cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kurven und Flächen

Eine Parameterkurve oder kurz Kurve C im dreidimensionalen Euklidischen Raum ist die durch einen reellwertigen stetigen nicht identisch konstanten Vektor x (t) = {x (t), y (t), z (t) } vermittelte Abbildung eines Intervalles a ≦ t ≦ b in diesen Raum. Diese Abbildung braucht keineswegs eineindeutig zu sein; wenn sie es aber ist, dann spre-chen wir von einer einfachen Kurve oder einem Jordanbogen. Offensichtlich gibt es unendlich viele andere Abbildungen, welche unsere Anschauung als Darstellung derselben Kurve anzusprechen wunscht. Dieser Umstand kann folgendermasen prazisiert werden. Gegeben seien zwei Kurven C1 = {x = x1 (t) ; a1 ≦ t ≦ b1} und C2 = {x = x2 (t) ; a2 ≦ t ≦ b2}. Es sei τ(t) eine topologische Abbildung des Intervalls [a1, b1] auf das Intervall [a2, b2]und Mτ = \( \mathop{{max}}\limits_{{{{a}_{1}} \leqq t \leqq {{b}_{1}}}} \) |x1(t) — x2(τ(t))|. Die untere Grenze der Zahlen M τ fur alle moglichen solche Homoomor-phismen τ (t) wird mit ||C1, C2|| bezeichnet und heist der Abstand im Sinne von M. Frechet ([1]; [I], pp. 92, 154) der beiden Abbildungen oder Kurven. Zwei Abbildungen mit verschwindendem Frechetschen Abstand werden als identisch angesehen, und wir haben oben dann lediglich zwei verschiedene Darstellungen derselben Kurve. Mit anderen Worten: Die Gleichungen {x = x1 (t) ; a1 ≦ t ≦ b1} und {x = x2 (t) ; a2 ≦ t ≦ b2}, werden als Darstellungen derselben Kurve betrachtet, wenn es zu jedem e > 0 eine topologische Abbildung τ = τ (t) des Intervalles [a1, b1] auf das Intervall [a2, b2] gibt, so das \( \mathop{{max}}\limits_{{{{a}_{1}} \leqq t \leqq {{b}_{1}}}} \) |x1(t) — x2(τ(t))| < e ausfallt. Genau gesprochen erscheint eine Kurve also als maximale Klasse Frechet-aquivalenter Abbildungen.
Neurochemical plasticity in persistent inflammatory pain.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses neurochemical plasticity in persistent inflammatory pain. The experimental and clinical studies suggest that there are distinctive differences between acute and chronic pain including the shift from the sensitization of primary afferent neurons to a sensitization of spinal cord neurons. To understand the mechanisms involved in the peripheral and central sensitization associated with inflammatory pain, the expression and internalization of the substance P receptor (SPR) in the spinal dorsal horn in four well-characterized and widely used experimental models of inflammatory pain in the rat were explored. These models of inflammation were produced by unilateral subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of formalin, carrageenan or complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the hindpaw. In addition, the neurochemical changes in an animal model of polyarthritis induced by CFA injection into the base of the tail were examined. Each of these inflammatory models is characterized by a different onset and time course of nociceptive inputs and responses. Using this approach, the previous electrophysiological and behavioral data were compared to the alterations in the amount and/or site of release of SP from primary afferent neurons, the number and location of SPR expressing spinal neurons that are activated by this released SP and the populations of neurons showing up-regulation of the SPR. Together, these data suggest that each type of inflammatory pain (acute, short-term and long-term) is characterized by a unique neurochemical signature within the spinal cord.
On the Tradeoff Between Computational Simplicity and AsymptoticProperties in Multivariate Probit

This paper discusses the most efficient estimator among Quasi Maximum Likelihood Estimators using at most two levels of numerical integration, for the multivariate probit model. Simulations show that this estimator is more efficient but not more costly than the second-best alternative. However, its added efficiency depends on the correlation structure.
Impact of stress acceleration on mixed-signal gate oxide lifetime

A methodology to estimate the lifetime due to gate oxide breakdown (GOBD) is presented. The results of this analysis show that devices in analog circuits experience unequal stress acceleration and this impacts lifetime estimates at use conditions and can cause some devices to fail relatively more frequently under accelerated conditions in comparison with use conditions. We calculate the impact of voltage and temperature acceleration on circuits by combining the impact of voltage and temperature acceleration on each device to find the circuit-level acceleration factors. Because the acceleration factors are not constant for analog circuits, we propose to use reliability simulation to properly estimate acceleration factors under the uneven stress conditions experienced by mixed-signal circuits. The acceleration factors can then be used to estimate circuit lifetime at use conditions, given empirical data on failure rates of chips at high temperature and voltage stress conditions.
T-type calcium channel regulation by specific G-protein βγ subunits

