cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fire ants, Solenopsis invicta , dry and store insect pieces for later use

Whereas long-term storage of liquid food in the crops of worker ants and storage of dry seeds are well-known, widespread, and sometimes spectacular phenomena, there have been no previous reports documenting the storage of dead insect prey. Predacious ants typically devour their insect prey within a short time. Given a bonanza of insect prey, the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, desiccates small pieces of these insects (creating insect “jerky”) and stockpiles these pieces in its mound, immediately below the mound surface, the driest and warmest location in the nest. Feeding colonies fluorescently dyed beetle larvae, and searching for fluorescence at night under ultraviolet light illumination verified such stockpiling. Stockpiles ranged from a few pieces to hundreds. Ant larvae in field colonies fed a single dose of dyed beetle larvae remained fluorescent for about two weeks. Laboratory colonies were fed a single dose of dyed larvae and then either starved of insect food, or fed on undyed larvae. All larvae in starved colonies remained strongly fluorescent for four weeks, whereas those in fed colonies gradually declined in fluorescence, showing that in the absence of an inflow of insect prey, workers in the starved colonies fed the dried insect fragments to larvae. Storage of dried food is easily overlooked, and it is possible that it is not limited to fire ants.
Role of β-Receptors in Sympathetic Regulation of Electrolytes in Rat Submaxillary Saliva.∗:

SummaryElectrolyte composition ([K], [Na], [Cl], [HCO3]) and flow rate have been characterized in rat submaxillary saliva evoked by electrical stimulation of the sympathetic innervation. [K] and [H...
The adaptive signifi cance of stabilimenta in orb-webs: a hierarchical approach

Conditional strategy theory provides a theoretical and experimental framework from which to predict both population differences in the expression of alternative behavioral phenotypes and the condition above and below which individuals will perform different tactics. Here I briefly review the current functional explanations for stabilimentum production in orb-web spiders and reinterpret previous results within a conditional strategy framework. I argue that using this framework and incorporating a hierarchical approach to the multiple possible selective benefits of the structure is sufficient to explain some of the seemingly contradictory results in the literature.
P2P network for storage and query of a spatio-temporal flow of events

We develop a novel approach to store and query realtime (contextual) information from/to a population of wireless/wired devices generating a stream of spatio-temporal events corresponding to sensors/applications and/or humans. The approach is based on a novel peer-to-peer overlay network architecture which exploits the spatial relevance of events and the locality of queries to store and query events close to where they are likely to be consumed. This paper focuses on the development of the basic protocols necessary to operate such a system. We propose a simple model for such systems and explore the sensitivity of performance (query delay) to node density and overlay connectivity.
Current Issues in the Provision of Health Care Services

Our society is developing the consensus that adequate health care is the right of all citizens, rather than a privilege of the wealthy or a welfare benefit of the poor. At the same time, the current crisis in health care seems to question the feasibility of making this consensus a reality. A vast array of complex and interrelated issues are involved in the problem of providing health care services. This paper reviews these issues from the consumer's perspective.
The changing role of requirements and architecture in systems engineering

In the past, requirements were the principal tool for defining the problem, with architecture being the domain of the designer. This makes sense under a static model in which user requirements are well understood, technology is evolving slowly, organizational dynamics can be mapped out in advance and external interfaces are stable. The system-of-systems environment is anything but static. This paper examines two key challenges in defining architecture and requirements in a dynamic system-of-systems context: (1) the use of architecture in defining the problem; (2) co-evolution of systems.
The donor is in the details

Recent research finds that people respond more generously to individual victims described in detail than to equivalent statistical victims described in general terms. We propose that this ‘‘identified victim effect’’ is one manifestation of a more general phenomenon: a positive influence of tangible information on generosity. In three experiments, we find evidence for an ‘‘identified intervention effect’’; providing tangible details about a charity’s interventions significantly increases donations to that charity. Although previous work described sympathy as the primary mediator between tangible information and giving, current mediational analyses show that the influence of tangible details can operate through donors’ perception that their contribution will have impact. Taken together with past work, the results suggest that tangible information of many types promotes generosity and can do so either via sympathy or via perceived impact. The ability of tangible information to increase impact points to new ways for charities to encourage generosity.
Prostacyclin Formation Elicited by Endothelin-1 in Rat Aorta Is Mediated via Phospholipase D Activation and Not Phospholipase C or A2

