cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimating litter carbon stocks on forest land in the United States.

Forest ecosystems are the largest terrestrial carbon sink on earth, withmore than half of their net primary productionmoving to the soil via the decomposition of litter biomass. Therefore, changes in the litter carbon (C) pool have important implications for global carbon budgets and carbon emissions reduction targets and negotiations. Litter accounts for an estimated 5% of all forest ecosystem carbon stocks worldwide. Given the cost and time required to measure litter attributes, many of the signatory nations to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change report estimates of litter carbon stocks and stock changes using default values from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change or country-specificmodels. In the United States, the country-specificmodel used to predict litter C stocks is sensitive to attributes on each plot in the national forest inventory, but these predictions are not associated with the litter samples collected over the last decade in the national forest inventory. Here we present, for the first time, estimates of litter carbon obtained using more than 5000 fieldmeasurements from the national forest inventory of the United States. The field-based estimates mark a 44% reduction (2081±77 Tg) in litter carbon stocks nationally when compared to country-specific model predictions reported in previous United Framework Convention on Climate Change submissions. Our work suggests that Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change defaults and country-specificmodels used to estimate litter carbon in temperate forest ecosystemsmay grossly overestimate the contribution of this pool in national carbon budgets.
Sensory—motor control in the ipsilesional upper extremity after stroke

There is substantial evidence to indicate that sensory-motor control of the ipsilesional upper extremity (UE) in adults after unilateral stroke is abnormal. Some of the sensory-motor deficits differ as a function of the side of the cerebral lesion. Rapid movements of the ipsilesional UE that require precise timing and sequencing are more affected in individuals with lesions in the left hemisphere. In contrast, ipsilesional movements that have constrained spatial requirements are more affected in those with lesions in the right hemisphere. Ipsilesional UE coordination of discrete tasks may be normal, but the coordination of continuous tasks is affected in adults with left stroke. Sensation in the ipsilesional UE appears to be unaffected, or minimally affected after stroke. Strength deficits have been demonstrated in the ipsilesional UE, but primarily in those with right sided lesions. Ipsi'lesional performance deficits are revealed in clinical tests of function that use time to completion as the measure of success. Ipsilesional performance deficits may reflect motor control deficits that are masked on the contralateral side by hemiplegia and hemisensory loss. Interventions that focus on specific motor control deficits, such as speed of sensory-motor processing, through practice with the ipsilesional UE, may result in functional improvements in both limbs. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.
Syntax, Semantics, and Sexual Violence Agency and the Passive Voice

This research tested hypotheses that news media often report violence against women (VAW) in passive-verb format and that this leads readers to be more accepting of VAW than reports using the activ...
Aesthetic refinements in body contouring in the massive weight loss patient: trunk.

Background Aesthetic refinements in body contouring surgery after massive weight loss are evolving in an effort to improve patient appearance. This is a personal clinical review for the trunk. Methods There are 10 essential elements to performing body contouring surgery after massive weight loss. Based on this generally accepted baseline, the author presents 16 outstanding aesthetic refinements. These reliable and safe adaptations to improve outcomes were assembled from a personal case review of the past 12 years of over 500 cases. The refinements are the result of lectures attended, literature read, and innovations tried. Gender enhancement is emphasized. Plastic surgeons improve female shape through artful management of adipose deposits. Surgeons enhance male muscularity through an abdominoplasty and a series of large opposing ellipses for skin tightening across the entire torso. Results These 16 refinements have been applied to the trunk. Four representative cases with preoperative markings and late postoperative results demonstrate the value of these aesthetic refinements. The accompanying video that demonstrates drawing the boomerang pattern correction of gynecomastia with J torsoplasty reveals many of these refinements. Conclusions These aesthetic refinements are previously published anecdotal evidence that are presented together as part of the author's routine clinical experience. They await confirmatory experience or, better yet, rigorous scientific study. Until then, these are practical adaptations routinely used by the author on the trunk that merit the reader's consideration.
Optimal Scheduling in a Multistage Flowshop

Abstract The combinatorial approach to solve the n-job, .M-machine flowshop scheduling problem is examined. The mathematical developments of the Dudek-Teuton algorithm shown are correct and valid if correctly interpreted. However, the optimality conditions developed by these authors are too stringent and as such the combinatorial analysis for the flowshop scheduling problem is extended and an algorithm is proposed for the solution of the multistage flowshop scheduling problem, where the objective is to minimize a specified measure of total production cost and jobs have their associated start and stop lags.
Political Succession: A Model of Coups, Revolution, Purges, and Everyday Politics

In addition to everyday political threats, leaders risk removal from office through coups and mass movements such as rebellion. Further, all leaders face threats from shocks such as downturns in th...
Structural and conformational analogues of L methionine as inhibitors of the enzymatic synthesis of S adenosyl L methionine. I. Saturated and unsaturated aliphatic amino acids

