cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association of Baseline Cardiac Troponin With Acute Myocardial Infarction in Stroke Patients Presenting Within 4.5 Hours

Background and Purpose- American Heart Association guidelines recommend obtaining baseline troponin in all patients with acute ischemic stroke. Yet, there is a paucity of data on the prevalence of baseline troponin elevation and specifically its diagnostic yield for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in patients presenting within the time window for thrombolysis. Methods- We retrospectively analyzed 1072 consecutive patients admitted for acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack, who presented within 4.5 hours of last known well (LKW). Patients who had baseline cardiac troponin I (bcTnI) obtained within 72 hours from LKW (n=525) were included in the study. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to determine factors independently related to an elevated bcTnI (>0.04 ng/mL). We calculated the area under receiver operator curves, sensitivity, and specificity, to determine the diagnostic accuracy of (i) the bcTnI for AMI stratified by the time to assessment and (ii) the best time cutoff for obtaining bcTnI. Results- Among included subjects, the median time from LKW to the bcTnI was 3.8 hours and 113 (21.5%) subjects had an elevated bcTnI. Assessment of bcTnI within 4.5 hours from LKW was significantly more often associated with normal values as compared to assessment between 4.5 and 72 hours (61.7% versus 38.3%; P=0.001). Fifteen (2.9%) patients were diagnosed with AMI. After adjustment for pertinent confounders, time to bcTnI assessment was independently associated with AMI (odds ratio, 1.04 [95% CI, 1.02-1.07] P=0.001). When stratified by time, bcTnI assessed within 4.5 hours had a sensitivity of 25% and specificity of 83.7% for AMI, whereas bcTnI assessment between 4.5 and 72 hours was associated with a sensitivity of 90.9% and specificity of 74.8%. Conclusions- Assessment of bcTnI after 4.5 hours from LKW was associated with greater diagnostic accuracy than testing within 4.5 hours. This information may inform routine clinical practice.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome immediately following the removal of an aspirated foreign body.

Abstract Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a form of diffuse lung injury with many potential etiologies, pneumonia being the most common cause developing outside of the hospital. Foreign body (FB) aspiration is a risk factor for pneumonia, and therefore, ARDS. Although these associations exist, the development of ARDS immediately following the removal of an aspirated FB appears quite rare. We present the case of an 11 year old male who was found to have a right-sided, post-obstructive pneumonia secondary to an aspirated FB obstructing the bronchus intermedius. Relief of the obstruction allowed for rapid, endobronchial spread of infection and within 6 hours of FB removal, our patient developed severe ARDS requiring initiation of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Streptococcus constellatus was isolated from lower respiratory cultures obtained during initial bronchoscopy.
Implementation of systematic progression of community pharmacy-based prescription verification into the skills-based laboratory curriculum.

Abstract Background and purpose To describe the design, implementation, and evaluation of systematic progressive community pharmacy-based prescription verification activities across a skills-based laboratory course series. Educational activity and setting Community pharmacy-based prescription verification activities were implemented into three laboratory courses, Abilities Lab (ABL) 1, 2, and 4. During each activity, students practiced prescription verification using a handout with two components. First, a checklist outlining an eight-step verification process serves as a student resource. In the second handout component, students are required to identify which step contains a prescription error(s), the appropriate pharmacist action, and the recommendation needed in order to correct the error(s). After verifying and completing the handout, the students participate in a facilitator-led discussion on the recommendations necessary to dispense the prescription. As students progressed through ABL 1, 2, and 4, both the error type and scope of the verification process expanded. Class verification exercises culminated in a final practical assessment at the end of each semester. Findings In ABL 1 students scored an average of 99.5% (n = 161, standard deviation (SD) = 1.92) on the final practical assessment. In ABL 2, students scored an average of 97.6% (n = 166, SD = 3.07). In ABL 4, students scored an average of 90.3% (n = 159, SD = 11.2). Summary This manuscript adds value to the current literature by describing the implementation of progressive community pharmacy-based prescription verification activities across a skills-based laboratory course series.
A Bibliometric Analysis of the Papers Published in the Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education from 2015-2019

To analyze the current research status and trends of the artificial intelligence in education field, we applied bibliometric methods to examine the articles published in one of the representative journals of the field, International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, from 2015 to 2019. We analyzed 135 articles retrieved from the Web of Science database and examined prolific countries, collaboration networks, prolific authors, keywords, and the citations the articles received. Through examining keywords, we found that the authors largely focused on students and learning. Through examining prolific authors and countries, we found active publication of corresponding authors from United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Germany. We found international collaboration among some researchers and institutions, such as strong collaboration network between United States and Canada. We suggest reinforcement in building more widespread international partnership and expanding collaboration network by including diverse institutions. International collaboration and expanded institutional network can improve research by incorporating various perspectives and expertise.
Chewing Entrains Cyclical Actions but Interferes With Discrete Actions in Children

