cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Steam Infusion Heater For Ultra High-Temperature Pasteurization

Abstract The steam infusion heater as aligned for flavor standardization cannot be used for ultra high temperature pasteurization because of a potential variable holding time. To eliminate this variable holding time, the product flow control valve was placed upstream from the infuser, and the timing pump was inserted at the discharge of the infuser. Temperatures at the holding inlet were essentially constant (±0.5C) for cream at 1,140 liters per hour, a temperature increase by steam infusion of 22C, and a holding temperature of 88C. Other tests on water, milk, and cream verified that temperature control in the holding tube would be satisfactory for this process. Residence times, however, can be reduced by product displacement in the holding tube from noncondensable gases. Residence time measurements at 110C for water were 5% lower with an infuser pressure of 0.2atm above the product saturation vapor pressure than with an infuser pressure of 0.6atm above the product saturation vapor pressure. An infuser pressure at least 0.6atm above the saturation vapor pressure will be sufficient to prevent significant reduction in residence times from noncondensable gases. Accordingly, the infusion equipment as realigned will give the temperature control and constant residence times from noncondensable gases. Accordingly, the infusion equipment as realigned will give the temperature control and constant residence times in the holding tube, which will fulfill the public health requirements for pasteurization.
Parameterization of a geometric flow implicit solvation model

Implicit solvent models are popular for their high computational efficiency and simplicity over explicit solvent models and are extensively used for computing molecular solvation properties. The accuracy of implicit solvent models depends on the geometric description of the solute-solvent interface and the solvent dielectric profile that is defined near the surface of the solute molecule. Typically, it is assumed that the dielectric profile is spatially homogeneous in the bulk solvent medium and varies sharply across the solute-solvent interface. However, the specific form of this profile is often described by ad hoc geometric models rather than physical solute-solvent interactions. Hence, it is of significant interest to improve the accuracy of these implicit solvent models by more realistically defining the solute-solvent boundary within a continuum setting. Recently, a differential geometry-based geometric flow solvation model was developed, in which the polar and nonpolar free energies are coupled through a characteristic function that describes a smooth dielectric interface profile across the solvent-solute boundary in a thermodynamically self-consistent fashion. The main parameters of the model are the solute/solvent dielectric coefficients, solvent pressure on the solute, microscopic surface tension, solvent density, and molecular force-field parameters. In this work, we investigate how changes in the pressure, surface tension, solute dielectric coefficient, and choice of different force-field charge and radii parameters affect the prediction accuracy for hydration free energies of 17 small organic molecules based on the geometric flow solvation model. The results of our study provide insights on the parameterization, accuracy, and predictive power of this new implicit solvent model.
From program synthesis to optimal program synthesis

In many practical situations, we know the values of some quantities x 1 , …, x n , we know the relations between these quantities, the desired quantity y, and maybe some auxiliary quantities, and we want to estimate y. There exist automatic tools for such estimations — called program synthesis tools. A program synthesis tool usually generates a program for computing y. In many cases, however, several such programs are possible, and it is desirable to generate the optimal (e.g., the fastest) program. In this paper, we describe algorithms aimed at such optimal program synthesis. The problem can be interpreted in logical terms, as assigning fuzzy-style degrees to rules describing relations between variables.
The Role of Religiosity in the Relationship Between Parents, Peers, and Adolescent Risky Sexual Behavior

Research has documented a negative relationship between religion and risky sexual behavior. Few studies, however, have examined the processes whereby religion exerts this effect. The present study develops and tests a model of various mechanisms whereby parental religiosity reduces the likelihood of adolescents’ participation in risky sexual behavior (early sexual debut, multiple sexual partners, and inconsistent condom use). Structural equation modeling, using longitudinal data from a sample of 612 African American adolescents (55% female), provided support for the model. The results indicated that parental religiosity influenced adolescent risky sexual behavior through its impact on authoritative parenting, adolescent religiosity, and adolescent affiliation with less sexually permissive peers. Some mediating mechanisms differed by the gender of the respondent, suggesting a “double-standard” for daughters but not for sons. Findings also indicated the importance of messages about sexual behavior that are transmitted to adolescents by their peers. Theoretical and policy implications of the findings are discussed.
School-based HIV/STD prevention programs: do benefits justify costs?

