cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulling the plug on the current drain [threshold switching]

Power management is one of the main challenges to continued development of large-scale integrated circuits. In particular, the offstate, or standby leakage, is becoming a significant fraction of total power consumption as gate dimensions continue to shrink. A review of the literature identified many possible solutions in the application of threshold-switching devices. This data has apparently never been summarized in one place, suggesting a need for this article. This article discusses the capabilities of classical amorphous semiconductor switches, and more recent advances in silicon, III-V materials, and organic semiconductors that all exhibit threshold-switching properties. Applications and future prospects for the development of more energy-efficient devices are discussed. The long-term vision is that conductors themselves can be engineered to dynamically sense and adapt their conductivity to active or passive states as required.
Multivariate Neuropsychological Prediction of Seizure Lateralization in Temporal Epilepsy Surgical Cases

Summary: Purpose: Neuropsychological assessment can be of assistance in determining seizure lateralization in cases where EEG and MRI findings do not provide clear lateralizing data. While several studies have examined the lateralizing value of individual neuropsychological measures, clinicians are still in need of a statistically sound method that permits the incorporation of multiple neuropsychological variables to predict seizure lateralization in the individual patient. Method: The present study investigated the lateralizing value of several commonly used neuropsychological measures in a large sample of patients (n = 217) who eventually underwent surgical resection to treat their epilepsy. Side of surgery was used to operationally define seizure lateralization. A comparison of the relative utility of a multivariate versus univariate approach to predict seizure lateralization was conducted in temporal epilepsy cases. Results: The results provide evidence for the incremental validity of neuropsychological measures, other than memory and IQ tests, in the prediction of seizure lateralization in patients with medically intractable epilepsy. These data indicate that a multivariate approach increases the accuracy of prediction of seizure lateralization for temporal lobe epilepsy cases. Conclusion: This study supports the use of a multivariate approach using neuropsychological measures to predict seizure lateralization in temporal epilepsy surgical candidates. Regression formulas are provided to enhance the clinical utility of these findings. Ke yW ords: Epilepsy—Lateralization— Neuropsychology.
Innominate artery reconstruction during emergent surgery for acute aortic dissection.

Case description This is a case of acute aortic dissection with multiple tears, occluding innominate artery and causing brain and right hand malperfusion. Patient underwent successful emergent surgery in deep hypothermic circulatory arrest with antegrade cerebral protection for complete replacement of innominate artery and hemiarch. Complete innominate artery was replaced during cooling period on 22°C.
Long-lasting potentiation and epileptiform activity produced by GABAB receptor activation in the dentate gyrus of rat hippocampal slice

Bath application of the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen produced a concentration-dependent long-lasting potentiation (LLP) of the evoked population spike in the dentate gyrus of rat hippocampal slices. A high concentration of baclofen (5 microM) also produced a loss of inhibition that was manifested as the appearance of epileptiform, multiple evoked population spikes and a decrease in paired-pulse inhibition. Both baclofen-induced potentiation and epileptiform activity could be blocked or significantly reduced in slices from pertussis toxin-treated animals (1 microgram, intradentate) or in slices pretreated with the NMDA receptor antagonist D-(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (10 microM). At a concentration that had no significant effect on individual evoked responses (0.1 microM) but still produced a loss in paired-pulse inhibition, baclofen facilitated the induction of beta-adrenergic receptor-mediated LLP. LLP was induced in the dentate gyrus by bath application of 1 microM, but not 0.1 microM, isoproterenol. Coapplication of baclofen and isoproterenol, both at a concentration (0.1 microM) that individually had no effect on the population spike, produced a synergistic LLP of the population spike. We propose that baclofen produces a selective disinhibitory effect in the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus by inhibiting the activity of GABAergic interneurons. At a low concentration, the subtle loss of inhibition can facilitate the induction of isoproterenol-induced LLP. At a high concentration, baclofen can produce an LLP that is probably induced by a loss of inhibition.
CAN PRICE GET THE MONKEY OFF OUR BACK? A META‐ANALYSIS OF ILLICIT DRUG DEMAND

Because of the increased availability of price data over the past 15 years, several studies have estimated the demand for illicit drugs, providing 462 estimates of the price elasticity. Results from estimating several meta-regressions reveal that these price elasticity estimates are influenced by a number of study characteristics. For instance, the price elasticity differs across drugs, with its absolute value being smallest for marijuana, compared with cocaine and heroin. Furthermore, price elasticity estimates are sensitive to whether demand is modeled in the short-run or the long-run, measures of quantity and price, whether or not alcohol and other illicit drugs are included in the specification of demand, and the location of demand. However, a number of other factors, including the functional form of demand, several specification issues, the type of data and method used to estimate demand, and the quality of the publication outlet, have less influence on the price elasticity.
Effect of mutant β-catenin on liver growth homeostasis and hepatocarcinogenesis in transgenic mice.

