cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hormonal regulation of hepatic and jejunal formiminotransferase activity in man and rat.

Abstract 1. 1. Glucagon, insulin and epinephrine produce rapid changes (within minutes) in hepatic and jejunal formiminotransferase ( N- formimino- L -glutamate: tetrahydrofolate 5-formiminotransferase, EC 2.1.2.5) activity in the rat. Limited evidence in human subjects and patients demonstrate that similar effects also occur in man. 2. 2. Intravenous glucagon (0.0015–0.5 mg) and isnulin (0.015–1.5 units/kg) produced rapid increases and decreases, respectively, in hepatic formiminotransferase activity which were unaltered by pretreatment of the rats with either actinomycin D or puromycin. Intravenous insulin and glucagon significantly decreased and increased, respectively, rat jejunal formiminotransferase activity, as well. Intravenous epinephrine (1.0–2.0 μg/min) also produced a rapid increase in hepatic formiminotransferase activity. The stimulatory effects of glucagon and epinephrine on hepatic formiminotransferase activity were mimicked by intravenous cyclic AMP suggesting that these hormonal responses may be mediated through increased cyclic AMP production. 3. 3. In four children with fasting-induced hypoglycemia, intravenous glucagon (1 mg/min) significantly increased hepatic formiminotransferase activity within 2–3 min. In five normal human subjects, the administration of subcutaneous insulin (15 units) for three consecutive days significantly decreased jejunal formiminotransferase activity. 4. 4. We suggest that the rapid insulin, glucagon and epinephrine effects on formiminotransferase activity may be due to dephorylation— phosphorylation mechanisms analogous to that involved in the regulation of glycogen metabolism.
melting of the Siberian Mantle Plume

The Putorana basalts, comprising ∼90% of the Siberian Traps (ST), have had their chemistry modified from primary tholeiitic picritic magmas by ∼12% crystallization of olivine. Major-trace element ratios, and Nd isotopes of these lavas are consistent with their origin from a relatively undepleted plume by 12–16% rapid decompressional melting at ∼50–80 km depths within the lithosphere.
Global Citizenship Education: politics, problems and prospects

In his book Global Citizenship Education (2008) the author noted that the modern concept of citizenship – a recent concept historically – implies the existence of a civil or political community, a set of rights and obligations ascribed to citizens by virtue of their membership in that community, and an ethic of participation and solidarity needed to sustain it. Most traditional accounts of citizenship begin with the assertion of basic civil, political and social rights of individuals and note the way in which the modern concept, as inherently egalitarian, took on a universal appeal with the development of the liberal tradition which is often understood as synonymous with modernity. Yet the concept has appealed to both conservatives and radical democrats: the former emphasize individual freedom at the expense of equality and see state intervention as an intolerable and unwarranted violation of the freedom of the individual while the latter stress the democratic potential of citizenship. Increasingly, on th...
A MULTIPLE-CHOICE KNAPSACK MODEL FOR TOLERANCE ALLOCATION IN MECHANICAL ASSEMBLIES

A zero-one discrete search is the only method capable of handling tolerance allocation problems in assemblies with alternate manufacturing processes for the components (TAP), when complicating issues such as process tolerance limits are present. A major drawback of this method is that the problem size grows rapidly as the total number of points considered for the process curves increases. This note recognizes the similarity between the TAP and the multiple-choice knapsack problem (MCKP) and indicates how an existing algorithm for the MCKP may be used to rapidly solve the TAP even when it has a large number of zero-one variables.
Approximate and generalized pivotal quantities for deriving confidence intervals for the offset between two clocks

Abstract Development of algorithms that estimate the offset between two clocks has received a lot of attention, with the motivating force being data networking applications that require synchronous communication protocols. Recently, statistical modeling techniques have been used to develop improved estimation algorithms with the focus being obtaining robust estimators in terms of mean squared error. In this paper, we extend the use of statistical modeling techniques to address the construction of confidence intervals for the offset parameter. We consider the case where the distributions of network delays are members of a scale family. Our results include an asymptotic confidence interval and a generalized confidence interval in the sense of [S. Weerahandi, Generalized confidence intervals, Journal of the American Statistical Association 88 (1993) 899–905. Correction in vol. 89, p. 726, 1994]. We compare and contrast the two approaches for obtaining a confidence interval, and illustrate specific applications using exponential, Rayleigh and heavy-tailed Weibull network delays as concrete examples.
MORPHOLOGY OF GLANDULAR HAIRS OF CANNABIS SATIVA FROM SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

