cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comprehensive sulfur and oxygen isotope study of sulfur cycling in a shallow, hyper-euxinic meromictic lake

Abstract Mahoney Lake is a permanently anoxic and sulfidic (euxinic) lake that has a dense plate of purple sulfur bacteria positioned at mid-water depth (∼7 m) where free sulfide intercepts the photic zone. We analyzed the isotopic composition of sulfate (δ34SSO4 and δ18OSO4), sulfide (δ34SH2S), and the water (δ18OH2O) to track the potentially coupled processes of dissimilatory sulfate reduction and phototrophic sulfide oxidation within an aquatic environment with extremely high sulfide concentrations (>30 mM). Large isotopic offsets observed between sulfate and sulfide within the monimolimnion (δ34SSO4-H2S = 51‰) and within pore waters along the oxic margin (δ34SSO4-H2S > 50‰) are consistent with sulfate reduction in both the sediments and the anoxic water column. Given the high sulfide concentrations of the lake, sulfur disproportionation is likely inoperable or limited to a very narrow zone in the chemocline, and therefore the large instantaneous fractionations are best explained by the microbial process of sulfate reduction. Pyrite extracted from the sediments reflects the isotopic composition of water column sulfide, suggesting that pyrite buried in the euxinic depocenter of the lake formed in the water column. The offset between sulfate and dissolved sulfide decreases at the chemocline (δ34SSO4-H2S = 37‰), a trend possibly explained by elevated sulfate reduction rates and inconsistent with appreciable disproportionation within this interval. Water column sulfate exhibits a linear response in δ18OSO4–δ34SSO4 and the slope of this relationship suggests relatively high sulfate reduction rates that appear to respond to seasonal changes in the productivity of purple sulfur bacteria. Although photosynthetic activity within the microbial plate influences the δ18OSO4–δ34SSO4 relationship, the biosignature for photosynthetic sulfur bacteria is restricted to the oxic/anoxic transition zone and is apparently minor relative to the more prevalent process of sulfate reduction operative throughout the light-deprived deeper anoxic water column and sediment pore waters.
Iron‐Catalyzed Arene Prenylation

The syntheses of prenylated arenes and 2,2-dimethylchromans using a Friedel–Crafts-type coupling between activated arenes and isoprene is reported. A combination of catalytic amounts of FeCl3 and AgBF4 promotes a regioselective prenylation event followed by a cyclization to form a 2,2-dimethylchroman structure. The method avoids isoprene polymerization and allows the facile late-stage derivatization of biologically active motifs.
Distributed fault detection and isolation for Kalman consensus filter

This paper deals with the problem of developing a distributed fault detection methodology for recently developed distributed estimation algorithm called Kalman Consensus Filter (KCF). We extended the residual covariance matching techniques, developed for detecting faults in centralized Kalman filters, and use it for distributed fault detection in KCF. Faults present due to faulty sensor measurements are diagnosed and isolated from the system. Specifically, faults due to change in sensor noise statistics and outliers in the sensor measurements are considered. We further develop a Robust Kalman Consensus Filter algorithm and demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm using simulation results.
Htm1p–Pdi1p is a folding-sensitive mannosidase that marks N-glycoproteins for ER-associated protein degradation

Our understanding of how the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated protein degradation (ERAD) machinery efficiently targets terminally misfolded proteins while avoiding the misidentification of nascent polypeptides and correctly folded proteins is limited. For luminal N-glycoproteins, demannosylation of their N-glycan to expose a terminal α1,6-linked mannose is necessary for their degradation via ERAD, but whether this modification is specific to misfolded proteins is unknown. Here we report that the complex of the mannosidase Htm1p and the protein disulfide isomerase Pdi1p (Htm1p-Pdi1p) acts as a folding-sensitive mannosidase for catalyzing this first committed step in Saccharomyces cerevisiae We reconstitute this step in vitro with Htm1p-Pdi1p and model glycoprotein substrates whose structural states we can manipulate. We find that Htm1p-Pdi1p is a glycoprotein-specific mannosidase that preferentially targets nonnative glycoproteins trapped in partially structured states. As such, Htm1p-Pdi1p is suited to act as a licensing factor that monitors folding in the ER lumen and preferentially commits glycoproteins trapped in partially structured states for degradation.
Spectroscopy of self-assembled quantum dots in ZnSe

Summary form only given. We report here results on spectroscopic investigations of quantum dots in a new system, based on CdS and ZnSe heteroepitaxy grown by molecular beam methods. The lattice mismatch between CdSe and ZnSe is about 3%, a relatively modest value. Another unusual characteristic is that MBE grown CdS layers show a metastable crystallographic feature.
Big data initiatives in retail environments: Linking service process perceptions to shopping outcomes

