cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examination of direct radiative capture formalism

Abstract Within the direct reaction framework the formalism and approximations used to describe particle radiative capture processes at low to medium energies are reviewed. Survey calculations documenting sizeable cross-section sensitivity to different forms of the electromagnetic interaction (Siegert's theorem versus J · A ) that preserve overall gauge invariance are reported. The source of this large difference is the inconsistent use of different initial and final state model hamiltonians. This defect, common to most reaction theories using optical-model wave functions, generates wave function nonorthogonality effects which are found to be significant for M1 transitions. The importance of the spin-flip contribution to both electric and magnetic transitions is also investigated.
Molecular cloning of a novel gene encoding a membrane-associated adaptor protein (LAX) in lymphocyte signaling.

Membrane-associated adaptors play an important role in coupling antigen receptor engagement to downstream signaling events, such as Ras-MAPK activation, Ca2+ flux, and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) activation. Here we identified a novel membrane-associated adaptor protein, LAX. LAX is mainly expressed in B cells, T cells, and other lymphoid-specific cell types. It shares no overall sequence homology with LAT and is not localized to lipid rafts. However, like LAT, LAX has tyrosine motifs for binding Grb2, Gads, and the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Upon stimulation via the B or T cell receptors, LAX is rapidly phosphorylated by Src and Syk family tyrosine kinases and interacts with Grb2, Gads, and p85. Overexpression of LAX in Jurkat cells specifically inhibits T cell receptor-mediated p38 MAPK activation and NFAT/AP-1 transcriptional activation. Our data suggested that LAX functions to negatively regulate signaling in lymphocytes.
When names are wrong and colours deceive: unravelling the Pseudoceros bicolor species complex (Turbellaria: Polycladida)

The polyclad Pseudoceros bicolor derives its name from a distinctive two-coloured dorsal colouration, which consists of a very dark, almost black central area with acute black lobes extending towards a translucent greyish margin. At least three different colour morphs have been described, ranging from a pale speckled brown through an evenly dark brown form, to a morphotype resembling the original species description. Pseudoceros aureolineatus is easily confused with the light brown colour morph of P. bicolor, and P. rawlinsonae resembles both P. bicolor and P. aureolineatus. Using morphological characters of newly collected specimens and nucleotide sequences of the 28S ribosomal DNA gene, the taxonomic validity of P. rawlinsonae and P. bicolor is confirmed and the descriptions of their colouration are emended. The new subspecies, P. bicolor marcusorum subsp. nov. is erected, the genus Cryptoceros is eliminated, and the new combination Maritigrella aureolineata comb. nov. (Euryleptidae) is established for ...
Productivity of mung bean and sesame grown on residual fertility in multiple cropping systems

Abstract Field experiments were conducted on an Entisol from 1984 to 1987 at Bidhan Chandra Agricultural University, West Bengal, India, to study the residual effects of N, P, and K on productivity of mung bean (Vigna radiatus Roxb.) and sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) in irrigated multiple cropping with rice‐potato‐mung bean and rice‐potato‐sesame cropping systems. The crops were grown with or without application of farmyard manure or incorporation of crop residues. Different quantities of inorganic fertilizers based on locally recommended practices for fertilization were applied to rice and potato and their residual effects on succeeding mung bean or sesame crops were assessed. Application of fertilizers at a higher rate than the recommended amounts to rice and potato in the system showed no significant residual effect on yields of succeeding mung bean or sesame compared to the yields obtained with the application of N, P, and K at 100% of the recommended rate or 75% of the recommended rate with manure or r...
Diuretics and potassium metabolism: a reassessment of the need, effectiveness and safety of potassium therapy.

In the past decade approximately forty-eight billion milliequivalents of a single oral potassium chloride preparation have been produced and sold by a single pharmaceutical manufacturer (WETTER MS, Ciba Pharmaceutical Co., June, 1976, personal communication). Precise figures for the total quantity of potassium prescribed annually are not available, but an estimate of 20 to 30 billion milliequivalents is probably reasonably accurate. It is also a reasonable assumption that a substantial fraction of this electrolyte supplement is prescribed to prevent or to treat the hypokalemia and potassium deficiency generally thought to result from diuretic therapy. The conclusion seems inescapable, considering the enormous amounts of potassium prescribed, that the majority of physicians feel confident that routine treatment with an oral potassium preparation is warranted in patients receiving diuretic therapy. This opinion is maintained even though several recent studies have raised serious question about the need for such therapy and have also pointed out the potential risk of treatment [1–6]. Indeed, the casual approach to the administration of potassium contrasts sharply with the cautious approach to the use of a drug such as chloramphenicol, even though the ratio of risk to benefit is probably considerably higher for potassium salts as compared to the antibiotic. The purpose of this review is to discuss the magnitude of potassium deficiency in patients receiving diuretics, the influence of diuretic-induced acid-base derangements on potassium balance, the necessity and effectiveness of therapy with potassium salts and potassium conserving drugs and, finally, the benefits and costs of therapy.
Strong binding in the DNA minor groove by an aromatic diamidine with a shape that does not match the curvature of the groove.

