cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identifying calcium sources at an acid deposition- impacted spruce forest: a strontium isotope, alkaline earth element multi-tracer approach

Depletion of calcium from forest soils has important implications for forest productivity and health. Ca is available to fine feeder roots from a number of soil organic and mineral sources, but identifying the primary source or changes of sources in response to environmental change is problematic. We used strontium isotope and alkaline earth element concentration ratios of trees and soils to discern the record of Ca sources for red spruce at a base-poor, acid deposition-impacted watershed. We measured 87Sr/86Sr and chemical compositions of cross-sectional stemwood cores of red spruce, other spruce tissues and sequential extracts of co-located soil samples. 87Sr/86Sr and Sr/Ba ratios together provide a tracer of alkaline earth element sources that distinguishes the plant-available fraction of the shallow organic soils from those of deeper organic and mineral soils. Ca/Sr ratios proved less diagnostic, due to within-tree processes that fractionate these elements from each other. Over the growth period from 1870 to 1960, 87Sr/86Sr and Sr/Ba ratios of stemwood samples became progressively more variable and on average trended toward values that considered together are characteristic of the uppermost forest floor. In detail the stemwood chemistry revealed an episode of simultaneous enhanced uptake of all alkaline earth elements during the growth period from 1930 to 1960, coincident with reported local and regional increases in atmospheric inputs of inorganic acidity. We attribute the temporal trends in stemwood chemistry to progressive shallowing of the effective depth of alkaline earth element uptake by fine roots over this growth period, due to preferential concentration of fine roots in the upper forest floor coupled with reduced nutrient uptake by roots in the lower organic and upper mineral soils in response to acid-induced aluminum toxicity. Although both increased atmospheric deposition and selective weathering of Ca-rich minerals such as apatite provide possible alternative explanations of aspects of the observed trends, the chemical buffering capacity of the forest floor-biomass pool limits their effectiveness as causal mechanisms.
A theoretical study of temperature dependence of cluster formation from sulfuric acid and ammonia

Abstract We have performed density functional theory (BL3YP) and ab initio (MP2) calculations to investigate the energetics of the cluster formation for (NH 3 ) m (H 2 SO 4 ) and (NH 3 )(H 2 SO 4 ) n ( m , n = 1–6) in the atmospherically-relevant temperature range between 200 and 300 K. For (NH 3 ) m (H 2 SO 4 ) clusters, the binding increases from m = 1 to 6 at 200 K, while the most stable complex at 300 K is the cluster with m = 2. For (NH 3 )(H 2 SO 4 ) n clusters, the binding is more stable for those with larger n . There is a strong temperature dependence for the (NH 3 ) m (H 2 SO 4 ) cluster formation; the lowest free energy shifts from m = 6 at T = 200 K to m = 5 around T = 240 K and further to m = 2 at T ⩾ 280 K. The temperature effects on (NH 3 )(H 2 SO 4 ) n clusters are much less stronger, while there is still a similar trend which favors larger n in the entire temperature range from 200 to 300 K.
Sensory and Physical Characteristics of Reduced‐Fat Turkey Frankfurters with Modified Corn Starch and Water

Twenty formulations for turkey frankfurters were evaluated using 2.379 to 6.621% modified corn starch and 20.93 to 35.07% water. Cooked frankfurters were evaluated by a descriptive panel. Internal color, compression, percentages fat and moisture, purge loss, and pH were measured. Levels of starch and water affected percentages of fat and moisture of the batter. Frankfurters with low levels of starch were more yellow, firmer, and not as cohesive as those with high levels. Frankfurters with high levels of water were softer, lighter in color, and juicier than those with less water. Increased levels of starch and water maximized organ meat/metallic flavor. For optimal sensory and physical attributes, the predicted levels should be starch 2.3% and added water 33.6%.
Lestaurtinib, a multitargeted tyrosinse kinase inhibitor: from bench to bedside

Importance of the field: Internal tandem duplication of the fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) gene (FLT3-ITD) is a common recurring mutation in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with normal karyotype, and the presence of FLT3-ITD confers a poor prognosis on this large subgroup of AML patients. Since the discovery of lestaurtinib as a potent FLT3 inhibitor, in 1985, there has been considerable interest in the development of this agent (CEP-701, Cephalon, Frazer, PA, USA) for treatment of this population.Areas covered in this review: An extensive literature search was conducted that included published articles and abstracts on the preclinical and clinical development of this agent spanning the last decade.What the reader will gain: The review describes the historical development of this agent and reviews the available preclinical and clinical data on lestaurtinib and expands on potential future directions in development of this agent.Take home message: Lestaurtinib is a multi targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor w...
Intracranial-to-intracranial bypass for posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysms: options, technical challenges, and results in 35 patients

