cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphological observations on superficial medullary CO2--chemosensitive areas.

Abstract Physiological investigations have indicated that the ventrolateral surface of the medulla oblongata is involved in the chemical drive to respiration. In this investigation, light and electron microscopic investigations of the 3 chemosensitive regions reveal the following. (1) Evaginations of the ventral surface abut the overlying pia mater thereby delimiting discrete compartments; invaginations of the surface delimit wide cisternae lined with basement membrane. Neuronal elements with numerous synapses. were found scattered among astrocytic processes of the marginal glia in intermediate and caudal chemosensitive areas Microvasculature are conspicuously absent from the marginal glia. Intramedullary vessels are surrounded by perivascular spaces and the endothelium shows zonulae occludentes at cell junctions. (2) Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) applied to the ventral surface diffused throughout the interstitial and perivascular compartments, into synaptic clefts and neuronal soma. Diffusion of HRP into blood vessels was blocked at zonulae occludentes. Following intravenous of HRP, no reaction product was found outside cerebral vasculature in chemosensitive areas. (3) In spontaneously breathing cats, 2% procaine applied to the caudal chemosensitive area resulted in respiratory depression which began with the second breath. It is proposed, that substances which stimulate or depress respiration, when applied to the ventral medullary surface, produce their effects on superficial neurons located in the intermediate and caudal chemosensitive areas after diffusion through interstitial spaces.
Evaluating shortfalls in mixed-integer programming approaches for the optimal design and dispatch of distributed generation systems

Abstract The distributed generation (DG) of combined heat and power (CHP) for commercial buildings is gaining increased interest, yet real-world installations remain limited. This lack of implementation is due, in part, to the challenging economics associated with volatile utility pricing and potentially high system capital costs. Energy technology application analyses are also faced with insufficient knowledge regarding how to appropriately design (i.e., configure and size) and dispatch (i.e., operate) an integrated CHP system. Existing research efforts to determine a minimum-cost-system design and dispatch do not consider many dynamic performance characteristics of generation and storage technologies. Consequently, we present a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model that prescribes a globally minimum cost system design and dispatch, and that includes off-design hardware performance characteristics for CHP and energy storage that are simplified or not considered in other models. Specifically, we model the maximum turn-down, start up, ramping, and part-load efficiency of power generation technologies, and the time-varying temperature of thermal storage technologies. The consideration of these characteristics can be important in applications for which system capacity, building demand, and/or utility guidelines dictate that the dispatch schedule of the devices varies over time. We demonstrate the impact of neglecting system dynamics by comparing the solution prescribed by a simpler, linear model with that of our MINLP for a case study consisting of a large hotel, located in southern Wisconsin, retrofitted with solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and a hot water storage tank. The simpler model overestimates the SOFC operational costs and, consequently, underestimates the optimal SOFC capacity by 15%.
Relativistic center-of-mass motion of quarks in bags

Abstract Simple expressions are obtained for center-of-mass (c.m.) corrections on masses of hadrons made up of relativistic quarks in given shell-model configurations. They are applicable to quarks in bags even when the quark wave functions are discontinuous at the bag surface. Analogous c.m. corrections on magnetic moments are shown to be due to the artificial confinement of the hadron in the bag. They can be separated into a Halprin-Kerman magneton correction and a new point-moment correction. These results are illustrated by using four bag models fitted to hadron masses. The magnetic-moment corrections are found to account for about half of the discrepancies of the simple bag moments from the experimental values. The implications for the magnetic moments of composite leptons are also discussed.
Immunohistochemical characterization of palisaded, encapsulated neuroma

Eleven cases of palisaded, encapsulated neuroma (PEN) were studied by routine light microscopic and immunohistochemical methods. PEN showed the following staining reactions: strong, diffuse for S-100 protein (11/11) and collagen Type IV (Col. IV) (11/11); moderately strong, focal for myelin basic protein (MBP) (9/11) and Leu-7 (9/11); weak, focal for MBP (2/11), Leu-7 (2/11), neuron specific enolase (NSE) (4/11), neural filaments (NF) (5/11), epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) (6/11), and negative for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Bielschowsky silver stain was positive in 11/11, but only four cases contained numerous axons. Col. IV and EMA stains showed a complete capsule in 1/11, incomplete capsules in 5/11 and no discernible capsules in the remainder. We concluded that (1) the immunologic profile of PEN is not specific; (2) conventional silver stain remains a suitable method to demonstrate axon-like structures; (3) the ratio of axons to Schwann cells is variable and generally less than 1:1, as previously assumed; (4) MBP and Leu-7 coexpression in Schwann cells suggests myelinization of some of the nerve fibers; (5) the pattern of EMA reaction supports perineurial cell involvement in PEN; and (6) despite the current definition of PEN, they are usually not completely encapsulated as evidenced by Col. IV and EMA strains.
Pre-participation screening for athletes and the role of advanced practice providers

