cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Randomized Trial of Healthy Families Arizona Quantitative and Qualitative Outcomes

Home visitation has the potential to improve parent, child, and maternal outcomes and has become a widely implemented prevention program across the United States. The purpose of this research was to use a randomized controlled trial to assess the short-term effectiveness of the Arizona Healthy Families program across a range of outcomes. Two hundred and forty-five families were randomly assigned to the experimental group (Healthy Families) or control group (Child Development assessment only). RESULTS revealed significant findings across four domains including safety and resources, parenting attitudes and behaviors, health and maternal outcomes, and mental health and coping. These results were further corroborated with an analysis of qualitative findings that analyzed linguistic differences between how the treatment and control group described their parenting. These results add to the existing literature on the effectiveness of the Healthy Families model of home visitation. Language: en
Ontogeny of the Adrenal and Behavioral Responses of Lambs to Emotional Stress

The ontogeny of adrenocortical responsiveness in lambs was studied from 24 hr of age to maturity. Throughout the neonatal period, the adrenal axis was responsive to exogenous ACTH and the stresses of both restraint and exposure to open field testing. Newborn lambs both had higher resting levels of plasma corticosteroids and responded to the test stimuli with greater increases in corticosteroids than did other age groups. From the second week of life, the responsiveness of the adrenal axis was comparable to that of mature ewes. On exposure to an open field arena, lambs vocalized less and initiated movement sooner with increasing age and experience through 35 days of age, after which there was little change. Once locomotion was initiated, there was little difference in the amount of time spent moving in the arena. Open field testing was as potent a stimulator of the adrenal axis as restraint stress or exogenous ACTH.
Retinal arteriolar signs of hypertension.

There are four grades of the three main types of ophthalmoscopic hypertensive signs which occur in the retinal arterioles. Acute and chronic hypertension can be differentiated on the basis of these signs and, therefore, a better evaluation of the treatment can be achieved. The changes occurring in the retinal arterioles are illustrated by both diagrams and photographs.
Immunoassays and Issues With Interference in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

Immunoassays are widely used for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), but they are also subject to interferences. In general, digoxin immunoassays are mostly affected (endogenous digoxin-like immunoreactive substances, digoxin metabolites, spironolactone, Digibind, and DigiFab, as well as ceratin herbal supplements). In addition, interference of carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide in carbamazepine immunoassays may have clinical significance. Hydroxyzine and cetirizine interfere with particle-enhanced turbidimetric inhibition immunoassay. Various drugs affect immunoassays for tricyclic antidepressants. This chapter covers all such interferences in TDM.
Nerve Compression/Entrapment Sites of the Upper Limb

Abstract Compression or entrapment neuropathies of the upper extremity comprise a host of well-characterized, focal neuropathy syndromes. Whereas nerve compression may occur at any site along its course, certain anatomic considerations render nerve entrapment more likely. The clinical sequelae depend on heterogeneous factors, such as chronicity, location, and severity, making diagnosis and management unique to each patient. In this chapter, we address the pathophysiology of nerve compression as well as the diagnosis and management strategies of the more common and well-established compression neuropathy syndromes. Entrapment neuropathy is the most common problem that affects the peripheral nerves of the upper extremity. These nerve entrapment injuries can be defined as acute, crush, or chronic, compressive nerve. The pathologic process of nerve compression, or entrapment, leads to nerve ischemia, manifesting as a variety of symptoms, depending on the nerve injured, the site of compression, and the duration of injury. As compression becomes more progressive, demyelination ensues, resulting in compromise of normal nerve function, and, if left untreated, distal axonal degeneration. Symptoms range from sensory dysfunction, paresthesias, and pain, to weakness and muscle wasting as the injury progresses. This chapter details the most common anatomic sites of entrapment as well as the clinical sequelae of nerve compression and provides information regarding current diagnostic and treatment strategies.
Representing Racial Identity: Identity, Race, the Construction of the African American STEM Students

The challenge of opening the doors to science has been a topic of debate for many years. This content analysis study documented an urban school’s attempt to use representational practices to promote positive science identities for African American boys. Our analysis revealed how the school attempted to offer connections between ethnic identity and achievement ideology through representational practices. Whether it was posting the names of famous African American male scientists or promoting attendance to Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs), the school used postings, displays, and interior pictures to communicate a positive science identity. The study highlights the need to promote non-stereotypical science identities for students.
Estimation of occupancy, density, and abundance of larval lampreys in tributary river mouths upstream of dams on the Columbia River, Washington and Oregon

We estimated occupancy, density, and abundance of larval Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) and Lampetra spp. in tributary river mouths to impounded portions of the Columbia River, Washingto...
Dielectric metasurface narrowband filter array

A planar narrowband optical filter array covering wide operation wavelengths of Λλ/λ c = 16% is reported. Dielectric metasurfaces are employed as phase shifting elements inside vertical DBR-based micro-cavities to vary their resonances and realize different narrowband filters.
Robust Parameter Designs in Computer Experiments Using Stochastic Approximation

