cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lewis Base Activation of Lewis Acids: Group 13. In Situ Generation and Reaction of Borenium Ions

A variety of Lewis bases were combined with 9-BBN-NTf2 to establish the requirements for the generation of borenium cations. Five different types of behaviors were found, but the most interesting was the combination of Et3N, DABCO, 2,6-lutidine, or Ph3P═S, which formed borenium ions exclusively even in sub- or superstoichiometric quantities. The 9-BBN borenium ion complex of 2,6-lutidine rapidly catalyzes the hydrosilylation of a variety of ketones in the presence of Et3SiH. Preliminary mechanistic experiments suggest that the reduction involves borenium ion activation of Et3SiH and not the ketone.
The role of reflectance in the photoacoustic spectra of copper, silver, and gold

The photoacoustic (PA) spectra were determined over the wavelength region of 1000-200 nm for polished and etched foils and powders of Cu, Ag, and Au. Aside from differences in signal strengths, problems with abnormal signal distortions due to reflection, and problems with surface oxidation in powdered Cu, the spectra were basically the same for the foils and powdered samples of the same metal. Analyses of the spectra showed that the PA signals were proportional to (1 - R), where R is the regular reflectance of the metal. Thus, the PA spectra were essentially reflectance loss spectra.
Compensator improvement for a large space vehicle

This paper presents the theory and a technique for compensator improvement. Several definitions in regard to relative stability are presented along with some frequency response limitations and characteristics of a large space vehicle. A non-linear programming algorithm for obtaining an improved solution for a strict constraint problem is developed and the necessary partial derivatives for applying the algorithm to compensator improvement are derived. Finally, for illustrating the effectiveness of the algorithm, the frequency response of a large space vehicle is improved.
Radiation-enhanced diffusion in amorphous Ni-Zr alloys

Radiation-enhanced diffusion of Cu and Au tracer impurity atoms during ${\mathrm{Kr}}^{+}$ irradiation has been measured in amorphous ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{50}$${\mathrm{Zr}}_{50}$ and ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{35}$${\mathrm{Zr}}_{65}$ alloys in the range 80-573 K. At low temperatures, the spreading of the thin impurity layers was due to ion beam mixing and was independent of temperature. Above \ensuremath{\cong}400 K, the diffusion coefficient of Cu in ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{50}$${\mathrm{Zr}}_{50}$ shows Arrhenius behavior with an apparent activation enthalpy of \ensuremath{\cong}0.55 eV, and it depends on the square root of dose rate. The radiation-enhanced diffusion coefficient is greater for Cu than Au and is also larger in the Zr-rich alloy.
Transforming generated-and-test programs to execute under committed-choice AND-parallelism

This paper concerns the exploitation of user transparent inherent parallelism of pure Prolog programs using program transformation. We describe a novel paradigmenumerate-and-filter for transforming generate-and-test programs for execution under the committed-choice model extended to incorporate multiple solutions based on set enumeration. The paradigm simulates OR-parallelism by stream AND-parallelism integrating OR-parallelism, AND-parallelism, and stream parallelism. Generate-and-test programs are classified into three categories:simple generate-and-test, recursively embedded generate-and-test, and deeply intertwined generate-and-test. The intermediate programs are further transformed to reduce structure copying and metacalls. Algorithms are presented and demonstrated by transforming the representative examples of different classes of generate-and-test programs to Flat Concurrent Prolog equivalents. Statistics show that the techniques are efficient.
Berry nitrogen status altered by cover cropping: Effects on berry hormone dynamics, growth and amino acid composition of Pinot Noir

Abstract The influence of altered nitrogen (N) content, caused by cover crop, on Pinot Noir berry quality was studied. Treatments included two levels of cover cropping and clean-cultivation. Berry N-content was reduced by grass cover crop competition, with the highest reductions of N at the early stage of berry formation and at the commercial harvest stage. Growth regulators, trans -zeatin and indole-3-acetic acid, and berry growth were influenced by the changes in N-status at different stages of berry formation. The total amino acid content of berries at harvest decreased with cover cropping, while the proline to arginine ratio and assimilable amino acids content improved compared to the berries from clean-cultivated vines. Our data indicate that early stage berry development is influenced by N-status but finally it results in an improved amino acid composition for yeast fermentation in mature berries. At the same time, sugar and pigment contents were not negatively influenced by cover crop-induced changes in berry N-status.
Do silicone breast implants cause autoimmune rheumatic diseases

