cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nitrous oxide emissions in Midwest US maize production vary widely with band-injected N fertilizer rates, timing and nitrapyrin presence

Nitrification inhibitors have the potential to reduce N2O emissions from maize fields, but optimal results may depend on deployment of integrated N fertilizer management systems that increase yields achieved per unit of N2O lost. A new micro-encapsulated formulation of nitrapyrin for liquid N fertilizers became available to US farmers in 2010. Our research objectives were to (i) assess the impacts of urea‐ammonium nitrate (UAN) management practices (timing, rate and nitrification inhibitor) and environmental variables on growing-season N2O fluxes and (ii) identify UAN treatment combinations that both reduce N2O emissions and optimize maize productivity. Field experiments near West Lafayette, Indiana in 2010 and 2011 examined three N rates (0, 90 and 180 kg N ha 1 ), two timings (pre-emergence and side-dress) and presence or absence of nitrapyrin. Mean cumulative N2O‐N emissions (Q10 corrected) were 0.81, 1.83 and 3.52 kg N2O‐N ha 1 for the rates of 0, 90 and 180 kg N ha 1 , respectively; 1.80 and 2.31 kg N2O‐N ha 1 for pre-emergence and side-dress timings, respectively; and 1.77 versus 2.34 kg N2O‐N ha 1 for with and without nitrapyrin, respectively. Yield-scaled N2O‐N emissions increased with N rates as anticipated (averaging 167, 204 and 328 g N2O‐N Mg grain 1 for the 0, 90 and 180 kg N ha 1 rates), but were 22% greater with the side-dress timing than the pre-emergence timing (when averaged across N rates and inhibitor treatments) because of environmental conditions following later applications. Overall yield-scaled N2O‐N emissions were 22% lower with nitrapyrin than without the inhibitor, but these did not interact with N rate or timing.
Changes in glucose oxidation during growth of embryonic heart cells in culture.

A rapid and convenient method has been utilized to investigate glucose oxidation during growth of chick embryo heart cells in tissue culture. Primary isolates of chick embryo heart cells showed exponential growth when plated at low densities and exhibited density-inhibited growth as cultures became confluent. The density-dependent growth inhibition of chick embryo heart cells is associated with a marked decrease in the specific activity of glucose oxidation to CO2. This decrease in glucose oxidation was observed as density increased as either a function of time in culture or as related to initial plating density. The decrease in 14CO2 production associated with density-dependent inhibition of growth is due to a marked decrease in activity of the pentose phosphate pathway.
A função pública do jornalista: da imparcialidade à coesão social

This article inserts in the debate about the kind of journalism is required in complex and plural societies, and argues the old tool of technical quality in newsmaking process. Criticise heritage of spilling theory in communication field, according to if more objective information, more democracy and more institutionality. And thus reconsider criteria of impartiality and professional competence to judge good information in moral terms, proposing in replacement social involvement, which is reach promoting a culture of peace. Finally redefines responsible journalism as journalism that mediate between factions to cause a social cohesion.
Microstructural theory and the rheology of concentrated colloidal suspensions

A theory for the analytical prediction of microstructure of concentrated Brownian suspensions of spheres in simple-shear flow is developed. The computed microstructure is used in a prediction of the suspension rheology. A near-hard-sphere suspension is studied for solid volume fraction and Peclet number ; is the particle radius, is the suspending Newtonian fluid viscosity, is the shear rate, is the Boltzmann constant and is absolute temperature. The method developed determines the steady pair distribution function , where is the pair separation vector, from a solution of the Smoluchowski equation (SE) reduced to pair level. To account for the influence of the surrounding bath of particles on the interaction of a pair, an integro-differential form of the pair SE is developed; the integral portion represents the forces due to the bath which drive the pair interaction. Hydrodynamic interactions are accounted for in a pairwise fashion, based on the dominant influence of pair lubrication interactions for concentrated suspensions. The SE is modified to include the influence of shear-induced relative diffusion, and this is found to be crucial for success of the theory; a simple model based on understanding of the shear-induced self-diffusivity is used for this property. The computation of the microstructure is split into two parts, one specific to near-equilibrium ( ), where a regular perturbation expansion of in is applied, and a general- solution of the full SE. The predicted microstructure at low agrees with prior theory for dilute conditions, and becomes increasingly distorted from the equilibrium isotropic state as increases at fixed . Normal stress differences are predicted and the zero-shear viscosity predicted agrees with simulation results obtained using a Green–Kubo formulation (Foss & Brady, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 407, 2000, pp. 167–200). At , the influence of convection results in a progressively more anisotropic microstructure, with the contact values increasing with to yield a boundary layer and a wake. Agreement of the predicted microstructure with observations from simulations is generally good and discrepancies are clearly noted. The predicted rheology captures shear thinning and shear thickening as well as normal stress differences in good agreement with simulation; quantitative agreement is best at large .
Assessment of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in HEI-OC1 and LLC-PK1 Cells Treated with Gentamicin and Mitoquinone:

