cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calculus of variations and optimal control theory

Abstract After an expository account of the nature of the classical Lagrange problem and a modern optimal control problem, a method is outlined which permits the transformation of a large class of optimal control problems with a compact control region into equivalent classical Lagrange problems.
The Effect of Americanization on the Earnings of Foreign-born Men

The earnings of foreign-born adult white men, as reported in the 1970 Census of Population, are analyzed through comparisons with the native born and among the foreign born by country of origin, years in the United States, and citizenship. Differences in the effects of schooling and postschool training are explored. Although immigrants initially earn less than the native born, their earnings rise more rapidly with U.S. labor market experience, and after 10 to 15 years their earnings equal, and then exceed, that of the native born. Earnings are unrelated to whether the foreign born are U.S. citizens.
α1- and β-Adrenergic Agents Cause Synergistic Stimulation of the Iodothyronine Deiodinase in Rat Brown Adipocytes*

Abstract Previous studies have shown that norepinephrine causes a marked increase in the iodothyronine 5′-deiodinase activity in dispersed brown adipocytes. This stimulation required mRNA and protein synthesis and was 3- to 4-fold greater in cells from hypothyroid than in those from euthyroid rats. To investigate the cause of this differential response, we incubated dispersed brown adipocytes with catecholamines, a specific α1 agonist, forskolin, and (Bu)2cAMP alone and in combination. Our results show a synergistic effect of α1- and β-adrenergic catecholamines to increase the deiodinase, which leads to 2-fold (euthyroid) to 4-fold (hypothyroid) higher enzyme activities in the presence of both agonists than can be accounted for by additive effects of the two agents. Since α1-agonists cause minimal stimulation alone, this response is due to an enhancement of the cAMP effect. The α1 effect is mimicked by the calcium ionophore A23187, but not by phorbol ester alone. After 2-h exposure to β-adrenergic agents ...
Feeding efficiency by juvenile blue crabs on two common species of micrograzer snails

Abstract Juvenile blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, utilize estuarine seagrass beds as nursery habitat, where they may function as keystone predators. While inhabiting seagrass habitat, juvenile blue crabs consume large numbers of two common micrograzer snails, Bittiolum varium and Astyris lunata; and thus, crab predation may influence the dynamics of these two snails. We compared predator–prey relationships between juvenile blue crabs and the two common micrograzer snails. Based on feeding efficiency criteria, B. varium was more profitable than A. lunata, and the interspecific difference in profitability increased ontogenetically for snails larger than 2 mm in length. Juvenile blue crabs selected B. varium over A. lunata in laboratory feeding trials. The diet preference was also upheld in the field. However, under laboratory conditions, the strength of this preference varied with crab size and season. Medium sized crabs selected B. varium to a greater degree than did small and large crabs. The seasonal effect likely resulted from an interaction between snail species and snail size; with the weaker preference being expressed when B. varium was distributed toward smaller sizes.
Voice in the Classroom: How an Open Classroom Climate Fosters Political Engagement Among Adolescents

Does civics instruction have an impact on the political engagement of adolescents? If so, how? Analysis of data from CIVED, a major study of civic education conducted in 1999, finds that an open classroom climate has a positive impact on adolescents’ civic knowledge and appreciation of political conflict, even upon controlling for numerous individual, classroom, school, and district characteristics. Furthermore, an open classroom environment fosters young people’s intention to be an informed voter. Results further show that exposure to an open classroom climate at school can partially compensate for the disadvantages of young people with low socioeconomic status.
Rural response to urban penetration: Baltimore and St Mary's County, Maryland, 1790–1840

Abstract Viewed from a city, urban penetration appeared to benefit the economy of a rural hinterland by expanding markets for a wide range of farm produce and by offering in return a wide variety of cheap consumer goods. From a rural viewpoint, cheap goods from cities took trade away from local craftsmen. The probate records of St Mary's County, Maryland, provide evidence for the effects of Baltimore's penetration into a tobacco-growing rural community during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. As Baltimore expanded, farmers not only grew more tobacco but also began to supply the city with wheat. A prosperous and diversified agriculture supported millers, merchants and mariners. Up to 1820 an increasing number of young men were recruited as bay pilots, but the introduction of steamships drove sailing ships out of business. After 1820 not only did maritime employment decrease, but most craft industries declined. By 1833, the county's sole cotton mill closed and Baltimore's industrial supremacy was assured.
Effects of ethanol on electrical parameters of the in vivo rat stomach.

The gastric transmural electrical potential difference (PD) and direct-current resistance were measured in the ratin vivo under conditions in which the luminal pH was controlled over the pH range 1.0 to 12.0. Raising the pH above 11.0 caused a reduction in both PD and resistance. This is consistent with basic groups limiting cation permeability through the mucosa. Exposure of the mucosa to 20% ethanol caused a reduction in resistance, PD, and H+ secretion, and an increased appearance of Na+ in the lumen at neutral pH. The pH dependence of the resistance at high pH values was also eliminated, consistent with the elimination or bypassing of channels containing basic groups. Mucosal exposure to 8.5% ethanol reduced the PD and H+ secretion without affecting resistance. The increased appearance of Na+ in the lumen seen with this alcohol solution also occurred following exposure to hyperosmotic sucrose.
Production and repair of DNA damage in mammalian cells.

