cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
German Historians at the Back of the Pack: Hiring Patterns in Modern European History, 1945–2010

Some years ago, I realized that I was the first historian of Germany hired in a tenure-track position at Amherst College. I got my job in 2000. Steeped in German history, I was surprised that a premier liberal arts college chose to hire a historian of Germany only at the very end of the twentieth century. My generation of historians of Germany often think—and other historians of Europe share our perception—that German history is a strong (if not the strongest) field in modern European history. Whether measured anecdotally by the number of job openings, the number of historians hired, the stream of published books, or the share of German history articles in academic journals, it always seems that German historians and German history are at the forefront. In fact, though, historians of Germany have always made up the smallest cohort of historians of the major European history fields (that also include British, Russian, and French history). According to the latest figures available from the American Historical Association (AHA), in 2010 there were 990 historians of Britain, 668 historians of Russia, 605 historians of France, and 592 historians of Germany in the United States.
Analysis of HIV/AIDS epidemic in Xianyang in 1999-2013

Objective To analysis of HIV/AIDS epidemic in Xianyang in 1999-2013, find out the HIV/AIDS epidemic trends and features, so as to provide scientific evidence for the epidemic control. Methods The data was collated and analyzed by using Excel databases and SPSS17.0 statistic software. Results Among 622 HIV/AIDS cases, 324 cases of HIV, 298 cases of AIDS and now survive 484 cases, 138 cases of death. 274 Xianyang local cases(44.05%), 80 cases(12.86%) from other fields discovered by Xianyang, 268 Xianyang local cases(43.09%) discovered by other fields. 492 cases were male(79.10%) and 130 cases were female(20.90%). The minimum age was 8 and the maximum age was 79, the age from 25 to 54 was in a large proportion. 49.36% were farmer and migrant worker, 75.88% were infected through sexual contact. 29.74% were discovered by clinical treatment, 22.19% were discovered by special survey and monitoring. Conclusions HIV/AIDS epidemic still belongs to the low prevalence area in Xianyang, but rising faster. Epidemic is spreading from high-risk groups to the general population, and the report of epidemic rose rapidly in Xianyang in 2013, which should be paid closed attention by relevant department.
Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Cation-Macrocycle Interaction

The intense interest recently generated in the so-called macrocyclic ligands finds roots in the extraordinary stability of their cation complexes and their peculiar ability to selectively bind certain cations in preference to others. This chapter deals specifically with the thermodynamic and kinetic quantities associated with the interactions of cations with these ligands in solution. The thermodynamics of these reactions has received considerably more attention than has their kinetics and, consequently, the bulk of the chapter will deal with the former. Of particular interest are those factors that are responsible for and that influence the remarkable binding strength and selectivity of the wide variety of ligands studied thus far. In this chapter we will summarize work concerning these factors which has been published through 1976. One of these factors, the macrocyclic effect, has aroused particular interest and will be analyzed in detail.
Blog and Podcast Watch: Neurologic Emergencies.

Introduction: The Academic Life in Emergency Medicine (ALiEM) Blog and Podcast Watch presents high quality open access educational blogs and podcasts in emergency medicine (EM) based on the ongoing ALiEM Approved Instructional Resources (AIR) and AIR-Professional series. Both series critically appraise resources using an objective scoring rubric. This installment of the Blog and Podcast Watch highlights the topic of neurologic emergencies from the AIR series. Methods: The AIR series is a continuously building curriculum which follows the Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Director’s (CORD) annual testing schedule. For each module, relevant content is collected from the top 50 Social Media Index sites published within the previous 12 months, and scored by 8 board members using 5 equally weighted measurement outcomes: Best Evidence in Emergency Medicine (BEEM) score, accuracy, educational utility, evidence based, and references. Resources scoring ≥30 out of 35 available points receive an AIR label. Resources scoring 27-29 receive an Honorable Mention label, if the executive board agrees that the post is accurate and educationally valuable. Results: A total of 125 blog posts and podcasts were evaluated. Key educational pearls from the 14 AIR posts are summarized, and the 20 Honorable Mentions are listed. Conclusion: The WestJEM ALiEM Blog and Podcast Watch series is based on the AIR and AIR-Pro series, which attempts to identify high quality educational content on open-access blogs and podcasts. This series provides an expert-based, post-publication curation of educational social media content for EM clinicians with this installment focusing on neurologic emergencies.
Neurocognitive Factors Associated with Obesity, Obesity-Related Disorders, and Bariatric Surgery

