cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lateral Ga/sub 0.47/In/sub 0.53/As and GaAs p-i-n photodetectors by self-aligned diffusion

Contact-self-aligned diffusion and compositional mixing has been utilized in the fabrication of lateral p-i-n photodetectors in Ga/sub 0.47/In/sub 0.53/As and GaAs for 1.3- and 0.85- mu m wavelength operation. The p-type contact and diffusion utilizes W(Zn) metallurgy and the n-type contact and diffusion utilizes MoGe/sub 2/ metallurgy. Bandwidths exceeding 7.5 and 18.0 GHz, respectively, have been obtained using these structures with bias voltages of approximately=5 V. The performance, ease of fabrication, and process compatibility make these devices suitable for integration in digital circuits employing field-effect transistors. >
Prey subsidy or predator cue? Direct and indirect effects of caged predators on aquatic consumers and resources

The non-consumptive effects of predators on prey can affect prey phenotypes, potentially having important consequences for communities due to trait-mediated indirect interactions. Predicting non-consumptive effects and their impacts on communities can be difficult because predators can affect resources directly through nutrient cycling and indirectly by altering prey resource use, which can lead to complex interactions among resources and consumers. In this study we examined the effects of caged dragonfly predators on aquatic resources in the presence and absence of two focal herbivores, the tadpoles of Neotropical tree frogs Agalychnis callidryas and Dendropsophus ebraccatus. We crossed the presence/absence of caged dragonflies with four tadpole treatments: no tadpoles, each tadpole species alone, and both species together to examine interactions among tadpole composition, predator presence, and time on tadpole growth, resources, and zooplankton abundances. Predator effects on growth changed through ontogeny and was species-dependent. Predators initially reduced then dramatically increased A. callidryas growth, but had no effect on D. ebraccatus. Predators also increased the abundances of both periphyton and phytoplankton. However, there was no evidence of a trait-mediated trophic cascade (i.e., tadpole by predator interaction). Instead, nutrients from prey carcass subsidies likely played an increasingly important role in facilitating resources, and shaping tadpole growth, competitive interactions, and zooplankton abundances through time. In nutrient-poor aquatic systems the release of nutrients via the consumption of terrestrially derived prey items by aquatic predators may have important impacts on food webs by facilitating resources independent of the role of trait-mediated trophic cascades.
High-level waste glass compendium; what it tells us concerning the durability of borosilicate waste glass

Facilities for vitrification of high-level nuclear waste in the United States are scheduled for startup in the next few years. It is, therefore, appropriate to examine the current scientific basis for understanding the corrosion of high-level waste borosilicate glass for the range of service conditions to which the glass products from these facilities may be exposed. To this end, a document has been prepared which compiles worldwide information on borosilicate waste glass corrosion. Based on the content of this document, the acceptability of canistered waste glass for geological disposal is addressed. Waste glass corrosion in a geologic repository may be due to groundwater and/or water vapor contact. The important processes that determine the glass corrosion kinetics under these conditions are discussed based on experimental evidence from laboratory testing. Testing data together with understanding of the long-term corrosion kinetics are used to estimate radionuclide release rates. These rates are discussed in terms of regulatory performance standards.
Serotonin transporter polymorphisms and adverse effects with fluoxetine treatment.

Abstract Background The short (S) allele of the serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region (5HTTLPR) has been associated with poorer antidepressant response in major depressive disorder (MDD) and with antidepressant-induced mania. This study investigated a possible association with treatment-emergent insomnia or agitation. Methods Thirty-six outpatients with MDD were genotyped at 5HTTLPR and treated with open-label fluoxetine up to 60 mg/day. Treatment-emergent adverse effects were assessed at each study visit. Results Of nine subjects homozygous for the “S” allele, seven (78%) developed new or worsening insomnia, versus 6 of 27 (22%) non-“S”-homozygous subjects (Fisher’s exact p = .005). Similarly, six of nine subjects homozygous for the “S” allele (67%) developed agitation, versus 2 of 27 (7%) of non-“S”-homozygous subjects (Fisher’s exact p = .001). Conclusions The “S” allele of the 5HTTLPR may identify patients at risk for developing insomnia or agitation with fluoxetine treatment. This preliminary result requires confirmation in larger samples.
Tracking and data acquisition for space exploration

