cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economics of spider orb-webs: the benefits of producing adhesive capture thread and of recycling silk

1. The replacement of dry, fuzzy cribellar prey capture thread by viscous, adhesive capture thread was a major event in the evolution of orb-weaving spiders. Over 95% of all orb-weaving species now produce adhesive threads. 2. Adhesive thread achieves its stickiness with a much greater material economy than does cribellar thread. 3. Transformational analyses show that, relative to spider mass, adhesive orb-weavers invest less material per mm of capture thread and produce stickier capture threads than do cribellate orb-weavers. 4. The total cost of producing an orb-web that contains cribellar thread is reduced by 32% when a spider recycles its silk and another 34% when these capture threads are replaced by adhesive threads of equal stickiness. 5. The increased economy with which adhesive capture thread achieves its stickiness may have been an important factor that favoured the origin and success of modern orb-weaving spiders that produce adhesive capture threads.
The rotating wave approximation (RWA) of quantum optics: serious defect

The rotating wave approximation (RWA) is an integral part of the foundations of quantum optics and it is also used extensively in atomic and condensed-matter physics. Here we prove that the model has a serious defect, viz. the spectrum has no lower bound, for all models of physical interest. As a result, the reservoir is not passive (since energy can be extracted from it without limit) and hence the second law of thermodynamics is not satisfied. An alternative to the RWA is discussed.
Microwave plasma reactor design for diamond synthesis at high pressures and high power densities

It is now widely recognized the CVD synthesized diamond quality and growth rates can be improved by using high power density microwave discharges operating at pressures above 180 Torr. However at high pressures these discharges separate from the walls of the discharge chamber and become freely floating taking on shapes that are related to the shape of the impressed electromagnetic fields. Discharges can even move about the discharge chamber as they react to buoyant forces and to convective forces caused by the gas flows. Thus at high pressures microwave discharges behave very differently from the typical low pressure discharge and require new methods of discharge control and microwave applicator and plasma reactor design. In particular the high pressure plasma reactor system must be able control the size, the spatial location and the shape of the very hot, and spatially non-uniform microwave discharge in such a manner to enable optimal diamond synthesis at high pressures and power densities. The engineering challenge is to develop reactor designs and associated process methods that are both robust and optimized for high pressure and high power density operation and thereby take advantage of the improved deposition chemistry and physics that exist in the high pressure regime. The design and development of two new microwave plasma reactors is described. Each of these reactors is excited with a hybrid "TM013 plus TEM001" mode, and robustly operated in the 200-400 Torr pressure regime. The reactor applicators are tunable and their electromagnetic fields are focused just above the substrate and can be varied and modified by reactor tuning. An intense microwave discharge with absorbed variable power densities of 150-600 W/cm3 is produced. The adaptable design allows the control of the discharge size, shape and position and thereby allows in situ process optimization; i.e. the discharge can be positioned over the substrate for optimized synthesis. The experimental single crystal diamond (SCD) and polycrystalline diamond (PCD) synthesis performance of these reactors over the 200-400 Torr pressure regime is compared to the performance of commercial reactors operating at lower pressures and lower power densities. In particular, high quality SCD and PCD is synthesized with deposition rates that exceed 100 microns/hr and reactor power efficiencies range from 6 -25 mm3 of diamond per kW-h over a 25 mm diameter synthesis area as pressure, power density and gas chemistry are varied. The ability to extend these designs to even higher pressures will also be discussed.
The feasibility of a land information system for Belize, Central America

Abstract Limitations of the current land records systems in Belize, Central America, led leaders of the Ministry of Natural Resources to initiate this feasibility study for a computer-aided land information system (LIS). Land records in Belize have been based on the British Torrens land tenure system, which maintains five sets of records along with informative maps. One paper file is maintained for each title application and records are continually circulated between seven locations throughout the country, resulting in up to 3 years to complete the process of title registration. A LIS will permit quick access to land records and eliminate most of the current problems, and will merge with a geographic information system being developed for Belize.
E. coli pneumonia induces CD18-independent airway neutrophil migration in the absence of increased lung vascular permeability.

