cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring Prolonged Grief Disorder and Its Relationship to Suicidal Ideation Among Veterans

Consensus exists that prolonged grief disorder (PGD) is a risk factor for suicide. However, this relationship remains untested among veterans. In this hypothesis-generating descriptive study a sample of VA-enrolled veterans (n = 156) completed a bereavement-specific demographic questionnaire as well as self-report symptom inventories of PGD, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and suicide-related cognitions. PGD occurred in 15% of the bereaved sample. PGD symptom severity also significantly correlated with suicidal ideation. PGD most commonly co-occurred with severe depression and/or PTSD symptoms rather than in isolation, one possibility as to why PGD may be overlooked by veteran mental health providers. Limitations and recommendations for future research also are discussed.
An Electromyographic Study of Velopharyngeal Function in Speech

Electromyographic (EMG) recordings were obtained from the levator palatini, superior pharyngeal constrictor, middle pharyngeal constrictor, palatoglossus, and palatopharyngeus muscles of three talk...
Correlations of 100 MC radio propagation with certain meteorological variables

Abstract The Electrical Engineering Research Laboratory of The University of Texas, under contract with the National Bureau of Standards, has for some time been monitoring on a continuous basis the signals received from several FM radio stations in Texas. Signal strengths received at Austin from KTSA-FM (San Antonio) and KIXL-FM (Dallas) have been used in the studies reported in this paper. Preliminary findings can be summarized as follows: 1. (1) High signal strength is associated in general with maritime tropical air, and lower signals are in general associated with air of polar (continental) origin. This finding is demonstrated through the use of conventional synoptic weather map data, using surface meteorological parameters as air mass indicators. 2. (2) The vertical gradient of index-of-refraction is seen to correlate with received signal strength, both through the known relationship between signal strength and height of super-refracting layer, and through the magnitude of dM dh itself. 3. (3) Atmospheric turbulence appears to exert some control over the reception of 100 MC propagation, presumably by means of a scattering mechanism of the kind proposed by Booker and Gordan .
Consistent conjectures in utility-maximizing firms with constant marginal cost

Abstract Bresnahan (1981) and Perry (1982) have shown that only competitive behavior is consistent when marginal costs are constant. This paper generalizes that result to show that competition is consistent when firms are utility-maximizers rather than simple profit-maximizers.
Resistance to weight gain during overfeeding: a NEAT explanation.

Individuals vary in susceptibility to weight gain in response to overeating; however, the reason for such variation has never been clear. A recent study of 16 nonobese young adults followed on an ambulatory basis for 8 weeks found that changes in nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) account for the variations in fat storage that occur in response to experimentally controlled overeating. NEAT is the thermogenesis that accompanies physical activity other than volitional exercise. Individuals in whom overeating effectively activates NEAT dissipate as much as 69% of the excess energy as heat. Those less able to activate NEAT store a higher proportion of the excess calories as fat. Other studies have shown that genotype is an important determinant of resistance to over-feeding-induced weight gain. Spontaneous weight gain is accompanied by rises in plasma norepinephrine, insulin, andleptin levels, suggesting that a change in autonomic nervous system activity or in pattern of hormonal secretion might play a role in the activation of overeating-induced NEAT.
Formula-based research incentive plans at colleges and universities

Financial problems at colleges and universities have led many institutions to initiate extra efforts to obtain extramural funds. One such effort has been the establishment of formula-based research incentive plans. These plans generally utilize the recovery of indirect costs as the basis for allocating additional incentive funds to various areas as an encouragement to obtain additional extramural funds. Data from surveys conducted by the University of Missouri-Kansas City and Ohio University were combined with National Science Foundation reports to provide information about this relatively recent phenomena. The increasing popularity of these plans was shown in that a majority of institutions had such plans in effect during FY 1979. Analyses of the effectiveness of these plans showed no statistically significant differences between institutions with incentive plans and those without such plans, although mean federal research expenditures were approximately 20% greater at those institutions without these incentive plans. The evidence presented indicates that the receipt of federal research funds is not associated with the use of a formula-based research incentive plan.
Aes and sims analysis of potassium/ graphite surfaces

Abstract Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) were used to analyze graphite surfaces onto which potassium was deposited in ultrahigh vacuum. Advantage is taken of the different surface sensitivities of AES and SIMS to determine the location of potassium. At a deposition temperature of 310 K, potassium diffused into the graphite and apparently formed intercalation compounds. At elevated temperatures, the intercalation compounds decomposed and potassium diffused to the surface and desorbed. Oxygen exposure at 310 K, following potassium deposition at 310 K, also destabilized these intercalation compounds and caused potassium to diffuse to the surface. Thermal treatment of potassium/oxygen/graphite surfaces showed that a molecular K 2 O species formed near 700 K and decomposd above 950 K.
Temporary mechanical cardiac assistance in small animals.

