cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developing a formal representation for medication appropriateness criteria.

Inappropriate medications use (IMU) is a serious issue of global concern that leads to a waste of resources and potentially harms the patients. IMU can usually be identified by extracting information about the patient’s conditions and treatments, and comparing them with “medication appropriateness criteria”. To enable automation of these criteria, we developed a formal representation for them, which we called Objective Medication Appropriateness Criteria (OMAC). OMAC represents four aspects of the criteria: trigger, rules, action and metadata. Our evaluation showed that OMAC can completely represent explicitly defined medication appropriateness criteria using links to external knowledge sources. OMAC is the first formal representation for medication appropriateness criteria, and will enable development of structured rules for appropriate use of medications that can be implemented using standards for clinical decision support.
Present approach to the severely involved rheumatoid wrist.

Summary The wrist is a common target of rheumatoid arthritis. The synovium is the tissue leading to carpal destruction or deformity. This tissue is abundant in those areas of ligament concentration. The midcarpal area, which is without strong ligamentous support, is less apt to be involved than the radiocarpal area. Thus, many patients with advanced changes in the wrist demonstrate relative midcarpal sparing. The recognition of this fact has altered our surgical approach. Until 1982, total wrist fusion and flexible implant arthroplasty were the only alternatives we offered our patients with advanced disease. Now approximately one third of our patients requiring “salvage” wrist surgery are candidates for a partial wrist fusion of the radiocarpal joints. This procedure has eliminated pain and corrected deformity while maintaining a significant range of motion. Those patients with significant involvement of both the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints are not candidates for partial fusion. We still treat them with either total wrist fusion, using the Steinmann pin fixation technique, or flexible implant arthroplasty, using the Swanson prosthesis. Our indications for each procedure have been described in an attempt to present our current approach to the problem of advanced wrist disease in rheumatoid arthritis.
Example-based rendering of textural phenomena

This thesis explores synthesis by example as a paradigm for rendering real-world phenomena. In particular, phenomena that can be visually described as texture are considered. We exploit, for synthesis, the self-repeating nature of the visual elements constituting these texture exemplars. Techniques for unconstrained as well as constrained/controllable synthesis of both image and video textures are presented. For unconstrained synthesis, we present two robust techniques that can perform spatio-temporal extension, editing, and merging of image as well as video textures. In one of these techniques, large patches of input texture are automatically aligned and seamless stitched with each other to generate realistic looking images and videos. The second technique is based on iterative optimization of a global energy function that measures the quality of the synthesized texture with respect to the given input exemplar. We also present a technique for controllable texture synthesis. In particular, it allows for generation of motion-controlled texture animations that follow a specified flow field. Animations synthesized in this fashion maintain structural properties like local shape, size, and orientation of the input texture even as they move according to the specified flow. We cast this problem into an optimization framework that tries to simultaneously satisfy the two (potentially competing) objectives of similarity to the input texture and consistency with the flow field. This optimization is a simple extension of the approach used for unconstrained texture synthesis. A general framework for example-based synthesis and rendering is also presented. This framework provides a design space for constructing example-based rendering algorithms. The goal of such algorithms would be to use texture exemplars to render animations for which certain behavioral characteristics need to be controlled. Our motion-controlled texture synthesis technique is an instantiation of this framework where the characteristic being controlled is motion represented as a flow field.* *This dissertation is a compound document (contains both a paper copy and a CD as part of the dissertation). The CD requires the following system requirements: Windows MediaPlayer or RealPlayer.
Biorepository Quality Assurance

The accuracy and reliability of research performed using human biospecimens are dependent upon the quality and integrity of the biospecimens and the manner in which they were obtained, processed, and stored. Proper quality assurance begins with maintaining the highest methodological standards for biospecimen collection and processing. In this section, the basic principles of establishing the ideal biorepository quality assurance program are addressed for body fluids and tissues. The process begins at the time of collection and proceeds through processing, storage, annotation, and distribution. All annotated data and compliance should funnel through an ‘honest broker’ to ensure the integrity of the data and biospecimens and protect patient sources.
Discriminative View Learning for Single View Co-Training

Co-training, a popular semi-supervised learning technique, is severely limited as it applicable only to datasets which have a natural division of the feature space into two or more distinct views. In this paper, we investigate techniques to apply co-training to single-view data sets. We develop a view learning technique which takes a single view dataset and learns multiple views. These learned views balance the available discriminatory information in the dataset, while still meeting Blum's co-training criteria. In addition, we constrain the views such that pairs of learned view embedding functions exhibit sparsity in a complementary pattern, which aid in increasing diversity. Finally, we demonstrate the efficacy of our approach via experimental means on several real-world datasets from different domains.
Designing MPI library with on-demand paging (ODP) of infiniband: challenges and benefits

Existing InfiniBand drivers require the communication buffers to be pinned in physical memory during communication. Most runtimes leave these buffers pinned until the end of the run. Such situation limits the swappable memory space for applications. To address these concerns, Mellanox has recently introduced the On-Demand Paging (ODP) feature for InfiniBand. With ODP, communication buffers are paged in when they are needed by the HCA and paged out when the OS needs to swap them. This paper presents a thorough analysis on ODP and studies its performance characteristics. With these studies, we propose novel designs of ODP-aware MPI communication protocols. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to study and analyze the ODP feature and design an ODP-aware MPI library. Performance evaluations with applications show that ODP-aware designs can reduce the size of pin-down buffers by 11X without performance degradation compared with the pin-down scheme.
Depression care among adults with co-occurring major depressive episodes and substance use disorders in the United States.

