cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring the role of incidental emotions in support for climate change policy

What role, if any, do incidental emotions play in people’s beliefs about climate change and support for climate mitigation policies? This question has received surprisingly little attention, despite a growing recognition that reactions to climate change information are shaped by various contextual factors beyond the information itself. Drawing on recent perspectives in psychology and communication, we conducted an experiment (N = 719) in which participants were randomly assigned to one of two emotion-induction treatments (guilt or anger) or to a no-emotion (neutral) control condition immediately before reading a news story about negative climate impacts and reporting on related policy preferences (e.g., support for taxing carbon polluters). Results revealed a number of significant effects, some of which emerged for the sample overall (e.g., guilt increased support for particular climate mitigation policies) and some that depended on personal and message factors suggested by prior research (e.g., political affiliation and social distance). Overall, these findings suggest that emotions may play an important role in guiding how the public processes and reacts to information about climate change.
Abstract P3-04-02: Multiple subtypes of triple negative breast cancer are dependent on androgen receptor

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) constitutes 10-20% of invasive breast carcinomas and has the lowest five-year survival rate. Currently, there are no targeted therapies for TNBC. Recent studies demonstrate that the androgen receptor (AR) is expressed in up to a third of TNBC. AR is highly expressed in the "luminal AR (LAR)" molecular TNBC subtype, but is also present in other TNBC subtypes and may present an opportunity for targeted therapy. We hypothesized that AR+ TNBC critically depend on AR and that AR inhibition will decrease tumor burden in preclinical models of breast cancer. To determine the extent to which AR+ TNBC depend on AR, we inhibited AR activity with the AR antagonist enzalutamide (ENZ) and shRNAs against AR in multiple TNBC subtypes. Treatment with ENZ prevented AR nuclear localization in response to DHT in multiple TNBC cell lines, reduced baseline proliferation in 2D culture (p Citation Format: Valerie N Barton, Nicholas C D9Amato, Michael A Gordon, Britta M Jacobsen, Jennifer K Richer. Multiple subtypes of triple negative breast cancer are dependent on androgen receptor [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-04-02.
Woyzeck: The 150th Anniversary

This essay is a sequel to a recent discussion in these pages (vol 8, no 2, Fall 1987) of the great popularity of Buchner's Woyzeck in the Canadian theatre. The author discusses his own 1985 production of the play, using a new translation prepared for the production, which was aimed at realizing the play as epic theatre in the round, emphasizing the cyclical and mythic nature of Woyzeck's dilemma. Cet article poursuit la discussion, lancee dans cette revue a Vautomne 1987 (vol 8, no 2), de la grande popularite sur les scenes canadiennes de la piece Woyzeck par Georg Buchner. L'auteur de cet article derit sa propre production de la piece en 1985, pour laquelle il avait prepare une nouvelle traduction qui visait a en faire ressortir l'aspect theâtre-epique-en-rond, tout en soulignant les elements cycliques et mythiques du dilemme que confronte Woyzeck.
Elastic Wave Scattering from Multiple Voids (Porosity)

The purpose of the work described in this paper is the development of an ultrasonic measurement technique which provides a convenient way to detect dilute porosity conditions in materials and to extract certain properties of the flaw distribution which are important in failure prediction. Use has been made entirely of ultrasonic backscatter measurements; thus, the technique differs considerably from other investigations which lead to porosity determinations in that no reliance is placed upon either attenuation measurements or precise ultrasonic velocity measurements [1,2]. The technique thus possesses a distinct advantage for practical implementation, i.e., it is a “one-sided” measurement which does not require ultrasonic echo returns from an opposite face of the sample in order to be useful. At present, the work is limited to dilute porosity concentrations. Reasons for this limitation will become clear in the paper. With additional effort it is expected that this limitation can be removed and the work extended to larger concentrations.
Tribe, Race, History: Native Americans in Southern New England, 1780–1880

Tribe, Race, History examines American Indian communities in southern New England between the Revolution and Reconstruction, when Indians lived in the region's socioeconomic margins, moved between semiautonomous communities and towns, and intermarried extensively with blacks and whites. Drawing from a wealth of primary documentation, Daniel R. Mandell centers his study on ethnic boundaries, particularly how those boundaries were constructed, perceived, and crossed. He analyzes connections and distinctions between Indians and their non-Indian neighbors with regard to labor, landholding, government, and religion; examines how emerging romantic depictions of Indians (living and dead) helped shape a unique New England identity; and looks closely at the causes and results of tribal termination in the region after the Civil War. Shedding new light on regional developments in class, race, and culture, this groundbreaking study is the first to consider all Native Americans throughout southern New England.
Circuit Placement, Chip Optimization, and Wire Routing for IBMIC Technology

