cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional Implications of Calcium Channel Modulation in Embryonic Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons

The calcium-dependence of neurosecretion was established more than two decades ago (1). Electrophysiological demonstration of voltage-dependent calcium (Ca) channels in the presynaptic terminal of the squid giant synapse (2) led to the notion that Ca influx through these channels provided the necessary trigger for transmitter release. The relatively recent demonstrations of multiple Ca channel types (3–7) has prompted speculation as to their functional significance; for example, is one type of Ca channel important for regulating threshold and another for controlling exocytosis? If so, these functional differences imply spatial segregation of the various channel subtypes—e.g., those important for secretion would necessarily be located at sites of transmitter release. To address this question, we have begun to investigate the Ca-dependent release of substance P from dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and its control by transmitter receptors and GTP-binding proteins. The results of experiments summarized in this chapter argue that L-type Ca channels (as defined by Tsien and collaborators, see below) play a critical role in exocytosis (8) and their regulation by neurotransmitters and GTP-binding proteins (9) has important functional implications for neurotransmission.
Hydrologic Connectivity of Landscapes and Implications for Forest Restoration

Streams interact with the landscape through flooding events, erosion, and deposition processes and provide valuable subsidies to riparian zones. Meanwhile, the cumulative effects of disturbances and land use practices within a watershed affect water resources downstream. Forests have long been acclaimed for their rain-bringing capacity and ability to purify water resources. However, less well recognized is the linkage between a forest and increased evapotranspiration and thus lower water yield. Often a critical step to successfully restoring streams and riparian zones is to recreate the hydrological connectivity including a site-specific, realistic flooding regime. Integration of local citizens with land managers and conservationists greatly enhances the potential for long-term success of restoration activities.
Virus vectors for gene delivery to the nervous system

A number of virus vectors have been developed for gene delivery to the nervous system. Virus vectors still provide the most efficient means of gene delivery, and this is critical as only a small volume of inoculum can be used without damaging neurons. Each of the four types of vectors currently in use have their advantages and disadvantages. Highest titers can be achieved with herpes virus and adenovirus vectors, with retrovirus and adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors currently yielding lower titers. The transgene capacity of each from highest to lowest is: herpes virus (30 kb), adenovirus (8-10 kb), retrovirus (7-8 kb) and AAV (4.5 kb). All can infect a broad range of cell types in the nervous system, including neurons, glia and endothelial cells. Herpes, adenovirus and AAV vectors can deliver genes to postmitotic, as well as mitotic cells, while retrovirus vectors depend on cell mitosis for gene delivery. Herpes virus can assume a stable extrachromosomal configuration in the nuclei of some neurons (termed latency), while both retrovirus and AAV can integrate into the cell genome. Both integrate at random sites, but AAV can also integrate at a specific chromosomal location. Adenovirus neither assumes a stable state nor integrates, still its genome can persist and be expressed in the host cell for some time (up to a month or so). Stability of gene expression is a problem for all the vectors, due in part to the use of viral promoters which tend to be down-regulated by the host cell over a month or so. Both herpes virus vectors and adenovirus vectors have some toxicity in their current configurations, while retrovirus and AAV tend to be associated with less neuropathogenicity. Many developments in vectors should be occurring over the next few years that should increase the potential of these vectors for therapeutic gene delivery.
Measurement Properties of Indirect Assessment Methods for Functional Behavioral Assessment: A Review of Research.

Indirect assessment instruments used during functional behavioral assessment, such as rating scales, interviews, and self-report instruments, represent the least intrusive techniques for acquiring ...
Individual Differences in the Expression of Self Recognition

In the last four chapters, we have presented several different procedures for measuring one important aspect of the concept of self—visual self recognition. Infants’ reactions to seeing themselves in a variety of visual representational forms, including pictures, mirrors, and videotapes, have been explored, with quite striking developmental trends occurring in all three representational forms. Clear trends involve self-directed behavior in mirrors: specifically touching one’s nose after the application of rouge, contingent play in contingent self videotape representations, imitative behavior in noncontingent self videotape representations, and verbal labeling and comprehension of pictorial representations. For example, in Mirror Study I, none of the 9- to 12-, one-quarter of the 15- to 18-, and three-quarters of the 21- to 24-month-olds noticed the rouge on their noses. In Videotape Study I, 30% of the 9- to 12-, 82% of the 15- to 18-, and 100% of the 21- to 24-month-olds played contingently in the contingent videotape condition, and 3% of the 9- to 12-, 35% of the 15- to 18-, and 50% of the 21- to 24-month olds imitated a videotape of themselves. These data, in conjunction with our other findings, show that self recognition, regardless of how it is measured, increases dramatically over the first two years of life.
Analysis of Nuclear Renewable Hybrid Energy Systems Modeling and Nuclear Fuel Cycle Simulators

