cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural Mechanism of Endosome Docking by the FYVE Domain

The recruitment of trafficking and signaling proteins to membranes containing phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate [PtdIns(3)P] is mediated by FYVE domains. Here, the solution structure of the FYVE domain of the early endosome antigen 1 protein (EEA1) in the free state was compared with the structures of the domain complexed with PtdIns(3)P and mixed micelles. The multistep binding mechanism involved nonspecific insertion of a hydrophobic loop into the lipid bilayer, positioning and activating the binding pocket. Ligation of PtdIns(3)P then induced a global structural change, drawing the protein termini over the bound phosphoinositide by extension of a hinge. Specific recognition of the 3-phosphate was determined indirectly and directly by two clusters of conserved arginines.
New directions in father attachment

This collection of studies, representing 15 empirical and theoretical reports from researchers and practitioners in eight countries, is the first of its kind to be organised around the singular the...
Saharan dust storms and indirect aerosol effects on clouds: CRYSTAL-FACE results

[1] A recent field experiment in southern Florida using aircraft and polarization lidar shows that mineral dust particles transported from Saharan Africa are effective ice nuclei, apparently capable of glaciating a mildly supercooled (−5.2° to −8.8°C) altocumulus cloud. These results are similar to those from Asian dust storm particles observed over the western US, suggesting that in the northern hemisphere major dust storms play a role in modulating climate through the indirect aerosol effect on cloud properties. If this is true of desert dusts in general, then even minor aeolian emissions could have an effect on regional weather and climate.
C-terminal domain small phosphatase 1 and MAP kinase reciprocally control REST stability and neuronal differentiation

The repressor element 1 (RE1) silencing transcription factor (REST) in stem cells represses hundreds of genes essential to neuronal function. During neurogenesis, REST is degraded in neural progenitors to promote subsequent elaboration of a mature neuronal phenotype. Prior studies indicate that part of the degradation mechanism involves phosphorylation of two sites in the C terminus of REST that require activity of beta-transducin repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase, βTrCP. We identify a proline-directed phosphorylation motif, at serines 861/864 upstream of these sites, which is a substrate for the peptidylprolyl cis/trans isomerase, Pin1, as well as the ERK1/2 kinases. Mutation at S861/864 stabilizes REST, as does inhibition of Pin1 activity. Interestingly, we find that C-terminal domain small phosphatase 1 (CTDSP1), which is recruited by REST to neuronal genes, is present in REST immunocomplexes, dephosphorylates S861/864, and stabilizes REST. Expression of a REST peptide containing S861/864 in neural progenitors inhibits terminal neuronal differentiation. Together with previous work indicating that both REST and CTDSP1 are expressed to high levels in stem cells and down-regulated during neurogenesis, our results suggest that CTDSP1 activity stabilizes REST in stem cells and that ERK-dependent phosphorylation combined with Pin1 activity promotes REST degradation in neural progenitors.
Towards Automatic Image Region Annotation - Image Region Textual Coreference Resolution

Detailed image annotation necessary for reliable image retrieval involves not only annotating the image as a single artifact, but also annotating specific objects or regions within the image. Such detailed annotation is a costly endeavor and the available annotated image data are quite limited. This paper explores the feasibility of using image captions from scientific journals for the purpose of automatically annotating image regions. Salient image clues, such as an object location within the image or an object color, together with the associated explicit object mention, are extracted and classified using rule-based and SVM learners.
Qubit-oscillator systems in the ultrastrong-coupling regime and their potential for preparing nonclassical states

We consider a system composed of a two-level system (i.e., a qubit) and a harmonic oscillator in the ultrastrong-coupling regime, where the coupling strength is comparable to the qubit and oscillator energy scales. Special emphasis is placed on the possibility of preparing nonclassical states in this system. These nonclassical states include squeezed states, Schr\"odinger-cat states, and entangled states. We start by comparing the predictions of a number of analytical methods that can be used to describe the system under different assumptions, thus analyzing the properties of the system in various parameter regimes. We then examine the ground state of the system and analyze its nonclassical properties. We finally discuss some questions related to the possible experimental observation of the nonclassical states and the effect of decoherence.
Alimentary Responses Evoked from Forebrain Structures in Macaca mulatta

Previous work on the mechanisms of hunger-satiety in mammals has led to the localization of these functions in the lateral and ventromedial hypothalamic areas. The present work indicates that portions of the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, cingulate gyrus, septum, and thalamus are involved as well.
Experimental induction of arthritis in LEW rats and antibody response to four Mycoplasma arthritidis strains.

Abstract Four Mycoplasma arthritidis strains were examined for differences in virulens of LEW rats and elicitation of antibody responses in the immunoglobulin (Ig) M and G classes and in the four IgG subclasses. Two strains were highly arthritogenic and two were relatively avirulent. When the latter strains did induce arthritis, it was significantly less severe (P
Exploring Factors Related to Preschool Teachers' Self-Efficacy.

