cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Supervised Machine Learning Approach of Extracting and Ranking Published Papers Describing Coexpression Relationships among Genes

In this chapter, we describe a framework to extract information about coexpression relationships among genes from published literature using a supervised machine learning approach, and later rank those papers to provide users with a complete specialized information retrieval system. We use Dynamic Conditional Random Fields (DCRFs), for training our classification model. Our approach is based on semantic analysis of text to classify the predicates describing coexpression rather than detecting the presence of keywords. Our framework outperformed the baseline by almost 52%, with DCRFs showing superior performance to Bayes Net, SVM, and Naive Bayes classification algorithm. In our second experiment, the comparison of our ranked results to that of PubMed and Google demonstrates that our proposed model performs better than both in distinguishing a positive paper from a negative paper. In conclusion, this chapter describes a specialized classification and ranking framework that can retrieve articles that discuss coexpression among genes.
Antarctic Ozone: A New Challenge

David Bates’ research career extends over half a century, covers at least half a dozen fields, and continues to the present with undiminished vigor. An interest in the physics and chemistry of the atmosphere has been a persistent theme.
Applying Advanced Concepts

In this short chapter, we collect a set of topics that may be significant in specific architecting situations but lie outside the main flow of material in the book. Most of these are relatively recent developments, and all of them are experiencing growing levels of interest and use in Systems Engineering and Architecture. We summarize Virtualization, which deals with a number of schemes for emulating or abstracting computing resources to create virtual versions that are more efficient and flexible than the actual hardware and software in a wide range of computing environments. We discuss a related topic, Clustering, which is a particular kind of hardware virtualization that integrates a set of resources, usually servers, to create a single platform. Next, we consider several varieties of Distributed Computing, which share the goal of coordinating and employing dispersed resources to create powerful and resilient computing capability. One version of this is a primary constituent of cloud computing, which is perhaps the most prominent current trend in information technology and which, itself, has multiple variants. We look briefly at agents and proxies and summarize several advanced algorithms, including artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms. Finally, we touch on several important aspects of the mechanical design of systems. Chapter Objective: the reader will acquire a basic understanding of important technologies that impact contemporary system architecture.
Tailoring the strength and ductility of T91 steel by partial tempering treatment

Abstract T91 ferritic/martensitic steel (modified 9Cr-1Mo steel) with high strength and high ductility is considered one of the promising structural materials for various industrial applications. Recent studies show that equal channel angular pressing can improve the yield strength of T91 steel to 1.6 GPa but degrade the uniform elongation to ∼1%. Here, we report that by using a modified quenching and tempering treatment, T91 steel can achieve a high yield strength of 1.4 GPa and a uniform elongation of ∼5.5%. Extensive microstructure analyses show the formation of transition carbides and ultra-fine martensite within bainite grains. This study provides an alternative approach to obtain a combined enhancement of strength and ductility for T91 steel.
Outcome of Direct Anterior Total Hip Arthroplasty Complicated by Superficial Wound Dehiscence Requiring Irrigation and Debridement.

Abstract Background Superficial wound dehiscence after total hip arthroplasty (THA) performed through the direct anterior approach (DAA) can be treated with superficial irrigation and debridement (I&D). The incidence and treatment of this complication has been described, but there are little data on the outcomes after a superficial I&D have not been described. The purpose of this paper was to examine the clinical outcomes of DAA THAs requiring postoperative superficial I&D. Methods A retrospective review of 1573 THAs performed using the DAA were identified utilizing a prospectively collected, single-institution joint registry. Of these 1573 cases, 18 THAs in 18 patients (1.1%) underwent a superficial I&D for superficial wound dehiscence. Outcomes studied included prosthetic joint infection (PJI) after superficial I&D, revisions, re-reoperations, complications, and clinical outcome scores. Results Survivorship from superficial I&D at 1, 2, and 5 years postoperatively was 98.6% at all time points. In the 18 patients who underwent superficial I&D, this was performed an average of 37 (range 12-83) days after their THA. Female gender (hazard ratio 5.5, 95% confidence interval 1.20-32.34, P = .0271) was associated with a higher risk of undergoing superficial I&D as was body mass index >30 kg/m2 (P = .0028), >35 kg/m2 (P 40 kg/m2 (P = .0037). At average follow-up of 2.2 (range 0.2-5.5) years, 0 patients developed PJI. Complications included femoral revision for a painful fibrously ingrown femoral component (1), pulmonary embolus (1), and death from respiratory failure (1). Postoperative Harris Hip Scores averaged score was 86.8 (range 57-99). Conclusions Superficial wound dehiscence requiring superficial I&D after DAA THA occurs in about 1%-2% of patients with low risk of subsequent PJI.
Alcohol-mediated calcium signals dysregulate pro-survival Snai2/PUMA/Bcl2 networks to promote p53-mediated apoptosis in avian neural crest progenitors.