The tracking and data acquisition systems provide the key link between the remote spacecraft and the scientific experimenter on the ground. The operation of the space experiment takes place through the links of command, telemetry and tracking. The evolution from the early very simple spacecraft missions toward more complex and sophisticated missions has been paralleled by a similar evolution in the tracking and data acquisition systems. The early Minitrack interferometer tracking system still carries the major tracking workload for space missions; however greater tracking accuracy requirements for more recent missions, such as the Orbiting Geophysical Observatory and the Apollo mission, have brought about the development of unified tracking and data acquisition systems which utilize hybrid pseudo-random code/sidetone ranging techniques. The data acquisition has evolved from analog telemetry systems to the present day heavy use of PCM digital telemetry. Likewise the command systems have evolved from early simple ‘on/off’ command systems into PCM digital command data systems. The trend is toward greater real time control of more complex functions on board the spacecraft. Newer spacecraft are incorporating computer-type systems in the spacecraft which require programming and memory load through the ground command link. The most attractive concept for the next generation network for tracking and data acquisition is a network consisting of synchronous-orbit Tracking and Data Relay Satellites for covering launches and low-orbit earth satellites plus a few selected ground stations for supporting spacecraft in high earth orbit and lunar orbit.
Adult brain neurogenesis and depression

The waning and waxing of neurogenesis in brain areas such as the dentate gyrus is proposed as a key factor in the descent into and recovery from clinical depression, respectively. A decrease in neurogenesis could occur due to genetic factors, stress (especially because of the involvement of adrenal corticoids), and/or a decline in serotonergic neurotransmission. An increase in neurogenesis could be brought about by several factors, but especially those that activate the serotonin 5-HT(1A) receptor. The possible interaction of immune system factors, especially the proinflammatory cytokines, with adult brain neurogenesis is discussed.
Estimating vapor pressure curves by thermogravimetry: a rapid and convenient method for characterization of pharmaceuticals.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate a rapid method for the evaluation of vaporization characteristics for selected benzoic acid derivatives. The compounds studied in this context were the ortho -, meta - and para -derivatives of hydroxy and amino benzoic acids. Calculations for the order of reaction were first carried out for each of the compounds using methyl paraben as the calibration standard. Those compounds undergoing zero order, non-activated evaporation processes, were analyzed by the Antoine and Langmuir equations, conjointly. The coefficient of vaporization was obtained as 1.2×10 5 ±0.8 Pa kg 0.5 mol 0.5 s −1 m −2 K −0.5 . The vapor pressure values were used to determine the Antoine constants using the SPSS 10.0 software. This study attempts to outline a comprehensive thermogravimetric technique for vapor pressure characterization of single-component systems.
Alkyl protocatechuates as novel urinary biomarkers of exposure to p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters (parabens)

Human exposure to p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters (parabens) is a concern, owing to adverse health effects of these compounds. Parabens are metabolized and eliminated from the human bodies within a few hours of exposure. In this study, for the first time, methyl- and ethyl-protocatechuates (OH-MeP and OH-EtP) and their parent compounds, methyl- (MeP) and ethyl-parabens (EtP), were determined in urine samples collected from U.S. children and adults. Alkyl protocatechuates were found in almost all urine samples, with median concentrations of 11.8 (OH-MeP) and 2.90ng/mL (OH-EtP) in adults, and 5.43 (OH-MeP) and 0.85ng/mL (OH-EtP) in children. In adults, the concentrations of urinary OH-MeP and OH-EtP were higher than the corresponding concentrations of MeP and EtP. Significant correlation between OH-MeP/OH-EtP and MeP/EtP was observed. This is the first report to document hydroxylation of parabens in humans, and to propose hydroxylated metabolites (i.e., alkyl protocatechuates) as alternative biomarkers of exposure to parabens in human biomonitoring studies. The rates of transformation of parabens between children and adults appeared to be different, as evidenced from the slopes of regression between alkyl protocatechuates and parabens. In addition to alkyl protocatechuates, hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HB) and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-DHB) were found at considerable levels in the urine samples. The occurrence of a significant proportion of alkyl protocatechuates and 3,4-DHB suggests the need for inclusion of these derivatives in accurate estimation of human exposure to parabens and in epidemiological studies that associate paraben exposure to health outcomes in populations.
Degradation of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate is insensitive to CA2+ mobilization in stimulated platelets.

Abstract Thrombin stimulation of [32P]-prelabeled platelets induces a rapid decrease of the radioactivity from phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate. No significant change is observed in phosphatidylinositol-4-monophosphate. The initial, thrombin-induced decrease of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate is not inhibited by cytochalasin D or by compounds that interfere with the mobilization of Ca2+ such as 8-(diethylamino)-octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate, the calmodulin-antagonist, trifluoperazine, prostacyclin and cyclic AMP. Our information indicates that the rapid loss of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate is linked to receptor activation and insensitive to Ca2+-mobilization.
The star formation law in molecule-poor galaxies

