cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design and statistical analysis of a hash-aided image watermarking system

This paper develops a joint hashing/watermarking scheme in which a short hash of the host signal is available to a detector. Potential applications include content tracking on public networks and forensic identification. The host data into which the watermark is embedded are selected from a secret subset of the full-frame discrete cosine transform of an image, and the watermark is inserted through multiplicative embedding. The hash is a binary version of selected original image coefficients. We propose a maximum likelihood watermark detector based on a statistical image model. The availability of a hash as side information to the detector modifies the posterior distribution of the marked coefficients. We derive Chernoff bounds on the receiver operating characteristic performance of the detector. We show that host-signal interference can be rejected if the hash function is suitably designed. The relative difficulty of an eavesdropper's detection problem is also determined; the eavesdropper does not know the secret key used. Monte Carlo simulations are performed using photographic test images. Finally, various attacks on the watermarked image are introduced to study the robustness of the derived detectors. The joint hashing/watermarking scheme outperforms the traditional "hashless" watermarking technique.
Figure and Ground in Space and Time: 1. Temporal Response Surfaces of Perceptual Organization:

The figure – ground organization of an ambiguous bipartite pattern can be manipulated by altering the temporal-frequency content of the two regions of the pattern. Ambiguous patterns in which the two regions of each pattern contained sine-wave gratings of either 8, 4, 1, or 0.5 cycles deg−1 undergoing contrast reversal at rates of 0, 3.75, 7.5, or 15 Hz were tested for figure–ground organization under conditions of equated space-averaged and time-averaged luminance and perceived contrast. All combinations of temporal-frequency differences between the two regions were tested at each spatial frequency. The data are reported for two levels of temporal resolution (15 and 30 s). The pattern region with the relatively higher temporal frequency tended to be seen as the background a higher percentage of the viewing time. There were significant linear trends for the appearance as background of the region of higher temporal frequency with respect to the magnitude of the temporal-frequency difference between the two...
GTP cyclohydrolase I induction in striatal astrocytes following intrastriatal kainic acid lesion

The cause of premature death of dopamine neurons in patients with Parkinson's disease remains unknown. It is speculated that damaging reactive species resulting from the metabolism of dopamine, nitric oxide, and tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)) may be involved. GTP cyclohydrolase I (GCH1) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of BH(4), an essential cofactor for tyrosine hydroxylase and nitric oxide synthase in dopamine and nitric oxide production, respectively. Our studies have explored BH(4) metabolism in the nigrostriatal system following intrastriatal kainic acid lesion. We have demonstrated that 1 week following kainic acid there was an increase in striatal GCH1 mRNA, protein, and activity. There was also an elevation of BH(4) levels in the striatum. Part of the induction of GCH1 was localized in situ to astrocytes. Further, the striatal lesion caused death of both neurons and astrocytes in striatum, as shown by in situ end labeling. These novel observations suggest that the induction of GTP cyclohydrolase and BH(4) in striatal astrocytes may be mediating death of striatal neuronal and non-neuronal cells. This work supports existing and emerging reports that demonstrate the importance of dopamine metabolism in neuronal death of the nigrostriatal system.
The main sensory trigeminal nucleus in the pigeon: a single-unit analysis.

A single-unit analysis of the main sensory trigeminal nucleus of the pigeon was carried out. A total of 130 units from 20 birds were isolated and their modality, adaptive properties and receptive field characteristics were defined. Seventy-two percent of the cells were activated by mechanical stimulation ranging from very light touch to pressure. Receptive field areas were generally less than five mm2 in extent. Six units had receptive fields in the region of the orbit, but the receptive fields of most units were confined to the ipsilateral dorsal or ventral beak. Both inner and outer beak surfaces were represented, but no units responsive to tongue stimulation were encountered. Somatotopic organization was evident only in the dorso-ventral plane where there was a clear sequence of representation from mandibular to maxillary to opthalmic areas. Of the units responsive to mechanical stimulation, 60% were slowly-adapting, 40% were fast-adapting. A number of cells (28%) were driven by opening or closing the mouth. Most of these signalled the displacement by a change in their steady discharge rate; a few cells responded to beak displacement with a transient burst. These results clarify the nature of the feeding deficits produced by lesions of the main sensory trigeminal nucleus and suggest an involvement of the nucleus in the sensory control of mandibulation during feeding in the pigeon.
The Teicoplanin-Associated Locus Regulator (TcaR) and the Intercellular Adhesin Locus Regulator (IcaR) Are Transcriptional Inhibitors of the ica Locus in Staphylococcus aureus