We examined the relationship between neutrophil [polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)] influx and lung vascular injury in response to Escherichia coli pneumonia. We assessed lung tissue PMN uptake by ...
Design of microwave vitrification systems for radioactive waste

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is involved in the research and development of high-power microwave heating systems for the vitrification of DOE radioactive sludges. Design criteria for a continuous microwave vitrification system capable of processing a surrogate filtercake sludge representative of a typical waste-water treatment operation are discussed. A prototype 915 MHz, 75 kW microwave vitrification system or `microwave melter` is described along with some early experimental results that demonstrate a 4 to 1 volume reduction of a surrogate ORNL filtercake sludge.
An Assessment of the Wealth Holdings of Recent Widows

Objectives. This study examines the wealth holdings of recent widows, how they compare to those of married couple households, and the potential to use this wealth to augment the incomes of widowed women. Methods. Data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation are used to investigate the amount and composition of wealth held by four different groups: always married women, about-to-be-widowed women, recent widows, and long-standing widows. Regression analyses assess the impact of group membership on wealth holding controlling for other sociodemographic factors, and annuity calculations assess the potential for wealth to augment income. Results. About-to-be widowed women have fewer assets than intact couples, and there is a further decline in assets at the time of the husbands' deaths and in the ensuing period. Estimates of the annuity value of widows' wealth show that its liquidation would do little to improve the economic situation of the poorest widows. Discussion. These findings parallel what is known about income changes that surround the death of a spouse. They also point to the need for additional research on the relationship between wealth holdings and mortality as well as the roles that health care costs, life insurance, and bequests may play in altering widows' wealth.
Biological basis for human capacitation

More than 50 years ago Austin and Chang defined mammalian sperm capacitation as a period of time that sperm must reside in the female reproductive tract before they acquire the ability to fertilize oocytes. Since then numerous investigations have attempted to more clearly define the molecules and processes that are a part of capacitation. The data that have provided a more clear definition of capacitation were primarily derived from in vitro experiments. This is particularly true for studies on human sperm capacitation. While ethical constraints have limited an equal balance of in vivo studies there are those data that when coupled with some of the in vitro data allow for the formulation of a biological framework for human sperm capacitation in vivo. This review will put forth the biological basis for human capacitation.
Aluminum: The Toxicology of

The safety versus toxicity of aluminum has been and is controversial. Aluminum-induced toxicity has been demonstrated in animals, usually using exposures well beyond those encountered by humans. Aluminum-induced toxicity to humans' brain, bone, and bone marrow can occur when it is introduced directly into the bloodstream, is in dialysis fluids, or is introduced into the brain or a body cavity in very large amounts. Aluminum welding and other airborne exposures can cause adverse neurobehavioral changes and lung fibrosis. Aluminum-induced reproductive system toxicity, embryotoxicity, teratogenicity, autism spectrum disorder, and cancer have not been convincingly shown. The safety of aluminum as an adjuvant in vaccines and its contribution to Alzheimer's disease are hotly debated topics for which there is no consensus.
Religion and Mental Health Among Israeli Jews: Findings from the SHARE-Israel Study

This study investigates the impact of religiousness on mental health indicators in a population sample of Israeli Jews aged 50 or older. Data are from the Israel sample of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE-Israel), collected from 2005 to 2006. Of the 1,287 Jewish respondents, 473 (36.8 %) were native-born Israelis and 814 (63.2 %) were diaspora-born. Religious measures included past-month synagogue activities, current prayer, and having received a religious education. Mental health outcomes included single-item measures of lifetime depression and life satisfaction, along with the CES-D and EURO-D depression scales, the CASP-12 quality of life scale, and the LOT-R optimism scale. Participation in synagogue activities was found to be significantly associated with less depression, better quality of life, and more optimism, even after adjusting for effects of the other religious measures, for sociodemographic covariates, for the possibly confounding effect of age-related activity limitation, and for nativity. Findings for prayer were less consistent, including inverse associations with mental health, perhaps reflecting prayer’s use as a coping response. Finally, religious education was associated with greater optimism. These results underscore a modest contribution of religious participation to well-being among middle-aged and older adults, extending this research to the Israeli and Jewish populations.
Building Corporate Associations: Consumer Attributions for Corporate Socially Responsible Programs

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is often used as a key criterion in gauging corporate reputation. This research examined the influence of consumers’ attributions on corporate outcomes in response to CSR. Researchers and managers have considered consumers’ beliefs about CSR initiatives to be simplistic, serving either economic ends or reflecting sincere social concerns. The results of two studies established that consumers’ attributions were more complex than traditionally viewed, mirroring many of the motives ascribed to companies by managers and researchers. Rather than viewing corporate efforts along a self- or other-centered continuum, consumers differentiated four types of motives: self-centered motives that are strategic and egoistic and other-centered motives that are values driven and stakeholder driven. Consumers responded most positively to CSR efforts they judged as values driven and strategic while responding negatively to efforts perceived as stakeholder driven or egoistic. Attributions were shown to affect purchase intent as well as mediate the structure of an offer.
Is Race a Determinant of Student Performance in Economics