Robust parameter designs are widely used to produce products/processes that perform consistently well across various conditions known as noise factors. Recently, the robust parameter design method ...
Influence of Microbes on Neutrophil Life and Death

Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocyte in humans and they are among the first white cells recruited to infected tissues. These leukocytes are essential for the innate immune response to bacteria and fungi. Inasmuch as neutrophils produce or contain potent microbicides that can be toxic to the host, neutrophil turnover and homeostasis is a highly regulated process that prevents unintended host tissue damage. Indeed, constitutive neutrophil apoptosis and subsequent removal of these cells by mononuclear phagocytes is a primary means by which neutrophil homeostasis is maintained in healthy individuals. Processes that alter normal neutrophil turnover and removal of effete cells can lead to host tissue damage and disease. The interaction of neutrophils with microbes and molecules produced by microbes often alters neutrophil turnover. The ability of microbes to alter the fate of neutrophils is highly varied, can be microbe-specific, and ranges from prolonging the neutrophil lifespan to causing rapid neutrophil lysis after phagocytosis. Here we provide a brief overview of these processes and their associated impact on innate host defense.
Using a Modified Julia Set Methodology to Identify Conditions for Safe Operability of a Turbofan Engine

Abstract Tbis paper first explores the visual representation of mathematical functions that have been shown to exhibit iterative chaos using the filled Julia set and explains the set of rules used in the creation of the familiar images. A variation of the Julia set methodology is then demonstrated using a model of a continuous nonlinear control system that has been shown to exhibit chaos in its feedback components, while still maintaining primary control. Finally, the proposed methodology is applied to a simulation of a tuibofan engine model to visually identify regions of acceptable and non-acceptable system operation.
An analysis of a Natchez gunflint assemblage from the lower Mississippi valley and its implications for eighteenth-century colonial economic interactions

ABSTRACTArchaeological analyses of European lithic technologies in North America are often discussed anecdotally within the context of other material evidence of European occupations. In North America, the presence of gunflints manufactured in Europe, generally England (which became part of Great Britain in 1707) or France, is used as a marker for the influence of these European powers and as a reflection of from whom residents obtained their material culture. Gunflints were made in Europe and in North America (north of the Rio Grande) from the early 1600s to the late 1800s. Thus, gunflints from sites such as the Natchez Fort, Louisiana (AD 1729–1731) provide a unique avenue of analysis for understanding both continuity in lithic technologies and the interactions between indigenous and introduced technologies. We address methodological concerns in typifying historic lithic collections, specifically eighteenth-century gunflints, particularly as these concern sourcing and the implications of sourcing for ei...
Utilization of Veno-Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Massive Pulmonary Embolism.

Background The management of massive pulmonary embolism remains challenging, with a considerable mortality rate. Although veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) for massive pulmonary embolism has been reported, its use as salvage therapy has been associated with poor outcomes. We reviewed our experience utilizing an aggressive, protocolized approach of VA-ECMO to triage, optimize, and treat these patients. Methods All patients with a massive pulmonary embolism who were placed on VA-ECMO, as an initial intervention determined by protocol, were retrospectively reviewed. ECMO support was continued until organ optimization was achieved or neurologic status was determined. At that time, if the thrombus burden resolved, decannulation was performed. If substantial clot burden was still present with evidence of right ventricular (RV) strain, operative therapy was undertaken. Results Twenty patients were identified. Before cannulation, all patients had an RV-to-left ventricular ratio greater than 1.0 and severe RV dysfunction. The median duration of ECMO support was 5.1 days, with significant improvement in end-organ function. Ultimately, 40% received anticoagulation alone, 5% underwent catheter-directed therapy, and 55% underwent surgical pulmonary embolectomy. Care was withdrawn in 1 patient with a prolonged pre-cannulation cardiac arrest after confirmation of neurologic death. In-hospital and 90-day survival was 95%. At discharge, 18 of 19 patients had normal RV function, and 1 patient, who received catheter-directed therapy, had mild dysfunction. Conclusions VA-ECMO appears to be an effective tool to optimize end-organ function as a bridge to recovery or intervention, with excellent outcomes. This approach may allow clinicians to better triage patients with massive pulmonary embolism to the appropriate therapy on the basis of recovery of RV function, residual thrombus burden, operative risk, and neurologic status.
Mechanism of ortho kink-band formation in Compressed Zinc Monocrystals

The dependence of ortho kink-band formation on crystal orientation, on temperature, and on the conditions at the ends of a specimen is described. Load-compression curves for crystals that kink are presented. The reversibility of ortho kinking is demonstrated, and motion of kink planes through crystals is shown. Finally, a phenomenological explanation of ortho kink-band formation is given.
Papez, James W

