cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seven Years Later: Effects of a Neighborhood Mobility Program on Poor Black and Latino Adults’ Well-being

This study explored program effects on adults' well-being seven years following the implementation of a court-ordered neighborhood mobility program. Low-income black and Latino adults residing in poor, segregated neighborhoods in Yonkers, New York were randomly selected to relocate to publicly funded townhouses in middle-class neighborhoods within the city. Adults who moved (n = 141) and demographically similar adults who were not selected to move (n = 106) were interviewed. Data indicate that 85 percent of adults who moved to the new housing remained there at follow-up. Results revealed that adults who moved resided in neighborhoods with higher collective efficacy and less disorder and danger but had fewer neighborhood social ties than adults who stayed in poor neighborhoods. Movers were also more likely to work and less likely to receive welfare than nonmovers. Adults who remained in low-poverty neighborhoods at the time of the follow-up reported better physical health than adults residing in poor neighborhoods, but mental health did not vary by neighborhood.
CRYSTAL AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF 4-TERT-BUTYLPHOSPHORINANE 1-SULFIDE DERIVATIVES

Abstract Three derivatives of the parent 4-tert-butylphosphorinane sulfide were prepared and investigated by single crystal X-ray diffraction: trans-4-tert-butyl-1-phenoxyphosphorinane sulfide (2a) and the cis and trans isomers of 4-tert-butyl-1-phenylphosphorinane sulfide (3b and 3a, respectively). Crystallographic data for 2a: space group P21/n (No. 14) with a = 6.1670(6) A, b = 10.999(1) A, c = 23.275(2) A, β = 94.978(7)°, V = 1572.7(5) A3, and Dcalc = 1.193 g cm−3 for Z = 4, R = 0.040; for 3a: space group C2/c (No. 15) with a = 25.826(3) A, b = 6.427(1) A, c = 20.050(3) A, β = 111.57(1)°, V = 3094(1) A3, and Dcalc = 1.143 g cm−3 for Z = 8, R = 0.043; for 3b: space group P21/c (No. 14) with a = 6.2914(7) A, b = 11.632(1) A, c = 21.088(1) A, β = 96.892(7)°, V = 1532.1(4) A3, and Dcalc = 1.155 g cm−3 for Z = 4, R = 0.048. In every structure the phosphorinane ring adopts a chair conformation with tert-butyl group in an equatorial position. The relative spatial arrangement of the latter and the phenoxy or ...
Religion as schedule-induced behavior.

In this article, I argue that a class of religious behaviors exists that is induced, for prepared organisms, by specific stimuli that are experienced according to a response-independent schedule. Like other schedule-induced behaviors, the members of this class serve as minimal units out of which functional behavior may arise. In this way, there exist two classes of religious behavior: nonoperant schedule-induced behaviors and operant behaviors. This dichotomy is consistent with the distinction insisted upon by religious scholars and philosophers between “graceful” and “effortful” religious behaviors. Embracing the distinction allows an explanation of many aspects of religious experience and behavior that have been overlooked or disregarded by other scientific approaches to religion.
Substitution of 5′ helper virus sequences into non-rel portion of reticuloendotheliosis virus strain T suppresses transformation of chicken spleen cells

Abstract The genome of the highly oncogenic avian retrovirus reticuloendotheliosis virus strain T (REV-T) differs from that of the helper virus reticuloendotheliosis virus strain A by a substitution ( rel ) and a large deletion. Further deletions, constructed in vitro, within the helper-virus-related sequences of REV-T have little effect on the ability of the virus to transform chicken spleen cells in vitro. However, deletions that extend into rel abolish transformation. Substitution of helper-virus-related sequences for the deleted region in the non- rel portion of REV-T also abolishes transformation. Viruses with revertant phenotype were obtained both spontaneously and by construction in vitro from these substituted recombinants. The revertant viruses have various mutations, including deletions and insertions, in the helper-virus-related sequences. Thus the additional helper-virus-related sequences suppress expression of transformation in cis, and the deletion in REV-T seems necessary for expression of the transforming properties of the virus.
The Moral Accounting of Terrorism: Competing Interpretations of September 11, 2001

Drawing on comparative case studies, the research elucidates competing constructions of justice, responsibility, and victimhood articulated in response to September 11, 2001 on three digital discourse fora in Brazil, France, and the United States. The research extracts the moral metaphors through which Brazilian, French, and American participants judge the terrorist acts. It contrasts the underlying moral accounting schemes employed to legitimize or delegitimize the use of terrorism on 9/11. Two contrasting standpoints on political violence and associated moral underpinnings are elucidated: the morality of retribution and the morality of absolute goodness (Lakoff 2002). One ideological faction uses the morality of retribution to hold the US accountable for inciting the terrorists to act. For these individuals, political violence can be seen as a form of action that upholds a binary framing of moral order in which all moral debts must be paid. By contrast, opposing camps employ the morality of absolute goodness to condemn the terrorists by arguing that terrorist violence is inherently unjustifiable, as it necessarily results in human suffering.
Initiation of Duck Hepatitis B Virus Infection Requires Cleavage by a Furin-Like Protease

