cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective Monoacylglycerol Lipase Inhibitors: Antinociceptive versus Cannabimimetic Effects in Mice

The endogenous cannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) plays an important role in a variety of physiologic processes, but its rapid breakdown by monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) results in short-lived actions. Initial MAGL inhibitors were limited by poor selectivity and low potency. In this study, we tested JZL184 [4-nitrophenyl 4-[bis(2H-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)(hydroxy)methyl]piperidine-1-carboxylate] and MJN110 [2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl 4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate], MAGL inhibitors that possess increased selectivity and potency, in mouse behavioral assays of neuropathic pain [chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve], interoceptive cannabimimetic effects (drug-discrimination paradigm), and locomotor activity in an open field test. MJN110 (1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg) and JZL184 (16 and 40 mg/kg) significantly elevated 2-AG and decreased arachidonic acid but did not affect anandamide in whole brains. Both MAGL inhibitors significantly reduced CCI-induced mechanical allodynia with the following potencies [ED50 (95% confidence limit [CL]) values in mg/kg: MJN110 (0.43 [0.30-0.63]) > JZL184 (17.8 [11.6-27.4])] and also substituted for the potent cannabinoid receptor agonist CP55,940 [2-[(1R,2R,5R)-5-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexyl]-5-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)phenol] in the drug-discrimination paradigm [ED50 (95% CL) values in mg/kg: MJN110 (0.84 [0.69-1.02]) > JZL184 (24.9 [14.6-42.5])]; however, these compounds elicited differential effects on locomotor behavior. Similar to cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor agonists, JZL184 produced hypomotility, whereas MJN110 increased locomotor behavior and did not produce catalepsy or hypothermia. Although both drugs substituted for CP55,940 in the drug discrimination assay, MJN110 was more potent in reversing allodynia in the CCI model than in producing CP55,940-like effects. Overall, these results suggest that MAGL inhibition may alleviate neuropathic pain, while displaying limited cannabimimetic effects compared with direct CB1 receptor agonists.
Time course of early motor and neuropathological anomalies in a knock-in mouse model of Huntington's disease with 140 CAG repeats.

Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by an abnormal expansion of CAG repeats in the gene encoding huntingtin. The development of therapies for HD requires preclinical testing of drugs in animal models that reproduce the dysfunction and regionally specific pathology observed in HD. We have developed a new knock-in mouse model of HD with a chimeric mouse/human exon 1 containing 140 CAG repeats inserted in the murine huntingtin gene. These mice displayed an increased locomotor activity and rearing at 1 month of age, followed by hypoactivity at 4 months and gait anomalies at 1 year. Behavioral symptoms preceded neuropathological anomalies, which became intense and widespread only at 4 months of age. These consisted of nuclear staining for huntingtin and huntingtin-containing nuclear and neuropil aggregates that first appeared in the striatum, nucleus accumbens, and olfactory tubercle. Interestingly, regions with early pathology all receive dense dopaminergic inputs, supporting accumulating evidence for a role of dopamine in HD pathology. Nuclear staining and aggregates predominated in striatum and layer II/III and deep layer V of the cerebral cortex, whereas neuropil aggregates were found in the globus pallidus and layer IV/superficial layer V of the cerebral cortex. The olfactory system displayed early and marked aggregate accumulation, which may be relevant to the early deficit in odor discrimination observed in patients with HD. Because of their early behavioral anomalies and regionally specific pathology, these mice provide a powerful tool with which to evaluate the effectiveness of new therapies and to study the mechanisms involved in the neuropathology of HD. J. Comp. Neurol. 465:11–26, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Climate Change and Health on the U.S. Gulf Coast: Public Health Adaptation is Needed to Address Future Risks

The impacts of climate change on human health have been documented globally and in the United States. Numerous studies project greater morbidity and mortality as a result of extreme weather events and other climate-sensitive hazards. Public health impacts on the U.S. Gulf Coast may be severe as the region is expected to experience increases in extreme temperatures, sea level rise, and possibly fewer but more intense hurricanes. Through myriad pathways, climate change is likely to make the Gulf Coast less hospitable and more dangerous for its residents, and may prompt substantial migration from and into the region. Public health impacts may be further exacerbated by the concentration of people and infrastructure, as well as the region’s coastal geography. Vulnerable populations, including the very young, elderly, and socioeconomically disadvantaged may face particularly high threats to their health and well-being. This paper provides an overview of potential public health impacts of climate variability and change on the Gulf Coast, with a focus on the region’s unique vulnerabilities, and outlines recommendations for improving the region’s ability to minimize the impacts of climate-sensitive hazards. Public health adaptation aimed at improving individual, public health system, and infrastructure resilience is urgently needed to meet the challenges climate change may pose to the Gulf Coast in the coming decades.
Neutralist evolution and strict monophyly adversely affect biodiversity study

Zander, R.H. 2007. Neutralist evolution and strict monophyly adversely affect biodiversity study. Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 64(1): 107-108.
FACTOR/AIM: A Manufacturing Simulation System:

This paper presents a formal description of FACTOR/AIM™, a complete manufacturing simulation system. AIM contains a manufacturing modelling language, a simulation analysis program, a problem definition interface and a database for storing inputs, models, animations, simulation outputs and analysis procedures. These components of AIM are integrated in a seamless manner to facilitate both their concurrent and batch execution. AIM also provides utility programs for importing and exporting data to the AIM data base. The focus of the article is to provide a basic understanding of a manufacturing simulation system.
From Adam and Eve to Dick and Jane

As institutions reflective of the larger social discourse, schools are prime sites for the reinforcement and perpetuation of the status quo with regard to gender and sexuality. It is incumbent upon teachers and teacher educators to consider how their beliefs about gender and sexuality influence pedagogy and construct limits for the education of students. In response, they need opportunities to develop counter practices for their schools and classrooms.
Leaf mineral element concentrations in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) hybrids and their parents grown at varied aluminium saturations on an Ultisol

Information is limited on genotypic differences for and genetic control of mineral element composition in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] grown on acid soils. This study was conducted to better understand variability of Al, N, Mg, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, and Zn concentrations in 40 sorghum hybrids and their 14 parents grown in the field on an Ultisol (Typic Palehumult) in Colombia, South America. Both male and female parents and hybrids grown at 67 and 43% Al saturations differed extensively in mineral element concentrations. Significant male and female effects on the hybrids were found for most mineral elements. Male × female effects were rarely significant. Significant differences between parents and hybrids were observed for N, Mg, Si, Ca, Mn, Fe, and Zn at 67% Al saturation, and for Al, Si, and Ca at 43% Al saturation.
Optical tomographic image reconstruction with the three-dimensional equation of radiative transfer

Implementation of a three-dimensional image reconstruction scheme that is based on the equation of radiative transfer is presented. The scheme, which uses the finite-element method and a gradient minimization algorithm, allows for simultaneous reconstruction of absorption and scattering coefficients.
Genetic differences in hemoglobin influence on erythrocyte oxidative stress hemolysis

The RBC from mice of certain inbred strains hemolyzed under oxidative stress (2.0 mmol/L hydrogen peroxide), whereas red cells from mice of other strains did not. In the experimental system human erythrocytes did not hemolyze. The rate of formation of malonyldialdehyde (a fatty acid oxidative breakdown product) was fourfold higher in hemolytic v nonhemolytic red cells. There was insufficient variation in the levels of glutathione, peroxidase activity or its substrate, reduced glutathione, to explain these hemolysis differences. On the other hand, the antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole and hydroxytoluene, and histidine protected the hemolysis-prone red cells from breaking open. The hemolysis trait demonstrated autosomal recessive Mendelian inheritance. When using inbred, recombinant inbred, and congenic inbred mice, this hemolysis/nonhemolysis trait correlated 1:1 with the type of hemoglobin beta chain in the RBC. This experimental system is a potential model for investigating the role of hemoglobin in prehemolytic events.
Synthetic, Thermochemical, and Catalytic Studies Involving Novel R2P(ORf) [R = Alkyl or Aryl; Rf = CH2CH2(CF2)5CF3] Ligands

A series of mixed alkyl (or aryl) phosphinite compounds have been prepared from the alcohol CF3(CF2)5CH2CH2OH (RfOH) and an appropriate ClPR2 (R = ORf, Ph, iPr, Cy) in the presence of base. A bidentate analog, (RfO)2PCH2CH2P(ORf)2, was synthesized in a similar manner. The ligands react with [Rh(CO)2Cl]2 yielding the complexes RhCl(CO)(PR3)2. The structure of RhCl(CO)(PPh2ORf)2 (6) is reported. Infrared studies of the carbonyl complexes yield a relative ligand donor strength for this series. Solution calorimetry was performed on the rhodium reaction in order to quantify this donor strength scale. Both approaches lead to the same donor strength scale: PCy2ORf > PiPr2ORf > PPh2ORf > P(ORf)3. These phosphinite ligands can be used as ancillary ligation in rhodium-mediated hydrogenation. A cationic rhodium complex of the chelating ligand displays selected solubility in fluorous media and biphasic catalysis can be performed.
Conclusion of No Decline in Summer Monarch Population Not Supported