Abstract Objective We examined 12-month prevalence and correlates of receiving depression care and perceiving helpfulness of depression care among U.S. adults with major depressive episodes (MDE) and substance use disorders (SUD). Method Data were from 325,800 adults who participated in the 2008–2014 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). Descriptive analyses and bivariable and multivariable logistic regression models were applied. Results In the U.S., 3.3 million adults (1.4% of the adult population) had co-occurring MDE and SUD in the past year. Among adults with both disorders, 55.4% reported receiving past-year depression care. Among those with past-year depression care, 36.1% perceived it as helpful. Compared with adults who did not receive substance use treatment in the past year, those who received substance use treatment were significantly more likely to receive depression care, and those who received treatment of both disorders were more likely to perceive their depression care as helpful (adjusted risk ratios (ARRs) = 1.5–1.6). Compared with adults who received depression care only from general medical providers, those who received depression care from specialty mental health providers were more likely to report that their care was helpful (ARRs = 1.4–1.6). Receipt of prescription medication for MDE was associated with perceived helpfulness of depression care (ARR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.05–1.73). Conclusions Almost half of adults with co-occurring MDE and SUD did not receive past-year depression care. Among those who received depression care, most did not perceive it as helpful. Substance use treatment, specialty mental health treatment, and antidepressant medications were perceived as helpful aspects of depression care.
Public School Facility Underfunding: A New Tool to Maximize Construction Dollars and Improve Performance Outcomes

ABSTRACTPublic education systems are facing pressure on the performance of existing infrastructure amid a growing population, while also decreasing costs and meeting tight deadlines. However, this area also presents opportunities to improve the students’ experience, produce high-performing infrastructure, and positively impact learning conditions. A longitudinal study of improvement projects at a Midwestern school district was conducted to analyze project performance and contractor response to a selection and project management initiative. The initial data reviewed were: hit rate, proposal performance, proposal cost, and interview performance. The school district also achieved exceptional performance results: the overall contractor-generated cost and schedule changes was .001%, with overall cost and schedule changes at 3.5%. Charting contractor response over time shows that the number of contractors proposing did not significantly impact cost. Public school districts can use this research as they seek to ...
The Essence of Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA)

Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) is a methodology for obtaining linguistic summarizations from data that are associated with cases. It was developed by the eminent social scientist Prof. Charles C. Ragin, but has, as of this date, not been applied by engineers or computer scientists. Unlike more quantitative methods that are based on correlation, fsQCA seeks to establish logical connections between combinations of causal conditions and an outcome, the result being rules that summarize (describe) the sufficiency between subsets of all of the possible combinations of the causal conditions (or their complements) and the outcome. The rules are connected by the word OR to the output. Each rule is a possible path from the causal conditions to the outcome. This chapter provides a high-level introduction to fsQCA.
Linking discourse studies to professional practice

Reviewed by Carol Lo Hoi YeeWhile many have clearly noted the theory-practice division in Applied Linguistics, few have taken active steps to strive for a stronger engagement between research and p...
Larval rearing of zebrafish at suboptimal temperatures.

Abstract Temperature-sensitive mutants have been widely utilized in single-cell and invertebrate model systems, particularly to study the function of essential genes. Few temperature-sensitive mutants have been identified in zebrafish, likely due to the difficulty of raising zebrafish at low temperatures. We describe a novel rearing protocol that allows rapid growth of larval and juvenile zebrafish at 23 °C compared to previous data in the literature. Embryos collected from four breeding pairs were maintained at 28.5 ± 0.5 °C until 5 days post-fertilization (dpf) – the onset of exogenous feeding. Larvae were then divided to six tanks and three tanks were cooled to 23 ± 0.2 °C. Fish were fed a live diet (marine rotifers Brachionus plicatilis and Artemia nauplii) and maintained under a set of environmental parameters shown to increase growth rate: continuous light, low salinity (3ppt), and algal turbidity. Mean total length and weight of fish at 21dpf were 12.7 ± 0.3 mm and 20.5 ± 1.5 mg for the 23 °C treatment and 18.5 ± 0.4 mm and 67.3 ± 3.4 mg for the 28.5 °C control. By 35 dpf, the fish raised at 23 °C had reached a mean length and weight of 18.9 ± 0.7 mm and 76.4 ± 6.7 mg, approximately the size control fish reached at 21 dpf. At 35 dpf, water temperature was raised to 28 °C and fish were reared to maturity (75 dpf) under standard conditions (freshwater, 13 L:11D photoperiod, dry diet, no added algal turbidity). Sex ratio and fertility were assessed and compared between temperature groups. There were no significant differences in sex ratio, fertilization rate, embryo viability at 1 dpf, clutch size, or relative fecundity. This rearing protocol will allow for efficient utilization of temperature-sensitive mutations in the zebrafish model system.
SAGES Mini Med School: inspiring high school students through exposure to the field of surgery