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent vasoconstrictor peptide that also stimulates production of prostacyclin (PGI2) from arachidonic acid. The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of phospholipases (PLs) A2, C, and/or D in ET-1–induced PGI2 formation in the rat aorta, measured as immunoreactive 6-ketoprostaglandin (PG) F1α. ET-1 increased 6-keto-PGF1α formation, which was not affected by a PLA2 inhibitor, 7,7-dimethyl eicosadienoic acid (DEDA). Furthermore, ET-1 failed to stimulate PLA2 activity measured in the cytosol (cPLA2), using phosphatidylcholine, l-a-1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl[14C] as a substrate. However, the adrenergic agonist norepinephrine increased 6-keto-PGF1α formation, which was attenuated by DEDA, and enhanced PLA2 activity. ET-1 enhanced PLC activity, as indicated by increased inositol phosphate production, which was prevented by a PLC inhibitor, U-73122. However, ET-1–induced 6-keto-PGF1α production was not altered by U-73122. An inhibitor of PLD activation, C2-ceramide, attenuated ET-1–induced PLD activity, as indicated by the production of phosphatidylethanol. Furthermore, ET-1–induced 6-keto-PGF1α formation was inhibited by C2-ceramide as well as by ethanol treatment. Moreover, inhibitors of phosphatidate phosphohydrolase (propranolol) and diacylglycerol lipase (RHC-80267), attenuated ET-1–induced 6-keto-PGF1α formation. Finally, ET-1–induced activation of PLD was not attenuated by a selective PKC inhibitor, bisindolylmaleimide I. These data suggest a novel pathway for ET-1–induced PGI2 formation in the rat aorta involving activation of PLD but not cPLA2 and independent of PLC or PKC activation.
Honokiol inhibits the growth of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma by targeting epidermal growth factor receptor

// Tripti Singh 1 , Nirzari A. Gupta 2 , Su Xu 2 , Ram Prasad 1 , Sadanandan E. Velu 2,3 and Santosh K. Katiyar 1,3,4 1 Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA 2 Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA 3 Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA 4 Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA Correspondence to: Santosh K. Katiyar, email: // Keywords : oncology, carcinogenesis, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, signal transduction, prevention, animal model Received : March 13, 2015 Accepted : May 02, 2015 Published : May 19, 2015 Abstract Here, we report the chemotherapeutic effect of honokiol, a phytochemical from Magnolia plant, on human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Treatment of HNSCC cell lines from different sub-sites, SCC-1 (oral cavity), SCC-5 (larynx), OSC-19 (tongue) and FaDu (pharynx) with honokiol inhibited their cell viability, which was associated with the: (i) induction of apoptosis, (ii) correction of dysregulatory cell cycle proteins of G0/G1 phase. Honokiol decreased the expression levels of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), mTOR and their downstream signaling molecules. Treatment of FaDu and SCC-1 cell lines with rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR pathway, also reduced cell viability of HNSCC cells. Administration of honokiol by oral gavage (100 mg/kg body weight) significantly ( P < 0.01-0.001) inhibited the growth of SCC-1 and FaDu xenografts in athymic nude mice, which was associated with: (i) inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, (ii) induction of apoptosis, (iii) reduced expressions of cyclins and Cdks, and (iv) inhibition of EGFR signaling pathway. Molecular docking analysis of honokiol in EGFR binding site indicated that the chemotherapeutic effect of honokiol against HNSCC is mediated through its firm binding with EGFR, which is better than that of gefitinib, a commonly used drug for HNSCC treatment.
Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Critical Review

This review evaluates the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Current evidence supports the belief that stimulants are the most effective and least toxic of the drugs used in the treatment of hyperactivity. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), however, are preferable in subpopulations with concomitant anxiety or depressive disorders. Studies comparing stimulants with TCAs are evaluated and studies that have examined other antidepressants are summarized. In addition, TCAs and stimulants are compared according to adverse-effect profiles, pharmacokinetic properties, and subgroup responses. Based on these data and the recently reported sudden deaths in children receiving desipramine, treatment recommendations are made.
Risk Factors for Decreased Visual Acuity in Preschool Children: The Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease and Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Studies

Objective To investigate risk factors associated with unilateral or bilateral decreased visual acuity (VA) in preschool children. Design Population-based, cross-sectional prevalence study. Participants Population-based samples of 6504 children ages 30 to 72 months from California and Maryland. Methods Participants were preschool African-American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white children from Los Angeles, California, and Baltimore, Maryland. Data were obtained by a parental interview and a detailed ocular examination. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the independent associations between demographic, behavioral, and clinical risk factors with unilateral and bilateral decreased VA. Main Outcome Measures Odds ratios (ORs) for various risk factors associated with interocular difference (IOD) in VA of ≥2 lines with ≤20/32 in the worse eye, or bilateral decreased VA Results In multivariate logistic regression analysis, 2-line IOD with a VA of ≤20/32 was independently associated with Hispanic ethnicity (OR, 2.05), esotropia (OR, 8.98), spherical equivalent (SE) anisometropia (ORs ranging between 1.5 and 39.7 for SE anisometropia ranging between 0.50 to Conclusions Anisometropia and esotropia are risk factors for IOD in VA. Astigmatism and high hyperopia are risk factors for bilateral decreased VA. Guidelines for the screening and management of decreased VA in preschool children should be considered in light of these risk associations. Financial Disclosure(s) The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any of the materials discussed in this article.
TRANSIENT THERMAL LOADING OF NATURAL SHAPED BALLOONS