Current estimates are that up to a million women in the U.S. have breast implants with the predominant type being the silicone gel implant. Concerns have been raised regarding the safety of silicone gel breast implants with focus upon whether escaped gel might cause inflammatory and immune responses that subsequently lead to autoimmune rheumatic diseases such as progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjogren's syndrome or rheumatoid arthritis. A spectrum of illnesses ranging from local symptoms to systemic disease is seen in some patients with silicone breast implants, however, it remains to be determined whether such illnesses in these patients are coincidentally associated or are secondary to the implants. Our understanding of the relationship between the presence of autoimmune rheumatic diseases and silicone breast implants is limited. The available data indicate that silicone elicits a minimal immunological response as compared to conventional antigens. The histological, immunological and epidemiological experimental data derived from patients with silicone implants, as well as those from animal studies, are reviewed. These data do not convincingly demonstrate that there is a cause and effect relationship between silicone breast implants and autoimmune diseases. Further investigations are needed to clarify the interaction of silicone with the cellular and humoral immune systems, as well as with host and environmental factors.
Formal Structures of Coordination in a Thai Ceremony

A long-term and influential shift of emphasis in social science research, from static social systems to actual behavioral processes, has been widely noted in recent reviews (Bauman & Sherzer, 1975; Holy, 1976; Turner, 1977). In investigation of ritual, this shift has involved two complementary developments. The first, associated especially with Turner (Douglas, 1970; Turner, 1967, 1968), initiated detailed study on the role of ritual symbols in wider social processes. The second, represented in more recent studies, initiated detailed analysis of ritual events as processes in their own right. Some of these recent studies (for instance, Kapferer, 1975, 1976, 1977) have developed from prior symbolic research on how ritual produces its effects on persons and social relations. Others, with roots in American cultural anthropology and descriptive linguistics, are motivated by interest in the systematic ethnography of language use and communication (Bauman, 1977; Fitzgerald, 1975; Salmond, 1974; Sherzer, 1974). Still others are influenced by sociological phenomenology (Bellman, 1978; Jules-Rosette, 1975). Rather than treat ritual as a standardized product (to be decoded, linked to "social or personality systems", etc.), these recent studies treat ritual as a live microinteractional process whose meaning emerges in performance, out of the interplay of conventional forms, factors of local context, and the competencies, motives, and choices of performers. As a contribution to this recent work, this paper examines a general but little analyzed feature of ritual events?their formal structures of coordination.1 The paper seeks to draw attention to the widespread This paper was originaly presented in the Symposium on Ritual at the Pacific Sociological Association Meetings in Spokane Washington, April 13, 1978. It is based on research that was carried out, under support ofa Fulbright Dissertation Abroad Fellowship, from 1973 to 1974 in a village of the Sena District of Ayuthaya Province on the Central plains of Thailand. 'In applying the notion of "formal structures" I have profited from the ideas in Garfinkel and Sacks (1970). For ideas about coordination structures in particular I am highly indebted to the work of Sacks, Schegloff, and Jefferson on conversational turn-taking (1974). But none of these authors is responsible, or would they necessarily agree, with my particular understandings or application of their ideas.
Pulmonary Venous Obstruction from Two Separate Coexistent Anomalies Subtotal Pulmonary Venous Connection to Cor Triatriatum and Subtotal Pulmonary Venous Connection to Left Innominate Vein

Abstract The case is reported of a patient with diffuse pulmonary venous obstruction who died at the age of 19 months. Ante mortem, the pulmonary venous obstruction was attributed solely to the existence of an accessory left atrial chamber (cor triatriatum). The patient was operated upon, and the stenotic diaphragm between the accessory chamber and the left atrium proper was partially excised. The child died on the second postoperative day. At necropsy an additional basis was discovered for the pulmonary venous obstruction. The pulmonary veins from the left lung and a vein from the upper half of the lower lobe of the right lung converged to form a common channel. This anomalous pulmonary venous channel terminated in the lateral extremity of the left innominate vein. In its ascent, it passed behind the left pulmonary artery and in front of the left main bronchus, and in this confined region it was constricted by the adjacent structures in a so-called “hemodynamic vise.” The veins from the remainder of the right lung converged to join the accessory left atrial chamber. An additional anomaly, coarctation of the aorta, was present. This had been resected when the child was 2 months old.
Physical and physiological properties of the crayfish antennal flagellum.

(1)Mechanoreceptors in the crayfish antennae are divided into four functional categories: vibration (13%), bidirectional displacement (19%), unidirectional displacement (45%), and position (23%) receptors. The distribution of receptors along the length of the flagellum follows a logarithmic progression, decreasing from about 40% at the base to less than 5% at the tip. (2)Vibratory stimulation of the antennae was found to induce a traveling wave. Because of an impedance gradient along the length of the flagellum, the traveling wave moves most efficiently from base to tip. The wave was observed to travel at an average velocity of 6.0 m/sec. (3)Large deflections of the tip are not uniformly transferred to the base, but decrease logarithmically. This is due to the existence of the impedance gradient. (4)Receptor output probability was found to be greatest when low frequency/high intensity stimulation was applied to the flagellar base. (5)Characteristics of large (2 cm) posterior-going deflections of the flagellar tip that are effective in producing response differences are displacement: (a) amplitude, (b) velocity, and (c) acceleration.
Similarities between rarefaction methods

