cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Natural resistance of rose petals to microbial attack

Petals of red, yellow and white roses (Rosa damascene Mill.) of the family Rosaceae were extracted with (1:1) methylene chloride/methanol and tested for their antimicrobial activities against four species of Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus and Staphylococcus aureus), five species of Gram-negative bacteria (Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens) and five species of fungi (Penicillium notatum, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Fusarium oxysporum). All of the crude extracts showed a wide range of antimicrobial activities according to the tested organism and rose's type. Micrococcus luteus was found to be the most susceptible bacteria to all crude extracts. Red and yellow petal extracts showed much higher antibacterial activity than the white petals extract. Bacillus subtilis was found to be the least susceptible to all extracts. The fungus, Penicillium notatum was found to be the most susceptible with white petal extract being the most effective. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Fusarium oxysporum were the least susceptible to all extracts. White roses extract showed much higher antifungal activities against Penicillium notatum than red or yellow roses, therefore, it was subjected to several bioassay guided chromatographic fractionations and purification to isolate the active chemical(s) responsible for the antifungal activity. Chemical structure of the isolated antifungal compounds were identified by spectroscopy techniques and found to be a γ-sitosterol and (Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid. Antibacterial activity of the various types of rose extracts were due to complex mixtures of organic compounds which are still under chemical investigation and will be published later.
Nanocatalysis production of photoactive radicals

Abstract Eosin Y (EY) dye can be reduced electrochemically by accepting either one or two electrons. The stable two electron reduction product of EY is also obtained by sodium borohydride (BH) reduction. Although the one- and two-electron reductions have similar potentials (− 1.03 and − 1.04 V, respectively), gold nanocatalysts change the traditional reduction reaction pathway of EY dye with BH to a selective one-electron reduction instead of two. The resultant one-electron reduction product is a slightly persistent semiquinone intermediate: the same as is produced with the electrochemical one-electron reduction. This is the first example of nanocatalysts guiding a reaction to the same products as the electrochemical pathway. The semiquinone intermediate was found to be photochemically active and decomposed by light into a novel green EY dye after losing two bromine atoms. Whereas in the dark, the semiquinone intermediate radical was found to be reduced by accepting another electron forming a colorless reduced form of EY. It was found that hollow gold nanoparticles were superior catalysts for this reaction than solid gold nanoparticles; this was attributed to the cage effect of hollow nanoparticles. This kind of powerful catalyst induced product specificity will be useful for the synthesis of novel molecules or improving the yield of existing products.
Geometry optimization by simulated annealing

Abstract Simulated annealing is shown to be effective in locating good local minima in a simple geometry-optimization problem. Extensions to problems involving small clusters of molecules is straightforward, as is its use in geometry optimization within a single molecule. The simplicity of the technique recommends its closer investigation in molecular structure applications.
A model of binocular brightness and binaural loudness perception in humans with general applications to nonlinear summation of sensory inputs

A single neural model is proposed to account for how responses of the two eyes and two ears combine to form the perception of binocular brightness and binaural loudness respectively. It involves nonlinear reciprocal feedback inhibition between left and right channels, followed by linear summation between the channels. Local circuit synaptic interactions are an important source of nonlinearity. The model combines inputs in a manner that approximates vector magnitude models in general. This suggests that the model can be applied to a variety of circumstances beyond the visual and auditory data discussed here.
DRIFTS-QMS study of room temperature CO oxidation on Au/SiO2 catalyst: nature and role of different Au species

The nature and role of different Au species on a Au/SiO2 catalyst in room temperature (rt) CO oxidation have been studied by operando diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy (DRIFT) coupled with quadruple mass spectrometry (QMS). It has shown that different pretreatments (oxidative and reductive) of Au/SiO2 have a significant effect on the nature of Au species and thus the CO oxidation performance. High temperature (500 °C) O2-treatment leads to cationic Au species which is inactive for rt CO oxidation. Reductive treatment (either H2 or CO) results in metallic Au species that are immediately active for rt CO oxidation. Furthermore, CO oxidation activity is found in good correlation with the reduction degree of Au species, a clear indication of the essential role of metallic Au species played in rt CO oxidation. The accompanying slight deactivation with the oxidation of metallic Au species on reductively treated Au/SiO2 in CO oxidation suggests that cationic Au species may play a negative role in rt CO o...
Whole-Genome Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping Reveals Major Role of Epistasis on Yield of Rice