Abstract A mechanical cardiac assist device which is designed for the temporary support of infants and children has been tested in a canine model. Its efficacy in the delivery of counterpulsation through a cannula of small internal diameter (4.8 mm) has been demonstrated with a resultant 28% unloading of the left ventricle and augmentation of cardiac output. Additional advantages of permanent implantation of the cannula, an extracorporeal pumping chamber functional at rapid heart rates, and non-thrombogenic surfaces, make this device suitable for application to the pediatric patient.
Patterns of natal dispersal, turnover and dispersal costs in eastern bluebirds

Abstract Most hypotheses explain dispersal patterns in vertebrate populations based upon an assumption that individuals incur costs when moving away from their natal territories. The geometric distribution of dispersal distances that typically reflects observed dispersal, however, may also be modelled from the basic structure and demographic parameters of the resident population, independent of costs to dispersers. For example, sex-biased natal dispersal might then be explained by differential turnover rates of adult males and females. Patterns of natal dispersal were determined for a South Carolina population of eastern bluebirds, Sialia sialis , from 1985 to 1991 and relationships between different measures of dispersal and initial reproductive success, survival of parents and availability of nest sites were subsequently examined. Females settled significantly further from the natal territory than did males and were more likely to emigrate from the local population. In addition, immigrant females outnumbered immigrant males within local populations. The initial reproductive success of philopatric and dispersing second-year males and females did not differ, but the possibility of high dispersal costs associated with mortality alone could not be excluded. Adult turnover rates did not affect dispersal of individual offspring or general philopatry rates within local populations (as a factor determining overall territory availability). Therefore, alternative factors, such as competitive interactions or intrinsic mechanisms, may be more likely proximate causes of natal dispersal patterns than adult survivorship.
Severity of medial meniscus damage in the canine knee after anterior cruciate ligament transection.

Abstract Objective To examine the relationship between the severity of cartilage damage and the severity of meniscus damage after transection of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACLT) in adult dogs. Design Data were obtained from 40 dogs which underwent ACLT and from three additional sham-operated dogs that were subjected to arthrotomy but not ligament transection. Joint pathology was analysed 12, 24 or 32 weeks after surgery. The severity of damage to the articular cartilage on the femoral condyle and tibial plateau was graded with a scoring system based on that of the Societe Francaise d'Arthroscopie and meniscus damage was graded on a 0–4 scale. Results No damage to the meniscus or articular cartilage was observed 12 weeks after surgery in the dogs subjected only to arthrotomy. In contrast, tears of the medial meniscus were observed in two of 10 (20%) dogs examined 12 weeks after ACLT. The incidence of severe tears increased to 86% and 84% after 24 weeks and 32 weeks, respectively. Damage to the lateral meniscus was mild, with only 7.5% of all dogs with a cruciate-deficient knee having a bucket handle or complete tear. Most of the unstable knees exhibited ulceration of the articular cartilage of the femoral condyles and tibial plateaus 12 weeks (mean chondropathy score±standard deviation 11.9±8.5, N =10), 24 weeks (7.9±5.0, N =7), and 32 weeks (7.1±5.5, N =23) after ACLT. The mean chondropathy scores for the tibial plateaus were similar to those for the femoral condyles. No correlation was apparent between the severity of cartilage damage and of meniscus damage for either joint surface. Conclusion Damage to the medial meniscus is a consistent feature of the pathology which develops in the canine knee after ACLT, but the severity of cartilage damage is not correlated with the severity of meniscal damage.
Structure of catabolite gene activator protein at 2.9 Å resolution suggests binding to left-handed B-DNA

The 2.9 A resolution crystal structure of Escherichia coli catabolite gene activator protein (CAP) complexed with cyclic AMP reveals two distinct structural domains separated by a cleft. The smaller carboxy-terminal domain is presumed to bind DNA while the amino-terminal domain is seen to bind cyclic AMP. Model building studies suggest that CAP binds to left-handed B-type DNA, contracting its major groove via two alpha-helices. It is possible that the CAP conversion of right- to left-handed DNA in a closed supercoil, is what activates transcription by RNA polymerase.
Optimal dataset allocation in distributed heterogeneous clouds

We consider optimal datasets allocation in distributed Cloud Computing systems. Our objective is to minimize processing time and cost. Processing time includes virtual machine processing time, communication time, and data transfer time. In distributed Cloud systems, communication time and data transfer time are important component of processing time because data centers are distributed geographically. If we place datasets far from each other, this increases the communication and data transfer time. The cost objective includes virtual machine cost, communication cost, and data transfer cost. Cloud service providers charge for virtual machine usage according to usage time of virtual machine. Communication cost and transfer cost are charged based on transmission speed of data and dataset size. The problem of allocating datasets to VMs in distributed heterogeneous Clouds is formulated as a linear programming model with two objectives: the cost and processing time. After finding optimal solutions of each objective function, we use a heuristic approach to find the Pareto front of multi objective linear programming problem. In the simulation experiment, we consider a heterogeneous Cloud infrastructure with five different types of Cloud service provider resource information, and we optimize dataset placement by guaranteeing Pareto optimality of the solutions.
Posterior deltoid-to-triceps tendon transfer to restore active elbow extension in patients with tetraplegia.

