cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The epilepsies: clinical implications of the international classification.

Summary: From the earliest days of neurology, the classification of epileptic seizures into those generalized from the beginning and those with a definable localization in the cortex from the onset has added to knowledge about the function of the nervous system. Further elaboration of the classification of seizures into those localized to the six-layered isocortex and those whose elaboration involves regions of the brain involved with consciousness and memory has provided the basic focus for the burgeoning subspecialty of epilepsy surgery. It is increasingly apparent that the etiology of a seizure disorder is of at least equal or of greater significance than the nature of the seizures it spawns and is the product not only of localization in the nervous system but also of causative factors with implications reaching into areas of genetics, higher cortical function, and intelligence. The prognosis concerning the outcome of the epilepsy under consideration is based on all of these facets. This pathophysiological substratum, of which the seizure is only the presenting symptom, constitutes the epilepsy or epileptic syndrome on which the formulation of a rational treatment plan is based.
Iterative solutions for the limited angle inverse-scattering problems

One major character of the limited angle inverse scattering problems is the sparsity of the information contained in the measurement data. The sparsity of information content in the limited angle inverse scattering problems makes it difficult to reconstruct the object functions by using the conventional inversion techniques. To overcome the above difficulty, a boosting procedure is employed to obtain the maximum amount of information for an arbitrary predefined experiment set-up. The numerical simulations are performed in order to ascertain the role of the boosting procedure in the limited angle inverse scattering problems. The results of the computer simulations for two-side view tomography demonstrate that by applying the boosting procedure, the quality of the reconstruction and the speed of the convergence are improved significantly. Furthermore, for subsurface detection where both the sources and sensors are confined on one side of the object, the reconstruction has become possible after applying the boosting procedure.
Neural coding of difference frequencies in the midbrain of the electric fish Eigenmannia: reading the sense of rotation in an amplitude-phase plane.

Eigenmannia is able to discriminate the sign of the difference, Df, between the frequency of a neighbor's electric organ discharge (EOD) and that of its own EOD. This discrimination can be demonstrated at the level of individual neurons of the midbrain. Intracellular and extracellular recordings of such sign-selective cells revealed the following:
The New Divinity and the Origins of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions

The theological influence of the New Divinity in the formation and character of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) is uncontested among scholars of American religious history and missions. Since the mid nineteenth century, both partisans of missions and nearly all scholarly observers have attributed the origins of the modern American Protestant missionary spirit to the writings of Jonathan Edwards and his self-appointed heirs, those Congregational ministers who came to be called New Divinity men. Edwards proposed a theology of cosmic redemption and supplied the exemplary missionary model in Life of Brainerd (1749), his most popular and most frequently reprinted work. Samuel Hopkins then furnished a theological rationale for missions by revising Edwards' aesthetic concept of “disinterested benevolence” into a practical one of self-denial for the greater glory of God's kingdom and the betterment of humankind.
Substituted benzeneboronic acids for the gas chromatographic determination of bifunctional compounds with electron-capture detection

Abstract Seven aromatic boronic acids have been prepared and evaluated as selective analytical reagents for the gas chromatographic analysis of bifunctional compounds. The introduction of halogen atoms into the aromatic ring provides volatile derivatives which can be determined with an electron-capture detector at the picogram level.
The control of H5 or H7 mildly pathogenic avian influenza: a role for inactivated vaccine.

Biosecurity is the first line of defence in the prevention and control of mildly pathogenic avian influenza (MPAI). Its use has been highly successful in keeping avian influenza (AI) out of commercial poultry worldwide. However, sometimes AI becomes introduced into poultry populations and, when that occurs, biosecurity again is the primary means of controlling the disease. There is agreement that routine serological monitoring, disease reporting, isolation or quarantine of affected flocks, application of strict measures to prevent the contamination of and movement of people and equipment, and changing flock schedules are necessities for controlling AI. There is disagreement as to the disposition of MPAI-infected flocks: some advocate their destruction and others advocate controlled marketing. Sometimes biosecurity is not enough to stop the spread of MPAI. In general, influenza virus requires a dense population of susceptible hosts to maintain itself. When there is a large population of susceptible poultry...
The role of the compound nucleus in complex fragment emission at low and intermediate energies

Abstract The origin of complex fragments produced at low and intermediate energies is discussed and the leading theories as well as the experimental evidence are reviewed. Particular attention is focused on the compound nucleus formed in either complete or incomplete fusion as a possible source of complex fragments. Theoretical aspects of compound nucleus emission are reviewed in detail. The experimental demonstration of the existence of compound nucleus emission at extremely low energy is given and the process is followed by means of a series of reactions up to 50 MeV/u. These results allow one to conclude that, in the general class of reactions under investigation, complex fragments come either from statistical compound nucleus emission, or they are target and/or projectile-like fragments formed in quasi and deep inelastic reactions, or in incomplete fusion as spectators. The multifragmentation process is discussed in terms of novel theories like liquid-vapor equilibrium, nuclear shattering, nuclear disassembly, etc. as well as in terms of established physics like the process of comminution resulting from the sequential emission of many fragments from an extremely excited compound nucleus. The origin of fragments at higher energies is also briefly considered.
Cooperative Games and Children's Positive Behaviors

