cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal trajectory of frailty in blood or marrow transplant survivors: Report from the Blood or Marrow Transplant Survivor Study

Background Blood or bone marrow transplantation (BMT) survivors with frailty are at a higher risk of subsequent mortality. Longitudinal trends in the frailty state are not known and could help identify vulnerable subpopulations at risk of subsequent adverse events. Methods This study included a cohort of 470 autologous and allogeneic BMT recipients who had survived ≥2 years after BMT and completed a baseline questionnaire (t1) at a median of 7.3 years after BMT and a follow-up questionnaire (t2) 13.2 years after t1. The main outcome was change in frailty state between t1 and t2. Frailty phenotype was defined as exhibiting ≥3 of the following characteristics: clinically underweight, exhaustion, low energy expenditure, slow walking speed, and muscle weakness. The following categories of change in frailty state were evaluated: worsened, improved, and stable. Results Of the 470 participants, 36.4% were aged ≥60 years at t1, and 50.6% were men. The prevalence of frailty increased from 4.8% at t1 to 9.6% at t2. Worsening was observed in 18.8% of patients, and improvement was reported in 9.7%. Pre-BMT exposure to vincristine (odds ratio [OR], 2.1; 95% CI, 1.3-3.39) was associated with worsening. Female sex (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 0.93-2.4) was associated with a trend toward worsening. Pre-BMT exposure to vincristine (OR, 2.79; 95% CI, 1.44-5.43), a history of chronic graft-versus-host disease (OR, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.2-5.5), and grade 3 and 4 chronic health conditions at t1 (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.08-4.33) were associated with frailty at t2. Conclusions In a cohort of BMT survivors who were followed longitudinally for a median of 20.6 years from BMT, the frailty status worsened for approximately20% over a 13-year timespan. BMT survivors who are at risk for worsening frailty could benefit from targeted interventions.
US Army international AI initiatives: xTech Global and AI FIVES

The US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) is sponsoring a unique international prize competition focused on identifying innovative, relevant technologies in Artificial Intelligence (AI) from non-traditional/small Business technology developers in Europe and the Middle East. The event – xTech Global AI Challenge – is an extension of the US Army’s very successful Expeditionary Technology Search (xTechSearch) program, expanding the concept for the first time to a Global audience. The purpose behind this AI Challenge is to help the DoD (and coalition partners) rapidly and effectively harness massive amounts of data in resource-constrained environments on current and future battlefields. The RFP will open to international industry in March 2021, and the pitch event will take place the on 13-15 July 2021 in London, UK in July 2021 , at the Innovation Hub (iHUB) DoD space at Imperial College London (ICL) hosted by U.S. Army and UK Defense & Security Accelerator (DASA), with support from the DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory and the Army Artificial Intelligence Task Force. This talk will highlight the xTech Global event, as well as the DEVCOM Atlantic organization and their role in extending the US Army Science and Technology mission abroad. Prize competitions such as this are just one example of the many ways the US Army works with technology developers around the world to advance scientific discovery and transition of ground-breaking technologies into society.
The G20 and the world economy: Performance and prospects

Abstract In the twenty-first century the balance of world economic growth has shifted from the G7 industrialized economies, led by Europe, Japan, and the United States, to the emerging economies of Asia, especially China and India. While world growth will continue at a rapid pace, members of the G7 will grow more slowly than the world economy, while China and India will grow more rapidly. Growth in the advanced economies will recover from the financial and economic crisis of the past decade, but a longer-term trend toward slower economic growth will be re-established.
Identification of a Golgi-localized altORF peptide reveals a minimal Golgi targeting motif

Abstract Prior work has identified signal sequences and motifs that are necessary and sufficient to target proteins to specific subcellular regions and organelles such as the plasma membrane, nucleus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, and mitochondria. In contrast, minimal sequence motifs that are sufficient for Golgi localization remain largely elusive. In this work, we identified a 37 amino acid alternative open reading frame (altORF) within the mRNA of the centromere protein, CENP-R. This altORF peptide localizes specifically to the cytoplasmic surface of the Golgi apparatus. Through mutational analysis, we identify a minimal 10 amino acid sequence and a critical cysteine residue that are necessary and sufficient for Golgi localization. Pharmacological perturbations suggest that this peptide is modified through palmitoylation to promote its localization. Together, our work defines a minimal sequence that is sufficient for Golgi targeting and provide a valuable Golgi marker for live cell imaging.
Bridging Philosophies of Consciousness and Cosmology

The aim of this chapter is to elucidate how Harris’s metaphysics of evolution purports to bridge the gap between mind and cosmos, thereby providing a phenomenological ontology. In Sect. 8.2, I outline Harris’s appeal to dynamic systems theory (DST) in neuroscience and his anticipation of theories depicting consciousness as “phase of matter”. Here, I consider possible implications this proposition has for autopoietic enactivism (AE). In Sect. 8.3, I reconsider the teleological anthropic principle (TAP) in light of Harris’s response to the hard problem and highlight some consequences this theory has for a naturalization of knowledge. I argue Rapoport’s and Rosen’s independent conceptions of Klein bottle logic serve as a suitable analogue of Harris’s reasoning and extension of AE’s appeal to second-order science. In the final Sect. 8.4, I outline Harris’s contention that consciousness is a scale and argue that the resulting model reveals a cosmological dimension for the enactivist paradigm.
AiED: Artificial intelligence for the detection of intracranial interictal epileptiform discharges