BACKGROUND Prenatal alcohol exposure causes distinctive craniofacial anomalies that arise, in part, from the apoptotic elimination of neural crest (NC) progenitors that form the face. This vulnerability of NC to alcohol is puzzling as they normally express the transcriptional repressor Snail1/2 (in chick Snai2), which suppresses apoptosis and promotes their migration. Here, we investigate alcohol's impact upon Snai2 function. METHODS Chick cranial NC cells were treated with acute alcohol (52 mM, 2 hr). We evaluated NC migration, gene expression, proliferation, and apoptosis thereafter. RESULTS Transient alcohol exposure induced Snai2 (191% ± 23%; p = .003) and stimulated NC migration (p = .0092). An alcohol-induced calcium transient mediated this Snai2 induction, and BAPTA-AM blocked whereas ionomycin mimicked these pro-migratory effects. Alcohol suppressed CyclinD1 protein content (59.1 ± 12%, p = .007) and NC proliferation (19.7 ± 5.8%, p < .001), but these Snai2-enriched cells still apoptosed in response to alcohol. This was explained because alcohol induced p53 (198 ± 29%, p = .023), and the p53 antagonist pifithrin-α prevented their apoptosis. Moreover, alcohol counteracted Snai2's pro-survival signals, and Bcl2 was repressed (68.5 ± 6.0% of controls, p = .016) and PUMA was not induced, while ATM (1.32-fold, p = .01) and PTEN (1.30-fold, p = .028) were elevated. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol's calcium transient uncouples the Snai2/p53 regulatory loop that normally prevents apoptosis during EMT. This represents a novel pathway in alcohol's neurotoxicity, and complements demonstrations that alcohol suppresses PUMA in mouse NC. We propose that the NCs migratory behavior, and their requirement for Snai2/p53 co-expression, makes them vulnerable to stressors that dysregulate Snai2/p53 interactions, such as alcohol.
A Single-Institutional Comparative Analysis of Advanced Versus Standard Snare Removal of Inferior Vena Cava Filters.

PURPOSE To investigate differences in procedure time, radiation exposure, and periprocedural complications associated with advanced inferior vena cava (IVC) filter retrieval compared with standard snare retrieval. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 378 patients underwent standard or advanced IVC filter retrieval over a 5-year period. Technical success, retrieval techniques, fluoroscopy time, radiation dose, and complications were analyzed. All retrieval procedures with techniques other than a "snare-and-sheath" method were categorized as advanced, including failed standard attempts requiring intraprocedural conversion to advanced techniques. RESULTS A total of 462 filter retrieval attempts were made in 378 patients (57% female). Success rates for standard and advanced retrieval attempts were 86.8% (317 of 365) and 91.8% (89 of 97), respectively. The rate of periprocedural complications was significantly higher in the advanced retrieval group (P = .006). Complication rates for standard and advanced retrievals were 0.6% (2 of 318; all minor) and 5.2% (5 of 97; 3 minor [3.1%] and 2 major [2.1%]), respectively. The 2 major complications during advanced retrievals included filter fracture and embolization. Average fluoroscopy time for advanced retrievals was significantly higher than for standard retrievals (23.1 min vs 4.3 min; P < .001). Average radiation dose for advanced retrievals was also significantly higher than for standard retrievals (557.2 mGy vs 156.9 mGy; P < .001). Use of general anesthesia was also significantly more common in advanced retrievals compared with standard retrievals (6.2% vs 0.9%; P = .002). CONCLUSIONS Advanced filter retrieval results in a similarly high rate of technical success compared with standard snare retrieval but is associated with greater fluoroscopy time, anesthesia requirements, and radiation exposure.
Sintaxis alfabética y representación textual: de las bibliotecas y la mediación de sus catálogos

What is the problem that digital catalogues pose for the humanities? Where does it come from? How can we solve it? The following article deals with a layer of literary studies and access to books that is not usually accounted for: their classification and its limitations. I aim to offer some tentative answers to the questions raised. To this end, I critically approach the rationalizing and normalizing principles of the discipline of «Documentation Science», giving an account of it as a scientific specialization of the sensitivity proper to the Enlightment humanism. Next, I offer some case studies using the digital catalogues of the Complutense University of Madrid, Princeton University and WorldCat. With these examples, I show that the «controlled languages» of the libraries limit divergent and radical experiences of writing and reading in unethical ways. To conclude, I propose opening catalogues up to the OCR reading technology, as a possible alternative to the exclusionary logics that determine the current indexical system.
Navigation With Differential Carrier Phase Measurements From Megaconstellation LEO Satellites

An opportunistic framework to navigate with differential carrier phase measurements from megaconstellation low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite signals is proposed. A computationally efficient integer ambiguity resolution algorithm is proposed to reduce the size of the integer least-squares (ILS) problem, whose complexity grows exponentially with the number of satellites. The Starlink constellation is used as a specific megaconstellation example to demonstrate the efficacity of the proposed algorithm, showing a 60% reduction in the size of the ILS problem. The joint probability density function of the megaconstellation LEO satellites' azimuth and elevation angles is derived for efficient and accurate performance characterization of navigation frameworks with LEO satellites, and to facilitate system parameter design to meet desired performance requirements. Experimental results are presented showing an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) navigating for 2.28 km exclusively using signals from only two Orbcomm LEO satellites via the proposed framework, achieving an unprecedented position root mean squared error of 14.8 m over a period of 2 minutes.
A Rare Case of Small Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder.

