cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric information and search frictions: A neutrality result

This paper integrates asymmetric information between firms into a canonical model of on-the-job search. Workers are heterogeneous in ability, but not all employers observe a worker’s type. Wage dispersion caused by search frictions makes the equilibrium wage distribution insensitive to informational asymmetries. Hence, the equilibrium outcome may be the same as when a worker’s ability is known to every firm. The supportability of the full information outcome depends on market parameters related to productivity, knowledge, and search. The theoretical results elucidate an empirical puzzle about demographic differences in asymmetric information between employers.
Acute Outcomes of Isolated Pneumocephali in Children After Minor Blunt Head Trauma

We aimed to determine the prevalence of and adverse outcomes caused by pneumocephali in children with minor blunt head trauma who had no other intracranial injuries (ie, isolated pneumocephali). We conducted a secondary analysis of a public use dataset from a multicenter prospective study of pediatric minor head trauma. We included children younger than 18 years with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores of 14 or 15 and non-trivial mechanisms of injury who had cranial computed tomographies obtained. Patients with isolated pneumocephali were those without other traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) but could have non-depressed or basilar skull fractures (BSFs). We defined adverse outcomes as death, need for neurosurgery, or intubation more than 24 hours for TBI. Pneumocephali occurred in 148 (1.0%; 95% confidence interval, 0.8%–1.2%) of 14,983 patients; 54 (36.5%) of 148 were isolated. Of these 54 patients, 42 (77.8%) had associated BSFs (7 of whom also had linear skull fractures) and 8 (14.8%) had associated linear skull fractures without BSFs; 4 patients (7.4%) had no fractures. Thirty-three patients (61.1%) had both GCS scores of 15 and no other signs of altered mental status. All patients with isolated pneumocephali and available descriptive data (n = 26) had small-sized pneumocephali. There were no deaths, neurosurgical interventions, or intubations for more than 24 hours for TBI (95% confidence interval for any of the outcomes, 0%–7.9%) in the 54 patients with isolated pneumocephali. Children with isolated pneumocephali and GCS scores of 14 or 15 after minor blunt head trauma are unlikely to have adverse clinical outcomes.
Using Games to Learn Games: Game-Theory Representations as a Source for Guided Social Learning

This paper examines the use of game-theoretic representations as a means of representing and learning both interactive games and patterns of interaction in general between a human and a robot. The paper explores the means by which a robot could generate the structure of a game. In addition to offering the formal underpinnings necessary for reasoning about strategy, game theory affords a method for representing the interactive structure of a game computationally. We investigate the possibility of teaching a robot the structure of a game via instructions, question and answer sessions led by the robot, and a mix of instruction and question and answer. Our results demonstrate that the use of game-theoretic representations may offer new advantages in terms of guided social learning.
Distinguishing vegetation land covers using hyperspectral imagery

We use AVIRIS data collected at Fort A. P. Hill, Virginia, to evaluate how well airborne hyperspectral imagery can be used to distinguish vegetation land covers. Fort A. P. Hill is located in east-central Virginia and is heavily forested with a mix of deciduous and coniferous species native to the mid-Atlantic region. The location and extent of the forest species is documented in a land cover database compiled by the Fort for planning and resource protection purposes. The AVIRIS data set consists of several low-altitude (3.7-m GSD) flight lines on two dates: November 1999 and September 2001. Our goal is to characterize the both the natural variability of vegetation land covers using mathematical and biophysical metrics and to assess differences between land covers for classification purposes.
The Expanding Universe of Sherlockian Fandom and Archival Collections

Since 1887, in sometimes cosmic fashion, nearly every medium and format has been used in sharing the original 60 Sherlock Holmes adventures along with their pastiche and parodying offspring. Such creative energy is evidence of a literary big bang, and an expanding universe of creative possibilities, many of them now born digital or residing on digital platforms. We trace older and newer Sherlockian enthusiasms; their points of entry; the creative manifestations of these fandoms over time and through various media; and the emerging challenges and opportunities presented to library and archival professionals by the explosive growth of creative works, especially those produced during the last decade. Curatorial actions involving acquisition, preservation, description, and user discovery of these materials are considered alongside the relationship building necessary between curator and fan in acquiring evolving, dynamic new Sherlockian expressions and insights.
Multivariate Analysis of Two-Dimensional 1H, 13C Methyl NMR Spectra of Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics To Facilitate Assessment of Higher Order Structure.