Three distinct types of glandular hairs of increasing morphological complexity which occur on flowering tops of Cannabis sativa L. (marihuana) are described from scanning electron microscopy. These gland types-termed bulbous, capitate-sessile, and capitate-stalked, described from pistillate plants-occur in greatest abundance on the outer surface of bracts ensheathing the ovary. Bulbous and capitate-sessile glands, which arise at an early stage in bract development, are scattered over the bract surface. Mature bulbous glands have a small swollen head on a short stalk, whereas capitate-sessile glands have a large globular head attached directly to the bract surface. Because of their numbers and large size, capitate-sessile glands are the most conspicuous gland type during the early phase of bract development. Capitate-stalked glands, which have a large globular head on a tall, multicellular stalk, differentiate during subsequent bract development. These stalked glands arise first along the bracteal veins and then over the entire bract surface. A voluminous, fluid secretory product accumulates in the glandular head of all three types. These glands are believed to be a primary site of localization of the marihuana hallucinogen, tetrahydrocannabinol.
A method for analysis of butyltin species and measurement of butyltins in sediment and English sole livers from Puget Sound

Abstract A method for the determination of tetra-, tri-, di- and monobutyltin in marine sediments and in tissues from English sole was developed. The method utilized dichloromethane/tropolone extraction of the butyltins, derivatization with hexylmagnesium bromide, and a silica/alumina column cleanup prior to gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) analysis. A number of quality assurance measures were incorporated in the method. Mean recoveries of the surrogate spike tripentyltin from sediment and tissue reference materials ranged from 96% to 110%. The method was applied to sediments and livers of English sole collected in Puget Sound, Washington state. Total butyltin concentrations in sediments ranged from 1000 ng/g were found in some sediments. Butyltins were also determined in livers from English sole captured at sites where sediments were contaminated with butyltins. Dibutyltin (at concentrations up to 870 ng/g dry weight as Sn) was the predominant butyltin species found in the livers.
The light-emitting field effect transistor: A novel optoelectronic device concept

We report a semiconducting polymer light emitting field-effect transistor (LEFET) fabricated by employing a new "angled" evaporation technique to deposit the two electrodes (Ag for hole injection and Ca for electron injection). Under ambipolar conditions, recombination of electrons and holes resulted in the observation of a narrow zone of light emission within the channel. The emission zone moved across the channel as the gate bias was swept during collection of the transfer data.
A Real-Time Case Study in Driver Science: Physiological Strain and Related Variables.

This case study was conducted as an attempt to quantify racecar-driver core body temperature and heart rate (HR) in real time on a minute-by-minute basis and to expand the volume of work in the area of driver science. Three drivers were observed during a 15-lap, 25-min maximal event. Each driver competed in the closed-wheel, closed-cockpit sports-car category. Data on core body temperature and HR were collected continuously using the HQ Inc. ingestible core probe system and HR monitoring. Driver 1 pre- and postrace core temperatures were 37.80°C and 38.79°C, respectively. Driver 2 pre- and postrace core temperatures were 37.41°C and 37.99°C. Driver 1 pre- and postrace HRs were 102 and 161 beats/min. Driver 2 pre- and postrace HRs were 94.3 and 142 beats/min. Driver 1’s physiological strain index (PSI) at the start was 3.51. Driver 2’s PSI at the start was 3.10. Driver 1 finished with a PSI of 7.04 and driver 2 with a PSI of 3.67. Results show that drivers are continuously challenged minute by minute. In a...
Observation of the Protonated Semiquinone Intermediate in Isolated Reaction Centers from Rhodobacter sphaeroides: Implications for the Mechanism of Electron and Proton Transfer in Proteins†

A proton-activated electron transfer (PAET) mechanism, involving a protonated semiquinone intermediate state, had been proposed for the electron-transfer reaction [QA-•QB-• + H+ ⇄ QA-•(QBH)• → QA(QBH)-] in reaction centers (RCs) from Rhodobacter sphaeroides [Graige, M. S., Paddock, M. L., Bruce, M. L., Feher, G., and Okamura, M. Y. (1996) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118, 9005−9016]. Confirmation of this mechanism by observing the protonated semiquinone (QBH)• had not been possible, presumably because of its low pKa. By replacing the native Q10 in the QB site with rhodoquinone (RQ), which has a higher pKa, we were able to observe the (QBH)• state. The pH dependence of the semiquinone optical spectrum gave a pKa = 7.3 ± 0.2. At pH pKa as predicted by the PAET mechanism in which fast reversible proton transfer p...
Tandem Use of Gratings and Echelles to Increase Resolution, Luminosity, and Compactness of Spectrometers and Spectrographs*†

The principle of tandem (series) arrangements of spectroscopic elements—used with prisms in 1861 by Kirchhoff and Bunsen, later applied to Fabry–Perot etalons, and more recently to concave gratings in the soft x-ray domain—has been successfully extended to high-resolution gratings and echelles. For example, when two gratings are used in series near autocollimation, the resolving power is doubled as compared with a single element at the same angle. Moreover, for a given linear dispersion, the luminosity may be increased up to a factor of 4 (for perfect reflectivity and blaze), since the doubled angular dispersion within a constant aperture permits the reduction of focal length by a factor of 2. The advantages pointed out here also characterize multiple-pass arrangements, first described for prisms by Wadsworth in 1895 and again emphasized by Couderc, Jacquinot, and Walsh, and for gratings by Hulthen, Rank, and others. These advantages indicate the possibility of extending multiple-pass arrangements to the use of echelles when the additional mirror reflection is acceptable. Design characteristics for tandem use of gratings in monochromators and for tandem use of high-order gratings (echelettes, echelles) in broad-range spectrograph arrangements, as well as experimental results, are presented. The single-echelette (echelle) spectrographic arrangement which is basic to the tandem extension is that first suggested by Shane and mounted, crossed with a prism, by Wood in 1947, and similarly mounted, crossed with a grating, by Harrison, Archer, and Camus in 1952. In the tandem arrangement only simple geometrical alignment, with no phase adjustment between the two gratings, is required, unlike the mounting for grating mosaics with several coplanar gratings.
Linear Quadratic Gaussian Estimation and Control of Singularly Perturbed Systems

