cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of a Web-based education environment

Delivery of online education requires a robust environment for development of Web-based courses. Although commercial solutions for online course management exist, many universities choose to develop their own environments. The engineering school of the University of Louisville has developed such an environment. At the minimum, any online education system requires a Web server equipped with a database. Due to the authors' familiarity with the PC, Windows NT Server and Access 97 were used. The database is used to store student names, user IDs, passwords, e-mail addresses, and grades. It also holds pointers to Web pages, arranged by course. Active Server Pages are used to communicate with the database, so that user HTML can be generated on the fly. Using the above as a baseline, the RAISE (Remote Asynchronous Instruction in Science and Engineering) environment was developed that provides such features as course registration, password protected logins, announcements, calendar, gradebook, class notes, syllabi, threaded conferences, interactive tutorials, and automated tools for creating online courses. This manuscript describes the design process and discusses those elements of the environment that are most and least effective in educational delivery, particularly with respect to using the environment as an adjunct to existing lecture-based engineering classes. The focus is on practical ideas and methods for design of online education environments.
Mouse model reveals the role of RERE in cerebellar foliation and the migration and maturation of Purkinje cells.

Nuclear receptors and their coregulators play a critical role in brain development by regulating the spatiotemporal expression of their target genes. The arginine-glutamic acid dipeptide repeats gene (Rere) encodes a nuclear receptor coregulator previously known as Atrophin 2. In the developing cerebellum, RERE is expressed in the molecular layer, the Purkinje cell layer and the granule cell layer but not in granule cell precursors. To study RERE's role in cerebellar development, we used RERE-deficient embryos bearing a null allele (om) and a hypomorphic allele (eyes3) of Rere (Rereom/eyes3). In contrast to wild-type embryos, formation of the principal fissures in these RERE-deficient embryos was delayed and the proliferative activity of granule cell precursors (GCPs) was reduced at E18.5. This reduction in proliferation was accompanied by a decrease in the expression of sonic hedgehog (SHH), which is secreted from Purkinje cells and is required for normal GCP proliferation. The maturation and migration of Purkinje cells in Rereom/eyes3 embryos was also delayed with decreased numbers of post-migratory Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. During the postnatal period, RERE depletion caused incomplete division of lobules I/II and III due to truncated development of the precentral fissure in the cerebellar vermis, abnormal development of lobule crus I and lobule crus II in the cerebellar hemispheres due to attenuation of the intercrural fissure, and decreased levels of Purkinje cell dendritic branching. We conclude that RERE-deficiency leads to delayed development of the principal fissures and delayed maturation and migration of Purkinje cells during prenatal cerebellar development and abnormal cerebellar foliation and Purkinje cell maturation during postnatal cerebellar development.
Analysis of algorithms for velocity estimation from discrete position versus time data

Algorithms for constructing velocity approximations from discrete position versus time data are investigated. The study is limited to algorithms suitable to provide velocity information in discrete-time feedback control systems such as microprocessor-based systems with a discrete position encoder. Velocity estimators based on lines per period, reciprocal-time, Taylor series expansion, backward difference expansions, and least-square curve fits are presented. Based on computer simulations, comparisons of relative accuracies of the different algorithms are made. The least-squares velocity estimators filtered the effect of imperfect measurements best, whereas the Taylor series expansions and backward difference equation estimators respond better to velocity transients. >
Ca2+-RhoA signaling pathway required for polyamine-dependent intestinal epithelial cell migration.

Expression of voltage-gated K+ (Kv) channel genes is regulated by polyamines in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6 line), and Kv channel activity is involved in the regulation of cell migration dur...
Clinical Uses of TENS

A nationwide survey of physical therapy departments was conducted to investigate the clinical use of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for patients with pain. The majority (64.8%) of the 196 respondents used TENS to relieve chronic pain (and, less frequently, acute pain) from a variety of disorders. Any one of eight modalities was reported to be used in conjunction with TENS for the same pain problems. Seven criteria were used to evaluate the effectiveness of TENS in relieving pain. Most clinicians applying TENS were satisfied with the effectiveness of the modality in relieving acute, chronic, and psychogenic pain. Pain relief with short-term use of TENS was more satisfactory than with long-term use.
Hepatocellular carcinoma: From diagnosis to treatment

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most prevalent malignancy worldwide and is a rising cause of cancer related mortality. Risk factors for HCC are well documented and effective surveillance and early diagnosis allow for curative therapies. The majority of HCC appears to be caused by cirrhosis from chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus. Preventive strategies include vaccination programs and anti-viral treatments. Surveillance with ultrasonography detects early stage disease and improves survival rates. Many treatment options exist for individuals with HCC and are determined by stage of presentation. Liver transplantation is offered to patients who are within the Milan criteria and are not candidates for hepatic resection. In patients with advanced stage disease, sorafenib shows some survival benefit.
Market Risk, Size, Style, Momentum,and Dividends: U.S. Equities