Infections involving Staphylococcus aureus are often more severe and difficult to treat when the organism assumes a biofilm mode of growth. The polysaccharide poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG), also known as polysaccharide intercellular adhesin, is synthesized by the products of the intercellular adhesin (ica) locus and plays a key role in biofilm formation. Numerous conditions and exogenous factors influence ica transcription and PNAG synthesis, but the regulatory factors and pathways through which these environmental stimuli act have been only partially characterized. We developed a DNA affinity chromatography system to purify potential regulatory proteins that bind to the ica promoter region. Using this technique, we isolated four proteins, including the staphylococcal gene regulator SarA, a MarR family transcriptional regulator of the teicoplanin-associated locus TcaR, DNA-binding protein II, and topoisomerase IV, that bound to the ica promoter. Site-directed deletion mutagenesis of tcaR indicated that TcaR was a negative regulator of ica transcription, but deletion of tcaR alone did not induce any changes in PNAG production or in adherence to polystyrene. We also investigated the role of IcaR, encoded within the ica locus but divergently transcribed from the biosynthetic genes. As has been shown previously in Staphylococcus epidermidis, we found that IcaR was also a negative regulator of ica transcription in S. aureus. We also demonstrate that mutation of icaR augmented PNAG production and adherence to polystyrene. Transcription of the ica locus, PNAG production, and adherence to polystyrene were further increased in a tcaR icaR double mutant. In summary, TcaR appeared to be a weak negative regulator of transcription of the ica locus, whereas IcaR was a strong negative regulator, and in their absence PNAG production and biofilm formation were enhanced.
Detection of microwave emission from both components of the red dwarf binary EQ Pegasi

The detection at 4.9 GHz of the late main sequence binary EQ Pegasi (dM3.5e + dM4.5e) with the VLA is reported. Both components were detected, as flux levels of 0.69 mJy and 0.4 mJy, respectively. Thermal gyroresonance emission from the quiescent coronae of these stars appears to explain observations of the authors, as it does those of Gary and Linsky (1981) for chi Ori and UV Ceti, provided coronal magnetic fields in excess of 300 gauss exist over a region that has a length scale of at least twice the radii of these stars. Support for this model is provided by the unlikelihood of both stars flaring simultaneously, and by the fact that the emission was confined to each star within the observational uncertainty of a few AU.
On the response of rubbers at high strain rates—I. Simple waves

Abstract In this series of papers, we examine the propagation of waves of finite deformation in rubbers through experiments and analysis; in the present paper, Part I, attention is focused on the propagation of one-dimensional waves in strips of natural, latex and synthetic, nitrile rubber. Tensile wave propagation experiments were conducted at high strain rates by holding one end fixed and displacing the other end at a constant velocity. A high-speed video camera was used to monitor the motion and to determine the evolution of strain and particle velocity in rubber strips. Analysis of the response through the theory of finite waves indicated a need for an appropriate constitutive model for rubber; by quantitative matching between the experimental observations and analytical predictions, an appropriate instantaneous elastic response for the rubbers was obtained. This matching process suggested that a simple power-law constitutive model was capable of representing the high strain-rate response for both rubbers used.
Technique for Measuring the Amount of Pressure-Induced Polarization Scrambling by Optical Windows in High Pressure Light Scattering Cells

A simple method for estimating the amount of pressure-induced polarization scrambling by optical windows in the high pressure Raman scattering cells is proposed. This method is based on the measurement of the depolarization ratio ρ for a polarized band (ρ = 0) for which a nonzero value of ρ is produced by the leakage of the Ivv component due to stress-induced birefringence of the window material. As an illustrative example the measurement of ρ for the polarized ν3(A1) band in liquid tetramethyltin is presented.
Uplift along the salt lake segment of the Wasatch fault from apatite and zircon fission track dating in the little Cottonwood stock

Abstract Apatite from granite samples out of the Little Cottonwood stock of north-central Utah range in age from about 7 Ma at 1500 m elevation to about 11 Ma at 3500 m elevation and give an uplift rate of 0.68 mm yr-1 during this time period. Zircons from some of the samples range in age from about 9 Ma at 1500 m elevation to 20 Ma at 3500 m, and probably represent an uplifted partial annealing zone. The uplift is associated with movement along the Wasatch fault which borders the stock on its western margin. The calculated uplift rates from the apatite ages in this study agree well with rates found by other workers along the central segments of the Wasatch fault using a variety of methods.
Accuracy of self-reported medical problems in patients with alcohol dependence and co-occurring schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder

Background Schizophrenia and alcohol dependence (AD) are both major risk factors for a variety of medical problems, yet little is known about the medical status of patients in whom both conditions coexist.
Effect of methylchloroform inhalation on barbiturate hypnosis and hepatic drug metabolism in male mice.

