cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
William Clinton: The Pragmatic Idealist, 1993–2001

Bill Clinton entered the White House in 1993 intending to place more emphasis on advancing American ideals than his predecessor, but at the same time, of course, without sacrificing US national interests. However, he soon realized that he, too, could not impose American ideals on other countries. Nevertheless, he believed that the United States must take the lead in addressing the world’s outstanding problems. In so doing, he endeavored to prove that America is the world’s indispensible nation.
Full-Wave Scattering Computation for Snowpacks Using SSWAP-SD Method with the Discrete-Dipole Approximation

A computationally efficient and coherent electromagnetic scattering solution for a snow layer with an arbitrary thickness is considered in this paper. Several realizations of a thin snow slab are solved numerically using the Method of Moments (MoM) with the application of the Discrete Dipole Approximation (DDA) to form the statistics of the scattering matrix representing such a thin snow layer. For an arbitrarily thick snow layer, the whole layer is divided into thin slabs and each individual slab is represented with a corresponding S-matrix using a pseudo random generator and these S-matrices are cascaded using the Statistical S-Matrix Wave Propagation in Spectral Domain (SSWaP-SD) method to calculate the total forward and backward bistatic scattered fields in a fully coherent way.
Comparison of pancreas-sparing duodenectomy (PSD) and pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) for the management of duodenal polyposis syndromes.

Abstract Background Familial adenomatous polyposis affects primarily the colon but can also involve other locations within the gastrointestinal tract, including the duodenum. The aim of this study was to describe a single center experience with pancreas-sparing duodenectomy for familial adenomatous polyposis and to compare outcomes with pancreatoduodenectomy performed for duodenal polyp disease. Patients and Methods A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database identified patients who had undergone pancreas-sparing duodenectomy during the period 2001 to 2016. This population was matched 1:1 with a cohort of patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy for duodenal adenomas, both sporadic and familial, during the same time period. Baseline demographics and perioperative (short- and long-term) outcomes were compared. Results A total of 88 patients were included; 44 in each group. The pancreas-sparing duodenectomy cohort was younger (52.6 vs 64.3 years; P Conclusion Pancreas-sparing duodenectomy is a reasonable option for duodenal cancer prophylaxis in familial adenomatous polyposis with high-risk features. The perioperative safety profile is comparable to pancreatoduodenectomy done for similar indications, and pancreas-sparing duodenectomy has a favorable long-term with a lesser incidence of exocrine impairment.
A Technology-Enabled Concussion Care Pathway Reduces Costs and Enhances Care

Background The standardization of care along disease lines is recommended to improve outcomes and reduce health care costs. The multiple disciplines involved in concussion management often result in fragmented and disparate care. A fundamental gap exists in the effective utilization of rehabilitation services for individuals with concussion. Purpose The purpose of this project was to (1) characterize changes in health care utilization following implementation of a concussion carepath, and (2) present an economic evaluation of patient charges following carepath implementation. Design This was a retrospective cohort study. Methods A review of electronic medical and financial records was conducted of individuals (N = 3937), ages 18 to 45 years, with primary diagnosis of concussion who sought care in the outpatient or emergency department settings over a 7-year period (2010-2016). Outcomes including encounter length, resource utilization, and charges were compared for each year to determine changes from pre- to post-carepath implementation. Results Concussion volumes increased by 385% from 2010 to 2015. Utilization of physical therapy increased from 9% to 20% while time to referral decreased from 72 to 23 days post-injury. Utilization of emergency medicine and imaging were significantly reduced. Efficient resource utilization led to a 20.7% decrease in median charges (estimated ratio of means [CI] 7.72 [0.53, 0.96]) associated with concussion care. Limitations Encounter lengths served as a proxy for recovery time. Conclusions The implementation of the concussion carepath was successful in optimizing clinical practice with respect to facilitating continuity of care, appropriate resource utilization, and effective handoffs to physical therapy. The utilization of enabling technology to facilitate the collection of common outcomes across providers was vital to the success of standardizing clinical care without compromising patient outcomes.
Vector control in Zika-affected communities: Local views on community engagement and public health ethics during outbreaks

Abstract Aerial spraying of products to kill larvae or adult mosquitoes is a public health measure used to control vector-borne diseases. In some outbreaks, the intervention has evoked controversy and community resistance. This study evaluated how local opinion leaders in US localities affected by Zika think about community engagement in public health policies for outbreak response. In December 2017 through March 2018, 4 focus groups were convened in Houston, TX, New Orleans, LA, Miami, FL, and Brooklyn, NY. They discussed a hypothetical scenario that featured vector control by aerial spraying. Participants (N = 20) more readily accepted this vector control method under 4 conditions: They were informed of alternatives, benefits, and risks for human health and the environment. Public health claims were backed by objective evidence and an authority figure genuinely working in the community’s interests. They received timely notice about how to mitigate toxin exposure. And, aerial spraying helped to protect vulnerable individuals. The community engagement requirements of the local opinion leaders resonate with core principles of recent public health ethics frameworks: namely, personal autonomy, transparency, reasonableness, and solidarity. Participants foresaw problems with community consent in an era of growing social media use and mistrust in governmental and scientific authority. They also debated whether health authorities should use moral-based arguments, in addition to science-based ones, to communicate aerial spraying’s risks and benefits.
Dermatology resident perspectives on practice ownership structures and private equity-backed group practices.

