cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Size-selective molecular transport through silica colloidal nanopores

Diffusion rate of dye-labelled PAMAM dendrimers through free-standing silica colloidal crystals was studied as a function of the dendrimer generation and nanopore size to determine the transport selectivity.
Predictors of Adoption of Mammography in Women Under Age 50

Women in the University of North Carolina Alumni Heart Study reported their knowledge of and attitudes toward mammography as well as their adoption of mammography by 1991. Personality measured in 1988-1989 at the age of 42 was associated with the pattern of adoption of mammography reported 2 years later. Adoption of regular mammograms was predicted by conscientiousness, extraversion, and lower depression but not by anxiety. After adjusting for 8 traditional predictors of mammography shown to be significant in this population, the previous personality factors did not maintain their significance. When the women were divided into those who reported breast problems and those who did not, the same set of adjustment factors reduced, but did not eliminate, the association of conscientiousness with adoption of mammography for women without breast problems.
Iron and chlorine as guides to stratiform Cu-Co-Au deposits, Idaho Cobalt Belt, USA

The Cu-Co-Au deposits of the Idaho Cobalt Belt are in lithostratigraphic zones of the Middle Proterozoic Yellowjacket Formation characterized by distinctive chemical and mineralogical compositions including high concentrations of Fe (15- > 30 wt. percent Fe2O3), Cl (0.1–1.10 wt. percent), and magnetite or biotite (> 50 vol. percent). The Cu-Co-Au deposits of the Blackbird mine are stratabound in Fe-silicate facies rocks that are rich in biotite, Fe, and Cl, but stratigraphically equivalent rocks farther than 10 km from ore deposits have similar compositions. A lower lithostratigraphic zone containing magnetite and small Cu-Co-Au deposits extends for more than 40 km. The Fe-rich strata are probably exhalative units related to mafic volcanism and submarine hot springs, but the origin of the high Cl concentrations is less clear. Former chlorine-rich pore fluids are suggested by the presence of supersaline fluid inclusions, by Cl-rich biotite and scapolite (as much as 1.87 percent Cl in Fe-rich biotite), and by high Cl concentrations in rock samples. Chlorine is enriched in specific strata and in zones characterized by soft-sediment deformation, thus probably was introduced during sedimentation or diagenesis. Unlike some metasedimentary rocks containing scapolite and high Cl, the Yellowjacket Formation lacks evidence for evaporitic strata that could have been a source of Cl. More likely, the Cl reflects a submarine brine that carried Fe, K, and base metals. Strata containing anomalous Fe-K-Cl are considered to be a guide to sub-basins favorable for the occurrence of stratiform base-metal deposits.
Mixing problems of low flow hepatic artery infusion. Improvement with small caliber double lumen balloon catheters.

The problem of inhomogeneous mixing encountered during hepatic artery (HA) chemotherapy infusion was assessed and a practical solution examined. A glass model of the human HA distribution was used to determine mixing homogeneity of low flow (1.4 mL/minute) dye infusion into pulsatile flow (280-300 mL/minute) of a fluid isoviscous to blood. Dye concentration in each of 16 HA branches was determined by photospectrometry. Dye infusion was carried out through 2-2.5F double lumen end hole or proximal side hole balloon catheters without balloon inflation, with balloon inflation maintaining full HA flow, and with the balloon inflated so that HA flow was reduced by 50%. The measurements taken without balloon inflation showed gross inhomogeneity of dye concentration in various branches. The inhomogeneity was not improved during balloon inflation as long as full HA flow was maintained. After balloon inflation reduced HA flow by 50%, dye mixing was improved significantly, with infusion through side hole catheters (alpha = .002) but not significantly (alpha = .2) with infusion through end hold catheters. This investigation suggests that the proposed technique might be useful for clinical application and deserves further evaluation in an in vivo system.
Intramolecular electron-transfer reactions of cytochrome b5 covalently bonded to ruthenium(II) polypyridine complexes: reorganizational energy and pressure effects

Abstract A series of ruthenium polypyridine complexes have been covalently attached to Cys73 of the T73C variant of synthetic rat liver cytochrome b 5 . Photoexcitation of the ruthenium complex results in transient electron transfer from the excited ruthenium complex, Ru(II) ∗ , to the Fe(III) center of the protein followed by a rapid electron-transfer reaction from Fe(II) to Ru(III). The observed rate constants for the excited-state reaction ranged from 3.4 × 10 7 to 5 × 10 4 s −1 and from 4.3 × 10 7 to 4.5 × 10 5 s −1 for the back reaction. The free energy dependence of the rate constants is best described by a reorganizational energy = 1 eV and an electron tunneling matrix element H AB =0.35 cm −1 for electron transfer between the heme iron and the ruthenium complex. The reorganizational energy is the same as that obtained with the T65C variant labeled at Cys65 with the same series of ruthenium complexes. H AB , however, is 30% larger in the T73C derivatives. The pressure dependence of the rate constants of two derivatives of cytochrome b 5 have been determined in order to investigate the sensitivity of the electronic coupling to pressure dependent van der Waals contacts between the redox centers. The first derivative was made by labeling the T65C variant with Ru((CH 3 ) 2 bpy) 2 (CH 3 bpyCH 2− ) 2+ and contains a well defined 12 bond covalent link between the redox centers. The T65C derivative shows no pressure dependence over the range of 0.1–200 MPa. The second derivative was made by labeling the T73C variant with the same complex. In this case, the electronic coupling between the redox centers appears to involve a van der Waals contact between the hydrogens on the γ-carbon of Ser71 and a porphyrin methyl group. This derivative shows a very small negative volume of activation.
Evaluating Blame Hypotheses

