectrofluorometry.
A hybrid Navier-Stokes/full-potential method for the prediction of iced wing aerodynamics

A hybrid method for computing compressible viscous flows is presented. This method divides the computational domain into two zones. In the outer zone, the unsteady full-potential equation (FPE) is solved. In the inner zone, the Navier-Stokes equations are solved. The two zones are tightly coupled so that steady and unsteady flows may be efficiently solved. The resulting CPU times are less than 50 percent of the required for a full-blown Navier-Stokes analysis. Sample applications of the method to an unswept iced wing at 4 deg and 8 deg angle of attack are presented. Surface pressures are in good agreement with the measurements obtained by Bragg et al. at the University of Illinois.
A study of the data synchronization concern in the Observer design pattern

The Observer design pattern of Gamma, Helm, Johnson, and Vlissides [1] inherently contains a crosscutting concern in its method of achieving and maintaining consistency between an object (the Subject) and any other objects that are dependent on the first object's state (the Observers). Aspect-oriented programming can be applied to reduce or eliminate crosscutting concerns, and “aspectized” versions of the Observer design pattern have previously been proposed. Those aspectized patterns, however, contain certain limitations. This paper builds upon the existing literature by presenting a novel aspect-oriented design pattern without the crosscutting concern whose intent is identical to that of the original Observer design pattern.
Warm ionized gas in the local interstellar medium

Abstract The properties of widespread ionized gas in the disk and halo of the Milky Way have been explored through the detection of faint optical emission lines from hydrogen, helium, and trace atoms and ions within the gas. Observations reveal extensive regions of warm (T≈104 K), low density (ne∼10−1 cm−3) ionized hydrogen spread throughout the interstellar medium, with enormous loops and filaments stretching across the sky and arching far above the midplane of the Milky Way. These observations have provided new clues about the role of massive stars and supernova explosions in shaping the large scale properties of the interstellar medium as well as the possible relationship between this wide spread gas and the small interstellar cloud surrounding the sun. Observed differences between this local cloud and the more extensive regions of ionization appear to be due primarily to differences in the strength and spectrum of the ionizing radiation field.
Low-Field Magnetic Susceptibility of Gallium at Low Temperatures

The low-field static susceptibility of high-purity gallium was found to be strongly field and temperature dependent at low temperature. The change of the magnetic induction induced by a small field change was measured by using a superconducting quantum interference device. The observed susceptibility decreased markedly when the temperature was lowered from 4.2 to 1.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K; this corresponds to a susceptibility decrease of 7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ cgs. A part of the decrease was recovered with an applied magnetic field less than \textonehalf{} Oe. The results of this static-susceptibility measurement seem to exclude any of the transport-phenomenon-type interpretations to explain the anomalous magnetoresistance previously observed for gallium. The present result strongly suggests an onset of extremely field-sensitive localized diamagnetic centers at low temperature.
Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the skin with apparent origin in the epidermis--a pattern or an entity? A case report.

BACKGROUND Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC) is prototypically represented by “undifferentiated” nasopharyngeal carcinoma, but it has also been described in many other anatomic locations, including the skin. In the last of these sites, primary LELC has been assumed in the past to show dermal adnexal differentiation. METHODS The authors present a case wherein LELC of the skin (LELCS) instead appeared to be a morphologic manifestation of squamous carcinoma of the skin surface, as supported by the results of immunohistology and in situ hybridization. RESULTS Like other examples of LELCS, it showed no evidence of integration of the Epstein–Barr viral genome, and its behavior was indolent. CONCLUSIONS The heterogeneous nature of LELC as seen in different body sites is reviewed in this report, resulting in the conclusion that this tumor probably represents a morphologic pattern rather than a distinct clinicopathologic entity. Cancer 1999;85:884–90. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
The morbidity/mortality gap: what is the problem?

