cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of mental workload on muscle endurance, fatigue, and recovery during intermittent static work

Most occupational tasks involve some level of mental/cognitive processing in addition to physical work; however, the etiology of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) due to these demands remains unclear. The aim of this study was to quantify the interactive effects of physical and mental workload on muscle endurance, fatigue, and recovery during intermittent work. Twelve participants, balanced by gender, performed intermittent static shoulder abductions to exhaustion at 15, 35, and 55% of individual maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), in the absence (control) and presence (concurrent) of a mental arithmetic task. Changes in muscular capacity were determined using endurance time, strength decline, electromyographic (EMG) fatigue indicators, muscle oxygenation, and heart rate measures. Muscular recovery was quantified through changes in strength and physiological responses. Mental workload was associated with shorter endurance times, specifically at 35% MVC, and greater strength decline. EMG and oxygenation measures showed similar changes during fatigue manifestation during concurrent conditions compared to the control, despite shorter endurance times. Moreover, decreased heart rate variability during concurrent demand conditions indicated increased mental stress. Although strength recovery was not influenced by mental workload, a slower heart rate recovery was observed after concurrent demand conditions. The findings from this study provide fundamental evidence that physical capacity (fatigability and recovery) is adversely affected by mental workload. Thus, it is critical to determine or evaluate occupational demands based on modified muscular capacity (due to mental workload) to reduce risk of WMSD development.
Microanalysis of Persian textiles

Metallic yarns, particularly those wrapped with gold and silver, have been used throughout much of recorded history to create fabrics and garments of surpassing beauty which exemplified splendor and opulence. Extant examples are valued notonly for their beauty, butalso for their historical significance. The physical assessment of these fabrics usually includes a visual examination to ascertain the weave structure and fibre colors. Optical microscopic examination can add to this information, but it is limited at higher powers of magnification by an increasing loss of depth of field. In the last two decades the development of electron microanalysis has greatly extended the ability to examine textiles, and it has facilitated elemental analysis of sample surfaces. Electron microanalysis involves the bombardment of small specimens with a focused electron beam within a chamber maintained at a high vacuum. The effects of the beam striking the specimen include the production of electrons that can be used to generate images in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the creation of x-rays that can be used to characterize the specimen in energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). In this paper we describe these analytical methods and their application to textiles, notably those of historical interest. The use of electron microanalysis in characterizing historic textiles with metallic yams is surveyed, and the application of these techniques to historic Persian textiles is discussed, with particular reference to a group of fragments in the Brantley collection at Aubum University. In previous work the Brantley fragments were atuributed to the Safavid period (16th to 18th centuries) on stylistic bases. Electron microanalysis was used to group these objects according to their metal contents, particularly impurities, in order to try to correlate these findings with possible sites of manufacture. In this connection, the accuracy of traditional textile attributions and the sources of gold and silver during the Safavid period are also considered, as well as the need for a baseline of information about impurities in gold and silver that might have been used in metallic thread manufacture.
Endomorphism semigroups of finite subset algebras

For an arbitrary set X, if (X) denotes the collection of finite subsets of X, then ((X),@?,@?,-) is called the finite subset algebra of X (which we also denote by (X)). Because of the many natural occurrences of finite subset algebras, the intent of this paper is to initiate an investigation of the semigroup, End (X), of endomorphisms of (X). Several representations of End (X) are obtained and these representations are in turn used to obtain information about the structure of End (X). In particular, the Green relations are characterized; for finite X, the maximal subgroups of End (X) are found and the number of idempotents is given. As a side result, an abstract characterization of a certain semigroup of (0,1)-matrices is obtained.
Theory of Compressive Sensing via ℓ 1-Minimization: a Non-RIP Analysis and Extensions

Compressive sensing (CS) is an emerging methodology in computational signal processing that has recently attracted intensive research activities. At present, the basic CS theory includes recoverability and stability: the former quantifies the central fact that a sparse signal of length n can be exactly recovered from far fewer than n measurements via l 1-minimization or other recovery techniques, while the latter specifies the stability of a recovery technique in the presence of measurement errors and inexact sparsity. So far, most analyses in CS rely heavily on the Restricted Isometry Property (RIP) for matrices. In this paper, we present an alternative, non-RIP analysis for CS via l 1-minimization. Our purpose is three-fold: (a) to introduce an elementary and RIP-free treatment of the basic CS theory; (b) to extend the current recoverability and stability results so that prior knowledge can be utilized to enhance recovery via l 1-minimization; and (c) to substantiate a property called uniform recoverability of l 1-minimization; that is, for almost all random measurement matrices recoverability is asymptotically identical. With the aid of two classic results, the non-RIP approach enables us to quickly derive from scratch all basic results for the extended theory.
Stories of Success: Experiences of American Indian Students in a Peer-Mentoring Retention Program

The postsecondary attrition rate for American Indian students is higher than of any other racial or ethnic group. It is therefore imperative to identify factors that encourage their persistence in higher education. Employing a phenomenological approach, this study explored the experiences of American Indian college students in a peer-mentoring retention program at one university. The findings revealed key elements in establishing a successful peer-mentoring relationship and confirmed that peer mentoring can be a vital component in American Indian student integration and academic success. These findings warrant further investigation into the characteristics of successful peer-mentoring programs using other American Indian populations.
Heat and mass transfer scale-up issues during freeze-drying, III: Control and characterization of dryer differences via operational qualification tests.

