cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermomechanical Cohesive Zone Models for the Analysis of Composite Failure under Thermal Gradients and Transients

The coupled thermomechanical numerical analysis of damaged composite structures loaded by temperature transients and gradients is described. The numerical approach presented is based on the framework of cohesive zone models. Traction-separation laws are coupled to heat conduction across the cracks. An implementation of the model into a finite element framework is described. Three examples of application are discussed: (i) interface crack growth; (ii) crack bridging; (iii) application to photothermal imaging.
Interpretation of Data Questioned

I am responding to the letter from Dr. Berenson and his colleagues at the request of the members of the Task Force on Blood Pressure Control in Children. Their comments and reactions to the letter are incorporated into this response. The members of the Task Force would like to express their appreciation for the very thoughtful comments in the Berenson letter. It is encouraging to note that internists have become involved in the problems and challenges of blood pressure control in children.
Fast track article: Dynamic address autoconfiguration in hybrid ad hoc networks

The use of ad hoc networking technologies is emerging as a viable and cost-effective solution to extend the range of traditional wireless local area networks (WLANs). In these networks, mobile client traffic reaches the access points through multi-hop wireless paths that are established by using an ad hoc routing protocol. However, several technical challenges have to be faced in order to construct such an extended WLAN. For instance, traditional autoconfiguration protocols commonly used in infrastructure-based WLANs, such as DHCP or Zeroconf, are not directly applicable in multi-hop wireless networks. To address this problem, in this paper we propose extensions to DHCP to enable the dynamic allocation of globally routable IPv4 addresses to mobile stations in hybrid ad hoc networks, which transparently integrate conventional wired technologies with wireless ad hoc networking technologies. Some of the attractive features of our solution are its ability to cope with node mobility, the introduction of negligible protocol overheads, and the use of legacy DHCP servers. We have implemented a prototype of our scheme, and tested its functionalities considering various topology layouts, network loads and mobility conditions. The experimental results show that our solution ensures short address configuration delays and low protocol overheads.
Must‐carry regulations for cable television systems: An economic policy analysis

Recently the FCC has considered reimposing must‐carry rules, which would compel cable systems to carry local broadcast television stations. Proponents contend that the rules would help constrain cable systems’ market power. We examine empirically whether cable systems’ carriage choices reflect the exercise of market power. Despite the absence of must‐carry regulations, the data suggest that most cable systems voluntarily carry most local broadcast stations. Noncarried local broadcast signals were either those of relatively remote (and duplicated) network stations, or poorly rated local independent stations. These results question the desirability of adopting new must‐carry regulations.
Single Molecule DNA Sequencing: from Demonstration to Application

In recent years, single molecule DNA sequencing by cyclic synthesis has progressed from the demonstration stage [1] to a working system with high throughput DNA [2,3], cDNA [4], and direct RNA [5] unbiased sequencing capabilities. In this system, fluorescence microscopy is used to individually monitor tens of millions of immobilized DNA or RNA molecules for incorporation of labeled nucleotides. This process yields read lengths with sufficient sequence information to allow reliable and unique alignment of most tested fragments to a reference sequence, supporting a sequencing method that is amplification-free, fast and cheap. In this presentation, various aspects of single molecule sequencing by cyclic synthesis will be discussed. Low cost and high throughput DNA and RNA sequencing methods will usher in a new era of personal medicine.1. Braslavsky I, Hebert B, Kartalov E, Quake SR: Sequence information can be obtained from single DNA molecules. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 2003, 100:3960–3964.2. Harris TD, Buzby PR, Babcock H, Beer E, Bowers J, Braslavsky I, Causey M, Colonell J, Dimeo J, Efcavitch JW, et al.: Single-molecule DNA sequencing of a viral genome. Science 2008, 320:106–109.3. Pushkarev D, Neff NF, Quake SR: Single-molecule sequencing of an individual human genome. Nature Biotechnology 2009, 27:847–850.4. Lipson D, Raz T, Kieu A, Jones DR, Giladi E, Thayer E, Thompson JF, Letovsky S, Milos P, Causey M: Quantification of the yeast transcriptome by single-molecule sequencing. Nature Biotechnology 2009, 27:652–658.5. Ozsolak F, Platt AR, Jones DR, Reifenberger JG, Sass LE, McInerney P, Thompson JF, Bowers J, Jarosz M, Milos PM: Direct RNA sequencing. Nature 2009, advance online publication.
Hibernation in Mammals

Hibernation and enforced hypothermia in mammals are widely different physiologic states. Prior to hibernation there are various preparations for the hibernating state, including polyglandular endocrine involution, fattening and/or food storage, and changes in the saturation of depot fat in some animals. The actual causes for the onset of hibernation are unknown, for most hibernators can remain active at low environmental temperatures for long periods. Entrance into hibernation is under precise physiologic control, with heart rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen consumption slowing before a decline in body temperature. A reasonably high blood pressure is maintained during this period and in deep hibernation by an increased peripheral resistance produced in part by vasoconstriction. Homeostasis is continued in hibernation, as evidenced by a normal blood pH, a sensitivity to inspired CO2, and a response to ambient temperature below 0 C. by increased metabolic rate. At any time during entrance into hibernation ...
A method for the enumeration of zooplankton subsamples