A 24-hr inhalation of methylchloroform by male mice reduced hexobarbital hypnosis but had no effect on hypnosis produced by barbital or chloral hydrate. The maximum reduction in hypnosis occurred at 24 hr after the termination of inhalation, and the hypnosis returned to the control level at 48 hr after the termination of inhalation. The effect of repeated short exposures, 4 or 8 hr/day for several days, had a cumulative effect, but a single 8-hr exposure was without effect on hexobarbital hypnosis in male mice. The supernatant fractiob isolated (centrifuging homogenates at 9000 g) from livers of male mice previously exposed to methylchloroform vapor oxidized hexobarbital more efficiently, but its ability to reduce p-nitrobenzoic acid remained unaffected. The protein content of this liver supernatant fraction also was not altered after exposure to methylchloroform.
Intracavity Phase Modulation and Envelope Phase Noise Transfer in Modelocked Lasers

We derive an expression which relates harmonic intracavity phase modulation to the resulting timing stability degradation of modelocked lasers. Random intracavity phase perturbations can be caused by, e.g., pump power fluctuations, which have been shown to be a significant cause of pulse-to-pulse timing jitter. The noise transfer function describes this frequency-dependent sensitivity of timing stability to pump fluctuations, and we show that it scales as the square of the axial-mode spacing and inversely with the perturbation frequency which together operate as coefficients on the frequency dependence of the cavity photon number, the population inversion, and the gain medium temperature.
Do barriers to pediatric pain management as perceived by nurses change over time

For decades, nurses (RNs) have identified barriers to providing the optimal pain management that children deserve; yet no studies were found in the literature that assessed these barriers over time or across multiple pediatric hospitals. The purpose of this study was to reassess barriers that pediatric RNs perceive, and how they describe optimal pain management, 3 years after our initial assessment, collect quantitative data regarding barriers identified through comments during our initial assessment, and describe any changes over time. The Modified Barriers to Optimal Pain Management survey was used to measure barriers in both studies. RNs were invited via e-mail to complete an electronic survey. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to compare results over time. Four hundred forty-two RNs responded, representing a 38% response rate. RNs continue to describe optimal pain management most often in terms of patient comfort and level of functioning. While small changes were seen for several of the barriers, the most significant barriers continued to involve delays in the availability of medications, insufficient physician medication orders, and insufficient orders and time allowed to pre-medicate patients before procedures. To our knowledge, this is the first study to reassess RNs' perceptions of barriers to pediatric pain management over time. While little change was seen in RNs' descriptions of optimal pain management or in RNs' perceptions of barriers, no single item was rated as more than a moderate barrier to pain management. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of improvement strategies.
Human Biological Pacemakers: Intrinsic Variability and Stability

In healthy individuals, the sinoatrial node (SAN) is responsible for initiating excitation >100 000 times per day. As with all cardiac pacemaking cells in the specialized conduction system, SAN automaticity is driven by diastolic depolarization via several redundant pathways to ensure that the heart beats. Key cellular mechanisms include the hyperpolarization-activated inward current (I f ) and the Ca clock (inward Na/Ca exchange current activated by sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ release).1 However, molecular, histological, electrophysiological, and in silico studies have revealed that the SAN is extremely complex, and that the redundant systems not only provide safety of pacemaking, but also allow precise modulation of heart rate to accommodate changing physiological demands. Despite this ingenious design, physiological pacing can fail as a result of either SAN pathology or atrioventricular block, requiring implantation of an electronic pacemaker. Article see p 883 Electronic pacemakers have been available since the 1950s and are currently a successful and reliable therapy for many heart rhythm disorders. However, they are not without limitations, including the need for lead and generator replacement, risk of infection, interference from other devices, and, importantly, lack of full autonomic control. Thus, biological pacemakers represent a promising and elegant alternative strategy. In addition to overcoming many of the hardware limitations of electronic pacemakers, biological pacemakers may also be more suitable for pediatric patients and have the opportunity to provide more precise autonomic responsiveness. Several approaches have been used in the development of biological pacemakers, including the transfer of pacemaking genes to the heart,2,3 the implantation of exogenous pacemaking cells,4 and a combination of gene and cell therapies.5 One of the most exciting recent developments with regard to biological pacemakers has been the exploration of human induced pluripotent stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) as potential pacemaking cells. With this approach, …
Making a Habit of It Positional Consumption, Conventional Action and the Standard of Living

Rising inequalities and high levels of consumption in many capitalist economies make understanding the relationship between stratification and consumption especially important at the turn of the 21...
Universality and quantum garvity

The gravitational coupling constants associated with several renormalized quantum field theories in curved spacetime all exhibit similar high-energy scaling behavior. This suggests a universal structure of high-energy semiclassical gravity.
El Niño returns

An El Nino probably will develop in the tropical Pacific Ocean in the next three months, according to scientists with the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The forecast is based on the latest observed oceanic and atmospheric circulation patterns in the Pacific Ocean off the coasts of Ecuador and Peru and sea-surface temperature predictions. “The warming represents an early stage of El Nino's onset,” said NOAA Administrator Conrad Lautenbacher, Jr. “If the warming persists, it will be several more months before mature El Nino conditions develop. The impacts will depend on the strength of the event, which we can't determine at this time.”
Kaleidaseq: A Web-Based Tool to Monitor Data Flow in a High Throughput Sequencing Facility

