cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incidence, Epidemiology, and Transformation of Ocular Myasthenia Gravis: A Population-Based Study

Purpose To establish the incidence of ocular myasthenia gravis (OMG) as well as identify determinants of transformation to generalized myasthenia gravis (GMG) using a population-based record-linkage system. Design Population-based, retrospective cohort study. Methods All adults (≥18 years) diagnosed with myasthenia gravis (MG) from January 1, 1990, through December 31, 2017, were identified using the Rochester Epidemiology Project. Sixty-five patients with MG were identified. Data were collected regarding symptom onset, diagnostic testing results, and conversion from OMG to GMG. Results Median follow-up time was 91 months (range 17-333 months). The annual incidence of MG was 2.20/100 000 with a mean age at diagnosis of 59 years (SD=17) and 62% male sex. Thirty-three (51%) of the 65 patients presented with OMG, providing an annual incidence of 1.13/100 000. Eighteen (55%) of the 33 patients presenting with OMG converted to GMG at a median time of 13 months (range 2-180 months). Sixteen (67%) of 24 OMG patients who were seropositive for acetylcholine receptor antibody (AchR Ab) converted to GMG at 5 years compared to 11% (1/9) of those who were seronegative (hazard ratio [HR], 8.2, P = .04). Ten (77%) of 13 OMG patients with a positive single-fiber electromyography (sfEMG) at diagnosis converted to GMG at 5 years, compared with 18% (2/11) of patients who had a negative sfEMG (HR, 5.5, P = .01). Conclusions In our population-based study, 51% (33/65) of patients with MG presented with isolated ocular involvement, with 55% (18/33) of these patients converting to GMG at some point in the course of their disease. Positive sfEMG and AchR Ab seropositivity at the time of diagnosis increased the risk of conversion to GMG.
A Modular Multilevel Converter With Self-Voltage Balancing Part II: Y-Matrix Modulation

In Part I of this paper, the self-voltage balancing nature of modular multilevel converters (MMCs) has been proven mathematically. To utilize this merit of MMCs, a novel modulation, namely Y-matrix modulation (YMM), is proposed to transform the math analysis of Part I into modulation practice. With the proposed YMM, MMCs have secured self-voltage balancing. Conventionally, either a complicated voltage balancing control, or extra components are embedded in MMCs to balance the capacitor voltage. Compared to conventional MMC capacitor voltage balancing strategies, YMM features simple algorithms and good reachability to high-level MMCs while maintaining the original half-bridge submodule topology. To simplify the analysis, YMM is introduced to two-level and three-level MMCs as examples. Then, the generalized YMM is derived, which is suitable for high-level MMCs. Several YMM based MMC case studies are provided for verification purposes.
Specificity of the Redox Complex between Cytochrome P450 24A1 and Adrenodoxin Relies on Carbon-25 Hydroxylation of Vitamin-D Substrate

Metabolic deactivation of 1,25(OH)2D3 is initiated by modification of the vitamin-D side chain, as carried out by the mitochondrial cytochrome P450 24A1 (CYP24A1). In addition to its role in vitamin-D metabolism, CYP24A1 is involved in catabolism of vitamin-D analogs, thereby reducing their efficacy. CYP24A1 function relies on electron transfer from the soluble ferredoxin protein adrenodoxin (Adx). Recent structural evidence suggests that regioselectivity of the CYP24A1 reaction may correlate with distinct modes of Adx recognition. Here we used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to monitor the structure of 15N-labeled full-length Adx from rat while forming the complex with rat CYP24A1 in the ligand-free state or bound to either 1,25(OH)2D3 or the vitamin-D supplement 1α(OH)D3. Although both vitamin-D ligands were found to induce a reduction in overall NMR peak broadening, thereby suggesting ligand-induced disruption of the complex, a crosslinking analysis suggested that ligand does not have a significant effect on the relative association affinities of the redox complexes. However, a key finding is that, whereas the presence of primary CYP24A1 substrate was found to induce NMR peak broadening focused on the putative recognition site α-helix 3 of rat adrenodoxin, the interaction in the presence of 1α(OH)D3, which is lacking the carbon-25 hydroxyl, results in disruption of the NMR peak broadening pattern, thus indicating a ligand-induced nonspecific protein interaction. These findings provide a structural basis for the poor substrate turnover of side-chain-modified vitamin-D analogs, while also confirming that specificity of the CYP24A1-ligand interaction influences specificity of CYP24A1-Adx recognition. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzymes, such as CYP24A1 responsible for catabolizing vitamin-D and its analogs, rely on a protein-protein interaction with a ferredoxin in order to receive delivery of the electrons required for catalysis. In this study, we demonstrate that this protein interaction is influenced by the enzyme-ligand interaction that precedes it. Specifically, vitamin-D missing carbon-25 hydroxylation binds the enzyme active site with high affinity but results in a loss of P450-ferredoxin binding specificity.
High Glucose Increases Binding of Lysyl Oxidase to Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Implications for Diabetic Retinopathy.

