cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kilo-core Wireless Network-on-Chips (NoCs) Architectures

As energy-efficiency and high-performance of Networks-on-Chips (NoCs) communication fabric have become critical, limited bandwidth and fundamental signaling limitations of metallic interconnects have forced academia and industry to consider emerging technologies such as wireless interconnects as an alternate solution. Wireless interconnects offer multiple degrees of freedom for communication without any area overhead for waveguides/wires, and can be built on already available CMOS-RF platforms. In this paper, we propose High-Core WiNoC (HCWiNoC) that can scale to 1000+ cores while mitigating the three critical challenges of WiNoC - limited bandwidth, multi-channel interference and transceiver efficiency - to build an end-to-end solution. First, we describe our row-column HCWiNoC architecture where wireless channels are shared via tokens and wired channels are employed for shorter distances. Second, using HFSS design tool from Ansys, we design monopole and dipole antennas and quantify the multi-channel path loss and dispersion in our WiNoC structure. Third, we describe our transceivers, which consist of local oscillators, on-off keying (OOK) modulators/demodulators, power amplifiers (PA), low-noise amplifiers (LNA) and filters in 65 nm RF-CMOS design from IBM in Cadence Virtuoso. Further, based on our design and published results, we project energy efficiency trends for 32 and 22 nm technology nodes. Our cycle-accurate simulation results on synthetic traffic for 1024 cores indicate that we can double the throughput while consuming 20% lesser power than state-of-the-art WiNoC architecture.
How willing are parents to improve pedestrian safety in their community

Study objective: To determine how likely parents would be to contribute to strategies to reduce pedestrian injury risks and how much they valued such interventions. Design: A single referendum willingness to pay survey. Each parent was randomised to respond to one of five requested contributions towards each of the following activities: constructing speed bumps, volunteering as a crossing guard, attending a neighbourhood meeting, or attending a safety workshop. Setting: Community survey. Participants: A sample of 723 Baltimore parents from four neighbourhoods stratified by income and child pedestrian injury risk. Eligible parents had a child enrolled in one of four elementary schools in Baltimore City in May 2001. Main results: The more parents were asked to contribute, the less likely they were to do so. Parents were more likely to contribute in neighbourhoods with higher ratings of solidarity. The median willingness to pay money for speed bumps was conservatively estimated at $6.43. The median willingness to contribute time was 2.5 hours for attending workshops, 2.8 hours in community discussion groups, and 30 hours as a volunteer crossing guard. Conclusions: Parents place a high value on physical and social interventions to improve child pedestrian safety.
Cellular energy conservation and the rate of microbial sulfate reduction

Microbial sulfate reduction is subject to a thermodynamic limit arising from the micro-organisms9 need to save energy for maintenance and growth, and this limit prevents the process from proceeding until the supply of electron donor or sulfate has been consumed, as would be expected from commonly applied kinetic theory. In pure culture experiments, acetotrophic sulfate reduction stops when the energy liberated by the reaction falls to ~33–43 kJ·(molSO 4 2− ) −1 , and an overlapping range of 40–56 kJ·(molSO 4 2− ) −1 is observed where sulfate reduction has ceased in experiments with microbial consortia, as well as in nature, in lacustrine, marine, and aquifer sediments. These observations correspond to an energetic requirement of 33–47 kJ·(molSO 4 2− ) −1 calculated on the basis of the cellular physiology of sulfate reducers. In sediments underlying Lake Washington, USA, variation of pore-water chemistry with depth can be explained by a reactive transport model accounting for cellular energy conservation, whereas a model in which thermodynamics are neglected predicts an unrealistic pattern. Energy availability constitutes a primary, if commonly overlooked, control on the distribution and rate of microbial sulfate reduction in nature and helps resolve apparent contradictions observed in the laboratory and natural environment.
Child’s play: Facilitating the originality of creative output by a priming manipulation.

When children play, they often do so in very original ways. However, with the responsibilities of adulthood, this playful curiosity is sometimes lost and conventional responses often result. In the present study, 76 undergraduates were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 conditions before creative performance was assessed in a version of the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (TTCT; E. P. Torrance, 1974). In a control condition, participants wrote about what they would do if school was cancelled for the day. In an experimental condition, the instructions were identical except that participants were to imagine themselves as 7-year-olds in this situation. Individuals imagining themselves as children subsequently produced more original responses on the TTCT. Further results showed that the manipulation was particularly effective among more introverted individuals, who are typically less spontaneous and more inhibited in their daily lives. The results thus establish that there is a benefit in thinking like a child to subsequent creative originality, particularly among introverted individuals. The discussion links the findings to mindset factors, play and spontaneity, and relevant personality processes.
Interaction with a baby by young adults: A comparison of traditional and feminist men and women

Recently, researchers have examined college students' interactions with unfamiliar babies. Most of the studies have reported that men and women show equal level of interest in these babies. However, one researcher reported a sex difference, with women interacting with a baby more than men did. Perhaps the subjects in the discrepant study were a more conservative or traditional group. In order to examine this possibility, this study compared traditional and feminist young adults. The Attitudes Toward Women Scale was used to preselect feminist and traditional men and women who were videotaped during a period of interaction with a baby. It was predicted that a sex difference would be found among the more traditional subjects only. However, women interacted with the baby more than men did in both groups.
Appetitive behavioral traits and stimulus intensity influence maintenance of conditioned fear.