OBJECT Intracranial-to-intracranial (IC-IC) bypasses are alternatives to traditional extracranial-to-intracranial (EC-IC) bypasses to reanastomose parent arteries, reimplant efferent branches, revascularize branches with in situ donor arteries, and reconstruct bifurcations with interposition grafts that are entirely intracranial. These bypasses represent an evolution in bypass surgery from using scalp arteries and remote donor sites toward a more local and reconstructive approach. IC-IC bypass can be utilized preferentially when revascularization is needed in the management of complex aneurysms. Experiences using IC-IC bypass, as applied to posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) aneurysms in 35 patients, were reviewed. METHODS Patients with PICA aneurysms and vertebral artery (VA) aneurysms involving the PICA's origin were identified from a prospectively maintained database of the Vascular Neurosurgery Service, and patients who underwent bypass procedures for PICA revascularization were included. RESULTS During a 17-year period in which 129 PICA aneurysms in 125 patients were treated microsurgically, 35 IC-IC bypasses were performed as part of PICA aneurysm management, including in situ p3-p3 PICA-PICA bypass in 11 patients (31%), PICA reimplantation in 9 patients (26%), reanastomosis in 14 patients (40%), and 1 V3 VA-to-PICA bypass with an interposition graft (3%). All aneurysms were completely or nearly completely obliterated, 94% of bypasses were patent, 77% of patients were improved or unchanged after treatment, and good outcomes (modified Rankin Scale ≤ 2) were observed in 76% of patients. Two patients died expectantly. Ischemic complications were limited to 2 patients in whom the bypasses occluded, and permanent lower cranial nerve morbidity was limited to 3 patients and did not compromise independent function in any of the patients. CONCLUSIONS PICA aneurysms receive the application of IC-IC bypass better than any other aneurysm, with nearly one-quarter of all PICA aneurysms treated microsurgically at our center requiring bypass without a single EC-IC bypass. The selection of PICA bypass is almost algorithmic: trapped aneurysms at the PICA origin or p1 segment are revascularized with a PICA-PICA bypass, with PICA reimplantation as an alternative; trapped p2 segment aneurysms are reanastomosed, bypassed in situ, or reimplanted; distal p3 segment aneurysms are reanastomosed or revascularized with a PICA-PICA bypass; and aneurysms of the p4 segment that are too distal for PICA-PICA bypass are reanastomosed. Interposition grafts are reserved for when these 3 primary options are unsuitable. A constructive approach that preserves the PICA with direct clipping or replaces flow with a bypass when sacrificed should remain an alternative to deconstructive PICA occlusion and endovascular coiling when complete aneurysm occlusion is unlikely.
Viral Hepatitis Type A: Redefinition of Virologic, Clinical and Epidemiologic Features

During the last decade, hepatitis A research has accelerated dramatically. Until the early 1970’s, no practical serologic tests were available to identify hepatitis A infection, and investigative tools were limited. Still, painstaking epidemiologic observations and experimental transmission of the virus in volunteers (1,2) and marmoset monkeys (3–6) provided the foundations for the advances of recent years. Such studies had shown that hepatitis A virus (HAV) is excreted in feces during the late incubation period and early acute phase of illness and that convalescent serum (as well as immune serum globulin) contains neutralizing antibodies to HAV. Based on these studies, Feinstone et al (7) incubated convalescent serum, likely to contain antibody to HAV (anti-HAV), with filtrates of acute phase stool specimens, likely to contain HAV and, by electron microscopy, visualized HAV particles aggregated by antibody (immune electron microscopy). At the same time, almost a decade of work on experimental HAV infection in marmosets culminated in the detection by Provost et al (8) of virus-like particles morphologically similar to those described in human stools in homogenates and thin-section electron micrographs of liver and in concentrated serum of Saguinus mystax marmosets infected experimentally with the CR326 strain of HAV.
Violence as a Disintegration Product of the Self in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Preoccupation with violent fantasies or behavior is often seen in Vietnam combat veterans suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder. Violence in these patients can be understood within the framework of self-psychology as a disintegration product which provides emergency structure for the fragmenting self. A case report illustrates this point.
Nine Ways to Avoid a Train Wreck: How Title 3 Should Be Changed

When the Supreme Court called the political process to a halt in Bush v. Gore, the danger existed that continued adherence to that process would have led to a systemic breakdown. This could have occurred in a number of ways. Many of those ways, with the benefit of hindsight, can now be identified. Many were caused by poorly drafted and ill-considered provisions of Title 3 of the United States Code, which regulates presidential elections. This article examines the principal problems with Title 3 that came to light after the 2000 presidential election. It then suggests remedial amendments. The article begins, as background, with a review of relevant constitutional principles so as to assess the breadth of congressional discretion in addressing those problems. The article concludes that while at least nine “disaster scenarios” exist, none is likely ― but none is improbable enough to be ignored.
Comparison of standard and second harmonic B-mode sonography in the detection of segmental renal infarction with sonographic contrast in a rabbit model

