cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of biochemical control and prognostic factors in patients treated with either low-dose three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy or high-dose intensity-modulated radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer.

Purpose: To identify prognostic factors and evaluate biochemical control rates for patients with localized prostate cancer treated with either high-dose intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) or conventional-dose three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy 3D-CRT. Methods: Four hundred sixteen patients with a minimum follow-up of 3 years (median, 5 years) were included. Two hundred seventy-one patients received 3D-CRT with a median dose of 68.4 Gy (range, 66–71 Gy). The next 145 patients received IMRT with a median dose of 75.6 Gy (range, 70.2–77.4 Gy). Biochemical control rates were calculated according to both American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ASTRO) consensus definitions. Prognostic factors were identified using both univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: The 5-year biochemical control rate was 60.4% for 3D-CRT and 74.1% for IMRT ( p p = 0.0326). Univariate analyses determined that PSA level, T stage, Gleason score, perineural invasion, and radiation dose were predictive of biochemical control. On multivariate analysis, dose, Gleason score, and perineural invasion remained significant. Conclusion: On the basis of both ASTRO definitions, dose, Gleason score, and perineural invasion were predictive of biochemical control. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy allowed delivery of higher doses of radiation with very low toxicity, resulting in improved biochemical control.
Langmuir probe characteristics in RF glow discharges

The current-voltage characteristics of Langmuir probes in rf glow discharges can be misinterpreted by the effects of rf time averaging, ionization near a probe, and expansion of the probe sheath. This paper presents a new Langmuir probe technique which can be used to determine the plasma parameters in rf glow discharges. Simple expressions for the time averaged I-V characteristics are derived for the cases of fully sinusoidal and partially rectified plasma potential waveforms. Examples of corresponding I-V characteristics obtained from argon rf glow discharges are also illustrated.
New thermal and trajectory model for high-altitude balloons

A new computer model for the prediction of the trajectory and thermal behavior of high altitude balloons has been developed. In accord with flight data, the model permits radiative emission and absorption of the lifting gas and daytime gas temperatures above that of the balloon film. It also includes ballasting, venting, and valving. Predictions obtained with the model are compared with flight data and newly discovered features are discussed.
Characterization of the Adrenal 11β-Hydroxylase in Inbred Salt-Sensitive and Resistant Rats

Rats have been bred for susceptibility and resistance to the hypertensive effect of dietary salt (S/JR & R/JR). S/JR have an abnormal adrenal steroid 11 beta,18-hydroxylase activity resulting in increased production of 18-OH-DOC. S/JR also produce increased quantities of 19-nor-DOC, which may be related, since the 11 beta,18-hydroxylase also catalyzes the 19-hydroxylation of DOC, a pivotal step in 19-nor-DOC biosynthesis. The purpose of the present studies was to further characterize the mutant S/JR adrenal steroid 11 beta,18-hydroxylase. Preliminary studies are also presented on assessing the renal 19-desmolase, the last step in 19-nor-DOC biosynthesis. Adrenal glands were harvested from R/JR and S/JR and prepared for incubation studies, protein immunoblotting, and RNA analysis. Kidneys from Sprague-Dawley rats were also used for isolated renal perfusion studies. Both S/JR and R/JR strains had a single immunostaining band for 11 beta,18-hydroxylase at 51,000 molecular weight which were equal in intensity. Both strains had a single RNA transcript at 4.3 kilobases which hybridized with equal intensity to the bovine cDNA (pB11-9). The Km for 11 beta- and 18-hydroxylation was identical within strains but was different between strains. The Km for 19-hydroxylation was different between S/JR and R/JR, and was much greater than 11 beta- and 18-hydroxylation in both strains. This suggests that the catalytic site for 19-hydroxylation is different than that for 11 beta- and 18-hydroxylation and that the S/JR enzyme binds the substrate with higher affinity than the R/JR enzyme. In the isolated perfusion studies the rat kidneys converted 80% of 19-oxo-DOC to either 19-oic-DOC or 19-nor-DOC. These data demonstrate that the difference in S/JR enzyme activity is probably due to a point mutation in the enzyme or to a change in a regulatory protein.
Family history of hypertension, exercise training, and reactivity to stress in rats

In this study we sought to assess the role of exercise training on blood pressure (BP) reactivity to tailshock stress in rats with varying family histories of hypertension. Exercise training consisted of swimming 90 min per day in isothermic water for either 2, 6, or 10 months, beginning at 2 months of age. Control subjects were age-matched and did not exercise daily. Rats with either zero (Wistar-Kyoto), 1 (borderline hypertensive), or 2 (spontaneously hypertensive) hypertensive parents were studied. At the appropriate age, femoral artery catheters were implanted and rats were studied at rest and in response to a 20-min stress session. Exercise training reduced basal BP, especially in rats with a positive family history that were exercised for the longest duration. Reactivity to stress was actually significantly enhanced in trained rats. Thus, these data do not support the reactivity hypothesis, but suggest several reasons why the literature has been so inconsistent. The discussion emphasizes the importance of basal, rather than phasic, BP responses resulting from exercise training.
Submillimeter High-Field EPR Studies of the Primary Donor in Plant Photosystem I P700•+ †