The entry mechanism of hepatitis B virus (HBV) has not been defined, and this impedes development of antiviral therapies aimed at an early step in the viral life cycle. HBV infection has both host and tissue specificities. For the related duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV), duck carboxypeptidase D (DCPD) has been proposed as the species-specific docking receptor, while glycine decarboxylase (DGD) may serve as a tissue-specific cofactor or secondary receptor. DGD binds to several truncated versions of the viral large envelope protein but not to the full-length protein, suggesting a need for proteolytic cleavage of the envelope protein by a furin-like proprotein convertase. In the present study, we found that transfected DCPD could confer DHBV binding to non-duck cell lines but that this was followed by rapid virus release from cells. Coexpression of furin led to DCPD cleavage and increased virus retention. Treatment of DHBV particles with endosome prepared from duck liver led to cleavage of the large envelope protein, and such viral preparation could generate a small amount of covalently closed circular DNA in LMH cells, a chicken hepatoma cell line resistant to DHBV infection. A furin inhibitor composed of decanoyl-RVKR-chloromethylketone blocked endosomal cleavage of the large envelope protein in vitro and suppressed DHBV infection of primary duck hepatocytes in vivo. These findings suggest that furin or a furin-like proprotein convertase facilitates DHBV infection by cleaving both the docking receptor and the viral large envelope protein.
Learning Formative Skills of Nursing Practice in an Accelerated Program

The purpose of this qualitative research study was to describe how students in an accelerated master's degree entry program experientially learned the practice of nursing. One research question examined in this study was: What formative experiences did students identify as helping them develop and differentiate their clinical practice? Data from clinical observations and a combination of small group and individual interviews were collected and analyzed using interpretive phenomenological methods. Students identified formative skills learned through the independent care of a patient as pivotal in their identity and agency development. By experiencing the responsibility and action from within the body and from within concrete situations, students developed a new understanding that changed their embodied ways of perceiving and orienting to the situation, as well as their skills and sense of agency.
Can cultural values help explain the positive aspects of caregiving among Chinese American caregivers

This study used an adaptation of the caregivers' stress model to examine the positive aspects of caregiving with 113 Chinese American family caregivers who provided care to their elderly relatives. The hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that combination of caregiver background characteristics, stressors, and cultural values had direct effects on positive aspects of caregiving. Unlike previous studies in which cultural values were not measured, this study found that cultural values helped explain positive aspects of caregiving. Specifically, cultural values, caregiver's health, and caregiver's age predicted positive aspects of caregiving. Service implications are discussed based upon the findings.
Deciding the k-dimension is PSPACE-complete

N. Littlestone (1998) introduced the optimal mistake-bound learning model to learning theory. In this model the difficulty of learning a concept from a concept class is measured by the K-dimension of the concept class, which is a purely combinatorial notion. This is similar to the situation in PAC-learning, where the difficulty of learning can be measured by the Vapnik-Cervonenkis dimension. We show that determining the K-dimension of a concept class is a PSPACE-complete problem where the concept class is given as a circuit. This also implies that any optimal learner (making the least number of mistakes) that works on all concept classes over finite universes has to be PSPACE-hard.
Ethnography and American Studies

“Rethinking American Culture” was a forum featuring the work of George Lipsitz in a dialogue between American Studies and anthropology about the ways in which “new forms of commercial patterns and practices, new movements of people and products, and new communications technologies are producing new ways of studying culture.” This dialogue addresses the struggles over the social warrants of U.S. culture in the 21st century and how historians and anthropologists might best describe and analyze such warrants and reconstitute these fields, both of which are under pressure in a present “moment of danger” made all the more visible by the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans, Louisiana.
ASYMPTOTIC MATCHING ANALYSIS OF SCALING OF STRUCTURAL FAILURE DUE TO SOFTENING HINGES. II: IMPLICATIONS

The asymptotic matching analysis in the preceding Part I has established a new kind of size effect, caused by postpeak softening of inelastic hinges in beams and frames. The present Part II analyzes various implications, particularly the size effects on the maximum loads under load control or displacement control, the design loads, and the energy absorption of the structure.
Effect of traumatic event reexposure and PTSD on substance use disorder treatment response

Background A remarkably high rate of traumatic event reexposure has been demonstrated in community-based substance users which negatively impacts their substance use disorder (SUD). The rate and effect of such reexposure in treatment is unknown. Despite increasing evidence that a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has little influence on long-term SUD treatment outcomes, it is possible that PTSD symptom fluctuations could have effects.
Social futures of global climate change: A structural phenomenology