Abstract Tetraplegia, paralysis of all 4 limbs, is usually the result of cervical spinal cord injury. Recovery of independence is the primary goal of people with tetraplegia; this requires reconstruction of upper extremity function. Active elbow extension, necessary for a wide range of activities of daily living, is usually surgically reconstructible. The posterior deltoid-to-triceps tendon transfer was developed to restore active elbow extension; good functional results and high levels of patient satisfaction have been reported for this operation.
Comparison of arterial transit times estimated using arterial spin labeling

To compare arterial transit time estimates from two efficient transit time mapping techniques using arterial spin labeling (ASL)—flow encoded arterial spin tagging (FEAST) and Look-Locker ASL (LL-ASL). The effects of bipolar gradients and label location were investigated. Six healthy subjects were scanned with pseudo-continuous ASL (pCASL) FEAST and pulsed (PASL) and pCASL variants of LL-ASL at different labeling locations with and without bipolar gradients. Application of transit time mapping was demonstrated in a clinical case. Mean (±SD) macrovascular transit times were 363 ± 39, 676 ± 73 and 908 ± 170 ms for LL-PASL, LL-pCASL with labeling offsets of 60 and 90 mm respectively, showing linear dependence on labeling locations. Mean microvascular transit time for LL-pCASL was 1,463±135 ms, in good agreement with the FEAST estimate of 1,444 ± 128 ms. Data acquired from a patient with stroke demonstrate how transit time and CBF maps provide complementary information for clinical diagnosis. Both FEAST and LL-ASL provide transit time information in clinically acceptable scan times. Bipolar gradients can be used to tailor transit time estimates for different experimental and clinical situations.
Idursulfase: enzyme replacement therapy for mucopolysaccharidosis Type II (Hunter syndrome)

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (Hunter syndrome) is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficiency of iduronate-2-sulfatase leading to tissue accumulation of glycosaminoglycans. It manifests with short stature, joint stiffness, coarse facial features, hepatosplenomegaly, and progressive mental retardation. Most children die in the first or second decade from pulmonary or cardiac involvement. Until recently, no specific treatment was available. A Phase II/III trial of idursulfase, a recombinant enzyme replacement therapy for this disorder, demonstrated significant improvement in a 6-min walk test and in pulmonary function tests, and a decrease in liver and spleen size among those receiving active therapy once weekly. Major side effects include allergic reactions, which generally are easily managed and do not require discontinuing therapy. Idursulfase is now approved in the US, and should provide significant improvement in quality of life for these individuals. This article reviews the disease and treatme...
A 12-year comparison of common therapeutic interventions in the burn unit

Although most occupational and physical therapists in an acute burn care setting use similar therapy practices, the time frames at which these therapeutic interventions are carried out vary according to the burn centers' practices. The purpose of this survey was to investigate current trends in burn rehabilitation and compare the results with a similar survey performed in 1994. The survey was designed in a similar fashion to the 1994 survey to ascertain common trends in burn rehabilitation. The survey was sent to 100 randomly selected burn care facilities throughout the United States and Canada. Content included rehabilitation interventions, including evaluation, positioning, splinting, active range of motion, passive range of motion, ambulation, as well as the cross-training of therapists. Significant increases in the percentages of burn centers initiating common therapy practices were found. Positioning (41% increase), active range of motion (48% increase), passive range of motion (52% increase), and ambulation (29% increase) were all found to have increases in the number of burn centers employing these practices in the same time frame. Overall comparison from 1994 to 2006 shows that common therapy techniques are being initiated earlier in the patient's acute burn stay. These results are consistent with recent medical trends of earlier acute discharges and more focus on outpatient rehabilitation.
Requirements and standards for organelle genome databases.

Mitochondria and plastids (collectively called organelles)descended from prokaryotes that adopted an intracellular, endosymbioticlifestyle within early eukaryotes. Comparisons of their remnant genomesaddress a wide variety of biological questions, especially when includingthe genomes of their prokaryotic relatives and the many genes transferredto the eukaryotic nucleus during the transitions from endosymbiont toorganelle. The pace of producing complete organellar genome sequences nowmakes it unfeasible to do broad comparisons using the primary literatureand, even if it were feasible, it is now becoming uncommon for journalsto accept detailed descriptions of genome-level features. Unfortunatelyno database is currently useful for this task, since they have littlestandardization and are riddled with error. Here I outline what iscurrently wrong and what must be done to make this data useful to thescientific community.
Existence of monotone solutions of some difference equations with unstable equilibrium

