cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Definitive management of rectal cancer by contact (endocavitary) irradiation.

In a retrospective review, 62 patients treated for rectal cancer by contact (endocavitary) irradiation at The Cleveland Clinic Foundation were analyzed. This treatment modality delivers high dose, low penetration irradiation to a rectal cancer by direct contact of a 50 KV x-ray source through a special proctoscope. Cancers selected for this treatment include small (3 cm or less), mobile tumors without presacral lymphadenopathy that are within reach of digital examination and are well- or moderately well-differentiated adenocarcinomas. Between 1973 and 1984, 62 patients (37 males, 25 females) were treated—46 by contact irradiation alone and 16 by contact irradiation after excisional biopsy. The median tumor dose was 12,000 rads administered in four fractions at monthly intervals. Mean follow-up was 31 months. Fiftysix patients (90 percent) were disease-free at the time of review or death (ten died from unrelated causes). Eleven patients (18 percent) developed local recurrence but eight of these without distant metastases were rendered disease-free by other treatment—six by surgical resection and two by further radiotherapy. Mean time since secondary treatment is 20 months. Three patients are alive with incurable disease and three have died from cancer—in three of these six patients there was no evidence of local disease. Ulcerated tumors developed local recurrence in five of 17 cases (29 percent) while polypoid tumors recurred locally in six cases (14 percent). Morbidity from the treatment was minor in nature. It is suggested that contact (endocavitary) irradiation is effective treatment for carefully selected cases of rectal cancer
Spatiotemporal Patterns in Liquid-Liquid Taylor-Couette-Poiseuille Flow

The vortex structure of immiscible liquid-liquid Taylor-Couette-Poiseuille flow was studied using photographic techniques. Several parameters were considered, including the feed composition and the inner cylinder rotation rate. For certain feed compositions and sufficiently large rotation rates a translating banded structure, which consisted of alternating aqueous and organic-rich vortices, persisted indefinitely. At lower rotation rates, either a spatially homogeneous emulsion evolved or sustained oscillations between the banded and homogeneous structures developed.
Electron beam flow visualization in hypersonic helium flow.

Electron beam flow visualization technique for observing low density hypersonic He flows, confirming wing-shock body-shock system existence
Spatial assessment of water quality in the vicinity of Lake Alice National Wildlife Refuge, Upper Devils Lake Basin, North Dakota

Runoff from concentrated animal feeding operations and croplands in the Upper Devils Lake Basin (Towner and Ramsey Counties), North Dakota, has the potential to impact the water quality and wildlife of the Lake Alice National Wildlife Refuge. Water samples were collected at eight locations upstream and downstream of the refuge, beginning in June 2007 through March 2011, to identify the spatial distribution of water quality parameters and assess the potential impacts from the upstream land use practices. Geographic Information Systems, statistical analysis, and regulatory standards were used to differentiate between sample locations, and identify potential impacts to water quality for the refuge based on 20 chemical constituents. Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant differences between sample locations based on boron, calcium, Escherichia coli, phosphorus, aluminum, manganese, and nickel. Hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis of these constituents identified four distinct water quality groupings in the study area. Furthermore, this study found a significant positive correlation between the nutrient measures of nitrate-nitrite and total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and the percentage of concentrated animal feeding operation nutrient management areas using the non-parametric Spearman rho method. Significant correlations were also noted between total organic carbon and nearness to concentrated animal feeding operations. Finally, dissolved oxygen, pH, sulfate, E. coli, total phosphorus, nitrate-nitrite, and aluminum exceeded state of North Dakota and/or US Environmental Protection Agency water quality standards and/or guidelines. Elevated concentrations of phosphorus, nitrate-nitrite, and E. coli from upstream sources likely have the greatest potential impact on the Lake Alice Refuge.
Down-regulation of mt1 melatonin receptors in rat ovary following estrogen exposure.

