cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The PTH/PTHrP Receptor Can Delay Chondrocyte Hypertrophy In Vivo without Activating Phospholipase C

Abstract One G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) can activate more than one G protein, but the physiologic importance of such activation has not been demonstrated in vivo. We have generated mice expressing exclusively a mutant form of the PTH/PTHrP receptor (DSEL) that activates adenylyl cyclase normally but not phospholipase C (PLC). DSEL mutant mice exhibit abnormalities in embryonic endochondral bone development, including delayed ossification and increased chondrocyte proliferation. Analysis of the differentiation of embryonic metatarsals in vitro shows that PTH(1–34) and forskolin inhibit, whereas active phorbol ester stimulates, hypertrophic differentiation. Thus, PLC signaling via the PTH/PTHrP receptor normally slows the proliferation and hastens the differentiation of chondrocytes, actions that oppose the dominant effects of PTH/PTHrP receptors and that involve cAMP-dependent signaling pathways.
Interaction of Pd–Er alloys with silicon

In situ resistivity measurements together with MeV 4He+ backscattering, x‐ray diffraction, barrier height measurements, and Auger electron spectroscopy combined with Ar sputtering have been used to investigate the interaction of silicon with alloys of rare‐earth and near‐noble metals with annealing at temperatures up to 650 °C. Alloys of Pd–Er with three different compositions have been prepared by dual electron‐gun coevaporation on both n‐ and p‐type silicon and Pd/Er bilayers have been deposited on SiO2. The results show that as‐deposited these alloys are amorphous and the initial stages of the reaction with silicon upon annealing is controlled by the metal–metal interaction as well as the metal–silicon interaction. The Er‐rich alloy (Pd15Er85) segregates Er to the silicon interface and forms Pd2Er5. The segregated Er reacts with silicon producing ErSi2. For the Pd‐rich alloy (Pd65Er35) the excess Pd is segregated at the silicon surface forming Pd2Si. The near 50‐50 alloy forms PdEr and a slightly highe...
EQUITY EFFECTS OF ENTREPRENEURIAL COMMUNITY COLLEGE REVENUES

This study conceptualizes entrepreneurial forms of community college revenues as undermining finance equity and examines their distribution through a single-state case study. The hypothesis that colleges serving wealthier communities will be more successful in obtaining revenues from performance funding and private fundraising is tested. Based on a Spearman's correlation analysis of college rankings of community wealth and revenues received from governmental and private sources, the findings show that wealthier colleges in Massachusetts are not more or less successful in garnering funds from performance incentive programs or fundraising. The potential effect of these forms of revenues on finance equity is considered. The study provides a model for replication in other states.
School dropouts' attitudes and beliefs about smoking.

The purpose of this study was to examine the association of beliefs and attitude related to smoking and smoking behavior among school dropouts in a national sample (weighted N = 492,352). The self-reported smoking rate for school dropouts was 58.3%. Those who were most positive about smoking (such as smoking helps people reduce stress and relax, reduce boredom) were more likely to be smokers (p < .05). Smoking programs targeting this population should provide coping skills and an environment with options for relaxing, managing stress, and safe weight control.
Redox-Active N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Their Electronic Properties

To investigate effects of redox-active functional groups on the coordination chemistry and electronic properties of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), we prepared a series of complexes comprising 1,3-diferrocenylimidazolylidene and -benzimidazolylidene (1 and 2, respectively), 1-ferrocenyl-3-methyl- and 1,3-diphenyl-5-ferrocenylbenzimidazolylidene (3 and 4, respectively), N,N′-diisobutyldiaminocarbene[3]ferrocenophane (FcDAC), and 1,3-dimesitylnaphthoquinoimidazolylidene (NqMes) ligands and coordinated [Ir(COD)Cl] (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene), [Ir(CO)2Cl], and [M(CO)5] (M = Cr, Mo, W) units. The coordination chemistry of the aforementioned NHCs was investigated by X-ray crystallography, and their electronic properties were studied by NMR and IR spectroscopy, as well as electrochemistry. No significant variation in νCO was observed among metal carbonyl complexes supported by 2−4 and FcDAC, indicating that the number (one vs two) of redox-active groups, the location (N atom vs backbone) of the redox-active group...
The dependence of oxidative phosphorylation and ATP-ase of liver mitochondria on bound Mg2+.

Abstract The concentration of hydrophobic proton donor type uncouplers necessary to to induce maximal ADP dependent ejection of bound mitochondrial Mg2+ coincides with the minimal concentration of these agents required to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation. DNP stimulated ATP-ase activity of mitochondria and ADP + DNP dependent ejection of bound Mg2+ exhibit an inverse relationship, i.e. ATP-ase activity depends on bound mitochondrial Mg2+. It is concluded that bound mitochondrial Mg2+ is an obligatory component of the mitochondrial energy transducing apparatus.
Can specific preoperative counseling increase the likelihood a woman will choose postmastectomy breast reconstruction

