cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Schizophrenia, the prefrontal cortex, and a mechanism of genetic susceptibility

Information-processing in the prefrontal cortex is abnormal in patients with schizophrenia. From functional neuroimaging and other studies, it appears that neurons of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex are effectors of core clinical and biological phenomena associated with the illness. Cognitive deficits qualitatively similar to those in patients with schizophrenia are also found in their healthy siblings and other relatives. The evidence for abnormal prefrontal function in healthy siblings suggests that the deficit in information-processing is part of the biology of genetic susceptibility. Therefore, genetic variations in human DNA that affect this kind of information-processing may contribute part of the genetic risk for the illness. COMT is an enzyme that is distributed widely throughout the brain, but seems to be uniquely relevant to how dopamine affects information-processing in the prefrontal cortex. There is a common variation in the genetic sequence of the COMT gene, which causes a dramatic change in its enzyme activity. In people with schizophrenia, in their healthy siblings, and also in normal controls, the COMT genotype predicts 4% of the variation in human executive cognition and working memory. We have thus identified a genetic mechanism in the human species that affects the efficiency and efficacy of information-processing in the prefrontal cortex. It is, also, a weak genetic risk factor for schizophrenia: in family studies, it increases the risk of schizophrenia by 50-80%. Prefrontal neuronal tuning may be a target for new drug development in the future.
Autoionization Resonances and Configuration-Mixing in the Emission Spectra of Zn I and Cd I

From new emission spectra of Cd I and Zn I the nsnp $^{1}$P$^{0}$-np$^{2}$ $^{3}$P$\_{2}$ features have been identified in each case ($n$ = 4 for Zn and ($n$ = 5 for Cd). Absolute photometric study of the resonances has proved that they have the same half-widths as their shorter-wavelength companions nsnp $^{3}$P$^{0}$-np$^{2}$ $^{3}$P$\_{2}$. The measured auto-ionization probability for the Cd I 5p$^{2}$ $^{3}$P$\_{2}$ level is $4.15\times 10^{13}$ s$^{-1}$ and for the Zn I 4p$^{2}$ $^{3}$P$\_{2}$ level is 4.84 $\times $ 10$^{12}$ s$^{-1}$. From the absolute intensity measurements we have determined the configuration-mixing coefficients and, for Cd I, the capture cross-section for the 5sE(d) $^{1}$D$_{2}$ continuum associated with the resonance at 310.7 nm.
Operator exposure from closed system loading and application of alachlor herbicide.

Biological monitoring (urine) and passive monitoring (patch) techniques were used to estimate total body dose in sixteen operators of closed system transfers of the emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and the micro-encapsulated (MT) formulations of alachlor herbicide from prepackaged bulk containers. Four of the operators were also monitored during the subsequent soil incorporation applications. The dermal deposition was very low and, more importantly, the analysis of 12-hour composites of urine collected for five days, revealed undetectable (<5 ppb) concentrations of alachlor metabolites in every sample from 12 of 16 operators. The mean normalized absorbed dose of alachlor was 4.1×10−7 mg/kg bw/lb applied for EC tank fill plus application, zero (undetected) for EC tank fill only, and 1.1×10−7 mg/kg bw/lb applied for MT tank fill only. These results demonstrate that operators wearing normal clothing plus protective clothing as recommended on the product label, will experience negligible exposure while using well designed closed transfer systems. The urine samples in this study were analyzed by a new method which utilizes base-pressure hydrolysis to convert the alachlor metabolites to the anilines which are separated by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and detected by an electrochemical detector.
First-trimester fetal biometry using transvaginal sonography.

First-trimester fetal biometry using transvaginal sonography is now feasible and desirable due to improved imaging and probe maneuverability. A study of 144 early normal pregnancies with precise dates is presented. Regression models were constructed for the crown–rump length, biparietal diameter, head circumference and abdominal circumference. Error analysis of the technique and calculations was performed. First-trimester fetal biometry may be used for obtaining precise estimates of gestational age and may help to detect early fetal maldevelopment resulting in abnormal growth. Copyright © 1993 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Nd:YAG laser thermal effect in the prostate: application to laser treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia

The aim of our study was to systematically determine the effect of Nd:YAG laser in the prostatic tissue of a canine animal model and to define the correlation of laser dose with the depth of coagulation necrosis. This study was carried out with a right angle non contact laser delivery system.
Habitat of Oil in Carbonate Rocks: ABSTRACT