A combination of biophysical techniques has been used to characterize the interaction of an antitrypanosomal agent, CGP 40215A, with DNA. The results from a broad array of methods (DNase I footprinting, surface plasmon resonance, X-ray crystallography, and molecular dynamics) indicate that this compound binds to the minor groove of AT DNA sequences. Despite its unusual linear shape that is not complementary to that of the DNA groove, a high binding affinity was observed in comparison with other similar but more curved diamidine compounds. The amidine groups at both ends of the ligand and the −NH groups on the linker are involved in extensive and dynamic H-bonds to the DNA bases. Complementary and consistent results were obtained from both the X-ray and molecular dynamics studies; both of these methods reveal direct and water-mediated H-bonds between the ligand and the DNA.
On a conjecture of Graham and Lova´sz about distance matrices

Abstract In their 1978 paper “Distance matrix polynomials of trees” Graham and Lovasz proved that the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial of the distance matrix of a tree (CPD(T)) can be expressed in terms of the numbers of certain subforests of the tree. This result was generalized to trees with weighted edges by Collins in 1986. Graham and Lovasz computed these coefficients for all trees on less than 8 vertices, noticed that the sequence of coefficients was unimodal with peak at the center, and conjectured that this was always true. In this paper, we disprove the conjecture. The coefficients for a star on n vertices are indeed unimodal with peak at [ 1 2 n], but the coefficients for a path on n vertices are unimodal with peak at n(1 - 1 5 ).
Mortality among participants in a lead surveillance program

Abstract Background There is evidence that adult lead exposure increases cancer risk. IARC has classified lead as a ‘probable’ carcinogen, primarily based on stomach and lung cancer associations. Methods We studied mortality among men in a lead surveillance program in 11 states,. categorized by their highest blood lead (BL) test (0– Results There were 58,368 men with a median 12 years of follow-up (6 to 17 years from lowest to higher BL category), and 3337 deaths. Half of the men had only one BL test. There was a strong healthy worker effect (all cause SMR=0.69, 95% CI: 0.66–0.71). The highest BL category had elevated lung and larynx cancer SMRs (1.20, 95% CI: 1.03–1.39, n =174, and 2.11, 95% CI: 1.05–3.77, n =11, respectively); there were no significant excesses of any other cause-specific SMR. Lung cancer RRs by increasing BL category were 1.0, 1.34, 1.88, and 2.79 (test for trend p = Conclusions We found an association of blood lead level with lung cancer mortality. Our data are limited by lack of work history (precluding analyses by duration of exposure), and smoking data, although the strong positive trend in RRs by increasing blood lead category in internal analysis is unlikely to be caused by smoking differences. Other limitations include different lengths of follow-up in different lead categories, reliance on few blood lead tests to characterize exposure, and few deaths for some causes.
Performance of the tree-feeder Orgyia leucostigma (Lepidoptera: Liparidae) on artificial diets of different water content: A comparison with the forb-feeder Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)

The egg-to-pupa growth rate of Orgyia leucostigma, which normally feeds on tree foliage, is an order of magnitude smaller than that of Munduca sexfa, which normally feeds on herbaceous foliage, on four different nutrient-rich artificial diets. Relative growth rates of fifth-instar female 0. leucostigma are only 37-53%, and relative consumption rates only 40-50%, of those of comparably sized third-instar M. sexta larvae. Similarly, respiration rates of 0. leucostigma larvae are only 57-68% those of M. sexta larvae of equal size. The water budgets of the two species are very similar, and the two physiological adaptations c,Dntributing most to the efficient retention and use of water by larvae of both species on low-water diel:s are the resorption of water from the hindgut and the tolerance of reduced levels of tissue hydration. These results are consistent with the prediction of Mattson and Scriber that folivores adapted to feeding on nutrient-poor plants have inherently lower growth rates and lower metabolic rates than folivores adapted primarily to nutrient-rich plants, but it is not clear whether the differences reside primarily in behavioural or physiological processes. Key Word Inakx: Tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexfa, white-marked tussock moth, Orgyia leucostigma, growth, nutritional indices, water budget, uric acid production, respiration rate, metabolic rate, adaptation to water stress
Primate hemoglobins: Polymorphisms and evolutionary patterns

