cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pharmacist prescription and access to hormonal contraception for Medicaid-insured women in Oregon.

Abstract Objective To assess the impact of Oregon's policy that allows pharmacist prescription of the pill and patch on contraceptive receipt for Medicaid-insured women. Study design We conducted a difference-in-differences analysis using Oregon Medicaid claims data to compare changes in receipt of all contraceptive services and receipt of the pill or patch for Medicaid-enrolled women (n = 436,258) before and after policy implementation in areas with and without participating pharmacists. We then described filled prescriptions for the contraceptive pill and patch by type of prescribing provider before and after implementation of the policy. We also compared past contraceptive use for women receiving prescriptions from pharmacists and non-pharmacists. Results We found no significant policy effects on receipt of all contraceptive services or on receipt of the pill or patch. More than 98% of prescriptions filled for the pill and patch in the first two years of policy implementation were prescribed by a non-pharmacist provider. Women receiving contraceptive pill and patch prescriptions from pharmacists and non-pharmacists were equally likely to be continuing contraceptive users. Conclusion We identified no increase in receipt of contraceptive services among Medicaid-insured women in the two years following the implementation of a pharmacy access policy. Additional research is needed to investigate other possible benefits of the policy, such as satisfaction, convenience, cost and equity. Implications We identified no effect of allowing pharmacist prescription of the contraceptive pill and patch on increasing utilization of contraceptive services for Medicaid-insured women in Oregon. Impacts on access to contraceptive services and unintended pregnancy may emerge in subsequent years as availability of and demand for pharmacist-prescribed hormonal contraception increases.
Permissive or Restrictive? A Mixed Picture for Philanthropy in China

This is a difficult time for philanthropy and civil society in China. Since Xi Jinping became General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party in November 2012, China has cracked down on feminist, labour and political activists, closed some civil society organizations, and launched a significant effort to control the activities of foreign foundations, NGOs and other non-profits. Yet in other areas the situation is brighter. Hundreds of new private foundations and social enterprises have been established in recent years. The space for philanthropic activities that focus on the provision of social services and social innovation remains considerably more open.
Utilizing Peer Review and Revision in STEM to Support the Development of Conceptual Knowledge through Writing.

While many STEM faculty believe Writing-to-Learn to be an effective instructional tool, instructional barriers such as the time and effort required to provide substantive feedback to their students...
Phasing Alleles Improves Network Inference with Allopolyploids

Abstract Accurately reconstructing the reticulate histories of polyploids remains a central challenge for understanding plant evolution. Although phylogenetic networks can provide insights into relationships among polyploid lineages, inferring networks may be hampered by the complexities of homology determination in polyploid taxa. We use simulations to show that phasing alleles from allopolyploid individuals can improve inference of phylogenetic networks under the multispecies coalescent. Phased allelic data can also improve divergence time estimates for networks, which is helpful for evaluating allopolyploid speciation hypotheses and proposing mechanisms of speciation. To achieve these outcomes, we present a novel pipeline that leverages a recently developed phasing algorithm to reliably phase alleles from polyploids. This pipeline is especially appropriate for target enrichment data, where depth of coverage is typically high enough to phase entire loci. We provide an empirical example in the North American Dryopteris fern complex that demonstrates how phasing can help reveal the mode of polyploidization and improve network inference. We establish that our pipeline (PATE: Phased Alleles from Target Enrichment data) is capable of recovering a high proportion of phased loci from both diploids and polyploids, and that these data improve network estimates compared to using haplotype consensus assemblies. This approach is shown to be especially effective in reticulate complexes where there are multiple hybridization events. The pipeline is available at: https://github.com/gtiley/Phasing.
Association of childhood physical and sexual abuse with arthritis in adulthood: Findings from a population-based study.

The objective of this cross-sectional study was to investigate childhood physical and sexual abuse as factors associated with arthritis among adults from selected states in the United States. Data for this study came from the 2019 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey. An analytic sample of 75,717 adults 18-75 years old (49.7% female) was analyzed using log-binomial regression. The outcome variable investigated in this study was arthritis, and the main explanatory variables were childhood physical and sexual abuse. Of the 75,717 respondents examined, 20,938 (representing 27.6%) had arthritis. A little over one in four respondents (25.5%) experienced childhood physical abuse and 5.6% experienced childhood sexual abuse by age 18. In the multivariable regression, respondents who experienced childhood physical abuse had 1.36 times the risk of having arthritis when compared to respondents who did not experience childhood physical abuse (ARR = 1.36, p < .001, 95% CI = 1.28-1.46). Respondents who experienced childhood sexual abuse had 1.60 times the risk of having arthritis when compared to respondents who did not experience childhood sexual abuse (ARR = 1.74, p < .001, 95% CI = 1.54-1.97). The findings of this study demonstrate that childhood physical and sexual abuse are associated with arthritis later in adulthood. The associations persisted even after adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic status, body mass index (BMI), current smoking status, and self-perceived physical health. The findings of this study add to the burgeoning number of studies demonstrating the adverse impact of childhood physical and sexual abuse on chronic health outcomes among adults.
Is Online Theatre Really Theatre?: Teaching and Researching During a Pandemic

At the beginning of the 2020 pandemic, I grew concerned and also curious about how theatre educators would transition theatre and drama instruction to an online platform. I began a research study i...
Re-evaluation of the predictive value of Quintero staging of twin-twin transfusion syndrome for fetal death after fetoscopic laser photocoagulation.

