cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extended Radial Basis Functions: More Flexible and Effective Metamodeling

Economic competitiveness is driving industry to new frontiers of engineering design. Robustness and reliability based design, multidisciplinary simulation based design, increased complexity and sophistication of our design, and optimization aided design are four such areas, which are seriously challenging our ability to keep pace with the need to adequately model the systems we seek to design – in spite of the exponential growth of computing power. An emerging consensus within the community is that the effective development of computationally benign models (metamodels) will help us navigate the challenging road ahead. The process of constructing metamodels for computationally expensive models, such as finite element, aerodynamic, and heat transfer models, is representative of the tasks we must address. Among the available metamodeling techniques, Radial Basis Functions (RBFs) have recently generated much interest for their effectiveness and versatility. Radial basis functions offer numerous advantages over traditional the Response Surface Methodology (RSM), including their ability to effectively generate multidimensional interpolative approximations. This paper, however, shows how the typical RBF approach lacks the critical flexibility required to handle the wide variety of complex models arising from the use of advanced techniques, such as uncertainty handling and multiobjective optimization, often encountered in modern design. Further, in this paper, we propose a powerful new approach – the Extended Radial Basis Function (E-RBF) approach – that provides the designer with significant flexibility and freedom in the metamodeling process, compared to conventional RBFs. Examples are provided that demonstrate the effectiveness of the new approach, and explore its potential superiority over traditional RBF and response surface methodologies. Initial investigation indicates that the E-RBF possesses unique and novel properties not available in any other single method.
Antitumor agents. Part 236: Synthesis of water-soluble colchicine derivatives.

Abstract Water-soluble colchicine derivatives were synthesized from 2-demethylcolchicine and 2-demethylthiocolchicine and evaluated in vitro against human tumor cell replication and for inhibition of tubulin polymerization. The glycinate esters (4, 5) and their tartaric acid salts (4a, 5a) showed potent cytotoxic activity in three different tumor cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 0.02 to 0.88 μg/mL. The thiocolchicine analogs (5, 5a) were more potent than the colchicine analogs (4, 4a) in the tubulin polymerization assay. In particular, the water-soluble salt 5a merits preclinical development as an antitumor agent.
Synthesis of Anthropomorphic Molecules: The NanoPutians

Described here are the synthetic details en route to an array of 2-nm-tall anthropomorphic molecules in monomeric, dimeric, and polymeric form. These anthropomorphic figures are called, as a class, NanoPutians. Using tools of chemical synthesis, the ultimate in designed miniaturization can be attained while preparing the most widely recognized structures: those that resemble humans.
Quantum structures for multiband photon detection

The work describes multiband photon detectors based on semiconductor micro-and nano-structures. The devices considered include quantum dot, homojunction, and heterojunction structures. In the quantum dot structures, transitions are from one state to another, while free carrier absorption and internal photoemission play the dominant role in homo or heterojunction detectors. Quantum dots-in-a-well (DWELL) detectors can tailor the response wavelength by varying the size of the well. A tunnelling quantum dot infrared photodetector (T-QDIP) could operate at room temperature by blocking the dark current except in the case of resonance. Photoexcited carriers are selectively collected from InGaAs quantum dots by resonant tunnelling, while the dark current is blocked by AlGaAs/InGaAs tunnelling barriers placed in the structure. A two-colour infrared detector with photoresponse peaks at ∼6 and ∼17 μm at room temperature will be discussed. A homojunction or heterojunction interfacial workfunction internal photoemission (HIWIP or HEIWIP) infrared detector, formed by a doped emitter layer, and an intrinsic layer acting as the barrier followed by another highly doped contact layer, can detect near infrared (NIR) photons due to interband transitions and mid/far infrared (MIR/FIR) radiation due to intraband transitions. The threshold wavelength of the interband response depends on the band gap of the barrier material, and the MIR/FIR response due to intraband transitions can be tailored by adjusting the band offset between the emitter and the barrier. GaAs/AlGaAs will provide NIR and MIR/FIR dual band response, and with GaN/AlGaN structures the detection capability can be extended into the ultraviolet region. These detectors are useful in numerous applications such as environmental monitoring, medical diagnosis, battlefield-imaging, space astronomy applications, mine detection, and remote-sensing.
The Enforcement Challenges for Tattoo Copyrights

Who owns the copyright in a tattoo? Can the owner enforce a tattoo copyright, and if so, what is the scope of enforcement of a tattoo copyright? These are questions I left unresolved in The Challenges “Facing” Copyright Protection for Tattoos. In that Article, I asserted that, despite a lack of any reported decisions, tattoos are copyrightable works. However, I noted that the related issues of ownership and enforcement are appropriate subject matter for a separate article. This Article is the follow-up to the first Article, a natural progression in the analysis of the application of copyright law to tattoos.
A one-step synthesis of Nα-Fmoc-4-O-[O′,O″-di-tert-butyl-2-(2-fluoromalonyl)]-l-tyrosine from commercially available starting material

