cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Illusory Promise of Stakeholder Governance: Presentation Slides

The presentation slides in this document provide an overview of our study, The Illusory Promise of Stakeholder Governance, which will be published by the Cornell Law Review in December 2020. Corporate purpose is now the focus of a fundamental and heated debate, with rapidly growing support for the proposition that corporations should move from shareholder value maximization to “stakeholder governance” and “stakeholder capitalism.” Our study critically examines the increasingly influential “stakeholderism” view, according to which corporate leaders should give weight not only to the interests of shareholders but also to those of all other corporate constituencies (including employees, customers, suppliers, and the environment). We conduct a conceptual, economic, and empirical analysis of stakeholderism and its expected consequences. We conclude that this view should be rejected, including by those who care deeply about the welfare of stakeholders. Stakeholderism, we demonstrate, would not benefit stakeholders as its supporters claim. To examine the expected consequences of stakeholderism, we analyze the incentives of corporate leaders, empirically investigate whether they have in the past used their discretion to protect stakeholders, and examine whether recent commitments to adopt stakeholderism can be expected to bring about a meaningful change. Our analysis concludes that acceptance of stakeholderism should not be expected to make stakeholders better off. Furthermore, we show that embracing stakeholderism could well impose substantial costs on shareholders, stakeholders, and society at large. Stakeholderism would increase the insulation of corporate leaders from shareholders, reduce their accountability, and hurt economic performance. In addition, by raising illusory hopes that corporate leaders would on their own provide substantial protection to stakeholders, stakeholderism would impede or delay reforms that could bring meaningful protection to stakeholders. Stakeholderism would therefore be contrary to the interests of the stakeholders it purports to serve and should be opposed by those who take stakeholder interests seriously. The document is based on presentations slides we prepared for various presentations of our study, including at the University of Chicago, Columbia Law School, Harvard Law School, the Big Debate on Stakeholder Capitalism at Oxford, and the ECGI-Stockholm Conference on Sustainable Finance. Our study on The Illusory Promise of Stakeholder Governance is part of a larger research project of the Harvard Law School Corporate Governance on stakeholder capitalism and stakeholderism. Another part of this research project is For Whom Corporate Leaders Bargain by Lucian A. Bebchuk, Kobi Kastiel, and Roberto Tallarita.
Direct and Indirect Assessment of Student Perspectives and Performance in an Online/Distance Education Chemical Engineering Bridging Course Sequence.

Direct and indirect assessments of student learning, motivation and course experience were completed for a two-semester online chemical engineering graduate bridging course. Both direct and indirect assessments showed students better accomplished learning objectives associated with material and energy balances, momentum/heat/mass transport, solution thermodynamics and kinetics compared to those with classical thermodynamics. While student motivation and interest course were consistently at high levels, student estimations of their feelings of connectedness were lower than desired.
History-Aware Question Answering in a Blocks World Dialogue System.

It is essential for dialogue-based spatial reasoning systems to maintain memory of historical states of the world. In addition to conveying that the dialogue agent is mentally present and engaged with the task, referring to historical states may be crucial for enabling collaborative planning (e.g., for planning to return to a previous state, or diagnosing a past misstep). In this paper, we approach the problem of spatial memory in a multi-modal spoken dialogue system capable of answering questions about interaction history in a physical blocks world setting. This work builds upon a full spatial question-answering pipeline consisting of a vision system, speech input and output mediated by an animated avatar, a dialogue system that robustly interprets spatial queries, and a constraint solver that derives answers based on 3-D spatial modelling. The contributions of this work include a symbolic dialogue context registering knowledge about discourse history and changes in the world, as well as a natural language understanding module capable of interpreting free-form historical questions and querying the dialogue context to form an answer.
Patterns of Nodal Metastases and Predictors of Occult Disease in HPV-Associated Oropharynx Cancer:

ObjectiveFor human papilloma virus–associated oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma (HPV+ OPSCC), we evaluated the distribution of neck-level lymph node (LN) metastasis, based on postsurgical histopat...
Reliability of Performing Multiparametric Ultrasound in Adult Livers.

Purpose The aim of the study was to test inter-observer and intra-observer reliability of measuring multiparametric ultrasound in adult livers. Methods We prospectively measured shear wave velocity (SWV, m/s), shear wave dispersion slope (SWD, m/s/kHz), attenuation coefficient (ATI, dB/cm/MHz), normalized local variance (NLV), and echo intensity ratio of liver to kidney (L/K ratio) in 21 adults who underwent liver magnetic resonance imaging-proton density fat fraction (MRI-PDFF). Intraclass correlation coefficient and 95% Bland-Altman limits of agreement (95% LOA) were used to analyze intra- and inter-observer reproducibility. Results Based on liver MRI-PDFF, 21 participants (8 men and 13 women, mean age 55 years) were divided into group 1 (11 normal livers, MRI-PDFF .05), based on a two-tailed t-test. Conclusions The results suggest that the repeatability and reproducibility for measuring liver SWV, ATI, and NLV are moderate to excellent, while those for SWD and L/K ratio are poor. Standardized machine settings, scanning protocols, and operator training are suggested in performing multiparametric ultrasound of the liver.
Patient-Reported Outcomes After Treatment Discontinuation: Commercial Clinical Trial Data From Four Cancer Types.

