cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A system for recording and displaying radioisotope scan data.

Abstract The paper describes an integrated-circuit interface for recording radioisotope scan data on magnetic tape via an incremental recorder, and for reading the data from the tape for display on a standard cathode-ray oscilloscope. Picture-element counts received from a radioisotope scan are compressed logarithmically to 6 bits/count to be recorded on the magnetic tape. Control pulses originating from the rectilinear scanner store each compressed count on the tape, and generate direction pulses, end-of-line characters, and tape record gaps. Following the recording of one or more scans, or after processing a scan by digital computer, the taped data may be read to provide a fast and flexible two-dimensional map on a laboratory cathode-ray oscilloscope. Data of as many as 60 levels of magnitude are read in continuous mode from the magnetic tape recorder and are displayed immediately on the cathode-ray oscilloscope. A given 6-bit count representing the intensity at the corresponding picture element is converted to an analog signal to provide an unblanking level which controls the number of electrons striking the screen of the scope. Controls are available for providing plan views or isometric views in any desired orientation. Section 1 of this paper describes the recording interface, and Section 2 contains a description of the display system.
Controlling the dog, pretending to have a conversation, or just being friendly?: Influences of sex and familiarity on Americans’ talk to dogs during play

This study examines the effects of sex and familiarity on Americans’ talk to dogs during play, using categories derived from research comparing mothers’ and fathers’ talk to infants. Eight men and fifteen women were videotaped whilst playing with their own dog and with another person’s dog, and their utterances were codified for features common to infant-directed talk. Women used the baby talk speech register more than men, and both men and women used this register more when interacting with the unfamiliar dog than with the familiar dog. When playing with the familiar dog, women talked more than men, and their talk was more suggestive of friendliness and having a conversation. When playing with the unfamiliar dog people used more praise, more conversational gambits, a more diverse vocabulary, and longer utterances than when playing with the familiar dog, suggesting that when playing with the unfamiliar dog, people pretended to have more of a conversation, were more attentive to appearing friendly and were less attentive to the dog’s limited understanding. Overall, however, men and women used similar forms of talk when interacting with a dog, whether familiar or not.
THE MODERN ENDOSCOPIC APPROACH TO URETEROCELE

Purpose: During the last 20 years the surgical approach to ureterocele has evolved from major open surgery to minimally invasive endoscopic puncture. We believe that the endoscopic approach decreases the need for open surgical procedures. We identified specific factors that predict the need for repeat surgery. Materials and Methods: We reviewed the charts of 60 new patients with ureterocele treated with primary endoscopic incision between 1991 and 1995. Followup ranged from 4 to 62 months (mean 20). Mode of presentation, ureterocele location, associated vesicoureteral reflux and association of the ureterocele with a duplex system were evaluated. Ureterocele wall thickness was assessed subjectively via radiographic and cystoscopic methods, and categorized as thin, intermediate and thick. Results: All 9 patients with a single system ureterocele had an intravesical ureterocele. No patient had associated reflux nor did any require a secondary open procedure. In 3 cases new onset ipsilateral reflux into the ureterocele spontaneously resolved. Of the 51 patients with a duplex system and associated ureterocele 19 (37%) required a secondary open procedure. The ureterocele was intravesical and ectopic in 22 (43%) and 29 (57%) cases, respectively. Reflux was associated with the ureterocele in 27 patients (53%), and 12 (44%) required a secondary open procedure. A total of 11 patients underwent ureteral reimplantation of 15 refluxing renal units and only 2 renal units required ureteral tapering. Reflux is no longer present in 14 of the 15 renal units (93%). Patients with a thick walled ureterocele required repeat puncture more frequently than those with a nonthick ureterocele. Conclusions: With the use of modern endoscopic techniques children with intravesical and single system ureteroceles require secondary open surgery less frequently than those with ectopic and duplex system ureteroceles. The mode of presentation does not predict the need for a repeat open procedure. Thick walled ureteroceles require repeat endoscopic puncture more frequently than thin and intermediate walled ureteroceles.
Polarography of the fructose-borate system

Abstract The polarographic characteristics of the fructose wave in the presence and absence of borate ions were studied. The borate ions form a complex with fructose in a manner very similar to that formed with the simple polyhydroxy alcohols, such as mannitol. The polarographic data indicate that the predominant complex is a 1 : 1 addition, The equilibrium constant for this complex was calculated at 30°.
Seasonal flow, nutrient concentrations and loading patterns in stream flow draining an agricultural hill-land watershed