Objective: To evaluate the City of Houston HIV/STD Prevention program in public high schools using the cost−utility-analysis approach. Methods: The study design was cross-sectional, comparing stude...
MEK inhibitor GSK1120212-mediated radiosensitization of pancreatic cancer cells involves inhibition of DNA double-strand break repair pathways

Purpose: Over 90% of pancreatic adenocarcinoma PC express oncogenic mutant KRAS that constitutively activates the Raf-MEK-MAPK pathway conferring resistance to both radiation and chemotherapy. MEK inhibitors have shown promising anti-tumor responses in recent preclinical and clinical studies, and are currently being tested in combination with radiation in clinical trials. Here, we have evaluated the radiosensitizing potential of a novel MEK1/2 inhibitor GSK1120212 (GSK212,or trametinib) and evaluated whether MEK1/2 inhibition alters DNA repair mechanisms in multiple PC cell lines.Methods: Radiosensitization and DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair were evaluated by clonogenic assays, comet assay, nuclear foci formation (γH2AX, DNA-PK, 53BP1, BRCA1, and RAD51), and by functional GFP-reporter assays for homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). Expression and activation of DNA repair proteins were measured by immunoblotting.Results: GSK212 blocked ERK1/2 activity and radiosensitiz...
Pegasus: Mapping Large-Scale Workflows to Distributed Resources

Many scientific advances today are derived from analyzing large amounts of data. The computations themselves can be very complex and consume significant resources. Scientific efforts are also not conducted by individual scientists; rather, they rely on collaborations that encompass many researchers from various organizations. The analysis is often composed of several individual application components designed by different scientists. To describe the desired analysis, the components are assembled in a workflow where the dependencies between them are defined and the data needed for the analysis are identified. To support the scale of the applications, many resources are needed in order to provide adequate performance. These resources are often drawn from a heterogeneous pool of geographically distributed compute and data resources. Running large-scale, collaborative applications in such environments has many challenges. Among them are systematic management of the applications, their components, and the data, as well as successful and efficient execution on the distributed resources.
Stocking Control Procedures for Multiaged Ponderosa Pine Stands in the Inland Northwest

Multi-aged management of forest stands in western North America is a viable option in many areas where traditional even-aged management is undesirable. Procedures for guiding stocking control for multi-aged ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) stands were developed using the PP-MASAM model (Ponde- rosa Pine-Multi-aged Stocking Assessment Model). These procedures allow the user to divide stands into components such as age classes or canopy strata that are the basic unit for growing space allocation. Growing space is represented by leaf area index. Stocking regimes are assessed over a single cutting cycle through projections of volume increment, stand density, and tree vigor. The approach is flexible for guiding stocking in ponderosa pine stands for diverse structural objectives including retention of ancient trees, development of presettlement structures, stands with two to four age classes, or stands with short or long cutting cycles. Example stocking regimes and internet links are provided to access the model. West. J. Appl. For. 18(1):5-14.
Probing Exhudation of Surfactant Molecules in Latices by Surface FT-IR Spectroscopy

This chapter covers some of the recent advances and applications of the surface Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy in characterizing latex systems. A particular emphasis is given to the recent studies on the behavior of surfactants in latex films as a result from the externally applied stresses and surface tension differences. Photoacoustic (PA) and attenuated total reflectance (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy are used to monitor and characterize sodium dioctyl-sulfosuccinate/ ethyl acrylate/methacrylic acid (SDOSS/EA/MAA) copolymer latex films at both the film-air and film-substrate interfaces. The distribution of surfactant at the interfaces depends upon the water flux out of the film in the early stages of film formation and the surface tension of a substrate. Mechanical elongation of the latex films also influences the surfactant distribution across the film.
The Average Volume of Leukemic Leukocytes

1. The technic used to determine the average volume per cell of leukocytes from patients with leukemia has been described. 2. The distribution of the average volumes of leukocytes from 15 patients with granulocytic leukemia, based on 52 determinations, has a median value of 450 cu. µ and a mean of 460 cu. µ. 2. The 95 per cent range for this distribution is 340 to 570 cu. µ. 3. Sufficient data are not presently available to determine the Shape of the distribution for the volume of monocytes, but the average value for the leukocytes from 8 patients with monocytic leukemia is 470 cu. µ and the range is 360 to 580 cu. µ. 4. The average volumes of leukocytes from 27 patients with lymphocytic leukemia, based on 74 determinations, have a Poisson-like distribution with a median value of 230 cu. µ and a mean of 250 cu. µ. Ninety-five per cent of the values in this distribution fall in the range of 130 to 410 cu. µ. 5. Although leukocyte volumes from both granulocytic and lymphocytic leukemias follow Poisson-like distributions, the central values of these distributions are significantly different. However, there is an overlap of the distributions with approximately a 15 per cent chance that average lymphocytic volumes will fall into the range of the small granulocytic volumes. 6. For many purposes it may be assumed that two billion cells of the granulocytic or monocytic series or four billion cells of the lymphocytic series equal 1 ml.
Effects of the Fourth Chromosome on the Sterility of Hybrids Between Drosophila simulans and Its Relatives

Genetic analysis of the fourth chromosome of Drosophila simulans shows that it has no effect on either male or female fertility in hybrids with two sibling species, D. mauritiana and D. sechellia. The lack of effect holds even when the D. simulans chromosome is homozygous in a foreign genetic background. The absence of major fourth chromosome "sterility genes" in these hybridizations contrasts with the presence of a fourth-chromosome gene causing complete male sterility in hybrids of the more distantly related species D. melanogaster and D. simulans.
Influence of Textile Structure on Single Fiber Transfer from Woven Fabrics