Abstract In this rrport we illustrate the apparently great incidence in the number of different kinds of electrophoretically undetectable intraspecies variants found in the course of characterizing primate hemoglobin α, β and δ sequences. Our primary interest is to assess the significance of such findings in a setting provided by fixed amino acid differences that have accumulated between species during primate evolution. Observed non-randomness in fixed mutations, with respect to both linear distribution and certain kinds of change, is interpreted as due to the restrictive effects of natural selection rather than to either differential mutability at particular positions or disturbed permutations of the genetic code in general. Thus, in the micropatterns of accumulated mutation, we adduce strong evidence for Darwinism. However, we also find that the δ chain of minor hemoglobin A2 (α2δ2)—while apparently visible to selection—seems less restricted than the β chain of the major component, hemoglobin A (α2β2). Such findings are used to support our earlier presumption that comparative changes in β and δ can serve as a model for evaluating mechanisms of amino acid replacement during evolution. We believe that equivalence between β and δ in the numbers of recognizable fixed mutations is more easily explained by non-adaptive mechanisms than by adaptive ones. The frequencies of seven different kinds of electrically neutral variants found within-species during detailed analysis of ∼70 allele products are reported here. Most, if not all, are common. We propose that the overall incidence of different kinds of electrically neutral polymorphisms is probably at least fivefold greater than the kinds of electrophoretically detectable polymorphism. In their electrical neutrality and location the electrophoretically silent polymorphisms strongly resemble the fixed mutations accumulated during evolution of primate hemoglobin chains and are thus candidates for the transient phase of non-adaptive evolution.
Optimization of Media for Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide Production by Lactobacillus Species

A healthy vaginal ecosystem has been shown to be protective against the acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus and gonorrhea, and women who are colonized with H(2)O(2)-producing lactobacilli are more likely to maintain a normal vaginal flora than women with lactobacilli that do not produce H(2)O(2). The purpose of this study was to formulate a testing medium that better supports the growth and detection of H(2)O(2) by a broader range of lactobacilli than a published, widely used agar formulation (TMB). The new medium (TMB-Plus) consists of brucella agar base, 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine, horseradish peroxidase, starch, vitamin K, hemin, magnesium sulfate, manganese sulfate, and horse serum. To validate the new formula, 256 vaginal isolates and ATCC strains were inoculated onto TMB-Plus and, for comparison, onto TMB. Growth was enhanced for 69% of the isolates on TMB-Plus, and 48% had enhanced color production. The percentage of H(2)O(2)-positive isolates increased from 71% on TMB to 79% on TMB-Plus. Formulations using Rogosa or MRS agar base in combination with peroxidase and a chromogen did not support the growth of all of the strains of Lactobacillus, and fewer H(2)O(2)-producing strains were detected on these formulations than on TMB-Plus. This new medium better supports the growth of a wider range of Lactobacillus strains isolated from the vagina and enhances the color production of H(2)O(2)-producing strains.
Head motion suppression using real-time feedback of motion information and its effects on task performance in fMRI

A voluntary head motion suppression method using feedback to subjects of their own head motion information is demonstrated. A real-time fMRI system was developed on standard MR imaging hardware for this purpose. The head motion information was simplified as a four-way arrow display that changed color from green to red when a composite head motion index went beyond a specified threshold. The arrow indicators were integrated into a version of the commonly used visual N-BACK task. Results suggest a significant suppression of head motion consistently in all subjects while the influence on task performance and brain activation was minimal. It is proposed that under certain experimental conditions, voluntary head motion suppression may feasibly be employed without significant compromise of fMRI data.
The predictive value of serum myeloperoxidase for vasospasm in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Vasospasm is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), with inflammation playing a key role in its pathophysiology. Myeloperoxidase (MPO), an inflammatory marker, was examined as a potential marker of vasospasm in patients with SAH. Daily serum samples from patients with aneurysmal SAH were assayed for MPO, and transcranial Doppler (TCDs) and neurological exams were assessed to determine vasospasm. Suspected vasospasm was confirmed by angiography. Peak MPO levels were then compared with timing of onset of vasospasm, based on clinical exams, TCDs and cerebral angiography. Patients with vasospasm had a mean MPO level of 115.5 ng/ml, compared to 59.4 ng/ml in those without vasospasm, 42.0 ng/ml in those with unruptured aneurysms, and 4.3 ng/ml in normal controls. In patients who experienced vasospasm, MPO was elevated above the threshold on the day of, or at any point prior to, vasospasm in 10 of 15 events (66.7%), and on the day of, or within 2 days prior to, vasospasm in 8 of 15 events (53.3%). Elevated serum MPO correlates with clinically evident vasospasm following aneurysmal SAH. The potential utility of MPO as a marker of vasospasm is discussed.
Mantle plume heads and the initiation of plate tectonic reorganizations

Abstract We present results of numerical simulations which examine the plausibility of a reorganization of plate motions brought about by the interaction of a hot, low-viscosity plume head with the underside of a tectonic plate. A numerical model of highly viscous fluid flow driven by thermal buoyancy is employed to examine the interaction of mantle plumes with surface plates in a two-dimensional cartesian geometry. Plate-like boundary conditions applied to the upper surface consist of a large active plate with fixed speed plus a smaller passive plate whose speed and direction of motion are permitted to react to tractions induced by the underlying mantle flow (driven by the active plate). The passive plate is also subject to applied end-loads intended to simulate incipient subduction. The mantle plume is initiated with a hot patch on the lower boundary, and viscosity varies with temperature following an Arrhenius rheology. The calculations, performed with fixed aspect ratio (4 × 1) and fixed Rayleigh number (Ra = 106, where Ra refers to the strength of the starting plume), were found to depend on three parameters: the strength of the viscosity variation, the size of the applied end-load, and the speed of the active plate. These calculations indicate that plate motions can be sharply influenced by the lubricating effects of mantle plume heads even to the point of causing a reversal in the direction of plate motion.
P.A.M.-microwave transmission in coloured gaussian noise environment

