cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The God-Haunted Atheist and the Posh Boy: Christopher Marlowe in Will and Upstart Crow

During the mid-2010s, there appeared a pair of television shows featuring William Shakespeare in the title role, with Christopher Marlowe as a central supporting figure: Craig Pearce’s TNT drama Will and Ben Elton’s BBC comedy Upstart Crow. Pearce’s depiction of Marlowe as a brilliant but tortured, blaspheming homosexual corresponds very closely with what Lucas Erne calls the “mythographic image” of the playwright cultivated by Marlowe scholars and biographers. By contrast, Elton’s comic portrayal of Marlowe as a charming but unambitious “posh boy” who did not even write the plays attributed to him turns the stereotypical image of the playwright upside down. These two contrasting depictions of Christopher Marlowe himself correspond to the differing portrayals of his most famous protagonist: the tragic Doctor Faustus of the beginning and ending of that play, whose transgression of orthodox boundaries brings about his demise, and the comic Faustus of the middle scenes of the play, who squanders his considerable intellectual gifts.
Chronic and End-Stage Heart Failure

Chronic heart failure (HF) is a common manifestation of cardiovascular (CV) disease, affecting almost 6 million adults in the United States (Mozaffarian et al., Circulation 133(4):e38–e360, 2016). Despite overall improvements in cardiovascular health, the incidence of heart failure has remained stable due to the aging of the population as well as improved survival following myocardial infarction (MI). Among patients over the age of 65, the incidence of HF is approximately 1% annually and projections suggest that the prevalence of HF will increase 46% between 2012 and 2030 (Mozaffarian et al., Circulation 133(4):e38–e360, 2016). Major advances have occurred in the understanding of HF pathophysiology and treatment, leading to significant declines in HF-related mortality. However, it remains a cause of significant morbidity and mortality, resulting in more than 1 million hospitalizations and 60,000 deaths annually. The total annual cost of HF in 2012 was estimated at $31 billion, and this is expected to rise by 127% by 2030 (Mozaffarian et al., Circulation 133(4):e38–e360, 2016).
Microplastic Invasion – A Threat to Animal and Human Health

The plastic crisis affects the entire world, regardless of where the plastic is made or where it enters the oceans. This chapter details how plastics become microplastics and the effects microplastics have on the marine life, humans, and environment. Issues of plastic pollution around the globe are commonly known but the categorization of plastics by size is new. Macro-, micro-, and nanoplastics each pose unique risks to human health. Each are deposited and created in the oceans by various methods. No single solution will mediate the effects of all three categories of plastics.
Application of femtosecond-laser tagging for unseeded velocimetry in a large-scale transonic cryogenic wind tunnel

Femtosecond laser electronic excitation tagging (FLEET) velocimetry was applied in the National Transonic Facility and assessed for its use in providing quantitative velocity measurements in a large-scale cryogenic wind tunnel. Comparisons of freestream results with theory and existing tunnel measurements indicate that FLEET velocity measurements agree within 1% of the tunnel reference, while the largest error among all conditions remained within 2.5%. For single-shot velocity measurements, binning of the FLEET intensity data improved the signal-to-noise ratio sufficiently to provide measurement precisions on the order of 1% of the freestream velocity. After confirmation of system performance, spatially resolved velocity profile measurements were obtained in the wake downstream of the Common Research Model wing. Effects of the model angle-of-attack on velocity deficit profiles were explored, and a two-dimensional, one-component velocity map resolving the wake region was constructed by scanning the laser’s position within the test section. The experimental campaign described herein represents the first non-intrusive, quantitative measurements of velocity made in this facility since its inception in 1984.
Why and How to Value Nonhuman Animals in Cost-Benefit Analyses

Federal agencies’ cost-benefit analyses do not systematically account for nonhuman animals’ interests. This omission matters. Many nonhuman animals have interests that most moral and legal systems recognize as mattering, and cost-benefit analysis drives many regulatory decisions that have enormous impacts on many billions of these animals. That omission creates a regulatory blind spot that is untenable as a matter of morality and of policy. This article advances two claims related to valuing nonhuman animals in cost-benefit analyses for policies that substantially impact them. The Weak Claim argues that such analyses may value nonhuman animals; the Strong Claim argues that they must. In regulatory-law terms, the Weak Claim asserts that including this kind of valuation in a cost-benefit analysis is not arbitrary, capricious, or unreasonable; the Strong Claim asserts that omitting this valuation is such. After describing these two claims, the article then discusses a range of options agencies have to value nonhuman animals, including, most preferably, variations on the value of a statistical life, interspecies comparisons, and, as a bare minimum, breakeven analysis. It briefly assesses these and other possible methodologies against identified criteria for a viable methodology. It also discusses various considerations related to implementing this kind of valuation. It finishes by showing, as a sort of “proof of concept,” that even a simple breakeven analysis from affected animals’ perspective could plausibly paint even a thoroughly investigated policy decision—specifically the policy decision at issue in Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper, Inc.—in an informative new light.
The motivation of Russian Federation social work students for pursuing a social work degree

