cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Male‐to‐female sexual aggression among Iraq, Afghanistan, and Vietnam veterans: Co‐occurring substance abuse and intimate partner aggression

The current study examined the frequency and correlates of coercive sexual behaviors by male Iraq, Afghanistan, and/or Vietnam veterans recruited from a Veterans Affairs trauma recovery clinic (n = 92) toward their female partners. Men who reported sexual aggression in the past year (n = 37) compared to men who did not report sexual aggression in the past year (n = 55) more frequently reported impulsive aggression, dominating/isolating, and physically assaulting their partner, and were more likely to have a substance abuse diagnosis. Sexually aggressive men were significantly less likely than nonsexually aggressive men to have a diagnosis of depression. Posttraumatic stress disorder, an established risk factor for nonsexual partner aggression among veterans, was not associated with sexual aggression.
The challenge of data and application security and privacy (DASPY): are we up to it

This talk gives a personal perspective on the topic area of this new conference on data and application security and privacy, the difficult nature of the challenge we are confronting and possible research thrusts that may help us progress to an effective scientific discipline in this arena.
Prevalence and characterization of foodborne bacteria from meat products in Korea

In this study, the distribution of Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Campylobacter jejuni, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in raw meat products in Korea were investigated. A total of 155 meat products consisting of 52 beef, 62 pork, and 41 chicken were purchased randomly from 41 stores located in 5 different Korean provinces. E. coli and S. aureus were detected in 37.4 and 33.5% of the samples. Salmonella spp., C. jejuni, and V. parahaemolyticus were not detected. More than 30% of S. aureus were found to be enterotoxin producers and these organisms primarily possessed type A toxin genes. Conversely, verocytotoxin producing E. coli were not detected. Taken together, these results indicate that consumption of raw meat products may pose a risk of foodborne disease and that good hygienic practices should be required to ensure public health.
A well-posed boundary value problem for partial differential operators of principal type

Abstract A boundary-value problem is formulated and then shown to be well-posed on the strip for a linear partial differential operator P ( t , x , D t , D x ) whose principal symbol has both real and complex simple characteristics. The boundary value problem considered will be formulated in an iterative manner and then shown to be well-posed by iteration.
Immunohistochemical characteristics of adrenocortical carcinoma: An overview

Immunohistochemistry has played a major role in the practice of surgical pathology over the past three decades. These techniques have been of particular value in the diagnosis and classification of tumors of the adrenal cortex. The intermediate filament phenotype of adrenocortical carcinomas includes positivity for vimentin (80-100%), cytokeratin (40-50%) and neurofilament proteins (50%). Other markers that have proven useful for the diagnosis of these tumors include melan A (A103), alpha inhibin, synaptophysin, calretinin, D11 and the nuclear protein adrenal 4 binding protein. The judicious use of these markers permits the distinction of adrenocortical carcinomas from other tumor types and may also be of value in the identification of the functional characteristics of these neoplasms.
Photonic nanojet-enabled optical data storage.

We show that our recently reported microwave photonic jet technique for detection of deeply subwavelength pits in a metal substrate can be extended to optical wavelengths for purposes of high-density data storage. Three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain computational solutions of Maxwell’s equations are used to optimize the photonic nanojet and pit configuration to account for the Drude dispersion of an aluminum substrate in the spectral range near λ=400 nm. Our results show that nanojet-illuminated pits having lateral dimensions of only 50 nm×80 nm yield a contrast ratio 27 dB greater than previously reported using a lens system for pits of similar area. Such pits are much smaller than BluRay™ features. The high detection contrast afforded by the photonic nanojet could potentially yield significant increases in data density and throughput relative to current commercial optical data-storage systems while retaining the basic geometry of the storage medium.
Fractal peano curves

We show that the theory of iterated function systems (i.f.s.′s) can be used to construct and geometrically describe Peano curves. We present this point of view by exhibiting i.f.s.′s whose attractors are the graphs of some well-known Peano curves.
Synthesis and binding-analysis of 5E-[19-(2-bromoacetoxy)methyl]25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 5E-25-hydroxyvitamin D3-19-methyl[(4-azido-2-nitro)phenyl]glycinate : Novel C19-modified affinity and photoaffinity analogs of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3

Abstract Synthesis of novel C 19 -modified affinity and photoaffinity analogs of vitamin D 3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 (25-OH-D 3 ) is described. A key step in the synthesis is a Horner–Emmons reaction between C 19 -nor-cyclovitamin D 3 -C 19 -ketone or C 19 -nor-25-hydroxy-cyclovitamin D 3 -C 19 -ketone and diethyl cyanomethylphosphonate. Competitive radioligand binding assays with human serum vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) and 5E-[19-(2-bromoacetoxy)methyl]25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 and 5E-25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 -19-methyl[(4-azido-2-nitro)phenyl]glycinate, 25-OH-D 3 -analogs containing affinity and photoaffinity probes at C 19 -position, demonstrated that these compounds displaced radiolabeled 25-OH-D 3 from the binding pocket of DBP in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, these affinity and photoaffinity analogs are potentially useful in determining the ligand binding site topographies of DBP and possibly the vitamin D receptor.
Market equity tempered by career merit : A case study

