cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Communications protocols for a distributed processor to support flexible manufacturing

The proliferation of powerful low cost computer systems has enabled traditional tools of manufacturing to be imbedded in an environment of automated subsystems. Manufacturing technology now includes utilizing computer technology for integrating and managing these subsystems. The Manufacturing Automation Protocol (MAP) provides an infrastructure necessary for linking these computer systems and discrete event simulation is an alternative for integration and management of the manufacturing subsystems.
Japanese Democracy: Power, Coordination, and Performance

This text, an analysis of democracy in Japan, refutes the widely accepted hypothesis that postwar Japan has been a semiauthoritarian and consensual state. Rather, it contends, Japanese political life has been fragmented and discordant at all levels - bureaucracy, parties and business and industry.
Topical ocular administration of cromolyn sodium for treatment in seasonal ragweed conjunctivitis

Abstract We studied topical ocular administration of a 4% solution of cromolyn sodium (CS)for treatment of 112 patients with ragweed conjunctivitis in two 8-wk, double-blind, matched-pair studies. During the 1977 and 1978 ragweed seasons, patients instilled a daily total of 12.8 or 19.2 mg CS into each eye, control patients received placebo drops. Treatment efficacy was assessed by daily symptom score diaries, ophthalmic examinations, and a subjective report by the patient at the end of the trials. In the 1977 trial, CS pair members whose preseasonal immunoglobulin E antibody level was 100 ng/ml. CS pair members showed a significant reduction in rhinorrhea (p
The Small-Scale Clustering Properties of Dwarf Galaxies

Two results on the small-scale clustering properties of dwarf galaxies are reported, which were identified in the vicinity of early-type Shapley-Ames galaxies on high-resolution photographic plates. The first result indicates that dwarf galaxies display the same trend of stronger clustering toward earlier morphological type on small scales as their giant counterparts on larger scales. It is suggested that early-type dwarfs can be used as dynamical probes of dark halos around early-type giant galaxies and as tracers of the dynamical evolution of such halos in dense environments. The second result pertains to the trend of increasing early-type dwarf frequency per early-type giant with environment richness previously established for rich groups. It is found that a minimum value of isolated early-type galaxies is approximately 0.25, as compared to a maximum of approximately 8 in rich environments like the Virgo Cluster.
Abnormal Glucose Metabolism in Hypertensive Mice With Genetically Interrupted γ-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone Signaling Fed a High-Sodium Diet

BACKGROUND Rodents with deficiency of or resistance to the proopiomelanocortin-derived peptide gamma-melanocyte stimulating hormone (gamma-MSH) develop marked salt-sensitive hypertension. We asked whether this hypertension was accompanied by abnormal glucose metabolism. METHODS gamma-MSH-deficient Pc2(-/-) mice, and resistant Mc3r(-/-) mice were studied acutely for measurement of blood pressure and glucose and insulin concentrations after > or =1 week of a high-sodium diet (HSD; 8% NaCl) compared to a normal-sodium diet (NSD; 0.4% NaCl). Mc3r(-/-) also underwent glucose tolerance test (GTT) and insulin tolerance test. RESULTS Both knockout strains were hypertensive and also exhibited fasting hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia on the HSD. Mc3r(-/-) mice on the HSD had impaired glucose tolerance and insulin-mediated glucose disposal compared to wild-type mice on either the HSD or the NSD, or to Mc3r(-/-) mice on the NSD. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate an interaction of interrupted gamma-MSH signaling with the HSD to cause hypertension on the one hand and abnormal glucose metabolism, with the characteristics of insulin resistance, on the other. Further study of the nature of this interaction should provide new insight into the mechanisms by which salt-sensitive hypertension and insulin resistance are linked.
Pulmonary Endothelial Protein Kinase C-Delta (PKCδ) Regulates Neutrophil Migration in Acute Lung Inflammation

Excessive neutrophil migration across the pulmonary endothelium into the lung and release of oxidants and proteases are key elements in pathogenesis of acute lung injury. Previously, we identified protein kinase C-delta (PKCδ) as an important regulator of proinflammatory signaling in human neutrophils and demonstrated that intratracheal instillation of a TAT-conjugated PKCδ inhibitory peptide (PKCδ-TAT) is lung protective in a rat model of sepsis-induced indirect pulmonary injury (cecal ligation and puncture). In the present study, intratracheal instillation of this PKCδ inhibitor resulted in peptide distribution throughout the lung parenchyma and pulmonary endothelium and decreased neutrophil influx, with concomitant attenuation of sepsis-induced endothelial ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in this model. To further delineate the role of PKCδ in regulating neutrophil migration, we used an in vitro transmigration model with human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs). Consistent with in vivo findings, inhibition of PMVEC PKCδ decreased IL-1β–mediated neutrophil transmigration. PKCδ regulation was stimulus-dependent; PKCδ was required for transmigration mediated by IL-1β and fMLP (integrin-dependent), but not IL-8 (integrin-independent). PKCδ was essential for IL-1β–mediated neutrophil adherence and NF-κB–dependent expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. In PMVECs, IL-1β–mediated production of ROS and activation of redox-sensitive NF-κB were PKCδ dependent, suggesting an upstream signaling role. Thus, PKCδ has an important role in regulating neutrophil–endothelial cell interactions and recruitment to the inflamed lung.
Knowing and Governing: The Mapping of the Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector as Statecraft