Abstract Objective Deep learning provides an appealing solution for the ongoing challenge of automatically classifying intracranial interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs). We report results from an automated method consisting of a template-matching algorithm and convolutional neural network (CNN) for the detection of intracranial IEDs (“AiED”). Methods 1000 intracranial electroencephalogram (EEG) epochs extracted randomly from 307 subjects with refractory epilepsy were annotated independently by two expert neurophysiologists. These annotated epochs were divided into 1062 two-second epochs with IEDs and 1428 two-second epochs without IEDs, which were transformed into spectrograms prior to training the neural network. The highest performing network was validated on an annotated external test set. Results The final network had an F1-score of 0.95 (95% CI: 0.91–0.98) and an average Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic of 0.98 (95% CI: 0.96–1.00). For the external test set, it showed an overall F1-score of 0.71, correctly identifying 100% of all high-amplitude IED complexes, 96.23% of all high-amplitude isolated IEDs, and 66.15% of all IEDs of atypical morphology. Conclusions Template-matching combined with a CNN offers a fast, robust method for detecting intracranial IEDs. Significance “AiED” is generalizable and achieves comparable performance to human reviewers; it may support clinical and research EEG analyses.
Prevention of orofacial clefts caused by smoking: implications of the Surgeon General's report.

BACKGROUND: According to the 2014 Surgeon General's Report, smoking in early pregnancy can cause orofacial clefts. We sought to examine the implications of this causal link for the potential prevention of orofacial clefts in the United States. METHODS: Using published data on the strength of the association between orofacial clefts and smoking in early pregnancy and the prevalence of smoking at the start of pregnancy, we estimated the attributable fraction for smoking as a cause of orofacial clefts. We then used the prevalence of orofacial clefts in the United States to estimate the number of orofacial clefts that could be prevented in the United States each year by eliminating exposure to smoking during early pregnancy. We also estimated the financial impact of preventing orofacial clefts caused by maternal smoking based on a published estimate of attributable healthcare costs through age 10 for orofacial clefts. RESULTS: The estimated attributable fraction of orofacial clefts caused by smoking in early pregnancy was 6.1% (95% uncertainty interval 4.4%, 7.7%). Complete elimination of smoking in early pregnancy could prevent orofacial clefts in approximately 430 infants per year in the United States, and could save an estimated $40.4 million in discounted healthcare costs through age 10 for each birth cohort. CONCLUSION: Understanding the magnitude of the preventable burden of orofacial clefts related to maternal smoking could help focus smoking cessation efforts on women who might become pregnant. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 100:822–825, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A NEW MODEL COMPARING IMPACT RESPONSES OF THE HOMOGENEOUS AND INHOMOGENEOUS HUMAN BRAIN

We have developed a totally new three-dimensional human head model in which the gray matter, white matter, vehicles and parasagittal bridging veins were included. This study is a continuation of the modeling efforts of the two-dimensional porcine brain models by Zhou et al. (1994) and three-dimensional human head model by Ruan et al. (1994). The paper presents some preliminary simulation results of the new three-dimensional model for a direct frontal impact and an indirect sagittal plane rotational impact ro delineate differences between the homogeneous and inhomogeneous brain models, and to study the mechanism of the subdural hematoma. Language: en
Improved convergence of binding affinities with free energy perturbation: Application to nonpeptide ligands with pp60src SH2 domain

Free Energy Perturbations (FEP) in the context of Monte Carlo (MC) simulations were conducted to predict the relative free energies of binding for a series of human Src SH2 domain ligands. Two procedures for disappearing atoms during a single-topology FEP are investigated and dramatic differences in free energy convergence behavior are seen. Comparison of these two protocols suggests that the coupling of the removal of angular constraints with the disappearance of an atom may significantly slow free energy convergence. The series of ligands under investigation here cover a range of modifications at the 3-position of 4-({[4-(cyclohexyl methoxy)benzyl]amino}carbonyl) phenyl phosphate. Unlike any other compound in this study, the 3-amide analog can form two hydrogen bonds within the region of the perturbation, one to a backbone amide hydrogen and one to a highly coordinated water molecule. Agreement with experimental trends in binding affinity is seen, although the computed relative free energy of binding of the amido compound is underestimated. These results are reconciled by examination of the hydration energies of model systems, which predict primary amides as too hydrophilic.
Field-induced magnetic order in bis-tetramethyl- p tetraselenafulvalenium perchlorate (TMTSF)/sub 2/ClO/sub 4/

