cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
BATHING SOLUTION TONICITY AND POTASSIUM TRANSPORT BY THE MIDGUT OF THE TOBACCO HORNWORM MANDUCA SEXTA

SUMMARY Potassium transport by the isolated midgut of Manduca larvae, as measured by the short circuit current, is inhibited by substitution of small organic solutes (M.W. < 340) for the sucrose normally included in bathing solution formulated for this tissue. Other solutes of molecular weight equal to or greater than sucrose are essentially as effective as sucrose in promoting the short circuit current. Equilibration of midgut in solutions containing the small solute mannitol results in a decrease in the dry weight/wet weight ratio of the tissue, suggesting that the small solutes can penetrate into areas of the tissue which are not accessible to sucrose. Histological studies suggest that sites of swelling in the presence of mannitol include both cytoplasm and goblet cell lumen. The inhibition of the short circuit current is rapidly reversible on return to bathing solution containing sucrose or another large solute. The effect of small solutes probably does not involve compromise of the energy source for potassium transport since oxygen uptake is unchanged in the presence of a small solute.
Clinical observation and analysis after antacid therapy in laryngopharyngeal reflux in children

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to observe the clinical character istics of laryngopharyngeal reflux disease(LPR D) in children. METHODS The suspected LPRD children were evaluated with reflux symptoms index(RSI) and reflux finding score(RFS). The LPRD was diagnosed using 24 hours p H monitoring. There were 16 children included in this study. They all met the criteria of RSI≥13, RFS≥7 and ref lux events of the throat≥3. They took the proton pump inhibitor(omeprazole, 0.5~0.8mg/kg·d) and H2 receptor antagonist(famotidine, 1.0 ~1.2mg / kg·d) orally for 4 weeks. T he symptoms and signs were recorded before and after antacid therapy. RESULTS 1.The scores of RFS were decreased after antacid the rapy. 2. The scores of aryepiglottic foldery thema/hy peraemia and vocal cord edema were statistically different before and after treatment. 3. The sign of granuloma was not seen in children. CONCLUSION1. RFS score can be used as a simple reference to the initial diagnosis and treatment of LPRD in children. 2. The antacid therapy is effective in treatment of LPRD in children. 3. Children's LPRD has its own characteristics. The improvement of aryepiglottic fold erythema/congestion and edema of the vocal cords has prognostic value for the treatment. The sign of granuloma is rare in children.
Progesterone Concentrations in Beef Heifers Bred at Puberty or Third Estrus

Peripheral serum progesterone concentrations were evaluated in beef heifers following breeding collected on d 6 +/- 1, 9 +/- 1 collected on d 6 +/- 1, 9 +/- 1 and 12 +/- 1 (estrus = d 0) after the puberal estrus of all heifers and after the third estrus of E3 heifers. Progesterone concentrations were higher (P less than .05) for heifers in E1 compared with heifers in E3 on d 6, 9 and 12 after breeding to a fertile bull. Progesterone concentrations on d 6, 9 and 12 did not differ (P greater than .10) between pregnant heifers in E1 and E3; however, non-pregnant heifers in E1 had higher (P less than .05) concentrations of progesterone compared with non-pregnant heifers in E3 on each day. Concentrations of progesterone did not differ (P greater than .10) between non-pregnant heifers in E1 and heifers of E3 during their puberal cycle. Pregnant heifers in E1 and E3 had higher (P less than .05) concentrations of progesterone on each day than non-pregnant heifers in their respective treatments. There were no interactions (P greater than .10) between treatment, pregnancy status and day-of-estrous cycle for concentrations of progesterone. Results of this study indicated that luteal function differed between heifers that failed to conceive at their puberal estrus and heifers that failed to conceive at third estrus. However, concentrations of progesterone did not differ between heifers that conceived at puberal or third estrus. The relationship of changes in luteal function from the puberal through the third estrous cycle and pregnancy is not clear.
Improving survival in twin-twin transfusion syndrome

Although serial amnioreduction is still widely used to treat this dangerous condition, a recent randomized trial found that when compared to amnioreduction at 15 to 26 weeks, overall perinatal survival is higher with laser ablation, which tries to reverse the disease process.
Cytosolic DNA-Sensing and the STING Pathway

Invading microbes are detected by cellular sensors, the consequences of which result in the production of potent anti-pathogen proteins such as type I interferon (IFN) as well as other cytokines capable of stimulating the adaptive immune response. Examples comprise the RIG-I-like helicase (RLH) and the Toll-like receptor (TLR) families which recognize non-self-pathogen derived molecules (PAMPs) including bacterial lipopolysaccharides as well as nucleic acids. In addition, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) associated transmembrane protein referred to as STING (for stimulator of interferon genes) was established as being essential for triggering the production of innate immune proteins in response to the sensing of cytosolic DNA. Such DNA can be ‘self’-DNA produced from necrotic or apoptotic cells, or the actual genomes of DNA pathogens that become exposed following infection. Moreover, while STING appears essential for controlling innate signaling events triggered by DNA microbes, chronic STING activation also appears to be responsible for certain inflammatory diseases manifested by ‘self’-DNA. Thus, understanding STING function may lead to the design of new compounds that may facilitate vaccine development or conversely that may provide new therapies for the treatment of inflammatory disease.
Chronic toxicity of azoxystrobin to freshwater amphipods, midges, cladocerans, and mussels in water-only exposures