Recent debate in Voluntas and elsewhere has paid a great deal of attention to the subject of mapping the nonprofit sector. However, very little attention has been paid to the ways in which the practice of mapping is a political mode of knowing and the ways in which knowing is governing. In this essay, we turn to critical theory and political anthropology in order to demonstrate how mapping as it is currently practiced is a mode of knowledge inquiry that facilitates statecraft. In light of these interdisciplinary perspectives, we wrestle with the implications of knowing—and thereby governing—voluntary collective organization in this manner. We conclude that this approach potentially disciplines the qualitative dimensions of democratic associational life and misrepresents the possibilities of social change.
pi-Regularity of Semigroup Graded Rings

The notion of -regularity is a generalization of von Neumann regularity. In this paper we begin our investigation of -regular and strongly -regular semigroup graded rings. We first consider the -re...
Dimension of the universal attractor in spin-wave turbulence

Abstract It is shown that the Landau-Lifschitz equations of classical ferromagnetism have a finite-dimensional universal attractor A, a set which describes the dynamics in the fully nonlinear regime and which describes results complementary to recent work associated with nonlinear effects related to low-lying instability thresholds. The dimension of A is estimated to be very large, of the order of 10 10 . Physical reasons for these large values are discussed.
Inhibition of TGF-β/Smad Signaling by BAMBI Blocks Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts and Abolishes their Protumor Effects

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) have multiple therapeutic potentials for regenerative, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory purposes and also show promise as vehicles for gene therapy of various metastatic cancers based on their tumor-tropic capacity. However, BM-MSCs are also a source of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and may promote growth and metastasis of cancer. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling is required to induce CAF differentiation of mouse BM-MSCs in vivo and can induce expression of some CAF markers in human BM-MSCs in vitro. To determine whether inhibiting TGF-β signaling in human BM-MSCs can block their differentiation to CAFs induced by tumor microenvironments and the consequent protumor effects, we transduced human BM-MSCs with a lentiviral vector encoding bone morphogenetic protein and activin membrane-bound inhibitor (BAMBI), a decoy TGF-β receptor. BAMBI transduction significantly inhibited TGF-β/Smad signaling and expression of CAF markers in human BM-MSCs treated with TGF-β1 or tumor-conditioned medium or cocultured with cancer cells, but did not alter the stem cell properties and the tumor-tropic property of MSCs. In addition, BAMBI transduction disrupted the cytokine network mediating the interaction between MSCs and breast cancer cells. Consequently, BAMBI transduction abolished protumor effects of BM-MSCs in vitro and in an orthotopic breast cancer xenograft model, and instead significantly inhibited growth and metastasis of coinoculated cancer. These results indicated that TGF-β signaling is essential for differentiation of human BM-MSCs to CAFs in tumor microenvironments and the consequent protumor effects, and inhibiting TGF-β/Smad pathway may improve the safety of MSC-based therapies in cancer patients.
Amino acid incorporation by fig fruit ribosomes in a cell-free system

Abstract An amino acid-incorporating system from fig fruit tissue has been prepared and the requirements needed for such an activity were established. The pH 5 enzymes, prepared from the same tissue, successfully supported the incorporation of 14 C- l -phenylalanine by ribosomes. Puromycin and RNAse, but not DNAse, inhibited the protein synthesis activity. The addition of poly U increased the incorporation rate. A gradual increase in the rate of 14 C- l -phenylalanine incorporation began in the dimer (120 S) fraction and continued in the higher polysomal aggregates.
Twisted Elastic Rings and the Rediscoveries of Michell's Instability

Elastic rings become unstable when sufficiently twisted. This fundamental instability plays an important role in the modeling of DNA mechanics and in cable engineering. In 1962, Zajac computed the value of the critical twist for the instability. This critical value was rediscovered in 1979 by Benham and independently by Le Bret in elastic models for DNA; unstable rings have since become an important example of elastic instabilities in rods both for the development of new methods and in applications. The purpose of this note is to show that the problem had been completely solved by John Henry Michell in 1889 in a rather elegant manner and to reflect on its history and modern developments.
Vector-averaged gravity-induced changes in cell signaling and vitamin d receptor activity in MG-63 cells are reversed by a 1,25-(OH)2D3 analog, EB1089

