cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stander Use in Spinal Muscular Atrophy: Results From a Large Natural History Database.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to describe stander use in a natural history cohort of drug therapy-naive children with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) who are not walking and identify factors associated with consistent stander use. Methods Data from 397 children with SMA types 1 and 2 characterized the prevalence and frequency of stander use. Predictors of consistent stander use explored were SMA type, survival motor neuron 2 gene (SMN2) copy number, respiratory support, and motor performance. Results Prevalence of consistent stander use was 13% in type 1 and 68% in type 2. SMA type, SMN2 copy number, respiratory support, and head rotation control each predicted consistent stander use. Conclusions Findings characterize stander use in children with SMA who are not walking, address important safety considerations, identify factors that may inform physical therapists' clinical decision-making related to standing program prescription, and provide guidance for future prospective studies.
Optimizing PCM-integrated walls for potential energy savings in U.S. Buildings

Abstract Buildings in the United States account for nearly half of total U.S. energy use. The energy used for space conditioning can be reduced by utilizing thermal energy storage, such as phase change materials (PCMs), into building envelopes; however, the energy savings of PCM-integrated building envelopes reported in the literature vary widely. In the absence of established guidelines, thermophysical requirements of an optimal PCM, its method of application into the building envelope, and the corresponding energy savings under various climates remain unknown. In this study, we perform an extensive numerical investigation on the integration of PCM into building walls to establish the key conditions required for effective utilization of PCM in reducing heat gains in the cooling season and heat losses in the heating season. We also determine the optimal transition temperature, optimal PCM location in the wall, and the energy-saving potential of the PCM-integrated building walls in five U.S. cities located in different International Energy Conservation Code climate zones. Results show that employing PCMs in building walls does not always lead to an improvement; in fact, incorrect applications of PCMs can substantially increase energy use in the buildings. In the climates we studied, PCMs were found effective in reducing heat gains during the cooling season while mostly ineffective in managing heat losses during heating season. Depending on the climate, optimized PCMs in U.S. building walls can provide reduction in the annual heat gain in the range of 3.5%–47.2% and the annual heat loss in the range of −2.8%–8.3%. Future consideration of buildings with substantial solar gains in winter may lead to more reduction in heat losses by PCMs.
Futures for research in education

Ours are times of unprecedented ‘disruption’. The business pundits like this idea. ‘Disruptive innovation’, they are inclined to call it (Bower and Christensen 1995), a contemporary variation of Jo...
Gas release rates and properties from Lithium Cobalt Oxide lithium ion battery arrays

Abstract Lithium-ion batteries are increasingly being used for residential, commercial, and utility scale energy storage applications, any of which could include hundreds or thousands of individual cells, depending on the capacity of the individual cell. Hazard mitigation for multi-cell batteries should rely on data on the rate of cell-to-cell failure (i.e., thermal runaway propagation) and the rate and composition of flammable gases vented during such failure events. To generate such critically important data, experiments were conducted in a 53.5 L pressure vessel to characterize the gas vented from Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO) lithium-ion batteries, including rate of gas release, total gas volume produced, and gas composition. Experiments were conducted at three different states of charge (SOC) for single cells and arrays of five and ten cells. Three cell capacities were studied (5 Ah, 10 Ah, and 18.5 Ah). The data presented on the rate of release of vented gas are a significant addition to the literature. This paper also identifies key differences between single cell and cell array testing. The data provided in this paper can be used to make better decisions for ventilation and other safety systems for lithium-ion battery deployments.
The effects of tolerance for ambiguity on feedback-seeking behaviour

In an article that appeared in this Journal in 1985, Ashford & Cummings found that tolerance for ambiguity (TA) moderated the relationship between feedback-seeking behaviours (FSB) and ambiguity or uncertainty about one's role or outcome contingencies. The authors concluded that, in uncertain situations, individuals who are low in TA will consider feedback an especially valuable resource, and will engage in higher levels of FSB. The aim of this article is to expand and reinterpret the Ashford & Cummings' (1985) findings by reanalysing their data with two substantive differences. First, while job-related and problem-solving TA were proposed as conceptually distinct by Norton (1975), and loaded on separate factors in the factor analysis performed by Ashford & Cummings (1985), they were grouped together in their analysis, thus raising the question of how these two aspects of TA might operate differently with respect to FSB. Second, in investigating the consequences of TA for FSB, Ashford & Cummings used a global measure of FSB which combined feedback specifically sought from boss or co-workers, and feedback inferred from comparisons with others, social cues and other events. This measure also combined feedback sought for a variety of purposes beyond simply assessing performance. Based on earlier work by Ashford & Cummings (1983), Greller & Herold (1975) and others, it is possible that this global measure of FSB is masking important differences due to either the specific seeking strategy, the reason for seeking or even the source from which feedback is sought. To investigate the above theoretical distinctions between different types of TA and FSB using the Ashford & Cummings' (1985) data, two hypotheses were tested. First, since FSB could be considered an attempt to reduce uncertainty in one's work environment (Ashford, 1986), job-related TA, which involves an individual's concern about his/her standing at work, should be associated with FSB for determining the adequacy of performance or potential for advancement. Problem-solving TA, which reflects a general intolerance for ambiguity in any task, should not be associated with FSB about workplace issues, because the sources of the uncertainty which the person low in problem-solving TA finds aversive are not necessarily at work. Second, when allowing for different types of FSB (monitoring the work environment, solicitations from supervisors and solicitations from co-workers), low job-related TA should be associated with greater soliciting behaviours rather than monitoring behaviours because of the less ambiguous nature of the resulting feedback (Ashford & Cummings, 1983). In other words, feedback which an individual gathers through monitoring the environment may itself be more difficult to interpret than solicited feedback, and thus have less value in reducing ambiguity.
Cyclicality in Catastrophic and Operational Risk Measurements