Protein-stabilizing point mutations or deletions of β-catenin, an intracellular messenger in the Wnt signalling pathway, have been reported in up to 50% of human and mouse hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) (1–10). Several investigators have used transgenic mouse models to confirm the association of β-catenin mutations with liver growth abnormalities. Diffuse hepatocyte-directed expression of mutant β-catenin initiated in fetal liver causes hepatomegaly and loss of animal condition within 5 weeks after birth (11, 12). Diffuse expression initiated in adult liver causes hepatomegaly within 3 weeks of onset (12). Focal expression initiated in adults has no apparent effect on liver growth, and is not associated with altered hepatocyte foci or HCC (12). Mutant β-catenin only promotes cancer when combined with other carcinogenic alterations, including the focal expression of mutant Hras (13), loss of the serine/threonine kinase Lkb1 (14) or administration of diethylnitrosamine (15). β-Catenin also plays a role in the metabolic zonation of the liver (16, 17). Several enzymes are expressed exclusively in perivenous hepatocytes. Membranous immunohistochemical staining of wild-type β-catenin protein in hepatocytes is most intense in the perivenous region (17). The expression of the adenomatous polyposis coli protein, a negative regulator of β-catenin, is strongest in periportal hepatocytes, where no β-catenin staining is noted. Benhamouche and colleagues inactivated adenomatous polyposis coli throughout mouse liver. Both β-catenin and perivenous-restricted genes were now expressed diffusely in the liver, indicating a loss of normal hepatic metabolic zonation (17). Furthermore, two-thirds of these mice also developed HCC (16). This report describes a novel transgenic mouse model that extends our understanding of the effects of oncogenic β-catenin on liver growth homeostasis, including cancer. Our model provides the ability to regulate organ-specific transgene expression in a temporal fashion, and allows us to quantify the influence of β-catenin on hepatocyte growth in vivo. We first describe model validation. We then use this model to address several questions that previous studies could not answer: (i) are β-catenin-induced lesions reversible? (ii) Are the effects of β-catenin cell autonomous or non-cell autonomous? And (iii) can we establish a model in which mutant β-catenin by itself induces mouse hepatic neoplasms in vivo?
Pharmacokinetics and nephrotoxicity of continuous intravenous infusion of gentamicin in low birth weight infants

We evaluated the pharmacokinetics and renal effects of continuous intravenous infusion of gentamicin compared with multiple-dose therapy given in equivalent daily amounts. Nine infants (mean gestational age 34.7 weeks, mean birth weight 2107 gm) were given intermittent injections of gentamicin and 10 infants (mean gestational age 34.8 weeks, mean birth weight 2078 gm) received gentamicin by continuous infusion. Comparison of gentamicin pharmacokinetic data revealed a larger volume of distribution and AUC, prolonged terminal 1 1/2, and slower total body clearance of the drug in those infants receiving gentamicin by continuous infusion. During and after therapy the fractional excretion of sodium was significantly increased in the continuous infusion group. After treatment the creatinine clearance and excretion of β 2 -microglobulin were significantly lower in the continuous therapy group. Our results indicate that infants receiving gentamicin by constant infusion are at higher risk of nephrotoxicity. The extent of this nephrotoxic hazard remains to be determined.
A Simple High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Monoamine Neurotransmitters and Relative Metabolites with Application in Mouse Brain Tissue

As a means to evaluate the role of organic solute carriers in CNS homeostasis, a simple and rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic method utilizing ultraviolet and electrochemical detectors was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin and their metabolites in mouse brain homogenate. For analyte separation, the method utilized a C18 column with a mobile phase of 75 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate (monohydrate), 1.7 mM 1-octanesulfonic acid sodium salt, 25 µM EDTA, 10% acetonitrile, and 1% triethylamine with a final pH of 3.0 adjusted using phosphoric acid. The method was linear for dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid from 20–1000 ng/mL (r ≥ 0.993) with detection limits of 5 ng/mL for dopamine, norepinephrine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and homovanillic acid, and of 20 ng/mL for serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. The method wa...
Author-topic evolution analysis using three-way non-negative Paratucker

Analyzing three-way data has attracted a lot of attention recently due to the intrinsic rich structures in real-world datasets. The PARATUCKER model has been proposed to combine the axis capabilities of the Parafac model and the structural generality of the Tucker model. However, no algorithms have been developed for fitting the PARATUCKER model. In this paper, we propose TANPT algorithm to solve the PARATUCKER model. We apply the algorithm for temporal relation co-clustering on author-topic evolution. Experiments on DBLP datasets demonstrate its effectiveness.
Brussels: division in unity or unity in division?