Aliphatic amino acid analogues of L-methionine that inhibit the enzymatic synthesis of S -adenosyl-L-methionine have been designed onthe basis of structural, conformational, and electronic considerations. The inhibitory activity of these compounds has been evaluated with partially purified preparations of ATP:L-methionine S -adenosyltransferase (EC [2.5.1.6][1]) obtained from bakers’ yeast, Escherichia coli , and rat liver. The effects of variation in length and branching of carbon chain, steric configuration, degree or position of unsaturation, and the introduction of chloro groups have been analyzed in an effort to deduce the most favourable features for inhibition. Within this class of compounds, 2-amino-4-hexynoic acid, ( E )-2-amino- trans -4-hexenoic acid, and ( Z )-2-amino-5-chloro- trans -4-hexenoic acid are among the most powerful inhibitors synthesized. In contrast, ( Z )-2-amino- cis -4-hexenoic acid and ( E )-2-amino-5-chloro- cis -4-hexenoic acid are weak inhibitors or are inactive. The activity of the more powerful inhibitors appears to reside exclusively in the L isomers. ( Z )-L-2-Amino-5-chloro- trans -4-hexenoic acid displays considerably greater specificity for the inhibition of rat liver enzyme ( I 50 = 0.55 mM) than for the yeast ( I 50 = 3.0 mM) or E. coli ( I 50 = 4.2 mM) adenosyltransferase. Examination of molecular models reveals a close similarity in the size, shape, and molecular contour between an extended conformation of L-methionine and L-2-amino-4-hexynoic acid and ( Z )-L-2-amino-5-chloro- trans -4-hexenoic acid. Another compound with significant inhibitory activity is (2 S , 4 S )-2-amino-4,5-methylene-5-hexenoic acid (hypoglycin A). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are grateful to Mrs. Mary Karen Burch, Mrs. JoAnn Kaufmann, Mrs. Patricia M. Margulies, and Mrs. Jean Salt for skillful assistance in various aspects of these studies. Valuable gifts of various compounds are acknowledged in the text. We are also grateful to our colleague, Dr. C. H. Robinson, for much valuable advice. [1]: pending:yes
Entropy as a metric in critical infrastructure situational awareness

In this paper, we expand our previously proposed critical infrastructure (CI) model with time dependent stochastic elements. In the model, CI is presented as a directed graph where each vertex represents a discrete system and directed edges dependency relations between the systems. Each node is associated with a finite state machine (FSM) which represents the operational status of the system in question. In this paper we associate a probability distribution to each FSM, which accounts for the flow of time and previous confirmed sensor reading. As time passes, the uncertainty about the state of the system increases. By relying on statistical probabilities that have been previously observed or known, it is possible to make predictions about the current state of CI. We present a dependency graph modelling a subset of Finnish electric grid and mobile networks. CI components are modelled using FSM structure augmented by probabilistic elements for entropy-based calculations. The proposed model provides an estimate about the state of the critical infrastructure when only limited information is available, while taking into account the increasing uncertainty created by the passage of time.
Normal pressure hydrocephalus and dementia--evaluation and treatment.

The evaluation of dementia usually includes a consideration of normal pressure hydrocephalus, which may be a treatable aspect of the patient s cognitive dysfunction. This article outlines clinical syndromes, standard radiologic evaluation, and newer diagnostic tests that may suggest cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting. In general, patients who present with dementia alone will not respond well to CSF shunting because of cerebral atrophy and the lack of tension within the cerebral ventricles. However, normal pressure hydrocephalus remains a diagnostic consideration, and improved evaluation may allow a better differentiation of which patients should be considered for CSF shunting.
An Extended Study of Quality Diversity Algorithms

In a departure from conventional optimization where the goal is to find the best possible solution, a new class of evolutionary algorithms instead search for quality diversity (QD) -- a maximally diverse collection of individuals in which each member is as high-performing as possible. In QD, diversity of behaviors or phenotypes is defined by a behavior characterization (BC) that is typically unaligned with (i.e. orthogonal to) the notion of quality. As experiments in a difficult maze task reinforce, QD algorithms driven by such an unaligned BC are unable to discover the best solutions on sufficiently deceptive problems. This study comprehensively surveys known QD algorithms and introduces several novel variants thereof, including a method for successfully confronting deceptive QD landscapes: driving search with multiple BCs simultaneously.
Recognition and politics

RECOGNITIONAL DEPENDENCE:THE POLITICAL CLAIM Hegel's theory of recognition amounts to an unusual social theory of subjectivity (an account of what it is to be an independent and dependent “I”) and therewith a social theory of freedom (an account of the form of social relations said to be necessary for an “I” to be the subject of deeds, an agent). I have been arguing that the full scope and ambition of Hegel's theory needs to be taken account of before its significance for a concrete social and political theory can be appreciated. I want in this chapter and in chapter 9 to make a start at least at spelling out those more concrete issues. I want to do so by means of a contrast, one that comes up very frequently in discussions of freedom in Hegel. Most modern liberal versions of the state depend on a philosophically ambitious theory about the nature of human individuality and the normatively relevant implications of such individuality. It is often assumed that contrasting theories about the putative ultimacy of intersubjective relations and the derivative or secondary status of individuality are potentially if not actually illiberal, and Hegel's putative organic theory of the state is often cited as an example. A major arena for such disputes has been the claim by such neo-Hegelians as Charles Taylor and Axel Honneth that the key liberal notion of the free and rational individual depends for its possibility and rational sufficiency and empirical sustainability on a social condition of great political relevance: mutual recognition.
Management of Hand Injuries: Part II.

