cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Melanoma cell migration on vitronectin: Regulation by components of the plasminogen activation system

Tumor cell migration and invasion require complex interactions between tumor cells and the surrounding extracellular matrix. These interactions are modified by cell adhesion receptors, as well as by proteolytic enzymes and their receptors. Here, we study the influence of the protease urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR) on melanoma cell adhesion to, and migration on, the extracellular matrix protein vitronectin (VN). Cell adhesion to VN, but not to type I collagen, is significantly enhanced in the presence of either uPA or its amino-terminal fragment (ATF). Soluble uPAR can inhibit this effect, indicating that uPA/ uPAR on melanoma cells can function as a VN receptor. In the absence of bivalent cations, uPA/uPAR can promote cell attachment on VN, but not cell spreading, suggesting that the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored uPAR alone is unable to organize the cytoskeleton. Chemotactic melanoma cell migration on a uniform VN matrix is inhibited by uPA and ATF, implying that cell motility decreases when uPA/uPAR acts as a VN receptor. In contrast, plasminogen activator inhibitor I (PAI-I) can stimulate melanoma cell migration on VN, presumably by inhibiting uPA/uPAR-mediated cell adhesion to VN and thereby releasing the inhibition of cell migration induced by uPA. Together, our data implicate components of the plasminogen activation system in the direct regulation of cell adhesion and migration, thereby modulating the behavior of malignant tumor cells.
A study of the kinetics and mechanisms involved in the atmospheric degradation of bromoform by atomic chlorine

Abstract Ab initio molecular orbital theory, in combination with FTIR spectroscopy, has been used to determine a second-order rate constant for the hydrogen abstraction reaction involving bromoform and chlorine atom. The rate constant for the reaction is determined to be 2.7±0.2×10 −13 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 at 298 K. Ab initio molecular orbital theory calculations at the QCISD(T)/6-311G(d,p)//MP2/6-31G(d) level of theory predict the barrier for the hydrogen abstraction reaction to be 1.6 kcal mol −1 . It has also been determined that, in the presence of oxygen, the reaction will lead to a one-to-one conversion of bromoform into carbonyl dibromide.
PLATELET ASSOCIATED IMMUNE GLOBULINS IN PATIENTS TAKING CARBAMAZEPINE

Carbamazepine (Tegretol),a widely used anticonvulsant, is known to be associated with various hematologic toxicities including thrombocytopenia.Platelet associated immune globulin (PAIg) was measured in two children who were taking carbamazepine.PAIgG and PAIgM were significantly elevated in a patient with pancytopenia which developed 2 months after intitiation of the drug.Platelet counts and PAIg levels returned toward normal within 3 weeks of drug stoppage.PAIg was also found to be elevated in a second patient who had been on carbamazepine for 4 months and in whom there was no hematologic abnormality.There was no evidence of underlying autoimmune disorder in either patient. Elevated PAIg in patients on carbamazepine has not been reported. It appears that thrombocytopenia seen with carbamazepine adminstration may in some instances be due to production of specific antibody.Alternatively,the drug may induce a change in platelet membrane which allows adsorption of Ig.Investigation of this phenomenon could lead to a better understanding of the significance of PAIg in thrombocytopenia.
Exploring the A+B5+O3 compounds

The several structures exhibited by A + B 5+ O 3 compositions having B = Nb, Ta, Sb or Bi are summarized. New phases, prepared either by high-pressure techniques or by ion exchange, are included. Their stability is interpreted qualitatively in terms of four principal factors: relative ionic sizes, Madelung energy, polarizability of A -cation cores, and the covalent contribution to the B -0 bonds. This latter contribution inhibits the formation of 180° Sb-O-Sb or Bi-O-Bi bond angles, whereas electrostatic forces inhibit the formation of Sb-Sb or Bi-Bi pairs in octahedral sites sharing a common face. A strong π-bond contribution to the B -O covalency weakens both these constraints for Nb 5+ and Ta 5+ ions. A criterion for ferroelectric distortions of the cubic-perovskite phase is presented, and evidence for polarizability of the 3 d 10 and 4 d 10 cores of Cu + and Ag + ions is cited.
Circular symmetry and the trace formula.

Let M be a compact, n-dimensional manifold without boundary, and let P be a positive, first-order, elliptic, self-adjoint, classical, pseudodifferential operator on LZ(M), the Hilbert space of half-densities on M. The spectrum of P is discrete and accumulates only at + ~ ; we denote the eigenvalues, with multiplicities, by 2o<21 ~ 2 ~ . . . . Recall that the singularities of the (inverse) Fourier transform of the spectral measure,
EXPLORING TEXTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SPATIOTEMPORAL TRAFFIC CONTOUR MAPS

