cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incompressible Computational Fluid Dynamics and the Continuity Constraint Method for the Three-Dimensional Navier-Stokes Equations

Abstract As the field of computational fluid dynamics (CFD;) continues to mature, algorithms are required to exploit the most recent advances in approximation theory, numerical mathematics, computing architectures, and hardware. Meeting this requirement is particularly challenging in incompressible fluid mechanics, where primitive-variable CFD formulations that are robust, while also accurate and efficient in three dimensions, remain an elusive goal. This monograph asserts that one key to accomplishing this goal is recognition of the dual role assumed by the pressure, i.e., a mechanism for instantaneously enforcing conservation of mass and a force in the mechanical balance law for conservation of momentum. Proving this assertion has motivated the development of a new, primitive-variable, incompressible, CFD algorithm called the continuity constraint method (CCM;). The theoretical basis for the CCM consists of a finite-element spatial semidiscretization of a Galerkin weak statement, equal-order interpolati...
The Galactic bulge and halo

The relationship between the Galactic halo and bulge is discussed, with reference to early results from a survey for K giants in a field 2 kpc from the Galactic center and Zinn's (1992) data on globular-cluster kinematics. The data are currently too meager to decide whether the inner halo shades gradually into the bulge, although there are some interesting kinematical similarities between bulge stars and Zinn's Old Halo clusters in the inner Galaxy. Useful observations that would help decide this matter are also discussed.
The Political Allocation of Mineral Rights: A Re–Evaluation of Teapot Dome

This paper re–examines the naval reserve oil leases issued by Interior Secretary Fall in 1922 that led to the Teapot Dome controversy. The analysis shows that the leases were the only efficient oil rights arrangement on federal lands through 1930. They were superior to either the naval oil storage policy practiced prior to 1922 or to the general leasing practices found on other federal land. Nevertheless, they were attacked by conservation groups and small oil firms and cancelled in 1922. To explain the opposition to the leases, this paper examines interagency and interest group rivalries for control of federal land. During the period preceding Teapot Dome, the federal government began withholding title to vast tracts of land, and issues of agency jurisdiction and interest group access had not been resolved. The paper concludes that Teapot Dome had little to do with oil conservation and more to do with settling jurisdictional disputes over federal land. The Teapot Dome controversy led to the establishment of the Federal Oil Conservation Board.
SYNTHESIZING RESEARCH IN READING

This article covers some of the issues and procedures used in conducting meta‐analysis, a comprehensive and quantitative method for reviewing research. The paper includes a review of completed meta‐analysis in reading. It concludes with suggestions for future reading research reviews.
Strategic supplier selection: Understanding long-term buyer relationships

Abstract Competition from offshore producers, technological innovations, and shortened product life cycles have changed buyer-seller relationships. Traditional relationships no longer suffice; closer, more collaborative approaches are needed.
Characteristics of Cation Binding to the I Domains of LFA-1 and MAC-1 THE LFA-1 I DOMAIN CONTAINS A Ca2+-BINDING SITE

The crystal structures of the I domains of integrins MAC-1 (alphaM beta2; CD11b/CD18) and LFA-1 (alphaL beta2; CD11a/CD18) show that a single conserved cation-binding site is present in each protein. Purified recombinant I domains have intrinsic ligand binding activity, and in several systems this interaction has been demonstrated to be cation-dependent. It has been proposed that the I domain cation-binding site represents a general metal ion-dependent adhesion motif utilized for binding protein ligands. Here we show that the purified recombinant I domain of LFA-1 (alphaLI) binds cations, but with significantly different characteristics compared with the I domain of MAC-1 (alphaMI). Both alphaLI and alphaMI bind 54Mn2+ in a conformation-dependent manner, and in general, cations with charge and size characteristics similar to Mn2+ most effectively inhibit 54Mn2+ binding. Surprisingly, however, physiological levels of Ca2+ (1-2 mM) inhibited 54Mn2+ binding to purified alphaLI, but not to alphaMI. Using 45Ca2+ and 54Mn2+ in direct binding studies, the dissociation constants (KD) for the interactions between these cations and alphaLI were estimated to be 5-6 x 10(-5) and 1-2 x 10(-5) M, respectively. Together with the available structural information, the data suggest differential affinities for Mn2+ and Ca2+ binding to the single conserved site within alphaLI. Antagonism of LFA-1, but not MAC-1, -mediated cell adhesion by Ca2+ may be related to the Ca2+ binding activity of the LFA-1 I domain.
Normalization of liver glucosylceramide levels in the “Gaucher” mouse by phosphatidylserine injection

A model of the human genetic disorder, Gaucher disease, can be rapidly generated in mice by the injection of emulsified glucosylceramide and an inhibitor of the lipid's hydrolase, conduritol B epoxide. The liver grows rapidly as it absorbs the load of lipid but the effect disappears as new glucosidase is formed and the load is hydrolyzed. This normalization process is accelerated by treatment with phosphatidylserine, which is a known stimulator of the enzyme. It is possible that injecting the phospholipid into Gaucher patients would have a therapeutic effect since it might help them utilize their residual glucosidase to destroy stored glycolipid.
Indicators of Constructivist Principles in Internet-Based Courses

