cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification and characterization of a novel 5 bp deletion in a putative insulin response element in the lipoprotein lipase gene

Abstract Our aim was to identify an insulin response element (IRE) in the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene. We identified a 19 bp sequence as a putative IRE in LPL non-coding exon 10 using bioinformatics. Upon sequencing the IRE region, a novel 5 bp deletion was identified in Hispanics ( N = 406) with a carrier frequency of 4.2% but not in non-Hispanic whites ( N = 604) or Africans. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed binding sites for regulatory factor(s) in muscle cell nuclear extracts with putative IRE sequence. Antibody supershift assay using human aorta smooth muscle cell nuclear extract revealed that Elk-1 specifically binds to putative IRE. TaqMan real-time RT-PCR of the 5 bp deletion, the mutant and wild type cDNA expressed in COS-1 and human muscle cells revealed that the 5 bp deletion was associated with modest reduction in LPL expression. There was also a slight reduction in LPL translation in the deletion mutant. Our data suggest the presence of an IRE in the 3′UTR of the LPL gene.
Dean Baker's war of position:

The US economist Dean Baker, along with his colleagues at the Center for Economic and Policy Research, has for the last decade been waging a Gramscian 'war of position' against neoliberal orthodoxy in the US. With the collapse of the housing market bubble (which Baker predicted) and the ensuing global economic crisis, his analysis has had more of a hearing in the mainstream. According to Baker, the internationalisation and deregulation of financial markets has been a mechanism for redistributing upwards the benefits of labour productivity growth and led to a hugely overblown financial sector prone to self-deception, criminality and highly speculative short-term profiteering. An alternative can be found, argues Baker, in Latin America's rejection of neoliberalism.
Designing a retail store network with strategic pricing in a competitive environment

Abstract This paper presents a location and pricing model for a retailer that sells a homogeneous product to maximize profit in a competitive environment. Specifically, the retailer is to locate a given number of stores and simultaneously to determine the mill price charged at each open store. We assume that mill price and travel cost are two main utility factors considered by customers, and adopt the multinomial logit model to express the flows of customers traveling to stores. The problem is formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear program. We develop a solution framework composed of two phases (location and pricing) to solve the problem. Given a set of open stores, three pricing heuristics are used to determine the optimal price at each open store. Three location heuristics are proposed to find the best set of open stores. Computational experiments suggest us to use a path-following approach provided in the literature for pricing and a tabu search procedure for location. We finally investigate an illustrative example and derive a number of managerial insights regarding location and pricing strategies.
Tryptophan catabolism to indolepyruvic and indoleacetic acids byRhizobium japonicum L-259 mutants

Tan-colored (tan) mutants, which retain the capacity to reduce acetylene, were selected and isolated fromRhizobium japonicum L-259 after growth in a glutamate-limited medium supplemented with tryptophan (trp). The mutants catabolized trp (500 mg per liter) to produce organe-colored fermentation broths containing extracellular indolepyruvic (IPA) and indoleacetic (IAA) acids. In contrast, parental strain L-259 produced a colorless broth containing only IAA when grown on the trp-supplemented medium. Trp alone was determined to be an incomplete nitrogen source for mutant growth and did not stimulate acetylenereduction activity.
The paradox of gender equality: an entrepreneurial case study from Sweden

Purpose – Informed by socialist feminist theory, the purpose of this paper is to understand the impact of societal factors such as governmental policies, labor market structure, social norms, and gender ideology on the experiences and practices of women small business owners in Sweden.Design/methodology/approach – Using qualitative data gathered during four months of fieldwork in Sweden, the analysis focuses on the case of Malin Andersson, the founder of a domestic services company, to show how individual situations are intimately connected to the larger social, political, and economic environments.Findings – The analysis demonstrates how the complexities of gender and class dynamics interact with business endeavors in a capitalist society with a strong social democratic political system. In particular, the paper shows how Malin Andersson's experience of entrepreneurship is at the nexus of many social forces, creating many contradictions and paradoxes to understanding her experience.Originality/value – Th...
An extended universal instance data model

Abstract The universal instance (UI) data model is extended to include the semantic notion of generalization as well as specialization . It is shown how this extension gives the model significantly more modelling capability and overcomes the well-known limitations of other UI models. In particular, the extended model allows both multiply defined attributes and multiple independent relationships. Consequently, the extended UI model has the modelling capability of ER-diagrams, together with the capability to handle nonnavigational (i.e. attribute-based) queries. The semantics of both the standard and extended UI models are also studied, and it is shown that UI models have an unexpectedly rich semantics. Finally, some comparisons with object-oriented models are made. The extended UI model is a purely value-oriented model, but it appears to parallel object-oriented models closely. Some consequences of this similarity are discussed.
The first unsubstituted metallabenzene complex [Ru2(η5-C5Me5)2(η2,η5-C5H5)(SiMe3)]