Tracking data flow in high throughput sequencing is important in maintaining a consistent number of successfully sequenced samples, making decisions on scheduling the flow of sequencing steps, resolving problems at various steps and tracking the status of different projects. This is especially critical when the laboratory is handling a multitude of projects. We have built a Web-based data flow tracking package, called Kaleidaseq, which allows us to monitor the flow and quality of sequencing samples through the steps of preparation of library plates, plaque-picking, preparation of templates, conducting sequencing reactions, loading gels, base-calling the traces, and calculating the quality of the sequenced samples. Kaleidaseq's suite of displays allows for outstanding monitoring of the production sequencing process. The online display of current information that Kaleidaseq provides on both project status and process queues sorted by project enables accurate real-time assessment of the necessary samples that must be processed to complete the project. This information allows the process manager to allocate future resources optimally and schedule tasks according to scientific priorities. Quality of the sequenced samples call be tracked on a daily basis, which allows the sequencing laboratory to maintain a steady performance level and quickly resolve dips in quality. Kaleidaseq has a simple easy-to-use interface that allows access to all major functions and process queues from one Web page. This software package is modular and designed to allow additional processing steps and new monitoring variables to be added and tracked with ease. Access to the underlying relational database is through the Perl DBI interface, which allows for the use of different relational databases. Kaleidaseq is available for free use by the academic community from http://www.cshl.org/kaleidaseq.
Parenting for achievement

Parenting for Achievement is a course designed to help parents guide their children toward achievement and self‐confidence. It provides six sessions of parenting instruction with two additional sessions specifically geared to parents of gifted children. It is the first published parenting course that prioritizes the fostering of close home and school relationships. Topics covered include general issues such as praise and criticism; rewards and punishments; dependence and dominance; ogre and dummy games; independent habits; and modeling achievement. The additional modules explore issues related to gifted children such as perfectionism, stress, peer pressure, community enrichment, gifted identification, and acceleration. Trainers may take the course prior to leading their own groups, or they may use the training manual for independent instruction.
Locating lagoon seepage with radar and electromagnetic survey

Ground-penetrating radar and electromagnetic terrain conductivity (EM) surveys were investigated as possible techniques for determining the presence and extent of groundwater contamination from leachate plumes emanating from animal waste lagoons. Preliminary data suggest that the electromagnetic technique offers the greater range of applicability. Data obtained from EM soundings of three different animal waste lagoons are used to illustrate the usefulness of this technique.
Oral histories in meteoritics and planetary science: IV. James R. Arnold

— James Arnold, a nuclear chemist, reports in this interview, taped during the Meteoritical Society meeting in Chicago in 2000, that he became interested in meteorites when one of his graduate students chose to search for the cosmogenic isotope, 53Mn, in an iron meteorite. This project led to analyses of what became the standard four cosmogenic isotopes (53Mn, 36C1, 26A1, and 10Be) in meteorites and to the first determinations of their terrestrial ages. These in turn paved the way for analyses of a broad set of short- and long-lived isotopes in lunar samples returned by the Apollo astronauts, providing insight into lunar surface processes and the history of cosmic radiation. Arnold also mounted gamma-ray spectrometers on the command modules of the Apollo 15 and 16 missions and obtained chemical maps of the surface materials in mare and highlands regions. In 1958 Arnold began his research and teaching at the University of California at San Diego where from 1983 to his retirement in 1993 he served as the Harold C. Urey Professor of Chemistry. In 1976, the Meteoritical Society honored James Arnold with its Leonard Medal.
Regulation of cardiac repolarization by adenoviral gene transfer rationalized by computational modeling

Regulatory subunit KCNE3 (E3) interacts with KCNQ1 (Q1) in epithelia, regulating its activation kinetics and augmenting current density. Since E3 is expressed weakly in the heart, we hypothesized that ectopic expression of E3 in cardiac myocytes might abbreviate action potential duration by interacting with Q1 and augmenting the delayed rectifier current (I/sub K/). We constructed an adenoviral vector co-expressing GFP and E3, and injected it Into the left ventricular cavity of guinea pigs. After 72 hrs, the electrocardiographic QT interval was reduced by /spl sim/10% compared to baseline. E3-transduced cells had an APD/sub 90/ of 87 /spl plusmn/ 8 vs. 298 /spl plusmn/ 19 ms in control cells, while E-4031-insensitive I/sub K/ and activation kinetics were significantly augmented. Quantitative modeling of a transmural cardiac segment rationalized the degree of QT-interval abbreviation as a consequence of electrotonic interactions in the face of limited transduction efficiency and showed that heterogeneous transduction of E3 may actually potentiate arrhythmias. The results provide proof of the principle that ectopic expression of regulatory subunits can be exploited to enhance repolarization, a principle that may be useful in treating long QT syndrome (but only if fairly homogeneous ventricular expression can be achieved).
Area efficient binary tree layout