Participants included 39 children, 20 boys and 19 girls, ranging in age from 4 years 0 months to 4 years 6 months. Children's behaviors during cooperative and competitive games were documented using the Observation Checklist of Children's Behavior [OCCB; Grineski, 1989b]. Children participated in a six week treatment period of cooperative and competitive games. More positive behaviors were observed during cooperative games than competitive games. More negative behaviors were observed during competitive games, but only during the first week of competitive games. Teachers’ warmth and nurturance was measured using the CIS [Arnett, 1989], but these scores did not impact children's positive and negative scores in any statistically significant way. Results are explained using Tharp and Gallimore's [1998] work on classroom climate and Gottman ef a#sh.’s [1997] work on interactional set‐points within a classroom.
Pentane isomerization and disproportionation catalyzed by sulfated zirconia promoted with iron and manganese

Fe- and Mn-promoted sulfated zirconia was used to catalyze the conversion ofn-pentane in a flow reactor at temperatures in the range of −25 to 40‡C andn-pentane partial pressures in the range of 0.005 to 0.01 atm. The rates of reaction increased with time on stream during an induction period and then decreased rapidly. The predominant reaction at −25‡C and short times on stream was isomerization to give isopentane; no dibranched products were observed. The selectivity for isomerization decreased and that for disproportionation increased with increasing temperature, with disproportionation becoming predominant at 40‡C; the principal product was then isobutane. The product distribution data are consistent with acid-base catalysis and carbocation intermediates. However, there appears to be more to the reaction mechanism than acid-base chemistry, and the roles of the iron and manganese promoters are not yet explained.
Radiation and adaptation, evolutionary biology and semantics

Abstract Radiations can be either adaptive or non-adaptive, resulting in a variety of niches occupied by sympatric species, or in hardly any niche differentiation and species showing largely mosaic distribution patterns. The terms are useful despite the fact that intermediate situations occur.
Intravenous iron as standard of care in oncology: opportunity lost.

Abstract: In the past 4 months, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) has imposed restrictions on the use of eryth- ropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in oncology. ESAs can no longer be used to treat patients with hemoglobin (Hb) levels of more than 10 grams/dL or patients with cancer-related anemia who are not on chemotherapy. New recommendations to deny coverage of patients receiving curative (adjuvant) chemotherapy and patients with metastatic breast and head and neck cancer have been made by the Oncology Drug Advisory Committee (ODAC) to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). ESAs are contraindicated in patients with untreated absolute iron deficiency. No International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 9th revision, code exists for iron-restricted erythropoi- esis (functional iron deficiency). This omission is particularly important, as aptly pointed out by Shord and Cuellar 1 in this issue of JAPhA, because five of five recent publications in the oncology literature (see article by Shord and Cuel- lar) have shown a markedly improved Hb response, decreased time to target Hb, decreased ESA exposure for equivalent benefit, and huge cost savings when intravenous (I.V.) iron was added to ESA therapy. These benefits, in all five papers, were independent of the baseline iron parameters, serum iron, total iron binding capacity, and serum ferritin. Adverse events with I.V. iron were negligible in all of the studies.
Highly porous titania films coated on sub-micron particles with tunable thickness by molecular layer deposition in a fluidized bed reactor

Abstract Titanium alkoxide (titanicone) thin films were coated on large quantities of sub-micron sized silica particles at 100 °C using molecular layer deposition (MLD) in a fluidized bed reactor. Titanium tetrachloride and ethylene glycol were used as precursors. The content of titanium on the particles increased linearly as the number of MLD coating cycles increased. The conformity of the films, with a thickness of ~12 nm, was verified using TEM for silica particles coated with 50 cycles of titanicone. The composition of the titanicone films was confirmed using energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. Porous titanium oxide films were formed for the particles coated with 50 cycles of titanicone MLD by oxidation in air at 400 °C or by decomposition of the organic components of the titanicone films in the presence of water. The thicknesses of the films were reduced from ~12 nm to ~8 nm after oxidation in air at 400 °C for 1 hr. The effect of aging on the titanicone films was studied at different lengths of aging time in the presence of water. A greatly increased surface area of 48.8 m2 g−1 was obtained for the particles exposed to water for 24 hr, compared to the as-deposited 50 cycles of titanicone coated sample with a surface area of 7.7 m2 g−1. The decomposition of titanicone films, after exposure to water vapor for various lengths of time, was studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
Thermal conductivity of hydrogen for temperatures between 78 and 310 K with pressures to 70 MPa

