cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on Nucleolar 4 to 6 S Ribonucleic Acid of Novikoff Hepatoma Cells

Nucleolar 4 to 6 S RNA of Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells was fractionated by exclusion chromatography on Sephadex G-100. Three peaks of RNA were separated: I, a fraction that emerged in the void volume; II, a fraction emerging in the exclusion volume of 5 S RNA; and III, a 4 S RNA peak. Peak I, eluted in the void volume, contained approximately half the nucleolar 4 to 6 S RNA and had the highest incorporation of radioactivity among the three fractions 20 to 40 min after 32P-orthophosphate was injected into the ascites fluid. Each peak contained one major and one or more minor RNA bands of different mobility on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; the fastest moving bands were in the 4 S RNA fraction of Peak III, the slowest moving bands were in Peak I, and RNA bands of intermediate mobility were in Peak II. In addition, Peak I contained an RNA band which has not hitherto been described. Although the template activity of the RNA in each of the peaks was low, that of Peak I was the highest of the three fractions. The RNA in Peak II, which corresponds to ribosomal 5 S RNA in electrophoretic mobility and elution from Sephadex, had a higher content of uridylic acid (28.8%) and a lower content of cytidylic acid than ribosomal 5 S RNA. Virtually all of the amino acid acceptor activity was found in the 4 S RNA of Peak III. The presence of RNA other than amino acid acceptor RNA in Peak III is indicated by the base composition of the RNA, the low level of amino acid acceptor activity, and the low level of incorporation of 14C-methylmethionine. These studies indicate that nucleolar 4 to 6 S RNA contains components that are different from those of the cytoplasmic soluble 4 S RNA or the ribosomal 5 S RNA as indicated by base composition, template activity, and amino acid acceptor activity.
Trends and Utilization of Laser Prostatectomy in Ambulatory Surgical Procedures for the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in New York State (2000-2011).

Abstract Introduction: There has been a significant change in surgical treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) over the last two decades. Most importantly, laser surgery (coagulation, vaporization, or enucleation) has been growing in popularity as an alternative to standard transurethral prostatectomy (TURP) or other procedures. Our goal was to analyze the trends of BPH surgeries and compare outcomes of laser surgery to TURP, the two most common alternative surgeries. Materials and Methods: We used the New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperation System (SPARCS) data to identify patients diagnosed as having BPH who underwent BPH-related surgery from October 2000 to December 2011. Age, insurance, individual comorbidities, and average hospital volumes were assessed. Bivariate and multivariate regression models were used to analyze predictors of laser use. In-hospital outcomes were then compared between laser and TURP in a balanced propensity-matched cohort. Results: Ninety thousand six hundr...
Magnet Schools and Issues of Education Quality

(1992). Magnet Schools and Issues of Education Quality. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 81-86.
Cryptanalysis of Stickel's key exchange scheme

We offer cryptanalysis of a key exchange scheme due to Stickel [11], which was inspired by the well-known Diffie-Hellman protocol. We show that Stickel's choice of platform (the group of invertible matrices over a finite field) makes the scheme vulnerable to linear algebra attacks with very high success rate in recovering the shared secret key (100% in our experiments). We also show that obtaining the shared secret key in Stickel's scheme is not harder for the adversary than solving the decomposition search problem in the platform (semi)group.
Chromosomal Patterns of Irradiated Leukemic and Nonleukemic C57BL/6J Mice

Chromosomes of 17 C57BL/6J mice receiving 600 r totalbody x irradiation were analyzed and compared to chromosomes of 6 normal mice. Seven mice developed leukemia and 10 did not. Chromosomes of 4 leukemic mice were examined. Mouse #1 (generalized leukemia) had cells with a mode of 40, variation above the mode, and a large marker chromosome. Mouse #2 (localized thymic leukemia) had 2 hyperdiploid modes of 41 and 42 in thymic tissue, but normal chromosomes were in the spleen and marrow. Mouse #3 (generalized leukemia) had modes of 40 and 41 in the thymus, spleen, and marrow. Mouse #4 (localized thymic leukemia) had a modal number of 41 with variation about the mode. One of the 10 irradiated nonleukemic mice had some cells with a pseudodiploid karyotype containing a minute chromosome, and another had a questionable abnormality consisting of increased variation about the mode. The remaining 8 mice had normal chromosomes. Aneuploidy in irradiated nonleukemic mice may be due to preleukemia or to persistent x-ray induced aberrations. The possibility of persistent chromosomal alterations after x ray suggests irradiation leukemias are not ideal for evaluation of the significance of aneuploidy in mouse preleukemia or leukemia. (auth)
Increasing Consensus Accuracy in DNA Fragment Assemblies by Incorporating Fluorescent Trace Representations

We present a new method for determining the consensus sequence in DNA fragment assemblies. The new method, Trace-Evidence, directly incorporates aligned ABI trace information into consensus calculations via our previously described representation, Trace-Data Classifications. The new method extracts and sums evidence indicated by the representation to determine consensus calls. Using the Trace-Evidence method results in automatically produced consensus sequences that are more accurate and less ambiguous than those produced with standard majority-voting methods. Additionally, these improvements are achieved with less coverage than required by the standard methods-using Trace-Evidence and a coverage of only three, error rates are as low as those with a coverage of over ten sequences.
Dysphagia lusoria: a comprehensive review

Dysphagia lusoria is a rare vascular anomaly identified in a small number of patients being evaluated for dysphagia. The purpose of this paper is to present an illustrative case and provide a comprehensive review of the underlying anatomy, diagnosis, and management of dysphagia lusoria based on a review of the medical and surgical literature over the past 20 years.
Inhibition of arbor viruses (group A) by a protein-like constituent of a corynebacterium.

