cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A damping system for under fives' weigh scales

In under fives' clinics, an accurate weight chart can be difficult to obtain when using a spring balance weighing scale. Movements, especially those of the fractious, malnourished child, cause continued oscillation of the scale pointer. Tests showed that needle oscillation is greatly reduced both in frequency and amplitude, by the simple addition of a loop of cycle inner tube between the weigh scales and the weighing trousers. This in turn enables a quicker and more accurate completion of the weight chart.
Drug-eluting stent restenosis: an uncommon yet pervasive problem

In 1977, using a wire-tipped balloon, Dr Andreas Gruentzig performed the first percutaneous coronary intervention on a blockage in Mr Adolph Bachmann’s left anterior descending coronary artery.1a The continued success of this pioneering event has been documented by follow-up angiography at 10 years and again at 23 years postprocedure. Mr Bachmann’s follow-up angiograms may be the most viewed on the planet, because they were obtained during dramatic, live demonstration conferences in front of thousands of physicians and were published in the New England Journal of Medicine .1b In fact, Mr Bachmann was recently honored at an event attended by over 10 000 people at a large medical meeting. It is indeed very fortunate for the field of interventional cardiology that Mr Bachmann’s left anterior descending artery blockage did not recur. Article see p 42 In 2010, despite all the promising technology and all the research, creativity, effort, and dollars poured into the field, the problem of restenosis, although vastly reduced, has not been eliminated. It is not an exaggeration to state that at my institution, Scripps Clinic, nearly every working day we see at least 1 patient with restenosis of a drug-eluting stent (DES). One report estimated 200 000 repeat revascularizations are performed every year in the United States for DES failure.2 Despite tremendous progress in lowering the incidence of restenosis with DES, given the large number of percutaneous coronary intervention procedures performed worldwide every year, even a low restenosis rate translates into a significant absolute number of patients experiencing this problem. The problem of DES restenosis is pervasive enough that all physicians caring for patients with coronary disease should be well versed in its treatment. Early data from the bare-metal stent era informed us that if restenosis were to occur, we could expect it within 6 …
Update: Do ophthalmic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reduce the pain associated with simple corneal abrasion without delaying healing?

Abstract Introduction: Some studies have suggested that ophthalmic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) decrease the pain associated with corneal abrasions without impairing healing. This evidence-based emergency medicine (EBEM) critical appraisal reviews the literature, including additional studies appearing since the publication of an earlier EBEM review in 1999. Methods: The updated search for randomized controlled trials from 1999 to 2002 complemented the previous 1966 to 1999 search. The methodologic quality of the studies was assessed. Qualitative methods were used to summarize the study results. Results: The search identified 3 studies not included in the previously published review of ophthalmic NSAIDs, yielding a total of 5 blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trials involving NSAIDs for corneal abrasions. The methodologic quality of the new studies was somewhat higher than that of the 2 original studies and was rated as "good" to "strong." The qualitative summary indicates that NSAIDs provide greater pain relief and improvement of other subjective symptoms when compared with placebo. However, whether the reduction of pain, as measured by visual analog pain scales, exceeds the minimal clinically significant difference is equivocal. The use of ophthalmic NSAIDs may decrease the need for sedating analgesics. Conclusion: Ophthalmic NSAIDs appear to be useful for decreasing pain in patients with corneal abrasions who can afford the medication and who must return to work immediately, particularly where potential opioid-induced sedation is intolerable. [ Ann Emerg Med. 2003;41:134-140.]
High transition temperature superconducting infrared detector

A Y/sub 2/Ba/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub x/ (x=6.9) bulk ceramic superconductor infrared detector operated at 77 K is discussed. The material is prepared by hot-pressing YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub x/ powder that was made by solid-state reaction of Ba(NO/sub 3/)/sub 2/, Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/ and CuO. The response of the detector to the blackbody radiation as a function of bias current is given for two different detector geometries. >
HOLE BURNING PROPERTIES OF ALUMINUM PHTHALOCYANINE TETRASULPHONATE IN WATER-CONTAINING POLY(2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE) FILMS

Abstract Non-photochemical hole burning of aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate in poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) is reported. The zero-phonon holewidth, linear electron–phonon coupling, and dispersive kinetics of hole growth are measured. From comparison of the dye in hyperquenched glassy water, ethanol, and dry polymer, it is concluded that it interacts with the non-freezing water of the polymer. This results in a significant increase in the zero-phonon holewidth and decrease in the frequency of phonons that are linearly coupled to the optical transition. Prospects for similar dye–polymer systems for studies of optical coherence loss and for information storage applications are discussed.
Focusing on customer problems to improve service quality

Proposes that service quality can be improved by focusing on customer problems. Describes a problem‐centred research program used to establish the types and pervasiveness of customer problems and to evaluate the effect of each on customer satisfaction. Makes it possible to identifycritical problem areas and to establish service priorities accordingly. Offers recommended guidelines for designing and conducting problem‐centred consumer research.
Understanding Beliefs, Knowledge, and Practices of Mothers in the Dominican Republic Related to Feeding Infants and Young Children