In the current literature, the theoretical analyses which deal with the problem of additive coloured Gaussian noise (c.g.n.) assume that a pre-whitening filter is built into the receiver. This filter modifies the c.g.n. power spectrum density in such a way that, at the input of the threshold comparator, a bandlimited white Gaussian noise (w.g.n.) is obtained. The assumption of a pre-whitening filter is well justified for the purposes of theoretical analysis. Unfortunately, for practical systems, the design of a pre-whitening filter is not always feasible, as in the case of 1.544 Mbit/s data under voice (d.u.v.) hybrid microwave transmission. In this paper, the equations for the performance of a multilevel p.a.m. receiver (as is the case in d.u.v.) for a c.g.n. environment are presented and show that, without the insertion of the pre-whitening filter, the same results are obtained as in a w.g.n. environment. The validity of these results is demonstrated by using a number of noise filters to obtain c.g.n. for laboratory measurements and by practical field measurements on an eight-hop 6 GHz microwave system (RCA-MM-600) which employs 4-level p.a.m. transmission in a d.u.v. configuration.
Challenges in Synthesizing and Interpreting the Evidence from a Systematic Review of Multifactorial Interventions to Prevent Functional Decline in Older Adults

A systematic review of multifactorial assessment and management interventions to prevent functional decline in older adults was undertaken for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. It was not possible to determine net benefit because of heterogeneity of studies, including how older adults were selected and their risk of functional decline; the broad spectrum and multifactorial nature of interventions evaluated; the suboptimal and inconsistent use of outcomes measured; and the inconsistent and inadequate reporting of data that might allow comparison of populations, interventions, and outcomes between studies. This review process illustrated the complexities encountered when synthesizing and interpreting the evidence in geriatric research and methods of reviewing complex interventions and multiple interrelated health outcomes. This article summarizes the review findings, focusing on methodological challenges, and offers suggestions to researchers on the design, reporting, and analysis of trials that would help address these challenges and allow for better interpretation of evidence in the future.
Academic Survival: Success Indicators in Introductory Psychology.

Sumnafy.-In an attempt to identify and assess the importance of attitudinal factors as determinants of academic success, 12 motivational concepts were rated on a 9-scale semantic differential by introductory psychology srudents in 2 studies. The first study identified 3 possible predictive concepts. The second study cross-validated and assessed the stability of these concepts during the course duration. Only the concept "test" was found to be a stable and persistent predictor of academic success. Implications for further research were discussed. The prediction of academic success is a problem which has plagued educators, administrators, and especially parents for many years. No one need be apprised of che waste of manpower occurring when a student is unsuccessful in college. Attempts at predicting academic success are generally divided into two types: (1) the more traditional intellectual indices, i.e., IQ, ACT scores, GRE, etc.; and (2) more non-intellectual or "habitual performance" indices, i.e., personality characteristics or attitudinal factors. Even in the best of situations, intellectual factors seem to account for only about 30 to 40% of the variance associated with academic success. In an attempt to refine predictions, educators have begun to concentrate on the habitual performance indices. Attitude toward being a student appears to be one such non-intellectual factor which contributes to academic success (Armour, 1954). Based on previous research employing the semantic differential to measure student attitudes and values (Winter, 1961; Sizemore, 1969), it was hypothesized that certain stable and persistent "attitudinal concepts" would be predictive of student success in an introductory psychology course. Two studies were undertaken to test this hypothesis.
Modeling the links between need for cognition and the acquisition of a complex skill.

Abstract Need for cognition (NFC) refers to the tendency for individuals to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive activity (Cacioppo & Petty, 1982). Much of the research on NFC has been concerned with information-processing in situations involving persuasion and argumentation. Despite conceptual underpinnings suggesting NFC could be a potential determinant of complex skill acquisition, little empirical research has examined the role of NFC in training or skill acquisition contexts. Therefore, the purpose of this laboratory study was to test the proposition that NFC is a trait-like motivational construct that distally influences complex skill acquisition through more proximal motivational states. Accordingly, 411 young adult males trained for 5 h on a novel and complex computer task that involved strong cognitive and psychomotor demands. Performance feedback was provided throughout training with monetary incentives for high performance. In addition to NFC, participants completed measures of state goal orientation, self-efficacy, and general cognitive ability (g). The results supported our proposition and showed that NFC was associated with, but distinguishable from g and linked to skill acquisition through the mediating roles of learning orientation and self-efficacy.
A structure theorem for groups of weak characteristic p-type

