cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract T P204: Thioredoxin Interacting Protein: A Novel Target for Neuroprotection in Experimental Thromboembolic Stroke in Mice

Background & Objective: Redox imbalance in the brain significantly contributes to ischemic stroke pathogenesis but antioxidant therapies have failed in clinical trials. Activation of endogenous antioxidant defense mechanisms may provide better protection against stroke-induced oxidative injury. TXNIP (thioredoxin-interacting protein) is an endogenous inhibitor of thioredoxin (TRX), a key antioxidant system. We tested the hypothesis that inhibition of TXNIP is neuroprotective in a clinically relevant model of embolic stroke. Methods: We determined the contribution of TXNIP inhibition to neuronal injury and functional outcome after embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion (eMCAO) using male TXNIP-knockout (TKO), wild-type (WT) and WT mice treated with a pharmacological inhibitor of TXNIP, resveratrol (RES; 5mg/kg body weight). Results: TKO and RES-treated mice exhibited 45.2% and 52.4% decrease in infarct size and improved neurological score and grip strength compared to WT mice after eMCAO. Moreover, the l...
Enhanced chemokine-receptor expression, function, and signaling in healthy African American and scleroderma-patient monocytes are regulated by caveolin-1.

Background A major health disparity suffered by African Americans (AA) is a predisposition toward fibrotic diseases of the skin, lung, and other organs. We previously showed that healthy AA and scleroderma (systemic sclerosis (SSc)) patient monocytes share biochemical and functional differences from control Caucasian (C) monocytes that may predispose AA to SSc. The central difference is a decrease in caveolin-1. Low caveolin-1 levels promote monocyte migration, their differentiation into fibrocytes, and fibrocyte recruitment into fibrotic tissues. Here we have greatly expanded our studies on the mechanism of action in fibrosis of caveolin-1 in AA and SSc monocytes.
Transfer Pricing in South Africa: Constitutional or Unconstitutional?

South Africa is part of the Commonwealth of Nations family of countries. The Commonwealth makes up a large part of the taxpaying nations in the world. This paper questions the constitutionality of South Africa's transfer pricing provision: that the tax authority can exercise a discretion to impose a tax charge retrospectively. This provision appears to fly in the face of key provisions of the South African Constitution of 1996. The paper touches on these issues and publishes the tax authority practice note. This paper was handed out to delegates at full-day transfer pricing workshops held in 2007 and hosted by the International Tax Institute.
Integrated cycle-to-cycle control of exhaust gas temperature, load, and combustion phasing in an HCCI engine

Precise and integrated cycle-to-cycle control of exhaust gas temperature (T exh ), load, and combustion phasing is essential for realizing high efficiency Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engines with low exhaust emissions. In this paper a model-based control framework is developed for an integrated control of T exh , Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (IMEP), and combustion phasing in an HCCI engine. A discrete Control Oriented Model (COM) is developed to predict the HCCI outputs on a cycle-to-cycle basis and validated against steady-state and transient experimental data from a single cylinder Ricardo engine. The COM provides sufficient accuracy with an average uncertainty of 7 °C, 0.3 bar, and 1.6 CAD for predicting T exh , IMEP and combustion phasing, respectively. In addition, the COM is computationally efficient for real-time HCCI control. A three-input three-output controller is designed using a Discrete Sliding Mode Control (DSMC) method to control T exh , IMEP, and combustion phasing by adjusting the intake manifold pressure, fuel mass flow rate, and ratio of two Primary Reference Fuels (PRFs), respectively. The results indicate the DSMC is capable of maintaining the stability of the engine operation and tracking the desirable HCCI engine outputs, while also rejecting internal disturbances.
Fangirls in refrigerators: The politics of (in)visibility in comic book culture

In 1999, Gail Simone circulated a list of female comic book characters who had been "depowered, raped, or cut up and stuck in the refrigerator," sparking a dialogue about gender and comic book culture that continues today. In particular, 2011 and 2012 have been marked by an exponential growth in conversations and criticisms surrounding the state of women in comics, both as producers and consumers. Through a survey of how scholars have gendered comic book readership, an overview of recent incidents that have renewed concern about women in comics, and an analysis of one transformative intervention in the wake of these conversations, this essay broadly discusses the relative invisibility of female comic book fans as a market segment and how fangirls are actively striving to become a visible and vocal force within comic book culture. This essay suggests that we are currently witnessing a transformative moment within comic book industry, comic book fandom, and comic book scholarship, in which gender is one of the primary axes of change.
Prevalence of smoking in adults with chronic pain.

