cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The short-term effects of competition and rewards in an adolescent smoking prevention program

This study evaluated whether interventions involving competition and rewards would enhance a school-based educational curriculum on tobacco use. Written pre- and post-tests were used to assess the relevant knowledge of 1068 seventh grade students in three comparable communities. The students' smoking beliefs, intentions, and behavior were assessed by questionnaires before and after the educational unit. Students in two communities participated in interventions designed to enhance knowledge acquisition, social activism, and non-use of tobacco; students in one community served as controls. Students in competitive and control communities did not differ prior to intervention. The interventions influenced respondents' concern about their health and the health of their family and friends and increased the likelihood that they would associate smoking with maturity and short-term bad effects, regardless of their pre-intervention smoking behavior. Experimenters' and regular smokers' knowledge about smoking and its consequences, and concern about the amount of substance use in their town were increased by the competitions. The competitions were also more likely to reduce their intentions to smoke. The interventions did not affect smoking behavior. Fortunately, competition losers and winners were not differentially affected by the interventions.
Generating k-best solutions to auction winner determination problems

Auction participants cannot always articulate their requirements and preferences. Sometimes, for instance, the buyer in a procurement auction cannot quantify the value of non-price solution attributes or delineate between hard and soft constraints. This precludes formulating the winner determination problem (WDP) as an optimization problem. Existing decision-support aids for such situations extend an optimization framework. We present an approach that frames the decision problem as one of exploration rather than optimization. Our method relies on an algorithm that generates k-best solutions to auction WDPs. Our algorithm can incorporate hard constraints into the generation process and can scale to practical procurement auctions. We show how to extract useful guidance from k-best WDP solutions, and we evaluate our method using real bids submitted by real suppliers in an HP material parts procurement auction.
DNA Ploidy as surrogate for biopsy gleason score for preoperative organ versus nonorgan-confined prostate cancer prediction.

Objectives Transformation of normal epithelium into cancer cells involves epigenetic and genetic changes and modifications in nuclear structure and tissue architecture. To evaluate nuclear morphometric alterations and clinicopathologic features for organ- vs nonorgan-confined prostate carcinoma (PCa) prediction. Methods Of 557 prospectively enrolled patients, 370 had complete information and sufficient tumor area for all evaluated parameters (281 organ-confined and 89 nonorgan-confined PCa cases). Digital images of Feulgen DNA-stained nuclei were captured from biopsies using the AutoCyte imaging system, and the nuclear morphometric alterations were calculated. Logistic regression analysis with bootstrap resampling was used to determine the factors important for differentiation of the 2 groups and to generate models for organ- vs nonorgan-confined PCa prediction. Results Several nuclear morphometric features were significantly altered and could differentiate organ- and nonorgan-confined disease. DNA ploidy was the most important factor among the significant nuclear morphometric features and was the second most important factor for organ- vs nonorgan-confined PCa prediction when considered with total prostate-specific antigen (PSA), complexed PSA, free/total PSA, biopsy Gleason score, and clinical stage. The combination of DNA ploidy with clinical stage, total PSA, and biopsy Gleason score showed an improvement of 1.5% in the area under the receiver operator characteristic curves compared with the combination of clinical stage, total PSA, and biopsy Gleason (73.97% vs 72.43%). The use of DNA ploidy in lieu of the biopsy Gleason score in each preoperative model evaluated resulted in equivalent or improved organ- vs nonorgan-confined PCa prediction. Conclusions The results of our study have shown that DNA ploidy can serve as a surrogate biomarker that has the potential to replace biopsy Gleason scores for organ- vs nonorgan-confined PCa prediction.
Changes in phosphate metabolism in thymoma cells suggest mechanisms for resistance to dexamethasone‐induced apoptosis. A 31P NMR spectroscopic study of cell extracts

Treatment of the mouse thymoma-derived WEHI7.2 cell line with dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid, causes the cells to undergo apoptosis. Previous studies have shown that WEHI7.2 cell variants with an increased antioxidant defense exhibit increased resistance to dexamethasone-induced apoptosis, suggesting that oxidative stress may play a role in glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis. In this work we compared metabolic profiles of WEHI7.2 parental cells with those of WEHI7.2 variants with an increased antioxidant defense or overexpressing bcl-2, to determine whether bolstering the antioxidant defense results in altered metabolic parameters that could translate into increased resistance to dexamethasone-induced apoptosis. WEHI7.2 parental cells and cells overexpressing catalase, thioredoxin or bcl-2, or selected for resistance to 200 µM H2O2 were cultured in low-glucose DMEM medium supplemented with 10% calf serum, and extracted using chloroform–methanol–water (1:1:1). Metabolites contained in the aqueous and organic phases of the extracts were processed separately and subjected to high-resolution 31P NMR spectroscopy. In most of the steroid-resistant variants, ATP levels and energetic status were decreased compared with the steroid-sensitive parental cell line, while the concentrations of hexose and triose phosphates were increased. Furthermore, the ratio of choline-containing phospholipids to ethanolamine-containing phospholipids was generally reduced in steroid-resistant cells. Phosphatidylethanolamine and its derivatives contain a higher amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) than the choline-containing analogs, and PUFA are readily oxidized by reactive oxygen species. Therefore, an increased initial amount of phosphatidylethanolamine may increase the ‘buffering capacity’ of this antioxidant and may thus contribute to the steroid resistance of WEHI7.2 variants. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
INTESTINAL CAPILLARIES II. Structural Effects of EDTA and Histamine