Recent advances in integrated circuit technology have imposed new requirements on the chip physical design process. At the same time that performance requirements are increasing, the effects of wiring on delay are becoming more significant. Larger chips are also increasing the chip wiring demand, and the ability to efficiently process these large chips in reasonable time and space requires new capabilities from the physical design tools. Circuit placement is done using algorithms which have been used within IBM for many years, with enhancements as required to support additional technologies and larger data volumes. To meet timing requirements, placement may be run iteratively using successively refined timing-derived constraints. Chip optimization tools are used to physically optimize the clock trees and scan connections, both to improve clock skew and to improve wirability. These tools interchange sinks of equivalent nets, move and create parallel copies of clock buffers, add load circuits to balance clock net loads, and generate balanced clock tree routes. Routing is done using a grid-based, technology-independent router that has been used over the years to wire chips. There are numerous user controls for specifying router behavior in particular areas and on particular interconnection levels, as well as adjacency restrictions.
Providing the Persistent Data Storage in a Software Engineering Environment Using Java/COBRA and a DBMS

An investigation was undertaken to build the software foundation for the WHERE (Web-based Hyper-text Environment for Requirements Engineering) project. The TCM (Toolkit for Conceptual Modeling) was chosen as the foundation software for the WHERE project which aims to provide an environment for facilitating collaboration among geographically distributed people involved in the Requirements Engineering process. The TCM is a collection of diagram and table editors and has been implemented in the C++ programming language. The C++ implementation of the TCM was translated into Java in order to allow the editors to be used for building various functionality of the WHERE project; the WHERE project intends to use the Web as its communication back- bone. One of the limitations of the translated software (TcmJava), which militated against its use in the WHERE project, was persistent data management mechanisms which it inherited from the original TCM; it was designed to be used in standalone applications. Before TcmJava editors could be used as a part of the multi-user, geographically distributed applications of the WHERE project, a persistent storage mechanism must be built which would allow data communication over the Internet, using the capabilities of the Web. An approach involving features of Java, CORBA (Common Object Request Broker), the Web, a middle-ware (Java Relational Binding (JRB)), and a database server was used to build the persistent data management infrastructure for the WHERE project. The developed infrastructure allows a TcmJava editor to be downloaded and run from a network host by using a JDK 1.1 (Java Developer's Kit) compatible Web-browser. The aforementioned editor establishes connection with a server by using the ORB (Object Request Broker) software and stores/retrieves data in/from the server. The server consists of a CORBA object or objects depending upon whether the data is to be made persistent on a single server or multiple servers. The CORBA object providing the persistent data server is implemented using the Java progranu-ning language. It uses the JRB to store/retrieve data in/from a relational database server. The persistent data management system provides transaction and user management facilities which allow multi-user, distributed access to the stored data in a secure manner.
Lysis of Escherichia coli by beta-lactams which bind penicillin-binding proteins 1a and 1b: inhibition by heat shock proteins.

Abstract The heat shock proteins (HSPs) of Escherichia coli were artificially induced in cells containing the wild-type rpoH+ gene under control of a tac promoter. At 30 degrees C, expression of HSPs produced cells that were resistant to lysis by cephaloridine and cefsulodin, antibiotics that bind penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) 1a and 1b. This resistance could be reversed by the simultaneous addition of mecillinam, a beta-lactam that binds PBP 2. However, even in the presence of mecillinam, cells induced to produce HSPs were resistant to lysis by ampicillin, which binds all the major PBPs. Lysis of cells induced to produce HSPs could also be effected by imipenem, a beta-lactam known to lyse nongrowing cells. These effects suggest the existence of at least two pathways for beta-lactam-dependent lysis, one inhibited by HSPs and one not. HSP-mediated lysis resistance was abolished by a mutation in any one of five heat shock genes (dnaK, dnaJ, grpE, GroES, or groEL). Thus, resistance appeared to depend on the expression of the complete heat shock response rather than on any single HSP. Resistance to lysis was significant in the absence of the RelA protein, implying that resistance could not be explained by activation of the stringent response. Since many environmental stresses promote the expression of HSPs, it is possible that their presence contributes an additional mechanism toward development in bacteria of phenotypic tolerance to beta-lactam antibiotics.
Morphology and Kinematics of Ly α in Distant Radio Galaxies

The recent identification of large samples of faint radio sources has resulted in the discovery of a number of high luminosity galaxies at redshifts larger than 1. These objects are highly unusual in their morphological and kinematic properties. Given that there is a fairly well established connection between interactions, and possibly mergers, and nuclear activity in nearby radio sources, it seems plausible that the high redshift radio galaxies are systems in which substantial interaction is occurring. I will discuss the morhpological and kinematic properties of these systems with the aim of determining if there is evidence for such interactions. My conclusion is that, while galaxy interactions may be occurring and may provide an abundant source of debris, interactions between nuclear outflow (both photons and particles) dominates the observed properties.
Who Is ‘Eeshwar’?