Understanding the effects of fungicides on nontarget organisms at realistic concentrations and exposure durations is vital for determining potential impacts on aquatic ecosystems. Environmental concentrations of the fungicide azoxystrobin have been reported up to 4.6 μg/L in the United States and 30 μg/L in Europe. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the chronic toxicity of azoxystrobin in water-only exposures with an amphipod (Hyalella azteca; 42-d exposure), a midge (Chironomus dilutus; 50-d exposure), a cladoceran (Ceriodaphnia dubia; 7-d exposure), and a unionid mussel (Lampsilis siliquoidea; 28-d exposure) at environmentally relevant concentrations. The potential photo-enhanced toxicity of azoxystrobin accumulated by C. dubia and L. siliquoidea following chronic exposures to azoxystrobin was also evaluated. The 20% effect concentrations (EC20s) based on the most sensitive endpoint were 4.2 μg/L for H. azteca reproduction, 12 μg/L for C. dubia reproduction and C. dilutus emergence, and >28 μg/L for L. siliquoidea. Hyalella azteca was more sensitive to azoxystrobin compared with the other 3 species in the chronic exposures. No photo-enhanced toxicity was observed for either C. dubia or L. siliquoidea exposed to ultraviolet light in control water following azoxystrobin tests. The results of the present study indicate chronic effects of azoxystrobin on 3 of 4 invertebrates tested at environmentally relevant concentrations. The changes noted in biomass and reproduction have the potential to alter the rate of ecological processes driven by aquatic invertebrates. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2308-2315. Published 2017 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Outcomes of definitive radiotherapy (dRT) and chemo-radiotherapy (dCRT) for loco-regionally confined (LRC) adenocarcinoma (ACA) of the esophagus and gastro-esophageal junction (E/GEJ).

114Background: Surgery is the cornerstone of curative intent therapy for patients with ACA of the E/GEJ. Many patients (pts) with LRC disease are medically unsuitable for resection, and thus alternative treatment strategies are required. Definitive CRT is a standard of care for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, but less is known regarding the outcomes for ACA of the E/GEJ. Methods: Through the Cleveland Clinic tumor registry, and under an IRB approved protocol, pts with LRC (clinical stage I-III, AJCC 7th) ACA of the E/GEJ treated with either dRT or dCRT between 7/04 and 12/14 were identified. Overall survival (OS) from the date of diagnosis was the primary endpoint. In univariate analysis, Cox proportional hazard analysis was used to identify risk factors for mortality. On multivariable analysis, stepwise Cox proportional hazard analysis with variable entry criterion p≤0.10 and variable retention criteria p≤0.05 was used to identify risk factors for mortality. Results: From 7/04 to 12/14, 155 pts recei...
Cyberbullying and LGBTQ Youth: A Systematic Literature Review and Recommendations for Prevention and Intervention

Research has demonstrated that cyberbullying has adverse physical and mental health consequences for youths. Unfortunately, most studies have focused on heterosexual and cisgender individuals. The scant available research on sexual minority and gender expansive youth (i.e., LGBTQ) shows that this group is at a higher risk for cyberbullying when compared to their heterosexual counterparts. However, to date no literature review has comprehensively explored the effects of cyberbullying on LGBTQ youth. A systematic review resulted in 27 empirical studies that explore the effects of cyberbullying on LGBTQ youth. Findings revealed that the percentage of cyberbullying among LGBTQ youth ranges between 10.5% and 71.3% across studies. Common negative effects of cyberbullying of LGBTQ youth include psychological and emotional (suicidal ideation and attempt, depression, lower self-esteem), behavioral (physical aggression, body image, isolation), and academic performance (lower GPAs). Recommendations and interventions for students, schools, and parents are discussed.
Finding mountains with molehills: the detectability of exotopography

Mountain ranges, volcanoes, trenches, and craters are common on rocky bodies throughout the Solar System, and we might we expect the same for rocky exoplanets. With ever larger telescopes under design and a growing need to not just detect planets but also to characterize them, it is timely to consider whether there is any prospect of remotely detecting exoplanet topography in the coming decades. To test this, we devised a novel yet simple approach to detect and quantify topographical features on the surfaces of exoplanets using transit light curves. If a planet rotates as it transits its parent star, its changing silhouette yields a time-varying transit depth, which can be observed as an apparent and anomalous increase in the photometric scatter. Using elevation data for several rocky bodies in our solar system, we quantify each world's surface integrated relief with a "bumpiness" factor, and calculate the corresponding photometric scatter expected during a transit. Here we describe the kinds of observations that would be necessary to detect topography in the ideal case of Mars transiting a nearby white dwarf star. If such systems have a conservative occurrence rate of 10%, we estimate that the upcoming Colossus or OWL telescopes would be able to detect topography with <20 hours of observing time, which corresponds to ~400 transits with a duration of 2 minutes and orbital period of ~10 hours.
Assessing Compatibility of a Pesticide in an IPM Program

National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture [2012-51120-20087, 2014-70006-22629, 2015-34383-23709]
War zone refugia? Establishing a baseline for protected waterbirds in a wildlife refuge flanked by agriculture and militarization.

