cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical diffusion in interstitial solid solutions

Abstract A model has been set up to account for the variation of diffusivity with composition in the case of interstitial chemical diffusion in the presence of a solute atom gradient. It is shown that the magnitude of the gradient does not affect the diffusivity, provided that it is not very steep. The differential effect of the gradient of specific volume resulting from the species gradient on the jump frequency is taken into account. The predictions of the model are compared with kinetic data for carbon in f.c.c. iron measured both with and without a chemical concentration gradient.
Intellectuals and Democratization, 1905-1912 and 1989-1996

This article bridges the gap in studies of the social bases of democratization between qualitative studies focused on social groups and quantitative studies focused on national characteristics. Qualitative historical evidence suggests the importance of classes—in particular, the emerging class of intellectuals—in the wave of democratizations in the decade before World War I. Quantitative cross‐national data on a more recent wave of democratizations, from 1989 to 1996, confirm these findings. Models using direct maximum‐likelihood estimation find that the ratio of adults with higher education has a significant positive effect on change in democracy levels, as measured by two longitudinal scales (Polity IV and Polyarchy). Proxies for the working class and the middle class—candidates proposed in previous studies as the social basis of democratization—also have significant effects.
Mechanism of Action of the Nongenotoxic Peroxisome Proliferators: Role of the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α

Peroxisome proliferators are a diverse group of chemicals that include several therapeutically used drugs (e.g., hypolipidemic agents), plasticizers and organic solvents used in the chemical industry, herbicides, and naturally occurring hormones. As the name implies, peroxisome proliferators cause an increase in the number and size of peroxisomes in the liver, kidney, and heart tissue of susceptible species, such as rats and mice. Long-term administration of peroxisome proliferators can cause liver cancer in these animals, a response that has been the central issue of research on peroxisome proliferators for many years. Peroxisome proliferators are representative of the class of nongenotoxic carcinogens that cause cancer through mechanisms that do not involve direct DNA damage. The fact that humans are frequently exposed to these agents makes them of particular concern to government regulatory agencies responsible for assuring human safety. Whether frequent exposure to peroxisome proliferators represents a hazard to humans is unknown; however, increased cancer risk has not been shown to be associated with long-term therapeutic administration of the hypolipidemic drugs gemfibrozil, fenofibrate, and clofibrate. To make sound judgments regarding the safety of peroxisome proliferators, the validity of extrapolating results from rodent bioassays to humans must be based on the agents' mechanism of action and species differences in biologic activity and carcinogenicity. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, has been found to mediate the activity of peroxisome proliferators in mice. Gene-knockout mice lacking PPARalpha are refractory to peroxisome proliferation and peroxisome proliferator-induced changes in gene expression. Furthermore, PPARalpha-null mice are resistant to hepatocarcinogenesis when fed a diet containing a potent nongenotoxic carcinogen WY-14,643. Recent studies have revealed that humans have considerably lower levels of PPARalpha in liver than rodents, and this difference may, in part, explain the species differences in the carcinogenic response to peroxisome proliferators.
Reactions between Synthetic Mica and Simple Oxide Compounds with Application to Oxidation‐Resistant Ceramic Composites

Reaction-couple experiments have been pursued in order to evaluate the potential of a phyllosiiicate to act as a chemically protective, fracture-deflecting, oxidation-resistant interphase for oxide fiber–oxide matrix composites. The synthetic mica fluorophiogopite (KMg3[AlSi3]O10F2) was reacted with single-phase substrates of alumina (Al2O3), mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2), forsterite (Mg2SiO4), or enstatite (MgSiO3). X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron and transmitted polarized light microscopy were applied to the analysis of the reaction couples. Fluorophlogopite reacts strongly with alumina, mullite, and enstatite, resulting in substantial damage to the substrate as well as the breakdown of the mica. The chemical reactions between mica–alumina and mica–mullite are examined critically. In the case of alumina, the reaction results in the formation of a planar spinel (MgAl2O4) layer separating the substrate from the breakdown products of the mica. This unvarying result suggests, therefore, that a spinel diffusion barrier would prove effective in protecting alumina from fluorophlogopite. Experiments revealed such effectiveness: local equilibrium is established in the layer sequence alumina–spinel–fluorophlogopite; i.e., planar interfaces are established amongst these phases that are stable under conditions of high temperature and high oxygen fugacity. A similar chemical approach for protection of mullite is not obvious. Based on an understanding of its intrinsic fracture energy, the fluoromica interphase is expected to be effective in mechanically protecting adjacent oxides from propagating cracks, a behavior qualitatively demonstrated by indentation experiments on the kinetically persistent alumina–spinel–fluorophlogopite–spinel–alumina laminates.
The audiologic assessment of the young pediatric patient: the clinic.