Entrapment of oil in carbonate reservoirs can be explained by analysis of (a) depositional environment, (b) diagenetic changes, (c) structural history, and (d) fluid mechanics. Favorable reservoir rocks in carbonate environments include reefs, bioherms, oolite bars, and porous skeletal calcarenite. Production of organic material in such environments (with the exception of oolite bars) is prolific, but under normal conditions a major part of the organic soft parts are destroyed by bacteria scavengers and early diagenesis, whereas skeletal parts are preserved. Early diagenesis modifies the texture and the original porosity of carbonate deposits by recrystallization, solution, cementation, and replacement. Under favorable conditions, dolomitization enhances the reservoir characteristics of the carbonate sediment. Hydrocarbons are found in cyclic carbonates which were deposited on unstable shelves and subjected to recurrent sea-level fluctuations with periodic influxes of terrigenous clastic material. Under a cyclic regime of sedimentation, a reservoir-type carbonate facies can be covered by sapropelic shale, evaporite, or basinal facies. This stratigraphic relation, in addition to providing an adequate seal, also can be suitable to preservation of organic soft parts within the reservoir facies. In the writer's opinion, cyclic sedimentation in carbonate rocks could explain in situ accumulation of hydrocarbons in carbonate rocks under certain favorable conditions. The oil generated in carbonate rocks is subject to secondary migration as a result of structural deformation. An understanding of fluid mechanics is very useful for explanation of some peculiarities of oil distribution within the carbonate traps. Tectonic setting of the carbonate shelf, relative to the stable nuclei and the mobile margins of the continents, has a profound influence on the type of trapping mechanisms likely to be found in the carbonate rocks. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1831------------
Microsecond Protein Folding Through a Compact Transition State

Dynamic NMR methods have been employed to measure the folding and unfolding rate constants of two extremely fast-folding proteins. lambda 6-85, a truncated, monomeric form of the N-terminal domain of lambda repressor, refolds with a lifetime of approximately 250 microseconds. These methods have also been applied to a thermostable lambda 6-85 variant with alanine substituted for glycine residues 46 and 48 in the third helix (G46A/G48A). Both proteins exhibit linear ln (kf,u) versus [urea] plots, consistent with two-state folding for both proteins. When extrapolated to 0M urea, the data indicate that G46A/G48A folds with a lifetime of less than 20 microseconds. The slopes of the ln (kf,u) versus [urea] curves (mu and mf) indicate that the modest Gly-->Ala double mutation dramatically changes the transition state solvent accessibility. The transition state for lambda 6-85 has a fractional accessibility (mu/(mu-mf)) of 0.61, whereas the transition state for G46A/G48A is much more native-like, with a fractional accessibility of 0.16. The extraordinary change in the folding pathway that these mutations induce suggests that the intrinsic stability of helix 3 is an important determinant of the folding mechanism.
TRANSIENT PROXIMAL TUBULAR RENAL INJURY FOLLOWING ECSTASY INGESTION

Multiple renal adverse effects have been anecdotally reported with the ingestion of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy), a widely used recreational drug. These side effects include acute renal failure, necrotizing vasculitis, and hyponatremia, the mechanisms for which are unknown. We report a case of transient acute proximal tubular injury and hyponatremia associated with Ecstasy use. An 18-year-old woman presented with new onset seizures and polydipsia. Her initial laboratory evaluation revealed hyponatremia (Na 117 mEq/L), polyuria (urine output >400 mL/h for several hours), renal glycosuria (blood glucose 120 mg/dL, urine glucose >1,000 mg/dL), and solute diuresis (urine osmolality 552 mOsm/kg H2O). Urine electrolyte values reflected a low tubular reabsorption of phosphorus (TRP) of 68.1% (expected TRP >85% at serum P 2.3 mg/dL) with an appropriate transtubular potassium gradient of 3.0 (serum K 3.7 mEq/L). Her hyponatremia was slowly corrected. A repeat TRP after 48 h had normalized to 86.5%, and her glycosuria resolved. An extensive toxin screen was later reported positive for Ecstasy. To our knowledge, this is the first example of an acute and transient proximal tubular injury with Ecstasy ingestion. This complication may become more apparent with increasing use of this drug.
Verbindungen mit Thiazolidinstruktur aus Hexosen und 2‐Mercapto‐äthylamin

D-Glucose, D-Galaktose, D-Mannose und 4.6-Benzal-α-D-glucose reagierten mit 2-Mercapto-athylamin unter Bildung von Thiazolidin-Derivaten. Der Konstitutionsbeweis wurde durch Desulfurierung der Acetate mit Raney-Nickel erbracht, die zu den entsprechenden Hexitderivaten fuhrte. Der Glucosederivat III entstehende I-[N-athyl-acetamino]-2.3.4.5.6-penta-O-acetyl-1-desoxy-D-sorbit (IV) wurde auf einem unabhangigen Wege aus 1-athylamino-1-desoxy-D-glucose erhalten.
Hypogonadism and CHARGE association

The G of the CHARGE association represents genital hypoplasia, which is typically recognized only in males (micropenis/cryptorchidism). The cause of genital hypoplasia in this disorder has not been determined. We now report the cases of nine individuals with CHARGE association and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, manifested by hypogenitalism and gonadotropins at or below minimal detectable levels at ages when these hormones should be readily measurable. We suggest that central hypogonadism is responsible not only for the genital hypoplasia in male patients but also for the lack of secondary sexual development in patients of both sexes. Since hypogonadotropic hypogonadism appears to be the usual cause of genital and pubertal abnormalities in CHARGE association, measurement of serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations in infants up to 2-3 months of age who are suspected of having this disorder could help establish the diagnosis. Determination of serum LH and FSH concentrations in teenagers with CHARGE association could result in early diagnosis of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, allowing for treatment of hormonal deficiencies and minimization of potential secondary psychosocial and medical problems.
‘Couplings of such sonority’: reading a poem by Barbara Guest

