cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Revised assessment of response and long-term discontinuation rates among 111 patients with myelofibrosis treated with momelotinib or ruxolitinib.

There are several reports in LEUKEMIA on the efficacy of JAK2-inhibitors such as ruxolitinib, in persons with MPN-associated myelofibrosis. Few doubt these drugs reduce spleen size and relieve symptoms in many if not most persons with these problems. More controversial are response rates and duration and, critically, whether these drugs alter the disease biology in such a way as to improve survival. Data from randomized trials are complex as discussed in a recent commentary. This is a critical issue. If JAK2-inhibitors substantially alter the biology of MPN-associated myelofibrosis, we need to consider giving them to many or most persons with the disease whether or not they have symptoms. If, however, these drugs only treat symptoms, they are useful in persons with these problems but not everyone. Many clinicians have strong feelings about this question the strength of which often correlates inversely with the volume and quality of relevant scientific data. In the letter to the Editors which follows, Tefferi and colleagues review their experience with JAK2-inhibitors. They try to apply new disease response criteria to previously completed clinical trials but lack several key data variables. However, they do not use the most recent criteria published recently in LEUKEMIA. The type of analysis the authors have done is inherently flawed for diverse reasons readily admitted by the authors. Our reviewers were sharply and understandably-divided on the merit of publishing this report in LEUKEMIA. After considerable debate and discussion we decided to let readers decide on its value. We are mindful intelligent people reviewing identical data may disagree on what is reasonably concluded. Scientific consensus does not guarantee truth; it may have the opposite effect and stifle scientific enquiry and discussion. To quote Michael Crichton Historically, the claim of consensus has been the first refuge of scoundrels; it is a way to avoid debate by claiming that the matter is already settled. We look forward to lively correspondence; please send us your comments.
Functional identity of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and a DNA polymerase-δ auxiliary protein

The mechanism of replication of the simian virus 40 (SV40) genome closely resembles that of cellular chromosomes, thereby providing an excellent model system for examining the enzymatic requirements for DNA replication. Only one viral gene product, the large tumour antigen (large-T antigen), is required for viral replication, so the majority of replication enzymes must be cellular. Indeed, a number of enzymatic activities associated with replication and the S phase of the cell cycle are induced upon SV40 infection. Cell-free extracts derived from human cells, when supplemented with immunopurified SV40 large-T antigen support efficient replication of plasmids that contain the SV40 origin of DNA replication. Using this system, a cellular protein of relative molecular mass 36,000 (Mr = 36K) that is required for the elongation stage of SV40 DNA replication in vitro has been purified and identified as a known cell-cycle regulated protein, alternatively called the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) or cyclin. It was noticed that, in its physical characteristics, PCNA closely resembles a protein that regulates the activity of calf thymus DNA polymerase-delta. Here we show that PCNA and the polymerase-delta auxiliary protein have similar electrophoretic behaviour and are both recognized by anti-PCNA human autoantibodies. More importantly, both proteins are functionally equivalent; they stimulate SV40 DNA replication in vitro and increase the processivity of calf thymus DNA polymerase-delta. These results implicate a novel animal cell DNA polymerase, DNA polymerase-delta, in the elongation stage of replicative DNA synthesis in vitro.
MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF OHMIC HEATING OF FOODS INSIDE A FLEXIBLE PACKAGE

A pulsed ohmic heating system and flexible package for food reheating and sterilization were developed to minimize Equivalent System Mass during long-duration space missions. A package made of flexible pouch materials was powered through a pair of metal foil electrodes extending out. Preliminary tests of the package within an ohmic heating enclosure show that International Space Shuttle menu items such as chicken noodle soup and black beans could be heated using pulsed ohmic heating technology. The electrical conductivities of selected samples ranged between 0.01 and 0.03 S/cm. A 2-D thermal-electric model was developed using commercial CFD software Fluent to optimize the design and layout of electrodes to ensure uniform heating of the material. A static system under the assumption of there being no fluid motion in a microgravity environment was implemented. A package configuration with V-shaped electrodes with dimensionless width of 0.147 was validated to be most appropriate for uniform heating while minimizing the cold zone to 2% of total area. The effect of field overshoot near the electrode edge is expected to be crucial to determine the uniformity of heating.
Fluctuations in the Energy Loss of 66- and 100-MeV Protons in a Thin Proportional Counter

Fluctuations in the energy loss have been measured for 66- and 100-MeV protons passing through a proportional counter filled with 11.0 mg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ of a gas mixture of 90% xenon plus 10% methane. The measured values are consistent with the theoretical values determined from the Vavilov theory for energy-loss fluctuations; however, when the Vavilov theory is corrected for the binding effect of the electrons based on the formulation of Shulek et al., the corrected theoretical energy-loss distributions do not agree with the experimental distributions.
Erythropoietin Mediates Neurobehavioral Recovery and Neurovascular Remodeling Following Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats by Increasing Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

