cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimating nitrogen requirements for irrigated malting barley

Abstract The production of marketable malting barley requires careful N management to meet the quality standards set by the malting industry. Nine field trials were conducted over an eight‐year period at four locations to develop N fertilization guidelines for irrigated malting barley. Residual soil NO3‐N (0 to 60 cm) ranged from 15 to 103 kg N/ha. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied preplant as either urea or NH4NO3 at rates ranging from 0 to 269 kg N/ha. Maximum yields were obtained when the sum of residual plus applied N (available N) was above 110 kg N/ha. However, the percentage of plump kernels generally fell below acceptable levels (85%) when available N exceeded 135 kg N/ha. Grain protein exceeded acceptable levels (12%) when available N was above 210 kg N/ha. Stem NO3‐N sufficiency levels were determined from high‐yielding barley with acceptable quality parameters. At the three‐leaf stage, the barley stem NO3‐N sufficiency level was approximately 6,000 μg/g and decreased to about 1,000 μg/g at the ei...
Religion, education and the politics of recognition: a critique and a counter‐proposal

How should religion be integrated into school curriculum? The authors compare two recent controversies about religion in school curriculum to provide an overarching perspective that can guide educators in their efforts to use religion for pedagogical purposes. The first controversy concerns curriculum approved by the California State Board of Education on ancient India and the second is a lesson approved by the Kerala State Board of Education textbook. Drawing upon political philosopher Nancy Fraser’s work, the authors argue that the first conflict is illustrative of a ‘politics of recognition’ while the second exemplifies a ‘politics of redistribution’. An analysis of the two cases provides an ethical framework that alerts us to the dangers and the possibilities of integrating religion in education. The authors propose that curriculum about religion that is based on a ‘politics of redistribution’ has the potential to contribute toward a more just and equitable society.
‘Keep the “L” Out of Los Angeles’: Race, Discourse, and Urban Modernity in 1920s Southern California

In the spring of 1926 the voters of Los Angeles were asked to decide whether to accept a modern rapid transit system for their metropolis. The referendum campaign, a watershed moment in American urban history, forced citizens to choose whether their rapidly growing city should develop into a centralized conurbation of skyscrapers linked by an extensive transit infrastructure, like New York and Chicago, or become a metropolis dominated by low-density development. Crucially, the campaign—charged with vivid rhetoric and metaphor, mobilized primarily by local newspapers—ultimately turned on Angelenos' conceptions of race and class and on their notions of what cosmopolitan urbanism entailed. By election day, urbanity no longer connoted for Angelenos towering skyscrapers and unlimited progress, but the specter of slums, ghettoes, and darkness, both metaphorical and literal, as Southern Californians chose to abandon Jazz Age modernity for a mythology of whiteness and suburban sunshine.
Effects of inplane constraints and curvature on composite plate behavior

Abstract An investigation into the behavior of unsymmetrically laminated anisotropic plates is carried out. Using the basic assumptions of linear plate theory and strain-displacement relations modified to account for small initial curvature, energy formulations are established and the Ritz method utilized to obtain solutions for static deflections and natural frequencies of vibration. The boundary condition with particular inplane restraints and the particular stacking arrangement are shown to have important effects on plate response when bending-extensional coupling is present. Small initial curvature is shown to greatly increase natural frequencies and may obscure the effects of bending-extensional coupling due to nonsymmetrical layering. The increase in lateral stiffness due to curvature is also shown to depend heavily on fiber orientation, orthotropicity and boundary conditions.
A new x-ray optics laboratory (XROL) at the ALS: mission, arrangement, metrology capabilities, performance, and future plans

The X-Ray Optics Laboratory (XROL) at the Advanced Light Source (ALS), a unique optical metrology lab, has been recently moved to a new, dedicated clean-room facility that provides improved environmental and instrumental conditions vitally required for high accuracy metrology with state-of-the-art X-ray optics. Besides the ALS, the XROL serves several DOE labs that lack dedicated on-site optical metrology capabilities, including the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) at SLAC and LBNL’s Center for X-Ray Optics (CXRO). The major role of XROL is to proactively support the development and optimal beamline use of x-ray optics. The application of different instruments available in the lab enables separate, often complementary, investigations and addresses of different potential sources of error affecting beamline performance. At the beamline, all the perturbations combine to produce a cumulative effect on the performance of the optic that makes it difficult to optimize the optic's operational performance. Ex situ metrology allows us to address the majority of the problems before the installation of the optic at a beamline, and to provide feedback on design and guidelines for the best usage of optics. We will review the ALS XROL mission, lab design and arrangement, ex situ metrology capabilities and performance, as well as the future plans for instrumentation upgrades. The discussion will be illustrated with the results of a broad spectrum of measurements of x-ray optics and optical systems performed at the XROL.
A cellular model for screening neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitors

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors are potential drug candidates because it has been well demonstrated that excessive production of nitric oxide critically contributes to a range of diseases. Most inhibitors have been screened in vitro using recombinant enzymes, leading to the discovery of a variety of potent compounds. To make inhibition studies more physiologically relevant and bridge the gap between the in vitro assay and in vivo studies, we report here a cellular model for screening NOS inhibitors. Stable transformants were generated by overexpressing rat neuronal NOS in HEK 293T cells. The enzyme was activated by introducing calcium ions into cells, and its activity was assayed by determining the amount of nitrite that was formed in culture medium using the Griess reagent. We tested a few NOS inhibitors with this assay and found that the method is sensitive, versatile, and easy to use. The cell-based assay provides more information than in vitro assays regarding the bioavailability of NOS inhibitors, and it is suitable for high-throughput screening.
Masticatory Ability and Performance: The Effects of Mutilated and Maloccluded Dentitions

Masticatory ability and performance are commonly used summary measures of masticatory function. Numerous studies have shown that masticatory ability and performance are diminished in subjects with mutilated dentitions, as well as in subjects wearing complete or removable partial dentures. Although not as potent a factor as the mutilated dentition, malocclusions also produce functional impairment. Class III malocclusions create the greatest functional impairment, followed by Class II and Class I malocclusions, respectively. Open-bite and cross-bite malocclusions also cause functional limitations. For individuals with complete dentitions, masticatory performance is directly related to areas of interocclusal contact and near contacts; this relation best explains why individuals with malocclusions have greater functional deficits. The ability to efficiently and effectively break down foods is important because the size of food particles swallowed has been related to digestion and evacuation times. In older individuals with missing teeth and dentures, impaired masticatory performance has been linked to gastrointestinal disturbances and malnutrition.
Temporal variance in lake communities: blue-green algae and the trophic cascade

Two examples, blue-green algal blooms and the fish-driven trophic cascade, illustrate important consequences of time scale dependency in lakes. Blue-green algae and fish populations are notably variable components of lake communities. The timing of colonization of the water column by blue-green algae, relative to population oscillations of grazers and other algal groups, determines the magnitude of subsequent blooms. Variability in colonization acts jointly with dynamic variability in herbivory to produce large fluctuations in blue-green algal concentration at time scales of weeks to years. Fishes exhibit high interannual variance in recruitment. Episodes of high recruitment cascade through lake food webs, inducing fluctuations in lower trophic levels at time scales of years to decades. Fishes, through their effects on herbivores, contribute to variability in blue-green algal blooms. Blue-green algae and fishes are foci of lake management, so analyses of their variable and scale-dependent interactions are important for applied limnology. Theories and models that address nonequilibrial dynamics, analyses of effects of time scale on correlations and experiments, and improved paleolimnological capabilities will yield valuable progress on temporal scale issues in limnology and ecology.
Nitrofuranyl heterocycles. XIII N‐methyl‐3‐methylthio‐5‐(5‐nitro‐2‐furanyl)‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazoles

A continuing search for new nitrofurans which might possess useful antimicrobial activity led to the synthesis of several 3-mercapto-5-(5-nitro-2-furanyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazoles and their methylated derivatives. This paper describes the preparation of these compounds together with proof of structure of the N-methylated products.
Information-seeking behavior in an applied research/service delivery setting

The area of rural mental health services was used as a testbed to study information-seeking behavior in a field that includes researchers, policymakers, and practitioners. Findings from a nationwide survey (n = 1666) describe the sources that were used to obtain information about various topics and the use and value of these sources by or to individuals in various work roles and settings. The findings demonstrate the importance of person-to-person communication; differences in the sources used, and the value placed on these sources, by individuals in different work roles and settings; and that information-seeking episodes generally involve using multiple sources (5.0) to obtain information about several topics (3.2).
Differential actions of diacyl- and alkylacylglycerols in priming phospholipase A2, 5-lipoxygenase and acetyltransferase activation in human neutrophils.

One aspect of human neutrophil (PMN) function during inflammation is formation of platelet-activating factor (PAF), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE), but production of these lipid mediators is limited if PMN are directly stimulated with soluble, physiologic agonists. In vitro, PMN activities can be enhanced by the process of primed-stimulation where cells are sequentially treated with non-stimulatory concentrations of different agonists. Many agents that prime PMN also induce production of 1,2-diacyl- and 1-O-alkyl-2-acylglycerols. Therefore, we investigated whether diglycerides were involved in priming PMN for production of lipid mediators. We previously described the ability of the diacylglycerol, 1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol (OAG), and its alkylacylglycerol analog, 1-O-octadecenyl-2-acetylglycerol (EAG), to prime phospholipase A2 (PLA2) for subsequent activation by a second stimulus. However, while OAG also primed 5-lipoxygenase activity (LTB4 and 5-HETE production), EAG priming inhibited LTB4 and 5-HETE formation. We now report the effects of diglyceride priming on acetyltransferase activation (PAF formation). PMN, prelabeled with 1-O-[9′,10′-3H]hexadecyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, were primed with OAG or EAG before stimulation. Neither OAG nor EAG induced formation of labeled PAF. Treatment of PMN with the chemotactic peptide, N-formyl-met-leu-phe (FMLP), induced low but significant production of PAF; PAF formation doubled in PMN primed with 20 μM OAG before FMLP stimulation while priming with 20 μM EAG more than tripled the level of PAF. Calcium ionophore strongly induced PAF formation; OAG priming before ionophore challenge had no effect but EAG priming further enhanced PAF formation. These results suggests a role for alkylacylglycerols in modulating the production of lipid mediators of inflammation.
What's So Special about RB?