Background: Obesity in children has reached epidemic proportions in the United States where an estimated 15% of children are obese. Perhaps even more troubling is the finding that childhood obesity is correlated strongly with obesity in adulthood and is increasingly observed in younger age groups and immigrant children. Parents have a major influence on the weight of children and are therefore an obvious initial focus for education and support on healthy feeding practices. Nurses are in a unique position to take the lead in helping parents develop healthy child feeding practices. Objectives: The purpose of this research was to understand the feeding practices, knowledge and nutritional beliefs of mothers with young children living in the Dominican Republic (DR). Methods: A focus group provided qualitative data for this exploratory, descriptive study. Results: The study resulted in a description of how mothers in the DR feed their children and on their beliefs about the health implications of child feeding practices. Discussion: Findings from this study help to increase understanding of feeding practices of children in the DR. This knowledge can be used by nurses to develop culturally appropriate interventions for immigrants from the DR aimed at preventing childhood obesity. Interventions that consider the effects of acculturation will be more effective when targeted to parents of young children than interventions focused on treatment of obesity in later years. Discussion:
A glucose sensor protein for continuous glucose monitoring

Abstract In vivo continuous glucose monitoring has posed a significant challenge to glucose sensor development due to the lack of reliable techniques that are non- or at least minimally-invasive. In this proof-of-concept study, we demonstrated the development of a new glucose sensor protein, AcGFP1–GBPcys–mCherry, and an optical sensor assembly, capable of generating quantifiable FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) signals for glucose monitoring. Our experimental data showed that the engineered glucose sensor protein can generate measurable FRET signals in response to glucose concentrations varying from 25 to 800 μM. The sensor developed based on this protein had a shelf-life of up to 3 weeks. The sensor response was devoid of interference from compounds like galactose, fructose, lactose, mannose, and mannitol when tested at physiologically significant concentrations of these compounds. This new glucose sensor protein can potentially be used to develop implantable glucose sensors for continuous glucose monitoring.
Phorbol Ester‐Mediated Stimulation of Phospholipase D Activity in Sciatic Nerve from Normal and Diabetic Rats

Evidence for the presence of phospholipase D activity in sciatic nerve was obtained by incubation of 32P-prelabeled nerve segments in the presence of ethanol and measurement of [32P]phosphatidylethanol (PEth) formation expressed as a fraction of total phospholipid radioactivity. PEth synthesis was enhanced with increasing concentrations of ethanol (100 mM-2 M). 4-beta-Phorbol dibutyrate (100 nM-1 microM) stimulated PEth formation up to twofold in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The stimulatory effect evoked by 100 nM phorbol ester was completely abolished by Ro 31-8220 (compound 3), a selective protein kinase C inhibitor. Efforts to identify the phospholipid precursor of PEth were unsuccessful, suggesting this product arises from a small discrete precursor pool. On subcellular fractionation of nerve, the ratio of basal and 4-beta-phorbol dibutyrate-stimulated phospholipase D activity recovered in a myelin-enriched fraction, compared with a nonmyelin fraction, was 0.5 when results are expressed as a percentage of total phospholipid radioactivity. This ratio rises to 1.2 if the results are calculated assuming only phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine are potential precursors. The results suggest that myelin is a major locus of phospholipase D activity. Nerve from streptozotocin-induced diabetic and control animals displayed the same basal phospholipase D activity, but the enzyme in diabetic nerve was stimulated to a greater extent by a suboptimal concentration of 4-beta-phorbol dibutyrate. These results support the conclusion that protein kinase C modulates phospholipase D activity in nerve and suggest that in diabetic nerve the enzyme activation mechanism may possess increased sensitivity.
Resonant tunneling in polytype InAs/AlSb/GaSb heterostructures

Abstract Polytype heterostructures of GaSb/AlSb/InAs show interband tunneling due to the ∼ 0.14 eV overlap of the InAs conduction band and the GaSb valence band. This broken-gap configuration results in several novel mechanisms for negative differential resistance (NDR) that have potential applications in high-speed devices. Double-barrier structures exhibit resonant interband tunneling with high peak-to-valley current ratios due to the resonance enhancement of the tunneling current and the bandgap blocking of the nonresonant current components. Using InAs as the base in a double-barrier polytype heterostructure, resonant tunneling at room temperature through a quantum well as wide as 110 nm has been demonstrated. Also, GaSb/InAs/AlSb/GaSb structures have exhibited interband resonant tunneling with peak-to-valley ratios as high as 20:1 at 300 K and peak current densities up to 28 kA/cm 2 . In addition to tunneling experiments, Ge and Sn have been shown to be well behaved p-type dopants for GaSb grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), exhibiting free acceptor concentrations as high as 2×10 19 and 5×10 18 cm −3 , respectively.
"And Isn't that the point?": pleasure and contraceptive decisions.