A microscopic study of the organic superconductor bis-tetramethyltetraselenafulvalenium perchlorate ((TMTSF)/sub 2/ClO/sub 4/) has been undertaken with the use of nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. Proton and selenium resonances were recorded over the field range 60--120 kOe at a temperature of 1.5 K. The proton spin-lattice relaxation-rate measurements clearly reflect both the high-field phase transition and magnetotransport anomalies. The selenium resonance is strongly attenuated above the high-field transition which indicates the onset of field-induced magnetic order. These results and their bearing on the high-field electronic properties of the Bechgaard salts are discussed.
THE REGIONAL GOVERNANCE CONTEXT IN RUSSIA: A GENERAL FRAMEWORK

This study examines the general context of the urban and regional policy-making environment in Russia by analyzing responses to a 1997 survey of local government officials. The survey posed questions such as: “What do local and regional government actors believe are their most critical problems and policy priorities?”, “How do they choose their policy priorities?”, and “How does urban and regional governance occur in this unstable environment?” Analysis of the survey responses suggests that policy makers throughout Russia have remarkably similar perceptions of their policy-making environments. Alliance building and the use of cooperative agreements among government officials at all geographical scales, business partners, and the media characterizes the general context of policy making in Russian cities and regions. The Soviet past shapes current practices and structures of regional governance. While public participation is still limited, the locus of power to act in this new political economy has dramatic...
From Politicized Adult Education to Market Oriented Adult Higher Education: How Adult Education Practice in One Region is Different from Another

This study investigated the general instructional modes of adult educators in Southeast China and Northeast China. The study utilized Contiâ€™s (1983, 2004) Principles of Adult Learning Scale (PALS) to measure instructional modes of adult educators. Data were collected from 112 randomly selected participants engaged in teaching Chinese adult learners in Southeast China and Northeast China. The results of the study showed that adult educators in Southeast China were andragogical in their instruction while their counterparts in Northeast China were pedagogical although the difference (p>0.05) between the means of adult educators in Southeast China and Northeast China was not statistically significant.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MYELIN‐RELATED MEMBRANES

— Myelin related membrane fractions from rat brain and spinal cord were isolated from material normally discarded during standard myelin isolation procedures. A fraction which floated on 0.32 M-sucrose (F) and the material released after subjecting the myelin fraction to osmotic shock at two stages in the purification (W1 and W2) were characterized. These fractions were subjected to subfractionation on three step discontinuous sucrose gradients. Morphologically, the heavier subfrac-tions of W1 and W2 were shown to consist mainly of single membranes and vesicles. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that, relative to myelin, proteolipid and basic protein were reduced in all subfractions, while the high molecular weight proteins were increased. The specific activity of 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphohydrolase (CNP) was up to 2-fold higher than that of myelin in the heavier subfractions of W1 and W2. The major myelin-associated glycoprotein was also increased in these subfractions as determined by periodic acid-Schiff staining. Differential centrifugation of the initial tissue homogenate to remove microsomes prior to myelin isolation gave rise to W1 and W2 subfractions with a CNP specific activity 3–4 times that of myelin. The high molecular weight proteins and glycoproteins were enriched in these microsome-depleted subfractions, but were qualitatively similar to those of myelin. Some of the membranes in these fractions may be derived from the continuum between the plasma membrane of the oligodendrocyte and compact myelin. Fraction F consisted of small membrane fragments and many vesicles, and was particularly deficient in proteolipid. The specific activity of CNP in fraction F was about the same as myelin, while the major myelin associated glycoprotein could not be detected. Fraction F from normal CNS tissue appears to be similar to the floating fractions previously isolated in larger amounts from pathological brain undergoing edematous demyelination.
Better Schools, Less Crime?

I estimate the impact of attending a first-choice middle or high school on adult crime, using data from public school choice lotteries in Charlotte-Mecklenburg school district (CMS). Seven years after random assignment, lottery winners had been arrested for fewer serious crimes and had spent fewer days incarcerated. The gain in school quality as measured by peer and teacher inputs was equivalent to moving from one of the lowest-ranked schools to one at the district average. The reduction in crime comes largely from years after enrollment in the preferred school is complete. The impacts are concentrated among high-risk youth, who commit about 50% less crime across several different outcome measures and scalings of crime by severity. I find suggestive evidence that school quality explains more of the impact in high school, whereas peer effects are more important in middle school. Copyright 2011, Oxford University Press.
When methods and theories collide: Toward a better understanding of improving unit performance in a multimarket firm

Logistics research in the area of performance measurement continues to receive attention from a variety of perspectives. One well-received perspective is that of efficiency. Data envelopment analysis is a well-studied analytical tool to identify best-practicing efficient operating units of the firm. But a theoretical linkage remains absent from the literature. Drawing upon theoretical perspectives of organization search and knowledge transfer, this study identifies conditions in which suitable role models (according to reference set analysis) may be unrealistic and thus warrant refinements. Ironically, it is through the existence of these particular analytical tools that we are able to develop and then test our framework and illustrate the practical implications. Moreover, this study is ideally suited to illustrating how the methodology is widely applicable among the growing number of multi-unit multi-market (MUMM) firms around the world, particularly given the diffusion of sophisticated performance information gathering technologies widely used in today’s information age.
Nuclear data for biomedical applications