Abstract The effects of seasonality on nutrient patterns and export in streamflow were determined for a 7.3 km 2 agricultural hill-land watershed in Pennsylvania for a 12-year period, 1984–96. Dissolved phosphorus (DP) concentrations were highest in stormflow for all seasons (0.030 mg l −1 ), especially summer (0.039 mg l −1 ) when the flow was the least. About two-thirds of the DP export was in stormflow, with two-thirds of this export occurring during winter and spring when five of the seven largest stormflow events within a year occur. For larger stormflows, DP concentrations were positively correlated with the flow rate, which contributed to storm dominance of DP export. Export of NO 3 -N, and to a lesser extent DP, by flow component and season were controlled by flow rate rather than concentration. Summer was least important, contributing only 7–8% of the annual export of water, DP, and NO 3 -N. The NO 3 -N concentrations were the lowest for the baseflow (5.36 mg l −1 ) and the highest for the elevated baseflow (7.12 mg l −1 ) across seasons. More of the NO 3 -N export was in non-stormflow than stormflow and occurred mostly in winter and spring. One 50-year return period storm event generated a substantial portion (9%) of the DP exported for the 12-year period of the record, but had much less impact on water (2%) and NO 3 -N (1%) export. P management and control decisions for watersheds need to be developed in a storm-based, source-area framework, whereas N management and control decisions depend more on managing and balancing N use over the watershed.
Maximal independent families and a topological consequence

Abstract For κ ⩾ ω and X a set, a family A ⊆ P (X) is said to be κ - independent on X if |⋂ A∈ F A f(A) |⩾κ for each F ∈[ A ] and f∈{−1,+1} F ; here A +1 = A and A −1 = X ⧹ A . Theorem 3.6 For κ ⩾ ω , some A ⊆ P (κ) with | A |=2 κ is simultaneously maximal κ -independent and maximal ω -independent on κ . The family A may be chosen so that every two elements of κ are separated by 2 κ -many elements of A . Corollary 5.4 For κ ⩾ ω there is a dense subset D of {0,1} 2 κ such that each nonempty open U ⊆ D satisfies | U |= d ( U )= κ and no subset of D is resolvable. The set D may be chosen so that every two of its elements differ in 2 κ -many coordinates. Remarks (a) Theorem 3.6 answers affirmatively a question of Eckertson [Topology Appl. 79 (1997) 1–11]. Two proofs are given here. (b) Parts of Corollary 5.4 have been obtained by other methods by Feng [Topology Appl. 105 (2000) 31–36] and (for κ = ω ) by Alas et al. [Topology Appl. 107 (2000) 259–273].
Effects of Severe Hypoxemia on Mesenteric Blood Flow in Neonatal Piglets

Abstract Background. The purpose of this work was to determine the effects of hypoxemia on systemic hemodynamic variables and regional conduit arterial blood flows in neonatal piglets. Materials and methods. Using transit time blood flow probes, cardiac output and cranial mesenteric artery blood flow were monitored in groups of prematurely delivered (90% of term gestational age) and 2-week-old piglets prior to, during, and after exposure to a 30-min hypoxic ( F I O 2 = 0.12) challenge. Results. The documented alterations in systemic mean arterial pressure and cardiac output pressure during hypoxia and reoxygenation were consistent with the maturational age of the animals. In response to hypoxia, all animals demonstrated significant reductions in mesenteric blood flow, with returns to baseline levels during the 30-min reoxygenation phase. In still other prematurely delivered piglets, nutrient mesenteric arterial blood flows were measured using in vivo videomicroscopy. The marked hypoxemia-induced decline in mucosal blood flow was reversed by reoxygenation. Conclusions. The physiologic mechanisms responsible for neonatal mesenteric vasoactive responsiveness are present in conduit and in nutrient vessels well prior to birth and can be activated by a significant perturbation. These observations are germane insofar as they provide a stable, age-matched acute animal model to study neonatal intestinal ischemic diseases, including necrotizing enterocolitis.
Awareness and quality of knowledge regarding HIV / AIDS among women in India.

Abstract This paper examines the determinants of women's knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS using data from a nationally representative survey in India. Although around 45 per cent of sample women had heard about the disease, their knowledge regarding its modes of transmission and prevention is found to be limited. To explore the possibility that there may be a different process that determines awareness as opposed to quality of knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS, a negative binomial hurdle model and a two-stage ordered probit model are estimated. The results show that the effect of several covariates, such as education and mass media, on awareness is different from their effect on quality of knowledge.
Genetic analysis of gamma-ray mutagenesis in yeast. I. Reversion in radiation-sensitive strains.

The frequency of revertants induced by 60Co γ rays of the ochre allele, cyc1-9, has been measured in radiation-sensitive strains carrying one of 19 nonallelic mutations and in wild-type strains. The results indicate that ionizing radiation mutagenesis depends on the activity of the RAD6 group of genes and that the gene functions employed are very similar, but probably not identical, to those that mediate UV mutagenesis. Repair activities dependent on the functions of the RAD50 through RAD57 loci, the major pathway for the repair of damage caused by ionizing radiation, do not appear to play any part in mutagenesis. A comparison between the γ-ray data and those obtained previously with UV (Lawrence and Christensen 1976) and chemical mutagens (Prakash 1976) suggests that the RAD6 "mutagenic pathway" is in fact composed of a set of processes, some of which are concerned with error-prone, and some with error-free, recovery activities.
Parallel decision procedures for finite state automata