Abstract A subsampling method has been developed to allow the abundance of rare and common species in a Zooplankton collection to be estimated with equal precision. A sieve fractionation procedure is employed to allow whole counts of many of the larger but rarer organisms, so that they are not misrepresented in a final aliquot that has been split to accommodate smaller, more common species. Equations are presented to address a number of theoretical tasks encountered in a subsampling regime: (1) the determination of the approximate numbers of organisms that need to be counted in order to provide an abundance estimate with any desired level of precision; (2) the selection of an aliquot size that must be scanned to provide abundance estimates of rarer species that have the same degree of variation as those calculated for more common species; (3) the determination of whether there is a significant amount of clumping (overdispersion) in subsamples of certain species; and (4) the calculation of confidence limits on the abundance estimates for situations with and without clumping of species. The new subsampling method has been tested empirically and shown to be successful in producing abundance estimates of more equivalent levels of precision among species than found for either the Folsom plankton splitter or the Stempel pipette methods when used on the same collection.
Metaphyseal corner fractures in infants: A review

The corner fracture of the metaphyses of long bones of infants is considered pathognomonic of the battered child syndrome. In some cases, however, the fracture may occur as a result of weakening by an underlying disease process. This review emphasizes the importance of distinguishing healthy from abnormal bone in such injuries.
Survey of a tryptic digestive enzyme in various species of Crustacea.

Abstract 1. 1. The distribution of a tryptic digestive enzyme was investigated in gastric juice and digestive organ extracts of a number of Crustacea. Tryptic activity was based on the alkaline hydrolysis of casein and TAME as well as the inhibition of TAMA activity in the presence of DFP and/or ovomucoid. 2. 2. Tryptic activity was found in all amphipod, isopod and decapod extracts tested and could be isolated as a single component by acrylamide electrophoresis. 3. 3. A TAME-specific component could not be found in gastric juice extracts of Balamus nubilus and attempts to demonstrate the presence of such a component in digestive organ extracts were inconclusive.
Prostaglandins for first-trimester termination

Since the 1980s, when mifepristone combined with a prostaglandin was found to be safe and effective for early abortion, many studies have refined the regimens and investigated alternatives such as methotrexate plus misoprostol, and misoprostol alone. Evidence now demonstrates that more than 200 mg of mifepristone provides no additional benefit, that vaginal misoprostol is superior to oral, especially between 7 and 9 weeks' gestation, and that misoprostol may be safely self-administered at home. Buccal and sublingual routes of administration of misoprostol also are promising. Absolute contraindications to medical abortion arise infrequently. Gastrointestinal and other side-effects occur in about one-third of women, primarily after administration of the prostaglandin. Careful assessment before and after medical abortion is essential and can be accomplished in various ways, depending on the skills of the clinician.
Measurements of the total neutron cross sections of hydrogen and carbon at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 MeV

Abstract The total neutron cross sections of carbon and hydrogen were measured at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 MeV. The determination of the H(n, n) cross section often used as a standard was the major objective of the present measurements and values were obtained with accuracies of ∼0.2 %, 0.2 % and 0.4 % respectively. A parameter set for the shape-independent effective-range approximation of the H(n, n) cross section was obtained with the present and other recent data indicating lower crosssection values than given in the Hopkins-Breit analysis.
Devaluations and credibility in structural adjustment policy

Abstract This study uses general equilibrium models of three developing countries to examine the effects of a major structural adjustment policy: currency devaluation. The paper considers frameworks traditionally used to analyze structural adjustment issues and notes the lack of an endogenous investment response. This response is important because it can reverse standard results and can alter the long-term growth effects of adjustment policy. This study includes both the structural and aggregate investment dimensions by incorporating two-period optimization into a multisectoral computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. Unlike other CGE models, the composition of aggregate demand responds to factor prices through their effect on investment decisions. The structure of output and trade similarly respond to macroeconomic forces, as well as to relative prices.
Correlations involving the Mooney—Rivlin C2 constant and the number of chain atoms between physical entanglements, Nc