Given the enormous amount of data created through customers’ transactions in retail stores, it comes as no surprise that retailers are actively seeking initiatives to leverage big data and offer their customers superior services that provide mutual, previously unattainable benefits. Nonetheless, fulfilment of such a strategic aim requires customers to adopt and embrace emerging technology-driven services. Exploring customers’ perceptions of such big data initiatives in retail environments, we develop a model examining the effects of technology enablers and privacy concerns on critical shopping outcomes including repatronage intentions, store image, and intention to use medium in the context of recently identified service configurations. We conduct an exploratory study to understand customers’ reactions toward emerging shopping scenarios and to enhance our survey instrument and then conduct an online survey (n = 442) to test our model. We found that customers’ usefulness perceptions of emerging services positively affected their intentions to use medium, and that their privacy concerns about the amounts of personal information, being collected through emerging services, negatively affected their repatronage intentions and store image. We discuss the implications of our work for research and practice.
THE JUMBO CUP: CURTAIN CALLS AND CAVEATS

Using the Mayo Clinic definition (>62mm in women and >66mm in men), the “jumbo acetabular component” is the most commonly used method for acetabular revisions now. There are numerous advantages: surface contact is maximised; weight-bearing is distributed over a large area of the pelvis; the need for bone grafting is reduced; and usually, hip center of rotation is restored. The possible disadvantages, or caveats, of jumbo cups include: may not restore bone stock; may ream away posterior column or wall; screw fixation required; the possibility of limited bone ingrowth and late failure; and a high rate of dislocation due to acetabular size:femoral head ratio. The techniques for a successful jumbo revision acetabular component involve: sizing-“reaming” of the acetabulum, careful impaction to achieve a “press-fit”, and multiple screw fixation. We recommend placement of an ischial screw in addition to dome and posterior column screw fixation. Cancellous allograft is used for any cavitary defects. The contraindications for a jumbo acetabular cup are: pelvic dissociation; inability to get a rim fit; inability to get screw fixation; and the presence of Our results with the jumbo acetabular cups in revision arthroplasty have been reported. Using predominantly titanium fiber-metal mesh components, we reported the 15-year survival of 129 revisions. There was 3% revision for deep infection and only 3% revision for aseptic loosening. There were 13 reoperations for other reasons: wear, lysis, dislocation, femoral loosening, and femoral fracture fixation. The survival was 97.3% at 10 years, but it dropped to 82.8% at 15 years. Late loosening of this fiber metal mesh component is likely related to polyethylene wear and loss of fixation. Dislocation is the most common complication of jumbo acetabular revisions, approximately 10%, and these are multifactorial in etiology and often require revision. Based on our experience, we now recommend use of an acetabular component with an enhanced porous coating (tantalum), highly cross-linked polyethylene, and large femoral heads for all jumbo revisions.
Do Investors Perceive Low Risk When Earnings are Smooth Relative to the Volatility of Operating Cash Flows? Discerning Opportunity and Incentive to Report Smooth Earnings

ABSTRACT: A fundamental accounting question is whether investors perceive low risk when earnings are smooth relative to the volatility of operating cash flows. We conduct two experiments to examine this question. Absent additional information concerning the likelihood of earnings management, our first experiment finds that investors give managers the benefit of the doubt and perceive low risk when earnings are relatively smooth. Given this finding, our second experiment examines whether additional information that supports investors' suspicions of earnings management affects investors' risk judgments when earnings are relatively smooth. We find that investors no longer give managers the benefit of the doubt when additional information suggests that managers have either the opportunity or the incentive to report smooth earnings. Our study provides important insights to the literature concerning both “whether” and “when” relatively smooth earnings affect investors' risk judgments. Data Availability: Contact...
Mechanisms of peptide hydrolysis by aspartyl and metalloproteases

Peptide hydrolysis has been involved in a wide range of biological, biotechnological, and industrial applications. In this perspective, the mechanisms of three distinct peptide bond cleaving enzymes, beta secretase (BACE1), insulin degrading enzyme (IDE), and bovine lens leucine aminopeptidase (BILAP), have been discussed. BACE1 is a catalytic Asp dyad [Asp, Asp−] containing aspartyl protease, while IDE and BILAP are mononuclear [Zn(His, His, Glu)] and binuclear [Zn1(Asp, Glu, Asp)–Zn2(Lys, Glu, Asp, Asp)] core possessing metallopeptidases, respectively. Specifically, enzyme–substrate interactions and the roles of metal ion(s), the ligand environment, second coordination shell residues, and the protein environment in the functioning of these enzymes have been elucidated. This information will be useful to design small inhibitors, activators, and synthetic analogues of these enzymes for biomedical, biotechnological, and industrial applications.
Cognitive Computing – Essenzieller Teil der Medizin 2020