James Wenceslas Papez (1883–1958) was an American anatomist who proposed that a widely distributed neural circuit in the brain is responsible for human emotion. When he articulated his 1937 theory, widely known as the Papez Circuit, many of its elements were speculative. More advanced techniques developed since then have shown that most of its connections in fact exist, and that Papez' anatomy and physiology of emotion are largely correct.
Research Conclusions and Policy Recommendations about Geothermal Development

Much of this research has implications and generalizability for other areas potentially undergoing geothermal or other energy resource development. The immediate goal of the overall study,† however, was to provide Imperial County with information which would be helpful in the drafting of a geothermal element for their General Plan (1977). Thus, the county desired a relatively broad investigation giving them knowledge about the resource base and potential problems associated with its development. The environmental segment of the study was designed to acquire an integrated understanding of the natural and artificial landscapes giving Imperial County its character and that will play a role in resource development. Thus, integration, interdependence, and synergism were key words, while detailed individual analysis was given a lesser priority.‡
Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve

Fibular (peroneal) nerve palsy is the most common compressive neuropathy in the lower extremity. It is a leading cause of foot drop. It is often compressive at the fibular neck and occurs during surgery. Traumatic cases are usually due to knee trauma and fibular fractures. It may also occur in patients with weight loss, prolonged hospitalization, and intraneural ganglia. Electrodiagnostic studies are essential for the diagnosis and prognosis. The outcome is usually good but may be delayed.
Error of Darcy's law for serpentine flow fields: Dimensional analysis

Abstract A serpentine flow field is commonly used in both fuel cells and redox flow batteries. Accurate prediction of mass transfer in the porous gas/liquid diffusion layer (GDL/LDL) is essential for both flow field design optimization and pressure drop predictions. Darcy's law has been widely used to predict fluid flow through GDL/LDL in fuel cells and flow batteries. However, since the inertial effect is neglected in the Darcy's law, significant errors can arise when it is applied to serpentine flow fields. In this work, dimensional analyses are performed using both the Buckingham Pi-theorem and the analytical models developed earlier based on Darcy's law and modified Darcy's law. From the Pi-theorem, four and five non-dimensional parameters are obtained from the Darcy's law and the modified Darcy's law, respectively. The variations of Darcy's law errors in predicting under-land cross-flow rate with each of the non-dimensional parameters are studied. By comparing the coefficient of each term of the two models, two independent Pi-terms for under-land cross-flow rate are obtained. The criterion for applicability of Darcy's law is developed based on the two Pi-terms. The model predicted errors of Darcy's law compared very well with experimental data, thus further confirms the applicability of developed criterion.
Complications in Patients Undergoing Microsurgical Clipping of Intracranial Aneurysms with Pre-existing Ventriculoperitoneal Shunts Following a Cranial Procedure.

Abstract Introduction: Patients with ventriculoperitoneal/pleural (VP) shunts occasionally must undergo subsequent craniotomy, craniectomy, or cranioplasty. Due to changes in pressure dynamics following shunt placement, we hypothesized that such patients may have an increased risk of developing symptomatic collections of extra-axial blood, fluid, and/or air postoperatively, leading to longer stays and worse outcomes compared to those undergoing cranial operations without a VP shunt. Methods: From a retrospective cohort of patients who underwent cranial operations for management of cerebral aneurysms in 2005-2014, we identified patients who previously had a VP shunt placed, determined the temporal relationship between shunt placement and cranial operation, and investigated outcomes in those with and without a shunt. Results: Of 818 patients who underwent cranial operations, 28 (3.4%) had a VP shunt. Four of these 28 (14.3%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.0%-32.7%) developed postoperative complications, compared to 42 of 790 (5.3%, 95% CI 4.0%-7.1%) without a history of VP shunt (P = .07). In addition, patients with a shunt were more likely to have longer cranial procedures (P = .04), longer hospital stays (P = .05), and more computed tomography scans during their craniotomy-associated admission (P = .002). Multivariate analysis, though not significant, demonstrated that the presence of a shunt contributed to the development of complications (odds ratio [OR] 2.24, 95% CI .70-7.13, P = .17). Length of surgery (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.04-1.31, P = .01) and length of stay (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01-1.07, P = .01) were significantly longer in those with a postoperative complication. Conclusion: We found a nonsignificant trend toward increased postoperative complications in patients with a VP shunt who underwent a subsequent cranial operation.
Does Simple Information Provision Lead to More Diverse Classrooms? Evidence from a Field Experiment on Undergraduate Economics

This paper reports the results of a field experiment involving 2,710 students across nine US colleges, in which faculty provided incoming women and URM students with information about economics. We randomly assign students to one of three conditions: a control (no email messaging), a Welcome treatment (two emails encouraging students to consider enrolling in economics courses), and a Welcome+Info treatment (which added information showcasing the diversity of research and researchers within economics). The Welcome+Info treatment increases the likelihood of completing an economics course in the first semester of college by 3.0 percentage points, nearly 20 percent of the base rate.
Bifunctional opioid receptor ligands as novel analgesics