The number of species in a community is one of the most commonly used measures of diversity. This measure is, however, affected by sample size. The rarefaction method attempts to correct sample size bias by assuming an underlying sampling model. Several rarefaction models are shown to be similar analytically. This similarity holds not only for the expected number of species but also for the variance of the number of species.
Development of a Fluorescent Latex Immunoassay for Detection of a Spectinomycin Antibiotic

There is a need to develop a rapid and sensitive method to detect spectinomycin residues in animal tissues. A latex fluorescent immunoassay was designed using reagents developed for this assay. The spectinomycin antibody was produced in sheep, and the immunoglobulin (IgG) was purified through a Protein G affinity column and was immobilized onto latex particles. Spectinomycin was labeled with 5-([4,6-dichlorotriazin-2-yl]amino)fluorescein (DTAF). The optimum assay conditions consisted of preincubating the latex-IgG with spectinomycin in buffer solutions or in bovine kidney extracts. DTAF-spectinomycin was added and was further incubated. The bound spectinomycin-DTAF/IgG-latex complex was separated by centrifugation at 4000 g for 10 min. The fluorescence signals of the unbound spectinomycin-DTAF in the supernatant were measured at 485/535 nm excitation/emission. The measured signals were directly proportional to the concentration of spectinomycin in the samples, and spectinomycin was detected at 0-100 ppb with minimum detectability of 5 ppb. The mean regression correlation of four trials in buffer was 0.936 when the % bound complex vs spectinomycin concentration was plotted. Analysis of the kidney extract spiked with 0-100 ppb spectinomycin had a regression correlation of 0.959. This assay provides a rapid screening method for low ppb detection of spectinomycin.
A Dynamic Programming Approach to R and D Budgeting and Project Selection

Contemporary models of research and development are incomplete in that they ignore the many reappraisals and budgeting decisions that occur in the time between a project's proposal and its commercialization. The sequential decision aspects of project budgeting are particularly important since 1) the research expenditure is usually an order of magnitude less than the irrevocable investment for commercialization and 2) an allocation to a project today does not presuppose continuation of the project into future periods. The research and development budgeting problem is structured to take into account the sequential decision characteristic. Utilizing the technique of dynamic programming, methods are developed to determine optimal project budgets when the aggregate research and development budget is either constrained or unconstrained, These models also suggest a rational explanation of the patterns of project expenditures over time that one observes in practice. Finally, some of the shortcomings of the developed methods which inhibit their practical application are discussed.
Basic Anatomy and Physiology of Pain Pathways

This article provides an integrated review of the basic anatomy and physiology of the pain processing pathways. The transmission and parcellation of noxious stimuli from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system is discussed. In addition, the inhibitory and excitatory systems that regulate pain along with the consequences of dysfunction are considered.
Third-order torque and self-ligating orthodontic bracket-type effects on sliding friction

Abstract Objective: To examine the influence of third-order torque on kinetic friction in sliding mechanics involving active and passive self-ligating brackets. Materials and Methods: Wire-slot frictional forces were quantified and compared across five sets of brackets and tubes within a simulated posterior dental segment with −15°, −10°, −5°, 0°, +5°, +10°, and +15° of torque placed in the second-premolar bracket; a working archwire was pulled through the slots. Results: Increasing the torque from 0° to ±15° produced significant increases in frictional resistance with all five sets of brackets and tubes. At 0° and ±5° of torque, generally less friction was created within the passive than within the active self-ligating bracket sets, and the conventional bracket sets with elastomeric ligation generated the most friction. At ±10° of torque, apparently with wire-slot clearance eliminated, all bracket-and-tube sets displayed similar resistances, with one exception at +10°. At ±15° of torque, one passive set ...
Borehole seismic-source radiation pattern in transversely isotropic media

We extend previous discussions on crosswell tomography in anisotropic formations by deriving the radiation patterns of three typical downhole seismic sources (impulsive air gun or dynamite, wall‐clamped vertical vibrators, and cylindrical bender) inside a fluid‐filled borehole embedded in a transversely isotropic (TI) formation. The method of steepest descents, in conjuncture with the low‐frequency and far‐field assumptions, is applied to the exact displacement integrals of these sources to obtain their radiation patterns asymptotically. In spite of complications caused by quasi‐P‐ and quasi‐SV‐wave coupling and wavefront triplication in homogeneous TI media, the final results can still be expressed in slowness components determined by a ray direction, which is desired when source radiation effects are to be accounted for by ray‐based tomography techniques. Tests with the radiation patterns show that while the effect of anisotropy on P‐waves is moderate, its effect on the S‐wave pattern is significant eve...
Income statement management in a turbulent health care environment.

