cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SC-Haskell: Sequential Consistency in Languages That Minimize Mutable Shared Heap

A core, but often neglected, aspect of a programming language design is its memory (consistency) model. Sequential consistency~(SC) is the most intuitive memory model for programmers as it guarantees sequential composition of instructions and provides a simple abstraction of shared memory as a single global store with atomic read and writes. Unfortunately, SC is widely considered to be impractical due to its associated performance overheads. Perhaps contrary to popular opinion, this paper demonstrates that SC is achievable with acceptable performance overheads for mainstream languages that minimize mutable shared heap. In particular, we modify the Glasgow Haskell Compiler to insert fences on all writes to shared mutable memory accessed in nonfunctional parts of the program. For a benchmark suite containing 1,279 programs, SC adds a geomean overhead of less than 0.4\% on an x86 machine. The efficiency of SC arises primarily due to the isolation provided by the Haskell type system between purely functional and thread-local imperative computations on the one hand, and imperative computations on the global heap on the other. We show how to use new programming idioms to further reduce the SC overhead; these create a virtuous cycle of less overhead and even stronger semantic guarantees (static data-race freedom).
Streamlined Synthesis of Polycyclic Conjugated Hydrocarbons Containing Cyclobutadienoids via C–H Activated Annulation and Aromatization

The juxtaposition of fused cyclobutadienoid (CBD) with benzenoid creates intriguing alternating antiaromatic and aromatic conjugation. Synthetic accessibility of such molecules, however, has been challenging and limited in scope. We report a modular and streamlined synthetic strategy to access a large variety of polycyclic conjugated hydrocarbons with fused CBD. Synthesis was achieved through efficient palladium-catalyzed C–H activated annulation between abundant aryl bromides and oxanorbornenes, followed by aromatization under acidic conditions. The influence of four-membered ring was examined using spectroscopy, crystallography, and computation. This strategy will facilitate exploration on the chemical, structural, and electronic properties of such conjugated systems containing CBD.
Application of electromagnetic processing for development of high-performance sintered powder metal parts

Abstract Electromagnetic processing was used to study the effects of electro-magneto forming on the dimensional control and thermal stability of sintered powder metal (PM) parts. The investigation was carried out on sinter-hardened, low chromium-molybdenum bainitic steel. The results show an increase in the microhardness of about 14% for the electromagnetic processed parts compared to the as-sintered parts. This was attributed to the 2% increase in the density, 17% and 29% reduction in the volume fraction of porosity and width of the bainitic lath, respectively, due to the electromagnetic processing. Dimensional characterization was carried out using a vertically aligned push-rod dilatometer. After four thermal cycles of heating and cooling, at a controlled rate of 5 °C/min to 1000 °C, the electromagnetic processed parts exhibited reduced dimensional change of about 44% lower than for the as-sintered parts. This is significantly important for applications that demand high dimensional tolerance and performance, especially at elevated temperatures.
Negative Ion Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Its Use in Investigating the Transition States for Some Organic Reactions

Abstract This chapter describes the use of negative ion photoelectron spectroscopy (NIPES) for investigating the transition states (TSs) for several organic reactions: (a) ring inversion and bond shifting in cyclooctatetraene, (b) ring opening and ring closure of cyclopropanone via an oxyallyl TS, and (c) fragmentation of triplet cyclopropanetrione [(CO) 3 ] to CO plus triplet ethylenedione (O C C O). The application of NIPES to access the D 3h hilltop for fragmentation of singlet (CO) 3 to three molecules of CO is also described, and the use of NIPES for TS spectroscopy of X + HX ➔ XH + X reactions is discussed.
Small-Molecule Inhibitors of the CD40-CD40L Costimulatory Protein-Protein Interaction

Costimulatory interactions are required for T cell activation and development of an effective immune response; hence, they are valuable therapeutic targets for immunomodulation. However, they, as all other protein-protein interactions, are difficult to target by small molecules. Here, we report the identification of novel small-molecule inhibitors of the CD40-CD40L interaction designed starting from the chemical space of organic dyes. For the most promising compounds such as DRI-C21045, activity (IC50) in the low micromolar range has been confirmed in cell assays including inhibition of CD40L-induced activation in NF-κB sensor cells, THP-1 myeloid cells, and primary human B cells as well as in murine allogeneic skin transplant and alloantigen-induced T cell expansion in draining lymph node experiments. Specificity versus other TNF-superfamily interactions (TNF-R1-TNF-α) and lack of cytotoxicity have also been confirmed at these concentrations. These novel compounds provide proof-of-principle evidence for the possibility of small-molecule inhibition of costimulatory protein-protein interactions, establish the structural requirements needed for efficient CD40-CD40L inhibition, and serve to guide the search for such immune therapeutics.
Age to Begin and Intervals for Breast Cancer Screening: Balancing Benefits and Harms.