Abstract Background: Low reconstruction rates after mastectomy for breast cancer raise questions about the impact of preoperative education. This study determines whether counseling about reconstruction influences the decision about reconstruction. Methods: The study was based on a prospectively collected database of breast cancer surgery. Results: A total of 299 operations for breast cancer were performed. Of 127 mastectomies, 21 (16%) were not candidates. In all, 106 women were specifically educated about reconstruction; 40 (37%) women consulted with a plastic surgeon; and 22 (21%) women ultimately chose reconstruction. Forty women had the option of mastectomy or breast conservation. Twelve (30%) women accepted a consultation with a plastic surgeon. Six of these women (15%) ultimately chose reconstruction. Mastectomy was required in 66 women; 28 (42%) accepted a consultation with a plastic surgeon; 16 (24%) underwent reconstruction; 3 additional women are planning delayed reconstruction (28%). Conclusions: Reconstruction is more likely when mastectomy is required than when it is chosen. Low reconstruction rates reflect patient desire rather than access or education.
RE5Co4Si14(RE = Ho, Er, Tm, Yb): Silicides grown from Ga flux showing exceptional resistance to chemical and thermal attack

The compounds RE5Co4Si14 (RE = Ho, Er, Tm, and Yb) have been synthesized from a Ga flux and characterized by X-ray diffraction. They can also be made by direct combination of the elements with arc melt alloying. All crystallize in the Lu5Co4Si14 structure type in the monoclinic space group P21/c with lattice parameters: a = 12.3765(15) A, b = 7.8142(9) A, c = 7.7330(9) A, β = 98.867(2)°; a = 12.337(2) A, b = 7.7990(14) A, c = 7.7144(15) A, β = 98.85(3)°; a = 12.3140(16) A, b = 7.778(1) A, c = 7.705(1) A, β = 98.815(2)°; and a = 12.255(3) A, b = 7.7537(16) A, c = 7.6730(15) A, β = 98.95(3)° for Ho5Co4Si14, Er5Co4Si14, Tm5Co4Si14, and Yb5Co4Si14, respectively. The compounds are composed of a dense Si/Co framework that is assembled from [Co4Si10] slabs and [Si4] zigzag chains. Crystals of the title compounds proved to be remarkably resistant to thermal oxidative attack (up to 1000 °C) as well as chemical attack from concentrated mineral acids and bases. The origin of this behavior can be traced to the detai...
Perfect state (Emmonsiella capsulata) of the fungus causing large-form African histoplasmosis.

Twenty-one cultures of Histoplasma duboisii that were isolated from African (large-form) histoplasmosis cases have been studied for their sexual state and their cross-mating ability with strains of...
Buckling of Partially Debonded Layered Cylindrical Shells

Abstract : The buckling of a partially debonded two layered cylindrical shell subjected to axial compression is investigated. The debonding is considered to be axisymmetric. A 'branched integration' technique is employed to solve the problem numerically. Critical loads are obtained for different lengths of debonding and inner and outer layer thickness ratios. It is observed that there is a significant decrease in the buckling loads. The mode shapes for different layer thicknesses indicate a distinct pattern in each of the debonded layers. However, for certain values of the buckling loads, the layers tend to buckle with identical mode shapes. (Author)
Order of starlikeness for multipliers of univalent functions

Abstract A function f(z) = z − ∑n = 2∞ anzn, an ⩾ 0, is said to be in the family F({bn}) if there exists a sequence {bn} of positive real numbers such that ∑n = 2∞ bnan ⩽ 1. All functions in F({bn}) are univalent (and starlike) if and only if bn ⩾ n for every n. The extreme points, distortion properties, order of starlikeness, and radius of convexity for such families are determined. By specializing {bn}, the results reduce to those of some well-known families. Information is also obtained when the arguments of the coefficients are unrestricted. All results are sharp.
Smoking-Related Interstitial Lung Diseases

Cigarette smoke, a toxic collection of thousands of chemicals generated from combustion of tobacco, is recognized as the primary causative agent of certain diffuse interstitial and bronchiolar lung diseases. Most patients afflicted with these disorders are cigarette smokers, and smoking cessation has been shown to be capable of inducing disease remission and should occupy a pivotal role in the management of all smokers with these diffuse lung diseases. The role of pharmacotherapy with corticosteroids or other immunomodulating agents is not well established but may be considered in patients with progressive forms of smoking-related interstitial lung diseases.
Current status of cholesterol treatment in the community: the Minnesota Heart Survey.

There is a consensus on the importance of lowering blood cholesterol in individuals and populations. To determine trends in the detection and treatment of elevated cholesterol, a series of studies known as the Minnesota Heart Survey evaluated cardiovascular disease, risk, and health behavior among adults in the upper Midwest between 1980 and 1992. Over 25,000 adult residents of large and small communities were surveyed for information on risk factors and health habits, including status of cholesterol detection and treatment. During those years, population levels of blood cholesterol declined significantly for both men and women, largely as the result of changes in diet. Levels of clinical detection of hypercholesterolemia, initially low, also rose. However, subjects who had been informed that they had increased lipids reported that recommendations from their physicians for dietary therapy declined, while recommendations for weight loss increased during the survey period. Medication use for elevated blood cholesterol, always low, rose slightly, but many subjects discontinued medications due to side effects, the perception that their cholesterol was controlled, lack of perceived benefit, or cost. A total of 274 primary care physicians were also surveyed. Physicians reported that they screen more frequently than in the past and initiate drug therapy at a lower threshold. Despite improving trends in detection, treatment, and follow-up for elevated blood cholesterol in the general population, >50% of U.S. citizens are still unaware of their elevated cholesterol levels and a growing segment of the population that has been identified as having elevated blood cholesterol remains untreated. Dietary therapy needs to be better utilized. Physicians also need to educate their patients about the importance of maintaining desirable cholesterol levels and to encourage compliance with medications for those who require them.
Chemical approaches to new coating and filler particles for paper technology