OBJECTIVE: Previous survey research indicates that women and men experience reduced sexual pleasure when using condoms especially compared to nonbarrier family planning methods. This study seeks to explore those experiences of reduced pleasure in-depth and how they affect contraceptive method decisions and use. STUDY DESIGN: In-depth interviews with 30 men and 30 women between the ages of 18 and 36 years in the United States about their contraceptive decisions and use were analyzed. RESULTS: Both men and women complained about the way that condoms interfered with their sexual pleasure. Several women (and no men) complained that condoms actually hurt them and the majority of couples had at least one member who reported disliking condoms. For hormonal methods and intrauterine devices general side effects were usually one of the most important reasons that women continued or discontinued methods but few sexual side effects were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Interfering with sexual pleasure appears to be the most important reason that both men and women do not use condoms and public health practitioners should recognize the limitations of condoms as a contraceptive technology. Despite problems with general side effects most women (and men) prefer hormonal methods to condoms. IMPLICATIONS: This study provides in-depth descriptions showing that young adult men and women in the United States use condoms less because condoms interfere with their sexual pleasure. Although women often say they experience general negative side effects from hormonal birth control they usually perceive few sexual side effects from hormonal birth control. Since young heterosexual adults usually perceive themselves to be at much greater risk for pregnancy than sexually transmitted infections they mostly perceive hormonal birth control to be a greatly superior contraceptive option compared to condoms. Copyright (c) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Hole confinement MOS-gated Ge/sub x/Si/sub 1-x//Si heterostructures

The confinement of carriers in a MOS-gated Ge/sub x/Si/sub 1-x/ heterostructure is numerically modeled. The structure uses a MOS gate to modulate the hole density at a buried Si/sub x//Ge/sub x/Si//sub 1-x/ interface. The number of holes in the well is modeled as a function of structure and gate bias. The hole confinement is then confirmed by capacitance-voltage and Hall measurements. Numerical modeling is used to predict the maximum number of carriers achievable at the interface as a function of the structural design, and clear experimental evidence for such carrier confinement is given. >
Prediction of dendritic growth and microsegregation patterns in a binary alloy using the phase-field method

Abstract A comprehensive model is developed for solving the heat and solute diffusion equations during solidification that avoids tracking the liquid—solid interface. The bulk liquid and solid phases are treated as regular solutions and an order parameter (the phase field) is introduced to describe the interfacial region between them. Two-dimensional computations are performed for ideal solutions and for dendritic growth into an isothermal and highly supersaturated liquid phase. The dependence upon various material and computational parameters, including the approach to conventional sharp interface theories, is investigated. Realistic growth patterns are obtained that include the development, coarsening, and coalescence of secondary and tertiary dendrite arms. Microsegregation patterns are examined and compared for different values of the solid diffusion coefficient.
Extreme value probabilistic theory for mixed-mode brittle fracture

Abstract In this investigation, extreme value probabilistic methods are combined with Sih's mixed-mode fracture model to furnish strength distributions in plates of brittle materials with random cracks. The crack lengths are described by a two-parameter probability density function, their orientations follow a uniform distribution and the crack number follows a binomial distribution. Materials of interest are assumed to be isotropic and statistically homogeneous. A “weakest link” model, thought to be appropriate for brittle materials, is used in which catastrophic failure occurs if the dominant crack attains a critical condition. Extreme value distributions for strength of the plates are derived as a function of the size (crack number) of the plates, the parameters of the fracture model and the parameters of the crack length distribution. Numerical results are presented showing the effect of the normalized variance of the crack length distribution on the scale dependence of the mean and variance of the plate strength distribution.
Evidence for a localized magnetic moment in lanthanum intermetallic compounds

Abstract Magnetic susceptibility measurements indicate the presence of very narrow bands or even localized moments in lanthanum intermetallic compounds having the ordered Cu 3 Au structure.
Bilevel Polysiloxane Resist For Ion-Beam And Electron-Beam Lithography

A series of polysiloxane-based negative resists will be described which are applicable to both electron-beam and ion-beam lithography. Compositional changes have been made to nary the Fisitivitg to 20 keV electrons from 40 to 180 μC/cm 2 . A sensitivity of 9.4 tiC/cm (2.5 x 10 12 ions/cm 2 ) has been obtained with 150 keV silicon ions for the 40 iiC/cm E-beam resist. The resists have high glass transition temperaWes and re effective top layers of a bilevel resist system. A thin polysiloxane layer (400A to 1000A) makes an effective mask layer over 1 to 2 μm AZ type leveling layer. After the polysiloxane pattern was developed, the images were transferred to the AZ layer by reactive ion etching with oxygen. By properly adjusting the etching parameters, extremely high anisotropy and excellent selectivity (25:1 ratio between bottom and top layers) were achieved. Using this polysiloxane-topped bilevel system, good quality images have been prepared using both electron-beam lithography (EBL) and focused ion-beam lithography (FIBL). With a 600 -700w thick polysiloxane layer over 1 pm of AZ1370 we have produced a 6000 wide gap with parallel side walls in a 2 pm pitchimage by EBL. The same process has also demonstrated high quality images over 5000A steps. For FIBL a resist system consisting of 400w of polysiloxane over 1 pm AZ1370 was used with a focused 50 keV gallium ion beam2 Resist lines 0.12 pm wide and 1 μm high were produced with an exposure of 8 x 10 12 ions/cm 2 .
A Chebychev-Vandermonde solver