Purpose To determine whether high glucose (HG) compromises internalization of lysyl oxidase (LOX) through excess binding of LOX with extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Methods To determine whether HG promotes binding of LOX with ECM proteins, fibronectin (FN) and collagen IV (Coll IV), total or ECM-only proteins from rat retinal endothelial cells grown in normal (N; 5 mM) or HG (30 mM) medium were analyzed by coimmunoprecipitation and Western blot (WB). In parallel, coimmunostaining was performed to determine changes in LOX binding to FN or Coll IV. To determine the effect of HG on extracellular LOX levels, medium in which cells were grown for 1, 3, 5, and 7 days were assessed for LOX levels. Results WB analysis using total protein showed LOX overexpression and elevated levels of LOX bound to Coll IV or FN in HG condition. Similarly, a significant increase in LOX bound to FN or Coll IV was observed in ECM-only protein. These data were supported by Z-stack confocal microscopy images from coimmunostaining. Furthermore, immunostaining performed on ECM layer revealed increased presence of LOX bound to Coll IV or FN. Additionally, when media from cells grown in HG was monitored, a maximal increase in LOX level was observed by day 3, which declined by day 7. Conclusions Findings indicate that HG promotes binding of LOX to FN and Coll IV extracellularly that results in reduced LOX internalization, attenuation of negative feedback, and upregulation of LOX expression associated with diabetic retinopathy.
Programmable single-layer polymer films for millimeter and sub-millimeter self-folding origami

This paper presents a fabrication method for polymer films with programmable self-folding behavior. The target shape of the films is provided as a polygonal mesh. The unfolding polyhedra method is used to determine the layout of the folds and faces forming a planar origami sheet which can be folded towards the target shape. Photolithographic masks are printed with the determined layout and used in a photolithography process that produces polymer films with compliant folds of low cross-linking density and stiff faces of high cross-linking density. During the development step in the photolithography process, the films exhibit inhomogeneous developer absorption at the folds, with a higher concentration on the side of the folds that is in direct contact with the developer solution. The non-uniformly absorbed developer is removed upon heating the films, causing inhomogeneous strains across the thickness of the folds which leads to thermally-driven self-folding. The folded configuration of the films is made permanent by subsequently cooling the folded films to room temperature and saturating their cross-linking density through UV exposure. In the fabrication method, the fold angle achieved by each fold in the films is modulated by adjusting their width. A formula relating fold angle and fold width is calibrated using experimental data and incorporated into the computational implementation of the unfolding polyhedra method to precisely size the folds when creating the templates for the photolithographic masks. This method thus produces polymer films that are programmed to accurately self-fold into a target shape when heated. The fabrication method is demonstrated by producing various three-dimensional shapes. Potential applications of the fabricated programmable films include packaging of micro-systems and entrapment of cells.
Employing Drug Delivery Strategies to Create Safe and Effective Pharmaceuticals for COVID-19

The outbreak of the novel SARS-CoV-2 pathogen and corresponding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have had an enormous impact on both global health and the daily lives of billions of people worldwide. With a proven vaccine at least a year from being fully tested for safety and efficacy, there may be an opportunity to rapidly repurpose existing drugs in order to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections and improve outcomes for patients already infected with COVID-19. At present, more than 40 different drugs are being explored for efficacy against COVID-19, including antivirals and immune modulating compounds. Unfortunately, many of these drugs are associated with side effects that limit their use to the most severe cases and thereby prevent their use as prophylactics. This commentary describes drug formulation strategies that can be used to maintain the efficacy of these drugs through controlled release, targeted delivery, and non-viral nucleic acid delivery. If successful, these approaches could enable the expanded use of drugs to reduce the mortality of this devastating disease and equip healthcare providers with the tools to accelerate our recovery from this pandemic and improve our response to the next outbreak of a novel pathogenic virus. The author has no conflicts of interest to declare. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Ion Channel and Structural Remodeling in Obesity-Mediated Atrial Fibrillation.

Background: Epidemiological studies have established obesity as an independent risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF), but the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain unclear. Reduced car...
Propensities to make attributions to prejudice and (mis)perceptions of racism in the context of police shootings

Abstract We examined whether individual differences in tendencies to perceive prejudice are related to the (mis)perception of racial discrimination. Participants were presented with either strong or weak evidence of racism in a scenario involving a White police officer shooting a Black man. Lower levels of tendencies to perceive prejudice were related to underperceiving racism when the evidence was strong. However, we found no evidence that higher levels of tendencies to perceive prejudice were related to overperceiving racism when the evidence was weak. These findings suggest believing racial prejudice is uncommon creates more biased perceptions of racism than believing prejudice is pervasive.
The migration of Hypoderma lineatum in the brain of a horse. A case report and review.