From the time of the early landing of enslaved Africans to the present, there have been and still remain tremendous difficulties in assuring equity in the social well-being of all who live in the United States (2-5). These social disparities, perpetuated by adverse attitudes and behaviors such as prejudice, discrimination, sexism, and racism, have disproportionately benefited certain segments of American society. These disparities clearly extend to the health of the nation as well.
Healthcare Workforce Data and Policy: Local Decisions and Global Implications

The invited essay by Alvarez, Zelmer and Leeb provides baseline information about Canada's healthcare workforce that invites comparison with similar efforts in the United States to collect and analyze workforce numbers, trends and issues. Beyond the basic comparisons, such work also provokes discussion and dialogue about the intersection of workforce data analysis and policy. Examples of the use of data in legislative and regulatory decisions in the United States in general, and California in particular, offer some insight into how workforce data can inform policy decisions and how such decisions can also be influenced by other factors. The possible local and global implications of such policy-making should be considered.
On functionally graded balls and cones

The heat equation, for both steady and unsteady situations, is considered when the material parameters are spherically symmetric functions of position. Explicit separated solutions are derived when the material parameters are exponential functions; the radial part of these solutions is given in terms of confluent hypergeometric functions or Whittaker functions. In the steady case, explicit solutions are found when the conductivity k(r)= exp(−βr q), where β and q are parameters with q>0. The behaviour near the tip of a spherically-graded cone is also investigated.
A new method for nutrients removal and recovery from wastewater using a bioelectrochemical system.

Abstract Nutrients management is a key task of wastewater treatment and removal of nutrients is usually associated with significant energy/economic cost. A new bioelectrochemical system, named “R 2 -BES”, was developed for removing and possibly recovering nutrients from wastewater. This R 2 -BES takes advantage of bioelectricity generation from oxidation of organic compounds to drive ammonium migration out of wastewater, and uses hydroxide ions produced from the cathode reaction as a medium to exchange phosphate ions from wastewater at the same time. Under an applied voltage of 0.8 V, the R 2 -BES removed 83.4 ± 1.3% of ammonium nitrogen and 52.4 ± 9.8% of phosphate, significantly higher than those (3.6 ± 3.7% and 21.1 ± 2.6%) under an open circuit condition. Applying an external voltage can increase current generation, COD removal, and nutrient removal. Those results demonstrate a proof of concept that the R 2 -BES may be potentially applied to remove and recover nutrients through appropriate integration into the existing treatment facilities.
Extracting Object Contours with the Sweep of a Robotic Whisker Using Torque Information

Several recent studies have investigated the problem of object feature extraction with artificial whiskers. Many of these studies have used an approach in which the whisker is rotated against the object through a small angle. Each small-angle âtapâ of the whisker provides information about the radial distance between the base of the whisker and the object. By tapping at various points on the object, a full representation of the surface can be gradually constructed in three-dimensional space. It is clear, however, that this tapping method does not exploit useful information about object contours that could be extracted by âsweepingâ the whisker against the object. Rotating the whisker against the object through a large angle permits the collection of a sequence of contact points as the whisker slips along the surface. The present paper derives an algorithm based on a numerical cantilever beam model of the whisker to measure object profile shape over a single large-angle whisker rotation using only information about torque and angle at the whisker base. The algorithm is validated experimentally using three different object shapes. As the method does not require measurement of force, it is well suited for implementation on an array of robotic whiskers to accomplish quick and precise object feature extraction.
Structure-function studies of mEGF: probing the type I beta-turn between residues 25 and 26.

The interaction between epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor molecule is not completely understood and has received much attention recently. Studies combining site-directed mutagenesis and NMR spectroscopy have identified a number of EGF residues that are required for activity and are believed to interact directly with the receptor. Instead of focusing on these residues, this study combines site-directed mutagenesis and NMR spectroscopy to probe the role of the type Iβ-bend located between residues 25 and 26 of the N-terminal subdomain of the protein. Ser25 of murine EGF is replaced by Pro in an attempt to stabilize this turn conformation to produce a variant of mEGF with increased activity relative to that for the native protein. Ser25 is also replaced by Ala, which is found at position 25 in human EGF (hEGF), as a more conservative replacement. Receptor binding studies demonstrate that both mutations produce about a 30% reduction in binding affinity, which is shown to result from local changes within the loop or minor perturbations of residues neighboring the loop rather than from long-range perturbations of theβ-sheet of the N-terminal subdomain. The type Iβ-turn appears to remain intact in both mutants; however, replacement with Pro seems to introduce more flexibility into this region of the protein. These results demonstrate that perturbation of thisβ-turn has little effect on EGF-receptor interactions.
Beta‐Adrenergic Control of von Ebner's Glands in the Rat