A new technique is presented for solving, in parallel, the classification problem of finite state automata: given a finite state machine M, is L(M) empty, finite or infinite. This method employs the reachability information implicit in the transition matrix of the automata and hence is effective for both deterministic and nondeterministic finite state machines. Previous approaches required an exponential amount of acceptance testing of long strings. We present a parallel algorithm and combinatorial circuit which requires only O(n) time, where n is the number of states of the automata.
α‐L‐iduronidase mutations (Q70X and P533R) associate with a severe Hurler phenotype

Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS-I) is an autosomal recessive genetic disease caused by a deficiency of the glycosidase α-L-iduronidase which is required for the lysosomal degradation of the glycosaminoglycans heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate. Patients with MPS-I store forms of these partially degraded glycosaminoglycans in their lysosomes. MPS-I patients present with a wide range of clinical phenotypes, which makes prognostic predictions and genetic counselling difficult, therefore impeding the selection and evaluation of patients undergoing experimental therapy, such as bone marrow transplantation. We report the presence of two mutations, one that introduces a stop codon at position 70 (Q70X), and the other that alters the proline at position 533 to an arginine (P533R) in the 653 amino acid α-L-iduronidase protein. These mutations were originally detected by chemical cleavage and then by direct PCR sequencing. Allele specific oligonucleotides were used to detect the mutations in a group of 73 MPS-I patients and Q70X was found to account for 15% of all MPS-I alleles and P533R for 3% of MPS-I alleles. Both mutations are associated with an extremely severe clinical phenotype in homozygotes. MPS-I patients heterozygous for either mutation may have a wide range of clinical phenotypes. We have now described three mutations, W402X (Scott et al., 1992c), Q70X, and P533R totalling 53% of MPS-I alleles which together define 28% of MPS-I genotypes. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Excitation contraction coupling in cardiac muscle: is there a purely voltage-dependent component?

It is well established that excitation contraction (EC) coupling in cardiac myocytes is mediated by the entry of calcium ions (Ca2+) from the bathing medium into the cell cytoplasm ([Fabiato, 1985][1]), which then triggers calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR).
Comparative study of the tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts stimulated by a variety of mitogenic agents

We have carried out a comparative study of the protein tyrosine phosphorylation induced by a wide range of mitogenic stimuli on a single cell type, Swiss 3T3 mouse fibroblasts. For this purpose we have used high-affinity antibodies directed to phosphotyrosine residues on proteins (Wang: Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:3640-3643, 1985) in immunoblotting and immunofluorescence microscopy experiments. Immunoblotting experiments showed that all of the mitogens tested, including epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, insulin, fetal calf serum, trypsin, and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, increased the phosphorylation on tyrosine of a number of proteins. Most of the increase in tyrosine phosphorylation induced by each factor involved a small set of proteins with apparent molecular weights (Mr) above 50,000. Following stimulation with epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and basic fibroblast growth factor, increased phosphotyrosine modification of proteins with molecular weights corresponding to those of the respective receptors was observed. A protein band of apparent Mr 160,000 contained substantially increased levels of phosphotyrosine following insulin treatment, but tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor was apparently below the level of detectability. The phosphotyrosine content of proteins with apparent Mr of 220,000, 120,000, and 70,000 was increased by all the agents tested. Phosphorylation on tyrosine of most of the proteins increased within a few minutes of the mitogenic stimulation, reached a peak, and returned more slowly to basal levels. Immunofluorescence labeling with the antibodies specific for phosphotyrosine showed a substantial increase in the amount of phosphotyrosine containing proteins only in the presence of platelet-derived growth factor and fetal calf serum. This finding suggests that most of the proteins phosphorylated on tyrosine in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts are not concentrated in specific subcellular structures, but rather are diffusely distributed throughout the cell and are therefore not detectable by immunofluorescence microscopy.
Critical Business Problems and Advisors

Many small and mid-size businesses rely on external advisors when specific business problems arise. The objectives of this study are threefold: I) to determine the most serious problems encountered by small and mid-size businesses. 2) to identify the external advisors must important in resolving the problems, and 3) to determine the amount of time a businessperson spends with these advisors. Overall, the respondents named accountants, lawyers, bankers, family members, and trade associations as their most favored advisors. The most critical problems identified by respondents were sales/marketing, personnel/recruiting, organization/administration, government regulations, and taxes.
Isolation of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus From a Patient With Pneumonia, by Daniel S. Rowe, MD, and Richard H. Michaels, MD, Pediatrics, 1960;26:623–629

A virus with the characteristics of the respiratory syncytial virus was isolated from the throat of a 6-month-old infant with pneumonia. The illness was accompanied by an eightfold increase in complement-fixation antibody to the Long strain of the respiratory syncytial virus identified by Chanock and colleagues[1][1] and a 16-fold rise in the homologous neutralizing antibody, indicating that the pneumonia was accompanied by infection with this virus. The virus was labile to freezing at −15 to −20°C; isolation was possible from the original unfrozen specimen inoculated immediately or from passage virus pools sealed in glass ampules and stored in the dry ice chest. [1]: #ref-1
RNAG: a new Gibbs sampler for predicting RNA secondary structure for unaligned sequences.