A simplified model of the radiative heat transfer mechanism has traditionally been used in the analysis of large scientific balloons. This oversimplification introduces errors that prevent accurate vertical performance predictions. The performance analysis tools used are discussed, and improvements are suggested. A new approach is detailed that accounts for both the balloons construction and it's environment. The required inclusion of the balloons actual geometry and construction is demonstrated. The material properties as a function of number of layers of film are also presented. The transient analyses presented document the thermal loading for the six "standard" balloons flown by NASA. The thermal loading from all sources to the balloon is discussed. Formulas are developed and presented that allow for the prediction of the thermal loading due to solar, albedo, and earth IR flux for these balloons.
Dominical categories: Recursion theory without elements

Dominical categories are categories in which the notions of partial morphisms and their domains become explicit, with the latter being endomorphisms rather than subobjects of their sources. These categories form the basis for a novel abstract formulation of recursion theory, to which the present paper is devoted. The abstractness has of course its usual concomitant advantage of generality: it is interesting to see that many of the fundamental results of recursion theory remain valid in contexts far removed from their classic manifestations. A principal reason for introducing this new formulation is to achieve an algebraization of the generalized incompleteness theorem, by providing a category-theoretic development of the concepts and tools of elementary recursion theory that are inherent in demonstrating the theorem. Dominical recursion theory avoids the commitment to sets and partial functions which is characteristic of other formulations, and thus allows for an intrinsic recursion theory within such structures as polyadic algebras. It is worthy of notice that much of elementary recursion theory can be developed without reference to elements . By Godel's generalized incompleteness theorem for consistent arithmetical system T we mean any statement of the following sort: (1) if every recursive set is definable in T , then T is essentially undecidable [41]; or (2) if all recursive functions are definable in T , then T is essentially undecidable [41]; or (3) if every recursive set is definable in T , then T 0 and R 0 (the sets of Godel numbers of the theorems and refutables of T ) are recursively inseparable [39]; or (4) if all re sets are representable in T , then T 0 is creative [28], [39]; or (5) if T is a Rosser theory (i.e., all disjoint re sets are strongly separable in T ), then T 0 and R 0 are effectively inseparable [39].
Theory and experiments on the power modulation of CO/sub 2/ lasers

The operation of a pulsed transverse flow CO/sub 2/ laser system with RF excitation is studied theoretically by computer simulation. The calculations are supported by experimental results which confirm that the pulse repetition frequency of the system is restricted by the time delay between the electric and the laser pulse and by relaxation oscillations. The time delay is roughly inversely proportional to the gas pressure and not very sensitive to variations of the CO/sub 2/ fraction and the output coupling of laser radiation. A pulse repetition frequency over some 30 kHz can be attained only if the excitation pulse period is equal to the delay time, but this operation condition is very sensitive to changes of the duty cycle. The calculations show that full modulation depth should be attainable up to a repetition frequency of 360 kHz. >
Post-Countershock Arrhythmias in Untreated and Digitalized Dogs

Recent studies suggest that countershock can stimulate cardiac autonomic nerves and that the resulting release of norepinephrine contributes to post-countershock (PCS) arrhythmias. β-Adrenergic receptor blocking agents, reserpine, cocaine, and cardiac-denervated preparations were used to evaluate this hypothesis in dogs under pentobarbital anesthesia. The suitability of the dog as an experimental system was examined. In the normal dog, the duration of PCS arrhythmia caused by a countershock of given energy was increased 100% by ouabain (0.05 mg/kg iv). In both normal dogs and dogs given ouabain (0.05 mg/kg iv), dichloroisoproterenol, pronethalol, and propranolol reduced the duration of PCS arrhythmia; reserpine, a norepinephrine depletor, reduced the duration of PCS arrhythmia; cocaine, a norepinephrine-uptake inhibitor possessing antiarrhythmic properties, increased the duration of PCS arrhythmia; denervation of the heart reduced the duration of PCS arrhythmia. Ouabain (0.05 mg/kg iv) reduced the duration of PCS arrhythmia in dogs with denervated hearts. These findings indicate that PCS arrhythmia in dogs is norepinephrine dependent. Evidence indicated that ouabain has an anti-adrenergic action on the heart also is presented.
Constructive decision theory: short summary