Individual differences in appetitive learning have long been reported, and generally divide into two classes of responses: cue- vs. reward-directed. The influence of cue- vs. reward-directed phenotypes on aversive cue processing, is less well understood. In the current study, we first categorized rats based on their predominant cue-directed orienting responses during appetitive Pavlovian conditioning. Then, we investigated the effect of phenotype on the latency to exit a familiar dark environment and enter an unfamiliar illuminated open field. Next, we examined whether the two phenotypes responded differently to a reconsolidation updating manipulation (retrieval+extinction) after fear conditioning. We report that the rats with a cue-directed (“orienting”) phenotype differentially respond to the open field, and also to fear conditioning, depending on US-intensity. In addition, our findings suggest that, regardless of appetitive phenotype or shock intensity, extinction within the reconsolidation window prevents spontaneous recovery of fear.
The organization of noradrenergic pathways from the brainstem to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei in the rat

Axonal transport and immunohistochemical methods have been used to clarify the organization of pathways from noradrenergic and adrenergic cell groups in the brainstem to the paraventricular (PVH) and supraoptic (SO) nuclei of the hypothalamus. First, the location of such cells was determined with a combined retrograde tracer-immunofluorescence method. The fluorescent tracer, True Blue, was injected into the PVH or the SO, and sections through the brainstem were stained with anti-(rat) DBH, a specific marker for noradrenergic and adrenergic neurons. It was found that, after injections in the PVH, doubly labeled neurons were confined almost exclusively to 3 cell groups, the A1 region of the ventral medulla, which contained a majority of such cells, the A2 region in the dorsal vagal complex, and the locus coeruleus (A6 region). After injections centered in the SO an even greater proportion of doubly labeled cells were found in the A1 region, although some were also found in the A2 and A6 regions. The topography of doubly labeled cells indicates that these projections arise primarily from noradrenergic neurons, although adrenergic cells in both the C1 and the C2 groups probably contribute as well. Because well over 80% of the retrogradely labeled cells in these three regions were also DBH-positive, we next placed injections of [3H]amino acids into each of them in different groups of animals, and traced the course and distribution of the ascending (presumably DBH-positive) projections to the PVH and SO in the resulting autoradiograms. Injections centered in the A1 region labeled a substantial projection to most parts of the parvocellular division of the PVH, and was most dense in the dorsal and medial parts. In addition, terminal fields were labeled on those parts of the magnocellular division of the PVH, and of the SO, in which vasopressinergic cell bodies are concentrated. Injections centered in the A2 region also labeled a projection to the parvocellular division of the PVH that was topographically similar, but less dense, than that from the A1 region. In contrast, [3H]amino acid injections centered in the locus coeruleus labeled a moderately dense projection to the PVH that was limited to the medialmost part of the parvocellular division. Neither the A2 nor the A6 cell groups project to the magnocellular parts of PVH, or to the SO. The autoradiographic material, and additional double-labeling experiments, were used to identify and to characterize projections that interconnect the A1, A2 and A6 regions, as well as possible projections from these cell groups to the spinal cord. These results may be summarized as follows: a substantial projection from the nucleus of the solitary tract to the A1 region was identified, but this pathway does not arise from catecholaminergic neurons in the A2 cell group. DBH-stained cells in the A1 region project back to the dorsal vagal complex, as well as quite massively to the locus coeruleus (A6 region)...
ANALYSIS OF THE TEMPORAL SEQUENCE OF LEFT VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE IN NORMAL CHILDREN BY ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY

Little data are available regarding measurements of the active state of left ventricular (LV) segmental contraction. Thus we performed echograms (E) in 40 normal school children, to establish and relate normal values for the period of LV systole, as assessed by a variety of E parameters. Duration of contraction of posterior LV wall (LVWSF) and Septum (SSP) was measured from the onset of movement to the point of maximal systolic anterior or posterior excursion respectively. Mitral valve coaptation (MSP) was computed as the duration between closure and opening of the mitral leaflets, as was aortic ejection period (ASP) from seperation to reclosure of the aortic leaflets. Systolic periods measured in milliseconds were: (mean and standard error of mean) LVWSP 281.1 ± 2.8, SSP 261.7 ± 2.6, MSP 316.3 ± 4.4 and ASP 269.5 ± 3.2. Further maximal excursion and systolic thickening of S and LVU were simultaneous. A marked difference between MSP and ASP (48.9±3.5, p <0.001) represented isovolumic LV contraction and relaxation. Thus E may be utilized to analyze isovolumic LV systole. It appears that S systolic excursion may be completed and LVW systolic motion may continue after aortic ejection finishes. The difference between S and LVW systolic period suggests that the active state of contraction of LVW is greater than that of S, and is more important to LV contraction in normal children. (Sponsor: Eli Gold)
The Algebra P n Is Koszul