ObjectiveTo determine the effects of concurrent treatment with gentamicin and the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant mitoquinone (MitoQ; which may prevent gentamicin ototoxicity) on change in the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), a precursor of apoptosis.Study DesignProspective and controlled.SettingAcademic research laboratory.Subjects and MethodsLLC-PK1 (Lilly Laboratories Culture–Pig Kidney Type 1) and HEI-OC1 (House Ear Institute Organ of Corti 1) cells—renal and auditory cell lines, respectively—were used in this study. Δψm was assessed by flow cytometry through the MitoProbe JC-1 Kit for Flow Cytometry in untreated LLC-PK1 and HEI-OC1 cells and cells exposed to low- (100µM) or high- (2000µM) dose gentamicin for 24 hours, with and without 0.5µM each of MitoQ or idebenone (IDB; an untargeted ubiquinone).ResultsΔψm was not different in untreated LLC-PK1 cells and cells coincubated with low-dose gentamicin and MitoQ or IDB (P > .05). In HEI-OC1 cells, coincubation with low-dose gentamicin and MitoQ...
Image registration based on boundary mapping

A new two-stage approach for nonlinear brain image registration is proposed. In the first stage, an active contour algorithm is used to establish a homothetic one-to-one map between a set of region boundaries in two images to be registered. This mapping is used in the second step: a two-dimensional transformation which is based on an elastic body deformation. This method is tested by registering magnetic resonance images to atlas images.
Conversion Topology for Reducing Failure Rate and Life-cycle Costs of High-Power Wind Turbines

The paper presents a Current-Source Inverter (CSI) topology tailored for large multimegawatt wind turbine applications. The cable distance be tween the generator and the mains enables the realization of a significant portion of the DC-link inductance. In order to improve the efficiency and to allow the possible utili zation of rugged inexpensive Thyristors, PWM modulation is not used in the main conversion chain. Unity fundamental power factor at the mains is guaranteed at any load condition while the 5t h and 7th harmonics of the mains line currents are greatly reduced by choosing a pr oper nominal operating point for the turbine. Further harmonic reduction is achieved through an active filter controlled via a newly proposed methodology suitable for Digital Signal Processor (DSP) implementation. Such a controller relies on the real-time minimization of a proper functional and is capable of implementing true-feedback current regulation. A par t of design simulation results, aimed at building a 10 kW prototype are presented together with the description of its experimental setup currently in construction.
Underinsurance and pediatric immunization delivery in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Underinsured children are covered by private health insurance that does not cover the cost of vaccines, are not entitled to receive publicly purchased vaccines at no cost through the Vaccines for Children (VFC) Program unless they receive doses at a Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC) or a Rural Health Center (RHC), may be referred by their primary care providers to health department clinics (HDCs) for vaccinations, and may have lower vaccination coverage for new and more expensive vaccines. OBJECTIVES: To describe the estimated percentage of children in the U.S. who are underinsured, receive vaccine doses at HDCs, and are not VFC-entitled; and to evaluate the association between being underinsured, receiving vaccine doses at an HDC, and timely vaccination coverage. METHODS: Subjects were 16621 19–35 month-old children sampled by the National Immunization Survey in 2007. RESULTS: Of all 19–35 month-old children, an estimated 10.5% were underinsured; and an estimated 1.4% were underinsured, received doses at an HDC, and were not VFC-entitled. Compared to fully insured children, children who were underinsured and received doses at an HDC had significantly lower vaccination coverage for the varicella (81.5% vs. 87.7%, p p CONCLUSIONS: Children who were underinsured and received doses at HDCs were found to have lower estimated timely vaccination coverage for recently recommended vaccines and more expensive varicella and PCV7 vaccines. To adequately vaccinate these children at HDCs, states require stable funding to pay for vaccines as the number of new and more expensive vaccines grows.
Community-based Monitoring of Fog Capture and Biodiversity at Loma Alta, Ecuador Enhance Social Capital and Institutional Cooperation

