cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Musculoskeletal involvement in children with gastroschisis and omphalocele

A review of 58 children with gastroschisis and 8 children with omphalocele showed 14 musculoskeletal problems in 11 children. These problems consisted of limb deformities in 6 children, spinal deformities in 4 children, and osteopenia in 3 children, with 1 of the osteopenic children developing pathological fractures. About one third (5/14) of the problems were arthrogrypotic in nature. The remainder were mild digital deformities, developmental or spondylodysplastic scolioses, and, rarely, congenital spinal deformities.
Immunoglobulin Prophylaxis for Hepatitis A

Studies conducted over the past 45 years have shown that immunoglobulin (IG) prevents 80%-90% of cases of hepatitis A when administered before exposure or shortly thereafter. Protection is short lived and requires early diagnosis and timely administration of IG to contacts. Inactivated and attenuated hepatitis A virus (HAV) vaccines have recently been developed and should be available for clinical use within the next few years. Evaluation of antibodies to HAV in IG and in IG recipients provides one method of determining the immunogenicity of HAV vaccines. The role of IG in the prevention of hepatitis A is reviewed with emphasis on the relationship of antibody response following IG administration to the efficacy of HAV vaccines.
Micro-rhombic calcite and microporosity in limestones: a geochemical study of the lower cretaceous thamama group, U.A.E.

Abstract Euhedral micro-rhombic calcite forms a microporosity network in limestones of the Lower Cretaceous Thamama Group, U.A.E. Isotopic and trace-element data indicate that micro-rhomb formation was a two-step process associated with diagenesis in meteoric waters. The micro-rhombic calcite, and the micropores are both products of the second event. Sr, Fe, Mn, and Mg contents of the micro-rhombs are all relatively low, ranging from 108 to 310 ppm, 34 to 308 ppm, 3 to 32 ppm, and 0.42 to 0.68 mole %, respectively. The low Sr and Mg contents indicate extensive flushing of these constituents from the rock. The low Fe and Mn contents are probably inherited from the original sediments and indicate the lack of any Fe or Mn in the pore fluids during micro-rhomb formation. The ϵ13C of the micro-rhombs (+ 3.1 to + 4.5% PDM) are also primary, unaltered by diagenesis. The ϵ13O of the micro-rhombs (−4.5 to −6.0% PDB) reflect alteration by mateoric waters. A large number of pore volumes and an open, water-buffered system would be necessary to flush Sr and Mg, yet decreasing ϵ18O with increasing porosity indicates that ϵ18O values in non-porous intervals are partially rock-buffered. Two diagenetic events are thus implicated, the first flushing Sr and Mg and lowering ϵ18O in all rocks, and the second event actually forming the micro-rhombs and further altering ϵ18O as a function of porosity. The first diagenetic event was most likely mineralogical stabilization in an unconfined meteoric aquifer immediately after Shuaiba deposition. If mineralogical stabilization was completed in the first event, then calcite-to-calcite recrystallization is implicated for the second event. The second event may have occurred in the unconfined meteoric aquifer, or it may have occurred in a confined meteoric aquifer during the early Late Cretaceous.
Contents and Retention of Nutrients in Extra Lean, Lean and Regular Ground Beef

Contents and retention of nutrients in raw and cooked (broiled, roasted and grilled to medium-well stage) ground beef patties were established. Fat levels of the raw patties were 18.4, 21.5, and 27.0%. Cooking yields were slightly lower and energy contents were higher for patties containing 27.0% fat than 18.4 or 21.5%. Total lipids, energy content, thiamin and pantothenic acid were the least retained nutrients while zinc was the highest. Generally, retentions after broiling or grilling were the same but were higher than after roasting. The polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratios (P/S) rose slightly after cooking. For most nutrients, differences due to fat levels or cooking methods appear to be too small to be of practical nutritional significance.
DEVELOPMENT OF MUCILAGINOUS SURFACES IN EUGLENOIDS. II. FLAGELLATED, CREEPING AND PALMELLOID CELLS OF EUGLENA1

Critical-point dried (CPD) cells from clonal cultures of Euglena gracilis Klebs (Z strain), E. deses Ehrb., E. tripteris (Duj.) Klebs and E. myxocylindracea Bold & MacEntee were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Flagellated motile cells of E. gracilis are naked except for a few strands of mucilage on the posterior tip. Flagellated cells of E. tripteris have a permanent mucilage coating often of uneven distribution and usually not as well developed as that of nonflagellated creeping cells which have a distinctive mucilage. In E. deses the coating appears rough due to the aggregation of isolated groups of strands above the cell surface. In E. tripteris the coating appears smooth except for breaks near the articulation of the pellicular strips where the mucilage may rise above the surface to form waves. At high magnification this mucilage consists of a network of strands generally lying parallel to the cell surface; the strands become obscure in some specimens. In E. myxocylindracea elongated, mucilage-coated cells contract to form spheres which undergo further mucilage deposition producing the mucilage covering of palmellae. As palmellae mature, the mucilage surface becomes less porous and the individuality of most mucilage strands is lost.
Technology-mediated information sharing between patients and clinicians in primary care encounters