During the 1995/1996 academic year, the University of Colorado Boulder Libraries received market equity for librarian salaries. However, the University administration stipulated that equity increases were to be position specific rather than divided equally. Moreover, individual increases were to be based partly on past merit. This article describes how market equity was justified and applied.
Control of the interfacial properties of ultrahigh‐molecular‐weight polyethylene/magnesium hybrid composites through use of atmospheric plasma treatment

This work aims to explore the use of lightweight magnesium alloys as an advanced composite material in conjunction with lightweight thermoplastic materials, such as ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). High throughput, environmentally friendly, atmospheric plasma treatment methods were used to control the interfacial properties and improve the adhesion behavior of metallic/UHMWPE composites. Helium-oxygen dielectric barrier discharges were used, and the plasma-activated UHMWPE surfaces were characterized through analytical and mechanical characterization methods. Oxygen content on the treated polymer surfaces increased 18.1–36.0%. A reduction in silicon content combined with characterization through microscopy reveal a preference for the attack of the matrix over the polyethylene fibers. Wetting angles for the treated samples decreased as much as 53.7%. Treated UHMWPE/Mg hybrid samples exhibited lap shear strengths up to 113.7% greater than the control. Both the plasma-induced surface functionalization with oxygen-containing polar groups (carboxyl, carbonyl, and hydroxyl groups) and the preferential mild etching of the polymer matrix over the fibers lead to the improvement in adhesion. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Nanoparticle Shape Improves Delivery: Rational Coarse Grain Molecular Dynamics (rCG-MD) of Taxol in Worm-Like PEG-PCL Micelles

Nanoparticle shape can improve drug delivery, based in part on recent fi ndings that fl exible, worm-like nanocarriers (Worms) increase the amount of drug delivered to tumors and shrink the tumors more effectively than spherical micelles (Spheres). Here, all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to build a rational coarse grain (rCG) model that helps clarify shape-dependent effects in delivery of the widely used anticancer drug Taxol by block copolymer micelles. Potentials for rCG-MD were developed to examine the partitioning of this hydrophobic-aromatic drug into Worms and Spheres that selfassemble in water from poly(ethyleneglycol)-poly(caprolactone) (PEG-PCL), a weakly segregating amphiphile. PCL is a biodegradable, hydrophobic polymer widely used in biomaterials and accurately modeled here. Thermodynamic integration of the force to pull a single Taxol molecule from the micelles into solvent shows that twice as much drug loads into Worms than Spheres, fully consistent with experiments. Diffusivity of drug in the hydrated PEG corona is surprisingly slow compared to that in the core, indicative of strong but transient drug-polymer interactions. The distinctly distended corona of the Worms enhances such interactions and refl ects the same balance of molecular forces that underlie an experimentally-validated phase diagram for simulated Spheres, Worms, and Bilayers. Moreover, with realistic drug loadings in micro-second simulations, Taxol is seen to draw PEG chains into the PCL core, dispersing the drug while localizing it near the interface—thus providing a molecular explanation for a measurable burst release of drug as well as the enhanced delivery seen with Worms. Cancer is diagnosed today in about 50% of the population over the average lifetime of a person, with nearly all therapies pushed from bench to bedside based solely on trial-and-error experimentation, particularly when it comes to formulation. Current treatments generally include chemotherapy, and many of the top anticancer drugs in the clinic have a hydrophobic and/or aromatic character that allows them to permeate cell
Impact of cross-docking on inventory in a decentralized retail supply chain

Cross-docking can reduce inventory in a retail supply chain but in certain situations it can result in more inventory being required in the stores to achieve the same customer service levels. In this paper we develop models to predict the changes in the retailer’s system-wide inventory levels as a result of cross-docking, an important factor managers must consider when making decisions about cross-docking. We also examine the impact of a number of relevant parameters on the benefit of cross-docking.
On the optimality of the Ott-Grebogi-Yorke control scheme

Abstract Some of the characteristics of the Ott-Grebogi-Yorke (OGY) control technique are presented as applied to nonlinear flows, as distinct from nonlinear maps. Specifically, we consider the case where the magnitude of the control parameter varies in time within each control cycle in proportion to a given function referred to as a basis function . The choice of the basis function is shown to influence the basin of convergence for a given level of parameter variation in the OGY controller. An algorithm for designing the optimal basis function is presented. The optimal basis function is shown to be defined by a step function with potentially several jumps, thus revealing the intrinsic power of a standard OGY technique that uses a single step function as a basis function. Two numerical applications of the optimal design technique to a Duffing oscillator are also presented to show that the standard OGY technique may be significantly improved by making an optimal choice of a basis function. Copyright
Reduced levels of histone H3 acetylation on the inactive X chromosome in human females.