Abstract This study examined how teacher (teaching experience, perceptions of teacher collaboration and teacher influence) and classroom (children’s engagement) characteristics predicted teacher self-efficacy for 48 preschool teachers in the U.S. Results showed a significant interaction effect between teachers’ perceptions of collaboration and children’s engagement in predicting teachers’ reported self-efficacy. Specifically, a higher level of children’s engagement was associated with a higher level of teacher self-efficacy when teachers worked in preschool with high levels of staff collaboration. Teacher experience and influence in decision-making were not related to teacher self-efficacy. Implications for early childhood teacher education and professional development are discussed.
An approximation of the capacity of a simple channel

We discuss the bounds for capacity of a binary-input binary-output discrete memoryless communication channel. We introduce a new lower bound that gives a very good and elementary approximation to the capacity
Studies of structure and mechanism in acetonitrile chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry of polyunsaturated fatty acid methyl esters

Recently it has been shown that acetonitrile chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (CI-MS/MS) is a rapid, on-line means to determine double bond position in fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). The mechanism of this gas phase condensation reaction has been studied. Evidence of the (1-methyleneimino)-1-ethenylium ion (m/z 54), formed upon the reaction of acetonitrile with itself, adding across the double bond in a [2+2] cycloaddition reaction is observed. When this nascent complex undergoes collision-induced dissociation, two diagnostic ions emerge. One of these ions results from loss of the hydrocarbon end of the FAME, whereas the other ion results from loss of the methyl ester end, and when considered together, the diagnostic ions localize the positions of the double bonds in the FAME. Several labeling and MS/MS/MS experiments on the two diagnostic ions were performed to determine a plausible fragmentation mechanism of the stable (1-methyleneimino)-1-ethenylium—FAME complex. The first generation product ions, or diagnostic ions, appear to be formed though a charge-driven mechanism, whereas the second generation product ions are formed via charge-remote fragmentations. Plausible mechanisms for the formation and subsequent dissociation of the diagnostic ions are presented for the monounsaturated, diunsaturated, and polyunsaturated (3 or more double bonds) FAME.
Shrimpers, Processors, and Common Property in Mississippi

Many factors determine the decisions and actions of Mississippi shrimpers. What appears to be a typical problem of an open access resource—overexploitation—is not a consequence of shrimpers' decisions. The demands of processors shape the fishing methods and gear of fishermen as well as the number of fishermen. Fishermen sell their catch to processors who offer them access to credit and docking space. Local, state, and national policy affects shrimpers and processors. Such policy may be directed at inappropriate elements of the system if policy makers do not understand how the system works. Because statistical or economic analysis alone may be quite misleading, such understanding requires ethnographic and historical insight. In this paper I examine the relations among indebtedness, dependency, ethnicity, and locale among Mississippi shrimpers in the context of this system.
Ribozyme activity in the genomic and antigenomic RNA strands of hepatitis delta virus

In the hepatitis delta virus, ribozymes are encoded in both the genomic strand RNA and its complement, the antigenomic strand. The two ribozymes are similar in sequence and structure, are most active in the presence of divalent cation and catalyze RNA cleavage reactions which generate a 5'-hydroxyl group and a 2',3'-cyclic phosphate group. Recent progress has been made in understanding the catalytic mechanism. One key was a crystal structure of the genomic ribozyme that revealed a specific cytosine positioned to act as a general acid-base catalyst. The folding of the ribozyme in the context of the longer viral RNA is another area of interest. The biology requires that each ribozyme act only once, and mechanisms proposed for regulation of ribozyme activity sometimes invoke alternative RNA structures. Likewise, interference of ribozyme function by polyadenylation of the antigenomic RNA strand could be controlled through alternative structures, and a model for such control is proposed.
Lack of extensive mutations in the VH5 genes used in common B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a malignancy of the CD5+ B cells. Prior studies indicated that CLL B cells generally express immunoglobulin (Ig) VH and VL genes with little or no somatic mutations. However, a recent report indicated that VH251, one of three VH genes belonging to the VH5 subgroup (e.g., VH251, VH32, and VH15), not only is frequently rearranged in this disease, but also has extensive and selective mutations when expressed by CLL B cells. The extent and nature of these mutations contrasts markedly from the low level of mutations noted in VH5 genes used by normal B cells or other Ig V genes found expressed in CLL. To determine whether this difference reflects a unique property of VH251 or a previously unrecognized subgroup of CLL, we examined for VH5 Ig gene rearrangements in leukemia cells from 68 patients that satisfied clinical and diagnostic criteria for CD5+ B cell CLL. Southern blot hybridization studies with probes for VH251 and the JH locus revealed that only 7 (10%) of the 68 monoclonal CLL cell populations had undergone Ig gene rearrangement involving VH5 genes. Two (3%) were found to have functionally rearranged VH5 genes that shared > or = 98% sequence homology with 5-2R1, a VH251 gene isolated from a pre-B cell acute lymphocytic leukemia. The other five CLL (7%) had functionally rearranged VH5 genes that each shared > or = 99% nucleic acid sequence homology with a germline VH32 isolated from human sperm DNA. These data indicate that VH251 or VH32 also may be expressed by CD5+ CLL B cells with little or no somatic mutation. These findings contrast with a recently published study on VH5 gene expression in B CLL and contest the hypothesis that extensive somatic mutation is a common property of the VH5 genes used in this disease. Further work to define the clinical and/or phenotypic characteristics of patients with leukemia cells that express mutated versus nonmutated Ig V genes may reveal subsets of CLL that possibly differ in their cytogenesis, etiopathogenesis, and/or clinical behavior.
Complications of Lumboperitoneal Shunts