A 2-year-old horse in California died following intermittent signs of ataxia and paralysis. A first stage larva of Hypoderma lineatum was found in a track of hemorrhagic malacia in the brain stem.
Using Artificial Intelligence Planning Techniques to Automatically Reconfigure Software Modules

One important approach to enhancing software reuse is through the creation of large-scale software libraries. By modularizing functionality, many complex specialized applications can be built up from smaller reusable general purpose libraries. Consequently, many large software libraries have been formed for applications such as image processing and data analysis. However, knowing the requirements and formats of each of these routines requires considerable expertise — thus limiting the usage of these libraries by novices.
Compact-range coordinate system established using a laser tracker.

Establishing a Cartesian coordinate reference system for an existing Compact Antenna Range using the parabolic reflector is presented. A SMX (Spatial Metrix Corporation) M/N 4000 laser-based coordinate measuring system established absolute coordinates for the facility. Electric field characteristics with positional movement correction are evaluated. Feed Horn relocation for alignment with the reflector axis is also described. Reference points are established for follow-on non-laser alignments utilizing a theodolite.
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction and Sense of Coherence Among Women With Fibromyalgia

Sense of Coherence (SOC) is conceptualized as a disposition to experience life as meaningful and manageable. Research suggests a protective effect of SOC on psychological health in stressful circumstances. This study assessed the capacity of SOC to buffer the effect of illness symptoms on psychological distress among patients with fibromyalgia. Self-reported changes in SOC after participation in a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program were also examined. Ninety-one women with fibromyalgia provided baseline data pertaining to illness symptoms, perceived stress, and depression prior to participation in a randomized trial of MBSR. SOC and fibromyalgia symptoms were independently related to perceived stress and depression at baseline. SOC was not a statistically significant moderator of symptom effects on psychological distress. In comparison with wait-listed controls, program participants reported a significant increase in SOC after MBSR participation. These results provide the first demonstration from a randomized trial that SOC may be enhanced via intervention.
Dynamic frequency spectrum analysis: application in organized and disorganized electrocardiographic signals

A digital spectrum-analysis technique is employed to compute the power of a specific frequency band (FB) of interest in continuous data segments. Only integrated power values of each frequency band are taken into account. To evaluate the electrophysiological characteristics of disorganized ECG signals, the power of each FB is plotted against elapsed time. Sustained ventricular fibrillation (VF) in 15 anesthesized dogs was characterized as follows: (1) The major power was contributed by the FB from 1 to 25 Hz; (2) the power of the low FB (1-25 Hz) and the high FB (>151 Hz) remained relatively constant during sustained VF; (3) the power between 51 and 125 Hz showed a decrease in the first 134+or-25 s (p >
Bronchogenic cyst -- cause of refractory wheezing in infancy.

A 11/2-year-old male child with past history of recurrent wheezing presented with a severe and refractory episode following a peanut aspiration. A bronchoscopy was done and the peanut removed. However, as the wheezing persisted a detailed evaluation was done which revealed a bronchogenic cyst. Surgical excision of the cyst was done and the child improved symptomatically. Congenital lesions need to be ruled out in infants and children with persistent and refractory wheezing.
JP-8 jet fuel exposure results in immediate immunotoxicity, which is cumulative over time:

The US Air Force has implemented the widespread use of JP-8 jet fuel in its operations, although a thorough understanding of its potential effects upon exposed personnel is unclear. In the present ...
Scattering by ionization and phonon emission in semiconductors

Calculations of the pair-creation energy $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$, the Fano factor $F$, and the quantum yield for semiconductors are done for the assumptions that in each scattering event all possible sets of product particles are equally probable, that the energy bands are those of free particles separated by a band gap ${E}_{g}$, and that there is a single phonon energy $\ensuremath{\hbar}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$. A new method of calculating these quantities is advanced. In it a pair-number probability distribution ${p}_{n}(E)$, the probability that a particle with energy $E$ ultimately creates $n$ pairs, is calculated recursively with increasing $E$. The first and second moments of the ${p}_{n}(E)$ distribution yield $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$, $F$, and the quantum yield as functions of $\ensuremath{\hbar}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$, ${E}_{g}$, and a parameter $A$, proportional to the ratio of the matrix elements for electron scattering by phonon emission and by ionization. We find that a single value of $A$, which fits the $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ observed for Si, gives values for these quantities in good accord with experiments for many semiconductors. The calculated $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ is found insensitive in many semiconductors to electron-energy loss to plasmons and to differences in the threshold energy for ionization representing real band-structure features. The assumption that all possible sets of product particles are equally probable in each scattering event leads to ultimate nonuniform population of the states with energies below the threshold for ionization, in contrast to the uniform population assumed in some earlier approaches. Results of other existing approaches in which the final-state distribution is calculated, an alternate method, were duplicated using this new method. A simple paradigm is used to illustrate these methods and assumptions.
Interaction of Fluid Movement and Particle Diffusion Across Capillary Walls