This study compares contrast-enhanced fundamental and second harmonic B-mode sonography using a rabbit renal infarct model. Segmental renal infarctions were produced in 13 rabbits by embolizing a 0.7 mm bead into the renal artery 1 day prior to imaging. An ultrasonographic unit equipped with an L10-5 transducer and second harmonic imaging capability was used. Real-time recordings were made during the injection of 0.5 ml of an experimental formulation of a perfluorohexane vapor-stabilized microbubble (AF0145) given into the ear vein, and the imaging technique alternated between standard and harmonic imaging every 20 s. Each rabbit received two injections 1 h apart. To control for the effect of peak bolus enhancement, the initial imaging technique used for the first injection was randomized, and the other technique was used initially for the second injection. The videointensity difference between the infarcted and the normal cortex was then calculated and evaluated as a function of time. The infarcted segment could not be seen before administration of contrast agent with either technique. Although the infarction could be seen after injection of contrast agent with either technique, image contrast and contrast duration were nearly 75% greater for the harmonic technique than for the standard technique. AF0145 allows the visualization of segmental renal infarction on standard B-mode imaging. The second harmonic B-mode technique significantly increases image contrast and contrast duration.
Overweight and health: communications challenges and opportunities

Overweight is associated with multiple adverse health consequences, many of which have been addressed by the experts participating in this Roundtable on Healthy Weight organized by the American Health Foundation. While research and vigorous debate continue on the etiology, treatment, and prevention of obesity, health care professionals face a crucial challenge : effectively communicating current knowledge of the links between overweight and adverse health outcomes. Communications challenges that must be overcome include the clutter of diverse messages, distrust of experts, the anti-diet movement, public confusion, and misunderstandings about scientific reports. An effective communications strategy needs to focus on simple, friendly messages that are consistent with scientific evidence yet understandable to individuals in ways that promote acknowledgment of personal responsibility and promote action.
Long-Term Stability of Inorganic, Methyl and Ethyl Mercury in Whole Blood: Effects of Storage Temperature and Time

In this study, we evaluated the effect of temperature on the long-term stability of three mercury species in bovine blood. We used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis to determine the concentrations of inorganic (iHg), methyl (MeHg) and ethyl (EtHg) mercury species in two blood pools stored at temperatures of -70, -20, 4, 23°C (room temperature) and 37°C. Over the course of a year, we analyzed aliquots of pooled specimens at time intervals of 1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks and 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 months. We applied a fixed-effects linear model, step-down pairwise comparison and coefficient of variation statistical analysis to examine the temperature and time effects on changes in mercury species concentrations. We observed several instances of statistically significant differences in mercury species concentrations between different temperatures and time points; however, with considerations of experimental factors (such as instrumental drift and sample preparation procedures), not all differences were scientifically important. We concluded that iHg, MeHg and EtHg species in bovine whole blood were stable at -70, -20, 4 and 23°C for 1 year, but blood samples stored at 37°C were stable for no more than 2 weeks.
Differential gene expression in mouse mammary adenocarcinomas in the presence and absence of wild type p53.

The tumor suppressor p53 transcriptionally regulates a large number of target genes that may affect cell growth and cell death pathways. To better understand the role of p53 loss in tumorigenesis, we have developed a mouse mammary cancer model, the Wnt-1 TG/p53 model. Wnt-1 transgenic females that are p53−/− develop mammary adenocarcinomas that arise sooner, grow faster, appear more anaplastic, and have higher levels of chromosomal instability than their Wnt-1 transgenic p53+/+ counterparts. In this study, we used several assays to determine whether the presence or absence of p53 affects gene expression patterns in the mammary adenocarcinomas. Most of the differentially expressed genes are increased in p53+/+ tumors and many of these represent known target genes of p53 (p21WAF1/C1P1, cyclin G1, alpha smooth muscle actin, and cytokeratin 19). Some of these genes (cytokeratin 19, alpha smooth muscle actin, and kappa casein) represent mammary gland differentiation markers which may contribute to the inhibited tumor progression and are consistent with the more differentiated histopathology observed in the p53+/+ tumors. Several differentially expressed genes are growth regulatory in function (p21, c-kit, and cyclin B1) and their altered expression levels correlate well with the differing growth properties of the p53+/+ and p53−/− tumors. Thus, while tumors can arise and progress in the presence of functioning wild type p53, p53 may directly or indirectly regulate expression of an array of genes that facilitate differentiation and inhibit proliferation, contributing to a more differentiated, slow growing, and genomically stable phenotype.
Fundamental limits of exciton-exciton annihilation for light emission in transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers

We quantitatively illustrate the fundamental limit that exciton-exciton annihilation (EEA) may impose on the light emission of monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) materials. The EEA in TMDC monolayers shows a dependence on the interaction with substrates as its rate increases from $0.1\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{2}/\mathrm{s}$ ($0.05\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{2}/\mathrm{s}$) to $0.3\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{2}/\mathrm{s}$ ($0.1\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{2}/\mathrm{s}$) with the substrates removed for $\mathrm{W}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ ($\mathrm{Mo}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$) monolayers. It turns to be the major pathway of exciton decay and dominates the luminescence efficiency when the exciton density is beyond ${10}^{10}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ in suspended monolayers or ${10}^{11}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ in supported monolayers. This sets an upper limit on the density of injected charges in light-emission devices for the realization of optimal luminescence efficiency. The strong EEA rate also dictates the pumping threshold for population inversion in the monolayers to be $12--18\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MW}/\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ (optically) or $2.5--4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{A}/\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ (electrically).
Surveillance of adverse events following immunization in Putuo District Shanghai, 2001-2004

