cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Study of Thermal Decomposition Mechanisms of Isoxazole

Density functional theory and ab initio calculations were carried out to investigate two probable unimolecular decomposition channels of isoxazole. The calculated structural parameters, dipole moment, and vibrational frequencies of isoxazole are in good agreement with available experimental data. Relative energies of transition states and equilibrium structures evaluated at MP4 and QCISD(T) levels of theory at B3LYP/6-31G** structures indicate that CO and CH3CN, major products of isoxazole thermal decomposition in the temperature range 850−1100 K, are unlikely produced via the mechanism proposed in the experimental and previous theoretical studies. Instead, the mechanism proposed in the current study, isoxazole → NCCH2CHO → CH3CN + CO, is more likely the main unimolecular decomposition channel. The mechanism proposed in the experimental study was shown to have a higher activation barrier and is likely responsible for the formation of HCN and H2CCO, minor products of isoxazole decomposition.
Spontaneous cleavage of bleomycin-induced abasic sites in chromatin and their mutagenicity in mammalian shuttle vectors

The stability of oxidized abasic sites induced by bleomycin and neocarzinostatin was examined in chromatin reconstituted from a supercoiled plasmid and core histones. Most of the drug-induced abasic sites were found to undergo spontaneous cleavage in chromatin, probably by reaction with histone amine groups. However, there was considerable heterogeneity in the rate of spontaneous cleavage, with some sites being cleaved almost immediately and some remaining intact even after 7 h. Bleomycin-induced abasic sites with closely opposed strand breaks were more unstable than lone abasic sites. Neocarzinostatin-induced abasic sites, which have a different chemical structure, were cleaved somewhat more slowly than those induced by bleomycin. To assess the mutagenic potential of bleomycin-induced abasic sites, bleomycin-treated shuttle vectors were transfected into mammalian cells, and mutations in progeny plasmids were sequenced. Bleomycin treatment resulted primarily in deletions of various sizes in the shuttle vectors, including a number of one-base deletions occurring at potential bleomycin damage sites. However, under certain conditions, substitutions occurring at expected sites of bleomycin attack were also observed. The results suggest that bleomycin-induced abasic sites have only a slight potential to produce base substitutions in mammalian cells and that a substantial fraction of the double-strand breaks induced by bleomycin and most of the double-strand breaks induced by neocarzinostatin are the result of spontaneous cleavage of abasic sites with closely opposed strand breaks. Inaccurate repair of these double-strand breaks may account for the large deletions, and perhaps the one-base deletions, induced by bleomycin.
An Audience Response System May Influence Student Performance on Anatomy Examination Questions.

This study integrated an in-house audience response system (ARS) in the human anatomy course over two years to determine whether students performed better on high-stakes examinations following exposure to similar interactive questions in a large lecture format. Questions in an interactive ARS format were presented in lectures via PowerPoint presentations. Students who chose to participate in the anonymous ARS sessions submitted answers via their personal wireless devices (e.g., laptops, smartphones, PDAs, etc). Students were surveyed for feedback. Student participation in ARS activities was greatest (65–80%) in the first lecture. The number of students who actively participated in ARS activities decreased over the next four sessions, and then slightly increased in the last two sessions. This trend was the same for both years. Use of the ARS did not dramatically enhance overall student performance on examination questions that dealt with content similar to content presented in the ARS sessions. However, students who scored in the lower quartile of the examination performed better on the examination questions after the ARS was implemented. Accordingly, our findings suggest that the effect of ARS to improve student performance on examinations was not uniform. The overall benefit of an ARS to enhance the lecture experience was confirmed by student surveys. Anat Sci Educ. © 2010 American Association of Anatomists.
Teaching Theories: The Evolution-Creation Controversy

Robert Root-Bernstein is a post-doctoral fellow in Theories in Biology at The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego 92138. He received his A.B. in biochemistry and his Ph.D. in history of science from Princeton University, where he also taught biology. He has been the recipient of several prizes and fellowships for scholarship, including a MacArthur Prize Fellowship (1981-86). Dr. Root-Bernstein is the author or co-author of many articles, including, recently, a chapter in Evolution and Creationism (Ashley Montagu, ed., The University Press, Oxford, England, 1982). Donald McEachron is a doctoral student at the University of California, San Diego and a biology laboratory technician with the Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Diego 92117. He received his B.A. from the University of California, Berkeley, where he received honors in behavior genetics and general scholarship. Mr. McEachron has also co-' authored a number of articles and papers, and holds memberships in several professional organizations such as the Animal Behavior Society, AAAS, AIBS, and the Society for the Study of Evolution. In recent years, a controversy has developed in the United States over the teaching of evolutionism and creationism in the public schools. The controversy, while nominally a scientific one, also has philosophical, historical, religious, and legal implications as well. Since some twenty state legislatures or courts are presently considering or have considered legislation and lawsuits concerning the controversy, we believe that it is in the best interest of the voting public to be informed of the issues. We believe that there are four basic issues: 1) What is a scientific theory? 2) What is. a religious belief? 3) Who has the right to decide these issues? 4) How does one's answers to the previous three questions affect one's view on whether evolutionism and creationism are scientific and should be taught in public schools. Very briefly, a controversy has arisen between evolutionists and creationists because they disagree on all four basic issues. Evolutionists generally believe: 1) that evolutionism is a valid scientific theory, whereas creationism is not; 2) that evolutionism is not a religious belief, whereas creationism is; and 3) that the validity of a religious belief should be decided by religious believers. In consequence, evolutionists conclude 4) that since evolutionism is a valid scientific theory, it should be taught in the public schools; whereas, since creationism is not a scientific theory, it should not be taught as science in the public schools.
The genomes of the giants: a walk through the forest of tree genomes