Functional chewing patterns are achieved early in life prior to other motor skills like walking. Chewing seems to improve specific aspects of attention; however, there is limited research on chewin...
Digital CRISPR/Cas‐Assisted Assay for Rapid and Sensitive Detection of SARS‐CoV‐2

The unprecedented demand for rapid diagnostics in response to the COVID-19 pandemic has brought the spotlight onto clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated systems (Cas)-assisted nucleic acid detection assays. Already benefitting from an elegant detection mechanism, fast assay time, and low reaction temperature, these assays can be further advanced via integration with powerful, digital-based detection. Thus motivated, the first digital CRISPR/Cas-assisted assay-coined digitization-enhanced CRISPR/Cas-assisted one-pot virus detection (deCOViD)-is developed and applied toward SARS-CoV-2 detection. deCOViD is realized through tuning and discretizing a one-step, fluorescence-based, CRISPR/Cas12a-assisted reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assay into sub-nanoliter reaction wells within commercially available microfluidic digital chips. The uniformly elevated digital concentrations enable deCOViD to achieve qualitative detection in <15 min and quantitative detection in 30 min with high signal-to-background ratio, broad dynamic range, and high sensitivity-down to 1 genome equivalent (GE) µL-1 of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and 20 GE µL-1 of heat-inactivated SARS-CoV-2, which outstrips its benchtop-based counterpart and represents one of the fastest and most sensitive CRISPR/Cas-assisted SARS-CoV-2 detection to date. Moreover, deCOViD can detect RNA extracts from clinical samples. Taken together, deCOViD opens a new avenue for advancing CRISPR/Cas-assisted assays and combating the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.
Quantification of seven microbial volatile organic compounds in human serum by solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Abstract Microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) are primary and secondary metabolites of fungal and bacterial growth. Changes in environmental conditions (e.g., humidity, light, oxygen, and carbon dioxide) influence microbial growth in indoor environments. Prolonged human exposure to MVOCs has been directly associated with sick building syndrome (SBS), respiratory irritation, and asthma-like symptoms. However, no method exists for assessing MVOC exposure by quantifying them in human serum. We developed a novel, high-throughput automated method for quantifying seven MVOCs (3-methylfuran, 2-hexanone, 2-heptanone, 3-octanone, 1-octen-3-ol, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, and geosmin) in human serum. The method quantifies the target analytes using solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry at low parts-per-billion levels. Limits of detection ranged from 0.076 to 2.77 μg/L. This method provides excellent linearity over the concentration range for the analytes, with coefficients of determination >0.992. Recovery in human serum was between 84.5% and 113%, and analyte precision ranged from 0.38% to 8.78%. The intra-day and inter-day reproducibility showed coefficients of variation ≤11% and ≤8%, respectively. Accurate and precise quantification of MVOCs is necessary for detecting and quantifying harmful human exposures in environments with active microbial growth. The method is well suited for high-throughput analysis to aid investigations of unhealthy exposures to microbial emissions.
The community as client: Improving the prospects for useful evaluation findings

Interviews with leaders of community-based health initiatives help define meaningful evaluation in contexts in which communities are called on to contribute consent, resources, or participation in program development and research.
Contacts, Credibility and Common Knowledge: Their Influence on Inflation Convergence

In this paper three possible reasons are examined for a sluggish inflation response to a hard currency peg. Models of overlapping wage contracts are analyzed and shown to generate little inertia. This contrasts with the effects of government credibility and the speed of private sector learning, which are shown to have a major impact on the speed of inflation adjustment. But even if individual agents believe the government will not devalue, it is shown that inflation inertia can still arise if these expectations are not common knowledge.
Immigration: How Does It Impact the Wages of Native Workers?

I have worried about the talk, in recent times, that immigrants hurt the wages of native workers in the host nation. If so, that is not a good outcome. Why should native workers lose out to immigrants? To come to terms with my worry, I began to experiment with a classic dataset on immigrants and native worker wages, which was assembled about 15 years ago. At that time, this dataset appeared to signal that there exists an immigrant effect independent of skill set (e.g., education) that reduces the wages of native workers. Specifically, the indication was that the proportion of immigrant workers (p) is a standalone exogenous variable, among others, in a linear regression model that can explain native worker wages without including, in the model, the interaction of p with skill set. In my experimentation, I find that p cannot be a standalone variable in the model and at the same time: 1) be competitive in terms of cross validation predicted residual error sum of squares; and 2) be immune to the shocks from ridge regression, for small values of the ridge tuning parameter. My experiments indicate that immigration differentially impacts native worker wages across skill sets. In particular, for a 10% increase in immigrants, the average wage of native workers is impacted as follows: a) there is about a 5% drop (in native worker wages) for High school dropouts; b) about an 8% drop for High school graduates; c) about a 2% rise for those with some college education; and d) about a 6% rise for College graduates. This impact is, generally, monotonic in skill. Based on my experiments, I am led to cultivate the view that the overall (or net) impact of immigrants on native worker wages is based on their skill set shares. Several researchers have found little overall impact of immigrants on native worker wages; and, based on my view, it is not at all clear to me that there is anything unreasonable about their finding. That being said, Governments should nudge, and facilitate, native workers to acquire skills beyond those a High school education can provide; and ensure that labor market tests are correctly applied, especially in circumstances where it becomes quite difficult to price the deployment of a lower level skill like mopping the floor or driving a truck. Disciplined immigration will not harm the fabric of a nation. Economic inequality will.
LoRaWAN v1.1 Security: Are We in the Clear Yet?