The paper presents new experimental measurements of the thermal conductivity of hydrogen. The ortho-para compositions covered are normal, near normal, para, and para-rich. The measurements were made with a transient hot wire apparatus. The temperatures covered the range from 78 to 310 K with pressures to 70 MPa and densities from 0 to a maximum of 40 mol · L−1. For compositions normal and near normal, the isotherms cover the entire range of pressure, and the temperatures are 78, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 294, 300, and 310K. The para measurements include eight isotherms at temperatures from 100 to 275 K with intervals of 25 K, pressures to 12 MPa, and densities from 0 to 12 mol · L−1. Three additional isotherms at 150, 250, and 275 K cover para-rich compositions with para percentages varying from 85 to 72%. For these three isotherms the pressures reach 70 MPa and the density a maximum of 30 mol · L−1. The data for all compositions are represented by a single thermal conductivity surface. The data are compared with the experimental measurements of others through the new correlation. The precision (2σ) of the hydrogen measurements is between 0.5 and 0.8% for wire temperature transients of 4 to 5 K, while the accuracy is estimated to be 1.5%.
The effects of symbiotic state on heterotrophic feeding in the temperate sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima

The temperate sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima is facultatively symbiotic with unicellular algae. Symbiotic A. elegantissima can supplement heterotrophic feeding with excess photosynthate from their algal partners, while asymbiotic individuals must rely solely on heterotrophy. A. elegantissima individuals were collected from Swirl Rocks, Washington (48°25′6″ N, 122°50′58″ W) in July 2010, and prey capture and feeding characteristics were measured to determine whether asymbiotic individuals are more efficient predators. Feeding abilities were then measured again after a 3-week exposure to full sunlight or shaded conditions. Freshly collected asymbiotic anemones had larger nematocysts, but symbiotic individuals showed greater nematocyte sensitivity. Sunlight enhanced digestion and reduced cnida density in all anemones regardless of symbiotic state. Results suggest that the phototropic potential of A. elegantissima, as influenced by symbiotic condition, has little effect on heterotrophic capacity. The anemones appear to maximize heterotrophic energy input independent of the presence or identity of their algal symbionts.
Molecular characterization of a 17q11.2 translocation in a malignant schwannoma cell line

Malignant schwannomas are soft-tissue neoplasms that occur at increased frequency with germline alterations of the neurofibromatosis-1 (NF1) gene at 17q11.2. We report molecular and cytogenetic characterization of a malignant schwannoma cell line established from an individual affected with NF1. This cell line has a complex hyperdiploid karyotype with two cytogenetically identical der(13)t(13;17)(p11,q11.2) chromosomes. Using somatic cell hybrids, we mapped twelve chromosome-17 probes to either the der(13)t(13;17) chromosome or a small der(17) chromosome. Two chromosome-17p loci, including the p53 tumor suppressor gene, were present in the schwannoma cell line, but did not map to either of these chromosomes. Loss of heterozygosity studies indicated that the two der(13)t(13;17) chromosomes arose by duplication, presumably after the translocation event. The 17q11.2 translocation break-point maps distal to the NF1 gene, and may not disrupt its functioning. Although NF1 mRNA was detected in this cell line by polymerase chain reaction, Northern blot analysis revealed very little or none of the 13-kb mature NF1 transcript. This suggests that the single remaining allele of the NF1 gene contains a mutation that results in either greatly reduced transcription or message instability.
Poly[(styrene-co-p-methylstyrene)-b-isobutylene-b-(styrene-co-p-methylstyrene)] Triblock Copolymers. 1. Synthesis and Characterization

Abstract The synthesis of poly(isobutylene) (PIB)-based triblock copolymers having copolymer end blocks containing styrene and p-methylstyrene (pMSt) repeat units was investigated in an attempt to minimize chain-coupling reactions that occur at the 4-position on styrene repeat units during end block polymerization. Model end block copolymerizations using varying feed ratios of styrene and pMSt were conducted, and it was determined by 1H NMR analysis that the addition of pMSt to the living chain end was favored slightly at low conversion. However, DSC revealed a single Tg that increased with increasing pMSt content verifying the absence of blockiness in the microstructure. Poly[(styrene-co-pMSt)-b-isobutylene-b-(styrene-co-pMSt)] triblock copolymers were synthesized using varying feed ratios of styrene and pMSt. The rate of end block propagation increased with increasing pMSt in the feed, and the end block copolymerizations initiated by PIB displayed longer reaction times and more curvature in their first order plots than did the model end block copolymerizations initiated by TMPCl. This effect was attributed to lower ionization equilibrium constant and higher degree of termination caused by the more non-polar local reaction medium provided by the PIB center blocks in block copolymerization. GPC analysis of the final BCPs revealed a decrease in a high molecular weight peak representing the chain-coupled product as the concentration of pMSt in the feed was increased.
A murine model of latex allergy-induced airway hyperreactivity.

