cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A framework for the management of past experiences with time-extended situations

In the context of knowledge management, we focus on the representation and the retrieval of past experiences called cases within the Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) paradigm. CBR is a problem-solving method based on the reuse of past experiences that represent pieces of knowledge. The first step of this kind of reasoning is the retrieval from the memory of relevant cases to solve a new problem by reuse and adaptation. In this paper, we propose a framework to be used in the design of CBR systems that need a retrieval of cases with timeextended situations. Time-extended situation assessment is required in many different applications such as automatic control, medical problem solving, process supervision and forecasting. Inside our framework for past experiences management, we propose a representation model that mainly handles situations described by a set of sequences of events and/or sampled data. We also propose a complex retrieval strategy that integrates the retrieval of different types of knowledge: abstract, concrete and potential cases. Our framework, implemented in an object-oriented way, can be applied to a general class of problems and mainly supports the knowledge discovery and explanation.
Catalyst Particle Design for Optimum Polyolefin Productivity

Local softening or melting of growing polymer particles in fluidized bed reactors may lead to formation of sheets, which require reactor shutdown. The kinetic properties of metallocene catalysts ca...
PATTERNS OF REPRODUCTION, GENETIC DIVERSITY, AND GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION IN CALIFORNIA POPULATIONS OF THE GENICULATE CORALLINE ALGA LITHOTHRIX ASPERGILLUM (RHODOPHYTA)1

The reproductive composition and genetic diversity of populations of the red seaweed Lithothrix aspergillum Gray (O. Corallinales) were studied at three southern California sites (Shaw's Cove and Treasure Island, Laguna Beach; Indian Rock, Santa Catalina Island) and at a fourth site (Bodega Bay) located in northern California. Sexually reproducing populations were confined to southern California. Diploid individuals were numerically dominant over haploid (gametophytic) individuals at all sites. Intertidal and subtidal subpopulations from Shaw's Cove differed in their reproductive profiles. Most intertidal specimens found on emersed surfaces were densely branched, turf-forming, and bore tetrasporangial (68.6%), carposporangial (11.4%), or spermatangial (5.7%) conceptacles, reflecting a sexual life history; none produced asexual bispores. In contrast, 74.3% of the larger, loosely branched subtidal specimens bore bisporangial conceptacles indicative of asexual reproduction. Nearly 70% of the Indian Rock thalli showed no evidence of conceptacle formation. Only asexual, diploid bispore-producing thalli were obtained from the Bodega Bay site. Genetic diversity (mean number of alleles per locus, percent of polymorphic loci, and average expected heterozygosity) of diploid L. aspergillum populations varied with life-history characteristics and geographic location. A total of 30 alleles was inferred from zymograms of 16 loci examined by starch-gel electrophoresis; of these loci, 11 were polymorphic. The genetic diversity of sexual, diploid populations of L. aspergillum (alleles per locus [A/L] = 1.4-1.5; percent polymorphic loci [%P] = 37.5-50.0) was relatively high compared with other red seaweeds. Lowest diversity (A/L = 1.0; %P = 0.0) occurred in the exclusively asexual Bodega Bay population which consisted of genetic clones. All sexual L. aspergillum populations deviated significantly from Hardy-Wein-berg expectations due to lower than expected heterozygosity. Genetic differentiation (Wright's Fstatistic [FST]; Nei's Genetic Distance [D]) among sexually reproducing southern California populations was low (FST= 0.030) on a local scale (ca. 5 km), suggesting high levels of gene flow, but high genetic differention (FST= 0.390 and 0.406) occurred among southern California populations separated by ca. 70 km. Very high genetic differentiation (FST= 0.583–0.683) was obtained between northern and southern California populations separated by 700–760 km. Our genetic and reproductive data suggest that the L. aspergillum population from Bodega Bay is sustained by perennation, vegetative propagation, or asexual reproduction by bispores and may represent an isolated remnant or a population established by a founder event.
Single-crystal x-ray diffraction of brucite to 14 GPa

Single-crystal brucite, Mg(OH)2, was studied to 14 GPa in a quasi-hydrostatic pressure medium using a diamond anvil cell and energy-dispersive synchrotron x-ray diffraction. The parameters of a third-order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state fit to the data are: K OT=42(2) GPa, and (∂K OT/∂P)T= 5.7(5). The bulk modulus is significantly lower than that obtained in recent shock compression and powder x-ray diffraction experiments under non-hydrostatic conditions. No evidence was found for a transition involving the Mg -O sub-structure over the pressure range of these experiments. This implies that the structural change previously identified at high pressure by Raman spectroscopy probably involves rearrangement of hydrogen atoms, leaving the Mg — O substructure largely unaffected.
Developments in combination chemotherapy for colorectal cancer.