ue to the increasing number of newborn D hearing screening programs, infants are being referred for audiologic assessment and diagnosed with hearing loss at very young ages. Early diagnosis of hearing loss necessitates early initiation of habilitation including the fitting of amplification. Providing appropriate amplification is dependent on having a reliable definition of the child’s hearing loss. The assessment process is therefore tantamount to the habilitation and hearing aid fitting process. Unlike most adults whose hearing loss can be defined in one clinic visit, children often require repeated visits before the configuration and degree of hearing loss is defined. Audiologic assessment in children is often a challenging, time-intensive and ongoing process, particularly when assessing the very young infant. Infants and young children do not possess the breadth of responses that adults do, requiring modifications of behavioral audiologic techniques. In addition, there is sometimes the need for electrophysiologic tests to provide a baseline estimate of auditory function until complete behavioral audiologic findings can be obtained. However, complete behavioral audiologic information is not necessary before the hearing aid fitting and early intervention processes can begin. Valuable time should not be wasted waiting for complete information. Rather, the amplification process should be initiated with refinements and adjustments of the hearing aid fitting occurring as more and more precise information is obtained. Both behavioral and electrophysiologic tests are used in the audiologic assessment of the very young pediatric patient. Behavioral tests usually are thought of as subjective and the electrophysiologic reliance or non-reliance on patient participation, respectively. At very young ages, the electrophysiologic test findings often predominate in the decision making about the management of the child with a hearing loss, but for older children it is generally the behavioral audiologic finding: on which management decisions are made. These two types of tests, however, provide information on different aspects of the child’s auditory function, and cannot serve as perfect substitutes for each other. What follows are brief descriptions of the behavioral and electrophysiologic tests that are appropriate for the young pediatric patient. It should be highlighted that behavioral audiologic testing of the young child can yield reliable results if proper procedures are followed during the test session.
Still unconvinced, but still tentative: a reply to DeGrazia

David DeGrazia's article provides a careful and fair rendition of my position on the possibility of post-persons. However, I am unconvinced that he has shown that such beings are possible. My view is based on two assumptions: (1) the concept of moral status is a threshold concept; and (2) the most plausible understanding of moral status as a threshold concept is a Kantian respect-based view, according to which all and only those beings who have the capacity to be accountable for reasons have the high status we associate with persons. I argue that the superior beings DeGrazia describes would be more morally admirable than us, but would not have a higher moral status. I also argue that, contrary to DeGrazia, even the most intelligent of canines do not have the capacity for accountability for reasons, even in an attenuated form. I then argue that DeGrazia faces a painful dilemma: either he must give up the assumption that moral status (so far as persons are concerned) is a threshold concept and say that for any two beings with the capacity for accountability for reasons, the one with the greater capacity has a higher moral status; or he must retain the view that moral status is a threshold concept but concede that he has not account of where the threshold lies.
Indeterminacy of holographic quantum geometry

An effective theory based on wave optics is used to describe indeterminacy of position in holographic spacetime with a UV cutoff at the Planck scale. Wave functions describing spacetime positions are modeled as complex disturbances of quasimonochromatic radiation. It is shown that the product of standard deviations of two position wave functions in the plane of a holographic light sheet is equal to the product of their normal separation and the Planck length. For macroscopically separated positions the transverse uncertainty is much larger than the Planck length, and is predicted to be observable as a "holographic noise" in relative position with a distinctive shear spatial character, and an absolutely normalized frequency spectrum with no parameters once the fundamental wavelength is fixed from the theory of gravitational thermodynamics. The spectrum of holographic noise is estimated for the GE0600 interferometric gravitational-wave detector and is shown to approximately account for currently unexplained noise between about 300 and 1400 Hz. In a holographic world, this result directly and precisely measures the fundamental minimum interval of time.
Use of gene replacement transformation to elucidate gene function in the qa gene cluster of Neurospora crassa

Gene replacement by transformation, employing selective genetic recombination techniques, has been used to delete or disrupt the qa-x, qa-y and qa-1S genes of the qa gene cluster of Neurospora crassa. The growth characteristics of the strain carrying the deletion of the qa-y gene support earlier evidence that this gene encodes a quinic acid permease. The strain containing the deletion of the qa-1S gene (delta qa-1S) was examined with respect to quinic acid induction and carbon catabolite repression. The delta qa-1S strain exhibits constitutive expression of the qa genes supporting earlier evidence that the qa-1S gene codes for a repressor. Several of the qa genes continued to be expressed at high levels even in the presence of glucose in the delta qa-1S strain, which indicates that transcription of these genes is not being affected directly by a repressor molecule in the presence of glucose.
Evaluating the Diversity of Philippine Slender Skinks of the Brachymeles bonitae Complex (Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae): Redescription of B. tridactylus and Descriptions of Two New Species