In almost all current approaches to decision making under uncertainty, it is assumed that a decision problem is described by a set of states and set of outcomes, and the decision maker (DM) has a preference relation on a rather rich set of acts, which are functions from states to outcomes. The standard representation theorems of decision theory give conditions under which the preference relation can be represented by a utility function on outcomes and numerical representation of beliefs on states. For example, Savage [4] shows that if a DM’s preference order satisfies certain axioms, then the DM’s preference relation can be represented by a probability Pr on the state space and a utility function mapping outcomes to the reals such that she prefers act a to act b iff the expected utility of a (with respect to Pr) is greater than that of b. Moreover, the probability measure is unique and the utility function is unique up to affine transformations. Similar representations of preference can be given with respect to other representations of uncertainty (see, for example, [2,5]).
What Kind of Great Power Will India Be

Although often overshadowed by the rise of China, India's ascent since its era of economic liberalization has been one of the most dramatic developments in the international system over the past quarter century. As India moves toward great-power status, its strategic choices could have game-changing effects on the international system. This paper explores India‘s evolving alignment posture and broader foreign policy orientation, attempting to put India's rapprochement with the United States and other aspects of its strategic behavior in theoretical perspective.
The Relationship between Mental and Somatic Practices and Wisdom

In this study we sought to explore how experience with specific mental and somatic practices is associated with wisdom, using self-report measures of experience and wisdom. We administered standard surveys to measure wisdom and experience among four groups of practitioners of mental and somatic practices, namely, meditators, practitioners of the Alexander Technique, practitioners of the Feldenkrais Method, and classical ballet dancers. We additionally administered surveys of trait anxiety and empathy to all participants to explore possible mediating relationships of experience and wisdom by characteristics thought to be components of wisdom. Wisdom was higher on average among meditation practitioners, and lowest among ballet dancers, and this difference held when controlling for differences in age between practices, supporting the view that meditation is linked to wisdom and that ballet is not. However, we found that increased experience with meditation and ballet were both positively associated with wisdom, and that lowered trait anxiety mediated this positive association among meditation practitioners, and, non-significantly, among ballet dancers. These results suggest that not all practices that are purported to affect mental processing are related to wisdom to the same degree and different kinds of experience appear to relate to wisdom in different ways, suggesting different mechanisms that might underlie the development of wisdom with experience.
Dispersal and Migration of Tepa-Sterilized Mexican Fruit Flies

About 7,700,000 marked (sprayed with colored lacquer) and sterilized (with tepa) adult Mexican fruit flies, Anastrepha ludens (Loew), were released between 1963 and 1965 in several areas of Texas and Mexico for study of dispersion and migration, One fly was recovered 12 months after release. Maximum migrations were 11 miles in Morelos, 23 miles in northwestern Baja California, and 12 miles from Tijuana, Baja California. into California. (Air currents are believed to have aided migrations. However, dispersal of 3-5 miles was normal.) Estimates of native fly population of 1 per square mile in Texas and 29 per square mile in Tijuana were derived by comparing the numbers of native flies captured with the number of sterile flies recaptured.
Assessing heterogeneity in soil nitrogen cycling: a plot-scale approach

The high level of spatial and temporal heterogeneity in soil N cycling processes hinders our ability to develop an ecosystem-wide understanding of this cycle. This study examined how incorporating an intensive assessment of spatial variability for soil moisture, C, nutrients, and soil texture can better explain ecosystem N cycling at the plot scale. Five sites distributed across a regionally representative vegetation and elevation gradient at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in the southern Appalachian Mountains were sampled five times between November 2010 and March 2012. We used electromagnetic induction (EMI) to survey for soil moisture, soil texture, and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to estimate extractable NH₄⁺, total C, and total N concentrations. Laboratory assays of nitrification and denitrification potential rates were used as an index for N cycling dynamics. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that the NIRS and EMI survey data explained 30 to 90% of the variability in potential nitrification rates (p < 0.01) and 16 to 70% of variability in potential denitrification rates (p < 0.01). Two extrapolation approaches were used to calculate the mean and the variability of potential rates: (i) stratified selection of collected samples based on EMI and NIRS predictors; and (ii) random selection of collected samples. The mean for potential nitrification rates based on EMI and NIRS stratification yielded similar (oak–pine and mixed oak) and greater (northern hardwood and cove hardwood) rates, whereas potential denitrification rates were greater in all sites for the stratified-based estimates. This study demonstrated that the application of geophysical tools may enhance our ecosystem-level understanding of the N cycle.
An Approach for Automated Scene Management in Real-Time Medical Simulation Framework

In this paper we present an algorithm that allows for minimal end-user inputs by internally automating the creation and management of interactions amongst the objects in the scene in real-time medical simulation framework. A bi-directed graph (with nodes representing the scene objects and the connections representing the interactions) is formed based on the inputs from the user. This graph is then processed using a two stage algorithm that aims to find subgraphs that can be treated as independent sub-systems. Collision detection, collision response, assembly and solver objects are then automatically created and managed. This allows for users with limited knowledge of the underlying physics models, collision detection and contact algorithms to easily create a surgical scenario with minimal inputs.
Evolving Patient Compliance Trends: Integrating Clinical, Insurance, and Extrapolated Socioeconomic Data