While several authors have examined gender as a determinant of student performance in introductory economics, few have considered race as a contributing factor. In this study, data collected on over 5,000 students enrolled at the University of Texas at Austin indicate that on average minority students earn significantly lower grades than non-minority students. A probit model is developed to control for a set of variables that measure or proxy student characteristics, academic maturity, previous coursework, and relative high school quality. Race remains statistically significant. A decomposition framework, commonly used in labor economics to study wage gaps, is adapted to predict success in economics classes based on mean variable characteristics. Details on the probabilities of earning specific grades are obtained through development of an ordered logit model and decomposition techniques. Results of these analyses indicate significant and unexplained differences in average grades earned by minority students, relative to non-minority students.
Adrenal Function in Chickens Experiencing Mercury Toxicity

Abstract Dietary mercury when administered to young chickens via the drinking water depressed growth, increased the rate of mortality and inhibited the normal maturation of the adrenal glands. Additionally, deficiencies of cholesterol and corticosterone were deomonstrated in the adrenals. The exogenous administration of 0.5 or 1.5 mg. of corticosterone/100 gm. of body weight alleviated, in part, the toxic effects of mercury as evidenced by a rapid increase in body weight.
Improving Intergroup Attitudes through Televised Vicarious Intergroup Contact Social Cognitive Processing of Ingroup and Outgroup Information

In an experiment, participants exposed to depictions of an intergroup interaction between a border patrolling U.S. citizen and an illegal immigrant demonstrated changed attitudes toward illegal immigrants depending on the valence of the portrayal. Negative effects were enhanced among people who identified more strongly with the U.S. citizen character, and positive effects were moderately, although nonsignificantly enhanced among those who viewed the illegal immigrant character as more typical of illegal immigrants in general. Liking of the illegal immigrant character was a significant mediator of the effects. The positive effects on attitudes toward illegal immigrants transferred to more positive attitudes toward other social groups as well. The study is framed in terms of a social cognitive theory approach to vicarious intergroup contact.
Indices of Socioeconomic Position across the Life Course as Predictors of Coronary Calcification in Black and White Men and Women: Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study

Few studies have investigated the association of socioeconomic status (SES) and coronary artery calcification (CAC) and only one study has examined African Americans separately from Caucasians, despite empirical evidence suggesting that blacks have equivalent or lower CAC, relative to whites. We tested the hypotheses that lower childhood SES and lower average education, occupation, and income and change in SES (slope) in adulthood are related to risk of CAC in blacks and whites in the US CARDIA study. Parental education and occupation were measured at study entry (Year 0 in 1985–1986) and participant education, occupation, and household income were evaluated multiple times throughout a 20 year follow-up period at four sites in the United States. CAC was measured at Year 20 in 3138 (45% black) participants in CARDIA; 19% had CAC. Latent growth models and multivariate logistic regression analyses adjusted for the major risk factors for CAC. Multivariate models showed that lower paternal education in blacks and lower maternal occupational status in the full sample and in whites were related to higher risk of any CAC, independent of adult SES. Lower average adult education, occupation, and income were related to higher risk of any CAC, with the effects primarily in blacks. Our results are the first to show that SES, measured retrospectively and prospectively in multiple ways, is related to CAC, and the first to document the effects primarily in blacks.
Health, Need and Politics: The Determinants of Bilateral HIV/AIDS Assistance

Abstract Over the last 10 years foreign aid for HIV/AIDS control has grown from ‘millions to billions’. This study investigates donor motivations in the targeting of bilateral HIV/AIDS assistance. Are donors selecting recipients primarily based on level of need or are political and merit-based considerations at play as well? The results of our two-stage statistical analysis of bilateral HIV/AIDS assistance flows over the period 2002–2007 suggests that recipient need is an important determinant of aid flows. We also find limited evidence of dyadic political relationships having an effect on assistance targeting, while the quality of recipient policy environments seems to have a minimal impact on donor allocation decisions.
Relationship of body mass index to stability of mandibular advancement surgery with rigid fixation

Introduction Obesity is a growing problem in the United States. We examined patients undergoing orthognathic surgical correction for Class II skeletal malocclusions and assessed outcomes in relation to body mass index. Methods The patients (n = 78) were divided into 3 groups (obese, overweight, and normal or thin) based on body mass index score. They were treated with mandibular advancement (mean, 4.9 mm) with rigid fixation and evaluated cephalometrically for postsurgical changes over a 2-year period; a subset of 54 patients was followed for 5 years. Results Obese and overweight patients experienced relative postsurgical forward movements at B-point (means, 2.6 and 1.0 mm, respectively), whereas the normal or thin patients had relapses (mean, −0.7 mm) over the 2 years. This trend held up at 5 years, with the obese patients experiencing 3 mm of forward movement compared with the normal or thin patients. Potential reasons for this difference in postsurgical response are orthopedic effects of tongue posture and hormonal and biochemical differences caused by obesity. Conclusions Obese and overweight patients have different responses to mandibular advancement with rigid fixation compared with normal or thin patients. These data should enable orthodontists and surgeons to more appropriately treat obese patients.
Model acquisition and invariant tracking of unknown materials in hyperspectral images