We prove a structure theorem for groups of weak characteristic p-type. We use this result to explain how to identify an "end-node" of a diagram for a group.
Membrane Protein Topology Probed by 1H Spin Diffusion from Lipids Using Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy

We describe a two-dimensional solid-state NMR technique to investigate membrane protein topology under magic-angle spinning conditions. The experiment detects the rate of 1H spin diffusion from the mobile lipids to the rigid protein. While spin diffusion within the rigid protein is fast, magnetization transfer in the mobile lipids is an inefficient and slow process. Qualitative analysis of 1H spin-diffusion build-up curves from the lipid chain-end methyl groups to the protein allows the identification of membrane-embedded domains in the protein. Numerical simulations of spin-diffusion build-up curves yield the approximate insertion depth of protein segments in the membrane. The experiment is demonstrated on the selectively 13C labeled colicin Ia channel domain, known to have a membrane-embedded domain, and on DNA/cationic lipid complexes where the DNA rods are bound to the membrane surface. The experiment is designed for X-nucleus detection, which could be 13C or 15N in the protein and 31P for the DNA. Fi...
The Detection of Initial Failure in High-Voltage Insulation

In a series of accelerated life tests1 on laboratory samples of impregnated-paper insulation of the type commonly used in high-voltage cables, certain methods have been employed for limiting the breakdown current and thereby the attendant burning of the insulation. In this way it has been found possible to obtain partial failures in which the breakdown is limited to only a portion of the insulation wall, say one-half or one-third of the total number of layers, the remaining layers being apparently unaffected. In these partial failures, the burning is very slight and it is possible to obtain a very good idea as to the location of the initial point of failure and the nature of its subsequent progress. With one of the methods used it has been possible on occasion to limit the breakdown to only two layers of paper and to study the extension of the failure through adjacent layers. The method gives great promise for the study of the mechanism of breakdown under laboratory conditions. In this paper we are reporting some of the preliminary results of a more extended program of study still under way.
Solomon's Empirical/Non-Empirical Distinction and the Proper Place of Values in Science

In assessing the appropriateness of a scientific community's research effort, Solomon considers a number of “decision vectors,” divided into the empirical and non-empirical. Value judgments get sorted as non-empirical vectors. By way of contrast, I introduce Anderson's discussion of the evidential role of value judgments. Like Anderson, I argue that value judgments are empirical in the relevant sense. I argue further that Solomon's decision matrix needs to be reconceptualized: the distinction should not be between the empirical vs. non-empirical, but between the relevant vs. irrelevant. Whether particular value judgments are relevant or not is an empirical question, to be decided on a case-by-case basis.
Use of high frequency ultrasound to detect changes in skin integrity: An image evaluation validation procedure

Summary Objectives High frequency ultrasound (HFUS) scanning may be used for prevention, detection and monitoring of pressure ulcers in patients at risk and is amenable for portable, bedside use by a variety of clinicians. Limited data are available about the criteria to determine an ideal image or measures of tissue changes representative of tissue injury. We developed and evaluated criteria for overall image quality and measures of tissue integrity. Methods In 40 mechanically ventilated adults in 3 ICUs, 241 HFUS sacral images were evaluated for agreement using criteria for overall image quality and tissue changes (dermal, hypodermal layer thickness and layer density). Results HFUS sacral images ( N = 241) were evaluated in three analyses and showed poor agreement in all three analyses using the specific criteria for global quality, however when criteria were collapsed agreement was good to substantial. Evaluator agreement for layer thickness and layer density was also good. Conclusions A global rating is adequate for identifying good images. Agreement for measurements of layer thickness and density were also good and may be useful to identify early changes in tissue integrity leading to tissue injury. Additional data are needed concerning the association of changes in layer thickness and layer density to eventual tissue injury.
Recipient intramuscular administration of naked plasmid TGF-β1 attenuates lung graft reperfusion injury

Abstract Background Gene therapy may be an effective strategy for modulating lung graft ischemia–reperfusion injury. We investigated whether recipient intramuscular (IM) naked plasmid gene transfer of transforming growth factor β1–active (TGF-β1–active) ameliorates lung graft ischemia–reperfusion injury. Methods Preliminary studies in F344 rats demonstrated that gastrocnemius muscle transfection of TGF-β1–active produced muscle and plasma protein expression at 24 and 48 hours after transfection. Recipients ( n = 8) received IM injection of naked plasmid-encoding chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT), TGF-β1–latent or TGF-β1–active, respectively, at 24 or at 48 hours before left lung transplantation. We did not treat the control group before transplantation (18-hour cold ischemia). Donor lungs were flushed with low-potassium dextran–1% glucose and stored for 18 hours at 4°C. All groups were killed at 24 hours after transplantation. Immediately before killing the animals, we clamped the contralateral right hilum and assessed graft function. We measured wet-to-dry ratio (W/D), myeloperoxidase, pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1 [IL-1], tumor necrosis factor α [TNF-α], interferon-γ [INF-γ], and IL-2) and performed immunohistochemistry. Results Arterial oxygenation was greatest in the recipient group transfected with TGF-β1–active at 24 hours before transplantation compared with CAT, TGF-β1–latent, and 18-hour cold ischemia groups ( p p p p p p p p p Conclusions Recipient IM administration of naked plasmid encoding TGF-β1–active before transplantation ameliorates lung isograft reperfusion injury after prolonged ischemia.
Solvohyperiodination. A comparison with solvothallation