Abstract Even though Brussels is not a city divided into clearly demarcated ethnolinguistic zones, internal territorial issues help to define the city’s cultural and political geography. On the one hand, the tendency to associate different parts of the city with one group or the other helps to sustain the idea of the city as a culturally divided place. On the other hand, the formal status of the city as a single political-territorial unit within the larger Belgian polity promotes a sense of unity in the face of division. An examination of the functional and perceptual attributes of territory in Brussels shows the socio-political significance of territorial arrangements and understanding even when groups are not separated into discrete spatial units.
Renal perfusion and function: The implications of converting enzyme inhibition

Because the kidney is both the source of circulating renin and the final determinant of the state of sodium balance, which in turn defines responsiveness to angiotensin II, one might have anticipated substantial interest in the impact of converting enzyme inhibitors on the kidney when these agents were developed. The lessons learned about the role of the renin-angiotensin system in normal renal perfusion and function, and possible disorders of control that contribute to disease in patients with essential hypertension, renovascular hypertension, and chronic progressive renal parenchymal disease are reviewed. In each case, the lessons here have important implications for the clinical application of converting enzyme inhibition.
High-dose mercaptopurine and intermediate-dose cytarabine during first remission of acute myeloid leukemia

High-dose, continuous infusion of intravenous mercaptopurine (HD 6MP) followed by intermediate-dose continuous cytarabine (ID Ara-C) has been shown to produce remissions in children with relapsed acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The purpose of this pilot study was to explore the feasibility of using this drug regimen as a component of treatment during the first remission of AML. Of 17 children with newly diagnosed AML registered in the study, 14 developed complete remission on conventional induction therapy and subsequently received the HD 6MP and ID Ara-C combination. The dosages of HD 6MP were escalated from 500 mg/m2 to 1250 mg/m2 in 24-hr infusions. The initial dosages of ID Ara-C were escalated from 250 mg/m2 to 650 mg/m2/24 hr and from 1 day to 4 days. Conventional treatment for AML was administered simultaneously. Seven of the 14 children remain in initial complete remission for 15 to 46 months and have completed treatment. Severe pancytopenia was observed in all patients, but there were no toxic deaths and no deaths during remission. The inclusion of HD 6MP and ID Ara-C in the treatment of AML in first remission appears to be feasible. Evaluation of its efficacy will require a comparative clinical trial.
LMFBR Operational and Experimental In-Core, Local-Fault Experience, Primarily With Oxide Fuel Elements

Case-by-case reviews of selective world experience with severe local faults, particularly fuel failure and fuel degradation, are reviewed for two sodium-cooled thermal reactors, several LMFBRs, and LMFBR-fuels experiments. The review summarizes fuel-failure frequency and illustrates the results of the most damaging LMFBR local-fault experiences of the last twenty years, beginning with BR-5, and including DFR, BOR-60, BR2's MFBS-and Mol-loops experiments, Fermi, KNK, Rapsodie, EBR-II, and Treat-D2. Local-fault accommodation is demonstrated and a need to more thoroughly investigate delayed-neutron and gaseous-fission-product signals is highlighted in view of uranate formation, observed blockages, and slow fuel-element failure-propagation.
Brazilian Federal Police drug chemical profiling — The PeQui Project

Over the past six years the Brazilian Federal Police has undertaken major efforts in order to implement and to develop its own drug chemical profiling program. This paper aims to provide a broad perspective regarding the managerial strategies and some examples of subsequent technical issues involved in the implementation of such a project. Close collaboration with local drug enforcement and investigation teams, establishment of proper worldwide partnerships with well recognized institutions in the field of drug analysis and the attainment of suitable funding and human resources are shown to be key success factors. Some preliminary results concerning the chemical profile of cocaine seizures in Brazil during this process are presented.
Accurate clinical diagnosis of malaria in a postflood epidemic: a field study in Mozambique.

Objective To determine the positive predictive value (PPV) of a clinical diagnosis vs laboratory testing for malaria in a remote field setting following a natural disaster. Methods During an observational study, as part of a disaster response in Mozambique, patients were clinically diagnosed and treated for malaria. The population included native tribes in remote areas and displaced persons in refugee camps representing all age groups, male and female. The diagnosis was made if patients exhibited at least 3 of the following historical features: fever, chills, headache, and nausea/vomiting (N/V). In addition they had to have either a tactile fever or palpable spleen. At the conclusion of the mission, 28 patients were prospectively tested with an antigen-capture assay for P. falciparum to determine the PPV of clinical diagnosis vs definitive laboratory testing. Results During the study period, 1215 of 4064 (30%) patients were diagnosed with malaria based on clinical presentation. On our final day, 28 consecutive patients with a clinical diagnosis of malaria were tested using an antigen-capture assay for P. falciparum. Of those, 25 tested positive—yielding a PPV of 89% (CI 0.78–1.01). Conclusion In a remote field setting where malaria is endemic/epidemic, diagnosis of malaria based on selected historical and physical findings is possible with a high positive predictive value.
Study of a prototype xenon TPC

Abstract The design, construction and performance of a 16-channel xenon time projection chamber (TPC) of about 1 1 volume is discussed. This prototype TPC was able to provide sufficient information regarding scintillation, energy resolution and track reconstruction for the development of the next generation TPC, suitable for double beta decay experiments.
LD Children's Comprehension of Selected Textual Features: Effects of Proximity of Information

This study investigated elementary-age LD children's ability to comprehend narrative text when information explicitly identified as being important to resolving a goal statement was systematically dispersed or centralized within a text. Responses to comprehension questions and recall measures specific to a resolution of the goal statements were analyzed after LD children read and listened to six passages. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed no statistically significant effect for input mode on either measure. A statistically significant effect was found for proximity of information on both the comprehension and the recall measure.
A Low-Power Combination Electrocardiogram-Respiration Telemetry Transmitter

An FM-FM-modulated radio-telemetry transmitter for detecting and transmitting an electrocardiogram (ECG) and respiration activity simultaneously on a single carrier frequency in the 88-108 MHz band is described. Respiration is detected by the impedance pneumographic principle by using the same pair of electrodes used for the ECG. The circuit requires less than 350 ?A from a ± 7 V mercury battery supply and about 185 ?A from a 1.35 V mercury battery. Signals can be transmitted over distances up to 50 ft for about 4 weeks without battery replacement and appreciable changes in calibration.
Metabolomics Special Focus: an introduction.