Two-dimensional (2D) 1H–13C methyl NMR provides a powerful tool to probe the higher order structure (HOS) of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), since spectra can readily be acquired on intact mAbs at natural isotopic abundance, and small changes in chemical environment and structure give rise to observable changes in corresponding spectra, which can be interpreted at atomic resolution. This makes it possible to apply 2D NMR spectral fingerprinting approaches directly to drug products in order to systematically characterize structure and excipient effects. Systematic collections of NMR spectra are often analyzed in terms of the changes in specifically identified peak positions, as well as changes in peak height and line widths. A complementary approach is to apply principal component analysis (PCA) directly to the matrix of spectral data, correlating spectra according to similarities and differences in their overall shapes, rather than according to parameters of individually identified peaks. This is particular...
Fiduciary Principles in Agency Law

This Chapter, written for the forthcoming Oxford Handbook of Fiduciary Law, identifies the fiduciary principles that are integral to agency relationships as defined by the common law and explores their implications. In contrast to relationships in which a fact-specific assessment of a relationship and its circumstances triggers the application of fiduciary duties, agency relationships are categorically treated as fiduciary. When a relationship of common-law agency links two persons, one person's actions can directly carry legal significance for the other. Agency doctrine defines and imposes formal structure on consensual relationships in which one actor has legally-consequential power to represent the other, encompassing externally-oriented consequences for the principal, the agent, and third parties, as well as internally-oriented rights and duties between agent and principal. An agent functions, not as a substitute for the principal, but as an extension of the principal's legal personality in dealings with third parties and other externally-oriented conduct within the scope of the agency relationship, including knowledge of facts acquired by the agent when material to the agent's duties. The potentially grave impact for the principal, plus the implications for personal autonomy when one person represents another, underlie the requisites that define an agency relationship, including its fiduciary character.
Believing in Shakespeare: Studies in Longing

This ground breaking and accessible study explores the connections between the English Reformation's impact on the belief in eternal salvation and how it affected ways of believing in the plays of Shakespeare. Claire McEachern examines the new and better faith that Protestantism imagined for itself, a faith in which scepticism did not erode belief, but worked to substantiate it in ways that were both affectively positive and empirically positivist. Concluding with in-depth readings of Richard II, King Lear and The Tempest, the book represents a markedly fresh intervention in the topic of Shakespeare and religion. With great originality, McEachern argues that the English reception of the Calvinist imperative to 'know with' God allowed the very nature of literary involvement to change, transforming feeling for a character into feeling with one.
Profiting from innovation in the digital economy: Enabling technologies, standards, and licensing models in the wireless world

Abstract The value-capture problem for innovators in the digital economy involves some different challenges from those in the industrial economy. It inevitably requires understanding the dynamics of platforms and ecosystems. These challenges are amplified for enabling technologies, which are the central focus of this article. The innovator of an enabling technology has a special business model challenge because the applicability to many downstream verticals forecloses, as a practical matter, ownership of all the relevant complements. Complementary assets (vertical and lateral) in the digital context are no longer just potential value-capture mechanisms (through asset price appreciation or through preventing exposure to monopolistic bottleneck pricing by others); they may well be needed simply for the technology to function. Technological and innovational complementors present both coordination and market design challenges to the innovator that generally lead to market failure in the form of an excess of social over private returns. The low private return leads to socially sub-optimal underinvestment in future R&D that can be addressed to some extent by better strategic decision-making by the innovator and/or by far-sighted policies from government and the judiciary. The default value-capture mechanism for many enabling technologies is the licensing of trade secrets and/or patents. Licensing is shown to be a difficult business model to implement from a value-capture perspective. When injunctions for intellectual property infringement are hard to win, or even to be considered, the incentives for free riding by potential licensees are considerable. Licensing is further complicated if it involves standard essential patents, as both courts and policy makers may fail to understand that development of a standard involves components of both interoperability and technology development. If a technology standard is not treated as the embodiment of significant R&D efforts enabling substantial new downstream economic activity, then rewards are likely to be calibrated too low to support appropriate levels of future innovation.
Nuclear Disarmament and Non-proliferation Today and in the Near Future

The prospects for nuclear disarmament, arms control, and nonproliferation today and in the near future are bleak. Multiple factors have made the United States and the Russian Federation increasingly unlikely over the last several years to seek and agree on new measures, and some existing agreements are in peril.
Introduction, Gumbel Model

Properties of the Gumbel distribution are given. Techniques are discussed for treating the special problems associated with this distribution when making the usual statistical decisions. These include point estimation, goodness-of-fit tests, hypothesis tests, interval estimation and prediction using the usual parameters plus others, such as return period, based on complete and censored samples.
DIFFERENCES IN THE GLYCOPROTEINS OF AVIAN TUMOR VIRUS RECOMBINANTS: EVIDENCE FOR INTRAGENIC CROSSING OVER