In Thomas Hardy's classic Tess of the D’Urbervilles, the heroine is an utterly blameless woman whose “offense” is to have been raped by a member of the family she has been sent to live with in hope...
Range image segmentation using regularization

This paper describes the application of regularization techniques to the problem of segmenting range images. We propose a new energy functional that varies the amount of smoothing according to the gradient of the data. An iterative application of reconstruction using this new functional improves the signal/noise ratio of the noisy input image with good preservation of discontinuities. By employing reconstruction using this new energy functional, the difficulty in applying regularization techniques to the segmentation problem due to smoothing over discontinuities is circumvented. The results indicate that the algorithm performs especially well on noisy range images. Reconstruction using the new energy functional shows the possibility of its application to the problem of image enhancement. An algorithm is described for the detection of zeroth order discontinuities and surface reconstruction. We also discuss how the same algorithm can be applied to detect first order discontinuities and be applied to gradient reconstruction.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Structural Theory of Social Exchange

A theory is formulated with which to analyze transactions in social retationships Economic types of exchange characterized by calculation and self-interest on the part of the actors are contrasted with more "social" forms of transaction such as occur in the cases of role relationships with interlocking rights and obligations and persons strongly attached to one another. The social factors and conditions determining the types of transaction likely to occur between actors are examined in the paper. The key idea in this respect is that the structural and temporal context of interaction, including the past and anticipated character of their relationship, affects actors' orientations toward one another, their preferences, decisions and interaction patterns.
Anthropological perspectives on money management: considerations for the design and implementation of interventions for substance abuse.

Background: There remains a long-standing argument regarding the need for money management strategies to control poor spending habits among people with substance use disorders. Objective: The objective was to review issues relevant to the design and implementation of money-management-based interventions for substance abuse. Methods: Using a comparative, cross-cultural framework of anthropology, this manuscript examines three challenges for the design and implementation of money management interventions for substance abuse: (i) clients may not trust mental health centers to manage their money, (ii) clients may have different economic perspectives from clinicians and researchers, and (iii) clients may obtain substances through informal networks of exchange. Results: This article clarifies the inherently complex symbolic and social dimensions of money and addiction and illustrates the need for researchers and clinicians to be mindful of the cultural assumptions that underlie money management interventions fo...
Examining the Influence of a Curriculum-Based Elementary Mathematics Professional Development Program

This study presents findings from the first cohort of teachers in a U.S. Department of Education Mathematics Science Partnership (MSP) grant designed to support the use of a standards-based elementary school mathematics curriculum, Investigations in Number, Data, and Space (Investigations). In line with the goals of the MSP program, the 84-hour professional development program focused on building teachers’ knowledge of mathematics content, examining how the mathematics content is embedded into curriculum, and supporting teachers’ enactment of reform-based pedagogies. Teacher participants had a positive gain in their content knowledge, but this increase did not have any statistically significant impact on student gains in the assessment of mathematics proficiency. Results about teacher beliefs were inconclusive, as more time is needed to change teacher beliefs. Teachers who changed their practices from teacher centered to student centered found their students with statistically more gains in their performa...
Laminopathies: Too Much SUN Is a Bad Thing

SUN proteins accelerate the pathological progression of laminopathies. Although the mechanisms remain to be elucidated, an intriguing possibility is that high levels of SUN proteins lead to a hyperactive DNA damage response.
Initial spring temperature profiles of the mesopause region over Fort Collins, CO, measured by the Colorado state Na temperature lidar

After its first measurement in late August, 1989, the new Na temperature lidar has been in operation during springs 1990 and 1991 at Fort Collins, CO. A total of nine nights (over 2600 profiles) of mesopause temperature measurements, each for a period longer than 4 hours, have been taken. We present these high quality initial profiles which demonstrate the effectiveness of the new two-frequency narrowband lidar technique for mesopause temperature measurements. The average temperature profiles suggest that the spring mesopause temperatures range from 168 K to 205 K. The mesopause heights are around 88 km before the midnight and around 99 km after the midnight. The nightly averaged temperature profiles in the mesopause region display considerable variability. The richness in new geophysical information obtainable with a Na temperature lidar is made evident by noting strong perturbations in a short time scale (15 min) in the data taken on March 11, 1990 and March 18, 1991.
On multiple coverings of the infinite rectangular grid with balls of constant radius