This article investigates the historical performance of the dividend-paying equity universe within the U.S. from 2000 through 2011 and compares it to the universe of stocks that did not pay dividends. To isolate the performance of the dividend factor, the analysis controls for the following fundamental factors: market risk, size, style, momentum, and sector. Finally, the article highlights the portfolio selection implications of this research for asset managers.
Engraftment syndrome following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

During neutrophil recovery following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, a constellation of symptoms and signs including fever, erythrodermatous skin rash, and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema often occur. These clinical findings have usually been referred to as engraftment syndrome, or, reflecting the manifestations of increased capillary permeability, capillary leak syndrome. While described most often following autologous stem cell transplantation, a similar clinical syndrome has been observed followed allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Distinction from graft-versus-host disease in the allogeneic setting however, has been difficult. Recent experience with non-myeloablative conditioning for stem cell transplantation, however, reveals that an engraftment syndrome independent of GVHD may occur. In some cases, this engraftment syndrome may be a manifestation of a host-versus-graft reaction (graft rejection). While cellular and cytokine interactions are believed to be responsible for these clinical findings, a distinct effector cell population and cytokine profile have not been defined. Engraftment syndromes are likely associated with an increased transplant-related mortality, mostly from pulmonary and associated multi-organ failure. Corticosteroid therapy is often dramatically effective for engraftment syndrome, particularly for the treatment of the pulmonary manifestations. A proposal for a more uniform definition of engraftment syndrome has been developed in order to allow for a reproducible method of reporting of this complication and for evaluating prophylactic and therapeutic strategies.
E-022 Outcomes of Aneurysms Embolised with Coils which were Candidates for the Pipeline Flow Diversion Device

Introduction We assessed the outcome of aneurysms which were eligible for treatment using flow diversion device which were treated with detachable coils prior to the adoption of Pipeline. Methods Data was obtained from a retrospective database of endovascularly Cases were sorted into two groups for this study. Group one consisted of aneurysm with a dome ≥10 mm, aneurysm neck ≥ 4 mm, located in the internal carotid artery and its branches (such as the posterior communicating, anterior choroidal, superior hypophyseal, and ophthalmic arteries), in line with criteria set by the FDA for Pipeline utilization. Group two included cases beyond the FDA indication but within institutionally accepted usage criteria (aneurysms of any size located on the side wall of the branches of the carotid artery or middle cerebral (M1), basilar, vertebral and posterior cerebral artery, with an aneurysm neck ≥3 mm or a dome-to-neck-ratio Results Only 50% of the FDA group could be completely embolised with 27% requiring retreatment. 53% of institutional criteria patients were completely embolised with an 8.7% retreatment rate. Characteristics of the patients and aneurysms with the outcome of the procedure, both immediate and longer term outcome will be presented. The time from initial endovascular operation to re-treatment by endovascular means at our institution in the 12 cases requiring re-treatment was 12.4 ± 14.0 months. Conclusion Cases that met FDA criteria were significantly more likely to require recoiling than institutional criteria. Aneurysms that meet FDA or institutional criteria for a flow diverting stent are difficult to treat, often incompletely embolised with coiling alone and often need more than one embolization procedure. We present our experience with coil embolization in aneurysms that could have been treated with Pipeline flow diverter. Disclosures M. Crimmins: None. A. Banihashemi: None. P. Gobin: None.
SHIFTING ZONES IN A BAY OF FUNDY SOFT-SEDIMENT COMMUNITY: PATTERNS AND PROCESSES

Abstract In the spring of 1985, a distinct zonation pattern was observed on a Bay of Fundy mudflat with an upper intertidal zone dominated by deposit-feeding polychaetes and a lower zone dominated by the amphipod Corophium volutator. Laboratory experiments revealed that the reciprocal effects of adult polychaetes and adult Corophium on each other were weak. Adult polychaetes had a strong negative impact on juvenile Corophium. In July 1985, Corophium invaded the upper intertidal zone, becoming the most abundant member of the community. Juvenile Corophium were under-represented in the initial colonists, relative to the source populations in the lower intertidal zone. The dynamics of the upper intertidal community were monitored for eight months. For all upper intertidal species, monitoring oftheir population dynamics did not indicate significant declines as Corophium abundance increased. Most taxa declined over the winter when the flat was heavily scoured by ice. Disturbance by the epibenthic gastropod, Ily...
The Quest for Security: American Foreign Policy and International Control of Atomic Energy, 1942-1946

M OST historians of the Cold War acknowledge that the American nuclear monopoly and the disputes over international control of atomic energy contributed to the breakdown of Soviet-American relations. Beyond this limited consensus, however, there is considerable disagreement about America's diplomatic uses of the bomb, about the reasons for and the generosity of America's proposal for international control of atomic energy, and about the reasons for and the reasonableness of Russia's rejection of this proposal. These subjects merit close scrutiny and explain much about the form that the Cold War took. But any analysis of these problems, contrary to the practices of some historians, must begin in the Roosevelt, not the Truman, years. Franklin D. Roosevelt made the decisions on the international relations of atomic energy that shaped the limits within which Harry S. Truman could comfortably operate. In turn, then, any analysis of the Cold War and of the sources of Soviet-American mistrust must also take into account, at least, the actions of the Roosevelt administration and Roosevelt's decisions to establish a nuclear alliance with Great Britain and to exclude the Soviet Union both from that alliance and from any knowledge of the Manhattan Project. Roosevelt understood that the bomb could be a military counterweight to Soviet armies and that it could help America gain its diplomatic objectives. Roosevelt's decisions loosely defined the limits of comfortable action for his successor, but the Truman administration was not confronted with a predetermined choice. During the war Truman could have sought to reverse the course of policy. Even after the war, there was more flexibility than he
The effect of Narcotrend monitor on anesthesia depth in pediatric painless gastroscopy