Abstract Objectives How frequently patient-reported outcome (PRO) data are collected in commercial cancer clinical trials after treatment discontinuation and the quality of that data are poorly understood. We reviewed treatment discontinuation follow-up PRO data collection to learn about trials collecting these data and understand data quality. The review included 4 cancer types representing potential for long- (prostate cancer), medium-/long- (breast cancer), and short-term (pancreatic cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma) follow-up owing to disease trajectory. Methods We reviewed registration trials in US Food and Drug Administration databases between January 2010 and January 2019. Protocols were reviewed to determine whether PROs were collected and, if so, whether these included the follow-up phase. Clinical study reports were reviewed when follow-up PROs were collected to determine completion rates. Results were summarized using descriptive analyses. Results Of the 46 trials containing PRO data, 46% had at least 1 follow-up PRO assessment. Follow-up schedules of assessment were wide ranging; the first assessment occurred between 30 days and 6 months after stopping treatment with follow-up for as long as 3 years. PRO completion rates were reported in 57% of 21 trials; at the first follow-up assessment, completion rates for the treatment arm ranged from 38% to 91% and from 41% to 100% in the control arm. Conclusions The quality of the follow-up PRO data, based on completion rates, was variable, as was the duration of follow-up. A clear research objective should be developed for follow-up PRO data, accounting for patient burden. If PRO data are collected, monitoring should be implemented to improve completion because poor completion limits data use in the benefit-risk assessment.
Teaching Research Writing to Undergraduates in Political Science and Public Administration in the Online Environment

Teaching methods and research writing is a challenge, especially online. As more institutions shift curriculum, by choice or mandate due to public mandate, online faculty teaching research methods and writing must examine the barriers and approaches to effectively translate this topic online. This transition is a tough task that I struggled with when asked to teach undergraduates. Based on three courses and a mound of trial and error, this chapter details these barriers and myths in online learning and methods and suggests ways to turn technology into a benefit. Creating a flipped classroom online, suggesting data assignments, and formatting online content well can turn these online methods and research writing courses into a positive for these undergraduate students.
Changes in microbial composition, diversity, and functionality in the Amblyomma maculatum microbiome following infection with Rickettsia parkeri

Background Ticks are the primary vectors for emerging and resurging pathogens of public health significance worldwide. Examining tick bacterial composition, diversity, and functionality across developmental stages and tissues is necessary for designing new strategies to control ticks and prevent tick-borne diseases. Methods A high-throughput sequencing approach was used to determine the influence of blood meal and Rickettsia parkeri infection on changes in Amblyomma maculatum microbiome composition, diversity, and functionality across the developmental timeline and in different tissues. Quantitative insight into microbial ecology analysis allowed us to determine microbial population structure, composition, and diversity. A non-metric multidimensional scaling, the sparse correlations for compositional data (SparCC) module, and phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states 2 (PICRUSt2) software were used in the assessment. Results The Amblyomma maculatum microbiome comprises ten bacterial genera present across tick life cycle stages. Among the top ten bacterial genera (the core tick microbiome), Rickettsia, Francisella, and Candidatus_Midichloria are the key players, with positive interactions within each developmental stage and adult tick organ tested. The bacterial abundances, based on the number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs), increase with blood meal in each stage, helping bacterial floral growth. The growth in bacterial numbers is related to highly abundant energy metabolism orthologs with blood meal, according to functional analysis. Whereas R. parkeri had a positive correlation with Candidatus_Midichloria during the tick life cycle, based on the increased number of OTUs and network analysis, this was due to an increased level of metabolic activity. Interestingly, R. parkeri replaces Francisella, based on the lower level of OTUs representing Francisella in R. parkeri-infected ticks (in all stages/organs) and negatively correlated according to network and linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe). Conclusions We found that Rickettsia and Francisella predominate in the core microbiome of the Gulf Coast tick, whereas Candidatus_Midichloria and Cutibacterium levels increase with infection. Network analysis and functional annotation suggest that R. parkeri interacts positively with Candidatus Midichloria and negatively with Francisella and that metabolic profiles are upregulated with blood meal and R. parkeri infection. Overall, this is the first study to determine the combinatorial outcome of blood meal and pathogen interaction on microbiome composition over the developmental stages of Am. maculatum. This new study expands on our existing knowledge of the Am. maculatum microbiome and further highlights the need to investigate pathogen and symbiont interactions between R. parkeri and Francisella or Candidatus_Midichloria to facilitate the development of strategies for controlling tick-transmitted diseases.
Essential Issues and Possible Solutions in High-Level Synthesis