Abstract Cellular genomes are continually subjected to endogenous and environmentally induced structural alterations. Our environment contains a multitude of substances that are carcinogenic and which, in many cases, are thought to act via direct damage to DNA. In order to better understand the consequences of DNA damage in cell killing and carcinogenesis, it will be important to: (a) develop new and sensitive techniques for the identification of specific types of DNA lesions; (b) examine what influence the function or activity of a DNA sequence has on the distribution of DNA damage within that DNA sequence and on its repair efficiency; (c) examine what influence the cell cycle has on the efficiency of DNA repair.
Cumulative Risk and Adolescent's Internalizing and Externalizing Problems: The Mediating Roles of Maternal Responsiveness and Self-Regulation.

The purpose of the present study was to examine longitudinal associations among maternal responsiveness, self-regulation, and behavioral adjustment in adolescents. The authors used structural equation modeling to test a model that demonstrates that the effects of early cumulative risk on behavioral problems is mediated by maternal responsiveness and self-regulation. Furthermore, the authors examine the contributions of cumulative risk and maternal responsiveness on children's self-regulatory abilities. The study uses a 3-wave longitudinal design with multiple measures of risk and self-regulation from multiple observers. Data were collected from adolescents (N = 265, male = 140) and their parents at age 9, 13, and 17. Results suggest that the mediation hypothesis held true for externalizing, but not internalizing problems. Furthermore, cumulative risk and maternal responsiveness contributed uniquely to children's self-regulation abilities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved).
Analysis of porphyrin carboxylic acids in biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract A method for the rapid and sensitive fluorometric analysis of porphyrin carboxylic acids by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography is described. Separation of free porphyrin carboxylic acids was carried out with a microparticulate octadecylsilane column with elution by a gradient of methanol in phosphate buffer containing tetrabutylammonium hydroxide. Separation and quantitation of di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, and octacar-boxylic porphyrins was achieved within 25 min at picomolar concentrations. The method is also capable of separating the type I and type III isomers of tetracarboxylic through hexacarboxylic porphyrins. By using a stopped flow technique, one can record fluorescence excitation and emission spectra of porphyrin carboxylic acids. This method is directly applicable to biological fluids such as urine, plasma, red cell lysates, or medium or extracts from cell culture.
Teaching high performance computing: lessons from a flipped classroom, project-based course on finite element methods

High Performance Computing (HPC) is an area that requires students to acquire knowledge in a wide range of topics. At the same time, HPC is not a theoretical subject and is best learned through non-trivial projects. Teaching HPC therefore lives with the tension of having to cover many small, disconnected areas while wanting to provide more feedback on student projects.This paper considers the lessons learned from teaching MATH 676 "Finite Element Methods in Scientific Computing", a course one of us teaches at Texas A&M University as a project course with a flipped classroom.The contribution of this paper is to describe a practitioner's approach to using principles of reflective writing and journaling to connect the material of the video lectures to student projects. We will discuss our experience with this approach, in particular regarding (1) helping students engage deeply with course content, (2) increasing motivation, independence, and perseverance, and (3) facilitating more communication with the course instructor. We will also share our experiences with the technology options for electronic journals and report on what worked and what didn't.
Determination of Cellular H2O2 Production

The detection of radical oxygen species (ROS) is central to the understanding of their role in signal transduction. ROS detection is based on the radical-dependent reduction of a compound with a measurable change in a chemical property. However, in vitro several of the compounds are reduced by several oxidants, which results in a lack of specificity when used to detect intracellular ROS. In contrast, by using methods that detect extracellular ROS, specificity can be corroborated by adding the appropriate competitor; for example, superoxide dismutase competes for superoxide, and catalase competes for H 2 O 2 . In addition, because of the efficient activity of superoxide dismutases on superoxide and H 2 O 2 membrane permeability, determination of extracellular H 2 O 2 can detect all potential cellular sources of these ROS. In this protocol, extracellular H 2 O 2 is measured as the limiting factor of peroxidase-mediated oxidation of homovanillic acid into a fluorescent dimer. The specificity of this reaction for H 2 O 2 is demonstrated by the addition of catalase as an H 2 O 2 scavenger. Because the assay detects small changes in fluorescence, it is highly sensitive. The high sensitivity and the specificity of this assay make it well suited to measure ROS in nonphagocytic cells where the ROS levels are in the low micromolar range. To further increase sensitivity, H 2 O 2 measurements are performed over time to ensure the detection of maximum response and to minimize the variability in response arising from cellular heterogeneity, an attribute of primary cultures.
Sequence, annotation and developmental expression of the sea urchin Ca2+-ATPase family