Pre-participation screening of athletes for underlying cardiovascular disease is recommended by the AHA/ACC. However, vigorous debate continues as to whether the ECG should be used as part of a broad-based screening program. The AHA/ACC "do not support national mandatory screening ECGs of athletes, because the logistics, manpower, financial and resource considerations make such a program inapplicable to US". In an effort to address these impediments and to increase access for communities, we explore the use of advanced practice providers (Nurse Practitioners and Physician Assistants) in providing pre-participation screening to athletes with ECG interpretation. In the current healthcare environment with limited primary care resources, advanced practice providers are an important new element in improving access to care. Pre-participation screening with ECG interpretation is currently within an advanced practice provider's scope of practice. Emerging data shows that advanced practice providers perform care that is within acceptable patient care standards, safely, and cost effectively, compared to physician counterparts. To further improve pre-participation screening, a national education and certification program on 12-lead ECG interpretation is needed. Standardized screening tools and mass screening protocols that include screening ECGs for targeted athlete populations who are at high risk for SCD are needed. These recommendations are aimed at addressing some of the barriers raised by the AHA/ACC group to pre-participation screening with ECG.
Symmetries of massive fields in Kaluza-Klein supergravity

The infinite-parameter symmetry algebra of the massive tower of fields in five-dimensional $N=2$ Kaluza-Klein supergravity compactified on ${M}^{4}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{S}^{1}$ is identified as a local version of the Kac-Moody extension of the super-Poincar\'e algebra with central charge mixed with the Virasoro algebra. Most of the symmetry is spontaneously broken. The Goldstone ($s=1,0$) bosons and ($s=\frac{1}{2}$) fermions are identified, and the implication for the mass spectrum of the massive tower of fields is discussed.
On the dimension of deterministic and random Cantor-like sets, symbolic dynamics, and the Eckmann-Ruelle conjecture

In this paper we unify and extend many of the known results on the dimension of deterministic and random Cantor-like sets in ℝ n , and apply these results to study some problems in dynamical systems. In particular, we verify the Eckmann-Ruelle Conjecture for equilibrium measures for Holder continuous conformal expanding maps and conformal Axiom A# (topologically hyperbolic) homeomorphims. We also construct a Holder continuous Axiom A# homeomorphism of positive topological entropy for which the unique measure of maximal entropy is ergodic and has different upper and lower pointwise dimensions almost everywhere. this example shows that the non-conformal Holder continuous version of the Eckmann-Ruelle Conjecture is false. The Cantor-like sets we consider are defined by geometric constructions of different types. The vast majority of geometric constructions studied in the literature are generated by a finite collection ofp maps which are either contractions or similarities and are modeled by the full shift onp symbols (or at most a subshift of finite type). In this paper we consider much more general classes of geometric constructions: the placement of the basic sets at each step of the construction can be arbitrary, and they need not be disjoint. Moreover, our constructions are modeled by arbitrary symbolic dynamical systems. The importance of this is to reveal the close and nontrivial relations between the statistical mechanics (and especially the absence of phase transitions) of the symbolic dynamical system underlying the geometric construction and the dimension of its limit set. This has not been previously observed since no phase transitions can occur for subshifts of finite type. We also consider nonstationary constructions, random constructions (determined by an arbitrary ergodic stationary distribution), and combinations of the above.
The US Experience with Local Economic Development

In this paper the increasing intensity of intermunicipal and interstate economic competition in the USA is noted. It is argued that the federal structure of the USA, the present political climate, and the mobility of capital combine to produce a situation of positive feedback leading to everincreasing subsidies. The situation constitutes a classic prisoner's dilemma. Decreased competition would be in the interests of all units of government. However, there is no way that a state or local government can opt out of the competition unilaterally and no mechanism by which collective action can be taken to reduce the intensity of competition. Also considered in this paper are the aggregate effects of local economic development programs in terms of taxes and public expenditures, efficiency, and equity, and several less commonly discussed considerations.
Ground cover impacts on sediment and phosphorus export from manured riparian pasture.

Maintaining pasture ground cover is important in preventing environmental degradation of grasslands and associated riparian areas. The objective of this work was to determine the effect of ground cover on sediment and P export from pastured riparian areas under simulated rainfall events. Plots were established on two sites in the North Carolina Piedmont: a 10% slope with Appling sandy loam soils (fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults) and a 20% slope with Wedowee sandy loam soils (fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults), both with mixed tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)-dallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.) vegetation. Existing forage stands were modified to represent a range of ground cover levels: 0, 45, 70, and 95% (bare ground, low, medium, and high cover, respectively), and amended with beef steer (Bos taurus) feces and urine (about 10 kg P ha -1 ). Mean runoff volume from bare ground was generally twice that observed from low, medium, and high levels of cover, which were similar. For all rainfall events combined, export of dissolved reactive P was greatest (P 215 kg ha -1 ) and P (0.7 kg P ha -1 ) to surface waters during heavy rainfall, whereas export may be reduced equally well by low cover (45%) as by high cover.
Analysis of Variables Influencing Urinary pCO2 during NaHCO3 and Water Loading in Normal Man