Erythropoietin (EPO) improves functional recovery after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Here, we investigated the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) on EPO-induced therapeutic efficacy in rats after TBI. Young male Wistar rats were subjected to unilateral controlled cortical impact injury and then infused intracerebroventricularly with either a potent selective VEGFR2 inhibitor SU5416 or vehicle dimethyl sulfoxide. Animals from both groups received delayed EPO treatment (5,000 U/kg in saline) administered intraperitoneally daily at 1, 2, and 3 days post-injury. TBI rats treated with saline administered intraperitoneally daily at 1, 2, and 3 days post-injury served as EPO treatment controls. 5-Bromo-2′-deoxyuridine was administered to label dividing cells. Spatial learning and sensorimotor function were assessed using a modified Morris water maze test and modified neurological severity score, respectively. Animals were sacrificed at 4 days post-injury for measurement of VEGF and VEGFR2 or 35 days post-injury for evaluation of cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and neurogenesis. EPO treatment promoted sensorimotor and cognitive functional recovery after TBI. EPO treatment increased brain VEGF expression and phosphorylation of VEGFR2. EPO significantly increased cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus after TBI. Compared to the vehicle, SU5416 infusion significantly inhibited phosphorylation of VEGFR2, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and neurogenesis as well as abolished functional recovery in EPO-treated TBI rats. These findings indicate the VEGF⁄VEGFR2 activation plays an important role in EPO-mediated neurobehavioral recovery and neurovascular remodeling after TBI.
Lubiprostone for the Treatment of Adult Women with Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Constipation

Irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C) affects approximately 5% of the population in western countries. The majority of those afflicted are women. Symptoms are often detrimental to the individual's quality of life and incur high healthcare costs to society. There is no evidence to support changes in lifestyle, laxatives or over the counter supplements. Tegaserod appeared to have promising results but was promptly removed from the market due to adverse cardiovascular events. In 2008, lubiprostone (Amitiza) was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of women with IBS-C. It is thought to selectively activate type 2 chloride channels in the apical membrane of the intestinal epithelial cells leading to chloride secretion. As result, sodium and water are passively secreted generating peristalsis and laxation, without stimulating gastrointestinal smooth muscle. Several trials with predominantly female patients have shown it to be effective in the treatment of IBS-C. Overall lubiprostone was safe, well tolerated and associated with mostly benign side effects. Nausea and diarrhea were the most commonly reported. Though there are no head to head comparisons with other pharmacological agents, it is our opinion that lubiprostone should be tried as a first line pharmacotherapy for women with IBS-C at a dose of 8 µg BID. Thus far, lubiprostone offers a welcome approach to our narrow therapeutic armamentarium. Further understanding of its mechanism of action may provide additional insight into the pathophysiology of IBS-C.
Effects of Access Tube Material and Grout on Neutron Probe Measurements in the Vadose Zone

A test-stand experiment was conducted on neutron probe measurements using steel and Schedule 40 PVC access tubes to determine the effect of backfill grout in boreholes. The experiment used a moveable simulated vadose zone. Access tubes and grout do have masking effects on vadose zone measurements, but vadose zone moisture was detected through all configurations tested. Steel tubing has a smaller masking effect than PVC tubing. The masking effect of grout increased with borehole diameter. Although this experiment produced numerical results, conclusions drawn are qualitative in nature, rather than a quantitative calibration of the technique.
Early seizure termination in ictal asystole.

Summary To evaluate the association between cerebral hypoperfusion and seizure termination, we compared seizure duration in seven patients with syncopal ictal asystole (IA), seven with non-syncopal ictal bradycardia, and ten with non-bradycardic seizures. Mean seizure duration was 34.4±13s in IA, 67±28.9s in ictal bradycardia, and 82.1±31.1 in non-bradycardic seizures. These were significantly different (ANOVA, p
Moesin expression is associated with the estrogen receptor–negative breast cancer phenotype

Abstract Background: Estrogen receptor (ER)–positive breast carcinomas possess a less aggressive phenotype than ER-negative breast carcinomas. We hypothesize that a set of genes exists that is expressed only in ER-negative breast carcinomas, which account for the more malignant phenotypic characteristics of these tumors. Methods: We have used a new technique of polymerase chain reaction select suppression subtractive hybridization to identify genes that are expressed only in ER-negative carcinomas. Results: Seventy-one cDNA clones generated by suppression subtractive hybridization were screened by Northern blot analysis with RNA from ER-positive MCF7 and ER-negative MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cell lines. Fifteen clones were differentially expressed in MDA-MB-231 cells. Five of these 15 clones were consistently found to be associated with the ER-negative phenotype in a panel of eight breast carcinoma cell lines. Sequence analysis demonstrated that three of these clones were derived from vimentin and two clones from moesin. Western blot analysis with antihuman moesin antibody confirmed that moesin protein was overexpressed in ER-negative breast carcinoma cell lines but absent from ER-positive breast carcinomas. Moesin mRNA was examined in a panel of 29 primary breast carcinomas with semiquantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. Moesin expression was found to be decreased significantly in ER-positive compared with ER-negative tumors ( P Conclusions: Vimentin and moesin are differentially expressed in association with the ER-negative breast cancer phenotype. Moesin is a membrane/actin filament protein involved in dynamic restructuring of the cell surface and filopodia, a cell structure needed for cell adhesion and motility. Moesin may play a role in the invasiveness and pattern of metastasis characteristic of ER-negative breast cancers. (Surgery 1998;124:211-17.)
In vitro sarcoma cells release a lipophilic substance that activates the pain transduction system via TRPV1