Metabolomics refers to the measurement of the metabolite pool that exists within a cell, tissue or organism under a given set of conditions, which may result from a genetic modification, disease or toxic insult. This set of metabolites that exist at a given time are directly related to protein and gene expression, which may allow for the elucidation of biochemical pathways, regulatory pathways, and specific cell responses that change in relation to the onset of disease or following a toxic insult. Metabolomics is an integral component of the pharmacogenomics toolbox, especially as its ultimate goal is personalized health. The concept of metabolomics for evaluation of health is not a new one, with metabolic profiling having long been used as a tool to screen newborn babies for inborn errors of metabolism or to assess pathophysiological processes that affect health. However, the emergence of genomics and proteomics technologies has opened the door to apply metabolic profiling along with these new systems biology approaches to evaluate the health and disease continuum and to investigate drug efficacy and toxicity throughout all stages of the drug discovery process. Advances in analytical technologies have also contributed to the emergence of metabolomics. Schlotterbeck and colleagues discuss the applications of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectrometry (MS) and hyphenated NMR and MS techniques including data acquisition and the various data analysis methods for biomarker identification, safety assessment, disease diagnosis, lipid profiling and pharmacometabonomics, which is used to predict the outcome of an individual following drug intervention. This article also touches upon a theme, which is present in all the articles for this Special Focus issue; the role of the phenotype in predicting outcomes in response to a particular treatment course or drug exposure.
Influence of environmental factors on burrow irrigation and oxygen consumption in the mudflat invertebrate Urechis caupo

We examined burrow irrigation activity by the mudflat worm Urechis caupo in response to suspended food, ambient hypoxia (down to 3.3 kPa PO2), hydrogen sulfide exposure (up to 100 µmol l–1), and short-term temperature change (range 10–22°C). In normoxic, nutrient-free water at 14°C, O2 consumption \( \left( {\dot M{\rm O}_2 } \right) \) was 45 nmol min–1 g–1, water flow rate \( \left( {\dot V_{\rm W} } \right) \) was 27 ml min–1 (0.66 ml min–1 g–1), frequency of peristaltic waves (FP) was 2.6 contractions min–1, stroke volume (SV) was 11 ml, and O2 extraction coefficient (EO2) was 0.27. Adding suspended food to the burrow water occasionally elicited stereotypical feeding behavior but had no effect on any measured variables during nonfeeding periods. Hypoxia greatly decreased \( \dot M{\rm O}_2 \) (75% reduction at 3.3 kPa PO2) but did not affect \( \dot V_{\rm W} \) , FP, SV, or EO2. Sulfide at 50 µmol l–1 or less had no effect on burrow irrigation activity, whereas 100 µmol l–1 sulfide decreased \( \dot V_{\rm W} \) by 58% and FP by 50% but had no effect on SV. Temperature strongly affected \( \dot V_{\rm W} \) (Q10 of 1.9 from 10°C to 22°C). We propose that U. caupo's ability to live in the hypoxic, sulfidic mud of productive mudflat environments, combined with its very efficient mucous net, allows it to process much less water for feeding than other suspension-feeding invertebrates. This, in turn, necessitates an efficient O2 extraction mechanism, which is provided by the water lung activity of U. caupo's unique hindgut.
Effects of an Inhibitor of Hepatic Drug Metabolism, 2 Diethylaminoethyl-2,2-Diphenylvalerate HC1 (SKF 525-A), on Thyroxine Metabolism in the Rat

We have examined some effects of 2ndash;diethylaminoethyl- 2,2-diphenylvalerate HC1 (SKF 525-A), an inhibitor of hepatic drug metabolism and of cytochrome P-450-mediated reactions, on T4 metabolism by rat liver slices and by rats in vivo. Incubation of liver slices with labeled T4 in medium containing 0.1 mM SKF 525-A reduced deiodination to 27% of control and did not affect T3 formation; at 1.0 mM SKF 525-A, deiodination and T3 formation both declined (to 7% and 60% of control levels, respectively), while degradation of rT3 was not affected. Hypoxia had effects similar to SKF 525-A, i.e. inhibition of T4 deiodination, while formation of T3 from T4 and degradation of rT3 were not inhibited. During a constant infusion of [125I]T4, SKF 525-A (3.5 mg/100 g BW, ip) caused an acute increase in the MCR of T4. It was then found that SKF 525-A added to serum in vitro increased the free T4 fraction; injected in vivo, it caused a prompt rise in the free T4 fraction accompanied by a fall in serum TSH. In rats receiv...
Symmetric Neural Networks and Propositional Logic Satisfiability