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify and describe the use of electronic health records EHRs for information sharing between patients and clinicians in primary-care encounters. This topic is particularly important as computers and other technologies are increasingly implemented in multi-user health-care settings where interactions and communication between patients and clinicians are integral to interpersonal and organisational outcomes. Method: An ethnographic approach was used to classify the encounters into distinct technology-use patterns based on clinicians’ interactions with the technology and patients. Each technology-use pattern was quantitatively analysed to assist with comparison. Quantitative analysis was based on duration of patient and clinician gaze at EHR. Findings: Physicians employed three different styles to share information using EHRs: 1 active information sharing, in which a clinician turns the monitor towards the patient and uses the computer to actively share information with the patient; 2 passive information sharing, when a clinician does not move the monitor, but the patient might see the monitor by leaning in if they choose and 3 technology withdrawal, when a clinician does not share the monitor with the patient. Conclusion: A variety of technology-mediated information-sharing styles may be effective in providing patient-centred care. New EHR designs may be needed to facilitate information sharing between patients and clinicians.
Image metrics approach to understanding effects of terrain and environment on performance of thermal target acquisition systems

Understanding the general statistical characteristics and the distribution of target-like features in thermal background imagery is an important part of solving the automatic target recognition (ATR) problem. An alternative approach to test site and scene characterization, based on thermal background image metrics, is described and demonstrated. A database of forward looking infrared (FLIR) imagery, and meteorological and terrain data was systematically obtained from three continental U.S. (CONUS) test sites. Image metrics, relevant to ATR performance, were computed on all imagery. It was demonstrated that temporal variations in these metrics could be predicted (r 2 ≥0.79) using current meteorological conditions and a time history of solar loading measurements. Scene-to-scene differences in the texture metrics at a single test site could be predicted (r 2 ≥O.78) based on gross scene content attributes. The applications and limitations of this approach and procedure are discussed.
HYDRODYNAMIC EFFECTS IN THE PHOTOSENSITIZED LYSIS OF LIPOSOMES

— The photosensitized lysis of phosphatidylcholine liposomes incorporating methylene blue in the membrane or in the presence of external methylene blue is promoted by hydrodynamic agitation concurrent with or subsequent to irradiation with red light. The results implicate the attack of singlet oxygen on an unsaturated lipid component as the key photochemical step, which is followed by additional membrane damage induced by hydrodynamic action.
The distribution of GYR- and YLP-like motifs in Drosophila suggests a general role in cuticle assembly and other protein-protein interactions.

Background Arthropod cuticle is composed predominantly of a self-assembling matrix of chitin and protein. Genes encoding structural cuticular proteins are remarkably abundant in arthropod genomes, yet there has been no systematic survey of conserved motifs across cuticular protein families. Methodology/Principal Findings Two short sequence motifs with conserved tyrosines were identified in Drosophila cuticular proteins that were similar to the GYR and YLP Interpro domains. These motifs were found in members of the CPR, Tweedle, CPF/CPFL, and (in Anopheles gambiae) CPLCG cuticular protein families, and the Dusky/Miniature family of cuticle-associated proteins. Tweedle proteins have a characteristic motif architecture that is shared with the Drosophila protein GCR1 and its orthologs in other species, suggesting that GCR1 is also cuticular. A resilin repeat, which has been shown to confer elasticity, matched one of the motifs; a number of other Drosophila proteins of unknown function exhibit a motif architecture similar to that of resilin. The motifs were also present in some proteins of the peritrophic matrix and the eggshell, suggesting molecular convergence among distinct extracellular matrices. More surprisingly, gene regulation, development, and proteolysis were statistically over-represented ontology terms for all non-cuticular matches in Drosophila. Searches against other arthropod genomes indicate that the motifs are taxonomically widespread. Conclusions This survey suggests a more general definition for GYR and YLP motifs and reveals their contribution to several types of extracellular matrix. They may define sites of protein interaction with DNA or other proteins, based on ontology analysis. These results can help guide experimental studies on the biochemistry of cuticle assembly.
CONSUMER KNOWLEDGE, RIGHTS AND BEHAVIOUR OF COMMUNITY CONSUMER LEADERS

Research has indicated that the attitudes of teachers are often reflected in their students.1 If so, then what are the attitudes that potential community consumer educators may pass on to the people in their localities? Is there a relationship between their knowledge of consumer rights and responsibilities, and their opinions and behaviours? The knowledge, opinions and behaviours concerning consumer rights and responsibilities of community consumer educators may be reflected in their effectiveness in conducting community programs. Are they knowledgeable of their consumer rights and responsibilities? Do their own reported marketplace behaviours support their attitudes, or are they different? This study was designed to seek answers to these and related questions.2
Viral haemorrhagic fevers in healthcare settings.