OBJECTIVE. Screening mammography has been widely used for breast cancer detection and has been found to decrease mortality, but debate continues. The purpose of this article is to review screening ...
The Radical Left after 1968: From Ideological Craze to Reconfiguration of Politics

By the mid-1970s, Jerry Rubin—icon of American radicalism and cofounder of the Yippies, who campaigned in 1968 to elect a pig as president of the United States and appeared before the House Un-American Activities Committee dressed in an eighteenth-century Revolutionary War uniform—had transformed himself from protester to successful businessman. He launched a new career on Wall Street as a stockbroker, became known for his promotion of “networking,” bringing together yuppies at parties in Manhattan, and was an early investor in Apple Computer. For a long time, both in public memory and in many historical accounts, Rubin's conversion embodied the path of an entire generation of leftists who hastily shifted from the ideological craze of 1968–1970 to the disillusionment of the so-called “me decade.”
Pubertal Progression in Female Adolescents with Progeria.

Abstract Study Objective This study identified the prevalence of menarche and coincident sexual characteristics in female adolescents with Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS). Design Data were examined to determine the prevalence of menarche in female adolescents older than 12 years; all were participants in clinical trials between 2007 and 2016. Setting Pediatric hospital in Boston, Massachusetts. Participants Fifteen female adolescents, median age 15 (range, 12.0-20.3) years with a confirmed diagnosis of HGPS. Interventions and Main Outcome Measures Report of menarche, anthropometric and serum hormonal measures, Tanner pubertal staging, and body composition using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Results Nine of 15 (60%) participants reported spontaneous menarche at a median age of 14.4 years (range, 12.0-16.5 years). In those experiencing menarche vs not, median age was older (16.5 vs 13.6 years; P = .02), whereas body mass index did not differ (10.5 vs 10.4; P = .53) nor percentage body fat (19.4% vs. 19.3%; P = .98) or serum leptin levels (0.40 vs 0.40 ng/mL; P = .23). Among those who achieved menarche, 2 of 9 (22%) had Tanner II breast development and 2 of 9 (22%) exhibited Tanner II Pubic hair, all reflecting minimal pubertal development. Only early signs of puberty were similarly seen in the non-menstruating group, including 1 of 6 (17%) with Tanner II breasts and 2 of 6 (33%) with Tanner II pubic hair, and Tanner staging did not differ between those who reported menarche vs those who did not (each P = 1.0). None of the participants achieved Tanner IV or V thelarche over the course of the study. Conclusion Menarche was achieved in more than half of adolescent girls with HGPS, in the setting of little to no physical signs of pubertal development and minimal body fat.
Can You Do Health Disparities Research with Publicly Available Datasets

Rationale and Objectives Given the growing importance of identifying and reducing health disparities, it is important for radiologist researchers to engage in this space to promote evidence-based imaging disparities policy. However, researchers are often hindered by access to appropriate data to perform quality research. Materials and Methods This paper reviews existing publicly available data sets that may be useful for performing imaging disparities research. Results Multiple data sources are publicly available and have been used by previous researchers to examine imaging disparities. Conclusions This paper provides an overview of publicly available data sources that radiologists can use for imaging disparities research. Appropriate use of these data sources will require researchers to carefully consider the overall research question and level of analysis.
Diabetes care in older adults: current issues in management and research.

Diabetes mellitus in older adults is a serious and complex health problem. The increased challenges of treating and managing diabetes in late life are heightened by the expanding numbers and proportion of older adults in the United States. The prevalence of diabetes is over 8% in the United States population over the age of 64, and 70% of all patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes are older than 55 (Herman et al., 1984). The heterogeneity of the elderly population further underscores the importance of attending to the clinical and psychosocial impact of diabetes among older adults.
Denoising of aerial imagery using higher-order statistics

We reduced noise in aerial imagery using a higher-order correlation-based method using wavelet transforms. In our approach, we separated wavelet coefficients and noise based on a third-order detection algorithm. Because the higher that second-order moments of the Gaussian probability function are zero, the third-order correlation coefficient will not have a statistical contribution from Gaussian noise. The extension of denoising using higher-order statistics from 1-D to 2-D is not necessarily straightforward. We investigated different separable approache for image denosing. Using our higher-order statistical approach gave the lowest MSE in all cases when compared to conventional second-order denoising. Averaging the results of row and column processing resulted in the best perceptual quality for our imagery.
The Influence of Myopic R&D Investment Decisions on Earnings Growth

Much anecdotal evidence suggests that the market's over-emphasis on firms' short-term earnings performance induces managerial myopic R&D investments behavior. However, empirical studies that directly address the impacts of myopic R&D cuts on firms' long-term profitability are limited. This paper examines such impacts by testing whether the likelihood for R&D intensive firms to experience slower earnings growth is increased subsequent to myopic R&D cuts. The findings suggest that firms with myopic R&D cuts, as compared to those with non-myopic R&D cuts or abnormal increases in R&D spending, are significantly more likely to experience a slowdown in earnings growth after controlling past myopic R&D investment decisions, the changes in the economic growth, and the market's expectation of future performance. The negative impact is more pronounced for high-tech firms. The results highlight the economic consequence of the trade-off that managers face when they under-invest in R&D to meet short-term earnings targets.
The Mechanical Response of Aluminum Nitride at Very High Strain Rates