We consider the problem of acquiring models for unknown materials in airborne 0.4–2.5 μm hyperspectral imagery and using these models to identify the unknown materials in image data obtained under significantly different conditions. The material models are generated with use of an airborne sensor spectrum measured under unknown conditions and a physical model for spectral variability. For computational efficiency, the material models are represented by using low-dimensional spectral subspaces. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the material models by using a set of material tracking experiments in HYDICE images acquired in forest and desert environments over widely varying conditions. We show that techniques based on the new representation significantly outperform methods based on direct spectral matching.
A Laboratory for Education in Molecular Medicine: a Dedicated Resource for Medical Student Research

The Paul L. Foster School of Medicine in El Paso, Texas seated its inaugural class in 2009 and introduced a highly-integrated pre-clinical curriculum that provides our students with a solid introduction to the scientific principles of medicine, medical skills, early clinical experiences, ethics and professionalism. To further enhance their undergraduate training, all students additionally complete a scholarly concentration requirement called the Scholarly Activity and Research Program (SARP). Students can choose a wide variety of topics for this faculty-mentored activity; however, about two-thirds of the students choose projects relating to basic, clinical or translational research. To broaden the on-campus opportunities for students in these areas we have developed a research laboratory, called the Laboratory for Education in Molecular Medicine (LEMM), that is fully-dedicated for mentored SARP projects. This ‘community’ laboratory is housed in the Department of Medical Education and represents a unique model for the establishment and development of viable research projects. We discuss the evolution of the LEMM, its current organization and the challenges and opportunities in maintaining and growing this valuable resource.
NMR assignment and characterization of proton exchange of the ellagitannin granatin B.

Granatin B, a complex ellagitannin extracted from pomegranate fruit, has two equilibrating isomers, form a and form b. A full ensemble of proton and carbon-13 NMR methods over a wide range of temperature enabled a complete assignment of the more abundant isomer and showed it to be form b. This result is based on the NMR data for granatin alone and agrees with the previous determinations which were based on a combination of chemical methods and a partial assignment of the NMR spectra. The new NMR spectra also yield exchange rates for the hydroxyl protons as a function of temperature. A molecular model involving hydrogen bonding provides an explanation for the exchange data. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polarimetric radiometry-coherent vs. incoherent detection

There are two popular approaches to the design of a polarimetric radiometer: using either coherent or incoherent detection. Coherent detection implies that a direct cross-correlation is performed of the vertical and horizontal components of the incident electrical field. Incoherent detection derives the third and fourth Stokes parameters indirectly, by differencing the brightness temperatures detected at +/-45 degree linear and left and right hand circular polarizations. The author considers the calibration accuracy of both types of radiometers. A relationship is developed between the true Stokes parameters and the measurements, as functions of non-ideal antenna characteristics. The sensitivity of calibration equations, which correct for these characteristics, to errors in knowledge of the polarization impurity is examined. It is found that, in most cases, the incoherent approach is considerably more tolerant of polarization impurity than is the coherent approach.
IR beam deflection spectroscopy with a cold source

Abstract In a photoacoustic1 measurement, radiation is normally passed onto an absorbing sample, and one observes changes in the sample's properties or the effects they induce elsewhere. The sample itself is the prime sensor, and basically what is measured is the net energy transfer between sample and source. In practice, the source is made “hot,” i. e., a much stronger emitter than the sample. In principle, the source and detector are interchangeable, in terms of emittance or location, and also sometimes in practice. For example, infrared emission spectra of minerals were measured with hot (40°C) samples and a cold (30°C) detector2 and also with cold (20°C) samples and a hot (24°C) detector3.
Going to College and Unpacking Hazing: A Functional Approach to Decrypting Initiation Practices Among Undergraduates

Initiation practices likely support group functioning by promoting group-relevant skills and attitudes, reinforcing status hierarchies, and stimulating cognitive, behavioral, and affective forms of social dependency. In field tests of these propositions, 269 undergraduates from same-gender organizations rated their initiation experiences. As predicted, athletes reported relatively more physical challenge and pain, whereas members of Greek-letter organizations reported more social deviance and embarrassment. Hierarchy was positively associated with initiations featuring social deviance but unexpectedly negatively related to physically and psychologically harsh initiations. Harsh treatment and fun independently predicted group identity. Laboratory experiments on male (n 74) and female (n 37) undergraduates found that discomforting inductions increased social dependence on group opinion and, for women, increased additional forms of dependence (proximity to induction agents and negative mood when left alone). The results across studies suggested that hazing’s task masters are 3: schooling skills and attitudes, conveying hierarchy, and promoting social dependency.
Classification of Precipitating Clouds in the Tropics Using 915-MHz Wind Profilers