This article considers the role of accounting information embedded in the income statement of health care providers in their increasingly difficult economic environment. This turbulent economic environment has resulted from the dramatic shift in power from the seller to the buyer of health care services, with a consequential shift of risks that will mandate that health care providers obtain access to better cost and utilization information. This article looks at the 2 critical components of the income statement—the revenue function and the cost structure—in terms of their importance in the man agement of enhanced economic performance in both the fee-for-service and the prepaid provision of health care services.
Anger, hostility, and depression in assaultive vs. suicide-attempting males

Hostility and depression were examined in male psychiatric patients who exhibited either assaultive (n = 40) or suicide-attempting behavior (n = 20). Both groups were compared to a sample of nonviolent males (n = 22) to provide a basis for interpreting the absolute as well as relative magnitude of these variables in relation to their violent behavior. Both suicide-attempting and assaultive patients were characterized by high levels of hostility and depression, as evidenced by significantly higher scores than those of the nonviolent group on almost all indices. Assaultive subjects evidenced relatively greater overt expression, frankly assaultive impulses, and verbalized anger and hostility. Suicide-attempting subjects tended to experience anger and hostility in a more intropunitive and covert manner and displayed higher levels of guilt and depression. Covariance analyses indicated that anger and depression contributed separately to the affective configuration of the assaultive and suicide-attempting groups.
The conference approach to engineers' report writing

Principles of and guidelines for using a conference approach, in which managers and engineers can work together successfully to improve engineers' reports, are discussed. It is argued that most managers feel underprepared for working with an engineer's writing process, but they can make a difference in the quality of the writing without overediting, rejecting, or rewriting reports. Managers need to face two related challenges when facilitating an engineer's report writing: managers can help engineers to write better, but the engineers themselves are responsible for their own writing. It is concluded that with the conference approach, both manager and engineer have clear responsibilities. The manager is responsible for listening and making suggestions. The engineer is responsible for writing and rewriting the report.
Controlled-release microchips

Efficient drug delivery remains an important challenge in medicine: continuous release of therapeutic agents over extended time periods in accordance with a predetermined temporal profile; local delivery at a constant rate to the tumour microenvironment to overcome much of the systemic toxicity and to improve antitumour efficacy; improved ease of administration, and increasing patient compliance required are some of the unmet needs of the present drug delivery technology. Microfabrication technology has enabled the development of novel controlled-release microchips with capabilities not present in the current treatment modalities. In this review, the current status and future prospects of different types of controlled-release microchips are summarised and analysed with reference to microneedle-based microchips, as well as providing an in-depth focus on microreservoir-based and nanoporous microchips.
Traumatic event re-exposure in injecting drug users

Drug users have very high rates of lifetime exposure to traumatic events, leading to significant psychiatric complications. In spite of the high rate of lifetime exposure, very little is known about the rate of ongoing re-exposure to new traumatic events in drug users. We investigated the rate of traumatic event re-exposure in male and female injecting drug users using syringe exchange services in Baltimore (N = 197). Participants were assessed monthly for traumatic event re-exposure for 16 months. Averaged over the entire follow-up period, 27% of participants were re-exposed to a traumatic event each month and 72% were re-exposed over the 16-month study period. Women were over twice as likely to report any traumatic event re-exposure as men (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.48; 95% CI = 1.54–3.99), with the specific events of life-threatening illness, death of a loved one, and injury or illness of a loved one being more common in women than men. Traumatic event re-exposure occurs far more often than previously reported, with women injecting drug users at the highest risk. Reassessment of traumatic events may help to identify people most in need and encourage entry into treatment.
Validation and implementation of targeted capture and sequencing for the detection of actionable mutation, copy number variation, and gene rearrangement in clinical cancer specimens.

Recent years have seen development and implementation of anticancer therapies targeted to particular gene mutations, but methods to assay clinical cancer specimens in a comprehensive way for the critical mutations remain underdeveloped. We have developed UW-OncoPlex, a clinical molecular diagnostic assay to provide simultaneous deep-sequencing information, based on >500× average coverage, for all classes of mutations in 194 clinically relevant genes. To validate UW-OncoPlex, we tested 98 previously characterized clinical tumor specimens from 10 different cancer types, including 41 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples. Mixing studies indicated reliable mutation detection in samples with ≥10% tumor cells. In clinical samples with ≥10% tumor cells, UW-OncoPlex correctly identified 129 of 130 known mutations [sensitivity 99.2%, (95% CI, 95.8%–99.9%)], including single nucleotide variants, small insertions and deletions, internal tandem duplications, gene copy number gains and amplifications, gene copy losses, chromosomal gains and losses, and actionable genomic rearrangements, including ALK-EML4, ROS1, PML-RARA, and BCR-ABL. In the same samples, the assay also identified actionable point mutations in genes not previously analyzed and novel gene rearrangements of MLL and GRIK4 in melanoma, and of ASXL1, PIK3R1, and SGCZ in acute myeloid leukemia. To best guide existing and emerging treatment regimens and facilitate integration of genomic testing with patient care, we developed a framework for data analysis, decision support, and reporting clinically actionable results.
Self-consistent thermal simulation of GaAs/Al0.45Ga0.55As quantum cascade lasers

