cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increased branching of basal dendrites on pyramidal neurons in the occipital cortex of homozygous Brattleboro rats in standard and enriched environmental conditions: a Golgi study.

Abstract As a continuation of our previous reports in a series of studies on the brain of Brattleboro rats, the branching of basal dendrites of pyramidal neurons in the upper layers of the occipital cortex was quantified in three groups of male heterozygous and homozygous Brattleboro rats. One group raised in standard environmental conditions was killed at 60 days of age, and another from standard conditions was killed at 90 days of age. A third group from enriched environmental conditions was killed at 90 days of age after 30 days of enrichment. Comparing the two types of Brattleboro rats, the homozygous rats showed significantly more total dendritic branching segments per neuron in both the 60-day-old standard condition group and the 90-day-old enriched group. A similar measure (segments per primary branch) was also significantly greater in homozygous than in heterozygous rats at 60 days of age. In the 90-day-old enriched group, the homozygous rats showed a trend toward more segments per primary branch than the heterozygous rats. The results suggest that the complete absence of vasopressin produces metabolic effects which, at certain ages or in certain environmental conditions, increase the branching of basal dendrites of pyramidal neurons in the upper layers of the occipital cortex.
Expression of retinoid-responsive genes occurs in colorectal carcinoma-derived cells irrespective of the presence of resistance to all-trans retinoic acid

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Retinoids are metabolized in human intestinal epithelial cells to all-trans retinoic acid; however, it is unknown whether these cells express retinoid receptors, and whether sensitivity or resistance to the hormone is associated with a particular pattern of expression of retinoid-responsive genes. METHODS Northern blot analysis and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to identify mRNAs for retinoid receptors. Both Relative RT-PCR and transfection of retinoid-inducible plasmid were applied to test functionality of the pathway in a model system for colorectal carcinoma progression (primary SW480, all-trans retinoic acid-sensitive cells vs. metastatic SW620, -insensitive cells). RESULTS Three colorectal carcinoma-derived cell lines were inhibited by the hormone. Retinoic acid receptor type alpha (hRAR alpha) and retinoid X receptor type alpha (hRXR alpha) mRNAs were detected in normal enterocytes, colonocytes, and in all colorectal carcinoma-derived cells studied. Primary carcinomas and metastatic lesions expressed high amounts of hRAR alpha receptor protein, showing no simple correlation between the amounts of mRNA and receptor protein. No pattern of expression of the retinoid-responsive genes was associated with sensitivity or resistance to the retinoid. Expression of the genes occurred irrespective of resistance to the hormone or inactivity of the pathway. CONCLUSIONS Colonocytes possess a molecular system for transduction of the retinoid signal. All-trans retinoic acid modifies gene expression and inhibits proliferation of these cells. Therefore, retinoids are likely to be effective in chemoprevention of colorectal carcinoma.
OVERLEARNING AND SPEEDED PRACTICE IN SPELLING INSTRUCTION

The effects of overlearning (practice beyond mastery) and speeded practice in spelling instruction were examined in a sample of 93 undergraduates. Spelling instruction that included speeded practice during overlearning trials facilitated spelling performance on both immediate and 3-wk. delayed posttests.
Enhancing recruitment of African-American families into genetic research: lessons learned from Project SuGar

Despite some recruitment success in biomedical research among minorities, participation by African-American families into research, specifically genetic research, is lower than Caucasian families (Bowen and Penchaszadeh Community Genet 11:189–190, 2008). Such low participation rates by African-Americans prevent the exploration of specific ethnic differences in patterns of diseases and diminish the identification of specific disease risks among ethnic groups (Bowen and Penchaszadeh Community Genet 11:189–190, 2008). Although African-Americans are heterogeneous, few studies exist to describe effective recruitment strategies across diverse African-American populations, and even fewer studies share effective strategies for the enrollment of African-American families into genetic research. A process evaluation of recruitment strategies used by Project SuGar (a community-based genetic research study focusing on families affected by type 2 diabetes) to enroll African-American families into genetic research was conducted. Our goal was to enroll 400 affected African-American families, and our results yielded 672 families, (n = 672). Our success can be attributed to the formation of a Citizen Advisory Committee, recruitment style, flexible protocol, and formal agreement with community health centers. We found that African-American families will participate in research and that providing tangible benefits to the community and utilizing a sense of patience can enhance positive recruitment results. Data from this study may be used to recruit geographically isolated families into genetic research.
Morphine responses and experimental pain: sex differences in side effects and cardiovascular responses but not analgesia.