Obesity is associated with neurological changes and subsequent cognitive deficits. Obesity is also strongly related to several comorbid medical conditions with known relationships to neurological and cognitive changes such as hypertension, diabetes, and obstructive sleep apnea. These cognitive changes may reduce the resources bariatric surgery patients have available to understand preoperative instructions and make postoperative lifestyle changes. Given the potential for cognitive dysfunction, preoperative neuropsychological evaluations are warranted to identify cognitive risk factors, implement idiosyncratic treatment plans, and maximize surgical outcomes. Fortunately, with weight loss and improvement in medical comorbidities associated with obesity, patients often exhibit cognitive improvement. However, given the potential for negative consequences after surgery secondary to surgical complications, vitamin deficiencies, or psychological symptoms, continued monitoring of neural and cognitive health postoperatively is also important.
Enemies within: Interactions between Terrorists and Democracies

I examine how the chief executive’s political party affects domestic terrorism within democracies. In particular, I contribute to the literature on terrorism within democracies by arguing that dome...
Bullying: University Students Bring a Moral Perspective to Middle School Students

The prevalence of bullying and cyber-bullying in younger age groups has led to the inclusion of bullying in school-level curricula to address the seriousness of this issue and the prevention of these types of behavior. Higher education in its philosophy curricula can play a significant role in this regard as well. Proposed in this paper is an undergraduate ethics course Bullying and Moral Responsibility in which bullying is addressed from a moral perspective. This course has an academic-service learning component whereby this moral perspective is introduced to middle school students by university students. Peer learning of this sort might be of assistance in anti-bullying efforts.
Intersecting transcriptomic profiling technologies and long non-coding RNA function in lung adenocarcinoma: discovery, mechanisms, and therapeutic applications

// Jonathan Castillo 1,2,3 , Theresa R. Stueve 2 and Crystal N. Marconett 1,2,3 1 Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 3 Department of Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Correspondence to: Crystal N. Marconett, email: // Keywords : LncRNA biology, transcriptomic analysis, lung adenocarcinoma, cancer, RNA biology Received : October 19, 2016 Accepted : March 13, 2017 Published : June 09, 2017 Abstract Previously thought of as junk transcripts and pseudogene remnants, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have come into their own over the last decade as an essential component of cellular activity, regulating a plethora of functions within multicellular organisms. lncRNAs are now known to participate in development, cellular homeostasis, immunological processes, and the development of disease. With the advent of next generation sequencing technology, hundreds of thousands of lncRNAs have been identified. However, movement beyond mere discovery to the understanding of molecular processes has been stymied by the complicated genomic structure, tissue-restricted expression, and diverse regulatory roles lncRNAs play. In this review, we will focus on lncRNAs involved in lung cancer, the most common cause of cancer-related death in the United States and worldwide. We will summarize their various methods of discovery, provide consensus rankings of deregulated lncRNAs in lung cancer, and describe in detail the limited functional analysis that has been undertaken so far.
Time-Dependent Configuration Interaction Using the Graphical Unitary Group Approach: Nonlinear Electric Properties

Abstract Dynamic electric properties are most commonly determined by applying linear and nonlinear response theory. This is often a sequential process as each order of response depends on the solution for the previous lower order. Response theory is a perturbative approach and is not directly amenable to modeling time-resolved spectroscopies or experiments involving exotic pulse shapes. Nonperturbative interaction between a system and an electric field can be modeled explicitly in time. This makes it possible to more easily resolve higher-order properties and highly nonlinear processes. Time-dependent configuration interaction has asserted itself as a powerful tool for accurately modeling electronic dynamics. We have implemented time-dependent configuration interaction using the graphical unitary group approach in order to study the dynamics of open-shell systems while retaining spin as a good quantum number. This approach has been used to resolve linear and nonlinear electric properties of molecular systems. Important considerations when modeling dynamic electric properties in the time-domain are presented as well as comparisons to properties of broken symmetry solutions.
An assessment of flexibility reserves in stochastic modeling at multiple timescales

Due to recent technological achievements, stochastic optimization, which inherently captures the uncertainty of intermittent resources, is being used to capture the variability and uncertainty of wind and solar resources. However, due to persistent computational limitations, it is not practical to consider all possible variable generation scenarios. As a result, a reduced number of most likely scenarios is usually considered. While this helps reduce the computational burden, it also leaves the system operator vulnerable to some risk. In order to address this issue, this paper aims at providing insight into using an explicit reserve requirement in a stochastic modeling framework in order to provide system operators with greater confidence in stochastic dispatch solutions. This is accomplished by simulating a modified version of the IEEE 118 bus system in a fully stochastic, multi-timescale framework with flexibility reserve requirements. Results show that utilizing a stochastic flexibility reserve requirement within the stochastic modeling framework offers the most reliability benefit.
Endoscopic brow lift

Endoscopic surgical techniques have greatly increased in popularity with the advent of modern endoscopes. Endoscopic brow lifting has largely replaced older, more invasive procedures. With this technique a skilled surgeon can identify and treat a ptotic eyebrow by addressing the relevant anatomy, including the frontalis, corrugator, procerus and orbicularis oculi muscles. The frontalis muscle can then be permanently fixed into a predesignated position using titanium screws and permanent sutures. This approach has allowed facial plastic surgeons to address the ptotic brow with decreased rates of edema, hematoma, hypesthesia, alopecia and scarring.
Effect of canola oil consumption on memory, synapse and neuropathology in the triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease

In recent years consumption of canola oil has increased due to lower cost compared with olive oil and the perception that it shares its health benefits. However, no data are available on the effect of canola oil intake on Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. Herein, we investigated the effect of chronic daily consumption of canola oil on the phenotype of a mouse model of AD that develops both plaques and tangles (3xTg). To this end mice received either regular chow or a chow diet supplemented with canola oil for 6 months. At this time point we found that chronic exposure to the canola-rich diet resulted in a significant increase in body weight and impairments in their working memory together with decrease levels of post-synaptic density protein-95, a marker of synaptic integrity, and an increase in the ratio of insoluble Aβ 42/40. No significant changes were observed in tau phosphorylation and neuroinflammation. Taken together, our findings do not support a beneficial effect of chronic canola oil consumption on two important aspects of AD pathophysiology which includes memory impairments as well as synaptic integrity. While more studies are needed, our data do not justify the current trend aimed at replacing olive oil with canola oil.
Gene A of X174. 1. Isolation and identification of its products.

Abstract Two products of gene A of ΦX174 have been isolated from single-strand DNA cellulose columns. These two products, A and A′, have molecular weights of 35,000 and 60,000–65,000 daltons, respectively. Amber mutants mapping toward the center of the A cistron to its C-terminal end give neither product while amber mutants mapping toward the N-terminal end give a stable 35,000 molecular weight product. It is suggested that A′ protein is a product of the whole gene A while A protein is synthesized because of a natural internal initiator within the gene.
Development of a Multi-Strain Profile for Cellular Mechanotransduction Testing

Mechanosensitive cells, such as osteocytes in bone, are capable of translating mechanical stimuli into cellular responses. This phenomenon can be widely found in cells throughout the body, and yet little is known about the mechanisms and pathways by which this occurs. Research in this field has focused on creating in vitro models that better reflect the in vivo environment in order to study these mechanisms and pathways. Where many variations on these systems exists, one major goal in improving these models is to use fewer cells in order to observe the response of specific cells and possibly more meaningful data. Using an uniaxial loading device, a substrate with cells seeded onto it can be mechanically strained and the response of these fewer cells can be quantified. In this study, two substrates of varying geometry are proposed that allow for a gradient of mechanical strains to be applied to cultured cells. These designs are characterized and compared using both physical and simulated testing. Utilizing designs, such as the ones used for these substrates, enables the effects of a wide range of mechanical strains on cells to be observed and studied under identical culture and loading environments.
Clinical Studies on the Newborn Thoroughbred Foal

SUMMARY The rectal temperature of ten normal thoroughbred foals was recorded at intervals over a period of 48 hours after birth. The results indicate that under ambient temperatures commonly experienced in foaling boxes on thoroughbred studs in the British Isles, the foal rapidly establishes a homeothermic response. Sick foals, on the other hand, showed marked fluctuations in rectal temperature.
Dendritic spine remodeling accompanies Alzheimer's disease pathology and genetic susceptibility in cognitively normal aging.

Abstract Subtle alterations in dendritic spine morphology can induce marked effects on connectivity patterns of neuronal circuits and subsequent cognitive behavior. Past studies of rodent and nonhuman primate aging revealed reductions in spine density with concomitant alterations in spine morphology among pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex. In this report, we visualized and digitally reconstructed the three-dimensional morphology of dendritic spines from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in cognitively normal individuals aged 40–94 years. Linear models defined relationships between spines and age, Mini–Mental State Examination, apolipoprotein E (APOE) e4 allele status, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Similar to findings in other mammals, spine density correlated negatively with human aging. Reduced spine head diameter associated with higher Mini–Mental State Examination scores. Individuals harboring an APOE e4 allele displayed greater numbers of dendritic filopodia and structural alterations in thin spines. The presence of AD pathology correlated with increased spine length, reduced thin spine head diameter, and increased filopodia density. Our study reveals how spine morphology in the prefrontal cortex changes in human aging and highlights key structural alterations in selective spine populations that may promote cognitively normal function despite harboring the APOE e4 allele or AD pathology.
Qualities before Quantities: A Framework to Develop Dynamic Assessment of the Nonprofit Sector

Metrics are essential for assessing performance and guiding course corrections. However, selecting the wrong metrics can damage organizations and communities by promoting resource investment in activities that don’t lead to envisioned impacts. Therefore, it is essential to reflect on what qualities an effective set of metrics should possess before insisting on quantification. This concept paper articulates design principles for developing an index of the nonprofit sector. Drawing from complexity theory and axiology (philosophy of values), the paper explains fundamental questions and values considerations to assist index developers in creating effective measures. It argues for the use of a capabilities approach, operationalized as multiple capitals, as the design architecture. It suggests the social accounting framework of Integrated Reporting as a way to track these capitals over multiple levels and time horizons.
In Vitro Synthesis, Transport, and Assembly of the Constituent Polypeptides of the Light-Harvesting Chlorophyll a/b Protein Complex