Abstract Whole genome sequence data permit the study of protein families regulating cellular homeostasis during development. Here we present a study of the sea urchin Ca2+-ATPases made possible by the Sea Urchin Genome Sequencing Project. This is of potential interest because adult sea urchins, their gametes and embryos live in the relatively high Ca2+ concentration of 10 mM. Three Ca2+-ATPases regulate Ca2+ levels in animal cells: plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA), sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) and secretory pathway Ca2+-ATPase (SPCA). The primary structures of Sp-PMCA and Sp-SERCA in the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Sp), have been published. Here, we present the primary structure of Sp-SPCA, which is 912 amino acids and has 66% identity and 80% similarity to human SPCA1. Southern blots and genome analysis show that Sp-SPCA is a single copy gene. Each Sp Ca2+-ATPase is highly conserved when compared to its human ortholog, indicating that human and sea urchin share structurally similar energy driven Ca2+ homeostasis mechanisms that have been maintained throughout the course of deuterostome evolution. Annotation using the assembled sea urchin genome reveals that Sp-SPCA, Sp-PMCA and Sp-SERCA have 23, 17 and 24 exons. RT-Q-PCR shows that transcripts of Sp-SPCA are at low levels compared to Sp-PMCA and Sp-SERCA. Gradual increases in Sp-PMCA and Sp-SERCA mRNA begin at the 18 hour hatched blastula stage and peak 4-5-fold higher by 25 h at the mid to late blastulae stage.
Hypersonic aerodynamic characteristics of a candidate entry research vehicle

Static longitudinal and lateral-directional aerodynamic characteristics of a candidate lifting entry research vehicle were measured at Mach numbers of 6 and 10 in air and at Mach 20 in helium. The effects of nose bluntness, body flap deflection, and elevon deflection were examined over a range of angle of attack. The vehicle demonstrated static longitudinal and lateral-directional stability at angles of attack from the maximum lift-to-drag ratio (L/D)max to high angles of attack. Sufficient control effectiveness existed to provide longitudinal trim from (L/D)max to high angles of attack. Aerodynamic coefficients predicted using the Hypersonic Arbitrary Body Program were compared to measurement. Good agreement was obtained for lift-to-drag values.
Productivity of offshore labor: Some evidence from the Florida sugarcane industry

The foreign farm worker program has created a great deal of controversy regarding its effects on the domestic labor force as well as the treatment and compensation of offshore labor. The Florida sugarcane industry, the center of moral and legal battles over treatment of offshore labor across the nation, is used as a case study. A production function analysis suggests that offshore labor is underutilized and may be underpaid in Florida sugarcane production. Such information is pertinent to policymakers in assessing issues related to the foreign farm worker program. ©1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effects of chlordecone and its structural analogs on p-nitrophenyl phosphatase.

Abstract The effects of chlordecone, mirex, and four photoderivatives of mirex on K + -stimulated p -nitrophenyl phosphatase (KPNPPase) in rat brain synaptosomes were determined. Additionally, the effect of chlordecone on the substrate and K + activation kinetics and the inhibition of KPNPPase at 17, 27, and 37 °C were determined. The sensitivity of KPNPPase to various chemicals was highly variable. Chlordecone was the most effective inhibitor with an IC 50 of 6.2. 10 −6 M. All other chemicals showed a maximum inhibition of 20% at 20 μM concentration. The order of inhibition at 20 μM concentration was chlordecone (100%) > 8-monohydro mirex (20%) > 2,8-dihydromirex (10%) > mirex (10%) > 10-monohydro mirex (9%) > 5,10-dihydro mirex (2%). Double reciprocal plots of the data obtained on the effect of chlordecone on the substrate and K + activation kinetics showed that the V max and K m were decreased with respect to paranitrophenyl phosphate, while it was competitive inhibition with respect to K + activation. Chlordecone inhibited KPNPPase more at 37 °C than at 27 °C and 17 °C suggesting a positive temperature effect. These results suggest that chlordecone is the most effective inhibitor among its structural analogs tested on KPNPPase in rat brain synaptosomes.
Usefulness of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol determinations in the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia.

N lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol, calculated as total cholesterol minus highdensity lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, encompasses the apolipoprotein B (Apo B)–containing particles that promote atherosclerosis, including low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, lipoprotein (a), and intermediate-density lipoprotein cholesterol; therefore, it may represent an accurate marker for coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. The Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) III guidelines have introduced non-HDL cholesterol as a secondary target of therapy for patients with elevated levels of triglycerides.1 The aim of this review was to compare LDL and non-HDL cholesterol as markers of atherosclerotic disease and to discuss treatment options for reducing non-HDL cholesterol.
An examination of ciliary neuronotrophic factors from avian and rodent tissue extracts using a blot and culture technique.

Abstract We have previously reported a technique for determining the apparent molecular weight (Mr) of ciliary neuronotrophic factors (CNTFs) in crude extracts. This method involves SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the extract, Western blotting and culture of purified ciliary ganglion neurons on the paper containing the blotted lane. Neurons will survive only if in direct contact with the trophic factor band and the surviving neurons, when stained with a vital dye, will outline the CNTF band thereby indicating the Mr of the active polypeptide. Here we have modified this ‘blot and culture’ technique by (1) including Mr standard proteins in the same electrophoretic lane with the samples, (2) identifying the proteins by staining the nitrocellulose blot with Amido black, (3) marking the standard bands with pinholes and (4) destaining the blot prior to seeding neurons onto it. The active CNTF polypeptides can then be identified by their ability to support the 24-h survival of cultured ciliary neurons. This modified technique was used to determine the Mr of CNTF activities in several chick and rat tissue extracts of selected developmental ages and to ascertain if the two forms of CNTF are exclusive to chick and rat, embryonic and adult, or eye and nerve tissues. We report that (1) the above modifications permitted a more accurate method for Mr determination than the previous method, (2) only two apparent forms of CNTF were recognized, (3) the Mr found for each form is 25 kDa and 28 kDa, (4) both forms can be present in chick and rat tissues and from embryonic and adult sources and (5) the 28 kDa form is predominant in rat while the 25-kDa form is predominant in chicken tissues.
Software support for computer science video courses