Abstract Sex differences in analgesic responses to μ opioid agonists have been reported, although the direction of these differences varies across studies. To further characterize sex differences in responses to μ opioids, the analgesic effects of intravenous morphine (0.08 mg/kg) were determined in healthy women (n = 61) and men (n = 39) by using 3 experimental pain models, heat pain, pressure pain, and ischemic pain. Each pain procedure was conducted before and after double-blind administration of both morphine and saline, which occurred on separate days in counterbalanced order. Although morphine produced significant analgesic effects for all pain stimuli, no significant sex differences in morphine analgesia emerged. However, morphine attenuated cardiovascular reactivity to the ischemic pain task in men but not women, and women reported significantly more drug-related adverse effects than men. These findings are in contrast with some recent clinical and experimental results suggesting more robust analgesic response to μ opioids among women compared to men, although the data indicate that sex differences in non-analgesic effects of morphine were present. These results suggest that sex differences in responses to morphine might depend on the pain model and/or drug dose as well as the specific end point assessed. Perspective This study examines morphine responses in women and men by using laboratory pain measures. The results indicate no sex differences in analgesia, but women reported greater side effects, and morphine attenuated cardiovascular responses more strongly among men than women. These results add to the literature regarding sex differences in response to opioids.
FLEXURAL INTENSITY MEASUREMENT ON FINITE PLATES USING MODAL SPECTRUM IDEAL FILTERING

Abstract Flexural intensities on various plate-like structures with arbitrary boundary conditions are calculated using measured and FEM yielded mobility. In doing so, a two-dimensional spatial Fourier transform has been implemented along with a refined k-spectral filtering concept. Intensity is decomposed into individual contributions from bending moments, twisting moments and shear forces. The source and energy sink localization and energy flow have been analyzed through these contributions. The effect of reflections from the plate edges and that of the uncorrelated noise, on the intensity, are discussed. It is shown that the width of the k -filters may have a non-negligible influence on the shape of the intensity field. Damping in the structure can efficiently control the edge reflections and therefore help to localize the energy sources and sinks. A link has been found, at certain excitation conditions, between the radiated acoustic intensity and the active flexural intensity. It is also observed that the classical method of studying the vibration transmission, using vibration amplitude measurements, does not reflect the transmitted vibration energy but rather provides information on non-propagating, reactive energy. The FEM study, further explains some of the experimental observations and suggests the possibility of applying intensity to complex analytical models.
Practical Packet Pacing in Small-Buffer Networks

The demand for more bandwidth has lead to proposals for an all-optical network core. Due to inherent constraints of optical technology, only routers with small packet buffers are feasible to be implemented. In order to ensure efficient operation of such small-buffer networks, it is necessary to ensure that traffic is less bursty than in conventional networks. We propose a novel packet pacing mechanism that can smooth traffic bursts. Our theoretical analysis shows that our pacing scheme can guarantee that queue length of routers is BIBO stable. Experimental results from our prototype implementation show the effectiveness of our pacer on in terms of reduced network congestion and improving network throughput.
Chemoprevention Trial Feasibility Using Botanicals in Exceptionally High Risk Populations for Lung Cancer

While chemoprevention with botanicals shows promise in reducing cancer risk, recruitment and retention of participants for trials continues to be costly and presents unique challenges. Knowledge of interest, willingness of target populations and evaluation of design challenges are critical to improve accrual in these chemoprevention trials. Objective: The study assessed interest and willingness of former smokers to participate in a chemoprevention trial using a botanical agent. Methods: An introductory letter and survey instrument were mailed to 609 consecutive, former heavy smokers, with no cancer, from a database of 826 subjects at the Moffitt Cancer Center. Results: 202 (40.4%) subjects returned completed surveys. 92-96% reported interest in receiving free lung exams and knowing their lung cancer risk. 88% were interested in participating in a trial evaluating a botanical agent for lung cancer prevention. Over 92% of subjects reported willingness to comply with study requirements; multiple blood draws and trips to the Center, spiral CTs and chest x-rays. Subjects were relatively less enthusiastic (73-79%) about bronchoscopy, taking multiple study agents and assignment to placebo arm. Conclusions: Our study strongly suggests feasibility, highlights potential challenges and the significant interest and willingness of this exceptionally high risk population to participate in chemoprevention trials.
Readability of patient discharge instructions with and without the use of electronically available disease-specific templates.