Tree genome issue: Title: The genomes of the giants: a walk through the forest of tree genomes Preface: Arguably, trees are the most important plant species contributing to the direct success of the human endeavor and represent cornerstone species for the future of sustainable local agriculture due to their highly favorable balance of input (tilling requirements, water, fertilizers, pest control) to output (yields) in contrast to many other commodity crops. Trees or tree products are utilized in almost every application directly relevant to human survival. Their fruits provide key components to the human diet, their trunks and limbs serve to provide energy for heating and materials for building, their leaves provide cover and shading to the underlying earth while capturing and storing significant amounts of atmospheric carbon, and their decay products contribute to the health of the complex biological web of forest ecosystems and the biosphere. Surprisingly, however, our understanding of the intricate relationship between the characters important to the utilization and sustainability of trees and the underlying genetic composition of these characters is still in its infancy. However, in recent years, we have experienced a substantial change in the attitudes of both public and private funding sources coupled with advances in genomics technologies that have directly contributed to setting the stage for the unprecedented discovery of the underlying genetic nature of many important tree traits. This remarkable turn of events is now providing us with clues to the underlying organization and evolution of tree genomes, and this knowledge is driving the development of new breeding strategies to improve and sustain our fruit tree and forest tree resources. This special issue of TreeGenetics andGenomes is devoted to showcasing examples of the state of our knowledge of the organization and expression of particular tree genomes that are serving as models for genetics research in their respective plant families and in other plant families as well. Our intent is to provide an overview of what resources are available; what resources are currently being produced, and how these resources are contributing to our fundamental understanding of plant biology. Perhaps Robert Frost stated our current situation best when he wrote, “The woods are lovely, dark and deep, but I have promises to keep, and miles to go before I sleep, and miles to go before I sleep.” Our work on tree genomes is just beginning, and we still have a longway to go in understanding the biological nature and importance of these very special giants; however, what we have from this very initial glimpse is certainly lovely dark and deep.
Analysis of the community structure of yeasts associated with the decaying stems of cactus. II.Opuntia species

A survey was made of yeast species associated with the decaying pads of 3 prickly pear cacti (Opuntia phaeacantha, O. ficus-indica, andO. lindheimeri) in Arizona and Texas. Yeast communities from 12 localities were compared among localities, amongOpuntia species, and with previous data on yeast communities associated with columnar cacti. The results indicate thatOpuntia necroses contain relatively more yeast species with broader physiological abilities in their communities than columnar necroses. It is argued that differences in chemistry of the opuntias and columnar forms in concert with the insect vectors specific for these cacti account for the differences in yeast community structure. It is further hypothesized that the differences in yeast community structure have been important in the evolution and maintenance of species diversity forDrosophila species which live in the decaying stems or cladodes of various cacti. Most of the yeast community evolution in the cacti is postulated to have proceeded by evolution in situ and not by additions and replacements from outside of the system.
Evidence of a negative environmental reinstatement effect

Experiment 1 investigated the suggestion that the effect of reinstating the encoding environment at the time of memory retrieval is most likely to influence performance positively when other retrieval cues are not readily available. It was predicted that a positive environmental reinstatement effect would be more likely in college students' memory for a list of words presented in booklet format than for a passage of prose because the inherent organizational structure of the passage would provide a framework for retrieval and make environmental cues relatively unimportant. However, recall of both types of material was greater in the condition in which study and test took place in different environments (p < ·05). In Expt 2, this same negative environmental reinstatement effect was found using auditory presentation of the word list (p < ·05). The results suggest that reinstating the encoding context at the time of retrieval may under certain conditions prompt reliance on overloaded environmental cues at the expense of other potentially more effective retrieval strategies.
Comparison of frequency-based and spatial subdivision mask sets for passive detection and target tracking with a single photodetector