Treatment of the silyl/methylene complex [Ru2(η5-C5Me5)2(µ-CH2)(SiMe3)Cl] with acetylene gives the first unsubstituted metallabenzene complex [Ru2(η5-C5Me5)2(η2,η5-C5H5)(SiMe3)], which has been characterised by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography.
A comparison of hole size formation caused by a hypervelocity impact with a thin film using molecular dynamics and CTH

Abstract The relationship of the mass, velocity, and density of an impacting projectile to the hole formed as a consequence of a hypervelocity penetration is a subject of great importance in the study of Interplanetary Dust Particles and Orbital Debris. During the past twenty years extensive efforts have been made in developing computational procedures that model hypervelocity impacts. The vast majority of these projects have used hydrodynamic equations with either a Lagrangian or Eulerian grid or some hybrid of the two forms. Another numerical procedure that can be applied to the study of hypervelocity penetrations is molecular dynamics (MD). The appeal of MD to the problem of hypervelocity impacts lies in the fact that the thermodynamic variables of pressure, temperature, and density are found independently of each other without requiring an equation of state. The primary disadvantage of MD is the size of the system that can be effectively modeled. In this paper six different hypervelocity impacts are considered using MD and the hydrocode CTH developed at Sandia National Laboratories. The six impacts consist of a cube impacting a thin film at 7,9, and 11 km/s with an aspect ratio of one to one and two to one. The time evolution of the density, pressure, and temperature are compared for each of the methods. Finally the hole size created by the impacts are calculated for each method, and the results compared. Conclusions about the effectiveness of MD are offered with suggestions for future work.
Adaptive equalization using normalized stochastic approximation methods

An optimal procedure for incrementing the tap gains of an adaptive tapped-delay-line data channel equalizer is presented. The equalizer algorithm is a normalized Robbins-Monro stochastic approximation procedure which converges to tap gain values bounded by those which minimize mean-square error (MSE) and those which minimize median-square error (MDSE). A truncated version of the algorithm with minimum and maximum allowable values of tap gains will also converge. The problem addressed here is selection of an optimal scalar stepping sequence for the multi-dimensional stochastic search scheme; the objective is accelerated convergence. The optimal sequence derived is minimax in that maximum MSE in tap gain settings is minimized at each iteration. Generally speaking, the optimal approach is to hold step size constant initially, and to then reduce step size at each iteration.
Same-Sex Marriage and the Boundaries of Diversity: Will Marriage and Family Therapy Remain Inclusive of Religious and Social Conservatives?

The expanding legalization of same-sex marriage in the Western World may pose significant challenges for the relationship between many religious and socially conservative marriage and family therapists and their professional associations. In the present analysis, I look to the field of moral psychology, particularly Haidt's Moral Foundations Theory, to provide greater clarity regarding the nature of this tension and a resultant tightening of the boundaries of acceptable diversity that could ensue. I then outline some concerning indicators from mental health associations relative to their potential willingness to tolerate conservative perspectives in meaningful ways and identify some specific areas of possible tension for conservative therapists trying to integrate their deeply held moral values into ethical practice with same-sex couples, with a specific reference to the viability of “conscience clauses” and values-based referrals. I conclude with some recommendations through which the field of marriage a...
Gene body-specific methylation on the active X chromosome

Differential DNA methylation is important for the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Allele-specific methylation of the inactive X chromosome has been demonstrated at promoter CpG islands, but the overall pattern of methylation on the active X(Xa) and inactive X (Xi) chromosomes is unknown. We performed allele-specific analysis of more than 1000 informative loci along the human X chromosome. The Xa displays more than two times as much allele-specific methylation as Xi. This methylation is concentrated at gene bodies, affecting multiple neighboring CpGs. Before X inactivation, all of these Xa gene body-methylated sites are biallelically methylated. Thus, a bipartite methylation-demethylation program results in Xa-specific hypomethylation at gene promoters and hypermethylation at gene bodies. These results suggest a relationship between global methylation and expression potentiality.
Diastolic dysfunction and atrial fibrillation.

Introduction Isolated diastolic heart failure (DHF) is defined as heart failure with preserved left ventricular (LV) systolic function in the absence of valve disease. DHF is a clinical diagnosis confirmed by echocardiography and is presumed to be due to diastolic dysfunction (DD). DD is characterized by abnormalities in relaxation and/or distensibility (restriction) of the left ventricle (LV). DHF accounts for 30% to 50% of patients with heart failure and is an independent predictor of atrial fibrillation (AF) in the elderly.
Pulmonary Toxicity of Recombinant Human Tumor Necrosis Factor