A machine designed to abrade fabrics using small abrasive forces and slow rates is used to induce fiber transfer from twelve woven fabrics. Single fiber transfer, the release and relocation of individual fibers, is evaluated in terms of the number and length of fibers transferred, along with the influence of several fiber, yarn, and fabric structural features on fiber transfer. Modeling procedures indicate that structural features that predict fiber transfer best are fiber denier, fiber length, and weave type. The influence of these features is complex, and analysis of variance indicates that fiber transfer is significantly affected by their interaction.
Spinal Taps and Epidermoid Tumors

The unoccluded needle has become widely used to perform lumbar puncture in infants and small children because it simplifies the procedure but, unlike the standard needle with stylet, it carries the hazard of cutting free some epidermal tissue and depositing it in the subarachnoid space where it may give rise to a tumor. Several lines of evidence, experimental as well as statistical, are converging to support this view.
Phosphofructokinase from the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica. II. Kinetic properties of the enzyme.

This paper describes the kinetics of phosphofructokinase from the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica. Activation of the enzyme was accompanied by a marked increase in its affinity for both fructose-6-P and ATP. Results with the activated enzyme showed that each of the three ligands (fructose-6-P, ATP and cyclic 39,59-AMP) could alter the saturation function of the other. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by ATP in the presence of low fructose-6-P concentrations. Both cyclic 39,59-AMP and fructose-6-P could increase the concentrations of ATP required to produce 50% inhibition. Possible interaction among the substrates and the effector ligands on the enzyme was considered in terms of the Monod-Changeux-Wyman model for allosteric proteins. Saturation curves for fructose-6-P indicated cooperative homotropic interactions between multiple binding sites for this substrate. ATP at high concentration increased the homotropic interactions while cyclic 39,59-AMP had the opposite effect. The saturation function of cyclic 39,59-AMP was also shown to be influenced by both enzyme substrates. Fructose-6-P at high concentration caused a decrease in the half-saturation point for cyclic 39,59-AMP while ATP had the opposite effect. Saturation curves for Mg++ were also altered by a change in concentration of fructose-6-P, ATP or cyclic 39,59-AMP. The possible role of these kinetic properties on the fine regulation of activated phosphofructokinase was discussed.
Three Misunderstandings of Plato's Theory of Moral Education

In this essay, Mark Jonas argues that there are three broadly held misconceptions of Plato's philosophy that work against his relevance for contemporary moral education. The first is that he is an intellectualist who is concerned only with the cognitive aspect of moral development and does not sufficiently emphasize the affective and conative aspects; the second is that he is an elitist who believes that only philosopher-kings can attain true knowledge of virtue and it is they who should govern society; the third is that he affirms the realm of the Forms as a literal metaphysical reality and believes that for individuals to attain virtue they must access this realm through contemplation. The goal of this essay is to correct these misconceptions. The rehabilitation of Plato's reputation may enable future researchers in moral education to discover in his philosophy new avenues for exploring how best to cultivate virtues in students.
Intractable epileptic spasms in a patient with Pontocerebellar hypoplasia: Severe phenotype of type 2 or another subtype?

Introduction: Pontocerebellar hypoplasia (PCH) involves a diverse range of etiologies including a group of single gene disorders. Mutations in the tRNA splicing endonuclease complex (TSEN) 54 gene can be responsible for PCH type 2, 4 and 5. The more common and less severe PCH 2 phenotype is caused by homozygosity for the common missense mutation A307S, while the severe phenotype seen in type 4 and 5 is caused by compound heterozygosity of the A307S mutation along with a nonsense or splice site mutation. Report: We report a 4- month-old girl who presented with epileptic spasms that remained intractable to several antiepileptic medications. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) brain showed fairly severe hypoplasia with superimposed atrophy of the cerebellum and brainstem with prominent extra-axial fluid spaces. Extensive metabolic testing was negative. Commercial testing for PCH via TSEN54 gene revealed missense mutation of Ala307Ser. A novel sequence variant, designated c.17_40 del, was also found and was predictive of an in-frame deletion of eight amino acids. Follow-up over 2 years revealed intractable epileptic spasms, progressive microcephaly and development of prominent choreoathetosis. Conclusion: This case report describes a rare case of PCH with overlapping features of the less severe PCH2 and the more severe PCH4/5 phenotype. It also adds another new entity in the list of genetic conditions where West syndrome and pontocerebellar hypoplasia can be seen together, emphasizing the need for further investigations of the genotype-phenotype correlation of mutations in order to advance our understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanism in these rare conditions.
Evaluation of the quantity and composition of sugars and lipid in the juice and bagasse of lipid producing sugarcane