Low-voltage-activated (LVA) T-type calcium channels have a wide tissue distribution and have well-documented roles in the control of action potential burst generation and hormone secretion. In neurons of the central nervous system and secretory cells of the adrenal and pituitary, LVA channels are inhibited by activation of G-protein-coupled receptors that generate membrane-delimited signals, yet these signals have not been identified. Here we show that the inhibition of alpha1H (Ca(v)3.2), but not alpha(1G) (Ca(v)3.1) LVA Ca2+ channels is mediated selectively by beta2gamma2 subunits that bind to the intracellular loop connecting channel transmembrane domains II and III. This region of the alpha1H channel is crucial for inhibition, because its replacement abrogates inhibition and its transfer to non-modulated alpha1G channels confers beta2gamma2-dependent inhibition. betagamma reduces channel activity independent of voltage, a mechanism distinct from the established betagamma-dependent inhibition of non-L-type high-voltage-activated channels of the Ca(v)2 family. These studies identify the alpha1H channel as a new effector for G-protein betagamma subunits, and highlight the selective signalling roles available for particular betagamma combinations.
Basic Monte Carlo Models: Equilibrium and Kinetics

Monte Carlo (MC) is a very general computational technique that can be used to carry out sampling of distributions. Random numbers are employed in the sampling, and often in other parts of the code. One definition of MC based on common usage in the literature is, any calculation that involves significant applications of random numbers. Historical accounts place the naming of this method in March 1947, when Metropolis suggested it for his method of evaluating the equilibrium properties of atomic systems, and this is the application that we will discuss in this section [1]. An important sampling technique is the one named after Metropolis, which we will describe below.
Thermodynamic Activity Interaction Coefficients in Fe–C–V Melts

Determination experimentale entre 1623 K et 1773 K de la solubilite du carbone dans Fe-C-V. Calcul des coefficients d'activite a partir des donnees de solubilite. Le rapport de maille comme une variable de concentration est utilise pour correler les resultats experimentaux de cette etude avec ceux d'autres systemes satures Fe-C-J (J=B, Al, Si, S, V, Ti, Cr, Co, Ni et Cu). On montre qu'il existe une relation lineaire entre le logarithme du coefficient d'activite du carbone et la concentration du troisieme composant
Effect of luminal acid on intracellular pH in oxynticopeptic cells in intact frog gastric mucosa

The effect of changes in luminal [H + ] on intracellular pH in oxynticopeptic cells was examined using intact sheets of frog ( Rana catesbeiana ) gastric mucosa in which oxynticopeptic cells were selectively loaded with the pH-sensitive fluorescent dye 2′,7′-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF). The serosal solution was buffered with either HCO 3 − or N -2-hydroxymethylpiperazine- N ′-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES). Luminal pH was decreased from 7.2 to 1.5 and changed back to 7.2. In stimulated (forskolin-treated) tissues, intracellular pH decreased at luminal pH 1.5 only in HEPES, with complete recovery at 7.2. In resting (omeprazoletreated) tissues, intracellular pH began to decrease at luminal pH 2.0 in HEPES and at 1.5 in HCO 3 − , with complete recovery at 7.2 in both. In resting tissues bathed in Cl − -free HEPES, the recovery of intracellular pH at luminal pH 7.2 was completely prevented by serosal amiloride (1 mmol/L) but was not affected by serosal 4,4′-diisothiocyanatodihydrostilbene-2-2′-disulfonic acid (H 2 -DIDS; 0.5 mmol/L). In resting tissues bathed in Cl − -free HCO 3 − , the recovery of intracellular pH at luminal pH 7.2 was not affected by amiloride but was prevented partially by H 2 -DIDS and completely by combination of H 2 -DIDS and amiloride or by removal of ambient Na + . These results suggest that during exposure to high luminal [H + ]: (a) stimulated oxynticopeptic cells maintain a steady intracellular pH more readily than resting cells; (b) serosal HCO 3 − protects oxynticopeptic cells from intracellular acidosis; and (c) both Na + /H + exchange and Na + -HCO 3 − cotransport are involved in the recovery from intracellular acidosis in resting oxynticopeptic cells.
Maturation of macroreticulocyte membranes in vivo

Abstract Maturaton of macroreticulocyte membranes was studied over 11 days in 2 animal models in vivo. (1) Reticulocytosis was induced by acute blood loss in rats and halted by irradiation; and (2) reticulocytosis was established in polycythemic rats by exchange transfusion. Reticulocytes fell from 46.1 per cent (in irradiated rats) and 30.7 per cent (in exchanged rats) to normal by day 5. Mean cell volume of reticulocytes decreased 29 per cent (from 108 μ 3 to 77 μ 3 ; normal=63 μ 3 ), and mean cell hemoglobin content decreased 26 per cent (from 29.7 to 21.9 μμg; normal=20.8 μμg). The measured 51 Cr half-survival of reticulocyte-rich blood was decreased 1.5 to 1.9 days, but cell survival was normal when corrected for the loss of hemoglobin (and 51 Cr) per cell during maturation. Young reticulocytes (mean age in the circulation=0.25 days) had a cholesterol content 2.5-fold and phospholipid content 4-fold that of mature red cells. They lost 44 per cent of this cholesterol and 67 per cent of this phospholipid during maturation. Isolated plasma membranes of reticulocytes had a cholesterol:phospholipid molar ratio (C:P) equal to that of mature cells. These membranes accounted for 50 per cent of the phosphoiipid and greater than 80 per cent of the cholesterol of young reticulocytes. Approximately 13 of this lipid was lost during maturation. The mitochondrial fraction was cholesterol-poor. It appeared to be lost largely during the first 2 days of reticulocyte maturation and completely by day 5. Splenectomy decreased the rate and extent of lipid loss during reticulocyte maturation resulting in mature red cells rich in lipid. Nonetheless, the loss of plasma membrane lipid in splenectomized animals was 75 per cent of that occuring in animals with intact spleens. These studies demonstrate that the macroreticulocyte loses substantial amounts of lipid during maturation. Much of this results from the loss of phospholipid-rich intracellular organelles, primarily, mitochondria. However, macroreticulocytes also lose approximately 13 of their plasma membrane lipids during maturation due to factors operative in vivo. The spleen is one of these factors.
Building communities with people-tags

