cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence‐Based Practice in Psychology

Evidence-based behavioral practice (EBBP) entails making decisions about how to promote positive psychosocial outcomes by integrating the best available evidence, clinical expertise, and multicultural considerations, and tailoring treatment to clients' characteristics and preferences. The overarching goal of EBBP is to take steps toward bridging the gap between research and practice. The transdisciplinary National Institutes of Health Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research Evidence-Based Behavioral Practice Council developed a shared model of EBBP and corresponding competencies, which aspire to facilitate interprofessional collaborations by developing a common language and methodology, promoting more efficient, higher quality healthcare. Attitudes, knowledge, and skills required for competent evidence-based interprofessional practice are described and an interdisciplinary five-step EBBP process is presented. Keywords: competencies; evidence-based behavioral practice; health management; health psychology; interprofessional collaboration; decision making
What Factors Influence the Decision to Share Suicidal Thoughts? A Multilevel Social Network Analysis of Disclosure Among Individuals with Serious Mental Illness

Nondisclosure of suicidal thoughts limits suicide risk management. Consistent with disclosure models for other stigmatized statuses, understanding suicidal disclosure requires accounting for features of the discloser (individual factors) and the discloser-recipient relationship (relational factors). In a sample of 30 adults with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depressive disorder (Level 2) who nominated 436 social network members (Level 1), we examined disclosure patterns and identified individual and relational correlates of disclosure intent. Most individuals disclosed in the past (77%; n = 23) and all intended on disclosing (100%; n = 30). Disclosure was highly selective, with 14% (n = 62) of network members identified as prior confidants and 23% (n = 99) identified as intended confidants. Multilevel modeling indicated that relational factors were more central to disclosure than individual factors. Network members who were prior confidants and who provided social support were attractive targets for intended disclosure. Our findings suggest that "targeted" gatekeeper training may be a promising strategy and reveal relational characteristics to identify "high-probability confidants."
16S rDNA PCR in diagnosis of Lemierre's syndrome.

In their Grand Round paper, Krutika Kuppalli and colleagues have omitted an important device for the diagnosis of Lemierre’s syndrome. Molecular methods, including broad-range 16S rDNA PCR, are increasingly being used 1 Amoroso A, Etienne-Mesubi M, Edozien A, Mesubi OO, Guberski T. HIV-1 drug resistance in antiretroviral-naive patients in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet Infect Dis 2012; 12: 585–86. 2 Hamers RL, Wallis CL, Kityo C, et al. HIV-1 drug resistance in antiretroviral-naive individuals in sub-Saharan Africa after rollout of antiretroviral therapy: a multicentre observational study. Lancet Infect Dis 2011; 11: 750–59. 3 Bennett DE, Jordan MR, Bertagnolio S, et al. HIV drug resistance early warning indicators in cohorts of individuals starting antiretroviral therapy between 2004 and 2009: World Health Organization global report from 50 countries. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54 (suppl 4): 280–89. 4 Gupta RK, Sultan BJ, Hill A, et al. Global trends in antiretroviral resistance in untreated HIV-1 infected individuals following ART roll-out in resource-limited settings: a global collaborative study and meta-regression analysis. Lancet 2012; 380: 1250–58. 5 WHO. WHO HIV drug resistance report 2012. http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/drugresistance/ report2012/en/index.html (accessed Sept 10, 2012) 6 Hamers RL, Kityo C, Lange JM, de Wit TF, Mugyenyi P. Global threat from drug resistant HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. BMJ 2012; 344: e4159. on culture-negative specimens from normally sterile sites in developed countries. The authors acknowledge that a high index of clinical suspicion is key to the diagnosis of Lemierre’s syndrome. However, in my experience, the diagnosis is almost always delayed, either due to atypical presentation (ie, many suppurative lesions in the absence of a history of upper respiratory tract illness) or because the causative organism(s) cannot be recovered as a result of their fastidious nature or previous antibiotic treatment. 16S rDNA PCR has two major advantages in the management of patients presenting with a febrile illness and suppurative lesions, especially those who have received previous antibiotic treatment. First, the method encompasses several genera of bacteria, enabling diagnosis of other bacterial infections presenting with similar clinical features, such as Staphylococcus aureus, group A streptococci, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Second, because the test detects molecular material from bacteria, previous antibiotic treatment would not inter fere with the diagnosis, as is the case with conventional culture methods. Molecular methods can also be used on throat swab for the diagnosis of Lemierre’s syndrome, but results should be interpreted with caution. As is the case with any other laboratory tests, molecular methods do have limitations regarding their sensitivity and specifi city. Nevertheless, 16S rDNA PCR has been shown to increase diagnostic yield. Although not perfect, if available, molecular methods should be used alongside routine culture methods in cases with a high probability of the illness being Lemierre’s syndrome.
Parmelia skultii New to the Lower 48 States

Abstract. A disjunct occurrence of Parmelia skultii Hale has been found on a subalpine granitic promontory in Montana, extending the range about 2500 km to the south of the closest known sites in Alaska.
Trim Tab Excitation System for the BAe 146

