cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rome on the Eve of the Great Schism

POPE GREGORY XI (1370-78) had intended from the beginning of his reign to move the papal court from Avignon to Rome. The most serious obstacles stood between intention and realization. The majority of the sacred college was French and antagonistic to the plan. The French king and his brother, the duke of Anjou, were steadfastly opposed. The security of the papal possessions on the Rhone was questionable. If Gregory moved, disorders in Avignon and the surrounding countryside might arise. Even more disheartening, the Papal States in Italy certainly provided no secure residence and source of income for the papal court. Gregory's persistence in the face of such difficulties awes the reader of his diplomatic correspondence. A strong sense of religious mission combined with the politician's feeling for the realities of power. When in December of 1375 the cities of the Papal States revolted to the cry of Liberta ! and Rome itself seemed about to follow suit, Gregory, rather than hesitate, urged on the preparations for his departure. Leaving Avignon in September 1376, he entered Rome triumphantly on 17 January 1377. Fifteen months later he was dead, and Rome became the scene of bitter rivalry between the new Italian pope (Urban VI) and the cardinalate which had elected him. The Great Schism of the church was beginning. These last fifteen months of Gregory's life have remained clouded in obscurity.' The original papal registers are gone, and all that remains are copies of a relatively small number of the pontiff's letters from 1377 and 1378.2 On the basis of the scant information contained in these letters, the researcher would despair of shedding much light on this short period, important as it is. For certainly the period in Rome immediately prior to the outbreak of the Great Schism is of the highest importance to historical understanding. Luclkily, certain individuals involved in the events of 1378 felt the historical significance of this moment. In the collection of depositions made by participants and witnesses to the events of the Schism, main stress was placed on the events after the death of Gregory, but a careful reading uncovers worthwhile amounts of information relating to the last year of the pope's life.3 Finally, remnants of court hearings in Rome during this
Stabilization of carrier-frequency servomechanisms. III. Methods of obtaining required carrier phase-shift

Abstract In a servomechanism using a two-phase alternating current control motor, a 90° difference is required in the phases of the carrier-frequency voltages applied to the fixed and control windings. This part describes and compares various methods of obtaining the phase difference. The question of the possibility of a phase-shifting proportional-derivative parallel “T” is answered in the negative, by the result that in any parallel “T” transfer characteristic, if the quadratic factor in the numerator is of the proportional-derivative form at the correct resonant frequency, the amount of phase shift which may be obtained from the remaining portion of the transfer characteristic is less than are tan ( 2 n ) , where n is twice the carrier frequency divided by notch width. Thus for values of n high enough to have an appreciable stabilizing effect, the maximum obtainable intrinsic phase shift is negligible. In order to obtain a large phase shift it is necessary to add either a series input or a load impedance to the parallel “T,” or to use a phase-shifting network preceding or following the parallel “T.” Formulae and design charts are given for determination of the values of the components of phase lag networks. The method of calculation of tolerance requirements on the components, in terms of allowable deviation from the correct phase, is illustrated by an example of a phase lag network used in conjunction with a bridge “T” proportional-derivative network.
The quark mass dependence of the pion mass at infinite N

Abstract In planar QCD, in two space–time dimensions, the meson eigenvalue equation has a nonlocal structure interpretable as resulting from hidden degrees of freedom. The nonlocality can be reconstructed from the functional form of the pion mass dependence on quark mass within an expansion starting from a special one-dimensional Schrodinger problem. The one-dimensional problem makes the pion mass depend on the quark mass through a simple quadratic relation which is shown to be compatible also with numerical data obtained in four dimensions.
Polariton Theory of Raman Scattering in Insulating Crystals. II.

A formal theory of polariton Raman scattering in insulators is developed, utilizing both the equation-of-motion and scattering-operator techniques, and the temperature-dependent cross section is obtained. Explicit forms are derived for polariton dispersions and transformation coefficients, and for the Raman cross section, for various specific cases, among them a nondispersive hydrogenic exciton-band model. Numerical calculations are carried out for the latter model; the resulting cross section displays considerable variation with incoming frequency, displaying, among other things, in-out resonances with discrete states, and interference between discrete and continuum contributions to scattering. Comparison with other results and with experiment is given.
Localized externalities, contagious processes and the deterioration of urban housing: An empirical analysis

Abstract Housing deterioration can develop in spatial-temporal patterns which are compatible with the operation of localized externalities if deteriorated structures exert negative effects on the condition of nearby structures or if structures are affected by unfavorable conditions which are endemic to entire neighborhoods. The pattern of housing deterioration in space and time is examined, using a time series of housing condemnations for Indianapolis. A non-linear logit model with a spatial-temporal lag structure is used to analyze the association between the occurence of new condemnations and the location of existing condemned structures. The model predicts the probability that a housing condemnation occurs within a given time period as a function of the numbers of condemned structures in the same area and adjoining areas at the beginning of the time period. The size of the areas is flexible and an appropriate scale for the process is identified by varying the size of the areas.
Sources of Variance Affecting Dairy Herd Fertility and Delayed Returns to Service