Der perfekte Sturm der zur Diagnose und Therapie verfugbaren Daten (auch als „Big Data“ bezeichnet) kann im regularen klinischen Alltag nur durch kognitive Assistenzsysteme gemeistert werden. Intelligente Algorithmen werden eingesetzt, um dem Arzt und medizinischen Pflegepersonal alle notwendigen Informationen und Evidenz transparent darzustellen, damit der Patient die bestmogliche Versorgung erfahrt. Dabei mussen Erkenntnisse aus den medizinischen Daten (Patientenakten, aktuelle wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse etc.) gewonnen werden, um sinnvolle Losungen anbieten zu konnen. Kognitive Systeme verstehen naturliche Sprache (gesprochen oder geschrieben), Bilder und konnen strukturierte und unstrukturierte Daten (z. B. Texte) ganzheitlich erfassen. Kognitive Systeme verstehen nicht nur Informationen, sondern setzen sie auch in Kontext und verstehen die grundlegenden Ideen und Konzepte im Zusammenhang. Kognitive Systeme lernen kontinuierlich aus dem bestandig wachsenden medizinischen Wissen und von Experten. Dadurch werden sie von Tag zu Tag besser. Zwei Kernpunkte sind dabei sehr wichtig: Die IBM Watson Technologie wird entwickelt, um den Dialog mit dem Nutzer zu fuhren und um die Daten, Informationen und die Argumentationsschritte transparent darzustellen. Dadurch kann der Nutzer schnell die Informationen erfassen und einfach nachvollziehen, wie das System zu einer Losung und einem Vertrauenswert gekommen ist. Cognitive Computing wird ein essentieller Teil der Medizin werden, denn aus der Flut an Daten mussen die zur Diagnose und Behandlung relevanten Erkenntnisse gewonnen werden, um fur die Arzte sinnvolle Losungen bieten zu konnen. Wir sehen die kognitive Technologie als Assistenzsystem, das dem Arzt zur Verfugung steht und Katalysator in der digitalen Revolution der Medizin ist.
Do managers really guide through the fog? On the challenges in assessing the causes of voluntary disclosure

Abstract Guay et al. (2016) document that firms with longer and more complex 10-Ks provide relatively more voluntary disclosure, which they interpret as evidence that managers use voluntary disclosure to mitigate negative effects of complex mandatory disclosure. We review the results of Guay et al. and focus on two main challenges to inferring causality: (1) the coincidence of upward over-time trends in annual report length, complexity, and voluntary disclosure, and (2) the potential for omitted correlated variables, such as changes in firm economics, to drive changes in 10-K textual characteristics and voluntary disclosure. While the results in Guay et al. are extensive and robust, we argue that economic drivers of, and trends in, voluntary disclosure present important avenues for future research.
Utility of transient testing to characterize thermal interface materials

This paper analyzes a transient method for the characterization of low-resistance thermal interfaces of microelectronic packages. The transient method can yield additional information about the package not available with traditional static methods at the cost of greater numerical complexity, hardware requirements, and sensitivity to noise. While the method is established for package-level thermal analysis of mounted and assembled parts, its ability to measure the relatively minor thermal impedance of thin thermal interface material (TIM) layers has not yet been fully studied. We combine the transient thermal test with displacement measurements of the bond line thickness to fully characterize the interface.
Layer Formation in Sedimentary Fingering Convection

When particles settle through a stable temperature or salinity gradient they can drive an instability known as sedimentary fingering convection. This phenomenon is thought to occur beneath sediment-rich river plumes in lakes and oceans, in the context of marine snow where decaying organic materials serve as the suspended particles or in the atmosphere in the presence of aerosols or volcanic ash. Laboratory experiments of Houk & Green (Deep-Sea Res., vol. 20, 1973, pp. 757–761) and Green (Sedimentology, vol. 34(2), 1987, pp. 319–331) have shown sedimentary fingering convection to be similar to the more commonly known thermohaline fingering convection in many ways. Here, we study the phenomenon using three-dimensional direct numerical simulations. We find evidence for layer formation in sedimentary fingering convection in regions of parameter space where it does not occur for non-sedimentary systems. This is due to two complementary effects. Sedimentation affects the turbulent fluxes and broadens the region of parameter space unstable to the -instability (Radko, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 497, 2003, pp. 365–380) to include systems at larger density ratios. It also gives rise to a new layering instability that exists in -stable regimes. The former is likely quite ubiquitous in geophysical systems for sufficiently large settling velocities, while the latter probably grows too slowly to be relevant, at least in the context of sediments in water.
Stable incidence but declining case-fatality rates of subarachnoid hemorrhage in a population.

