cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development and Evaluation of Quantity Recipes using Pulse Crops as Part of Dietetics Curriculum

The purposes of this study were to 1) incorporate a recipe development assignment into a college foodservice management course, 2) conduct a sensory evaluation of these products, and 3) gather info...
Identification of unique characteristics and the management of blunt traumatic aortic injuries occurring at unusual locations in the descending thoracic aorta.

Abstract Background The usual location of thoracic blunt traumatic aortic injury (BTAI) is just distal to the left subclavian artery; however, injuries can also be found in other locations in the descending thoracic aorta (DTA). Methods This is a single-institution, retrospective study, using 74 consecutive BTAI in the DTA. The patients were separated into two groups based on the location of the injury. The proximal group included injuries within 5 cm of the left subclavian artery, whereas the distal group included injuries in the rest of the DTA. A total of 27 factors were compared. Results Between 2010 and July 2017, we identified 14 of 74 patients (19%) with BTAI in the distal zone. Females were 9 of the 14 (64%) in the distal zone group, whereas females were 16 of 60 (27%) in the proximal zone group (P Conclusions BTAI in the distal zone of DTA are associated with unique characteristics. They are (1) more frequently associated with thoracic spine fractures, (2) more common in women, (3) tend to be lower grade, (4) less likely to require intervention, and (5) seem to have a higher mortality owing to other associated traumatic injuries.
obesity and metastatic melanoma: A national perspective from the pre-immune checkpoint inhibitor era.

e21032Background: There is an ongoing debate about correlation of obesity with favorable outcomes in patients with metastatic melanoma receiving treatment. Our study measured the differences in in-...
Sacubitril/Valsartan Improves Cardiac Function and Decreases Myocardial Fibrosis Via Downregulation of Exosomal miR‐181a in a Rodent Chronic Myocardial Infarction Model

Background Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that function as intercellular messengers and effectors. Exosomal cargo contains regulatory small molecules, including miRNAs, mRNAs, lncRNAs, and small peptides that can be modulated by different pathological stimuli to the cells. One of the main mechanisms of action of drug therapy may be the altered production and/or content of the exosomes. Methods and Results We studied the effects on exosome production and content by neprilysin inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blockers, sacubitril/valsartan and valsartan alone, using human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes under normoxic and hypoxic injury model in vitro, and assessed for physiologic correlation using an ischemic myocardial injury rodent model in vivo. We demonstrated that the treatment with sacubitril/valsartan and valsartan alone resulted in the increased production of exosomes by induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes in vitro in both conditions as well as in the rat plasma in vivo. Next-generation sequencing of these exosomes exhibited downregulation of the expression of rno-miR-181a in the sacubitril/valsartan treatment group. In vivo studies employing chronic rodent myocardial injury model demonstrated that miR-181a antagomir has a beneficial effect on cardiac function. Subsequently, immunohistochemical and molecular studies suggested that the downregulation of miR-181a resulted in the attenuation of myocardial fibrosis and hypertrophy, restoring the injured rodent heart after myocardial infarction. Conclusions We demonstrate that an additional mechanism of action of the pleiotropic effects of sacubitril/valsartan may be mediated by the modulation of the miRNA expression level in the exosome payload.
Generation of Surface Microstructure in Metals and Semiconductors by Short Pulse CO2 Lasers

Interaction of laser radiation with material surfaces has been extensively studied over the past ten years. Most of this work has concentrated on laser energy regimes where permanent surface modifications occurred (e.g., damage) or where controlled surface/impurity changes occurred (e.g., annealing). In this report we shall concentrate on the boundary between the two regions where the laser fluence is high enough to cause permanent changes in the material surface but where the fluence is below the conventionally defined damage threshold. Using high power CO2 lasers (10 J/cm2 at 1.7 ns) we have observed the production of fine scale (1–8 pm) surface structure in samples of polycrystalline copper, molybdenum and silicon. In the case of silicon, the results are in general agreement with earlier observations [1], [2], [3]; however, the results with copper and molybdenum are not explained by the conventional theories.
The study of edge coloring and chromatic graph theory and its applications

Abstract The field of graph colorings has developed into one of the most popular areas of graph theory. This research introduces graph theory with a coloring theme. It explores connections between major topics in graph theory and graph colorings, including Ramsey numbers and domination, as well as such emerging topics as list colorings, rainbow colorings, distance colorings related to the Channel Assignment Problem, and vertex/edge distinguishing colorings. Discussions of a historical, applied, and algorithmic nature are included. For Brooks' Theorem, which says that the chromatic number is at most appropriate in Everything except two of the events. In the case of a 2, 1-colored line, we show the 2, 1- The chromatic number is at most true 2 + . For a graph with a fractional hue, we 're showing that the fractional chromatic number is at most normal.
The futility and fatality of incremental action: motivations and barriers among undergraduates for environmental action that matters