Monitoring of fog capture and bird communities helped to build social capital for conservation at Loma Alta, Ecuador and encouraged the local community to protect 3000 hectares of tropical forest. Data collected during monitoring were used to facilitate action and cooperation at local, regional, national, and international levels for conservation of biodiversity in western Ecuador, including the designation of an Important Bird Area in the region. Through involvement with the monitoring efforts, local people became more aware of the value of ecosystem services, learned about local birds and their conservation status, became familiar with ecotourism, and began to include conservation of biodiversity with sustainable development planning in their community. The context of monitoring, the objectives and participants, field methods, impacts in terms of conservation action, and the costs and benefits of the two monitoring initiatives are described.
The Cosmic Web Imager: an integral field spectrograph for the Hale Telescope at Palomar Observatory: instrument design and first results

We describe the Cosmic Web Imager (CWI), a UV-VIS integral field spectrograph designed for the Hale 200" telescope at the Palomar Observatory. CWI has been built specifically for the observation of diffuse radiation. The instrument field of view is 60" x 40" with spectral resolving power of R ~5000 and seeing limited spatial resolution. It utilizes volume phase holographic gratings and is intended to cover the spectral range 3800A to 9500A with an instantaneous bandwidth of ~450A. CWI saw first light in July 2009, and conducted its first successful scientific observations in May 2010.
Rapid detection of bacterial spores using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) immunoassay

Weaponized spores of a pathogenic bacterium such as Bacillus anthracis are a new critical threat to mankind. The occurrences in New York and south Florida in 2001 showed the potential capability of the spores to be used for mass destruction. Due to their stealthiness during the infection and resistance to harsh environment, an early and prompt detection of the spores before they endanger the population is a significant issue. In this paper, we present a method of instant identification of Bacillus subtilis (nonpathogenic simulant for Bacillus anthracis) spores by constructing a dual quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) immunosensing system. A set of 10-MHz AT-cut QCMs operating in thickness shear mode are employed in an enclosed flowcell. Specificity is maintained through the use of an immuno-sensing layer consisting of monoclonal antibodies raised against spores of a single Bacillus species. The fidelity of sensing parameters is ensured by the presence of a reference device coated with an antibody that is not specific for the target antigen. Associating the QCM response signature with the specific binding of a particular species of Bacillus spore to an antibody has implications for future identification of pathogenic substances.
Assessing a decade of progress in cancer control

The age-adjusted death rate from cancer peaked in the U.S. in 1990, and has declined steadily since then. We assess reasons for this progress by examining trends in cancer mortality by age, gender, and cause, using underlying cause mortality data from the Centers for Disease Control. Mortality rates for 2000 were estimated using models based on 1979 through 1997 mortality data. Indirect standardization was used to calculate the expected number of cancer deaths in 2000, by age, gender, and cause, assuming that the rates in 1990 had not changed. In the U.S. in 2000, there were an estimated 500,000 deaths from cancer; 64,000 (12.7%) fewer than expected, with 51,900 fewer cancer deaths among men and 12,200 fewer deaths among women. The decline in deaths among men resulted from fewer deaths from lung cancer (20,800), colon cancer (6,700), and prostate cancer (12,900). The decline in deaths among women resulted from fewer deaths from breast cancer (11,100) and colon cancer (4,200), but there were more deaths from lung cancer (6,500). Among women over the age of 75, 5,000 more died of cancer than expected. Declines in lung, prostate, and colon cancer deaths among men and breast and colon cancer among women account for 86% of the recent decline in cancer deaths over the past decade.
The Nonunilinear Descent Groups of Samoa

pERHAPS as many as one-third of the world's societies lack unilinear descent. Yet, nonunilinear descent groups have received very little attention from anthropological theorists; consequently, as Murdock (1949:57) has observed, " . . . ethnographers rarely notice their presence and almost never report their absence." This is in spite of the fact that we have much evidence, unclassified to be sure, that descent groups are present in many nonunilinear societies. For example, we know that Samoa lacks unilinear descent groups. But there clearly are other kinds of descent group in Samoa which, owing to our traditional indifference to such groups, have not been clearly identified in the literature. The present paper, which is based upon data I collected in American Samoa during 1955-56,2 is designed to fill this gap in the literature. In so doing, it seeks to show that the hitherto elusive data on nonunilinear descent groups are as amenable to systematic study as the data on unilinear descent groups. Traditional classifications of kinship systems cannot help us in identifying the descent groups of Samoa since these classifications have dealt primarily with unilinear kinship structure. If we are to identify the Samoan descent groups so that they might be systematically compared with descent groups elsewhere, we must first have a classification which abstracts the major types of nonunilinear descent group, preferably in a way which permits their comparison with unilinear types. We are fortunate that a paper by Davenport, which appears in the present issue, provides us with such a classification. Surveying the ethnographic literature, Davenport finds that nonunilinear descent groups are coordinate in most respects with unilinear descent groups. Accordingly, he suggests or implies the following typology of nonunilinear kinship structure. Corresponding to the unilinear term "sib," the term "sept" is proposed for the nonunilinear descent group whose members acknowledge a bond of common descent but are unable to trace the actual genealogical connections between individuals (see Murdock 1949:47 for the definition of a sib). In the sib, the bond of common descent is said to reside in the paternal or maternal line; but in the sept, the bond of common descent is said to reside in either or both lines. A descent group produced by either unilinear or nonunilinear descent is known as a "lineage" when it includes only persons who can actually trace their common relationship through a specific series of remembered genealogical links in the given line or lines of descent (cf. Murdock 1949:46). Groups intermediate between sibs (or septs) and lineages may be called "sub-sibs" (or "sub-septs"). And lastly, the term "clan" can still be reserved for the localized segment of a sib (or sept), plus
Pass-Through, Exchange Rates, and Monetary Policy