Social tagging has been applied to many applications including image sharing, bookmarking and music recommendations. We have developed a application for the social tagging of people to support contact management and browsing profiles in an enterprise directory. As we expected, we found that users tag people for personal organization and for "social" motivations just as in other systems. However, an unexpected result is that users tag other users in order to create communities. By tagging, encouraging others to tag, and sharing links to tags, an active minority of users is using people-tagging to bring people together.
Seismogenic zone-dependent time-clustering behaviour in Italian seismicity

We performed the Allan factor analysis on the 1986-2001 seismicity of the 80 seismogenetic zones in which the Italian territory has been subdivided by the Gruppo Nazionale Difesa dai Terremoti (GNDT), in order to investigate the presence of time-correlated behaviour. Power-law time-correlated areas have been identified analyzing the aftershock-depleted seismicity. Strong variability in the scaling properties has been found, suggesting that different dynamical mechanisms govern the seismic activity of the Italian seismogenetic zones.
Cosmetic Surgery Considerations in the Female Patient

A greater number of women than men undergo facial cosmetic procedures. Oral and maxillofacial surgeons should have an in-depth knowledge of the physiologic and anatomic differences between the sexes with respect to surgical treatment options. Gender differences in regard to the planning and management of female cosmetic surgery patients are the focus of this article.
Induction method for measuring fluid flow

IN A STUDY of “activated tank” ship stabilization, an unusually difficult flowmetering problem was encounered. As conventional methods were not adequate it was necessary to resort to an electromagnetic flowmeter.
Strong interacting probes for quark gluon plasma

We discuss hadronic signals for quark gluon plasma formation in relativistic nuclear collisions utilizing a non-equilibrium model for hadronisation of the plasma state. In particular, we find that several (non-)strange antibaryon to baryon ratios may serve as a signal for a baryon-rich plasma state. The K +/π + ratio turns out to be not a direct signal for plasma formation due to its dependence on details of the collision dynamics and hadronisation mechanism. Finally we argue that the η’ to η ratio might be useful as a “gluonometer” in measuring the gluonic content of the matter formed in the initial stage of the collision process.
Environmental profiles of female apparel shoppers in the Midwest, USA

Concern for the environment has become an accepted part of our lifestyle. A largely untapped consumer commodity with strong reuse or recycling potential is textiles and apparel. Apparel retailers can benefit from a knowledge of the environmentally concerned apparel shopper and can be instrumental in extending society's appreciation for environmental responsibility. The purpose of this exploratory study was to segment female apparel shoppers into environmentally oriented groups and to profile each group with respect to importance of store attributes, lifestyle activities, general environmental attitudes and textile disposal patterns. Factor analysis, stepwise multiple regression and chi-square analysis were used to analyse data from 113 returned questionnaires. The results indicated that environmental groups can be profiled for textile/apparel products and that each group places emphasis on a different set of store/product attributes when making patronage and purchasing decisions. Profiles of each environmental group with suggestions for retail marketing approaches are provided.
Mitochondrial calcium uptake stimulated by Cibacron blue F3GA in bovine sperm.

Abstract The triazine dye Cibacron Blue P3GA stimulated calcium uptake into an ionomycin-sensitive compartment of washed bovine sperm, Cibacron blue-stimulated uptake was not sensitive to nifedipine, diltiazem, or verapamil, but was blocked by transition metals, 1 μM ruthenium red, rotenone, and the protonophore CCCP. Uptake was dependent on the maintenance of energized mitochondria but not on oxidative or substrate level ATP production and was not supported by glycolysis. The cibacron blue-stimulated uptake was judged by these criteria to be mitochondrial. Uptake in the absence of Cibacron blue was 0.046 ± 0.008 and 0.268 ± 0.068 nmol/min/10 8 cells with 0.1 mM Cibacron blue at 15 μM Ca 2+ . Half-maximal stimulation occurred at 20-25 μM Cibacron blue. Cibacron blue also allowed efflux of mitochondrial calcium in the presence of external calcium. This efflux would be blocked by ruthenium red, Ni 2+ , and La 3+ , but not by Co 2+ , which effectively blocked Cibacron blue-stimulated influx. Permeabilizing the plasma membrane with filipin indicated that Cibacron blue stimulation of mitochondrial calcium uptake operates directly on the mitochondria. Cibacron blue does not stimulate mitochondrial respiration and thus, calcium uptake was not the result of increased mitochondrial flux.
The liminal coastline in the life of a whale: Transition, identity, and food-production in the Eastern Caribbean

Abstract This paper examines ways in which a coastline, specifically the swash zone on a particular Caribbean beach, serves to inform our understanding of liminal spaces. At the precise place where the landscape transitions from sea to land with each wave’s ebb and flow, artisanal whalers from the island of St. Vincent unload their day’s catch and begin the process of turning animals into food products. The shoreline can be seen as a space to which the marine mammals are brought for the purpose of a multifaceted transition, in which their identities, physical forms, and even status as living organisms are changed. By examining the specific transitions that occur in this space, and by questioning why these transitions do not occur elsewhere, this paper sheds light on concepts of land and sea, life and death, and the gendering of space—all of which undergo a defined transition at the water’s edge on this particular coastline.
Differential regulation of epidermal function by VDR coactivators.