This study examined Russian Federation social work students’ motivation for pursuing a degree in social work. The study’s sample included 176 students from two universities in the Russian Federatio...
Parallel implementation of niched Pareto genetic algorithm code for X-ray plasma spectroscopy

We use a Pareto optimal genetic algorithm to determine plasma temperature and density through X-ray spectroscopic diagnostics. Pareto selection provides better solutions compared with linear combinations of the two optimization criteria. Parallelizing the genetic algorithm achieves linear speed-up and allows larger populations resulting in improved reliability in reasonable running time.
Self-organized charge confinement in cuprate superconductors: Effects on the normal-and superconducting state

The observation of self-organized charge, segregation in cuprate superconductors is used to explain two of the most intriguing normalstate properties, namely the pseudogap in the density of states below the temperature T * and the unconventional temperature dependence of the in-plane resistivity. The doped holes reside in nanometer-scale grains due to the fragmentation of the charge stripes, similar to the case of quantum dots, with intervening antiferromagnetic semiconducting/insulating domains. The size of these grains scales with doping concentration. Based on charge confinement in such nano-grains, we propose a model to understand the temperature dependent in-plane resistivity as well as magnitude of the pseudogap as a function of doping. The charge transport is dominated by one- or two-dimensional diffusion at temperatures above T *, a cross-over to quasi-ballistic transport inside the grains below T *, and eventually variable-range hopping at low temperatures. The pseudogap can be identified with the spectroscopic gap of the quantum dots including the quantum fluctuations of the superconducting order parameter. The intergrain coupling via particle exchange allows a macroscopic phase-coherent superconducting state to establish below the critical temperature T c .
Evolutionary losses of facial stripes in New World pitvipers

Associations between the evolutionary loss or gain of colours and habitat can be informative about how environment drives colour evolution, and provide insight into their functions. Despite a wealth of studies on colours, the function of many colour patches are not well understood. This is especially the case for dark facial markings. Dark facial stripes are common in snakes, including many pitvipers, which possess facial stripes that extend from the eye towards the corner of the mouth. We investigated whether the evolutionary loss or gain of facial stripes in New World pitvipers is associated with activity period and habitat, hoping to shed light on their function. First, we examined whether evolutionary loss or gain of facial stripes is associated with nocturnal or diurnal activity. It has been suggested that facial stripes may protect the venom from ultraviolet radiation, which would be higher in diurnal species. Similarly, snakes in open habitats may experience higher ultraviolet radiation than those in closed habitats. Alternatively, we examined whether evolutionary loss or gain of facial stripes is associated with terrestrial or non-terrestrial habitat use. Studies on similar facial markings in other vertebrates indicated that they have a signalling function. If facial stripes in pitvipers have a signalling function, arboreal or saxicolous habitat use may limit signal effectiveness. Hence, we hypothesized that there may be an association between facial stripe evolution and habitat use. Using combined phylogenies that included almost every New World pitviper species, we tested correlations between facial stripes and ultraviolet exposure (activity period and habitat openness) and habitat use (terrestrial or non-terrestrial) using concentrated-changes tests and Pagel’s correlation tests. Our data did not support the hypothesis that ultraviolet exposure influenced facial stripe evolution. Instead, the evolutionary loss of facial stripes was associated with non-terrestrial habitat use, such as arboreal and saxicolous habitats. In these habitats, we suggest the effectiveness of facial stripes as a signal would be limited, leading to their evolutionary loss. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 104, 923–933. ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: aposematic warning – rattlesnakes – signals – ultraviolet radiation.
Application of vibrational control to chemical reactions in a CSTR with delayed recycle stream

Vibrational control is a method of modification of dynamic properties obtained by introducing zero mean oscillations into a system parameters. This paper shows that by introducing oscillations into the flow rates of a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with delayed recycle stream, it is possible to operate reactions in the vicinity of previously unstable steady states.
Maternal lipids at mid-pregnancy and the risk of preterm delivery.

Objective. This study examined associations between maternal lipid levels at mid-pregnancy and preterm delivery, medically indicated or spontaneous. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting. Women were recruited from 52 clinics in five Michigan, USA communities (1998–2004). Population. Pregnant women were enrolled at 15–27 weeks’ gestation and followed to delivery (n=3019). Methods. A single blood sample was obtained at study enrollment. Blood lipids, i.e. total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDLc), low-density lipoprotein (LDLc) cholesterol, and triglycerides (TG), were measured on a sub-cohort (n=1309). Main outcome measures. There were 221 spontaneous, 100 medically indicated preterm deliveries and 988 term deliveries. Polytomous logistic regression models examined relationships among cholesterol levels (Low: <10th percentile, Referent: 10th–<70th percentile, High: ≥70th percentile), quartiles of TG (Referent: first quartile) and delivery outcome (Referent: term). Results. Odds of medically indicated preterm delivery were increased among women with low TC (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=2.04, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.12, 3.72), low HDLc (aOR=1.89, 95%CI: 1.04, 3.42) or low LDLc (aOR=1.96, 95%CI: 1.09, 3.54). Odds of spontaneous preterm delivery were increased among women with high TC (aOR=1.51, 95%CI: 1.06, 2.15), high LDLc (aOR=1.42, 95%CI: 0.99, 2.04) or high TG (aOR=1.90, 95%CI: 1.21, 2.97 and aOR=1.72, 95%CI: 1.06, 2.78 for third and fourth quartiles, respectively). Conclusions. Extremely low TC, HDLc, and LDLc were associated with a modest increase in risk of medically indicated preterm delivery, whereas high TC, LDLc and TG modestly increased the risk of spontaneous preterm delivery. Further research is needed to uncover explanations for these associations and to identify optimal ranges for maternal lipids.
Quantum Measurement Theory and its Applications: Quantum feedback control