In this paper, I investigate the processes that regulate the rate of star formation in regions of galaxies where the neutral interstellar medium is predominantly composed of non-star-forming HI. In such regions, found today predominantly in low-metallicity dwarf galaxies and in the outer parts of large spirals, the star formation rate per unit area and per unit mass is much smaller than in more molecule-rich regions. While in molecule-rich regions the ultraviolet radiation field produced by efficient star formation forces the density of the cold neutral medium to a value set by two-phase equilibrium, I show that the low rates of star formation found in molecule-poor regions preclude this condition. Instead, the density of the cold neutral gas is set by the requirements of hydrostatic balance. Using this result, I extend the Krumholz, McKee, & Tumlinson model for star formation and the atomic to molecular transition to the molecule-poor regime. This "KMT+" model matches a wide range of observations of the star formation rate and the balance between the atomic and molecular phases in dwarfs and in the outer parts of spirals, and is well-suited to implementation as a subgrid recipe for star formation in cosmological simulations and semi-analytic models. I discuss the implications of this model for star formation over cosmological times.
Arousal-induced changes in the amplitude of death feigning and periodicity.

Abstract The influence of manipulations known to influence arousal was assessed in two studies of death feigning. In both, week-old domestic chicks, reared in a 12 hr photoperiod, were tested shortly following either light onset or offset, at times previously found to correspond to trough and peak durations of death feigning, respectively. Prior to testing, chicks were subjected to different durations of either predator pursuit (Experiment 1) or food deprivation (Experiment 2). In spite of the fact that only one of the manipulations was directly related to the predation defense sequence which terminates in death feigning, both significantly influenced the amplitude of the death feigning function but did not eliminate its periodicity. The implications of the findings were discussed in terms of both the disrupting effects of motoric excitations and the ambiguity of the concept of arousal in behavioral research.
Sexuality Information Seeking and Sexual Function Among Women Attending In-Home Sex Toy Parties

ABSTRACT. Outside traditional risk-oriented public health campaigns, few sexuality education opportunities exist for adult women, particularly those in partnered relationships, that address issues related to sexual desire and pleasure. Data were collected from 677 women attending in-home sex toy parties to assess whether they sought sexuality-related information at a recent party they attended. Participants reported asking 765 questions at parties. The questions were analyzed for their content and for relations with sexual function scores. Question topics were varied, related to various domains of sexual function, and provided insight into the contributions that these parties may make to women's sexual health.
Biomimetic Chemosensor: Designing Peptide Recognition Elements for Surface Functionalization of Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistors

Single-wall carbon nanotube field effect transistors (SWNT-FETs) are ideal candidates for fabricating sensors due to their unique electronic properties and have been widely investigated for chemical and biological sensing applications. The lack of selectivity of SWNT-FETs has prompted extensive research on developing ligands that exhibit specific binding as selective surface coating for SWNTs. Herein we describe the rational design of a peptide recognition element (PRE) that is capable of noncovalently attaching to SWNTs as well as binding to trinitrotoluene (TNT). The PRE contains two domains, a TNT binding domain derived from the binding pocket of the honeybee odor binding protein ASP1, and a SWNT binding domain previously identified from the phage peptide display library. The PRE structure in the presence of SWNT was investigated by performing classical all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Both computational and experimental analyses demonstrate that the peptide retains two functional domains for SWNT and TNT binding. The binding motif of the peptide to SWNT and to TNT was revealed from interaction energy calculations by molecular dynamics simulations. The potential application of the peptide for the detection of TNT is theoretically predicted and experimentally validated using a SWNT-FET sensor functionalized with a designer PRE. Results from this study demonstrate the creation of chemosensors using designed PRE as selective surface coatings for targeted analytes.
Video-microscopic analysis of dye coupling in the salamander olfactory bulb.

Cells in the mitral cell (MCL) and granule cell (GCL) layers of the olfactory bulb shape the representation of odor information in the brain. After intracellular Lucifer Yellow (LY) injections into lightly fixed olfactory bulb slices, clusters of dye coupled cells were previously observed in the MCL and GCL, but the relative extent of coupling in the two layers was unknown in adults. In the present study, the time course of LY coupling in the adult salamander olfactory bulb was quantified using video-microscopic methods. Analysis of fluorescent cell body counts showed that the incidence and the extent of LY coupling are greater in the GCL than in the MCL. With optimal low-current injection procedures, 97% of the injections into the GCL exhibited at least one coupled cell, and on average groups of six to eight cells were counted. Fewer injections into the MCL exhibited only one to three coupled cells. Some of these coupled cells were clearly mitral cells. No staining of cells was observed after extracellular LY injections, and intracellular injections of dextran dyes stained single cells, providing evidence that the LY coupled cells were stained through an intercellular route, presumably gap junctions. In live intact preparations, rapid LY staining of cell clusters was also observed using patch pipettes. Together, these results provide evidence that robust coupling occurs among olfactory bulb neurons in adults, which could have functional significance. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Understory abundance, species diversity and functional attribute response to thinning in coniferous stands