Manufacturing technologies for making interactive paper have been steadily improving and have satisfied most present-day requirements of printers and other consumers. Features such as paper composition, color, texture, strength and chemical stability have been optimized through increased understanding of the chemical interactions between the raw material and additives. However, next generation higher-speed printing machines, the public's desire to read higher resolution print, and the need for better security papers are challenging chemists to develop new fillers for inks and paper. The latter are often dispersions of fine particles in a liquid or cellulose matrix. This presentation summarizes advances being made in the author's laboratory for preparing new and unique colloidal and coated particles having potential use by the paper and printing industry.
Platelet storage lesions in second-generation containers: correlation with in vivo behavior with storage up to 14 days.

Abstract. The relationship between in vivo behavior and in vitro characteristics of 59 platelet concentrates (PC) stored for up to 14 days in a synthetic medium or in CPDA-1 plasma was systematically investigated. 25 paired studies (1 study was incomplete) were performed comparing platelets suspended either in the synthetic medium or CPDA-1 plasma with 5 days (n = 5); 7 days (n = 10); 10 days (n = 5); and 14 days (n = 5) of storage. In addition, 10 control studies were performed with freshly prepared PC (6–24 h) in CPDA-1 plasma. Both percent recovery and survival estimations showed decreases with increasing storage duration, irrespective of storage medium used. In both media, with prolonged storage, the platelet survival curves not only became shorter, but also increasingly exponential, suggesting that in vitro storage caused progressive damage to the platelets present in circulation. Survival curves of platelets suspended in synthetic medium remained more linear, indicative of less random damage during storage. Mean population lifespan (MPL) of the stored PC was determined by the area below the survival curve divided by the mean percent recovery for the fresh PC, which was 55%. MPL decreased from 4.5 days (fresh PC) to 0.4 days after 14 days of storage in plasma, with a 50% reduction (t½) estimated at 7.2 days of storage. MPL t½ for PC stored in the synthetic medium was estimated to be 8.8 days. The decrease in in vivo viability with prolonged storage was paralleled with loss of energy-dependent in vitro parameters such as hypotonic shock response, shape change with ADP, and ATP levels, and with increased lactate levels. Although the length of the storage period was shown to be the major factor responsible for the variability in MPL observed in this study, multiple linear-regression analysis showed also that platelet discoid shape, as measured by the shape change, and lactate production were independent in vitro parameters with significant predictability of the in vivo viability. Combined with days of storage in the regression equation, these parameters were found to ‘explain’ 78% of the variability of the MPL found in this study.
Kin recognition and cannibalism in spadefoot toad tadpoles

Abstract Abstract. Tadpoles of spadefoot toads, Scaphiopus bombifrons, are polymorphic in nature: juveniles that feed on detritus develop into herbivorous omnivores, while those that feed on fairy shrimp sometimes become carnivores that are cannibalistic. The kin recognition abilities of both larval morphotypes were studied. In laboratory tests, omnivores preferentially associated with siblings, while carnivores from the same clutch preferentially associated with non-siblings. In follow-up studies, carnivorous tadpoles were observed to nip at conspecifics, and then either eat them, if they were non-siblings, or release them unharmed, if they were siblings. Carnivores became less selective when hungry, demonstrating that their level of kin discrimination was context-dependent. Three evolutionary hypotheses for avoidance of siblings by the carnivore morph were considered; of these, the most likely is that such behaviour resulted from kin selection.
The effect of splinting on tooth mobility. (2) After osseous surgery

The purpose of this study was to determine if fixed splinting of teeth with intraoral wire and acrylic splints had advantages with respect to tooth mobility, bone level and attachment level over unsplinted teeth following osseous surgery. Ten patients were chosen who exhibited bilaterally similar chronic destructive periodontitis and mobile teeth. One maxillary sextant was splinted, while the other was unsplinted. Both sextants functioned against an unsplinted mandibular arch. Following initial therapy, osseous surgery was performed in both maxillary sextants on the same day. Tooth mobility data was collected 1 week before and at 3, 6, 12, and 24 weeks following surgery. Levels of gingival attachment and bone were recorded before and 24 weeks after surgery. Splints were removed before measurements, then replaced, and the occlusion refined. Prophylaxes and oral hygiene instruction were repeated every 3 weeks throughout the study. For all categories of teeth and mobility examined, tooth mobility increased initially after surgery and subsequently decreased by 24 weeks to about presurgical values. The splinted and unsplinted segments reacted similarly throughout the study; splinting did not significantly reduce the mobility of individual teeth. Pre- and postsurgical bone and gingival attachment levels were also similar for the splinted and unsplinted segments.
Computation of a free jet with embedded drops

Abstract An inertialess jet containing Newtonian drops in a gravitation-free field has been modeled by incorporating the detailed micro-structural dynamics. Interactions of the drops with the continuous phase, with the wall, and with the jet surface are accounted for, thereby eliminating the need for additional constitutive assumptions. The deformation of the jet and drops, and the dispersion of drops are predicted. The present paper serves two purposes. First, a complete description of the modeling process and its limitation is presented. Second, preliminary results for single and for small clusters of drops indicate the potential inherent in this computational approach. The model flow is solved in two dimensions using the boundary element method (BEM). Effects of different drop parameters, such as their number, relative position, and interfacial tension are investigated.
The psychosomatic concept, use and abuse.