The objective of this research was to estimate differences in heat and mass transfer between freeze dryers due to inherent design characteristics using data obtained from sublimation tests. This study also aimed to provide guidelines for convenient scale-up of the freeze-drying process. Data obtained from sublimation tests performed on laboratory-scale, pilot, and production freeze dryers were used to evaluate various heat and mass transfer parameters: nonuniformity in shelf surface temperatures, resistance of pipe, refrigeration system, and condenser. Emissivity measurements of relevant surfaces such as the chamber wall and the freeze dryer door were taken to evaluate the impact of atypical radiation heat transfer during scale-up. “Hot” and “cold” spots were identified on the shelf surface of different freeze dryers, and the impact of variation in shelf surface temperatures on the primary drying time and the product temperature during primary drying was studied. Calculations performed using emissivity measurements on different freeze dryers suggest that a front vial in the laboratory lyophilizer received 1.8 times more heat than a front vial in a manufacturing freeze dryer operating at a shelf temperature of −25°C and a chamber pressure of 150 mTorr during primary drying. Therefore, front vials in the laboratory are much more atypical than front vials in manufacturing. Steady-state heat and mass transfer equations were used to study a combination of different scaleup issues pertinent during lyophilization cycles commonly used for the freeze-drying of pharmaceuticals.
Laser effects in photoionization. II. Numerical solution of coupled equations for atomic hydrogen

The time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation was solved numerically, as a set of coupled equations, for an electron moving in three spatial dimensions, bound initially in the ground state of a hydrogen atom, and acted upon by a linearly polarized, single-frequency, classical electromagnetic field, turned on abruptly at t=0. Characteristic photoionization times ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathrm{PI}}$ were computed for a wide range of laser intensities, at a photon energy of 5 eV. Comparison was made with the predictions of two widely used analytic expressions for ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathrm{PI}}$. Emitted electron energy spectra and angular distributions were computed. The spectrum of radiation emitted during ionization was also determined.
Elemental composition of birdsfoot trefoil

Abstract Developmental and environmental effects on mineral nutrient concentration in birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) are not well documented. In this study, elemental composition of two birdsfoot trefoil stands were determined from a late vegetative stage through reproductive growth. ‘Norcen’ birdsfoot trefoil was established on a Glyndon silt loam (coarsesilty, frigid Aeric Calciaquolls) in Roseau County, Minnesota (49°N), in 1980, and Norcen and ‘Leo’ birdsfoot trefoil were seeded on a Waukegan silt loam (fine‐silty over sandy or sandy‐skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludolls) near Rosemount, Minnesota (45°N), in 1981. Shoot and root samples were taken at approximately biweekly intervals in the year following establishment. Shoots were separated into stems, leaves, umbels, and seed. Environment influenced the concentration of most elements. This environmental effect was generally consistent among plant parts for Ca, Mg, S, Na, and Mn; i.e., all parts had a lower elemental concentrations at Ros...
Carcinogenic action of nickel and cadmium powders in the same rat

Powders of nickel and cadmium metals were compared for their relative carcinogenic action when injected in contra thigh muscles of legs in the same Fischer-344 rat. For negative controls, rats of both sexes were injected im with 0.2 mL of the suspending vehicle, trioctanoin, once a month for 12 m. The two positive controls were treated once a month with either a suspension of powdered nickel (10 mg/mL for 5 m) or powdered cadmium (5 mg/mL twice). These dose levels were those found previously in the authors' laboratories to yield fibrosarcomas in 50–70% of the treated animals. For the combined experiment where the animals were injected with Ni and Cd in contra legs, the doses were about one-half of that used for the positive controls. Individual vehicle controls were used for each group. The fibrosarcoma yields for the experiments with individual positive metal controls were: vehicle alone, 0%; for both nickel and cadmium injected individually, between 60 and 80% for both males and females. In the combined metal experiment, one male and one female vehicle control developed tumors at the site of injection. The yield in the nickel leg was 14% for the females and 57% for the males; in the cadmium leg, the values were 93 and 50%, respectively. Only one male and one female developed sarcomas in both legs; in each case, the cadmium-induced tumor appeared first and grew seven to eight times larger than that induced by nickel.
Case study: the impact of assembly reorientations on assembly time