Assessment of Acute Hand Injuries was discussed in Part I (). Part I reviewed approaches to the assessment of the patient with a hand injury and established a process for basic identification of the hand structures and function. Approaches to history taking and specific evaluations for the hand were discussed, and examples of the assessments were provided. Diagnostic approaches to support physical findings were discussed, and methods of radiological assessment provided assistance to the audience in making appropriate diagnosis in relation to hand injuries. Management of bony hand injuries was discussed in Part II. In Part II, the authors also described the epidemiology, radiographs, and the management of hand lacerations, fingertip injuries, and fractures. In this article, Part III, the management of tendon, ligamentous, neurovascular, and other specific hand injuries, along with the management of selected chronic hand conditions, is discussed.
Early adoption of concurrent chemotherapy with both standard and hypofractionated radiation regimens in elderly patients with glioblastoma

The role of concurrent chemotherapy with radiation (RT) after resection/biopsy is not well established in elderly patients receiving standard or hypofractionated RT. We sought to identify patterns of early concurrent chemotherapy adoption and predictors of chemotherapy treatment selection in elderly glioblastoma (GBM) patients as well as association with overall survival (OS) in either radiation regimen. Using the National Cancer Database (NCDB), we assessed clinical features and OS among elderly patients diagnosed with GBM from 1998 to 2012 in the USA. Patients were matched on gender, race, age, performance status, extent of resection, radiation scheme/fractionation, insurance, socioeconomic indicators, and facility type for OS and treatment utilization. In the NCDB, 17,005 patients with GBM were >70 years, received RT, and met inclusion criteria. Median age was 76, and median follow-up was 6.3 months. Use of concurrent chemotherapy increased during the study timeframe from 9.7 % in 1998 to 84.2 % in 2012. Concurrent chemotherapy was associated with male gender, white race, younger age, extensive surgery, standard fractionation, and treatment at academic/research centers (all p < 0.05). After propensity score matching, chemotherapy use remained associated with improved OS (HR = 0.52; 95 % CI, 0.44–0.61, p < 0.01) for cohorts receiving either standard or hypofractionated radiotherapy. Concurrent chemotherapy was adopted early in the USA for elderly patients with GBM receiving both radiation fraction schemes. Concurrent chemotherapy was associated with improved OS for elderly patients with GBM, irrespective of radiotherapy schedule. Patient-specific variations in the use of chemotherapy exist that may be targeted to improve access to care.
Miseducating Americans: Distortions of Historical Understanding. By Richard F. Hamilton. (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2015. Pp. vii, 274. $49.95.)

The author of this book challenges readers to reconsider the several and repeated “distortions” appearing in American history textbooks. Each chapter takes issue with certain errors that, though pr...
Complications of Distal Phalanx Fractures in Children

Purpose To determine whether the incidence of complications varies between among types of distal phalangeal fractures in a pediatric population. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and radiographs of patients seen in the pediatric hand surgery clinic from 2011 to 2012 with a diagnosis of distal phalanx fracture. Patients were identified by International Classification of Diseases–Ninth Revision code (816.02 or 816.12). We reviewed 206 charts and included them in the study. Demographic data, location of the fracture, specific diagnosis, mechanism of injury, outcomes, and complications were recorded. The treating physicians clinically identified the outcomes and complications. Results Average age of patients was 7.5 years. Fracture distribution was tuft (37%), mallet (18%), Salter-Harris I/II (13%), shaft (11%), base (11%), Seymour (6%), Salter-Harris III/IV (2%), and tip amputation (1%). Complications occurred in 31% of patients. The highest rates were for Salter-Harris IV (100%), Seymour (62%), and mallet fractures (49%). There was a statistically significant difference in complication rate by diagnosis. The most common complications were infection (22%), stiffness (15%), and nail deformity (13%). Conclusions Complications of distal phalanx fractures in children are frequent. The incidence varies by fracture type, the highest of which are for Salter-Harris IV, Seymour, and mallet fractures. Special care needs to be taken to reduce the complication rates of these common fractures. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Targeting mitotic pathways for endocrine-related cancer therapeutics.