SummaryIn the present study the relative influence of several variables, other than distal renal tubular hydrogen ion secretion, on urinary pCO2, was evaluated. Thirteen studies were conducted in 12 healthy volunteers aged 21-51 years who Received 2 mequiv/kg body weight of NaHCO3 orally. When urine pH exceeded 7.4, urinary pCO2, and arterial blood pCO2, were measured. The maximal difference between urine and arterial blood pCO2 was 47 ± 2 (SE) mm Hg. In order to obtain data extending over a wide range of urine flow rates, pH, and bicarbonate and phosphorus levels, seven subjects subsequently ingested 20 ml/kg body weight of water. Bivariate Pearson analysis (pre- and post-water-loading data pooled) showed a positive correlation between UpCO2 and the following variables: UpH (r = 0.77), Uhco3 (r = 0.88), UHCO3V (r = 0.45), and Up (r = 0.53) (P < 0.001 for all). A negative correlation was obtained between UpCO2 and V (r = −0.69, P < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis suggested that UHCO3 and Up were the ...
Structure of the coronary artery adenosine receptor

Abstract Acting through specific surface receptors on coronary myocytes, adenosine may regulate local myocardial perfusion in response to changes in cardiac effort. The structure-activity relationships of adenosine analogs suggest that the purine and ribose domains of the coronary artery adenosine receptor each contain several specialized sites which effect ligand binding and or receptor activation. Such correlations identify the steric factors which influence binding and hint at the chemical forces which govern affinity.
Theory of hopping conduction by the path-probability method.

Based on the pair approximation of the path-probability method, the frequency-dependent conductivity \ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\omega}) is formulated both in the ordered and in the disordered phase in a binary system. Especially in the disordered phase, the effects of pair correlation on \ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\omega}) are analytically shown and discussed. The present method is found to provide information in a more organized way than in the commonly adopted master-equation method.
Polymer brushes: surface-immobilized macromolecules

This article reviews recent literature on polymer brushes with an emphasis on linear polymer brushes attached to solid substrate surfaces. The following topics are included: (i) theoretical and experimental studies of homopolymer brush structure; (ii) theoretical investigations of diblock copolymer brushes; (iii) preparation of homopolymer brushes by physisorption, “grafting to” and “grafting from” methods; (iv) synthesis of diblock copolymer brushes; and (v) fabrication of patterned polymer brushes.
Subnanometer size uncapped quantum dots via electroporation of synthetic vesicles

The very rapid, usually diffusion-controlled, self-aggregation of nascent molecules of semiconductors (MX) or metals (M) in solution represents an experimental challenge for arresting the growth of the particles at a desired size. Unfortunately, the typical remedy used, namely capping of the clusters with a protective coating, alters their intrinsic electronic and optical properties. An additional defect of capping's virtue is that it prevents the observation of further cluster growth--which is especially important in the subnanometer (molecular) size regime, where particle growth is associated with dramatic changes in structure, surface states, and transition energy. We have developed a novel method for the preparation of subnanometer size uncapped quantum dots, which also allows the monitoring of their growth up to several hundreds of nanometer in diameter. The essence of the method is the initial encapsulation of the metal ion (M(+)) in synthetic vesicles (liposomes) and the placement of the anion (X(-)) in the bulk solution. Exposure of the suspension to a rectangular pulse of a high-voltage homogenous electric field E of suitable intensity and duration causes the formation of transient pores in the vesicle's bilayer (electroporation). A fraction of the metal ions that are ejected through the pores react with the anions in the bulk, and the freshly created monomers (MX) adsorb on the exterior surface of the vesicle. On the vesicle surface, the self-aggregation is slowed down to the hour and day timescales which allows for convenient spectral monitoring of the growth of the clusters. The discussion will focus on the behavior of vesicles in an electric field, the mechanism of electroporation, and our experimental and density functional theoretical findings of previously unobserved, unusual spectroscopic properties of subnanometer size AgBr, CdS, PbS, ZnS and gold quantum dots.
Ground state rotational bands in doubly even actinide nuclei

Abstract The γ-ray spectra following the α-decay of several doubly even actinides were studied. The deduced level energies of the ground state rotational bands were compared with the collective model and the VMI model. The VMI model gave an excellent fit to the experimental levels; no phase transitions were observed in the actinide region, in contrast to the situation in the rare-earth region.
Evidence for charged aerosols and associated meter-scale structure in identified PMSE/NLC regions