The algebras Q n describe the relationship between the roots and coefficients of a non-commutative polynomial. Gelfand et al. (2001a) have defined quotients of these algebras corresponding to graphs. In this work we construct the class of algebras corresponding to the n-vertex path, P n . We then show these algebras are Koszul and find a formula for their Hilbert series.
Stability analysis of the perturbed rest state and of the finite amplitude steady double-diffusive convection in a shallow porous enclosure

Abstract Transition from rest and steady convective states to oscillatory flows is investigated in a shallow porous enclosure subject to vertical thermal and solutal gradients. Various combinations of Dirichlet and Neumann thermal and solutal boundary conditions is considered. The unsteady form of Hazen–Darcy law with the Boussinesq approximation is used to model the convective flow through the porous medium. The governing and perturbation equations are solved numerically using finite element method. The threshold of transition, which characterizes the transition from steady to oscillatory finite amplitude flows, and the threshold of overstability (Hopf bifurcation), which characterizes the transition from the rest to oscillatory state, are obtained for a wide range of the governing parameters. The porosity and the acceleration parameter of the porous medium have a strong effect on the thresholds of transition and overstability. An increase in the acceleration parameter and the normalized porosity delays the onset of overstability and the transition to oscillatory finite amplitude flows. For Neumann boundary conditions type, the wavenumber is zero at the onset of overstabilities and finite at the transition threshold.
Subunit structure of fragment D from fibrinogen and cross-linked fibrin.

The different species of Fragment D were purified from plasmin digests of either fibrinogen or highly cross-linked fibrin and examined electrophoretically in sodium dodecyl sulfate on polyacrylamide gels before and after reduction by β-mercaptoethanol. It was found that Fragment D from cross-linked fibrin is approximately twice the size of that from fibrinogen, which indicates that the COOH-terminal cross-links in the γ chain remnants are not cleaved during fibrin digestion by plasmin. The first Fragment D to appear in plasmin digests of fibrinogen is designated Fragment D1 which is composed of a β″ chain (44,500 molecular weight), a γ′ chain (42,000 molecular weight), and an α″ chain (∼15,000 molecular weight) linked together by disulfide bonds. Fragment D from fibrin differs in that it has a γ′ dimer (81,000 molecular weight) in place of γ′ chains and that it contains two each of the α′ and β″ chains. Further digestion of Fragment D1 from fibrinogen results in cleavage of the γ′ chain to give first the γ″ chain (37,000 molecular weight) and finally the γ″′ chain (27,000 molecular weight). Neither the γ″ chain nor the γ″′ chain contained the COOH-terminal cross-links found in the intact γ chain or the γ′ chain. It was possible to show by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis that fibrinogen Fragment D1 could be cross-linked in the presence or absence of native fibrinogen through the formation of γ-γ′ or γ′-γ′ dimers.
The Influence of Relational Context on Support Processes: Points of Difference and Similarity between Young Adult Sons and Daughters in Problem Talk with Mothers

The interpersonal context constitutes an important influence in the support process and likely shapes the occurrence of gender-related behavior. This study investigated similarities and differences between mother-son and mother-daughter discussions of problems in terms of both perceptions and behaviors. Results indicate that daughters reported a greater desire for emotion- and problem-focused support and evaluated mothers' provision of informational and tangible aid/network support more favorably than did sons. Sons and daughters did not differ in verbal and nonverbal disclosure behaviors when talking about the problem, and mothers provided similar amounts of both emotion-focused and problem-focused support to sons and daughters and did not differ in nonverbal involvement. These findings highlight ways in which relationally based gendered identities may influence support processes in the context of the mother-young adult child relationship.
Mechanisms of shear stress-induced endothelial nitric-oxide synthase phosphorylation and expression in ovine fetoplacental artery endothelial cells.