Early in 1980 the Flight Instrumentation Laboratories received an order to design and manufacture a Trim Tab Excitation System for the BAe 146.
Middle Cretaceous calcareous nannofossil biogeography and preservation in the Atlantic and Indian oceans: Implications for paleoceanography

Abstract The quantitative study of calcareous nannofossil preservation and biogeographic distribution puts constraints on paleoceanographic models for the Atlantic and Indian oceans during the middle Cretaceous. We establish a dissolution ranking of middle Cretaceous calcareous nannofossils based on susceptibility to dissolution. A positive correlation of organic carbon content of the sediments and the relative abundance of Watznaueria indicates that much of the carbonate dissolution was caused by the release of carbon dioxide during oxidation of organic matter. The depth distribution of the most dissolution resistant species, Watznaueria barnesae , shows relative-abundance maxima at the deepest sites and a maximum where intermediate waters impinge on slopes; this reflects stagnant, oxygen-poor bottom waters and possibly a mid-water oxygen minimum zone with increased deposition and catabolic breakdown of organic matter. Factor analyses are performed on various data sets for three different time slices ranging in age from late Aptian to early Albian, middle Albian and late Albian to Cenomanian. The resulting factors can be related to paleoceanographic conditions such as colder water at high latitudes, high fertility (upwelling conditions) and neritic conditions for all three time intervals. A wide tropical to subtropical zone was flanked by boreal and austral zones. Upwelling conditions probably existed along the North African margin and over the Falkland Plateau. Zonal upwelling is tentatively postulated for the northwestern and northeastern margin of the North Atlantic in the middle Albian and for the eastern margin of the North Atlantic off Western Europe for the late Albian to Cenomanian. We speculate on surface water current patterns, location of upwelling regions and haline-driven deep circulation for the middle Cretaceous.
Significance of anti–nuclear matrix antibodies in patients with in vivo speckled antinuclear antibody staining

Objective. Evidence suggests that patients with in vivo speckled antinuclear antibody (ANA) patterns have high titers of circulating ANA, specifically anti–U1 RNP antibody. A small percentage of patients with high titers of anti–U1 RNP antibody have anti–nuclear matrix antibodies, and some also demonstrate in vivo ANA. This study was designed to screen for the presence of antinuclear matrix antibodies in patients with in vivo ANA. Methods. Anti–nuclear matrix antibodies were detected by indirect immunofluorescence on HCI-extracted HEp-2 cell substrate, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and by immunoblot analysis. Results. All 10 patients with in vivo ANA were found to have anti–nuclear matrix antibody demonstrated using HCI-extracted HEp-2 cell substrate, and all exhibited antibody activity to a 36-kd protein from nuclear matrix antigen. Conclusion. These results suggest that anti–nuclear matrix antibodies are a major factor in the development of in vivo ANA.
A new concrete-filled hollow FRP composite column

An effective use of fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) shapes in infrastructure is in the form of composite construction with reinforced concrete. A novel composite column is proposed that is similar to the classic concrete-filled steel tubes, except that steel has been replaced with a hollow FRP shell. The FRP shell, while an integral part of the structure, is also the pour form for concrete. The shell may be a filament-wound or a multi-layer FRP pipe with a layer of longitudinal fibers sandwiched between two piles of circumferential fibers. The proposed column offers high strength and ductility in addition to excellent durability. Behavior of the proposed column is studied by developing two analytical tools; a new passive confinement model for externally reinforced concrete columns, and a composite action model that evaluates the lateral stiffening effect of the jacket. Results are compared with recent studies of fiber-wrapped columns.
Human resources: Your secret weapon for post-merger success

Why do mergers fail? One reason is that top man-agement doesn't pay enough attention to human resource issues. But if you do, you can turn merg-er failure into merger success. The authors exam-ine some key human resource issues at each step of the merger process—and explain what you should do about them. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A continuity theorem and some counterexamples for the theory of maintained systems

Abstract The reliability of maintained systems is considered. A “continuity theorem” is presented which states that the stochastic behavior of a maintained system depends continuously on the stochastic behavior of its components. Examples of maintained systems with IFR component lifetimes and exponential repair times are presented for which time until first system failure is not NBU.
Antisense targeting of CXXC finger protein 1 inhibits genomic cytosine methylation and primitive hematopoiesis in zebrafish.

CXXC finger protein 1 (CFP1) binds to unmethylated CpG dinucleotides and is a component of the Set1 histone methyltransferase complex. Mice lacking CFP1 suffer a peri-implantation lethal phenotype, and CFP1-deficient embryonic stem cells are viable but unable to differentiate and exhibit a 60-80% decrease in genomic cytosine methylation. A zebrafish homolog of CFP1 has been identified, is ∼70% similar to murine CFP1, and is widely expressed during development. Zebrafish embryos treated with a zCFP1 antisense morpholino oligonucleotide had little or no circulating red blood cells and exhibited abnormal yolk sac morphology at 48 h post-fertilization. Many of the antisense-treated zebrafish also exhibited cardiac edema, and 14% were dead at 24 h post-fertilization. Morphant zebrafish also exhibited elevated levels of apoptosis, particularly in the intermediate cell mass, the site of primitive erythropoiesis, as well as aberrations in vascular development. Genomic DNA isolated from morphant embryos exhibited a 60% reduction of global genomic cytosine methylation. A similar phenotype was observed with an independent zCFP1 antisense morpholino oligonucleotide, but not following injection of an unrelated control oligonucleotide. The morphant phenotype was rescued when mRNA encoding murine CFP1 was co-injected with the antisense oligonucleotide. Genomic data base analysis reveals the presence of a second version of zebrafish CFP1 (zCFP1b). However, the morphant phenotype observed following specific depletion of zCFP1 indicates that these related genes have nonredundant functions controlling normal zebrafish hematopoiesis and epigenetic regulation. These findings establish the importance of CFP1 during postgastrulation development.
Historical Anthropology as an Ethical Choice in an Age of Genocide