Abstract Let { T j } n j = 0 be a family of Chebyshev polynomials for a finite interval [ a , b ], let { x k } n k = 0 be a set of distinct nodes on [ a , b ], and define the transposed Chebyshev-Vandermonde matrix W = [ w kj ] n k , j = 0 , w kj = T j ( x k ). We describe a new fast algorithm for the solution of linear systems of equations of the form W a = f , and compare it with a fast solution scheme recently proposed by Higham. The latter scheme is a modification of the Bjorck-Pereyra algorithm, and the computed solution depends on the ordering of the nodes x k . Our algorithm is designed so that the computed solution is essentially independent of the ordering of the x k . Extensive computational experience indicates that our algorithm generally yields higher accuracy in the computed solution than Higham's.
The price of Cherokee removal

Abstract In this paper, we estimate the social costs and income transfers of Cherokee removal, i.e., “The Trail of Tears.” Our cost estimates provide several new insights into this extensively studied topic. First, our estimate of the number of removal-related fatalities is considerably lower than the commonly accepted figure of 4000. Second, the uncompensated value of ceded Cherokee land in the southeast was the largest cost borne by the Cherokees, followed in magnitude by the value of lost agricultural output due to removal. Third, American taxpayers paid for roughly 44% of the total social costs of removal. Also, the cost burden of Cherokee removal, as a share of 1 year's GDP, was greater for the Cherokees than the cost burden of any major war for the American population.
MO-B-BRA-01: Dosimetry of Small Fields

Small fields on order of few millimeters are now being used in specialized radiation treatments such as intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT),stereotactic radiosurgery(SRS), cyber‐knife and gamma‐knife. Small‐field dosimetry is challenging due to finite source size, lack of electronic equilibrium, size of detectors, changes in energy spectrum with associated dosimetric parameters and stopping power ratio. Source size is dependent on the design of the accelerator and could be obstructed by the collimating system with decreasing field sizes. Electronic equilibrium is a phenomenon associated with the range of secondary particles and hence dependent on the beam energy, spectrum and the composition of the medium (homogeneous vs inhomogeneous). This session will elaborate on current understanding of the small field dosimetry. It will provide insight of the new IAEA/AAPM non‐complainant dosimetry (1) IPEM report 103 (2) and AAPM task group report 155(3). Explanation of the difficulties and possible solutions to accurately measure dose in small fields using ion chamber, diode, diamond,TLD, films (radiographic and Gafchromic), MOSFET, bang gel, and Monte Carlo simulation will be elaborated. Also possible modeling of the treatment planning will be discussed. Consequences in accuracy for patient care will also be discussed. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the meaning of small field in radiation dosimetry 2. Understanding the IAEA/AAPM methodology for calibration of small fields 3. How to measure dose in small field 4. TPS verification for small fields 5. Highlight of the consequences
Neuropeptide Y receptor subtypes

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an amidated 36-amino acid peptide with a wide distribution in the central and peripheral nervous system. It can evoke numerous physiological responses by activating specific receptors. Studies using NPY analogs in various model systems and cell types demonstrate different orders of ligand potency and receptor binding affinity. These studies suggest the existence of multiple subtypes of NPY receptors. NPY has been described to bind to at least three different receptors, Y1, Y2 and Y3. NPY has also been shown to interact with sigma receptor in vivo and in vitro. There are indications that more subtypes might exist. Ligand binding studies reveal that Y1, Y2 and Y3 receptors are all G-protein coupled. It is not yet confirmed whether the sigma receptor that interacts with NPY is G-protein coupled. Some studies show that NPY receptors may interact with other classical receptors, including α- and β-adrenoceptors and cholinergic receptors. In the case of α- and β-adrenoceptors, the receptor-receptor interaction is possibly via a pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein. NPY receptors are coupled to various signal transduction mechanisms including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, and stimulation or inhibition of increases in intracellular Ca2+. Specific links between individual NPY receptor subtype and a particular signal transduction pathway are not established.
Simulation of controlled drainage in open-ditch drainage systems.