Skeletal unloading in an animal hindlimb suspension model and microgravity experienced by astronauts or as a result of prolonged bed rest causes site-specific losses in bone mineral density of 1%-2% per month. This is accompanied by reductions in circulating levels of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3), the active metabolite of vitamin D. 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3), the ligand for the vitamin D receptor (VDR), is important for calcium absorption and plays a role in differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. To examine the responses of cells to activators of the VDR in a simulated microgravity environment, we used slow-turning lateral vessels (STLVs) in a rotating cell culture system. We found that, similar to cells grown in microgravity, MG-63 cells grown in the STLVs produce less osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, and collagen Ialpha1 mRNA and are less responsive to 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3). In addition, expression of VDR was reduced. Moreover, growth in the STLV caused activation of the stress-activated protein kinase pathway (SAPK), a kinase that inhibits VDR activity. In contrast, the 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) analog, EB1089, was able to compensate for some of the STLV-associated responses by reducing SAPK activity, elevating VDR levels, and increasing expression of osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase. These studies suggest that, not only does simulated microgravity reduce differentiation of MG-63 cells, but the activity of the VDR, an important regulator of bone metabolism, is reduced. Use of potent, less calcemic analogs of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) may aid in overcoming this defect.
Prospective comparison of plateletapheresis using four apheresis systems on the same donors.

To address the demand for higher plateletapheresis efficiency while maintaining consistent leukoreduction, manufacturers of apheresis systems have introduced new equipment or modifications to existing equipment. Using the same 20 donors, we compared the Fresenius AS104 (AS104), Fenwal Amicus, and COBE Spectra Version 7 Leukoreduction System (Turbo) to the COBE Spectra Version 5 Leukoreduction System (V5-LRS) and each other in regard to platelet (plt) collection efficiencies, processing times, and leukoreduction consistency. Using current pre-procedure platelet counts, target endpoints were set at 6-6.5 x 10(11) plt or 3.3-4.0 x 10(11) plt in up to 100 minutes processing time. Median platelet yields for V5-LRS, AS104, Amicus, and Turbo were 3.98, 3.63, 5.03, and 4.99 x 10(11) plt respectively; median collection efficiencies were 53, 46, 73, and 56% respectively; median collection rates were.049,.039,.065, and. 060 x 10(11) plt/minute respectively; double product frequencies were 35, 10, 40, and 30% respectively; and median processing times were 87, 92, 77, and 79 minutes, respectively. Amicus had a significantly higher collection efficiency and higher incidence of double products than all other systems. While AS104 had a significantly lower collection efficiency and lowest double product frequency than all other systems, Amicus and Turbo had significantly lower processing times than V5-LRS and AS104. AS104 leukoreduction was inconsistent, but V5-LRS, Amicus, and Turbo were consistently leukoreduced ((99.8% had <5 x 10(6) WBC at 95% confidence interval). The best overall performance was for the Amicus with Turbo a close second.
Drug-induced states of impaired water excretion

It has become readily apparent in recent years that a large number of drugs commonly used in the practice of medicine have the ability to cause impaired water excretion [1]. In many cases, this effect is in addition to and unrelated to the primary pharmacologic property of the drug. The impaired water excretion resulting from use of the drug may cause significant hyponatremia and water intoxication, requiring termination of drug administration [1]. With some drugs, the ability to impair water excretion has been utilized therapeutically in the treatment of diabetes insipidus [2,3]. This report will review the drugs presently known to be capable of causing impaired water excretion in the mammalian kidney and, where known, the mechanism by which each drug acts will be discussed.
An analytical expression for the gravity field of a polyhedral body with linearly varying density

Over the past 24 years, the gravity fields of homogeneous polyhedra have been studied extensively (Paul, 1974; Barnett, 1976; Okabe, 1979; Golizdra, 1981; Strakhov et al., 1986a, 1986b; Gotze and Lahmeyer, 1988; Pohanka, 1988; Ivan, 1990; Pohanka, 1990; Holstein and Ketteridge, 1996). This intensive scrutiny is well deserved because polyhedra provide a framework in which complex body shapes can be modeled parsimoniously and because the analytic expressions for the gravity fields of uniform polyhedra involve only elementary transcendental functions available as part of the run‐time library for most computational programming languages.
Statistical analysis of amino acid patterns in transmembrane helices: the GxxxG motif occurs frequently and in association with β-branched residues at neighboring positions

To find motifs that mediate helix-helix interactions in membrane proteins, we have analyzed frequently occurring combinations of residues in a database of transmembrane domains. Our analysis was performed with a novel formalism, which we call TMSTAT, for exactly calculating the expectancies of all pairs and triplets of residues in individual sequences, taking into account differential sequence composition and the substantial effect of finite length in short segments. We found that the number of significantly over and under-represented pairs and triplets was much greater than the random expectation. Isoleucine, glycine and valine were the most common residues in these extreme cases. The main theme observed is patterns of small residues (Gly, Ala and Ser) at i and i+4 found in association with large aliphatic residues (Ile, Val and Leu) at neighboring positions (i.e. i+/-1 and i+/-2). The most over-represented pair is formed by two glycine residues at i and i+4 (GxxxG, 31.6 % above expectation, p<1x10(-33)) and it is strongly associated with the neighboring beta-branched residues Ile and Val. In fact, the GxxxG pair has been described as part of the strong interaction motif in the glycophorin A transmembrane dimer, in which the pair is associated with two Val residues (GVxxGV). GxxxG is also the major motif identified using TOXCAT, an in vivo selection system for transmembrane oligomerization motifs. In conjunction with these experimental observations, our results highlight the importance of the GxxxG+beta-branched motif in transmembrane helix-helix interactions. In addition, the special role for the beta-branched residues Ile and Val suggested here is consistent with the hypothesis that residues with constrained rotameric freedom in helical conformation might reduce the entropic cost of folding in transmembrane proteins. Additional material is available at http://engelman.csb.yale. edu/tmstat and http://bioinfo.mbb.yale. edu/tmstat.
The structure of adult peripheral myelinated nerve fibers as revealed by phase microscopy