Objective Placement of a lumboperitoneal (LP) shunt is a method for treating communicating hydrocephalus. These shunts can be placed with or without valves. We sought to review the complications associated with the use of LP shunts with the increasing use of horizontal-vertical (HV) valve systems. Patients and methods A retrospective chart review of all patients who received LP shunts at University of California, San Francisco from 1998 to 2005 was performed. Results Of the 74 patients identified in this study, 67 underwent LP shunt placement for the first time, and seven patients had revisions of LP shunts that were originally placed at another hospital. There were a total of 44 revisions for the entire group: 27 patients had one revision, 10 patients had two or three revisions, and one patient had five revisions. Obstruction or migration of the peritoneal catheter was the most common reason for revision. The HV valve was responsible for shunt malfunction in nine patients and was the second-most common site of system problems. Overdrainage symptoms were observed in 11 patients, most of whom had LP shunts without any valve. No patients with an HV valve system developed an acquired Chiari malformation. There were three cases of infection, two of which required removal of the LP shunt. Conclusion Overall, the placement of LP shunts for the treatment of communicating hydrocephalus seems to be a safe procedure. Serious complications such as subdural hematoma were not observed. The HV valve was associated with minor complications, but it was effective in reducing the incidence of overdrainage.
Mediators and moderators of functional impairment in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Abstract The current study examined correlates, moderators, and mediators of functional impairment in 98 treatment-seeking adults with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Participants completed or were administered measures assessing obsessive–compulsive symptom severity, functional impairment, resistance against symptoms, interference due to obsessive–compulsive symptoms, depressive symptoms, insight, and anxiety sensitivity. Results indicated that all factors, except insight into symptoms, were significantly correlated with functional impairment. The relationship between obsessive–compulsive symptom severity and functional impairment was not moderated by patient insight, resistance against obsessive–compulsive symptoms, or anxiety sensitivity. Mediational analyses indicated that obsessive–compulsive symptom severity mediated the relationship between anxiety sensitivity and obsessive–compulsive related impairment. Indeed, anxiety sensitivity may play an important contributory role in exacerbating impairment through increases in obsessive–compulsive symptom severity. Depressive symptoms mediated the relationship between obsessive–compulsive symptom severity and obsessive–compulsive related impairment. Implications for assessment and treatment are discussed.
Structure of inner membranes in rat heart muscle mitochondria as revealed by means of freeze-fracturing.

The freeze-fracture technique was applied under conditions that made it possible to observe structural components in mitochondria with dimensions as small as 40 to 50 A. Three different types of membranes were identified in rat heart muscle mitochondria: two structurally different membranes located at the surface of the mitochondria and the inner membranes forming the cristae. The latter membranes, which are analyzed in this paper, differed structurally from the two surface membranes. The inner membranes were 165 A thick (minimum width measured) and consisted of a dense three-dimensional aggregation of particles with no indications of the existence of any lipid bilayers extending between the particles in the interior of the membranes. The distribution of particle dimensions showed that the dimensions 90–100 and 120–140 A dominated. Many particles showed a characteristic shape, for instance, with square-shaped faces. A fairly large fraction of the membrane particles were rod-shaped, with a maximum length of 500 A. The most common lengths of these particles were 120–200 A. The matrix surface of the inner membranes was fairly smooth partially due to a rather dense arrangement of particles that faced the matrix with flat surfaces. Many of these particles exposed square-shaped faces at this surface. In order to account for the smoothness of the matrix surface it was furthermore assumed that, at this surface, lipid molecules filled in the spaces between the particles like mortar in a brick wall. The threedimensional arrangement of closely packed particles that was observed agrees with the observations made by Sjostrand and Barajas (1968, J. Ultrastruct. Res. 25 , 121) on material prepared according to the low denaturation techniques. The thickness of the inner membranes exceeds somewhat that measured on the latter material. This difference can be accounted for by the different conditions under which the measurements were made. Earlier work in which the freezefracturing technique was applied mostly concerned the innermost surface membrane which has erroneously been assumed to be identical to the inner membranes of the cristae.
The Mean Wind and Temperature Distribution through a Flat Upper Ridge in Winter