Efforts toward improving patient compliance in medication focus on either identifying trends in patient features or studying changes through an intervention. Our study seeks to provide an important link between these two approaches through defining trends of evolving compliance. In addition to using clinical covariates provided through insurance claims and health records, we also extracted census based data to provide socioeconomic covariates such as income and population density. Through creating quadrants based on periods of medicine intake, we derive several novel definitions of compliance. These definitions revealed additional compliance trends through considering refill histories later in a patient's length of therapy. These results suggested that the link between patient features and compliance includes a temporal component, and should be considered in policymaking when identifying compliant subgroups.
Pressure Effects in the Multiphoton Ionization of Atoms and Molecules

Thirty years ago R. H. Dicke wrote “In the usual treatment of spontaneous radiation by a gas, the radiation process is calculated as though the separate molecules radiate independently of each other..... This simplified picture overlooks the fact that all the molecules are interacting with a common radiation field and hence cannot be treated as independent. The model is wrong in principle and many of the results obtained from it are incorrect.”[1] Many subsequent results of magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and more recently of laser interactions have shown that Dicke stated a fundamental truth and that a collective treatment of molecules in a radiation field is often necessary. Notable examples in nonlinear optics include third harmonic generation and coherent antistokes Raman spectroscopy. We would like to present here another experimental effect which we feel is best explained by treating “non-interacting” molecules as a collective system. This effect is the quenching of the AC Stark shift upon an increase in the partial pressure of the molecule interacting with the radiation field.
Japan's Security Evolution

In 2015, Japan passed landmark reforms of its national security laws, including a reinterpretation of its constitutional prohibition against collective security activities. Now Japan can legally cooperate with the United States in defensive military operations. In response, observers have declared that Japan is abandoning the pacifist principles that have underpinned its national security policy since World War II. Such pronouncements are misguided; these reforms are only the most recent recalibration of Japan’s postwar grand strategy. Since World War II, Japan has relied upon the U.S.-Japan alliance for its national security. It prefers to “buck-pass” to the United States, but — at times of growing threat and uncertainty about the U.S. commitment — Tokyo has built greater military capabilities and accepted more roles within the alliance. The most recent national security reforms conform to this familiar pattern: Japan continues to buck-pass, but — as its threat environment grows increasingly dangerous because of a more powerful and more assertive China — Japan has accepted a larger role within the alliance. The recent security reforms represent continuity, rather than change, in a pattern in which Japan relies upon the United States for its security but contributes more to the alliance when its security environment worsens. From Washington’s standpoint, Japan’s greater activism and burden-sharing within the alliance is welcome news.
Axial representations of 3D shapes

Many shapes can be described very well in terms of an axis. Examples are the stick figure drawings of man and animals from ancient times. We would like to give a natural (intuitive) definition of axis for cylindrical shapes. For 2D shapes, the medial axis is a good candidate, though it is sensitive to perturbations. For 3D shapes, the medial scaffold is often complicated surfaces and does not match people's intuitions very well. In this paper, we give a new definition of axis for generalized cylinders. This approach uses a regression point of view, defining the axis as a minimization point of a global energy function. We prove the existence of a solution and give the equations of the minimization point and stability conditions. We also apply the definition to some real and artificial examples. Our goal is to produce natural (intuitive) shape descriptions for 2D and 3D shapes. We believe that is essential for building general object recognition systems. It would be also useful in shape classification and compression.
Should Hypoechoic Lesions on Transrectal Ultrasound Be Sampled During Magnetic Resonance Imaging-targeted Prostate Biopsy?

Objective To determine whether supplemental biopsy of hypoechoic ultrasound lesions (HUL) incidentally found during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) fusion-targeted prostate biopsy results in improved prostate cancer (PCa) detection. Methods Patients underwent MRI-TRUS-targeted biopsy as part of an ongoing prospective trial from August 2007 to February 2015. For men with HUL, the biopsy pathology of HUL and MRI lesions was classified according to the updated 2014 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grading system. The detection of PCa by MRI-targeted biopsy with and without HUL biopsy was compared. Results Of 1260 men in the trial, 106 underwent biopsy of 119 HULs. PCa was diagnosed in 52 out of 106 men (49%) by biopsy of either MRI lesions or HUL. Biopsy of HUL in addition to MRI lesions resulted in 4 additional diagnoses of high-grade (ISUP grades 3-5) PCa versus biopsy of MRI lesions alone (20 vs 16 men, P = .046). Three of these cases were upgraded from lower grade (ISUP grades 1-2) PCa on MRI-guided biopsy alone, and only 1 case (1% of cohort) was diagnosed that would have been missed by MRI-guided biopsy alone. Supplemental biopsy of HUL did not change the PCa risk category in 96% (102 out of 106) of men with HUL. Conclusion Supplemental biopsy of HUL yields a small increase in the detection of higher grade PCa as compared with biopsy of MRI lesions alone. As upgrading is rare, routinely screening for HUL during MRI-targeted biopsy remains controversial.
SAriadne: A secure source routing protocol to prevent hidden-channel attacks