Sensitization to latex proteins can cause immediate IgE mast cell-mediated reactions. Health care workers have been found to be particularly at risk because of high exposure. Latex allergy can be produced in mice as demonstrated by IgE and eosinophil responses. Thus the mouse is a potential animal model for studying this disease, but the airway response to latex sensitization in mice has not been evaluated previously. In the present study, we immunized BALB/c mice intranasally with nonammoniated latex proteins. Animals were anesthetized, and lung mechanics were evaluated plethysmographically. Changes in pulmonary conductance (GL) and compliance (Cdyn) were measured in response to a nonspecific challenge with methacholine or to a direct challenge with intravenous latex antigen. Latex sensitization resulted in elevated levels of IgE and latex-specific IgG1 as well as interstitial infiltrates consistent with an allergic response. The methacholine dose-response ED50 for GL was 116.4 microg for the control mice and fell significantly to 20.9 microg for latex-sensitized mice. The ED50 calculated for Cdyn was also significantly lower after latex sensitization. The GL in latex-sensitized mice challenged with latex antigen fell significantly from a prechallenge value of 1.87 +/- 0.41 (S.E.) to 0. 198 +/- 0.03 ml x s-1 x cmH2O after latex antigen challenge. The results indicate that latex-sensitized mice did exhibit increased airway reactivity in the methacholine challenge test. The latex allergic response in mice is unique in that direct challenge with latex antigen itself also resulted in a significant airway response.
Pulse wave analysis and pulse wave velocity techniques: are they ready for the clinic?

interestingly describe animportant factor when arterial stiffness is clini-cally assessed: subject’s body position. Althoughthis is an important question, especially ifwe want to bring this research tool to the clinicin a regular basis, there are several other factorsthat should be considered. The purpose of thepresent commentary is to brieﬂy review past,present, and future of Pulse Wave Analysis andPulse Wave Velocity and to discuss if thesetechniques are ready for clinical use.Pulsewaveanalysis(PWA)wasﬁrstdevel-oped in the nineteenth century by Mohamed.
Flow birefringence of dilute polymer solutions in two-dimensional flows

Flow birefringence measurements have been obtained on three molecular weight samples (2−8 × 106 M W ,M W /M N = 1.14−1.3) of polystyrene in dilute solution (50–100 ppm) in a viscous polychorinated biphenyl solvent. The flows were generated using a four roll mill which could simulate a wide range of two dimensional flows in which the flow type (i.e. the ratio of the rate of rotation to the rate of strain) could be varied independently of the velocity gradient. The normalized birefringence, corrected for concentration, (Δn/nc), was observed to approach a saturation value at high velocity gradients in purely extensional flow. This saturation value was independent of both the molecular weight and the concentrationc, in agreement with theory. In addition, the magnitude of the saturation value is consistent with nearly fully extended chains and suggests extensions in the range of 20–50 times the rest state size. The data for the birefringence over a wide range of flows was found to be well correlated against the eigenvalue of the velocity gradient tensor in agreement with the results of the “strong/weak” flow theories ofTanner (1976) andOlbricht et al. (1980). The experiments are compared with a simple dumbbell model which incorporates the effects of a nonlinear spring variable hydrodynamic friction, and internal viscosity. It is shown that this simple model can simulate the experimental results surprisingly well if the effects of molecular weight distribution and finite transit times in the flow device are taken into account.
Auditory Event-Related Potentials Elicited From Cochlear Implant Recipients and Hearing Subjects

Auditory event-related evoked potentials (ERP) were recorded from 10 cochlear implant recipients and 10 age-matched hearing subjects using an oddball paradigm in which frequently occurring tone bur...
The BAH domain of ORC1 links H4K20me2 to DNA replication licensing and Meier–Gorlin syndrome