In the last 5 years, major advances have occurred in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Following a period of over 30 years in which 5-fluorouracil was the only proven treatment for colorectal cancer, survival for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer has nearly doubled following the introduction of irinotecan (Campto®, Aventis) and oxaliplatin (Eloxatin®, Sanofi-Synthelabo). Furthermore, recent studies have demonstrated additional improvements in response and survival when combination chemotherapy drugs are administered with biologic agents that target angiogenesis and tumor growth pathways. The benefit of these newer drugs is now being realized in the adjuvant setting, where the addition of oxaliplatin to infusional 5-fluorouracil/leucovrin has led to improvements in disease-free survival. Further adjuvant studies are testing the benefit of the addition of biologic therapies to oxaliplatin and irinotecan-based combination chemotherapy.
Two Stage Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Channels

This paper introduces a two stage bit-interleaved coded modulation for the transmission of a 16-QAM constellation over a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) non-ergodic block fading channel. The channel is assumed to be perfectly known at the receiver but not at the transmitter. Iterative multistage decoding is done. The performance of the system is derived using Monte Carlo simulation. Compared to a single stage bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM), results show that a 1 dB gain in performance is reached. Moreover, the scheme is of great interest for the construction of unequal protection schemes (UEP) where the degree of protection depends on the code rate at each level.
A new technique for laparoscopic prophylactic oophoropexy before craniospinal irradiation in children with medulloblastoma

The study objective was to develop a laparoscopic technique for oophoropexy with the marking of both ovaries with titanium clips so as to be able to calculate the radiation dosage to each ovary. We propose a laparoscopic approach to oophoropexy for patients with medulloblastoma planning for craniospinal radiation. Therapeutic radiation dose exposure to the pexed and nonpexed ovaries is calculated. A surgical outpatient laparoscopic procedure for oophoropexy is described. It was determined that if the pexed ovary is moved 1 cm outside of a megavoltage radiation beam, then the dosage of radiation to the ovary is reduced to approximately 9% of the prescription dose (300 cGy), whereas if the pexed ovary is moved 2 cm outside of a megavoltage radiation beam, then the dosage of radiation is reduced to less than 5% (180 cGy). This new laparoscopic oophoropexy procedure can be performed as an outpatient before craniospinal irradiation in order to increase the chances for the preservation of gonadal steroid production and fertility in girls.
The Geography of US Union Elections 2: Performance of the United Auto Workers Union and the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Union, 1970–82

This paper is an extension of previous work on the geography of US union elections. It is largely an exercise in description. The issue here concerns the electoral performance of two unions, the United Auto Workers union and the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers union, over the period 1970 - 82. Relevant descriptive variables include location, scale, sector, state right-to-work legislation, and local economic variables. Two arguments are advanced. First, there are parallels between the electoral performance of US unions, and the partisan political process. Forces of electoral fragmentation evident in the partisan political process are mediated, however, by institutional factors relating to the organizing strategies of unions. Second, it is observed that there are significant differences between the unions, especially with respect to the patterns of their electoral successes and failures. These patterns, and their associations with local economic factors, are illustrated through a series of multivariate analyses of variance. Definite tests of hypothesized causal relationships are left to a subsequent paper.
Directed Self-Assembly Based Cut Mask Optimization for Unidirectional Design

Unidirectional design has attracted lots of attention with the scaling down of technology nodes. However, due to the limitation of traditional lithography, printing the randomly distributed dense cuts becomes a big challenge for highly scaled unidirectional layout. Recently directed self-assembly (DSA) has emerged as a promising lithography technique candidate for cut manufacturing because of its ability to form small cylinders inside the guiding templates and the actual pattern size can be greatly reduced. In this paper, we perform a comprehensive study on the DSA cut mask optimization problem. We first formulate it as integer linear programming (ILP) to assign cuts to different guiding templates, targeting at minimum conflicts and line-end extensions. As ILP may not be scalable for very large size problem, we further propose a speed-up method to decompose the problem into smaller ones and solve them separately. We then merge and legalize the solutions without much loss of result quality. The proposed approaches can be easily extended to handle more DSA guiding patterns with complicated shapes. Experimental results show that our methods can significantly reduce the total number of unresolvable patterns and the line-end extensions for the targeted layouts.
Trapped surfaces in nonspherical initial data sets and the hoop conjecture.