OBJECTIVE To elucidate the significance of sonographic indices, including Doppler waveforms, that constitute the Quintero classification for predicting death of the recipient or donor after fetoscopic laser photocoagulation (FLP) for twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). METHODS Prospectively collected data of twins who underwent FLP for TTTS were reviewed. Among the abnormal indices of ultrasound performed just before FLP, factors that were significantly associated with fetal and neonatal deaths in the log-rank test, including fetal demise of co-twins and preterm birth before 28 weeks of gestation, were introduced into the Cox proportional-hazards model to calculate risk ratio (RR). RESULTS We included 235 cases with a prevalence of recipient and donor deaths of 7% and 14%, respectively. In the proportional-hazards model, absent or reversed umbilical artery end-diastolic velocity (UA AREDV) of recipients (n = 7) was independently associated with recipient death (RR = 6.97). In recipients without UA AREDV, reversed ductus venosus (DV) a-wave of recipients (RR = 3.55) was independently associated with recipient death. In donors, UA AREDV with a visible bladder (stage III atypical donor) was independently associated with donor death (RR = 4.24). CONCLUSION Some individual components of the Quintero stage are associated with death of either recipient or donor twins following FLP.
Interleukin-1-Induced Hypotension and the Effect of an Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist

The systemic effects of high doses (> 1μg/kg) of intravenously administered interleukin (IL-1) in animals include hypotension, decreased systemic vascular resistance, depressed myocardial function, lactic acidosis, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, vascular leak, pulmonary congestion, and tissue neutrophilic infiltration with necrosis [1, 2]. The hypotensive effects of intravenously administered IL-1 in humans have been observed at doses below 1 μg/kg, and hypotension is the major clinical response limiting the maximal dose tolerated to 300 ng/kg [3]. The hypotensive effect of IL-1 may occur via various mechanisms. One mechanism appears to be due to cyclooxygenase products, and IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) act synergistically in increasing prostaglandin E (PGE) in a variety of cells. The hypotension following an IL-1/TNF injection in rabbits is blocked by cyclooxygenase inhibitors [1]. Arterial perfusion with IL-1 increases prostanoid synthesis, which lowers the pain threshold to bradykinin [4]. TNF potentiates these effects of IL-1. IL-1 inhibits vascular smooth muscle contraction, but this is independent of prostaglandin synthesis. The inhibition of smooth muscle contraction by IL-1 appears to be due to an L-arginine-dependent increase in nitric oxide production, which leads to increased guanylate cyclase activity [5, 6].
Energy in retrospect

Before the discovery of fission, energy policy was not a central issue in the United States. After all, this country was blessed with enormous reserves of fossil fuel, and one could hardly conceive of a day when the United States would be importing 30% of its oil. To be sure, the 1859 discovery of oil in Titusville, Pennsylvania, came just in time to replace whale oil, which was becoming scarce; and before the discovery of the East Texas fields, alternatives such as shale oil were being pursued. By and large, however, the problem of energy in its broadest aspect had not become part of the federal govemment’s agenda. The discovery of fission, which was widely regarded as the ultimate answer to the problem of energy, focused attention on energy. It was as though, with the solution in hand, we became aware of the problem. Thus, in a 1953 repart sponsored by the Atomic Energy Commission [l], Palmer Putnam argued that a prudent custodian of the world’s energy future should assume energy demand would grow exponentially and that energy supply would turn out to be lower than the expansive estimates of supply then current. Although Putnam’s maximum plausible world population by 2050 was only 6 billion people, his per capita growth rate for energy of approximately 3% per year was very high; this led to his “maximum plausible” annual demand for energy of 436 quads (1 quad = 1 quadrillion, or lO”,Btu) by PI. D . 2000 and 2650 quads by 2050! No wonder Putnam concluded that the world must get on with the development of all energy sources,
Sentence Comprehension, Psychology of

The study of sentence comprehension focuses on how listeners and readers, guided by their knowledge of the grammar of their language, map recognized words onto the meanings of sentences. Psycholinguists have developed offline and online tasks for studying how listeners and readers comprehend sentences. This article reviews some of these tasks and some of the phenomena they have identified, including immediacy, structure-sensitivity, ambiguity resolution, lexical and frequency effects, and the effects of context and prosody. It outlines some of the theories that have been developed to account for these phenomena, and concludes by discussing some phenomena of how sentences are comprehended in realistic contexts.
A convergent expansion about mean field theory: I. The expansion