■ A consideration of Bill Roseberry's reception of aspects of Clifford Geertz's analytical ethics, this article focuses on concepts of hegemony and counter-hegemony as alternatives to the `thick concept' approach that continues to inform, both directly and indirectly, historical narratives in anthropology.
Cyclophilin D deficiency rescues Aβ-impaired PKA/CREB signaling and alleviates synaptic degeneration.

The coexistence of neuronal mitochondrial pathology and synaptic dysfunction is an early pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cyclophilin D (CypD), an integral part of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), is involved in amyloid beta (Aβ)-instigated mitochondrial dysfunction. Blockade of CypD prevents Aβ-induced mitochondrial malfunction and the consequent cognitive impairments. Here, we showed the elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by antioxidants probucol or superoxide dismutase (SOD)/catalase blocks Aβ-mediated inactivation of protein kinase A (PKA)/cAMP regulatory-element-binding (CREB) signal transduction pathway and loss of synapse, suggesting the detrimental effects of oxidative stress on neuronal PKA/CREB activity. Notably, neurons lacking CypD significantly attenuate Aβ-induced ROS. Consequently, CypD-deficient neurons are resistant to Aβ-disrupted PKA/CREB signaling by increased PKA activity, phosphorylation of PKA catalytic subunit (PKA C), and CREB. In parallel, lack of CypD protects neurons from Aβ-induced loss of synapses and synaptic dysfunction. Furthermore, compared to the mAPP mice, CypD-deficient mAPP mice reveal less inactivation of PKA–CREB activity and increased synaptic density, attenuate abnormalities in dendritic spine maturation, and improve spontaneous synaptic activity. These findings provide new insights into a mechanism in the crosstalk between the CypD-dependent mitochondrial oxidative stress and signaling cascade, leading to synaptic injury, functioning through the PKA/CREB signal transduction pathway.
Effects of reaction temperature and water vapor content on the heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation of ethylene

The photocatalytic degradation of ethylene in airstreams has been studied over the temperature range 30–110 °C using a packed bed reactor containing sol-gel-derived TiO2 or platinized TiO2 particulates. Results of this study indicate that the reactivity of ethylene is greatly enhanced at increased temperatures and that the fraction of ethylene that reacts is stoichiometrically oxidized to CO2 under all operating conditions. The effect of raising the temperature has been ascribed to decreasing adsorption of water for both types of catalysts, as well as an increase in conventional heterogeneous catalytic reactions occurring on the Pt/TiO2 catalyst. In addition, platinizing the TiO2 photocatalyst and increasing the content of water vapor in the gaseous feed streams both decrease the rate of photocatalytic oxidation of ethylene. The activation energies for the photocatalytic and heterogenous catalytic oxidation of ethylene were determined to be 13.9–16.0 kJ mol−1 and 82.8 kJ mol−1 respectively.
Citizen Participation and the Neighborhood Context: A New Look at the Coproduction of Local Public Goods

In this article I examine citizen participation in the realm of local service delivery, addressing two fundamental questions. First, in what ways do individual- and neighborhood-level factors shape...
Chronic hepatitis C infection in pregnant women from a drug dependence and treatment program: Increased risk for cholestasis of pregnancy and preterm delivery

DENCE AND TREATMENT PROGRAM: INCREASED RISK FOR CHOLESTASIS OF PREGNANCY AND PRETERM DELIVERY ELIZA BERKLEY, KIMBERLY LESLIE, SANJEEV ARORA, CLIFFORD QUALLS, JEFFREY DUNKELBERG, University of New Mexico, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Albuquerque, New Mexico, University of New Mexico, Internal Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, University of New Mexico, Clinical Research Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico OBJECTIVE: Hepatitis C is a major problem in high-risk pregnancy clinics but it can be a curable disease in young women who take recommended antiviral regimens in the postnatal period. The purpose of this study was to assess maternal and neonatal outcomes for these patients and to determine whether patients receive postpartum referral. STUDY DESIGN: A historical prospective study was performed in pregnant patients with and without chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Multivariate logistic regression statistical analysis was employed to assess the relative contributions of multiple variables to maternal and neonatal outcomes. RESULTS: Three hundred and forty-three women received prenatal care in a drug treatment program between January 2000 and January 2006. One hundred fifty-five (45.2%) were found to be HCV antibody positive, 137 (39.9%) tested negative, and 51 (14.9%) were not evaluated for hepatitis C. Methadone use was highly associated with HCV antibody positivity (AbC) (59.7% vs. 23.4%, p!0.001). The incidence of cholestasis of pregnancy was increased in HCV AbC mothers (10/159, 6.3% vs. 0/141, p=0.002). The risk for preterm delivery was increased nine-fold in HCV AbC women who used methadone compared to HCV negative non-users of methadone (p=0.05, OR 9.27, CI 1-85.95). Neonates born to HCV AbC mothers had lower birth weights (p=0.047) and were more likely to weigh less than 2500 g (p=0.003). Neonates born to HCV AbC mothers had a significantly higher incidence of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit admission (p=0.045). Only 5.7% of HCV AbC mothers and only 1.9% of their neonates were referred postnatally. CONCLUSION: In pregnant women involved in a drug dependence and treatment program, HCV antibody positivity is associated with an increased risk for cholestasis of pregnancy. HCV antibody positivity is highly correlated with methadone use, and neonates born to this subset of women have an increased risk for preterm birth, low birth weight, and NICU admission. Postnatal referral of the mother and infant for evaluation and treatment of hepatitis C appears to be rare.
A Biomechanical Analysis of the Effects of Two Paddle Types On Performance in North American Canoe Racing