The Computer Science department at the University of Idaho offers a Masters degree to off-campus students via video taped courses. One of the major roadblocks to the expansion of course offerings is the lack of inexpensive software available to the video student.
Bioprospecting in Antarctica and the Arctic. Common Challenges

AbstractBioprospecting is occurring in the Arctic and Antarctica. This paper considers evidence on the nature and scale of bioprospecting in the Polar Regions. The paper then aims to draw out some of the critical issues in this debate by examining recent developments in the context of the Antarctic Treaty System. After an introduction to the history of the debate on bioprospecting in the Antarctic context it examines the recent Report of the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (‘ATCM’) Intersessional Contact Group to examine the issue of Biologocal Prospecting in the Antarctic Treaty Area tabled at ATCM XVII in Kiev in June 2008. The paper then concludes with some brief thoughts on the relevance of the Arctic experience to the debate in relation to Antarctica and whether or not there is an ‘Arctic Model’ for a response to the bioprospecting question in Antarctica. It is argued that rather than there being one Arctic model there is in fact a spectrum of models and experiences to choose from.
Polydispersity in fluids and composites: some theoretical results

The effect of polydispersity in particle size on the structure of a solution or suspension of hard spheres in a continuum solvent is considered, with emphasis on the leading concentration corrections to ideal behavior on the pair distribution function and equation of state. Polydispersity in dispersions of randomly centered spherical particles and parallel cylindrical particles with randomly placed axes is also considered.
Cerebral areas mediating visual redirection of gaze: Cooling deactivation of 15 loci in the cat

In humans, damage to posterior parietal or frontal cortices often induces a severe impairment of the ability to redirect gaze to visual targets introduced into the contralateral field. In cats, unilateral deactivation of the posterior middle suprasylvian (pMS) sulcus in the posterior inferior parietal region also results in an equally severe impairment of visually mediated redirection of gaze. In this study we tested the contributions of the pMS cortex and 14 other cortical regions in mediating redirection of gaze to visual targets in 31 adult cats. Unilateral cooling deactivation of three adjacent regions along the posterior bend of the suprasylvian sulcus (posterior middle suprasylvian sulcus, posterior suprasylvian sulcus, and dorsal posterior ectosylvian gyrus at the confluence of the occipital, parietal, and temporal cortices) eliminated visually mediated redirection of gaze towards stimuli introduced into the contralateral hemifield, while the redirection of gaze toward the ipsilateral hemifield remained highly proficient. Additional cortical loci critical for visually mediated redirection of gaze include the anterior suprasylvian gyrus (lateral area 5, anterior inferior parietal cortex) and medial area 6 in the frontal region. Cooling deactivation of: 1) dorsal or 2) ventral posterior suprasylvian gyrus; 3) ventral posterior ectosylvian gyrus, 4) middle ectosylvian gyrus; 5) anterior or 6) posterior middle suprasylvian gyrus (area 7); 7) anterior middle suprasylvian sulcus; 8) medial area 5; 9) the visual portion of the anterior ectosylvian sulcus (AES); 10) or lateral area 6 were all without impact on the ability to redirect gaze. In summary, we identified a prominent field of cortex at the junction of the temporo-occipito-parietal cortices (regions pMS, dPE, PS), an anterior inferior parietal field (region 5L), and a frontal field (region 6M) that all contribute critically to the ability to redirect gaze to novel stimuli introduced into the visual field during fixation. These loci have several features in common with cortical fields in monkey and human brains that contribute to the visually guided redirection of the head and eyes.
The Jordaan: Community change and gentrification in Amsterdam

(1993). The Jordaan: Community change and gentrification in Amsterdam. Visual Sociology: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 41-51.
Pogallo Line, South Alps, northern Italy: An intermediate crystal level, low-angle normal fault?

The Pogallo Line is a major crustal shear zone in the crystalline South Alps of northern Italy which separates middle amphibolite–granulite facies rocks of the Ivrea zone from lower–middle amphibolite facies rocks of the Strona-Ceneri zone. U-Pb, Rb-Sr, and K-Ar whole-rock and mineral ages for samples from this region indicate that the two zones pursued different time-temperature paths after Caledonian peak metamorphism. Cooling curves for the two terrains finally converge in the Late Triassic(?)–Early Jurassic, a time of large-scale crustal extension in the South Alps that anticipated the opening of the western Tethys. We suggest that the Pogallo Line may represent a low-angle normal fault that developed at intermediate crustal levels during this period of extension and attained its present subvertical orientation during Alpine deformation.
Modeling of Porous Rock: Digitization and Finite Elements Versus Approximate Schemes Accounting for Pore Shapes

We consider connections between microstructure and elastic properties of porous/microcracked materials on the example of Fontainebleau sandstone. The microstructural information (average shapes of pores) required for adequate modeling of the isotropic elastic properties is identified. It is shown that, if this information is utilized, the usual effective media schemes provide satisfactory predictions of the effective elastic properties.
Nerve growth factor enhances regeneration through silicone chambers.