Abstract We consider the difference equation x n+1 =F(x n ,x n−1 ), n=0,1,…, where the function F(u,v) is continuous on I2 for some interval I∋0, F(0,0)=0, and F(x,x)≠x for x∈I⧹{0}. Assuming that F(u,c) is decreasing in u on I and that F(c,v) is increasing in v on I, for any c∈I, we establish a necessary and sufficient condition for existence of monotone solutions converging to the equilibrium x =0 .
Documenting the Hungarian Heritage of the U.S.: Efforts at Home and Abroad

Resources on the history of Hungarians in the U.S. have been an object of extraordinary interest among information professionals in Hungary in recent years. The article categorizes the major collections of Hungarica in the United States and efforts within Hungary to document those collections.
Carbon oxidation and incorporation patterns in batch cultures ofMethylomonas L3

A recently developed methodology of directly measuring the oxidation and incorporation patterns of carbon substrate in continuous cultures of RuMP-type methylotrophs is extended to batch cultures of the obligate methylotrophMethylomonas L3. The ratio of cyclic to total substrate oxidation varies with the initial methanol concentration from 0 to 68%. Formaldehyde, as a methanol cosubstrate, enhances the net substrate oxidation. The substrate oxidation and incorporation pattern is also affected by the state of the culture inoculum.
The Potential Benefits of Mindfulness Training in Early Childhood: A Developmental Social Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective

Early childhood is marked by substantial development in the self-regulatory skills supporting school readiness and socioemotional competence. Evidence from developmental social cognitive neuroscience suggests that these skills develop as a function of changes in a dynamic interaction between more top-down (controlled) regulatory processes and more bottom-up (automatic) influences on behavior. Mindfulness training—using age-appropriate activities to exercise children's reflection on their moment-to-moment experiences—may support the development of self-regulation by targeting top-down processes while lessening bottom-up influences (such as anxiety, stress, curiosity) to create conditions conducive to reflection, both during problem solving and in more playful, exploratory ways.
Response of Anticoagulant Pathways in Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

This article describes the microvascular endothelium as both a target and a regulator of events after hemostatic and inflammatory stress. The first section describes the four-quadrant hemostatic system as consisting of the two coagulant and anticoagulant domains that control clot formation and the two fibrinolytic and antifibrinolytic domains that control clot removal. This section concentrates on the anticoagulant domain that operates from the microvascular endothelium and protects it from the effects of hemostatic and inflammatory stress. The next two sections present examples of pure hemostatic and inflammatory stress and illustrate how the four functional domains of the hemostatic systems respond as a unit to these stresses. The following section correlates the response of molecular markers that reflect the activity of the hemostatic system with markers of microvascular endothelial injury to increasing sublethal concentrations of Escherichia coli in the baboon model of E. coli sepsis. The final section correlates the response of these same markers to endotoxin in the human model of endotoxemia. Both sections emphasize that the hemostatic and inflammatory stress and injury to the microvascular endothelium occur at surprisingly low concentrations of E. coli and endotoxin, long before there is evidence of fibrinogen consumption and before the other standard criteria for disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) are met. We conclude that this represents a compensated response to stress that can be measured and can be designated as nonovert DIC. We further conclude that as bedside assays of these molecular markers become available they should be helpful in diagnosing and staging early nonovert DIC.
A rapid method for quantitative determination of microtubule protein using DEAE-cellulose filters

Abstract A rapid quantitative method has been developed for determining specifically the amount of microtubule protein in cell extracts using a DEAE-cellulose filter paper assay and 3 H-colchicine. The method will detect less than 0.1 μg of microtubule protein and is linear up to 300 μg protein.
Simultaneous generation of red, green and blue light in a segmented KTP waveguide using a single source

Guided white light output has been generated in a quasi-phasematched KTP waveguide. Red (825 nm), green (550 nm) and blue (412.5 nm) coherent radiation is obtained through simultaneous second-harmonic generation, sum-frequency generation, and fourth-harmonic generation of a single laser source at 1650 nm.
Mixed-species Plasmodium infections of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae)

Mixed-pathogen infections of vectors rarely are considered in the epidemiological literature, although they may occur in nature. A review of published reports shows that many Anopheles species are capable of carrying sporozoites of > 1 Plasmodium species, of doing so simultaneously in field conditions, and of acquiring and transmitting these in experimental situations. Mixed-species infections in mosquito populations occur at frequencies greater than or equal to the product of the constituent species prevalences, whereas human populations have apparent mixed-species infections at frequencies less than or equal to their corresponding expected values. We present a model for the accumulation of parasite infections over the lifespan of a mosquito that explains this surplus of mixed-species infections. However, the expected frequencies of mixed infections on the basis of our model are greater than those found in nature, indicating that the sampling by mosquitoes of Plasmodium species from human malaria infections may not be random.
Dynamically Loaded Journal Bearings: A Finite Element Treatment for Rigid and Elastic Surfaces

Paliers lisses charges dynamiquement. Calcul par la methode des elements finis pour des surfaces rigides et elastiques
Infinite arrays and diagonalization