Routing protocols for Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) have been extensively studied. However, the presence of malicious nodes makes it difficult to establish a valid route. Some of the well-known source routing protocols presented in the literature which claim to establish secure routes are prone to hidden channel attacks. In this paper, we address this issue and present a novel protocol based on sanitizable signatures that establishes a secure and valid route in MANETs.
Personal and Public Levels of Political Incivility

As interest in political incivility has grown, scholarly conceptualizations of incivility have diverged, often centering on politeness theory or deliberative theory, but rarely on both. The current project addresses this problem by empirically investigating a two-dimensional incivility model. Two experiments test individuals’ perceptions of uncivil interactions among political figures, finding that (a) personal-level incivility (impoliteness) and public-level incivility (lack of deliberativeness and reciprocity) are distinct concepts, (b) personal-level incivility is perceived as more uncivil than public-level incivility, and (c) political figures from a person’s own political party are perceived as more civil than others. Future researchers can use this two-dimensional model to bring coherence to the incivility literature and more thoroughly investigate the effects of public-level incivility.
The Incremental Informativeness of the Sentiment of Conference Calls for Internal Control Material Weaknesses

ABSTRACT Using a deep-learning-based textual analyzer provided by IBM Watson, this paper obtains scores measuring the overall sentiment and emotion of “joy” from the transcripts of conference calls and uses them as additional predictors of internal control material weaknesses (ICMWs), combined with other determinants of ICMWs suggested by prior literature (i.e., Doyle, Ge, and McVay 2007; Ashbaugh-Skaife, Collins, and Kinney 2007). The results indicate that, with the incorporation of the sentiment features (especially the score of “joy”), the explanatory ability of the model improves significantly, as compared to that of the baseline model that merely utilizes the major ICMW determinants.
Intramural sports' participation produce self-efficacy in hospitality leaders

Abstract This study explored sports' experiences of 11 hospitality leaders who played sports while completing a hospitality undergraduate degree. A multiple coder and triangulation approach was employed to highlight four major themes: confidence, communication, critical thinking, and collaboration. These themes were grouped together to form soft skills tailor-made for self-efficacy development. Sports (i.e., basketball, volleyball, and football) function as a staple for the development of soft skills (intangible skill sets or attributes). Sports furnish individuals with opportunities to perform in teams, to lead others, and to operate under pressure-filled situations. Results indicated that college sport's participation is an effectual way to grow future hospitality leaders pivotal soft skills for the 21st century workforce.
Megan Lewis, Performing Whitely in the Postcolony: Afrikaners in South African Theatrical and Public Life

Performing Whitely in the Postcolony is an informative study of the many ways in which white Afrikaners in South Africa have performed whiteness in the colonial and postcolonial eras. The book offers insightful analyses of pageants, museum sites, film, and popular music as well as theatrical productions.
Modified McKay–Perring Equation and Its Two Particular Solutions

Zdanovskii’s rule is the simplest isopiestic molality relation of mixed electrolyte aqueous solutions and the McKay–Perring equation is a differentio-integral equation particularly suitable for calculating solute activity coefficients from isopiestic measurements. However, they have two unsolved problems, which have puzzled solution chemists for several decades: (1) Zdanovskii’s rule has been verified by precise isopiestic measurements. But, several scientists suggested that the rule contradicts the Debye–Huckel limiting law for extremely dilute unsymmetrical mixtures. (2) In the McKay–Perring equation, a solute activity coefficient is multiplied by a solute composition variable. Different scientists have suggested that the composition variable may be the total ionic strength, common ion concentration, total ionic concentration, or an additive function with arbitrary proportionality constants. But, the different choices of the composition variable may lead to different activity coefficient results. Here, I derive a modified McKay–Perring equation in which the composition variable has the exclusive physical meaning of total ionic concentration for mixed electrolyte solutions (or of total solute particle concentration for the mixed solutions containing nonelectrolyte solutes). I also demonstrate that Zdanovskii’s rule is consistent with the Debye–Huckel limiting law for extremely dilute unsymmetrical mixtures. I derive two particular solutions of the modified McKay–Perring equation: one for the systems obeying Zdanovskii’s rule and another for the systems obeying a limiting linear concentration rule. These theoretical results have been verified with literature experiments and model calculations.
Effect of Wheat Cultivar on the Concentration of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Wheat Stems