Although rice yield has been doubled in most parts of the world since 1960s, thanks to the advancements in breeding technologies, the biological mechanisms controlling yield are largely unknown. To understand the genetic basis of rice yield, a number of quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping studies have been carried out, but whole-genome QTL mapping incorporating all interaction effects is still lacking. In this paper, we exploited whole-genome markers of an immortalized F2 population derived from an elite rice hybrid to perform QTL mapping for rice yield characterized by yield per plant and three yield component traits. Our QTL model includes additive and dominance main effects of 1,619 markers and all pair-wise interactions, with a total of more than 5 million possible effects. The QTL mapping identified 54, 5, 28 and 4 significant effects involving 103, 9, 52 and 7 QTLs for the four traits, namely the number of panicles per plant, the number of grains per panicle, grain weight, and yield per plant. Most identified QTLs are involved in digenic interactions. An extensive literature survey of experimentally characterized genes related to crop yield shows that 19 of 54 effects, 4 of 5 effects, 12 of 28 effects and 2 of 4 effects for the four traits, respectively, involve at least one QTL that locates within 2 cM distance to at least one yield-related gene. This study not only reveals the major role of epistasis influencing rice yield, but also provides a set of candidate genetic loci for further experimental investigation.
Heteroepitaxy of InAs quantum wells

Abstract Recent experimental results of InAs quantum wells clad with GaSb are described. It is shown that high quality GaSb is critical to the formation of the electron-hole system. The same results also apply to quantum wells with GaSb ternary alloys, where the densities of carrier can be controlled by varying the alloy composition.
Second trimester maternal plasma levels of cytokines IL-1Ra, Il-6 and IL-10 and preterm birth

Second trimester maternal plasma levels of cytokines IL-1Ra, Il-6 and IL-10 and preterm birth
Laser-induced chemical vapor deposition of aluminum from trimethylaluminum: wavelength and temperature dependence

Abstract Aluminum films were produced by laser-induced chemical vapor deposition (LICVD) from trimethylaluminum (TMA) using KrF (248 nm) and ArF (193 nm) excimer lasers. Film growth was measured at substrate temperatures between 20 and 150°C. It is demonstrated that the deposition rate is governed by the mole fraction of gas phase TMA monomer in the region near the heated susceptor. At 248 nm, growth from the monomer was more than seven times as efficient as that from the dimer. LICVD from monomeric TMA at 248 nm was 3.5 times more efficient than at 193 nm. These experimental results suggest an improved LICVD method for aluminum deposition and deposition of aluminum containing materials such as GaAlAs.
Strategic and Financial Performance Implications of Global Sourcing Strategy: A Contingency Analysis

Using a contingency model of global sourcing strategy, this study investigated the moderating effects of sourcing-related factors on the relationship between sourcing strategy and a product's strategic and financial performance. The results lent some support to the contingency model of global sourcing strategy in that product innovation, process innovation and asset specificity were significant moderator variables for financial, but not strategic, performance. However, the results provided no support for bargaining power of suppliers and transaction frequency as moderator variables. In other words, in achieving high financial performance for a product, whether a particular sourcing strategy should be used for a particular product depended on the levels of product innovation, process innovation and asset specificity.
Chapter VIII. Family Functioning in Nonstepfamilies and Different Kinds of Stepfamilies: An Integration

Our findings suggest that even in these long-established stepfamilies, some differences in family relationships and in child adjustment from those in nonstepfamilies are found. These differences, however, do not seem to be based simply on having gone through marital dissolution, a remarriage, and the experience of living in a stepfamily; few differences between simple stepfamilies and nonstepfamilies were found. The differences obtained were associated with differences in biological relatedness between family members and with living in a complex stepfamily household.
AFRL plug-and-play Spacecraft Avionics Experiment (SAE)

The Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) developed an initial plug-and-play capability for spacecraft to better define interfaces, similar to USB on personal computers, in order to simplify spacecraft development and reduce cost and schedule. Much of this improved definition involves standardizing software interfaces between spacecraft components and a spacecraft network. The Spacecraft Avionics Experiment (SAE) was developed and flown as a secondary experiment on the AFRL TacSat-3 spacecraft as the first on-orbit demonstration of the Space Plug-and-Play Architecture (SPA) capability. On numerous occasions during SAE development and test, the modular, reconfigurable SPA interface provided significant cost and schedule savings. SAE consisted of a SPA-USB (SPA-U) network with multiple plug-and-play components with the objective of demonstrating as much core avionics and spacecraft operation as possible in a small secondary payload package. To this end, most elements of a Guidance, Navigation, and Control (GN&C) system were incorporated, to include a sun sensor, rate sensor, temperature sensors, and an AC coupled interconnect experiment. SAE also provided operational backups for TacSat-3 to include a Surrey SGR-05 GPS receiver and a backup high speed SPA-SpaceWire (SPA-S) link between the hyperspectral image processor and the C&DH for payload data transfer. Active GN&C control elements were not included so as not to risk spacecraft stability and control. SAE used built-in self test functions to verify on-orbit performance autonomously. The primary mission of TacSat-3 was to provide hyperspectral imaging data and to receive tasking, collect the data, and downlink to the tactical warfighter in a single flight over theater. TacSat-3 launched on 19 May 2009 and transitioned to the operational user on 12 June 2010. During TacSat-3 on-orbit experimental operations between these dates, SAE performed numerous experiment data collects. Both the SPA-U and SPA-S interfaces operated as designed. One of the SPA-U experiments had a SEU detector on board and no SEUs were observed during experiment operations. SPA-S demonstrated data transfers at 75 Mbps rate with no bit errors observed on orbit. SAE was developed for AFRL by the Space Systems Group at Sierra Nevada Corporation.
Nonparametric Modeling of the Mean Survival Time in a Multi‐factor Design Based on Randomly Right‐Censored Data