Abstract A one-step high yield synthesis from commercially available starting material is reported for the novel phosphotyrosyl mimetic, N α -Fmoc-4- O -[ O ′, O ″-di- tert -butyl-2-(2-fluoromalonyl)]- l -tyrosine. The conditions employed for this transformation may also be applicable for the direct electrophilic fluorination of other N α -Fmoc-protected amino acids.
Impact of SiC Devices on Hybrid Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

The application of silicon carbide (SiC) devices as battery interface, motor controller, etc., in a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) will be beneficial due to their high-temperature capability, high-power density, and high efficiency. Moreover, the light weight and small volume will affect the whole powertrain system in a HEV and, thus, the performance and cost. In this paper, the performance of HEVs is analyzed using the vehicle simulation software Powertrain System Analysis Toolkit (PSAT). Power loss models of a SiC inverter based on the test results of latest SiC devices are incorporated into PSAT powertrain models in order to study the impact of SiC devices on HEVs from a system standpoint and give a direct correlation between the inverter efficiency and weight and the vehicle's fuel economy. Two types of HEVs are considered. One is the 2004 Toyota Prius HEV, and the other is a plug-in HEV (PHEV), whose powertrain architecture is the same as that of the 2004 Toyota Prius HEV. The vehicle-level benefits from the introduction of SiC devices are demonstrated by simulations. Not only the power loss in the motor controller but also those in other components in the vehicle powertrain are reduced. As a result, the system efficiency is improved, and vehicles that incorporate SiC power electronics are predicted to consume less energy and have lower emissions and improved system compactness with a simplified thermal management system. For the PHEV, the benefits are even more distinct; in particular, the size of the battery bank can be reduced for optimum design.
Loops with abelian inner mapping groups: an application of automated deduction

We describe a large-scale project in applied automated deduction concerned with the following problem of considerable interest in loop theory: If Q is a loop with commuting inner mappings, does it follow that Q modulo its center is a group and Q modulo its nucleus is an abelian group? This problem has been answered affirmatively in several varieties of loops. The solution usually involves sophisticated techniques of automated deduction, and the resulting derivations are very long, often with no higher-level human proofs available.
Multilayer Graphene Nanoribbon and Carbon Nanotube Based Floating Gate Transistor for Nonvolatile Flash Memory

Floating gate transistor is the fundamental building block of nonvolatile flash memory, which is one of the most widely used memory gadgets in modern micro and nano electronic applications. Recently there has been a surge of interest to introduce a new generation of memory devices using graphene nanotechnology. In this article, we present a new floating gate transistor (FGT) design based on multilayer graphene nanoribbon (MLGNR) and carbon nanotube (CNT). In the proposed FGT, a MLGNR structure would be used as the channel of the field effect transistor (FET) and a layer of CNTs would be used as the floating gate. We have performed an analysis of the programming and erasing mechanism in the floating gate and its dependence on the applied control gate voltages. Based on our analysis we have observed that proposed graphene based floating gate transistor could be operated at a low voltage compared to conventional silicon based floating gate devices. We have presented detail analysis of the operation and the programming and erasing processes of the proposed FGT; the dependency of the programming and erasing current density on different parameters; and the impact of scaling the thicknesses of the control and tunneling oxides. To perform these analyses we have developed equivalent models for device capacitances.
Synthesis of [125I]‐, [2H]‐, and [3H]‐Labeled 3‐Iodothyronamine (T1AM)

Abstract 3‐Iodothyronamine (T1AM) is a novel metabolite of thyroid hormone. In HEK‐293 cells expressing an orphan G‐protein coupled receptor, the trace amine receptor, T1AM, potently increased cAMP accumulation. In mice, T1AM rapidly induced hypothermia and bradycardia within minutes of administration. These results suggest the existence of a new signaling pathway, the stimulation of which leads to rapid physiological and behavioral consequences. Isotope‐labeled T1AM derivatives would be useful to study the biology and pharmacology of T1AM. Herein we describe efficient syntheses of [125I]‐, [2H]‐, and [3H]‐T1AM.
Small-Signal Modeling of I 2 Average Current Mode Control

I 2 average current mode control is a promising control technique featuring fast dynamic response, cycle-by-cycle current limiting and accurate current control. It can be treated as peak current mode control with no peak-to-average error. By combining direct current feedback and average current feedback, I 2 average current mode control is a three-loop control system. Since it is a new control technique proposed in 2013, few papers exist which discuss the small-signal model for this control method. In this paper, a small-signal model for constant frequency I 2 average current mode control is proposed which successfully predicts the subharmonics oscillation when the duty cycle is close to or greater than 0.5. The characteristics of I 2 average current mode control are also compared with average current mode control and peak current mode control to show its advantages.
Selectively dispersed isotope labeling for protein structure determination by magic angle spinning NMR

