cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maximum-Entropy States for Magnetized Ion Transport

Abstract For a plasma with fixed total energy, number of particles, and momentum, the distribution function that maximizes entropy is a Boltzmann distribution. If, in addition, the rearrangement of charge is constrained, as happens on ion-ion collisional timescales for cross-field multiple-species transport, the maximum-entropy state is instead given by the classic impurity pinch relation. The maximum-entropy derivation, unlike previous approaches, does not rely on the details of the collision operator or the dynamics of the system, only on the presence of certain conservation properties.
The Influence of Different Rotator Cuff Deficiencies on Shoulder Stability Following Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty.

Background The primary indication for reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) is rotator cuff arthropathy caused by a deficient rotator cuff. Cuff deficiency in patients is highly variable in its distribution and extent, with mechanical implications that may significantly affect post-operative recovery. This study investigated the effects of variable cuff deficiency on the propensity for impingement between the scapula and humeral component and resulting subluxation, the source of two common complications (scapular notching and instability). Methods Five different finite element models of an RSA were analyzed with varying degrees of rotator cuff deficiency: (1) baseline, with intact subscapularis, infraspinatus and teres minor, (2) no subscapularis, (3) no subscapularis or infraspinatus, (4) no infraspinatus, and (5) no infraspinatus or teres minor. The supraspinatus was not included in any models, as it is absent in rotator cuff arthropathy. Each model was moved through a prescribed arc of 45° internal/ external rotation originating from neutral. Results Greater rotator cuff deficiency was associated with more impingement and larger magnitudes of subluxation. The largest subluxation (7.5 mm) and highest impingement-related contact stress (479 MPa) was in the model lacking all rotator cuff muscle groups. Posterior subluxation was present in most models lacking the infraspinatus, while anterior subluxation was present in all models lacking the subscapularis. Conclusions This study helps clarify how different rotator cuff deficiencies influence shoulder stability following RSA and can ultimately help predict which patients may be at greater risk for impingement-related scapular notching and subluxation. Clinical Relevance Surgeons should carefully consider the nature of the rotator cuff deficiency and its influence on impingement and instability when planning for RSA.Level of Evidence: V.
Idea-Expression in Musical Analysis and the Role of the Intended Audience in Music Copyright Infringement

This Comment discusses the nature of music, its traditional recurrence and lending of material, and the practical evil of having a distant finder of fact in music copyright infringement cases. Within this framework, the Comment concludes that the burdens attendant to properly implementing the intended audience are relatively minor compared to the temptation to bring suits of marginal merit, the impact of the changing media industry, and the potential of an erroneous finding, chilling the creation of new musical works. This Comment advocates the use of the intended audience in all music copyright cases.
When threats become credible: A natural experiment of environmental enforcement from Florida

Abstract Environmental regulators often use dynamic enforcement, which bases penalties and enforcement effort on plants' past compliance history, to improve compliance and decrease emissions when enforcement resources are limited. Using plant-level data from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), I examine an unexpected shift in the use of traditional enforcement by environmental regulators in Florida, showing that all of the state's plants decreased emissions and improved compliance following an increase in penalties for those with Priority Violations. The largest improvements were observed among plants with the highest expected costs of compliance, which is consistent with the theory of dynamic enforcement. These results are robust to the use of control plants from nearby southern states, as well as control plants selected via a matching algorithm. The paper's findings (1) provide quasi-experimental evidence on the effectiveness of traditional enforcement actions, and (2) suggest that dynamic incentives may matter for plant compliance decisions.
Platform building in initial coin offering market: Empirical evidence

Abstract This paper looks into various factors that contribute to the platform building of the blockchain companies. We empirically investigate over 8000 blockchain companies and show supportive evidence that due to the heterogeneity of needs for trust, privacy, transparency and integrity, industries vary in their choice for adopting permissioned versus permissionless blockchain platform, and their choice of using an airdrop offering versus conducting native ICO offering. We further show that ICO offering size, start bonus, VC backing, and social media are related to the success of ICO offering, the offer price, and post-ICO performance.
Security and Privacy Education for STEM Undergraduates: A Shoulder Surfing Course Project

This Innovative Practice Full Paper presents a course project incorporating shoulder surfing. With the widespread use of technology in our everyday lives, our digital data is a hot commodity for cybercriminals. One of the easiest ways to access information is through the age-old technique of shoulder surfing, which refers to using direct observation, such as looking over individuals’ shoulders at their screen or keyboard. Much research has been done on defense measures, user experiences, and self-reports of victimization. Inspired by this research, the authors designed a shoulder surfing course project for undergraduate students across multiple STEM disciplines. This paper shares details about the course project design and logistics, student and educator experiences, as well as lessons learned.
Sacral Erector Spinae Plane Block for Gender Reassignment Surgery.