Abstract Prolonged treatment of chronic severe pain with opioid analgesics is frought with problematic adverse effects including tolerance, dependence, and life-threatening respiratory depression. Though these effects are mediated predominately through preferential activation of μ opioid peptide (μOP) receptors, there is an emerging appreciation that actions at κOP and δOP receptors contribute to the observed pharmacologic and behavioral profile of μOP receptor agonists and may be targeted simultaneously to afford improved analgesic effects. Recent developments have also identified the related nociceptin opioid peptide (NOP) receptor as a key modulator of the effects of μOP receptor signaling. We review here the available literature describing OP neurotransmitter systems and highlight recent drug and probe design strategies. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled ‘New Vistas in Opioid Pharmacology’.
Anti-Claudin-1 Conjugated to a Near-Infrared Fluorophore Targets Colon Cancer in PDOX Mouse Models.

Abstract Introduction Claudins are tight-junction proteins, which maintain an epithelial barrier in normal colon cells. Overexpression of Claudin-1 has been implicated for development of colon cancer. We postulated that Claudin-1 may be a useful target in near-infrared imaging and fluorescence-guided surgery. Methods We conjugated Claudin-1 antibody to LI-COR IR800DyeCW (Claudin-1-IRDye800CW). Western blotting of 9 human colon cancer cell lysates was performed. Animal imaging was performed with the LI-COR Pearl Trilogy Fluorescence Imaging System. A dose-response study was carried out with subcutaneous LS174T colon cancer cell line models. Increasing doses of Claudin-1-IRDye800CW via tail vein injection were administered to three groups of mice. Two groups of mice were used as controls (antibody alone, and dye alone). In vivo imaging was performed at 24, 48, and 72 h after administration of the conjugated dye. Orthotopic implantation of patient-derived tumors and cell lines was performed and peritoneal carcinomatosis models were created. After tumor growth, mice were administered Claudin-1-IRDye800CW and imaged in vivo 48 h later. The mice were euthanized and laparotomy was performed to assess internal organs and toxicity. Results Western blotting revealed that all colon cancer cell lysates expressed varying amounts of Claudin-1. All tumors demonstrated strong and specific fluorescence labeling at 800 nm, even with the lowest dose of 12.5 μg of Claudin-1-IRDye800CW. Conclusions Claudin-1 is a useful target for near-infrared antibody-based imaging for visualization of colorectal tumors for future use in fluorescence-guided surgery.
Long-term Outcomes Following Kidney Transplantation From Donors With Acute Kidney Injury

Background.Kidneys from deceased donors with acute kidney injury (AKI) are more likely to be discarded because of concerns for poor outcomes after transplantation. The aim of this study was to determine the long-term outcomes of a large cohort of patients transplanted utilizing kidneys from deceased
The Natural History of Femoroacetabular Impingement.

Background Structural hip abnormalities have long been suspected of causing hip osteoarthritis. The concept of deformity of the proximal femur as a cause of osteoarthritis (OA) started with description of the tilt deformity and progressed to the pistol grip, then eventually cam-type femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). Acetabular over-coverage or retroversion as a cause of impingement is commonly referred to as pincer-type FAI. The primary research question we asked was: what is the natural history of hips with FAI? Methods We reviewed the literature to identify studies with cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence of the effect of FAI on the development of or association with hip OA. Results In cross-sectional and longitudinal natural history studies of hip OA, cam-type FAI has consistently shown an association with developing OA. In regard to pincer-type FAI, the data are less convincing with some studies suggesting an increased risk and others showing a protective effect of the acetabular over-coverage. It is clear that not all patients with cam FAI get OA but the altered anatomy does increase the relative risk of developing OA. Conclusions Cam-type FAI is associated with the development of hip OA; however, there is no role for prophylactic surgery in the asymptomatic hip with the anatomy predisposing to FAI. Further interventional studies are needed to determine whether surgical correction of cam-type FAI in the symptomatic hip alters the natural history of the condition.
Linear Systems with Values in [0, ∞) s

All the processes considered in previous chapters have the property that each coordinate η(x) can take on only two values. When the set of possible values per site is allowed to be noncompact, new problems and different phenomena occur. The literature contains many types of models in which the set of possible values per site is either the nonnegative integers or the nonnegative real numbers. The oldest and simplest of these is a system of particles which move independently on 5. This process has been modified by adding a speed change interaction and/or by allowing branching. In these cases, η (x) is interpreted as the number of particles at x. In other models, one can view η (x) as being a nonnegative real-valued characteristic of the particle at x, which is updated in some way which involves interactions among the various sites.
Nutritional Management and Strategies for the Enterocutaneous Fistula