Abstract Five highly skilled canoe racers performed three trials each at race pace using a conventional straight canoe paddle and a modified paddle with the blade angled 15 degrees forward from the shaft. The use of the straight paddle resulted in a mean velocity of 290 cm/sec whereas the angled paddle resulted in a significantly faster mean velocity of 306 cm/sec (p<.05). There were no differences in the temporal sequences of the boat velocities. There were no significant differences in the time the paddles were in the air between strokes. It was also determined that the angled paddle had less absolute movement in the water than the straight paddle during the period of greatest boat acceleration. No significant differences were found in paddling technique through absolute measurement and temporal sequence of horizontal displacement of either hand relative to its corresponding shoulder, either shoulder relative to the spine, or the spine relative to the boat.
A MICRO-MECHANICAL STUDY OF THE SEISMIC RESPONSE OF SATURATED CEMENTED DEPOSITS

A coupled continuum-discrete hydromechanical model was employed to analyse the effects of cementation on the dynamic response of liquefiable deposits of granular soils. The discrete element method ...
A digital photogrammetric method for measuring horizontal surficial movements on the Slumgullion earthflow, Hinsdale County, Colorado

The traditional approach to making aerial photographic measurements uses analog or analytic photogrammetric equipment. We have developed a digital method for making measurements from aerial photographs which uses geographic information system (GIS) software, and primarily DOS-based personal computers. This method, which is based on the concept that a direct visual comparison can be made between images derived from two sets of aerial photographs taken at different times, was applied to the surface of the active portion of the Slumgullion earthflow in Colorado to determine horizontal displacement vectors from the movements of visually identifiable objects, such as trees and large rocks. Using this method, more of the slide surface can be mapped in a shorter period of time than using the standard photogrammetric approach. More than 800 horizontal displacement vectors were determined on the active earthflow surface using images produced by our digital photogrammetric technique and 1985 (1:12,000-scale) and 1990 (1:6,000-scale) aerial photographs. The resulting displacement field shows, with a 2-m measurement error (~10%), that the fastest moving portion of the landslide underwent 15-29 m of horizontal displacement between 1985 and 1990.
SWATH SHIP DESIGN STATE OF THE ART

Results from studies conducted to establish the capability for designing and building SWATH ships are presented. Areas studied include seakeeping, maneuvering, structures, loads, control surfaces, resistance optimization, and facility availability.
Comparative toxicity of chloroguanide and nitroguanil.

Abstract The pharmacologic actions of these two antimalarial drugs were compared in mice, rats, cats, and dogs. The cardiac effects of both chloroguanide and nitroguanil include depression of excitability of rat atrial muscle, depression of respiratory enzymes of mouse heart homogenate, and depression of myocardial contractility of cat heart. The dog showed an elevation in cardiac output following nitroguanil, but no change following chloroguanide. The decrease in fertility and reduction of body weight induced by chronic administration of nitroguanil in the mouse were less severe than those of chloroguanide. In the cat, chloroguanide but not nitroguanil, reduced gastric secretion. Both drugs suppressed the parasitemia and prolonged the survival of the rat and mouse infected with Plasmodium berghei .
SHEWHART AND ZONE CONTROL CHART PERFORMANCE UNDER LINEAR TREND

The average run length performances of Shewhart charts with supplementary runs rules and zone control charts are studied when the process mean changes linearly over time. Shewhart charts with all possible combinations of the typical runs rules are compared to zone control charts with identical false alarm rates. The zone control charts generally outperform the Shewhart charts in detecting a process mean that is changing linearly over time.
Study of Creatinine and its 5-Alkoxy Analogs: Structure and Conformational Studies in the Solid and Solution States by X-Ray Crystallography, NMR, UV and Mass Spectrometry