The erector spinae plane block (ESPB) is an interfascial plane block that has been used to provide perioperative analgesia for a variety of indications. This case report describes the novel use of the sacral ESPB on a transgender patient undergoing male-to-female gender reassignment surgery for perioperative pain control. The sacral ESPB technique was described and post-operative pain score and opioid requirements were reported. The sacral ESPB was successfully used as an alternative to neuraxial, caudal, or peripheral nerve blocks for gender reassignment surgery.
A Probabilistic Framework for Optimizing Real-time Decisions in Humanitarian Aid Delivery Systems

This paper presents a computationally efficient model for optimizing real-time decisions in humanitarian aid delivery systems. Our formulation models a hierarchical system and is a mixed integer, probabilistic, non-linear and non-concave optimization problem. The proposed model considers the costs and probabilistic nature of transfer times and maximizes the reliability of the system using the available budget. We account for late deliveries using a nonlinear penalty function. We also propose an algorithm that uses a directed acyclic graph to deal with the discrete variables in tandem with a homotopy method for optimizing the continuous variables. We then offer a pruning method to eliminate the cost inefficiencies in the system. The effectiveness of formulation is examined in some numerical examples under progress.
A Zebra at the Rodeo: Dyspnea, Hematuria, and a Family History of Arthritis.

An 18-year-old, previously healthy female was admitted for urgent evaluation and management of symptomatic anemia after presenting to her primary care physician with fatigue and shortness of breath. The initial outpatient evaluation was remarkable for hypochromic, microcytic anemia with a hemoglobin of 6.7 g/dL.
The clinical relevance of luteal phase progesterone support in true natural cycle cryopreserved blastocyst stage embryo transfers: a retrospective cohort study

More than 67% of all embryos transferred in the United States involve frozen-thawed embryos. Progesterone supplementation is necessary in medicated cycles to luteinize the endometrium and prepare it for implantation, but little data is available to show if this is beneficial in true natural cycles. We evaluated the use of luteal phase progesterone supplementation for cryopreserved/warmed blastocyst transfers in true natural cycles not using an ovulatory trigger. Retrospective cohort study in a single academic medical center. We studied the use of luteal phase progesterone supplementation in patients undergoing true natural cycle cryopreserved blastocyst embryo transfers. Our primary outcome measure was ongoing pregnancy rate, with other pregnancy outcomes being evaluated (i.e. implantation rate, miscarriage rate, ectopic rate, and multifetal gestation). Categorical data were analyzed utilizing Fisher’s exact test and all binary variables were analyzed using log-binomial regression to produce a risk ratio. Two hundred twenty-nine patients were included in the analysis with 149 receiving luteal phase progesterone supplementation and 80 receiving no luteal phase support. Patient demographic and cycle characteristics, and embryo quality were similar between the two groups. No difference was seen in ongoing pregnancy rate (49.0% vs. 47.5%, p = 0.8738), clinical pregnancy rate (50.3% vs. 47.5%, p = 0.7483), positive HCG rate (62.4% vs. 57.5%, p = 0.5965), miscarriage/abortion rate (5.4% vs. 2.5%, p = 0.2622), ectopic pregnancy rate (0% vs. 1.3%, p = 0.3493), or multifetal gestations (7.4% vs. 3.8%, p = 0.3166). The addition of luteal phase progesterone support in true natural cycle cryopreserved blastocyst embryo transfers did not improve pregnancy outcomes and therefore the routine use in practice cannot be recommended based on this study, but the utilization should not be discouraged without further studies. Progesterone supplementation as luteal phase support in true natural cycle cryopreserved blastocyst transfers does not improve ongoing pregnancies.
Propagating neutronic uncertainties for FFTF LOFWOS Test #13

Abstract The safety evaluation conducted for licensing a Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor (SFR) may require modeling transients with best-estimate calculation tools that must first be validated against real-world measurements. To provide the community with a valuable benchmarking opportunity for validating SFR analysis tools and methods, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) initiated a coordinated research project (CRP) in 2018 for the analysis of the Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF) Loss of Flow Without Scram (LOFWOS) Test #13. The impact of nuclear data uncertainties on neutronics parameters was previously investigated based on the COMMARA-2.0 covariance matrix. Since the transient simulation results are very sensitive to certain reactivity coefficients, it was decided to employ rigorous uncertainty propagation methods to quantify the impact of nuclear data uncertainties on the best-estimate predication of FFTF LOFWOS Test #13. The DAKOTA code is used to propagate neutronic uncertainties through SAS4A/SASSYS-1 transient simulations, while taking into account spatial and reaction-wise correlations within these uncertainties. This study shows that the remaining discrepancies observed between the Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) best-estimate results and the experimental measurements can be partly explained by the uncertainty associated with Gas Expansion Module (GEM) worth, which contributes the majority of the overall nuclear data uncertainty on the output from the FFTF LOFWOS Test #13 transient simulation. This study also confirmed the importance of including spatial and reaction-wise correlations of nuclear data uncertainties on feedback coefficients in the uncertainty propagation to avoid under-estimating their impact during the transient simulations.
Ambient Weathering of Magnesium Oxide (MgO) for Carbon Dioxide Removal from Air