We consider the coverings of graphs with balls of constant radius satisfying special multiplicity condition. A (t,i,j)-cover of a graph G=(V,E) is a subset S of vertices, such that every element of S belongs to exactly i balls of radius t centered at elements of S and every element of V@?S belongs to exactly j balls of radius t centered at elements of S. For the infinite rectangular grid, we show that in any (t,i,j)-cover, i and j differ by at most t+2 except for one degenerate case. Furthermore, for i and j satisfying |i-j|>4 we show that all (t,i,j)-covers are the unions of the diagonals periodically located in the grid. Also, we give the description of all (1,i,j)-covers.
Dissolution and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies of thin copper oxide films on copper in semi-aqueous fluoride solutions

The selective dissolution of thin copper oxide films grown on copper in semi-aqueous formulations containing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ammonium fluoride (NH"4F) and water was studied. Optimization of the formulations was carried out by systematic evaluation of the effect of solvent content and pH on the removal rates of copper oxide films and selectivity towards copper and carbon doped oxide (CDO) low k dielectric film. Copper oxide removal rate of ~180A/min with a selectivity of ~130:1 towards copper and ~20:1 selectivity towards CDO was obtained in a formulation containing 29% DMSO, 1% NH"4F and 70% H"2O at pH 4. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies were performed on this system and the data were analyzed to characterize the copper oxide/electrolyte interface with the ultimate objective of developing an end point detection technique for copper oxide removal.
Pervaporation of methanol from a triglyme solution using a Nafion membrane: 1. Transport studies

Abstract The feasibility of using pervaporation as a means to recover low concentrations of methanol produced from the catalytic reaction of syngas in triglyme (triethylene glycol dimethyl ether) has been investigated. In this study, Nafion (a perfluorosulfonate ionomer) has been found to be a highly permeable and permselective membrane for methanol separation. Both sorption and diffusion favor methanol, resulting in high permeability and selectivity. A mathematical model for methanol pervaporation through Nafion has been validated by which flux is related to membrane thickness, the equilibrium permeant concentration in the membrane, a diffusion coefficient, and a plasticization term. Using this model to analyze the pervaporization data, the diffusion coefficient for methanol flux through Nafion was determined to be 6.8 × 10 −8 cm 2 s −1 at 30°C while the Arrhenius activation energy for methanol flux was estimated to be a low 3 kcal mol −1 . By contrast, the diffusion coefficient and activation energy for triglyme are estimated as 1.0 × 10 −8 cm 2 s −1 and 20 kcal mol −1 , respectively. These values are consistent with the cluster-network model for Nafion whereby methanol would be expected to easily pass through open ionic channels while the larger, less polar triglyme molecule diffuses primarily through the amorphous regions surrounding the clusters.
Free will, narrative, and retroactive self-constitution

John Fischer has recently argued that the value of acting freely is the value of self-expression. Drawing on David Velleman’s earlier work, Fischer holds that the value of a life is a narrative value and free will is valuable insofar as it allows us to shape the narrative structure of our lives. This account rests on Fischer’s distinction between regulative control and guidance control. While we lack the former kind of control, on Fischer’s view, the latter is all that is needed for self-expression. I first develop Fischer’s narrative account, focusing on his reliance on temporal loops as giving us control over the value of our lives. Second, I argue that the narrative account grants us greater power over the past than Fischer would allow: since narrative allows not only for changes in how we feel about episodes in our past but what those episodes in fact were, it allows for a kind of retroactive self-constitution. Finally, I suggest that this modification of the narrative view opens the possibility of a conception of freedom far stronger than guidance control. It does not give us the libertarian control over whether to choose A or B in the present, but it does provide a measure of control over the sort of person an agent has been, and thus whether she is the sort of person who will choose A or B in the future.
Application of carbon fiber composite minielectrodes for measurement of kinetic constants of nitric oxide decay in solution.

Abstract Carbon fiber microelectrodes and carbon fiber composite minielectrodes (CFM/CFCM) have been generally used for measurements of nitric oxide (NO) concentration in chemical and biological systems. The response time of a CFM/CFCM is usually from milliseconds to seconds depending on the electrode size, the thickness of coating layers on the electrode, and NO diffusion coefficients of the coating layers. As a result, the time course of recoded current changes (I–t curves) by the CFM/CFCM may be different from the actual time course of NO concentration changes (c–t curves) if the half-life of NO decay is close to or shorter than the response time of the electrode used. This adds complexity to the process for determining rate constants of NO decay kinetics from the recorded current curves (I–t curves). By computer simulations based on a mathematical model, an approximation method was developed for determining rate constants of NO decay from the recorded current curves. This method was first tested and valuated using a commercial CFCM in several simple reaction systems with known rate constants. The response time of the CFCM was measured as 4.7 ± 0.7 s (n = 5). The determined rate constants of NO volatilization and NO autoxidation in our measurement system at 37 °C are (1.9 ± 0.1) × 10−3 s−1 (n = 4) and (2.0 ± 0.3) × 103 M−1 s−1 (n = 7), which are close to the reported rate constants. The method was then applied to determine the rate of NO decay in blood samples from control and smoking exposed mice. It was observed that the NO decay rate in the smoking group is >20% higher than that in control group, and the increased NO decay rate in the smoking group was reversed by 10 μM diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI), an inhibitor of flavin enzymes such as leukocyte NADPH oxidase.
A quasistationary analysis of a stochastic chemical reaction: Keizer's paradox.