Cigarette smoking is common among adults with chronic pain. The primary objective of this study was to determine the period prevalence of smoking in patients with chronic pain. A secondary objective was to determine the prevalence of smoking among patients with commonly occurring pain diagnoses including fibromyalgia, low back pain, and headache. This population study included 5350 patients (1256 smokers, 4094 nonsmokers) admitted to the Mayo Comprehensive Pain Rehabilitation Center from January 1998 through December 2012. Smoking status was determined using a self-report questionnaire. During the 15 year study period, the overall prevalence of smoking was 23.5 % (95 % CI 22.4 – 24.6). The prevalence of smoking in 2000, 2005, and 2010 was 24.2, 25.7, and 28.3 % respectively. The overall prevalence of smoking in patients with fibromyalgia, low back pain, and headache was 25.2 % (95 % CI 22.8 – 28.3), 22.8 % (95 % CI 21.3 – 25.9), and 21.2 % (95 % CI 17.9 – 24.7), respectively. In a multiple variable logistic model adjusted for age and sex, opioid use was significantly associated with status as a current smoker. The prevalence of smoking in patients with chronic pain has not declined when compared to the general population. The higher prevalence of smoking was consistently observed in commonly occurring pain diagnoses including fibromyalgia, back pain, and headache. Further research is needed to identify the potential factors that contribute to the high prevalence of smoking in this patient population.
Construction of chlorobenzene-utilizing recombinants by progenitive manifestation of a rare event.

Separate continuous cultures of Pseudomonas putida R5-3, grown on toluene, and Pseudomonas alcaligenes C-O, grown on benzoate, were concentrated and continuously amalgamated on a ceramic bead column, which was subjected to a continuous stream of chlorobenzene vapors. A recombinant strain, P. putida CB1-9, was isolated in less than 1 month. P. alcaligenes C-0 grew on benzoate and 3-chlorobenzoate but not on toluene, P. putida R5-3 grew on benzoate and toluene but not on 3-chlorobenzoate, and neither strain grew on chlorobenzene or 1,4-dichlorobenzene; however, the recombinant P. putida CB1-9 grew on all of these substrates. Chlorobenzene-utilizing strains were not found in continuous cultures run at the lowest growth rate (0.05/h) or in the absence of the donor strain, P. alcaligenes C-0. Chloride was released in stoichiometric amounts when P. putida CB1-9 was grown on either chlorobenzene or 1,4-dichlorobenzene. The recombinant strain was related to P. putida R5-3, phenotypically and genetically. Restriction enzyme digests of the single 57-kilobase (kb) plasmid in R5-3 and of the single 33-kb plasmid in CB1-9 were similar, but also indicated rearrangement of plasmid DNA. Coincidental or causal to the loss of the 24-kb fragment was the observation that the recombinant--unlike its parent, R5-3--did not grow on xylenes or methylbenzoates. Although both ortho-pyrocatechase (OP) and meta-pyrocatechase (MP) were found in CB1-9 and R5-3, MP activity was 20- to 50-fold higher in R5-3 cells grown on 4-methylbenzoate than in the same cells grown on benzene.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Images
Risk factors for traumatic infant death in Oregon, 1973 to 1982.

A retrospective study of risk factors for traumatic infant deaths in Oregon occurring from 1973 through 1982 was performed using vital records and medical examiner records. A total of 146 such deaths occurred during this period. Relative risks were calculated for various risk factors in the study group compared with all Oregon births. Factors found to be significantly associated with all traumatic deaths were low maternal age, out-of-hospital birth, unwed mother, late or no prenatal care, low birth weight, and low maternal education. Race, sex, and birth order were not associated with traumatic infant death. The traumatic deaths were grouped into homicides and accidents. The same risk factor associations, with the exception of out-of-hospital birth, were found for each group. Language: en
Analytical resolution and noise characteristics of linearly reconstructed magnetic resonance data with arbitraryk‐space sampling

The effects of time-varying readout gradients and data sampling with variable dwell times in magnetic resonance imaging are examined. General reconstruction formulas are given for linear reconstruction with even k-space weighting. Closed analytic expressions for estimator variance are given for data sampling during arbitrary gradient waveforms with both uniform kx step size and nonuniform kx step size. It is shown that estimator variance increases (the signal-to-noise ratio decreases) for nonconstant gradient waveforms. It is also shown that estimator variance is greater for constant k-space sampling strategies than for constant time sampling at the Nyquist rate. Data collected during a triangular readout gradient waveform, with either constant time or constant k-space sampling, versus conventional (constant gradient) collection confirms theoretical predictions for estimator variance. The benefits of collecting data while the readout gradient is ramping up from and down to zero are discussed.
A note on time integration of unsaturated soil-moisture transport.

Abstract The non-linear soil-moisture diffusivity model can be approximately linearized by using values of diffusivity assumed constant for small intervals of space and time. By a series expansion of the diffusivity function and integrating the resulting series of differential equations with respect to time, an improved numerical model is developed. Results from application of this new approach to a sharp wetting-front soil infiltration problem indicates that a 67% saving in numerical effort is achieved at comparable estimation accuracy levels when using the traditional finite timestep Crank-Nicolson approach.
Sample size determination based on fisher's exact test for use in 2 × 2 comparative trials with low event rates

A collection of sample size tables are presented for designing comparative trials when the event rates p1 and p2 are low. The tables are based on exact power calculations for Fisher's Exact Test. Both one-sided and two-sided alternative hypotheses are considered. A comparison is made between these sample sizes and those obtained by using popular asymptotic approximations.
THE USE OF ITPV VS CONVENTIONAL VENTILATION IN MECONIUM ASPIRATION SYNDROME IN A NEWBORN PIG MODEL. ▴ 1988