Abstract Creatinine (2-amino-1,5- dihydro-1-methyl-4-imidazolone) is a natural by-product of cellular metabolism related to muscular mass. It is excreted in human urine and is necessary for normal kidney function. Urinary secretion of creatinine serves as a bench mark for several clinical measurements. Recently, in our laboratories, during the course of an investigation of the urine of cancer patients for tumor markers, we found some new metabolites of creatinine. These were identified as 5-methoxy and 5-ethoxy creatinine by UV, NMR and Mass spectrometry and their tautomeric structures confirmed by crystal structural investigations of the metabolites. The x-ray crystallographic analysis confirmed the structures of the compound and showed that it exists in the 2-amino form. The spectral characteristics of these new compounds and the generality of the reaction are discussed in this paper. Creatinine, when allowed to react with methanol, ethanol and propanol respectively, in the presence of charcoal and air ...
Farnesyltransferase inhibitor improved survival following endotoxin challenge in mice

Endotoxemia plays an important role in the pathogenesis of sepsis and is accompanied by dysregulated apoptosis of immune and non-immune cells. Treatment with statins reduces mortality in rodent models of sepsis and endotoxemia. Inhibition of protein isoprenylation, including farnesylation, has been proposed as a mechanism to mediate the lipid-lowering-independent effects of statins. Nonetheless, the effects of the inhibition of isoprenylation have not yet been studied. To investigate the role of farnesylation, we evaluated the effects of farnesyltransferase inhibitor and statin on survival following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge in mice. Both simvastatin (2mg/kg BW) and FTI-277 (20mg/kg BW) treatment improved survival by twofold after LPS injection, as compared with vehicle alone (p<0.01). LPS-induced cleavage (activation) of caspase-3, an indicator of apoptotic change, and increased protein expression of proapoptotic molecules, Bax and Bim, and activation of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK/SAPK) in the liver and spleen were attenuated by both simvastatin and FTI-277. These results demonstrate that farnesyltransferase inhibitor as well as statin significantly reduced LPS-induced mortality in mice. Our findings also suggest that inhibition of protein farnesylation may contribute to the lipid-lowering-independent protective effects of statins in endotoxemia, and that protein farnesylation may play a role in LPS-induced stress response, including JNK/SAPK activation, and apoptotic change. Our data argue that farnesyltransferase may be a potential molecular target for treating patients with endotoxemia.
Ethinyl Estradiol and Other Human Pharmaceutical Estrogens in the Aquatic Environment: A Review of Recent Risk Assessment Data

Interest in pharmaceuticals in the environment has increased substantially in recent years. Several studies in particular have assessed human and ecological risks from human pharmaceutical estrogens, such as 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2). Regulatory action also has increased, with the USA and other countries developing rules to address estrogens and other pharmaceuticals in the environment. Accordingly, the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research at the US Food and Drug Administration has conducted a review and analysis of current data on the long-term ecological exposure and effects of EE2 and other estrogens. The results indicate that mean-flow long-term predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) of EE2 in approximately 99% or more of US surface water segments downstream of wastewater treatment plants are lower than a predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) for aquatic chronic toxicity of 0.1 ng/L. Exceedances are expected to be primarily in localized, effluent-dominated water segments. The median mean-flow PEC is more than two orders of magnitude lower than this PNEC. Similar results exist for other pharmaceutical estrogens. Data also suggest that the contribution of EE2 more broadly to total estrogenic load in the environment from all sources (including other human pharmaceutical estrogens, endogenous estrogens, natural environmental estrogens, and industrial chemicals), while highly uncertain and variable, appears to be relatively low overall. Additional data and a more comprehensive approach for data collection and analysis for estrogenic substances in the environment, especially in effluent-dominated water segments in sensitive environments, would more fully characterize the risks.
Students' Perceptions of the Ease of Learning from Computers and Interactive Video: An Exploratory Study

Researchers have suggested that learners' preconceptions of media are an influential factor in achievement. This exploratory study investigated preconceptions of the ease of achieving various learning outcomes (psychomotor, affective, verbal, intellectual) using the media of interactive video, computers, television and books. In addition, it examined whether learners' preconceptions varied with frequency of use or changed as they became literate in a new medium. Twenty-nine students completed a questionnaire on three occasions seven weeks apart. Learners perceived it to be easiest to learn from interactive video, followed by television, computers, and books. They perceived it to be easiest to learn verbal information, followed by attitudes, intellectual skills, then psychomotor skills. However, there was a strong interaction between medium and domain of learning outcome. Preconceptions of the ease of learning from computers did not vary significantly by frequency of use, nor during the process of becoming...
Swedish Housing in the Postwar Period

This article examines Swedish housing policy during the postwar period. It looks at the extent to which Social Democratic housing goals have been met, and some reasons for the successes and failures of Swedish housing programs. Of particular interest is the effort to steer housing production toward nonmarket alternatives, by means of "socialist market" mechanisms. Some of the problems created by this hybrid approach are identified and current efforts to resolve them are discussed.
Efficient in vitro gene delivery by hybrid biopolymer/virus nanobiovectors.