The existence of outer trapped surfaces in conformally flat, axisymmetric, momentarily static initial data sets for Einstein's equations is investigated. It is shown that none of the level surfaces of the conformal factor can be outer trapped, whenever the minimum value of the circumferences (or of the square roots of the areas) of all the surfaces surrounding the source region is greater than a constant times the Arnowitt-Deser-Misner mass. This result is along the lines of the hoop conjecture. It also provides evidence in favor of the conclusion of Shapiro and Teukolsky, drawn from recent numerical relativity calculations, that the gravitational field on a spacelike hypersurface can become arbitrarily singular without the appearance of an apparent horizon.
Contemporary trends in microbiology and antibiotic resistance in otolaryngology

Abstract Objective: to determine current microbiologic yields and characterize antibiotic resistance patterns for organisms cultured from head and neck infections. Methods: results of out-patient cultures submitted from an academic otolaryngology practice over the period 1994–1998 were reviewed. A database was constructed, and culture results were analyzed for sites of infection, organism recovery rate, infecting microbiological agent, antibiotic resistance patterns, and 5-year trends. χ 2 analysis was used to determine associations between site of infection, infecting agent and antibiotic resistance over the years of the study. Results: a total of 986 aerobic cultures were reviewed. The most common sites cultured were the nose/paranasal sinuses (469), throat (377), and ear (23). In 465 (47.2%) cultures, normal flora or no growth occurred. Of the throat culture subset, 69.7% were negative, whereas 69.1% of sinonasal cultures recovered organisms. Gram positive cocci were the most commonly recovered organism type (30.9%), followed by Gram negative rods (GNR, 17.2%). These rates remained relatively constant over the years of the study. GNR were found in 39.1 and 25.2% of ear and sinus cultures, respectively. Antibiotic sensitivities were conducted on 257 specimens (49.3% of positive cultures). The average number of antibiotic resistances per bacteria remained stable at approximately 1.59 over the years ( P =0.086, analysis of variance (ANOVA)). Antibiotic resistance rates increased for clindamycin, cefazolin, and erythromycin over the years of the study ( P χ 2 ). Ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance rates did not increase over the years of the study. Vancomycin resistance did not occur. Conclusions: as a significant proportion of head and neck cultures will be negative, their utility should be re-examined. GNR infections are more common in the head and neck than earlier thought. There is a trend towards increasing antibiotic resistance in head and neck infections, urging careful and appropriate use of antibiotics.
A Defect of Pimento Cheese

Summary A brief summary of the results of this work is given below: 1.Streptococcus lactis was proved not responsible for the sharply acid and bitter flavor. 2.The pimentos were not responsible for the defect. 3.Aerobic methods failed to disclose the causal organism. 4.Nine samples of sharply acid and bitter cheese were found to contain large numbers of spore-forming, gram positive, motile anaerobic bacillus which resembles Clostridium butyricum. 5.The increase in sharply acid and bitter flavor was always accompanied by a corresponding increase in volatile acidity. 6.The characteristic defect was produced experimentally by the use of a pure culture of the anaerobic bacillus. 7."Shocked" spores of the anaerobic bacillus produced a more active fermentation than the unheated spores. 8.Pasteurization of raw milk is equivalent to this method of shocking the spores. 9.The associative action of the Streptococcus lactis and the anaerobic bacillus proved more effective than the anaerobe alone.
Multivariate discretization for set mining

Many algorithms in data mining can be formulated as a set-mining problem where the goal is to find conjunctions (or disjunctions) of terms that meet user-specified constraints. Set-mining techniques have been largely designed for categorical or discrete data where variables can only take on a fixed number of values. However, many datasets also contain continuous variables and a common method of dealing with these is to discretize them by breaking them into ranges. Most discretization methods are univariate and consider only a single feature at a time (sometimes in conjunction with a class variable). We argue that this is a suboptimal approach for knowledge discovery as univariate discretization can destroy hidden patterns in data. Discretization should consider the effects on all variables in the analysis and that two regions X and Y should only be in the same interval after discretization if the instances in those regions have similar multivariate distributions (Fx∼Fy) across all variables and combinations of variables. We present a bottom-up merging algorithm to discretize continuous variables based on this rule. Our experiments indicate that the approach is feasible, that it will not destroy hidden patterns and that it will generate meaningful intervals.
The adsorption and decomposition of methylamine on Pd?111?

Abstract The thermal decomposition of methylamine (CH 3 NH 2 ) on a clean Pd{111} surface has been investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and thermal desorption spectrometry (TDS). We find that methylamine undergoes only a dehydrogenation reaction on Pd{111} upon thermal treatment. The TDS and SIMS data from deuterium labeled d3-methylamine indicate that the methyl-hydrogens (HCH 2 NH 2 ) are more stable than amino-hydrogens (CH 3 NHH). The decomposition products detected by TDS are H 2 and HCN, and there is no influence of coverage on the reaction pathway. The stable surface intermediates identified by XPS and SIMS are CH 3 NH ads , CH 2 N ads , CHN ads and CN ads , and no CN bond activation is observed. No evidence of s-triazine formation is found in the thermal decomposition process. All adsorbed species desorb by 500 K. An adsorption geometry of CH x N ads is proposed from the evaluation of XPS and SIMS results.
Union wage differentials for covered members and nonmembers in Great Britain