Detection and tracking of self-luminous point sources and small targets is implemented using a single, low noise photodetector together with a programmable micromirror array. The array is programmed either to sample the scene image with a series of harmonically related stripe patterns or the array is partitioned into multiple regions modulated at several different temporal frequencies. The spatial subdivision method proves more effective at tracking slow moving, point-like targets, while the frequency based method is more effective at tracking and maintaining a spatially extended target within a track gate. The two methods have complementary features that have been combined in a hybrid algorithm, that is more effective at acquiring and maintaining track on an erratically moving object than either method individually. The tracking system concepts are introduced and an overall summary of the breadboard and simulation results are presented.
Comparison of Pulsed Source with Continuous Wave Source Excitation in Atomic and Molecular Luminescence Spectrometry via Signal/Noise Ratio Calculations

Pulsed source excitation-gated detection (with or without time resolution) and cw excitation-cw detection are compared theoretically with respect to signal/noise (S/N) ratios in atomic and molecular luminescence spectrometry. The calculations indicate that in those cases where there is no loss in flux due to pulsing, pulsed source excitation with delayed gated detection results in a considerable improvement in S/N as long as the major noise sources are either not related to the source decay or, if related to the source decay or luminescence decay of impurities, the delay time between excitation and detection is greater than the corresponding source or impurity decay times. In general, pulsed source excitation-gated detection and modulated source lock-in detection do not provide significant S/N advantages over cw excitation and cw detection unless the major source of noise is related to either the detector or to non-source-induced background. Calculations of S/N ratio are given for a variety of analytically useful situations in atomic fluorescence spectrometry, molecular fluorescence spectrometry of gas phase and condensed phase species, and molecular phosphorescence spectrometry.
Intermetallic growth and mechanical behavior of low and high melting temperature solder alloys

The presence of an intermetallic is often an indication of good wetting in a solder joint. However, excessive intermetallic growth and the brittleness of the intermetallic layer may be detrimental to joint reliability. This study examined the growth and mechanical behavior of interfacial intermetallics between copper and six solder alloys commonly used in electronics assembly. The solder alloys tested were 60Sn-40Pb, 63Sn-37Pb, 95Sn-5Sb, 96.5Sn-3.5Ag, 50Pb-50In, 50Sn-50In, and 40In-40Sn-20Pb. The 50Sn-50In and 40In-40Sn-20Pb exhibited faster solid state growth of the intermetallic layer at 100 °C as compared to the near-eutectic Sn-Pb control solder. The 50In-50Pb had a slower growth rate, relative to 63Sn-37Pb, at the aging temperature of 170 °C due to slower reaction rate kinetics of indium with copper. The 96.5Sn-3.5Ag and 95Sn-5Sb had similar intermetallic growth rates at 170 °C and 205 °C, and the aging was comparable to that of the 63Sn-37Pb alloy. The 95Sn-5Sb solder/copper intermetallic had a faster growth rate of the Cu3Sn layer than was observed in the Sn-Ag or Sn-Pb alloys. Modified fracture toughness and low load indentation tests were used to characterize the mechanical behavior of the intermetallics. The intermetallics were harder than both the base metal and the solder alloy. The fracture behavior of the joints in tension was dependent upon the strength of the solder alloy. Solders with low strengths failed in the solder by plastic deformation. The failure of solders with higher strengths was dependent upon intermetallic thickness. When the intermetallic was thin, fracture occurred in the solder or at the solder/ intermetallic interface. As the interfacial intermetallic thickened, the fracture path moved into the intermetallic layer.
Effect of lipid extraction on analyses of stable carbon and stable nitrogen isotopes in coastal organisms of the Aleutian archipelago

We tested whether extracting lipids reduced confounding variation in δ13C and δ15N values by analyzing paired lipid-extracted (LE) and non-lipid-extracted (NLE) samples of bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus (L., 1766)) whole eggs, muscle tissue from nine seabird and one terrestrial bird species, muscle tissue from four marine fish species, and blue mussels (Mytilus edulis L., 1758) collected from the Aleutian archipelago, Alaska. Lipid extraction significantly increased δ13C by an average of 2.0‰ in whole eggs, 0.8‰ in avian muscle, 0.2‰ in fish muscle, and 0.6‰ in blue mussels. Lower δ13C values in NLE samples covaried positively with lipid content across all sample types. Lower δ13C values in NLE samples were not correlated with lipid content within bald eagle eggs and blue mussels, but covaried positively with percent lipid in avian and fish muscles. Neither lipid extraction nor percent lipid significantly changed δ15N values for any sample type. Lower δ13C values in most NLE avian and fish muscle ti...
ISOASPARTATE IN CHRONDROITIN SULFATE PROTEOGLYCANS OF MAMMALIAN BRAIN