Abstract An algorithm has been developed that classifies precipitating clouds into either stratiform, mixed stratiform/convective, deep convective, or shallow convective clouds by analyzing the vertical structure of reflectivity, velocity, and spectral width derived from measurements made with the vertical beam of a 915-MHz Doppler wind profiler. The precipitating clouds classified as stratiform and convective clouds match the physical and radar properties deduced by Doppler weather radars in the GATE and EMEX programs. The mixed stratiform/convective cloud category is a hybrid regime containing a melting-layer signature associated with stratiform clouds yet is turbulent above the melting level similar to convective clouds. Shallow convective clouds have hydrometeors confined entirely below the melting level implying that warm rain processes are occurring exclusively. The algorithm is illustrated by classifying precipitating clouds from 10 months of observations at Manus Island (2°S, 147°E) in the western...
Strategic Crystal Growth and Physical Properties of Single-Crystalline LnCo2Al8 (Ln = La–Nd, Sm, Yb)

Single crystals of LnCo2Al8 (Ln = La–Nd, Sm, Yb) were grown via the metal-flux growth technique and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. LnCo2Al8 adopts the CaCo2Al8-structure type with space group Pbam and unit cell dimensions of a ≈ 12.4 A, b ≈ 14.4 A, and c ≈ 4.0 A. The unit cell volume of LnCo2Al8 (Ln = La–Nd, Sm, Yb) systematically decreases as a function of rare earth, consistent with the lanthanide contraction, except for YbCo2Al8, indicating a divalent Yb2+ state. LnCo2Al8 (Ln = Ce, Pr, Nd) show high temperature Curie–Weiss paramagnetism, and LnCo2Al8 (Ln = Pr, Nd) orders magnetically at TN = 5.6 and 8.7 K, with a fluctuating moment consistent with the trivalent oxidation state of the lanthanides. LnCo2Al8 (Ln = La–Nd, Sm, Yb) are metallic, with CeCo2Al8 having a residual resistivity ratio (RRR) of 20. We present the crystal growth, structural, magnetic, and electrical properties of single crystalline LnCo2Al8 (Ln = La–Nd, Sm, Yb).
The Analysis on the Chinese Phonetics Teaching on Russian Students

In the teaching of Chinese language,phonetis learning is the initial phase of Chinese acquisition learning.The effect of phonetics learning has a direct impact on the verbal expression for the learning of overseas students.As Russian belongs to the Indo-European,Russian people are prone to a variety of errors especially in tone when they learn the Chinese language.Therefor we should strengthen the exploration of the teaching skills and teaching methods when we teach Russian students.In this paper,I take the consonant,vowel and tone of the Chinese language as examples and bring up some initial views on how to adopt effective teaching methods in Chinese phonetics teaching.
1865, The Late Miracle

Even though Dickinson spent another long period of months in Cambridge—from April of 1865 to October, she once again managed to write hundreds of consistently good poems. This total does not represent the flood of writing that 1863 had given her, with the poem count close to 300, but after a decline in 1864 to 98 poems, her production in 1865 continued on that same path. Aife Murray counts Dickinson’s total in 1863 as 295; in 1864, 98; and for 1865, 229 (Murray 80). Murray also quotes from contemporary poet Robert Creeley’s comment that Dickinson’s production here—already increased tremendously by the events of the war—was prompted by her eye condition. This is Creeley, “that’s when she goes for broke and writes Higginson. That’s when the authority of her ability must have utterly been possessed, possessive … And that’s of course the time too when she begins to make decisive changes in her whole proposal of herself to the world” (in Murray 81).
Trigeminal neurons detect cellphone radiation: Thermal or nonthermal is not the question

Cellphone electromagnetic radiation produces temperature alterations in facial skin. We hypothesized that the radiation-induced heat was transduced by warmth-sensing trigeminal neurons, as evidenced by changes in cognitive processing of the afferent signals. Ten human volunteers were exposed on the right side of the face to 1 GHz radiation in the absence of acoustic, tactile, and low-frequency electromagnetic stimuli produced by cellphones. Cognitive processing manifested in the electroencephalogram (EEG) was quantitated by analysis of brain recurrence (a nonlinear technique). The theoretical temperature sensitivity of warmth-sensing neurons was estimated by comparing changes in membrane voltage expected as a result of heat transduction with membrane-voltage variance caused by thermal noise. Each participant underwent sixty 12-s trials. The recurrence variable r ("percent recurrence") was computed second by second for the ∆ band of EEGs from two bilaterally symmetric derivations (decussated and nondecussated). Percent recurrence during radiation exposure (first 4 s of each trial) was reduced in the decussated afferent signal compared with the control (last four seconds of each trial); mean difference, r = 1.1 ± 0.5%, p < 0.005. Mean relative ∆ power did not differ between the exposed and control intervals, as expected. Trigeminal neurons were capable of detecting temperature changes far below skin temperature increases caused by cellphone radiation. Simulated cellphone radiation affected brain electrical activity associated with nonlinear cognitive processing of radiation-induced thermal afferent signals. Radiation standards for cellphones based on a thermal/nonthermal binary distinction do not prevent neurophysiological consequences of cellphone radiation.
Electrically Powered Hydraulic Steering