Tumor necrosis factor is a cytokine produced by activated macrophages that causes hemorrhagic necrosis in various tumors. In preliminary clinical trials, patients have developed various degrees of respiratory insufficiency following administration of rTNF. Twenty-seven patients were studied prospectively to evaluate the effect of administration of rTNF on pulmonary function. Sixteen of the 27 patients completed the eight-week course of daily IM injection of rTNF. Spirometric data and Dsb were measured at baseline and on days 8, 15, and 56 of treatment. Both patients with and without progressive pulmonary metastases demonstrated a comparable mean decline in Dsb (— 10.7 ± 9.6 percent [± SD] and 14.7 ± 10.0 percent, respectively; p (Chest 1989;96:334–38) TNF = tumor necrosis factor; rTNF = recombinant tumor necrosis factor
The Science and Politics of Reducing Child Victimization

Criminologists and other social scientists who seek to use science in an effort to reduce child victimization do so in a cultural environment in which alternative images and constructions of child ...
Continuous Air Monitoring Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry: Correction of Spectral Interferences Arising from CN Emission:

Introduction of sample stream air into an argon inductively coupled plasma permits continuous monitoring of hazardous air pollutant metals in combustion flue gases. Along with entrained particulates and metal vapors, various molecular components of the flue gas are introduced into the plasma. These species, and reaction products thereof, also undergo excitation resulting in complex emission spectra of appreciable intensity. Serious spectral interferences arise for several metal elements, from molecular emission bands associated with the stable CN radical and other polyatomic species. Failure to account for these interferences can significantly degrade accuracy particularly at low flue gas metal concentrations. Reported here is an effective method for measurement and correction of CN spectral interferences affecting the on-line detection of hazardous air pollutant metals that incorporates conventional polychromator hardware and existing instrument software capabilities. A demonstration of the ability of this method to achieve virtually complete correction of these interferences under both laboratory and field conditions is presented.
Effect of β-carboline-3-carboxoylate-t-butyl ester on ventilatory control

β-carboline-3-carboxylate-t-butyl ester (βCCT) is the most selective antagonist for the α1β2γ2 benzodiazepine (BZ) receptor subtype which blocks anticonvulsant and antipunishment (anxiolytic) but not sedative and myorelaxant effects of diazepam. We sought to determine whether the α1β2γ2 BZ receptor subtype modulates ventilation and whether βCCT antagonizes respiratory depressant effects of BZ's. Room air (RA) ventilation and the ventilatory response to 6% & 12% CO2 were non-invasively assessed by barometric plethysmography in 30gm mice, n = 11. Plethysmograph signal amplitude (AMP), respiratory rate (RR) and minute ventilatory effort (MVE = AMP∗RR), were measured. Runs were performed pre-drug & after IP injection of saline, vehicle for βCCT, βCCT (60 mgkg), midazolam (10 mgkg), and midazolam followed by βCCT. Compared with pre-drug values, midazolam depressed MVE during RA and CO2 stimulation (% of pre-drug value: RA:57.7 ± 17.4%, 6% CO2: 53.73 ± 14.3%, 12%CO2: 69.1 ± 26.1%, p < .0001, ANOVA). Subsequent βCCT partially reversed this depression during RA conditions (72.8 ± 25.7% of pre-drug value, p < .03 compared with midazolam) and 6% CO2 stimulation (67.1 ± 10.7% of pre-drug value, p < .006 compared with midazolam) but not with 12% CO2. Thus, the α1β2γ2 BZ receptor subtype modulates ventilation and βCCT partially antagonizes respiratory depressant effects of BZ's.
Taxonomy with confidence

Abstract There are essentially three ways in which four species may be related in a phylogenetic tree graph. It is usual to compute for each of these three possibilities the smallest number of mutations that could have brought about the observed distribution of characteristics among the four species. The graph that minimizes this number is then preferred. In fact, the hypothesis that the graph chosen in this way is correct may be accepted with confidence if the minimum is strong in a sense described here. In principle, the theory could be extended to treat sets of more than four species.
Nation und Religion. Integrationsprozesse im Bismarckreich. By Siegfried Weichlein. Beiträge zur Geschichte des Parlamentarismus und der politischen Parteien, vol. 93. Düsseldorf: Droste Verlag. 2004. Pp. 448. €58.00. ISBN 3-7700-5255-2.