Background Despite success in treating many forms of cancer, pain associated with malignancy remains a serious clinical issue with a poorly understood etiology. This study determined if certain sarcoma cell lines produced a soluble factor that activates the TRPV1 ion channel expressed on nociceptive sensory neurons, thereby activating a major pain transduction system.
Performance, Perseverance, and the Full Picture of College Readiness.

Although college readiness is a centerpiece of major educational initiatives such as the Common Core State Standards, few systems have been implemented to track children's progress toward this goal. Instead, college-readiness information is typically conveyed late in a student's high-school career, and tends to focus solely on academic accomplishments—grades and admissions test scores. Late-stage feedback can be problematic for students who need to correct course, so the purpose of this research is to develop a system for communicating more comprehensive college-readiness diagnoses earlier in a child's K-12 career. This article introduces college-readiness indicators for middle-school students, drawing on the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS), a nationally representative longitudinal survey of educational inputs, contexts, and outcomes. A diversity of middle-school variables was synthesized into six factors: achievement, behavior, motivation, social engagement, family circumstances, and school characteristics. Middle-school factors explain 69% of the variance in college readiness, and results suggest a variety of factors beyond academic achievement—most notably motivation and behavior—contribute substantially to preparedness for postsecondary study. The article concludes with limitations and future directions, including the development of college-readiness categories to support straightforward communication of middle-school indicators to parents, teachers, and students.
Turbulent boundary-layer flow from stationary to moving surfaces.

approximation. 3) The pilot pressure distributions together with the distributions of the cross components of the local velocity indicate that the inboard shock wave, starting perpendicularly from the wing surface, extends into the central region (i.e., the region where the influence of both halves of the delta wing is felt). 4) The measurements strongly suggest that the inboard shock wave ends with zero strength in the point where the conical sonic line starts. The way in which this transition occurs has not been clarified by the present measurements. 5) The measurements are in very good agreement with numerical calculations using a shock capturing technique.
Computation Times of Arithmetic and Boolean Functions in (d, r) Circuits

A (d, r) circuit is a d-valued logical circuit in which each element has fan-in at most r and can compute any r-argument d-valued logical function in unit time. In this paper we review results previously published on the computation time of such circuits for addition and multiplication and for computation of general Boolean functions. We also explicitly state hitherto unpublished but known results on the time necessary to divide in such circuits.
Exciton localization and migration in individual CdSe quantum wires at low temperatures

Low-temperature $(l40\text{ }\text{K})$ photoluminescence (PL) spectra of individual CdSe nanocrystal quantum wires exhibit narrow $(l5\text{ }\text{meV})$ isolated peaks spanning a range $\ensuremath{\le}50\text{ }\text{meV}$. We attribute these features to emission of excitons localized in shallow (a few meV deep) tight potential minima superimposed on longer-scale and larger-amplitude variations of the potential energy. Spectrally resolved PL dynamics reveal decreasing exciton-decay rates with decreasing emission energy. These observations are consistent with exciton relaxation within a manifold of localization sites characterized by an exponential density of states.
Shp2-Dependent ERK Signaling Is Essential for Induction of Bergmann Glia and Foliation of the Cerebellum

Folding of the cortex and the persistence of radial glia (RG)-like cells called Bergmann glia (BG) are hallmarks of the mammalian cerebellum. Similar to basal RG in the embryonic neocortex, BG maintain only basal processes and continuously express neural stem cell markers. Past studies had focused on the function of BG in granule cell migration and how granule cell progenitors (GCP) regulate cerebellar foliation. The molecular control of BG generation and its role in cerebellar foliation are less understood. Here, we have analyzed the function of the protein tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 in mice by deleting its gene Ptpn11 in the entire cerebellum or selectively in the GCP lineage. Deleting Ptpn11 in the entire cerebellum by En1-cre blocks transformation of RG into BG but preserves other major cerebellar cell types. In the absence of BG, inward invagination of GCP persists but is uncoupled from the folding of the Purkinje cell layer and the basement membrane, leading to disorganized lamination and an absence of cerebellar folia. In contrast, removing Ptpn11 in the GCP lineage by Atoh1-cre has no effect on cerebellar development, indicating that Shp2 is not cell autonomously required in GCP. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Ptpn11 interacts with Fgf8 and is essential for ERK activation in RG and nascent BG. Finally, expressing constitutively active MEK1 rescues BG formation and cerebellar foliation in Shp2-deficient cerebella. Our results demonstrate an essential role of Shp2 in BG specification via fibroblast growth factor/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase signaling, and reveal a crucial function of BG in organizing cerebellar foliation.
The Gods and Soul: An Essay-Review