Techniques are presented for approximating optimal steady-state solutions of time-invariant-linear-quadratic-Gaussian estimation and control problems for linear singularly perturbed systems.
Holistic Grammar Through Socratic Questioning

When teaching grammar to second language (SL) learners, teachers should take the new direction of aiming at grammatical consciousness-raising. One way to achieve this is to have learners discover grammar rules inductively, the teacher's job being to facilitate this grammar discovery process by providing appropriate techniques. Socratic questioning is an effective technique for facilitating the discovery process. This article discusses an approach that uses Socratic questioning to instill grammar awareness in advanced, academically bound SL learners. The article begins with a short review of the recent controversy of natural vs. formal (conscious vs. unconscious) teaching/learning of language forms. The second part discusses the theoretical framework of the approach. The third part explains the pedagogical concepts on which the approach is based. The final part examines the approach in detail. The approach will help learners look at the study of grammar as a means to receive and share information–the purpose of academic language learning. Language is presented holistically–as whole-pieces–in the form of reading materials, not in isolated sentences. Paying selective attention to specific structural features in the reading material, students answer higher order, critical thinking (Socratic) questions, which help them discover relevant grammatical rules inductively. The outcome is grammar awareness, which will help learners extend their grammar learning beyond the classroom.
Different Mechanisms Regulate Productive Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 Infections in Adult Trigeminal Neurons

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 establish latency in different neuronal subtypes (A5+ and KH10+) in murine trigeminal ganglia, results which correlate with restricted productive infection in these neurons in vitro. HSV-2 latency-associated transcript (LAT) contains a cis-acting regulatory element near the transcription start site that promotes productive infection in A5+ neurons and a second element in exon 1 that inhibits productive infection in KH10+ neurons. HSV-1 contains no such regulatory sequences, demonstrating different mechanisms for regulating productive HSV infection in neurons.
Identification of Intrinsically Unstructured Proteins using hierarchical classifier

It is suggested that protein functions only when folded into a particular 3-D structure. Recently, many protein regions and some entire proteins have been identified with no definite tertiary structure, but presenting instead as dynamic, disorder ensembles under different physiochemical circumstances. These proteins and regions are known as Intrinsically Unstructured regions and Proteins (IUP). We constructed a Recursive Maximum Contrast Tree (RMCT) based classifier to identify IUP. The classifier has been benchmarked against industrial standard PONDR VLXT on out-of-sample data by external evaluators. The IUP predictor is a viable alternative software tool for identifying intrinsic unstructured regions and proteins.
Myelin basic protein in frozen and unfrozen bovine brain: a study of autolytic changes in situ.

— Frozen and unfrozen bovine brains were used to determine the extent of in situ degradation of myelin basic protein. The following three parameters were investigated. (1) The time interval between death and sampling of the tissue, (2) the effective temperature of the tissue during this interval, and (3) the effect of freezing and thawing on the subsequent autolysis of myelin basic protein. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was carried out on unfrozen white matter solubilized with phenol-formic acid–water. The resulting electrophoretic pattern showed no qualitative changes in the myelin basic protein after tissue incubation at 4° or 23°C for up to 24 h. When myelin basic protein was extracted, purified and quantitated, there was no apparent decrease within 24 h of incubation at 23°C. However, if the tissue was frozen and thawed prior to incubation, there was a rapid disappearance of myelin basic protein such that only 10% remained after 24 h of incubation. Basic protein extracted from frozen or unfrozen tissue that had undergone autolysis for up to 24 h was found to be encephalitogenic in guinea pigs. Electron microscopy of frozen and thawed material showed separation and fraying of myelin lamellae. It is postulated that the above morphological changes probably render the basic protein readily accessible to proteolytic enzymes.
Retrospective Earnings Data: Some Solutions for Old Problems