ABSTRACT. The envelope glycoproteins of several avian tumor virus recombinants that have acquired the host range properties of a leukosis virus and the focus-forming ability of a sarcoma virus have been analyzed. The glycoproteins of different recombinant viruses derived from the same parental virus strains differed in their electrophoretic mobilities. The sizes of viral glycopeptides remaining after pronase digestion were compared by gel filtration chromatography. All recombinant glycopeptides were the same size, indicating that the electrophoretic differences observed among their glycoproteins were not due to differences in the size of the carbohydrate chains. The carbohydrate to protein ratios of the viral glycoproteins were estimated from their buoyant densities in CsCl gradients. Differences in the carbohydrate to protein ratios of the recombinant glycoproteins correlated with differences in their electrophoretic mobilities. It is concluded that the glycoproteins of different recombinants differ in the number of carbohydrate chains they contain. We propose that these differences reflect different intragenic crosses between the parental glycoprotein genes.
Radiation dose reduction in digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) by means of neural network convolution (NNC) deep learning

To reduce cumulative radiation exposure and lifetime risks for radiation-induced cancer from breast cancer screening, we developed neural network convolution (NNC) deep learning for radiation dose reduction in digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT). Our NNC deep learning employed patched-based neural network regression in a convolutional manner to convert lower-dose (LD) to higher-dose (HD) tomosynthesis images. We trained our NNC with quarter-dose (25% of the standard dose: 12 mAs at 32 kVp) raw-projection images and corresponding “teaching” higher-dose (HD) images (200% of the standard dose: 99 mAs at 32 kVp) of a breast cadaver phantom acquired with a DBT system (Selenia Dimensions, Hologic, Inc, Bedford, MA). Once trained, NNC no longer requires HD images. It converts new LD images to images that look like HD images; thus the term “virtual” HD (VHD) images. We reconstructed tomosynthesis slices on a research DBT system. To determine a dose reduction rate, we acquired 4 studies of another test phantom at 4 different radiation doses (1.35, 2.7, 4.04, and 5.39 mGy entrance dose). Structural SIMilarity (SSIM) index was used to evaluate the image quality. Our cadaver phantom experiment demonstrated up to 79% dose reduction. For further testing, we collected half-dose (50% of the standard dose: 32±14 mAs at 33±5 kVp) and full-dose (100% of the standard dose: 68±23 mAs at 33±5 kvp) images of 10 clinical cases with the DBT system at University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. Our NNC converted half-dose DBT images of the 10 clinical cases to VHD DBT images that were equivalent to full-dose DBT images, according our observer rating study of 10 breast radiologists. Thus, we achieved 50% dose reduction without sacrificing the image quality.
Balancing People with Profit: Corporate Social Responsibility and the Employee as Stakeholder

The purpose of the following study was to explore perceptions of local CSR strategies among employees, and specifically strategies designed to target local communities, through the lens of stakeholder theory. The apparel industry represents a growing segment of the U.S. economy; however, with increased growth comes increased scrutiny, as apparel companies are expected to prove ethical behaviors by engaging in CSR initiatives. A qualitative research approach was employed and in-depth interviews were conducted with 17 individuals who are employees of apparel firms. Despite growing interest in CSR and the obvious importance of employees in carrying out a firm's CSR initiatives, no studies have examined CSR in the apparel industry from the perspective of the employee. By focusing on the employee, findings expand on research in the areas of stakeholder engagement and CSR strategy. Results of this study point to the need for employee awareness and acceptance of the firm's efforts.
Collaborative Creativity and Innovation in Education

As organizations are becoming increasingly dependent on collaborative teamwork there has been a major shift in focus from individual to team based innovation. Value is increasing in promoting team level creative competence in students. Hence, this chapter examines research on creativity with a special focus on collaborative creativity and its application in the context of education. We discuss the theoretical basis for collaborative creativity, different techniques for generating ideas in groups, the process of selecting the best ideas, and the role of culture and diversity in collaborative creativity. We then review the literature on collaborative creativity in various education disciplines. Finally, we make research- based recommendations on ways to promote as well as enhance collaborative creativity and innovation in educational settings.
Chapter 2 – Failures

This chapter is about the Gap, a gap that faces us all—one in our understanding that is as deep as your misassumptions and my biases, one that is as wide as our cultural backgrounds and tendencies, one that is as pervasive and pernicious as everyone’s good, but poorly informed intentions. This chapter is about the millions of lives, billions of dollars, and entire careers of scientists that fall in the Gap. Western culture science has the technical knowledge to put poverty in museums, to eliminate cerebral malaria, and other global diseases vectored by insects, and to eliminate stunting that affects 40% of the children in parts of the world, and yet, we have not accomplished this. Why not? Because as scientists most of us have not seen the gap, and so we do not manage our research to address this gap. Some scientists see the gap, but do not have the skills to bridge the gap. WHY?
Identification of preexisting adaptive immunity to Cas9 proteins in humans

