cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formation of collective excitations in quasi-one-dimensional metallic nanostructures: Size and density dependence

Second, we investigate how the critical size Lcr depends on the electron density in quasi-one dimensional systems. It is known [6], that for three-dimensional nanostructures the formation of the collective response occurs for smaller system sizes with increasing of the electron density. This is intuitively understandable, since for higher electron densities there are more electrons in the nanostructure which can participate in the collective oscillations. In our simulations we find that for a fixed size L of a quasi-one dimensional system, for lower electronic densities the plasmon resonance is recovered, whereas for higher densities response of the system is found to be consistent with quantum single-particle excitations. This observation is in contrast with the optical response of three-dimensional nanostructures. We give a qualitative explanation of the observed effect based on the different scaling of the Fermi velocity in quasi-one dimensional and three-dimensional quantum systems. Furthermore, we study formation of collective response in spatially inhomogeneous systems. We suggest that such
The impact of change in definition of increased-risk donors on survival after lung transplant.

Abstract Objectives To study the impact of using the US Public Health Service broadened definition of "increased-risk" donors (2013) in comparison with "high-risk" (1994) and standard infectious risk donors on lung transplant recipient outcomes. Methods Patients who underwent lung transplant between January 1, 2006, and May 31, 2017, in the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients were divided into 2 cohorts, recipients of: (1) high-risk donors: January 1, 2006, to October 1, 2013, and (2) increased-risk donors: January 1, 2014, to May 31, 2017, and compared with matched recipients who received standard-risk donors. Risks for acute rejection, patient, and graft survival using propensity score matched cohorts, multivariable logistic, and Cox models were examined. Results In total, 18,490 lung transplant recipients were analyzed with 36% transplanted during the increased-risk donor definition period. The proportion of donors classified as nonstandard infectious risk increased with the definition change (8% high-risk donors vs 22% increased-risk donors; P Conclusions The 2013 broadened definition of donor risk increased the proportion of nonstandard infectious risk donors. Recipients of increased/high-risk donors had similar graft and patient survival compared with standard-risk donors.
Understanding the Impact of Lignocellulosic Biomass Variability on the Size Reduction Process: A Review

The importance of size reduction to the commercial deployment of biomass utilization technologies cannot be overemphasized. Size reduction is necessary to create good flowing, easily digestible lig...
Large-Print Computers: An Evaluation of Their Features:

Three large-print computers are evaluated in this article: the Apollo Computer Terminal System, the Viewscan Text System, and Visualtek Large Print Display Processor. The Apollo Professional Typing...
The “Place” of Reason

The concluding chapter organizes many of the points presented in earlier chapters under the explicit topics of the embodied intellect and the status of reason in relation to embodiment. Rather than dismissing metaphysical and rational language as wholly useless for embodied knowers, the chapter presents reason as a useful and necessary tool for structuring experience through which one may achieve actual concrete knowledge and the good. As a result, the reality of truth and the good ultimately must be actualized through the embodied faculties, powers, and singular experiences of concrete individuals. The function of reason is not to bring knowers into a separate transcendent world but to refocus and develop their activities/powers to express actual aspects of Nature. Reason as a practical ordering guides the performance of thinking such that the rational ordering becomes a lived activity and ruling of experiences so that one may generate singular intellectual-ethical truths.
The disruption of divisions

One of the less understood aspect of border fortifications is their impact on the people who live near them, including the citizens they are ostensibly designed to protect. In her new book, Wall Disease, journalist Jessica Wapner argues that these impacts include the emergence of an illness first characterized by psychologist Dietfried Muller-Hegemann in the 1970s. Drawing from his observations of a number of East Germans, Muller-Hegemann coined the term "wall disease" to describe a condition experienced by those living near physical barriers whose symptoms include a sense of social isolation, dejection, and suicidal thoughts. Wapner argues that wall disease is now a global phenomenon, resulting from the worldwide proliferation of border walls and the increasing poverty and violence found near them.
Templates for Writing PyMOL Scripts

PyMOL commands are used to exert exquisite control over the appearance of a molecular model. This control has made PyMOL popular for making images of protein structures for publications and presentations. However, many users have poor recall of the commands due to infrequent use of PyMOL. This poor recall hinders the writing of new code in scripts. One solution is to build the new script by using code fragments as templates for modular parts of the task at hand. The code fragments can be accessed from a library while writing the code from inside a text editor (e.g., Visual Studio Code, Vim, and Emacs). We developed a library of PyMOL code templates or snippets called pymolsnips to ease the writing of PyMOL code in scripts. We made pymolsnips available on GitHub in formats for 18 popular text editors. Most of the supported text editors are available for Mac, Windows, and Linux operating systems. The GitHub site includes animations that complement the instructions for installing the library for each text editor. We expect that the library will help many PyMOL users to be more productive when writing PyMOL script files.
The #BlackLivesMatter Movement: Balancing Stakeholders at Techteen