THIS STUDY set out to identify indicators of constructivist principles applied to the development of Internet-based courses. A peer-nominated panel of nationally recognized experts in constructivist learning theory and instructional technology participated in a 3-round Delphi Web survey, during which they proposed and rated categories and indicators of constructivist-compatible principles. The panel identified a total of 10 categories and 110 indicators of constructivist principles. They rated the importance of 59 of the identified indicators asM=3.51 or higher (on a 5-point Likert scale). The categories and associated indicators provide an initial framework that may help educators apply constructivist principles to the development of Internet-based courses. They also offer instructors and, in some cases, students a means to evaluate courses.
Linking kinematic characteristics and high concentrations of small pelagic fish in a coastal mesoscale eddy

Abstract The Santa Barbara Channel (SBC) eddy is a cyclonic mesoscale eddy and a dominant oceanographic feature of the SBC. In June 1998 and 1999, the SBC eddy was surveyed for fishes. In 1998, very high numbers of small pelagic fishes were observed within the eddy, but not in 1999 when the eddy was far less stable. The ocean conditions that contributed to the interannual differences of fish abundances inside the eddy are investigated with three-dimensional numerical modeling. The life history and kinematic characteristics of the SBC eddy, which includes its life span, size, trajectory, three-dimensional rotational structure, and isopycnal displacement, are evaluated using a three-dimensional ocean circulation model. The retention ability of the eddy is quantified using a three-dimensional particle tracking model, which is driven by the flow fields from the circulation model. The kinematic characteristics and particle retention of the SBC eddy differ significantly in 1998 and 1999. In 1998, when the SBC eddy is rotating at a steady rate in space and time with vertically coherent flow, the particle retention is high and the isopycnal uplift sustained. However, in 1999, when the SBC eddy is rotating unsteadily without vertically coherent flow, the particle retention is low and the isopycnal uplift fluctuates. We theorize that the steady vertically coherent rotation of the eddy in 1998 has two important impacts on the fish abundances. First, it provides a prolonged period of cold nutrient rich water uplifting into the euphotic zone, which stimulates primary productivity attracting zooplankton prey. Second, it allows the zooplankton prey to be retained inside the eddy, which attracts small pelagic fish. We conclude that biological productivity inside mesoscale eddies may be linked to the stability of their three-dimensional rotational structure and their consequent ability to retain particles.
Inferring Personal Information from Demand-Response Systems

Current and upcoming demand-response systems provide increasingly detailed power-consumption data to utilities and a growing array of players angling to assist consumers in understanding and managing their energy use. The granularity of this data, as well as new players' entry into the energy market, creates new privacy concerns. The detailed per-household consumption data that advanced metering systems generate reveals information about in-home activities that such players can mine and combine with other readily available information to discover more about occupants' activities. The authors explore the technological aspects of this claim, focusing on the ways in which personally identifying information can be collected and repurposed. Their results show that, even with relatively unsophisticated hardware and data-extraction algorithms, some information about occupant behavior can be estimated with a high degree of accuracy. The authors propose a disclosure metric to aid in quantifying the impact of data collection on in-home privacy and construct an example metric for their experiment.
Primary cardiac lymphoma diagnosed by percutaneous intracardiac biopsy with combined fluoroscopic and transesophageal echocardiographic imaging.

Primary cardiac tumors have very low prevalence with cardiac lymphoma, being one of the rarest forms. Several recent reports have shown transesophageal echocardiography to be an accurate technique for characterizing and localizing these neoplasms, with results comparable to CT and MRI scans. Transvenous intracardiac tumor biopsy has been employed as a minimally invasive technique to obtain tissue samples. The addition of transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) guidance to this process has increased the accuracy of obtaining diagnostic specimens while improving patient safety. We review published cases of this relatively new technique using combined fluoroscopic and TEE guidance and present a case of primary cardiac lymphoma diagnosed by this method. The patient achieved complete tumor remission after treatment with standard chemotherapy and remains fully functional 32 months after initial diagnosis. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Intervent. 50:226–233, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The CLAVATA1 gene encodes a putative receptor kinase that controls shoot and floral meristem size in Arabidopsis

The shoot apical meristem is responsible for above-ground organ initiation in higher plants, accomplishing continuous organogenesis by maintaining a pool of undifferentiated cells and directing descendant cells toward organ formation. Normally, proliferation and differentiation are balanced, so that the structure and size of the shoot meristem is maintained. However, Arabidopsis plants homozygous for mutations at the CLAVATA1 (CLV1) locus accumulate excess undifferentiated cells. We describe the molecular cloning and expression pattern of the CLV1 gene. It encodes a putative receptor kinase, suggesting a role in signal transduction. The extracellular domain is composed of 21 tandem leucine-rich repeats that resemble leucine-rich repeats found in animal hormone receptors. We provide evidence that CLV1 expression in the inflorescence is specifically associated with meristematic activity.
Testing of applicability of mutuality scale with Mexican American caregivers of older adults.