Abstract We review the species of the Brachymeles bonitae Complex (B. bonitae and B. tridactylus) and describe an additional two new species in this highly specialized, limb-reduced, endemic Philippine clade of fossorial lizards. For more than 4 decades, B. bonitae has been recognized as a single “widespread” species, a perception that has persisted as a result of limited sampling and similar overall morphology (body sizes, scale pigmentation) among populations. However, on the basis of new collections we note consistent morphological differences between populations, and our new data build on previous observations, allowing us to utilize newly defined character state differences for the purpose of delimiting unambiguous boundaries between species. Here, we use morphological and molecular data to define species limits in B. bonitae and its close relatives. Our data indicate that the “widespread” species B. bonitae is actually a complex of four distinct evolutionary lineages, several of which are not each o...
Implications of Memory-Efficiency on Sparse Matrix-Vector Multiplication

Sparse Matrix Vector-Multiplication is an important operation for many iterative solvers. However, peak performance is limited by the fact that the commonly used algorithm alternates between compute-bound and memory-bound steps. This paper proposes a novel data structure and an FPGA-based hardware core that eliminates the limitations imposed by memory.
Continuum of historical controversies regarding the structural-functional relationship of the glomerular ultrafiltration unit

seminal tracer experiments of the 1960s by Farquhar and Palade ([8][1]) using ferritin, a prototype of globular protein-like albumin, established that glomerular capillaries in mammals serve as a barrier to the transglomerular passage of circulating large-molecular-weight plasma proteins since this
Alemtuzumab for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

Abstract: Alemtuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets CD52, was recently approved in the EU and Canada for the treatment of patients with active relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis. Alemtuzumab induces rapid depletion of circulating B- and T-lymphocytes followed by repopulation that leads to a distinctive lymphocyte profile, including an increased proportion of regulatory T-lymphocytes and memory B- and T-lymphocytes. In early open-label studies, alemtuzumab treatment reduced the number of clinical relapses and new MRI lesions in participants with secondary progressive MS. However, most participants had continued worsening of disability, which led to the evaluation of alemtuzumab in patients with early stages of disease in the Genzyme (MA, USA)-sponsored clinical development program in MS. In one Phase II and two Phase III trials, alemtuzumab reduced the number of clinical relapses versus the active comparator, subcutaneous IFN-β-1a, in treatment-naive and treatment-experienced participa...
Transient Temperature During Pulsed Excimer Laser Heating of Thin Polysilicon Films Obtained by Optical Reflectivity Measurement

The transient reflectivity of a continuous wave (CW) HeNe laser was measured during the pulsed excimer laser heating of thin polysilicon films at the nanosecond time scale. Polysilicon films with thicknesses from 0.1 to 0.4 [mu]m were deposited by Low-Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition (LPCVD) on thermally oxidized crystalline silicon wafers. The complex refractive index of these films at the HeNe laser wavelength ([lambda][sub props] = 0.6328 [mu]m) was measured in the temperature range from 300 K to approximately 1400 K by combined ellipsometric and normal incidence reflectivity measurements. Numerical heat transfer and optical reflectivity analysis based on the measured optical properties of polysilicon films were conducted. The calculated reflectivity histories were compared with the experimental results to reveal the transient temperature field. 27 refs., 11 figs., 3 tabs.
Mechanism of injury alone is not justified as the sole indication for computed tomographic imaging in blunt pediatric trauma

BACKGROUND: The liberal use of computed tomographic (CT) scanning during the evaluation of injured children has increased their exposure to the risks of ionizing radiation. We hypothesized that CT imaging performed for mechanism of injury alone is unnecessary and that serious or life-threatening injury is rarely identified. METHODS: All pediatric blunt trauma team evaluations (age Language: en
Normal vector voting: crease detection and curvature estimation on large, noisy meshes

This paper describes a robust method for crease detection and curvature estimation on large, noisy triangle meshes. We assume that these meshes are approximations of piecewise-smooth surfaces derived from range or medical imaging systems and thus may exhibit measurement or even registration noise. The proposed algorithm, which we call normal vector voting, uses an ensemble of triangles in the geodesic neighborhood of a vertex-instead of its simple umbrella neighborhood-to estimate the orientation and curvature of the original surface at that point. With the orientation information, we designate a vertex as either lying on a smooth surface, following a crease discontinuity, or having no preferred orientation. For vertices on a smooth surface, the curvature estimation yields both principal curvatures and principal directions while for vertices on a discontinuity we estimate only the curvature along the crease. The last case for no preferred orientation occurs when three or more surfaces meet to form a corner or when surface noise is too large and sampling density is insufficient to determine orientation accurately. To demonstrate the capabilities of the method, we present results for both synthetic and real data and compare these results to the G. Taubin (1995, in Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 902-907) algorithm. Additionally, we show practical results for several large mesh data sets that are the motivation for this algorithm.
Craniofacial trauma in children