Introduction The notion of feedback control comes to us from the classical world of mechanical and electrical engineering. Machines designed to operate a certain way may deviate because of small errors in their physical construction, because of inherent instability, or because of external sources of noise. Such deviations can be controlled by monitoring a machine’s behavior, and using this information to apply forces that periodically or continuously correct the motion. This is called feedback control, and the device that receives the measurement signal, and translates it into the appropriate correcting forces, is called the “feedback controller” (or “controller” for short). We will usually refer to the system to be controlled as the primary, and the system that acts as a feedback controller as the auxiliary. The device(s) that actually apply the forces to the system are often called the actuator(s), and the prescription by which the control forces are chosen based on the measurement results is variously called the control algorithm, law, strategy, or protocol. Here we exclusively use the terms strategy and protocol. Feedback control is also known as closed-loop control, because the flow of information to the controller, and the flow back to the system via actuators, are thought of as forming a loop. As a historical note, Maxwell appears to have been the first to perform a mathematical analysis of a feedback control system. He studied “governors,” mechanical devices that control the speed of an engine by using the centrifugal force generated by the engine to control the flow of fuel [413]. In fact the use of centrifugal governors goes back even further, as they were used to control the pressure between millstones in windmills in the 17th century [253].
A Biologically Inspired Passive Antenna for Steering Control of a Running Robot

Inspired by nature’s effective use of tactile feedback for rapid maneuvering, we designed a passive, highly compliant tactile sensor for Sprawlette, a hexapedal running robot. To bridge the gap between biology and design, we took initial steps toward understanding how the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, uses antenna feedback to control its orientation during a rapid wall following behavior. First, we developed a simple template model for antenna-based wall following. Second, we collected initial cockroach data that supports the idea that the rate of convergence to the wall or “tactile flow” is being used, in part, for controlling body orientation. Based on these steps, we designed and calibrated a prototype tactile sensor to measure Sprawlette’s angle and distance relative to a straight wall, and employed a simple bio-inspired control law that can stabilize the template dynamics. Finally, we integrated the sensor and controller on Sprawlette and showed empirically that stabilizing Sprawlette during wall following does indeed require tactile flow, as predicted.
The impact of increased plasma ratios in massively transfused trauma patients: a prospective analysis

Transfusion ratios approaching 1:1 FFP:PRBC for trauma resuscitation have become the de facto standard of care. The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate the effect of increasing ratios of FFP:PRBC transfusion on survival for massively transfused civilian trauma patients as well as determine if time to reach the target ratio had any effect on outcomes. This is a prospective, observational study of all trauma patients requiring a massive transfusion (≥10 PRBC in ≤24 h) at a level 1 trauma center over a 2.5-year period. The ratio of FFP:PRBC was tracked hourly up to 24 h post-initiation of massive transfusion. A logistic regression model was utilized to identify the ideal ratio associated with mortality prediction. A stepwise logistic regression was performed to identify independent predictors of mortality. The study population was predominantly male (89 %) with a mean age of 34.8 ± 16. On admission, 22 % had a systolic blood pressure ≤90 mmHg, 47 % had a heart rate ≥120, and 25 % had a GCS ≤8. The overall mortality was 33 %. The ratio of FFP:PRBC ≥ 1:1.5 was the second most important independent predictor of mortality for this population (R 2 = 0.59). Survivors had a higher FFP:PRBC ratio at all times during the first 24 h of resuscitation. Achieving a ratio of FFP:PRBC ≥ 1:1.5 after the initial 24 h of resuscitation significantly improves survival in massively transfused trauma patients compared to patients that achieved a ratio <1:1.5.
Integrated Scheduling and Dynamic Optimization for Network Batch Processes

Abstract We address the integration of scheduling and dynamic optimization for batch processes that have complex network structures, allowing material splitting and mixing. The integrated problem is formulated into a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem. To reduce the computational complexity, we develop a tailored and efficient decomposition method based on the framework of generalized Benders decomposition by exploiting the special structure of the integrated problem. The decomposed master problem is a scheduling problem with variable processing times and processing costs, as well as the Benders cuts. The primal problem comprises a set of separable dynamic optimization problems for the processing units. In comparison with the simultaneous method which solves the integrated problem by a general-purpose MINLP solver, the proposed method can reduce computational times by orders of magnitude, although global optimality of the solutions cannot be guaranteed for non-convex problems.
Conflict of Interest in Orthopaedic Research