The welfare of threatened fauna should not be assumed merely because their refuges have been designated with protected status. This is particularly true in geographical areas where social/military events drive an under-reported, but potentially lethal, type of human–wildlife interaction. Waterbirds of Gharana Wetland Conservation Reserve consist mostly of threatened species. However, as occurs globally, ‘protected’ fauna near contested borders are sometimes affected by military forces. As part of a larger project to document regional avifauna, we report the seasonal status of waterbirds in order to help establish a baseline for comparing conservation of wildlife within contested areas to that of fauna in more secure refuges. We examined 24 avifauna surveys for relationships between seasons, temperature, individuals and species. 28 of 61 waterbird species were rare. We found seasonal variations in individuals (F3,731 = 3.82; P < 0.01) and species (F3,11 = 5.81; P < 0.05) with a major influx in late winter, rather than autumn. Thus, while this sanctuary serves as an over-wintering site, it is also a stop-over site for high-altitude migrations. While providing this baseline, we offer a reminder that the welfare of wildlife in protected areas should be monitored seasonally, with the ongoing threats to their conservation, carefully documented.
Estimating Linguistic Complexity for Science Texts.

Evaluation of text difficulty is important both for downstream tasks like text simplification, and for supporting educators in classrooms. Existing work on automated text complexity analysis uses linear models with engineered knowledge-driven features as inputs. While this offers interpretability, these models have lower accuracy for shorter texts. Traditional readability metrics have the additional drawback of not generalizing to informational texts such as science. We propose a neural approach, training on science and other informational texts, to mitigate both problems. Our results show that neural methods outperform knowledge-based linear models for short texts, and have the capacity to generalize to genres not present in the training data.
Critical Cases in Electrocardiography: An Annotated Atlas of Don't-Miss ECGs for Emergency Medicine and Critical Care

Emergency and critical care providers are often challenged by patients with acute cardiorespiratory symptoms and abnormal electrocardiograms. Critical Cases in Electrocardiography emphasizes clinically-relevant topics, focusing squarely on situations where interpretation of the ECG contributes to clinical decision-making. This atlas is unique, in that it includes numerous examples of ECG 'misses' - cases where the computer algorithm or the clinicians (or both) got the diagnosis wrong. While many textbooks include only smaller, black and white ECG tracings, which do not resemble actual clinical practice, this volume is designed to encourage self-study of the ECG by including full-page tracings in their natural color. The book focuses on 'don't miss' ECG tracings in order to help readers advance beyond the stage of 'competent' electrocardiographer. Anatomic and electrophysiologic correlations are emphasized throughout the work, helping readers appreciate the anatomic and electrical origins of the ECG abnormalities, rather than relying solely on pattern memorization.
Inhibition of WEE1 kinase and cell cycle checkpoint activation sensitizes head and neck cancers to natural killer cell therapies

Natural killer (NK) cells recognize and lyse target tumor cells in an MHC-unrestricted fashion and complement antigen- and MHC-restricted killing by T-lymphocytes. NK cells and T-lymphocytes mediate early killing of targets through a common granzyme B-dependent mechanism. Tumor cell resistance to granzyme B and how this alters NK cell killing is not clearly defined. Tumor cell sensitivity to cultured murine KIL and human high affinity NK (haNK) cells in the presence or absence of AZD1775, a small molecule inhibitor of WEE1 kinase, was assessed via real time impedance analysis. Mechanisms of enhanced sensitivity to NK lysis were determined and in vivo validation via adoptive transfer of KIL cells into syngeneic mice was performed. Cultured murine KIL cells lyse murine oral cancer 2 (MOC2) cell targets more efficiently than freshly isolated peripheral murine NK cells. MOC2 sensitivity to granzyme B-dependent KIL cell lysis was enhanced by inhibition of WEE1 kinase, reversing G2/M cell cycle checkpoint activation and resulting in enhanced DNA damage and apoptosis. Treatment of MOC2 tumor-bearing wild-type C57BL/6 mice with AZD1775 and adoptively transferred KIL cells resulted in enhanced tumor growth control and survival over controls or either treatment alone. Validating these findings in human models, WEE1 kinase inhibition sensitized two human head and neck cancer cell lines to direct lysis by haNK cells. Further, WEE1 kinase inhibition sensitized these cell lines to antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity when combined with the anti-PD-L1 IgG1 mAb Avelumab. Tumor cell resistance to granzyme B-induced cell death can be reversed through inhibition of WEE1 kinase as AZD1775 sensitized both murine and human head and neck cancer cells to NK lysis. These data provide the pre-clinical rationale for the combination of small molecules that reverse cell cycle checkpoint activation and NK cellular therapies.
An Invitation to Biomathematics