Craniofacial trauma is relatively uncommon in children, but the potential involvement of the structures at the base of the skull and the intracranial space makes it important for physicians to understand the potential dangers presented by such injuries. This report delineates the different types of injury that can damage the upper facial skeleton and the brain of a child. The author reviews initial management and diagnosis of such injuries and examines the approach to definitive reconstructive surgery using three case studies as examples for discussion.
Pathways of Development

This chapter explores variation in presentations of jealousy protest through attention to findings on child and contextual influences on individual differences. Linkages with influences known to represent protection and risk yield four patterns of protest: Organized, Inhibited, Disinhibited, and Dysregulated. The distinctiveness of these four patterns attests to divergent pathways of development being apparent even in jealousy protest’s emergent form, and calls for longitudinal research to establish sequelae relating to child outcomes. The chapter concludes by discussing implications for clinical intervention for facilitating child adjustment upon the arrival of a newborn sibling. It highlights the importance of maintaining realistic expectations, recognizing atypical responses, both attenuated and acute, that may suggest clinically significant features of emotional dysfunction, and taking steps well before the sibling’s arrival to help children acquire a repertoire of emotion regulation strategies that will later serve toward the management of jealousy.
The formation of a β-(1→4)-d-galactan chain catalysed by a Phaseolus aureus enzyme

With a particulate enzyme preparation from Phaseolus aureus hypocotyls, UDP-α-d-[U-14C]galactose served as a precursor for a number of products. One of these products was characterized as a β-(1→4)-linked galactan. The ADP-, GDP-, TDP- and CDP- derivatives of α-d-galactose did not serve as biosynthetic precursors for any products insoluble in 70% ethanol, nor as substrates for a sugar nucleotide 4-epimerase which is present in the particulate enzyme preparation. The 14C-labelled β-(1→4)-galactan is alkali-insoluble and was characterized by analysis of partial acetolysis products. The labelling pattern of the [14C]oligosaccharides derived from acetolysis indicates that (1) only slightly more than two [14C]galactose moieties are added to the growing polysaccharide chain on average, and (2) these additions take place at the reducing end of the polysaccharide chain. The radioactive β-(1→4)-linked galactan chain represented 8.5% of the radioactivity initially added, and 20% of the water- and butanol-insoluble products derived from UDP-α-d-[14C]galactose. Total hydrolysis of the alkali-insoluble fraction of Phaseolus aureus hypocotyl yielded d-glucose and d-mannose in a 5:1 ratio but no detectable quantities of d-galactose. A trace quantity of a radioactive disaccharide, identified as (1→3)-linked galactobiose, was isolated from the partial acetolysate of the alkali-insoluble [14C]polysaccharide material. Also isolated from this partial acetolysate was a C-1 derivative of [14C]galactose, which could not be identified. An alkali-soluble galactose-containing polysaccharide was also synthesized in this enzymic reaction, and represented 20% of the water- and butanol-insoluble products derived from UDP-α-d-[14C]galactose. The spectrum of radioactive oligosaccharides produced by partial acetolysis of this alkali-soluble polysaccharide material was different from that obtained from the alkali-insoluble polysaccharide, indicating a different structure.
It Is All About Relationships—Teaching from a Distance

