cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resolution effects in compressible, turbulent boundary layer simulations

Abstract This paper presents the first systematic study of resolution in compressible, turbulent boundary simulations, and the best-resolved simulation carried out to date. Direct numerical simulation (DNS) and wall-resolved, implicit large-eddy simulation (ILES-NWR) were carried out for a turbulent boundary layer at a Mach number of M = 2.3 and maximum momentum thickness Reynolds number of Re θ i = 2 × 10 3 . The wall temperature was fixed at a constant value corresponding to the nominal adiabatic wall temperature. The flow was developed spatially from a laminar boundary layer similarity solution specified at the inflow, and transition to turbulence was promoted with an artificial body force trip. The effects of spatial resolution in the range of ILES-NWR, conventional DNS, and very strict DNS were considered. The finest grid in the spatial resolution study consisted of 3.3 × 1010 points, and maintained max ( Δ x 1 + , Δ x 2 + , Δ x 3 + ) ≤ 1 everywhere. With the resolution at the wall held at ( Δ x 2 + ) w 1 , statistics characterizing large-scale flow features converged for max ( Δ x i + ) ≤ 10 , and agreed well with experimental data. Velocity spectra in the outer part of the boundary layer agreed well at low wavenumber for all grids in this range of mesh spacing, and increasing resolution acted to fill out the high-wavenumber end of the spectrum. In all cases, the resolved region of the spectrum agreed well with a well-validated model of the spectrum of isotropic turbulence. Thus, ILES-NWR can be concluded to converge seamlessly to DNS as the spatial resolution is increased. The low-wavenumber aspect of spatial resolution was examined by varying the width of the computational domain, with a fixed level of small-scale resolution. The primary influence of increasing domain width was to capture additional spectral content in low spanwise wavenumbers; other statistics were found to be identical. Further, turbulence statistics were found to be essentially independent of the domain width for values between two and eight times the maximum boundary layer thickness. This work predicts computationally, for the first time, the full velocity spectrum in the outer part of the boundary layer. In doing so, it justifies use of the ILES-NWR approach as long as the maximum grid spacing is less than 10 in inner units, and the domain width is at least two times the maximum boundary layer thickness.
The histone deacetylase inhibitor cambinol prevents acidic pHe-induced anterograde lysosome trafficking independently of sirtuin activity

Common features of the solid tumor microenvironment, such as acidic extracellular pH and growth factors, are known to induce the redistribution of lysosomes from a perinuclear region to a position near the plasma membrane. Lysosome/plasma membrane juxtaposition facilitates invasion by allowing for the release of lysosomal proteases, including cathepsin B, which contribute to matrix degradation. In this study we identified the sirtuin 1/sirtuin 2 (SIRT1/2) inhibitor cambinol acts as a drug that inhibits lysosome redistribution and tumor invasion. Treatment of cells with cambinol resulted in a juxtanuclear lysosome aggregation (JLA) similar to that seen upon treatment with the PPARγ agonist, troglitazone (Tro). Like Tro, cambinol required the activity of ERK1/2 in order to induce this lysosome clustering phenotype. However, cambinol did not require the activity of Rab7, suggesting that this drug causes JLA by a mechanism different from what is known for Tro. Additionally, cambinol-induced JLA was not a result of autophagy induction. Further investigation revealed that cambinol triggered JLA independently of its activity as a SIRT1/2 inhibitor, suggesting that this drug could have effects in addition to SIRT1/2 inhibition that could be developed into a novel anti-cancer therapy.
NETWORK-TOPOLOGICAL FORMULATION OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Structural analysis is formulated using topological and algebraic laws which are counterparts of those used in treating electric network problems. The structural problem has three aspects: Topological interconnections, geometric relationship, and mechanical properties of members. Formulation as a network problem follows directly once these aspects have been identified and characterized by matrix equations. Thus, a unified and generalized approach to structural analysis is obtained. Geometric manipulations and load-deflection relationships of structural members are reviewed, and abstract topological and algebraic properties of the network problem are described. Then, equilibrium, continuity, and load-deflection relationships are shown to correspond to basic network properties. Force and displacement methods of analyzing linear, framed structures are developed as counterparts of mesh and node methods of network analysis. This formulation, adaptable to a digital computer, paves the way for applying to structural problems many existing and future developments in network analysis, design, and synthesis. Specifically, it permits the use of Kron's method of piecewise analysis.
Optically Excited MOS-Capacitor for Recombination Lifetime Measurement

Carrier recombination lifetime measurements have always been a challenging task when performed on epitaxial layers. This is due to the fact that most techniques determine the lifetime value by measuring the minority carriers' diffusion length. We will present a new method for measuring the lifetime parameter using light excitation on a MOS-capacitor that is biased into heavy inversion. The annihilation of the optically generated carriers under the shield of an existing depletion region simplifies the mathematical analysis. We show that our proposed approach, corroborated by experimental results, is capable of monitoring lifetime variations due to the presence of metallic impurities as low as 10 10 cm -3 .
Site-Specific Structural Changes in Unmodified and Pyroglutamylated Amyloid Beta Peptide by Isotope-Edited Ftir

Amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) forms cytotoxic assemblies that contribute to Alzheimer's disease. Recent evidence indicates that prefibrillar aggregates and not the fibrillar deposits exert the main toxic effect. In addition, naturally occurring N-terminally truncated and pyroglutamylated peptide (pE-Abeta) displays augmented cytotoxicity by an unknown mechanism. This study examines the conformational changes in both unmodified Abeta and pE-Abeta upon exposure to an aqueous environment. FTIR and circular dichroism were used to identify alpha-helix-to-beta-sheet conformational transitions of both peptides during aggregation. To gain site-specific structural information, the peptides were 13C,15N-labeled at residues 16-18 (KLV) or 36-39 (VGGV), followed by FTIR analysis. The peptides dried from hexafluoroisopropanol were alpha-helical (amide I peak at 1660-1657 cm-1) and showed negligible intensity of the labeled segments around 1615 cm-1, suggesting that in alpha-helical conformation the labeled amide groups behave like isolated oscillators. Upon addition of aqueous buffer (pH 7.2) both peptides rapidly adopted beta-sheet structure (amide I peak at 1637-1629 cm-1), with disproportionally prominent components around 1604-1597 cm-1 generated by the labeled segments. The intensity and the frequency of the amide I mode of the isotope-labeled segments suggest 12C-13C vibrational coupling, consistent with formation of antiparallel beta-sheet structures. Moreover, the amide I contours of the peptides under near-physiological and low ionic strength conditions were significantly different; both peptides exhibited an increased alpha-helical and decreased beta-sheet propensity under low ionic strength conditions, indicating a strong influence of the ionic strength on the aggregation kinetics and accompanying structural changes. Ongoing studies focus on structural differences between the unmodified Abeta and pE-Abeta peptides as well as their mutual structural effects when combined at various molar ratios, in an attempt to understand the structural basis of the elevated cytotoxicity of pE-Abeta.
Abstract 212: Integration of Multiple Cardiac Biomarkers into a Disease-Specific Score: Relationship to Clinical Status and Therapeutic Intensity

Introduction: The 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association postulated four blood biomarkers as key parameters in the risk-stratification and management of heart failure (HF). These four markers, troponin I or T, B-type natriuretic peptide or N-terminal BNP, galectin-3, and ST2, each reflect different aspects of myocardial pathophysiology in HF. We propose a novel method of integration of biomarkers which are summarized into a Modified Myocardial Injury Summary Score (MMISS) to serve as an individualized biomarker-based index of HF severity. Methods: For each patient, biomarkers were used to calculate the MMISS (Σ log10 [Biomarker(i)measured / Biomarker(i)ULN]/n, i=1). Pharmacologic regimen recorded at the time of biomarker draw was assimilated into a Therapeutic Intensity Index (TTI) based upon dosing of pertinent HF drug classes. A univariate analysis was performed to determine the relationship between MMISS and TII among patients included in this cross sectional study. Results: Of the 39 patients included in the study, 61.9% were male with a mean age of 60.5 ± 10.5. A total of 13(33.3%), 22(56.4%), and 4(10.3%) patients were classified as NYHA FC 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The etiology of HF was ischemic cardiomyopathy in 51% of patients. In creating the MMISS, 24(61.5%), 2(5.1%), and 13(33.3%) patients had two, three, and four biomarkers available, respectively. Through our analysis, we found the MMISS (range -0.76 to +1.08) to have no association with TII (R= -0.23, p=0.15). Conclusions: There is no significant correlation between the intensity of medical management and myocardial disease severity as reflected by cardiac biomarkers measured at a single time in cross-section. Our findings suggest there may be an opportunity to tailor therapy to the severity of disease as indicated by blood biomarkers. We plan to use our observation as basis for a randomized trial that leverages measured changes in MMISS to guide personalization of medical therapy.
Immigration Politics and Partisan Realignment California, Texas, and the 1994 Election

This article demonstrates how the party identification of various demographic groups in California, Texas, and the United States as a whole moved after the gubernatorial campaigns of Pete Wilson and George W. Bush. It presents aggregated time series of Field Poll, Texas Poll, American National Election Study, General Social Survey, and Gallup data. Change point analyses of these data indicate that Wilson harmed the Republican coalition in California and the nation, while Bush helped the Texas Republican party. Further, Bush’s presidency undid much of the harm Wilson brought on the Republican party among Hispanics.
Serum profiling using protein microarrays to identify disease related antigens.

