cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Case for Process Analytical Technology: Regulatory and Industrial Perspectives

Process analytical technology (PAT) has become an important part of the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry in the recent years. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) initiative to implement a modern, risk-based framework for regulation and oversight of pharmaceutical manufacturing has been a major driving force for the increase popularity of PAT. This article provides an overview of PAT in the pharmaceutical industry, summarizes FDA initiatives, and presents a basic plan for PAT implementation. Keywords: process analytical technology (PAT); food and drug administration (FDA); pharmaceutical industry; quality management; lean manufacturing
Boson localization and the superfluid-insulator transition.

The phase diagrams and phase transitions of bosons with short-ranged repulsive interactions moving in periodic and/or random external potentials at zero temperature are investigated with emphasis on the superfluid-insulator transition induced by varying a parameter such as the density. Bosons in periodic potentials (e.g., on a lattice) at T=0 exhibit two types of phases: a superfluid phase and Mott insulating phases characterized by integer (or commensurate) boson densities, by the existence of a gap for particle-hole excitations, and by zero compressibility. Generically, the superfluid onset transition in d dimensions from a Mott insulator to superfluidity is ‘‘ideal,’’ or mean field in character, but at special multicritical points with particle-hole symmetry it is in the universality class of the (d+1)-dimensional XY model. In the presence of disorder, a third, ‘‘Bose glass’’ phase exists. This phase is insulating because of the localization effects of the randomness and analogous to the Fermi glass phase of interacting fermions in a strongly disordered potential. The Bose glass phase is characterized by a finite compressibility, no gap, but an infinite superfluid susceptibility. In the presence of disorder the transition to superfluidity is argued to occur only from the Bose glass phase, and never directly from the Mott insulator. This zero-temperature superfluid-insulator transition is studied via generalizations of the Josephson scaling relation for the superfluid density at the ordinary λ transition, highlighting the crucial role of quantum fluctuations. The transition is found to have a dynamic critical exponent z exactly equal to d and correlation length and order-parameter correlation exponents ν and η which satisfy the bounds ν≥2/d and η≤2-d, respectively. It is argued that the superfluid-insulator transition in the presence of disorder may have an upper critical dimension dc which is infinite, but a perturbative renormalization-group calculation wherein the critical exponents have mean-field values for weak disorder above d=4 is also discussed. Many of these conclusions are verified by explicit calculations on a model of one-dimensional bosons in the presence of both random and periodic potentials. The general results are applied to experiments on 4He absorbed in porous media such as Vycor. Some measurable properties of the superfluid onset are predicted exactly [e.g., the exponent x relating the λ transition temperature to the zero-temperature superfluid density is found to be d/2(d-1)], while stringent bounds are placed on others. Analysis of preliminary data is consistent with these predictions.
Band gap of nanometer thick Si/SiO 2 quantum wells: theory versus experiment

In opto-electronics and photonics, the severe disadvantage of an indirect band gap has limited the application of elemental silicon. Amongst a number of diverse approaches to engineering efficient light emission in silicon nanostructures, one system that has received considerable attention has been Si/SiO 2 quantum wells. Engineering such structures has not been easy, because to observe the desired quantum confinement effects, the quantum well thickness has to be less than 5 nm. Nevertheless, such nanometer thick structures have now been produced by a variety of techniques. The SiO 2 layers are amorphous, but the silicon layers can range from amorphous through nanocrystalline to single-crystal form. The fundamental band gap of the quantum wells has been measured primarily by optical techniques and strong confinement effects have been observed. A number of theories based primarily on ab initio approaches have been developed to explain these results with varying degrees of success. In this review, a detailed comparison is made between theoretical and experimental determinations of the band gap in Si/SiO 2 quantum wells.
A method for direct simulation of flexible fiber suspensions using lattice Boltzmann equation with external boundary force

Abstract The computational method presented here can be used to study the effect of volume fraction and particle deformation on the rheology and microstructure of deformable fibers suspended in Newtonian fluid. In this method, the flow is computed on a fixed regular ‘lattice’ using the lattice Boltzmann method, where each solid particle is mapped onto a Lagrangian frame moving continuously through the domain. Instead of the standard bounce-back method, an external boundary force is used to impose the no-slip boundary condition at the fluid–solid interface for stationary or moving boundaries. The motion and orientation of the fiber are obtained from Newtonian dynamics equations. Although the external boundary force method is general, in this application it is used in conjunction with a flexible fiber model, which calculates the flexible fiber deformation by the real material properties. The methodology is validated by comparing with experimental and theoretical results.
Study of the processing chemistry of polyimides with thermogravimetry/Fourier transform infrared/mass spectrometry techniques