Novel antibodies were generated that are highly selective for either acetylated or unacetylated iso-forms of histone H3, or the acetylated form of histone H4 in organisms as diverse asTetrahymena and humans. Using these antibodies as pair-wise sets in immunocytological analyses, we demonstrate that the inactive X chromosome is hypoacetylated for both histone H3 and H4 in female mammalian cells, whereas the antibody that recognizes the unacetylated form of histone H3 identifies all chromosomes uniformly. These data verify and extend previous results and suggest that hypoacetylation of core histones may be a general feature of the chromatin along the inactive X chromosome.
Expression of messenger RNAs encoding ionotropic glutamate receptors in rat brain: regulation by haloperidol

In situ hybridization was used to study the regional distribution of messenger RNAs encoding ionotropic glutamate receptor subtypes in the rat brain's dopaminergic cell body regions and their forebrain projection areas. Short oligonucleotide probes specific for the messenger RNAs encoding the flip or flop splice forms of the GluR1 and GluR2 AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate) receptor subunits, or for the messenger RNAs encoding the N-methyl-d-aspartate R1 subunit, were used. Significant differences were seen in the relative messenger RNA levels, and the distribution of the flip and flop splice forms, of GluR1 and GluR2. In the dopaminergic cell groups of the substantia nigra pars compacta and the ventral tegmental area, the flip form of both GluR1 and GluR2 dominated over the flop form. Similarly, in the core division of the nucleus accumbens, GluR1 and GluR2 flip forms dominated over the flop forms. In contrast, in the accumbens shell, the GluR1 and GluR2 flop forms dominated over the flip forms. As a comparison to the AMPA receptor subunits, N-methyl-d-aspartate R1 messenger RNA was relatively evenly distributed in all the regions analysed. The results demonstrate a heterogeneous distribution of the flip and flop splice forms of GluR1 and GluR2 in the brain's dopaminergic pathways, which could contribute to physiological differences in regulation of the pathways by glutamatergic neurotransmission. We also studied regulation of glutamate receptor subunit expression in these regions by antipsychotic drugs, based on previous reports of altered levels of subunit immunoreactivity after drug treatment. Chronic administration of the typical antipsychotic drug, haloperidol, caused a small but significant induction of GluR2 flip messenger RNA in the dorsolateral caudate–putamen. This effect was not seen after chronic administration of the atypical antipsychotic drug, clozapine. Significant drug regulation of the other glutamate receptor subunits studied was not observed.
Hydrostatic pressure effect on Tc of Ba0.9K0.1Pb0.75Bi0.25O3

Abstract The superconducting transition temperature of Ba 0.9 K 0.1 Pb 0.75 Bi 0.25 O 3 has been found to be suppressed smoothly by the application of hydrostatic pressure at a rate of —(2.9 ± 0.2) × 10 −5 kbar −1 up to 15 kbar. The implications of these results are discussed.
Denning Chronology of Female Black Bears: Effects of Food, Weather, and Reproduction

We studied factors affecting the chronology of denning by 104 female black bears ( Ursus americanus ) from three areas in Maine from 1982 to 1988. At two areas in northern Maine, entry into dens followed an alternate-year pattern with most bears denning in mid to late October when beechnuts ( Fagus grandifolia ) were scarce, and in mid to late November the next year when nuts were abundant. This pattern may have occurred for ≥11 years and has not been reported previously for a black bear population. From 1986 to 1988, patterns of habitat use reflected another behavioral response to beechnut crops; bears used hardwood forests more during autumns when nuts were abundant. Annual variation in den entry was not strongly associated with weather patterns during autumn. Where beech trees were less common in central Maine, den entry and habitat use varied less among years. Pregnant females tended to den earlier than other females. Den emergence was similar among reproductive classes, generally occurring during April within 7 days of the final snow melt. Denning periods for individuals ranged from 134 to 197 days. We concluded that black bears generally remain active in autumn until a negative energy balance occurs, but we hypothesized that pregnant females may den after they store adequate fat reserves for reproduction.
COUNTEREXAMPLES TO CONJECTURES FOR UNIFORMLY OPTIMALLY RELIABLE GRAPHS

In [7], several conjectures are listed about uniformly most reliable graphs, and, to date, no counterexamples have been found. These include the conjectures that an optimal reliable graph has degrees that are almost regular, has maximum girth, and has minimum diameter. In this article, we consider simple graphs and present one counterexample and another possible counterexample of these conjectures: maximum girth (i.e., maximize the length of the shortest circuit of the graph G) and minimum diameter (i.e., minimize the maximum possible distance between any pair of vertices).
Rules and Tools of Succession in the Gulf Monarchies

This article surveys recent events and literature on succession in the six Arab Gulf monarchies, synthesizing the varied country experiences into a new thematic interpretation. It argues that succession rules are increasingly being enshrined in textual — if not constitutional — institutional architectures. The rationalization of succession mechanisms speaks to the growing institutionalization of monarchical rule. There is also a growing influence, but not dominance, of primogeniture in the Gulf monarchies. These constitutions and basic laws also generally allow for a greater institutionalization of succession practices through family councils. Finally, while the tools of consolation prizes for members of the ruling families left out of the succession are growing, they may have potential for diluting the dynastic control over the state too much. The changing norms of succession in the Gulf are responses to the ruling families' solidification of power. While the institutionalization of succession norms may ...
Efficiency of the California electricity reserves market