RB, p107, and p130 are highly related proteins, each capable of regulating cellular proliferation. However, only RB is frequently mutated in cancer. In this issue of Cancer Cell , Chicas et al. shed new light on this conundrum, defining a "special," nonredundant role for RB in promoting cellular senescence.
Postnatal manganese exposure alters the expression of D2L and D2S receptor isoforms: relationship to PKA activity and Akt levels.

Postnatal manganese chloride (Mn) exposure causes persistent changes in presynaptic dopamine (DA) functioning (e.g., Mn reduces DA transporter levels and DA uptake), but evidence that Mn affects postsynaptic DA receptors and their associated second messenger systems is equivocal. Therefore, a goal of the pres- ent study was to determine whether exposing rats to Mn on postnatal days (PD) 1-21 would cause long-term alterations in D2 long (D2L) and D2 short (D2S) receptors that were detectible in adulthood (i.e., on PD 90). Signaling systems associated with D2 receptors were also assessed. Specifically, we measured protein kinase A (PKA) activ- ity in the dorsal striatum and prefrontal cortex (PFC), whereas immunoblotting was used to quantify phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) and phosphorylated ERK. Results showed that early Mn exposure caused a persistent elevation of D2L and D2S protein expres- sion in the dorsal striatum, as well as an increase in the number of D2 binding sites. Conversely, Mn reduced D2 specific binding in the PFC on PD 90. PKA activity of Mn- treated rats was enhanced in both the dorsal striatum and PFC, whereas p-Akt levels were elevated in the dorsal striatum. When considered together, these results suggest that postnatal Mn exposure either directly or indirectly alters the functioning of post- synaptic DA receptors. One possibility is that early Mn exposure depresses presynap- tic dopaminergic functioning and reduces DA levels, thereby causing an up-regulation of D2 receptors and a dysregulation of DA-associated signaling pathways. An alterna- tive explanation is that early Mn exposure affects D2 receptors and PKA/p-Akt levels via independent mechanisms. Synapse 65:583-591, 2011. V C 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Infrared portable calibration unit

Often the need arises for calibration of infrared systems in the environment of intended use, or field environment. The development of a field calibration platform for performance testing of infrared (IR) imaging and spectral analysis instrumentation is discussed. The calibration hardware is required to provide precise and traceable standards over a range of tests including minimum resolvable temperature difference (MRTD), noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD), minimum detectable temperature difference (MDTD), and modulation transfer function (MTF) for imaging systems, and known spectral content output for Fourier transform infrared radiometers (FTIR) and other spectral analysis instruments. The equipment package must consist of non-development components, and be portable, reliable, and repeatable under field conditions.
Hydraulic Efficiency in RANS of the Flow in Multichambered Contactors

AbstractAccurate and practical models are in demand for optimization of ozone contactor designs. This paper reports results from Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes simulation (RANS) of the flow and passive nonreactive tracer transport inside a multichambered, laboratory-scale ozone contactor using a structured, collocated, finite volume discretization. Simulations are posed following previously published laboratory experiments. Results are presented in terms of velocity distributions, tracer concentration distributions, and tracer residence times. The flow is characterized by short-circuiting and dead zone regions that reduce the hydraulic (disinfection) efficiency or baffling performance of the contactor. RANS-predicted cumulative residence time distribution (RTD) of the tracer (released at the inflow as a pulse) is shown to be in excellent agreement with published experimental data despite the under resolution of the RANS methodology compared with better-resolved methodologies, such as large-eddy simulatio...
Cyst formation versus poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid accumulation in azotobacter