Alyssa Harris was the CEO of TechTeen, a Washington, DC, nonprofit. Like many organizations during summer 2020, TechTeen issued a statement supporting the Black Lives Matter movement. A valuable board member expressed concern, threatening to resign over the statement, which escalated discussions among staff and volunteers. The case considers how Harris should manage and respond to these issues. Harris must consider each of her stakeholders, how they might be affected, what to communicate, and how to communicate. This case enables discussion of values in addition to managing public opinion. The teaching note for this case guides the instructor to: (1) map the issues, stakeholders, and potential actions relevant to the case; and (2) critically assess the multiple aspects of the case that apply in business settings. Excerpt UVA-BC-0276 Feb. 11, 2021 The #BlackLivesMatter Movement: Balancing Stakeholders at TechTeen The Situation Alyssa Harris sighed as she read a text message at 9:00 p.m. on Wednesday. A board leader had updated her: 30 min. conversation with Melanie she's clearly been thinking about this for a while, not sure we'll change her mind. As the CEO of a Washington, DC, nonprofit, TechTeen, Harris spent about 50% of her time managing staff, 25% managing the advisory board, and 25% of her time in the community. Her relationship with the advisory board was a complicated one because the board members volunteered their time, provided Harris with valuable guidance, were significant financial contributors, and were responsible for hiring (and firing) the CEO. TechTeen was about to lose Melanie Hobson as a board member, which presented a thorny problem . . .
Perilunate Dislocation: ORIF

Perilunate dislocations (PLD) and fracture-dislocations (PLFD) are high-energy injuries that require prompt recognition and treatment. Missed injuries or inappropriate treatment can result in disability due to stiffness, weakness, and pain. Prompt recognition and closed reduction are indicated to avoid deficits associated with prolonged median nerve compression. The goal of surgical treatment is to reduce carpal malalignment, repair intrinsic and extrinsic wrist ligaments, and provide skeletal stability. Early intervention combined with postoperative physical therapy often results in good functional outcomes and the ability to return to a previous level of work.
Research on Violence: The Ethical Equation

This symposium is generally concerned with the relationships between brain electrical activity and behavior observed in the laboratory. New and exciting methods for eliciting, storing, interpreting, and communicating information have been described. The application of these observations, methods, and models to the understanding of behaviors occurring outside the laboratory is inevitable. Yet, when we leave the animal model, and then we subsequently leave the laboratory, and finally when we leave the hospital to consider behavior as it occurs in other institutions and in the community, streets, and homes, we evoke a new set of methodological, procedural, and ethical considerations.
Functions of fear versus anxiety

This chapter presents an ethological perspective of the nature and functions of fear and anxiety to understand what it is that becomes disordered. The threat imminence model represents an ethological perspective of the basic nature and functions of fear and anxiety. This model provides a framework for explaining response profiles at any given point in time—for explaining a shift from a state of worry to a state of panic. The relevance of the threat imminence model to the anxiety disorders can be best addressed through a number of questions, such as—whether or not anxiety disorders as a group, are fueled by elevated threat imminence relative to non-anxious groups, is threat judged to be more imminent across a broader array of stimuli for some anxiety disorders versus others, and whether the anxiety disorders represent heightened manifestation of worry as well as fear, and evaluated responding to contextual as well as explicit threat cues. Overgeneralization of responding to contextual stimuli may be the most characteristic feature of anxiety disorders. Also, the relative importance of each defensive response system varies for each anxiety disorder. The chapter also addresses whether or not generalized anxiety disorder loads more heavily on worry responses than posttraumatic stress disorders. Finally, the chapter reveals if over-activation of one defensive response increases the propensity for other defensive responses.
Selecting And Implementing The Best Group Replacement Policy For A Non Markovian System

One of the most important procedures in the process of designing a new piece of equipment which ages over time is to set up the optimal preventive maintenance schedule. The schedule is usually based on laboratory experiments during the design period. Once the equipment starts producing goods on the manufacturing floor or in the computer lab, managers and engineers schedule preventive or, if necessary, corrective maintenance over time to keep the system operational. In general they will follow the recommended procedure obtained with the new piece of equipment.
Foreign investment and industrial transformation

Abstract The causes and consequences of ‘denationalization’, that is, the shift from local to foreign ownership, are examined for the case of the Brazilian pharmaceutical industry. The negative consequences that have been attributed to denationalization by 'dependency theory' are substantiated, but only in part. It is argued that the most interesting contrasts are not between the behavior of foreign and local firms in the industry but between the private sector and a recently created state enterprise, and that future analysis of dependent capitalist development should focus on the interaction of the state and foreign capital.
Compare, Support and Inform: One Approach to the Common Core Standards in the Social Studies