AbstractGrowing concerns over the impact of fossil fuels on climate change have driven efforts to find sources of energy with low emissions. In response, fluctuating renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, are growing to meet more of the electricity demand. However, maintaining reliable energy accessibility to the grid requires a stable, nonfluctuating source of power. Nuclear power plants (NPPs) provide nearly emissions-free, reliable energy to the grid (refer to “IPCC Fifth Assessment Report,” Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/). To best reduce reliance on fossil fuels while ensuring reliable energy generation and profitability, nuclear renewable hybrid energy systems (NRHESs) focus on tightly coupling renewable generation with a NPP by colocating the generation sources in an industrial park. The industrial park consists of at least the NPP, the renewable energy source, and some form of industrial process that consumes the energy not used by the gr...
Steady Flow in a Patient-Averaged Inferior Vena Cava—Part II: Computational Fluid Dynamics Verification and Validation

The embolus trapping performance of inferior vena cava (IVC) filters critically depends on how emboli flow through the IVC and, thereby, on the underlying hemodynamics. Most previous studies of IVC hemodynamics have used computational fluid dynamics (CFD), but few have validated their results by comparing with quantitative experimental measurements of the flow field and none have validated in an anatomical model of the IVC that includes the primary morphological features that influence the hemodynamics (iliac veins, infrarenal curvature, and non-circular vessel cross-section). In this study, we perform verification and validation of CFD simulations in a patient-averaged anatomical model of the IVC. Because we are most interested in the fluid dynamics that influence embolus transport and IVC filter embolus trapping, we focus our analyses on the velocity distribution and the amount of swirl and mixing in the infrarenal IVC. A rigorous mesh refinement study is first conducted at the highest flow rate condition to verify the computed solutions. To validate the CFD predictions of the flow patterns, we then compare with particle image velocimetry (PIV) data acquired in the same model in two planes (coronal and sagittal) within the infrarenal IVC at two flow rates corresponding to rest and exercise conditions. Using unstructured hexahedral meshes ranging in size from 800,000 to 102.5 million computational cells, we demonstrate that a coarse mesh may be used to resolve the gross flow patterns and velocity distribution in the IVC. A finer mesh is, however, required to obtain asymptotic mesh convergence of swirl and mixing in the IVC, as quantified by the local normalized helicity, LNH, and the volume-averaged helicity intensity, $$\overline{HI}$$ . Based on the results of the mesh refinement study, we use a moderately fine mesh containing approximately 26 million cells for comparison with experimental data. The validation study demonstrates excellent qualitative agreement between CFD predictions and PIV measurements of the velocity field at both conditions. Quantitatively, we show that the global relative comparison error, E, between CFD and PIV ranges from 3 to 11%. By performing sensitivity studies, we demonstrate that the quantitative discrepancy is attributable to a combination of uncertainty in the inlet flow rates and uncertainty associated with precisely aligning the PIV data with the CFD geometry. Overall, the study demonstrates mesh-convergent CFD simulations that predict IVC flow patterns that agree reasonably well with PIV data, even at exercise conditions where the flow in the IVC is extremely complex.
What's Causing This Dark Brown Plasma?

Our laboratory encountered strikingly dark brown plasma from 2 different patients within a 24-h period. Patient 1 was a 52-year-old woman. She reported waking up one morning with nausea and multiple episodes of nonbloody, nonbilious emesis and diarrhea. She subsequently developed stinging pain in her anterior mid-abdomen. On inspection, she discovered 2 areas of dusky discoloration with surrounding erythema of about 1–2 cm in diameter. She presented to an outside hospital (OSH)2 and was diagnosed with cellulitis and treated with antibiotics. She developed jaundice and a diffuse rash over her torso and lower extremities over the next 3 days. She was admitted to our institution with concern for necrotizing fasciitis. Blood samples were sent to our laboratory and extremely dark brown plasma was noted (Fig. 1). Fig. 1. Images of abnormal dark brown plasma obtained from patients 1 and 2. Patient 2 was a 47-year-old man who was riding a stationary bicycle when he lost consciousness, fell off, and began to seize. He was transported to an OSH, where it was discovered that he had subarachnoid hemorrhage. At our institution, he underwent endovascular coiling and ventriculostomy. Blood samples were sent to our laboratory and dark brown plasma was identified (Fig. 1). The cause for these discolorations was investigated. ### Causes of brown plasma Hemolysis is the most common cause of dark red or brown plasma. Hemolysis releases hemoglobin (Hb) …
Diagnosis of non-neoplastic renal diseases in renal mass biopsies:

Purpose:As up to 25% of renal neoplasms may be benign, renal function preservation is often a priority in the management of small renal masses. Studies have demonstrated the occurrence of non-neopl...
Using holistic review to form a diverse interview pool for selection to medical school.