One of the fundamental aspects of the carbon fiber-reinforced, high-temperature polyimide composite AFR700B/T650-35, namely, the curing chemistry involved in the polyimide formation, was studied in real time with thermogravimetry/Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)/mass spectrometry (MS) evolved-gas analysis techniques. The off-gas reaction products identified by FTIR and MS essentially confirmed the literature polyimide curing mechanisms. However, the FTIR/MS data obtained could also accommodate a reversed curing chemistry in which the elimination of water from amide ester formation occurred first and was followed by the release of methanol from subsequent imidization. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 2213–2224, 2002
Seed dispersal of Trillium ovatum (Liliaceae) in second-growth redwood forests

Trillium ovatum (Liliaceae) is myrmecochorous: its seeds bear large elaiosomes that are attractive to ants. Nevertheless, in coastal second-growth redwood forests of northern California, most seedlings occur in mixed-age clusters close to potential parents, suggesting that seed dispersal is limited. Ants were absent or rare at two relatively cool, moist study sites. At these sites, most seeds either eventually fell passively from fruits or were knocked to the ground by banana slugs that foraged on the elaiosomes. At two warmer, drier sites, a single species of ant, Lasius pallitarsis, dispersed the seeds but tended to remove the elaiosomes before returning to the nest. Thus at all sites a large number of seeds remained close to adults, accounting for the observed pattern of seedling distribution. The dispersal adaptations of T. ovatum and other redwood forest myrmecochores probably evolved in forests where seed-carrying ants were more
Beyond spin-orbit: Probing electron correlation in the Pu 5f states using spin-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy

Experiments planned to address the issue of electron correlation in the Pu 5f states are described herein. The key is the utilization of the Fano effect: the observation of spin polarization in nonmagnetic systems, using chiral excitation such as circularly polarized X-rays.
A Survey of Communication Technology in Distribution Network

With the development of the smart grid technology, power distribution network puts forward a higher request for transmission bandwidth and reliability. First, we analyze the characteristics and the business needs of the distribution network. Then we analyze the distribution network communication technologies, both wired and wireless. Based on our analysis, we should combine various communication technologies according to the comprehensive economic and technical indexes in power distribution automation communication system.
Speaking in Front of the Class: A Multi-Dimensional Comparison of University Student Public Speech and University Language.

This study explores the language variation in university student public speech across two academic disciplines: business administration and education. A corpus of university student public speech, made up of 102 classroom presentations (approximately 215,000 words), was designed, constructed and analysed using both quantitative and qualitative methods. Using multi-dimensional analysis, the co-occurrence of linguistic variables was functionally interpreted in order to compare university student public speech to other university registers. University student public speech was compared on four dimensions of variation previously found in university language. Significant differences were found for discipline and task on each of the four dimensions of variation. University student public speech scored extremely high on dimension 1, which describes an oral-literate continuum. In fact, these student presentations were more ‘oral’ than any university register previously studied. Another interesting finding was tha...
A tuned holder for increased boring bar dynamic stiffness

Abstract In this paper, the design and testing of a tuned holder that increases the dynamic stiffness of boring bars is described. By matching the holder natural frequency to the clamped–free boring bar natural frequency, a new dynamic system is obtained with decreased vibration magnitude and reduced susceptibility to chatter. In this approach, the flexible holder supports the boring bar and effectively acts as a dynamic absorber for the clamped boring bar. Design trends are explored using an analytical receptance coupling model and experimental validation is provided.
Morphological and biochemical analysis of the 3xTg-Alzheimer's disease mouse model: Implications for sporadic Alzheimer's disease and the amyloid cascade hypothesis

passive immunization using monoclonal antibodies against amyloid beta was successful in improving cognitive deficits intransgenic mice models of AD. The detection of antibodies against beta amyloid in human intravenous immunoglobulins offers an alternative approach of passive immunization using natural occurring polyclonal anti-amyloid beta antibodies (nAbsAbeta). The present study tested if a single treatment with nAbs-Abeta has a beneficial effect on synapse formation and cognition in Tg2576 mice. Methods: Tg2576 mice at 22 and 27 months of age were treated once with either nAbs-Abeta (400 mg) or vehicle 24h prior to assessing non-spatial and spatial memory, and the number of synapses by immunostaining of the presynaptic marker synaptophysin in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. Results: Tg2576 mice of both ages showed impaired object location memory, which was indicated by a reduced interaction time with the object moved to a novel position. Immunization with nAbs-Abeta restored spatial memory deficits in the object location memory task, which was indicated by an increased interaction time with the object moved to a novel location. Analysis of synaptophysin immunoreactivity in the frontal cortex and hippocampal region showed greater synaptophysin staining inimmunized Tg2576 mice, indicating an increased number of synapses in the hippocampus and frontal region after treatment. Conclusions: These results suggest that single immunization with nAbs-Abeta improve synaptic formation and rescue spatial memory deficits after 24h. This findings make nAbsAbeta an eligible candidate as an effective therapeutic for AD.
Use of multivariate statistics in understanding wine flavor