Abstract Alternative strategies for stand density management in even-aged coniferous forests may increase plant species and functional diversity. We examined the effects of fixed and variable density thinning on tree seedling regeneration as well as on abundance (indexed by cover) and richness of understory vascular plants 11 years after harvesting 45- to 66-year old forests dominated by Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) or western hemlock ( Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) at three sites in western Oregon. Each site contained an unthinned control (CON), and thinning treatments selected to enhance overstory structural diversity and spatial variability within stands (HD, high density treatment at 300 trees ha −1 ; MD, moderate density treatment at 200 trees ha −1 ; VD300, VD200 and VD100, variable density treatments at 300, 200 and 100 trees ha −1 ). Leave islands are included in HD and the other thinning treatments contain both leave islands and gap openings. Tree seedling regeneration was highly variable and generally increased with thinning. Cover of all understory species was greater in VD100 than in the control whereas richness was greater in HD and MD. Cover and richness of early seral species were greater in most thinning treatments than in the control. Understory plant communities were overwhelmingly dominated by native species. In general, vegetation dynamics was accelerated by thinning, especially in variable density treatments. Cover of N-fixing understory species was greater in VD200 than in the other treatments, and in MD and VD300 than in the control, whereas richness of understory N-fixing species increased in all thinning treatments. Cover of understory species with intermediate soil water requirements was greater in MD, VD200 and VD100 than in the control, whereas richness of these species increased in VD200 compared to the control, HD and VD300. Thinning promoted higher diversity of understory conditions without reducing density and species richness of crop tree regeneration, and seemed to increase functional effect and response diversity.
Stopping antiepileptic drugs after epilepsy surgery: A survey of U.S. epilepsy center neurologists

One hundred fifty-one neurologists at U.S. epilepsy centers responded to a survey on stopping medications in patients following successful resective epilepsy surgery. Sixty-two percent said patients should be > or = 2 years seizure-free before stopping medication. Although respondents tended to agree about the importance of many of the queried factors (e.g., focal pathology in favor of and persistent auras against stopping antiepileptic drugs), it is unclear how well these factors determine seizure outcome in this setting.
My peers have also been an inspiration for me: developing online learning opportunities to support teacher engagement with inclusive pedagogy for students with severe/profound intellectual developmental disabilities

This article explores how an online course was received by a group of teachers who teach students with severe/profound intellectual developmental disabilities. The intent of the course was to engage teachers in conversations, activities and reflections that support the development of curriculum and instruction in a least restrictive environment. Twelve teachers enrolled in the course and 10 teachers completed an open‐ended survey about different aspects of the course design. The results of the surveys are discussed in the light of research on effective teacher learning in special education. The article illustrates that through careful course design, teachers can be supported to explore new ideas and be helped to apply new learning to the context of their classrooms.
Migration history migration behavior and selectivity.

A series of proportional hazards models are used to study the relationship between migration history and migration behavior for a sample of young adults from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The results support the argument that migration is a selective process. College educated young adults have a greater hazard rate of making an initial migration but a lower hazard rate of re-migration, suggesting they have less need of corrective geographic behavior. Individuals who have moved two or more times are less responsive to national unemployment conditions than first time migrants. Migration is related to the timing of unemployment within a sojourn. The findings suggest that migrant stock is an important determinant of how labor markets function.
Volumetric assessment of emphysema on low-dose screening CT scans

A study was performed to test whether automated computer analysis of low-dose helical CT scans can accurately estimate the degree of emphysema. We characterized the severity of emphysema on low-dose high-resolution (2.5 mm slice thickness) CT scans into 4 categories (normal, mild, moderate, and severe) as determined by a thoracic radiologist. From our database we chose 80 cases (20 within each category) for analysis. Our analysis system segments the lung parenchyma from surrounding structures and computes an emphysema index as the volumetric percentage of emphysema for the entire lung volume using a dual thresholding technique. One-way analysis of variance was used to assess the emphysema index. For those cases classified as normal, the emphysema index was 11.74 ± 1.24 (mean ± sem), for mild it was 15.00 ± 1.31, for moderate it was 16.91 ± 1.72, and for severe it was 26.77 ± 1.73. The differences were statistically significant (p < 0.0001) and showed an increasing score with increasing severity of emphysema. Our system provides a useful index of the degree of emphysema present. Use of the system allows subjects undergoing lung cancer screening studies to have the extent of their emphysema quantified on a year-to-year basis.
Anisotropy of the niobium energy gap by a single crystal tunneling technique

Abstract The energy gap for the simple crystallographic directions of superconducting Nb has been determined by a single crystal tunneling technique.
Integration of light-controlled neuronal firing and fast circuit imaging