Abstract Fertility and delayed return data were obtained for 20 or more cows bred in 23 herds in each of 22 locals of a Wisconsin cooperative for four consecutive years. It was found that 19.8% of the variation in annual herd fertility of 10-cow herds was due to differences among years, locals, and herds while 80.2% was random. Repeatability of herd fertility, as measured by the number of cows conceiving per 10-cow herd sample, was 0.17 within years and 0.10 for successive years. The herds averaged 33.1 first services each year with 18.1 total returns from all services. Cows returning for service after 26 days or more were considered delayed. Differences among herds within locals accounted for 29.0% of the variation in percentage of returns that was delayed. Variances due to years, locals, years×locals, and years×herds were rather negligible (1.6% or less). The repeatability for percentage of delayed returns in herds on successive years was about 0.39 whereas for individual cows, the repeatability of number of days between services was only about 0.15.
Substrate adhesion of rat hepatocytes: A comparison of laminin and fibronectin as attachment proteins

In previous studies rat hepatocytes have been shown to adhere to substrates composed of collagen or fibronectin. In the present communication, the basement membrane protein laminin is reported to mediated the attachment and spreading of hepatocytes. The cell attachment-mediating activity of laminin was compared with that of fibronectin. The activity of fibronectin was heat sensitive, whereas laminin retained its activity after boiling. On the other hand, reduction and alkylation or periodate oxidation of the proteins affected only the cell attachment activity of laminin. Preincubation of cells with soluble fibronectin inhibited initial cell attachment to fibronectin but not to laminin substrates, and, reversely, soluble laminin selectively inhibited cell attachment to laminin. These results suggest that attachment of cells to substrates of the two proteins involves different cellular receptors recognizing distinct and nonidentical structures in the proteins.
Stereoacuity for oscillating targets exposed through apertures of various horizontal ex tents

This experiment assesses the separate effects of several interrelated temporal variables on binocular depth discrimination as measured in a two-rod test apparatus. Equidistance settings were obtained from two Ss for a black target oscillating in a frontal plane at each of five velocities, and viewed against a constant illuminated background (1.20 log td) through 29 different horizontal apertures. Combinations of target velocities and aperture sizes were selected to produce a series of eight constant target viewing times (0.15, 0.25, 0.40, 0.50, 0.80, 1.00, 1.50, and 2.00 sec). Both the constant and the variable errors of the equidistance settings were analyzed in terms of the relative deleterious effects produced by increased target velocity and reduced horizontal aperture. The deleterious effects were discussed with respect to the contribution of presumed loss in neural integration for the changing luminous-energy distribution patterns on each retina, energy losses occurring in each pair of stimulated binocular retinal elements along the path of image movement, decreases in target viewing time, and reduction in the number of binocular retinal elements being stimulated.
Profibrillin-1 maturation by human dermal fibroblasts: proteolytic processing and molecular chaperones.

Fibrillin-1 is synthesized as a proprotein that undergoes proteolytic processing in the unique C-terminal domain by a member of the PACE/furin family of endoproteases. This family of endoproteases is active in the trans-Golgi network (TGN), but metabolic labeling studies have been controversial as to whether profibrillin-1 is processed intracellularly or after secretion. This report provides evidence that profibrillin-1 processing is not an intracellular event. Bafilomycin A(1) and incubation of dermal fibroblasts at 22 degrees C were used to block secretion in the TGN to confirm that profibrillin-1 processing did not occur in this compartment. Profibrillin-1 immunoprecipitation studies revealed that two endoplasmic reticulum-resident molecular chaperones, BiP and GRP94, interacted with profibrillin-1. To determine the proprotein convertase responsible for processing profibrillin-1, a specific inhibitor of furin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, Portland variant, was both expressed in the cells and added to cells exogenously. In both cases, the inhibitor blocked the processing of profibrillin-1, providing evidence that furin is the enzyme responsible for profibrillin-1 processing. These studies delineate the secretion and proteolytic processing of profibrillin-1, and identify the proteins that interact with profibrillin-1 in the secretory pathway.
RELATIVISTIC INVARIANCE AND HAMILTONIAN THEORIES OF INTERACTING PARTICLES