Small cell carcinoma of the bladder is a rare type of bladder malignancy. Based on most of the existing studies, there is an observed male predominance, usually in their sixties or seventies, and they are more likely to have a history of smoking. Additionally, there is a higher predilection for Caucasians (versus non-Caucasians). The most common presenting complaint is painless macroscopic hematuria. However, other presenting symptoms also include dysuria, difficulty voiding, weight loss, abdominal pain, nocturia, and urinary frequency. It is not uncommon to have a history of frequent urinary tract infections, ureteral obstruction, and paraneoplastic syndromes. Cystoscopy is the "gold standard" for evaluation of urinary tract lining, especially in conjunction with narrow-band imaging and biopsy. Transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT) is the next step in diagnosis and treatment that allows to precisely evaluate pathology and the extent of bladder wall involvement, and is a sufficient surgical approach for the treatment of non-muscle invasive tumors. Once tumor pathology is confirmed, a treatment plan is determined based on the staging. Although both lung and bladder small cell carcinoma have similarities in pathogenesis, genomic alterations in small cell carcinoma of the bladder are more similar to that of urothelial cancer rather than small cell lung cancer. As this is a rare subtype and only a few reported cases are available, no standard treatment regimen has been established. In localized disease, neo-adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy with cystectomy has been shown to provide the best result in retrospective studies. As this type of cancer has a poor prognosis, in metastatic disease, palliative chemotherapy is offered. Here we present one such case of small cell carcinoma of the bladder and review the current literature.
The Economic Impact of Syncope: Direct and Indirect Costs

In this chapter, we explore the economic impact of syncope and potential strategies to attenuate the burden. Syncope is a very common problem with an estimated yearly cost greater than $10 billion USD annually in the USA alone. Direct costs include costs of health care-delivery, while indirect cost includes the impact on patient and society such as loss of productivity and earning potential. Drivers of direct cost include the high admission rate, unnecessary tests utilization, and unexplained syncope. Decreasing both direct and indirect costs is contingent on obtaining an accurate diagnosis through a standardized approach informed by the guidelines. More advanced data methods such as machine learning, point-of-care software, telemedicine, and use of non-physician providers may also help further reduce cost, and expand cost-effective state-of-the-art syncope care in areas where it is much needed.
Eating disorder fear networks: Identification of central eating disorder fears

Objective Eating-related fear and anxiety are hallmark symptoms of eating disorders (EDs). However, it is still unclear which fears are most important (e.g., food, weight gain), which has practical implications, given treatments for eating-related fear necessitate modifications based on the specific fear driving ED pathology. For example, exposure treatments should be optimized based on specific fears that maintain pathology. The current study (N = 1,622 combined clinical ED and undergraduate sample) begins to answer questions on the precise nature of ED fears and how they operate with other ED symptoms. Method We used network analysis to create two models of ED fears and symptoms. The first model consisted of ED fears only (e.g., fears of food, fears of weight gain) to identify which fear is most central. The second model consisted of ED fears and ED symptoms to detect how ED fears operate with ED symptoms. Results We found fear of disliking how one's body feels due to weight gain, disliking eating in social situations, feeling tense around food, fear of judgment due to weight gain, and food anxiety were the most central ED fears. We also identified several bridge symptoms between ED fears and symptoms. Finally, we found that the most central ED fears predicted excessive exercise at two-month follow-up. Discussion These data support the idea that consequences (i.e., judgment) associated with fears of weight gain and interoceptive fears are the most central ED fears. These data have implications for the future development of precision interventions targeted to address ED-related fear.
Antibiotic Selection for Resistant Bacteria Infecting Living Tissue using Biodynamic Imaging

Misuse of antibiotics causes bacteria to develop antibiotic-resistance. Biodynamic imaging (BDI) of living tissue infected by E. coli detects antibiotic resistance and sensitivity by treating bacterial infections with antibiotics in vitro.
For Land and Liberty: Black Struggles in Rural Brazil

For Land and Liberty is a comparative study of the history and contemporary circumstances concerning Brazil's quilombos (African-descent rural communities) and their inhabitants, the quilombolas. The book examines the disposition of quilombola claims to land as a site of contestation over citizenship and its meanings for Afro-descendants, as well as their connections to the broader fight against racism. Contrary to the narrative that quilombola identity is a recent invention, constructed for the purpose of qualifying for opportunities made possible by the 1988 law, Bowen argues that quilombola claims are historically and locally rooted. She examines the ways in which state actors have colluded with large landholders and modernization schemes to appropriate quilombo land, and further argues that, even when granted land titles, quilombolas face challenges issuing from systemic racism. By analyzing the quilombo movement and local initiatives, this book offers fresh perspectives on the resurgence of movements, mobilization, and resistance in Brazil.
Longitudinal Changes in Athletic Performance in Competitive Figure Skaters