In this study, we have demonstrated that 2-[125I]-iodomelatonin binds specifically to rat ovarian granulosa cell (GC) membranes with high affinity (KD=83 pM; Bmax=3.28 fmol/mg protein). Using immunoblot analysis and an anti-mt1 melatonin receptor antibody, we have also detected mt1 melatonin receptors in rat ovary. Because melatonin has been reported to alter the steroidogenic responses of ovarian tissues to gonadotropins, a physiological role for intra-ovarian melatonin may exist. Thus, in order to investigate a possible intra-ovarian role for melatonin, we have used both an in vivo and in vitro model of follicular development. Treatment of immature (day 21) female rats with estradiol (E; 0.2 mg/d × 3 d; subcutaneous) was used to induce follicular growth. Membranes from both untreated (U) and E-treated animals' ovaries contained high-affinity 2-[125I]-iodomelatonin (I-MEL) binding sites (Kd=83 and 23 pM, respectively). Estradiol treatment in vivo caused a significant decrease (P<0.05) in binding of 2-[125I]-iodomelatonin to ovarian membranes with untreated animals' ovaries having a Bmax=3.28 fmol/mg protein vs. estradiol-treated animals' ovaries having a Bmax=0.92 fmol/mg protein. In addition, following Estradiol treatment, mt1 melatonin receptors in rat ovary were down-regulated (∼95%) using immunoblot analysis. Granulosa cells isolated from E-treated rats were further matured in vitro with testosterone (T) and the pituitary gonadotropin follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Granulosa cells were cultured with either T (10 ng/ml) or FSH (5.71 ng ovine FSH-20/ml) alone, or both FSH and T for 48 h. There was no statistically significant specific binding of 2-[125I]-iodomelatonin to GC membranes cultured with T or FSH alone. However, following a 48-h exposure to FSH and T in vitro specific 2-[125I]-iodomelatonin binding occurred with total 2-[125I]-iodomelatonin binding =5.5 fmol/mg protein. Therefore, the existence of hormonally-regulated expression of high-affinity melatonin binding sites suggests that melatonin may have an important intra-ovarian physiological role.
Stygamoeba regulata n. s p. (Rhizopoda) — A Marine Amoeba with an Unusual Combination of Light-Microscopical and Ultrastructural Features

Summary Light-microscopical examination of Stygamoeba regulata n. sp. showed that this marine amoeba moved steadily, frequently producing an advancing anterior lobopodium as a result of gentle streaming of the cytoplasm. Moreover, S. regulata had no flagellate stage in the cell cycle. At the ultrastructural level, the cells had distinctive dictyosomes. These characters are consistent with inclusion in the class Lobosea. However, electron microscopical examination also showed that S. regulata had flattened mitochondrial cristae, which is a feature common to the class Heterolobosea. Because of these inconsistencies, it is proposed to remove the genus Stygamoeba Sawyer , 1875 from the class Lobosea, order Leptomyxida, family Stereomyxidae and to consider it as a genus insertae sedis within the phylum Rhizopoda. Ultrastructural information on the type species, Stygamoeba polymorpha Sawyer , 1975 is required before definitive conclusions can be drawn concerning the homogeneity and systematic position of this genus.
Bridging the gap: advances in artificial liver support.

Key Points 1. The goals of liver support therapy include the following: • To provide detoxification and synthetic function during liver failure. • To remove or reduce the production of proinflammatory cytokines to correct the systemic inflammatory response of liver failure. • To stimulate the regeneration of the injured liver and increase the likelihood of spontaneous recovery. 2. There is a large unmet need for a liver support device because of the shortage of organs for liver transplantation and the risks of major surgery. 3. Liver support devices can be divided into 2 groups: purely mechanical artificial devices and cell-based bioartificial devices. Both provide detoxification, but bioartificial liver devices provide the option of synthetic function and biotransformation activities that are not possible with a purely mechanical device. 4. An abundant high-quality supply of human hepatocytes is not currently available for liver cell therapy. However, such a supply is essential for successful bioartificial liver therapy. Novel options are under development for the unlimited production of high-quality human hepatocytes. Liver Transpl, 2012. © 2012 AASLD.
Petrology of McKinney Basalt, Snake River Plain, Idaho

The McKinney Basalt, a composite pahoehoe and pillow lava unit in the Snake River Plain, has been studied by petrographic, chemical, strontium-isotopic, and experimental methods in an attempt to define its origin and evolutionary history. Differences in the compositions of olivine and plagioclase phenocryst cores and in the whole-rock composition of different samples are interpreted as evidence that McKinney Basalt erupted as sequential surges of lava that represent different degrees of fractional crystallization of an olivine tholeiite parental magma. Olivine and plagioclase geothermometry and experimental studies indicate that McKinney pillow lava erupted at a temperature of about 1190° to 1200°C. Compositions of iron-titanium oxides and plagioclase/glass europium partition coefficients indicate that as McKinney lava cooled, oxygen fugacity was buffered near the quartz-fayalite-magnetite buffer. Experimental studies and chemical compositions of McKinney samples suggest that the parental magma underwent significant crystallization only at relatively low pressures ( Strontium isotopic data suggest that McKinney Basalt, like all other Snake River olivine tholeiites, was derived from a mantle region that is more radiogenic than typical suboceanic mantle.
Proportional hazard regression models for point processes: an analysis of nuclear power plant operations in Europe

The safety and reliability of nuclear power have been hotly debated in the last 30 years. Compared with physical outputs of production, such as electricity, safety and reliability are not easily measurable. This paper considers reliability, defined as the hazard of an unplanned shutdown, and addresses the measurability problem by introducing a generalization of Poisson regression models to analyze the occurrence of unplanned shutdowns interrupting operating spells in European nuclear power plants between 1981 and 1986.
A Modeling Study of Notch Noise Responses of Type III Units in the Gerbil Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus

A computational model of the neural circuitry of the gerbil dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), based on the MacGregor’s neuromime model, was used to simulate type III unit (P-cell) responses to notch noise stimuli. The DCN patch model is based on a previous computational model of the cat DCN [Hancock, K. E., and H. F. Voigt. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 27:73–87, 1999]. According to the experimental study of Parsons et al. [Ann. Biomed. Eng. 29:887–896, 2001], the responses of gerbil DCN type III units to notch noise stimuli are similar to those of cat DCN type IV units, which are thought to be spectral notch detectors. This suggests that type III units in the gerbil DCN may serve as spectral notch detectors. In this modeling study, a simplified notch noise response plot—spike discharge rate vs. notch cutoff frequency plot—was used to compare model responses to the experimental results. Parameter estimation and sensitivity analysis of three connection parameters within the DCN patch have been studied and shows the model is robust, providing reasonable fits to the experimental data from 14 of 15 type III units examined [work supported by a grant from NIDCD, Boston University’s Biomedical Engineering department and Hearing Research Center].
Histone H3 transcript stability in alfalfa.

The stability of histone H3 transcripts in alfalfa for replication-dependent and-independent gene variants was measured by northern analysis under conditions of inhibition of transcription and/or translation. Replication-dependent histone H3.1 transcripts were about three-fold less stable than the equally polyadenylated mRNA for replacement variant H3.2 histone. In actively growing suspension cultures treated with dactinomycin half-lives of 2 and 7 h were observed for H3.1 and H3.2 mRNAs, respectively. mRNA stabilities were also measured indirectly by histone protein synthesis. The translation inhibitor cycloheximide strongly increased mRNA levels for both histone H3 variants. The dependence of histone mRNA turnover on translation in animals also appears to exist in plants. The combination of inhibition of transcription and translation by dactinomycin and cycloheximide was used in an indirect assessment of H3 mRNA stability throughout the cell cycle in partially synchronized and cycle-arrested cultures. Destabilization of replication-dependent histone H3.1 mRNA was detected in non-S phase cells.
Photoinduced Electron Transfer in 2,5,8,11-Tetrakis-Donor-Substituted Perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximides).

A series of electron donor–acceptor compounds based on substitution of perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (PDI) with four electron donors at the 2,5,8,11-positions were synthesized and characterized using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. The distance between the PDI and the N,N-dimethylaniline or phenothiazine donors was varied using one or two phenyl groups. Photoexcitation of PDI results in rapid charge separation followed by charge recombination with time constants ranging from tens of picoseconds to nanoseconds. The electron transfer time constants are compared with those of the corresponding molecules in which the donor is attached to the PDI through its imide nitrogen atom. The electron transfer reactions through the 2,5,8,11-positions of PDI are generally much faster than those through the imide nitrogen positions, in concert with stronger donor electronic coupling to the PDI acceptor core and in contrast to substituents at the imide positions through which the HOMO and LUMO nodal p...
Liver protein synthesis: differences in the properties of membrane-bound and free ribosomes.

Abstract Membrane-bound ribosomes and free ribosomes from rabbit liver have been compared in cell-free protein synthesis. In contrast to free ribosomes, membrane-bound ribosomes show a lesser requirement for added KCl, a reduced ratio of endogenous messenger to poly U dependent protein synthesis, and a preference for membrane ribosomal wash for stimulation of endogenous messenger translation. These results suggest that, in addition to the differences in product observed by various investigators, membrane-bound ribosomes may differ from free cytoplasmic ribosomes in their functional properties in cell-free protein synthesis.
Failure and redesign of a pressurised circulating fluidized bed and cyclone

Abstract As part of an ongoing Combined Cycle Power Generation research program at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, a Pressurized Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) was constructed. Initial experimentation resulted in some leaks in the unit and an approximate cyclone efficiency of 65%, when an efficiency in excess of 98% was expected. Teardown of the failed unit revealed manufacturing and design anomalies in the cyclone. Distortion and fracture due to thermal expansion were also discovered. Prior to building a larger unit, it was decided that failure modes had to be determined and rectified. Given the design changes involved, it was decided to first build a low temperature pressurized unit from transparent PVC to quantify cyclone efficiency and prove the new design. The redesign process also involved dimensional analysis to enable this laboratory scale room temperature unit to model an industrial scale unit, as well as design and manufacturing changes to accommodate thermal expansion. All thermal distortion was eliminated, and a cyclone efficiency in excess of 99% was achieved. This study details the structural failure of the unit and the corrective action taken.
Supramolecular nanostamping: using DNA as movable type.