Disease related antigens are of great importance in the clinic. They are used as markers to screen patients for various forms of cancer, to monitor response to therapy, or to serve as therapeutic targets (Chapman et al., Ann Oncol 18(5):868–873, 2007; Soussi et al., Cancer Res 60:1777–1788, 2000; Anderson and LaBaer, J Proteome Res 4:1123–1133, 2005; Levenson, Biochim Biophy Acta 1770:847–856, 2007). In cancer endogenous levels of protein expression may be disrupted or proteins may be expressed in an aberrant fashion resulting in an immune response that bypasses self tolerance (Soussi et al., Cancer Res 60:1777–1788, 2000; Disis et al., J Clin Oncol 15(11):3363–3367, 1997; Molina et al., Breast Cancer Res Treat 51:109–119, 1998). Protein microarrays, which represent a large fraction of the human proteome, have been used to identify antigens in multiple diseases including cancer (Anderson and LaBaer, J Proteome Res 4:1123–1133, 2005; Disis et al., J Clin Oncol 15(11):3363–3367, 1997; Hudson et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(44):17494–17499, 2007; Beyer et al., J Neuroimmunol 242:26–32, 2012). Typically, arrays are probed with immunoglobulin (Ig) samples from patients as well as healthy controls, then compared to determine which antigens (Ag's) are more reactive within the patient group (Hudson et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(44):17494–17499).
HST/WFC3: understanding and mitigating radiation damage effects in the CCD detectors

At the heart of the Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 (HST/WFC3) UVIS channel is a 4096x4096 pixel e2v CCD array. While these detectors continue to perform extremely well after more than 7 years in low-earth orbit, the cumulative effects of radiation damage are becoming increasingly evident. The result is a continual increase of the hotpixel population and the progressive loss in charge-transfer efficiency (CTE) over time. The decline in CTE has two effects: (1) it reduces the detected source flux as the defects trap charge during readout and (2) it systematically shifts source centroids as the trapped charge is later released. The flux losses can be significant, particularly for faint sources in low background images. In this report, we summarize the radiation damage effects seen in WFC3/UVIS and the evolution of the CTE losses as a function of time, source brightness, and image-background level. In addition, we discuss the available mitigation options, including target placement within the field of view, empirical stellar photometric corrections, post-flash mode and an empirical pixel-based CTE correction. The application of a post-flash has been remarkably effective in WFC3 at reducing CTE losses in low-background images for a relatively small noise penalty. Currently, all WFC3 observers are encouraged to consider post-flash for images with low backgrounds. Finally, a pixel-based CTE correction is available for use after the images have been acquired. Similar to the software in use in the HST Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) pipeline, the algorithm employs an observationally-defined model of how much charge is captured and released in order to reconstruct the image. As of Feb 2016, the pixel-based CTE correction is part of the automated WFC3 calibration pipeline. Observers with pre-existing data may request their images from MAST (Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes) to obtain the improved products.
Against The Pseudodialecticians

When I supposed, my dear Fortis, that I should see you presently in Paris, where I was daily planning to go, I thought I should also discuss these matters with you in person, but since my affairs prevent me from leaving Louvain and I am not sure when I shall go there, I am from mere necessity entrusting them to a letter. For I thought I should no longer delay to inform you of the complaints that learned scholars and loyal friends have for a long time now been making to me. When, in casual conversation, we happen to speak of the revival of letters and all the better branches of learning of which literature is the seed-plot — as we often do, thanks to our times —their chief complaint is that at Paris, whence the light of all learning should emanate, some men are obstinately embracing a detestable barbarism, and with it certain educational monstrosities, such as sophismata, as they call them, which are utterly empty and foolish.1 When men of considerable talent pursue these subjects with close attention, then not only do their own high talents go to waste, but, like fertile yet uncultivated fields, they produce a great, useless crop of weeds.2 They dream and devise for themselves absurdities and a kind of new language that they alone understand.
Animal Model Systems Suitable for Controlled Release Modeling

Studies in animals are far more accessible than human studies and they are less expensive. Setup and data generation are much shorter and animal studies can be attractive as a preclinical option to guide dosage form design of controlled release formulations. However, differences in gastrointestinal (CV) anatomy, environmental conditions in the GI tract and other factors that can affect release, absorption and drug metabolism can lead to confounding, as well as nonpredictive findings. There is far greater potential for baffling findings than in the case of conventional immediate release (IR) formulations. It is vital therefore to be aware of interspecies differences, as well as human–animal differences so that the most appropriate species is chosen for testing specific drug formulations and that findings are carefully interpreted with respect to their relevance to performance in humans. This chapter presents and discusses the anatomical, physiological and metabolic differences that can be encountered in a range of animals and the possibilities and limitations of such testing of controlled release formulations.
Solvent-Induced Shift of Spectral Lines in Polar-Polarizable Solvents.