By 2050, Mexican Americans (MAs) will become the largest aged minority subgroup in the United States. Although older MAs often depend on family for care, no standard instrument is available to scal...
Phase equilibria in the Mg-Al-Ca ternary system at 773 and 673 K

The isothermal sections of the Mg-Al-Ca ternary system at 773 and 673 K were determined by phase analysis with electron-probe microanalysis (EPMA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The C36 phase exists between the C14 (Mg2Ca) and C15 (Al2Ca) phases, and its stoichiometry is close to Mg2Al4Ca3. The α-Mg phase equilibrates with the C14 and C36 phases at 773 K, but with C14, C15, and β phases at 673 K, due to the decomposition of the C36 phase into C14 and C15 phases. These intermetallic phases have significant solid-solubility in the ternary system.
HnRNP core proteins: synthesis, turnover and intracellular distribution.

Our present data indicate that the Mr 34–40,000 polypeptides which are involved in the binding of a large fraction of hnRNA sequences, including mRNA, are for the most part metabolically stable species in mouse ascites tumor cells. An exception to this generalization is the smallest of 30S RNP core polypeptides, the Mr 34,000 protein, which has a relatively high turnover rate. The relationship of the various synthesis and degradation rates to the physiological state of mammalian cells remains to be determined, as does the pathway of assembly and disassembly of RNP substructures during re-utilization of the proteins and during their turnover. Immunofluorescent studies, which have confirmed the expected nucleoplasmic or euchromatic localization of the RNP core proteins, have also indicated that these species are stable during mitosis, at which time they are dispersed through the cell away from the condensed chromosomes. The proteins appear to relocate in the nucleus as soon as the nuclear envelope is reformed.
The breeding behavior of the katahdin potato

Studies of the progenies of Katahdin inbred, naturally-fertilized, and crossed with other varieties have afforded considerable information regarding the genetic composition of Katahdin with respect to certain characters as well as the breeding behavior which may be expected when this variety is used as a parent.
Work in progress — Women in Computing Honors course

We present our experience in teaching Honors course Women in Computing that was offered for the first time in Fall 2009. The course is cross listed with Women's Studies and provides Honors students with interdisciplinary experience. This course provides an opportunity for students to learn about pioneering women of computing and their contribution into computing field, as well as modern trends and modern gender issues in computer science. The course also introduces students to the world of computing by linking various computer science concepts to the specific contribution. This course brings together undergraduate Honors students from different majors and creates opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration through the in-class laboratory assignments and team projects. Part of the value of the course experience is in the blending of student expertise in the formation of teams.
A mechanistic hypothesis for meat enhancement of nonheme iron absorption: stimulation of gastric secretions and iron chelation

Abstract A hypothesis is suggested that meat enhances nonheme iron absorption by three mechanisms: a) chelating nonheme iron with its amino acid(s), polypeptide(s), protein(s), or other meat factor(s), b) stimulating secretion of gastrin or other gastric factor(s) for iron chelation, and c) stimulating secretion of gastric acid to solubilize more dietary iron, thereby promoting iron solubility in neutral pH for absorption. These mechanisms are discussed based on our review and analysis of published research. With regards to chelation of nonheme iron, meat contains factors, released independent of proteolytic digestion, that can complex with dietary iron to maintain its solubility. With regards to the role of gastric factors, it has been shown that meat increases the release of gastrin. Gastrin may form high-molecular-weight, iron-III gastrin complexes at neutral pH keeping iron soluble and/or works synergistically with a gastric factor, perhaps gastric transferrin, to enhance nonheme iron absorption. Finally, in regards to the role of gastric acid secretion, reports in the literature have established that meat, fish, poultry, eggs and milk vary both in their potency to stimulate gastric acid secretion and in their enhancement of nonheme iron absorption. Increases in percentage nonheme iron absorption in two independent human studies were highly correlated (r=−0.94 and −0.91) with gastric acid secretion measured as minutes required to reach stomach pH 3.0 in a third human study for five protein sources. By similar analysis, gastric acid secretory responses to four of these protein sources were highly predictable across species (dogs vs. human, r=0.99).
An orbit averaged particle code

Abstract A new method for efficient computer simulation of long time-scale plasma physics phenomena is proposed which has proved successful in one- and two-dimensional magneto-inductive particle codes. The method relies on orbit-averaging charge and current densities in Maxwell's equations before solving for the self-consistent electric and magnetic fields in order to filter out unwanted high-frequency oscillations and reduce the number of simulation particles necessary to fill phase space adequately. This method offers the potential of greatly improving the economics of simulating the evolution of a plasma over time intervals which are long compared to particle orbit periods. A particular scheme using a predictor-corrector iterative method and time splitting is discussed, which is both stable and accurate. Application to the efficient simulation of a magnetic mirror machine plasma injected with energetic neutral beams is presented.
Fever screening and detection of febrile arrivals at an international airport in Korea: association among self-reported fever, infrared thermal camera scanning, and tympanic temperature

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this research was to measure fever prevalence and the effectiveness of a fever screening procedure in detecting febrile...
Geographic origin of journal articles on nonhuman primates.