Objective Low health literacy is common, leading to patient vulnerability during hospital discharge, when patients rely on written health instructions. We aimed to examine the impact of the use of electronic, patient-friendly, templated discharge instructions on the readability of discharge instructions provided to patients at discharge. Materials and Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of 233 patients discharged from a large tertiary care hospital to their homes following the implementation of a web-based “discharge module,” which included the optional use of diagnosis-specific templated discharge instructions. We compared the readability of discharge instructions, as measured by the Flesch Reading Ease Level test (FREL, on a 0–100 scale, with higher scores indicating greater readability) and the Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level test (FKGL, measured in grade levels), between discharges that used templated instructions (with or without modification) versus discharges that used clinician-generated instructions (with or without available templated instructions for the specific discharge diagnosis). Results Templated discharge instructions were provided to patients in 45% of discharges. Of the 55% of patients that received clinician-generated discharge instructions, the majority (78.1%) had no available templated instruction for the specific discharge diagnosis. Templated discharge instructions had higher FREL scores (71 vs. 57, P < .001) and lower FKGL scores (5.6 vs. 7.6, P < .001), compared to clinician-generated discharge instructions. Discussion The use of electronically available templated discharge instructions was associated with better readability (a higher FREL score and a lower FKGL score) than the use of clinician-generated discharge instructions. The main reason for clinicians to create discharge instructions was the lack of available templates for the patient’s specific discharge diagnosis. Conclusions Use of electronically available templated discharge instructions may be a viable option to improve the readability of written material provided to patients at discharge, although the library of available templates requires expansion.
Determination of properties of individual liposomes by capillary electrophoresis with postcolumn laser-induced fluorescence detection

Individual liposome measurements by capillary electrophoresis with postcolumn laser-induced fluorescence detection facilitated the determination of liposome property distributions, two-dimensional plots, and an improved characterization of a liposomal preparation. This advancement in liposome analysis was feasible by using a high-sensitivity postcolumn laser-induced fluorescence detector wired for millisecond response. For each individual liposome containing fluorescein, peak height and migration time were determined. From these measurements the individual entrapped volumes and electrophoretic mobilities were determined. Distribution analysis of these properties facilitated comparison of various liposome dilutions and indicated that the method is reproducible and unaffected by the density of liposomes (107−109 liposomes/mL) in the suspension. Furthermore, liposomes showed entrapped volumes that vary from 0.3 to 13 fL with apparent radius varying from 370 nm to 1.8 μm. Two-dimensional plots of reduced mobi...
Use of a Rotating-Drum Camera for Recording Impact Loading Deformations

The details of a rotating-drum camera are described. The camera is used to record displacement-time data for short cylindrical specimens made of a rubberlike material which are subjected to compressive impact loadings lasting from 5 to 20 milliseconds. The auxiliaries to the camera are discussed in light of the particular needs of a study being conducted on the dynamic properties of plastics and rubberlike materials.
Protein storage vacuole acidification as a control of storage protein mobilization in soybeans

Soybean protease C1 (EC 3.4.21.25), the subtilisin-like serine protease that initiates the proteolysis of seed storage proteins in germinating soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill], was localized to the protein storage vacuoles of parenchyma cells in the cotyledons by immunoelectron microscopy. This was demonstrated not only in germination and early seedling growth as expected, but also in two stages of protein storage vacuole development during seed maturation. Thus, the plant places the proteolytic enzyme in the same compartment as the storage proteins, but is still able to accumulate those protein reserves. Since soybean protease C1 activity requires acidic conditions for activity, the hypothesis that the pH condition in the protein storage vacuole would support protease C1 activity in germination, but not in seed maturation, was tested. As hypothesized, acridine orange accumulation in the protein storage vacuole of storage parenchyma cells was detected by fluorescence confocal microscopy in seedlings before the onset of mobilization of reserve proteins as noted by SDS-PAGE. Accumulation of the dye was reversed by inclusion of the weak base methylamine to dissipate the pH gradient across the vacuolar membrane. Also as hypothesized, acridine orange did not accumulate in the protein storage vacuole of those parenchyma cells during seed maturation. These results were obtained using cells separated by pectolyase treatment and also using cotyledon slices.
The effect of microbubble concentration on thresholds for tissue damage produced by single bursts of high intensity ultrasound during continuous Optison/spl reg/ infusion

The presence of ultrasound contrast agent (stabilized microbubbles) during high intensity focused ultrasound insonation can reduce both the exposure intensity and duration required for producing macroscopic tissue damage. In this paper, we evaluate the enhancement produced by Optison/spl reg/ infusion at concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 /spl mu/L/kg/min. Acute canine kidneys were surgically externalized and insonified with single ultrasound exposures. The probability of tissue damage production was determined with respect to exposure intensity and duration for each concentration. As microbubble concentration increased from 0 to 10 /spl mu/L/kg/min, the requisite intensity and the requisite duration both gradually decreased. The results indicate that microbubble introduction up to 10 /spl mu/L/kg/min is effective for aiding ultrasound therapy.
Suicide among patients with schizophrenia: a consideration of risk and protective factors.