Many prior-assembly planners have considered the number of assembly direction reorientations as an assembly sequence evaluation and selection criterion for assembly sequence planning. However, little study has been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the selected assembly sequences. This paper studies the impact of assembly direction reorientations on assembly time. Results of the case study show that, for both robot and human operator assembly processes, the number of reorientations in an assembly sequence has a significant impact on assembly time. The results support the study research hypothesis that using an assembly sequence which requires more assembly direction reorientations results in longer assembly time. The study conducted in this paper helps verify and quantify the importance and effectiveness of reducing the number of assembly direction reorientations in assembly sequence planning.
A miniature X‐ray emission spectrometer (miniXES) for high‐pressure studies in a diamond anvil cell

Core-shell X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) is a valuable complement to X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) techniques. However, XES in the hard X-ray regime is much less frequently employed than XAS, often as a consequence of the relative scarcity of XES instrumentation having energy resolutions comparable with the relevant core-hole lifetimes. To address this, a family of inexpensive and easily operated short-working-distance X-ray emission spectrometers has been developed. The use of computer-aided design and rapid prototype machining of plastics allows customization for various emission lines having energies from ∼3 keV to ∼10 keV. The specific instrument described here, based on a coarsely diced approximant of the Johansson optic, is intended to study volume collapse in Pr metal and compounds by observing the pressure dependence of the Pr Lα emission spectrum. The collection solid angle is ∼50 msr, roughly equivalent to that of six traditional spherically bent crystal analyzers. The miniature X-ray emission spectrometer (miniXES) methodology will help encourage the adoption and broad application of high-resolution XES capabilities at hard X-ray synchrotron facilities.
Material Property Determination of Vibration Fatigued DMLS and Cold-Rolled Nickel Alloys

An experimental procedure for qualifying material properties from cyclically worked parts was investigated in support of aging gas turbine engines and digital twin initiatives. For aging components, remanufacturing or repair efforts are necessary to sustain the life cycles of engines; and for digital twin, the virtual representation of a part requires accurate geometric and component material property measurement. Therefore, having an effective, non-destructive way to assess the material performance of parts is necessary. Since low cycle, low strain, mechanical testing is the ideal experimental approach for non-destructively assessing material properties, investigating the accuracy and trends of tensile properties of fatigue loaded parts was important. The fatigued parts used for this study were specimens tested according to the George Fatigue Method, and the materials observed were cold-rolled Inconel Alloys 625 and 718, and direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) Nickel Alloy 718. The tensile material properties were compared against pristine (non-fatigued) and published data. The comparison for the cold-rolled 625 and 718 results show an increase and a decrease, depending on rolling direction, of tensile strength due to the effects of fatigue cycles; however, the variation of the vibration affected tensile properties are all within one standard deviation of the pristine data. The comparisons of DMLS Nickel Alloys was conducted against two sets of alloys from different suppliers, and the results showed that the tensile properties are sensitive to DMLS manufacturing parameters and post-sintering processes. A digital twin related, nondestructive, material property determination technique is also discussed in this manuscript. The true alloy density was determined with the water displacement method, and elastic modulus is determined with an iterative Ritz method model. The modulus is under-predicted with this method, but suggestions for improving the model are discussed.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Metastatic insulinoma in an adult patient with underlying nesidioblastosis.

Objective: To report a case of metastatic insulinoma presenting 11 yr after enucleation of an isolated insulinoma, and 5 yr after distal pancreatectomy for nesidioblastosis. Methods: We present the clinical, laboratory, radiological and pathological findings in a 34 yr-old-man with recurrent hypoglycemia. The pertinent literature is reviewed. Results: A 34-yr-old man presented in 1992 with symptoms of recurrent hypoglycemia. Laboratory and imaging findings were consistent with insulinoma. After enucleation of the tumor, his symptoms resolved. In 1998 hypoglycemia recurred and biochemical work-up was consistent with endogenous hyperinsulinism. Imaging for recurrent or metastatic insulinoma revealed no mass. He underwent a distal pancreatectomy and pathology revealed islet cell hyperplasia, or nesidioblastosis. However, the patient reported minimal symptomatic improvement. He was started on diazoxide but was poorly compliant and ate frequently to avoid hypoglycemic symptoms. In 2003 he presented with hypoglycemia-induced seizure activity. Imaging showed hepatic and pulmonary lesions, but no pancreatic mass. An octreotide scan revealed increased hepatic uptake and fine needle aspiration of a liver lesion confirmed metastatic insulinoma. Arterial-stimulation venous sampling revealed increased insulin output from the liver and normal insulin output from the pancreas. After failure of medical therapy, radiofrequency ablation of hepatic lesions was performed with subsequent improvement in clinical symptoms. The patient was discharged on a low dose of dexam-ethasone. Conclusion: Although this patient had nesidioblastosis, his recurrent hyperinsulinism was most likely secondary to metastatic insulinoma. Radiofrequency ablation was successfully used for palliative purposes in managing metastatic insulinoma refractory to medical therapy.
In silico cancer modeling: is it ready for prime time?