Despite compelling scientific research that affirms the reality of climate change, including global warming, social and political engagement with the issue remains highly contested. To identify the cultural and social structurations of alternative approaches to climate change, this study draws on a temporally theorized ‘structural phenomenology’ of social action and organization. Through hermeneutic analysis, it examines selected prominent contemporary constructions of global climate change. The general framework of structural phenomenology, orthogonal to, yet compatible with, field theory, is used empirically to identify various wider social domains of action. The cultural structures of domain practices are described by how they operate through, span, or hybridically combine alternative registers of temporally structured meaningful action – each with its distinctive meaningful logic. The study examines cultural structures in four domains concerned with global climate change – science and policy analysis, conservative skepticism and denial, geopolitical security, and environmental movements. Climate-change constructions within these four domains differ in the ways that they compose various registers among diachronic, strategic, pre-apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic social action temporalities. The general potential of structural phenomenology for re-envisioning institutional arrangements of modern societies is considered, as are the implications of the analysis for research on and social engagements with climate change.
Offsetting Illegitimacy? How Pressures from Securities Analysts Influence Incumbents in the Face of New Technologies

We study how analysts' recommendations affect firms' strategies during radical technological shifts. We find, from our study of firms in three industries undergoing technological change, that analy...
Retelling Watergate: Apologia, Political Eulogy, and Richard Nixon's “Final Campaign”

In this article, I analyze the text of the Nixon Library's original Watergate exhibit as Richard Nixon's final attempt to speak in his own defense and to eulogize his political life. To do this, the gallery narrative divided the events of Watergate into a series of small, seemingly unrelated events that the liberal media and congressional Democrats used to undermine the president. At the same time, the text portrayed Nixon as an active leader defending the executive branch from congressional and judicial overreach. This analysis shows how Nixon relied on rhetorical strategies of differentiation and transcendence to resuscitate his status as an elder statesman. It also suggests that critics should consider the apologic potential of other memorial sites, particularly presidential libraries.
The Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer and Solidification Structure in ESR System

In order to investigate ESR process, solidification and heat-transfer model, normal distribution nucleation model and two-dimensional eccentric square model were solved to study the temperature field, and the growth of ingot microstructure during ingot re-solidification. Numerical results showed that ESR ingot has a invert V-shaped columnar grain zone and equiax grain zone at the center and the bottom, and the predicted solidification structure agrees well with the experimental result. The melting pool becomes deeper and wider with the increase of the temperature of slag pool; the depth of melting pool becomes shallower with the increase of the coefficient of heat transfer and the decrease of the remelting rate; low temperature of slag pool and large coefficient of heat transfer are two key factors to promote the formation of equiax grain, but remelting rate have a little effect on the solidification structure.
Association of G protein beta 3 subunit C825T polymorphism with essential hypertension

Essential hypertension was the most common cardiovascular disease,the screening and correlation analysis of Hypertension related gene polymorphisms was one of the main means to study of high blood pressure candidate genes and their functions. As found association of G protein beta 3 subunit gene polymorphism with enhance the activity of G protein and improve intracellular signal transduction. Domestic and foreign scholars began to study the relationship between GNB3 C825T polymorphism and the high blood pressure,but the results were still controversial. This paper summarized the characteristics of G protein,relationship between G protein beta 3 subunit C825T polymorphism with essential hypertension research progress.
Phlebitis associated with the intravenous use of cephalothin and cephapirin

The frequency and severity of phlebitis associated with cephalothin and cephapirin was compared in a double-blind study in 82 surgical patients with 149 different infusion sites. After treatment with the coded drug products, the status of each patient's veins was evaluated daily by i.v. therapists. Cephapirin was associated with a slightly lower rate of phlebitis, but the difference was not significant. For both drugs, the duration of therapy did not appear to have an effect on the rate of phlebitis. Scalp vein needles were associated with a lower rate of phlebitis than plastic catheters, but the difference was not significant.
Economic Education Retrospective: 25 Years of Contributions From The American Economist

The American Economist has a long and significant history of publishing research in the field of economic education. This article provides a review and synthesis of the 70 economic education articles published by the journal between spring 1990 and spring 2015. The authors discuss The American Economist’s contribution to the field of economic education according to four primary themes: program design, instructional and assessment methodology, instructional materials, and student outcomes.
Computational Study of NOx Formation at Conditions Relevant to Gas Turbine Operation: Part 1

Along with other nitrogen oxides, nitric oxide (NO) is a regulated air pollutant that is primarily produced as a result of combustion processes. This pollutant is produced in every combustion system that uses oxidizer mixtures containing N2 and/or fuels that contain organically bound nitrogen. To design combustors to minimize NO emissions, high-fidelity computational models for NO production and NO/NO2 interconversion are required. To improve model performance and understanding of NO production pathways, a computational parametric study is performed to investigate the effects of fuel chemistry, reaction temperature history, and inert gas dilution on NO production in methane and ethylene combustion. Predictions using popular models from the literature are compared for premixed laminar flame conditions as well as against previously reported stirred reactor measurements. Differences in the predictions and their relationships to the NOx submodel and hydrocarbon chemistry are investigated. We find that signifi...
Automated Synthesis of Distributed Network Access Controls: A Formal Framework with Refinement