Abstract Recombinant retroviruses provide highly efficient gene delivery and the potential for sustained gene expression, but suffer from significant disadvantages including low titer, expensive production, poor stability and limited flexibility for modification of tropism. In contrast, polymer-based vectors are more robust and allow cell- and tissue-specific deliveries via conjugation of ligands, but are comparatively inefficient. The design of hybrid gene delivery agents comprising both virally derived and synthetic materials (nanobiovectors) represents a promising approach to development of safe and efficient gene therapy vectors. Non-infectious murine leukemia virus-like particles (M-VLPs) were electrostatically complexed with chitosan (χ) to replace the function of the viral envelope protein. At optimal fabrication conditions and compositions, ranging from 6 to 9 μg chitosan/109 M-VLPs at 10 × 109 M-VLPs/ml to 40 μg chitosan/109 M-VLPs at 2.5 × 109 M-VLPs/ml, χ/M-VLPs were ~ 300–350 nm in diameter and exhibited efficient transfection similar to amphotropic MLV vectors. In addition, these nanobiovectors were non-cytotoxic and provided sustained transgene expression for at least three weeks in vitro. This combination of biocompatible synthetic agents with inactive viral particles to form a highly efficient hybrid vector is a significant extension in the development of novel gene delivery platforms.
Breaking the Highway Capacity Barrier: Adaptive Cruise Control-Based Concept

A single-lane advanced vehicle-highway concept that can increase driving comfort and highway capacity is proposed. The concept can be implemented in the near future as it uses the adaptive cruise control (ACC) technology on vehicles and the intelligent ramp metering technologies on the roadway. A simulation-based performance evaluation of single-lane ACC systems under different traffic conditions is presented. The results indicate that drivers can fully use ACC systems even in stop-and-go-traffic, thereby reducing driving stress. It is also shown that ACC-equipped vehicles can maintain a desired intervehicle gap of 1 s under different traffic conditions while attenuating traffic disturbances, thereby resulting in a traffic flow of up to 3,000 vehicles per hour per lane with properly designed intelligent ramp metering at entrances to such a highway.
Genes involved in testicular development and function.

The development of the testis requires the highly regulated expression of a series of genes. Many of the genes involved are transcription factors, such as steroid hormone receptors and growth factors. Investigators have used gene cloning, mutation analysis, transgenic mice, and gene-deletion studies to define the role of specific genes in testicular development and function. In the past 5 years, investigators have defined a gene on the Y chromosome, SRY, thought to be required for testis determination. This protein is a member of a larger family of related transcription factors. Expression of this gene triggers a cascade of events that leads to the development of the Sertoli cell, Leydig cells, and the testis. The development of the male phenotype is dependent on the presence and action of androgens, which exert their effect after combining with a receptor in the nucleus of the target cell that stimulates gene transcription. Defects in the androgen receptor gene lead to a full spectrum of morphological defects in the male. Interestingly, mutations in other members of the steroid receptor superfamily, such as the estrogen receptor gene, also affect male fertility. A number of "orphan" receptors (i.e., receptors whose ligans have not been identified) are also required for normal testicular development and function, as are several genes normally thought to be tumor-suppressor genes (e.g., Wilms' tumor-suppressor gene). In contrast, alpha-inhibin has been thought to be an endocrine hormone, yet it functions as a tumor-suppressor gene in the testis. Testicular development and normal spermatogenesis require the proper function and coordination of a large number of transcription factors, steroid hormone and orphan receptors, and growth factors. There are likely to be a large number of other, as yet unidentified genes that are necessary for male gonadal development.
Requirement of Lysine Residues Outside of the Proposed Pentasaccharide Binding Region for High Affinity Heparin Binding and Activation of Human Antithrombin III

Variant forms of human antithrombin III with glutamine or threonine substitutions at Lys114, Lys125, Lys133, Lys136, and Lys139 were expressed in insect cells to evaluate their roles in heparin binding and activation. Recombinant native ATIII and all of the variants had very similar second order rate constants for thrombin inhibition in the absence of heparin, ranging from 1.13 × 105 M−1min−1 to 1.66 × 105 M−1min−1. Direct binding studies using 125I-flouresceinamine-heparin yielded a Kd of 6 nM for the recombinant native ATIII and K136T, whereas K114Q and K139Q bound heparin so poorly that a Kd could not be determined. K125Q had a moderately reduced affinity. Heparin binding affinity correlated directly with heparin cofactor activity. Recombinant native ATIII was nearly identical to plasma-purified ATIII, whereas K114Q and K139Q were severely impaired in heparin cofactor activity. K125Q and K136T were only slightly impaired. Based on these data, Lys114 and Lys139, which are outside of the putative pentasaccharide binding site, play pivotal roles in the high affinity binding of heparin to ATIII and the activation of thrombin inhibitory activity.
Activity of fucosyltransferases and altered glycosylation in cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells.