The power of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy derives from its site-specific access to chemical, structural and dynamic information. However, the corresponding multiplicity of interactions can be difficult to tease apart. Complimentary approaches involve spectral editing on the one hand and selective isotope substitution on the other. Here we present a new "redox" approach to the latter: acetate is chosen as the sole carbon source for the extreme oxidation numbers of its two carbons. Consistent with conventional anabolic pathways for the amino acids, [1-(13)C] acetate does not label α carbons, labels other aliphatic carbons and the aromatic carbons very selectively, and labels the carboxyl carbons heavily. The benefits of this labeling scheme are exemplified by magic angle spinning spectra of microcrystalline immunoglobulin binding protein G (GB1): the elimination of most J-couplings and one- and two-bond dipolar couplings provides narrow signals and long-range, intra- and inter-residue, recoupling essential for distance constraints. Inverse redox labeling, from [2-(13)C] acetate, is also expected to be useful: although it retains one-bond couplings in the sidechains, the removal of CA-CO coupling in the backbone should improve the resolution of NCACX spectra.
A multiquadratic field generalization of Artin's conjecture

We prove (under the assumption of the generalized Riemann hypothesis) that a totally real multiquadratic number field K has a positive density of primes p in ZZ for which the image of OK× in (OK/pOK)×(OK/pOK)× has minimal index (p−1)/2(p−1)/2 if and only if K contains a unit of norm −1. An explicit formula for this density is provided. We also discuss an application to ray class fields of conductor pOKpOK.
Box drawings for learning with imbalanced data

The vast majority of real world classification problems are imbalanced, meaning there are far fewer data from the class of interest (the positive class) than from other classes. We propose two machine learning algorithms to handle highly imbalanced classification problems. The classifiers are disjunctions of conjunctions, and are created as unions of parallel axis rectangles around the positive examples, and thus have the benefit of being interpretable. The first algorithm uses mixed integer programming to optimize a weighted balance between positive and negative class accuracies. Regularization is introduced to improve generalization performance. The second method uses an approximation in order to assist with scalability. Specifically, it follows a \textit{characterize then discriminate} approach, where the positive class is characterized first by boxes, and then each box boundary becomes a separate discriminative classifier. This method has the computational advantages that it can be easily parallelized, and considers only the relevant regions of feature space.
The Role of Government Reimbursement in Drug Shortages

Beginning in the mid-2000s, the incidence of drug shortages rose, especially for generic injectable drugs such as anesthetics and chemotherapy treatments. We examine whether reimbursement changes contributed to the shortages, focusing on a reduction in Medicare Part B reimbursement to providers for drugs. We hypothesize that lower reimbursement put downward pressure on manufacturers’ prices which reduced manufacturers’ incentives to invest in capacity, reliability, and new launches. We show that, after the policy change, shortages rose more for drugs with (i) higher shares of patients insured by Medicare, (ii) greater decreases in provider reimbursement, and (iii) greater decreases in manufacturer prices. (JEL L11, L51, L65)
Finite Sample BIAS Corrected IV Estimation for Weak and Many Instruments

This paper considers the finite sample distribution of the 2SLS estimator and derives bounds on its exact bias in the presence of weak and/or many instruments. We then contrast the behavior of the exact bias expressions and the asymptotic expansions currently popular in the literature, including a consideration of the no-moment problem exhibited by many Nagar-type estimators. After deriving a finite sample unbiased k-class estimator, we introduce a double k-class estimator based on Nagar (1962) that dominates k-class estimators (including 2SLS), especially in the cases of weak and/or many instruments. We demonstrate these properties in Monte Carlo simulations showing that our preferred estimators outperforms Fuller (1977) estimators in terms of mean bias and MSE.
A weighted sum over generalized Tesler matrices

We generalize previous definitions of Tesler matrices to allow negative matrix entries and negative hook sums. Our main result is an algebraic interpretation of a certain weighted sum over these matrices, which we call the Tesler function. Our interpretation uses a new class of symmetric function specializations which are defined by their values on Macdonald polynomials. As a result of this interpretation, we obtain a Tesler function expression for the Hall inner product $$\langle \Delta _f e_n, p_{1^{n}}\rangle $$źΔfen,p1nź, where $$\Delta _f$$Δf is the delta operator introduced by Bergeron, Garsia, Haiman, and Tesler. We also provide simple formulas for various special cases of Tesler functions which involve q, t-binomial coefficients, ordered set partitions, and parking functions. These formulas prove two cases of the recent Delta Conjecture posed by Haglund, Remmel, and the author.
Whole-genome sequence analyses of Western Central African Pygmy hunter-gatherers reveal a complex demographic history and identify candidate genes under positive natural selection