Placental blood flow, nitric-oxide (NO) levels, and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) expression increase during human and ovine pregnancy. Shear stress stimulates NO production and eNOS expression in ovine fetoplacental artery endothelial (OFPAE) cells. Because eNOS is the rate-limiting enzyme essential for NO synthesis, its activity and expression are both closely regulated. We investigated signaling mechanisms underlying pulsatile shear stress-induced increases in eNOS phosphorylation and protein expression by OFPAE cells. The OFPAE cells were cultured at 3 dynes/cm2 shear stress, then exposed to 15 dynes/ cm2 shear stress. Western blot analysis for phosphorylated ERK1/ 2, Akt, p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), and eNOS showed that shear stress rapidly increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt but not of p38 MAPK. Phosphorylation of eNOS Ser1177 under shear stress was elevated by 20 min, a response that was blocked by the phosphatidyl inositol-3-kinase (PI-3K)inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002 but not by the mitogen activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)-inhibitor UO126. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) enhanced eNOS protein levels in static culture via a MEK-mediated mechanism, but it could not further augment the elevated eNOS protein levels otherwise induced by the 15 dynes/cm2 shear stress. Blockade of either signaling pathway changed the shear stress-induced increase in eNOS protein levels. In conclusion, shear stress induced rapid eNOS phosphorylation on Ser1177 in OFPAE cells through a PI-3K-dependent pathway. The bFGF-induced rise in eNOS protein levels in static culture was much less than those observed under flow and was blocked by inhibition of MEK. Prolonged shear stress-stimulated increases in eNOS protein were not affected by inhibition of MEK- or PI-3K-mediated pathways.
Can They Take It With Them? The Portability of Star Knowledge Workers' Performance

This paper examines the portability of star security analysts' performance. Star analysts who switched employers experienced an immediate decline in performance that persisted for at least five years. This decline was most pronounced among star analysts who moved to firms with lesser capabilities and those who moved solo, without other team members. Star analysts who moved between two firms with equivalent capabilities also exhibited a drop in performance, but only for two years. Those who switched to firms with better capabilities and those who moved with other team members exhibited no significant decline in short-term or long-term performance. These findings suggest that firm-specific skills and firms' capabilities both play important roles in star analysts' performance. In addition, we find that firms that hire star analysts from competitors with better capabilities suffered more extreme negative stock-market reactions than those that hire from comparable or lesser firms. These findings suggest that hiring stars may be perceived as value destroying and may not improve a firm's competitive advantage.
Nutrient Runoff Potential from Fescue Pastures using Simulated Rotational Grazing of Lactating Dairy Cows

This study was designed to evaluate phosphorus (P) losses from rotationally grazed pastures. Sod of tall fescue was transplanted into boxes 100×18.4 cm2. Treatments (13) imposed in triplicate were a no P control, inorganic P at rotational requirements, inorganic P at seasonal requirements, and 10 plots representing a paddock in a 20‐day, alternate‐day grazing rotation. Treatments were isonitrogenous; three rotations were conducted. Inorganic fertilizers were applied on day 1 of the rotation. Dairy slurry from grazing cows was applied daily to the respective treatments. Rainfall was simulated after each rotation, and continuous runoff was collected for 30 min. Total and dissolved reactive P in runoff were lower from control than from P‐amended treatments. No differences were observed among P‐amended plots. The small size of the boxes and naturally high variability in fescue sod did not allow for an accurate assessment of the risk of P losses from rotationally grazed pasture.
Loss of stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity leads to free cholesterol synthesis through increased Xbp-1 splicing

Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), which are required for efficient neutral lipid esterification. In the present investigation, we demonstrate that loss of SCD-1 activity increases free cholesterol (FC) content and induces Xbp-1 splicing. We assessed the small molecule SCD-1 inhibitor A939572 on [14C]stearate incorporation into neutral lipids and found its incorporation into triglyceride was unaffected, whereas labeled cholesteryl ester (CE) content was notably diminished. Using either A939572 or liver knockout mice (LKO), we show that loss of SCD-1 activity increases FC levels and activates the liver X receptor (LXR) pathway. Using adenoviral delivery of an active form of X-box binding protein-1 (Xbp-1; Xbp-1s), we show increased sterol synthesis only when cells lack the ability to generate MUFA. The results of the cell-based model were confirmed in LKO mice where fasting-refeeding decreased CE, increased FC, and increased Xbp-1s. On the basis of the present data, we conclude that SCD-1 activity is required for efficient cholesterol esterification to MUFA and that loss of its activity increases Xbp-1s-mediated FC synthesis. It is likely that the accumulation of FC enhances Xbp-1 splicing, induces LXR transcriptional activity, and increases ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter A1) expression to maintain cholesterol homeostasis.
Intestinal epithelial responses to enteric pathogens: effects on the tight junction barrier, ion transport, and inflammation

The effects of pathogenic organisms on host intestinal epithelial cells are vast. Innumerable signalling pathways are triggered leading ultimately to drastic changes in physiological functions. Here, the ways in which enteric bacterial pathogens utilise and impact on the three major physiological functions of the intestinal epithelium are discussed: alterations in the structure and function of the tight junction barrier, induction of fluid and electrolyte secretion, and activation of the inflammatory cascade. This field of investigation, which was virtually non-existent a decade ago, has now exploded, thus rapidly expanding our understanding of bacterial pathogenesis. Through increased delineation of the ways in which microbes alter host physiology, we simultaneous gain insight into the normal regulatory mechanisms of the intestinal epithelium.
An Eddy-Permitting Southern Ocean State Estimate