Abstract Subsurface water management was analyzed for a typical open-ditch drainage system in eastern North Carolina. The water management model, watrcom , was used to simulate conventional drainage, controlled drainage, and subirrigation for the 1982–1986 growing seasons. The effects of water management on drainage outflow, relative corn yields, and irrigation water requirements were analyzed. The effect of inflow from upstream uncontrolled drainage areas was also considered. During the dry years controlled drainage increased relative yields over conventional drainage; however, predicted yields were less than those obtained with subirrigation because of drought stresses. In 1984, rainfall exceeded pet and yields predicted for controlled drainage were similar to those obtained with subirrigation. Controlled drainage also decreased drainage outflows. Both average yields and yields midway between the drainage ditches were analyzed for all water management treatments. The relationship between yield and distance from the drain was dependent on hydraulic conductivity. Predicted yields for conventional drainage were higher at the midpoint than those near the ditch due primarily to drought. However, yields near the ditches tended to be higher than those at the midpoint for controlled drainage and subirrigation.
A critique of the first Feldman and MacCulloch avoidance conditioning treatment for homosexuals

This critique of the first Feldman and MacCulloch anticipatory avoidance conditioning procedure for treating homosexuals consists of evaluations of the procedure per se, terminology used to describe the procedure, theoretical basis, change measures, and explanation of failures. The inadequacies of the procedure and its theoretical bases are numerous, and the originators have thus far demonstrated an inability or at least an unwillingness, until recently, to modify systematically the procedure based on outcome and/or process data. Thus, the alternative use of more straight-forward conditioning paradigms is recommended—particularly for “the failures” who do not favorably respond to the original one-phase treatment program—until further research clarifies the relative effectiveness of components or parameters of the procedure.
Reduced production of histamine-induced suppressor factor (HSF) by atopic mononuclear cells and decreased prostaglandin E2 output by HSF-stimulated atopic monocytes

Abstract To characterize the defect responsible for abnormal histamine-induced suppressor cell function observed in atopic subjects, we studied histamine-induced suppressor factor (HSF) production and augmented prostaglandin E 2 production. In addition, we exogenously provided interleukin I to determine whether abnormal histamine-induced suppressor cell function could be corrected by this monokine. Mononuclear cells from 16 asymptomatic atopic subjects generated significantly less (p 2 in response to suppressor factor than did control monocytes. The atopic group had phenotypically normal numbers of T-helper cells, T-suppressor cells, and ratios of these cells. These data indicate that despite having phenotypically adequate numbers, T-suppressor cells from atopics produce fewer suppressor signals than cells from nonatopics and their monocytes produce less prostaglandin E 2 even if the suppressor signals are provided.
Embedded transmissibility function analysis for damage detection in a mobile sensor network

Structural health monitoring (SHM) and damage detection have attracted great interest in recent decades, in meeting the challenges of assessing the safety condition of large-scale civil structures. By wiring remote sensors directly to a centralized data acquisition system, traditional structural health monitoring systems are usually costly and the installation is time-consuming. Recent advances in wireless sensing technology have made it feasible for structural health monitoring; furthermore, the computational core in a wireless sensing unit offers onboard data interrogation. In addition to wireless sensing, the authors have recently developed a mobile sensing system for providing high spatial resolution and flexible sensor deployment in structural health monitoring. In this study, transmissibility function analysis is embedded in the mobile sensing node to perform onboard and in-network structural damage detection. The system implementation is validated using a laboratory 2D steel portal frame. Simulated damage is applied to the frame structure, and the damage is successfully identified by two mobile sensing nodes that autonomously navigate through the structure.
Heliospheric magnetic fields and plasmas.

A survey of the existing literature on heliospheric physics, covering the period 1972-1982, is presented. Attention is given to observations and theories germane to the examination of the heliosphere as a large-scale astrophysical system that is part of the earth's environment. The literature includes data and models for magnetic sectors and the large-scale magnetic field, the large-scale plasma structure, and models and observed variations in the solar wind. Consideration is also devoted to the transient and corotating streams and shocks, the composition of the solar wind, and to MHD turbulence, waves, and discontinuities. More intensive investigations of the region near 1 AU are recommended, particularly to characterize the coronal source of the solar wind. The solar polar mission will be the first to provide radial measurements for comparisons with previous exclusively ecliptic measurements of solar activities.
TOPOLOGICAL LATTICE MODEL OF ELECTRONS COUPLED TO A CLASSICAL POLARIZATION FIELD

A simple model for an electron in two dimensions interacting with an elastic distortion field shows interesting polaron-like behaviors. The model consists of a single tight-binding electron in a classical polarization field. The distortion potential ϕ and electron amplitude ψ evolve by coupled dynamical equations derived from a Lagrangian with cross term gϕ|ψ|2. The equations of motion for ψ and ϕ are integrated together in time. For large enough g, the electron self-traps and a bound polaron-like object exists with time independent ϕ in the shape of a well and ψ a stationary state in the well. There is a critical value gmin below which the polaron well disappears. Spectral densities obtained by transforming double-time Green functions into $({\vec k}, w)$ show mass enhancement and lifetime broadening effects. The model, such as it is, can be extended easily to arbitrary, confined geometries in two or three dimensions.
Radar sensor network for target detection using Chernoff information and relative entropy