Effective control of Fusarium-mycotoxin accumulation in grain affected by Fusarium head blight (FHB) (caused by Fusarium graminearum) begins with selecting moderately resistant wheat cultivars; however, little is known about how this resistance affects mycotoxin levels in the stem. A study was conducted from 2011 to 2014 in a mist-irrigated FHB nursery in Urbana, IL to determine whether the FHB resistance class of a cultivar (very susceptible, susceptible, moderately susceptible, and moderately resistant) affects the concentration of Fusarium mycotoxins in the stem. FHB incidence, FHB severity, and Fusarium-damaged kernel ratings were collected and used to calculate FHB index; incidence, severity, and kernel damage (ISK) index; and deoxynivalenol (DON), incidence, severity, and kernel damage (DISK) index. Grain was assayed for levels of DON, and the bottom 25 cm of plant stems was collected from each plot and assayed for DON, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3ADON), and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15ADON). Significant differences in DON concentration in the grain were detected among cultivars (P = 0.0001) and for the concentration of all DON (P = 0.003), 3ADON (P = 0.03), and 15ADON (P < 0.0001) in the stem. Significant differences among resistance classes were observed for FHB index value (P < 0.0001), ISK index (P = 0.006), and DISK index (P = 0.004). In all years of this study, the concentration of DON in the grain and the concentrations of all mycotoxins in the stem were consistently lower in the moderately resistant cultivars. All three indices were poor indicators of mycotoxin concentrations in the stem. Overall, the selection of a moderately resistant cultivar provides effective control of DON accumulation in the grain and mycotoxin accumulation in the stem.
A Facet Model for Image Data: Regions, Edges, and Texture

In this paper we present a facet model for image data which motivates an image processing procedure that simultaneously permits image restoration as well as edge detection, region growing, and texture analysis. We give a mathematical discussion of the model, the associated iterative processing procedure, and illustrate it with processed image examples.
Structure and Properties of Films

Thin films and layered structures have become significant in many areas of technology, especially in the manufacture of electronic, magnetic, and optical devices. The ability to achieve certain desired properties in thin films is vital to the success or the failure of a particular product. The understanding of thin film properties naturally relies on the understanding of bulk properties of materials. All the bulk properties of solids are determined in principle by the number and type of atoms they contain and by the manner of their arrangement with respect to each other. The most successful explanation of the properties of solids because of the mutual interaction of atoms with one another is in terms of the energy band theory of solids. This chapter utilizes the basic principles of this theory to extend it to the understanding of the properties of thin films. Thin films have revolutionized the way products are manufactured in addition to being produced in a wide variety of products. The manufacturing methods of thin film devices permit cost reductions because the products are manufactured by planar technology where thousands of devices are fabricated at the same time. The materials that are employed as thin films encompass metallic, ceramic, polymeric, and biological materials.
Remarks on Peano Arithmetic

Russell held that the theory of natural numbers could be derived from three primitive concepts: number, successor and zero. This leaves out multiplication and addition. Russell introduces these concepts by recursive definition. It is argued that this does not render addition or multiplication any less primitive than the other three. To this it might be replied that any recursive definition can be transformed into a complete or explicit definition with the help of a little set theory. But that is a point about set theory, not number theory. We have learned more about the distinction between logic and set theory than was known in Russell's day, especially as this affects logicist aspirations.
The Rheology of Multiphase Systems

Rheology is a part of continuum mechanics. Thus, the basic principles of continuity, homogeneity and isotropicity are incorporated into the rheological relations. The continuity principle requires that there be no discontinuity of material properties from one point to another, the homogeneity means no concentration gradient, and the isotropicity implies that the flow does not impose orientation on the flow elements. In the multiphase systems these principles are seldom observed [1–3].
Best practices: Mixing and sampling

Abstract In the manufacture of animal food, proper mixing is of utmost importance, no matter whether one is concerned about the inclusion of an additive, nutritional adequacy, or simply the general quality of the finished product. In order to produce a high quality, homogenous mixture, it is important to put into place good practices for both processes and sampling procedures utilized for process evaluation. However, producing a properly mixed animal food actually begins well before the mixing process itself, with a number of important steps in manufacturing coming first, including receiving, grinding, and batching of ingredients. At the mixer, feed mills should be concerned with proper ingredient addition order, appropriate mixer fill, and dry mix, wet mix, and discharge times. As with any process, attention must also be given to preventive maintenance and repairs as necessary. With all of these things in mind, a well-designed quality assurance program, including the use of statistical process control to provide data-driven reviews of performance, is key to ensuring that each of the processes throughout the feed mill do not place limits on the effectiveness of mixing, and that mixing itself is adequate.
Summarizing narratives

Most research on narrative text summarisation has been conducted within the paradigm of experimental psychology. But recent language processing research in artificial intelligence suggests that the predominant theory of text summarisation requires further examination. Seemingly minor structural modifications of a story can result in significant alterations of summary behavior. In this paper, highlights of summary data from 72 subjects are presented and analyzed in terms of two competing summarization models: (1) the story grammar model of psychology, and (2) the plot unit model developed in artificial intelligence. We will show how selected story grammar predictions compare to plot unit predictions for short term summarization and then identify two complicating factors that have a major impact on summarisation behavior.
Kilohertz Frequency Stimulation of Renal Nerves for Modulating Blood Glucose Concentration in Diabetic Rats