Perfusion of the fenestrated capillaries of the intestinal mucosa of the rat with 0.05–0.1 M EDTA removes the diaphragms of the endothelial cells and detaches these cells from one another and from the basement membrane. The latter, even when completely denuded, retains effectively particles of 340 A (average) diameter. Perfusion with histamine (1 µg/ml) results in partial removal of fenestral diaphragms, occasional detachment of the endothelium from the basement membrane, and focal separation of endothelial intercellular junctions.
Urea stimulation of KCl cotransport induces abnormal volume reduction in sickle reticulocytes

KCl cotransport (KCC) activity contributes to pathologic dehydration in sickle (SS) red blood cells (RBCs). KCC activation by urea was measured in SS and normal (AA) RBCs as Cl-dependent Rb influx. KCC-mediated volume reduction was assessed by measuring reticulocyte cellular hemoglobin concentration (CHC) cytometrically. Urea activated KCC fluxes in fresh RBCs to levels seen in swollen cells, although SS RBCs required lower urea concentrations than did normal (AA) RBCs. Little additional KCC stimulation by urea occurred in swollen AA or SS RBCs. The pH dependence of KCC in “euvolemic” SS RBCs treated with urea was similar to that in swollen cells. Urea triggered volume reduction in SS and AA reticulocytes, establishing a higher CHC. Volume reduction was Cl dependent and was limited by the KCC inhibitor, dihydro-indenyl-oxyalkanoic acid. Final CHC depended on urea concentration, but not on initial CHC. Under all activation conditions, volume reduction was exaggerated in SS reticulocytes and produced higher CHCs than in AA reticulocytes. The sulfhydryl-reducing agent, dithiothreitol, normalized the sensitivity of KCC activation to urea in SS RBCs and mitigated the urea-stimulated volume decrease in SS reticulocytes, suggesting that the dysfunctional activity of KCC in SS RBCs was due in part to reversible sulfhydryl oxidation.
Prehistoric Maya wetland agriculture and the alluvial soils near San Antonio Rio Hondo, Belize

The prehistoric Lowland Maya supported an elaborate civilization, which reached peak population densities in the tropical forests of Guatemala, Belize and southern Mexico during the Classic period between AD 300 and 900. It has been proposed that the Maya turned to labour-intensive construction of raised planting platforms in wetlands for year-round cultivation. Excavations at San Antonio Rio Hondo, northern Belize1, provided the first archaeological data for this hypothesis. In our analysis of data from the San Antonio site, we conclude that the only indisputable evidence that prehistoric wetland cultivation occurred comes from a time before peak population of the Classic period, and that the technique required less labour than previously envisioned. Exploitation of swampy terrain initially involved dry-season cropping without extensive ditching and later ditching, probably for soil drainage.
Relationship-Specific Condom Attitudes Predict Condom Use Among STD Clinic Patients with both Primary and Non-primary Partners

Although condom use differs by partner type (i.e., primary vs. non-primary partner), attitudes towards condom use are typically measured without consideration of partner type. This study investigated the predictive utility of condom attitudes measured separately by partner type. Participants were 270 patients (37 % women, 72 % Black) recruited from a publicly-funded STD clinic who reported having both primary and non-primary partners. They completed a computerized survey assessing relationship-specific condom attitudes by partner type, condom attitudes related to pleasure and respect, and condom use with primary and non-primary partners. Participants reported more positive relationship-specific condom attitudes with a non-primary versus primary partner. When considering pleasure-related, respect-related, and relationship-specific condom attitudes simultaneously, only relationship-specific condom attitudes predicted unprotected sex, with both primary and non-primary partners. In general, pleasure and respect-related condom attitudes did not predict unprotected sex; however, pleasure-related attitudes predicted unprotected sex with a non-primary partner for men. Future research should assess relationship-specific condom attitudes. Sexual risk reduction interventions that address interpersonal consequences of condom use in both primary and non-primary relationships should be a priority.
CYSTEAMINE PROTECTION AGAINST LETHAL AND GROWTH-INHIBITING EFFECTS OF PRENATAL X AND GAMMA IRRADIATION.