In this paper, we propose to apply information theory to Ultra wide band (UWB) radar sensor network (RSN) to detect target in foliage environment. Information theoretic algorithms such as Maximum entropy method (MEM) and mutual information are proven methods, that can be applied to data collected by various sensors. However, the complexity of the environment poses uncertainty in fusion center. Chernoff information provides the best error exponent of detection in Bayesian environment. In this paper, we consider the target detection as binary hypothesis testing and use Chernoff information as sensor selection criterion, which significantly reduces the processing load. Another strong information theoretic algorithm, method of types, is applicable to our MEM based target detection algorithm as entropy is dependent on the empirical distribution only. Method of types analyzes the probability of a sequence based on empirical distribution. Based on this, we can find the bound on probability of detection. We also propose to use Relative entropy based processing in the fusion center based on method of types and Chernoff Stein Lemma. We study the required quantization level and number of nodes in gaining the best error exponent. The performance of the algorithms were evaluated, based on real world data.
A case of mucinous carcinoma of the breast in which needle tract seeding was diagnosed by preoperative diagnostic imaging

Herein we report a 62-year-old woman with an excisable breast tumor in whom needle tract seeding was suspected during preoperative ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A tumor of the right breast was observed during initial examination, and she was referred to our hospital after fine-needle aspiration cytology led to diagnosis of breast cancer, even though core needle biopsy results were negative. Mammography showed a high-density mass with a portion of the margin exhibiting very fine serrations. Ultrasonography revealed a circular mass with a border that was indistinct in some regions, and a hypoechoic band that extended from the tumor toward the skin. A mass was observed on MRI, with a linear enhancement extending on the skin side, and needle tract seeding was suspected. Fine-needle aspiration cytology revealed malignancy, and the histological appearance was consistent with mucinous carcinoma. T1cN0M0 stage I breast cancer was diagnosed, and wide excision and sentinel lymph node biopsy were performed. The skin directly above the tumor was concurrently excised to remove the biopsy puncture site. Histopathological diagnosis confirmed mucinous carcinoma, with the tumor observed to extend linearly into the subcutaneous adipose tissue in a pattern corresponding to the biopsy puncture site. The stump of the excised breast was negative for cancer cells. The possibility of tumor seeding must be considered during fine-needle aspiration cytology and biopsy. As demonstrated in this case, diagnosis of such seeding through preoperative imaging may enable extraction of the entire lesion, including the needle tract.
Life's predictable unpredictables and the career plans of youth

A review of the status attainment research failed to discover a model that takes into account possible effects of unforeseen, consequential life events on the career plans of youth. The present longitudinal study found that 30.4% of 536 respondents indicated that something major had happened to change their occupational or educational plans in an important way. Race and sex differences were discovered with respect to whether a major happening was perceived to have occurred and with respect to the nature of the event. White women were found to be peculiarly vulnerable to the impact of unforeseen events. About half of all respondents who indicated that a consequential event had occurred cited marriage or having a child as the event. Relatively few in the low‐income sample cited financial problems as unpredictable events. Respondents who reported any consequential event were found to be less satisfied with their jobs and less happy with their marriages. It would be desirable to include measures of unforeseen...
Forecasting public school enrollment

Abstract Forecasting annual September enrollment is one of the most difficult problems confronting public school administrators, because the average school district does not maintain an information file on interdistrict household migration. This paper describes a statistical prediction model for annual September enrollment which requires only school district data routinely collected. A numerical example of the forecasting model for each elementary and secondary grade is presented using statistical information for a representative Delaware school district.
An Anticipatory Guidance Program may Help Prevent Severe Early Childhood Caries, but More Research is Needed

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Efficacy of an oral health promotion intervention in the prevention of early childhood caries. Plutzer K, Spencer AJ. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2008;36(4):335-46. Reviewer David G. Pendrys, DDS, PhD Purpose/Question To determine if a program providing written guidance to first-time mothers would lead to a reduction in the incidence of S-ECC at 18 months. Source of Funding Industry: Colgate Oral Care; Johnson & Johnson Pacific Company Nonprofit, Foundations, etc: University of Adelaide Other: Channel 7 Children’s Foundation of South Australia Type of Study/Design Randomized controlled trial Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Not applicable
High-temperature physical adsorption of argon, krypton, and xenon on hexagonal boron nitride

Abstract The interaction of argon, krypton, and xenon with hexagonal boron nitride was examined utilizing a two-surface gas—solid virial analysis. A precision volumetric apparatus was used to obtain 10 adsorption isotherms in the temperature range 273–368°K. The low coverage, Henry's law isotherm data were used to obtain values for the second gas—solid virial coefficients for ArBN, KrBN, and XeBN. The boron nitride adsorbent consists of higher energy edge sites and basal plane sites. A two-surface virial coefficient treatment was coupled with a graphical fitting technique to separate the effects of the two surface sites. Values of the inert gas-edge and inert gas-basal plane interaction energy are reported for each of the three adsorbates. Also, the surface area for the two surfaces and fraction of edge sites are reported. The results are compared with previous studies for these systems.
Physiological model for the pharmacokinetics of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran in several species