For understanding normal and pathological circuit function, capitalizing on the full potential of recent advances in fast optical neural circuit control will depend crucially on fast, intact-circuit readout technology. First, millisecond-scale optical control will be best leveraged with simultaneous millisecond-scale optical imaging. Second, both fast circuit control and imaging should be adaptable to intact-circuit preparations from normal and diseased subjects. Here we illustrate integration of fast optical circuit control and fast circuit imaging, review recent work demonstrating utility of applying fast imaging to quantifying activity flow in disease models, and discuss integration of diverse optogenetic and chemical genetic tools that have been developed to precisely control the activity of genetically specified neural populations. Together these neuroengineering advances raise the exciting prospect of determining the role-specific cell types play in modulating neural activity flow in neuropsychiatric disease.
A dual-electrolyte rechargeable Li-air battery with phosphate buffer catholyte

Abstract A novel dual-electrolyte rechargeable Li-air cell, consisting of lithium metal anode in an aprotic electrolyte, an air electrode in an aqueous phosphate buffer catholyte, and a NASICON-type lithium-ion conducting solid electrolyte (Li 1 + x + y Al x Ti 2 − x Si y P 3 − y O 12 or LTAP) separator, has been investigated. The solid electrolyte separates the aprotic electrolyte from the aqueous catholyte, while providing pathways for lithium-ion transport. The phosphate buffer solution with a moderate pH helps to keep the solid electrolyte stable and reduces internal resistance and overpotential, while enabling a rechargeable Li-air cell with a high operating voltage and energy density. The Li-air cell exhibits a discharge capacity of 221 mAh g − 1 at a current density of 0.5 mA cm − 2 with good cycle life.
Too Real? The Future of Virtual Reality Evidence

Immersive virtual environments (IVEs), or virtual reality, could soon follow other visual technologies from the culture at large to the courtroom. The unprecedented realism of IVEs may be thought to pose peculiar risks of prejudice and confusion that would militate against their use as demonstrative evidence. In particular, some believe that jurors will be unable to distinguish IVEs from reality, and that IVEs are so involving that they will transform jurors from disinterested judges of, into witnesses to, or even participants in, litigated events, impairing their objectivity. This article analyzes these concerns and shows them to be overstated. The article also discusses other judgmental risks and benefits presented by the use of IVEs in court, and concludes that the admissibility of IVE evidence should be determined on a case-by-case basis.
NSF FY 1987 budget dealt blow in Congress

Although it passed through the congressional authorization process unscathed, the budget request for the National Science Foundation (NSF) for fiscal year (FY) 1987 was dealt a serious blow on July 23, 1986, when a House appropriations subcommittee recommended that nearly $146 million be cut from the agency's request for “research and related activities” (R&RA). The full House Appropriations Committee went on to endorse this recommendation on July 31. The committee report accompanying the House appropriation bill leaves the distribution of cuts within R&RA up to the discretion of the NSF director. The report does, however, protect the budget request for the ocean drilling program from a cut.
CD40-ligand in primate cardiac allograft and viral immunity.

Our laboratory has studied the role of CD40 ligand (CD40L, CD154) in the primate immune response to allogenic and infectious challenges. We find that intensive early blockade of CD40L reliably attenuates acute rejection of primate cardiac allografts. Monotherapy fails to prevent late graft loss, which often occurs in association with rising antidonor antibody titers and allograft vasculopathy, despite continuing anti-CD40L therapy. In contrast, the primary humoral response to T helper dependent influenze viral antigen is inhibited during anti-CD40L the rapy, and responses to subsequent immunization are blunted after discontinuation of therapy. These results are encouraging with regard to the tolerogenic potential of costimulatory blockade for specific T helper dependent antigens. However, these findings also indicate that pathogenic allograft responses in primates are probably not entirely CD40L-dependent. As such, additional immunomodulatory strategies are needed to facilitate tolerance to a transplanted organ.
Large edge-excitation red-shift of the fluorescence of an ethanol solution of 4-amino-4'-nitrodiphenyl (and). The case of a solute with a dipole moment increase in the excited state

Abstract The observed large edge-excitation red-shift of the fluorescence of 4-amino-4'-nitrodiphenyl (AND) in a rigid ethanol medium and the red-shift of the absorption band as the temperature is lowered are explained in terms of a microscopic solvent heterogeneity. The AND results where the dipole moment is increased upon excitation are compared with the merocyanine dye results where the reverse is true.
Let's Sco1, Oxidase! Let's Sco!

Abstract The solution structure of Sco1 from Bacillus subtilis is the first structure of a protein important in the assembly of cytochrome c oxidase (CcO). The assembly of CcO requires the insertion of multiple cofactors. Sco1 is a conserved protein implicated in formation of the binuclear Cu A center.
Collaborative Problem Solving in Five-Year-Old Children: Evidence of Social Facilitation and Social Loafing.