In India, ‘Eeshwar’ is the name upon which top constitutional functionaries and legislators take oath of office? But, who is Eeshwar? Well, it depends on who you ask. So, is the oath-taking a futile exercise? It does not have to be. The scientific explanation of the universe itself gives a clue on how to reinterpret it. Indeed, the notion of Eeshwar has practical significance only because human emotions are involved and, therefore, the path forward for progress too is via emotions. If the oath is taken to mean “I pledge to strive to increase my level of internal excellence”, then that will be great for the country.
Impact of Nondigestible Carbohydrates on Serum Lipoproteins and Risk for Cardiovascular Disease

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the leading cause of death in the U.S. and in most developed countries. Many nutritional factors contribute to risk for ASCVD including total and saturated fat consumption, fruits and vegetables in the diet and dietary fiber intake. This review will focus on the relationship of dietary fiber intake to risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) and ASCVD (which includes, principally, CHD, cerebral vascular disease and peripheral vascular disease). Fiber-rich foods such as vegetables, fruits, whole-grain cereals and legumes are rich sources of nutrients, phytochemicals and antioxidants. For example, most high fiber foods contain soluble and insoluble fiber, minerals, vitamins, other micronutrients and phytochemicals. Cereals and legumes also contain complex carbohydrates and unsaturated fatty acids. Some high fiber foods are rich in monounsaturated fatty acids, whereas others provide (n-3) fatty acids. Legumes and certain vegetables provide oligosaccharides. When assessing the health benefits of dietary fiber, one should consider the potential effects of associated nutrients, micronutrients and phytochemicals. These interactions will be reviewed as we discuss relationships of dietary fiber to ASCVD.
Positional faithfulness, positional neutralisation and Shona vowel harmony

The distribution of the feature [high] in Shona verbs is a prototypical example of positional neutralisation accompanied by vowel harmony. In languages which exhibit positional neutralisation of vowel contrasts, one or more vowels (generally, the most marked members of the vowel inventory) may occur distinctively in only a small subset of the structural positions available in the language. Outside of these positions, the marked vowels may surface only if they harmonise with a similar vowel in the privileged position. For example, the mid vowels e and o in Shona verbs are contrastive only in root-initial syllables. These vowels may appear in subsequent syllables only when preceded by a mid vowel in root-initial position. A string of height-harmonic Shona vowels is therefore firmly anchored in the root-initial syllable, as shown in (1):
Late Holocene environments at Lake Mitsinjo, northwestern Madagascar:

Two sediment cores from Lake Mitsinjo in northwestern Madagascar were analysed for evidence of past environmental changes. The unconformities in a 503 cm core from the centre of the lake and a 306 ...
On the probability of demonstrating differential fertility in genetic studies.

Summary Computer simulation has been used to investigate the probability of detecting genetic dif- ferences in fertility in small cohorts. It was found that in cohorts of size 200 which have the demographic characteristics of females born in the United States in 1921-5, the probability is approximately 0.50 of detecting, by analysis of variance, either a 20 yo reduction in the monthly probability of conception or a 15–20 yo increase in the rate of foetal loss in the first month after conception. Consideration is given to the relative sensitivities of various observable measures of fertility to variation in underlying fertility components. This study was supported by U.S. Public Health Service Grant 1 R01 HD07618 and by a Biomedical Research Support Grant from the National Institutes of Hoalth. I wish to thank Ellen R. Brennan for assistance in surveying the fertility literature; Bennett Dyke for helpful criticism of the manuscript; and the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences for providing me with the opportunity to complete this study. My fellowship at the Center was funded by National Science Foundation Grant BNS76-22943.
Expression of full-length and truncated dystrophin mini-genes in transgenic mdx mice

Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy are caused by defects in the dystrophin gene, and are candidates for treatment by gene therapy. We have shown previously that overexpression of a full-length dystrophin cDNA prevents the development of dystrophic symptoms in mdx mice. We show here that this functional correction can be achieved by expressing the full-length muscle isoform at a lower level than is present in control animals. Gene therapy for DMD may necessitate the use of truncated dystrophin mini-genes to accommodate the limited cloning capacity of current-generation viral delivery vectors. We have constructed both murine and human mini-genes deleted for exons 17-48, and have demonstrated that expression of either mini-gene can almost completely prevent the development of dystrophic symptoms in transgenic mdx mice. These results suggest that viral-mediated expression of moderate levels of a truncated dystrophin could be an effective treatment for DMD.
3D Reconstruction of Scleral Shell Using Three Dimensional Active Contours

There is a general consensus that elevation in intraocular pressure (IOP), due to a reduced outflow of aqueous humor, is a major factor leading to primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Studies indicated that the damage of the optic nervehead (ONH), due to the biomechanical environment in and around the lamina cribrosa (LC), could be an important event leading to POAG [Morgan]. Since experimentally testing tissues of such small dimensions is difficult, many researchers resorted to computationally model the biomechincal environment inside the eye [Avatar, Kobayashi, Sigal, Uchio, Xu, Tandon]. It also gives the flexibility to parametrically study and isolate the effects of individual tissues on the IOP and LC. Many of these studies involve stress analysis on a hypothetical geometry (for e.g. spherical or axisymmetric hemisphere) using a variety of constitutive models (for e.g. elastic, biphasic etc) to study the static, and dynamic response of the IOP [Tandon, Sigal].Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Food advertisements during children's Saturday morning television programming: Are they consistent with dietary recommendations?

