cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Internalized Stereotyping, Parental Pressure, and Parental Support on Asian Americans' Choice of College Major.

The author explored the relationship between internalized stereotyping, parental pressure, and parental support on major choices among 315 Asian American undergraduate and graduate students. Results indicated that parental support, but not parental pressure, toward certain majors was associated with more stereotypical major choices. In addition, internalization of academic and career stereotypes was associated with more stereotypical major choices. El autor exploro la relacion entre los estereotipos internalizados, la presion de los padres y el apoyo de los padres en la eleccion de estudios universitarios de 315 estudiantes de grado y posgrado asiatico-americanos. Los resultados indicaron que el apoyo de los padres, pero no la presion de los padres, hacia ciertas carreras esta asociado con elecciones de estudios mas estereotipicos. Tambien, la internalizacion de estereotipos academicos y de carrera laboral esta asociada con elecciones de estudios mas estereotipicos.
Sizing membrane pores in lipid vesicles by leakage of co-encapsulated markers: pore formation by melittin.

Many toxins and antimicrobial peptides permeabilize membrane vesicles by forming multimeric pores. Determination of the size of such pores is an important first step for understanding their structure and the mechanism of their self-assembly. We report a simple method for sizing pores in vesicles based on the differential release of co-encapsulated fluorescently labeled dextran markers of two different sizes. The method was tested using the bee venom peptide melittin, which was found to form pores of 25–30 A diameter in palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC) vesicles at a lipid-to-peptide ratio of 50. This result is consistent with observations on melittin pore formation in erythrocytes (Katsu, T., C. Ninomiya, M. Kuroko, H. Kobayashi, T. Hirota, and Y. Fujita 1988. Action mechanism of amphipathic peptides gramicidin S and melittin on erythrocyte membrane Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 939:57–63).
Cardiorespiratory function associated with dietary nitrate supplementation.

The advent of medical nutrition therapy and nutritional physiology affords the opportunity to link diet to specific cardiovascular mechanisms, suggesting novel treatments for cardiovascular disease...
On the Effect of Imperfect Range Estimates on Base Station Anonymity in Wireless Sensor Networks

In recent years, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have become valuable assets to both the commercial and military communities with applications ranging from industrial control on a factory floor to reconnaissance of a hostile border. A typical WSN topology that applies to most applications allows sensors to act as data sources that forward their measurements to a central sink or base station (BS). The unique role of the BS makes it a natural target for an adversary that desires to achieve the most impactful attack possible against a WSN. An adversary may employ traffic analysis techniques such as evidence theory to identify the BS based on network traffic flow even when the WSN implements conventional security mechanisms. This motivates a need for WSN operators to achieve improved BS anonymity to protect the identity, role, and location of the BS. Location anonymity assessments depend on an adversary's ability to achieve accurate range estimates to map intercepted traffic to the target network's topology. These range estimates may suffer from a variety of errors depending on the specific RF propagation environment in which the target system operates. BS anonymity estimates in turn may be degraded depending on the severity of the ranging errors. In this paper we examine the effect of Gaussian distributed ranging errors on BS anonymity using evidence theory analysis and simulation.
Functional dissection of the signal recognition particle

Abstract Biochemical mutagenesis — alteration or removal of specific domains within a biological structure — followed by functional analysis, gives insight into structure-function relationships. We describe the analysis of the signal recognition particle, a ribonucleoprotein known to be required for the entry of most proteins into the secretory pathway, as an example of the strenght of this approach.
Civilization, wilderness and secrecy: Making two Nigerian films

This paper draws on fieldwork and filmmaking experiences and explores the interpretive process shared between the object, filmmaker, and audience. Mammy Water: In Search of the Water Spirits in Nigeria [1989] is the result of extensive field research and close collaboration between the local community, the researcher/filmmaker and team. Mammy Water priviledges local views on the subject over the academic discourse taking place elsewhere. This has evoked diverse reactions. Some miss the (Western) analytical level, others engage in the discourse itself, or assume the film's own position. The issue of cultural perspective is carried even further in cinematography. Both films discussed here were made not only in close collaboration with African communities but also photographed by an African cinematographer, Alhaji Yusufu Mohammed. His camera evokes diametrically opposed reactions from African and Western viewers. Where Westerners perceive “distance”, African audiences perceive “closeness”, where Westerners p...
Direct Interaction with Contactin Targets Voltage-gated Sodium Channel Nav1.9/NaN to the Cell Membrane *

The mechanisms that target various sodium channels within different regions of the neuronal membrane, which they endow with different physiological properties, are not yet understood. To examine this issue we studied the voltage-gated sodium channel Na(v)1.9/NaN, which is preferentially expressed in small sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglia and trigeminal ganglia and the nonmyelinated axons that arise from them. Our results show that the cell adhesion molecule contactin binds directly to Na(v)1.9/NaN and recruits tenascin to the protein complex in vitro. Na(v)1.9/NaN and contactin co-immunoprecipitate from dorsal root ganglia and transfected Chinese hamster ovary cell line, and co-localize in the C-type neuron soma and along nonmyelinated C-fibers and at nerve endings in the skin. Co-transfection of Chinese hamster ovary cells with Na(v)1.9/NaN and contactin enhances the surface expression of the sodium channel over that of Na(v)1.9/NaN alone. Thus contactin binds directly to Na(v)1.9/NaN and participates in the surface localization of this channel along nonmyelinated axons.
Studies on the Texture of Nematic Solutions of Rodlike Polymers. 2. Development and Relaxation of Loop Disclinations