Motivation: RNA secondary structure plays an important role in the function of many RNAs, and structural features are often key to their interaction with other cellular components. Thus, there has been considerable interest in the prediction of secondary structures for RNA families. In this article, we present a new global structural alignment algorithm, RNAG, to predict consensus secondary structures for unaligned sequences. It uses a blocked Gibbs sampling algorithm, which has a theoretical advantage in convergence time. This algorithm iteratively samples from the conditional probability distributions P(Structure | Alignment) and P(Alignment | Structure). Not surprisingly, there is considerable uncertainly in the high-dimensional space of this difficult problem, which has so far received limited attention in this field. We show how the samples drawn from this algorithm can be used to more fully characterize the posterior space and to assess the uncertainty of predictions. Results: Our analysis of three publically available datasets showed a substantial improvement in RNA structure prediction by RNAG over extant prediction methods. Additionally, our analysis of 17 RNA families showed that the RNAG sampled structures were generally compact around their ensemble centroids, and at least 11 families had at least two well-separated clusters of predicted structures. In general, the distance between a reference structure and our predicted structure was large relative to the variation among structures within an ensemble. Availability: The Perl implementation of the RNAG algorithm and the data necessary to reproduce the results described in Sections 3.1 and 3.2 are available at http://ccmbweb.ccv.brown.edu/rnag.html Contact: charles_lawrence@brown.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The NSABB Recommendations: Rationale, Impact, and Implications

The National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity (NSABB) has recommended that two scientific papers concerning the laboratory adaptation of avian H5N1 influenza virus to mammal-to-mammal respiratory transmission restrict their content to prevent others from replicating their work. After hearing from experts in the field of influenza research and public health, the benefits of the research were deemed less important than the potential negative consequences. The evaluation followed established NSABB procedures and prior policy recommendations for identifying dual use research of concern (DURC). This recommendation was received by the United States Government, endorsed and forwarded to the research teams and scientific journals involved with the publications.
Exercise and Mitochondrial Function in Adipose Biology: All Roads Lead to NO

Insulin resistance in rodents and humans is highly correlated with inflammation of white adipose tissue (WAT) and the presence of proinflammatory immune cells. Such chronic immune challenge leads to a variety of metabolic effects in the adipocyte, including endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and altered adipokine and cytokine secretion, which in sum play a major role in affecting whole-body insulin sensitivity (1–3). Of the factors regulating mitochondrial biogenesis, the regulation of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) has garnered considerable attention as a major metabolic control point. eNOS is a constitutively expressed nitric oxide (NO)–producing enzyme classically linked to smooth muscle contraction and platelet aggregation (4). However, eNOS and downstream NO signaling are now appreciated as a major metabolic determinant of the peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC1α) (5). Although the molecular mechanism(s) is still not completely understood, NO signaling and activation of the soluble guanylyl cyclase–protein kinase G (PKG) system upregulate PGC1α expression and, moreover, are required for increased expression of SirT1, the major NAD+-dependent deacetylase controlling PGC1α activity (6–8). NO signaling via PKG stimulates the expression of the entire mitochondrial biogenesis program, including the activation of Nrf1 and Tfam, two major transcription factors regulating expression of mitochondrial enzymes. A second major theme controlling mitochondrial biogenesis linked to sympathetic drive and eNOS is G-protein–coupled receptor–dependent activation …
Nonlinear Response of the Macro Fiber Composite Actuator to Monotonically Increasing Excitation Voltages

This paper presents a nonlinear model which predicts the response of a piezoelectric continuum to a monotonic increase in electric field from some DC offset value under some constant mechanical load within the linear-elastic region. A general model is derived and then specialized for a piezoceramic-based material with anisotropic actuation and mechanical properties, for example, the Macro Fiber Composite (MFC) actuator. This specialized formulation includes the linear-elastic mechanical response, as well as linear and second-order piezoelectric behavior and a second-order electromechanical cross term. Thus, there are many required linear and nonlinear material parameters, namely the elastic compliances, piezoelectric strain coefficients, electrostrictive, and elastostrictive coefficients. Using previously published work dealing with the mechanical response of the MFC [1], this rather large set of material properties is determined experimentally in order to predict the response of the Macro Fiber Composite device to given external loading conditions.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Spectral image processing using sparse linear transforms

We propose the employment of nonnegative sparse linear feature extraction as a tool for unsupervised spectral unmixing. Sparse feature extraction can be seen as a general linear unmixing approach that maps the data into a new dimensional space in which each of the components has only a limited number of non-zero values. Unlike other transforms that target decorrelation or statistical independence, our focus is on the enforcement of sparseness by imposing restrictions (such as cardinality or norm relationships), as well as nonnegativity. When compared to the linear mixing model, the sparse components can be naturally associated to the abundance of endmembers, and the inverse transform to the endmembers. Our approach is a variant of a well known technique based on Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF). In most of the cases, the NMF components are produced using a gradient descent optimization algorithm that was previously shown to converge. To validate our approach we use quantitative (classification) and qualitative (visualization) analysis of hyperspectral data sets.
Seasonal Patterns of Female Homalodisca coagulata (Say) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) Reproductive Physiology in Riverside, California

