cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of dissolved CO2 on bubble nucleation in water-poor rhyolite melts

Abstract Volcanic eruptions of H 2 O-poor rhyolite are enigmas, because gas bubbles are needed to drive eruptions, but experimental evidence suggests that bubbles cannot nucleate because there is insufficient H 2 O to overcome the free energy associated with the formation of the bubble–melt interface. In this study, we examine whether CO 2 in the melt can solve that enigma, possibly by nucleating CO 2 -enriched bubbles that are then used by H 2 O or lowering the surficial free energy. We use experimental decompressions to examine the affect of dissolved CO 2 at conditions both where H 2 O alone can nucleate bubbles, and where H 2 O activity is too poor to nucleate bubbles. Experiments using CO 2 -free, hydrated rhyolite melt at 875–900 °C conditions find that bubbles nucleate when [H 2 O] = 4.34–4.74 wt.%, once H 2 O supersaturates (∆ c , the ratio of the initial H 2 O content to the expected amount at equilibrium at low pressure) by ~ 2–3. Rhyolite melts with less H 2 O do not nucleate bubbles, even when ∆ c ≫ 3. Equally hydrated rhyolite melt that also contains 500–1000 ppm CO 2 nucleates bubbles similarly in terms of the critical ∆ c , except that CO 2 -bearing rhyolite must decompress more to reach a given ∆ c . That difference is just a result of the change in H 2 O solubility in the presence CO 2 . It thus appears that bubble nucleation in rhyolite melt is dictated by ∆ c , and does not change in the presence of CO 2 . Importantly, molten rhyolite that is too H 2 O poor to nucleate bubbles will not nucleate them if they are CO 2 rich. The vesiculation of such melts requires that bubbles nucleate heterogeneously.
Path-to-Citizenship or Deportation? How Elite Cues Shaped Opinion on Immigration in the 2010 U.S. House Elections

The ascendency of immigration as an issue in elections has been concomitant with massive increases in the Hispanic population in the U.S. We examine how immigration cues prompt greater or lesser levels of restrictionist sentiment among individuals, showing demographic context conditions the effect of candidates cues. Using data from the 2010 U.S. House elections, we illustrate cues presented in new destination states—states with massive increases in the size of the Hispanic population from 1990 to 2010—have a larger impact on individuals’ immigration preferences than cues presented in non-new destination contexts. We show candidates with more extreme immigration positions are more likely to prioritize the issue of immigration in their campaigns, suggesting campaign prioritization of immigration has a directional cue. We conclude these directional cues from Republican candidates in new destination contexts move individual attitudes toward restrictionist preferences.
Bioengineering Single Crystal Growth

Biomineralization is a "bottom-up" synthesis process that results in the formation of inorganic/organic nanocomposites with unrivaled control over structure, superior mechanical properties, adaptive response, and the capability of self-repair. While de novo design of such highly optimized materials may still be out of reach, engineering of the biosynthetic machinery may offer an alternative route to design advanced materials. Herein, we present an approach using micro-contact-printed lectins for patterning sea urchin embryo primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) in vitro. We demonstrate not only that PMCs cultured on these substrates show attachment to wheat germ agglutinin and concanavalin A patterns but, more importantly, that the deposition and elongation of calcite spicules occurs cooperatively by multiple cells and in alignment with the printed pattern. This allows us to control the placement and orientation of smooth, cylindrical calcite single crystals where the crystallographic c-direction is parallel to the cylinder axis and the underlying line pattern.
Meaning of “Percent Parasitism” in Studies of Insect Parasitoids

In simulation models, host and parasitoid phenologies influenced values seen in percent parasitism samples, making them poor indicators of total parasitoid impact per host generation. Key factors were relative entry and exit rates of hosts and parasitoids and degree of overlap between entry and exit of either parasitoids or hosts. Parasitism of tissue-feeding-stage larvae of the apple blotch leafminer, Phyllonorycter crataegella (Clemens), exemplified distortion of sample percent parasitism values by one of the processes examined in the simulation models, namely, differential emergence rates of parasitized and nonparasitized hosts. Recommended practices for strengthening future studies of parasitoid impact include: (1) rigorous definition of the susceptible stage, (2) delineation of phenologies of the susceptible host stage and the immature parasitoid stage, (3) assessment of the behavior of parasitized hosts, (4) avoidance of sampling before completion of parasitoid attack, and (5) avoidance of summation across samples or equating of peak and generational levels of parasitism.
A Case-Control Study of American Dental Association/Virginia Dental Association Membership Nonrenewals

AbstractWe conducted a paired case-control study of American Dental Association/Virginia Dental Association membership data 2009–2011. A total of 142 responses were obtained: 46 cases (nonrenewed, out of 337) and 96 controls (renewed, out of 337). Main reasons for nonrenews were respondents’ perception of dues being expensive and the competition. The member benefits such as participation in legislative effort, subscription to journals and publications, and discount to continuing education influenced the membership renewal the most: The respondents desired flexible options in membership, more transparency on where the dues were used, and flexible billing process.
The Effects of the Processing and the Storage in English and Chinese Working Memory on English Reading Comprehension among Chinese Middle School Students