This paper discusses the application of infinite arrays to several areas, notably the formation of “do-while” expressions. The functions diagonal and inverse diagonal are defined, with applications to processing both finite and infinite arrays. Infinite arrays are shown to be useful in mathematical exposition. Finally, suggestions are given for the implementation of diagonalization functions.
Theory of Many-Particle Systems. I

This is the first of a series of papers dealing with many-particle systems from a unified, nonperturbative point of view. It contains derivations and discussions of various field-theoretical techniques which will be applied in subsequent papers. In a short introduction the general method of approach is summarized, and its relationship to other field-theoretic problems indicated. In the second section the macroscopic properties of the spectra of many-particle systems are described. Asymptotic evaluations are performed which characterize these macroscopic features in terms of intensive parameters, and the relationship of these parameters to thermodynamics is discussed. The special characteristics of the ground state are shown to follow as a limiting case of the asymptotic evaluations. The third section is devoted to the time-dependent field correlation functions, or Green's functions, which describe the microscopic behavior of a multiparticle system. These functions are defined, and related to intensive macroscopic variables when the energy and number of particles are large. Spectral representations and other properties of various one-particle Green's functions are derived. In the fourth section the treatment of non-equilibrium processes is considered. As a particular example, the electromagnetic properties of a system are expressed in terms of the special two-particle Green's function which describes current correlation. The discussion yields specifically a fluctuation-dissipation theorem, a sum rule for conductivity, and certain dispersion relations. The fifth section deals with the differential equations which determine the Green's functions. The boundary conditions that characterize the Green's function equations are exhibited without reference to adiabatic decoupling. A method for solving the equations approximately, by treating the correlations among successively larger numbers of particles, is considered. The first approximation in this sequence is shown to yield a generalized Hartree-like equation. A related, but rigorous, identity for the single-particle Green's function is then derived. A second approximation, which takes certain two-particle correlations into account, is shown to produce various additional effects: The interaction between particles is altered in a manner characterized by the intensive macroscopic parameters, and the modification and spread of the energy-momentum relation come into play. In the final section compact formal expressions for the Green's functions and other physical quantities are derived. Alternative equations and systematic approximations for the Green's functions are obtained.
Laser Doppler velocimeter with variable optical frequency shift

Abstract An opto-electronic system that allows a stable accurate frequency shift, variable from 10 kHz to 50 MHz, to be introduced in a laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) has been developed. The system combines a fixed optical-frequency shift obtained using a Bragg cell with an electronic shift which results from mixing the detector signal with a variable local oscillator frequency phase locked to the Bragg cell driver. This paper discusses the advantages of the system in both a tracker and a counter based LDV.
Origin and migration of trochlear, oculomotor and abducent motor neurons in Petromyzon marinus l.

Abstract The development of the ocular motor system was studied in 3- to 6-year old larval lampreys with two different retrograde tracers. Motor neurons of the oculomotor and trochlear nuclei are situated closely to one another in younger larvae. Cases in which only trochlear neurons were labelled revealed trochlear motor neurons scattered from the midbrain tegmentum through the anterior medullary velum. We believe this distribution reflects the place of final mitosis (midbrain tegmentum) and subsequent migration (anterior medullary velum) of lamprey trochlear motor neurons. Evidence is also presented for contralateral migration of oculomotor motor neurons and for ventrolateral migration of abducent motor neurons. The distances covered by migrating ocular motor neurons range from 100 to 150 μm in small larvae; these are distances that could be covered easily during the several years duration of larval development in lampreys.
Hypervariability of ribosomal DNA at multiple chromosomal sites in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)

Variation in the intergenic spacer (IGS) of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) was examined. Digestion of genomic DNA with restriction enzymes showed that almost every individual had a unique combination of length variants with most of this variation occurring within rather than between populations. Sequence analysis of a 2.3 kilobase (kb) EcoRI–DraI fragment spanning the 3′ end of the 28S coding region and approximately 1.8 kb of the IGS revealed two blocks of repetitive DNA. Putative transcriptional termination sites were found approximately 220 bases (b) downstream from the end of the 28S coding region. Comparison of the 2.3-kb fragments with two longer (3.1 kb) fragments showed that the major difference in length resulted from variation in the number of short (89 b) repeats located 3′ to the putative terminator. Repeat units within a single nucleolus organizer region (NOR) appeared relatively homogeneous and genetic analysis found variants to be stably inherited. A compariso...
Theoretical comparison between image intensifier tubes using EBCCD and phosphor readout

This paper discusses issues pertaining to the use of Electron Bombarded Charge CoupledDevices (EBCCDs) as readout structures for image intensifiers. Theoretical models arepresented that form the basis for comparison of image tubes using EBCCDs and thoseusing phosphor screens in terms of several figures of merit including: collection efficiency,signal to noise ratio, dynamic range, and spatial resolution. Some discussion is includedwith regards to the current state of EBCCD production and difficulties in realizing all ofthe benefits that EBCCD readout structures could provide.Keywords: EBCCD, gated image intensifiers, electron bombarded semiconductor1. INTRODUCTIONMany applications for image intensifiers have been found since their inception during the pre-WW II
Comparison of maximum entropy and filtered back-projection methods to reconstruct rapid-scan EPR images.