As the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) continues to rise, it is imperative that we develop technologies that not only mitigate CO2 emissions, but also remove CO2 directly from the atmosphere. In this analysis, the authors propose a simplified, land-based enhanced weathering cycle that uses a magnesite (MgCO3) feedstock to repeatedly capture CO2 directly from the atmosphere. The process takes in MgCO3 and calcines the material at high temperatures (600oC to 1500oC) to produce amorphous caustic magnesia (MgO). The produced MgO is subsequently spread out over land to carbonate for a year. Following carbonation, the mineral is recollected and recalcined to reproduce MgO and a high purity stream of CO2. The MgO can then be spread out over the land to carbonate again. The resulting CO2 may be compressed and stored geologically or otherwise utilized. We show this process could cost approximately $46–159/tCO2 net removed from the atmosphere, considering grid and solar electricity without post-processing costs. This technology may achieve lower costs than projections for more extensively engineered Direct Air Capture methods. It has the scalable potential to remove at least 2–3 GtCO2/year, and may make a meaningful contribution to mitigating climate change.
Compute at the Edge: Mechanical and Thermal Design Considerations

Edge computing extends applications, data, and compute from centralized points to the logical extremes of the network, thereby shifting processing and analytics closer to the source and consumption of data. A distributed computing model is driven by requirements for latency, bandwidth cost and availability, security and network connectivity. We are seeing significant growth in internet of things (IoT) markets worldwide, driven in part by a dramatic increase in vision applications, particularly those leveraging artificial intelligence (AI). These imaging and video use cases span nearly every IoT segment. They include finding product defects on assembly lines, managing inventory in retail, identifying equipment maintenance needs in remote locations and enabling public safety in cities and airports. They all leverage high-resolution cameras and create extraordinary amounts of data that needs to be aggregated and analyzed at the edge.This paper will review the different IoT market segments and form factors that are most common within them. Enabling edge compute has direct implications for designing systems to operate and survive in challenging environments and demands that a system level approach to design with thermal and mechanical considerations becomes more crucial. One of the more challenging Edge applications is the Outdoor Edge Device that must endure a wide operating ambient temperature range, employ sealed IP-rated housings, operate in a fanless mode, are exposed to solar loads and have a long service life. The paper will present data collected from two different solar load studies that will reveal how impactful planning for solar loading can be in edge compute. Lastly this paper will discuss what can be done from the silicon and packaging design perspective to help enable these more stringent use cases.
Comparative health systems: global perspectives.

In an increasingly globalized society, a clear understanding of international healthcare systems is a fundamental step toward improving the quality of health and healthcare systems in the United States and abroad. Comparative Health Systems: Global Perspectives explores the health systems of 17 countries through comparative study. Using a consistent framework, the chapters offer an overview of each country's history, geography, government, and economy, as well as a detailed analysis of the country's healthcare system facilities, workforce, technology, cost, quality, and access. Current and emerging issues are also explored. The book concludes with a look at the changing U.S. healthcare system and the global challenges and opportunities for health. Ideal for courses in global health, international affairs, health administration, and public health, this innovative text challenges its readers to reflect deeply about how health care is organized and delivered. Key Features: Each chapter follows a consistent framework to allow the reader to easily compare and contrast the divergent systems of various countries. Chapter contributors are scholars and experts from countries including Canada, India, Japan, Nigeria, Germany, Australia, Mexico, the United States, and more. A forthcoming companion website will feature interactive student resources to further enhance learning as well as resources for the instructor including an Instructor's Manual, Test Bank, PowerPoint slides.
Karyology and Genome Structure

The grasses, and in particular the cereals, have long been investigated as models for studies of chromosome number, morphology, dynamics, and evolution (e.g., Avdulov 1931; Stebbins 1956). The number of chromosomes varies from 2n = 4 in species of Zingeria and Colpodium (Kim et al. 2009) to 2n = ca. 266 in Poa litorosa (Hair and Beuzenberg 1961). Based on a parsimony optimization, the chromosome base number of x = 12 is synapomorphic for the spikelet clade, i.e., all grasses except Anomochlooideae (GPWG 2001).
Balance, Agreement, and Positivity in the Cognition of Small Social Structures

Publisher Summary A conceptual rule is an a priori principle that can be used to organize the relations among a set of objects. The chapter focuses on the term conceptual rule that was chosen over schema for the case presented to draw attention to the logical aspects of the schemata—balance, agreement, and positivity. Inferential rules are discussed in the chapter in comparison to orienting rules. The inferential rules of concern apply to three broad classes of relations: sentiments, attitudes, and unit relations. The logical properties assumed by balance, agreement, and positivity is discussed in the chapter in detail, including symmetry and other general properties of sentiments, attitudes, and unit relations; inferences from positivity; inferences from agreement (source/target generalization); inferences from balance; summary and comments on the relationships among the rules; summary and comments on the relationships among the rules; and implications for social cognition are described. The chapter discusses the conceptual rules and inferences about missing relations and explores inferences from minimal information; relations between pairs of people in social settings; inferring missing relations among three or more people; predicted relations among people and impersonal entities; developmental research; and summary and general comments on the studies of the prediction of missing relations. Conceptual rules in learning and recall is also discussed in the chapter and the learning classifications of three-element structures; the learning patterns of relationships in small social groups; and the retention of learned structures are reviewed. It discusses the general implications wherein results observed from ratings of balanced and unbalanced structures; a processing algorithm for the use of inferential rules in learning; retrieval compared to acquisition; the logical and phenomenological status of inferential rules; and some questions and hypotheses are also explored.
Academic Emergency Physicians’ Experiences With Patient Death