Abstract An eddy-permitting general circulation model of the Southern Ocean is fit by constrained least squares to a large observational dataset during 2005–06. Data used include Argo float profiles, CTD synoptic sections, Southern Elephant Seals as Oceanographic Samplers (SEaOS) instrument-mounted seal profiles, XBTs, altimetric observations [Envisat, Geosat, Jason-1, and Ocean Topography Experiment (TOPEX)/Poseidon], and infrared and microwave radiometer observed sea surface temperature. An adjoint model is used to determine descent directions in minimizing a misfit function, each of whose elements has been weighted by an estimate of the observational plus model error. The model is brought into near agreement with the data by adjusting its control vector, here consisting of initial and meteorological boundary conditions. Although total consistency has not yet been achieved, the existing solution is in good agreement with the great majority of the 2005 and 2006 Southern Ocean observations and better repr...
Synthetic tomography of plume clusters and thermochemical piles

article i nfo Article history: Seismic tomography elucidates broad, low shear-wave velocity structures in the lower mantle beneath Africa and the central Pacific with uncertain physical and compositional origins. One hypothesis suggests that these anomalies are caused by relatively hot and intrinsically dense material that has been swept into large thermochemical piles by mantle flow. An alternative hypothesis suggests that they are instead poorly imaged clusters of narrow thermal plumes. Geodynamical calculations predict fundamentally different characters of the temperature fields of plume clusters and thermochemical piles. However the heterogeneous resolution of tomographic models makes direct comparison between geodynamical temperature fields and tomographic shear-wave anomalies tenuous at best. Here, we compute synthetic tomographic images for 3D spherical mantle convection models and evaluate how well thermal plumes and thermochemical piles can be reconciled with actual seismic tomography images. Geodynamical temperature fields are converted to shear-wave velocity using experimental and theoretical mineral physics constraints. The resultant shear-wave velocity fields are subsequently convolved with the resolution operator from seismic model S20RTS to mimic the damping and distortion associated with heterogeneous seismic sampling of the mantle. We demonstrate that plume clusters are tomographically blurred into two broad, antipodal velocity anomalies in agreement with S20RTS and other global seismic models. Large, thermochemical piles are weakly distorted by the tomographic filter. The power spectrum of velocity heterogeneity peaks at spherical harmonic degree 3, unlike the degree-2 maximum in S20RTS, but decays rapidly similar to S20RTS and many other seismic models. Predicted tomography from thermochemical pile and plume cluster models correlate equally well with S20RTS given the uncertainties in the numerical modeling parameters. However, thermochemical piles match tomography better in visual comparison and in the overall character of the harmonic spectrum.
Growth of gallium nitride via iodine vapor phase growth

Thick layers of gallium nitride have been deposited on 1µm thick MOVPE GaN(0001) thin film substrates using a novel vertical iodine vapor phase epitaxy system. The system features three concentric flow zones that separate the reactant gasses until they reached the substrate. Nitrogen flows through the innermost zone and delivers iodine vapor from an external bubbler to the molten Ga maintained at ∼1040 °C and GaI to the substrate; high-purity ammonia flows through the outermost zone; and nitrogen flows through the middle zone to prevent reaction between the growth species at the GaI nozzle. Growth rates greater than 75 µm/hr have been achieved at a V/III ratio of 75. The use of higher V/III ratios resulted in lower growth rates. Optical microscopy of the final growth surfaces revealed spiral hillocks with base diameters as large as 1mm. Increased Ga in the vapor phase resulted in a duplex microstructure containing both hillocks and faceted, oriented crystals overgrowing the hillocks. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ethics, Pandemics, and the Duty to Treat

Numerous grounds have been offered for the view that healthcare workers have a duty to treat, including expressed consent, implied consent, special training, reciprocity (also called the social contract view), and professional oaths and codes. Quite often, however, these grounds are simply asserted without being adequately defended or without the defenses being critically evaluated. This essay aims to help remedy that problem by providing a critical examination of the strengths and weaknesses of each of these five grounds for asserting that healthcare workers have a duty to treat, especially as that duty would arise in the context of an infectious disease pandemic. Ultimately, it argues that none of the defenses is currently sufficient to ground the kind of duty that would be needed in a pandemic. It concludes by sketching some practical recommendations in that regard.
Reduced MHD in nearly potential magnetic fields

Reduced, approximate MHD equations are derived for the case where the magnetic field is close to a potential field. The potential field can have an arbitrary three-dimensional structure, as long as it is non-vanishing. Finite current and pressure effects are included.
The effect of a novel intergenic polymorphism (rs11774572) on HDL-cholesterol concentrations depends on TaqIB polymorphism in the cholesterol ester transfer protein gene