Intratracheal Pulmonary Ventilation (ITPV) uses a venturi (reverse thrust) catheter to introduce gas exchange at the level of the carina. This method reduces anatomic dead space and enhances oxygenation and carbon dioxide elimination, which allows gas exchange with lower levels of ventilatory support and reduces the incidence of barotrauma. To test this hypothesis we compared ITPV to conventional ventilation in a newborn pig model of MAS. Piglets (n=17), 2-7 days of age, 1.8-2.8 kg were anesthetized, paralyzed, intubated, and ventilated. Femoral arterial and venous catheters were placed for IV fluids, medications, and physiologic and blood gas monitoring. 5 ml/kg of 20% meconium in normal saline was instilled into the endotracheal tube. Animals were randomized to either ITPV or conventional ventilation and settings were adjusted to maintain ideal blood gases, i.e. pH=7.35-7.45, PaCO2=40-45, PaO2=70-90, and SaO2≥90%. Ventilator settings were increased as needed until maximum settings of: FiO2=1.00, PIP=40, Peep=5, and IMV=80. Arterial blood gases and physiologic measurements were taken every 30 minutes for four hours and ventilator settings were adjusted to maintain optimal blood gases. At the end of the experiment animals were sacrificed with a KCL/pentobarbital overdose and the lungs were examined both grossly and histologically for evidence of barotrauma. Results are shown in the table. Conclusion: ITPV is as effective as conventional ventilation and allows for lower mean airway pressure and PIP to effectively support piglets with MAS. The lungs of animals treated with ITPV were less hemorrhagic and had less evidence of pneumothoraces when compared with the conventional group.
Elevated stratified layers observed with sodar during VTMX

A combination of low frequency sodar, radar wind profiler and in-situ balloon-borne measurements of temperature and water vapor have been used to investigate the structure of elevated stratified layers within the transition layer above the nocturnal boundary layer during the Vertical Transport and Mixing Field Campaign in Salt Lake City Utah, during October, 2000. Elevated layers determined from sodar and radar vertical time sections were penetrated with a balloon-born instrument package to determine the fine scale temperature and moisture structure of the layers. As expected a potential temperature increase was found in the upper half of the layers; however the magnitude was considerably smaller than found above the daytime well-mixed layer and the vertical distance of the increase was quite variable. Mixing ratio, in the mean was found to have a relative maximum in the lower portion of the layers. It was found that the potential temperature within the layers decreased with time relative to background values, regardless of whether the layer descended or ascended.
Simulation model testing

THe cost of repairing an error in a simulation program increases with the length of time that the error remains in the system. Simulation model testing, an analog to and extension of software testing, is proposed as an attempt to aggressively seek errors latent in a simulation model/program. Goals of and a preliminary set of techniques for simulation model testing are presented, as are the results of an initial investigation of its utility.
Atypical cilia in normal human and guinea pig middle ear mucosa.

Normal middle ear mucosa from human and guinea pig material was prepared for electron microscopic studies. Unusual cilia which contain two or more axial filament complexes were occasionally encountered in these preparations. Detailed observations on the fine structure of these cilia have been presented, discussed and compared with ordinary cilia.
Nonstandard Finite Difference Schemes for Differential Equations

This paper gives an introduction to nonstandard finite difference methods useful for the construction of discrete models of differential equations when numerical solutions are required. While the general rules for such schemes are not precisely known at the present time, several important criterion have been found. We provide an explanation of their significance and apply them to several model ordinary and partial differential equations. The paper ends with a discussion of several outstanding problems in this area and other related issues.
A Fully Automated System for the Preparation of Samples for Cryo-Electron Microscopy

The preparation of specimens for cryo-electron microscopy is currently a labor and time intensive process, and the quality of resulting samples is highly dependent on both environmental and procedural factors. Specimens must be applied to sample grids in a high-humidity environment, frozen in liquid ethane, and stored in liquid nitrogen. The combination of cryogenic temperatures and humidity-control mandates the segregation of the humidity-controlled environment from the cryogenic environment. Several devices which automate portions of the specimen preparation process are currently in use; however, these systems still require significant human interaction in order to create viable samples. This paper describes a fully automated system for specimen preparation. The resulting system removes the need for human input during specimen preparation, improves process control, and provides similar levels of environmental control. Early testing shows that the resulting system is capable of manipulating samples in an autonomous manner while providing performance similar to existing systems.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Application of (Motor Protection) Circuit Breakers in Combination with Variable Frequency Drives

Motor Protection Circuit Breakers (MPCB) are used in multi motor applications with Variable Frequency Drives (VFD). Devices positioned load side of a drive failed after only several months through thermal degradation. Investigations showed that MPCBs rated lower than 10 A suffer most. Similar designs of different brands were compared and showed in principle the same behaviour. Steep slopes of the DC voltage pulses in combination with the surge impedance of the motor and MPCB are responsible for excessive heat generation in the switchgear destroying the short circuit protection function. Similar effects are known in motors directly connected to drives with cables when exceeding a critical length above which reflected voltage waves occur. It is shown that chopping frequencies should not exceed 4 kHz and critical wire lengths of about 20 m should be respected to avoid damage.
A failure of international space cooperation: the International Earth Observing System