Background. The elevated rate of suicide among patients with schizophrenia is well documented and thus frequently researched. The majority of research has focused solely on the identification of risk factors that predispose patients to attempt or commit suicide. This review serves to expand on the literature pertaining to suicide risk factors by additionally outlining how protective factors may shield against suicide within this unique patient population.Methods. A literature review of English-language publications pertaining to suicide among people with schizophrenia was completed using PsychINFO and MEDLINE databases between the years of 1960–2004 and 1950–2004 respectively. Special emphasis was given to studies of risk factors and protective factors for suicide.Results. Commonly supported risk factors for suicide were identified: previous attempts, severity of illness, comorbidity, social isolation, temporal relationships, and demographic characteristics. Risk factors such as a history of violence, the...
Tissue Shrinkage With the Holmium:Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Laser A Postoperative Assessment of Tissue Length, Stiffness, and Structure

The effect of laser energy on the length, stiffness, and structure of connective tissue was examined in a rabbit patellar tendon model. A holmium:yttrium-aluminum- garnet laser was used to deliver a calculated dose of laser energy (300 J/cm2) to one randomly selected patellar tendon in each of 13 adult New Zealand White rabbits. The contralateral patellar tendon was used as a control. Radiopaque markers were placed in the patella and tibial tuberosity to allow for patellar tendon length measurements (via standard lateral radio graphs) before and after laser application and at 4 and 8 weeks. Limbs were not immobilized during the post operative period. The tendons were harvested at 0 weeks (N = 7) and 8 weeks (N = 6) and evaluated for tensile stiffness, cross-sectional area, histologic changes, and electron microscopic appearance. The results demonstrated significant tendon shrinkage (6.6% ± 1.4%) after application of the calculated laser energy dose. However, tendon length had increased significantly beyon...
Characteristics of air–water two‐phase flow in a 3‐mm smooth tube

Two-phase flow pattern and friction characteristics for an air–water system in a 3.17 mm smooth tube are reported in this study. The range of mass flux is between 50 and 700 kg/m2s. The experimental data show that the two-phase friction multipliers are strongly related to the flow pattern. For a stratified-wavy flow pattern, a mass-flux dependence of the two-phase multipliers is seen. For a non-stratified flow pattern, the two-phase frictional multipliers are comparatively independent of mass flux. Correlations of the frictional multipliers are developed for stratified and non-stratified flow. To use the appropriate correlation in different regime, a simple criterion is proposed. On decrit dans cette etude le modele d'ecoulement biphasique et les caracteristiques de friction pour le systeme air-eau dans un tube lisse de 3,17 mm. La gamme des flux massiques se situe entre 50 et 700 kg/m2.s. Les donnees experimentales montrent que les facteurs pre-multiplicateurs de friction biphasique sont fortement relies au modele d'ecoulement. On a observe une dependance au flux massique de ces facteurs dans le cas d'ecoulement stratifie-ondule. Pour les ecoulements non stratifies, les facteurs pre-multiplicateurs sont comparativement independants du flux massique. Des correlations de facteurs pre-multiplicateurs sont etablies pour l'ecoulement strati-fie et I'ecoulement non stratifie. Pour utiliser la correlation appropriee en regime different, un critere simple est propose.
The Urban Transition in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities

In this paper I ask how the ongoing processes of urban and local government development in Sub-Saharan Africa can and should benefit the countries, and what conditions must be met to achieve this favourable outcome. The region faces close to a doubling of the urban population in fifteen years. This urban transition poses an opportunity as well as a management challenge. Urban areas represent underutilised resources that concentrate much of the countries' physical, financial, and intellectual capital. Therefore it is critical to understand how they can better serve the national growth and poverty reduction agendas. The paper challenges several common ‘myths’ that cloud discourse about urban development in Africa. I also take a hard look at what the urban transition can offer national development, and what support cities and local governments require to achieve these results. I argue that, rather than devoting more attention to debating the urban contribution to development in Africa, real energy needs to b...
Characterization of thermal transport in micro/nanoscale wires by steady-state electro-Raman-thermal technique

In this work, a novel steady-state electro-Raman-thermal (SERT) technique is developed to characterize the thermal transport in one-dimensional micro/nanoscale materials. The SERT technique involves steady-state joule heating of a suspended sample and measuring its middle point temperature based on the temperature dependence of the Raman shift peak intensity. The thermal conductivity is determined from a linear fitting of the temperature against heating power. Multi-wall carbon nanotube bundles are characterized using the SERT technique to verify its measurement capacity. As it does not need to track the transient process of heat transfer, the SERT technique has the great potential for measuring short materials down to nm long.
Linear morphea-induced atrophy treated with hyaluronic acid filler injections

Linear morphea in an en coup de sabre pattern is a variant of localized scleroderma that develops on the frontal or frontoparietal scalp. Approximately two-thirds of cases occur before the age of 18. The etiology is unknown, but the disease is thought to be most likely autoimmune in nature. Between 50% and 75% of these patients have been found to have a positive serum antinuclear antibody (ANA), although ANA positivity has not been noted to correlate with disease activity. In en coup de sabre morphea, trauma has also been cited as a possible trigger. Although lesions may be limited to the skin, en coup de sabre morphea is notorious for extracutaneous involvement, and lesions may extend deep into underlying tissues and may be associated with neurologic, ophthalmologic, and oral abnormalities.
Another Major Role for Dietary Sodium Reduction: Improving Blood Pressure Control in Patients With Resistant Hypertension