To measure changes in strength, power, and agility over consecutive seasons based on competition level in figure skaters. A total of 197 competitive singles figure skaters (age range = 9–25 years old) completed combines with United States Figure Skating on two consecutive seasons between 2011 and 2018. Skaters either remained in the same competitive on-ice level or increased by one level on consecutive seasons. All athletes completed the hexagon agility test, maximal vertical jump, timed tuck jumps, push-ups, and bent knee v-ups. Repeated-measures analyses of variance separated by sex with Tukey’s post hoc were performed for each dependent variable and Cohen’s d effect sizes were calculated for all significant differences. Female skaters who remained in the same level demonstrated improved performance on vertical jump (3.66 cm higher), timed tuck jumps (3.77 more jumps), v-ups (1.59 more v-ups), and hexagon jump (1.17 s faster). There was an interaction for female skaters who remained in the same level (P = 0.004), with senior and junior levels outperforming intermediate level skaters on the hexagon jump test. Female skaters who increased level demonstrated improved performance on the vertical jump (2.24 cm higher), hexagon jump (1.16 cm faster), and tuck jump (3.03 more jumps). Male skaters did not demonstrate any changes in performance except v-ups (2.86 more v-ups) for those who increased level. The greatest changes were in lower level female skaters who remained in the same level, supporting the importance of participating in strength and conditioning programs earlier in skating careers to maximize athleticism before reaching the senior level, when changes in off-ice performance plateau.
Microbial valorization of underutilized and nonconventional waste streams.

The growing burden of waste disposal coupled with natural resource scarcity has renewed interest in the remediation, valorization and/or repurposing of waste. Traditional approaches such as composting, anaerobic digestion, use in fertilizers or animal feed, or incineration for energy production extract very little value out of these waste streams. In contrast, waste valorization into fuels and other biochemicals via microbial fermentation is an area of growing interest. In this review, we discuss microbial valorization of nonconventional, aqueous waste streams such as food processing effluents, wastewater streams, and other industrial wastes. We categorize these waste streams as carbohydrate-rich food wastes, lipid-rich wastes, and other industrial wastes. Recent advances in microbial valorization of these nonconventional waste streams are highlighted, along with a discussion of the specific challenges and opportunities associated with impurities, nitrogen content, toxicity, and low productivity.
Marketing-Management in der internationalen Unternehmung

Bedeutung und Besonderheiten der Funktion des Marketing-Management in der internationalen Unternehmung konnen zweckmasigerweise durch ihren Vergleich mit den Aufgaben des Marketing-Management einer rein nationalen Unternehmung herausgearbeitet werden. Dieses Vorgehen erleichtert zugleich die Beantwortung der Frage, ob eventuelle Unterschiede zwischen dem Marketing-Management nationaler und internationaler Unternehmungen artmasiger oder nur gradueller Natur sind. Als internationale Unternehmung wird in diesem Zusammenhang eine solche bezeichnet, die Produktions- und Vertriebsgesellschaften nicht nur in ihrem Stammland A errichtet hat, in dem das Entscheidungszentrum seinen Sitz hat, sondern auch in den Landern B, C, D usw.
Trans Fatty Acids in Plasma, Serum, and Red Blood Cells

Trans-fatty acids (TFA) intake was associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. However, little is known about TFA concentrations in human blood. Studies suggested that individuals wit...
Via assignment in single row routing

We examine the via assignment problem that arises when the single row routing approach to the interconnection problem is used. Some new complexity results and two new heuristics are obtained. Experimental results establish the superiority of the new heuristics over earlier ones.
Effect of Medical Advice for Diet on Diabetes Self-Management and Glycemic Control for Haitian and African Americans with Type 2 Diabetes

Adequate care of type 2 diabetes is reflected by the individual’s adherence to dietary guidance; yet, few patients are engaged in diabetes self-care at the recommended level, regardless of race/ethnicity. Few studies on the effect of dietary medical advice on diabetes self-management (DSM) and glycemic control have been conducted on Haitian and African American adults with type 2 diabetes. These relationships were assessed in total of 254 Blacks with type 2 diabetes (Haitian Americans = 129; African Americans = 125) recruited from Miami-Dade and Broward Counties, Florida by community outreach methods. Although dietary advice received was not significantly different between the two Black ethnicities, given advice “to follow a diet” as a predictor of “using food groups” was significant for Haitian Americans, but not for African Americans. Haitian Americans who were advised to follow a diet were approximately 3 times more likely to sometimes or often use food groups (or exchange lists) in planning meals. Less than optimal glycemic control (A1C > 7.2) was inversely related to DSM for African Americans; but the relationship was not significant for Haitian Americans. A one unit increase in DSM score decreased the odds ratio point estimate of having less than optimal glycemic control (A1C > 7.2%) by a factor of 0.94 in African Americans. These results suggest that medical advice for diet plans may not be communicated effectively for DSM for some races/ethnicities. Research aimed at uncovering the enablers and barriers of diet management specific to Black ethnicities with type 2 diabetes is recommended.
Binding of Dissolved Strontium by Micrococcus luteus

Resting cells of Micrococcus luteus have been shown to remove strontium (Sr) from dilute aqueous solutions of SrCl(2) at pH 7. Loadings of 25 mg of Sr per g of cell dry weight were achieved by cells exposed to a solution containing 50 ppm (mg/liter) of Sr. Sr binding occurred in the absence of nutrients and did not require metabolic activity. Initial binding was quite rapid (<0.5 h), although a slow, spontaneous release of Sr was observed over time. Sr binding was inhibited in the presence of polyvalent cations but not monovalent cations. Ca and Sr were bound preferentially over all other cations tested. Sr-binding activity was localized on the cell envelope and was sensitive to various chemical and physical pretreatments. Bound Sr was displaced by divalent ions or by H. Other monovalent ions were less effective. Bound Sr was also removed by various chelating agents. It was concluded that Sr binding by M. luteus is a reversible equilibrium process. Both ion exchange mediated by acidic cell surface components and intracellular uptake may be involved in this activity.
Analgesic Response to Intravenous Ketamine Is Linked to a Circulating microRNA Signature in Female Patients With Complex Regional Pain Syndrome.