The recognition of distinctly modified histones by specialized 'effector' proteins constitutes a key mechanism for transducing molecular events at chromatin to biological outcomes. Effector proteins influence DNA-templated processes, including transcription, DNA recombination and DNA repair; however, no effector functions have yet been identified within the mammalian machinery that regulate DNA replication. Here we show that ORC1--a component of ORC (origin of replication complex), which mediates pre-DNA replication licensing--contains a bromo adjacent homology (BAH) domain that specifically recognizes histone H4 dimethylated at lysine 20 (H4K20me2). Recognition of H4K20me2 is a property common to BAH domains present within diverse metazoan ORC1 proteins. Structural studies reveal that the specificity of the BAH domain for H4K20me2 is mediated by a dynamic aromatic dimethyl-lysine-binding cage and multiple intermolecular contacts involving the bound peptide. H4K20me2 is enriched at replication origins, and abrogating ORC1 recognition of H4K20me2 in cells impairs ORC1 occupancy at replication origins, ORC chromatin loading and cell-cycle progression. Mutation of the ORC1 BAH domain has been implicated in the aetiology of Meier-Gorlin syndrome (MGS), a form of primordial dwarfism, and ORC1 depletion in zebrafish results in an MGS-like phenotype. We find that wild-type human ORC1, but not ORC1-H4K20me2-binding mutants, rescues the growth retardation of orc1 morphants. Moreover, zebrafish depleted of H4K20me2 have diminished body size, mirroring the phenotype of orc1 morphants. Together, our results identify the BAH domain as a novel methyl-lysine-binding module, thereby establishing the first direct link between histone methylation and the metazoan DNA replication machinery, and defining a pivotal aetiological role for the canonical H4K20me2 mark, via ORC1, in primordial dwarfism.
Trabecular Structure Quantified With the MRI-Based Virtual Bone Biopsy in Postmenopausal Women Contributes to Vertebral Deformity Burden Independent of Areal Vertebral BMD†

In postmenopausal women with a wide range of vertebral deformities, MRI-based structural measures of topology and scale at the distal radius are shown to account for as much as 30% of vertebral deformity, independent of integral vertebral BMD. Introduction: Trabecular bone architecture has been postulated to contribute to overall bone strength independent of vertebral BMD measured by DXA. However, there has thus far been only sparse in vivo evidence to support this hypothesis. Materials and Methods: Postmenopausal women, 60-80 yr of age, were screened by DXA, and those with T-scores at either the hip or spine falling within the range of −2.5 ± 1.0 were studied with the MRI-based virtual bone biopsy, along with heel broadband ultrasound absorption and pQCT of the tibia. The data from 98 subjects meeting the enrollment criteria were subjected to νMRI at the distal tibia and radius, and measures of topology and scale of the trabecular bone network were computed. A spinal deformity index (SDI) was obtained from morphometric measurements in midline sagittal MR images of the thoracic and lumbar spine to evaluate associations between structure and deformity burden. Results: A number of structural indices obtained at the distal radius were correlated with the SDI. Among these were the topological surface density (a measure of trabecular plates) and trabecular bone volume fraction, which were inversely correlated with SDI (p < 0.0001). Combinations of two structural parameters accounted for up to 30% of the variation in SDI (p < 0.0001) independent of spinal BMD, which was not significantly correlated. pQCT trabecular BMD was also weakly associated, whereas broadband ultrasound absorption was not. No significant association between SDI and structural indices were found at the tibia. Conclusions: Structural measures at the distal radius obtained in vivo by νMRI explained a significant portion of the variation in total spinal deformity burden in postmenopausal women independent of areal BMD.
Neurophysiological investigations of medullary chemosensitive areas of respiration.

Abstract The ventrolateral surface of the medulla has been designated as the location of the central chemoreceptors for respiration by Mitchell et al. (1963a, b; 1965). This area is presumably sensitive to the [H+] of CSF. Microelectrode recordings of unitary neuronal activity in the area during changes in pH of the CSF perfusing the area failed to show changes in firing rates correlated with changes in pH of perfusing CSF. Electrical stimulation of the ventral surface also failed to effect any changes in respiration. Recordings of unit activity of respiratory center neurons showed that respiratory center activity increased rapidly with application of acid CSF to the ventral surface and decreased with application of local anesthetic. It was found that respiration and respiratory center activity persisted in spite of the fact that the super-ficial “chemoreceptor areas” were anesthetized by local anesthetic. Bilateral lesioning of the superficial area of the medulla designated as chemosensitive resulted in apnea; however, it also resulted in ischemia of the lateral portions of the medulla and respiratory centers. By calculation it was shown that substances applied to the ventrolateral surfaces of the medulla would diffuse into the small arterioles of the subarachnoid space and thusly, be rapidly transported deep into the medulla and respiratory centers. It is considered feasible to suppose that substances which stimulate or depress respiration when introduced into the CSF produce their effects more directly at deep neurons after diffusion into the arterial supply to the medulla.
Is language a barrier to the use of preventive services

Objective To isolate the effect of spoken language from financial barriers to care, we examined the relation of language to use of preventive services in a system with universal access.
Evaporation of water into a laminar stream of air and superheated steam

Abstract A numerical investigation was conducted to study the evaporation of water into a laminar stream of air, humid air and superheated steam. Results were obtained both for variable properties and for constant properties using the one-third rule. It was shown that below a certain temperature of the free stream, named the inversion temperature, water evaporation decreases as the humidity of air increases; and above the inversion temperature, water evaporation increases as the humidity of air increases. The constant-property approximation using the one-third rule yields accurate results for the evaporation rate of water except when the free stream is mostly steam at high temperature.
A Regression-Based Differential Expression Detection Algorithm for Microarray Studies with Ultra-Low Sample Size