A colossal amount of basic research over the past few decades has provided unprecedented insights into the highly complex process of cell division. There is an ever-expanding catalogue of proteins that orchestrate, participate and coordinate in the exquisite processes of spindle formation, chromosome dynamics and the formation and regulation of kinetochore microtubule attachments. Use of classical microtubule poisons has still been widely and often successfully used to combat a variety of cancers but their non-selective interference in other crucial physiologic processes necessitate the identification of novel druggable components specific to the cell cycle/division pathway. Considering cell cycle deregulation, unscheduled proliferation, genomic instability and chromosomal instability as a hallmark of tumor cells, there lies an enormous untapped terrain that needs to be unearthed before a drug can pave its way from bench to bedside. This review attempts to systematically summarize the advances made in this context so far with an emphasis on endocrine-related cancers and the avenues for future progress to target mitotic mechanisms in an effort to combat these dreadful cancers.
Studies in Andean Ocotea (Lauraceae) IV. Species with Unisexual Flowers and Densely Pubescent Leaves, or with Erect Pubescence or Domatia, Occurring above 1000 m in Altitude

A revision of the Andean species of Ocotea Aubl. occurring above 1000 m elevation with unisexual flowers and dense pubescence on the lower leaf surface or with erect pubescence or with domatia is presented. A key to and descriptions of the 35 recognized species are provided. Twenty-one species are described as new: O. antioquiensis van der Werff, O. argyrea van der Werff, O. otara van der Werff, O. santamartae van der Werff, and O. subparamicola van der Werff from Colombia; O. aquila van der Werff, O. euryphylla van der Werff, O. oreophila van der Werff, O. pastazensis van der Werff, and O. rufotomentella van der Werff from Ecuador; O. crassipedalis van der Werff, O. crinita van der Werff, O. kolera van der Werff, O. megistophylla van der Werff, O. palcazuensis van der Werff, O. papyracea van der Werff, O. satipensis van der Werff, and O. tarmensis van der Werff from Peru; O. adusta van der Werff and O. carchiensis van der Werff from Colombia and Ecuador; and O. recurvata van der Werff from Ecuador and Peru. Ocotea caesariata van der Werff is published as a replacement name for Pleurothyrium velutinum Meisn., incorrectly called O. calophylla Mez.
The Effect of Self-Compassion on Impulsivity Provoked by a Reduction in Self-Esteem

The focus of this study was to investigate the role of self-compassion on impulsivity after a negative event. To accomplish this task a study was conducted among college students to examine the role that self-compassion plays in emotional regulation and self-regulation following a negative experience. This analysis involved measuring self-esteem, negative affect, and impulsivity. The scales in this study were administered prior to and after the college students took their first statistics test. Students displayed a significant decrease in self-esteem, a significant increase in negative affect, and a significant increase in impulsivity. When self-compassion was included as a covariate, the only significant change was a decline in self-esteem. Moreover, the analysis revealed a significant interaction between self-compassion and changes over time. Implications and limitations of these results were discussed.
Cultivating a rhetoric of advocacy for usability studies and user-centered design

In this article, we explore connections among rhetoric, usability studies, user-centered design, and civic engagement as core concepts for developing a systemically aware Rhetoric of Advocacy for technical communicators. We propose a model for visualizing scenarios and stakeholders that is based on the structure of atoms. The Atomic Model for Technical Communication provides a visual model for mapping projects and for framing the kind of dialog that we associate with a Rhetoric of Advocacy.
Bioethics: Helping My Husband Die

This chapter is a Case Study of Peggy Battin, a distinguished bioethicist and champion of self-determination in dying. One question drives her scholarship: “Why should it be so hard to die?” It was Peggy’s mother who posed this question. Peggy was a junior in college, and her mother was at the tail end of a lingering cancer death. A key player in right-to-die legislation, Peggy has since helped make death easier for some people. These issues became acutely personal again more than fifty years later, when Peggy’s husband was horrifically injured in a bicycle accident. Bioethics issues related to autonomy in dying became far more nuanced when viewed from her husband’s bedside. Viktor Frankl’s existential psychology (logotherapy) is used to interpret Peggy’s unusually personal scholarship.
Growth Mechanisms of Anisotropic Layered Group IV Chalcogenides on van der Waals Substrates for Energy Conversion Applications

Two-dimensional group IV monochalcogenide semiconductors (SnX, GeX; X = S, Se) are of fundamental interest due to their anisotropic crystal structure and predicted unique characteristics such as very large exciton binding energies and multiferroic order possibly up to above room temperature. Whereas growth on reactive supports produces mostly standing flakes, deposition on van der Waals (vdW) substrates can yield basal-plane oriented layered crystals. But so far, this approach invariably resulted in flakes that are several atomic layers thick, and the synthesis of monolayers has remained elusive. Here, we use in situ microscopy during molecular beam epitaxy of SnS on graphite and graphene to establish the origin of this predominant multilayer growth. The enhanced reactivity of group IV chalcogenide layers causes adsorption of precursor molecules primarily on the initial SnS nuclei instead of the vdW support. On graphite, this unusual imbalance in the material supply is the primary cause for fast vertical ...
Escaping the Niche Market; Moving to the Mass Market

Let’s take time out to discuss the famous VCR incident. An early U.S. producer (Ampex) had dominated the industrial market for videocassette recorders. This market included TV networks, movie studios and professional producers of video programming. Ampex did not assault the mass market of VCRs for consumer households. Japanese companies did, with well-known results — namely that there are no longer any U.S. producers of household VCRs.
Male on Male Rape: The Hidden Toll of Stigma and Shame