Features of the development and relaxation of loop defects in the texture of nematic solutions of two rodlike polymers are discussed. Examples given for solutions of poly(1,4-phenylene terephthalamide) and poly(1,4-phenylene-2,6-benzobisthiazole) show the overall similarity of the behavior for these two materials. The development of the mottled texture observed shortly after the solution is extruded into a rectangular capillary, to form a tangle of defect lines which then evolves to form individual loops, is discussed. The differing relaxation dynamics of individual loops observed in the final stages of coarsening near the cell center and close to a surface are presented, along with novel effects observed in the interaction of such loops with an external magnetic field.
Deep tissue imaging of microfracture and non-displaced fracture of bone using the second and third near-infrared therapeutic windows

Near-infrared (NIR) light in the wavelengths of 700 nm to 2,000 nm has three NIR optical, or therapeutic, windows, which allow for deeper depth penetration in scattering tissue media. Microfractures secondary to repetitive stress, particularly in the lower extremities, are an important problem for military recruits and athletes. They also frequently occur in the elderly, or in patients taking bisphosphonates or denosumab. Microfractures can be early predictors of a major bone fracture. Using the second and third NIR therapeutic windows, we investigated the results from images of chicken bone and human tibial bone with microfractures and non-displaced fractures with and without overlying tissues of various thicknesses. Images of bone with microfractures and non-displaced fractures with tissue show scattering photons in the third NIR window with wavelengths between 1,650 nm and 1,870 nm are diminished and absorption is increased slightly from and second NIR windows. Results from images of fractured bones show the attenuation length of light through tissue in the third optical window to be larger than in the second therapeutic window. Use of these windows may aid in the detection of bone microfractures, and thus reduce the incidence of major bone fracture in susceptible groups.
An Automated Methylthymol Blue Method for Calcium Determination in Peanuts

An automated spectrophotometric procedure based on methylthymol blue methodology is adapted for the estimation of Ca in trichloroacetic acid (TCA) extracts from peanuts. Samples (20g of shelled cured peanuts) are ground in 200 mL of a 2% TCA solution for 1 min, filtered, and the filtrates analyzed at the rate of 60/hr by using a modified spectrophotometric technique. The results obtained by this procedure agreed with those obtained by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The procedure described seems to be ideal for use in routine analysis of Ca concentration in peanuts ranging from 30-100 mg Ca/100g of peanuts. High magnesium concentrations caused significant errors at lower Ca levels.
Restoration of the Atlantic Salmon in New England

Abstract The Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar Linnaeus, has been practically exterminated from New England waters as a result of heavy fishing, deforestation, pollution, and the construction of dams or other obstructions to migrations. In recent years, conditions on some of the streams have been improved due to the abatement of many of these harmful conditions, and it now seems probable that an adequate restoration program would prove successful. A comprehensive program is proposed which calls for the following: A detailed survey of all potential salmon streams to determine their present condition; the selection of the best stream or streams for experimental work; the formulation of State laws to provide control of all fishing operations; a program of scientific observation and analysis including annual enumeration of the spawning stock; the determination of the numbers and mortality of naturally-spawned young in different tributaries and the mortality of hatchery-produced young released at different ages and...
The Bad, the Good, and the Ugly: The Curvilinear Effects of Civil–Military Conflict on International Crisis Outcome

Does civil–military conflict harm military effectiveness? Most previous empirical literature on the effects of civil–military conflict has utilized dichotomous indicators of the presence or absence...
If Slow Rate Of Health Care Spending Growth Persists, Projections May Be Off By $770 Billion

Despite earlier forecasts to the contrary, US health care spending growth has slowed in the past four years, continuing a trend that began in the early 2000s. In this article we attempt to identify why US health care spending growth has slowed, and we explore the spending implications if the trend continues for the next decade. We find that the 2007–09 recession, a one-time event, accounted for 37 percent of the slowdown between 2003 and 2012. A decline in private insurance coverage and cuts to some Medicare payment rates accounted for another 8 percent of the slowdown, leaving 55 percent of the spending slowdown unexplained. We conclude that a host of fundamental changes—including less rapid development of imaging technology and new pharmaceuticals, increased patient cost sharing, and greater provider efficiency—were responsible for the majority of the slowdown in spending growth. If these trends continue during 2013–22, public-sector health care spending will be as much as $770 billion less than predict...
Antiretroviral treatment in HIV-infected infants and young children: novel issues raised by the Mississippi baby