Although ketamine is beneficial in treating complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), a subset of patients respond poorly to therapy. We investigated treatment-induced microRNA (miRNA) changes and their predictive validity in determining treatment outcome by assessing miRNA changes in whole blood from patients with CRPS. Blood samples from female patients were collected before and after 5 days of intravenous ketamine administration. Seven patients were responders and 6 were poor responders. Differential miRNA expression was observed in whole blood before and after treatment. In addition, 33 miRNAs differed between responders and poor responders before therapy, suggesting the predictive utility of miRNAs as biomarkers. Investigation of the mechanistic significance of hsa-miR-548d-5p downregulation in poor responders showed that this miRNA can downregulate UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT1A1 mRNA. Poor responders had a higher conjugated/unconjugated bilirubin ratio, indicating increased UGT1A1 activity. We propose that lower pretreatment levels of miR-548d-5p may result in higher UDP-GT activity, leading to higher levels of inactive glucuronide conjugates, thereby minimizing the therapeutic efficacy of ketamine in poor responders. Differences in miRNA signatures can provide molecular insights distinguishing responders from poor responders. Extending this approach to other treatment and outcome assessments might permit stratification of patients for maximal therapeutic outcome. Perspective: This study suggests the usefulness of circulating miRNAs as potential biomarkers. Assessing miRNA signatures before and after treatment demonstrated miRNA alterations from therapy; differences in miRNA signature in responders and poor responders before therapy indicate prognostic value. Mechanistic studies on altered miRNAs can provide new insights into disease.
GCKR Links the Bcr-Abl Oncogene and Ras to the Stress-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway

The Bcr-Abl oncogene, found in Philadelphia chromosome-positive myelogenous leukemia (CML), activates Ras and triggers the stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK or Jun NH2-terminal kinase [JNK]) pathway. Interruption of Ras or SAPK activation dramatically reduces Bcr-Abl-mediated transformation. Here, we report that Bcr-Abl through a Ras-dependent pathway signals the serine/threonine protein kinase GCKR (Germinal Center Kinase Related) leading to SAPK activation. Either an oncogenic form of Ras or Bcr-Abl enhances GCKR catalytic activity and its activation of SAPK, whereas inhibition of GCKR impairs Bcr-Abl-induced SAPK activation. Bcr-Abl mutants that are impaired for GCKR activation are also unable to activate SAPK. Consistent with GCKR being a functional target in CML, GCKR is constitutively active in CML cell lines and found in association with Bcr-Abl. Our results indicate that GCKR is a downstream target of Bcr-Abl and strongly implicate GCKR as a mediator of Bcr-Abl in its transformation of cells.
Formation of the Drosophila ovarian ring canal inner rim depends on cheerio

In Drosophila oogenesis, the development of a mature oocyte depends on having properly developed ring canals that allow cytoplasm transport from the nurse cells to the oocyte. Ring canal assembly is a step-wise process that transforms an arrested cleavage furrow into a stable intercellular bridge by the addition of several proteins. Here we describe a new gene we named cheerio that provides a critical function for ring canal assembly. Mutants in cheerio fail to localize ring canal inner rim proteins including filamentous actin, the ring canal-associated products from the hu-li tai shao (hts) gene, and kelch. Since hts and kelch are present but unlocalized in cheerio mutant cells, cheerio is likely to function upstream from each of them. Examination of mutants in cheerio places it in the pathway of ring canal assembly between cleavage furrow arrest and localization of hts and actin filaments. Furthermore, this mutant reveals that the inner rim cytoskeleton is required for expansion of the ring canal opening and for plasma membrane stabilization.
Do we need phrases? Challenging the conventional wisdom in Statistical Machine Translation

We begin by exploring theoretical and practical issues with phrasal SMT, several of which are addressed by syntax-based SMT. Next, to address problems not handled by syntax, we propose the concept of a Minimal Translation Unit (MTU) and develop MTU sequence models. Finally we incorporate these models into a syntax-based SMT system and demonstrate that it improves on the state of the art translation quality within a theoretically more desirable framework.
THERMOGENESIS AS THE FUNDAMENTAL FUNCTION OF THE ADRENAL MEDULLA AND CORTEX