Electrically powered hydraulic steering (EPHS) was developed in the early 1990s from the demand for power-saving steering systems which can be controlled independently from the internal combustion engine. The capabilities of these systems has been successively expanded.
Concluding remarks: single entity electrochemistry one step at a time

This article provides a summary of the Faraday Discussion on single entity electrochemistry held in York, U.K., in early September, 2016. The introduction provides some context for thinking about electrochemical studies of single entities. The next four sections follow the themes of the meeting as they relate to single-entity electrochemistry: (1) nanoparticles, nanotubes, and nanowires; (2) nanopores and nanofluidics; (3) complex surfaces and reactions at the nanoscale; and (4) molecular electroanalysis. Each paper presented at the Discussion is summarized, and some personal thoughts as to the significance of the findings, the technical advances that made the experiments possible, and common themes between articles are interspersed. Finally, at the end, I round-up my impressions and provide them in a succinct list.
Hominin Hip Biomechanics: Changing Perspectives

The shape of the human pelvis reflects the unique demands placed on the hip abductor muscles (gluteus medius and gluteus minimus), which stabilize the body in the frontal plane during bipedal locomotion. This morphological shift occurred early in hominin evolution, yet important shape differences between hominin species have led to significant disagreement about abductor function and locomotor capability in these extinct taxa. A static biomechanical model that relies on a close association between skeletal measurements of the pelvis and femur has traditionally been used to reconstruct hip biomechanics in these species. However, experimental biomechanical approaches have highlighted the dynamic nature of mediolateral balance in walking and running, challenging the assumptions of the static hip model. This article reviews traditional approaches for understanding hip abductor function, shows how they have been applied to the fossil hominin record, and discusses new techniques that integrate the dynamic nature of mediolateral balance during human locomotion. Anat Rec, 300:932-945, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessment of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Health and Disease: A State of the Art Review

Acute and chronic kidney diseases affect pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. There has been substantial progress in the past 20 years in the use of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimating equations. In principle, use of a single equation for each filtration marker (creatinine, cystatin C, or the combination) for detection, evaluation, and management of kidney disease and for drug development and dosing would facilitate clinical practice. We review the principles for assessment of GFR, provide historical perspectives and updates regarding use of GFR estimating equations, including assay methods for filtration markers, performance of estimating equations, and recommendations by clinical practice guideline groups and regulatory agencies. We conclude that it is time to change from rigid adherence to the use of the Cockcroft-Gault equation for use in drug development and drug dosing to the more accurate and more widely used Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study and the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equations.
Where Geosynthetics Meet Mining Geotechnics: Part of the Mining Engineer's Toolbox

From enhancing stability to providing environmental containment, geosynthetic materials play an important role in mining projects and geotechnics in general. While often overlooked, advancements in geosynthetic materials over the last several years have improved the performance and reliability of engineered facilities at operating mines. These improvements have been focused mostly on heap leach pads (HLPs), tailings storage facilities (TSFs), overburden storage facilities (OSFs), and water management structures.
Pre-operative evaluation prior to soft tissue sarcoma excision - Why can't we get it right?

BACKGROUND To define the association between an appropriate pre-operative workup (pre-operative advanced imaging studies, diagnostic biopsy) and incomplete soft tissue sarcoma (STS) excision. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a retrospective review of 397 consecutive patient records (2000-2008), looking at primary site advanced imaging (MRI or CT) and diagnostic biopsy procedures completed prior to the initial attempt at definitive surgical excision. Downstream effects of an inadequate pre-operative workup were also evaluated, including time to referral to a sarcoma multi-disciplinary care team and perceived alteration of surgical care in order to obtain a complete excision of the altered sarcoma bed. RESULTS Thirty-eight percent (149/397) of soft tissue sarcomas identified underwent an incomplete excision prior to referral. A significant difference in the incidence of pre-operative primary site advanced imaging (91% vs. 42%, p 5 cm (p < 0.001), and a referral from an orthopaedic surgeon (p < 0.02) were all associated with reduced risk of incomplete excision in multivariate analysis. Seventy-four percent of patients in the incomplete excision group required an alteration in their definitive wide margin surgical resection, including rotational muscle flap coverage (37%), free flap coverage (11%), or amputation (11%). CONCLUSION A minority of patients referred following incomplete excision of a STS had undergone an appropriate pre-operative workup prior to referral, leading to increased long-term morbidity following definitive re-excision. Education efforts to heighten awareness of suspicious soft tissue lesions remain vital.
Reflections on Juryphobia and Medical Malpractice Reform