The holistic review in admissions framework has gained ground in medical schools. Because holistic review is unique at each institution, there is a paucity of evidence about whether it produces a m...
Judgment Call the Game: Using Value Sensitive Design and Design Fiction to Surface Ethical Concerns Related to Technology

Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are complex socio-technical systems that, while holding much promise, have frequently caused societal harm. In response, corporations, non-profits, and academic researchers have mobilized to build responsible AI, yet how to do this is unclear. Toward this aim, we designed Judgment Call, a game for industry product teams to surface ethical concerns using value sensitive design and design fiction. Through two industry workshops, we found Judgment Call to be effective for considering technology from multiple perspectives and identifying ethical concerns. This work extends value sensitive design and design fiction to ethical AI and demonstrates the game's effective use in industry.
Causes, Early Warning Signs, and Impacts of Out-of-Sequence Construction: Expert-Based Survey Analysis

AbstractOut-of-sequence (OOS) construction is regarded as one of the most significant factors contributing to construction inefficiencies and loss of labor productivity. Nevertheless, no prior rese...
M-DB: A Continuous Data Processing and Monitoring Framework for IoT Applications

IoT devices influence many different spheres of society and are predicted to have a huge impact on our future. Extracting real-time insights from diverse sensor data and dealing with the underlying uncertainty of sensor data are two main challenges of the IoT ecosystem In this paper, we propose a data processing architecture, M-DB, to effectively integrate and continuously monitor uncertain and diverse IoT data. M-DB constitutes of three components: (1) model-based operators (MBO) as data management abstractions for IoT application developers to integrate data from diverse sensors. Model-based operators can support event-detection and statistical aggregation operators, (2) M-Stream, a dataflow pipeline that combines model-based operators to perform computations reflecting the uncertainty of underlying data, and (3) M-Store, a storage layer separating the computation of application logic from physical sensor data management, to effectively deal with missing or delayed sensor data. M-DB is designed and implemented over Apache Storm and Apache Kafka, two open-source distributed event processing systems. Our illustrated application examples throughout the paper and evaluation results illustrate that M-DB provides a real-time data-processing architecture that can cater to the diverse needs of IoT applications.
Separate Opinion Writing Under Mandatory Appellate Jurisdiction: Three‐Judge District Court Panels and the Voting Rights Act

Most of the empirical work on separate opinion writing by lower federal court judges examines the U.S. Courts of Appeals. Given the Supreme Court's discretionary jurisdiction, it is argued that dissenting opinions operate as a cue signaling that a case is worthy of review. Concurrences, on the other hand, allow judges to join dispositional majorities while still expressing differences in legal reasoning from the majority. Likely in an effort to minimize dissent, the behavior of circuit court judges is found to be less influenced by ideology when potential dissenters serve with them. Despite the specter of Supreme Court review, these works generally find that the motivation to write separately is based largely in ideologically differences among panelists and less so on preferences of the Supreme Court. What, however, does separate opinion writing look like when the Court's jurisdiction is mandatory, as it is over three‐judge district court panels? Among other uses required by law, these district court panels are used to adjudicate cases arising under the Voting Rights Act of 1965. These panels also differ from the traditional judicial structure by placing district court judges, who traditionally decide cases individually, in a multimember setting with another district court judge and a circuit court judge. Examining separate opinion writing on these panels, we find that ideological distance from the majority opinion writer is still an important factor. This, however, is conditioned by the preferences of the Supreme Court, which exert a much stronger influence over behavior than they do in the traditional appellate court setting.
First, swallow the world: a compendium of Muslim dreams of completion – the Maqāmāt, Ibn ‘Arabī, and Fāris al-Shidyāq

This paper explores several views on dreams and dream interpretation in Arabic and Islamic traditions. The subject has been central to Islam since the prophet interpreted the dreams of his companio...
Independently Regulated Multi-compartment Neuropeptide Release from a Clock Neuron Controls Circadian Behavior

Neuropeptides control many behaviors, including circadian rhythms. However, because monitoring neuropeptide release in the brain is challenging, analysis of peptidergic circuits often has relied on monitoring surrogates in the soma based on the paradigm that synaptic transmission is mediated exclusively by Ca2+ influx induced by propagating action potentials. Here live imaging demonstrates that neuropeptide release by Drosophila small ventrolateral (s-LNv) clock neurons does not conform to this paradigm. First, neuropeptide release from terminals peaks hours after sunrise, which was not evident from electrical and Ca2+ data. Second, inconsistent with global release by propagating action potentials, release from terminals is preceded by hours by release from the soma, a compartment not usually considered in peptidergic transmission. The timing of release from the two neuronal compartments reflects different mechanisms: terminals require Ca2+ influx, as expected with coupling to electrical activity, while somatic release is based on intracellular IP3 signaling. Upon cell specific disruption of the somatic mechanism, daily neuropeptide release from terminals remains rhythmic and the period of daily locomotor activity is unaffected, but behavioral rhythmicity is reduced. Thus, rhythmic bouts of anatomically, mechanistically and temporally distinct release from a single neuron control neuropeptide dependent features of circadian behavior.
Why Is Political Economy a Subfield in Comparative Politics and International Relations, but Not in American Politics? Lessons from the Past, Prescriptions for the Future