Resistant hypertension, defined as blood pressure (BP) above goal in spite of the current use of 3 antihypertensive agents of different classes, is a common problem in general medical practice as well as specialty hypertension clinics.1 The prevalence of resistant hypertension is uncertain. Recent trials suggest a prevalence of 20% to 30%,2 which might be an overestimate because of selection procedures and enrollment criteria. If one applies a prevalence of 10% to the estimated 65 million Americans with hypertension, then ≈6.5 million Americans have resistant hypertension. The cause of this condition is almost always multifactorial. Common factors include lifestyle factors (eg, excess sodium intake, obesity, high alcohol intake), drug-related causes (eg, non-narcotic analgesics, sympathetic agents), and secondary causes of hypertension (eg, obstructive sleep apnea, primary aldosteronism, chronic kidney disease, and renal artery stenosis). In contrast to most of these conditions, a high sodium intake is ubiquitious and provides an opportunity to improve BP control, even when other factors coexist. Evidence linking salt (sodium chloride) intake with elevated BP is substantial and indisputable. Sodium reduction has been shown to lower BP in persons with prehypertension, untreated Stage 1 hypertension, and medication-treated hypertension.3 The effects of sodium reduction in hypertensive individuals on multiple medications, with or without controlled BP, has received scant attention, probably because of challenges related to accrual of participants and ethical issues related to prolonged assignment to a high-sodium control condition. In this issue of Hypertension , Pimenta and colleagues document the benefits of sodium reduction in patients with resistant hypertension.4 Pimenta and colleagues are to be congratulated for designing and implementing this challenging but informative and likely influential study. One cannot overestimate the logistical difficulties of recruiting eligible and interested participants, feeding them every meal over an extended …
The relation between fungal propagules in indoor air and home characteristics.

Results: The number of CFU/m 3 air collected on MEA was significantly higher than on DG-18 (means, respectively, 1033.5 and 846.0 CFU/m 3 )( P<0.0005). However, there was no significant difference between the numbers of CFU/m 3 air collected from the main living area and from the infant bedroom. There was only a very weak relationship between the house characteristics, as described by questionnaire, and the presence of fungal propagules in indoor air. Only the temperature, relative humidity, season, and cats inside homes had a statistically significant impact on the presence of fungal propagules in indoor air. Conclusions: The presence of fungal propagules in indoor air cannot be reliably predicted by home characteristics. Actual measurements are required for fungal exposure assessment, and the use of only one medium to collect samples in one location in a home might be adequate to represent residential levels of fungi in indoor air.
The Coordination Fallacy

This symposium piece tackles an important issue in campaign finance: the relationship between coordinated expenditures and corruption. Only one form of corruption, the quid pro quo, is constitutionally significant, and it has three logical elements: (1) an actor, such as an individual or corporation, conveys value to a politician, (2) the politician conveys value to the actor, and (3) a bargain links the two. Campaign finance regulations aim to deter quid pro quos by impeding the first or third element. Limits on contributions, for example, fight corruption by capping the value an actor can convey to a politician. What about limits on coordinated expenditures? By preventing coordination on large expenditures like television ads, the law turns very useful support into less useful support, reducing the value an actor can convey. But actors can surmount this with more money: $1 million spent on less useful ads can convey a lot of value, often more than smaller amounts spent on very useful ads or contributions. Limits on coordination may also inhibit bargaining, the third element of a quid pro quo, but again, sophisticated actors can surmount this: they can bargain without discussing the substance of any expenditures. So coordination regulations cannot deter much corruption, at least not when wealthy and sophisticated actors are involved, the very actors who cause the most concern. Consequently, coordination regulations may violate the Constitution. This is not because coordinated expenditures do not corrupt but because the regulations do not deter. Solving this problem requires more than a broader set of regulations. It requires confronting a fallacy at the heart of campaign finance: the belief that coordination relates in any operational way to corruption.
Chemistry of Uptake—Thermodynamic and Kinetic Factors in Passive Transport

“Uptake” is used in a more general sense than simply absorption. It is taken to include such phenomena as the incorporation of a specific metal ion into a specific biological functional unit (such as chlorophyll or an enzyme), in addition to transport across a membrane (absorption). The problem of uptake of elements has many facets. Absorption entails the movement of molecules from one location to another across a boundary. The boundary can be a cell membrane; a membrane of a cytoplasmic organelle such as the mitochondrion, chloroplast, or nucleus; or a combination of a cell wall and a cell membrane. Some of the major aspects of absorption are illustrated in Fig. 8–1. There are two classes of transmembrane movement of a substance, whether it be a proton, a metal cation, a metal complex, an anion, or a neutral molecule. One class is known as “active” transport and the other as “passive.” In passive transport, a substance moves along an electrochemical potential gradient; the motion occurs spontaneously without any added expenditure of energy. In active transport, a substance is forced to move against an electrochemical potential gradient; thus, the process requires an input of some sort of energy. In most cases this energy comes from the hydrolysis of ATP. A membrane-bound protein seems to be involved in this kind of transport. In other instances of active transport, the transmembranous movement of a substance is coupled with a second process of material transport that itself may or may not be active.
Electrochemical and Top‐Down 3D Ion‐Carving to Change Magnetic Properties