In recent years, the role of the kidney in glucose homeostasis has gained global interest. The kidneys are innervated by renal nerves, and renal denervation studies to control hypertension have shown improved glucose regulation. We hypothesized that kilohertz frequency stimulation, which can block propagation of action potentials, applied to renal nerves would reduce blood glucose concentration levels by increasing urinary glucose excretion. We performed experiments on 8 anesthetized, streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The renal nerves were encircled by a cuff electrode. Blood glucose concentrations were obtained from tail blood samples. Urine glucose concentrations were obtained from bilateral cannulation of the ureters. Electrical stimulation (50 kHz, 15 V) was applied for 60 minutes. The average blood glucose concentration rate was lower during stimulation (−0.78 ± 1.20 mg/dL/min), compared to before stimulation (+1.14 ± 1.83 mg/dL/min; p < 0.05) and after stimulation (+0.63 ± 1.32 mg/dL/min). The average area under the curve for urine glucose concentration was higher during stimulation (7687.4 ± 4006.1 mg/dL) compared to before (6466.9 ± 2772.8 mg/dL) and after stimulation (5277.2 ± 3381.5 mg/dL). Overall, our results show that kilohertz frequency stimulation of renal nerves is a possible approach for the modulation of blood glucose concentration and may introduce an alternative treatment modality for glycemic control in patients with diabetes.
When Average Is Irrelevant: Computational Modeling of Religious Groups

Consider a thought experiment. Two groups are competing for members in a small town religious market. Each of the groups, the Alphas and Omegas, count 100 members on its respective registry, but while the Alphas can boast 90 members in its pews every Sunday, the Omegas must demure to only having 60. Which group is more successful? Which receives more in yearly tithing? Which is more likely to still exist in 20 years?
Potassium Trimethylsilanolate Enables Rapid, Homogeneous Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling of Boronic Esters.

Herein, a mild and operationally simple method for the Suzuki−Miyaura cross-coupling of boronic esters is described. Central to this advance is the use of the organic-soluble base, potassium trimet...
Do Alignment and Trimming Methods Matter for Phylogenomic (UCE) Analyses

Alignment is a crucial issue in molecular phylogenetics because different alignment methods can potentially yield very different topologies for individual genes. But it is unclear if the choice of alignment methods remains important in phylogenomic analyses, which incorporate data from hundreds or thousands of genes. For example, problematic biases in alignment might be multiplied across many loci, whereas alignment errors in individual genes might become irrelevant. The issue of alignment trimming (i.e., removing poorly aligned regions or missing data from individual genes) is also poorly explored. Here, we test the impact of 12 different combinations of alignment and trimming methods on phylogenomic analyses. We compare these methods using published phylogenomic data from ultraconserved elements (UCEs) from squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes), birds, and tetrapods. We compare the properties of alignments generated by different alignment and trimming methods (e.g., length, informative sites, missing data). We also test whether these data sets can recover well-established clades when analyzed with concatenated (RAxML) and species-tree methods (ASTRAL-III), using the full data ($\sim $5000 loci) and subsampled data sets (10% and 1% of loci). We show that different alignment and trimming methods can significantly impact various aspects of phylogenomic data sets (e.g., length, informative sites). However, these different methods generally had little impact on the recovery and support values for well-established clades, even across very different numbers of loci. Nevertheless, our results suggest several "best practices" for alignment and trimming. Intriguingly, the choice of phylogenetic methods impacted the phylogenetic results most strongly, with concatenated analyses recovering significantly more well-established clades (with stronger support) than the species-tree analyses. [Alignment; concatenated analysis; phylogenomics; sequence length heterogeneity; species-tree analysis; trimming].
Being elderly is not a contraindication of parathyroidectomy for renal hyperparathyroidism and chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder.

Summary Background Chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) has more influence in the elderly. Parathyroidectomy remains the golden standard for this situation but has tended to be excluded for older patients for many reasons. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the surgery in the elderly population. Methods 156 patients were included and arranged into younger (≦65 years of age, n = 139) and elderly (>65 years of age, n = 17) groups. The change of bone mineral density (BMD) data, recovery potential {[(postoperative BMD) – (preoperative BMD)]/(preoperative BMD) ∗ 100%}, surgical successful rate and related complications were collected. Results Both groups exhibited significant postoperative improvement on the BMD results. The recovery potential of the elderly was not lower than the younger group. High success rate and none of persistent vocal palsy, hypocalcemia or any sequela were also observed in the elderly. Conclusions Parathyroidectomy is an effective and safe intervention for the CKD-MBD in the elderly.