[Objective] To summarize the adverse events reported to the Vaccine Adverse Events Surveillance System (VAESS) from 2001 to 2004 in Putuo District Shanghai. [Methods] The adverse events following immunization (AEFI) were colletcted and reported to VAESS by vaccination givers with certain form. All the accepted reports were classified as non-serious,serious reaction or opportunity cases according to the symptoms and medical records. [Results] During 2001-2004, VAESS had received 504 reports related to 9 vaccines in 912938 inoculations involving 14 vaccines. Among the adverse events reports, the amount of non-serious and serious events were 443 and 58 respectively, as well as 3 were accidental cases . The most commonly reported type of non-serious adverse events were injection-site swelling and fever which were mild or moderate. The diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine (DTwP) had the highest non-serious adverse events average reporting rate (359.27/100,000). It became higher with the increased of times of vaccination. The serious adverse events reports received in VAESS were contributed to the inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine (29.25/100,000), DTwP (27.56/100,000) and Babeillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) (8.44/100,000) vaccination. A fourth boost dose of the Japanese encephalitis vaccine had the highest serious adverse events reporting rate during its schedule, while it was more likely to have serious events reported after a second dose of DTwP. [Conclusion] To reduce the AEFI were should implement vaccination regulations rigorously, distinguish contraindications, and introduce safer vaccines gradually. In addition, extensive reporting net of AEFI is essential to improve the sensibility of VAESS for monitoring safety of vaccines.
cAMP Evokes a rise in intracellular Na+ mediated by Na+ pump inhibition in rat aortic smooth muscle cells

The effect of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) on intracellular Na+ concentration ([Na+]i) was studied in primary cultured vascular smooth muscle cells from rat aorta. [Na+]i was measure...
Dissociation between pressor sensitivity in vivo and contractile reactivity in vitro to angiotensin II in rats with experimental cirrhosis.

1. Decreased pressor sensitivity to angiotensin II occurs in cirrhosis, but the mechanism remains unclear. 2. Angiotensin II dose-response studies were performed in conscious, chronically instrumented cirrhotic and control rats, and angiotensin II concentration-response studies were performed in isolated blood vessels obtained from similar groups of animals. 3. Cirrhotic rats demonstrated a significantly decreased pressor response to angiotensin II (5-80 ng/kg intravenously). However, angiotensin II-generated tension in thoracic aortic rings isolated from cirrhotic rats and studied in vitro was not impaired. These findings are consistent with the concept that circulating vasodilator substances in cirrhosis rather than an abnormality intrinsic to vascular smooth muscle cells are responsible for the decreased pressor sensitivity to angiotensin II in vivo. 4. Pretreatment with the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (3 mg/kg intravenously) restored pressor sensitivity to angiotensin II to normal, suggesting that cyclo-oxygenase products, possibily vasodilator prostaglandins, may be involved in mediating pressor resistance to this hormone in vivo.
Increasing resident utilization and recognition of the critical view of safety during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a pilot study from an academic medical center

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is a commonly performed surgical procedure; however, it is associated with an increased rate of bile duct injury (BDI) when compared to the open approach. The critical view of safety (CVS) provides a secure method of ductal identification to help avoid BDI. CVS is not universally utilized by practicing surgeons and/or taught to surgical residents. We aimed to pilot a safe cholecystectomy curriculum to demonstrate that educational interventions could improve resident adherence to and recognition of the CVS during LC. Forty-three general surgery residents at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital were prospectively studied. Fifty-one consecutive LC cases were recorded during the pre-intervention period, while the residents were blinded to the outcome measured (CVS score). As an intervention, a comprehensive lecture on safe cholecystectomy was given to all residents. Fifty consecutive LC cases were recorded post-intervention, while the residents were empowered to “time-out” and document the CVS with a doublet photograph. Two independent surgeons scored the videos and photographs using a 6-point scale. Residents were surveyed pre- and post-intervention to determine objective knowledge and self-reported comfort using a 5-point Likert scale. In the 18-week study period, 101 consecutive LCs were adequately captured and included (51 pre-intervention, 50 post-intervention). Patient demographics and clinical data were similar. The mean CVS score improved from 2.3 to 4.3 (p 4 increased from 15.7 to 52 % (p < 0.001). There was strong inter-observer agreement between reviewers. The pre- and post-intervention questionnaire response rates were 90.7 and 83.7 %, respectively. A greater number of residents correctly identified all criteria of the CVS post-intervention (41–93 %, p < 0.001) and offered appropriate bailout techniques (77–94 %, p < 0.001). Residents strongly agreed that the CVS education should be included in general surgery residency curriculum (mean Likert score = 4.71, SD = 0.54). Residents also agreed that they are more comfortable with their LC skills after the intervention (4.27, σ = 0.83). The combination of focused education along with intraoperative time-out significantly improved CVS scores and knowledge during LC in our institution.
Is technology good for education?, by Neil Selwyn, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Polity Press, 2016, 160 pp., $45.00 (hardcover), ISBN-13: 978-0-74-569646-1