Abstract An outline of the historical background and present directions of the concept of psychosomatic medicine has been presented. Brief evaluation has been made of the implications of the psychosomatic concept for research, for clinical practice, and for medical education. Pertinent literature has been cited as a guide for further study by the interested physician.
Evaluating Nutrient Availability in Semi-arid Soils with Resin Capsules and Conventional Soil Tests, II: Field Studies

Commonly used soil analyses and resin capsules are employed to assess nutrient status in agriculture soils, but their validity in semi-arid ecosystems is unknown. Field studies with six rates of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) application were established on crested wheat stands in both Rush Valley and Skull Valley, Utah. Resin capsule and conventional soil tests for nitrate (NO3)-N, ammonium (NH4)-N, and P were administered, and plant nutrient status was examined. Resin capsules were removed and replaced, and soil samples were taken every 90 d for 1 year. Concentration of P in resin capsules was not related to P rate but sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)-extracted P was, and resin NH4-N, resin NO3-N, potassium chloride (KCl)–extracted NO3-N and KCl-extracted NH4-N were all related to N rate. Only KCl-extracted NO3-N and NH4-N levels related to plant tissue N. Overall, traditional soil tests are more effective than resin capsules in semi-arid field conditions, but resin capsules have potential for use in N asse...
Issues of Jurisdiction in Cyberspace

Abstract As with any technological advance, the rapid growth of Cyberspace in recent years inevitably has led to criminal and civil litigation. Issues have arisen in such areas as libel and slander, consumer fraud, trademark, and copyright law. Cyberspace has no specific geographic location and is accessible by anyone with a computer and an Internet connection. An individual with the proper hardware almost anywhere in the world can establish a Web presence and say just about anything. This total lack of control presents special problems for government agencies, civil libertarians, and individuals with a genuine interest in controlling and preventing criminal activity on the Internet.
Synthesis of aldose reductase inhibitor, 3,4‐dihydro‐4‐oxo‐3‐[[5‐(trifluoromethyl)‐214C benzothiazolyl]methyl]‐1‐phthalazineacetic acid

Synthesis of the title compound, C14 labeled CP-73,850 (zopolrestat), was accomplished by condensation of 1-phthalazineacetic acid, 3,-14C cyanomethyl-3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-, ethyl ester with 3-amino-4-mercapto-benzotrifluoride, followed by base hydrolysis of the resultant product, 1-phthalazineacetic acid, 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-[[5-trifluoromethyl)-2-benzothiazolyl]14C methyl]-3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-, ethyl ester.
Treatment of radiation‐induced alopecia

Radiotherapy is frequently employed in the management of head and neck neoplasia, either as an adjunct to surgery or as the sole treatment modality. Consequently, radiation alopecia--a well-known complication of high-dosage radiotherapy--is seen often. Longer patient survival, especially with earlier discovery of the malignancy and more refined treatment regimens, will provide the surgeon with the opportunity to treat radiation alopecia by means of the punch graft technique of hair transplantation. The technique is substantially similar to that employed in treating male pattern baldness, although the approach to the recipient and donor areas must be modified. A successful case report is documented and a modified approach is highlighted.
Oblique-basis shell-model calculations

A one-dimensional harmonic oscillator in a box is used to introduce the oblique-basis concept. The method is extended to the nuclear shell model by combining traditional spherical shell model states, which yield a diagonal representation of the usual single-particle interaction, with SU(3) shell model collective configurations that track deformation. An application to 24Mg, using the realistic two-body interaction of Wildenthal, is used to explore the validity of this mixed-mode shell-model scheme. The theory is also applied to lower pf-shell nuclei, 44–48Ti and 48Cr, using the Kuo-Brown-3 interaction. These nuclei show strong SU(3) symmetry breaking due mainly to the single-particle spin-orbit splitting. Nevertheless, the results also show that yrast band B(E2) values are insensitive to fragmentation of SU(3) symmetry. Specifically, the quadrupole collectivity as measured by B(E2) strengths remains high even though the SU(3) symmetry is rather badly broken. The results suggest that an oblique-basis mixed-mode shell-model theory may be useful in situations where competing degrees of freedom dominate the dynamics.
Experimental Biology 2000 Symposium on Differential Control of Sympathetic Outflow DIFFERENTIAL REGULATION OF BROWN ADIPOSE AND SPLANCHNIC SYMPATHETIC OUTFLOWS IN RAT: ROLES OF RAPHE AND ROSTRAL VENTROLATERAL MEDULLA NEURONS