During the 1970s variations in the number of citations published in CURRENT PRIMATE REFERENCES seemed to parallel changes in the fortunes of primate research in the United States. In 1981 and 1982, however, the trends diverged, with the number of citations increasing 25% over the two years. In an effort to identify more specifically some factors underlying the trend in literature growth, citations of journal articles appearing in 1971, 1976, and 1981 issues were tabulated according to the general subject indicated by the title and the site of research indicated by the author's address. The number of journal articles was 20% larger in 1981 than in 1971. The United States was the largest contributor in all three years, but its relative contribution declined. Continental Western Europe ranked second consistently, and its contribution grew at an above-average rate. Japan ranked fifth in 1971 and third in 1981. India contributed less than 2% of the literature in 1971 and more than 3% in 1981, as a result of a doubling of its contribution. The subject composition of the literature did not change greatly.
Susceptibility of a mesoscopic superconducting ring

The susceptibility of a single mesoscopic aluminum ring has been studied with an integrated superconducting quantum interference device susceptometer at temperatures near the superconducting critical temperature, and anomalous behavior has been found just above ${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{c}}$ . Below the zero-field critical temperature of 1.266 K we find excellent agreement with a Ginzburg-Landau theory of the susceptibility, and all of the important sample parameters can be accurately determined. The phase-slip transition rates are measured as a function of flux at temperatures down to 0.950 K, and a comparison with the theoretical free-energy barrier heights for these transitions shows that we are able to predict the ratio of the saddle-point energy to the initial-state energy with an accuracy of a few percent. Just above the mean-field ${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{c}}$ we expect the susceptibility to be dominated by thermodynamic fluctuations. A clear signal is found from ${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{c}}$ to 25 mK above ${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{c}}$ , but it is as much as 50 times larger than predicted. The observed phase-slip rates can be used to show that this anomalously large susceptibility just above ${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{c}}$ is not due to temperature fluctuations and that it is not a noise-driven effect.
Phosphate Characteristics and Bioavailability of Suspended Sediments from Streams Draining into Lake Erie

Abstract Suspended sediments from major U.S. tributaries draining into Lake Erie were analyzed for phosphorus. Analyses included: sediment concentration, reactive and total filtered P, and total P on water samples. Recovered sediment total P was determined by perchloric and persulfate extraction. Sediment was fractionated for NaOH-P citrate-dithionite-bicarbonate (CDB)-P, HCl-P, and organic P. New York streams had the highest suspended solids and the lowest content of most sediment fractions except HCl-P. NaOH-P and CDB-P were highest in sediments from Ohio tributaries; these fractions are considered to be bioavailable with NaOH-P more available than CDB-P. Digestion with perchloric acid consistently removed more P than the persulfate method. The difference in the two methods was negatively correlated with HCl-P.
Testing the local reality: does the Willamette Valley growing region produce enough to meet the needs of the local population? A comparison of agriculture production and recommended dietary requirements

Eating locally continues to be promoted as an alternative to growing concerns related to industrialized, global, corporate agriculture. Buying from local famers and producers is seen as a way to promote a healthier diet, reduce environmental impacts, and sustain communities. The promotion of the local food movement presents the question: is it possible to feed a community primarily from the foods produced locally? We conducted a systematic analysis comparing the United States Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) recommended dietary requirements for the estimated 2008 population with annual local agricultural production for the years 2004–2008 within the counties of the Willamette Valley growing region. Our results indicate that current agricultural production in this highly fertile region does not meet the dietary needs of the local inhabitants for any of the USDA’s six food groups: grains, vegetables, fruits, dairy, meat and beans, and oils. In the most recent year of our analysis, 2008, Willamette Valley agriculture production met 67% of annual required grains, 10% of vegetable needs, 24% of fruits, 59% of dairy, 58% of meat and beans, and 0% of dietary oil requirements. Over the past 5 years there have been significant fluctuations in crop production, particularly in 2006 when grain yields dropped to 29% of needs met. Additionally, many of these commodities are exported as cash crops, thus not contributing to meeting local food needs. We discuss these results as well as areas of potential for increasing production of edible crops for local consumption in the region.
Importance of margin extent as a predictor of outcome after adjuvant radiotherapy for Gleason score 7 pT3N0 prostate cancer