Abstract Recently, dermatology group practice ownership structures have changed, as private equity (PE) consolidates independent dermatology practices to create larger groups. Currently, little is known about how dermatology residents perceive practice ownership structures, including those that are owned by PE. One hundred thirty-seven residents from 32 dermatology residency programs responded to a 21-question anonymous survey. Approximately 65% of residents in this study were not open to working for PE-backed practices, and their negative perceptions of how PE influences quality of care, long-term salary, and physician autonomy were associated with their unwillingness to work at a PE-backed practice. Most residents in this study valued education about practice ownership structures, and approximately 43% of respondents did not feel adequately informed about practice options during residency. Future studies should evaluate how PE ownership of group practices influences practice parameters, including quality of patient care, physician autonomy, and long-term salary.
Balanced polarizable Drude force field parameters for molecular anions: phosphates, sulfates, sulfamates, and oxides

Polarizable force fields are emerging as a more accurate alternative to additive force fields in terms of modeling and simulations of a variety of chemicals including biomolecules. Explicit treatment of induced polarization in charged species such as phosphates and sulfates offers the potential for achieving an improved atomistic understanding of the physical forces driving their interactions with their environments. To help achieve this, in this study we present balanced Drude polarizable force field parameters for molecular ions including phosphates, sulfates, sulfamates, and oxides. Better balance was primarily achieved in the relative values of minimum interaction energies and distances of the anionic model compounds with water at the Drude and quantum mechanical (QM) model chemistries. Parametrization involved reoptimizing available parameters as well as extending the force field to new molecules with the goal of achieving self-consistency with respect to the Lennard-Jones and electrostatic parameters targeting QM and experimental hydration free energies. The resulting force field parameters achieve consistent treatment across the studied anions, facilitating more balanced simulations of biomolecules and small organic molecules in the context of the classical Drude polarizable force field. Graphical abstract.
Evaluation of adaptive NK cells in ovarian cancer patients with cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation and systemic inflammation.

e18062Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common infection associated with increased inflammation (c-reactive protein (CRP) upon reactivation during immunosuppression. CMV infection has been ass...
AI in Fighting Covid-19: Pandemic Management

Abstract Coronaviruses are a family of viruses found in several animal species, such as bats, cattle, cats, camels, and humans. With more than 1.6 million people dead worldwide, as of December 2020, the Covid-19 pandemic has brought about a unified need to address global health crises more aggressively. There is great urgency in decreasing the impact of a potential future outbreak, which can be done by gathering information about the disease and its effects on humans. Various artificial intelligence (AI) techniques can be utilized for the pandemic, such as COVID (CoV) management, a vast scientific field involving computers performing tasks capable of only human brains. Among the subsets of AI, there are Machine Learning (ML) techniques, which can learn from historical data examples without programming. While no prior data regarding the virus exists, the growing cases make for more data. In this research, we employ a literature review method to understand pandemic management’s current state and how it can benefit by utilizing AI capabilities.
Exploration in Recommender Systems

In the era of increasing choices, recommender systems are becoming indispensable in helping users navigate the million or billion pieces of content on recommendation platforms. As the focus of these systems shifts from attracting short-term user attention toward optimizing long term user experience on these platforms, reinforcement learning (and bandits) have emerged as appealing techniques to power these systems [5, 9, 26, 27]. The exploration-exploitation tradeoff, being the foundation of bandits and RL research, has been extensively studied [1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23]. An agent is incentivized to exploit to maximize its return, i.e., by repeating actions taken in the past that produced high rewards. On the other hand, the agent needs to explore previously unseen actions in order to discover potentially better ones. Exploration has been shown to be extremely useful in solving tasks of long horizons or sparse reward in many RL applications [2, 14, 15, 16, 19]. While effective exploration is believed to positively influence the user experience on the platform, the exact value of exploration in recommender systems has not been well established. In this talk, we examine the roles of exploration in recommender systems in three facets: 1) system exploration to reduce system uncertainty in regions with sparse feedback; 2) user exploration to introduce users to new interests/tastes; and 3) online exploration to take into account real-time user feedback. We showcase how each aspect of exploration contributes to the long term user experience through offline and live experiments on industrial recommendation platforms. We hope this talk can inspire more follow up work in understanding and improving exploration in recommender systems.
The cyanotoxin 2,4-DAB enhances mortality and causes behavioral and molecular dysfunctions associated with neurodegeneration in larval zebrafish