Abstract C6H5IO/CH3OH and a catalyst such as FSO3H , CF3SO3H or BF3-Et2O as well as C6H5(OH)OTs-CH3OH,react with chalcones, acetophenones and styrenes to yield rearranged products. The overall course of these reactions is analogous to that of Tl(NO3)3-CH3OH in reaction with the same compounds.
Critique by stealth: aspiration, consumption and class in post-apartheid television drama

Abstract The national broadcaster in post-apartheid South Africa still uses the rhetoric of nation-building and commemorating the anti-apartheid struggle, but its practice follows neoliberal norms of maximising revenue from advertising on fictional series that celebrate the conspicuous consumption of the new elite. The endorsement of individual consumption as the sign of national prosperity sets in sharp relief the rhetoric of success that encourages the havenot majority to identify with fictions of aspiration towards affluence and the wealth gap that makes this aspiration impossible. Although most television fiction uncritically reproduces this aspirational narrative, recent series such as Gaz'lam and The LAB have dramatised the contradiction between fictions of consumption and the reality of exclusion. Rather than rehearsing the anti-apartheid formula of heroic struggle against capitalism, however, they perform ‘critique by stealth’, with the cunning that Brecht advised for ‘telling the truth in dark ti...
Implementing Tier 2 Social Behavioral Interventions: Current Issues, Challenges, and Promising Approaches

Often, social behavior problems in children can be prevented or ameliorated with systematic efforts. One such system that is increasing across the United States is Schoolwide Positive Behavior Support, a tiered system that implements a response-to-intervention approach informed by data-driven decisions and teams that tailor key elements to their particular school context. Extensive research has been conducted on the universal, Tier 1 level of support and the effect of these efforts on student academic and social outcomes. Similarly, the most individualized level of support, Tier 3 social behavior supports have research to support their effectiveness, although not necessarily as delivered within a continuum of supports. There is a need for more research on social behavior Tier 2 intervention for the 10–15% of students who require these supports. The purpose of this special issue is to address current issues, challenges, and promising approaches for providing Tier 2 behavioral interventions in school settin...
Cancer Chemotherapy II: Atypical Hepatic Injuries

Although chemotherapy generally is accompanied by regular testing for liver enzyme abnormalities, atypical reactions may occur that escape ordinary detection, because hepatocyte injury is not the primary event. The presence of fatty liver, mitochondrial changes, and even biliary abnormalities can be associated with normal or nearly normal liver enzyme levels. This article discusses unique aspects of liver damage associated with cancer chemotherapy. These unique reactions merit special attention and a special vigilance from clinicians.
Infrared Radiative Properties of Summertime Arctic Stratus Clouds

Abstract Aircraft measurements of infrared radiation and cloud microphysics that were collected during the June 1980 Arctic Stratus Experiment are presented and analyzed with the aid of an infrared radiative transfer model. The radiation measurements were obtained with the NCAR Electra's Eppley pyrgeometers and a Barnes PRT-6 radiometer, and the cloud particle observations were obtained with the Knollenberg FSSP and 200X probes. The data were used to derive values of cloud emittances, mass and volume absorption coefficients, cloud reflectances, cooling rates and radiative extinction lengths. These parameters were found to be strongly dependent on the cloud drop size distribution, and a parameterization of the absorption coefficient in terms of liquid water content and droplet equivalent radius is presented. The window reflectance of the clouds was determined to be between 6.4 and 8.8%.
Optical and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of Cygnus A

We present optical and near-infrared spectroscopy of the luminous radio galaxy Cygnus A (3C 405). Optical (~6700–9300 A) observations were obtained of the central region, including the region where most emission lines are strongest, about 15 northwest of the nucleus. However, high-ionization lines ([Ar XI] and [Fe XI]), as well as an unidentified feature at ~7608 A, are stronger in the continuum-dominated southeast component. We detect the near-infrared Ca triplet in absorption, and we use it to obtain a new determination of the redshift and velocity dispersion of the stellar component of Cygnus A. The infrared (~1.9–2.5 μm) spectrum of the nucleus shows emission from [Si VI], [S XI], and possibly [Si XI]. A number of molecular hydrogen transitions were also detected; their ratios favor X-ray heating from the nuclear source over other possible origins (e.g., shocks) as the most likely excitation mechanism. We see no evidence for broad-line wings on the Paα line profile, confirming that the broad-line region in Cygnus A remains heavily obscured at 2 μm.
Undergraduate Political Attitudes: An Examination of Peer, Faculty, and Social Influences.