CAD technology has been very successful in the last ten years. CAD tools for layout and logic design have been exceptionally successful to the point that they dominate system and chip design methodologies throughout the industry in the U.S. and abroad. This widespread methodology consists of manually refining product specifications through system and chip architecture until the design is finally captured on the logic level and simulated. Standard—cell methodology and tools were developed for easy mapping of logic—level design into IC layout. Because of the huge investment in CAD tools, equipment and training, many people believe that this trend will continue by providing more sophisticated CAD tools for capture, simulation and synthesis of logic—level designs.
ROSAT PSPC Observations of the Richest (R ⩾ 2) ACO Clusters

We have compiled an X-ray catalog of optically selected rich clusters of galaxies observed by the Position Sensitive Proportional Counter (PSPC) during the pointed GO phase of the ROSAT mission. This paper contains a systematic X-ray analysis of 150 clusters with an optical richness classification of R ≥ 2 from the Abell, Corwin, & Olowin (ACO) catalog. All clusters were observed within 45' of the optical axis of the telescope during pointed PSPC observations. For each cluster, we calculate: the net 0.5-2.0 keV PSPC count rate (or 4 σ upper limit) in a 1 Mpc radius aperture, 0.5-2.0 keV flux and luminosity, bolometric luminosity, and X-ray centroid. The cluster sample is then used to examine correlations between the X-ray and optical properties of clusters, derive the X-ray luminosity function of clusters with different optical classifications, and obtain a quantitative estimate of contamination (i.e., the fraction of clusters with an optical richness significantly overestimated due to interloping galaxies) in the ACO catalog. Because of the large field of view of the PSPC, many rich clusters were serendipitously observed during the GO phase of the ROSAT mission. Of the 150 clusters in our sample, 82 were observed serendipitously and 68 were targeted observations. The overall detection rate of serendipitously observed clusters is quite high at 76%. However, the detection rate is sensitive to the optical properties of clusters, and the details of the optical selection process. For example, all serendipitously observed Bautz-Morgan type I and type I-II clusters are detected, while only 71% of Bautz-Morgan type II, type II-III, and type III clusters are detected. Beyond z ≈ 0.1, 83% of the observed Abell clusters are detected, compared to only 60% of southern ACO clusters. Due to the long integration times in pointed PSPC observations, the typical X-ray luminosity threshold for detection is quite low at ~ 1043 ergs s-1 for clusters within z = 0.2. This luminosity is more characteristic of an X-ray luminous group rather than a rich cluster. The nondetected clusters must therefore be either highly unrelaxed systems or have an optical richness that is significantly overestimated due to contamination by interloping galaxies. We show that the later possibility is more likely, since low X-ray luminosity clusters are preferentially found in denser cluster environments compared with X-ray luminous clusters. This contrast in cluster environment makes low X-ray luminosity clusters more susceptible to galaxy contamination than luminous systems. The fraction of clusters less luminous than an X-ray luminous group is thus a direct quantitative measure of contamination in the ACO catalog. We also find that the X-ray luminosity function of Abell clusters is not consistent with that of southern ACO clusters. Only by comparing R ≥ 2 Abell clusters with R ≥ 3 southern ACO clusters can we obtain consistency in their X-ray properties. This indicates that the optical richness of southern ACO clusters is overestimated by about 1 richness class.
A performance analysis of evolutionary pattern search with generalized mutation steps

Evolutionary pattern search algorithms (EPSAs) are a class of evolutionary algorithms (EAs) that have stationary-point convergence guarantees on a broad class of nonconvex continuous problems. We have analyzed the empirical performance of EPSAs. This paper revisits that analysis and extends it to a more general model of mutation. We evaluate experimentally how the choice of the set of mutation offsets affects optimization performance for EPSAs. In addition, we compare EPSAs to self-adaptive EAs with respect to robustness and rate of optimization. All experiments employ a suite of test functions representing a range of modality and number of multiple minima.
Semilattices of bisimple inverse semigroups

The purpose of this paper is to give a structure for a semigroup which is a semilattice of bisimple inverse semigroups and satisfies certain conditions. For such a semigroup, we characterize the idempotent separating congruences.
Intertidal fish communities may make poor indicators of environmental quality: Lessons from a study of mangrove habitat modification