We examined the effects of the processing and the storage in English and Chinese working memory on English reading comprehension among Chinese middle school students.Ninety-eight students in Grade 8 completed tasks of general cognitive ability,English reading comprehension,Chinese working memory,and English working memory.Using an interference paradigm to cross the processing and storage demands of span tasks,we separated the processing and storage components in working memory.Results showed both the processing and the storage in English working memory significantly accounted for unique variances in English reading comprehension.The processing in English working memory partially mediated the effect of the storage in English working memory and completely mediated the effect of the processing in Chinese working memory on English reading comprehension.The storage in Chinese working memory didn't have significant effects on English reading comprehension.This study supported the multi-component structure of verbal working memory,and the processing is cross-linguistic,whereas the storage is language specific.
An Alternative Theory of IPO Underpricing

This paper offers a new theory of IPO underpricing. The existing theories disregard a basic asymmetry in the IPO contract : the underwriter will lose in case of an unfavorable demand for the new issue but will not benefit from favorable demand for that issue as she (by regulation) has to sell the IPO for the declared IPO price or for less.I model the underwriters’ and issuers’ profit maximization behavior under this asymmetry and derive their profit/revenue maximization functions. My model yields following results:· The risk of the contract’s asymmetric design is impossible to diversify , and therefore underpricing is an unavoidable by-product of the IPO process- even when the field of underwriting is fully competitive· IPOs with larger fee will be (on average) less underpriced;· The price adjustment (following road show) will fully reflect “bad news” but will incorporate only a small portion of the “good news”· Side-payments from issuers to underwriters could increase the proceeds of issuers and profits of the underwriters at the same time. We do not observe side-payments, but we do observe allocation of warrants to underwriters (which give the underwriters a stake in the share’s upside) and increases the IPO prices.· Underwriters are always interested in higher fees; the issuers’ IPO proceeds may be increase by a modest increase in the underwriter’s fee k, i.e., higher underwriter fees may serve the interest of both parties· Underwriters’ fees are a decreasing function of the issue size· Fluctuations in average level of underpricing due to fluctuations in market
Millimeter scale electron conduction through exoelectrogenic mixed species biofilms

The functioning of many natural and engineered environments is dependent on long distance electron transfer mediated through electrical currents. These currents have been observed in exoelectrogenic biofilms and it has been proposed that microbial biofilms can mediate electron transfer via electrical currents on the centimeter scale. However, direct evidence to confirm this hypothesis has not been demonstrated and the longest known electrical transfer distance for single species exoelectrogenic biofilms is limited to 100 μm. In the present study, biofilms were developed on electrodes with electrically non-conductive gaps from 50 μm to 1 mm and the in situ conductance of biofilms was evaluated over time. Results demonstrated that the exoelectrogenic mixed species biofilms in the present study possess the ability to transfer electrons through electrical currents over a distance of up to 1 mm, 10 times further than previously observed. Results indicate the possibility of interspecies interactions playing an important role in the spatial development of exoelectrogenic biofilms, suggesting that these biological networks might remain conductive even at longer distance. These findings have significant implications in regards to future optimization of microbial electrochemical systems.
Impact of a Multidisciplinary Bundle on Time to Antibiotic Administration in Septic SICU Patients.

Purpose:The goal of this study was to investigate barriers to timely antibiotic administration in septic surgical intensive care unit (SICU) patients and examine the impact of a multidisciplinary b...
James Webb Space Telescope Optical Telescope Element/Integrated Science Instrument Module (OTIS) Status

The James Webb Space Telescope Optical Telescope Element (OTE) and Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM) are integrated together to form the OTIS. Once integrated, the OTIS undergoes primary mirror center of curvature optical tests, electrical and operational tests, acoustics and vibration testing at the Goddard Space Flight Center before being shipped to the Johnson Space Center for cryogenic optical testing of the OTIS. In preparation for the cryogenic optical testing, the JWST project has built a Pathfinder telescope and has completed two Optical Ground System Equipment (OGSE) cryogenic optical tests with the Pathfinder. In this paper, we will summarize optical test results to date and status the final Pathfinder test and the OTIS integration and environmental test preparations
Ionic channel organization of normal and regenerating mammalian axons.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes electrophysiological characteristics of developing and regenerating mammalian nerve fibers, with special reference to the organization of ionic channels and the time course of Schwann cell remodelling. Unlike normal development where remodelling of Schwann cells arrests at the time of maturation, Schwann cell remodelling appears to be an ongoing process in even long term regenerated nerve fibers. The long-term state of remodelling in regenerated nerve fibers indicates a major difference between normal and regenerated peripheral nerve. During the regeneration of myelinated axons in peripheral nerve, axonal growth progresses through a sequence of events that in many ways resembles normal development: the fibers are initially slowly conducting and are fine caliber nonmyelinated sprouts, but they eventually mature and acquire myelin. In normal developing nerve, more internodes are present on immature axons than will be present in the adult. Some Schwann cells are lost during a period of myelin remodelling to accommodate the elongation of adjacent internodes. This process of Schwann cell remodelling occurs as a transient phenomenon during normal maturation and is arrested during normal development.
While the City Burns