Statistical procedures and methodology for assessment of interventions or treatments based on medical data often involves complexities due to incompleteness of the available data as a result of drop out or the inability of complete follow up until the endpoint of interest. In this article we propose a nonparametric regression model based on censored data when we are concerned with investigation of the simultaneous effects of the two or more factors. Specifically, we will assess the effect of a treatment (dose) and a covariate (e.g., age categories) on the mean survival time of subjects assigned to combinations of the levels of these factors. The proposed method allows for varying levels of censorship in the outcome among different groups of subjects at different levels of the independent variables (factors). We derive the asymptotic distribution of the estimators of the parameters in our model, which then allows for statistical inference. Finally, through a simulation study we assess the effect of the censoring rates on the standard error of these types of estimators. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A spinal opioid synapse mediates the interaction of spinal and brain stem sites in morphine analgesia

Abstract The interaction of spinal and brain stem opiate-sensitive sites was investigated using microinjection of morphine and naloxone into the fourth ventricle and lumbar subarachnoid space of the rat. Depending on the order of administration, spinal naloxone either partially or completely blocked the effect of ventricular morphine on both a spinal nociceptive reflex (tail-flick) and a complex nociceptive behavior (‘pain-induced’ vocalization). This suggests that the antinociceptive effects of ventricular morphine involve an endogenous opioid link at the level of the spinal cord.
Effects of pectin-containing diets on the hepatic macromolecular covalent binding of 2,6-dinitro-[3H]toluene in Fischer-344 rats

Abstract The influence of diets varying in pectin content on intestinal microfloral metabolic capacity of rats has been investigated as a possible mechanism for the alteration of toxicity of 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT) produced by these diets. Male F-344 rats were fed a purified diet (AIN-76A), AIN-76A plus 5% or 10% citrus pectin, or either of two cereal-based diets that vary in pectin content, NIH-07 or Purina Chow 5002. After 28 days, rats were given tritium-labeled 2,6-DNT (10 or 75 mg/kg po) and killed 12 hr later. Total hepatic macromolecular covalent binding (CVB) was determined by exhaustive extraction. The CVB of 2,6-DNT was found to be independent of diet at 10 mg/kg. However, at 75 mg/kg CVB was increased 40% by feeding 5% pectin in the purified diet and 90% by feeding 10% pectin in the purified diet. Animals fed Purina 5002 and NIH-07 had 135 and 150% higher CVB, respectively, than animals fed the purified diet alone and significantly greater CVB than animals fed the pectin supplemented diets. Elevated (two- to threefold) β-glucuronidase and nitroreductase activities, microfloral enzymes proposed to be involved in the activation of 2,6-DNT to a toxicant, were found in the cecal contents of animals fed the pectincontaining diets which correlated with a two- to threefold increase in total number of cecal anaerobes. These results suggest that pectin-induced changes in microflora may enhance hepatoxicity after high doses of 2,6-DNT.
Globorotalia truncatulinoides Datum Plane: Evidence for a Gauss (Pliocene) Age in Subantarctic Cores

IN the past, the first appearance of the planktonic foraminifer Globorotalia truncatulinoides (d'Orbigny) was one of the most reliable Neogene foraminiferal datum planes. It was widely accepted as marking the onset of the Pleistocene at about 1.8 m.y. BP during the Matuyama Magnetic Epoch1, but this datum must now be restricted in the southern hemisphere to areas north of about 36° S. A concurrent analysis of radiolarians and planktonic foraminifers in 18 deep-sea cores (12 of which were dated palaeomagnetically) from south of Australia and the Tasman Basin (Table 1; ref. 2) demonstrates that, in that area, G. truncatulinoides appeared during the Gauss Epoch. This predates its appearance in lower latitudes by 1–1.5 m.y.
Institutional conformity and technology implementation: A process model of ergonomics dissemination

Abstract This paper examines the process of implementation of work-place ergonomics within thirteen plants of the largest division of an automobile manufacturing firm. The process began as plants reacted with varying degrees of conformance to institutional pressures to utilize ergonomics in job design. While all thirteen plants to some degree “adopted” an ergonomics program, varied conformity reactions were manifested in different internal processes which in turn ledto different types and levels of implementation. A grounded theory approach was used to build an overall process model that encompasses all plants' processes. Based on the model, ergonomics adoption is viewed as a value-laden process. The internal organizational consequences are then discussed in terms of contrasting types of internal goals, strategic structures, and implementation approaches. Theoretical as well as practical implications of the model are presented. A new direction for future research in the field of technology adoption and implementation is proposed.
A reliable dual-redundant sensor FDI system for the NASA F8C-DFBW aircraft