Abstract Biodiesel production in the U.S. from vegetable oils has increased substantially during the past decade. However, its further increase is limited by the low amounts of oil produced per hectare from temperate oilseed crops. Recently novel transgenic sugarcane has been developed to accumulate both sugars and lipids in stems, making it a promising dual-purpose feedstock to produce both ethanol and biodiesel. In this study, two lines of the transgenic lipid producing sugarcane (lipid-cane) and the non-transformed sugarcane were characterized and processed. The total lipid concentrations were 0.7%, 0.9% and 1.3% for the non-transformed sugarcane and lipid-cane lines19B and 25 C, respectively. Lipid composition analysis showed that about 31–33% of the total lipids were triacylglycerols, main feedstock for biodiesel production, for the lipid-cane samples, while this value was only 5% for the non-transformed sugarcane. By processing the sugarcane stems with a juicer, about 90% of the sugars and 60% of the lipids were extracted with juice. The extracted sugars in juice were fermented to ethanol and the lipids were later recovered from the fermented juice using organic solvents. The recovered lipids from the fermented juice were 0.3, 0.5 and 0.8 g/100 g dry stem for the non-transformed sugarcane and lipid-cane lines 19B and 25 C, respectively. This study proved the concept of the lipid and sugar coproduction from the novel lipid-cane, which have a potential to make a large-scale replacement of fossil derived fuel without unrealistic demands on land area.
Additive Combinatorics: A Menu of Research Problems

Additive Combinatorics: A Menu of Research Problems is the first book of its kind to provide readers with an opportunity to actively explore the relatively new field of additive combinatorics. The author has written the book specifically for students of any background and proficiency level, from beginners to advanced researchers. It features an extensive menu of research projects that are challenging and engaging at many different levels. The questions are new and unsolved, incrementally attainable, and designed to be approachable with various methods. The book is divided into five parts which are compared to a meal. The first part is called Ingredients and includes relevant background information about number theory, combinatorics, and group theory. The second part, Appetizers, introduces readers to the book’s main subject through samples. The third part, Sides, covers auxiliary functions that appear throughout different chapters. The book’s main course, so to speak, is Entrees: it thoroughly investigates a large variety of questions in additive combinatorics by discussing what is already known about them and what remains unsolved. These include maximum and minimum sumset size, spanning sets, critical numbers, and so on. The final part is Pudding and features numerous proofs and results, many of which have never been published. Features: The first book of its kind to explore the subject Students of any level can use the book as the basis for research projects The text moves gradually through five distinct parts, which is suitable both for beginners without prerequisites and for more advanced students Includes extensive proofs of propositions and theorems Each of the introductory chapters contains numerous exercises to help readers
TakeCARE, a Video to Promote Bystander Behavior on College Campuses: Replication and Extension:

Previous research has demonstrated that college students who view TakeCARE, a video bystander program designed to encourage students to take action to prevent sexual and relationship violence (i.e., bystander behavior), display more bystander behavior relative to students who view a control video. The current study aimed to replicate and extend these findings by testing two different methods of administering TakeCARE and examining moderators of TakeCARE's effects on bystander behavior. Students at four universities (n = 557) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (a) view TakeCARE in a monitored computer lab, (b) view TakeCARE at their own convenience after receiving an email link to the video, or (c) view a video about study skills (control group). Participants completed measures of bystander behavior at baseline and at a 1-month follow-up. Participants in both TakeCARE conditions reported more bystander behavior at follow-up assessments, compared with participants in the control condition. The beneficial effect of TakeCARE did not differ significantly across administration methods. However, the effects of TakeCARE on bystander behavior were moderated by students' perceptions of campus responsiveness to sexual violence, with more potent effects when students perceived their institution as responsive to reports of sexual violence.
A Targeted Minimum Benefit Plan: A New Proposal to Reduce Poverty Among Older Social Security Recipients

In recent years, the big news in Social Security reform has been the program’s fiscal concerns. In light of concerns about both program costs and benefit adequacy, we propose an effective and relatively inexpensive targeted program to provide a minimally adequate floor to old-age income through the Social Security system. This minimum benefit plan would provide a cost-effective method for reducing elder poverty to very low levels. A key element is that the benefit would not count toward income eligibility thresholds for other social programs. Other aspects include an income-tested benefit that would bring beneficiaries to 100 percent of the poverty threshold; application by filing of a 1040 income tax return; and setting of benefit levels and distribution through the Social Security Administration.
Patient Use of Electronic Methods to Self-Report Symptoms: An Integrative Literature Review.