Abstract This paper examines the failure of the Earth Observation International Coordination Working Group to implement an International Earth Observation System. Tracing the history of both the Group and the mission concept, it explains the political and organizational failures that took place. It shows that these failures were linked to different approaches to international cooperation in Earth observation data policy. The main points of contention existed between Working Group members, NASA and ESA. NASA favored formal and binding legal arrangements, while ESA preferred to avoid institutionalized legal commitments. Success in coordinating and harmonizing data policy on a multilateral basis for Earth observation missions is more likely to be achieved by pursuing agreement on general principles and terms of reference than by seeking specific legal agreements.
Ethidium bromide binding to unstructured and structured 2' GMP.

Abstract For disordered 2′ GMP and 5′ GMP the ethidium cation (Etd) was found to form 1:1 and 2:1 Eth:nucleotide complex. For alkali metal solution self-structured 2′ GMP and 5′ GMP Etd was found to form 1:1 and 2:1 Etd: ordered nucleotide complex. The best computer fit was obtained for a structured nucleotide stoichiometry of Na4 (2′ GMP)8. Binding constants for the Etd:disordered 2′ GMP complexes were determined to be (1.6 ± 0.1)× 104 M−1 and 6.3 ± 0.5 M−1 at 0°Cand(l.l ±0.2)× 104M−1 and 18 ± 11 M−1 for 5′ GMP at 5 °C for the 1:1 and l:2complex, respectively. For the 1:1 and 1:2 2′GMP:Etd species the enthalpies were determined to be −19.8 ± 1.0 kcal/mole and 0.1 ± 0.3 kcal/mole, respectively, and the entropies were −53.3 ± 6.6 eu and 3.9 ± 1.6 eu, respectively. Binding constants for the Etd: structured 2′ GMP complex, assuming a complex with stoichoimetry (Na+)4 (2′ GMP)8 for the structured unit, were determined to be (1.9 ± 0.1)×104M−1 and (5.8 ± 0.6)× 102 M−1, respectively at 0°C.
Determination of total and unbound calcium in nanoliter samples of cartilage fluid and serum

Abstract A methodology is described for accurate determination of total and unbound calcium concentration in volumes of about 20 to 30 nl of physiological fluids. The technique involves the use of a helium glow photometer, an original dialysis nanocell capable of processing volumes at the nanoliter level, and La3+ to displace calcium from its bound states. An equilibrium dialysis criterion is used to define the unbound calcium concept. Total and unbound calcium was determined in cartilage fluid samples aspiratedin vivo from the growth cartilage of three different rat preparations as well as in serum obtained from the correspondent animals. Calcium values reported here could be useful to the understanding of the biological processes of endochondral calcification, and the methodology developed could find wider application in analytical biology.
Thermodynamics of alligator metmyoglobin unfolding.

Abstract The conformational free energy of alligator metmyoglobin was examined over a pH range of 4.4–8.0, a temperature range of 18–48°C, and a guanidinium chloride concentration of 0–2.3 M. For isothermal unfolding at 25°C essentially the same value was obtained for the conformational free energy from all the data: 7.0 ±0.5 kcal/mol. The cooperativity of the unfolding with respect to denaturant is considerably less than for mammalian myoglobins. On unfolding three to four side chains with a p K a of 6.3 in the unfolded protein are protonated instead of the six expected. The temperature at which Δ H (unfolding) is zero is much lower than for previously characterized myoglobins. Alligator metmyoglobin, considerably less stable than other previously characterized myoglobins, may not be as compactly folded.
Responses to Requests for Conversational Repair by Adults With Mental Retardation

This study focused on adjustments made in conversation in response to listener feedback. Subjects consisted of 22 community-based and 22 institutionalized adults with mental retardation individuall...
Takeovers of Local Governments: An Overview and Evaluation of State Policies

This article examines state interventions, sometimes amounting to nearly total takeovers, into the affairs offinancially distressed localities and "academically bankrupt" school districts. Drawing on several examples, this study suggests that state legislators and administrators have been cautious about intervening in the affairs of specific local governments. However, the decisions made by state officials on how to approach intervention, particularly whether to be reactive or proactive, and the assumptions they make about the nature of the problems to be remedied, help determine whether a takeover is friendly or hostile and its effectiveness.
Food choices of land hermit crabs (Coenobita compressus H. Milne Edwards) depend on past experience

Abstract Land hermit crabs are scavengers that use olfaction to locate their foods. Although they are scavengers, land hermit crabs do not select their foods randomly. This study demonstrates that land hermit crabs ( Coenobita compressus H. Milne Edwards) display negative preference induction when feeding on natural foods, preferring foods that they have not experienced recently. These induced feeding preferences were measured at a population level by recording crab choices among food odors in the field with olfactory attraction assays. When the abundances of foods in their habitat were altered, crabs preferred the odors of foods that were less abundant. Induced feeding preferences were measured at an individual level by recording crab choices among 3 foods in a laboratory choice assay. Crabs more frequently chose foods that they had not experienced during the previous 24 h. As a consequence of this behavior, land hermit crabs consume a broader diet, which may result in crabs obtaining a more nutritionally balanced diet or limiting their exposure to toxins.
Theoretical analysis and experimental verification of PV modules