The transcriptional activity of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) is regulated by a number of coactivator and corepressor complexes, which bind to the VDR in a ligand (1,25(OH)2D3) dependent (coactivators) or inhibited (corepressors) process. In the keratinocyte the major coactivator complexes include the vitamin D interacting protein (DRIP) complex and the steroid receptor coactivator (SRC) complexes. These coactivator complexes are not interchangeable in their regulation of keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. We found that the DRIP complex is the main complex binding to VDR in the proliferating keratinocyte, whereas SRC2 and 3 and their associated proteins are the major coactivators binding to VDR in the differentiated keratinocyte. Moreover, we have found a specific role for DRIP205 in the regulation of β-catenin pathways regulating keratinocyte proliferation, whereas SRC3 uniquely regulates the ability of 1,25(OH)2D3 to induce more differentiated functions such as lipid synthesis and processing required for permeability barrier formation and the innate immune response triggered by disruption of the barrier. These findings provide a basis by which we can understand how one receptor (VDR) and one ligand (1,25(OH)2D3) can regulate a large number of genes in a sequential and differentiation specific fashion.
Determination of Enviroxime in a Variety of Biological Matrixes by Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection

□ A simple and specific method has been developed for determination of enviroxime in biological samples. Enviroxime, a substituted benzimidazole, its coisomer zinviroxime, and the internal standard hexestrol were extracted from the samples with benzene. The benzene layer was evaporated and the residue was reconstituted and injected onto a liquid chromatograph. Reversed-phase chromatography on an octylsilane column with a 65% methanol − 35% 0.14 M sodium acetate mobile phase separated the components. The compounds were detected electrochemically using a glassy carbon electrode held at + 0.85 V. The assay could detect as little as 4 ng of enviroxime/ml of plasma, 15 ng/ml of nasal wash, and 20 ng/ml of urine or tissue homogenate. For plasma assays, the procedure was > 97% accurate and had a relative standard deviation of < 4%. This method has proven to be applicable and reliable for the determination of enviroxime in many types of biological samples. Several problems encountered during the routine use of electrochemical detection were explored and minimized.
Roles for flagellar stators in biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

While Pseudomonas aeruginosa has only a single flagellum, its genome encodes two flagellar stators, called MotAB and MotCD. Here we report that despite no apparent alterations in swimming motility, mutations in either the MotAB or the MotCD stator render the strains defective for biofilm formation in both static and flow cell systems. Our data suggest distinct roles for the stators in early biofilm formation, with both the MotAB and MotCD stators playing a role in initial polar attachment of the bacterial cell to the surface (reversible attachment) and the MotAB stator also participating in the downstream adherence event of irreversible attachment. We also show that the initial polar attachment of P. aeruginosa to two different abiotic surfaces occurs largely at the flagellated end of the cell, a finding that should help develop models for early attachment events. Interestingly, in flowing conditions, a mutation in either stator alone revealed a more severe biofilm defect than mutating both stators or mutating the flagellum. Our data suggest that defects in biofilm formation observed for the stator mutants may be in part due to impacting flagellar reversal rates.
Central bank independence and the commitment to monetary stability: The case of the German Bundesbank

It is generally accepted that a legally mandated independent central bank will pursue an anti‐inflationary monetary policy, even in the face of pressure from those politicians who appointed the central bank's decision makers. But are politically minded appointees to a central bank really transformed into die‐hard defenders of monetary stability? And, if so, why? This article seeks to answer these questions by exploring the case of the German Bundesbank. Hypotheses for explaining the anti‐inflation orientation of the central bank are explored and supporting evidence for each of the hypotheses is sought, using interviews with Bundesbank council members.
Jazz Fiction: A History and Comprehensive Reader's Guide. (Studies in Jazz, no. 55)

David Rife (2008). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. 279 pp., $45.00. ISBN: 0‐8108‐5907‐6, ISBN‐13 978‐0‐8108‐5907‐4 (paperback) Jazz has been a source of fascination for writers of fiction since the mu...
Organonickel chemistry in the catalytic hydrodechlorination of polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs): ligand steric effects and molecular structure of reaction intermediates