Global gene expression analysis using microarrays and, more recently, RNA-seq, has allowed investigators to understand biological processes at a system level. However, the identification of differentially expressed genes in experiments with small sample size, high dimensionality, and high variance remains challenging, limiting the usability of these tens of thousands of publicly available, and possibly many more unpublished, gene expression datasets. We propose a novel variable selection algorithm for ultra-low-n microarray studies using generalized linear model-based variable selection with a penalized binomial regression algorithm called penalized Euclidean distance (PED). Our method uses PED to build a classifier on the experimental data to rank genes by importance. In place of cross-validation, which is required by most similar methods but not reliable for experiments with small sample size, we use a simulation-based approach to additively build a list of differentially expressed genes from the rank-ordered list. Our simulation-based approach maintains a low false discovery rate while maximizing the number of differentially expressed genes identified, a feature critical for downstream pathway analysis. We apply our method to microarray data from an experiment perturbing the Notch signaling pathway in Xenopus laevis embryos. This dataset was chosen because it showed very little differential expression according to limma, a powerful and widely-used method for microarray analysis. Our method was able to detect a significant number of differentially expressed genes in this dataset and suggest future directions for investigation. Our method is easily adaptable for analysis of data from RNA-seq and other global expression experiments with low sample size and high dimensionality.
Using only the very accurately known experimental enthalpy of hydrogenation of ethylene as a reference standard in the atomization method

Theoretical Gn model chemistries yield slightly different values for the enthalpy of formation of the hydrogen molecule from the constituent protons and electrons. For example, the G3 model yields −1.92 kJ mol−1 at 298 K, which differs from zero by an acceptably small amount. However, using this G3 value for a stepwise series of hydrogenations of polyunsaturated molecules multiplies the error, e.g., by five times for the hydrogenation of naphthalene. For polyunsaturates, this can produce errors considerably greater than experimental uncertainties. We calculate enthalpies of hydrogenation by referring the calculated values to the accurately known experimental enthalpy of hydrogenation of ethylene. This approach is simpler than the atomization method that depends on several experimental enthalpies of formation of the constituent atoms of the target molecules. This method yields enthalpies of hydrogenation and of formation in excellent agreement with experiment for many polyunsaturated compounds and lends confidence to results obtained for others, for which no accurate experimental values exist or are disparate, for example azulene. Some new and surprising results are that the formally conjugated triple bonds of cyanoacetylene do not lead to stabilization, but to destabilization by 10.2 kJ mol−1. The conjugated triple bonds of cyanogen cause thermodynamic destabilization by 47.5 kJ mol−1. Stabilization by conjugation in acrylonitrile is near zero. The remarkable endothermic monohydrogenation of benzene (25 kJ mol−1), first noted by Kistiakowsky, is also found in toluene and naphthalene, leading to stability of the reactant relative to the product of ~30 and 22 kJ mol−1, respectively.
Unraveling the Dual Role of Surfactant Protein a at Atomistic Detail

Surfactant Protein A (SP-A) plays an important role in pulmonary innate immunity by recognizing canonical patterns on microbial surfaces. It protects the lungs from infection by recognizing the lipid component (lipid A) on gram negative bacterial surfaces, and by helping to initiate various clearance mechanisms. SP-A is also known to aggregate dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), the major constituent of lung pulmonary surfactant, to form tubular myelin, a highly structured form of surfactant lipids and proteins. It is unclear how SP-A can bind to both DPPC and lipid A for two very different functions. To unravel the dual role of SP-A, we performed crystallographic and mutational analyses as well as all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We found several critical binding features for lipid binding that involve cation-pi interactions and hydrogen bonds. MD simulations revealed that SP-A binds to lipid A more tightly than to DPPC. These results suggest that SP-A may transfer from surfactant DPPC to pathogen membranes to initiate its host defense functions.
Temperature and stress dependence of electrical and mechanical properties of Green River oil shale

Abstract Simultaneous measurements of the variation in the electrical and mechanical properties with stress and temperature have been carried out on Green River oil shale. The results of the present study reveal the presence of a structural transition at 380 °C; this temperature also corresponds to the structural yield point of the shale. Changes in the mechanical strength of the shale at temperatures corresponding to its yield point are accompanied by corresponding sharp variations in its electrical resistivity. The loss in mechanical strength at the yield point is found to be directly proportional to the amount of organic matter in the shale. The structural transition at the yield point is absent in the second heating cycle; electrical and mechanical measurements on reheated shale samples show clearly the irreversible nature of this transition. Elastic rebound effects are, however, considerable, especially for the lean shales. The high resistivities characteristic of Green River oil shale and the trends in its temperature-dependent resistivity behaviour indicate a predominantly ionic conduction mechanism. The structural yield point at 380 °C also represents the temperature below which electrical resistivity of the shale is structure-sensitive; the region of temperatures above 380 °C represents an intrinsicconductivity domain with an activation energy of 1.8 eV. The close correlation observed in the present study between electrical and mechanical behaviour, underlines the complementary nature of the information gained from simultaneous parameter measurements.
Renal cell carcinoma with retroperitoneal lymph nodes: role of lymph node dissection.