African Pygmies practicing a mobile hunter-gatherer lifestyle are phenotypically and genetically diverged from other anatomically modern humans, and they likely experienced strong selective pressures due to their unique lifestyle in the Central African rainforest. To identify genomic targets of adaptation, we sequenced the genomes of four Biaka Pygmies from the Central African Republic and jointly analyzed these data with the genome sequences of three Baka Pygmies from Cameroon and nine Yoruba famers. To account for the complex demographic history of these populations that includes both isolation and gene flow, we fit models using the joint allele frequency spectrum and validated them using independent approaches. Our two best-fit models both suggest ancient divergence between the ancestors of the farmers and Pygmies, 90,000 or 150,000 yr ago. We also find that bidirectional asymmetric gene flow is statistically better supported than a single pulse of unidirectional gene flow from farmers to Pygmies, as previously suggested. We then applied complementary statistics to scan the genome for evidence of selective sweeps and polygenic selection. We found that conventional statistical outlier approaches were biased toward identifying candidates in regions of high mutation or low recombination rate. To avoid this bias, we assigned P-values for candidates using whole-genome simulations incorporating demography and variation in both recombination and mutation rates. We found that genes and gene sets involved in muscle development, bone synthesis, immunity, reproduction, cell signaling and development, and energy metabolism are likely to be targets of positive natural selection in Western African Pygmies or their recent ancestors.
Economic transition, strategy and the evolution of management accounting practices: the case of India

Abstract Liberalization of the Indian economy in 1991 increased the intensity of international competition and changed the internal information needs of Indian managers. This paper explores the evolution of a broad range of management accounting practices in 14 firms using a contingency theory framework. Differences in management accounting practices in 1996 are examined in relation to firms’ experience in and exposure to world markets prior to liberalization and as a function of contemporaneous differences in competitive strategy. We find evidence of changes associated with shifts in the external environment. ©
Comparative eicosanoid physiology in invertebrate animals

A comparative survey of eicosanoid physiology in invertebrate animals is presented. Topics include host skin penetration behavior in blood flukes, oocyte maturation in starfishes, prevention of polyspermic fertilizations in sea urchins, ion regulation in bivalves, egg production in snails, egg release in scallops, neurobiology of Aplysia, hatching in barnacles, and release of egg-laying behavior in some insects. Some eicosanoid actions, such as ion regulation, may be common to most vertebrate and invertebrate animals, whereas other actions, such as mediation of whole organism behavior, are not shared. Comparative physiology is revealing that the biological significance of eicosanoids extends far beyond vertebrate animals.
Signal extraction approach for sparse multivariate response regression

In this paper, we consider multivariate response regression models with high dimensional predictor variables. One way to estimate the coefficient matrix is through its decomposition. Among various decomposition of the coefficient matrix, we focus on the decomposition which leads to the best approximation to the signal part in the response vector given any rank. Finding this decomposition is equivalent to performing a principal component analysis for the signal. Given any rank, this decomposition has nearly the smallest expected prediction error among all decompositions of the coefficient matrix with the same rank. To estimate the decomposition, we solve a penalized generalized eigenvalue problem followed by a least squares procedure. In the high-dimensional setting, allowing a general covariance structure for the noise vector, we establish the oracle inequalities for the estimates. Simulation studies and application to real data show that the proposed method has good prediction performance and is efficient in dimension reduction for various models.
NCSX plasma heating methods

The National Compact Stellarator Experiment (NCSX) has been designed to accommodate a variety of heating systems, including ohmic heating, neutral beam injection, and radio-frequency (rf). Neutral ...
Extension of Simson–Wallace Theorem on Skew Quadrilaterals and Further Properties

The paper deals with the extension of the well-known Simson–Wallace theorem on skew quadrilaterals in \(E^3.\) We investigate locus of a point P whose orthogonal projections K, L, M, N onto the sides of a skew quadrilateral form a tetrahedron of a constant volume s. It is shown that the locus is a cubic surface G.
A Common-Space Scaling of the American Judiciary and Legal Profession

We extend the scaling methodology previously used in Bonica (2014) to jointly scale the American federal judiciary and legal profession in a common space with other political actors. The end result is the first dataset of consistently measured ideological scores across all tiers of the federal judiciary and the legal profession, including 840 federal judges and 380,307 attorneys. To illustrate these measures, we present two examples involving the U.S. Supreme Court. These data open up significant areas of scholarly inquiry.
Diastereoselective Pt Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of Polyenes to Polycycles

Application of a tridentate NHC containing pincer ligand to Pt catalyzed cascade cyclization reactions has allowed for the catalytic, diastereoselective cycloisomerization of biogenic alkene terminated substrates to the their polycyclic counterparts.
Alternative Approach to Increasing Li Mobility in Li-La-Nb/Ta Garnet Electrolytes