THIS CONFERENCE IS devoted to examining the forces that lead to incomplete pass-through of exchange rates into domestic prices. My comments are divided into two separate parts. First, I will examine whether, and to what extent, monetary policy should be concerned with pass-through. Second, I will ask whether monetary policy should pay attention to exchange rates beyond concern about their effect on local nominal prices.
Student Competence in Understanding the Matter Concept and Its Implications for Science Curriculum Standards

Using the US national sample from the 1995 Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), this study examined students' competence levels in understanding the matter concept at grades 3, 4, 7, 8 and high school graduation, and compared them to the expectations in the US national science education standards. It was found that third-grade students were developing understanding on mixtures, and fourth-grade students were developing understanding on separating mixtures; seventh- and eighth-grade students were only at the beginning level of differentiating chemical properties from physical properties; they were not ready for the particulate model of chemical change. High school physical science specialization students were still at the developing level of understanding kinetic and atomic models of chemical and physical changes; they may not be able to master those theories. The findings suggest that the Benchmarks for Science Literacy and Atlas for Science Literacy may have overestimated the competences of elementary, middle school, and high school students.
Trail Pheromone of the Argentine Ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

The Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) is recognized as one of the world's most damaging invasive species. One reason for the ecological dominance of introduced Argentine ant populations is their ability to dominate food and habitat resources through the rapid mobilization and recruitment of thousands of workers. More than 30 years ago, studies showed that (Z)-9-hexadecenal strongly attracted Argentine ant workers in a multi-choice olfactometer, suggesting that (Z)-9-hexadecenal might be the trail pheromone, or a component of a trail pheromone mixture. Since then, numerous studies have considered (Z)-9-hexadecenal as the key component of the Argentine ant trails. Here, we report the first chemical analyses of the trails laid by living Argentine ants and find that (Z)-9-hexadecenal is not present in a detectible quantity. Instead, two iridoids, dolichodial and iridomyrmecin, appear to be the primary chemical constituents of the trails. Laboratory choice tests confirmed that Argentine ants were attracted to artificial trails comprised of these two chemicals significantly more often than control trails. Although (Z)-9-hexadecenal was not detected in natural trails, supplementation of artificial dolichodial+iridomyrmecin trails with an extremely low concentraion of (Z)-9-hexadecenal did increase the efficacy of the trail-following behavior. In stark contrast with previous dogma, our study suggests that dolichodial and iridomyrmecin are major components of the Argentine ant trail pheromone. (Z)-9-hexadecenal may act in an additive manner with these iridoids, but it does not occur in detectable quantities in Argentine ant recruitment trails.
Introduction and bibliography