Summary Viral haemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) typically manifest as rapidly progressing acute febrile syndromes with profound haemorrhagic manifestations and very high fatality rates. VHFs that have the potential for human-to-human transmission and onset of large nosocomial outbreaks include Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever, Ebola haemorrhagic fever, Marburg haemorrhagic fever and Lassa fever. Nosocomial outbreaks of VHFs are increasingly reported nowadays, which likely reflects the dynamics of emergence of VHFs. Such outbreaks are associated with an enormous impact in terms of human lives and costs for the management of cases, contact tracing and containment. Surveillance, diagnostic capacity, infection control and the overall preparedness level for management of a hospital-based VHF event are very limited in most endemic countries. Diagnostic capacities for VHFs should increase in the field and become affordable. Availability of appropriate protective equipment and education of healthcare workers about safe clinical practices and infection control is the mainstay for the prevention of nosocomial spread of VHFs.
Detection of estrogen receptor mRNA in human uterus

Abstract We transcribed a cDNA clone of the human estrogen receptor (ER) with T7 RNA polymerase. The 32P-cRNA transcript complementary to ER mRNA was hybridized to poly(A)+ RNA from human uterus and revealed a single band of ≈ 4.2 kilobases. No hybridization was seen with the cRNA probe of the opposite orientation. Hybridization of total RNA from calf and rat uterus yielded a single band at ≈ 3.8 kilobases for both species. Total RNA from rat spleen did not hybridize. A 35S-labeled cRNA probe was prepared for in situ hybridization of ER mRNA in human uterus and spleen. Autoradiographic signal was present over endometrial epithelium, stromal cells of the lamina propria, and smooth muscle cells of the myometrium but was absent from sections of spleen. The ER mRNA hybridization label was located over cytoplasm and nuclei of uterine target cells.
Benchmarking Time-Optimal Control Inputs for Flexible Systems

Command shaping techniques adjust the motion commands to e exible systems so that residual vibration is reduced. However, with so many command shaping methods available, benchmarking is necessary so that the contributions and performance of a particular input can be assessed. A closed-form solution for the move plus settling time of a rigid-body input when applied to a e exible system with damping is developed. The move plus settling time ofthe rigid-body solution creates an upper bound on most feasible solutions forsystems with actuator constraints. A lower bound on the point-to-point motion is the pure move time of the rigid-body input. The usefulness and importance of benchmarking using the rigid-body solution, as well as other inputs, is described. Results emphasize the importance of command shaping when the system damping ratio is less than 0.1.
Expression and function of adenosine receptors in the chinchilla cochlea

Previous studies indicate the presence of adenosine receptors in the cochlear tissues obtained from different animals. This study was initiated to determine the subtypes of adenosine receptor (AR) present in the chinchilla cochlea and to assess their function. Radioligand binding studies demonstrate the presence of both the A1AR and A3AR in membranes prepared from the cochlea, using the radioligands [3H]DPCPX and [125I]APNEA. Estimates of the number (Bmax) of A1AR and A1AR plus A3AR by saturation curves were 118 +/- 13 and 417 +/- 120 fmol/mg, respectively, with the respective equilibrium dissociation constants (Kd) averaging 2.7 +/- 0.2 and 26.3 +/- 13.8 nM. No significant number of A2aAR were detected using [3H]CGS21680. The nonhydrolyzable adenosine analog R-phenylisopropyladenosine (R-PIA, 1 microM) elicited a small but significant degree of inhibition of forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity (10.4 +/- 2.5%) in cochlear membrane preparations, which was insensitive to blockade by theophylline (100 microM). Furthermore, R-PIA elicited an increase in inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate production in dissociated cell preparations obtained from the cochlea. No significant effect of R-PIA was observed on auditory measures such as auditory brainstem evoked response, cochlear action potential and endocochlear potential following round window application. However, round window application of R-PIA elicited significant increases in the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and significantly reduced the levels of malondialdehyde, a marker of lipid peroxidation. These results suggest a potential cytoprotective role of adenosine in the cochlea against oxidative damage.
Alcohol exposure as a risk factor for adverse outcomes in elective surgery.