Why Is Political Economy a Subfield in Comparative Politics and International Relations, but Not in American Politics? Lessons from the Past, Prescriptions for the Future
The growing and vital role of botanical gardens in climate change research

Botanical gardens make unique contributions to climate change research, conservation, and public engagement. They host unique resources, including diverse collections of plant species growing in natural conditions, historical records, and expert staff, and attract large numbers of visitors and volunteers. Networks of botanical gardens spanning biomes and continents can expand the value of these resources. Over the past decade, research at botanical gardens has advanced our understanding of climate change impacts on plant phenology, physiology, anatomy, and conservation. For example, researchers have utilized botanical garden networks to assess anatomical and functional traits associated with phenological responses to climate change. New methods have enhanced the pace and impact of this research, including phylogenetic and comparative methods, and online databases of herbarium specimens and photographs that allow studies to expand geographically, temporally, and taxonomically in scope. Botanical gardens have grown their community and citizen science programs, informing the public about climate change and monitoring plants more intensively than is possible with garden staff alone. Despite these advances, botanical gardens are still underutilized in climate change research. To address this, we review recent progress and describe promising future directions for research and public engagement at botanical gardens.
State Co-offending: The Case of the Recolonization of the Chagos Archipelago and the Forced Eviction of the Chagossians

State crime research has included studying the cooperation between states and corporate entities and their interaction with supranational actors. This article extends research on state crime through an exploration of co-offending by multiple powerful state actors—what I refer to here as “state co-offending.” The study analyzes the recolonization of the Chagos Archipelago (in the Indian Ocean) and the forced eviction of its Indigenous population as a type of state crime that involved the collusion of two powerful countries. The case study explores the conspiracy between the United Kingdom and the United States to recolonize the archipelago and depopulate the Chagos Islands, identifying behavior that violated international law and illuminating the scale of collaboration between the two governments. The article explores how such behavior was normalized, causing extensive social harm to an entire Indigenous population and disrupting—and discouraging—adherence to international norms.
Information System-Marketing Manager Dyad Presence in Top Management Teams: A Study on Demographic Diversity, Power Disparity and Organizational Performance

Technological advances in artificial intelligence and big data technologies have paved the way for next-generation marketing strategies that deliver personalized content experiences [1], [2]. This convergence between marketing and technological advances not only makes the relationship between information system (IS) and marketing managers a strategic priority but also interdependent dyads [3].
Perfusion of the hamster jejunum with conjugated and unconjugated bile acids: inhibition of water absorption and effects on morphology.

The effect of unconjugated and conjugated bile acids on water absorption and morphology of the hamster jejunum was studied by in vivo perfusion of 226 hamsters. Water absorption from control solutions, which were isotonic and simulated hamster plasma, was compared with that from identical solutions which contained 1 to 8 mm concentrations of cholic, chenodeoxycholic, or deoxycholic acids in the unconjugated form and as glycine or taurine conjugates. Dihydroxy bile acids (deoxycholic and chenodeoxycholic) inhibited water absorption and, at highest concentrations, induced fluid accumulation in the bowel. Deoxycholic acid conjugates had a similar effect, but conjugates of chenodeoxycholic acid did not; cholic acid, a trihydroxy bile acid, and its conjugates had no effect. Inhibition of absorption was reversible even though unconjugated dihydroxy bile acids produced striking structural changes of the jejunal mucosa. Bile acid conjugates caused no significant morphological changes.
Comparative analysis of modeling techniques for coliform organisms in streams

The use of models for predicting changes in water quality parameters is currently considered an integral part of river basin management. The application of modeling techniques to coliform organisms is in its infancy due to the complexities involved and the lack of definitive information on coliform populations in natural environments. The purpose of this study was to make a comparative analysis of the available models for coliform organisms in order to improve on the state of the art of this subject. The available coliform models may be classified into deterministic or statistical types. In this study, six different models, three of each type, were selected for analysis and were applied to coliform data available on the Leaf River. Results of comparing the models indicated that a deterministic model was best suited for total coliform and a statistical model was best suited for fecal coliform. Ultimate selection of a model for coliform organisms is dependent not only on the accuracy of the model but on ease of implementation. Current technology would probably dictate the use of a deterministic model because of the lack of a complete data base on which to base statistical models.
Constraining the Structure of Gamma-Ray Burst Jets through the Afterglow Light Curves