s, obituaries and notices of exhibitions of materials and photographs presented by Smith Woodward, principally at the Zoological Society. The fact there are 742 entries in this list is of little immediate value without an indication of the areas that he covered and the venues in which he published. Regarding the latter, the Geological Magazine comes top with 164 entries. This is not particularly surprising as the editor of this journal was Henry Woodward (1832–1921). Henry Woodward was Smith Woodward’s manager at the museum from the day he joined until Smith Woodward succeeded him as Keeper of Geology in 1901. All but the final two of Smith Woodward’s contributions to the Geological Magazine were made under Henry Woodward’s tenure as editor. Major contributions, such as the Palaeontographical Society Monographs, count as multiple entries in the list (Chalk fishes, published in seven parts; Wealden and Purbeck fishes, three parts), as does the Catalogue of Fossil Fishes (four parts). A significant number of articles were written for popular publications, such as Encyclopaedia Britannica (11), Hardwicke’s Science-Gossip (9) and the Illustrated London News (3). Smith Woodward’s first publication was a self-printed and published record of a holiday in Wales. In July 1880 and just 16 years old he had two articles published in Gardening Illustrated. The second article proposes a procedure for drying aquatic plants based on a method for drying seaweed. It is interesting to note that the NHM library has some examples of Smith Woodward’s dried seaweed in its collection. In all, Smith Woodward authored articles published in 95 different serials, periodicals and books. Table 1 splits his contributions into eight categories with the number in each category for the top five publications (in terms of number of contributions). These are the Geological Magazine, the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, Nature and the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. The final column gives the total for all publications. Vertebrate palaeontology accounts for just over half of the total of 743 contributions (one paper dealt with a lungfish tooth and a dinosaurian claw and so appears twice). The significant number of obituaries that Smith Woodward wrote reflects both his longevity and the wide circle of eminent people that he knew. Reviews could range from a Table 1. Smith Woodward’s papers and articles by subject for the five most numerous venues for publication Geological Magazine Annals and Magazine of Natural History Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London Nature Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London All publications Fishes 44 69 16 4 19 263 Other vertebrates 18 8 5 6 16 114 Abstracts 37 23 0 2 0 99 Reviews 43 0 0 5 0 48 Palaeoanthropology 3 0 6 12 0 40 Obituaries 12 0 28 17 0 76 Exhibitions 0 0 0 0 10 14 Miscellaneous 7 1 4 5 1 89 Total 164 101 59 51 46 743 M. SMITH ET AL. 4
Systems Thinking and Management Epistemology

Epistemology, or the theory of knowledge, is concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge, its presuppositions and basis, and the general reliability of claims to knowledge. Since its birth, Social Systems Sciences (S3) has been critical of positivist epistemology in the discipline of management. The epistemological foundations of management theory have evolved with the development of three paradigms—the idea of social science, the unity of science movement, and the behavioral science revolution. Examining the epistemological foundations of maangement theory, this paper reflects on the role of positivism as a dominant ideological construct (or a grand-narrative) in management and organizational studies.
Respiratory system model parameters track changes in lung function after bronchodilation

Impulse Oscillometry (IOS) provides respiratory resistance, Rrs, and reactance, Xrs, between 3 - 35 (Hz). We measured IOS parameters in 26 randomly selected Anglo children 6-19 years in El Paso TX. An expert pulmonologist classified Rrs and Xrs as: Normal (n = 5 ); Possible Small Airway Impairment, Possible SAI, (n = 4); Definite SAI (n = 6); or Asthma (n = 11). We used the extended RIC (eRIC) and augmented RIC (aRIC) models of the human respiratory system to derive Large (R) and Peripheral (Rp) airway resistance, and small airway compliance, Cp. IOS Rrs and Xrs at selected frequencies reflecting large and peripheral airway function. Model-derived parameters were compared between pre- and post-bronchodilator tests. IOS Xrs at low frequencies (AX) and model-derived Cp were the most sensitive parameters for detecting bronchodilator responses, which were significant in children with SAI and asthma. Model-derived Cp correlated closely with AX. We conclude that response to bronchodilator in children with SAI is sensitively measured by IOS. Electrical equivalent model parameters are as sensitive as primary IOS data in detecting bronchodilator response.
Capacity building in nonprofit sport organizations: Development of a process model

Abstract Despite the growing literature on organizational capacity in nonprofit and sport organizations, considerable gaps remain when the analysis shifts to building that capacity. This study proposes a comprehensive model of capacity building that recognizes the concepts and relationships involved in that process. The model was developed according to de Groot's (1969) interpretative-theoretical methodology, consisting of four phases that guide the collection and review of relevant literature: exploration, analysis, classification and explanation. As a comprehensive process, effective capacity building acknowledges that a capacity needs assessment occurs in response to some environmental stimulus. The subsequent identification of specific objectives for capacity building is followed by the generation and selection of a strategy(s) and consideration of multiple aspects of readiness to build capacity. The short-term impact and long-term maintenance of built capacity must be assessed following the implementation of the strategy(s) to build, with consideration of the implications for program and service delivery that address the initial stimulus. The model is described in the context of community sport organizations, however it is intended for broad application. Concepts and relationships presented in the model are relevant to the nonprofit voluntary organizational setting in general, while allowing for contextualization based on the unique factors and influences that may be involved in the process of building capacity. The paper concludes with consideration of how the model may be used in practice and directions for future research.
Resin Based Dental Composites — An Overview

The quest for a durable, esthetic, adhesive and biocompatible material with both good handling and setting qualities suitable for the restoration of lost or damaged tooth structure has long challenged dental material researchers. A significant step toward the realization of this goal was the development of resin based dental composites which overcame many of the deficiencies of silicate cements (purely inorganic composites) and the so-called unfilled acrylic resin restoratives (purely organic composites).
Oral Contraception and Depression