Von Ebner’s lingual salivary glands secrete through multiple ducts into the clefts of the circumvallate and foliate papillae. At the microscopic level, gland acini are filled with secretory granules.’ Since 80% of the lingual taste buds are contained in the foliate and circumvallate papillae in the rat: and since taste receptor sites on the microvilli are bathed in saliva: these glands provide a microenvironment important in taste transduction in posterior tongue taste buds. Little is known concerning the neural control of von Ebner’s glands. Recently we have shown that the source of their parasympathetic control is via cells in the inferior salivatory nucleus in the medulla? We now have applied the morphometric methodology used by Getchell and Getchell’ in a study of Bowman’s glands to characterize the extent of /3-adrenergic control of the von Ebner’s gland acini.
Descriptor-Based Methodology for Designing Heterogeneous Microstructural Materials System

In designing a microstructural materials system, there are several key questions associated with design representation, design evaluation, and design synthesis: how to quantitatively represent the design space of a heterogeneous microstructure system using a small set of design variables, how to efficiently reconstruct statistically equivalent microstructures for design evaluation, and how to quickly search for the optimal microstructure design to achieve the desired material properties. This paper proposes a new descriptor-based methodology for designing microstructural materials systems. A descriptor-based characterization method is proposed to provide a quantitative representation of material morphology using a small set of microstructure descriptors covering features of material composition, dispersion status, and phase geometry at different levels of representation. A descriptor-based multi-phase microstructure reconstruction algorithm is developed which allows efficient stochastic reconstruction of microstructures for Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of material behavior. The choice of descriptors for polymer nanocomposites is verified by establishing a mapping between the finite set of descriptors and the infinite dimensional correlation function. Finally, the descriptor-based representation allows the use of parametric optimization approach to search the optimal microstructure design that meets the target material properties. To improve the search efficiency, this paper employs state-of-the-art computational design methods such as Design of Experiment (DOE), metamodeling, statistical sensitivity analysis, and multi-objective optimization. The proposed methodology is demonstrated using the design of a polymer nanocomposites system.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Compact radio source 1413 + 135 is a far-IR extragalactic object

The radio source 1413 + 135 is shown to be one of the strongest known emitters of millimeter radiation. The energy distribution of this object, measured between meter and X-ray wavelengths, reveals that most of the power emitted by this object comes out at millimeter and far-IR wavelengths. If the emission at 1 mm is due to incoherent synchrotron radiation, then the source must be very compact, with a size around 25 micron arc sec, and contain a magnetic field larger than 10 G. The steep spectral index in the near-IR is attributed to a high-energy cutoff in the distribution of synchrotron emitting electrons at a Lorentz factor of approximately 300.
Urinary acidification with ascorbic acid

A C I D I F I C A T I O N of urine as an adjunct in the therapy of chronic urinary tract infection has been employed for a number of years. For this purpose McDonald and Murphy 1 in 1959 proposed the use of ascorbic acid. Their study revealed that ascorbic acid, when administered every 4 hours in a daily dose of 2.5 Gin. (equivalent to approximately 1.5 Gin. per square meter per day) was "capable of significantly lowering urinary pH" in adult subjects. Holland and West'-' described the use of ascorbic acid in combination with methenamine mandelate in children with recurrent urinary infection. These authors indicate that ascorbic acid (approximately 1.5 to 6.0 Gin. daily) given at the same time as methenamine mandelate ("in three to four divided doses") keeps the urine pH below 5.6. Our experience with ascorbic acid, alone or in combination with methenamine man-
IVMBIX-01294, an inhibitor of the histone methyltransferase EHMT2, disrupts histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) dimethylation in the cleavage-stage porcine embryo