Due to the extensive use of network services and emerging security threats, enterprise networks deploy varieties of security devices for controlling resource access based on organizational security requirements. These requirements need fine-grained access control rules based on heterogeneous isolation patterns like access denial, trusted communication, and payload inspection. Organizations are also seeking for usable and optimal security configurations that can harden the network security within enterprise budget constraints. In order to design a security architecture, i.e., the distribution of security devices along with their security policies, that satisfies the organizational security requirements as well as the business constraints, it is required to analyze various alternative security architectures considering placements of network security devices in the network and the corresponding access controls. In this paper, we present an automated formal framework for synthesizing network security configurations. The main design alternatives include different kinds of isolation patterns for network traffic flows. The framework takes security requirements and business constraints along with the network topology as inputs. Then, it synthesizes cost-effective security configurations satisfying the constraints and provides placements of different security devices, optimally distributed in the network, according to the given network topology. In addition, we provide a hypothesis testing-based security architecture refinement mechanism that explores various security design alternatives using ConfigSynth and improves the security architecture by systematically increasing the security requirements. We demonstrate the execution of ConfigSynth and the refinement mechanism using case studies. Finally, we evaluate their scalability using simulated experiments.
Ganglioside-enriched microdomains define an oolemma that is functionally polarized with respect to fertilizability in the mouse

The oolemma of the second metaphase mouse oocyte has a relatively large domain in the peri-polar body region that is non-permissive for sperm attachment. In this study, certain biochemical components of this non-permissive domain were examined and compared with permissive regions to investigate the molecular basis of an oolemma that becomes functionally polarized during fertilization; an attempt was also made to determine whether similarities exist in the formation of abnormally occurring non-permissive domains in human oocytes. In the present study, microdomains composed of lipid rafts enriched in the ganglioside GM1 provided a platform for sperm docking at the initial stage of fertilization and their disruption led to sperm attachment defects resembling those associated with fertilization failure in human IVF. The regulation of GM1 microdomain density is suggested to involve the oolemmal protein annexin 2 and the magnitude of the inner mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) in the adjacent subplasmalemmal cytoplasm. These studies also showed that a rapid focal reduction in GM1, f-actin, annexin 2 and cholesterol occurs at the site of sperm docking and attachment whereas the distribution of fertilization-associated proteins CD9 and FOLR4 remains unchanged, suggesting that they may not participate in the earliest phases of fertilization.
The Soviet Economic Growth Record

This chapter will discuss how well the distinctive set of institutions we have described has performed in achieving the various objectives one might postulate for any economic system. In particular, how well has it fulfilled the special goal the Soviet leadership posed for it of “overtaking and surpassing the advanced capitalist nations”? Success on this score might be evaluated in terms of two more specific questions: How fast has the Soviet economy grown, and how big is its output today compared to U.S. output? We might also ask about efficiency and productivity; these are important factors in interpreting past growth, in evaluating performance, and in judging the reserves for future growth.
Desert Meteorology: Effects of deserts on the global environment and other regional environments

Whether the flesh is forgotten or the mind becomes doubly sensitive to its prickings, whether the spirit grows drowsy or gains in lucidity, the desert is first and foremost a mirror in which one can see the world and maybe also glimpse the face of God. The only certainty is that sooner or later you will see yourself. Mahin Tajadod, Iranian poet A place of trials (1994) These hours of the desert night, unsoftened by mild moonlight, have always seemed to me somehow terribly lonely, cold, and cruel … That night I did not feel as though I were looking up into the universe, but as though a new dimension had become visible and lay beneath me. I had the dizzying sense of plunging downward into infinite space. The merciless sensation of the coldness of space, of the vast void out there, was intensified by the absolute stillness of the desert night until it became inhuman, unbearable. Uwe George, German naturalist and desert explorer In the Deserts of This Earth (1977) Heaven knows that flood can be frightening enough. But … The dust is different … It does not bring the sharp, quick, desperate terror of flood, but instead a slow, chilling, and pervasive horror, perhaps out of keeping with any immediate damage, but right enough in the long run. Paul Sears, American author and environmentalist Deserts on the March (1935) We tend to think of deserts as isolated and remote from other parts of the planet.
Measuring and assessing the effective in-plane thermal conductivity of lithium iron phosphate pouch cells