Background: The expanding role of industrial support in biomedical research has resulted in both substantial interest and controversy in recent years. Our hypothesis was that, from 1985 to 2002, the role of industrial support in orthopaedic research increased, as documented by the research presented at the annual meetings of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Methods: We analyzed the frequency and types of self-reported conflicts of interest for all presentations at the annual meetings of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons in 1985, 1988, 1992, 1997, 1999, and 2002. Conflicts of interest were recorded directly from the final program for each meeting analyzed. The analysis focused on the scientific presentations, Instructional Course Lectures, symposia, poster exhibits, and scientific exhibits. Information about specific types of support received by authors was first required in 1988. Results: The incidence of conflicts of interest increased from 3% in 1985 to 39% in 2002 for scientific papers (p < 0.001); from 10% to 74%, respectively, for symposia (p < 0.001); from 22% to 60% for Instructional Course Lectures (p < 0.001); from 10% to 60% for scientific exhibits (p < 0.001); and from 9% in 1992 to 14% in 2002 for posters (p < 0.001). For presentations of all types, the incidence increased from 10% to 32% (p < 0.001). The types of conflict of interest also changed significantly from 1999 to 2002. In 1999, 73% of conflicts were documented as support directed to institutions and 27%, as support to individuals; in 2002, 57% were reported as support directed to institutions and 43%, as support to individuals (p < 0.01). Conclusions: The role of industrial support of orthopaedic research increased significantly between 1985 and 2002, as evidenced by the increase in the self-reported conflicts of interest for all types of presentations at the annual meetings of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. In addition, the support directed to individuals, in contrast to that directed to institutions, increased significantly.
Characterization of the nitrate complexes of Pu(IV) using absorption spectroscopy, 15N NMR, and EXAFS

Abstract The nitrate complexes of Pu(IV) are studied in solutions containing nitrate at concentrations up to 13 molar (M) using absorption spectroscopy, 15N nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). Four major nitrato complexes are observed and identified as Pu(NO3)3+, Pu(NO3)22+, Pu(NO3)4, and Pu(NO3)62−. The Pu(NO3)31+ and Pu(NO3)51− complexes are not observed here and an upper limit of 0.10 can be set on the fraction for each of these species.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the hand.

THE PATIENT A 65-year-old, right-handed man presents with a 1.0 1.5 cm erythematous plaque on the dorsal first web space of the right hand. He states that he first noticed the lesion 6 months ago, when it was a smaller, scaly lesion that was about half its current size. No palpable axillary lymph nodes are present. Incisional biopsy reveals squamous cell carcinoma with 25% undifferentiated cells, a Breslow thickness of 1.5 mm, and no subcutaneous extension or perineural invasion.
THE SPECIFIC AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS OF A HUMAN CARCINOMA CELL (STRAIN HELA) IN TISSUE CULTURE

The amino acid requirements of a human uterine carcinoma cell (HeLa strain) have been defined. The 12 compounds previously found to be essential for the growth of a mouse fibroblast proved similarly essential for this human epithelial cell. They included arginine, cyst(e)ine, histidine, and tyrosine, in addition to the eight amino acids required for nitrogen balance in man (isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine). Only the L-amino acids were active; the D-enantiomorphs had no demonstrable effect at physiologic concentrations. The minimum concentrations required for survival and limited growth varied from 0.003 microM per ml. for L-tryptophan, to 0.1 microM per ml. for L-lysine. The concentrations permitting optimum growth similarly varied from 0.01 microM per ml. for tryptophan, to 0.1 microM per ml. for leucine, isoleucine, threonine, lysine, and valine. The latter optimum concentrations of the individual amino acids were closely correlated with their serum levels. With at least six of the amino acids, high concentrations, in the range 1 to 10 microM per ml., caused a definite growth inhibition. In the absence of a single essential amino acid, degenerative changes occurred in the cells, culminating in their death and dissolution. In the early stages, however, these degenerative changes could be reversed by the restoration of the missing component.
Constructions of Student Development across the Generations.

This chapter explores the dynamics of generational cohort differences and their potential influence on the understandings, emphases, and applications of student development theory.
Protons from the Disintegration of Lithium by Deuterons

It was found in this laboratory (1) that lithium bombarded with deuterons yields β-rays with a continuous distribution in energy extending to 10.5±1.0 MEV and having a half-life of 0.5±0.1 second.
Weight gain increases human aromatase expression in mammary gland.

Adulthood weight gain predicts estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Because local estrogen excess in the breast likely contributes to cancer development, and aromatase is the key enzyme in estrogen biosynthesis, we investigated the role of local aromatase expression in weight gain-associated breast cancer risk in a humanized aromatase (Aromhum) mouse model containing the coding region and the 5′-regulatory region of the human aromatase gene. Compared with littermates on normal chow, female Aromhum mice on a high fat diet gained more weight, and had a larger mammary gland mass with elevated total human aromatase mRNA levels via promoters I.4 and II associated with increased levels of their regulators TNFα and C/EBPβ. There was no difference in total human aromatase mRNA levels in gonadal white adipose tissue. Our data suggest that diet-induced weight gain preferentially stimulates local aromatase expression in the breast, which may lead to local estrogen excess and breast cancer risk.
Phenyl (1-bromo-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl)mercury: a useful tetrafluoroethylidene source