The solid-state lithium electrolytes Li5La3Ta2O12 and Li5La3Nb2O12 have been the focus of recent studies due to their chemically robust nature (against the lithium electrode; particularly the tantalate analogue) and high lithium conductivity. Structural characterization and Li-conductivity studies have shown that there are two populations of lithium cations, nominally called octahedral (less tightly bound) and tetrahedral sites (tightly bound), and the octahedrally coordinated lithium are considerably more mobile than the tetrahedrally coordinated lithium. In this study, we have documented two methods to preferentially vacate the tetrahedral or nonmobile lithium sites. This is accomplished by either Li2O volatility upon repeated mixing and heating solid-state processing steps or by aqueous H+ → Li+ exchange, followed by removal of the exchanged-in H+ by water vaporization. The aqueous treatment produces the largest change in the tetrahedral (nonmobile) lithium sites concentration. The ability to ion-excha...
Three-dimensional topological insulator based nanospaser

After the discovery of the spaser (surface plasmon amplification by stimulated emission of radiation), first proposed by Bergman and Stockman in 2003, it has become possible to deliver optical energy beyond the diffraction limit and generate an intense source of an optical field. The spaser is a nanoplasmonic counterpart of a laser. One of the major advantages of the spaser is its size: A spaser is a truly nanoscopic device whose size can be made smaller than the skin depth of a material to a size as small as the nonlocality radius ($\ensuremath{\sim}1$ nm). Recently, an electrically pumped graphene based nanospaser has been proposed that operates in the midinfrared region and utilizes a nanopatch of graphene as a source of plasmons and a quantum-well cascade as its gain medium. Here we propose an optically pumped nanospaser based on three-dimensional topological insulator (3D TI) materials, such as ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$, that operates at an energy close to the bulk band-gap energy $\ensuremath{\sim}0.3$ eV and uses the surface as a source for plasmons and its bulk as a gain medium. Population inversion is obtained in the bulk and the radiative energy of the exciton recombination is transferred to the surface plasmons of the same material to stimulate spasing action. This is truly a nanoscale spaser as it utilizes the same material for dual purposes. We show theoretically the possibility of achieving spasing with a 3D TI. As the spaser operates in the midinfrared spectral region, it can be a useful device for a number of applications, such as nanoscopy, nanolithography, nanospectroscopy, and semiclassical information processing.
Desalination by Membrane Distillation using Electrospun Polyamide Fiber Membranes with Surface Fluorination by Chemical Vapor Deposition

Fibrous membranes of poly(trimethyl hexamethylene terephthalamide) (PA6(3)T) were fabricated by electrospinning and rendered hydrophobic by applying a conformal coating of poly(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl acrylate) (PPFDA) using initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD). A set of iCVD-treated electrospun PA6(3)T fiber membranes with fiber diameters ranging from 0.25 to 1.8 μm were tested for desalination using the air gap membrane distillation configuration. Permeate fluxes of 2–11 kg/m2/h were observed for temperature differentials of 20–45 °C between the feed stream and condenser plate, with rejections in excess of 99.98%. The liquid entry pressure was observed to increase dramatically, from 15 to 373 kPa with reduction in fiber diameter. Contrary to expectation, for a given feed temperature the permeate flux was observed to increase for membranes of decreasing fiber diameter. The results for permeate flux and salt rejection show that it is possible to construct membranes for membrane distillation even ...
The Effects of PCAOB Inspections on Auditor-Client Relationships

ABSTRACT: We investigate whether PCAOB-identified audit deficiencies lead to higher audit fees or turnover likelihood for clients of Big 4 auditors. To examine this, we identify areas of GAAP related to PCAOB deficiencies for each auditor. We then use textual analysis to identify how important the deficiencies are to clients to measure each client's exposure to deficient auditing. We find that this measure positively relates to audit fees and that this association is moderated by client bargaining power. Auditor turnover is also higher when deficiency exposure is high relative to what it would be for peer auditors, but we only observe this relation for smaller clients and do not find it is affected by client bargaining power. Finally, we find that companies switching Big 4 auditors tend to select an auditor resulting in lower deficiency exposure. These results have implications for understanding how PCAOB inspection reports affect the market for audit services. JEL Classifications: M41; M42. Data Availabi...
Negative Index of Refraction in Optical Metamaterials

An array of pairs of parallel gold nanorods is shown to have a negative refractive index in the optical range, close to a wavelength of 1 μm.
Perceived stigma toward children with emotional and behavioral problems and their families: The Attitudes about Child Mental Health Questionnaire (ACMHQ).