Connectionist networks with symmetric weights (like Hopfield networks and Boltzmann Machines) use gradient descent to find a minimum for quadratic energy functions. We show equivalence between the problem of satisfiability in propositional calculus and the problem of minimizing those energy functions. The equivalence is in the sense that for any satisfiable well-formed formula (WFF) we can find a quadratic function that describes it, such that the set of solutions that minimizes the function is equal to the set of truth assignments that satisfy the WFF. We also show that in the same sense every quadratic energy function describes some satisfiable WFF. Algorithms are given to transform any propositional WFF into an energy function that describes it and vice versa. High-order models that use sigma-pi units are shown to be equivalent to the standard quadratic models with additional hidden units. An algorithm to convert high-order networks to low-order ones is used to implement a satisfiability problem-solver on a connectionist network. The results give better understanding of the role of hidden units and of the limitations and capabilities of symmetric connectionist models. The techniques developed for the satisfiability problem may be applied to a wide range of other problems, such as associative memories, finding maximal consistent subsets, automatic deduction, and even nonmonotonic reasoning.
The effect of avatar model in stepping off a ledge in an immersive virtual environment

Animated digital self-representations of the user in an immersive virtual environment, a self-avatar, have been shown to aid in perceptual judgments in the virtual environment and to provide critical information for people deciding what actions they can and cannot take. In this paper we explore whether the form of the self-avatar is important in providing this information. In particular, we vary the form of a self-avatar between having no self-avatar, a simple line-based skeleton avatar, or a full-body, gender-matched self-avatar and examine whether the form of the self-avatar affects peoples judgments in whether they could or could not step off of a virtual ledge. Our results replicate prior work that shows that having a self-avatar provides critical information for this judgment, but finds no difference in the form of the self-avatar having an effect on the judgment.
Molecular cloning and characterization of two tobacco MADS-box genes

We isolated and characterized two MADS-box genes, TOBM1 and TOBM2, from Nicotiana tabacum. The complete cDNA sequences of TOBM1 and TOBM2 encode a 245 and a 242 amino acid protein, respectively. Amino acid sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses have shown that TOBM1 and TOBM2 are highly related to the MADS-box-containing PFG, SQUA, and AP1 genes. However, expression patterns of TOBM1 and TOBM2 are significantly different from those of previously published MADS-box genes. TOBM1 and TOBM2 are expressed in the inflorescence meristem and all four floral organs. Within the stamen and carpel, TOBM1 and TOBM2 transcripts are present in immature pollen, ovary wall and ovule. TOBM1 is also active in stem tissues.
Case report 760

A 15-year-old girl with a 3-month history of pain in her right knee was first seen in June 1990. Clinical examination revealed a soft-tissue mass over the medial aspect of the proximal end of the tibia. She was short of stature and had atrophic skin changes with hyperpigmentation and aplastic thumbs. Roentgenograms showed a destructive lesion in the proximal area of the right tibia, with a mixed sclerotic and lytic appearance (Fig. 1). The results of a chest roentgenogram and computed tomography (CT) scan of the lungs were normal. However, a bone scan showed increased uptake in the proximal area of the right humerus and the distal end of the left fibula. Roentgenograms showed a destructive sclerotic lesion in the proximal area of the right humerus and the distal end of the left fibula (Figs. 2, 3). A biopsy of the right proximal tibial lesion was performed.
Mineralogical and geochemical evolution of a basalt-hosted fossil soil (Late Triassic, Ischigualasto Formation, northwest Argentina): Potential for paleoenvironmental reconstruction

Reconstruction of paleoclimatic conditions in the Ischigualasto basin, northwestern Argentina, has been constrained by fi eld studies coupled with mineralogic, whole-rock, and fi ne-fraction chemical and stable isotope analysis of a Triassic (Carnian) basalt-hosted fossil soil. Field evidence, such as wedgeshaped aggregate structure and slickensides, indicate this was likely a paleo-Vertisol. Whole-rock analysis defi nes down-profi le trends in clay mineralogy and chemical composition that are consistent with modern soils developed upon basalt parent material. X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that the basaltic parent material is dominated by plagioclase with trace amounts of weathered 2:1 phyllosilicate. Overlying weathered horizons show a progressive loss of plagioclase and an increase in phyllosilicates with minor amounts of kandite clays and detrital quartz. X-ray diffraction analysis of the <2 µm fraction shows that the weathered layers are dominated by dioctahedral smectite (montmorillonite) with a minor fraction of kaolinite in the upper layers of the profi le. There is a progressive loss of basic cations in conjunction with an increase in concentration, on a wt% basis, of conservative elements from the basalt upward through the weathering profi le. The combined data indicate that this soil likely formed on a stable landscape in a cool and humid climate. In addition, the presence of quartz in the paleosol profi le suggests an eolian contribution of sediment during pedogenesis. Despite these apparent morphologic and bulk chemical trends indicative of a pedogenic origin, none of the authigenic minerals formed in isotopic equilibrium. However, based on measured oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions, these minerals apparently formed from meteoric waters with a narrow range of δ 18 O and δD compositions at different temperatures. If this is correct, then amygdaloidal calcites formed at ~60‐100 °C, followed by precipitation of montmorillonites at 49‐57 °C during late-stage hydrothermal alteration. Finally, goethite formed at low temperatures of 6 ± 3 °C in a pedogenic environment. This complex history of hydrothermal alteration and pedogenic overprinting brings to light the need for cautious interpretation of bulk chemical trends in paleosols as a means for paleoclimate reconstruction. Comparison of the calculated Triassic oxygen isotopic compositions of meteoric water and soil temperature with modern environments suggests that this soil formed in a seasonal, humid, and cool climate.
Spectral Analysis of Time Correlation Function for a Dissipative Dynamical System Using Filter Diagonalization: Application to Calculation of Unimolecular Decay Rates