In this present study we report millimeter and submillimeter high-field CW EPR spectra of P700•+, the primary electron donor in photosystem I. The data shown are the first well-resolved chlorophyll radical spectra observed without prior deuteration. The signal was generated from isolated plant photosystem I (in both digitonin and Triton-X100 preparations) by photooxidation. At 325 GHz and higher frequencies, the spectrum was resolvable into the three principal components of its g-matrix. They were obtained to high accuracy by spectral simulation and were found to be gxx = 2.003 17(±7 × 10-5), gyy = 2.002 64(±7 × 10-5), gzz = 2.002 26(±7 × 10-5) at 40 K and gxx = 2.003 07(±7 × 10-5), gyy = 2.002 60(±7 × 10-5), gzz = 2.002 26(±7 × 10-5) at 200 K. These values indicate a temperature dependence of the g-values in P700•+ that was measured over a temperature range of 5−260 K using both preparations. The results showed that gxx changed with temperature while gyy and gzz remain constant within the error margin, s...
Deviations of the RS-T Segment in Acute Subendocardial Injuries

On isolated perfused canine hearts, studies were made of the electrocardiographic changes which attend injury to the endocardium of the free wall of the left ventricle and of changes which develop following extension of the injury onto the left ventricular aspect of the septal endocardium. In an epicardial lead, the depression of RS-T segment produced by a subendocardial injury of the free wall of the left ventricle disappeared almost completely when that same type of injury was extended onto the septum.
Calculated Vibrational Intensities in the Ã-X Electronic Transition of Acetylene.

Abstract Relative intensities in the vibrational structure of the A1Au(C2h)−X1Σ+g(D∞h) electronic transition of acetylene are calculated. The calculation takes account of the large change of geometry and the change in the normal coordinates (the Dushinskii effect) between the two states. Because conventional vibrational wavefunctions for a nonlinear state do not behave correctly at linear geometries the vibrational integrals are only evaluated approximately. The transition (1Σu−−1Σ+g) is forbidden at linear geometries, and so calculations are performed without and with a factor proportional to the angle of bend from linearity. Good agreement with experiment is obtained for the first few quanta of the absorption spectrum, lending support to the A-state harmonic potential of Tobiason et al., J. Chem. Phys.99, 5762 (1993). Qualitative agreement is obtained for the emission spectrum (Jacobson and Field, J. Phys. Chem.104, 3073 (2000)) when allowance is made for anharmonicity in the X state, but more quantitative agreement will require improvements in the empirical potential of the X-state, or an ab initio potential to higher energies than available at present.
Optimizing Cash Flows for Linear Schedules Modeled with Singularity Functions by Simulated Annealing

The ability of construction contractors to plan and manage cash flow is critical for their economic success. The cumulative interaction of outflows (labor, materials, and equipment costs) and inflows (progress payments less retainage) creates a profile with a complex zigzag shape. This could only be modeled by simplification, e.g., as values tabulated at discrete times; averaged S-curves without peaks; or envelopes of all possible constellations. Neither is suited for a fully integrated model that dynamically links schedules with their cash flows for optimization. Therefore, singularity functions, whose components define ranges of behavior between cutoffs, are used to flexibly yet accurately model cash flow profiles and their various payment terms. The new approach augments construction project management toward an integrated planning model and is validated with an example from the literature. Optimization with a simulated annealing algorithm shifts activity positions in a randomized but directed search f...
Onward from Dakar: taking family planning in novel directions.

The Second International Conference on Family Planning (Dakar Senegal November 2011) united providers experts and advocates to reevaluate the critical importance of family planning on the global health stage. This journal supplement includes several of the research papers that were presented at that meeting. The research featured explores novel ways to offer family planning including provision of long-acting methods to rural women by community health workers in Ethiopia incorporation of conditional cash transfers for postpartum women in India and use of mobile technology to provide contraceptive information in India. These articles provide a glimpse into the innovative work being done worldwide and generate inspiration and motivation for future research and program directions. Copyright © 2013 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Observation of Quantum Galvanomagnetic Phenomena in n‐Type Indium Antimonide

Abstract : Quantization effects in the bulk galvanomagnetic properties of n-type InSb were studied in conjunction with the transport properties of compound semiconductor surfaces. The transverse and longitudinal magnetoresistivity were measured at 4.2, 50 and 77K. The former was found to increase with increasing magnetic field at all temperatures and (for a given temperature) was an order of magnitude larger than the latter which became saturated at the two higher temperatures. At 4.2K, the electrons were weakly degenerate and the bulk mobility was determined by screened ionized impurity scattering. At 77K, the electrons were non-degenerate and the predominant scattering mechanism was probably low temperature optical phonon scattering. (Author)
Coating of glass by chemical vapor deposition