This paper introduces a theoretical analysis of the performance of photovoltaic modules under different meteorological conditions and design parameters. Based on the analysis, A FORTRAN computer sub-program has been constructed and connected to TRNSYS simulation program. The present sub-program is executed within the TRNSYS program to compute the different parameters of PV modules. These parameters include short circuit current, open circuit voltage, maximum output power, I-V and P-V characteristics, and efficiency. To verify the present sub-program, an experimental set up has been installed. It includes a group of identical PV modules mounted at different tilt angles and orientations, an electronic load, a weather station, a data acquisition system, and a computer. The comparison between the experimental and theoretical results shows good agreement at different meteorological conditions, tilt angles, and orientations.
Influence of lipoprotein lipase serine 447 stop polymorphism on tracking of triglycerides and HDL cholesterol from childhood to adulthood and familial risk of coronary artery disease: the Bogalusa heart study.

The effects of the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) Serine 447 Stop (S447X) polymorphism on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and triglycerides (TG) have been demonstrated. However, little is known about its effect on the tracking of HDLC and TG over time and familial risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). This aspect was examined in black and white individuals (n=829) aged 5–18 year at baseline, followed on average 18.8 yr. The frequency of the X447 allele was lower in Blacks than Whites (0.043 vs 0.087, P =0.002). Carriers vs noncarriers of the X447 allele had lower TG (99.3 vs 122.1 mg/dl, P 0.01) and higher HDLC (51.1 vs 49.7 mg/dl, P0.05) in adulthood, but not in childhood. The trends in genotype-specific means of childhood and adulthood levels of HDLC and TG in sex or race subgroups were similar to those in the total sample. With respect to tracking over time, of those in the bottom quartile of HDLC in childhood, 46.1% of the noncarriers vs 23.1% of the carriers remained in this lowest quartile into adulthood (P =0.03); corresponding values for the top quartile of HDLC were 37.5% for the noncarriers vs 57.1% for the carriers (P =0.03). Although TG tended to track better among the carriers in the bottom quartile and among the noncarriers in the top quartile, this trend was not significant. Carriers showed lower prevalence of parental history of CAD than noncarriers (6.9% vs 14.1%, P =0.02) independently of lipoprotein variables, adiposity, blood pressure, age, sex and race. Thus, the X447 allele of the LPL gene is associated with an increase in HDLC and a decrease in TG in adults, tracking of HDLC since childhood, and a lower family history of CAD. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Computer science and decision theory

This paper reviews applications in computer science that decision theorists have addressed for years, discusses the requirements posed by these applications that place great strain on decision theory/social science methods, and explores applications in the social and decision sciences of newer decision-theoretic methods developed with computer science applications in mind. The paper deals with the relation between computer science and decision-theoretic methods of consensus, with the relation between computer science and game theory and decisions, and with “algorithmic decision theory.”
How operational issues impact science peer review

In some eyes, the Phase I proposal selection process is the most important activity handled by the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). Proposing for HST and other missions consists of requesting observing time and/or archival research funding. This step is called Phase I, where the scientific merit of a proposal is considered by a community based peer-review process. Accepted proposals then proceed thru Phase II, where the observations are specified in sufficient detail to enable scheduling on the telescope. Each cycle the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Telescope Allocation Committee (TAC) reviews proposals and awards observing time that is valued at $0.5B, when the total expenditures for HST over its lifetime are figured on an annual basis. This is in fact a very important endeavor that we continue to fine-tune and tweak. This process is open to the science community and we constantly receive comments and praise for this process. In this last year we have had to deal with the loss of the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) and move from 3-gyro operations to 2-gyro operations. This paper will outline how operational issues impact the HST science peer review process. We will discuss the process that was used to recover from the loss of the STIS instrument and how we dealt with the loss of 1/3 of the current science observations. We will also discuss the issues relating to 3-gyro vs. 2-gyro operations and how that changes impacted Proposers, our in-house processing and the TAC.
Contaminated Communities: The Social And Psychological Impacts Of Residential Toxic Exposure

0-8133-7657-2 Contaminated Communities : the Social and Psychological Impacts of Residential Toxic Exposure
When Does Every Penny Count?: Intra-Party Competition and Campaign Finance in Brazil

Scholars generally believe that as inter-party competition intensifies, candidates and parties will need to spend more money to win votes. Cox and Thies (1998) extended this claim and argued that i...
Healing from Childhood Sexual Abuse: A Theoretical Model