Alcohol consumption is a well-documented determinant of adverse perioperative outcome. We sought to determine the effect of active alcohol consumption following elective surgery. We queried discharge records from the American College of Surgeons' National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP, 2005–2007) for all elective adult admissions. The 7,631 (2.5%) patients with documented alcohol use (active alcohol use of at least two drinks per day within 2 weeks of surgery; ETOH use) underwent elective surgery; 301,994 (97.5%) patients denied ETOH use. Multivariate analysis was performed with adjustments for demographic and comorbid factors. Primary outcome measures included length of stay (LOS), postoperative complications, and death. ETOH use associated with elective surgery decreased over the course of the study (p < 0.0001). ETOH use was an independent predictor of pneumonia (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.84–2.13), sepsis (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.03–1.37), superficial surgical site infection (SSI; OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.02–1.31), wound disruption (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.11–1.80), and prolonged LOS (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.08–1.26). Except for SSI, these complications were independent risk factors for postoperative mortality. ETOH use was associated with earlier time to wound disruption (9 vs. 11 days; p = 0.04), longer median hospital stays (5 vs. 3 days; p < 0.0001), and longer LOS after operation (4 vs. 3 days; p < 0.0001). Active alcohol consumption is a significant determinant of adverse outcomes in elective surgery; patients with ETOH use who are scheduled to undergo elective surgery should be appropriately educated and counseled.
Social navigation: modeling, simulation, and experimentation

The term social navigation refers to the process of seeking social interaction as a source of navigational support. In this paper we present a computational model of social navigation as an extension to an existing conceptual, non-computational model of general navigation. We argue that such models are important in designing effective shared environments for information navigation. We describe support for the model with a simulation environment for social navigation and an analytical model that addresses some of the quantitative implications of social interaction on the process.
DOORWAY STATES AND BACKGROUND CROSS SECTIONS IN $sup 29$Si($gamma$,n).

A study of the reaction $^{29}\mathrm{Si}(\ensuremath{\gamma},n)$ near threshold suggests that a doorway state with ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={\frac{3}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ common to the channels $^{28}\mathrm{Si}+n$ and $^{29}\mathrm{Si}+\ensuremath{\gamma}$ lies near 750 keV. We observe experimentally Lane's prediction of a significant nonresonant background cross section associated with strong partial-width correlations.
Denmark's Two University Centers: The Quest for Stability, Autonomy, and Distinctiveness.

In the 1970's Denmark established two new institutions called “university centers” which were to differ from the traditional universities in terms of academic organization and curriculum. The first center, Roskilde, was established near the national capital while the second center, Aalborg, was established in a provincial area. The development of these two centers, though emanating from the same plan, has been strikingly different particularly in terms of institutional stability, autonomy and distinctiveness.
Illicit international political economy: the clandestine side of globalization

(2004). Illicit international political economy: the clandestine side of globalization. Review of International Political Economy: Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 641-652.
Dissociative chemisorption of O2 on transition metal clusters in the presence or absence of subsurface oxygen and the effect of cluster size

The dissociative chemisorption of O2 on different sites of the (111) clusters of Ni, Pd, Pt, and Ir in the presence or absence of strongly bound subsurface oxygen is investigated by the Extended Huckel Method (EHM). The nature of the electronic changes in the cluster due to subsurface oxygen and the resulting effect on the O2 chemisorption are discussed. It is shown that the subsurface oxygen may generate negative charges on the surface metal atoms, and may cause restructuring of the surface. A decrease of the work function for the above metals in the presence of subsurface oxygen is predicted. It is found that, with or without subsurface oxygen, the O2 adsorption is parallel to the surface, above two adjacent metal atoms, at low coverages. Both parallel and normal forms of chemisorbed O2, as well as some migration of O2 during the dissociation process, may occur at higher coverages. Compared to the clean metal, the presence of subsurface oxygen changes the energetic sequence of possible adsorption sites. The subsurface oxygen enhances both the normal and parallel dissociative chemisorption of O2 on small size clusters. However, the effect is reversed for larger clusters. The reversal appears to occur at a cluster size larger for the normal adsorption than for the parallel adsorption of O2. The effect of the coverage is discussed to show that at sufficiently low temperatures (high coverages) the adsorption of O2 may be non-dissociative.
The Relationship Among Rank, Experience, and Accounting Faculty Effort Allocations

Abstract This study examines the developmental stages of academic accountants by investigating whether rank and experience condition the amount of effort academic accountants allocate to the areas of teaching, research, service, and administration. Research in the general education literature relating to career development is briefly reviewed. The findings of the study indicate that experience is inversely related to the amount of effort allocated to research taken singularly and the traditional triad of teaching, research, and service taken in the aggregate. A significant positive relationship was found between rank and administrative activity. The research results are related to the general education literature.
The role of calcium in the regulation of hormone transport in gravistimulated roots.

Abstract Prior research has shown that gravistimulation induces preferential movement of calcium toward the lower side of the tips of maize roots and that roots depleted of calcium show impaired gravitropism. To further investigate the role of calcium in root gravitropism, we examined the effects of calcium on auxin movement in both vertical and gravistimulated roots of maize. Longitudinal movement of auxin was basipetally polar in intact roots but acropetally polar in decapped roots. Treatment of the root tip with calcium increased basipetal auxin movement in both intact and decapped roots. Gravistimulation induced asymmetric auxin movement toward the lower side of the root tip. Both asymmetric auxin movement and gravicurvature were inhibited by treatment of the root tip with auxin transport inhibitors or with EGTA. The results indicate that there is a close correlation between curvature and gravity-induced asymmetric auxin movement across the root cap. Since gravistimulation causes calcium movement toward the lower side of the root tip, our observation that calcium promotes basipetal auxin movement supports the idea that gravity-induced calcium asymmetry is a key step linking gravistimulation to the establishment of auxin asymmetry during root gravitropism.
Esteem threat, self-regulatory breakdown, and emotional distress as factors in self-defeating behavior.