Solvent-induced shift of optical transition lines is traditionally described by the Lippert–McRae equation given in terms of the Onsager theory for dipole solvation. It splits the overall shift into the equilibrium solvation by induced dipoles and the reaction field by the permanent dipoles in equilibrium with the chromophore in the ground state. We have reconsidered this classical problem from the perspective of microscopic solvation theories. A microscopic solvation functional is derived, and continuum solvation is consistently introduced by taking the limit of zero wavevector in the reciprocal-space solvation susceptibility functions. We show that the phenomenological expression for the reaction field of permanent dipoles in the Lippert–McRae equation is not consistent with the microscopic theory. The main deficiency of the Lippert–McRae equation is the use of additivity of the response by permanent and induced dipoles of the liquid. An alternative closed-form equation for the spectral shift is derived...
Modeling of the chemistry in oxidation flow reactors with high initial NO

Abstract. Oxidation flow reactors (OFRs) are increasingly employed in atmospheric chemistry research because of their high efficiency of OH radical production from low-pressure Hg lamp emissions at both 185 and 254 nm (OFR185) or 254 nm only (OFR254). OFRs have been thought to be limited to studying low-NO chemistry (in which peroxy radicals (RO2) react preferentially with HO2) because NO is very rapidly oxidized by the high concentrations of O3, HO2, and OH in OFRs. However, many groups are performing experiments by aging combustion exhaust with high NO levels or adding NO in the hopes of simulating high-NO chemistry (in which RO2 + NO dominates). This work systematically explores the chemistry in OFRs with high initial NO. Using box modeling, we investigate the interconversion of N-containing species and the uncertainties due to kinetic parameters. Simple initial injection of NO in OFR185 can result in more RO2 reacted with NO than with HO2 and minor non-tropospheric photolysis, but only under a very narrow set of conditions (high water mixing ratio, low UV intensity, low external OH reactivity (OHRext), and initial NO concentration (NOin) of tens to hundreds of ppb) that account for a very small fraction of the input parameter space. These conditions are generally far away from experimental conditions of published OFR studies with high initial NO. In particular, studies of aerosol formation from vehicle emissions in OFRs often used OHRext and NOin several orders of magnitude higher. Due to extremely high OHRext and NOin, some studies may have resulted in substantial non-tropospheric photolysis, strong delay to RO2 chemistry due to peroxynitrate formation, VOC reactions with NO3 dominating over those with OH, and faster reactions of OH–aromatic adducts with NO2 than those with O2, all of which are irrelevant to ambient VOC photooxidation chemistry. Some of the negative effects are the worst for alkene and aromatic precursors. To avoid undesired chemistry, vehicle emissions generally need to be diluted by a factor of > 100 before being injected into an OFR. However, sufficiently diluted vehicle emissions generally do not lead to high-NO chemistry in OFRs but are rather dominated by the low-NO RO2 + HO2 pathway. To ensure high-NO conditions without substantial atmospherically irrelevant chemistry in a more controlled fashion, new techniques are needed.
Dynamics of the Atmosphere-Ionosphere System

The upper atmosphere is the outermost region of a planetary atmosphere where solar radiation leads to formation of an ionosphere with appreciable plasma densities. The upper atmosphere and ionosphere continuously interact with each other in a two-way nonlinear manner. It is therefore increasingly common to refer to them as the atmosphere-ionosphere system. Overall, the state and evolution of the atmotsphere-ionosphere system is influenced by meteorological processes from below, which is called “coupling from below”, and by solar and geomagnetic processes, often defined as “coupling from above” or simply space weather. Meteorological effects include upward propagating gravity waves, planetary waves and tides from the lower atmosphere into the thermosphere. This chapter reviews some elements of energetics and dynamics of the thermosphere-ionosphere system. Gravity waves are shown to play an appreciable role for the energy and momentum budget of the thermosphere, while planetary waves modulate lower thermospheric variability over long time scales. During geomagnetic storms, which are a prominent manifestation of space weather, the thermosphere and ionosphere undergo substantial dynamical and thermal changes due to enhanced ion drag, Joule heating, and particle precipitation. A comprehensive understanding of the response of the atmosphere-ionosphere system to processes of lower atmospheric origin and those originating at Sun require a whole atmosphere approach.
Further discussions on a distributed algorithm for solving linear algebra equations

In [2], a distributed algorithm has recently been developed for solving linear algebraic equations via multi-agent networks. To adopt the algorithm, each agent only has to know part of the linear equation as well as its nearby neighbors' estimates to the solution. In this paper, we would like to further discuss this algorithm from the following two perspectives. The first one is to improve the numerical stability of the algorithm and meanwhile eliminate initialization step that is necessary in [2]. The second one is to achieve a specific solution with minimum l 2 norm when the linear equation has more than one solutions.
Spectral analysis of bistatic scattering from underwater elastic cylinders and spheres

Far field sound scattering from underwater elastic spheres and finite cylinders is considered over the full range of scattering angles. Three models for the frequency response of the scattered field are evaluated: a hybrid finite element/propagation simulation for a finite cylinder with broadside illumination, an approximate solution for the finite cylinder, and the exact solution for a sphere. The cylinder models are shown to give comparable results, attesting to the strength of the finite cylinder approximate solution. Interference and resonance structure present in the frequency response of the targets is identified and discussed, and the bistatic spectra for a variety of elastic sphere materials are presented. A thorough understanding of the complicated angle and frequency dependence of the scattering from simple elastic targets is helpful for interpretation of backscattering data from targets at or near an interface, or for scattering data taken by moving automated underwater vehicles, acoustic arrays, or other forms of data collection involving bistatic scattering.
Abstract 300: Alda-1 Attenuates Acute Ischemia-reperfusion Mediated Cardiac Damage in Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Mutant Diabetic Mice

Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), a mitochondrial enzyme in heart, can remove 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), a toxic by-products of oxidative stress induced by diabetes and ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)...
Binary Strings Without Odd Runs of Zeros.