The CRISPR–Cas9 system is a powerful tool for genome editing, which allows the precise modification of specific DNA sequences. Many efforts are underway to use the CRISPR–Cas9 system to therapeutically correct human genetic diseases1–6. The most widely used orthologs of Cas9 are derived from Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes5,7. Given that these two bacterial species infect the human population at high frequencies8,9, we hypothesized that humans may harbor preexisting adaptive immune responses to the Cas9 orthologs derived from these bacterial species, SaCas9 (S. aureus) and SpCas9 (S. pyogenes). By probing human serum for the presence of anti-Cas9 antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we detected antibodies against both SaCas9 and SpCas9 in 78% and 58% of donors, respectively. We also found anti-SaCas9 T cells in 78% and anti-SpCas9 T cells in 67% of donors, which demonstrates a high prevalence of antigen-specific T cells against both orthologs. We confirmed that these T cells were Cas9-specific by demonstrating a Cas9-specific cytokine response following isolation, expansion, and antigen restimulation. Together, these data demonstrate that there are preexisting humoral and cell-mediated adaptive immune responses to Cas9 in humans, a finding that should be taken into account as the CRISPR–Cas9 system moves toward clinical trials. Cas9-specific antibodies and reactive T cells are found in the majority of healthy adult human serum samples analyzed. Such preexisting adaptive immunity should be taken into consideration as the CRISPR–Cas9 system moves toward clinical trials.
GAD65 antibody-associated autoimmune epilepsy with unique independent bitemporal-onset ictal asystole.

Antibodies against the 65-kDa isoform of the intracellular enzyme, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD65), have been found in patients with limbic encephalitis and drug-resistant autoimmune epilepsy. We report a 22-year-old female who presented with new-onset seizures and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Video-EEG captured unique, independent bitemporal-onset focal seizures with impaired awareness and ictal asystole. An autoimmune epilepsy panel revealed elevated GAD65 antibodies in the serum (225 nmol/l) and CSF (2.78 nmol/l), while [18F]-fluoro-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography showed bitemporal hypometabolism (left > right). The patient was diagnosed with GAD65 antibody-associated autoimmune epilepsy. Our observation adds to the spectrum of neurocardiac syndromes associated with autoimmune epilepsy.
Mismatch Repair Protein Deficiency/Microsatellite Instability Is Rare in Cholangiocarcinomas and Associated With Distinctive Morphologies

OBJECTIVES Although germline mutations of mismatch repair (MMR) genes (Lynch syndrome) are not typically associated with cholangiocarcinomas, the US Food and Drug Administration recently approved the use of pembrolizumab in patients with advanced solid tumors at all sites that show MMR deficiency or associated high microsatellite instability. METHODS We analyzed 96 cases of intra- and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas for morphology using H&E and for MMR status using immunohistochemical staining. We submitted any results with MMR loss for microsatellite instability testing. RESULTS We found that 6% of samples showed MMR deficiency. The best predictive factor was a nontypical infiltrating pattern of invasion (P < .0001). No patients with MMR deficiency had a history of a cancer typically associated with Lynch syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Solid, mucinous, or signet-ring appearance of a cholangiocarcinoma should prompt MMR testing for immunotherapy options but should not necessarily raise concern about Lynch syndrome.
Albumin-Bilirubin Score vs Model for End-Stage Liver Disease in Predicting Post-Hepatectomy Outcomes.

Background The Albumin-Bilirubin score (ALBI) has been established to predict outcomes after hepatectomy. However, the relative value of ALBI and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) in predicting post-hepatectomy liver failure and mortality has not been adequately evaluated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to validate and compare ALBI and MELD with respect to post-hepatectomy liver failure and mortality. Study Design Patients undergoing major hepatectomy (≥3 segments) or partial hepatectomy (≤2 segments) were identified in the 2014 to 2017 American College of Surgeons NSQIP Procedure Targeted Participant Use File. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed for 30-day post-hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) and mortality. Predictive accuracy was assessed using a receiver operator characteristic curve and calculating the area under the curve (AUC). Results For 13,783 patients, median ALBI was –2.6, and median MELD score was 6.9. Severe PHLF (grade B to C) and mortality rates were 2.9% and 1.8%, respectively. Multivariable analyses revealed ALBI grade 2/3 to be a stronger predictor than MELD ≥10 with respect to severe PHLF (odds ratio [OR] 2.30; 95% CI, 1.95 to 2.73; p Conclusions ALBI is a powerful predictor of PHLF and mortality. Compared with MELD, ALBI is more accurate, especially in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
High heat resistant epoxy-based composites

In recent years there has been increased interest in cost-savings and performance-enhancement for composite materials particularly in the field of high service temperature applications in extreme environments. It is known that epoxy-based composite materials have been limited to service temperatures of below 140 degreesC, forcing the use of high temperature materials like bismaleimide (BMI) or super engineering plastics such as PEEK or polyimide composites. Toray research group has recently developed an epoxy-based resin system which has a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 235 degreesC and a wet Tg of 210 degreesC. This new resin system will serve to widen the use of epoxy to a higher temperature range. Preliminary testing shows very little oxidation and weight loss when exposed to 200 degreesC for 1000hr. Moreover, this new resin system shows resistance to micro-cracking when cycled between hot and cold. Having similar processing conditions, good handlebility, and excellent mechanical performance as many conventional epoxy-based composite materials, this new resin system is suitable for most applications where a higher temperature material is needed.
A Comparison of Axiomatic Distance-Based Collective Intelligence Methods for Wireless Sensor Network State Estimation in the Presence of Information Injection