The effect of exogenous NGF on axonal growth across a gap between sectioned ends of a sciatic nerve within silicone chambers was examined in Sprague-Dawley rats. After nerve section and surgical implantation, silicone chambers were filled with either a 1 mg/ml nerve growth factor (NGF)/saline solution (experimental) or a normal saline solution (control). Four weeks after surgery, the regenerated nerves from within the silicone chambers were dissected and fixed for histological studies at both light microscopic and ultrastructural levels. Morphological analysis of the nerves showed no difference between the NGF-treated and control groups in the size of the regenerated nerves within the chambers or in the diameters of myelinated axons. Total myelinated axonal counts were determined from within the distal chamber. NGF significantly increased the number of myelinated axons that grew into the distal end of the chamber (2126 +/- 437 NGF/saline; 1064 +/- 268 saline; P less than 0.05 Student's t test). Counts of the unmyelinated axons from the distal nerve segment from the two groups were not different. Myelin sheath thickness was 58% greater in the NGF-treated group compared with that in the saline group. There was no difference between the two groups in the size-frequency spectra of the diameters of the myelinated axons in the distal segment. The NGF/saline group showed a more mature-appearing regenerated nerve based on the percentage of myelinated axons, thickness of the myelin sheaths, and development of internal organization (e.g., amount of endoneurial collagen fibers, ensheathment of unmyelinated axons by Schwann cells, and interfascicular patterns).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF THE FUSION CELL IN ASTEROCOLAX GARDNERI SETCH. (RHODOPHYTA, CERAMIALES)12

The fusion cell in Asterocolax gardneri Setch, is a large, multinucleate, irregularly-shaped cell resulting from cytoplasmic fusions of haploid and diploid cells. Subsequent enlargement takes place by incorporating adjacent gonimoblast cells. The resultant cell consists of two parts—a central portion of isolated cytoplasm, surrounded by an electron dense cytoplasmic barrier, and the main component of the fusion cell cytoplasm surrounding the isolated cytoplasm. The fusion cell contains many nuclei, large quantities of floridean starch, endoplasmic reticulum, and vesicles, but few mitochondria, plastids and dictyosomes. The endoplasmic reticulum forms vesicles that apparently secrete large quantities of extracellular mucilage which surrounds the entire carposporophyte. The isolated cytoplasm also is multinucleate but lacks starch and a plasma membrane. Few plastids, ribosomes and mitochondria are found in this cytoplasm. However, numerous endoplasmic reticulum cisternae occur near the cytoplasmic barrier and they appear to secrete material for the barrier. In mature carposporophytes, all organelles in the isolated cytoplasm have degenerated.
A Flexible Method for the Conjugation of Aminooxy Ligands to Preformed Complexes of Nucleic Acids and Lipids

Attachment of targeted ligands to nonviral DNA or RNA delivery systems is a promising strategy that seeks to overcome the poor target selectivity generally observed in systemic delivery applications. Several methods have been developed for the conjugation of ligands to lipids or polymers, however, direct conjugation of ligands onto lipid- or polymer-nucleic acid complexes is not as straightforward. Here, we examine an oximation approach to directly label a lipoplex formulation. Specifically, we report the synthesis of a cationic diketo lipid DMDK, and its use as a convenient ligation tool for attachment of aminooxy-functionalized reagents after its complexation with DNA. We demonstrate the feasibility of direct lipoplex labeling by attaching an aminooxy-functionalized fluorescent probe onto pre-formed plasmid DNA-DMDK lipoplexes (luciferase, GFP). The results reveal that DMDK protects DNA from degradation on exposure to either DNase or human cerebral spinal fluid, and that simple mixing of DMDK lipoplexes with the aminooxy probe labels the complexes without sacrificing transfection efficiency. The biocompatibility and selectivity of this method, as well as the ease of bioconjugation, make this labeling approach ideal for biological applications.
Antineoplastic Activity of a Series of Boron Analogues of α-Amino Acids

A series of amine cyanoboranes, amine carboxyboranes, and boron analogues of α-amino acids have been investigated for antineoplastic activity against the growth of Ehrlich ascites cells. Additional studies demonstrated that the boron analogues inhibited DNA and RNA synthesis at 300 μM. The suppression of DNA synthesis of Ehrlich ascites cells correlated with the reduction of DNA polymerase, 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate amidotransferase, and dihydrofolate reductase activities afforded by the boron compounds. These derivatives did not suppress protein synthesis, thymidylate synthetase, or thymidine monophosphate kinase activities as previously reported for some boron antineoplastic agents.
Diesel-length aldehydes and ketones via supercritical Fischer Tropsch Synthesis on an iron catalyst