What is the ground of lyric poetry: that is to say, on what basis can a use of language properly be termed poetic, as distinct from philosophical, expressive, descriptive, sententious or informativ...
Some Computer Organizations and Their Effectiveness

A hierarchical model of computer organizations is developed, based on a tree model using request/service type resources as nodes. Two aspects of the model are distinguished: logical and physical. General parallel- or multiple-stream organizations are examined as to type and effectiveness?especially regarding intrinsic logical difficulties. The overlapped simplex processor (SISD) is limited by data dependencies. Branching has a particularly degenerative effect. The parallel processors [single-instruction stream-multiple-data stream (SIMD)] are analyzed. In particular, a nesting type explanation is offered for Minsky's conjecture?the performance of a parallel processor increases as log M instead of M (the number of data stream processors). Multiprocessors (MIMD) are subjected to a saturation syndrome based on general communications lockout. Simplified queuing models indicate that saturation develops when the fraction of task time spent locked out (L/E) approaches 1/n, where n is the number of processors. Resources sharing in multiprocessors can be used to avoid several other classic organizational problems.
Virtue and Attraction: Validation of a Measure of Love:

This study presents data to validate a measure of love, the Virtue-Attraction Scale (VAS). Love is conceptualized as two basic dimensions: virtue and attraction.Virtue is love which is directed toward furthering the welfare of another, whileattraction is love based upon gratifications which are received from the relationship. The study measures 712 subjects' self-reported love for their mothers and fathers (during their teenage years), and subjects' perceived love of their parents for them. Factor analyses indicate that virtue and attraction are separate dimensions of love. They are also related to parental support, the Davis-Todd Relationship Rating Form, self-esteem and faith in people in a theoretically consistent manner, show discriminant validity when related to need fulfillment, religiosity and altruism and criterion-related validity when related to parental divorce. Additional evidence of validity from previous studies is presented. A preliminary theory of love is considered and the relationship be...
Personality Effects on Tipping Attitudes, Self-Reported Behaviors and Customs: A Multi-Level Inquiry

Abstract Two studies replicate and extend ( Lynn, 2000 ) research on national personality and tipping customs. Study 1 finds that national extraversion and psychoticism, but not neuroticism, are related to customary tip sizes. Study 2 finds effects on attitudes and self-reported behavior of personality at the individual level of analysis that only partially support Lynn’s explanations for the national-level effects. Discussion centers on alternative explanations for the national personality effects on tipping norms.
Topological semantics of justification logic

The Justification Logic is a family of logical systems obtained from epistemic logics by adding new type of formulas t:F which reads as t is a justification for F. The major epistemic modal logic S4 has a well-known Tarski topological interpretation which interprets □F as the interior of F (a topological equivalent of the 'knowable part of F'). In this paper we extend the Tarski topological interpretation from epistemic modal logics to justification logics which have both: knowledge assertions □F and justification assertions t:F. This topological semantics interprets modality as the interior, terms t represent tests, and a justification assertion t:F represents a part of F which is accessible for test t. We establish a number of soundness and completeness results with respect to Kripke topology and the real line topology for S4-based systems of Justification Logic.
Time-Dependent Linear DAEs With Discontinuous Inputs*

Existence and uniqueness results are proved for initial-value problems associated with linear, time-varying, differential-algebraic equations. The right-hand sides are chosen in a space of distributions allowing for solutions exhibiting discontinuities as well as impulses. This approach also provides a satisfactory answer to the problem of inconsistent initial conditions, of crucial importance for physical applications. Furthermore, our theoretical results yield an efficient numerical procedure for the calculation of the jump and impulse of a solution at a point of discontinuity. Numerical examples are given.
Functionalization of closo-Borates via Iodonium Zwitterions.

A simple method for the functionalization of closo-borates [closo-B10H10]2− (1), [closo-1-CB9H10]− (2), [closo-B12H12]2− (3), [closo-1-CB11H12]− (4), and [3,3′-Co(1,2-C2B9H11)2]− (5) is described. Treatment of the anions and their derivatives with ArI(OAc)2 gave aryliodonium zwitterions, which were sufficiently stable for chromatographic purification. The reactions of these zwitterions with nucleophiles provided facile access to pyridinium, sulfonium, thiol, carbonitrile, acetoxy, and amino derivatives. The synthetic results are augmented by mechanistic considerations.
Confidence Limits on Phylogenies:the bootstrap revisited

Abstract— The bootstrap, a non-parametric statistical analysis, can be used to assess confidence limits on phylogcnics. The method most widely used tests the monophyly of individual clades. This paper proposes additional applications of the bootstrap which provide useful information about phylogeny even when many clades are found not to be supported with confidence (as often occurs in practice). In such cases it is still possible to place a constraint on the phylogenetic position of taxa by examining the relative size of the smallest monophyletic groups that contain them. In addition, the taxonomic composition of these larger clades can be determined, as well as the relative likelihood of their occurrence. The distinction between hypotheses about membership in particular clades and hypotheses about entire topologies is also discussed. To investigate the latter, the bootstrap is used to estimate the sampling distribution of tree similarity indices. All methods are illustrated by reference to a large data set on the angiosperm family Asteraccae, selected from the literature.
Dielectric functions of common YBCO substrate materials determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry

Reference dielectric function data for several common YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta// (YBCO) substrate materials have been determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry over the range 250 nm 750 nm. These materials include LaAlO/sub 3/, BaZrO/sub 3/, NdGaO/sub 3/, 9.5 mol% Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/-ZrO/sub 2/ (YSZ), LaSrGaO/sub 4/ (LSGO), and (LaAlO/sub 3/)/sub 0.3/-(Sr/sub 2/AlTaO/sub 6/)/sub 0.7/ (LSAT). The precision of the data was confirmed by comparing SE determined data for SrTiO/sub 3/ to published values, Agreement to the third decimal point was shown. These data have been used to characterize interfaces between YBCO and some of these materials by SE.
Taxonomy and biostratigraphy of the early Tertiary Taeniodonta (Mammalia: Eutheria): Summary

The Taeniodonta is an order of archaic mammals known exclusively from the lower Tertiary of western North America (Schoch and Lucas, 1981a). Their remains are found in Puerean (lower Paleocene) to Uintan (upper Eocene) strata of the Rocky Mountain intermontane sedimentary basins (Figs. 13, 14; Table 12). In the San Juan basin of New Mexico and Colorado, the Puerean to Wasatchian (lower Eocene) sedimentary sequence includes the type localities for the Puerean, Torrejonian (middle Paleocene), and Tiffanian (late Paleocene) land mammal “ages” (Wood and others, 1941) as well as a classic Wasatchian fauna (Lucas and others, 1981). Thus, the San Juan basin mammalian faunas provide a sequence of faunas which can provide the basis for interbasinal correlation. The Taeniodonta are an important element of these faunas; many of: the type specimens and important referred specimens of these animals come from the San Juan basin. However, except for Patterson9s (1949b) brief review, a comprehensive study of this order has not been published for more than 80 years (Wortman, 1897b). Before a group of animals can be used, biostratigraphic correlation, its species- and genus-level taxonomy, and its known stratigraphic occurrences must be well established. In this paper, I revise the species-level taxonomy of the Taeniodonta and document their geographic and temporal (stratigraphic) distribution and I discuss their usefulness and implications for biostratigraphic correlation in western North America. SCope And Methods In this paper, I undertake a complete taxonomic revision at the genus- and species-level of the Taeniodonta based on the majority of the known specimens. The suprageneric classification and phylogeny of the taeniodonts is not considered here. Taxonomic judgments are made solely on the basis of morphology; extrinsic stratigraphic and geographic data, although recorded and considered important, are not used to define taxa.
Prehospital hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier resuscitation attenuates postinjury acute lung injury

Background Crystalloid infusion has been the standard prehospital fluid resuscitation in the United States for the past 35 years, but the emergence of a safe and effective hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier (HBOC) may change that practice. The purpose of this in vivo study is to simulate an existing multicenter prehospital trial of HBOC versus crystalloid to determine the effects in a controlled 2-event construct of postinjury multiple organ failure. Methods Rats underwent hemorrhagic shock (30 mm Hg × 45 min) and were resuscitated over 2 hours in a clinically relevant design: 2 × volume of shed blood (SB) using normal saline (NS) in the first 30 minutes; 1/2 volume of SB in the next 30 minutes; another 2 × SB volume with NS over the remaining 60 minutes. Study groups represented alternative fluid strategies during the first hour of resuscitation: (1) Inhospital SB (standard resuscitation), (2) Inhospital HBOC, (3) Prehospital SB, and (4) Prehospital HBOC. Global physiologic response was assessed via tissue oxygenation (near infrared spectroscopy) and arterial base deficit, and pulmonary response, via lung polymorphonuclear neutrophil accumulation and vascular permeability. Results Prehospital HBOC resuscitation provided the most efficient recovery of tissue oxygenation and correction of base deficit, had the greatest reduction in pulmonary polymorphonuclear neutrophil accumulation, and abrogated acute lung injury. Prehospital SB and Inhospital HBOC regimens afforded intermediate lung protection, compared with standard resuscitation. Conclusions The findings in this controlled in vivo study suggest prehospital HBOC resuscitation improves the recovery from postshock oxygen debt and reduces postinjury organ dysfunction.
The Asian Higher Education Century

The 2009 world university rankings showed a modest increase in the number of universities in Asia that have entered the top 100—in the Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities from 5 to 6, and in the Times Higher Education/QS rankings from 14 to 16. Commentators immediately referred to the academic rise of Asia and a concomitant decline of the West.
Interactions of Uranium and Neptunium with Cementitious Materials Studied by XAFS