Relativistic invariance may involve two different theoretical postulates: symmetry of the theory under the relativistic transformation group reflecting the invariance of physical laws under changes of reference frame, and explicit transformation properties or manifest invariance of certain quantities. A Lie group formalism, for classical or quantum mechanics of particle variables or fields, is introduced and used to show how symmetry under the Lorentz (or Galilei) group is provided by ten generators satisfying the characteristic Lie bracket equations. For a classical mechanical theory of a fixed number of particles, the Lorentz transformatlon formula is assumed for the coordinates of the space-time events that comprise the world lines of the particles as defined by their positions as a function of time. This assumptlon of manifest invariance is expressed in terms of equations involving the Poisson brackets of the canonical position coordinates with the generators of the Lorentz group. For a theory of two particles it is shown that the only generators satisfying these latter equations plus the Poisson bracket equatlons characteristic of Lorentz symmetry are those descriptive of free particle motion; the combined assumption of Lorentz symmetry and Lorentz transformation of particle positions rule out any interaction. (auth)
GOOD-BYE FINANCIAL REPRESSION, HELLO FINANCIAL CRASH

Some unintended consequences of financial liberalization in Latin America are analyzed in this paper. Intrinsic imperfectious in financial markets, and the policy dilemmas they pose, are reviewed first. The stylized facts of Southern Cone experiments in financial liberization are then presented. Alternative ways of organlzing domestic capital markets under Latin American conditions are discussed, and an eclectic, reform mongering program is proposed.
Genetic loci that control vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis

SPECIFIC AIMSOur aim was to determine the inheritance pattern of VEGF responsiveness in mice and identify chromosomal regions associated with VEGF responsiveness.PRINCIPAL FINDINGS1. Variability in VEGF responsiveness among a wide variety of inbred mouse strains correlates to bFGF responsivenessPrevious studies have shown a substantial difference in angiogenic responsiveness to bFGF among various inbred mouse strains. To confirm that this variability extends to VEGF responsiveness, we performed the corneal neovascularization assay on 12 different inbred mouse strains using VEGF to stimulate vessel growth. As with bFGF, we observed dramatic variations in responsiveness to an angiogenic stimulus among various mouse strains (Fig. 1⤻ ), with the vessel area in response to a 180 ng VEGF pellet ranging from 0.4 to 2.2 mm2. We also observed that VEGF responsiveness correlated generally with bFGF responsiveness (Fig. 1)⤻ , with ∼60% of the variance in the bFGF responsiveness explicable by VEGF responsiveness. Thi...
Experimental and theoretical investigation of nonconductive additives on the performance of positive lead acid battery plates

Abstract Additives can be added to lead acid battery electrodes to increase porosity and improve battery power and energy performance. This paper investigates the influence on electrode performance of different sizes and volume percentages of nonconductive additives to provide a clearer understanding of how they affect battery performance. The nonconductive additives used in the electrodes were hollow glass microspheres (HGMs). The solid volume percentages of various sizes of HGMs were varied from 5 to 60%. The discharge capacity for different volume percentages of the HGMs was measured in plates that were hand pasted to similar thicknesses. The utilization of active materials, which is defined as the ratio of the practical discharge ampere-hours over the stoichiometric capacity of the active materials, was plotted with respect to different solid volume percentages of additives. Experimental results were compared with the theoretical values of conductivity models. The change of utilizations with different solid volume percentages of additives compared favorably with the model predictions.
Water and Ice

(I) In Beyond Rigidity, Scott Soames argues that the term ‘water’ is ambiguous. On one disambiguation, it is an expansive predicate that is true of any quantity of H2O whatsoever. On a second disambiguation, it is a restricted predicate, true only of liquid quantities of H2O. Analytic philosophers are fond of claiming ambiguities where there are none. This, I shall argue, is the case with the claimed expansive-restricted ambiguity. The predicate-kind ambiguity I have no quibble with.
Null tests for oblate spheroids

In most real cases requiring simple null optics, the optical path difference cannot be reduced to zero but can be kept at a fractional wavelength level so that interferometric data reduction can be used to account for the residual error. In other cases, computer-generated holograms may be used to obtain apparently straight fringes when the desired surface is obtained. Two examples, one involving an f/2.5 concave oblate spheroid and the other a Paul-Baker secondary, are examined. It is shown that although the null tests are not generally perfect, the residual error is small and the tests are simple.
Loop structures in Taylor towers

We study spaces of natural transformations between homogeneous functors in Goodwillie’s calculus of homotopy functors and in Weiss’s orthogonal calculus. We give a description of such spaces of natural transformations in terms of the homotopy fixed point construction. Our main application uses this description in combination with the Segal Conjecture to obtain a delooping theorem for connecting maps in the Goodwillie tower of the identity and in the Weiss tower of BU.V/. The interest in such deloopings stems from conjectures made by the first and the third author [4] that these towers provide a source of contracting homotopies for certain projective chain complexes of spectra. 55P65; 55P47, 18G55 1 Introduction and notation In this paper, we study homogeneous functors in the sense of Weiss’s orthogonal calculus [13]. More precisely, we calculate the space of natural transformations between such functors, and we give a few examples and applications. Our main application is a delooping theorem for connecting maps in the Goodwillie tower of the identity functor for pointed spaces and in the Weiss tower of the functor V7!BU.V/. The motivation for this delooping theorem will be discussed later in this introduction. To state our results, we summarize the usual notation for this context. Let F be a functor from pointed spaces or from finite-dimensional real or complex vector spaces to pointed spaces or spectra. Goodwillie and Weiss calculus assign to such a functor F a “Taylor” tower of functors ! Pn F! Pn 1 F! ; together with a natural map from F to the homotopy inverse limit of the tower that is often a weak homotopy equivalence. The homotopy fiber of the map Pn F! Pn 1 F is customarily denoted Dn F and is referred to as “the nth homogeneous layer of F ,” while Pn F is referred to as “the nth Taylor polynomial of F .” Depending on whether
Radio detection of high energy particles: Coherence versus multiple scales