SummaryA factor (BIF) has been demonstrated in a corynebacterium of unidentified species which interferes with the multiplication of 2 Group A Arbor viruses, Sindbis and Chikungunya, in cultures of human amnion and chick embryo cells. Cytopathogenicity of seven unrelated viruses was not inhibited by the factor. Evidence is presented that interference of the Arbor viruses depends upon inhibition of replication after virus has entered the cell. Evidence suggesting that the factor is a protein is presented.
Long-term vegetation response to mesquite removal in Desert Grassland

Abstract Forty-six years of vegetation response to mesquite removal at dry, low elevation sites on the Santa Rita Experimental Range in southern Arizona was only slightly different than the vegetation dynamics where mesquite trees were left intact. Only the density of threeawn grass species (Aristida spp.) was greater in the mesquite removal areas: and that difference persisted even after the cover of mesquite was no longer different between treatment and control areas. Cover of shrubs and perennial grasses, and density of all other perennial grasses did not differ between mesquite treatments throughout the study period. Mesquite cover on treated areas was not different than untreated areas 40 years after tree removal. The long-term results support the interpretation that vegetation dynamics at these dry locations, are not limited by the abundance of neighbouring mesquite. Alternatively, mesquite abundance is self-limiting at levels less than would influence grass abundance and precipitation anomalies may override any effects of neighbouring mesquite. Practically, these results suggest that areas with ⩽350 mm year−1 of annual precipitation and
IMAGE RECOGNITION AND RECONSTRUCTION USING ASSOCIATIVE MAGNETIC PROCESSING

This paper presents a technique for image recognition, reconstruction, and processing using a novel massively parallel system. This device is a physical implementation of a Boltzmann machine type of neural network based on the use of magnetic thin films and opto-magnetic control. Images or patterns in the form of pixel arrays are imposed on the magnetic film using a laser in an external magnetic field. These images are learned and can be recalled later when a similar image is presented. A stored image is recallable even when a partial, noisy, or corrupted version of that image is imposed on the film. The system can also be used for feature detection and image compression. The operation and construction of the physical system is described, together with a discussion of the physical basis for its operation. The authors have developed Monte Carlo style computer simulations of the system for a variety of platforms, including serial workstations and hypercube configured parallel systems. They describe here some of the factors involved in computer simulations of the system, which can be fast and relatively simple in implementation. Simulation results are presented and, in particular, the behavior of the model under simulated annealing in the light of statistical physics is discussed. The simulation itself can be used as a neural network model capable of the functions ascribed to the physical device.
The effects of environmental enrichment devices on feather picking in commercially housed Pekin ducks

Like other poultry species, Pekin ducks occasionally show an auto-mutilation behavior referred to as feather picking. Self-picking can lead to further pecking by conspecifics and ultimately to reduced feather quality and poor overall health of the bird. Although the reasons underlying feather picking are not clear, it appears to occur when the ducks are transitioning between downy feathers and adult plumage, between 17 and 22 d of age. We hypothesized that giving Pekin ducks a substitute outlet for this behavior in the form of environmental enrichment devices (EED) would decrease feather picking and improve feather quality and duck health and welfare. The EED were plastic Wiffle-style balls, each threaded with 4 zip-ties. In the first experiment, we set out to determine that placement of EED would not induce fear or harmful behaviors. Five barns were each divided into 2 pens, holding an average combined total of approximately 4,500 ducks with one pen per barn used as control. Upon placement of the EED in one pen per barn, both pens were videotaped for a total of 2 h per day. The physical characteristics of 100 ducks per pen were scored at age 7, 21, 28, and 35. Results showed a decrease (P = 0.034) in both self-picking and conspecific-pecking in pens with EED compared with pens without EED. Although no differences in body condition scores were observed at 7 d of age, by d 21 ducks with EED showed better (P = 0.021) feather quality and cleanliness scores compared with ducks without EED. In a second experiment, we set out to determine if ducks had a color preference for blue/green, red, or white EED. Again, ducks with EED showed reduced (P = 0.038) feather picking compared with ducks without EED. Ducks interacted considerably more (P = 0.00089) frequently with blue/green EED then either red or white EED. These results suggest that providing environmental enrichment may minimize feather picking and improve feather quality and duck welfare.
Conceptualizing the design of knowledge-based systems