The rate of transcapillary exchange of substances delivered to or removed from the tissue by blood depends on the concentration difference across the capillary wall. This concentration difference results in an osmotic effect that can have considerable influence on capillary-tissue fluid exchange. However, fluid exchange also affects the plasma and tissue concentrations of the various substances. Therefore, the determination of substrate concentration profiles involves an interaction of many microcirculatory phenomena, including capillary-tissue fluid exchange. In this paper a general mathematical model is presented that described the interaction of multiple exchangeable solutes. The resulting equations are solved to give the concentration profiles of different substances and their effect on fluid exchange for various normal and pathological situations of physiological interest.
Optimal Intervention in Markovian Gene Regulatory Networks With Random-Length Therapeutic Response to Antitumor Drug

The most effective cancer treatments are the ones that prolong patients' lives while offering a reasonable quality of life during and after treatment. The treatments must also carry out their actions rapidly and with high efficiency such that a very large percentage of tumor cells die or shift into a state where they stop proliferating. Due to biological and microenvironmental variabilities within tumor cells, the action period of an administered drug can vary among a population of patients. In this paper, based on a recently proposed model for tumor growth inhibition, we first probabilistically characterize the variability of the length of drug action. Then, we present a methodology to devise optimal intervention strategies for any Markovian genetic regulatory network governing the tumor when the antitumor drug has a random-length duration of action.
Does the kallikrein-like enzyme gene family code for a group of peptide hormone-processing enzymes?

The cloning of genes which code for a family of kallikrein-like enzymes may provide a basis for understanding the substrate specificity of peptide-processing enzymes.
Migraine, personality, and psychiatric comorbidity

The purpose of this report is to examine the association between migraine and personality, taking into account history of co-occurring psychiatric disorders. Data came from an epidemiologic study of young adults in the Detroit, Michigan metropolitan area. Migraine, defined according to 1988 IHS criteria, and major depression and anxiety disorders were ascertained by a structured diagnostic interview. Migraine was associated with neuroticism, but not with extraversion or psychoticism, measured by the Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire. The association remained significant, when sex and history of major depression and anxiety disorders were controlled. An excess of 25% of persons with migraine alone, uncomplicated by psychiatric comorbidity, scored in the highest quartile of neuroticism. The results suggest that migraine sufferers might be more vulnerable to psychopathology and poor adjustment to their medical condition.
Effect of advance yield markings and symbolic signs on vehicle-pedestrian conflicts: field evaluation

The Commonwealth of Massachusetts has made walkable communities a priority. Pedestrian safety is key to the success of this objective. Pedestrians are at especially high risk when traversing unsignalized, marked crosswalks located either midblock or at T-intersections, especially when a vehicle adjacent to the driver is blocking the view of a crossing pedestrian. Several treatments have been proposed to reduce crashes at such crosswalks in such situations. Two experiments were conducted in the town of Greenfield, Massachusetts, to assess the effectiveness of advance yield markings on drivers' scanning for pedestrians and to study their yielding behavior. Advance yield markings consist of a line of white triangles 20 to 50 ft in advance of the crosswalk together with a sign indicating that drivers should yield at the markings. The first experiment was an observational one involving a staged pedestrian attempting to use the crosswalk, and the second experiment was an in-vehicle field study conducted on an o...
Conceptual and Action Frameworks for Peace

An overview is provided on conceptual and action frameworks for peace, including contributions from different areas of psychology and several multidisciplinary perspectives. Approaches lacking in previous efforts, and some of the reasons for the limited success of peace work are identified. Two case examples are given to illustrate possibilities that have transformative potential, but are less often pursued by counseling professionals. Action research in communal dialogue and advocacy, and psychoeducation and mentoring in psychospiritual development are emphasized in promoting peaceful communities. Implications for our roles and functions as well as future theory, research and training are discussed.
Properties of GaP light-emitting diodes grown on spinel substrates

Abstract Red and green GaP electroluminescent diodes have been successfully fabricated from GaP grown heteroepitaxially on spinel substrates by a vapor phase/liquid phase two-stage process. Current-voltage and light emission characteristics of the diodes are compared with those grown on bulk substrates. Quantum efficiencies up to 0·1 per cent in the red and 0·01 per cent in the green have been obtained.
Dark induced increase in pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity: A refractory period

Nachweis, dass Ratten, aus normaler Lichtperiode abrupt in Dunkelheit versetzt, keine Zunahme der NATase-Aktivitat im Pinealorgan zeigen und dass Isoproterenol-Injektion die Zunahme der NATase auslost.
Magnetism and its connection to non-Fermi-liquid-like behavior.