A mean cross section is constructed from a number of individually analyzed daily cross sections through flat upper ridges, using the position of the maximum of the geostrophic zonal “wind at upper levels as reference for the meridional coordinate. Computed wind velocity, wind shear, and vorticity distribution are discussed. A comparison of the results with the meridional cross section of PALMEN and NEWTON is emphasized. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1950.tb00322.x
Synthesis of clickable amphiphilic polysaccharides as nanoscopic assemblies

The synthesis of clickable polysaccharides was achieved by using alkynylated 1,6-anhydro glucopyranose as a monomer and BF3·OEt2 as an effective catalyst. Subsequent click conjugation with polyethylene glycol (PEG) afforded PEG-grafted polysaccharides in nearly quantitative efficiency.
The Sphere Is Not Flat

(2006). The Sphere Is Not Flat. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 113, No. 2, pp. 171-173.
Raman imaging of carotenoid pigments in the human retina

We have generated high spatial resolution images showing the distribution of carotenoid macular pigments in the human retina using Raman spectroscopy. A low level of macular pigments is associated with an increased risk of developing age-related macular degeneration, a leading cause of irreversible blindness. Using excised human eyecups and resonant excitation of the pigment molecules with narrow bandwidth blue light from a mercury arc lamp, we record Raman images originating from the carbon-carbon double bond stretch vibrations of lutein and zeaxanthin, the carotenoids comprising human macular pigments. Our Raman images reveal significant differences among subjects, both in regard to absolute levels as well as spatial distribution within the macula. Since the light levels used to obtain these images are well below established safety limits, this technique holds promise for developing a rapid screening diagnostic in large populations at risk for vision loss from age-related macular degeneration.
The Evolution of Nuclear Medicine and the Musculoskeletal System

This article reviews the evolution of nuclear medicine in the evaluation of the musculoskeletal system over the past hundred years, from autoradiography and Geiger counters and rectilinear scanners to sophisticated imaging devices that provide both functional and morphological information. Initially synonymous with bone scanning, radionuclide evaluation of musculoskeletal disorders now includes gallium, labeled leukocytes, FDG, and fluourine-18, indications and applications of which are reviewed.
Euler Characteristics of Groups: The p-Fractional Part

If F is a group satisfying suitable finiteness conditions, then one associates to F a rational number g(F), called the Euler characteristic of F, whose failure to be an integer is closely related to the presence of torsion in F (cf. [1]). For example, the "fractional part" of x(F) can be computed from the action of F by conjugation on the partially ordered set S of non-trivial finite subgroups of E More precisely, if we write a~b whenever a and b ale rational numbers whose difference is integral, then we have ([1], w 6), under suitable finiteness conditions,
Autosomal Dominant Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Further Temporal Bone Findings

In a previous publication, my colleagues and I 1 described the audiologic and temporal bone characteristics of some affected members in two kindreds with autosomal dominant progressive sensorineural hearing loss. 1 The pedigree and audiologic and temporal bone findings of kindred 1 are briefly summarized here, and additional temporal bone findings are described. PREVIOUS FINDINGS Kindred 1 consists of 74 members from four generations. The hearing status of 26 members is unknown. Of the 23 affected members, 12 are male and 11 are female. The pattern of trait inheritance is autosomal dominant, with almost complete penetrance. By history and analysis of available audiograms of affected and unaffected individuals, we determined that the hearing loss begins in the early 20s. None of the fourth-generation members have attained the age of 20 years and, presumably for this reason, have normal hearing. The hearing loss is progressive, high frequencies being affected first, followed
The role of vasopressin in modulating circadian rhythm responses to phase shifts

Telemetered body temperature (BT), heart rate (HR), and motor activity (AC) data were collected in vasopressin-containing, Long-Evans (LE) and vasopressin-deficient, Brattleboro (DI) rats. In Experiment 1, the rats were initially exposed to a 12 h/12 h light/dark cycle under ad-libitum feeding and were then subjected to either a phase-advance or phase-delay shift of 6 h. After the phase-advance shift, neither strain adapted; however, after the phase-delay shift, both strains adapted rapidly. In Experiment 2, the animals were subjected to either a nocturnal or a diurnal restricted-feeding paradigm and were then exposed to either a phase-advance or phase-delay shift with synchronized feeding. In the nocturnal restricted-feeding paradigms, both strains rapidly adapted to both shifts. Concerning diurnal restricted-feeding, DI animals readily entrained to the presentation of food in both shifts; whereas, LE animals exhibited a confused rhythmicity. In Experiment 3, animals were subjected to a phase-advance shift, while the time of feeding was held constant. Following the shift, LE animals responded to the onset of the dark at the new time; yet, were still influenced by the presentation of food. The DI animals maintained the preshift circadian pattern and continued to be dominated by the presentation of food. These experiments indicate that circadian rhythms of LE animals are dominated by the light entrainable oscillator (LEO) in ad-libitum feeding and by both the LEO and food entrainable oscillator (FEO) in restricted-feeding. On the other hand, the circadian rhythms of DI animals are dominated by the FEO unless food is provided ad-libitum. The demonstrated role of vasopressin in synchronizing circadian rhythms to the LEO may be of significance in understanding human circadian rhythm disturbances, such as jet lag.
Venom of the Stonefish Synanceja verrucosa

Moderate doses in rabbits produced hypotension, increased respiratory rate, and myocardial injury. Respiratory arrest occurred with fatal doses when the blood pressure had declined to very low values. The active substance (or substances) was nondialyzable, and the potency of the protein-containing lyophilized or glycerol-treated extracts was maintained well on prolonged storage.
Relationship between regulation of morphine-induced EEG effects and changes in naloxone sensitivity.