In this dissertation, we present an Extended Object Model (XOM) for the design and development of Knowledge Based Management Systems (KBMS). We define a set of operations on the object model and explain the semantics of the model in terms of first order logic. To study the inferencing capabilities of the graph underlying our model, we introduce the notion of XOM graph and capture the behaviors of the object classes present in a XOM through an Action Integrated Extended Object Model (AIXOM). Furthermore, we incorporate imprecision in XOM in the basic object types as well in their abstractions. We apply the XOM in conceptualizing the design of Knowledge Based Management Systems and propose a KBMS Developing Environment (KBMSDE) on the basis of that design. Subsequently, we show that the set of XOM operations is complete in KBMSDE and then outline the ways of implementing imprecision in it. At a deeper level of abstraction, we conceptualize the Knowledgebase, the KBMS Shell and the Knowledge-Editor, all constituents of a KBMS. We analyze the XOM graph, derived from its associated Rulebase, for its connectivity in relation to its inference intensive completeness and describe the activities of the Shell and the Editor through their AIXOM. To explain and illustrate the underlying theories, we provide several examples. Finally, we compare the capabilities and limitations of our approach with other models with an insight to future research in this area.
Drug-Induced Adrenal Hypertrophy Provides Evidence for Reset in the Adrenocortical System*

These studies were performed to determine how bilateral adrenal hypertrophy persists despite normal resting ACTH levels in male rats for weeks after a 3-day course of treatment with cyanoketone (CK). This drug blocks corticosterone synthesis by binding to the enzyme 3β-ol-dehydrogenase- Δ6,Δ4-isomerase (EC 1.1.1.51). Although plasma ACTH levels were significantly elevated at all times during the course of treatment with CK, ACTH and corticosterone levels of CKtreated rats were normal thereafter compared to those in control rats killed in the morning. Despite these normal ACTH levels, adrenal weight remained elevated (by 100%) for at least 14 days. We determined that increased ACTH secretion was required to initiate and maintain the adrenal growth response to CK. Rats pretreated with hypophysectomy or dexamethasone (1 mg/kg) did not respond with increases in adrenal weight after CK treatment. Sustained elevations in ACTH during CK treatment were required for increased adrenal weight, because rats treated w...
The case for politeness: Pronoun variation in co-ordinate NPs in object position in English

The use of the nominative 1sg pronouns in co-ordinate NPs in object position, most famously between you and I, has received much attention from prescriptivists and formal linguists, but it has never been the object of a variationist study that compares its usage to that of other variants. This article seeks to fill the gap, based on a data set of co-ordinate NPs in object position, gathered through observation of everyday speech as well as in experimental sociolinguistic interviews. Arguing that the choice of NP case and of NP order is inseparably related, we identify three major patterns of co-ordinate NPs: Vernacular me and X and two post-Vernacular patterns, Standard X and me and Polite X and I. We then examine social and linguistic factors that constrain the usage of individual patterns. We conclude that all three patterns are robust and that they exist in stable ternary variation.This article, which we authored jointly, arose from a paper we presented with Cecilia Cutler and Keith Fernandes at NWAVE–XXVII in Athens, Georgia. Cece and Keith worked with us in gathering the data and participated in extensive discussion with us concerning the phenomenon under study. We are grateful to them. The NWAVE paper itself grew out of a project in a linguistic variation class at NYU. The other participants in the class project were Tiffany Dugan and Agnieszka Rakowicz, and we thank them for their help. We benefited from discussions with Arto Anttila, Jeff Parrott, and Sharon Klein and from audiences at NYU and Stanford. E. W. Gilman called our attention to several relevant articles, and Maryam Bakht-Rofheart, Erik Falkensteen, Bill Haddican, and Ken Lacy provided us with relevant examples from the media. We also thank Sandra Singler Harding, Tom Leu, Erez Levon, Pat Reilly, and Arnold Zwicky. The quotation from an Episcopal missionary appears courtesy of The Archives of the Episcopal Church USA. We thank Jennifer Peters, archivist, and her staff for their assistance.
Specific Spelling Disability: Factual or Artifactual?.

The research reported in this paper attempted to find whether the so called “poor spellers who are good readers” are indeed good readers or if this impression is misleading. Three college students who appeared to be poor spellers but good readers were tested using a variety of techniques. It was found that the three subjects were indeed inefficient readers who committed numerous errors in reading function words, low frequency and unfamiliar words, and pronounceable nonwords. Not being proficient in the phonological conversion of print, these subjects depend excessively on an orthographic sight reading strategy which hinders accurate reading. There appears to be a trade off between speed and comprehension in reading and by slowing down considerably, the “poor spellers but good readers” attain an acceptable level of comprehension. It was concluded that reading aloud and spelling involve phonological mediation and, therefore, are not completely dissociable.
Social ecology as critical political economy