In previous work, we have used a modified compression Kolsky bar to determine the dynamic compressive strength of some ceramic materials, including aluminum nitride (AlN), at strain rates of approximately 103 s–1. However, there is very limited experimental work on ceramics at higher strain rates (of the order of 104 s–1) because of various technical difficulties. This work seeks to characterize the mechanical properties of AlN within the strain rate range (103~104 s–1) using the desktop Kolsky bar (DKB), taking advantage of the benefits of miniaturization. Our interest is in the influence of the loading rate on the compressive strength under uniaxial stress conditions. Microstructural analysis is performed to identify the failure mechanisms at different strain rates.
Americans in Waiting: The Lost Story of Immigration and Citizenship in the United States

Introduction: Immigrants in America 1. Contract and Classical Immigration Law 2. Promises, Promises 3. All Persons Within the Territorial Jurisdiction 4. Alienage and the Ties That Bind 5. The Most Tender Connections 6. The Lost Story of Americans in Waiting 7. Transition at a Crossroads 8. The Meaning of Transition 9. Race, Belonging, and Transition 10. Taking Transition Seriously Conclusion: The Idea of Americans in Waiting Notes Index
Strategies for Managing the Costs of Chronic Illness in the Context of Limited Financial Resources: A Qualitative Study in Dominican Persons With Arthritis.

Objective Persons who reside in low- and middle-income countries often have insufficient resources to pay for treatments prescribed for their medical conditions. The aim of this study was to determine, using qualitative methods, how patients with arthritis in the Dominican Republic manage the costs associated with chronic illnesses. Methods We conducted individual interviews with 17 Dominican adults with advanced arthritis who were undergoing total knee replacement or total hip replacement at a hospital in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Interviewers followed a moderator's guide with questions pertaining to the financial demands of arthritis treatment and the strategies participants used to pay for treatments. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and translated into English. We used thematic analysis to identify salient themes. Results The thematic analysis suggested that health system factors (such as the extent of reimbursement for medications available in the public health care system) along with personal factors (such as disposable income) shaped individuals' experiences of managing chronic illness. These systemic and personal factors contributed to a sizeable gap between the cost of care and the amount most participants were able to pay. Participants managed this resource gap using a spectrum of strategies ranging from acceptance (or, "making do with less") to resourcefulness (or, "finding more"). Participants were aided by strong community bonds and religiously oriented resilience. Conclusion This qualitative study illuminates the range of strategies Dominican individuals with limited resources use to obtain health care and manage chronic illness. The findings raise hypotheses that warrant further study and could help guide provider-patient conversations regarding treatment adherence.
Virtual clinical trial for task-based evaluation of a deep learning synthetic mammography algorithm

Image processing algorithms based on deep learning techniques are being developed for a wide range of medical applications. Processed medical images are typically evaluated with the same kind of image similarity metrics used for natural scenes, disregarding the medical task for which the images are intended. We propose a com- putational framework to estimate the clinical performance of image processing algorithms using virtual clinical trials. The proposed framework may provide an alternative method for regulatory evaluation of non-linear image processing algorithms. To illustrate this application of virtual clinical trials, we evaluated three algorithms to compute synthetic mammograms from digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) scans based on convolutional neural networks previously used for denoising low dose computed tomography scans. The inputs to the networks were one or more noisy DBT projections, and the networks were trained to minimize the difference between the output and the corresponding high dose mammogram. DBT and mammography images simulated with the Monte Carlo code MC-GPU using realistic breast phantoms were used for network training and validation. The denoising algorithms were tested in a virtual clinical trial by generating 3000 synthetic mammograms from the public VICTRE dataset of simulated DBT scans. The detectability of a calcification cluster and a spiculated mass present in the images was calculated using an ensemble of 30 computational channelized Hotelling observers. The signal detectability results, which took into account anatomic and image reader variability, showed that the visibility of the mass was not affected by the post-processing algorithm, but that the resulting slight blurring of the images severely impacted the visibility of the calcification cluster. The evaluation of the algorithms using the pixel-based metrics peak signal to noise ratio and structural similarity in image patches was not able to predict the reduction in performance in the detectability of calcifications. These two metrics are computed over the whole image and do not consider any particular task, and might not be adequate to estimate the diagnostic performance of the post-processed images.
The war on coal is over: assessing Obama-era regulations and the Trump Administration’s efforts to date

AbstractFor nearly a decade, Republicans accused Democrats and the Obama Administration of waging a “war on coal” and Democrats has cited economics as the primary cause of the industry’s troubles. ...
Applications of In Silico Solvent Screening and an Interactive Web-Based Portal for Pharmaceutical Crystallization Process Development.