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:255–260 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Abstract Objectives: There is a growing awareness of the effects of patient death on physician well-being, and the importance of cultural and educational changes to improve coping mechanisms. The objective of this study was to explore both the effects of patient death on academic emergency physicians (EPs) and the coping mechanisms they use to deal with these events. Methods: Faculty at a convenience sample of four emergency medicine (EM) residency programs were questioned about their responses to patient death in a 15-question on-line survey. Descriptive analysis of the data was performed. Independent variables were analyzed for differences in complaints of physical symptoms or consideration of important life changes after patient death. Results: Of 207 EPs surveyed, 145 (70%) responded. Patient death was experienced frequently, with 95 (66%) witnessing a death at least every month. No training on coping with patient death had occurred for 35 (24%); 93 (64%) had less than 6 hours of training. The most common coping mechanisms included talking with colleagues (113; 78%) or friends and family (100; 69%), as well as simply continuing to work (89; 61%). Postdeath debriefing occurred rarely or never for 93 (64%) of respondents. Most EPs had experienced physical responses to patient death, the most common being insomnia (54; 37%) and fatigue (21; 14%). Common emotional responses included sadness (112; 70%) and disappointment (55; 38%). No significant differences in response rates for physical symptoms or consideration of life changes were found for any of the variables. Conclusions: Patient death was reported to lead to both physical and emotional symptoms in academic EPs. Postdeath debriefing appears to happen infrequently in teaching settings, and most respondents reported that they themselves received limited training in coping with patient death. Further study is needed to both identify coping mechanisms that are feasible and effective in emergency department settings and develop teaching strategies to incorporate this information into EM residency training.
Letter by Fenici et al Regarding Articles, “Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome in the Era of Catheter Ablation: Insights From a Registry Study of 2169 Patients” and “The Asymptomatic Wolff-Parkinson-White Patient: Time to be More Proactive?”

We read with much interest the article by Pappone et al1 and the accompanying editorial,2 which revive the long-lasting debate about the appropriate clinical approach to asymptomatic Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) patients, balancing between the need to prevent sudden cardiac death and the need to avoid invasiveness and potential complications of unnecessary catheter ablation (CA). We agree with the editorial statements that “Current data including the present study cannot justify a more aggressive ablation approach in the asymptomatic WPW patient,” that “it is yet to be convincingly demonstrated as superior in the real world to the natural history in asymptomatic WPW patients,” and that “ablation provided at the asymptomatic stage has not been demonstrated to produce …
Assessment of Denial in Cancer Patients

Denial as a reflection of underlying psychopathology in cancer patients has been the subject of controversy in the literature. It is alternatively viewed as exerting either a positive or negative influence on adaptation to illness. This article offers a conceptual approach that can refine the clinician's understanding of the varied and complex manifestations of actual denial and describe defenses that can be mistaken for denial. Fifteen cases of extreme denial are analyzed, and principles are extracted concerning major aspects of denial, central areas for assessment, and strategies for intervention.
Empirically Supported Treatments

Empirically supported treatments (ESTs), which were previously known as empirically validated treatments (EVTs) and more recently as evidence-based treatments (EBTs), are psychological treatments that have been shown to be effective in well-conducted controlled research trials. The initial and perhaps most influential effort to identify ESTs was undertaken in 1993 by a task force commissioned by the Society of Clinical Psychology, which is Division 12 of the American Psychological Association (APA) (cf. Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures, 1993). Keywords: evidence based treatments; empirically supported treatments; psychotherapy; psychological treatments
AMA Guides™ to the Evaluation of Work Ability and Return to Work (2nd ed.), edited by James B. Talmage, J. Mark Melhorn, and Mark H. Hyman: chicago: American Medical Association, 2011. 510p. ISBN: 978-1-60359-530-8. $119.12.

The American Medical Association (AMA) has regularly published a series of AMA Guides™ comprising individual titles focusing on aspects of impairment and disability assessment. The books are based ...
Unringing the bell: Can industries reverse unfavorable institutional shifts triggered by their own mistakes?