Objective: To characterize temporal trends in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) incidence and outcomes over 5 time periods in a large population-based stroke study in the United States. Methods: All SAHs among residents of the Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky region at least 20 years of age were identified and verified via study physician review in 5 distinct year-long study periods between 1988 and 2010. We abstracted demographics, care patterns, and outcomes, and we compared incidence and case-fatality rates across the study periods. Results: The incidence of SAH in the 5 study periods (age-, race-, and sex-adjusted to the 2000 US population) was 8.8 (95% confidence interval 6.8–10.7), 9.2 (7.2–11.2), 10.0 (8.0–12.0), 9.0 (7.1–10.9), and 7.7 (6.0–9.4) per 100,000, respectively; the trend in incidence rates from 1988 to 2010 was not statistically significant ( p = 0.22). Advanced neurovascular imaging, endovascular coiling, and neurologic intensive care unit availability increased significantly over time. All-cause 5-day (32%–18%, p = 0.01; for trend), 30-day (46%–25%, p = 0.001), and 90-day (49%–29%, p = 0.001) case-fatality rates declined from 1988 to 2010. When we included only proven or highly likely aneurysmal SAH, the declines in case-fatality were no longer statistically significant. Conclusions: Although the incidence of SAH remained stable in this population-based region, 5-day, 30-day, and 90-day case-fatality rates declined significantly. Advances in surgical and medical management, along with systems-based changes such as the emergence of neurocritical care units, are potential explanations for the reduced case-fatality.
Electrical characteristics and mechanical limitation of polycrystalline silicon thin film transistor on steel foil under strain

Polycrystalline silicon thin-film transistor (poly-Si TFT) technology on steel foils has been successfully demonstrated as a platform for high performance flexible electronics [1] because of the high electron and hole mobility that enables CMOS circuit architectures and the compatibility of this technology with high processing temperatures. High resolution flexible displays have also been realized by this technology [2]. Depending on the application, the poly-Si TFTs in flexible electronics will be subjected to different levels of strain. In our earlier effort we investigated the effect of tensile strain on mobility of poly-Si TFTs [3]. In this paper, we further report the characteristics of poly-Si TFTs under both tensile and compressive strain as well as its limitation under strain. We fabricated both types poly-Si TFTs on steel foil substrate and applied strains to TFTs along the channel direction by bending, as shown in Fig. 1.
Natural Mentors, Racial Pride, and Academic Engagement among Black Adolescents: Resilience in the Context of Perceived Discrimination.

The current study examined the potential of relational closeness in the natural mentoring relationships (NMRs) of Black students to counter and protect against the noxious effects of school-based d...
Fine-grained mining of illicit drug use patterns using social multimedia data from instagram

According to NSDUH (National Survey on Drug Use and Health), 20 million Americans consumed drugs in the past few 30 days. Combating illicit drug use is of great interest to public health and law enforcement agencies. Despite of the importance, most of the existing studies on drug uses rely on surveys. Surveys on sensitive topics such as drug use may not be answered truthfully by the people taking them. Selecting a representative sample to survey is another major challenge. In this paper, we explore the possibility of using big multimedia data, including both images and text, from social media in order to discover drug use patterns at fine granularity with respect to demographics. Instagram posts are searched and collected by drug related terms by analyzing the hashtags supplied with each post. A large and dynamic dictionary of frequent drug related slangs is used to find these posts. User demographics are extracted using robust face image analysis algorithms. These posts are then mined to find common trends with regard to the time and location they are posted, and further in terms of age and gender of the drug users. Furthermore, by studying the accounts followed by the users of drug related posts, we extract common interests shared by drug users.
On the large-signal robustness of SiGe HBT LNAs for high-frequency wireless applications

We present measured results and analysis from high-power testing of three different X-band SiGe HBT LNAs. The custom measurement setup allowed high RF power (up to 32 dBm) to be applied to the input of the LNAs for 400 sec. During the stressing, the bias current was monitored and the pre/post-stress dc and ac characteristics were measured. The results indicate that, in the three LNAs tested, catastrophic failures can occur at these high powers, while at lower input power (less than 30 dBm), the LNA gain is degraded. Analysis shows that during the stressing, the collector current density inside the transistors increases enough to damage the device, in a manner similar to that experienced during mixed-mode reliability stress.
Gossip Algorithms for Convex Consensus Optimization Over Networks

In many applications, nodes in a network desire not only a consensus, but an optimal one. To date, a family of subgradient algorithms have been proposed to solve this problem under general convexity assumptions. This technical note shows that, for the scalar case and by assuming a bit more, novel non-gradient-based algorithms with appealing features can be constructed. Specifically, we develop Pairwise Equalizing (PE) and Pairwise Bisectioning (PB), two gossip algorithms that solve unconstrained, separable, convex consensus optimization problems over undirected networks with time-varying topologies, where each local function is strictly convex, continuously differentiable, and has a minimizer. We show that PE and PB are easy to implement, bypass limitations of the subgradient algorithms, and produce switched, nonlinear, networked dynamical systems that admit a common Lyapunov function and asymptotically converge. Moreover, PE generalizes the well-known Pairwise Averaging and Randomized Gossip Algorithm, while PB relaxes a requirement of PE, allowing nodes to never share their local functions.
Market diffusion with two-sided learning

We analyze the diffusion of a new product of uncertain value in a duopolistic market. Both sides of the market, buyers and sellers, learn the true value of the new product from experiments with it. Buyers have heterogeneous preferences over the products and sellers compete in prices. The pricing policies and market shares in the unique Markov-perfect equilibrium are obtained explicitly. The dynamics of the equilibrium market shares display excessive sales of the new product relative to the social optimum in early stages and too-low sales later on. The diffusion path of a successful product is S-shaped.
Mean Field Equilibria of Dynamic Auctions with Learning