The recent case report of an HIV-infected child in Mississippi with viral control post-antiretroviral therapy (ART) interruption has sparked interest in the possibility of ‘functional cure’ in infants if they initiate ART very soon after birth. The ‘Mississippi baby’ also raises many new questions around the clinical care of HIV-infected infants and young children, including when treatment should be initiated, why treatment should be initiated, what treatment should be initiated, and how to identify infants early enough to treat them adequately. Here, we review research conducted before the report of the ‘Mississippi baby’ highlighting the important new issues that now need to be taken into consideration.
Is there evidence for cosmic anisotropy in the polarization of distant radio sources

Measurements of the polarization angle and orientation of cosmological radio sources may be used to search for unusual effects in the propagation of light through the Universe. Recently, Nodland and Ralston [Phys.Rev.Lett.{bold 78}, 3043 (1997)] have claimed to find evidence for a redshift- and direction-dependent rotation effect in existing data. We reexamine these data and argue that there is no statistically significant signal present. We are able to place stringent limits on hypothetical chiral interactions of photons propagating through spacetime. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Clopidogrel to treat patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes after hospital discharge.

Results:A total of 34319 patients (56.2%) received clopidogrel when they were discharged from the hospital. Among patients who did not undergo PCI, variables associated with receiving clopidogrel at discharge includedpriorPCI,coronaryarterybypassgrafting(CABG), stroke, or myocardial infarction; hypercholesterolemia; elevated cardiac markers; and cardiology inpatient care. By late 2003, 96.3% of patients who underwent PCI received clopidogrel at discharge, compared with 42.8% of patientswhodidnotundergocardiaccatheterizationand 23.5% of the patients who underwent CABG, although clopidogrel prescription at discharge increased in each of these treatment groups from 2002 to 2003. Conclusion:SincereleaseoftheACC/AHAGuidelinesrecommendations for treatment of NSTE ACS, prescription of clopidogrel at hospital discharge in patients with NSTE ACSwhoaretreatedwithmedicaltherapyaloneandinthose who undergo CABG has increased, but most of these patients still do not receive clopidogrel at discharge.
Peptide folding kinetics from replica exchange molecular dynamics

We show how accurate kinetic information, such as the rates of protein folding and unfolding, can be extracted from replica-exchange molecular dynamics (REMD) simulations. From the brief and continuous trajectory segments between replica exchanges, we estimate short-time propagators in conformation space and use them to construct a master equation. For a helical peptide in explicit water, we determine the rates of transitions both locally between microscopic conformational states and globally for folding and unfolding. We show that accurate rates in the approximately 1(100 ns) to approximately 1(1 ns) range can be obtained from REMD with exchange times of 5 ps , in excellent agreement with results from long equilibrium molecular dynamics.
Ras Signaling Pathway Proteins as Therapeutic Targets

Ras is a 21 kDa membrane-localized G protein that is coupled to receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinase activation of downstream cytoplasmic and nuclear events. Mutated ras genes are common, and occur in a wide variety of human malignancies. These activating mutations result in constitutive signaling, thereby stimulating cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. Preclinically, inhibitors of ras signaling revert ras-dependent cellular transformation, and cause regression of ras-dependent rodent tumor xenografts. The ras signaling pathway has therefore attracted considerable attention as a target for anticancer therapy. In this review, novel therapeutic approaches based on the inhibition of ras-mediated signaling, are described. The discussion will be limited to inhibitors which are currently in human clinical trials, and include inhibitors of ras processing, inhibitors of ras protein synthesis and inhibitors of downstream ras effectors.
Parallel finite element computations in fluid mechanics

Abstract We provide an overview of the role of parallel finite element computations in fluid mechanics. We emphasize the class of flow problems involving moving boundaries and interfaces. Some of the computationally most challenging flow problems, such as fluid–object and fluid–structure interactions as well as free-surface and two-fluid flows, belong to this class. In the development of the methods targeting this class of problems, the computational challenges involved need to be addressed in such a way that 3D computation of complex applications can be carried out efficiently on parallel computers. This requirement has to be one of the key factors in designing various components of the overall solution approach, such as solution techniques for the discretized equations and mesh update methods for handling the changes in the spatial domain occupied by the fluid. This overview includes a description of how the computational challenges are addressed and how the computational schemes can be enhanced with special preconditioning techniques.
Commonality decisions in product family design

Product variants with similar architecture but different functional requirements may have common parts or elements. We define a product family to be a set of such products, and refer to the set of common elements as the product platform. Product platforms enable efficient derivation of product variants by keeping development costs and time-cycles low. In many cases, however, the individual product requirements are conflicting when designing a product family. The designer must balance the tradeoff between maximizing commonality and minimizing individual product performance deviations. The design challenge is to select the product platform that will generate family designs with minimum deviation from individual optima.
Electrical characterization of vegetation contacts with distribution conductors - investigation of progressive fault behavior