There is medical evidence that oral contraceptives have psychological side effects among which are depressive symptoms such as disturbance of sleep; feelings of depression and inferiority; and neuroasthenic symptoms such as increased fatiguability and irritability. Among the studies which revealed a correlation between pill use and depression the percentage of women experiencing depression varied from about 10-50% and the severity ranged from mild depression to paranoid and suicidal. Conservatively 15% of women using oral contraceptives might be estimated to suffer from depression. Type of pill and dosage appear to have different effects on depression. Since over 7 million women take oral contraceptives in the United States over 1 million women are likely to suffer from depression induced by contraceptives. Findings from a questionnaire survey in Oklahoma revealed the fact that clinical social workers are unaware of the relationship between pill use and depression. As pill use is very widespread knowledge about this emotional side effect of orals might improve clinical social work practice.
A framework for collaborative climate change research

There is a growing understanding in the scientific community that the traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) of indigenous peoples and other local communities is both different from data collected by scientists and crucial to a more complete understanding of changes occurring due to global warming processes. Despite the increase in collaborative projects between scientists and local communities aimed at bringing together TEK and scientific ecological knowledge (SEK) in the last decade, no systematic analysis of what makes for an effective approach to the integration of the two knowledge systems has yet been undertaken. Through an extensive review of the interdisciplinary literature on such collaborations that identified common factors appearing across multiple studies, we propose a framework for evaluating the quality of collaborative research and, ultimately, predicting its quality. The value of such a framework lies with its broader application for researchers engaging in climate studies across regions, strengthening the quality of the research produced through both replicability and comparability of studies.
Upper limit on star formation and metal enrichment in minihaloes

An analysis of negative radiative feedback from resident stars in minihalos is performed. It is found that the most effective mechanism to suppress star formation is provided by infrared photons from resident stars via photo-detachment of ${\rm H^-}$. It is shown that a stringent upper bound on (total stellar mass, metallicity) of ($\sim 1000{\rm M_\odot}$, $-3.3\pm 0.2$) in any newly minted atomic cooling halo can be placed, with the actual values possibly significantly lower. This has both important physical ramifications on formation of stars and supermassive black seeds in atomic cooling halos at high redshift, pertaining to processes of low temperature metal cooling, dust formation and fragmentation, and direct consequences on the faint end galaxy luminosity function at high redshift and cosmological reionization. The luminosity function of galaxies at the epoch of reionization may be substantially affected due to the combined effect of a diminished role of minihalos and an enhanced contribution from Pop III stars in atomic cooling halos. Upcoming results on reionization optical depth from Planck High-Frequency Instrument data may provide a significant constraint on and a unique probe of this star formation physical process in minihalos. As a numerical example, in the absence of significant contributions from minihalos with virial masses below $1.5\times 10^{8}{\rm M_\odot}$ the reionization optical depth is expected to be no greater than $0.065$, whereas allowing for minihalos of masses as low as ($10^7{\rm M_\odot}$, $10^{6.5}{\rm M_\odot}$) to form stars unconstrained by this self-regulation physical process, the reionization optical depth is expected to exceed $(0.075,0.085)$, respectively.
Different Effects of Phenobarbital and Gingko Leaf on Level of Serum Neuron-Specific Enolase after Simple Febrile Seizure in Children

Objective To observe the different effects of phenobarbital(PB) and Ginkgo Leaf pills on the serum neuron-specific enolase(NSE) level after seizures of simple febrile convulsion(SFC) in children.Methods One hundred and eighty-eight children were included,all of them were hospitalized due to their seizures of SFC,who randomly divided into 3 groups.Seizures without any drug group:seizures without any anticonvulsive drugs or PB;PB treatment group:PB with a dosage of 10 mg·kg-1(the highest dose less than 150 mg·kg-1) was given through intramuscular injection,once a day,for 2 days.PB plus Gingko Leaf group:in addition to the same dosage of PB treatment,Gingko Leaf pills were given orally with a dosage of 15 mg for children aged 2 years and less or 20 mg for children aged older than 2 years twice a day for 14 days.Healthy control group:bloods were taken for the regular health evaluation.Venous blood samples were taken from all SFC children on the 2nd day,7thday and 21st day after seizure stopped.Serum NSE levels were tested using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results 1.In the age group older than 2 years:on the 2nd day,serum NSE levels in the children with SFC were significantly higher than that in healthy control group(Pa0.01).On the 7th day,NSE levels were droped down but still higher than that in healthy control group(Pa0.05).2.In the group of 2 year age or less:serum NSE levels were significantly higher in PB subgroup compared with that in the seizure without any drug group on the 2nd,7th and 21st day,respectively(Pa0.01).However,NSE level were slightly elevated but not significantly different in the subgroup with PB plus Ginkgo Leaf compared with that in seizure without any drug group.On the 2nd,7th and 21st day,NSE levels gradually dropped down in the subgroup of seizures without any anticonvulsive drug,in older than 2 years group.Similar trend was not observed in PB treatment group.On the contrary,NSE level dropped drown from the 7th day in the PB plus Ginkgo Leaf group,and were no longer different when comparing to normal controls on the 21st day.Conclusions There was a slight and transient increase of serum NSE level after a SFC seizure,which suggest that there was mild brain damage after the seizure.PB exacerbated the elevation of serum NSE level in SFC children aged 2 years and younger.Ginkgo Leaf could be able to reduce the serum NSE level and have possible protective role on the brain damage caused by PB in children.
Screening for previous refractive surgery in eye bank corneas by using optical coherence tomography