The SAGES Mini Med School (SMMS) was designed to expose high school students to the field of surgery through mentoring, knowledge transfer, and hands-on experience with simulation. The objective of this paper is to profile the evolutionary development, performance metrics, and satisfaction queries of this innovative effort. Sixty-one high school students, grades 9–12, took part in the (SMMS) program during the 2015 SAGES Annual Congress. The students completed a surgical skills lab session where they attempted tasks associated with the development of open surgical and laparoscopic skills. The lab included a warm-up with the validated Super Monkey Ball video game, Top Gun Pea Drop task, FLS Peg Transfer task, open knot tying station, and open instrument tie station. The following are the results of the surgical skills lab. For the Super Monkey Ball task, 60 students participated with an average score of 73.0 s (SD = 53.9; range 59.1–87.0; median = 74). Sixty students participated in the Surgeons Knot and Pea Drop tasks with average times of 26.6 s (SD = 19.3; range 21.7–31.6; median = 21.0) and 113.8 s (SD = 65.9; range 96.6–131.0; median = 101.0), respectively. Sixty students participated in the Instrument Tie and 56 students participated in the Peg Transfer stations with average times of 51.7 s (SD = 34.5; range 42.8–60.6; median = 39.5) and 173.1 s (SD = 25.0; range 166.4–179.8; median = 180.0), respectively. 51 (83.6%) agreed that the Mini Med School made them more likely to consider a career in medicine. When asked if the program made them more likely to consider a career in surgery 42 (68.8%) agreed. All 61 respondents (100%) said that they would recommend the program to others. The SMMS program showed that the students had an excellent aptitude for the performance of validated surgical subtasks with high satisfaction, and increased consideration of a career in medicine/surgery. Long-term studies are needed to evaluate the impact on workforce recruitment.
Integrated residency is associated with an increase in women among vascular surgery trainees.

Abstract Background During the past decade, the proportion of women within graduate medical education has increased. Correspondingly, the proportion of women in almost every specialty has increased, including surgical specialties. We sought to evaluate the effect of establishing vascular surgery integrated residencies (VSIRs) on the proportion of women in vascular surgery training programs. Methods Resident data were obtained from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Data Resource Book for the academic years 2007 to 2016. Data were collected on overall ACGME residency numbers as well as on the following surgical subspecialties: vascular, general, thoracic, neurologic, orthopedic, otolaryngologic, and urologic surgery. The number and proportion of women per year in VSIRs and vascular surgery fellowships were compared with those in the other surgical specialties. Results During the study period, the proportion of women in ACGME-accredited residency programs increased from 0.41 (n = 43,695/107,851) to 0.44 (n = 57,130/129,720) of residents. Since the advent of the VSIR, the number of trainees within vascular surgery has increased by 56% from 221 to 501 trainees. The proportion of women in vascular surgery training programs has increased from 0.12 (n = 27/221) to 0.33 (n = 164/501) of trainees. This increase during the 9-year study period was greater than in any other surgical subspecialty and greatest within the VSIR. Compared with fellowship training programs, integrated surgical training programs within the same subspecialty had a higher proportion of women, although variability between surgical subspecialties remained notable. Conclusions Although it is lower than the proportion of women within all graduate medical education training programs, an increasing proportion of women have entered vascular surgery training during the study period. This appears to be related to the introduction of VSIRs and exceeds the proportion of women entering almost all other surgical subspecialties at a rate of change faster than in all other surgical subspecialties. Further work to understand surgical specialty preferences and choice of careers after training is warranted.
SurgeScan: Enforcing security policies on untrusted third-party Android libraries

Many Android apps include third-party libraries for advertising, payment, social media, etc. However, since the library code runs with the same privilege as the app code, the app developer has to either trust the library, a potential security risk, or refrain from using untrusted libraries. We designed and implemented SurgeScan, a framework for specifying and enforcing security policies on untrusted third-party code. We call this third-party codeplugins, as SurgeSCAN supports both statically and dynamically loaded code. SurgeScan consists of a static analysis component and code rewriting component. To use SurgeScan, the app developer selects a security policy that declares security-sensitive methods in the Android API. Then, using static analysis, SurgeScan finds all the Android API calls in the plugin binary that may reach those security-sensitive methods, and generates AspectJ code for enforcing the security policy on those API calls. Next, SuRGEScAN runs AspectJ to weave the policy into the plugin. After that, the app can safely load the plugin. SurgeScan requires no modification to the OS and incurs negligible runtime overhead. We describe our algorithms for achieving high accuracy in our static analysis. To evaluate SuRGEScAN, we designed policies on network and sensor access and applied them to open source apps. We demonstrated various use scenarios for SurgeScan, including securing distributed network measurement, securing ad libraries, controlling uI and screen estate, and patching applications.
Mehr über die Komplexität realer Probleme