Global patterns of histone methylation are remodelled during cleavage development. Of the five histone methyltransferases known to mediate methylation of the lysine 9 residue of histone H3 (H3K9), euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2 (EHMT2; also known as G9a) has been shown to be a primary mediator of H3K9 dimethylation; BIX-01294 has been shown to be a specific inhibitor of EHMT2. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of BIX-01294 treatment on global H3K9 dimethylation in porcine embryos. We hypothesised that inhibition of EHMT2 by BIX-01294 would result in reduced levels of H3K9 dimethylation and compromised embryo development. Our results showed that incubation in 5µM BIX-01294 markedly reduced global levels of H3K9 dimethylation at the pronuclear, 2-cell and 4-cell stages of development and resulted in developmental arrest before blastocyst formation. Although transient exposure of embryos to BIX-01294 did not alter in vitro development, embryos transiently exposed to BIX-01294 did not establish pregnancy. These data demonstrate that BIX-01294 is a potent inhibitor of H3K9 dimethylation and that transient alterations in global histone modifications can have profound effects on embryo developmental potential.
Constructing national security: Culture and identity in Indian arms control and disarmament practice

(1998). Constructing national security: Culture and identity in Indian arms control and disarmament practice. Contemporary Security Policy: Vol. 19, CULTURE AND SECURITY Multilateralism, Arms Control and Security Building, pp. 129-158.
Contaminant washout in a hydraulically integrated serial turbidostat algal reactor (HISTAR)

A hydraulically integrated serial turbidostat algal reactor (HISTAR) was mathematically modeled and designed for large-scale production of microalgae. HISTAR, which combines turbidostats with a series of continuous-flow stirred-tank reactors (CFSTRs), was designed with contaminant mitigation as a primary design parameter. The concept of contaminant mitigation in the series of CFSTRs is discussed and three mathematical models presented to predict contaminant washout within the CFSTRs. Model simulations indicated that the hydraulic regime within each CFSTR is crucial to the contaminant mitigation process in the series of CFSTRs. Experiments on the HISTAR system with a liquid volume of about 8500 l, culturing Chaetoceros muelleri (CHAET 10), demonstrated that 0.8 million live rotifers, intentionally added to the first CFSTR, were washed out of the six CFSTRs at a local dilution rate of 4 day−1. In another experiment, Thalassiosira sp. cultured at a dilution rate of 0.667 day−1 fell victim to a few rotifers that inadvertently entered the CFSTRs. The validity of the washout concepts was demonstrated further when the ≈300 million live rotifers in the CFSTRs were completely washed out by simply increasing the dilution rate to 4 day−1.
Biomechanics of Incisor Retraction with Mini-Implant Anchorage:

Mini-implants have been successfully incorporated into orthodontic practice all over the world. One of the most popular applications of mini-implant anchorage is to facilitate retraction of the anterior teeth. This article reviews the mechanics involved in anterior tooth retraction with mini-implant supported anchorage. An attempt has been made to synthesize information available in the literature and present it in a manner that is easily understandable from a clinical perspective. We discuss the fundamental differences mini-implant based incisor retraction has when compared to conventional techniques, mechanical factors affecting this process and provide a step-by-step analysis of incisor retraction. In addition, various models of space closure are discussed that have evolved through careful evaluation of in vitro and in vivo experiments.
Isolation of phosphopeptides using solid phase enrichment

Protein phosphorylations are post-translational protein modifications that are crucial for intercellular signal transduction and the regulation of many cellular events. We describe herein a novel technology utilizing α-diazo functionalized solid phase resins to isolate phosphorylated peptides from non-phosphorylated substrates.
Recent Research in Cooperative Control of Multivehicle Systems

This paper presents a survey of recent research in cooperative control of multivehicle systems, using a common mathematical framework to allow different methods to be described in a unified way. The survey has three primary parts: an overview of current applications of cooperative control, a summary of some of the key technical approaches that have been explored, and a description of some possible future directions for research. Specific technical areas that are discussed include formation control, cooperative tasking, spatiotemporal planning, and consensus.
On the design of a radix-10 online floating-point multiplier

This paper describes an approach to design and implement a radix-10 online floating-point multiplier. An online approach is considered because it offers computational flexibility not available with conventional arithmetic. The design was coded in VHDL and compiled, synthesized, and mapped onto a Virtex 5 FPGA to measure cost in terms of LUTs (look-up-tables) as well as the cycle time and total latency. The routing delay which was not optimized is the major component in the cycle time. For a rough estimate of the cost/latency characteristics, our design was compared to a standard radix-2 floating-point multiplier of equivalent precision. The results demonstrate that even an unoptimized radix-10 online design is an attractive implementation alternative for FPGA floating-point multiplication.
Automatic Gain Control Model for Vision