In this study using the recall method to collect longitudinal salary data, it was found that information on past earnings is not substantially less accurate than that obtained for current salary. Retrospective information on earnings could be a useful alternative to the costlier and more time-consuming panel operation. Marianne E. Ferber is Associate Professor, Department of Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Bonnie G. Bimbaum holds a Doctorate in Public Health from UCLA. The authors wish to thank Robert Ferber and Seymour Sudman for their helpful suggestions. Public Opinion Quarterly ? 1979 by The Trustees of Columbia University Published by Elsevier North-Holland, Inc. 0033-362X/79/0043-0112/$1.75 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.93 on Wed, 13 Jul 2016 04:26:33 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms RETROSPECTIVE EARNINGS DATA 113 respondents were requested to provide information on earnings for each year. It is plausible to assume that they would be able to provide more accurate information for the beginning and end of each job.2 Further research on the recall method therefore appeared appropriate. Three questions come to mind with regard to the collection of retrospective salary data: (1) Will the nonresponse rate be extremely high? (2) Will the information provided for past years be less accurate? (3) Is selective recall such that the data obtained are likely to be biased? To help find answers to these questions we undertook a survey of women in one occupational category and with a single employer, where it was possible to validate the earnings information to some extent. While such a pilot study has obvious limitations, it nevertheless provides results which help to shed some light on this subject.
A Psychosocial Perspective

Thalassemia influences individual and family psychosocial functioning. Parental reaction to diagnosis affects the parent-child relationship, parents' roles, and family resources for coping. A child frequently translates parental reactions into personal attitudes of dependency and lowered self-esteem. In coping with one child's disease, parents often sacrifice the needs of other siblings. Attainment of optimal development may be promoted or hindered. As the child's environment widens, negative attitudes may be reinforced. Poor school performance due to absenteeism, physical differences that lead to teasing, and limitations imposed by others may be interpreted by the child as personal inadequacy. Such feelings often persist through adolescence due to the individual's lag in physical growth, marginal academic record, poor self-concept, and/or pessimistic outlook on life. The central psychosocial issues of late adolescence and young adulthood--career, vocation, dating, marriage--are compounded by the perspective of institutions and potential employers. Different periods of the life cycle are vulnerable to specific psychosocial problems.
DOES VILLAGE INEQUALITY IN MODERN INCOME HARM THE PSYCHE? ANGER, FEAR, SADNESS, AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IN A PRE-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

Researchers have found a positive association between income inequality and poor individual health. To explain the link, researchers have hypothesized that income inequality erodes community social capital, which unleashes negative emotions, stress, and stress behaviors that hurt health. Few studies have tested the hypothesized path. Here we estimate the association between (a) village income inequality and social capital, and (b) three distinct negative emotions (anger, fear, sadness) and one stress behavior (alcohol consumption). We use four quarters of panel data (2002-2003) from 655 adults in 13 villages of a foraging-farming society in the Bolivian Amazon (Tsimane'). We found that: (1) village income inequality was associated with more negative emotions but with less alcohol consumption, (2) social capital always bore a negative association with outcomes, and (3) results held up after introducing many changes to the main model. We conclude that village income inequality probably affects negative emotions and stress behaviors through other paths besides social capital because we conditioned for social capital. One such path is an innate dislike of inequality, which might have pre-human origins. Our prior research with the Tsimane' suggests that village income inequality bore an insignificant association with individual health. Therefore, village income inequality probably affects negative emotions and stress behaviors before undermining health.
Initial clinical experience with remifentanil, a new opioid metabolized by esterases.

Remifentanil is a new, esterase-metabolized opioid for anesthesia. Nonspecific esterases terminate the drug effect, with a context-sensitive half-time which plateaus at 3-4 min. This dose-ranging pilot study was designed to estimate the dose requirement of remifentanil for abolition of the responses to skin incision and intraoperative stimuli, and to determine the speed of recovery. Fifty-one unpremedicated patients took part at two centers. Anesthesia was induced with propofol, 67% nitrous oxide, and vecuronium. Remifentanil was then given (1 μg/kg, plus an infusion of 0.0125-1.0 μg. kg -1 . min -1 ). Responses were defined as : >15% increase in systolic blood pressure or >20% increase in heart rate, tearing, sweating, movement, or coughing. Responses to incision or surgery were treated with 0.5 μg/kg remifentanil boluses and a 50% increase in infusion rate, which could be done twice. Subsequent responses were treated with propofol or isoflurane. Remifentanil and nitrous oxide administration were terminated after the incision was closed. ED50 for response to skin incision varied between the two study sites (0.020 and 0.087 μg. kg -1 . min -1 ). ED50 for response to all surgical stimuli was 0.52 μg. kg -1 . min -1 . At 0.3 μg. kg -1 . min -1 or more, only 3 of 21 patients required isoflurane. Recovery was not longer in patients receiving larger doses to spontaneous ventilation (2.5-4.6 min), tracheal extubation (4.2-7.0 min), and response to verbal command (3.0-4.6 min). Postoperative pain was reported in most patients (92%) at a median time of 21 min. We conclude that remifentanil was effective and well tolerated as a component of nitrous oxide-opioid-relaxant anesthesia. Over the 80-fold range of infusion rates given, patients awoke, breathed, and were tracheally extubated within a few minutes.
Location of Pc 1–2 waves relative to the magnetopause