Exposure to cyanotoxins has been linked to neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer9s, and Parkinson9s disease. While the cyanotoxin beta-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) has received much attention, cyanobacteria produce many cyanotoxic compounds, several of which have been detected in nature alongside BMAA including 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (2,4-DAB), and N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine (AEG). Thus, the question of whether DAB and AEG also cause neurotoxic effects in vivo is of great interest, as is the question of whether they interact to enhance toxicity. Here, we evaluate the toxic and neurotoxic effects of these cyanotoxins alone or in combination by measuring zebrafish larval viability and behavior after exposure. 2,4-DAB was the most potent cyanotoxin as it decreased larval viability by approximately 50% at 6 days post fertilization, while BMAA and AEG decreased viability by just 16% and 8%, respectively. Although we only observed minor neurotoxic effects on spontaneous locomotion, BMAA and AEG enhanced acoustic startle sensitivity, and they interacted in an additive manner to exert their effects. 2,4-DAB, however, only modulated the startle kinematics, an indication of motor dysfunction. To investigate the mechanisms of 2,4-DAB9s effects, we analyzed the protein profile of larval zebrafish exposed to 500 uM 2,4-DAB at two time points and identified molecular signatures consistent with neurodegeneration, including disruption of metabolic pathways and downregulation of the ALS-associated genes SOD1 and UBQLN4. Together, our data demonstrate that BMAA and its isomers AEG and 2,4-DAB cause neurotoxic effects in vivo, with 2,4-DAB as the most potent of the three in the zebrafish model.
Microscopy: an art?

There can be no doubt that the finest creator of beauty is Mother Nature. And in many ways, science is the exploration of this beauty and of the mechanisms that have created it. Microscopy, as a technique in scientific investigation, has had a key role in uncovering nature's beauty, which has led some to propose that microscopy could be described as an art or even an art form. But is this claim justified?
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of buccal mucosa: Report of a case

Abstract The incidence and origin of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the buccal mucosa have been reviewed, and the poor prognosis of malignant tumors of minor salivary glands has been discussed. A case of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the buccal mucosa, with a rapidly fatal outcome, has been presented.
Reference Work in Special Collections: The Impact of Online Finding Aids at Florida State University Libraries

Online finding aids enhance reference service in libraries and complement printed guides. Reference service at our institution has changed through using an online finding aid along with a printed reference source. Librarians and archivists who use print with finding aids enrich users’ research experiences.
Adhesion molecules and other secreted host-interaction determinants in Apicomplexa: insights from comparative genomics.

Apicomplexa have developed distinctive adaptations for invading and surviving within animal cells. Here a synthetic overview of the diversity and evolutionary history of cell membrane‐associated, ‐secreted, and ‐exported proteins related to apicomplexan parasitism is presented. A notable feature in this regard was the early acquisition of adhesion protein domains and glycosylation systems through lateral transfer from animals. These were utilized in multiple contexts, including invasion of host cells and parasite‐specific developmental processes. Apicomplexans possess a specialized version of the ancestral alveolate extrusion machinery, the rhoptries and micronemes, which are deployed in invasion and delivery of proteins into host cells. Each apicomplexan lineage has evolved a unique spectrum of extruded proteins that modify host molecules in diverse ways. Hematozoans, in particular, appear to have evolved novel systems for export of proteins into the host organelles and cell membrane during intracellular development. These exported proteins are an important aspect of the pathogenesis of Plasmodium and Theileria , being involved in response to fever and in leukocyte proliferation respectively. The complement of apicomplexan surface proteins has primarily diversified via massive lineage‐specific expansions of certain protein families, which are often coded by subtelomeric gene arrays. Many of these families have been found to be central to immune evasion. Domain shuffling and accretion have resulted in adhesins with new domain architectures. In terms of individual genes, constant selective pressures from the host immune response has resulted in extensive protein polymorphisms and gene losses. Apicomplexans have also evolved complex regulatory mechanisms controlling expression and maturation of surface proteins at the chromatin, transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational levels. Evolutionary reconstruction suggests that the ancestral apicomplexan had thrombospondin and EGF domain adhesins, which were linked to the parasite cytoskeleton, and played a central role in invasion through formation of the moving junction. It also suggests that the ancestral parasite had O‐linked glycosylation of surface proteins which was partially or entirely lost in hematozoan lineages.
Autonomous Driving with Concurrent Goals and Multiple Vehicles: Experiments and Mobility Components

In this paper, we describe a complete system for mission planning and execution for multiple robots in natural terrain. We report on experiments with a system for autonomously driving two vehicles based on complex mission specifications. We show that the system is able to plan local paths in obstacle fields based on sensor data, to plan and update global paths to goals based on frequent obstacle map updates, and to modify mission execution, e.g., the assignment and ordering of the goals, based on the updated paths to the goals. Two recently developed sensors are used for obstacle detection: a high-speed laser range finder, and a video-rate stereo system. An updated version of a dynamic path planner, Da, is used for on-line computation of routes. A new mission planning and execution-monitoring tool, GRAMMPS, is used for managing the allocation and ordering of goals between vehicles. We report on experiments conducted in an outdoor test site with two HMMWVs. Implementation details and performance analysis, including failure modes, are described based on a series of twelve experiments, each over 1/2 km distance with up to nine goals. The work reported here includes a number of results not previously published, including the use of a real-time stereo machine and a high-performance laser range finder, and the use of the GRAMMPS planning system.
Studies of cylindrical liner Z-pinches at 1 MA on COBRA