It is challenging to develop new top-down approaches to tailor particles into subnanometer size structures on a large scale to further reveal their structure-dependent physicochemical properties. Here, we demonstrate a non-conventional, electrochemical, 3D ion-carving process to tailor particles into subscale flower-like nanostructures at room temperature. The technology is based on the electrochemical insertion/extraction of lithium ions as a carving “knife” to carve the single-crystalline particle precursor into higher-order, flower-like nanostructures with hexagonal nanopetals as the building units. Our study demonstrates that the morphology of the as-carved, flower-like nanostructures can be controlled by the electrochemical parameters, such as the current density and the number of cycles. Particularly interesting is that dramatically different magnetic properties can be achieved depending on the morphology through careful tuning by the electrochemical ion-carving process. The as-carved, flower-like particles may find many important applications, including magnetic nanodevices. Our approach, in principle, is applicable to prepare various kinds of 3D-structured materials with different compositions.
A low-power static frequency divider circuit in bipolar technology

A low-power silicon bipolar frequency divider circuit using AC-coupled active pull-down emitter-coupled-logic (ECL)-like circuitry is described. The divide-by-eight circuit consists of three identical divide-by-two modules in cascade. The clock is brought in through an emitter-follower, and the output of the divider is buffered through an emitter-follower output stage. The divide-by-two module consists of a pair of master-slave flip-flops. A maximum clocking frequency of 2.5 GHz at a record low power of 1.7 mW per flip-flop has been realized. The performance can be extended to 6 GHz at 5 mW per flip-flop. >
A Multi-Criteria Model For Optimizing University Tuition Structures

The revision of tuition rates is an annual event at academic institutions. The existence of multiple and often conflicting goals, however, make the process extremely difficult. In light of rising educational costs and reduced federal and state support, the tuition structure must ensure adequate financial resources for the university. Increases in tuition rates, however, may negatively impact student enrollment and reduce the availability of higher education. The purpose of this article is to present a multi-criteria model for the tuition setting processing at the university level. A goal programming approach is used to ensure the tuition structure is consistent with a variety of broad policy constraints typically faced by administrators.
Abhilfemaßnahmen bei störenden Schwingungen

Wie ans den Abschnitten uber die praktische Untersuchung von Schwingungen ersichtlich ist, treten uns mechanische Schwingungen in vielen Fallen als recht unliebsame Storungen gegenuber. In allen diesen Fallen gilt genau wie in der Heilkunde:
HORMONE SECRETION STIMULATED BY ETHANOL-INDUCED CELL SWELLING IN NORMAL RAT ADENOHYPOPHYSIAL CELLS

Ethanol has been reported to affect endocrine functions, but its mechanism of action is unclear. To evaluate the hypothesis that cell swelling induced by ethanol permeation through the plasmalemma triggers hormone secretion, we studied the effect of ethanol on both hormone secretion and cell volume in acutely dispersed rat adenohypophysial cells under isotonic and hypertonic conditions. Isotonic ethanol caused a prompt cell swelling and an explosive secretory burst of prolactin and thyrotropin, which were proportional to the concentration of ethanol between 10 and 120 mM. The lowest effective dose of isotonic ethanol was 10 mM, which is below the plasma levels of legal intoxication (16 mM). Removal of medium Ca2+ enhanced the isotonic ethanol-induced increases in both cell volume and secretion. Hypertonic ethanol was ineffective in these effects. These data indicate that, in normal rat adenohypophysial cells, cell swelling caused by the rapid passage of ethanol through the plasmalemma is a potent mechanism for stimulating hormone secretion and this induced secretion is negatively modulated by extracellular Ca2+.
Using International Data Sources to Assess Audit Risk

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates the use of international data sources to assess audit risk. The chief obstacle in implementing the case study method is locating appropriate information sources on actual companies. Several computer databases (NAARS, Global Vantage, and Disclosure Worldscope) were examined because they allow students to easily and quickly review financial data for numerous companies in selecting one for the case. NAARS (National Automated Accounting Research Center) is part of the LexisXNexis online database. Users are charged based on the number of searches performed and online time. It was not selected for use on the case because it contains information on very few non-U.S. companies, and its costs are prohibitive and cannot be easily controlled. Global Vantage is produced on a CD-ROM format by Standard & Poor's Compustat Services, Inc. It contains financial information for 6758 companies from 31 countries for the past 12 years. It is found that although costs of using Global Vantage could be controlled by the fixed fee contract, its data elements are more suited for the financial analyst than the auditor.
Something I Ate

This short article describes a discussion the author had with a person regarding real estate brokerages, and one's use of email to describe the activities of a competitor. Also involved are questions regarding the use of domain names, cybersquatting, and whether or not the email sent may have been free speech, or whether it may have been grounds for a trademark infringement and trademark dilution action. The tone hints at the story being allegorical.
Gadolinium-enhanced three-dimensional magnetic resonance angiography of the thoracic aorta and arch vessels. A review.