For a system of biochemical reactions, it is known from the work of T.G. Kurtz [J. Appl. Prob. 8, 344 (1971)] that the chemical master equation model based on a stochastic formulation approaches the deterministic model based on the Law of Mass Action in the infinite system-size limit in finite time. The two models, however, often show distinctly different steady-state behavior. To further investigate this “paradox,” a comparative study of the deterministic and stochastic models of a simple autocatalytic biochemical reaction, taken from a text by the late J. Keizer, is carried out. We compute the expected time to extinction, the true stochastic steady state, and a quasistationary probability distribution in the stochastic model. We show that the stochastic model predicts the deterministic behavior on a reasonable time scale, which can be consistently obtained from both models. The transition time to the extinction, however, grows exponentially with the system size. Mathematically, we identify that exchanging the limits of infinite system size and infinite time is problematic. The appropriate system size that can be considered sufficiently large, an important parameter in numerical computation, is also discussed.
Conjoint Measurement for Quantifying Judgmental Data

Conjoint measurement is a new development in mathematical psychology that can be used to measure the joint effects of a set of independent variables on the ordering of a dependent variable. In this...
Thermodynamic group contributions for hydroxyl, amino, and methylene groups.

The hydroxyl, amino, and methylene group contributions to the free energy of transfer from water to the organic phase, from water to the vapor phase, and from heptane to the vapor phase were determined from the Henry constants of aliphatic series of hydrocarbons, alcohols, and amines in dilute aqueous and heptane solutions. The Henry constant of each solution was measured using a vapor headspace GLC method with very dilute aqueous and organic solutions. Plotting the log of the Henry constant versus carbon number yielded a straight line from which the methylene group contribution was calculated. This value was − 150 cal/ mole for water to vapor, 760 cal/mole for heptane to vapor, and − 910 cal/mole for water to the organic phase. The hydroxyl contribution was 6890 cal/mole for water to vapor, 1320 cal/mole for organic to vapor, and 5570 cal/mole for the transfer of a hydroxyl group from water to the organic phase. For the amino group, the free energy of transfer was 6470 cal/mole for water to vapor, 1490 cal/mole for heptane to vapor, and 4980 cal/mole for water to the organic phase. The values determined were in reasonable agreement with literature data. Such data can be used to predict the effects of various functional groups on the distribution and transport tendencies of drugs.
Prototypicality in a Linguistic Context: Effects on Sentence Structure

tences in recall, preference ratings, and natural dictionary definitions. The first experiment showed that sentences were systematically changed in retail to allow prototypical instances of categories to be mentioned before nonprototypical instances. In the second experiment, sentences in which the prototype preceded the nonprototype were judged more natural than sentences with the opposite order. Finally, an examination of dictionary definitions of categories found that prototypes tended to occur before nonprototypes. These results can be explained in terms of the sensitivity of sentence production processes to the lexical or conceptual accessibility of prototypes. Such processes appear to adjust serial positions
Material parameters for pressure-dependent yielding of unidirectional fiber-reinforced polymeric composites

We study elasto-plastic deformations of unidirectional fiber reinforced polymeric composites (UFPCs) with fibers assumed to deform elastically and the matrix elasto-plastically. The matrix’s and hence composite’s plastic deformations are analyzed by using both the pressure-independent von Mises yield surface and the pressure-dependent Drucker–Prager yield surface and the associated flow rules. In both cases the strain hardening of the matrix is considered and values of material parameters for the matrix are obtained by computing the effective stress versus the effective plastic strain curves from experimental uniaxial stress–strain curves. Values of parameters in the yield surface for the UFPC in terms of those of the matrix and the volume fraction of fibers are found by using a micromechanics approach. Wherever possible, the computed results are compared with the corresponding experimental findings available in the literature. Significant contributions of the work include providing a methodology for determining values of elasto-plastic material parameters for a UFPC from those of its constituents and their volume fractions, and giving expressions in terms of volume fractions of fibers for material parameters appearing in the yield surface of the composite.
Electric System-wide Measurements: North American Directions