Abstract We start with two previously calculated semi-empirical equations: (1) C 2 C 1 = K 1 A −2 (for 2 C 1 = 0.2 MPa). K 1 is a constant and A is the area per polymer chain; (2) N c = K 2 A 0.67 where K 2 is another constant. It follows from these two relationships that: C 2 C 1 (at 2 C 1 = 0.2) = K 3 N −3 c . N c , determined for bulk polymers, increases on dilution with a solvent according to N c ( o 2 ) = N c ( o 2 = 1) o − r 2 where o 2 is the volume fraction of elastomer and r is a constant for a given elastomer, usually unity. For vulcanizates prepared in the presence of diluents but tested in the bulk state, one predicts C 2 C 1 = K 4 o 3r 2 if entanglements are the sole source of the C 2 term. Plots of log C 2 C 1 against log o 2 show slopes ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 but more commonly near unity. There is wide discrepancy between different authors. We conclude that chain entanglement cannot be the sole source of the C 2 term but that several factors probably operate. Different theories and ideas about the origin of the C 2 term are briefly reviewed. Excellent linear plots of log C 2 C 1 against log 2 C 1 are presented for trans -polypentenamer and for Hevea rubber. In general, sufficient data for the rigorous testing of the C 2 C 1 —o 3r 2 relationship are not available. A correlation of f e f with area per chain (where f e is the energetic contribution to the total force, f ) increases rapidly at small areas but levels off above ∼ 0.4 nm 2 . All studies reported herein are based on published data.
Evolutionary and psychological effects in pre-evolutionary classifications

Relative frequency of genera as a function of number of species per genus is plotted for six eighteenth-century classifications: Linnaeus' classifications of animals, plants, minerals, and diseases, and Sauvages' classifications of plants and diseases. The distributions for animals and plants form positively skewed hollow curves similar but not identical to those found in modern biological classifications and predicted by mathematical models of evolution. The distributions for minerals and diseases, however, are more nearly symmetric and convex. The difference between the eighteenth-century and modern classifications of animals and plants probably reflects psychological properties of the taxonomists' judgments; but the difference between the classifications of animals and plants and those of minerals and diseases reflects evolutionary properties of the materials classified, since all six classifications were constructed by the same taxonomists using the same methods. Consequently, the observable effects of evolution are strong enough to be detected in classifications constructed before the acceptance of evolutionary theory; and traditional classifications can contain substantial scientific information despite their reliance on incompletely understood processes of judgment.
Mismatched Vascular Defects: An Easy Alternative to Mismatched Segmental Equivalent Defects for the Interpretation of Ventilation/Perfusion Lung Scans in Pulmonary Embolism

The purpose of this investigation was to test the hypothesis that ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) lung scans in patients with suspected acute pulmonary embolism (PE) can be evaluated on the basis of the total number of mismatched vascular defects, irrespective of whether such defects are moderate or large size segmental defects. Lung scan data from the national collaborative study of the Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis (PIOPED) were assessed in 383 patients with acute PE and 681 patients in whom suspected PE was excluded. The predictive value of the cumulative number of mismatched moderate size segmental defects (irrespective of the number of mismatched large segmental defects) was nearly the same as that of mismatched large segmental defects (irrespective of the number of mismatched moderate size segmental defects). This suggests that the diagnostic value of mismatched moderate size segmental defects is the same as mismatched large segmental defects. Lung scans evaluated on the basis of the number of mismatched vascular defects (moderate and/or large segmental defects) were compared with V/Q scans evaluated on the basis of the number of mismatched segmental equivalents. The maximum likelihood estimates of the areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for the number of mismatched vascular defects and for mismatched segmental equivalents were similar (0.8512 vs 0.8530) (NS). Stratification according to the presence or absence of prior cardiopulmonary disease permitted a more accurate assessment of both clinical groups. Evaluation of V/Q scans by vascular defects and by segmental equivalents showed similar areas under the ROC curves. In conclusion, the number of mismatched vascular defects is as powerful for the assessment of V/Q scans as the number of mismatched segmental equivalents. The number of mismatched vascular defects, however, is easier to interpret, and permits a more objective evaluation.
Measurement of proton-induced radiation damage effects in double-sided silicon microstrip detectors

The electrical characteristics of double-sided n-type silicon microstrip detectors were investigated after those detectors had received proton irradiation up to a fluence equivalent to 1.7×1013 1 MeV neutrons/cm2. This fluence is about twice as much as is expected for the CDF SVX II innermost layer during its first year. It is also approximately equal to the fluence expected at a radius of 12 cm from an interaction point during the first three years of operation of an LHC experiment. The detectors' p- and n-side leakage currents and their depletion voltages responded to the damage in a manner consistent with present models. Their total capacitance per active length increased by (2.0±0.7) × 10−14 pF cm/[1MeV neutron] on the p-side. Their total capacitance increased by (1.5±0.1) × 10−13 pF cm2/[1 MeV neutron] on the n-side for a particular double-metal geometry. Their coupling capacitance was unchanged by this fluence. The study required development of a new method for determining full-depletion voltage; that method is also presented here.
Staged reconstruction of large congenital diaphragmatic defects with synthetic patch followed by reverse latissimus dorsi muscle.