We test the efficiency of the California electricity reserves market by examining systematic differences between its day- and hour-ahead prices. We uncover significant day-ahead premia, which we attribute to market design characteristics. On the demand side, the market design established a principal–agent relationship between the markets' buyers (principal) and their supervisory authority (agent). The agent had very limited incentives to shift reserve purchases to the lower priced hour-ahead markets. On the supply side, the market design raised substantial entry barriers by precluding purely speculative trading and by introducing a complicated code of conduct that induced uncertainty about which actions were subject to regulatory scrutiny. We use a high-dimensional vector moving average model to estimate the premia and conduct correct inferences. To obtain exact maximum likelihood estimates of the model, we develop a new EM algorithm that seamlessly incorporates missing data and applies directly to general moving average time series models. Our algorithm uses only analytical expressions: the Kalman filter and a fixed interval smoother in the E step and least squares-type regressions in the M step. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serotonergic sprouting into transplanted C-6 gliomas is blocked by S-100β antisense gene

Abstract S-100β, a calcium binding protein produced by astrocytes, has been proposed to be a neuronotropic agent. In order to test the tropic effects of S-100β in vivo, the technique of cell transplantation was used. C6 glioma cells and C6 cells containing a S-100β antisense gene (C6AS) were transplanted into contralateral hippocampi. 5-HT immunoreactive, varicose fibers with a normal appearance penetrated into the glioma mass and were seen in high density around the C6 cell mass. However, 5-HT fibers with enlarged, abnormal varicosities were seen bordering C6AS tissue and were very rarely observed within the C6AS cell mass. Extracellular S-100β from normal C6 cells may function as a growth factor on sprouting serotonergic fibers.
Vocal responses of white-crowned sparrows to recorded songs of their own and another species

Summary These studies do not reveal a sharp difference in type of response to species song and to a non-species song. Rather, differences in responsiveness are revealed in the probabilities of song during the playback of the two song types used. If there is a difference between normal and abnormal singers in this study, it is that the normal singers showed a greater increase in differential responses to the two playback song types as the song season progressed.
Evaluating a multimedia authoring tool

We present a detailed case study of a computer scientist learning and using the Cognitive Walkthrough (CW) technique to assess a multimedia authoring tool. We then compare the predictions produced by the analysis to the usability problems actually found in empirical usability tests. In this case, the concepts of Cognitive Walkthrough were learnable by the analyst who had little prior training in psychology or Human-Computer Interaction, flexible enough for the analyst to make reasonable modifications to the technique to fit the design situation, but disappointingly ineffective in predicting actual user problems. We present several hypotheses about the cause of low effectiveness, which suggest that additional knowledge, currently tacit in CW-experts, could be used to improve the technique. In addition, the emergent picture of the process this evaluator went through to produce his analysis sets realistic expectations for other novice analysts who contemplate learning and using Cognitive Walkthroughs.
Theoretical models of the electronic structure at surface irregularities

Abstract It is widely recognized that structure sensitivity of surface processes is a reflection of the electronic structure of the surface and is thus coupled to the geometrical arrangement of surface atoms. The interactions which take place between the surface and an adsorbate species are dependent upon the bonding among the atoms of the surface, and this in turn is determined by the structural arrangement of the surface atoms. Surface irregularities which alter the coordination number of a surface atom are particularly effective in altering the bonding properties of that atom. Theoretical electronic structure calculations for atomic clusters and thin films chosen to represent surface irregularities are summarized in this presentation. Emphasis is placed on discussion of the changes in features of the local densities-of-states and the surface orbitals, as compared with those corresponding to the bulk and low index surface planes.
A cross-cultural comparison of the interpretation and management of face: U.S. American and Japanese responses to embarrassing predicaments

Abstract This study attempted to compare remedial face work in Japanese and U.S. American cultures. Although the original intent was specifically to examine the phenomenon of embarrassment, the study actually examined the broader notion of face work (i.e., social predicaments) due to difficulty in establishing semantic equivalence of embarrassment between the two cultures. Openended questionnaires were administered to both Japanese and U.S. college students. The questionnaire assessed actual experiences of predicaments, affective responses to the predicaments, and the coping strategies used in dealing with the predicaments. Results indicated that (a) U.S. American respondents tended to mention accident type predicaments, whereas Japanese described mistakes; (b) Japanese more frequently reported predicaments involving ingroup relationships, whereas U.S. Americans more frequently mentioned outgroup relationships; (c) U.S. Americans used humor as a coping response more frequently than did Japanese, whereas Japanese relied heavily on remediation; and (d) Japanese experienced mainly shame in predicaments, whereas U.S. Americans experienced embarrassment and stupidity. These cross-cultural differences were interpreted from existing theories and research.
A Causal Analysis of Defense Spending and Economic Growth