In this paper we outline the structure of a sensor failure detection and identification (FDI) system designed for the NASA F8C DFBW aircraft. The system is for use in a dualredundant environment, and it takes maximal advantage of all functional and kinematic relationships among the sensed variables. The technique is reliable in that we have designed the system to account for a variety of unmodeled effects and have introduced a new concept - the quality sequential probability ratio (QSPR) - that provides a useful measure of our confidence in each test. The methodology used for determining detector parameters and the "outer loop logic" for combining the various sources of information are described.
Tobacco, alcohol, and caffeine use and cessation in early pregnancy

Abstract Objectives: Little is known about what happens when individuals attempt to make multiple behavior changes simultaneously. Pregnant women in particular are often in the position of needing to change several behaviors at once, including giving up more than one pleasurable substance. We investigated the success of pregnant women in spontaneously quitting tobacco, alcohol, or caffeine, alone or in combination. Methods: Pregnant women ( n = 7489) were identified in the practices of large health maintenance organizations in Seattle and Minneapolis and were interviewed by telephone. Analyses examined the patterns of using and quitting more than one substance, and the extent to which using more than one substance predicts ability to quit other substances. Results: Use of the three substances tended to cluster within individuals. Users of multiple substances were less likely to quit each substance than users of single substances. However, in the subgroup of multiple substance users who had quit one substance, having quit a second substance was more, rather than less, common. In multivariate analyses predicting quitting, demographic variables, and not having been pregnant previously were significant predictors of quitting each substance; being a nonsmoker predicted quitting alcohol, and being a nonsmoker and nondrinker predicted quitting caffeine. Conclusions: The reasons for difficulty in quitting more than one substance are unknown but may include the difficulty of formulating appropriate behavioral strategies or less concern about healthy behavior in pregnancy. Many women in the study successfully quit using two substances, however, and counseling should focus on achieving that outcome.
Synthesis and Applications of Palladium-Coated Poly(vinylpyridine) Nanospheres

Monodisperse poly(4- and poly(2-vinylpyridine) nanospheres in the 500 nm diameter range were prepared by emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization techniques under free radical initiation of the respective monomers with 4 wt % divinylbenzene as the cross-linking agent. The size, integrity, and nature of the nanospheres were investigated by Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, Auger spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy measurements. The rigid and highly stable nanospheres with exposed pyridine nitrogen on the surface serve as an excellent support for Pd0 nanoparticles in the range of 1−4 nm. The Pd-coated nanospheres were also characterized by transmission electron microscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry measurements. Four weight percent palladium-coated nanospheres serve as good catalysts for Suzuki-, Heck-, and Stille-type coupling reactions for carbon−carbon bond formation.
Attention Allocation under Thermal Stress

A visual-visual dual task was designed to test the effect of the thermal environment on dual task performance. The temperatures selected for testing were 77, 86 and 95 °F Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT). Forty-two volunteers were randomly assigned to one of the three temperature conditions. During the hour session, the emphasis was switched every 12 minutes between the two tasks (i.e., 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, 0/100). POC analysis could then be conducted using data from these 5 emphasis conditions. Individual differences in single task performance were controlled by equating the baselines of single task performance. Once individual differences in single task capacity were controlled, statistically significant differences were demonstrated in terms of functional performance region (FPR) and in divided attention cost.
Pill-induced gastric injury

Pill-induced esophageal injury is a well described clinical entity. In contrast, pill-induced gastric injury has not been well characterized. In this report, we describe two patients with acute gastric ulcers due to pill ingestion and review the available literature on pill-induced gastric injury. The first patient presented with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage and was found to have a large gastric ulcer with multiple potassium chloride pills in the ulcer crater. The second patient presented with odynophagia and endoscopy revealed doxycycline-induced esophageal and gastric injury. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of doxycycline-induced gastric ulcer.
A Preference for Deference? The Supreme Court and Judicial Review

The power of the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional remains as troubling today as when first introduced in Marbury v. Madison. While the normative arguments will perhaps always remain u...
COMPARISON OF LATEX AGGLUTINATION AND ELISA MONO-CLONAL ANTIBODY ASSAYS FOR DETECTION OF HUMAN ROTAVIRUS (HRV)

Rotavirus is an important cause of childhood gastroenteritis resulting in dehydration, hospital admission and nosocomial infections. False negative antigen tests may lead to further unnecessary diagnostic tests and therapy. We compared a latex agglutination assay (Rotalex; Medical Technology Corp.) with an ELISA procedure (Pathfinder; Kallestad Laboratories) for the diagnosis of HRV. The latex agglutination test used fresh stool suspended in 10 ml's of buffer which was mixed with reactive and non-reactive latex particles for 2 minutes and observed for agglutination. The 1 1/2 hour direct ELISA utilized diluted stool mixed with a monoclonal antibody and added to tubes precoated with antibody. Both assays were visually interpreted. From 11/85 to 4/86, 109 stool specimens were tested by both methods; 15 (14%) were Rotalex (+) for HRV and 48 (44%) were ELISA (+) for HRV. Thirty-five specimens were ELISA (+)/ Rotalex (-). Of these, 22 of 30 available specimens were confirmed by a blocking assay as true positives. Sensitivity and specificity of Rotalex was 37% and 98%, respectively, when compared with the confirmed ELISA. The Rotalex latex assay appears to be less sensitive than the Pathfinder ELISA assay for detecting HRV. The benefits of the very rapid latex test must be weighed against its insensitivity. The latex test may best be used as a screening procedure.
Using radar imagery for crop discrimination: a statistical and conditional probability study