N iconoclastic prophetism and a metaphoric reformation in the published version of James Hillman's 1972 Terry Lectures at Yale University make ReVisioning Psychology crucial for the study of Religion and at the same time difficult to review. How is one to review a re-view, catching Hillman's own episodic argument by its aphoristic tail while hunter and quarry are both running in circles? It is like trying to see the eye with which one is seeing. Viconian cyclometry is never easy, but perhaps important. Hillman's imaginal way of re-viewing psychology is seen in his master tropes. Personifying is the re-peopling of the universe of meaning, seeing images in ideas, and bringing thought to life by seeing life in thought. "Words are persons," Hillman notes with the poet, and he adds a psychologist's conclusion: "Personifying is the soul's answer to egocentricity." Pathologizing is discovering a mythology in symptoms, finding stories in hurts, transforming messes into variegated richness. This is perhaps most crucial of all the tropes, and it leads Hillman to say: "By clinging faithfully to the pathological perspective which is the differential root of its discipline, distinguishing it from all others, depth psychology maintains its integrity, becoming neither humanistic education, spiritual guidance, social activity, nor secular religion." Psychologizing (precisely the opposite of psychologism) is seeing through the literalism of every positivism, metamorphosizing through metaphor, forsaking both letter and spirit for soul. Hillman sees literalism psychologically as an ego viewpoint and suggests the strategy of metaphor (performing one activity as if it were another) as peculiarly felicitous for "soul-making" (his phrase for psychologizing). Hillman wants to "join Owen Barfield and Norman Brown in a mafia of the metaphor to protect plain men from literalism" and from the egoism of one-dimensional selfunderstanding. This leads Hillman to his fourth trope, dehumanizing, which is understood as the release of the personal into deeper soul power, a transcendence of epic voluntarism of ego into the mythological many-faceted nature of the archetypal self (not just Oedipus, but all the presiding metaphors of all the complexes). Since "humanism's psychology is the myth of man without myths," archetypal psychology means dehumanizing, archetypologizing, re-
Diagnostic Accuracy of Irregularly Irregular RR Intervals in Separating Atrial Fibrillation from Atrial Flutter

Periodic electrocardiographic RR intervals are often used to separate atrial flutter (AFl) from atrial fibrillation (AF), but have not yet been validated. We hypothesized that irregularly irregular electrocardiographic RR intervals poorly identify AF from AFl, and that atrial wavefront regularity affects variability in atrioventricular conduction. We studied the electrocardiographic RR intervals in 66 patients referred for ablation of AFl (21 atypical and 21 typical) and AF (n=24) in relation to intracardiac activation. Receiver-operating characteristics showed that periodicity in 60% of RR intervals provided only 66% sensitivity and 86% specificity for typical AFl and failed to separate atypical AFl from AF. Fewer RR intervals were integer atrial/ventricular ratios in atypical than in typical AFl (50% vs 83%, p=0.005), reflecting greater SDs in atrial cycles (6.98+/-7.02 vs 3.10+/-1.62 ms, p=0.023), more variable AH intervals (56+/-28 vs 18+/-21 ms, p=0.002), longer AH intervals (185+/-65 vs 118+/-31 ms, p=0.01), and greater AH variability for any atrial cycle length (p=0.026). In conclusion, irregularly irregular RR intervals are not specific for AF, are common in AFl, and should not be used to conclusively separate AF from AFl in the absence of sawtooth flutter waves. Future studies should explore the relation among AFl circuit location, cycle variability, and atrioventricular nodal conduction.
Amygdalectomized rats can learn the classically conditioned fear response: A preliminary report

Amygdalectomized rats can learn the classically conditioned fear response if a discriminative cue is included in the test situation; i.e., if they are run from a white background (shock compartment) to a black background (safe compartment). When the lesioned rats are run from a black shock compartment to a black safe compartment, there is a greater performance deficit. The amount of fear reduction in the test situation is probably a more important variable than the amygdalectomy in contributing to performance of the classically conditioned fear response. The integrity of the amygdaloid complex is probably not essential for the learning processes involved in classical fear conditioning. Other areas of the brain, such as the hippocampus, may be more directly involved in the acquisition and retention of classical fear conditioning and avoidance conditioning.
Automatic Data Processing in Geology: ABSTRACT