Wireless sensor networks are a cost-effective means of data collection, especially in areas which may not have significant infrastructure. There are significant challenges associated with the reliability of measurements, in particular due to their distributed nature. As such, it is important to develop methods that can extract reliable state estimation results in the presence of errors. This work proposes and compares methods based on collective intelligence ideas, namely consensus ranking and rating models, which are founded on axiomatic distances and intuitive social choice properties. The efficacy of these methods to assess a transmitted signal’s strength with varying quantity and quality of incompleteness in the network’s readings is tested.
Dynamically Stable Active Sites from Surface Evolution of Perovskite Materials during the Oxygen Evolution Reaction.

Perovskite oxides are an important class of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts in alkaline media, despite the elusive nature of their active sites. Here, we demonstrate that the origin of the OER activity in a La1-xSrxCoO3 model perovskite arises from a thin surface layer of Co hydr(oxy)oxide (CoOxHy) that interacts with trace-level Fe species present in the electrolyte, creating dynamically stable active sites. Generation of the hydr(oxy)oxide layer is a consequence of a surface evolution process driven by the A-site dissolution and O-vacancy creation. In turn, this imparts a 10-fold improvement in stability against Co dissolution and a 3-fold increase in the activity-stability factor for CoOxHy/LSCO when compared to nanoscale Co-hydr(oxy)oxides clusters. Our results suggest new design rules for active and stable perovskite oxide-based OER materials.
Crush Injury During Winter in the Backcountry: A Case Report

Crush injuries are complicated and uncommon in prehospital medicine. They combine the complications of traumatic injuries, medical syndromes, and technical rescue. This conflagration of complex management issues can be very difficult for prehospital providers to control. Managing a crush injury in an austere environment adds a much higher degree of complication. In this article we present the case of an adult male who sustained a right leg injury when a boulder pinned his leg on a trail in Eldorado Springs Canyon, Colorado during a winter storm with subfreezing temperatures. Remote location and a harsh environment added to the complexity of this already difficult patient injury. A positive outcome was achieved by early recognition of the potential for crush syndrome by the treating medics, a coordinated lift operation with rescue crews, and a prompt field evacuation via litter.Cu
Modeling Ecological Constraints on Tropical Forest Management: Comment

We offer this comment on recent model of ecological constraints on tropical forest management in order to emphasize the complexity of the subject and to qualify the usefulness of her method. Albers structures her model in a highly asymmetric manner in favor of preservation. We contend that the results of a truly general, empirically defensible model of tropical forest management are inherently ambiguous. Spatial and intertemporal dimensions clearly matter, but they do not point as neatly in favor of preservation as Albers would have us believe.
Uganda elections: Museveni’s success at what cost?

In 2016, I wrote an editorial in African Identities questioning whether Uganda can ever have free elections (Ahluwalia, 2016). Five years later, following the 14 January 2021 elections, the emphati...
Phase fMRI defines brain resting-state functional hubs within central and posterior regions.

From a brain functional connectivity (FC) matrix, we can identify the hub nodes by a new method of eigencentrality mapping, which not only counts for one node’s centrality but also all other nodes’ centrality values through correlation connections in an eigenvector of the FC matrix. For the resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) data (complex-valued EPI images in nature), both magnitude and phase images are useful for brain FC analysis. We herein report on brain functional hubness analysis by constructing the FC matrix from phase fMRI data and identifying the hub nodes by eigencentrality mapping. In our study, we collected a cohort of 160 complex-valued fMRI dataset (consisting of magnitude and phase in pairs), and performed independent component analysis (ICA), FC matrix calculation (in size of 50 × 50) and FC matrix eigen decomposition; thereby obtained the 50-node eigencentrality values in the eigenvector associated with the largest eigenvalue. We also compared the hub structures inferred from FC matrices under different thresholding. Alternatively, we obtained the geometric hubs among p value the 50 nodes involved in the FC matrix through the use of harmonic centrality metric. Our results showed that phase fMRI data analysis defines the resting-state brain functional hubs primarily in the central region (subcortex) and the posterior region (parieto-occipital lobes and cerebella). The brain central hubness was supported by the geometric central hubness, which, however, is distinct from the magnitude-inferred hubness in brain superior region (frontal and parietal lobes). Our findings pose a new understanding of (or a debate over) brain functional connectivity architecture.
Fertility and Reproductive Health in Women Physicians.