Exposure of pregnant rats to gamma radiation on day 16 of gestation produced nearly double the number of neo- and postnatal offspring deaths as did X irradiation. Dose level (185 r), dose rate (10–12 r/minute), and distance from the source were the same in both groups. Cysteamine given prenatally prior to either gamma or X irradiation significantly decreased mortality. In the gamma-irradiated group the mortality rate remained significantly higher than in the control group, but in the X-irradiated group it was reduced to the control level by pretreatment with cysteamine. Cysteamine given to pregnant rats immediately following gamma irradiation had no effect on offspring mortality.
Romantic Love and the Enlightenment: From Gallantry and Seduction to Authenticity and Self-Validation

Today, the adjective "romantic" has lost much of its luster. Although still used in popular culture to sell books and movies, romantic ideals carry little more than a sentimental value. Long gone are the days of romantic suicides. In our age, romance at best makes us smile. Indeed, since Harry met Sally, passion appears to have found its most suitable representation in the "romantic comedy," an emotionally charged yet uncommitted genre whose humor thrives on the protagonists' sentimental stance towards their sentimentality. This is not to downplay the persisting significance of the concept of love, so apparent in the seemingly endless repetition of this topos both in high and popular culture. Love has remained the primary medium for the expression and experience of the modern self. In love, we wish to express ourselves authentically and find ourselves acknowledged and appreciated for who we are. Or, to follow a more precise formulation by the German sociologist Niklas Luhmann: "Was man [heute] in der Liebe sucht, was man in Intimbeziehungen sucht, wird somit in erster Linie dies sein: Validierung der Selbstdarstellung."1 Under the aegis of self-validation, the concept of love came to subsume an ever increasing multitude of emotional, sensual, sexual, and even intellectual practices which -as long as they promote the experience and authentication of one's self-has challenged many of the traditional social norms and ideals that have guided romantic interactions for many centuries.2 While the quest for selfvalidation has broadened the standards for acceptable romantic interactions, the reliance on "authenticity" has increased. Lovers today are expected to adhere to an ideal of communication that emphasizes genuineness, truthfulness, and originality. Although it is rarely contemplated whether authenticity is indeed desirable or even possible, for the purpose of self-validation it appears to be indispensable. This is notable considering that the demand for authenticity contradicts traditional definitions of "passion" where the self experiences itself outside of itself. As a brief glance at Denis de Rougement's seminal work on Love in the Western World indicates, the change from "passion" experienced as a loss of self to the emphasis on self-validation is largely a post-WWII phenomenon. In 1940, de Rougement defines the goal of modern love still in terms of the "man of passion" who seeks "to be
LiPF6-EC-EMC electrolyte for Li-ion battery

Abstract We studied the effect of salt concentration and solvent ratio on the cycling performance of LiMn 2 O 4 cathode and graphite anode in LiPF 6 –ethylene carbonate (EC)–ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) electrolytes. The results show that solvent ratio has negligible impact on the performance of both electrodes but does affect the issues of thermal compatibility and ionic conductivity. Salt concentration affects the performance in two reverse ways: LiMn 2 O 4 cathode requires low concentration, while graphite anode requires high concentration. It is observed that, during the first cycle, both electrodes produce irreversible capacity and form a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film on their surface. From the view point of operation at low temperatures, 1 M LiPF 6 3:7 EC–EMC is recommended for Li-ion cells.
Analysis of single-platform passive emitter location with terrain data

Frequency measurements made at a moving platform can be used to locate an emitter. An error ellipsoid analysis is used to compare the performance under three levels of a priori information on the emitter's altitude: (1) no knowledge, (2) terrain data, and (3) complete knowledge of the emitter's altitude. The analysis is performed for two simple platform paths that provide frequency measurements that are approximately time reversed versions of one another. When no a priori knowledge is available there is little difference between the performance when the platform maneuvers on a concave circular path or on a convex circular path and the performance depends very Little on the platform altitude. However, when some a priori altitude information is available the performance is markedly different on the two paths and is highly dependent on the platform altitude. Thus, this analysis provides the unexpected result that for seemingly similar platform paths, the performance can vary markedly when the emitter altitude is assumed known. Also, an interesting result is that for some cases it is possible to achieve better x-y accuracy when using terrain data than when the emitter's z location is known, because the terrain data provides terrain slope information. These cases are characterized in terms of the terrain slope at the emitter.
Approximate Bayesian estimation of extinction rate in the Finnish Daphnia magna metapopulation.

Approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) is useful for parameterizing complex models in population genetics. In this study, ABC was applied to simultaneously estimate parameter values for a model of metapopulation coalescence and test two alternatives to a strict metapopulation model in the well-studied network of Daphnia magna populations in Finland. The models shared four free parameters: the subpopulation genetic diversity (θS), the rate of gene flow among patches (4Nm), the founding population size (N0) and the metapopulation extinction rate (e) but differed in the distribution of extinction rates across habitat patches in the system. The three models had either a constant extinction rate in all populations (strict metapopulation), one population that was protected from local extinction (i.e. a persistent source), or habitat-specific extinction rates drawn from a distribution with specified mean and variance. Our model selection analysis favoured the model including a persistent source population over the two alternative models. Of the closest 750 000 data sets in Euclidean space, 78% were simulated under the persistent source model (estimated posterior probability = 0.769). This fraction increased to more than 85% when only the closest 150 000 data sets were considered (estimated posterior probability = 0.774). Approximate Bayesian computation was then used to estimate parameter values that might produce the observed set of summary statistics. Our analysis provided posterior distributions for e that included the point estimate obtained from previous data from the Finnish D. magna metapopulation. Our results support the use of ABC and population genetic data for testing the strict metapopulation model and parameterizing complex models of demography.
The distribution and extent of heavy metal accumulation in song sparrows along Arizona’s upper Santa Cruz River

Heavy metals are persistent environmental contaminants, and transport of metals into the environment poses a threat to ecosystems, as plants and wildlife are susceptible to long-term exposure, bioaccumulation, and potential toxicity. We investigated the distribution and cascading extent of heavy metal accumulation in southwestern song sparrows (Melospiza melodia fallax), a resident riparian bird species that occurs along the US/Mexico border in Arizona’s upper Santa Cruz River watershed. This study had three goals: (1) quantify the degree of heavy metal accumulation in sparrows and determine the distributional patterns among study sites, (2) compare concentrations of metals found in this study to those found in studies performed prior to a 2009 international wastewater facility upgrade, and (3) assess the condition of song sparrows among sites with differing potential levels of exposure. We examined five study sites along with a reference site that reflect different potential sources of contamination. Body mass residuals and leukocyte counts were used to assess sparrow condition. Birds at our study sites typically had higher metal concentrations than birds at the reference site. Copper, mercury, nickel, and selenium in song sparrows did exceed background levels, although most metals were below background concentrations determined from previous studies. Song sparrows generally showed lower heavy metal concentrations compared to studies conducted prior to the 2009 wastewater facility upgrade. We found no cascading effects as a result of metal exposure.
Lack of respiratory improvement following remediation of a water-damaged office building.

Background Damp buildings are commonly remediated without removing employees or ongoing medical surveillance. Methods We examined paired pulmonary function and questionnaire data from 2002 and 2005 for 97 employees in a water-damaged building during ongoing but incomplete remediation. Results We observed no overall improvement in respiratory health, as reflected in symptom scores, overall medication use, spirometry abnormalities, or sick leave. Four employees went from borderline bronchial hyperresponsiveness to bronchial hyperresponsiveness; six developed abnormal spirometry; three more reported post-occupancy current asthma, and four hypersensitivity pneumonitis. The number of participants without lower respiratory symptoms decreased from 27 in 2002 to 20 in 2005. Respiratory cases relocated in the building had a decrease in medication use and sick leave in 2005. Conclusions During dampness remediation, relocation may be health protective and prevent incident building-related respiratory cases. Without relocation of entire workforces, medical surveillance is advisable for secondary prevention of existing building-related disease. Am. J. Ind. Med. 54:269–277, 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Accounting for Atmospheric Delays in InSAR Data in a Search for Long-Wavelength Deformation in South America

InSAR has been successfully used to observe the deformation of the Earth's surface from many processes, but mostly dealing with relatively large signals (>;1 cm) over short wavelengths (<; 100 km). We use interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data from two orbital tracks in northern Chile to study the feasibility of imaging the broad interseismic ground deformation signal from the Nazca Plate subduction. In order to measure ~1.5 cm/year of ground motion across ~1000 km of satellite track length due to interseismic loading of the subduction interface, the atmospheric contribution cannot be ignored. We attempt to remove the atmospheric signal using global weather models and by estimating atmospheric parameters directly from the InSAR data. Due to the poor temporal and spatial resolutions of the weather model, this method fails to produce reliable results. The empirical model reduces the phase variance in the interferograms but leaves a residual signal that continues to mask the interseismic signal, which demonstrates the importance of carefully applying corrections to the data as they can significantly affect any interpretation that is based on the corrected observations. Although the methods presented here are not suited for removing all atmospheric path delays, this paper does provide suggestions about improvements that can be made to corrective techniques. Methods that should be further developed are the following: 1) corrections with independent and direct observations of atmospheric properties, e.g., continuous GPS or satellite observations (e.g., the MERIS sensor); 2) improvements using empirical corrections, either in conjunction with a deformation model or constrained by real atmospheric structures; and 3) further work with high resolution and improved weather models.
Spectromorphology: explaining sound-shapes

The art of music is no longer limited to the sounding models of instruments and voices. Electoacoustic music opens access to all sounds, a bewildering sonic array ranging from the real to the surreal and beyond. For listeners the traditional links with physical sound-making are frequently ruptured: electroacoustic sound-shapes and qualities frequently do not indicate known sources and causes. Gone are the familiar articulations of instruments and vocal utterance: gone is the stability of note and interval: gone too is the reference of beat and metre. Composers also have problems: how to cut an aesthetic path and discover a stability in a wide-open sound world, how to develop appropriate sound-making methods, how to select technologies and software.
Extreme divergence in floral scent among woodland star species (Lithophragma spp.) pollinated by floral parasites