SINCE the work of G. T. Fechner (1859) the functional relationship between the physical luminance (input) and the perceived brightness (output) in the visual system has been taken to be logarithmic. This hypothesis seems to have been based primarily on the observed constancy of the ratio of the just-noticeable stimulus change to its absolute value, known as Weber's law. In fact, however, this constancy is observed only at the higher luminances and even there it has been difficult to justify the assumed logarithmic gain on grounds other than expediency.
Nucleoside Analogs in Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

The nucleoside analogs fludarabine monophosphate, 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine, and 2-deoxycoformycin (pentostatin) all have activity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The most widely studied drug is fludarabine which is able to obtain complete or partial responses in more than 50% of previously treated patients. The response rate is 44% for 2-CDA and approximately 25% for pentostatin. Fludarabine has also been used to treat patients as initial therapy, and has resulted in overall response rate of 79% with 75% of the patients achieving complete remission. The NCI and International Working Group for CLL criteria for complete remission allow for persistent nodules or lymphoid infiltrates in the bone marrow biopsy. Studies have now demonstrated persistent lymphoid aggregates are associated with a shorter time to progression for responders but no survival disadvantage. There is a strong association of documented refractoriness to alkylating agents with probability of response to fludarabine and also survival. The ma...
Scaling of Rheological Properties of Hydrogels from Associating Polymers

Rheological properties of thermoreversible hydrogels of poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(propylene oxide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide)-g-poly(acrylic acid) have been studied. The relaxation exponent Δ = 0.69 is found from the frequency-independent loss tangent at the gel point. The distance from the gelation threshold (e) is varied by changing the concentration or temperature. Dependencies of the zero-shear viscosity (ηo) and equilibrium modulus (Go) scale as ηo ∼ es and Go ∼ et. The transient exponents s = 1.26−1.28 and t = 2.64−2.65 are obtained in the vicinity of the gelation threshold. The scaling relation between all exponents is in excellent agreement with the Rouse model and is consistent with the percolation theory. Transient rheological properties exhibit complex scaling behavior above the gel point depending on e. Scaling above the gel point correlates with the polymer structure.
Proposing a dinner date: analysis by rank-dependent expected utility

Abstract The rank-dependent expected utility model is used to analyze a game involving a dinner date proposal. Alternative sharing rules are investigated: Dutch treat (both parties pay for their own dinner), and Oriental treat (the one making the invitation pays for both dinners). The solution depends on the sharing rule as well as optimism or pessimism regarding the chances of an invitation from the other party. Solutions that increase the chances of dinner indicate conditions under which optimism or pessimism is advantageous and might survive. Solutions that favor Dutch or Oriental treat suggest mechanisms by which alternative sharing rules might evolve.
Discovering the various ecomorphs of Scenedesmus: The end of a taxonomic era

Summary All species of Scenedesmus exhibit extensive phenotypic plasticity. With a low initial cell density unicells dominate in cultures of spiny species. Over time these phenotypically plastic species will develop, in sequence, quadricaudate, bicaudate, brevispina and acaudate colonies. Although data obtained from culture are emphasized, an identical developmental sequence takes place in nature. This pathway might have been discovered from examination of sequential collections from nature, but was first presented by developmental morphologists. The pattern is clearly seen during a thorough examination of all stages of growth. Repeated transfer in dilute media, to rid organisms of some of the nutrients stored in excess, provides a good inoculum for initiating experimentation. When the initial cell density (ICD) is low, unicells readily form. All possible ecomorphs will then develop as the batch culture is examined during all stages of growth. Bacteria present in cultures can affect these morphological expressions. Additionally, phenotypic plasticity could easily go unrecognized if it was assumed that the bacterized Scenedesmus culture was also contaminated with another species of Scenedesmus. Axenic cultures are needed for nutritional studies. Claims of contamination will often be modified if the investigator attempts to isolate the ‘contaminant’. Sometimes the latter will be merely an ecomorph of the parent culture. Detecting the developmental sequence is challenging and exciting. In the protologues of numerous narrowly described Scenedesmus taxa there are seldom any data supporting the apparent stability of the taxon. There are fewer than 20 species in the genus Scenedesmus.
Food intakes of working and nonworking adolescents