Enterocutaneous Fistula (ECF) management remains a complex medical problem. Under best circumstances morbidity and mortality remains high. Best practice for nutrition management has remained stagnant since the development of parenteral nutrition by the late Stanley Dudrick in the 1960–1970s. This manuscript proposes that the old paradigm of exclusive parenteral nutrition for high output fistulas (> 500 cc/day) is antiquated and should be aborted based on contemporary evidence. Through the development of modern management protocols for nutritional optimization, pre-habilitation of this patient population may become more efficient and impact morbidity and mortality in a positive manner. A review of the literature and inferences from other bodies of surgical management helps impact ECF care. Enhanced recovery after surgery will likely be the future for ECF patient, but outcomes of more randomized control trials studying ECF management must help guide the future.
SyntheticNET: A 3GPP Compliant Simulator for AI Enabled 5G and Beyond

The rapid evolution of cellular system design towards 5G and beyond gives rise to a need for investigation of the new features, design proposals and solutions in realistic settings for various deployments and use case scenarios. While many system level simulators for 4G and 5G exist today, there is particularly a dire need for a 3GPP compliant system level holistic and realistic simulator that can support evaluation of the plethora of AI based network automation solutions being proposed in literature. In this paper we present such a simulator developed at AI4networks Lab, called SyntheticNET. To the best of authors' knowledge, SyntheticNET is the very first python-based simulator that fully conforms to 3GPP 5G standard release 15 and is upgradable to future releases. The key distinguishing features of SyntheticNET compared to existing simulators include: 1) a modular structure to facilitate cross validation and upgrading to future releases; 2) flexible propagation modeling using measurement based, ray tracing based or AI based propagation modeling; 3) ability to import data sheet based on measurement based realistic vendor specific base station features such as antenna and energy consumption pattern; 4) support for 5G standard based adaptive numerology; 5) realistic and user-specific mobility patterns that are yielded from actual geographical maps; 6) detailed handover (HO) process implementation; and 7) incorporation of database aided edge computing. Another key feature of the SyntheticNET is the ease with which it can be used to test AI based network automation solutions. Being the first python based 5G simulator, this ease, in part stems for SyntheticNET's built-in capability to process and analyze large data sets and integrated access to Machine Learning libraries. Thus, SyntheticNET simulator offers a powerful platform for academia and industry alike to investigate not only new solutions for optimally designing, deploying and operating existing and emerging cellular networks but also for enabling AI empowered deep automation in the future.
Novel Molecular Specializations of the Pinceau in Rat Cerebellum as Revealed by Correlated Confocal Microscopy and Electron Tomography

The pinceau is a cerebellar structure formed by GABA-ergic descending basket cell axonal terminals converging on the initial axonal segment of Purkinje cell. Although it exerts a powerful inhibitory influence on the output of the cerebellar cortex, the exact ultrastructural organization and function of this structure are not understood. The unique morphology of the pinceau lies in several elements: lack of synaptic contacts between basket cell terminals and the initial axonal segment, the absence of postsynaptic densities, and heavy ensheathment of the initial segment with glial processes, making astrocytes the only intervening cellular element between the two types of axonal structures. Several plasticity related proteins in this area have been previously characterized by immunocytochemistry. Those include nitric oxide synthase, PSD95, GABA transporters, and several voltage gated potassium channel subunits. We are using a combination of confocal and electron microscopy, correlated photooxidation, EM and tomography to reveal the ultrastructural distribution of novel proteins and their relationships to morphological compartments in the pinceau.We describe here Kv3.2, a recently discovered member of the Shaw-like subfamily of potassium channels, and the correlated distribution of other proteins described below. Pre-embedding immunolabeling, electron microscopy and tomography showed that Kv3.2 was selectively localized to basket cell axons.
On the Role of Mathematical Illiteracy in the R. Hawtrey-D. Robertson-J. Robinson Critique of Keynes’s Liquidity Preference Theory of the Rate of Interest in the General Theory

Extreme mathematical illiteracy played a basic, fundamental role in the assessments made by Joan Robinson, Ralph Hawtrey and Dennis Robertson of Keynes’s Theory of Liquidity Preference, which Harrod described in an August 30 1935, letter to Keynes as a major reconstruction of interest rate theory. Harrod stated that the classical (neoclassical) theory of the rate of interest was “…either indeterminate or has to be determined by some new equation not provided for in the classical system. Thus the way is clear for a radical reconstruction. Your new equation is the liquidity preference schedule.” Of course, Harrod is talking about the equation on page 199 of the General Theory which had two independent variables, Y and r, M = M1 plus M2 = L1( Y) plus L2(r) [=L], and not the equation on page 168 of the General Theory, which had one independent variable, r, where M=L(r). Robertson, Hawtrey,and Robinson did not understand the mathematics involved in Keynes’s M = M1 plus M2 = L1( Y) plus L2(r) [=L]. (1) But Robertson, Hawtrey, and Robinson did understand how to work mathematically with M=L(r) (2) because it lends itself to the Marshallian, ceteris paribus, partial equilibrium approach, where only functions with one independent variable are analyzed. I will show that later economists, discussing Keynes’s pages 179-182 demonstration that the classical system was missing (1), for example, Boianovsky (2004), Besomi (2000), O’Donnell (1999), and Ahiakpor (1999), are using (2) and not (1). They also are only working with the Marshallian, ceteris paribus, partial equilibrium approach, where only functions with one independent variable are allowed to be specified. Other economists, who work with (2) and not (1), are, for a few examples, Hansen (1953, pp.140-141;147-148), Clower and Howitt (1998, p.8), and King (2002 ,pp.13-15,17-18,31-32).
Paraptosis after ER Photodamage Initiated by m-tetra(hydroxyphenyl) Chlorin.