Radar imagery for crop discrimination, discussing sensor and data requirements and statistical analysis methods
Bioinorganic view of evolution: The case of copper

Abstract Since organisms depend on a number of elements in addition to those contained in organic compounds, the biological evolution may be studied from the viewpoint of the interaction between inorganic elements and the biological systems, i.e. , bioinorganic chemistry. The bases of this approach [1] are (1) differential requirements for elements (different organisms may need different elements), and (2) the historical variation in the availability of elements on the earth, especially n the hydrosphere. One fundamental assumption is that an organism which would require a specific element would not evolve (come into being) before that element becomes readily available to it. The historical variation in the availability of elements depends mainly on the oxidative state of the hydrosphere, which in turn may be controlled by the oxygen content of the atmosphere. The latter is believed to have changed substantially during the course of earth's history, from a very low value at the beginning to the rather value in the present atmosphere. Accordingly the oxidation states of elements could have been altered throughout. These principles are illustrated here by the case of copper. Copper, because of its rather high reduction potential (E for Cu(II)/Cu(I) = +0.34 v at pH = 0), seems to have been unavailable (in the soluble Cu(II) form) until quite late in the history of the earth. An estimate [1, 2] puts the time when Cu(II) became readily available in the hydrosphere to be around 1.7 billion years ago and thereafter. It is inferred that copper was not utilized in the organisms that developed earlier than that time. Most of the copper proteins and enzymes of today are found only in uekaryotes, the more advanced form of organisms. Such proteins include hemocyanin, tyrosine, ceruloplasmin, ascorbate oxidase, laccase and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. Azurin is found in some aerobic pro-karyotes, whereas plastocyanin and cytochrome c oxidase (copper-dependent) are found in a limited number of cyanobacteria and aerobic bacteria, in addition to most eukaryotes. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) in prokaryotes and mitochondria contain either iron or manganese, while SOD in the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells is a Cu,Zn enzyme. It may then be inferred that these organisms, some prokaryotes and most eukaryotes, that contain Cu-dependent proteins could have evolved later than 1.7 billion years ago. The biological evolution is now studied (among other things) from sequencing of homologous proteins and polynucleotides of different organisms. The information obtained from bioinorganic studies of different elements (such as outlined here) could be complementary to the molecular evolutionary studies in elucidating the biological evolution.
Floating point sub-language of a string language

The facilities for floating point computation within the framework of a string language currently operating on the PDP-10 at the Western Electric Company Engineering Research Center are considered to be a sublanguage.This sublanguage is accessed through use of the * (asterisk) as a function marker in lieu of the colon, and such use causes execution of all of the available arithmetic functions as well as a family of additional functions whose names are the same as those used in Fortran.The list of functions that will execute in this sublanguage is displayed through execution of ** (LF), expression.
Dual-task effects of spontaneous speech and executive function on gait in aging: exaggerated effects in slow walkers.

This study compared the effects of spontaneous speech and executive function on gait and investigated the effects of single-task gait speed on dual-task costs. Twenty-one older adults (74.7years, SD 5.9) and 23 younger adults (22years, SD 1.2) walked for 60s while performing an auditory Stroop task and a spontaneous speech task; they also performed each task in isolation. Walking while talking significantly reduced gait speed in both groups; however, only older adults experienced significant cognitive-motor interference during the Stroop task. Stride duration variability and gait symmetry were also affected by the speech task in older but not younger adults. Dual-task costs on gait speed were greater in slow-walking older adults than fast walkers. These results demonstrate that spontaneous speech is a highly demanding task that has a profound impact on gait in older adults, especially those with gait speed Language: en
Modular Aspects of Kinesin Force Generation Machinery

The motor head of kinesin carries out microtubule binding, ATP hydrolysis, and force generation. Despite a high level of sequence and structural conservation, subtle variations in subdomains of the motor head determine family-specific properties. In particular, both Kinesin-1 (Kin-1) and Kinesin-5 (Kin-5) walk processively to the microtubule plus-end, yet show distinct motility characteristics suitable for their functions. We studied chimeric Kin-1/Kin-5 constructs with a combination of single molecule motility assays and molecular dynamics simulations to demonstrate that Kin-5 possesses a force-generating element similar to Kin-1, i.e., the cover-neck bundle. Furthermore, the Kin-5 neck linker makes additional contacts with the core of the motor head via loop L13, which putatively compensates for the shorter cover-neck bundle of Kin-5. Our results indicate that Kin-1 is mechanically optimized for individual cargo transport, whereas Kin-5 does not necessarily maximize its mechanical performance. Its biochemical rates and enhanced force sensitivity may instead be beneficial for operation in a group of motors. Such variations in subdomains would be a strategy for achieving diversity in motility with the conserved motor head.
Ultrathin body InAs tunneling field-effect transistors on Si substrates