The filter-diagonalization method of Wall and Neuhauser for harmonic inversion of a complex time signal, $C(t)\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\Sigma}{k}^{}{d}_{k}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}it{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{k}}$, is simplified by introducing a different boxlike filter and is reformulated to the case of a signal given on a sparse equidistant time grid. The method is applied to the large scale quantum dynamics problem of extracting hundreds of (narrow and overlapping) resonances of the ${\mathrm{H}}_{3}^{+}$ molecular ion directly from a single signal, ${c}_{n}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}({\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{0}{,T}_{n}(\stackrel{^}{H}){\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{0})$, generated by the dynamical system governed by a modified Chebyshev recursion.
Problem vectorizability and the market for vector supercomputers

Abstract Recent concern has been voiced over the loss of U.S. preeminence in supercomputer design and manufacture, and over the comparatively low usage of supercomputers in U.S. industry. This research investigates industry demand for supercomputing, and the supply characteristics of problems to which supercomputers are typically applied. The research investigates traditional problem vectorizability decision rules for selecting problems suitable for supercomputing, and suggests methods of improving the cost effectiveness of supercomputing. It shows that problem vectorizability decision rules cannot be assumed a priori to assure cost effective supercomputer performance. Rather, the benefits from supercomputing tend to be highly sensitive and situation specific. The failure to appropriately apply supercomputing to problems of commercial importance is a rational reaction to uncertainties associated with the cost effectiveness of supercomputing. This result provides insight into current industry trends in light of the framework presented for analysis, and suggests beneficial directions for supercomputing developments.
Measurement of Dynamic Friction: Apparatus and Early Results

A new apparatus for measuring dynamic friction is described. The apparatus comprises an oscillating platform on which a test mass is free to slide. The displacement of the test mass relative to the platform is measured with a Hall effect sensor, and the friction force is measured with an accelerometer. The apparatus is used to obtain the friction vs velocity curves for several interfaces between the contacting surfaces: polished metal against polished metal, lubricated polished surfaces, and teflon against teflon. For each surface interface several amplitudes and frequencies of motion are investigated. Results, generally consistent with earlier published results and with theory, demonstrate that the apparatus works. Recommendations for improvement of the apparatus are given.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
The free amino acids of serum during development of Macaca mulatta. II. During pregnancy and fetal life.

The Free Amino Acids of Serum During Development of Macaca mulatto II. During Pregnancy and Fetal Life
Problems in establishing exposure criteria for medical ultrasound

Abstract This paper described the need for adequate quantification of dosage by identifying the most relevant physical factors so that a proper risk assessment can be made for any treatments involving exposure to ultrasound. As a demonstration an acoustic quantity was plotted for a continuous ultrasound field and called Q representing the square of the pressure amplitude. It was shown that this quantity Q would be relevant to biological effects of ultrasound in several ways, such as in the derivation of radiation pressure which has relevance to insonation of cell cultures. Q is also applicable to temperature calculations and to cavitation which would occur most vigorously when the pressure amplitude is greatest. It was pointed out that the suitability of parameters chosen to quantify ultrasound exposure will depend on both the feasibility of measuring it, and its relevance to biological effects and safety.
Endoscopic chemical cautery of piriform sinus tracts: A safe new technique

Piriform sinus tracts are thought to be of branchial origin and typically present with suppurative thyroiditis or a lateral neck mass. Endoscopic examination with direct visualization of the internal opening usually confirms the diagnosis. Complex external surgery with complete excision of the tract is the current standard of care. We report two cases of piriform sinus tracts which were managed with silver nitrate cautery of the internal opening. Post-operative closure of the opening was confirmed in one patient. This appears to be a safe and effective technique that eliminates the need for surgery and has not been previously reported.
Cloning and Analysis of an Actin-encoding cDNA from the Dimorphic Pathogenic Fungus Histoplasma capsulatum