Abstract This article critically examines the alternative view of economics, politics, and society outlined in the works of contemporary social ecologists. The diverse writings of Murray Bookchin, Ivan Illich, Andre Gorz, Hazel Henderson, Karl Hess, Amory Lovins, and E.F. Schumacher are considered to detail the possible strategies of restructuring industrial society along more ecological lines. Although the social ecologists present an attractive conception of new forms of technology, political community, and ethical economic exchange, the analysis suggests that their program for societal transformation is limited by its incomplete political tactics for organizing mass social change.
A twenty-year study of long-term and temporary dominance relations among stumptailed macaques (Macaca arctoides)

Consistent individual differences in long-term dominance are a basic underlying assumption of hypotheses linking dominance and reproductive success. Long-term and temporary dominance of a colony group of stumptailed macaques was studied for 20 years. There were two variously constituted groups for the first 4 years and a single group for the last 16. Stumptails displayed the matrilineal dominance organization found for several other cercopithecine species. A method was devised to standardize ranks so they could be compared over the years across groups of varying size and composition. No animal maintained the same dominance rank over the entire period of the research or over the last 16 years, but there was considerable consistency over long periods. Although occupants of the male and female alpha positions changed several times, one female was dominant for 18 of the 20 years. She was dominant in 1968, at the start of the study, and at its end in 1988 at which time her 18-year-old son was the dominant male. Variation in dominance ranks was greatest among members of mid-ranking matrilines and least for the lowest ranking. The same female or her son were the lowest ranking animals of their groups in all samples taken over the entire 20 years.
Tumor-Released Survivin Induces a Type-2 T Cell Response and Decreases Cytotoxic T Cell Function, in Vitro

Clinical studies of T cell profiles from cancer patients have shown a skewing toward a type-2 T cell response with decreased cytotoxic T cell function. However, the primary cause of this shift remains unknown. Here we show that tumor-released Survivin, an inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) protein and tumor-specific antigen, is taken up by T cells and alters their response. The addition of Survivin to T cell cultures resulted in decreased T cell proliferation and reduced cytotoxic CD8+ T cell function. Additionally, type 1 cell numbers and IFN-γ and IL-2 production were significantly reduced, while IL-4 release and type 2 T cell numbers increased. In contrast, the function and numbers of Th17 and T regulatory cells were not affected. These studies show that tumor-released Survivin modulates T cells resulting in a phenotype similar to that observed in cancer patients with a polarity shift from a type 1 to a type 2 response.
Barriers to the Clinical Translation of Orthopedic Tissue Engineering

Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have been the subject of increasingly intensive research for over 20 years, and there is concern in some quarters over the lack of clinically useful products despite the large sums of money invested. This review provides one perspective on orthopedic applications from a biologist working in academia. It is suggested that the delay in clinical application is not atypical of new, biologically based technologies. Some barriers to progress are acknowledged and discussed, but it is also noted that preclinical studies have identified several promising types of cells, scaffolds, and morphogenetic signals, which, although not optimal, are worth advancing toward human trials to establish a bridgehead in the clinic. Although this transitional technology will be replaced by more sophisticated, subsequent systems, it will perform valuable pioneering functions and facilitate the clinical development of the field. Some strategies for achieving this are suggested.
Characterization of AlNi formed by a self-sustaining reaction during mechanical alloying

Abstract We report on electron-microscopic studies of AlNi powder formed by an explosive reaction during mechanical alloying. In situ thermal analysis enabled us to terminate the milling process immediately following the reaction, so that further mechanical damage to the reaction product was minimized. The surfaces of the resulting particles are smooth on a scale of tens of nanometers. We suggest that explosive reactions occur in individual grains during mechanical alloying even for seemingly gradual reactions, and that amorphous phase formation could involve such mechanism.
The effect of axial crucible rotation on microstructural uniformity during horizontal directional solidification

The effects on microstructure of crucible orientation with respect to the earth's gravitational vector, g, during directional solidification of low-volume fraction copper and aluminum, Pb-Cu, and Sn-Al alloys are examined. It is demonstrated that horizontal alignment (i.e. perpendicular to g) in combination with axial rotation of the crucible during growth is sufficient to negate factors which initiate macrosegregation, e.g. density gradients attributed to temperature and/or compositional differences, and promotes a uniform microstructure.
Wave propagation in composite materials with fibre waviness

Abstract A discrete ray tracing model based on elastodynamic ray theory was developed and applied to a composite material with fibre waviness. The varying anisotropy of this composite causes the ultrasonic waves to travel along curved paths. Particular attention was paid to the comparison with experimental measurements in order to check the applicability of the method for non-destructive characterization of fibre waviness, especially in the high frequency regime. A specimen with intentional fibre waviness was fabricated by winding prepreg tape around a specially designed mandrel. The specimen was tested in the through-transmission mode using special ultrasonic techniques for thick composites. The theoretical model and experimental results agree, at least with regard to the period of fibre waviness.
Aseptic meningitis associated with chronic sulindac use for osteoarthritis: a case report

We report a case of aseptic meningitis thought to be associated with chronic sulindac use in a patient with osteoarthritis. The patient was hospitalized with an acute onset of headache, nuchal rigidity, nausea, and blurred vision. Brain imaging was unremarkable and a lumbar puncture revealed a lymphocytic pleocytosis. No infectious source was identified. The patient reported taking sulindac over the past year, it was discontinued, and symptoms promptly resolved. This case underscores the importance of obtaining a thorough drug history in conjunction with the knowledge of causative medications associated with aseptic meningitis. Given the widespread use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, clinicians must recognize that aseptic meningitis is a possible adverse effect of these medications.
Investigation into the use of Aspergillus oryzae S1 nuclease in the presence of solvents which destabilize or prevent DNA secondary structure: formaldehyde, formamide, and glyoxal.