This study presents an approach to extract properties from spatiotemporal traffic speed contour maps using tools from the field of digital image analysis. The new measures are derived from 2nd-order statistics and quantify properties such as smoothness, homogeneity, regularity, and randomness in traffic operations. Four measures were selected: angular second moment (ASM), contrast (CON), inverse difference moment, and entropy. Each measure was used to characterize speed contour maps derived from different traffic conditions. To avoid data redundancy, correlation was examined between 1st- and 2nd-order measures, which resulted in disqualifying 1 of the 4 measures. Sensitivity of the new measures to variations in traffic conditions was also investigated using nearly 14,000, 30-min speed contour maps from a section of 5.44 km of the freeway in 5 weekdays. It was found that the speed range of 3248 km/h exhibited the highest randomness (entropy) and least smoothness (ASM). The lowest level of homogeneity (CON) was observed in the range of 4880 km/h. The new measures were also used to evaluate the level of service.
Catalytic activity of silica supported sulfated zirconia catalysts for liquid phase etherification of C6 olefins with alcohols

Abstract Etherification of certain C 6 olefins with alcohols over a commercial ion-exchange resin and some supported sulfated zirconia catalysts was investigated. The commercial resin catalyst Amberlyst 15 shows nonselective to ether production. Silica-supported sulfated zirconia shows a comparable and even higher ether yield than the commercial resin while the catalytic activity is dependent on zirconium precursors, preparation technique, calcination temperature, ratio of SZ on silica, and reaction temperature. Addition of promoters, transition metal oxides, will also influence the catalytic activity while depending on the nature of promoter. Ni and Pt increase the catalytic activity and Fe shows no significant influence on olefin conversion whereas Mn reduces the catalytic activity. However, these promoters reduce the ether selectivity and ether yield. Silica-supported SZ catalysts also exhibit varying activities for etherification of different olefins and alcohols.
cis-endo-Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-1,2,3,4- tetracarboxylic acid and its derivatives.

We report the synthesis of cis-endo-bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylic acid and several of its derivatives with differentiated bridgehead and bridge positions, starting with tetracyclo[3.2.0.01,6.02,6]heptane.
Effects of Biotin Deficiency on Plasma and Tissue Fatty Acid Composition: Evidence for Abnormalities in Rats

Abnormalities of fatty acid composition have been detected in the plasma of patients who developed frank biotin deficiency during parenteral nutrition. We sought to determine which abnormalities of fatty acid composition, if any, would be replicated in the biotin-deficient rat and to determine the relative temporal relationships of these abnormalities to biotin nutritional status. We measured fatty acid compositions of the phospholipids extracted from plasma, heart, and liver and assessed biotin nutritional status longitudinally in biotin-deficient and biotin-treated rats during progressive biotin deficiency. In the biotin-deficient group, significant increases relative to the biotin-treated group were detected in all three tissues in the odd-chain fatty acids 15:0 and 17:0. In the biotin-deficient rats, significant increases in 18:2 omega 6 in liver and 18:3 omega 6 in plasma and liver and significant decreases in 22:5 omega 6 were detected in plasma and liver. The constellation of fatty acid abnormalities observed in the biotin-deficient rats was not identical to that observed in biotin-deficient patients, but abnormalities in composition of odd-chain fatty acids were detected in both human and rat and therefore are attributable to biotin deficiency per se. The abnormalities in fatty acid composition were already present by wk 4 on the egg white diet; the cutaneous findings appeared between wk 3 and 6. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that an abnormality in fatty acid metabolism may play a pathogenetic role in the cutaneous manifestations of biotin deficiency.
Cultural Disintegration and the Decline of the Engaged Intellectual: the transformation of academic work

Recently, there has been a great deal of discussion about the impact of globalization on universities. Globalization theorists seek to explain how neoliberal strategies have transformed the economic infrastructure of countries; in turn globalization has forced universities to become more market oriented while government invests less in tertiary education. By way of 126 interviews with academic staff, administrators, and related personnel, the author investigates the redefinitions of academic work in a globalized economy. The author works from a cultural perspective of organizations to understand the changing nature of academic work. The author first outlines the problems that he found and concludes by suggesting how to resolve the problems. Among other suggestions, the importance of institutional mission and the role of the intellectual in the life of the university are considered.
Postoperative radiotherapy is associated with better survival in non-small cell lung cancer with involved N2 lymph nodes: results of an analysis of the National Cancer Data Base.

Introduction Use of postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) in non–small-cell lung cancer remains controversial. Limited data indicate that PORT may benefit patients with involved N2 nodes. This study evaluates this hypothesis in a large retrospective cohort treated with chemotherapy and contemporary radiation techniques. Methods The National Cancer Data Base was queried for patients diagnosed 2004–2006 with resected non–small-cell lung cancer and pathologically involved N2 (pN2) nodes also treated with chemotherapy. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess factors associated with overall survival (OS). Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) using the propensity score was used to reduce selection bias. OS was compared between patients treated with versus without PORT using the adjusted Kaplan–Meier estimator and weighted log-rank test based on IPTW. Results Two thousand and one hundred and fifteen patients were eligible for analysis. 918 (43.4%) received PORT, 1197 (56.6%) did not. PORT was associated with better OS (median survival time 42 months with PORT versus 38 months without, p = 0.048). This effect was significant in multivariable and IPTW Cox models (hazard ratio: 0.87, 95% confidence interval: 0.78–0.98, p = 0.026, and hazard ratio: 0.89, 95% confidence interval: 0.79–1.00, p = 0.046, respectively). No interaction was seen between the effects of PORT and number of involved lymph nodes ( p = 0.615). Conclusions PORT was associated with better survival for patients with pN2 nodes also treated with chemotherapy. No interaction was seen between benefit of PORT and number of involved nodes. These findings reinforce the benefit of PORT for N2 disease in modern practice using the largest, most recent cohort of chemotherapy-treated pN2 patients to date.
Retardation and twin concordance in infant mental development: a reassessment.