The present data indicate that pretreatment with i.c.v. injection of dynorphin, morphine and dynorphin/morphine resulted in quantitative and qualitative changes in EEG power spectra in rats given i.c.v. morphine 24 h later. Correlated changes in sensitivity to antagonism of these EEG effects by naloxone were also found. Rats were implanted with cortical EEG electrodes and i.c.v. and i.v. cannulas. I.c.v. injections of morphine (20 micrograms/rat) produced high-voltage, slow-wave EEG bursts (1-10 Hz) associated with behavioral stupor which lasted about 2 h. Injections of i.c.v. morphine in rats pretreated with i.c.v. dynorphin (20 micrograms/rat), morphine (20 micrograms/rat) or dynorphin/morphine 24 h earlier, produced quantitative increases in absolute EEG spectral power. Injections of i.c.v. morphine in rats pretreated with i.c.v. dynorphin/morphine 24 h earlier, also produced qualitatively different EEG power spectra with a predominant peak in the 4-6 Hz band, similar to the EEG power spectra seen after acute administration of kappa opioids. After 20 min of morphine-induced high voltage EEG bursts, i.v. naloxone was given in sequential doses (0.0025, 0.0125, 0.025, 0.050 mg/kg) every 3 min until the EEG bursts were suppressed for 20 min. Relatively low doses of naloxone suppressed morphine-induced EEG bursts in rats that received i.c.v. H2O/H2O pretreatment. Slightly higher, but significant, doses of naloxone suppressed morphine-induced EEG bursts in rats that received i.c.v. H2O/morphine or dynorphin/H2O pretreatment. Moreover, a 10-fold increase in naloxone dose was needed to suppress EEG bursts in rats that received dynorphin/morphine pretreatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effect of sample size and environment on the thermal degradation of polymers

Abstract A model that takes into account mass transfer resistances at the polymer-melt and at the melt-carrier gas interfaces during the course of thermal degradation of relatively ‘large’ samples of polymer, is proposed. It is tested against experimental weight loss data for polypropylene, in the temperature range 390–430°C, obtained from the pyrolysis of 0·1–5 g samples. The weight loss data do not follow first-order kinetics and depend on the sample size. It is found that the model is capable of predicting the experimental observations.
Recognizing Unusual Manifestations of Hodgkin Lymphoma

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a rare malignancy of the lymphatic system that is curable in at least 80 % of patients. Although patients usually present with painless lymphadenopathy, a variety of systemic and organ-specific syndromes may also exist in relation to HL. These syndromes may develop before, during, or after the diagnosis of HL and may also indicate disease relapse. Most of these unusual disorders resolve with successful HL treatment but some may require adjunctive supportive therapies before a response is achieved. Oncologists should be familiar with these syndromes because early recognition may result in a more timely diagnosis of HL which may lead to improved outcomes.
Synthesis and characterization of alkylated N‐vinylformamide monomers and their polymers

N-alkyl-N-vinylformamide monomers (alkyl: n-butyl, hexyl, decyl, and dodecyl) are synthesized in two steps: first, preparation of N-vinylformamide potassium salt by the reaction of N-vinylformamide (NVF) with potassium t-butoxide, then reaction with alkyl bromide. All four monomers are liquid and are characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectra. They exist as rotomers in solution and a 2D NOE experiment on the N-hexyl containing polymer shows the E isomer to be favored. The polymerizability of the four monomers is from good to fair, depending upon the length of alkyl chain on the N-atom--the longer the chain length, the lower lower the polymerizability of monomer. The hydrolysis of poly(N-hexyl-N-vinylformamide) and poly(N-dodecyl-N-vinylformamide) under acidic and basic conditions was examined. Studies show that hydrolytic cleavage of formyl groups of poly (N-alkylated-N-vinylformamide) depends on the hydrophobicity of the alkyl substituent on the N-atom under acidic conditions; both polymers were hydrolyzed to only a minor extent under alkaline conditions. The N-alkylated monomers can copolymerize with NVF and demonstrate amphiphilic properties. The copolymers demonstrate a critical aggregation concentration above which they can solubilize a water insoluble dye; the N-hexyl containing copolymer stabilizes a castor oil-in-water emulsion. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 4994–5004, 2004
Making Failure Matter: Enacting No Child Left Behind’s Standards, Accountabilities, and Classifications