Abstract. Spacecraft-borne and ground-based magnetometers frequently detect magnetospheric micropulsations in the period range 0.2–10 s, termed Pc 1–2, and attributed to electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves driven by temperature anisotropy ( T ^ > T || ). Previous surveys of Pc 1 occurrence locations have been limited to L 9. We present AMPTE/IRM observations of the distribution of Pc 1 waves out to the magnetopause, for a limited region of MLT = 10–14. The probability of wave occurrence P wav is large (> 0.15) between L = 7–12, peaking at L = 8–10 ( P wav ~ 0.25). When the L -value is normalized to the magnetopause position L mp , however, the highest probabilities of Pc 1 wave occurrence are close to the magnetopause, with P wav ~0.25 for L norm = L/L mp = 0.8–1.0. These results are consistent with increased convective growth rate at large L and with the greater effect of magnetosphere compression close to the magnetopause. On the other hand, we only directly observe magnetic field compression for at most about 25% of the wave events. Key words. Magnetospheric physics (magnetospheric configuration and dynamics; MHD waves and instabilities; plasma waves and instabilities)
Walsh series analysis in optimal control

This paper is concerned with the determination of suboptimal feedback laws for the linear systems with quadratic performance criteria. The time-varying gains are approximated by the piecewise constant gains which are naturally determined by using Walsh functions. An increase of the number of intervals of Walsh functions enables us to approximate the true optimal control more closely ; and a decrease of the number of intervals makes the implementation easier. Therefore the proposed method is simple in theory and flexible in practice. The beginning part of the paper, being tutorial in nature, is on Walsh functions, the middle part developes an operational method for solving state equations and the final part is concentrated on the Walsh functions approach to the solution of piecewise constant gains of optimal control.
Cefepime versus Ceftazidime as Empiric Therapy for Fever in Neutropenic Patients with Cancer

OBJECTIVE:To compare the efficacies of cefepime and ceftazidime as empiric therapy during the management of fever in cancer patients with chemotherapy-induced neutropenia.METHODS:A prospective, double-blind, randomized study of cefepime 2 g every eight hours and ceftazidime 2 g every eight hours was performed in 276 adult neutropenic (absolute neutrophil count <500/mm3) cancer patients with fever.RESULTS:Median duration of neutropenia was five days. Sixty-one percent (n = 188) of the patients were evaluable. Treatment was successful in 57% (58/101) of cefepime-treated patients and 60% (52/87) of ceftazidime-treated patients (95% CI −18 to 12; p = 0.77). Bacteremic clearance occurred in 71% (12/17) of cefepime-treated patients and 40% (6/15) of ceftazidime-treated patients (p = 0.3). Both drugs were well tolerated.CONCLUSIONS:Cefepime appears to be as effective as ceftazidime in the initial treatment of febrile episodes in adult cancer patients with chemotherapy-associated neutropenia of modest duration.
Replicability of diffusion tensor imaging measurements of fractional anisotropy and trace in brain.

Purpose To evaluate within-scanner and between-scanner reliability of fractional anisotropy (FA) and trace (sum of the diagonal elements of the diffusion tensor) as measured by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Materials and Methods Ten young healthy adults were scanned on three separate days, on two different systems made by the same manufacturer. One scan was acquired at one site, and two scans were acquired on two different occasions on another scanner at another site. Three levels of analysis were used to compare the DTI metrics: 1) a voxel-by-voxel analysis of all supratentorial brain (gray matter + white matter + cerebrospinal fluid) and of supratentorial white matter; 2) a slice-by-slice analysis of supratentorial white matter; and 3) a single-region analysis of the corpus callosum. Results The voxel-by-voxel analysis of all supratentorial brain found that FA and trace measures and correlations were equivalently and significantly higher within than across scanners. For supratentorial white matter, FA was similar within and across scanners, whereas trace demonstrated across-scanner bias. A similar pattern was observed for the slice-by-slice comparison. For the single-region analysis of the corpus callosum, within-scanner FA and trace measures were highly reproducible for FA (CV = 1.9%) and trace (CV = 2.6%), but both DTI measures showed a systematic mean bias across scanners (CV = 4.5% for FA and CV = 7.5% for trace). Conclusion These estimates of measurement variation and scanner bias can be used to predict effect sizes for longitudinal and multisite studies using diffusion tensor imaging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;18:427–433. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Raindrop size distribution variability estimated using ensemble statistics