With the proliferation of network connected embedded devices exploding the market, many competing technologies are vying to be the next generation's standard for the Internet of Things paradigm. Among these, LoRaWAN has emerged to be a promising contender with its open platform and open source stack implementations. Since its inception in 2015, LoRaWAN specifications have come under heavy scrutiny from many security researchers, who have discovered several vulnerabilities for the technology. In this paper, we inspect the changes introduced in the newest version of the specification (v1.1), and analyze them to see if the discovered vulnerabilities have been addressed or not. Our analysis shows that while LoRaWAN has made strides specifically on replay attacks and confidentiality, there is room for improvement yet in areas of integrity, availability and authentication. While some of these improvements are possible through implementation guidelines, others may require modifications of the specifications to apply appropriate countermeasures to eliminate the vulnerabilities. Future revisions to the LoRaWAN protocol should consider the body of vulnerability knowledge and countermeasures proposed in literature to create the foundations for a secure and robust IoT network.
Prenatal Low-Dose Aspirin Use Associated with Reduced Incidence of Postpartum Hypertension among Women with Preeclampsia.

Objective Postpartum hypertension (PP-HTN), defined as systolic/diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP) ≥140/90, on two occasions at least 4 hours apart after delivery occurs in up to 50% of preeclamptic pregnancies, and is associated with adverse maternal outcomes. Excessive production of antiangiogenic factors (i.e., soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 [sFLT1]) and reduced levels of proangiogenic factors (i.e., placental growth factor [PlGF]) are associated with preeclamptic pregnancies. The aim of this study was to identify clinical risk factors and/or serum biomarkers associated with PP-HTN in preeclampsia. Study Design Preeclamptic women (n = 82, aged ≥18 years) were prospectively enrolled in an observational study. Serial blood pressures were obtained through the labor course and until 48 hours postpartum, and serum was obtained within 24 hours postpartum. Statistical analysis was performed by using Student's two-tailed t-test and Fisher's exact test. Results Baseline comorbidities and antihypertensive use were similar among those who developed PP-HTN and those who did not. Among preeclamptic patients, 33% developed PP-HTN; these had significantly more severe preeclampsia features versus no PP-HTN (96 vs. 78%, p = 0.05). PP-HTN was associated with higher re-hospitalization rates (26 vs. 6%, p = 0.01). Among those taking low-dose aspirin (ASA) for preeclampsia prophylaxis (n = 12), PP-HTN was significantly less frequent versus those not taking low-dose ASA (0 vs. 22%, p = 0.007). Low-dose ASA use was associated with significantly lower peripartum sFLT1 levels (4,650 ± 2,335 vs. 7,870 ± 6,282 pg/mL, p = 0.03) and sFLT1/PlGF ratio (397 ± 196 vs. 1,527 ± 2,668, p = 0.03). Conclusion One-third of women with preeclampsia develop PP-HTN; these patients have more severe preeclampsia and have higher re-hospitalization rates. Prenatal low-dose ASA use was associated with significantly lower incidence of PP-HTN, reduced levels of antiangiogenic factors, and lower 6-week re-hospitalization rates. These findings, if replicated, may have clinical implications on the use of low-dose ASA during pregnancy to reduce incidence of postpartum HTN. Key Points
Minimizing the infected peak utilizing a single lockdown: a technical result regarding equal peaks

Abstract Due to the usage of social distancing as a means to control the spread of the novel coronavirus disease COVID-19, there has been a large amount of research into the dynamics of epidemiological models with time-varying transmission rates. Such studies attempt to capture population responses to differing levels of social distancing, and are used for designing policies which both inhibit disease spread but also allow for limited economic activity. One common criterion utilized for the recent pandemic is the peak of the infected population, a measure of the strain placed upon the health care system; protocols which reduce this peak are commonly said to ‘flatten the curve.” In this work, we consider a very specialized distancing mandate, which consists of one period of fixed length of distancing, and addresses the question of optimal initiation time. We prove rigorously that this time is characterized by an equal peaks phenomenon: the optimal protocol will experience a rebound in the infected peak after distancing is relaxed, which is equal in size to the peak when distancing is commenced. In the case of a non-perfect lockdown (i.e. disease transmission is not completely suppressed), explicit formulas for the initiation time cannot be computed, but implicit relations are provided which can be pre-computed given the current state of the epidemic. Expected extensions to more general distancing policies are also hypothesized, which suggest designs for the optimal timing of non-overlapping lockdowns.
Macrophage Functions in HIV-1 Infection