Abstract Children in the United States spend more time watching television than they do in any other activity except sleep. Given the number of food commercials to which children are exposed, we thought it would be of interest to examine current food advertising during children's television programs and to assess whether the products advertised are consistent with dietary recommendations for good health. The 52.5 hours of children's Saturday morning television we viewed from five major networks contained 997 commercials selling a product and 68 public service announcements. Of the 564 food advertisements (56.5% of all advertisements), 43.6% advertised foods classified in the fats, oils, and sweet food group. The most frequently advertised product was high-sugar cereals. We found that commercials broadcast during children's Saturday morning programming promote foods predominantly high in fat and/or sugar, many of which have relatively low nutritional value. As such, the diet presented on Saturday morning television is the antithesis of what is recommended for healthful eating for children. We conclude that the issue of television food advertising to young children be revisited on a national level.
Detection and quantitation of ethylene oxide, 2-chloroethanol, and ethylene glycol with capillary gas chromatography.

A procedure is described for detection and quantitation of ethylene oxide and two major reaction products. Detection of ethylene oxide residuals extracted from alcohol pads (cellulose) and plastic material is illustrated. Quantitation of the three compounds can be obtained with a single gas chromatographic (GC) analysis. A DB-Wax-30N, 0.25 mm i.d. column is used with 1:50 split injections with dimethylformamide as the solvent and 1:100 split injections with water as the solvent. A DB-Wax-30W, 0.32 mm i.d. column is used for on-column injections and 1:100 split water injections. Linearity of the three compounds is demonstrated.
Redeye Text Analysis Workbench: Actionable intelligence from non-actionable data

With the increase in digital data within the realm of law enforcement digital forensics comes significant challenges in the form of data discovery and analysis. The Redeye Text Analysis Workbench, produced by Oak Ridge National Laboratory, seeks to bridge the gap between existing data acquisition and higher-level data analysis systems in which forensic analysts must currently manually identify pertinent and relevant documents from possibly many terabytes of data that can then be used as input for further examination. The Redeye toolkit comprises two separate components: an ingestion pipeline and the workbench interface. Both of these components incorporate a number of tools - open source, proprietary, and custom-built - which have been integrated together to transcend the tools themselves. The final application is a means to facilitate the discovery of interesting, useful data within a digital forensics investigation.
Effects of smoking cessation on consumption of alcohol and sweet, high-fat foods

Smoking cessation may have significant effects on consumption of certain foods and other substances which may influence health. This study of seven young female smokers examined consumption of alcohol, coffee, soda, and sweets (sweet, high-fat foods) across 3 weeks, involving baseline ad lib smoking (week 1), complete cessation (week 2), and resumption of smoking (week 3). TV watching (i.e., nondietary activity) and subjective measures of craving and tension-anxiety also were assessed. Results showed increased intake of sweets and, to a lesser extent, alcohol after cessation which was reversed upon resumption of smoking. There were no significant changes across weeks in other substances. The changes in alcohol and sweet intake did not appear to be related directly to the subjective changes. These findings indicate that smoking cessation, a behavior change which promotes health, may lead to alterations in consumption of other substances, which may have adverse effects on health risk.
The effect of multiple childhood sexual assaults on mock-jurors' perceptions of repressed memories.

The effect of multiple childhood sexual assaults on the believability of a repressed memory of the assault was assessed using mock jurors. Participants read a fictional civil trial summary about a child sexual assault case presented in one of three reporting conditions: (a) immediate condition—the alleged victim testified immediately after the assault(s); (b) repressed condition—the alleged victim reported the assault(s) 20 years later, after remembering it/them for the first time; or (c) no-repressed condition—the alleged victim reported the assault(s) 20 years later, but the memory of the assault(s) had been present for those years. The number of assaults was either one or 30. The results showed that for all reporting conditions 30 alleged assaults led to relatively more decisions for the plaintiff than the defendant, and greater believability of the plaintiff. The increases in decisions rendered and believability were also generally true for the immediate condition compared to when there was a delay in reporting. The results are discussed in terms of mock jurors' perceptions of child sexual assault, both those reported immediately and those reported after many years. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serologic changes during. Induction of lupus-like disease by procainamide

Procainamide-induced lupus is a well-recognized syndrome, but the events leading up to clinical symptoms are obscure. In the present study, serologic changes in a 69-year-old man were monitored during his treatment with procainamide and after discontinuation of procainamide because of symptoms of drug-induced lupus. Antihistone antibodies of unique specificity and in vivo complement activation were detected after one year of procainamide therapy during a period prior to development of significant clinical symptoms. Antihistone antibodies and complement activation substantially increased during a full-blown episode of lupus-like symptoms. Progressive return to normal laboratory findings occurred after procainamide was discontinued. The antihistone/complement profile may be useful in the diagnosis of drug-induced lupus and warn of impending clinical deterioration in patients with minimal symptoms.
Expression of estrogen receptors alpha and beta in the corpus luteum and uterus from non-pregnant and pregnant llamas.