Abstract Background/Purpose: Synthetic repair of large congenital diaphragmatic defects ([gt ]90%) invariably will lead to recurrence, progressive chest wall deformity, and restrictive pulmonary disease. Staged reconstruction with living, growing tissue can help avoid these complications. Methods: Between November 1995 and December 1999, 5 patients (median age, 25 months) with diaphragmatic agenesis underwent staged replacement with a reverse latissimus dorsi (RLD) flap. All required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support at birth followed by synthetic patch (polytetrafluoroethylene or PTFE) diaphragm closure. Clinical evidence of patch disproportion, including recurrence (n = 3), chest wall deformity (n = 3), radiographic findings (n = 2), and restrictive respiratory patterns (n = 1), provided indication for replacement. The procedure involves removal of the original patch via thoracotomy followed by transposition of a RLD flap (based on the paraspinous and intercostal perforating vessels) into the defect through the bed of the 10th rib. Two patients underwent concomitant fundoplication. Results: RLD flap was completed successfully in all 5 patients. Median length of stay after the procedure was 8 days. With a mean follow-up of 28 months (15 to 64 months), there have been no recurrences and no complications related to the procedure. Respiratory status and chest wall deformity have improved. There was neither evidence of paradoxical chest wall movement nor obvious limitation of the ipsilateral upper extremity on physical examination. The RLD flaps have grown proportionately to the children and remained at a stable level on chest x-ray. Conclusions: Staged reconstruction with patch closure followed by definitive reverse latissimus dorsi flap repair is a safe and highly effective treatment option in patients with diaphragmatic agenesis. A planned replacement should be considered in all patients with severe diaphragmatic hernias and patch closure before the development of thoracic complications.
Cultural and socioeconomic constraints on international codes of ethics: Lessons from accounting

This paper provides a framework for the examination of cultural and socioeconomic factors that could impede the acceptance and implementation of a profession's international code of conduct. We apply it to the “Guidelines on Ethics for Professional Accountants” issued by the International Federation of Accountants (1990). To examine the cultural effects, we use Hofstede's (1980a) four work-related values: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism, and masculinity. The socioeconomic factors are the level of development of the profession and the availability of economic resources. We evaluate the applicability and relevance of the accounting guideline, and discuss the implications for accounting and other professions.
Crystal structure of the [Pt(9-methylguanine)4]2+ cation

Abstract The [Pt(9-methyl-guanine)4]2+ cation is the first example of a Pt2+ compound to have four purine bases as ligands. This compound is especially interesting as it was suggested earlier that the anti-tumor drug cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) could lose all four ligands in order to interact with the purine bases of the DNA double helix [1]. The title compound was prepared by heating K2PtCl4 with excess 9-methylguanine (ratio 1:6) under reflux for several hours. The reaction mixture was separated by preparative reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography to remove excess ligand and some minor impurities possibly due to the formation of other Pt-guanine complexes. [Pt(9-Methylguanine)4]2+Cl−(CF3COOH)− crystallizes as colorless bricks in the triclinic space group P 1 , with a = 16.234(8) A, b = 13.475(7) A, c = 10.856(5) A, α = 103.80(4)°, β = 91.40(4)°, γ = 115.50(3)°, Z = 2. The structure consists of a Pt(9-MeG)2+4 cation in which each purine ligand is coordinated through its N(7) nitrogen atom (Fig. 1) to result in a PtN4-square plane. The purine ligands are in the usual alternating head to tail arrangement with the adjacent C(6)O(6) pointing in opposite directions. The average PtN distance is 2.036 A. The current R-value is 7.8% with 4475 independent reflections.
Analysis of the molecular genetics of acute promyelocytic leukemia in mouse models.

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is characterized by reciprocal chromosomal translocations that always involve the retinoic acid receptor-α (RARα) gene on chromosome 17. RARα variably fuses to the PML, PLZF, NPM, NuMA, and STAT 5b genes (X genes), leading to the generation of X-RARα and RARα-X fusion genes. The aberrant X-RARα proteins retain the dimerization domains of their parental proteins and therefore can act as dominant negative oncogenic products on both RARα/RXR and X pathways. Studies in transgenic mice harboring X-RARα and RARα-X fusion genes and in mice lacking X genes have helped unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying APL leukemogenesis, which lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Moreover, transgenic mouse models of APL were useful to test in vivo the efficacy of these novel therapeutic approaches as well as of drug combinations such as retinoic acid and As2O3 that were previously known to be effective as single agents in human APL.
Repression of GLUT4 expression by the endoplasmic reticulum stress response in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Expression of GLUT4 is decreased in adipocytes in obesity and type 2 diabetes, contributing to the insulin resistance of these states. Recent investigations suggest a role for activation of the ER stress response in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. We investigated activation of the ER stress response in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We show that activation of the ER stress response decreased GLUT4 expression at the level of gene transcription. Activation of the ER stress response also increased the expression of CHOP10, an inhibitor of the activity and expression of C/EBPα. As expected, activation of the ER stress response decreased expression of C/EBPα, an activator of GLUT4 expression, providing a mechanism to account for the repression of GLUT4 by ER stress activation. Our studies identify repression of GLUT4 expression as another potential mechanism for obesity-induced activation of the ER stress response to contribute to the insulin resistance of obesity.
Clergy support and caregiver expectactions for support: A replication study