Abstract We compared the evening meal patterns and quality of the diets of 74 adolescents who worked on the day of our survey with those of 74 adolescents who did not work on that day. The adolescents were paired for gender, race, and school attended. All adolescents who were surveyed completed 24-hour food records and questionnaires that provided information on their usual eating patterns. We found that the working adolescents were more likely to eat the evening meal away from home, more likely to include a sandwich-type food, and somewhat less likely to include a vegetable, other than potatoes, at the evening meal than were the nonworking teens. Eleven percent of the working and 3% of the nonworking respondents skipped the evening meal. Although adequate, mean intake of vitamin C for the 24-hour period was lower for the working teens than for those not working on the survey day. Working adolescents also had lower intakes of calcium and riboflavin per 1,000 kcal than did the nonworking adolescents.
Central visual field changes associated with acquired pits of the optic nerve.

Background: With the increased use of a hand-held indirect lens and slit-lamp biomicroscopy for stereoscopic viewing of the optic nerve, the authors believe that an acquired pit of the optic nerve is more common than was recognized previously. This increased recognition has led to the awareness that the central visual field was affected frequently in the presence of such an acquired pit. Methods: The authors retrieved the charts of a series of 97 patients who had an acquired pit of the optic nerve during an 18-month period and retrospectively reviewed the automated visual fields associated with these pits using the Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer Programs 30-2 and 10-2 and looked for involvement of the central visual field. Results: In 81.7% of the acquired pits of the optic nerves, one of the central-most test points (3° from fixation) in the appropriate hemifield on the 30-2 format was depressed severely by Statpac II ( P P = 0.03). Conclusion: The authors showed that the presence of an acquired pit in an optic nerve damaged by glaucoma frequently is associated with a threat to fixation.
Echocardiographic measurement of left ventricular stroke volume in newborn infants: A correlative study with pulsed Doppler and M‐mode echocardiography

Noninvasive monitoring of stroke volume by pulsed Doppler echocardiography is an important recent advance in neonatal care. Using this technique, we assessed stroke volume in 112 healthy neonates (birth weight 780-5350 g, menstrual age 27-42 weeks). Stroke volume increased with advancing birth weight (r = +0.93) and gestational age (r = +0.90). Mean stroke volume per kilogram body weight (1.77 +/- 0.28 ml/kg) was constant throughout the study population. Doppler-derived stroke volumes correlated linearly with left ventricular dimensions in diastole and in systole. Stroke volumes calculated from left ventricular dimensions using the Feigenbaum and Teichholz equations correlated equally well with Doppler-derived stroke volume values (r = +0.76 and +0.77, respectively).
Laboratory Profiles of 30 High Copper Amalgam Alloys

Clinical and laboratory research has had difficulty keeping pace with the rapid introduction of new amalgam alloys. These laboratory profiles identify the alloy system and reflect the performance of the alloy during various laboratory tests.
Topoisomerase II from Chlorella virus PBCV-1 has an exceptionally high DNA cleavage activity.

Abstract Chlorella virus PBCV-1 topoisomerase II is the only functional type II enzyme known to be encoded by a virus that infects eukaryotic cells. However, it has not been established whether the protein is expressed following viral infection or whether the enzyme has any catalytic features that distinguish it from cellular type II topoisomerases. Therefore, the present study characterized the physiological expression of PBCV-1 topoisomerase II and individual reaction steps catalyzed by the enzyme. Results indicate that the topoisomerase II gene is widely distributed among Chlorellaviruses and that the protein is expressed 60–90 min after viral infection of algal cells. Furthermore, the enzyme has an extremely high DNA cleavage activity that sets it apart from all known eukaryotic type II topoisomerases. Levels of DNA scission generated by the viral enzyme are ∼30 times greater than those observed with human topoisomerase IIα. The high levels of cleavage are not due to inordinately tight enzyme-DNA binding or to impaired DNA religation. Thus, they most likely reflect an elevated forward rate of scission. The robust DNA cleavage activity of PBCV-1 topoisomerase II provides a unique tool for studying the catalytic functions of type II topoisomerases.
GDH sum rule in QED and ChPT