Abstract The objective of this research is to experimentally determine the effective in-plane thermal conductivity of a lithium iron phosphate pouch cell. An experimental setup is designed to treat the battery cell as a straight rectangular fin in natural convection. Thermography and heat sensors were used to collect data that yields the temperature distribution and heat transfer rate of the fin, respectively. One-dimensional fin equations were combined with the experimental data to yield the in-plane thermal conductivity through an iterative process that best-fits the data to the model. The experiment was first calibrated using reference plates of different metals. The fin model predicts the thermal conductivity value well with a correction factor of approximately 7%–9%. Using this experimental method, the in-plane thermal conductivity of the pouch cells is measured at different state of charge (SOC) levels. The in-plane thermal conductivity decreases approximately 0.13 Wm−1 °C−1 per 10% increase in SOC for the LFP cells. This translates to a 4.2% overall decrease in the thermal conductivity as the cell becomes fully charged.
Breast cancer brain metastases: Molecular subtype, treatment and survival.

BACKGROUND No clear guidelines exist for management of breast cancer brain metastases (BCBM). OBJECTIVE We assessed the relationship between patient and tumor characteristics, treatment, and overall survival (OS). METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of 196 patients who received brain radiation for BCBM between 2009-2013 at Mayo Clinic. Primary tumor characteristics were collected, including simplified molecular subtype. Other characteristics included patient's ECOG, number of brain lesions at BCBM diagnosis, and treatment received, including neurosurgery, whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT), and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). The primary endpoint was OS from time of BCBM diagnosis. RESULTS Single-variable analysis revealed patients with HER2+ breast cancer had improved OS (HR = 0.6, p = 0.008). Compared to patients with 1-3 brain lesions, the risk of death in patients with leptomeningeal disease was 2.5-fold higher (p = 0.003). Worsening ECOG status was associated with worsening OS. Patients who received SRS and WBRT had improved OS (HR = 0.37, p < 0.001) compared to patients receiving WBRT alone. CONCLUSIONS Patients with the best OS had an ECOG of 0, HER2+ disease, and 1-3 brain lesions. The best OS was associated with the combination of neurosurgery and radiation therapy. A comprehensive treatment plan including neurosurgical evaluation and radiation therapy should be considered for patients with BCBM.
Towards Networks with Cognitive Packets

We discuss packet networks in which intelligent capabilities for routing and flow control are concentrated in the packets, rather than in the nodes and protocols. This paper describes a possible test-bed to test and evaluate their capabilities, and presents an analytical model for the worst and best case performance of such systems.
Contributions of Genes and Environment to Developmental Change in Alcohol Use.

The precise nature of how genetic and environmental risk factors influence changes in alcohol use (AU) over time has not yet been investigated. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to examine the nature of longitudinal changes in these risk factors to AU from mid-adolescence through young adulthood. Using a large sample of male twins, we compared five developmental models that each makes different predictions regarding the longitudinal changes in genetic and environmental risks for AU. The best-fitting model indicated that genetic influences were consistent with a gradual growth in the liability to AU, whereas unique environmental risk factors were consistent with an accumulation of risks across time. These results imply that two distinct processes influence adolescent AU between the ages of 15–25. Genetic effects influence baseline levels of AU and rates of change across time, while unique environmental effects are more cumulative.
Endoscopic and Radiologic Findings in Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) was first described by Landis in 1978. The disease is characterized by esophageal symptoms, primarily dysphagia in adult patients, and esophageal eosinophilic infiltration. The disease is associated with characteristic endoscopic findings, including edema, rings, furrows, exudates, and strictures. The typical radiographic findings of this disorder are rings, strictures, and small-caliber esophagus. The endoscopic and radiographic findings of EoE are the topic of this review.
CRM Sales Prediction Using Continuous Time-Evolving Classification.

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems play an important role in helping companies identify and keep sales and service prospects. CRM service providers offer a range of tools and techniques that will help find, sell to and keep customers. To be effective, CRM users usually require extensive training. Predictive CRM using machine learning expands the capabilities of traditional CRM through the provision of predictive insights for CRM users by combining internal and external data. In this paper, we will explore a novel idea of computationally learning salesmanship, its patterns and success factors to drive industry intuitions for a more predictable road to a vehicle sale. The newly discovered patterns and insights are used to act as a virtual guide or trainer for the general CRM user population.
Religious Displays and the Voluntary Approach to Church and State

This article, from a keynote talk for a symposium on Ten Commandments monuments and other government religious displays, argues that the distinctive constitutional approach to church-state relations in America has been the “voluntary” approach, under which government leaves religious practice to the free decisions and energies of individuals and groups. Several principles within that approach call for invalidating official displays that endorse the religious truth of propositions such as the Ten Commandments. But another key component of the American constitutional approach is that religion remains important to public life: indeed, in America a primary argument for religious freedom and other human rights has been a religious argument that rights are God-given and therefore have priority over government authority. Thus, although religious voluntarism calls for invalidating many government-sponsored religious displays, the rationale for doing so must recognize multiple ways in which religion is relevant to public life at the most fundamental levels. The paper concludes with three suggested means of recognizing that relevance.
Verifying an Open Compiler Using Multi-language Semantics