Using equity returns for financial institutions we estimate both catastrophic and operational risk measures over the period 1973–2003. We find evidence of cyclical components in both the catastrophic and operational risk measures obtained from the generalized Pareto distribution and the skewed generalized error distribution. Our new, comprehensive approach to measuring operational risk shows that approximately 18% of financial institutions’ returns represent compensation for operational risk. However, depository institutions are exposed to operational risk levels that average 39% of the overall equity risk premium. Moreover, operational risk events are more likely to be the cause of large unexpected catastrophic losses, although when they occur, the losses are smaller than those resulting from a combination of market risk, credit risk or other risk events.
Enhancement of viscosity and thermal conductivity of soybean vegetable oil using nanoparticles to form nanofluids for minimum quantity lubrication machining of difficult-to-cut metals

Sustainable use of vegetable oil as a base fluid in minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) strategy for machining advanced materials is promising but limited due to their low thermal conductivity and viscosity. This paper presents the results of experimental investigation for enhancing viscosity and thermal conductivity of high oleic soybean vegetable oil (HOSO) using Al2O3, MoS2, and TiO2 nanoparticles (30 nm particle size and 0.5–4.0% wt. concentration) inclusion to form nanofluids at temperature ranging from 25 to 70 °C for use in vegetable oil-based nanofluids-MQL machining of difficult-to-cut metals. The result shows that viscosity and thermal conductivity of HOSO increase with increase in nanoparticle weight concentration, but there is a decrease in suspension stability of the nanofluid. Also, viscosity of HOSO nanofluids decreases with increase in temperature, but thermal conductivity increases with increase in temperature, while for the base HOSO, it decreases with increase in temperature. This is a very significant positive observation especially for difficult-to-cut materials that generate high heat that need to be conducted away from the cutting zone. Thermal conductivity and viscosity were enhanced up to 55% (using MoS2 at 70 °C and 4% wt. concentration) and 11.5% (using TiO2 at 50 °C and 3.5% wt. concentration), respectively. The Brownian motion of the nanoparticles and liquid-solid interlayer interfaces are responsible for this behavior of the nanofluid thermal conductivity, while nanoparticle thickening and entangle mechanism were responsible for the behavior of the nanofluid viscosity. This implies that lower oil flow rate can be applied during machining of Inconel-718 due to increased viscosity and thermal conductivity to obtain optimal machining performance, lower power consumption, and reduce negative impact on the environment.
A Phantom War: Hollywood as a Mythmaker in the Post–Vietnam War Era:

The purpose of this article is to examine the function of entertainment media as a mythmaker in interpreting the legacy of the Vietnam war, which served not only as a flashpoint within the context ...
Stephen Crane: The Contemporary Reviews

Introduction Reviews: Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893) The Black Riders and Other Lines (1895) The Red Badge of Courage (1895) George's Mother (1896) Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1896) The Little Regiment and Other Episodes of the American Civil War (1896) The Third Violet (1897) The Open Boat and Other Tales of Adventure (1898) Pictures of War (1898) War is Kind (1899) Active Service: A Novel (1899) The Monster and Other Stories (1899) Bowery Tales (1900) Whilomville Stories (1900) Wounds in the Rain (1900) The Monster and Other Stories (1901) Great Battles of the World (1901) Last Words (1902) The O'Ruddy (1903) Index.
Essential Mathematics for Political and Social Research

1. The basics 2. Analytic geometry 3. Linear algebra: vectors, matrices and operations 4. Linear algebra continued: matrix structure 5. Elementary scalar calculus 6. Additional topics in scalar and vector calculus 7. Probability theory 8. Random variables 9. Markov chains.
Inter-domain wavelength routing in optical WDM networks