Recent studies have established that transport across chloroplast envelopes of proteins which are synthesized by cytoplasmic ribosomes can occur by a post-translational mechanism (1,2). Dobberstein et al. (3) first discovered that a major chloroplast stromal protein, the small subunit (S) of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase) is synthesized by free polysomes in the green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Moreover, they found that translation of the small subunit messenger RNA in vitro yields a precursor (pS) 4000–5000 daltons larger than the mature protein. Upon incubation with a cell-free Chlamydomonas extract pS can be processed to the mature form and a small peptide fragment designated the transit peptide (4,5). Dobberstein et al. (3) proposed that transport of the RuBPCase small subunit in vivo occurs after it is completely synthesized and that the transit sequence on pS facilitates its post-translational interaction with the chloroplast envelope. This proposed mechanism is fundamentally distinct from the co-translational transport across endoplasmic reticulum membranes of proteins which are synthesized by membrane-bound ribosomes (6,7). Precursor forms of the RuBPCase small subunit also have been found among the translation products of spinach (1), pea (1,2,8) and duckweed (9) mRNA in cell-free systems.
Tension-Type Headache

Tension-Type Headache is the most common of the primary headache disorders, yet it is overshadowed by the less common but more disabling primary headache disorder: migraine. It is characterized by bilateral dull or pressing pain of mild to moderate intensity, accompanied by photophobia or phonophobia but not by nausea or vomiting. Presented are the pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria, and treatment options.
Euroscepticism and government accountability in the European Union

The European Union has become a contested issue amongst voters in Europe. I analyze how the increasingly salient attitudes toward European integration have affected how voters hold their governments accountable for their policy decisions at the EU-level. I argue that attitudes toward the EU have become an important source of electoral accountability that complement attitudes on the left-right dimension, but they matter differently for pro- and anti-European voters. Whereas Eurosceptic voters are likely to use their attitudes toward the EU to hold their governments accountable, pro-European voters tend to rely on their specific attitudes toward particular policies to assess the responsiveness of their politicians. The paper presents the results of a conjoint experiment in a survey of 2,540 German citizens to analyze how pro- and anti-European voters’ attitudes influence their assessment of typical signals of government responsiveness.
Digital Implant Prosthodontics

More than 36 million Americans do not have any teeth, and an estimated 120 million people in the United States are missing at least one tooth. An estimated two in three Americans have one or more missing teeth, mainly due to the rise in periodontal disease, as the population grows older. Individuals with missing teeth find it difficult to eat properly and may suffer adverse nutritional deficiencies as well as confidence and morale concerns. Today, dental implants are considered a routine treatment modality in dental practice along with the prosthodontic procedures associated with it. From single crowns to full-arch prostheses, dental implants can be utilized to treat patients for a variety of needs. Over the past 10 years, CAD/CAM dentistry has evolved from simple crown or inlay and onlay restorations to planning and designing surgical guides for dental implants as well as designing and milling abutments and screw-retained restorations. Even though the accuracy of the intraoral scan may decrease in full-arch cases, it is as good as or better than elastomeric impressions when scanning sextant or quadrant sized areas. Chairside CAD/CAM fabricated abutments and crowns do not require extra clinical visits and shorten the laboratory work time compared to the conventional workflow. They are a clinically viable option even for immediate implant provisionalization. Even with large CAD/CAM fabricated zirconia and titanium frameworks, they had a superior fit compared to cast alloy frameworks. Technology will continue to evolve, and it is incumbent upon us to assess the existing systems by evaluating the available evidence supporting its use.
Hyaluronic Acid-Cellulose Composites as Patches for Minimizing Bacterial Infections.

A facile method was used to synthesize biocomposites containing differing ratios of hyaluronic acid (HA) and cellulose (CEL). Based on the properties of the individual polymers, the resultant composite materials may have potentially great wound care properties. In the method outlined here, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim][Cl]), a simple ionic liquid, was used as the sole solvent without chemical modifiers to dissolve the biopolymers at ratios of 1:1 and 2:1 HA to CEL. This method was completely recyclable since the ionic liquid, [Bmim][Cl], can be recovered. Results from spectroscopic measurements [Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD)] confirm the interaction between HA and CEL. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images reflect differing biopolymer ratios and the resulting impact on the texture and porosity of these composite materials. The composites exhibited high swelling capacity in various media. These composites were also drug-loaded to examine drug release prop...
Recent advances towards single biomolecule level understanding of protein adsorption phenomena unique to nanoscale polymer surfaces with chemical variations