We look at binary strings of length n which contain no odd run of zeros and express the total number of such strings, the number of zeros, the number of ones, the total number of runs, and the number of levels, rises and drops as functions of the Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and also give their generating functions. Furthermore, we look at the decimal value of the sum of all binary strings of length n without odd runs of zeros considered as base 2 representations of decimal numbers, which interestingly enough are congruent (mod 3) to either 0 or a particular Fibonacci number. We investigate the same questions for palindromic binary strings with no odd runs of zeros and obtain similar results, which generally have different forms for odd and even values of n.
Performance and Energy Usage of Workloads on KNL and Haswell Architectures

Manycore architectures are an energy-efficient step towards exascale computing within a constrained power budget. The Intel Knights Landing (KNL) manycore chip is a specific example of this and has seen early adoption by a number of HPC facilities. It is therefore important to understand the performance and energy usage characteristics of KNL. In this paper, we evaluate the performance and energy efficiency of KNL in contrast to the Xeon (Haswell) architecture for applications representative of the workload of users at NERSC. We consider the optimal MPI/OpenMP configuration of each application and use the results to characterize KNL in contrast to Haswell. As well as traditional DDR memory, KNL contains MCDRAM and we also evaluate its efficacy. Our results show that, averaged over our benchmarks, KNL is 1.84\(\times \) more energy efficient than Haswell and has 1.27\(\times \) greater performance.
Stacked Omnistereo for virtual reality with six degrees of freedom

Motion parallax is an important cue for depth perception. Rendering it accurately can lead to a more natural and immersive virtual reality (VR) experience. We introduce Stacked Omnistereo, a novel data representation that can render immersive video with six degrees of freedom (DoF). We compare the proposed representation against other depth-based and image-based motion parallax techniques using natural as well as synthetic scenes. We show that the proposed representation can synthesize plausible, view-dependent specular highlights, is compact compared to light fields, and outperforms state-of-the-art VR representations by up to 3 dB when evaluated with 6 DoF head motion.
Laser coating of a CrMoTaWZr complex concentrated alloy onto a H13 tool steel die head

Abstract Complex concentrated alloys (CCAs) represent a new class of alloy, which is typically multi-component with no base metal and exhibits a multi-phase microstructure. These alloys offer potentially improved properties over traditional alloys. In this study, after laser coating of a CrMoTaWZr CCA onto an H13 tool steel substrate was explored. H13 tool steel is a hot-worked tool steel commonly used in the hot forging process; however, it can fail due to wear, erosion, and thermal cycling. By coating the die head with a CCA, an increase in the life span of the die head is expected. Additionally, this coating offers a cheaper alternative to replacing die heads after they have been damaged or failed, as the coating will need to be replaced instead of the entire die head. CCA-coated H13 steel samples were examined using Vicker's hardness testing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to comprehensively analyze the hardness, microstructure, elemental composition, and phases present, respectively. This research is an important step in understanding how CCAs can be practically used in the forging industry.
From Glenn to Fontan. A continuing evolution.

Background. Aristotle's and Galen's erroneous understanding of the circulation eventually was rectified, mostly by Colombo and Harvey, who in the 16th and 17th centuries, respectively, provided the foundation to our present knowledge of the pulmonary and systemic circulation. The «indispensability» of the right ventricle was not questioned until the 20th century. Rodbard, in 1948, for the first time successfully bypassed the canine right ventricle by anastomosing the right atrial appendage to the proximally ligated main pulmonary artery
Acquisition of simultaneous PET-MRI images based on RatCAP PET detector in the 9.4T MRI

269 Objectives: A MRI compatible PET scanner based on Rat Conscious Animal PET (RatCAP) has been developed for simultaneous acquisition of MRI and PET images. Our goal is to construct a PET detector that will not interfere with the MRI image acquisition, can withstand pulsed (radio-frequency) RF power, and can function in the presence of the high magnetic fields. Methods: The RatCAP PET detector has undergone many modifications in order to improve its performance. A segmented G-10 copper clad casing was constructed to provide RF shielding and reduce eddy current interference. The RatCAP has been tested in the 4T and 9.4T MRI scanners. Special RF coils were designed and inserted in the RatCAP. Simultaneous PET-MR images of the rat brain have been acquired in the Varian 4T scanner in the past. We have now acquired MR images of a phantom containing F-18 FDG in the Bruker 9.4T microMRI scanner while simultaneously collecting PET data. The effects of high magnetic field on the PET electronics and vice versa were analyzed. Results: PET interferences on MR images were minimal. On the other hand, an increase in singles count rate was observed on the PET data during RF pulsing. Conclusions: Based on initial results, the ability of RatCAP working under high magnetic field strengths looks promising. We plan to acquire and reconstruct simultaneous PET and MR images of the rat brain on the 9.4T. Research Support: This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (OBER) under Prime Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886.
The Slightly Delusional Patient