Childhood sexual abuse is a prevalent social and health care problem. The processes by which individuals heal from childhood sexual abuse are not clearly understood. The purpose of this study was to develop a theoretical model to describe how adults heal from childhood sexual abuse. Community recruitment for an ongoing broader project on sexual violence throughout the lifespan, referred to as the Sexual Violence Study, yielded a subsample of 48 women and 47 men who had experienced childhood sexual abuse. During semistructured, open-ended interviews, they were asked to describe their experiences with healing from childhood sexual abuse and other victimization throughout their lives. Constructivist grounded theory methods were used with these data to develop constructs and hypotheses about healing. For the Sexual Violence Study, frameworks were developed to describe the participants' life patterns, parenting experiences, disclosures about sexual violence, spirituality, and altruism. Several analytic techniques were used to synthesize the findings of these frameworks to develop an overarching theoretical model that describes healing from childhood sexual abuse. The model includes four stages of healing, five domains of functioning, and six enabling factors that facilitate movement from one stage to the next. The findings indicate that healing is a complex and dynamic trajectory. The model can be used to alert clinicians to a variety of processes and enabling factors that facilitate healing in several domains and to guide discussions on important issues related to healing from childhood sexual abuse.
Determination of Gel Point during Atom Transfer Radical Copolymerization with Cross-Linker

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of methyl acrylate (MA) and ethylene glycol diacrylate (EGDA) provided a series of poly(MA-co-EGDA) branched and cross-linked copolymers using various initial molar ratios of cross-linker to initiator. In agreement with the Flory−Stockmayer theory, the gelation occurred when the concentration of reacted pendant vinyl groups was larger than that of primary chains. This critical point depends on the initiation efficiency and the reactivity of vinyl groups in both cross-linker and monomer. The experimental gelation point occurred when both the molecular weight and the weight fraction of branched polymers among the total sols (fbranch) reached the maximum, as determined by GPC measurement of the sols at different conversions. The kinetic study based on experimental results and Predici simulation demonstrated that all acrylate groups had a similar reactivity. In all reactions, the gel points theoretically predicted by Predici simulation, based on the conversions of M...
Reoptimization procedures for bounded variable primal simplex network algorithms

Abstract Many algorithms and applications call for the use of a network subprogram which must be optimized numerous times with slight changes to the problem data. Bound and right-hand-side changes to an existing basis tree may yield an infeasible basic solution. This report gives a sequence of steps that modify an existing basic solution to reflect such changes and streamline the reoptimization process.
Flor Revisited (Again): eQTL and Mutational Analysis of NB-LRR Mediated Immunity to Powdery Mildew in Barley

Genes encoding early signaling events in pathogen defense often are identified only by their phenotype. Such genes involved in barley-powdery mildew interactions include Mla, specifying race-specific resistance; Rar1 (Required for Mla12-specified resistance1), and Rom1 (Restoration of Mla-specified resistance1). The HSP90-SGT1-RAR1 complex appears to function as chaperone in MLA-specified resistance, however, much remains to be discovered regarding the precise signaling underlying plant immunity. Genetic analyses of fast-neutron mutants derived from CI 16151 (Mla6) uncovered a novel locus, designated Rar3 (Required for Mla6-specified resistance3). Rar3 segregates independent of Mla6 and Rar1, and rar3 mutants are susceptible to Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh) isolate 5874 (AVRa6), whereas, wild-type progenitor plants are resistant. Comparative expression analyses of the rar3 mutant vs. its wild-type progenitor were conducted via Barley1 GeneChip and GAIIx paired-end RNA-Seq. Whereas Rar1 affects transcription of relatively few genes; Rar3 appears to influence thousands, notably in genes controlling ATP binding, catalytic activity, transcription, and phosphorylation; possibly membrane bound or in the nucleus. eQTL analysis of a segregating doubled haploid population identified over two-thousand genes as being regulated by Mla (q value/FDR=0.00001), a subset of which are significant in Rar3 interactions. The intersection of datasets derived from mla-loss-of-function mutants, Mla-associated eQTL, and rar3-mediated transcriptome reprogramming are narrowing the focus on essential genes required for Mla-specified immunity.
Effects of Thermal Spiking on Graphite-Epoxy Composites

Tests were performed evaluating the effects of thermal spikes on the moisture absorption characteristics, the ultimate tensile strength, and the buckling modulus of Thornel 300/Fiberite 1034 composites. Measurements were made on unidirectional and π/4 laminates, using different types of thermal spikes. A survey was also made of the existing data. This survey, together with the present data indicate how thermal spikes affect the mois ture absorption and the mechanical properties of different graphite-epoxy composites.
Does the rate of cooling affect fluorescence properties of chloroplasts at −196 °C?