Protein adsorption onto polymer surfaces is a very complex and ubiquitous phenomenon whose integrated process impacts essential applications in our daily lives such as food packaging materials, health devices, diagnostic tools, and medical products. Increasingly, novel polymer materials with greater chemical intricacy and reduced dimensionality are used for various applications involving adsorbed proteins on their surfaces. Hence, the nature of protein-surface interactions to consider is becoming much more complicated than before. A large body of literature exists for protein adsorption. However, most of these investigations have focused on collectively measured, ensemble-averaged protein behaviors that occur on macroscale and chemically unvarying polymer surfaces instead of direct measurements at the single protein or sub-protein level. In addition, interrogations of protein-polymer adsorption boundaries in these studies were typically carried out by indirect methods, whose insights may not be suitably applied for explaining individual protein adsorption processes occurring onto nanostructured, chemically varying polymer surfaces. Therefore, an important gap in our knowledge still exists that needs to be systematically addressed via direct measurement means at the single protein and sub-protein level. Such efforts will require multifaceted experimental and theoretical approaches that can probe multilength scales of protein adsorption, while encompassing both single proteins and their collective ensemble behaviors at the length scale spanning from the nanoscopic all the way to the macroscopic scale. In this review, key research achievements in nanoscale protein adsorption to date will be summarized. Specifically, protein adsorption studies involving polymer surfaces with their defining feature dimensions and associated chemical partitions comparable to the size of individual proteins will be discussed in detail. In this regard, recent works bridging the crucial knowledge gap in protein adsorption will be highlighted. New findings of intriguing protein surface assembly behaviors and adsorption kinetics unique to nanoscale polymer templates will be covered. Single protein and sub-protein level approaches to reveal unique nanoscale protein-polymer surface interactions and protein surface assembly characteristics will be also emphasized. Potential advantages of these research endeavors in laying out fundamentally guided design principles for practical product development will then be discussed. Lastly, important research areas still needed to further narrow the knowledge gap in nanoscale protein adsorption will be identified.
Pulsed electric field application reduces carbapenem- and colistin-resistant microbiota and blaKPC spread in urban wastewater.

Wastewater flows from metropolitan areas, especially those with healthcare inputs, can serve as transport reservoirs for the dissemination of clinically-relevant antimicrobial resistant bacteria (ARB) such as carbapenem- (CR) and colistin-resistant (CoR) strains. Pulsed electric field (PEF) is an emerging wastewater management tool for reducing bacterial loads without generating environmentally harmful byproducts, but it's ability to reduce ARB and their genetic determinants is not well reported. We collected 86, 10-L raw wastewater influent samples from a large metropolitan wastewater treatment plant in Columbus, Ohio and subjected them to low (34 kV cm-1 for 67 μsec) and high (36 kV cm-1 for 89 μsec) PEF treatment. We quantified the PEF effectiveness by measuring concentrations of total coliform bacteria, CR and CoR bacteria, and the epidemic carbapenemase gene, blaKPC, before and after PEF treatment. Utilizing marginal linear regression models with generalized estimating equations, we observed that low and high PEF treatment resulted in a 1.94 (95% CI 2.06-1.81; P < 0.001) and 2.32 (95% CI 2.46-2.18; P < 0.001) log reduction of total coliform bacteria concentrations, respectively. Low and high PEF treatment produced similar log reductions between CR E. coli (2.01 (95% CI 2.15-1.86; P < 0.001); 2.14 (95% CI: 5.30-4.61; P < 0.001)) and CR Enterobacteriaceae concentrations (1.55 (95% CI 1.70-1.41; P < 0.001); 1.86 (95% CI 2.05-1.68; P < 0.001)), and resulted in a 1.15 log (95% CI 1.38-0.93, P < 0.001) and 1.28 log (95% CI 1.54-1.03, P < 0.001) reduction of absolute blaKPC concentrations. Log CoR E. coli concentrations were reduced by 2.47 (95% CI 2.78-2.15; P < 0.001) and 2.52 (95% CI 2.91-2.15; P < 0.001) and CoR Enterobacteriaceae by 2.24 (95% CI 2.52-1.95; P < 0.001) and 2.50 (95% CI 2.89-2.11; P < 0.001) following low and high PEF application. PEF can be applied for wastewater management as an independent treatment method, particularly at critical control points, such as an on-site management of wastewater from hospitals or other healthcare facilities, or in series with other conventional methods to reduce total bacterial loads and concentrations of clinically-relevant ARB.
Tumour-specific fluorescence-guided surgery for pancreatic cancer using panitumumab-IRDye800CW: a phase 1 single-centre, open-label, single-arm, dose-escalation study