Monty Hempel was deeply engaged with the impact of sustainability education on student values and behavior. An important question that he posed was How can sustainability education provide a sound basis for the transformation of student learning? This question is highly relevant for the education of young adults—the students who pass through our classrooms—who will deal with the consequences of environmental crises such as climate change. Even though sustainability education is prevalent across college campuses, there is a disconnect between environmental concern and action. To examine this disconnect, we use a mixed methods approach to ask, What environmental issues concern young adults? What pro-environmental activities do they undertake? and What are the motivations and barriers for engaging in pro-environmental action? We led 93 undergraduate students from an introductory undergraduate environmental studies course to conduct 143 structured interviews about the environmental behaviors of their peers. While students cite large-scale systemic issues like climate change and the government-corporate nexus as key concerns, 97% of the reported behaviors in response to these issues were one-time, individualistic, incremental actions. Of the 143 interviewees, 59% reported taking only incremental actions. Less than 5% of students reported transformative actions toward systemic change, and only 3% reported transformative actions such as coordinated political mobilization. Students recognize the limitations of their incremental actions—they consider a lack of self-efficacy and community as barriers to transformative activities. Based on these findings and the reflections of students conducting interviews, we offer suggestions for designing educational interventions to empower young adults to engage in environmental action that matters.
Novel transceiver beamforming schemes for a MIMO-GFDM system

Abstract Generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM) is a multicarrier system to deal with highly dispersive channels by well-localized non-orthogonal pulse shapes. In order to achieve spatial diversity and enhance the performance, multiple input multiple output (MIMO) beamforming can be adapted to GFDM. Since the transmitted symbols are overlapped in time and frequency, the conventional beamforming techniques cannot be used straightforwardly in MIMO-GFDM. In this paper, three novel schemes are proposed for beamforming of the transceiver antennas in a MIMO-GFDM system, based on the singular value decomposition (SVD) technique. The total power of the noise after symbol estimation is considered as a criterion to design the beamforming matrices. The computational complexities of the proposed MIMO-GFDM beamforming schemes are evaluated and the corresponding bit error rate (BER) performances are compared with a well-known SVD based beamforming in MIMO orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) via simulation. We show that as a trade off between the computational complexity and the BER performance, one of these proposed schemes can be chosen for data transmission.
Defense-Related Gene Expression Following an Orthotospovirus Infection Is Influenced by Host Resistance in Arachis hypogaea

Planting resistant cultivars is the most effective tactic to manage the thrips-transmitted tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) in peanut plants. However, molecular mechanisms conferring resistance to TSWV in resistant cultivars are unknown. In this study, transcriptomes of TSWV-susceptible (SunOleic 97R) and field-resistant (Tifguard) peanut cultivars with and without TSWV infection were assembled and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were compared. There were 4605 and 2579 significant DEGs in SunOleic 97R and Tifguard, respectively. Despite the lower number of DEGs in Tifguard, an increased proportion of defense-related genes were upregulated in Tifguard than in the susceptible cultivar. Examples included disease resistance (R) proteins, leucine-rich repeats, stilbene synthase, dicer, and calmodulin. Pathway analysis revealed the increased downregulation of genes associated with defense and photosynthesis in the susceptible cultivar rather than in the resistant cultivar. These results suggest that essential physiological functions were less perturbed in the resistant cultivar than in the susceptible cultivar and that the defense response following TSWV infection was more robust in the resistant cultivar than in the susceptible cultivar.
Summary and Comment on Tissue Changes in Vitamin B6Deficiency

Publisher Summary Pyridoxal phosphate enzymes have varying degrees of sensitivity to vitamin B 6 depletion. Enzymes involved in the degradation of the S amino acids are impaired in an early stage of the deficiency, whereas liver trarisaminases are little affected by progressive vitamin B 6 deficiency. In comparison with the course of vitamin B 6 deplctiori in rats, the activity of kynureninase was increased largely than kynurenine-a-ketoglutarate transaminasc. In cell particle fractionation, kynureninase occurred only in the supernatant whereas the transaminase occurred mainly in the mitochondria. The apoenzyme synthesis of pyridoxal phosphate containing enzymes appeared to be induced arid regulated by pyridoxal phosphate. Organs with a high protein turnover lose their pyridoxal phosphate enzymes more rapidly by vitamin B 6 depletion than those with a low protein turnover. Correlations exist with cerebral signs resulting from vitamin B 6 depletion and the activity of enzymes dependent upon pyridoxal phosphates. The activation and synthesis of vitamin B 6 dependent enzymes may depend upon the vitamin intake and the activities of these enzymes may control the pathway by which an amino acid will be metabolized.
On Larry Temkin’s Rethinking the Good