We have investigated the interaction of U(VI) and Np(V) actinide ions with cementitious materials that are relevant to nuclear waste repositories using X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) Spectroscopy. The actinide ions were individually loaded onto untreated as well as hydrothermally treated cements. The mixtures were then equilibrated at varying pH's for a period of approximately 6 months. In all cases uranium was introduced in the form of aqueous uranyl ion, UO{sub 2}{sup 2+}, and was observed to remain in this form based on the Near Edge (XANES) spectra. The uranium samples show evidence of interactions with both treated and untreated cements at all pH's, with uranyl interacting with the cement mineral phases (i.e., SiO{sub 2}) through an inner-sphere mechanism where oxygen atoms in the equatorial plane of the uranyl ion are shared with the mineral surface. In contact with the hydrothermally treated cement, the uranyl ions are also observed to form oligomeric species, proving that hydrothermal treatment of the concrete has a significant effect on the structural bonding characteristics of uranyl on the concrete. Neptunium was introduced as the neptunyl ion, NpO{sub 2}{sup +}, and was observed to undergo a reduction from Np(V) to Np(IV). Percent reduction was calculated frommore » both component analysis of the XANES region and by curve fitting to the EXAFS region. Results from both methods were in good agreement and showed ca. 15% of Np(V) is reduced to Np(IV) in the fresh sample. In comparison, the other samples showed higher reduction rates of between 40% and 65%. Reduction was thus observed to occur over a relatively slow time scale based on XAFS data collected from a ''fresh'' sample (aged for 1 month). No Np-Np interactions were observed in the EXAFS spectra which makes surface precipitation of Np{sup 4+} phases an unlikely mechanism for sorption.« less
Proteoglycans mediate malaria sporozoite targeting to the liver

Malaria sporozoites are rapidly targeted to the liver where they pass through Kupffer cells and infect hepatocytes, their initial site of replication in the mammalian host. We show that sporozoites, as well as their major surface proteins, the CS protein and TRAP, recognize distinct cell type-specific surface proteoglycans from primary Kupffer cells, hepatocytes and stellate cells, but not from sinusoidal endothelia. Recombinant Plasmodium falciparum CS protein and TRAP bind to heparan sulphate on hepatocytes and both heparan and chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans on stellate cells. On Kupffer cells, CS protein predominantly recognizes chondroitin sulphate, whereas TRAP binding is glycosaminoglycan independent. Plasmodium berghei sporozoites attach to heparan sulphate on hepatocytes and stellate cells, whereas Kupffer cell recognition involves both chondroitin sulphate and heparan sulphate proteoglycans. CS protein also interacts with secreted proteoglycans from stellate cells, the major producers of extracellular matrix in the liver. In situ binding studies using frozen liver sections indicate that the majority of the CS protein binding sites are associated with these matrix proteoglycans. Our data suggest that sporozoites are first arrested in the sinusoid by binding to extracellular matrix proteoglycans and then recognize proteoglycans on the surface of Kupffer cells, which they use to traverse the sinusoidal cell barrier.
The Knighting Ceremonies in the Middle English Romances

THE ceremony of knighting was a highly important event in the life of the feudal noble of the later Middle Ages because it signalized not only his fitness to wield the knightly weapons, but also his legal majority.' One is scarcely surprised, then, to find that the Middle English romances, since their heroes belong invariably to the aristocratic or knightly class,2 contain many interesting allusions to, and descriptions of, the knighting ritual. The knighting, in fact, is one of the spectacular features of the times which romance composers often represent in their poems. Along with the portrayal of other mediaeval customs and manners in the romances, however, these accounts of the knighting ceremonial are open to the charge of being 'fanciful.'3 Some writers hold that the old romances 'outrage the truth in their extravagant pictures of chivalry'; others that the romances present a reliable picture of their times.4 Neither opinion, it would seem, rests upon a systematic investigation of the facts. Thus, in the present paper, the purpose is to determine the completeness and accuracy with which the English romance composers represent one important aspect of their times the knighting ceremony. Such a study involves, of course, a comparison of the adoubements of the heroes of romance with what is known about the historical ceremony of knighting.
Gas absorption accompanied by an irreversible second‐order reaction in turbulent liquids

Gas absorption accompanied by a second-order irreversible reaction in turbulent liquid films (Re > 1,200) is described using the Danckwerts surface renewal theory. The model equations, consisting of two coupled, nonlinear partial differential equations, were solved numerically. Experimental data were obtained for the absorption of carbon dioxide into aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions flowing in a wetted wall column under turbulent flow conditions. The experimental mass transfer coefficients agree to within a mean deviation of 10.3% compared to predictions of the theoretical calculations. For this comparison, the rate of surface renewal was obtained from physical absorption experiments, the liquid viscosity and density were measured, and the reaction rate constant and all other physical properties were obtained from the literature. For the experiments the Reynolds number ranged from 1,400 to 5,300 and [OH−]b/[CO2]s varied from 9 to 29.
A solution for using dynamic data sets in electronic presentations