H-Tree layout for binary trees can utilize only 50% of the available nodes. Improved binary tree layout techniques have been developed only after relaxing the rectangular grid model assumptions. The authors propose an area-efficient VLSI layout strategy for full binary trees without relaxing the rectangular grid model assumptions. For a height-5 full binary tree they developed a (5*8) layout pattern on an ad hoc basis. This tile is more area efficient than an equivalent H-Tree layout of a height-5 full binary tree. Using this tile, higher level trees are built in a way identical to H-Tree. The area efficiency remains for any level of tree construction. The proposed layout has an improved aspect ratio compared with H-Tree and features a reduced length of the longest link. >
Neutralization Profiles of Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates in the Context of Coreceptor Usage

Most strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) which have only been carried in vitro in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (primary isolates) can be neutralized by antibodies, but their sensitivity to neutralization varies considerably. To study the parameters that contribute to the differential neutralization sensitivity of primary HIV-1 isolates, we developed a neutralization assay with a panel of genetically engineered cell lines (GHOST cells) that express CD4, one of eight chemokine receptors which function as HIV-1 coreceptors, and a Tat-dependent green fluorescent protein reporter cassette which permits the evaluation and quantitation of HIV-1 infection by flow cytometry. All 21 primary isolates from several clades could grow in the various GHOST cell lines, and their use of one or more coreceptors could easily be defined by flow cytometric analysis. Ten of these primary isolates, three that were CXCR4 (X4)-tropic, three that were CCR5 (R5)-tropic, and four that were dual- or polytropic were chosen for study of their sensitivity to neutralization by human monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. Viruses from the X4-tropic category of viruses were first tested since they have generally been considered to be particularly neutralization sensitive. It was found that the X4-tropic virus group contained both neutralization-sensitive and neutralization-resistant viruses. Similar results were obtained with R5-tropic viruses and with dual- or polytropic viruses. Within each category of viruses, neutralization sensitivity and resistance could be observed. Therefore, sensitivity to neutralization appears to be the consequence of factors that influence the antibody-virus interaction and its sequelae rather than coreceptor usage. Neutralization of various viruses by the V3-specific monoclonal antibody, 447-52D, was shown to be dependent not only on the presence of the relevant epitope but also on its presentation. An epitope within the envelope of a particular virus is not sufficient to render a virus sensitive to neutralization by an antibody that recognizes that epitope. Moreover, conformation-dependent factors may overcome the need for absolute fidelity in the match between an antibody and its core epitope, permitting sufficient affinity between the viral envelope protein and the antibody to neutralize the virus. The studies indicate that the neutralization sensitivity of HIV-1 primary isolates is a consequence of the complex interaction between virus, antibody, and target cell.
Auditory and visual rhythmic pattern recognition by emotionally disturbed and normal adolescents.

Sixty-six emotionally disturbed and normal adolescents were given tests of rhythmic pattern recognition in the visual and auditory modes. Performance for both groups was significantly superior in the auditory versus the visual mode (p less than .001). No significant differences were found between subject groups' performance on auditory, visual, or combined scores.
Folk Theorems on Transmission Access: Proofs and Counterexamples

Nodal prices, congestion revenues, transmission capacity rights, and compensation for wire ownership are key concepts used to formulate claims about proposals to organize competitive and open transmission access. Underlying those claims are implicit assertions (folk theorems) concerning the regulation of transmission access, the determination of power flows, properties of economic dispatch, and the operations of competitive nodal markets for power. The paper has two objectives. We first formulate these folk theorems as explicit mathematical assertions. We then prove that some of these assertions are true, and we present counterexamples to other assertions. The counterexamples are interesting because they negate plausible propositions, including: (1) uncongested lines do not receive congestion rents (defined through node price differences); (2) nodal prices clear markets for power only if the allocation is efficient; (3) in an efficient allocation power can only flow from nodes with lower prices to nodes with higher prices; (4) strengthening transmission lines or building additional lines increases transmission capacity; (5) transmission capacity rights are compatible with any economically efficient dispatch.
Mixed effect regression analysis for a cluster-based two-stage outcome-auxiliary-dependent sampling design with a continuous outcome

Two-stage design is a well-known cost-effective way for conducting biomedical studies when the exposure variable is expensive or difficult to measure. Recent research development further allowed one or both stages of the two-stage design to be outcome dependent on a continuous outcome variable. This outcome-dependent sampling feature enables further efficiency gain in parameter estimation and overall cost reduction of the study (e.g. Wang, X. and Zhou, H., 2010. Design and inference for cancer biomarker study with an outcome and auxiliary-dependent subsampling. Biometrics 66, 502-511; Zhou, H., Song, R., Wu, Y. and Qin, J., 2011. Statistical inference for a two-stage outcome-dependent sampling design with a continuous outcome. Biometrics 67, 194-202). In this paper, we develop a semiparametric mixed effect regression model for data from a two-stage design where the second-stage data are sampled with an outcome-auxiliary-dependent sample (OADS) scheme. Our method allows the cluster- or center-effects of the study subjects to be accounted for. We propose an estimated likelihood function to estimate the regression parameters. Simulation study indicates that greater study efficiency gains can be achieved under the proposed two-stage OADS design with center-effects when compared with other alternative sampling schemes. We illustrate the proposed method by analyzing a dataset from the Collaborative Perinatal Project.
An allosteric explanation for ouabain-lnduced time-dependent inhibition of sodium, potassium-adenosine triphosphatase