Radio Cherenkov emission underlies the detection of high energy particles via a signal growing like the particle energy squared. Cosmic-ray-induced electromagnetic showers are a primary application. While many studies have treated the phenomenon approximately, none have attempted to incorporate all the physical scales involved in problems with time- or spatially evolving charges. We find it is possible to decompose the calculated fields into the product of a form factor, characterizing a moving charge distribution, multiplying a general integral which depends on the charge evolution. In circumstances of interest for cosmic ray physics, the resulting expressions can be evaluated explicitly in terms of a few parameters obtainable from shower codes. The classic issues of Fraunhofer and Fresnel zones play a crucial role in the coherence.
Pre-hypertension: rationale for pharmacotherapy.

Pre-hypertension, defined as blood pressure 120–139/80–89 mmHg, affects ~70 million people in the US. Blood pressures in the upper half of the pre-hypertensive range are linked with roughly threefold greater risk of incident hypertension than normal blood pressure <120/<80 mmHg, with an incidence rate of 8–20 % annually. Blood pressures in the upper half of the pre-hypertensive range also roughly double risk for cardiovascular events, even in the absence of progression to hypertension. Despite excess risk, guidelines recommend lifestyle interventions only for people with pre-hypertension in the absence of diabetes mellitus or clinical cardiovascular or chronic kidney disease. While efficacious, lifestyle changes have limited population effectiveness as Americans are heavier and their nutritional patterns less DASH-like than before DASH was published. Prevalent hypertension is higher in African Americans than Caucasians, but prevalent pre-hypertension is similar. African Americans experience a more rapid transition from pre-hypertension to hypertension than Caucasians with pre-hypertension. Interventions that normalize racial differences in incident hypertension could, over time, improve racial equity in prevalent hypertension and related clinical complications. Individuals with pre-hypertension can be safely treated with antihypertensive medications to significantly reduce incident hypertension. Given the evidence, practical clinical trials in African Americans with pre-hypertension to reduce and eliminate racial disparities in incident hypertension have merit. The results of these trials could provide the foundation for clinical guidelines to reduce racial disparities in prevalent hypertension and associated clinical cardiovascular and renal diseases.
Overload effect and fatigue crack propagation in amorphous metallic alloys

Fatigue crack propagation in amorphous metals has an overload effect which usually increases with the number of overload cycles. The variation of overload effect with delta K is explained by the size of the plastic zone which depends on delta K. A comparison of the spacing between striations and da/dN shows that the crack jumps a step about every hundred cycles. The featureless region is probably due to shear fracture along a shear band during overload. Both crack tip blunting and branching occur during the application of overload. Work hardening is not a necessary factor for the overloading effect.
Fourteen Years of Social Psychology: A Growing Commitment to Field Experimentation:

Has the percentage of field experiments in basic and applied social psychology increased recently? In the more basic area, the annual percentage of field experiments in the Journal of Social Psychology rose from about 1% in 1961 to about 10% in 1974, and in the Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology (1961 - 1964)/Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (1965-1974) the percentages rose from a 1961-1969 level of about 2.5-3% to a post-1969 level of about 5%. The major applied journal (Journal of Applied Social Psychology) began in 1971, making a trend extimate impossible. However, the annual percentages (17%-33%) were higher than in the basic journals. The evaluation research literature in areas of concern to social psychologists indicates a higher percentage of field experiments than in the basic research journals. Our results give a different picture of the field involvement of social psychologists than do the results of Fried, Gumpper, and Allen (1973).
Self-monitoring overhead of the Linux perf_ event performance counter interface

Most modern CPUs include hardware performance counters: architectural registers that allow programmers to gain low-level insight into system performance. Low-overhead access to these counters is necessary for accurate performance analysis, making the operating system interface critical to providing lowlatency performance data. We investigate the overhead of selfmonitoring performance counter measurements on the Linux perf event interface. We find that default code (such as that used by PAPI) implementing the perf event self-monitoring interface can have large overhead: up to an order of magnitude larger than the previously used perfctr and perfmon2 performance counter implementations. We investigate the causes of this overhead and find that with proper coding this overhead can be greatly reduced on recent Linux kernels.
Compressibility of 18 metals to 45 kbar