A reappraisal is made of Nichols and Broman's conclusion that there is no evidence that genetic influences are important in infant mental development if severely retarded twins are excluded from the sample. The reappraisal touches on certain idiosyncrasies of their sample, the test scores reported, and their definition of severe retardation. Data are presented for a sample of White twins who have been followed longitudinally since birth. For Bayley Mental Scale scores at 9 months of age, the monozygotic within-pair correlation was 0.85 and the dizygotic within-pair correlation was 0.62. With 13 retarded twins excluded, the correlations became 0.81 and 0.64, respectively, with the monozygotic correlation still being significantly larger (p<0.01). The present results indicate that genetic factors play a role in infant mental development.
Latrotoxin stimulates secretion in permeabilized cells by regulating an intracellular Ca2+ - and ATP-dependent event: a role for protein kinase C.

Abstract α-Latrotoxin, a component of black widow spider venom, stimulates transmitter release from nerve terminals and intact chromaffin cells and enhances secretion from permeabilized chromaffin cells already maximally stimulated by Ca2+. In this study we demonstrate that chromaffin cells contain a protein antigenically similar to the cloned Ca2+-independent receptor for α-latrotoxin. Although this receptor has homology to the secretin family of G-protein-linked receptors, pertussis toxin has no effect on the ability of α-latrotoxin to enhance secretion, suggesting that neither Gi nor Go is involved in the response. Furthermore, in the absence of Ca2+, α-latrotoxin does not stimulate polyphosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C. α-Latrotoxin specifically enhances ATP-dependent secretion in permeabilized cells. An in situ assay for protein kinase C reveals that α-latrotoxin augments the activation of protein kinase C by Ca2+, and use of protein kinase inhibitors demonstrates that this activation is important for the toxin's enhancing effect. This enhancement of secretion requires Ca2+ concentrations above 3 μm and is not supported by Ba2+ or nonhydrolyzable guanine nucleotides, which do not stimulate protein kinase C. We conclude that α-latrotoxin stimulates secretion in permeabilized cells by regulating a Ca2+- and ATP-dependent event involving protein kinase C.
Glutamate is a Partial Agonist at GluN2A Containing NMDA Receptors

NMDA receptors are tetrameric glutamate-activated channels with a dual agonist requirement; gating occurs only after both glutamate and glycine bind within homologous clefts of ligand-binding domains (LBD) of GluN1 and GluN2 subunits, respectively. Glutamate and glycine represent the physiological stimuli for NMDA receptor activation and are considered full agonists. For glutamate-gated channels, it has been proposed that full-agonists stabilize a fully closed conformation of the LBD cleft. To investigate how full-cleft closure correlates with channel activity, we generated receptors with LBDs cross-linked in a closed-cleft conformation by engineering cysteine residues within the GluN1 (N1CC) and GluN2A (2ACC) subunits. We recorded steady-state single-channel currents from on-cell patches containing only one N1/2A (n=10), N1CC/2A (n=11), or N1/2ACC (n=8) receptor. Kinetic analyses of these three data sets indicated that engineered receptors preserved a basic gating mechanism consisting of five closed and two open states, similar to wild-type N1/2A receptors. Further, activity elicited by glutamate alone from N1cc/N2A receptors (PO = 0.57±0.05) was kinetically equivalent to that elicited by glycine and glutamate from N1/2A receptors (PO = 0.54±0.04, p>0.05). In contrast, glycine alone elicited increased activity from N1/N2ACC receptors, (PO = 0.69±0.04, p<0.05). This resulted solely from shorter closures (3.4±0.7 vs. 6.0±0.8 ms, p=0.02) with no change in open durations (p=0.5). These results are consistent with structural studies showing that glycine is maximally effective at stabilizing the closed-cleft conformation of the LBD, and can be defined as a true full agonist at the N1 subunit. However, our data show that receptors with cross-linked N2A LBDs are more effective than glutamate at activating the receptor. We suggest that glutamate is a partial agonist at N1/2A receptors, and that it may be feasible to design synthetic agonists with higher efficacy.
PULSED-SOURCE INVESTIGATIONS. I. THE EFFECT OF VOIDS ON THE NEUTRON TRANSPORT IN A DIFFUSING MEDIUM.