Summary Background Complete surgical resection remains the primary curative option for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, with positive margins in 30–70% of patients. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the use of intraoperative tumour-specific imaging to enhance a surgeon's ability to detect visually occult cancer in real time. Methods In this single-centre, open-label, single-arm study, done in the USA, we enrolled patients who had clinically suspicious or biopsy-confirmed pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas and were scheduled for curative surgery. Eligible patients were 19 years of age or older with a life expectancy of more than 12 weeks and a Karnofsky performance status of at least 70% or an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group or Zubrod level of one or lower, who were scheduled to undergo curative surgery. Patients were sequentially enrolled into each dosing group and 2–5 days before surgery, patients were intravenously infused with 100 mg of unlabelled panitumumab followed by 25 mg, 50 mg, or 75 mg of the near-infrared fluorescently labelled antibody (panitumumab-IRDye800CW). The primary endpoint was to determine the optimal dose of panitumumab-IRDye800CW in identifying pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas as measured by tumour-to-background ratio in all patients. The tumour-to-background ratio was defined as the fluorescence signal of the tumour divided by the fluorescence signal of the surrounding healthy tissue. The dose-finding part of this study has been completed. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT03384238 . Findings Between April, 2018, and July, 2019, 16 patients were screened for enrolment onto the study. Of the 16 screened patients, two (12%) patients withdrew from the study and three (19%) were not eligible; 11 (69%) patients completed the trial, all of whom were clinically diagnosed with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. The mean tumour-to-background ratio of primary tumours was 3·0 (SD 0·5) in the 25 mg group, 4·0 (SD 0·6) in the 50 mg group, and 3·7 (SD 0·4) in the 75 mg group; the optimal dose was identified as 50 mg. Intraoperatively, near-infrared fluorescence imaging provided enhanced visualisation of the primary tumours, metastatic lymph nodes, and small ( Interpretation To our knowledge, this study presents the first clinical use of panitumumab-IRDye800CW for detecting pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas and shows that panitumumab-IRDye800CW is safe and feasible to use during pancreatic cancer surgery. Tumour-specific intraoperative imaging might have added value for treatment of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas through improved patient selection and enhanced visualisation of surgical margins, metastatic lymph nodes, and distant metastasis. Funding National Institutes of Health and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research.
The Analysis of H-2 Mutants: Molecular Genetics and Structure/Function Relationships

The class I genes of the murine major histocompatibility complex are located in four regions (K, D, Qa, Tla) along chromosome 17. The K and D regions contain the genes encoding the classical H-2 transplantation antigens (K, D, L). Alleles of each of the K, D and L loci exhibit substantial sequence diversity (1–3). Further, H-2 loci are highly polymorphic, with over 100 alleles identified per locus (3). The high sequence diversity and polymorphism of H-2 genes are thought to play a role in the function of their products as antigen presenting molecules, thus enabling a population to respond to many different pathogens. In contrast, Qa and Tla region loci are much less polymorphic and alleles of each locus appear to be much more conserved (4,5). Qa and Tla gene products have a limited tissue distribution and their function is unknown.
An Electrochemical Biosensor Architecture Based on Protein Folding Supports Direct Real-Time Measurements in Whole Blood.

The ability to monitor drug and biomarker concentrations in the body with high frequency and in real time would revolutionize our understanding of biology and our capacity to personalize medicine. The few in vivo molecular sensors that currently exist, however, all rely on the specific chemical or enzymatic reactivity of their targets and thus are not generalizable. In response, we demonstrate here an electrochemical sensing architecture based on binding-induced protein folding that is 1) independent of the reactivity of its targets, 2) reagentless, real-time, and with a resolution of seconds, and 3) selective enough to deploy in undiluted bodily fluids. As a proof of principle, we use the SH3 domain from human Fyn kinase to build a sensor that discriminates between the protein's peptide targets and responds rapidly and quantitatively even when challenged in whole blood. The resulting sensor architecture could drastically expand the chemical space accessible to continuous, real-time biosensors.
All Treatment Parameters Affect Environmental Surface Sanitation Efficacy, but Their Relative Importance Depends on the Microbial Target.

ABSTRACT Environmental sanitation in food manufacturing plants promotes food safety and product microbial quality. However, the development of experimental models remains a challenge due to the complex nature of commercial cleaning processes, which include spraying water and sanitizer on equipment and structural surfaces within manufacturing space. Although simple in execution, the physical driving forces are difficult to simulate in a controlled laboratory environment. Here, we present a bench-scale bioreactor system which mimics the flow conditions in environmental sanitation programs. We applied computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations to obtain fluid flow parameters that better approximate and predict industrial outcomes. According to the CFD model, the local wall shear stress achieved on the target surface ranged from 0.015 to 5.00 Pa. Sanitation efficacy on six types of environmental surface materials (hydrophobicity, 57.59 to 88.61°; roughness, 2.2 to 11.9 μm) against two different microbial targets, the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes and Exophiala species spoilage fungi, were evaluated using the bench-scale bioreactor system. The relative reduction ranged from 0.0 to 0.82 for Exophiala spp., which corresponded to a 0.0 to 2.21 log CFU/coupon reduction, and the relative reduction ranged from 0.0 to 0.93 in L. monocytogenes which corresponded to a 0.0 to 6.19 log CFU/coupon reduction. Although most treatment parameters were considered statistically significant against either L. monocytogenes or Exophiala spp., contact time was ranked as the most important predictor for L. monocytogenes reduction. Shear stress contributed the most to Exophiala spp. removal on stainless steel and Buna-N rubber, while contact time was the most important factor on HDPE (high-density polyethylene), cement, and epoxy. IMPORTANCE Commercial food manufacturers commonly employ a single sanitation program that addresses both bacterial pathogen and fungal spoilage microbiota, despite the fact that the two microbial targets respond differently to various environmental sanitation conditions. Comparison of outcome-based clusters of treatment combinations may facilitate the development of compensatory sanitation regimes where longer contact time or greater force are applied so that lower sanitizer concentrations can be used. Determination of microbiological outcomes related to sanitation program efficacy against a panel of treatment conditions allows food processors to balance tradeoffs between quality and safety with cost and waste stream management, as appropriate for their facility.
Health disparities of African Americans in reproductive medicine