Objective To explore the effect of Narcotrend anesthesia depth index(NI)on anesthesia in pediatric painless gastroscopy.Methods Sixty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ children undergoing painless gastroscopy were randomly divided into control group(group C)or Narcotrend group(group NI)with 30 cases each.All the children were given propofol 3to 5mg/kg intravenously.In the group C,the operation began without independent body twisting,additional propofol was given in the presence of body move or cough.In group NI propofol was given on the basis of the degree of NI,which maintaining the degree of D2(NI 46-37).The induction time,emergence time,the dosage of propofol and the occurrence of adverse reactions were recorded.Results MAP and HR were both lower than baseline after anesthesia induction in the two groups(P0.05).HR during body movement was higher than that during loss of consciousness in group C(P0.05).the emergence time was shorter and the incidence of body movement was lower in group NI than those in group C(P 0.05).Conclusion Narcotrend is a good anesthesia depth monitor during pediatric painless gastroscopy with reduced complication and faster recovery.
Retrospective study on three different fuoropyrimidines regimens in combination with oxaliplatin for patients with advanced gastric carcinoma

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the efficacy and toxicities of three different fuoropyrimidines regimens in combination with oxaliplatin for patients with previously untreated advanced gastric carcinoma(AGC).METHODS:One hundred and seventy-nine patients with AGC were included in the study according to the inclusion criteria from January 2005 to December 2010.Among of these patient:Group A(FOLFOX4):78 patients were treated with oxaliplatin 85 mg/m2 on day 1,FA 200 mg/m2 as a 2 h infusion followed by bolus 5-FU 400 mg/m2 and a 22 h infusion of 5-FU 600 mg/m2,repeated for consecutive days every 2 weeks.Four weeks was a cycle.Group B(XELOX):57 patients were treated with oxaliplatin 130 mg/m2,on day 1,capecitabine 1 000 mg/m2 orally twice daily for 14 day every 3 weeks.The median cycles of treatment were 4 cycles.Group C(L-OHP+S-1):44 patients were treated with oxaliplatin as that of group B,S-1 40 mg/m2 orally twice daily for 14 day every 3 weeks.The median cycles of treatment were 4 cycles.Blood routine function of liver and kidney,chest and abdomen-CT or MRI were examined before and after treatment.The changes of cancer focus size,clinical symptoms,toxic and side effects were recorded and compared.The survival data in three groups were compared using the log rank test based on Kaplan-Meier survival curves.RESULTS:All patients were assessable for toxicity and response to treatment.In A,B,C group,the remission rate were 38.5%(30/78),43.8%(25/54) and 45.5% (20/44),respectively.There was no significance among three groups(χ2=0.679,P=0.738),while the disease control rate were 52.8%(44/78),70.2%(40/54) and 68.2%(30/44),respectively.Three groups showed statistically meaningful improvement(χ2=9.856,P=0.007).The median time to progress were 5.4,6.3 and 6.5 months(χ2=7.935,P=0.019) while the median overall survival were 10.0,13.5 and 14.0 months(χ2=5.895,P =0.052),respectively.There was no significance between B and C groups(χ2=0.231,P=0.976;χ2=0.001,P=0.971).Side effects were similar in three groups,mainly in bone marrow depression,nausea,vomiting,nerve system toxicity and hand-foot syndrome.The incidence of stomatitis in C group was higher than that of A,B group(P0.05).CONCLUSION:Three different pyrimidines regimen in combination with oxaliplatin is active and well tolerated in patients with advanced gastric cancer,but the efficacy of oral fluoropyrimidines,capecitabine and S-1 is better.
HIV-related behavior and STD infection status among MSM in Beijing

[Objective]To investigate men who have sex with men(MSM) in Beijing of the basic situation,and provide a basis for prevention and control of HIV/STD transmission. [Methods]The MSM in Beijing City were investigated about basic situation in May 2010 by questionnaire through cross-sectional study,and related information was collected. [Results]The results of 304 valid questionnaires showed that 38.82% of MSM had sex with women,89.74% of the MSM had oral sex with men with nearly 6 months,67.43% had active anal sex with men during nearly 6 months,59.21% had passive anal sex with men during nearly 6 months,the rate of condoms use each time were 11.86%,5.88%,52.88%,51.67%,respectively,13.16% acknowledged sexual intercourse occurred in groups in nearly l year,23.68% had been diagnosed with sexual transmitted diseases,12.83% considered themselves had a great risk of HIV infection. [Conclusion]MSM had high-risk behaviors and high HIV prevalence in Beijing,which will lead to the epidemic of HIV and STD.It is very important to formulate the intervention strategies for the MSM in Beijing.
Simulation on the microstructure and microsegregation of carbon steel during continuous casting process