Abstract Phase microscopy of adult mouse and frog myelinated peripheral nerve fibers clearly shows that a significant annular layer of Schwann cell cytoplasm surrounds the axon under the myelin and is approximately equal in volume to the axoplasm itself. The possible significance of this layer in nervous impulse conduction is discussed.
EFFECTS OF THE RATE OF HEATING ON APPLE AND PEAR FRUIT QUALITY

There is evidence that the rate of heating to meet quarantine security impacts fruit quality as well as insect mortality. Linear heating rates, of 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12C/h to treatment temperatures of 44 and 46C were used to treat 8 cultivars of apples (‘Delicious’, ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Granny Smith’, ‘Fuji’, ‘Gala’, ‘Jonagold’, ‘Braeburn’, and ‘Cameo’) and two cultivars of winter pear (‘d'Anjou’ and ‘Bosc’). Fruit were stored, ripened, and tested for various quality parameters. Scald was controlled, firmness was higher in heat treated fruit, ripening was delayed but uniform in pears, decay organisms were suppressed, red fruit became redder and green fruit remained green, the Brix-acid ratio (SS/TA) was either unchanged (‘Granny Smith’) or increased. Physiological disorders such as bitter pit were exacerbated by the heat treatment, requiring culling after treatment to avoid storage of fruit so affected.
Gender and outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting: a propensity-matched comparison.

Abstract Objective Our objective is to determine whether gender is a marker or a causal influence for poor outcomes after coronary revascularization. Methods Propensity-modeling techniques were used to investigate whether gender adversely impacts outcomes after coronary revascularization. A parsimonious explanatory model was developed by bootstrap bagging with variable selection from 64 baseline and 37 operative variables. Propensity scores were calculated from a logistic model that included the parsimonious model and additional baseline variables. Greedy matching techniques were applied to match female and male patients to the nearest propensity scores. Comparisons were made among the propensity-matched women and men. Results Of the 15,597 patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery, only 26% of the 3596 women were matched on propensity scores with men. Distribution of covariates among the matched pairs was, on average, equal. Postoperative mortality ( P = .76), neurologic morbidity (global deficit P = .07, focal deficit P = .51), infection (sepsis P = .88), mediastinitis ( P = .18), renal failure ( P = .84), intra-aortic balloon pump usage ( P = .61), and reoperation for bleeding ( P = .10) were similar among women and men. Occurrence of Q-wave myocardial infarction ( P = P = P = .02) were more common in women compared with propensity-matched men. Conclusions The preoperative profiles of women and men are markedly different. Propensity matching women and men was difficult, because only 26% of women were able to be matched with men. However, in well-matched patients, female gender was not associated with increased mortality and had minimal impact on morbidity after coronary artery bypass grafting.
The 5'-end sequence of the murine coronavirus genome: implications for multiple fusion sites in leader-primed transcription.

Abstract The coronavirus leader-primed transcription model proposes that free leader RNA species derived from the 5′-end of the genomic RNA are utilized as a primer for the transcription of subgenomic mRNAs. To elucidate the precise mechanism of leader-priming, we cloned and sequenced the 5′-end of the mouse hepatitis virus genomic RNA. The 5′-terminal sequences are identical to the leader sequences present at the 5′-end of the subgenomic mRNAs. Two possible hairpin loop structures and an AU-rich region around the 3′-end of the leader sequence may provide the termination site for leader RNA synthesis. The comparison of 5′-end genomic sequences and the intergenic start sites for mRNA transcription revealed that there are homologous regions of 7–18 nucleotides at the putative leader/body junction sites. Some intergenic regions contain a mismatching nucleotide within this homologous region. We propose that free leader RNA binds to the intergenic region due to this homology and is cleaved at the mismatching nucleotide before serving as a primer. Thus, the free leader RNA species may be longer than the leader sequences in the subgenomic mRNAs and different mRNAs may have different leader/body junction sites.
Fuels for fuel cell vehicles

The issue of fuel choice impacts both fuel cell vehicle design and infrastructure development. In general, there is a trade-off between simpler vehicle design (hydrogen vehicles are inherently simpler than those with onboard fuel processors) and simpler infrastructure issues (liquid fuels such as gasoline or methanol are easier to store and handle, and are more compatible with the existing refueling infrastructure). In this article we compare fuel cell vehicle characteristics and infrastructure requirements for four possible fuel option compressed hydrogen gas, methanol, gasoline and synthetic liquids derived from natural gas. The advantages and disadvantages of various fuels are discussed, and possible fuel strategies leading towards the commercialisation of fuel cell vehicles are explored.
An Uneasy Alliance: Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods

The paper describes the difficulties encountered in trying to combine qualitative and quantitative research methods in a study of the relationship between moral reasoning and teenage drug use. Four problems that arose in the attempt to reduce qualitative data to a quantitative format are described. These problems are: (1) making analytic sense of singular responses; (2) a mistaken logical inference that demands that each pattern of judgment should have discrete behavioral indicators; (3) the construction and use of ideal types; and (4) making analytic sense of universal responses. The roots of these problems are then traced to the underlying philosophical premises that distinguish the qualitative and quantitative research paradigms. The implications of the different goals, assumptions, and standards of evaluation informing each of the respective methods for future research are discussed.
Approximate Controllability of Boundary Control Systems with Nonlinear Boundary Conditions

The paper deals with the approximate controllability of a class of nonlinear delayed control systems in which the control is acted through the boundary of the region and the boundary conditions are nonlinear. The approximate controllability result is established provided the approximate controllability of the corresponding linear systems.
Lot streaming in the two-machine flow shop with setup times

The lot streaming model can sometimes be analyzed as a variation of the basic flow shop model. In this paper, we consider the lot streaming model with setup times, transfer lots of size one, and makespan objective. We show how to harness existing theory for time lags and setup times in the two-machine flow shop to analyze the lot streaming case. Extensions to more than two machines are also discussed.
Triclinic and monoclinic structures of SrLaCuNbO6 and SrLaCuTaO6 double perovskites

SrLaCuNbO6 and SrLaCuTaO6 are Jahn–Teller distorted double perovskites with complete B-site ordering. The crystal structure of SrLaCuTaO6 has been solved by refinement of neutron powder diffraction data at 323 (triclinic), 573 (monoclinic) and 923 K (body-centered monoclinic). Synchrotron X-ray and electron diffraction reveal local-scale features similar to those seen in ferroelectric perovskites, and also in A-site ordered perovskites exhibiting nanoscale periodicities. The crystal structure of SrLaCuNbO6 was solved by refinement of synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data at 673 and 1273 K. Because of the high resolution of the synchrotron, adjustments to these structure models were necessary in order to account for profile irregularities resulting from the local-scale behavior.
The naphthoresorcinol reaction of uronic acids

Abstract Sources of error are stated which should be considered in carrying out the Nap R with uronic acids. The most suitable conditions for quantitative evaluation of the reaction are specified.
Force estimation from incompressible flow field data using a momentum balance approach

This study investigates how aerodynamic forces on a body can be evaluated using only instantaneous or averaged velocity field data through a control volume approach in an incompressible flow. The method allows for velocity field data to be missing inside the control volume, but requires that the product of the acceleration, the volume of the solid body, and the fluid density are negligible compared to the forces of interest. Validation of the method for accuracy has been conducted using three-dimensional data from a numerical simulation of unsteady flow around a static airfoil and has shown good agreement between actual and estimated force. Additionally, the method is tested using phase-averaged PIV data from flexible flapping membrane wings to calculate flapping cycle averaged forces that are compared with directly measured time-averaged forces. The numerical validation suggests that the method is accurate, while it is only able to give a rough estimate for the noisier experimental data. The lower accuracy of the forces estimated from the PIV data can be explained through experimental constraints, such as too large grid spacing in one of the three dimensions (in one of the cases), having to interpolate data on the control volume surface especially where the PIV laser light is shaded by the wing, and not covering the entire span of the wing.
Bush, China, Taiwan: A triangular analysis

American policy toward the China-Taiwan issue is, along with its divided allegiance to Israel and its oil-rich Islamic neighbors in the Middle East, one of the most sensitive, potentially volatile, and yet also stubbornly insoluble problems that has plagued Washington since World War II, surviving even the rise and fall of the Cold War. The China-Taiwan embroilment, a relic of the unfinished Chinese civil war that has continued to rankle with varying degrees of intensity since that time, may be divided into (at least) two phases. In the first, Washington took sides in the dispute, supporting Taiwan as a bastion of freedom opposed to communist tyranny and rising to its defense when the mainland threatened to force the issue in 1954–1955 and 1958 (though in recognition of power realities, never supporting reciprocal nationalist aspirations to “recover the mainland”). In the second phase, the United States attempted to back off and download the unification dilemma to the two principals that had most at stake in the relationship, encouraging them to work out their own solution. The first period coincides with the ascendancy of the nationalist regime in Taiwan in the global arena, when it could claim, with U.S. support, to represent “China” in the UN and other such international governmental organizations (IOOs)—although even then the People’s Republic of China (PRC) was a more important strategic actor in any substantive sense.
Development of a detailed model of petroleum formation, destruction, and expulsion from lacustrine and marine source rocks