Seven research papers and a cover article recently appeared in the Annals of the Entomological Society of America (online, 5 August 2015) that examined several long-term monarch butterfly monitoring programs. In their cover summary, Davis and Dyer (2015) focused on three studies that concluded there had been no decline over the past two decades in summer breeding numbers for the eastern North American population. This purported lack of decline is at odds with both the observed decline in the size of the population at the Mexican overwintering site (Brower et al. 2012a) and the decline in estimates of monarch egg production during the summer (Pleasants and Oberhauser 2013). To reconcile their conclusion of no summer population decline with the decline observed at the overwintering sites, Davis and Dyer hypothesized that there must be some unknown mortality factor that reduces the population during its fall migration to Mexico. This would ignore the evidence that the key driver of population decline is the massive loss of milkweeds, the larval host plant, in agricultural fields due to the use of glyphosate herbicide in conjunction with the widespread adoption of glyphosate-tolerant corn and soybeans that began in 1996 (Pleasants and Oberhauser 2013). Current conservation efforts in the United States for eastern migratory monarch butterflies are focused on restoration of milkweeds in the summer breeding range. Badgett and Davis (2015) suggested that conservation efforts should be shifted from breeding habitat restoration to focus instead on protecting monarchs during their fall migration. This would be a major change in current conservation efforts, so the support for their contention must be critically examined. Here we address the three papers and show that the purported conclusion of no decline is not supported. Ries et al. used surveys of adult butterflies made during July 19 to August 15 by NABA (North …
Rearing the Southern Corn Rootworm on Artificial Diet

A method is described for rearing Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber on a semisynthetic diet. Larval development was completed in 13 days with 92% survival. Adult emergence occurred 28 days after hatching with about 75% recovery. Five generations were reared by this method with no apparent change in morphology, egg production, or viability.
Adsorption capacity of wildfire-produced charcoal from Pacific Northwest forests

Abstract This research evaluated the adsorption capacity of charcoal collected from O-horizon soils of mixed-severity fire regime forests in the Olympic Peninsula, Washington, USA. This property is important to consider in the context of post-fire soil carbon (C) recovery and nutrient cycling as charcoal has a high affinity for dissolved organic C compounds released by throughfall and organic matter decomposition. Charcoal samples produced in the laboratory at 300 °C, 500 °C, and 800 °C provided a baseline for chemical composition and adsorption capacity using phenol as the sorbate. These samples were used to compare charcoal collected at wildfire chronosequence sites (3 – 115 years) where formation temperature was unknown and adsorption capacity is likely modified through weathering and adsorption of organic compounds over time. Wildfire-produced charcoal displayed no trend with time since fire (TSF) (p > 0.1) yet measured an average capacity of 29.70 (± 6.23) μg phenol. mg charcoal-1 across all sites. Increased formation temperature of laboratory charcoal correlated with a higher adsorption affinity of simple phenol in solution. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to provide information on the composition of samples and quantified as the percent of total mass released by pyrolysis and combustion using discrete regions of the thermal curve. The black carbon (BC) fraction, defined in this study as the mass combustible at 1000 °C under O2 (gas), was positively correlated to temperature in laboratory charcoal (r2 = 0.82, p
Shaping Future Engineers through Service in Engineering Education

Modern engineering education sits at the intersection of diverse, complex and sometimes competing voices about the general need for more engineers and what skills those engineers should possess. Many are calling for the education of holistic engineers in order to address complex social issues being faced today (National Academy of Engineering, 2004; ABET, 2008; American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008).
Comparison of Methods

There are three methods typically used to convert mechanical motion to an electrical signal. They are: electromagnetic (inductive), electrostatic (capacitive), and piezoelectric. These three methods are all commonly used for inertial sensors as well as for actuators. Conversion of energy intended as a power source rather than a sensor signal will use the same methods, however, the design criteria are significantly different, and therefore the suitability of each method should be re-evaluated in terms of its potential for energy conversion on the meso and micro scale. This chapter will provide an initial, primarily qualitative, comparison of these three methods. The comparison will be used as a basis to identify the areas that merit further detailed analysis.
Recrudescence of Plasmodium falciparum in a Primigravida After Nearly 3 Years of Latency.

Abstract We present a case of a primigravid woman who presented with Plasmodium falciparum nearly 3 years after she last visited a malaria-endemic region. We review the literature to identify case reports of recrudescent P. falciparum malaria during pregnancy, including those with prolonged latency. Reports of recrudescence of P. falciparum during pregnancy are limited. Plasmodium falciparum infection can persist for years. Recrudescence can occur with waning of immunity following departure from endemic areas. Pregnancy, particularly the primigravid state, is a risk factor for severe infection.
White-light emission of blue-luminescent graphene quantum dots by europium (III) complex incorporation

Abstract Traditionally, graphene quantum dots are prepared by fragmentation of graphene sheets into the nanoscale particles of controlled sizes followed by band gap adjustment by doping with electron-donating elements. Our novel synthetic aqueous arc discharge process has been developed to produce the blue-luminescent graphene quantum dots (bGQDs). The resulting bGQDs are ∼15 nm in diameter and the amount of oxygen-including functional groups can be controlled to 27.4% and 30.8% at 1 and 4 A of a current level, respectively. The presence of a band gap is confirmed by using scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS). Additionally, we investigated the effect of oxygen doping levels on the band gap by photoluminescence (PL) behaviors and a density functional theory (DFT). The PL emission is red-shifted from 397 to 425 nm corresponding to the amount of oxygen-including functional groups in bGQDs and the DFT calculation confirms the decrease in a band gap from ∼2.0 to ∼1.7 eV due to electron donation from oxygen. In addition, our quantum dots have promising applications for practical use in optoelectronics devices. For example, tris-dibenzoylmethane mono-1,10-phenanthroline-europium (III) (Eu III DP) is incorporated with bGQDs for white-light emission and is shown to be successfully fabricated into light-emitting polymer films.
Fuzzy Correspondences for Robust Shape Registration