I present the first longitudinal estimates of covered union member and covered nonmember wage differentials in Great Britain. Crosssectional estimates show that covered union members receive a premium of about 10 percent over other workers, but covered nonmembers have no significant wage differential. Longitudinal estimates that accounted for fixed effects, selectivity, and measurement error indicated that OLS estimates are downward biased. The “true” union wage differential is likely about 30–35 percent. There is a large negative selection effect to union membership. No robust estimate could be found for covered nonmembers.
Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure spectroscopy in Co0.013NbSe2

We present a study of the local environment of the Co atom in single crystalline CoxNbSe2, x = 0.013, via Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) measurements at the Co K-edge (7.7 keV) at various temperatures. Co intercalation quickly suppresses superconductivity and the charge-density wave (CDW) present in pure NbSe2. In order to study the effect of impurities on superconducting and CDW states one has to verify the random distribution of the intercalated atoms in contrast to possible clustering which could lead to additional, e.g. magnetic, interactions in the case of Co intercalation. Our measurements show that the Co atoms are indeed randomly distributed in Co0.013NbSe2.
Computational Network Model Prediction of Hemodynamic Alterations Due to Arteriolar Rarefaction and Estimation of Skeletal Muscle Perfusion in Peripheral Arterial Disease.

Objective To estimate the relative influence of input pressure and arteriole rarefaction on gastrocnemius muscle perfusion in patients with PAD after exercise and/or percutaneous interventions. Methods A computational network model of the gastrocnemius muscle microcirculation was adapted to reflect rarefaction based on arteriolar density measurements from PAD patients, with and without exercise. A normalized input pressure was applied at the feeder artery to simulate both reduced and restored ABI in the PAD condition. Results In simulations of arteriolar rarefaction, resistance increased non-linearly with rarefaction, leading to a disproportionally large drop in perfusion. In addition, perfusion was less sensitive to changes in input pressure as the degree of rarefaction increased. Reduced arteriolar density was observed in PAD patients and improved 33.8% after three months of exercise. In model simulations of PAD, ABI restoration yielded perfusion recovery to only 66% of baseline. When exercise training was simulated by reducing rarefaction, ABI restoration increased perfusion to 80% of baseline. Conclusion Microvascular resistance increases non-linearly with increasing arteriole rarefaction. Therefore, muscle perfusion becomes disproportionally less sensitive to ABI restoration as arteriole rarefaction increases. These results highlight the importance of restoring both microvascular structure and upstream input pressure in PAD therapy.
Is there light after depth? Distribution of periphyton chlorophyll and productivity in lake littoral zones

Periphyton and phytoplankton contribute to the base of lake food webs, and both groups of microalgae are influenced by resources and physical forcing. Spatial variation in light availability interacts with the physical dynamics of the water column to create predictable depth gradients in resources and disturbance that may differentially affect periphyton vs phytoplankton. We characterized the depth distribution of chlorophyll and productivity of periphyton on sediments (epipelon) and phytoplankton in the euphotic zones of 13 oligome- sotrophic lakes that span a large size gradient (0.017-32,600 km 2 ). Epipelic chlorophyll usually increased with depth in the epilimnion. Light was the primary driver of the consistent within-lake patterns in periphyton pro- ductivity across this lake-size gradient. In 5 lakes, epipelic periphyton exhibited a unimodal distribution of produc- tivity with depth in the photic zone, but no evidence of photoinhibition was found for periphyton. Rather, patterns in sediment N and P and observed changes in biofilm structure were consistent with determination of epipelic biomass by disturbance at depths ≤1 m in the smaller lakes and by light limitation at depths >1 m. Further quan- tification of the effects of disturbance on epipelon is needed. Nonetheless, our data demonstrate that the perceived high spatial variability in periphyton biomass and productivity is not an impediment to development of robust models of whole-lake primary production that include both phytoplankton and periphyton.
How is the Semantic Web evolving? A dynamic social network perspective

Finding how the Semantic Web has evolved can help understand the status of Semantic Web community and predict the diffusion of the Semantic Web. One of the promising applications of the Semantic Web is the representation of personal profiles using Friend of a Friend (FOAF). A key characteristic of such social networks is their continual change. However, extant analyses of social networks on the Semantic Web are essentially static in that the information about the change of social networks is neglected. To address the limitations, we analyzed the dynamics of a large-scale real-world social network in this paper. Social network ties were extracted from both within and between FOAF documents. The former was based on knows relations between persons, and the latter was based on revision relations. We found that the social network evolves in a speckled fashion, which is highly distributed. The network went through rapid increase in size at an early stage and became stabilized later. By examining the changes of structural properties over time, we identified the evolution patterns of social networks on the Semantic Web and provided evidence for the growth and sustainability of the Semantic Web community.
Cardiovascular Risk Reduction among College Students