We investigate the effect that the structure of gamma-ray burst (GRB) jets has on the afterglow light curves for observers located at different viewing angles, θobs, from the jet symmetry axis. The largest uncertainty in the jet dynamics is the degree of lateral energy transfer. Thus, we use two simple models that make opposite and extreme assumptions for this point and calculate the light curves for an external density that is either homogeneous or decreases as the square of the distance from the source. The Lorentz factor, Γ, and kinetic energy per unit solid angle, , are initially taken to be power laws of the angle θ from the jet axis: ∝ θ-a, Γ ∝ θ-b. We perform a qualitative comparison between the resulting light curves and afterglow observations. This constrains the jet structure, and we find that a ≈ 2 and 0 b 1 are required to reproduce typical afterglow light curves. Detailed fits to afterglow data are needed to determine whether a "universal" jet model, in which all GRB jets are assumed to be intrinsically identical and differ only by our viewing angle, θobs, is consistent with current observations.
Urinary, Fecal, and Dual Incontinence in Older U.S. Adults

Objectives To estimate the prevalence of urinary (UI), fecal (FI), and dual incontinence (DI) and to identify shared factors associated with each type of incontinence in older U.S. women and men. Design Population-based cross-sectional study. Setting National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2005–2010). Participants Women and men aged 50 and older. Measurements UI was defined as moderate to severe (≥3 on a validated UI severity index, range 0–12); FI was at least monthly loss of solid, liquid, or mucus stool; and DI was the presence of UI and FI. Results Women were more likely than men to report UI only and DI but not FI only (UI only, women 19.8%, men 6.4%; FI only, women 8.2%, men 8.4%; DI women, 6.0%, men 1.9%). In both sexes, prevalence increased with age. In regression models adjusted for parity and hysterectomy, DI in women was associated with non-Hispanic white race (odds ratio (OR) = 2.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.5–3.4), depression (OR = 4.7, 95% CI = 2.0–11.1), comorbidities (OR = 4.3, 95% CI = 1.9–9.6 for ≥3 comorbidities vs none), hysterectomy (OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.2–2.7), and diarrhea (OR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.5–5.0). In men, ADL impairment (OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.2–4.9) and poorer self-rated health (OR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.5–5.30) were associated with DI. Conclusion UI, FI, and DI are common in older women and men. Factors associated with DI were distinct from those associated with UI and FI. There were also differences according to sex, with DI associated with depression and comorbid diseases in women and lack of functional ability and poorer self-rated health in men.
Histidine tRNA guanylyltransferase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. I. Purification and physical properties.

Abstract Compared to other tRNAs all known histidine tRNAs have the unique feature of possessing an additional nucleotide at their 5' end. It is usually a guanosine residue but not in bacteriophage T5 tRNA which carries an additional uridine. The additional nucleotide is not encoded in eukaryotic histidine tRNA genes but is added in a post-transcriptional modification reaction (Cooley, L., Appel, B., and Soll, D. (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 79, 6475-6479) by histidine tRNA guanylyltransferase (tRNAHis guanylyltransferase). Here we report the purification of this enzyme from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the determination of some of its physical properties. Six different steps including Polymin P precipitation, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose, heparin-agarose, ATP-agarose, and gel filtration on Superose 12 were employed for the purification of the guanylyltransferase from an S-100 extract. A Stokes radius of 46.5 +/- 0.5 A and a sedimentation coefficient (S20,w) of 7.8 +/- 0.2 were determined by gel filtration and rate zonal sedimentation, respectively. A relative molecular weight (Mr) of approximately 120,000 was calculated for the purified native enzyme. The Mr of the denatured protein is approximately 58,000 as demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These results indicate a homodimeric (alpha 2) structure for the enzyme. Among all acceptor RNAs in unfractionated tRNA only tRNAHis is a substrate for the purified guanylyltransferase. The reaction requires ATP, a guanosine substrate, and a divalent metal ion. Treatment of guanylyltransferase with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic)-acid abolishes activity; this suggests the importance of sulfhydryl groups for enzymatic activity. The enzyme shows discrimination among different histidine tRNA species; tRNA from plant and prokaryotes are better substrates than mammalian and insect tRNAs.
Origin and Evolution of Planetary and Satellite Atmospheres

The present volume on the origin and evolution of planet and satellite atmospheres discusses the chemistry of interstellar gas and grains, planetary accretion, cometary composition, the inventories of asteroid volatiles, key similarities and differences among the terrestrial planets' atmospheric compositions, and planets' atmospheric escape and water loss. Also discussed are planetary atmosphere-planetary interior evolutionary coupling, the atmospheric composition of the outer planets, the structure and composition of giant planet interiors, the tenuous atmosphere of Io, the sources of the atmospheres of the outer solar system's satellites, the present state and chemical evolution of the Titan, Triton, and Pluto atmospheres, and the thermal structure and heat balance of the outer planets.
Evidence for Dark Energy from a Study of Type Ia Supernovae