Shape registration is the process of aligning one 3D model to another. Most previous methods to align shapes with no known correspondences attempt to solve for both the transformation and correspondences iteratively. We present a shape registration approach that solves for the transformation using fuzzy correspondences to maximize the overlap between the given shape and the target shape. A coarse to fine approach with Levenberg-Marquardt method is used for optimization. We show our approach is robust and outperforms other state of the art methods when point clouds are noisy, sparse, and have non-uniform density. Our approach is generic, and we illustrate this by showing that it can also be used for 2D-3D alignment. Experiments show that our method is more robust to initialization and can handle larger changes in scale and rotation than other methods.
Fertilizer and Swine Manure Management Systems: Impacts on Crop Production and Nitrate-Nitrogen Leaching with Subsurface Drainage

Introduction Nutrient losses from row-crop land can cause nonpoint source water quality problems and “impaired waters.” Nitrogen (N) losses due to nitrate (NO3) leaching cause drinking water problems and possibly increase hypoxia (low oxygen) problems in the Gulf of Mexico. Phosphorus (P) losses can cause euthrophication problems in surface waters (lakes, streams, and reservoirs) in Iowa where algal blooms decrease oxygen, kill fish, and result in murky and bad tasting water. The U.S. EPA and the Iowa Department of Natural Resources are developing nutrient criteria/standards and implementation plans to address TMDL’s (Total Maximum Daily Load) and to improve the quality of impaired waters. These plans need to be based on sound information. To address the need for information about water quality impacts from the use of swine manure as a source of nutrients (N and P), a field study was funded by the Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture in 1999. Properly managed, swine manure can supply N and P needed by corn and soybeans. This study is being conducted at the Northeast Research Farm on 36 one-acre plots that are instrumented to monitor subsurface drainage for continuous water quality assessment. Objectives of the Study • To study the impacts of alternative fertilizer and swine manure application management practices for the cornsoybean rotation on crop yields and water quality. • To study the effects of over-application of swine manure on N and P leaching. • To study the effects of spring and fall injection methods of swine manure application on crop yields, and N, P, and bacteria concentrations in subsurface drainage. • To develop and recommend appropriate manure and nutrient management practices to reduce the water contamination potential from manure and N fertilizer application.
VEGF-Mediated Effects on Brain Microvascular Endothelial Tight Junctions and Transmigration of Breast Cancer Cells Across the Blood-Brain Barrier

Breast cancer spreads to the bones, lungs, brain and liver. While the mechanisms of breast metastasis to bones and lungs have been studied and characterized, there is little information about the molecular basis for metastasis to the brain. The disruption of the blood brain barrier (BBB) by brain metastases of triple-negative and basal-type breast cancers, but not of Her2/neu positive breast cancer, was reported recently. To metastasize to the brain, breast cancer cells must attach to brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) and invade the BBB. Structurally, the BBB is a barrier comprised mainly of BMECs. BBB function is maintained by the tight junctions protein complexes (TJs) between adjacent BMECs which is comprised mainly of zonula occudens-1 and -2 (ZO-1 and -2), occludin, claudins, junctional adhesion molecules, actin and cingulin. Very little is known about extravasation of breast cancer cells across the BBB and their effects on TJs expression and function as well as their interactions with BMECs.
Meet Google Scholar Citations

Authors looking for a way to showcase their publications should consider establishing a Google Scholar Citations (GSC) website profile. Once this “Facebook wall for scholars” is set up, Google’s search robots automatically import links to all of the author’s articles available through Google Scholar and add links to future articles as they become available. This primer explains how GSC works and compares GSC profiles with Social Science Research Network (SSRN) author pages.
Noise Sources in GaN/AlGaN Quantum Wells and Devices

We will examine possible sources of generation-recombination and 1/f noise in GaN/AlGaN 2D structures, quantum wells, and devices including contacts, bulk and quantum well itself and show that sources of g-r noise, and most probably of 1/f noise in HFETs are located in GaN or AlGaN layers within some distance from the 2D channel.
A review of opioid addiction genetics.