Abstract We give a convergent expansion for nearly Gaussian quantum field theory in the multiphase region. The expansion combines (1) an expansion in phase boundaries, (2) a cluster expansion, and (3) a perturbation expansion to isolate dominant behavior. We study in detail the ground state of the P (φ)2 = (λφ4 − φ2 − μφ)2 model, with ∥ μ ∥ ⩽ λ2 ⪡ 1. The ground state is close to the classical free field, obtained by replacing P (φ) by the quadratic mean field polynomial P c(φ), tangent to P at a global minimum. Selecting one minimum gives a pure phase (ergodic ground state) satisfying the Wightman-Osterwalder-Schrader axioms with a positive mass. We also establish analyticity in λ for μ = 0 in the sector ∥ Im λ ∥
Catholic Institutions of Higher Education and K-12 Schools Partnering for Social Justice: A Call for Scholarship.

This article calls for scholarship on emerging partnerships between Catholic institutions of higher education and Catholic K-12 schools that aim at socially just schooling. Justice, ethical care, learning, and social entrepreneurship are explored as possible conceptual frameworks for this research.
Jan Lin 2011: The Power of Urban Ethnic Places: Cultural Heritage and Community Life. New York: Routledge.

The article reviews the book "The Power of Urban Ethnic Places: Cultural Heritage and Community of Life," by Jan Lin.
Virological, Immunochemical, and Cytochemical Studies of Four HeLa Cell Lines Infected with Two Strains of Influenza Virus

The production of infectious virus, hemagglutinin, and viral (V) antigens and the changes in ribonucleoprotein (RNP) and lipoprotein metabolism have been studied in four sublines of HeLa cells infected with the PR8 and a PR8 recombinant strain of influenza virus. Much greater amounts of infectious virus and much less hemagglutinin were produced by the PR8 recombinant than by PR8 virus in all four cell lines. Different amounts of infectious virus per infected cell were produced by the recombinant in the four cell lines, whereas very little infectious virus was produced by the PR8 strain in any of the HeLa cells. In all cell lines infected with both strains of virus, "soluble" (S) antigen appeared early in the nucleolus. In cells infected with PR8 recombinant, S antigen subsequently filled the nucleus and later appeared in the cytoplasm. In most cells infected with PR8 virus, nuclear S antigen did not fuse to fill the nucleus, and S antigen was not detected in the cytoplasm. V antigen was observed in the cytoplasm of cells when diffuse nuclear S antigen had formed. The earliest and most frequent change in the RNP of the infected cells was a decrease in stainable RNP spherules (nucleolini) in the nucleolus. This was followed, in a smaller proportion of cells, by the appearance of nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions containing RNP. There was a characteristic difference in the morphology of the cytoplasmic inclusions produced by the two strains of virus, but the same types of inclusions were observed in all four HeLa lines. A significant increase in lipoprotein was observed only in association with the cytoplasmic inclusions produced by PR8 recombinant virus. There was a striking difference in the proportion of cells with cytochemical changes in RNP in the four cell lines. A significant cytopathic effect (CPE) was observed only in three virus-cell systems in which a high proportion of cells exhibited changes in nucleolinar RNP. It is suggested that disappearance of RNP in the nucleolini may be an indication of shutdown of host ribonucleic acid synthesis and that this in turn results in a CPE. Virus infection resulted in a C-mitotic block that was followed by karyorrhexis. Infection of the cell did not always result in the production of infectious virus, in changes in the RNP of the nucleolini, in the development of nuclear or cytoplasmic RNP inclusions, or in CPE. The results suggest that production of infectious virus, shutdown of cellular RNP synthesis with accompanying CPE, and the formation of inclusions appear to be independent events.
Quantitative Microplate-Based Growth Assay for Determination of Antifungal Susceptibility of Histoplasma capsulatum Yeasts

ABSTRACT Standardized methodologies for determining the antifungal susceptibility of fungal pathogens is central to the clinical management of invasive fungal disease. Yeast-form fungi can be tested using broth macrodilution and microdilution assays. Reference procedures exist for Candida species and Cryptococcus yeasts; however, no standardized methods have been developed for testing the antifungal susceptibility of yeast forms of the dimorphic systemic fungal pathogens. For the dimorphic fungal pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum, susceptibility to echinocandins differs for the yeast and the filamentous forms, which highlights the need to employ Histoplasma yeasts, not hyphae, in antifungal susceptibility tests. To address this, we developed and optimized methodology for the 96-well microtiter plate-based measurement of Histoplasma yeast growth in vitro . Using optical density, the assay is quantitative for fungal growth with a dynamic range greater than 30-fold. Concentration and assay reaction time parameters were also optimized for colorimetric (MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] reduction) and fluorescent (resazurin reduction) indicators of fungal vitality. We employed this microtiter-based assay to determine the antifungal susceptibility patterns of multiple clinical isolates of Histoplasma representing different phylogenetic groups. This methodology fulfills a critical need for the ability to monitor the effectiveness of antifungals on Histoplasma yeasts, the morphological form present in mammalian hosts and, thus, the form most relevant to disease.
SIMULTANEOUS IMAGING OF INDIVIDUAL MOLECULES ALIGNED BOTH PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR TO THE OPTIC AXIS