Abstract Recent applications of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) to the coating of glass are reviewed. The advantages in CVD coating lie in the ability to control coating thickness, to permeate porous bodies or fiber structures, to use high purity reactants or to carry out the coating process in a fluidized bed of particles. Achieving uniformity of deposition while avoiding gas phase nucleation and growth of surface protrusions is discussed in terms of the mass transport and kinetic impedances in the deposition process. The advantages of CVD over the related pyrolytic spray process which is more widely used to coat glass involve trade-offs that may limit CVD to the more specialized applications.
Periodic Solutions for Flexible Structures Under Relay Feedback Control With Time Delay

A method for calculating all periodic solutions and their domains of attraction for flexible systems under nonlinear feedback control is presented. The systems considered consist of mechanical systems with flexible modes and a relay type controller coupled with a linear control law, operating in a feedback configuration that includes a time delay. The proposed approach includes three steps. First, limit cycle frequencies and periodic fixed points are computed exactly, using a block diagonal state-space modal representation of the plant dynamics. Then the relay switching surface is chosen as the Poincare mapping surface and is discretized using the cell mapping method. Finally, the region of attraction for each limit cycle is computed using the cell mapping algorithm and employing an error based convergence criterion. An example consisting of a model of a flexible system, a relay with hysteresis, a linear control law, and a pure time delay is used to demonstrate the proposed approach.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF APOLLONIAN AND DIONYSIAN DIMENSIONS OF ECONOMIC THEORIES

Summary.-A scale based on analysis of Milton and Rose Friedmans' book Free to Choore was constructed and interpreted within the framework of the Apollonian-Dionysian, West-East dimensions of preferred cognitive styles and value categories. Implications of societal endorsement of the Friedmans' conceprs were discussed with respect to economic policies and favored ideological climate. Affinity of economic theories and ideology is perhaps less visible in the present computer age than in the age of grand old theories; nevertheless the ideology-based assumptions are ubiquitous even in highly formalized theoretical formulations of economic systems. The direction of causation of this relationship is subject to ideological controversy. Marxists maintain that societal developments are determined by economic and technological progress. Quantitative research suggests the reverse flow of events. As McClelland (1976, p. 6) commented, "every attempt to trace a particular kind of consciousness to a particular type of social condition has ended in failure. [It is that] the ideas of men shape external events more than these events shape their ideas." Throughout history, a relationship between predominant type of societal climate and prevalent mode of economic thinking can be observed. Examples of this relationship are the societal affirmation of the work ethic and concomitant preference for economic theory of Adam Smith; the acceptance of economic theories of Karl Marx and pervasive abuse of power; the societal preoccupation with problems of poor, underprivileged, culturally disadvantaged and otherwise needy recipients of social programs and preference for economic theory of John Maynard Keynes. The key elements of these major economic-ideological structures appear to be the highly abstract concepts such as equality, freedom, affiliation, power, achievement. Structural analysis of these highly abstract concepts suggests that their latent structure is simple. The majority of studies pertaining to structure of these concepts found either three or two dimensions; for a review see Wiggins (1968). The present discussion pertains to experimental matching of a theoretical two-dimensional structure, derived by analysis of ideology-related concepts on a high level of abstraction, with an economic-ideological structure of the book by Milton and Rose Friedman (1980) Free to Choose. The theoretical reference structure was described by Krus and Blackman (1980) in terms of Apollonian and Dionysian styles of' thought. The selection of the Friedmans'
Glioma-specific Cation Conductance Regulates Migration and Cell Cycle Progression

In this study, we have investigated the role of a glioma-specific cation channel assembled from subunits of the Deg/epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) superfamily, in the regulation of migration and cell cycle progression in glioma cells. Channel inhibition by psalmotoxin-1 (PcTX-1) significantly inhibited migration and proliferation of D54-MG glioma cells. Both PcTX-1 and benzamil, an amiloride analog, caused cell cycle arrest of D54-MG cells in G0/G1 phases (by 30 and 40%, respectively) and reduced cell accumulation in S and G2/M phases after 24 h of incubation. Both PcTX-1 and benzamil up-regulated expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor proteins p21Cip1 and p27Kip1. Similar results were obtained in U87MG and primary glioblastoma multiforme cells maintained in primary culture and following knockdown of one of the component subunits, ASIC1. In contrast, knocking down δENaC, which is not a component of the glioma cation channel complex, had no effect on cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor expression. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was also inhibited by PcTX-1, benzamil, and knockdown of ASIC1 but not δENaC in D54MG cells. Our data suggest that a specific cation conductance composed of acid-sensing ion channels and ENaC subunits regulates migration and cell cycle progression in gliomas.
Birdwatching in American Society

Abstract Based on the results of a national study of American attitudes, knowledge and behaviors toward animals, the extent of participation in birdwatching is described. Additionally, the demographic characteristics as well as animal‐related knowledge and attitudes of birdwatchers are detailed. The motivation for participation in birdwatching is considered, and the varying motives of casual versus committed birdwatchers contrasted. Finally, the significance of this activity for the emergence of nongame‐related wildlife management programs in the United States is discussed. The data for this study were derived from personal interviews with 2455 randomly selected Americans in the forty‐eight contiguous states and Alaska.
The family story technique and intrafamily analysis.