As part of the work on the Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion (MagLIF) concept1, Awe et al. found on the 20 MA Z-machine that applying an externally generated axial magnetic field to a liner produces a helical striation pattern in the liner2. We are investigating this phenomenon using 10 mm long cylindrical metal liners having 4 mm diameter and varying wall thickness on the 1 MA, 100–230 ns COBRA pulsed power generator at Cornell University. In addition, we will present experimental results on a configuration that includes a wire initially connecting the cathode and anode on the axis of a cylindrical liner that does not initially connect the cathode to the anode. Results of these experiments both with and without external magnetic fields will be shown. Extreme ultraviolet (XUV) imaging as well as optical streak and 12 frame camera imaging are used to observe and analyze liner surface emission. Axial and side-on interferometry are used to determine the distribution of plasma both near the liner surface and inside the liner, assessing, among other things, the impact of non-uniformities during the plasma ablation phase of the experiments.
Regularization of integrals with coulomb-type singularities

A method for regularizing integrals involving Coulomb amplitudes is described. It is capable of recovering the known partial-wave amplitudes from the full nonrelativistic Coulomb scattering amplitude, up to a term independent ofl. The latter term is uniquely determined by the unitarity condition.
De novo induction of the organizer and formation of the primitive streak in an experimental model of notochord reconstitution in avian embryos

We have developed a model system for analyzing reconstitution of the notochord using cultured blastoderm isolates lacking Hensen9s node and the primitive streak. Despite lacking normal notochordal precursor cells, the notochord still forms in these isolates during the 36 hours in culture. Reconstitution of the notochord involves an inducer, which acts upon a responder, thereby inducing a reconstituted notochord. To better understand the mechanism of notochord reconstitution, we asked whether formation of the notochord in the model system was preceded by reconstitution of Hensen9s node, the organizer of the avian neuraxis. Our results show not only that a functional organizer is reconstituted, but that this organizer is induced from the responder. First, fate mapping reveals that the responder forms a density, morphologically similar to Hensen9s node, during the first 10–12 hours in culture, and that this density expresses typical markers of Hensen9s node. Second, the density, when fate mapped or when labeled and transplanted in place of Hensen9s node, forms typical derivatives of Hensen9s node such as endoderm, notochord and the floor plate of the neural tube. Third, the density, when transplanted to an ectopic site, induces a secondary neuraxis, identical to that induced by Hensen9s node. And fourth, the density acts as a suppressor of notochord reconstitution, as does Hensen9s node, when transplanted to other blastoderm isolates. Our results also reveal that the medial edge of the isolate forms a reconstituted primitive streak, which gives rise to the normal derivatives of the definitive primitive streak along its rostrocaudal extent and which expresses typical streak markers. Finally, our results demonstrate that the notochordal inducer also induces the reconstituted Hensen9s node and, therefore, acts like a Nieuwkoop Center. These findings increase our understanding of the mechanism of notochord reconstitution, provide new information and a novel model system for studying the induction of the organizer and reveal the potential of the epiblast to regulate its cell fate and patterns of gene expression during late gastrula/early neurula stage in higher vertebrates.
Marcel Pepin: La fidélité, l'affaire de toute une vie