Abstract The activity of Aspergillus oryzae S1 nuclease in solutions which destabilize DNA secondary structure was investigated. S1 nuclease is able to degrade single-stranded DNA in the presence of various concentrations of formaldehyde, formamide, and glyoxal. It is further shown that S1 nuclease can be used: (1) in the presence of formaldehyde to generate cleavage products from partially denatured duplex DNA; (2) to obtain thermal-melting profiles in the presence of formamide.
The Recovering God of Hosea

This paper addresses the question of the character of God as sketched in the poetry of Hosea. It considers the broad and rich spectrum of images and metaphors that are employed to give expression to that divine character in poetic idiom. It is clear that the range and spectrum of metaphors cannot be systematized, but one can nonetheless identify among them usages that bespeak divine judgment, usages that articulate a positive concern, and usages that are neutral or ambiguous. After that survey, the discussion focuses upon the two provocative texts if Hosea 2:2-23 and 11:11-9. Attention is given, in each of these cases, to the movement from judgment to positive possibility. The two governing metaphors of husband-wife and parent-child are taken to be indispensable for a relationship that persists, even in the face of harsh judgment and alienation. The flow of drama in these two texts suggests that YHWH has been an agent of violence, but is "in recovery" from that propensity to violence.
Optimal nonlinear pricing structures: an application to energy pricing

(1979). Optimal nonlinear pricing structures: an application to energy pricing. Applied Economics: Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 241-254.
Farbication of Optically Transparent Lead Magnesium Niobate Polycrystalline Ceramics Using Hot Isostatic Pressing

The physical, dielectric, and optical properties of hot isostatically pressed lead magnesium niobate polycrystalline ceramics modified with 1/2 mol% La2O3, Pb1–3/2xLax□x/2-(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3, have been investigated. Methods used to characterize the ceramics included determination of the dielectric permittivity, optical transmittance, and refractive index dispersion. The materials exhibited relaxor ferroelectric type behavior with a peak dielectric constant K > 14000 and average Tc∼−35°C. Various sintering, hot isostatic pressing, and annealing conditions were examined to produce highly dense and optically transparent materials. Through the use of hot isostatic pressing, densities more than 99.5% theoretical and transmittance greater than 50% at 633-nm wavelength were obtained. Hot isostatic pressing technique appears to be a good alternative to hot uniaxial pressing without the associated problem of PbO volatility, reactivity with the pressure vessel, and geometrical constraints.
Killing with Silence, not Even Softly

“It is this nature in our red brother that is better dead than alive, and when we agree with the oft-repeated sentiment that the only good Indian is a dead one, we mean this characteristic of the I...
On the Odir iterative method for non‐symmetric indefinite linear systems

Several Krylov subspace iterative methods have been proposed for the approximation of the solution of general non-symmetric linear systems. Odir is such a method. Here we study the restarted version of Odir for non-symmetric indefinite linear systems and we prove convergence under certain conditions on the matrix of coefficients. These results hold for all the restarted Krylov methods equivalent to Odir. We also introduce a new truncated Odir method which is proved to converge for a large class of non-symmetric indefinite linear systems. This new method requires one-half of the storage of the standard Odir. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Fundamental Rotation-Vibration Band of Nitric Oxide

The fundamental rotation-vibration band of nitric oxide has been measured with the high dispersion of an echellette grating spectrometer, and has been subjected to a complete analysis. The resulting constants have been carefully combined with those derived from the existing electronic data to yield the following molecular constants for the normal state of the molecule: ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{e}=1904.03(^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{\frac{1}{2}})$, $1903.68 (^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{\frac{3}{2}}) {\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{e}{x}_{e}=13.97 {\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{e}{y}_{e}=\ensuremath{-}1.20\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, ${B}_{e}=1.7046 {\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, ${I}_{e}=16.423\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}40} g {\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, ${r}_{e}=1.1508\mathrm{A}$.
Carrier kinetics in amorphous semiconducting alloys

Abstract The trapping and generation of carriers in amorphous semiconducting alloys has been worked out within the framework of the CFO model of these materials. The roles of charged and neutral traps are considered in detail. The change in the kinetic processes occasioned by diffusive carrier motion instead of propagation with occasional scattering is included as well. The quasi-Fermi level concept is justified in detail. Application is made to the steady state photoconduction.
Public perceptions of food addiction: a comparison with alcohol and tobacco