Abstract. Before radar estimates of the raindrop size distribution (DSD) can be assimilated into numerical weather prediction models, the DSD estimate must also include an uncertainty estimate. Ensemble statistics are based on using the same observations as inputs into several different models with the spread in the outputs providing an uncertainty estimate. In this study, Doppler velocity spectra from collocated vertically pointing profiling radars operating at 50 and 920 MHz were the input data for 42 different DSD retrieval models. The DSD retrieval models were perturbations of seven different DSD models (including exponential and gamma functions), two different inverse modeling methodologies (convolution or deconvolution), and three different cost functions (two spectral and one moment cost functions). Two rain events near Darwin, Australia, were analyzed in this study producing 26 725 independent ensembles of mass-weighted mean raindrop diameter Dm and rain rate R. The mean and the standard deviation (indicated by the symbols and σx) of Dm and R were estimated for each ensemble. For small ranges of or , histograms of σDm and σR were found to be asymmetric, which prevented Gaussian statistics from being used to describe the uncertainties. Therefore, 10, 50, and 90 percentiles of σDm and σR were used to describe the uncertainties for small intervals of or . The smallest Dm uncertainty occurred for between 0.8 and 1.8 mm with the 90th and 50th percentiles being less than 0.15 and 0.11 mm, which correspond to relative errors of less than 20% and 15%, respectively. The uncertainty increased for smaller and larger values. The uncertainty of R increased with . While the 90th percentile uncertainty approached 0.6 mm h−1 for a 2 mm h−1 rain rate (30% relative error), the median uncertainty was less than 0.15 mm h−1 at the same rain rate (less than 8% relative error). This study addresses retrieval error and does not attempt to quantify absolute or representativeness errors.
Gender Positioning: a Sixteenth/Seventeenth Century Example

Though English has lost the formal/informal distinction in second person pronouns the TV system was still important in Shakespeare's time. Coupled with positioning theory, the dynamic processes of assignment and ascription of rights and duties to perform certain types of speech-acts, the usage of TV grammar in Love's Labour's Lost can be used to sketch hypotheses about gender relations among the English upper classes in the sixteenth century.
Growth and nonlinear optical studies of single-crystal thin films of 4-aminobenzophenone (ABP)

Summary form only given. Single-crystal thin films of 4-aminobenzophenone (ABP) having large area and excellent optical quality surface have been prepared by a modification of the shear method. The area and thickness of the films were 1 cm/sup 2/ and 4 /spl mu/m, respectively. Polarized optical microscopic studies confirmed the single-crystal nature of the films. The crystallographic plane and the molecular orientation on the substrate were determined by X-ray diffraction technique. The surface orientation of the film was found to be [100]. The charge transfer axis lies close to parallel to the surface of the film. The optical absorption spectra, measured by visible spectroscopy, revealed a large window of transparency extending down to 390 nm, making it suitable for blue light generation.
UDP‐Galactose Hydrolysis in Brain and Its Effect on Cerebroside Synthesis

: The enzymatic hydrolysis of UDP-galactose in rat and calf brain was studied. The hydrolysis occurs in two steps: The first is the conversion of UDP-galactose to galactose-1-phosphate catalyzed by nucleotide pyrophosphatase (EC 3.6.1.9), and the second is the conversion of the latter to free galactose by alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1). The overall conversion has a pH optimum of 9.0, but there is considerable activity at pH 7.4, which is the optimum for UDP-galactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase in the synthesis of cerebrosides. Preparations from cytosol from calf brain cerebellum or stem that were enriched in UDP-galactose hydrolytic activity inhibit cerebroside synthesis under conditions optimal for the synthesis. Microsome-rich and nuclear debris fractions contain the highest apparent specific activity among the subcellular fractions studied. Hydrolysis of UDP-galactose occurs in all areas of brain, brainstem having the highest activity. The apparent specific activity in jimpy mouse brain homogenate is nearly twice as high as in the control brain homogenate.
Skin-resident memory CD4+ T cells enhance protection against Leishmania major infection

Leishmaniasis causes a significant disease burden worldwide. Although Leishmania-infected patients become refractory to reinfection after disease resolution, effective immune protection has not yet been achieved by human vaccines. Although circulating Leishmania-specific T cells are known to play a critical role in immunity, the role of memory T cells present in peripheral tissues has not been explored. Here, we identify a population of skin-resident Leishmania-specific memory CD4+ T cells. These cells produce IFN-γ and remain resident in the skin when transplanted by skin graft onto naive mice. They function to recruit circulating T cells to the skin in a CXCR3-dependent manner, resulting in better control of the parasites. Our findings are the first to demonstrate that CD4+ TRM cells form in response to a parasitic infection, and indicate that optimal protective immunity to Leishmania, and thus the success of a vaccine, may depend on generating both circulating and skin-resident memory T cells.
Drug Safety Resources for Healthcare Professionals and Consumers.

A pediatrician in your referral area calls you with the following scenario: He has a 4-year-old with recurrent urinary tract infections in the hospital for pyelonephritis with urine culture positive for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ciprofloxacin is the only oral agent to which the isolate is listed as susceptible on the culture report. The pediatrician wants to discharge the child home on this drug, but states the parents have looked up the package insert online and always have “questions about the safety of everything.”He asks you to help him better explain this information to the parents, as well as how it was collected. What can you tell him about the general approach to drug safety in the United States? What other sources of information about the safety and risks of drugs are also available?
Telomerase Activity in Early Bovine Embryos Derived from Parthenogenetic Activation and Nuclear Transfer