PURPOSE To use optical coherence tomography (OCT) to detect previous refractive surgery in donor corneas. METHODS We constructed a tabletop OCT scanner operating at 1310-nm wavelength. Donor corneas at the Cleveland Eye Bank were scanned while sealed within the sterile container immersed in Optisol GS. OCT scanning was performed with 7.6-mm-long lines (512 axial scans) along 8 meridians. Anterior and posterior corneal surfaces were automatically mapped using image processing software that we developed. Curvature was computed from the best parabolic fit in the central 5-mm diameter. Layered analysis of the stromal reflectivity was also performed. Twenty-nine corneas from 19 donors were examined. Five had a history of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). RESULTS The flap interfaces could not be visualized on slit-lamp or OCT images but were confirmed by histology. The death-to-scan time was 22.1 +/- 11.4 (SD) hours for normal corneas and 100.6 +/- 57.5 hours for LASIK corneas. The anterior surface power was 67.5 +/- 2.5 D in control corneas and 64.5 +/- 2.4 D in LASIK corneas (P = 0.023). There was no significance between the 2 groups in terms of posterior curvature and thickness parameters. The anterior/posterior reflectivity ratio in the central 4-mm diameter was significantly lower in post-LASIK corneas than in control (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS OCT provides thickness, topography, and reflectivity maps of donor corneas without taking them out of preservation medium and container. The anterior curvature and the anterior/posterior stromal reflectivity ratio may be useful for detecting previous LASIK.
The precise and entire antigenic structure of lysozyme: implications of surface-simulation synthesis and the molecular features of protein antigenic sites.

Intensive research in the author’s laboratory over a 10-year period has now culminated in the precise determination of the entire antigenic structure of native hen egg-white lysozyme. The protein carries three antigenic sites. Each site is made up of spatially adjacent surface residues that are not in direct peptide linkage. The residues of each site describe an imaginary line which circumscribes part of the surface topography of the protein and act functionally towards the antibody as if they are in direct peptide bond linkage. The reactivity of each site is fully satisfied by an appropriate surface-simulation synthetic peptide, and the three synthetic sites account for the full immunochemical reactivity of the native protein. Each site is subject to conformational restrictions and exhibits directionality which is a function of side chain orientations. The antigenic sites of myoglobin and lysozyme are compared. It is proposed that antigenic sites of the type found in myoglobin are called “continuous sites”, while antigenic sites of the type seen in lysozyme are defined as “discontinuous sites”.
Using Evolution to Guide Protein Engineering: The Devil IS in the Details

For decades, protein engineers have endeavored to reengineer existing proteins for novel applications. Overall, protein folds and gross functions can be readily transferred from one protein to another by transplanting large blocks of sequence (i.e., domain recombination). However, predictably fine-tuning function (e.g., by adjusting ligand affinity, specificity, catalysis, and/or allosteric regulation) remains a challenge. One approach has been to use the sequences of protein families to identify amino acid positions that change during the evolution of functional variation. The rationale is that these nonconserved positions could be mutated to predictably fine-tune function. Evolutionary approaches to protein design have had some success, but the engineered proteins seldom replicate the functional performances of natural proteins. This Biophysical Perspective reviews several complexities that have been revealed by evolutionary and experimental studies of protein function. These include 1) challenges in defining computational and biological thresholds that define important amino acids; 2) the co-occurrence of many different patterns of amino acid changes in evolutionary data; 3) difficulties in mapping the patterns of amino acid changes to discrete functional parameters; 4) the nonconventional mutational outcomes that occur for a particular group of functionally important, nonconserved positions; 5) epistasis (nonadditivity) among multiple mutations; and 6) the fact that a large fraction of a protein's amino acids contribute to its overall function. To overcome these challenges, new goals are identified for future studies.
Phase Deviation and Beam Divergence of a Large Aperture Resonator Beam