A numerical method was used to analyze and calculate important microstructural parameters in dendrite growth under different continuous casting conditions.The dendrite tip radius,dendrite growth velocity,and dendrite arm spacing were investigated and the effects of casting speed on these parameters were studied in combination with continuous casting properties of medium carbon steel.C,Si,Mn,P and S microsegregation in the steel was discussed.The validation of this model shows good and reasonable agreements with previous models.
The Clock as Metaphor in "Mondaugen's Story"

To Tony Tanner, Pynchon's novels suggest "that the fantasies we build to help us live represent, in fact, an infiltration of that death we think we are so eager to postpone." Tanner refers here to a propensity of many to "avoid confronting the human reality of other people, and of themselves, by all manner of depersonalizing strategies" (23). To avoid the specter of death, men either exchange their humanity for "inanimate objects and abstract theories" or reduce their fellows--those reminders of age, decay, ineluctable mortality--to inconsequential, dehumanized object status. The novel V. offers manifold examples of both tendencies. Rachel's fondness for her M.G., Eigen-value's attachment to his precious dentures, Mantissa's obsession with Botticelli's Birth of Venus, and, obviously, V.'s desire for "a foot of amber and gold" (459) illustrate how far people will go in seeking some comforting thing, some object "to pray to," to quote Henry Adams. The reduction of people to "thing-status" (Tanner 23) is no less apparent in V.'s manipulation of Melanie and the linear-inanimate barmen, taxi-drivers, bellhops, guides" (384) populating the tourist's Baedeker world.
High Speed Rail Short Bridge-Track-Train Interaction Based on the Decoupled Equations of Motion in the Finite Element Domain

The interaction between the train, track, and bridge was considered as an interaction between two decoupled subsystems. A first subsystem consisted of the train vehicle simulated as a four-wheelset mass-spring-damper system having two layers of suspensions and ten degrees of freedom. A second subsystem consisted of the track-bridge system assumed to be a top rail beam and a bottom bridge beam coupled by continuous springs and dampers representing the elastic properties of the trackbed smeared over the spacing of the railway ties. The bridge supports were assumed to be rigid or flexible. The equations of motion of a finite element form were derived for each subsystem independently by means of the Newton’s second law. The dynamic interaction between the moving vehicle of the first subsystem and the stationary underlying track-bridge structure of the second subsystem was established by means of a no-separation constraint equation in the contact points between the wheels and the rails. The proposed two-dimensional analysis was intended to accurately describe the vertical behavior of short span bridges subjected to high-frequency excitations due to the passage of high speed trains; therefore, shear deformations, rotational inertia effects, and consistent mass matrices were adopted in the mathematical model. Numerical solutions of the decoupled equations of motion for both subsystems were obtained with the step-by-step direct integration in the time domain using HHT alpha method with a special scheme in the contact interface. The solution accuracy of the proposed method was validated against responses obtained from a semi-analytical method of a train car travelling over a simply supported bridge. The practical engineering application was demonstrated with a case study investigating effects of key parameters in the behavior of a ballasted short span railway bridge. Compared with the moving force model, results showed that for bridges with rigid supports both the vehicle interaction and trackbed produce lower peak responses at resonance speeds with the latter being more significant. However an increase in support flexibility had a greater impact across all speeds in increasing the bridge responses.© 2016 ASME
Enhancement of Heat Transfer Behind Sliding Bubbles

The time-dependent temperature distribution on an inclined, thin-foil uniform-heat-generation heater was used to infer the surface heat transfer enhancement caused by the passage of an FC-87 bubble sliding beneath the lower surface of the heater. A two-camera system was used: one camera recorded color images of a liquid crystal layer applied to the upper (dry) side of the heater while a second camera simultaneously recorded the position, size, and shape of the bubble from below. The temperature response of the heater could then be correlated directly to the bubble characteristics at any given time during its passage. Data along the line bisecting the bubble wake from 9 bubbles comprising 54 bubble images were analyzed. Heat transfer in the wake behind sliding cap-shaped bubbles is very effective compared to the natural convection that occurs before the passage of the bubble. Maximum values of heat transfer coefficient in the range of 2500 W/m2 K were produced in very sharply peaked curves. The point of maximum cooling measured as a fraction of the local driving temperature difference before the bubble passage was identified and correlated with some success to the streamwise length of the bubble. The location of the maximum heat transfer coefficient was reasonably correlated to bubble width. The level of the maximum heat transfer coefficient when cast as a Nusselt number based on bubble width grew to a saturation value as the bubble moved across the plate. A constant value of Nusselt number requires that the heat transfer coefficient falls as the bubble grows past some critical bubble size. This behavior was observed for the larger bubbles.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Marketing Mix Simulation Modeling Approach by Product Class: A Consumer Specialty Goods Case Study

The problem of improving accuracy in consumer product sales forecasting is investigated. A marketing simulation model using sales and marketing mix data from a company selling consumer specialties nationwide is developed. To address the forecasting problem, this model was designed such that the marketing mix is tailored to specialty consumer goods. This simulation model more closely predicted annual revenues and profits for the company for the 1985-89 period than non-tailored models.
Detection and prevalence of boid inclusion body disease in collections of boas and pythons using immunological assays.