Abstract Use of an iron-based catalyst (1 Fe:0.01 Cu:0.02 K by mole with and without 0.1 Zn) for Fischer Tropsch Synthesis with a supercritical hexanes reaction media resulted in a significant selectivity towards diesel-length aldehydes and methyl-ketones. Varying the residence time indicated that aldehydes are primary products that are converted by secondary reactions to olefins. Additionally, incorporation studies showed that octyl aldehyde and octyl alcohol incorporated into growing chains while the octyl olefin did not. The results of this work support n-alkanes and aldehydes as primary products, olefins as both primary and secondary products, CH 4 and CO 2 as secondary products, and an oxygenate mechanism for propagation.
Photo-Arbuzov Rearrangements of Benzyl Phosphites. Preparation of Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates Related to HPMPA

Abstract Photo-Arbuzov rearrangement of the benzylic phosphite 18 affords the benzylphosphonate 19 which is converted to the bromo derivative 21. The latter is a common precursor for the preparation of a series of branched-chain, acyclic nucleoside-based, benzylphosphonic acids, 25, 28, 32, and 35.
Comparison of film measurements and Monte Carlo simulations of dose delivered with very high-energy electron beams in a polystyrene phantom.

Purpose: To measure radiation dose in a water-equivalent medium from very high-energy electron (VHEE) beams and make comparisons to Monte Carlo (MC) simulation results. Methods: Dose in a polystyrene phantom delivered by an experimental VHEE beam line was measured with Gafchromic films for three 50 MeV and two 70 MeV Gaussian beams of 4.0–6.9 mm FWHM and compared to corresponding MC-simulated dose distributions. MC dose in the polystyrene phantom was calculated with the EGSnrc/BEAMnrc and DOSXYZnrc codes based on the experimental setup. Additionally, the effect of 2% beam energy measurement uncertainty and possible non-zero beam angular spread on MC dose distributions was evaluated. Results: MC simulated percentage depth dose (PDD) curves agreed with measurements within 4% for all beam sizes at both 50 and 70 MeV VHEE beams. Central axis PDD at 8 cm depth ranged from 14% to 19% for the 5.4–6.9 mm 50 MeV beams and it ranged from 14% to 18% for the 4.0–4.5 mm 70 MeV beams. MC simulated relative beam profiles of regularly shaped Gaussian beams evaluated at depths of 0.64 to 7.46 cm agreed with measurements to within 5%. A 2% beam energy uncertainty and 0.286° beam angular spread corresponded to a maximum 3.0% and 3.8% difference in depth dose curves of the 50 and 70 MeV electron beams, respectively. Absolute dose differences between MC simulations and film measurements of regularly shaped Gaussian beams were between 10% and 42%. Conclusions: The authors demonstrate that relative dose distributions for VHEE beams of 50–70 MeV can be measured with Gafchromic films and modeled with Monte Carlo simulations to an accuracy of 5%. The reported absolute dose differences likely caused by imperfect beam steering and subsequent charge loss revealed the importance of accurate VHEE beam control and diagnostics.
Peoples and Persons: Moral Standing, Power, and the Equality of States

Despite considerable moral and material differences among states, the concept of sovereign equality permeates international relations theory and, in particular, normative international relations theory. Most traditions of international ethics incorporate the idea of equality. John Rawls's Law of Peoples is representative of this tendency. The states party to Rawls's contractual model of international justice are assumed to be equal. Despite the inequalities among states, the choice to model states as equals is justified to the extent that they all possess some degree of moral agency. As moral agents, states possess an inherent equality that justifies modeling them as equal. Nevertheless, states as equal moral agents would take into account certain aspects of international inequality. In particular, they could recognize the role that Great Powers can play in maintaining order and establishing the preconditions for international justice. This piece explores the extent of equality in normative international relations theory.
Radioactive carbon-14 as an indicator of energy flow in litter decomposition studies.

A method for uniformly labeling kilogram amounts of plant litter with 14C is described. Data obtained from field decomposition of tagged fescue litter prepared by this method suggest that 14C flux can be a reliable indicator of energy flow, as measured directly by bomb calorimetry and indirectly by ashfree weight.
Attachment Theory and Multiple Dimensions of Grief

In this article data from questionnaires completed by acutely bereaved widows and widowers were examined to identify the dimensions of psychological distress associated with bereavement. Using fact...
Long-term deficits of preterm birth: evidence for arousal and attentional disturbances.