Female Homalodisca coagulata (Say) were collected from October 2001 to February 2005 from citrus at the University of California, Riverside. Between 5 and 20 females per sampling date were dissected, and each was assigned an ovarian rank: previtellogenic, vitellogenic, or postvitellogenic. Ovarian ranking was used to characterize H. coagulata reproductive activity. Results of these dissections revealed consistent annual patterns in the proportion of previtellogenic females present in this field population. These patterns indicate that there are two distinct generations annually, with an occasional third generation. A time-dependent model of H. coagulata vitellogenesis cycles in Riverside, CA, was developed, which makes it possible to predict the appearance of the subsequent generation based on previous observed peaks in the proportion of vitellogenic females.
Welfare and Equity Implications of Commercial Biofuel

New sources and uses of biofuel energy offer the prospect of climate change mitigation and less reliance on fossil fuels. At the same time, biofuel represents an unusual precedent in economics, the possibility of substitution between two essential but very different commodities, food and energy. The first characteristic has dramatically heightened interest in biofuel production around the world, but particularly in high-income economies, whose expenditure patterns are most energy-intensive. Rising concerns about the need for climate stabilization and rapid innovation to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emission have stimulated visions of a booming new agribusiness energy industry, with pervasive induced effects on transportation and related sectors. At the same time, diversion of agricultural resources to energy production has implications for food markets that are only beginning to be fully understood, but are of special concern to poor countries whose expenditure patterns are mostly food-intensive. Both commodities are essential to human well-being, and their prices are important determinants of real living standards.
Closing the Floodgates: The Battle Over Workers' Compensation Rights in California

1In other words, more than 30% of all living retired NFL players are suing the NFL for injuries related to concussions and head trauma. The lawsuits allege that the NFL failed to take reasonable steps to protect players from the risks 2 —including neurocognitive decline, permanent mental disability, and death—created by concussive and sub-concussive head injuries suffered while playing in NFL games. The plaintiffs also allege that the NFL not only breached its duty to prevent harm to its players, but also “orchestrated a campaign of disinformation designed to convince [p]layers . . . that concussive and sub-concussive blows posed no real danger.” 3
Metabolic Changes Associated with Administration of Adrenocorticotropin in the Nephrotic Syndrome.

ConclusionsIt is concluded that an appropriate stimulus to the adrenal cortex by the administration of adrenocorticotropin is capable of producing marked modifications in the nephrotic syndrome. Th...
NMR in structural genomics to increase structural coverage of the protein universe

For more than a decade, the Joint Center for Structural Genomics (JCSG; www.jcsg.org) worked toward increased three-dimensional structure coverage of the protein universe. This coordinated quest was one of the main goals of the four high-throughput (HT) structure determination centers of the Protein Structure Initiative (PSI; www.nigms.nih.gov/Research/specificareas/PSI). To achieve the goals of the PSI, the JCSG made use of the complementarity of structure determination by X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to increase and diversify the range of targets entering the HT structure determination pipeline. The overall strategy, for both techniques, was to determine atomic resolution structures for representatives of large protein families, as defined by the Pfam database, which had no structural coverage and could make significant contributions to biological and biomedical research. Furthermore, the experimental structures could be leveraged by homology modeling to further expand the structural coverage of the protein universe and increase biological insights. Here, we describe what could be achieved by this structural genomics approach, using as an illustration the contributions from 20 NMR structure determinations out of a total of 98 JCSG NMR structures, which were selected because they are the first three-dimensional structure representations of the respective Pfam protein families. The information from this small sample is representative for the overall results from crystal and NMR structure determination in the JCSG. There are five new folds, which were classified as domains of unknown functions (DUF), three of the proteins could be functionally annotated based on three-dimensional structure similarity with previously characterized proteins, and 12 proteins showed only limited similarity with previous deposits in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) and were classified as DUFs.
Ignorance in infectious diseases: the case of AIDS, Kaposi sarcoma, and lymphology.

From the perspective of The University of Arizona’s innovative Curriculum on Medical(and Other) Ignorance focusing on “what we know we don’t know, don’t know we don’t know,and think we know but don’t,” the shifting terrain of information-knowledge-ignorance of AIDS(a disorder involving, to various incompletely understood degrees, the four components of thelymphatic system–lymph, lymphatics, lymphocytes, and lymph nodes) and Kaposi sarcoma (alymphedemogenic lesion thought to arise from transdifferentiated lymphatic endothelium) issurveyed by pinpointing some key unanswered questions that have been raised over the course ofthe epidemic and pointedly in past International Congresses of Lymphology. These questions areplaced in the context of general ignorance about infectious diseases and the relationship of“germ” to “terrain” through the “blood-tissue-lymph loop.” A framework is suggested for an“ignorance agenda” encompassing basic biology, clinical management, and societal issues.
Diagnosis and treatment of renal tubular disorders in children.