In the era of personalized, systems-driven medicine, computational orin silicomodeling and the simulation of disease processes is becoming increasingly important for hypothesis generation and data integration in both experiments and clinics alike. The authors of this Review discuss selected studies on modeling malignant brain tumors and the implications for clinical practice, including trial design and outcome prediction. At the dawn of the era of personalized, systems-driven medicine, computational or in silico modeling and the simulation of disease processes is becoming increasingly important for hypothesis generation and data integration in both experiments and clinics alike. Arguably, the use of these techniques is nowhere more visible than in oncology. To illustrate the field's vast potential, as well as its current limitations, we briefly review selected studies on modeling malignant brain tumors. Implications for clinical practice, and for clinical trial design and outcome prediction, are also discussed.
Brachiopod orientation to water movement: functional morphology

Previous work by the author has shown that Laqueus californianus. Terebratulina unguicula, and. to a lesser extent, Hemithyris psittacea will actively reorient to water currents in the laboratory; Terebratalia transversa will not. This active reorientation is effected primarily by the dorsal adjustor muscles; the ventral adjustors function to depress and tilt the shell. The torque around the pedicle generated by drag on the shell is low at moderate current speeds. The dorsal adjustor muscles are competent to resist these torques up to current speeds of 35 cm/s for L. californianus and H. psittacea and 56 cm/s for T. unguicula. Shell shape, gross pedicle form, and form of the pedicle foramen are unreliable indicators of a brachiopod's ability to actively reorient. Shape of the pedicle bulb and position and size of the pedicle connectives are better indicators but. on functional grounds, the dorsal adjustor muscle morphology is the best indicator of active reorientation. An angle α (the maximum possible rotation of the shell that can be produced by contraction of one of the dorsal adjustor muscles) correlates well with both the maximum observed rotations and the exhibition of active reorientation to currents. For fossil material, the existence of dorsal adjustor muscle scars that touch medially should also be a good indicator of active reorientation ability.
From Stacks to the Web: The Transformation of Academic Library Collecting.

David W. Lewis is Dean of the University Library, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis; e-mail: dlewis@iupui.edu. © 2013 David W. Lewis, Attribution-NonCommercial (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) CC BY-NC The existence of a ubiquitous and cheap worldwide communications network that increasingly makes documents easily and freely available will require a transformation of academic library collecting practice. It will be driven by a number of specific developments including: the digitization of content; the development of print repositories; the development of e-readers and print-on-demand publishing; the growth of open access; challenges to establish academic publishing organizations; and the growth of new forms of scholarship based on openness and social productivity. If academic libraries are to be successful, they will need to: deconstruct legacy print collections; move from item-by-item book selection to purchase-on-demand and subscriptions; manage the transition to open access journals; focus on curating unique items; and develop new mechanisms for funding national infrastructure.
The radiolabeled syntheses of JV 485, a herbicide candidate for winter wheat

JV 485 [14C-Ph] and JV 485 [14C-Py] were synthesized in seven steps in 35% and 44% overall yields, respectively, utilizing the same reaction schemes. The key step in each of the syntheses is a one pot Mid-Century Oxidation (1) of an aromatic methyl group to a carboxylic acid. The 14C radiolabeled syntheses of two isolated metabolites of JV 485 were also completed. Preparation of the JV 485 [phenyl-14C(U)] amide was completed in 62% yield from 2-chloro-5-[4-bromo-1-methyl-5-trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-4-fluorobenzoic acid [ring-14C(U)], 9. Preparation of the JV 485 [phenyl-14C(U)] desmethyl acid 13 was accomplished in 18% overall yield in four steps from 3-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-5-methylphenyl [ring-14C(U)])-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole, 4. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiation-induced sarcoma of bone: clinical and radiographic findings in 43 patients irradiated for soft tissue neoplasms.

Sarcomas rarely follow irradiation of benign lesions of bone as the dangers of this form of therapy is well recognised. Forty-three patients with soft tissue neoplasms — mainly carcinoma — were irradiated and developed sarcomas in the radiation field. Twenty-four of these patients were seen at this centre in the last decade, a considerable increase compared to earlier years. Radiation osteitis may indicate the nature of the tumour but was only present in 50%. A purely lytic or purely sclerotic pattern was commoner than a mixed lytic and sclerotic appearance. CT scan, bone scan and angiography were helpful in delineating disease but did not assist in diagnosing the type of tumour. A tumour arising within the irradiated field is an indication for biopsy. Prognosis of radiation-induced sarcoma (RIS) remains poor, only five of the 43 patients survived 5 years.
Membrane trafficking of the human organic anion-transporting polypeptide C (hOATPC).