Here we present a novel printing technique (that we call supramolecular nanostamping), based on the replication of single-stranded DNA features through a hybridization-contact-dehybridization cycle. On a surface containing features each made of single-stranded DNA molecules of known sequence, the complementary DNA molecules are hybridized, spontaneously assembling onto the original pattern due to sequence-specific interactions. These complementary DNA strands, on the end that is assembled far from the original surface, are 5' modified with chemical groups ("sticky ends") that can form bonds with a target surface that is brought into contact. Heating induces dehybridization between DNA strands, leaving the original pattern on the original surface and the copied pattern on the secondary substrate, and thus stamping (see Figure 1). Molecular recognition provides the unique and disruptive ability of transferring large amounts of information in a single printing cycle, that is the simultaneous stamping of spatial information (i.e., the patterns) and of chemical information (i.e., the features' DNA sequence - their chemical composition). This method combines high resolution (< 40 nm) with the advantage of an exponential increase in the number of masters; in fact, any printed substrate can be reused as a master. Patterns fabricated via very different lithographic techniques can be replicated.
Effects of stage of colony cycle, context, and intercolony distance on conspecific tolerance by paper wasps (Polistes fuscatus)

We observed in the field how resident females of the social wasp, Polistes fuscatus, treated female nestmates, non-nestmate first cousins, and unrelated non-nestmates. Behavioral observations were made 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 11 weeks after the emergence of a colony's first workers. Resident females were highly tolerant of female nestmates but highly intolerant of unrelated non-nestmates throughout the post-worker-emergence phase of the colony cycle. First cousins were treated either highly tolerantly or highly intolerantly, although most cousins (∼ 63%) were treated highly intolerantly. The treatment of cousins suggests that they are treated either tolerantly (like nestmates) or intolerantly (like unrelated non-nestmates) depending on whether they fall above or below an acceptance threshold, respectively. Resident females did not significantly change their tolerance nestmates, first cousins, and unrelated females between different observation periods. However, all conspecifics were generally treated the most intolerantly 11 weeks post-worker-emergence, a time in the colony cycle when combs no longer contain brood. This decreased tolerance and its associated variance patterns late in the colony cycle are consistent with a more restrictive acceptance threshold. The optimal level of the acceptance threshold appears to be a compromise between the fitness consequences of accepting unrelated non-nestmates and rejecting one's nestmates. In a laboratory study, resident females were equally tolerant of female nestmates on and off the comb but significantly less tolerant of unrelated females on the comb than off the comb. Thus, females can modify their tolerance rapidly in different recognition contexts. In a second laboratory study, resident females were equally intolerant of unrelated females, regardless of whether they were from colonies 50 m or 50 km distant.
Lack of Insulin Resistance in Fibroblasts From Subjects With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by a novel defect in insulin signal transduction expressed in isolated human adipocytes as impaired insulin senstivity for glucose transport and antilipolysis. To determine whether this is a generalized defect of a potentially genetic basis, or possibly a tissue-specific one, fibroblast cultures were established from age- and weight-matched obese normal cycling (NC; n = 5) and PCOS (n = 6) subjects. Adipocytes from the current PCOS subjects displayed impaired sensitivity for glucose transport stimulation (half-maximal effective concentration [EC50], 317 ± 58 pmol/L in PCOS v 130 ± 40 in NC; P < .025). Specific insulin binding was similar in fibroblasts from NC (0.57% ± 0.10%/106 cells) and PCOS (0.45% ± 0.10%) subjects. Fibroblasts from NC (4.9- ± 0.5-fold stimulation) and PCOS (4.6- ± 0.3-fold) subjects were equally responsive to insulin for stimulation of glucose incorporation into glycogen. Insulin sensitivity for glycogen synthesis in fibroblasts did not differ between NC (EC50, 9.6 ± 0.9 nmol/L) and PCOS (9.1 ± 0.9) cells. For thymidine incorporation into DNA, relative insulin responsiveness was similar in NC (2.3- ± 0.3-fold stimulation) and PCOS (2.1- ± 0.1-fold) fibroblasts. Insulin sensitivity for DNA synthesis was similar in NC (EC50, 12.9 ± 2.4 nmol/L) and PCOS (7.6 ± 1.3) cells. In summary, (1) insulin receptor binding is normal in PCOS fibroblasts; and (2) PCOS fibroblasts have normal insulin sensitivity and responsiveness for metabolic and mitogenic responses. Impaired insulin signal transduction, while present in adipocytes from a group of PCOS subjects, is not found in fibroblasts from the same subjects. This defect is not generalized to all cell types, but may be limited to specific tissues and responses.
APPALACHIAN POLICY, THE CORPORATE STATE, AND AMERICAN VALUES: A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE

This paper explores the historical interplay of Appalachia and America over the past hundred years. The focus is on questions of culture and ideology, policy, and values as these have been constituted in the development of our corporate state and its penetration and integration of the region. A careful examination of Henry Shapiro's Appalachia on our Mind brings to the surface many of the assumptions and values generally underlying the social and public policies binding the nation and the region. Ideological aspects in the genesis of the region as a social problem receive considerable attention. It becomes apparent that understanding Appalachia hinges on critical, historical perspectives on modern America: the liberal tradition, the technological world view, and the politicized economy of the corporate state. The notion that time stood still in Appalachia (the static image) has developed in ways that deflect or obscure comprehension of the region's particular form of modernization. 34 references.
In vivo anterior cruciate ligament elongation in response to axial tibial loads.