Evidence for the existence of negatively charged aerosols/dust in PMSE/NLC regions has been obtained by the unique combination of rocket probes flown during the DROPPS Program. Simultaneous current measurements of charged aerosols, ions, and electrons were accomplished by using a configuration of blunt probes, Gerdien condenser, and DC Langmuir probe. The two blunt probes, with different fixed-bias voltages to discriminate the collection of mobile charge carriers, consistently demonstrated the presence of impacting negatively charged aerosols. Their occurrence coincided with an electron bite-out, thus confirming the associated loss process as aerosol attachment.
Geophysical study of the continental margin of southern Africa

Marine gravity and magnetic anomalies determine a model for the boundary between oceanic and continental basement off southern Africa. A nearly linear high-amplitude positive magnetic anomaly (about 300 to 800 γ) is coincident with an isostatic gravity anomaly where the Agulhas fracture zone is bounded to the north by the African continent. The magnetic anomaly is interpreted as a magnetic “edge effect” separating oceanic basement in the south from continental basement in the north. Where deep ocean lies on either side of the fracture zone, negative magnetic anomalies occur that are modeled by assuming a broad zone of zero magnetization within the fracture zone. Mesozoic magnetic lineations M0 (∼108 m.y. B.P.) through M12 (∼128 m.y. B.P.) are adjacent to the western margin of southern Africa (Cape Sequence). West of the Orange River, the magnetic anomaly amplitudes are attenuated, which is attributed to a partial demagnetization of basement rocks due to an increase in sediment overburden. A prominent magnetic anomaly (anomaly G) borders the Cape Sequence on its landward side and is coincident with an isostatic gravity anomaly. Anomaly G is interpreted as a magnetic edge-effect anomaly separating oceanic from continental basement, similar to the magnetic anomaly associated with the Agulhas fracture zone. Southwest of Capetown, anomaly G is located on the continental slope, implying that continental basement has subsided to form the slope. Farther north, anomaly G lies nearly 125 km landward of the shelf break; this implies that the shelf break in the north was formed by a pro-grading of sediment over an oceanic basement, in general agreement with available seismic (sonobuoy) measurements.
Mint plant derivatives as blackbird feeding deterrents

Abstract Naturally occurring plant constituents are potentially useful as avian feeding deterrents. In a series of cage trials, pulegone, a compound found in various species of mint, suppressed consumption of rice seed by red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) more effectively than methyl anthranilate. Furthermore, pennyroyal oil, from which pulegone is obtained, was nearly as effective as pulegone itself. Brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) were more sensitive to pulegone than were redwings, but female boat-tailed grackles (Quiscalus major) were less sensitive. Because pulegone produces both sensory irritation and post-ingestive distress, it has potential for seed treatment and other bird deterrent applications.
Matter-wave/atom interferometry

Although interferometry's earliest and most familiar use is with photons, the discovery of matter-wave (deBroglie-wave) interference for electrons demanded the development of quantum mechanics. Since then, matter-wave interferometry has been performed with neutrons, Cooper electron-pairs, and most recently, with whole atoms and diatomic molecules. This talk describes our recent high-flux atom interferometry experiments using the generalized Talbot-vonLau effect. Our interferometer consists of a sequence of three planar vacuum-slit diffraction gratings, microfabricated from silicon nitride membranes. DeBroglie-wave interference fringes are sensed by measuring the transmission of potassium atoms on a hot- wire as a function of grating relative position. Different spatial Fourier components (up to sixth) in the diffraction pattern are resonant in the interferometer at different atomic velocities (i.e., at different wavelengths). When a laser cooled slow atomic beam is incident, various different diffraction patterns are observed as a function of atomic velocity. In an alternative `Heisenberg Microscope' configuration an incident thermal beam produces a velocity average over different fringe Fourier components. AC modulated weak laser light passing through the interferometer interacts selectively with atoms at a specific velocity. The associated fringe pattern is then ac modulated and revealed by its selective destruction.
Minimal Norm Support Vector Machines for Large Classification Tasks

This paper introduces Minimal Norm Support Vector Machines (MNSVM) as the new fast classification algorithm originating from minimal enclosing ball approach and based on combining state of the art minimal norm problem solvers and probabilistic techniques. Our approach significantly improves the time performance of the SVM's training phase. Moreover, the comparison with other SVM classification techniques based on Sequential Minimal Optimization algorithm, over several large real data sets within the strict validation frame of a double (nested) cross-validation, reveals huge similarity in the classification accuracy. The results shown are promoting MNSVM as outstanding alternative for handling large and ultra-large datasets in a reasonable time without switching to various parallelization schemes for SVMs algorithms proposed recently.
Iterative model and trajectory refinement for launch optimization of automotive powertrains

Abstract A recently proposed iterative model and trajectory refinement (IMTR) approach is applied to launch control of an automotive powertrain with a turbocharged gasoline engine and a dual-clutch transmission. The optimal clutch torque trajectory is determined by a piecewise linear in time function that minimizes a cost function while meeting multiple constraints on vehicle acceleration and engine speed. A high-fidelity model of the powertrain and a simplified physics-based model are used iteratively to refine solutions. The iterative method converges on a solution that meets target performance metrics with efficient execution time.
A flexible sealed tube transverse radio frequency excited carbon dioxide laser for dermatologic surgery