† Backgrounds and Aims A current challenge in coevolutionary biology is to understand how suites of traits vary as coevolving lineages diverge. Floral scent is often a complex, variable trait that attracts a suite of generalized pollinators, but may be highly specific in plants specialized on attracting coevolved pollinating floral parasites. In this study, floral scent variation was investigated in four species of woodland stars (Lithophragma spp.) that share the same major pollinator (the moth Greya politella, a floral parasite). Three specific hypotheses were tested: (1) sharing the same specific major pollinator favours conservation of floral scent among close relatives; (2) selection favours ‘private channels’ of rare compounds particularly aimed at the specialist pollinator; or (3) selection from rare, less-specialized co-pollinators mitigates the conservation of floral scent and occurrence of private channels. † Methods Dynamic headspace sampling and solid-phase microextraction were applied to greenhouse-grown plants from a common garden as well as to field samples from natural populations in a series of experiments aiming to disentangle the genetic and environmental basis of floral scent variation. † Key Results Striking floral scent divergence was discovered among species. Only one of 69 compounds was shared among all four species. Scent variation was largely genetically based, because it was consistent across field and greenhouse treatments, and was not affected by visits from the pollinating floral parasite. † Conclusions The strong divergence in floral scents among Lithophragma species contrasts with the pattern of conserved floral scent composition found in other plant genera involved in mutualisms with pollinating floral parasites. Unlike some of these other obligate pollination mutualisms, Lithophragma plants in some populations are occasionally visited by generalist pollinators from other insect taxa. This additional complexity may contribute to the diversification in floral scent found among the Lithophragma species pollinated by Greya moths.
Statistical Considerations in the Development of Injury Risk Functions

Objective: We address 4 frequently misunderstood and important statistical ideas in the construction of injury risk functions. These include the similarities of survival analysis and logistic regression, the correct scale on which to construct pointwise confidence intervals for injury risk, the ability to discern which form of injury risk function is optimal, and the handling of repeated tests on the same subject.Methods: The statistical models are explored through simulation and examination of the underlying mathematics.Results: We provide recommendations for the statistically valid construction and correct interpretation of single-predictor injury risk functions.Conclusions: This article aims to provide useful and understandable statistical guidance to improve the practice in constructing injury risk functions.
Speciation and inversions: chimps and humans.

Summary A new set of models has resurrected a role for chromosomal inversions in the formation of new species. (1–3) Traditional models, which are generally considered to be unlikely in most cases, had imagined that inversions might aid speciation by directly causing low hybrid fitness. In contrast, the newer models focus on the effect that inversions have on local recombination rates. A test ofthesemodelsfoundastrikinglyhighrateofamino-acid substitution within regions where humans and chimpanzees differ by inversions, suggesting perhaps that our ancestral species underwent a divergence process in which gene flow and inversions played a key role. (4) However, it remains uncertain whether this interesting finding is actually consistent with the proposed model. BioEssays 25:825–828, 2003. 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Attributional Responses to Students With Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Who Fail

Preservice teachers' responses to students with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder who reportedly failed a classroom test were investigated. Undergraduate students (n = 49), during their semester of student teaching, rated six vignettes that varied by student gender, attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis, and medication status. When a student had no disability, teachers rated a boy more likely to fail than a girl; when a student had ADHD, they rated the girl more likely to fail. Differences were also related to diagnosis and medication status assigned to the student. Findings support attribution theory and apply to classroom motivation of students with disabilities.
A Fossil Mud Turtle (Testudines, Kinosternidae) from the Early Middle Miocene (Early Barstovian) of New Mexico

ABSTRACT The nearly complete skeleton of a mud turtle, Kinosternon skullridgescens, n. sp., is described from Santa Fe County, New Mexico. The specimen was collected from the early middle Miocene, early Barstovian, Skull Ridge Member of the Tesuque Formation (16.0–14.9 Ma) and is one of the oldest and most complete fossil representatives of the genus Kinosternon. Phylogenetically, the new taxon is placed on the stem of the flavescens group in conjunction with the extinct Kinosternon pojoaque from the late Barstovian of New Mexico. In addition to the flavescens group, K. skullridgescens shares morphological similarities with members of the subrubrum group (of North America), as well as with Kinosternon herrerai (from gulf drainages of eastern Mexico). Close proximity of the fossils K. skullridgescens and K. pojoaque to Mexico suggests that a small-plastroned ancestor of the extant taxa K. herrerai, Kinosternon angustipons (from lower Central America), and Kinosternon dunni (from northwestern South America)...
Associative properties of a conditioned inhibitor as a function of age in kittens