Type la supernovae have been observed to be very good “Standard Candles” after suitable calibration. In the Supernova Cosmology Project we have observed over 80 such distant supernovae with redshifts between 0.18 and 1.2. In a study of 42 of these supernovae and comparison with 18 “near by” supernovae we have obtained evidence that at the present epoch of the expansion the universe is accelerating. This implies the presence of a positive cosmological constant or perhaps some other form of “Dark Energy”. Our data are strongly inconsistent with the previously preferred cosmology with ΩM = 1 and ΩΛ = 0. I show that a time stretching or contracting parameter, s, alows a single “composite” curve to fit all the SNe for 0.3 < z < 0.7 as well as the nearby SNe. I also give a direct test that the red-shift is due to the expansion of the universe rather than some other process, such as “tired light”. I will also briefly describe the plans of the SNAP collaboration [29] to design, build and launch a satellite. The aim is to discover and critically measure 2000 SNe per year with redshifts from 0.1 to 1.7 to tightly controll systematics. For example SNAP will allow us to explore possible effects due to “grey” dust and/or evolution on our measurements . Highlights are a 2 meter mirror and a one square degree field of view involving about 150 high resistivity CCD’s and 3-arm spectrometer covering the region from near-UV to near-IR.
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF DREDGING IN ESTUARIES

Salt marsh estuarine environments along the Intracoastal Waterway of the southeastern Atlantic coast were studied to determine the environmental effects of dredging in these areas. The study dealt with the chemical response of salt marsh seidments to the deposition of dredge materials and with the water quality response to dredging and deposition of sediments in a salt marsh estuarine environment. After the initial destruction of the salt marsh plants due to spoil deposition, the rate of reequilibration of the marsh sediments to their original state (suitable for revegetation) is greatly dependent on the depth of the dredge spoil deposit. In natural and relatively unpolluted areas, dredging has no significant effects on water quality when either diked or undiked confinement techniques are used. In polluted areas in marine environments, water quality impairment caused by dredging activites do not necessarily bear any simple relation to the composition of the sediemtns to be dredged.
The Mass-Connected Photon

This paper explores a new model for light that concentrates on propagation as a two-step process: a period of expansion/extension from a source, followed by a period cf contraction/collapse to an absorber. Such a model turns out to be extraordinarily rich with implications: it reproduces the predictions that are the main observational confirmations for GRT, it captures the main kinematic features of SRT, and it exposes what may have been a conceptual miss-step in the original development of SRT.
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: Basic Principles, Protocols, and Procedures

Preface. Background. Adaptive Information Processing: The Model as a Working Hypothesis. Components of EMDR Treatment and Basic Treatment Effects. Phase One: Client History. Phases Two and Three: Preparation and Assessment. Phases Four to Seven: Desensitization, Installation, Body Scan, and Closure. Working with Abreaction and Blocks. Phase Eight: Re-evaluation and the Use of the EMDR Standard Three-Pronged Protocol. Protocols and Procedures for Special Situations. The Cognitive Interweave: A Proactive Strategy for Working with Challenging Clients. Selected Populations. Theory, Research, and Clinical Implications. Appendices: A. Clinical Aids. B. Client Safety. C. EMDR Resources.
Attempts to Demonstrate Hemagglutination and Hemadsorption by Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Extensive attempts to demonstrate a hemagglutinin of respiratory syncytial virus by both hemagglutination and hemadsorption tests failed. Hemagglutination tests were performed with red blood cells from 12 different animal species and at various temperatures and pH.
Enterovirus/picornavirus infections.

Abstract The human enteroviruses (EV) comprise one group of the picornavirus family. The best known members are the polioviruses (PV), coxsackieviruses, and echoviruses. They replicate in the oropharynx and gastrointestinal (GI) tract and are primarily spread by fecal-hand-oral contamination. With systemic invasion nonspecific febrile illness occurs as well as specific syndromes (rashes, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, herpangina, pleurodynia, myocarditis/pericarditis, and conjunctivitis). With systemic replication a high level viremia may result in central nervous system (CNS) invasion. EV activity can be endemic in warm climates or epidemic in temperate climates. In temperate climates, because of improved hygiene, newborns were not exposed to EV until they were older, resulting in large epidemics of poliomyelitis, which were finally curtailed with the killed PV vaccines in the 1950s and the live oral PV vaccines in the 1960s. Today, “aseptic” meningitis is the most common neurologic syndrome caused by EV. EV are also the most common cause of viral meningitis. Other EV neurologic syndromes include encephalitis, paralytic disease, persistent infections, and the severe group B coxsackievirus fatal systemic infections of neonates. Newly recognized emerging infections include EV71 rhombencephalitis/brainstem encephalitis and saffold virus (Saf V) meningitis and cerebellitis. Diagnostic clues can come from epidemics, systemic manifestations, household infections, the cerebrospinal fluid picture, and the neurologic syndromes. However, definite diagnosis depends on laboratory methods, primarily nucleic acid amplification. Treatment of acute infections is supportive. Preventive methods include good hygiene and aggressive polio vaccination programs.
Comparison of mandibular cortical thickness and QCT-derived bone mineral density (BMD) in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a retrospective study.