Vegetation intrusion is a major cause of faults, outages, interruptions and other power quality problems on electric distribution feeders. Despite the problem vegetation intrusion presents, little fundamental work exists regarding the characterization of electrical signals generated from vegetation contacts. This paper discusses efforts to further characterize the physical and electrical phenomena associated with vegetation contacts on distribution feeder conductors through field experiments. Researchers used tree branches of varying types and diameters to span primary phase and neutral conductors while recording feeder currents and voltages at a remote substation. Video and still photographs detailing the physical progression of vegetation- related faults were also obtained. The results discussed in this paper enhance the understanding of the electrical and physical progression of vegetation-related events, and suggest the continued use of measured electrical signals for detection of incipient vegetation conditions.
Nucleocapsid and Glycoprotein Organization in an Enveloped Virus

Alphaviruses are a group of icosahedral, positive-strand RNA, enveloped viruses. The membrane bilayer, which surrounds the approximately 400 A diameter nucleocapsid, is penetrated by 80 spikes arranged in a T = 4 lattice. Each spike is a trimer of heterodimers consisting of glycoproteins E1 and E2. Cryoelectron microscopy and image reconstruction of Ross River virus showed that the T = 4 quaternary structure of the nucleocapsid consists of pentamer and hexamer clusters of the capsid protein, but not dimers, as have been observed in several crystallographic studies. The E1-E2 heterodimers form one-to-one associations with the nucleocapsid monomers across the lipid bilayer. Knowledge of the atomic structure of the capsid protein and our reconstruction allows us to identify capsid-protein residues that interact with the RNA, the glycoproteins, and adjacent capsid-proteins.
Some observations on the geographic distribution of premature births and perinatal deaths in Indiana

Abstract In this study, the patient is identified by the geographic area in which she lives, either census tract or county. Each one of these geographic areas has reproductive characteristics that are indicated by the prematurity rate and by the perinatal mortality rate. These areas also have economic and demographic characteristics. With coefficients of correlation, the association or independence of reproductive characteristics with the economic and demographic characteristics is studied. Within an urbanized, industrialized, metropolitan county, using the census tract as a geographic unit, poor reproductive outcome is associated with poverty, poor housing, and relative population crowding. Within the state of Indiana, using the county as the geographic unit, poor reproductive outcome is no longer associated with poor housing or poverty. Poor reproductive outcome continues to be associated with relative population crowding. Poverty, as measured by median income or percentage of families earning less than $3,000 per year, is not associated with poor reproductive outcome when there are differences in urban-rural character of geographic units.
Why do unrelated insertion sequences occur together in the genome of Escherichia coli

Natural isolates of Escherichia coli are polymorphic for the presence or absence of insertion sequences. Among the ECOR reference collection of 71 natural isolates studied for the number of copies of the insertion sequences IS1, IS2, IS3, IS4, IS5 and IS30, the number of strains containing no copies of the insertion sequences were 11, 28, 23, 43, 46 and 36, respectively. Significant correlations occur in the ECOR strains in the presence or absence of unrelated insertion sequences in the chromosome and plasmid complements. Strains containing any insertion sequence are more likely to contain additional, unrelated insertion sequences than would be expected by chance. We suggest that the positive correlations result from horizontal transfer mediated by plasmids. A branching-process model for the plasmid-mediated transmission of insertion sequences among hosts yields such a correlation, even in the absence of interactions affecting transposition or fitness. The predictions of the model are quantitatively in agreement with the observed correlations among insertion sequences.
Evaluating Physiological Responses of Ten Alfalfa (Medicago sativa subsp. falcata) Germplasm to Drought Treatments

Alfalfa is the most widely produced perennial forage legume in North America. However, its use in the semiarid northern Great Plains is limited due to poor stand establishment and persistence under drought condition. The development of drought-tolerant alfalfa cultivars is of great need. Some Medicago sativa subsp. falcata populations have demonstrated promising drought resistance when compared to M. sativa. Morphological and physiological mechanisms play a critical role in drought tolerance by influencing seedling survival, stand establishment and drought recovery. Assessment of variability in physiological responses to drought among germplasm lines to drought is necessary for developing cultivars with improved drought tolerance. A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the variations of stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, and root to shoot (R/S) ratio of eleven alfalfa populations under drought treatments. Eleven entries included one sativa-based commercial cultivar, six falcata-based populations, and four rangeland naturalized populations. Uniform seedlings from each population were watered to attain drought treatment regime of 100, 50, and 25% of field capacity. The 50 and 25% treatments created mild and severe droughtstress. Two falcata-based germplasms originated under annual precipitation of 250mm and 165mm natural environmental conditions demonstrated the drought tolerant associated traits. They showed either the lowest stomatal conductance or the greatest increased leaf chlorophyll content under severe drought among 11 populations. Both exhibited the highest R/S ratio under severe drought. The results IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF DROUGHT 125 indicated reducing water loss through minimizing transpiration while increasing root water absorption, and the ability of delaying leaf senescence thus retaining photosynthesis are some key traits that may contribute to drought tolerance in these falcata-based alfalfa.
Methanopyri class. nov.