Abstract Purpose To evaluate, in Gleason score 7, pT3N0 prostate cancer patients with positive surgical margins, the predictors of progression-free survival and to identify a patient subgroup that would benefit from immediate adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy (ART). Methods and materials Between November 1989 and August 1998, 76 men underwent radical prostatectomy and were found to have capsular penetration (pT3N0), surgical Gleason score 7, tumor present at the resection margin, and an undetectable postoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level. All surgical specimens underwent whole-mount serial sectioning to determine the degree of margin positivity (focal vs. extensive). Of the 76 men, 45 underwent early ART (within 6 months with a median dose of 64.8 Gy), and 31 had no immediate treatment. We defined freedom from PSA failure (bNED) as the absence of two consecutive PSA rises >0.2 ng/mL. Results The median follow-up time was 5.1 years (range, 2–10 years). The ART and non-ART patients were similar with respect to preoperative PSA level, Gleason score (4 + 3 vs. 3 + 4), presence of seminal vesicle invasion, and margin extent. On univariate analysis, margin extent was predictive for improved bNED (5-year bNED rate of 92% vs. 58%, p = 0.010, for men with focal and extensive margins, respectively). Gleason score (4 + 3 vs. 3 + 4), seminal vesicle invasion, and ART were not statistically significant predictors. On multivariate analysis, the preoperative PSA level, margin extent, and ART were independent significant factors. In the group with extensive surgical margins, men receiving ART had a significantly greater 5-year bNED survival rate compared with the non-ART patients (73% vs. 31%, p = 0.004). Conclusion These data suggest that the amount of microscopic residual tumor significantly affects bNED after radical prostatectomy for Gleason score 7, pT3N0 prostate cancer. In addition, men with pathologic evidence of microscopic local disease appear to benefit from early ART compared with untreated controls.
Influence of Pyrazolate vs N‑Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands on the Slow Magnetic Relaxation of Homoleptic Trischelate Lanthanide(III) and Uranium(III) Complexes

Two isostructural series of trigonal prismatic complexes, M(BpMe)3 and M(BcMe)3 (M = Y, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, U; [BpMe]− = dihydrobis(methypyrazolyl)borate; [BcMe]− = dihydrobis(methylimidazolyl)borate) are synthesized and fully characterized to examine the influence of ligand donor strength on slow magnetic relaxation. Investigation of the dynamic magnetic properties reveals that the oblate electron density distributions of the Tb3+, Dy3+, and U3+ metal ions within the axial ligand field lead to slow relaxation upon application of a small dc magnetic field. Significantly, the magnetization relaxation is orders of magnitude slower for the N-heterocyclic carbene complexes, M(BcMe)3, than for the isomeric pyrazolate complexes, M(BpMe)3. Further, investigation of magnetically dilute samples containing 11–14 mol % of Tb3+, Dy3+, or U3+ within the corresponding Y3+ complex matrix reveals thermally activated relaxation is favored for the M(BcMe)3 complexes, even when dipolar interactions are largely absent. Notably, ...
Ready to Lead on Day One: Predicting Presidential Greatness from Political Experience

Presidential candidates frequently tout their political experience on the campaign trail, telling voters that it has prepared them to deal with complex problems, make weighty decisions, and show leadership. The value of that argument was put to the test in the 2008 presidential campaign by Hillary Clinton against her opponent, Barack Obama. This paper uses a multilevel model to analyze the value of national and state political experience on overall presidential greatness, as judged by seven surveys of academic experts. Overall, there is no evidence that political experience improves the likelihood of strong presidential performance, and even some weak evidence that political experience in certain political positions, most notably mayor and member of Congress, leads to poorer performance. In the end, great presidents are not great simply because they have spent their lives in politics and learned important lessons. Other personal and historical factors are likely to be more important.
Interaction and sequence diversity among T15 VH genes in CBA/J mice.

Nucleotide sequences of the four genes composing the T15 heavy chain variable region (VH) family of the CBA/J mouse have been determined. Comparison of these sequences with their published BALB/c and C57BL/10 homologues reveals that nucleotide differences found between given alleles of two strains, i.e., CBA/J and BALB/c, are observed in other family members of the same strain. We suggest that these patterns of sequence variation are most readily explained by gene interaction (conversion). Additionally, the sequence of a CBA/J hybridoma, 6G6, proposed to have been generated by gene conversion, is directly encoded by the CBA/J V11 gene indicating that the putative conversion has occurred meiotically in the germline. These results are consistent with the premise that gene correction is occurring frequently among members of this family and that such processes may contribute significantly to the evolution of Ig variable region genes even in the relatively short time frame of inbred strain derivation.
HIV Infection, Immune Suppression, and Uncontrolled Viremia Are Associated With Increased Multimorbidity Among Aging Injection Drug Users