Abstract Soluble homogeneous organophosphorus—nickel complexes have been used to detoxify polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by catalyzed hydrodechlorination using NaBH 2 (OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 ) 2 as the hydrogen source. The reactions appear to proceed by NiL 3 oxidative addition into CCl bonds followed by hydrogenolysis of the metalcarbon bond. In model experiments with decachlorobiphenyl, the cone angle of the organophosphorus ligand L was shown to be a key factor controlling the magnitude and position of chlorine displacement. Hence, ligands leading to para displacement (e.g. ( o -MeC 6 H 4 O) 3 P), meta—para displacement (e.g. (EtO) 3 P and (PhO) 3 P), and ortho—meta—para displacement (e.g. Me 3 P and Et 3 P) were found. Significantly, the highly toxic, coplanar dioxin precursor 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl, a meta—para chlorine-substituted congener, was dechlorinated quantitatively with the Et 3 P catalyst system. Evidence for the presence of organonickel intermediates in the reaction mixtures was obtained by mass spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction studies. Of particular interest is the isolation of square planar complexes p -C 6 Cl 5 C 6 Cl 4 Ni(PEt 3 ) 2 Cl from the reaction of decachlorobiphenyl with NaBH 2 (OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 ) 2 —(Et 3 P) 2 NiCl 2 as the catalyst precursor and m -C 6 Cl 5 C 6 Cl 4 Ni(PEt 3 ) 2 Cl from decachlorobiphenyl—Ni(1,5-C 8 H 12 ) 2 —PEt 3 at room temperature. All are oxidative addition intermediates and precursors for decachlorobiphenyl hydrodechlorination.
Activated Effector and Memory T Cells Contribute to Circulating sCD30 : Potential Marker for Islet Allograft Rejection

T-cell activation up-regulates CD30 resulting in an increase in serum soluble CD30 (sCD30). CD4+ T cells, a major source for sCD30, play a significant role in the pathogenesis of rejection. In this study, sCD30 was measured pre- and posttransplant in mouse islet allograft models and human islet allograft recipients. sCD30 was measured by ELISA in diabetic C57BL/6, CD4Knockout (KO) and CD8KO islet allograft recipients. sCD30 increased significantly prior to rejection (1.8 +/- 1 days) in 80% of allograft recipients. Sensitization with donor splenocytes, or a second graft, further increased sCD30 (282.5 +/- 53.5 for the rejecting first graft vs. 374.6 +/- 129 for the rejecting second graft) prior to rejection suggesting memory CD4+ T cells contribute to sCD30. CD4KO failed to reject islet allograft and did not demonstrate sCD30 increase. CD8KO showed elevated (227 +/- 107) sCD30 (1 day) prior to rejection. High pretransplant sCD30 (>20 U/ml) correlated with poor outcome in human islet allograft recipients. Further, increase in sCD30 posttransplant preceded (3-4 months) loss of islet function. We conclude that sCD30 is released from activated CD4 T cells prior to islet allograft rejection and monitoring sCD30 can be a valuable adjunct in the follow-up of islet transplant recipients.
Decision Making Processes in Risky and Non-Risky Consumer Product Selection

Decision making in the domain of risk has traditionally been studied by examining gambling behavior. The control of outcome probabilities obtained in these paradigms masks much of the subjective nature of everyday risk decision choices, such as product selection and information search patterns. A study was undertaken to examine decision making processes in Risky and NonRisky consumer product decision tasks. Subjects completed two Information Display Board (IDB) decision tasks, one selecting a Risky consumer product (oral contraceptive) and one selecting a NonRisky consumer product (toothpaste). The results supported the hypotheses that consumers view the decisions to purchase risky and non-risky products differently and use different patterns of information acquisition in making decisions in the selection of these products. Few anticipated differences were found between Experienced and NonExperienced users of oral contraceptives in information acquisition. Implications for health care professionals provid...
Cell patterns and cell movements during early development of an annual fish, Nothobranchius neumanni

During epiboly stages the cells (called deep blastomeres) which will form the definitive embryo disperse over the surface of the yolk sphere, only later aggregating and developing an embryonic axis. Five different statistical tests were used to study the pattern formed by the deep blastomeres during epiboly and early dispersed stages. The two most reliable tests, based on the distance from each deep blastomere within a selected area to its nearest neighboring cell, indicate that the distribution pattern changes from regular during epiboly stages to random during dispersed stages 1 and 2. Careful observation and time-lapse microphotography revealed some aspects of how the cells set up the regular pattern. The deep blastomeres exhibit a variety of cell extensions, with which they often contact one another. When two deep blastomeres make contact during epiboly stages, they soon break the contact and move apart; they overlap one another only rarely. Deep blastomeres are frequently located at, and are even elongated along, borders of the overlying flat cells (enveloping layer cells). These two mechanisms, one similar to contact inhibition of cell movement, the other to contact guidance, may contribute to the rather regular spacing of the deep blastomeres as well as to their arrangement in rows during epiboly stages.
Locoregional Small Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder: Clinical Characteristics and Treatment Patterns

Purpose: Because small cell carcinoma of the bladder is a relatively rare tumor type, literature about its treatment remains limited. We determined patterns of care and survival after treatment in what is to our knowledge the largest series to date of patients with locoregional small cell carcinoma of the bladder.Materials and Methods: We identified patients with localized/locally advanced (cTis-cT4, cN0 or cM0) bladder small cell carcinoma diagnosed between 1998 and 2010 from the National Cancer Database (NCDB). Treatment was categorized as bladder preservation therapy, radical cystectomy alone, bladder preservation therapy with multimodal treatment or radical cystectomy plus multimodal treatment. We performed Kaplan-Meier overall survival analysis to evaluate differential survival between treatment groups.Results: A total of 625 patients met study inclusion criteria. Median age at diagnosis was 73 years (range 36 to 90) and 65% of patients presented with cT2 disease. Patients were treated with bladder p...
Creating Powerful Poster Presentations

(2006). Creating Powerful Poster Presentations. Journal of Hospital Librarianship: Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 111-119.
Patterns of Diet Mixing by Sheep Offered Foods Varying in Nutrients and Plant Secondary Compounds