Children’s problem solving while working by themselves or with a partner was investigated to explore whether young children are susceptible to social facilitation and social loafing. Five‐year‐olds were asked to complete easy or hard puzzles, either alone or with a partner. Half of the children were given instructions indicating that their performance would be evaluated and the other half were not. Children showed social facilitation, in that they performed better with a partner than when working alone under evaluation conditions, with the easy puzzle. Children also showed social loafing, in that performance with a partner was poorer when working under no evaluation than evaluation conditions, with the easy puzzle. Performance with the hard puzzle did not differ whether children worked alone or with a partner, but children working on the hard puzzle under no evaluation conditions performed better than those working under evaluation conditions. The findings suggest that evaluation affects children’s perfor...
Cellular resistance to a nitric oxide releasing glutathione S-transferase P-activated prodrug, PABA/NO

PABA/NO is a diazeniumdiolate selectively activated by glutathione S-transferase P (GSTP) to release nitric oxide (NO) and is a potent inducer of protein S-glutathionylation, a redox-sensitive post-translational modification of cysteine residues. Using a procedure that incrementally increased exposure of cells to PABA/NO, an acquired drug resistant human promyelocytic leukemia HL60 cell line (HL60PABA) that exhibited 1.9-fold resistance to the drug (IC50 ∼15 μM vs ∼8 μM for wild-type) was created. HL60PABA cells had a decreased growth rate attributable to altered cellular differentiation, as measured by increased expression of CD11b; decreased expression of CD14; decreased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratios and a condensation of nuclear chromatin. This was accompanied by alterations in both plasma and mitochondrial membrane potentials. Both GSTP expression and nitric oxide release were reduced two-fold, while increased expression levels of genes involved in the unfolded protein response (UPR) were evident in HL60PABA cells. Wild type cells treated with PABA/NO had increased levels of protein S-glutathionylation and JNK activation, while JNK was constitutively active in HL60PABA cells and these cells had reduced levels of S-glutathionylation. By removing PABA/NO from the growth medium, HL60PABA cells reverted to sensitivity within 21 days suggesting that resistance was not genetically stable. Mechanistically, PABA/NO resistance is mediated through reduced levels of GSTP resulting in reduced NO release and its subsequent alterations in cellular response to nitrosative stress.
Bicultural stress and adolescent risk behaviors in a community sample of Latinos and non-Latino European Americans.

Objectives . The study examined the relation between adolescent risk behaviors and bicultural stress due to discrimination, immigration, and acculturation factors. We hypothesized bicultural stress would be related to increased risk behavior and depressive symptoms independent of socioeconomic status, ethnic self-identification, and acculturation. Design . Middle school student participants (n=519; median age 14) completed a self-report questionnaire on their risk behaviors, psychosocial antecedents, and socio-demographic factors. Latino (304) and non-Latino European American (215) students were surveyed through a large, urban, West Coast US school district. Results . More bicultural stress was significantly related to reports of all risk behaviors (i.e. smoking, drinking, drug use, and violence) and depressive symptoms. Further, bicultural stress was a robust explanatory variable across sub-groups, and appears largely independent from depressive symptoms. Conclusion . The hypotheses were supported. Bicul...
Crack Cocaine Use and Sexual Activity in Miami, Florida

Data are analyzed from the Multicenter Study of Crack Cocaine and HIV Infection in Miami, Florida, examining interrelationships among use of crack cocaine, use of other drugs, sexual activity, and exchange of sex for money and drugs. This study was designed to recruit two groups of approximately equal size: persons who reported current use of crack cocaine three or more times per week, and those who had never used crack. Participants (N = 641) were recruited in Miami. Participants' median age for first use of crack cocaine was higher than for use of alcohol, marijuana or powdered cocaine. It was also higher than participants' ages at first sexual activity, and somewhat higher than the median age for reporting initiation of trading sex for money or drugs. The median age of first crack use was lower among younger participants, suggesting that crack use in older participants followed quickly upon availability of the drug. Crack users reported reduced desire for sex and diminished ability to have sex after smoking crack. However, crack use was associated with increased sexual activity, trading sex for money or drugs, and sex with multiple partners. Participants who traded sex for money or drugs (traders) reported higher rates of condom use than nontraders; however, neither traders nor nontraders reported rates of condom use sufficient to substantially reduce the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV infection.
Circular Bars under Distributed Torques

Circular bars under distributed torque are formulated based on the linear theory of elasticity, and analysis is presented for bars under a single Fourier term of distributed torque. As the motivation of the study is to examine the extent of adequacy of the conventional technical torsion theory to bars under distributed torques, stress distribution in solid bars is first investigated. Stress distribution for hollow bars under three different loading conditions is then analyzed. Results indicate that the conventional theory is adequate when the region of distributed torque is large. In small regions, the conventional theory may substantially be in error resulting in underestimating the maximum shear stress and misidentifying the location of maximum shearing stress.
Scanning electron microscopic examination of human pulonary capillaries using a latex replication method