Background. Despite an increasing burden of age-associated non-AIDS outcomes, few studies have investigated the prevalence or correlates of multimorbidity among aging human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected and epidemiologically comparable at-risk populations. Methods. Among 1262 AIDS Linked to the IntraVenous Experience (ALIVE) study participants followed in ac ommunity-basedobservational cohort, we defined the prevalence of 7 non-AIDS-defining chronic conditions (diabetes, obstructive lung disease, liver disease, anemia, obesity, kidney dysfunction, and hypertension) using clinical and laboratory criteria. Ordinal logistic regression was used to model the odds of increased multimorbidity associated with demographic, behavioral, and clinical factors. Self-reported prevalence was compared with clinically defined prevalence. Results. Participants were a median of 48.9 years of age; 65.1% were male, 87.5% were African-American, and 28.7% were HIV infected. In multivariable analysis, HIV infection (odds ratio [OR], 1.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13‐1.99) was positively associated with increased multimorbidity. Among HIV-infected participants, multimorbidity was increased with lower nadir CD4 T-cell count (OR, 1.14 per 100-cell decrease; 95% CI, 1.00‐1.29) and higher current HIV RNA (OR, 1.32 per log10 increase; 95% CI, 1.08‐1.60). Older age, being female, not using cigarettes or drugs, and having depressive symptoms were also associated with increased multimorbidity. A substantial proportion of multimorbid conditions in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected participants were unrecognized and untreated. Conclusions. HIV-infected participants experienced increased numbers of multimorbid conditions; risk increased with advanced immunosuppression and higher viremia. These results underscore the heavy burden of multimorbidity associated with HIV and highlight the need for incorporating routine assessment and integrated management of chronic diseases as part of comprehensive healthcare for aging, HIV-infected persons.
The use of nitric oxide-donating nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the chemoprevention of colorectal neoplasia.

Purpose of reviewNitric oxide-donating nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are emerging as a promising class of compounds for the chemoprevention of colon cancer. Recent progress in their preclinical and mechanistic evaluation is reviewed.Recent findingsCompared to their parent compounds, nitric ox
Update on pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remains an important challenge for the intensive care clinician. ARDS, which can result from either direct lung injury or from a "downstream" inflammatory process, is manifested by profound hypoxemia and respiratory failure. The care of pediatric ARDS is based on a meticulous, multidisciplinary, intensive care team approach. This review discusses the changing definition of ARDS and available intensive care treatment modalities, including newer lung-protective mechanical ventilation strategies and adjunct therapies. The prognosis of children suffering pediatric ARDS is examined with a look toward areas of potential future intervention in this often deadly disease.
Trauma of Sioux Indian High School Students

This study, conducted among Sioux Indian high school students in Canada, uses an ethnographic methodology to examine the factors that impact their academic performance. The article outlines the nature of the students' experiences during the transition from reserve elementary school to public high school. It describes how Indian students respond to a school environment that operates without consideration of Indian culture. Factors affecting their performance before and after the transition are addressed.
The Church and the Independent Peace Movement in Eastern Europe

This article examines the propositions that the rise of new peace movements in Eastern Europe, inde pendent from and in some cases opposed to the work of official peace councils, is a function of some li mited degree of church autonomy in those countries, and that communication with Western peace mo vements or sentiments through Church-related bodies is a necessary but not sufficient condition for in dependent peace efforts in Eastern Europe. Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and East Germany are examined case by case (in order from least to most Church involvement in an independent peace move ment in the 1980s). In terms of transnational alignment, it appears that if there were no independent peace movement in the West, and no ecumenical bodies, religious NGOs or international church organi zations assisting East-West communication and exchange, the work of independent peace activists in Eastern Europe would be even more difficult.
Reliability of High-Power 1060-nm DBR Lasers

We report highly reliable 1060-nm DBR lasers with a single-wavelength output power larger than 350 mW and a failure rate as low as 3.2 kFITs at a heat-sink temperature of 25degC and a gain current of 500 mA. The reliability data of the high-power 1060-nm DBR lasers under longest aging tests at the highest level of current and temperature stress have been obtained for the first time, to the best of our knowledge
THE MINIMUM NUMBER OF FOX COLORS AND QUANDLE COCYCLE INVARIANTS

Relations will be described between the quandle cocycle invariant and the minimum number of colors used for non-trivial Fox colorings of knots and links. In particular, a lower bound for the minimum number is given in terms of the quandle cocycle invariant.
Facilitative interactions among plants via shared pollinators

Outcrossing in plants is influenced by the availability of pollinators and compatible mates, both of which may be modified by the population and community context in which plant–pollinator interactions occur. Although indirect interactions among plants through shared pollinators are often expected to be competitive, pollinator sharing may be beneficial when plant species jointly attract or maintain populations of pollinators. In this study, I tested the hypothesis that pollinator-sharing congeners facilitate reproduction in a focal taxon, Clarkia xantiana ssp. xantiana, and that positive interactions are most pronounced in small and sparse populations. Population surveys revealed that C. x. xantiana frequently coexists with pollinator-sharing congeners except at the periphery of its range. Populations varied extensively in size and density, with small populations more likely associated with pollinator-sharing congeners; conversely, populations occurring alone were more likely large. Flowering schedules in...
Anti‐War Initiatives and the Un‐Making of Civic Identities in the Former Yugoslav Republics

