Emotion in human-computer interaction

Understanding Emotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Distinguishing Emotion from Related Constructs . . . . 55Mood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Sentiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Effects of Affect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Attention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Causes of Emotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Needs and Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Appraisal Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Contagion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Moods and Sentiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Previous Emotional State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Causes of Mood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Contagion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Other Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Measuring Affect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Neurological Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Autonomic Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Facial Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Voice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Self-Report Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Affect Recognition by Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Open Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641. With which emotion should HCI designersbe most concerned? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642. When and how should interfaces attempt todirectly address users’ emotions and basicneeds (vs. application-specific goals)? . . . . . . . . . . . . 643. How accurate must emotion recognition beto be useful as an interface technique? . . . . . . . . . . . 644. When and how should users be informedthat their affective states are being monitoredand adapted to? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645. How does emotion play out in computer-mediated communication (CMC)? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Emotion is a fundamental component of being human. Joy, hate, anger, and pride, among the plethora of other emotions, motivate action and add meaning and richness to virtually all human experience. Traditionally, human-computer interaction (HCI) has been viewed as the “ultimate” exception; users must discard their emotional selves to work efficiently and rationality with computers, the quintessentially unemotional artifact. Emotion seemed at best marginally relevant to HCI and at worst oxymoronic.