MR ANGIOGRAPHY (MRA) has emerged as a powerful tool to evaluate both congenital and acquired diseases of the thoracic aorta and its branch vessels. This has resulted from technological advances in both hardware and pulse sequences as well as the innovative use of contrast agents that shorten the T1
Antennal Amputations in Sinella curviseta (Collembola: Entomobryidae)

Partial antennal amputees of male Sinella curviseta were observed and their spermatophore deposition behavior patterns counted when alone and in the presence of stimulating females. In isolated males the number of patterns increased with the number of segments amputated. In the presence of females experimental and control males exhibited equal numbers of patterns.
Structure Function Estimated From Histological Tissue Sections

Ultrasonic scattering is determined by not only the properties of individual scatterers but also the correlation among scatterer positions. The role of scatterer spatial correlation is significant for dense medium, but has not been fully understood. The effect of scatterer spatial correlation may be modeled by the structure function as a frequency-dependent factor in the backscatter coefficient (BSC) expression. The structure function has been previously estimated from the BSC data. The aim of this study is to estimate the structure function from histology to test if the acoustically estimated structure function is indeed caused by the scatterer spatial distribution. Hematoxylin and eosin stained histological sections from dense cell pellet biophantoms were digitized. The scatterer positions were determined manually from the histological images. The structure function was calculated from the extracted scatterer positions. The structure function obtained from histology showed reasonable agreement in the shape but not in the amplitude, compared with the structure function previously estimated from the backscattered data. Fitting a polydisperse structure function model to the histologically estimated structure function yielded relatively accurate cell radius estimates ( $\text{error} ). Furthermore, two types of mouse tumors that have similar cell size and shape but distinct cell spatial distributions were studied, where the backscattered data were shown to be related to the cell spatial distribution through the structure function estimated from histology. In conclusion, the agreement between acoustically estimated and histologically estimated structure functions suggests that the acoustically estimated structure function is related to the scatterer spatial distribution.
Studio Interior: Investigating Undergraduate Studio Art Teaching and Learning

The author contends that what is taught and learned in contemporary undergraduate studio classrooms has been largely unknown because research of teaching and learning in undergraduate studio art is...
A meta-analytic review of the association between agitation and suicide attempts

Agitation has been implicated as an acute risk factor for suicidal behavior, yet the literature to date has not been consolidated to better understand this relationship. We conducted a meta-analysis of the association between agitation and suicidal behavior to synthesize the existing literature (k=13 studies) and point out future directions for research. Results indicated that the association between agitation and suicidal behavior is moderate (Hedge's g=0.40, p=0.007, 95% CI [0.08, 0.72]). Follow-up meta-regressions revealed that age, gender, and year of publication were not significant moderators of the magnitude of this relationship. However, there was evidence of publication bias, as shown by a funnel plot and Egger's test. These findings suggest the importance of future research that examines the nature of the association between agitation and suicidal behavior longitudinally and with novel research designs, as implications for clinical practice and suicide risk assessment may be substantial.
Association of respondent psychiatric comorbidity with family history of comorbidity: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III.

Abstract Objective Substance use disorders and major psychiatric disorders are common, highly comorbid with each other, and familial. However, the extent to which comorbidity is itself familial remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to investigate associations between comorbidity among respondents with family history of comorbidity. Methods We analyzed data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III to study the associations of family history (FH) of comorbidity among alcoholism, drug problems, depression, antisocial behavior, and anxiety disorders in parents and maternal and paternal grandparents with corresponding DSM-5 diagnostic comorbidity among respondents. We utilized multivariable multinomial logistic regression models controlling for age, sex, race, education, family income, marital status, and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Results All comorbid associations of any two disorders with FH were statistically significant; almost all adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for respondent comorbidity in the presence of FH of the parallel comorbidity exceeded 10. ORs involving antisocial behavior in relatives and antisocial personality disorder in respondents were consistently larger than those for any other pairs of disorders. After further adjustment for ACEs, most patterns of association were similar but the ORs were reduced twofold to threefold. ACEs may be mediators in relationships between familial and respondent comorbidities. Conclusion Further investigations of relationships among familial comorbidity, ACEs, and respondents' diagnoses may improve understanding of comorbidity.
OMACS: A Framework for Adaptive, Complex Systems