While conducting doping experiments on the recently discovered enhanced effective mass, coexistent antiferromagnetic-superconducting system UNi[sub 2]Al[sub 3], we have discovered several examples, in samples in which doping has suppressed the magnetic transition at 4.6 K, of unusual temperature dependences of properties consistent with non-Fermi-liquid behavior. Since the other systems discovered to date [U[sub 0.2]Y[sub 0.8]Pd[sub 3], UCu[sub 3.5]Pd[sub 1.5], and possibly U(Pt[sub 0.94]Pd[sub 0.06])[sub 3]] with similar properties have similar (relatively weak) magnetic behavior, this may be an important clue for understanding, as well as for searching for other systems. Several such systems are discussed, and preliminary results on doped UPd[sub 2]Al[sub 3] and URu[sub 2]Si[sub 2] are discussed.
Solitary-wave solutions of the Benjamin equation

Considered here is a model equation put forward by Benjamin that governs approximately the evolution of waves on the interface of a two-fluid system in which surface-tension effects cannot be ignored. Our principal focus is the traveling-wave solutions called solitary waves, and three aspects will be investigated. A constructive proof of the existence of these waves together with a proof of their stability is developed. Continuation methods are used to generate a scheme capable of numerically approximating these solitary waves. The computer-generated approximations reveal detailed aspects of the structure of these waves. They are symmetric about their crests, but unlike the classical Korteweg--de Vries solitary waves, they feature a finite number of oscillations. The derivation of the equation is also revisited to get an idea of whether or not these oscillatory waves might actually occur in a natural setting.
Assessing the Phonological Skills of Bilingual Children From Preschool Through Kindergarten: Developmental Progression and Cross-Language Transfer

The developmental progression hypothesis for phonological awareness states that children perform better on lower level tasks; and has mainly been addressed in the literature with children beginning at age 5. In addition, there has been limited amount of research done regarding the performance of dual language learners on phonological awareness tasks under the age of 5. There is a need for a valid measure of phonological awareness for bilingual preschool children at an earlier age. This article addresses three purposes: 1) developing a reliable measure of phonological awareness for bilingual preschool children, 2) testing the developmental progression hypothesis in both English and Spanish, and 3) comparing longitudinal performance across language on the measure. Two hundred and forty-one Spanish-English bilingual children were assessed on the author-developed Phonological Awareness Test at three time points (mean age of 4.58; mean age of 4.96; mean age of 5.94). Findings indicate differences in developmental progression by language as well as shifts in performance across language as children go through school. The children in this study transition from a language specific model of phonological awareness to a more skill specific model of phonological awareness as they progress through school.
Correlates of immunity to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) associated-hospitalization: establishment of minimum protective threshold levels of serum neutralizing antibodies

Objective: To determine if respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) specific, serum antibody titers correlate with protection against RSV associated-hospitalization at all ages. Design: Participants who were enrolled in a trial to determine the frequency of specific virus infections associated with hospitalization [J. Am. Med. Assoc. 283 (2000) 499] were included in our analysis if they were enrolled from July 1991 to June 1993, had a culture for virus isolation, and provided blood samples at hospitalization and 14-60 days later. RSV infection was defined by a positive culture and/or serology. Microneutralization, ELISA to the fusion (F) protein and Western blot were the serological assays that were used to determine correlates of immunity. Results: One hundred and seventy-five individuals, 1 month to 89 years old, out of 538 patients hospitalized with an acute respiratory infection met the criteria for analysis. RSV associated-hospitalization occurred in 11 (40.7%) of 27 infants (<1 year), 8 (38.1%) of 21 young children (1 to <5 years), and 15 (11.8%) of 127 children and adults (≥5 years). At the time of hospitalization, geometric mean neutralizing antibody titers (log 2 ) to RSV/A and RSV/B, and geometric mean binding antibody titer (log 2 ) to F protein were significantly higher in patients with non-RSV associated-hospitalization compared to those with RSV associated-hospitalization (RSV/A: 7.9 versus 6.1, P < 0.001; RSV/B: 9.4 versus 7.3, P < 0.001; ELISA-F, 13.9 versus 12.6, P = 0.01). For every 1 log 2 increase in titer of neutralizing antibodies to RSV/A and RSV/B, and binding antibody to F protein there was a significant increase in the likelihood of not having an RSV associated-hospitalization by 22.3, 25, and 24.4% respectively. A minimal protective threshold titer of ≥6.0 (odds ratio 3.5; 95% CI 1.4-9.1) and ≥8.0 log 2 (odds ratio 2.9; 95% CI 1.1-7.7) against RSV associated-hospitalization was established for neutralizing antibodies to RSV/A and RSV/B; a threshold titer could not be established for binding antibody to F protein. Conclusion: Participants with naturally acquired serum neutralizing antibody levels at least equal to the minimal protective threshold titer were approximately three times more likely not to have an RSV associated-hospitalization. We speculate that achieving a minimal protective threshold antibody titer through active immunization will significantly reduce RSV associated-hospitalization among all ages.
Let’s Get Healthy! Health Awareness Through Public Participation in an Education and Research Exhibit