ABSTRACTPurpose: We better defined the benefits and morbidity of lymph node dissection in patients with localized renal cell carcinoma using the experience of patients treated at our institution.Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed with outcome assessment based on the chart review of demographic, clinical and pathological data in 1,087 patients with renal cell carcinoma treated at our institution. Patients with renal cell carcinoma who did not undergo nephrectomy as part of cancer treatment, those with bilateral disease and those for whom nodal status was unknown were not included in this study. A total of 900 patients meeting these criteria who underwent nephrectomy for unilateral renal cell carcinoma at our medical center form the principal study population.Results: Positive lymph nodes were associated with larger, higher grade, locally advanced primary tumors that were more commonly associated with sarcomatoid features. Positive nodes were 3 to 4 times more common in patien...
Interval order and semiorder lattices

When a set of closed intervals of the reals is partially ordered by decreeing that A<B when A lies strictly to the left of B, the resulting structure is called an interval order. Semiorders may be viewed as interval orders that arise from closed intervals having a fixed length. The paper initiates a careful study of interval orders and semiorders that happen also to be lattices. A structure theory is obtained for a class of interval order lattices that includes all such lattices of finite length. Characterizations are given of when these lattices are modular or distributive, as well as when they are semiorders. The theory is of some interest because the completion by cuts of an interval order is necessarily an interval order lattice. Though it is shown that the completion by cuts of a semiorder need not be a semiorder, necessary and sufficient conditions are given for a lattice of finite length to be isomorphic to the completion by cuts of a semiorder.
Search-and rescue robots for integrated research and education in Cyber-Physical Systems

This paper presents a novel research-education integration approach that uses the interdisciplinary theme of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) to further advance teaching and learning in such systems and related areas, in electrical and computer engineering (ECE) and computer science (CS). The primary targeted learners in this emerging area are graduate and undergraduate students of ECE and CS, as well as teachers and students of STEM in high schools, who work together over a common CPS design project, with the graduate and undergraduate students teaching and mentoring the high school students. In the first year of this GK12 project, a networked ground and aerial vehicle based Search and Rescue(S&R) Robotics system is selected as the CPS design project with an associated multi-school competition organized via the use of teleoperation over the Internet. The first year results demonstrated great promise not only in terms of improved learning among students and teachers of multiple disciplines and levels, but also provided valuable hardware and software platforms for on-line experimentation and education in CPS, robotics, graphics and animation, UGV and UAV control, communication and networking.
Antiepileptic Drug Therapy for Adults: When to Initiate and How to Choose

Although antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are commonly used to control and prevent seizures, their long-term use carries a considerable risk of morbidity. The decision to start AEDs is made once the risks of further seizures outweigh the risks of treatment. Despite a large body of literature on the subject, this common clinical issue perplexes many practitioners because of its neurologic, psychological, and, at times, legal implications. Adding to the confusion is the recent approval of several new AEDs. This article summarizes the current evidence to support individual clinical decisions regarding initiation of AEDs in adults and considers the use of AEDs as seizure prophylaxis. Recently approved AEDs are discussed to help the practitioner understand when to initiate and how to choose the appropriate AED for the patient with seizures.
Conflict and death in a late prehistoric community in the American Midwest.

Over the past two decades, it has been recognized that the effects of intergroup conflict in prehistoric small-scale societies were greater than previously thought. Osteological evidence provides otherwise unobtainable information on the number of people who were killed, and who was most likely to become a casualty. One such site is Norris Farms #36 in the American Midwest, dating to ca. AD 1300. Skeletal evidence of injuries (blunt force trauma and arrow wounds), body mutilation (scalping, decapitation, and dismemberment), and scavenger damage indicate that one-third of the adults died in a series of ambushes, although children were mostly spared. Both young and old adults were killed, and the age distributions of the male and female victims were similar. Individuals with disabilities that interfered with mobility were more likely to be killed than their healthier counterparts. This level of conflict-related mortality almost certainly had an effect on the community's ability to conduct its affairs and, indeed, to survive as a viable economic and social group. Language: en
All In The Family: The Kennedy Saga and Television

(1991). All In The Family: The Kennedy Saga and Television. Journal of Popular Film and Television: Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 128-137.
Successive collocation: an approximation to optimal nonlinear control