A new CO2 laser system, of special characteristics, has been found to be effective for CO2 laser dermatological surgery. The unit is compact, freely movable, and suitable for office practice. A highly flexible operating probe makes for precision surgery. The initial investigative clinical series included resistant warts in many areas including extensive plantar warts, oral lesions, and condylomata. There were also excisions of broad base granuloma pyogenicum, large seborrheic warty lesions, thermal photocoagulation of rhinophyma, and laser dermabrasion of tattoos. Flaps were done in animals.
Drafting New York Civil-Litigation Documents: Part XXII — Summary-Judgment Motions Continued

This article, which discusses summary-judgment motions, is the 22nd part of a series on litigation drafting in New York.
Mutations in the CD-loop region of the D2 protein in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 modify charge recombination pathways in photosystem II in vivo.

The lumenal CD-loop region of the D2 protein of photosystem II contains residues that interact with the primary electron donor P680 and the redox active tyrosyl residue YD. Photosystem II properties were studied in a number of photoautotrophic mutants of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, most of which carried combinatorial mutations in residues 164−170, 179−186, or 187−194 of the D2 protein. To facilitate characterization of photosystem II properties in the mutants, the CD-loop mutations were introduced into a photosystem I-less background. According to variable fluorescence decay measurements in DCMU-treated cells, charge recombination of QA- with the donor side was faster in the majority of mutants (t1/2 = 45−140 ms) than in the control (t1/2 = 180 ms). However, in one mutant (named C7-3), the decay of QA- was 2 times slower than in the control (t1/2 = 360 ms). The decay half-time of each mutant correlated with the yield of the Q-band of thermoluminescence (TL) emitted due to S2QA- charge recombination. The C...
The Theory of Ostwald Ripening

Developments in the theory of Ostwald ripening since the classic work of I. M. Lifshitz and V. V. Slyozov (LS) are reviewed and directions for future work are suggested. Recent theoretical work on the role of a finite volume fraction of coarsening phase on the ripening behavior of two-phase systems is reformulated in terms of a consistent set of notation through which each of the theories can be compared and contrasted. Although more theoretical work is necessary, these theories are in general agreement on the effects of a finite volume fraction of coarsening phase on the coarsening behavior of two-phase systems. New work on transient Ostwald ripening is presented which illustrates the broad range of behavior which is possible in this regime. The conditions responsible for the presence of the asymptotic state first discovered by LS, as well as the manner in which this state is approached, are also discussed. The role of elastic fields during Ostwald ripening in solid-solid mixtures is reviewed, and it is shown that these fields can play a dominant role in determining the coarsening behavior of a solid-solid system.
A Crisis of Authority? A Conversation with Alasdair Roberts about the Bush Years

Alasdair Roberts’s recent book The Collapse of Fortress Bush: The Crisis of Authority in American Government is an appraisal of the George W. Bush administration’s response to the 9/11 attacks and its management of the global war on terrorism. This war, Roberts argues, is a neoliberal war designed to accommodate assumptions about the boundaries of governmental action that became prevalent after Ronald Reagan’s election to the presidency in 1980. Concerns about the renaissance of the “imperial presidency” are simplistic and misplaced, Roberts proposes, because they largely ignore how executive authority in the United States has been weakened by political, economic, and institutional forces. President Bush’s actions after 9/11 reflect the limitations of his power. His White House was unable to impose significant burdens on citizens or the economy, felt forced to expand power surreptitiously, and chose to act militarily because the armed services enjoyed a level of legitimacy that was absent from the rest of government.
Mechanism of altered pattern of left ventricular filling with aging in subjects without cardiac disease

The mechanism whereby aging, in the absence of cardiac disease, may alter the pattern of left ventricular (LV) diastolic filling is unknown. Accordingly, this study was designed to examine the factors that may be in part responsible for aging's effect on the pattern of LV diastolic filling. The LV end-diastolic pressure-volume relation was analyzed in 11 elderly subjects (68 +/- 5 years, mean +/- standard deviation) and 15 normal young adults (31 +/- 7 years) without coronary artery disease, systemic hypertension, LV hypertrophy or abnormality of LV systolic function. After catheterization, the subjects underwent pulsed Doppler analysis of mitral flow. All had normal 2-dimensional echocardiograms without LV or valvular dysfunction. Peak early filling velocity in the elderly subjects was decreased in comparison with that in young adults (61 +/- 14 vs 83 +/- 8 cm/s, p less than 0.001) and the ratio of early and late diastolic filling velocity was reduced (0.81 +/- 0.26 vs 1.88 +/- 0.40, p less than 0.001). The isovolumic relaxation time did not differ between the elderly and young subjects (158 +/- 20 vs 146 +/- 22 ms, difference not significant). In the elderly, LV end-diastolic pressure was increased (15 +/- 7 vs 11 +/- 4 mm Hg, p less than 0.05) despite a smaller end-diastolic volume index (60 +/- 16 vs 74 +/- 18 ml/m2, p less than 0.05), indicating a shift of the passive diastolic pressure-volume relation. It was concluded that early diastolic filling is reduced in normal aged subjects, even in the absence of coronary artery disease and systolic dysfunction. This altered pattern of diastolic filling may result from a shift of the passive LV diastolic pressure-volume relation.
A Classification of Data Types