With the increase in sensitivity and selectivity of instruments, volatiles can now be analyzed under conditions very close to those by which humans perceive aroma. However, without sensory evaluation, even precise information about the volatile composition in the nasal passages cannot predict the flavor of the system as perceived by humans. To illustrate one facet of the complexity of flavor research, multivariate statistical methods that have been used in wine flavor studies to relate sensory descriptive analysis and volatile composition are reviewed. Principal component analysis of instrumental variables is a technique to find the fewest number of volatiles that match the configuration of the sensory profile data. Generalized procrustes analysis (GPA) and Partial least squares regression (PLS) are used to model data from different data sets, such as volatiles identified by GC-MS and intensity ratings for the sensory attributes. The GPA is used to determine if the two data sets “fit each other”, whereas ...
A 100-MIPS GaAs asynchronous microprocessor

The authors describe how they ported an asynchronous microprocessor previously implemented in CMOS to gallium arsenide, using a technology-independent asynchronous design technique. They introduce new circuits including a sense-amplifier, a completion detection circuit, and a general circuit structure for operators specified by production rules. The authors used and tested these circuits in a variety of designs. >
A method to predict free energies of formation of mineral phases in the U(VI)–SiO2–H2O system

A method to estimate standard-state free energies of formation (Δ f G°) for U(VI)-layered oxide hydrates and silicates is described. The Δ f G° values for these phases are estimated from the free energies for the oxide and hydroxide components in the sheet structures, defined as the solid-phase free energies (Δ f G * ). Δ f G * for the component oxides and hydroxides are assumed to be constant among the various sheet structures. A derivation of the Δ f G * parameters for structural water and the UO 2 (OH) 2 component is presented, and used to estimate Δ f G° for important phases in the U(VI)-SiO 2 -H 2 O system. Although propagated uncertainties are large, this method provides reasonable estimates of the free energies of formation for the layered U(VI) structures, but not for the infinite framework structures such as soddyite.
Testosterone is necessary for sexually stimulated luteinizing hormone and prolactin release in the male rat.

Sexually experienced male rats were castrated and simultaneously implanted sc with Silastic capsules filled with testosterone (T). Three weeks later, the rats were bled via indwelling jugular cannulae before and during exposure to receptive females. Silastic capsules (5–40 mm long) produced doserelated increments in plasma T levels. Basal plasma LH levels increased in untreated castrated rats, and T treatment reduced this increase. Basal plasma PRL levels were not affected by castration or T treatment. Sexual behavior was impaired in untreated castrated rats, but T-treated castrated rats displayed sexual behavior similar to that of intact males. During exposure to females, untreated castrated rats did not release LH or PRL, regardless of whether they mated. Both intact and T-treated castrated rats showed significant increases in plasma LH and PRL levels during mating. LH release was observed only in Ttreated castrated rats which had basal LH levels below the range exhibited by untreated castrated rats. PR...
4-bromo-3,3-dimethyl-1-butene: a new probe for radical intermediates in reactions in strongly basic media

Abstract The preparation, isolation and purification of the title bromide ( 1 ) are described, and the application of 1 as a mechanistic probe is demonstrated in the metal—halogen interchange reaction with tert -butyllithium.
Fracture toughness of the fibre-matrix interface in glass-epoxy composites

The failure process arising at a broken fibre end in polymer matrix composite materials has been studied experimentally and analytically using the finite element method. A series of experiments were carried out using S-glass and E-glass single filaments, with different sizings and/or coupling agents, embedded in epoxy matrices with different moduli. A finite element analysis was used to simulate the experiments and calculate the change in strain energy accompanying the observed fracture mode. The strain energy release rate upon arrest of the crack, Garrest, was then calculated. The measured interface debonding energies varied from Garrest=57–342 J m−2, depending primarily on the nature of the fibre sizing and the ratio of moduli of the fibre and matrix. Transverse and shear matrix cracks were characterized by Garrest values of 58–103 J m−2. Subtle changes in the constituent properties or fibre surface treatment resulted in a change in the fracture mode. This measurement and analysis technique may suggest reasons for the variability of previous measurements of interfacial adhesion, and provide a standard method for characterizing fracture modes at broken fibre ends.
Dynamic modeling of the tradeoff between productivity and safety in critical engineering systems