Essential for all biology and biomathematics courses, this textbook provides students with a fresh perspective of quantitative techniques in biology in a field where virtually any advance in the life sciences requires a sophisticated mathematical approach. "An Invitation to Biomathematics", expertly written by a team of experienced educators, offers students a solid understanding of solving biological problems with mathematical applications. This text succeeds in enabling students to truly experience advancements made in biology through mathematical models by containing computer-based hands-on laboratory projects with emphasis on model development, model validation, and model refinement.The supplementary work, "Laboratory Manual of Biomathematics" is available separately ISBN 0123740223, or as a set ISBN: 0123740290). It provides a complete guide for development of quantification skills crucial for applying mathematical methods to biological problems. It includes well-known examples from across disciplines in the life sciences including modern biomedical research. It explains how to use data sets or dynamical processes to build mathematical models. It offers extensive illustrative materials. It is written in clear and easy-to-follow language without assuming a background in math or biology. A laboratory manual is available for hands-on, computer-assisted projects based on material covered in the text.
E.P.R. Study of Nuclear Radiation Effects in CaWO4

Since the discovery of its usefulness as a laser host crystal [1], calcium tungstate containing ions that are paramagnetic in the ground state has been the subject of EPR investigation in many laboratories. The examples are the transition elements, particularly the rare earths [2,3] such as Ce and Nd, the iron-group elements such as Cr, Mn and Fe, and Y [4–7]. In comparison however, the metastable EPR centers in CaWO4 have been less well investigated, despite the fact that a variety of paramagnetic centers can be produced by exposure to nuclear radiation. At the time our investigations were begun, the only publication was that by Zeldes and Livingston [8], who had reported high- and low-field paramagnetic W5+ centers produced by gamma irradiation. Consequently it seemed to us that a systematic study of the EPR centers produced by neutrons and gamma rays might provide some understanding of impurity sites, impurity interactions, and defect structures in CaWO4.
Investigational therapies targeting the androgen signaling axis and the androgen receptor and in prostate cancer - recent developments and future directions.

Introduction: Despite the heterogeneity of prostate cancer (PCa), androgen stimulation is fundamental to its development, growth, and lethality. Therefore, the blockade of androgen receptor (AR) si...
Cellular localization of PD-L1 expression in mismatch-repair-deficient and proficient colorectal carcinomas.

Blockade of the interaction between PD-1 and its ligands PD-L1 has shown clinical efficacy across several tumor types, especially in mismatch-repair-deficient colorectal carcinoma. The aim of this study was to examine the pattern and cellular localization of PD-L1 expression in the different molecular subtypes of mismatch-repair-deficient colorectal cancers vs. their mismatch-repair-proficient counterparts. PD-L1/SATB2 double-antibody-immunohistochemistry was utilized to distinguish tumor cell from immune cell staining. We observed in our series of 129 colorectal adenocarcinomas that PD-L1 expression occurred primarily in tumor-associated-immune cells and most prominently at the tumor-stroma-interface of the invasive front. The level of invasive front immune cell staining was significantly higher in mismatch-repair-deficient tumors compared to mismatch-repair-proficient tumors (p =50% of the tumor). These findings may serve to inform further efforts aiming to evaluate PD-L1 immunohistochemistry vis-a-vis molecular sub-classification as predictive biomarkers in the treatment of colorectal carcinoma.
Comorbidity and survival in locally advanced laryngeal cancer.

6038Background: We aim to quantify the relationship between pretreatment comorbidity and survival outcomes for patients with locally-advanced larynx cancer. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed rec...
Daily changes in phytoplankton lipidomes reveal mechanisms of energy storage in the open ocean

Sunlight is the dominant control on phytoplankton biosynthetic activity, and darkness deprives them of their primary external energy source. Changes in the biochemical composition of phytoplankton communities over diel light cycles and attendant consequences for carbon and energy flux in environments remain poorly elucidated. Here we use lipidomic data from the North Pacific subtropical gyre to show that biosynthesis of energy-rich triacylglycerols (TAGs) by eukaryotic nanophytoplankton during the day and their subsequent consumption at night drives a large and previously uncharacterized daily carbon cycle. Diel oscillations in TAG concentration comprise 23 ± 11% of primary production by eukaryotic nanophytoplankton representing a global flux of about 2.4 Pg C yr−1. Metatranscriptomic analyses of genes required for TAG biosynthesis indicate that haptophytes and dinoflagellates are active members in TAG production. Estimates suggest that these organisms could contain as much as 40% more calories at sunset than at sunrise due to TAG production. Day-night cycles in the biochemical composition of phytoplankton remain poorly understood. Here, Becker et al. use lipidomic and transcriptomic data from the North Pacific subtropical gyre to describe a daily cycle of production and consumption of energy-rich lipids by eukaryotic phytoplankton.
Increased Risk of Death in First Year After Liver Transplantation Among Patients With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis vs Liver Disease of Other Etiologies.