Abstract Needs for better nuclear data for biomedical applications are chiefly of two kinds: decay-scheme and production data for radionuclides used in nuclear medicine, and cross sections and spectral information for high-LET radiations used in radiation therapy of cancer, especially high-energy neutrons. Radiopharmaceuticals are used primarily for diagnostic and physiological function studies. Decay scheme information is important to establish the internal radiation dose received by the patient. Radionuclides for which better decay scheme data are needed are identified. Protons, alphas, pions, neutrons, and heavy nuclei such as Si-28 and A-40 are all being studied or used for radiation therapy of cancer. Of these, the most widely used is neutron radiation therapy at about 8 centers in the United States, 22 worldwide. The nuclear data needed are total and partial neutron cross sections for the elements that compose tissue and for dosimeter materials up to about 60 MeV.
Millimeter-wave properties of YBa2Cu3O7−x films grown by several methods

Abstract The complex conductivities of epitaxial YBa2Cu3O7−x, films grown by pulsed laser deposition, off-axis magnetron sputtering and ion-beam sputtering have been determined at 59 GHz from transmission measurements. The temperature dependence of the real part of the measured conductivities differs significantly from the predictions of the two-fluid and BCS theories but the imaginary parts are in good agreement. The BCS model can be brought into agreement with the measurements by allowing the mean-free path to vary with temperature. Surface resistances of 2 mΩ at 82 K and penetration depths, λ0 of 175 nm have been determined.
Optical distortion coefficients of high-power laser windows

This paper concerns the problem of describing and evaluating thermal lensing phenomena that occur as a result of the absorption of laser light in solid windows. The aberration function expansion method is applied for deriving the two optical distortion coefficients x+ and xthat characterize the degradation in light intensity at the Gaussian focus of an initially diffraction-limited laser beam passing through a weakly absorbing stress-birefringent window. In a pulsed mode of operation, the concept of an effective optical distortion coefficient Xeff, which properly combines the coefficients x+ and x- in terms of potential impact on focal irradiances, then leads to the definition of a figure of merit for distortion. The theory and calculations presented in this and earlier papers provide simple analytical tools for predicting the optical performance of a windowmaterial candidate in a specific system's environment.
Trimethyl(trihalomethyl)silanes as dihalomethylene transfer agents

Abstract Trimethyl(trichloromethyl)silane and trimethyl(tribromomethyl)silane react with anhydrous potassium fluoride in diglyme to give good yields of CX 2 transfer products (dihalocyclopropanes) with olefins. Catalysis by 18-crown-6 ether is observed.
Use of Helium–Oxygen Mixtures to Relieve Upper Airway Obstruction in a Pediatric Population

Objectives Helium as a component of inspired gas decreases turbulent flow and airway resistance. Helium–oxygen mixtures have been used since the 1930s in the management of patients with upper airway obstruction. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of helium–oxygen mixtures in relieving upper airway obstruction in a pediatric population. Study Design Retrospective chart review of 42 pediatric patients who received helium–oxygen mixtures for upper airway obstruction within a 3-year period. Methods The study protocol included 42 pediatric patients, aged 1 week to 14 years, who were admitted to the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia from June 1997 to December 2000 and who received a total of 44 treatments of helium–oxygen therapy for upper airway obstruction. Response to treatment was determined by reduction in work of breathing noted on the chart. Results Thirty-two of 44 helium–oxygen treatments resulted in a positive response (73%). There were no significant differences in demographic characteristics between responders and nonresponders, except all of the premature infants were responders and 6 of the 9 patients with syndromes were nonresponders. Conclusions Helium–oxygen therapy is a useful adjunct therapy for upper airway obstruction. Controlled clinical trials are necessary to better define the appropriate settings for use of helium–oxygen.
Laparoscopic use of the ureteral illuminator

Laparoscopic identification of the ureters is complicated by decreased tactile sensation and magnified video imaging. We report our experience in placing a ureteral illuminator to aid in ureteral identification prior to six laparoscopic urologic procedures. The ureteral illuminator facilitated laparoscopic ureteral identification during five nephoureterectomies and one ureterolithotomy. Illuminator placement required a minimum of anesthetic time and resulted in no complications. Preoperative placement of a ureteral illuminator aids laparoscopic ureteral identification and may reduce the incidence of inadvertent ureteral injury.
Eradication of Salmonella dublin in an immunodeficient child by combined use of ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin after failure of either agent alone.