We report the first room temperature observation of an emission pattern from a single fluorescent molecule signifying that the emission dipole is aligned along the optic $(z)$ axis of a microscopic imaging system. This technique takes advantage of the $x$, $y$, and $z$-polarized evanescent fields generated in total internal reflection and the usually nettlesome aberrations commonly encountered when imaging biological samples with high numerical aperture oil-immersion objectives. For both $z$-oriented and transverse-oriented individual molecules of the carbocyanine dye ${\mathrm{DiIC}}_{18}$ embedded in polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA), calculated images accurately model the main features of observed emission patterns.
A restricted-entry method for a transportation problem with piecewise-linear concave costs

Abstract This paper presents a heuristic solution method for a transportation problem with piecewiselinear concave costs. The solution algorithm extends the restricted-entry-basis rule for the simplex method to the transportation method. The method not only finds a local optimum (as in the simplex version), but also efficiently searches for better local optima. Computational experience indicates that the algorithm finds optimal or near optimal solutions within a reasonable time on a personal computer.
Predication in Caribbean English Creoles

This is the first major study of the conservative or basilectal English creoles of the Anglophone Caribbean since Bailey's (1966) and Bickerton's (1975) descriptions of Jamaican and Guyanese Creole respectively. The book offers a comprehensive, unified treatment of the core areas of CEC predication, including the verb complex, auxiliary ordering, voice and valency, copular and attributive predication, serial verb constructions and complementation. Particularly note-worthy is its utilization of an extremely rich data base and a variety of sources to provide an up-to-date, state of the art account of predicate structures in CEC. The book presents new analyses of several areas of CEC syntax, including such phenonema as passivization, serialization and complementation, which have not been thoroughly analyzed, if at all, in the previous literature. The areas covered in the book involve a wide range of grammatical phenomena centering around the various sub-classes of verb and their subcategorization. The book consists of an introduction, a conclusion, and six chapters, each of which explores some aspect of the behavior of verbs (or verb-like predicators) and the constructions in which they occur. The book is intended to be a pre-theoretical account of the facts of CEC predication. However, to further elucidate the workings of the grammar and add some degree of explicitness to the description, the author also presents more formal analyses of the grammatical phenomena, employing the framework of Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar (GPSG).
Total pressure measurements for 1-propanol + 1-pentanol, 1-propanol + 2-pentanol, 2-propanol + 1-pentanol, and 2-propanol + 2-pentanol at 313.15 K

Abstract Total pressure measurements at 313.15 K are reported for 1-propanol + 1-pentanol, 1-propanol + 2-pentanol, 2-propanol + 1-pentanol, and 2-propanol + 2-pentanol. The results were obtained using a Van Ness apparatus and were fitted to the three-suffix Margules equation using Barker's method. The Margules equation represents the data to within an average of 0.01 kPa.
Spiritual perspectives and practices at the end-of-life: A review of the major world religions and application to palliative care

Palliative care professionals promote well-being and ease suffering at the end-of-life through holistic care that addresses physical, emotional, social and spiritual needs. The ways that individuals cope with serious illness and prepare for death are often done so within a religious context. Therefore, it is essential that palliative care practitioners are sensitive to and have an appreciation of different religious perspectives and rituals to meet the unique needs of their patients and families. This paper provides a brief overview of the five major world religions - Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism - with particular emphasis of the respective perspectives on suffering, death and afterlife. Despite wide variation in these traditions, an understanding of common rituals surrounding death, funerals and bereavement can improve care for patients, families and communities facing the end-of-life.
Semantic Analyzer of Schemata Organization (SASO)

A menu-driven software system was developed to implement schemata organization in a constraint-satisfaction neural network. The current neural-net model present several advantages and modifications over previous related models. On the one hand, the schemata behavior shown by the present model is based on conceptual definitions and ratings obtained empirically from human subjects rather than on the idiosyncratic knowledge database of a single programmer. On. the other hand, this property is most valuable to experimental research in which the current knowledge status of the subjects is critical for the experiments (e.g., word-recognition experiments).
Subordination, Authority, Law: Subjects in Labor History

In the first section of this essay I discuss alternative ways of interpreting an eighteenth-century anecdote about employment relations. This serves to introduce a series of arguments that advocate altering our conception of labor history (with special reference to American labor history) in ways that center it on the study of household relations. Asserting that law is the primary site upon which authoritative social relations are constituted, I also argue that legal history—in this case the history of domestic relations law—is of fundamental importance to the labor history the essay recommends.
Obstetric Vacuum Extraction

A brief historical review of vacuum extraction, indications for use, safety considerations, mode of action, delivery technique, and discussion of nursing implications is presented. Safety and effectiveness of vacuum extraction are supported by the results of a comparative study done at Mount Sinai Medical Center in which 256 vacuum extractions and 300 randomly selected forceps deliveries were performed. Indications for use, clinical status before application, maternal complications, and immediate neonatal complications are analyzed and discussed.
Amblyopic and peripheral vernier acuity: a test-pedestal approach