The booming educational technology industry creates a new focus on public education for educationalists, politicians, and the private industry. Selwyn offers ideas on the values, agendas, and inter...
Nickel Ligation of the N-Terminal Amine of HypA Is Required for Urease Maturation in Helicobacter pylori

The human pathogen Helicobacter pylori requires nickel for colonization of the acidic environment of the stomach. HypA, a Ni metallochaperone that is typically associated with hydrogenase maturation, is also required for urease maturation and acid survival of H. pylori. There are two proposed Ni site structures for HypA; one is a paramagnetic six-coordinate site characterized by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) in unmodified HypA, while another is a diamagnetic four-coordinate planar site characterized by solution nuclear magnetic resonance in an N-terminally modified HypA construct. To determine the role of the N-terminal amine in Ni binding of HypA, an N-terminal extension variant, L2*-HypA, in which a leucine residue was inserted into the second position of the amino acid sequence in the proposed Ni-binding motif, was characterized in vitro and in vivo. Structural characterization of the Ni site using XAS showed a coordination change from six-coordinate in wild-type HypA (WT-HypA) to five-coordinate pyramidal in L2*-HypA, which was accompanied by the loss of two N/O donor protein ligands and the addition of an exogenous bromide ligand from the buffer. The magnetic properties of the Ni sites in WT-HypA compared to those of the Ni sites in L2*-HypA confirmed that a spin-state change from high to low spin accompanied this change in structure. The L2*-HypA H. pylori strain was shown to be acid sensitive and deficient in urease activity in vivo. In vitro characterization showed that L2*-HypA did not disrupt the HypA-UreE interaction that is essential for urease maturation but was at least 20-fold weaker in Ni binding than WT-HypA. Characterization of the L2*-HypA variant clearly demonstrates that the N-terminal amine of HypA is involved in proper Ni coordination and is necessary for urease activity and acid survival.
Patterns of Economic Development: Correlations Affecting Economic Growth and Quality of Life in 222 Countries

The purpose of this article is twofold. First, it identifies different patterns of economic growth among the 222 countries/territories in the world. Second, it assesses how each of the patterns of economic growth affects quality of life, including human development, poverty level, unemployment, international peace/conflict, and relative deprivation, among others. Several broad patterns of economic growth were found: knowledge-based, trade-based, savings-based, and ethnic-religiously affected. The knowledge-based economy was the most predominant pattern, followed by trade-based. Although the dominance of the knowledge-based economy does diminish the effect of the “traditional” pattern of the free trade on economic growth, these two patterns are significant in enhancing not only economic growth but also quality of life across the world. This pattern-analysis aims to group insights from diverse theories of economic growth and variables in a systematic way, and identifies causal relations between the variables grouped under each pattern. Related Articles Asongu, Simplice A. 2016. “Determinants of Growth in Fast-Developing Countries: Evidence from Bundling and Unbundling Institutions.” Politics & Policy 44 (1): 97-134. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12148/full Lagunes, Paul F. 2012. “Corruption's Challenge to Democracy: A Review of the Issues.” Politics & Policy 40 (5): 802-826. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2012.00384.x/full Armijo, Leslie E., and Sybil Rhodes. 2015. “Can International Relations and Comparative Politics Be Policy Relevant? Theory and Methods for Incorporating Political Context.” Politics & Policy 43 (3): 611-646. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12127/pdf Related Media Marquardt, Kyle L., and Yoshiko M. Herrera. 2015. “Ethnicity as a Variable: An Assessment of Measures and Data Sets of Ethnicity and Related Identities.” Social Science Quarterly 90 (3): 689–716. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ssqu.12187/abstract Borg, Anders. 2016. “6 factors shaping the global economy in 2016.” World Economic Forum. Geneva, Switzerland. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/12/6-factors-shaping-the-global-economy-in-2016 Klemm, Alexander. 2013. “Growth Following Investment and Consumption-Driven Current Account Crises.” (Authorized for distribution by Dora Iakova.) IMF. Washington, DC. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2013/wp13217.pdf
Why Preservation Matters, by Max Page

In Why Preservation Matters, architectural historian Max Page chronicles the history of preservation since the passage of the groundbreaking National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 while address...
Inductive sustainment of spheromaks