We report the case of a child with a congenital immunodeficiency syndrome who excreted Salmonella dublin and had relapsing attacks of salmonella septicaemia
Susceptibility of Nodulation Mutants of-Soybean (Glycine max) toAgrobacterium tumefaciens

Summary The ability of soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merrill) mutants to respond to mitogenic signals from Bradyrhizobium did not correlate with the susceptibility to Agrobacterium tumefaciens . Cultivars Peking, Bragg and its derived nodulation mutants, nitrate tolerant (nts) supernodulating nts382 and non-nodulatiog nod49 and nod139 were tested for their susceptibility to wild-type) (non-disarmed) Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains A208 and A281. All plant types showed a wide variation in susceptibility and gall size with both strains. A. tumefaciens strain A208 showed the highest virulence. The nodulation mutants showed significantly lower susceptibility than the susceptible control cultivar Peking and parent cultivar Bragg. The supernodulating mutant nts382 showed the lowest'susceptibility to either bacterial strains indicating that susceptibility to Bradyrhizobium infection was not correlated to Agrobacterium infection. Cultivation of bacteria in a simple induction medium significantly increased gall size, fresh and dry mass in cultivar Peking but not Bragg and its nodulation mutants. Duplication of virulence genes vir B and vir G from A281 in the 〈wild〉 type A208 and A281 strains failed to increase susceptibility to galling or increase gall size in the cultivars tested. The results indicate that increased or decreased nodulation ability, related to meristematic induction, is not related to crown gall induction and growth in soybean. The findings help with the further optimization of transformation approaches in soybean.
Design of the IMACS 8K x 8K dewar and detector system

The Inamori-Magellan Areal Camera and Spectrograph (IMACS) features a 8K x 8K, 6.7 Megapixel detector system, which is mounted in a cryogenic vacuum vessel with a combination of features that are unique among the current generation of astronomical multi-detector array systems. Closed-cycle coolers, commercial stages for flexure compensation, flexure control detectors, array focus control, composite thermal isolation truss and other features are described.
MEASUREMENTS OF REACTIVE O2 STICKING COEFFICIENTS AND OXIDATION RATES AT NIOBIUM OXIDE SURFACES

Abstract In situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to determine the reactive sticking coefficient of molecular oxygen on Nb 2 O 5 NbO 2 NbO mixed oxide surfaces in the temperature range 773–973 K and at a pressure of 6.7×10 −2 Pa. During these measurements, the competing processes of oxidation (due to a fraction of the surface collisions reacting) and reduction (due to surface oxygen dissolving into the bulk) established a steady state balance. Once at steady state, the sticking coefficients were calculated by dividing the rate of oxygen collisions with the surface ( i.e. pressure) into the previously determined rate of oxygen dissolution. This technique proved capable of measuring reactive sticking coefficients on the order of 10 −4 . The activation energy for oxygen reaction at the niobium oxide surface was found to be 184±7 kJ mol −1 . Knowledge of the activation energy for O 2 reaction at the surface, and the previously determined values for dissolution into the bulk, permitted estimation of the niobium oxidation rate as a function of surface temperature and O 2 pressure.
Recommendations From the 2013 Galveston Brain Injury Conference for Implementation of a Chronic Care Model in Brain Injury

Author Affiliations: Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Indiana University School of Medicine and Rehabilitation Hospital of Indiana, Indianapolis (Drs Malec and Hammond); Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University School of Medicine and Rusk Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, NYU-Langone Medical Center, New York (Dr Flanagan); Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Indiana University School of Medicine and Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis (Dr Kean); TIRR Memorial Hermann and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (Drs Sander, Sherer); and Transitional Learning Center and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (Dr Masel).
Pragmatism, Naturalism, and Phenomenology

Pragmatism’s naturalism is inconsistent with the phenomenological tradition’s anti-naturalism. This poses a problem for the methodological consistency of phenomenological work in the pragmatist tradition. Solutions such as phenomenologizing naturalism or naturalizing phenomenology have been proposed, but they fail. As a consequence, pragmatists and other naturalists must answer the phenomenological tradition’s criticisms of naturalism.
Finite sample moments results for the quasi-FIML estimator of the reduced form: The linear case

Abstract It is shown that the finite sample quasi-FIML restricted reduced form coefficient estimators exist to the order that the system reduced form errors possess moments and that the quasi-FIML structural coefficient estimators possess no moments. Other related results are presented. A number of ‘unsolved problems’ cited in Koopmans et al. (1950) are discussed. The model studied focuses on the original Cowles Commission linear in the variables and parameters case. It is noted that some of the results reported can be generalized to the nonlinear in the variables-linear in the parameters case.
Using HyperText to Create Design Programming Databases

A recent information technology innovation that holds particular promise for use in design problem solving is HyperText. Within the context of a course on design methods, HyperText was used to create a programming database for an elderly retirement community. In this course students learned techniques and methods for collecting, analyzing, and synthesizing design information into a database of design guidelines. HyperText was used to assist in this process and to create an electronic programming notebook. Two strategies were employed for incorporating HyperText into the course, one that “automated” the creation of the database, and another that gave substantial “computer programming” responsibility to the student. Only the latter approach worked. This paper reports the results of this experience, illustrates different ways HyperText can be applied to design program databases, and examines different instructional strategies for incorporating HyperText into a course on design methods.
Regulation of HSV Transcription