I present a study of the US chemical industry's unified efforts to reverse an unfavorable institutional shift triggered by the transgressions of one of its members. I measure changes in the industry's institutional environment from 1980 to 2000. I find that the industry's collective efforts did not directly improve institutional conditions confronting individual firms, but did help buffer firms from financial losses that commonly arise when their rivals suffer crises.
Quantization of linear systems

In this paper, we show that the coarsest quantizer that quadratically stabilizes a single input linear discrete time invariant system is logarithmic, and can be computed by solving a special linear quadratic regulation problem. We provide a closed form for the optimal logarithmic base exclusively in terms of the unstable eigenvalues of the system. We show how to design quantized state-feedback in general, and quantized state estimators in the case where all the eigenvalues of the system are unstable. This leads to the design of output feedback controllers with quantized measurements and controls.
Analysis and synthesis of neural networks using linear separation

General analysis and synthesis methods for neural networks are presented. The techniques proposed are simple, efficient and not restricted to a certain network architecture, i.e., they can be any of the multilayer, fully interconnected feedforward or feedback structures. Based on the signs of connections between neurons (called weight signatures) being excitatory or inhibitory, the methods proposed provide some fundamental rules of learnability in such networks. Various design techniques are presented using these learning rules for the synthesis of neural architectures. >
Damping inter-area oscillations using virtual generator based power system stabilizer

Abstract In a power system, remote measurements are used by a controller to provide damping torque for inter-area oscillations. In this study, the operating conditions that give rise to inter-area oscillations are investigated using Stochastic Subspace Identification (SSI) based modal analysis. In a power system, generators can be grouped based on coherency and the groups can be represented by Virtual Generators (VGs). Damping inter-area oscillations using Virtual Generator based Power System Stabilizer (VG-PSS) that generates a supplementary control signal to the excitation system of one or more synchronous generators is presented. The generator choice for VG-PSS location is determined based on the generator that has maximum controllability on dominant weakly damped inter-area mode(s) in a power system. Modal analysis using SSI and real-time simulation results on the IEEE 68-bus power system are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of VG-PSSs in damping inter-area oscillations. In addition, the effect of time delays encountered as a result of wide area measurements and communications are considered in the studies presented.
Inequality of educational opportunity in France and the United States

Abstract Unequality of educational opportunity is related to school structure. Comparison of the attainment process in France and the United States reveals the consequences of structure for individuals' attainments. Turner's (1960) typology of educational systems is applied. The French educational system is shown to be closer to Turner's “sponsorship system,” and that of the U. S. closer to the “contest” type. Inequality of educational opportunity, as indicated by the effect of father's occupational status on years of schooling completed, is greater in France than in the U. S. The difference is accounted for by school structural variables, indicating the importance of structure for inequality of opportunity. Other differences concerning the causes of educational attainment in France and the U. S. are also discussed.
Cross-linking and chymotryptic digestion of the extracytoplasmic domain of the anion exchange channel in intact human erythrocytes.

We have applied our new high yield, membrane-impermeant, protein cross-linking reagents (J.V. Staros, 1982. Biochemistry 21:3950-3955) together with chymotryptic digestion of the surface of intact erythrocytes (T.L. Steck, B. Ramos, and E. Strapazon, 1976. Biochemistry 15:1154-1161) in an investigation of the topology of the extracytoplasmic domain of the anion exchange channel of intact human erythrocytes. In intact erythrocytes, these cross-linking reagents have been shown to cross-link subunits of the anion exchange channel to dimers in the extracytoplasmic domain of the protein. Chymotryptic treatment of intact erythrocytes has been shown to cleave subunits of the anion exchange channel into two fragments of distinct Mr. Sequential treatment of intact erythrocytes with either of two membrane-impermeant cross-linkers, followed by digestion with chymotrypsin, yields chymotryptic fragments of the anion exchange channel cross-linked to one another. The cross-linked products observed appear to arise by cross-linking of unlike chymotryptic fragments, whether the cross-links are intersubunit or intrasubunit. These results are consistent with a model of the anion exchange channel in which the subunits form a head-to-head dimer with a twofold center of symmetry perpendicular to the plane of the membrane.
Warum wirkt sich Conceptual Fluency auf Bewertungen aus

In der Literatur werden verschiedene Formen des Kontexts betrachtet, die es Personen erleichtern oder erschweren, einen Zielstimulus zu identifizieren, zu bewerten und sich an ihn zu erinnern. Hat der Kontext einen Effekt auf diese Leichtigkeit, spricht man von Conceptual Fluency. Zunachst werden theoretische Uberlegungen vorgestellt, warum sich Conceptual Fluency auf Bewertungen auswirkt und von welchen Bedingungen die Wirkung abhangen konnte. In der Literatur existiert zum Zusammenhang zwischen dem Kontext bzw. Conceptual Fluency und Bewertungen eines Zielstimulus eine Reihe von Studien; diese werden dahingehend analysiert, ob sie beitragen, den Grund fur das Wirken von Conceptual Fluency zu erkennen. Anschliesend werden vier neue Experimente mit Anwendungen im Bereich der Werbung vorgestellt. Ein wichtiges Ergebnis lautet, dass Conceptual Fluency nur im Fall schwacher Sachargumente einen positiven Effekt darauf hat, wie Konsumenten das beworbene Produkt bewerten. Des Weiteren zeigen die neuen Befunde, dass der Effekt vergleichsweise stark ist, wenn sich Konsumenten dafur rechtfertigen mussen, warum sie das beworbene Produkt als gut oder als schlecht bewertet haben. Die Ergebnisse deuten insgesamt darauf hin, dass es Conceptual Fluency ermoglicht, zusatzliche Gedanken aus dem Kontext zu generieren, die in die Bewertung des Zielstimulus einfliesen.
Let's give better scientific and technical talks