This manuscript is concerned with three visual systems with degraded spatial vision: (i) anisometropic amblyopia; (ii) strabismic amblyopia; and (iii) the normal periphery. The question we ask here, is whether the poor positional acuity of each of these visual systems can be understood on the basis of reduced sensitivity to the local contrast information in the stimulus. To answer this question, we use a "test-pedestal" approach to position acuity. In the first experiment we measure our observers' thresholds for detecting both the pedestal stimuli (edges and lines) and the test or cue stimuli (lines and dipoles). This approach also provides an estimate of the size of the spatial pooling (integration) region for the local contrast cue. In experiments two and three, we measure line and edge vernier acuity as a function of contrast, and compare the losses to those found for the detection of the respective offset cues. The local contrast hypothesis predicts similar losses in vernier acuity and in "cue" detection in amblyopic or peripheral vision. Moreover, the precise form of the contrast response function can provide insights into the nature of the loss, and places constraints on the likely models for amblyopic or peripheral vision. Our results suggest that the loss in vernier acuity of our anisometropic amblyopes can be understood on the basis of the reduced local contrast sensitivity and by increased spatial pooling. In strabismic amblyopes and in the normal periphery, there appears to be an extra loss, which cannot be accounted for by either reduced local contrast sensitivity or by increased spatial pooling. Additional experiments and computational modeling suggest that the "extra" loss is not due to spatial undersampling or additive positional jitter, but rather results from positional noise at a "second" stage.
WHY THEY LIKED IKE: Tradition, Crisis, and Heroic Leadership

Much is known about Dwight Eisenhower's accomplishments as wartime general and postwar president; however, little is known about the reasons for his extraordinary popularity. Drawing from opinion polls, popular media, and related sources this article shows how Eisenhower's achievements and public conduct resonated with the concerns and values of his generation. “Symbolic leadership” theory and the “action theory” of heroic leadership frame this twofold articulation of Eisenhower's midcentury image, but we place it in a broader perspective centered on tradition, crisis, and generational change. We thus explain not only why Eisenhower's reputation was so strong during the postwar years but also why it declined so sharply after his death, even while other American leaders’ reputations remained intact.
Estuarine response to river flow and sea-level rise under future climate change and human development

Abstract Understanding the response of river flow and estuarine hydrodynamics to climate change, land-use/land-cover change (LULC), and sea-level rise is essential to managing water resources and stress on living organisms under these changing conditions. This paper presents a modeling study using a watershed hydrology model and an estuarine hydrodynamic model, in a one-way coupling, to investigate the estuarine hydrodynamic response to sea-level rise and change in river flow due to the effect of future climate and LULC changes in the Snohomish River estuary, Washington, USA. A set of hydrodynamic variables, including salinity intrusion points, average water depth, and salinity of the inundated area, were used to quantify the estuarine response to river flow and sea-level rise. Model results suggest that salinity intrusion points in the Snohomish River estuary and the average salinity of the inundated areas are a nonlinear function of river flow, although the average water depth in the inundated area is approximately linear with river flow. Future climate changes will shift salinity intrusion points further upstream under low flow conditions and further downstream under high flow conditions. In contrast, under the future LULC change scenario, the salinity intrusion point will shift downstream under both low and high flow conditions, compared to present conditions. The model results also suggest that the average water depth in the inundated areas increases linearly with sea-level rise but at a slower rate, and the average salinity in the inundated areas increases linearly with sea-level rise; however, the response of salinity intrusion points in the river to sea-level rise is strongly nonlinear.
Use of a Transitional Minimum Data Set (TMDS) to Improve Communication Between Nursing Home and Emergency Department Providers

Abstract Objective To study the adoption of a transitional minimum data set (TMDS) and its effectiveness in conveying essential clinical data elements between skilled nursing facility (SNF) and emergency department (ED) staff. Design Retrospective medical record review of patients transferred from one SNF to one ED over a 14-month period before and after the implementation of the TMDS, to determine whether it improved data transfer compared with prior practice. Settings One urban 140-bed SNF, averaging 17 ED transfers per month, and their affiliated ED at a major tertiary care hospital in Boston, MA. Participants The medical records of 74 residents transferred from the SNF to the ED comprised the study data. Intervention A Transition of Care Minimum Data Set necessary for ED care was developed based on a literature review and expert panel consensus. From this, a TMDS tool was derived. The nursing facility staff was trained on the use of the TMDS tool (Resident Transfer Form and transfer packet), which was sent with each patient at the time of transfer from the SNF to the ED. Measurements Effectiveness of data transfer was determined by the proportion of TMDS items received by the ED following implementation of the TMDS in comparison with prior care. Adoption rate of the TMDS tool was determined by the proportion of hospital medical records that contained a paper copy of the resident transfer form. Results Following the implementation of the TMDS there was statistically significant improvement in data transfer of 15 of 30 TMDS items. Among these items were the following: patient’s family notified of transfer, contact information for the MD/NP at the SNF, contact information for obtaining more patient information from the SNF, resuscitation status, baseline cognitive and functional status, isolation precautions and risk alerts, and whether the SNF could accept the patient back after treatment in the ED. The Resident Transfer Form was found in the hospital medical record of 73% of patients. There were anecdotal reports of hospital provider satisfaction with the TMDS and RTF. Conclusion The TMDS was associated with marked improvement in the transfer of essential clinical information. Educational efforts are warranted to increase consistency of usage.
Temporal and temperature-induced changes in emission rates and blend ratios of sex pheromone components in Trichoplusia ni