OBJECTIVE. This article offers a solution for displaying dynamic data sets in PowerPoint for today's electronic presentations using Shockwave Flash software.CONCLUSION. Shockwave Flash is the most recommended file format for presenting dynamic data sets at the annual meetings of radiology societies. Detailed instructions and examples are provided for first-time Flash users who wish to take advantage of this alternative solution for using dynamic data sets with PowerPoint in electronic presentations.
Field test of autogenic control on alluvial stratigraphy (Ferris Formation, Upper Cretaceous–Paleogene, Wyoming)

Internally generated (autogenic) sedimentary processes can obscure signals of tectonic movements, climate conditions, or sea-level fl uctuations in alluvial basins. The stratigraphic effects of autogenic dynamics have been considered negligible on time scales of 10 4 –10 6 yr. However, recent physical and numerical models have shown that over basin-fi lling time scales, self-organization in sedimentary systems can produce stratigraphic patterns similar to those resulting from changing basin boundary conditions. Here, we present the fi rst fi eld-based test for autogenic control on stratigraphy in an ancient alluvial basin. The Ferris Formation (Upper Cretaceous–Paleogene, Hanna Basin, Wyoming) is composed of clusters of closely spaced channel deposits separated by intervals dominated by overbank material—a pattern that has been proposed as an example of a potentially autogenic stratigraphy. In order to evaluate controls on Ferris Formation stratigraphy, spatial patterns of key channel properties were analyzed. These variables (including sand-body dimensions, paleofl ow depth, maximum clast size, paleocurrent direction, and sediment provenance) were chosen because they can change in response to climate, tectonic, or sea-level forcing and are commonly measurable in ancient alluvial successions. No clear statistical trends were detected in the measured variables, which suggests that external forces did not likely control stratigraphic organization in the unit. This study demonstrates that autogenic dynamics in natural, fi eld-scale systems can produce organized stratigraphic patterns over much larger spatial and temporal scales than is typically presumed. This fi nding emphasizes the need for further understanding of autogenic stratigraphy and greater care interpreting climate, tectonic, and eustatic changes from alluvial basins.
Spatial ability subfactors and their influences on a computer-based information search task.

Objective: The present study examined the relationship between two distinct subfactors of spatial ability and performance in an information search task modeled on browsing the Web. Background: Previous studies have found relationships between various measures of spatial ability and performance in a wide variety of computerbased tasks. Method: In the search task 101 participants (18-29 years of age) searched for the answer to a question by navigating the system. They completed the experimental task as well as a battery of cognitive ability measures that included two different measures of spatial ability. Results: The results indicate that spatial orientation ability was related to performance with tasks that were high in their navigational requirement (engendered by the use of a novel aid), whereas spatial visualization was unrelated to performance in any task condition. Conclusion: A closer inspection of the cognitive requirements of a task may reveal what interventions could be most useful when designing...
Explicit equations for transient heat conduction in finite solids for Bi > 2

A set of correlations is developed for transient heat conduction in finite solids (plates, cylinders and spheres) exposed to high Biot number convection boundary conditions. For Bi ≥ 3, the error of the approximate solutions is well below 1% of the initial temperature difference driving the transient.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Abstract In this lab, you gain hands-on experience in preparing a PCR reaction. You get additional experience in making dilutions and accurately transferring microliter volumes, which will critically affect the outcome of your experiment. You also work as part of a team to pour an agarose gel and analyze your PCR products by electrophoresis. In addition, you get a chance to learn how to use the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) to find out the size and the sequence of your amplified gene. The learning objectives are to 1. Put into practice a basic PCR procedure 2. Improve mathematical, analytical, and technical skills 3. Become familiar with NCBI
DNA Hybridization Probes for the Identification of Phytobacteria

DNA hybridization probes are potentially powerful tools to identify pg quantities of bacterial DNA in pure or mixed cultures or directly from infected tissues. Colony hybridization techniques allow in situ application of the probes to identify colonies without prior DNA isolation and purification. The versatility offered by improvements in non-radioactive labeling methodologies may allow widespread and routine uses.
Reflection on Continental Philosophy; Environmentalism; the Introduction in the Discourse of Thinking; and the Memorial Address in the Discourse of Thinking

In this reflective essay, I highlight three important ideas and corresponding three relevant questions that provoke ideas on the following reading assignments: (1) What Can Continental Philosophy Contribute to Environmentalism? (Zimmermann, 2004); (2) Introduction: Discourse of Thinking (Heidegger, 1966); and (3) Memorial Address: Discourse of Thinking (Heidegger, 1966). In Doing this, I generate important ideas from the reading assignments, and generate provocative questions that explain and rationalize such ideas.
Preferred and Energetically Optimal Transition Speeds During Backward Human Locomotion