Abstract Utilization of fish as indicators of environmental quality in estuarine systems has received much recent attention, although some results have raised questions about using these taxa for such a role. We attempted to identify a fish response to a horticultural practice which removes portions of mangrove forest canopy to create unobstructed vistas. Fish were sampled monthly from six pairs of sites within the mangrove-forested intertidal zone of Rookery Bay, FL over two years. Following a first year of baseline sampling, the mangroves in one site from each pair of sites were pruned in accordance to Florida State law (Mangrove Trimming and Preservation Act of 1996), resulting in a mean 46% and 50% reduction in canopy coverage and litter fall, respectively. However neither the abundance nor species composition of fish in trimmed versus control plots were significantly different (Two-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA's for paired plot differences in fish density and biomass; nonmetric multidimensional scaling, and ANOSIM) suggesting that fish did not respond to mangrove canopy damage. Our results show that due to rather high spatial and temporal variability in fish abundance, it would be difficult to detect any but extreme changes of these taxa in the mangrove intertidal zone, and this may be a common feature of the fish communities of mangrove intertidal zones and other coastal systems. We suggest that improved use of fish as indicators of intertidal habitat quality would benefit from improved information on environmental factors which determine fish distribution and abundance in these areas. Moreover, since a majority of the fish in the intertidal zone is habitat generalists, we propose that individual-level measures of fish response to habitat quality may be more effective than fish abundance.
Human Cystinosis: Intracellular Deposition of Cystine

Membrane-limited inclusions were found in the cytoplasm of cells of the rectal mucosa, leukocytes, and cultured fibroblasts from two humans with cystinosis. Most of the inclusions contained amorphous material, presumably cystine. In cells of the rectal mucosa the material appeared frequently crystallized. This was rarely seen in leukocytes, and never in cultured fibroblasts. The fact that acid phosphatase could be demonstrated consistently in the organelles responsible for sequestration of cystine indicates that they are lysosomes.
Structure of the polycomb group protein PCGF1 in complex with BCOR reveals basis for binding selectivity of PCGF homologs

Polycomb-group RING finger homologs (PCGF1, PCGF2, PCGF3, PCGF4, PCGF5, and PCGF6) are critical components in the assembly of distinct Polycomb repression complex 1 (PRC1)-related complexes. Here, we identify a protein interaction domain in BCL6 corepressor, BCOR, which binds the RING finger- and WD40-associated ubiquitin-like (RAWUL) domain of PCGF1 (NSPC1) and PCGF3 but not of PCGF2 (MEL18) or PCGF4 (BMI1). Because of the selective binding, we have named this domain PCGF Ub-like fold discriminator (PUFD). The structure of BCOR PUFD bound to PCGF1 reveals that (1) PUFD binds to the same surfaces as observed for a different Polycomb group RAWUL domain and (2) the ability of PUFD to discriminate among RAWULs stems from the identity of specific residues within these interaction surfaces. These data show the molecular basis for determining the binding preference for a PCGF homolog, which ultimately helps determine the identity of the larger PRC1-like assembly.
Phases and microstructures of carbon-implanted niobium

Polycrystalline niobium was implanted with 200, 100, and 50 keV carbon ions to create a uniform distribution of carbon over a thickness of about 0.25 ..mu..m. Samples implanted with calculated carbon content of 0.6, 1.9, 5.8, and 16 atomic percent were prepared, and the uniformity of the carbon distribution with depth was confirmed by Auger electron spectroscopy analysis. Glancing-angle x-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the phases and microstructures formed. The results indicated that no detectable second phases were present except on the surfaces where an amorphous phase and many particles were formed from contamination. Despite the low equilibrium solubility limit of carbon in Nb, we have created metastable solid solutions of Nb and C with carbon contents as high as 16 at.%. 7 refs., 5 figs., 1 tab.
Attribution Theory as a guide for post-crisis communication research

Abstract The field of crisis communication is poised to take the next in its evolution. Now is the time to move beyond the limits of the case study methods that shape the field's development and shift to empirical methods. As the field matures, crisis managers need recommendations that are based on scientifically tested evidence rather than speculation. The argument for scientifically tested evidence for action is based on the evidence-based in management and medicine. This article discusses the role Attribution Theory has played and can continue to play in building scientifically tested evidence for crisis managers as well as providing an integrative mechanism for the diverse crisis research that spans a variety of disciplines.
Molecular Modeling in Mineralogy and Geochemistry

“A theory is something nobody believes, except the person who made it. An experiment is something everybody believes, except the person who made it.” Attributed to Albert Einstein “A theory has only the alternative of being right or wrong. A model has a third possibility: it may be right, but irrelevant.” Manfred Eigen At what underlying fundamental level of understanding does geosciences research need to attain in order to evaluate the complex processes that control the weathering rate of silicate minerals? To investigate the formation of ore deposits and oil reservoirs, or the leaching of mine tailings into watersheds and the eventual contamination of groundwater? To predict the crustal deformation of long-term underground waste storage sites, or the stability of lower mantle phases and their effect on seismic signals? Or, for that matter, to examine tectonic uplift and cooling rates associated with orogenies? These and numerous other examples from mineralogy and geochemistry often require an understanding of atomic-level processes to identify the fundamental properties and mechanisms that control the thermodynamics and kinetics of Earth materials. Molecular models are often invoked to supplement field observations, experimental measurements, and spectroscopy. Theoretical methods provide a powerful complement for the experimentalist, especially with recent trends in which atomic-scale measurements are being made at synchrotron and other high-energy source facilities throughout the world. Such analytical methods and facilities have matured to such an extent that mineralogists and geochemists routinely probe Earth materials to evaluate bulk, surface, defect, intergranular, compositional, isotopic, long-range, local, order-disorder, electronic, and magnetic structures. Molecular modeling theory provides a means to help interpret the field and experimental observation, and to discriminate among various competing models to explain the macroscopic observation. And ultimately, molecular modeling provides the basis for prediction to further test the validity of the scientific hypothesis. This is especially significant …
The incidence of allergic aspergillosis in chronic asthma.