Background & Aims An increasing number of patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) require liver transplantation. We compared outcomes of patients with liver diseases of different etiologies (NASH, hepatitis C virus [HCV]-associated liver disease, and alcohol-associated liver disease [ALD]). Methods We analyzed data from the United Network for Organ Sharing registry on 6344 patients who underwent liver transplantation for NASH, 17,037 for cirrhosis from chronic HCV infection, and 9279 for ALD. We collected data from patients who underwent liver transplantation during the following time periods: 2008–2010, 2011–2013, 2014–2015, 2016–2017. We compared outcomes of different groups using Cox regression models, adjusting for donor and recipient characteristics. Results For patients who underwent liver transplantation during 2016–2017, a significantly lower proportion of patients with NASH survived for 1 year after transplantation than patients with HCV (P = .004) or ALD (P Conclusions In an analysis of data from patients who underwent liver transplantation during 2016–2017, we found the risk of death within 1 year after transplant was higher among patients with NASH than HCV-associated liver disease or ALD. Risk of death increased with age, and patients with NASH have a higher risk of death from cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease.
A quantitative assessment of institutions of higher education disaster preparedness and resilience.

Objective: Assess levels of disaster preparedness in institutions of higher education (IHEs) in the United States. Design: An anonymous, 57-question survey targeted individuals responsible for emergency management at IHEs across the US descriptive statistics and bivariate chi-square analysis were reported. Using the established threshold score of the initial Cities Readiness Initiative from the CDC, an individual respondent’s composite score of 70 percent or higher across 23 specific questions within the 57-question survey was labeled as “prepared.” Results: Chi-square analysis identified variables associated with lower preparedness levels at IHEs not achieving the minimum 70 percent score. Having a campus law enforcement officer serve the additional role of emergency manager had a negative association with being prepared [ χ 2 (1) = 10.18, p < 0.001]. Having emergency management as a separate university function from campus law enforcement had a positive relationship with being prepared [ χ 2 (1) = 18.55, p < 0.001]. Staffing the emergency management function with a professional having less than 3 years of emergency management experience had a negative association with being prepared. Conclusions: Our results indicate that minimizing the mission of emergency management by simply tasking a campus law enforcement officer with the extra responsibility of emergency management or entertaining less professionally qualified personnel to lead emergency management’s complex mission can lead to disastrous results. Not only is preparedness impacted, but also resilience when facing disaster situations. Our nation continues to strive to become more resilient when facing such adverse events, as formally embraced and emphasized in the 2017 National Security Strategy. Research continues to offer best practices and unfortunately continues to highlight gaps. While the higher education community is not one of the 16 federal critical infrastructure sectors, identified gaps such as those presented in our findings as well as those published by the National Academies of Sciences are cause for alarm. Not only are higher education campuses generating invaluable contributions to society in general, bio-innovation, public health, and medicine, to name a few, they are a core stakeholder in resilience research and implementation. Yet, research continues to indicate preparedness and therefore resilience gaps in this sector. The authors propose implications for practice, policy, and research to assist IHEs in achieving a more comprehensive, sustainable level of resilience.
Effect of Combined Leukocyte-Poor Platelet-Rich Plasma and Hyaluronic Acid on Bone Marrow–Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell and Chondrocyte Metabolism:

ObjectiveGiven the potential applications of combined biologics, the authors sought to evaluate the in vitro effect of combined platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and hyaluronic acid (HA) on cellular metab...
Universal Basic Income in the United States and Advanced Countries

We discuss the potential role of universal basic incomes (UBIs) in advanced countries. A feature of advanced economies that distinguishes them from developing countries is the existence of well-dev...
A cultural consensus of fire and futility: Harvesting beetle-kill for wood-based bioenergy in Wyoming and Colorado

Abstract This study investigated key forest stakeholders’ perspectives on wood-based bioenergy development in the Medicine Bow Region of Wyoming and Colorado. Utilizing a qualitative data collection and analysis approach, we: (1) documented stakeholders’ cultural perspectives to understand opportunities and constraints associated with the use of beetle-killed trees for wood-based bioenergy development in this region and, (2) investigated the potential for wood-based bioenergy development within socio-ecological systems and cultural models frameworks. Our results indicate strong shared cultural beliefs and understandings of wood-based bioenergy development across an array of forest stakeholders. Stakeholders collectively described the potential for this industry and the benefit of utilizing beetle-killed stands in the Medicine Bow. Despite positive perceptions of wood-based bioenergy development, stakeholders predominantly discussed the multitude of ecological and economic constraints outweighing its feasibility. Our findings suggest a cultural consensus across stakeholder groups of the nonviability of a wood-based bioenergy industry and the futility of developing an industry to manage beetle-kill. Overall, stakeholders’ considered the impacts of the beetle-kill epidemic to be insurmountable, with fire as the inevitable result of the epidemic.
Spatial Clustering of Inhibition in Mouse Primary Visual Cortex