Two cell lines, A549 (human-derived non-small-cell lung cancer) and 1c1c7 (mouse hepatoma) were photosensitized with m-THPC and irradiated under LD90 conditions. After 4 h, a pattern of cytoplasmic vacuoles had formed consistent with the initiation of paraptosis. After irradiation, there was no detectable loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential indicating no significant photodamage to mitochondria. We did, however, observe localization of m-THPC in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), as indicated by fluorescence microscopy. Subsequent ER perturbation is known to result in initiation of paraptosis, another pathway to cell death. While an apoptotic response to m-THPC has been reported, the ability to target ER and induce paraptosis could explain the efficacy of this agent which could therefore eradicate cell types with an impaired apoptotic response.
Ethical Issues in Assessing Malingering in Head Injury Litigation

The delivery of services by the forensic clinician can be influenced by the pressures of litigation, sometimes resulting in unethical professional practice. Because the science underlying the head injury and validity assessment have not resulted in definitive answers in some areas, forensic clinicians opining about validity assessment results with litigants who have a history of head injury must do so conservatively and transparently, so that fact finders are appropriately educated and not misled. This topic is addressed by defining malingering and related terms, explaining five common misconceptions about validity testing and then presenting and answering 12 practice-related questions.
What's in a Name? Strict Scrutiny and the Right to a Public Trial

The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that the accused has a right to a public trial. The Supreme Court, in Waller v. Georgia, established that a trial court that seeks to close its courtroom must have a strong interest in closure and the closure must be narrowly tailored to further that interest. This apparent “strict scrutiny” applied to review courtroom closures ordered by trial courts should be conceived as a more lenient form of review. Waller should not be read to require strict scrutiny of courtroom closures. Ultimately, there is nothing especially objectionable about the language of Waller’s test. The reasons that justify a closure order, and possible alternatives to closure, should be considered by a court before it orders a closure. But those considerations should not be viewed through a strict scrutiny lens. Because the formulation of the strict scrutiny test is familiar to lower courts as something akin to a prohibition, that reading of the test may be misleading.
Clinical Reasoning: A 57-Year-Old Man With Stepwise Progressive Paraparesis, Sensory Loss, Urinary Retention, and Constipation.

We present the case of a 57-year-old man with protein S deficiency and left leg deep vein thrombosis (DVT) five years prior, who developed stepwise progressive bilateral lower limb weakness, numbness/paresthesia, gait imbalance, hesitancy of micturition, and constipation in the setting of recurrent left common femoral DVT treated with apixaban. Symptoms amplified with Valsalva, corticosteroids, and post-lumbar puncture, with longitudinally extensive mid-thoracic T2-hyperintense lesion extending to the conus associated with hazy holocord enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), raising suspicion for spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (sDAVF). Initial digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was negative for sDAVF. However, cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) was herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 positive, and he was treated with antiviral therapy. Unfortunately, he continued to worsen despite treatment. Repeat neuroimaging twelve months after initial presentation demonstrated persistent lower thoracic/conus lesion in addition to cauda equina enhancement and subtle dorsal T2-hypointense flow voids. We raised red flags (eg, lack of clinical prodrome, no herpetic rash, no CSF pleocytosis, and rostral extent of the lesion) that suggested the HSV2 nucleic acid detection was perhaps unrelated to the neurological syndrome. Given the high index of suspicion for sDAVF, we repeated spinal vascular imaging. Spinal MRA demonstrated dilated right dorsal perimedullary veins from T10 to T11. Repeat DSA revealed a right T10 sDAVF. Microsurgical treatment rather than embolization of the fistula was successful without complication, with significant improvement in motor, sphincter, and to a lesser extent sensory function, with residual gait imbalance after inpatient rehabilitation three weeks postoperatively.
SU-C-210-01: Are Clinically Relevant Dosimetric Endpoints Significantly Better with Gating of Lung SBRT Vs. ITV-Based Treatment?: Results of a Large Cohort Investigation Analyzing Predictive Dosimetric Indicators as a Function of Tumor Volume and Motion Amplitude