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infects host cells through the CD4 molecule expressed on T lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes. CD4 recognition, binding, and internalization of HIV-1 precede viral replication in CD4+ T cells, which subsequently undergo depletion leading to immunosuppression. Mononuclear phagocytes also are infected by HIV-1, but depletion is not an inevitable consequence of infection. This enables HIV-1-infected mononuclear phagocytes to contribute to AIDS pathogenesis by serving as a viral reservoir, as a mobile source of virus, and as an amplifier of immune dysfunction. In this chapter, we focus on the role of mononuclear phagocytes in HIV-1 infection and the consequences of monocyte/macrophage-virus interactions in compromising host defense. Monocyte cell lines have been used as models for HIV-1 infection because of the difficulty in obtaining primary cells, but these model systems have generated considerable controversy concerning tropism, viral replication, and chronicity. Therefore, we emphasize information from studies of primary cells of monocyte lineage in vitro and from analysis of these cells in vivo to develop a clearer picture of the contribution of mononuclear phagocytes to AIDS pathogenesis.
Applying the Rules of Image Construction to Graphical Representation of Infection Prevention Contextual Data in a Communicable Format

Antibiotic resistant infections are a serious threat for public health. Hospitals are accountable for preventing the infection transmission among patients. Situation awareness interface may improve healthcare workers’ awareness about daily aberrations in infection burden and risks associated with infection transmission and underuse of preventive interventions. This study attempted to apply the rules for image contraction to furnish large amount of the electronic health record epidemiological data into a single image that would reduce informational overload and increase infection prevention situational awareness in a distributed group of healthcare workers. This research postulated that contextualization of the infection prevention data may provide critical cues for decision-making and detecting situations when prevalence and variety of antibiotic-resistant carriers reach dangerous thresholds.
The Institutional Case for Judicial Review

The “popular constitutionalism” movement has revived the debate over judicial review. Popular constitutionalists have attacked judicial review as being illegitimate in a democracy or inconsistent with original intent, and they have argued that the Constitution should be enforced through popular, majoritarian means, such as elections and legislative agitation. This Article shows in response that the judicial process has institutional characteristics that make judicial review the superior method of constitutional enforcement. Prior literature has focused on just one such institutional characteristic — the political insulation of judges. This Article, by contrast, shows that the case for judicial review rests on a whole range of institutional distinctions among the judicial, electoral, and legislative processes. Most important among these distinctions are that the judicial process is focused (it resolves issues discretely, without entangling them with other issues), whereas the electoral process is unfocused; and the judicial process is mandatory (a complainant can invoke it as of right), whereas the legislative process is discretionary. The full range of its distinctive institutional characteristics, not just the political insulation of judges, normatively justifies judicial review.
Behavior Disorders of Children

Behavior disorders can occur at any age among adults and children alike. Prevalence estimates in children have varied widely depending on the age group studied, types of behavior problems identified, method of assessment, and classification system used. Moderate to severe preschool behavior problems are reported in 7% to 11% of this age group, whereas 15% to 24% have mild behavior problems (Earls, 1980; Richman, Stevenson, & Graham, 1975). Community-based samples of school-aged children in the United States (Costello et al., 1988), New Zealand (Anderson, Williams, McGee, & Silva, 1987), New Zealand (Anderson, Williams, McGee, & Silva, 1987), Ontario (Offord etal., 1987), and Puerto Rico (Bird et al., 1988) have estimated the rate of clinically significant psychopathol ogy in this age group as being somewhere between 12% and 22%. Similarly, the estimated rate of disorders found in adolescents has been between 19% and 22% (Offord et al., 1987; Rutter, Graham, Chadwick, & Yule, 1976).
Experience and Knowledge of Pain Management in Patients Receiving Outpatient Cancer Treatment: What Do Older Adults Really Know about Their Cancer Pain?

Objective An individual's ability to effectively manage their cancer pain is influenced by knowledge and perceptions regarding the pain experience. While significance of the physician's knowledge of cancer pain management has been reported, much less is known how a patient's knowledge may influence their ability to optimally manage their pain. The purpose of this study is to determine the influence health and social factors have on the knowledge and experience of cancer pain among older adults. Design A prospective cross-sectional study of older Black and White patients presenting for outpatient cancer treatment. Methods Participants were surveyed on questions assessing pain severity, knowledge and experience of pain, self-efficacy for pain treatment, satisfaction with pain treatment, and additional social, health, and demographic characteristics. A series of hierarchical regression models were specified to examine predictors of cancer pain knowledge and experience. Results Education, race, and trust were significant predictors of pain knowledge, whereas self-efficacy for pain, pain interference, and pain severity were indicators of the experience of cancer pain. Conclusions Knowledge and experience of (cancer) pain are contingent upon a myriad of social and clinical factors that are not exclusive but rather coexisting determinants of health. Understanding older adults' knowledge of pain may begin to diminish the imparities in the diagnosis and treatment of pain among this growing diverse population of older adults. It may similarly allow for programs to be tailored to fit the specific needs of the patient in the treatment and management of their cancer pain.
Hastings-Metropolis algorithms and reference measures