SUMMARY 1. The medullary premotor neurons determining the sympathetic outflow regulating cardiac function and vasoconstriction are located in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). The present study sought evidence for an alternative location for the sympathetic premotor neurons determining the sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) controlling brown adipose tissue (BAT) metabolism and thermogenesis. 2. The tonic discharge on sympathetic nerves is determined by the inputs to functionally specific sympathetic preganglionic neurons from supraspinal populations of premotor neurons. Under normothermic conditions, BAT SNA was nearly silent, while splanchnic (SPL) SNA, controlling mesenteric vasoconstriction, exhibited sustained large-amplitude bursts. 3. The rostral raphe pallidus (RPa) contains potential sympathetic premotor neurons that project to the region of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the thoracic spinal cord. Disinhibition of neurons in RPa elicited a dramatic increase in BAT SNA, with only a small rise in SPL SNA. 4. Splanchnic SNA was strongly influenced by the baroreceptor reflex, as indicated by a high coherence with the arterial pressure wave, a significant amplitude modulation over the time-course of the cardiac cycle and a marked inhibition of SPL SNA during a sustained increase in arterial pressure. When activated, the bursts in BAT SNA exhibited no correlation with arterial pressure and were not affected by increases in arterial pressure. 5. Because these characteristics and reflex responses in sympathetic outflow have been shown to arise from the on-going or altered discharge of sympathetic premotor neurons, the marked differences between SPL and BAT SNA provide strong evidence supporting the hypothesis that vasoconstriction and thermogenesis (metabolism) are controlled by distinct populations of sympathetic premotor neurons, the former in the RVLM and the latter, potentially, in the RPa.
The synthesis of perfluoro (N,N-dialykylcarbamoyl fluorides) by the reaction of perfluoro (N,N-dialkylmethylamines) with oleum

Abstract A convenient one-step preparation of new perfluoro (N,N-dialkylcarbamoyl fluorides) [dialkyl groups: Rf=R′f=C2F5 ( 1b ); Rf=C2F5, R′f=C3F7 ( 2b ); Rf=R′f=n-C3F7 ( 3b ); Rf=n-C3F7,R′f=n-C4F9 ( 4b ); Rf=n-C3F7,R′f=n-C5F11 ( 5b ); Rf=R′f=n-C4F9 6b ; Rf=n-C3F7,R′f=CF3 ( 7b ); Rf=n-C4F9R′=CF3 ( 8b ); Rf=n-C5F11, R′f=CF3 ( 9b )] is described: the corresponding perfluoro (N,N-dialkylmethylamines) are treated with oleum. Catalysts (HgSO4 and MoCl5) improved the yields and the purity of the products obtained. Conditions for the preparation of nine new perfluorocarbamoyl fluorides and their properties are described: several reactions using 1b and 9b were conducted.
Gangliosides Activate Trk Receptors by Inducing the Release of Neurotrophins

We used NIH-3T3 fibroblasts expressing the different Trk receptors to examine whether GM1 ganglioside and its semisynthetic derivative LIGA20 activate various neurotrophin receptors. GM1 induced autophosphorylation of TrkC more potently than TrkA or TrkB receptors. In contrast, LIGA20 activated TrkB tyrosine phosphorylation only. Therefore, Scatchard analysis was performed to determine whether GM1 binds to TrkC. GM1 failed to displace neurotrophin-3 binding, suggesting that this ganglioside does not act as a ligand for Trk receptors. In addition, GM1 failed to induce autophosphorylation of a chimeric receptor consisting of the extracellular domain of the tumor necrosis factor receptor and the intracellular domain of TrkA, suggesting that GM1 does not affect the tyrosine kinase domain. We next determined whether GM1 induces the release of neurotrophins from fibroblast cells. GM1 induced a rapid and significant increase in the amount of neurotrophin-3, but not other neurotrophins. This effect was independent of the presence of Trk because K252a did not prevent GM1-mediated release of neurotrophin-3. Moreover, GM1-mediated TrkC autophosphorylation was blocked by TrkC-IgG (but not TrkB-IgG) receptor bodies, further suggesting that GM1 activates TrkC by inducing the release of neurotrophin-3. This hypothesis was also tested in cultured cerebellar granule cells. GM1 induced neurotrophin-3 (but not brain-derived neurotrophic factor or nerve growth factor) release. In contrast, LIGA20 increased the secretion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Our data show that gangliosides may activate different Trk receptors by differentially affecting the release of neurotrophins.
Is there something special about low-carbohydrate diets?

In this issue, Boden and colleagues show that the reduction in energy intake during very-low-carbohydrate diets accounts for the observed weight loss. The explanation for weight loss after restrict...
Clinoid and paraclinoid aneurysms: surgical anatomy, operative techniques, and outcome.