Abstract Azotobacter vinelandii ATCC 12837 when incubated on Burk agar containing 0.2 mg glucose ml −1 accumulated poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) prior to cyst formation. Addition of low levels of NH 4 Cl, urea or adenine caused an increase in cyst formation, but PHB accumulation was reduced. Hypoxanthine and inosine also stimulated cyst formation on this medium although PHB accumulation was not reduced. When cultivated on Burk agar containing 0.2 mg β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) ml −1 , A. vinelandii cells did not accumulate large amounts of PHB prior to cyst formation. Addition of hypoxanthine, inosine, cAMP, AMP or adenine stimulated cyst formation on this medium. Again, PHB accumulation was not affected. It is concluded that cyst formation by Azotobacter does not require the accumulation of more than minimal amounts of PHB, and that the ratio and types of available carbon and nitrogen play a distinct role in encystment. In nature, Azotobacter probably encounters only small amounts of available carbon, but the environment also contains low concentrations of available nitrogen. It would seem that numerous cysts can be formed, without a requirement for hyper-accumulation of PHB, under these conditions.
FIRST RESULTS FROM A RETARDING FIELD ANGLE-RESOLVED ANALYZER

Abstract A retarding field display analyzer, similar to that used in LEED, is discussed. It uses four retarding field grids and projects the electron distribution onto a hemispherical phosphor screen. However, this analyzer has no coaxial electron gun, which permits measurements of electron intensity over a large angular range. A fiber-optic faceplate projects the hemispherical image onto a plane, where the light intensity is measured ex situ with a high dynamic range CCD camera. This analyzer is optimized for angle-resolved Auger and photoemission spectroscopy. We evaluate the effectiveness of this analyzer for the measurement of angle-resolved diffraction patterns for use in electron holography.
NH4(+) + CH4 gas phase collisions as a possible analogue to protonated peptide/surface induced dissociation.

Results are reported for a direct dynamics simulation of NH4+ + CH4 gas phase collisions. We interpret the results with protonated peptide/hydrogenated alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayer (H-SAM) surface collisions in mind. Previous theoretical studies of such systems have made use of nonreactive surfaces, and therefore, our goal is to investigate the types and likelihood of peptide/H-SAM reactions. In that vein, the NH4+ + CH4 reaction represents a simple gas phase system which includes many of the important interactions present in protonated peptide/H-SAM surfaces. Thirty-seven open pathways are seen in the 5−35 eV collision energy range. An energy dependence on the likelihood of forming CN bonds is found. This type of bonding could deposit both the peptide and its molecular fragments on the H-SAM surface. For our gas phase collision system, around 50% of the trajectories result in the formation of CN bonds. For all collision energies in which reactive scattering occurs, CN bond formation is an impo...
The impact of denial on health-related quality of life in patients with HIV.

Background/purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of denial coping on quality of life (QOL) over time among individuals living with HIV, as denial has been understudied as a coping strategy within the literature on HIV/AIDS.
JUSTIFICATION FOR DIRECT REGULATION OF CONSUMER CREDIT REAPPRAISED

ONE MIGHT THINK because Regulation W had expired that it is a dead issue and that further consideration of it is academic. That is not the case. When advocacy of consumer credit regulation is expressed by a presidential candidate, as it was by Governor Stevenson, and when many economists and bankers indorse this form of selective credit control, as was indicated in replies to a Congressional Subcommittee on General Credit Control and Debt Management, this is ample evidence that while the regulation itself may have expired the thinking which would reinstate it is but dormant. A discussion of direct regulation of consumer credit today, however, need not be the same as it was ten years ago. Then it seemed plausible that restrictions upon credit buying by consumers would lessen demand, check price rises, and even counteract cyclical tendencies. Having meanwhile seen that those ends were not accomplished by it, and having learned more about such credit than was previously known, we are in a position today to appraise regulatory theories in the light of experience and facts. Behind the reasoning that through consumer credit regulation inflation could be curbed and scarce materials diverted to wartime uses were certain basic assumptions: 1. That a consumer's normal purchasing power is increased by his use of credit. 2. That consumers will use all the credit they can get. 3. That general economic activity rises and falls in response to consumer credit buying. 4. That an increase in consumers' use of credit results in an increase in money (demand deposits) in circulation. 5. That in the use of credit consumers are impelled by emotional rather than rational considerations. These assumptions lead to the conclusion that consumer credit can be dealt with like commercial credit or like the supply of money, and that by general and selective credit controls the economy might be expanded or contracted as the need may be. These con-
From Contract to Status: Perspectives on Employment Seniority*

Length of service as a criterion governing personnel decisions is a widely applied normative principle. Contractual agreements that provide that employees' status with respect to promotion and layoff be based on seniority serve to limit discrimination and favoritism, remove an element of competition among workers, and provide a form of social insurance against the contingencies of aging. This status variable is sometimes erroneously perceived as “job ownership.” Decline of labor turnover, the aging of the labor force, and growth of pension programs reinforce concern about seniority. Expectations based on seniority have been challenged under the Civil Rights Act by former discriminatees who question the fairness of the rank ordering. In times of declining opportunity seniority as an allocative device assumes greater importance, while in a utopia, where all jobs are equally satisfying and there is full employment, seniority would be irrelevant.
Primary care: proposed solutions to the physician shortage without training more physicians.