Abstract Hinson and colleagues 1 described bronchopulmonary infections with Aspergillus fumigatus associated with chronic asthma, expectoration of brown plugs containing mycelia, fever, transient pulmonary infiltrates, and sputum and blood eosinophilia. Several series of cases of allergic aspergillosis accompanied by positive skin tests and precipitating antibody have been reported from England. In Baltimore from December, 1964, to June, 1966, 53 patients with chronic asthma were studied during exacerbations to determine the incidence and significance of Aspergillus infection. An additional patient was referred with the clinical diagnosis of aspergillosis. Sputum from only 2 patients grew A. fumigatus on more than one occasion. In the referred patient, Aspergillus undoubtedly represented a complication of bronchiectasis, but the accompanying wheezing, fever, sputum eosinophilia, and positive skin test indicated an allergic response. The other patient presented the characteristic clinical features of the syndrome of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis except mycelia in the sputum. Allergic pulmonary aspergillosis in the course of chronic or recurrent asthma appears to be infrequent in the Maryland area.
Solubility of anthracene in the seven-component liquid system 1-propanol+2-propanol+1-butanol+2-butanol+cyclohexane+heptane+2,2,4-trimethylpentane at 298.15 K

Abstract The solubility of anthracene in the seven-component liquid system 1-propanol+2-propanol+1-butanol+2-butanol+cyclohexane+heptane+2,2,4-trimethylpentane at 298.15 K was calculated and compared to measured values. The agreement was excellent, better than 1% at all compositions studied. The eight component system requires seven binary interaction parameters anthracene+solvent, and 21 binary interaction parameters between the solvents. All the solvent+solvent interaction parameters are positive, thus increasing the solubility in the large system. The solubility is determined 80% by the seven anthracene+solvent interactions, and 20% by the 21 solvent+solvent interaction parameters.
Select pyrimidinones inhibit the propagation of the malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum

Plasmodium falciparum, the Apicomplexan parasite that is responsible for the most lethal forms of human malaria, is exposed to radically different environments and stress factors during its complex lifecycle. In any organism, Hsp70 chaperones are typically associated with tolerance to stress. We therefore reasoned that inhibition of P. falciparum Hsp70 chaperones would adversely affect parasite homeostasis. To test this hypothesis, we measured whether pyrimidinone-amides, a new class of Hsp70 modulators, could inhibit the replication of the pathogenic P. falciparum stages in human red blood cells. Nine compounds with IC(50) values from 30 nM to 1.6 micrOM were identified. Each compound also altered the ATPase activity of purified P. falciparum Hsp70 in single-turnover assays, although higher concentrations of agents were required than was necessary to inhibit P. falciparum replication. Varying effects of these compounds on Hsp70s from other organisms were also observed. Together, our data indicate that pyrimidinone-amides constitute a novel class of anti-malarial agents.
Failure of amorphous polystyrene

The failure behaviour of amorphous polystyrene was studied in methanol and ambient air under constant load and strain rate conditions. The good correlation found between fracture mechanics theory and the test results of both crazing and fracture indicates that fracture mechanics theory can be used in predicting failure of amorphous polystyrene. From the fracture mechanics analysis of the results it is inferred that the kinetics associated with craze initiation and crack propagation are similar and that the inherent flaw responsible for failure first initiates the craze in which a crack is then formed. Both the distribution of inherent flaws and the kinetics of crazing and fracture are dependent on the test environment.
Deuterated abscisic acid analogs for mass spectrometry and metabolism studies

Four analogs of abscisic acid (ABA) with deuterium atoms at non-exchangeable positions have been synthesized to be used as standards for quantitation of the plant hormone ABA by mass spectrometry and also to be employed as substrates for metabolism studies. Deuterium atoms were introduced in the side chain of the molecule, at C-4 and/or C-5, by deuteride or hydride reduction of a propargylic alcohol, an intermediate in the synthesis. As well, deuterium labels were introduced at the C-8′ position by conjugate addition of a Grignard reagent containing the label to a cyclohexadienone intermediate, affording specific isotopically labeled ABA molecules with one to five deuterium atoms. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do consumers who conduct online research also post online reviews? A model of the relationship between online research and review posting behavior