Abstract A variety of laboratory experiments, including programmed micropyrolysis, isothermal fluidized-bed pyrolysis, oil evolution from a self-purging reactor, pyrolysis-mass spectrometry, and hydrous pyrolysis are analyzed to derive chemical kinetic expressions for pyrolysis of lacustrine and marine kerogens. These kinetic parameters are incorporated into an improved, detailed chemical-kinetic model which includes oil and gas generation from kerogen, oil degradation by coking and cracking, gas generation from residual kerogen, and hydrogen consumption reactions. Oil is described by eleven boiling-point fractions of two chemical types. The model includes equation-of-state calculations of vapor/liquid equilibria and PVT behavior. The model can simulate closed, open and leaky systems, and the open system can include an inert-gas purge. The porosity is calculated for both unconstrained conditions as well as conditions simulating natural compaction and fracturing during sedimentary burial. Model calculations are compared to results from a variety of laboratory experiments, including hydrous pyrolysis. Oil expulsion efficiencies and properties are also calculated for a variety of geological conditions. The relative amounts of water and hydrocarbon phase(s) expelled are governed by saturation-dependent relative permeabilities. Gas/oil ratios in the expelled petroleum are related to organic content and geological heating rate.
Constructivist Capacity Building and Systemic Evaluation of Adult Basic Education and Training in South Africa: One Discourse, Two Scripts

What follows is a discourse of coherence: first through an epistemic triangle conjoining three epistemological traditions of systems thinking, dialectical thinking and constructivist thinking; and,...
The Influence of the Properties of Coals on Their Conversion into Clean Fuels

Abstract Two fundamental controlling factors in the geological histories of coals have determined their physical and chemical characteristics and, consequently, the industrial uses to which they can be put. The first of these is the set of conditions that existed in the original peat swamp, involving the type of vegetation, the nature and extent of the degxadative, preservational, and sedimentary processes, and resulting in varying assemblages of organic macerals and inorganic minerals. Certain of these ingredients are beneficial in conversion processes. The second factor is the nature and degree of the metamorphic changes that the peat deposit underwent during burial within the earth's crust. Although coals of lower rank are readily converted into liquid fuels, the highest yields are obtained from coals of high volatile bituminous rank. Microscopic methods of measuring the contribution made by both of the controlling factors (petrographic type and rank) enable workers to compare the conversion potential ...
Molybdenum Oxides versus Molybdenum Sulfides: Geometric and Electronic Structures of Mo3Xy− (X = O, S and y = 6, 9) Clusters

We have conducted a comparative computational investigation of the molecular structure and water adsorption properties of molybdenum oxide and sulfide clusters using density functional theory methods. We have found that while Mo3O6− and Mo3S6− assume very similar ring-type isomers, Mo3O9− and Mo3S9− clusters are very different with Mo3O9− having a ring-type structure and Mo3S9− having a more open, linear-type geometry. The more rigid ∠(Mo−S−Mo) bond angle is the primary geometric property responsible for producing such different lowest energy isomers. By computing molecular complexation energies, it is observed that water is found to adsorb more strongly to Mo3O6− than to Mo3S6−, due to a stronger oxide−water hydrogen bond, although dispersion effects reduce this difference when molybdenum centers contribute to the binding. Investigating the energetics of dissociative water addition to Mo3X6− clusters, we find that, while the oxide cluster shows kinetic site-selectivity (bridging position vs terminal posi...
Mother-infant interaction in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection of the newborn mouse: the effect of maternal health on mortality of offspring.

Extract: The health of mothers was found to influence mortality of infant mice inoculated at 2 days of age with lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus. When a normal mother (not exposed to LCM) was exchanged on day 9 after infection of the offspring with the original mother of LCM-inoculated mice a 20% decrease in mortality was observed, and when two mothers per litter were used the mortality dropped by 32%. Substitution of the original mother of uninoculated 9-day-old infant mice with a mother from LCM-infected mice induced a 15% greater mortality above the control level. Daily exchange (rotation) of mothers increased mortality of LCM-inoculated mice to 100% from the usual value of 71%, but only induced 11% mortality in uninoculated controls. Weight, and immunity tests, of mothers of infected mice showed that they received contact infection that caused mild illness, but in increased infant mortality (IM). Speculation: Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus used as an infectious agent in mice indicate that sick infant mice are very susceptible to minor changes in maternal care, consequent upon mild or subclinical infection. Illness of both mother and offspring apparently results in a synergistic lethal effect resulting in exaggerated IM. Although it appears likely that IM arises from poor maternal care, other factors such as milk composition, including antibody content, may be involved, and may be relevent to comparable situations in man.
Induced Smectic Mesomorphism by Incompatible Nematogens

Abstract Non-linear behaviors of nematic-isotropic transition temperatures and the appearance of the “solid-like” phase found in the mixtures between MBBA and 4-cyano-4-n-pentylbiphenyl (CPB)1 are now found to be quite general among many other nematogens. The cyano-group containing nematogens do not have to be biphenyl derivatives, nor do the “donner” type molecules need to be limited to Schiff Bases and azo-type compounds. This type of phase diagram has also been obtained in mixtures of CPB with phenyl benzoates, azoxy and tolan nematogens. Other cyano-group containing nematogens, such as substituted 4′-cyanophenyl benzoates and 4′alkoxybenzylidene-4-aminobenzonitriles gave rise to behavior identical with the above nematogens. A detailed study on the phase diagram of mixtures containing 4-cyano- 4′-n-octyloxybiphenyl and 4′n-hexyloxy-phenyl-4-n-butyl blenzoate has yielded further insight into the nature of the “solid-like” phase. The smectic thermal stability of the alkoxycyanobiphenyl decreased sharply ...
Electrostatic Spraying of Insulating Liquids: H 2