Nehmen wir das Beispiel der Tourenplanung. Wir wollen in diesem Kapitel die volle Problematik durchgehen, bis die Fahrer tatsachlich nach einem optimierten Plan am Morgen losfahren. Danach bespreche ich mit Ihnen die Netzoptimierung, die „ganz ohne Menschen“ gemacht wird und ganz anderen Charakter bei der Realisierung hat.
Antigen-Specific CD4+CD8+ Double-Positive T Cells Are Increased in the Blood and Spleen During Ehrlichia chaffeensis Infection in the Canine Host.

Ehrlichia chaffeensis is an obligate intracellular bacterium belonging to the order, Rickettsiales and is a frequent cause of severe and fatal tick-borne infection in people in North America. The reservoir host for E. chaffeensis is the white-tailed deer, while humans and dogs are regarded as common incidental hosts. In dogs, we and others have shown that E. chaffeensis establishes a chronic infection that persists for several weeks to months, while promoting the development of Th1 and Th17 cellular responses and pathogen-specific humoral immunity. We demonstrate here that vaccination with a live, attenuated clone of E. chaffeensis bearing a targeted mutation in the Ech_0230 gene neither promotes the development of long-lived cellular or humoral immunity, nor confers protection against secondary wild-type E. chaffeensis challenge. In dogs, a population of mature CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) T cells exists in the periphery that shares similarities with the DP T cell populations that have been described in humans and swine. Little is known about the function of these cells, particularly in the context of infectious diseases. Here, we demonstrate that canine DP T cells expand significantly in response to E. chaffeensis infection. Using in vitro antigen recall assays, we further demonstrate that canine DP T cells undergo clonal expansion, produce IFNγ and IL-17, and upregulate expression of granzyme B and granulysin. Together, our results demonstrate that DP T cells accumulate in the host during E. chaffeensis infection, and suggest that alternative lymphocyte populations may participate in the immune response to tick-borne infections in the incidental host.
Increasing Circuit Performance through Statistical Design Techniques

In this chapter we considered the impact of process variability on circuit performance, and reviewed in detail a number of effects and methods that ASIC designers can use to better understand and design chips. Intra-chip variation of process parameters is increasing as a portion of the overall variation, as well as in absolute terms. Intra-chip variation significantly degrades the distribution of the achievable clock speed. At the same time, it makes the timing estimates provided by the standard design methodology overly conservative. ASIC circuits suffer more from this effect than do custom circuits. This is because the lack of at-speed testing for ASICs does not permit even the least parametric yield loss. As a result, ASIC designers are forced to use extremely conservative lumped worst-case models that assume a simultaneous set of all the worst-case parameters, both physical (e.g. process-related) and environmental (temperature, V DD ). Fundamentally, as long as ASIC designers cannot tolerate any parametric yield loss, they will have to live with the fact that the same design may have run, on average, 20–30% faster, and sometimes, 40–50% faster.
Complications After the Fontan Operation

Advances in diagnostics, surgical technique, and postoperative care have all contributed to the present day successes realized for children born with the hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Survival well into the second decade of life has been achieved for this anomaly, a defect previously believed to be uniformly lethal. With increasing survival, however, has come the identification of a number of complications related to the physiology created by the Fontan operation. These complications, in their severest forms, can result in significant morbidity and mortality. Since inception of the procedure, Fontan himself labeled his operation a “palliation” and not a permanent cure [1].
Cognitive reinforcing strategies: the lighter side.

(1986). Cognitive Reinforcing Strategies: The Lighter Side. Health Education: Vol. 17, Teaching Ideas, pp. 24-25.
Social and Cultural Influences on the Health of the Vietnamese American Population

Vietnamese Americans represent the fourth-largest Asian American population in the United States. A majority of Vietnamese Americans are either first- or second-generation Americans, with nearly 70% being foreign born , and are inclined to speak Vietnamese at home. As Vietnamese Americans are fairly recent immigrants to the United States, issues such as language barriers, cultural attitudes, and beliefs still play an important role in the treatment and prevention of disease and the promotion of health care within the Vietnamese American community. Understanding these factors, as well as other socioeconomic and systemic barriers, would assist medical professionals to foster more cooperation among their Vietnamese American patients. The chapter begins with a brief profile of the Vietnamese American population, followed by an examination of social, political, and cultural factors that affect Vietnamese American health outcomes. It continues with a discussion of major health issues faced by Vietnamese Americans followed by recommendations for medical and public health providers and professionals.
Contributions of Neighborhood Parks to Physical Activity in High-Poverty Urban Neighborhoods.