An ultrathin body InAs tunneling field-effect transistor on Si substrate is demonstrated by using an epitaxial layer transfer technique. A postgrowth, zinc surface doping approach is used for the formation of a p+ source contact which minimizes lattice damage to the ultrathin body InAs compared to ion implantation. The transistor exhibits gated negative differential resistance behavior under forward bias, confirming the tunneling operation of the device. In this device architecture, the ON current is dominated by vertical band-to-band tunneling and is thereby less sensitive to the junction abruptness. The work presents a device and materials platform for exploring III–V tunnel transistors.
OmniViewer: Enabling Multi-modal 3D DASH

This paper presents OmniViewer, a multi-modal 3D video streaming system based on Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) standard. OmniViewer allows users to view arbitrary side of a performer by choosing the view angle from 0° to 360°. Besides, according to the current available bandwidth, it can also adaptively change the bitrate of rendered 3D video for both smooth and high-quality view rendering. Finally, OmniViewer extends traditional DASH implementation to support multi-modal data streaming besides video and audio.
THE L.A. SCHOOL AND POLITICS NOIR: BRINGING THE LOCAL STATE BACK IN

: This essay critically reevaluates two key components of the L.A. School of Urbanism research program. First, we reconsider the L.A. School's alternative to the concentric circles model of urban growth developed by the Chicago School. Second, we reexamine its account of Los Angeles's modern development and transformation into a global city. We conclude that the L.A. School, much like the Chicago School it critiques, pays insufficient attention to politics and political institutions. Understanding how Los Angeles improbably grew from a frontier town to regional imperium and global city requires urban scholars to bring the local state back in. Based on recent scholarship, we argue that the local state played a critical and, frequently, autonomous role in key policy areas, such as city planning and water provision. By bringing the local state back into the L.A. growth story, L.A. scholars can offer a more robust theory of urban growth.
Egr-1 mRNA expression patterns in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala during variants of contextual fear conditioning in adolescent rats

We report activation of the immediate-early gene Egr-1 in the lateral amygdala (LA), hippocampus (CA1), and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) 30-min following the training phase in the context pre-exposure facilitation effect (CPFE) and standard context fear conditioning (180 s context exposure→shock). On day one of the CPFE paradigm, postnatal day (PD) 31 rats (±1) were pre-exposed to Context A (Pre) or Context B (Alt-Pre) for 5 min followed by five additional 1-min exposures. A day later, Pre and Alt-Pre rats received a 2-s, 1.5 mA footshock immediately upon placement in Context A. Animals included in in situ hybridization were then sacrificed 30 (±3) min later. On day three, the behaviorally-tested Pre rats showed significantly more fear-conditioned freezing in Context A than Alt-Pre rats. Standard context fear conditioning groups showed much greater freezing than the Pre group, as well as no shock and immediate-shock controls. Thirty minutes after immediate shock training, Pre rats showed increased Egr-1 mRNA in the prelimbic mPFC relative to Alt-Pre rats. Standard context conditioning selectively increased Egr-1 in CA1. In the LA and mPFC, Egr-1 increased to a similar extent in no shock, immediate shock, and standard context conditioning relative to homecage controls. The present study demonstrates that Egr-1 mRNA expression has a complex relationship to fear learning in different brain regions and variants of context conditioning.
Effects of Nozzle Trailing Edges on Acoustic Field of Supersonic Rectangular Jet

Acoustic measurements of a Mach 2, rectangular nozzle with modified trailing edges were carried out using three microphones, placed 90 deg apart azimuthally in a plane normal to the jet axis. The measurements were obtained at three streamwise locations, with microphone angles of 90, 60, and 30 deg with respect to the jet centerline. The trailing-edge modified nozzles substantially reduced the turbulent mixing and broadband shock associated noise radiation by up to 12 dB for the underexpanded flow regime and up to 7 dB for the overexpanded condition. However, in some symmetric modifications, the very-high-frequency noise was increased for the overexpanded condition. Screech tones in the overexpanded flow condition were either reduced or eliminated for asymmetric modifications, but amplified for symmetric modifications. The trailing-edge modifications were found to not significantly alter the noise field for the ideally expanded flow condition.
An organizational view of privatization: Is the private foster care agency superior to the public foster care agency?