The efficacy of conditioned inhibition in a novel conditioned stimulus/conditioned inhibitor (CS/CI) compound was tested in 6-, 10-, and 14-week-old kittens. The conditioned response was suppression of respiration elicited by a 5.1-sec CS paired with a brief, mild footshock. During original inhibitory training, a CI was presented 2 sec after the onset of the CS, and the stimuli coterminated 3 sec later without the shock. As previously reported, the CI trained in this paradigm is more potent in older kittens but passes a summation test in all age groups (Dess & Soltysik, 1989). In the transfer test, the order of the CS and CI was reversed, so that the CI preceded the CS with no stimulus overlap. Transfer of inhibition to this new compound was virtually absent in the 6-week-old kittens and nearly perfect in the 14-week-old kittens. The CI alone (before CS onset) elicited a strong fear response in the youngest kittens, moderate fear in the 10-week-old group, and very little fear in the oldest group. The transferability of inhibitory training to a different temporal configuration of the CS and CI is absent at 6 weeks of age and fully developed 8 weeks later.
Seismic data processing in vertically inhomogeneous TI media

The first and most important step in processing data in transversely isotropic (TI) media for which velocities vary with depth is parameter estimation. The multilayer normal‐moveout (NMO) equation for a dipping reflector provides the basis for extending the TI velocity analysis of Alkhalifah and Tsvankin to vertically inhomogeneous media. This NMO equation is based on a root‐mean‐square (rms) average of interval NMO velocities that correspond to a single ray parameter, that of the dipping event. Therefore, interval NMO velocities [including the normal‐moveout velocity for horizontal events, Vnmo(0)] can be extracted from the stacking velocities using a Dix‐type differentiation procedure. On the other hand, η, which is a key combination of Thomsen's parameters that time‐related processing relies on, is extracted from the interval NMO velocities using a homogeneous inversion within each layer. Time migration, like dip moveout, depends on the same two parameters in vertically inhomogeneous media, namely Vnmo...
Delayed Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial ADP Recovery in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes Relates to Muscle Insulin Resistance

Insulin resistance (IR) increases cardiovascular morbidity and is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. IR is now recognized to be present in type 1 diabetes; however, its relationship with mitochondrial function is unknown. We determined the relationship between IR and muscle mitochondrial function in type 1 diabetes using the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp and 31P-MRS before, during, and after near-maximal isometric calf exercise. Volunteers included 21 nonobese adolescents with type 1 diabetes and 17 nondiabetic control subjects with similar age, sex, BMI, Tanner stage, and activity levels. We found that youths with type 1 diabetes were more insulin resistant (median glucose infusion rate 10.1 vs. 18.9 mg/kglean/min; P < 0.0001) and had a longer time constant of the curve of ADP conversion to ATP (23.4 ± 5.3 vs. 18.8 ± 3.9 s, P < 0.001) and a lower rate of oxidative phosphorylation (median 0.09 vs. 0.21 mmol/L/s, P < 0.001). The ADP time constant (β = −0.36, P = 0.026) and oxidative phosphorylation (β = 0.02, P < 0.038) were related to IR but not HbA1c. Normal-weight youths with type 1 diabetes demonstrated slowed postexercise ATP resynthesis and were more insulin resistant than control subjects. The correlation between skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction in type 1 diabetes and IR suggests a relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and IR in type 1 diabetes.
Thermal sensitivity predicts the establishment success of nonnative species in a mesocosm warming experiment

While climate change is likely to modify biological interactions between species, it is not clear how altered biotic interactions will influence specific processes such as community assembly. We show that small increases in water temperature can alter the establishment success of the nonnative, tropical zooplankton species, Daphnia lumholtzi, and suggest a general framework for understanding species establishment in the context of climate change. We compared the establishment success of D. lumholtzi and the native congener D. pulex in a mesocosm experiment manipulating temperature, food conditions, and the identity of the resident vs. establishing species. To understand if our mesocosm results could have been predicted by thermal physiology, we characterized the thermal sensitivity of each species' population growth rate and estimated the temperatures at which each species would outperform the other. As predicted by the thermal sensitivities, invading D. lumholtzi were able to establish regardless of temperature and food resources, and established more rapidly in heated mesocosms. Invading D. pulex reached higher initial abundances in ambient-temperature mesocosms but failed to establish in any heated mesocosms. These findings suggest that thermal sensitivity may predict how altered interactions between species can influence community assembly, and that higher lake temperatures will likely aid the future establishment of nonnative D. lumholtzi in North America.
Models of the interaction of mortality and the evolution of risk factor distribution: a general stochastic process formulation

Generally analyses of longitudinal studies of chronic disease risks do not directly model the change with time of risk factor values and the interactions of those changes with risk levels. Failure to account for such process characteristics can lead to incorrect inferences about the specific effects of risk factors on mortality, the inability to accurately forecast the future risk of the cohort, and inaccurate statements about the effects of specific risk factor interventions on mortality. We present a model which does describe such a process and show how it can be estimated from longitudinal studies. We also illustrate the effects of certain risk factor process features on the evolution of disease risk data from males in the Framingham, Massachusetts study.
Assessment of the hemodynamic response to acetyl-strophanthidin by Doppler echocardiography in normal subjects and in those with coronary artery disease or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.