Summary The Family Story Technique (FST) was devised because of its promising versatility in the assessment among family members of affect, interactional patterns, and outlook on the future. The FST makes use of ten selected TAT cards and a modification of Fine's scoring system. Reliability of scoring in terms of per cent agreement between two scorers was found to range from 67% to 100% for usable categories. Potential usefulness of the FST in family diagnosis and family patterning of interactions is illustrated by a case presentation of family FST scores.
Technical criteria for the specification and evaluation of object-oriented libraries

One of the often cited goals of the object-oriented approach to software development is to increase the level of reuse in the development process. One of the primary techniques for the reuse of code is the development of libraries. The purpose of this paper is to present a set of attributes that an object-oriented library of reusable components should possess. The paper also provides design criteria that result in libraries with the desired attributes. The design criteria are illustrated with examples and counter-examples from currently available libraries.
Varieties of Authoritarianism: The Organization of the Military State and its Effects on Federalism in Argentina and Brazil

While much has been written about democracy and democratization, far less attention has been paid to the institutional organization of authoritarian regimes. Scholars have focused on the causes, economic policies, societal support, intra-elite conflicts, or human-rights violations of authoritarian regimes. More recently, political scientists have also studied the role of elections and legislatures on the survival of authoritarian regimes. However, the very different ways in which authoritarian regimes, and military regimes in particular, organize the government, occupy the state apparatus, and modify the country’s political institutions have largely gone under-theorized. This essay contributes to fill in this void by analyzing how the last military regimes of Argentina (1976–1983) and Brazil (1964–1985) organized power within the state and the legacies of such organization on the institutions of federalism. The essay argues that variation in the organization of the state under the military regimes accounts for the divergent origins of post-developmental decentralization, which in turn explains the contrasting evolution of intergovernmental relations in each country. The article contributes to the recent literature on electoral authoritarian regimes by showing that elections and legislatures matter not only to regime survival but also to policy outcomes.
Bond strength of orthodontic direct-bonding cement-bracket systems as studied in vitro☆

Tensile bond strength and failure location were evaluated in vitro for three types of direct bonding cements (unfilled, low filled, and highly filled) with three types of brackets (polycarbonate, stainless steel, and ceramic) using natural teeth and plastic as substrates. An unfilled acrylic cement gave the highest values of bond strength for both the plastic and ceramic brackets, whereas a highly-filled diacrylate cement gave the highest bond strength for the metal brackets. Bond failures occurred at the bracket-cement interface with the stainless steel brackets with each cement, whereas failure locations occurred at the bracket-cement interface, within the cement, and within the bracket for the plastic and ceramic brackets. There were no significant differences in bond strength nor failure location between tooth and plastic substrates.
How to be clinical director

Since its inception in 1948, the NHS has continued to change and develop its structure to accommodate expectations from patients, medical advances, political pressures and financial demands. In 1983 the Griffiths report suggested that managers (some of whom could be doctors) should be appointed to have a more direct influence on the running of hospitals and community services. This was to end the previous multi-layered management structure which ran District Health Authorities (DHAs) by committees. Decisions relied on consensus and although doctors, particularly, had management responsibilities within their unit (hospital or community) through the so-called 'Cogwheel' system where various disciplines met to discuss management issues, the influence of the DHA meant that decision making was slow, clumsy, tended to exclude other professional groups, and was inefficient at coping with the increasing financial demands of units. In 1986, as an experiment, 6 hospitals established clinical directorates; management teams which were responsible for running distinct clinical services e.g. paediatrics, women's services, surgical services etc, and to do this were given responsibility for a budget to run that service. Subsequently, because of the success of the system, most units have adopted the Directorate model of management. The team is headed by the clinical director (CD) who is supported by a business manager and a nurse manager. The first CDs were consultants, and although senior members of other professional groups e.g. nurses, might be CDs, most are still consultants. Each directorate team usually consults and takes advice from other members of the department (and also delegates some responsi-
Optimization of N-benzyl-benzoxazol-2-ones as receptor antagonists of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)