This article ethnographically examines the paradoxical situation in which one high-achieving New York City public school is “constructed” as failing when No Child Left Behind (NCLB) assessments are miscalculated. Drawing upon actor-network theory (ANT)—a perspective that aims to explain how people, their ideas, and the material objects they produce assemble together in dynamic collective activity to attend to a particular issues—this work reveals how those in the school join with a for-profit educational support business, district administrations, and city officials to construct, encounter, and confront the situations created by the miscalculations. What unfolds over the three years after the school is incorrectly labeled as failing is shown to bean example of what is possible, if not probably when accountability-laden, sanctions-drive, and calculation-focused policies, such as NCLB, gain favor. By exploring the gaps between policy texts, policy aims, and their effects, this ANT analysis offers educationa...
Anomaly detection with varied ground sample distance utilizing spectropolarimetric imagery collected using a liquid crystal tunable filter

Liquid crystal tunable filters (LCTFs) are a technology that can act as both a spectral and linear polarization filter for an imaging device. Paired with the appropriate hardware, a LCTF can be configured to collect hyperspectral Stokes imagery which contains both spectral as well as polarimetric information on a per-pixel level basis. This data is used to investigate the utility of spectro-polarimetric data with standard spectral analysis algorithms, in this case anomaly detection. A method to simulate different ground sample distances (GSDs) is used to illustrate the effect on algorithm performance. In this paper, a spectro-polarimetric imager is presented that can collect spectro-polarimetric image cubes in units of calibrated sensor reaching radiance. The system is used to collect imagery of two scenes, each containing die-cast scale vehicles and different background types. An anomaly detector is applied to the intensity and polarized image cubes to find those pixels that are different from the background spectrally and/or polarimetrically. The effect of changing the apparent GSD on the anomaly detection performance is explored. This shows that applying anomaly detection to spectro-polarimetric data can improve the false alarm rate over standard spectral data for finding certain types of man-made objects in complex backgrounds.
State estimator tuning for PMU measurements

Tuning of measurement weights in state estimation refers to the choice of elements for the measurement error covariance matrix. While these values are typically set by the users of state estimators based on some preliminary knowledge on the accuracies of conventional measurements, there are no commonly accepted methods for specifying these weights for new types of measurements. One class of such new measurements is the synchronized phasors. This paper provides a simple method to tune weights for phasor measurements and illustrates the suggested method by using IEEE 14bus system as an example.
Recurrent melanoma presenting as a very large cardiac mass with concurrent pancreatic involvement.

A59-year-old Caucasian woman was diagnosed with a right shoulder 2.0 mm deep, Clark’s Level IV melanoma (stage T2aN0/IB), 2.5 years prior. She underwent wide-excision and surgical staging with negative lymph nodes. She did not receive whole-body imaging or adjuvant therapy. She returned with two weeks of episodic syncope, exertional dyspnea, and epigastric pain. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed a large pancreatic head mass and a right-sided cardiac mass (Fig. 1). She soon developed right heart failure and acute cardiogenic shock, which ultimately led to death. Figure 1 Abdominal CT demonstrating a large, heterogenous soft tissue mass of the pancreatic head (dashed arrow) and a large, hypodense cardiac mass (solid arrow). Autopsy revealed a 10.8 × 8 × 7 cm tan, focally necrotic transmural right ventricular (RV) mass (Fig. 2) and a 13 × 8 × 6 cm pancreatic head mass. Immunohistochemistry staining was negative for typical melanoma markers, but eventually stained positive for SOX-10. Figure 2 Cross-section of the heart at autopsy, with transmural involvement of the right ventricle free wall by the large mass (solid arrow). Concentric left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is also seen (dashed arrow). Melanoma has one of the highest rates of cardiac metastasis; autopsy series identify cardiac metastases in 50–70 % of patients with metastatic melanoma.1 The majority are small and disseminated, although discrete masses up to 7–8 cm are reported.2–4 Because cardiac melanoma usually occurs in the setting of diffusely disseminated disease, treatment options are often limited. This case highlights that cardiopulmonary symptoms in a patient with a history of melanoma should raise concern for recurrent disease involving the heart.
Discordant timing between antennae disrupts sun compass orientation in migratory monarch butterflies

Monarch Butterflies (Danaus plexippus) use their antennae for orientation during their autumnal migration. Guerra and colleagues differentially disrupt clock gene expression in each antenna and find that the individual outputs are integrated and processed to allow precise control of orientation behaviour.
Nanorod PEM Fuel Cell Cathodes with Controlled Porosity

Arrays of 1 μm long C nanorods were grown by glancing angle deposition on flat and patterned Si wafers, coated with 0.1 mg/cm 2 Pt catalyst by magnetron sputtering, removed from the substrates, and tested as cathode electrodes in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. Deposition on flat substrates yields a nearly fully dense nucleation layer with 0.55 V. However, the cathodes deposited on the patterned substrates yield considerably higher currents at low potential, with a 2 times higher limiting current density i L = 0.73 A/cm 2 than those grown on flat substrates. The higher current in the mass-transport-limited regime is attributed to the 10 times wider engineered pores that facilitate O 2 transport to the active catalyst sites, resulting in a 5 times lower mass transport resistance R MT = 1.5 Ω cm 2 at E = 0.50 V, as quantified by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
Differentiation of mycobacteria on the basis of chemotype profiles by using matrix solid-phase dispersion and thin-layer chromatography.