The western interconnected electric system of North America pioneered the concept of system-wide measurements, particularly applied to system dynamic issues. This involved the development and deployment of synchronized, sub-second measurement units and their associated data collection networks. More recently, the United States Department of Energy has collaborated with the North American electric reliability council, electric utilities, reliability coordinators, equipment and software suppliers, and researchers to advance the use of phasors in the eastern interconnection of North America. This paper provides an overview of the status of system-wide monitoring in North America, the directions emerging for application of this data to situational awareness and system operations, as well as the institutional changes underway to organize the relevant parties and establish a viable infrastructure to support the information exchange required to fulfill each party's role
Feedback control for real-time scheduling

Most real-time scheduling algorithms are open-loop algorithms as the scheduling decisions are based on the worst-case estimates of task parameters. In recent years, the "closed-loop" scheduling has gained importance due to its applicability to many real-world problems wherein the feedback information can be exploited efficiently to adjust task and/or scheduler parameters, thereby improving the system's performance. In this paper, we discuss an open-loop dynamic scheduling algorithm that employs a notion of task overlap in the scheduler in order to provide some flexibility in task execution time. Then we present a novel closed-loop approach for dynamically estimating the execution time of tasks based on both deadline miss ratio and task rejection ratio in the system. This approach is highly preferable for firm/soft real-time systems since it provides a firm performance guarantee in terms of deadline misses while achieving a high guarantee ratio. We design the proportional-integral controller and H/sub /spl infin// controller for closed loop scheduling. We evaluate the performance of the open-loop and the closed-loop approaches using simulation studies. We show that the closed-loop dynamic scheduling offers a better performance over the open-loop scheduling under all practical conditions.
Monetary Policy Signaling from Congress to the Federal Reserve

Chapters Four and Five provided evidence that the Administration directly influences monetary policy over time by informally signaling Federal Reserve officials. In contrast, although there is evidence in the literature of possible indirect Congressional influence in the form of a correlation between the liberal/conservative ranking of the Chair of the Senate Banking Committee and an ease/tightness bias in monetary policy (Grier, 1991), there is no evidence that informal signaling by Congresspersons has an effect on monetary policy as direct as that of the executive branch (Havrilesky, 1988). For example, an index of signals from Congress to the Federal Reserve (SCFER) was constructed in the same way as the SAFER index in Chapter Two.
Prevention of primary bacteraemia

This overview provides information on recent advances in the prevention of primary bacteraemia, commonly defined as bloodstream infection without a documented source of infection, but including those resulting from an intravenous or arterial line infection. The potential to prevent community-acquired, primary bacteraemia is still limited and may be targeted mainly at vaccines for high-risk groups. In contrast, the prevention of catheter-related bacteraemia has seen substantial progress within the last 10 years. Consequently, intravascular device-related bacteraemia has become largely preventable under routine working conditions. Independent of the use of antibiotic-coated catheters, the implementation of clinical pathways and multimodal preventive strategies directed at several risk factors of catheter-related bacteraemia is a successful strategy to reduce this potentially life-threatening infection and deserves future health services research.
Accurate Machine-Learning-Based On-Chip Router Modeling

As industry moves towards multicore chips, networks-on-chip (NoCs) are emerging as the scalable fabric for interconnecting the cores. With power now the first-order design constraint, early-stage estimation of NoC power, performance, and area has become crucially important. In this work, we develop accurate architecture-level on-chip router cost models using machine-learning-based regression techniques. Compared against existing models (e.g., ORION 2.0 and parametric models), our models reduce estimation error by up to 89% on average.
Deformation of liquid capsules with incompressible interfaces in simple shear flow

The transient deformation of liquid capsules enclosed by incompressible membranes whose mechanical properties are dominated by isotropic tension is studied as a model of red blood cell deformation in simple shear flow. The problem is formulated in terms of an integral equation for the distribution of the tension over the cell membrane which is solved using a point-wise collocation and a spectral-projection method. The computations illustrate the dependence of the deformed steady cell shape, membrane tank-treading frequency, membrane tension, and rheological properties of a dilute suspension, on the undeformed cell shape. The general features of the evolution of two-dimensional cells are found to be similar to those of three-dimensional cells, and the corresponding membrane tank-treading frequency and maximum tension are seen to attain comparable values. The numerical results are compared with previous asymptotic analyses for small deformations and available experimental observations, with satisfactory agreement. An estimate of the maximum shear stress for membrane breakup and red blood cell hemolysis is deduced on the basis of the computed maximum membrane tension at steady state.
Sample path analysis of level crossings for the workload process

We examine level crossings of sample paths of queueing processes and investigate the conditions under which the limiting empirical distribution for the workload process exists and is absolutely continuous. The connection between the density of the workload distribution and the rate of downcrossings is established as a sample path result that does not depend on any stochastic assumptions. As a corollary, we obtain the sample path version of the Takacs formula connecting the time and customer stationary distributions in a queue. Defective limiting empirical distributions are considered and an expression for the mass at infinity is derived.
Please May I Have a Bike? Better Yet, May I Have a Hug? An Examination of Children’s and Adolescents’ Happiness