Clergy support is an important type of support that has often been neglected. The purpose of this study is to determine how knowledgeable clergy are about Alzheimer's disease (AD), what expectations AD families hold for support from clergy, and how clergy knowledge and caregiver expectations differ between a rural and urban area. Ries survey7 in Montana of clergy knowledge and caregiver expectations for support was replicated. The Montana study drew a clergy response rate of 41 percent compared with a 22 percent rate in this study. Responses of Kentuckiana families indicated less satisfaction with clergy support than found in Ries study. Findings suggested the need for more educational opportunities for clergy.
Economic Performance of Residential Fire Sprinkler Systems

A benefit–cost analysis is performed to measure the expected present value net benefits (PVNB) resulting from the installation of a residential fire sprinkler system in a newly constructed, single-family house. The benefits and costs associated with installation and use of a fire sprinkler system are compared across three prototypical single-family house types: colonial, townhouse, and ranch. Each of the house types varies by design, size, and fire sprinkler affordability. Six fire sprinkler system designs are evaluated: a multipurpose network system, three stand-alone systems, and two stand-alone systems equipped with a backflow preventer. The sprinkler designs vary by installation cost (materials and labor cost) and required annual maintenance, but all were designed to meet the NFPA 13D standard. The estimated benefits of fire sprinklers include reductions in the following: the risk of civilian fatalities and injuries, homeowner insurance premiums, uninsured direct property losses, and uninsured indirect costs. Results show that residential sprinkler systems not requiring expensive annual upkeep or maintenance are economical. The expected PVNB in 2005 dollars is estimated as $2,967 for the colonial-style house, $3,099 for the townhouse, and $4,166 for the ranch-style house, given installation of the lowest life-cycle cost sprinkler system in each of the house types. A sensitivity analysis that measures the variability of the results to changes in the modeling assumptions confirms the robustness of the baseline analysis.
Control Logic for Automated Aerobatic Flight of a Miniature Helicopter

In this paper we describe the control logic that enabled a small-scale unmanned helicopter to execute a completely automatic aerobatic maneuver. The logic consists of steady-state trim trajectory controllers, used prior to, and upon the exit from the maneuver; and a maneuver logic inspired by human pilot strategies. Extensive flight tests with this control logic demonstrated smooth entry into the maneuver, automatic recovery to a steady-state trim trajectory, and the robustness of the trim-trajectory control system toward measurement and modeling errors. This approach can be extended to a variety of maneuvers.
ASSESSMENT OF INTERPERSONAL FUNCTIONS: DEVELOPING MEASURES TO AID THE FUNCTIONAL FAMILY THERAPIST

One of the cornerstones of the functional family therapy model proposed by Alexander and Parsons (1982) is the assessment of interpersonal functions, which has traditionally been accomplished through intuition and clinical judgment. In this study, 109 college freshmen were recruited to evaluate the test-retest reliability of a videotaped scenario measure and a questionnaire designed to assess interpersonal functions. Subjects responded to both measures during an initial assessment phase and then again, during a second assessment phase, 2 weeks later. Pearson product-moment correlations and average agreement percentages indicate that both measures have adequate reliability. There were no sex differences, nor were subjects' responses related to a measure of social desirability.
An examination of the products formed on reaction of hydrogen cyanide and cyanogen with copper, chromium (6+) and copper-chromium (6+) impregnated activated carbons

Abstract The adsorption of HCN and (CN)2 by activated carbon impregnated with copper and chromium, both separately and in combination, was studied under dynamic conditions and compared with the corresponding performance of ASC whetlerite, a commercial HCN filtration medium. Gas penetration time as a function of carbon weight was used to calculate dynamic equilibrium uptake and adsorption rate constants whilst the products formed on the carbon supports were identified by mass spectrometry and quantitatively measured by a specially developed gaseous evolution method. Comparison was made with the infra-red analysis of products from reactions of (CN)2 and potassium cyanide with aqueous dichromate. From these studies, evidence is provided to support (CN)2 as an intermediate formed during HCN uptake in the presence of combined impregnants, and for its subsequent hydration in the presence of chromium (6+) to yield oxamide as the major product. A reaction scheme is proposed, consistent with these findings, which accounts for HCN chemisorption on copper-chromium impregnated carbon.
Estimating the repeatability of memories of captured prey formed by Frontinella communis spiders (Araneae: Linyphiidae)

How animals deal with the challenges posed by their ecological and social surroundings often hinges on the acquisition and storage of information about those surroundings. That is, an animal’s fitness may be influenced by variation in the mental representations it has formed of its environment. Studying such variation is challenging because it involves documenting inherently subjective phenomena. However, observations of behaviour may provide objective descriptions of mental representations. We used the behaviour of Frontinella communis spiders after removal of prey from their webs as an assay of the contents of their memories of the prey. Spiders searched for lost prey, exerting greater effort in searching for larger prey, and distinguishing between the object of the search and old prey remnants. We thus infer that spider memories included information about prey features such as size or quality. We found significant repeatability in the spiders’ searching behaviour, suggesting repeatability in memory content. As an indication of consistent between-individual differences in searching and memory, these repeatability estimates suggest that selection may act to shape mental representations and their relationship with foraging behaviour.
Emphysematous gastritis with delayed gastric perforation.