We study learning in a dynamic setting where identical copies of a good are sold over time through a sequence of second-price auctions. Each agent in the market has an unknown independent private valuation that determines the distribution of the reward she obtains from the good; for example, in sponsored search settings, advertisers may initially be unsure of the value of a click. Though the induced dynamic game is complex, we simplify analysis of the market using an approximation methodology known as mean field equilibrium (MFE). The methodology assumes that agents optimize only with respect to long-run average estimates of the distribution of other players' bids. We show a remarkable fact: In a mean field equilibrium, the agent has an optimal strategy where she bids truthfully according to a conjoint valuation. The conjoint valuation is the sum of her current expected valuation, together with an overbid amount that is exactly the expected marginal benefit of one additional observation about her true pri...
Value creation stories in a community of practice: Assessing value in an online masters program

This paper reports value creation stories from an assessment of ten years in the life of an online masters program. The program is a hybrid particular discipline masters program delivered 20% face-to-face and 80% online. The program achieved a high degree of success, with a course completion rate of 93% and a graduation rate of 84%. The program is based in a community of practice model (CoP) and the CoP model is identified by faculty and students as key to the program's success. A previous study applied a value creation framework (VCF) created for assessing value in the program. This paper shares detailed information concerning the framework, how it was applied, how a social network analysis was conducted, and the value creation stories evident in the program.
Low-storage Schottky barrier diode transistors

Nongold doped transistors can exhibit low storage times if they are prevented from going into heavy saturation. A Schottky barrier diode placed across the collector-base junction can be used to control transistor storage times. Such a device is referred to as a Schottky barrier diode transistor (SBDT). This paper discusses the effects on storage time and saturation voltage of variations in the design of SBDT's.
A fast Fourier transform (FFT) based sonar signal processor

The design for a convolution processor is presented, which employs a single highly parallel implementation of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm. This processor is eminently suited for real-time matched filtering of coded signals encountered in sonar systems. Computer simulations have shown that this processor, which uses fixed point arithmetic and modest word sizes, can efficiently handle signals with multiple targets and relatively large Doppler shifts. The parallel architecture provides a throughput rate sufficient for computing both forward and inverse transforms in the one processor. The system is flexible permitting frequency domain adaptive beam-forming, attractive in many sonar applications.
General chairman's invitation to the IEEE radio and wireless week

I have the great honor and pleasure to welcome you to the 2011 IEEE Radio and Wireless Week (RWW). If you notice the new logo for the RWW, you will see that RWW now encompasses five conferences. The Radio and Wireless Symposium that originated from RAWCON and the IEEE Topical Meeting on Silicon Monolithic Integrated Circuits in RF Systems (SiRF) that dates back to 1998 are two of the original conferences of the RWW. The MTT-S and the RWW has started three new conferences that compliment the RWS and SiRF and fill a void in the society's conference offerings. The first is the IEEE Topical Conference on RF/Microwave Power Amplifiers (PAWR). This conference is for authors that are conducting original research in power amplifier technology and it will be the society's first annual conference with a peer reviewed digest dedicated to the topic of power amplifiers, which is difficult to believe considering the many contributions that power amplifiers has made to almost every RF/Microwave system. The second new conference is the IEEE Topical Conference on Biomedical Wireless Technologies, Networks & Sensing Systems (BioWireless). Anyone that has attended a large, multidiscipline conference over the past five years has seen that this is the most exciting topic for RF engineers, certainly because of the great financial growth potential of wireless medical devices. The third new conference is the IEEE Topical Conference on Wireless Sensors and Sensor Networks (WiSNet), which utilizes technologies from RWS, PAWR, and SiRF to develop new applications related to BioWireless, consumer, commercial, and military markets.
Capitalization, decentralization, and intergenerational spillovers in a Tiebout economy with a durable public good

We consider an overlapping generations model with a durable local public good (DLPG). We establish a Tiebout theorem (equilibrium exists and is first best) as well as an equal treatment Second Welfare Theorem in this dynamic DLPG economy. We establish conditions, including the Small Jurisdiction assumption, under which local provision of durable public goods results in the full internalization of the intergenerational spillovers that durability entails. In contrast, when durable public goods are provided by the national government, internalization does not take place and underprovision of public goods results. This sets up an institutional trade-off between national and local provision of public goods that balances the relative strength of intergenerational and interjurisdictional spillovers. Our main conclusion is that while capitalization is an effective mechanism to cause agents to internalize intergenerational spillovers, the effectiveness of this mechanism is limited by the degree to which there are more general spillovers across jurisdictions.
The interaction of finite-width reconnection exhaust jets with a dipolar magnetic field configuration