A review of key components of the ELA Standards and their connection to Social Studies Education is provided. The authors propose the CSI Method: Compare, Support and Inform, as a means to incorporate the core literacy skills of reading, writing and speaking into the social studies classroom. This method links directly to inquiry-based learning, interdisciplinary instruction and the Common Core State Standards. The authors outline how teachers can use resources that they currently have available to them to provide students with a deeper connection to the content, as set forth in the National Council for the Social Studies purpose for social studies education. The framework provided demonstrates a successful merger of the skills needed for competency in ELA standards and the social studies.
Modeling hydrologic and water quality extremes in a changing climate: A statistical approach based on extreme value theory

[1] Although information about climate change and its implications is becoming increasingly available to water utility managers, additional tools are needed to translate this information into secondary products useful for local assessments. The anticipated intensification of the hydrologic cycle makes quantifying changes to hydrologic extremes, as well as associated water quality effects, of particular concern. To this end, this paper focuses on using extreme value statistics to describe maximum monthly flow distributions at a given site, where the nonstationarity is derived from concurrent climate information. From these statistics, flow quantiles are reconstructed over the historic record and then projected to 2100. This paper extends this analysis to an associated source water quality impact, whereby the corresponding risk of exceeding a water quality threshold is examined. The approach is applied to a drinking water source in the Pacific Northwest United States that has experienced elevated turbidity values correlated with high streamflow. Results demonstrate that based on climate change information from the most recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessment report, the variability and magnitude of extreme streamflows substantially increase over the 21st century. Consequently, the likelihood of a turbidity exceedance increases, as do the associated relative costs. The framework is general and could be applied to estimate extreme streamflow under climate change at other locations, with straightforward extensions to other water quality variables that depend on extreme hydroclimate.
One and a Half Centuries of Forgetting and Rediscovering: Virchow’s Lasting Contributions to Social Medicine

Since Rudolf Virchow’s classical work in social medicine appeared during the midnineteenth century, succeeding generations have largely forgotten its message and only later have rediscovered the conditions of society that generate illness and mortality. Now, when diseaseproducing features of the workplace and environment threaten the survival of humanity and other life forms, it is not surprising that such problems would receive attention. Current work on the social determinants of health outcomes, however, rarely traces its earlier intellectual history. Instead, this work tends to spring forth as new discoveries, as though prior generations had not made similar observations and had not reached similar conclusions about the social causation of illness and death. Virchow’s contributions to social medicine, as well as his life as a political activist trying to change the illness-generating conditions of society, remain vital, even as we confront the increasingly grotesque problems engendered by such problems as global warming, toxic wastes, occupational and environmental carcinogens, and commercialization of water supplies. His vision of the largely social origins of illness deserves more than the obscurity into which much of his work has fallen. In this brief preface to Virchow’s report on the Silesian typhus epidemic, which he published during the intense revolutionary struggles of 1848 in Europe, I try to put his report in the context of Virchow’s life and social conditions. I also describe some of Virchow’s later impacts on such fields as Latin American social medicine.
Radiation properties of leaky modes near the spectral gap region for semi‐infinite printed‐circuit lines

[1] The radiation field from a leaky mode on a semi-infinite printed-circuit line is investigated. Asymptotic formulas for the radiation field are presented for a mode that is either in the physical region (a fast wave with respect to the substrate mode into which leakage occurs), or in the spectral-gap region (a slow wave). These formulas, as well as a numerically exact representation of the leaky-mode radiation field, are used to examine the nature of the radiation field and to study how it changes as the leaky mode transitions from the physical region to the spectral-gap region. A comparison is made between the field radiated by the leaky-mode current and that radiated by a practical probe feed that launches the semi-infinite leaky mode current. Another comparison is made between the field radiated by the leaky-mode current and the exact field radiated by the total current that is excited by a practical gap voltage source on an infinite line.
Relocating Gentrification: The Working Class, Science and the State in Recent Urban Research

This article amplifies Tom Slater's diagnosis of the causes of the gentrification of recent gentrification research. It argues that the shift from the denunciation to the celebration of gentrification, the elision of the displacement of the established residents, and the euphemistic focus on ‘social mixing’ partake of a broader pattern of invisibility of the working class in the public sphere and social inquiry. This effacing of the proletariat in the city is reinforced by the growing heteronomy of urban research, as the latter becomes more tightly tethered to the concerns of city rulers. Both tendencies, in turn, reveal and abet the shifting role of the state from provider of social support for lower-income populations to supplier of business services and amenities for middle- and upper-class urbanites — among them the cleansing of the built environment and the streets from the physical and human detritus wrought by economic deregulation and welfare retrenchment. To build better models of the changing nexus of class and space in the neoliberal city, we need to relocate gentrification in a broader and sturdier analytic framework by revising class analysis to capture the (de)formation of the postindustrial proletariat, resisting the seductions of the prefabricated problematics of policy, and giving pride of place to the state as producer of sociospatial inequality.
Studies on California ants: a review of the genus Temnothorax (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

The following ten new species of the ant genus Temnothorax are described and illustrated: T. anaphalantus (California, Baja California), T. arboreus (California), T. caguatan (Oregon, California, Baja California), T. morongo (California, Baja California), T. myrmiciformis (California, Baja California), T. nuwuvi (Nevada), T. paiute (California, Nevada), T. pseudandrei (Arizona, California), T. quasimodo (California) and T. wardi (California). A key to workers of the twenty-two Temnothorax species known or expected to occur in California is provided.
A MENage à Trois in leukemia.