Introduction Emphysematous gastritis (EG) is a rare infection of the stomach caused by gas-producing organisms. It is often associated with high mortality, and operative intervention is avoided unless medical management fails to control sepsis, or patients develop gastric perforation.
The stability of hot curved space

Abstract The propagator is evaluated for the situation of a non-interacting scalar field at non-zero temperature in curved space-time. The coincidence limit is taken and the corresponding effective Lagrangian is constructed. Fluctuations are determined using a background metric which satisfies the Einstein equations. The resulting energy-momentum tensor is found to be that for an imperfect fluid. Metric fluctuations are found to be unstable (for most values of the cosmological constant) with an exponential growth characterized by a Jeans mass squared which is twice the classical value. Comparisons with previous calculations are also made.
Film Cooling Effectiveness Distributions on a Flat Plate With a Double Hole Geometry Using PSP

Detailed film cooling effectiveness distributions are obtained on a flat plate using the pressure sensitive paint (PSP) technique. The effects of average blowing ratio (M = 0.25–1.0) and coolant – to – mainstream density ratio (DR = 1.0–1.4) are evaluated in a low speed wind tunnel with a freestream velocity of 8.5 m/s and a freestream turbulence intensity of 6.8%. The coolant – to – mainstream density ratio is varied by using either nitrogen (DR = 1.0) or argon (DR = 1.4) as the coolant gases. The double hole geometry consists of a row of simple angle (θ = 35°), cylindrical holes coupled with one row of compound angle holes (θ = 45°, β = 50°). With the selected geometry, the compound holes effectively weaken the counter rotating vortex pair formed within the traditional simple angle hole. Therefore, the surface film cooling effectiveness is increased compared to a single row of simple angle film cooling holes. While increasing the blowing ratio decreases the film cooling effectiveness, the severity of the film cooling effectiveness reduction is less than with the single row of holes.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
WHERE IS A RESEARCH FRONTIER?1, 2

(1963). WHERE IS A RESEARCH FRONTIER?1, 2. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 53, No. 4, pp. 429-440.
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone in Specific Nuclei of Rat Brain

The regional distribution of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in rat brain was studied. The greatest concentration of TRH was found in the median eminence. High concentrations were also found in several hypothalamic nuclei. Outside the hypothalamus, relatively large amounts of TRH were found in the septal and preoptic areas.
Hierarchical Bayesian approach to reliability estimation under competing risk

Abstract In this paper we study the exponential failure models under competing risks. Here n-items are considered each with p-components. Each item is put to test until some preassigned time. An item fails if any one of its p-components fail. The component life spans are considered independent and exponentially distributed. The hierarchical Bayesian estimates for the parameter estimation are carried out by using independent Gamma distributions as first stage priors for the parameters of the exponential distribution and then using uniform and improper hyper-priors for scale parameters of the Gamma distribution. A Monte Carlo simulation is performed to compare these estimates with corresponding maximum likelihood estimates. The study indicates that the hierarchical estimates are superior to maximum likelihood estimates in the sense of their root mean squared errors.
Chromium oxide loaded silica aerogels: novel visible light photocatalytic materials for environmental remediation

Abstract Various photocatalytic systems have been reported for degradation of harmful air pollutants. Most of the reported catalysts are based on well-known semiconducting material, titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), while some are based on other materials such as silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), various zeolites. However, titania based systems are very popular in this regard and the most of the photocatalytic processes that involve titania are considered non-localized. Thus, to study the photocatalytic ability of a localized system, novel aerogel based samples were studied using silica and chromium and tested for photocatalytic activities. The new photocatalytic systems were prepared to obtain aerogel silica as the matrix material by co-hydrolyzing silica precursor with chromium(III) ions to obtain chromium loaded silica materials. Later, these prepared samples were compared to chromium loaded titania and mixed TiO 2 –SiO 2 systems. All the prepared systems have high surface areas compared to the systems that have been reported in literature. Samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, diffusive reflectance UV spectroscopy, and BET surface analysis methods. The kinetics of photocatalytic degradation of a model pollutant, acetaldehyde, was performed using a Shimadzu GCMS-QP 5000 instrument and a glass reactor with a quartz window. Change in photocatalytic activity was found with various molar ratios of SiO 2 to TiO 2 . From all the systems, chromium loaded pure SiO 2 showed the highest activity towards acetaldehyde degradation compared to mixed TiO 2 –SiO 2 systems and TiO 2 based systems. The interesting photocatalytic activity of silica based materials occurs due to the efficient insertion of chromium ions into silica matrix to generate reactive sites. The photo excitation is believed to occur at molecular orbital level at localized chromium sites.
Field Testing of a Decommissioned Skewed Steel I–Girder Bridge: Analysis of System Effects