To reduce, if not entirely eliminate, losses to life and property is the primary mission of a fire department , whose size and operation must be adequate to match the level of service required of it by the public. City budget cutbacks and fiscal belt tightening make it less probable that more firefighting equipment and personnel can be added to the existing departmental roster, and it forces a rethink of the optimal deployment of the forces currently at their disposal to make them more effective. We utilize mathematical models of queues to facilitate this study.
Metabolism of rat brain mitochondria. Studies on the potassium ion-stimulated oxidation of pyruvate

1. Rat brain-cortex mitochondria were incubated in media containing 1, 5 or 100mm-K(+) in the presence of ADP, uncoupler (FCCP, carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoro-methoxyphenylhydrazone) or valinomycin while metabolizing pyruvate and malate, or acetylcarnitine and malate or glutamate and malate as substrates. Both the uptake of oxygen and disappearance of substrate were measured under these conditions. 2. With pyruvate and malate as substrate in the presence of both ADP and valinomycin, both the uptake of oxygen and disappearance of pyruvate increased markedly on increasing the K(+) content of the incubation medium from 5 to 100mm-K(+). However, in the presence of uncoupler (FCCP), although the oxygen uptake doubled little change was observed in the rate of disappearance of pyruvate on increasing the K(+) concentration. 3. Only small changes in uptake of substrate and oxygen were observed in the presence of ADP, uncoupler (FCCP) or valinomycin on increasing the K(+) concentration when acetylcarnitine+malate or glutamate+malate were used as substrates by brain mitochondria. 4. Further, increasing the K(+) concentration from 1 to 20mm when rat brain mitochondria were oxidizing a mixture of pyruvate and glutamate in the presence of malate and ADP caused a 30% increase in the respiration rate, 50% increase in the rate of disappearance of pyruvate and an 80% decrease in the rate of disappearance of glutamate. 5. Investigation of the redox state of the cytochromes and the nicotinamide nucleotides in various conditions with either pyruvate or acetylcarnitine as substrates suggested that the specific stimulation of metabolism of pyruvate by K(+) could not be explained by a general stimulation of the electron-transport system. 6. Low-amplitude high-energy swelling of rat brain mitochondria was investigated in both Na(+)- and K(+)-containing media. Swelling of brain mitochondria was much greater in the Na(+)-containing medium and in this medium, the addition of Mg(2+) caused a partial reversal of swelling together with an 85% decrease in the rate of utilization of pyruvate. However, in the K(+)-containing medium, the addition of Mg(2+), although also causing a reversal of swelling, did not affect the rate of disappearance of pyruvate. 7. Measurements of the ATP, NADH/NAD(+) and acetyl-CoA/CoA contents were made under various conditions and no evidence that K(+) concentrations affected these parameters was obtained. 8. The results are discussed in relationship to the physiological significance of the stimulation of pyruvate metabolism by K(+) in rat brain mitochondria. It is proposed that K(+) causes its effects by a direct stimulation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
Análise do Comportamento e Valores Humanos Positivos

In the reprint in this special issue of my 1974 paper, Are behavioral principles for revolutionaries?, I make the point that I remake in the article below: the definition of problem behavior and the contingencies affecting its change are affected by the extent to which the individuals whose behavior is being targeted participate in the definition. Contingencies designed to impact human behavior can have deleterious effects if the imposition of these contingencies is on those without power or choice. When those in power enlist the expertise of behaviorists to change the behavior of those without power, our science tells us that the results will not be what some may expect. I conclude with lessons from the misapplications of behavior analysis in stratified power systems that should affect our professional behavior to diminish the likelihood of additional misapplications of our science.
Hydrogen sulfide, an enhancer of vascular nitric oxide signaling: mechanisms and implications.