Short-term tradeoffs between productivity and safety often exist in the operation of critical facilities such as nuclear power plants, offshore oil platforms, or simply individual cars. For example, interruption of operations for maintenance on demand can decrease short-term productivity but may be needed to ensure safety. Operations are interrupted for several reasons: scheduled maintenance, maintenance on demand, response to warnings, subsystem failure, or a catastrophic accident. The choice of operational procedures (e.g. timing and extent of scheduled maintenance) generally affects the probabilities of both production interruptions and catastrophic failures. In this paper, we present and illustrate a dynamic probabilistic model designed to describe the long-term evolution of such a system through the different phases of operation, shutdown, and possibly accident. The model's parameters represent explicitly the effects of different components' performance on the system's safety and reliability through an engineering probabilistic risk assessment (PRA). In addition to PRA, a Markov model is used to track the evolution of the system and its components through different performance phases. The model parameters are then linked to different operations strategies, to allow computation of the effects of each management strategy on the system's long-term productivity and safety. Decision analysis is then used to support the management of the short-term trade-offs between productivity and safety in order to maximize long-term performance. The value function is that of plant managers, within the constraints set by local utility commissions and national (e.g. energy) agencies. This model is illustrated by the case of outages (planned and unplanned) in nuclear power plants to show how it can be used to guide policy decisions regarding outage frequency and plant lifetime, and more specifically, the choice of a reactor tripping policy as a function of the state of the emergency core cooling subsystem.
Hybrid zero-valent iron process for removing heavy metals and nitrate from flue-gas-desulfurization wastewater

Abstract In this paper, we present and discuss the results from the first field demonstration of the hybrid zero-valent iron (hZVI) technology for removing selenium (Se), mercury (Hg), and nitrate from the flue-gas-desulfurization (FGD) wastewater of a coal-fired power plant. By hybridizing zero-valent iron with magnetite and Fe(II) species, the hZVI technology creates a self-sustaining highly-reactive mixture that can achieve rapid reduction, transformation, immobilization and mineralization of various heavy metals, oxyanions and other impurities from aqueous streams in a near-neutral pH environment. The hZVI technology was demonstrated in a 5-week continuous-flow field test conducted on a 30-l fluidized bed system at a power plant. The prototype consistently reduced Hg from ca. 50 to
Human Factors in Maritime Applications: A New Opportunity for Multi-Modal Transportation Research

Human error has been shown to cause 65 − 80% of maritime casualties; this figure is similar to that of other industries. However, there has been little systematic research and development work in the area of maritime human factors. This paper presents a model of five technical domains that comprise a useful framework for conceptualizing human factors in the maritime industries. The multi-modal research potential in the areas of fatigue and the cognitive impacts of automation are discussed.
Effects of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) on yield, growth and nutrient contents of organically grown strawberry.

Abstract The effects of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) on the fruit yield, growth and nutrient element content of strawberry cv. Fern were investigated under organic growing conditions between 2006 and 2008. The experimental plot was a completely randomized design with 3 replicates. Three PGPB strains ( Pseudomonas BA-8, Bacillus OSU-142 and Bacillus M-3) were used alone or in combination as bio-fertilizer agent in the experiment. Data through 3 years showed that the use of PGPB significantly increased fruit yield, plant growth and leaf P and Zn contents. Root inoculation of M3 and floral and foliar spraying of OSU-142 and BA-8 bacteria stimulated plant growth resulting in significant yield increases. M3 + BA-8, BA-8 + OSU-142, M3, M3 + OSU-142 and BA-8 applications increased cumulative yield by 33.2%, 18.4%, 18.2%, 15.3% and 10.5%, respectively. Number of fruits per plant significantly increased by the applications of M3 + BA-8 (91.73) and M3 (81.58) compared with the control (68.66). In addition, P and Zn contents of strawberry leaves with bacterial inoculation significantly increased under organic growing conditions. Available P contents in soil were increased from 0.35 kg P 2 O 5 /da at the beginning of the study to 2.00, 1.97 and 1.82 kg P 2 O 5 /da by M3 + OSU-142, M3 + BA-8 and M3 + BA-8 + OSU-142 applications, respectively. Overall, the results of this study suggest that root inoculation of Bacillus M3 alone or in combination with spraying Bacillus OSU-142 or Pseudomonas BA-8 have the potential to increase the yield, growth and nutrition content of strawberry plant under organic growing conditions.
Game Theory, Industrial Organization, and Business Strategy

(1994). Game Theory, Industrial Organization, and Business Strategy. International Journal of the Economics of Business: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 11-14.
Positive mental health: is there a cross‐cultural definition?

SEVEN MODELS FOR CONCEPTUALIZING POSITIVE MENTAL HEALTH ARE REVIEWED: mental health as above normal, epitomized by a DSM-IV's Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) score of over 80; mental health as the presence of multiple human strengths rather than the absence of weaknesses; mental health conceptualized as maturity; mental health as the dominance of positive emotions; mental health as high socio-emotional intelligence; mental health as subjective well-being; mental health as resilience. Safeguards for the study of mental health are suggested, including the need to define mental health in terms that are culturally sensitive and inclusive, and the need to empirically and longitudinally validate criteria for mental health.
FISSION1A and FISSION1B Proteins Mediate the Fission of Peroxisomes and Mitochondria in Arabidopsis