The structure and properties of earthward propagating exhaust jets produced by a magnetic reconnection source region localized in the out-of-plane direction are investigated with 3-D particle-in-cell simulations that incorporate a realistic plasma sheet configuration in which a dipole magnetic field region is connected to an asymptotic tail equilibrium with finite Bz. The jet is found to separate initially into two segments of width ∼10–15di each (di is the ion inertia length). The dawnward segment moves ahead of the duskward one and continues to intensify, while the latter is buffeted by the return flows generated by the former and stagnates. The leading front develops the characteristic structure of a sharp Bz increase and density drop on a 1–2di scale. The current associated with this Bz increase is carried mainly by the electrons, and the jet front is the site of a Region 1 sense field-aligned current system. The ions develop a moderate temperature anisotropy with Ti||>Ti⊥ ahead of the front, while the electron temperature remains isotropic. The ion heating behind the front is quasi-adiabatic, while the nonthermal electron tail is enhanced out to the limit of the simulation spectrum (∼15Eth). The ion velocity distribution function behind the front exhibits a strong parallel phase space enhancement at speeds ∼0.5VA associated with the earthward flow, while closer to the dipole region there is a drop out in parallel phase space at speeds of ∼1.5–2.5VA. The electron distribution is isotropic with an enhanced central plateau extending out to ∼4VA.
Cyclotomic Birman–Wenzl–Murakami Algebras, II: Admissibility Relations and Freeness

The cyclotomic Birman-Wenzl-Murakami algebras are quotients of the affine BMW algebras in which the affine generator satisfies a polynomial relation. We study admissibility conditions on the ground ring for these algebras, and show that the algebras defined over an admissible integral ground ring S are free S-modules and isomorphic to cyclotomic Kauffman tangle algebras. We also determine the representation theory in the generic semisimple case, obtain a recursive formula for the weights of the Markov trace, and give a sufficient condition for semisimplicity.
$L^p$ estimates for the biest I. The Walsh case

We prove Lp estimates (Theorem 1.8) for the Walsh model of the ‘‘biest’’, a trilinear multiplier with singular symbol. The corresponding estimates for the Fourier model will be obtained in the sequel [11] biest of this paper.
Josephson parametric converter saturation and higher order effects

Microwave parametric amplifiers based on Josephson junctions have become indispensable components of many quantum information experiments. One key limitation which has not been well predicted by theory is the gain saturation behavior which limits the amplifier's ability to process large amplitude signals. The typical explanation for this behavior in phase-preserving amplifiers based on three-wave mixing, such as the Josephson Parametric Converter, is pump depletion, in which the consumption of pump photons to produce amplification results in a reduction in gain. However, in this work, we present experimental data and theoretical calculations showing that the fourth-order Kerr nonlinearities inherent in Josephson junctions are the dominant factor. The Kerr-based theory has the unusual property of causing saturation to both lower and higher gains, depending on bias conditions. This work presents an efficient methodology for optimizing device performance in the presence of Kerr nonlinearities while retaining...
URBAN TRANSPORTATION MODE CHOICE AND TRIP COMPLEXITY: BICYCLISTS STICK TO THEIR GEARS

Commuters' lives have become more complicated with rising income. In my model, transportation mode choices are made simultaneously with the choice of whether to make multiple stops. Using travel behavior data, I estimate the model using an error components logit (ECL) specification to account for commuters' unobserved preferences for particular modes and find that omitting unobserved preferences underestimates value of travel time relative to the crossing‐components ECL. The estimated model predicts that increased trip complexity causes substitution away from public transit to automobiles, with the exception that bicyclists transition only to more complex trips and do not change transportation modes. (JEL R41, C25)
Optimal dynamic sample allocation among strata

A dynamic sampling plan among strata is a permutation of sampled items specifying which stratum is to receive the next item to be included in the sample. An optimal such plan has the property of achieving minimum variance for its cost whenever it is truncated. This article shows that optimal dynamic sampling plans exist under very general conditions, and gives a simple algorithm for constructing them. The well-known Neyman allocation is compared to the dynamic optimum, both statically and dynamically. The theorems rely on a version of the Neyman-Pearson Lemma adapted for use in search theory.
Do Cities and Counties Attempt to Circumvent Changes in Their Autonomy by Creating Special Districts

This study uses 40 years of data from the U.S. Census of Governments to examine the impact of changes in local autonomy on the creation of the fastest growing form of local governments, special dis...
Role of activating transcription factor 4 in the hepatic response to amino acid depletion by asparaginase.