The first paper describing an association between African American race, infertility prevalence, and outcomes of fertility treatments was published more than 20 years ago, calling initial attention to differences in how infertility is experienced, diagnosed, and managed in African Americans. Since that initial publication, multiple other studies have explored African American race and its association with elements of the fertility spectrum—disparities that have been durable over time. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the evolution of aspects of this research focusing on the outcomes of infertility treatments and barriers to access. A consideration of the system-based practice issues that interface with timely fertility evaluation and treatment in ways that challenge reproductive health equity will be presented.
A PCB Packaging Platform Enabling 100+ Gbaud Optoelectronic Device Testing

We present a packaging platform that enables testing of co-packaged electronic and photonic integrated circuits and components, and that is based on a low-cost FR-4 PCB. The platform is capable of high speed electronic and optoelectronic transmitter and receiver assembly testing, and we demonstrate operation above 100 Gbaud.
Postoperative empyema after pleurectomy decortication for malignant pleural mesothelioma.

Abstract Background Postoperative empyema following pleurectomy decortication (PDC) for malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a serious complication that necessitates prolonged hospitalization. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence, risk factors and prognosis in patients who develop postoperative empyema following PDC. Methods The background, type of PDC, neo-adjuvant treatment, date of empyema, pleural fluid cultures, post empyema treatment and prognosis from a series of consecutive 355 patients treated over 9 years at a single high-volume center were investigated. Fisher’s exact test, Kaplan Meier estimators and log rank test were used to identify significant risk factors for postoperative empyema and compare the overall survival. Results 355 patients underwent PDC for MPM in a 9-year period. There were 263 males and median age at surgery was 69. Neoadjuvant therapy was given to 87 and 282 received intraoperative heated chemotherapy (IOHC). During the study 24 patients (6.8%) developed empyema. The length of stay (LOS) of patients who developed postoperative empyema was significantly longer. Median survival for patients who developed postoperative empyema was 11.7 months and 21.3 months for patients without empyema (HR-1.78, p=0.009). Postoperative empyema was associated with male sex, prolonged air leak and use of prosthetic mesh. Conclusions Postoperative empyema following PDC is associated with prolonged length of stay and higher mortality. The rates of this serious postoperative complication might decrease by developing better strategies to avoid prolonged air leak after PDC
Operative Hysteroscopic Management of Persistent Retained Products of Conception

Study Objective The objective of this video is to demonstrate the use of operative hysteroscopy for persistent retained products of conception after failure of medical and/or surgical (i.e., suction, dilation & curettage) methods. Design N/A. Setting Academic Medical Center – A 22-year-old G3P1011 multigravida with one prior vaginal delivery presented to the emergency room with vaginal bleeding and was incidentally found to be pregnant with a serum bHCG value greater than 200,000. The patient was diagnosed with an embryonic pregnancy via transvaginal ultrasound and counseled on medical versus surgical management. The patient opted for a suction, dilation and curettage under ultrasound guidance. The procedure was uncomplicated, and the endometrial stripe was noted to be thin and uniform at the conclusion of the procedure. The patient continued to have vaginal bleeding and persistent serum bHCG levels in the post-operative period. Repeat transvaginal ultrasound demonstrated a thickened endometrium without a gestational sac and a small amount of free fluid in the pelvis. The bilateral adnexa were normal in appearance. The patient underwent operative hysteroscopy with successful resection of densely adhered, fibrotic-appearing retained products of conception. The patient had resolution of her vaginal bleeding and persistent serum bHCG levels with resumption of her normal menses. Patients or Participants N/A. Interventions Operative hysteroscopy with a tissue removal system. Measurements and Main Results N/A. Conclusion We propose that operative hysteroscopy be given consideration as a safe and effective surgical intervention option in a premenopausal, hemodynamically stable patient, with absent or stable vaginal bleeding, and diagnosed with one of the following: anembryonic pregnancy, missed abortion, retained products of conception, or an abnormally developing intrauterine pregnancy as demonstrated by inappropriate rise in serum bHCG, to offer more targeted treatment while considering future fertility goals.
Inhibitory Control in Mind and Brain: The Mathematics and Neurophysiology of the Underlying Computation