We consider the problem of dynamically provisioning an end-to-end optical path that spans multiple wavelength-routed WDM optical domains. We examine the associated algorithms for intra- and inter domain light path computation and wavelength assignment. We particularly study two different schemes: combined shortest path first (combSPF) and the multidomain shortest path first (MSPF) under two states: the fixed, and the adaptive link cost metrics. We analyze the blocking ratio of requests for optical paths consisting of a number of all-optical networking domains. To perform quantitative studies, a discrete event simulation tool based on the model described was implemented. We conduct extensive simulation experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes.
Review of Neonatal EEG

Neonatal electroencephalography (EEG) presents some of the most difficult challenges in EEG interpretation. It differs significantly in many ways from EEG of older children and adults. Technologically, acquisition of a neonatal EEG is significantly more difficult and different than an adult EEG. There are numerous features that are age-specific and change almost week-to-week in the preterm infant. Some features may be normal at one age and abnormal if they persist for several weeks. Many of these features also have different implications in neonates as compared to older individuals. These issues mandate a different approach to neonatal EEG interpretation. In this article an overview of neonatal EEG is presented. After a brief discussion of relevant technical issues, various normal EEG features encountered in neonates are discussed. This is followed by a discussion of the ontogeny of EEG, starting from the age of viability to the first few months of life. A description of various abnormalities follows. Finally, an approach to analysis of a neonatal EEG is presented.
Renormalization Group Treatment of the Hydrodynamics of Polymer Chains in the Rigid Body Approximation

The Kirkwood-Riseman model is solved using renormalization group methods for the hydrodynamic radius RH through order e2 for random walk (Gaussian) chains where e=4−d and d is the dimensionality of space. These calculations are used, in part, to investigate the effects of the preaveraging approximation within the rigid body hydrodynamic interaction model. Our calculations produce a preaveraging correction of roughly double that found in Monte Carlo simulations, indicating the need for further higher order calculations and/or refinements of the dynamical renormalization group method. We also consider the crossover dependence of RH on the strength of hydrodynamic interactions for a Gaussian chain, showing that our results closely coincide with older classical descriptions of the hydrodynamic radius. For example, our preaveraging Kirkwood-Riseman solution is found to be identical to the Kirkwood approximation to RH to order e2. Preaveraging affects the crossover dependence in order e2.
Analytic and Non-analytic Proofs

In automated theorem Poving different kinds of proof systems have been used. Traditional proof systems, such as Hilbert-style proofs or natural deduction we call non-analytic, while resolution or mating proof systems we call analytic. There are many good reasons to study the connections between analytic and non-analytic proofs. We would like a theorem prover to make efficient use of both analytic and non-analytic methods to get the best of both worlds.
A fundamental study on electrowetting by traditional and multifunctional ionic liquids: possible use in electrowetting on dielectric-based microfluidic applications.

Water or aqueous electrolytes are the dominant components in electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD)-based microfluidic devices. Low thermal stability, evaporation, and a propensity to facilitate corrosion of the metal parts of integrated circuits or electronics are drawbacks of aqueous solutions. The alternative use of ionic liquids (ILs) as electrowetting agents in EWOD-based applications or devices could overcome these limitations. Efficient EWOD devices could be developed using task-specific ILs. In this regard, a fundamental study on the electrowetting properties of ILs is essential. Therefore electrowetting properties of 19 different ionic liquids, including mono-, di-, and tricationic, plus mono- and dianionic ILs were examined. All tested ILs showed electrowetting of various magnitudes on an amorphous flouropolymer layer. The effects of IL structure, functionality, and charge density on the electrowetting properties were studied. The enhanced stability of ILs in electrowetting on dielectric at higher ...
The structure of plasmalogens IV. Lipids in normal and neoplastic tissues of man and in normal tissues of rabbit and rat

1. 1. Total lipid extracts of rabbit tissues (9 normal), rat tissues (9 normal, 1 cancerous), and human tissues (7 normal, 10 neoplastic) have been analyzed for their plasmalogen content by 2 independent methods: formation of the aldehyde p-nitrophenylhydrazone and addition of iodine under conditions specific for α,β-unsaturated ethers. 2. 2. The results agree with an average variation of less than 10%, indicating that almost all plasmalogens in mammalian organs have, as a common structural feature, an α,β-unsaturated ether linkage in a relatively long fatty chain. 3. 3. It is suggested that as the plasmalogen-lipid phosphorus ratio for a given organ is relatively constant, this ratio may be a more significant criterion than plasmalogen content for relating plasmalogen changes to organ function.
Partial purification of bovine antiplasmin (antifibrinolysin).