This study examined the telomerase activity in preimplantation bovine embryos derived from either parthenogenetic activation or nuclear transfer. Telomeres are the DNA-protein structures located at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Telomerase is the ribonuclear enzyme that helps to restore telomere length by synthesizing telomeric DNA repeat (59-TTAGGG-39) from its own RNA template. Without telomerase activity, telomeres shorten with each cell division through conventional DNA replication. In most mammalian species, telomerase activity is present in germ cells but not in somatic cells. Previously, we reported the dynamics of telomerase activity in bovine in vitro fertilized (IVF) embryos. In the present study, we examined the telomerase activity in bovine embryos derived either from parthenogenetic activation or somatic cell nuclear transfer (i.e., cloning). Embryos from both sources were harvested at different stages, from zygote to blastocyst. Telomerase activity in embryos derived from parthenogenetic activation and nuclear transfer showed a dynamic profile similar to that of those derived from IVF. Telomerase activity was detected in embryos at all stages examined, with the highest level in the blastocyst stage, regardless of the method of embryo production. early development, embryo, gamete biology, in vitro fertilization, oocyte development
Isolate-specific rooting responses of Leucothoe fontanesiana cuttings to inoculation with ericoid mycorrhizal fungi

We assessed whether adding ericoid mycorrhizal fungi (EMF) to the rooting substrate during cutting propagation altered rooting and root growth of Leucothoe fontanesiana 'Rainbow'. Hardwood cuttings, treated or untreated with rooting hormone prior to sticking into rooting substrate, were grown with one of three isolates of EMF as inoculum or with no inoculum (control). Cuttings were placed under mist in a greenhouse, with no bottom heat, and harvested 63, 84 and 109 d after sticking. Cuttings in substrate inoculated with two of the three EMF isolates showed better rooting than in non-inoculated substrate 63 d after sticking. However, by the end of the experiment, there were no differences in rooting between cuttings in the different inoculation treatments. Only cuttings in pots inoculated with one of the EMF isolates had consistently higher root initiation and weight than non-inoculated cuttings at all harvest dates. Root initiation and weight of cuttings in pots inoculated with either of the other two EMF isolates were greater than non-inoculated cuttings only when the cuttings had been treated with rooting hormone. In general, roots on EMF-inoculated cuttings were less branched and longer than roots on non-inoculated cuttings. Root colonisation was positively correlated with root initiation, length and weight 63 d after sticking; while, at later harvest dates, root colonisation was positively correlated only with root weight. The ability of EMF to increase rooting during cutting propagation of easy-to-root species, may decrease root production time. EMF-induced increases in root initiation during cutting propagation appear to be related to specific plant-fungus interactions and to interactions with rooting hormone. Although there were isolate-specific differences in rooting response, EMF-induced changes in root size and anatomy appear to be time-dependent and may influence the function of the new root system relative to water use and nutrient uptake, as well as survival, during transplanting.
Ion Implanted p-n Junctions in GaAs0.6P0.4

p-n junctions have been fabricated in n-type GaAs0.6P0.4 by implanting zinc ions, at room temperature. The effect of annealing schedule upon the electrical characteristics of the implanted layers has been examined. When annealed below 550° C, the layer is p-type and has a high resistivity. If the layer is annealed between 550° C and 650° C, the layer has very high resistivity and shows no indications of p-type conduction and this is thought to be due to compensation of the electrically active zinc atoms by damage. On annealing at 700° C and above, the layer reverts to p-type conductivity and the sheet resistance falls rapidly with increasing anneal temperature. The optimum anneal temperature is found to be 800° C but not all the zinc atoms are electrically active.
The need for, and benefits of, documenting human factors efforts

This presentation describes the need for, and benefits of, documenting savings realized through the application of human factors principles. Benefits of documenting savings are described as they affect the human factors specialist, management, and the customer. Non-recurring costs which result from a human factors investment, as well as resultant savings, must be considered in determining the cost-effectiveness of the intervention. Areas in which the human factors specialist can have an impact are defined and alternative methods of reporting savings are described. Language: en
The Performance of Leveraged and Inverse Leveraged Exchange Traded Funds

We document significant abnormal daily returns to leveraged and inverse leveraged exchange-traded funds (ETFs). Abnormal returns are positive for leveraged funds and negative to inverse leveraged funds, and the magnitude increases in the absolute value of the leverage multiple. We propose and test a model linking the abnormal return performance to transactions costs associated with the frequent (daily) rebalancing necessary to maintain target exposures as well as other costs including the swap financing costs and the cost to borrow in the lending market. In the full cross-section, the results suggest funding costs associated with achieving leverage impact returns negatively (positively) for leveraged (inverse leveraged) funds. Capitalizing on a key institutional feature, analysis of pairs of mirror funds reveals transactions costs associated with the maintenance of daily leverage multiples meaningfully impact fund returns. The results are also consistent with inverse leveraged funds bearing the cost-to-borrow to the benefit of the leveraged (long) funds.
God in the bod: charting the course of research on religiosity and the body

This special issue on God in the Bod: Links between Religion, Spirituality, and Embodiment represents a milestone in the psychology of religion: the first special issue dedicated to this important ...
The voice of theology : Rethinking the personal and the objective in Christian pedagogy