Abstract The reaction of phenylmercuric chloride, 1-bromo-2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane and methanolic sodium methoxide in THF at −35° gave PhHgCFBrCF 3 in good yield. Thermolysis of this mercurial at 155° for 24 h in the presence of olefins gave gem -fluoro(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropanes, while its reaction with triethylsilane produced Et 3 SiCHFCF 3 .
The Temporal Relationship in Arterial and Venous Prostacyclin and Thromboxane Activity during 24 Hours of Intraaortic Balloon Counterpulsation in Dogs

Abstract We studied the effects of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation (IABCP) on prostacyclin (PGI 2 ) and thromboxane (TXB 2 ) levels in dogs during 24 hours of 1:1 IABCP or a sham procedure in which the balloon was positioned but left deflated. The arterial PGI 2 levels in the IABCP group increased from control values of 95 ± 20 pg/ml to 268 ± 95 pg/ml at 1 hour, 429 ± 95 pg/ml at 4 hours, and 1,884 ± 532 pg/ml at 24 hours. The arterial PGI 2 levels were consistently higher in the IABCP group. Although the TXB 2 measurements revealed no significant differences between groups, the IABCP group consistently had a higher level than the sham group. The platelet count in the control group decreased to 45% of baseline levels versus 55% for the IABCP group. We conclude that prolonged IABCP results in either net production of PGI 2 or decreased degradation. The correlation between TXB 2 and platelet counts is unclear and remains to be defined.
Convergence studies of eigenvalue solutions using two finite plate bending elements

The convergence rates of eigenvalue solutions using two finite plate bending elements are studied. The elements considered are the well-known 12 degree of freedom, non-conforming rectangular element and the 16 degree of freedom, conforming rectangular element. Three problems are analysed, a square plate simply supported on two opposite sides with the other two sides clamped, simply supported, or free. Closed form, finite element solutions for these problems are obtained by using shifting E-operators. With few exceptions, eigenvalue solutions found with the non-conforming element converge from below the exact answers at an asymptotic rate of n−2, where n is the number of elements on a side. However, since the array size needed for such convergence is very large, little can be said about the convergence rates for practical arrays. The conforming element solutions converge from above at an asymptotic rate of n−4. A comparison of the errors involved in using these two elements shows that the conforming element is far superior to the non-conforming element.
REALISTIC SIMULATIONS OF EMBEDDED CONTROL SYSTEMS

Abstract Current tools for design and implementation of embedded systems lack sufficient support for handling the different development phases. These phases usually include design of control laws, supervision logic, real-time task scheduling, modeling of communication, etc. The heterogeneity of modern embedded control systems puts high demands on design and simulation tools. Many control systems are hybrid in the sense that they consist of a set of subcontrollers and some switching logic. The individual subcontrollers are conveniently described using discrete equations, the switching logic may be expressed using state machines, the complete controller is implemented as a task in a real-time operating system, the controlled plant is modeled as a system of differential equations, and so on. The Ptolemy project addresses the design, simulation and implementation of heterogeneous hierarchical systems. The design principles are demonstrated in the Ptolemy II software which advocates a component-based design methodology, and hierarchically integrates multiple models of computation, which can be used to capture different design perspectives. A Furuta pendulum control system is used as a motivating example. After designing a three-mode hybrid controller under idealized assumptions, implementation effects, such as those caused by real-time scheduling and network communication, are taken into consideration to achieve a more realistic simulation.
Photoexcitation and photodissociation lasers. III. mechanisms of CO laser emission from the vacuum UV photodissociation of CH2COO2 and CH2COSO2 mixtures

Abstract CO laser emission was detected in the vacuum UV flash photolysis of CH 2 CO. The emission is attributed to the initial photodissociation reaction Addition of O 2 to the CH 2 CO system caused a pronounced enhancement in the laser intensity. This effect is believed to be due to the removal of the CH 2 + CH 2 CO reaction, which produces uninverted CO molecules. A greater laser output was obtained when SO 2 was used instead of O 2 . In the O 2 -added system, a total of 16 transitions ranging from Δ v (8→7) to (4→3) were identified. Addition of SO 2 increased the total number of lines to 34, lasing in the range between (11→10) and (4→3). This enhancement is ascribed to the occurrence of the reaction In addition to these chemical effects, the effects of flash energy, inert gases and total pressures have been investigated.
Optically detected, single nanoparticle mass spectrometer with pre-filtered electrospray nanoparticle source

An instrument designed for non-destructive mass analysis of single trapped nanoparticles is described. The heart of the instrument is a 3D quadrupole (Paul) trap constructed to give optical access to the trap center along ten directions, allowing passage of lasers for particle heating and detection, particle injection, collection of scattered or fluorescent photons for particle detection and mass analysis, and collection of particles on TEM grids for analysis, as needed. Nanoparticles are injected using an electrospray ionization (ESI) source, and conditions are described for spraying and trapping polymer particles, bare metal particles, and ligand stabilized particles with masses ranging from 200 kDa to >3 GDa. Conditions appropriate to ESI and injection of different types of particles are described. The instrument is equipped with two ion guides separating the ESI source and nanoparticle trap. The first ion guide is mostly to allow desolvation and differential pumping before the particles enter the trap section of the instrument. The second is a linear quadrupole guide, which can be operated in mass selective or mass band-pass modes to limit transmission to species with mass-to-charge ratios in the range of interest. With a little experience, the design allows injection of single particles into the trap upon demand.
Directionality of singing and non-singing behaviour of mated and unmated northern mockingbirds, Mimus polyglottos