Introduction Uncovering Male Rape The Segregation of Male Rape An Assault on Sexual Identity False Intentions The Spectacle of Male Rape Darren's Abduction Virile Meets Viral: The Intersection of HIV and Same-Sex Rape Medical Sensitivity Survival Policing the Law Men Who Are Raped: A Profeminist Perspective Gendered Conflict Initiating Change Endnotes App. Male Rape Resources App. Male Rape Bibliography App. Legal Statutes in the United States Index
Treatment options for the relief of chronic idiopathic urticaria symptoms

Chronic urticaria is a cutaneous condition in which recurrent pruritic wheals (hives) manifest on the body and typically last for longer than 6 weeks. Chronic urticaria, including physically induced urticarias, such as cold, solar exposure or delayed pressure urticaria, is estimated to occur in approximately 25% of urticaria patients. Of these patients, 75% present with idiopathic disease, which is essentially an exclusionary diagnosis when no contributing factors can be determined that cause the cutaneous reaction. Chronic urticaria symptoms can have a profound effect on a patient's quality of life (QoL); therefore, treatment should address both physical symptom relief and improvements in QoL. This review will discuss the benefits and limitations of several treatment options available to relieve urticarial symptoms, including H1- and H2-receptor antagonists, doxepin, antileukotriene therapy and corticosteroids. Other experimental therapies, such as immunomodulatory agents, plasmapheresis treatment, i.v. immunoglobulins, and omalizumab will also be discussed.
Overexpression of A1, an NF-κB–Inducible Anti-Apoptotic Bcl Gene, Inhibits Endothelial Cell Activation

A1 is an anti-apoptotic bcl gene that is expressed in endothelial cells (EC) in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli. We show that in addition to protecting EC from apoptosis, A1 inhibits EC activation and its associated expression of pro-inflammatory proteins by inhibiting the transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB. This new anti-inflammatory function gives a broader dimension to the protective role of A1 in EC. We also show that activation of NF-kappaB is essential for the expression of A1. Taken together, our data suggest that A1 downregulates not only the pro-apoptotic and pro-inflammatory response, but also its own expression, thus restoring a quiescent phenotype to EC.
Using Comparisons of Multiage Learning Environments to Understand Two Teachers' Democratic Educational Aims

Several decades of research detail the nature and the relevance of learning environments in the education of children. This inquiry builds upon this earlier work and addresses the following question: What insights can be gained from using the classroom environment in understanding the declared democratic intent of two elementary school teachers? Descriptive profiles of two Grade 4/5 classrooms experienced by the same nine- and ten-year-olds during the 1998–1999 academic year were derived from qualitative data that included observational field notes, verbatim transcripts, classroom photographs, and written responses from the teacher participants. The profiles were used in illuminating the teachers' aims to prepare children to participate in and contribute to American democracy. Via the examination of the teachers' uses of the physical environment, their management of the classroom, and their uses of authority, two distinct conceptions of democracy and democratic citizenship emerged.
The Ischemic Penumbra and Cell Survival

For centuries, physicians believed the brain would tolerate no more than a few minutes of ischemia without suffering permanent cell death. In the 1980s, a series of investigations proved that irreparable damage affects only a portion of the brain tissue so quickly after focal ischemia. Cells in the surrounding region, referred to as the ‘ischemic penumbra,’ may remain viable for several hours. The elucidation of the penumbra concept—especially the notion that brain regions tolerated prolonged ischemia without permanent death—inspired thoughts about thrombolysis as a possible treatment for stroke. Vascular occlusion results in an immediate drop in cerebral blood flow, cerebral perfusion, and cerebral metabolism within the territory supplied by the occluded artery. The classic model of the penumbra includes a core region where blood flow is too low to allow cell survival, and a surrounding zone where marginal flow allows brain to survive but not function. Cells in the penumbra metabolize slowly, called “idling” to suggest that they are salvageable. In the core, cells die rapidly (within minutes) whereas cells in the penumbra may survive for up to several hours. Restoration of blood flow to this area within an hour or so may salvage the ‘viable’ cells and diminish the degree of neurological deficits. If reperfusion begins early, penumbral tissue may survive. Neuroprotection targets the penumbra; agents that block the sequence of metabolic events triggered by ischemia might prolong cell survival in the penumbra until such a time as flow is restored. To date, no neuroprotectant has yet entered widespread clinical use.
Uncertainty of the Ohm Using Cryogenic and Non-Cryogenic Bridges

We describe recent scaling measurements to decade resistance levels based on both cryogenic and non-cryogenic current comparator bridges. National measurement institutes and the International Bureau of Weights and Measures derive traceability for the SI ohm using the quantum Hall effect, with the primary comparisons made at the resistance value $\pmb{R}_\mathbf{k-90}/2= \pmb{12906.4035\ \Omega}$ . Cryogenic current comparator scaling methods are preferred since large resistance ratios of 100 or more are achieved with unsurpassed uncertainty. The quantized Hall resistance standard based on graphene allow less complex and more cost-effective room-temperature resistance bridges to provide SI traceability.
Hydrogen oxidation on oxygen-rich IrO2(110)