Because estrogen may be involved in maternal recognition of pregnancy and embryonic migration in llamas, expression of estrogen receptor subtypes α (ERα) and β (ERβ) was evaluated in corpus luteum (CL), endometrium, and uterus using relative RT-PCR. Tissues were recovered from sterile-mated (SM) and pregnant (PG) females during Days 7–11 and 7–13 (Day 0 = day of mating), respectively, and follicular phase and juvenile females. Luteal expression of ERα and β was similar (P > 0.10) in SM and PG females and within Days 7–11, however, expression of ERα in ovarian tissue from follicular phase females was greater (P 0.10) between SM and PG females or by day. The presence of luteal ER during this period may mean a role for estradiol in maternal recognition of pregnancy. Observed increases in uterine ER expression with no changes in endometrium suggest expression increased in myometrium and/or perimetrium. Upregulation of myometrial ERβ in PG females may be involved in supporting uterine migration of the embryo. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 74: 1043–1052, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Live imaging of nuage and polar granules: evidence against a precursor-product relationship and a novel role for Oskar in stabilization of polar granule components

Nuage, a germ line specific organelle, is remarkably conserved between species, suggesting that it has an important germline cell function. Very little is known about the specific role of this organelle, but in Drosophila three nuage components have been identified, the Vasa, Tudor and Aubergine proteins. Each of these components is also present in polar granules, structures that are assembled in the oocyte and specify the formation of embryonic germ cells. We used GFP-tagged versions of Vasa and Aubergine to characterize and track nuage particles and polar granules in live preparations of ovaries and embryos. We found that perinuclear nuage is a stable structure that maintains size, seldom detaches from the nuclear envelope and exchanges protein components with the cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic nuage particles move rapidly in nurse cell cytoplasm and passage into the oocyte where their movements parallel that of the bulk cytoplasm. These particles do not appear to be anchored at the posterior or incorporated into polar granules, which argues for a model where nuage particles do not serve as the precursors of polar granules. Instead, Oskar protein nucleates the formation of polar granules from cytoplasmic pools of the components shared with nuage. Surprisingly, Oskar also appears to stabilize at least one shared component, Aubergine, and this property probably contributes to the Oskar-dependent formation of polar granules. We also find that Bruno, a translational control protein, is associated with nuage, which is consistent with a model in which nuage facilitates post transcriptional regulation by promoting the formation or reorganization of RNA-protein complexes.
Decisions, patterns, and oscillations in nonlinear competitive systems with applications to Volterra-Lotka systems.

Abstract This paper describes new properties of competitive systems which arise in population biology, ecology, psychophysiology, and developmental biology. These properties yield a global method for analyzing the geometric design and qualitative behavior, e.g. limits or oscillations, of competitive systems. The method explicates a main theme about competitive systems: who is winning the competition? The systems can undergo a complicated series of discrete decisions, or jumps, whose structure can, for example, yield global pattern formation or sustained oscillations, as in the voting paradox. The method illustrates how a parallel continuous system can be analyzed in terms of discrete serial operations, but notes that the next operation can be predicted only from the parallel interactions. It is shown that binary approximations to sigmoid signals in nonlinear networks are not valid in general, It is also shown how a temporal series of nested dynamic boundaries can be induced by purely nonlinear interactive effects. These boundaries restrict the fluctuations of population sizes or activities to ever finer intervals. The method can be used where Lyapunov methods fail and often obviates the need for local stability analysis. The paper also strengthens and corrects some previous results on the voting paradox.
Monolithic Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Modulator in an unmodified CMOS process

A compact monolithically integrated Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Modulator operating above 1Gbps is demonstrated in an unmodified 180nm CMOS SOI process. This 50µm long structure allows for high density integration of photonics modulators and electrical driver circuitry on a single standard CMOS chip.
Current and future effects of ozone and atmospheric nitrogen deposition on California’s mixed conifer forests