Functional tubular disorders are rare and may arise during the course of renal parenchymal diseases such as medullary cystic disease but may also present as selective, either acquired or inherited, tubular disorders. Functional defects include renal glucosuria, renal hyperaminoaciduria, Bartter’s syndrome, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, renal tubular acidosis, pseudohypoaldosteronism, primary hypophosphatemic rickets, pseudohypoparathyroidism, renal idiopathic hypercalciuria, and Fanconi syndrome. This article provides updated information on diagnostic criteria and modes of treatment of functional tubular disorders.
Catastrophic death assemblage of Chelomophrynus bayi (Anura, Rhinophrynidae) from the Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Formation of central Wyoming

A unique monospecific bonebed of rhinophrynid anurans was recently discovered in the Wagon Bed Formation (Middle Eocene, Uintan), Hot Springs County, Wyoming. The bonebed occurs on a single bedding plane within a thin sandstone layer. This unit is part of a nearshore facies of a calcium carbonate-rich lake in which the water was warm, shallow, and quiet at the site of the mortality layer.A representative area of this bonebed, approximately 450 square centimeters in size, provides the basis for this taphonomic and paleoecologic study. This area contains approximately 600 bones and at least 19 individuals are represented. Skeletons are nearly completely disarticulated but somewhat associated, bone modification features are absent, a slight preferred orientation of the linear bones is present, and many of the lighter, less dense skeletal elements are underrepresented. Scavengers probably contributed to disarticulation of the skeletons. Bone depletion occurred by a combination of the action of scavengers, weak currents, and the sloughing off of body parts as the carcasses floated. The assemblage was not subjected to extensive winnowing by currents.All of the specimens within this assemblage represent young adults. Because the frogs are all of the same ontogenetic age and the deposit shows no signs of time averaging, the assemblage is interpreted as the result of catastrophic death, possibly by disease, of one age class. Either a population of frogs inhabited the site where the mortality layer formed or the carcasses floated into it.
On Creativity and Intelligence in Computational Systems

This chapter presents an investigation of the potential for creative and intelligent computing in the domain of machine vision. It addresses such interrelated issues as randomization, dimensionality reduction, incompleteness, heuristics, as well as various representational paradigms. In particular, randomization is shown to underpin creativity, heuristics are shown to serve as the basis for intelligence, and incompleteness implies the need for heuristics in any non trivial machine vision application, among others. Furthermore, the evolution of machine vision is seen to imply the evolution of heuristics. This conclusion follows from the examples supplied herein.
A low-power 2.1 GHz 32-bit carry lookahead adder using Dual Path All-N-Logic

A high-speed, low-power 32-bit carry lookahead adder is presented. We have developed Dual Path All-N-Logic (DPANL) and applied to 32-bit adder design for higher performance. The speed enhancement is mainly due to reduced capacitance at each evaluation node of dynamic circuits. This adder can operate at frequencies up to 2.1GHz for 0.35um 1P4M CMOS technology and is 31.3% and 27.3% faster than the adders using All-N-Transistor (ANT) and All-N-Logic (ANL), respectively. It also consumes 29.2% and 15.4% less power than the ANT adder and ANL adder, respectively.
Chapter 31 – C-5A Fuselage Crown Cracking

Publisher Summary For low temperature applications, analysis and experiments have shown that moderate coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) composite materials can perform better as fuselage skin repair materials than the more traditional low CTE composite patch materials. The moderate CTE composite material Glare (Glare is a hybrid laminate of 2024-T3 aluminum sheets and unidirectional S-glass/epoxy composite plies) is a viable alternative to traditional composite patch materials such as boron- and carbon-epoxy for pressurized fuselage skin repairs. The moderate CTE patch materials result in a lower stress intensity, Krepaired, near the crack tip and reduced adhesive shear strains due to the better CTE match with the aluminum skin material. The lower Krepaired will result in slower crack growth, or will stop crack growth. The lower adhesive shear strain is an important advantage in the durability of the bonded repair. The finite element model is used to predict K in the unrepaired case and verify the load carrying capabilities of the cracked structure before a repair was applied. The analysis methods are verified using fatigue experiments. The performance of the bonded repairs is tested under C-5A spectrum loading, and easily extends the life of the cracked structure one full lifetime.
Detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in equine coat color genes using SNaPshotTM multiplex kit or pluronic F-108 tri-block copolymer and capillary electrophoresis.