Nitric oxide (NO) vascular signaling has long been considered an independent, self-sufficient pathway. However, recent data indicate that the novel gaseous mediator, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), serves ...
Ken Frieden, Travels in translation:: sea tales at the source of Jewish fiction

That translation, ostensibly a marginal and derivative phenomenon, may nevertheless play a productive and even crucial role in literary culture is by now an accepted truism in translation studies a...
The Nature of Active Sites in SMSI Catalysts: Mixtures Of Ni/TiO2 and Pt/TiO2

Resume Des melanges physiques des catalyseurs Ni/TiO 2 et Pt/TiO 2 ont ete prepares; leurs adsorptions chimiques et leurs proprietes catalytiques ont ete determinees, et comparees a celles de chacun des composants seuls et a celles d'un catalyseur mixte Ni Pt/TiO 2 co-impregne. Trois explications sont proposees pour l'activite beaucoup plus grande et la selectivite differente des catalyseurs Ni/TiO 2 . L'une d'entre elles seulement est en accord avec les resultats experimentaux — les proprietes catalytiques intrinseques des crystallites Ni sont alterees par le phenomene de SMSI. Abstract Physical mixtures of Ni/TiO 2 and Pt/TiO 2 catalysts were prepared and their chemisorption and catalytic properties were determined and compared to each of the separate components and to a NiPt/TiO 2 coimpregnated catalyst. Three explanations are proposed for the much higher activity and altered selectivity over Ni/TiO 2 catalysts. Only one of them is consistent with the experimental results — the intrinsic catalytic properties of Ni crystallites are altered by SMSI behavior.
Interferon- β Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis

There have been considerable advances made recently in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). In particular, interferon (IFN)β has been demonstrated in several independent, multicentre clinical trials to lower unequivocally the biological activity of this illness. The results of these trials have been remarkably consistent, demonstrating a reduction in both disease activity and cumulative disability, using a combination of clinical and magnetic resonance imaging outcome measures. Nevertheless, the importance of the total weekly IFNβ dose in the clinical management of individual patients has been controversial. However, there is considerable information available regarding the effect of IFNβ dose on the various biochemical and clinical markers that are affected by IFNβ, which is derived both from pre-clinical studies and multicentre clinical trials. On balance, convincing evidence is provided to support the notion that there is a clinically relevant dose-response in the use of IFNβ to treat patients with relapsing/remitting MS. However, many of the clinical trials of IFNβ in MS have confounded the potential effects of dose with the possible effects of frequency of IFNβ administration. As a result, it is possible that the apparent dose-response observed in these clinical trials may be due, in part, to the more frequent dose administration schedule rather than the total weekly dose.
The Modern Distribution and Geological History of Calcium Carbonate Boring Microorganisms

The ability of microbial endoliths to contribute to the cycling of the element carbon by transforming it from hard carbonate substrates into the biota or into solution had evolved by late Precambrian time, prior to the emergence of skeleton bearing metazoans. Throughout the Phanerozoic both inorganically and biogenically formed carbonate substrates were bored. Today, endoliths have representative species in all five kingdoms. They occur in fresh water and marine environments. Their vertical distribution ranges from alpine to the deep sea (to 4,000 m depth). Endoliths are affected by man’s activities; a reduction in diversity accompanies certain types of pollution.
Multi-span Horizontal Structures

In this chapter, we discuss the role of analysis in the structural engineering process for multi-span horizontal structures such as bridges. Typical examples of a girder bridge, an arch bridge, and a cable-stayed bridge are shown in Fig. 13.1. Multi-span girders are actually variable depth horizontal beams. They are used extensively in medium span highway bridge systems. Arch and cable-stayed structures are efficient for spans ranging up to 1,000 m.
Efficiency and Altruism in Cooperative Games with Coalition Structures

In many economic situations individuals carry out activities as coalitions, and have personal preferences for belonging to specific groups (coalitions). These situations are studied in the framework of cooperative games with coalition structures, by defining for each player a utility function with two arguments, namely his consumption bundle and the coalition to which he belongs.
Statistical Approaches to Monitoring

The assessment of microbiologically-associated risk from a given water supply requires knowledge of the dose-response function of potential consumers to contamination as well as the probability distribution of microorganisms in the water supply. Fuhs (1975) has presented this concept in the context of recreational water quality, however, it is equally valid in the context of drinking water quality.
Responses to wind recorded from the cercal nerve of the cockroachPeriplaneta americana: I. Response properties of single sensory neurons

1. To understand better the basis for responses to wind recorded from giant interneurons of the cockroachPeriplaneta americana (Westin et al., 1977), responses to wind puffs from different directions were recorded from single sensory neurons in the cercal nerve of this animal. 2. When polar plots of number of action potentials vs. wind angle were constructed, all were single-lobed indicating that only one direction of displacement of the associated filiform hair excited the cell. Most responses spanned approximately a 180° range (Fig. 2) which is similar to the range of the most directional giant interneurons (No's 3, 5, and 6; Westin et al., 1977). 3. Approximately seven different categories of sensory response could be distinguished based on the angular range of response (Fig. 3). (Two of these could be further subdivided based on sensitivity to differences in wind velocity or acceleration.) Thus considerable directional information is available at the level of the sensory neurons and could account for the directional responses seen in some of the giant interneurons (Westin et al., 1977). 4. No significant differences in latency could be found among the different categories of sensory response, so that differences in latency of response in different giant interneurons (Westin et al., 1977) must be due to differences in integration time. 5. Though there were differences in time course of response among the different categories of sensory cells, no category was purely phasic (Fig. 4). Thus phasic responses of some of the giant interneurons (No's 2 and 3; Westin et al., 1977) are not due to an early termination of sensory input.
Psychosocial Pathways to Racial/Ethnic Inequalities in Late-Life Memory Trajectories.