Abstract Foster care privatization is emerging as an increasingly popular policy option. One of the assumptions behind this movement towards privatization is a belief in the superiority of the private foster care agency. In an effort to assess this assumption, literature regarding public and private foster care agencies was reviewed with a special attention to the organizational and environmental factors derived from systems theory. Overall, the evidence did not support this assumption, as both public and private foster care agencies had their own areas of relative advantage. Recommendations are offered for future study of organizational characteristics in the foster care field.
Fifth Graders' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior Toward Habitat Loss and Landscape Fragmentation

Education and outreach programs are important strategies for natural resource managers working to maintain and restore ecological processes and improve wildlife habitat. Program effectiveness can be improved by better understanding young people's relationships to wildlife-habitat issues. A Student Opinion Survey was designed to measure student knowledge, attitudes, and environmentally responsible behaviors (ERB) toward habitat loss and landscape fragmentation. The Survey was tested with fifth-grade students (n = 464) in nine Minnesota schools. Student attitude scores demonstrated pro-environmental attitudes (4.05/5.00 scaled score). Self-reported frequency of practice of ERB was significantly lower than all other categories (2.40/5.00 scaled score). Practicing ERB is less familiar to fifth-grade students than are caring for and being willing to take action on wildlife-habitat issues. This article demonstrates the opportunity to reconnect students with local wildlife using curricula that utilize the school...
Impact resistance of lightweight hybrid structures for gas turbine engine fan containment applications

The ballistic impact resistance of hybrid composite sandwich structures was evaluated with the ultimate goal of developing new materials or structures for potential gas turbine engine, fan containment applications. The sandwich structures investigated consisted of GLARE-5 (Aviation Equipment, Inc., Costa Mesa, CA) laminates as face sheets with lightweight cellular metallic materials such as honeycomb, foam, and lattice block as a core material. The impact resistance of these hybrid sandwich structures was compared with GLARE-5 laminates and 2024-T3 Al sheets, which were tested as a function of areal weight (material thickness). The GLARE-5 laminates exhibited comparable impact properties to that of 2024-T3 Al at low areal weights, even though there were significant differences in the static tensile properties of these materials. The GLARE-5, however, did have a greater ballistic limit than straight aluminum sheet at higher areal weights. Furthermore, there is up to a 25% advantage in ballistic limit for the GLARE-5/foam sandwich structures compared with straight 2024-T3 Al. But no advantage in ballistic limit was observed between any of the hybrid sandwich structures and thicker versions of GLARE-5. Recommendations for future work are provided, based on these preliminary data.
Angiographic investigation of the pathophysiology of perioperative myocardial infarction

Background: The study of the pathophysiologic mechanism of perioperative myocardial infarctions is limited to two small autopsy studies suggesting a major role for plaque rupture and thrombosis. However, the perioperative period is characterized by increased cardiac metabolic demand that may lead to infarction in patients with otherwise stable obstructive coronary artery disease. The purpose of this study is to investigate the pathophysiology of perioperative myocardial infarctions. Methods: Hospital records and coronary angiograms from patients from 1998 to 2006 who underwent noncardiac surgery complicated by a perioperative myocardial infarction (MI) were reviewed. The culprit lesion was identified based on ECG, left ventriculography, and coronary angiography. Degree of stenosis, TIMI flow, ACC thrombus grade, calcification score, and lesion morphology were evaluated. Based on these criteria, MIs were categorized as thrombotic, demand, or nonobstructive. Results: Sixty-six patients (average age, 71 years and 44% male), 77% of whom underwent an intermediate risk surgery with a 2% perioperative mortality, were identified. The distribution of demand, thrombotic, and nonobstructive MI was 55%, 26%, and 19%, respectively. There was neither statistical difference in the occurrence of prolonged hypotension or tachycardia between groups nor was there any difference in the use of antiplatelets, β-blockers, or statins. Conclusion: This study identified demand ischemia as the predominant etiology of perioperative MIs in this cohort. An improved understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanism of perioperative MIs may facilitate the evaluation and management of preoperative patients. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hyalurondiase: Both a tumor promoter and suppressor☆

Originally termed as the "spreading factor", hyaluronidases (HAases) are present in a variety of toxins and venoms. For example, HAase is the virulent factor of beta-hemolytic Streptococci and it is also present in the venoms of snake, bee, wasp, scorpion, etc, where it aids in the spread of these venoms in the body. In mammals, testicular HAase present in the sperm acrosome is necessary for the fertilization of the ovum. Despite a lot of work on bacterial, invertebrate and testicular HAases, a connection between HAase and cancer was unequivocally established just over a decade ago and the functional significance of HAases in cancer was demonstrated just about a year ago. In this part of the review, we will focus on the recent advances in our understanding of the role of HAases in cancer.
Converging eye movements evoked by microstimulation of the fastigial nucleus of macaque monkeys

Abstract Stimulation of the dorsal part of the fastigial nucleus in macaques is known to evoke ipsilateral saccades, while those of the ventral part produce contralateral saccades. It was found that stimulation of the transitional zone moved the visual axis (eyes) to converge at an area (focus) in the oculomotor range, regardless of the initial eye position. These saccades were designated as ‘converging saccades’. Converging saccades were directed to the focus, but the eyes did not attain the focus in one motion. Only the repetition of stimuli brought the eyes near the focus. When stimulation is applied to the transitional zone at progressively more ventral sites, the focus gradually shifted, starting from the ipsilateral hemifield to the contralateral hemifield by taking various routes.
Engraftment Syndrome after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Predicts Poor Outcomes