Introduction The human organic anion transporting polypeptide C (OATPC) is one of the major transport proteins involved in the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts and plays an important role in vectorial transport of organic anions and drugs across hepatocytes.
Reducing idle mode power in software defined radio terminals

In this paper, we propose a processor which is optimized for idle mode operation of a software defined radio (SDR) terminal. Since a SDR terminal spends most of its time in the idle mode, reducing the power consumption in this mode directly translates to longer terminal standby time. Workload analysis of idle mode operations of contemporary standards showed that these are dominated by FIR filtering, which can be easily parallelized. This analysis was used in the design of the idle mode processor. The key architectural components are an SIMD unit for the parallel computations that dominate the workload, a conventional scalar unit for the sequential computations, and a control unit which supports efficient data memory access and loop control. The idle mode processor was modeled with Verilog and synthesized using standard cells in 0.13 micron technology. It consumes about 9mW at 1.08V.
Case study findings of PHOTON problem-based learning (PBL) with high school photonics outreach programs

Using the Photonics Leaders program model, recruitment and retention, photonics content, parental engagement, internship, and PHOTON PBL challenges, the session's goal is to inform educators of strategies that can be used to motivate and develop cognitive skills in the discipline of Physics. The program caters to ethnically diverse students who traditionally lack experiences in the discipline. This paper discusses the initial findings of the National Science Foundation (NSF) Innovative Technology Experiences for Students and Teachers (ITEST) program through which high school students and teachers were given the opportunity to participate in shared lessons, and coordinate projects through cooperative learning at The Science House at North Carolina State University.
Algorithm for algebraic curve intersection

Abstract A robust algorithm is presented for computing all real points at which two planar algebraic curves intersect within a specified area. The classical theory of polar curves is reviewed and applied to the problem of computing the double points on an algebraic curve. Using polar curves, the intersection algorithm can quickly and robustly compute all real double points on an algebraic curve, as well as silhouette points. Polar curves are shown to have a strikingly simple expression in Bernstein polynomial form. Hessian curves are also discussed. The inflection points of an algebraic curve can be found by intersecting the curve with its Hessian.
Is an angiographically obliterated aneurysm always secure

OBJECTIVE: Conventional cerebral angiography is the standard examination used to confirm aneurysm obliteration. Intraoperative indocyanine green (JCG) video angiography has recently been introduced as a valuable tool that is comparable to catheter intraoperative angiography. Intraoperative imaging evaluation is especially useful when complex aneurysm features are present, making direct clipping challenging. The aim of these angiographic evaluations is to assess parent vessel patency and to confirm lesion obliteration. However, there have been recent reports of growth or even rupture of angiographically obliterated aneurysms. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: We report two patients in whom ICG video angiography falsely indicated that a clipped aneurysm was secure. INTERVENTION: Both patients underwent direct clipping of unruptured aneurysms. ICG video angiography was performed, showing absence of residual filling of the sac. After incising the aneurysm dome, slow but significant dye extravasation was demonstrated. In the first patient, this occurred as a result of incomplete clipping of a wide aneurysm neck that was difficult to visualize; in the second patient, it occurred as a result of atheroma at the neck not allowing complete closure of the clip blades. This finding prompted clip readjustment and placement of an additional reinforcing clip in the two patients, respectively. CONCLUSION: We demonstrate false indication of aneurysm obliteration by intraoperative video angiographic evaluation using ICG. It is possible that this limitation would also apply to catheter angiography. If certainty of complete exclusion of the aneurysm through opening the dome is not achieved, long-term follow-up angiographic evaluation would be strongly advised.
Multiobjective H/sub 2//H/sub /spl infin//-optimal control via finite dimensional Q-parametrization and linear matrix inequalities

The problem of multiobjective H/sub 2//H/sub /spl infin// optimal controller design is reviewed. There is as yet no exact solution to this problem. We present a method based on that proposed by Scherer (1995). The problem is formulated as a convex semidefinite program (SDP) using the LMI formulation of the H/sub 2/ and H/sub /spl infin// norms. Suboptimal solutions are computed using finite dimensional Q-parametrization. The objective value of the suboptimal Qs converges to the true optimum as the dimension of and is increased. State space representations are presented which are the analog of those given by Khargonekar and Rotea (1991) for the H/sub 2/ case. A simple example computed using finite impulse response Qs is presented.
Palatable Foods, Stress, and Energy Stores Sculpt Corticotropin-Releasing Factor, Adrenocorticotropin, and Corticosterone Concentrations after Restraint

Previous studies have shown reduced hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal responses to both acute and chronic restraint stressors in rats allowed to ingest highly palatable foods (32% sucrose ± lard) prior to restraint. In this study we tested the effects of prior access (7 d) to chow-only, sucrose/chow, lard/chow, or sucrose/lard/chow diets on central corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) expression in rats studied in two experiments, 15 and 240 min after onset of restraint. Fat depot, particularly intraabdominal fat, weights were increased by prior access to palatable food, and circulating leptin concentrations were elevated in all groups. Metabolite concentrations were appropriate for values obtained after stressors. For unknown reasons, the 15-min experiment did not replicate previous results. In the 240-min experiment, ACTH and corticosterone responses were inhibited, as previously, and CRF mRNA in the hypothalamus and oval nucleus of the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis were reduced by palatable foods, suggesting strongly that both neuroendocrine and autonomic outflows are decreased by increased caloric deposition and palatable food. In the central nucleus of the amygdala, CRF was increased in the sucrose-drinking group and decreased in the sucrose/lard group, suggesting that the consequence of ingestion of sucrose uses different neural networks from the ingestion of lard. The results suggest strongly that ingestion of highly palatable foods reduces activity in the central stress response network, perhaps reducing the feeling of stressors.
Responses by rats to odors from living versus dead conspecifics.