This essay offers a critique of Larry Temkin’s seminal new book, Rethinking the Good, at the heart of which is the highly counterintuitive claim that all things considered judgments are not transitive. I evaluate Temkin’s claims through the lens of social choice theory, pursue some of its larger implications and applications, and conclude with a very general worry having to do with the intimate connection between transitivity and logical consistency, namely whether, if Temkin is right, this would not bring all moral reasoning to an abrupt halt.
Viewing 21st Century Motherhood Through a Work-Family Lens

Publisher Summary A demographic and social revolution has propelled most mothers and would-be mothers to join the paid labor force and establish committed work ties over the course of their lives. This irrefutable social shift has transformed the experience of motherhood and undermined mid-20th century assumptions that home and work are inherently separate, gendered spheres. Despite these vast social changes—or perhaps because of them the idea of a “working mother” remains highly contested. Work and family remain the two most prominent axes on which women's lives are structured, and equally clearly, they continue to be viewed as “oppositional” domains. Through a review of the burgeoning scholarship on motherhood, it considers how a work–family framework can expand our understanding of contemporary mothering and help explain and potentially resolve the contradictions in women's lives. This chapter examines contemporary variations in motherhood, with an eye to disentangling prevailing myths about past patterns from genuinely new developments. It considers some of the persisting theoretical debates about the nature, causes, and consequences of mothering practices and beliefs, asking how these debates frame our current understanding of contemporary motherhood. The gendered and cultural role of mothers and what it means to engage in “mothering,” and caring are still often seen to be in direct conflict with earning. That women are penalized on the work and earning front for engaging in care work, and they are criticized for their care work when devoting too much time to work.
Analytical and numerical analyses of an unconfined aquifer test considering unsaturated zone characteristics

[1] A 7-d, constant rate aquifer test conducted by University of Waterloo researchers at Canadian Forces Base Borden in Ontario, Canada, is useful for advancing understanding of fluid flow processes in response to pumping from an unconfined aquifer. Measured data include not only drawdown in the saturated zone but also volumetric soil moisture measured at various times and distances from the pumped well. Analytical analyses were conducted with the model published in 2001 by Moench and colleagues, which allows for gradual drainage but does not include unsaturated zone characteristics, and the model published in 2006 by Mathias and Butler, which assumes that moisture retention and relative hydraulic conductivity (RHC) in the unsaturated zone are exponential functions of pressure head. Parameters estimated with either model yield good matches between measured and simulated drawdowns in piezometers. Numerical analyses were conducted with two versions of VS2DT: one that uses traditional Brooks and Corey functional relations and one that uses a RHC function introduced in 2001 by Assouline that includes an additional parameter that accounts for soil structure and texture. The analytical model of Mathias and Butler and numerical model of VS2DT with the Assouline model both show that the RHC function must contain a fitting parameter that is different from that used in the moisture retention function. Results show the influence of field-scale heterogeneity and suggest that the RHC at the Borden site declines more rapidly with elevation above the top of the capillary fringe than would be expected if the parameters were to reflect local- or core-scale soil structure and texture.
The Right to Be Let Alone: The Kansas Right of Privacy

In the early years of the twentieth century, Kansas was among the states that took the lead in recognizing a common law right of privacy. Since then, the Kansas courts have generally followed the Restatement (Second) of Torts in defining and recognizing actionable invasion of privacy claims. With limited exceptions, however, the Kansas Legislature has been slow to recognize or even limit the right of privacy by statutory enactment. And both the Kansas and federal courts have repeatedly recognized a variety of absolute and qualified defenses to Kansas common law privacy claims. The result is a well-established common law right of privacy, but with several traps for the unwary. What was a remarkably progressive approach in 1918 to the right of privacy has since evolved to become a relatively constrained set of privacy rights compared to the statutory and common law rights of privacy recognized by a majority of other states. In recent years the Kansas Legislature has enacted comprehensive criminal statutes prohibiting identity fraud, identity theft, breach of privacy, computer crime, and other privacy invasions. However, very few Kansas criminal statutes allow a victim of these crimes to pursue a private cause of action against the perpetrator. Moreover, the Kansas courts have been reluctant to recognize common law privacy claims on the basis of criminal statutes that do not explicitly authorize private causes of action. With respect to civil claims for invasion of privacy, the Kansas courts have been slow to recognize the significant implications associated with the rapidly developing computer and internet technology for the dissemination of private personal information.Part I of this article briefly addresses the history of the common law right of privacy in the United States. Part II discusses the evolution of the Kansas right of privacy, beginning with Kunz v. Allen, 172 P. 532 (Kan. 1918), the leading Kansas case. Part III addresses each of the four common law privacy claims as they have evolved in Kansas, together with the specific defenses the courts have recognized with respect to each variation. Part IV addresses available remedies and proof of damages. Part V addresses Kansas statutory enactments that may implicate the Kansas right of privacy. Part VI identifies unresolved issues, including some that other states have struggled to resolve but that Kansas courts have yet to address. Part VII concludes by urging Kansas courts and lawmakers to address the significant gaps and unresolved issues in Kansas privacy law.
Benign Melanocytic Proliferations with Pagetoid Spread