Combating the stigma of mental illness is critical to improving the quality of life of persons with mental health disorders and that of their family associates and to reducing barriers to help-seeking. There is concern that stigma toward mental health problems is even more of a barrier in rural communities. However, little research exists and measures to examine this phenomenon about children and their families are needed. This study describes the development and pilot testing of the Attitudes about Child Mental Health Questionnaire (ACMHQ) to assess perceived public stigma and personal stigmatizing attitudes. We worked with an interdisciplinary expert panel using a Delphi consensus-building process to identify and prioritize the critical dimensions for measurement and then conducted focus groups and cognitive interviews before collecting data in a rural pediatric practice. This process resulted in a conceptually grounded and empirically supported self-report questionnaire for measuring three dimensions of perceived public stigma and one of personal stigmatizing attitudes toward children with emotional and behavioral problems (EBP) and their families. The study documents levels of perceived public stigma and personal stigmatized attitudes in a rural community, including the presence of “stigma by association” for families of children with EBP, with strong stigma by association reported for school settings, and the least for church settings. This research lays the groundwork for examining the relationship between stigma and help-seeking, and for developing interventions to reduce stigma and increase access to appropriate services, which should continue to be a priority in children’s mental health for both rural and urban populations.
Solidification of trapped liquid in rocks and crystals

Trapped liquid in an igneous cumulate solidifies over a range of time and temperature that can be retrieved by use of the lever rule in binary solutions applied to plagioclase using the range in the An content found for the individual rock studied. The An range, so called, when measured in sufficient detail, defines the solidification history. The instantaneous solid composition along the solidus defines the zoning of the plagioclase as it follows the trapped liquid on the liquidus. The reference bulk composition of the trapped liquid is given by an intercept on the initial solid-liquid lever, defined by the fraction of plagioclase in the trapped parent magma times the residual porosity. The mafic fraction is assumed to solidify by reaction independently of the plagioclase zoning. The residual porosity is estimated from the content of evolved components in the trapped liquid and can also be calculated from the An range itself when that is calibrated to a value independently determined from the evolved components. Examples from a recent treatment of residual porosity are given for the solidification of selected rock compositions from the Kiglapait and Skaergaard intrusions. The same principles apply to the solidification of melt inclusions, with the difference that the latter tends to sample an evolved sheath by capture, rather than a parent magma trapped by closure of a cumulate, because only the cumulate has had time to exchange the evolved rejected solute owing to its slow solidification. Experimental examples of melt inclusions trapped at liquidus conditions demonstrate the highly evolved composition of the sheath compared to the bulk glass composition. The application of the solidification principle to presumed liquid immiscibility in the Skaergaard intrusion suggests that the melt inclusions are evolved during the capture process and then solidified as given by the An range in the plagioclase. The hypothesis of liquid immiscibility is not needed in this analysis. The very different end-stage feldspar histories of the two intrusions is attributed to the sequestering of low-melting feldspar components in the trapped liquids of the Skaergaard cumulates, compared to the lesser amounts trapped in the Kiglapait cumulates.
Making Weapons, Talking Peace

In the nuclear debate, scientists risk undermining their technical credibility when they pose ethical questions, just as religious leaders jeopardize their authority by raising technical points. But the realms cannot be separated.
Involvement of the penis by rectocolic adenocarcinoma: Report of a case and review of the literature

A case report of a rectal carcinoma metastasizing to the penis is reviewed along with a total of 44 similar cases reported in the world literature. Pertinent arguments are presented in favor of yet another possible route of metastases, namely the perineural route, which has not been considered previously. Cavernosography provides valuable information about the extent of tumor spread; used more often, it would lead to recognition of the rare opportunity when an aggressive surgical approach might achieve prolonged survival.
Terms of trade, domestic distribution and export-led growth: A Rejoinder to rejoinders

Abstract This note responds to rejoinders by Gunning (1984), Srinivasan and Bhagwati (1984), and to a new comment by Findlay (1984), all dealing with my 1981 results on export-led growth [Chichilnisky (1981)] and with my recent response to earlier comments [Chichilnisky (1984)]. The 1981 results on export-led growth are analyzed further, and both the comparative statics and stability propositions are shown to be correct exactly as stated. Errors and misinterpretations in the comments by Gunning, Srinivasan, Bhagwati and Findlay are traced to: (1) the erroneous identification of a cross equilibrium locus with a supply curve, an error akin to the basic identification problem in econometrics; and (2) the erroneous stability analysis which derives from using a cross equilibrium locus as a supply curve. Both of these errors arise from an attempt to understand with partial equilibrium tools what is essentially a general equilibrium phenomenon. It is also shown that all the examples these authors provide confirm the stability and comparative statics results of my 1981 paper. The only difference is in their erroneous interpretation of the adjustment process from one equilibrium to another. What is left after these errors are corrected, is pure rhetoric.
Control of the Tandem Hot Strip Mill Under Expanded Uncertainties and Disturbances