The adult primary care “physician shortage” is more accurately portrayed as a gap between the adult population’s demand for primary care services and the capacity of primary care, as currently deli...
Graphs associated with triangulations of lattice polygons

Two graphs, the edge crossing graph E and the triangle graph T are associated with a simple lattice polygon. The maximal independent sets of vertices of E and T are derived including a formula for the size of the fundamental triangles. Properties of E and T are derived including a formula for the size of the maximal independent sets in E and T. It is shown that T is a factor graph of edge-disjoint 4-cycles, which gives corresponding geometric information, and is a partition graph as recently defined by the authors and F. Harary.
AKAPs in lipid rafts are required for optimal antigen presentation by dendritic cells

Dendritic cell (DC) maturation and antigen presentation are regulated by activation of protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathways, through unknown mechanisms. We have recently shown that interfering with PKA signaling through the use of anchoring inhibitor peptides hinders antigen presentation and DC maturation. These experiments provide evidence that DC maturation and antigen presentation are regulated by A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs). Herein, we determine that the presence of AKAPs and PKA in lipid rafts regulates antigen presentation. Using a combination of western blotting and immuno-cytochemistry, we illustrate the presence of AKAP149, AKAP79, Ezrin and the regulatory subunits of PKA in DC lipid rafts. Incubation of DCs with the type II anchoring inhibitor, AKAP-in silico (AKAP-IS), removes Ezrin and RII from the lipid raft without disrupting raft formation. Addition of a lipid raft disruptor, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, blocks the efficacy of AKAP-IS, suggesting that the lipid raft must be intact for AKAP-IS to inhibit antigen presentation. Ezrin and AKAP79 are present in the lipid raft of stimulated KG1 cells, but Ezrin is not present in the lipid raft of unstimulated KG1 cells and AKAP79 levels are greatly diminished, suggesting that Ezrin and AKAP79 may be the key AKAPs responsible for regulating antigen presentation.
Advanced metering infrastructure's measurement of working, reflected, and detrimental active power in microgrids

With the increasing popularity of renewable energy sources and harmonic generating loads, issues with power quality can be addressed with the help of the advanced metering infra- structure (AMI). Power quality is a major issue with microgrids because they tend to have low short circuit power with higher levels of harmonic distortion and asymmetry than major power grids. Energy delivered to the customer by distorted and asymmetrical voltages and currents can be composed of a useful component and a component that can be harmful to customers and/or the utility. Unfortunately, traditional analog based energy meters are incapable of distinguishing these components and billing for them appropriately. Using a new concept of working, detrimental, and reflected active power, via the advanced metering infrastructure, sources of degradation can be pinpointed so entities responsible for harmonic distortion and asymmetry can be made aware of the issue. A model of a microgrid bus will demonstrate the con- sequences of distortion and asymmetry. Enforcing penalties can result in better voltage and current profiles thus increasing the overall efficiency of the microgrid for a minimal cost of software updates to AMI meters.
A 2-D biharmonic equation for the displacement of an isotropic Kelvin–Voigt viscoelastic plate

Cancellous bone can be regarded as a lattice of asymptotically small rods and plates. In this article, a thin plate of an isotropic Kelvin–Voigt viscoelastic material with a thickness ϵ ≪ 1 is considered. This thickness leads to asymptotic expansions of the displacement, stress and strain tensors, and of the change in the volumetric fraction of solid bone in the bone matrix. A rate equation describing the change in the volumetric fraction with respect to time governs the remodeling process of bone deposition and reabsorption. It has linear and quadratic terms of strain tensors and thus, its own asymptotic expansion. This expansion's leading term is used in some simple numerical simulations.
Creating a rocket-building institution - The history of the Marshall Space Flight Center

This paper will examine the early history of NASA Marshall Space Flight Center to identify major changes in the Center during the period that it was responsible for developing the Saturn family of launch vehicles. The principal conclusion is that the unique change experienced by Marshall during the Saturn era was its shift from an in-house, self-sustaining organization to an institution responsible for managing the Saturn-related performance of a nationwide network of aerospace contractors.
Improved Aluminum Coatings For The Ultraviolet

Highly reflective aluminum coatings or aluminum coatings with dielectric overcoats are frequently used in the ultraviolet. The reflectance values published by Hass and his group are generally accepted for this uv region. We have produced evaporated aluminum coatings for a wide range of deposition conditions and none of our coatings exhibit the Hass reflectance characteristics. The reflectance of our coatings appear to be independent of the evaporation pressure and deposition time or rate. Our coatings do not have the characteristic decrease in reflectance with decreasing wavelength. Our main attention has been focused on the origin of a reflectance dip for each of our coatings near 300 nm. This dip has apparently not been reported before and does not appear to be due to adsorbed layers on the film or due to trapped impurities within the film.
A PROSOCIAL MEDIA STRATEGY: “Youth Against Violence: Choose to De-Fuse”

The role of television in encouraging youth violence, and its potential as a prosocial teaching tool are examined. A media strategy developed by New York City in collaboration with inner-city youth exposed to violence, which focused on positive peer pressure for choosing nonviolent solutions to conflict is then delineated, along with the community and media coverage that followed. The effectiveness of the televised public service announcements appeared to be associated with the use of emotionally charged, real-life situations, speech, and body language by characters culturally appropriate to the target audience of at-risk youth.
An orthodontic perspective after 75 years.