Background: Our aim was to evaluate trends of childbearing during medical training, evaluate issues of infertility, and measure institutionalized barriers to childbearing among women physicians. Materials and Methods: Attendees of a national women physician's leadership conference (Brave Enough Women Physicians Continuing Medical Education Conference) were surveyed during the conference using Qualtrics© (2019 Qualtrics, Provo, UT), in September 2019. Survey data included demographics, training level, and medical specialty. Data related to reproductive health factors, pregnancy status and history, current number of children, medical history related to pregnancy, breastfeeding history, institutional family planning support, and use of previous fertility treatments were collected. Descriptive analyses were done using IBM SPSS v26.0. Results: Three hundred seventy-seven survey participants were included in the study. 10.6% of respondents reported at least one pregnancy during medical school, versus 78.8% as a practicing physician. Of the participants, 25.8% reported having taken off 1 month or less of clinical duties after giving birth, 39.4% reported that their job prevented breastfeeding for the desired length of time, and 52.2% reported significant workplace limitations to breastfeeding. Of them, 25.5% reported having had fertility issues in the past. Fertility drugs (72.9%) was the most common fertility treatment method used, followed by fertility tracking (54.2%). Demands of training (72.9%) and long work hours (61.5%) were the most cited factors in delaying having children as reported by women physicians. Conclusions: This study reported several barriers related to fertility, family planning, and reproductive health among women physicians. Our results highlight the need for a paradigm shift in fertility awareness and institutional support for childbearing during medical training, postgraduate training programs, and in practice for women in medicine.
The Economics of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: A Casualty of Leasing Law or Candidate for Privatization?

Should the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) be used to drill for oil, or should this type of economic development be forbidden, in favor of protecting environmental amenities? In economics, this is a classical question of the allocation of resources, and we propose to answer it in a similar manner in this case, even though such reasoning is not typical of debates in this field. We answer the ANWR challenge with arguments favoring solutions emerging from private property arrangements, and provide an illustrative example of markets at work. We take neither side, but urge that the free enterprise system be allowed to address the issue. It is our claim that this is a superior system, as entrepreneurs who make mistakes suffer economic penalties, and this feedback mechanism is either entirely missing in political and bureaucratic institutions, or at the very least greatly attenuated there.
Fisheries Subsidies Negotiations in the WTO Framework: Trends and Prospects

The 11th Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization (“WTO”) in Buenos Aires, Argentina ended on December 13, 2017, without final and substantive agreements on international rules to curb fisheries subsidies across the globe. Worse yet, with the 12th Conference tentatively postponed to 2021 due to the pandemic upheaval, the long-standing stalemate at the WTO remained unbroken amidst significant differences of views among its Members. With strong anticipation for expeditious progress, nevertheless, came a new turning point in the future negotiations. While traditional discussions of subsidy issues implicate wide-ranging industries such as energy, information communication technology and agriculture, fisheries subsidies have stood out as emerging concerns attracting global attention. The outcome of the recent WTO Ministerial Conference, however, reflects that growing fisheries subsidies concerns are likely to still remain not addressed for the time being amidst the protracted negotiation impasse due to a political conflict among parties and different standpoints regarding proposed rules. Such being the case, an opportune overview of the landscape of fisheries subsidies negotiations and an insightful discussion of their trends and prospects are clearly of scholarly and practical significance. This paper aims to examine trends and prospects on fisheries subsidies negotiations in the WTO framework. To this end, it provides an insightful overview of timely fisheries subsidies issues, inter alia, an illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing issue, where gaps in interest among negotiation State parties remain wide. Furthermore, the paper subsequently portrays key stances arguably taken by major negotiation parties. It concludes by providing key suggestions that the parties should take into thorough account in their endeavors, throughout multifaceted prospective talks, to seek a significant breakthrough for a political consensus that would contribute to revitalizing the multilateral negotiation at a standstill.
Evolving Legal and Institutional Responses to Interjurisdictional Water Management Issues in the U.S.

A watershed-based approach can be an effective means for solving complex interjurisdictional aquatic habitat and water pollution issues. Federal laws that address these issues have tended to focus on particular pollutants and sources. Consequently, they have not resulted in an integrated environmental management approach, which is what is needed to protect waters from the cumulative impacts of a multitude of activities occurring across political jurisdictions. Through improved program integration, the watershed approach can reduce costly duplication of efforts and conflicting actions among various political entities that have jurisdiction over a water body.
Decay of mass-separated Xe-137 to levels in the N=82 nucleus Cs-137

The $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays following the $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay of mass-separated $^{137}\mathrm{Xe}$ to levels in $^{137}\mathrm{Cs}$ have been studied. Of 94 $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays observed, 83 were placed in a $^{137}\mathrm{Cs}$ level scheme consisting of 34 excited states up to 3976 keV. The results are compared with levels from single-proton transfer reactions and shell-model calculations.RADIOACTIVITY $^{137}\mathrm{Xe}$ [from $^{235}\mathrm{U}(n, f)$]; measured ${E}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$, ${I}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}$-coin. Ge(Li) detectors; $^{137}\mathrm{Cs}$ deduced levels, $J$, $\ensuremath{\pi}$, $log\mathrm{ft}$. Mass-separated $^{137}\mathrm{Xe}$ activity.
In vitro assembly of poliovirus. V. Evidence that the self-assembly activity of 14 S particles is independent of extract assembly factor(s) and host proteins.