In a two-choice preference test, 48 adult male rats responded to the odors collected from pairs of adult males, one member of each pair having been lethally poisoned earlier and the other not poisoned. Sixteen subjects reliably preferred (p
Mark Perlman: the Schumpeterian influence

Mark Perlman, one of the preeminent historians of economics, was subject to many and varied influences throughout his long career. Among the more indirect influences was the work of Joseph Schumpeter. While indirect, Schumpeter’s writings were held in high esteem, as Perlman considered his work authoritative. One can see shades of Schumpeter in many of Perlman’s own writings in the history of economics.
Surgical management of traumatic parenchymal lesions

Abstract INDICATIONS: Patients with parenchymal mass lesions and signs of progressive neurological deterioration referable to the lesion, medically refractory intracranial hypertension, or signs of mass effect on computed tomographic (CT) scan should be treated operatively. Patients with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores of 6 to 8 with frontal or temporal contusions greater than 20 cm3 in volume with midline shift of at least 5 mm and/or cisternal compression on CT scan, and patients with any lesion greater than 50 cm3 in volume should be treated operatively. Patients with parenchymal mass lesions who do not show evidence for neurological compromise, have controlled intracranial pressure (ICP), and no significant signs of mass effect on CT scan may be managed nonoperatively with intensive monitoring and serial imaging. TIMING AND METHODS: Craniotomy with evacuation of mass lesion is recommended for those patients with focal lesions and the surgical indications listed above, under Indications. Bifrontal decompressive craniectomy within 48 hours of injury is a treatment option for patients with diffuse, medically refractory posttraumatic cerebral edema and resultant intracranial hypertension. Decompressive procedures, including subtemporal decompression, temporal lobectomy, and hemispheric decompressive craniectomy, are treatment options for patients with refractory intracranial hypertension and diffuse parenchymal injury with clinical and radiographic evidence for impending transtentorial herniation.
Thermal model of a cylindrically symmetric solar pond

Abstract A finite element heat transport program has been modified to model the thermal behavior for a cylindrically symmetric salt gradient polar pond of the Rabl-Nielsen type. In this model transient phenomena as well as steady state behavior can be studied. Results are presented for a model of the solar pond at the University of New Mexico and are compared with actual measurements.
Crime Control by Statistical Process Control

The implementation of a statistical process control (SPC) procedure in the setting up of a crime‐control monitoring system is considered. The SPC system can be viewed as a computer‐aided alarm to trigger corrective action related to crime control. Both implementation procedures and barriers to implemen‐tation are addressed. Four effective strategies are also discussed.
Directional Correlation Study of Capillary Grown Anomalous Water

RECENT work1–3 has shown that the technique of perturbed gamma-gamma directional correlations can be used to study protein structure as well as the characteristics of water associated with proteins. We report here the use of this technique in a study of the internal fields of capillary grown anomalous water.
Optical measurement of silicon membrane and beam thickness using a reflectance spectrometer

An optical technique for measuring the thickness of silicon membranes and beams such as those used in micromechanical devices is presented. The measurement, based on reflectance spectrometry, is rapid and nondestructive. The reflectance-spectrometry technique can be used to measure silicon membrane thickness in the range from 0.1 to 5 mu m. >
MARKOV DECISION PROCESSES WITH UNCERTAIN TRANSITION RATES: SENSITIVITY AND MAX HYPHEN MIN CONTROL

Solution techniques for Markov decision problems rely on exact knowledge of the transition rates, which may be difficult or impossible to obtain. In this paper, we consider Markov decision problems with uncertain transition rates represented as compact sets. We first consider the problem of sensitivity analysis where the aim is to quantify the range of uncertainty of the average per-unit-time reward given the range of uncertainty of the transition rates. We then develop solution techniques for the problem of obtaining the max-min optimal policy, which maximizes the worst-case average per-unit-time reward. In each of these problems, we distinguish between systems that can have their transition rates chosen independently and those where the transition rates depend on each other. Our solution techniques are applicable to Markov decision processes with fixed but unknown transition rates and to those with time-varying transition rates.
In Situ Polypeptide Directed Silica Biomineralization

Silica-precipitating polypeptides were deposited onto an indium tin oxide (ITO) surface from bulk solution with and without the assistance of an externally applied electrostatic field. Exposure of the peptide-coated surface to an alkoxide precursor produced biosilica structures that were securely attached to the electrode surface. The silica morphologies resulting from the test cases using an externally applied electrostatic field during peptide deposition were distinct from the morphologies resulting from cases without an applied field. The silica morphologies observed on the ITO surface were different from the usual silica morphology resulting from static conditions. Peptide size was also shown to influence resulting biosilica morphology. The experimental results presented herein demonstrate the feasibility of creating biosilica nanostructures with controlled morphologies using polypeptides in vitro.
Some observations on the emotional position of the group psychotherapist.