Abstract In an effort to reduce development time and costs associated with active pharmaceutical ingredient process solvent selection and crystallization design, a tiered approach to crystallization solvent selection was developed that leverages different solubility modeling tools selected on the basis of available data and the intended use of the prediction. To facilitate easy access to routine solubility modeling functionality with a high level of automation and parallelization, a web-based in silico solvent-screening tool was also developed as well as a user interface to visualize and interpret the large number of predicted results. Examples are presented to illustrate the utility of the workflow and solvent-screening tool at various stages of development for a diverse range of crystallization processes. Implementation of the in silico solvent selection workflow has led to a ∼10× reduction in active pharmaceutical ingredient usage and 20% reduction in full-time employee time per project based on average after the first year.
The Internet of Things and Sustainable Manufacturing

The Internet provides the means to interconnect billions of network-enabled devices and machines across the world, enabling information sharing between them and a degree of interactivity that hitherto has been impossible. This view of the future is referred to as the Internet of Things (IoT). It has the potential to have a profoundly positive impact on manufacturing by enabling much tighter control of production processes and a closer engagement between manufacturers and their suppliers and customers. Ultimately the IoT gives manufacturers the means to increase their productivity and rapidly respond to new opportunities and hence be more sustainable as a business. This chapter reviews the current state of the art of the IoT and what can be expected in years to come. The focus is on the manufacturing sector, sustainability and the key enabling role of the IoT in Industry 4.0.
The "one-point method" for estimating maximum carboxylation capacity of photosynthesis: A cautionary tale.

The maximum carboxylation capacity of Rubisco, Vc,max , is an important photosynthetic parameter that is key to accurate estimation of carbon assimilation. The gold-standard technique for determining Vc,max is to derive Vc,max from the initial slope of an A-Ci curve (the response of photosynthesis, A, to intercellular CO2 concentration, Ci ). Accurate estimates of Vc,max derived from an alternative and rapid "one-point" measurement of photosynthesis could greatly accelerate data collection and model parameterization. We evaluated the practical application of the one-point method in six species measured under standard conditions (saturating irradiance and 400 μmol CO2 mol-1 ) and under conditions that would increase the likelihood for successful estimation of Vc,max : (a) ensuring Rubisco-limited A by measuring at 300 μmol CO2 mol-1 and (b) allowing time for acclimation to saturating irradiance prior to measurement. The one-point method significantly underestimated Vc,max in four of the six species, providing estimates 21%-32% below fitted values. We identified ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate-limited A, light acclimation, and the use of an assumed respiration rate as factors that limited the effective use of the one-point method to accurately estimate Vc,max . We conclude that the one-point method requires a species-specific understanding of its application, is often unsuccessful, and must be used with caution.
Improved Survival Following Living Donor Liver Transplantation for Pediatric Acute Liver Failure: Analysis of 20 Years of US National Registry Data.

This study estimated the utility of technical variant grafts (TVGs), such as split/reduced liver transplantation (SRLT) and living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), in pediatric acute liver failure (PALF). PALF is a devastating condition portending a poor prognosis without liver transplantation (LT). Pediatric candidates have fewer suitable deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT) donor organs, and the efficacy of TVG in this setting remains incompletely investigated. PALF patients from 1995 to 2015 (age 20%) compared with other age groups (P < 0.001). TVGs accounted for only 25.7% of LT for PALF. In the adjusted model for wait-list mortality, among other factors, increased age (subhazard ratio [SHR], 0.97 per year; P = 0.020) and access to TVG were associated with decreased risk (SHR, 0.37; P < 0.0001). LDLT recipients had shorter median waiting times compared with DDLT (LDLT versus DDLT versus SRLT, 3 versus 4 versus 5 days, respectively; P = 0.017). In the adjusted model for post-LT survival, LDLT was superior to DDLT using whole grafts (SHR, 0.41; P = 0.004). However, patient survival after SRLT was not statistically different from DDLT (SHR, 0.75; P = 0.165). In conclusion, despite clear advantages to reduce wait-list mortality, TVGs have been underutilized in PALF. Early access to TVG, especially from LDLT, should be sought to further improve outcomes.
Defining a Two-pronged Structural Model for PB1 (Phox/Bem1p) Domain Interaction in Plant Auxin Responses

Phox/Bem1p (PB1) domains are universal structural modules that use surfaces of different charge for protein-protein association. In plants, PB1-mediated interactions of auxin response factors (ARF) and auxin/indole 3-acetic acid inducible proteins regulate transcriptional events modulated by the phytohormone auxin. Here we investigate the thermodynamic and structural basis for Arabidopsis thaliana ARF7 PB1 domain self-interaction. Isothermal titration calorimetry and NMR experiments indicate that key residues on both the basic and acidic faces of the PB1 domain contribute to and organize coordinately to stabilize protein-protein interactions. Calorimetric analysis of ARF7PB1 site-directed mutants defines a two-pronged electrostatic interaction. The canonical PB1 interaction between a lysine and a cluster of acidic residues provides one prong with an arginine and a second cluster of acidic residues defining the other prong. Evolutionary conservation of this core recognition feature and other co-varying interface sequences allows for versatile PB1-mediated interactions in auxin signaling.
Topical Therapy in Uveitis