Objective Quantitative measures of pre-attentional, attentional and frontal lobe processes were compared to evaluate quantitative measures of these deficits in Ex-Preterm vs. Ex-Term adolescents.
Respawn: A Distributed Multi-resolution Time-Series Datastore

As sensor networks gain traction and begin to scale, we will be increasingly faced with challenges associated with managing large-scale time-series data. In this paper, we present a cloud-to-edge partitioned architecture called Respawn that is capable of serving large amounts of time-series data from a continuously updating datastore with access latencies low enough to support interactive real-time visualization. Respawn targets sensing systems where resource-constrained edge node devices may only have limited or intermittent network connections linking them to a cloud-backend. The cloud-backend provides aggregate storage and transparent dispatching of data queries to edge node devices. Data is downsampled as it enters the system creating a multi-resolution representation capable of lowlatency range-base queries. Lower-resolution aggregate data is automatically migrated from edge nodes to the cloud-backend both for improved consistency and caching. In order to further mask latency from users, edge nodes automatically identify and migrate blocks of data that contain statistically interesting features. We show through simulation and micro-benchmarking that Respawn is able to run on ARM-based edge node devices connected to a cloud-backend with the ability to serve thousands of clients and terabytes of data with sub-second latencies.
A Hybrid Markov Chain–von Mises Density Model for the Drug-Dosing Interval and Drug Holiday Distributions

Lack of adherence is a frequent cause of hospitalizations, but its effects on dosing patterns have not been extensively investigated. The purpose of this work was to critically evaluate a novel pharmacometric model for deriving the relationships of adherence to dosing patterns and the dosing interval distribution. The hybrid, stochastic model combines a Markov chain process with the von Mises distribution. The model was challenged with electronic medication monitoring data from 207 hypertension patients and against 5-year persistence data. The model estimates distributions of dosing runs, drug holidays, and dosing intervals. Drug holidays, which can vary between individuals with the same adherence, were characterized by the patient cooperativity index parameter. The drug holiday and dosing run distributions deviate markedly from normality. The dosing interval distribution exhibits complex patterns of multimodality and can be long-tailed. Dosing patterns are an important but under recognized covariate for explaining within-individual variance in drug concentrations.
A Natural Classification of Curves and Surfaces With Reflection Properties

Parabolic mirrors and elliptic domes ("whispering galleries") are familiar examples of focally reflective surfaces. In this paper we show that only conic curves and their corresponding surfaces of revolution (and in degenerate cases, lines and planes) are focally reflective. In [1], curves and surfaces with reflection properties were classified by solving differential equations in polar and spherical coordinates. Here we use a coordinate-free method to achieve the same classification by relating reflection properties to the defining focal properties of conics. The well-known orthogonality property of confocal conics comes as a bonus.
Modulation of apoptosis and immune signaling pathways by the Hantaan virus nucleocapsid protein

Herein, we show a direct relationship between the Hantaan virus (HTNV) nucleocapsid (N) protein and the modulation of apoptosis. We observed an increase in caspase-7 and -8, but not -9 in cells expressing HTNV N protein mutants lacking amino acids 270-330. Similar results were observed for the New World hantavirus, Andes virus. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) was sequestered in the cytoplasm after tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) stimulation in cells expressing HTNV N protein. Further, TNFR stimulated cells expressing HTNV N protein inhibited caspase activation. In contrast, cells expressing N protein truncations lacking the region from amino acids 270-330 were unable to inhibit nuclear import of NF-kappaB and the mutants also triggered caspase activity. These results suggest that the HTNV circumvents host antiviral signaling and apoptotic response mediated by the TNFR pathway through host interactions with the N protein.
The effects of superoxide dismutase on H2O2 formation

Numerous reports of the effects of overproduction of SODs have been explained on the basis of increased H2O2 production by the catalyzed dismutation of O2-. In this review we consider the effects of increasing [SOD] on H2O2 formation and question this explanation.
Global–Local Precedence in the Perception of Facial Age and Emotional Expression by Children with Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities

Global information processing and perception of facial age and emotional expression was studied in children with autism, language disorders, mental retardation, and a clinical control group. Children were given a global–local task and asked to recognize age and emotion in human and canine faces. Children with autism made fewer global responses and more errors when recognizing human and canine emotions and canine age than children without autism. Significant relationships were found between global information processing and the recognition of human and canine emotions and canine age. Results are discussed with respect to the relationship between global information processing and face perception and neural structures underlying these abilities.
Does a Recent Cancer Diagnosis Predict Smoking Cessation? An Analysis From a Large Prospective US Cohort

Purpose Quitting smoking provides important health benefits to patients with cancer. A cancer diagnosis may motivate quitting—potentially providing a teachable moment in which oncologists can encourage and assist patients to quit—but little is known about whether a recent cancer diagnosis (including diagnosis of a cancer that is less strongly linked to smoking) is associated with increased quitting. Methods Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort participants reported smoking status at enrollment in 1992 to 1993 and approximately biennially through 2009. Quit rates of smokers diagnosed with cancer during 2- and 4-year intervals were compared with those of smokers not diagnosed with cancer (12,182 and 12,538 smokers in 2- and 4-year analyses, respectively). Cancers likely to cause physical limitations or symptoms that could influence smoking (cancers of the lung, head and neck, esophagus, or any metastatic cancer) were excluded. Logistic regressions calculated quit rates controlling for age, sex, surve...
Fc receptor isoforms exhibit distinct abilities for coated pit localization as a result of cytoplasmic domain heterogeneity