The emotional position of the group psychotherapist has been discussed from four vantage points: reactions derived from the nature of group psychotherapy; reactions inherent in selecting a particular type of group; reactions to individuals in the group; and reactions to using a procedure to which many or most of the therapist's professional colleagues may not subscribe.
Oxidative coupling of methane on alkali metal-promoted nickel titanate: II. Kinetic studies

Abstract The activity, stability, and kinetics of methane oxidative coupling over Li- and Na-promoted nickel-titanate catalysts have been studied. It was found that under the conditions used the C2+ yield reached a maximum at 9.7% Li loading and 22% Na loading. Time-on-stream experiments showed that a 1.6% Na-promoted catalyst did not deactivated significantly in 50 h time-on-stream. The 9.7% Li-promoted catalyst and the 22% Na-promoted catalysts lose 15 and 40% yield, respectively, during the same period on stream. Kinetics results obtained under differential conditions resulted in fractional reaction orders and apparent activation energies for methane conversion of 40.9 and 50.5 kcal/mol for the 9.7% Li/NiTiO3 and the 1.6% Na/NiTiO3 catalyst, respectively. The kinetic results are interpreted via a reaction model consisting of a Rideal-redox mechanism for the 9.7% Li-promoted catalyst, and an Eley-Rideal mechanism for the 1.6% Na-promoted catalyst. The reaction pathway proposed agrees well with previous transient measurements of the effect of lattice and adsorbed oxygen on the reaction.
Artificial Insemination with Imprinted Birds of Prey

WITH the wild population of many species of birds of prey declining rapidly because of chlorinated hydrocarbon pollution and habitat deterioration, efforts to propagate raptors in captivity have increased in spite of the difficulties involved1,2. I have found that, properly handled, imprinted red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) can be brought into full reproductive condition in isolation from a conspecific mate, and that artificial insemination can be used for fertilization.
The Excitation and Detection of Surface-Generated Bulk Waves

Absrruct-The performance of a conventional pair of surface acoustic wave interdigital transducers (IDT’s) used to generate bulk acoustic waves is analyzed. An IDT located on the upper surface of a thick, rotated Ycut quartz crystal acts as the acoustic equivalent of an array antenna, launchingacollimated beam into the crystal bulk. The beam is reflected off the crystal bottom and redirected towards the upper crystal surface where it is intercepted by a second receiving IDT. Closed-form expressions are derived for the important electrical and acoustical delay line characteristics and comparison is made with experimental measurements. The analyzed characteristics of the reflected bulk wave (RBW) delay line are significantly different from either the SAW or SSBWand include a) a frequency bandwidth directly proportional to transducer length, b) a center frequency determined not by finger-to-finger spacing but rather by the ratio of transducer separation to crystal thickness, c) a nonresonant radiation resistance, d) the capability to synthesize filter designs in which the frequency response is proportional to the correlation of the individual transducer finger weightings, and e) the capability to modify temperature stability by change of transducer separation and crystal thickness. ULK ACOUSTIC wave radiation generated by interdigital B transducers has historically been considered as spurious, often degrading or interfering with the performance of devices based upon surface acoustic wave (SAW) excitation. Within the last several years, however, there has been increased interest in utilizing the bulk waves generated by IDT’s for practical microwave applications. Such surface-generated bulk waves make use of the IDT as an acoustic equivalent of a phasedarray antenna, with the electrode fingers constituting the array elements. The phasing between these elements is controlled by the applied signal frequency thereby allowing the direction of the acoustic beam radiated into the bulk to be scanned.
Percutaneous transgluteal coil embolization of bilateral internal iliac artery aneurysms via direct superior gluteal artery access

Proximal surgical ligation of internal iliac artery aneurysms without occlusion of the outflow vessels can lead to continued aneurysm expansion and possible rupture from retrograde flow. Percutaneous embolization options are limited because there is no direct transarterial antegrade access to the aneurysm if the internal iliac artery has been ligated. We describe the first case of bilateral percutaneous transgluteal coil embolizations to treat surgically excluded bilateral internal iliac artery aneurysms.
Leaving theory behind: Why simplistic hypothesis testing is bad for International Relations

Theory creating and hypothesis testing are both critical components of social science, but the former is ultimately more important. Yet, in recent years, International Relations scholars have devot...
The fumonisin paradox: A review of research on oral bioavailability of fumonisin B1, a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium moniliforme