A socialization perspective is used to examine the processes through which undergraduate student political attitudes are influenced by peers, faculty, and social trends. Using the model of undergraduate socialization provided by Weidman (1989) as a framework, I examine how the normative contexts of college campuses and students' interactions with peers and faculty serve to influence the political orientations of students, net of precollege and college characteristics. Based on longitudinal data from the Cooperative Institutional Research Program, the results indicate that student orientations change in ways quite similar to trends observed more generally, and that peer and faculty normative contexts tend to have a positive influence of equal magnitude on political orientations of students.
White-collar crime: Holding a mirror to the core

Despite advances in scholarship and raised consciousness about upperworld lawlessness, the specialty of white-collar crime remains entrenched on the discipline's periphery. One consequence is that many students receive a criminal justice education which distorts the social reality of crime. We argue that knowledge about white-collar crime can be used to “hold a mirror” to the traditional core of criminology, which in turn allows students to reconsider limited assumptions about crime. Thus we believe that the standard criminal justice curriculum should educate students—indeed, should include a course—on white-collar crime. For those wishing to develop the expertise to teach white-collar crime, we offer a list of scholarly works that will provide “cultural literacy” in this area.
Ventricular myosin light chain 1 is developmentally regulated and does not change in hypertension.

Abstract Cardiac myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform distribution has been shown to undergo changes during development, in response to hormonal stimuli, and during pathologic states like hypertension. We initiated a study of myosin light chain 1 (MLC1) expression in cardiac tissue to determine whether MLC1 undergoes changes similar to those seen for MHC. We isolated a full length cDNA for the predominant MLC1 sequence in rat hearts. This gene is expressed in ventricular tissue at much higher levels than in atrial tissue. Based on its expression pattern and sequence homology, this cDNA encodes the rat ventricular MLC1 and has been named RVMLC1. RVMLC1 is expressed at very low levels in cardiac tissue during early development and is expressed abundantly after birth and in adult hearts. The expression of RVMLC1 was found not to change in the hearts of rats with renovascular hypertension.
Condom Use and Correlates of African American Adolescent Females’ Infrequent Communication with Sex Partners about Preventing Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Pregnancy

This study of 522 African American female adolescents, ages 14 to 18, investigated associations between condom use and infrequently communicating with sex partners about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and pregnancy prevention. Correlates of infrequent communication were identified. Sexually active adolescents were recruited from schools and adolescent medicine clinics in low-income neighborhoods of Birmingham, Alabama. Adolescents completed a self-administered survey and face-to-face interview. Communication frequency was assessed using a five-item scale. Infrequent communication was significantly associated with lower odds of condom use. Multivariate correlates of infrequent communication were less frequent communication with parents about STD/pregnancy prevention, recent sex with a nonsteady partner, low perceived ability to negotiate condom use and fear of this negotiation, and low motivation to use condoms. Given the importance of partner communication in promoting safer sex behaviors, STD and pregnancy prevention programs may benefit adolescents by addressing the identified psychosocial correlates of infrequent communication with their partners.
Graph covering index assignment in vector quantisation for noisy channels

An index assignment algorithm is presented for vector quantisation coding on noisy channels. The graph covering heuristic requires an enumeration of hypercube connections, for which a constructive procedure is provided. Experimental results for Gauss-Markov sources show that the proposed method provides more reduction in channel distortion than existing techniques.
Endogenous and exogenous factors affecting periodicities of female calling and male sex pheromone response in Grapholitha molesta (Busck)

In Grapholitha molesta periodicities of both female calling and male response to sex pheromone by wing fanning while walking were determined in part by circadian rhythms. The lights-on photoperiodic cue was at least partly responsible for setting the phase of the female calling rhythm. Absolute temperature levels and not necessarily a decrease in temperature modified the timing of calling; there were both high and low thresholds of temperature and, at particular photoperiod times, a temperature range optimal for calling. When the previous performance of calling was prevented by subthreshold temperatures, calling during the next period commenced earlier if temperatures were favourable. Thus, the previous performance of calling may establish a refractory period, or temperature decrease may act as a cue resetting the phase of the calling rhythm. The ability to use both an endogenous clock and exogenous temperature cues to synchronize sexual activity appears adaptive for a temperate zone insect whose multiple generations are exposed to both long periods of favourable climatic conditions in summer and harsh, unpredictable conditions in spring or fall.
Multiple Caretaking of Efe (Pygmy) Infants

Two models of the human infant's caretaking requirements—the continuous care and contact model and the caretaker-child strategy model—are discussed in terms of the caretaking practices observed among the Efe (Pygmies) of northeastern Zaire. The Efe1 engage in a system of multiple care which begins at birth and continues through at least the first 18 weeks of life. An important aspect of this care includes being suckled by lactating and nonlactating women. The data suggest that the continuous care and contact model is too rigid a formulation of the infant's caretaking environment, and lend support to the strategic model. Efe caretaking practices are discussed in terms of the cultural, ecological, and physiological constraints acting on these people.
Estrogen-Induced Cholestasis Leads to Repressed CYP2D6 Expression in CYP2D6-Humanized Mice