Mouse macrophages and lymphocytes express two distinct isoforms of a single class of Fc receptor for IgG. The macrophage isoform (FcRII-B2) is identical to the lymphocyte isoform (FcRII-B1) except for an inframe insertion in the cytoplasmic tail of FcRII-B1 that increases its length from 47 to 94 amino acids. To determine the functional significance of this cytoplasmic domain variation, presumably the result of alternative mRNA splicing, we expressed both isoforms in receptor-negative fibroblasts. While FcRII-B2 mediated the efficient ligand internalization and delivery to lysosomes, endocytosis via FcRII-B1--and via a tailminus mutant--was relatively inefficient. This difference reflected the inability of FcRII-B1 (and the tailminus mutant) to accumulate in clathrin-coated pits. Thus, the FcRII-B2 cytoplasmic tail contains a domain needed for accumulation in coated pits, and this domain is disrupted by the 47 amino acid insertion in FcRII-B1.
Heat Transfer Measurements for a Film Cooled Turbine Vane Cascade

Experimental heat transfer and pressure measurements were obtained on a large scale film cooled turbine vane cascade. The objective was to investigate heat transfer on a commercial high pressure first stage turbine vane at near engine Mach and Reynolds number conditions. Additionally blowing ratios and coolant density were also matched. Numerical computations were made with the Glenn-HT code of the same geometry and compared with the experimental results. A transient thermochromic liquid crystal technique was used to obtain steady state heat transfer data on the mid-span geometry of an instrumented vane with 12 rows of circular and shaped film cooling holes. A mixture of SF6 and Argon gases was used for film coolant to match the coolant-to-gas density ratio of a real engine. The exit Mach number and Reynolds number were 0.725 and 2.7 million respectively. Trends from the experimental heat transfer data matched well with the computational prediction, particularly for the film cooled case.
Miniature testbeds for planetary exploration vehicles: Tumbleweed and Frisbee

Two vehicle configurations for planetary exploration are investigated, based on familiar recreational objects. In both cases, integration of electronic and other systems directly on the vehicle surface is explored, rather than sequestering systems in separate boxes. Data from accelerometers and other sensors mounted on the vehicles allow investigation of the vehicle dynamics.
Acylation of carcinogenic hydroxamic acids by carbamoyl phosphate to form reactive esters

1. Acylation of 2-(N-hydroxyacetamido)fluorene and several other aromatic hydroxamic acids by carbamoyl phosphate was studied and compared with the acylating activity of acetyl-CoA. Acetyl phosphate was also studied. 2. The carbamoylation reaction had a pH optimum of 4.5. The reaction had a lag period of 1h and was then linear for 4h. This linearity ranged between 0.5mm- and 8mm-carbamoyl phosphate concentration. 3. At pH7.5, acetyl-CoA was the most powerful acylating agent. Acetyl phosphate was a weaker acylating agent than either of the others. 4. Among the various hydroxamic acids tested with acetyl-CoA and carbamoyl phosphate at pH.7.5, 2-(N-hydroxyacetamido)fluorene was the most reactive. On the other hand the less reactive N-hydroxy derivatives of 2-acetamidonaphthalene, 2-acetamidophenanthrene and 4-acetamidostilbene reacted severalfold more with carbamoyl phosphate than with acetyl-CoA. 5. It is suggested that carbamoylation of aromatic hydroxamic acids might be one of the final activation steps in carcinogenesis by these compounds.
High performance computing in image processing and computer vision

Image processing and computer vision are natural applications for high performance computing (here considered to be general-purpose parallel supercomputing), but there are many barriers to its effective use in computer vision. These barriers are described, two systems (the Carnegie Mellon ALVINN system and the animate vision model at Rochester) that overcame them are discussed, and then a world-wide survey is taken of application of HPC to image processing and computer vision. Finally, the future of this field is described.
SHRINKAGE EFFICIENCY BOUNDS

This paper is an extension of Magnus (2002) to multiple dimensions. We consider estimation of a multivariate normal mean under sum of squared error loss. We construct the efficiency bound (the lowest achievable risk) for minimax shrinkage estimation in the class of minimax orthogonally invariate estimators satisfying the sufficient conditions of Efron and Morris (1976). This allows us to compare the regret of existing orthogonally invariate shrinkage estimators. We also construct a new shrinkage estimator which achieves substantially lower maximum regret than existing estimators.
He diffraction from clean Pt(111) and {(1 × 1) H}/{Pt(111)} surface

He diffraction from clean and hydrogen-covered Pt(111) has been observed and used to investigate their surface structures. Hydrogen adsorbs in a well-ordered (1 × 1) overlayer structure on Pt(111) at 160 K. The binding site of C3v symmetry is deduced from in-plane as well as out-of-plane diffraction intensity distributions. Furthermore, the (1 × 1) overlayer contains a single adsorption state which occupies only one type of three-fold hollow sites. At ⩽ 150 K a new low-temperature state is found to populate to result in a disordered overlayer. The Hard Corrugated Wall analysis of the diffraction intensities is made to obtain the surface topography. The clean Pt(111) surface can be described by a corrugation amplitude of 0.01 A, remarkably flat. The (1 × 1) HPt(111) surface requires an additional corrugation of amplitude 0.13 A on each second three-fold minimum of the basic corrugation, which is increased to 0.05 A by hydrogen adsorption. Based on the surface corrugation of the (1 × 1) H overlayer, which of the two possible three-fold hollow sites (hcp or fcc site) is preferred by the hydrogen atom is discussed.