Topical pharmacotherapy is often the first-line treatment for the management of anterior uveitis and pseudophakic cystoid macular edema. It can be used to complement periocular and systemic therapy in ocular disease with posterior segment involvement. The vehicle of administration is either a drop or an ointment, and therapies can be subdivided into three categories: corticosteroids, cycloplegic agents, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). This chapter will review common topical agents utilized in the management of acute and chronic anterior uveitis with an emphasis on mechanism of action, indications for use, side effects, and a review of evidence in support of their application.
INTEGRATING ANALYTICS INTO MARKETING CURRICULA: CHALLENGES AND EFFECTIVE PRACTICES FOR DEVELOPING SIX CRITICAL COMPETENCIES

As organizations become increasingly dependent on marketing analytics, universities are adapting their curricula to equip students with skills necessary to operate in data-rich environments. We des...
Translational implications of the anatomical nonequivalence of functionally equivalent cholinergic circuit motifs

Biomedical research is at a critical juncture, with an aging population increasingly beset by chronic illness and prominent failures to translate research from “bench to bedside.” These challenges emerge on a background of increasing “silo-ing” of experiments (and experimenters)—many investigators produce and consume research conducted in 1, perhaps 2, species—and increasing pressure to reduce or eliminate research on so-called “higher” mammals. Such decisions to restrict species diversity in biomedical research have not been data-driven and increase the risk of translational failure. To illustrate this problem, we present a case study from neuroscience: cholinergic suppression in the cortex. In all mammals studied so far, acetylcholine reduces activity in some cortical neurons. Comparative anatomical studies have shown that the mechanism behind this suppression differs between species in a manner that would render drug treatments developed in nonprimate species entirely ineffective if applied to primates (including humans). Developing clinical interventions from basic research will always require translation, either between species (e.g., using a mouse model of a human disease) or within a species (using a subset of humans as a representative sample for all humans). We argue that successful translation will require that we 1) be data-driven in our selection of species for study; 2) use (with careful attention to welfare) animals that minimize the translation gap to humans; and 3) become agile at translation, by resisting the pressures to narrow our focus to a small number of organisms, instead using species diversity as an opportunity to practice translation.
Radical Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy Ablation Volumes Increase Progression-Free Survival in Biopsy-Proven Radiation Necrosis.

Background Treatment for surgically inaccessible medically refractory cerebral radiation necrosis (RN) has remained limited. Recently, laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) has gained traction as an effective means of treating these lesions but limited data are available regarding the effect of ablation size on patient outcome. Therefore, this study analyzed various outcome measures as a function of ablation volume/diameter for a series of 20 patients with surgically inaccessible biopsy-proven RN. Methods Twenty patients with biopsy-proven RN treated with LITT from 2013 to 2018 at our institution were retrospectively reviewed. Local progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival, and steroid dependence were analyzed with Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analysis for ablation volume/diameter. Comparison of preoperative and postoperative Karnofsky Performance Status was conducted with a matched paired t test. Results Patients with subtotal ablation ( 200% increase in pre-LITT lesion volume or >2 mm increase in pre-LITT lesion diameter) showed the most favorable PFS (P Conclusions Although LITT has proved to be an effective salvage therapy for patients with RN, detailed volumetric studies have not been explored. Our results suggest that radical ablations have the potential to increase PFS.
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

This chapter discusses the concepts eigenvalues and eigenvectors. For any square matrix A over F , the polynomial det( A — xI ) is the characteristic polynomial of A . The equation det( A — xI ) = 0 is the characteristic equation of A , and the solutions of det( A — xI ) = 0 are called the eigenvalues of A . The set of all eigenvalues of A is called the spectrum of A . In the chapter, T denotes a field, V denotes a finite-dimensional vector space over T , and T denotes a linear operator on V . The chapter discusses the important connection between the eigenvalues of linear operators and those of matrices. If the n × n matrix A represents T relative to the basis A of V , then X is an eigenvector of A corresponding to λ only if X is the coordinate matrix relative to A of an eigenvector of T corresponding to the same eigenvalue.
PROSPECTIVE SINGLE CENTER EXPERIENCE OF PULMONARY EMBOLISM MANAGEMENT AND OUTCOMES IN THE ERA OF PULMONARY EMBOLISM RESPONSE TEAMS

Pulmonary Embolism (PE) is associated with high morbidity and mortality; however, with the advent of multidisciplinary Pulmonary Embolism Response Teams (PERT) and advanced therapies, those may be preventable. We evaluated the treatment and 30-day outcomes of all PE admitted to our hospital. We
Chapter 9 – More on Linear Programming Methods for Optimum Design