Abstract The cardiac glycoside, ouabain, inhibits brain and cardiac sodium, potassium-adenosine triphosphatase (Na+,K+-ATPase) in a time-dependent manner. There is a direct relationship between 3H-ouabain binding and enzyme inhibition both at various glycoside concentrations and times of incubation. Inorganic phosphate32 (32Pi) incorporation into the enzyme preparation parallels 3H-ouabain binding, and K+ affects these parameters in a similar manner. Neither the time-dependent enzyme inhibition nor the time-dependent glycoside binding are affected by the addition of inorganic phosphate. These results suggest an allosteric explanation for the ouabain-induced time-dependent enzyme inhibition.
The Vertical Structure of TOGA COARE Convection. Part I: Radar Echo Distributions

Radar data collected by the 5-cm MIT radar, which was deployed aboard the R/V Vickers during the intensive observing period of the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere Response Experiment, are partitioned into convective and stratiform Cartesian grid columns. The vertical structure of convective echo is examined through the use of two variables: echo top height and the height of the 30-dBZ reflectivity contour. The first of these variables has traditionally been used to describe the vertical structure characteristics of convection, and the second has recently been linked to internal microphysical properties and lightning. Histograms of the relative frequency of convective-only echo top heights and 30-dBZ contour heights were constructed for the three cruises of the Vickers, with each cruise experiencing different phases of the intraseasonal oscillation (ISO). Cruise 1, which was dominated by the convectively ‘‘inactive’’ phase of the ISO was characterized by the highest frequency of shallow convection (based on echo top heights), whereas cruise 2, which was dominated by a particularly well-defined passage of the convective phase of the ISO, exhibited the tallest echo top heights. Cruise 3 convection was influenced by moderate westerly surface winds characteristic of postwesterly wind burst conditions, and convection was of intermediate height. When viewed as a function of ‘‘internal’’ vertical structure (i.e., 30-dB Z contour height), the frequency distributions vary less from cruise to cruise, with cruises 1 and 2 having nearly identical distributions of convective 30-dBZ contour heights. Furthermore, when the contribution to convective rainfall is examined as a function of 30-dBZ contour height, it is seen that relatively more rain fell from vertically ‘‘intense’’ convection (i.e., convection with tall 30-dBZ contours) during cruises 1 and 3 than during cruise 2. Instantaneous correlations between rainfall rate and radar echo height were highly scattered about a mean value of about 0.55, whereas rainfall rate and 30-dBZ contour height correlations peaked at about 0.8 and exhibited much less scatter.
A Survey of Recent Advances in Poultry Physiology

ABSTRACT IN 1952 I gave an address at the Poultry Science Association, entitled, “The Place of Physiology in the Teaching and Research Programs of Poultry Departments.” At that time I pointed out that there were only about 4 to 5 poultry departments in this country that offered fairly complete courses in physiology, and that not over 6 or 7 full-time poultry physiologists were employed by the various agricultural colleges and institutions of the United States and Canada. This was in marked contrast to the large number of employees in nutrition, genetics, and various other fields. Today, I am happy to report that 18 poultry departments are offering courses in physiology leading to the master’s degree, and some 8 of these are offering the doctorate (Funk, 1957). Moreover, the number of teachers and research workers in poultry physiology in agricultural colleges has increased approximately 5-fold since 1952, and at present, the demand . . .
Recovery of a telomere-truncated chromosome via a compensating translocation in maize.

Maize-engineered minichromosomes are easily recovered from telomere-truncated B chromosomes but are rarely recovered from A chromosomes. B chromosomes lack known genes, and their truncation products are tolerated and trans- mitted during meiosis. In contrast, deficiency gametes resulting from truncated A chromosomes prevent their transmission. We report here a de novo compensating translocation that permitted recovery of a large truncation of chromosome 1 in maize. The truncation (trunc-1) and translocation with chromosome 6 (super-6) occurred during telomere-mediated trunca- tion experiments and were characterized using single-gene fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) probes. The truncation contained a transgene signal near the end of the broken chromosome and transmitted together with the compensating trans- location as a heterozygote to approximately 41%-55% of progeny. Transmission as an addition chromosome occurred in ~15% of progeny. Neither chromosome transmitted through pollen. Transgene expression (Bar) cosegregated with trunc-1 transcriptionally and phenotypically. Meiosis in T1 plants revealed eight bivalents and one tetravalent chain composed of chromosome 1, trunc-1, chromosome 6, and super-6 in diplotene and diakinesis. Our data suggest that de novo compensat- ing translocations allow recovery of truncated A chromosomes by compensating deficiency in female gametes and by af- fecting chromosome pairing and segregation. The truncated chromosome can be maintained as an extra chromosome or together with the super-6 as a heterozygote.
Use of fuzzy expert's information in measurement and what we can gain from its application in geophysics