Mrs. Wang is a 69 year-old Asian American woman presenting with a chief complaint of being “infested with parasites” for the past 5 months. She described crawling, stinging and biting sensations that occurred spontaneously all over her body. There were a few plastic zip-lock bags containing what she believes to the parasites and their eggs. From her expressions and demeanor, the patient appeared deeply worried about and quite preoccupied with her infestation. However, upon further questioning Mrs. Wang stated that she was not entirely convinced about the existence of live organisms in her skin. She was open to other explanations, but above all, just wanted to receive a good treatment.
Hydrogel-Actuated Capacitive Transducer for Wireless Biosensors

This article introduces a new type of transducer that combines capacitive pressure sensing techniques with biosensitive hydrogels, using an adaptable MEMS fabrication platform. Hydrogel swelling in response to analyte concentration exerts contact pressure on a deformable conducting diaphragm, producing a capacitance change. Initial results are reported for testing device feasibility. Uncrosslinked PHEMA hydrogel was tested for swelling pressure in response to calcium nitrate tetrahydrate. Diaphragm deflection due to applied air pressure was measured on NiTi-based diaphragms and compared with hydrogel-actuated deflections of the same diaphragms to determine the pressure generating characteristics of the hydrogel. The PHEMA sample exhibited greatest sensitivity in the concentration range 0–0.5 M, generating an average of 110 mN/M/μl. The device was incorporated into a passive LC resonant circuit. Resonance frequency was measured as a function of applied air pressure, in the range of pressures generated by hydrogel swelling. Resonance frequency shifted from 66 MHz to 33 MHz over the pressure range 0–32 kPa, corresponding to an estimated average sensitivity of 66 Hz per μmol of calcium nitrate tetrahydrate over the range 0–0.5 M.
Abstract 21: A Natural Repertoire of T Cells Recognizing ApoB-100 is Generated Early in Life and is Progressively Depleted During Atherosclerotic Disease

Background: A large body of evidence implicates a role for T cell driven auto-immunity in atherosclerosis. T cells in the atherosclerotic plaque specifically respond to auto-antigens, including ApoB-100, the main protein in low-density lipoprotein (LDL). However, existence, function, and location of auto-reactive T cells in mice have not been demonstrated. Methods and Results: We have previously identified several peptides derived from mouse ApoB-100 that bind with high affinity to the I-Ab MHC class II molecule of C57BL/6 mice. Immunization with these peptides conferred atheroprotection. We designed a novel fluorochrome-labeled P6:I-Ab multimer to detect T cells specifically recognizing this complex by flow cytometry. Surprisingly, we detected small numbers of P6:I-Ab+ CD4+ T cells in young C57Bl/6 mice that reside in peripheral lymph nodes, indicating the existence of a small natural repertoire of P6:I-Ab auto-reactive T cells. This repertoire of T cells was increased in atherosclerosis-prone Apoe-/- an...
Constitutionally Dynamic Oil Well Construction Fluids–Metalloaminal Chemistry

Completion fluids which are designed to build viscosity or form reversible gels suffer from performance limitations due to thermal degradation of the fluids at the high temperature conditions of many oil and gas wells. The hemiaminal/aminal metallogel system reported in this paper demonstrates the possibility of performance without degradation at temperatures up to 150 °C and pressures up to 60 MPa. The chemical system is also demonstrated to be reversible under stimulated well conditions whereby the thermodynamically favored metallogel can be broken within a sandstone core sample pressurized at 3.4 MPa and held at 70 °C. These findings demonstrate the suitability of this reversibly covalent chemical system as a high-performance completion fluid for such operations as perforations and workovers.
Structural features underlying recognition and translocation of extracellular polysaccharides

Essentially all living systems produce complex carbohydrates as an energy source, structural component, protective coat or adhesive for cell attachment. Many polysaccharides are displayed on the cell surface or are threaded through proteinaceous tunnels for degradation. Dictated by their chemical composition and mode of polymerization, the physical properties of complex carbohydrates differ substantially, from amphipathic water-insoluble polymers to highly hydrated hydrogel-forming macromolecules. Accordingly, diverse recognition and translocation mechanisms evolved to transport polysaccharides to their final destinations. This review will summarize and compare diverse polysaccharide transport mechanisms implicated in the biosynthesis and degradation of cell surface polymers in pro- and eukaryotes.
Lessons learned implementing an operational continuous United States national land change monitoring capability: The Land Change Monitoring, Assessment, and Projection (LCMAP) approach