Some aspects of backward locomotion are similar to forward locomotion, while other aspects are not related to their forward counterpart. The backward preferred transition speed (BPTS) has never been directly compared to the energetically optimal transition speed (EOTS), nor has it been compared to the preferred transition speed (PTS) during forward locomotion. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the BPTS occurs at the EOTS, and to examine the relationship between the backward and forward preferred gait transition speeds. The preferred backward and forward transition speeds of 12 healthy, young subjects (7 males, 5 females) were determined after subjects were familiarized with forward and backward treadmill locomotion. On a subsequent day, subjects walked backward at speeds of 70, 80, 90, 100, and 110% of the BPTS and ran backward at speeds of 60, 75, 90, 100, and 120% of the BPTS while VO2 and RPE data were collected. After subtracting standing VO2, exercise VO2 was normalized to body mass and speed. For each subject, energy-speed curves for walking and running were fit to the normalized data points. The intersection of these curves was defined as the EOTS which was compared to the BPTS using a paired t-test (p < 0.05). RPE and VO2 at the BPTS were also compared between walking and running conditions, and the correlation between BPTS and PTS was calculated. The EOTS (1.85 ± 0.09 m·s(-1)) was significantly greater than the BPTS (1.63 ± 0.11 m·s(-1)). Even though RPE was equal for walking and running at the BPTS, VO2 was significantly greater when running. There was a strong correlation (r = 0.82) between the BPTS and the PTS. Similar to forward locomotion, the determinants of the BPTS must include factors other than metabolic energy. The gait transition during backward locomotion exhibits several similarities to its forward counterpart. Key PointsThe backward preferred transition speed (1.63 ± 0.11 m·s(-1)) was significantly less than the energetically optimal transition speed (1.85 ± 0.09 m·s(-1)), similar to what is observed during forward locomotion.RPE was equal for walking and running at the backward preferred transition speed.There was a strong correlation (r = 0.82) between the backward and forward preferred transition speeds.Similar to forward locomotion, the determinants of the BPTS must include factors other than metabolic energy.
Is Children's Informal Knowledge of Mathematics Important? Rethinking Assessment of Children's Knowledge of Mathematics:

Children bring with them tremendous informal knowledge of mathematics when they enter school, but this has often been overlooked when assessing their knowledge of mathematics. This article raises the inevitable issue among early childhood educators and researchers to rethink the assessments to evaluate young children's informal knowledge of mathematics. Importance of Children's Informal Knowledge of Mathematics
Ineffectiveness of Adrenal Cortical Hormone on Serum Complement of the Guinea Pig.

Partial adrenalectomy increases the susceptibility of guinea pigs and rats to anaphylactic shock.123 The lethal dose of antigen has been found to be inversely proportional to the degree of adrenal insufficiency. Wolfram and Zwemer4 report that “cortin”protects normal sensitized guinea pigs against fatal anaphylaxis. In the dog the severity of anaphylactic shock is said to be lessened by the previous injection of cortical hormone.5 Perla and his coworkers6 report an increased resistance in rats to histamine shock by the use of “cortin”. These observations parallel others in which cortical extract is said to improve the lowered resistance of adrenalectomized animals to bacterial infection.78 This has been explained as due to increased antibody production, especially in the earlier stages of the immunizing process.9Since anaphylactic shock, whether actively or passively transmitted, is accompanied by a fall in serum complement,10 it is of interest to see whether the reported protective effect of cortical hor...
Studies on Acrylic Monomer Modified Epoxy Resin Adhesive

The reaction mechanism,performance and application of aliphatic amine curing acrylic monomer modified epoxy resin by means of differential scanning calorimetry( DSC) was studied. The results showed lap shear strength,Tg and degrade temperature were influenced by the molecular structure of acrylic monomer and the amounts of the modifiers.With addition of 20%( ω) acrylic monomers based on the amount of the epoxy adhesive( acrylic monomer∶epoxy resin =20∶80) not only can greatly reduce the viscosity,but also can significantly improve the lap shear strength and raise the glass transition temperature( Tg).
Characterization of Cerebral Vascular Response to EEG Bursts Using ICP Pulse Waveform Template Matching

Neurovascular coupling is the relationship between the activity of the brain and the subsequent change in blood flow to the active region. The most common methods of detecting neurovascular coupling are cumbersome and noncontinuous. However, the integration of intracranial pressure (ICP) and electroencephalography (EEG) may serve as an indirect measure of neurovascular coupling.
A Knowledge Management System (KMS) using a storytelling-based approach to collect tacit knowledge

Since the 1990s, Knowledge Management Systems (KMS) have been largely unsuccessful in the collection of tacit knowledge. This includes direct input by the holder of the tacit knowledge into a KMS or through an intermediary such as the collection of tacit knowledge through interviews and videos then posting the data to a KMS. The reasons span the organizational, technological, and individual. In this paper, we concentrate on the tacit knowledge reasons that spans the technological and individual. We believe that tacit knowledge can be effectively and consistently collected from the contributors themselves and placed into a KMS by the contributors using a storytelling-based approach. This study extends past research that collected stories using interviews and videos. The methodology utilizes a storytelling-based KMS, developed in a relational database management system (RDBMS), for Domain Experts (DEs) to contribute their tacit knowledge. It is hypothesized that having contributors use stories to enter their tacit knowledge themselves into a KMS will overcome their reluctance thus making the overall process successful. Once tacit knowledge is entered into a KMS, it becomes explicit knowledge available to anyone who requires it.
Consideration of the Role of the Cell Cycle in Growth Factor Modulated Responses