The purpose of this article is to investigate the causal relationship between economic growth and defense spending in fifty-five developing countries. Granger-causality tests are employed to analyze the presence and direction of causality between these two variables. Moreover, the study focuses upon the appropriate representation of the nature of nonstationarities apparent in these two economic time series across different countries. The results suggest that the relationship between defense spending and economic growth cannot be generalized across countries. The actual relationship may vary from one country to another due to the use of a different sample period, as well as differences in the socioeconomic structure and type of government in each country.
Dual-wavelength photothermal optical coherence tomography for blood oxygen saturation measurement

We report design and demonstration of a dual wavelength photothermal (DWP) optical coherence tomography (OCT) system for imaging of a phantom microvessel and measurement of hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SO2) level. The DWP-OCT system contains a swept-source (SS) two-beam phase-sensitive (PhS) OCT system (1060 nm) and two intensity modulated photothermal excitation lasers (770 nm and 800 nm). The PhS-OCT probe beam (1060 nm) and photothermal excitation beams are combined into one single-mode optical fiber. A galvanometer based two-dimensional achromatic scanning system is designed to provide 14 μm lateral resolution for the PhS-OCT probe beam (1060 nm) and 13 μm lateral resolution for photothermal excitation beams. DWP-OCT system’s sensitivity is 102 dB, axial resolution is 13 μm in tissue and uses a real-time digital dispersion compensation algorithm. Noise floor for optical pathlength measurements is 300 pm in the signal frequency range (380-400 Hz) of photothermal modulation frequencies. Blood SO2 level is calculated from measured optical pathlength (op) signal in a 300 μm diameter microvessel phantom introduced by the two photothermal excitation beams. En-face and B-scan images of a phantom microvessel are recorded, and six blood samples’ SO2 levels are measured using DWP-OCT and compared with values provided by a commercial blood oximeter. A mathematical model indicates thermal diffusion introduces a systematic artifact that over-estimates SO2 values and is consistent with measured data.
Simultaneous Estimation of Multinomial Cell Probabilities

Abstract A new estimator, p*, of the multinomial parameter vector is proposed, and it is shown to be a better choice in most situations than the usual estimator, (the vector of observed proportions). The risk functions (expected squared-error loss) of these two estimators are examined in three ways using: (a) exact calculations, (b) standard asymptotic theory, and (c) a novel asymptotic framework in which the number of cells is large and the number of observations per cell is moderate. The general superiority of p* over in large sparse multinomials is thus revealed. The novel asymptotic framework may also provide insight in other multinomial problems.
Characteristics and outcomes of patients undergoing debridement of pancreatic necrosis.

Background Pancreatic necrosis is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The Atlanta Classification underwent proposed revisions in 2007 to better categorize acute pancreatitis.
PANTHER in 2013: modeling the evolution of gene function, and other gene attributes, in the context of phylogenetic trees

The data and tools in PANTHER—a comprehensive, curated database of protein families, trees, subfamilies and functions available at http://pantherdb.org—have undergone continual, extensive improvement for over a decade. Here, we describe the current PANTHER process as a whole, as well as the website tools for analysis of user-uploaded data. The main goals of PANTHER remain essentially unchanged: the accurate inference (and practical application) of gene and protein function over large sequence databases, using phylogenetic trees to extrapolate from the relatively sparse experimental information from a few model organisms. Yet the focus of PANTHER has continually shifted toward more accurate and detailed representations of evolutionary events in gene family histories. The trees are now designed to represent gene family evolution, including inference of evolutionary events, such as speciation and gene duplication. Subfamilies are still curated and used to define HMMs, but gene ontology functional annotations can now be made at any node in the tree, and are designed to represent gain and loss of function by ancestral genes during evolution. Finally, PANTHER now includes stable database identifiers for inferred ancestral genes, which are used to associate inferred gene attributes with particular genes in the common ancestral genomes of extant species.
Regulation of lin-4 miRNA expression, organismal growth and development by a conserved RNA binding protein in C. elegans

Transcription and multiple processing steps are required to produce specific 22 nucleotide microRNAs (miRNAs) that can regulate the expression of target genes. In C. elegans, mature lin-4 miRNA accumulates at the end of the first larval stage to repress its direct targets lin-14 and lin-28, allowing the progression of several somatic cell types to later larval fates. In this study, we characterized the expression of endogenous lin-4 and found that temporally regulated independent transcripts, but not constitutive lin-4 containing RNAs derived from an overlapping gene, are processed to mature lin-4 miRNA. Through an RNAi screen, we identified a conserved RNA binding protein gene rbm-28 (R05H10.2), homologous to the human RBM28 and yeast Nop4p proteins, that is important for lin-4 expression in C. elegans. We also demonstrate that rbm-28 genetically interacts with the lin-4 developmental timing pathway and uncover a previously unrecognized role for lin-14 and lin-28 in coordinating organismal growth.
Creating a Confluence: An Interview With Susan Johnson and John Gottman:

In 2003, The Family Journal interviewed Dr. Susan Johnson (Jencius, 2003) and Dr. John Gottman (Jencius & Duba, 2003) in individual interviews. This interview is with Drs. Johnson and Gottman together in an attempt to capture the confluence of their mutual influence. Sue Johnson is a professor of psychology and psychiatry at Ottawa University and director of the Ottawa Couple and Family Institute. She is one of the originators and the main proponent of emotionally focused couples therapy (EFT). John Gottman is co-founder of the Gottman Institute, director of the Relationship Research Institute, and emeritus professor of psychology at the University of Washington. Both have done extensive research in the areas of couple relationships, and each maintains an active research and training schedule. This interview took place in November 2003 in Seattle, Washington. For more information about the works of Johnson and Gottman, visit their Web sites at www.eft.ca and www.gottman.com.
Lossy Lempel-Ziv like compression algorithms for memoryless sources

We analyze Lempel-Ziv (LZ78) like schemes for lossy compression of memoryless sequences. Given a distortion level and an input sequence x, the encoder splits the input sequence into phrases, representing each phrase by a potentially distorted phrase of the same length. Unlike the memoryless case, the distorted representation of a phrase is not uniquely defined by the LZ78 parsing mechanism. The crux of extending the LZ78 parsing scheme for the lossy setting is in the choice of the several possible representations of every phrase of x. Indeed, certain natural generalizations of the Lempel Ziv parsing scheme to the lossy case have been shown to be suboptimal. We consider Codelet Parsing, a LZ78 like algorithm which chooses a representation of x based on the notion of lower mutual information. Given a distortion level, string and a type, the lower mutual information is a single-letter characterization of the size of set of sequences of the type matching the string to within the specified distortion level. In this paper, we try to understand the Codelet Parsing algorithm, by considering an indealization of the same, and showing that the coding rate of the idealized algorithm is asymptotically optimal. The emphasis in this paper is not the tightest analysis possible, but relative simplicity in analysis that can still bring out many of the empirically observed phenomena of Codelet Parsing.
Role reversal: Brain insulin and liver STAT3

The central nervous system (CNS) actions of several hormones, including insulin, regulate metabolism in the liver and other peripheral tissues. Inoue et al. (2006) have now identified an IL-6/STAT3-dependent pathway in the liver that mediates a portion of the hepatic metabolic response to CNS insulin.
Computer simulation of transient NOE experiments with short preparatory delays

Abstract Computer simulations of the transient NOE experiment in the small-molecule correlation time domain which explicitly include cycle-to-cycle truncation effects due to incomplete relaxation during the preparatory delay period are reported. Fixed-delay (rather than fixed cycle time) protocols provide data that yield longitudinal relaxation rates mgt readily. Either protocol can be used to determine NOE growth rates accurately even when cycle times are on the order of the T1 values of the spins examined. Methods for correcting for truncation errors and calculating cross-relaxation rates are presented and justified.
Sulfur Amino Acid Requirement of Broiler Chickens from 3 to 6 Weeks of Age

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine if the TSAA level suggested by the National Research Council (NRC) in 1984 was adequate for optimum performance of 3 to 6-wk-old broilers, and to assess the effect of added copper on the TSAA requirement. A 2 × 3 × 2 factorial arrangement involving two copper (0 and 240 ppm) and three TSAA levels (.72, .78 and .84%) and two sexes was used in each experiment. Copper sulfate (CuSO4·5H2 O) and DL-methionine were the dietary supplements to pelleted diets. There were four groups of 20 males or 20 females in each experiment, housed in floor pens. Methionine supplementation significantly improved body weight gain and feed efficiency in males but not in females. A significant copper × methionine interaction was observed, with methionine supplementation improving feed efficiency more in the presence of copper than in its absence. Abdominal fat per unit of body weight was significantly reduced by both methionine and copper in females but not in males. In a second experiment, methionine significantly improved body weight gain in males fed no added copper and significantly reduced abdominal fat per unit of body weight. Methionine supplementation improved body weight gain in males more in the absence than in the presence of copper (significant TSAA × copper interaction). Methionine supplementation had no significant effects on performance of females in the second experiment, but copper supplementation significantly improved feed efficiency. Combined data from the two experiments showed that in males body weight gain and feed efficiency were significantly increased and abdominal fat significantly decreased, whereas in females, only body weight gain was significantly increased and abdominal fat significantly decreased by increasing the dietary TSAA level. The TSAA requirement of .72% recommended by the NRC for 3 to 6-wk-old broilers appears inadequate; a minimum requirement of .78% is suggested.
Optic fiber development between dual transplants of retina and superior colliculus placed in the occipital cortex.

Fetal rat retina was excised from donor rats at 15 days of gestation and transplanted to the occipital cortex of neonatal host rats in combination with and adjacent to: 1) the appropriate portion of the superior colliculus to serve as a specific target tissue in an attempt to stimulate an outgrowth of optic fibers from the isolated retinal transplant; 2) a sample of the medial thalamus to provide a alternate tissue not normally recipient to the retinofugal projection, thereby serving as a control to further test for the target specificity of the axonal outgrowth from the retinal transplant. After 5–30 days of development samples of transplant and surrounding host cortex were removed and subjected to light and electron microscopic study.
Starch: A potent feeding stimulant for the terrestrial slugAriolimax californicus