Background: Health information technology (HIT) offers a resource for public empowerment through tailored information. Objective: Use interactive community health events to improve awareness of chronic disease risk factors while collecting data to improve health. Methods: Let's Get Healthy! is an education and research program in which participants visit interactive research stations to learn about their own health (diet, body composition, blood chemistry). HIT enables computerized data collection that presents participants with immediate results and tailored educational feedback. An anonymous wristband number links collected data in a population database. Results and Lessons Learned: Communities tailor events to meet community health needs with volunteers trained to conduct research. Participants experience being a research participant and contribute to an anonymous population database for both traditional research purposes and open-source community use. Conclusions: By integrating HIT with community involvement, health fairs become an interactive method for engaging communities in research and raising health awareness.
Defining and Documenting Success for Bilingual Learners: A Collective Case Study

Abstract This article examines the difficulties inherent to measuring bilingual program success and the need for broader and fairer assessment strategies for bilingual students. Drawing from our collective case study, we confirm that there are significant data sources available and accessible to the schools/programs but that their formats are not easily comprehensible for schools attempting to showcase their programs. We also report how the collection and compilation of assessment is primarily in the hands of the school administrators and, thus, may not be efficiently used for the improvement of teaching and learning. Despite the difficulties of data gathering and the shortcomings on the use of information, we suggest that in the schools studied, the evidence we gathered supported their perspectives on success.
Determination of s(iv) in particulate matter

Abstract Sulfur (IV) is extracted from particulate matter with a formaldehyde based solution containing a chelating agent for the dissolution of insoluble sulfites. Measurement is subsequently made by a spectrophotometric method, based on the Schiff reaction with pararosaniline. Results are presented for several simple inorganic sulfites, carbonyl-S(IV) addition compounds, fly ash and smelter samples and “Fe(III)-S(IV)” aerosol.
Do Epidural Injections Provide Short- and Long-term Relief for Lumbar Disc Herniation? A Systematic Review

As part of a comprehensive nonsurgical approach, epidural injections often are used in the management of lumbar disc herniation. Recent guidelines and systematic reviews have reached different conclusions about the efficacy of epidural injections in managing lumbar disc herniation. In this systematic review, we determined the efficacy (pain relief and functional improvement) of the three anatomic approaches (caudal, lumbar interlaminar, and transforaminal) for epidural injections in the treatment of disc herniation. We performed a literature search from 1966 to June 2013 in PubMed, Cochrane library, US National Guideline Clearinghouse, previous systematic reviews, and cross-references for trials studying all types of epidural injections in managing chronic or chronic and subacute lumbar disc herniation. We wanted only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (either placebo or active controlled) to be included in our analysis, and 66 studies found in our search fulfilled these criteria. We then assessed the methodologic quality of these 66 studies using the Cochrane review criteria for RCTs. Thirty-nine studies were excluded, leaving 23 RCTs of high and moderate methodologic quality for analysis. Evidence for the efficacy of all three approaches for epidural injection under fluoroscopy was strong for short-term (< 6 months) and moderate for long-term (≥ 6 months) based on the Cochrane rating system with five levels of evidence (best evidence synthesis), with strong evidence denoting consistent findings among multiple high-quality RCTs and moderate evidence denoting consistent findings among multiple low-quality RCTs or one high-quality RCT. The primary outcome measure was pain relief, defined as at least 50% improvement in pain or 3-point improvement in pain scores in at least 50% of the patients. The secondary outcome measure was functional improvement, defined as 50% reduction in disability or 30% reduction in the disability scores. Based on strong evidence for short-term efficacy from multiple high-quality trials and moderate evidence for long-term efficacy from at least one high quality trial, we found that fluoroscopic caudal, lumbar interlaminar, and transforaminal epidural injections were efficacious at managing lumbar disc herniation in terms of pain relief and functional improvement. The available evidence suggests that epidural injections performed under fluoroscopy by trained physicians offer improvement in pain and function in well-selected patients with lumbar disc herniation.
Granular cell tumor of the clitoris in pregnancy.

Abstract Granular cell tumors of the female genital organs represent 7–15% of all granular cell tumors reported in the literature. The majority of these genital lesions are located on the vulva. Granular cell tumor involving the clitoris is extremely rare and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of clitoral masses.
A two-phased approach to dynamic process planning

Abstract This paper presents an architecture for a computer-aided process planning system that is meant to be integrated with a scheduling system. Our approach to the dynamic process planning chore is to divide the planning tasks into the two phases: static and dynamic planning. This paper discusses the overall approach and provides additional details of the implementation of the static phase. An example is used to illustrate the concepts presented.
Distribution of mast cells in the axillary lymph nodes of breast cancer patients.