Abstract In this note, we discuss the possible existence and effect of different reference measures on the Hastings-Metropolis (H-M) algorithm. We prove that the standard H-M algorithm as a Markov chain does not depend on the choice of the reference measure, and we obtain a sufficient and necessary condition for the existence of a reference measure.
NUCLEAR PHYSICS WITH STATISTICS

Properties of shell model Hamiltonians, and in particular the tri-diagonal matrices obtained with the Lanczos procedure are exploited to determine the density of states and to estimate the ground-state energies. It will be shown that with a few parameters that are adjusted to the moments up to fourth order of the Hamiltonian, one can model the resultant tri-diagonal matrices. An estimate of the ground state energy can quickly be obtained from the modeled matrices, and the density of states for the full matrix can quickly be obtained using the WKB approximation. The accuracy of the ground state is dependent on high moments, six and greater.
Action Potential Initiation and Propagation in CA3 Pyramidal Axons

Thin, unmyelinated axons densely populate the mammalian hippocampus and cortex. However, the location and dynamics of spike initiation in thin axons remain unclear. We investigated basic properties...
A DIAGRAMMATIC APPROACH FOR TEACHING SOME ASPECTS OF PRODUCTION‐COST DUALITY

Production‐cost duality was first introduced by Ronald Shephard (1953) in his seminal study, Cost and Production Functions. The application of duality to production and cost was extended by Uzawa (1962, 1964). However, not until the 1970s did the Shephard‐Uzawa duality analysis achieve its influential role in modern microeconomic thought. In simple words, the Shephard‐Uzawa duality theorem indicates that a firm's cost function summarizes all of the relevant features of the production technology, whereas the firm's production function contains all of the relevant features of the cost function for each set of input and output prices. If certain standard technical conditions (i.e., relating to convexity and continuity) are satisfied, then the theorem implies that there is a one‐to‐one relationship between points on the cost surface and points on the production surfaces.
Comparison of scintillation methods for measuring the inner scale of turbulence.

One method of inner scale measurement uses the irradiance variance of a diverging monochromatic wave (the irradiance being obtained through a small aperture at the receiver position) and the irradiance variance of a large-aperture Cn2 scintillometer. The ratio of these two variances depends on the inner scale of turbulence l0 but not on the refractive-index structure parameter Cn2. Another method uses the bichromatic correlation of irradiances from waves having two different wavelengths, transmitted through a common small aperture (the irradiance being obtained through a small aperture at the receiver position) and the two corresponding monochromatic irradiance variances. The ratio of the bichromatic correlation to the geometric mean of the two monochromatic variances depends on l0 but not on Cn2. A third method is to obtain the ratio of the two monochromatic variances without using the bichromatic correlation. These methods are compared graphically using calculations based on an accurate atmospheric refractive-index spectrum. A scaling analysis is performed to determine the minimum number of parameters needed to describe the methods. It is suggested that systematic errors, rather than signal-to-noise limitations, determine the accuracy with which inner scale is measured. The effects of refractive-index dispersion between the two wavelengths must be taken into account. The results indicate that the bichromatic method has advantages when l0≲0.6L/k, whereas the method using small and large apertures has the advantage when l0≳0.6L/k, where L is the propagation path length and k is the optical wave number.
Interpretation of inverse acclimation to temperature

In kidney of goldfish acclimated to 5, 15 and 25° C the peroxisomal enzyme peroxidase and the peroxisomal and cytoplasmic matrix enzyme catalase showed inverse (Precht type 5) acclimation. Peroxisomal D-amino acid oxidase and lysosomal acid phosphatase were unchanged in activity (Precht type 4). A review of literature data on enzyme acclimation patterns shows that generally enzymes concerned with energy liberation — enzymes of glycolysis, hexose monophosphate shunt, TCA cycle and electron transport, also Na, K-ATPase and the synthetic amino acyl transferase — show compensatory acclimation to temperature (Precht type 3). Enzymes for degradation of metabolic intermediates and products such as peroxisomal and lysosomal enzymes, Mg-ATPase, acetylcholine esterase, show no or inverse acclimation to temperature. Changes in digestive enzymes depend on state of nutrition.
Thermal expansion of single-crystal Gd/sub 5/(Si/sub 1.95/Ge/sub 2.05/) showing unusual first-order transformation