Despite the brilliant researches of chemists, physicists and physiologists, initiated by the labors of Lavoisier and Laplace in 1780, the most important fundamental problem of medical science, tissue respiration, is still admittedly unsolved. Indeed, the casual remark of an editorial writer (1) in the Journal of the American Medical Association, in 1919, that “an answer to the question as to how the all-important oxidations in the body are brought about is almost as obscure to-day as it was a hundred years ago” tallies well with Howell’s declaration in 1924 (2), that “the respiratory history of oxygen ceases after this element reaches the tissues.” The deplorable feature entailed is the widespread obscurity that it perpetuates in medicine as a whole. This is well emphasized by Halliburton’s (3) statement in 1921, that “knowledge of tissue respiration is so scanty that we can say but little of its pathological bearing.”
Colored tournaments and Wey's denominator formula

The Weyl denominator formulae for the root systems B n , C n and D n are proved by associating to each term in the expansion of the product a colored tournament with handicaps at the vertices and then demonstrating by a direct involution on these handicapped colored tournaments that all terms cancel except those in the summation side of the denominator formulae. This generalizes I. Gessel's proof of the Vandermonde determinant formula.
Black hole entropy in the O(N) model.

We consider corrections to the entropy of a black hole from an O({ital N})-invariant linear {sigma} model. We obtain the entropy from a 1/{ital N} expansion of the partition function on a cone. The entropy arises from diagrams which are analogous to those introduced by Susskind and Uglum to explain black hole entropy in string theory. The interpretation of the {sigma}-model entropy depends on scale. At short distances, it has a state counting interpretation, as the entropy of entanglement of the {ital N} fields {phi}{sup {ital a}}. In the infrared, the effective theory has a single composite field {sigma}{similar_to}{phi}{sup {ital a}}{phi}{sup {ital a}}, and the state counting interpretation of the entropy is lost. {copyright} 1995 The American Physical Society.
Productivity and Information Technology: The Elusive Connection

This study analyzes the effect of information technology on the efficiency of production operations in a specific manufacturing process. Survey data from 584 establishments engaged in the machining process in 21 different industries are used to construct and test an empirical model that takes into account product characteristics, the type of technology computer-programmable automation or conventionally controlled machines, the extent of technological change at the plant, process-specific characteristics such as the scale of operations and degree of customization, labor policies, and structural features of the organization of work. The results indicate that there is a significant efficiency advantage from using programmable automation technology and that technological advantages accumulate with experience and with the repeated opportunities for learning associated with large volume and frequent product changes. The most efficient use of this technology occurs in plants with work practices that involve a higher ratio of machines to workers as in a cellular approach to manufacturing and allow production workers to perform programming tasks to a greater degree. Unionized plants are also significantly more efficient than non-union plants.
The politicization of police in South Korea: a critical review

The Korean police have been greatly affected by the political developments of the twentieth century. Political neutrality and structural autonomy of the police from the government has not been ensured at all times since the establishment of the Korean police. Instead, the police had been used as an instrument for ruling regimes to seize and maintain their political power. The Korean police, siding with the authoritative governments, emphasized politically‐oriented policing rather than citizen‐oriented policing, frequently violating constitutional and human rights in the process, all of which has contributed to the crisis the Korean police now face. To prevent the political manipulation of the police and ensure their autonomy, more structural reforms should occur.
Determination, by methylation analysis, of the glycosyl-linkage compositions of microgram quantities of complex carbohydrates

Abstract A methylation-analysis procedure has been developed by which the glycosyl-linkage compositions of microgram quantities of complex carbohydrates, including those containing hexosyluronic acid residues, can be determined. The effectiveness of the procedure was demonstrated by correctly determining the glycosyl-linkage compositions of 1 μg of a disaccharide and 5 μg of an acidic polysaccharide whose structures were unknown to the analyst. The development of a new technique, namely, reversed-phase chromatography on Sep-Pak C 18 cartridges, to recover and purify microgram quantities of per- O -methylated complex carbohydrates from methylation-reaction mixtures, was critical to the success of the microscale procedure. The use of gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with multiple, selected-ion monitoring was also essential for identification and semiquantitation of the partially O -methylated alditol acetates derived from 1 to 5 μg of a complex carbohydrate.
Hydrogenation and Isomerization of Methyl 9‐Octadecenoates