Abstract The cytokine MIF is involved in inflammation and cell proliferation via pathways initiated by its binding to the transmembrane receptor CD74. MIF also exhibits keto–enol tautomerase activity, believed to be vestigial in mammals. Starting from a 1 μM hit from virtual screening, substituted benzoxazol-2-ones have been discovered as antagonists with IC50 values as low as 7.5 nM in a tautomerase assay and 80 nM in a MIF–CD74 binding assay. Additional studies for one of the potent inhibitors demonstrated that it is not a covalent inhibitor of MIF and that it attenuates MIF-dependent ERK1/2 phosphorylation in human synovial fibroblasts.
An Age-Related Decrease in Rescue from T Cell Death Following Costimulation Mediated by CD28

We previously reported that T cell proliferation in response to a primary signal through the T cell receptor (TCR) and a costimulatory signal via the CD28 molecule is impaired in healthy, aged mice. Here we extend these studies to examine factors which may be involved in this defect in T cells from aged mice. To determine if age-related changes in cytokine production might be responsible, splenic T cells from young (2-4 months) and aged (20-26 months) mice were stimulated with immobilized anti-CD3 epsilon and soluble anti-CD28 mAbs in the presence of exogenous IL-2, IL-4, IFN-gamma, IL-1 alpha, or IL-6. No improvement in the proliferative response of T cells from aged mice was found following the addition of any cytokine. In addition, the decreased proliferative response of T cells from aged mice was not caused by the enhanced production of IFN-gamma or other inhibitory factors. Interestingly, despite the age-related reduction in proliferation, no significant difference was found in the percentage of live cells entering the S, G2, or AM phase of the cell cycle in stimulated T cells from young and aged mice. Instead, anti-CD28-mediated costimulation was found to rescue T cells from young mice from anti-CD3epsilon-induced cell death, but did not rescue T cells from aged mice. This failure of T cells from aged mice to respond to costimulatory signals appears to contribute to the decreased proliferation observed from cultures containing these cells, and may be involved in many other age-related alterations in immunological responsiveness.
Regulation of Zinc Homeostasis in Yeast by Binding of the ZAP1 Transcriptional Activator to Zinc-responsive Promoter Elements

Zinc homeostasis in yeast is controlled primarily through the regulation of zinc uptake. Transcription of theZRT1 and ZRT2 zinc transporters increases in zinc-limited cells, and this induction is dependent on theZAP1 gene. We hypothesized previously that ZAP1encodes a zinc-responsive transcriptional activator. Expression of ZAP1 itself increases in zinc-limited cells. This response is also dependent on ZAP1 function through a potential positive autoregulatory mechanism. In this report, we describe the characterization of zinc-responsive elements (ZREs) in the promoters of the ZRT1, ZRT2, and ZAP1 genes. A ZRE consensus sequence, 5′-ACCYYNAAGGT-3′, was identified and found to be both necessary and sufficient for zinc-responsive transcriptional regulation. We also demonstrate that ZREs are DNA binding sites for ZAP1. First, a dominant ZAP1 mutation,ZAP1–1 up, which causes increased expression of ZAP1-regulated genes in zinc-replete cells, exerted its effects specifically through the ZREs. Second, electrophoretic mobility shift assays and in vitro DNase I footprint analyses indicated that ZAP1 binds to ZREs in a sequence-specific fashion. These studies demonstrate that ZAP1 plays a direct role in controlling zinc-responsive gene expression in yeast by binding to zinc-responsive elements in the promoters of genes that it regulates.
Alcohol and college athletes

NELSON, T. F., and H. WECHSLER. Alcohol and college athletes. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 33, No. 1, 2001, pp. 43–47. Purpose:This study examines heavy episodic alcohol consumption and associated harms in collegiate athletes in the United States. The factors which may promote or deter such use are
Pollution Havens and the Regulation of Multinationals with Asymmetric Information

This paper develops a common agency model to analyze the strategic interaction between governments in regulating polluting multinationals. We show that when a firm has private information about its production technology relating output to pollution that is difficult to monitor, the information rent extraction behavior of non-cooperative governments will work against the "pollution haven" hypothesis in a Nash equilibrium with or without pooling. The "pollution haven" result is more likely to be reversed in a separating equilibrium than in a pooling equilibrium as a firm's output is further away from the most efficient outcome. This result provides an explanation for why many empirical studies do not support the "pollution haven" hypothesis even after controlling for private non-environmental cost differentials.
Targeted noninvasive imaging of EGFR-expressing orthotopic pancreatic cancer using multispectral optoacoustic tomography.