Bovine antiplasmin (antifibrinolysin) solutions with activities of 12–19 units/mg nitrogen have been obtained from bovine serum by 60% ammonium sulphate precipitation and isoelectric precipitation at pH 5.0 representing approximately a 6-fold purification of antiplasmin from serum. An additional 6.4-fold purification of antiplasmin was obtained by chromatography on a large diameter calcium phosphate gel column. Dialysis and lyophilization of the column eluate caused a 30% loss in activity. The dry antiplasmin was 25 times more potent than serum protein and was stable for 12 months when stored in a desiccator over P2O5 at −10°. Antiplasmin solutions with a specific activity twice that obtained with the large column could be eluted from a small diameter calcium phosphate column, but the activity decreased too rapidly to permit preparation of a lyophilized product.
Criticism is as Criticism Does

While there are numerous approaches to criticism, this essay takes the position that each is worthy of being considered in relation to the question or problem being addressed. That means, in practice, that whether or not the essay contributes to theory development will depend on the purpose underlying the critical act.
Children’s Understanding of Illness: Developmental Aspects

Acutely and critically ill children, like adults, want information about their illness. Children put information they gather into the context of their understanding of the world around them, which is influenced by their level of cognitive development. The development of their understanding of the world is also apparent in their understanding of their bodies and of illness etiology, prevention, and cure. Research generally supports the expected developmental progression of children's understanding of body parts and functions and of illness etiology. Implications for practice are provided.
Quantitative aspects of the development of a hydrophobic binding site on calmodulin by calcium binding.

The interactive binding by calmodulin of Ca2+ and 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate (1,8-ANS) has been examined. In the presence of saturating levels of Ca2+, calmodulin develops one moderately strong binding site for 1,8-ANS, plus one or more weaker sites. The binding of 1,8-ANS by unliganded, or singly liganded, calmodulin is slight; the development of a strong binding site, as well as the characteristic fluorescence enhancement and CD spectrum, requires the binding of two Ca2+ ions. Little further change occurs on binding additional Ca2+ ions.
Alkylation of Nucleic Acids by a Model Quinone Methide

Quinone methides and related electrophiles represent a common class of intermediates that form during metabolism of drugs and xenobiotics and may lead to DNA alkylation. The intrinsic reactivity of these species has now been characterized using a stable model compound, O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2-bromomethylphenol, designed to generate an o-quinone methide in the presence of fluoride. The resulting deoxynucleoside adducts were assigned unambiguously through use of two-dimensional NMR and, in particular, heteronuclear multiple-bond connectivity (HMBC). Both purines, dG and dA, reacted at their exo-amino groups. In contrast, dC had previously been shown to react at its cyclic N3 position [Rokita, S. E.; Yang, J.; Pande, P.; Greenberg, W. A. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 3010−3012], and the relatively nonnucleophilic T remained inert under all conditions examined. Surprisingly, the efficiency of cytosine modification exceeded that of adenine and guanine by more than 10-fold in competition studies with the deoxym...
Analyticity of Solutions for a Generalized Euler Equation

Abstract We consider the so-called lake and great lake equations, which are shallow water equations that describe the long-time motion of an inviscid, incompressible fluid contained in a shallow basin with a slowly spatially varying bottom, a free upper surface, and vertical side walls, under the influence of gravity and in the limit of small characteristic velocities and very small surface amplitude. If these equations are posed on a space-periodic domain and the initial data are real analytic, the solution remains real analytic for all times. The proof is based on a characterization of Gevrey classes in terms of decay of Fourier coefficients. In particular, our result recovers known results for the Euler equations in two and three spatial dimensions. We believe the proof is new.
Analysis Tools for Thermally Driven Microfluidics

Thermally driven microfluidics, that is, flow that is driven by a temperature gradient, has applications from lab-on-a-chip to electronics cooling. Development of such devices requires tools to predict and probe temperature and velocity fields. We have developed analytical, numerical, and experimental analysis tools for design and characterization of thermally driven microfluidic systems. We demonstrate these tools through the analysis of two different systems: an electrothermal microstirring biochip, and a high aspect heat pipe for cooling. First, a numerical model is developed for temperature and velocity fields, in a hybrid electrothermal-buoyancy microstirring device. An analytical tool, the electrothermal Rayleigh number, is used to further explore the relative importance of electrothermal and buoyancy driven flow. Finally, two experimental thermometry techniques are described: fluorescence thermometry and infrared thermometry. These analytical, numerical, and experimental tools are useful in the design of thermally driven microfluidic systems, as demonstrated here through the development and analysis of microstirring and heat pipe systems.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Celebrations: Rituals of Popular Veneration

A partir d'une distinction des lieux et rituels contemporains signalant l'emergence de nouvelles mythologies populaires
Evaluation of newly developed item banks for child-reported outcomes of participation following spinal cord injury.

Evaluation of newly developed item banks for child-reported outcomes of participation following spinal cord injury
Longitudinal Development of Specific and Functional Antibody in Very Low Birth Weight Premature Infants

Longitudinal Development of Specific and Functional Antibody in Very Low Birth Weight Premature Infants
Treatment for ST-elevation myocardial infarction—bronchoscopy!