Abstract Volume compressions of 18 metals and pyrophyllite, boron nitride and talc have been determined by monitoring piston displacements in an end-loaded piston-cylinder apparatus. The present values are at variance with Bridgman's piston-cylinder measurements in the same range; the discrepancy being greater for more compressible substances. Our values are in close agreement with Bridgman's hydrostatic lever-piezometer measurements up to 30 kbar on rod shaped specimens of Cu, Ag, Pb, Ta and Fe and also with the room temperature values derived from shock wave data using Dugdale-MacDonald equation for variation of γ0(V) along the 0°K isotherm. Intercomparison of isothermal bulk modulus, B0, and its pressure derivative, B'0, obtained from the static and the ultrasonic measurements at high pressures has also been made.
Revisiting the Homes and Haunts of Mary Russell Mitford

One of the central sites of feminist literary history, A Room of One’s Own, begins by dismissing the idea of representing a group of famous authors: “a few remarks about Fanny Burney; a few more ab...
Gain-enhancement differential amplifier using positive feedback

This paper presents a differential amplifier design with gain enhancement using positive feedback. Comparing with the standard complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) differential amplifier, the new circuit has improved specifications, such as higher small-signal voltage gain, output voltage swing, and large bandwidth. In addition, the circuit has a built-in tuning capability for adjustable gain or tuning out the process-voltage-temperature (PVT) variations. This paper also presents a comparison of noise and power dissipation that was performed using Spice simulations.
Imaging of 3D magnetic targets from multiview multistatic GPR data

Ground Penetrating Radar surveys aimed at imaging magnetic anomalies are gaining an increasing attention in several applications. In this respect, we introduce in this communication an inverse scattering strategy based on a suitable reformulation of the Linear Sampling Method (LSM). The LSM is a reliable and computationally effective imaging approach, which is exactly cast as a linear inverse problem (i.e., no approximation is required). This is made possible by restricting the processing task to the reconstruction of the shape of the anomaly and neglecting the retrieval of the electromagnetic features. Since the LSM has been never applied to the imaging of magnetic targets from electric field data, a preliminary assessment of its reconstruction capabilities towards purely magnetic anomalies is given by means of numerical examples.
An APFIM investigation of a weathered region of the Santa Catharina meteorite

Abstract An atom probe field ion microscope characterization has been performed on a weathered region of the Santa Catharina meteorite (USNM #3043). This meteorite consists primarily of a metallic matrix, oxides, and Schreibersite (FeNi) 3 P. The metallic matrix was found to have decomposed into a random distribution of ∼ 12 nm diameter precipitates with compositions ranging from 38.6–54 at.% Ni in a matrix with lower nickel levels. Atom probe composition profiles between precipitates revealed a characteristic W-shaped nickel profile ranging from approximately 15% nickel adjacent to the precipitates to approximately 25% nickel in the central region away from the precipitates.
Chemical-shift-selective multiple-quantum NMR as a probe of the correlation length of chemical shielding tensors

Abstract A method for obtaining multiple-quantum NMR spectra of a selected homogeneously broadened region of an inhomogeneously broadened powder pattern (CHESHIRE) is demonstrated with 19 F NMR results for polycrystalline calcium fluorapatite, Ca 5 F(PO 4 ) 3 , and a 9 1 calcium/strontium fluorapatite solid solution. The slower growth rate of 19 F multiple-quantum coherences at the same selected chemical shift in the latter compound is interpreted in terms of a decrease in the average correlation length of the shielding tensor in the one-dimensional chain of fluoride ions in the solid-solution, due to the 19 F chemical- shift perturbation caused by the strontium ion substitutions.
Teaching Science Inquiry in Urban Contexts: The Role of Elementary Preservice Teachers’ Beliefs

This paper reports on a study of elementary preservice teachers’ inquiry-based practices, their efficacy beliefs, and the role beliefs had on two preservice teachers’ practices in urban classrooms. Results show inquiry-based practices can be cultivated through field-based experiences and preservice teachers’ efficacy beliefs, as it relates to practice in urban settings, are malleable. Specifically, personal efficacy beliefs about teaching science improved or were sustained for one cohort of preservice teachers. However, beliefs about students’ ability to learn science, that is outcome beliefs, were less stable. The results of two case studies show that science content knowledge was a factor in preservice teachers’ inquiry-based practices. However, why preservice teachers’ beliefs about student learning declined is less clear. More research is needed, along with follow-up data on teacher induction, to learn how preservice teachers’ beliefs impact urban students’ science education.
Increased blood LH and testosterone after administration of prostaglandin F2α in bulls