Patterns of human self-defeating or self-destructive behavior are examined in relation to several hypothesized causes. Threatened egotism appears to be a major, pervasive cause: Self-defeating resp...
Diffusive transfer of polarized 3 He gas through depolarizing magnetic gradients

Abstract Transfer of polarized 3 He gas across spatially varying magnetic fields will facilitate a new source of polarized 3 He ions for particle accelerators . In this context, depolarization of atoms as they pass through regions of significant transverse field gradients is a major concern. To understand these depolarization effects, we have built a system consisting of a Helmholtz coil pair and a solenoid, both with central magnetic fields of order 30 gauss. The atoms are polarized via metastability exchange optical pumping in the Helmholtz coil and are in diffusive contact via a glass tube with a second test cell in the solenoid. We have carried out measurements of the spin relaxation during transfer of polarization in 3He at 1 torr by diffusion. We explore the use of measurements of the loss of polarization taken in one cell to infer the polarization in the other cell.
Differences in chain usage and cross-linking specificities of cartilage type V/XI collagen isoforms with age and tissue.

Collagen type V/XI is a minor but essential component of collagen fibrils in vertebrates. We here report on age- and tissue-related variations in isoform usage in cartilages. With maturation of articular cartilage, the α1(V) chain progressively replaced the α2(XI) chain. A mix of the molecular isoforms, α1(XI)α1(V)α3(XI) and α1(XI)α2(XI)α3(XI), best explained this finding. A prominence of α1(V) chains is therefore characteristic and a potential biomarker of mature mammalian articular cartilage. Analysis of cross-linked peptides showed that the α1(V) chains were primarily cross-linked to α1(XI) chains in the tissue and hence an integral component of the V/XI polymer. From nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc (in which the bulk collagen monomer is type II as in articular cartilage), type V/XI collagen consisted of a mix of five genetically distinct chains, α1(XI), α2(XI), α3(XI), α1(V), and α2(V). These presumably were derived from several different molecular isoforms, including α1(XI)α2(XI)α3(XI), (α1(XI))2α2(V), and others. Meniscal fibrocartilage shows yet another V/XI phenotype. The findings support and extend the concept that the clade B subfamily of COL5 and COL11 gene products should be considered members of the same collagen subfamily, from which, in combination with clade A gene products (COL2A1 or COL5A2), a range of molecular isoforms has evolved into tissue-dependent usage. We propose an evolving role for collagen V/XI isoforms as an adaptable polymeric template of fibril macro-architecture.
On the relationship between senescence and age-related changes in two wild-type strains of Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract Two wild-type strains of Drosophila melanogaster, Oregon-R and Canton-S, that have different lifespans are compared in respect of the age of onset of changes in the following: (1) the ability to renew catalase activity after its loss owing to treatment with the drug 3-amino-1,2,4,-triazole; (2) the levels of alcohol dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity; (3) the appearance of Sondhi's (1967) abdominal age spots; and (4) a measure of locomotion. The results admit of no simple interpretation. They do indicate, as is discussed, the problems in analyzing lifespan mutants by using presumed landmark events of aging.
Strategic Framing Study Circles: Toward a gold standard of framing pedagogy

This article explains how communities of practice have been developed as part of FrameWorks' field-building efforts. Strategic Framing Study Circles, as they are known, have been conducted with four statewide coalitions, one group of national organizations, and an emerging regional coalition. The goal of each community of practice is to build among participants a solid base of framing skills and competencies and to help them understand that despite varied organizational agendas, they can share a frame to tremendous collective advantage.
Anatomical observations on the acromioclavicular joint and supporting ligaments

An anatomical study of the acromioclavicular (AC) joint and its supporting ligaments was performed using both macroscopic and microscopic methods. The project used 63 cadaver shoulders of unknown ages. Fifty- three joints were used for macroscopic and 10 for microscopic study. The data consisted of 1) micrometer measurements of the dimensions of the extrinsic and intrinsic ligaments of the AC joint; 2) measurement and description of the intraarticular meniscus and the su perior and inferior capsular ligaments of the AC joint; and 3) the anatomical course and relationship of the coracoacromial (CA) ligament to the supporting liga ments of the AC joint and a description of its insertion on the acromion process.The following observations were made: The cor acoclavicular ligament, especially the trapezoid liga ment, provides significant soft tissue restraints to up ward displacement of the clavicle. A complete AC joint disc was found in only one, meniscoid discs in 25, remnants of discs in 16, and no discs in...
Cortical Dynamics Of Boundary Completion, Segmentation, And Depth Perception