The purpose of the research is to investigate whether consumers who conduct online product research also more likely to post online product reviews. An information theory-based classification algorithm is used to estimate the likelihood of a consumer posting an online review conditional on having conducted online product research. Data from a nationally representative probability sample of American internet users are used to estimate the model. The results indicate that the characteristics of consumers who have a greater propensity to conduct online product research but a lower tendency to post online product reviews differ substantially from those who are more likely to post online product reviews but less likely to conduct online product research. The research is important because the degree to which consumers who conduct online product research are similar to those who post online product reviews can be used to track the effectiveness of online word-of-mouth marketing campaigns.
Sensory gating of the P13 midlatency auditory evoked potential and the startle response in the rat.

Abstract The human P1/P50 midlatency auditory evoked potential and the startle response (SR) have been used as measures of sensory and sensorimotor gating, respectively. In the present study, both prepulse and paired stimulus paradigms were used in order to investigate the relationship between sensory gating mechanisms of the P13 potential, the putative rodent equivalent of the P1 potential, and those of the SR. In addition, these were compared to the properties of the N40 potential, another measure of sensory gating. Simultaneous recordings from the vertex (P13 potential and N40 potential) and neck musculature (SR) showed that (1) in a prepulse paradigm, increasing the intensity of the prepulse or decreasing the interstimulus interval resulted in increased inhibition of the P13 potential, N40 potential (to a lesser degree) and the SR (to a greater degree), (2) when using a low signal-to-noise ratio between the prepulse intensity and the background level, prepulse inhibition of the SR was reduced or absent while that of the P13 potential was present, (3) the amplitude of the `prepulse evoked' P13 potential was significantly correlated with prepulse inhibition of the P13 potential, the N40 potential and the SR, (4) in a paired identical stimulus paradigm, decreasing the interstimulus interval resulted in increased habituation of the P13 potential, N40 potential (to a lesser degree) and the SR, and (5) increasing the intensity of the paired stimulation resulted in increased habituation of the P13 potential and the N40 potential (to a lesser degree), but not of the SR. These results demonstrate the presence of prepulse inhibition of the P13 potential, the N40 potential and the SR in a parallel manner, but show certain specific differences in their responses to parametric changes.
Dynamical Forecast Experiments with a Barotropic Open Ocean Model

Abstract The initial/boundary value problem for the barotropic version of a quasi-geostrophic open ocean model which requires normal flow everywhere on the boundary and vorticity on the inflow is studied. Parameter dependencies and sensitivities are determined for dynamical forecast experiments carried out over a 500 square kilometer domain with data simulated to represent the mid-ocean eddy field at 1500 m. The computational rms forecast error due to open boundary conditions is kept to 5% after one year of integration. Errors, gaps and noise are then introduced into the boundary and initial condition data. Objective analysis is introduced for mapping coarsely-distributed data onto the computational grid, and vorticity is derived from the streamfunction by several methods. Forecast error is sensitive to the frequency of updating of boundary data, but generally insensitive to vorticity errors. A simulated forecast experiment with composite error sources representative of feasible oceanic conditions is carr...
Self‐Perceptions of Adolescents With and Without Mood Disorder: Content and Structure

This study compared the self-perceptions of three groups of adolescents: one group with conduct disorder, a second group comorbid with both mood and conduct disorder, and a third group of normal controls. Results indicated that the three groups differed on several domains of self-perception, with each group reporting perceived strengths and weaknesses. Second-order principal component analyses revealed differences across groups in the structure of their self-perceptions. Finally, regression analyses indicated that self-perceptions share variance with a mixture of internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Results are discussed from a clinical-developmental perspective.
Grain boundary kinetics—I. In situ observations of coupled grain boundary dislocation motion, crystal translation and boundary displacement

Extensive stress-induced climb-glide motion of secondary grain boundary dislocations (SGBDs) in near-..sigma..5 grain boundaries in gold was directly observed and video recorded by means of hot-stage in-situ transmission electron microscopy. The passage of appreciable numbers of SGBDs along the boundary (N) caused a translation of the abutting crystals with respect to one another (T) and a lateral displacement of the boundary with respect to each crystal (D/sub i/). Quantitative measurements of N, T, and D/sub i/ for a number of boundaries provided unambiguous evidence that these three processes were coupled. The observed T's and D/sub i/'s were in agreement with a geometrical model involving the N's, the Burgers vectors of the moving SGBDs, and the heights of the steps which the SGBDs were expected to produce in the boundary plane. Most of the SGBDs whose motion produced the measured translations and displacements were intrinsic in nature; a minor fraction appeared to be intrinsic. The deduced SGBD-step configurations tended to be those associated with the smaller step heights possible within the framework of the ..sigma..5 CSL. Operating sources and sinks for moving SGBDs were directly observed in some of the boundaries. 18 refs., 10 figs., 1 tab.
Hearing Voices: The Uses of Research and the Politics of Change.