Theoretical and experimental results on the electrostatic spraying of liquid insulators are presented. The spraying is accomplished by injecting charges into the liquid with a sharp electrode raised to a high potential. The resulting electrical force causes the liquid to form a jet which breaks up into small drops. The droplet size decreases as the injected current is increased. A theory is developed which predicts the radius of the jet for various values of the system parameters. The experiments reported are on liquid hydrogen.
Percutaneous Embolization of Thoracic Duct Injury

A 53-year-old woman with coronary artery disease presented with dyspnea 4 days after aortic valve replacement and coronary artery revascularization with a left internal mammary graft to the left anterior descending coronary artery. Frontal chest radiography 8 days after surgery revealed a large left pleural effusion (Figure 1⇓) that on needle aspiration was characterized grossly and chemically as a chylothorax. After reaccumulation of the pleural effusion 3 days later, a tube thoracostomy was performed, producing 2300 mL of chylous fluid in the first 12 hours …
Experimental investigation of the F/A-18 vortex flows at subsonic through transonic speeds

A subsonic-to-transonic speed wind tunnel study has been conducted to deepen understanding of the nature and possibilities for control of vortical flows associated with wing leading edge extensions (LEXs) on the F/A-18 aircraft; these vortical phenomena encompass vortex breakdown and vortex interactions with vertical stabilizers. Wind tunnel results were correlated with in-flight flow visualizations as well as handling-qualities trend data from a USN F-18 with LEX fences to improve the vertical tail buffet environment. Attention is given to the sensitivity of the vortex flows to Re and Mach numbers, reduced vertical tail excitation due to the presence of a LEX fence, and the interpretation of off-body flow visualizations.
Quick transitions with cached multi-way blends

We describe a discriminative method for distinguishing natural-looking from unnatural-looking motion. Our method is based on physical and data-driven features of motion to which humans seem sensitive. We demonstrate that our technique is significantly more accurate than current alternatives.We use this technique as the testing part of a hypothesize-and-test motion synthesis procedure. The mechanism we build using this procedure can quickly provide an application with a transition of user-specified duration from any frame in a motion collection to any other frame in the collection. During pre-processing, we search all possible 2-, 3-, and 4-way blends between representative samples of motion obtained using clustering. The blends are automatically evaluated, and the recipe (i.e., the representatives and the set of weighting functions) that created the best blend is cached.At run-time, we build a transition between motions by matching a future window of the source motion to a representative, matching the past of the target motion to a representative, and then applying the blend recipe recovered from the cache to source and target motion. People seem sensitive to poor contact with the environment like sliding foot plants. We determine appropriate temporal and positional constraints for each foot plant using a novel technique, then apply an off-the-shelf inverse kinematics technique to enforce the constraints. This synthesis procedure yields good-looking transitions between distinct motions with very low online cost.
Characteristics of Visual Stimuli and Naming Performance in Aphasic Adults

A confrontation naming task utilizing objects and pictures from the Porch Index of Communicative Ability was presented to 14 aphasic patients. Both initially correct and self-corrected naming responses were compared for the two sets of visual stimuli. In contrast to some studies that have also varied the physical characteristics of size, color and dimensionality, the present study (as well as two other studies) found no significant differences in naming performance for aphasic patients. This evidence would suggest that a choice between pictures and objects will seldom be crucial to diagnosis or therapy with aphasic naming problems.
Shared decision-making to improve attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder care.

Abstract Objective To examine the effect of a shared decision-making intervention with parents of children newly diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Methods Seven pediatricians participated in a pre/post open trial of decision aids for use before and during the office visit to discuss diagnosis and develop a treatment plan. Encounters pre- (n = 21, control group) and post-intervention implementation (n = 33, intervention group) were compared. We video-recorded encounters and surveyed parents. Results Compared to controls, intervention group parents were more involved in shared decision-making (31.2 vs. 43.8 on OPTION score, p Conclusions Our intervention increased shared decision-making with parents. Parents were better informed about treatment options without increasing visit duration. Practice implications Interventions are available to prepare parents for visits and enable physicians to elicit parent preferences and involvement in decision-making.
Bronchial pathology in chronic marijuana smokers: a light and electron microscopic study.