Pagetoid spread is defined as an individual cell proliferation in the upper levels of the epidermis, similar to the pattern of epidermal involvement by Paget’s disease of the breast. When the melanocytes have marked cytological atypia, pagetoid spread is considered a major criterion for the diagnosis of melanoma-in-situ. There are several types of benign melanocytic proliferations that also display pagetoid spread and can be distinguished from melanoma.
A 25‐year experience of endomyocardial biopsy safety in infants

Objectives To analyze the outcomes and risk factors associated with endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) in children less than one year of age. Background EMB has proven to be an integral diagnostic tool to evaluate suspected myocarditis, identify tumor histology, and provide tissue-graft surveillance after cardiac transplantation. The morbidity and mortality of EMB has been well established in the adult literature and reviewed in the general pediatric population, but there remains limited data for children in the first year of life. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the cardiology database at our institution to identify patients less than one year of age who underwent EMB between 1984 and 2008. Cardiac catheterization reports were reviewed for patient demographics, biopsy indication, procedural details, and complications. Results A total of 99 EMBs were performed, 49 for evaluation of suspected myocarditis, 43 for transplant rejection surveillance, 3 to identify tumor histology, and 4 for suspected endocardial fibroelastosis. Forty procedures were performed in children age < 6 months with 11 complications and 59 procedures performed in children age ≥ 6 months with four complications. In total, there were 12 EMB procedures (12.1%) with associated complications: 9 arrhythmias, 4 perforations requiring pericardiocentesis, 1 pneumothorax, and 1 death. Univariate analysis revealed a significant association between perforation and both weight <8 kg (P = 0.05) and age <6 months (P = 0.01). Conclusion Endomyocardial biopsies can be performed safely in infants, although children under 6 months of age and less than 8 kg represent a high risk group and deserve special consideration due to the incidence of complications in this cohort.© 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gossip as News: On Modern U.S. Celebrity Culture and Journalism

Scholars over the last half-century have begun to explore how gossip – spoken, printed, broadcast, or blogged – can serve to challenge, support, and/or reflect social, cultural, and political norms and ideals. Of particular interest here is how gossip, as amplified by the 20th- and 21st-century mass media, has transformed journalistic practice and the nature of public life in the United States. In the last decade, scholarship on the history of U.S. celebrity gossip culture and journalism has come of age; the much-studied classical Hollywood era has come under closer scrutiny, while study of the pre- and post-classical Hollywood periods has emerged to enrich our understanding of the production, distribution, and consumption of such news. An interdisciplinary and transnational literature, this body of work challenges old binaries of ‘hard’ versus ‘soft’ news to consider instead the long-term impact of celebrity journalism on modern meanings of selfhood and nationhood. These contributions to U.S. cultural, social, journalism, women’s and gender, and media history explore what it means to be a celebrated figure in modern America and the ever-evolving media individuals, institutions, products, and practices that produce and manage celebrity. Work remains to be done to explore fully how U.S. legal and political change has effected the development of celebrity journalism; the racial, ethnic, and sexual politics of celebrity gossip also deserve more in-depth analysis. We also await more work on the challenges and changes (or not) in the production, distribution, and consumption of gossip in this age of New Media.
Development of an Agent-based Online Adaptive Signal Control Strategy Using Connected Vehicle Technology

For arterial roadways, most Active Traffic and Demand Management (ATDM) strategies focus on traffic signal timing optimization at signalized intersections. A critical drawback of conventional traffic signal control strategies is that they rely on measurements from point detection, and estimate traffic states such as queue length based on very limited information. The introduction of Connected Vehicle (CV) technology can potentially address the limitations of point detection via wireless communications to assist signal phase and timing optimization. In this paper, the authors develop an agent-based online adaptive signal control (ASC) strategy based on real-time traffic information available from CV technology. The authors then evaluate the proposed strategy in terms of travel delay and fuel consumption, relative to a Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) based method in which hourly traffic demand is assumed to be known accurately a priori. Study results indicate that the proposed strategy outperforms the HCM based method and is very robust to the traffic demand variations.
Viscoelastic analysis of filament-wound composite material systems