MARCEL PEPIN AURA FAIT de la defense des «moins bien nantis», ainsi qu'il les appelait, l'afTaire de toute sa vie. Et, en cela, il aura ete fidele a ses origines ouvrieres et fut au Quebec, pour les siens et pour sa classe, un des grands defenseurs dans ce siecle des ideaux de justice et de liberte qu'il a servis avec tant d'ardeur et de constance et qu'il a pratiques durant les quelque 50 annees de sa vie publique. Decede le 6 mars 2000 des suites d'une longue maladie, Marcel Pepin continuait pourtant d'exercer au sein de la societe quebecoise une autorite morale exceptionnelle, meme s'il avait quitte l'avant-scene depuis pres d'un quart de siecle. Celui qui, en 1965, a la presidence de la Confederation des Syndicats Nationaux (CNTU/CSN), avait pris le relais d'un Jean Marchand engage dans l'action politique federale avec les Pierre Elliott Trudeau et Gerard Pelletier, allait imprimer au mouvement syndical quebecois un virage marque du cote de la radicalisation de l'action en faveur des plus demunis de la societe. Pour Marcel Pepin, l'action syndicale a ete sans conteste d'essence revolutionnaire en cela qu'elle doit viser a transformer radicalement les rapports sociaux dans le sens d'une plus grande justice. Il en fit l'affaire d'une vie. Si l'expression «payer de sa personne» a toujours un sens, on ne voit pas a qui elle pourrait mieux s'appliquer qu'a lui. A ses yeux et dans son quotidien, il n'y avait pas de tâche trop ingrate, ni de gestes trop humbles, dans le service des autres, service auquel il s'est consacre de toutes ses forces. Mais cet homme, qui respirait la force et inspirait dans son entourage le courage d'aller toujours plus loin, etait en realite un timide pour qui chaque geste public pose representait un effort. D'ailleurs, cette force et ce courage dont il a fait preuve a tant d'occasions, il les tirait, n'en doutons pas, de cette conviction chez lui si profonde que ce n'est que dans l'action, et par l'action, que peuvent etre transformees les conditions d'existence des hommes et des femmes. Et cet homme, qui se faisait fort de ne laisser
Iron Starvation Response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Iron deficiency is the most common human nutritional disorder in the world, affecting more than 2 billion individuals; yet, the mechanisms behind many of the manifestations of iron deficiency remain obscure. Iron uptake and utilization has been studied in detail in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Single-celled organisms are similar to humans in their susceptibility to iron deficiency. Yeast respond to iron deficiency by the uptake of iron from the extracellular environment, the mobilization of iron from sites of intracellular storage, and the conservation of iron through metabolic adaptations. Keywords: iron; transcription; metal; heme; iron–sulfur cluster; transporter; yeast; starvation
Germanium p-i-n photodiode on silicon for integrated photonic applications

The application of silicon photonic technologies to optical telecommunications requires the development of near-infrared detectors monolithically integrated to the Si platform. Recently, efforts in this area have focused on developing detectors from pure-Ge grown epitaxially on Si substrates. Much effort has been spent on achieving growth of high quality, relaxed Ge films for device structures, but low temperature growth and processing compatible with complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology has yet to be achieved. In this paper, we report on p-i-n heterostructure photodiodes fabricated from Ge films grown directly on Si substrates using a low temperature chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. The heterostructures were grown on arsenic-doped (n-type) Si(100) with resistivity 0.003 Ω-cm. A 350nm thick layer of intrinsic Ge was deposited first as the active region, followed by 100nm of boron-doped (p-type) Ge. Ohmic contacts were formed by evaporation of Cr and Au. The diodes were characterized with respect to their dark currents and responsivities in the near-IR. For a 60-μm-diameter device at room temperature, the dark current densities were on the order of 10-2 A/cm2 and 103 A/cm2 at -1V and 1V, respectively, the "turn-on" voltage was found to be 0.26 V, and the ideality factor n was found to be 1.2. The external quantum efficiency of the devices was measured at room temperature over the range 1-1.8 μm. The responsivities at 1.3 and 1.55 μm were found to be 0.26 and 0.11, respectively.
Mobile phone use in a driving simulation task: Differences in eye movements

Every year there are nearly 43,000 traffic fatalities and it is estimated that 25% of crashes involve some degree of driver inattention (NHSTA, 2005, 2000). A recent survey revealed 21% of crashes/near crashes reported by respondents involved at least one driver using a mobile phone (Seo & Torabi, 2004). The current study examined the effects of mobile phone use on drivers' attention and eye movements in a low-fidelity simulator. Sixteen Clemson University undergraduate students viewed 24 driving scenarios and responded to questions about vehicular events in the scenes. Eight participants simultaneously performed a language learning task (simulating a mobile phone conversation). The language learning group answered fewer questions about the driving scenes correctly (M = 9.3) than the non-language group (M = 16). Overall, participants' correctly responded to more scenarios with 4 cars (M = 7.3/12) than with 7 cars (M = 5.3/12). The total number of fixations on the vehicle(s) involved in the critical event in each scenario was greater for the non-language group (M = 471.7) than for the language group (M = 300.5). Additionally, participants in the language group who answered the event question correctly spent the same percentage of the total time looking at the vehicle of interest during the event (M = 13.5%) as those people who answered incorrectly (M = 12.4%). This finding provides support for the 'look but fail to see' phenomenon. The mean duration of total fixations was also greater for people in the non-language group (M = 9574.5 ms) than the language group (M = 6523.4 ms). This study supports previous findings that increasing mental workload (through mobile phone use, and/or increased traffic) decreases driving performance.
Synthesis of the fucosylated biantennary N-glycan of erythropoietin

A synthesis of the protected biantennary N-glycan of the naturally occurring glycoprotein, erythropoietin, is described.
Toward a Unified Theory of Tidally-Averaged Estuarine Salinity Structure