Both methyl cis-9-octadecenoate and methyl trans-9-octadecenoate (commonly known as methyl oleate and methyl elaidate) were hydrogenated at operating conditions within the following ranges: 100–140°C, 1.7–14.6 at and 0.05–0.14% nickel catalyst. Correlations were developed for both geometrical and positional isomers as a function of iodine value. Decreases in pressure or increases in temperature resulted in a relatively greater increase in the amounts of positional isomers as compared to geometrical isomers. The rates of isomerization were found to vary between 0.7 to 2.5 times the rates of hydrogenation for hydrogenation runs with methyl cis-9-octadecenoate. The ratio between these two rates increased with higher temperatures or lower pressures. The rates of hydrogenation were compared for methyl cis-9-octadecenoate, methyl trans-9-octadecenoate, and cottonseed oil. Hydrogenation rate constants decreased in the following order: methyl trans-9-octadecenoate, methyl cis-9-octadecenoate, and cottonseed oil. The induction period that occurred only when a new catalyst was used depended on the temperature, pressure, and fatty feedstock being hydrogenated. The catalyst was activated to a considerable extent during the induction period. Hydrierung und Isomerisierung der Methyl-9-octadecenoate Methyl-cis-9-octadecenoat sowie Methyl-trans-9-octadecenoat (Methyloleat bzw. Methylelaidat) wurden bei 100°C bis 140°C, 1.7 bis 14.6 atm mit 0.05 bis 0.14% Nickel-Katalysator hydriert. Es wurden Korrelationen zwischen geometrischen sowie Stellungsisomeren als Funktion der Jodzahl abgeleitet. Die Erniedrigung des Druckes oder die Erhohung der Temperatur fuhrte zu einem verhaltnismasig hoheren Anstieg des Anteils an Stellungsisomeren im Vergleich zu geometrischen Isomeren. Bei der Hydrierung des Methyl-cis-9-octadecenoats lag die Isomerisierungsgeschwindigkeit 0.7 bis 2.5 mal hoher als die Hydriergeschwindigkeit. Das Verhaltnis der oben genannten Geschwindigkeiten erhohte sich mit zunehmender Temperatur oder abnehmendem Druck. Die Hydriergeschwindigkeiten des Methyl-cis-9-octadecenoats wurde mit denen des Methyl-trans-9-octadecenoats und des Baumwollsaatoles verglichen. Die Geschwindigkeitskonstante bei der Hydrierung nahm wie folgt ab: Methyl-trans-9-octadecenoat > Methyl-cis-9-octadecenoat > Baumwollsaatol. Die Induktionsperiode, die nur beim Einsatz des frischen Katalysators auftrat, war abhangig von der Temperatur, dem Druck und dem zu hydrierenden Stoff. Wahrend der Induktionsperiode wurde der Katalysator in betrachtlichem Mase aktiviert.
The Foot-in-the-Door Compliance Procedure: A Multiple-Process Analysis and Review

Research on the social compliance procedure known as the footin-the-door (FITD) technique is reviewed. Several psychological processes that may be set in motion with a FITD manipulation are identified: self-perception, psychological reactance, conformity, consistency, attributions, and commitment. A review of relevant investigations and several meta-analyses support the notion that each of these processes can influence compliance behavior in the FITD situation. I argue that the combined effects of these processes can account for successful FITD demonstrations as well as studies in which the technique was ineffective or led to a decrease in compliance. The experimental conditions most likely to produce an FITD effect are identified.
Resonance cone structure in warm anisotropic plasma

Abstract A fine structure is observed near the resonance cones in the field pattern of a small r.f. probe and is shown to result from an interference between a fast electromagnetic wave ( ν group ∼ c ) and a slow plasma wave ( ν group ∼ ν th).
Acute ethanol-induced adenosine diphosphate ribosylation regulates the functional activity of rat striatal pertussis toxin-sensitive g proteins.

Background: We demonstrated previously that striatal adenosine modulates ethanol-induced motor incoordination (EIMI) via adenosine A 1 receptors coupled to pertussis toxin (PT)-sensitive G protein and adenylyl cyclase-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Additionally, intrastriatal (IST) PT antagonizes EIMI and its potentiation by the adenosine A 1 agonist N 6 -cyclohexyladenosine; it also inhibits cAMP concentration. Methods: Guide cannulas were stereotaxically implanted for 1ST pretreatment with PT followed 5 days later by IST of N 6 -cyclohexyladenosine and intraperitoneal ethanol. The adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ribosylation reaction involved PT-catalyzed [ 3 2 P]nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) labeling of rat striatal membranes. Antagonism of EIMI (Rotorod method) after IST microinfusion of PT was investigated to determine whether it was due to a decrease in the functional activity of G proteins due to ADP ribosylation of the G i α subunit caused it. Results: Striatal membranes from IST PT (0.5 μg)-treated animals exhibited significantly attenuated (up to 90%) in vitro ADP ribosylation with [ 3 2 P]NAD. Striatal membranes from animals injected with ethanol (1.5 g/kg intraperitoneally) exhibited statistically significant increase (11%) in in vitro ADP ribosylation. Similarly, ethanol (50 mM) added to striatal membranes from untreated animals produced significant stimulation of in vitro ADP ribosylation. The decrease in the functional activity of G proteins due to ADP ribosylation of the G i α subunit after IST PT was functionally correlated with marked attenuation in EIMI, as observed previously. This finding suggests a blockade of functional activity of PT-sensitive striatal G i /G o proteins (i.e., fewer available sites for labeled NAD incorporation). The in vivo ethanol results indicate that it must have caused an increase in the ribosylation capacity of G i α in vivo (i.e., increased G i activity). Increased ADP ribosylation by in vitro ethanol increases G i /G o activity, consistent with EIMI, as previously reported. Conclusions: The results provide biochemical evidence of an ethanol-induced increase in ADP ribosylation of G i α causing a decrease in the functional activity of G proteins coupled via G i /G o to adenylyl cyclase-cAMP. These results confirm the previously observed antagonism of EIMI by PT (IST).
On an isoperimetric problem in conformal mapping

We characterize the Jordan domain of a given perimeter L > 4 such that the two designated interior points ±1 lying in its interior have the smallest hyperbolic distance between them. We also show how this result serves as an example illustrating the theory of quadrature domains studied by Bjorn Gustafsson and Harold Shapiro. †Dedicated to Professor Peter L. Duren on the occasion of his 70th birthday.
Families at risk for psychopathology: Who becomes affected and why?