Mammalian brain contains a high mass protein (HMAP) that is unusually rich in atypical L-isoaspartyl (isoAsp) linkages. HMAP has now been purified from bovine brain by anion exchange, hydroxylapatite, and size exclusion chromatography. It is self-aggregating, acidic, and soluble in 5% trichloroacetic acid. Treatment with chondroitinase ABC eliminates the self-aggregation of HMAP and generates several distinct core proteins with estimated masses of 350-450 (doublet), 180, and 100 kDa, indicating that it is composed mainly of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs). Most of the isoAsp resides in the 350-450-kDa core protein, which was identified by immunoblotting as phosphacan, a CSPG abundant in adult brain. The regional distribution and developmental profile of HMAP in rat brain support this identification. The 180-kDa core protein contains a tenascin-R-related molecule, consistent with recent observations that phosphacan forms a tight complex with tenascin-R. The average phosphacan molecule in adult brain contains at least seven isoAsp sites. Molecular heterogeneity due to isoAsp may explain some of the complex binding properties phosphacan exhibits with its natural ligands. Formation of isoAsp may be important in the roles that phosphacan and other CSPGs play in development of the nervous system.
Gene transfer to blood vessels: A research tool and potential therapy*

Gene transfer to blood vessels is remarkably effective in altering vasomotor function, and has proven to be a useful tool for studying vascular biology. Gene therapy for cardiovascular diseases is an attractive new approach, which will be used initially for diseases in which pharmacologic approaches are not effective. Preliminary data suggest that two possible targets for gene therapy are prevention of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Perhaps, as better vectors are developed, common clinical problems such as hypertension and hypercholesterolemia also may become targets for gene therapy.
Comparison of fixed cloud-top temperature and fixed cloud-top altitude approximations in the Manabe-Wetherald radiative-convective atmospheric model

This work demonstrates the effect of fixing the cloud-top temperature during a numerical calculation of the atmospheric temperature profile using the GMR atmospheric model. In all earlier GMR calculations of the temperature response due to a parameter change the infinitely thin high and middle cloud layers and the thick lower cloud layer were held at fixed altitudes. Since recent cloud measurements have shown it may be more realistic to hold the cloud-top temperature fixed, we have compared the temperature response of the GMR model with fixed cloud altitudes and fixed cloud-top temperatures. If our three cloud layers are maintained so as to hold the temperature of each cloud-top fixed (and the bottom of the lower cloud adjusted to maintain the same optical thickness) the calculated temperature differences due to parameter changes are 1.43 larger than when clouds are held at fixed altitudes in the model. If on the other hand the bottom of the lower cloud is maintained at a fixed altitude while the tops of the clouds are maintained at a fixed temperature the calculated temperature is 1.56 larger. These values compare with a value of 1.46 obtained by a radiative-convective model developed by Wang et al. (1976). Feedback mechanisms between the abundances of different clouds have not been included but could be important if sufficient detailed information were known about the interaction between different clouds. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1979.tb00918.x
Current studies on oxidant stress in dialysis.

Breath ethane measurements in hemodialysis indicate that a portion of these patients suffer increased oxidant stress, consistent with findings using other methods for oxidant stress determination. Loosely-bound iron definitely appears in the bloodstream when substantial doses of IV iron are administered, since transferrin is fully saturated, but our investigations generally do not show short-term oxidant stress from this treatment. If small doses of IV iron are utilized, transferrin saturation can be avoided, and risk is minimized. The vitamin C status of hemodialysis patients is usually lower than the general population, and the impact of this deficiency must be assessed in controlled investigations. Various interventions, including the vitamin E-bonded dialyzer and dietary antioxidant supplements, may ameliorate a portion of the oxidant stress in hemodialysis patients.
Development of Social Anxiety: Social Interaction Predictors of Implicit and Explicit Fear of Negative Evaluation

Little is known about how to predict which individuals with known temperament vulnerabilities will go on to develop social anxiety problems. Adolescents (N = 185) were followed from age 13 to 18 to evaluate psychosocial, prospective predictors of social anxiety symptoms and fears of negative evaluation (FNE), after accounting for pre-existing social withdrawal symptoms. Results from structural equation modeling suggest that lack of perceived social acceptance predicts subsequent explicit social anxiety and FNE, whereas the emotional intensity of close peer interactions predicts subsequent implicit FNE. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of peer interaction in the development of social anxiety, and the value of measuring both implicit and explicit FNE.
E × B drift simulation in an Eulerian ionospheric model using the total variation diminishing numerical scheme

[1] The University of Alaska Fairbanks Eulerian Polar Parallel Ionospheric Model is a high-resolution model of the polar ionosphere that incorporates multiple ion species. This paper briefly describes this model and the implementation of the total variation diminishing (TVD) advection scheme. The model is based on an Eulerian framework. It is demonstrated that the minimal numerical diffusion of the TVD advection scheme is critical for maintaining ion density gradients with high-resolution Eulerian ionospheric models. The performance of this method is discussed and compared with an upwind numerical scheme. A sample model run for 24 October 2003 that simulates the formation of polar cap ionospheric structures is presented. The results using the TVD advection scheme are compared with the corner transport upwind advection scheme to demonstrate the advantage of the TVD method for simulating steep density gradients and small-scale density structures. These small-scale density features result from time-varying electric fields and are commonly observed using experimental techniques (e.g., incoherent scatter radar) in polar regions.
Radial and orbital qq̄ excitations: "higher quarkonia"