Abstract Pulsed-source measurements have been conducted on rectangular graphite systems containing a transverse void gap. The principal objective of these measurements was to obtain experimental measurements of neutron transport in a void-containing medium of simple configuration. Such measurements would provide a basis for comparison with analytical methods and also provide a sensitive test of the validity of the steps in transforming the time-dependent, pulsed-source measurements to time-independent neutron transport parameters. The measurements were conducted in graphite assemblies formed of two identical parallel slabs with an intervening gap. Slab widths were 29·21 and 43·82 cm; the gap widths were 2·54, 5·08, 7·62 and 10·16 cm. It was found that the pulsed-source measurements of time-dependent leakage could not be used directly to predict steady-state leakage and a theory was developed to interpret pulsed-source measurements in terms of diffusion coefficients appropriate for steady-state leakage calculations. Specifically, a “time delay” correction was developed and applied to the experimental decay constants so that they could be used for determining diffusion coefficients. The results of the experiments and the theoretical treatment are in good agreement, but the theory showed that pulsed-source measurements in systems with voids will not yield rigorously discrete eigenvalues and cannot be extended to achieve results to any arbitrarily high degree of accuracy.
A new generation organ culture arising from cross-talk between multiple primary human cell types

SPECIFIC AIMSThe inability to directly experiment with humans creates the need to develop culture systems that mimic human tissues and organs in order to understand biological processes. The availa...
Present not the key to the past in tidal environments

Landforms in tidal environments such as estuaries and lagoons are molded by both past climate as well as modern conditions such as local changes in mean sea level. Hence, it is difficult to determine which landforms in a tidal environment retain signatures of past climate and which ones reflect more modern conditions. In a new study, Stefanon et al. used conceptual laboratory experiments to investigate how cyclic variations of the local mean sea level affect landforms in tidal environments and if tidal landscapes retain signatures of past conditions. For the experiment the researchers created a synthetic lagoonal environment and periodically changed the mean sea level relative to the land. The researchers found that the total volume of water passing through the lagoon between each cycle of high tide and low tide, also called the tidal prism, strongly influenced the drainage pattern as well as the transport of water, sediments, nutrients, and pollutants in the lagoon.
Creep and stress relaxation in methacrylate polymers: Two mechanisms of relaxation behavior across the glass transition region

This study explores the long-term behavior of poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(ethyl methacrylate), and poly(2, 2, 2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate) by creep and stress relaxation (SR) experiments. Dielectric analysis (DEA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) are used to measure and compare the structural relaxations associated with side group motion and with the glass transition, T g , region. An analysis of shift factor data for creep and SR experiments reveals two modes of molecular motion in the glass-rubber relaxation region, but the modes are less discernible than those reported previously for a series of styrene polymers. The high temperature side exhibits WLF behavior while the low temperature side exhibits Arrhenius behavior. The extent of definition of the two modes of deformation is related to the effect of cooperative a dynamics on the β relaxation process. Some discussion is presented concerning the magnitude of the activation energy for both processes and the sharpness of the transition between the two modes.
By-product recovery from copper-nickel bearing duluth gabbro

Abstract A low-grade copper-nickel mineralization, with an estimated size of 4.6 billion tons and with average analyses of 0.6% copper and 0.2% nickel, occurs in north-eastern Minnesota. In addition to copper, nickel, cobalt, and precious metals, the Duluth gabbro contains magnetite, ilmenite, olivine, anorthite and biotite. The flotation tailings, having already been ground, warrant a closer examination for the recovery and utilization of potential by-products. The residual sulfide minerals and fibrous minerals may also be isolated and treated separately for useful purposes or for disposal in an environmentally acceptable manner. Two flowsheets were developed; one involving preconcentration by low- and high-intensity magnetic separation and another involving preconcentration by tabling. The concentration methods for purifying individual by-product minerals were investigated. From their chemical, physical and mineralogical characteristics, the potential areas of application and marketabilities of each product fraction were examined.
An Automated Method for Rapid Identification of Putative Gene Family Members in Plants

Gene duplication events have played a significant role in genome evolution, particularly in plants. Exhaustive searches for all members of a known gene family as well as the identification of new gene families has become increasingly important. Subfunctionalization via changes in regulatory sequences following duplication (adaptive selection) appears to be a common mechanism of evolution in plants and can be accompanied by purifying selection on the coding region. Such negative selection can be detected by a bias toward synonymous over nonsynonymous substitutions. However, the process of identifying this bias requires many steps usually employing several different software programs. We have simplified the process and significantly shortened the time required by condensing many steps into a few scripts or programs to rapidly identify putative gene family members beginning with a single query sequence. In this report we 1) describe the software tools (SimESTs, PCAT, and SCAT) developed to automate the gene family identification, 2) demonstrate the validity of the method by correctly identifying 3 of 4 PAL gene family members from Arabidopsis using EST data alone, 3) identify 2 to 6 CAD gene family members from Glycine max (previously unidentified), and 4) identify 2 members of a putative Glycine max gene family previously unidentified in any plant species. Gene families in plants, particularly that subset where purifying selection has occurred in the coding region, can be identified quickly and easily by integrating our software tools and commonly available contig assembly and ORF identification programs.
Lest We Forget the Service They Rendered.