Detection of orthotopic xenograft tumors is difficult due to poor spatial resolution and reduced image fidelity with traditional optical imaging modalities. In particular, light scattering and attenuation in tissue at depths beyond subcutaneous implantation hinder adequate visualization. We evaluate the use of multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) to detect upregulated epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor in orthotopic pancreatic xenografts using a near-infrared (NIR) EGF-conjugated CF-750 fluorescent probe. MSOT is based on the photoacoustic effect and thus not limited by photon scattering, resulting in high-resolution tomographic images. Pancreatic tumor-bearing mice with luciferase-transduced S2VP10L tumors were intravenously injected with EGF-750 probe prior to MSOT imaging. We characterized probe specificity and bioactivity via immunoblotting, immunocytochemistry, and flow cytometric analysis. In vitro data along with optical bioluminescence/fluorescence imaging were used to validate acquired MSOT in vivo images of probe biodistribution. Indocyanine green dye was used as a non-specific control to define specificity of EGF-probe accumulation. Maximum accumulation occurred at six hours post-injection, demonstrating specific intra-tumoral probe uptake and minimal liver and kidney off-target accumulation. Optical bioluminescence and fluorescence imaging confirmed tumor-specific probe accumulation consistent with MSOT images. These studies demonstrate the utility of MSOT to obtain volumetric images of ligand probe biodistribution in vivo to detect orthotopic pancreatic tumor lesions through active targeting of EGF receptor.
Relationship between Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) and in situ observations of CO based on a large‐scale feature sampled during TRACE‐P

[1] During Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P), there were several opportunities to perform in situ sampling coincident with overpasses of the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument on board the EOS Terra satellite. This sampling consisted of in situ vertical profiles of CO by NASA's DC-8 aircraft intended to provide data useful for validating MOPITT observations of CO column. One particular profile conducted over the central North Pacific revealed a layer of pollution characterized by CO mixing ratios more than double background values. Sampling of the surrounding region by both the NASA DC-8 and P-3B aircraft showed this layer to have a considerable geographic extent, at least 25° longitude (∼2500 km) and 4° latitude (∼400 km). Using back trajectory analysis, this polluted layer is followed back in time and compared with four consecutive MOPITT overpasses. MOPITT observations during these four overpasses agree well with the location of the layer as inferred by the trajectories; however, the detected CO column amount increases backward in time by just over 20%. Further analysis shows that the majority of this change in detected column abundance is consistent with two factors: (1) changes in the thickness of the polluted layer over time (9 ± 3%) and (2) changes in retrieved column abundance due to the altitude of the layer (7 ± 3%). This demonstrates that there are both real and artificial sources of variability that must be understood before MOPITT observations can be quantitatively useful. An unexpected finding was the difference in the variance of MOPITT observations depending on whether observations were taken under daylight or nighttime conditions. The variance in daytime observations of the polluted layer was approximately double that for nighttime data. The results of this analysis indicate that targeted in situ sampling of large-scale pollution events can provide insight leading to more realistic interpretation of MOPITT observations. Strategies for sampling such events repeatedly during their evolution could also provide more interesting opportunities for validation.
Secretory activation of basolateral membrane Cl- channels in guinea pig distal colonic crypts.

Cell-attached recordings revealed Cl− channel activity in basolateral membrane of guinea pig distal colonic crypts isolated from basement membrane. Outwardly rectified currents (gpClor) were appare...
Political Economy in Macroeconomics . By Allan Drazen. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000. Pp. xiv, 775. $55.00, £ 35.00.

This is a colossal volume—it is at once a compendium, a survey, a critical evaluation, and a clear exposition of a burgeoning field. It is a study of macroeconomic policy-making in the presence of heterogeneity across actors. Allan Drazen argues that the sine qua non of politics is the conflict of interests; and the core of political economy is that policies are the outcome of the interaction of competing individuals and groups whose concern is their own welfare and not necessarily that of any other individuals or the society as a whole.
Congenital Transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in Deer Mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) After Oral Oocyst Infection

Abstract To investigate how different routes of Toxoplasma gondii transmission influence the antibody response and infection status of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), 80 mice were orally infected with 1, 5, 10, or 100 T. gondii oocysts. Ten weeks postinfection, 15 T. gondii–seropositive female mice were bred and allowed to produce 2 litters. Evidence of persistent T .gondii infection in orally infected mice was detected by serology and DNA amplification in mice from all 4 oocyst treatment groups, including those that received only a single T. gondii oocyst. Congenital transmission of T. gondii was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 7/8 first and 4/7 second litters. Toxoplasma gondii was also detected by PCR in 9/30 congenitally infected offspring 16 wk after birth, despite the fact that detectable serological titers had waned. These findings raise questions about the applicability of serological testing to assess the prevalence of T. gondii infection in deer mice and other rodents in the w...
Model reduction of discrete-time Markov jump linear systems

This paper proposes a model reduction algorithm for discrete-time, Markov jump linear systems. The main point of the reduction method is the formulation of two generalized dissipation inequalities that in conjunction with a suitably defined storage function enable the derivation of reduced order models that come with a provable a priori upper bound on the stochastic L/sub 2/ gain of the approximation error.
Debating the Role of Religion in War