Neighborhood parks are important venues for the urban population to do moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in leisure time. Parks can be particularly important for low-income neighborhoods, whose residents suffer from high rates of chronic diseases and may have less access to fee-based fitness exercise facilities. This study assessed the contribution of parks to local populations’ physical activity in 48 high-poverty neighborhoods in the city of Los Angeles, using systematic observation of park use and surveys of park users and residents conducted between 2013 and 2015. We found that parks accounted for approximately 2.1% (between-park SD = 1.4%) of moderate physical activity time and 3.1% (between-park SD = 2.1%) of vigorous physical activity time of the local population, both of which were notably lower than the city-level average previously reported. Parks’ contribution to physical activity was positively associated with park size (β = 0.13, p < 0.0001) and negatively associated with poverty (β = − 0.10, p < 0.0001) and local population density (β = − 0.25, p = 0.005). Parks in high-poverty neighborhoods in Los Angeles are underutilized, and more efforts are needed to fully realize their potential for population health.
An adaptive local reduced basis method for solving PDEs with uncertain inputs and evaluating risk

Abstract Many physical systems are modeled using partial differential equations (PDEs) with uncertain or random inputs. For such systems, naively propagating a fixed number of samples of the input probability law (or an approximation thereof) through the PDE is often inadequate to accurately quantify the “risk” associated with critical system responses. In this paper, we develop a goal-oriented, adaptive sampling and local reduced basis approximation for PDEs with random inputs. Our method determines a set of samples and an associated (implicit) Voronoi partition of the parameter domain on which we build local reduced basis approximations of the PDE solution. The samples are selected in an adaptive manner using an a posteriori error indicator. A notable advantage of the proposed approach is that the computational cost of the approximation during the adaptive process remains constant. We provide theoretical error bounds for our approximation and numerically demonstrate the performance of our method when compared to widely used adaptive sparse grid techniques. In addition, we tailor our approach to accurately quantify the risk of quantities of interest that depend on the PDE solution. We demonstrate our method on an advection–diffusion example and a Helmholtz example.
Evaluating the Role of Theranostics in Grade 3 Neuroendocrine Neoplasms.

The diagnosis and subsequent therapy of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) have long relied on somatostatin receptor (SSTR) expression. The field of theranostics now uses newer SSTR-based PET imaging with 68Ga-DOTATATE or 68Ga-DOTATOC as a prerequisite for the administration of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT). In the United States, Food and Drug Administration approval of 177Lu-DOTATATE, a form of PRRT, in 2018 for use in gastroenteropancreatic NENs was obtained on the basis of prolonged progression-free survival versus high-dose octreotide long-acting release in a phase III clinical trial of well-differentiated midgut NENs. Well-differentiated grade 1 and grade 2 NENs have a low proliferation index (Ki-67 10 y), whereas higher-grade (grade 3 [G3]) NENs have a high Ki-67 (>20%) and shorter overall survival (<1 y). Here, we present a review on the role of SSTR-based imaging and PRRT in G3 NENs, including a discussion of well-differentiated G3 NENs, the newest histologic classification. Some studies suggest that G3 NENs are less likely to be positive on SSTR-based imaging (but more likely on 18F-FDG PET) than are well-differentiated NENs, but these data are limited. We found only 13 studies mentioning the use of PRRT in G3 NENs and a total of only 151 patients across these studies in whom radiologic response was measured. Of these 151 patients, 99 (66%) demonstrated at least stable disease or a partial response, indicating that some G3 NENs can be responsive to PRRT. We suggest that patients with G3 NENs should receive both 18F-FDG PET and SSTR-based imaging to aid in both diagnosis and treatment selection, as positivity on SSTR-based imaging helps with patient identification for PRRT and discordance may suggest important clues to tumor biology and prognosis. However, prospective studies are needed to fully understand the role of PRRT in G3 NENs, especially in well- versus poorly differentiated G3 disease.
Calcifying mucous-cell carcinoma of the stomach. Report of a case.

A case of diffuse calcifying mucous-cell carcinoma of the stomach is reported. It is of interest that the findings permitting correct diagnosis were clearly indicated on a simple film of the abdomen.
Providing an Oral Examination as an Authentic Assessment in a Large Section, Undergraduate Diversity Class

Author(s): Kang, Dredge; Goico, Sara; Ghanbari, Sheena; Bennallack, Kathleen; Pontes, Taciana; O’Brien, Dylan; Hargis, Jace
69. A MILESTONE-BASED PEDIATRIC INTERN BOOT CAMP: AN EDUCATIONAL INTERVENTION TO MINIMIZE THE JULY EFFECT