We have cloned an actin-encoding cDNA from the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, an important pathogen of humans. The predicted amino acid sequence as well as the general codon pattern of Histoplasma actin revealed the highest degree of similarity to the actin of the filamentous ascomycete Aspergillus nidulans. Southern blot analysis determined that actin was encoded by a single copy in the Histoplasma genome. Northern blot analysis showed a single 1700 nt transcript in yeast and mould cells as well as in cells undergoing the temperature induced mould-to-yeast conversion. Actin mRNA levels normalized to 18 S rRNA were found to be equivalent in all the stages examined, except for a sharp four-fold transient decrease 4 h into the mould-to-yeast conversion. These data suggest that actin mRNA would not be a suitable internal marker for expression studies during Histoplasma mould-to-yeast morphogenesis.
The effect of an antiviral peptide on the ribosomal reactions of the peptide elongation enzymes, EF-I and EF-II

Abstract A basic peptide with antiviral properties isolated from pokeweed is shown to inhibit the synthesis of globin and phenylalanine peptides on ribosomes isolated from rabbit reticulocytes. The inhibition appears to involve a specific effect of the peptide inhibitor on the larger ribosomal subunit that can be produced at a ratio of inhibitor to ribosomes of less than one to one. Ribosomes treated with the inhibitor have a reduced capacity to support enzymatic binding of Phe-tRNA to ribosomes and GTP hydrolysis caused by the elongation enzyme, EF-I. Treated ribosomes exhibit a concomitant capacity for increased GTP hydrolysis by EF-II but do not efficiently support EF-II-dependent binding of [ 3 H]GTP. Such binding appears to involve the formation of an EF-II·GDP·ribosome complex. Thus, the inhibitor has an effect on GTP-dependent reaction carried out by both of the peptide elongation enzymes. The relation between these effects in the reticulocyte system is discussed in relation to the effects of siomycin or thiostrepton in blocking GTP hydrolysis by EF-T and EF-G on prokaryotic ribosomes.
Preschool Classroom Behavioral Context and School Readiness Outcomes for Low-Income Children: A Multilevel Examination of Child- and Classroom-Level Influences.

Guided by an ecological theoretical model, the authors used a series of multilevel models to examine associations among children's individual problem behavior, the classroom behavioral context, and school readiness outcomes for a cohort of low-income children (N = 3,861) enrolled in 229 urban Head Start classrooms. Associations were examined between early problem behavior (overactive and underactive behavior) at the child and classroom level and three dimensions of school readiness: cognitive skills, social engagement, and coordinated movement, assessed at the end of the preschool year. At the child level, younger children, boys, and underactive and overactive problem behavior were associated with lower school readiness skills. At the classroom level, classroom contexts early in the preschool year characterized by high levels of underactive behavior (e.g., social withdrawal among children) were uniquely and additively associated with lower school readiness skills. Contrary to hypotheses, there were no significant associations between classroom behavioral contexts characterized early in the preschool year by high levels of overactive behavior (e.g., socially disruptive or dysregulated behavior among children). Findings extend prior research in Head Start. Implications for early identification and intervention are discussed.
Increasing robustness in global adaptive quadrature through interval selection heuristics

On traite la quadrature comme la generation et la recherche d'un arbre dont les nœuds representent des intervalles. Ce cadre donne une methode pour l'etude des proprietes numeriques de la quadrature adaptative locale par rapport a la terminaison des intervalles par des criteres d'erreur relative
Sisters in health: experiential program emphasizing social interaction increases fruit and vegetable intake among low-income adults.

Sisters in Health, a nutrition education program aimed at increasing fruit and vegetable consumption among low-income women, includes active food experiences, positive social settings, a flexible meeting series, and small-group facilitation by paraprofessionals. The program's impact was evaluated in a nonrandom sample of 269 low-income adults in 32 intervention and 10 control groups in New York State using a quasi-experimental, pre-/postprogram evaluation design. Intervention groups reported increased fruit and vegetable consumption, measured by a brief screener, of 1.6 times a day (versus 0.8 times in the control groups) and were 0.44 times more likely to be eating-fruits and vegetables 5 or more times a day (P < .05) than control groups. Group support, taste, and food skill experiences can be effective for increasing fruit and vegetable consumption.
Building State Structure: Guomindang Institutional Rationalization during the Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945

This article examines Guomindang institutional rationalization during the Sino-Japanese War and its implications. The author argues that the war witnessed the most intensive Guomindang efforts of state building characterized by rationalization of state institutions. Drawing intellectual resources from theories of public administration in the United States, the Guomindang pushed for institutional rationalization by implementing a three-in-one administrative system through the integration of planning, execution, and assessment. The Guomindang succeeded in creating institutions of central planning and assessment and increased the rationalization of state institutions but failed to achieve the level of administrative efficiency it had hoped for. Guomindang institutional rationalization contributed to the Guomindang’s and the Communists’ recognition of the desirability of central planning and a planned economic system. It also began the process of designating political, economic, and administrative organizatio...
Vibrational stabilization of linear time delay systems and its robustness with respect to the delay size

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of vibrational stabilization for a class of linear systems with time delay. The total vibrational stabilizability conditions are formulated. The robustness of an oscillatory stabilizing effect with respect to the magnitudes of the delays and the parameters of oscillations is also investigated on the basis of numerical examples.
Gas-cooled fast reactor fuel fabrication