A methodology for the viscoelastic analysis of filament-wound polymer matrix composites is developed and demonstrated. The procedure uses the elastic- viscoelastic correspondence principle with standard micromechanics models to obtain the viscoelastic properties of the composite. For global analysis, an efficient time-stepping algorithm is developed and implemented in a general purpose finite element code via a user-supplied material subroutine. The algorithm is verified by comparison to the exact analysis of a rigid inclusion in an infinite viscoelastic plate and the utility of the entire methodology is shown by analysis and testing of a composite spring.
Humidity Effects on Friction and Wear Between Dissimilar Metals

The effect of water vapor on the friction and wear between copper and 440C stainless steel was studied using a ball-on-flat tribometer, polarization-modulation reflection–absorption infrared spectroscopy, and Auger electron spectroscopy. The wear behavior changed drastically as the relative humidity (RH) varied in inert gas (nitrogen or argon). In a dry environment, a small degree of abrasive wear of soft copper was observed. In the RH range of 10–70 %, catastrophic adhesive wear of the soft copper surface was dominant. A high RH (>80 %) environment exhibited wear of the hard 440C stainless steel surface and the steel wear debris was deposited onto the copper. The adsorption isotherm measurements for copper and stainless steel revealed that water adsorption increases quickly between zero and 10 % RH and then the adsorption proceeds more slowly as RH increases further. The adsorbed water layer thickness increases rapidly again as saturation is approached. It seems that the thin layer of adsorbed water under 70 % RH facilitates the adhesive wear through passivation of grain boundaries or acceleration of crack propagations, but the thick water layer formed over 80 % RH acts as an electrolyte medium allowing galvanic corrosion to commence.
AN ECONOMIC MODEL OF SHORT-ROTATION FORESTRY

This paper presents an economic model of short-rotation forestry and shows that Lemke's linear complementarity algorithm can be used to compute optimal sustainable harvesting strategies. As an example, we apply our method, using existing data, to calculate optimal harvesting strategies for a plantation consisting of two interdependent species of trees.
A generalized k-nearest neighbor rule

A family of supervised, nonparametric decision rules, based on tolerance regions, is described which includes the k -Nearest Neighbor decision rules when there are two classes. There are two practical reasons for doing so: first, a family of decision rules similar to the k -Nearest Neighbor rules can be specified which applies to a broader collection of pattern recognition problems. This is because in the general class of rules constraints are weakened between the number of training samples required in each training sample set and the respective a priori class probabilities; and, a discrete loss function weighting the importance of the finite number of ways to make a decision error can be introduced. Second, within the family of decision rules based on tolerance regions, there are decision rules which have a property allowing for preprocessing of the training set data resulting in significant data reduction. Theoretical performance for a special case is presented.
Teacher Planning: A Foundation for Effective Instruction.

Here's an overview of what the research says, along with a look at what principals can do to help teachers plan more effectively.
Knowledge integration through synthetic worlds

Purpose – This conceptual article aims to explore the current state of knowledge management systems, to describe the potential role of synthetic worlds for knowledge integration, and to suggest a future research agenda.Design/methodology/approach – Using the constraints of current knowledge management systems outlined in Alavi and Tiwana as a guiding structure, this article explores knowledge integration through a synthetic world and outlines several propositions intended to frame existing knowledge and guide the development of future inquiry.Findings – Current knowledge management systems neither exploit the capabilities of high performance computing, nor adequately address organizational challenges presented by increasingly knowledge‐laden, dispersed, global organizations. The limitations of current systems: constraints on transactive memory, insufficient mutual understanding, limited retention of contextual knowledge, and inflexibility of organizational ties; can be effectively addressed through the sy...
Social Change in Communist Romania

It has been claimed by scholars, both within Romania and elsewhere, that Communist rule "saved" Romania from the economic crisis that existed in the 1930s. A close analysis reveals, however, that the economic achievements of the regime are comparable to those which have occurred elsewhere in Europe under different political systems. It is argued that Romania's relative position among the industrial nations has remained about the same as it was in the pre-socialist period. Moreover, there is much evidence that the socialist period represents less of a break with the ancien regime than the Romanian leaders claim. It is suggested in this article that Romania is closer to the structure of the "corporatist" society outlined by social theorists in the 1930s than is generally recognized. The Communist government of Romania lays its main claim to legitimacy on the rapid economic growth and social modernization which have occurred in the last 30 years, and also on the supposed fact that before 1944 Romania was imprisoned in a set of hopeless problems from which there seemed to be no escape. Many distinguished foreign observers, both before and since the advent of Communism, agree. Many Romanian intellectuals, particularly social scientists in the 1930s, also felt that there existed a major crisis which could only be resolved with difficulty, if at all. Among those intellectuals who have survived the war, the purges and jailings of the first decade of Communist rule, and simple old age, many agree today that the government's claim to have saved Romania has considerable merit, even if the rescue operation might have been carried out more rationally and humanely. In retrospect, and when it is compared to the situation in a number of Third World countries in the 1970s, Romania's situation in the 1930s was not, however, all that catastrophic. When Romania in the 1930s was compared to Western Europe, of course, and even to substantial portions of Eastern Europe, its situation was, indeed, poor. This remains as true today as it was in the 1930s, except that all of Europe has experienced rapid economic growth. Within any one country, Romania included, comparisons with the levels of the 1930s show impressive progress. Not only has this progress transformed Western Europe, but all of the poor semicircle of
On the electric fields and currents produced by induction logging instruments in anisotropic media