(2009). Lest We Forget the Service They Rendered. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 80, No. 9, pp. 54-65.
Molecular and structural characteristics of house fly brain acetylcholinesterase

Abstract Acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) from the brains of house flies (Musca domestica L., tetrachlorvinphos-resistant strain) was examined for molecular and structural features, including molecular weight, Stokes radii, partial specific volumes, sedimentation coefficients and frictional ratios. Acetylcholinesterase purified by affinity chromatography was examined in the electron microscope by negative staining and three molecular forms were clearly observed (monomers, dimers and tetramers). Several tetrameric configurations were observed as well as structures of similar size showing tails. In the preparations of acetylcholinesterase so far examined, no globular structures having more than four monomeric units were observed.
Effects of Larval Food-limitation on Vanessa cardui Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Abstract Larval food-limitation may be an important factor influencing growth of lepidopteran populations. We tested effects of food-limitation on larval growth of Vanessa cardui Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), the painted lady butterfly. Vanessa cardui is a major pest of corn and soybeans in Iowa, making it a species of special interest. Larvae of V. cardui were reared on a commercial diet apportioned to two food-limited and one control (ad libitum) treatment, and treatments were tested in three trials with varied temperature and onset of food limitation. Trial I was conducted at 18 C and food limitation started on day 12; Trials II and III were conducted at 22 C and food limitation started on days 7 and 12, respectively. Larvae were analyzed for potential differences in both larval and adult weight and time to pupation and emergence. In Trial I, there were more days to pupation and a prolonged adult emergence in the food-limited treatments. Control larvae developed and achieved maximal weights fast...
Toxicity associated with bowel or bladder puncture during gynecologic interstitial brachytherapy.

Purpose Interstitial brachytherapy for gynecologic malignancies is associated with significant toxicity. Some reports have correlated this toxicity with needle puncture of the visceral organs. This study examined our experience with interstitial brachytherapy and investigated the relationship between the visceral puncture and toxicity. Methods and Materials The outcomes of 36 patients treated with interstitial brachytherapy for gynecologic malignancies at a single institution between 2002 and 2007 were reviewed. Computed tomography was used to guide needle placement based solely on tumor coverage. No attempts were made to avoid visceral puncture; however, the source dwell times were minimized in these areas. Results At a median follow-up of 21 months, the crude locoregional control rate was 78%. Bowel puncture was noted in 26 patients and bladder puncture in 19. The mean operating time was 50 min, and 86% of patients were discharged in ≤3 days. The incidence of acute and late toxicity was similar between patients with and without visceral puncture according to the log–rank analysis of Kaplan-Meier curves. No patients with bowel puncture experienced Grade 2 or greater acute gastrointestinal toxicity and only 1 had Grade 3 or greater late gastrointestinal toxicity. No patients with bladder puncture experienced greater than Grade 2 acute genitourinary toxicity and only 2 had late Grade 3 or greater genitourinary toxicity. Conclusion The operating time, length of hospital stay, and treatment-induced morbidity in this cohort compared favorably to series using techniques to avoid visceral puncture. Additionally, visceral puncture did not correlate with the occurrence of acute or late toxicity. These data suggest that visceral puncture in the absence of source loading carries a low risk of morbidity.
Boundary Limits for Bounded Quasiregular Mappings

In this paper we establish results on the existence of nontangential limits for weighted \(\mathcal{A}\) -harmonic functions in the weighted Sobolev space \(W_{w}^{1,q}(\Bbb{B}^{n})\) , for some q>1 and w in the Muckenhoupt Aq class, where \(\Bbb{B}^{n}\) is the unit ball in \(\Bbb{R}^{n}\) . These results generalize the ones in Sect. 3 of Koskela et al., Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 348(2), 755–766, 1996, where the weight was identically equal to one. Weighted \(\mathcal{A}\) -harmonic functions are weak solutions of the partial differential equation $$\mathop{\mathrm{div}}(\mathcal{A}(x,\nabla u))=0,$$ where \(\alpha w(x)|\xi|^{q}\le \langle \mathcal{A}(x,\xi),\xi \rangle\le \beta w(x)|\xi|^{q}\) for some fixed q∈(1,∞), where 0<α≤β<∞, and w(x) is a q-admissible weight as in Chap. 1 of Heinonen et al., Nonlinear Potential Theory, 2006.
Genetic diversity and population structure of the threatened Bliss Rapids snail (Taylorconcha serpenticola)