In 1953, Karl W. Deutsch published one of the most powerful works in the history of the study of nations and nationalism. The book was entitled Nationalism and Social Communication, and it hypothesized that a nation was not the expression of the essence of a people, as nationalists had argued, but of networks of communication. These networks ran along the rails and with the postal service, and were the “steel sinews,” as Bismarck once maintained, of a community that shared and exchanged a common culture. The cultural turn in the study of nationalism, most prominently represented by Benedict Anderson's Imagined Communities, did not so much refute Deutsch as shift the analytical terrain from an analysis of the infrastructure of commonality to an interpretation of the style in which nations were imagined. Many of Deutsch's insights remained the unspoken assumptions of the historiography of nations.
The carotenoids of the eggs and embryos of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Abstract The carotenoids of eggs and plutei of the sea urchin S. purpuratus have been investigated. The eggs contain five pigments. Echinenone and β-carotene together make up more than 90% of the total, but the proportions vary widely: in seven investigations the ratios of echinenone to β-carotene ranged from 1.6 to 10.9. No correlation was found with the time of spawning. Zeaxanthin constitutes 2–3% of the total; and a pigment tentatively identified as isocryptoxanthin, 3.5–5.5%. A small amount of the β-carotene, usually 1–2%, is isolated as an isomer, probably neo-β-carotene B. Traces of two other pigments are seen on the thin layer chromatogram, but have not been isolated or identified. The total carotenoid content of the eggs varies considerably. Ten females, which spawned on the same date, had egg carotenoid contents ranging from 0.19 to 0.38 mg (echinenone equivalents) per gram of protein, with an average of 0.27 mg. The plutei of S. purpuratus contain the same five pigments, and traces of the same two pigments, that occur in the eggs. The pigments have been investigated quantitatively as a function of time, and it has been shown that no reduction occurs during early development in the total amount of carotenoid present, and no significant change occurs from egg to pluteus in the percentages of the different carotenoids. The significance of the data with respect to the function of carotenoids in marine eggs and embryos is discussed.
Reviving the mission of rock mechanics teaching in mining and civil engineering

Abstract The subject of teaching rock mechanics is nearly completely absent from rock mechanics journals as well as from national and international symposia. At all ISRM Congresses, since 1964, there has never been a theme or even a session devoted to the teaching of rock mechanics. In the halls of academia, mining and civil engineering professors very seldom discuss the pedagogic issues associated with their main mission: education. The subjects prevailing in professional discussions are research, writing papers and attending meetings. The author performed a study involving mining and civil engineering undergraduate programs in the U.S.A. and Europe, and concluded that rock mechanics teaching is out of date with the educational issues of today, that the material taught is infrequently updated, that the teaching techniques have hardly changed, that little attention is paid to engineering design in rock mechanics while sophisticated computer analyses and laboratory testing predominate. Rock mechanics is seldom a required course at the undergraduate level and is mostly taught at a graduate level as an elective. It is thus not surprising that industry is not convinced of the value of rock mechanics in practice. Recommendations are made about what steps should be taken urgently to salvage the subject we care about so much and to bring renewed devotion to the teaching of rock mechanics.
Impact of Distributed Energy Resources on the Reliability of Critical Telecommunications Facilities

This paper documents a probabilistic risk assessment of existing and alternative power supply systems at a large telecommunications office. The analysis characterizes the increase in the reliability of power supply through the use of two alternative power configurations. Failures in the power systems supporting major telecommunications service nodes are a main contributor to significant telecommunications outages. A logical approach to improving the robustness of telecommunication facilities is to increase the depth and breadth of technologies available to restore power during power outages. Distributed energy resources such as fuel cells and gas turbines could provide additional on-site electric power sources to provide backup power, if batteries and diesel generators fail. The analysis is based on a hierarchical Bayesian approach and focuses on the failure probability associated with each of three possible facility configurations, along with assessment of the uncertainty or confidence level in the probability of failure. A risk-based characterization of final best configuration is presented.
An Update on the Changing Epidemiology and Metabolic Risk Factors in Pediatric Kidney Stone Disease

Nephrolithiasis in children is a painful and costly disease that may also have detrimental long-term effects on kidney function. Recent data provide evidence that the incidence of nephrolithiasis in children is rising. Children who are white, female, and adolescent seem to have the highest risk for forming symptomatic kidney stones. Although the reasons for the rising incidence and demographic discrepancies in pediatric nephrolithiasis are not yet clear, recent investigations into urine chemistry provide clues regarding predisposing metabolic risk factors. As more data emerge regarding epidemiologic and metabolic characteristics of pediatric kidney stone formers, we hope to gain a better understanding of the causes of kidney stone disease and, ultimately, provide better strategies for stone prevention in children.
Scalable Digital Multiphase Modulator

An architecture is presented for digital multiphase modulators (MPM) that leads to an efficient, high performance hardware realization. The combined modulator, switching phases and output filter are viewed as a multilevel digital-to-analog converter with high power output, or a power D/A, and concepts used in D/A converters are leveraged to achieve high performance and hardware efficiency. The modulator is split into three functional blocks including a decoder that determines how many phases are on at any time, a selector that determines which phases are on at any time, and a single high-resolution module that is time-shared among all phases. The resulting architecture scales favorably with a large number of phases and facilitates fast update rates of the input command well above the single phase-switching frequency, fs. Experimental results are presented for a custom integrated circuit realization in a 0.35-muCMOS process, designed for 16-phase output with an input command update rate of 16 times fs. Two complete 16 phase MPM designs are verified on the IC with different high-resolution modules, including a delay-line based design achieving 9-b resolution at fs =4 MHz and a counter-based design achieving 8-b resolution at fs = 586 kHz.
Red cell aldolase deficiency in hereditary spherocytosis.