Abstract Cystic fibrosis (CF) glycoconjugates have a glycosylation phenotype of increased fucosylation and/or decreased sialylation when compared with non-CF. A major increase in fucosyl residues linked α1,3 to antennary GlcNAc was observed when surface membrane glycoproteins of CF airway epithelial cells were compared to those of non-CF airway cells. Importantly, the increase in the fucosyl residues was reversed with transfection of CF cells with wild type CFTR cDNA under conditions which brought about a functional correction of the Cl- channel defect in the CF cells. In contrast, examination of fucosyl residues in α1,2 linkage by a specific α1,2 fucosidase showed that cell surface glycoproteins of the non-CF cells had a higher percentage of fucose in α1,2 linkage than the CF cells. Airway epithelial cells in primary culture had a similar reciprocal relationship of α1,2- and α1,3-fucosylation when CF and non-CF surface membrane glycoconjugates were compared. In striking contrast, the enzyme activity and the mRNA of α1,2 fucosyltransferase did not reflect the difference in glycoconjugates observed between the CF and non-CF cells. We hypothesize that mutated CFTR may cause faulty compartmentalization in the Golgi so that the nascent glycoproteins encounter α1,3FucT before either the sialyl- or α1,2 fucosyltransferases. In subsequent compartments, little or no terminal glycosylation can take place since the sialyl- or α1,2 fucosyltransferases are unable to utilize a substrate, which is fucosylated in α1,3 position on antennary GlcNAc. This hypothesis, if proven correct, could account for the CF glycophenotype.
In vivo imaging of orthotopic prostate cancer with far-red gene reporter fluorescence tomography and in vivo and ex vivo validation.

Fluorescence gene reporters have recently become available for excitation at far-red wavelengths, enabling opportunities for small animal in vivo gene reporter fluorescence tomography (GRFT). We employed multiple projections of the far-red fluorescence gene reporters IFP1.4 and iRFP, excited by a point source in transillumination geometry in order to reconstruct the location of orthotopically implanted human prostate cancer (PC3), which stably expresses the reporter. Reconstruction was performed using a linear radiative-transfer-based regularization-free tomographic method. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of a radiolabeled antibody-based agent that targeted epithelial cell adhesion molecule overexpressed on PC3 cells was used to confirm in vivo GRFT results. Validation of GRFT results was also conducted from ex vivo fluorescence imaging of resected prostate tumor. In addition, in mice with large primary prostate tumors, a combination of GRFT and PET showed that the radiolabeled antibody did not penetrate the tumor, consistent with known tumor transport limitations of large (∼150 kDa ) molecules. These results represent the first tomography of a living animal using far-red gene reporters.
Near Feasible Stable Matchings

The National Resident Matching program strives for a stable matching of medical students to teaching hospitals. With the presence of couples, stable matchings need not exist. For any student preferences, we show that each instance of a stable matching problem has a 'nearby' instance with a stable matching. The nearby instance is obtained by perturbing the capacities of the hospitals. Our approach is general and applies to other type of complementarities, as well as matchings with side constraints and contracts.
Long-lasting, sex- and age-specific effects of social stressors on corticosterone responses to restraint and on locomotor responses to psychostimulants in rats

Many neural systems are undergoing marked development over adolescence, which may heighten an animal's vulnerability to stressors. One consequence may be altered sensitivity to drugs of abuse. We previously reported that social stressors in adolescence increased behavioral sensitization to nicotine in adulthood in female, but not male, rats. Here we examined whether social stressors in adolescence alter the functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by examining corticosterone release in response to restraint in adulthood. To further assess effects of social stressors on behavioral sensitivity to psychostimulants, we examined locomotor activity in response to nicotine and to amphetamine. In a second set of experiments, we investigated whether the same procedure of social stressors administered in adulthood produces effects similar to that observed when administered in adolescence. Rats underwent daily 1 h isolation followed by pairing with a new cage mate on either postnatal days 33-48 (pubertal stress: PS) or days 65-80 (adult stress: AS). Three weeks later rats tested for either: (a) corticosterone levels were measured in response to restraint, or (b) locomotor sensitization to nicotine (0.25 mg/kg; 5 days) followed by an amphetamine challenge (0.5 mg/kg) 24 h later. Effects of social stressors were evident only in females. PS females had increased locomotor activity to amphetamine compared to controls, and AS females had increased corticosterone release compared to controls. No effect of the social stressors was found in males at either age except for reduced weight gain during the stress procedure. Thus, females are more susceptible to the enduring effects of these moderate social stressors than are males. However, in terms of behavioral sensitivity to drugs of abuse, females may be more susceptible to stressors during adolescence than adulthood, although the reverse appears to be true for HPA function.
Diagnostic decays of the X(3872)

Abstract The unusual properties of the X ( 3872 ) have led to speculation that it is a weakly bound state of mesons, chiefly D 0 D ¯ 0 * . Tests of this hypothesis are investigated and it is proposed that measuring the 3 π J / ψ , γ J / ψ , γ ψ ′ , K ¯ K * , and πρ decay modes of the X will serve as a definitive diagnostic of the molecule hypothesis.
The J-helix of Escherichia coli DNA Polymerase I (Klenow Fragment) Regulates Polymerase and 3′– 5′-Exonuclease Functions