Abstract Mixed conifer forests in southern California are exposed to elevated levels of ozone (O 3 ) and atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition. Growing season 12-h daily average O 3 levels are 0.06–0.09 ppm, and N deposition rates are 5–45 kg N/ha per year. However, N deposition rates have high spatial variability due to the heterogeneous and open-patchy characteristics of these stands. Annual deposition fluxes are greatest to canopy-covered areas with high pollution exposure. The harmful effects of O 3 on sensitive pines are well documented, and selected areas in the San Bernardino and San Gabriel mountains have reached N-saturation as demonstrated by high nitrate (NO 3 − ) export in streams, and a suite of plant and edaphic indicators. The adverse effects of O 3 culminate at the community level as a result of chronic effects on pine needle structure, retention, and physiology. Alterations in whole-tree biomass occur after several years due to higher carbon retention in the shoot for O 3 detoxification, and lower carbon allocation to roots, as a result of O 3 and N deposition. As a consequence, tree susceptibility to drought, windthrow, and root diseases could be exacerbated. Changes in forest community structure may occur due to the death of O 3 -sensitive pines and fire suppression, and pine replacement by faster-growing, O 3 -tolerant cedar and fir species. The negative impact of atmospheric N deposition occurs at the ecosystem-level as an alteration of biogeochemical nutrient cycling. For trees growing on N-deficient soils, increased supplies of N could moderate harmful O 3 effects on growth for several decades. Over time, levels of soil N rise due to sustained inputs from the atmosphere, and the accelerated production and senescence of N-rich foliage by O 3 . The increase in soil N is expected to favor the proliferation of nitrophilous overstory and understory species relative to pines. At this stage, N-limitation of forest productivity would be partially alleviated, and N emissions from soil and NO 3 − leaching losses elevated as a result of high soil N availability. In the western San Bernardino Mountains and in low-elevation chaparral watersheds in the San Gabriel Mountains, NO 3 − levels in streams are as high or higher than in any other undisturbed montane watersheds in North America, and NO 3 − contamination of domestic water supplies is of near-term concern. The effects of chronic O 3 exposure and N deposition are expected to become more prevalent in the southern Sierra Nevada as human populations and influences in adjacent areas increase in the coming years.
Classrooms in the cloud: Adobe Connect Pro in the Penn State learning community

As part of Penn State's overall mission statement, we believe that "As Pennsylvania's land-grant university, we also hold a unique responsibility to provide access, outreach, and public service to support the citizens of the Commonwealth and beyond." Encompassing 25 campuses, four special mission campuses and our web-based World Campus, we serve more than 92,000 students from across the Commonwealth, the nation, and the world.To more effectively and efficiently deliver content and instruction, Teaching and Learning with Technology began researching and piloting various web-based delivery methods to complement our established video-conferencing infrastructure. After research and consideration, TLT chose to implement Adobe's Connect Pro desktop video conferencing.Through research and development, TLT has developed several strategies for using both the synchronous and asynchronous aspects of Adobe Connect Pro to assist faculty in providing students with resources to enrich their educational experience, and to provide instruction to our diverse, non-traditional, and potentially underserved or otherwise inaccessible constituencies.Our training workshops and seminars in the essentials of using the tool and scenarios for classroom use help faculty to improve the way in which instruction is delivered, and students in how their learning takes place using Adobe Connect Pro.In this paper, we will examine our approach to deploying and providing training on Connect Pro; look at its essential elements and how they are being used in the classroom; review some examples of how it has been successfully used; and look ahead to what potential it may hold for further development and deployment in enhancing the teaching/learning process.
Acute effects of reserpine on tryptophan hydroxylase activity and mRNA in rat brain

The present study examined changes in tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) activity in the rat brainstem 1-4 days after i.p. reserpine administration. TPH enzyme activity was significantly decreased day 1 posttreatment and followed by a small but significant increase on days 2-4. Maximal TPH activity on day 4 was elevated only 42% above control level. This small increase in TPH activity was not preceded by any change of in situ hybridization signal of TPH message on day 1. In contrast, adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity in these same reserpinized animals was 2.5-fold higher than control on 4 day posttreatment. In addition, TH message was correspondingly increased day 1 posttreatment. Taken together, these results indicate a trend of small increase in TPH activity and no alteration in message after reserpine treatment unlike catecholaminergic systems.
Changes in Rheumatoid Factor and Monoclonal IgG Antibody Specificity after Site-Specific Mutations in Antigenic Region of β2-Microglobulin

Antigenic epitopes on the SKDWSFY region (positions 57-63) of human beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m) reacting in ELISA with polyclonal and monoclonal human IgM rheumatoid factors (RF) as well as with monoclonal mouse IgG anti-beta 2m antibodies were studied after site-specific mutation of single or double beta 2m amino acid residues. Single site-specific mutations at lysine 58 and serine 61 produced a major decrease (50-100%) in reactivity of polyclonal IgM RF with beta 2m. Mutations at serine 57, tryptophane 60, and phenylalanine 62 also induced substantial decrements (25-49%) in IgM RF reactivity. beta 2m mutants containing double amino acid mutations including one residue outside the SKDWSFY region along with four different mutations at tryptophane 60 also often showed marked decrements in IgM RF anti-beta 2m reactivity. Site-specific mutations at virtually all residues within the SKDWSFY beta 2m region produced a major decrease in reactivity of two of three monoclonal human IgM RF. Results with nine murine IgG anti-beta 2m mAbs often showed an entirely different profile. Site-specific mutation of aspartic acid at position 59 produced a 50-100% decrease in binding of nine mAbs. Serine at position 61 and tyrosine at 63 also appeared to represent important residues for antigenic determinants reacting with anti-beta 2m mAbs. Results of mapping discrete epitopes using glycine substitution within overlapping 7-mers of beta 2m linear sequence compared with site-specific mutation of single beta 2m residues were similar in many instances, but also often showed marked differences. A marked change in antigenic contribution of single amino acid residues to beta 2m antigenic epitopes frequently depended on what residues were mutated to. Our findings emphasize that single residues within a small seven amino acid, solvent-accessible antigenic stretch of primary beta 2m sequence vary considerably in their contribution to the reactive antigenic structures for IgM RF as well as monoclonal IgG antibodies.
Alteration of calmodulin-protein interactions by a monoclonal antibody to calmodulin