Existing verified compilers are proved correct under a closed-world assumption, i.e., that the compiler will only be used to compile whole programs. We present a new methodology for verifying correct compilation of program components, while formally allowing linking with target code of arbitrary provenance. To demonstrate our methodology, we present a two-pass type-preserving open compiler and prove that compilation preserves semantics. The central novelty of our approach is that we define a combined language that embeds the source, intermediate, and target languages and formalizes a semantics of interoperability between them, using boundaries in the style of Matthews and Findler. Compiler correctness is stated as contextual equivalence in the combined language. Note to reader: We use blue, red, and purple to typeset terms in various languages. This paper will be difficult to follow unless read/printed in color.
Abstract IA14: Breast tumor evolution: The role of the microenvironment

The immune system and the tissue microenvironment shape tumor evolution by providing selection for cancer cells with certain phenotypes. Immunotherapy is one of the most promising current cancer therapies and one of the very few that has the potential to cure even advanced metastatic disease. However, in breast cancer its success thus far has been limited to a subset of triple-negative tumors. This could be due to the testing of a limited set of immune-regulatory agents, but also a consequence of heterogeneity among tumors for mechanisms by which they escape immune surveillance. We hypothesized that the in situ to invasive carcinoma transition is a critical step for immune escape in breast cancer, since in DCIS (ductal carcinoma in situ) cancer cells are still physically separated from the stroma by the basement membrane and myoepithelial cell layer, and tumor-infiltrating leukocytes are rarely detected in direct contact with cancer cells. In contrast, in invasive tumors cancer cells and leukocytes are mixed, providing a strong selection for cancer cells that can overcome a potential immune attack. To begin dissecting mechanisms of immune escape during breast tumor evolution, we analyzed the composition of leukocytes in normal breast tissues, DCIS, and invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC) by a combination of technologies including FACS, RNA-seq, multicolor immunofluorescence, and immune-FISH. Based on these analyses, we found that invasive tumors have a less active immune environment due to a combination of upregulation of immune-suppressive mechanisms by both the cancer cells and various other cell types composing the microenvironment. Our results will improve our understanding of immune escape in breast cancer and aid the design of more effective immunotherapies for both advanced and early-stage disease. Citation Format: Kornelia Polyak. Breast tumor evolution: The role of the microenvironment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Advances in Breast Cancer Research; 2017 Oct 7-10; Hollywood, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2018;16(8_Suppl):Abstract nr IA14.
Yoga as a Complementary Therapy for Smoking Cessation: Results From BreathEasy, a Randomized Clinical Trial

Introduction There is evidence that Yoga may be helpful as an aid for smoking cessation. Yoga has been shown to reduce stress and negative mood and may aid weight control, all of which have proven to be barriers to quitting smoking. This study is the first rigorous, randomized clinical trial of Yoga as a complementary therapy for smokers attempting to quit. Methods Adult smokers (N = 227; 55.5% women) were randomized to an 8-week program of cognitive-behavioral smoking cessation and either twice-weekly Iyengar Yoga or general Wellness classes (control). Assessments included cotinine-verified 7-day point prevalence abstinence at week 8, 3-month, and 6-month follow-ups. Results At baseline, participants' mean age was 46.2 (SD = 12.0) years and smoking rate was 17.3 (SD = 7.6) cigarettes/day. Longitudinally adjusted models of abstinence outcomes demonstrated significant group effects favoring Yoga. Yoga participants had 37% greater odds of achieving abstinence than Wellness participants at the end of treatment (EOT). Lower baseline smoking rates (≤10 cigarettes/day) were also associated with higher likelihood of quitting if given Yoga versus Wellness (OR = 2.43, 95% CI = 1.09% to 6.30%) classes at EOT. A significant dose effect was observed for Yoga (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.09% to 1.26%), but not Wellness, such that each Yoga class attended increased quitting odds at EOT by 12%. Latent Class Modeling revealed a 4-class model of distinct quitting patterns among participants. Conclusions Yoga appears to increase the odds of successful smoking abstinence, particularly among light smokers. Additional work is needed to identify predictors of quitting patterns and inform adjustments to therapy needed to achieve cessation and prevent relapse. Implications This study adds to our knowledge of the types of physical activity that aid smoking cessation. Yoga increases the odds of successful smoking abstinence, and does so in a dose-response manner. This study also revealed four distinct patterns of smoking behavior among participants relevant to quitting smoking. Additional work is needed to determine whether variables that are predictive of these quitting patterns can be identified, which might suggest modifications to therapy for those who are unable to quit.
Adjusting the Developer Perspective