Identification of the spectrum of non- qq exotica such as glueballs, hybrids and molecules will require a detailed understanding of radially and orbitally excited quarkonia, since these states are a background to non- qq states. The data likely to become available experimentally on these higher-mass resonances are their total widths and strong branching fractions to dominant modes. We advocate the use of these branching fractions to distinguish quarkonia from exotica; in this contribution we summarize our recent detailed 3 P 0 decay model calculations of the 374 two-body open-flavor decay modes of the 32 lightest nn states above 1S and 1P, which should be useful for this program.
Advice to American Mothers on the Subject of Children's Dress: 1800–1920

(1981). Advice to American Mothers on the Subject of Children's Dress: 1800–1920. Dress: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 30-46.
Defense against misbehavior in anonymous vehicular ad hoc networks

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) can offer various services and benefits to VANET users and thus deserves deployment effort. Misusing such network could cause destructive consequences. It is therefore necessary to discourage misbehavior and defend VANET systems against it, in order to ensure correct and smooth operations of the network. In this paper, we review the techniques for handling misbehavior in VANETs, particularly where anonymous communications are desired to conserve user privacy since it adds more complexity to the defense against misbehavior. A new scheme is proposed to punish misbehaving users and can be employed in both inter-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure anonymous communications. Our scheme leverages some threshold authentication technique that dynamically revokes a user's credential, while providing the flexibility of whether to reveal the user's identity and tolerating unintentional misbehavior such as hardware malfunctioning.
Diastolic Heart Failure in the Elderly

Most elderly patients, particularly women, who have heart failure have a normal ejection fraction. Patients who have this syndrome have severe symptoms of exercise intolerance, frequent hospitalizations, and increased mortality. The pathophysiology and treatment are not well defined. Control of systemic hypertension may be a key to prevention and treatment. Several large trials of specific agents are currently underway.
Predicting leadership behavior in a hospital organization.

A regression analysis was used to estimate the importance of different situational factors in predicting the leadership behavior of head nurses in a hospital organization. Turnover among staff memb...
A new method for characterizing beta-ray ophthalmic applicator sources

A technique is described which enables one to obtain detailed dose characteristics of 90Sr beta-ray ophthalmic applicators. A radiochromic radiation detector which is a solid-state solution of hexahydroxyethyl pararosaniline cyanide in a nylon polymer (i.e., thin foil), has been used to determine the surface dose rate and dose distribution of these sources. The detectors are rugged, easily handled, have an equivalent response (optical density per unit absorbed dose) to photons and electrons, and produce high-resolution images. They have been found useful for this application due to the high surface dose rates [0.10-1.0 Gy (H2O)/s] and their low sensitivity (approximately 10(4) Gy for an optical density of 1.0). The foils have been evaluated on a He-Ne scanning laser densitometer with a resolution of 0.3 mum. Comparison with NIST (formerly NBS) extrapolation ionization chamber measurements indicates surface dose-rate agreement within 6%. Spectral dosimetric characteristics are presented and discussed.
Singular perturbation theory for predicting extravasation of Brownian particles

Motivated by recent studies on tumor treatments using the drug delivery of nanoparticles, we provide a singular perturbation theory and perform Brownian dynamics simulations to quantify the extravasation rate of Brownian particles in a shear flow over a circular pore with a lumped mass transfer resistance. The analytic theory we present is an expansion in the limit of a vanishing Peclet number ( $$P$$ ), which is the ratio of convective fluxes to diffusive fluxes on the length scale of the pore. We state the concentration of particles near the pore and the extravasation rate (Sherwood number) to $$O(P^{1/2})$$ . This model improves upon previous studies because the results are valid for all values of the particle mass transfer coefficient across the pore, as modeled by the Damkohler number ( $$\kappa $$ ), which is the ratio of the reaction rate to the diffusive mass transfer rate at the boundary. Previous studies focused on the adsorption-dominated regime (i.e., $$\kappa \rightarrow \infty $$ ). Specifically, our work provides a theoretical basis and an interpolation-based approximate method for calculating the Sherwood number (a measure of the extravasation rate) for the case of finite resistance [ $$\kappa \sim O(1)$$ ] at small Peclet numbers, which are physiologically important in the extravasation of nanoparticles. We compare the predictions of our theory and an approximate method to Brownian dynamics simulations with reflection–reaction boundary conditions as modeled by $$\kappa $$ . They are found to agree well at small $$P$$ and for the $$\kappa \ll 1$$ and $$\kappa \gg 1$$ asymptotic limits representing the diffusion-dominated and adsorption-dominated regimes, respectively. Although this model neglects the finite size effects of the particles, it provides an important first step toward understanding the physics of extravasation in the tumor vasculature.
Spectroscopic Study of Shock-Induced Decomposition in Ammonium Perchlorate Single Crystals