Objectives Blacks and Hispanics are at increased risk for dementia, even after socioeconomic and vascular factors are taken into account. This study tests a comprehensive model of psychosocial pathways leading to differences in longitudinal cognitive outcomes among older blacks and Hispanics, compared to non-Hispanic whites. Methods Using data from 10,173 participants aged 65 and older in the Health and Retirement Study, structural equation models tested associations among race/ethnicity, perceived discrimination, depressive symptoms, external locus of control, and 6-year memory trajectories, controlling for age, sex, educational attainment, income, wealth, and chronic diseases. Results Greater perceived discrimination among blacks was associated with lower initial memory level via depressive symptoms and external locus of control, and with faster memory decline directly. Greater depressive symptoms and external locus of control among Hispanics were each independently associated with lower initial memory, but there were no pathways from Hispanic ethnicity to memory decline. Discussion Depression and external locus of control partially mediate racial/ethnic differences in memory trajectories. Perceived discrimination is a major driver of these psychosocial pathways for blacks, but not Hispanics. These results can inform the development of policies and interventions to reduce cognitive morbidity among racially/ethnically diverse older adults.
ICT, millennials' lifestyles and travel choices

Abstract Millennials are often called “digital natives” because they grew up during the era of rapid development and widespread adoption of information and communication technology (ICT) in various aspects of everyday life. On average, millennials hold more positive attitudes toward the adoption of new technologies, and even in the transportation field they include a large portion of early adopters and frequent users of shared mobility services such as carsharing, ridehailing, and micromobility. In this chapter, we summarize the findings from the literature regarding the adoption of ICT solutions, in particular among millennials, and their relationships with travel choices. Further, we explore various patterns with which millennials and members of the previous generations use ICT applications in key domains of everyday life, and their relationships with travel choices, focusing in particular on travel mode choice. To do that, we analyze a rich transportation survey dataset collected in 2018 in California (N = 3631). We apply latent-class cluster analysis (LCCA) and identify three rather distinctive groups: intense users, moderate users, and light users of ICT. Interestingly, many intense ICT users are young educated adults living in cities with limited access to vehicles, while many light users are less-educated seniors from low-income households living in small towns or rural areas. Many millennials and members of Generation Z are found in the intense user class, while many Baby Boomers and members of the Silent Generation are in the light user class. On average, intense ICT users are more often found to be multimodal travelers who use public transportation, ridehailing, carsharing, and active travel modes, while moderate/light ICT users are more auto-oriented individuals. Consistent with expectations, the rather mobile and ICT-oriented lifestyles of millennials are associated with less car-dependent travel choices. Still, it is not clear the extent to which this reflects a true preference toward technological solutions over traditional ways of living and moving around vs. it is the result of lower access to private vehicles, temporary conditions and a transient stage in life.
Uneven substrates constrain walking speed in ants through modulation of stride frequency more than stride length

Natural terrain is rarely flat. Substrate irregularities challenge walking animals to maintain stability, yet we lack quantitative assessments of walking performance and limb kinematics on naturall...
Chapter 10 – Astrobiology

Life is a planetary phenomenon and is arguably the most interesting phenomenon observed on planetary surfaces. Everything we know about life is based on the example of life on Earth. Generalization to other areas or extended forms of life must proceed with this caveat. While life also requires energy and nutrients, liquid water is the defining ecological requirement for life on Earth. Thus, a liquid water environment is currently the best indicator of where to search for extraterrestrial life. This chapter discusses the probability of finding extraterrestrial life forms in the Solar System.
Going the Extra Mile? How Provider Network Design Increases Consumer Travel Distance, Particularly for Rural Consumers.

CONTEXT The practical accessibility to medical care facilitated by health insurance plans depends not just on the number of providers within their networks but also on distances consumers must travel to reach the providers. Long travel distances inconvenience almost all consumers and may substantially reduce choice and access to providers for some. METHODS The authors assess mean and median travel distances to cardiac surgeons and pediatricians for participants in (1) plans offered through Covered California, (2) comparable commercial plans, and (3) unrestricted open-network plans. The authors repeat the analysis for higher-quality providers. FINDINGS The authors find that in all areas, but especially in rural areas, Covered California plan subscribers must travel longer than subscribers in the comparable commercial plan; subscribers to either plan must travel substantially longer than consumers in open networks. Analysis of access to higher-quality providers show somewhat larger travel distances. Differences between ACA and commercial plans are generally substantively small. CONCLUSIONS While network design adds travel distance for all consumers, this may be particularly challenging for transportation-disadvantaged populations. As distance is relevant to both health outcomes and the cost of obtaining care, this analysis provides the basis for more appropriate measures of network adequacy than those currently in use.
Telehealth Uptake into Prenatal Care and Provider Attitudes during the COVID-19 Pandemic in New York City: A Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis.