BACKGROUND Paraclinoid or ophthalmic segment aneurysms arise from the internal carotid artery (ICA) between the roof of the cavernous sinus and the origin of the posterior communicating artery. Clinoid aneurysms arise between the proximal and distal carotid dural rings. The complex anatomy of clinoid and paraclinoid ICA aneurysms often makes them difficult to treat by microsurgery. The natural history of these aneurysms varies, based on their location and anatomic relationships. Accurate preoperative assessment of the origin of these aneurysms is therefore a critical aspect of their management. METHODS The authors reviewed 35 clinoid and paraclinoid ICA aneurysms operated in 28 patients and classify them according to their anatomic location and angiographic pattern. The operative techniques, surgical outcomes, and indications for surgery are reviewed. RESULTS Based on surgical anatomy and angiographic patterns, the aneurysms were classified into two categories: clinoid segment and paraclinoid (ophthalmic) segment. The clinoid segment aneurysms consisted of medial, lateral and anterior varieties. The paraclinoid aneurysms could be classified topographically into medial, posterior and anterior varieties, or based on the artery of origin into ophthalmic, superior, hypophyseal, and posterior paraclinoid aneurysms. Ophthalmic aneurysms were most common (40%), followed by posterior ICA wall aneurysms (29%), superior hypophyseal aneurysms (14%), and clinoid aneurysms (17%). Twenty patients (71%) had single aneurysms. Of the remaining eight, six had bilateral aneurysms and two had unilateral multiple aneurysms. Of the 35 aneurysms, 32 were clipped satisfactorily, as confirmed by intraoperative or postoperative angiography. One small broad-based aneurysm was wrapped, and two others were treated by trapping and bypass techniques. Three patients who had bilateral aneurysms underwent successful clipping of four contralateral, left-sided aneurysms via a right frontotemporal, transorbital approach. On follow-up (mean, 39 months), 25 patients were in excellent condition (returned to their prior occupation), two were in good condition (independent, but not working), and one died postoperatively of vasospasm. CONCLUSION Our increased knowledge of anatomy and refinements in operative techniques have greatly improved the surgical treatment of clinoid and paraclinoid aneurysms.
Role of the West African Westerly Jet in Sahel Rainfall Variations

AbstractThe West African westerly jet is a low-level feature of the summer climatology that transports moisture from the eastern Atlantic onto the African continent at 8°–11°N. This study examines the relationship between the jet and Sahel precipitation variability in August, when both the jet and rainfall reach their seasonal maxima.Variations of the West African westerly jet are significantly positively correlated with precipitation variations over the Sahel on both interannual and decadal time scales. Three periods are identified (1958–71, 1972–87, and 1988–2009), corresponding to times with a wet Sahel–strong jet, dry Sahel–weak jet, and relatively wet Sahel–strong jet. In wet (dry) periods, enhanced (decreased) westerly moisture fluxes associated with a strong (weak) jet increase (decrease) the low-level moisture content over the Sahel, decreasing (enhancing) the stability of the atmosphere. This association between the jet and Sahel rainfall is also found in case studies of 1964, 1984, 1999, and 200...
Structured dispersion and validity in linear inference

Abstract Structured matrices ∑(γ) = [I n + eγ′ + γe′ − \ ggee′] arise in nonstandard linear models, where e ′ = [1, …, 1], γ ′ = [ γ 1 , …, γ n ], and \ gg = (γ 1 + … + γ n ) n . Their properties are studied, including expressions for eigenvalues, conditions for positive definiteness, and conditioning of bE(γ) as γ varies. It is shown that if γ majorizes γ 0 , then the condition numbers are ordered as c φ (∑( γ )) ⩾ c φ (∑( γ 0 )) for every condition number { c φ (·); φ ∈ ϱ } generated by the unitarily invariant matrix norms. Applications are noted in linear inference and in outlier detection.
Pathological Plasticity in Fragile X Syndrome

Deficits in neuronal plasticity are common hallmarks of many neurodevelopmental disorders. In the case of fragile-X syndrome (FXS), disruption in the function of a single gene, FMR1, results in a variety of neurological consequences directly related to problems with the development, maintenance, and capacity of plastic neuronal networks. In this paper, we discuss current research illustrating the mechanisms underlying plasticity deficits in FXS. These processes include synaptic, cell intrinsic, and homeostatic mechanisms both dependent on and independent of abnormal metabotropic glutamate receptor transmission. We place particular emphasis on how identified deficits may play a role in developmental critical periods to produce neuronal networks with permanently decreased capacity to dynamically respond to changes in activity central to learning, memory, and cognition in patients with FXS. Characterizing early developmental deficits in plasticity is fundamental to develop therapies that not only treat symptoms but also minimize the developmental pathology of the disease.
A computer model of the fixed bed catalytic reactor: The adiabatic and quasi‐adiabatic cases

A digital computer model of the adiabatic-fixed bed catalytic reactor is developed which includes axial dispersion of heat and mass, interparticle heat and mass transport, and intraparticle diffusion of reacting species. The influence of these transport processes upon conversion and yield is discussed. The model is readily extended to nonisothermal, nonadiabatic cases in the absence of radial gradients. The technique of computer solution avoids the inherent instability problem associated with explicit techniques as applied to flux boundary condition problems which involve flow, diffusion, and reaction.
Boosting algorithms for detector cascade learning

The problem of learning classifier cascades is considered. A new cascade boosting algorithm, fast cascade boosting (FCBoost), is proposed. FCBoost is shown to have a number of interesting properties, namely that it 1) minimizes a Lagrangian risk that jointly accounts for classification accuracy and speed, 2) generalizes adaboost, 3) can be made cost-sensitive to support the design of high detection rate cascades, and 4) is compatible with many predictor structures suitable for sequential decision making. It is shown that a rich family of such structures can be derived recursively from cascade predictors of two stages, denoted cascade generators. Generators are then proposed for two new cascade families, last-stage and multiplicative cascades, that generalize the two most popular cascade architectures in the literature. The concept of neutral predictors is finally introduced, enabling FCBoost to automatically determine the cascade configuration, i.e., number of stages and number of weak learners per stage, for the learned cascades. Experiments on face and pedestrian detection show that the resulting cascades outperform current state-of-the-art methods in both detection accuracy and speed.
Safety on an inpatient pediatric otolaryngology service: many small errors, few adverse events.