Background The knowledge of in vivo anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deformation is fundamental for understanding ACL injury mechanisms and for improving surgical reconstruction of the injured ACL. This study investigated the relative elongation of the ACL when the knee is subject to no load (<10 N) and then to full body weight (axial tibial load) at various flexion angles using a combined dual fluoroscopic and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique.
31st Annual Meeting of the Society for Maternal–Fetal Medicine

The annual meeting for the Society of Maternal–Fetal Medicine (SMFM) was held in San Francisco, CA, USA, on 7–12 February 2011. With over 2000 people in attendance, the meeting presented innovative basic science, clinical and epidemiological research. Under the leadership of Joshua Copel (Yale University School of Medicine, CT, USA), President of SMFM, and Alfred Abuhamad (Eastern Virgina Medical School, VA, USA), SMFM Program Chair, the meeting encompassed a wide variety of postgraduate courses, oral and poster sessions, and round-table luncheon presentations with world-renowned speakers.
Cytometric DNA analysis in the management of cancer. Clinical and laboratory considerations.

Clinically, cytometric DNA (ploidy and proliferative fraction) analysis is primarily used in the determination of tumor prognosis. This determination has a clinical impact primarily in low stage tumors where therapeutic options are available, rather than in higher stage tumors that will be treated the same independent of their ploidy or proliferative fraction. In general, the best available data indicate that for most tumors aneuploidy is an indicator of more aggressiveness. Ploidy analysis is independent of other prognostic indicators in many tumors and is the most significant prognostic indicator in some
On clarifying some interpretations of social comparison theory

Some premises of Festinger's (1954) theory of social comparison were put to empirical test. Subjects were given false feedback from “university files” indicating they would score superior, average, or inferior on an ambiguous test of mental functioning; there was also a no-information control group. In attempting to evaluate their performance, subjects were to compare their score and test sheets with those of someone else. They could express a desire to see the protocols of someone who had scored superior, average, inferior, or similarly to themselves (with no other evaluative information being provided in the latter case). Furthermore, the comparison others were manipulated to be rather similar to or rather different from the subject in terms of such test-irrelevant traits as geographical location and activities. Others similar to the subject on test-irrelevant traits were, overall, most sought as comparison targets. In addition, superior and inferior subjects expressed comparatively strong desires to compare with someone whose performance was closest to that which they anticipated for themselves. Average subjects seemed to avoid the average-scoring comparison target and to prefer comparison with superior or inferior scorers. Subjects in the superior, average, and control conditions strongly avoided comparison with a nonevaluated similar scorer.
Leaf structures affect predatory mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and biological control: a review

Because of their size, small arthropods can be highly affected by characteristics of the leaf surface. Leaf surfaces have various structures, such as trichomes and domatia, which add to the complexity of the microenvironment experienced by arthropods. Plant structure can affect the retention and performance of predators and parasitoids and it has been proposed that phylloplane characteristics be modified to improve the utility of these organisms as biological control agents. Phytoseiids have a long history as biological control agents of pest mite species in agricultural systems. In the past 30 years, extensive research has shown that trichomes and domatia influence phytoseiid populations and performance. Various reasons have been proposed to explain this relationship, including increased pollen capture for use as a food source, escape from predation, avoidance of adverse abiotic conditions, and increased/decreased ease of prey capture. There is potential for the manipulation of crops to improve biological control by phytoseiids, but incorporating beneficial traits into plants is likely to have lower priority than other breeding characteristics. The objectives of this review are to summarize the evidence for the relationship between phytoseiids and leaf surface structures, discuss possible hypotheses to explain this relationship, examine the potential of altering current crop varieties for the purpose of increasing phytoseiid populations or performance, and conduct a meta-analysis to quantify the effects of plant surface structures on phytoseiid and phytophagous mite densities.
Optically powered optical interconnection system

A wavelength-multiplexed optical interconnection system in which the electrical power is provided by an optical source is discussed. The optical power and data signals, operating at two different wavelengths, are multiplexed onto a single fiber at the local terminal, and demultiplexed at a remote terminal. The optical power is then converted to electrical power by an array of photovoltaic cells, providing bias control to a data-detection circuit. The system operates at 45 Mb/s, the remote receiver dissipates 2.6 mW, and there is negligible optical crosstalk between the power and data channels. >
Immunotherapy of bladder cancer

Intravesical therapy has been used in the management of superficial transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder (i.e., Ta, Tl, and carcinoma in situ) with specific objectives which include treating existing/residual tumor, preventing recurrence of tumor, preventing disease progression, and prolonging survival. The initial clinical stage and grade remain the main determinant factors in survival irrespective of the treatment. Presently, bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy remains the most effective treatment and prophylaxis for TCC (Ta, Tl, CIS) and has positive outcomes on tumor recurrence rate, disease progression, and prolongation of survival. Prostatic urethral mucosal involvement with bladder cancer can be effectively treated with BCG intravesical immunotherapy-it has demonstrated a reduction in tumor recurrence rates, but has had no positive impact on disease progression or prolongation of survival. Interferons, keyhole-limpet hemocyanin (KLH), bropirimine, and PHOTOFRIN-photodynamic therapy (PDT) are under investigation in the management of TCC and early results are encouraging. This comprehensive review highlights recent developments in intravesical therapy of bladder cancer and summarizes the mechanisms of action of BCG, and the important role of intravesical BCG immunotherapy and other immunotherapeutic agents in the therapy and prophylaxis of superficial TCC of the urinary bladder.
Perceived motivation, role variations, and the attribution of personal characteristics