Abstract The question addressed in the title was examined by measuring fluorescence emission spectra and light-induced fluorescence-yield changes of chloroplasts which had been frozen to −196 °C rapidly, as very thin samples adsorbed into substrates which were plunged directly into liquid nitrogen, or slowly by the cooling action of liquid nitrogen through the wall of the cuvette. Contrary to previous reports, we found that the rate of cooling had no influence on the shape of the emission spectrum, the extent of the variable fluorescence or the fraction of the absorbed quanta which are delivered initially to Photosystem I.
Exon-I is involved in positive as well as negative regulation of human angiotensinogen gene expression

Abstract Angiotensinogen is the glycoprotein precursor of one of the most potent vasoactive hormones, angiotensin-II. Angiotensinogen gene is primarily expressed in the liver, and this gene locus is linked with human essential hypertension. We show here that a mutation in exon-I reduces the basal expression of the human angiotensinogen gene in liver cells. We also show that a nucleotide sequence in exon-I binds to liver-enriched transcription factor HNF-3 and a ubiquitous factor AP4. Our studies also show that transient transfection of an expression vector containing AP4 coding sequence downregulates the expression of reporter constructs containing human angiotensinogen gene promoter. By contrast, co-transfection of an expression vector containing HNF-3β coding sequence increases the expression of these reporter constructs. The human angiotensinogen gene has a C/A polymorphism located at −20, and we have shown that estrogen receptor-α binds to this sequence when nucleoside A is present at this site. We show here that co-transfection of an expression vector containing AP4 coding sequence reduces estrogen-induced promoter activity of reporter constructs containing human angiotensinogen gene promoter (with nucleoside A at −20) attached to the CAT gene. These studies partly explain the molecular mechanisms involved in tissue-specific expression of the human angiotensinogen gene.
The effect of aging on cellular immunity against cancer in SR /CR mice

SR/CR mice are capable of mounting a highly effective response of leukocytes to large doses of lethal transplantable mouse cancer cells. This response is conferred by a dominant, germline-transmissible mutation independent of sex chromosomes. The resistance can be extended to a broad array of mouse and human cancer cells without harming normal cells. The effector cells are primarily composed of the leukocytes from the innate immune system including macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer cells. The mice are cancer-free and healthy without detectable abnormality or shortened life span. However, the immune response mechanism of these SR/CR mice is dramatically modulated by the aging process. In this article, we summarize the lessons learned from these mice and discuss possible implications of these findings in our understanding of the effects of aging on the immunity against cancer.
Factors affecting molecular dynamics simulated vitreous silica structures

To obtain accurate results in molecular dynamic (MD) simulations of glasses, it is essential to chose proper force fields (FF), proper length of the simulation cell, and proper cooling cycle to generate 300 K structures from liquid. Herein we establish guidelines for these choices. We find that the MS-Q force field (FF) and the Molecular Simulations Incorporated (MSI) glass FF both lead to agreement with the radial distribution function (RDF) from small angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments. We find that the simulation cell should contain about 3000 atoms to obtain run to run density variation less than 1% and consistency in the first two RDF peaks of 0.001 nm. A cell of 648 atoms gives run to run density variation of up to 5% and consistency in the first three RDF peaks of 0.001 nm. We find that a good compromise between accuracy and reproducibility of results and simulation time is to start with NVT dynamics at 8000 K followed by cooling to room temperature at a rate of 100 K/2 ps.
Sweet Tension and its Phenomenological Description: Sport, Intersubjectivity and Horizon

In this paper, we argue that a rich phenomenological description of ‘sweet tension’ is an important step to understanding how and why sport is a meaningful human endeavour. We introduce the phenomenological concepts of intersubjectivity and horizon and elaborate how they inform the study and understanding of human experience. In the process, we establish that intersubjectivity is always embodied, developing and ethically committed. Likewise, we establish that our horizons are experienced from an embodied, developing and ethically committed perspective that serves as the possibility for new intersubjective engagement. What follows is a discussion of the explanatory role of intersubjectivity and horizon in elucidating experiences of sweet tension in and through sport. The phenomenological account of sweet tension provides insights into the significance of our sporting experiences. Indeed, taking phenomenology seriously represents a commitment to descriptively elucidate what makes such experiences of sport s...
Prenatal diagnosis of congenital nephrosis by in utero kidney biopsy.

The diagnosis of congenital nephrosis is difficult during the antepartum period. The combination of an elevated amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein, a negative acetylcholinesterase, and a negative ultrasound examination is highly indicative of congenital nephrosis; however, these findings can also be associated with a normal gestation. This is the first report of pathologic confirmation of congenital nephrosis from an in utero fetal kidney biopsy.
Regulation and Role of EZH2 in Cancer

Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) is the epigenetic regulator that induces histone H3 lysine 27 methylation (H3K27me3) and silences specific gene transcription. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is an enzymatic subunit of PRC2, and evidence shows that EZH2 plays an essential role in cancer initiation, development, progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. EZH2 expression is indeed regulated by various oncogenic transcription factors, tumor suppressor miRNAs, and cancer-associated non-coding RNA. EZH2 activity is also controlled by post-translational modifications, which are deregulated in cancer. The canonical role of EZH2 is gene silencing through H3K27me3, but accumulating evidence shows that EZH2 methlyates substrates other than histone and has methylase-independent functions. These non-canonical functions of EZH2 are shown to play a role in cancer progression. In this review, we summarize current information on the regulation and roles of EZH2 in cancer. We also discuss various therapeutic approaches to targeting EZH2.
Mass spectrometric fragmentation of some lignans

Mass spectra of some lignans containing either γ-butyrolactone, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene or the 3,7-dioxabicyclo[3. 3. 0]octane ring systems are reported. Probable structures are presented for the more abundant ions in the mass spectra of these lignans.
Evidence for an important social role of allogrooming in a platyrrhine primate