A flow-limited physiological model was developed to describe the time course of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) in the blood and tissues of rats, mice, and monkeys. The liver showed the greatest tendency to concentrate the material with tissue-to-blood distribution coefficients ranging from 30 in the monkey to 130 in the mouse. TCDF was also concentrated in the fat with tissue-to-blood distribution coefficients between 25 and 40 in all species. TCDF was eliminated by metabolism followed by excretion primarily to the feces. Urinary excretion was a minor route of elimination in all species. Metabolism was modeled as a linear process occurring in the liver. Intrinsic metabolic clearances ranged from 0.45 ml/min/kg in the monkey to 2.8 ml/min/kg in one species of mice. Fecal excretion of TCDF-derived radioactivity can be simulated with a series of well-mixed compartments which receive input of metabolites in the bile.
A Quadruply Hydrogen Bonded Heterocomplex Displaying High-Fidelity Recognition

An exceptionally strong quadruply hydrogen-bonded complex is formed between 2,7-diamido-1,8-naphthyridine 3 (DAN) and the butylurea of guanosine 6 (UG) in chloroform. The UG unit can be prepared in four steps from guanosine on a 10 g scale in excellent yields without chromatographic purification. The association constant (Kassoc ≈ 5 × 107 M-1) for the UG·DAN complex determined by fluorescence energy transfer from the naphthyridine unit of 3 to coumarin 343 covalently linked UG (18) is among the highest reported for a neutral DNA base-pair analogue. The weak self-association of DAN (Kdimer < 10 M-1) and UG (Kdimer ca. 200−300 M-1) means that the UG·DAN complex forms with unparalleled fidelity.
Octahedral Tilting in Perovskites. I. Geometrical Considerations

The 23 Glazer tilt systems describing octahedral tilting in perovskites have been investigated. It is shown that in tilt systems a+a+a−, a+b+b−, a+a+c−, a+b+c−, a0b+b− and a0b+c− it is not possible to link together a three-dimensional network of perfectly rigid octahedra. In these tilt systems small distortions of the octahedra must occur. The magnitude of the distortions in the a+a+a− and a0b+b− tilt systems are estimated. A table of predicted space groups for ordered perovskites, A2MM′O6, for all 23 tilt systems is also given.
Fetal biometry: Relevance in obstetrical practice

Fetal biometry is the measurement of the fetus and various segments of the fetal anatomy. Every part of the fetal anatomy may be imaged, but fetal head, abdomen, and femur measurements are the most commonly used, as well as the crown-rump length in early gestation. These biometric measurements can be used to estimate gestational age and fetal weight, evaluate interval fetal growth, and identify fetuses who are either growth restricted or macrosomic. These measurements may influence antepartum and intrapartum management and may be used to predict peripartum outcomes. Biometry is therefore an integral and valuable element of obstetrical practice.
How do sea urchins invaginate? Using biomechanics to distinguish between mechanisms of primary invagination

The forces that drive sea urchin primary invagination remain mysterious. To solve this mystery we have developed a set of finite element simulations that test five hypothesized mechanisms. Our models show that each of these mechanisms can generate an invagination; however, the mechanical properties of an epithelial sheet required for proper invagination are different for each mechanism. For example, we find that the gel swelling hypothesis of Lane et al. (Lane, M. C., Koehl, M. A. R., Wilt, F. and Keller, R. (1993) Development 117, 1049-1060) requires the embryo to possess a mechanically stiff apical extracellular matrix and highly deformable cells, whereas a hypothesis based on apical constriction of the epithelial cells requires a more compliant extracellular matrix. For each mechanism, we have mapped out a range of embryo designs that work. Additionally, the simulations predict specific cell shape changes accompanying each mechanism. This allows us to design experiments that can distinguish between different mechanisms, all of which can, in principle, drive primary invagination.
Computer-integrated calculus at the University of Connecticut

The author discuses the use of True BASIC as the primary computing vehicle for calculus reform. A unique feature of the project considered is examination of the code of numerical and graphical programs written in the True BASIC programming language, which is designed to illustrate basic mathematical processes with a minimum of technical syntax. >
Power losses estimation platform for power converters

A power losses analysis platform integrating powerful analysis software Pspice/sup /spl trade//, MathCAD/sup /spl trade// and Maxwell/sup /spl trade// capable of calculating losses on the key components in converters is presented. The operational block diagram and the analysis principle, as well as the technical issue, are discussed. One analysis example is given and the prototype is built. The validity of the analysis is verified by the experimental results.
Television under construction: American television and the problem of distribution, 1926-62

This article constructs a history of the wiring of the USA for live, simultaneous broadcasting. Though infrastructure is an important issue in television history, few writers have considered it at any length. By examining the growth of television infrastructure, this article denaturalizes the technological and institutional form of broadcast television distribution and considers it instead as a product of liberal ideology, corporate strategy, postwar economics and audience desires. Through an examination of industry discourses, maps, congressional hearings and critical appraisals, the author combines economic, geographic and cultural approaches to argue for a critical-historical attention to the spatial organization of media. This attention to spatiality helps denaturalize the shape of communications media by foregrounding power relationships, epistemologies and histories underlying their organization that are often taken for granted.
Gastroenterology trainees can easily learn histologic characterization of diminutive colorectal polyps with narrow band imaging.