Summary Whether mouse visual cortex contains orderly feature maps is debated. The overlapping pattern of geniculocortical inputs with M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-rich patches in layer 1 (L1) suggests a non-random architecture. Here, we found that L1 inputs from the lateral posterior thalamus (LP) avoid patches and target interpatches. Channelrhodopsin-2-assisted mapping of excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in L2/3 shows that the relative excitation of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (PVs) and pyramidal neurons (PNs) by dLGN, LP, and cortical feedback is distinct and depends on whether the neurons reside in clusters aligned with patches or interpatches. Paired recordings from PVs and PNs show that unitary inhibitory postsynaptic currents (uIPSCs) are larger in interpatches than in patches. The spatial clustering of inhibition is matched by dense clustering of PV terminals in interpatches. The results show that the excitation/inhibition balance across V1 is organized into patch and interpatch subnetworks, which receive distinct long-range inputs and are specialized for the processing of distinct spatiotemporal features.
Orofacial Manifestations of Lyme Disease: A Systematic Review

Purpose: Orofacial manifestations of Lyme disease can affect head and neck anatomical structures that are frequently examined by dental professionals. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the literature for types and frequencies of orofacial manifestations documented in populations in the United States (US) with Lyme disease.Methods: Four electronic databases (Dentistry and Oral Sciences, PubMed, Cinahl Plus, and Medline) were systematically searched during the summer of 2019 using keywords and MeSH terms to identify relevant studies. Search term alterations and synonyms were cross-checked using the US National Library of Medicine Unified Medical Language System Metathesaurus. Full-text, English language studies were included if they reported on US populations with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention confirmed cases of Lyme disease. The review followed guidelines set forth in Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). Quality was assessed with a modified version of the Cochrane Data Collection Form for Randomized Control Trials and Non-randomized Control Trials. Extracted data was organized by themes of manifestations and the frequencies were calculated.Results: An initial search extracted 217,381 articles; 43 met the inclusion criteria and were further reviewed for quality. Twelve articles published from 1992-2017 were deemed appropriate for inclusion. All were from non-dental journals and fewer than half (n=6) reported on Lyme disease endemic states. Eight incidences of orofacial manifestations within head/neck regions were documented in Lyme disease patients (n=951) and included: headache (39.5%), facial palsy (42.5%), temporomandibular joint arthralgia (42.0%), altered taste (11.0%), stiff neck (13.6%), sore throat (3.0%), neck pain/arthralgia (7.5%), and erythema migrans rash (5.2%).Conclusion: Eight orofacial manifestations of Lyme disease were revealed by this systematic review. Future research regarding the orofacial manifestations of Lyme disease is needed so this medical condition can be better understood by oral health care providers and result in improved health outcomes for infected patients.
Social Science and the Philosophy of Law

H.L.A. Hart’s description of his jurisprudential enterprise as an exercise in “descriptive sociology” raises important questions, questions going beyond Hartian exegesis, about the role of empirical social science in addressing jurisprudential questions. This entry focuses on the background empirical assumptions and conclusions in Hart’s own work, on the empirical dimensions of conceptual analysis, on the empirical challenges of legal pluralism, and on the empirical aspects of philosophical analysis of legal reasoning and legal compliance.
Automated Safety Diagnosis Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Video and Deep Learning Algorithm

This paper presents an automated traffic safety diagnostics solution named “Automated Roadway Conflict Identification System” (ARCIS) that uses deep learning techniques to process traffic videos co...
Investigation of Resonance Based Propagation Loss Modeling for THz Chip-to-Chip Wireless Communications

This paper proposes a path loss model for THz chip-to-chip wireless communication in desktop size metal enclosures with respect to transceivers positions. This path loss model accounts for the attenuation due to the signal spreading, resonant modes inside the cavity, and the radiation pattern of the antenna. Measurements were performed in LoS and 2-D and 3-D misalignment propagation scenarios. The model prediction shows a good agreement with measured results, which proves the validness of the model.
Spectral Properties of Oxovanadium(IV) Complexes. IV. Correlation of ESR Spectra with Ligand Type

ESR spectral parameters, A0, A ‖, A ⊥and go, g‖, g⊥ as well as electronic absorption maxima are listed for a number of oxovanadium(IV) complexes with a series of representative ligands. The four donor atoms of the ligands are: oxygen (β-diketones, oxalate, water), oxygen—nitrogen (β-ketimines, salicylaldimines), nitrogen (porphyrins, thiocyanate), sulfur (dithiocarbonate), chloride, and cyanide. The electronic structures of the square-based pyramidal oxovanadium(IV) complexes are discussed with the aid of spectral data. A plot of g values versus A values for each of the complexes maps out regions for donor types. Within each group, solvent and substituent effects on the spectra are also noted. The origin of the ESR correlation is related to the empirical dependence of the isotropic contact term on the molecular orbital coefficients and energy of the vanadium orbitals. Extension of this approach to systems in which the donor atom is unknown is suggested.
Branding the Master Brander (A): Positioning Procter & Gamble's Employer Brand