The purpose of this research was to determine whether an introductory nutrition course could assist in reducing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in college students. The Health Belief Model provided a theoretical framework for the study. The sample consisted of 78 students enrolled in an introductory nutrition course at a small state college in the Midwest. Pre- and postmeasurements of CVD risk factors were collected. Almost one-tenth (8.9%) of the students in the introductory nutrition course significantly improved body mass index (BMI), one-fifth (23.1%) significantly improved blood pressure, one-sixth (16.7%) significantly improved total cholesterol, and about one-sixth (14.1%) significantly improved fasting blood glucose level. Because the sample consisted of primarily healthy students, large changes in health measures should not be expected.
Photochemical Hydroboration-Oxidation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

The products of photochemical hydroboration-oxidation of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with a variety of borane complexes have been analyzed using FTIR, UV/vis/NIR, and Raman spectroscopies. Analysis of reaction intermediates suggests that the reaction proceeds by attaching H and BH2 groups, similar to the hydroboration of an alkene. Attempts to hydroborate SWCNTs at temperatures from 0 to 100 °C yielded no functionalization, suggesting that photochemical activation is necessary. The use of optical filters indicates that light in the wavelength range of 250-300 nm is necessary to hydroborate SWCNTs. Treatment with hydrogen peroxide in basic solution resulted in the attachment of OH groups to the hydroborated SWCNTs. UV/vis/NIR spectra of the resulting hydroxylated SWCNTs are similar to those of pristine nanotubes, indicating that the functionalization is not extensive and that the SWCNTs remain largely intact after the functionalization. This reaction process could lead to new pathways of functionalizing SWCNTs.
Simulation optimization embedded particle swarm optimization for reliable server assignment

A reliable server assignment (RSA) problem in networks is defined as determining a deployment of identical servers to maximize a measure of service availability. In networks, the communication between a client and a server might be interrupted since the server itself is offline or unreachable as a result of catastrophic network failures. In this paper, a novel simulation optimization approach is developed based on a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation and embedded into Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to solve the RSA problem. The experimental results show that the simulation optimization embedded PSO is an effective heuristic method.
Mapping Dreams in Nicaragua's Bosawas Reserve

The advent of geographic information Systems (giS) and global Positioning System (gPS) technology has occasioned a plethora of mapping processes throughout the world concerned with indigenous rights. Yet many of these projects and processes seem to end with the maps, occasionally to the detriment of the people subject to the mapping. this paper argues that mapping is a necessary but insufficient goal if the aim is to further indigenous land and resource rights, especially in a context in which there are many more powerful forces, hostile to the empowerment process. the paper uses the case of the Bosawas international Biosphere reserve to illustrate parallel processes of mapping (with appropriate documentation), protection, political harmonization, institutional strengthening, and appropriate scientific input that have been employed there. All of these processes together have begun to make a difference, and the colonist agricultural frontier that threatens indigenous lands within the reserve has been notab...
Nest Predation and Population Declines in Illinois Songbirds: a Case for Mesopredator Effects

Mesopredator release has typically been examined at small spatial scales; however, processes such as habitat fragmentation, suppression of top predators, and changes in land use that lead to higher meso- predator densities typically occur at large spatial scales. In Illinois, raccoon ( Procyon lotor ) numbers have in- creased since the early 1980s, with unknown consequences for breeding songbirds. I examined population trends between 1979 and 2001 for songbirds inhabiting woodland and scrub-successional habitats within Il- linois by using data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS). I assigned species a priori into two groups: (1) raccoon-vulnerable species that nest low and thus are highly vulnerable to nest predation by raccoons and (2) raccoon-invulnerable species that nest high and largely escape nest predation by raccoons. The mean number of raccoon-vulnerable species per Illinois BBS route declined by approximately 10%, whereas the number of raccoon-invulnerable species increased approximately 15% through the early 1990s. Popula- tion trends of the two groups also diverged. Raccoon-vulnerable species had predominantly negative popula- tion trends from 1980 to 2001, whereas raccoon-invulnerable species show roughly equal numbers of posi- tive and negative trends. In contrast, population trends prior to 1980 did not show this divergence. A survey of studies from Illinois that report nesting success connects these divergent patterns between the two groups to substantially higher nest-predation rates for raccoon-vulnerable species. Taken together, results of these stud- ies and mine suggest that large-scale changes in the abundance of raccoons have had demonstrable conse- quences for songbird populations and communities in Illinois.
High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy of Mixed-Layer Illite/Smectite: Computer Simulations