When we gaze upon a scene, our brains combine many types of locally ambiguous visual information to rapidly generate a globally unambiguous representation of form-and-color-in-depth. In contrast, many models of visual perception are specialized models which deal with only one type of information-for example, boundary, disparity, curvature, shading, color, or spatial frequency information. For such models, other types of signals are often contaminants, or noise elements, rather than cooperative sources of ambiguity-reducing information. This state of affairs raises the basic question: What new principles and mechanisms are needed to understand how multiple sources of visual information preattentively cooperate to generate a percept of 3-D form?
A Macrocyclic Approach to Tetracycline Natural Products. Investigation of Transannular Alkylations and Michael Additions

A new approach to the tetracycline core structure is presented. The pivotal intermediate is identified as macrocycle III. The two interior bonds (C4a-C12a and C5a-C11a) are to be constructed through sequential transannular Michael additions (III-II) and compression-promoted transannular isoxazole alkylations from intermediate II.
Funding a Full Continuum of Mental Health Promotion and Intervention Programs in the Schools

Abstract Purpose To assess the availability of public and private financing sources to support comprehensive school mental health programs. The paper focuses on "expanded school mental health" (ESMH) programs, which provide a full array of mental health promotion and intervention services to youth in general and special education through school–community partnerships. Methods A range of strategies to fund ESMH services are reviewed, including fee-for-service funding, as well as grants, contracts, and other mechanisms from federal, state, local, and private sources. Results An objective national study of the characteristics and financing of ESMH programs has yet to be conducted. Existing evidence suggests that funding for these programs is patchy and tenuous. Many programs are being funded through fee-for-service programs, which generally only support the provision of more intensive services (e.g., assessment, therapy) and are associated with significant bureaucracy and other concerns (e.g., the need to diagnose students). As programs move to enhance funding for preventive and mental health–promoting activities and services, there is an increasing need for grants, contracts, and other sources of support. Conclusion Progress in the national movement toward ESMH will be promoted through an interconnected agenda of quality improvement, evaluation of program effectiveness, and the advancement of advocacy. These developments will facilitate policy improvements and increased funding for the full continuum of mental health promotion and intervention in the schools.
Uncertainty in Clergy’s Perspectives on Homosexuality: A Research Note

This research note analyzes expressions of uncertainty in clergy’s perspectives on homosexuality. We conducted interviews with forty Christian clergy who lead congregations in the vicinity of one large southeastern US city. Seven in ten clergy interviewed expressed uncertainty in their personal opinions about homosexuality, uncertainty about how they should act pursuant to the issue, or both. We describe clergy’s experiences with these uncertainties and analyze the patterns in which it appears in their opinions and actions regarding homosexuality. The nuance evident in these patterns illustrates how a range of superseding factors influence clergy’s opinions about homosexuality and the extent to which they feel constrained in taking action with regard to the issue. We argue for the conceptual value of a framework that provides space for analysis of uncertainty in public opinion about contentious social issues such as homosexuality.
Scan Conversion for a Multiprocessor-based Ultrasound Processing System

To meet the computational requirements of mid-range and high-end programmable ultrasound systems, multiple processors are currently required. Algorithms optimized specifically for a single processor-based system may not perform well in a multiprocessor environment. They need to be efficiently remapped on multiple processors to take advantage of the increased computing power while minimizing the interprocessor data transfer and the latency between data acquisition and display. In this paper, we describe a multiprocessor-based implementation of scan conversion, a key processing task in an ultrasound system that geometrically transforms the acquired polar ultrasound data to Cartesian coordinates for display. The single processor-based scan conversion algorithm that was reported previously uses inverse mapping for geometric transformation, where the pixel values in the Cartesian display are determined from data in the polar domain. Inverse mapping requires access to a full frame of pre-scan-converted ultrasound data, which in a multiprocessor system can be located across multiple processors, thus requiring a significant amount of interprocessor data communications. Our modified scan conversion algorithm reduces the data movement by performing inverse-mapped scan conversion locally on the polar-domain data present in each processor's memory. Each processor handles a smaller amount of data, thus reducing the latency. The raster pixels generated by each processor are combined later. Interprocessor synchronization is used to ensure that each processor displays data belonging to the same frame. Data overlapping between processors avoids boundary artifacts between regions that are processed on different processors. Using four Hitachi/Equator Technologies' 300-MHz MAP-CA processors, scan conversion requires 5.6 ms for a 600x420 RGB frame, as compared to 14.6 ms using a single processor, and the latency is reduced by 33.3%. We believe that this type of parallel algorithms will facilitate the development and deployment of flexible multiprocessor-based ultrasound and other medical imaging systems.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Secondary Electron Multiplication in Image Intensifier Dynode Structures