Abstract The effects of specific anti-calmodulin monoclonal antibodies on the conformation and interaction of calmodulin with two enzymes, the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase and casein kinase II, are examined. Addition of the anti-calmodulin antibody 2D1 in vitro augments phosphorylation of calmodulin by rat hepatocyte insulin receptors 4.9 ± 0.5-fold ( n = 7). Nonimmune immunoglobulin has no effect. Maximal phosphorylation is observed at a molar ratio of calmodulin: antibody of approx. 2: 1, with higher concentrations of antibody producing lesser enhancement. Increasing Ca 2+ concentrations in the physiological range progressively inhibit phosphorylation both in the absence and presence of antibody 2D1. Phosphate is incorporated predominantly on Tyr-99, which is distant from the antibody binding site. Enhancement of casein kinase II-catalyzed calmodulin phosphorylation is also produced by the antibody 2D1, implying that antibody binding induces a change in calmodulin conformation. In contrast, two other anti-calmodulin monoclonal antibodies, 4F4 and 4G2, decrease phosphorylation of calmodulin by both the insulin receptor kinase and casein kinase II. These data indicate that secondary and tertiary structures are important in enzyme-substrate interactions and suggest that the antibodies may be useful in investigating the mechanism of calmodulin function.
The registry of honeycombs in the structure of Si(111)(√3 × √3)R30°−Ag

Abstract We show that on a surface where clean 7 × 7 Si(111) and (√3 × √3)R30° Si(111)−Ag domains coexist, the boundary is accompanied by a bilayer step, with the (√3 × √3)R30° Si(111)−Ag region on the higher level. This means that models involving Si honeycombs should place the surface Si atoms above 6th layer atoms, rather than above 4th layer atoms as previously suggested.
Bacteriophage lambda DNA packaging: DNA site requirements for termination and processivity.

Abstract Bacteriophage λ chromosomes are processively packaged into preformed shells, using end-to-end multimers of intracellular viral DNA as the packaging substate. A 200 bp long DNA segment, cos , contains all the sequences needed for DNA packaging. The work reported here shows that efficient DNA packaging termination requires cos ‘s I2 segment, in addition to the required termination subsite, cosQ , and the nicking site, cosN . Efficient processivity requires cosB , in addition to cosQ and cosN . An initiation-defective mutant form of cosB sponsored efficient processivity, indicating that the terminase- cosB interactions required for termination are less stringent than those required at initiation. The finding that an initiation-defective form of cosB is functional for processivity allows a re-interpretation of a similar finding, obtained previously, that the initiation-defective cosB of phage 21 is functional for processivity by the λ packaging machinery. The cosB φ21 result can now be interpreted as indicating that interactions between cosB φ21 and λ terminase, while insufficient for initiation, function for processivity.
Long-Term Settling Characteristics of Some Clays

A series of experiments was set up, the purpose of which was to determine factors affecting long-term settling characteristics of some suspensions of clay-sized materials. Suspensions of approximately 8 g per 1. were prepared using Georgia kaolin, Mississippi bentonite, Wyoming bentonite, Iowa illite and finely ground quartz. In addition, 2 g and 16 g per 1. suspensions of kaolinite were prepared. All suspensions were observed for 2-week periods at constant temperatures of 19°C; kaolinite suspensions were also observed at 2°, 10°, 25° and 31°C.
Form-birefringent space-variant inhomogeneous medium element for shaping point-spread functions.

We experimentally characterize the properties of an element that generates a doughnutlike point-spread function by converting the linearly polarized incident field to radially or azimuthally polarized light utilizing space-variant inhomogeneous medium (SVIM) form-birefringent subwavelength structures. To fabricate the high-aspect-ratio SVIM structures, we developed a chemically assisted ion-beam-etching process that permits control of the fabricated form-birefringent structure profile to optimize the effect of birefringence and the impedance mismatch on the substrate-air interface. Fabricated elements perform efficient polarization conversion for incident angles as large as 30°, where the extinction ratio is found to be better than 4.5. The intensity distribution in the far field shows that our SVIM device generates a doughnut point-spread function that may prove useful for various applications.
A mobile NMR system with full spectroscopy capability

This paper reports our work in developing a mobile nuclear magnetic resonance system with full spectroscopy capability. The system consists of a 0.93 T, portable permanent magnet, a 8-turn 550 µm diameter microcoil, and compact electronics systems. The system provides 0.4 parts per million spectrum linewidth and 408 signal-to-noise ratio from a 37 nL water sample with 128 averages. Representative 1H and 19F spectra are presented.
Reconstruction error characterization and control: a sampling theory approach