Summary: Red cell aldolase activity decreases normally with cell age at a mathematically predictable rate. Compared to aldolase activity so predicted for red cells of the same age, activity of this glycolytic enzyme was 35 per cent deficient (range 18–53 per cent) in 20 splenectomized patients from eight unrelated families with typical hereditary spherocytosis. In two unsplenectomized patients with hereditary spherocytosis red cell age was estimated from measurement of their diisopropyl-fluorophosphate (DF32P)-labelled red cell survivals, and deficiencies of 62 and 55 per cent in red cell aldolase activity observed. The rates of glycolysis in intact cells and haemolysates measured under conditions designed to produce maximum rates of lactate formation were 20–30 per cent less than expected for the red cell age in the splenectomized subjects. Since patients with hereditary spherocytosis are probably heterozygous for the genetic defect presumed to be present in this disease, the magnitude of deficiency was compared to those reported in heterozygotes for inherited red cell abnormalities such as sickle haemoglobinopathy, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and pyruvate kinase deficiency and it was found to be similar. This suggests that a deficiency in red cell aldolase activity may be the basic biochemical lesion in hereditary spherocytosis. One of the products of the aldolase reaction, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, is known to be an important precursor for phospholipid in other tissues, suggesting a possible relationship between red cell aldolase deficiency and the known red cell membrane abnormalities of hereditary spherocytosis.
A Combinatorial Approach to Specht Module Cohomology

For a Specht module S ‚ for the symmetric group §d, the cohomology H i (§d;S ‚ ) is known only in degree i = 0. We give a combinatorial criterion equivalent to the non- vanishing of the degree i = 1 cohomology, valid in odd characteristic. Our condition generalizes James' solution in degree zero. We apply this combinatorial description to give some computations of Specht module cohomology, together with an explicit description of the corresponding modules. Finally, we suggest some general conjectures that might be particularly amenable to proof using this description. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classiflcation: 20C30
Comparative geochemistry of Apollo 16 surface soils and samples from cores 64002 and 60002 through 60007

New data are presented for the concentrations of 23 to 27 elements in nine Apollo 16 surface soil samples, two subsplits each of 12 splits of core 60002-7, and one subsplit each of 10 splits of drive tube 64002. The surface soils are generally similar to other surface soils collected at their respective stations. All ten 64002 samples are similar to each other and to the station 4 surface soils and distinctly different from soils at other stations. High iron concentrations previously reported for these same subsplits of 60002-7 result primarily from meteoritic metal. One sample from each core is contaminated by stainless steel. The recently proposed ferroan anorthositic norites are required to explain the soil compositions. A yet uncharacterized component with high concentrations of Na, Sr, and Eu is also needed.
Analysis and design of an adaptive input shaper for the control of flexible structures

In the control of flexible structures many methods are used to reduce residual vibration due to the excitation of flexible modes. Input shaping, a feed-forward method, typically convolves the input with a sequence of impulses that are independent of the system maneuver. While reducing the residual vibration, input shaping extends the duration of the maneuver command by the length of the input shaper. The paper explores the idea of adaptive input shaping which allows a fast input shaper to be used while providing robustness to parameter uncertainty by tuning the shaper to the flexible mode frequency. The adaptive input shaping method presented can adapt between maneuvers or during maneuvers. Analysis yields a large range of convergence that is verified by simulation and shows this method to be less complex than other adaptive approaches.
A Linear Parabolic Trough Solar Collector Performance Model

A performance model has been programmed for a solar thermal collector based on a linear parabolic trough reflector focused on a coated absorber tube enclosed in an evacuated transparent tube: a Parabolic Trough Solar Collector (PTSC). This steady state, single dimensional model is based on fundamental material and energy balances together with heat transfer correlations programmed in the Engineering Equation Solver (EES). The model considers the effects of solar intensity, incident angle, collector dimensions, material properties, fluid properties, ambient conditions, and operating conditions on the performance of the PTSC. The model has been used to size system devices, to choose proper operating conditions, and to detect possible operating problems for the solar cooling and heating system for the Intelligent Workplace (IW) at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) in Pittsburgh. The IW installed 52 - square meter PTSCs coupled with a 16 kW absorption chiller for space cooling and heating in August of 2006. The tests on PTSC performance are now being carried out. After the model is validated by experimental data of the tests, it will be further used to improve PTSC design and to optimize system operation and control for the IW.Copyright © 2007 by CBPD
The effect of Antarctic Circumpolar Current transport on the frontal variability in Drake Passage