Summary 1. The Bliss Rapids snail is a federally listed yet poorly known small caenogastropod which lives in the Snake River drainage (main stem river and spring-fed tributaries) of south-central Idaho. The construction of three large dams along this portion of the Snake River during the 20th century is thought to have fragmented a single, ancestral population of this species into genetically isolated subunits that are vulnerable to extinction. We assessed variation of 11 microsatellite loci within and among 29 samples (820 snails) from across the entire range of the Bliss Rapids snail to assess genetic structure and test whether habitat fragmentation resulting from dam construction has impacted population connectivity. 2. The overall FST (0.15133, P < 0.05) and pairwise comparisons among samples (384/406 significant) indicated extensive population subdivision in general. A consistent trend of isolation by distance trend was not detected by Mantel tests. We found no evidence of reduced genetic diversity attributable to segmentation of the Snake River, and genetic variation among portions of drainage separated by the dams was not significant. Population structuring in spring–tributary habitats was considerably greater than in the main stem river as evidenced by differences in FST (0.18370, 0.06492) and the number of private alleles detected (16, 4), and by the results of an assignment test (69.4%, 58.7% correctly classified to sample of origin) and Bayesian genetic clustering algorithm. 3. Our results provide no evidence that dam construction has genetically impacted extant populations of the Bliss Rapids snail. We speculate that the generally weaker genetic structuring of riverine populations of this species is a result of passive dispersal within the water column, which may enable occasional passage through the dams. The somewhat stronger structuring observed in a portion of the river (Shoshone reach) which receives discharge from many springs may be due to local mixing of main stem and more highly differentiated tributary populations. Our findings parallel recent, genetically based studies of other western North American freshwater gastropods that also demonstrate complex population structure that conflicts with traditional concepts of dispersal ability and sensitivity to putative barriers.
Conventional smears versus liquid-based preparations for thyroid fine-needle aspirates: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction Thyroid fine-needle aspiration has traditionally been prepared using conventional smears (CS). Liquid-based preparations (LBP) have grown in popularity and yet, there is a lack of consensus about which method is superior. This review compared CS and LBP as an intervention in the management of thyroid nodules. Materials and methods Medline, EMBASE, Scopus and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched to locate relevant studies. Observational studies comparing CS and LBP of consecutive thyroid fine-needle aspirations were included. Two reviewers independently screened, extracted, and entered data. Double data extraction included the following outcomes: (1) the proportion of inadequate smears and (2) the proportion of indeterminate smears. Studies were also assessed for risk of bias and heterogeneity. Results From 599 unique studies, title/abstract screening identified 136 studies, and full text screening identified 13 studies. The 13 studies included 24,307 fine-needle aspirations from 19,433 patients and had high clinical, methodological, and statistical heterogeneity with low risk of bias. For CS and LBP, a meta-analysis of 12 studies showed no difference in the proportion of inadequate smears (risk difference: −0.00; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.04-0.04); 13 studies showed no difference in the proportion of indeterminate smears (risk difference: −0.02; 95% CI: −0.05-0.01). Sensitivity analysis of studies with low risk of bias had similar results. Conclusions There is no difference between CS and LBP in the proportion of inadequate and indeterminate smears. Recommendations of one method over the other should be based on cost, feasibility, and accuracy, all of which require further study.
Multipath artifact corrections in ultrasonic transmission tomography

Abstract This paper deals with computed imaging techniques for ultrasonic transmission tomography. Cross-sectional images of the refractive index in soft biological tissues can be obtained by measuring the arrival-time of signals that propagate between two transducers. An alternative method to obtain images is to measure the attenuation in the path between the pair of transducers. In practice, images of the refractive index exhibit a better quality than images of the attenuation coefficient. In this report we have shown through computer simulation that some of the degradations in images of the attenuation coefficient are due to the existence of multiple rays that link the transmitting and the receiving transducers. This condition is known as multipath. We have demonstrated two methods to reduce the influence of multipath on reconstructions of the attenuation coefficient. The first method employs homonorphic signal processing to estimate the attenuation coefficient for one of the linking rays. The second method applies median filtering in the projection space to remove the artifacts caused by multipath. The correction techniques were tested on data obtained by scanning tissue equivalent phantoms. Results obtained indicate that the correction methods significantly improve the quality of images of the attenuation coefficient.
Automatic detection of vaccine adverse reactions by incorporating historical medical conditions

This paper extends the problem of vaccine adverse reaction detection by incorporating historical medical conditions. We propose a novel measure called dual-lift for this task, and formulate this problem in the framework of constraint pattern mining. We present a pattern mining algorithm DLiftMiner which utilizes a novel approach to upper bound the dual-lift measure for reducing the search space. Experimental results on both synthetic and real world datasets show that our method is effective and promising.
CKM and tri-bimaximal MNS matrices in a SU (5)× T ) (d model

Abstract We propose a model based on SU ( 5 ) × T ( d ) which successfully gives rise to near tri-bimaximal leptonic mixing as well as realistic CKM matrix elements for the quarks. The Georgi–Jarlskog relations for three generations are also obtained. Due to the T ( d ) transformation property of the matter fields, the b-quark mass can be generated only when the T ( d ) symmetry is broken, giving a dynamical origin for the hierarchy between m b and m t . There are only nine operators allowed in the Yukawa sector up to at least mass dimension seven due to an additional Z 12 × Z 12 ′ symmetry, which also forbids, up to some high orders, operators that lead to proton decay. The resulting model has a total of nine parameters in the charged fermion and neutrino sectors, and hence is very predictive. In addition to the prediction for θ 13 ≃ θ c / 3 2 , the model gives rise to a sum rule, tan 2 θ ⊙ ≃ tan 2 θ ⊙ , TBM − 1 2 θ c cos β , which is a consequence of the Georgi–Jarlskog relations in the quark sector. This deviation could account for the difference between the experimental best fit value for the solar mixing angle and the value predicted by the tri-bimaximal mixing matrix.
Treatment of the Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome with Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