Background & Aims Little is known about how teaching gastroenterology trainees polyp patterns by using narrow band imaging (NBI) affects their ability to characterize the histology of diminutive colorectal polyps. We developed and tested a tool to teach trainees to characterize the histology of diminutive polyps by using NBI. Methods Twelve gastroenterology trainees with varying levels of colonoscopy experience watched a teaching tool that described the NBI criteria to distinguish polyp histology. The trainees then watched 80 videos of NBI examination of diminutive polyps, recording their predictions of polyp histology and their degree of confidence. After each video, an expert provided feedback about actual polyp histology and the NBI criteria that supported each diagnosis. Twelve weeks later, without training or feedback during the interval, the trainees watched the same videos and predicted histologies of the polyps. Performance was evaluated by comparing predicted classification with actual histologic findings. Cumulative sum analysis was used to determine the learning curve for each trainee. Results Trainees made significant improvements in accuracy and the proportion of high-confidence predictions as they progressed through video blocks during the first session ( P 90% accuracy, with a negative predictive value >90% for adenomatous histology. A median of 49 videos was required to achieve competency. For diagnoses made with high confidence, trainee performance exceeded 90% during the first and second sessions. Interobserver agreement was substantial (session 1, κ = 0.71; session 2, κ = 0.70). Conclusions We developed a computer-based tool, combined with short videos and active feedback, to train gastroenterologists to identify polyp histology by using NBI. After training, gastroenterology trainees characterized the histology of diminutive polyps with ≥90% accuracy.
B Vitamins in the Prevention of Cognitive Decline and Vascular Dementia

As the number of elderly continues to increase worldwide, age-related neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia, are a growing concern. In some cases, vascular dementia and cognitive decline in aging are associated with nutritional status and elevated homocysteine, suggesting that improving nutritional status can play a meaningful role in the prevention of cognitive impairment. The research described in this chapter represents current understanding on the relationships of folate and vitamin B12 nutritional status with cognitive function and dementia in adults and elderly. Low B vitamin status is associated with increased homocysteine levels and there is evidence that insufficient B vitamin intake is associated with lower cognitive scores in comparison to adequate intake. However, higher rates of cognitive decline have been reported with high levels of folate and folic acid intake in adults, and memory performance may be impaired with high folate intake in individuals with low vitamin B12 status. Overall, studies reported lower folate blood levels and a higher prevalence of deficiency among subjects with dementia. In general, vitamin B12 serum levels were lower in patients with dementia relative to nondemented individuals; however, this relationship was not as consistent as that for folate. Subsequent to mandatory folic acid fortification, stroke mortality has decreased at a greater rate in the United States and Canada, suggesting a positive effect of fortification on cerebrovascular health. Interventions with folic acid and with combinations of B vitamins were able to improve cognitive function or prevent decline, especially in subjects with low nutrient status. As with the data for blood nutrient levels, evidence that vitamin B12 treatment improves cognitive function is conflicting and less positive.
Nonradiological Treatment for Liver Tumors

Historically, liver resection was associated with high operative morbidity as well as high perioperative mortality rates [1]. There was a routine need for blood transfusion due to high operative blood loss. Advances in surgical techniques, an increased understanding of the importance of low central venous pressure anesthesia to minimize bleeding, and improved perioperative care have resulted in reduced morbidity and very low operative mortality rates even with extensive liver resections [2, 3].
Temperature Dependence of Diamondlike Carbon Film Tribological Characteristics

The tribological characteristics of a diamondlike carbon (DLC) film deposited on high-speed steel were investigated systematically by using a ball-on-flat reciprocating tribometer over a range of temperatures (from −40° to 20°C). The results indicated that the temperature dependence of the DLC film's tribological behavior was associated with the counterpart material. DLC presented favorable tribological behavior while sliding on itself. However, when a steel ball slides against the DLC film, there is evidence that the heat generated has a significant impact on friction and wear. Microanalysis of wear tracks on the films showed that multiple wear mechanisms took place during testing. At higher temperatures, material transfer dominated the wear behavior, while fatigue-induced microcracking was the predominant wear mechanism at low temperatures. Raman analysis indicated that the DLC film was mechanically worn rather than removed by tribochemical interactions between the friction pairs.