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) transcripts share many features with both cellular mRNA and the mRNAs expressed by other nuclear-replicating DNA viruses: they are capped, polyadenylated, and generally have an approximately 150 base leader between the cap and translation initiation codon. Further, certain sequence features around individual transcription units are shared: HSV promoters contain TATA and often CATC boxes, and the sequence signal indicating a polyadenylation site (AATAAAA) is standard. In spite of these similarities, there is one very distinct difference between the structure of HSV transcription units and those of other nuclear replicating DNA viruses. Each HSV transcript appears to be controlled by its own promoter and encodes a specific polypeptide. Further, the high degree of splicing seen with most eukaryotic and viral mRNAs is not seen in HSV. Certainly, HSV and other herpesviruses do express some spliced transcripts, but these are in the minority (with HSV at least). Thus a whole hierarchy of potential control points utilized in eukaryotic gene expression is missing or rarely utilized in HSV. Despite this, the high density of gene packaging and relatively complex arrangement of partially overlapping transcripts is seen in HSV transcription as it is in other, smaller DNA viruses.
Integrating microfabricated fluidic systems and NMR spectroscopy

The philosophy of miniature total analysis systems (/spl mu/-TAS) hinges on the multiple chemical processing steps and the means of analyzing their results on the same miniaturized system. We have constructed chip-based capillary electrophoresis (CE) devices equipped with an integrated planar radio-frequency detector coil used for nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Separations were accomplished in the devices, but satisfactory NMR spectra could only be obtained from samples of high concentration. The relative sensitivity is explained and the scaling law dichotomy of CE and NMR explored.
Pheromonal activity of single castoreum constituents in beaver,Castor canadensis

Behavioral activity of single components of beaver castoreum was demonstrated for the first time. In four experiments samples were presented to free-ranging beaver in their family territories. First, responses to whole castoreum and anal gland secretion (AGS) from males and females were tested. Second, 24 compounds, known to be constituents of beaver castoreum, were individually screened for activity. Four of these consistently released immediate responses during the observation periods. These are the phenols 4-ethylphenol and 1,2-dihydroxybenzene and the ketones acetophenone and 3-hydroxyacetophenone. In the most complete responses, the beaver sniffed from the water, were attracted to the odor, swam toward its source, went on land, and then approached, sniffed, pawed, and scent-marked the artificial scent mound. 4-Ethoxyphenol, a compound not yet found in castoreum, also released these responses. Five additional compounds resulted in a few delayed visits to the samples during the night following the observations, as evidenced by destroyed scent mounds. These are 4-methyl-1,2-dihydroxybenzene, 4-methoxyacetophenone, 5-methoxysalicylic acid, salicylaldehyde, and 3-hydroxybenzoic acid. Third, mixtures of 24 and six compounds were tested. Responses to these mixtures could be as strong as those to whole castoreum. Fourth, the four regularly active compounds were tested in two additional beaver populations and proved to be active there, too. The response was strongest in the densest beaver population.
Measurement of anisotropic material properties for antenna applications

The anisotropic behavior of engineered materials is not often taken into account in the design of antennas, usually because the material properties are not well characterized. In this paper, a step is taken toward the measurement of the anisotropic properties of materials by developing specific methodologies for the characterization of biaxially anisotropic and gyromagnetic materials. These techniques compare the measured S-parameters of samples placed into rectangular waveguides to theoretically computed S-parameters to characterize the material. The theoretical S-parameters are calculated via a mode matching technique and inversion is performed using an iterative solver.
Diversification's effect on firm value

Abstract We estimate diversification's effect on firm value by imputing stand-alone values for individual business segments. Comparing the sum of these stand-alone values to the firm's actual value implies a 13% to 15% average value loss from diversification during 1986–1991. The value loss is smaller when the segments of the diversified firm are in the same two-digit SIC code. We find that overinvestment and cross-subsidization contribute to the value loss. The loss is reduced modestly by tax benefits of diversification.
An analysis of potential biases in the loss of indigent infants to follow-up

Abstract Loss to follow-up is a major problem in indigent inner-city populations. We evaluated a large, well-described, inborn indigent population of high-risk infants (HRI) and control infants (CI) to assess possible selection biases in loss to follow up at one year adjusted age. Serial clinic visits, phone calls, and letters and payment of $20.00 for attending at 1 year was used to minimize patient loss. Yet, the 1 year loss rate was high, and among HRI, greater for ventilator-treated infants > 1500 g birthweight (71114; 62%) than for ventilator-treated very-low birthweight (VLBW; P
Postembryonic development of the cranial lateral line canals and neuromasts in zebrafish.