Fifteen patients in the early stages of the adult respiratory distress syndrome with severe hypoxemia who were capable of maintaining adequate spontaneous ventilation were treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). The optimal level of CPAP was adjusted for each patient to achieve the highest oxygenation with the least adverse hemodynamic effects. The optimal intravascular volume, judged by pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure, was maintained by infusion of lactated Ringer's solution. Application of an optimal CPAP ranging between 10 and 25 cm H2O significantly reduced the intrapulmonary shunt, increased the forced vital capacity, and decreased the respiration rate. The improvement in pulmonary status was achieved with no significant changes in cardiac output or the arterial-mixed venous oxygen content difference. Early application of an adjusted level of positive end-expiratory pressure using CPAP in patients with adequate levels of fluid is an effective and safe method of treating selected groups of patients in the early stages of the adult respiratory distress syndrome.
Oral Toxicity of Rotenone for Common Carp

Abstract Rotenone was administered in a food bolus by gavage to common carp Cyprinus carpio. The experimental formulations also contained a constant level of a surfactant, polysorbate 80. The lethal dose of rotenone to 50% of the test animals (LD50) was 8.1 mg/kg of fish with a 95% confidence interval of 7.7–8.5 mg/kg. The extrapolated lethal dose to 99% of the test animals was 11.6 mg/kg. Behavior of the fish receiving an oral dose of rotenone was similar to that of fish exposed to rotenone in water, and all deaths occurred within 16 h of gavage. Rotenone was made available for absorption via the intestine by including a surfactant in the formulation.
Meckel-Gruber Syndrome Protein MKS3 Is Required for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Surfactant Protein C

Autosomal dominant mutations in the SFTPC gene are associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a progressive lethal interstitial lung disease. Mutations that cause misfolding of the encoded proprotein surfactant protein C (SP-C) trigger endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation, a pathway that segregates terminally misfolded substrate for retrotranslocation to the cytosol and degradation by proteasome. Microarray screens for genes involved in SP-C ER-associated degradation identified MKS3/TMEM67, a locus previously linked to the ciliopathy Meckel-Gruber syndrome. In this study, MKS3 was identified as a membrane glycoprotein predominantly localized to the ER. Expression of MKS3 was up-regulated by genetic or pharmacological inducers of ER stress. The ER lumenal domain of MKS3 interacted with a complex that included mutant SP-C and associated chaperones, whereas the region predicted to encode the transmembrane domains of MKS3 interacted with cytosolic p97. Deletion of the transmembrane and cytosolic domains abrogated interaction of MKS3 with p97 and resulted in accumulation of mutant SP-C proprotein; knockdown of MKS3 also inhibited degradation of mutant SP-C. These results support a model in which MKS3 links the ER lumenal quality control machinery with the cytosolic degradation apparatus.
Behavior Problems in Preschool Children: A Review of Recent Research

Research on the prevalence, course, and correlates of behavior problems in preschool children was examined. Prospective epidemiological studies and follow-up studies of clinical/high risk samples indicate that serious externalizing problems identified early often persist. Negative, inconsistent parental behavior and high levels of family adversity are associated with the emergence of problems in early childhood and predict their persistence to school age. Studies are examined from a developmental perspective and integrated with research on optimal parent-child relationships. The severity of initial problems and family context are related to different developmental outcomes.
Personality Traits and Reality-Testing Abilities, Controlling for Vividness of Imagery

One hundred seventy-seven college students completed personality measures including the MMPI-168, and reality-discrimination measures including a timed discrimination task developed by the first au...
Treatment manuals in clinical practice

Abstract Hickling and Blanchard (1997) [ Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35 , 191–203] summarize the results of treating PTSD patients with a highly structured treatment manual. Presenting a ‘clinician's reaction’ they argue for the added value of modifying treatment manuals based on the therapist's clinical experience and claim that manuals do not provide complete treatment of patients' multiple problems. In response, I reiterate that actuarial prediction is usually superior to clinical judgment, address the treatment of co-morbid psychopathology, underscore the importance of specific therapist skills in implementing manual-based treatment, and point out ways in which manual-based treatment can be more flexible and individualized than Hickling and Blanchard imply.
Efficient integration of large stiff systems of ODEs with exponential propagation iterative (EPI) methods

A new class of exponential propagation techniques which we call exponential propagation iterative (EPI) methods is introduced in this paper. It is demonstrated how for large stiff systems these schemes provide an efficient alternative to standard integrators for computing solutions over long time intervals. The EPI methods are constructed by reformulating the integral form of a solution to a nonlinear autonomous system of ODEs as an expansion in terms of products between special functions of matrices and vectors that can be efficiently approximated using Krylov subspace projections. The methodology for constructing EPI schemes is presented and their performance is illustrated using numerical examples and comparisons with standard explicit and implicit integrators. The history of the exponential propagation type integrators and their connection with EPI schemes are also discussed.
Electrochemical hydrogenation of a homogeneous nickel complex to form a surface adsorbed hydrogen-evolving species