Me.tha.no.py' ri. M.L. fem. pl. n. Methanopyrales type order of the class; dropping the ending to denote a class; M.L. fem. pl. n. Methanopyri the class of Methanopyrales. Euryarchaeota / Methanopyri Keywords: Methanopyri class. nov.; Methanopyrales; Euryarchaeota phy. nov.
Overlap of saccadic and pursuit eye movement systems in the brain stem reticular formation.

Recent physiological studies have suggested that there are several sites of interaction between the neural pathways that control saccadic eye movements and those that control visual pursuit movemen...
Creating an environmental resiliency framework: changing children’s personal and cultural narratives to build environmental resiliency

This paper is a theoretical contribution that bridges literature and theory in psychology, anthropology, and environmental education to address persistent concerns over how to create desired cultural change for more responsible environmental citizens. Cultural and personal narratives shape how we view ourselves, including our relationship to the environment. The frontier narratives that moved Americans westward, for example, have fed into Americans’ drive towards excessive consumption and resulted in soil depletion among other challenges. Thus, it is important to consider how we form personal narratives and how personal narratives can shape our larger cultural narratives about our relationships with the environment. In this paper, we argue that childhood narratives are influenced by children’s autobiographical memories (Fivush, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 37:59–82, 2007). Children’s autobiographical memories become narratives when they are retold with others and given cultural meaning (e.g., Nelson and Fivush, Psychological Review 111(2):486–511, 2004). Psychological literature suggests that individual narratives not only shape the development of identity (Bluck and Alea, Critical Advances in Reminiscence Work pp. 61–75, 2002) but also reshape and inform larger cultural narratives (e.g., Fivush, Annual Review of Psychology 62:559–582, 2011). Applied to environmental education and activism, we suggest a new framework where simply by providing a space for and encouraging children to talk about ecological experiences, such as tending a garden or taking a walk, these experiences may shape a child’s personal narrative (Fivush, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 37:59–82, 2007), creating a positive environmental identity (Clayton and Opotow 2003) and promoting a larger cultural narrative of environmental resiliency. If we change our children’s stories then, we change ourselves.
Perceptions of pharmacists about adverse effects of corticosteroid therapy: focus on osteoporosis.

Abstract Objective To assess the perceptions of pharmacists regarding the adverse effects of corticosteroids, in particular corticosteroid induced osteoporosis. Design Mailed survey of a random sample of pharmacists. Setting Richmond, Virginia. Participants 350 community and hospital pharmacists. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Respondents' knowledge of adverse effects of corticosteroid therapy in men, premenopausal women, and postmenopausal women; the content of respondents' usual patient counseling for low- and high-dose therapy; and respondents' opinions of regimens for prevention of osteoporosis. Results Pharmacists associated gastritis, weight gain, and mood changes with corticosteroid use in a hypothetical 45-year old man or 45-year-old premenopausal woman. For a hypothetical 65-year-old postmenopausal woman, pharmacists more frequently counseled about weight gain, osteoporosis, and gastritis. Patient counseling focused on these adverse effects for both low-dose (5 to 10 mg/day), and high-dose (≥ 30 mg/day) prednisone use. Osteoporosis was considered more likely in patients receiving high-dose corticosteroids on a long-term basis. Conclusion Pharmacists responding to this survey frequently overlooked the association between low- and high-dose corticosteroid use and decreased bone density. Educational efforts are needed so that pharmacists can fulfill their potential for educating patients, monitoring corticosteroid therapy, and detecting drug-induced complications.
The Importance of Differential Weights in Multiple Attribute Models of Consumer Attitude

A multiple attribute model of consumer attitude was used to predict the relative preferences of individuals for various television shows. Differential weights provided only limited benefits, compar...
Acidification of rat liver lysosomes: quantitation and comparison with endosomes

Both lysosomes and endosomes are acidified by an electrogenic proton pump, although studies in intact cells indicate that the steady-state internal pH (pHi) of lysosomes is more acid than that of endosomes. We undertook the present study to examine in detail the acidification mechanism of purified rat liver secondary lysosomes and to compare it with that of a population of early endosomes. Both endosomes and lysosomes exhibited ATP-dependent acidification, but proton influx rates were 2.4- to 2.7-fold greater for endosomes than for lysosomes because of differences in both buffering capacity and acidification rates, suggesting that endosomes exhibited greater numbers or rates of proton pumps. Lysosomes, however, exhibited a more acidic steady-state pHi due in part to a slower proton leak rate. Changes in medium Cl- increased acidification rates of endosomes more than lysosomes, and the lysosome ATP-dependent interior-positive membrane potential was only partially eliminated by high-Cl- medium. Permeability studies suggested that lysosomes were less permeable to Na+, Li+, and Cl- and more permeable to K+ and PO4(2-) than endosomes. Na-K-adenosine-triphosphatase did not appear to regulate acidification of either vesicle type. Endosome and lysosome acidification displayed similar inhibition profiles to N-ethylmaleimide, dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide, and vanadate, although lysosomes were somewhat more sensitive [concentration producing 50% maximal inhibition (IC50) 1 nM] to bafilomycin A1 than endosomes (IC50 7.6 nM). Oligomycin (1.5-3 microM) stimulated lysosome acidification due to shunting of membrane potential. Overall, acidification of endosomes and lysosomes was qualitatively similar but quantitatively somewhat different, possibly related to differences in the density or rate of proton pumps as well as vesicle permeability to protons, anions, and other cations.
The Commitment of Interruptible Load to Ensure Adequate System Primary Frequency Response