Inductive formation and sustainment of spheromaks are examined. The S-1 device utilizes a flux core to form a spheromak inductively. Plasmas are observed to relax during formation toward a minimum energy state, independent of initial conditions. Inductive sustainment of spheromaks is considered possible by utilizing this relaxation process. One method uses a poloidal flux transformer along the major axis, similar to the ohmic heating transformer in a tokamak. Alternatively, spheromaks can be established with the outermost poloidal field lines linked around the flux core to provide coupling between the plasma and external circuits. The spheromak configuration then can be sustained by oscillating the currents in the poloidal and toroidal field coils within the flux core. These proposed current drive schemes are investigated using the concept of magnetic helicity injection.
The Plains Political Tradition: Essays on South Dakota Political Culture, J.K. Lauck, J.E. Miller, D.C. Simmons (Eds.). South Dakota State Historical Society Press, Pierre (2011), 392, Photographs, appendices, index. $19.95 paper

This collection surveys South Dakota's past to invite discussion about characteristic values of the state's politics. Steadfastly Republican, defined by a distinct “agrarian conservatism,” South Da...
Discrimination, Parent–Adolescent Conflict, and Peer Intimacy: Examining Risk and Resilience in Mexican-Origin Youths' Adjustment Trajectories

Peer discrimination and parent–adolescent conflict in early adolescence were examined as predictors of depressive symptoms and risky behaviors from early to late adolescence using four waves of data over an 8-year period from a sample of 246 Mexican-origin adolescents (MTime 1 age = 12.55, SD = 0.58; 51% female). The buffering effect of friendship intimacy and moderating role of adolescent gender were tested. Higher levels of discrimination and conflict in early adolescence were associated with higher initial levels of depressive symptoms and risky behaviors in early adolescence and stability through late adolescence. For females who reported higher than average discrimination, friendship intimacy had a protective effect on their depressive symptoms.
Publisher Correction: Ecological and evolutionary approaches to managing honeybee disease

In the HTML version of this Review originally published, a technical error led to the images in Box 2 being swapped over. This was corrected on 28 August 2017.
With a little help from her friends (and family) part I: the ecology and evolution of non-maternal care in mammals.

Abstract In the class Mammalia, most young are cared for exclusively by their mothers. In species where mothers receive help, however, non-maternal caregivers may play a crucial role in development and life history trajectories. In turn, recipients of such care may have important impacts on caregivers of all types. In Part I of this overview, we briefly review the evolutionary barriers to widespread non-maternal care in mammals, and explain why the exceptions are of particular theoretical importance. We also summarize the current understanding of the selective forces leading to non-maternal care, and the taxa and types of caretakers amongst which it occurs. Finally, we argue for a fresh look at the categorization schemes that have traditionally been used to separate various types of mammalian non-maternal caregivers. This two-part introduction is aimed at scientists from multiple disciplines who study diverse organismal systems. It draws from the social and biological sciences literatures to provide an overview of this special issue of Physiology and Behavior's suite of methodological offerings and theoretical underpinnings.
The Upsilon Resonances--Recent Results

The discovery of the upsilon at Fermilabl in 1977 and the subsequent confirmation at the DORIS2 e+e− storage ring began a new era in the study of heavy quark systems. The upsilon states are composed of b and \(\bar b\) quarks bound by the strong force. The study of the spectroscopy of the \(b\bar b\) “atom” may be crucial to the understanding of the strong interaction and, in the continued absence of the top quark, may be the only way to make precise comparisons with Quantum Chromodynamics, the theory of the strong interaction. In addition, the upsilon resonances below B meson threshold primarily decay into gluons which subsequently fragment into hadrons. One therefore has a rather pure sample of gluons, the properties of which can be studied. In particular, the comparison of gluon and quark hadronization is facilitated.
Encoding and Visualization in the Collatz Conjecture

The Collatz conjecture is one of the easiest mathematical problems to state and yet it remains unsolved. For each $n\ge 2$ the Collatz iteration is mapped to a binary sequence and a corresponding unique integer which can recreate the iteration. The binary sequence is used to produce the Collatz curve, a 2-D visualization of the iteration on a grid, which, besides the aesthetics, provides a qualitative way for comparing iterations. Two variants of the curves are explored, the r-curves and on-change-turn-right curves. There is a scarcity of acyclic r-curves and only three r-curves were found having a cycle of minimum length greater than 4.
Analyzing the impacts of forest disturbance on individual tree diameter increment across the US Lake States

Disturbances play a critical role in forest ecosystem dynamics. Disturbances cause changes in forest structure which in turn influence the species composition of the site and alter landscape patterns over time. The impacts of disturbance are seen over a broad spectrum of spatial scales and varying intensities, ranging from biotic agents such as insect and leaf disease outbreaks to abiotic agents such as a windstorm (a stand-replacing disturbance). This study utilized Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data collected between 1999 and 2014 in the US Lake States (Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin) to examine the impacts that disturbances have on the growth of residual trees using species-specific diameter increment equations. Results showed that animal and weather damage were the most common disturbance agents and fires were the least common in the region. Results also indicated that while the diameter increment equations performed well on average (overprediction of 0.08 ± 1.98 cm/10 years in non-disturbed stands), when the data were analyzed by species and disturbance agent, the model equation was rarely validated using equivalence tests (underprediction of 0.30 ± 2.24 cm/10 years in non-disturbed stands). This study highlights the importance of monitoring forest disturbances for their impacts on forest growth and yield.
Maternal Serum Lipid Trajectories and Association with Pregnancy Loss and Length of Gestation.