Abstract Ruminants foraging on landscapes choose among plants that differ in nutritive value and kinds and amounts of plant secondary compounds (PSCs). We hypothesized that food availability and the sequence of food ingestion influence intake of PSCs and nutritious foods by sheep because PSCs increase need for nutrients. We fed two nutritious foods – alfalfa and alfalfa–barley mixture (50:50) – and three isoenergetic (DE: 2.9 Mcal/kg) and isonitrogenous (CP: 126 g/kg) foods that contained oxalates, tannins, or terpenes. The experiment consisted of an 8-d conditioning period and four trials in which we tested our hypotheses. In the conditioning period, the three PSC-containing foods were offered ad libitum but the two nutritious foods were restricted to 300 g/d and the daily intake of each food was measured. In trial 1, all five foods were offered from 0800 to 1600 h. In trial 2, the two nutritious foods were offered from 0800 to 1200 h whereas the three PSC-containing foods were offered from 1200 to 1600 h. In trial 3, the three PSC-containing foods were offered from 0800 to 1200 h while the two nutritious foods were offered for the next 4 h. Finally, in trial 4 all five foods were offered again from 0800 to 1600 h. Each trial lasted 8 d, except the last one, which was 5 d. In the four trials, foods were offered ad libitum and the amount of each food ingested was measured daily at hourly intervals. As conditioning progressed, consumption of all three PSC-containing foods increased, and the pattern of eating changed from oxalate > tannin > terpene to tannins > oxalates > terpenes. During trial 1, lambs ate alfalfa–barley > alfalfa = tannins > oxalates = terpenes. In trial 2, sheep ate 1490 g/d of nutritious foods in the morning and 863 g/d of PSC-containing foods in the afternoon for a total of 2353 g/d. In trial 3, when the sequence was reversed, sheep ate 1021 g/d of PSC-containing foods in the morning and 1564 g/d of the nutritious foods in the afternoon for a total of 2585 g/d. By trial 4, the pattern of diet mixing had changed such that sheep ate alfalfa–barley > tannins > alfalfa = terpenes > oxalates. In summary, sheep ate more PSC, and more nutritious food, when PSCs were offered in the morning as opposed to the afternoon. Limiting the availability of nutritious alternatives encouraged animals to learn to use different kinds of PSCs and enhanced diet breadth. Beyond the effect of diet restriction, lambs learned the benefits of mixing food with tannins, terpenes, and oxalates and continued to do so even when they subsequently had ad libitum access to nutritious foods.
PAIRING FLUCTUATIONS IN EXCITED NUCLEI AND THE ABSENCE OF A SECOND ORDER PHASE TRANSITION

Abstract The statistical fluctuations in the nuclear gap parameter are studied. The difference between the average and most probable gap parameter is discussed and the absence of sharp second order phase transition is shown.
Hypertrophic scar model in the rabbit ear: a reproducible model for studying scar tissue behavior with new observations on silicone gel sheeting for scar reduction

Hypertrophic scarring poses a clinically relevant problem as it can be cosmetically disfiguring and functionally debilitating. A lack of animal models has hindered an understanding of the pathogenesis and development of new treatment strategies therefore has largely been empiric. Our group has developed a unique hypertrophic scar (HS) model in the rabbit ear. The model has been reproducible, quantifiable, and measurable over a time period of 1 month. We describe the development as well as the reliability and responsiveness of this model to different therapeutic agents, such as TGF-beta blockade, silicone occlusion, and application of collagen-synthesis inhibitors. Moreover, it has given insights into the mechanism of action of silicone sheeting occlusive treatment and ultimately suggests that the epidermis plays a critical role in the development of HS. Additionally, we will present new data supporting the importance of the epidermis and further clarify the mechanism of action of silicone sheeting. When a semi-occlusive polyurethane film was left in place for an additional time period, scar formation was reduced. HSs of this model covered with silicone sheets and five layers of Tegaderm showed a significant scar reduction by 80% compared with wounds with only one layer of Tegaderm. The HS model in the rabbit ear is a highly reliable, responsive, and practical model for studying scar tissue behavior. Furthermore, our data suggest that the degree and the duration of occlusion are most important for reducing scar tissue formation.
Extended sensitivity for the calcium selective electrode.

Sensitivity of calcium-selective electrodes heretofore has been limited to calcium concentrations above 10−8m in the absence of competing ions. We describe the use of calcium buffers to stabilize the free calcium in the reference electrode. Electrode calibration is linear to 10−8m and is curvilinear to 10−11m in the presence of 0.1 m ionic strength. Selectivity with respect to competing cations magnesium, potassium, sodium, and hydrogen is preserved. Electrode response time is less than 2 s for small changes in calcium activity. Response range is linear over 9 log units of calcium activity. Potential-time stability is less than 10 mV/h at saturation currents. Although the silver-silver chloride terminals are photosensitive throughout the visible and near-ultraviolet regions, housing the reference and indifferent in opaque barrels avoids false photovoltaic response.
‘We should make money on our news’: The problem of profitability in network broadcast journalism history

The US broadcast networks have traditionally argued that their news divisions were unprofitable. The networks used their news divisions to secure regulatory advantages by claiming that losses incurred in producing broadcast journalism proved a commitment to operating in the public interest. Network broadcast journalism was promoted as a singular genre, resistant to the economic imperative found elsewhere in American broadcasting. This article explores the history of profitability in network broadcast journalism, and, by doing so, it challenges the traditional economic and regulatory narrative. Countering the myth of the unprofitable network news division raises important questions concerning journalistic independence and autonomy within American broadcasting.
Regulation of sucrose-phosphate-synthase activity in spinach leaves by protein level and covalent modification.