This case provides students with an opportunity to analyze and define a desired positioning for Procter & Gamble's (P&G's) US employer brand. In addition to enabling students to actively engage in assessing and creating a brand positioning, this case gives students a rare opportunity to analyze the type of brand image data that brand managers use. Considered highly confidential, few cases enable students to see and interpret such data. Finally, this case provides insight into a type of branding—employer branding—for which there is little public information as it has only recently come into vogue. Excerpt UVA-M-1004 Oct. 12, 2020 Branding the Master Brander (A): Positioning Procter & Gamble's Employer Brand On a beautiful spring morning in 2018, Jules Bres settled into his seat in the conference room at Procter & Gamble's (P&G's) Paris office. He could not help but admire the view of the River Seine outside the window. Gathered around the room were talent acquisition professionals from P&G's largest markets who had convened in Paris to develop P&G's two-year global talent acquisition strategy. At the top of the agenda was a very important topic for those in the room: the “P&G Global Employer Brand Positioning Assessment.” As the recently assigned global brand manager for P&G's employer brand, Bres was now responsible for managing one of P&G's most valuable brands: the company's own reputation with prospective and current employees. Despite being only a week into his new role, Bres knew from his discussions with Laura Mattimore, senior vice president of global talent, that he would be expected to answer the question on everyone's mind: How should the company be positioning P&G's employer brand to continue to attract, develop, and retain the world's brightest talent? At the end of the session, Bres was approached by P&G's head of talent acquisition in the United States. “Jules, our team in the US would like to talk to you about how we could continue to strengthen our brand image among top business school candidates. I'd like to invite you to a meeting in Cincinnati in two weeks to share your thoughts.” . . .
Industry Payments to Plastic Surgeons: What Has Changed Over the Last Six-Years Following Implementation of the Physician Payment Sunshine Act?

BACKGROUND The Open Payments Program, as designated by the Physician Payments Sunshine Act is the single largest repository of industry payments made to licensed physicians within the United States. Though sizeable in its dataset, the database and user interface are limited in their ability to permit expansive data interpretation and summarization. OBJECTIVES We sought to comprehensively compare industry payments made to plastic surgeons with payments made to all surgeons and all physicians to elucidate industry relationships since implementation. METHODS The Open Payments Database was queried between 2014 and 2019, and inclusion criteria were applied. These data were evaluated in aggregate and for yearly totals, payment type, and geographic distribution. RESULTS 61,000,728 unique payments totaling $11,815,248,549 were identified over the six-year study period. 9,089 plastic surgeons, 121,151 surgeons, and 796,260 total physicians received these payments. Plastic surgeons annually received significantly less payment than all surgeons (p=0.0005). However, plastic surgeons did not receive significantly more payment than all physicians (p = 0.0840). Cash and cash equivalents proved to be the most common form of payment; Stock and stock options were least commonly transferred. Plastic surgeons in Tennessee received the most in payments between 2014-2019 (mean $ 76,420.75). California had the greatest number of plastic surgeons to receive payments (1,452 surgeons). CONCLUSIONS Plastic surgeons received more in industry payments than the average of all physicians but received less than all surgeons. The most common payment was cash transactions. Over the past six years, geographic trends in industry payments have remained stable.
A comparison of the Wiener filter vs. Metz filter for detection of lesions on FDG linear whole body coincidence tomographic images

2130 Objectives : Choosing a proper filter to reduce noise and obtain high resolution is desirable. There is balance between obtaining a high resolution image and obtaining a smooth image, as increasing smoothing through filtering will reduce resolution. At our institution we apply adaptive filters, such as the Wiener filter and the Metz filter, that utilize a multiplier value to create different curve shapes to provide good smoothing and constant count areas, and to control the roll off portion of the curves to provide excellent edge retention of objects. The purpose of this study is to compare the outcome of coincidence studies done with both Wiener and Metz filters with regard to lesion detection. Methods : 19 studies (10 male, 9 female) were randomly selected. Each patient was injected with 10 mCi of 18F-FDG and a whole body linear tomographic sweep study scan was performed with a coincidence method. Each study was processed twice using Wiener and Metz filters. Two nuclear medicine physicians were asked to independently evaluate these images for the number of lesions and quality of images. Patients9 body mass indices (BMI) were calculated for those cases that showed obvious preference for one of the filters. Results : 74% of the cases were comparatively noted as "same" in resolution, including 5 cases showing no lesions. Both physicians agreed that the Wiener filter had better resolution in 4 cases that fell within the normal BMI range (18.5-24.9). There were 2 cases that fell into the overweight range for BMI (25.0-29.9); one physician preferred the Metz filter for better resolution, while the other noted them as the same. In only 1 case that fell into the obese range for BMI (30.0 and above), did both physicians agree that the Metz filter was much better. Conclusions : We conclude that there is no significant difference in the overall resolution of either filter. The filter of choice is based upon personal preference. The findings suggest that when processing 18F-FDG whole body linear scans with coincidence imaging, BMI should be taken into consideration when selecting a filter. Based on our results, the Metz filter may be the preferred choice for overweight patients, and the Wiener filter for average weight patients.
Genomic and experimental evidence that ALKATI does not predict single agent sensitivity to ALK inhibitors