Menin binds to the N terminus of the chromatin-remodeling histone methyltransferase MLL and is essential for the transforming activity of at least several oncogenic MLL fusion proteins. In this issue, Yokoyama and Cleary (2008) show that menin's essential, and perhaps only, contribution to leukemia is to tether a third protein, LEDGF—a chromatin-associated protein implicated in leukemia and several other disease states—to MLL. Thus, this study identifies a new, critical player in leukemias caused by MLL fusion proteins and defines the biochemical function of menin in the MLL complex.
Cerebellar corticonuclear and nucleocortical projections in the vermis of posterior lobe of the rat as studied with anterograde and retrograde transport of WGA-HRP

Abstract Corticonuclear (CN) and nucleocortical (NC) projections of the cerebellum were studied in rats by using antero- and retrograde transport of wheatgerm agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). Following minute injections of WGA-HRP in different folia for vermal lobules VI–VIII, a rostrocaudal topography was observed in the CN projection; lobules VIa and VIb, c projected to distinctly separate areas in the ipsilateral fastigial nucleus (FN): VIa projected to the ventral part of the medial subdivision of the FN (FNm), whereas VIb, c projected to the dorsocaudal part of the caudomedial subdivision of the FN (FNcm) and to the caudal FNm. The terminals from lobules VIb, c and VII occupied partially overlapping areas in the caudal part of the ipsilateral FNcm and FNm. A few terminal fibers were also seen in the dorsolateral protuberance of the FN (dlp). The fibers from vermal lobule VIII terminated in the ipsilateral rostral FNcm and in the FNm. The latter terminal area was divided into two parts: a smaller dorsal and a larger ventral part that in turn overlapped almost completely with the terminal area of fibers from lobule VIa. Retrogradely labeled fastigial neurons were found in the areas of the FN where Purkinje-cell (P-cell) axons from the respective injection sites terminated. In addition, retrogradely labeled fastigial neurons were scattered in areas outside the P-cell terminal fields on the injection side and in the contralateral FN.
Ultrasound of the Scrotum

Ultrasound is a vital adjunct to clinical examination in diagnosing scrotal disease, as a number of different processes may present similarly. Potential applications range from the acute emergency to long-term screening as well as cases in which a distinct scrotal abnormality may or may not be palpable. Differentiating acute epididymitis/epididymoorchitis from testicular torsion is possible sonographically, thereby guiding appropriate medical or surgical management. Distinguishing between cystic, solid, or complex scrotal masses is readily performed with this modality. It clearly depicts simple versus complex hydroceles and determines the presence of underlying testicular or epididymal disease. Not only is ultrasound the best imaging modality for longitudinal screening in patients (testicular microlithiasis, cryptorchidism) at risk for testicular tumors, it also provides valuable information in the infertile male by documenting the presence or absence of a varicocele.
Probing nanoconfined water in zeolite cages: H atom dynamics and spectroscopy

Time-resolved and CW EPR were used to study radiolytically generated H atoms in water/ice nanoclusters in NaA, NaX, NaY, and HY zeolites. H atoms dynamic properties and spectroscopy parameters are sensitive to the structural changes of water due to the nanoconfinement. Transient H atoms in HY and NaY zeolites segregate into two different domains: sodalite and super cages. In NaX zeolite only H atoms from super cages were observed. H atoms are created in both silica phase and adsorbed water by radiolytic processes. The decay of H atoms occurs predominantly via reaction with the radiation-induced defects in silica.
Temporal measurements of spectrally resolved optical emission from CO2 laser-produced plasmas

Abstract Time-resolved measurements have revealed many interesting features in harmonic emissions. These measurements allow us to infer details about laser plasma interaction dynamics such as temporal behavior of electron density and temperature distribution as well as enhanced target absorption.
Modulation transfer in an electromagnetically induced transparency system

Near ideal electromagnetically induced transparency conditions, coupling laser detuning is modulated with frequency ?. The transfer function T(?) describing modulated absorption of the weak probe beam is calculated as a function of ?. Effects on T(?) by various parameters are determined. Experimental measurements are in good agreement with predictions.
Cooperative neural processes involved in stereoscopic acuity