The gas-cooled fast reactor is a high temperature helium-cooled Generation IV reactor concept. Operating parameters for this type of reactor are well beyond those of current fuels so a novel fuel must be developed. One fuel concept calls for UC particles dispersed throughout an SiC matrix. This study examines a hybrid reaction bonding process as a possible fabrication route for this fuel. Processing parameters are also optimized. The process combines carbon and SiC powders and a carbon yielding polymer. In order to obtain dense reaction bonded SiC samples the porosity to carbon ratio in the preform must be large enough to accommodate SiC formation from the carbon present in the sample, however too much porosity reduces mechanical integrity which leads to poor infiltration properties. The porosity must also be of a suitable size to allow silicon transport throughout the sample but keep residual silicon to a minimum.
The Influence of Need for Closure on Learning and Teaching

A primary goal of educational systems is to provide learners with the information, skills, and dispositions needed to be an effective member of a complex and information-rich society. To effectively address this goal, educators and educational psychologists need to understand both the ability and the willingness of learners to grapple effectively with information. A psychological construct that may illuminate heretofore unexplored aspects of learners' willingness or reluctance to grapple with information is the need for closure (Kruglanski, Psychol Inq 1(3):181-197, 1990; Kruglanski and Webster, Psychol Rev 103:263-283, 1996; Webster and Kruglanski, J Pers Soc Psychol 76(6):1049- 1062, 1994). The purpose of this article is to provide educational psychologists with a theoretical overview of need for cognitive closure, highlighting its applicability to instructional settings. We will also discuss what closure needs may look like within the classroom and the conditions under which they may be exhibited. We argue for the relevance of the need for closure construct for improving educators' understanding of teaching and learning processes.
Combined treatment of rodent fibrosarcoma by radiotherapy and immune adjuvanti

Abstract The effect of fractionated local tumor X-irradiation combined with intraperitoneal administration of several non-specific immune adjuvants has been compared with X-irradiation alone and immune adjuvant alone. The tumors employed are a transplanted syngeneic rat fibrosarcoma and a transplanted syngeneic mouse fibrosarcoma. The non-specific immune adjuvants studied were C. parvum, BCG, endotoxin, piromen and zymosan. The most effective protocol in rats and mice resulting in complete remission was obtained with C. parvum given intraperitoneally (i.p.) 1 day prior to each m three doses of 1500 R. Animals receiving the same dose schedule without adjuvant had only partial regression of their tumor. BCG as adjuvant was useful in treating mouse, but not rat tumors. Stimulation of the host immune response by non-specific adjuvant appears to improve the tumor response to radiotherapy.
Improving rapid response operations in acute care delivery - part II: Continuous improvement and case study

Improving the efficacy of rapid response operations in acute care delivery is of critical importance to improve patient safety and care quality. In this paper, continuous improvement methods have been developed to identify the bottleneck responses in rapid response operations. Specifically, the bottleneck response for decision time (BN-τ) and its variability (BN-cv), and response-time performance bottleneck (BN-rtp) have been introduced, and bottleneck indicators based on the data collected on the hospital floor have been developed. To illustrate the applicability of the method, a case study at University of Kentucky Chandler Hospital is presented.
Peritoneal dialysis and potassium: pains and gains in ED—the authors' reply

[1] Roseman DA, Schechter-Perkins EM, Bhatia JS. Treatment of life-threatening hyperkalemia with peritoneal dialysis in the ED. Am J EmergMed 2014;33(3):473.e3–5. [2] Senthilkumaran S, Suresh P, Balamurugan N, Karthikeyan V. Peritoneal dialysis: an underutilized rescue modality in emergency department. SIMA 2008;6:6–9. [3] Perez Contreras F, Gas J, Prados M, Perdiguero M, Olivares J. Peritoneal dialysis effects on the alterations due to uremia. In: Montenegro J, Olivares J, editors. Madrid. Dive. Peritoneal Dialysis; 1999. p. 394. [4] Musso CG, Schreck C, Greloni G, Sosa AM, Mendoza L, Algranati L, et al. Refractory hyperkalemia in peritoneal dialysis. Int Urol Nephrol 2003;35:563–4. [5] Putcha N, Allon M. Management of hyperkalemia in dialysis patients. Semin Dial 2007;20:431–9.
Photoelectric properties of amorphous silicon and germanium films

Abstract The spectral dependence of photoconductivity has been measured on amorphous Ge and Si films over a broad range of deposition conditions and after various annealing treatments. As with measurements of other properties, the results demonstrate the non-uniqueness of the “amorphous” state obtained from vacuum deposition. Most of the increase of Δσ/σ with annealing is due to a decrease in σ; the mobility-lifetime product (contained in Δσ) is relatively unaffected. The magnitude of Δσ/σ suggests further development of these materials toward practical applications; the best Si films exhibit Δσ/σ ∼ 100 at 80° K with about 3 mW power incident on a 1 mm × 10 mm area. Photovoltaic effects with submicrosecond response have been observed at room temperature on annealed Si with Ni and Cr sandwich electrodes. Some possible applications of these films are suggested.