Intro The transition from student to intern is difficult and highlighted by performance missteps often referred to as the July Effect. Some pediatric institutions have implemented intern boot camps (IBC) to better prepare interns at the start of residency. Such pediatric boot camps described in the literature have not specifically targeted the ACGME/ABP Pediatric Milestones. We implemented an IBC that utilized these milestones to improve the interns’ confidence, knowledge, and skills. Methods 19 new interns participated in the IBC at the HDVCH/MSU Pediatric Residency Program. We used Kerns Six-Step Approach as a conceptual framework and targeted 3 levels of Kirkpatrick's level of evaluation (reaction, learning, and behavior). A needs assessment from residents and faculty was used to identify specific milestones. We designed our IBC to include lectures, workshops and clinical experiences to target these milestones. A questionnaire containing 15-confidence (Likert Scale 1-5) and 10 knowledge-based questions was given before and after the IBC. The paired t-test was used to assess total confidence scores and pre/post knowledge measures. The sign test was used to compare individual confidence questions. Block 1 milestone evaluations were analyzed for pre-IBC (2016, 2017) and post-IBC interns (2018). Significance was assessed at p Results Interns demonstrated a significant improvement in their overall confidence score (Pre: 47.7+/-4.1, Post: 58.6+/-5.3; p Conclusions Incoming interns demonstrated a significant improvement in confidence and perceived knowledge of the targeted pediatric milestones after participating in the IBC. Our innovative approach of targeting pediatric milestones in an IBC suggests that such a targeted curriculum helps the difficult transition for interns.
Unsupervised Learning of Assistive Camera Views by an Aerial Co-robot in Augmented Reality Multitasking Environments

This paper presents a novel method by which an assistive aerial robot can learn the relevant camera views within a task domain through tracking the head motions of a human collaborator. The human’s visual field is modeled as an anisotropic spherical sensor, which decays in acuity towards the periphery, and is integrated in time throughout the domain. This data is resampled and fed into an expectation maximization solver in order to estimate the environment’s visual interest as a mixture of Gaussians. A dynamic coverage control law directs the robot to capture camera views of the peaks of these Gaussians which is broadcast to an augmented reality display worn by the human operator. An experimental study is presented that assesses the influence of the assitive robot on reflex time, head motion, and task completion time.
Genomic foundations of evolution and ocular pathogenesis in human adenovirus species D

Human adenovirus commonly causes infections of respiratory, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and ocular surface mucosae. Although most adenovirus eye infections are mild and self-limited, specific viruses within human adenovirus species D are associated with epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC), a severe and highly contagious ocular surface infection, which can lead to chronic and/or recurrent, visually disabling keratitis. In this review, we discuss the links between adenovirus ontogeny, genomics, immune responses, and corneal pathogenesis, for those viruses that cause EKC.
DNA Sensing in the Innate Immune Response

The innate immune system recognizes conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns and produces inflammatory cytokines that direct downstream immune responses. The inappropriate localization of DNA within the cell cytosol or endosomal compartments indicates that a cell may either be infected by a DNA virus or bacterium, or has problems with its own nuclear integrity. This DNA is sensed by certain receptors that mediate cytokine production and, in some cases, initiate an inflammatory and lytic form of cell death called pyroptosis. Dysregulation of these DNA-sensing pathways is thought to contribute to autoimmune diseases and the development of cancer. In this review, we will discuss the DNA sensors Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), stimulator of interferon genes (STING), absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), and interferon gamma-inducible 16 (IFI16), their ligands, and their physiological significance. We will also examine the less-well-understood DEAH- and DEAD-box helicases DHX9, DHX36, DDX41, and RNA polymerase III, each of which may play an important role in DNA-mediated innate immunity.
Decision-making about intrusive thoughts: Relationships to attitudes towards them.

Abstract Background and objectives The present study investigated decision-making strategies about and evaluations of intrusive thoughts in OCD presented in hypothetical targets in vignettes in a non-clinical population. It was expected participants would be hastier in their decisions for violent and sexual thoughts than checking and contamination thoughts and find those thoughts more credible. In addition, it was expected that hastier decision-making would be related to poorer evaluation of the targets. It was further expected that higher OC traits would be related to collecting fewer data. Methods Participants (N = 84) read four vignettes, two detailing a target with taboo intrusive thoughts and two detailing a target with non-taboo intrusive thoughts. Participants engaged in decision-making tasks about the targets before making decisions about the validity of the fears and rating their thoughts about the target. Results There was a relationship between data gathering and evaluations of the targets, but only for targets with taboo thoughts - requesting fewer data was associated with believing that the violent and sexual thoughts were true and evaluating them more negatively. Participants with higher OC traits gathered fewer data before deciding on three of the four tasks. Limitations The sample was non-clinical and homogenous; stimuli may have been unbalanced across vignettes. Conclusions Reasoning about and attitudes about taboo intrusive thoughts appear to be considerably related.
Managerial Equity Incentives and the Investment- q Sensitivity