Background: As science has begun to provide support for food’s addictive properties, food addiction has gained increased attention from academics, health care professionals and mainstream media as a contributor to obesity. To date, no research has examined public perceptions of this condition, which may affect attitudes towards food addiction and obesity as well as beliefs about “addictive” food products. Methods: Using a survey methodology in a national sample of 570 adults, this study compared perceptions of food addiction to smoking and alcoholism, assessing beliefs about its etiology and whether it was perceived to be a disease or a result of individual choices. Results: Food addiction was perceived to be more of a disease than smoking and to be caused by individual choices to a greater extent than alcoholism. Conclusions: These results indicate that food addiction is vulnerable to stigmatization and may be perceived as a behavioural rather than a substance addiction.
On the Riesz Transforms for Gaussian Measures

Let B be an n × n positive-definite symmetric matrix, and LB the second order partial differential operator in Rn defined by LBu = 12Δ − Bx · ∇u. The operator LB is self-adjoint with respect to the Gaussian probability measure γBn(x)dx, where γBn(x) = Cn, B exp(−Bx · x). In this paper a class of Riesz′s transforms naturally associated with LB is studied. It is shown that these transformations are bounded in the spaces LpγBn(Rn), p > 1, with a constant independent of the dimension an depending only on p and the number of different eigenvalues of the matrix B. The proof of this result is analytic and uses appropriate square-functions defined in terms of semigroups of operators related to LB and the Littlewood-Paley-Stein theory. The result contains as a particular case some inequalities proved by Meyer and Gundy using probabilistic methods.
CAESAREAN SECTION AND OTHER METHODS FOR ASSISTED DELIVERY : COMPARISON OF EFFECTS ON MARE MORTALITY AND COMPLICATIONS

Data from 116 mares that had caesarean section or vaginal delivery at 2 university hospitals were analysed in 5 groups, as follows: dystocia corrected by caesarean section, Group DCS (n = 48); elective caesarean section, Group ECS (n = 10); caesarean section concurrently with colic surgery, Group CCS (n = 8); assisted vaginal delivery, Group AVD (n = 22); and controlled vaginal delivery under general anaesthesia, Group CVD (n = 28). Survival rate in all mares that had caesarean section, excluding Group CCS, was 88% (51/58). All mares in Group ECS survived and Group CCS had the lowest survival rate (38%). In 98 mares with dystocia, Groups DCS (15%) and AVD (14%) had significantly lower (P or = 3) were recorded in 6 mares in Group CVD but not in the other groups. Of the 102 foals delivered from 98 mares with dystocia, 11 (11%) were alive at delivery and 5 (5%) survived to discharge. Survival rate for foals was 38% in Group CCS, and 90% in Group ECS. Under conditions similar to those in this study, it is calculated that caesarean section is preferable to CVD if dystocia is protracted and great difficulty and trauma is involved, even if CVD allows delivery of the foal.
Cutaneous disease in systemic lupus erythematosus

Abstract Cutaneous manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are as variable as the nature of the disease is protean. Prior to the advent of the discovery of the LE-cell phenomenon, classification of the disease was chiefly dependent on dermatologic findings. 1 Emphasis on the importance of such an approach receded considerably with the identification of the LE cell. The demonstration of the LE-cell factor in the serum of an individual was regarded to be tantamount to a diagnosis of SLE. Following the discovery and identification of selective antinuclear (ANA) and anticytoplasmic (ACA) antibodies, there has been a resurgence in the importance of cutaneous signs. It has become evident that certain cutaneous features seem to have a greater association with selective autoantibodies, suggesting that patients with SLE can be grouped according to subsets. These appear to be of value not only as to diagnosis but also, more importantly, as to course and prognosis. Since the skin is the most accessible system and the most frequently involved, some investigators have strongly advocated that cutaneous findings are the most important for proper classification. 2,3 While the primary intent of this chapter is to identify and to enumerate specific dermatologic changes that may occur with increased frequency in certain subsets, such an approach is somewhat limiting due to a lack of specific data. Although there is an extensive literature, including exhaustive studies of cutaneous findings in patients with SLE, the observations and statistical information were made and compiled prior to the availability of selective ANA testing. The deletion of "alopecia" and "Raynaud's phenomenon (RP)" in the 1982 revised American Rheumatology Association (ARA) criteria for classification of SLE 4 connotes further obsolescence of the importance of these studies. This may eliminate some of the patients included in previous studies because such patients may now have fewer than four ARA criteria necessary for establishing a diagnosis of SLE. Regardless of these pitfalls, a reasonable categorization of cutaneous findings is possible and can be a benefit to the clinician. The findings 5–7 that, during some stage of the disease, skin lesions are present in at least 80% of the patients support this reasoning. This feature is only surpassed in frequency by the presence of arthralgia and fever. Skin lesions are the primary sign in about 25% of individuals who developed SLE. Since patients seek out their own physicians according to their symptomatology, it is unlikely that an individual would present to the dermatologist without skin lesions.
Comments on Emily Martin's “The Ethnography of Natural Selection in the 1990s”