The use of interruptible load (IL) resources to improve the primary frequency response (PFR) of an interconnected power system has been proposed and, for speed, it is likely that such resources would operate autonomously on local frequency measurements. The commitment of the resources, however, could be coordinated globally and frequently in accordance with the state of the system. This paper investigates the minimum cost commitment of IL resources to ensure the PFR of a system remains within specified limits. The binary integer programming problem considers the commitment cost of each IL resource and includes nonlinear frequency constraints specified by the transient stability simulation of the system. A method to estimate the contribution of an IL resource towards meeting a frequency constraint is proposed and incorporated into a solution approach that involves the iterative solving of a linear commitment problem. The sensitivity-based estimation method reduces the amount of computationally burdensome transient stability simulation required by the algorithm with little increase in the final solution cost. An IEEE 118-bus test case study with 1000 IL resources demonstrates the benefit of the estimation method.
Genotyping of AmpC Produced by Gram-negative in Infected Children

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence rate of the ampC gene and AmpC enzyme of gram-negative(G-) bacterium in children,to analyze drug resistance of produced AmpC enzyme and un-produced AmpC enzyme strain.METHO_DS: 4 022 clinical G-isolates collected from 2002 to 2004 were identified and tested using K-B method.Selection 108 ESBLs bacterium,the ampC genes were amplified by PCR using common primers to AmpC and the AmpC enzymes were tested using the enzymatic rough extraction cefoxitin three-dimensional test.The drug resistance of bacterium produced AmpC enzymes were compared with the ones without AmpC enzymes.RESULTS: In 108 G-bacterium,the ampC genes positive bacterium were 70 strain(accounting for 64.8%),and 7 bacterium produced AmpC enzymes(accounting for 6.5%) were detected.The drug resistance of bacterium produced AmpC enzymes to ceftazidime(CAZ),ceftriaxone(CRO),piperacillin(PIP),ampicillin(AMP),aztreonam(ATM) were 85.7%,85.7%,71.4%,79.4%,79.4% respectively.The drug resistance of bacterium non-produced AmpC enzymes to CRO,PIP,gentamicin,AMP,ATM were 50.8%,55.6%,55.6%,70.3%,54.0% respectively,the drug resistance of bacterium to imipenem were the lowest,lower to ciprofloxacin.CONCLUSIONS: Detection rate of ampC gene were higher than AmpC-producing enzymes strains obviously,whereas the drug resistance to antibiotic of AmpC-producing enzymes strains were higher than non-producing enzymes strains.
Use of a Caval-Atrial Shunt for Resection of a Caval Tumor Thrombus in Renal Cell Carcinoma

Extraction of a tumor thrombus in the vena cava from a renal cell carcinoma is a technically demanding but gratifying procedure. We describe a technique for isolation of the superior vena cava during thrombus extraction using an inferior vena caval to atrial shunt.
[Efficacy of antiviral therapy on prevention of HIV transmission among sero-discordant couples in Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region].

Objective To understand the efficacy of antiviral therapy on prevention of HIV transmission and to assess the feasibility of treatment-as-prevention strategy in public health practice, among sero-discordant couples in Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region (Guangxi). Methods Data was gathered through the AIDS prevention and control information system in Guangxi from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2014, on HIV sero-discordant couples. Time-dependent Cox Model was used to analyze the efficacy of antiviral treatment. Results A total of 7 694 sero-discordant couples were followed and 394 appeared positive from those negative spouses. The overall HIV positive seroconversion rate was 2.5 (2.2-2.7) /100 person-year. The HIV positive sero-conversion rates were 4.3 (3.7-4.8) /100 person-year in the untreated cohort and 1.6 (1.4-1.9) per 100 person-year in the treated cohort. Rate of HIV transmission declined by 51% in the treated cohort (HR=0.49, 95%CI: 0.40-0.60) but appeared as 45% (AHR=0.55, 95%CI:0.43-0.69) after adjusting for factors as sex, age, education, marital status, occupation, transmission route and baseline CD4+T lymphocyte cell count. The rate of reduction in transmission was significant among couples in which the HIV-positive spouses showing the following features as: aged ≥25 years, married, farmers, with educational level of junior high school or below, baseline CD4+T lymphocyte cell count <500 cells/mm3 and infection was through heterosexual intercourse. Conclusion Antiviral therapy as a prevention strategy among sero-discordant couples seemed feasible and effective in Guangxi. Expansion of the coverage on antiviral therapy would reduce the spread of HIV in married couples. Key words: HIV; Antiviral therapy; Sero-discordant couples; Preventive effect
Statistical Lower Tolerance Limits for Rectangular Mortise and Tenon Joints