Academic research on children’s and adolescents’ happiness has been slow to develop. This research provides an empirical investigation to answer the question, “What makes children and adolescents happy?” We explore this question in two studies with a total of 300 participants ages 8–18. Study 1 asks participants to answer the open-ended question, “What makes me happy?” There were five emergent themes—“people and pets,” “achievements,” “material things,” “hobbies,” and “sports”. Study 2 also asks participants to answer the question, “What makes me happy?”, but uses two different measures (a semi-structured thought listing task and a collage task). Using three different happiness measures, we found consistent age differences in what children perceive to make them happy.
PRINCIPLE AND PRACTICE IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS.Guy Cook and Barbara Seidlhofer (Eds.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. Pp. xi + 431. $19.95 paper.

Applied linguistics embodies a kaleidoscope of disciplines, theoretical approaches, research paradigms, and beliefs about practice. Its diversity is reflected in this festschrift honoring Henry Widdowson. The volume contains the contributions of 27 authors from five continents and, like the honoree's own body of work, represents a wide range of topics. In their introductory chapter, the editors outline the disciplines they have chosen to include: assessment, corpus linguistics, discourse analysis, language teaching, literature, second language acquisition, and the relationship among theory, research, and practice. As this list reveals, other areas of applied linguistics are notably absent: first language literacy, language planning and policy, and translation, among others. Omissions are no doubt necessary in order to compile a volume of manageable size; in spite of these omissions, readers will find the contributions absorbing and take pleasure in tracing thematic threads throughout. A sampling of major themes is outlined here.
Adapting Cooperative Learning to an Introductory Analysis Class

A description is given of an introductory analysis class offered in a “cooperative learning” format. The emphasis of the course was to develop analysis skills of the class members. Groups of three students spent most of the class time working problems collectively. Various aspects of arranging this type of course are summarized, including the steps to be taken prior to the beginning of the term, as well as those elements that were handled on a day-to-day basis.
Therapeutic Equivalency of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins:

OBJECTIVE:To review the recent literature on the approved uses of enoxaparin, dalteparin, ardeparin, and tinzaparin and the evidence for therapeutic equivalence.DATA SOURCES:A MEDLINE search (1993–January 2001) was conducted to identify English-language literature available on enoxaparin, dalteparin, ardeparin, and tinzaparin.STUDY SELECTION:All controlled trials evaluating low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) versus standard therapy powered to detect a significant difference were reviewed.DATA EXTRACTION:Agents were reviewed with regard to safety and efficacy.DATA SYNTHESIS:As a class, LMWHs have chemical, physical, and clinical similarities. LMWHs have greater bioavailability, longer half-lives, a more predictable pharmacologic response, possible improved safety, and similar or greater efficacy compared with unfractionated heparin (UFH). Because of this, enoxaparin, dalteparin, ardeparin, and tinzaparin are being considered as alternatives to UFH or warfarin, and there is potential for therapeutic inte...
THE ECONOMICS OF CAPACITY AND MARKETING MEASURES IN A SIMPLE MANUFACTURING ENVIRONMENT

As manufacturing firms push to achieve shorter lead times and higher levels of customer service, the basic capability of underlying manufacturing processes must be reexamined. The capacity and operational variability of a process dictate a certain set of realistic performance goals. In this paper, we examine this fundamental relationship from an economic perspective using two levels of analysis. At the aggregate level, we model the manufacturing process as a single server queue and compare the traditional roles of marketing and manufacturing in setting performance and process design parameters. Insights gained at this level are incorporated into the analysis of a realistic multiserver, multistation manufacturing line. We develop an interaction decision tool to guide the selection of process and performance parameters in this more complex environment.
Investigating correspondence between language proficiency standards and academic content standards: A generalizability theory study

Research on the relationship between English language proficiency standards and academic content standards serves to provide information about the extent to which English language learners (ELLs) a...
Some effects of anisotropy on planar antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides

In this paper, propagation characteristics of some planar antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROW's) comprised of anisotropic media are studied using an integral equation approach. The integral equation method is rigorous and general, with the added advantage that multiple layers of crystalline material with arbitrary anisotropy can be accommodated in a straightforward manner. The integral equation method is applied to study basic propagation characteristics of the ARROW structure where one or more dielectric layers are allowed to be anisotropic. Practically, the presence of anisotropy may be unintentional, due to material fabrication or processing techniques, or it may be intentionally utilized to allow integration of anisotropy-based devices and waveguiding structures on a single semiconducting substrate. Propagation characteristics and field distributions are shown for a uniaxially anisotropic ARROW where the material's optic axis is rotated in each of the three principal geometrical planes of the structure. It Is found that even moderately large levels of anisotropy do not significantly affect the propagation characteristics of the ARROW if either the optic axis of the material is aligned with one of the geometrical axes of the waveguide, or if the optic axis is rotated in the equatorial plane. In these cases, pure TE/sub 0/ modes can propagate, resulting in a low-loss structure. In the event of misalignment between the geometrical axes and the material's optic axis in the transverse or polar planes, the influeuce of even small levels of anisotropy is quite pronounced. In this case, pure TE/sub 0/ modes do not exist, and attenuation loss increases significantly due to the hybrid nature of the fundamental mode.
Machines that Learn and Teach Seamlessly