Objectives: Studies of medical error demonstrate that errors and adverse events (AEs) are common in hospitals. There are little data of errors on pediatric surgical services. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 50 randomly selected inpatient admissions to the otolaryngology service at a tertiary care children's hospital. We used a “zero-defect” paradigm, recording any error or adverse event—from minor errors such as illegible notes to more significant errors such as mismanagement resulting in a bleeding emergency. Results: A total of 553 errors/AEs were identified in 50 admissions. Most (449) were charting or record-keeping deficiencies. Minor AEs (n = 26) and moderate AEs (n = 8) were present in 38% of admissions; there were no major AEs or permanent morbidity. Medication-related errors occurred in 22% of admissions, but only two resulted in minor AEs. There was a positive correlation between minor errors and AEs; however, this was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Multiple errors occurred in every inpatient pediatric otolaryngology admission; however, only 26 minor and eight moderate AEs were identified. The rate of errors per 1,000 hospital days (6,356 per 1,000 days) is higher than previously reported in voluntary reporting studies, possibly due to our methodology of physician review with a “zero-defect” standard. Trends in the data suggest that the presence of small errors may be associated with the risk of adverse events. Although labor-intensive, physician chart review is a valuable tool for identifying areas for improvement. Although small errors were common, there were few harms and no major morbidity. Laryngoscope, 2009
The concept of screening length in lifetime and relaxation semiconductors

Abstract It is shown that, contrary to normal practice, the most appropriate criterion for distinguishing between lifetime and relaxation semiconductors in the presence of traps is the ratio of the screening length L s , to the ambipolar diffusion length L Da ,. L s , is calculated. Its significance is not limited to zero current, even though it reduces to the conventional Debye length L D when the trap concentration is zero. (With traps, we always have L s L D .) The dielectric relaxation time itself is unaffected by traps, but in steady state situations, a material behaves as if it had an effective lifetime τ 0s = τ 0 η , where η depends on the concentration and energetic position of the traps. τ o , may be orders of magnitude greater than τ 0 , the conventional diffusion length lifetime. Typical values of L s , are presented as a function of trapping parameters. L s > L Da leads to relaxation behavior; L s L Da , to lifetime behavior.
Mechanics of mudflow mobilization in low-angled clay slopes

Abstract The Bagnold theoretical method of grain flow is used to explain the mobilization of mudflows formed in clay slopes on low angled surfaces. The reported texture of these mudflows consists of hard pieces of clay or rock in a soft clayey matrix (mud) which can be regarded as a mass of concentrated grains that are dispersed in a fluid medium as assumed by the Bagnold approach. The values of the slope angle at which four cases of mudflow of the reported texture are mobilized in the field, and those obtained using the Bagnold method, are closely in agreement. The Bagnold method provides an alternative to the ‘undrained loading’ and the ‘excess pore water or artesian pressure’ effects which are used to explain mudflow mobilization on flat surfaces but are reported to not be sufficiently comprehensive to explain all cases.
Dynamic mechanisms underlying afterdischarge: a human subdural recording study.

Abstract Objective No synoptic understanding exists of how and why afterdischarges (ADs) occur following electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex. Based on human observations, we formulated a general mechanism for the emergence of ADs. Methods We retrospectively analysed spectra of AD time-series and control segments of the resting electrocorticogram (ECoG) in 15 epilepsy patients who underwent cortical stimulation mapping. The observations led to the development of phenomenological models for AD emergence and morphology. Results An analytical relationship exists between the spectrum of the baseline ECoG and the ensuing AD, characterised by ‘condensation’ of the main baseline spectral cluster, with variable inclusion of higher harmonics of the condensate. Conclusions ADs arise by synchronisation of pre-existing local field potentials, likely through temporary inactivation of inhibitory interneurons from repetitive stimulation-induced depolarization. The appearance of higher harmonics indicates that ADs are further modulated by recurrent feedback, likely from the entrained activity of single units. Significance For the first time, a putative mechanism is suggested for AD emergence following electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex. Insight is also offered into several empirical observations regarding ADs, detailed in the main text. More generally, a novel conceptual synthesis emerges between the behaviour of electrically-excited cortex and the physics of nonlinearly coupled multi-oscillator systems.
An image-based 384-well high-throughput screening method for the discovery of biofilm inhibitors in Vibrio cholerae