The University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine (USF MCOM), Tampa, Florida, and Lehigh Valley Health Network (LVHN), Allentown, Pennsylvania, jointly created a program where medical students spend years 1 and 2 on the Tampa campus and years 3 and 4 on the Allentown campus. Across all 4 years, Scholarly Excellence, Leadership Experiences, Collaborative Training program (SELECT) students interact with faculty from both campuses. Faculty members at the distant location connect to the class using videoconferencing and participate in the session as if they were in the classroom. We describe the challenges encountered and some solutions in teaching at a distance when one faculty member is in the classroom with the students and the other is 1100 miles away.
Abstract 4342: The allosteric Akt inhibitor MK-2206 inhibits neuroblastoma tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Background: Activated Akt in tumor tissue of NB patients is a marker of decreased event-free as well as overall survival. Our studies indicate activated Akt induces chemoresistance in NB cells and chemoresistance is a major problem in the treatment of Neuroblastoma (NB). The allosteric Akt inhibitor, MK-2206 inhibits the activation of the 3 Akt isoforms with IC50-Akt1 = 5.3nM, -Akt2 = 12nM and -Akt3 = 65nM. In this study we tested the effects of MK-2206 in vitro and in vivo pre-clinical models of NB. Methods: NB cell lines (NGP, SY5Y, KCNR, BE2, SKNFI, and AS) were treated with increasing concentrations of MK-2206 for 48 hours. MK-2206-induced cell death was evaluated by MTS assay. Phosphorylated Akt and its downstream target S6 were determined by Western Blot analysis. The effect of MK-2206 (100 or 200mg/kg/3 days/wk) on NB tumor growth was evaluated in a xenograft nude mouse model. Results: NB cell lines express all 3 Akt isoforms to varying levels. In in vitro studies, MK-2206 inhibited cell growth in all NB cell lines although with different sensitivities. The growth of NGP, SY5Y, KCNR and BE2 cells were more sensitive to MK-2206, with IC50 11μM. MK-2206 treatment decreased phosphorylated-Akt and its target phosphorylated-S6 in NB cells to a comparable level in all tested cell lines regardless of biologic sensitivity to MK-2206. In in vivo studies, mice bearing the sensitive BE2 NB tumors were treated with MK-2206 (100 or 200mg/kg) while mice bearing the less sensitive AS tumors received MK-2206 (200mg/kg). There was an approx. 30% inhibition of tumor growth in each tumor model only in mice treated with 200mg/kg MK-2206 (P<0.01). MK-2206 (200mg/kg) treatment led to a comparable increase in survival in both models (P<0.01). Conclusion: This study indicates that despite differences in in vitro growth sensitivities, the Akt inhibitor, MK-2206 has a comparable anti-tumor cell growth inhibiting activity in vivo. This study supports the future evaluation of the combination of MK-2206 with chemotherapeutic drugs to improve the treatment efficacy in NB. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4342. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4342
From conflict to autonomy in the Caucasus: the Soviet Union and the making of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno Karabakh

Arsene Saparov's From Conflict to Autonomy in the Caucasus takes the road less travelled in interpreting the post-Soviet ethnic secessionist conflicts of Abkhazia and South Ossetia in Georgia, and ...
MARINE FUNGI FROM EASTER ISLAND AND NOTES ON THALASSOASCUS

SUMMARY Six marine Ascomycetes and four Fungi Imperfecti were discovered on Easter Island (southern Pacific Ocean) on driftwood, intertidal wood, and washed-up algae (Zonaria sp.). All are new records for this island, and most of them are new records for the South Pacific. Ascospores of sand-inhabiting fungi occur in sea foam. The marine mycota of Easter Island is considered tropical to subtropical. Thalassoascus lessoniae sp. nov. is a parasite on holdfasts of Lessonia nigrescens on the coast of central Chile. The new binomial T. cystoseirae is proposed and a key to the species of Thalassoascus is provided.
Robust adaptive attenuation of unknown periodic disturbances in uncertain multi-input multi-output systems

In high-performance high-accuracy systems, the attenuation of vibrational disturbances is essential. In this paper, we design and analyze a robust output-feedback adaptive control scheme to attenuate noise-corrupted vibrational disturbances with unknown characteristics for multi-input multi-output linear time-invariant systems in the presence of plant unstructured modeling uncertainties. The conditions and the design parameters that contribute to the performance of the closed-loop system are investigated. The main ingredients of the proposed scheme include the use of a compensator to properly shape the singular values of the plant model, a robust adaptive law to handle unmodeled dynamics and output random noise, as well as an over-parametrization in the estimated parameters in order to provide flexibility for performance improvement. Analysis and simulations together with practical design considerations are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed scheme.
Energy and Emissions from U.S. Population Shifts and Implications for Regional GHG Mitigation Planning

Living in different areas is associated with different impacts; the movement of people to and from those areas will affect energy use and emissions over the U.S. The emissions implications of state-to-state migration on household energy and GHG emissions are explored. Three million households move across state lines annually, and generally move from the North East to the South and West. Migrating households often move to states with different climates (thus different heating and cooling and needs), different fuel mixes, and different regional electricity grids, which leads them to experience changes in household emissions as a result of their move. Under current migration trends, the emissions increases of households moving from the Northeast to the South and Southwest are balanced by the emissions decreases of households moving to California and the Pacific Northwest. The net sum of emissions changes for migrating households is slightly positive but near zero; however, that net zero sum represents the ba...
Analysis of antibody level of 2712 individuals after being inoculated rabies vaccine in Xinshao county

OBJECTIVE To investigate the immune effect of the new generation rabies vaccine and the antibody level of inoculators in townships of Xinshao County,and analyze the influencing factors of immunity failure.METHODS By the method of ELISA,the levels of sero antibody of 2 712,who had accepted conventional or 2-1-1 programme new generation vaccine were detected.And the results were analyzed according to different inoculating needle times and townships,respectively.In order to analyze the influencing factors of immune failure,the 43 negative antibody patients in three townships whose positive rate were lowest,were interviewed by face to face or telephone.RESULTS The positive conversion rate of the new generation vaccine and conventional vaccine was 94.68% and 94.42%,respectively.Also,the highest one was Niangxi township (97.50%),and the lowest was Taizhimiao (88.46%).The main influencing factors of immunity failure were weak sense,failed to finish the whole inoculation with some reasons,low immunity,normal immunity affected by alcoholism and staying up during the inoculation and so on.CONCLUSION The inoculation cycle of new generation vaccine is shorter and the vaccination effect is satisfactory.There are still many problems in the whole standardized rabies vaccination inoculation in rural areas,they need further improvement.
Conditions Associated with Nonimmune Hydrops Fetalis