There is considerable variation in the terminology that is used in discussing the subject of (abstract) data types. Further, discussions of individual data types often combine several types into unnecessarily complex or interlinked structures and sometimes refer to a single data type in inconsistent ways. This paper resolves many of these problems by proposing a unified classification of a wide range of data types.
The disconnected Visual System Mutations in Drosophila melanogaster Drastically Disrupt Circadian Rhythms

Mutations at the disconnected (disco) locus in Drosophila melanogaster cause cultures of this insect to eclose in an essentially arrhythmic manner and also nearly eliminate free-running circadian rhythms of locomotor activity. Yet disco mutants are not totally light- insensitive : Whereas they performed very poorly in tests of certain behavioral responses to visual stimuli, they were able to exhibit "forced" periodic locomotor activity under conditions of light-dark cycling. We discuss these results in the context of (1) the dispensability of this insect's external photoreceptors for entrainment of its circadian pacemaker, and (2) possible disco-induced abnormalities in the connections of extraocular photoreceptors to their targets in the central nervous system and/or abnormalities in the targets themselves—which presum ably include elements of the fly's circadian clock.
String dynamics, spontaneous breaking of supersymmetry, and dual scalar field theory

The dynamics of a vortex string, which describes the Nambu-Goldstone modes of the spontaneous breakdown of the target space $D=4$, $N=1$ supersymmetry and internal $U(1{)}_{R}$ symmetry to the world sheet $\mathrm{ISO}(1,1)$ symmetry, is constructed by using the approach of nonlinear realization. The resulting action describing the low energy oscillations of the string into the covolume (super)space is found to have an invariant synthesis form of the Akulov-Volkov and Nambu-Goto actions. Its dual scalar field action is obtained by means of introducing two vectorial Lagrangian multipliers into the action of the string.
Neuropeptide Y inhibits corticosterone secretion by isolated rat adrenocortical cells

Studies with isolated rat adrenocortical cells have shown that neuropeptide Y (NPY) inhibits both basal and ACTH-stimulated corticosterone secretion. These results suggest the regulatory role of NPY in corticosterone secretion from the adrenal gland, especially during stress.
Arterial pulse contour analysis trending of cardiac output: Hemodynamic manipulations during cerebral arteriovenous malformation resection

Objective. Intravascular pressure and cardiac output monitoring are frequently performed in the operating room and intensive care unit. Currently, cardiac output is only measured intermittently, although continuous measurement would be preferable. One method proposed for measuring cardiac output continuously is arterial waveform pulse contour analysis. This study examines the utility of trending cardiac output using pulse contour analysis during manipulations of blood pressure.Methods. Eleven patients were studied while undergoing resection of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Cardiac output measured by pulse contour analysis was compared with thermodilution cardiac output measurements in patients subjected to induced hypotension with esmolol and restoration of blood pressure with phenylephrine.Results. Esmolol infusion resulted in a decrease in mean arterial pressure from 81±13 to 62±7 mm Hg (p<0.025), a decrease in thermodilution cardiac output from 6.4±0.9 to 4.4±1.1 L/min (p<0.025), and a decrease in pulse contour cardiac output from 6.2±1.0 to 4.5±0.9 L/min. Phenylephrine increased mean arterial pressure from 68±6 to 95±9 mm Hg with no change in either thermodilution or pulse contour cardiac output.Conclusions. This study demonstrates that during surgery for arteriovenous malformations in the brain, the pulse contour method was able to reflect cardiac output accurately during induced hypotension with esmolol and during restoration of blood pressure with phenylephrine.
Evaluation of chromatin integrity in human sperm using acridine orange staining with different fixatives and after cryopreservation