The interval between consecutive mitoses has been termed the cell cycle and during this interval the cell must increase cellular mass by duplicating cellular components, replicate its DNA, and undergoing an orderly division to equal progeny cells (Baserga, 1984, 1985). The modulation of G1 events by growth factors provide much of the regulation for cellular proliferation. Normal cells become growth-arrested in vitro when they reach confluent density in culture conditions; cells may also be arrested at subconfluent densities by depriving them of serum growth factors. These quiescent cells are reversibly growth arrested in the G0 phase. When G0-arrested fibroblasts are stimulated to re-enter the cell cycle by the addition of fresh serum, there is a characteristic lag before the onset of DNA synthesis. This lag describes the G1 phase of the cell cycle. A fibroblastic culture system provides a unique way to investigate the growth factor regulation of G1-specific events.
Quantification of the Effect of Diabetes Mellitus on Ventral Hernia Repair: Results from Two National Registries.

Two national databases were analyzed to determine the effect of varying severity of diabetes mellitus (DM) on ventral hernia repair (VHR) outcomes. The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) and the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) were queried for patients with and without DM who underwent elective VHR between 2005 to 2012 and 1998 to 2011, respectively. In addition, patients with insulin dependent versus noninsulin-dependent DM were compared in NSQIP; complicated and uncomplicated diabetics were compared in NIS. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used. In NSQIP, 25,819 of 219,625 patients undergoing VHR were diabetic. In open VHR (OVHR), DM patients had an increased complication rate (P 0.05). In NIS, 45,248 of 238,627 patients undergoing VHR were diabetic. In OVHR, patients with complicated diabetes had higher rates of minor complications (17.3% vs 12.7%, P 0.05). After multivariate analysis, insulin-dependent or complicated DM undergoing OVHR had significantly worse outcomes compared with noninsulin-dependent and uncomplicated diabetics. Preoperative optimization and LVHR should be considered in diabetic patients.
Right Hemicolectomy and Ileocecectomy: Hand-Assisted Laparoscopic Approach

We will be illustrating the hand-assisted approach to a laparoscopic right hemicolectomy and ileocecectomy. As in the previous chapter, the seven basic steps are described, followed by the various approaches including the lateral, medial, inferior, and superior approaches. The advantages and tips of utilizing the hand-assisted approach to difficult scenarios and complications will be reviewed.
Immersion’s Impact on Performance in a Spatial Reasoning Task

The present paper presents the results of a first experiment aimed at assessing if different levels of immersion can affect performance in a Spatial Perspective Taking (SPT) task. Since SPT is an embodied skill, the hypothesis was that the more immersive a tool is, the better the performance should be. Ninety-eight students from a local primary school have played with three different versions of a game: immersive using a Head Mounted Display, semi immersive played on a computer screen and non-immersive in which no movement was possible for the player. Results do not support the initial hypothesis: no significant impact from the immersion level has been found on performance.
RCS characteristics of street curbs and the applications in automotive radar classification

Automotive radar sensors achieve a strongly increasing market penetration and are intensively used as sensors for Active Safety Systems from assisted driving to fully autonomous driving. That is true from Long Range Radar (LRR) to Short Range Radar (SRR) devices used for 360° radar surround view around a vehicle. In urban scenarios these sensors face complex conditions in not only detecting surrounding objects' locations and velocities, but also classifying the objects' type and estimating the descriptive parameters of that class.
ArticleMetrics thermostat ☆11

The explosion of information and information technology has led many firms to evolve a dispersed product development process with people and organizations spread throughout the world. To coordinate such dispersed processes a critical role of managers is to establish and foster a culture that implicitly rewards and motivates product development teams to perform against a set of strategic metrics such as customer satisfaction, time to market, defect reduction, or platform reuse. We focus on a practical method to fine-tune a firm’s relative emphasis on these metrics. In particular, we seek to advise a firm how to modify their emphasis on each metric in order to improve profits. We use a thermostat analogy based on an adaptive control feedback mechanism in which we estimate the incremental improvements in priorities that will increase profits. Iterations seek to maximize profits even if the environment is changing. In developing the metric thermostat we recognize that there are hundreds of detailed actions, such as the use of the house of quality and the use of robust design, among which the product development team must choose. We also recognize that team members will act in their own best interests to choose the actions that maximize their own implicit rewards as determined by the metrics. Management need not observe or dictate these detailed actions, but rather can control the process by establishing implicit weights on the metrics. The thermostat works by changing those implicit weights. We define the problem, introduce the adaptive control mechanism, modify “agency” theory to deal with incremental changes about an operating point, and derive methods that are practical and robust in light of the data that firms have available. Our methods include statistical estimation and internal surveys. The mathematics identify the critical few parameters that need be determined and highlight how to estimate them. Both the measures and the estimation are illustrated in an initial application to a large office-equipment firm with $20 billion in revenue. The metrics thermostat suggests that this firm has about the right emphasis on time-to-market, but has overshot on platform reuse and has lost its focus on customer satisfaction. We describe how the firm reacted to the recommendations and changed its organization.