Opioid use disorder (OUD) affects millions of people worldwide and the risk of developing the disorder has a significant genetic component according to twin and family studies. Identification of the genetic variants underlying this inherited risk has focused on two different methods: candidate gene studies and genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The most studied candidate genes have included the mu-opioid receptor (OPRM1), the delta-opioid receptor (OPRD1), the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Variants in these genes have been associated with relatively small, but reproducible, effects on OUD risk. More recently, GWAS have identified potential associations with variants in KCNG2, KCNC1, CNIH3, APBB2, and RGMA. In total the genetic associations identified so far explain only a small portion of OUD risk. GWAS of OUD is still in the early stages when compared to studies of other psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, which have found many relevant variants with small effect sizes only after large meta-analyses. Substantial increases in cohort sizes will likely be necessary in the OUD field to achieve similar results. In addition, it will be important for future studies of OUD to incorporate rare variants, epigenetics, and gene × environment interactions into models in order to better explain the observed heritability.
Aspects of Contact Dynamics Relevant to Wear

An overview is provided of the generation and modeling of dynamic loads and motions that can occur at sliding contacts. Dynamic loads can be generated by disturbances within the contact or can be transmitted from remote locations within a system. The presence of contact vibrations can add fluctuating loads to the average loads that must be supported, potentially increasing wear. Due to the nonlinear character of most contacts, dynamic loads can affect both the instantaneous motions and the average configuration of a sliding system. These motions can increase or decrease wear rates, depending on the circumstances. Sliding contacts exhibit mechanical stiffness and damping behavior, often ignored, which, in conjunction with the loading and overall system characteristics, determine contact loads and motions. Furthermore, the running in and wear of surfaces can alter the dynamic characteristics of both the contact and the sliding system.
The Neglected Component of Cardiovascular Care: Dispelling the Myths.

Highlights Millions of cases of cardiovascular disease are not preventable, requiring surgery. Six billion people lack access to safe, timely, and affordable cardiac surgery. Cardiac surgery in low- and middle-income countries is cost effective. Dozens of countries have
Stable and Safe Automated Driving Using 3-D Road Geometric Features

Vehicular safety depends on road geometry and surface conditions that provide tire-terrain traction. Roads are constructed with 3-D features consisting of super-elevation, grade, horizontal profile. A driving automaton that is aware of these parameters and surface friction can make better driving decisions at optimal speeds that maintain vehicular stability. Estimation of tire-terrain friction requires a continuous 3-D surface. In order to satisfy these requirements, we extend the Open Curved Regular Grid (OpenCRG) format with a C2 continuous surface that is dynamically generated at tire-terrain contact patches. We show that these estimates empower driving automatons to stably navigate curved elevated roads with super-elevated turns. We also show that sharing friction estimates using Basic Safety Messages (BSM) of Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) can enable safety of following vehicles in control loss situations.
Roughness rendering by sinusoidal friction modulation: Perceived intensity and gradient discrimination *

Four experiments used a programmable ultrasonic friction-modulation device to explore parameters that might be candidates for roughness modulation and to assess whether spatially modulated texture gradients could be discriminated by their direction of change. Candidate roughness parameters included frequency, amplitude and two implementations of local friction variation (noise). Amplitude, frequency, and noise all moderated roughness. Observed interactions between parameters could reflect peripheral or attentional effects. Directional discrimination of graded frictional changes was well above chance, but did not indicate accessible and reliable differentiation that could readily be exploited in use contexts.
Design of a Wideband Coaxial Collinear Antenna

This paper presents a wideband high-gain coaxial collinear antenna with a stable radiation pattern. Based on the fat dipole idea, the configuration of the classical coaxial collinear antenna is modified and an 8-section coaxial collinear antenna is designed. The -10dB impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna reaches 36.5 MHz at a center frequency of 450 MHz, which is three times more than the bandwidth of the classical antenna, while it maintains 9 dB gain.
The effects of feeding and various hormones on the glucose tolerance of the sand rat (Psammomys obesus).

The key finding in our study is a diminished tolerance for glucose in the potentially diabetic vegetable-fed sand rat, induced or aggravated by brief periods of food deprivation. This “starvation diabetes” may represent an ideal experimental model for study of the mechanism involved in the development of diabetes in the chow-fed animal.
Opioid Use Following Bariatric Surgery: Results of a Prospective Survey.

Opioid use after bariatric surgery is not clearly understood. Few guidelines exist to inform opioid-prescribing practices after bariatric surgery. To understand opioid use following bariatric surgery. University hospital. Bariatric surgery patients at a single center were prospectively surveyed at the time of their post-operative visit (January–May 2018). Patients were asked about their opioid use following surgery, whether they received education about opioid use and what they did with leftover medications. Demographic and operative details were obtained from the medical record. Among 33 patients, the majority (n = 29, 88%) were female with a median age of 40 (20–68) and body mass index of 44.8 (33–78.5). Most patients had leftover narcotics (n = 25, 73%). The median number of pills used was 15 (0–48). Only 12 patients (36%) thought that they had been prescribed “too much” pain medication. Most patients reported receiving education about expectations for post-operative pain (n = 22, 69%); few recalled education about reducing or stopping opioids (n = 13, 40%). More than half of patients (n = 17, 53%) kept their leftover opioids rather than disposing of them or bringing them to an approved turn in location. Despite most patients having leftover opioids following surgery, few patients recognized possible overprescription. Education regarding opioid use following surgery is inconsistent, potentially contributing to the amount of retained opioids currently available. Future guidelines should focus on determining the appropriate amount of opioids to be prescribed following surgery and standardizing and improving education given to patients.
Learner participation regulation supported by long-term peer moderation and participation feedback during asynchronous discussions