Cholestasis activates bile acid receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and subsequently enhances hepatic expression of small heterodimer partner (SHP). We previously demonstrated that SHP represses the transactivation of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) promoter by hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF) 4α. In this study, we investigated the effects of estrogen-induced cholestasis on CYP2D6 expression. Estrogen-induced cholestasis occurs in subjects receiving estrogen for contraception or hormone replacement, or in susceptible women during pregnancy. In CYP2D6-humanized transgenic (Tg-CYP2D6) mice, cholestasis triggered by administration of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) at a high dose led to 2- to 3-fold decreases in CYP2D6 expression. This was accompanied by increased hepatic SHP expression and subsequent decreases in the recruitment of HNF4α to CYP2D6 promoter. Interestingly, estrogen-induced cholestasis also led to increased recruitment of estrogen receptor (ER) α, but not that of FXR, to Shp promoter, suggesting a predominant role of ERα in transcriptional regulation of SHP in estrogen-induced cholestasis. EE2 at a low dose (that does not cause cholestasis) also increased SHP (by ∼50%) and decreased CYP2D6 expression (by 1.5-fold) in Tg-CYP2D6 mice, the magnitude of differences being much smaller than that shown in EE2-induced cholestasis. Taken together, our data indicate that EE2-induced cholestasis increases SHP and represses CYP2D6 expression in Tg-CYP2D6 mice in part through ERα transactivation of Shp promoter.
Anniversary Article: The Marketing Department in Management Science: Its History, Contributions, and the Future

This year marks the 50th anniversary of Management Science . We take this opportunity to trace the history of the Marketing Department in Management Science , outline the role that the Marketing Department has played in supporting management science research in Marketing, its impact on the field, and its plans for the future.
Do Adolescent Pregnancy and Childbearing Affect Younger Siblings

To understand the consequences of adolescent pregnancy and childbearing on siblings a study compares 309 younger brothers and sisters of pregnant parenting and never-pregnant teenagers. Compared with the younger siblings of never-pregnant teenagers the younger sisters of pregnant teenagers see school and career as less important are more accepting of adolescent childbearing perceive younger ages as appropriate for first intercourse marriage and childbearing and engage in more problem behavior. The younger sisters of parenting teenagers are more accepting of teenage childbearing than are younger sisters of never-pregnant teenagers and have more definite intentions of having a child at a young age. Compared with boys who have a never-pregnant older sister younger brothers of pregnant and parenting teenagers are more accepting of nonmarital childbearing ascribe more importance to childbearing perceive fewer problems related to early childbearing have lower self-esteem and report engaging in more drug use and partying behavior. (authors)
The triumph and failure of Sheridan's speeches against Hastings

This re‐examination of Richard Brinsley Sheridan's two speeches against Warren Hastings appraises the spectacular success of the impeachment speech of 1787 and the relative success of the rephrased version delivered at Hastings’ trial in 1788. It also assesses factors that may have influenced later observers who reacted to the speeches with considerably less enthusiasm than did Sheridan's listeners. In maintaining that Sheridan's view of Hastings was consistent and justified, the author questions the continuing criticisms of Sheridan's motives in the Hastings affair. The conclusion considers why Sheridan's two speeches have probably failed as literature, and hence indirectly suggests why other speeches may have gained literary stature.
Sarcoid polyneuropathy masquerading as chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy.

© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Introduction: Sarcoid polyneuropathy is a rare and clinically heterogeneous disorder that may be the initial presentation of sarcoidosis. Methods: We report the clinical, electrophysiological, and pathological findings of a patient who carried a diagnosis of sensory-predominant chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) for over a decade but was ultimately found to have sarcoid polyneuropathy. Results: A 36-year-old man presented with a several-week history of gait difficulty and muscle cramps. He had a diagnosis of CIDP but had not received lasting benefit from steroid-sparing immunosuppressive drugs. Electrodiagnostic studies were consistent with a chronic demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy with conduction blocks. After he developed systemic symptoms, tissue biopsies revealed granulomatous disease. Symptoms improved with steroid therapy. Conclusions: Sarcoid polyneuropathy presents a diagnostic challenge, but, in patients with atypical neuropathy, characteristic systemic symptoms, or a poor response to standard treatment, nerve and muscle biopsies can help diagnose this treatable disorder.
Party Discipline with Legislative Initiative

This article analyses the role of parties in political systems with legislative initiative. The model explicitly takes into account the multi-district nature of elections so that voters recognize that they are not voting for a policy but for members of a policy-making body. In this setting, parties can attain their ideological goals without resorting to extreme discipline of their members in the legislature. With respect to the electorate, although voters are endowed with perfect information about their candidates' ideological stance, this model explains how the legislature will display correlation across ideology and party, a feature often attributed to imperfect information.