The paper considers the problem of measurement information fusion from different sources, when one of the sources is an information about approximate values of the measured variables or their combinations. The information is given with fuzzy models and is used in combination with the measurement results. The properties of the modified estimates are studied in comparison with the conventional ones. The conditions when an expert's information application can give a high gain are derived, the gain value is estimated, the recommendations to an expert on making predictions are given. The possible gain in measurement result efficiency in geophysical applications is analyzed.
Flea Beetle (Altica spp.) Herbivory on a Threatened Plant, F.E. Warren Air Force Base, Wyoming

ABSTRACT: Colorado butterfly plant (Oenothera coloradensis (Rydb.) W.L. Wagner & Hoch ssp. coloradensis [syn. Gaura neomexicana Woot. ssp. coloradensis (Rydb.) Raven & Gregory]) in the Onagraceae; Primrose family) is a Threatened plant whose population declined in a protected area in southeastern Wyoming in 2007–2008, setting record low numbers in 23 years of the annual population census. This trend was accompanied by pervasive flea beetle herbivory (Altica spp.) in 2007. The most frequent flea beetle species collected in 2008–2009 was Altica foliaceae LeConte, a native species. Altica foliaceae favors members of Onagraceae, and A. foliaceae adults were collected on browsed Oenothera plants. The Oenothera population returned to pre-infestation numbers in 2009–2010, evidence that it survived by vegetative plants and seed bank. Results point to the importance of repeated long-term monitoring, without which this event could have been interpreted as a disaster or have gone unnoticed. It also documents an even...
Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (Anam) and Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Cognitive Ability: A Concurrent Validity Study

This study examines the relationship between a computerized neuropsychological assessment battery, the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM) and a widely used ability measure, Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Cognitive Ability (WJ-III). Results indicated substantial relationship between the ANAM throughput (accuracy/response time) scores and the WJ-III Cognitive Efficiency cluster. An unexpectedly strong relationship was evident between accuracy scores on the ANAM Logical Reasoning scale and the WJ-III General Intellectual Ability score, purporting to measure the g factor. The findings support the viability of the ANAM as a time- and cost-effective tool for appraisal of cognitive function.
The RISE system: conquering without separating

Current rule induction systems (e.g. CN2) typically rely on a "separate and conquer" strategy, learning each rule only from still-uncovered examples. This results in a dwindling number of examples being available for learning successive rules, adversely affecting the system's accuracy. An alternative is to learn all rules simultaneously, using the entire training set for each. This approach is implemented in the RISE 1.0 system. Empirical comparison of RISE with CN2 suggests that "conquering without separating" performs similarly to its counterpart in simple domains, but achieves increasingly substantial gains in accuracy as the domain difficulty grows. >
Obstacle-type artificial dielectrics for microwaves

Artificial dielectrics consisting of arrays of small metallic elements have found widespread employ ment recently, notably in the construction of microwave lens aqtenn Depending on the shape of the obstacles, these media may be conveniently analyzed (1) by an analogy with classical molecular theory, (2) by a consideration of scattering phenomena, or (3) by an analogy with transmission-line theory. A great deal of experimental information is also becoming available.A survey of the analytical and practical techniques now used in the design of artificial dielectrics is presented. Special emphasis is given to a consideration of the similarities and dissimilarities between the behaviour of such media and that of actual dielectrics. The case for artificial dielectrics is discussed in terms of their various advantages over actual dielectrics, such as light weight, good matching properties, and the feasibility of spatial variation of refractive index for Luneburg-lens and other applications.
Learning to Make Definitions.

The ability to define words by means of other words, which forms a part of many standardized tests, must be learned by a child. The nature of the ‘definitional task’ and the development of language responses (from children 4; 5 to 7; 5) are discussed in terms of a linguistic analysis of the definitional form and its semantic relations. Progress in definitional strategies by children moves along two continua: conceptually from the individually experiential to the socially shared; and syntactically from actual predicates through hypothetical predicates to adult definitional sentence frames. Implications include novel elicitation techniques, psycholinguistically informed evaluation of direction and scoring measures of some common standardized verbal tests, and better understanding of the range of normal development on one specific language task.
Macrozooplankton and micronekton of the lower San Francisco estuary: Seasonal, interannual, and regional variation in relation to environmental conditions