This paper describes an investigation into creating agents that can learn how to perform a task by observing an expert, then seamlessly turn around and teach the same task to a less proficient person. These agents are taught through observation of expert performance and thereafter refined through unsupervised practice of the task, all on a simulated environment. A less proficient human is subsequently taught by the now-trained agent through a third approach-coaching, executed through a haptic device. This approach addresses tasks that involve complex psychomotor skills. A machine-learning algorithm called PIGEON is used to teach the agents. A prototype is built and then tested on a task involving the manipulation of a crane to move large container boxes in a simulated shipyard. Two evaluations were performed-a proficiency test and a learning rate test. These tests were designed to determine whether this approach improves the human learning more than self-experimentation by the human. While the test results do not conclusively show that our approach provides improvement over self-learning, some positive aspects of the results suggest great potential for this approach.
Approximating dependability measures of computer networks: an FDDI case study

An approximation technique is presented to evaluate the dependability of FDDI networks. This technique, based on the most likely paths to failure concept, is simple and practical. It may be applied easily to evaluate and compare the dependability of different FDDI network configurations. The effects of various network parameters on the network availability are examined. We conclude that, in order to guarantee high availability, an FDDI network backbone should be interconnected using dual-attachment concentrators. Furthermore, dual-homing configurations are required for high-availability paths between end stations and the backbone. For less stringent availability requirements, single-attachment concentrator trees with single attachment stations may suffice. We also discuss how the technique may be extended easily to more general heterogeneous networks including Token Ring and Ethernet.
Application of Whole-Genome Sequencing for Bacterial Strain Typing in Molecular Epidemiology

Nosocomial infections pose a significant threat to patient health; however, the gold standard laboratory method for determining bacterial relatedness (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis [PFGE]) remains essentially unchanged 20 years after its introduction. Here, we explored bacterial whole-genome sequencing (WGS) as an alternative approach for molecular strain typing. We compared WGS to PFGE for investigating presumptive outbreaks involving three important pathogens: vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (n = 19), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (n = 17), and Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 15). WGS was highly reproducible (average ≤ 0.39 differences between technical replicates), which enabled a functional, quantitative definition for determining clonality. Strain relatedness data determined by PFGE and WGS roughly correlated, but the resolution of WGS was superior (P = 5.6 × 10−8 to 0.016). Several discordant results were noted between the methods. A total of 28.9% of isolates which were indistinguishable by PFGE were nonclonal by WGS. For A. baumannii, a species known to undergo rapid horizontal gene transfer, 16.2% of isolate pairs considered nonidentical by PFGE were clonal by WGS. Sequencing whole bacterial genomes with single-nucleotide resolution demonstrates that PFGE is prone to false-positive and false-negative results and suggests the need for a new gold standard approach for molecular epidemiological strain typing.
Methane Sinks Distribution

At present the amount of methane removed from the atmosphere each year is about 500 Tg/yr or more than 90% of that released into the atmosphere each year. Most of the methane is removed by reacting with tropospheric OH radicals; lesser amounts are removed by soils and stratospheric oxidation by OH, O(1D), and minor reactions. This chapter is on the removal rate of CH4 and its variability in space and time.
Proteasome inhibition with bortezomib (BORT) in combination with topotecan : A phase I solid tumor trial

14047 Background: Topoisomerase-I (Topo-I) down-regulation via the ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway has been associated with drug resistance. We hypothesize that proteasome inhibition by BORT would...
Bacterial Virulence and Pathogenesis: An Overview

Bacterial virulence is the result of many different attributes, which often contribute to different steps in the complicated series of events we recognize as infection. With the use of selected examples, an overview of the stages of infection common to many bacterial infections (attachment, proliferation, tissue damage, invasion, and dissemination) is presented. Expression of virulence depends on a large number of host variables, including nonspecific and specific immune defenses, and interruption of the process of infection is undoubtedly possible at many different steps. Future developments will depend on better definition of the biochemistry, genetics, and immunology of the bacterial factors involved in pathogenesis.
CONSULTATION TO SUPPORT SUSTAINABILITY OF SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL LEARNING INITIATIVES IN SCHOOLS

Sustainability of implementation has emerged as a major challenge for school-based social and emotional learning initiatives. There is a growing consensus regarding the importance of framing the issue of sustainability within the broader ecology of the school setting, and consultants have been advis
Mechanisms of Grain Growth in Bubble-Fence-Delineated Films