The movement toward improved written technical communication has generated little parallel pressure for improved oral communication. Yet the cost of noncommunicative technical talks is large. Attention by speakers to several simple details will result in significant improvements in technical talks. The most important of these details is to present conclusions as close to the beginning of the talk as possible. This simple action will help change a talk from a mystery story to an understandable scientific presentation.
MEMS Resonator and Photonic Crystal Integration for Enhanced Cellular Mass Sensing

This work describes the design and fabrication steps of a MEMS resonant-beam structure that utilizes optical trapping technology and microfluidics in an attempt to enhance the precision and accuracy of cellular-mass sensing devices.
Spike solutions to a nonlocal differential equation

In this paper we consider a nonlocal differential equation, which is a limiting equation of one dimensional Gierer-Meinhardt model. We study the existence of spike steady states and their stability. We also construct a single-spike quasi-equilibrium solution and investigate the dynamics of spike-like solutions.
EFFECT OF LIGHT-BEAM DEVIATION ON THE INSTRUMENT MATRIX OF THE FOUR-DETECTOR PHOTOPOLARIMETER

Analytical geometry, ray tracing, and the Mueller-matrix calculus are used to determine the calibration matrix of the four-detector photopolarimeter (FDP) when the incident light beam deviates from the optical axis of the instrument. Detectors of the FDP are represented by their surface equations in Cartesian coordinates. The instrument matrices corresponding to angular deviations of ±0.5 and ±1.0 deg in reference horizontal and vertical planes, and their differences from the unperturbed matrix are given for two FDP configurations. Output Stokes parameters that correspond to several typical input states of polarization are calculated to demonstrate the effects of light-beam deviation.
Cationization of organometallo carbonyl compounds by fast ion bombardment

Abstract Organodicobalt, organochromium, and organomolybdenum carbonyl complexes have been studied using fast ion bombardment mass spectrometry. It has been found that the addition of cesium iodide to the liquid matrix, m -NBA, can significantly enhance the ability to observed the precursor ions of these organometallics through charge localization. In most cases the [M + Cs] + ions were more abundant than the radical cations M − , the protonated molecules [M + H] + , or the sodium cationized molecules [M + Na] + which were either unobservable or less intense than those treated with the cesium iodide salt solution. The decomposition of the compounds took place primarily through the successive loss of carbonyls from the radical cation with some carbonyl loss observed through the protonated and cationized species. The FAB matrix ions produced when cesium iodide was added to m -NBA also allowed for internal calibration.
Clonal development of interconnected germ cells in the rat and its relationship to the segmental and subsegmental organization of spermatogenesis.

Segments and subsegments are the smallest unit of synchrony thus far described within longitudinal sections of seminiferous tubules. It is known that cells in a clone joined by intercellular bridges are at the same phase of development and are also thought to be units of synchrony. This study was designed to determine if it is possible that the synchrony seen in cells joined by intercellular bridges is the same as that cataloged along the long axis of the seminiferous tubule. In the present study, the maximum number of rat spermatids joined by intercellular bridges (a clone) was obtained. It was hypothesized that if the clone size were larger than the smallest known units of synchrony (segments or subsegments) in the long axis of the seminiferous tubule, then intercellular bridges would most likely govern the synchronous development of segments or subsegments (or finer subdivisions thereof). If the clone size is smaller than the number of cells present in a segment or subsegment, then other factors must govern synchrony in the longitudinal aspect of the tubule. In the determination of spermatid clone size, rat testes were injected with cytochalasin D which opens intercellular bridges of a spermatid clone to produce large symplasts. The number of nuclei in the symplasts was determined from serially sectioned tissue, by drawing nuclei with a camera-lucida, and by counting nuclei. After extensive examination of tubules, the number of spermatids found in the suspected five largest clones observed was determined to be 650, 607, 338, 240, and 177. The segment and subsegment length and the density of spermatids per given tubule length were determined from previously published data. The numbers of spermatids accommodated in the smallest segment and subsegment were 128 and 30, respectively. Our observations indicate that synchronous development of germ cells along the length of the tubule is controlled by intercellular bridges since the number of conjoined cells required to fill a segment or subsegment is more than the number of cells in the smallest arbitrarily identified units of synchrony cataloged to date.
Effect of RIN of a Raman co-pump on the BER for long-haul transmission