Two types of experiments were conducted to determine the relationship of changes in blood luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone in bulls given prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha). Episodic surges of LH and testosterone occurred in tandem, apparently at random intervals, on the average once during the 8-hr period after bulls were given saline. In contrast, after sc injection of 20 mg PGF2alpha, blood serum testosterone increased synchronously to a peak within 90 minutes four-fold greater than pre-injection values, and the testosterone surges were prolonged about three-fold compared to those in controls. Each of the PGF2alpha-induced surges of testosterone was preceded by a surge of blood serum LH which persisted for about 45 minutes and peaked at about 3 ng/ml. In a second experiment, PGF2alpha was infused (iv, 0.2 mg/min) for 20 hr; blood plasma testosterone increased from 7.0+/-0.6 to 16.0+/-1.5 ng/ml within 2.5 hr and remained near this peak for 10 hr. Then testosterone gradually declined to about 9 ng/ml at the conclusion of the 20-hr infusion. These changes in testosterone were paralleled by similar changes in blood plasma LH, although LH declined 3 hr earlier than testosterone. Random episodic peaks of blood plasma LH and testosterone typical of untreated bulls resumed within 8 hr after conclusion of PGF2alpha infusion. In both experiments, the surge of testosterone after PGF2alpha was preceded by increased blood LH. We conclude that increased LH after administration of PGF2alpha probably caused the increased testosterone. However the mechanisms of these actions of PGF2alpha remain to be determined.
Cytosine reflectance measurements using electron energy loss spectra and synchrotron radiation

Abstract The reflectivity of thin films of the nucleic acid base cytosine (C 4 N 3 OH 4 ) has been calculated from the optical constants determined from electron energy loss spectra. This calculated reflectivity was then compared with the reflectivity as measured using synchrotron radiation in the region 4–24 eV. The agreement of the measured and calculated reflectance confirms the correctness of the optical constants as determined by electron spectroscopy.
Whither the state in Yugoslav health care

As part of their broader sociopolitical system of self-managing socialism, the Yugoslavs have attempted to create a health care system which is simultaneously destaticized, depoliticized, decentralized, democratized and economically and socially efficient. This paper provides a description and evaluation of the evolving self-managed health sector in post-World War II Yugoslavia. I argue that, despite repeated institution restructuring and innovation and some noteworthy accomplishments, the Yugoslavs have fallen short of their health objectives. After presenting alternative explanations for these shortcomings, I propose that they can best be understood in terms of the contradictions the Yugoslavs have encountered in their efforts to simultaneously pursue destatization, depoliticization, decentralization, democratization and social and economic efficiency. I conclude with an ideologically unpopular proposal that some form of continuous and legitimate central state coordination may be necessary to resolve current critical problems in Yugoslav health care (e.g. persistent deficits in health financing, shortages of basic medical supplies, duplication of expensive medical technology, unemployed health workers despite unmet health needs, persistent health inequalities).
Identification of Sugars from Rates of Oxime Formation

The concept of using precise kinetic measurements to aid in the characterization of organic compounds has been applied to sugars. Hydroxylamine reacts with sugars to form oximes; the rate of the reaction can be conveniently followed spectrophotometrically. At pH 6.5 and with an excess of hydroxylamine the rate of oxime formation follows apparent first-order kinetics and is sufficiently discriminating to allow identification of many sugars. Kinetic evidence obtained in this study indicates that the reaction of ketoses and aldoses with hydroxylamine proceeds through a carbinolamine addition compound intermediate, analogous to that proposed for other aldehydes and ketones.
Initial studies of a new detector design for ultra-high resolution positron emission tomography

We are developing a novel detector concept for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) that will facilitate ultrahigh spatial resolution, high sensitivity and optimal light collection efficiency. Spatial resolution in PCT can be improved by using finer scintillation crystal array elements. Several groups are developing arrays with <2 mm crystal pixels for ultra-high resolution small animal PET systems. The challenge with finer crystals is extracting sufficient light to maintain a high detection signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), especially if the crystals are kept relatively long for good detection efficiency. Assuming the resulting light signals are sufficiently above noise, the finer crystals may be resolved in a flood histogram. However, the reduced detection SNR means lower count sensitivity since more pulses are now below a given threshold, and a loss in energy resolution, which can result in image contrast degradation. We propose scintillation detector concepts that use new avalanche photodiode (APD) arrays in novel readout configurations that promote very high light collection efficiency. These concepts exploit the high compactness of semiconductor photodetector arrays for tightly packed crystal readout schemes that are unavailable to PMTs. The schemes proposed have the potential to significantly improve detection SNR for ultra-high resolution PET. With a I mm wide LSO crystal coupled to a prototype APD array we obtained 13.7% energy resolution at 511 keV in a nonoptimized measurement. Flood irradiation measurements with a 1 mm thick LSO crystal sheet coupled to the array prototype indicate that /spl les/1 mm intrinsic spatial resolution is available to the design with high spatial linearity out to the crystal edge.
Analysis of the Bite Force and Mechanical Design of the Feeding Mechanism of the Durophagous Horn Shark Heterodontus Francisci