Abstract The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is composed of three major fronts: the Sub-Antarctic Front (SAF), the Polar Front (PF), the Southern ACC Front (SACCF). The locations of these fronts are variable. The PF can shift away from its historical (mean) location by as much as 100 km. The transport of the ACC in Drake Passage varies from its mean (134 Sv) by as much as 60 Sv. A regional numerical circulation model is used to study frontal variability in Drake Passage as affected by a range of volume transports (from 95 Sv to 155 Sv with an interval of 10 Sv). Large transport shifts the fronts northward while the smaller transport causes a southward shift. The mean shifting distance of the PF from the historical mean location is minimum with 135 Sv transport. The SAF and the SACCF are confined by northern and southern walls, respectively, while the PF is loosely controlled by the topography. Due to impact of the eddies and meanders on the PF at several regions in Drake Passage, the PF may move northward to join the SAF or move southward to combine with the SACCF, especially in central Scotia Sea. The SAF and PF are more stable with higher transport. The SAF behaves as a narrow, strong frontal jet with large transport while displaying meanders with smaller transport. In the model simulations, the Ertel Potential Vorticity (EPV) is strongly correlated with the volume transport stream function. EPV at depths between 1000 and 2500 m is correlated with the transport stream function with a coefficient above 0.9. Near the bottom, the correlation is about 0.6 due to the disruptive influence of bottom topography. Within 750 m of the surface, the correlation is much reduced due to the effect of K-Profile Parameterization (KPP) mixing and eddy mixing.
A 3D open-framework indium telluride and its selenide and sulfide analogues.

通讯作者地址: Feng, PY (通讯作者), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Chem, Riverside, CA 92521 USA 地址: 1. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Chem, Riverside, CA 92521 USA 2. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
Pliocene three-dimensional global ocean temperature reconstruction

Abstract. The thermal structure of the mid-Piacenzian ocean is obtained by combining the Pliocene Research, Interpretation and Synoptic Mapping Project (PRISM3) multiproxy sea-surface temperature (SST) reconstruction with bottom water temperature estimates from 27 locations produced using Mg/Ca paleothermometry based upon the ostracod genus Krithe. Deep water temperature estimates are skewed toward the Atlantic Basin (63% of the locations) and represent depths from 1000 m to 4500 m. This reconstruction, meant to serve as a validation data set as well as an initialization for coupled numerical climate models, assumes a Pliocene water mass framework similar to that which exists today, with several important modifications. The area of formation of present day North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) was expanded and extended further north toward the Arctic Ocean during the mid-Piacenzian relative to today. This, combined with a deeper Greenland-Scotland Ridge, allowed a greater volume of warmer NADW to enter the Atlantic Ocean. In the Southern Ocean, the Polar Front Zone was expanded relative to present day, but shifted closer to the Antarctic continent. This, combined with at least seasonal reduction in sea ice extent, resulted in decreased Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) production (relative to present day) as well as possible changes in the depth of intermediate waters. The reconstructed mid-Piacenzian three-dimensional ocean was warmer overall than today, and the hypothesized aerial extent of water masses appears to fit the limited stable isotopic data available for this time period.
Divergent Functions of Neuronal Rab11b in Ca2+-Regulated versus Constitutive Exocytosis

Using PC12 cells that express transfected human growth hormone (hGH) as a secreted reporter protein, we have searched for Rab proteins that function in exocytosis. Among the Rab proteins tested, we found that besides the previously described Rab3 proteins, only members of the Rab11 family (Rab11a, 11b, and 25) impaired Ca2+-induced exocytosis. Rab11b, which is enriched in brain, had the strongest effect. Consistent with a role in exocytosis, Rab11 and Rab3 proteins were colocalized with other vesicle proteins on secretory vesicles in PC12 cells and on mature synaptic vesicles in brain. Rab11b mutants that fix Rab11b in the GTP- or GDP-bound state both effectively inhibited Ca2+-induced exocytosis but seemed to act by distinct mechanisms: whereas GDP-bound Rab11b greatly stimulated constitutive secretion of hGH and depleted hGH stores in secretory vesicles, GTP-bound Rab11b only had a moderate effect on constitutive secretion and no effect on vesicular hGH stores. These results suggest that, consistent with a GTP-dependent regulation of Rab function, GDP-bound Rab11b indirectly inhibits Ca2+-triggered exocytosis by causing the loss of hGH from the PC12 cells, whereas GTP-bound Rab11b directly impairs Ca2+-triggered exocytosis. In contrast to neuroendocrine PC12 cells in which GTP- and GDP-bound Rab11b inhibited Ca2+-induced, but not constitutive, exocytosis, in non-neuronal cells GTP- and GDP-bound Rab11b inhibited constitutive exocytosis and caused an accumulation of cellular hGH. Viewed together, our data suggest that, in addition to other functions, Rab11 has a specific role in neuronal and neuroendocrine but not in non-neuronal cells as a GTP-dependent switch between regulated and constitutive secretory pathways.
Entropy-based algorithms for best basis selection