Objective To examine whether panoramic radiograph-determined mandibular cortical thickness correlated with quantitative computed tomography-derived bone mineral density (BMD) in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Methods We identified patients treated for ALL at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, seen in the After Completion of Therapy (ACT) Clinic between January of 2006 and January of 2014 who had QCT-derived BMD and panoramic radiographs obtained within 1 month of each other. Panoramic radiographs were independently scored by a pediatric radiologist, two pediatric dentists, and a general dentist using the Klemetti technique. We used the Spearman's rank correlation test and the multivariate regression model to investigate the effect of evaluator experience on results. Results The study cohort comprised 181 patients with 320 paired studies: 112 (62%) male, 112 (71%) were white. Median age at ALL diagnosis was 6.4 (range, 0–18.8) years. Median age at study was 11.9 (range, 3.3 to 29.4) years. The median average BMD was 154.6 (range, 0.73–256) mg/cc; median QCT Z-score (age and gender adjusted) was −0.875 (range, −5.04 to 3.2). We found very weak association between panoramic radiograph score and both QCT-BMD average (P = 0.53) and QCT Z-score (P = 0.39). Results were not influenced by level of reader experience. Conclusions The Klemetti technique of estimating BMD does not predict BMD deficits in children and young adult survivors of ALL, regardless of reviewer expertise. Alternative methods are needed whereby dental healthcare providers can identify and refer patients at risk for BMD deficits for detailed assessment and intervention.
Forest bioenergy adoption for a risk-averse landowner under uncertain emerging biomass market.

This paper examines a land use problem where a risk-averse representative landowner is uncertain about the timing and extent of a future biomass market emergence. The risk-averse landowner is expected to maximize his or her expected utility of net present value from three land uses: agriculture, conventional forestry, and bioenergy forestry. Varying land quality, expected price jumps, and the timing of biomass market emergence are incorporated into the analysis. Under constant risk aversion, the simulation results show that the level of risk aversion has a significant influence on land allocation. The analysis also includes a discussion of how transaction costs affect land use change. The results offer insights into policy making for promoting forest bioenergy market development.
Interspecific pairwise relationships among body size, clutch size and latitude: deconstructing a macroecological triangle in birds

Aim Ecogeographical ‘rules’, large-scale patterns in ecological variables across geographical space, can provide important insights into the mechanisms of evolution and ecological assembly. However, interactions between rules could obscure both the observation of large-scale patterns and their interpretation. Here, we examine a system of three variables interrelated by ecogeographical rules – the latitudinal increase in body size within closely related homeotherms (Bergmann’s rule), the negative allometry of clutch size (Calder’s rule) and the latitudinal increase in clutch size (Lack’s rule) – in a global dataset of birds. Location Global. Methods We used linear regressions and meta-analysis techniques to quantify the three rules across clades and through the taxonomic hierarchy. Path analysis was used to quantify interactions between rules at multiple taxonomic levels, as a function of both phylogenetic inheritance of traits and indirect feedbacks between the three rules. Independent contrasts analyses were performed on four clades with available phylogenies, and the taxonomic partitioning of variation in each trait was quantified. Results Standardizing across all clades, Lack’s and Bergmann’s rules were supported at all taxonomic levels, with Calder’s rule being supported at the order level. Lack’s rule was consistently stronger and more often detected than the other two rules. Path analysis showed that the indirect effects often outweighed the direct effects of Calder’s rule at the genus level and Bergmann’s rule at the order level. Strong interactions between Calder’s and Bergmann’s rules led to a trade-off between the rules depending on taxonomic resolution. Main conclusions We found strong interactions between Bergmann’s, Lack’s and Calder’s rules in birds, and these interactions varied in strength and direction over the taxonomic hierarchy and among avian clades. Ecogeographical rules may be masked by feedbacks from other, correlated variables, even when the underlying selective mechanism is operating. The apparently conflicting pairwise relationships among clutch size, body size and latitude illustrate the difficulty of interpreting individual pairwise correlations without recognition of interdependence with other variables.
Has Web 2.0 revitalized informal learning? The relationship between Web 2.0 and informal learning

Learning is becoming increasingly self-directed and often occurs away from schools and other formal educational settings. The development of a myriad of new technologies for learning has enabled people to learn anywhere and anytime. Web 2.0 technology allows researchers to shed a new light on the importance and prevalence of informal learning. However, there are few empirical studies that support the claim that this technology facilitates informal learning. The present study investigates the relationship between Web 2.0 levels and the evaluation of informal learning websites. For this purpose, 287 informal learning websites were selected and their Web 2.0 levels were rated based upon eight criteria proposed in the Web 2.0 exploratory literature. In addition, previously examined informal learning evaluation results were employed. The results showed that current informal learning websites have moderately adopted the most heavily promoted features of Web 2.0. Correlation analyses showed a positive relationship between Web 2.0 features and informal learning website ratings. The implications for the relationship and internal correlations of variables were summarized and discussed.
Effect of The C-Terminal Octapeptide of Cholecystokinin on Lower Esophageal Sphincter Pressure in Man