Previously, it has been shown that a controller based on the use of the state-dependent-Riccati-equation technique has resulted in significant improvements in performance. In our previous work, controller performance under certain disturbances and uncertainties that are considered typical for tandem hot rolling was addressed. While the performance under these conditions was quite successful, performance under an expanded set of conditions remained to be evaluated. In this paper, we examine performance under such a set of disturbances and uncertainties and show that the improvement in controller performance is retained under these expanded operational aspects. This improves the confidence in the performance of the previously developed controller.
Luminescence Properties of Porous Silicon

We report the results of a systematic study of the influence of the anodization and etching conditions, and chemical and thermal treatments on the properties of light-emitting porous silicon (PSI). PSI layers with stable, high efficiency photoluminescence (PL) tunable from the near infrared to the yellow have been obtained using p-type and n-type substrates. As the temperature drops below 100 K, the as-anodized PSI layers display striking changes in the PL spectra, which are absent in PSI layers that have received a post-growth treatment.
Partial redundancy and morphological homeostasis: Reliable development through overlapping mechanisms

How might organisms grow into their desired physical forms in spite of environmental and genetic variation? How do they maintain this form in spite of physical insults? This article presents a case study in simulated morphogenesis, using a physics-based model for embryonic epithelial tissue. The challenges of the underlying physics force the introduction of closed-loop controllers for both spatial patterning and geometric structure. Reliable development is achieved not through elaborate control procedures or exact solutions, but through crude layering of independent, overlapping mechanisms. As a consequence, development and regeneration together become one process, morphological homeostasis, which, owing to its internal feedbacks and partially redundant architecture, is remarkably robust to both knockout damage and environmental variation. The incomplete nature of such redundancy furnishes an evolutionary rationale for its preservation, in spite of individual knockout experiments that may suggest it has little purpose.
Fowler-Nordheim emission modified by laser pulses in the adiabatic regime

We investigate enhanced field emission due to a continuous or pulsed oscillating field added to a constant electric field E at the emitter surface. When the frequency of oscillation, field strength, and property of the emitter material satisfy the Keldysh condition γ<1/2, one can use the adiabatic approximation for treating the oscillating field, i.e., consider the tunneling through the instantaneous Fowler-Nordheim barrier created by both fields. Due to the great sensitivity of the emission to the field strength, the average tunneling current can be much larger than the current produced by only the constant field. We carry out the computations for arbitrary strong constant electric fields, beyond the commonly used Fowler-Nordheim approximation which exhibit, in particular, an important property of the wave function inside the potential barrier where it is found to be monotonically decreasing without oscillations.
A Review of "Mastering Digital Librarianship: Strategy, Networking and Discovery in Academic Libraries"

The book Mastering Digital Librarianship: Strategy, Networking and Discovery in Academic Libraries focuses on librarians who are looking inward toward their profession and traditional services, bot...
THE EFFECT OF TRANEXAMIC ACID ON BLOOD LOSS AND TRANSFUSION REQUIREMENT IN INTRAMEDULLARY RODDING FOR DEFORMITY CORRECTION IN OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of intra-operative tranexamic acid in children with osteogenesis imperfecta, who have been shown to have increased bleeding tendency, in deformity correction surgery. We retrospectively reviewed all cases of lower limb intramedullary rodding in patients with osteogenesis imperfecta treated in our unit from 2000–2013 in whom a pre and post- operative full blood count was available (n=69). Case notes were reviewed and patients were grouped according to the use of tranexamic acid. Peri-operative change in haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (HCT) and requirement for blood transfusion was assessed. Of 69 operations performed, 62.3% were in female patients, 78.3% were femoral, and 43.5% were bilateral cases (19 femur, 11 tibia). In the non-tranexamic acid group there was a mean drop in Hb of 28.9 g/L (range 0–62), mean HCT drop of 8.8 (range 2.2–19.4) and 3 patients required red cell transfusion. In the tranexamic acid group there was a mean Hb drop of 22.5 g/L (range 1–49), mean HCT drop of 7.35 (range −0.8–16.7) and one patient required red cell transfusion. There was a significant decrease in Hb drop (p=0.0287) in the tranexamic acid group. Tranexamic acid seems to decrease the drop in haemoglobin during lower limb intramedullary rodding in patients with osteogenesis imperfecta, with little associated risk. Protocols should be established for future use a further review undertaken.
Coordinated reactive power control of a large wind farm and a STATCOM using heuristic dynamic programming