ABSTRACTWe investigated the adsorption and oxidation of H2 on O-rich IrO2(110) using temperature programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our results show that H2 dissociation occurs efficiently on O-rich IrO2(110) at low temperature and initiates from an adsorbed H2 σ-complex on the coordinatively-unsaturated Ir atoms (Ircus). We find that on-top oxygen atoms (Oot), adsorbed on the Ircus sites, promote the desorption-limited evolution of H2O during subsequent oxidation of the adsorbed hydrogen on IrO2(110) while suppressing reaction-limited production of H2O via the recombination of bridging HO groups (HObr) (~500 to 750 K) during TPRS. The desorption-limited TPRS peak of H2O shifts from ~490 to 550 K with increasing Oot coverage, demonstrating that Oot atoms stabilize adsorbed OH and H2O species. DFT predicts that molecularly-adsorbed H2 dissociates on O-rich IrO2(110) at low temperature and that the resulting H-atoms redistribute to produce a mixture of ...
GALvanizing Alzheimer’s disease therapy to combat the inflamed brain

Galectin-3 is elevated in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and its deletion reduces neuroinflammation and β-amyloid burden in a mouse model of AD.
100 years of progress in mesoscale planetary boundary layer meteorological research

AbstractThis chapter outlines the development of our understanding of several examples of mesoscale atmospheric circulations that are tied directly to surface forcings, starting from thermally driv...
Enhancing Capacity for Trauma‐informed Care in Child Welfare: Impact of a Statewide Systems Change Initiative

Youth involved in the child welfare system (CWS) are disproportionally impacted by the negative effects of exposure to trauma. While efforts to develop trauma-informed CWSs are accelerating, little research is available about the effects of these efforts on system capacity to respond to the needs of youth exposed to trauma. No studies evaluate longer-term effects of these efforts. In 2011, Connecticut implemented CONCEPT, a multi-year initiative to enhance capacity of the state's CWS to provide trauma-informed care. CONCEPT used a multi-component approach including workforce development, deployment of trauma screening procedures, policy change, improved access to evidence-based trauma-focused treatments, and focused evaluation of program effects. Changes in system capacity to deliver trauma-informed care were assessed using statewide stratified random samples of child welfare staff at three time points (Year 1: N = 223, Year 3: N = 231, Year 5: N = 188). Significant improvements across nearly all child welfare domains were observed during the first 3 years of implementation, demonstrating system-wide improvements in capacity to provide trauma-informed care. These gains were maintained through the final year of implementation, with continued improvements in ratings of collaboration between child welfare and behavioral health settings on trauma-related issues observed. Responses documented familiarity with and involvement in many of the CONCEPT activities and initiatives. Staff reported greater familiarity with efforts to increase access to specific evidence-based services (e.g., TF-CBT) or to enhance trauma-related policy and practice guidelines, but less familiarity with efforts to implement new practices (e.g., trauma screening) in various sectors. Staff also reflected on the contribution of these components to enhance system capacity for trauma-informed care.
The Effects Of Sleep Apnea on Heart Rate Variability in a Simulator

Heart rate variability has been used as a measure of mental workload, stress, and fatigue in drivers. The main goal of this study was to evaluate whether drivers with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) may have significantly different heart rate variability from those who do not have OSAS. Such a condition may indicate lower stress levels and an increase in crash risk due to sleepiness. This study also evaluates whether significant deviations in HRV may occur as drivers become drowsier over time. Eleven drivers with OSAS were compared to twelve other drivers with no known sleep disorder. All were tested in a driving simulator over a 60-minute period that consisted of three uneventful drive segments on two-lane rural roads. Heart rates were collected using electrocardiogram (ECG). The variability of heart rate was computed for each subsequent five-minute interval by calculating the standard deviations of the R-R intervals (i.e., the time duration between two consecutive R waves of the ECG) within that time. Results showed that there were no significant differences in HRV over time for the comparison group. However, HRV for drivers with OSAS increased by each subsequent time interval. Drivers with OSAS also had significantly higher mean heart rate variability over the course of the drive. Specifically, based on the second regression model, the difference in heart rate variability between drivers with OSAS and the comparison group significantly increased after about 25 minutes of driving. This likely reflects the physiological effects of increased fatigue, which would lead to inattention to the driving environment and increased crash risk.
The "Miscellaneous Employee": Exploring the Boundaries of the Fair Labor Standards Act's Administrative Exemption