Geologists depend increasingly on numerical data to supplement the core of qualitative observations on which the science rests. In subsurface studies especially, the amount of data available on structure, thickness, and composition of stratigraphic units is accumulating at rates beyond the ability of geologists to absorb its full implications. In academic aspects as well, numerical data in sedimentary petrology, paleontology, geochemistry, and virtually all branches of the science are rapidly assuming gigantic proportions. The profession is faced with the need for data storage, retrieval, and processing on a scale unthought of a few decades ago. Data are stored on punched cards or tape. Retrieval is accomplished by automatic sorting and listing equipment, including devices for plotting data directly on base maps. Data processing may range from simple summaries to more elaborate statistical and mathematical analysis. A wide range of equipment is available for these functions, culminating in present ultra-highspeed digital computers. The high-speed computer has opened new doors for the extraction of maximum information from geological observations. Studies of interrelationships among rock properties, faunal groups, mappable data, and a host of other kinds of analyses are possible, and are being used increasingly by geologists. An example of trend surface analysis of maps is presented as an illustration. The general problem of setting up "program libraries" for use by geologists, as well as "data centers" for storage, is touched upon. End_of_Article - Last_Page 406------------
Genetic Diversity of Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis Based on Variations in Nucleotide Sequences of Internal Transcribed Spacers of rRNA Genes

A variety of genes have been used to type Pneumocystis carinii. In the present study, nucleotide sequence variations in the ITS1 and ITS2 internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the rRNA genes were used to type Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis DNA obtained from the lungs of 60 human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. These regions were amplified by PCR, cloned, and sequenced. Multibase polymorphisms were identified among samples. Several new genotypes are reported on the basis of the nucleotide sequence variations at previously unreported positions of both the ITS1 and the ITS2 regions. Twelve new ITS1 sequences were observed, in addition to the nine sequence types reported previously. The most common was type E, which was observed in 60.5% of the samples. The sequence variations in the ITS1 region were mainly located at positions 5, 12, 23, 24, 45, 53, and 54. Sixteen new ITS2 types were also identified, in addition to the 13 types reported previously. The most common was type g (26.6%). The sequences of the ITS2 regions in most specimens were different from the previously published sequence at bases 120 and 166 through 183. The most common variations observed were deletions at positions 177 through 183. The presence of more than one sequence type in some patients (60%) suggested the occurrence of coinfection with multiple P. carinii strains. The genetic polymorphism observed demonstrates the degree of diversity of Pneumocystis strains that infect humans. Furthermore, the high degree of polymorphism suggests that these genes are evolving faster than other genes. Consequently, the sequence information derived is useful for purposes such as examination of the potential of person-to-person transmission and recurrent infections but perhaps not for other genotyping applications that rely on more stable genetic loci.
Coping and seizure susceptibility: control over shock protects against bicuculline-induced seizures.

Abstract Rats were either given 80 escapable shocks, yoked inescapable shocks, restraint or given no treatment. Two hours later all subjects received i.p. injection of bicuculline (4, 6 or 8 mg/kg) and were immediately tested for latency to initial myoclonic jerk and clonus. The latency to clonic convulsion was dramatically affected by prior shock treatment, and the direction of this change depended upon the escapability/inescapability of the shock. Subjects that were given escapable shock a delay of onset to seizure, while subjects inescapably shocked demonstrated a decreased latency to clonus in comparison to restrained and naive controls. It was also demonstrated that if the subjects were tested immediately following a stress experience, both the 80 escapable and inescapable shock condition protected against bicuculline-induced seizures in comparison to the control condition. Finally Experiment 2 confirmed a previous finding that less stress, i.e., 20 inescapable shocks, protects against seizures when the animals are challenged with bicuculline either immediately or 2 h later. Our suggestion is that control over stress may facilitate GABAergic transmission, and this may be the mechanism whereby coping protects against the behavioral and physiological disruption produced by exposure to a stressor.
Microarray expression profiling identifies early signaling transcripts associated with 6-OHDA-induced dopaminergic cell death.

The parkinsonian mimetic 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) has been shown to cause transcriptional changes associated with cellular stress and the unfolded protein response. As these cellular sequelae depend on upstream signaling events, the present study used functional genomics and proteomic approaches to aid in deciphering toxin-mediated regulatory pathways. Microarray analysis of RNA collected from multiple time points following 6-OHDA treatment was combined with data mining and clustering techniques to identify distinct functional subgroups of genes. Notably, stress-induced transcription factors such as ATF3, ATF4, CHOP, and C/EBP β were robustly up-regulated, yet exhibited unique kinetic patterns. Genes involved in the synthesis and modification of proteins (various tRNA synthetases), protein degradation (e.g., ubiquitin, Herpud1, Sqstm1), and oxidative stress (Hmox1, Por) could be subgrouped into distinct kinetic profiles as well. Realtime PCR and/or two-dimensional electrophoresis combined with western b...
Three-dimensional combustor performance validation with high-densityfuels