Abstract Reconstruction of two-dimensional images by filtered back-projection (FBP) and by the maximum entropy method (MEM) was compared for spectral-spatial EPR images with differing signal-to-noise ratios. Experimental projections were recorded using direct-detected rapid scans in the presence of a series of magnetic field gradients. The slow-scan absorption lineshapes were calculated by Fourier deconvolution. A Hamming filter was used in conjunction with FBP, but not for MEM. Imperfections in real experimental data, as well as random noise, contribute to discrepancies between the reconstructed image and experimental projections, which may make it impossible to achieve the customary MEM criterion for convergence. The Cambridge MEM algorithm, with allowance for imperfections in experimental data, produced images with more linear intensity scales and more accurate linewidths for weak signals than was obtained with another MEM method. The more effective elimination of noise in baseline regions by MEM made it possible to detect weak trityl 13 C trityl hyperfine lines that could not be distinguished from noise in images reconstructed by FBP. Another advantage of MEM is that projections do not need to be equally spaced. FBP has the advantages that computational time is less, the amplitude scale is linear, and there is less noise superimposed on peaks in images. It is useful to reconstruct images by both methods and compare results. Our observations indicate that FBP works well when the number of projections is large enough that the star effect is negligible. When there is a smaller number of projections, projections are unequally spaced, and/or signal-to-noise is lower MEM is advantageous.
HGPRT- mutants of V79 cells that revert specifically by base pair substitution and frameshift mutations.

In order to determine the mutagenic specificity of mutagenic and carcinogenic agents in mammalian cells, a reversion system capable of distinguishing between frameshift mutations and various kinds of base pair substitutions would be useful. The authors report here a method for the isolation and characterization of HGPRT/sup -/ Chinese hamster V79 cell mutants that might form the basis for such a system. Two mutants of different specificity have been partially characterized. DEW-1, isolated following N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) treatment, is revertible by the base pair substitution mutagens MNNG and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), but not by frameshift mutagens. DSW-3, isolated following ICR-191 treatment, is specifically reverted by frameshift mutagens, but not by EMS or MNNG. With the further characterization of these and other mutants, it should be feasible to determine not only whether an agent is mutagenic in V79 cells, but also to determine the type(s) of mutations(s) it produces.
A Amazônia no imaginário norte-americano em tempo de guerra

This essay traces the emergence of the Amazon in the United States wartime imaginary. Although the geopolitical importance of diversifying rubber markets and developing synthetics had been discussed in the United States before Pearl Harbor, the subsequent Japanese interdiction of traditional Southeast Asian markets sent American government officials and scientists scurrying to find alternatives. As in other regions of Latin America, wartime procurement policies in the Amazon divided New Deal progressives and fiscal conservatives, but these policies also shaped and were shaped by entrenched myths of tropical regions and populations. Then, as now, the Amazon was more than a place, but also a flashpoint for Americans for deeper anxieties concerning questions of race, class, and nation.
Clerical Dismissals in Colonial and Revolutionary New Hampshire

Over the past several decades American historians have emphasized the importance of New England ministers as town leaders during the colonial and Revolutionary eras. Recently, several scholars have examined changing roles of Congregational and Presbyterian pastors from the 1630s to the early nineteenth century.1 Ministerial dismissals are an important aspect of this subject, yet historians have not given this topic the critical analysis it deserves. This essay will discuss the nature of these dismissals and explain their significance in relation to several broad questions of social change in New England prior to 1790. Although New Hampshire's experience with clerical removals was not necessarily representative of New England, that state merits special attention because it has been neglected in studies of this period. New England clergy in the seventeenth century struggled with conflicting conceptions of the proper ministerial role. As David Hall has noted, one tendency in Puritanism was to stress a pastor's dependency on an autonomous congregation. Here his primary responsibility was to foster conversions and serve the spiritual needs of his people. A second and opposite tendency was to emphasize the minister's role as a representative of a higher order of God's agents. According to this view, clergymen enjoyed a special status apart from their own congregations even as they administered sacraments and supervised the religious life of their communities. Hall concludes that the latter trend dominated New England religious life by the end of the seventeenth century; William Youngs sees this pattern continuing with the rise of "clericalism" in the first half of the next century. He argues that prior to the Great Awakening, Congregational clergymen were more concerned with the prestige and welfare of their profession than with the well-being of
Bending-fatigue behavior of bulk metallic glasses and their composites