In a study of the pattern of distribution of mast cells in the axillary lymph nodes of 43 consecutive breast cancer patients it was observed that: 1) the pattern of distribution of mast cells in the survivors and nonsurvivors is similar, 2) there is almost complete absence of mast cells in the germinal centers with predominance of them in the T cell areas, and 3) a significant number of mast cells are seen in the afferent lymphatic route and the highest percentages of mast cells found in the medullary sinuses. The significance of these findings as they pertain to the relation of mast cells to the T cell system and to the migratory nature of mast cells is discussed. Cancer 44:592-597, 1979.
Recommendations for global hypertension monitoring and prevention

In recent years, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been recognized as the most common cause of death in the world, accounting for 30% of all mortality, with a growing burden in developing countries. In 2000, it was estimated that 26% of the world’s adult population (972 million individuals) had prevalent hypertension, a key risk factor for CVD, and this number is expected to increase to 29% (1.56 billion) by 2025. CVDs place a heavy burden on society and overall economic activity; they are ranked third in disability-adjusted life years lost. We now have a comprehensive understanding of the basic lifestyle modifications that decrease risk of hypertension and its associated sequelae, however, and it is clear that only modest lifestyle changes would be required to produce small reductions in population averages that would have a large impact, given the multitude of adverse outcomes attributable to high blood pressure. Hypertension therefore is an important public health issue. Considerably more research and standardization of surveillance methods are required to realize the existing opportunities to reduce the global burden of CVDs.
Methyl methacrylate levels in the breast milk of a patient after total hip arthroplasty.

Abstract Blood levels of methyl methacrylate (MMA) are known to be transiently elevated in patients having undergone total hip arthroplasty using cement fixation. However, it is not known whether MMA is present in the breast milk of lactating women after this procedure. The authors studied an otherwise healthy lactating 29-year-old mother 5 months postpartum who had undergone total hip arthroplasty because of walking limitations due to congenital hip dysplasia. Less than 0.0005 μ g/mL of MMA was found in her breast milk 36 hours after the procedure. If the negative findings in this case can be confirmed in a larger trial, the current practice of discontinuing breast-feeding after arthroplasty may be reconsidered.
Reactions of water-soluble alkylperoxyl radicals and superoxide with DNA, lipoproteins and phospholipid vesicles: the role played by electrostatic forces.

The role of electrostatic forces in free radical biology is very important but it is all too often overlooked. The radicals discussed in this review include positively-charged, negatively-charged and neutral water-soluble alkylperoxyls and superoxide. Important scientific insights have been gained by generating these radicals in known quantities by the thermal decomposition of simple, "clean", chemical precursors in the presence of potential bio-targets. For example, the abilities of these radicals to damage double-stranded DNA, a polyanion, are dictated by Coulombic forces with only the positively-charged peroxyls being capable of directly producing single-strand breaks. The Coulombic control of the reactions and reaction rates of water-soluble peroxyl radicals which are so evident with DNA do not manifest themselves with all electrostatically charged bio-targets, e.g., low density lipoprotein (LDL), probably because the charge on the surface of the LDL is not uniformly distributed.
Dilute nitride type-II 'W' quantum well lasers for the near-infrared and mid-infrared

Dilute nitride type-II "W" structures have potential for lasing at 1.55 microns (on GaAs substrates) and in the mid-infrared (3-6 microns, on InP substrates). The former active regions utilize (In)GaAsN/GaAsSb/(In)GaAsN/GaAs quantum wells, whereas the latter are based on InAsN/GaAsSb/InAsN/GaInP structures. Following a review of the theoretical rationale, we will present some preliminary MOCVD growth results for the GaAs-based type-II structures, along with their characterization by x-ray, TEM, and photoluminescence. The experimental energy gaps corresponding to the layer compositions determined from characterization are in good agreement with calculations based on the 10-band k×p formalism.
Detection of revolution

Abstract We formulate an index of stability of a society, from the viewpoint of whether a violent revolution will occur. This depends upon weakness of government, rigidity and decadence of the upper class, alienation of intellectuals, ethnic tensions, marginal productivity, unequality, availability of education, and frustrated expectations. We consider a number of specific examples, and propose criteria for prediction.
Incorporation of Flavonoid Derivatives or Pentagalloyl Glucose into Lignin Enhances Cell Wall Saccharification Following Mild Alkaline or Acidic Pretreatments

Partial substitution of normal monolignols with phenolic precursors from other metabolic pathways may improve the susceptibility of lignified biomass to chemical pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification for biofuel production. Flavonoids and gallate esters readily undergo oxidative coupling reactions, suggesting they could serve as alternate monomers for forming lignin in plants. To test this premise, primary cell walls of Zea mays (L.) were artificially lignified with normal monolignols plus various flavan-3-ol/phenolic ester derivatives, flavonol glycoside/gallate ester derivatives, or pentagalloyl glucose added as 0 or 45 % of the precursor mixture. Most alternate monomers readily copolymerized with normal monolignols, but wall-bound lignin was most efficiently formed with epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin gallate, or hyperoside. Yields of glucose from a high-throughput digestibility platform were used to examine how lignin modifications affected the susceptibility of cell walls to enzymatic hydrolysis following alkaline or acidic pretreatments of different severities. With the exception of hyperoside, incorporation of alternate monomers into lignin improved yields of enzymatically released glucose by 18–60 % after mild alkaline pretreatment and by 6–34 % after mild acid pretreatment. Responses due to lignin modification diminished as pretreatment severity increased. Overall, our results suggest that apoplastic deposition of pentagalloyl glucose or gallated flavan-3-ols such as epicatechin gallate or epigallocatechin gallate for incorporation into lignin could be promising plant genetic engineering targets for improving sugar yields from grass biomass crops that are subjected to low-temperature alkaline pretreatments.
Quantum-inspired teleportation