Abstract Because of the rising incidence of clinical mycobacterial infections and the difficulty in identification and characterization of mycobacteria at the subspecies and serovar levels, a technique for differentiation that could be performed quickly and with relatively little equipment and expense was developed. Lysis and fractionation of mycobacteria by matrix solid-phase dispersion followed by thin-layer chromatography were used to produce chemotype profiles of the lipid and glycolipid components of each isolate. Organisms tested included Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, Mycobacterium phlei, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium flavescens, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium bovis, 11 isolates of Mycobacterium gordonae, 10 serovars of Mycobacterium avium, and four strains of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. A relative retention (Rx) value was established for each visible band on the chromatographs by comparison with a band common to all organisms tested. The chemotype profiles produced were different for every separate species and serovar sampled. These findings suggest that matrix solid-phase dispersion and subsequent thin-layer chromatography may have the sensitivity and flexibility to characterize and identify mycobacteria at the species and subspecies levels and potentially to identify clinical isolates of mycobacteria that have been difficult to identify by standard means. The technique has certain advantages over current biochemical, immunologic, and genetic methods because it is relatively simple to perform, is inexpensive, and requires a small amount of bacterial sample.
Band Structure and Transmission of Photonic Media: A Real-Space Finite-Difference Calculation with the R-Matrix Propagator

In a recent paper, Elson and Tran [1] applied a multilayer modal method with an R-matrix propagator to calculate diffraction intensity from gratings and dispersion in photonic media. This calculation was done in Fourier space where the fields and photonic media are manifest as Fourier transforms of spatially variable quantities. With regard to photonic media, the results of this method [1] agree with experimental data for transmission through a seven-row deep square arrangement of round cylinders. In the present work, a similar calculation is done in real space, where modal expansion solutions are not required. Like the previous work, [1] the method presented here divides the photonic medium into sublayers and the R-matrix algorithm is applied to propagate the solutions through the inhomogeneous media. Unlike the previous work, we do not need to compute eigenvalues and eigenvectors to find modal solutions. This can be an important advantage since such computations can be time consuming.
Detection of differences in beer composition by brand and level of caloric content.

An experiment was conducted to determine whether consumers can detect differences in taste when comparing competing brands of premium beer. Three brands, each having both a regular and a reduced calorie (light) version, were contrasted in an oddity (two identical, one different) procedure (N = 144). The results showed that light beers could be reliably discriminated from regular beers but that neither the lights nor the regulars were discriminable among themselves. The amount of calorie reduction influenced the precision of detecting differences.
Molecular and Genetic Characterization of a Taf1p Domain Essential for Yeast TFIID Assembly

Yeast Taf1p is an integral component of the multiprotein transcription factor TFIID. By using coimmunoprecipitation assays, coupled with a comprehensive set of deletion mutants encompassing the entire open reading frame of TAF1, we have discovered an essential role of a small portion of yeast Taf1p. This domain of Taf1p, termed region 4, consisting of amino acids 200 to 303, contributes critically to the assembly and stability of the 15-subunit TFIID holocomplex. Region 4 of Taf1p is mutationally sensitive, can assemble several Tafps into a partial TFIID complex, and interacts directly with Taf4p and Taf6p. Mutations in Taf1p-region 4 induce temperature-conditional growth of yeast cells. At the nonpermissive temperature these mutations have drastic effects on both TFIID integrity and mRNA synthesis. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that Taf1p subserves a critical scaffold function within the TFIID complex. The significance of these data with regard to TFIID structure and function is discussed.
Dynamic Behavior of a Class of Photovoltaic Power Systems

An important consideration in the operation of grid connected photovoltaic power systems is a means of adjusting the photovoltaic array voltage so that maximum output power is achieved for the given atmospheric conditions. The dynamic behiavior of a specific photovoltaic power system which utilizes the well known perturb and observe method of power tracking is examined. Using measured insolation data, it is demonstrated that the perturb and observe method of control migrates considerably from peak power whenever the insolation varies randomly as a result of cloud cover. An alternate method of power tracking is also examined. It is shown that the photovoltaic power system, utilizing the proposed method of power tracking, is able to track accurately peak power conditions during periods of randomly varying insolation.
Bereavement Following Suicide and Other Deaths: Why Support Attempts Fail.