A Ni(II) complex degrades electrochemically in the presence of acid in acetonitrile to form an electrode adsorbed film that catalytically evolves hydrogen. Comparison with a similar compound permitted investigation of the degradation mechanism.
Unusual complexation of nitrate with lanthanides in a wet ionic liquid: a new approach for aqueous separation of trivalent f-elements using an ionic liquid as solvent

The energetics of lanthanide nitrate complexation in a wet ionic liquid (IL; saturated with water as seen in the aqueous separation process) differs entirely from that in dry IL. A new approach to design more effective strategies for separation of actinides and lanthanides using an IL as a solvent has been revealed.
Approaches to the Archaeology of Ethnogenesis: Past and Emergent Perspectives

Recently, interest in the archaeology of ethnogenesis has surged. This renewed interest stems from innovations in the historical study of ethnogenesis, theoretical shifts favoring multidirectional agency, and relevant contemporary sociopolitical debates. Theoretical problems surrounding the appropriateness of the social science concept of “ethnicity,” however, have made the comparative study of ethnogenesis difficult. Drawing from past and emergent perspectives adds renewed vigor to comparative studies of ethnogenesis. A methodology that integrates the different types of theory can resolve the theoretical tensions in the archaeological study of ethnogenesis.
Cerebral Palsy in Term Infants: A Clinicopathologic Analysis of 158 Medicolegal Case Reviews

Our understanding of cerebral palsy (CP) in term infants is hindered by its low incidence and sporadic presentation. Many of these CP cases enter litigation, and a focused review of medicolegal consultations provides an opportunity to better understand the pathogenesis of these cases. In this study complete clinical and pathologic data from 158 cases of CP complicating singleton pregnancies after 36 weeks of gestation were prospectively collected over a 10-year period extending from 1998 to 2008. A hierarchical system was used to separate cases into the following 5 groups: (1) clinical/sentinel events (20%), (2) severe large fetoplacental vascular lesions (34%), (3) placental lesions indicative of chronic placental dysfunction (23%), and (4) placental lesions indicative of subacute/chronic adaptation to hypoxia (15%). The remaining 8% (group 5) of cases were idiopathic. Common to all subgroups was clinical and/or pathologic evidence of umbilical cord obstruction, which was observed in 63% of cases. The following clinical features significantly differed among subgroups. Group 1 had less maternal obesity and more cases involving multicystic encephalopathy. Group 2 had increased oligohydramnios, cerebral edema, nucleated red blood cell counts greater than 10 000/mm(3), hypoglycemia, pulmonary hypertension, and cardiac dysfunction. Group 3 had more preeclampsia and, together with group 2, more infants with a low ponderal index. Group 5 had a higher prevalence of positive family history of neurodevelopmental disorders. In conclusion, infant cases subject to litigation related to CP following term birth can be separated into distinct clinicopathologic subgroups with only a small number lacking either clinical/sentinel events or placental evidence of subacute or chronic in utero stress.
Repurposing human PDE4 inhibitors for neglected tropical diseases. Evaluation of analogs of the human PDE4 inhibitor GSK-256066 as inhibitors of PDEB1 of Trypanosoma brucei

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) have been identified as important enzyme targets for drug development in both humans and Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of human African trypanosomiasis. With this in mind, we recently reported the profiling of a range of human phosphodiesterase inhibitors, showing that human PDE4 inhibitors tend to display the best potency against the trypanosomal phosphodiesterase TbrPDEB1. Among these was GSK-256066, a potent inhibitor of human PDE4 and a weak inhibitor of TbrPDEB1. In this report, we describe the results of a structure-activity relationship study of this chemotype, leading to the discovery of analogs with improved potency against TbrPDEB1 and micromolar inhibition of T. brucei cellular growth. We rationalize the potency trends via molecular docking of the new inhibitors into a recently reported apo structure of TbrPDEB1. The studies in this article will inform future efforts in repurposing human PDE inhibitors as antitrypanosomal agents.
Does the hand reflect implicit knowledge? Yes and no

Gesture does not have a fixed position in the Dienes & Perner framework. Its status depends on the way knowledge is expressed. Knowledge reflected in gesture can be fully implicit (neither factuality nor predication is explicit) if the goal is simply to move a pointing hand to a target. Knowledge reflected in gesture can be explicit (both factuality and predication are explicit) if the goal is to indicate an object. However, gesture is not restricted to these two extreme positions. When gestures are unconscious accompaniments to speech and represent information that is distinct from speech, the knowledge they convey is factuality-implicit but predication-explicit.
Survey of Recent Literature on CGE Trade Models: With Special Reference to the Case of Egypt

This paper provides a recent summary of the literature on Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) trade models used to analyze the effects of trade policy changes. After a discussion of the advantages and limitations of CGE models, I address their typical structure and show how the model operates. Finally, I present a review of the impact of different trade liberalization scenarios in the case of a small open economy; Egypt.
An Action Anthropologist Looks Back to Chicago's Skid Row in the 1950s

In the early 1950s an interstate highway cut through Chicago's West Madison Street. or what was better known as Skid Row. By the mid- 1950s, the city had secured funding from the urban structures that served as hotels, at least part of the year, for the "homeless." In 1957, city officials contracted with the National Opinion Research Center to determine. what kind of housing the homeless men would prefer.