Electrical anisotropy has attracted the interest of the induction logging community for several decades now in their efforts to better characterize potential hydrocarbon reservoirs (e.g., Kunz and Moran, 1958; Moran and Gianzero, 1979; Anderson et al., 1998). Shale formations and thinly laminated sequences of shale and sand are commonly-encountered anisotropic formations (Klein et al., 1995). These types of formations are likely to exhibit one (value of conductivity parallel to the bedding planes, and a different, lesser, value of conductivity perpendicular to beds. This is the case of transverse isotropy . Historically, exploration wells were drilled vertically, and thus were often perpendicular to formation bedding planes. In this situation, conventional coaxial induction tools induce eddy currents that flow horizontally (i.e., parallel to the bedding planes). Thus conventional induction tools are only sensitive to the horizontal formation conductivity. This is the primary reason why electrical anisotropy has been largely ignored by many log analysts until recently. However, deviated and horizontal wells have been increasingly used as a new drilling strategy to better characterize the reservoir and lower exploitation costs. The induced currents produced by a sonde located within a deviated or horizontal well are forced to cross bed boundaries, and thus are sensitive to both the vertical and horizontal conductivity of the formation. An arbitrarily oriented magnetic dipole source can be represented as the superposition of one vertical and two horizontal magnetic dipole sources. Whereas transverse anisotropy has no effect on the fields induced by a vertical magnetic dipole, the effects of anisotropy on the two horizontal dipoles are significant. Therefore, a horizontal magnetic dipole exciting a transversely isotropic whole space is a reasonable starting point in understanding induction logging in anisotropic media. The induction problem for a horizontal magnetic dipole source in the presence of anisotropic whole space or …
The Effect of the Accuracy of Various Measuring Devices on Recorded Joint Kinematics

Knowledge of joint kinematics contributes to the understanding of the function of soft tissue restraints, injury mechanisms, and can be used to evaluate surgical repair techniques. (Tibone, McMahon et al. 1998; Karduna, McClure et al. 2001; Abramowitch, Papageorgiou et al. 2003) Previous studies have measured joint kinematics using a variety of non-invasive methods that include: optical tracking, magnetic tracking, and mechanical linkage systems. (Rudins, Laskowski et al. 1997; Apreleva, Hasselman et al. 1998; Gabriel, Wong et al. 2004) These measurement devices report kinematics of rigid bodies with respect their own global coordinate system. However, it is often useful to understand these kinematics in terms of a coordinate system whose axes coincide with the degrees of freedom of each specific joint (anatomical coordinate systems). Once the kinematics are obtained with respect to the global coordinate system of the measurement device, the joint kinematics can be calculated with respect to anatomical coordinate systems if the relationship between the measurement device and the anatomical coordinate systems are known. Although the accuracy of these kinematic measurement devices is provided by the manufacturer, the effect of their accuracy on joint kinematics reported with respect to anatomical coordinate systems must be determined. (Panjabi, Goel et al. 1982; Crisco, Chen et al. 1994) For example, small errors in orientation of the measurement system could lead to large errors in position for an anatomical coordinate system located at some distance away. As researchers report joint kinematics with respect to the anatomical coordinate systems, understanding the errors produced by one’s measurement device with respect to the anatomical coordinate systems is necessary. Further, a great deal of interest exists for studying knee joint kinematics. (Sakane, Livesay et al. 1999; Lephart, Ferris et al. 2002; Ford, Myer et al. 2003) Within our research center our goal is to collect knee joint kinematics of a cadaver and reproduce them with respect to the anatomical coordinate systems using robotic technology. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of the accuracy of three measurement devices (optical tracking device-OptoTrak® 3020, magnetic tracking device-Flock of Birds®, instrumented spatial linkage-EnduraTec Corp.) on knee joint kinematics reported with respect to an anatomical coordinate system.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Citizen police academies: Community policing or community politics?

Citizen police academies (CPAs) have become common in the United States. These programs have a great deal of potential to enhance community-policing efforts in two ways. First, they provide a setting where citizens can learn more about the operations of their local law enforcement agencies. Second, they allow participants to enter into an open and ongoing dialogue with agency representatives. This paper reports findings from a national survey of CPA coordinators. It questions the current status of CPAs as an element of community policing, as opposed to public or political relations.
Correlates of participation in a pediatric primary care-based obesity prevention intervention.