We consider the effect of the agency problem between firm managers and shareholders on corporate investment. We derive investment regressions from a model of investment in which managers, who have control over corporate investment, have a preference to under- or overinvest. We show that these regressions are better-specified than traditional investment-q regressions, as they have significantly more explanatory power, and no investment-cashflow sensitivity. Our results show that executive compensation is used to combat managers' preference to underinvest, managers are more likely to underinvest at low levels of q and equity incentives are more powerful when investment incentives are low.
Progression from remodeling to hibernation of ribosomes in zinc-starved mycobacteria

Zinc starvation in mycobacteria leads to remodeling of ribosomes, in which multiple ribosomal (r-) proteins containing the zinc-binding CXXC motif are replaced by their motif-free paralogues, collectively called C- r-proteins. We previously reported that the 70S C- ribosome is exclusively targeted for hibernation by mycobacterial-specific protein Y (Mpy), which binds to the decoding center and stabilizes the ribosome in an inactive and drug-resistant state. In this study, we delineate the conditions for ribosome remodeling and hibernation and provide further insight into how zinc depletion induces Mpy recruitment to C- ribosomes. Specifically, we show that ribosome hibernation in a batch culture is induced at an approximately two-fold lower cellular zinc concentration than remodeling. We further identify a growth phase in which the C- ribosome remains active, while its hibernation is inhibited by the caseinolytic protease (Clp) system in a zinc-dependent manner. The Clp protease system destabilizes a zinc-bound form of Mpy recruitment factor (Mrf), which is stabilized upon further depletion of zinc, presumably in a zinc-free form. Stabilized Mrf binds to the 30S subunit and recruits Mpy to the ribosome. Replenishment of zinc to cells harboring hibernating ribosomes restores Mrf instability and dissociates Mpy from the ribosome. Finally, we demonstrate zinc-responsive binding of Mpy to ribosomes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and show Mpy-dependent antibiotic tolerance of Mtb in mouse lungs. Together, we propose that ribosome hibernation is a specific and conserved response to zinc depletion in both environmental and pathogenic mycobacteria.
The Emerging Critical Role of Telemedicine in the Urology Clinic: A Practical Guide.

Abstract Introduction Although telemedicine (TM) has been available for several decades, the recent increase in its acceptance due to the COVID-19 pandemic has emerged as a valuable solution for the delivery of health care that provides easy, affordable, and convenient communication with urologic patients. Objectives The objective of this study was to highlight limiting factors and provide successful practical solutions to assist urologists in incorporating and maintaining TM in their practices. Methods A thorough literature review was conducted utilizing PubMed, Cochrane library, clinicaltrials.gov , Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Search terms and keywords included “telemedicine” and “urology.” Only articles written or translated into the English language were included. Results A total of 12 peer-reviewed articles were identified that discussed barriers for incorporation of TM in urology. Articles exclusive to the use of TM during the COVID-19 pandemic were also included, as well as American Urological Association and European Urological Association guidelines and Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services statements and policies regarding TM pertinent to urological practice. Conclusion TM is currently a viable option and fills an unmet need for most practicing urologists, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, offering insight to the relative ease of transition to online clinical practice. OA Raheem, S Brimley, C Natale, et al. The Emerging Critical Role of Telemedicine in the Urology Clinic: A Practical Guide. Sex Med Rev 2021;9:289–295.
Left atrial dimension and ischemic stroke in patients with and without atrial fibrillation.

The incidence of ischemic stroke (IS) increases in patients with enlarged left atrium (LA) irrespective of whether or not the existence of atrial fibrillation (AF). In such situation, it is unclear whether the impact of LA on incidence of IS still significant in young, non-AF patients with enlarged LA who are primarily unconcerned on anticoagulation therapy. The study population consisted of 18,511 consecutive patients not receiving oral anticoagulants and undergoing echocardiography with measurement of LAD at baseline. The incidence rate of ischemic stroke was calculated in 3 groups according to left atrial dimension (LAD; < 30, 30–45 and ≥ 45 mm) in AF and non-AF patients. Further subgroup analysis was performed in stratification by elderly and young (aged ≥ 65 and < 65 years, respectively). The incidences of IS (per 100 patient-years) were 0.11 and 0.71 in non-AF and AF patients with LAD < 30 mm, respectively, which increased to 0.58 and 1.35 in LAD ≥ 45 mm (adjusted hazard ratios [HRs]; 1.95 [95% confidence intervals, CIs: 0.76–5.01] and 1.22 [95% CIs: 0.27–5.58], interaction P was 0.246). In non-AF patients, the incidences of IS were 0.30 and 0.04 in elderly and young patients with LAD < 30 mm, which increased to 0.67 and 0.48 in LAD ≥ 45 mm (adjusted HRs; 1.34 [95% CIs: 0.43–4.15] and 4.21 [95% CIs: 0.77–23.12], interaction P was 0.158). The incidence of IS significantly increased with increase of LAD in non-AF, especially in non-AF and young patients, although the difference was not independent of other clinical factors. The impact of LAD on IS was numerically larger in non-AF than in AF, and larger in young and non-AF than in elderly counterpart, although a significant interaction was not observed in this small population. Further studies with large population are necessary to judge whether these population with enlarged LA need antithrombotic therapy.
Chronicles and Progressions