Objective We characterized lipid trajectories and investigated lipids and rate of pregnancy lipid change with the risk of pregnancy loss or preterm delivery Study Design In a secondary analysis of 337 women with one to two prior losses assigned to placebo in a randomized controlled trial at four centers (2007–2012), cholesterol, low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides were measured up to 6 months prepregnancy (time 0) and pregnancy up to 7 visits. Trajectories were created using linear mixed models. Multivariable logistic regression with adjustment for maternal characteristics and cholesterol was performed. Results Lipids decreased from prepregnancy to 4 to 5 weeks, followed by an increase, and were biphasic or triphasic depending on the lipid component. Between 4 and 8 weeks, for every 1-unit increase in HDL-C, there was a 22% decreased odds of loss Conclusion There were no associations with other lipid components or other time points. An impaired rise of HDL-C early in pregnancy may signal maladaptation to pregnancy that is associated with pregnancy loss or preterm delivery.
The effects of low level hyperbaric treatment on acute ethanol intoxication.

The present study investigated the effect of low-level hyperbaric environments on ethanol anesthesia in mice. Drug naive male C57 B1/6j mice were injected i.p. with 3.2 g/kg ethanol (16% w/v). Upon loss of their righting reflex, animals were placed in a hyperbaric chamber and the atmospheric pressure was adjusted to 1, 2 or 4 atmospheres absolute (ATA) with air, 1, 2, 4 or 6 ATA with 100% oxygen or 1, 2, 4 or 6 ATA with a 20% oxygen-80% helium mixture. Tail-vein blood samples were taken upon return of the righting reflex and analyzed for ethanol concentration by gas chromatography.
Proceso a Jesús: modernización y antisemitismo en la Iglesia española de los 70

La pelicula Proceso a Jesus (1974) de Jose Luis Saenz de Heredia, realizada bajo la dictadura franquista (1939–1975), es una adaptacion de la obra teatral Processo a Gesu (1952–1954) del dramaturgo...
Identifying thermogenic and microbial methane in deep water Gulf of Mexico Reservoirs

Abstract The Gulf of Mexico (GOM) produces 5% of total U.S. dry gas production ( USEIA, 2016 ). Despite this, the proportion of microbial and thermogenic methane in discovered and producing fields from this area is still not well understood. Understanding the relative contributions of these sources in subsurface environments is important to understanding how and where economically substantial amounts of methane form. In addition, this information will help identify sources of environmental emissions of hydrocarbons to the atmosphere. We apply stable isotopes including methane clumped-isotope measurements to solution and associated gases from several producing fields in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico to estimate the proportions, properties and origins of microbial and thermogenic endmembers. Clumped isotopes of methane are unique indicators of whether methane is at thermodynamic isotopic equilibrium or affected by kinetic processes. The clumped methane thermometer can provide insights into formation temperatures and/or into kinetic processes such as microbial methanogenesis, early catagenetic processes, mixing, combinatorial processes, and diffusion. In this data set, we find that some fluids have clumped isotope methane apparent temperatures consistent with the methane component being produced solely by the thermogenic breakdown of larger organic molecules at substantially greater temperatures than those reached in shallow reservoirs. A portion of these reservoirs with hot clumped isotope methane temperatures are consistent with exhibiting a kinetic isotope effect. Other reservoirs have clumped isotope methane apparent temperatures, and other isotopic and molecular proportions, consistent with mixtures of microbial and thermogenic methane. We show that in certain cases the evidence is most consistent with formation of the microbial methane in the current reservoir. However, in other cases the methane is produced at significantly shallower depths and is then transported to greater depths as a result of post generation burial of methane bearing sedimentary sequences to the current reservoir conditions. For the first time, we show that methane of an unambiguously purely microbial origin (i.e. those that do not contain obvious contributions of thermogenic methane) is dominantly generated at temperatures less than 60 °C, despite burial to greater depths. This finding suggests that, while microorganisms are able to generate methane at temperatures up to 105 °C under laboratory conditions (Brock, 1985), in the Gulf of Mexico, microbial methane is dominantly produced in the 20–60 °C window.
A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach for Real-time Sensor-Driven Decision Making and Predictive Analytics