Macrozooplankton and micronekton are intermediaries linking lower trophic levels (e.g., phytoplankton and mesozooplankton) to higher ones (e.g., fishes and birds). These organisms have not been extensively studied in the San Francisco Estuary (SFE), California. The objective of this study was to determine the distribution and abundance of macrozooplankton and micronekton in the SFE and to describe how these vary seasonally, interannually, and regionally in relation to environmental variables. Water column macrozooplankton and micronekton were sampled monthly from September 1997 to December 2000 at 6 stations spanning North, Central, and South Bays using a Methot Trawl. The macrozooplankton and micronekton in the lower SFE were dominated by 4 fishes and 7 invertebrates that comprised 98% of the total catch. Correspondence analyses revealed 4 groups of species that exhibited similar patterns of distri- bution and abundance. The assemblages changed between the wet and dry seasons and with distance from the coastal ocean. Based on abundance patterns, the dominant taxa in the lower SFE can be classified as: organisms spawned from common members of neritic assemblages that use mostly North Bay and that are abundant during the dry season (Clupea pallasi, Spirinchus thaleichthys, Porichthys notatus); estuarine-dependent organisms with broad distributions in the estuary year-round (Crangon franciscorum, Crangon nigricauda, Engraulis mordax); resident species remaining within the estuary but occurring mostly in South Bay during the wet season (Palaemon macrodactlyus, Synidotea laticauda, Neomysis kadi- akensis); and gelatinous species (Pleurobrachia bachei, Polyorchis spp.) occurring in all three bays with a single peak in abundance in December and January in North and South Bays. The variation in distribution, abundance, and composition of macrozooplankton and micronekton was related to life history strategies, distance from the coastal ocean, and season.
A descriptive framework for research in group decision support systems

Develops a multidimensional taxonomy which outlines critical research directions for group decision support systems research. This taxonomy, and accompanying criteria, are then used to classify 24 GDSS articles found in major MIS journals. Implications for research are then developed from the classification. >
Criticism of Past and Current Data Models

The purpose of this chapter is to evaluate selected representatives from a variety of past and current methods for constructing CAD databases. The evaluation will be made in the light of requirements presented in the preceding chapter, particularly those which concern modeling capabilities (Sects. 1.1 and 1.2). If it is permissible to state the conclusion beforehand, we will find that each of these methods has one or more serious shortcomings which causes it to fail to meet some of the requirements.
Oviposition Behavior of Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in Response to Potential Intra- and Interspecific Interactions

Abstract Oviposition behavior is an important mechanism for establishing spatial distribution and mitigating potential interactions among community members. We studied the oviposition behavior of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner, in the presence of conspecific larvae, the aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), and corn pollen to determine whether these potential interacting factors affect the distribution of European corn borer egg masses laid on sweet corn in field cages. We found that ovipositing females in the field differentiate between adjacent corn plants in response to conspecific larvae. We also found that European corn borers laid significantly fewer egg masses on plants with large aphid colonies compared with adjacent plants with few aphids. Furthermore, fewer egg masses were laid on the top one third of the plant where the aphid colonies were located. We also tested for a fitness advantage of European corn borer’s oviposition behavior in response to aphids and found that neonate ...
Behavior of Wave Motion in an Acoustic Metamaterial with Anisotropic Mass Density

An elastic solid with frequency-dependent anisotropic mass density was developed to represent an acoustic metamaterial to study wave propagation. The band gaps of the material were related to the frequencies for which the mass density of the equivalent elastic solid becomes negative. Reflection and transmission of a pressure wave impinging on the metamaterial with a finite width were investigated using the equivalent elastic solid. It was found that the impinging pressure wave can induce a strong shear-dominated wave mode accompanied by a weak extension-dominated wave in the metamaterial oriented in some directions. Since the fluid-like medium cannot transmit shear waves, the shear-dominated mode in the metamaterial may be trapped inside the metamaterial, and, thus, the fluid-like material behind the metamaterial can remain basically undisturbed.
“Younger men are given the preference”: Older Men’s Welfare and Intergenerational Responsibilities

Maurice Joyce came before the Umpire in 1925 to appeal the decision to deny his unemployment benefit on the grounds he was not genuinely seeking work. Joyce, “an old man,” was a union cooper. The Court of Referees had refused his benefit, because they thought he should have been looking for a different occupation, since he was no longer physically able to handle the tasks of a cooper. Joyce was appealing the decision that he was too weak or old to perform his usual duties. He stressed, “I am quite fit to carry on with my usual occupation as a cooper,” insisting that it was not his physical ability but the lack of available work that prevented him from obtaining employment. The Umpire, however, upheld denial of benefit, finding that Joyce’s “chance of obtaining work [as a cooper] is remote while there are a number of younger men unemployed. The work calls for a good deal of physical exertion and younger men are given the preference.” The Umpire disallowed Joyce’s benefit, deciding that Joyce was “capable of work and should try to get some work suitable for a man of his age.”1