The anti-leukemic agent asparaginase activates the integrated stress response (ISR) kinase GCN2 and inhibits signaling via mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). The study objective was to investigate the protective role of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) in controlling the hepatic transcriptome and mediating GCN2-mTORC1 signaling during asparaginase. We compared global gene expression patterns in livers from wildtype, Gcn2 −/−, and Atf4 −/− mice treated with asparaginase or excipient and further explored selected responses in livers from Atf4 +/− mice. Here, we show that ATF4 controls a hepatic gene expression profile that overlaps with GCN2 but is not required for downregulation of mTORC1 during asparaginase. Ingenuity pathway analysis indicates GCN2 independently influences inflammation-mediated hepatic processes whereas ATF4 uniquely associates with cholesterol metabolism and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Livers from Atf4 −/− or Atf4 +/− mice displayed an amplification of the amino acid response and ER stress response transcriptional signatures. In contrast, reduction in hepatic mTORC1 signaling was retained in Atf4 −/− mice treated with asparaginase. Conclusions: GCN2 and ATF4 serve complementary roles in the hepatic response to asparaginase. GCN2 functions to limit inflammation and mTORC1 signaling whereas ATF4 serves to limit the amino acid response and prevent ER stress during amino acid depletion by asparaginase.
Bank Capital Regulation of Trading Portfolios: An Assessment of the Basel Framework

In setting minimum capital requirements for trading portfolios, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (1996, 2011a, 2013) initially used Value-at-Risk (VaR), then both VaR and stressed VaR (SVaR), and most recently, stressed Conditional VaR (SCVaR). Accordingly, we examine the use of SCVaR to measure risk and set these requirements. Assuming elliptically distributed asset returns, we show that portfolios on the mean-SCVaR frontier generally lie away from the mean-variance (M-V) frontier. In a plausible numerical example, we find that such portfolios tend to have considerably higher ratios of risk (measured by, e.g., standard deviation) to minimum capital requirement than those of portfolios on the M-V frontier. Also, we find that requirements based on SCVaR are smaller than those based on both VaR and SVaR but exceed those based on just VaR. Finally, we find that requirements based on SCVaR are less procyclical than those based on either VaR or both VaR and SVaR. Overall, our paper suggests that the use of SCVaR to measure risk and set requirements is not a panacea.
Deterring kickbacks and encouraging entry in public procurement markets : evidence from firm surveys in 88 developing countries

There is relatively little systematic evidence on the links between procurement systems and outcomes such as competition and corruption levels. This paper adds to the evidence base, using data on almost 34,000 firms from the World Bank’s Enterprise Surveys, in 88 countries that also have procurement systems data from Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) assessments. The analysis finds that in countries with more transparent procurement systems, where exceptions to open competition in tendering must be explicitly justified, firms are more likely to participate in public procurement markets. Moreover, firms report paying fewer and smaller kickbacks to officials in countries with more transparent procurement systems, effective and independent complaint mechanisms, and more effective external auditing systems. These findings—particularly on kickbacks—are robust to the inclusion of many controls and to a range of sensitivity tests. The study finds evidence that better procurement systems matter more for smaller firms’ participation in procurement markets and payment of kickbacks to obtain contracts, consistent with the view that information and transactions costs that are incurred in learning about bidding opportunities and fulfilling bidding requirements are more onerous for smaller firms. Falsification tests show that other, non-procurement indicators from the PEFA assessments are not associated with procurement outcomes, and that the PEFA procurement indicators are not strongly associated with other “governance”-related outcomes in firm surveys that are unrelated to procurement.
An intracellular pathogen response pathway promotes proteostasis in C. elegans

Summary Maintenance of protein homeostasis, or proteostasis, is crucial for organismal health. Disruption of proteostasis can lead to the accumulation of protein aggregates, which are associated with aging and many human diseases such as Alzheimer's disease [1–3]. Through analysis of the C. elegans host response to intracellular infection, we describe here a novel response pathway that enhances proteostasis capacity and appears to act in parallel to well-studied proteostasis pathways. These findings are based on analysis of the transcriptional response to infection by the intracellular pathogen Nematocida parisii [4]. The response to N. parisii is strikingly similar to the response to infection by the Orsay virus, another natural intracellular pathogen of C. elegans , and is distinct from responses to extracellular pathogen infection [4–6]. We have therefore named this common transcriptional response the intracellular pathogen response (IPR), and it includes upregulation of several predicted ubiquitin ligase complex components such as the cullin cul-6 . Through a forward genetic screen we found pals-22 , a gene of previously unknown function, to be a repressor of the cul-6/ cullin gene and other IPR gene expression. Interestingly, pals-22 mutants have increased thermotolerance and reduced levels of stress-induced polyglutamine aggregates, likely due to upregulated IPR gene expression. We found the enhanced stress resistance of pals-22 mutants to be dependent on cul-6 , suggesting that pals-22 mutants have increased activity of a CUL-6/cullin-containing ubiquitin ligase complex. pals-22 mutant phenotypes appear independent of the well-studied heat shock and insulin signaling pathways, indicating that the IPR is a distinct pathway that protects animals from proteotoxic stress.
Have Instrumental Variables Brought Us Closer to the Truth