Results of psychophysical experiments are reported showing that synchrony, appropriate relative placement, and absence of standing disparity are important conditions to be met by members of a target configuration if they are to participate in the cooperative neural processes leading to the best disparity discrimination. Consecutive binocular presentation of the members of a stereo target decreases stereoacuity by a factor of about 10, and a step disparity displacement of a single line target needs to be larger still to be detected as a depth stimulus. A standing disparity of even one minute of arc at least doubles the disparity discrimination threshold. It is postulated that a differencing mechanism operates on the depth signal of individual features; the temporal and spatial optima of target presentation for stereoscopic acuity outline the character of the concerned operations.
Inductive inference in the limit

There is an enormous and interesting theoretical literature1 on inductive inference which remains largely unknown to philosophers of science, even though a philosopher, Hilary Putnam, may be said to have initiated it2. The work in this tradition concerns algorithms for inferring recursive functions from finite samples of their graphs. Informally, an inductive machine is an algorithm which is given larger and larger samples of the graph of a partial or total recursive function which the machine attempts to identify. The machine or algorithm produces at various stages a program which computes a recursive function. The machine is said to identify the target function if at some point it produces a program which computes that very function, and thereafter, no matter how much more of the graph of the target function it sees, continues to produce the same program. A weaker notion, that of behaviorally correct identification, does not require that in order to identify the target function the machine converge to a single program. Instead it requires only that the machine converge to a (possibly infinite) set of programs, all of which compute the target function. A class of functions is said to be identified by a machine if the machine identifies every function in the class. This framework has been adapted to characterize abstract versions of learning languages in the limit. A natural question is whether a similar framework can be developed for learning first order theories. What follows is an attempt to present such a conception, and to describe what place Hempel’s ideas about confirmation have within it. There are many definitions, some examples, no theorems, and a great deal left to be investigated.
Theory-based design for easily learned interfaces

Many important computer applications require that users be able to use them effectively with little or no formal training. Current examples include bank teller machines and airport information kiosks. Today successful systems of this kind can only be developed by iteration using costly empirical testing. This article aims to provide a theoretical foundation for the design of such systems, a model of learning by exploration called CE+. The theory incorporates assumptions from (a) the GOMS model and cognitive complexity theory (CCT) on the representation of procedural knowledge as productions, (b) the EXPL model on learning from examples, and (c) research on problem-solving processes for simple puzzlelike problems. Design guidelines for systems that can be learned by exploration, "design for successful guessing," are derived from the theory. These principles are compared with those developed by Norman (1988).
Interview schedule for children and adolescents (ISCA).

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the development, use, and psychometric properties of the semistructured, symptom-oriented Interview Schedule for Children and Adolescents (ISCA) and its versions suitable for reevaluation. Method Data are summarized on the reliability, construct validity, and predictive validity of symptom ratings and resultant diagnoses, and information regarding the feasibility of a version of the ISCA for young adult subjects is presented. Results The evidence suggests that these instruments yield reliable symptom ratings and diagnoses relevant to a wide range of syndromes and diagnoses over time and that the ISCA is useful with psychiatric and pediatric medical populations. Conclusions The ISCA and its follow-up versions are useful clinical tools in research focusing on developmental psychopathology.
TranScreen-N: Method for rapid screening of trans-ungual drug delivery enhancers.

Topical monotherapy of nail diseases such as onychomycosis and nail psoriasis has been less successful due to poor permeability of the human nail plate to topically administered drugs. Chemical enhancers are utilized to improve the drug delivery across the nail plate. Choosing the most effective chemical enhancers for the given drug and formulation is highly critical in determining the efficacy of topical therapy of nail diseases. Screening the large pool of enhancers using currently followed diffusion cell experiments would be tedious and expensive. The main objective of this study is to develop TranScreen-N™, a high throughput method of screening trans-ungual drug permeation enhancers. It is a rapid microwell plate based method which involves two different treatment procedures; the simultaneous exposure treatment and the sequential exposure treatment. In the present study, several chemicals were evaluated by TranScreen-N™ and by diffusion studies in the Franz diffusion cell (FDC). Good agreement of in vitro drug delivery data with TranScreen-N™ data provided validity to the screening technique. In TranScreen-N™ technique, the enhancers can be grouped according to whether they need to be applied before or simultaneously with drugs (or by either procedures) to enhance the drug delivery across the nail plate. TranScreen-N™ technique can significantly reduce the cost and duration required to screen trans-ungual drug delivery enhancers. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 98:4264–4271, 2009
Acquisition valuations of withdrawn IPOs: When IPO plans turn into mergers

Abstract We examine the acquisition valuations of withdrawn-IPOs – private targets that are acquired after they file and then withdraw their IPOs – to examine how IPO registration and withdrawal affect valuations of withdrawn-IPOs in their subsequent mergers. We find that these “almost public” withdrawn-IPOs sell at a significant acquisition premium relative to comparable pure private targets that never file IPO registration and at acquisition valuations similar to comparable public targets. The premium persists only for withdrawn-IPOs that are acquired before their IPO withdrawals after other factors are controlled for. These findings confirm that there is a significantly positive (negative) valuation impact of IPO registration (IPO withdrawal) on withdrawn-IPOs’ subsequent acquisitions. The two effects offset each other for withdrawn-IPOs that are acquired after their IPO withdrawals.
Effects of Soy Protein on the Crystallization and Dielectric Properties of PEG/PEG Copolymers