Active participation in asynchronous online discussions is crucial for learning, but low student participation remains a persistent problem. This design research project presents two interventions drawn from self/co-regulation and feedback literature: (1) extended peer moderation periods and (2) multimodal participation feedback. In peer moderation, students are assigned as leaders within the discussion and are responsible for posting critical questions. Their active participation influences others through co-regulation. However, assigned moderators may not perform their leadership roles as expected. How moderators facilitate discussion may depend on their own self-regulation since they exhibit self-regulating behaviors of planning, monitoring and evaluating while choosing facilitation strategies. Feedback, like visual representations of students’ participation, enables students to monitor their own participation. Therefore, to support moderators’ development of self-regulation, we developed written guidance for moderating a discussion and feedback to help moderators monitor and facilitate discussions more effectively. To track assigned peer moderators’ participation, we used a computational model using social network analysis. This information was then provided to students as a composite, three-part feedback: a graphic, tabulated participation levels, and textual feedback. We tested our design within a graduate-level asynchronous online course for 12 weeks to study how peer moderators conducted their assigned leadership role during the extended moderation period and how multimodal feedback supported students’ regulation of participation. Results show that not all moderators accepted their roles, but those who did showed high participation levels and leadership behaviors. Dynamic relationships among moderators created different self/co-regulation in the group. Students found the multimodal participation feedback useful for monitoring their participation. From these findings, we propose several design solutions for supporting peer moderators’ development of regulation through scaffolds and multimodal feedback.
Reactive Oxygen Species and Redox Signaling in Chronic Kidney Disease.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains a worldwide public health problem associated with serious complications and increased mortality rates. Accumulating evidence indicates that elevated intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a major role in the pathogenesis of CKD. Increased intracellular levels of ROS can lead to oxidation of lipids, DNA, and proteins, contributing to cellular damage. On the other hand, ROS are also important secondary messengers in cellular signaling. Consequently, normal kidney cell function relies on the “right” amount of ROS. Mitochondria and NADPH oxidases represent major sources of ROS in the kidney, but renal antioxidant systems, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, or glutathione peroxidase counterbalance ROS-mediated injury. This review discusses the main sources of ROS and antioxidant systems in the kidney, and redox signaling pathways leading to inflammation and fibrosis, which result in abnormal kidney function and CKD progression. We further discuss the important role of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in regulating antioxidant responses, and other mechanisms of redox signaling.
Feasibility of near-infrared spectroscopy as a tool for anatomical mapping of the human epicardium.

Epicardial ablation is necessary for the treatment of ventricular tachycardias refractory to endocardial ablation due to arrhythmic substrates involving the epicardium. The human epicardium is composed of adipose tissue and coronary vasculature embedded on the surface and within the myocardium, which can complicate electroanatomical mapping, electrogram interpretation and ablation delivery. We propose using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to decipher adipose tissue from myocardial tissue within human hearts ex vivo. Histological measurement of epicardial adipose thickness direct correlated (R = 0.884) with the adipose contrast index. These results demonstrate the potential of NIRS integrated catheters for mapping the spatial distribution of epicardial substrates and could aid in improving guidance during epicardial ablation interventions.
Power Hardware-in-the-Loop based Emulation of an Open-Winding Permanent Magnet Machine

Open-winding permanent magnet (PM) motors are increasingly being used in electric drive systems due to several advantages over traditional PM motors such as a wider speed range of operation, and improved fault tolerance. Novel testing techniques such as power hardware-in-the loop (PHIL) based machine emulation can be used to expedite the testing of new motor topologies such as the open-winding PM motor. This paper investigates the emulation of an open-winding PM machine. In order to control or suppress lower order harmonics resulting due to the emulated machine back-emf, current controllers are proposed in this paper. These proposed controllers, used for the driving inverter and the machine emulator, use multiple resonant controllers in combination with proportional-integral (PI) controllers to achieve control over emulated current harmonics of interest. Experimental results are presented to validate the performance of the proposed current controller and also highlight the utility of the developed machine emulator system to emulate various operating conditions of the open-winding PM machine.
Nonequilibrium Neutrino Oscillations in the Early Universe with an Inverted Neutrino-Mass Hierarchy

The annihilation of electron-positron pairs around one second after the big bang distorts the Fermi-Dirac spectrum of neutrino energies. We determine the distortions assuming neutrino mixing with an inverted neutrino-mass hierarchy. Nonequilibrium thermodynamics, the Boltzmann equation, and numerical integration are used to achieve the results. The various types of neutrino behavior are established as a function of masses and mixing angles.
Assessing Clinicians' Reliance on Computational Aids for Acute Stroke Diagnosis