Abstract Background and aims Several genes have been shown to individually affect plasma lipoprotein metabolism in humans. Studies on gene–gene interactions could offer more insight into how genes affect lipid metabolism and may be useful in predicting lipid concentrations. We tested for gene–gene interactions between TaqIB SNP in the cholesterol ester transfer protein ( CETP ) and three novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), namely rs11774572, rs7819412 and rs6995374 for their effect on metabolic syndrome (MetS) components and related traits. Methods and results The aforementioned SNPs were genotyped in 1002 subjects who participated in the Genetics of Lipid Lowering Drugs and Diet Network (GOLDN) study. Lipids were measured by standard procedures and lipoprotein subfractions, by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Polymorphism rs11774572 was significantly associated with MetS ( P =0.020), mainly driven by the association of the C allele with lower HDL-C ( P =0.043) and higher triglycerides ( P =0.049) and insulin ( P =0.040) concentrations than TT subjects. A significant interaction between SNPs rs11774572 and CETP -TaqIB SNPs was found for HDL-C concentrations ( P =0.006) and for HDL ( P =0.008) and LDL particle sizes ( P =0.009), small LDL ( P =0.004), and VLDL concentrations ( P =0.021), in which TT homozygotes displayed higher HDL-C concentrations and for HDL and LDL particle sizes, and lower small LDL and VLDL concentrations than C carriers, if they were CETP B2 allele carriers ( P values ranging from Conclusions The rs11774572 polymorphism may play a role in the dyslipidemia that characterizes MetS. The interaction between rs11774572 and CETP -TaqIB SNPs on HDL-C concentrations provides some insights into the underlying mechanisms.
Multi-level Layout Optimization for Efficient Spatio-temporal Queries on ISABELA-compressed Data

The size and scope of cutting-edge scientific simulations are growing much faster than the I/O subsystems of their runtime environments, not only making I/O the primary bottleneck, but also consuming space that pushes the storage capacities of many computing facilities. These problems are exacerbated by the need to perform data-intensive analytics applications, such as querying the dataset by variable and spatio-temporal constraints, for what current database technologies commonly build query indices of size greater than that of the raw data. To help solve these problems, we present a parallel query-processing engine that can handle both range queries and queries with spatio-temporal constraints, on B-spline compressed data with user-controlled accuracy. Our method adapts to widening gaps between computation and I/O performance by querying on compressed metadata separated into bins by variable values, utilizing Hilbert space-filling curves to optimize for spatial constraints and aggregating data access to improve locality of per-bin stored data, reducing the false positive rate and latency bound I/O operations (such as seek) substantially. We show our method to be efficient with respect to storage, computation, and I/O compared to existing database technologies optimized for query processing on scientific data.
On failure dependent protection in optical grooming networks

Resiliency to link failures in optical networks is becoming increasingly important due to the increasing data rate in the fiber. Path protection schemes attempt to guarantee a backup path for a connection upon a failure in the network, thereby reducing the recovery time for a connection. In this paper, we develop a failure dependent path protection scheme that dynamically assigns a primary path and backup paths, one for each failure that would affect the primary path. A connection established on the primary path will be re-established on its backup path only if a failure in the network affects the connection. We evaluate the performance of our developed protocol and compare with an alternative approach based on sub-graph routing that achieves high network utilization and low blocking probability at the cost of re-establishing connections even if the failure in the network does not affect the primary path of the connection. We observe that up to a factor of eight reduction in the number of reconfiguration scenarios is achieved with less than 10% reduction in effective network utilization and less than 3% reduction in fairness metrics for tolerating any single link failure in NSFNET and ARPA-2 networks. The failure dependent protection approach developed in this paper is also applicable to any general failure scenarios that are modeled as shared risk link group failures.
Correlation of Muscle Function and Bone Strain in the Hindlimb of the River Cooter Turtle (Pseudemys concinna)

During terrestrial locomotion, limb muscles must generate mechanical work and stabilize joints against the ground reaction force. These demands can require high force production that imposes substantial loads on limb bones. To better understand how muscle contractile function influences patterns of bone loading in terrestrial locomotion, and refine force platform equilibrium models used to estimate limb bone safety factors, we correlated in vivo recordings of femoral strain with muscle activation and strain in a major propulsive hindlimb muscle, flexor tibialis internus (FTI), of a species with a published model of hindlimb force production (river cooter turtles, Pseudemys concinna). Electromyography (EMG) recordings indicate FTI activity prior to footfall that continues through approximately 50% of the stance phase. Large EMG bursts occur just after footfall when the muscle has reached its maximum length and is beginning to actively shorten, concurrent with increasing compressive strain on the anterior femur. The FTI muscle shortens through 35% of stance, with mean fascicle shortening strains reaching 14.0 ± 5.4% resting length (L0 ). At the time of peak compressive strains on the femur, the muscle fascicles remain active, but fascicles typically lengthen until mid-stance as the knee extends. Influenced by the activity of the dorsal knee extensor femorotibialis, the FTI muscle continues to passively lengthen simultaneously with knee extension and a shift to tensile axial strain on the anterior femur at approximately 40% of stance. The near coincidence in timing of peak compressive bone strain and peak muscle shortening (5.4 ± 4.1% stance) indicates a close correlation between the action of the hip extensor/knee flexor, FTI, and femoral loading in the cooter hindlimb. In the context of equilibrium models of limb bone loading, these results may help explain differences in safety factor estimates observed between previous force platform and in vivo strain analyses in cooters.
Desafíos en investigación, desarrollo e innovación en alimentos y nutrición