The author examines a number of disorders associated with nonimmune hydrops fetalis; included are hematologic, cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal, gastrointestinal, and hepatic disorders, congenital neoplasms, chromosomal disorders, heritable disorders, congenital infections, disorders of the placenta and cord, and gestational disorders.
Phosphorylation of rat liver nuclear acidic phosphoproteins after administration of alpha-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane in vivo.

α-1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) is known to induce mixed-function oxidases in rat liven endoplasmic reticulum and to stimulate liver cell proliferation. During the 12 hr after administration of α-HCH the phosphorylation of nuclear acidic proteins in vivo increased to about twice the control level. Essentially all of the increased phosphorylation after α-HCH in vivo involved preferential 32 P incorporation into fractions of phenol-solublel acidic chromatin proteins, resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis into proteins with estimated molecular weights of 15,000-25,000, 35,000-50,000, and 60,000-90,000. Although no qualitative changes in the electrophoretograms of phenol-soluble acidic chromatin proteins were observed, the incorportation of radioactive amino acids into the acidic protein fraction of rat liver nuclei in vivo increased 6 hr after α-HCH, suggesting a change in turnover or an increased number of phosphate acceptor sites at the time of maximal phosphorylation of acidic nuclear phosphoproteins.
Activation of Cellular Membrane Receptors; Intracellular Messengers and Mediators of the Response to Injury

The impact of sepsis and endotoxemia has a multitude of manifestations in a mammalian organism with virtually no system remaining unscathed. There are significant alterations in cardiovascular, metabolic, neuroendocrine and immunologic mechanisms and regulation. Since all biologic messages, whether relayed by neurotransmitters, hormones, growth factors or mediators are processed through specific receptors, it is not surprising that the area of receptor pathophysiology has been one of the targets of research related to sepsis and endotoxicosis. Alterations in receptor function in endotoxemia and sepsis were reviewed recently (Spitzer et al, 1989).
Mithridates of Pontus and His Universal Antidote

Abstract Mithridates VI Eupator of Pontus (b. c. 134 BC) ruled a Black Sea Empire to rival the Roman Republic in a series of wars that lasted decades. As Rome’s most dangerous enemy until his death in 63 BC, Mithridates is recognized as the first experimental toxicologist for his extensive investigations into a vast number of poisons and antidotes. Fearing assassination by poison, he gathered a team of botanists, physicians, and shamans seeking to create a “universal antidote” that would protect him from all poisons. Influenced by traditional theriacs and previous investigators and with access to rich natural resources, Mithridates’ experiments resulted in a formulation of more than 50 ingredients combining animal, plant, and mineral toxins with antidotes. He made himself immune to normally fatal amounts of arsenic and enjoyed robust health until forced to commit suicide in his 70s. Efforts to replicate his famous Mithridatium made his antidote the most popular and long-lived prescription in history.
Analysis in support of realistic timing in animated fingerspelling

American Sign Language (ASL) fingerspelling is the act of spelling a word letter-by-letter when a specific sign does not exist to represent it. Synthesizing intelligible ASL, which includes fingerspelling as an integral part, is important to create signing virtual characters for training and communicating in virtual environments or further applications. The rhythm and speed of fingerspelling play a large role in how well fingerspelling is understood. Using motion capture technologies, we record fingerspelling and analyze timing information about letters in the words. Our goal is to identify fingerspelling timing information and use it to create fingerspelling animations that are natural and understandable.
Utility of the Aspirin and P2Y12 Response Assays to Determine the Effect of Antiplatelet Agents on Platelet Reactivity in Traumatic Brain Injury.