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that the information value of a stimulus person's ( SP ) self-description in a job interview is a joint function of (a) whether or not the description implies that the SP is suitable for the job and (b) whether the SP is seen as wanting either to secure or avoid the job for which he is being interviewed. In all conditions in the study, the SP described himself (on a videotape recording) as an introverted person. Roughly a third of the S s who viewed the tape were told that SP wanted the job badly (high positive motivation). Another third were told that SP wanted the job just to “kill time” (low, positive motivation). The final group were told that SP did not want to be offered the job (negative motivation). Roughly half the S s in each of these three groups were told that the job at stake was that of a fire-spotter (requiring an introverted individual) while the other half were told that this job was that of a sales representative (requiring an extroverted individual). It was predicted that the SP would be judged to be more introverted in the sales than the forestry context when he was seen as wanting the job, but that when he was seen as wanting to avoid the job, he would be viewed as more introverted in the forestry than the sales context. The results strongly supported these predictions as well as the prediction that these attribution effects would be mediated by SP' s perceived trustworthiness.
A flexible gate array architecture for high-speed and high-density applications

A scaleable gate array has been designed in half-micron CMOS for a wide range of high-speed and high-density applications. Transistor size and position within the basecell provide an efficient implementation of flip-flops, combinational gates, and memory. Design benchmarks have demonstrated 2700 gates/mm/sup 2/ routed density in a 0.5 /spl mu/m TLM CMOS gate array. Compared to previous 5 V 0.7 /spl mu/m gate arrays, the new basecell provides improvements of 2.5x in density and 30% in speed, at 70% lower power, NAND-2 delays are 170 ps (FO=2, 3.3 V). Metal-programmable two-port SRAM's feature 3.9 ns typical access times. The new architecture has been implemented in a CMOS gate array family which offers up to 1.15 million available gates and 700 I/O positions.
Simplified technique of tracheoesophageal prosthesis placement at the time of secondary tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP).

Objectives: Secondary tracheoesophageal (TE) puncture standardly involves placement of a catheter at time of TE fistula creation. We explore the feasibility of placement of the prosthesis at the time of TE puncture (TEP) obviating the need for a subsequent procedure to place the prosthesis. We describe the technique and evaluate the success and potential advantages. Study Design: Retrospective chart review of consecutive patients who underwent TE prosthesis placement at the time of secondary TEP from 3/2009 to 1/2011. Methods: Fourteen patients underwent the primary TE prosthesis placement at the time of secondary puncture and were evaluated. Assessed outcomes included patient demographics, success of prosthesis placement, need for repeat procedure, early or late prosthesis dislodgement, complications, and specific voice outcomes. Results: Patient cohort included nine males, five females, with average age of 64 years. All TE prosthesis placements were successful. The 12-mm 20 F Blom-Singer Indwelling prosthesis was used in all cases. No complications occurred during prosthesis placement. Two perioperative complications occurred: one case of transient pulmonary edema from general anesthesia, one case of posterior tracheal wall swelling. The second was addressed with placement of a larger prosthesis. All patients successfully achieved good voice at an average of 4 days after the procedure (range: 1–9 days). Conclusions: This initial series of 14 consecutive patients demonstrates successful TE prosthesis placement at the time of secondary TE puncture. Functional voice was achieved in all patients with no significant immediate complications. No dislodgements occurred and no repeat procedures were required. Voice acquisition was achieved at an earlier time (4 days on average) than with traditional techniques and without the necessity of a subsequent procedure. Primary prosthesis placement at the time of secondary TE puncture is a successful option for surgical voice restoration with distinct advantages and minimal complications.
Caregiver opinions about fragile X population screening

We sought to determine caregiver perceptions about population screening for fragile X and to examine factors potentially associated with support for screening. We asked 1,099 caregivers of a child with fragile X syndrome or a fragile X carrier to rate whether free, voluntary screening should be offered preconception, prenatally, neonatally, or when problems occur. Caregivers chose a preferred time for screening, reported whether screening would affect parent–child bonding, indicated preferences for carrier detection, and gave reasons for their choices. Caregivers endorsed all forms of screening, but prenatal screening was less strongly endorsed than preconception or postnatal screening. Most (79%) preferred preconception carrier testing, allowing more options when making reproductive decisions. Most thought that screening should also disclose carrier status and believed a positive screen would not negatively affect parent–child bonding. Maternal education, caregiver depression, family impact, and severity of disability were not associated with screening opinions, but parents who only had carrier children were less likely to endorse prenatal screening. Caregivers of children with fragile X widely endorse screening. However, because different parents will make different choices, screening may need to be offered at multiple times with careful consideration of consent and informed decision-making. Genet Med 2012:14(1):115–121.
The Dependence of Mechanical Properties of Adult Rat Myocytes on Cell Alignment