Chronicles and progressions are made daily and can be dissected and aggregated in diverse ways. They can be presented as series of sequential happenings (and then… and then… and then), or as a meandering flux of events—mostly backward and linear but at times curving or directionless. In all efforts, chronicles and progressions are about connections using knowledge of the past to relate events that led to the present.
Thymus cell differentiation and in vivo T-cell migration: I. Migration of lectin-selected thymocytes

Abstract The in vivo quantitative distribution and tissue positioning of mouse thymocytes selected in vitro by Lyt phenotype and lectin binding properties were examined. Lyt l + 2 − thymocytes were selected for by cytotoxic elimination; peanut agglutinin (PNA) and soybean agglutinin (SBA) binding and nonbinding thymocyte fractions were separated by an agglutination technique. Selected cell suspensions were labeled in vitro with 51 chromium ( 51 Cr) or [ 3 H]adenosine. Labeled washed cells were injected intravenously into syngeneic recipients which were killed at 1, 24 or 48 hr. In recipients of 51 Cr-labeled cells, tissues were collected for gamma counting, and the overall percentage recovery of injected radiolabel from the various tissues was assessed. Tissues collected from recipients of [ 3 H]adenosine-labeled cells were fixed, sectioned, and processed for autoradiography; the positioning of labeled cells within the tissues was determined. Selected Lyt 1 + 2 − , PNA − , and SBA − sets all showed significantly enhanced entry into lymph nodes and intestinal lymphoid tissues. Entry of SBA − cells into these tissues was comparable to that of peripheral T cells. PNA − and SBA − selected sets, but not Lyt 1 + 2 − selected cells, also showed increased localization to the spleen and lungs, and decreased localization to the liver. By autoradiography, PNA − cells entered lymphoid tissues much more than PNA + cells, and at 1 hr fewer PNA + cells in spleen were associated with lymphoid follicles. At 24 and 48 hr almost all labeled cells in lymphoid tissues were positioned in T-dependent areas. These results suggest that enrichment for thymocyte subpopulations described as “mature” also enriches for cells with the ability to enter lymphoid tissue. They also suggest that interactions at other tissue sites are important in the determination of in vivo migration, and that surface carbohydrate composition is an important factor in this determination.
Linkages Between Faulting, Volcanism, Hydrothermal Activity and Segmentation on Fast Spreading Centers

Systematic variations occur along the crests of intermediate- to fast-spreading ridges which suggest linkages between volcanism, faulting, hydrothermal activity and magma supply. Going from mid-segment regions to major (first and second order) discontinuities, the following parameters show decreases: axial cross-sectional area, MgO content of lavas, occurrence of an axial magma chamber (sill or lens), abundance of hydrothermal activity, width (and inferred depth) of fissures; while other parameters increase: axial depth, crustal magnetization, mantle Bouguer anomaly, average lava age, abundance of fissures and near axis scarp height (inferred throw on normal faults). These variations can be attributed to variations along segments in magma supply, hydrothermal heat loss and crustal deformation. Finer scale segments (third and fourth order) do not show as much systematic intrasegment variability, but appear to function as independent crustal accretion units for short time intervals. They appear to be the manifestations of dike intrusion events, and thus represent the most fundamental units of crustal accretion. Faulting dismembers the newly accreted crust, but syntectonic volcanism continues to interact with faulting giving rise to volcanic growth faults and significant damming of lava flows. The resulting crustal architecture is somewhat more complex than previously appreciated.
Practical Aspects of Adjusting Digital Cameras

This chapter introduces the adjustment of digital camera settings using the tools found within image acquisition software and discusses measuring gray-level information such as (1) the histogram, (2) line scan, and (3) other strategies. The pixel values in an image can be measured within many image capture software programs in two ways. The first is a histogram of pixel gray values and the second is a line-scan plot across a selectable axis of the image. Understanding how to evaluate the information presented by these tools is critical to properly adjusting the camera to maximize the image contrast without losing grayscale information. This chapter discusses the 0-255 grayscale resolution of an 8-bit camera; however, the concepts are the same for cameras of any bit depth. This chapter also describes camera settings, such as exposure time, offset, and gain, and the steps for contrast stretching such as setting the exposure time, adjusting offset and gain, and camera versus image display controls.
A semi-definite programming solution of the least order dynamic output feedback synthesis problem

It is shown that the least order dynamic output feedback which stabilizes a given linear time invariant plant can be found via a semi-definite program.
Optical Identification of X-Ray Sources from Digitised Sky Survey Plates

In this paper, we describe the procedure that has been developed to identify the optical counterparts of the ROSAT X-ray sources in the northern hemisphere. This is performed by the identification and categorisation of all optical objects contained within the X-ray error circle using the digitised sky survey images that are available in the GSSS archive at STScI. Additional ground based observations can then be scheduled on particular objects of interest or to resolve any ambiguous identifications.