O n the cornerstone of the Bureau of Archives in Washington is engraved the following: "The heritages of the past are the seeds that bring forth the harvest of the future." No statement could be more appropriate for this occasion, as we gather on the seventy-fifth anniversary of the American Association of Orthodontists and the founding of orthodontics as a specialty, the oldest and largest in dentistry. I t is only fitting that we honor our 50-Year Golden Anniversary Group at the same time. When you gentlemen started in practice in 1925, many of those who had been instrumental in the founding of the American Association of Orthodontists (or the American Society of Orthodontists, as it was called then) were still alive or had passed on only recently. Clint Howard, who was the first to demonstrate the orthopedic effects of the Milwaukee brace on the jaws and teeth, was president of the Society that year. If you attended the annual orthodontic meeting in Atlanta, you very likely ran into Henry A. Baker, remembered for his use of intermaxillary rubber bands or Baker anchorage, Victor Hugo Jackson, Benno Lischer, Martin Dewey, Fred Noyes, John Mershon, Albert Ketcham, George Grieve, Spencer Atkinson, Lloyd Lourie, J. Lowe Young, A. Leroy Johnson, Jo Eby, and Hayes Nance, to mention just a few. Orthodontic texts in 1925 by Calvin Case, 13 Edward Canning 14 (Angle's brother-in-law), and Paul Simon 4 were current and choice, and Angle was putting the finishing touches on his "latest and best," the edgewise appliance. The first international meeting was being arranged, to be held in New York the following year. Perhaps many of you Golden Anniversary men could tell anecdotes that were recounted by these men as they shaped the destinies of orthodontics in those formative years after the turn of the century. These stories form a good basis for character analysis and assessment of motivations of our pioneers.
Hydrogen peroxide-induced c-fos expression is mediated by arachidonic acid release: role of protein kinase C

Abstract We found previously that stimulation of c-fos and c-myc mRNA expression are early events in hydrogen peroxide-induced growth in rat aortic smooth muscle (RASM) cells. In the present study, we investigated the role of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and protein kinase C (PKC) in mediating hydrogen peroxide-induced c-fos mRNA expression in RASM cells. Mepacrine and p-bromophenacylbromide, potent inhibitors of PLA2 activity, blocked hydrogen peroxide-induced c-fos mRNA expression. Arachidonic acid, a product of PLA2 activity, stimulated the expression of c-fos mRNA with a time course similar to that of hydrogen peroxide. PKC down-regulation attenuated both hydrogen peroxide and arachidonic acid-induced c-fos mRNA expression by 50%. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (a lipoxygenase-cytochrome P450 monooxygenase inhibitor) significantly inhibited both hydrogen peroxide and arachidonic acid-induced c-fos mRNA expression, whereas indomethacin (a cyclooxygenase inhibitor) had no effect. Together, these findings indicate that 1) hydrogen peroxide-induced c-fos mRNA expression is mediated by PLA2-dependent arachidonic acid release, 2) both PKC-dependent and independent mechanisms are involved in hydrogen peroxide-induced expression of c-fos mRNA and 3) arachidonic acid metabolism via the lipoxygenase-cytochrome P450 monooxygenase pathway appears to be required for hydrogen peroxide-induced expression of c-fos mRNA.
ORIENTATION OF THE MAXILLA OF THE SARSIELLINAE (OSTRACODA)

Abstract The maxillae (fourth limbs) of myodocopine Ostracoda are difficult to interpret correctly because of their complexity, which has led to inaccurate descriptions of the limb in the literature. Maxillae of species of the Sarsiellinae are described and illustrated herein in their natural orientation on the body of the animal, and clues are presented to assist in more accurate descriptions of the limb when compressed under a cover slip. It is shown that the anterior-to-posterior sequence of the three endites of the protopod in the Sarsiellinae is the reverse of that in the Cypridinidae, Philomedidae, and Rutidermatidae.
Selected Chronic Physiological Disorders II

The intent of this review is to supply the reader, assumed to be a behavioral clinician, an overview of the assessment of selected physical disorders and their associated behavioral sequelae. We begin with a brief historical overview of the area to provide the reader with a basic conceptual foundation. Following the historical overview, a general assessment paradigm is presented. The individual disorders are presented next, along with specific assessment and diagnostic issues associated with each.
Sibling correlations in growth and adult morphology in a rural Colombian population.