The effects of SP on the crystallization and dielectric properties of PEG and PE-b-PEG are studied. POM, SEM, DSC, FTIR, and dielectric spectroscopy are used to analyze the interaction between PEG and SP. The results indicate that the involvement of the nonpolar hydrophobic PE block improves the compatibility between PEG and SP. The melting temperature and crystallinity of the PEG block in the copolymer decrease by 85 and 81%, respectively. In contrast, the melting peak does not show any shift and the crystallinity decreases only slightly (less than 6%) in pure PEG. Concomitant with the increase in the amorphous characteristics of the polymer, there is a strong decrease in the dielectric constant in the blend of copolymer and SP, indicating a strong interaction between SP and copolymer.
NON-DEGENERATE SOLUTIONS OF BOUNDARY-VALUE PROBLEMS

(Received 7 September 1978) together with homogeneous Dirichlet or Neumann boundary conditions. Suppose that f is "cubic-like", i.e., f( - A) = f(0) = f(B) = 0, A, B > 0, and f'(0) > 0. Clearly u = 0 is a solution, and it is also well-known that as s -+ 0, non-constant solutions bifurcate out of the zero solution& Our aim is to determine whether these non-constant solutions undergo bifurcations as s + 0. Solutions which do not bifurcate are termed "non-degenerate". A solution us(x) of (l), together with the given boundary conditions, is called "strongly non-degenerate" if and only if the equation su" + f'(u@))u = 0 together with the same boundary conditions implies u E 0. A straightforward application of the implicit function theorem shows that a strongly non- degenerate solution is non-degenerate. Our object in this paper is to derive an easily checked non-degeneracy condition and to show that when our condition holds non-degenerate solutions are also strongly non-degenerate. We consider general systems of equations in the plane, subject to linear homogeneous bound- ary conditions. Our technique is to rephrase the problem in a qualitative geometric way where our non-degeneracy condition is easily derivable. We shall also show that if our condition is ever violated, then we can find a boundary-value problem which admits a degenerate solution. In the second part of the paper, we shall attack the problem by topological methods; we feel that these techniques should prove useful for other types of problems. Thus for equations of the form (1) we shall consider first the homogeneous Neumann problem and we shall explicitly construct local conjugations of the associated one-parameter family of vector fields Xs =
Chemical Control of Excitable Membranes during Electrical Activity

Excitable membranes are endowed with the «special ability to change rapidly permeability to ions. The ion movements thereby effected are the carriers of electric currents which propagate nerve impulses along nerve and muscle fibers. There is no alternative to the assumption that these extremely precise, specific, rapid and reversible changes of the membrane permeability are controlled by chemical reactions. The small initial heat during the activity of nerve fibers, measured some 40 years ago by A. V. Hill and his associates, was attributed by H o d g ki n [1], in 1951, to ion mixing, thereby excluding chemical processes. The recent heat production measurements of A. V. Hill and his associates [2] have virtually eliminated this interpretation.
Intraseasonal Interactions between Temperature and Vegetation over the Boreal Forests

Abstract This paper uses statistical and analytical techniques to investigate intraseasonal interactions between temperature and vegetation [surrogated by the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)] over the boreal forests. Results indicate that interactions between the two fields may be approximated as a coupled second-order system, in which the variability of NDVI and temperature of the current month is significantly regulated by lagged NDVI anomalies from the preceding two months. In particular, the influence from the one-month lagged NDVI anomalies upon both temperature and vegetation variability is generally positive, but the influence from the second-month lagged NDVI anomalies is often negative. Such regulations lead to an intrinsic oscillatory variability of vegetation at growing-season time scales across the study domain. The regulation of temperature variability by NDVI anomalies is most significant over interior Asia (Siberia), suggesting strong vegetation–atmosphere couplings over these...
Effects of reward distribution and performance feedback on competitive responding.