Abstract Engraftment syndrome (ES), characterized by fever, rash, pulmonary edema, weight gain, liver and renal dysfunction, and/or encephalopathy, occurs at the time of neutrophil recovery after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). In this study, we evaluated the incidence, clinical features, risk factors, and outcomes of ES in children and adults undergoing first-time allogeneic HCT. Among 927 patients, 119 (13%) developed ES at a median of 10 days (interquartile range 9 to 12) after HCT. ES patients experienced significantly higher cumulative incidence of grade 2 to 4 acute GVHD at day 100 (75% versus 34%, P
Spore release in hypogeous, gasteroid and agaricoid Russulales

Late basidiospore development was examined in seven heterotropic and orthotropic species of Russulales. In Lactarius, Russula, Macowanites, Elasmomyces, Martellia , and Zelleromyces , a transverse electron-transparent region developed in the sterigmal apex that separated sterigmal cytoplasm from basidiospore cytoplasm. A plug-forming body descended into the hilar appendix, and electron-transparent plugging material, composed of up to three distinct regions was deposited. An electron-transparent plug also formed in the sterigmal apex. A moderately electron-dense layer that formed between sterigmal and hilar appendix plugs became a septum or abscission zone. Spore wall layers near the hilar appendix of Lactarius lignyotellus , a heterotropic species, became discontinuous from wall layers in the sterigma, and developed striations prior to spore discharge. Hilar appendix wall layers also became hydrolyzed near the point of liquid droplet formation. An adaxial liquid droplet was observed in Macowanites luteolus with TEM for the first time. Late spore development in orthotropic species was similar to that described for heterotropic species, however, little hydrolysis of the hilar plug, septum, or spore wall layers in the vicinity of the hilar appendix occurred before or after spore release. Spore release in orthotropic spores was the result of a degeneration or hydrolysis of the sterigma. Because orthotropic spores retained the septum and variable lengths of sterigmal wall after release, a functional distinction was made in this study between the septum in orthotropic spores and the abscission zone in heterotropic spores. Similarly, spore release and spore discharge are thought to be separate processes in the Russulales. Lack of hydrolysis in the hilar plug and absence of an adaxial liquid droplet in orthotropic spores are considered to be significant in the evolution of spore release mechanisms in the Russulales.
Effects of chronic monocular enucleation on calcium binding proteins calbindin-D28k and parvalbumin in the lateral geniculate nucleus of adult rhesus monkeys.

Abstract The calcium binding proteins parvalbumin and calbindin-D 28k were localized immunocytochemically within the lateral geniculate nucleus of adult monkeys at 1–7 months after monocular enucleation. Within the deafferented magno- and parvocellular layers, parvalbumin and calbindin-D 28k immunoreactive fibers were depleted at all post-enucleation times. The neuronal staining for parvalbumin was similar in numerical density and intensity between the deafferented and intact layers. In hemispheres examined at 5 and 7 months post-enucleation, parvalbumin-immunoreactive fibers were also lost within the deprived ocular dominance bands in layers IVA, IVC and VI of the visual cortex, suggesting that cellular expression or axonal transport of parvalbumin may be decreased in the deafferented geniculate laminae. While the intact magno- and parvocellular layers contained very few neurons that were immunoreactive for calbindin-D 28k , the density of calbindin-D 28k -positive neurons increased in these layers after deafferentation. The counts of calbindin-D 28k and parvalbumin immunostained neurons were not statistically different at 4–7 months post-enucleation. Because virtually all magno- and parvocellular projection neurons express parvalbumin, many parvalbumin neurons that normally do not contain calbindin-D 28k may co-express this in response to injury. The findings suggest that long-term deafferentation imposes additional calcium buffering requirements on lateral geniculate neurons.
DIMENSIONS OF APPAREL QUALITY INFLUENCING CONSUMERS' PERCEPTIONS

Given a lack of knowledge about the dimensions of apparel quality significant to consumers, manufacturers may mistakenly focus attention on product attributes which are not salient to consumers. Th...
Identification of Insulin-Stimulated Phosphorylation Sites on Calmodulin†

Insulin enhances calmodulin phosphorylation in vivo. To determine the insulin-sensitive phosphorylation sites, phosphocalmodulin was immunoprecipitated from Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing human insulin receptors (CHO/IR). Calmodulin was constitutively phosphorylated on serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues, and insulin enhanced phosphate incorporation on serine and tyrosine residues. Phosphocalmodulin immunoprecipitated from control and insulin-treated CHO/IR cells, and calmodulin phosphorylated in vitro by the insulin receptor kinase and casein kinase II were resolved by two-dimensional phosphopeptide mapping. Several common phosphopeptides were detected. The phosphopeptides from the in vitro maps were eluted and phosphoamino acid analysis, manual sequencing, strong cation exchange chromatography, and additional proteolysis were performed. This strategy demonstrated that Tyr-99 and Tyr-138 were phosphorylated in vitro by the insulin receptor kinase and Thr-79, Ser-81, Ser-101 and Thr-117 were ...