Problem identification Clinicians are unaware of most of their patients' symptoms. Symptoms may be poorly documented and their impact underestimated. Undertreatment of symptoms may lead to increased symptom distress and decreased quality of life. Improving the communication of symptoms to nurses is vital in symptom management and quality-of-life improvement. Electronic patient self-report of symptoms may be beneficial. Literature search An integrative review of the literature was conducted to describe the use of electronic methods for symptom self-report by patients with cancer and to inform best practices. Data evaluation The final sample for this integrative review consisted of 36 studies (32 quantitative and 4 qualitative). Synthesis Data analysis was used to summarize the findings of the 36 studies. Patients with cancer found electronic self-report of symptoms to be feasible and the devices usable. Electronic symptom reporting may improve patient-clinician communication, leading to improved physical and psychosocial outcomes. Implications for practice In the studies that included an interactive communication component, oncology nurses were central in receiving, reviewing, and reporting changes to the provider. Patients expressed themselves more when consulting with nurses than with physicians.
Modeled climate change impacts on subirrigated maize relative yield in northwest Ohio

Abstract Subirrigation is employed to supply water to crop root zones via subsurface drainage systems, which are typically installed for the purpose of excess soil water removal. Crop yield increases due to subirrigation have been demonstrated in numerous studies, but there is limited information regarding yield under future climate conditions when growing season conditions are expected to be drier in the U.S. Corn Belt. DRAINMOD was calibrated and validated for three locations with different soil series in northwest Ohio and used to investigate maize relative yield differences between subirrigation and free subsurface drainage for historic (1984–2013) and future (2041–2070) climate conditions. For historic conditions, the mean maize relative yield increased by 27% with subirrigation on the Nappanee loam soil, but had minimal effect on the Paulding clay and Hoytville silty clay soils. Maize relative yield under free subsurface drainage is predicted to decrease in the future, causing the relative yield difference between free subsurface drainage and subirrigation practices to nearly double from 9% to 16% between the historic and future periods. Consequently, the subirrigation practice can potentially mitigate adverse future climate change impacts on maize yield in northwest Ohio.
Identifying the dominant physical processes for mixing in full-scale raceway tanks

Abstract Open racetrack flumes represent the most common reactor for algae cultivation in the biodiesel industry, however, despite numerous experimental and numerical studies into reactor modifications, conditions remain suboptimal for algal growth. In response, a full-scale racetrack flume was constructed at the Ecohydraulics and Ecomorphodynamics Laboratory at the University of Illinois. Experiments on the racetrack flume were conducted for various depth and velocity conditions, using acoustic doppler velocimetry and surface particle velocimetry to characterize mean and turbulent velocity statistics, and dissolved oxygen measurements to investigate the effect of turbulent structures on gas transfer at the water-air interface. Longitudinal bed modifications were introduced to induce secondary flows in the straight portions of the flume. Semicircular and triangular bars of two different sizes were tested in an effort to increase the transfer velocity at the free surface. A range of flow structures were observed including secondary currents of Prandtl's first and second kinds, vortex shedding off of bend vanes, and periodic oscillations in surface lateral currents. Findings indicate that bend dynamics introduce the strongest and most resilient flow structures, and any attempt to induce vertical mixing or accelerate transfer velocities at the free surface will need to utilize or overwhelm these existing structures.
Using Biological Organisms as Chemical Sensors: The MicRoboCop Project

The MicRoboCop project introduces chemistry students to the concepts and protocols of synthetic biology. MicRoboCop is a biosensor that has been designed for unique applications in forensic chemistry. The lab is carried out in collaboration with an instructor teaching a genetics course. Students in the biology course synthesize biosensors using Escherichia coli (E. coli), and students in the chemistry course evaluate the effectiveness of the biosensors using analytical chemistry methods. Chemistry students learn basic microbiological techniques to culture the bacteria, and they analyze the expression of red fluorescent protein (RFP) using fluorescence spectroscopy. Students in upper-division (third- and fourth-year) chemistry courses evaluated one part of the MicRoboCop system for its response to arsenic(III) and antimony(III) ions using fluorescence spectroscopy. The limits of detection for the biosensor were estimated using a spectrofluorimeter fitted with a 96-well plate reader, and were found to be le...
APPLICATION OF THE SPIN LABELING TECHNIQUE TO BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the application of spin labeling technique to membrane-bound enzymes. The technique is the epr spin labeling method was developed by H.M. McConnel and is based on the use of stable free radicals called nitroxides. The theory suggests that in the presence of a magnetic field, the spin angular momentum of an electron is quantized. The chapter presents a useful case of anisotropic motion of spin labels is axially symmetric motion. The spin labeling studies shows that denaturation by alcohols proceeds by disruption of the phospholipid bilayer with no major disruption of protein structure. Denaturation by guanidine HC1 disrupts protein structure with little effect on phospholipid structure. Sodium dodecyl sulfate disrupts neither protein nor phospholipid. Another spin label that may be useful is the amidinonitroxide VII. This lipophilic label has a pKa of near 7, and on protonation shows a dramatic change in its epr structure. The label should be useful as a probe of pH changes at the membrane surface.
Gonococcal Defenses against Antimicrobial Activities of Neutrophils