This paper presents a self-consistent thermal model for quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) that takes into account the nonuniform heat generation distribution in the active region as well as the temperature dependences of the heat generation rate and thermal conductivity. The model extracts the heat generation rate from the electron-optical phonon scattering recorded during the ensemble Monte Carlo (EMC) simulation of electron transport in a single QCL stage at different temperatures. The extracted heat generation rate, in conjunction with temperature-dependent thermal conductivities, enables us to solve the nonlinear heat diffusion equation in a self-consistent manner. The model is used to investigate the cross-plane temperature distribution throughout a 9.4 μm infrared GaAs-based QCL. The nonlinear effects stemming from the temperature dependence of thermal conductivity and the heat generation rate are studied. Finally, the accuracy of using the equivalent uniform heat source with the total power obtained from experiments to model the thermal performance of QCLs is evaluated and discussed.
A comparative study of international flight attendant fatigue regulations and collective bargaining agreements

Abstract We conducted a comparative analysis of flight attendant working and rest hours between the US and other countries by examining the International Civil Aviation Organization member states’ regulations and collective bargaining agreements. The results indicate US flight attendants work longer hours with less time to recover than other flight attendants. Hence, US prescriptive rules to manage flight attendant fatigue are among the least restrictive, representing a greater than typical fatigue risk.
Keeping that youthful look

The record of impact cratering on Venus, recently revealed from high-resolution radar imaging by the Magellan spacecraft, has been interpreted as indicating that the planet underwent catastrophic global resurfacing about 500 million years ago. Although other interpretations of the crater characteristics have been suggested, the possibility of geologically rapid global resurfacing on the planet that most resembles our own in terms of mass, density, and bulk composition has generated widespread interest. The mechanisms that could cause such a catastrophe are discussed.
A multidisciplinary model for development of intelligent computer-assisted instruction

Development of an intelligent computer-assisted instructional (ICAI) system requires a multidisciplinary team effort. A schematic model is proposed to help ICAI developers identify the types of required expertise and integrate them into a system. Three types of expertise are discussed in the model: (a) domain expertise, (b) domain engineering expertise, (c) and instructional expertise. Domain expertise is classified into two types: conceptual knowledge and performance (procedural) expertise. Specific knowledge representation methods are proposed to represent the two types of domain—semantic network for conceptual knowledge and production rules for procedural knowledge—and frames-scripts for the combined domain of the two types. For domain engineering expertise, three technical methods are discussed: knowledge acquisition, task analysis, and knowledge representation. For instructional expertise, conceptual issues and technical methods to model student learning and to select instructional strategies are discussed. A multidisciplinary cooperative effort is reemphasized in the conclusion.
Austin Community College District's P-16 Initiative Graduates America

Austin Community College (ACC) District's P-16 Initiative supports partnerships with 30 school districts—reaching traditionally underserved students and bridging the gap between high school and college—so more Texas students can reach their educational goals. The P-16 Initiative is a constellation of efforts designed to provide broad-based student outreach in this diverse community. The P-16 Initiative can be divided into four categories: (a) College in the High Schools, (b) Bridge to College, (c) Community Outreach, and (d) College Success. The effect of the P-16 Initiative has been increased enrollment at ACC, particularly in the minority enrollments so important to the future of Texas. Another effect is the recognition by the community that ACC is a committed, service-oriented partner with student success as its primary goal.
An Investigation of Navigation Processes in Human Locomotor Behavior

An observational study examined how available ambient lighting affected the time required for high attention, fine navigation when approaching a navigation hazard. Low ambient light levels, representing twilight and night conditions, increase the amount of time required for fine navigation. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed differences in ambient light levels yielded differences in time to contact for three direct contact hazards and two passing hazards. Under all conditions, post hoc analysis showed responses for Night lighting levels were different from Day lighting levels. Specific comparisons between types of navigation hazards were not contemplated, since perceptual and motor requirements varied considerably among hazards.
Uneasy alliances: French military intelligence and the American army during the first world war

(1998). Uneasy alliances: French military intelligence and the American army during the first world war. Intelligence and National Security: Vol. 13, Knowing Your Friends Intelligence Inside Alliances and Coalitions From 1914 to the Cold War, pp. 18-36.
Electronic structure of the tetrathiofulvalene (TTF) molecule

Abstract The electronic structure of the neutral TTF molecule has been determined by the overlapping atomic sphere version of the self-consistent statistical exchange multiple scattering method. The radii of the overlapping atomic spheres were determined semi-empirically. The calculated energy level spectrum gives a satisfactory account of the optical spectrum of TTF molecules in solution, and of the photoemission spectra of TTF vapor and solid TTF. Symmetry assignments are provided for the principal energy levels.
Microfabrication of 3D neural probes with combined electrical and chemical interfaces