Molecular methods for the detection of mammalian coat color phenotypes have expanded greatly within the past decade. Many phenotypes are associated with a single nucleotide polymorphism mutation in the genetic sequence. Traditionally, these mutations are detected through sequencing, hybridization assays or mini-sequencing. However, these techniques can be expensive and tedious. Previously, CE-SSCP using the F-108 polymer was able to distinguish SNPs for the melanocortin-1 receptor (mc1r) coat color gene in horses (Equus caballus) that differed by one nucleotide substitution. The objective of this study was to expand the detection of coat color SNPs in horses. The genes for the solute carrier family member 2 (slc45a2/matp), type III receptor protein-tyrosine kinase (kit) and mc1r genes using CE-SSCP and F-108 polymer were compared to mini-sequencing with the SNaPshotTM kit. The F-108 polymer reproducibly resolved homozygous and heterozygous individuals for the mc1r and kit markers, but was unable to resolve heterozygous individuals for slc45a2 at 38oC. The need for temperatures <15oC, the SNP position being close to the 5'-end, and conformational structures/free energy with similar values resulted in the inability to resolve the secondary structures. Despite this limitation, the CE-SSCP method could be used to provide a rapid phenotypic description for equine forensic investigations.
Keys to Play: Music as a Ludic Medium from Apollo to Nintendo

How do keyboards make music playable? Drawing on theories of media, systems, and cultural techniques, Keys to Play spans Greek myth and contemporary Japanese digital games to chart a genealogy of musical play and its animation via improvisation, performance, and recreation. As a paradigmatic digital interface, the keyboard forms a field of play on which the book’s diverse objects of inquiry—from clavichords to PCs and eighteenth-century musical dice games to the latest rhythm-action titles—enter into analogical relations. Remapping the keyboard’s topography by way of Mozart and Super Mario, who head an expansive cast of historical and virtual actors, Keys to Play invites readers to unlock ludic dimensions of music that are at once old and new. “Keys to Play is full of novel ideas, provocative observations, and brilliant apercus. Whether our interests lie in audiovisual media, aesthetics, performance, improvisation, compositional technique, notation, theory, or historiography, Moseley shows us how much the field at large has to gain from taking play seriously. In a word: stunning.” ALEXANDER REHDING, Harvard University “Moseley’s game-changing book puts a new and versatile set of tools at our disposal. Wonderfully allusive and erudite, Keys to Play will open new horizons for music scholars of all kinds.” ELISABETH LE GUIN, University of California, Los Angeles “A dazzling and daring book: an intellectual symphony, a virtuosic boss run, a vigorous expedition in media-musical archaeology, and an exquisite love letter to the vitality of interdisciplinary play.” WILLIAM CHENG, author of Sound Play: Video Games and the Musical Imagination “Keys to Play offers a new approach to central episodes in the narrative of European art music refracted through histories of the keyboard, digital games, and improvisation. It is at once provocative, bracing and, yes, profoundly playful.” BENJAMIN WALTON, University of Cambridge Keys to Play won the 2017 Otto Kinkeldey Award from the American Musicological Society. ROGER MOSELEY is Assistant Professor of Music at Cornell University.
Measuring 511 keV photon interaction locations in three dimensions using 3-D position sensitive scintillation detectors

We present for the first time data obtained with a detector comprising multiple layers of dual LYSO-PSAPD modules. We achieved &#60; 11 % FWHM energy resolution for single layer hits. Results show we are able to position multi-interaction photon events in three dimensions, with a direct measurement of the depth of each interaction. The energy deposition of these events adds up to 511 keV. The preliminary data presented in this paper is a first proof-of-concept of a 3-D position-sensitive scintillation detector.
Metabolic Responses of Embryonic Sea Birds to Temperature

Surprisingly little information is available concerning metabolic responses of embryonic sea birds to temperature, despite the challenging thermal conditions under which many species nest. Knowledge of such responses should be useful in tracing fully the ontogeny of thermoregulation in these animals and in defining the thermal limits for development. It should also allow identification of acute effects of variations in egg temperature and any compensatory mechanisms that serve to damp these effects. Development of a comprehensive understanding of these topics for sea birds is a challenging task, for these animals comprise a group defined by habitat preference rather than taxonomic affinity. It easily includes more than half a dozen orders if it is broadly defined to include littoral as well as near-shore and pelagic birds, and transients as well as species that are resident in marine situations. This diverse group includes altricial, semi-altricial, semi-precocial, and precocial species, with all the physiological diversity that this implies. Despite these difficulties it seems worthwhile, within the framework of this symposium on the energetics of sea birds, to assemble information on embryonic responses to temperature so that we may begin to formulate meaningful questions for further investigation.
Lagged Versus Difference Score Regression: An Example From a Community-Based Educational Seminar Evaluation:

Objectives. To demonstrate the use of evaluation data in determining the effectiveness of a series of community-based educational seminars designed to educate substance abuse treatment counselors on the latest science regarding the effects of alcohol abuse on diseases of the liver and pancreas; in the process, to highlight the use of difference scores versus lagged regression as alternative approaches to conducting such evaluations. Methods. Data were collected from 338 seminar participants during 4 half-day seminars in 2007, 2009, 2010, and 2014. Pre- and post-seminar data were collected immediately before and after the seminar, approximately 3 hours apart. Survey questions included demographics and a series of multiple-choice knowledge questions that were identical at pre- and posttest. Results. Analyses showed that, on average, participants improved their knowledge by 19.7 percentage points from 0.44 to 0.63, or 44.7%. Factors associated with learning using difference scores revealed that only survey w...
30‐3: Deciphering ELA via Transient Reflectance Analysis