A derivation of the Simplex method for linear programming (LP) problems is presented. The idea of a canonical form is explained, and determination of the pivot element for the Gauss–Jordan elimination method is described. The pivot step that interchanges the roles of basic and nonbasic variables is explained. An alternate Simplex method, called the Big-M method, is described and illustrated in an example. The topic of duality in linear programming is presented, and determination of the dual solution from the primal solution is discussed. Each constraint has its own dual variable that is shown to be the Lagrange multiplier for the corresponding constraint. The optimality conditions for the LP problem are derived, and it is shown that the Simplex method basically solves these optimality conditions in a systematic way. It is shown that the Simplex method can be adapted to solve quadratic programming problems.
Chapter 113 – Radiation Vasculopathy

Radiation-induced arterial change has been described in multiple vessels throughout the body, from the capillary bed to the aorta. Pertinent to stroke, radiation therapy to the neck may result in steno-occlusive disease of the carotid and vertebral arteries in patterns atypical for standard atherosclerosis. Furthermore, radiation delivered to cranial targets may result in moyamoya syndrome, cavernomas, arteriovenous malformations, and hemorrhage. Radiation injury to cerebral vessels may also be pursued as a therapeutic intervention, for instance to treat vascular malformations. This chapter discusses the pathophysiology, incidence, monitoring, and treatment of radiation vasculopathy relevant to cerebrovascular disease.
What’s under the Christmas tree? Soil acidification alters fir tree rhizosphere bacterial and eukaryotic communities, their interactions, and functional traits

ABSTRACT pH has been identified as a master regulator of the soil environment, controlling the solubility and availability of nutrients. As such, soil pH exerts a strong influence on indigenous microbial communities. In this study we describe a soil acidification experiment and the resulting effects on the rhizosphere communities of fir trees on a Christmas tree plantation. The acidification treatment reduced the pH of bulk soil by ∼1.4 pH units and was associated with reduced Ca, Mg, and organic matter content. Similarly, root chemistry differed due to soil acidification with roots in acidified soils showing significantly higher Al, Mn, and Zn content and reduced levels of B and Ca. 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA gene sequencing was pursued to characterize the bacterial/archaeal and eukaryotic communities in the rhizosphere soils. The acidification treatment induced dramatic and significant changes in the microbial populations, with thousands of 16S RNA gene sequence variants and hundreds of 18S rRNA gene variants being significantly different in relative abundance between the treatments. Additionally, co-occurrence networks showed that bacterial and eukaryotic interactions, network topology, and hub taxa were significantly different when constructed from the control and acidified soil rRNA gene amplicon libraries. Finally, metagenome sequencing showed that the taxonomic shifts in the community resulted in alterations to the functional traits of the dominant community members. Several biochemical pathways related to sulfur and nitrogen cycling distinguished the metagenomes generated from the control and acidified soils, demonstrating the myriad of effects soils acidification induces to rhizosphere microbes. IMPORTANCE Soil pH has been identified as the property that exerts the largest influence on soil microbial populations. We employed a soil acidification experiment to investigate the effect of lowering soil pH on the bacterial and eukaryotic populations in the rhizosphere of Christmas trees. Acidification of the soils drove alterations of fir tree root chemistry and large shifts in the taxonomic and functional composition of the communities, involving pathways in sulfur and nitrogen cycling. These data demonstrate that soil pH influences are manifest across all organisms inhabiting the soil, from the host plant to the microorganisms inhabiting the rhizosphere soils. Thus, pH is an important factor that needs to be considered when investigating soil and plant health, the status of the soil microbiome, and terrestrial nutrient cycling.
The use of substances in sexual offending in a United States sample

Substance use is often involved in sexual offending. Understanding the ways in which substances are used in sexual offending is critical for developing prevention strategies. The present study expl...
The role of protease-activated receptor 1 signaling in CD8 T cell effector functions.

Summary CD8 T cells are essential for adaptive immunity against viral infections. Protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is expressed by CD8 T cells; however, its role in T cell effector function is not well defined. Here we show that in human CD8 T cells, PAR1 stimulation accelerates calcium mobilization. Furthermore, PAR1 is involved in cytotoxic T cell function by facilitating granule trafficking via actin polymerization and repositioning of the microtubule organizing center (MTOC) toward the immunological synapse. In vivo, PAR1−/− mice have reduced cytokine-producing T cells in response to a lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection and fail to efficiently control the virus. Specific deletion of PAR1 in LCMV GP33-specific CD8 T cells results in reduced expansion and diminished effector function. These data demonstrate that PAR1 plays a role in T cell activation and function, and this pathway could represent a new therapeutic strategy to modulate CD8 T cell effector function.
Building a Global Food Systems Typology: A New Tool for Reducing Complexity in Food Systems Analysis