Abstract Moths that use pheromone components with different vapor pressures either must have active means of regulating the emitted blend or must be able to respond to a wider range of ratios of these components. Both temperature and previous depletion of pheromone reserves could challenge the ability of a female to maintain a constant pheromone blend ratio and emission rate. Therefore this study of the influence of temperature and time of night on pheromone emission rates and blend ratios was conducted. Increases in temperature from 15 to 30°C resulted in a significant increase (70%) in pheromone emission rate from forcibly extruded sex pheromone glands of female cabbage looper moths, Trichoplusia ni. Blend ratios of (Z)-7- and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z7- and Z9–14:Ac) relative to the major pheromone component (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7–12:Ac) increased significantly with temperature. During all time periods in the scotophase, the percentages of the gland's contents of each pheromone component emitted during a 10 min period (percent depletion rates) were different, with (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate (Z5–12:Ac) and Z7–12:Ac having the highest depletion rates and Z7–14:Ac and Z9–14:Ac the lowest, reflecting their different vapor pressures. For each compound the percent depletion rate increased steadily during the scotophase, suggesting that either the permeability of the gland's membrane to each pheromone component increased, or that a pheromone transport system became increasingly active. This may compensate for lower pheromone reserves at the end of the scotophase to maintain a relatively stable pheromone emission rate. Blend ratios of Z7–14:Ac and Z9–14:Ac in both pheromone gland extracts and volatile collections increased over the scotophase. This was likely caused by lower vapor pressures of the two 14-carbon acetates and thus a relative accumulation of these on or in the gland.
Product use and product improvement

Abstract This paper presents a conceptual framework for the analysis of product improvement. It begins by establishing that in the process by which products are improved, knowledge of user requirements, of product characteristics, of how to redesign products, and about the production process needs to be acquired. It then argues that user requirements and product characteristics can often be discovered only if the product is actually used, sometimes for a long period of time. Just as importantly, effective communication between users and producers typically plays a central role in acquiring the knowledge necessary to the improvement of products. The knowledge that has been generated through actual use and user-producer communication will guide producers in redesigning and improving the product. In the course of the discussion, the roles of systemic complexity, theoretical knowledge, accidents and testing are examined.
Level-two structure of simply-laced Coxeter groups

Abstract Let X be a graph, with the corresponding simply-laced Coxeter group W. Then W acts naturally on the lattice L spanned by the vertices of X, preserving a quadratic form. We give conditions on X for the form to be nonsingular modulo two, and study the images of W → O ( L / 2 k L ) .
Estuarine benthic invertebrates of Indian river and Rehoboth Bays, Delaware

From 1968 to 1970, 273 quantitative samples of macroscopic benthic invertebrates were collected seasonally (winter and summer) from Indian River and Rehoboth Bays, Delaware. A total of 103, 485 individuals representing 11 phyla and 149 species was taken. Mobile carnivores comprised 30.9% (46 species) of the fauna, selective deposit feeders 28.2% (42 species), sedentary suspension feeders 18.1% (27 species), nonselective deposit feeders 3.4% (5 species), and sessile carnivores 2.7% (4 species). In terms of number of individuals, selective deposit feeders and sedentary suspension feeders comprised 49.2% (51,442 individuals) and 43.7% (44,647 individuals), respectively. The average density (no./m2) was generally significantly higher in Indian River than Rehoboth Bay. Maximum density for the former was 106,871/m2 and for the latter 60,192/m2. Evenness diversity was normally slightly higher in summer than winter and higher in Rehoboth Bay than in Indian River Bay. The top three species, ranked by density and frequency of occurrence, were Ampelisca abdita, Gemma gemma, and Tellina agilis. Annual and seasonal changes in density and dominance (exclusive of the top three species) were substantial. Biomass patterns were very similar to areas north (Moriches Bay, New York) and south (Beaufort, North Carolina). It was suggested that larger invertebrates have been deemphasized in biomass estimates in past studies. It was concluded that Rehoboth and Indian River Bays contained an Ampelisca — bivalve (Gemma gemma, Tellina agilis, Mercenaria mercenaria) community.
Developing entry criteria for studies of severe postkeratoplasty astigmatism.