Abstract Early in the breeding season, unmated male northern mockingbirds displayed greater variability in singing direction within bouts of song than did mated males. Unmated males also sang more and used a greater proportion of singing perches in the interior of their terriories than mated males. Although unmated males used more singing perches than mated males, they used fewer in proportion to the amount of song. Both unmated and mated males frequently sang into or across their territories, although mated males sang into their territories to a greater degree. Neither class of males directed song exclusively out of their territories when singing near boundaries. Unmated males also performed more visual displays associated with singing. Mated males chased both conspecifics and heterospecifics more than did unmated males. These findings support the hypothesis that mockingbird song at this time of the breeding season functions largely in male-female interactions.
Building Colonial Cities of God: Mendicant Orders and Urban Culture in New Spain

Mendicant orders were at the center of religion as lived and practiced in New Spain and were foundational to the material and ritual culture of urban Catholicism. This revelation is one of the most...
The concentration of actinomycin D in hepatocyte nuclei as related to inhibition of ribonucleic acid synthesis.

Abstract The administration of actinomycin D (Act D) to rats produces a transient inhibition of ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis. A method for the isolation of hepatocyte nuclei permitted simultaneous examination of intranuclear antibiotic concentration and RNA synthetic capacity. More than 95 per cent of the nuclei were from hepatocytes, permitting identification of the liver cell studied. A dose of approximately 25–30 μg/100 g of body weight ( ld 10–20%, 5 days) produced a significant inhibition of nucleotide incorporation for 6–12 hr. The intranuclear concentration of Act D declined rapidly through the first 12 hr from a maximum at 1 hr. From 15 hr on, despite evidence of residual Act D, no inhibition of nucleotide incorporation into RNA was detected. No metabolic product of Act D could be demonstrated, nor could its intranuclear distribution explain the inactivity of this residual fraction. It is apparent that the normal hepatocyte possesses mechanisms for rapidly eliminating administered Act D.
MO-F-BRCD-02: SBRT (Part 2): Physics and Quality Assurance Updates

The technical advantage of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is based upon the ability to deliver a hypofractionated course of heterogeneous dose to a well-defined volume with a rapid fall-off of dose outside the treatment volume. The overall goal is to deliver an ablative dose to the target while minimizing the effects of radiation on the surrounding normal tissue. The major advantage of SBRT is the greater biologically effective dose to the target than that permitted by less conformal, fractionated techniques. In this presentation the established recommendations for quality assurance and safety of SBRT from ACR, ASTRO, and AAPM will be reviewed. The recommendations include establishing an SBRT clinic, equipment and imaging considerations, overview of staffing and personnel qualifications, treatment planning considerations, training, acceptance and commissioning practices, and use of safety checklists. Additionally, a Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) for Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy Delivery is presented. References: 1. Timothy D. Solberg PhD, James M. Balter PhD, Stanley H. Benedict PhD, Benedick A. Fraass PhD, Brian Kavanagh MD, Curtis Miyamoto MD, Todd Pawlicki PhD, Louis Potters MD, Yoshiya Yamada MD, "Quality and safety considerations in stereotactic radiosurgery and stereotactic body radiation therapy" Practical Radiation Oncology (2011)2. Benedict SH, Yenice KM, Followill D, et al., "Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy: The Report of AAPM Task Group 101" Med Phys. 2010;37:4078- 41013. Potters L, Kavanagh B, Galvin JM, et al. American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ASTRO) and American College of Radiology (ACR) practice guideline for the performance of stereotactic body radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010;76:326-3324. Julian R. Perks PhD, Sinisa Stanic MD, Robin L Stern PhD, Barbara Henk RN MSN, Marsha S Nelson RN MBA, Rick D Harse RTT, Mathew Mathai BS CMD, James A Purdy PhD, Richard K Valicenti MD MA, Allan D Siefkin MD and Allen M Chen MD, "Failure Mode and Effect Analysis for Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy Delivery" Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012 (in press) Learning Objectives: 1. Review and understand the ASTRO Recommendations for QA and Safety with SBRT 2. Review and understand the AAPM Task Group Recommendations for SBRT 3. Review and understand a FEMA Analysis of SBRT.
Effect of the presence of montmorillonite on the solubility of whey protein isolate films in food model systems with different compositions and pH