A novel approach to solving the optimal nonlinear control problem is presented. Instead of seeking a global approximation to the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation, a local approximation is obtained by successively solving the Generalized Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (GHJB) equation on a local region of the state space. The optimal control is generated by solving the GHJB equation algebraically at several points close to the current state and using this information to generate a value function that fits the optimal value function close to the current state. This method (the method of orthogonal collocation and successive approximation) is applied to a two-dimensional nonlinear oscillator system, and it is shown to be a practical control law that converges to the optimal control.
High-energy collisions of intrinsically deformed particles☆

Abstract The Chou-Yang model of the elastic profile function for high-energy collisions is modified to take into account the possibility that the projectile, the target, or both, are deformed from sphericity. Simple expressions for the elastic amplitudes and total cross sections are derived under the assumption that the collision times are much shorter than the rotation periods of the projectile and target (adiabatic approximation). A simplified, purely geometric interpretation of the results on total cross sections is given and justified in terms of the quantum-mechanical treatment.
International Inflationary Episodes: A Survival Analysis

Instances of acute and sustained inflation pose a challenge in transition and developing economies, in particular as they tend to render economic development strategies vulnerable. Thus, a thorough understanding of inflationary episodes is critical. Using parametric hazard models, this examines the question of duration dependence of international inflationary episodes (IE) and also the influence of key covariates on the likelihood of their survival. From a sample of eleven historical high inflation episodes, fifteen recent hyperinflation cases, and forty-five international IE, the statistical evidence overall illustrates a case of positive duration dependence, indicating that IE are more likely to terminate as they grow older, and vice versa. The study's findings also suggest that variations in covariates including cumulative inflation geometric (annual) rate of inflation, and maximum (annual) inflation tend to have varying and statistically significant influence on the behavior of international IE durations. While not supporting the theoretical notion of an everincreasing inflation rate or inflation bubble, the finding of positive duration dependence in IE is not a justification for a "laissez-faire" policy by central banks. In fact, significant redistribution of wealth and increased inefficiency will result from IE, and thus credible monetary and fiscal reforms are fundamental for achieving economic stabilization and sustainable growth.
Multiqubit gates protected by adiabaticity and dynamical decoupling applicable to donor qubits in silicon

In this paper, we present a strategy for producing multiqubit gates that promise high fidelity with minimal tuning requirements. Our strategy combines gap protection from the adiabatic theorem with dynamical decoupling in a complementary manner. Energy-level transition errors are protected by adiabaticity and remaining phase errors are mitigated via dynamical decoupling. This is a powerful way to divide and conquer the various error channels. In order to accomplish this without violating a no-go theorem regarding black-box dynamically corrected gates [Phys. Rev. A 80, 032314 (2009)], we require a robust operating point (sweet spot) in control space where the qubits interact with little sensitivity to noise. There are also energy gap requirements for effective adiabaticity. We apply our strategy to an architecture in Si with P donors where we assume we can shuttle electrons between different donors. Electron spins act as mobile ancillary qubits and P nuclear spins act as long-lived data qubits. Furthermore, this system can have a very robust operating point where the electron spin is bound to a donor in the quadratic Stark shift regime. High fidelity single qubit gates may be performed using well-established global magnetic resonance pulse sequences. Single electron-spin preparation and measurement has also beenmore » demonstrated. Thus, putting this all together, we present a robust universal gate set for quantum computation.« less
Fuzzy controller design via hyperstability approach

This paper presents a systematic procedure of designing fuzzy controllers for a class of nonlinear systems. The main scheme is to reduce the nonlinear model to a linear model by introducing a reference signal or model, and then design a controller to satisfy the desired control objective by means of Popov's hyperstability theory. >
Symmetrical decorations enhance the attractiveness of faces and abstract designs

Abstract In humans and several other species, face and body symmetry have been found to enhance physical attractiveness. A proposed explanation is that symmetry is a phenotypic indicator of biological fitness. Throughout the world, symmetrical designs also are a common feature in face and body painting and the decorative arts. The implication is that symmetrical designs might provide an additional way to enhance physical attractiveness. To find out, we conducted three experiments, two with human faces and one with abstract or nonrepresentational designs. In Experiments 1 and 2, we showed undergraduate students photographs of pairs of faces and instructed them to choose the more attractive face in each pair. The photographs were of physically symmetrical and asymmetrical faces (as indexed by facial features) that had been decorated with either symmetrical or asymmetrical designs of the kind used in many preindustrial societies. As indexed by the number of times they were chosen, symmetrical faces were judged to be more attractive than asymmetrical faces; adding asymmetrical designs to symmetrical faces decreased their attractiveness; and adding symmetrical designs to asymmetrical faces increased their attractiveness. In Experiment 3, undergraduates made similar choices from pairs of abstract designs taken from several cultures and modified in shape, coloration, and orientation of design features. Symmetrical designs again were judged to be more attractive, with shape and coloration playing the more important roles. We interpret the results as suggesting that the same mechanisms underlying the judgment of physical attractiveness also underlie cultural practices of face painting and abstract art.