Allogrooming behaviour was analysed in a wild group of tufted capuchin monkeys,Cebus apellain Iguazu National Park, Argentina. Evidence is provided that allogrooming in this platyrrhine species serves an important social function, as has been demonstrated for catarrhine primates. Using ad libitum sampling, 654 grooming sessions were recorded during 740 contact hours with one group. Seasonal variation was found in daily time allocation to allogrooming and the mean duration and reciprocity of sessions. Individual dominance rank was an important determinant of grooming relationships. The dominant male and female were the most actively involved in grooming. Among adults, dominant individuals were involved in more sessions than were subordinate individuals. The females maintained strong grooming relationships with each other and tended to reciprocate more within sessions than did males. Oestrous females engaged in more grooming bouts with adult males than did non-oestrous females. Females with newborn infants were attractive social partners for the remaining members of the group. A social function for allogrooming inCebusis indicated by the close relationship between allogrooming, the social system and coalition formation, and by the changes in quantity and direction of grooming in response to oestrous behaviour and to the birth of infants.
Myogenic and agonist induced responses of coronary venules after cold hyperkalaemic cardioplegia

Objective: The aim was to examine agonist induced and myogenic venular responses after crystalloid cardioplegia in conditions simulating cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods: Hearts of pigs were arrested with cold hyperkalaemic ([K+] = 25 mM) crystalloid cardioplegic solution for 1 h under conditions of cardiopulmonary bypass. In another group, hearts were arrested and then reperfused with warm blood for 1 h while being separated from cardiopulmonary bypass. In a third group, animals were supported on cardiopulmonary bypass for 75 min without diversion of coronary blood flow. Hearts from non-instrumented animals served as controls. Coronary venules (91–197 μm in internal diameter) were studied in vitro in a pressurised no flow state using video microscopy. Agonist induced responses were assessed in vessels precontracted with the thromboxane A2 analogue U46619. Results: Endothelium dependent relaxations to adenosine diphosphate (ADP, P = 0.11 ν control), or serotonin (P = 0.67), and endothelium independent relaxations to the β adrenergic cyclic AMP mediated agonist isoprenaline (P = 0.20), adenosine (P = 0.98), or the KATP channel opener pinacidil (P = 0.40) were not significantly altered after cold cardioplegia alone. After cardioplegia followed by l h of warm blood reperfusion, venular responses to ADP (P = 0.003 ν control), isoprenaline (P = 0.013), adenosine (P = 0.90). Myogenic reactivity was assessed after incremental increases in the intraluminal pressure from 2–40 mm Hg. As intraluminal pressure was increased, the diameter of control, venules increased and reached a plateau. Following cardioplegia, the pressure-diameter relationship of venules was shifted upward (P = 0.04 ν control) suggesting impaired myogenic tone. After reperfusion, myogenic tone partially recovered. Extracorporeal circulation without diversion of coronary perfusion did not significantly affect venular responses. Conclusions: Ischaemic cardioplegia using a cold hyperkalaemic solution under conditions of cardiopulmonary bypass does not significantly alter agonist induced venular responses, whereas myogenic contraction is slightly reduced. After l h of reperfusion, agonist induced relaxations of coronary venules are significantly impaired, whereas myogenic contraction recovers. These findings may have implications for the control of myocardial perfusion and diastolic properties of the heart after ischaemic cardioplegia under conditions of extracorporeal circulation.
Active teaching and learning for a deeper understanding of physiology

this letter is intended to contribute to the discussion of active versus passive learning in physiology. Here are some thoughts for consideration: are we, as teachers, making a difference in the learning process? How do we ensure that we emphasize the acquisition of knowledge rather than short-term
Laser scanning cytometry: a novel method for the detection of platelet--endothelial cell adhesion

Background Adherence of platelets to endothelial cells may be a significant event in the development of vascular thrombosis. Existing models, which examine platelet–endothelial cell interactions, compromise endothelial cell integrity or use radioactivity to identify platelets that adhere to endothelial cells. We report a novel method for in vitro detection of platelet–endothelial cell adhesion that allows endothelial cells to remain as an intact monolayer and for visualization of individual platelets. Methods Fluorescently labeled platelets were incubated with a confluent monolayer of endothelial cells. Laser scanning cytometry (LSC) identified platelets bound to endothelial cells based on their fluorescent signals. Results LSC detection of platelets reliably reproduced well-described findings of thrombin-induced platelet–endothelial cell adhesion. Results demonstrating reduced adhesion with a glycoprotein IIb–IIIa-specific blocking monoclonal antibody confirmed the specificity of the LSC detection of platelet–endothelial cell adhesion. Conclusions LSC is a novel method for detecting plate- let–endothelial cell adhesion. Its advantages over other methods are: (a) endothelial cells remain undisturbed and adherent throughout; (b) the ability to detect individual bound platelets and subpopulations; (c) the ability to store images and slides and then relocate, revisualize, and reanalyze individual cells or cell populations of interest; and (d) no radioactivity. Cytometry 43:308–313, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.