Food systems have a profound impact on diets, nutrition, health, economic development, and environmental sustainability. Yet their complexity poses a persistent challenge in identifying the policy actions that are needed to improve human and planetary health outcomes. Typologies are a useful classification tool to identify similarities and differences among food systems, while reducing this analytical complexity. This study presents a new food system typology, implemented at the country level using parsimonious data that characterize food supply chains, food environments, consumer-related factors, and key outcomes, including dietary intake, nutritional status, health, and environmental impacts. Five food system types are identified: rural and traditional; informal and expanding; emerging and diversifying; modernizing and formalizing; and industrial and consolidated. Patterns across the five system types in key outcomes variables align with narratives provided by the food systems and nutrition transition literature, demonstrating the usefulness of this classification method. Substantial heterogeneity nonetheless still exists within individual food system types. Therefore, the recommended use of the typology is in early stages of hypothesis generation, to identify potential risk factors or constraints in the food system that can be explored further at national and sub-national levels.
Coronary Calcium, Subsequent Events, and Selection Bias

To the Editor: As avid football fans, we read with great interest the recent study by Schmermund et al1 in Circulation (“Coronary Artery Calcium in Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Comparative Study of Electron-Beam Computed Tomography, Coronary Angiography, and Intracoronary Ultrasound in Survivors of Acute Myocardial Infarction and Unstable Angina”). In the introduction, Dr Schmermund and colleagues suggest, as have we,2 the distinct possibility that the association of coronary calcium with subsequent events may be a consequence of higher numbers of rupture-prone lesions that may not be calcified in patients who have coronary lesions elsewhere in the coronary vasculature that are calcified. Any association of calcium with subsequent events may thus actually be a spurious one. We hasten to add, however, that as yet there is no direct evidence that addresses this question, and the study by Schmermund et al would seem to shed little light on the subject. The authors conclude that “… EBCT identifies calcified plaques in the vast majority of patients with vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques” and that EBCT “seems a very promising method to identify patients at risk for future atherosclerosis-related coronary unstable events.” Unfortunately, however, this study was not only retrospective but examined patients with EBCT up to 18 months after their events. “Future” coronary events were simply not addressed. Yet this is perhaps the least of the difficulties encountered by Schmermund and colleagues; there are profound methodological deficiencies in both the design and analysis of their study that render such conclusions untenable. Some of these difficulties are familiar to us from our own investigations. Some years ago, while pondering the relationship between calcium and the probability of plaque rupture and subsequent clinical events, we conducted a pilot study to attempt to elucidate this relationship. We assessed coronary calcium with digital cinefluoroscopy in 24 patients …
Sweet Tyranny: Migrant Labor, Industrial Agriculture, and Imperial Politics

Review of: "Sweet Tyranny: Migrant Labor, Industrial Agriculture, and Imperial Politics," by Kathleen Mapes.
Thermodynamics for Beginners

In the beacon of Coleman & Noll, in Coleman’s thermodynamics of simple materials, and in the book of 1968 now reprinted, the concept of entropy and a particular scale of temperature were taken as primitive. While I called the latter “absolute”, I should have done better to call it “the ideal-gas temperature”, leaving any prospective teacher of beginners to explain it as he list, for it is widely understood; also that familiar term, with its common associations, might have let the Boeotians lie quieter. The ideal-gas temperature was good enough for CARNOT, CLAPEYRON, CLAUSIUS, and REECH; it served them well; and of the creators of the old thermodynamics only KELVIN and RANKINE found it insufficient. In all likelihood it will continue, if presented with care and honesty, to offer beginners the easiest entrance into applications.
Measurement of the Renner-Teller effect in X 2Π CO2 + by diode laser absorption

Four vibronic components of the (v 1, v 2, v 3) = (020) - (010) hot band of CO2 + have been measured by infrared diode laser absorption spectroscopy. The CO2 + molecules were generated in a hollow cathode discharge of a dilute mixture of CO2 in helium at a total pressure of a few hundred mTorr. The hamiltonian operator for a linear triatomic molecule in a 2Π electronic state undergoing bending vibrational motion is described and the vibronic matrix elements given. The theory is used to fit the observed data together with previously reported infrared measurements of the bending fundamental and combination differences extracted from the electronic spectrum of the ion. The analysis yields rotational, spin-orbit, and vibronic parameters including those describing the Renner-Teller and Fermi resonance effects, and the bending potential function including anharmonicity.
Neonatal milestones, behavior and growth rate of Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) calves born and bred in captivity.