I am one of the many anthropologists who follows carefully each of the new steps that Emily Martin takes in her evolving work, which I see as a model and source of inspiration. I read this essay when I was flat on my back in bed with a terrible cold that was still on a downward trajectory. As was my custom, I waited nervously for my immune system to kick in on its own, without the help of doctors, pills, and the usual home remedies. I did not want to weaken my immune system with unnecessary medication. In that condition, I read the essay and discovered that I was also suffering from another condition: immuno-machismo.
Clustering algorithms for consolidation of customer orders into vehicle shipments

Abstract The consolidation of shipments into loads arises in a number of applications, including household moving, truckload trucking, rail and container operations. The capacitated clustering problem (CCP) is one of the underlying optimization problems for the efficient consolidation of customer orders to vehicle shipments. In this paper we develop optimization-based heuristic algorithms for the CCP, extending procedures developed by Mulvey and Beck, as well as algorithms developed by Fisher and Jaikumar, for the generalized assignment problem. In this paper, iterative methods are proposed that avoid the specification of “seed” customers required by other algorithms, and which are shown to produce better solutions than existing heuristics. Lagrangian relaxations are used to develop rigorous bounds, which demonstrate the effectiveness of relatively simple heuristics.
Flat-field, anastigmatic, four-mirror optical system for large telescopes

A large-aperture, flat-field, four-mirror optical system for large telescopes has been designed. Its main virtue is that it uses spherical surfaces for the primary and secondary mirrors, providing remarkably good imagery. Third-order theory and the optimization process are discussed for this optical system.
Energy Balance Climate Models: A Reappraisal of Ice-Albedo Feedback

Abstract Disagreement exists, with regard to different types of climate models, concerning the influence of ice-albedo feedback upon the stability of the present global climate. In view of this we have reexamined the empirical relationship between zonal albedo and temperature for use in zonally averaged energy-balance climate models, and conclude that ice-albedo feedback constitutes a relatively mild climate feedback mechanism, amplifying global climate sensitivity by roughly 25%.
The McMurdo Dry Valleys: A landscape on the threshold of change

Abstract Field observations of coastal and lowland regions in the McMurdo Dry Valleys suggest they are on the threshold of rapid topographic change, in contrast to the high elevation upland landscape that represents some of the lowest rates of surface change on Earth. A number of landscapes have undergone dramatic and unprecedented landscape changes over the past decade including, the Wright Lower Glacier (Wright Valley) — ablated several tens of meters, the Garwood River (Garwood Valley) has incised > 3 m into massive ice permafrost, smaller streams in Taylor Valley (Crescent, Lawson, and Lost Seal Streams) have experienced extensive down-cutting and/or bank undercutting, and Canada Glacier (Taylor Valley) has formed sheer, > 4 meter deep canyons. The commonality between all these landscape changes appears to be sediment on ice acting as a catalyst for melting, including ice-cement permafrost thaw. We attribute these changes to increasing solar radiation over the past decade despite no significant trend in summer air temperature. To infer possible future landscape changes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, due to anticipated climate warming, we map ‘at risk’ landscapes defined as those with buried massive ice in relative warm regions of the valleys. Results show that large regions of the valley bottoms are ‘at risk’. Changes in surface topography will trigger important responses in hydrology, geochemistry, and biological community structure and function.
Single‐layer axisymmetric model for a Hadley circulation with parameterized eddy momentum forcing

An axisymmetric single-layer model is used to study interactions of the Hadley circulation with extratropical eddies. Eddy momentum fluxes are parameterized using a simple closure motivated by calculations with an idealized dry general circulation model (GCM). Calculations are performed in which the heating is parameterized as Newtonian relaxation of temperatures toward a prescribed radiative-convective equilibrium (RCE) state. The latitude at which the maximum RCE temperature occurs is varied to represent seasonal variations. In the axisymmetric model, as in the GCM, qualitative changes in the zonal momentum budget occur as the RCE temperature maximum moves away from the equator past a threshold latitude. For RCE temperature maxima closer to the equator, eddy momentum fluxes play a dominant role in the zonal momentum budget, nonlinearity is weak, and the meridional circulation is a weak function of the degree of asymmetry about the equator. For RCE temperature maxima sufficiently far from the equator, the zonal momentum budget becomes more nonlinear, angular momentum is more nearly conserved, and the circulation is a stronger function of the degree of asymmetry about the equator. Since the axisymmetric model can capture this behavior while being much simpler than the GCM, it may be a useful step towards a more comprehensive theory of the zonal-mean general circulation.
Hippocampal lesions impair spatial response selection in the primate

This study investigates the role of the primate hippocampus in spatial cognition. Following lesions to the hippocampus, monkeys were unable to learn to direct their responses to different locations in space, based on a spatial cue. This deficit was not due to an impairment in learning to make the responses, since lesioned monkeys were normal when these did not have to be spatially selective. Furthermore, the deficit could not have been due to an impairment in the detection of cues, since lesioned monkeys were normal in their ability to detect visual targets presented over a wide area of space. These results support the view that the hippocampus of the monkey is necessary in order to remember the spatial arrangement of visual scenes in an egocentric manner.
Radical nerve-sparing prostatectomy with epidural anaesthesia in 100 patients.