Measurements of thermal expansion of single-crystal Gd/sub 5/(Si/sub 1.95/Ge/sub 2.05/) during cooling and heating were conducted for the first time. A very steep change in strain with temperature was observed when the material underwent a phase transformation. This was an unusual simultaneous magnetic and structural phase transformation from a ferromagnet with an orthorhombic crystal structure below the transition temperature T/sub c/ to a paramagnet with a monoclinic crystal structure above T/sub c/. This transition temperature T/sub c/ was found to depend on the magnetic field, and to exhibit hysteresis depending on whether the material was being cooled or heated. In the absence of a magnetic field, T/sub c/ was 267 K on cooling and 269 K on heating. However, when the material was subjected to a magnetic induction B in the range 0-2.5 tesla (T), the transition temperatures, on both cooling and heating, were found to increase linearly with temperature by about 4.8 K/T. This rate of change of transition temperature with magnetic field was in good agreement with calculations based on the assumption that the additional energy due to the magnetic field can suppress the thermal vibration of Gd atoms and that the additional thermal energy per Gd atom needed to cause the phase transition to occur is equal to the additional magnetic energy of each Gd atom caused by the magnetic field.
A SATISFACTORY MINIMUM CONCEPTION OF JUSTICE: RECONSIDERING RAWLS'S MAXIMIN ARGUMENT

John Rawls argues that it is possible to describe a suitably defined initial situation from which to form reliable judgements about justice. In this initial situation, rational persons are deprived of information that is ‘irrelevant from the standpoint of justice’. It is rational, Rawls argues, for persons choosing principles of justice from this standpoint to be guided by the maximin rule. Critics, however, argue that (i) the maximin rule is not the appropriate decision rule for Rawls's choice position; (ii) the maximin argument relies upon an imprecise account of the satisfactory minimum to be secured under the maximin rule; or that (iii) Rawls relies upon unrealistic assumptions about diminishing marginal value. These critics, I will suggest, argue from a number of assumptions that are confused or false. The satisfactory minimum that choosers in the original position – employing the maximin rule – seek to achieve is not a minimum level of primary goods, nor is the satisfactory minimum sought under the maximin rule supplied by the difference principle. I will argue that the maximin argument is more robust than has generally been recognized and that this argument performs a number of important functions in clarifying the nature and implications of Rawls's argument for justice as fairness.
Transportation and market feasibility analysis for innovative coal combustion by-products: WoodBrik in Greenbrier County, West Virginia

This paper outlines a transportation and market feasibility study performed in support of Western Greenbrier Co-Generation, LLC's participation in the first Department of Energy Clean Coal Initiative. Western Greenbrier Co-Generation, LLC is a unique company formed by three local city councils to support the development of clean coal technologies in Greenbrier County, West Virginia. The study evaluates the transportation costs and production feasibility of WoodBrik as a prime building product constructed from Class C fly ash from a co-located power facility. WoodBrik also requires wood product by-products, a common by-product of the wood products industry, which enjoys a heavy presence in Greenbrier County, West Virginia. In addition to providing feasible clean coal power production (through value added in the construction material), this site is located on the State of West Virginia's worst state-controlled acid mine drainage site, which will be reclaimed as part of this production activity. This study finds the production of WoodBrik to be economically feasible in this location.
Time course for prostaglandin synthesis by rabbit lens during endotoxin-induced ocular inflammation

Three hours to 14 days following the intravitreal injection of 10 ng of E. coli endotoxin into the vitreal chamber of one eye of the New Zealand white rabbit, ocular inflammation was evaluated by clinical and biochemical criteria and prostaglandins were measured in the intraocular fluids and in the incubation medium of the intact lens. Increased synthesis of PGE2 was detected for lenses from inflamed eyes beginning at 18 h post-endotoxin injection. Lenticular PGE2 synthesis remained above control levels for the duration of the time course. Lenses also exhibited increased PGF2α synthesis, which began at 18 h and returned to control levels by day 7. At the times of peak production, aqueous humor PGE2 concentration correlated with lenticular PGE2 synthesis and with aqueous humor leukocyte number. No correlations were found for lenticular PGE2 vs. cell number, or vitreous humor PGE2 vs. aqueous humor PGE2. These results suggest that during ocular inflammation, aqueous humor PGE2 may be derived, at least in pa...
Interrelationships of language and thought in the French enlightenment

This study explores the theories of growth and development of language and thought espoused by the noted eighteenth‐century philosophes Rousseau, Voltaire, Condorcet, Condillac, Helvetius, and Diderot. Acknowledging the powerful role of language in generating new thought, these Enlightenment thinkers criticized both the inherent and man‐made shortcomings of language and proposed reforms to remedy the existing defects.
Susceptibility of Distribution Transformers to Low-Voltage Side Lightning Surge Failure

The susceptibility of common designs of single-phase overhead distribution transformers to failure caused by lightning current surges entering the transformer via the normally unprotected low-voltage terminals has been investigated. Evidence from examination of transformers that have failed in service, transient analysis measurements of scaled surges applied to the high-and low-voltage windings, and a full-scale current surge impulse test, indicate that the shell-type designs ut'ilizing a non-interlaced 120/ 240-volt rating are most susceptible to failure. Shell-type and core-type designs with interlaced low-voltage windings are least susceptible. Susceptibility is inversely related to kVA rating, or more specifically, to the volts per turn employed by the designer. With the increasing trend to lower core loss transformers, reducing the volts per turn will increase this hazard on noninterlaced windings.
Adapting Parent–Child Interaction Therapy to Treat Severe Conduct Problems With Callous-Unemotional Traits A Case Study