High-resolution transmission electron microscope images of dioctahedral mixed-layer clay structures (illite/smectite) having various substitutional and polytypic schemes were modeled using com- puter simulation methods. Both one- and two-dimensional calculations were performed using parameters characteristic of a typical range of imaging conditions. One-dimensional images formed by imaging only 001 diffractions show three important results: (1) The 20-~ periodicity resulting from rigorously ordered R1 illite/smectite can be imaged, but unconventional focus conditions may be necessary. (2) For crystals oriented with the electron beam perfectly parallel to the layers, the brightest fringes in the image correspond to either the octahedral sheets or the interlayer sites, depending on focus conditions. Misorientation of the crystal, however, by only 1 ~ or 2 ~ shifts the positions of the fringes by 1 to 3/~. Furthermore, in tilted specimens, some defocus values produce images suggesting that smectite layers have a 11-13-~ periodicity, despite the uniform 10-A periodicity present in the model structure. Thus, direct correlations between image and structure generally should not be made. (3) Two-layer polytypes of pure illite or pure smectite can also produce images with a 20-~ periodicity. Two-dimensional images additionally showed that the cross fringes produced by some hkl diffractions can be imaged. The simulations showed that these cross fringes ideally might permit the determination of both layer stacking and compositional periodicity, but the fringes are lost by misorientations of a few degrees. These image simulations demonstrated, therefore, that mixed layering of illite and smectite theoretically can be directly imaged by transmission electron microscopy of chemically untreated spec- imens, but ambiguities may exist in the detailed intepretation of the images.
The formation of galaxy discs in a hierarchical universe

The formation of galactic discs and the efficiency of star formation within them are issues central to our understanding of galaxy formation. We have developed a detailed and versatile model of disc formation which combines the strengths of previous studies of isolated discs with those of hierarchical galaxy formation models. Disc structure is inferred from the distribution of angular momentum in hot halo gas and the hierarchical build-up of dark matter, leading to theoretically generated systems where the evolution of surface density, rotation, velocity dispersion, stability and metallicity is predicted for annular regions of width 20-100 pc. The model will be used to establish whether the accepted theory of large-scale structure formation in the universe is consistent with observed trends in the properties of disc galaxies. This first paper explicitly examines the importance of embedding such calculations within a merging hierarchy of dark matter haloes, finding that this leads to dramatically different formation histories compared to models in which discs grow in isolation. Different models of star formation are explored, and are found to have only a secondary influence on the properties of the resulting galaxy discs, the main governing factor being the infalling gas supply from the hot halo.
Rates and risks of depressive symptoms in a United States urban community

The results of a U.S. urban community survey, conducted in 1967 and in 1969, show that 16--18% of the population have depressive symptoms at any one time. Similar rates are reported in five other studies where self-report depression symptom scales have been used. The relationship between depressive symptoms and the diagnosis of major depressive disorders still requires investigation since the presence of depressive symptoms does not necessarily indicate the diagnosis of a major or minor depressive disorder.
Sunset scene classification using simulated image recomposition

Knowledge of the semantic classification of an image can be used to improve the accuracy of queries in content-based image organization and retrieval and to provide customized image enhancement. We developed an exemplar-based system for classifying sunset scenes. However, the performance of such a system depends largely on the size and quality of the set of training exemplars, which can be limited in practice. In addition, variations in scene content, as well as distracting regions, may exist in many testing images to prohibit good matches with the exemplars. We propose using simulated spatial and temporal image recomposition to address such issues. The recomposition schemes boost the recall of sunset images from a reasonably large data set by 10%, while holding the false positive rate constant.
Public History Curriculum: Illustrating Reflective Practice

Public history curricula must prepare students for a reflective approach to public historical practice and introduce students to different models of practice. By teaching reflective practice techniques through concrete components assembled in linked course assignments, internships, and capstone projects, programs educate students to become history practitioners. A distinct, robust body of public historical knowledge and reflective practice constitutes a public history degree. Public history programs, as professionally oriented programs, prepare students in the high-order practice of the discipline, grounded in reflective practice techniques appropriate to applied history.
Image correlation at low light levels: a computer simulation.