Peroxisomes and mitochondria are metabolically diverse organelles that act in concert in a number of pathways in eukaryotes, including photorespiration and lipid mobilization in plants. The division machineries of these two types of organelles also share several components such as dynamin-related proteins (DRPs) and their organelle anchor, the FISSION1 (FIS1) protein. In Arabidopsis, members of the DRP3 and FIS1 small protein families, namely DRP3A, DRP3B, FIS1A, and FIS1B, are each dual-targeted to peroxisomes and mitochondria and are required for the division of both organelles; DRP3A and DRP3B are partially redundant in function. To further determine the contribution of FIS1A and FIS1B to the division of peroxisomes and mitochondria, we analyzed plants overexpressing FIS1A or FIS1B and mutants in which the functions of both proteins were disrupted. Domains in FIS1A and FIS1B required for peroxisomal targeting were also dissected. Our results demonstrate that FIS1A and FIS1B play rate-limiting and partially overlapping roles in promoting the fission of peroxisomes and mitochondria. Furthermore, although the C-terminus of FIS1 is both necessary and sufficient for targeting to peroxisomes, the role of the short C-terminal segment adjacent to the transmembrane domain may differ among diverse species in peroxisomal targeting.
Independence of sensitivity on different foveal areas

Evidence suggests that for close retinal areas a correlation in sensitivity exists between the areas. Correlations as a function of distance from fixation and between areas were studied. In Experiment I, both forms were equidistant from fixation and five different distances apart. In Experiment II, both forms fell on an imaginary line through fixation. The forms usually did not fall on equally sensitive areas as in Experiment I. Both experiments showed that accuracy was lower for two- than for one-form displays. Closer forms had the lowest accuracy, suggesting perhaps mutual contour masking. However, in the sense of an intratrial correlation, no significant relationships were found. These two types of independence were discussed in terms of contour masking and varying sensitivity.
Tensor GSVD of patient- and platform-matched tumor and normal DNA copy-number profiles uncovers chromosome arm-wide patterns of tumor-exclusive platform-consistent alterations encoding for cell transformation and predicting ovarian cancer survival.

The number of large-scale high-dimensional datasets recording different aspects of a single disease is growing, accompanied by a need for frameworks that can create one coherent model from multiple tensors of matched columns, e.g., patients and platforms, but independent rows, e.g., probes. We define and prove the mathematical properties of a novel tensor generalized singular value decomposition (GSVD), which can simultaneously find the similarities and dissimilarities, i.e., patterns of varying relative significance, between any two such tensors. We demonstrate the tensor GSVD in comparative modeling of patient- and platform-matched but probe-independent ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma (OV) tumor, mostly high-grade, and normal DNA copy-number profiles, across each chromosome arm, and combination of two arms, separately. The modeling uncovers previously unrecognized patterns of tumor-exclusive platform-consistent co-occurring copy-number alterations (CNAs). We find, first, and validate that each of the patterns across only 7p and Xq, and the combination of 6p+12p, is correlated with a patient’s prognosis, is independent of the tumor’s stage, the best predictor of OV survival to date, and together with stage makes a better predictor than stage alone. Second, these patterns include most known OV-associated CNAs that map to these chromosome arms, as well as several previously unreported, yet frequent focal CNAs. Third, differential mRNA, microRNA, and protein expression consistently map to the DNA CNAs. A coherent picture emerges for each pattern, suggesting roles for the CNAs in OV pathogenesis and personalized therapy. In 6p+12p, deletion of the p21-encoding CDKN1A and p38-encoding MAPK14 and amplification of RAD51AP1 and KRAS encode for human cell transformation, and are correlated with a cell’s immortality, and a patient’s shorter survival time. In 7p, RPA3 deletion and POLD2 amplification are correlated with DNA stability, and a longer survival. In Xq, PABPC5 deletion and BCAP31 amplification are correlated with a cellular immune response, and a longer survival.
Influence of ionic aggregation on the surface energies of crystallites in poly(butylene terephthalate) ionomers

Abstract The influence of ionic comonomer units and ionic aggregation on the crystallization behavior and crystallite surface energies of poly(butylene terephthalate-co-5-sodiosulfoisophthalate) (PBTi) ionomers containing 3 and 5 mol% dimethyl-5-sodiosulfoisophthalate monomer units is compared to that of pure poly(butylene terephthalate). The rate of crystallization of the ionomers, as determined from an Avrami analysis, was shown to decrease with an increase in the ionic comonomer unit content. This behavior was attributed to the presence of non-crystallizable comonomer units and the reduced mobility of the crystallizable chain segments due to ionic aggregation in the PBT ionomers as evidenced by the broad peak centered about −9.5 ppm in the 23Na NMR spectrum. The surface free energies of the polymer crystallites were determined using the Avrami rate constants in a modified Laurizten–Hoffman method. The PBT ionomers showed a 35–70% increase in the product of the surface energies (σσe) over that observed for pure PBT. By assuming a constant lateral surface energy, this behavior was attributed to a 30–70% increase in the work associated with chain folding. Relative to crystallites formed in pure PBT, these data suggest that there is a more disordered crystalline fold surface in the ionomers due the perturbed development of crystallites in the presence of a strong electrostatic network.
Maximum size–density relationships for mixed softwoods in the northeastern USA