This paper reports a novel neural probe technology for the manufacture of 3D arrays of electrodes with integrated microchannels. This new technology is based on a silicon island structure and a simple folding procedure. This method simplifies the assembly or packaging process of 3D neural probes, leading to higher yield and lower cost. Prototypes with 3D arrays of electrodes have been successfully developed. Microchannels have been successfully integrated into the 3D neural probes via isotropic XeF2 gas phase etching and a parylene resealing process. The probes have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy imaging, optical imaging, impedance analysis, and atomic force microscopy characterization of the electrode surface. Preliminary animal tests have been carried out to demonstrate the recording functionality of the probes. Flow characteristics of the microchannels were also preliminarily measured.
A comparison of the C-MAC video laryngoscope to the Macintosh direct laryngoscope for intubation in the emergency department

Study objective We determine the proportion of successful intubations with the C-MAC video laryngoscope (C-MAC) compared with the direct laryngoscope in emergency department (ED) intubations. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data entered into a continuous quality improvement database during a 28-month period in an academic ED. After each intubation, the operator completed a standardized data form evaluating multiple aspects of the intubation, including patient demographics, indication for intubation, device(s) used, reason for device selection, difficult airway characteristics, number of attempts, and outcome of each attempt. Intubation was considered ultimately successful if the endotracheal tube was correctly inserted into the trachea with the initial device. An attempt was defined as insertion of the device into the mouth regardless of whether there was an attempt to pass the tube. The primary outcome measure was ultimate success. Secondary outcome measures were first-attempt success, Cormack-Lehane view, and esophageal intubation. Multivariate logistic regression analyses, with the inclusion of a propensity score, were performed for the outcome variables ultimate success and first-attempt success. Results During the 28-month study period, 750 intubations were performed with either the C-MAC with a size 3 or 4 blade or a direct laryngoscope with a Macintosh size 3 or 4 blade. Of these, 255 were performed with the C-MAC as the initial device and 495 with a Macintosh direct laryngoscope as the initial device. The C-MAC resulted in successful intubation in 248 of 255 cases (97.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 94.4% to 98.9%). A direct laryngoscope resulted in successful intubation in 418 of 495 cases (84.4%; 95% CI 81.0% to 87.5%). In the multivariate regression model, with a propensity score included, the C-MAC was positively predictive of ultimate success (odds ratio 12.7; 95% CI 4.1 to 38.8) and first-attempt success (odds ratio 2.2; 95% CI 1.2 to 3.8). When the C-MAC was used as a video laryngoscope, a Cormack-Lehane grade I or II view (video) was obtained in 117 of 125 cases (93.6%; 95% CI 87.8% to 97.2%), whereas when a direct laryngoscope was used, a grade I or II view was obtained in 410 of 495 cases (82.8%; 95% CI 79.2% to 86.1%). The C-MAC was associated with immediately recognized esophageal intubation in 4 of 255 cases (1.6%; 95% CI 0.4% to 4.0%), whereas a direct laryngoscope was associated with immediately recognized esophageal intubation in 24 of 495 cases (4.8%; 95% CI 3.1% to 7.1%). Conclusion When used for emergency intubations in the ED, the C-MAC was associated with a greater proportion of successful intubations and a greater proportion of Cormack-Lehane grade I or II views compared with a direct laryngoscope.
On the entropy of a product endomorphism in infinite measure spaces

In this note, a relationship is established between the entropy, defined by Krengel for an endomorphism of a σ-finite measure space, and the notion of a spreading partition. This relationship is used to answer in the “quasi-finite” case a question raised by Krengel concerning the entropy of the product endomorphism on the direct product of a finite and σ-finite measure space.
GOLD BONDS AND SILVER AGITATION

is the Eldon R. Lindsay Professor of Economics and Finance at the ByrdSchool of Business at Shenandoah University. The author expresses his real—not nominal—thanks to Christopher F. Baum, J. Huston McCulloch, Hugh Rockoff, Thomas Sturrockand Richard Timberlake for their comments on earlier versions of this paper.
Transition Count Testing of Combinational Logic Circuits

Logic circuits are usually tested by applying a sequence of input patterns S to the circuit under test and comparing the observed response sequence R bit by bit to the expected response Ro. The transition count (TC) of R, denoted c(R), is the number of times the signals forming R change value. In TC testing c(R) is recorded rather than R. A fault is detected if the observed TC c(R) differs from the correct TC c(Ro). This paper presents a formal analysis of TC testing. It is shown that the degree of detectability and distinguishability of faults obtainable by TC testing is less than that obtainable by conventional testing. t is argued that the TC tests should be constructed to maximize or minimize c(Ro). General methods are presented for constructing complete TC tests to detect both single and multiple stuck-line faults in combinational circuits. Optimal or near-optimal test sequences are derived for one-and two-level circuits. The use of TC testing for fault location is examined, and it is concluded that TC tests are relatively inefficient for this purpose.
High Temperature Thermodynamic Data for CdTe(c)