SummaryCorrelations for body measurements between members of 207 pairs of school-aged and 116 pairs of adult siblings in a mestizo farming community of the Colombian Andes are comparable to those from previous studies of well nourished urban-industrial samples, both in magnitude and pattern of heritabilities. While the genetic potential in physical growth is impeded by undernutrition and disease in childhood in samples such as the present one, hereditary influences on the variability of growth and adult size appear to be as important in such populations as they are in well nourished ones. School-aged sibs have significantly higher correlations than adult sibs and parent-offspring pairs for some measurements, suggesting environmental contributions in physical resemblance of siblings. Fatfold correlations between adult sisters are persistently higher than those of other sib pairings when socio-economic differences, age, and seasonal variation in nutrition are held constant, implying a greater genetic basis ...
Ubiquitination of G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Functional Implications and Drug Discovery

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the largest and most diverse family of signaling receptors and control a vast array of physiological responses. Modulating the signaling responses of GPCRs therapeutically is important for the treatment of various diseases, and discovering new aspects of GPCR signal regulation is critical for future drug development. Post-translational modifications are integral to the regulation of GPCR function. In addition to phosphorylation, many GPCRs are reversibly modified with ubiquitin. Ubiquitin is covalently attached to lysine residues within the cytoplasmic domains of GPCRs by ubiquitin ligases and removed by ubiquitin-specific proteases. In many cases, ubiquitin functions as a sorting signal that facilitates trafficking of mammalian GPCRs from endosomes to lysosomes for degradation, but not all GPCRs use this pathway. Moreover, there are distinct types of ubiquitin conjugations that are known to serve diverse functions in controlling a wide range of cellular processes, suggesting broad roles for GPCR ubiquitination. In this review, we highlight recent studies that illustrate various roles for ubiquitin in regulation of GPCR function. Ubiquitination is known to target many GPCRs for lysosomal degradation, and current studies now indicate that basal ubiquitination, deubiquitination, and transubiquitination of certain GPCRs are important for controlling cell surface expression and cellular responsiveness. In addition, novel functions for ubiquitin in regulation of GPCR dimers and in mediating differential GPCR regulation induced by biased agonists have been reported. We will discuss the implications of these new discoveries for ubiquitin regulation of GPCR function in the context of drug development.
Combined equalization and decoding for IEEE 802.11b devices

Receivers for wireless local area networks based on the IEEE 802.11b standard are required to operate well in heavy multipath, as well as additive noise impairments. This paper discusses a practical approach to combined equalizing and decoding for IEEE 802.11b systems, based on the Fano sequential decoding algorithm. Simulation results are presented demonstrating the greatly improved performance attained using this algorithm to the performance obtained using separate equalization and decoding blocks. This method has been implemented in TI's ACX100 chip. Measured laboratory results are presented that demonstrate superior throughput results obtained from this device compared with throughputs obtained by competitive devices available on the market.
The Changing Field of ICTD: Growth and maturation of the field, 2000-2010

We report the results of a content analysis of 948 papers from selected peer reviewed journals and conferences published between 2000 and 2010 in the academic literature on the interdisciplinary field of Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICTD or ICT4D). Results indicate that the field has grown and matured dramatically since its early days, and traces some of the most salient shifts over time and across journals and conferences. Results indicate that the majority of the literature focuses on business and empowerment as the primary domains of ICTD work, and on ICT in general and on information systems as the most common technology objects of analysis, with a growing trend toward mobile phones. The dominant types of research questions are of descriptive, or of measurement or social change in nature, while the preferred paradigmatic stances overall are interpretivist, positivist and pragmatic. The preferred research methods are qualitative, mixed methods and quantitative. There is a predominance of technological approaches to ICTD rather than social ones, and the most frequent types of recommendations are related to more ICT infrastructure. Furthermore, most of the literature consists of studies of individual countries or of organizations, and the most frequent contributions are field studies and best practices, with a growing trend towards contributing theory and policy recommendations. This is the first-ever comprehensive analysis of the ICTD literature across multiple sources over ten years; it offers important insights about the trends and directions of research in the ICTD field.
Composition of Serum and Sensory Evaluation of Cooked‐Frozen‐Thawed Scrambled Eggs at Various Salt Levels

The effect of 0.0–1.0% salt on the amount and composition of serum expressed from cooked-frozen-thawed scrambled eggs at pH 6.8 and 7.6 was determined. Serum volume decreased with increasing concentration of salt but the total solids, protein, ash, lipids, sodium, chloride, potassium, iron and phosphorus levels in the serum increased. Some of the globulins and livetins were absent in DISC gel electrophoretograms at all salt concentrations while lipovitellin, ovomacroglobulin and albumen bands were more intense at levels above 0.4%. Sensory evaluation indicated that cooked-frozen-thawed-reheated scrambled egg was more intense in saltiness than fresh scrambled egg with equal amounts of added salt.
The Adverse Effect of Negative Comments About Weight and Shape From Family and Siblings on Women at High Risk for Eating Disorders