BACKGROUND: Premorbid antithrombotic medication may worsen intracranial injury and outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Routine laboratory tests are insufficient to evaluate platelet activity. OBJECTIVE: To profile the spectrum of platelet inhibition, as measured by aspirin and P2Y12 response unit assays, in a TBI population on antiplatelet therapy. METHODS: This single-center, prospective cohort study included patients presenting to our institution between November 2010 and January 2015 with a clinical history of TBI. Serum platelet reactivity levels were determined immediately on admission and analyzed using the aspirin and P2Y12 response unit assays; test results were reported as aspirin response units and P2Y12 response units. We report congruence between assay results and clinical history as well as differences in assay results between types of antiplatelet therapy. RESULTS: A sample of 317 patients was available for analysis, of which 87% had experienced mild TBI, 7% moderate, and 6% severe; the mean age was 71.5 years. The mean aspirin response units in patients with a history of any aspirin use was 456 ± 67 (range, 350-659), with 88% demonstrating therapeutic platelet inhibition. For clopidogrel, the mean P2Y12 response unit was 191 ± 70 (range, 51-351); 77% showed therapeutic response. CONCLUSION: Rapid measurement of antiplatelet function using the aspirin and P2Y12 response assays indicated as many as one fourth of patients on antiplatelet therapy do not have platelet dysfunction. Further research is required to develop guidelines for the use of these assays to guide platelet transfusion in the setting of TBI.
Getting Products to Market: Understanding and Navigating the Regulatory Pathway

Orthobiologics are products that include growth factors, stem cells, and matrices that are designed to alleviate symptoms and improve function in the setting of musculoskeletal injury. In the United States, biologics are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA)’s Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER). In 1997, the CBER established a tiered regulatory framework for the management of human cells, tissues, cellular, and tissue-based products based on perceived risk. Products are separated into those exempted from regulation, those seen as low risk (section 361 products), and those seen as higher risk (section 351 products). The distinctions between section 361 and 351 products are primarily based on the extent to which they are manipulated, used for a nonhomologous purpose, combined with other products, and elicit a systemic effect. Higher risk products require more concrete data supporting product safety and efficacy derived from an investigational new drug application or independent device exemption. Under current regulations, blood products, including platelet-rich plasma (PRP), are exempt and therefore do not follow the FDA’s traditional regulatory pathway and do not have to demonstrate safety and efficacy. Nevertheless, nearly all PRP preparation devices have gained FDA 510(k) clearance for producing PRP intended to be mixed with bone graft to improve graft handling properties. Although PRP can be used by practitioners in other ways (including injection and as additions to tissue scaffolds), these constitute off-label usage. Similarly, mesenchymal stem cells are precursors to cartilage, bone, and other connective tissue cell lines and also have powerful anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Although mesenchymal stem cells can be harvested from a number of different tissues including bone marrow, adipose, and synovium, harvest sites vary in their abundance of stem cells and regulatory constraints. Though autologous chondrocyte implantation was successful in making it through the approval process as cultured cells, it is telling that no similar product has been approved since that time. Although the principle objective of the CBER is to ensure safety and efficacy in the use of human cells, tissues, cellular, and tissue-based products, their regulation of orthobiologics has led to an increased abundance of products that enter the market through the 361 pathway.
High-resolution elevation mapping of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, and surrounding regions

Abstract. We present detailed surface elevation measurements for the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica derived from aerial lidar surveys flown in the austral summer of 2014–2015 as part of an effort to understand geomorphic changes over the past decade. Lidar return density varied from 2 to > 10 returns m−2 with an average of about 5 returns m−2. Vertical and horizontal accuracies are estimated to be 7 and 3 cm, respectively. In addition to our intended targets, other ad hoc regions were also surveyed including the Pegasus flight facility and two regions on Ross Island, McMurdo Station, Scott Base (and surroundings), and the coastal margin between Cape Royds and Cape Evans. These data are included in this report and data release. The combined data are freely available at https://doi.org/10.5069/G9D50JX3 .
Implementation of telehealth is associated with improved timeliness to kidney transplant waitlist evaluation.

Introduction The United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) National Transplant Program has made efforts to improve access by introducing Web-based referrals and telehealth. The aims of this study were to describe the programmatic implementation and evaluate the effectiveness of new technology on the timeliness to kidney transplant evaluation at a VA medical centre. Methods Between 1 January 2009 and 31 May 2016, 835 patients were approved for evaluation. Monthly data were summarized as: number of applications, median days to evaluation, and median percentage of evaluations that occurred within 30 days. Temporal trends were analysed using non-parametric comparisons of medians between three eras: Pre Web-based submission, Web-based submission, and Web-based submission with videoconference (VC) telehealth. Results The number of applications did not vary between eras ( p = 0.353). The median time to evaluation and the median percentage of patients with appointments within 30 days improved significantly in the Web-based submission with VC era when compared with the Web-based and Pre Web-based eras (37 vs. 260 and 116 days, respectively, p < 0.001; 100% vs. 8% and 0%, respectively, p < 0.001). Discussion We have been able to markedly improve the timeliness to kidney transplant waitlist evaluation with the addition of telehealth.
Modula-2 and Pascal

Modula-2 was introduced in 1980 by its author Niklaus Wirth. Wirth is a well known computer scientist as a result of the widespread acceptance of his earlier programming language, Pascal. Modula-2, like Pascal, is a small, simple, consistent language. Modula-2 is an improvement of Pascal. It is an excellent learning language and it is also an excellent language for large, commercial and scientific applications.
Flaxman Low, Occult Psychologist