Objective This study aimed to (1) determine to what degree prenatal care was able to be transitioned to telehealth at prenatal practices associated with two affiliated hospitals in New York City during the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and (2) describe providers' experience with this transition. Study Design Trends in whether prenatal care visits were conducted in-person or via telehealth were analyzed by week for a 5-week period from March 9 to April 12 at Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC)-affiliated prenatal practices in New York City during the COVID-19 pandemic. Visits were analyzed for maternal-fetal medicine (MFM) and general obstetrical faculty practices, as well as a clinic system serving patients with public insurance. The proportion of visits that were telehealth was analyzed by visit type by week. A survey and semistructured interviews of providers were conducted evaluating resources and obstacles in the uptake of telehealth. Results During the study period, there were 4,248 visits, of which approximately one-third were performed by telehealth (n = 1,352, 31.8%). By the fifth week, 56.1% of generalist visits, 61.5% of MFM visits, and 41.5% of clinic visits were performed via telehealth. A total of 36 providers completed the survey and 11 were interviewed. Accessing technology and performing visits, documentation, and follow-up using the telehealth electronic medical record were all viewed favorably by providers. In transitioning to telehealth, operational challenges were more significant for health clinics than for MFM and generalist faculty practices with patients receiving public insurance experiencing greater difficulties and barriers to care. Additional resources on the patient and operational level were required to optimize attendance at in-person and video visits for clinic patients. Conclusion Telehealth was rapidly implemented in the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic and was viewed favorably by providers. Limited barriers to care were observed for practices serving patients with commercial insurance. However, to optimize access for patients with Medicaid, additional patient-level and operational supports were required. Key Points
Changing The Landscape Of The Retail Industry In The United States And Wal-Mart Phenomenon: A Brief Review

This paper provides a quick review of the significant changes that have occurred in the retail industry in the United States. Of particular concern, are the more recent developments that occurred due to technological advances, i.e. E-commerce, and rapid growth in Wal-Mart’s operations. It is noted that the industry has transitioned from a more competitive environment to an oligopolistic structure in which a few large firms dominate their respective market. The role of Wal-Mart is evaluated and its impact on the economy, in general, and in the retail industry, in particular, is elaborated upon.
Highway Cross-Sectional Design and Maintenance to Minimize Hydroplaning

AbstractHighway pavement cross slope is a crucially important cross-sectional design element to properly drain water on highways and improve driver safety by reducing the potential for vehicle hydr...
Pretest Symptom Duration and Cycle Threshold Values for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Reverse-Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Predict Coronavirus Disease 2019 Mortality

Background The relationship between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral load and patient symptom duration in both in- and outpatients, and the impact of these factors on patient outcomes, are currently unknown. Understanding these associations is important to clinicians caring for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods We conducted an observational study between March 10 and May 30, 2020 at a large quaternary academic medical center in New York City. Patient characteristics, laboratory values, and clinical outcomes were abstracted from the electronic medical records. Of all patients tested for SARS-CoV-2 during this time (N = 16 384), there were 5467 patients with positive tests, 4254 of which had available cycle threshold (Ct) values and were included in further analysis. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to test associations between Ct values, duration of symptoms before testing, patient characteristics, and mortality. The primary outcome is defined as death or discharge to hospice. Results Lower Ct values at diagnosis (ie, higher viral load) were associated with significantly higher mortality among both in- and outpatients. It is interesting to note that patients with a shorter time since the onset of symptoms to testing had a worse prognosis, with those presenting less than 3 days from symptom onset having 2-fold increased odds of death. After adjusting for time since symptom onset and other clinical covariates, Ct values remained a strong predictor of mortality. Conclusions Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction Ct value and duration of symptoms are strongly associated with mortality. These 2 factors add useful information for clinicians to risk stratify patients presenting with COVID-19.
Comparison of wire and disc electrodes to electrically activate the inspiratory muscles in dogs.

Abstract Objective To compare the effectiveness of wire versus disc electrodes to activate the inspiratory muscles via high frequency spinal cord stimulation. Design Animal study. Setting Research laboratory. Animals Dogs (n = 5) Interventions In separate trials, spinal cord stimulation (SCS) was applied via disc (DE) and two parallel wire electrodes (WE) on the ventral epidural space at the T2-T3 spinal region. Main Outcome Measure(s) Airway pressure (P) and inspired volume (V) generation following stimulation with DE and WE were compared. Given our previous success with (DE), outcome variables with this electrode were used as our gold standard to which all comparisons were made. Results Two configurations of WE using monopolar stimulation (MS) resulted in P and V that were similar to those generated with MS with DE. For example, MS with parallel WE connected together to function as a common cathode (Y-connection) and a 2-channel system (separate cathodes with a remote ground), resulted in P that were 91 ± 6 and 92 ± 4%, respectively, of those achieved with DE (NS for both). Bipolar stimulation with parallel WE using a Y-connection and with a 2-channel system, resulted in P that were 96 ± 4 and 94 ± 4%, of the P achieved with DE (NS for both). Conclusion(s) These results suggest that specific configurations of WE, which can be placed via minimally invasive techniques, provide comparable activation of the inspiratory muscles compared to DE and may be a useful technique to restore ventilatory support in persons with spinal cord injury.
Phloem anatomy and function as shaped by the cell wall.