Abstract The effect of acetyl-strophanthidin, a rapidly acting digitalis-like drug, was measured on peak flow velocity, stroke distance (an index of stroke volume) and minute distance (an index of cardiac output), determined by Doppler echocardiography in 21 subjects with a wide range of left ventricular ejection fractions (12 to 89%, average 47%). For the total study group, peak flow velocity increased from 99 ± 10 to 110 ± 13 cm/s (p
DIVE: A Graph-Based Visual-Analytics Framework for Big Data

The need for data-centric scientific tools is growing; domains such as biology, chemistry, and physics are increasingly adopting computational approaches. So, scientists must deal with the challenges of big data. To address these challenges, researchers built a visual-analytics platform named DIVE (Data Intensive Visualization Engine). DIVE is a data-agnostic, ontologically expressive software framework that can stream large datasets at interactive speeds. In particular, DIVE makes novel contributions to structured-data-model manipulation and high-throughput streaming of large, structured datasets.
Citric acid cycle patterns in certain thyroid states.

(Received for publication, March 16, 1960) The “citric acid cycle” is now regarded as the final common pathway of metabolism serving as the primary route for the oxi- dation of metabolites. Likewise, the thyroid hormone is con- sidered a major regulatory substance for biological oxidations. It, therefore, seemed logical to study possible quantitative altera- tions in the cycle acids in experimental hypo- and hyperthyroid states. The concentrations of the cycle acids in metabolically active tissues, liver and muscle, were determined in experimental hypo- and hyperthyroid and control rats.
Categories of resistance at four growth stages in three wheats resistant to the Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae).

Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine categories of resistance to Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), in three wheats, Triticum aestivum L., (PI 372129, PI 243781, and PI 222668) at Zadoks growth stages 10, 20, 30, and 40. ‘TAM 107′ was used as the susceptible standard. Antixenosis was observed in PI 222668 and PI 372129. Antibiosis was expressed as reduced nymphipositional period, daily nymph production, and fecundity at the jointing (Zadoks 30) and boot (Zadoks 40) stages in PI 243781 and at tillering (Zadoks 20) in TAM 107. Antibiosis, expressed as reduced intrinsic rate of increase, was observed in PI 222668 at tillering (Zadoks 20). Tolerance to chlorosis and leaf rolling was expressed in the three resistant wheats at all growth stages tested. Tiller production, floret formation, spike length and wet weight were affected by Russian wheat aphid feeding after Zadoks 10. Reduction in spike length did not occur in PI 372129 and PI 243781.
Fourier Representation Methods in Electronic Structure Studies of Crystals and Polymers

A complete theoretical approach to electronic structures of infinitely extended periodic systems must include two features. That which has tended to receive more attention is the effect of neighboring groups on the charge distribution in the vicinity of each atom of the system. The other feature, often not explicitly discussed, is the long-range effect of the inifite amount of charge (of both signs) of which the system is composed.
Taxonomic Partitioning within Papuan Members of the Carlia Novaeguineae Complex (Squamata: Scincidae)

Abstract Three names have been applied to members of the Carlia novaeguineae complex from New Guinea. All three species have been poorly or erroneously diagnosed, leading to the long-time synonymization of Carlia macfarlani and Carlia curta with C. novaeguineae. Both species were removed from synonymy in 1988 but on the basis of erroneous diagnoses. I show that each of these species is valid and provide diagnoses to distinguish among them. Because of the nomenclatural ambiguity occasioned by loss of the type of C. novaeguineae, the meager original description, and the presence of several morphologically similar species, I designate a neotype for that species. Color pattern is important for distinguishing among species in this complex but fades quickly upon preservation, making identification of museum specimens problematic in many instances. For this reason, members of this complex from outside the southern portion of New Guinea remain unassigned and likely represent one or more new species whose descript...
Treatment of Symptomatic Infantile Spasms

Investigators at Tokyo Women's Medical University studied the clinical, radiological, and EEG characteristics of 69 patients with infantile spasms (IS) followed for 3-74 months (mean 18 months) after initial cessation of epileptic spasms (ES).
The energetic costs of trunk and distal-limb loading during walking and running in guinea fowl Numida meleagris: I. Organismal metabolism and biomechanics