A combustor performance model that utilizes the detailed representation of the flowfield made available through analytical three-dimensional codes and the predictive tool of the empirical correlations is validated with high-density fuels data. These data were obtained by burning four different fuel types that varied over a wide range of physical and chemical properties in addition to a baseline JP-4 fuel, in a single-can combustor rig. The predictions of the combustor model agree fairly well with the experimental data. Wall temperature predictions were made through the evaluation of the radiation flux components based on the detailed flowfield given by the three-dimensional code and the proper estimate of a view factor. The flame emissivity used in the calculations is dependent on the hydrogen content of the fuel. In addition to the data evaluation effort, the combustor model was used to define the changes needed in the system to alleviate the unfavorable characteristics brought by the high-density fuels. An improved fuel injection concept and primary zone mixing are the main modifications suggested to achieve acceptable performance.
FUNCTIONS AND MECHANISMS OF RETROGRADE NEUROTROPHIN SIGNALLING

Neuronal connections are established and refined through a series of developmental programs that involve axon and dendrite specification, process growth, target innervation, cell death and synaptogenesis. Many of these developmental events are regulated by target-derived neurotrophins and their receptors, which signal retrogradely over long distances from distal-most axons to neuronal cell bodies. Recent work has established many of the cellular and molecular events that underlie retrograde signalling and the importance of these events for both development and maintenance of proper neural connectivity.
The Astrological “Theory” of Personality: An Unbiased Test by a Biased Observer

Summary The astrological assumption of personality differences among individuals born under different sun signs was investigated. Significant differences were obtained between sun sign groups on four of the 18 scales of the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) as follows: Communality, Socialization, Flexibility, and Femininity. The overall pattern of results based on F ratios, multiple comparisons between means, and estimates of strength of association was interpreted as showing no meaningful relationships between sun sign and scores on Communality, Socialization, and Flexibility. Adopting even the most conservative standards of inference, however, all of the test statistics employed indicated a powerful effect on the Femininity scale. Implications for future research were discussed.
National identity and cultural resonance in English foxhunting movements

This article examines the use of mobilizing discourses about national identity by nonnationalist movements through an examination of the antihunting movement and the prohunting countermovement. It demonstrates the utility of applying a strong cultural sociological approach to the study of social movements and to discourse about national identity. I describe how both sides invoke ideas of the nation through analysis of parliamentary debates, submissions to the Burns Inquiry on hunting, and the Icons project on English identity. Though national identity provides a discursive resource for social movements, its utility is limited by the need to resonate with cultural background representations.
Food supply influences offspring provisioning but not density‐dependent fecundity in a marine fish

Replenishment of many marine populations occurs through the entry of juveniles to adult populations following a pelagic larval stage. Because mortality during the pelagic stage is thought to be high and density independent, larval abundance and traits of individual larvae should have strong effects on overall population dynamics in marine organisms. Surprisingly, few experiments have tested how localized interactions among breeding adults affect the quantity and phenotypic traits of larvae they produce. Here I experimentally test for the influence of food competition, mate limitation, and population density on somatic growth, fecundity, and offspring provisioning (larval length and energy reserves) in a planktivorous, territorial coral reef damselfish, Stegastes partitus. I manipulated food supply and adult S. partitus density on isolated patch reefs in the Bahamas and also made behavioral observations of S. partitus occurring on nearby natural reefs at a range of population densities. On the experimental reefs, females experienced density-dependent growth and fecundity; male reproductive success was density dependent, but male growth was not. Density-dependent growth and reproduction were not moderated by food supplementation, and density-dependent reproduction was not influenced by mate availability. On natural reefs, the frequency of aggressive interactions, particularly involving females, increased with population density, implicating aggression-related energetic costs as the source of both forms of density dependence in the experiments. Food supplementation increased female somatic growth and larval energy reserves, suggesting that females allocated surplus energy to future reproductive potential and enhanced offspring quality. Neither experimental treatment affected larval length. By altering patterns of reproduction, the interplay between spatial variation in food availability and population density may drive population dynamics in a broad range of benthic marine organisms.
The Retail Travels of the U.S. Greenback: A Comparative Study of Currency Substitution Along the U.S.-Canadian and U.S.-Mexican Borders

This currency substitution study explores the extent of retail firm-level U.S. dollar acceptance in Canada and Mexico. Employing a stratified random sampling approach of retail business in the border region, results demonstrate that all Mexican firms (N = 300/300) and nearly all Canadian (N = 257/261) firms accept the U.S. dollar in retail transactions. Of greater interest is the difference between firms in the two countries in how acceptance of the U.S. dollar is operationalized. On average, U.S. dollar sales of Canadian border firms comprise just 3.4% of total sales whereas U.S. dollar sales of Mexican firms encompass 23.7% of total sales. Our results also indicate a stark contrast as to the effective exchange rate for U.S. dollar acceptance— Canadian firms typically charge a premium (2.1% on average) while 69.3% of Mexican firms transacted business at a discount (−0.8% on average). Additional analyses further refine the currency substitution distinctions between Canadian and Mexican firms in the sample...
Exploring a charge-central strategy in the solution of Poisson's equation for biomolecular applications