Neisseria gonorrhoeae initiates a strong local immune response that is characterized by copious recruitment of neutrophils to the site of infection. Neutrophils neutralize microbes by mechanisms that include phagocytosis, extracellular trap formation, production of reactive oxygen species, and the delivery of antimicrobial granular contents. However, neutrophils do not clear infection with N. gonorrhoeae. N. gonorrhoeae not only expresses factors that defend against neutrophil bactericidal components, but it also manipulates neutrophil production and release of these components. In this review, we highlight the numerous approaches used by N. gonorrhoeae to survive exposure to neutrophils both intracellularly and extracellularly. These approaches reflect the exquisite adaptation of N. gonorrhoeae to its obligate human host.
Blood utilization and mortality in victims of gun violence

BACKGROUND Blood transfusion can be lifesaving for patients with hemorrhage; however, transfusion requirements for victims of gun violence are poorly understood. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS In an urban, Level 1 trauma center, 23,422 trauma patients were analyzed in a retrospective cohort study. Patients with gunshot wounds (GSWs) (n = 2,672; 11.4% of trauma patients) were compared to those with non-GSW traumatic injuries from 2005 to 2017, to assess blood utilization. RESULTS The GSW cohort was approximately five times more likely to require transfusion (538 of 2672 [20.1%] vs. 798 of 20,750 [3.9%]; p < 0.0001), and the number of blood component units transfused per patient was approximately 10 times greater (3.3 ± 13.5 vs. 0.31 ± 3.8 units/patient; p < 0.0001), compared to the non-GSW cohort. The risk-adjusted likelihood of requiring high-dose transfusion was greater in the GSW cohort (odds ratio, 2.38; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-5.80), and requirements were increased for all four blood components (red blood cells, platelets, plasma, and cryoprecipitate). Patients with GSWs had approximately 14 times greater overall mortality (653 of 2672 [24.4%] vs. 352 of 20,750 [1.7%]; p < 0.0001]. Compared to non-GSW penetrating injuries (e.g., stab wounds), those with GSWs had approximately four times higher transfusion requirements (3.3 ± 13.5 vs. 0.80 ± 3.8 units/patient; p < 0.0001), and approximately eight times greater overall mortality (653 of 2672 [24.4%] vs. 28 of 956 [2.9%]; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Compared to other traumatic injuries, GSW injuries are associated with substantially greater blood utilization and mortality. Trauma centers treating GSW injuries should have ready access to all blood components and ability to implement massive transfusions.
Lifestyle Factors Affecting the Gut Microbiota’s Relationship with Type 1 Diabetes

The incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is rising drastically for the past decades at a rate that cannot be explained by genetic changes alone. Environmental changes are considered to be the main drivers of this change. Recently, the gut microbiota has been suggested as a missing link between known environmental disease modulators and T1D promotion. Lifestyle factors have changed over time and have altered the gut microbiota-host interaction affecting T1D development. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent data emphasizing the modulatory potential of early lifestyle factors on gut microbiota and to elucidate their implication for T1D. Recent findings show that lifestyle factors, especially those that affect the early establishment of gut homeostasis and the education of the immune system, are crucial disease modulators. Changing lifestyle factors affecting the early establishment of gut homeostasis are suggested to be key drivers of the rising T1D incidence.
Prediction of the boiling and critical points of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons via Wang-Landau simulations and machine learning

Abstract We use molecular simulations and machine learning to determine the vapor-liquid equilibria (VLE) properties of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). First, we perform Hybrid Monte Carlo Wang-Landau (HMC-WL) simulations on reference PAHs and evaluate VLE properties including the boiling and critical points, as well as the parameters capturing the dependence of vapor pressure upon temperature. Second, we use machine learning (ML) to extend the simulation predictions to a series of PAHs, with varying shape and number of fused rings. More specifically, HMC-WL results are used to train an artificial neural network using as descriptors molecular data, i.e. molecular weight, moments of inertia and number of aromatic rings. The combined molecular simulation-machine learning approach proposed here provides a self-consistent method to determine the VLE properties of organic compounds.
Overview of the Intensive Care of the Adult with Congenital Heart Disease

There are now more adults than children living with congenital heart disease, many of whom have moderately to severely complex defects. As a group, these patients are hospitalized more than the general population, and many require intensive care. Adults with congenital heart disease are a highly variable group of patients, many of whom have antecedent chronic medical problems that may complicate or be complicated by critical illness, such as congestive hepatopathy and hepatic disease, renal impairment, arrhythmia, coagulopathy, and thrombosis. The intensive care team, whether in a children’s or adult hospital, needs to be prepared to handle this growing population of patients.
Casuística de Diagnósticos do Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária no ano de 2015