The high temperature heat capacity, Gibbs energy of formation, and standard enthalpy and entropy of formation at 298 K are combined with thermodynamic data for Cd and revised data for Te to provide an internally consistent data set for CdTe(c). Equations are given for the Gibbs energy of formation from Cd(g) and Te2(g) and from the solid or liquid elements as a function of temperature. These give values similar to those used before. However, the derived enthalpy and entropy of formation are significantly different due to a revised heat capacity for CdTe(c). The standard enthalpy and entropy of formation at 298.15 K from the gases are −293262 J/mol and −200.593 J/mol K, respectively. From the solid elements they are −100270 and −4.5334.
Spouses in mixed-orientation marriage: a 20-year review of empirical studies

Empirical studies on mixed-orientation marriage in social science journals from 1988 to 2008 were reviewed. Fifteen articles published in eight peer-reviewed journals were identified and discussed in terms of sampling, design, measures, rigor, theoretical framework, and literature review. An overview of each study is provided along with a summary of critical findings. Implications and recommendations for future research and education are offered.
Impact of Short-Term Combined Antiretroviral Therapy on Brain Virus Burden in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected and CD8+ Lymphocyte-Depleted Rhesus Macaques

Antiretroviral drugs suppress virus burden in the cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-infected individuals; however, the direct effect of antiretrovirals on virus replication in brain parenchyma is poorly understood. We investigated the effect of short-term combined antiretroviral therapy (CART) on brain virus burden in rhesus monkeys using the CD8-depletion model of accelerated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) encephalitis. Four monkeys received CART (consisting of the nonpenetrating agents PMPA and RCV) for four weeks, beginning 28 days after SIV inoculation. Lower virus burdens were measured by real-time RT-PCR in four of four regions of brain from monkeys that received CART as compared with four SIV-infected, untreated controls; however, the difference was only significant for the frontal cortex (P < 0.05). In contrast, significantly lower virus burdens were measured in plasma and four of five lymphoid compartments from animals that received CART. Surprisingly, despite normalization of neuronal function in treated animals, the numbers of activated macrophages/microglia and the magnitude of TNF-α mRNA expression in brain were similar between treated animals and controls. These results suggest that short-term therapy with antiretrovirals that fail to penetrate the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier can reduce brain virus burden provided systemic virus burden is suppressed; however, longer treatment may be required to completely resolve encephalitic lesions and microglial activation, which may reflect the longer half-life of the principal target cells of HIV/SIV in the brain (macrophages) versus lymphoid tissues (T lymphocytes).
Firm reputation and applicant pool characteristics

Scholars have suggested that a firm's reputation can provide it with a competitive advantage by attracting more, and possibly higher-caliber, applicants. No research has actually investigated this relationship, however, in large part because researchers have not assessed applicant pool characteristics but instead have measured applicants' intentions. Therefore, we conducted two studies to investigate whether organizational reputation influenced the number and the quality of applicants actually seeking positions with firms. Company reputation was operationalized using two different published reputation measures, and applicant quality data were obtained from career services offices at business schools at two universities. Results from both studies supported the previously untested belief that firms with better reputations attract more applicants. Furthermore, some evidence suggested that firms with better reputations could select higher-quality applicants. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymptotic solutions of continuous-time random walks

The continuous-time random walk of Montroll and Weiss has a complete separation of time (how long a walker will remain at a site) and space (how far a walker will jump when it leaves a site). The time part is completely described by a pausing time distributionψ(t). This paper relates the asymptotic time behavior of the probability of being at sitel at timet to the asymptotic behavior ofψ(t). Two classes of behavior are discussed in detail. The first is the familiar Gaussian diffusion packet which occurs, in general, when at least the first two moments ofψ(t) exist; the other occurs whenψ(t) falls off so slowly that all of its moments are infinite. Other types of possible behavior are mentioned. The relationship of this work to solutions of a generalized master equation and to transient photocurrents in certain amorphous semiconductors and organic materials is discussed.
The mariner transposable element is widespread in insects

THE mariner transposable element is a small member of the short inverted terminal repeat class thought to transpose through a DNA intermediate1. Originally described in Drosophila mauritiana2, it is now known in several species of the family Drosophilidae3,4, and in a moth Hyalophora cecropia5. Here I use primers designed to represent regions of amino-acid conservation between the putative transposase genes of the D. mauritiana and H. cecropia elements to amplify equivalent regions of presumed mariner elements from ten other insects representing six additional orders, including the malaria-vector mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. Sequences of multiple clones from each species reveal a diverse array of mariner elements, with multiple subfamilies in the genomes of some insects, indicating both vertical inheritance and horizontal transfers. An intact open reading frame in at least one clone from each species suggests each may carry functional transposable elements. Therefore the mariner element is an excellent candidate for development of genetic transformation systems for non-drosophilid insects, and possibly other arthropods.
Co-firing coal with wood pellets for U.S. electricity generation: a real options analysis.