This paper describes the emergence of anti-war initiatives in the former Yugoslavia against the background of the official nationalism of Communist elites and their post-1990 successors. The author argues that anti-war activism in the disintegrating state was a mobilization of the most articulate segment of a widespread, all-Yugoslav, urban, cosmopolitan and genuinely non-ethnonationalistic cultural identity. One of the reasons behind its easy suppression by the official rhetoric of ethnic homogeneity is its purely cultural stance and lack of experience in alternative forms of political organization. Dominant approaches to ethno-nationalism in former Yugoslavia are criticised for essentializing ethnic identities, and contrasted with some interpretive approaches that analyze the structural preconditions of ethno-nationalism as top-to-bottom projects of the ex-Communist middle-to-high ranking functionaries in search of legitimacy and forced to create a ‘democratic electorate.’
User Interfaces for Applications on a Wrist Watch

Advances in technology have made it possible to package a reasonably powerful processor and memory subsystem coupled with an ultra high-resolution display and wireless communication into a wrist watch. This introduces a set of challenges in the nature of input devices, navigation, applications, and other areas. This paper describes a wearable computing platform in a wrist watch form-factor we have developed. We built two versions: one with a low resolution liquid crystal display; and another with a ultra high resolution organic light emitting diode display. In this paper we discuss the selection of the input devices and the design of applications and user interfaces for these two prototypes, and the compare the two versions.
Testing the Converse Partisanship Model with New Electorates

Converse proposed a model drawing on an individual's experience with the vote and socialization by the father to explain the strength of political partisanship. This experience-based model, despite varied criticisms, has gained wide acceptance. By focusing on cases in which political experience and age are not collinear, this article finds that the Converse model fails to account for the strength of partisanship found among new electorates, thereby raising doubts about the model in general.
Distribution model of Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) development times.

Two geographical biotypes (G and A) of Heliothis zea Boddie were identified in a constant temperature laboratory study. The G (Georgia) biotype was found to have a mean development rate 5 ± 1% faster and coefficient of variability 44 ± 9% higher than the comparable A (Arizona) biotype. Each geographical biotype was described by a biophysically based, nonlinear development function with an R2 equal to 0.995. At temperature ranging from 15.6° to 35.6°C, the adult emergence distributions transformed to a physiological age scale were shown statistically to be independent of temperature. They could be described by a “same shape” distribution function. The empirical same shape distribution for rate was not significantly different from a hypothetical normal distribution.
Distribution and Estrogen Regulation of Membrane Progesterone Receptor-β in the Female Rat Brain

Although several studies have reported the localization of membrane progesterone (P(4)) receptors (mPR) in various tissues, few have attempted to describe the distribution and regulation of these receptors in the brain. In the present study, we investigated expression of two mPR subtypes, mPRα and mPRβ, within regions of the brain, known to express estradiol (E(2))-dependent [preoptic area (POA) and hypothalamus] and independent (cortex) classical progestin receptors. Saturation binding and Scatchard analyses on plasma membranes prepared from rat cortex, hypothalamus, and POA demonstrated high-affinity, specific P(4)-binding sites characteristic of mPR. Using quantitative RT-PCR, we found that mPRβ mRNA was expressed at higher levels than mPRα, indicating that mPRβ may be the primary mPR subtype in the rat brain. We also mapped the distribution of mPRβ protein using immunohistochemistry. The mPRβ-immunoreactive neurons were highly expressed in select nuclei of the hypothalamus (paraventricular nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamus, and arcuate nucleus), forebrain (medial septum and horizontal diagonal band), and midbrain (oculomotor and red nuclei) and throughout many areas of the cortex and thalamus. Treatment of ovariectomized female rats with E(2) benzoate increased mPRβ immunoreactivity within the medial septum but not the medial POA, horizontal diagonal band, or oculomotor nucleus. Together, these findings demonstrate a wide distribution of mPRβ in the rodent brain that may contribute to functions affecting behavioral, endocrine, motor, and sensory systems. Furthermore, E(2) regulation of mPRβ indicates a mechanism through which estrogens can regulate P(4) function within discrete brain regions to potentially impact behavior.
Abstract 429: Reactive Oxygen Species Impair Endothelial Function and Perivascular Adipose Tissue Signaling in Mesenteric Arterioles From Ovariectomized Rats

Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) normally promotes vascular endothelium dependent relaxation (EDRs), whereas reactive oxygen species (ROS) impair endothelial function. However, the effects of the menopause on PVAT, and its interaction with ROS, are unexplored. We tested the hypothesis that ovariectomy (OVX) causes oxidative stress that impairs microvascular PVAT signaling. Mesenteric arterioles (MAs) were isolated from rats 4-6 weeks after sham-operation (Sham) or OVX. Alternate rats received vehicle or tempol (2mmol · 1 -1 of water) throughout (n=6/group). MAs were preconstricted with 10 -7 M norepinephrine for measurement of acetylcholine (ACh)-induced endothelial derived relaxation (EDR), endothelium derived relaxation factor (EDRF) and NO activity (DAF-FM fluorescence) using a Mulvany-Halperin wire myograph and fluorescence RatioMaster system. Other vessels were studied under spontaneous tone with dilator pathways blocked with 10 -4 M L-NAME, 10 -5 M apamine and 10 -6 M charybdotoxin to measure ACh-induced endothelium dependent contraction factor (EDCF) and ROS generation (temp-9AC fluorescence). OVX rats had vascular remodeling (midia: lumen diameter: 4.4± 0.4 vs 1.5 ± 0.3 μm·μm -1 , P
Late traumatic flap displacement after laser in situ keratomileuisis.