Staining of cells with acridine orange (AO) has been widely accepted as a predictor of DNA damage in many cell types. Because of variability of protocols used in previous studies, the AO staining technique has not been widely accepted as a screening test to predict DNA damage in human sperm. In order to further validate the use of AO staining, sperm were evaluated using numerous variations in the staining protocol. This study also elucidated the effects of cryopreservation on sperm DNA. Sperm fixation in Carnoy's solution showed significantly (P < 0.05) more DNA damage (29.9 +/- 4.5%) than 2% glutaraldehyde (14.4 +/- 2.1%), 4% paraformaldehyde (5.5 +/- 1.7%), no fixation (15.8 +/- 4.3%) but did not differ from Diff Quik solution (19.2 +/- 5.8%). No difference was observed for sperm DNA damage assessment using a 0.2 m (15.5 +/- 3.2%) or 0.3 m (14.9 +/- 3.3%) concentration of Na(2)HPO(4).7H(2)O in the AO staining solution. Frozen-thawed semen samples showed increased damage to sperm DNA under both Carnoy's (fresh: 10.9 +/- 1.3%; frozen: 30.8 +/- 2.9%; P < 0.05) and Diff Quik fixation (fresh: 6.2 +/- 0.8; frozen: 17.1 +/- 2.5%P < 0.05). Present data also showed that spermatozoa from some individuals are more prone to DNA damage after freezing and thawing procedures than others. In conclusion, Carnoy's fixative provides a better predictive value for DNA damage to sperm using AO staining. Additionally, cryopreservation increased damage to the sperm DNA.
Quantitation of antigen-presenting cell MHC class II/peptide complexes necessary for T-cell stimulation

THE number of specific complexes formed between peptide and the class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules expressed by an antigen-presenting cell (APC) after exposure to protein antigens is unknown, as is the number that activates T cells. Presentation of foreign peptides by APC takes place when many class II molecules may be occupied by autologous peptides1–3. We have now estimated the number of specific peptide/class II complexes per APC by quantitative immunoprecipitation of I–Ak after pulsing the APC with stimulatory levels of a radioactive immunogenic peptide derived from hen egg-white lysozyme protein. T cells were activated by APC that expressed as few as 210–340 specific peptide/class II complexes (0.1% of the I–Ak molecules). These figures were confirmed using anti-CD3 antibody bound to latex beads as an alternative activating ligand. This low number explains the simultaneous presentation of multiple foreign antigens, even in the face of peptide competition.
Gases de Efeito Estufa no EIA-RIMA da Hidrelétrica de Belo Monte

The Environmental Impact Study (EIA) for the Belo Monte hydroelectric dam proposed for construction by Brazil’s federal government on the Xingu River in Para shows how little the environmental review process has advanced in Brazil since 1986, when the EIA became mandatory for dams and other infrastructure projects. The document completely avoids the major impacts that the dam would have in inducing destruction of much wider areas upstream of the dam by creating a “planned crisis” that would provide justification for building much larger dams upstream, particularly the Babaquara or “Altamira” Dam that would flood 6140 km2, all of which is tropical forest and most of which is indigenous land. The report also grossly underestimates emissions of greenhouse gases from the dam, claiming that the emissions of methane would be minimal based on an estimate that completely ignores the studies in the scientific literature indicating significant emissions from the water that passes through the turbines of dams. Because the water flow in the Xingu River is highly seasonal, the electricity that can be produced by Belo Monte dam (without the unmentioned upstream dams) is insufficient to justify the cost of the dam, transmission lines, substations and other infrastructure. The EIA focuses exclusively on the dam itself, ignoring the lack of economic viability of the overall project and the implications of this for construction of highly damaging dams upstream. Much of the electricity to be generated is to be used for production of alumina and aluminum for export, which is one of the uses with the least possible benefit for the Brazilian population due to the very small amount of employment generated per GWh of electricity. A national discussion of how electrical energy is used in the country has never occurred, and should be a prerequisite for any of the dam-building projects now planned for Amazonia. Once rational decisions are made on the use of energy, the environmental and social costs and benefits of each proposed dam must be assessed in a fair and open way, which has not been the case so far with Belo Monte.
Cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis: trials and tribulations

Biological agents that inhibit the activity of proinflammatory cytokines are being investigated for use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Thus far, two of these agents, both of which neutralize tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), have received US Food and Drug Administration approval for the treatment of the disease. Etanercept is a bioengineered fusion protein of the p75 soluble TNF receptor, and infliximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody to TNF-alpha. Other agents that target proinflammatory cytokines are also being developed. By allowing earlier treatment and better-tolerated long-term therapy, biologics might help slow or prevent disease progression and joint destruction.
Sulfated Mucopolysaccharides of Urine and Organs in Gargoylism (Hurler's Syndrome) II. Additional Studies.∗:

Summary1) Further examples of quantity and types of urinary excretion of sulfated mucopolysaccharides in Hurler's syndrome have been studied in 9 cases. All excreted both ChS-B as the major compone...
New endoscopic technique to analyze various modern specialized intraocular lenses in research eyes and human eyes obtained postmortem.