The celebrated Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn (GDH) sum rule (SR) relates the anomalous magnetic moment (a.m.m.) of a spin-1/2 particle to a dispersion integral of its polarized total photoabsorption cross-section: e{sup 2}k{sup 2}/2M{sup 2} = 1/{pi} {integral}{sub 0}{sup {infinity}} d{omega} {Delta}{sigma}({omega})/{omega}, where {Delta}{sigma} = {sigma}{sub 3/2} - {sigma}{sub 1/2} (subscript 3/2 or 1/2 refers to whether the photon beam polarization is in parallel or antiparallel to the polarization of the initial nucleon).
SDRE CONTROL WITH NONLINEAR FEEDFORWARD COMPENSATION FOR A SMALL UNMANNED HELICOPTER

In this paper we report on the state-dependent Riccati equation (SDRE) control of a small unmanned helicopter for autonomous agile maneuvering. SDRE control requires reformulation of the vehicle dynamics into a pseudo-linear form. For a helicopter application, however, this results in a number of terms not accounted in the SDRE design. To overcome this problem, we employ a nonlinear feedforward compensator that is designed to match the vehicle response to the model used in the SDRE design. This paper provides new control results and additonal details based on work described previously by Bogdanov, et al.1
Walter Moxon and his thoughts about language and the brain

Walter Moxon wrote a well-timed paper in 1866 on aphemia with accompanying right sided hemiplegia. Like many other investigators of this apparent lopsidedness of the articulatory system for human speech. Moxon had to reconcile left hemisphere specialization for this function with the overriding law of symmetry, which for a large sector of the scientific community was a sine qua non of the anatomy and function of high level animal cognition. His reasoning was essentially that since the right dominant hand (and hence the left hemisphere) in some sense led overall bilateral limb movement patterns, that the right side of the tongue would lead whole tongue movement for articulation, the left side following in some mechanical sense. Thus, Moxon could link left hemisphere dominance for handedness as well as for speech. His theory was that "attention" was focused on the left hemisphere during limb movement development, under his assumption that the articulators were limbs as well as the arms and hands. The present paper will examine the professional life of Moxon and his 1866 paper, as well as the scant commentary that it has elicited in the literature on the history of left hemisphere dominance for the human articulatory function.
Neoadjuvant Therapy of Stage III Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Abstract During the past several years, there has been a resurgence of interest in preoperative or postoperative chemotherapy in patients with Stage III lung cancer. The staging system for lung cancer has recently been modified, and at the present time Stage III disease is now subdivided into Stage III-A (potentially surgically resectable for cure) and Stage III-B (unresectable). This article will review five recently completed studies utilizing neo-adjuvant therapy in various types of Stage III lung cancer. The thoracic surgeon is faced with the dilemma of reviewing this literature and trying to make a conclusion as to what is appropriate therapy for Stage III disease. Unquestionably, neoadjuvant therapy appears to increase the re-sectability rate in Stage III-A disease and can make some Stage III-B patients anatomically resectable. It is hoped that future well-designed phase III studies can be accomplished in Stages III-A and III-B disease so that we can determine whether neoadjuvant chemotherapy is or is not beneficial for these patients.
Could immunomodulation be used to prevent prion diseases

All prion diseases are currently without effective treatment and are universally fatal. The underlying pathogenesis of prion diseases (prionoses) is related to an autocatalytic conformational conversion of PrPC (C for cellular) to a pathological and infectious conformer known as PrPSc (Sc for scrapie) or PrPRes (Res for proteinase K resistant). The past experience with variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, which originated from bovine spongiform encephalopathy, as well as the ongoing epidemic of chronic wasting disease has highlighted the necessity for effective prophylactic and/or therapeutic approaches. Human prionoses are most commonly sporadic, and hence therapy is primarily directed to stop progression; however, in animals the majority of prionoses are infectious and, as a result, the emphasis is on prevention of transmission. These infectious prionoses are most commonly acquired via the alimentary tract as a major portal of infectious agent entry, making mucosal immunization a potentially attractive me...
On a mapping of a projective space into a sphere

We obtain an exact estimate for the minimum multiplicity of a continuous finite-to-one mapping of a projective space into a sphere for all dimensions. For finite-to-one mappings of a projective space into a Euclidean space, we obtain an exact estimate for this multiplicity for n = 2, 3. For n ≥ 4, we prove that this estimate does not exceed 4. Several open questions are formulated.