Abstract Based upon quantum-inspired entanglement in quantum–classical hybrids, a simple algorithm for instantaneous transmissions of non-intentional messages (chosen at random) to remote distances is proposed. A special class of situations when such transmissions are useful is outlined. Application of such a quantum-inspired teleportation, i.e. instantaneous transmission of conditional information on remote distances for security of communications is discussed. Similarities and differences between quantum systems and quantum–classical hybrids are emphasized.
Protein kinases and prostaglandin production in ovine astroglia.

Abstract We examined effects of interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and involvement of protein kinases on prostaglandin production in cultured ovine astroglia. Ovine astroglia were exposed to media alone, or 10 ngImL IL-1α and prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α levels were analyzed using enzyme immunoassay. Application of IL-1α augmented the production of PGF 2α at 4 h. Coapplication of H-7 (10–1000 μM) and staurosporine (0.1–10 μM), inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC), blocked IL-1α-induced PGF 2α production. IL-1α increased cyclooxygenase (COX) activity while coapplication of staurosporine prevented an increase, implying that COX activity was dependent upon PKC activation. In contrast, forskolin, sodium nitroprusside, and cyclic nucleotide analogs alone did not affect prostaglandin production significantly, excluding the involvement of cAMPIcGMP-dependent protein kinases. Coapplication of quinacrine (10 μM) and bromophenacyl bromide (100 μM), inhibitors of phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ), prevented the IL-1α induced increases in PGF 2α production. Lastly, IL-1α increased labeled arachidonic acid (AA) release whereas coaddition of quinacrine (10 μM) attenuated increased AA release. Therefore, we propose that IL-la enhances prostaglandin production by ovine astroglia via steps involving activation of PKC and increased activity of COX and PLA 2 .
Cell-fusing activity of visna virus particles.

Abstract Visna virus multiples in a strain of cells (SCP) derived from trypsin-dispersed sheep choroid plexus. After inoculation of 4 TCID 50 /cell, the latent period was 16–20 hours and a maximum yield of 160 TCID 50 /cell was obtained at 70 hours. The virus does not multiply in a line of baby hamster kidney (BHK21-F) cells. Inoculation of BHK21-F and SCP cell monolayers with 7 TCID 50 and 28 TCID 50 /cell, respectively, induced giant-cell formation within 30–60 minutes, and cell fusion progressed to involve the entire monolayer by 5–6 hours. The large syncytia subsequently disintegrated. The extent of polykaryocyte formation was dependent on virus concentration and was prevented by antiviral antibody. In a potassium tartrate density gradient, virus infectivity and cell-fusing activity both came to equilibrium at a buoyant density of approximately 1.19 g/ml. Virus which had lost its infectivity after ultraviolet irradiation retained the ability to cause cell fusion. Treatment of SCP or BHK21-F cell monolayers with neuraminidase did not prevent infection or cell fusion. The results indicate that the visna virus particle is capable of inducing alterations in cell membranes leading to cell fusion without virus replication. The possibility of a relationship between the action of the virus on cell membranes and the demyelination which is a feature of the disease it produces is discussed.
Determination of fifteen elements in grey cast irons using glow discharge optical emission spectrometry

A glow discharge optical emission spectrometric (GD-OES) method for the simultaneous determination of C, P, S, Si, Mn, Cu, Ni, Mo, Cr, Ti, Sn, V, Al, Co and As in grey cast irons is described and demonstrated. White cast irons are used as calibrants, and a long, vigorous, presputtering routine is employed to allow stoichiometric sputtering to be attained prior to data acquisition for both the calibrants and unknowns. This approach effectively eliminates the matrix effect differences between white and grey irons that may occur in the absence of stoichiometric sputtering, thus enabling elemental determinations to be performed without type standardization. Drift correction is utilized to compensate for the effects of drifting instrument sensitivity. Data are presented and statistically evaluated to demonstrate the accuracy of the GD-OES method for each of the 15 elemental analytes. Analytical bias is shown to be inversely related to the mass fraction of the analyte in the sample. Without regard to analyte identity, the median relative bias is observed to be 1.14% when the analyte is present at mass fractions between 1 and 10%, while the median relative error is 15.1% when the analyte is present at mass fractions between 0.001 and 0.01%.
Landau and Lifshitz' formulation of Le Chatelier's principle: an insight into symbiosis?

A correspondence allows application of Landau and Lifshitz’ formulation of Le Chatelier’s principle from statistical physics to a simple 2-D model of biological symbiosis. The insight: symbionts stabilize the occupation of narrow peaks on fitness landscape.