Bacterial biofilms are assemblages of bacterial cells and extracellular matrix that result in the creation of surface-associated macrocolony formation. Most bacteria are capable of forming biofilms under suitable conditions. Biofilm formation by pathogenic bacteria on medical implant devices has been linked to implant rejection in up to 10% of cases, due to biofilm-related secondary infections. In addition, biofilm formation has been implicated in both bacterial persistence and antibiotic resistance. In this study, a method has been developed for the discovery of small molecule inhibitors of biofilm formation in Vibrio cholerae, through the use of high-throughput epifluorescence microscopy imaging. Adaptation of a strategy for the growth of bacterial biofilms in wellplates, and the subsequent quantification of biofilm coverage within these wells, provides the first example of an image-based 384-well format system for the evaluation of biofilm inhibition in V. cholerae. Application of this method to the high-throughput screening of small molecule libraries has lead to the discovery of 29 biofilm lead structures, many of which eliminate biofilm formation without altering bacterial cell viability.
Summary of Current Quality Control/ Quality Assurance Practices for Hot-Mix Asphalt Construction

State highway agencies and contractors have been implementing quality control/quality assurance (QC/QA) specifications in recent years to advance the quality of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) construction. During their continued development, attributes of these QC/QA specifications have varied among states. The objective of this paper is to provide a compilation of state-of-the-practice in QC/QA for HMA construction and provide recommendations for state highway agencies and contractors when modifying or developing a QC/QA specification. Survey data from 42 state highway agencies and 61 contractors working within 14 states found that a majority of states are using contractor data for acceptance. A review of QC/QA specifications from 40 states found that most states are using plant-produced mix properties, density, and smoothness tests to determine overall quality and acceptance of HMA construction work. A larger number of states are using quality level analysis for specification compliance by estimating percent wit...
Optimization of canonic signed digit multipliers for filter design

Constant multiplication can be carried out efficiently using a canonical signed-drift (CSD) representation of the multiplier. With this method, the multiplier can be implemented using a series of shifts and additions or subtractions. The author considers the optimization of such CSD multipliers by finding the correct sequence for shifting and adding. A computer program has been Written that will synthesize CSD multipliers in such a way as to minimize hardware and latency, producing optimal CSD multipliers. Applying these methods to finite-impulse-response (FIR) expressions, it is possible to reduce greatly the number of arithmetic operations needed. >
Molecular genetic analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase mutants reveals a noncatalytic function of the ADE3 gene product and an additional folate-dependent enzyme

In eucaryotes, 10-formyltetrahydrofolate (formyl-THF) synthetase, 5,10-methenyl-THF cyclohydrolase, and NADP(+)-dependent 5,10-methylene-THF dehydrogenase activities are present on a single polypeptide termed C1-THF synthase. This trifunctional enzyme, encoded by the ADE3 gene in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is thought to be responsible for the synthesis of the one-carbon donor 10-formyl-THF for de novo purine synthesis. Deletion of the ADE3 gene causes adenine auxotrophy, presumably as a result of the lack of cytoplasmic 10-formyl-THF. In this report, defined point mutations that affected one or more of the catalytic activities of yeast C1-THF synthase were generated in vitro and transferred to the chromosomal ADE3 locus by gene replacement. In contrast to ADE3 deletions, point mutations that inactivated all three activities of C1-THF synthase did not result in an adenine requirement. Heterologous expression of the Clostridium acidiurici gene encoding a monofunctional 10-formyl-THF synthetase in an ade3 deletion strain did not restore growth in the absence of adenine, even though the monofunctional synthetase was catalytically competent in vivo. These results indicate that adequate cytoplasmic 10-formyl-THF can be produced by an enzyme(s) other than C1-THF synthase, but efficient utilization of that 10-formyl-THF for purine synthesis requires a nonenzymatic function of C1-THF synthase. A monofunctional 5,10-methylene-THF dehydrogenase, dependent on NAD+ for catalysis, has been identified and purified from yeast cells (C. K. Barlowe and D. R. Appling, Biochemistry 29:7089-7094, 1990). We propose that the characteristics of strains expressing full-length but catalytically inactive C1-THF synthase could result from the formation of a purine-synthesizing multienzyme complex involving the structurally unchanged C1-THF synthase and that production of the necessary one-carbon units in these strains is accomplished by an NAD+ -dependent 5,10-methylene-THF dehydrogenase.
FOREST VEGETATION OF THE COLORADO FRONT RANGE: PATTERNS OF SPECIES DIVERSITY*

Plant species diversity patterns of the Rocky Mountain forests were found to be at variance with patterns reported from other regions. The most centrally located forests in terms of elevation, site moisture and successional status were found to have the lowest diversity. In contrast, the peripheral and environmentally more severe sites were found to have relatively high diversity. In particular, the forest-grassland transition and the low elevation riparian forests have species diversity values as high as any yet reported from western North America. When diversity was examined in terms of variation across elevation or moisture gradients, varying results were obtained due to the interaction of these factors. The failure of previous studies to converge on generalizations about plant diversity reflects, in part, the failure of most investigators to view diversity in a regional context of variation across several interacting gradients. Diversity was seen to vary inversely with the degree of development of the forest canopy. The interaction of different components of the forest community is one reason for the failure of general patterns of plant species diversity to emerge from previous studies. A potentially rich herb community can be greatly suppressed by a single species tree stratum. Among the most successful work to date on species diversity is that on birds, a distinct albeit large and functional group. It is unlikely that similar success could have been achieved through work on all animal species simultaneously. This suggests the need to examine plant species diversity, not in terms of total diversity, but in terms of component functional groups, perhaps guilds, growing under similar microclimatic conditions and subject to similar competitive pressures.