The effectiveness of photon-limited image correlation for recognition of realistic imagery is investigated. The correlation signal is obtained by cross correlating a low light-level input scene and a high light-level reference image. The dependence of the probability density function of the correlation signal on the average number of detected photoevents and on the number of gray levels in the images is illustrated. Monte Carlo simulations of image correlation using low light-level scenes are found to be in close agreement with the theoretical predictions.
Precision Stopping Control of Automated Bus with Pneumatic Brake System

Precision stopping is an important automated ve- hicle control function that is critical in applications such as precision bus docking and automated truck or bus fuelling. Such applications require specific attention to brake control since the characteristics of a typical pneumatic brake system of a heavy vehicle is inherently nonlinear with large uncertainties. This paper describes the precision stopping problem, details the Indirect Adaptive Robust Control (IARC) design for a bus with pneumatic brake system, and reports the successful implementation of a bus precision docking demonstration.
Bulk transparent epoxy nanocomposites filled with poly(glycidyl methacrylate) brush-grafted TiO2 nanoparticles

Poly(glycidyl methacrylate) polymer brushes were grafted onto TiO2 nanoparticle surfaces via a combination of phosphate ligand engineering and Cu-catalyzed alkyne-azide “click” reaction. The grafted TiO2 nanoparticles are compatible with a commercial epoxy resin enabling the preparation of thick (1 mm) transparent high-refractive index TiO2/epoxy nanocomposites. In order to maximize the volumetric loading and thereby the refractive index of nanocomposites, the minimum graft densities that can lead to high optical transparency were identified. It was found that, when the graft density was too low to form polymer brushes, the dispersion of the grafted particles changed from a dispersed state to an agglomerated state. The transition of the dispersion state was in good agreement with the theoretical prediction from a parametric model. This good agreement will facilitate the design and fabrication of transparent polymer nanocomposites filled with grafted nanoparticles. With 30 wt% loading of TiO2 nanoparticles, the refractive index of TiO2/epoxy nanocomposites increased from 1.5 for neat epoxy to 1.62. The transparency of the prepared nanocomposites can be well predicted by the Raleigh scattering model. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
UHV Preparation and In-Situ Surface Analysis of MNFE/Nife Exchange Structures: Interfacial Impurity Incorporation

MnFe/NiFe exchange structures have been prepared in an ultra-high vacuum sputtering/ surface analysis system. Controlled introduction of residual gas impurities such as O2 and H2O at the MnFe/NiFe interface is studied by in-situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and the exchange structures are magnetically characterized. Due to the extreme reactivity of the NiFe surface towards O2, the exchange coupling is severely degraded by only small exposures of this molecule to the NiFe surface. In contrast, H2O does not oxidize the NiFe surface and therefore can be tolerated in greater quantities in the sputtering chamber without detrimental loss of exchange. This understanding of the basic surface chemistry of the MnFe and NiFe surfaces can lead to improved sputtering practices in actual manufacturing applications.
A person-centered approach to the multifaceted nature of young adult sexual behavior

Young adult sexual relationships were examined using a multifaceted, person-centered approach with data from Wave 7 (aged 20–21; N = 1,126) of the Michigan Study of Adolescent Life Transitions. The study utilized hierarchical cluster analyses based on the following measured variables: frequency of sex, importance of regularly having sex, satisfaction with sex life, experience of coercion for sex, and sexual risk reduction. Five distinct clusters emerged for females (Satisfied, Moderate, Active Unprotected, Pressured, and Inactive) and represented patterns such as more partners paired with less risk reduction (Active Unprotected), high satisfaction paired with frequent sex and high-risk reduction (Satisfied), or higher levels of coercion paired with low satisfaction and low-risk reduction (Pressured). Similar clusters emerged for males, with one additional cluster: the Dissatisfied cluster. Clusters differed with respect to relationship status, marital status, and psychological well-being (both males and f...
Multi-Tier Diversified Architecture for the Next Generation Internet

We propose a next generation Internet architecture that will allow natural sharing of resources among multiple organizations by dynamically reconfiguring and creating a virtual network for a particular application. Our architecture called "Internet 3.0" consists of a 3-tier object model. The bottom tier consists of a high-speed network infrastructure owned by multiple ISPs. The second tier consists of hosts owned by different organizations such as DoE, DARPA, Amazon, etc. The third tier consists of users and data objects. This is a three tiered virtualization model as compared to single tier virtualization being discussed in NSF's GENI and FIND communities. This three tiered virtualization model allows users to quickly setup a virtual cloud for any application. The users and data can easily move among the host clouds that themselves move on the infrastructure cloud. The users, data, hosts, and infrastructures are owned by different organizations that have their own policies for sharing and isolation. Also the multi-tiered virtualization concept allows each tier to recursively provide richer and more diversified set of core services to the tier above it.
Managerial Efficiency And Share Ownership: The Market Reaction To Takeover Defenses

We examine the stock price reaction of antitakeover charter amendment takeover defenses (TDs) based on whether or not the firms in our sample had managers and directors with high share ownership, and whether the firms could be regarded as efficient. We find that the market reacts differently to the adoption of TDs based on these two criteria.
Tricuspid Regurgitation and Mortality in Patients With Transvenous Permanent Pacemaker Leads.