ST elevation is usually treated in cardiac catheterization laboratory with an aim for myocardial salvage by restoration of adequate coronary blood flow enhancing both early and long-term survival. Maximum benefit is achieved if therapy is initiated in the first hour after treatment onset, thus ushering the concept of door-to-balloon time. We present an interesting case of a patient whose ST elevation resolved after bronchoscopy for a lung whiteout.
Peptide-specific Maillard reaction products: a new pathway for flavor chemistry

The Maillard reaction is one of the most commonly studied reactions in food chemistry as it is responsible for both flavor generation and the surface browning of heated foods. Conventional research on the thermal generation of aromas via the Maillard reaction pathways has focused mainly on the reaction between free amino acids and reducing sugars in model systems. These studies, although extremely important, do not investigate the role of peptide-bound amino acids as possible Maillard reactants. Some recent work on this subject has indicated that protein structure and the peptide sequence may dictate the profile of resulting aroma volatiles generated and that unique peptide-specific volatiles can be formed.
Cortical activation during swallowing rehabilitation maneuvers: a functional MRI study of healthy controls.

Objective/Hypothesis: We hypothesize that the central response during swallowing rehabilitation is critical and may be exploited to maximize the therapeutic benefit. We seek to provide preliminary data regarding the neural networks associated with commonly employed rehabilitation strategies to increase our understanding of the neural bases underlying these maneuvers. Study Design: Case series. Methods: Ten healthy adults (five males, five females), ranging in age from 20 to 30 years (mean age = 25 years, SD = 2.5 years) with no previous history of neurologic illness or swallowing complaint were subjected to a single-trial functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm. The experimental tasks consisted of three swallow maneuvers, dry swallow, Effortful swallow, and the Mendelsohn maneuver. Results: Multiple regions including the cingulate gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, insula, pre- and postcentral gyrus, inferior parietal lobe, superior frontal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus thalamus, were detected. The Effortful swallow, when compared to the dry swallow, elicited significant differential activation in the left superior temporal gyrus, left insula, left inferior parietal lobe, bilateral medial frontal gyrus, and right anterior cingulate. The Mendelsohn maneuver, when compared to the dry swallow, elicited significant activation in the bilateral postcentral gyrus, bilateral precentral gyrus, bilateral cingulate gyrus, bilateral medial frontal gyrus, left inferior parietal lobe, left supramarginal gyrus, and right insula. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that a single-trial design is sensitive to delineate a widespread neural network of activation in both hemispheres associated with rehabilitation tasks. Both the Effortful swallow and Mendelsohn maneuvers elicited significantly higher responses in regions related to swallowing, suggestive of enhanced cortical activation during these tasks. Laryngoscope, 2010
Development and testing of secondgeneration extracorporeal shock-wave lithotriptor

Abstract The Northgate SD-3 extracorporeal shock-wave lithotriptor is a second generationdevice that utilizes an ultrasound-guided computer-assisted system for calculus localization. Focused electrohydraulic shock waves are generated in a movable membrane-covered ellipsoidal reflector. Pressure wave characteristics and energy output of the SD-3 and the Dornier HM-3 were tested and found to be comparable. The ultrasound unit was capable of identifying radiolucent calculi as well as calculus fragments 2–3 mm in size. The computer-assisted aiming system was found to be accurate to within 1 mm. The overall successful calculus fragmentation rate using an animal model was 80 percent with an 87.5 percent rate following machine modifications resulting in increased energy output.
Observations on lesser-known flatworms: temnocephala

Abstract Temnocephala novae-zealandie, a flatworm epizoic on crayfish, was examined by light and electron microscopy to investigate the variation within rhabdocoel turbellarians and to provide information on the possible structural modifications in the evolution of parasitism. The sucker is clearly glandular; the tentacular glands are eosinophilic and at the surface store and often release mucus as a coiled thread; the epidermis is clearly not reduced in structure and contains septate junctions in the anterior portion. Light microscope studies documented the presence of ten pair of paranephrocytes (athrocytes). In the laboratory, egg deposition, survival on and apart from the host and another crayfish, and behavior during the host molt were observed.
Proposed Multiconjugate Adaptive Optics Experiment at Lick Observatory

While the theory behind design of multiconjugate adaptive optics (MCAO) systems is growing, there is still a paucity of experience building and testing such instruments. We propose using the Lick adaptive optics (AO) system as a basis for demonstrating the feasibility/workability of MCAO systems, testing underlying assumptions, and experimenting with different approaches to solving MCAO system issues.
The Study of Protein Conformation in Solution Via Direct Sampling by Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