Tests were conducted to determine the bending moment capacity of 215 red oak and 140 white oak T-shaped rectangular mortise and tenon joints. Rails measured 22.2 mm by 63.5 mm in cross section; tenons measured 32 mm in length by 38 mm in height by 9.5 mm in thickness. Specimens were assembled with a 40% solid content polyvinyl acetate adhesive. The average bending moment capacity of the red oak specimens was 353 Nm with a standard deviation of 48 Nm; in the white oak specimens, it was 358 Nm with a standard deviation of 62 Nm. The lower tolerance limits of the red oak specimens at the 75|75, 90|75, 75|90, 90|90, and 95|95 confidence|proportion levels were 318, 316, 289, 286, and 266 Nm, respectively, whereas in white oak specimens, the values were 314, 308, 273, 268, and 240 Nm, respectively. Overall, the results indicated that the use of statistical lower tolerance limits procedures provide a systematic means of relating standard deviations to mean values in determining reasonable design values for the moment capacity of the joints. Conclusions were not reached concerning which confidence|proportion level might be best suited for determining reasonable design values for furniture joints, but the results did illustrate the consequences of a given choice.
Ideologically Sophisticated Donors: Which Candidates Do Individual Contributors Finance?

Individuals are the single largest source of campaign contributions, yet we know little about their motivations. For instance, the existing literature questions whether individual contributors sophisticatedly differentiate among candidates according to policy positions, particularly among same-party candidates. We analyze this issue by combining data from a new survey of over 2,800 in- and out-of-state donors associated with the 2012 Senate elections, FEC data on contributors’ professions, and legislative records. Three major findings emerge. First, policy agreement between a donor's positions and a senator's roll calls significantly influences the likelihood of giving, even for same-party contributors. Second, there is a significant effect of committee membership corresponding to a donor's occupation; this holds even for donors who claim that other motivations dominate, but it does not appear to be motivated by an expectation of access. Third, conditional upon a donation occurring, its size is determined by factors outside a legislator's control.
Scientific retreats with ‘speed dating’: networking to stimulate new interdisciplinary translational research collaborations and team science

To stimulate the formation of new interdisciplinary translational research teams and innovative pilot projects, the South Carolina Clinical and Translational Research (SCTR) Institute (South Carolina Clinical and Translational Science Award, CTSA) initiated biannual scientific retreats with ‘speed dating’ networking sessions. Retreat themes were prioritized based on the following criteria; cross-cutting topic, unmet medical need, generation of novel technologies and methodologies. Each retreat begins with an external keynote speaker followed by a series of brief research presentations by local researchers focused on the retreat theme, articulating potential areas for new collaborations. After each session of presentations, there is a 30 min scientific ‘speed dating’ period during which the presenters meet with interested attendees to exchange ideas and discuss collaborations. Retreat attendees are eligible to compete for pilot project funds on the topic of the retreat theme. The 10 retreats held have had a total of 1004 participants, resulted in 61 pilot projects with new interdisciplinary teams, and 14 funded projects. The retreat format has been a successful mechanism to stimulate novel interdisciplinary research teams and innovative translational research projects. Future retreats will continue to target topics of cross-cutting importance to biomedical and public health research.
The Silk Road goes north: Russia’s role within China’s Belt and Road Initiative

ABSTRACTRussia, the world’s largest country, forms a key part of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Underfunded infrastructure and vast energy resources into which Western investment is now largely prohibited by US and European Union sanctions also make Russia a logical site for BRI projects. Two are currently under way: the Moscow–Kazan high-speed railway and the Yamal liquefied natural gas plant. These BRI endeavours build on recent Sino-Russia energy cooperation and a longer history of transportation infrastructure partnership in which China is now the investor. However, longstanding mutual suspicions that peaked during the Cold War may challenge implementation.
‘This is a stage’: A study of public relations practitioners’ imagined online audiences

Abstract Public relations (PR) practitioners are among those cultural intermediaries who privilege symbols, products, and communication rituals in society. Through interviews (n = 26) and analysis of practitioners’ Twitter accounts, this study considers how members of this field identify their personal social networking site audiences and how these behaviors are implicated in the performance of their online identity. Findings indicate practitioners feel pressure to use personal social media in accordance with field-constrained norms and that an “occupational publicness” pressure requires them to be visible online outside of the workplace. The persistent specter of public criticism from audiences and the prioritizing of organizational interests above their own self-expression limits performances of PR practitioners’ authentic selves online.
Myofibril Organization in Cardiomyocytes is Guided by the Maximal Tensile Stress Direction