Abstract Purpose of research Whey protein isolate (WPI) coated plastics and laminates have potential for food packaging applications. Montmorillonite (MMT) addition to the WPI matrix for improved WPI material for such applications was investigated. The effect of the presence of MMT on the solubility of WPI films in food model systems with different compositions and pH, and on the morphology, mechanical properties, and swelling of the films was investigated. Results The presence of MMT in the WPI films significantly reduced solids migration and altered the properties of the WPI films. The level of reduction was dependent on both pH and composition of the food model system. The lowest migration occurred in the acidic solutions due to a conformational change in the whey proteins and the resulting reduction of protein migration. This conformational change was pH dependent with lesser protein migration with lower pH due to electrostatic interactions between WPI and MMT. The swelling of the WPI film was reduced by 35% with a change in pH of the food model system from 6.5 to 2.85, regardless of the presence of MMT. Further lowering of the pH of the food model system led to a steady increase of swelling in the films but this effect was less pronounced in the case of MMT/WPI film due to electrostatic interactions between WPI and MMT. The presence of MMT also decreased the elongation at break and increased the tensile strength and surface roughness of the WPI film. Conclusions The addition of MMT in the WPI matrix significantly reduces solubility and alters properties of the WPI films. The magnitude of change depends on the specific food characteristics including both, composition and pH. MMT and an external acidic stimulus can be used to improve the WPI film for food packaging applications.
Use of Minolta SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter to quantify the effectiveness of mid-summer trunk injection of iron on chlorotic pear trees

Abstract The severity of leaf chlorosis in iron (Fe)‐deficient fruit trees is often characterized using a semi‐quantitative visual rating index that is subject to evaluator bias. Analytical instruments are now available that provide a quantitative measure of leaf green color that could substitute for visual ratings. We injected limbs of mature chlorotic pear trees (Pyrus communis L. cv. Bartlett) with distilled water or a solution of 0.1% Fe (w/v) as FeSO4‐7H2O on 17 July 1995. Treatments were replicated eight‐fold. On 18 August 1995, a Minolta SPAD‐502 chlorophyll meter was used to measure the green color of 30 randomly sampled leaves located above the point of injection on each injected limb. Average leaf green color was higher in the Fe‐injected tree than in the water‐injected tree of each experimental block. Leaf green color (mean±SD) averaged 34.7±3.8 SPAD units for the Fe‐injected trees and 27.3±3.8 SPAD units for the water‐injected trees. The absolute increase in mean leaf color of 7.4 SPAD units w...
An example of how to manage occupational injuries in healthcare

This article presents a five-Step process, which can be applied as part of an ergonomic management program. A case study relates how successful application of the process resulted in the reduction of occupational injuries and associated costs. The healthcare industry has been plagued by back injuries resulting from patient and resident handling. On November 23, 1999, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) released the Proposed Ergonomic Management Standard, which, when finalized, will require organizations to put in place ergonomic management programs as discussed in this article.
Small Heteroborane Cluster Systems. 6. Mössbauer Effect Study of Iron Substituted Small Metallaborane Clusters.

The Mossbauer effect spectra for a series of small [Fe(η5-C5H5)(CO)x] substituted metallaborane complexes are reported, where x = 1 or 2. The pentaborane cage in compounds [Fe(η5-C5H5)(CO)2B5H7P(C6H5)2] (1), [Fe(η5-C5H5)(CO)2B5H8] (2), and [(Fe(η5-C5H5)(CO)2)2B5H7] (3) was found to act as a significantly better donor ligand than the ligands in a comparison group of previously reported [Fe(η5-C5H5)(CO)LX] complexes, where L = CO or PPh3 and X = halide, pseudohalide, or alkyl ligands. These metallaborane complexes were found to most resemble their silyl analogues in Mossbauer spectral parameters and the electronic distribution around the iron centers. In addition, the Mossbauer data showed that the [μ-2,3-(P(C6H5)2B5H7]- ligand was a superior donor to the corresponding unsubstituted [B5H8]- ligand. The Mossbauer spectral results for the metallaborane complexes studied were found to be in general agreement with the anticipated donor and accepting bonding considerations for the cage ligands based upon their i...
A Delicate Dance: Identity Issues in a Religious Nonprofit Umbrella Organization

Religious nonprofit social service and health organizations provide care to a large number of people in American communities. To enhance the services that these organizations provide, religious denominations have formed national nonprofit umbrella organizations. Little has been written about these umbrella organizations, their identity, and their functions. Using archival sources and interviews, this article explores the history and development of Lutheran Services in America (LSA), a large, Protestant, national nonprofit umbrella organization. Elements of this organization’s identity are examined—its ongoing efforts to affirm its religious values and goals, its efforts to meet economic needs, and its serving as a forum in which differing views of social services in the church can be discussed. The multiple identities of LSA are explored, and the implications for religious nonprofit umbrella organizations are discussed.
PKC-ζ Mediates Insulin Effects on Glucose Transport in Cultured Preadipocyte-Derived Human Adipocytes