OBJECTIVE. Our purpose with this work was to examine the relationship between negative comments about weight, shape, and eating and social adjustment, social support, self-esteem, and perceived childhood abuse and neglect. METHODS. A retrospective study was conducted with 455 college women with high weight and shape concerns, who participated in an Internet-based eating disorder prevention program. Baseline assessments included: perceived family negative comments about weight, shape, and eating; social adjustment; social support; self-esteem; and childhood abuse and neglect. Participants identified 1 of 7 figures representing their maximum body size before age 18 and parental maximum body size. RESULTS. More than 80% of the sample reported some parental or sibling negative comments about their weight and shape or eating. Parental and sibling negative comments were positively associated with maximum childhood body size, larger reported paternal body size, and minority status. On subscales of emotional abuse and neglect, most participants scored above the median, and nearly one third scored above the 90th percentile. In a multivariate analysis, greater parental negative comments were directly related to higher reported emotional abuse and neglect. Maximum body size was also related to emotional neglect. Parental negative comments were associated with lower reported social support by family and lower self-esteem. CONCLUSIONS. In college women with high weight and shape concerns, retrospective reports of negative comments about weight, shape, and eating were associated with higher scores on subscales of emotional abuse and neglect. This study provides additional evidence that family criticism results in long-lasting, negative effects.
Ventilation effectiveness as an indicator of occupant exposure to particles from indoor sources

Abstract Ventilation effectiveness is an indicator of the quality of supply air distribution in ventilated rooms. It is a representation of how well a considered space is ventilated compared to a perfect air mixing condition. Depending on pollutant properties and source position relative to the airflow, ventilation effectiveness can more or less successfully be used as an indicator of air quality and human exposure. This paper presents an experimentally and numerically based study that examines the relationship between ventilation effectiveness and particle concentration in typical indoor environments. The results show that the relationship varies predominantly with airflow pattern and particle properties. Fine particles (1 μm) follow the airflow pattern more strictly than coarse particles (7 μm), and the high ventilation effectiveness indicates better removal of fine particles than coarse particles. When a ventilation system provides high mixing in the space and ventilation effectiveness is close to one, particle sizes and source location have a relatively small effect on particle concentration in the breathing zone. However, when the supply air is short circuited and large stagnation zones exist within the space, the particle concentration in the breathing zone varies with particle size, source location, and airflow pattern. Generally, the results show that for fine particles (1 μm), increase of ventilation effectiveness reduces occupant exposure; while for coarser particles (7 μm), source location and airflow around the pollutant source are the major variables that affect human exposure.
Celebrating the Jurisprudence of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg: Scrupulous in Applying the Law: Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Capital Punishment

Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg's appointment to the United States Supreme Court in 1993 coincided with rising concerns about the use of the death penalty in the United States. To date, Justice Ginsburg has not written a majority opinion upholding a death sentence. In Bell v. Cone, Justice Ginsburg joined a majority opinion written by Chief Justice Rehnquist that upheld a Tennessee death penalty by an eight to one vote, with Justice Stevens dissenting. The sentencing process used by South Carolina in Shafer had apparently been adopted by the State to get around the requirements of Simmons, but the majority opinion was content with correcting the process and did not offer any especially harsh words for the State. It is also significant in that it is only her third death penalty majority opinion for the Court, again in a case with a seven-to-two vote. No discussion of death penalty jurisprudence is complete without considering habeas corpus, a procedural area of the law that is intertwined with the rights of capital defendants. Penry II -- like Ring, Simmons, and Shafer -- is important because it reasserts the importance of the role of a fully in-formed jury as the basic foundation of a fair capital sentencing hearing.
The Achilles’ Heel of Cardiovascular Genetic Testing: Distinguishing Pathogenic Mutations From Background Genetic Noise

Although the etiologies of sudden cardiac death (SCD) are diverse, genetic mutations associated with cardiomyopathic and channelopathic diseases are major causes, and clinically available genetic tests offer the potential to identify at-risk family members, contribute to risk stratification, and guide therapeutic intervention. Recently, the first large-scale systematic studies exploring the background genetic “noise” rate of these tests have been conducted and offer guidance in interpreting positive genetic test results.
Time Series Analysis

Recall that in the previous chapter objective or quantitative forecasting methods were defined as forecasting methods that rely on a formalized underlying model to make predictions. They are further divided into time series and causal methods. Time series analysis is a forecasting method based on the fundamental assumption that future estimates are based on prior, historical values of the same variable. This implies that the historical pattern exhibited by the variable to be forecasted will extend into the future. In addition, it is implicitly assumed that historical data are available. The only independent variable in a forecasting model based on time series analysis is the time period. Time series forecasting methods are mostly used to forecast variables for the short to intermediate term. As such, time series methods are some of the forecasting techniques most often used by logisticians and are developed in further detail in this chapter.