We examine resilience in relation to one type of risk — familial risk — from a genetic perspective. Specifically, we ask why only some children growing up with the same familial risk develop psychopathology. Unlike environmental theories, genetics predicts that children in the same family will differ in their outcomes. That is, some children in a family at risk are unaffected not because they are resilient but because they are not at risk genetically. Eventually, some of the genes responsible for genetic risk will be identified, making it possible to predict which children in a family will be affected. Resilience from a genetic perspective can be viewed as the extent to which children at genetic risk are not affected. In addition, there may be genetic contributions to resilience that protect some individuals in high-risk families. Finally, genetic research has shown that salient environment influences often operate in a nonshared manner, making children in the same family different. Research on nonshared environmental factors will advance our understanding of environmental origins of resilience by focusing on environmental reasons why children growing up in high-risk families have such different outcomes.
Current status of gastrointestinal carcinoids.

Gastrointestinal (GI) carcinoids are ill-understood, enigmatic malignancies, which, although slow growing compared with adenocarcinomas, can behave aggressively. Carcinoids are classified based on organ site and cell of origin and occur most frequently in the GI (67%) where they are most common in small intestine (25%), appendix (12%), and rectum (14%). Local manifestations—mass, bleeding, obstruction, or perforation—reflect invasion or tumor-induced fibrosis and often result in incidental detection at emergency surgery. Symptoms are protean (flushing, sweating, diarrhea, bronchospasm), usually misdiagnosed, and reflect secretion of diverse amines and peptides. Biochemical diagnosis is established by elevation of plasma chromogranin A (CgA), serotonin, or urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), while topographic localization is by Octreoscan, computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan, or endoscopy/ultrasound. Histological identification is confirmed by CgA and synaptophysin immunohistochemistry. Primary therapy is surgical excision to avert local manifestations and decrease hormone secretion. Hepatic metastases may be amenable to cytoreduction, radiofrequency ablation, embolization alone, or with cytotoxics. Hepatic transplantation may rarely be beneficial. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy have minimal efficacy and substantially decrease quality of life. Intravenously administered receptor-targeted radiolabeled somatostatin analogs are of use in disseminated disease. Local endoscopic excision for gastric (type I and II) and rectal carcinoids may be adequate. Somatostatin analogues provide the most effective symptomatic therapy, although interferon has some utility. Overall 5-year survival for carcinoids of the appendix is 98%, gastric (types I/II) is 81%, rectum is 87%, small intestinal is 60%, colonic carcinoids is 62%, and gastric type III/IV is 33%.
Factors influencing plasma catecholamine levels in rats during immobilization

Abstract Catheterized young and old male and female rats in estrus and diestrus were immobilized for 30-min periods. Six serial blood samples were drawn over one hour and the plasma was assayed for the catecholamines (CA) norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E). Baseline CA levels were higher in awake young male rats than in asleep males, and still higher in old male rats. Highest basal NE levels were found in diestrus females. Immobilization produced similar elevations in plasma CA for all groups. Peak values occurred at 1–5 min and declined slowly thereafter toward baseline. Repreated stress of young male rats caused habituation as evidenced by diminished peak CA levels during the second and third restraint. Age, time of exposure and day of the cycle in female rats had subtle, though statistically significant, effects on CA levels at various times during and after immobilization and on the total stress response.
Benzodiazepine binding increases in the superficial laminae of the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis following central rhizotomy

Benzodiazepine (BZ) binding is being studied in the spinal trigeminal nucleus of the cat 3 and 11 days following unilateral retrogasserian rhizotomy using in vitro autoradiography and computer-assisted densitometry. At 3 days following rhizotomy there is an increase in number and decrease in affinity of flunitrazepam binding sites in the superficial laminae of subnucleus caudalis of the spinal trigeminal complex. By 11 days, affinity remains below control values and binding site number shows an insignificant but detectable increase. There is no change in binding site characteristics in deeper laminae at either survival time. The results are discussed in relation to the physiological hyperactivity and synaptic changes which occur following such lesions and to other conditions of deafferentation.
Optimal order of accuracy in Vasin's method for differentiation of noisy functions

We improve the order of accuracy estimate for Vasin's method for approximate differentiation. The improved estimate is shown to be the best possible.
Effects of varying sucrose reinforcers and amobarbital sodium on positive contrast in rats

The effect of quantity and quality of reinforcement on performance change following a shift to uniform high reward was studied in four groups of rats. Twenty or 200 licks of a 5% or 20% sucrose solution constituted the four incentive conditions. Two additional subject groups were run in the high (20%–200 licks) and low (5%-20 licks) reward conditions to determine how amobarbital sodium, an emotional depressant, influences incentive shift performance. All six groups received 60 preshift runway trials (6/day), followed by 30 high reward trials. Twenty-four extinction trials contrasted drugged and normal performance relating to high and low reward Postshift positive contrast appeared in all nondrugged groups. An emotional base for positive contrast is considered.