The human pulmonary microvasculature from the apical bronchopulmonary segment was studied by scanning electron microscopy using latex replicas. The latex replica was composed of a blend of vinyl chloride latexes using a plasticized vinyl chloride copolymer with a vinyl chloride copolymer. The polymerized latex produced a cast of the pulmonary arterial vascular tree, including the capillary patterns, which freely anastomose, thereby draining blood into pulmonary veinules and veins. The latex was injected via a gravity flow system modified from its earlier application in Guinea pig lungs. The apparently normal lungs from two recently deceased humans (dead for 5-6 hours and held in refrigeration) were perfused with heparinized Ringer's solution and subsequently injected with latex. The resulting latex casts of the capillaries revealed a three-dimensional network arranged in irregular vascular rings or ovals. This pattern was most conspicuous in deep and intermediate bronchopulmonary segmental areas. However, the subpleural capillaries produced casts that often terminated blindly, as observed with stereo SEm, suggesting that these vessels may tend to form thrombi more easily as compared with capillaries from other regions of the lung alveoli. The pulmonary arteriolar replicas contained indentations representing endothelial cell nuclei, and the capillary replicas projected oval evaginations that may represent discrete loci or capillary mural attenuations.
BILATERAL OCULAR COMPRESSION DURING EKG MONITORING: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY TO EVALUATE VAGAL TONE IN CHILDREN

BILATERAL OCULAR COMPRESSION DURING EKG MONITORING: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY TO EVALUATE VAGAL TONE IN CHILDREN
Friedman, Liberalism and the Meaning of Negative Freedom

In the ‘Introduction’ to Capitalism and Freedom, Friedman's stated intentions are to: (i) establish the role of competitive capitalism as a system of economic freedom and a necessary condition for political freedom; (ii) indicate the proper role of government in a free society; and (iii) return the term ‘liberal’ ‘… to its original sense – as the doctrines pertaining to a free man’ (1962, p. 6). In fact, Friedman accomplishes none of these things. This essay has three distinct, though related, objectives: first, to compare Friedman's position with the liberal alternative; second, to show why Friedman's position is more properly regarded as libertarian than liberal; and third, to assess the quality of Friedman's argument in its own right. My purpose is to demonstrate that Friedman overlooks the important liberal insight that the unrestricted accumulation of private propety may limit rather than promote individual freedom. This omission is crucial. Not only does it divorce Friedman's conception from liberalism, it also vitiates his case for economic freedom as a necessary condition for political freedom.
Gerontology Training needs for Nutrition/Dietetics Students:

Abstract Objective: To identify learning needs for use in the design of gerontology/geriatric nutrition training curriculum for nutrition/dietetics programs. Design: A needs assessment utilizing three surveys (one telephone and two mailed) was used to collect data between 1994-1995. Subjects: Three target populations were sampled to obtain a broad perspective of perceived educational needs: dietetic internship program directors (N=94); recent dietetic internship program alumni (N=24); non-nutrition professionals who interface with older adults (N=250). Statistical Analysis Performed: Descriptive statistics using frequency and ranking of the of the most frequently cited responses; categorized and summarized in narrative format. Results: Response rates of the internship directors, alumni, and non-nutrition professionals were 75%, 67%, and 45% respectively. The following perceived training needs were consistently cited among the three samples respectively: Knowledge of community resources available for the elderly (21%, 11%, 12%); knowledge of financial concerns facing older adults (14%, 13%, 17%); and recognition of the heterogeneity in the older adult population (8%, 5%, 12%). Consistently recommended learning activities included: exposure to long-term care settings (43%, 33%, 28%); home visits to older adults (23%, 8%, 30%); and involvement with community programs (10%, 8%, 13%). Non-nutrition professionals stressed the need to train students in communication skills (verbal and non-verbal) and use of adaptive teaching methods to promote enhanced interactions with older adults. Applications/Conclusions: Results of the needs assessment can be used in designing a gerontology curriculum for students. Planning positive and relevant learning activities for students to learn educational objectives is paramount for students to acquire positive perceptions of aging adults, thus the facilitation of effective caregiving.
Construction and test of ligand decoy sets using MDock: community structure-activity resource benchmarks for binding mode prediction.