To implement competitive contingencies, one must select a distribution of unequal rewards and a schedule of feedback for competitors regarding one another's performance. This study investigated three bases for distributing rewards and two performance feedback conditions. Pairs of college students competed over a series of 2-min contests in which the competitive response was a knob pull. A sum of money was divided using a proportional distribution or one of two fixed reward distributions. In the proportional distribution, a subject's proportion of the sum was his or her proportion of the total number of responses. The two fixed distributions were divisions of 100%/0% or 67%/33%. Also, in every contest either subject could make a response that would end the contest prematurely and give both subjects the same amount—a sum equal to 33% of the competitive total. In the two feedback conditions, cumulative responses by each subject were either shown to both subjects during the contest or were not shown. The proportional distribution was clearly superior to either of the fixed distributions in number of responses produced across contests. The proportional distribution with feedback produced the largest number of competitive responses, and the 100%/0% distribution without feedback produced the smallest number. Differences among distributions typically emerged only during later blocks of contests. Fixed distributions of rewards often produced decelerating rates of responding, with losing competitors ending the contests before they were completed. Response-rate decreases were greatest for pairs in which the 2 subjects differed most in their response rates and proportion of wins. The presence of feedback had a small effect, increasing responding for some pairs in the 100%/0% distribution. Performance patterns were interpreted in terms of the consequences arranged for the individual participants by the reward distributions and differences in performance between competitors.
Signal-to-Noise Ratios in Coherent Soft Limiters

Expressions for the output signal-to-noise power ratio of a bandpass soft limiter followed by a coherent detection device are presented and discussed. It is found that a significant improvement in the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at low input SNR's can be achieved by such soft limiters as compared to hard limiters. This indicates that the soft limiter may be of some use in the area of threshold extension. Approximation methods for determining output signal-to-noise spectral densities are also presented.
Flexural–torsional buckling of misaligned axially moving beams. I. Three-dimensional modeling, equilibria, and bifurcations

Abstract The equations of motion for the flexural–flexural–torsional–extensional dynamics of a beam are generalized to the field of axially moving continua by including the effects of translation speed and initial tension. The governing equations are simplified on the basis of physically justifiable assumptions and are shown to reduce to simpler models published in the literature. The resulting nonlinear equations of motion are used to investigate the flexural–torsional buckling of translating continua such as belts and tapes caused by parallel pulley misalignment. The effect of pulley misalignment on the steady motion (equilibrium) solutions and the bifurcation characteristics of the system are investigated numerically. The system undergoes multiple pitchfork bifurcations as misalignment is increased, with out-of-plane equilibria born at each bifurcation. The amount of misalignment to cause buckling and the post-buckled shapes are determined for various translation speeds and ratios of the flexural stiffnesses in the two bending planes. Increasing translation speed decreases the misalignment necessary to cause flexural–torsional buckling. In Part II of the present work, the stability and vibration characteristics of the planar and non-planar equilibria are analyzed.
The electrophysiologic basis, surgical development and clinical results of the maze procedure for atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation

After over a decade of experimental and clinical research into the basic mechanisms underlying atrial fibrillation, we were able to develop a surgical procedure that appears to cure the arrhythmia. This surgical procedure has now been applied in 100 patients in our institution and in an aggregate total of approximately 130 patients by surgeons in other institutions, including Drs. McCarthy (Cleveland Clinic), Bonchek and Vazales (Lancaster, Pa.), Damiano (Medical College of Virginia), Laks (UCLA), Hammon (Bowman-Gray), Crawford (Medical University of South Carolina), Morris (Mayo Clinic), Brodman (Albert Einstein), Lawrie (Baylor), Johnson (Sydney), Kosakai and Jsobe (Tokyo), Cheung (Seoul), Landymore (Halifax), Bredikis (Kaunas), Bokeria (Moscow), Jatene (Sau Paulo), Large (London), and Yacoub (London). 37 The surgical results have been excellent, indicating that sophisticated electrophysiologic mapping systems are unnecessary and that the results are not surgeonspecific.
Linkage of the Preimplantation-Embryo-Development (Ped) Gene to the Mouse Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

The preimplantation -embryo -development (Ped) gene influences the rate of cleavage division of preimplantation mouse embryos. The location of the Ped gene in the mouse major histocompatibility complex (MHC), the H-2 complex, has been inferred from the analysis of cleavage rates of embryos from mouse strains congenic at the H-2 complex. In this paper, formal genetic linkage studies were undertaken to evaluate linkage of the Ped gene to the H-2 complex. Co-segregation of Ped gene phenotype and H-2 haplotype was found in back-cross embryos. These data support the hypothesis that the Ped gene is linked to the H-2 complex.
Automated Automotive Tire Inflation System – Effect of Tire Pressure on Vehicle Handling

Abstract The under-inflation of pneumatic tires, a typical problem in sedans and light duty vehicles, affects the vehicle's handling characteristics. An automated tire monitoring and inflation system can ensure adequate tire pressure to better accommodate handling requirements. In this paper, the variance of longitudinal and lateral forces, plus aligning torque, have been numerically investigated for different tire inflation pressures using the STI tire model. The tire/road interface results were integrated into a comprehensive simulation to evaluate vehicle handling behavior. A quadruple lane change test revealed that the required steering wheel angle increased by up to 47.7% for front axle tire inflation pressures at 70% of nominal values, whereas the vehicle slip angle was up to 77.8% larger when all tires were inflated to 70% of the recommended pressure. These results suggest that under-inflated front axle tires result in understeer tendencies while rear axle under-inflation creates oversteer behavior.
Improved quality zircon nozzles for continuous steelcasting