Genomic data can facilitate personalized treatment decisions by enabling therapeutic hypotheses in individual patients. Mutual exclusivity has been an empirically useful signal for identifying activating mutations that respond to single agent targeted therapies. However, a low mutation frequency can underpower this signal for rare variants. We develop a resampling based method for the direct pairwise comparison of conditional selection between sets of gene pairs. We apply this method to a transcript variant of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) in melanoma, termed ALKATI that was suggested to predict sensitivity to ALK inhibitors and we find that it is not mutually exclusive with key melanoma oncogenes. Furthermore, we find that ALKATI is not likely to be sufficient for cellular transformation or growth, and it does not predict single agent therapeutic dependency. Our work strongly disfavors the role of ALKATI as a targetable oncogenic driver that might be sensitive to single agent ALK treatment.
New England's Crises and Cultural Memory: Literature, Politics, History, Religion, 1620-1860

In this magisterial study, John McWilliams traces the development of New England's influential cultural identity. Through written responses to historical crises from early New England through the pre-Civil War period, McWilliams argues that the meaning of 'New England' despite claims for its consistency was continuously reformulated. The significance of past crises was forever being reinterpreted for the purpose of meeting succeeding crises. The crises he examines include starvation, the Indian wars, the Salem witch trials, the revolution of 1775–76 and slavery. Integrating history, literature, politics and religion this is one of the most comprehensive studies of the meaning of 'New England' to appear in print. McWilliams considers a range of writing including George Bancroft's History of the United States, the political essays of Samuel Adams, the fiction of Nathaniel Hawthorne and the poetry of Robert Lowell. This compelling book is essential reading for historians and literary critics of New England.
Newer Techniques in Optical Microscopy

High-contrast optics, especially when used in conjunction with new replication techniques; vicinal illumination for sensitive detection of microcracks; subsurface exploration for three-dimensional details of microstructure; multiple-beam interferometry for astonishingly sensitive description of surface contours; particle size estimation procedures (not new but commonly overlooked); the modern spindle stage with computer programs to yield optical data from a single grain; and a new method for mounting particulates for automated stereology combine to substantiate the opinion that the optical microscope is the most valuable single instrument for characterizing materials.
Vagus Nerve Stimulation Delivered with Motor Training Enhances Recovery of Function after Traumatic Brain Injury.

Abstract Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is one of the largest health problems in the United States, and affects nearly 2 million people every year. The effects of TBI, including weakness and loss of coordination, can be debilitating and last years after the initial injury. Recovery of motor function is often incomplete. We have developed a method using electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve paired with forelimb use by which we have demonstrated enhanced recovery from ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Here we have tested the hypothesis that vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) paired with physical rehabilitation could enhance functional recovery after TBI. We trained rats to pull on a handle to receive a food reward. Following training, they received a controlled-cortical impact (CCI) in the forelimb area of motor cortex opposite the trained forelimb, and were then randomized into two treatment groups. One group of animals received VNS paired with rehabilitative therapy, whereas another group received rehabilitat...
Life extension in the dwarf mouse.

Abstract Ames dwarf mice and Snell dwarf mice lack growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), live much longer than their normal siblings, and exhibit many symptoms of delayed aging. “Laron dwarf mice,” produced by targeted disruption of the GH receptor⧸GH-binding protein gene (GHR-KO mice), are GH resistant and also live much longer than normal animals from the same line. Isolated GH deficiency in “little” mice is similarly associated with increased life span, provided that obesity is prevented by reducing fat content in the diet. Long-lived dwarf mice share many phenotypic characteristics with genetically normal (wild-type) animals subjected to prolonged caloric restriction (CR) but are not CR mimetics. We propose that mechanisms linking GH deficiency and GH resistance with delayed aging include reduced hepatic synthesis of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), reduced secretion of insulin, increased hepatic sensitivity to insulin actions, reduced plasma glucose, reduced generation of reactive oxygen species, improved antioxidant defenses, increased resistance to oxidative stress, and reduced oxidative damage. The possible role of hypothyroidism, reduced body temperature, reduced adult body size, delayed puberty, and reduced fecundity in producing the long-lived phenotype of dwarf mice remains to be evaluated. An important role of IGF-1 and insulin in the control of mammalian longevity is consistent with the well-documented actions of homologous signaling pathways in invertebrates.
Felix Klein's “Erlanger Antrittsrede”: A Transcription with English Translation and Commentary

Abstract One of Felix Klein's leading interests was the role of mathematics education not only in the German universities but in the secondary schools as well. Klein played a leading role in the educational reform movements that flourished during the twenty-year period prior to World War I, and in 1908 he was elected President of the International Mathematics Instruction Commission. The “Erlanger Antrittsrede” of 1872, presented herein, gives a clear expression of Klein's views on mathematics education at the very beginning of his career. While previous writers, including Klein himself, have stressed the continuity between the Antrittsrede and his later views on mathematics education, the following commentary presents an analysis of the text together with external evidence supporting exactly the opposite conclusion.
Sums of Polygonal Numbers

Let m ≥ 1. The k-th polygonal number of order m+2 is the sum of the first k terms of the arithmetic progression 1, 1+m, l+2m, l+3m,… The polygonal numbers of orders 3 and 4 are the triangular numbers and squares, respectively.