Abstract Inclusion body disease (IBD) of boas and pythons is characterized by the intracytoplasmic accumulation of an antigenic 68 kDa viral protein IBDP, more recently known as the nucleoprotein (NP) of the reptarenaviruses. Blood samples of 131 captive boas and pythons (53 boa constrictors, Boa constrictor ; 35 rainbow boas, Epicrates cenchria ; 22 ball pythons, Python regius ; 5 carpet pythons, Morelia spilota ; 6 Burmese pythons, Python bivittatus ; 4 Jamaican boas, Epicrates subflavus ; 5 anacondas, Eunectes spp. ; and 1 green tree python, Morelia viridis ) were obtained from 28 collections in the USA. Diagnosis of IBD was initially made by the identification of eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stained blood films and isolated peripheral white blood cells (PWBC). The overall prevalence of IBD in study snakes was 25/131 or 19% (95% CI = 12.4%, 25.8%) with boa constrictors being more commonly infected (22/53 or 41.5%; 95% CI = 28.2%, 54.8%) than other species in this study. Of the 22 IBD positive boa constrictors, 87% were clinically healthy, 13% had various signs of chronic illness, and none showed signs of central nervous system disease. Using a validated monoclonal anti-NP antibody, NP was confirmed within the isolated PWBC by immunohistochemical staining and Western blots. The presence of reptarenaviruses within blood samples of 27 boa constrictors and three rainbow boas was also assessed by PCR. Among boa constrictors, very good agreements were shown between the observation of inclusion bodies (by HE stain) and the presence of NP (by immunohistochemistry, kappa = 0.92; and Western blots, kappa = 0.89), or the presence of reptarenaviruses (by PCR; kappa = 0.92).
Field Determination Near Plasmonic Structures by the Feynman–Kac Stochastic Representation

Feynman–Kac stochastic representation for elliptic equations is used to construct the solution of Helmholtz equation in domains containing plasmonic structures. The method involves initiation of Brownian motion at an interior point in the plasmonic structure and relating the field there to that on the structure boundary (equivalent surface) through the Feynman–Kac formula. The field exterior to the plasmonic structure can be related to the field on the equivalent surface through a variety of numerical methods depending on the complexity of the exterior domain. Finally, the field on the equivalent surface is determined by the imposition of boundary conditions. Comparison is shown here with the exact solution for the total field on the surface of a circular nanocylinder and a nanosphere driven by localized sources and where the permittivity is described by the Drude model.
TBCRC 036: Window of opportunity clinical trial reveals adaptive kinome reprogramming in single and combination HER2-targeting in breast cancer (BrCa).

1027Background: HER2 targeting is challenging due to heterogeneity in response and resistance. Adaptive kinome reprogramming (AKRP) is a resistance mechanism to kinase-targeted therapy (Rx) in TNBC...
Direct and indirect effects of low self-control on the personal victimization of South Korean youth

To estimate the direct effects of low self-control on the incidence of personal victimization among South Korean elementary and middle school students; to examine whether these effects are mediated by deviant lifestyles and parental attachments, and to determine whether these effects differ by a youth's sex. Data from the Korean Youth Panel Survey were examined. A national sample of 2844 South Korean fourth grade students was followed for five years. Wave-specific analyses consistently revealed significant direct and indirect effects of low self-control on victimization, and the direct effects were not fully mediated by deviant lifestyles and parent-child attachment. Direct effects of low self-control were invariant between the sexes whereas indirect effects involving delinquent peers were not.
CD8 Clonal Expansions in Mice: An Age-associated Alteration of CD8 Memory T-cells

Aging is associated with a variety of perturbations in the immune system. One frequent alteration is a significant skewing of the CD8 T-cell repertoire. This alteration manifests as a clonal expansion of CD8 memory T cells, which in some cases can occupy the majority of the CD8 T-cell pool. CD8 clonal expansions are associated with impaired immunity in the elderly. Although CD8 clonal expansions are commonly found in aging humans and mice, the etiology of this phenomenon is unknown. Here, we describe our current understanding of CD8 clonal expansions as it relates to the current state of knowledge about CD8 T-cell memory. In addition, we discuss the heterogeneity observed between different types of clonal expansions in mice, and how distinct factors may influence both the development and properties of clonal expansions in the aging individual.
Dynamic detection and prevention of race conditions in file accesses

Race conditions in filesystem accesses occur when sequences of filesystem operations are not carried out in an isolated manner. Incorrect assumptions of filesystem namespace access isolation allow attackers to elevate their privileges without authorization by changing the namespace bindings. To address this security issue, we propose a mechanism for keeping track of all filesystem operations and possible interferences that might arise. If a filesystem operation is found to be interfering with another operation, it is temporarily suspended allowing the first process to access a file object to proceed, thereby reducing the size of the time window when a race condition exists. The above mechanism is shown to be effective at stopping all realistic filesystem race condition attacks known to us with minimal performance overhead.
Experimental Studies of Daydreaming and the Stream of Thought