An incorrect drying schedule is the main source of internal cracks in zircon nozzles. Cracking can be prevented either by drying the nozzles by an extended schedule (8 days at 30°C, 2 days at 50°C, and 1 or 2 days at 110°C) or by using ACPB instead of s. s.l. and drying the nozzles by a shorter schedule.
On the relationship between magnetic fields and supergranule velocity fields

The size, correlation lifetime, and horizontal velocity amplitude of supergranules in regions with different magnetic activity have been investigated. These parameters are found to be similar in supergranule velocity cells in the unipolar enhanced magnetic network regions and in the mixed-polarity quiet sun. The velocity pattern of moving magnetic features surrounding a decaying sunspot is also considered.
Long-term Prognosis (15 to 26 Years) after Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot: I. Survival and Symptomatic Status

Abstract One hundred eighty-two patients with tetralogy of Fallot repaired before or during 1967 were studied by interview, physical examination, and noninvasive testing. Twenty were excluded from the final analysis because review of cineangiograms and operative reports disclosed that they had had double-chambered right ventricle rather than tetralogy of Fallot. On follow-up ranging from 15 to 26 years (mean, 20.2 years), there were 86 patients in New York Heart Association Functional Class I, 53 in Class II, 5 in Class III, and none in Class IV. There were 9 late deaths. Functional classification was not ascertained in the remaining 9 patients. Cumulative survival at 25 years postoperatively was 94.4%. There was no significant relationship between survival and year of operation, age at operation, sex, or presence of a prior shunt. The 9 late deaths occurred between 6 and 23 years after operation and were due to late-onset complete heart block in 2 patients, congestive failure in 4, suicide in 1, accident in 1, and an unknown cause in 1. We conclude that long-term survival after repair of tetralogy of Fallot is excellent and not influenced by prior shunt.
Temperature dependence of excitation energy transport in a benzene branching molecular system

The dynamics of excitation energy transport in a benzene centered branched molecule are presented. This system contains pyridine distrylbenzene (pyridine-DSB) chromophores attached to the benzene center giving the 1,3,5-tris((E)-2-{4-[(E)-2-pyridin-4-ylvinyl]phenyl}vinyl)-2,4,6-trimethylbenzene (T155) multi-chromophore system. Excitation energy transport was investigated by ultra-fast time resolved fluorescence anisotropy measurements. A depolarization time of ∼800 fs was observed at room temperature and the anisotropy decay time increased at lower temperatures while a new fast decay component appeared. The anisotropy decay residual value was found to decrease systematically with decreasing temperature. From consideration of both steady-state and time-resolved results it is found that the benzene branching center has excitations localized on pyridine-DSB chromophores at room temperature. The appearance of fast anisotropy decay component in addition to slow (∼1 ps) component at low temperature suggests that energy transfer dynamics approaches the intermediate (crossover) characteristics of incoherent and coherent regimes.
Facile Preparation of Inside-Out Plasma Membrane Vesicles from Tumor Cells for Functional Studies of Pharmacologically Relevant Translocating ATPases

Abstract A reasonably facile and effective procedure is described for the preparation of inside-out plasma membrane vesicles from tumor cells. The method incorporates nitrogen cavitation, optimized with respect to the applied N 2 pressure, in the absence of added divalent cations followed by differential centrifugation and discontinuous, sucrose gradient centrifugation. With the three tumor cell types utilized, multidrug-resistant (MEL/VCR-6) and parental (MEL/O) murine erythroleukemia cells and methotrexate-resistant (L1210/R24) L1210 leukemia cells, yields were in the range of 8-12 mg of plasma membrane vesicles/10 10 cells at a purity of 87-94% with average inside-out sidedness among preparations varying from 65 to 93% depending upon the cell type. Inside-out plasma membrane vesicles so derived were capable of sustaining ATP-dependent transport inward of two common antitumor cytotoxic agents, vinblastine and methotrexate. The former was demonstrated with inside-out vesicles from only P-glycoprotein-overexpressing, multidrug-resistant MEL/VCR-6 cells, while the latter was readily demonstrated in inside-out vesicles from all three cell types.
Human sarcomas contain RNA related to the RNA of a mouse leukemia virus

Labeled DNA complementary to the RNA of the Rauscher leukemia virus was hybridized with RNA from the polysome fraction of human sarcomas. Eighteen out of 25 specimens contained RNA possessing homology to the RNA of the mouse leukemia virus but not to that of the unrelated viruses causing mammary tumors in mice or myeloblastosis in chickens. Further, no normal adult or fetal tissues showed significant amounts of RNA specific to mouse leukemia virus. It appears that human sarcomas contain RNA sequences homologous to those found in an agent related to a virus known to cause sarcomas in mice.