We theoretically demonstrate that a given amount of the relative intensity noise (RIN) transferred from a Raman copump to a signal degrades the signal’s bit error rate (BER) by about an order of magnitude more than does the same amount of the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) added to the signal.
Three-dimensional magnetotail equilibria with prescribed boundary shapes

[1] Three-dimensional magnetotail equilibrium configurations are presented that are derived from a prescribed outer flux surface, equivalent to a closed magnetopause. The explicit solutions neglect the effects of field-aligned currents, closely associated with a bending of field lines in the x, y plane, but include tail flaring in y and z. Most of the solutions are derived for an axisymmetric boundary, approximately consistent with force balance between the unperturbed solar wind and the magnetosphere at a closed magnetopause (Newtonian approximation). This force balance is used to relate the downtail variation of the tail radius to that of the total interior magnetotail pressure, equivalent to the lobe magnetic pressure. However, these properties are not sufficient to determine the tail configuration. We demonstrate this by deriving solutions with identical boundaries and identical variation of the total pressure along the tail but different amounts of field line flaring in the x, y plane. Under these conditions, stronger field line flaring is associated with a reduction of the magnetotail plasma pressure near midnight and an increase of the plasma sheet thickness from midnight toward the tail flanks. A reduction of the tail boundary flaring leads to an increase of the plasma sheet thickness near the Earth but does not significantly affect the cross-tail variation. Nonuniform boundary flaring with a flattening of the tail, corresponding to a more significant increase of the tail radius in y, can reduce the plasma sheet thickening from midnight to the tail flanks or even reverse it to a thinning. The explicit solutions illustrate the effects on the tail structure of both the instantaneous force balance between the magnetosphere and the solar wind and the history of this interaction, which affects the plasma and magnetic flux distribution inside the magnetotail.
Reduced retention of Pittsburgh compound B in white matter lesions

Purpose One of the interesting features of the amyloid tracer Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) is that it generates a signal in the white matter (WM) in both healthy subjects and cognitively impaired individuals. This characteristic gave rise to the possibility that PiB could be used to trace WM pathology. In a group of cognitively healthy elderly we examined PiB retention in normal-appearing WM (NAWM) and WM lesions (WML), one of the most common brain pathologies in aging.
Spectroscopy of globular cluster systems

We compare [ $\alpha$ /Fe], metallicity, and age distributions of globular clusters in elliptical, lenticular, and spiral galaxies, which we derive from Lick line index measurements. We find a large number of globular clusters in elliptical galaxies that reach significantly higher [ $\alpha$ /Fe] values ( $>0.5$ dex) than clusters in lenticular and spiral galaxies. Most of these highly $\alpha$ -enriched globular clusters are old ( $t > 8$ Gyr) and exhibit relatively high metallicities up to solar values. Given the lower [ $\alpha$ /Fe] ratios of the diffuse stellar population in early-type galaxies, our results suggest that the extremely $\alpha$ -enhanced globular clusters are members of the the very first generation of star clusters formed, and that their formation epochs likely predate the formation of the majority of stars in giant early-type galaxies.
Low Cost 3-D Viewing of Chemical Structures

This paper discusses the procedures used to generate the anaglyphic images of chemical structures with molecular modeling programs and desktop image processing software (such as Adobe Photoshop). T...
CrkL functions as a nuclear adaptor and transcriptional activator in Bcr-Abl-expressing cells.

Abstract Objective To identify tyrosine phosphorylated proteins that interact with CrkL in Bcr-Abl–expressing cells and analyze the function of that association. Materials and Methods Immunoprecipitation of CrkL was performed on lysates from parental cells (Rat-1, MO7e, or 32D) or Bcr-Abl–expressing cells (Rat-1p185, MO7p210, 32Dp210, K562) followed by immunoblotting for pTyr, Stat5, or CrkL. Interactions were confirmed in vitro using GST-CrkL fusion proteins. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays were performed on K562 nuclear extracts using a β-casein promoter-derived probe. Supershift analysis was performed with CrkL, Stat5, Stat1, Grb2, and peptide-blocked CrkL and Stat5 antibodies. CrkL localization in Rat-1 and Rat-1p185 cells was detected with indirect immunofluorescence. Transcriptional activation was analyzed in COS7 cells transfected with a Stat-responsive luciferase reporter construct and Bcr-Abl, kinase-defective Bcr-Abl, CrkL, or Grb2. Results We show that, in Bcr-Abl–expressing cells, CrkL interacts with tyrosine phosphorylated Stat5. Additionally, in the presence of Bcr-Abl, CrkL is found in the nucleus, can be detected in a Stat5/DNA complex, and increases transcriptional activation from a Stat-responsive reporter construct. Conclusion This suggests a novel role for CrkL, functioning as a nuclear adaptor protein that can associate with and activate Stat proteins in Bcr-Abl–expressing cells.
Theoretical consideration of the low pressure region of protein monolayers