Equations are developed for the tidally-averaged, width-averaged estuarine salinity and circulation in a rectangular estuary. Width and depth may vary along the length of the channel, as may coefficients of vertical turbulent mixing and along channel diffusion. The system is reduced to a single first-order, nonlinear, ordinary differential equation governing the section-averaged salinity. A technique for specifying the ocean boundary condition is given, and solutions are found by numerical integration. Under different assumptions for the diffusion it is possible to reproduce the few existing analytical solutions, in particular the Hansen and Rattray (1965) Central Regime solution, and Chatwin's (1976) solution. The mathematical framework allows easy comparison of the results of different channel geometries and mixing coefficients. Of particular interest is the along-channel distribution of the diffusive fraction of up-estuary salt flux. It is shown that the Hansen and Rattray solution is always diffusion-dominated near the mouth. A theory is presented for estimating the diffusion coefficient within a tidal excursion of the mouth. It is shown that the resulting rapid along-channel increase of diffusion may explain some observed patterns of salinity structure: a decrease in both stratification and along-channel salinity gradient near the mouth. The theory is applied to the Delaware Estuary and Northern San Francisco Bay, and shows reasonable agreement with observed sensitivities of salt intrusion distance to river flow.
Schistosoma mansoni: temporary reduction of natural resistance in Biomphalaria glabrata induced by irradiated miracidia of Echinostoma paraensei.

Abstract Sporocysts developing in the heart of the snail host from irradiated Echinostoma paraensei miracidia are unable to form rediae and can survive for only a brief time. However, they still were able to reduce temporarily the strong natural resistance to Schistosoma mansoni in juveniles of a strain of Biomphalaria glabrata selected for genetic resistance to this parasite. S. mansoni primary sporocysts, unable to survive in single (control) infections in this host strain, developed successfully in most snails in which irradiated E. paraensei sporocysts were present. After the echinostome sporocysts were destroyed by host amebocytes, the snails regained their natural resistance against a new infection by miracadia of S. mansoni. Successful initiation of an infection with S. mansoni was achieved only in the presence of living irradiated echinostomes. Once the schistosome infection had become well established, however, developing primary and secondary sporocysts could survive and produce cercariae, although the protecting echinostomes had by then been destroyed. Early growth stages of the primary sporocysts apparently are more vulnerable to the snail's defensive reaction and generally do not survive unless protected by irradiated E. paraensei sporocysts. After the S. mansoni sporocysts grow older, they develop their own capacity to interfere with the snail's natural resistance and continue to survive and produce progeny without further protection by the echinostomes. Irradiated sporocysts have a lower capacity to interfere with the snail's natural resistance than do nonirradiated sporocysts. Suitability, as distinguished in this paper from susceptibility, can be separated from resistance of the snail to trematodes by employing double infections.
Results on improved KS dynamical configurations: decay constants, spectrum and topology

Abstract The MILC Collaboration has been producing ensembles of lattice configurations with three dynamical flavors for the past few years. There are now results for three lattice spacings for a variety of light and strange quark masses, ranging down to m l = 0.1 m s where m s is the dynamical strange quark mass and m l is the common mass of the u and d quarks. Recently, the Fermilab, HPQCD, MILC and UKQCD collaborations have presented a summary of results obtained using these lattices. Compared with quenched results, these new calculations show great improvement in agreement with experiment. This talk addresses the technical improvements that make these calculations possible and provides additional details of calculations not presented in the initial summary. We demonstrate that a wide range of hadronic observables can now be calculated to 2–3% accuracy.
Interactive effects of alcohol outcome expectancies and alcohol cues on nonconsumptive behavior

Experimental research and popular belief suggest that, among its many effects, alcohol consumption reduces tension and facilitates aggression. Such observations could result from direct, pharmacological effects of alcohol on neural control of behavior but also may be accounted for by positing that drinking behavior activates mental representations of relaxation-related or aggression-related alcohol expectancies in long-term memory. Building on this latter view, in 2 experiments, the authors investigated whether rudimentary drinkingrelated cues, which presumably activate encoded alcohol expectancies, facilitate tension reduction and hostility in the complete absence of actual or placebo alcohol consumption. In Experiment 1, following contextual exposure to alcohol-related words, individuals with stronger expectancies that drinking reduces tension showed an increased willingness to meet with an opposite-gender stranger under relatively anxiety-provoking circumstances, suggesting that they experienced less apprehension regarding the meeting. Analogously, in Experiment 2, following near-subliminal exposure to alcohol-related words, individuals with stronger expectancies that drinking fosters aggression showed greater hostility toward a target person following an experimentally engineered provocation. Neither of the latter effects was obtained following exposure to nonalcoholic beverage words, which presumably did not activate alcohol outcome expectancy representations in long-term memory. Moreover, the strength of relevant, content-specific expectancies (i.e., for tension reduction or aggression, respectively) moderated alcohol cue exposure effects, but the strength of other expectancies (e.g., for sociability or sexual arousal) did not. Together, these findings demonstrate that exposure to rudimentary alcohol cues independently engenders expectancy-consistent behavior, thereby attesting to the remarkable breadth and subtlety of the behavioral impact of alcohol expectancy activation.
Gastrointestinal Complications of Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery: Clinical and Imaging Findings