This article focuses on the uses of research rather than on research methods per se. It highlights a particular feminist perspective: the importance of returning the results of research to the communities from which they derive. A theoretical rationale for psychological research on social issues argues that such work is inevitably value laden; bears implications for social change; and at its best amounts to a conversation among the researcher, the participants, and the community—one that ought to continue beyond the formal research project. This position is illustrated by two research projects and the means through which their findings were communicated back to lay communities. The unusual products of the research described here—an oratorio and a documentary video—and the process of their development are discussed.
Temporal contiguity requirements for long-term associative potentiation/depression in the hippocampus

Abstract A previous study utilizing the powerful ipsilateral and weak crossed projection from the entorhinal cortex to the dentate gyrus in the rat revealed that long-term potentiation is an associative process in these systems. If the weak crossed projection alone receives potentiating stimulation consisting of 8 high-frequency trains 17.5 ms in duration, it does not exhibit long-term potentiation. However, long-term potentiation can be induced in the crossed projection if it is activated concurrently with the converging ipsilateral system. The present study is designed to determine the degree of synchrony required for the associative interactions by varying the timing and order of the potentiating trains delivered to the two converging systems. The associative induction of long-term potentiation does not require perfectly synchronous activation of the converging systems. The order of the trains is crucial, however. Long-term potentiation of the crossed projection can be induced if activity in the ipsilateral system is concurrent with or follows activity in the crossed projection. Indeed, there can be as much as 20ms between the 17.5ms trains in the two systems, and long-term potentiation of the crossed projection is still induced. Activation of the ipsilateral system that precedes activation of the crossed system depresses the responses evoked by the crossed system. If potentiating stimulation of the ipsilateral system follows activation of the crossed projection by too long an interval (200 ms, for example), then the crossed projection is depressed rather than potentiated. These results are discussed with regard to the nature of the associative process permissive for the induction of long-term potentiation and lead us to the conclusion that perfect temporal contiguity is not a requirement of this prototypical elemental memory unit.
Application of orthogonal transforms in the enhancement of images in the presence of additive noise

Abstract The application of orthogonal transforms in the enfiancement of noisy images is considered. The performance of the Haar, Fourier and the Walsh-Hadamard transforms in such image enhancement is compared using simulated noisy images. Based both on subjective evaluations and a consideration of the mean square error between the original and enhanced images, the Haar transform is shown to be superior to the Fourier and Walsh-Hadamard transforms for the particular examples considered. In addition, the utility of the Haar transform is enhanced by the smaller number of computations involved in its digital implementation and lower storage requirement.
Numerical Simulation of Operational-Shock in Small Form Factor Hard Disk Drives

As nontraditional applications of hard disk drives emerge, their mechanical robustness during the operating state is of greater concern. Over the past few years, there has been an increasing application of small form factor (1 in. and smaller) hard disk drives in portable consumer appliances and gadgets. A procedure for simulating the operational shock response of a disk-suspension-slider air bearing system is proposed in this paper. A coupled structural-fluid model is presented which can be used to obtain the dynamic response of the slider-suspension-disk system. A commercial program, ANSYS, is used for the finite element models of the suspension and the disk, while the CML dynamic air bearing code is used to concurrently solve the air bearing equations of the system. We obtain not only the responses of the structural components, but also the responses of the air bearing slider. The procedure is convenient for practical application as well as being highly accurate, since it implicitly solves the structural and air bearing problems simultaneously. It is used to simulate the shock response of a I in. drive. The air bearing has different responses for upward and downward shocks (which are referred to as positive and negative shocks, respectively). For negative shocks, slider-disk contacts are observed to occur when a strong shock is applied, however, the air bearing does not collapse. For positive shocks, we observe a collapse of the air bearing when the shock is sufficiently strong, which is followed by severe contacts between the slider and the disk due to the "head-slap" phenomenon.
The Oncomouse That Roared: Hybrid Exchange Strategies as a Source of Distinction at the Boundary of Overlapping Institutions1

Conventional wisdom suggests that when institutional logics overlap, the production of hybrids signifies collapse, blending, or easy coexistence. The author provides an alternative interpretation: hybrids can maintain a distinctive boundary and can emerge from contestation, not coexistence. This alternative interpretation is grounded in an analysis of a critical moment at the academic‐commercial boundary: the enforcement of patents to a key technology on academic geneticists. In their reaction to commercial encroachment, skilled actors (scientists) took the resources of the commercial logic and transformed their meaning to establish hybrid strategies that preserved the distinctive institutions. Thus, hybrids must be reconsidered as emerging from conflict and produced through boundary work to maintain the distinction and resilience of logics.
CONCENTRATION POLARIZATION OCCURRING INSIDE THE MEMBRANE DURING STEADY STATE PERVAPORATION