†Supported by NIDA Grant No. RO1-DA-03018 and by U.S. Public Health Service CRC Grant No. RR-00865.
THE PLACENTAL BARRIER TO HUMAN INSULIN-I-125 IN INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETIC MOTHERS

Although the normal human placenta is impermeable to insulin, the effect of anti-insulin antibodies upon the placental barrier to insulin has not been defined. The placental transfer of human insulin-I125 was examined in normal (n=4) and insulin-dependent diabetic mothers (n=4) by infusing human insulin-I125 at a constant rate for 60-90 min. prior to delivery and measuring immuno-precipitable insulin-I125 radioactivity in the maternal and umbilical venous plasma at delivery. In normal mothers plasma insulin-I125 radioactivity was 683±110 cpm/ml (Mean±SEM) in the maternal vein and 6±2 cpm/ml in the umbilical vein. In three diabetic mothers with high plasma insulin binding capacity (1850-8400 μU/ml) the umbilical venous insulin-I125 was 10±10 cpm/ml when the maternal plasma insulin-I125 was maintained at 1388±356 cpm/ml, even though the antibodies were present in the fetal plasma. In another insulin-dependent diabetic mother with negligible anti-insulin antibodies, no placental transfer of human insulin-I125 was demonstrated. Thus, in both normal and diabetic mothers, placental transfer of human insulin-I125 is negligible and the presence of maternal anti-insulin antibodies does not induce insulin transfer.
Non-Destructive Monitoring of Silicon Consumption During Shallow Trench Isolation Formation on 45nm Node Devices Using Spectroscopic Ellipsometry

In previous publications, two-dimensional profile metrology using spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) has been demonstrated as a viable technique for non-destructive measurement of the full 2-dimensional STI profile down through the 65 nm half-pitch node. In this paper, extendibility of this technique, also known as SpectraCD, down to the 45 nm half-pitch node will be demonstrated, along with successful measurement of the amount of silicon consumed during various steps in the STI process flow. Process splits were run to evaluate the capability of SE to detect profile variations that include: 1) overhang/recess of the etch hard mask from silicon, 2) thickness of trench sidewall passivation layer, and 3) silicon consumption after sidewall passivation step. Effective tracking of these parameters will be demonstrated with comparison to cross-section TEM measurements where possible. In addition, measurement repeatability (precision) and multi-tool measurement matching data will be presented to support the readiness of SE for 45 nm STI process control.
Pattern recognition for rapid T2 mapping with stimulated echo compensation

Indirect echoes (such as stimulated echoes) are a source of signal contamination in multi-echo spin-echo T2 quantification and can lead to T2 overestimation if a conventional exponential T2 decay model is assumed. Recently, nonlinear least square fitting of a slice-resolved extended phase graph (SEPG) signal model has been shown to provide accurate T2 estimates with indirect echo compensation. However, the iterative nonlinear least square fitting is computationally expensive and the T2 map generation time is long. In this work, we present a pattern recognition T2 mapping technique based on the SEPG model that can be performed with a single pre-computed dictionary for any arbitrary echo spacing. Almost identical T2 and B1 maps were obtained from in vivo data using the proposed technique compared to conventional iterative nonlinear least square fitting, while the computation time was reduced by more than 14-fold.
Spatiotemporal characteristics of low-frequency functional activation measured by laser speckle imaging

Changes in neuronal activity have been shown to be accompanied by alteration in regional cerebral blood flow . In the present study, laser speckle imaging (LSI) was employed to measure stimulus-evoked neuronal activities in rat barrel cortex. The spatiotemporal characteristics of hemodynamic response to mechanical stimuli from 1 to 3 Hz were examined. Time to peak amplitude reduced from 4.5 to 3.5 s with increasing frequencies. Spatially, the response was confined to a small circular region at the beginning and then spread out asymmetrically to the surrounding regions. The maximal area of activation ranged from 2.2 to 3.5 mm/sup 2/, while the time to reach maximal area occurred between 5.5 and 6 s. Moreover, there was a high correlation between LSI and laser-Doppler flowmetry in terms of peak response magnitude and the time to reach peak. These two values were linearly dependent on stimulus frequency whereas area of activation and time to maximal area appeared to be independent of this parameter. LSI's high sensitivity, low cost of the equipment, and size and complexity make this a suitable technique for fundamental neurophysiological investigations.
West Ukraine and west Belorussia: Historical tradition, social communication, and linguistic assimilation

(1979). West Ukraine and west Belorussia: Historical tradition, social communication, and linguistic assimilation. Soviet Studies: Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 76-98.
Automated design of linear tree classifiers

Abstract An automated method is presented for the design of linear tree classifiers, i.e. tree classifiers in which a decision based on a linear sum of features is carried out at each node. The method exploits the discriminability of Tomek links joining opposed pairs of data points in multidimensional feature space to produce a hierarchically structured piecewise linear decision function. The corresponding decision surface is optimized by a gradient descent that maximizes the number of Tomek links cut by each linear segment of the decision surface, followed by training each node's linear decision segment on the data associated with that node. Experiments on real data obtained from ship images and character images suggest that the accuracy of the tree classifier designed by this scheme is comparable to that of the k -NN classifier while providing much greater decision speeds, and that the trade-off between the speed and the accuracy in pattern classification can be controlled by bounding the number of features to be used at each node of the tree. Further experiments comparing the classification errors of our tree classifier with the tree classifier produced by the Mui/Fu technique indicate that our tree classifier is no less accurate and often much faster than the Mui/Fu classifier.