Amorphous alloys with high glass-forming ability and thermal stability were discovered in the 1990s. In the following years, the alloy design increased the critical casting thickness to several centimeters, and a homogeneous dispersion of nanoscale particles was found to improve the ductility. Therefore, bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) are being studied widely because of their potential as structural materials. The fatigue behavior is an important characteristic of structural materials. The current review documents the bending-fatigue studies of BMGs and their composites. The fatigue characteristics of these alloys in different loading conditions and environments are summarized and compared in this paper. The factors affecting the fatigue behavior of BMGs and their composites are discussed. The mechanisms of fatigue-crack initiation and propagation in BMGs are addressed in this review. In order to broaden the scope of applications of BMGs, a fundamental understanding of the fatigue behavior is critical for the design of new alloy systems and the development of the processing techniques.
Operation of ceria-electrolyte solid oxide fuel cells on iso-octane–air fuel mixtures

Abstract Reduced-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) – with thin Ce 0.85 Sm 0.15 O 1.925 (SDC) electrolytes, thick Ni–SDC anode supports, and composite cathodes containing La 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co 0.2 Fe 0.8 O 3 (LSCF) and SDC – were fabricated and tested with iso -octane/air fuel mixtures. An additional supported catalyst layer, placed between the fuel stream and the anode, was needed to obtain a stable output power density (e.g. 0.6 W cm −2 at 590 °C) without anode coking. The Ru-CeO 2 catalyst produced CO 2 and H 2 at temperatures 2 and CO became predominant above 500 °C. Power densities were substantially less than for the same cells with H 2 fuel (e.g. 1.0 W cm −2 at 600 °C), due to the dilute (≈20%) hydrogen in the fuel mixture produced by iso -octane partial oxidation. Electrochemical impedance analysis showed a main arc that represented ≈60% of the total resistance, and that increased substantially upon switching from hydrogen to iso -octane/air.
Formation and Separation of Sulfuric Acid/n-Heptane Dispersions: Applications to Alkylation

Experimental information has been obtained on the formation and separation of dispersions of the two immiscible liquids, concentrated sulfuric acid and n-heptane. These dispersions have physical pr...
Social Status and Circulating Levels of Hormones in Flocks of House Sparrows, Passer domesticus

Captive groups of house sparrows Passer domesticus formed stable social hierarchies during a two-week test period. Higher-ranking individuals were more aggressive during the first week of testing and had higher plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (T) at the end of that week. Higher-ranking individuals continued to be more aggressive during the second week of testing, but concentrations of LH and T in blood no longer were related to social status. Higher-ranking individuals also did not have higher levels of these hormones on the day the tournament began. Circulating titers of dihydrotestosterone and corticosterone were random with respect to social status. These results support the hypothesis that social rank and aggressiveness are related to circulating levels of T, but this relationship is expressed only when social status is being established or is actively ‘challenged’.
From Traditional Reading Rooms to a Soft Copy Environment: Radiologist Satisfaction Survey

Academic radiologists are experiencing increased clinical workloads. New technology such as picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) are often justified on the premise of increased efficiency. The authors believe that efficiency can be influenced by the image interpretation environment, and thus they set out to establish baseline satisfaction levels with this environment. The authors surveyed 90 Indiana University (IU) faculty radiologists, fellows, and residents. Their survey was implemented with a questionnaire sent via e-mail. Questions focused on satisfaction with the current soft-copy reading environments and preferences regarding improvements. Of the 90 radiologists surveyed, 55 (61%) responded. Several key findings emerged: (1) Overall satisfaction with the soft-copy environment is low, with nearly half (46%) of respondents rating themselves as “very dissatisfied” or “dissatisfied.” (2) Faculty are least satisfied regarding work space ergonomics, room layout, and amount of work space. Appropriate lighting also emerged as an area with low satisfaction and high importance. (3) Ninety-eight percent of respondents indicated that an “ideal” soft-copy environment would have a positive effect on their efficiency. The dissatisfaction with the current soft-copy interpretation environments used by the IU radiologists indicates that this is an area that requires attention. Furthermore, there may be a direct relationship between radiologist efficiency and satisfaction with the image interpretation environment. Attention should be focused on this environment during a soft-copy technology implementation to ensure that planned efficiency gains are realized.
A Review of Systems Biology Perspective on Genetic Regulatory Networks with Examples

We present an extensive review of genetic regulatory networks (GRNs) from a system biology perspective, and discuss pertinent research issues related to GRNs such as roles of feedback loops, and internal and external noise. A suc- cinct review of mathematical modelling is also given as mathematical modelling is central to understand the complex mo- lecular living systems. We discuss tryptophan production system in Escherichia coli bacteria, as an example, to illustrate how feedback loops originate, and finally we present a development of a mathematical model of circadian rhythms of Drosophila (fruit fly) as a comprehensive illustration of building a system model from components. We attempt to inte- grate experimentally acquired molecular biology knowledge in the model developments and discussions to emphasise the importance of being true to the data and insights in the experimental molecular biology. The experimental knowledge and insights should drive the efforts in development of mathematical and computational models of living systems, not the other way around, and this is a challenging task.
Determination of Free-Radical Propagation Rate Coefficients of Butyl, 2-Ethylhexyl, and Dodecyl Acrylates by Pulsed-Laser Polymerization