Adapted waveform analysis uses a library of orthonormal bases and an efficiency functional to match a basis to a given signal or family of signals. It permits efficient compression of a variety of signals, such as sound and images. The predefined libraries of modulated waveforms include orthogonal wavelet-packets and localized trigonometric functions, and have reasonably well-controlled time-frequency localization properties. The idea is to build out of the library functions an orthonormal basis relative to which the given signal or collection of signals has the lowest information cost. The method relies heavily on the remarkable orthogonality properties of the new libraries: all expansions in a given library conserve energy and are thus comparable. Several cost functionals are useful; one of the most attractive is Shannon entropy, which has a geometric interpretation in this context. >
Association between community health center and rural health clinic presence and county-level hospitalization rates for ambulatory care sensitive conditions: an analysis across eight US states

Federally qualified community health centers (CHCs) and rural health clinics (RHCs) are intended to provide access to care for vulnerable populations. While some research has explored the effects of CHCs on population health, little information exists regarding RHC effects. We sought to clarify the contribution that CHCs and RHCs may make to the accessibility of primary health care, as measured by county-level rates of hospitalization for ambulatory care sensitive (ACS) conditions. We conducted an ecologic analysis of the relationship between facility presence and county-level hospitalization rates, using 2002 discharge data from eight states within the US (579 counties). Counties were categorized by facility availability: CHC(s) only, RHC(s) only, both (CHC and RHC), and neither. US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality definitions were used to identify ACS diagnoses. Discharge rates were based on the individual's county of residence and were obtained by dividing ACS hospitalizations by the relevant county population. We calculated ACS rates separately for children, working age adults, and older individuals, and for uninsured children and working age adults. To ensure stable rates, we excluded counties having fewer than 1,000 residents in the child or working age adult categories, or 500 residents among those 65 and older. Multivariate Poisson analysis was used to calculate adjusted rate ratios. Among working age adults, rate ratio (RR) comparing ACS hospitalization rates for CHC-only counties to those of counties with neither facility was 0.86 (95% Confidence Interval, CI, 0.78–0.95). Among older adults, the rate ratio for CHC-only counties compared to counties with neither facility was 0.84 (CI 0.81–0.87); for counties with both CHC and RHC present, the RR was 0.88 (CI 0.84–0.92). No CHC/RHC effects were found for children. No effects were found on estimated hospitalization rates among uninsured populations. Our results suggest that CHCs and RHCs may play a useful role in providing access to primary health care. Their presence in a county may help to limit the county's rate of hospitalization for ACS diagnoses, particularly among older people.
A numerical method to obtain optimal quadrature formulas

This paper present a numerical method to obtain optimal quadrature formulas of Gauss type and Radau type in the sense of Sard. Using the relation between optimal quadrature formulas and nonospline functions, the optimal quadrature formula can be obtained by solving a set of no-linear simultaneous algebraic equations induced from the interpolatory conditions of the monospline. In attempting to solve this set of non-linear algebraic equations for numbers of knots and degrees of interpolution required in estimation problem applications insurmountable numerical errors were encountered. This paper solves the numerical problem by first reducing the number of unknowns and equations to approximately one half the original number. This is accomplished by showing and then using a symmetry property of the monospline. Second an iteration scheme which partitions the reduced order set of non-linear algebraic equations into a linear subsystem and a non-linear subsystem is developed to numerically solve the equations. This iteration algorithm provides the advantages of reducing the computational complexity, dynamically checking the convergence and explicitly evluating the resulting accuracy.
Degradation of rRNA in Salmonella strains: a novel mechanism to regulate the concentrations of rRNA and ribosomes.

We have previously shown that the 23S rRNA of Salmonella strains is highly fragmented by specific enzyme cleavages. In this article, we report that 23S rRNA of Salmonella strains is rapidly degraded as the cells enter the stationary phase. More than 90% of the 23S rRNA is degraded when the cells reach the stationary phase. The rate of degradation of 23S rRNA correlated with its degree of fragmentation. This degradation is probably mediated by newly synthesized protein factor(s), since treatment with chloramphenicol or rifampin inhibits the rRNA degradation. We propose that degradation of 23S rRNA is a novel mechanism in the regulation of the bacterial 23S rRNA and ribosome concentration and that this additional regulatory mechanism provides some selective advantage to cells. Images
The diabatic wind profile

Wind profiles observed at various locations are compared with wind profiles predicted by Ellison on the basis of similarity theory. It is shown that theory and observations agree well for near-neutral and unstable air; however, in stable air, factors not considered in the similarity theory may become important. The range of usefulness of the log-linear wind profile is shown to be small.
Enhancing Commitment or Tightening Control: The Function of Teacher Professional Development in an Era of Accountability

During the past decade or so, popular rhetoric has shifted away from site-based management and participatory governance as the centerpiece of school reform strategies as accountability and standard...
Fast mapping, slow learning: Disambiguation of novel word-object mappings in relation to vocabulary learning at 18, 24, and 30 months