Las actividades de investigacion, desarrollo e innovacion (I+D+i) en las ciencias de los alimentos y de la nutricion han tenido diferentes enfoques a traves de los anos. Se presentan algunos desafios actuales en estas materias, representados fundamentalmente por modificaciones significativas en los patrones de consumo asociadas a los cambios epidemiologicos observados en las ultimas decadas, donde destaca la alta prevalencia de enfermedades cronicas no transmisibles. Las personas han comprendido que los alimentos son determinantes de su bienestar, y estan dispuestas a elegir productos que se asocian a una mantencion u optimizacion de la salud y a la reduccion de factores de riesgo de las enfermedades asociadas al aumento de la longevidad. La I+D+i actual debe hacerse cargo de las dudas del consumidor preocupado por su bienestar, esta estrechamente ligada al area biomedica y requiere de la complementacion entre investigadores de formacion diversa capacitados para, en conjunto, lograr una vision integral y sistemica del individuo como sujeto en si y como miembro de la sociedad. Innovar en alimentos y nutricion para la salud representa un gran desafio para realizar una investigacion multidisciplinaria, asociativa, complementaria, la que requiere de profesionales que posean las competencias necesarias para lograr esta meta.
Magnetic Moment and Magnetization

The intrinsic magnetic properties of materials refer to the origin, magnitude, and directions of atomic magnetic dipole moments; the nature of the interaction between atomic magnetic dipole moments on neighboring atoms in the solid; whether these result in collective magnetic phenomena; and the resulting temperature dependence of the magnetization. Materials exhibiting collective magnetic response possess additional intrinsic magnetic properties, including the strength of the coupling of magnetic moments to one another and to crystallographic directions, magnetoelastic coupling coefficients, and the temperature(s) at which magnetic phase transformations occur. The intrinsic magnetic properties of species at surfaces and interfaces are known to be distinctly different from those of the bulk in many cases. In this articles the theory of intrinsic magnetic properties, specifically of dipole moment and magnetization, as well as theory and examples of collective magnetic response are achieved. Keywords: magnetic field quantities; atomic origin; magnetic dipole moments; magnetization; superconductors; coupling; antiferromagnetism; ferromagnetism; heisenberg model; exchange interactions; collective magnetism
Methodology for modeling the devolatilization of refuse-derived fuel from thermogravimetric analysis of municipal solid waste components

The capacity of waste-to-energy (WTE) plants in the U.S. is expected to double by the year 2000. Many of these plants will burn refuse-derived fuel (RDF) consisting of municipal solid waste (MSW) components. A large percentage of the mass of RDF is volatile matter, which when combusted, contributes significantly to the boiler heat rate. A methodology is presented for estimating the devolatilization characteristics of RDF based on the premise that RDF can be modeled as some combination of select MSW components. Thermogravimetric analyses of these components provide the input data to the methodology. The outputs from the methodology are calculations of volatile weight loss versus temperature, or calculated thermograms, for the components at userdefined conditions. The hypothesis was made that these thermograms could be summed, given the mix of components in the RDF, to give an accurate description of the devolatilization process for the RDF. This hypothesis was tested by performing thermogravimetric analysi...
The Gaseous Environment of the Chick Embryo in Relation to Its Development and Hatchability 4. Effect of Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen Levels During the Period of the Thirteenth through the Sixteenth Days of Incubation

Abstract IN CONTINUATION of an investigation previously reported (Taylor et al., 1956), experiments were conducted on the exposure of incubating eggs to various O2 and CO2 levels for the period of the 97th through the 192nd hrs. of incubation. Experimental incubators, gas supply and analytical equipment, methods of administration of gases, hatching egg source and the paired-egg distribution between control and experimental lots were the same as previously described. Relative hatchabilities of experimental lots were calculated on the basis of the control hatchability equalling 100. Control and experimental lots of eggs were set in the Experimental machines and incubated in a normal manner for the first 96 hrs., then gases were administered for the experimental conditions during the next 96 hrs. Assignment of control and experimental lots was rotated among the Experimental incubators used. At the end of 192 hrs. of incubation, the eggs were removed from the Experimental incubators, transferred…
The performance of binary transmission in slow Nakagami-fading channels with MRC diversity

This letter presents equations which describe an average weighted spectrum of errors and average block-error probabilities for noncoherent frequency-shift keying (NCFSK) used in D-branch maximal ratio combining (MRC) diversity in independent very slow nonselective Nakagami-fading channels. The average is formed over the instantaneous receiver signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) after combining. The analysis is limited to additive Gaussian noise.
"The Embarrassment of Riches;" an historical theme for a children's health agenda in 21st century America.