As a developer, your day-to-day work will be heavily influenced by the business and is – more often than not, in my experience, working as a developer both in-house and in external agencies – viewed as a production line that churns out the code. The goal of that production line is to deliver against the business goals, with a concentration on efficiency, delivering to release windows, and can, in some cases, be treated as a commodity by product owners or the organization at large.
Teaching general practice

Andrew Blythe’s recent editorial on teaching general practice reminds us of the opportunities to teach diagnostic reasoning, the management of uncertainty, and therapeutics, which appear under-taught in many schools.1,2 There is also an opportunity here for a patient safety focus in consulting, in terms of discussing diagnostic reasoning, …
Assessing Implementation Strategy Reporting in the Mental Health Literature: A Narrative Review

Inadequate implementation strategy reporting restricts research synthesis and replicability. We explored the implementation strategy reporting quality of a sample of mental health articles using Proctor et al.'s (Implement Sci 8:139, 2013) reporting recommendations. We conducted a narrative review to generate the sample of articles and assigned a reporting quality score to each article. The mean article reporting score was 54% (range 17-100%). The most reported domains were: name (100%), action (82%), target (80%), and actor (67%). The least reported domains included definition (6%), temporality (26%), justification (34%), and outcome (37%). We discuss limitations and provide recommendations to improve reporting.
Alveolar macrophage phenotypes in severe equine asthma.

Abstract Because the alveolar macrophage (AM) phenotype of horses with severe equine asthma (SEA) is unknown, the cytokines expressed by M1- and M2-polarized AM were determined and the hypothesis that natural hay/straw challenge (NC) induces divergent AM phenotypes in control horses and horses with SEA was tested. Macrophages from control horses were activated either with eIFNγ + lipolysaccharide (LPS) or eIL-4 to characterize M1- or M2-polarized AM gene expression, respectively and determine the response of polarized cells to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS): LPS, zymosan, peptidoglycan and hay dust. Subsequently, gene expression was explored in AM of control horses and horses with SEA at pasture and after NC. M1 polarization increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-8, IL-12p40), IL-10, and CD80. M2 polarization increased CD206 and down-regulated arginase-II and IL-10. Expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and CD80 in response to PAMPS was further increased by M1 pre-polarization whereas M2 pre-polarization down-regulated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and IL-10 but increased CD206. In horses with SEA, AMs had elevated expression of IL-10 both at pasture and after NC, but only after NC in control horses. CD206 expression increased in both groups during NC. At pasture, stimulation by PAMPS augmented expression of IL-8 and IL-10 in horses with SEA compared to control horses. NC eliminated this difference by selectively increasing expression of IL-10 in control horses. A fundamental shift in the macrophage phenotype in SEA is supported by consistently elevated production of IL-10. A similar non-canonical phenotype develops temporarily in control horses upon NC suggesting that AMs in horses with SEA have lost the ability to respond dynamically to environmental cues.
First experimental demonstration and analysis of electrical transport characteristics of a GaN-based HEMT with a relaxed InGaN channel

In this paper, we demonstrate the first GaN/InGaN HEMT with a partially relaxed InGaN channel, realized by utilizing a porous GaN buffer obtained by the selective and controlled electrochemical etch of GaN. According to reciprocal space map analysis, ~70% of InGaN relaxation relative to GaN was achieved by this process. With the transfer length method (TLM) and extracted charge profile, the relaxed InGaN channel demonstrates ~9.6% 2DEG mobility enhancement with respect to the strained InGaN channel which is consistent with a reduced effective mass predicted by theoretical analysis based on Vegard's law. On comparing the output characteristics of devices with relaxed and strained InGaN channel, the relaxed channel devices show a 10% improvement of on-resistance while maintaining similar saturation current. A non-uniform charge distribution was found in the relaxed InGaN channel, which can be attributed to the strain relaxation fabrication process.
La responsabilidad patrimonial del Estado de Chile: una revisión panorámica después de casi 20 años de jurisprudencia de la Corte Suprema

Este trabajo realiza un analisis del sistema de responsabilidad patrimonial de la Administracion del Estado en el derecho chileno en referencia al derecho comparado. Asi, este articulo revisa los sistemas que han operado en Chile y como la jurisprudencia de la Corte Suprema ha determinado que el sistema imperante en nuestro pais es la responsabilidad por falta de servicio, haciendo mencion de algunos problemas de este regimen y las reglas de prescripcion aplicables a las acciones derivadas del mismo. Finalmente, se plantean las excepciones a ese sistema, con especial mencion a las hipotesis de responsabilidad objetiva y derechos humanos, y las diferencias con el regimen general.
Sense2Stop: A micro-randomized trial using wearable sensors to optimize a just-in-time-adaptive stress management intervention for smoking relapse prevention.