We develop desiderata for a computational theory of response inhibition that links mathematical psychology with neuroscience. The theory must be explicit mathematically and computationally, and grounded in behavior and neurophysiology. The theory must provide quantitative accounts of complexities of behavior in response inhibition tasks and must predict the neural activity that underlies performance. We evaluate three current theories of response inhibition in the stop signal paradigm using these desiderata, and we find that one theory fulfills the desiderata better than the others.
Experiences on the International Stage

An elaborate structure of international science organizations has evolved out of the need to establish regular channels of communication among scientists, both within disciplines and across them. The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) is one of many disciplinary unions that operates under the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU). It convenes in general meetings at four-year intervals, each attended by several thousand scientists.39 Subordinate bodies represent the various geophysical disciplines; among them is the International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences (IAMAS),40 which meets biennially. These meetings afford opportunities for scientific communication and for developing continuing relationships among scientists from different countries.
Perinatal exposure to methadone: how do early biochemical alterations cause neurofunctional disturbances?

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the progress made toward identifying the sequence of events occurring in the perinatal opiate syndrome. Development of function of a noradrenergic synapse requires a coordinated maturation of nerve terminals, their ability to synthesize, store and release transmitter, and post-synaptic ontogeny of receptors and appropriate linkages of the receptors to cellular processes (adenylate cyclase, phosphoinositide turnover, ion channels). In the rat, the majority of these events occur postnatally synthesis. The final stage of presynaptic development appears to be the arrival in the nerve terminals of synaptic vesicles, which are necessary to convert dopamine to norepinephrine, to store the norepinephrine and to release it into the synapse upon appropriate stimulation. Catecholaminergic synapses, because of their ubiquity in both the central and the peripheral nervous system, have provided some of the most useful information concerning mechanisms of neurobehavioral teratology. Vesicle maturation can be evaluated through measurements of uptake of norepinephrine into isolated vesicle preparations and is a process separable from synaptosomal uptake.
Bankruptcy and the Supreme Court

After 7 years, Ken Klee has completed his book on Bankruptcy and the United States Supreme Court. This 6 chapter book is a comprehensive desk reference for lawyers, judges, and scholars examining the Supreme Court's bankruptcy decisions from 1898 through 2008 from six different perspectives. Chapter 1 examines the Court as a governmental and political institution devoting attention to the Court's business and habits, i.e., the processes by which the Court receives bankruptcy cases and decides them and the rules it promulgates to regulate bankruptcy courts and practice. Chapter 2 looks at how the Court tends to resolve conflicts between bankruptcy law and other areas of state and federal law, such as administrative law, family law, labor law, pension law, probate law, real estate law, and tax law. This discussion is linked closely to Chapter 3 which discusses the constitutional breadth of the bankruptcy power and analyzes how the Court reconciles bankruptcy law with constitutional law, sovereign immunity, federal preemption, and federalism, as well as the use of state law in bankruptcy. Chapter 4 discusses the Court's treatment of the bankruptcy court as a judicial institution. In particular, it examines how the Court has sculpted and restricted the bankruptcy court's subject matter jurisdiction, powers of the bankruptcy court, and res judicata and collateral estoppel effects of bankruptcy court and non-bankruptcy court judgments. Chapter 5 analyzes, in considerable detail, bankruptcy law, doctrine, and policies that arise primarily or exclusively of the context of the Bankruptcy Code, such as avoiding powers, dischargeability, claims priority and distribution, and plan confirmation.Chapter 6 discusses some of the bankruptcy cases over the past 111 years in which the Court sharply changed the course of bankruptcy law. It also includes some favorite cases, regardless of their impact on bankruptcy law or doctrine.
Placental passage of 14C-dieldrin altered by gestational age and plasma proteins.

Abstract As gestation advanced, 14 C-dieldrin concentration increased in the plasma of the maternal rat after a single intravenous dose of the pesticide on Day 13, 16, or 21. The ratio of radioactivity for fetus/maternal plasma decreased only 28 per cent from Day 13 to Days 20 to 21 while the ratios of radioactivity for maternal liver and placenta/maternal plasma decreased more than 65 per cent. With the use of in situ perfusion of the guinea pig placenta, the maternal to fetal transfer of 14 C-dieldrin was shown to change rapidly with type and concentration of protein on the fetal side. Of 5 purified plasma protein fractions perfused on the fetal side, alpha globulins caused the greatest transfer of dieldrin. Fibrinogen, albumin, and the beta globulins were intermediate in effect, and gamma globulins were least effective.