Abstract Growing demands for temporally specific information on land surface change are fueling a new generation of maps and statistics that can contribute to understanding geographic and temporal patterns of change across large regions, provide input into a wide range of environmental modeling studies, clarify the drivers of change, and provide more timely information for land managers. To meet these needs, the U.S. Geological Survey has implemented a capability to monitor land surface change called the Land Change Monitoring, Assessment, and Projection (LCMAP) initiative. This paper describes the methodological foundations and lessons learned during development and testing of the LCMAP approach. Testing and evaluation of a suite of 10 annual land cover and land surface change data sets over six diverse study areas across the United States revealed good agreement with other published maps (overall agreement ranged from 73% to 87%) as well as several challenges that needed to be addressed to meet the goals of robust, repeatable, and geographically consistent monitoring results from the Continuous Change Detection and Classification (CCDC) algorithm. First, the high spatial and temporal variability of observational frequency led to differences in the number of changes identified, so CCDC was modified such that change detection is dependent on observational frequency. Second, the CCDC classification methodology was modified to improve its ability to characterize gradual land surface changes. Third, modifications were made to the classification element of CCDC to improve the representativeness of training data, which necessitated replacing the random forest algorithm with a boosted decision tree. Following these modifications, assessment of prototype Version 1 LCMAP results showed improvements in overall agreement (ranging from 85% to 90%).
Restructuring Humans and Animals

Pavlov’s experiments on dogs have been briefly reviewed in Sect. 2.1. In general, experiments as those conducted by Pavlov involve two forces that occur in pairs. The experiments are about how the human and animal brain can be restructured by means of paired forces. In physics a plenitude of systems subjected to two forces have been studied. For example, a ball rolling down on a ramp is a system subjected to two forces. On the one hand, the gravitational force pulls the ball towards the earth. On the other hand, the ramp exerts forces on the ball such that the ball cannot move downwards on a vertical line. As a consequence of the pair of forces (i.e., gravitational force and force of the ramp) acting on the ball, the ball follows the slope of the ramp in a downwards movement. Note that in the literature on the restructuring of human and animal brains by means of two forces the experiments conducted by Pavlov and similar experiments have also been called “classical conditioning” experiments.
Who should decide the party’s nominee? Understanding public attitudes toward primary elections:

Primary elections in the United States reflect the most inclusive nomination process among political parties across democracies. The desire for mass participation in party nominations appears embed...
Social capacitance: Leveraging absorptive capacity in the age of social media

Abstract A vital issue for marketers stemming from social media’s increased popularity is how they can leverage external knowledge within their organizations through internal social media networks and outside and across organizations with partners, collaborating firms, and consumers through external social networks. Although extensive research on absorptive capacity in organizations is available, research on leveraging external knowledge on social media is lacking. To address this research gap, we introduce a new construct termed “social capacitance,” which refers to how social media can help organizations’ absorptive capacity development, leading to organizational innovation, long-term success, and competitive advantage. Using an integrative capacitive-coupling framework, we theorize the antecedents and consequences of social capacitance in consumer–firm interactions, firm–consumer interactions, consumer–consumer interactions, and firm–firm interactions using social media platforms.
Mismatched Liberation Theory: A Comparative Method to Explain Increasing Female Crime Share in the United States:

In this paper, I propose a new theory that ascribes the increasing female crime share to unequal emancipatory advancement between women’s ideological aspirations and institutional means in modern t...
The Neurasthenia-Depression Controversy: A Window on Chinese Culture and Psychiatric Nosology

This book is about the largest debate that has occurred in the field of cultural psychiatry and its impact on diagnosing, theorizing, and clinical practice. It is also about the role of culture in psychopathology specifically in relation to China. This book is the first comprehensive and critical assessment of the anthropological psychiatry that has provided Western physicians with their ideas about somatization and culture. It is argued that psychiatric nosology and the broader cultural milieu interact in a fascinating way and co-facilitate individual conformity to culturally salient categories, consciously or unconsciously, through a process of belief, expectation, and learning. The result is that codified experiences can be translated from the mind to the body and back again. Through a critical evaluation of the Neurasthenia-Depression controversy, we can gain a view of the contested and shifting nature of psychiatric nosology, and thereby attempt to introduce the beginnings of a model that elucidates how psychiatric distress varies across cultures. This timely book challenges conventional wisdom about neurasthenia and depression in Chinese societies. Its findings will be of value to anyone who works with Chinese people with these mental illnesses across the global diaspora.
Dangerous Encounters and Reconciling Stories: Responding Pastorally to the Dominant Stories of the Capitalistic Market Economy

Dominant discourses generated by a capitalistic economy—such as the trust in the market’s ability to provide an efficient allocation of resources, that states back the market-focused economy, the emphasis on participants’ freedom and competition in the market, and the necessity of global market expansion—have engendered various acute or chronic phenomena of human alienation. The extreme competition in every sphere of human life as well as the increasing polarization between the rich and the poor has caused various manifestations of alienation, such as depression, helplessness, and hopelessness, which require prompt pastoral responses. This paper suggests that pastoral caregivers might respond prophetically and proactively to this by: exposing the alienating dominant discourse; uncovering the oppressive mechanisms hidden in that discourse; helping individuals explore and reframe their own stories in the midst of the mainstream discourse; and empowering individuals to author their own resilient and reconciling discourses by squarely facing the dominant and alienating discourse of capitalistic economy.
Reasoning, Metareasoning, and the Promotion of Rationality