A novel interface neurocontroller (INC) is proposed for the coordinated reactive power control between a large wind farmequippedwith doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) and a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). The heuristic dynamic programming (HDP) technique and radial basis function neural networks (RBFNNs) are used to design this INC. It effectively reduces the level of voltage sags as well as the over-currents in the DFIG rotor circuit during grid faults, and therefore, significantly enhances the fault ride-through capability of thewind farm. The INCalso acts as a coordinated external damping controller for the wind farm and the STATCOM, and therefore, improves power oscillation damping of the system after grid faults. Simulation studies are carried out in PSCAD/EMTDC and the results are presented to verify the proposed INC.
Coregulation of tandem duplicate genes slows evolution of subfunctionalization in mammals

Gene duplication is a fundamental process in genome evolution. However, most young duplicates are degraded by loss-of-function mutations, and the factors that allow some duplicate pairs to survive long-term remain controversial. One class of models to explain duplicate retention invokes sub- or neofunctionalization, whereas others focus on sharing of gene dosage. RNA-sequencing data from 46 human and 26 mouse tissues indicate that subfunctionalization of expression evolves slowly and is rare among duplicates that arose within the placental mammals, possibly because tandem duplicates are coregulated by shared genomic elements. Instead, consistent with the dosage-sharing hypothesis, most young duplicates are down-regulated to match expression levels of single-copy genes. Thus, dosage sharing of expression allows for the initial survival of mammalian duplicates, followed by slower functional adaptation enabling long-term preservation.
Predicting globally and locally: a comparison of methods for vehicle trajectory prediction

We propose eigen-based and Markov-based methods to explore the global and local structure of patterns in real-world GPS taxi trajectories. Our primary goal is to predict the subsequent path of an in-progress taxi trajectory. The exploration of global and local structure in the data differentiates this work from the state-of-the-art literature in trajectory prediction methods, which mostly focuses on local structures and feature selection. We propose four algorithms: a frequency based algorithm FreqCount, which we use as a benchmark, two eigen-based (EigenStrat, LapStrat), and a Markov-based algorithm (MCStrat). Pairwise performance analysis on a large real-world data set reveals that LapStrat is the best performer, followed by MCStrat.
A perceptually and physiologically motivated voice source model.

Many glottal source models have been proposed, but none has been systematically validated perceptually. Our previous work showed that model fitting of the negative peak of the flow derivative is the most important predictor of perceptual similarity to the target voice. In this study, a new voice source model is proposed to capture perceptually-important source shape aspects. This new model, along with four other source models, was fitted to 40 voice sources (20 male) obtained by inverse filtering and analysis-by-synthesis (AbS) of samples of natural normal and pathologic phonation. We generated synthetic copies of the voices using each modeled source pulse, with all other synthesis parameters held constant, and then conducted a visual sort-and-rate task in which listeners assessed the extent of perceived similarity between the target voice samples and each copy. Results showed that the proposed model provided a more accurate fit and a better perceptual match to the target than did the other models.
No Woman No Crime: Ban the Box, Employment, and Upskilling

A sizable number of localities have in recent years limited the use of criminal background checks in hiring decisions, or "banned the box." Using LEHD Origin-Destination Employment and American Community Survey data, we show that these bans increased employment of residents in high-crime neighborhoods by as much as 4%. These increases are particularly large in the public sector. At the same time, we establish using job postings data that employers respond to ban-the-box measures by raising experience requirements. A perhaps unintended consequence of this is that women, who are less likely to be convicted of crimes, see their employment opportunities reduced.
Neural Networks For Data Mining.

Neural networks have become standard and important tools for data mining. This chapter provides an overview of neural network models and their applications to data mining tasks. We provide historical development of the field of neural networks and present three important classes of neural models including feedforward multilayer networks, Hopfield networks, and Kohonen’s self-organizing maps. Modeling issues and applications of these models for data mining are discussed.
IMPACT OF BODY MASS INDEX ON BLOOD TRANSFUSION IN TOTAL HIP AND KNEE ARTHROPLASTY

Perioperative blood management remains a challenge during total hip and total knee arthroplasty (THA and TKA, respectively). The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of body mass index (BMI) on blood transfusion in THA and TKA. We retrospectively evaluated 2399 patients, of whom 896 underwent THA and 1503 had TKA. A variety of outcome variables were assessed for their relationship to BMI which was stratified using the World Health Organization (WHO) classification scheme (Normal 30). Increased BMI was found to be protective of blood transfusion in both THA and TKA patients. Among THA patients, transfusion rates were 34.8%, 27.6% and 21.9% for normal, overweight and obese categories respectively (p = 0.002). TKA transfusion rates were 17.3%, 11.4% and 8.3% for the same categorization of BMI (p = 0.002). No trends were identified for a relationship between BMI and deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, discharge location, length of stay, 30-day readmission rate and preoperative hemoglobin level. Elevated BMI was significantly associated with decreased age, increased Hemoglobin A1c, increased baseline creatinine, increased OR time, increased American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score and increased estimated blood loss in both THA and TKA patients. There was a statistically significant trend toward increased deep surgical site infection in THA patients (p = 0.043).