The birth of Sumatran rhino calves at the Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden offered a unique opportunity to study early development and cow–calf behavior in this elusive, critically endangered species. Study goals were to: (1) record developmental milestones of newborn calves; (2) characterize cow and calf behavior during the first year following birth; (3) compare trends in the behavioral development of a male vs. female calf; and (4) record weight gain and footprint size throughout the first year. In addition to recording eight neonatal milestones, more than 450 hr of behavioral data were collected on each of the two calves (one male and one female) and their dam during the first 12 months of life. Neonatal milestones were achieved within 24 hr of birth with the exception of first defecation, which occurred at 16–18 days. Although nursing bouts decreased slightly in the second half of the year (from once every 90 min to once every 2 hr), they continued to occur frequently throughout the day and night. Therefore, calves grew rapidly from approximately 33 kg at birth to 400 kg at 12 months. Average daily weight gain for the first week was approximately 2.0 kg, whereas average daily weight gain for the remaining 12 months was slight (<1 kg) and did not differ between calves. Eating and resting occupied 70–80% of the Sumatran rhino cow and calves' time and no gender biases in either maternal investment or developmental parameters were noted. Finally, footprint measurements proved valuable for estimating calf age. Zoo Biol 31:546-560, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Analysis of Electronic Desorption

An analysis of the desorption process in time is presented. Especially discussed are the roles of correlation in multi-particle excitations and of the strain induced localization of excitations in periodic systems.
Rapid technique for enumeration and isolation of peroxidase-producing microorganisms.

Abstract Peroxidase-positive microorganisms were enumerated on agar plates by use of a p-anisidine-H2O2 spray. Combined with replica-plating, the same technique allowed the selective isolation of peroxidase-producing microbial cultures.
The Risks of Political Authority: Trust, Knowledge and Political Agency in Locke's Second Treatise

This article focuses on the interplay of risk, trust and the possibility of reliable political knowledge in Locke's political thought. Locke's work captures in a nuanced way the shifting power relations and asymmetries that characterize all trusting relationships, and it supports the insight that we often understand what trust is retroactively – that is, when it is betrayed. The article first delineates Locke's basic assumption that political life is plagued by uncertainty and chaos. It then analyzes his modeling of political relations as a kind of fiduciary trust in light of this assumption, situating prerogative as the limit case of political trust. A consideration of Locke's views on revolution as the moment of broken trust emphasizes that scrutinizing and testing trust, while difficult cognitive work, is a task to be performed continuously in politics. Locke thus presents an account of political agency that emphasizes the crucial role of thought alongside action.
Fingerprint-Based Device-Free Localization Performance in Changing Environments

Device-free localization (DFL) systems locate a person in an environment by measuring the changes in received signals on links in a wireless network. A fingerprint-based DFL method collects a training database of measurement fingerprints and uses a machine learning classifier to determine a person's location from a new fingerprint. However, as the environment changes over time due to furniture or other objects being moved, the fingerprints diverge from those in the database. This paper addresses, for DFL methods that use received signal strength as measurements, the degradation caused as a result of environmental changes. We perform experiments to quantify how changes in an environment affect accuracy, through a repetitive process of randomly moving an item in a residential home and then conducting a localization experiment, and then repeating. We quantify the degradation and consider ways to be more robust to environmental change. We find that the localization error rate doubles, on average, for every six random changes in the environment. We find that the random forests classifier has the lowest error rate among four tested. We present a correlation method for selecting channels, which decreases the localization error rate from 4.8% to 1.6%.
Lens epithelial cell mRNA. I. Cloning and sequencing of a messenger RNA with a basic motif/leucine-rich domain specifically expressed in rat lens epithelial cells

By methods of subtraction-hybridization of λZAP cDNA libraries, prepared from 4-week-old rat lens epithelial cells (capsule) and lens fiber cells (decapsulated lens), we have isolated a specific cDNA clone whose target mRNA is about 600 b long. Northern blot hybridization analysis data showed that the target mRNA was preferentially expressed in the lens epithelial cells; it was not found in the retina or in non-ocular tissues. The complete sequence of the mRNA was obtained both by the 5′ and 3′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (5′-RACE, 3′-RACE), and by sequencing of a clone containing the full-length cDNA insert. It contains 599 b, with an open reading frame at nucleotide (nt) 30 (ORF30). The base sequence appears to represent a complete sequence of the target mRNA, with a poly(A) signal at nt 563–569, and a poly(A) tail at nt 582 (GenBank accession #U15149). In situ hybridization showed that the target mRNA was localized in the anterior epithelial cells, and in the elongating cells in the bow region. The encoded protein of 57 amino acids (aa) contains a basic and an acidic domain. It is rich in leucine, which is located at the basic region of the ORF at every fourth aa, and at the acidic region at eight aa intervals. Therefore, there is a periodicity in the appearance of leucine residues in the deduced primary sequence, as has been seen in DNA binding proteins. Search of GenBank, EMBL and Swiss-Prot did not yield significant homology to any of the entered sequences in those databanks. Our data demonstrate that we have isolated a cDNA clone containing novel sequences specifically expressed in lens epithelial cells.
Progress in the calculation and experimental determination of the strangeness contributions to nucleon form factors

The progress in lattice QCD, especially the capacity to calculate at ever lower quark masses, combined with modern techniques of chiral extrapolation, means that one can now determine the strange quark contribution to the vector form factors of the nucleon with remarkable precision. We review these recent landmark calculations and compare them with the most recent global analysis of the experimental situation using parity violating electron scattering.