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of reasoning, meta-reasoning, and the promotion of rationality. Use of the term meta-reasoning, however, can mislead to think of the diverse tendencies and abilities involved as a single entity or process. The chapter mainly discusses that meta-reasoning is usefully construed as encompassing three distinct, though interrelated, aspects, and that all three are critical to human rationality and intelligence. The three aspects of meta-reasoning are (a) procedural meta-reasoning, involving the monitoring and direction of one's own reasoning; (b) conceptual meta-reasoning, involving declarative knowledge about reasoning, and (c) constructive meta-reasoning, involving the developmental reconstruction of one‘s reasoning and meta-reasoning. It is important to emphasize the interdependent relation of conceptual and procedural meta-reasoning. Knowledge about reasoning and executive control of one's own reasoning is likely to be intricately interconnected. Conceptual knowledge about reasoning in general and about one's own strengths and weaknesses as a reasoner may be critical to appropriate application of procedural meta-reasoning.
Methods for the purification and characterization of calcium-binding proteins from retina

Publisher Summary More than 200 EF hand calcium-binding proteins have been identified; however, the function of only a few is known. This chapter discusses methods that have been used for purifying and characterizing calcium-binding proteins from ocular tissues and for determining their calcium binding parameters. Several strategies have been provided for the purification and characterization of calcium-binding proteins of the EF hand family. Members of this family often can be enriched through calcium-dependent binding to a hydrophobic matrix. Although, Calbindin D-28K, for example, does not bind to phenyl-Sepharose, it can be purified through binding to DEAE-Sepharose in low calcium. In addition to these relatively soluble calcium-binding proteins, other less soluble EF hand proteins (eg. GCAP) can be purified by relatively simple procedures. Such isolation procedures will be of increasing importance for studying signal transduction pathways that involve calcium. The chapter explains that the procedures are adaptable to a variety of tissues and hopefully will facilitate further investigations of calcium-binding proteins.
Effects of Perceptual Organization and Musical Form on Melodic Expectancies

The experiment reported in this chapter examines two aspects of music perception: the role of perceptual organization in generating melodic expectancies, and attentional processing directed at different levels of hierarchical structure in music. The implication-realization model (Narmour, 1990) provides a framework for approaching these questions. It holds that principles of perceptual organization define coherent units within which expectancies operate. The model describes melodic expectancies with five bottom-up principles. The principles are hypothesized to apply not only on the lowest, tone-to-tone level, but also on higher levels between noncontiguous tones. Musical form is described as units at multiple, hierarchically-organized levels. The model holds that when music has similar form, that is, when some characteristics of a pattern are repeated, it draws attention to higher levels. This has the effect of strengthening expectancies operating on higher levels. Thus, musical form is hypothesized to modify the relative strengths of the proposed principles on different levels. An experiment tests these predictions with melodic sequences that contain implications on two levels and exhibit either similar form, AA', or dissimilar form, AB. The sequences are followed by continuation tones that listeners judge as to whether they are good continuations. These judgments are tested against a numerical coding of the bottom-up principles of the model. The results support the model's principles at both the low and high levels, and confirm the predicted effects of form.
Using Video Modeling to Increase Variation in the Conversation of Children with Autism

The present study assessed the effects of video modeling on acquisition and generalization of variation in the conversational speech of two boys with autism. A video was made showing several versio...
A Review of Peacebuilding: Women in International Perspective

In her book, Peacebuilding: Women in International Perspective, Elisabeth Porter catalogs a wide array of peacebuilding initiatives by women's grassroots movements and activists in conflict-affecte...
A very fast VLSI rangefinder

The authors present a very fast lightstripe rangefinder based on an IC array of photoreceptor and analog signal processor cells which acquires 1000 frames of range image per second-two orders of magnitude faster than currently available rangefinding methods. Unlike a conventional lightstripe range-finder, which obtains a frame of range image by the step-and-repeat process of projecting a stripe and grabbing and analyzing a camera image, the VLSI sensor array of this rangefinder gathers range data in parallel as a scene is swept continuously by a moving stripe. Each cell continuously monitors the output of its photoreceptor, and detects and remembers the time at which it observed the peak incident light intensity during the sweep of the stripe. Prototype rangefinding systems have been built using a 28*32 array of these sensing elements. >
We belong here too: understanding and increasing diversity in computer science education

The underrepresentation of women in computing is an enduring problem in the U.S. This work seeks to increase women's retention in computing, to change the culture of introductory computer science classes to make them comfortable for diverse students, and to understand what factors are affiliated with interest and persistence in computing.