Perhaps symbolic of some deep irony in the history of psychology, the death of William James in 1910 coincided with the dramatic emergence of behaviorism in American psychology and with the turn from sensitive introspection toward a kind of mindless but well-documented motor responsiveness that characterized behaviorism. The young psychologists who emerged during the next half-century, establishing their bastions and rat-laboratories in Indiana, Iowa, and dozens of the land-grant universities scattered over the face of America, had no patience with the quiet speculations about the self and consciousness of William James. Indeed, led by Watson, they mocked the dry efforts of Titchner and his students to separate out sensation, perception, and imagery in consciousness by introspecting about the degree of ”purpleness” of a light. American psychologists wanted facts, hard data, and precise methodologies that could lead to replicable experiments.
Association of Apolipoprotein E ε4 With Transactive Response DNA-Binding Protein 43.

Importance Transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is associated with Alzheimer disease (AD), progressive hippocampal atrophy, and cognitive decline. The apolipoprotein E (APOE) e4 allele is strongly associated with β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation and risk of AD, but its association with TDP-43 is unknown. Objective To determine whether the APOE e4 allele is a risk factor for TDP-43. Design, Setting, Participants This cross-sectional, genetic-histologic study analyzed APOE genotype, TDP-43 status (positive vs negative), Aβ status (positive vs negative), and tau neurofibrillary tangle stage (B0, Braak stage 0; B1, Braak stages I-II; B2, Braak stages III-IV; B3, Braak stage ≥ V). We fit structural equation models to map the association between APOE and TDP-43, Aβ, and tau, accounting for age and hippocampal sclerosis. We identified 751 participants with an AD pathological spectrum diagnosis and completed Aβ, tau, and TDP-43 data who were enrolled in the Mayo Clinic Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Mayo Clinic Alzheimer Disease Patient Registry, or the population based Mayo Clinic Study of Aging and died between May 12, 1999, and December 31, 2015. However, 13 were excluded from the analyses because of missing APOE data, leaving a total of 738 participants. Main Outcomes and Measures Transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 was the main outcome of interest. We hypothesized that the APOE e4 allele would be significantly directly and indirectly associated with TDP-43. Results The 751 study participants were older (median age [interquartile range], 87 years [51-105 years]), 395 (54%) were women, and 324 (44%) were APOE e4 carriers. The patients died between May 12, 1999, and December 31, 2015. Accounting for age, Aβ, and tau, APOE e4 had a direct association with TDP-43 (estimate [SE], 0.31 (0.11); P = .01). The association was present among individuals with an intermediate to high likelihood of having AD (neurofibrillary tangle stage B2/B3; n = 604 [81.8%]; estimate [SE], 0.51 [0.11]; P < .001), with a similar trend for those with a low likelihood of having AD (B1; n = 134 [18.2%]; estimate [SE], 0.54 [0.32]; P = .10). We also found an indirect association of APOE e4 with TDP-43 via Aβ and tau (estimate [SE], 0.34 [0.06]; P < .001), which was similar in magnitude to the direct association and an indirect association of APOE e4 with hippocampal sclerosis via TDP-43 (estimate [SE], 0.65 [0.26]; P = .01). Conclusions and Relevance The study's findings, which mapped a system of risk factors and outcomes, showed that the APOE e4 allele appears to be a risk factor for TDP-43 independently of Aβ in patients with AD.
Simulation of crack induced nonlinear elasticity using the combined finite-discrete element method.

Abstract Numerical simulation of nonlinear elastic wave propagation in solids with cracks is indispensable for decoding the complicated mechanisms associated with the nonlinear ultrasonic techniques in Non-Destructive Testing (NDT). Here, we introduce a two-dimensional implementation of the combined finite-discrete element method (FDEM), which merges the finite element method (FEM) and the discrete element method (DEM), to explicitly simulate the crack induced nonlinear elasticity in solids with both horizontal and inclined cracks. In the FDEM model, the solid is discretized into finite elements to capture the wave propagation in the bulk material, and the finite elements along the two sides of the crack also behave as discrete elements to track the normal and tangential interactions between crack surfaces. The simulation results show that for cracked models, nonlinear elasticity is generated only when the excitation amplitude is large enough to trigger the contact between crack surfaces, and the nonlinear behavior is very sensitive to the crack surface contact. The simulations reveal the influence of normal and tangential contact on the nonlinear elasticity generation. Moreover, the results demonstrate the capabilities of FDEM for decoding the causality of nonlinear elasticity in cracked solid and its potential to assist in Non-Destructive Testing (NDT).
Contribution of executive functioning to instrumental activities of daily living in older adults.