The direct sampling feature of liquid sample desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) allows the ionization of liquid samples without adding acids/organic solvents (i.e., without sample pretreatment). As a result, it provides a new approach for probing protein conformation in solution. In this study, it has been observed that native protein ions are generated from proteins in water by DESI. Interestingly, the intensities of the resulting protein ions appear to be higher than those generated by ESI of the proteins in water or in ammonium acetate. For protein solutions that already contain acids/organic solvents, DESI can be used to investigate the influences of these denaturants on protein conformations and the obtained results are in good agreement with spectroscopic data. In addition, online monitoring of protein conformational changes by DESI is feasible; for instance, heat-induced unfolding of ubiquitin can be traced with DESI in water without influences of organic solvents/acids. This DESI method provides a new alternative tool for the study of protein conformation in solution.
Hormonal influence on post-pneumonectomy lung growth in the rat

Abstract We studied the growth response of the lung following pneumonectomy, and the influence of hormonal excess or deficit on this ess. Four weeks after left pneumonectomy performed in the adult rat, right lung weight was 38% greater than in controls, and right total lung capacity had increased to 8.1 ± 0.5 ml vs. 5.9 ± 0.4 ml in control rats. Morphometric studies showed that the compensatory increase in lung size was associated with a 66% increase in alveolar duct volume and a 21% increase in alveolar volume, but no increase in the number of these structures. Lung cell numbers, measured by total DNA, increased following pneumonectomy, but average lung cell size, measured by DNA concentration, was unchanged. Hypophysectomy performed prior to pneumonectomy prevented any compensatory increase in lung volume, although a significant increase in lung weight still occurred. Growth hormone excess, produced by an MtTF4 tumor, accentuated the post-pneumonectomy growth response. The total lung capacity after left pneumonectomy in tumor bearing rats was 10.9 ± 0.4 ml, 35% greater than in pneumonectomized rats without tumors. The additional increase in lung size induced by the tumor was distributed equally between alveoli and alveolar ducts and was associated with an increase in average lung cell size. These two growth stimuli, pneumonectomy and growth hormone excess, are additive and different in their effect on the lung, suggesting that the basic mechanisms involved in hormone-induced lung growth and post-pneumonectomy lung growth are not the same. These studies also suggest that growth hormone may play an important role in controlling lung size during compensatory lung growth in the adult.
Induction of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and glioma cell motility by nitric oxide.

High grade gliomas invariably recur due in a large part to tumor cells permeating normal brain in an inaccessible, diffuse manner. Previous work demonstrates that the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) contributes to this characteristic. Not only can MMPs assist a cell in traversing its environment by clearing extracellular matrix molecules, but they can also impact non-traditional downstream signals that affect a cell’s ability to interact and respond to its surroundings. Contributions to the induction of MMP expression and functional significance in glioma are still under investigation. Evidence in other cancer settings indicates that nitric oxide (NO) may play a role in tumor/cell progression that can influence MMP production. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), also known as interstitial collagenase, and the constitutive nitric oxide synthases (NOS) have been shown to be over-expressed in high grade gliomas. In the current study we investigated the potential involvements of NO with regard to MMP-1 and functional glioma cell movement. With the treatment of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP), there was significant induction of MMP-1 mRNA, secreted MMP-1 protein and motility of glioma cell lines within 48 h. RNA inhibition of MMP-1 through transient transfection of three MMP-1 specific siRNAs revealed a marked abrogation of the NO-mediated induction of motility. In addition, application of the NOS inhibitor Nω-Nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) impaired movement of glioma cells. These data provide evidence for a regulatory axis of high grade glioma cell movement from NO through MMP-1, with NOS inhibitor results showing promise for future pharmacologic investigation.
Adenovirus Serotype 5-Specific Neutralizing Antibodies Target Multiple Hexon Hypervariable Regions

The immunogenicity of adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vectors has been shown to be suppressed by neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) directed primarily against the hexon hypervariable regions (HVRs). We previously reported that replacing all seven HVRs with those from the rare serotype virus Ad48 resulted in a chimeric Ad5HVR48(1-7) vector that largely evaded preexisting Ad5 immunity in mice and rhesus monkeys. In this study, we evaluated the extent to which Ad5-specific NAbs are directed against various HVRs. We constructed partial HVR-chimeric Ad5 vectors with only a subset of HVRs exchanged, and we utilized these vectors in both NAb assays and murine immunogenicity studies with and without baseline Ad5 immunity. Our results demonstrate that Ad5-specific NAbs target multiple HVRs, suggesting that replacing all HVRs is required to optimize evasion of anti-Ad5 immunity. These data have important implications for the development of novel vectors for both vaccines and gene therapy.
REM SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PAIN THRESHOLDS IN RATS

The relationship between REM sleep deprivation and pain threshold was measured using 36 Sprague-Dawley female rats. Relative to that of the controls, a significant lowering of threshold to painful electrical stimulation was observed during each of the post-treatment tests, i.e., immediate, and after 3- and 24-hr. recovery periods, for the animals which had been REM deprived.
Neural control of brain state