Purpose: To quantitatively compare patient internal target volume (ITV)-based plans with retrospectively generated gated plans to evaluate potential dosimetric improvements in lung toxicity from gated radiotherapy. Methods: Evaluation was conducted for 150 stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) treatment plans for 128 early-stage (T1–T3, 15 mm, mainly concentrated in peripheral lower lobe tumors, may be considered clinically relevant. Work supported in part by a grant from Varian Medical systems, Palo Alto, CA.« less
The Inductive Approach Revisited

A significant theoretical dispute has opened between Schwarzenberger and Jenks over the former’s inductive approach to international law. At least three questions may be asked of the debate between Schwarzenberger and Jenks: (1) Is the inductive method inherently limited in its usefulness? (2) Given the use of an inductive approach, is there any room left for creativity in international law? (3) More basically, is Schwarzenberger’s self-styled inductive approach really inductive?
Time Series Analysis

Time-series analysis is a statistical method of analyzing data from repeated observations on a single unit or individual at regular intervals over a large number of observations. Time-series analysis can be viewed as the exemplar of longitudinal designs. The most widely employed approach is based on the class of models known as Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models. ARIMA models can address several major classes of research questions, including an analysis of basic processes, intervention analysis, and analysis of the pattern of treatment effects over time. Technical aspects of ARIMA models are described, including definitions of important terms, statistical estimation of parameters, and the model identification process. Examples are employed to clarify the technical discussion. Recent extensions of ARIMA modeling techniques include multiunit time-series designs, multivariate time-series analysis, the inclusion of covariates, and the analysis of patterns of intra-individual differences across time. Keywords: ARIMA models; autocorrelation; longitudinal designs; single-subject research; time-series analysis; within-subject research
Quantitative interference microscopy of polytene chromosomes: I. Cytophysical studies on refractive index and dry mass concentration

Abstract Quantitative studies on the cytophysical properties of the polytene chromosomes of the salivary gland (first, second, and third instar) and Malpighian tubules (third instar) of Drosophila melanogaster were undertaken by interferometry. Reproducibility of refractive indices (RI) was 0.001 ± 0.0005 units. Isolation of nuclei in aqueous media caused a decrease in dry mass of nuclear components, but isolation in a fluoro-carbon polymer did not reduce the components. During development the dry mass increased in the bands and interbands, but decreased in the nucleoplasm and nucleoli. The apparent nucleolar loss in solids was due to vacuole formation because the vacuole-free zones showed no decrease in RI. For third instar larvae the total percent of dry mass in the nucleoli, bands, and interbands was about 31, 22, and 14, respectively. Band and interband regions were heterogeneous. Proteolytic enzymes (pepsin and trypsin) removed protein from the band and interband regions. Cold shock of larvae decreased dry mass of nucleoli and nucleoplasm, but droplets (possibly protein) appeared near the chromosomes. DNase on fixed cells reduced the material in the bands and interbands. RNase was effective in removing material from bands and nucleoli in living and fixed cells, but no change was detectable in interbands. These enzyme data show that of the band material, about 6 % was DNA and 5% was RNA, while the interbands were only 1 % DNA. The results of chemical extractions (TCA and cold perchloric acid) compare well with these percentages.
Coal Formation and Geochemistry

Coal is one of the most complex and challenging natural materials to analyze and understand. Unlike most rocks that consist predominantly of crystalline mineral grains, coal is largely an assemblage of amorphous, degraded plant remains metamorphosed to various degrees and intermixed with a generous sprinkling of minute syngenetic, diagenetic, epigenetic, and detrital mineral grains, and containing within its structure various amounts of water, oils, and gases. This chapter tries to make geochemical sense of this wonderfully complex and important resource.
Multipeaked esophageal peristaltic pressure waves in patients with diabetic neuropathy

We evaluated esophageal function in 14 consecutive insulin-dependent diabetic patients who had evidence of peripheral and autonomic neuropathy, but no esophageal symptoms. One to three contraction waves immediately followed a primary peristaltic contraction wave. The majority of these multipeaked pressure complexes consisted of two peaks. Multipeaked contractions were observed with all peristaltic waves in 12 of the 14 diabetic patients and with most of the peristaltic complexes in the remaining 2 patients. Multipeaked peristaltic waves were present in 1 of 6 diabetic patients without neuropathy, in 1 of 100 consecutive nondiabetic patients referred for suspected esophageal disease, and in 1 of 10 healthy volunteers. Double-peaked peristaltic pressure complexes in the nondiabetic control subjects differed from those present in the insulin-dependent patients by their low incidence and by a tendency to be limited to the distal esophagus. Pharmacologic responses to edrophonium and atropine suggested a possible increased cholinergic tone as the basis of the multipeaked peristaltic waves in diabetics with autonomic neuropathy.
How Real Is the Reality in Documentary Film? Jill Godmilow, in conversation with Ann-Louise Shapiro