Este trabalho apresenta a casuistica de diagnosticos no ano de 2015 do Laboratorio de Patologia Veterinaria do IFC Campus Concordia. Foram 212 diagnosticos em bovinos, 24 em ovinos e 52 em suinos, totalizando 196. Destes, 211 (73,3%) foram atraves de necropsias e 77 (26,6%) atraves de amostras formolizadas enviadas por veterinarios. Em bovinos as doencas mais incidentes foram babesiose com 11 casos (5,2%); hemoncose, intoxicacao por Pteridium arachnoideume leucose enzootica bovina cada um com 10 casos (4,7%); e endocardite com 8 casos (3,8%). Ja em ovinos foi hemoncose com 5 casos (21,0%) e suinos ulcera gastrica com 6 casos (11,5%); hepatose dietetica com 5 casos (9,5%) e doenca de Glasser com 4 casos (7,7%).
What Phishing E-mails Reveal: An Exploratory Analysis of Phishing Attempts Using Text Analysis

ABSTRACT Accountants and auditing firms are frequent phishing targets because of the proximity to organizational resources. Since phishing typically is done using emails, text analysis is used to e...
Influence of grain size and shape on volcanic ash electrical conductivity

Abstract Few studies have examined the electrical properties of volcanic ash or considered the effects of physical characteristics, such as grain size and shape on its electrification. This study measures the resistivity of eight volcanic ash samples, three milled-samples and five natural ashfall samples from Alaska, U.S.A., using a current amplifier and examines the influence of particle size and particle shape on calculated grain conductivity. Grain conductivities are calculated by applying spherical, oblate, and prolate ellipsoidal shape parameters within a general effective media equation. Volcanic ash is an electrically insulating material with average resistivity values ranging from 1.732E7 to 1.606E12 Ωm. Results show that grain size has a limited impact on resistivity. Calculated grain conductivities remained within the same order of magnitude between the three different shape calculations ranging between 1.367E−7 and 2.196E−12 S/m using the spherical shape parameter. Electrical measurements of heterogeneous powders are complex and challenging. This study aims to expand the community's dataset and understanding of the electrical properties of volcanic ash and the impact of different physical characteristics. This has implication for understanding ash hazards to electrical infrastructure and volcanic lightning.
Bar Talk: Informal Social Interactions, Alcohol Prohibition, and Invention

To understand the importance of informal social interactions for invention, I examine a massive and involuntary disruption of informal social networks from U.S. history: alcohol prohibition. The enactment of state-level prohibition laws differentially treated counties depending on whether those counties were wet or dry prior to prohibition. After the imposition of state-level prohibition, previously wet counties had 8-18% fewer patents per year relative to consistently dry counties. The effect was largest in the first three years after the imposition of prohibition and rebounds thereafter. The effect was smaller for groups that were less likely to frequent saloons, namely women and particular ethnic groups. Next, I use the imposition of prohibition to show that the social network exhibited path dependence in the sense that as individuals rebuilt their networks following prohibition, they connected with new individuals and patented in new technology classes. Thus, while prohibition had only a temporary effect on the rate of invention, it had a lasting effect on the direction of inventive activity. Additionally, I exploit the imposition of prohibition to show that networks increase invention by exposing individuals to others' ideas in addition to simply facilitating collaboration and that informal and formal interactions are complements in the invention production function.
Seeing What Is Said: Teaching Niccolò Machiavelli’s The Prince through Its Images

This multidisciplinary pedagogy offers eight allegorical images in support of a visually contextual reading of The Prince. Responding to the pedagogical problem of students treating the text as an ahistorical manual for action addressed to them, our approach resituates The Prince in its visual cultural context. This allows us to specify Machiavelli’s innovations as a theorist in terms of the importance of plurality and particularity in regard to political action. An online supplemental appendix provides access to databases and additional resources. Exploring Machiavelli’s politicized moral concepts of prudence, parsimony, liberality, fortune, and impetuosity using these images, we show his masterful invocation and redeployment of the cultural codes of his time. In presenting a visual history of concepts, we hope to move students beyond common contemporary ideological biases and literal readings and to alert them to the complex stories and relationships evident in the visual history of civic humanism.
Correlation of droplet elasticity and volume fraction effects on emulsion dynamics

The rheological properties of emulsions are of considerable importance in a diverse range of scenarios. Here we describe a superposition of the effects of droplet elasticity and volume fraction on the dynamics of emulsions. The superposition is governed by physical interactions between droplets, and provides a new mechanism for modifying the flow behavior of emulsions, by controlling the elasticity of the dispersed phase. We investigate the properties of suspensions of emulsified wormlike micelles (WLM). Dense suspensions of the emulsified WLM droplets exhibit thermally responsive properties in which the viscoelastic moduli decrease by an order of magnitude over a temperature range of 0 °C to 25 °C. Surprisingly, the dependence of modulus on volume fraction is independent of droplet stiffness. Instead, the emulsion modulus scales as a power-law with volume fraction with a constant exponent across all temperatures even as the droplet properties change from elastic to viscous. Nevertheless, the underlying droplet dynamics depend strongly on temperature. From stress relaxation experiments, we quantify droplet dynamics across the cage breaking time scale below which the droplets are locally caged by neighbors and above which the droplets escape their cages to fully relax. For elastic droplets and high volume fractions, droplets relax less stress on short time scales and the terminal relaxations are slower than for viscous droplets and lower volume fractions. Characteristic measures of the short and long-time dynamics are highly correlated for variations in both temperature and emulsion concentration, suggesting that thermal and volume fraction effects represent independent parameters to control emulsion properties.
Lattice instabilities and phonon thermal transport in TlBr