How the brain takes in information, makes a decision, and acts on this decision is strongly influenced by the ongoing and constant fluctuations of state. Understanding the nature of these brain states and how they are controlled is critical to making sense of how the nervous system operates, both normally and abnormally. While broadly projecting neuromodulatory systems acting through metabotropic pathways have long been appreciated to be critical for determining brain state, more recent investigations have revealed a prominent role for fast acting neurotransmitter pathways for temporally and spatially precise control of neural processing. Corticocortical and thalamocortical glutamatergic projections can rapidly and precisely control brain state by changing both the nature of ongoing activity and by controlling the gain and precision of neural responses.
Assessing crop residue cover using shortwave infrared reflectance

Management of crop residues is an important consideration for reducing soil erosion and increasing soil organic carbon. Current methods of measuring residue cover are inadequate for characterizing the spatial variability of residue cover over large fields. The objectives of this research were to determine the spectral reflectance of crop residues and soils and to assess the limits of discrimination that can be expected in mixed scenes. Spectral reflectances of dry and wet crop residues plus three diverse soils were measured over the 400–2400 nm wavelength region. Reflectance values for scenes with varying proportions of crop residues and soils were simulated. Additional spectra of scenes with mixtures of crop residues, green vegetation, and soil were also acquired in corn, soybean, and wheat fields with different tillage treatments. The spectra of dry crop residues displayed a broad absorption feature near 2100 nm, associated with cellulose-lignin, that was absent in spectra of soils. Crop residue cover was linearly related (r 2 =0.89) to the Cellulose Absorption Index (CAI), which was defined as the relative depth of this absorption feature. Green vegetation cover in the scene attenuated CAI, but was linearly related to the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI, r 2 =0.93). A novel method is proposed to assess soil tillage intensity classes using CAI and NDVI. Regional surveys of soil
A model for the competitive growth of two diatoms.

Abstract A parallel between an experimental situation in marine microecology and its analytical model is presented. Two diatoms are cultured in a continuous flow apparatus and are studied for their competitive performance. A differential equations model is proposed to represent their growth behavior. The parameters of the model are evaluated from the experimental data and it is then identified from additional data.
A randomized controlled trial of hydrocolloid dressing in the treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids.

BACKGROUND. Silicone gel sheeting has been investigated for use in the treatments of keloids and hypertrophic scare. Its mechanism of action may be related to scar hydmtion. OBJECTIVE. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate a hydrocollaid occlusive dressing that also acts by promoting a moist environment. METHODS. In a randomized controlled prospective study, patients were allocated to receive hydrocolloid dressing or moisturizer to keloids or hypertrophic scars. Scar size and volume, color, patient symptoms, and transcutaneous oxygen measurements were taken. RESULTS. There was significantly reduced itching (P < 0.03), somewhat reduced pain (P < 0.08) and increased pliability (10%) for both treatments over 2 months. CONCLUSION. Hydration of the scar for 2 months resulted in symptomatic improvement, but no change in physical parameters.
An Analysis of the Buy-Vs-Lease Decision

This article presents a financial model to analyze the buy-vs-lease decision. The model is constructed from the perspective of a lessee with an operating lease and uses the concept of net present value, which calculates the current value of predicted cash flows in the future. Predicted cash flows of an operating lease compared with buying are presented in the model, as is the after-tax borrowing rate, the appropriate discount rate used in a model of this type. The article also discusses nonfinancial factors that may influence the buy-vs-lease decision, including the need for flexibility in working capital and the anticipated technological obsolescence of equipment.
Effect of PGE1 treatment on in vitro thymocyte function of normal and autoimmune mice.

Abstract Autoimmune New Zealand (NZ) mice exhibit a broad spectrum of T and B cell disorders. These include abnormally high levels of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-positive immature T cells in bone marrow and thymus. We have shown previously that prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) treatment of the NZB/NZW F1 hybrid, a murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), reduces to normal the percentage of immature terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-positive cells in bone marrow and thymus, and prevents the immune complex-induced nephritis which kills these animals. We report here that short-term (1–5 days) treatment of NZB/W mice with PGE1 increases thymocyte responsiveness to mitogens and alloantigens. The majority (> 90%) of cortical thymocytes agglutinated by peanut lectin (PNA+) are depleted by PGE1 treatment. However, a small population of highly functional cells persists in the PNA+ fraction after PGE1 treatment. PGE1 appears to have little or no effect on the PNA-negative (medullary) fraction of thymocytes. Our data suggest that PGE1 may exert its therapeutic effect in NZ mice by increasing the functional maturity of immature T cells.
AlN/GaN/AlGaN Coupled Quantum Wells for Short-Wavelength Intersubband Devices