The distribution in the number of photons in the light pulses from the phosphor of a five dynode transmission secondary electron image intensifier (TSEM) has been measured for single photoelectrons emitted from the cathode. This distribution reflects the distribution in the secondary electron multiplication in the dynode structure. The distribution is monotonically decreasing, but deviates significantly from a simple exponential. The noise distribution has also been studied and several different components distinguished. The effects on these components of cooling the cathode has been investigated.
Frederick salmon-surgeon who founded St. Mark’s Hospital

On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the death of Frederick Salmon, an English surgeon, little known in his lifetime, this presentation focuses attention on his books which, when originally written, promoted few manifestations of interest and concern, and calls attention to his enduring contribution to proctology—past, present and future—namely, the founding and development of an institution devoted to diseases of the rectum and colon—the St. Mark’s Hospital.
How broadband speech may avoid neural firing rate saturation at high intensities and maintain intelligibility

Three experiments examined the intelligibility enhancement produced when noise bands flank high intensity rectangular band speech. When white noise flankers were added to the speech individually at a low spectrum level (−30 dB relative to the speech) only the higher frequency flanker produced a significant intelligibility increase (i.e., recovery from intelligibility rollover). However, the lower-frequency flanking noise did produce an equivalent intelligibility increase when its spectrum level was increased by 10 dB. This asymmetrical intensity requirement, and other results, support previous suggestions that intelligibility loss at high intensities is reduced by lateral inhibition in the cochlear nuclei.
The impact of history and technology on women's careers

The impact of the information revolution and the feminist movement on the lives of three women is discussed. The women were born in the decade when the first modern computers were built (1940s) and entered the workforce in the decade when the National Organization for Women (NOW) was founded (1960s). All three women rose to management levels in the computing industry, significantly beyond their early expectations. The paper concludes by discussing the views of the three women on improvements that should occur for women in computing as we enter the next century.
S-Methyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide as the precursor of methyl methanethiolsulfinate, the principal antibacterial compound in cabbage

S-Methyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide (SMCSO) was present in several cultivars of cabbage (Brussicn oleracea) at 690–1,120 ppm. SMCSO was not inhibitory to Leuconostoc mesenreroides, but its hydrolysis product, methyl methanethiolsulfinate (MMTSO), was inhibitory. MMTSO was formed in fresh cabbage juice (CJ) and in a model system containing SMCSO and fresh cabbage (pH 4.0) precipitate, perhaps by cysteine sulfoxide lyase. Growth inhibition by 1 mM MMTSO was reversed by 5 mM dithiothreitol, cysteine, or reduced glutathione, but not by oxidized glutathione or thiamine.
Canine transmissible venereal tumour and ovarian papillary cystadeno‐carcinoma in a bitch

A young German shepherd dog was presented for a protruding vaginal mass of one month's duration. Clinical appearance of the mass was suggestive of a canine transmissible venereal tumour. Diagnosis was confirmed by cytology; a single drug chemotherapy regimen using vincristine was instituted. Regression was evident within seven days after the first treatment. Bilateral ovarian papillary cystadenocarcinoma was an incidental finding after an elective ovariohysterectomy was performed.
Sensor planning for automated and persistent object tracking with multiple cameras

Most existing camera placement algorithms focus on coverage and/or visibility analysis, which ensures that the object of interest is visible in the camera's field of view (FOV). However, visibility, a fundamental requirement of object tracking, is insufficient for persistent and automated tracking. In such applications, a continuous and consistently labeled trajectory of the same object should be maintained across different cameraspsila views. Therefore, a sufficient overlap between the cameraspsila FOVs should be secured so that camera handoff can be executed successfully and automatically before the object of interest becomes untraceable or unidentifiable. The proposed sensor planning method improves existing algorithms by adding handoff rate analysis, which preserves necessary overlapped FOVs for an optimal handoff success rate. In addition, special considerations such as resolution and frontal view requirements are addressed using two approaches: direct constraint and adaptive weight. The resulting camera placement is compared with a reference algorithm by Erdem and Sclaroff. Significantly improved handoff success rate and frontal view percentage are illustrated via experiments using typical office floor plans.
Why Ultrarelativistic Numerical Hydrodynamics is Difficult

An implicit, adaptive-mesh numerical technique is described for modeling ultrarelativist ic (Y >> 1) gas flows in flat spacetime in one space dimension. The numerical code is an adaptation of the WH80s Newtonian radiation hydrodynamics code described by Winkler and Norman in these proceedings. Shock fronts are treated by the method of artificial viscosity. We derive the equations of motion for an ideal gas with artificial viscosity in Eulerian and arbitrarily-moving coordinates. We show through numerical examples the systematic errors that result from inconsistently omitting or including the artificial viscous “pressure” in the Eulerian equations of motion. These errors are eliminated in the present code, which gives good results on three test problems involving strong relativistic shock waves.
Shear‐coupled PL