This chapter introduces a suite of technologies for building complex, adaptive systems. It is based in the multi-agent systems paradigm and uses the Organization Model for Adaptive Computational Systems (OMACS). OMACS defines the knowledge needed about a system’s structure and capabilities to allow it to reorganize at runtime in the face of a changing environment and its agent’s capabilities. However, the OMACS model is only useful if it is supported by a set of methodologies, techniques, and architectures that allow it to be implemented effectively on a wide variety of systems. To this end, this chapter presents a suite of technologies including (1) the Organization-based Multiagent Systems Engineering (O-MaSE) methodology, (2) a set of policy specification techniques that allow an OMACS system to remain flexible while still providing guidance, and (3) a set of architectures and algorithms used to implement OMACSbased systems. The chapter also includes the presentation of a small OMACS-based system.
Complete Genome Sequence of NC983, a Live Attenuated Strain of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium.

ABSTRACT Foodborne infections caused by Salmonella enterica serovars are a significant problem worldwide. Presented here is the genome sequence of the nontyphoidal S. enterica serovar Typhimurium mutant strain NC983, a potential vaccine candidate.
Efficient Clonal Gene Delivery into Human Embryonic Stem Cells Via Active Transgenesis Using PiggyBac Transposition.

Abstract The regulation of any transgene integrated into patient derived ES cells (via nuclear transfer or reprogramming) needs to be studied in great detail prior to their differentiation and transplantation back into the patient. The ability to efficiently deliver transgenes and clonally isolate transduced human embryonic stem (hES) cells for further study should be a prerequisite for their general therapeutic use. In this study active transgenesis using the piggyBac (pB) transposon system has been used to efficiently deliver transgenes to hES cells. This transfection method utilizes transient expression of pB transposase (TPase) to efficiently insert transgenes flanked by pB inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) directly into the hES cell genome. In the two plasmid system, the pB TPase is produced in trans from the "Helper" plasmid and the transgene(s), inserted between pB ITRs, are provided in the "Donor" plasmid. In the single plasmid system both the transgene and the transposase are on the same DNA molecule, but only the transgene(s) is located between the ITRs. Amaxa nucleofection was used to efficiently deliver the supercoiled transposon plasmid(s) into hES cells. Here, we used the single plasmid pB system to deliver a GFP transgene to hES cells. Dozens of clonal lines of GFP transgenic human ES cells were produced in a single experiment. GFP fluorescent colonies were isolated, subcloned, and analyzed for transgene copy number. Chromosomal transgene integration sites were mapped by plasmid rescue. The pB preferred tetranucleotide target sequence, TTAA, was confirmed at each insertion site analyzed. The distribution of chromosomal insertion sites were analyzed for more than 50 mapped insertions. About 60% of the transposon insertions were within 5 kb of human RefSeq genes and 45% were located within transcription units. Additionally, we have used the two plasmid pB system to deliver a human β-globin transgene along with GFP into hES cells followed by clonal isolation. This method easily transferred more than 13 kb of exogenous DNA into the hES cells. Efficient pB-mediated active transgenesis and clonal isolation of transduced hES should enable a careful analysis of the regulation of specific transgenes during the directed differentiation of potential therapeutic hES cell subclones.
Metabolic Responses of the Critically Ill Patient

The care of the critically ill patient has become the point of convergence for substrate and energy metabolism, vital organ support, and cell biology. This article includes a brief review of normal metabolism and its endocrine regulation. The metabolic response to injury is reviewed with special attention to insulin resistance. The metabolic response to infection is considered in the light of rapidly emerging information on inflammatory mediators. Finally, brief attention is given to microcirculation and pericellular fluid as sites of metabolic regulation that have the potential for contributing to each of the three converging disciplines.
Scales and Relations: Analysis of REPM Use with Emphasis on the Years from 2000 to 2010

The determination of actual REPM use followed a twofold approach: first, a primary data analysis was initiated by measuring magnets in HDDs, mobile phones and earphones and second, a literature analysis has been done based on company annual reports, consultant and market research institutes to get annual production numbers. Then the primary data sets for HDDs and mobile phones have been offset with the annual production data to get verifiable quantitative data. For the wind turbine and electro-mobility field all data had to be assembled via literature research, company annual reports, consultant and market research reports. Details of the methods and data used are discussed in the respective chapters.
F-18 FDG Positron Emission Tomography

The radiopharmaceutical used in positron emission tomography is Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (F-18 FDG).
Abstract 75: Plasma Biomarkers of Inflammation and Angiogenesis Predict Cerebral Cavernous Malformation Symptomatic Hemorrhage or Lesional Growth

Introduction: The clinical course of cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) is highly unpredictable, with a limited number of cross sectional studies correlating pro-inflammatory genotypes and pla...