How can the United States use its immense wealth to create an agenda for children in the 21st century? The field of maternal and child health must strengthen and broaden the social strategies needed to overcome the changing demography and diminished political place of children in society, globally. Four approaches are proposed: First, adopting a life-course orientation emphasizes the continuities of the early part of life with the conditions, developmental tasks, and health problems of the rest of the life cycle; it makes maternal and child health relevant to health and well being across the entire life span. Second, shifting to a focus on the multiple determinants of population health will overcome the limitations of a medical model that is narrowly concerned with etiological risk factors for disease and medical interventions; in particular, poverty among children must be addressed on a global scale. Third, promoting social justice for children demands an open political discussion of the moral and ethical foundations of child health. Finally, preventing health problems across the life span requires a new set of population level, univeral intervention strategies. These fundamental principles are proposed to stimulate a discussion of how to make our field more influential in the 21st century.
The Challenge of the Composition Effect

I study the composition effect of Duffee (2005), which describes the procyclicality of the covariance between consumption growth and stock returns induced by the time-varying fraction of the stock market in the investors' portfolio. I show that the effect of the changing fraction of the stock market is offset by the opposite change in the volatility of corporate cash flows. The volatility of corporate earnings growth is countercyclical and its offsetting effect is strong enough to overturn the composition effect and to make the consumption growth countercyclical. This mechanism is also successful in explaining the appearance of the composition effect in the samples ending in 1999-2001 when the volatility changes did not match the large changes in the stock market fraction. For the consumption-based asset pricing models with several components of the investors' wealth to be immune from the composition effect and be consistent with the data, they must contain the same property of countercyclical volatility of corporate cash flows.
Female Partners for Male Police: The Effect on Shooting Responses

Sixteen male state police troopers with either a male or a female partner responded to a training film designed to provoke impulsive aggression. Troopers and partners fired blank loads directly at a movie screen when they felt it would have been appropriate to do so had the situations depicted in the movie been occurring in real life. The hypothesis, that female presence would affect shooting responses of male troopers, was confirmed. Troopers with female partners fired more often and with fewer errors than did troopers with male partners. The results are discussed in terms of two models of aggressive behavior and the practical applications of the findings.
Perspective: the serum dilution test

Presentation des raisons pour lesquelles le test de dilution du serum a suscite peu d'interet en vue de sa normalisation
Clinical perspectives on primary and secondary prevention of coronary atherosclerosis.

Several clinical trials have provided compelling evidence in support of the benefits of lipid-lowering therapy for primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerosis. The results of primary prevention trials have demonstrated that coronary morbidity can be reduced and survival improved with effective lipid-lowering regimens. There has been concern, however, regarding harmful effects (e.g., increased rate of suicide and increased risk of gastrointestinal cancer) of cholesterol-lowering therapies in primary prevention trials. These concerns are not well supported by strong evidence, and there has been lack of a dose-response relationship. It is generally believed that for 1% reduction in serum cholesterol, there is a 2% reduction in the risk of coronary events. The results of numerous secondary prevention trials have clearly demonstrated the benefit of lipid-lowering therapies in reducing the risk of future cardiac events and cardiac mortality in patients with preexistent coronary artery disease. Several studies have shown that treatment regimens effective in reducing LDL cholesterol levels lead to regression of atherosclerotic plaques as well as retard the progression of the disease process. Interestingly, some of these studies have also shown that when measured angiographically, the luminal diameter at the site of stenotic lesions might improve only by an average of 2% to 3%; however, this small degree of improvement is associated with a remarkable reduction by 35% to 25% in the risk of future coronary events. These findings further corroborate the hypothesis about the importance of a lipid-rich cap of the vulnerable plaques and suggest that the reduction in lipid levels is associated with the efflux of lipids from the plaque, thus converting it from a vulnerable to a stable state. The most recent data from the 4S trial have unequivocally demonstrated the benefits of treatment with HMG coenzyme-A reductase inhibitors in reducing the risk of future coronary events and improving the overall survival in patients with established CHD. Although there is still ongoing controversy regarding the precise course of action for primary prevention of CHD, the results of a large number of studies provide overwhelming evidence in support of aggressive lipid-lowering therapy for secondary prevention of CHD. Based on the findings of these studies, it seems prudent that clinicians become actively involved in the evaluation and management of lipid abnormalities and other risk factors in patients with CHD.
Extensor Tendon Injuries

A thorough knowledge of anatomy, injury patterns, repair techniques, and evolving rehabilitation methods is necessary to best treat extensor tendon injuries. These injuries are conceptualized as occurring in one of eight zones, which are numbered distally to proximally in the hand and forearm. Even though surgical technique and rehabilitation are specific in each zone, injuries over and proximal to the proximal interphalangeal joint tend to yield less satisfactory results. Dynamic postoperative extension splinting is one factor that is improving long-term results.