Laboratory bioassays demonstrate that soluble and insoluble fractions of starch are potent feeding stimulants for the terrestrial slugAriolimax californicus. The stimulatory efficacy of starch is sufficiently great to account for the palatability of potato tubers—a favorite food of terrestrial slugs.
Identification of Experimental Unsteady Aerodynamic Impulse Responses

The identification of experimental unsteady aerodynamic impulse responses using the Oscillating Turntable (OTT) at NASA Langley's Transonic Dynamics Tunnel (TDT) is described. Results are presented for two configurations: a Rigid Semispan Model (RSM) and a rectangular wing with a supercritical airfoil section. Both models were used to acquire unsteady pressure data due to pitching oscillations on the OTT. A deconvolution scheme involving a step input in pitch and the resultant step response in pressure, for several pressure transducers, is used to identify the pressure impulse responses. The identified impulse responses are then used to predict the pressure response due to pitching oscillations at several frequencies. Comparisons with the experimental data are presented.
Contact Angle Measurements of Lubricated Silicon Wafers and Hydrogenated Carbon Overcoats

We have investigated the dependence of contact angles on the thickness of perfluoropolyether lubricants on silicon wafers and on disks overcoated with amorphous hydrogenated carbon (CHx). Similar l...
In vitro development of two species of Orthohalarachne (Acarina: Halarachnidae) and adaptations of the life cycle for endoparasitism in mammals.

Halarachnid mites are parasites of the respiratory tracts of mammals. Two genera typically parasitize marine mammals of the suborder Pinnipedia; species of Orthohalarachne parasitize fur seals and sea lions of the family Otariidae, and the walrus of the family Odobenidae; species of Halarachne are found typically in members of the family Phocidae: gray seal, elephant seal, harbor seal, monk seal and Weddell seal. Occasional reports of Halaraechne species have been recorded from non-pinniped hosts, but these probably represent accidental associations such as that of Halarachne erratica Fain & Mortelmans, 1959, with the Gentoo penguin, Pygoscelis papua (Fain & Mortelmans, 1959, Bull. Soc. Roy. Zool. d'Anvers. 12 : 21–27), or a casual secondary relationship such as the association of Halarachne miroungae Ferris, 1925 with the sea otter (Kenyon, Yunker & Newell, 1965, J. Parasitol. 51 : 960).
Evaluation of Corn Hybrids at Two Stages of Development for Grazing Heifers

Grazing-based livestock producers in the northeastern USA most commonly grow corn (Zea mays L.) for silage. Corn could be grazed during dry periods when cool-season pasture is limited. To assess the value of grazing corn,we compared four hybrids ['Baldridge grazing maize'; 'Cargill F657', a bm3 brown midrib hybrid (Bmr); 'Pioneer brand 3335'; and a commercial silage blend] at silking and milk-dough stages of development under grazing with eight Holstein heifers (Bos taurus) for 3 yr in Pennsylvania. Yield, forage disappearance (preminus postgrazing dry matter), and forage quality were measured. Economic feed and economic yield values for all hybrids and stages of development were calculated. Differences among hybrids in yield, forage disappearance, and quality were minor, resulting in small differences in economic value except for Bmr, which had high seed cost. Delaying grazing from silking to milk-dough stage increased yield from 2.4 to 6 Mg ha - 1 and forage disappearance from 2.2 Mg ha - 1 at silking to 4.9 Mg ha - 1 at milk-dough (average of 3 yr). Crude protein and fiber content decreased from silking to milk-dough stage. Because of the higher yield at the milk-dough, economic yield values were $104 ha - 1 or $310 ha - 1 higher in 2 of 3 yr. Economic yield value of grazing corn at the milk-dough stage averaged $133 ha - 1 higher than the estimated economic yield of high quality corn silage, primarily due to harvesting and silo-filling costs. When grazing management promoted high utilization, grazing corn at the milk-dough stage offered a substitute to purchasing stored feed, particularly when inexpensive, high quality hybrids were graded.
DDE in sediments of the Palos Verdes Shelf, California: in situ transformation rates and geochemical fate.

From 1947 to 1971 the world’s largest manufacturer of DDT discharged process wastes into the sewers of Los Angeles County. Roughly 870–1450 t of DDT were released to the ocean off Palos Verdes, CA, a portion of which (∼100 t) resides in sediments on the continental shelf and slope. The most abundant DDT compound in the sediments, p,p′-DDE, is degrading by reductive dechlorination, but the rate of transformation and factors controlling it are not well understood. In order to estimate in situ transformation rates and predict the long-term fate of p,p′-DDE, box cores were collected in 1992 and 2003 from a single location on the Palos Verdes Shelf and analyzed for 8 DDT compounds and 84 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners. The PCBs show no evidence of dechlorination, and inventories did not change between 1992 and 2003. By contrast, the inventory of p,p′-DDE decreased by 43%, whereas that of p,p′-DDMU, the putative reductive dechlorination product, increased by 34%. The first-order transformation rate fo...
The effects of early-life risperidone administration on forebrain neurotrophin expression during adulthood