Michael Horowitz’s compelling article deserves praise for pushing the agenda on religion and war beyond two contemporary obsessions: the axation on religion and nonstate violent actors, particularly insurgents and terrorists, and the emphasis on Islam as the primary religious movement associated with violent conoict.1 By examining how religion affected the duration of the Crusades, Horowitz persuasively demonstrates that religion has also shaped the behavior of conventional, Christian military forces. This is a step in the right direction, but it is an all-too-cautious step. Because Horowitz overemphasizes the narrow, causal effects of religion, at the expense of exploring the manifold ways in which religion can pervade and constitute all aspects of warfare, his argument suffers from endogeneity and missing variable bias. As I show below, these difaculties result in an argument that both overstates and obscures the primary effects of religion on war. Historical analyses such as these distract from what should be scholars’ primary concern regarding international security and religion: exploring the role of religion in contemporary interstate war.
Law, Liberty and Indecency

The distinction between private immorality and public indecency plays a significant and perhaps a crucial role in H. L. A. Hart's argument in Law, Liberty, and Morality.1 This distinction, and the uses to which he puts it, have, however, been largely overshadowed in the 'debate' between Professor Hart and Lord Devlin which has centred around such 'great' questions as whether a shared morality is necessary for a society. I shall argue that Hart's position, in so far as it is based on that distinction, is quite untenable, and that even if it were to be a possible position, it would none the less be incompatible with the sort of 'libertarian' view of society expressed by John Stuart Mill, whose 'spirit', at least, Hart believes himself to be defending. The position that Hart sets out to defend is that society has no right to prohibit any action simply on the ground that it is immoral; the only actions with which society may interfere are those which are likely to cause harm. For instance, no matter how morally abhorrent many, perhaps most, members of society believe homosexual actions to be, homosexuality should not be held subject to regulation by society in the absence of clear and compelling evidence that such actions are harmful. But there are cases which even the libertarian would intuitively think of as subject to regulation, even though they are not obviously 'harmful'. In particular, there are the cases which are usually considered under the heading of 'public indecency', such as public nudity, fornication, or sodomy. On the surface, the prohibition of actions of this type would appear to be enforcing the convictions of society that they are morally wrong. Thus, Lord Devlin says: 'Why then do we object to the public exhibition of a false morality and call it indecency? If we thought that unrestricted indulgence in the sexual passions was as good a way of life as any other for those who liked it, we should find nothing indecent in the practice of it either in public or in private. It would become no more indecent than kissing in public. Decency as an objective depends on the belief in continence as a virtue which requires sexual activity to be kept within prescribed bounds.'2
Local Conservation Practice and Global Discourse: A Political Ecology of Sea Turtle Conservation

Abstract This article employs political ecology and common property theory to examine sea turtle conservation, how it is articulated and executed at different sociopolitical and geographic scales, and the consequences for local rights of access to resources. It draws on ten years of research at various field sites in Costa Rica, and on sea turtle conservation policy in general, to show that although most sea turtle conservation policy is legitimized in the language of ecology, beliefs about rights to sea turtles as a resource underlie ecological arguments. This becomes clear through analysis of the local, national, and international scales, where ecological arguments are employed differently in order to discount or promote certain types of property rights and to promote particular types of conservation interventions; thus, promoting conservation action at a particular scale is not simply a matter of ecological necessity. The article's main purpose is to outline a political ecology of sea turtle conservati...
The Xenopus TRPV6 homolog encodes a Mg(2+) -permeant channel that is inhibited by interaction with TRPC1.

The TRP gene family encodes primarily cation non-selective, Ca2+ permeant channels that are involved in a dizzying array of sensory mechanisms. Two channels in this large family TRPV5 and TRPV6 are highly Ca2+ selective and are expressed in epithelia where they are important in Ca2+ uptake. TRPV5/6 are constitutively active, yet the mechanisms regulating their activation in native tissue remains elusive. Here we functionally characterize the Xenopus TRPV6 homolog. xTRPV6 is expressed in the oocyte and encodes a channel that is permeant to divalents including Ca2+, and displays a high permeability to Mg2+. The oocyte does not exhibit functional TRPV6-like current at rest, showing that the endogenous channel is somehow maintained in an inactive state. We show that endogenous as well as overexpressed xTRPV6 interacts with xTRPC1 and that this interaction inhibits xTRPV6 currents. As such TRPC1 is likely to regulate the activity of TRPV6 under physiological conditions. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 2386–2398, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
TESOL and Early Childhood Collaborative Inquiry: Joining Forces and Crossing Boundaries

Preparing early childhood educators to support effective instruction of English language learners (ELLs) is an important dimension of teacher preparation programs, yet often difficult to enact. This article reports on a collaboration between early childhood education (ECE) faculty and teachers of English to speakers of other languages (TESOL) faculty at an urban teacher preparation program in an effort to better understand and enhance ECE and TESOL candidates’ beliefs and understandings of ELL pedagogy. Over the course of a semester, one section of practicum teacher candidates from these two programs met in person and online, as did their instructors, to identify common concerns and approaches from their respective discipline areas. Video records of teaching from early childhood classrooms with ELLs played a critical role in fostering collaborative inquiry. Implications for infusing the ECE curriculum to strengthen instruction for ELLs are discussed.
The Effects of Early and Repeated Prone Positioning in Pediatric Patients With Acute Lung Injury