Abstract Experiments were performed to determine whether or not the self-assembly of 14 S precursor particles into empty capsids was caused by the contamination of certain 14 S isolates with assembly factor(s) present in poliovirus-infected cell extracts. The self-assembly capacity of 14 S particle preparations was found to be directly related to the amount of viral-specific protein present. Dilution of 14 S particles markedly inhibited their self-assembly activity, whereas using ultrafiltration methods to concentrate 14 S particles increased their self-assembly activity. No consistent relationship was found for the presence or absence of particular viral or host proteins and the ability of 14 S particle preparations to self-assemble. The self-assembly capacity of 14 S particles was more sensitive to uv-inactivation than their ability to assemble into empty capsids in the presence of infec cted cell extracts. On the basis of these data and a detailed reanalysis of the effect of relative initial 14 S particle concentration on the rate of formation of empty capsids in extracts, we propose that the assembly of 14 S particles into empty capsids occurs in two steps, an initiation event and subsequent polymerization, and that extracts act by promoting the initiation event.
Improvements in stability of a-silicon solar cells through the use of bandgap grading

The authors examine the causes of instability in a-Si:H solar cells, and use a graded bandgap design, combined with high temperature deposition of a-Si:H to achieve both high performance and higher stability. They show that in order to achieve good devices at high temperatures, the design of appropriate buffer layers between p and i, and the deposition of the p layer are both important. They also show that interfaces play a major role in degradation. >
Perspective distortion modeling, learning and compensation

We describe a method to model perspective distortion as a one-parameter family of warping functions. This can be used to mitigate its effects on face recognition, or synthesis to manipulate the perceived characteristics of a face. The warps are learned from a novel dataset and, by comparing one-parameter families of images, instead of images themselves, we show the effects on face recognition, which are most significant when small focal lengths are used. Additional applications are presented to image editing, videoconference, and multi-view validation of recognition systems.
Chaperone-mediated autophagy: selectivity pays off

Degradation of intracellular components in lysosomes, generically known as autophagy, can occur through different pathways. This review discusses chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), a type of autophagy set apart from other autophagic pathways owing to its selectivity and distinctive mechanism by which substrates reach the lysosomal lumen. CMA participates in quality control and provides energy to cells under persistently poor nutritional conditions. Alterations in CMA have recently been shown to underlie some severe human disorders for which the decline with age in the activity of this pathway might become a major aggravating factor. Prevention of the age-dependent decline in CMA has major beneficial effects on cellular and organ homeostasis and function, revealing that CMA is an essential component of the anti-aging fight.
Alternative valuation of highway user delay costs

Improved highway networks result in net benefits to society, of which the reduction in travel time is one of the most important. Similarly, the delay in travel due to construction and maintenance operations represents a real cost to users. Assignment of the value of time in the cases of both benefit and cost involves judgment, since individuals value time differently and adjust for travel time changes in various ways. Values based on wage rates traditionally have been used because they are convenient, but alternative approaches based on leisure or survival are worthy of investigation. A full life-cycle cost assessment of a project requires an evaluation of future savings in travel time projected over a project’s lifetime, as well as delay costs associated with construction and subsequent maintenance operations. Due to its economic as well as social complexity, alternative measures of user travel time valuation and its network effects need to be considered.
Early Holocene delevelling and deglaciation of the Cumberland Sound region, Baffin Island, Arctic Canada