A dot-blot technique was developed using monoclonal antibodies to measure, rapidly and accurately, the amount of sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS; EC 2.4.1.14) protein present in a crude extract from spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. cv. Dark Green Bloomsdale) leaves; this was compared with SPS activity in this material. During leaf development, increased SPS activity followed closely the increase in enzyme-protein level, indicating denovo synthesis or altered turn-over rates for SPS. In contrast, activation of SPS by illumination of leaves or by mannose treatment of leaf discs in the dark (M. Stitt et al. Planta 174, 217–230) occurred without a significant change in the level of enzyme protein. Since conditions which altered SPS activity did not affect immunoprecipitation or mobility of the 120-kilodalton (kDa) subunit of the enzyme during denaturing gel electrophoresis, some form of protein modification other than proteolysis must be involved. Overall, the results indicate that regulation of SPS activity can involve changes in the level of enzyme protein and-or covalent modification.
An immunocytochemical study of cat retinal Müller cells in culture.

Muller cells, the specialized radial glia found in vertebrate retinas, were enzymatically dissociated from adult cat retinas and grown in culture. The cells were processed for immunofluorescence microscopy at times ranging from 4 hr to 3 months in culture. Labeling with antibodies specific to glial fibrillary acidic protein, cellular retinaldehyde binding protein, glutamine synthetase, carbonic anhydrase C and alpha crystallin, all proteins known to be found in Muller cells, was detected in the cultured cells. Immunoblot analysis of the cultured cells showed single protein bands corresponding to the appropriate molecular weights of the antigens.
Intraoperative interstitial microwave-induced hyperthermia and brachytherapy.

Abstract Intra-operative placement of 11-gauge nylon catheters into deep-seated unresectable tumors for interstitial brachytherapy permits localized heating of tumors (hyperthermia) using microwave (915 MHz) antennas which are inserted into these catheters. Four preliminary cases are described where epithelial tumors at various sites were implanted with an antenna array and heated for 1 hour, both before and after the iridium-192 brachytherapy. Temperatures were monitored in catheters required for the appropriate radiation dosimetry but not required for the interstitial microwave antenna array hyperthermia (IMAAH) system. Additional thermometry was obtained using nonperturbed fiberoptic thermometry probes inserted into the catheters' housing antennas. No significant complications, such as bleeding or infection, were observed. This approach to cancer therapy is shown to be feasible and it produces controlled, localized hyperthermia, with temperatures of 50°C or more in tumors. This technique may offer a therapeutic option for pelvic, intra-abdominal and head and neck tumors.
Some possible new directions for combinatorial matrix analysis

Using the facts that (1) much of the combinatorial matrix analysis to date has been concerned with properties of trees and (2) trees, as digraphs, have many important special properties, we suggest several classes of matrices which can probably be successfully studied with the help of combinatorial methods. These classes include the following: (a) Unipethic matrices, a class derived by retaining the property that (in the irreducible case) the digraph defined in the usual way is strong and unipathic if it is a tree. (b) Bipartite matrices, a class obtained by retaining the property that a tree is a bipartite digraph. These matrices are closely related to 2-cyclic matrices, but they are not the same class. (c) Matrices such that their digraph has at least one cycle of length p and no longer cycle. These matrices are an obvious generalization of trees. They are primarily of interest for small values of p (relative to the size of the matrix). (d) Hessenberg matrices, because their successive principal minors can be shown to always satisfy a difference equation and therefore a are one sort of generalization of the tridiagonal matrices outside of the class of trees. (e) Matrices which are such that the digraph is a k-tree for k>1, in particular the 2-trees. It is easy to show that k-trees are a natural generalization of trees and they include the band matrices (five diagonal matrices are, for example, 2-trees).
Movie Censorship and American Culture by Francis G. Couvares, Editor