Investigators who use keratometry or topography systems to plan operations for the correction of severe postkeratoplasty astigmatism assume the study group is homogeneous. To test this hypothesis, we established four entry criteria we believed were necessary to ensure a homogeneous group. The criteria were as follows: (1) best-corrected or pinhole visual acuity greater than or equal to 20/40; (2)graft well centered relative to the corneal light reflex; (3) corneal light reflex within 0.5mm of the center of the entrance pupil; and (4)a minimum of ten central keratoscope rings of the Corneal Modeling System accurately digitized. A retrospective analysis of the keratoscope images of 20 consecutive patients (20 eyes) referred for correction of postkeratoplasty astigmatism was performed to determine the percentage of patients who met the proposed criteria. Only seven (35%) simultaneously met all four entry criteria. Investigators interested in comparing techniques to correct this problem are faced with a dilemma. Strict entry criteria will ensure a homogeneous study group but will exclude most patients. More lenient entry criteria will increase the number of eligible subjects but will introduce heterogeneity, which may confound results.
Evaluating performance advantages of grouping genetic algorithms

The genetic algorithm (GA) and a related procedure called the grouping genetic algorithm (GGA) are solution methodologies used to search for optimal solutions in constrained optimization problems. While the GA has been successfully applied to a range of problem types, the GGA was created specifically for problems involving the formation of groups. Falkenauer (JORBEL-Belg. J. Oper. Res. Stat. Comput. Sci. 33 (1992) 79), the originator of the GGA, and subsequent researchers have proposed reasons for expecting the GGA to perform more efficiently than the GA on grouping problems. Yet, there has been no research published to date which tests claims of GGA superiority. This paper describes empirical tests of the performance of GA and GGA in three domains which have substantial, practical importance, and which have been the subject of considerable academic research. Our purpose is not to determine which of these two approaches is better across an entire problem domain, but rather to begin to document practical differences between a standard off-the-shelf GA and a tailored GGA. Based on the level of solution quality desired, it may be the case that the additional time and resources required to design a tailored GGA may not be justified if the improvement in solution quality is only minor or non-existent.
Introduction to CSCL

The ijCSCL Board of Editors presents a day-long introduction to CSCL. This tutorial will be a dialog among oldtimers and newcomers to the CSCL community. The day will be divided into four sessions, focusing on CSCL visions, CSCL practices, CSCL technologies and CSCL theories. During each session, several members of the ijCSCL Board will discuss with each other and with the audience the broad topic for that period. This will be an opportunity to participate in a unique discourse about central issues and controversies in our field. The dialog will be computer supported by the ijCSCL wiki.
Changes in TCD50 as a measure of clonogen doubling time in irradiated and unirradiated tumors

Abstract Dose-cure experiments have been carried out on a moderately well differentiated murine mammary carcinoma, designated MCA-4, at different stages of growth after tumor-cell inoculation or after 8 mm established tumors had been exposed to 60 Gy. TCD 50 assays were performed at 1, 3, 7, 14, or 21 days after tumor cell inoculation, or when tumors reached a size of 6 or 8 mm. Likewise, TCD 50 assays were performed at 0.25, 1, 3, 5, 8, 12, 16, or 21 days after 8 mm tumors had been exposed to a 60 Gy priming dose, or when the recurrent tumors reached 6 or 8 mm. All irradiations were performed under hypoxic conditions. The TCD 50 (95% confidence limits) was 64.0 (61.7–68.3) Gy for the 6-mm and 71.9 (70.1–73.9) Gy for the 8 mm tumors, and these values were unaffected by preirradiation. Direct analysis was used for the simultaneous estimation of D 0 , clonogen number, and clonogen doubling time from the pooled data. There was no significant difference between D 0 estimates for the preirradiated and control tumors, and the pooled estimate was 10.6 (9.6–11.8) Gy for tumors assayed at specified time points where the size was unknown. This is clearly higher than in tumors of known size [estimate for 6- and 8-mm tumors: D 0 = 5.4 (4.5–6.6) Gy] owing to size and other heterogeneity. The clonogen doubling times (T clon ) were 3.4 (3.0–4.0) days in the preirradiated tumors and 5.8 (4.9–7.1) days in the unirradiated tumors. It is not unreasonable to assume that the systematic error due to heterogeneity was approximately the same for D 0 and T clon (since variable clonogen number is likely the predominant source of heterogeneity), and thus the ratio of Do for tumors of unknown sizes (10.6 Gy) and D 0 for tumors of known sizes (5.4 Gy) can be used to "correct" the T clon estimates, with the result that T clon (preirradiated) = 1.7 days and T clon (unirradiated) = 3.0 days. We conclude that the clonogen doubling time was shorter in tumors exposed to a single high-dose irradiation than in unirradiated controls, which implies the existence of faster cell repopulation in irradiated tumors.
The Equivalence of the Disjunction and Existence Properties for Modal Arithmetic

In a modal system of arithmetic, a theory S has the modal disjunction property if whenever S ⊢ □φ ∨ □ψ, either S ⊢ □φ or S ⊢ □ψ. S has the modal numerical existence property if whenever S ⊢ ∃x □φ(x), there is some natural number n such that S ⊢ □φ(n). Under certain broadly applicable assumptions, these two properties are equivalent.
Fuseviz: A framework for web-based data fusion and visualization in smart environments