The rapid rise of computational aids for stroke diagnosis have led to important concerns about clinicians developing an over-dependence on technology. Other studies have assessed reliance on clinical decision support systems in fields like diabetes, but no such study exists for stroke diagnosis. In this work, we developed a high-fidelity user interface for a computational aid designed to support acute ischemic stroke diagnosis. Engaging with stroke practitioners at the UCSD Stroke Center, we conducted an experiment to determine how technology for identifying stroke symptoms may affect their diagnostic decision-making processes. By assessing how clinicians changed their video-based diagnosis of stroke when provided with data visualizations and predictions from a machine learning tool, we observed that such computational aids do in fact affect clinicians' decisions but only in cases when the aid directly supports or contradicts their prior beliefs. Future computational aids for stroke diagnosis should focus on helping clinicians solidify their decisions rather than only providing them with overly quantitative information that may impede or confuse their judgement.
A Venus-flytrap-based actuator

Conformable electrodes can be used to manipulate the electrical properties of a Venus flytrap, creating actuators that can be wirelessly controlled.
The Dark Triad’s incremental influence on entrepreneurial intentions

Prior work shows an inconsistent directionality of the influence of the Dark Triad (DT) traits (Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy) on the formation of entrepreneurial intentions. Buildi...
Surface growth in deformable solids using an Eulerian formulation

Abstract Growth occurs in a wide range of systems ranging from biological tissue to additive manufacturing. This work considers surface growth, in which mass is added to the boundary of a continuum body from the ambient medium or from within the body. In contrast to bulk growth in the interior, the description of surface growth requires the addition of new continuum particles to the body. This is challenging for standard continuum formulations for solids that are meant for situations with a fixed amount of material. Recent approaches to handle this have used, for instance, higher-dimensional time-evolving reference configurations. In this work, an Eulerian approach to this problem is formulated, enabling the side-stepping of the issue of constructing the reference configuration. However, this raises the complementary challenge of determining the stress response of the solid, which typically requires the deformation gradient that is not immediately available in the Eulerian formulation. To resolve this, the approach introduces additional kinematic descriptors, namely the relaxed zero-stress deformation and the elastic deformation; in contrast to the deformation gradient, these have the important advantage that they are not required to satisfy kinematic compatibility. The zero-stress deformation and the elastic deformation are used to eliminate the deformation gradient from the formulation, with the evolution of the elastic deformation shown to be governed by a transport equation. The resulting model has only the density, velocity, and elastic deformation as variables in the Eulerian setting. The proposed method is applied to simplified examples that demonstrate non-normal growth and growth with boundary tractions. The introduction in this formulation of the relaxed deformation and the elastic deformation provides a description of surface growth whereby the added material can bring in its own kinematic information. Loosely, the added material “brings in its own reference configuration” through the specification of the relaxed deformation and the elastic deformation. This kinematic description enables, e.g., modeling of non-normal growth using a standard normal growth velocity and a simple approach to prescribing boundary conditions.
The Frequency of Behavior Analysis in School Psychology Literature: a Review of 20 Years

Although assessment for special education services continues to be a primary role of school psychologists, an increased role in behavioral assessment and treatment has been noted over time. This indicates a need for behavior analytic research within the school psychology literature. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the frequency of articles consistent with the theories and practices of applied behavior analysis published in four school psychology journals between 2000 and 2020. A total of 2765 original research articles were reviewed by looking for the presence of ABA focused content within the title or abstract. Results indicate that only 5.5% of articles (n=153) had a primary focus reflective of ABA theory or practice. These data were lower than would have been expected given the current job roles reported by practicing school psychologists.
Quantifying the radiation belt response to lightning via ground-based VLF and Van Allen Probe data

Many factors contribute to the loss mechanisms of electrons in the Earth's radiation belts, but the relative significance of these causes remains a subject of mystery and debate. One such component is lightning-produced whistler-wave radiation. These electromagnetic waves, which take on a unique “whistler” dispersion profile under the plasma conditions of the magnetosphere, dislodge trapped electrons in the radiation belts and cause precipitation in the D region of the ionosphere. We are able to detect these Lightning-induced Electron Precipitation (LEP) events using Very Low Frequency (VLF remote sensing). In our work, we assembled a large database of 7720 LEP events from November 2017 to August 2019. We separated the days in January-June 2019 into “High LEP” and “Low LEP” days. Using data from the Van Allen Probes over this period, we found a significant difference in the observed electron flux between these two datasets. This indicates that whistler waves from terrestrial lightning play a significant role in the radiation belt electron distribution, but further research and modeling is required to quantify this role.
Adaptive Differentially Private Empirical Risk Minimization.