In response to damage, stress and cell death cardiac muscle undergoes remodeling in which cardiomyocytes de-differentiate and re-differentiate. An understanding of the mechanisms involved in this process may lead to therapies to promote and enhance the repair of damaged cardiac tissue. However, due to the complexity of native environments, it is hard to investigate this remodeling process directly on tissues isolated from the body. Therefore, it is important to construct a cell-culture model that will replicate the most relevant characteristics of that tissue in controlled environments with greater capability to be assessed. Native cardiac myocytes have an aligned arrangement in which neighboring cardiomyocytes are electrically and mechanical coupled through contact junctions. When adult cardiomyocytes are placed into a culture dish, the cells will be randomly oriented and lose their native phenotypes gradually due to the lack of proper aligned cell-cell connections. To address this issue, we have implemented our laser cell micropatterning system to create an adult cardiomyocyte culturing model with aligned rows of cells connected end to end. In this abstract, we describe the experimental procedure to achieve the laser alignment of adult cardiomyocytes and the results of mechanical property testing of the myocytes investigated using Multimode Picoforce Nanoscope Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) (Veeco).© 2008 ASME
Drive for Show and Putt for Dough?: An Analysis of the Earnings of PGA Tour Golfers

This article examines the determinants of the earnings of PGA Tour golfers from the period 1992-2001. Our goal is to determine whether the returns to various golf skills have changed over time. In ...
Ethics in the classroom

In this paper, we describe our recent approaches to introducing students in a beginning computer science class to the study of ethical issues related to computer science and technology. This consists of three components: lectures on ethics and technology, in-class discussion of ethical scenarios, and a reflective paper on a topic related to ethics or the impact of technology on society. We give both student reactions to these aspects, and instructor perspective on the difficulties and benefits in exposing students to these ideas.
Political Culture and State Development Policy

Economic development has become a prominent issue for state governments. Nevertheless, states vary in the economic policies they choose. Two general approaches to the issue are discussed: the maintenance/attraction strategy and the creation strategy. Factor analysis allows us to gauge state effort on these two criteria. Regression analysis shows thatpolitical culture is an importantfactor inpredicting which approach a state chooses, with traditionalistic states favoring the maintenance/attraction strategy, and moralistic statesfavoring the creation alternative. Otherpredictors ofstate policy choices include the condition of the economy and the diffusion of innovations. Also discussed is the interaction of political culture with other relevant variables in shaping state policies.
Bacterial colonization of newborn infants and subsequent acquisition of hospital bacteria.

Infants aged 3 to 24 hours were inoculated in the nose and throat with Staphylococcus epidermidis , or in the nose alone with diphtheroids or broth. Hospital acquisition of pneumococci or streptococci was similar in each group, but enteric bacilli were found less frequently in diphtheroid-colonized infants. This could not be attributed to bacterial interference, since it occurred in uncolonized throats as well as in colonized noses. Only one baby acquired S. aureus naturally. Some artificially colonized and uncolonized subjects were challenged intranasally with 10 1 or 10 2 S. aureus 502A at 27 to 48 hours; no protection against S. aureus was observed.
A qualitative case study review of role transition in community nursing.

Purpose This paper aims to describe existing community nursing practices and to explore factors that are associated with the transition of clinical practice from acute care settings to community care settings. Method This qualitative case study assessment described existing community nurse practices and explored factors that were associated with the transition to community practice from acute care settings. The 48 participants in this case study were registered nurses who were working in community care nursing during the interview process. Conclusions The results of this investigation revealed themes derived from data collection, including autonomy, client and family, education, and community as nursing work. This study indicated that making the transition to community-based nursing includes conceptual as well as emotional adjustments. Community nursing practice was seen by the participants as nursing that captures a holistic approach incorporating multiple dimensions from psychological, sociological, economic, and physical to spiritual aspects that provides services in interaction between the community nurse, the client, and the family. The findings indicate a need for additional supportive preparation strategies incorporated into nursing orientation and continuing education programs. Future research investigating agency culture and socialization would provide a more definitive survey of perceptions and competencies needed for role.
Bestimmung der 3D-Struktur an der Laborbank

Ein Einkristall-Rontgendiffraktometer bestimmt die Struktur von Substanzen direkt im Syntheselabor.
Indefinite Extensibility--Dialetheic Style

In recent years, many people writing on set theory have invoked the notion of an indefinitely extensible concept. The notion, it is usually claimed, plays an important role in solving the paradoxes of absolute infinity. It is not clear, however, how the notion should be formulated in a coherent way, since it appears to run into a number of problems concerning, for example, unrestricted quantification. In fact, the notion makes perfectly good sense if one endorses a dialetheic solution to the paradoxes. It then morphs from a supposed solution to the paradoxes into a diagnosis of their structure. In this paper I show how.
Doubly charged sputtered ions of fourth-row elements.