Documentary film, in the words of Bill Nichols, is one of the “discourses of sobriety” that include science, economics, politics, and history—discourses that claim to describe the “real,” to tell the truth. Yet documentary film, in more obvious ways than does history, straddles the categories of fact and fiction, art and document, entertainment and knowledge. And the visual languages with which it operates have quite different effects than does the written text. In the following interview conducted during the winter of 1997, historian Ann-Louise Shapiro raises questions about genre—the relationship of form to content and meaning—with documentary filmmaker Jill Godmilow. In order to explore the possibilities and constraints of non-fiction film as a medium for representing history, Godmilow was asked: What are the strategies and techniques by which documentary films make meaning? In representing historical events, how does a non-fiction filmmaker think about accuracy? authenticity? invention? What are the criteria you have in mind when you call a film like The Wonderful, Horrible Life of Leni Riefenstahl“dishonest”? How does the tension between making art and making history affect documentary filmmaking? Should documentary filmmakers think of themselves, in the phrase of Ken Burns, as “tribal storytellers”? What kind of historical consciousness is produced by documentary film?
Subcellular distribution of transmitter-related enzyme activities in discrete areas of the rat dentate gyrus.

Abstract To investigate the possibility that synaptic boutons which utilize acetylcholine or GABA as neurotransmitters are present in the outer two-thirds of the molecular layer of the rat dentate gyrus, the subcellular distribution of choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase and glutamate decar☐ylase activities was determined. In this area and in the remainder of the dentate gyrus, where cholinergic and GABAnergic connections are reportedly present, choline acetyltransferase and glutamate decar☐ylase activities were recovered primarily in synaptosomal fractions. Acetylcholinesterase activity was also recovered mainly in synaptosomal fractions, but membrane fractions also possessed high activity. When the crude mitochondrial fraction was resolved on a discontinuous Ficoll-sucrose gradient, relatively higher glutamate decar☐ylase activity than choline acetyltransferase activity was found in the denser synaptosomal reactions. These findings suggest that acetylcholine and GABA serve as neurotransmitters in the outer two-thirds of the molecular layer. They exemplify one type of information which can be provided by subcellular fractionation of very small regions of the central nervous system.
The Market Reaction to Canceled Equity Offerings

Investors appear to respond to both an investment-opportunity signal and a valuation signal when an equity offering is announced or canceled. While prices fall in response to equity offers and rise when offers are withdrawn, the price changes are greater for offers used to reduce debt than for offers used for capital expenditures. Consistent with asymmetry theory, offerings and withdrawals of convertible debt and utility stock cause less price change when compared to industrial stock offers. Finally, the reaction to cancellations made because of market conditions, indicating undervaluation, are similar to the reaction to cancellations made for other reasons.
A new method for building protein conformations from sequence alignments with homologues of known structure

We describe a largely automatic procedure for building protein structures from sequence alignments with homologues of known structure. This procedure uses simple rules by which multiple sequence alignments can be translated into distance and chirality constraints, which are then used as input for distance geometry calculations. By this means one obtains an ensemble of conformations for the unknown structure that are compatible with the rules employed, and the differences among these conformations provide an indication of the reliability of the structure prediction. The overall approach is demonstrated here by applying it to several Kazal-type trypsin inhibitors, for which experimentally determined structures are available. On the basis of our experience with these test problems, we have further predicted the conformation of the human pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor, for which no experimentally determined structure is presently available.
Linking the Transcriptional Profiles and the Physiological States of Mycobacterium tuberculosis during an Extended Intracellular Infection

Intracellular pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis have evolved strategies for coping with the pressures encountered inside host cells. The ability to coordinate global gene expression in response to environmental and internal cues is one key to their success. Prolonged survival and replication within macrophages, a key virulence trait of M. tuberculosis, requires dynamic adaptation to diverse and changing conditions within its phagosomal niche. However, the physiological adaptations during the different phases of this infection process remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we have developed a multi-tiered approach to define the temporal patterns of gene expression in M. tuberculosis in a macrophage infection model that extends from infection, through intracellular adaptation, to the establishment of a productive infection. Using a clock plasmid to measure intracellular replication and death rates over a 14-day infection and electron microscopy to define bacterial integrity, we observed an initial period of rapid replication coupled with a high death rate. This was followed by period of slowed growth and enhanced intracellular survival, leading finally to an extended period of net growth. The transcriptional profiles of M. tuberculosis reflect these physiological transitions as the bacterium adapts to conditions within its host cell. Finally, analysis with a Transcriptional Regulatory Network model revealed linked genetic networks whereby M. tuberculosis coordinates global gene expression during intracellular survival. The integration of molecular and cellular biology together with transcriptional profiling and systems analysis offers unique insights into the host-driven responses of intracellular pathogens such as M. tuberculosis.