Three-dimensional static equilibrium analysis of the forces generated by the jaw musculature of the horn shark Heterodontus francisci was used to theoretically estimate the maximum force distributions and loadings on its jaws and suspensorium during biting. Theoretical maximum bite force was then compared with bite forces measured (1) voluntarily in situ, (2) in restrained animals and (3) during electrical stimulation of the jaw adductor musculature of anesthetized sharks. Maximum theoretical bite force ranged from 128 N at the anteriormost cuspidate teeth to 338 N at the posteriormost molariform teeth. The hyomandibula, which connects the posterior margin of the jaws to the base of the chondrocranium, is loaded in tension during biting. Conversely, the ethmoidal articulation between the palatal region of the upper jaw and the chondrocranium is loaded in compression, even during upper jaw protrusion, because H. francisci's upper jaw does not disarticulate from the chondrocranium during prey capture. Maximum in situ bite force averaged 95 N for free-swimming H. francisci, with a maximum of 133 N. Time to maximum force averaged 322 ms and was significantly longer than time away from maximum force (212 ms). Bite force measurements from restrained individuals (187 N) were significantly greater than those from free-swimming individuals (95 N) but were equivalent to those from both theoretical (128 N) and electrically stimulated measurements (132 N). The mean mass-specific bite of H. francisci was greater than that of many other vertebrates and second highest of the cartilaginous fishes that have been studied. Measuring bite force on restrained sharks appears to be the best indicator of maximum bite force. The large bite forces and robust molariform dentition of H. francisci correspond to its consumption of hard prey.
Electronic nicotine delivery system (electronic cigarette) awareness, use, reactions and beliefs: a systematic review

Objective We sought to systematically review the literature on electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS, also called electronic cigarettes) awareness, use, reactions and beliefs. Data sources We searched five databases for articles published between 2006 and 1 July 2013 that contained variations of the phrases ‘electronic cigarette’, ‘e-cigarette’ and ‘electronic nicotine delivery’. Study selection Of the 244 abstracts identified, we excluded articles not published in English, articles unrelated to ENDS, dissertation abstracts and articles without original data on prespecified outcomes. Data extraction Two reviewers coded each article for ENDS awareness, use, reactions and beliefs. Data synthesis 49 studies met inclusion criteria. ENDS awareness increased from 16% to 58% from 2009 to 2011, and use increased from 1% to 6%. The majority of users were current or former smokers. Many users found ENDS satisfying, and some engaged in dual use of ENDS and other tobacco. No longitudinal studies examined whether ENDS serve as ‘gateways’ to future tobacco use. Common reasons for using ENDS were quitting smoking and using a product that is healthier than cigarettes. Self-reported survey data and prospective trials suggest that ENDS might help cigarette smokers quit, but no randomised controlled trials with probability samples compared ENDS with other cessation tools. Some individuals used ENDS to avoid smoking restrictions. Conclusions ENDS use is expanding rapidly despite experts’ concerns about safety, dual use and possible ‘gateway’ effects. More research is needed on effective public health messages, perceived health risks, validity of self-reports of smoking cessation and the use of different kinds of ENDS.
Significance and Role of Deformation Micromechanisms in Life-Predictive Modeling of Aging Structures

Transitional creep mechanisms are exhibited by materials used in power systems and a thorough knowledge of these is a prerequisite in reliable extrapolations of short-term data to service conditions mainly due to the dominance of viscous creep mechanisms such as Nabarro-Herring, Coble and more importantly Harper-Dorn creep at low stresses. The paper summarizes the deformation mechanisms pertinent to various classes of materials. It is shown that blind extrapolation of the short-term laboratory test results to long-term service conditions leads to nonconservative predictions of the creep-rates and life times of the structural materials. Application of such transitional creep mechanisms to the prediction of dimensional changes of Zircaloy cladding in light water reactors is summarized. 38 refs., 10 figs., 1 tab.
Diagenesis of the Lower Permian Krider Member, Southwest Kansas, U.S.A.: Fluid-Inclusion, U-Pb, and Fission-Track Evidence for Reflux Dolomitization During Latest Permian Time