Abstract Graded doses of synthetic C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin, injected intravenously, produced graded decreases in lower esophageal sphincter pressure in man. The calculated maximal decrease which could be produced by the octapeptide of cholecystokinin was 60% of resting lower esophageal sphincter pressure.
One short sleep past

This paper concerns the notion that we shall live again after our death and dissolution. Philosophers have argued that this is not logically possible because, however closely they may resemble us, no beings arising after our death and disolution could be identified with us. Arguments supporting this denial will be critically examined. First, however, I will here set forth an account of (pre-mortem) human beings that, though in my view the only correct one, seems to support and even to require the anti-resurrectionist st.ance I will oppose. This account is non-dualist, so that no lingering 'soul substance' is available to ground claims identifying post-mortem pretenders with human beings who have died. It seems, then, that if correct a nondualist account of human beings insures the logical incoherence of any thought or hope or doctrine we may have of a life after death - or, at any rate, of a life after death and dissolution. The non-dualist account to be presented here is not that of dualism's traditional oppenent, materialism. The view embraced is both non-dualist and non-materialist. But how can both dualism and materialism be avoided? Must one not hold a human being to be either a body and a soul or a body without a soul? To see how both these traditional accounts can be avoided, consider first a debate that mirrors the dualist-materialist controversy. Instead of the nature of human beings it concerns the nature of ordinary physical objects such as rubber balls, apples, bits of wax, and pieces of chalk: and the 'substance' whose presence is in question is material, not spiritual. The 'dualist' in this controversy holds that objects are comprised of two kinds of thing, sensible properties and the substances that underline those properties and insure an object's identity through all sensible change. Descartes' bit of wax whose substance maintains the bit's identity through its heat-induced change of properties is of course a dualist conception. The opposing 'materialist' denies that objects are comprised of two kinds of thing: instead they are composed only of sensible properties with no substances underlying them. William James, who takes this view in Pragmatism (Lecture Three), held that the notion of an underlying substance must be abandoned, that sensible properties, therefore, do not inhere in a substance,
A note on the problem of olfactory associations of the orbitofrontal cortex in the monkey.

Abstract Evidence has recently been reported suggesting (1) that a circumscript posterolateral region of the monkey's orbitofrontal cortex has the functional significance of a higher-order olfactory association cortex (2) that olfactory information is conveyed to this cortical region over a conduction route that by-passes the thalamus. The present paper reports an attempt to identify sources of afferents to the above region that conceivably could function as links in such a specific olfacto-frontal conduction route. The attempt was made by comparing the patterns of retrograde cell-labelling resulting from horseradish peroxidase injections confined to, respectively, the lateroposterior quadrant of the orbitofrontal cortex and a more anterior orbitofrontal region with each other and with published reports of similar studies involving the frontal convexity. Both orbitofrontal injections labelled numerous cells in the medial subdivision of the nucleus mediodorsalis, and lesser numbers of cells in the nucleus ventralis anterior thalami, in the basal amygdaloid nuclei, substantia innominata, and temporal isocortex. Only in the case of injection in the lateroposterior quadrant of the orbitofrontal cortex did a considerable number of additional labelled cells appear in the medial bank of the rhinal sulcus (prorhinal cortex of Van Hoesen and Pandya). Since the prorhinal cortex lies in the path of known olfactory circuitry, this finding suggests that it gives rise to an olfactory conduction route selectively directed at the lateroposterior orbitofrontal cortex.
Evidence for neural control of the release of pituitary ovulating hormone in the golden syrian hamster.

Golden Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) exposed daily since birth to fluorescent light from 6:00 AM to 6:00 PM and displaying regular 4-day vaginal estrous cycles ovulated between 1:00 and 3:00 AM on the day characterized by a thick vaginal discharge consisting mainly of nucleated epithelial cells and few, if any, leukocytes. A critical period was found on the preceding day between 2:00 and 4:00 PM before which hypophysectomy or injection of the centrally active drug phenylisopropylhydrazine blocked ovulation and after which both procedures were ineffective. Ovulation in hamsters was also inhibited by tranylcypromine, iproniazid and pargyline. All these drugs produced marked behavioral excitement. Pentobarbital, chlorpromazine and reserpine, which are known to inhibit ovulation in rats, were ineffective in hamsters in doses which evoked marked behavioral depression. (Endocrinology 78: 1125, 1966)
Semantics and Industrial Relations

While today's pressing problems of industrial relations may be approached from various angles, the student of human relations in industry is forced to conclude that these are, in part, problems in general semantics.
Review of Black Ranching Frontiers: African Cattle Herders of the Atlantic World, 1500-1900 by Andrew Sluyter

Andrew Sluyter Black Ranching Frontiers: African Cattle Herders of the Atlantic World, 1500-1900. New Haven: Yale University Press; 2012. 320 pages, maps, figures, photographs, index, ISBN 978-0-300-17992-7 (cloth) $45.00; eISBN 9780300183238 (ebook) prices vary.