Analysis of the molecular weight distributions (MWDs) of polymer produced by pulsed-laser polymerization (PLP) is an effective method for the determination of free-radical propagation rate coefficients (kp). The PLP technique has been successfully applied to many slowly propagating monomers, but kp determination by PLP for faster propagating systems such as the acrylates is more difficult. Experimental conditions for the polymerization must be selected so that laser pulses are the dominant chain-starting and chain-stopping events. Interference from excessive chain-transfer reactions, or from termination reactions which are either too fast or too slow, results in MWDs which are not suitable for kp determination. Guidelines for design of successful experiments are outlined using an extensive n-butyl acrylate data set, from which kp has been determined over the temperature range 5−30 °C; limited data for n-dodecyl acrylate and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate are also presented.
Relativistic Equations of Motion within Nambu's Formalism of Dynamics

Abstract The equations of motion for the relativistic particle in an external electromagnetic field are reformulated within the framework of the Nambu three-order phase space formalism. This formulation implies the mass of a relativistic particle as an integral of motion. The Lorentz-covariant four-vector of momentum is decomposed into two four-dimensional euclidean vectors forming the coordinates of the three-order phase space formalism. The new set of equations of motion describing the motion of a relativistic charged spinning particle in interaction with an external electromagnetic field is given in terms of quaternions. These equations give rise to Lorentz-force equations with no auxiliary conditions.
Regulated Localization Is Sufficient for Hormonal Control of Regulator of G Protein Signaling Homology Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors (RH-RhoGEFs)

The regulator of G protein signaling homology (RH) Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs) (p115RhoGEF, leukemia-associated RhoGEF, and PDZ-RhoGEF) contain an RH domain and are specific GEFs for the monomeric GTPase RhoA. The RH domains interact specifically with the α subunits of G12 heterotrimeric GTPases. Activated Gα13 modestly stimulates the exchange activity of both p115RhoGEF and leukemia-associated RhoGEF but not PDZ-RhoGEF. Because all three RH-RhoGEFs can localize to the plasma membrane upon expression of activated Gα13, cellular localization of these RhoGEFs has been proposed as a mechanism for controlling their activity. We use a small molecule-regulated heterodimerization system to rapidly control the localization of RH-RhoGEFs. Acute localization of the proteins to the plasma membrane activates RhoA within minutes and to levels that are comparable with activation of RhoA by hormonal stimulation of G protein-coupled receptors. The catalytic activity of membrane-localized RhoGEFs is not dependent on activated Gα13. We further show that the conserved RH domains can rewire two different RacGEFs to activate Rac1 in response to a traditional activator of RhoA. Thus, RH domains act as independent detectors for activated Gα13 and are sufficient to modulate the activity of RhoGEFs by hormones via mediating their localization to substrate, membrane-associated RhoA.
Parallel connections and coloured Tutte polynomials

We give formulas for the Tutte polynomials of parallel and series connections of weighted matroids, generalizing and unifying formulas of Oxley and Welsh (Discrete Math. 109 (1992) 185), Bollobas and Riordan (Comb. Probab. Comput. 8 (1999) 45) and Woodall (Discrete Math. 247 (2002) 201).
Congestion-aware topology optimization of structured power/ground networks

This paper presents an efficient method for optimizing the design of power/ground (P/G) networks by using locally regular, globally irregular grids. The procedure divides the power grid chip area into rectangular subgrids or tiles. Treating the entire power grid to be composed of many tiles connected to each other enables the use of a hierarchical circuit analysis approach to identify the tiles containing the nodes having the greatest drops. Starting from an initial configuration with an equal number of wires in each of the rectangular tiles, wires are added in the tiles using an iterative sensitivity based optimizer. A novel and efficient table lookup scheme is employed to provide gradient information to the optimizer. Incorporating a congestion penalty term in the cost function ensures that regularity in the grid structure does not aggravate congestion. Experimental results on test circuits of practical chip sizes show that the proposed P/G network topology, after optimization, saves 12%-23% of the chip-wiring area over other commonly used topologies.
DONNA HARAWAY'S METATHEORY OF SCIENCE AND RELIGION: CYBORGS, TRICKSTER, AND HERMES

L'A. relit deux essais de Donna Haraway a propos de la philosophie feministe, des sciences biophysiques et de la theorie de la critique sociale. Le fort constructionnisme social d'Haraway vis-a-vis de la science a ete critique par Sandra Harding a partir de la conceptualisation epistemologique pratiquee par Haraway au sujet de l'objectivite. La notion, propre a Haraway, de connaissances situees fournit une epistemologie valide pour toutes les sciences, sociales ou biophysiques : elle invite a reintegrer les religions comme partenaires d'un dialogue critique dans une hermeneutique de la nature, de la culture et de la technologie