ABSTRACT Laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) has become the community standard in corneal refractive surgery and is being performed by surgeons in the Army, Navy, and Air Force. LASIK differs from photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) in that a partial-thickness corneal flap is created in the LASIK procedure before removing a microscopic amount of corneal tissue, whereas no flap creation is required in PRK. The benefits of LASIK include minimal discomfort after surgery, as well as a much faster return of visual function. PRK involves a surface ablation and therefore heals differently, involving more discomfort and a slower return of functional vision. LASIK flap integrity is a concern to anyone undergoing the procedure, as well as for those making recommendations on the best form of refractive surgery for military personnel. A case report and a review of the literature are presented on the identification and management of LASIK flap trauma.
Seasonal Changes in Susceptibility of a Population of Swallow Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) to Fort Morgan Virus

Adult swallow bugs, Oeciacus vicarius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), were collected in the spring (April and/or May) and summer (July and/or August) of 1977 and 1979 and were experimentally infected with Fort Morgan virus by exposure to inoculated avian hosts. Significantly (P 0.2) in the geometric mean amount of virus present or the proportion with virus in the salivary glands. It is concluded that the proportion of susceptible bugs is greater in spring than in summer populations.
Singular atom optics with spinor Bose-Einstein condensates

Spinor Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs) and singular optical systems have both recently served as sandboxes to create and study analogs of phenomena from other fields of physics that are otherwise difficult to create and control experimentally. Interfacing singular optics and spinor BECs allows us to take advantage of and build on the foundations of singular optics to create and describe complex spin textures in BECs that serve as analogs of other systems. Here, the complete BEC wavefunctions are precisely engineered via a two-photon Raman interaction to contain π-symmetric (lemon, star) or 2π-symmetric (saddle, spiral) C-point singularities. The optical Raman beams are singular optical beams that contain these singularities and transfer them to the condensate, thereby creating vector-vortex spin textures—the spinor counterparts to scalar vortices—in pseudo-spin-1/2 BECs. With a version of atom-optic polarimetry, we can measure the Stokes parameters of the atomic cloud and characterize the singularities by the patterns present in their ellipse fields or by the C-point index. In the low density limit, these spin textures are analogs of optical vector vortices and should have dynamics driven by a matter-wave Gouy phase. With precise tuning of Raman beam parameters, we can create full Bloch BECs that contain every possible superposition between two states in the atomic cloud. Full Bloch BECs are similar to topologically stable magnetic skyrmions such as those created in thin metal films and nanowires, which may prove useful for atom-spintronics and topological quantum processes.
Meat Sensory Evaluation by Computer Vision

Applying computer vision in meat quality evaluation has been an active area of research in recent years.This paper summarizes the main results from a number of recent application studies,mainly about the application of computer vision technology in the characterization of meat quality attributes an important indicator-the color of the sensory evaluation.
Phylogenomics of tubeworms (Siboglinidae, Annelida) and comparative performance of different reconstruction methods

Deep-sea tubeworms (Annelida, Siboglinidae) represent dominant species in deep-sea chemosynthetic communities (e.g. hydrothermal vents and cold methane seeps) and occur in muddy sediments and organic falls. Siboglinids lack a functional digestive tract as adults, and they rely on endosymbiotic bacteria for energy, making them of evolutionary and physiological interest. Despite their importance, inferred evolutionary history of this group has been inconsistent among studies based on different molecular markers. In particular, placement of bone-eating Osedax worms has been unclear in part because of their distinctive biology, including harbouring heterotrophic bacteria as endosymbionts, displaying extreme sexual dimorphism and exhibiting a distinct body plan. Here, we reconstructed siboglinid evolutionary history using 12 newly sequenced transcriptomes. We parsed data into three data sets that accommodated varying levels of missing data, and we evaluate effects of missing data on phylogenomic inference. Additionally, several multispecies-coalescent approaches and Bayesian concordance analysis (BCA) were employed to allow for a comparison of results to a supermatrix approach. Every analysis conducted herein strongly supported Osedax being most closely related to the Vestimentifera and Sclerolinum clade, rather than Frenulata, as previously reported. Importantly, unlike previous studies, the alternative hypothesis that frenulates and Osedax are sister groups to one another was explicitly rejected by an approximately unbiased (AU) test. Furthermore, although different methods showed largely congruent results, we found that a supermatrix method using data partitioning with site-homogenous models potentially outperformed a supermatrix method using the CAT-GTR model and multispecies-coalescent approaches when the amount of missing data varies in a data set and when taxa susceptible to LBA are included in the analyses.