Study objective To describe the physiologic changes and to evaluate the safety of placing pediatric patients with acute lung injury (ALI) prone for 20 h/d during the acute phase of their illness. Design Single-center prospective case series. Setting Tertiary-level pediatric ICU. Patients Consecutive patients with bilateral pulmonary parenchymal disease requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation with a Pao 2 /fraction of inspired oxygen (Fio 2 ) ratio ≤ 300 mm Hg. Interventions Patients were enrolled as soon as possible after meeting criteria and were placed in a prone position for 20 h/d daily until clinical improvement or death occurred. Measurements and results Twenty-five pediatric patients who had ali/ards, ranging in age from 2 months to 17 years, were placed in a prone position within 19 h of meeting the study criteria for a median time of 4 days, which accounted for 47% of their time receiving mechanical ventilation. Eighty-four percent of patients (n = 21) were categorized as overall responders to prone positioning because they experienced more days of increases of ≥ 20 mm Hg in Pao 2 /Fio 2 ratio or a decrease of ≥ 10% in oxygenation index when shifted from a supine to a prone position during the study period. During the 107 patient-days and 214 positioning cycles, no critical incidents occurred. Furthermore, no patient experienced a persistent decrease in oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry (Spo 2 ) of > 10% from values obtained when in the supine position, failed to keep their Spo 2 at > 85%, or experienced an increased respiratory rate of > 40 breaths/min when prone. Using the comfort score, patients were objectively rated to be equally comfortable in both the supine and prone positions. Patients also were able to resume spontaneous ventilation and to progress toward endotracheal extubation while in the prone position. Iatrogenic injury associated with prolonged prone positioning included stage ii pressure ulcers in six patients (24%). Conclusions The pediatric patients in this series demonstrated improvements in oxygenation without serious iatrogenic injury after prone positioning. This study provides a foundation for a prospective randomized study investigating the effect of early and repeated prone positioning on clinical outcomes in pediatric patients with ALI.
Ecology and Conservation of Marine Turtles in a Central Pacific Foraging Ground

Abstract Foraging grounds are critical to the survival of marine turtles, yet studies of these areas lag behind those of nesting sites. Our study represents the first data and discussion on marine turtle distribution, abundance, and health at a marine turtle foraging ground in the central Pacific, Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, which constitutes a regionally important mixed-size-class foraging ground for green turtles (Chelonia mydas) and, to a lesser extent, for hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata). Surveys and anecdotal reports suggest that nesting activity is rare, and we have confirmed the presence of limited suitable nesting habitat. During in-water activities from 2008 to 2011, we caught 211 green turtles ranging from postpelagic juveniles to adults (weight: mean = 44.6 kg, range = 7.2–146.3 kg; curved carapace length (CCL): mean = 69.7 cm, range = 41.0–113.6 cm) and 2 juvenile hawksbills (weight2009 = 16.3 kg, CCL2009 = 57.0; weight2011 = 11.2 kg, CCL2011 = 50.5 cm). ...
Reaction kinetic model for a recent co-produced water treatment technology.

With the increasing demand for fossil fuels based energy and implementation of progressively strict environmental pollution control standards, treatment of a large amount of co-produced waters (CPWs) from fossil based energy production has become increasingly important. Removal of bicarbonate with H2SO4 has been recently studied as a simple and cost-e ective method to decrease the alkalinity of CPWs. The present work investigates the kinetics of the reaction between H2SO4 and NaHCO3, which could provide the base for scaling-up the CPW treatment technology. Based on the measured quantity change of the CO2 gas generated from the reaction between H2SO4 and NaHCO3 with time under specified initial reaction conditions, the reaction orders with respect to H2SO4 and NaHCO3 were determined. Experiments were also conducted within the temperature of 15‐30°C to find various global rate coe cients of the reaction to calculate the activation energy and the pre-exponential factor of the empirical Arrhenius form of the bicarbonate removal reaction, which are 197.7 kJ/mol and 3.13 10 34 (mol 3:7 L 3:7 sec 1 ), respectively.
Collaboration in computational musicology

Productivity and collaboration are defined in terms of a 1966 study of a scientific group. These two parameters in a humanistic subject, computational musicology, are compared with the earlier study. The two most collaborative musicologists are also most prolific. However, only 15% of the humanistic literature are involved in coauthorship as compared with 80% of the scientific subject. Although heavy collaboration is an effective mechanism to stimulate substantially higher productivity, there is also a distinct core of highly prolific musicologists who collaborate very little, if at all. We suggest that such evidence supports the traditional belief that the humanist has a general tendency to work alone.