Estimates of the prevalence and importance of significant tricuspid regurgitation (STR) related to implantable device leads are based mainly on case reports, small observational studies, or mixed samples that include defibrillators. We sought to assess whether patients with permanent pacemaker (PPM) leads have an increased risk of STR and to determine mortality associated with PPM-related TR in a large longitudinal single-center cohort. We examined the prevalence of STR (defined as moderate-severe or ≥3+) among all echocardiograms performed from 2005 to 2011 excluding those with defibrillators. We then examined mortality risk according to the prevalence of PPM and STR after adjusting for cardiac co-morbidities, left ventricular systolic/diastolic function, and pulmonary artery hypertension. We screened 93,592 echocardiograms (1,245 with PPM) in 58,556 individual patients (634 with PPM). The prevalence of STR was higher in patients after PPM placement (mean age 79 ± 3 years; 54% men) compared with those without a PPM (adjusted odds ratio 2.32; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.54 to 3.49; p 58,000 individual patients, PPM leads are associated with higher risk of STR after adjustment for left ventricular systolic/diastolic function and pulmonary artery hypertension; similarly to STR from other cardiac pathologies, PPM-related STR is associated with increased mortality.
Callous-Unemotional Traits and Developmental Pathways to the Disruptive Behavior Disorders

Research on the development of antisocial and aggressive behavior in children and adolescents has consistently shown that such behaviors are heterogeneous and may result from a number of different causal mechanisms (Dodge & Pettit, 2003; Frick & Viding, 2009; Moffitt, 2006). This research has important implications for both research and practice related to the disruptive behavior disorders. First, the various subgroups of youth within conduct problems often show distinct social, biological, cognitive, and emotional correlates to their problem behavior that need to be integrated into causal models (Blair, 2005; Frick & White, 2008). Second, these subgroups of youths may also differ in the severity of their behavior and their long-term outcomes (Frick & Dickens, 2006; Moffitt, 2006). Third, these subgroups may require different approaches to treatment in order to address their disruptive behaviors (Frick, 2006, 2009). Based on this research, there have been a large number of attempts to define more homogenous subgroups of youths with disruptive behavior disorders who differ on their behavioral manifestations, developmental course and outcome, etiology, and response to treatment. In this chapter, we first provide a summary of some recent attempts to define distinct developmental pathways through which children may develop severe patterns of antisocial and aggressive behavior. After this, we focus on one approach that we feel has particular promise for both integrating past approaches and for guiding future research in this area. This approach focuses on the presence or absence of callous-unemotional (CU) traits (i.e., a lack of guilt and empathy; deficits in emotional responding) in children and adolescents with conduct problems. We summarize some key issues in the research using these traits for understanding distinct developmental pathways to disruptive behavior disorders and we highlight several critical steps that would advance this area of work for both theory and practice.
Operative Management of Splenic Rupture and Hepatic Flexure Injury during Diagnostic Colonoscopy in a Patient with Adenocarcinoma of the Cecum and Pulmonary Embolism.

This Spectacular Case Session, in its 11th year, was presented by the Resident and Associate Society of the American College of Surgeons (RAS-ACS) at the 2015 Clinical Congress meeting. This session presented 7 multidisciplinary cases from RAS members out of nearly 150 submitted from members located all over the world. The presentations were followed by discussions between residents and panelists, who challenged each other with reviews of procedures and processes for patient care. Audio files of the discussions of each case are included as Supplemental Materials.
Synthesis of phosphonated polyphosphazenes via two synthetic routes

Phosphonate and phosphonic acid containing polymers are of interest for bone tissue engineering because these species have the ability to bind hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2], which comprises 70 wt % of bone. The synthesis of phosphoester [−PO(OEt)2] and phosphonic acid [−PO(OH)2] functionalized polyphosphazenes is described. These polymers could mimic the natural bone healing mechanism, making them excellent candidates for implantable bone grafts. Two synthetic protocols have been developed to obtain the polymers, herein referred to as prior- and post-side-group assembly. Prior assembly required the synthesis of a phosphonate-containing side group before attachment to the polyphosphazene backbone through nucleophilic substitution, whereas post-assembly required the synthesis of a polyphosphazene containing free amino groups to which the phosphonate can be coupled by Michael addition after polymer synthesis. The final step for both routes required the deprotection of the phosphoester to the corresponding...
Decreased oxygen requirement for growth of fruit fly larvae after continual centrifugation.

Summary1. Prolonged centrifugation can alter an organism's growth. 2. After centrifligation at 20 and 28°C, fruit fly larvae do not require as much oxygen for growth. 3. It is suggested that the animal has adapted by developing a greater efficiency for growth.
Knowledge-Based Automatic Flash Evoked Potential Recognition System

Evoked potentials reflect the functional integrity of specific sensory pathways and serve as more general indicators of function in adjacent structures. They provide information about neurologic function during anesthesia and operations that would otherwise be available only through clinical assessment of the unanesthetized patient.