The Texas Functional Living Scale (TFLS) is a performance-based measure of instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). Executive dysfunction has been linked to impairment on other IADL measure...
What are the Histopathologic Findings in Pulmonary Allografts with Graft Failure

Purpose The goal of this study was to investigate the pathology of graft failure in a series of explants and autopsies with special emphasis on chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD). Methods Histopathologic evaluation was performed on a series of pulmonary allografts, received either at the time of re-transplantation or at autopsy, from patients with primary lung allograft failure, over a 13-year period. The findings were categorized as acute and organizing alveolar injury, obliterative bronchiolitis (OB), restrictive CLAD (including acute fibrinoid organizing pneumonia [AFOP]/interstitial-pleuroparenchymal fibrosis), mixed obliterative and restrictive, and other. Results Twenty-two lungs were examined retrospectively. Of these, 19 (86%) were explants and 3 (14%) were from autopsies. Fourteen patients were male (64%) and 8 were female (36%). For men, the average age was 58 ± 4 years at transplant, while the average age for females was 48 ± 5 at transplant. The median duration of transplant was 468 days. Eight cases showed acute and organizing alveolar injury (36%, mean 300 days post-transplant), 4 showed pure OB (18%, mean 1400 days post-transplant), zero showed pure restrictive CLAD, 6 showed mixed obliterative and restrictive disease (27%, mean 1076 days post-transplant), and 4 were categorized as other (18%, mean 375 days post-transplant). The latter 4 allografts showed aspiration, HPE, bronchiectasis, and acute cellular rejection. Of the restrictive CLAD allografts, 5 showed AFOP with interstitial fibrosis, while 1 was primarily pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis. One of 4 allografts with OB and 4 of 6 allografts with mixed CLAD + OB had focal acute and organizing alveolar injury. Vasculitis was present in 3 of 6 allografts with mixed CLAD + OB and 1 of 4 allografts with pure OB. Irregular scars with plasma cell infiltrates seen in 2 of 6 allografts with mixed CLAD + OB and in 1 of 4 allografts with pure OB. Conclusion CLAD and acute alveolar injury are the most common causes of graft failure. Alveolar injury is usually soon after transplant but may also occur late. Restrictive CLAD was not seen in the absence of OB in this study. The median graft survival was similar in the pure OB and mixed CLAD groups.
Performance and Techno-Economic Evaluation of a Three-Phase, 50-kW SiC-Based PV Inverter

The technical capabilities and benefits of silicon carbide (SiC) compared to silicon (Si) based power electronics converters as well as the premium associated with using SiC instead of Si are well understood. This work proves that the benefits provided by SiC, such as increased efficiency, would result in a lower levelized cost of energy (LCOE) compared to both commercially available, state-of-the-art inverters and the benchmark commercial system cost calculated for the U.S. Department of Energy Solar Energy Technologies Office’s SunShot program. The LCOE is calculated to be same as the commercial benchmark despite the installed system cost being 8% more than the benchmark. The LCOE calculation is based on both experiential values obtained from testing the SiC photovoltaic (PV) inverter and on the bottoms-up modeled volume cost for the same 50-kW SiC-based inverter. The PV system used for the LCOE model is also explained, and the system cost breakout is presented in this paper. Furthermore, multiple scenarios with variations in the PV system are presented to show their effect on the system LCOE.
BARIATRIC SURGERY AND HOSPITALIZATION FOR HEART FAILURE IN MORBIDLY OBESE PATIENTS

Obese patients with heart failure have a favorable outcome given the paradox. Bariatric surgery may deprive patients of this favorable outcome. This needs to be investigated. We analyzed discharge data of morbidly obese patients with heart failure as a principle diagnosis utilizing the national
Thermal-emission engineering with dynamically tunable materials (Conference Presentation)

This talk will describe our group’s advances and outline future work in the measurement and manipulation of thermal emission. First, I will discuss our efforts to improve thermal-emission metrology, especially for low-temperature thermal emitters and/or those with temperature-dependent emissivity. Then, I will describe our use of phase-transition materials including vanadium dioxide and the rare-earth nickelates to demonstrate new phenomena, including negative- and zero-differential thermal emittance, radiative thermal runaway, and thermo-dichroism. The talk will include discussion of opportunities of thermal-emission engineering for infrared camouflage and thermoregulation.
Antimicrobial Treatment Patterns and Illness Outcome Among United States Patients With Plague, 1942-2018.

BACKGROUND Plague is a rare and severe zoonotic illness with limited empiric evidence to support treatment recommendations. We summarize treatment information for all patients with plague in the United States (US) as collected under the auspices of public health surveillance. METHODS We reviewed use of specific antimicrobials and illness outcome among cases of plague reported from 1942-2018. Antimicrobials were a priori classified into high-efficacy (aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, and chloramphenicol) and limited-efficacy classes (all others). Logistic regression models were created to describe associations between use of specific antimicrobial classes and illness outcome while controlling for potential confounding factors. RESULTS Among 533 total reported plague cases during 1942-2018, 426 (80%) received high-efficacy antimicrobial therapy. Mortality differed significantly among those receiving high-efficacy therapy (9%) and only limited-efficacy therapy (51%). Aminoglycosides and tetracyclines were used more commonly than other classes, and their use was associated with increased odds of survival of plague. Gentamicin use was associated with higher mortality than streptomycin, and aminoglycoside use was linked to higher mortality than for tetracyclines. Fluoroquinolones have been used in treatment of >30% of patients in recent years and limited data suggest clinical effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS Most US patients with plague have received effective antimicrobials. Aminoglycosides and tetracyclines substantially improve survival of plague, and fluoroquinolones may be equally as effective, yet lack sufficient data. Early recognition and early treatment with any of these antimicrobial classes remain the most important steps to improving survival of plague.
Driving Protein Conformational Cycles in Physiology and Disease: “Frustrated” Amino Acid Interaction Networks Define Dynamic Energy Landscapes: Amino Acid Interaction Networks Change Progressively Along Alpha Tryptophan Synthase's Catalytic Cycle