The strength of polycrystalline metallic films at high temperatures is limited by grain boundaries. Boundaries transverse to the film surfaces typically fail by decohesion, while boundaries parallel to the film surfaces are susceptible to sliding. In light of these facts, multilayer films are now being made that resemble stacks of columnar-grained thin films[l]. Nearly planar arrays of insoluble bubbles, called "bubble fences," maintain the integrity of the individual layers by pinning the interlayer boundaries. However, the transverse boundaries that delimit the columnar grains within an individual layer are able to move. Processing aims to produce a highly-overlapping microstructure that isolates the weak-link transverse boundaries and increases the material's time-to-failure. In potassium-doped tungsten this strategy is an extension of current lamp filament technology. We have studied the mechanisms of grain growth within the grain layers in order to provide a basis for improving the synthesis and processing of these materials. For this type of grain growth to occur, the boundaries between grain layers must remain pinned by the bubble fences. Theory and 3D Evolver[2] simulations of a simple model provide a possible explanation for the depinning seen in recent experiments[3]. Reducing the ratio of intra-fence bubble separation to bubble diameter is predicted to eliminate the depinning. Ongoing study of a complete 3D model will further aid in tuning the synthesis and processing to create grain architectures with superior high-temperature properties.
Reibkraftminimierte Verbundschaltkolben für Automatikgetriebe

Moderne Automatikgetriebe mussen bei immer kompakteren Abmessungen steigende Effizienz und hoheren Schaltkomfort bieten. Fur die Schaltkolben bedeutet das neben der klassischen Dichtigkeit- und Lebensdauerfunktion das Entwicklungsziel moglichst gleichmasig niedriger Verschiebekrafte sowie einer geringen Hysterese. Federal-Mogul hat fur diese Anforderungen Schaltkolben mit anvulkanisierter PTFE-Dichtlippe entwickelt. Gegenuber Schaltkolben mit eingeknupften Dichtringen zeigt die neue Technologie ein Potenzial zur Reibungsreduktion von 20 bis 30 % auf.
Abnormal Mechanisms of Plasticity and Metaplasticity in Autism Spectrum Disorders and Fragile X Syndrome.

Abstract Objectives: Multiple lines of evidence from genetic linkage studies to animal models implicate aberrant cortical plasticity and metaplasticity in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and fragile X syndrome (FXS). However, direct experimental evidence of these alterations in humans with these disorders is scarce. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive tool for probing mechanisms of plasticity and metaplasticity in vivo, in humans. The aim of the current study was to examine mechanisms of plasticity and metaplasticity in humans with ASD and FXS. We employed a repetitive TMS protocol developed specifically to probe cortical plasticity, namely continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS). Methods: We applied a 40-second train of cTBS to primary motor cortex (M1) to healthy control participants and individuals with ASD or FXS, and we measured the cTBS-induced modulation in motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in a contralateral intrinsic hand muscle. Each participant complete...
Interferometric dispersion measurements on small guided-wave structures

Recent correlation–reflectometry techniques have demonstrated that loss in serial microoptic systems can be tracked with a spatial resolution of the order of a few micrometers.1,2 We show here that the dispersion properties of individual components in these systems can also be measured from their reflection signatures. The method is based on Fourier transformation of the interferograms, as discussed by Bomberger and Burke.3 To illustrate the technique, we measured the dispersion in a 23-mm sample of single-mode fiber in the scanning Michelson interferometer of Fig. 1. The timedomain sweep is done with a PZT and cat’s-eye reflector and yields the signatures shown in Fig. 2. For the case of negligible transmission loss and balanced control arms, the transform of the crosscorrelation interferogram gives a modulus that represents the source frequency spectrum and an argument representing the phase of the frequency components. The phase function can be expanded about the frequency at peak intensity as
An ab initio potential energy surface for the formic acid dimer: zero-point energy, selected anharmonic fundamental energies, and ground-state tunneling splitting calculated in relaxed 1-4-mode subspaces.

We report a full-dimensional, permutationally invariant potential energy surface (PES) for the cyclic formic acid dimer. This PES is a least-squares fit to 13475 CCSD(T)-F12a/haTZ (VTZ for H and aVTZ for C and O) energies. The energy-weighted, root-mean-square fitting error is 11 cm−1 and the barrier for the double-proton transfer on the PES is 2848 cm−1, in good agreement with the directly-calculated ab initio value of 2853 cm−1. The zero-point vibrational energy of 15 337 ± 7 cm−1 is obtained from diffusion Monte Carlo calculations. Energies of fundamentals of fifteen modes are calculated using the vibrational self-consistent field and virtual-state configuration interaction method. The ground-state tunneling splitting is computed using a reduced-dimensional Hamiltonian with relaxed potentials. The highest-level, four-mode coupled calculation gives a tunneling splitting of 0.037 cm−1, which is roughly twice the experimental value. The tunneling splittings of (DCOOH)2 and (DCOOD)2 from one to three mode calculations are, as expected, smaller than that for (HCOOH)2 and consistent with experiment.