The growing throng of detectives in fiction at the fin de siecle included a number of occult detectives, whose existence reaffirmed the human experience before the looming spectre of a technological age. Flaxman Low embraced a boundless cosmos of spooks and monsters, in which naive humans lay defenceless against the malevolent supernatural. Ironically, by fighting spirits and dispelling hauntings, Flaxman Low texts actually put the metaphorical ghost back in the machine of reality, affirming that the human experience is woven into the very fabric of existence. This chapter describes the key elements of a Flaxman Low story, interprets his appeal to the Victorians and contemporary audiences in the context of supernatural TV series, and examines a pastiche in which Low is pitted against Sherlock Holmes.
CityCenter (B): Economics and Delivery

Bill Smith is informed by his general contractor that a key component of the Aria Resort is going to be delayed. Aria is the centerpiece of CityCenter: a $9 billion complex and a bet-the-firm decision for MGM Mirage. Smith must make a decision as to whether to force the general contractor to complete construction or to have the MGM Design Group take over this piece of the construction. The case also looks at the economics of the CityCenter project and discusses the organizational underpinnings needed to make a massive construction process a success.
Law and Society: Sociolegal Studies

‘Law and society’ and ‘sociolegal studies’ refer to an interdisciplinary field represented by organizations such as the British Socio-Legal Studies Association and the US Law and Society Association, each of which developed out of a particular blending of law and social science that took place in the 1960s and 1970s in conjunction with the rise of the activist state. In the USA, a group of foundations came together to produce a field that began quite close to sociology but moved increasingly close to law. The power and prestige of this field ascended in the 1960s and 1970s but declined with the rise of economics as a challenge to the activist state.
Biomaterial scaffolds for cardiac regeneration and repair derived from native heart matrix

Abstract: Cardiac tissue engineering involves an integrated use of cardiogenic cells, biomaterial scaffolds, and bioreactors toward establishing environments that promote cardiac development and function. Recapitulation of the conditions and signals present in vivo is of fundamental interest for all tissue engineering efforts. We focus on biomaterial scaffolds derived from native heart matrix, and designed to serve as templates for regulating cardiac cell function and tissue development. We discuss the requirements for tissue engineering scaffolds, the properties of cardiac extracellular matrix and its use for fabricating biomaterial scaffolds, and some of the current challenges and research needs.
Poster: Grafter: Transplantation and Differential Testing for Clones

Code clones are common in software. When applying similar edits to clones, developers often find it difficult to examine the runtime behavior of clones. The problem is exacerbated when some clones are tested, while their counterparts are not. To reuse tests for similar but not identical clones, Grafter transplants one clone to its counterpart by (1) identifying variations in identifier names, types, and method call targets, (2) resolving compilation errors caused by such variations through code transformation, and (3) inserting stub code to transfer input data and intermediate output values for examination. To help developers examine behavioral differences between clones, Grafter supports fine-grained differential testing at both the test outcome level and the internal program state level. Our evaluation shows that Grafter can successfully reuse tests and detect behavioral differences. The tool is available for download at http://web.cs.ucla.edu/~tianyi.zhang/grafter.html and the demo video is available at https://youtu.be/1iqAeuM8s3U.
Who is the Woman in Women's Nutrition? A Narrative Review of Evidence and Actions to Support Women's Nutrition throughout Life

Nutrition interventions that target mothers alone inadequately address women's needs across their lives: during adolescence, preconception, and in later years of life. They also fail to capture nulliparous women. The extent to which nutrition interventions effectively reach women throughout the life course is not well documented. In this comprehensive narrative review, we summarized the impact and delivery platforms of nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive interventions targeting adolescent girls, women of reproductive age (nonpregnant, nonlactating), pregnant and lactating women, women with young children <5 y, and older women, with a focus on nutrition interventions delivered in low- and middle-income countries. We found that although there were many effective interventions that targeted women's nutrition, they largely targeted women who were pregnant and lactating or with young children. There were major gaps in the targeting of interventions to older women. For the delivery platforms, community-based settings, compared with facility-based settings, more equitably reached women across the life course, including adolescents, women of reproductive age, and older women. Nutrition-sensitive approaches were more often delivered in community-based settings; however, the evidence of their impact on women's nutritional outcomes was less clear. We also found major research and programming gaps relative to targeting overweight, obesity, and noncommunicable disease. We conclude that focused efforts on women during pregnancy and in the first couple of years postpartum fail to address the interrelation and compounding nature of nutritional disadvantages that are perpetuated across many women's lives. In order for policies and interventions to more effectively address inequities faced by women, and not only women as mothers, it is essential that they reflect on how, when, and where to engage with women across the life course.