Children with conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits (i.e., lack of empathy, guilt, and lack of caring behaviors)(CP + CU) show poor response to empirically supported interventions for treating disruptive behaviors. Children with CP + CU are specifically less responsive to discipline components of parent training, although they respond well to reward-based behavioral strategies. This case study presents the treatment of a 5-year-old boy with severe disruptive behavior (CP, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) and pronounced CU traits using Parent–Child Interaction Therapy, followed by the delivery of an adjunctive token economy system. Interventions that treat children with CP + CU are critically needed and have the potential for significant societal impact given the stability of their traits and severe behavioral outcomes. Findings from this case report (a) document an improvement in CP that was maintained to follow-up and (b) provide preliminary support for adapting parent-training interve...
Energy efficient spatiotemporal threshold level detection in large scale wireless sensor fields

A class of energy efficient schemes is proposed for detection and tracking of the boundaries of correlated spatial distributions, such as air pollution in large cities at a known threshold level, using large scale wireless sensor network. It is shown that without having the exact statistics of the signal, distributed collaborative space and time oriented filtering can be used to efficiently detect the boundary of the threshold level of a correlated spatial distribution over time. Collaborative signal processing is used to reduce the effect of noisy observations and distributed space and time domain filtering is applied for energy conservative threshold level tracking. It is shown that by using spatial and time oriented filtering, the operating mode of the wireless sensor network is shifted from communication dominant mode toward computation and sensing dominant mode, which significantly saves the in-network energy. The performance of the discussed approach for a few correlated random spatial distributions is evaluated using computer simulations.
Interlimb transfer of visuomotor rotations depends on handedness

We previously reported that opposite arm adaptation to visuomotor rotations improved the initial direction of right arm movements in right-handers, whereas it only improved the final position accuracy of their left arm movements. We now investigate the pattern of interlimb transfer following adaptation to 30° visuomotor rotations in left-handers to determine whether the direction of transfer depends on handedness. Our results indicate unambiguous transfer across the arms. In terms of final position accuracy, the direction of transfer is opposite to that observed in right-handers, such that transfer only occurred from the left to the right arm movements. Directional accuracy also showed the opposite pattern of transfer to that of right-handers: initial movement direction, calculated at peak tangential acceleration, transferred only from right to left arms. When movement direction was measured later in the movement, at peak tangential velocity, asymmetrical transfer also occurred, such that greater transfer occurred from right to left arms. However, a small, but significant influence of opposite arm adaptation also occurred for the left arm, which might reflect differences in the use of the nondominant arm between left- and right-handers. Overall, our results indicate that left-handers show a mirror-imaged pattern of interlimb transfer in visuomotor adaptation to that previously reported for right-handers. This pattern of transfer is consistent with the hypothesis that asymmetry in interlimb transfer is dependent on differential specialization of the dominant and nondominant hemisphere/limb systems for trajectory and positional control, respectively.
Geometric and material parameters of a nickel-titanium and a beta titanium orthodontic arch wire alloy.

Abstract Ten nickel-titanium (Nitinol ™ ) and 7 beta titanium (T.M.A. ™ ) sizes of orthodontic arch wires were tested in both 3-and 4-point bending. Specially written software programs not only suggested the testing parameters but also calculated the moduli values for 220 data sets in both loading and unloading. These same wire alloys were tested in tension using a 0.5″ extensometer from which the yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and percent elongation were determined. For the Nitinol wires, the elastic moduli (E) varied from 6.44 Msi (44.4 GPa) for round wires to 4.85 Msi (33.4 GPa) for square and rectangular wires. Both the 0.1% YS and the UTS decreased as a function of increasing wire cross-sectional area (A) as the elongation increased from 6.3% for the smallest round wire (0.016″) to 14.4% for the largest rectangular wire (0.021″×0.025″). For the case of T.M.A. wires the modulus was independent of wire size and configuration at 10.5 Msi (72.4 GPa). Both the 0.1% YS and the elongation increased as a function of increasing A as the UTS remained rather invariant, ranging from 190 to 218 ksi (i.e., from 1.31 to 1.50 GPa). These observations were consistent with the E and the UTS which have been reported previously in the literature. The relationship, YS/UTS=0.75, was not obeyed for either alloy whether using a standard engineering (0.1 and 0.2%) or an orthodontic (1.0%) yield strength criterion. Overall, the E of Nitinol appeared to vary somewhat with processing parameters, perhaps as a result of its inherent non-linear elasticity, and are likely to vary even more for those alloys which display stress-induced and thermally-induced shape memory.
The role of syntactic structure in discourse structure: signaling logical and prominence relations