Abstract The increased complexity of sensor-intensive systems with expensive subsystems and costly repairs and failures calls for efficient real-time control and decision making policies. Deep reinforcement learning has demonstrated great potential in addressing highly complex and challenging control and decision making problems. Despite its potential to derive real-time policies using real-time data for dynamic systems, it has been rarely used for sensor-driven maintenance related problems. In this paper, we propose two novel decision making methods in which reinforcement learning and particle filtering are utilized for (i) deriving real-time maintenance policies and (ii) estimating remaining useful life for sensor-monitored degrading systems. The proposed framework introduces a new direction with many potential opportunities for system monitoring. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods, numerical experiments are provided from a set of simulated data and a turbofan engine dataset provided by NASA.
Towards on-node Machine Learning for Ultra-low-power Sensors Using Asynchronous Σ Δ Streams

We propose a novel architecture to enable low-power, complex on-node data processing, for the next generation of sensors for the internet of things (IoT), smartdust, or edge intelligence. Our architecture combines near-analog-memory-computing (NAM) and asynchronous-computing-with-streams (ACS), eliminating the need for ADCs. ACS enables ultra-low power, massive computational resources required to execute on-node complex Machine Learning (ML) algorithms; while NAM addresses the memory-wall that represents a common bottleneck for ML and other complex functions. In ACS an analog value is mapped to an asynchronous stream that can take one of two logic levels (vh, vl). This stream-based data representation enables area/power-efficient computing units such as a multiplier implemented as an AND gate yielding savings in power of ∼90% compared to digital approaches. The generation of streams for NAM and ACS in a brute force manner, using analog-to-digital-converters (ADCs) and digital-to-streams-converters, would sky-rocket the power-latency-energy cost making the approach impractical. Our NAM-ACS architecture eliminates expensive conversions, enabling an end-to-end processing on asynchronous streams data-path. We tailor the NAM-ACS architecture for random forest (RaF), an ML algorithm, chosen for its ability to classify using a reduced number of features. Simulations show that our NAM-ACS architecture enables 75% of savings in power compared with a single ADC, obtaining a classification accuracy of 85% using an RaF-inspired algorithm.
Title : Class monopoly rent, property relations, and Portland’s homeless crisis

This study deepens our understanding of the political-economic drivers of contemporary homelessness by bringing scholarly literature on land rent theory and the political economy of homelessness in...
The White Public Pedagogy II: Taking the Justice-as-Fairness View to History

This chapter continues to analyze Minnesota’s white public pedagogy on the U.S.-Dakota War of 1862 and its demands for “objectivity” in regional teaching and commemoration. First, the chapter looks at the specter of white victimhood and its power providing certain “facts” designed to silence critical social justice teachings. The chapter then historicizes this effect by going back to the war’s 1912 semicentennial when “old settlers” engaging in public commemoration made bold claims to objectivity while fashioning their collective white identity as epistemologically supreme vis-a-vis Dakota identity. After exploring foundations of this dynamic in settler society’s socio-racial contract, the chapter demonstrates how it lives on in today’s evolved, pluralist forms of teaching and commemoration, with whites positioning themselves as especially “objective,” “balanced,” and “neutral” regarding 1862. The chapter theorizes this impulse as white justice as fairness and provides evidence of it as a pedagogical approach hostile to critical social justice education.
Hoktiwe (for L. Rain Prud’homme-Cranford)

This is a cento composed using extracted sentences from both the 1932 and 2019 published dictionaries of Ishakkoy, also known as Atakapan, a dormant Indigenous language from Louisiana and Texas. The corpus of texts in the language is small, however the published materials have hundreds of example sentences. These were extracted and used to make new compositions, presenting a model for corpus expansion and creative composition in an Indigenous language.
Patient characteristics associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in parturients admitted for labour and delivery in Massachusetts during the spring 2020 surge: A prospective cohort study.

Background While studies from large cities affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have reported on the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in the context of universal testing during admission for delivery, the patient demographic, social and clinical factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnant women are not fully understood. Objective To evaluate the epidemiological factors associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in women admitted for labour and delivery, in the context of universal screening at four Boston-area hospitals. Methods In this prospective cohort study, we reviewed the health records of all women admitted for labour and delivery at four hospitals from the largest health system in Massachusetts between 19 April 2020 and 27 June 2020. We calculated the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, including asymptomatic infection. We calculated associations between SARS-CoV-2 infection and demographic and clinical characteristics. Results A total of 93 patients (3.2%, 95% confidence interval 2.5, 3.8) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection on admission for labour and delivery out of 2945 patients included in the analysis; 80 (86.0%) of the patients who tested positive were asymptomatic at the time of testing. Factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection included the following: younger age, obesity, African American or Hispanic race/ethnicity, residence in heavily affected communities (as measured in cases reported per capita), presence of a household member with known SARS-CoV-2 infection, non-health care essential worker occupation and MassHealth or Medicaid insurance compared to commercial insurance. 93.8% of patients testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 on admission had one or more identifiable factors associated with disease acquisition. Conclusions In this large sample of deliveries during the height of the surge in infections during the spring of 2020, SARS-CoV-2 infection was largely concentrated in patients with distinct demographic characteristics, those largely from disadvantaged communities. Racial disparities seen in pregnancy persist with respect to SARS-CoV-2 infection.