When hearing a novel name, children tend to select a novel object rather than a familiar one, a bias known as disambiguation. Using online processing measures with 18-, 24-, and 30-month-olds, we investigate how the development of this bias relates to word learning. Children's proportion of looking time to a novel object after hearing a novel name related to their success in retention of the novel word, and also to their vocabulary size. However, skill in disambiguation and retention of novel words developed gradually: 18-month-olds did not show a reliable preference for the novel object after labeling; 24-month-olds reliably looked at a novel object on Disambiguation trials but showed no evidence of retention; and 30-month-olds succeeded on Disambiguation trials and showed only fragile evidence of retention. We conclude that the ability to find the referent of a novel word in ambiguous contexts is a skill that improves from 18 to 30months of age. Word learning is characterized as an incremental process that is related to - but not dependent on - the emergence of disambiguation biases.
Cerebral Microembolism in Patients With Retinal Ischemia

Background and Purpose —We investigated the frequency of cerebral microembolism detected by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in patients with clinical evidence of retinal ischemia, including transient monocular blindness, central and branch retinal artery infarction, and ischemic oculopathy, and assessed its correlation with carotid artery stenosis. Methods —Records of 331 consecutive patients examined during a 47-month period at the Neurovascular Laboratory were reviewed. Of the original 453 intracranial arteries, 186 middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) satisfied qualifying criteria that excluded patients with cardiac embolic sources. Forty-five MCAs ipsilateral to the symptomatic eye constituted the study group. The control group consisted of 141 asymptomatic MCAs. Microembolus detection studies were performed on transcranial Doppler instruments equipped with special software, and the degree of carotid artery stenosis was measured by cerebral or MR angiography or by color duplex studies. Results —Microembolism was detected in 40.0% of study MCAs and 9.2% of controls ( P P P P =0.013). Conclusions —In patients without cardiac embolic sources, cerebral microembolism is frequently present on the side of retinal ischemia, particularly during the week after onset of symptoms. It is often associated with severe stenosis or occlusion of the ipsilateral carotid artery.
Three ways to think about the sixth mass extinction

Abstract A preponderance of evidence suggests humanity is causing a mass extinction event: the sixth mass extinction since the rise of complex life on Earth. This paper takes this empirical conclusion as given and asks a philosophical question: what is the meaning of the sixth mass extinction? How should we think about it, what should we do about it, and what does it tell us about humanity and our place in the world? Conservationists typically see mass extinction as an immense loss, as does most of the general public. But how best to characterize this loss is not immediately clear, and how we do so has important practical implications. This paper focuses on three common and plausible ways to think about the sixth mass extinction: as a loss of important resources (a mistake); as interspecies genocide (a crime); and as evidence that humanity is a cancer on the biosphere (as an inevitability). Considered together, these three approaches clarify the meaning of the sixth mass extinction and suggest how humanity ought to respond to it.
ASHP therapeutic position statement on strategies for identifying and preventing pneumococcal resistance.

The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) supports the establishment of state and national surveillance systems to track the prevalence of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae so that appropriate antimicrobial regimens can be used to treat infections caused by this common community
Forum theatre for children: enhancing social, emotional and creative development

Can the Arts, specifically Drama, help young people develop their social and emotional awareness? With this question in mind, I turned to Dr Nick Hammond’s book about Forum Theatre (FT) with antici...
Urea transport in a distributed loop model of the urine-concentrating mechanism

Continuously distributed loops of Henle were used in a central core model of the rat kidney's urine-concentrating mechanism to investigate the importance of overlapping loops for three different mo...
MAKING EVERY FERTILIZER DOLLAR PAY

In an ideal crop production system, all nutrient and limestone needs would be determined by evaluating expected return from each input, without required purchases being limited by overall financial resources. More realistically, resources get allocated by priority need, and decisions related to fertilizer and limestone use are judged against other crop production needs, enterprise requirements, and overall farm business goals. This allocation becomes especially pertinent when cash flow is low and financial resources become inadequate. In this situation, and considering all potential inputs, the focus should be on garnering the greatest return to each input dollar expended. Prioritizing fertilizer and lime use should be to those areas that will produce the greatest profit. Following is information to help guide fertilization and liming decisions when funds are simply not available to pay for all desired inputs -- keeping in mind that the goal is on ensuring adequate crop production by addressing critical crop input needs, while at the same time attempting to minimize negative impacts from potentially less than optimal production. Soil Test Information Decisions regarding fertilization and liming are based on information derived from soil test results. Without this information it is not possible to make informed decisions regarding lime or nutrient applications. When finances are limited, using soil tests is the best approach to ensure most successful use of dollars spent on fertilizers and limestone. If soil testing is a traditional component of crop management, then soil test results, along with past
The Interaction of Radiative and Cloud Feedback Processes With Hydrology

A CO2-induced reduction of soil moisture over extensive continental regions in the Northern Hemisphere during the summer season is obtained from numerical integrations of a mathematical model of climate. An analysis of these results indicates that, although the soil moisture is reduced in the version of the model with prescribed clouds, this summer dryness is enhanced considerably by a positive feedback process involving changes of radiation and cloud amount in the model with computed cloud cover.