Two sets of ligand binding decoys have been constructed for the community structure–activity resource (CSAR) benchmark by using the MDock and DOCK programs for rigid- and flexible-ligand docking, respectively. The decoys generated for each complex in the benchmark thoroughly cover the binding site and also contain a certain number of near-native binding modes. A few scoring functions have been evaluated using the ligand binding decoy sets for their abilities of predicting near-native binding modes. Among them, ITScore achieved a success rate of 86.7% for the rigid-ligand decoys and 79.7% for the flexible-ligand decoys, under the common definition of a successful prediction as root-mean-square deviation <2.0 A from the native structure if the top-scored binding mode was considered. The decoy sets may serve as benchmarks for binding mode prediction of a scoring function, which are available at the CSAR Web site (http://www.csardock.org/).
The Trapped Radiations of Saturn and Their Absorption by Satellites and Rings

The Pioneer 11 encounter with Saturn has revealed the existence of a fully developed magnetosphere with high-energy trapped radiation about Saturn. The present paper gives a detailed summary of the energetic charged particle measurements, including the overall characteristics of the trapped electron, proton, and helium radiation, which was found to lie inside 20 Saturn radii from the planet, and the regions extending outward to beyond the planetary bow shocks and into the interplanetary medium.
Emerging roles for integrated imaging modalities in cardiovascular cell-based therapeutics: a clinical perspective

Despite preclinical promise, the progress of cell-based therapy to clinical cardiovascular practice has been slowed by several challenges and uncertainties that have been highlighted by the conflicting results of human trials. Most telling has been the revelation that current strategies fall short of achieving sufficient retention and engraftment of cells to meet the ambitious objective of myocardial regeneration. This has sparked novel research into the refinement of cell biology and delivery to overcome these shortcomings. Within this context, molecular imaging has emerged as a valuable tool for providing noninvasive surveillance of cell fate in vivo. Direct and indirect labelling of cells can be coupled with clinically relevant imaging modalities, such as radionuclide single photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, to assess their short- and long-term distributions, along with their viability, proliferation and functional interaction with the host myocardium. This review details the strengths and limitations of the different cell labelling and imaging techniques and their potential application to the clinical realm. We also consider the broader, multifaceted utility of imaging throughout the cell therapy process, providing a discussion of its considerable value during cell delivery and its importance during the evaluation of cardiac outcomes in clinical studies.
Copurification of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase and aspartate transcarbamoylase from mouse spleen

Abstract A purification technique developed for the glutamine dependent carbamoyl phosphate synthetase from mouse spleen resulted in the copurification of aspartate transcarbamoylase. The two activities remained associated through (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 precipitation, hydroxylapatite adsorption and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The pH curve of the aspartate transcarbamoylase exhibited two optima, one at pH 9.4 and a much higher one at pH 10.2. At pH 7.4 and 37°, aspartate transcarbamoylase had a K m for aspartate of 8.4 mM and V max of 0.35 μmoles product formed per min. per mg. protein. The K m for carbamoyl phosphate was 1.8 × 10 −3 mM. Activity of aspartate transcarbamoylase was not affected by any one of a number of pyrimidine nucleotides.
β-Blockers: New standard therapy for heart failure

Despite recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease, the prevalence of heart failure, a highly morbid and lethal condition, is increasing. Because of recent advances in basic and clinical research, β-blockade is now established as a highly effective therapy that reduces morbidity and mortality dramatically in patients with heart failure associated with reduced systolic function. The new guidelines from the American College of Cardiology-American Heart Association recommend use of β-blockers in all patients with symptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Now clinicians need to incorporate use of β-blockers into their standard approach to the treatment of heart failure. We briefly summarize the basic and clinical evidence establishing the benefit of β-blockers for heart failure and provide practical information to assist clinicians in deciding when and how to use β-blockers in patients with heart failure.
Characterization of fish sauce aroma-impact compounds using GC-MS, SPME-Osme-GCO, and Stevens' power law exponents.

ABSTRACT: The objectives of this study were to characterize volatile compounds and to determine the characteristic aromas associated with impact compounds in 4 fish sauces using solid-phase micro-extraction, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Osme, and gas chromatography olfactometry (SPME-Osme-GCO) coupled with Stevens' Power Law. Compounds were separated using GCMS and GCO and were identified with the mass spectral database, aroma perceived at the sniffing port, retention indices, and verification of compounds by authentic standards in the GCMS and GCO. Aromas that were isolated and present in all 4 fish sauce samples at all concentrations included fishy (trimethylamine), pungent and dirty socks (combination of butanoic, pentanoic, hexanoic, and heptanoic acids), cooked rice and buttery popcorn (2,6-dimethyl pyrazine), and sweet and cotton candy (benzaldehyde). All fish sauces contained the same aromas as determined by GCO and GCMS (verified using authentic standard compounds), but the odor intensity associated with each compound or group of compounds was variable for different fish sauce samples. Stevens' Power Law exponents were also determined using this analytical technique, but exponents were not consistent for the same compounds that were found in all fish sauces. Stevens' Power Law exponents ranged from 0.14 to 0.37, 0.24 to 0.34, 0.09 to 0.21, and 0.10 to 0.35 for dirty socks, fishy, buttery popcorn, and sweet aromas, respectively. This demonstrates that there is variability in Stevens' Power Law exponents for odorants within fish sauce samples.