Abstract The maximum size–density relationships or self-thinning lines were developed for three mixed-softwood climax forest habitats (hemlock-red spruce, spruce-fir, and cedar-black spruce) in the northeastern USA. The plot data were collected from an extensive data base used in growth studies from 1950 to 1970, and represented a wide range of species compositions, sites, management options, and densities. Plots having late successional species compositions with relative density index higher than 0.7 were selected as the most fully-stocked plots for model development. Reduced major axis regression was used to fit the self-thinning lines to the data. The differences between the three forest habitats were tested using the 95% confidence intervals of the coefficients of the self-thinning lines. The results indicated that there were no differences between the hemlock-red spruce and spruce-fir habitats for both relationships of the mean tree volume versus number of trees, and the quadratic mean tree diameter versus number of trees. Thus, these two habitats were combined to develop a single self-thinning line. However, the cedar-black spruce forest habitat required a separate self-thinning line. These maximum size–density relationships can be readily used to construct stand density management diagrams.
Agricultural intensification within agroforestry : The case of coffee and wood products

Abstract Compared to the environmental and conservation value as refuges for biodiversity, less is known about the social and economic value of shaded coffee systems. The agroforestry system can serve as a source of non-coffee products for diverse purposes. This study focuses on the role of shade trees in smallholder coffee farms, examining the wood products derived from the shaded coffee system. Data presented from surveys with 185 growers in Peru and 153 growers in Guatemala show that the consumption and sale of all non-coffee products account for a fifth to a third of the total value realized from the agroforestry system. Fuelwood and construction materials account for much of this value. Differences seen between countries can be traced to agricultural intensification – the degree to which the coffee agroforestry system is “technified” (i.e., managed with a reduced shade tree cover and diversity, high-yielding cultivars, agrochemical inputs, etc.) – as well as the relative demand for wood resources and farmers’ access to natural forest systems.
Can Change in Intelligence Be Measured By Contemporary Techniques

Studies evaluating the trainability of intelligence have been dependent, in the main, upon a relatively small number of contemporary measurement procedures largely derived from a common base. A brief review of these tests is provided, and it is concluded that the procedures possess a number of characteristics that make the evaluation of change in intelligence a tenuous proposition. The most serious concern is seen as revolving about the evidence of test validity. The case is advanced that at least 4 conceptually distinct types of validity should be required of these tests and that in most instances this is now assumed rather than demonstrated. As a result, many of the conclusions drawn from efforts to evaluate change in intelligence may be erroneous; hence, the trainability of intelligence cannot be fully judged from the existing research in which these measures are used.
Scintillator diagnostics for the detection of laser accelerated ion beams

Laser plasma interaction with ultraintense pulses present exciting schemes for accelerating ions. One of the advantages conferred by using a gaseous laser and target is the potential for a fast (several Hz) repetition rate. This requires diagnostics which are not only suited for a single shot configuration, but also for repeated use. We consider several scintillators as candidates for an imaging diagnostic for protons accelerated to MeV energies by a CO2 laser focused on a gas jet target. We have measured the response of chromium-doped alumina (chromox) and polyvinyl toluene (PVT) screens to protons in the 2–8 MeV range. We have calibrated the luminescent yield in terms of photons emitted per incident proton for each scintillator. We also discuss how light scattering and material properties affect detector resolution. Furthermore, we consider material damage and the presence of an afterglow under intense exposures. Our analysis reveals a near order of magnitude greater yield from chromox in response to proton beams at > 8 MeV energies, while scattering effects favor PVT-based scintillators at lower energies.
Lipofuscin pigment in neurons of young mice with a hereditary central nervous system defect.

Mutant mice are described which have an early developing locomotor difficulty accompanied by definite neuronal changes in the central nervous system. They develop head tremors during the second postnatal week and later action tremors while walking. Seizures occur spontaneously and can be induced by stimulation. By the third or fourth week, they lose the righting reflex. The most apparent neuropathologic sign is the progressive development of nuclear hyperchromasia, especially in the largest neurons of the spinal cord and brain stem. Purkinje cells of the cerebellum are similarly affected. Hyperchromasia occurs in single, isolated neurons scattered throughout the central nervous system, as well as in groups of cells which comprise a brain stem nucelus. Lipofuscin pigment in quantities comparable to that in neurons of 12 months old mice was found in neurons with hyperchromatic nuclei as early as five weeks of age, an observation which suggests that premature aging might be occurring in the mutant's central nervous system.
Flow cytometric analysis of ploidy in the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum

Although recent experiments on pattern formation during amphibian limb regeneration have relied on the use of triploid marked cells, the purity of the triploid donor has not been proven. To test the purity of the donor, blood (which contains noncycling nucleated red blood cells) was collected from the gills of 12 pressure-induced triploid axolotls from two unrelated spawnings. Blood was also collected from 12 untreated sibling animals to serve as diploid controls. The blood samples were placed into a propidium iodide stain solution that had been adjusted to amphibian tonicity by the addition of distilled water. Samples were analyzed on an EPICS V (Coulter) flow cytometer. A minimum of 20,000 cells were analyzed in each sample at a flow rate that did not exceed 1,000 cells/second. In the diploid group, 88.6% of the cells were collected in channels of the DNA histogram corresponding to a 2C G1/G0 DNA content (channel 71±10) and 0.9% were collected in channels corresponding to a 3C G1/G0 DNA content (channel 106±10). In the triploid group, 99.2% of the cells were collected in nondiploid channels and only 0.8% were collected in channel 71±10. Utilizing the average peak channel number for the diploid group of 12 animals an average haploid channel number of 35 was calculated. The triploid group of animals exhibited DNA ploidy that averaged one haploid channel number above that of the diploid group. Based on forward angle light scatter, nuclei obtained from triploid red blood cells were observed to be larger than nuclei from diploid blood. Preliminary data are presented which demonstrate that the ploidy characteristics of solid tissues (brain, cornea, spleen, muscle, and limb blastemal mesenchyme) agree with those presented for blood.
A Formalization of Powerlist Algebra in ACL2

In Misra (ACM Trans Program Lang Syst 16(6):1737---1767, 1994), Misra introduced the powerlist data structure, which is well suited to express recursive, data-parallel algorithms. Moreover, Misra and other researchers have shown how powerlists can be used to prove the correctness of several algorithms. This success has encouraged some researchers to pursue automated proofs of theorems about powerlists (Kapur 1997; Kapur and Subramaniam 1995, Form Methods Syst Des 13(2):127---158, 1998). In this paper, we show how ACL2 can be used to verify theorems about powerlists. We depart from previous approaches in two significant ways. First, the powerlists we use are not the regular structures defined by Misra; that is, we do not require powerlists to be balanced trees. As we will see, this complicates some of the proofs, but on the other hand it allows us to state theorems that are otherwise beyond the language of powerlists. Second, we wish to prove the correctness of powerlist algorithms as much as possible within the logic of powerlists. Previous approaches have relied on intermediate lemmas which are unproven (indeed unstated) within the powerlist logic. However, we believe these lemmas must be formalized if the final theorems are to be used as a foundation for subsequent work, e.g., in the verification of system libraries. In our experience, some of these unproven lemmas presented the biggest obstacle to finding an automated proof. We illustrate our approach with two case studies involving Batcher sorting and prefix sums.
Children and labour supply

This article analyses the role of parents' expected payoffs of children and their labour supply. It uses the current education and income status of the parent and the educational expectations, health and behaviour problems of the child in order to form the expectations regarding the payoffs. We use a three stage (child, adult and old) model for individuals in order to capture the trade-off between supply of labour in the adult stage and consumption (from savings, investments and transfers from government and child) in the old age. The labour supply increases with the educational expectations, hopefulness and expected future income of the parent.
Comment on Birgegard and Sohlberg's (1999) Suggestions for Research in Subliminal Psychodynamic Activation:

Methodological changes in subliminal psychodynamic activation experiments based on the assumption that multiletter messages can be encoded automatically (Birgegard & Sohlberg, 1999) are questioned. Their contention that partial experimental messages and appropriate nonsense anagram controls (Fudin, 1986) need not be presented in every experiment is supported, with a reservation. If the difference between responses to the complete message and its control is significant in the predicted direction, then Fudin's procedure should be used. A nonsignificant difference between the response to each partial message and its control is needed to support the assumption of proponents of subliminal psychodynamic activation that successful outcomes are effected by the encoding of the meaning of a complete message. Experiments in subliminal psychodynamic activation can be improved if their methodologies take into account variables that may operate when subliminal stimuli are presented and encoded.
Ventricular arrhythmias during reperfusion

Accelerated idioventricular rhythm has been used as a marker for coronary reperfusion. The incidence of accelerated idioventricular rhythm and ventricular tachycardia was evaluated in 52 consecutive patients undergoing thrombolysis with intracoronary streptokinase during acute myocardial infarction. Complete 12-hour Holter recordings during and after intracoronary streptokinase were obtained in 39 patients. Reperfusion was documented in 17 patients (44%), no reperfusion in 14 (36%), and subtotal occlusion in eight (20%). Accelerated idioventricular rhythm occurred in 83%, 57%, and 63% of patients by group, respectively (p > 0.05). Ventricular tachycardia occurred in 100%, 71%, and 100% of patients by group, respectively (p < 0.05). These data demonstrate that accelerated idioventricular rhythm is not specific for reperfusion and cannot be used as a marker for this event, and that ventricular tachycardia is more common with reperfusion and subtotal occlusion.
Implications of Direct- and Crossed-Channel Regge Self-Consistency