L'enseignement possede un caractere christologique car il implique un moment de sacrifice de ses privileges afin d'atteindre les autres. Les enseignants ne peuvent repondre a toutes les questions des etudiants. Il faut amener les etudiants a comprendre qu'il n'existe pas de reponse facile aux problemes poses. Il est necessaire d'elargir les cadres de reference pour integrer le spirituel comme l'intellectuel, l'Eglise comme la classe, la foi comme la connaissance. L'enseignant doit se considerer comme un resistant au desir de l'etudiant. Au mieux, la classe peut juste etre une anticipation des normes et des finalites de l'ekklesia
Abstract 4214: Identifying cell surface receptor VAP targets to sensitize melanoma to chemotherapy

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Melanoma accounts for 79% of all skin cancer deaths. The incidence rate has doubled throughout the past three decades, while the survival rate remains consistently low. Melanoma is unusually lethal as it metastasizes early and is highly resistance to all available chemotherapeutics. The newest treatment utilizes a small inhibitor targeting the BRAF pathway, considering the BRAF V600E mutation occurs in 65% of clinical melanoma cases. Unfortunately, it is clear that there is both primary and acquired resistance to the drug. Recent studies demonstrate that engaging defective cell surface adhesion receptors known as integrins increases the sensitivity of melanoma to traditional DNA damaging agents. Our laboratory has identified a novel peptide denoted vinculin activating peptide (VAP) that increases integrin engagement from within the cell by targeting the integrin cytoplasmic binding partner, vinculin. Furthermore, VAP sensitizes melanoma to DNA damaging agents in vitro and in vivo. The goal of this project is to identify the cell surface target of VAP. Both α1and β3 integrins are highly over-expressed in melanoma, suggesting that VAP targets one or both of these defective integrins. To test this possibility, melanoma cells lacking β1 or β3 integrins were generated. In the absence of β1 integrins, VAP did not induce elevations in p53 levels or increase apoptosis in melanoma cell lines treated with cytotoxic agents. In addition, its ability to sensitize melanoma cells to therapeutics in biological assays was ablated. Furthermore, the β1 integrin-dependency of VAP's effect was confirmed by examining melanoma cells lacking β3 integrins. Ongoing experiments are testing the requirement for β1 integrin in mouse models of melanoma. Taken together, these findings suggest that β1 integrins are required for VAP to sensitize melanomas to chemotherapy agents. The successful completion of these studies will provide the mechanistic underpinning for a new class of therapeutics that sensitize melanomas to chemotherapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4214. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4214
G230(P) Introduction of a Daily Fruit and Vegetable Stall to the Entrance of a Tertiary Children’s Hospital

Aim A new initiative to promote healthy eating at a tertiary children’s hospital involved the pilot of a fruit and vegetable vendor to set up Monday – Saturday outside the main entrance. The staff and patient response was assessed using customer questionnaires. We also conducted a telephone survey of the 16 other UK children’s hospitals to look at their access to fruit and vegetables. Method The setting up of the stall involved discussion with a number of departments including infection control, legal services and also with current contracted caterers. It was also discussed with the council with a plan to submit planning permission subject to the arrangement continuing. The pilot was advertised on the intranet and via email to staff. Two weeks into the pilot we surveyed users of the stall at three different times of day on 3 separate days. Results were collated using Microsoft Excel. We telephoned the main desk of 16 UK children’s hospital and asked them questions relating to available access to fresh fruit and vegetables. Results Of the 42 respondents 76% were staff, the remainder being relatives of patients. There was an even spread of ages represented and the majority had opportunistically accessed the service, although some staff had specifically gone following the communication strategy. All except one respondent felt the service, value for money and fruit was good or excellent. Of the comments made regarding the contribution of the service, they were unanimously positive. Many staff commented on the fact that it helped them to eat healthily. Of the 16 other children’s hospitals 1 had a similar service in situ for 2 days a week and 1 had an ad hoc presence. Conclusion The presence of a fruit and vegetable stall by the front entrance to our institution has been universally welcomed. It is currently being used more by staff than patients who feel it promotes healthy eating. In the current climate of our obesogenic environment it is increasingly important to aid access to healthy options and we feel this is a trend that could be replicated in other children’s hospitals.
Proof Without Words: Look Ma, No Substitution!

(2001). Proof Without Words: Look Ma, No Substitution! Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 74, No. 1, pp. 55-55.
An Analysis of Isometric and Isokinetic Spinal Lifting Motions

Low back pain is a condition which, at some time, affects over half of the world's population and is also the number one cause of physical limitation for persons under 45 years of age. The etiology of most low back pain largely is unknown. However, it is known that after injury the biomechanics of the back change drastically. The present study investigates the ability of normal men and women to move and exert force with the back (as is done during lifting). Twenty men and women were monitered as they attempted to exert maximal force with the back under isometric and isokinetic conditions. The back angle and velocity of movement were controlled while torque, intra-abdominal pressure and the electromyographic activity of the ten trunk muscles monitored. The relationship between isometric and isokinetic exertions was determined as well as the interactive contribution of muscle forces and abdominal pressure to spinal loading. These results suggest new manual material handling implications as well as a new met...