Insulin-stimulated glucose transport is impaired in the early phases of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Studies in rodent cells suggest that atypical PKC (aPKC) isoforms (zeta, lamda, and iota) and PKB, and their upstream activators, PI3K and 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK-1), play important roles in insulin-stimulated glucose transport. However, there is no information on requirements for aPKCs, PKB, or PDK-1 during insulin action in human cell types. Presently, by using preadipocyte-derived adipocytes, we were able to employ adenoviral gene transfer methods to critically examine these requirements in a human cell type. These adipocytes were found to contain PKC-zeta, rather than PKC-lamda/iota, as their major aPKC. Expression of kinase-inactive forms of PDK-1, PKC-zeta, and PKC-lamda (which functions interchangeably with PKC-zeta) as well as chemical inhibitors of PI 3-kinase and PKC-zeta/lamda, wortmannin and the cell-permeable myristoylated PKC-zeta pseudosubstrate, respectively, effectively inhibited insulin-stimulated glucose transport. In contrast, expression of a kinase-inactive, activation-resistant, triple alanine mutant form of PKB-alpha had little or no effect, and expression of wild-type and constitutively active PKC-zeta or PKC-lamda increased glucose transport. Our findings provide convincing evidence that aPKCs and upstream activators, PI 3-kinase and PDK-1, play important roles in insulin-stimulated glucose transport in preadipocyte-derived human adipocytes.
Rhombohedrally distorted γ-Au(5-x)Zn(8+y) phases in the Au-Zn system.

The region of the Au–Zn phase diagram encompassing γ-brass-type phases has been studied experimentally from 45 to 85 atom % Zn. The γ phases were obtained directly from the pure elements by heating to 680 °C in evacuated silica tubes, followed by annealing at 300 °C. Powder X-ray and single-crystal diffraction studies show that γ-“Au5Zn8” phases adopt a rhombohedrally distorted Cr5Al8 structure type rather than the cubic Cu5Zn8 type. The refined compositions from two single crystals extracted from the Zn- and Au-rich loadings are Au4.27(3)Zn8.26(3)γ0.47 (I) and Au4.58(3)Zn8.12(3)γ0.3 (II), respectively (γ = vacancy). These (I and II) refinements indicated both nonstatistical mixing of Au and Zn atoms as well as partially ordered vacancy distributions. The structures of these γ phases were solved in the acentric space group R3m (No. 160, Z = 6), and the observed lattice parameters from powder patterns were found to be a = 13.1029(6) and 13.1345(8) A and c = 8.0410(4) and 8.1103(6) A for crystals I and II, respectively. According to single-crystal refinements, the vacancies were found on the outer tetrahedron (OT) and octahedron (OH) of the 26-atom cluster. Single-crystal structural refinement clearly showed that the vacancy content per unit cell increases with increasing Zn,more » or valence-electron concentration. Electronic structure calculations, using the tight-binding linear muffin-tin orbital method with the atomic-sphere approximation (TB-LMTO-ASA) method, indicated the presence of a well-pronounced pseudogap at the Fermi level for “Au5Zn8” as the representative composition, an outcome that is consistent with the Hume–Rothery interpretation of γ brass.« less
Discovery of a gene family critical to wyosine base formation in a subset of phenylalanine-specific transfer RNAs.

A large number of post-transcriptional base modifications in transfer RNAs have been described (Sprinzl, M., Horn, C., Brown, M., Ioudovitch, A., and Steinberg, S. (1998) Nucleic Acids Res. 26, 148-153). These modifications enhance and expand tRNA function to increase cell viability. The intermediates and genes essential for base modifications in many instances remain unclear. An example is wyebutosine (yW), a fluorescent tricyclic modification of an invariant guanosine situated on the 3′-side of the tRNAPhe anticodon. Although biosynthesis of yW involves several reaction steps, only a single pathway-specific enzyme has been identified (Kalhor, H. R., Penjwini, M., and Clarke, S. (2005) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 334, 433-440). We used comparative genomics analysis to identify a cluster of orthologous groups (COG0731) of wyosine family biosynthetic proteins. Gene knock-out and complementation studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae established a role for YPL207w, a COG0731 ortholog that encodes an 810-amino acid polypeptide. Further analysis showed the accumulation of N1-methylguanosine (m1G37) in tRNA from cells bearing a YPL207w deletion. A similar lack of wyosine base and build-up of m1G37 is seen in certain mammalian tumor cell lines. We proposed that the 810-amino acid COG0731 polypeptide participates in converting tRNAPhe-m1G37 to tRNAPhe-yW.
Effect of atomic-scale surface roughness on friction: a molecular dynamics study of diamond surfaces

Abstract We have examined by molecular dynamics simulations the friction which arises when two hydrogen-terminated diamond (111) surfaces are placed in sliding contact. In particular, the effects of load, crystallographic sliding direction, and substitution of surface hydrogen groups by methyl groups on the friction coefficient μ were investigated. For the hydrogen-terminated system, it is possible to have μ approximately equal to zero for certain sliding directions, while μ increases with increasing load for other sliding directions. However, when methyl groups are substituted for some surface hydrogen atoms μ generally increases with increasing load for all sliding directions examined. In this case, the directional anisotropy of μ is less than for the hydrogen-terminated system.
Deposition of Metallic and Dielectric Molybdenum Films via Modulated Pulse Power Magnetron Sputtering

The frequency and magnitude of the applied voltage pulses were varied under constant oxygen/argon flow rates to obtain alternating layers of molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) and metallic molybdenum (Mo) using a single Mo target.