We examined the energetic cost of loading the trunk or distal portion of the leg in walking and running guinea fowl (Numida meleagris). These different loading regimes were designed to separately influence the energy use by muscles used during the stance and swing phases of the stride. Metabolic rate, estimated from oxygen consumption, was measured while birds locomoted on a motorized treadmill at speeds from 0.5 to 2.0 m s-1, either unloaded, or with a mass equivalent to 23% of their body mass carried on their backs, or with masses equal to approximately 2.5% of their body mass attached to each tarsometatarsal segment. In separate experiments, we also measured the duration of stance and swing in unloaded, trunk-loaded, or limb-loaded birds. In the unloaded and limb-loaded birds, we also calculated the mechanical energy of the tarsometatarsal segment throughout the stride. Trunk and limb loads caused similar increases in metabolic rate. During trunk loading, the net metabolic rate (gross metabolic rate-resting metabolic rate) increased by 17% above the unloaded value across all speeds. This percentage increase is less than has been found in most studies of humans and other mammals. The economical load carriage of guinea fowl is consistent with predictions based on the relative cost of the stance and swing phases of the stride in this species. However, the available comparative data and considerations of the factors that determine the cost of carrying extra mass lead us to the conclusion that the cost of load carrying is unlikely to be a reliable indicator of the distribution of energy use in stance and swing. Both loading regimes caused small changes in the swing and/or stance durations, but these changes were less than 10%. Loading the tarsometatarsal segment increased its segmental energy by 4.1 times and the segmental mechanical power averaged over the stride by 3.8 times. The increases in metabolism associated with limb loading appear to be linked to the increases in mechanical power. The delta efficiency (change in mechanical power divided by the change in metabolic power) of producing this power increased from 11% in walking to approximately 25% in running. Although tarsometatarsal loading was designed to increase the mechanical energy during swing phase, 40% of the increase in segmental energy occurred during late stance. Thus, the increased energy demand of distal limb loading in guinea fowl is predicted to cause increases in energy use by both stance- and swing-phase muscles.
Identification of Additives in MGE-10A Hydraulic Oil by IR Spectroscopy

A method is proposed for expeditious identification of additives in hydraulic oils from IR spectra of oil samples by determining the intensity of the absorption bands that correspond to the additive to be identified and comparing them with those for calibration mixtures having a known additive content. A procedure for determining the additives Acramax, Tricresyl phosphate, and Agidol-1 is described.
Electrical Characteristics of Ultra-Thin Multi-Layers of Poly-Si and Silicon Dioxide

Rough-surface polycrystalline silicon films have been used for fabrication of electrically erasable-programmable read-only-memories (EEPROM). Silicon-Rich Oxides (SRO), also known as semi-insulating polycrystalline silicon (SIPOS), have been recommended for use as electron injectors. The advantage of SRO as injectors is that both the bottom and top surfaces of the film can be used to obtain high field enhancement. An ultra-thin multi-layer structure of silicon and silicon dioxide has been fabricated by low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD). High resolution TEM shows alternating layers of 50 A thick SiO2 and polycrystalline Si (grain size ∼ 80 A) films were deposited and MOS capacitors using this multilayer dielectric were studied to understand their electrical characteristics. Both I-V and C-V measurements show that the Fowler-Nordheim tunneling current is proportional to the number of polycrystalline layers. The “turn-on” voltage of the tunneling current is determined by the thickness of firstSiO2 layer, and theeffective dielectric constant varies from 3.9 to 9.1, proportional to the number of poly-Si layers within the multi-layer structure (MLS). For a 350 A stack (7 layers), the interface trap density, D, was 3×1010 traps/cm2, and the effective dielectric constant was roughly 9.
In vitro cultivation and cytopathogenicity of vesicular exanthema virus.

Discussion and ConclusionsAn agent capable of producing typical vesicular exanthema in swine has been propagated through 16 passages in a swine embryo tissue culture system. In the course of these passages the original material has been diluted to 10-19, so that it is highly unlikely that any infective material from the original inoculum was carried through all 16 passages. Multiplication of this agent in tissue culture was accompanied by extensive degeneration of epithelial cellular outgrowths which thus provided a simple means for in vitro assay of this virus. Considerable investigation is still required to determine the sensitivity and reliability of the system of tissue culture assay, whether in swine embryonic tissues or adult tissues such as kidney epithelium. Preliminary experiments have indicated that plaque formation on swine kidney epithelium using the method of Dulbecco7 is feasible.Evidence that the cytopathogenic agent was in fact the B type of the virus of vesicular exanthema was provided by...
Moderate awareness and limited knowledge relating to cervical cancer, HPV, and the HPV vaccine among Hispanics/Latinos in Utah.

Background. We investigate the demographic factors associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine–related awareness and knowledge in an emerging (rather than established) Hispanic/Latino popula...
A Method for Noise Removal Based on Fourth-Order Partial Differential Equations

Demonstrate a method for noise removal based on fourth-order partial differential equations(PDE). Approximating image with a piecewise planar image can remove noises while preserving edges well and avoiding blocky effects which is easily seen in images processed by second order PDE. The application result indicates this method is efficient.