The fumonisins are a series of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium moniliforme, a ubiquitous contaminant of stored corn (maize) worldwide. Consumption of food products contaminated with F. moniliforme hasbeen correlated with increased risk of human esophageal cancer in epidemiological studies in southern Africa and China. The most abundant component, fumonisin B1 (FB1), was isolated from F. moniliforme culture extracts using a short-term tumor promoter bioassay to guide the fractionation. Purified FB1 has been confirmed to act as a tumor promoter in animal model systems; to cause hepatocellular carcinoma, cirrhosis and proximal tubule nephrosis in rats; and to mediate agriculturally significant diseases associated withconsumption of F. moniliforme-contaminated feeds, including equine leukoencephalomalacia and porcine pulmonary edema. However, studies on the toxicokinetics of radiolabeled and unlabeled FB1 carried out by three research groups in five animal species all indicate that it is absorbed very poorly ...
The role of family institutes in promoting the practice of family therapy.

Much of the development of family therapy as a discipline was an outcome of the clinical, training, and theory-building activities conducted at family institutes around the United States. Beginning in the 1960s, these institutes were the crucibles in which the concepts and practices of family therapy flourished. The author, a leader at one of the largest family institutes in the United States, discusses the role of family institutes in promoting the practice of family therapy, as well as the challenges of doing so. Gran parte del desarrollo de la terapia familiar como disciplina fue el resultado de actividades clinicas, de formacion y desarrollo teorico realizadas en institutos familiares de distintas partes de Estados Unidos. Creados en la decada de los sesenta, estos institutos fueron los crisoles en los cuales se elaboraron los conceptos y las practicas de la terapia familiar. El autor, quien esta a cargo de uno de los institutos mas grandes de Estados Unidos, explica el papel que desempenan los institutos familiares en la promocion de la practica de la terapia familiar asi como los desafios de hacerlo. 家庭心理治疗作为一个学科,其发展成果主要源于在美国家庭机构中进行的临床,培训和理论构建活动. 从20世纪60年代起, 这些机构就成为供家庭心理治疗理论和实践繁荣发展的熔炉. 作为美国最大的家庭机构之一的领导者,本文作者讨论了家庭机构在促进家庭心理治疗方面的作用及其面临的挑战。
THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUTROPHILIC POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES IN HUMAN BONE MARROW ORIGIN AND CONTENT OF AZUROPHIL AND SPECIFIC GRANULES

Neutrophilic leukocytes (PMN) and their precursors from normal human marrow and blood were examined by histochemical staining and by electron microscopy and cytochemistry in order to determine the origin and nature of their cytoplasmic granules. Human neutrophils contain two basic types of granules, azurophils and specifics, which differ in morphology, contents, and time of origin. Azurophils are large and may be spherical or ellipsoid, the latter with a crystalline inclusion. They are produced in the first secretory stage (promyelocyte), contain peroxidase and various lysosomal enzymes, and thus correspond to modified primary lysosomes. Specifics are smaller, may be spherical or elongated, and are formed during a later secretory stage (myelocyte). They lack lysosomal enzymes and contain alkaline phosphatase and basic protein; their contents remain largely undetermined. Specifics outnumber azurophils in the mature PMN because of reduction in numbers of azurophils per cell by cell division in the myelocyte stage. The findings indicate that the situation is basically the same as described previously in the rabbit, insofar as the origin, enzymic activity, and persistence in the mature cell of the two types (azurophil and specific) of granules are concerned. The main difference between PMN of the two species is in the morphology (size, shape, and density) of the granules, especially the azurophils.
Face and Networks in Urban Hong Kong

The Concept of Face has been described and analyzed by observers of Chinese culture since the 19th century, but none of the definitions of face published thus far have been based on data derived from informant interviews aimed specifically at isolating key semantic features. Through such interviews the Cantonese word mihn ("face" in both the physical and the figurative sense) is shown to include two important semantic elements: sentiment or, more specifically, vulnerability to embarrassment and shame, and influence gained through network building. Of these, the latter has not been emphasized in previous discussions of the face concept. [face, networks, shame, Hong Kong]
Treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with genetically modified memory T cells

The migratory properties of memory T cells provide a model vector system for site-specific delivery of therapeutic transgene factors to autoimmune inflammatory lesions. Lymph node cells from (SWR×SJL)F1 mice immunized with the p139–151 determinant of myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) were transfected with a DNA construct that placed the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) cDNA under control of an antigen-inducible IL-2 promoter region. Isolated T cell clones demonstrated antigen-inducible expression of transgene IL-10 and expressed cell surface markers consistent with the phenotype of normal memory T cells. Upon adoptive transfer, transfected T cell clones were able to inhibit onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and to treat EAE animals therapeutically after onset of neurologic signs. Semiquantitative immunocytochemistry showed a significant correlation between decreased demyelination and treatment with the transfected T cells. Taken together, these data indicate the autoreactive T cells can be genetically designed to produce therapeutic factors in an antigen-inducible manner resulting in a decreased severity of clinical and histological autoimmune demyelinating disease.