A survey of 255 papers that rely on the instrumental variable (IV) approach for identifying causal effects published in the “Big Three” finance journals reveals that IV estimates are larger than their corresponding uninstrumented estimates in about 80% of the studies, regardless of whether the potential endogeneity is expected to create a positive or negative bias based on economic reasoning. The magnitude of the IV estimates is, on average, nine times of that of the uninstrumented estimates even when economic insights do not suggest a downward bias of the latter. This study provides several explanations to the “implausibly large” IV estimates in finance research, and proposes best practices for identification-conscientious researchers.
A Tie That Binds: Revisiting the Trilemma in Emerging Market Economies

This paper examines the claim that exchange rate regimes are of little salience in the transmission of global financial conditions to domestic financial and macroeconomic conditions by focusing on ...
Design and Tuning of Controllers in Distributed Computer Control

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the design and tuning of controllers in distributed computer control. Distributed control has been implemented for some time in the process industries such as refineries, chemical plants, and paper mills. In semiconductor industry, a variety of manufacturing processes are employed, including continuous, discrete, batch, and continuous batch. The fluctuating volume requirements and competitive pressures, and rapid change in product specification and product obsolescence, create manufacturing nightmares in this industry. To the semiconductor industry, process control or designing controllers for higher quality products is relatively new. While in the 1960s, chip yields of 10% were not an uncommon phenomena, the scale of quality control achieved in process industry is unheard of in the semiconductor industry. The area controller system is where the time stamped data collection takes place.
FAULT CLASSIFICATION WITH THE AID OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS

Abstract After the installation of equipment, degradation begins to occur. Operating conditions change, but may be concealed by the operation of feedback control. If a fault(s) occurs and is not corrected, the process in some instances could damage of the material being processed or even lead to an accident. Various quantitative methods to diagnose faults can be found in the literature of the last 20 years using either model based techniques, pattem recognition, binary reasoning, or expert systems. Artificial neural networks are good pattern classifiers, and have been shown in several reports to be able to diagnose faulty conditions. We show what the goal and internal significance of fault classification is in an artificial neural network. Two example for applications of fault diagnosis are illustrated, one of a heat exchanger and the other for tool wear. The possible reasons for the success of classification in the former and lack of success in the later are postulated.
An improved lower bound for the time complexity of mutual exclusion

We establish a lower bound of Ω(log N/ log log N) remote memory references for N-process mutual exclusion algorithms based on reads, writes, or comparison primitives such as test-and-set and compare-and-swap. Our bound improves an earlier lower bound of Ω(log log N/ log log log N) established by Cypher. Our lower bound is of importance for two reasons First, it almost matches the Θ(log N) time complexity of the best known algorithms based on reads, writes, or comparison primitives. Second, our lower bound suggests that it is likely that, from an asymptotic standpoint, comparison primitives are no better than reads and writes when implementing local-spin mutual exclusion algorithms. Thus. comparison primitives may not be the best choice to provide in hardware if one is interested in scalable synchronization.
STATISTICAL INFERENCE AS DEFAULT REASONING

Classical statistical inference is nonmonotonic in nature. We show how it can be formalized in the default logic framework. The structure of statistical inference is the same as that represented by default rules. In particular, the prerequisite corresponds to the sample statistics, the justifications require that we do not have any reason to believe that the sample is misleading, and the consequence corresponds to the conclusion sanctioned by the statistical test.
Political entrepreneurship, emergent dynamics, and constitutional politics

Constitutional political economy mostly distinguishes between rules and actions, with rules selected prior to actions within those rules. While we accept the coherence of this distinction, we pursu...
Endogenous Phosphorylation in Dunning Prostate Tumors of Rats Treated With LH-RH Analogues

We investigated phosphorylation in Dunning R-3327H prostate tumor tissue of untreated rats, and rats treated with the agonist D-Trp6-LH-RH and antagonist N-Ac-D-p-Cl-Phe1,2, D-Trp3, D-Arg6, D-Ala10-LH-RH. The total phosphorylation was significantly higher in Dunning tumors than in normal ventral and dorsal prostate. Incorporation of 32P into tumor tissue of rats treated with D-Trp6-LH-RH was significantly lower than in tumors from untreated animals. The tumor regression produced by LH-RH agonist appeared to be linked with changes in the pattern of tumor protein phosphorylation. Although inhibition of tumor growth also occurred after administration of the LH-RH antagonist, no significant changes in phosphorylation were observed. The dissimilarity of effects of the agonists and the antagonists on protein phosphorylation in rat prostate tumors may be related to the differences in the mechanisms of action of these two types of LH-RH analogues.
Emergency Maneuvers of Autonomous Vehicles

Abstract This paper addresses the issue of emergency maneuvers for obstacle avoidance. The emergency maneuvers are computed by minimizing the longitudinal distance of a lane transition, assuming given initial and free final speeds. This produces the sharpest dynamically feasible maneuvers, representing the vehicle's ultimate performance. These maneuvers can be used to determine the minimum distance beyond which an obstacle cannot be avoided. Plotting the minimum distance in the phase plane provides a valuable design tool for planning safe avoidance maneuvers, and for selecting obstacle detection sensors. The optimal maneuvers and the minimum distance curve are demonstrated for a planar vehicle model.