Time-resolved Raman scattering measurements were performed on ammonium perchlorate (AP) single crystals under stepwise shock loading. For particular temperature and pressure conditions, the intensity of the Raman spectra in shocked AP decayed exponentially with time. This decay is attributed to shock-induced chemical decomposition in AP. A series of shock experiments, reaching peak stresses from 10-18 GPa, demonstrated that higher stresses inhibit decomposition while higher temperatures promote it. No orientation dependence was found when AP crystals were shocked normal to the (210) and (001) crystallographic planes. VISAR (velocity interferometer system for any reflector) particle velocity measurements and time-resolved optical extinction measurements carried out to verify these observations are consistent with the Raman data. The combined kinetic and spectroscopic results are consistent with a proton-transfer reaction as the first decomposition step in shocked AP.
Teaching Persons with Severe Disabilities to Use Self-Instruction in Community Settings: An Analysis of Applications:

Community instruction for individuals with severe disabilities rarely incorporates programming for independence. This article reviews and analyzes investigations of the effects of self-instructional programs on increasing the independence of persons with moderate or severe mental retardation in integrated environments. The conceptual role of self-instruction in promoting behavior change is discussed and variations in self-instructional teaching approaches are analyzed. Overall, the feasibility of teaching persons with severe disabilities to self-instruct to promote acquisition, generalization, and maintenance across diverse skills is supported. Methodological issues related to investigations of self-instruction are discussed, recommendations for implementing self-instructional programs are provided, and directions for future research are proposed.
A marine algal bioassay method: Results with pesticides and industrial wastes

A simple marine algal bioassay method is described for short- and long-term studies on pesticides and industrial wastes. It can be used for rapid screening of a variety of substances with single-species and multiplespecies tests and gives relative toxicities of the pollutants tested. Algae are grown in optically matched culture tubes that fit directly into a spectrophotometer, allowing population density to be estimated by absorbance without removal of samples. 96 h EC50 values for some pesticides and the diatomSkeletonema costatum are: EPN, 340 μg l−1; carbophenothion, 109 μg l−1; DEF, 366ug l−1; ethoprop, 8.4 mg l−1; methyl parathion, 5.3 mg l−1; and phorate, 1.3 mg l−1. Presence of the chelator EDTA in medium had no effect on toxicity of carbaryl toS. costatum, Nitzschia angularum, Chlorococcum sp. andChlorella sp. Liquid industrial wastes either stimulated growth, inhibited growth, or stimulated growth at low concentrations but inhibited it at higher concentrations. In mixed-species studies with the herbicide neburon, presence of a resistant species protected the sensitive species. Liquid industrial waste from a paper products plant caused changes in relative numbers, as compared to controls, whenS. costatum andPorphyridium cruentum were grown together.
Role of DNA sequence in chromatin remodeling and the formation of nucleosome-free regions

AT-rich DNA is concentrated in the nucleosome-free regions (NFRs) associated with transcription start sites of most genes. We tested the hypothesis that AT-rich DNA engenders NFR formation by virtue of its rigidity and consequent exclusion of nucleosomes. We found that the AT-rich sequences present in many NFRs have little effect on the stability of nucleosomes. Rather, these sequences facilitate the removal of nucleosomes by the RSC chromatin remodeling complex. RSC activity is stimulated by AT-rich sequences in nucleosomes and inhibited by competition with AT-rich DNA. RSC may remove NFR nucleosomes without effect on adjacent ORF nucleosomes. Our findings suggest that many NFRs are formed and maintained by an active mechanism involving the ATP-dependent removal of nucleosomes rather than a passive mechanism due to the intrinsic instability of nucleosomes on AT-rich DNA sequences.
Alzheimer’s Disease And Nursing Homes

Close to two-thirds of all US nursing home residents have some type of cognitive impairment such as Alzheimer’s disease, and the quality of care and quality of life of these people has long been called into question. In this overview we first clarify the ongoing importance of nursing home care for people with Alzheimer’s, even as policy makers “rebalance” long-term supports and services with home and community-based programs. We next identify the components of optimal care for people with Alzheimer’s in nursing homes, and we highlight care innovations already in use. Finally, we summarize policy-relevant challenges to implementing best practices and innovations and explore potential policy solutions. Federal and state policy makers have a critical role to play in ensuring that nursing home residents with Alzheimer’s disease have access to the appropriate, high-quality care that they and their families expect.
Regulation of Male Sexual Behavior by Progesterone Receptor, Sexual Experience, and Androgen

Recent studies have demonstrated that physiological doses of progesterone may facilitate the androgen-dependent display of male sexual behavior in laboratory rats and three species of lizard. We used mice with a targeted disruption of the progesterone receptor to investigate whether such interactions exist in male mice and whether they may be modified by sexual experience. We found that naive intact male progesterone receptor knockout (PRKO) mice exhibit reduced mount frequencies compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Also unlike WT mice, sexually experienced PRKO males show profound losses in many measures of sexual behavior following castration. In a second experiment, we tested whether male mice heterozygous for a null mutation at the progesterone receptor locus were responsive to testosterone and progesterone treatment. We found that heterozygous males showed a reduced response to testosterone. The data are consistent with experiments indicating that the progesterone receptor is able to facilitate male-typical sex behaviors in other species and suggest novel mechanisms underlying the interaction of androgens and experience.
Women at the Keyhole: Fatal Female Visions