To assess perceptions both of bereaved individuals and of potential comforters across five causes of death, 400 undergraduate volunteers were screened in order to find 112 who either were bereaved in the past two years, or were not but matched a bereaved individual in age and gender. Non-bereaved individuals imagined that they knew and had to talk to someone bereaved under the same circumstances as their yoked bereaved person. Bereaved individuals reported experiencing more unhelpfulness and blame and less interpersonal contact than potential comforters thought they would give, but also reported more recovery and acceptance, more helpful support, and less need for active avoidance, than potential comforters imagined. People apparently view bereaved individuals as extremely vulnerable. Across all types of death, suicide involved most variability in social support, accidents involved most blame, and homicide involved most loss of belonging support and feeling that the death was not real. Perhaps because of ...
Heterobasidion occidentale sp. nov. and Heterobasidion irregulare nom. nov.: a disposition of North American Heterobasidion biological species

The genus Heterobasidion includes some of the most important pathogens of conifers in the world, and as such it is one of the most intensely studied genera of fungi. Because of the remarkable paucity of distinguishing morphological traits, the taxonomy of species within this genus has always been problematic. A partial resolution of the taxonomic issues regarding this genus was achieved by defining the most important and first described species within it, Heterobasidion annosum, as a species complex containing at least two partially intersterile biological species defined as intersterility groups (ISGs). With time, the number of ISGs has increased to include at least two distinct North American and three distinct Eurasian ISGs. Two additional, yet unnamed, taxonomic groups within Heterobasidion have been recently described in Japan. ISGs are distinguishable either by minor morphological differences, by partial intersterility, by ecological traits including host preference, and/or by their geographic range. Several studies employing a variety of molecular tools and analyses have confirmed the distinct genetic divergence among ISGs, identifying each of them as a monophyletic group. Using genetic markers, genotypes can always be unambiguously assigned to one ISG, and very few inter-ISG hybrids have been identified. In this paper, we summarize the available information, both genetic and ecological, that differentiates the two North American ISGs from each other and from other taxonomic units within the genus. We demonstrate that morphometric characteristics such as pore density and pore shape differentiate the two ISGs. Based on the cumulative genetic, ecological, and morphological evidence, we propose a disposition of ISGs of the North American H. annosum by replacing the P ISG with Heterobasidion irregulare, and the S ISG with Heterobasidion occidentale.
Long-term results favor allogeneic over autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with refractory or recurrent indolent non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

ventional chemotherapy had failed in all patients. Results: The two groups were similar with respect to age at transplantation, gender, histological subtypes, number of chemotherapy regimens received before transplantation and International Prognostic Index scores. The median time from diagnosis to transplantation was longer in the autologous than in the allogeneic SCT group (46 versus 27 months, P = 0.002). In the allogeneic SCT group the median follow-up time was 53 months (range 21–113), and the overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates were 49% and 45%, respectively. After a median follow-up time of 71 months (range 22–109), in the autologous SCT group, the OS and DFS rates were 34% and 17%, respectively. Patients who underwent autologous SCT were more likely to have chemosensitive disease (P <0.001) and were more likely to be in complete remission at the time of transplantation (P = 0.001) than those who underwent allogeneic SCT. However, the probability of disease progression was significantly higher in the autologous SCT group than in the allogeneic SCT group (74% versus 19%, P = 0.003). Conclusions: Patients who undergo HDT with allogeneic SCT for refractory or recurrent indolent NHL have lower relapse rates but higher treatment-related mortality rates than patients who undergo autologous SCT. However, with the development of non-myeloablative preparative regimens, which can decrease treatmentrelated mortality, patients with recurrent indolent NHL should be considered for controlled trials of allogeneic
Fondaparinux for Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism in Major Orthopedic Surgery

OBJECTIVE:To review clinical information related to fondaparinux, a synthetic pentasaccharide recently approved for the prevention of deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) in patients undergoing major orthopedic surgeries and for extended DVT prophylaxis after hip fracture surgery.DATA SOURCES:Primary and review articles were identified by MEDLINE (1983–June 2003) using the key words pentasaccharide, Org31540, SR90107A, DVT prophylaxis, and fondaparinux. Additional sources were found listed in articles, abstracts, and unpublished data on file from the manufacturer. Articles selected were based on their coverage of the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of fondaparinux.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:All of the articles identified were evaluated and all information deemed relevant was included.DATA SYNTHESIS:Fondaparinux is a selective antithrombin-dependent, indirect inhibitor of activated factor Xa. It has a favorable and predictable pharmacokinetic profile when administered subcutaneously, an...
Professionalism, ethical codes and the internal auditor: A moral argument

This paper examines the case of the internal auditor from a sociological and ethical perspective. Is it appropriate to extend the designation of professional to internal auditors? The discussion includes criteria from the sociology literature on professionalism. Further, professional ethical codes are compared. Internal auditors' code of ethics is found to have a strong moral approach, contrasting to the more instrumental approach of certified professional accountants. Internal auditors are noted as using their code of ethics to help resolve professional ethical dilemmas.