The development of the cranial lateral line canals and neuromast organs are described in postembryonic zebrafish (0-80 days postfertilization). Cranial canal development commences several weeks after hatch, is initiated in the vicinity of individual neuromasts, and occurs in four discrete stages that are described histologically. Neuromasts remain in open canal grooves for several weeks during which they dramatically change shape and increase in size by adding hair cells at a rate one-tenth that in the zebrafish inner ear. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrates that neuromasts elongate perpendicular to the canal axis and the axis of hair cell polarization and that they lack a prominent nonsensory cell population surrounding the hair cells-features that make zebrafish neuromasts unusual among fishes. These results demand a reassessment of neuromast and lateral line canal diversity among fishes and highlight the utility of the lateral line system of postembryonic zebrafish for experimental and genetic studies of the development and growth of hair cell epithelia.
Reradiation and imaging of diffuse photon density waves using fluorescent inhomogeneities

Abstract Experiments demonstrate the reradiation of diffuse photon density waves in turbid media by an obstacle filled with fluorescent dye. The reradiated energy was also in the form of a diffuse density wave that was readily detected at the red-shifted energy. In this process the inhomogeneity was converted into a source of diffuse photon density waves, and localization of the object can be accomplished by analysis of the reradiated wavefronts. We will discuss these measurements and demonstrate some simple practical devices which are capable of localizing the center of such a fluorescent inhomogeneity.
Do Asian American Faculty Face a Glass Ceiling in Higher Education

The term glass ceiling refers to artificial barriers to achievement. Previous research on the subject suggests that, as racial minorities, Asian American faculty in higher education would encounter a glass ceiling. In this article, the glass ceiling hypothesis is evaluated on the basis of data from the 1993 National Study of Post-Secondary Faculty (NSOPF-93). The sample consists of full-time instructional faculty and includes 1,019 Asian Americans and a comparison group of 14,381 non-Hispanic Whites. Faculty salary is the dependent variable. Six models of an earnings function are estimated. Controls are included for the following kinds of differences: demographic, life cycle, human capital, productivity, field of specialization, institutional, and regional. Contrary to expectations, no consistent evidence for a glass ceiling emerged. However, additional evaluation of the effects of independent variables produces a more complex picture. Asian Americans do not derive comparable benefits from several charact...
Normal gene expression in male F344 rat nasal transitional and respiratory epithelium

The nasal epithelium is an important target site for chemically-induced toxicity and carcinogenicity in rodents. Gene expression profiles were determined in order to provide normal baseline data for nasal transitional/respiratory epithelium from healthy rats. Cells lining the rat nasal passages were collected and gene expression analysis was performed using Clontech cDNA Rat Atlas 1.2 arrays (1185 genes). The percentages of genes within specific average expression ranges were 4.2% at 45,000-1000, 14.8% at 1000-200, 25.0% at 200-68, and 56.0% below 68. Nine out of a subset of ten genes were confirmed for relative signal intensity using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. The most highly expressed genes included those involved in phase I (e.g. cytochrome P450s) and phase II (e.g. glutathione S-transferases) xenobiotic metabolism, bioenergetics (e.g. cytochrome oxidase), osmotic balance (e.g. Na(+)/K(+) ATPase) and epithelial ionic homeostasis (e.g. ion channels). Such baseline data will contribute to further understanding the normal physiology of these cells and facilitate the interpretation of responses by the nasal epithelial cells to xenobiotic treatment or disease.
Severe fractures of the distal radius: effect of amount and duration of external fixator distraction on outcome

Although severe intra-articular fractures of the distal radius are often treated with external fixation/distraction, little attention has been devoted to the amount and duration of fixator distraction required to maximize outcome. To determine these effects, we conducted a retrospective study of 26 patients whose primary treatment was external fixation/distraction. Patients were evaluated by chart review, questionnaire, x-ray films, and physical examination an average of 104 weeks after injury. The carpal height index was used to quantify distraction. Scores for pain, function, wrist motion, and grip strength and the total score were adversely affected in proportion to the increase in carpal height index by distraction. Outcome was adversely affected as the duration of distraction increased. Motion scores were affected most. Overall, patients recovered at least 75% of motion and grip strength, and 85% attained New York Orthopedic Hospital grades of good or excellent. These are the first data to show that there are potential adverse effects from increasing amounts of distraction and prolonged use of the external fixator.
Nationwide prevalence of lymph node metastases in Gleason score 3 + 3 = 6 prostate cancer

Summary Based on revisions of Gleason scoring in 2005, it has been reported that nodal metastases at radical prostatectomy in Gleason 3+3=6 (GS6) prostate cancer are extremely rare, and that GS6 cancers with nodal metastases are invariably upgraded upon review by academic urological pathologists. We analysed the prevalence and determinants of nodalmetastases in a national sample of patients with GS6 cancer. We utilised the SEER database to identify patients diagnosed with GS6 prostate cancer during 2004-2010 who had radical prostatectomy and ≥1 lymph node(s) examined. We calculated the prevalence of nodal metastases and constructed a multivariable logistic regression model to identify factors associated with nodal metastases. Among 21,960 patients, the prevalence of nodal metastases was 0.48%. Older age, preoperative PSA >10 ng/mL, and advanced stage were positively associated with nodal metastases. Lymph node metastases in GS6 cancer are more prevalent in a nationwide population compared to academic centres. Revised guidelines for Gleason scoring have made GS6 cancer a more homogeneously indolent disease, which may be relevant in the era of active surveillance. We submit that lymph node metastases in GS6 cancer be used as a proxy for adherence to the 2005 ISUP consensus on Gleason grading.
Cimetidine suppression of CFU‐C in males