An examination of thefemine gaze, as given in two recent mainstream Hollywood films (Black Widow, Fatal Attraction), is presented. How this gaze and its I understandings complement a feminist-based cultural studies project is discussed.
‘They are the priests’: the role of the Moldovan historian and its implications for civic education

In present‐day Moldova there is a perpetuation and continuity of Soviet academic culture, in which history is viewed as ‘a science’ and not subject to a multiplicity of interpretations. A relatively small and interconnected group of historians dominate the academy and subsequently the textbook writing. They wield a great deal of power in socializing national subjects. The special place of historians in society creates an obstacle for effective civic education in the Moldovan classroom because it creates educational hierarchy, which is detrimental to the development of those skills and virtues that are considered essential for democratic society
Direct Luteotropic Action of Estrogen in the Hypophysectomized-Hysterectomized Rat

Rats hypophysectomized (Hx) on day 12 of pregnancy had plasma and luteal levels of. progesterone on days 16 and 20 comparable to intact controls. Progesterone levels were also unaffected by fetectomy at day 16 (with placentae left in situ). However, hysterectomy (Hs) at day 12 led to a precipitous decline in progesterone by day 16 and low plateau values were maintained through day 20. The combined effects of Hx and Hs at day 12 were even more drastic in curtailing progesterone synthesis by day 20. Thus, the corpora lutea of the second half of pregnancy were not autonomous, requiring continuous hormonal support for the maintenance of progesterone levels. The effects of Hx and Hs at day 12 were not reversible by prolactin (PRL) or FSH or LH or the combination of these hormones. However, large daily doses of estrone (10 μg) or single or daily doses of estradiol cyclopentylpropionate (25 μg) restored luteal and plasma levels of progesterone to values of intact day 16 pregnant rats. These results in hypophysec...
Impact of ZD1839 on non–small cell lung cancer-related symptoms as measured by the functional assessment of cancer therapy–lung scale

The majority of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) present with advanced disease, which is associated with a poor prognosis and symptoms such as pain, coughing, and shortness of breath. In patients who present at an earlier stage, the progressive nature of NSCLC and its resistance to treatment often result in recurrence, with the associated symptoms of advanced disease. These symptoms negatively affect patient quality of life and performance status rating, both of which are predictive of treatment response and survival. There is increasing interest in using assessments of improvements in symptoms and quality of life as outcomes in clinical trials for patients with advanced NSCLC. Patients with NSCLC have limited therapeutic options. Even those patients who are able to tolerate chemotherapy can expect median survival increases of only 2 to 4 months. The new targeted therapies for lung cancer, in contrast, are relatively nontoxic and may provide benefits for symptoms and quality of life in addition to tumor responses. The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Lung (FACT-L) scale is a validated, sensitive, and reliable patient questionnaire that evaluates and quantifies quality of life across several dimensions, including lung cancer-related symptoms (Lung Cancer Subscale). The Lung Cancer Subscale ranges from 0 (severe debilitation) to 28 (asymptomatic). A change of two points reflects a clinically significant change in NSCLC-related symptoms and quality of life. In phase I studies and also in the Iressa Dose Evaluation in Advanced Lung Cancer (IDEAL)-1 and IDEAL-2 phase II monotherapy trials, treatment of patients with advanced NSCLC with the epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor ZD1839 (Iressa; AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Wilmington, DE) has shown tumor responses as well as rapid improvements in NSCLC-related symptoms and quality of life. In IDEAL-1 and IDEAL-2, improvements in NSCLC-related symptoms and quality of life, as measured by FACT-L, correlated with tumor response, and improvements in symptoms also correlated with progression-free and overall survival. Although symptom response is correlated with tumor response, it is also uniquely predictive of progression-free and overall survival. The FACT-L questionnaire has also been included in phase III trials of ZD1839 treatment in combination with chemotherapy regimens.
MRI Findings in Nonlesional Hypertrophic Olivary Degeneration