The purpose of this study was to examine the correlates of participation in a childhood obesity prevention trial. We sampled parents of children recruited to participate in a randomized controlled trial. Eligible children were 2.0–6.9 years with BMI ≥95th percentile or 85th to 95th%ile. One reason appears to be that they less frequently consider their children to have a weight problem.
Prevention of severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in healthy infants of 35 or more weeks of gestation: implementation of a systems-based approach.

Newborns with jaundice or unrecognized hyperbilirubinemia are a vulnerable population which is likely to be deprived from preventive and/or therapeutic healthcare services in their transition from birthing hospital to their homes. Of the 4 million infants born each year in the United States over 3.5 million are born at 35 or more weeks of gestation. Most have benign outcomes with little or no threat of neurological compromise from medical conditions during their first year of life. Over the past 4 decades proven preventive health measures provided at well-baby nurseries and at delivery rooms have been effective in reducing infant mortality and morbidity. However nearly all healthy infants have some degree of hyperbilirubinemia and over 60% develop jaundice during their first week of life. When unmonitored or untreated in a timely manner hyperbilirubinemia can become excessive and may be unrecognized if the infant is not under medical supervision. An adverse outcome could be a spectrum of bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND) and its severest manifestation: kernicterus a lifelong athetoid cerebral palsy with sensorineural auditory impairment. (excerpt)
Simulation studies of methods to delay corrosion and increase service life for cracked concrete exposed to chlorides

Abstract The ingress of chlorides in reinforced concrete leads to the onset of steel reinforcement corrosion and eventually compromises a structure’s integrity. To extend its service life and improve safety, it is crucial to develop sound repair strategies for our nation’s infrastructure. In this paper, results are presented for numerical simulations to study the effectiveness of fillers for repair of cracks in concrete, so as to delay the onset of corrosion in reinforcing steel. Concretes without cracks and with either a 50 μm or 500 μm wide crack located directly above the steel reinforcement are simulated, with the addition of silica fume, a corrosion inhibitor, or epoxy-coated reinforcement being considered as additional scenarios. The effectiveness of the crack filler depends not only on its inherent diffusivity with respect to chloride ions, but also on its ability to penetrate and fill the damaged zone or interface between the open crack region and the bulk concrete. Additional simulations indicate that using continuum models instead of models that include details of the rebar placement can lead to underestimating the chloride concentration and overestimating the service life. Experiments are needed to study the ingress of chlorides in damaged (interfacial) regions adjacent to the crack or at the reinforcement surface, as the local transport properties of these regions can significantly influence service life predictions.
Software Engineering Meets Services and Cloud Computing

Service-oriented software engineering incorporates the best features of both the services and cloud computing paradigms, offering many advantages for software development and applications, but also exacerbating old concerns.
Are Psychological and Ecological Well-being Compatible? The Role of Values, Mindfulness, and Lifestyle

Happiness and ecological well-being are often portrayed as conflictual pursuits, but they may actually be complementary. In samples of adolescents (Study 1) and adults (Study 2), we tested this proposition and examined the role of three factors in promoting both subjective well-being (SWB) and ecologically responsible behavior (ERB). In both studies, individuals higher in SWB reported more ERB. An intrinsic value orientation (Studies 1 and 2) and dispositional mindfulness (Study 2) related to higher SWB and ERB, while a lifestyle of voluntary simplicity (Study 2) related to higher ERB. Further analyses showed that the compatibility of SWB and ERB was explained by intrinsic values and mindfulness. These findings offer clues to a sustainable way of life that enhances both personal and collective well-being.
Methionine Recycling in Brain: A Role for Folates and Vitamin B‐12

The recycling of methionine via homocysteine was measured in vivo in brain. After constant intravenous infusions (5 h) of both [3H-methyl]methionine and [35S]methionine into rats, the ratios of [3H-methyl]methionine to [35S]methionine in liver, brain, and plasma were determined. Similar experiments were performed in rabbits, except that the [3H-methyl]- and [35S]methionine were injected intraventricularly. If the methyl group of methionine was removed with the formation of homocysteine and then replaced by another (unlabeled) methyl group, the specific activity of the [3H-methyl]methionine would decrease more than that of [35S]methionine; i.e., the ratio of [3H-methyl]- to [35S]methionine in the tissue would decline. The results showed that the ratios of [3H-methyl]- to [35S]methionine in liver and brain were less than the same ratio in plasma in the rats. The comparable ratios in the brain and CSF of rabbits were less than the ratio in the injectate. Since brain contains only one enzyme capable of remethylating homocysteine to methionine, the vitamin B-12-dependent methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.13), our results for methionine recycling via homocysteine in brain strongly support the activity of this enzyme in brain in vivo.
pH distribution in human tumors