We demonstrate efficient interwell optical coupling in AIN/GaN/AlGaN double quantum wells grown by molecular beam epitaxy, where the coupling strength is controlled through the Al content of the inner barrier.
17-β-Estradiol and progesterone modulate an intrinsic opioid analgesic system

It has been demonstrated in rats as well as in humans, that pregnancy and parturition are associated with an opioid-mediated maternal analgesia. This analgesia has been shown to involve a spinal cord dynorphin/к-opioid system. In the present study, simulation of the pregnancy blood profile of 17-β-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) in non-pregnant, ovariectomized rats resulted in a statistically significant elevation in pain thresholds. The temporal pattern and magnitude of this analgesia was strikingly similar to that which has been observed during actual gestation. Administration of pregnancy levels of either E2 or P alone or E2 with the delayed addition of P (starting with dose 3, the dose at which the onset of analgesia occured) was not sufficient to produce the increase in pain threshold. Therefore, the entire pregnancy profile of steroid hormones is responsible for the manifestation of analgesia. Chronic administration of the narcotic antagonist naltrexone blocked the increase in pain threshold associated with hormone-simulated pregnancy, indicating that it is mediated via an endogenous opioid system(s), as is the analgesia of actual pregnancy. The striking similarities between the analgesia of hormone-simulated pregnancy and actual gestation strongly suggest that the profile of change in plasma E2 and P is a parameter of the pregnant condition essential for the manifestation of elevated pain thresholds. These data also indicate the existence of an opioid analgesic system that is subject to modulation by ovariant sex steroids.
Defensins in granules of phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells

Antimicrobial proteins stored in lysosome-like granules of neutrophils and macrophages probably play an important role in killing phagocytosed microbes after delivery to the phagolysosome. Among the granules' antimicrobial armamentarium are defensins, peptides that kill a broad spectrum of microorganisms in vitro. Antimicrobial defensins were recently also isolated from non-phagocytic granulocytes of the mouse small intestinal epithelium, from where they are secreted into the lumen to function extracellularly. Clarification of the antimicrobial mechanisms of defensins in intracellular and extracellular environments will provide a key to understanding peptide-mediated host defence.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LAW VIOLATION AND DEPRESSION: AN INTERACTIONS ANALYSIS*

This paper integrates arguments from differential social control theory with sociological research on mental health to develop an interactionist explanation of the relationship between law violation and depression. We focus on the possibility that law violation and depression are related because they share common antecedents, as well as the possibility that these problems mutually influence one another over time. We test hypotheses derived from our theoretical perspective using covariance structure analysis and panel data. Our results show that the relationship between law violation and depression can be explained largely by common antecedents—social-structural positions, stressful life events, and adolescent problems shape social relationships and identities, which together influence the likelihood of both early adulthood crime and depression. We also find limited support for mutual influence.
Metrics for energy resilience

Abstract Energy lies at the backbone of any advanced society and constitutes an essential prerequisite for economic growth, social order and national defense. However there is an Achilles heel to today׳s energy and technology relationship; namely a precarious intimacy between energy and the fiscal, social, and technical systems it supports. Recently, widespread and persistent disruptions in energy systems have highlighted the extent of this dependence and the vulnerability of increasingly optimized systems to changing conditions. Resilience is an emerging concept that offers to reconcile considerations of performance under dynamic environments and across multiple time frames by supplementing traditionally static system performance measures to consider behaviors under changing conditions and complex interactions among physical, information and human domains. This paper identifies metrics useful to implement guidance for energy-related planning, design, investment, and operation. Recommendations are presented using a matrix format to provide a structured and comprehensive framework of metrics relevant to a system׳s energy resilience. The study synthesizes previously proposed metrics and emergent resilience literature to provide a multi-dimensional model intended for use by leaders and practitioners as they transform our energy posture from one of stasis and reaction to one that is proactive and which fosters sustainable growth.
The High Score approach to scoring two rorschach measures of cognitive development

This study investigated and compared the validity of the proposed "High Score" (HS) approach to scoring two Rorschach measures of cognitive development, Friedman's Developmental Level (DL) and Exner's Developmental Quality (DQ). These two measures were scored by the HS approach, and the resulting HSDL and HSDQ scores were examined in relation to age and five WISC-R indices of intelligence. These results were compared with those obtained when the same relationships were examined with the previously validated Wilensky (W) approach to scoring DL and DQ. In both instances the same sample was used: 134 children aged 5 to 16 years. The findings supported the validity of the HS approach--both HSDL and HSDQ generally showed the expected relationships with age and IQ. Also, HSDL and HSDQ had higher correlations with the WISC-R indices than did the corresponding WDL and WDQ scores. The HS approach did, however, hinder DQ's (but not DL's) discriminatory power with regard to IQ levels.
An enriched look at tyrosine phosphorylation

Immunoaffinity isolation enables the identification of phosphotyrosine peptides on a global level.