L'A. propose une etude qualitative de differents elements syntaxiques et de leurs effets sur la structure du discours. Les discours etudies sont des conferences de deux assistants dans un laboratoire de botanique, un locuteur natif americain et un locuteur natif coreen. L'analyse qualitative des deux textes revele des differences dans la structure du discours, incluant des elements de l'hypotaxe et de la parataxe
Systolic MIMD architectures for 4-level spherical subspace tracking

Abstract The 4-level spherical subspace tracker tracks the dominant or subdominant subspace associated with an input vector time series. The tracker maintains four distinct eigen-levels which can be used with the Minimum Description Length (MDL) criterion to make subspace dimension adjustments on the fly. This is important as the associated subspace based direction finding algorithms require knowledge of the subspace rank. In systems involving large radar or sonar arrays, the achievable performance will often be limited by the real time MIPS rate. Hence, in this paper the 4-level spherical subspace tracker is parallelized and sequenced to execute on systolic MIMD architectures. The systolic MIMD architectures are ideally suited for implementation with custom CORDIC VLSI or networks of available parallel numeric processing chips such as iWarps and TMS320C40's. Pseudo C-language cell programs specify the functionality and timing of the architecture using the fine grain MIMD/systolic model of computation.
Acoustoelastic Birefringences in Plastically Deformed Solids: Part II—Experiment

Ultrasonic experiments are preformed on a carbon steel specimen. The uniaxial residual stress and plastic strain in the beam are determined by acoustoelastic experiments
Calcium-binding sites in rat myocardial sarcolemma

Abstract Myocardial sarcolemmal preparations have the ability to bind Ca 2+ ; this binding shows saturation kinetics, has a pH optimum of 7.4 to 7.8, and is stimulated by ATP. Scatchard analysis reveals both high- and low-affinity binding sites. Both classes are inhibited by ruthenium red, whereas only the high-affinity sites are affected by lanthanum and hydroxylamine. Electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate suggests that the high-affinity sites are associated with a protein peak of molecular weight of about 100,000. Enzyme treatment of the membranes suggested that proteins accounted for most of the 45 Ca binding with phospholipids and sialic acids residues playing a secondary role. Interaction with different function group reagents indicated that the carboxyl residues were necessary for the calcium binding, whereas thiol, amino, and sulfhydryl groups were unimportant.
Unveiling a Population of AGNs Not Detected in X-Rays

We define a sample of 27 radio-excess AGNs in the Chandra Deep Field-North by selecting galaxies that do not obey the radio/infrared correlation for radio-quiet AGNs and star-forming galaxies. Approximately 60% of these radio-excess AGNs are undetected in X-rays in the 2 Ms Chandra catalog, even at exposures of ≥1 Ms; 25% lack even 2 σ X-ray detections. The absorbing columns to the faint objects detected in X-rays are 1022 cm-2 < NH < 1024 cm-2; i.e., they are obscured but unlikely to be Compton-thick. Using a local sample of radio-selected AGNs, we show that a low ratio of X-ray to radio emission, as seen in the samples of AGNs weakly detected and undetected in X-rays, is correlated with the viewing angle of the central engine and therefore with obscuration. Our technique can explore the proportion of obscured AGNs in the distant universe; the results reported here for radio-excess objects are consistent with, but at the low end of, the overall theoretical predictions for Compton-thick objects.
Chemical reactor theory and problems in diffusion

Abstract A survey of selected results and new problems involving classical and non-classical diffusion is presented. The classical results are given via reaction-diffusion equations modeling stirred tank and tubular chemical reactors. The more recent diffusive phenomena arise in several contexts; we shall use liquid and gaseous penetration in polymers to illustrate the observations.
THE RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF DNA AND CONCENTRATIONS OF RNA IN HEART MUSCLE OF NORMAL AND HYPERTROPHIED HEARTS.

Abstract The relative amount of DNA in heart muscle nuclei was studied by Feulgen microspectrophotometry in normal and hypertrophied hearts, and there was found to be no significant quantitative difference in DNA in these two types of heart. Significant differences in RNA concentration in normal hearts from area to area shows that the left atrium tends to behave some-what similarly to the left ventricular muscle, and that the concentration of RNA apparently varies with pressure loading of each chamber of the heart. In the hypertrophied heart there appears to be a significant increase in the concentration of RNA.
Towards robust global greenhouse gas monitoring

Global monitoring of greenhouse gases and carbon across the coupled earth system would enhance the quality of greenhouse gas emission and removal information available to inventory compilers, auditors, businesses and policy makers. A robust monitoring system would combine direct measurements of the atmosphere, land and oceans, earth system models, inventories and other information to accurately estimate greenhouse gas and carbon stocks and fluxes, towards increasing the overall confidence in reports of mitigation actions and assessments of the ultimate efficacy of those actions. Deploying a monitoring system that offers sustained, accurate, transparent and relevant information represents a challenge and opportunity to a broad community spanning earth science, greenhouse gas accounting and public policy. An introduction to some of the scientific and technical infrastructure issues associated with monitoring systems is offered here to encourage future treatment of these topics by other contributors to this ...