In November of 1999 the Institute of Medicine of the United States (IOM) published a volume entitled, TO ERR IS HUMAN. That book identified medical errors as one of the leading challenges facing medicine. Its most headlinemaking conclusion was that as many as 98,000 hospitalized Americans die each year due to mistakes made by those involved in caring for them and that hundreds of thousands more are injured during the course of treatment. The IOM noted that misadventure in hospitals was but one aspect of a far larger medical error problem facing the nation, encompassing, as well, iatrogenic injury in outpatient facilities, nursing homes and doctors’ offices. Reaction to the IOM’s report was swift and dramatic. Media attention was ‘‘frenzied’’ and Congress proceeded to schedule hearings. President Bill
Characteristics of Marine Fish

This chapter summarizes some information on events and processes in the life histories of marine fish that can be important and useful in their culture. It also gives an indication of the diversity in life history strategies.
Metabolic and luteal sequelae to heightened dietary fat intake in undernourished, anestrous beef cows induced to ovulate.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary fat supplementation and a synthetic progestogen on metabolic hormone pat- terns and(or) in vitro and in vivo characteristics of induced corpora lutea (C L) in undernourished, post- partum beef cows. Metabolizable energy intake was restricted in all cows in both experiments before calving to achieve a body condition (BC) score of 4 (thin), with cows fed to maintain BW and condition after calving. In Exp. 1, 16 cows were fed isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets after calving with either no added fat (NL, n = 8 j or added fat (HL, n = 8; .374 kg of fat1500 kg BW). In Exp. 2, 32 pluriparous cows that had reached targeted body condition were divided randomly at calving into a 2 x 2 factorial treatment arrangement: 1) HL-no implant; HL-CON, 2) HL- norgestomet implant d 14 to 21; HL-NORG, 3) NL- CON and, 4) NL-NORG. Forty-eight-hour calf removal on d 21 and GnRH on d 23 were used to induce CL. The HL diet increased ( P < .03 j serum growth hormone (GH) concentrations, changed the puerperal pattern of serum insulin from cubic (P < .05) to linear (P < .05), and increased (P < .Ol) the in vitro production of IGF-I by luteal tissue (Exp. 1). In Exp. 2, both HL diets and NORG treatments (HL- NORG, HL-CON, NL NORG) tended to promote an increased (P <.09) frequency of luteal activity after GnRH, but only HL-CON and NL-NORG enhanced (P < .04) luteal lifespan. The HL diet modified metabolic hormone status, potentiated ovulation induction, and enhanced luteal competence; however, targeted ovar- ian responses in vivo lacked expected consistency when HL and NORG were combined.
Affirmative Disclosure at the FTC: Objectives for the Remedy and Outcomes of past Orders:

This article presents alternative types of objectives for FTC affirmative disclosure orders. The framework for this discussion was developed on the basis of an extensive study of FTC orders in this...
Extension of Algebraic Solutions Using The Lambert W Function

The Lambert W function has utility for solving various exponential and logarithmic equations arranged in the form of $g(x)e^{g(x)}$. Using the Lambert W function and tetration, a variety of categorized inversion formulas are presented. Related techniques are then used to derive polar forms of exponential and related functions.
FINITE RANK TOEPLITZ OPERATORS ON THE BERGMAN SPACE

Given a complex Borel measure μ with compact support in the complex plane C the sesquilinear form defined on analytic polynomials f and g by B μ (f,g) = ∫fgdμ, determines an operator Tμ from the space of such polynomials P to the space of linear functionals on P. This operator is called the Toeplitz operator with symbol μ. We show that Tμ, has finite rank if and only if μ is a finite linear combination of point masses. Application to Toeplitz operators on the Bergman space is immediate.
Can Children Learn Creativity from a Social Robot

Children's creativity contributes to their learning outcomes and personal growth. Standardized measures of creative thinking reveal that as children enter elementary school, their creativity drops. In this work, we evaluated whether a social robotic peer can help 6-10-year-old children think creatively by demonstrating creative behavior. We designed verbal and non-verbal behaviors of the social robot that constitute interaction patterns for artificial creativity. 51 participants played the Droodle Creativity Game with the robot to generate creative titles for ambiguous images. One group of participants interacted with the creative robot, and one group interacted with the non-creative robot. Participants that interacted with the creative robot generated significantly higher number of Droodle titles, expressed greater variety in titles, and scored higher on the Droodles' creativity. We observe that children can model a social robotic peer's creativity, and hence inform robot interaction patterns for artificial creativity that can foster creativity in children.
The Tea Party, the Freedom Caucus, and the Obama Administration