ABSTRACT Diagenesis of the lower Krider Member of the Nolans Limestone in the Hugoton embayment was dominated by dolomitization and subsequent anhydrite precipitation and replacement. Typical dolomite crystals have a replacive inclusion-rich core followed by a clear rim in transmitted light, and have three cathodoluminescent (CL) growth zones. Fission-track analysis suggests that most uranium resides in CL Zone 2, in an earlier dolomite zone replaced by Zone 2, and in enriched phosphatic minerals. Regionally, the most U-rich part of the lower Krider Member is an east-west oriented region in the north-central part of the Hugoton embayment. Uranium concentration does not correlate directly with lithology, location of tidal-flat deposits, or subaerial exposure surfaces. U and Pb concentrations for whole-rock dolostone analyses range from 12 to 29 ppm and from 1.4 to 6.7 ppm, respectively. Concordant U-Pb and Pb-Pb isochrons and a Total Pb/U concordia plot indicate that dolomitization took place around 250 Ma and that the timing of U enrichment was younger than the Early Permian depositional age. Fluid-inclusion analyses suggest that the U-rich dolomitization took place at low temperatures in the presence of a Na-Ca-Mg-Cl brine and was followed by a later event that heated the rocks to at least 95°C. From fluid-inclusion data, petrographic and stratigraphic relationships, and U-Pb age dates from the dolomitic rocks, we suggest that during the Late Permian, reflux of low temperature (<50°C), Mg-bearing brines precipitated U-bearing dolomite and replaced earlier dolomite in the lower Krider Member and other units in the Chase Group. Some all-liquid fluid inclusions were later thermally reequilibrated by stretching after the Permian, possibly by either (1) later burial with a high geothermal gradient or by (2) hot, topography-driven fluid flow out of the Rocky Mountain foreland during the Tertiary.
Costs and benefits of induced resistance to herbivores and pathogens in plants

While once considered noise in the background of constitutive resistance, the phenomenon of induced resistance to herbivores and pathogens is now firmly accepted as an integral component of plant defence. As for other forms of adaptive phenotypic plasticity, fitness costs and benefits of induced resistance are presumed to exist and may be realized in numerous ways; with their relative importance depending on when, where, and how induced resistance is deployed. Carefully controlled studies in which induced resistance has been manipulated in the absence of attack have provided some of the best evidence for direct costs of resistance in plants. Similar studies in the presence of attackers have provided evidence for fitness benefits, but fitness benefits of induced resistance have been rarely measured directly, especially in long-lived plants. The growing interest in placing induced resistance in a broader context has revealed many potential ecological costs and benefits that are dependent on the environment, but their fitness effects have been little examined. Induced indirect resistance (that is, resistance mediated by interactions with the third trophic level) has been an increasingly popular topic that comes with a unique set of potential costs and benefits. Further progress in our understanding of induced resistance will benefit from an increased synthesis of the literature from both agronomic and ecological perspectives, the former containing more pathogen-oriented studies in agricultural crops and the latter containing more examples of induced resistance to herbivores in wild plants. Such a melding of information will also better inform applications of induced resistance in agriculture.
COMPUTER AIDED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING: FACILITATING THE PATH FOR TRUE SOFTWARE AND KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING

An emerging enterprise-wide orientation evidenced by comprehensive enterprise modeling supported by a technological architecture that includes computer aided software engineering (CASE) tools may empower knowledge and software engineers greater than ever before. An enterprise-wide orientation seeks to carry the strategy of an organization throughout its operations. Enterprise modeling makes it possible to have this panoramic view of the enterprise. An advanced technological architecture that includes CASE empowers enterprise functional personnel, knowledge engineers, and software engineers with the methodological and technological platform required to produce a comprehensive enterprise model. Current environmental trends are influencing how well organizations implement this enterprise-wide orientation, modeling perspective, and the methodological and technological platform.
A Conservation Gap Analysis of Brazil's Amazonian Vegetation

Vegetation types lacking protection in the existing conservation units of the nine states in the Brazilian Legal Amazon were identified, and locations were noted where these vegetation types could be protected. Maps of vegetation, protected areas, and semi-protected areas, such as Amerindian and forestry reserves, were digitized and overlaid using a geographic information system. There are 28 natural vegetation types in the Brazilian Legal Amazon. Locations of new areas for protection were selected using a minimum criterion of protecting at least one example of each vegetation type in each state (here called "vegetation zones"). There are 111 vegetation zones in the Legal Amazon, of which only 37 (33%) have some portion of their area protected. There are few protected areas in the most heavily deforested states along the southeastern fringe of the forest. In Maranhao, where 60% of the original forest had been lost by 1990, only one of 10 vegetation types is protected. Negotiating agreements with indigenous tribes, and to a lesser extent with extractivists who harvest nontimber products from the forest, represents a major opportunity to increase significantly the area and representativeness of the conservation units. Additional conservation units need to be established quickly before rapidly increasing deforestation and land prices preclude this opportunity; otherwise, some vegetation types may virtually disappear. Un analisis de conservacion de la vegetacion Amazonica del Brasil.
Coexistence of four different attractors in a fundamental power system model

This paper reports the occurrence of a rare phenomenon in dynamical systems when four different attractors namely a stable equilibrium, a stable limit cycle and two strange attractors coexist in a fundamental power system model. The paper shows that power system operation could get trapped into sustained chaotic oscillations after a large disturbance even when there exists a viable stable equilibrium point in the model.