Judge Richard Posner recently opined that the Fair Labor Standards Act's administrative exemption is "pretty vague." Judge Posner's observation is a gross understatement. Indeed, federal courts have been grappling with this exemption's meaning since its creation in 1938. The confusion surrounding the administrative exemption is baffling given that it has existed for nearly seventy-five years, has been the object of numerous regulatory revisions by the Department of Labor, and is probably the most litigated of the Act's many exemptions. Both Congress and the Department of Labor are responsible for immortalizing the administrative exemption's perplexity. Congress instigated the confusion by labeling two separate exemptions with virtually synonymous terms-"executive" and "administrative." The Department of Labor then cemented the entanglement of these two exemptions by qualifying as administrative employees those whose primary duty is "directly related to management." The Department of Labor further broadened the administrative exemption by extending its scope to employees whose primary duty is related to "general business operations." Such language is so vague that there is little surprise that the exemption's architect viewed the exemption as broadly covering "persons performing a variety of miscellaneous ... functions." The administrative exemption's boundaries will be tested with even more frequency in America's ailing economy. As wages stagger and budgets constrict, employees and employers are likely to search for ways 1 Bertagna: The "Miscellaneous Employee": Exploring the Boundaries of the Fai Published by Scholarly Commons at Hofstra Law, 2012 HOFSTRA LABOR & EMPLOYMENT LA WJOURNAL to exploit the obscurity of the administrative exemption. And the judiciary is likely to continue its longstanding battle of identifying the boundaries of this elusive exemption, unless action is taken to rethink its purpose and limits.
Does gratitude to R for ϕ-ing imply gratitude that R ϕ-ed?

Many find it plausible that for a given beneficiary, Y, benefactor, R, and action, ϕ, Y’s being grateful to R for ϕ-ing implies Y’s being grateful that R ϕ-ed. According to some philosophers who hold this view, all instances of gratitude to, or “prepositional gratitude,” are also instances of gratitude that, or “propositional gratitude.” These philosophers believe there is a single unified concept of gratitude, a phenomenon that is essentially gratitude that, and whose manifestations sometimes have additional features that make them instances of gratitude to as well. In this article, I show that view to be mistaken. I base my argument on two hypothetical cases, in each of which a beneficiary, Y, is grateful to a benefactor, R, for ϕ-ing, but not grateful that R ϕ-ed. Generalizing from those cases and other cases of gratitude, I argue that prepositional gratitude is the proper response to benevolence-motivated action and propositional gratitude consists in a beneficiary’s judging a state of affairs to be valuable for himself and welcoming that state of affairs. Because not every instance of a benefactor’s acting benevolently toward a beneficiary is something that beneficiary finds valuable for himself and welcomes, it is possible to be grateful to a benefactor for ϕ-ing but not grateful that she ϕ-ed. Prepositional gratitude and propositional gratitude can each occur without the other and are thus two distinct phenomena. I conclude by explaining the importance of accurately understanding the relationship between prepositional gratitude and propositional gratitude.
Identification of Heterogeneous Parameters in an Intracellular Reaction Network from Population Snapshot Measurements through Sensitivity Analysis and Neural Network

Abstract Cells in a clonal cell-population exhibit a significant degree of heterogeneity in their responses to an external stimulus. In order to model a heterogeneous intracellular process, the individual-based population model (IBPM) has been developed in the past. Specifically, the IBPM approach can represent the heterogeneous dynamics in a cell population with a system of differential equations, whose model parameters follow probability density functions (PDF) instead of being constants. Therefore, in order to accurately predict the heterogeneous cellular dynamics, it is important to infer the PDFs of the model parameters from available experimental measurements. In this study, we propose a methodology to estimate the PDFs of the model parameters from population snapshot measurements obtained from flow cytometry. First, the PDFs of the model parameters are assumed to be normal so that a finite dimensional vector will be inferred from the measurements instead of inferring PDFs. Second, the sensitivity analysis is performed to identify which PDFs of the model parameters are identifiable and should be estimated from the available measurements. Next, in order to reduce the excessive number of evaluations of the IBPM during the PDF estimation process, an NNM is developed so that the output PDFs can be computed for given parameter PDFs. Lastly, the NNM is used to estimate the PDFs of the model parameters by minimizing the difference between the measured and predicted PDFs of the output. To show the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, the PDFs of parameters of a TNFα signaling model were estimated from in silico measurements.
Determining the Acceleration Due to Gravity and Friction Using the Ticker Tape Timer Method

Measuring the acceleration due to gravity g is a part of most introductory physics classes. A standard method to do so is by using a ticker tape timer. However, frictional forces are usually not included in the analysis even though friction leads to an acceleration significantly smaller than g. In this note, we show how to obtain accurate values of both the gravitational acceleration and the friction force by making measurements with different masses. We also propose a way to organize the laboratory procedure to make the multiple measurements needed, to be more collaborative, and to require students to think more carefully about their results. Students are also exposed to the importance of accounting for the variability in measurements.
Recent developments in Sino-Indian relations

Sino-Indian Relations in the Asia-Pacific Century: The rise of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) over the past few decades have generated a spate of both academic and policy debates. The princip...
Characterization and mitigation of interference between GNSS radio occultation and reflectometry signals for low‐altitude occultations