Movie Censorship and American Culture Francis G. Couvares, Editor. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2006. The second edition of this edited book is virtually unchanged from the original published by the Smithsonian Institution Press in 1996 except for a new preface by the editor. The work consists of the editor's introduction and eleven chapters. Most of the authors see connections between the historic cultural struggles in the United States as a result of ethnic and religious differences, immigration, and the commercialization of mass culture, and movie censorship. Attempts to censor or regulate motion picture content were particularly widespread in the 1920s and 1930s, although they extend to the present day. The early censorship efforts were led by reform groups such as the Women's Christian Temperance League and the General Federation of Women's Clubs or religious coalitions such as the National Catholic Welfare Conference and the National Council of Churches. As the authors point out, activists campaigned for federal, state and local censorship and consumer boycotts of the movies arguing that youth, women, and rural citizens were particularly vulnerable to the corrupting influences of the cinema. In arguing their points, many of the authors rely on recent books on movies and mass media, documents of the National Film Board of Review in the New York Public Library, archives of the Hollywood Production Code Administration and records of state and local censorship boards and reform groups. Daniel Czitrom's chapter on early theater licensing and the beginnings of movie censorship in New York City is particularly insightful and helpful. He notes that the Motion Picture Exhibitors Association began self-censorship as early as 1909 when the center of the industry was in New York City. When Hollywood became the heart of the industry the motion picture producers formed another voluntary censorship body, the National Board of Review. This organization formed the foundation for the later establishment of codes of censorship by the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors Association (MPPDA) under the leadership of William Hays, former Republican official and US Postmaster. "Mothering the Movies" a chapter by Alison M. Parker is a fascinating study of the role of the WCTU in attempts to censor the movies. The WCTU's efforts were aided by the US Supreme Court ruling in 1915 which argued that movie censorship and particularly prior restraint, did not violate the constitutional protections under the first and fourteen amendments of the US Constitution. Richard Maltby in his chapter focuses on the role of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors in its censorship or alteration of plays, novels, and scripts to meet the demands of the Hays office. Editor Francis G. Couvares's study of the role of Protestant and Catholic interest groups in the censorship battles is particularly useful for scholars. …
Her-2 DNA versus cell vaccine: immunogenicity and anti-tumor activity

Direct comparison and ranking of vaccine formulations in pre-clinical studies will expedite the identification of cancer vaccines for clinical trials. Two human ErbB-2 (Her-2) vaccines, naked DNA and whole cell vaccine, were tested side-by-side in wild type and Her-2 transgenic mice. Both vaccines can induce humoral and cellular immunity to the entire repertoire of Her-2 epitopes. Mice were electro-vaccinated i.m. with a mixture of pGM-CSF and pE2TM, the latter encodes Her-2 extracellular and transmembrane domains. Alternatively, mice were injected i.p. with human ovarian cancer SKOV3 cells that have amplified Her-2. In wild type mice, comparable levels of Her-2 antibodies (Ab) were induced by these two vaccines. However, T cell immunity and protection against Her-2(+) tumors were superior in DNA vaccinated mice. In BALB Her-2 transgenic (Tg) mice, which were tolerant to Her-2, DNA and cell vaccines were administered after regulatory T cells (Treg) were removed by anti-CD25 mAb. Again, comparable levels of Her-2 Ab were induced, but DNA vaccines rendered greater anti-tumor activity. In B6xDR3 Her-2 Tg mice that expressed the autoimmune prone HLA-DR3 allele, higher levels of Her-2 Ab were induced by SKOV3 cell than by Her-2 DNA. But anti-tumor activity was still more profound in DNA vaccinated mice. Therefore, Her-2 DNA vaccine induced greater anti-tumor immunity than cell vaccine, whether mice were tolerant to Her-2 or susceptible to autoimmunity. Through such side-by-side comparisons in appropriate pre-clinical test systems, the more effective vaccine formulations will emerge as candidates for clinical trials.
Countable Indices of Writing Quality: Their Suitability for Screening-Eligibility Decisions.

Abstract We examined five countable indices of writing quality for suitability in making special education screening‐eligibility decisions, collecting writing samples for 2,160 students in Grades 2 to 11 from two school districts. We examined the sensitivity of the writing indices around potential screening cutoff points on histograms and percentile line graphs with 68% standard error bands. In addition, we assessed criterion validity within each grade level by correlating the writing indices with teachers' holistic judgments of writing quality. Of the five indices, the percentage of words spelled correctly in a 3‐minute writing sample showed greatest measurement sensitivity for screening applications. If Grade 2 were excluded, the percentage of correct word sequences could be recommended as an alternative scoring method. Large standard errors of measurement, however, indicated the need for caution in interpreting score differences. Because we could not reliably differentiate scores 30 to 40 percentile po...
Nitric acid photolysis on surfaces in low-NOx environments: Significant atmospheric implications

[1] Nitric acid (HNO3) is the dominant end product of NOx (= NO + NO2) oxidation in the troposphere, and its dry deposition is considered to be a major removal pathway for the atmospheric reactive nitrogen. Here we present both field and laboratory results to demonstrate that HNO3 deposited on ground and vegetation surfaces may undergo effective photolysis to form HONO and NOx, 1–2 orders of magnitude faster than in the gas phase and aqueous phase. With this enhanced rate, HNO3 photolysis on surfaces may significantly impact the chemistry of the overlying atmospheric boundary layer in remote low-NOx regions via the emission of HONO as a radical precursor and the recycling of HNO3 deposited on ground surfaces back to NOx.
Reducing blood pressure reactivity during interpersonal conflict: Effects of marital communication training

Blood pressure fluctuations evoked by environmental stimuli may contribute to sustained hypertension. Mastering effective coping skills might reduce these reactions and make long-term blood pressure control easier to achieve. We evaluated the effect of communication training on blood pressure reactivity of hypertensive patients during marital arguments in a laboratory setting. Following assessment of blood pressure reactivity and basal blood pressure level, 20 patients and their partners were assigned either to (a) marital communication training or (b) an assessment-only control group. At posttest, subjects who has mastered the reflective problem-solving techniques engaged in fewer hostile exchanges during marital discussions than did the untrained controls. Trained subjects also achieved a significantly greater reduction in systolic reactivity (−8.8 mmHg) evoked by discussion tasks than did the control subjects (−3.5 mmHg). Communication training may provide a means to improve blood pressure control in certain individuals.