By comparing the $t$-channel Regge-pole amplitude with the $s$-channel Regge amplitude, we apply self-consistency for near-forward scattering. Under certain plausible assumptions, this enables us to evaluate the high-energy behavior of the Regge-trajectory function as $\ensuremath{\alpha}(s)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{(s\mathrm{ln}s)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$, and that of the residue function as $\ensuremath{\beta}(s)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{s}^{{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{c}(0)\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}}{(\mathrm{ln}s)}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}}$. We also determine that two trajectories will have the same shape if their derivatives at $s=0$ are the same, since this derivative alone determines the trajectory shape completely. The resonance content of these trajectories at high $s$ is also examined and found to be empty in the usual sense.
679 KINETIC ANALYSIS OF SOLID PHASE C3 FRAGMENTS DEPOSITED ON CROSS-LINKED DEXTRAN GEL BEADS

Upon activation of the third component of complement (C3) by the classical or alternative pathway convertases, an opsonically active form of C3 gets firmly bound to a wide variety of surfaces. To analyze the forms of solid phase C3, dextran gel beads (675,superfine) were incubated with normal human serum in veronal-buffered saline 5 mM Mg++, 10 mM ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) for timed intervals, and samples washed with phosphate-buffered saline (200 × volume) at room temperature. Gel beads were solubilized with Dextranase, and solutions analyzed on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels in unreduced and reduced (2-Mercaptoethanol) form. C3 fragments accounted for more than 90% of the total proteins present. A 175,000 M.W. fragment was the predominant species at 5′, 10′, 15′, 20′ and 30 minute intervals, and was maximum at 15′. Other fragments were detected as early as 5′ (155,000 M.W.), 10′ (138,000 and 23,000), 15′ (110,000), and at 60′ only these and not the 175,000 M.W. fragment were detected. Solubilization of dextran gel beads with Dextranase appears to be an ideal vehicle for the analysis of solid phase activation and degradation of C3 and the relationship of the deposited fragments to these various biological activities including opsonization and immune adherence. Supported by U.S.P.H.S. Research Grant AM 16392.
61 RECOVERY OF THE ACTIVITIES OF IMP DEHYDROGENASE AND GMP SYNTHASE AFTER TREATMENT WITH TIAZOFURIN AND ACIVICIN IN HEPATOMA CELLS IN VITRO

Tiazofurin, a C-nucleoside, and acivicin, a glutamine antagonist, are targeting against de novo guanylate synthesis and are under clinical trials as anticancer drugs. To elucidate the mechanisms of the recovery of the activities of the target enzymes after inhibition by these drugs, hepatoma 3924A cells were incubated either with 100 uM tiazofurin or 10 uM acivicin for three hours and the enzyme activities in cells after replacement with fresh medium were measured. IMP dehydrogenase, inhibited by 86% with tiazofurin, recovered to the control level within two hours. The addition of 6.7 uM cycloheximide did not affect this recovery. GMP synthase activity, which acivicin completely inhibited, recovered to 82% within 36 hours and cycloheximide blocked this return. These results suggest that in tissue culture system the recovery of GMP synthase activity after acivicin treatment is due to the newly synthesized enzyme protein. By contrast, under these in vitro conditions, inhibition of IMP dehydrogenase by tiazofurin is released by other mechanisms, e.g., dissociation of the drug from the enzyme or degradation of the drug. The applicability of the observations obtained in this in vitro system to animals and in human chemotherapy is under investigation. (Supported by Outstanding Investigator Grant CA-42510 to G.W.)
Ionization, dissociation, and level shifts of H + 2 in a strong dc or low-frequency ac field

Using a complex basis-set expansion of the electronic wave function, we have calculated the induced shifts and widths of the first few electronic \ensuremath{\Sigma} levels of the ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$ molecular ion in the presence of a dc field, over a range of internuclear separations. We have also calculated, through order ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}^{2}$, the shifts and widths of the 1s and 2p levels (we use the field-free united-atom-limit quantum numbers) when an ac field of low frequency \ensuremath{\omega} is present. In accord with Zuo and Bandrauk [Phys. Rev. A 52, R2511 (1995)], we find that the 2p ionization width exhibits peaks as the internuclear separation is increased. We attribute these resonances to the mixing of the 2p state, which is localized in the higher well of the double-well electronic potential, with energetically nearby highly excited states that are localized in the lower well; over-the-barrier ionization from the lower well can proceed without the impediment of backscattering of the electron from the hump between the wells. Finally, we have calculated shifts and widths of various vibrational levels of the electronic ground state and the threshold intensities for dissociation of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$ from some of these vibrational levels. We compare our results with the threshold intensity measured by Ilkov et al. [Phys. Rev. A 51, R2695 (1995)] at the ${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$ laser wavelength. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.