A presumed cimetidine-induced granulocytopenia in a 6-year-old male with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) prompted an investigation of the effects of cimetidine on in vitro bone marrow granulocyte colony growth (CFU-C) in normal individuals and ALL patients either on maintenance chemotherapy or off all therapy for at least 1 year. The addition of cimetidine resulted in a significant reduction of colony numbers as compared to untreated controls beginning at 1 x 10(-6) M (P less than 0.05) and increasing in significance as the concentration of cimetidine increased. Analysis of sex differences showed that CFU-C derived from females were not adversely affected by the addition of cimetidine (except at levels far in excess of recommended dosages) whereas CFU-C in males declined significantly from controls beginning at 1 x 10(-7) M (P less than 0.05) and became of greater significance as the concentration of cimetidine increased. These findings were identical for both normal individuals and ALL patients either receiving maintenance chemotherapy or off all therapy.
Throwing the Book: The Recent Evolution of Federal Punishment for “Cultural Heritage” Crimes

ABSTRACT Though the United States Code had long recognized the importance of “objects of cultural heritage,” it was not until November 2002, that the seriousness of rare book, map, or manuscript theft was reflected in federal sentencing guidelines. This article describes several categories of theft that are now recognized as being of a serious nature.
Neuronal nicotinic receptor ligands modulate chronic nicotine-induced ethanol consumption in C57BL/6J mice.

Abstract Alcohol and nicotine are commonly abused drugs in humans and evidence suggests that neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the midbrain dopamine system are common targets for the neurobehavioral interactions between alcohol (ethanol) and nicotine. The present study examined the efficacy of nAChR ligands with different pharmacological profiles such as cytisine, lobeline and dihydro-β-erythroidine (DHβE) to modulate chronic nicotine-induced increase in ethanol intake by C57BL/6J mice, using a two-bottle choice procedure. After establishment of baseline ethanol preference (10%, v/v), animals received daily subcutaneous injections of saline, nicotine (0.4 mg/kg) or different doses of cytisine, lobeline or DHβE 15 min prior to nicotine, for 10 days. Ethanol and water were presented immediately after the last (saline or nicotine) injection and fluid levels were monitored for post 1 h and 2 h treatment. Compared to control, nicotine injection significantly increased mean ethanol intake over 10 days, at both post 1 h and 2 h. Pretreatment with cytisine (0.5, 1.5 or 3.0 mg/kg) or lobeline (4.0 or 10.0 mg/kg) significantly reduced nicotine-induced increase in ethanol intake post 1 h and 2 h, without affecting water consumption. DHβE (0.5 or 2.0 mg/kg) failed to suppress nicotine-induced ethanol intake across 2 h post injection. These results indicate that nAChR-mediated signaling is critical in regulating nicotine-induced ethanol drinking behaviors.
The Use of Paradox in a Community Home for the Chronically Disturbed and Retarded

This paper describes the use of paradoxical interventions to change the resistant behaviors of community home residents who were formerly institutionalized in state hospitals and in state schools for the retarded for an average of 27 years. The paradoxical interventions were used following prior therapeutic failures using more traditional behavioral approaches. Seven brief case studies are presented describing the problem, the paradoxical intervention used, reactions to the intervention, follow-up information, and an explanation of the intervention. Some of the paradoxical interventions used include: prescribing the resistance, symptom, or system; reframing; restraining change; reversals; and rituals. Explanations of these interventions are given based upon general systems theory.
Market Entry and Economic Adaptation: Spiegel's First Decade in Mail Order

The Spiegel venture into mail-order installment credit marketing is examined here in detail to illustrate application of the tools of economic analysis to a specific historical situation. Whether through chance or intuition, the innovator in this example, though lacking virtually all the pertinent data, made precisely the adaptation that hindsight analysis discloses to have been most likely to succeed.
Opium Alkaloids VII. Isolation of a New Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloid. Synthesis and NMR Studies of Papaveroline Trimethyl Ethers

A new phenolic alkaloid was isolated from opium and named palaudine. It was characterized spectroscopically as 1-(3′-hydroxy-4′-methoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxyisoquinoline and the structure confirmed by synthesis. The other three papaveroline trimethyl ethers were also synthesized and their NMR spectra investigated.
Bottomless cup, plug‐in drug: A telethnography of coffee

In this paper, I use an anthropological perspective to explore the dimensions of “coffeeworld” as it is depicted on prime time network television programming. I do not examine coffee commercials, but rather the programming context that conditions in part viewers’ perceptions of coffee, which ostensibly delivers a receptive audience to prospective marketers. I explore the cultural significance of coffee in the form of themes emerging from a close viewing of top‐rated programs.