This theoretical and experimental work finds the simple CsCl-structure TlBr to exhibit both high and extremely low thermal conductivity in different temperature ranges. First-principles calculations demonstrate that low room-temperature lattice thermal conductivity arises from avoided-crossing-related anharmonicity (only effective at appreciable temperatures) and multiple related lattice near instabilities. Evidence for `localized oscillator' thermal transport, originally hypothesized by Einstein, is also presented.
Infectious and Inflammatory Mimickers of Hematopoietic Disorders in the Liver and Spleen

Benign or malignant diseases confined to the liver can be associated with inflammation, including lymphoid or plasmacytic infiltrate, and can rarely mimic neoplastic hematopoietic disorders. These differential diagnoses have received limited attention in the literature. Understanding the patterns of liver histology caused by lymphoma and various non-neoplastic inflammatory pathologies is essential, as the differential diagnosis varies depending on whether an inflammatory infiltrate primarily involves portal tracts, primarily involves sinusoids, or forms a discrete mass lesion.
The Press and Local Information Advantage

Combining a proprietary dataset of individual investor brokerage accounts with a hand-collected newspaper article dataset, we compare the use and anticipation of press information by local investors, those who live near a firm's headquarters, with non-local investors. We ask whether local investors have an informational advantage created by access to local press, their anticipation of newspaper articles (local or national) or their reaction to such news. Our results show that local investors react significantly more strongly than non-local investors to local news, i.e. articles published in local or regional newspapers, even when restricting to investors who already hold the stock and are thus likely to be paying attention to firm-specific news. Non-local investors react more strongly to national newspaper articles than local investors; however the non-local investors earn on average negative returns on these trades. In essence, investors tend to react most strongly to the newspapers they are likely to subscribe to, resulting in more positive returns for local investors. We also examine anticipation of news and find no significant difference between local and non-local investors' trading. This result is inconsistent with prior literature's claim that local investor advantages are due to information leakage. Finally, we find that the reaction of local investors to regional newspapers is significantly stronger among investors in more literate cities.
Dynamic Voltage Restorer Controlled with Energy Minimized Compensation Method Based on Double Flying Capacitor Multicell Inverter

Nowadays, integration of intermittent and distributed renewable energy generations into power grid causes to have power quality problems as concern. These problems are usually causing very costly consequences such as production line and/or sensitive load interruption. Hence, it is crucial to have stable voltage with good quality. One of the most effective power-electronics-based approach to alleviate the mentioned problems is dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). DVR is capable to restore the voltage at load side whenever grid voltage is disturbed. This paper presents a DVR structure for medium-voltage power grid based on double flying capacitor multicell inverter. In the proposed DVR circuit, an energy storage connected to the dc link of the inverter provides the needed active power to restore the voltage quality. In order to minimize the required energy from energy storage, the energy optimized strategy is implemented to compensate the voltage sag. Furthermore, d-q synchronous reference frame-based method is implemented to calculate the DVR reference voltages. To validate the operation of the presented DVR circuit, simulation results are provided for different cases.
Pancreatic circulating tumor cell detection by targeted single-cell next-generation sequencing.

Abstract Background and aims Single-cell next-generation sequencing (scNGS) technology has been widely used in genomic profiling, which relies on whole-genome amplification (WGA). However, WGA introduces errors and is especially less accurate when applied to single nucleotide variant (SNV) analysis. Targeted scNGS for SNV without WGA has not been described. We aimed to develop a method to detect circulating tumor cells (CTCs) with DNA SNVs. Methods We tested this targeted scNGS method with three driver mutant genes (KRAS/TP53/SMAD4) on one pancreatic cancer cell line AsPC-1 and then applied it to patients with metastatic PDAC for the validation. Results All single-cell of AsPC-1 and spiked-in AsPC-1 cells in healthy donor blood, which were isolated by the filtration with size or by flow cytometry, were detected by targeted scNGS method. All blood samples from six patients with metastatic PDAC, for the validation of target scNGS method, showed CTCs with SNVs of KRAS/TP53/SMAD4 and the positive confirmation of immunofluorescent stainings with Pan-CK/Vimentin/CD45. Four patients with early stage disease, one patient with benign pancreatic cyst and a healthy control sample all showed concordant results between targeted scNGS and CTC enumeration. Conclusions The novel technique of targeted scNGS for SNV analysis, without pre-amplification, is a promising method for identifying and characterizing circulating tumor cells.
Occupation Time Statistics—The Intensity of Events

To develop the new test, we consider the time span (or sample path) of the stochastic processes. Intuitively, it is easy to see that if an event is essential, its impacts should persist for a while through time.