Abstract Background Relapse to smoking is commonly triggered by stress, but behavioral interventions have shown only modest efficacy in preventing stress-related relapse. Continuous digital sensing to detect states of smoking risk and intervention receptivity may make it feasible to increase treatment efficacy by adapting intervention timing. Objective Aims are to investigate whether the delivery of a prompt to perform stress management behavior, as compared to no prompt, reduces the likelihood of (a) being stressed and (b) smoking in the subsequent two hours, and (c) whether current stress moderates these effects. Study design A micro-randomized trial will be implemented with 75 adult smokers who wear Autosense chest and wrist sensors and use the mCerebrum suite of smartphone apps to report and respond to ecological momentary assessment (EMA) questions about smoking and mood for 4 days before and 10 days after a quit attempt and to access a set of stress-management apps. Sensor data will be processed on the smartphone in real time using the cStress algorithm to classify minutes as probably stressed or probably not stressed. Stressed and non-stressed minutes will be micro-randomized to deliver either a prompt to perform a stress management exercise via one of the apps or no prompt (2.5–3 stress management prompts will be delivered daily). Sensor and self-report assessments of stress and smoking will be analyzed to optimize decision rules for a just-in-time adaptive intervention (JITAI) to prevent smoking relapse. Significance Sense2Stop will be the first digital trial using wearable sensors and micro-randomization to optimize a just-in-time adaptive stress management intervention for smoking relapse prevention.
Physician reimbursement and retention in HIV care: Racial disparities in the US South

Fewer than 60% of Americans diagnosed with HIV are retained in care, with racial disparities. Addressing structural barriers to care may improve outcomes along the HIV care continuum, such as retention, and promote health equity. We examined the relationship between physician reimbursement and retention in HIV care, including racial differences. Data included person-level demographic information and administrative claims (Medicaid Analytic eXtract, 2008-12), state Medicaid-to-Medicare fee ratios (Urban Institute, 2008, 2012), and county characteristics for 15 Southern states plus District of Columbia. The fee ratio is a standardized measure of physician reimbursement capturing state variation in Medicaid relative to Medicare physician reimbursement, which is largely consistent across states. We used generalized estimating equations to assess the association between physician reimbursement ratio and retention in HIV care (≥2 claims for physician visits, antiretroviral prescriptions, or CD4 or HIV RNA viral load tests >90 days apart in a calendar-year). We also evaluated an increase in the fee ratio to parity, where Medicaid and Medicare physician reimbursement are equal. Stratified analysis assessed racial differences. The sample included 55,237 adult Medicaid enrollees living with HIV (179,002 enrollee-years). Enrollees were retained in HIV care for approximately three-quarters (76.8%) of their enrollment-years, with retention lower among non-Hispanic Black (76.2%) versus non-Hispanic White (81.3%, p
DeepNote-GNN: predicting hospital readmission using clinical notes and patient network

With the increasing availability of Electronic Health Records (EHRs) and advances in deep learning techniques, developing deep predictive models that use EHR data to solve healthcare problems has gained momentum in recent years. The majority of clinical predictive models benefit from structured data in EHR (e.g., lab measurements and medications). Still, learning clinical outcomes from all possible information sources is one of the main challenges when building predictive models. This work focuses on two sources of information that have been underused by researchers; unstructured data (e.g., clinical notes) and a patient network. We propose a novel hybrid deep learning model, DeepNote-GNN, that integrates clinical notes information and patient network topological structure to improve 30-day hospital readmission prediction. DeepNote-GNN is a robust deep learning framework consisting of two modules: DeepNote and patient network. DeepNote extracts deep representations of clinical notes using a feature aggregation unit on top of a state-of-the-art Natural Language Processing (NLP) technique - BERT. By exploiting these deep representations, a patient network is built, and Graph Neural Network (GNN) is used to train the network for hospital readmission predictions. Performance evaluation on the MIMIC-III dataset demonstrates that DeepNote-GNN achieves superior results compared to the state-of-the-art baselines on the 30-day hospital readmission task. We extensively analyze the DeepNote-GNN model to illustrate the effectiveness and contribution of each component of it. The model analysis shows that patient network has a significant contribution to the overall performance, and DeepNote-GNN is robust and can consistently perform well on the 30-day readmission prediction task.
Correlation of Glass Density and Refractive Index—Implications to Density Gradient Construction

Regression analysis and analysis of covariance demonstrates (1) a high correlation between glass density and refractive index and (2) continuity in the regression line throughout the entire range of glass density values. Once a refractive index value is obtained, reference to the regression line will provide an approximate density value, knowledge of which will assist the analyst in preparing a particularly discriminating density gradient system.
Beyond the Hydrogen Economy: Some Futuristic Ideas

One of the greatest possibilities for the future has been described in Chapter 8. It is atomic fusion. There are so many difficulties at present that its practical development may be delayed until after the year 2100. Another concept which is quite possible, though the technology appears long-term, is that of tapping the energy of the magma itself, the inner liquid core of the earth. Will we be able to bore a hole 50 km deep in 100 years? And control what we find? Holes 10 kms deep are already being bored in oil exploration.