Abstract The partitioning of assimilated carbon is a complex process that involves the loading, long-distance transport, and subsequent unloading of carbohydrates from source to sink tissues. The network of plumbing that facilitates this coordinated process is the phloem tissue. Our understanding of the physiology of phloem transport has grown tremendously since the modern theory of mass flow was first put forward, aided by the concomitant progress of technology and experimental methodologies. Recent findings have put a renewed emphasis on the underlying anatomy of the phloem, and in particular the important role that cell walls play in enabling the high-pressure flow of photoassimilates through the sieve element. This review will briefly summarize the foundational work in phloem anatomy and highlight recent work exploring the physiology of phloem cell wall structure and mechanics.
Prognostic implications of tumor cell DNA and RNA content in multiple myeloma

Flow cytometric studies of bone marrow DNA and RNA content were conducted in 71 previously untreated patients with multiple myeloma. There was a progressive increase in response rate with rising plasma cell RNA content. The DNA-derived ploidy level also affected chemotherapy sensitivity: only one of 11 patients with either hypodiploidy or biclonal DNA stemlines responded. DNA-RNA-defined marrow plasmacytosis was the only tumor mass-related variable adversely affecting remission induction. Survival was longer in patients with low tumor burden and favorable DNA features. The availability of objective and quantitative pretreatment variables associated with both initial response and survival should permit a risk-based selection of patients for novel treatment approaches.
Facilitating constructive parent-child play: Family therapy with young children

Research has shown that young children's behavioral and/or emotional difficulties are closely related to their attachment experience. Various presenting issues arise when parents consistently fail to meet their children's attachment needs. This article describes the rationale for the provision of a secure base for young children in the family play therapy context, with the goal of resolving presenting issues. A conceptualization based on Bowlby's attachment theory is offered. A three-stage clinical intervention, joining and assessment, modeling constructive play, and facilitating parent-child constructive play, is presented. It is concluded that the provision of a secure base should become a background concept in clinical work.
Characterization of the Lactobacillus helveticus CNRZ32 pepC gene

Sequence analysis of the aminopeptidase C gene (pepC) from Lactobacillus helveticus CNRZ32 identified a 1,332-nucleotide open reading frame coding for a polypeptide with motifs characteristic of cysteine proteinases. Homology to the pepC gene appears to be widely distributed among lactic acid bacteria.
Amerireal corporation: information technology and organizational performance

This instructional case, based on an actual firms experience (name changed), is intended to challenge student thinking with regard to the extent to which information technology (IT) can demonstrably contribute to organizational performance and productivity and to which users of IT can relate their investment decisions to measurable outcomes. Relationships between an organizations investment in IT and the effect of such investments on the organizations performance and productivity have long been the subject of discussion and research. Managers, interested in knowing the payoff of such investments, are continually seeking answers to this question. A failure to understand the benefits of IT investment, or an over- or under-estimation of the benefits of a planned investment in IT relative to the costs, will likely result in less than optimal investment decisions.
Standard C++: with object-oriented programming

1. C++ Primer Part I: Basics2. C++ Primer Part Ii: Object-Based Programming 3. Key Constructs 4. Arrays, Pointers, And Generic Code 5. Classes And Objects 6. I/O Streams And The Standard Library 7. Inheritance And Class Derivation 8. Operator Overloading, Iterators, And Exceptions 9. Oop Techniques 10. Templates 11. Standard Containers 12. Web Cgi Programming 13. Object-Oriented Design 14. Compiling And Preprocessing.
From Grammar to Politics: Linguistic Anthropology in a Western Samoan Village.