We have measured the initial-kinetic-energy distributions of sputtered doubly charged ions of the fourth-row elements (Ca--As) over a range 0--1000 eV and energy distributions of singly charged ions 0--500 eV. The energy distributions of the doubly charged ions lack the characteristic low-energy peak exhibited by most sputtered ions, and some actually have peak intensities at high energy. Oxygen enhances the doubly charged ion yields of ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{2+}$--${\mathrm{Ni}}^{2+}$ and alters the energy distributions of these ions, increasing the proportion of low-energy ions, but either does not affect or suppresses ion yields from ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{2+}$ and ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$--${\mathrm{As}}^{2+}$. These results can be explained in terms of the kinetic emission model, in which an atom sputtered with a core-level vacancy resulting from an energetic collision has a finite probability, dependent on the atom velocity and the vacancy lifetime, of undergoing Auger deexcitation far enough from the surface for the resulting multiply charged ion to survive. The effect of oxygen is interpreted as a lengthening of the vacancy lifetime due to electron withdrawal from the cations in an oxygenated lattice.
Measurement of a folate binding protein from rat liver cytosol by radioimmunoassay

Abstract A radioimmunoassay has been developed for the folate binding protein from rat liver cytosol with a molecular weight of 150,000 which was recently purified to homogeneity (Suzuki, N., and Wagner, C., 1980, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 199 , 236–248). This method has indicated that the binding protein (FBP-CII) is found primarily in the liver. A significant amount of FBP-CII was also found in the kidney and much reduced levels in spleen, serum, brain, lung, and heart. No FBP-CII could be detected in small intestine, skeletal muscle, or testes. Small amounts of cross-reacting material were found in the livers of mouse, dog, chick, and humans. Levels of FBP-CII were not decreased in the livers of folate-deficient rats. Assays of rat fetal liver and kidney 2 days prior to birth showed much lower levels which increased rapidly at birth. These data are consistent with the FBP-CII fulfilling a role as a folate storage protein in rat liver.
End of Life/Palliative Care/Ethics

Palliative and end-of-life care, once the purview of oncologists and intensivists, has also become the responsibility of the emergency physician. As our population ages and medical technology enables increased longevity, it is essential that all medical professionals know how to help patients negotiate the balance between quantity and quality of life. Emergency physicians have the opportunity to educate patients and their loved ones on how to best accomplish their goals of care while also enhancing quality of life through treatment of symptoms. The emergency physician must be aware of the ethical and medico-legal parameters that govern decision making.
Special Section on Mechanics of Nanocomposites and Nanostructures

This special section includes a selection of original research papers focused on the mechanics of nanocomposites and nanostructures. The September issue includes the first set of papers on the subject. Most of the papers were also presented at the Nanomechanics and Nanocomposites Symposium at the 2012 Conference of the Engineering Mechanics Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers held at Notre Dame University in South Bend, Indiana. The Nanomechanics and Nanocomposites Symposium provided a unique venue for researchers exploring the intersections of applied and computational mechanics within the field of materials science at the nanoscale. In this area, there are both tremendous challenges and opportunities. It is humbling to consider the limitations of our current knowledge about the structures and properties of materials at the smaller scales. On the other hand, it is bewildering to consider all of the possibilities for breakthroughs in the engineering disciplines that might be achieved by understanding our world and employing that knowledge to make advances in the materials we use. Although this symposium featured papers on a wide variety of topics, mechanics of materials at the nanoscale was a dominant theme discussed. Indeed, four of the five papers in this first series were devoted entirely to nanomechanical behavior of materials, and a majority of the remaining papers also focused, at least in part, on aspects of nanomechanics. Accordingly, we are pleased to publish this collection of papers in the similarly themed Journal of Nanomechanics and Micromechanics. We believe these papers represent some of the wide scope seen in the field.
MRI patterns in prolonged low response states following traumatic brain injury in children and adolescents.

Objectives: To explore the relationship between location and pattern of brain injury identified on MRI and prolonged low response state in children post-traumatic brain injury (TBI).Methods: This observational study compared 15 children who spontaneously recovered within 30 days post-TBI to 17 who remained in a prolonged low response state.Results: 92.9% of children with brain stem injury were in the low response group. The predicted probability was 0.81 for brain stem injury alone, increasing to 0.95 with a regional pattern of injury to the brain stem, basal ganglia, and thalamus.Conclusions: Low response state in children post-TBI is strongly correlated with two distinctive regions of injury: the brain stem alone, and an injury pattern to the brain stem, basal ganglia, and thalamus. This study demonstrates the need for large-scale clinical studies using MRI as a tool for outcome assessment in children and adolescents following severe TBI.