To assess the functional importance of the J-helix region of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I, we performed site-directed mutagenesis of the following five residues: Asn-675, Gln-677, Asn-678, Ile-679, and Pro-680. Of these, the Q677A mutant is polymerase-defective with no change in its exonuclease activity. In contrast, the N678A mutant has unchanged polymerase activity but shows increased mismatch-directed exonuclease activity. Interestingly, mutation of Pro-680 has a Q677A-like effect on polymerase activity and an N678A-like effect on the exonuclease activity. Mutation of Pro-680 to Gly or Gln results in a 10-30-fold reduction in k(cat) on homo- and heteropolymeric template-primers, with no significant change in relative DNA binding affinity or K(m)((dNTP)). The mutants P680G and P680Q also showed a nearly complete loss in the processive mode of DNA synthesis. Since the side chain of proline is generally non-reactive, mutation of Pro-680 may be expected to alter the physical form of the J-helix itself. The biochemical properties of P680G/P680Q together with the structural observation that J-helix assumes helical or coiled secondary structure in the polymerase or exonuclease mode-bound DNA complexes suggest that the structural alteration in the J-helix region may be responsible for the controlled shuttling of DNA between the polymerase and the exonuclease sites.
Recent developments in the radioimmunotherapy of cancer

Recent trials using radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies, particularly for hematologic neoplasms, have demonstrated the ability of these agents to destroy tumor cells safely and specifically. Advances in molecular biology, immunology and radiochemistry will allow the continued development of strategies to overcome the remaining obstacles to effective therapy with radioimmunoconjugates.
E-mail Communication in the OB/GYN Office: Analysis of Patient E-mails to Their OB/GYN

Background: How patients use e-mail with their obstetrician-gynecologists (ob/gyns) is unknown. E-mail was originally created as a tool for health care professionals yet physicians remain reluctant to adopt e-mail as a form of communication with patients. Many cite concerns of patient misuse, risk management issues, and uncompensated time commitment. The primary objective of this study was to examine the details of e-mail generated by patients to their ob/gyns. A secondary objective was to examine e-mails that corroborate physician concern about e-mail. Methods: A retrospective observational study was performed. E-mails from patients sent to two ob/gyns were examined. Results: Three hundred patient initiated e-mails were generated by 127 patients. Seventy-eight percent were sent during office hours and 87% of e-mails were sent on weekdays. Thirty-seven percent involved symptoms, 14% test results, 13% administrative, 12% contraception, 11% prescriptions, 8% other and 5% social. Three percent of e-mails met the definition of misuse. There were 594 follow-up e-mails exchanged from the initial 300 e-mails. Each physician received up to 6 e-mails daily. Conclusions: Patients use e-mail as an alternative to calling. More than 50% of e-mails relate to symptoms and test results. This study substantiated concerns about e-mail misuse by patients. New policies must be created to ensure that e-mail with patients is safe, effective and attractive for physicians as a form of communication with patients. J Clin Gynecol Obstet. 2014;3(1):8-13 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jcgo232e
Subdiffraction-Limit Study of Kaede Diffusion and Spatial Distribution in Live Escherichia coli

Photoactivation localization microscopy (PALM) is used to study the spatial distribution and diffusion of single copies of the protein Kaede in the cytoplasm of live Escherichia coli under moderate growth conditions (67 min doubling time). The spatial distribution of Kaede is uniform within the cytoplasm. The cytoplasmic radius of 380 ± 30 nm varies little from cell to cell. Single-particle tracking using 4 ms exposure times reveals negatively curved plots of mean-square displacement versus time. A detailed comparison with Monte Carlo simulations in a spherocylindrical volume shows that the curvature can be quantitatively understood in terms of free diffusion within a confining volume. The mean diffusion coefficient across cells is = 7.3 ± 1.1 μm(2)·s(-1), consistent with a homotetrameric form of Kaede. The distribution of squared displacements along the long axis for individual Kaede molecules is consistent with homogeneous diffusion. However, for longer cells, a spatial map of one-step estimates of the diffusion coefficient along x suggests that diffusion is ∼20-40% faster within nucleoids than in the ribosome-rich region lying between nucleoid lobes at the cell mid-plane. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching yielded = 8.3 ± 1.6 μm(2)·s(-1), in agreement with the single-particle tracking results.
Reparatory adaptation to copper-induced injury and occurrence of a copper-binding protein in the polychaete, Eudistylia vancouveri

Abstract Chemically injured branchial pinnae of copper-treated polychaetes, Eudistylia vancouveri , regenerated while still exposed to copper. The first observations of pinna regeneration coincided with the apparent induction of a low molecular weight (∼5000 daltons) copper-binding protein. This protein may play a role in the detoxification of copper and subsequent tissue regeneration.
A practical method to evaluate the sustainability of rural water and sanitation infrastructure systems in developing countries.

Abstract Over one billion people are without access to safe water, while twice as many lack access to improved sanitation services, making these two of the world’s most pressing issues. The sustainability of critical infrastructure systems, such as water and sanitation, is a necessary (though not sufficient) criterion for achieving sustainable human settlements since the lack of adequate services affects literally all aspects of a community’s daily existence including health, education, family, surroundings, and employment. Despite several decades of development aid, infrastructure solutions have not significantly improved these water and sanitation problems (with few exceptions). In this paper, we consider the holistic nature of water infrastructure development in terms of rural areas in developing countries. We propose an outcome-based evaluation method using Life-Cycle Analysis to examine three categories of infrastructure sustainability metrics: technical, environmental, and economic; both froma community perspective, and a social-equity perspective. We demonstrate the method with a simple, generic example of arsenic treatment approaches in Bangladesh.