This research investigates the mutual interference between a GNSS signal refracted through the atmosphere and the same signal reflected from the surface below. For low-altitude occultations, the reflected signal can be present as multipath when tracking the direct signal. This poses a problem when making remote sensing measurements using GNSS-RO or GNSS-R techniques. Here, this issue is addressed in the context of GNSS data collected by a mountaintop receiver on the Hawaiian island of Maui. First, an elevation-angle threshold, below which the reflected signal can be present as multipath on the direct signal, is calculated for the mountaintop geometry. Next, the first steps are taken to mitigate the mutual interference between the direct and reflected signals. A frequency-domain filtering approach and a time-domain smoothing approach are applied to the signal intensity in an effort to separate the multipath contribution and the direct signal contribution.
Quantitatively accounting for the effects of surface topography on the oxidation kinetics of additive manufactured Hastelloy X processed by electron beam melting

Abstract The effects of surface roughness on the high-temperature corrosion of nickel-based superalloy X produced through electron-beam melting (EBM) additive manufacturing were studied. Surface area of samples in the rough, as-fabricated condition was measured using a 2D cross-section image analysis technique and a 3D image analysis technique. To verify the accuracy of surface area measurements, oxidation testing of samples in the as-fabricated and polished conditions was performed; polished sample oxidation curves were then compared to the as-fabricated sample oxidation curves before and after being adjusted using obtained surface area measurements. It was found that the 2D technique accurately measured surface area and accounted for the overlapping features present on EBM sample surfaces, whereas the 3D technique did not. Further, it was also observed that oxidation kinetics were moderately faster on the alloy X samples in the as-fabricated condition than for the polished condition.
Is Kindness the Magical Spell? The Role of Information and Reciprocity in Revenue-sharing Crowdfunding

We consider an entrepreneur funding his project from investors through a revenue-sharing crowdfunding campaign. The early investor (insider) has a social tie with the entrepreneur and is informed about the future revenue of the entrepreneur’s project. The investor who arrives later (outsider) is uninformed about the future revenue of the entrepreneur’s project and makes an investment after observing the insider’s investment. Thus, the insider’s investment decision may signal information regarding the entrepreneur’s future revenue to the outsider. While the outsider’s investment decision is solely ﬁnancially driven, the insider has reciprocity toward the entrepreneur and considers both her own payoff as well as the entrepreneur’s payoff in making her investment decision. We investigate how reciprocity and information asymmetry play a role in the outcome of the crowdfunding campaign. We ﬁnd that information asymmetry beneﬁts both investors because the insider may invest less to signal her type, which moderates the competition between investors. In addition, reciprocity can affect the information transmission in the crowdfunding campaign. In particular, if the reciprocity is higher than a threshold, the separating equilibrium may not exist, and the insider cannot signal the future project’s revenue via distorting her investment. Moreover, when the separating equilibrium exists, the investors’ total payoff decreases as the reciprocity increases. This is because the insider invests more as the reciprocity increases, which intensiﬁes the competition and reduces the outsider’s payoff. To respond to the insider’s increase of investment, due to the increase of reciprocity, the outsider invests less when there is no information asymmetry, but will ﬁrst increase and then decreases his investment when there is information asymmetry. Our results provide guidelines for platforms and entrepreneurs on how to leverage the social network in a crowdfunding campaign.
Reply to Letter to Editor (ar‐20‐0998): Gout Apathy Leads to Gout Arthropathy

We contest the presumption by Drs. Kolber and Tan that rheumatologists value surrogate markers over "patient oriented outcomes (like gout flares) in guiding clinical decisions."( A&R LTE by Kolber and Tan) Rheumatologists are fully aware and agree that flares are the central experience of gout, and preventing flares, tophi and joint damage is the major focus of gout management.
Analysis of a Group-Based Treadmill Program for Children with Neuromotor Delay Who Are Pre-Ambulatory.

To analyze data from a prospective cohort study, a group-based treadmill program, administered twice weekly for 14 weeks, in regard to gross motor skills related to walking and walking attainment i...
Sox2 is necessary for androgen ablation-induced neuroendocrine differentiation from Pten null Sca-1+ prostate luminal cells

Prostate adenocarcinoma undergoes neuroendocrine differentiation to acquire resistance toward antihormonal therapies. The underlying mechanisms have been investigated extensively, among which Sox2 has been shown to play a critical role. However, genetic evidence in mouse models for prostate cancer to support the crucial role of Sox2 is missing. The adult mouse prostate luminal cells contain both castration-resistant Sox2-expressing Sca-1+ cells and castration-responsive Sca-1- cells. We show that both types of the luminal cell are susceptible to oncogenic transformation induced by loss of function of the tumor suppressor Pten. The tumors derived from the Sca-1+ cells are castration resistant and are more inclined to develop castration-induced neuroendocrine differentiation. Genetic ablation of Sox2 suppresses neuroendocrine differentiation but does not impact the castration-resistant property. This study provides direct genetic evidence that Sox2 is necessary for androgen ablation-induced neuroendocrine differentiation of Pten null prostate adenocarcinoma, corroborates that the lineage status of the prostate cancer cells is a determinant for its propensity to exhibit lineage plasticity, and supports that the intrinsic features of cell-of-origin for prostate cancers can dictate their clinical behaviors.