Radiocarbon, cosmogenic surface exposure, and relative sea-level data are used to examine deglaciation and glacioisostatic adjustment of Cumberland Sound and Cumberland Peninsula, and southeastern Baffin Island, in the context of a new model for the glacial history of the eastern Canadian Arctic. Over the last decade, a multidisciplinary effort on easternmost Baffin Island has documented far greater ice expansion during the last glacial maximum than previously believed, including low gradient glaciation in marine embayments coexisting with ice free or thin cold-based ice on adjacent upland crystalline terrain. This study documents that the Cumberland Sound region underwent about twice as much glacioisostatic movement during the last glacial maximum as shown in previous reconstructions. However, the loading impact of the Laurentide Ice Sheet and local glaciation on adjacent Cumberland Peninsula was limited; the mapped zero isoline on emergence shows that postglacial eustatic rise exceeded glacial isostatic uplift for much of the eastern peninsula, a finding that is consistent with that of prior studies. The center of loading and the major source of glacial ice for the entire Cumberland Sound region were Foxe Basin and western Baffin Island. Strandlines dated 10,500 and 8500 1 4 C yr B.P. show that slow deglaciation of Cumberland Sound was punctuated by at least two periods of faster grounding line retreat. Coastal southeastern Cumberland Peninsula was deglaciated before 9400 1 4 C yr B.P., and other areas surrounding Cumberland Sound were deglaciated after ca. 9000 1 4 C yr B.P.; these land areas experienced relatively slow glacial retreat and restrained rebound. Cosmogenic surface exposure ages on glacially-scoured bedrock support the 1 4 C-based inferred timing for deglaciation of the sound, although inheritance of nuclides from prior exposure is evident in samples, indicating limited bedrock erosion in many areas. For central Cumberland Sound, a rapid rise of relative sea-level of ∼4-5 m/100 1 4 C yr (4-6 m/100 yr) and a half life for crustal response of <720 1 4 C yr (<1400 yr) are consistent with those values obtained in other studies of isostatic adjustment around the edges of the former Northern Hemisphere ice sheets where lithospheric influences were relatively dominant.
Bixbyite from Nagpur

DURING an examination of polished sections from Prof. A. M. Bateman's collection of Indian manganese made during his trip in 1954 (1232a, Joda East Nagpur), I noticed a few grains of a greyish white mineral with a distinct yellow tint and a slightly greater hardness than braunite, with which it is associated. Etch tests with nitric acid, potassium cyanide, stannous chloride and hydrogen peroxide were negative. Microchemical tests indicated the presence of manganese and iron. X-ray photographs of the mineral were taken by the Debye–Scherrer method using iron K radiation. The d spacings observed from the film, as given in Table 1, agree fairly well with the values obtained by Fleischer and Richmond1 for bixbyite from the Thomas Range in Utah.
Treatment of granuloma annulare with the 585 nm pulsed dye laser.

Background. Granuloma annulare is a chronic asymptomatic dermatosis that is typically manifested by annular papules arising on the dorsa of the hands, feet, elbows, and knees. Multiple treatment modalities have been used with variable efficacy, but no known cure exists. Obtaining long-term resolution of involved areas is often a therapeutic challenge. Objective. We report the results of treatment of a patient with localized erythematous granuloma annulare with a 585 nm flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser. Methods. A single granuloma annulare plaque present on the left wrist for 3 years was treated on three occasions with a 585 nm flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser initially and repeated at months 5 and 13. Results. After initial pulsed dye laser treatment, significant flattening and reduction of erythema were evident within the treated area. After a second treatment at month 5 and a third treatment at month 13, further improvement was evident, and long-term remission was achieved. Conclusion. Localized granuloma annulare may be difficult to manage, presenting a therapeutic challenge. Thorough understanding of available treatment options, their relative efficacies, and risks of complication can facilitate successful management of this chronic disease. Pulsed dye laser therapy may be an effective and relatively safe treatment option for erythematous granuloma annulare, although prospective studies in additional patients would be desirable. Improvement of the condition in a single patient does not imply that others might improve, and variability in response is more likely.
Fluorescent Liposome Flow Markers for Microscale Particle-Image Velocimetry

Unilamellar liposomes carrying both encapsulated and surface-immobilized fluorophores have been synthesized as novel fluorescent markers to image flow profiles in microfabricated structures. The unilamellar liposomes were made with phospholipids and cholesterol by extrusion through a polycarbonate membrane. They contained carboxyfluorescein in the aqueous core and fluorescein-labeled lipids in the bilayer to render them both a surface and volume fluorescer, maximizing their fluorescence intensity. The lipid composition was chosen to impart a net negative charge to liposomes to minimize self-aggregation as well as interaction with negatively charged glass surfaces of the channels. These liposomes were monodisperse (mean diameter 283 nm), neutrally buoyant, and hydrophilic and exhibited no adsorption on glass surfaces. Unlike polystyrene spheres, they were readily broken up by surfactants, thereby allowing for easy and complete removal from microfluidic channels. The fluorescent liposomes were used to inves...
TRENDS IN THE RISK OF VERTICAL TRANSMISSION, MORTALITY, AND AIDS-DEFINING ILLNESSES AMONG CHILDREN OF HIV+ MOTHERS ENROLLED IN A COHORT STUDY, 1985-1995. • 663

Since 1985 we have conducted a prospective, longitudinal cohort study of children born to HIV-infected mothers to assess the risk of vertical transmission of HIV-1 as well as the clinical course of those infected. Of the 305 eligible children, 296 were evaluable and 43 (14.5%) were infected. The risk of transmission declined from 20.3% among those born in the first five years of the study (cohort 1) to 8.0% among those born during the second five years (cohort 2) (P=0.003).