Summary. Observed teleseismic shear-coupled PL-waves (SPL) display a variety of waveforms depending on factors such as source depth, source type and velocity structure. Using a WKBJ spectral method for SV-wave propagation, synthetic seismograms of SPL are produced to examine the factors important in SV and SPL excitation. Results show that SPL is preferentially excited by shallow sources compared to deep sources. This is due to large source area reverberations which consequently leak as SV-waves into the mantle. Interaction at the receiver area then sets up the classic prograde elliptical motion by which SPL can be identified. This is in accordance with the teleseismic observations and indicates that most previous models for the propagation of SPL were not appropriate for shallow source since emphasis was placed on wave interactions occurring only near the receiver.
Statistical modeling techniques: FPV vs. BPV

A comparison of forward and backward propagation of variance methods is presented, applied to generation of SPICE models that capture the statistical variation of microelectronic devices. MOSFET examples taken directly from a CMOS process are used to highlight the challenges in accurately capturing statistical process variation during process development. Ring oscillator simulations are used to quantify the performance of worst and best case models generated by each method.
Validating an online adaptive system using SVDD

One of the goals of verification and validation (V&V) activities for online adaptive control systems is providing assurance that they are able to detect novel system behaviors and provide adequate (safe) control actions. Novel (or abnormal) system behaviors cannot be enumerated or fully and explicitly described in requirements documentation. Therefore, they have to be observed and recognized during the operation. Novelty detection methods, therefore, provide an adequate approach for the V&V purposes. We propose a novelty detection method based on support sector data description (SVDD) as a candidate approach for validating adaptive control systems. As a one-class classifier, the support vector data description is able to form a decision boundary around the learned data domain with very little or no knowledge of data points outside the boundary (outliers). We apply the SVDD techniques for novelty detection as part of the validation on an intelligent flight control system (IFCS). Experimental results show that the SVDD can be adopted as an effective tool for finding indications of the safe region for the learned domain, whereby we are able to separate faulty behavior from normal events.
Association of CYP3A7*1C and serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Context: Adrenal androgen excess is common in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and appears to be heritable. CYP3A7 metabolizes dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate (DHEAS). A promoter variant, CYP3A7*1C, which results in persistent expression in adults, was associated with reduced DHEAS levels in a previous study, which led us to consider CYP3A7*1C as a modulator of adrenal androgen excess in patients with PCOS. Objective: The objective was to replicate the association between CYP3A7*1C and reduced DHEAS levels in PCOS patients and assess its possible role in modulating testosterone levels. Design: Women with and without PCOS were genotyped for CYP3A7*1C, and this variant was tested for association with DHEAS and total and free testosterone. Setting: Subjects were recruited from the reproductive endocrinology clinic at the University of Alabama at Birmingham; controls were recruited from the surrounding community. Genotyping took place at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (Los Angeles, CA). Participants: A to...
In Situ MHC Tetramer Staining

With the onset of MHC tetramer technology came a wealth of new understanding of antigen specific CD8+ T cells. This chapter discusses the application of MHC tetramer technology to stain antigen specific T cells in tissue sections. In situ tetramer staining (IST) can be used to determine the localization, abundance, and phenotype of antigen specific T cells in their native environment. IST can be used to stain essentially any antigen specific T cell in any tissue for which MHC tetramers are available. In this chapter, an overview of the technique is described including advantages and disadvantages of using thick fresh sections vs. thin frozen sections, and using direct labeling vs. indirect labeling. A summary of experimental systems that have employed IST to gain understanding of antigen specific CD8+ T cells is provided, including some interesting biology that has been revealed from these studies. Finally, the prospects for using IST to evaluate cancer specific T cells in cancer patients undergoing vaccine therapy are discussed.
Defect Reduction in Si-based Metal-Semiconductor-Metal Photodetectors with Cryogenic Processed Schottky Contacts

Metal-Semiconductor-Metal photodetectors (MSM-PD’s) and simple Schottky diodes were fabricated using a low temperature (LT) technique to greatly reduce the device dark current. LT processing for metal deposition increased Schottky barrier height by improving the interface between metal and semiconductor to reduce the leakage current of the device. The structure consists of a 20 A oxide over the active area to passivate surface states, a thicker oxide under contact pads to reduce dark current and the interdigitated Schottky contacts. A comparison was made for Schottky metal deposited with the substrate at 25 °C or -50 °C (LT). The devices fabricated using the LT process had better I-V characteristics compared to detectors fabricated using the standard room temperature (RT) metal deposition technique. The dark current for the LT film was found to be one to three orders lower in magnitude compared to the film deposited at RT. In one case, for example, the dark current was significantly reduced from 1.69 nA to 4.58 pA at 1.0 V. The active area for the device was determined to be 36 × 50 μm2 with 4 μm electrode width and 4 μm electrode spacing. Additionally, LT-MSM-PD’s exhibited an excellent linear relationship between the photo-current and the incident light power. The Schottky barrier height for LT processing was found to be 0.79 eV; however, this value was 0.1 eV more than that of the same contact obtained by RT processing.