Background The antipsychotic drug risperidone has become increasingly popular as a treatment for children with various behavioral disorders, including autism. However, little is known about the long-term effects of early-life risperidone treatment on the brain and behavior. The frontal cortex is one of the primary targets of risperidone action in the brain, so the purpose of this study was to determine if early-life risperidone treatment altered neurotrophin expression in the prefrontal cortex during adulthood.
Angular dependence of dissociative electron attachment to polyatomic molecules: Application to the B 1 2 metastable state of the H 2 O and H 2 S anions

The angular dependence of dissociative electron attachment (DEA) to polyatomic targets is formulated in the local complex potential model, under the assumption that the axial recoil approximation describes the dissociation dynamics. An additional approximation, which is found to be valid in the case of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ but not in the case of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{S}$, makes it possible to describe the angular dependence of DEA solely from an analysis of the fixed-nuclei entrance amplitude, without carrying out nuclear dynamics calculations. For ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{S}$, the final-vibrational-state-specific angular dependence of DEA is obtained by incorporating the variation of the angular dependence of the entrance amplitude with nuclear geometry into the nuclear dynamics. Scattering calculations using the complex Kohn method and, for ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{S}$, full quantum calculations of the nuclear dynamics using the multiconfiguration time-dependent Hartree method, are performed.
Climate applications of a global, 2-hourly atmospheric precipitable water dataset derived from IGS tropospheric products

A global, 2-hourly atmospheric precipitable water (PW) dataset is produced from ground-based GPS measurements of zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) using the International Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) Service (IGS) tropospheric products (~80–370 stations, 1997–2006) and US SuomiNet product (169 stations, 2003–2006). The climate applications of the GPS PW dataset are highlighted in this study. Firstly, the GPS PW dataset is used as a reference to validate radiosonde and atmospheric reanalysis data. Three types of systematic errors in global radiosonde PW data are quantified based on comparisons with the GPS PW data, including measurement biases for each of the fourteen radiosonde types along with their characteristics, long-term temporal inhomogeneity and diurnal sampling errors of once and twice daily radiosonde data. The comparisons between the GPS PW data and three reanalysis products, namely the NCEP-NCAR (NNR), ECMWF 40-year (ERA-40) and Japanese reanalyses (JRA), show that the elevation difference between the reanalysis grid box and the GPS station is the primary cause of the PW difference. Secondly, the PW diurnal variations are documented using the 2-hourly GPS PW dataset. The PW diurnal cycle has an annual-mean, peak-to-peak amplitude of 0.66, 0.53 and 1.11 mm for the globe, Northern Hemisphere, and Southern Hemisphere, respectively, with the time of the peak ranging from noon to late evening depending on the season and region. Preliminary analyses suggest that the PW diurnal cycle in Europe is poorly represented in the NNR and JRA products. Several recommendations are made for future improvements of IGS products for climate applications.
STUDIES ON YELLOW FEVER IN SOUTH AMERICA : V. TRANSMISSION EXPERIMENTS WITH CERTAIN SPECIES OF CULEX AND AEDES.

1. Yellow fever virus has been transmitted from monkey to monkey both by the bites of Aedes (Ochlerotatus) scapularis which had fed upon monkeys infected with yellow fever and by the injection of the ground up bodies of such mosquitoes. 2. A fatal infection has been obtained by the injection of the ground up bodies of Aedes (Ochlerotatus) serratus, which had previously fed on an infected monkey, and a mild infection has been secured by the similar injection of Aedes (Taeniorhynchus) taeniorhynchus. 3. No definite infection has been secured either by the bites or by the injection of Culex quinquefasciatus (C. fatigans). However, some of the experimental animals bitten by this species have been relatively immune following inoculations of blood or tissues containing virus.
Mapping supports potential submission to U.N. Law of the Sea

Multibeam bathymetric data from selected U.S. continental margins are being collected for use in the future development of potential submissions that the United States may make to the United Nations Commission on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to extend the nation's sovereign rights over the resources of the seafloor and the subsurface. However, the new data also represent a valuable resource for the next generation of marine geologists to study the complexity of surficial processes of several U.S. continental margins. For example, the details of the morphology of large sediment slides on the U.S.Atlantic continental slope and rise have been mapped, and enigmatic features such as a meandering channel on a channel levee on the U.S.Alaskan Pacific margin have been discovered.
Use of high CO2 atmosphere and medium modifications for the successful micropropagation of pistachio

Abstract A medium that will support excellent growth of Pistacia vera and hybrid pistachio shoots was developed. Several basal medium preparations were tested and Driver-Kuniyuki-Walnut (DKW) medium was selected. Potassium, nitrogen, boron, and zinc were adjusted to provide optimum growth and multiplication of shoots, some of which were grown and multiplied for more than 2 years. The use of thidiazuron as a growth regulator was tested, but was not beneficial. Initial experiments were hindered by significant systemic bacterial contaminants. Contamination was controlled through the use of a 2% CO 2 atmosphere, increased light level to promote photosynthesis, and the elimination of all carbon sources (sugars) from the substrate. This system gave improved shoot growth, survival when rooting, and acclimation compared with a sucrose based medium. Up to 88% rooting was obtained using 1.2 × 10 −5 M (2.5 mg l −1 ) IBA rooting medium.