PURPOSE: To report the complications and imaging findings in a large group of patients who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (GBP) surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four hundred sixty-three patients were evaluated for upper gastrointestinal (GI) complications following Roux-en-Y GBP surgery. Major complications were those that required surgical or radiologic intervention and minor complications were those that resolved spontaneously. The time from surgery to complication and findings from upper GI series and computed tomography (CT) of the major complications and minor leaks were reviewed. RESULTS: Forty-four patients had 56 major complications: 23 small-bowel obstructions (14 internal hernias and nine adhesions), 16 major leaks, 15 anastomotic strictures, and two fistulas. There were 13 minor leaks and 18 other complications. Internal hernias were late complications and had a variety of findings at upper GI series and CT. Leaks were early complications and usually originated from the gastrojejunal anastom...
Selection of Beauveria bassiana isolates for control of the whiteflies Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum on the basis of their virulence, thermal requirements, and toxicogenic activity

Abstract As part of a 3-fold approach to select potential mycoinsecticides for whitefly control, we evaluated infectivity, thermal requirements, and toxicogenic activity of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Ascomycota: Clavicipitaceae) under laboratory conditions. Twenty-five native B. bassiana isolates and a commercially available mycoinsecticide (based on B. bassiana) were evaluated for virulence to fourth instar nymphs of sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, and greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, at a concentration of 1 × 107 conidia/ml. All isolates were pathogenic for both whitefly species, whereas mortality rates varied from 3 to 85%. A second series of bioassays was conducted on 10 selected isolates using four 10-fold concentrations ranging from 1 × 105 to 1 × 108 conidia/ml. Median lethal concentrations (LC50) of the four most virulent isolates varied from 1.1 × 105 to 6.2 × 106 conidia/ml and average survival time (AST) of treated nymphs from 5.9 to 7.4 days. T. vaporariorum were significantly more susceptible to all B. bassiana isolates than B. tabaci. The thermal biology of the eight most virulent isolates to both whitefly species was investigated at six temperatures (10–35 °C). The colony radial growth rate was estimated from the slope of the linear regression of colony radius on time and data were then fitted to a modified generalized β function that accounted for 90.5–99.3% of the data variance. Optimum temperatures for extension rate ranged from 23.1 to 27.1 °C, whereas maximum temperatures for fungal growth varied from 31.8 to 36.6 °C. On the basis of their virulence and thermal requirements, three isolates showed promise as candidates for whitefly management in Mediterranean greenhouses. Whilst in vitro production of macromolecular compounds toxic to Galleria mellonella larvae was not a requisite for virulence, ASTs of larvae injected with Sephadex G-25 fractions from candidate isolates ranged from 1.4 to 3.7 days compared with 5–6 days for non-toxic G-25 fractions. In addition, proteinase K treatment significantly reduced their toxic activity suggesting that they were proteins and revealing the potential of these isolates to be further improved through biotechnology to kill the pest more quickly.
Effects of adsorption on the indentation deformation of non-metallic solids

Abstract Marked changes in indentation microhardness have been observed in a wide range of non-metallic materials due to the presence of adsorbed water and other polar species. Opposite polar faces of crystals with non-centrosymmetric structures, including II–VI, III–V and IV–IV compounds, exhibit large differences in microhardness and anomalous indentation creep behaviour. Such differences are shown to be due to differential effects of water adsorption on the opposite polar faces rather than being an intrinsic polar mechanical property of the crystal. The usefulness of microhardness measurements for absolute determinations of crystallographic polarity of non-centrosymmetric crystals is discussed. Effects of environment on the extent of edge dislocation motion away from the indentation are examined. Possible mechanisms to explain the adsorption-induced changes in microhardness and related mechanical properties of non-metallic solids are critically discussed.
The genus Fimbristylis (Cyperaceae) in ceylon

Thirty two species ofFimbristylis (Cyperaceae) thus far documented from Ceylon are taxonomically discussed with particular emphasis on the collections of Thwaites and Trimen. In addition to the synonymy and critical citation of specimens, a key is provided to differentiate these species.Fimbristylis tenera is newly added to the Ceylon flora. The new combinations proposed are:F. dichotoma ssp.glauca, F. fusca ssp.fulvescens, F. aestivalis ssp.major, andF. tenera ssp.oxylepis.
Robot-assisted laparoscopic transvesical diverticulectomy and simple prostatectomy

Acquired bladder diverticula are often associated with bladder outlet obstruction (BOO). The increased voiding pressures required to overcome the BOO attenuate the detrusor and promote formation of diverticula. These patients may develop urinary tract infections, bladder stones, and incomplete bladder emptying. Effective treatment must address both the bladder diverticula and BOO. Reports of laparoscopic bladder diverticulectomy with concurrent transurethral resection of the prostate have demonstrated the feasibility of this minimally invasive approach. However, due to longer operative times and technical difficulty of the procedure, the gold-standard treatment remains the open surgical approach of bladder diverticulectomy and transvesical prostatectomy. With the advent of robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgery, application of open surgical principles is increasingly translated to the minimally invasive laparoscopic approach. We report, to our knowledge, the first case of robot-assisted laparoscopic transvesical diverticulectomy and concurrent transvesical simple prostatectomy.
Support, Demands, and Gender Ideology: Exploring Work–Family Facilitation and Work–Family Conflict Among Older Workers