AbstractThis paper describes the field testing of a decommissioned, skewed, steel I–girder bridge and the resulting behavior that was observed. To more thoroughly evaluate the behavior observed in the field testing, where a load 17 times the design load was applied, a finite element model of this bridge was created, which illustrates the behavior of this structure at an even greater load and in greater detail than could be achieved in the field. The field and finite element analysis (FEA) results for this bridge were compared with expectations based on current bridge specifications. These results show that there is significant reserve capacity in this common bridge configuration, relative to both current bridge design and rating specifications and the maximum load that could physically be applied to the structure. This is attributed to transverse redistribution of force enabling the strength of this bridge to far exceed the strength of the limiting girder, which is termed the system effect in this work. C...
GLOBAL FITS OF METHYL-METHYL RECOMBINATIONAL DATA TO PREZHDO'S NEW INTERPOLATION FORMULA

Prezhdo has suggested a new interpolation formula for the pressure-dependent behavior of dissociative and recombinational reactions. This formula, k(P{sub r}) = k[P{sub r}/[1+P{sub r}+(P{sub r}/B){sup A}] TBC], introduces two phenomenological parameters, A and B. Fits to isothermal methyl-methyl recombinational data are used to determine their temperature dependence. Global fits to an extensive set of data give high-pressure rates coefficients which are compared to values derived by other formulations. 10 refs., 4 figs., 4 tabs.
Measuring membrane penetration with depth-dependent fluorescence quenching: distribution analysis is coming of age.

Abstract Depth-dependent fluorescence quenching by lipid-attached quenchers (e.g., bromine atoms and doxyl groups) is an important tool for determining the penetration of proteins and peptides into lipid bilayers. Extracting quantitative information and accurate calculations of the depth of the fluorophore are complicated by thermal disorder, resulting in broad distributions of the transverse positions of both quenchers and fluorophores. Twenty-one years ago a methodology called distribution analysis (DA) was introduced, based on the emerging view of the complexity of the transverse organization of lipid bilayer structure. The method is aimed at extracting quantitative information on membrane penetration, such as position and width of fluorophore's distribution along the depth coordinate and its exposure to the lipid phase. Here we review recent progress in refining the DA method and illustrate its applications to protein–membrane interactions. We demonstrate how basic assumptions of the DA approach can be validated using molecular dynamics simulations and how the precision of depth determination is improved by applying a new protocol based on a combination of steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence quenching. Using the example of the MPER fragment of the membrane-spanning domain of the HIV-1 gp41 fusion protein, we illustrate how DA applications and computer simulations can be used together to reveal the molecular organization of a protein–membrane complex. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Interfacially Active Peptides and Proteins. Guest Editors: William C. Wimley and Kalina Hristova.
Gender differences in methionine accumulation and metabolism in freshly isolated mouse hepatocytes: potential roles in toxicity.

Abstract l -Methionine (Met) is hepatotoxic at high concentrations. Because Met toxicity in freshly isolated mouse hepatocytes is gender-dependent, the goal of this study was to assess the roles of Met accumulation and metabolism in the increased sensitivity of male hepatocytes to Met toxicity compared with female hepatocytes. Male hepatocytes incubated with Met (30 mM) at 37 °C exhibited higher levels of intracellular Met at 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 h, respectively, compared to female hepatocytes. Conversely, female hepatocytes had higher levels of S -adenosyl- l -methionine compared to male hepatocytes. Female hepatocytes also exhibited higher l -methionine- l -sulfoxide levels relative to control hepatocytes, whereas the increases in l -methionine- d -sulfoxide (Met- d -O) levels were similar in hepatocytes of both genders. Addition of aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), an inhibitor of Met transamination, significantly increased Met levels at 1.5 h and increased Met- d -O levels at 1.0 and 1.5 h only in Met-exposed male hepatocytes. No gender differences in cytosolic Met transamination activity by glutamine transaminase K were detected. However, female mouse liver cytosol exhibited higher methionine- dl -sulfoxide (MetO) reductase activity than male mouse liver cytosol at low (0.25 and 0.5 mM) MetO concentrations. Collectively, these results suggest that increased cellular Met accumulation, decreased Met transmethylation, and increased Met and MetO transamination in male mouse hepatocytes may be contributing to the higher sensitivity of the male mouse hepatocytes to Met toxicity in comparison with female mouse hepatocytes.
Compact representation of the spatial modes of a phase-sensitive image amplifier

We compute the eigenmodes of a spatially-broadband optical parametric amplifier with elliptical Gaussian pump and show that the well-amplified eigenmodes can be compactly represented by a low-dimensional subspace of the first few Laguerre- or Hermite-Gaussian (LG or HG, respectively) modes of an appropriate waist size. We also show that the first few eigenmodes are well matched to single LG or HG modes. For sufficiently large pump waists, the optimum waist size of the compact basis is in the vicinity of the geometric average of the pump waist size and the inverse spatial bandwidth of the nonlinear crystal in the parametric amplifier. The use of such compact representation can greatly simplify numerical computation of the spatial eigenmodes of the amplifier and thus lead to improving the experiments on traveling-wave image amplification and spatially-broadband vacuum squeezing.
At the century's end: The job market in rhetoric and composition

(2000). At the century's end: The job market in rhetoric and composition. Rhetoric Review: Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 375-389.
The 2-torsion in the K-theory of the integers