Abstract From the premises that protein monolayers do not exist as an ideal two-dimensional solution and that the protein molecules have a disklike shape, the faults of previous theories are pointed out and the use of a virial equation of state is suggested. The dependence of the Fa vs. F relation on interaction energy is discussed by making use of a square-well potential as the model for the potential curve between protein molecules. Under the assumption that the parameter characterizing the potential, g , of macromolecules has smaller values than 1.8, as in the case of real gases, it is predicted that the Fa vs. F graph remains linear up to high surface pressure for the range of the second virial coefficient, B ′, between 1.65 a 0 ( g = 1.8) and 1.18 a 0 ( g being near unity). The graph of Fa vs. F has a tendency to bend downward if B ′ is much smaller, or tends to bend upward if B ′ is much larger. These predictions were verified by comparison with available experimental results.
Testing the Difference between Dependent Correlations Using the Fisher Z

Several proposed statistics for testing the significance of the difference in two correlated r’s were first reviewed. A simple alternate procedure based on the familiar Fisher z was then suggested. This procedure, unlike its predecessors, is applicable to a wide range of problems involving tests between dependent correlations. It also has documented mathematical support when its power curves are examined. Since the procedure is asymptotic, a large sample size is required. The only other assumption is that the observations associated with the sample are drawn from a joint multivariate normal distribution.
Nucleoprotein complex intermediates in HIV-1 integration

Integration of retroviral DNA into the host genome is an essential step in the viral replication cycle. The viral DNA, made by reverse transcription in the cytoplasm, forms part of a large nucleoprotein complex called the preintegration complex (PIC). The viral integrase protein is the enzyme within the PIC that is responsible for integrating the viral DNA into the host genome. Integrase is tightly associated with the viral DNA within the PIC as demonstrated by functional assays. Integrase protein catalyzes the key DNA cutting and joining steps of integration in vitro with DNA substrates that mimic the ends of the viral DNA. Under most in vitro assay conditions the stringency of the reaction is relaxed; most products result from “half-site” integration in which only one viral DNA end is integrated into one strand of target DNA rather than concerted integration of pairs of DNA as occurs with PICs and in vivo. Under these relaxed conditions catalysis appears to occur without formation of the highly stable nucleoprotein complexes that is characteristic of the association of integrase with viral DNA in the PIC. Here we describe methods for the assembly of nucleoprotein complex intermediates in HIV-1 DNA integration from purified HIV-1 integrase and substrates that mimic the viral DNA ends.
Anisotropic degradation of polymeric composites: From neat resin to composite

The degradation of polymer matrix composites was investigated through weight loss measurements. A methodology originally developed based on the shrinking core model was extended to account for matrix orientation, lay-up sequence, and differences in neat resin and composite degradation. This methodology was derived based on mass transfer and kinetic considerations taking into account the inherent anisotropy and heterogeneity of polymer composites. The model systems used were a bismaleimide (X5260) and a condensation polyimide (Avimid N). Bismaleimide composites were aged at 250, 260, and 270°C in air, whereas both neat resin and composite Avimid N samples were aged at 371°C. Based on the experimentally observed time exponents, the degradation was modeled as diffusion and reaction controlled. The weight losses of both unidirectional and quasi-isotropic samples were successfully predicted. In addition, correlation between the degradation of neat resin and composite samples was established for the Avimid N system. Finally, this methodology can be used in scaling up weight loss data, providing an important tool in evaluating materials for long-term use at elevated temperatures.
Determining the GmRIN4 Requirements of the Soybean Disease Resistance Proteins Rpg1b and Rpg1r Using a Nicotiana glutinosa-Based Agroinfiltration System

Rpg1b and Rpg1r are soybean disease resistance (R) genes responsible for conferring resistance to Pseudomonas syringae strains expressing the effectors AvrB and AvrRpm1, respectively. The study of these cloned genes would be greatly facilitated by the availability of a suitable transient expression system. The commonly used Niciotiana benthamiana-based system is not suitable for studying Rpg1b and Rpg1r function, however, because expression of AvrB or AvrRpm1 alone induces a hypersensitive response (HR), indicating that N. benthamiana contains endogenous R genes that recognize these effectors. To identify a suitable alternative host for transient expression assays, we screened 13 species of Nicotiana along with 11 accessions of N. tabacum for lack of response to transient expression of AvrB and AvrRpm1. We found that N. glutinosa did not respond to either effector and was readily transformable as determined by transient expression of β-glucuronidase. Using this system, we determined that Rpg1b-mediated HR in N. glutinosa required co-expression of avrB and a soybean ortholog of the Arabidopsis RIN4 gene. All four soybean RIN4 orthologs tested worked in the assay. In contrast, Rpg1r did not require co-expression of a soybean RIN4 ortholog to recognize AvrRpm1, but recognition was suppressed by co-expression with AvrRpt2. These observations suggest that an endogenous RIN4 gene in N. glutinosa can substitute for the soybean RIN4 ortholog in the recognition of AvrRpm1 by Rpg1r.