This chapter applies our factional model of minority influence to two original case studies of Tea Party and Freedom Caucus activism in solvency debates during the Obama administration (2010–2017). First, it examines Tea Party strategies in opposition to comprehensive immigration reform, including negative issue framing and resistance. Second, it analyzes the activism of conservatives in the Freedom Caucus (a more contemporary extension of the Tea Party) in delaying and challenging the Obama administration’s funding of trade credit agencies like the Export-Import Bank through legislative and nontraditional means.
Electron beam additive manufacturing of Ti6Al4V: Evolution of powder morphology and part microstructure with powder reuse

Abstract Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes for metals are advancing at a rapid pace. Among many attractive qualities, AM relaxes design constraints and can significantly reduce material waste in comparison to subtractive manufacturing processes. However, there are some fundamental issues that must be addressed for metal AM to become prevalent in aerospace. In powder bed fusion AM, powder reuse from previous build cycles is desired to improve process economics. However, there is limited understanding of the contributions from powder reuse to particle and part quality. The present study investigates this topic in electron beam melting (EBM) powder bed fusion AM of a titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) over 30 build cycles (∼480 h of build time) and powder reuse. Results show that nearly all aspects of the process are influenced by powder reuse. Specifically, the particle size distribution tightens, largely due to fewer particles with small diameter. Particle damage increases with reuse, which includes surface deformation (reduction in sphericity), partial melting and/or particle fusion and fracture. In regard to the built metal, the microstructure exhibits increasingly finer basket weave strucutre with greater surface area to volume ratio of the part. While there are no apparent trends in α volume fraction with powder reuse, an increase in α-lath thickness is observed . In the analysis of composition, no substantial changes in the Al and V alloy content are apparent, nor in Fe, H and N. However, the O concentration of the powder increased significantly with reuse, in fact, it exceeded the concentration limit (0.2%) in just 11 build cycles. Overall, powder reuse should be considered carefully in the development of titanium parts for performance critical applications by EBM AM.
The Cambridge History of

This review essay of the two-volume Cambridge History of Capitalism (2014), edited by Larry Neal and Jeffrey G. Williamson, is divided into three parts. First, I describe three chapters from the second volume that I recommend for all economists to add depth to their understanding of the world economy today. Robert C. Allen analyzes the world distribution of income; Randall Morck and Bernard Yeung discuss the history of business groups; and Peter Lindert surveys private and public programs to help the poor. In each case, they analyze historical backgrounds that illuminate current issues. Second, I criticize the definition of capitalism used in these volumes as too expansive to be useful. I argue that this definition mars the essays in first volume by stimulating a fruitless search for capitalism in the millennium before the Industrial Revolution. Third, I describe the essays in this reference work starting from the most recent and ending with those about antiquity.
Should Signet Ring Cell Histology Alter the Treatment Approach for Clinical Stage I Gastric Cancer

Surgery alone is standard-of-care for stage I gastric adenocarcinoma; however, clinicians can offer preoperative therapy for clinical stage I disease with signet ring cell histology, given its presumed aggressive biology. We aimed to assess the validity of this practice. The National Cancer Database (2004–2015) was reviewed for patients with clinical stage I signet ring cell gastric adenocarcinoma who underwent treatment with surgery alone, perioperative chemotherapy, neoadjuvant therapy, or adjuvant therapy. Analysis was stratified by preoperative clinical/pathologic stage. Primary outcome was overall survival (OS). Of 1018 patients, median age was 60 years (±14); 53% received surgery alone (n = 542), 5% received perioperative chemotherapy (n = 47), 12% received neoadjuvant therapy (n = 125), and 30% received adjuvant therapy (n = 304). For clinical stage I disease, surgery alone was associated with an improved 5-year OS rate (71%) versus perioperative chemotherapy (58%), neoadjuvant therapy (38%), or adjuvant therapy (52%) [overall p < 0.01]. For pathologic stage I, surgery alone had equivalent or improved survival compared with perioperative, neoadjuvant, and adjuvant therapy (5-year OS: 78% vs. 89% [p = 0.77] vs. 64% [p = 0.04] vs. 84% [p = 0.99]). Adjuvant therapy was associated with improved 5-year OS compared with pretreatment for those patients upstaged (37%) to pathologic stage II/III (55% vs. 36% and 34% vs. 7%; all p < 0.01). This stage-specific study demonstrates improved survival with surgery alone for clinical stage I signet ring cell gastric adenocarcinoma. Despite 37% of clinical stage I patients being upstaged to pathologic stage II/III, adjuvant therapy offers a favorable rescue strategy, with improved outcomes compared with those treated preoperatively. Surgery alone also affords similar or improved survival for pathologic stage I disease versus multimodality therapy. This study challenges the bias to overtreat stage I signet ring cell gastric adenocarcinoma.