Recent advances in technology and algorithms for smart environments have made it possible to collect and store large amounts of data about many aspects of human life and the surrounding environment with limited effort and cost. However, such data become useful to lay users with no background in data analysis only if they are presented in a fashion that supports intuitive interaction to spot the patterns and trends, thus transforming the data into valuable information. In this paper, we introduce FuseViz, a framework for Web-based fusion and visualization of data in smart environments. FuseViz addresses the challenges posed by large, live, heterogeneous, and dynamic data streams from autonomous data sources, and lay users, with two basic features: fusion and visualization. CouchDB, a schemaless database with a ReSTful API and MapReduce support, is used to fuse data streams from multiple sources, while Web-based visualization is implemented on top of D3, a JavaScript library for manipulation of data-driven documents. We demonstrate the capabilities of FuseViz with E2Home, a case study application for energy-efficient smart home environments. We show how the precise information provided by E2Home can help the user easily improve the home energy efficiency by more than 10%.
A METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH FOR AIRPORT TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION AND SELECTION

As airports are becoming the major capacity bottleneck to continued growth in air traffic, it is primordial to make the most efficient use of the current, and very often, underutilized airport infrastructure. The research presented in this paper thus proposed to address the increase in air traffic demand and resulting capacity issues by considering the implementation of operational concepts and technologies at underutilized airports. However, determining which technologies or operational concepts to implement to assist airports in meeting their future needs is a challenging task. To address this point, a methodology is proposed that associates multicriteria technology selection techniques to an ongoing small airport simulation effort helping airport managers to make more informed decisions with regards to technology investments.
Vibrational assignments for metal ammines

Abstract The infra-red spectra of a number of di-, tetra-, and hexammine metal complexes have been measured as solids in KBr wafers. The spectra are analysed in terms of known assignments for similar methyl compounds, and a generalized assignment is obtained for the metal-ammine complexes. The assigned frequency region for a given type of vibration appears generally to be quite insensitive to the co-ordination number and the nature of the metal.
Quantum theory of radiative transition phenomena

An elementary account is given of the absorption and emission of radiation by molecules employing a particular formulation of Schroedinger theory which facilitates the treatment of radiative line widths and level shifts. The familiar Fermi golden rule for transition rates, the Rabi--Bloch--Siegert absorption profile, and the Weisskopf--Wigner approximation for spontaneous decay are obtained under appropriate conditions in the context of a common perspective. Comparisons are made with other recently devised perturbative and nonperturbative formulations of electromagnetic transition phenomena which correctly include radiative line widths and level shifts, and the importance of proper treatment of the normalization and phase of the Schroedinger wave function in this connection is emphasized. (auth)
ON THE THEORY OF CONCENTRATED HARD-SPHERE SUSPENSIONS

A systematic theory for the dynamics of hard-sphere suspensions of interacting Brownian particles with both hydrodynamic and direct interactions is presented. A generalized diffusion equation is derived for concentrated suspensions. The volume fraction (φ) dependence of the short- and long-time self-diffusion coefficients are thus explored from a unifying point of view. The long-range hydrodynamic interactions due to the Oseen tensor are shown to play a crucial role in both coefficients, while the short-range hydrodynamic interactions just lead to corrections. The importance of the correlation effects between particles due to the long-range hydrodynamic interactions is also stressed. The nonlocal correlation effect is an important factor, leading to the behavior of the long-time self-diffusion coefficient (DSL) as DSL ∼ (1 − φ/φ0)2 near the volume fraction of φ0 = 0.5718. The direct interactions are also found to be drastically reduced by the short-range hydrodynamic interactions.
Rapid diagnosis of herpes simplex virus encephalitis by using the polymerase chain reaction

To determine the diagnostic value of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in establishing the rapid diagnosis of herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE) in the pediatric age group, we performed PCR to detect herpes simplex virus (HSV) in the cerebrospinal fluid of 8 neonates with HSV infection (4 with central nervous system involvement), 11 infants and children with suspected HSE (4 proved, 1 presumed, 6 excluded) and 105 control patients who had cerebrospinal fluid obtained as part of the evaluation for other diagnoses. The HSV DNA was amplified and typed by using primers specific for the DNA polymerase gene of HSV types 1 and 2. Herpes simplex virus DNA was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of 3 of 4 neonates with CNS involvement (all with HSV type 2) and 3 of the 4 patients with proved HSE (all with HSV type 1). No HSV DNA was detected in the 4 neonates without CNS disease, the 1 patient with presumed HSE, the 6 patients who had HSE excluded from the diagnosis, and the 105 control patients. Overall, HSV PCR had a sensitivity of 75%, a specificity of 100%, a positive predictive value of 100%, and a negative predictive value of 98%. These results indicate that PCR is a useful noninvasive test in establishing the diagnosis of acute HSE, but a negative result did not exclude the diagnosis.