From Grammar to Politics: Linguistic Anthropology in. Western Samoan Village. Alessandro Duranti. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994. 208 pp.
Reflection and transmission of guided ultrasonic plate waves by vertical stiffeners

Ultrasonic guided waves are very useful for structural health monitoring. They have the potential to interrogate and detect damage in a structure over a large area with few transducers. Guided plate modes (Lamb waves) are used and proposed for damage detection at a distance in semi-monococque structures such as airplane fuselages and spacecraft structures. The interaction of guided plate waves with stiffening members such as ribs, stringers, or the integral stiffeners used in spacecraft structures limits the distance over which structural health monitoring non-destructive evaluation systems can detect damage. This paper develops a simple explanatory model for the scattering of low-order ultrasonic Lamb waves crossing a stiffening device. The model illuminates the underlying mechanics of waves crossing a stiffener. The model shows that stop-bands for transmission of S0 (longitudinal pressure) waves across a stiffener line up with flexural resonances of the stiffener. It also demonstrates why transmission o...
Universally beneficial manipulation: a characterization

There exist social choice rules for which every manipulation benefits everyone. This paper constructs a large variety of rules with this property and provides two characterizations of such rules.
Frankia Populations in Soil and Root Nodules of Sympatrically Grown Alnus Taxa

The genetic diversity of Frankia populations in soil and in root nodules of sympatrically grown Alnus taxa was evaluated by rep-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nifH gene sequence analyses. Rep-PCR analyses of uncultured Frankia populations in root nodules of 12 Alnus taxa (n = 10 nodules each) growing sympatrically in the Morton Arboretum near Chicago revealed identical patterns for nodules from each Alnus taxon, including replicate trees of the same host taxon, and low diversity overall with only three profiles retrieved. One profile was retrieved from all nodules of nine taxa (Alnus incana subsp. incana, Alnus japonica, Alnus glutinosa, Alnus incana subsp. tenuifolia, Alnus incana subsp. rugosa, Alnus rhombifolia, Alnus mandshurica, Alnus maritima, and Alnus serrulata), the second was found in all nodules of two plant taxa (A. incana subsp. hirsuta and A. glutinosa var. pyramidalis), and the third was unique for all Frankia populations in nodules of A. incana subsp. rugosa var. americana. Comparative sequence analyses of nifH gene fragments in nodules representing these three profiles assigned these frankiae to different subgroups within the Alnus host infection group. None of these sequences, however, represented frankiae detectable in soil as determined by sequence analysis of 73 clones from a Frankia-specific nifH gene clone library. Additional analyses of nodule populations from selected alders growing on different soils demonstrated the presence of different Frankia populations in nodules for each soil, with populations showing identical sequences in nodules from the same soil, but differences between plant taxa. These results suggest that soil environmental conditions and host plant genotype both have a role in the selection of Frankia strains by a host plant for root nodule formation, and that this selection is not merely a function of the abundance of a Frankia strain in soil.
The effect of social networks at origin communities on migrant remittances: evidence from Nang Rong district.

The literature on the effect of social networks on migrant remittances has ignored the influence of a household’s embeddedness in social networks in the origin community. This paper, using multilevel statistical modeling and social survey data from Nang Rong district in Thailand, examines how remittances between migrants and origin households are associated with social networks. Social network measures come from data on sibling and rice harvest network ties. Rice harvesting is very important to the rural economy, and households participating in the network are privy to vital sources of news and information that spread through the network. Results support the notion that migrants remit less to households that are isolates in the rice-harvesting network, which is theorized to be associated with access to information about employment options.
Sequence-dependent conformational variations in the B-DNA double-helix of poly d(AATT).poly d(AATT).

X-ray diffraction data from well oriented and polycrystalline fibers of the lithium salt of poly d(AATT).poly d(AATT) are isomorphous with those from B-DNA. The double-helix consists of conformationally identical antiparallel strands and the molecular symmetry is 2 5(2); the asymmetric unit is a tetranucleotide, AATT, and 5 tetranucleotides span two turns per strand. Two double helices pass through a monoclinic unit cell of dimensions a = 31.05, b = 22.62, c = 33.85 A (fiber axis) and gamma = 90 degrees. In each repeating motif, the four nucleotides have distinct conformations, TpA displays an axial P-O bond and there is shortening of minor groove in the central region.
Zosteric acid : An effective antifoulant for reducing fresh water bacterial attachment on coatings

Zosteric acid, a natural product present in eelgrass, has been found to prevent the attachment of some bacteria and barnacles. The results indicate that it may also be effective at reducing the early stages of biofouling, such as the attachment of bacteria that lead to a biofilm. In this study, the ability of zosteric acid in reducing the early stages of fouling was evaluated using attachment studies of fresh water bacteria via two approaches. First, plain coatings were submersed in water containing zosteric acid and either enriched Lake Erie bacteria or Pseudomonas putida, a model fresh water bacteria. It was found that zosteric acid with a concentration one-tenth of its EC50 (the concentration eliminates 50% of the bacteria) was able to reduce bacterial attachment by more than 90%. The second approach incorporated zosteric acid into silicone coatings in the presence of a common solvent to achieve the slow release of zosteric acid; such coatings were then subjected to the bacterial attachment. A ∼75% reduction in bacterial attachment was found for 1 wt% zosteric acid entrapped Sylgard® 184, a model silicone coating, but the reduction only achieved ∼55% for 1 wt% zosteric acid entrapped in a commercial silicone coating, RTV11.