Summary— From August 1985 to January 1989, 100 patients were treated with radical nerve-sparing prostatectomy with epidural anaesthesia. Transrectal ultrasound evaluation was available for most of these patients. Using the anatomical techniques of early dorsal vein ligation, hypogastric artery control and epidural anaesthesia, blood loss was minimised and 55 patients required no transfusions. In addition, with the use of ultrasound, PSA determination and pelvic CAT scan, 73 of these 100 patients had organ-confined disease; 66 patients were potent pre-operatively and 42 are potent post-operatively.
Effects of Opposed-Flow Hydrocarbon Diffusion Flames by Chemically-Passive Suppressants at Normal EVA Atmosphere Conditions

The critical flame extinction strain rates of opposed-flow hydrocarbon diffusion flames in the presence of various chemically-passive fire suppressants were experimentally and computationally determined. The objective was to extend an earlier study of chemicallypassive suppressant effectiveness at normal-atmosphere conditions to the EVA-atmosphere conditions used in spacecraft prior to external vehicular activity. Extinction strain rates were determined for fuel streams consisting of pure CH 4 , C 2 H 6 , C 3 H 8 or C 2 H 4 and oxidizer streams composed of air with 0-30% volume fractions of Ar, N 2 or CO 2 as inert suppressants. For both normal and EVA atmospheres, the relative suppressant effectiveness increased in order from Ar to N 2 to CO 2 . This ordering is consistent with the simple increase in specific heat produced by the suppressant concentration in a stoichiometric mixture of the fuel and oxidizer. The internal structure of C 2 H 6 flames with and without each suppressant in normal and EVA atmospheres was examined using OPPDIF calculations to identify the mechanisms that determine the relative effectiveness of each suppressant. At any given suppressant concentration, peak flame temperature and maximum concentrations of OH, H and O radicals are higher in the EVA atmosphere than in normal atmosphere, consistent with the higher oxygen concentration under EVA conditions. This suggests that similar correlations as have been found at normal atmosphere for critical flame extinction strain rates with these parameters may govern suppressant effectiveness in the EVA atmosphere, allowing effectiveness of other suppressants at other atmospheric preparations to be inferred from these results. Results to date suggest that, due to the higher oxygen concentrations in the EVA atmosphere, the critical flame extinction strain rates are slightly higher in the EVA atmosphere than in a normal atmosphere.
In-vitro sub-cellular sampling of metabolites in biological samples

Chemical analysis of metabolites directly from cell samples at sub-cellular level in ambient conditions is essential to understand the biochemical pathways in these organisms. In order to achieve this goal we combine near-field ablation with mass spectrometry. As a first step towards the integration of near-field ablation with mass spectrometry, we will report preliminary results of the chemical analysis of Arabidopsis Thaliana.
A model for diffractive processes

Abstract A unified description of diffractive processes is obtained by assuming a factorizable vector current × vector current form for the imaginary amplitude, the vector current being a conserved, SU(3) singlet transition operator. Taking the current matrix elements from a relativistic quark model, good agreement with experiment is found in most cases considered.
Functional maturation of the primate fetal adrenal in vivo: I. Role of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), IGF-I receptor, and IGF binding proteins in growth regulation.

The rapid growth of the primate fetal adrenal from midgestation until term is regulated by ACTH secreted by the fetal pituitary. Previous studies suggest that the trophic actions of ACTH are mediated by insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) synthesized by fetal adrenal cortical cells. To characterize further the role of IGF-II in the regulation of fetal adrenal growth, we investigated the expression of the messenger RNAs (mRNAs) encoding IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) and IGF binding protein (IGFBP) 1-6 in the fetal rhesus monkey adrenal in vivo from 109 days of gestation until term (165 +/- 5 days) using in situ hybridization. To assess the role of ACTH in the regulation of expression of the IGF system in vivo, we administered metyrapone (3-7 days) to late gestation fetal rhesus monkeys (n = 4) in utero to increase fetal pituitary ACTH secretion. IGF-II mRNA was abundant in the definitive, transitional and fetal zones of the adrenal cortex from 109 days until term. IGF-IR mRNA was expressed in t...
Galen on the astronomers and astrologers.

Galen's Commentary on Hippocrates' Airs Waters and Places is lost in the original Greek.1 It was, however, translated into Arabic, and in that form had a wide vogue, to judge from the number of references to it in medieval authors.2 Until recently all that was known to exist was a Hebrew version and a Latin translation derived from the Hebrew.3 But then Sezgin discovered a manuscript of the complete Arabic translation,4 and pointed out its importance, particularly in Book III, for the history of astronomy and for Galen's attitude towards astronomy and astrology.5 My own interest in the work* was aroused many years ago by reading the reference to it by the Banu Musa (translated in the commentary to § 19 below), whence it appeared that Galen referred to the unfamiliarity