Continuum solvent treatments based on the Poisson–Boltzmann equation have been widely accepted for energetic analysis of biomolecular systems. In these approaches, the molecular solute is treated as a low dielectric region and the solvent is treated as a high dielectric continuum. The existence of a sharp dielectric jump at the solute–solvent interface poses a challenge to model the solvation energetics accurately with such a simple mathematical model. In this study, we explored and evaluated a strategy based on the “induced surface charge” to eliminate the dielectric jump within the finite-difference discretization scheme. In addition to the use of the induced surface charges in solving the equation, the second-order accurate immersed interface method is also incorporated to discretize the equation. The resultant linear system is solved with the GMRES algorithm to explicitly impose the flux conservation condition across the solvent–solute interface. The new strategy was evaluated on both analytical and realistic biomolecular systems. The numerical tests demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing induced surface charge in the finite-difference solution of the Poisson–Boltzmann equation. The analysis data further show that the strategy is consistent with theory and the classical finite-difference method on the tested systems. Limitations of the current implementations and further improvements are also analyzed and discussed to fully bring out its potential of achieving higher numerical accuracy.
Pattern recognition applied to surgery.

Abstract Features in a feature vector are defined in the conventional pattern recognition manner, but classes are defined interactively by the user as regions in the feature vector space. By storing training samples, where a sample is a feature vector, the class conditional probability density is estimated. The procedure is applied to surgical patient features, the features corresponding to the kind of operation, diagnosis, patient's age, patient's sex, etc. A class is then a patient in a specific age group, of a specific sex, and with a specific diagnosis. The procedure is useful for determining numbers of particular kinds of operations and diagnoses, numbers of particular kinds of operations performed by a certain physician, etc.
Abstract C142: Mortalin/HSPA9 regulates p21CIP1 expression in Raf/MEK/ERK-activated cancer cells.

Dysregulated Raf/MEK/ERK signaling is a common hallmark of tumorigenesis. However intriguingly, aberrant Raf/MEK/ERK activation triggers senescence-like growth arrest as a primary response in many cell types. This response is recognized as an innate tumor suppressive mechanism, which should be bypassed for Raf/MEK/ERK to drive carcinogenesis. Therefore, understanding of the bypass mechanisms is likely to provide an opportunity to design a novel therapeutic strategy. In this study, we report that mortalin, a member of the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) family, has a role in bypassing the Raf/MEK/ERK-induced growth inhibition in cancer. Using tandem affinity purification and proteomic mass spectrometry, we found that mortalin is present in the MEK1/2 proteome. A specific physical interaction between mortalin and MEK was validated by co-immunoprecipitation analyses and in vitro binding assays of recombinant proteins. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that mortalin is upregulated in human melanoma biopsies in correlation with tumor malignancy. Of note, mortalin levels were inversely correlated with p21CIP1 levels in a number of Raf/MEK/ERK-activated cancer cell lines, suggesting a role for mortalin in p21CIP1 regulation. Indeed, mortalin depletion elicited increased p21CIP1 transcription and MEK/ERK activation which were accompanied by G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and cell death in different B-Raf or K-Ras mutated cancer cell lines. Remarkably, blocking MEK/ERK activation, using the MEK1/2 inhibitor, AZD6244, dominant negative mutants of MEK or ERK, or RNA interference, abrogated p21CIP1 induction by mortalin depletion in cancer cells harboring B-RafV600E regardless of their p53 status. In contrast, mortalin overexpression suppressed B-RafV600E or ΔRaf-1:ER-induced MEK/ERK activation, p21CIP1 expression, and cell cycle arrest in cell types exhibiting normal MEK/ERK status. Other HSP70 family chaperones could not effectively replace mortalin for the observed effects on p21CIP1 regulation, suggesting a unique role for mortalin. These findings suggest that mortalin upregulation is a mechanism that underlies p21CIP1 silencing in Raf/MEK/ERK-activated cancer, identifying mortalin as a novel negative regulator of the pathway signaling. Mortalin may provide a target to reactivate the tumor suppressive signaling of Raf/MEK/ERK in cancer. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):C142. Citation Format: Pui Kei Wu, Seung-Keun Hong, Sudhakar Veeranki, Mansi Karkhanis, Dmytro Starenki, Jose A. Plaza, Jong-In Park. Mortalin/HSPA9 regulates p21CIP1 expression in Raf/MEK/ERK-activated cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr C142.
Fabric speciality stores: customer satisfaction/dissatisfaction with information‐source attributes

The purpose of this research was to determine customer satisfaction/dissatisfaction with information-source attributes supplied by fabric speciality stores. After constructing a theoretical framework of information-source attributes and a questionnaire, a survey of fabric speciality store customers was conducted in eight Midwestern cities in the U.S. The results indicated that salespeople, store layout/displays and fabric-bolt labels caused more dissatisfaction than store advertising, special services and free printed literature. It was also found that variables, such as the respondent's age, were related to the respondent's degree of satisfaction/dissatisfaction with fabric speciality store informations-source attributes.
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis and early clinical manifestations of severe perinatal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Northern California Pediatric HIV Consortium.