Reconstruction is prerequisite whenever a discrete signal needs to be resampled as a result of transformations such as texture mapping, image manipulation, volume slicing, and rendering. We present a new method for the characterization and measurement of reconstruction error in the spatial domain. Our method uses the Classical Shannon's Sampling Theorem as a basis to develop error bounds. We use this formulation to provide, for the first time, an efficient way to guarantee an error bound at every point by varying the size of the reconstruction filter. We go further to support position-adaptive reconstruction and data-adaptive reconstruction which adjusts the filter size to the location of the reconstruction point and to the data values in its vicinity. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our methods with 1D signals, 2D signals (images), and 3D signals (volumes).
Microstructural control and mechanical properties of dual-phase TiAl alloys

Abstract This paper summarizes our recent work on the effects of microstructural features on the mechanical properties of TiAl alloys prepared by powder and ingot metallurgy. TiAl alloys based on Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb (at%) were alloyed with small amounts of Ta, W, and B additions for control of alloy phases and microstructure. The alloys were processed by hot extrusion above and below Tα, followed by short- and long-term heat treatments at temperatures to 1350 °C in vacuum. The microstructural features in the lamellar structures were characterized by metallography, SEM and TEM, and the mechanical properties were determined by tensile tests at temperatures to 1000 °C. The tensile elongation at room temperature is mainly controlled by the colony size, showing an increase in ductility with decreasing colony size. The yield strength, on the other hand, is sensitive to the interlamellar spacing. Hall-Petch relationships hold well for both yield strength and tensile elongation at room and elevated temperatures. TiAl alloys with refined colony size and ultrafine lamellar structures possess excellent mechanical properties for structural applications at elevated temperatures.
Study of the Effects of Alkali Metal Salts on Styrene Hydroformylation Reactions Catalyzed by Rhodium(I) Complexes of Bis(phosphite) Ligands

A functionalized α,ω-bis(phosphite-donor) ligand containing two amido groups, 8, has been prepared from tartaric acid. An in situ formed rhodium(I) metallacrown ether complex of 8 has been compared to an in situ formed rhodium(I) complex of (R,R)-Chiraphite for the hydroformylation of styrene. Both Rh(I) complexes are active catalysts, but the complex of (R,R)-Chiraphite exhibits a higher regioselectivity than does the metallacrown ether catalyst (iso/n of 10.1 versus 3.9) as expected. The additions of alkali metal salts to the hydroformylation reactions cause increases in the regioselectivities (approximately 2-fold for both LiBPh4·3dme and NaBPh4 for ligand 8; 3-fold for both LiBPh4·3dme and NaBPh4 for (R,R)-Chiraphite) with virtually no effect on the activity. The facts that (1) no change in the iso/n ratio is observed upon addition of the noncoordinating salt, TBA·BPh4, (2) LiBPh4·3dme has little effect on the regioselectivity of an in situ formed rhodium(I) complex of diphos, and (3) the increase in ...
Reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) oscillations at 77 K.

Strong intensity oscillations have been found in RHEED during epitaxial growth at 77 K. This temperature is too low for thermally activated diffusion and establishes that the deposited atom uses its latent heat of condensation to skip across the surface, preferentially coming to rest at growing island edges, to achieve quasi---layer-by-layer growth. This growth mechanism implies that RHEED oscillations should be observable at 0 K. The data also provide insight into the basic principles governing RHEED oscillations.
Cooperative Electron Transfer Fragmentation Reactions. Amplification of a Photoreaction through A Tandem Chain Fragmentation of Acceptor and Donor Pinacols

Photofragmentation reactions occurring as a consequence of activation by oxidation or reduction of excited states have been observed for a variety of organic molecules, especially for donors such as amines, pinacols, and substituted diarylethanes.1-9 In many cases the fragmentation of the ion radical produces a stable (even-electron) product and a redox active radical.3,4 As a typical example, the cation radicals of electron-rich pinacols such as 1 (KHKH) generate a ketone, K, and the relatively strong reducing ketyl radical, KH• (eq 1).10-12 In previous studies, we have
Integrity aspects of quasi serializability

Abstract Quasi serializability is a correctness criterion for multidatabase consistency. An execution is quasi serializable if its local executions are serializable and it is equivalent to a quasi serial execution in which global transactions are executed sequentially. In this paper, we study the integrity aspects of quasi serializability. The main result is that, if each transaction is integrity preserving, quasi serializable executions preserve local integrity constraints and global constraints that involve data updatable by global transactions only.
Probing DNA by 2-OG-Dependent Dioxygenase

TET-mediated 5-methyl cytosine (5mC) oxidation acts in epigenetic regulation, stem cell development, and cancer. Hu et al. now determine the crystal structure of the TET2 catalytic domain bound to DNA, shedding light on 5mC-DNA substrate recognition and the catalytic mechanism of 5mC oxidation.