The mechanisms underlying the spatial organization of self-assembled myofibrils in cardiac tissues remain incompletely understood. By modeling cells as elastic solids under active cytoskeletal contraction, we found a remarkable correlation between the predicted maximal principal stress directions and the in vitro myofibril orientations in individual cardiomyocytes. This implies that actomyosin fibers tend to assemble along the maximal tensile stress directions. By considering the dynamics of focal adhesion and myofibril formation in the model, we revealed that the different myofibril organizations in mature versus immature cardiomyocytes are due to the different levels of force-dependent remodeling of focal adhesions. Further we found that the myofibril organizations in microtissues are regulated by a combination of multiple factors including cell/tissue shape, cell-substrate adhesions, and cell-cell adhesions. These findings can guide the rational design in cardiac tissue engineering where recapitulating in vivo myofibril organizations is crucial to the contractile function of the heart.
A game-theoretic and stochastic survivability mechanism against induced attacks in Cognitive Radio Networks

Abstract Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) are envisioned to provide a solution to the scarcity of the available frequency spectrum. It allows unlicensed secondary users (SUs) to use spectrum bands that are not occupied by licensed primary users (PUs) in an opportunistic manner. This dynamic manner of spectrum access gives rise to vulnerabilities that are unique to CRNs. In the battle over the available spectrum, SUs do not have any means of identifying whether disruption sensed on a band is intentional or unintentional. This problem is further intensified in the case of heterogeneous spectrum, where different bands provide different utilities. A smart malicious agent can use this vulnerability to temporarily disrupt transmissions on certain bands and induce their unavailability on SUs. The motivation for such disruption-induced attacks can be either monopolism, i.e. to capture as much spectrum as possible and make other SUs starve, or denial of service by intentional disruption of other SUs’ communications. This paper proposes an adaptive strategy for robust dynamic spectrum access in the event of induced attacks. Assuming rational players, and considering the notion of channel utility, the optimal strategy is established by modeling such scenarios as zero-sum games that lead to Nash equilibrium. Thereafter, the case of non-stationary channel utilities is investigated, where utilities are subject to abrupt changes due to fluctuations in channel characteristics, as well as arrival and departure of PUs. Through concurrent estimation, learning, and optimal play, it is shown that the proposed mechanism performs robustly even in such dynamic environments. Comparison of the proposed mechanism to other reasonable benchmark strategies in simulation confirms that this mechanism significantly enhances the performance of CRNs.
Critical Comments on Radiation Theory

A number of theoretical alternatives to quantum electrodynamics have been proposed in recent years, and are discussed at this Conference. They include theories in which the radiation field is treated as a classical c-number field, and others in which the field is an operator function of its sources. These alternatives are critically examined.
Simultaneous wireless power transfer and communication to chip-scale devices

This paper reports a 2.48 GHz tri-coil and rectifier design implemented in a system that demonstrates simultaneous wireless power transfer and communication to a 0.1 mm by 0.1 mm coil. The tri-coil link and rectifier successfully rectified and demodulated a 20 dBm amplitude-shift keyed (ASK) RF signal modulated at a rate of 1 Mb/s. Additionally, a 5.7 GHz tri-coil link was fabricated to validate the frequency scalability of this technology platform for other unlicensed bands and was measured in a customized experimental testbed to account for the effects of lateral misalignment between coils. The 5.7 GHz tri-coil design had a measured peak RF power transfer efficiency of −29 dB with a vertical separation of 1 mm, which is ten times the load coil diameter.
Demonstration of velocity selective myocardial arterial spin labeling perfusion imaging in humans

PURPOSE Transit delay is a potential source of error in cardiac arterial spin-labeled (ASL) in heart failure or with collateral circulation. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using transit delay insensitive velocity selective ASL and compares its performance with flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) ASL. METHODS Velocity selective labeling was achieved using an adiabatic BIR8 preparation. FAIR and velocity-selective ASL (VSASL) with various velocity cutoffs (VC = 10-40 cm/s) and labeling directions (anterior-posterior X, lateral-septal Y, and apical-basal Z) were carried out in 10 healthy volunteers (1F/9M age 23-30 y). Myocardial blood flow (MBF) and temporal signal-to-noise (TSNR) were measured. RESULTS VSASL sensitivity to perfusion decreased with increasing VC . At low VC (<5 cm/s), spurious labeling of myocardium occurs and overestimates MBF. MBF measured with FAIR (1.12 ± 0.26 ml/g/min) and VASL (1.26 ± 0.27 ml/g/min) at VC of 10 cm/s in Z were comparable (TOST with difference of 0.30 ml/g/min, P = 0.049). TSNR was 2.8 times larger using FAIR (13.62 ± 5.25) than in VSASL (4.87 ± 1.58). VSASL was insensitive to perfusion in the Y direction. X and Z performed similarly with TSNR of 4.17 ± 2.32 and 3.97 ± 0.56, respectively. CONCLUSION VSASL is a promising alternative to FAIR ASL in the heart and is well suited for scenarios when transit delays are long. Magn Reson Med 80:272-278, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
The Intensional Logic

We now wish to address ourselves to the task of constructing a logical system which can represent facts of the sort referred to as properly intensional, facts which cannot be handled by the extensional system developed earlier. We begin with some basic discussion which will set the stage for the more detailed developments to come.