Only recently have researchers begun to investigate issues surrounding the work experiences of individuals in late midlife. This article contributes to the literature on work–family facilitation and conflict among older workers. I focus specifically on the extent to which gender ideology is associated with facilitation and conflict and whether that relationship differs for women and men. Using a sample of older workers (n = 2,253), I find that gender traditional respondents are more likely to report work–family conflict than are nontraditional respondents, with no corresponding association for work–family facilitation. There are no sex differences in the effect of gender ideology on facilitation or conflict. Results are discussed in the context of the importance of understanding the work–family interface among older employees.
Atmospheric methane isotope records covering the Holocene period

Abstract Records of the 13 C/ 12 C (δ 13 CH 4 ) and the D/H ( δ D CH 4 ) ratio of atmospheric methane were recovered from the GISP II ice core covering the last 11,000 years. All totaled, 76 samples were analyzed for δ 13 CH 4 and 65 adjacent samples for δ D CH 4 between 86 and 1696 m below surface (mbs) providing a temporal resolution that is better than one pair of isotope samples every 200 years. The δ 13 CH 4 record exhibits a decreasing trend throughout the Holocene beginning at −46.4‰ at 11,000 years BP (BP defined as 1950 AD = 11 ka), and decreasing to −48.4‰ at 1 ka. The 2‰ δ 13 CH 4 drop is likely to be a combination of increased CH 4 emissions from Arctic lake ecosystems and an increase in the ratio of C 3 /C 4 plants in wetlands where CH 4 is emitted. The C 3 /C 4 ratio increase is the result of increasing CO 2 values throughout the Holocene combined with the activation of high NH ecosystems that are predominantly C 3 type. The δ D CH 4 record over the early-mid Holocene shows a slightly decreasing trend that would be predicted by increased CH 4 emissions from Arctic lakes. Between 4 ka and 1 ka, δ D CH 4 values increase by ∼20‰ while δ 13 CH 4 values remain effectively constant. There are at least two plausible explanations for this 20‰ δ D CH 4 shift. First, a dramatic shift in CH 4 emissions from higher latitudes to the tropics could account for the observed shift though the lack of a corresponding δ 13 CH 4 shift is difficult to reconcile. Secondly, a gradual release of marine clathrates with enriched δ D CH 4 values explains both the δ D CH 4 and δ 13 CH 4 records over this period.
Nonlinear dynamic strain analysis on rotor bladestructures with embedded piezoceramic sensors for activevibration control

Abstract In this paper, a relative index method is proposed to analyze the nonlinear VonKarman strain effects on a rotor blade structure with embedded piezoceramic sensors. Althoughother qualitative and quantitative methods are available for nonlinear strain analysis, thesemethods have inherent drawbacks. The proposed relative index method circumvents thedrawbacks of both qualitative and quantitative methods. Firstly, it measures the nonlinear effectand converts it into a numerical value. The value is in the range of zero to one in which zerocorresponds to negligible effects and one indicates the highest severity of the nonlinear effects. Inaddition, to generate the index value, this method takes the whole picture of nonlinear effectresponse into consideration. The results of using the relative index method show that at any given mode of vibrationthe nonlinear effect on the sensor is relatively negligible at a high rate of rotation rather than onlow. The results also indicate that the nonlinear effect increases at lower modes of vibration butits effect on the sensor almost levels off at higher modes. Moreover, if comparing index value ofgiven modes of vibration with the index value of its preceding modes, the effect of nonlinearitydecreases. In addition, the results also suggest that at any given instantaneous speed of rotationthe level of the nonlinear effect diminishes with the higher acceleration⧹deceleration operation ofthe blade.
Expanding services in a shrinking economy: desktop document delivery in a dental school library.

Question: How can library staff develop and promote a document delivery service and then expand the service to a wide audience? Setting: The setting is the library at the Indiana University School of Dentistry (IUSD), Indianapolis. Method: A faculty survey and a citation analysis were conducted to determine potential use of the service. Volume of interlibrary loan transactions and staff and equipment capacity were also studied. Main results: IUSD Library staff created a desktop delivery service (DDSXpress) for faculty and then expanded the service to practicing dental professionals and graduate students. The number of faculty using DDSXpress remains consistent. The number of practicing dental professionals using the service is low. Graduate students have been quick to adopt the service. Conclusion: Through careful analysis of capacity and need for the service, staff successfully expanded document delivery service without incurring additional costs. Use of DDSXpress is continually monitored, and opportunities to market the service to practicing dental professionals are being investigated.