We propose an adaptive (stochastic) gradient perturbation method for differentially private empirical risk minimization. At each iteration, the random noise added to the gradient is optimally adapted to the stepsize; we name this process adaptive differentially private (ADP) learning. Given the same privacy budget, we prove that the ADP method considerably improves the utility guarantee compared to the standard differentially private method in which vanilla random noise is added. Our method is particularly useful for gradient-based algorithms with time-varying learning rates, including variants of AdaGrad (Duchi et al., 2011). We provide extensive numerical experiments to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive differentially private algorithm.
Politische Parteien, eine vergleichende Darstellung ihrer Entwicklung in Europa

Ein Uberblick uber die parteipolitische Entwicklung in Europa, eine vergleichende Analyse also der liberalen, sozialistischen, katholischen und schlieslich auch kommunistischen und faschistischen Parteien, belegt zur Genuge die allgemeinen Feststellungen des vorangegangenen Kapitels. Ein vollstandiges Bild dieser Entwicklung zu entwerfen, ware jedoch nur im Rahmen einer erschopfenden Geschichte Europas wahrend der letzten hundert Jahre moglich. Neuere historische Untersuchungen haben reichhaltiges Material und einige glanzende Analysen geliefert. Keine allgemeine Behandlung des Stoffes vermochte so wertvolle Einblicke zu vermitteln, wie sie das sorgfaltige Studium des Werkes von E. L. Woodward, The Age of Reform, 1850 bis 1870, oder das Buch von R. C. K. Ensor, England, 1870–1914, gewahrt1. Dennoch erscheint es angebracht, gestutzt auf eine systematische Analyse, hier einen kurzgefasten Uberblick uber die wichtigsten Phasen zu geben. Dabei erfahren die konservativen Parteien keine gesonderte Betrachtung, trotz der wichtigen Rolle, die sie stets gespielt haben. Sie sollen aber uberall berucksichtigt werden, wo sich Gelegenheit dazu bietet. Der Konservatismus weist in den einzelnen Landern und zu verschiedenen Zeiten die unterschiedlichsten Formen auf; denn er geht definitionsgemas auf die Erhaltung der bestehenden Ordnung aus.
SU-E-T-54: A New Method for Optimizing Radiation Isocenter for Linac-Based SRS

Purpose: To develop a new method to minimize deviation of linac x-ray beams from the centroid of the volumetric radiation isocenter for all combinations of gantry and table angle. Methods: A set of ball-bearing (Winston-Lutz) images was used to determine the gantry radiation isocenter as the midrange of deviation values. Deviations in the cross-plane direction were minimized by calibration of MLC leaf position offset, and by adjusting beam position steering for each energy. Special attention was also paid to matching the absolute position of isocenter across all energies by adjusting position steering in the gun-target axis. Displacement of table axis from the gantry isocenter, and recommended table axis adjustment for contemporary Elekta linacs, was also determined. Eight images were used to characterize the volumetric isocenter for the full range of gantry and table rotations available. Tabulation of deviation for each beam was used to test compliance with isocenter tolerance. Results: Four contemporary Elekta linacs were evaluated and the radius in the gun-target axis of the radiation isocenter was 0.5 to 0.7 mm. After beam steering adjustment, the radius in the cross-plane direction was typically 0.2 to 0.4 mm. Position matching between energies can be reduced to 0.28 mm. Maximum total deviation was 0.68 to 1.07 mm, depending primarily on the effect of systematic table axis wobble with rotation. Conclusion: This new method effectively facilitates minimization of deviation between beam center and target position. The test, which requires a few minutes to perform, can be easily incorporated into a routine machine QA program. A tighter radiation isocenter for contemporary Elekta linacs would require reducing the effect of gantry arm flex and/or table axis wobble that are the two main components of deviation from the designated isocenter point.
Effects of Copyrights on Science

This paper investigates how copyrights influence science, through their impact on the price of knowledge. In 1942, the US Book Republication Program (BRP) allowed US publishers to reprint German science books, leading to a 25-percent decline in price. Using two independent identification strategies, we show that this change increased citations to BRP books. Effects of price are more pronounced for human (rather than physical) capital-intensive disciplines. Geographic data on library holdings suggest that lower prices promoted science by enabling more and poorer libraries to buy BRP books. Two alternative measures of scientific output – new PhDs and patents – confirm the main results.
Tact: Design and performance of an open-source, affordable, myoelectric prosthetic hand

This paper presents the Tact hand—an anthropomorphic, open-source, myoelectric prosthetic hand that was designed for use by people with transradial amputations in developing countries. This hand matches or exceeds the performance of other state-of-the-art myoelectric prosthetic hands, but costs two orders of magnitude less ($250) and is easy to manufacture with a 3D printer and off-the-shelf parts. We describe our design process, evaluate the Tact hand with both qualitative and quantitative measures of performance, and show examples of using this hand to grasp household objects.
The Topological Structure of Grain Boundaries

It is shown that grain boundaries are quasiperodic tilings made of inflatable sequences of structural units. A general grain boundary is a quasiperodic grid of dislocations with the same inflation multiplier (a quadratic irrational) in every direction.