Background. Some children with perinatal HIV infection develop early progression to severe symptoms (Category C) within the first 4 years of life. Prophylactic therapy with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) may affect progression by decreasing the incidence of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). Methods. HIV progression to Category C in the first 3 years of life was retrospectively analyzed in a population-based cohort of children with perinatal HIV infection followed for ≥3 years from birth. Time to development of Category C and clinical patterns of new Category C diagnoses were examined in relation to patterns of PCP prophylaxis before diagnosis. Results. Fifty-eight of 147 children developed 67 initial category C diseases by 3 years of age: PCP (n = 24), encephalopathy (n = 22), other opportunistic infections (n = 19) and wasting (n = 2). Before diagnosis therapy included TMP/ SMX and zidovudine (ZDV) (n = 11), TMP/SMX alone (n = 7), ZDV alone (n = 1) and neither (n = 39). The probability of developing a Category C diagnosis after 2 years was significantly lower among children who received TMP/SMX compared with those who did not (29%, TMP/SMX vs. 45%, no TMP/SMX; 30%, TMP and ZDV vs. 45%, no therapy; P < 0.01). The frequency of PCP was significantly lower and that of HIV encephalopathy was significantly higher among children receiving TMP/SMX ± ZDV before Category C diagnosis than among children receiving neither. Conclusions. In this study PCP prophylaxis was associated with longer time to Category C diagnoses in the first 3 years of life. This association was related to a decreased incidence of PCP and an increased incidence of encephalopathy as the first Category C diagnosis among children who received TMP/SMX.
Extracellular Loop Cysteine Mutant of Cx37 Fails to Suppress Proliferation of Rat Insulinoma Cells

Although a functional pore domain is required for connexin 37 (Cx37)–mediated suppression of rat insulinoma (Rin) cell proliferation, it is unknown whether functional hemichannels would be sufficient or if Cx37 gap junction channels are required for growth suppression. To test this possibility, we targeted extracellular loop cysteines for mutation, expecting that the mutated protein would retain hemichannel, but not gap junction channel, functionality. Cysteines at positions 61 and 65 in the first extracellular loop of Cx37 were mutated to alanine and the mutant protein (Cx37-C61,65A) expressed in Rin cells. Although the resulting iRin37-C61,65A cells expressed the mutant protein comparably to Cx37 wild-type (Cx37-WT)–expressing Rin cells (iRin37), Cx37-C61,65A expression did not suppress the proliferation of Rin cells. As expected, iRin37-C61,65A cells did not form functional gap junction channels. However, functional hemichannels also could not be detected in iRin37-C61,65A cells by either dye uptake or electrophysiological approaches. Thus, failure of Cx37-C61,65A to suppress the proliferation of Rin cells is consistent with previous data demonstrating the importance of channel functionality to Cx37’s growth-suppressive function. Moreover, failure of the Cx37-C61,65A hemichannel to function, even in low external calcium, emphasizes the importance of extracellular loop cysteines not only in hemichannel docking but also in determining the ability of the hemichannel to adopt a closed configuration that can open in response to triggers, such as low external calcium, effective at opening Cx37-WT hemichannels.
On the Reclassification of the Terrapene (Testudines: Emydidae): A Response to Fritz & Havaš

The American box turtles (Terrapene spp.) consist of four historically recognized species based primarily on morphological data (Minx 1996): Terrapene carolina (Linnaeus), T. ornata (Agassiz), T. nelsoni (Stejneger), and T. coahuila (Schmidt & Owens). Each of these species is polytypic except for T. coahuila. Recently, the Placyk lab re-assessed the classification of Terrapene using molecular phylogenetic data, and suggested elevating a clade consisting of T. carolina triunguis (Agassiz), T. c. mexicana (Gray), and T. c. yucatana (Boulenger) to a distinct species: Terrapene mexicana ssp. (Martin et al. 2013). Our dataset included all Terrapene species and almost all of the subspecies (except for T. nelsoni klauberi), as well as large sample sizes and a wide geographic sampling for both mitochondrial (mt) and nuclear (nuc) DNA. The mtDNA Cytochrome b (Cytb) gene and a nucDNA intron from the Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase (GAPD) gene were used for phylogenetic analyses, and indicated that the T. mexicana clade was highly divergent from the remainder of the original T. carolina clade. In addition, the Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene, which is used in many animals for DNA barcoding, was sequenced and used to calculate pairwise percent DNA sequence divergence between taxa. The barcoding data also strongly supported our suggested classification revisions. However, because possible introgression was detected for some of the individuals, T. mexicana was not recognized as a distinct species in a recent assessment of Testudines taxonomic updates (Fritz & Havas 2013). The purpose of this treatise is to suggest that the possible presence of introgression seen in Martin et al. (2013) does not warrant disregarding T. mexicana as a unique species.