Abstract Experimental profiles of a single penetrant (water) across the membrane have been established at different downstream pressures during steady state pervaporation. The profiles ofacetic acid-water binary penetrant system across the membrane were also measured at different downstream pressures, temperatures and compositions during steady state pervaporation. A stack of identical pre-characterized symmetric aromatic polyamide membranes was used for the profile study. The theoretical prediction of concentration polarization from mathematical equations has been confirmed by the experimental profile data for a binary penetrant system.
Microgrid communications: State of the art and future trends

Communication systems architecture, protocols, and tools are essential in microgrid implementation to ensure stable, reliable, and optimal operation. This paper reviews technological developments related to microgrid communication system protocols and standards. The physical layers applicable to microgrid communications are described. Research efforts in the area of microgrid communication are summarized and discussed. Potential future work is suggested based on the status of microgrid communications research.
THE ETHICAL PROBLEMS WITH SHAM SURGERY IN CLINICAL RESEARCH

The recent use of sham surgery in randomized, controlled trials raises three critical questions about research involving human subjects. The first question concerns the tension between the highest ...
Neuroimmunology and inflammation: implications for therapy of allergic and autoimmune diseases

Objectives To review concepts of neuroendocrinoimmunology and provide an overview of the role of immune dysregulation, stress, and the understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of allergic and autoimmune diseases. Data Sources Articles include original research papers, review articles, and references identified from the bibliographies of pertinent articles. Results Neuroendocrine hormones triggered during stress may lead to immune dysregulation or altered or amplified cytokine production, resulting in atopic, autoimmune diseases or decreased host defense. Various types of transmitter substances of the neuroendocrine-immune (NEI) network include epinephrine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide, glucagon, insulin, cytokines, growth factors, and numerous other mediators. The stress response and induction of a dysregulation of cytokine balance can trigger the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system. Disorders in which abnormalities in immune function are mediated by the NEI network include allergic diseases: allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and gastro-intestinal allergies and asthma through overproduction of neuropeptides and cytokines. The multiple roles of Th 2 cells in maintaining allergic inflammation and altering the balance between Th 1 and Th 2 responses are important mechanisms for allergic inflammation and tissue damage. In addition, several autoimmune diseases mediated by NEI network such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and diabetes mellitus can be attributable to immune dysregulation. Conclusions Understanding the NEI network will contribute to novel treatments for immediate and late allergic reactions. Chronic stress or depression could lead to decreased host defenses, decreased response to vaccines, viral susceptibility, or malignancy. Treatment of allergic, autoimmune diseases and asthma should include stress management and behavioral intervention to prevent stress-related immune imbalances.
UNCERTAIN SOCIOECONOMIC PROJECTIONS USED IN TRAVEL DEMAND AND EMISSIONS MODELS: COULD PLAUSIBLE ERRORS RESULT IN AIR QUALITY NONCONFORMITY?

Abstract A sensitivity analysis of plausible errors in population, employment, fuel price, and income projections is conducted using the travel demand and emissions models of the Sacramento, CA, USA, region for their transportation plan. The results of the analyses indicate that plausible error ranges for household income and fuel prices are not a significant source of uncertainty with respect to the region's travel demand and emissions projections. However, plausible errors in population and employment projections (within approximately one standard deviation) may result in the region's transportation plan not meeting the conformity test for nitrogens of oxides (NO x ) in the year 2005 (i.e., an approximately 16% probability). This outcome is also possible in the year 2015 but less likely (within approximately two standard deviations or a 2.5% probability). Errors in socioeconomic projections are only one of many sources of error in travel demand and emissions models. These results have several policy implications. First, regions like Sacramento that meet their conformity tests by a very small margin should rethink new highway investment and consider contingency transportation plans that incorporate more aggressive emissions reduction policies. Second, regional transportation planning agencies should conduct sensitivity analyses as part of their conformity analysis to make explicit significant uncertainties in the methods and to identify the probability of their transportation plan not conforming. Third, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) should clarify the interpretation of “demonstrate” conformity of transportation plans; that is, specify the level of certainty that it considers a sufficient demonstration of conformity.
BLIND SPOTS IN INDUSTRY AND COMPETITOR ANALYSIS: IMPLICATIONS OF INTERFIRM (MIS)PERCEPTIONS FOR STRATEGIC DECISIONS

This article bridges the literatures on competitor analysis and strategic decision making by (1) introducing the notion of competitive decision making into the strategic decision-making literature and (2) embedding this notion into a framework of industry and competitor analysis. The article shows that decision makers typically have specific “blind spots” when they consider the contingent decisions of competitors. The article identifies these blind spots and discusses how they may explain persistent, commonly observed phenomena such as industry overcapacity, new business entry failures, and acquisition premiums.