A general framework by which dynamic interactions within a protein will promote the necessary series of structural changes, or "conformational cycle," required for function is proposed. It is suggested that the free-energy landscape of a protein is biased toward this conformational cycle. Fluctuations into higher energy, although thermally accessible, conformations drive the conformational cycle forward. The amino acid interaction network is defined as those intraprotein interactions that contribute most to the free-energy landscape. Some network connections are consistent in every structural state, while others periodically change their interaction strength according to the conformational cycle. It is reviewed here that structural transitions change these periodic network connections, which then predisposes the protein toward the next set of network changes, and hence the next structural change. These concepts are illustrated by recent work on tryptophan synthase. Disruption of these dynamic connections may lead to aberrant protein function and disease states.
Role of saltmarsh production in subsidizing adjacent seagrass food webs: Implications for landscape-scale restoration

Abstract Restoration is an increasingly employed method for rehabilitating and enhancing the ecosystem services of lost or degraded coastal habitats, such as supporting high faunal densities and biomass. In certain ecosystems, faunal densities along habitat ecotones are greater than the densities observed in either adjoining habitat, potentially due to the provision of spatial subsidies (e.g., increased food availability). We tested the hypothesis that seagrass-associated consumers immediately adjacent to a saltmarsh are the recipients of food subsidies sourced from saltmarsh primary production. The food web biomarkers we used to evaluate spatial flows of energy across estuarine habitat boundaries included the stable isotope ratios of carbon (δ13C), nitrogen (δ15N), and sulfur (δ34S). We collected primary producers (N = 102) including macrophytic vegetation, benthic microalgae, and epiphytes, as well as 11 key consumers (N = 190) across seagrass meadows either immediately adjacent to (N = 8) or isolated from (N = 8) saltmarsh. We also estimated particulate organic matter (POM) from filter-feeding bivalves and used literature values as proxies for detritus. These food-web biomarkers reveal that seagrass-associated consumers derived 20–23% of basal primary production from the saltmarsh, regardless of saltmarsh proximity. Seagrass sources (epiphytes and vegetation) as well as POM, likely were the dominant contributors for these consumers. This finding indicates that other mechanisms (i.e., refuge provision) might be the primary driver resulting in increased nekton density within seagrass along seagrass-saltmarsh ecotones. While a synergistic restoration of saltmarsh and seagrass habitat may have a positive effect on faunal biomass, it appears there may not be a primary food subsidy benefit to seagrass-associated consumers.
The effect of analysts’ GAAP earnings forecasts on managers’ classification shifting

Abstract Prior research on classification shifting finds that managers opportunistically shift core operating expenses down the income statement into the non-recurring expenses category to improve earnings metrics that are not based on Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) without changing the GAAP net income. By using a difference-in-differences design based on the availability of analysts’ GAAP earnings forecasts following the enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX), we find that the introduction of analysts’ GAAP forecasts significantly attenuates the positive association between unexpected core earnings and non-GAAP exclusions for firms with GAAP forecasts. This association strengthens for control firms for which analysts do not issue GAAP forecasts. Our results indicate that classification shifting, which commonly results in a simultaneous inflation of core earnings and non-GAAP exclusions, has been effectively mitigated consequent to the transparency on forecasted non-GAAP exclusions brought about by the growth of analysts’ GAAP forecasts. Our study contributes to the literature by identifying a new mechanism for effectively constraining classification shifting after SOX. Moreover, our findings have important implications for standard setters and regulators advocating for greater transparency in financial information, and emphasize the value of the analyst as an effective information intermediary to capital markets.
Learning Networked Linear Dynamical Systems under Non-white Excitation from a Single Trajectory.

We consider a networked linear dynamical system with $p$ agents/nodes. We study the problem of learning the underlying graph of interactions/dependencies from observations of the nodal trajectories over a time-interval $T$. We present a regularized non-casual consistent estimator for this problem and analyze its sample complexity over two regimes: (a) where the interval $T$ consists of $n$ i.i.d. observation windows of length $T/n$ (restart and record), and (b) where $T$ is one continuous observation window (consecutive). Using the theory of $M$-estimators, we show that the estimator recovers the underlying interactions, in either regime, in a time-interval that is logarithmic in the system size $p$. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to analyze the sample complexity of learning linear dynamical systems driven by unobserved not-white wide-sense stationary (WSS) inputs.