PURPOSE Investigate the relative frequency of nonlesional versus lesional hypertrophic olivary degeneration (HOD) and potential explanations for nonlesional HOD. METHODS Our radiology report database was queried for “HOD” in all head MRI reports between 7/1/2002 and 7/1/2013 and identified 138 patients. Specific absence of HOD or cases with lesions within the dento-rubro-olivary pathway (DROP) or extending into the inferior olivary nuclei (ION) were excluded (22 in total). For included patients, 19 locations with the anatomic potential to connect to the ION or DROP were reviewed and grouped into embryological categories, along with the use of the drug metronidazole. RESULTS A total of 51 of 116 (44%) HOD patients did not have a causative lesion in the DROP. The 27/51 (53%) of these patients had progressive ataxia with palatal tremor (PAPT). The 28/51 (55%) patients had one or more lesions outside of the DROP and one of these 28 patients used metronidazole. The remaining 23/51 (45%; 19% of total HOD cohort) patients had no additional lesions in the brain and 6 of these 23 patients did not have a clinical diagnosis of PAPT. CONCLUSION Forty-four percent of patients with HOD did not demonstrate an MRI-identifiable lesion in the DROP, and 45% of those patients did not have identifiable brain lesions outside of the DROP. Thus, nearly a fifth of HOD cases may be truly idiopathic. A majority of patients without a DROP lesion had bilateral HOD and two-thirds were male.
Quantitation of PET Data in Clinical Practice

Quantitation of FDG uptake using SUV is a simple and robust measure of the degree of uptake and thus the metabolic rate of a tumor. It is useful for assessing the probability that a mass is malignant or that a known tumor is responding to therapy. It should not be the only parameter used, however, but needs to be augmented by considerable common sense. It is important to remember that SUV measurements are a continuum and there is no abrupt change in probability of malignancy or probability that a tumor is responding to therapy. However, when used together with visual assessment and other clinical information, it is a valuable tool that should be used on a regular basis to assist in the interpretation of FDG PET studies.
All-optical ACP-OPLL photonic integrated circuit

Summary form only given, as follows. The optical-phase-locked-loop linear phase demodulator is the most critical component for a high dynamic range PM RF/Photonic link. Due to the stringent loop latency requirement, the OPLL should be implemented as a photonic integrated circuit. In this paper we address the design and implementation of an all optical attenuation-counter-propagating (ACP) optical-phase-locked-loop photonic integrated circuit. The preliminary experimental results for this device will also be discussed.
Progressive bridge identification

We present an efficient algorithm for identification of two-line bridges in combinational CMOS logic that narrows down the two-line bridge candidates based on tester responses for voltage tests. Due to the implicit enumeration of bridge sites, no layout extraction or precomputed stuck-at fault dictionaries are required. The bridge identification is easily refined using additional test pattern results when necessary. We present results for benchmark circuits and four common fault models (wiredAND, wired-OR, dominant, and composite), evaluate the diagnosis against other possible fault types, and summarize the quality of our results.
The Ras/Protein Kinase A Pathway Acts in Parallel with the Mob2/Cbk1 Pathway To Effect Cell Cycle Progression and Proper Bud Site Selection

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Ras proteins connect nutrient availability to cell growth through regulation of protein kinase A (PKA) activity. Ras proteins also have PKA-independent functions in mitosis and actin repolarization. We have found that mutations in MOB2 or CBK1 confer a slow-growth phenotype in a ras2 Δ background. The slow-growth phenotype of mob2 Δ ras2 Δ cells results from a G 1 delay that is accompanied by an increase in size, suggesting a G 1 /S role for Ras not previously described. In addition, mob2 Δ strains have imprecise bud site selection, a defect exacerbated by deletion of RAS2 . Mob2 and Cbk1 act to properly localize Ace2, a transcription factor that directs daughter cell-specific transcription of several genes. The growth and budding phenotypes of the double-deletion strains are Ace2 independent but are suppressed by overexpression of the PKA catalytic subunit, Tpk1. From these observations, we conclude that the PKA pathway and Mob2/Cbk1 act in parallel to determine bud site selection and promote cell cycle progression.
Antilope cervicapra (Blackbuck)

Skin biopsies of only two animals were available. The male came from the Zoological Park of San Diego, San Diego, California, USA, and the female, from Catskill Game Farm, Catskill, New York, USA. Unfortunately, the precise geographical origin of these two animals is unknown from the records of these institutions. It appears that a Robertsonian system is operative in this species and wider variation in number of acrocentrics may exist. The distal one half of the long arm of X is an autosome as indicated in the male specimen. The precise nature of this translocation was defined by G-banding and autoradiography. The total X represents 14.96% of the haploid complement.
Self-Critical Perfectionism, Acculturative Stress, and Depression Among International Students:

The authors tested a classic diathesis-stress, stress-enhancement model of perfectionism with subgroups of Chinese (N = 129) and Asian Indian (N = 166) international graduate students attending a major U.S. university. More specifically, the authors tested whether self-critical perfectionism, acculturative stress, and their interaction accounted for different directions of effects and variability in depression. The authors found that self-critical perfectionism was positively associated with depression for both groups, but the effects were stronger for the Asian Indian students. In fact, only for Asian Indians was the Self-Critical Perfectionism × Acculturative Stress interaction significant, indicating worse depression for those students who were the most self-critical and most stressed. Potential differences in the importance of these predictors for subgroups of international students are discussed. Implications for intervention, prevention, and the need for further testing of these models in longitudin...