Abstract In contrast to EU, U.S. electric utilities are not employing the bioenergy technology of co-firing wood pellets with coal. This difference in employment patterns is explored within a real options analysis (ROA) for possible U.S. utilization of wood pellets, considering fuel-price series from 2009 to 2014. For analysis, these series are divided into two sub-periods based on different market conditions: Infancy (2009–2011) and Substitution (2012–2014). ROA indicates co-firing wood pellets with coal is feasible considering adoption during wood pellets' infancy, under low discount rates, and long power-plant lifespans. A portfolio effect of employing multiple fuels underlies this result. However, co-firing is not currently economically feasible. The different adoption decisions are likely a consequence of recent cheap and abundant U.S. natural gas. For co-fired wood pellets to be feasible, government incentives and/or a market increase in natural gas prices appear necessary.
5-HT3 receptors participate in CCK-induced suppression of food intake by delaying gastric emptying

Serotonin type 3 (5-HT3) receptors have been shown to participate in the negative-feedback control of food intake. We previously reported that cholecystokinin (CCK)-induced suppression of food inta...
Estimates from atomic models of tension-shear coupling in dislocation nucleation from a crack tip

The normal stress distribution across a slip plane has the effect of reducing the critical loading required for dislocation emission from a crack tip. The reduction by normal stresses was found to be very significant for Si, based on properties estimated for it using density functional theory, to be large for Fe as modeled by the embedded atom method (EAM), and to be smaller in AI, Ni and ordered Ni3A1, estimated using the EAM. The general dependence over a wide range on parameters characterizing the tension-shear coupling was also determined. In the context of a Peierls model for dislocation nucleation at a crack tip (J. R. Rice, J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 40 (1992) 239), our approach was to search for onset of the dislocation nucleation instability based on the numerical solution of the system of non-linear integral equations describing an incipient dislocation. The incipient dislocation consists of a distribution of sliding and opening displacements along a slip plane emanating from the crack tip; these displacements are related to the shear and tensile stresses across the slip plane by constitutive relations based on the atomic models mentioned. Results from the atomic models are used to parametrize constitutive relations involving a Frenkel sinusoidal dependence of shear stress on sliding displacement at any fixed opening displacement, and a Rose-Ferrante-Smith universal binding form of dependence of tensile stress on opening displacement at any fixed shear displacement. These relations then enter the system of integral equations, solved numerically, which describe the elasticity solution for a non-uniform distribution of sliding and opening along the slip plane. The results show that tension-shear coupling will often significantly reduce the loading for dislocation emission from the value estimated on the basis of an unstable stacking energy Yu~ determined with neglect of such coupling, in a shear-only type analysis. For the EAM models of the metals considered, a simple and approximate method to account for the tension effects is to use a modified quantity yo iu*~, which is an unstable stacking energy for lattice planes which are constrained to a fixed opening A0*, corresponding to that for vanishing normal stress at the unstable shear equilibrium position. Moreover, it is found that the normal stress effect can be described well in these cases by replacing the unstable stacking energy 7u~ in the shear-only model by a tension softened ~'u~(q~), which depends on the phase angle ~p of the combined tension-shear loading along the slip plane according to the stress intensity factors of the elastic singular solution. The same simple procedures for accounting for tension effects on nucleation are less suitable for lattices with strong coupling such as Si.
Regenerative Rehabilitation – a New Future?

Modern rehabilitation medicine is propelled by newfound knowledge aimed at offering solutions for an increasingly aging population afflicted by chronic debilitating conditions. Considered a core component of future health care, the rollout of regenerative medicine underscores a paradigm shift in patient management targeted at restoring physiologic function and restituting normative impact. Nascent regenerative technologies offer unprecedented prospects in achieving repair of degenerated, diseased, or damaged tissues. In this context, principles of regenerative science are increasingly integrated in rehabilitation practices as illustrated in the present Supplement. Encompassing a growing multidisciplinary domain, the emergent era of "regenerative rehabilitation" brings radical innovations at the forefront of healthcare blueprints.
THE EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENT ON CRACK CLOSURE AND FATIGUE THRESHOLD

— The threshold value for fatigue crack growth of a medium carbon steel was increased when the test-environment was changed from air to an aggressive H2S-containing brine. This increase in fatique threshold was shown to be caused by corrosion product-induced crack closure. Further, the fatigue threshold and crack closure level were shown to be dependent on the growth rate history in approaching threshold. The differences in fatigue crack growth rate and fatigue threshold resulting from test procedure and growth rate history were significantly reduced by employing the effective stress intensity concept.