We have experimentally investigated excimer-laser-induced melting of ELA-prepared polycrystalline Si films using in situ transient reflectance and transmission analysis. The results clearly reveal that melting can proceed in a predominantly 2-D manner for these thin and small-columnar-grained polycrystalline Si films. Based on considering the presently and previously obtained experimental results, as well as considering the thermal, thermodynamic, and kinetic aspects of the melting-transition-relevant details, we present a model that consists of (1) the prompt initiation of melting taking place at grain boundaries and junctions, and (2) the melting proceeding laterally into the transiently superheated interior of the grains. We briefly discuss how the present model can account for the evolution of columnar-grained polycrystalline Si films observed during ELA processing of the films.
Replacing a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor with riociguat in patients with connective tissue disease-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension: a case series:

Patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with connective tissue disease (PAH-PAH-CTD) such as systemic sclerosis (SSc) have a poorer response to treatment and increased mortality compared with patients with idiopathic PAH. Current treatment options for PAH-CTD include prostanoids, phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors (PDE-5i), endothelin receptor antagonists, and the soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator riociguat. In this case series, we describe three patients with PAH-CTD related to limited scleroderma who were switched from a PDE-5i to riociguat due to insufficient clinical response. The switch to riociguat was associated with an improvement in respiratory and hemodynamic parameters and a favorable tolerability profile. These cases demonstrate that switching to riociguat is a therapeutic option in patients with PAH-CTD who have not achieved a satisfactory clinical response to a PDE-5i.
BCG Refractory Disease

For the last 30 years, we have depended upon Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy to reduce the recurrence of non invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder and prevent the progression to muscle invasive disease. Since Morales first reported the efficacy of BCG in 1976, no other form of systemic or intravesical therapy has produced comparable response rates especially with carcinoma in-situ or high grade disease (1, 2). Our confidence in this proven treatment is humbled by the fact that we lack the ability to identify those tumors which will be unresponsive to BCG and express a malignant phenotype for invasion and metastasis. While most patients with noninvasive urothelial tumors can preserve their bladders, a delay in cystectomy for some may put them at risk of developing incurable metastatic disease. In this chapter we will attempt to define BCG refractory disease, identify the risks with salvage therapy, report on biological markers of progression, introduce new therapies and suggest a treatment algorithm for approaching urothelial carcinomas that fail BCG therapy.
Exploring Indian Surrogates’ Perceptions of the Ban on International Surrogacy:

This study examined surrogate women’s perceptions on the Indian ban on international surrogacy. In-depth interviews were conducted with 25 surrogate women at a fertility clinic in Gujarat, India. T...
Possible indices for a class of association schemes with thin residue equal to the thin radical

Abstract We consider association schemes with thin radical isomorphic to an elementary abelian p-group of rank 2, such that the thin residue coincides with the thin radical and all non-thin elements have valency p. We show that when the order of the thin quotient of such schemes exceeds p 2 , it must be equal to p 2 + p + 1 (a known upper bound), and we show that there exist examples whose thin quotient has order p 2 − 1 . We also show that if the thin quotient has order at least 10, then one can always find a non-Schurian example with the same thin quotient.
Better Living Through Extensity

A reduction of material production and consumption rates—and a related desire to challenge the economic growth paradigm—have once again become core values for radical urbanists concerned with pressing environmental matters including natural resource depletion and loss of biodiversity. Underlying these values is a critique that any hope of achieving an appropriate response vis-a-vis ‘sustainability’ is an exercise in futility: a game of cat-and-mouse lacking conceptual clarity and hopelessly devoted to a metaphysical state of harmonious balance. As a moving target, the ‘zero horizon’ (if even achievable) would either be surpassed or vacated the instant it was attained, owing to the dynamism of the phenomena involved. From a spatial perspective, these criticisms often turn their sights on the notion of ‘sustainable development’, which has been plagued for years with an unwavering devotion to the city as both a unit of study and a geographical space. The notion of ‘sustainable development’ was originally put forth by the UN through its publication Our Common Future (1987)—often referred to as the ‘Brundtland Commission Report’. Its core ethos was that society can remain committed to an economic growth model (‘development’), as long as we do so through the establishment of limits. Enforced through regulatory legislation, ‘limits’ quickly became spatialized as the ‘compact city’. Equally problematic is the persistent claim that an urban system’s ‘ecological footprint’ offers a definitive metric for performance, in turn recommending the ‘compact city’ as the ideal type-form for an environmentally responsible society. However, in both ideas- sustainable development and the compact city—the city is really no more than a red herring.