Purpose To describe a new modification of the Miyake–Apple posterior video photographic technique and its 2 variations. We have developed a new endoscopic technique that is especially amenable for observation of modern specialized intraocular lenses (IOLs). Design Laboratory study. Participant Three cadaver eyes obtained postmortem. Methods Human eyes obtained postmortem were prepared according to our modified preparation technique used for analyses of whole globes. An intraocular endoscope was utilized to demonstrate all aspects of the interior of an experimentally implanted IOL, with specialized reference to anterior segment structures, obtaining posterior, oblique, and side view images. Main Outcome Measures Different interior dynamic views of the anterior segment structures before and after implantation of an IOL. Results High-magnification images of different intraocular structures both before and after device insertion as well as the device itself were obtained. Oblique and side view images from different locations were also available and informative. These images helped to create a 3-dimensional view of these objects and their relations to the surrounding structures. Conclusion The combination of the intraocular endoscope with the closed-system technique is a useful addition to our 3 previously described techniques: (1) the original Miyake–Apple posterior video/photograph technique and the (2) closed system and (3) side/oblique view (keyhole technique) modifications.
The Relationship between Endorsing Gambling as an Escape and the Display of Gambling Problems

Previous research has reported a strong relationship between endorsing gambling as an escape and problem/pathological gambling as measured by the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS). The present study recruited 249 university students to complete the Gambling Functional Assessment-Revised (GFA-R), which measures the function of the respondent's gambling, as well as the SOGS and the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI), which was designed to identify gambling problems in the general population. Endorsing gambling as an escape on the GFA-R was again predictive of SOGS scores. The function of one's gambling was also predictive of the respondents' PGSI scores, but whether gambling for positive reinforcement or as an escape was the significant predictor differed between male and female respondents. Scores on the GFA-R subscales also accounted for a significant amount of variance in PGSI scores above and beyond that accounted for by SOGS scores. The present results support the idea that both practitioners and researchers should be interested in the function of an individual's gambling as well as the presence or the absence of pathology. They also suggest that differences in the function of gambling might also exist between the sexes.
Introduction to modern mycology

This book deals with the growth, physiology, behavior and genetics of fungi including their roles in biotechnology. The main activities of fungi are covered as well as ways of preventing and controlling fungal growth. This completely revised and updated third edition is an ideal text for undergraduate courses in mycology.
VIIRS Nightfire: Satellite Pyrometry at Night

The Nightfire algorithm detects and characterizes sub-pixel hot sources using multispectral data collected globally, each night, by the Suomi National Polar Partnership (NPP) Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS). The spectral bands utilized span visible, near-infrared (NIR), short-wave infrared (SWIR), and mid-wave infrared (MWIR). The primary detection band is in the SWIR, centered at 1.6 μm. Without solar input, the SWIR spectral band records sensor noise, punctuated by high radiant emissions associated with gas flares, biomass burning, volcanoes, and industrial sites such as steel mills. Planck curve fitting of the hot source radiances yields temperature (K) and emission scaling factor (ESF). Additional calculations are done to estimate source size (m2), radiant heat intensity (W/m2), and radiant heat (MW). Use of the sensor noise limited M7, M8, and M10 spectral bands at night reduce scene background effects, which are widely reported for fire algorithms based on MWIR and long-wave infrared. High atmospheric transmissivity in the M10 spectral band reduces atmospheric effects on temperature and radiant heat retrievals. Nightfire retrieved temperature estimates for sub-pixel hot sources ranging from 600 to 6,000 K. An intercomparison study of biomass burning in Sumatra from June 2013 found Nightfire radiant heat (MW) to be highly correlated to Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) Fire Radiative Power (MW).
Impaired Glucose Tolerance, Insulin Resistance and Cardiovascular Disease

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) than in the non-diabetic population. The incidence of CVD is not, however, related to the severity or duration of disease in most studies, suggesting that events in the prediabetic stage can trigger CVD. Several factors have been linked to CVD, including hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia. Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), as defined by the oral glucose tolerance test, is a strong predictor of NIDDM. In addition, IGT and raised glycated haemoglobin levels are possible risk factors for CVD. Hyperinsulinaemia has been associated with increased cardiovascular risk, but this has yet to be confirmed in women. There is also evidence to link insulin resistance with increased cardiovascular risk, although the precise nature of this relationship is unclear. There are many risk factors associated with CVD that are probably working in concert in NIDDM. This makes assessment of risk posed by individual factors, such as hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia and insulin sensitivity, difficult.
Tutorial T4B: Formal Assertion-Based Verification in Industrial Setting

Increased complexities of hardware designs have made exhaustive simulation of designs near impossible - thereby creating a need for some complementary verification technique. This has generated a renewed interest in use of formal analysis on industrial hardware designs. Formal analysis of hardware design involves use of mathematical techniques to prove that the design implementation confirms to the specification. The specification is a set of properties which should hold on the design under verification. Advances in formal analysis techniques with more sophisticated heuristics, have made them usable on big blocks of hardware. In this tutorial, we begin by giving a brief theoretical introduction to various methods applied in formal hardware verification, and then discuss various automated and manual techniques to handle the state explosion problem. Application of formal analysis techniques on appropriate designs and in a methodical way is key to successful verification. In this tutorial we elaborate on how one can effectively plan for formal verification, and successfully close verification. We illustrate these techniques using several case studies. Finally we present the future directions for commercial tools in this domain