Abstract Using recent results of Voevodsky, Suslin-Voevodsky and Bloch-Lichtenbaum, we completely determine the 2-torsion subgroups of the K-theory of the integers ℤ , The result is periodic with period 8, and there are no 2-torsion elements except those known for over 20 years. There is no 2-torsion except for the ℤ / 2 summands in degrees 8n + 1 and 8n + 2. the ℤ / 16 in degrees 8n + 3 and the image of the J-homomorphism in degrees 8n + 7. In particular, the 2-part of ζ(1–2n) is twice the 2-part of the ratio | K 4 n − 2 ( ℤ ) | / | K 4 n − 1 ( ℤ ) | for all n ⁡ > 0 . This corrects a conjecture of Lichtenbaum.
The effect of delayed percutaneous nephrolithotomy on the risk of bacteremia and sepsis in patients with neuromuscular disorders

To determine whether a delayed percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) reduces the rate of bacteremia/sepsis in patients with neuromuscular disorders. Patients with neuromuscular disorders are at higher risk of developing complications after PCNL. One strategy to reduce the risk of infectious complications is to place a percutaneous nephrostomy tube at least 24 h prior to performing PCNL. We analyzed the rates of bacteremia/sepsis in patients with neuromuscular disorders who had access on the day of PCNL (same-day) versus more than 24 h prior to the treatment for the stone (delayed). We identified 246 consecutive patients who underwent PCNL at our institution between 8/2003 and 8/2008, 35 of whom (14 %) had neuromuscular disorders. The primary end point was postoperative bacteremia (fever and positive blood culture) or sepsis (SIRS and documented infection), which was compared between those who had percutaneous access on the day of surgery versus those who had access at least 24 h prior to the operative event. All patients had negative urine cultures preoperatively or were treated with antibiotics for 4–7 days prior to the surgery for a positive preoperative urine culture. The neuromuscular disorders in the 35 patients were multiple sclerosis (16), spina bifida (10), quadriplegia (4), paraplegia/Guillain–Barre (3), and cerebral palsy (2). The rate of bacteremia/sepsis among patients with neuromuscular disorders was 14 %. The rate of sepsis/bacteremia was 26 % for same-day PCNL versus 0 % for delayed PCNL (OR 8.4, p = 0.05). Delayed PCNL results in lower rates of bacteremia and/or sepsis in patients with neuromuscular disorders.
Potential improvement of three dimension treatment planning and proton beams in fractionated radiotherapy of large cerebral arteriovenous malformations

The treatment of large cerebral arteriovenous malformations is a surgical challenge, especially for deep seated brain locations. Furthermore, these lesions are unfit for radiosurgical approaches due to a high risk of complications secondary to high radiation doses to large brain volumes. Fractionated precision radiotherapy can potentially deliver high, uniform, target-contoured dose distributions optimizing the dose reduction to the critical surrounding brain. The results of a study are presented in such a way that dose distributions achievable with proton beams are compared to those with 10 MV x-rays; and the potential improvements with protons evaluated, relying heavily on dose-volume histograms to examine the coverage of the lesion as well as the dose to the normal brain, brain-stem, and optic chiasm.
Interaction of platelet factor 4 with fibroblast growth factor 2 is stabilised by heparan sulphate

The CXC chemokine platelet factor 4 (PF4) appears to inhibit tumour growth through its modulation of the activity of angiogenic growth factors. We investigated the heparan sulphate-dependent mechanism of PF4 inhibition of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2). The ability of PF4 to bind simultaneously to both FGF-2 and HS was assessed using affinity gel chromatography. Thirty-three to forty-two percent more HS bound to the FGF-2 affinity gel in the presence of PF4 than with HS alone. Protection assays showed that PF4 and FGF-2 bound to adjacent or overlapping sites together covering a 12 kDa stretch of HS. This study suggests that the three components may form a ternary complex. PF4 released at sites of angiogenesis may bind to angiogenic growth factors attached to endothelial cell surface HS to disrupt or prevent them from interacting with their signalling receptors. Manipulation of this mechanism may prove useful for clinical intervention of angiogenesis.
Transient photocurrent measurements in alkali chalcogenide ternary compound semiconductors

The charge transport properties of two alkali metal chalcogenide, semiconductor ternary compounds Cs2Cd3Te4 and Cs2Hg6S7, having potential as efficient high-energy radiation detectors, were investigated. A key property that determines the detector performance is the minority carrier lifetime, which was determined by measurement of photocurrent transients using pulsed laser excitation. The alkali metal chalcogenide semiconductor crystals were grown by a modified Bridgman method. The Cs2Cd3Te4 compound has a minority lifetime of 2.45 µs at 295 K, which is comparable to that of cadmium zinc telluride (CZT). The Cs2Hg6S7 showed charge trapping with decay times of 120 µs. The excellent charge transport properties of Cs2Cd3Te4 indicate that this ternary compound semiconductor should be well suited for gamma radiation detector devices that operate at room temperature.