The effectiveness of hyperthermia in tumor therapy may depend on a lower extracellular pH of tumor compared to that of normal tissue. A technique for measuring extracellular pH in human tumors has been devised to test the usefulness of this parameter as prognostic indicator of tumor hyperthermia response. In a preliminary study 50 of 53 pH readings from 14 human tumors (both heated and unheated) were below normal physiological pH. Tumor pH values ranged between 5.55-7.69 (average for unheated tumors 6.81 +/- 0.09, SEM, only one determination was above 7.40). Although there was considerable heterogeneity of pH within tumors, the accuracy and drift of the 21 gauge needle electrode were not a problem. Fifteen minutes were required for pH stabilization after insertion of an 18 gauge open-ended catheter, and less than 5 min for equilibration after electrode insertion into the catheter. A saline wheal was used for anesthesia to preclude modification of pH by anesthetics. Central portions of tumors were no more acidic than peripheral regions, but large tumors tended to be more acidic than small tumors. The pH of several tumors of various sizes and histologies was also determined immediately before subsequent treatment sessions. These measurements were made by reinsertion of catheters in approximately the same locations at each session. The trend appeared to be that pH increased with the number of treatment sessions. Measurements of pH were made in four patients immediately prior to and at the termination of a heating session (same locations since catheter remained in place during heating sessions). Three of the four tumors showed increased pH readings of 0.25-0.54 units during heating. However, none of the four tumors achieved temperatures exceeding 42 degrees C. The pH measurement technique developed provides a safe and relatively easy method for determining extracellular pH in human tumors. There appears to be a correlation of pH values with tumor size, treatment session, and possibly blood flow.
THE RISK ASSOCIATED WITH ELEVATED PHOSPHORUS LEVELS IS PRIMARILY A REFLECTION OF ELEVATED CARDIO-RENAL RISK IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEART FAILURE: AN APPLICATION OF THE BEST TRIAL LIMITED DATASET

Elevation in serum phosphorus has been identified as a risk factor for adverse outcomes across the spectrum of cardiovascular disease, including heart failure (HF). Notably, this finding appears to be independent of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Several biologically plausible pathways exist by
A quasi-steady state solver for the stiff ordinary differential equations of reaction kinetics

Abstract A quasi-steady-state method is presented that integrates stiff differential equations arising from reaction kinetics. This predictor–corrector method is A-stable for linear equations and second-order accurate. The method is used for all species regardless of the time scales of the individual equations, and it works well for problems typical of hydrocarbon combustion. Start-up costs are low, making the method ideal for use in process-split reacting-flow simulations which require the solution of an initial-value problem in every computational cell for every global time step. The algorithm is described, and error analysis and linear stability analysis are included. The algorithm is also applied to several test problems, and the results are compared to those of the stiff integrator CHEMEQ. The method, which we call α-QSS, is more stable, more accurate, and less costly than CHEMEQ.
Community Building in Social Justice Work: A Critical Approach.

In this article we argue for the importance of building critical communities as an integral, yet neglected, aspect of education for social justice. We begin by defining critical communities and by describing goals and vision for social justice education. We then explore how community is discussed in the education literature, limitations and challenges of calling for community, and images of critical communities in social justice work. We end by exploring the role that individuals can play in nurturing and enabling social justice efforts, offering some strategies to promote community building within and beyond higher education.
It's Hard Going to Two Schools: Helping Children Adjust to Before‐ and After‐School Care

The need to provide adult supervision during out‐of‐school hours has increased as greater numbers of women have entered the workforce over the past 20 years. Children who attend before‐ and/or after‐school programs face the challenge of adapting to different expectations in two or more settings each day. This paper discusses issues in dual attendance: structural differences between school and child care, transitioning between two programs, recognizing children with adjustment difficulties, easing the adjustment process, the importance of communication, and implications for the curriculum and daily schedule of before‐ and after‐school programs. ∗Dr. Rene Gratz, Dept of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin‐Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA. Fax: 414229‐5100; e‐mail: gratz@csd.uwm.edu
Application of Precision Transparent Sieves to the determination of low number concentrations of oversize particles in powders

Powders are often added to film coatings in order to improve handling or end-use properties. The presence of oversize particles at the level of less than one in a trillion can lead to substandard or reject products. Using current methods of testing it is difficult to detect such low levels of oversize particles until after the final product is made. Sieving techniques have been tried but these are generally unreliable due to the difficulty of controlling cross contamination. A filtration technique is described here for determining low levels of oversize particle in powders and suspensions, in which cross-contamination is minimized by using a single container for the particle separation and the subsequent number concentration measurement. Precision Transparent Sieves are used in a holder, specially designed to minimize contamination, for use with a Coulter Counter. The method permits the determination of number concentration (oversize particles per gram or ml) with reasonable accuracy at levels not previously possible.