In the classical expansion of the modes of a resonator in terms of orthonormal functions, the phase variations have an important role. Often the radial phase deviation is neglected in using these results for the calculation of the far-field beam divergence of a laser.
Outcomes and Audience Costs in an Incentivized Laboratory Experiment

This paper presents a laboratory experiment examining how citizens' concern for their country's international reputation affects how they evaluate leaders. A large experimental literature has found that citizens are less supportive of leaders that escalate a crisis and then back down than leaders that never entered the crisis at all. These audience costs emerge despite the policy outcome being the same in both cases. Previous research suggests that citizens dislike inconsistency from a leader and worry about the country's international reputation. This paper argues that the reputation mechanism behind audience costs has not been adequately examined. Therefore, I present a bargaining game that can escalate to war. I then test this game under conditions when reputations can emerge and when they cannot in the context of a laboratory experiment. The results of the laboratory experiment show that audience costs do not emerge, even when reputational concerns are possible, and that citizens care more about the policy outcome than about the policy-making process. Thus, I connect the literature on retrospective voting with the literature on how citizens evaluate the foreign policy of leaders.
The Sun’s Perturbing Effect on Motion Near a Triangular Lagrange Point

In the restricted three-body problem, it is found that there are five points where the gravitational forces on the small body balance the centrifugal force. These points are the singular points of the differential equations of motion and can also be seen as double points of the zero-velocity surfaces. For small deviations from the Lagrange point the equations of relative motion may be considered to be linear in the deviations, and it is then found that the motion consists of two periodic motions with periods of about 28.6 and 92 days. In. this paper this same motion is considered as it is perturbed by the sun. The equations of motion of a planar restricted four-body problem (i. e., circular moon orbit and circular orbit of earth-moon barycenter around the sun, zero inclination between moon and sun orbits) are first written in terms of Jacobi coordinates. The Hamiltonian consists of two parts: one leads to the restricted three-body problem and the other introduces the sun’s perturbations. This latter part, which has (mass of sun/R3(earth-sun)) as a factor, consists of the usual sequence of Legendre polynomials of the angle between the radii to the particle and the sun and “coupling” terms, which also contain the mass of the moon and the angle between the radii to the particle and the moon. The equations of motion with respect to the Lagrange point are then obtained by using the constant and linear parts of the series expansion of the Hamiltonian near the Lagrange point. Even though the second Legendre Polynomial in the sun’s perturbing function is 400 times smaller than the first, it is retained because it gives rise to a near resonance due to the closeness of the shorter fundamental period of the three-body solution to the synodic month. The “coupling” term, however, is not used; it is about 30 times smaller than the second Legendre polynomial. The ensuing equations are solved by the method of Laplace transforms, up to the first power bf the parameter (mass of sun/R3(earth-sun)). Good correspondence is shown between this solution and a numerical integration of the restricted four-body problem. The agreement with a numerical integration using ephemeris positions of sun and moon and referring the motion to the “elliptical” Lagrange point is less favorable. An attempt to explain this discrepancy is made by solving the equations of motion with respect to the elliptical Lagrange point (which is a point always 60° ahead of, and at the same distance as the moon, while the moon is assumed to move in an elliptical orbit) to include the square of the eccentricity of the moon’s orbit. Although the formulation of this problem in terms of rectangular coordinates clearly has some serious limitations, it does suffice to show some of the salient leatures of this interesting problem as, for instance, the relative sizes of different effects and the resonance problems. The present work will serve as an excellent basis for a more comprehensive perturbation analysis in terms of canonical variables.
Racial resentment and attitudes toward the use of force by police: an over-time trend analysis

On the heels of recent police shootings of an unarmed Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, Walter Scott in North Charleston, South Carolina, and the death of Freddy Gray in Baltimore, Maryland, that stoked racial tensions, this article examines how beliefs about race and racial inequality influence whites’ attitudes toward the use of force by the police since the mid-1980s. Our main dependent measure is a composite index (“Police Force Index”) constructed from four survey items from the 1986–2012 National Opinion Research Center's General Social Survey (GSS). Results show that (1) beliefs about race do indeed significantly predict whites’ attitudes toward police use of force, and more importantly, (2) this effect has remained constant since the mid-1980s. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of these findings and suggestions for future research.
Bitcoin, its Legal Classification and its Regulatory Framework

Bitcoin is a revolutionary computer protocol created as a decentralized payment system. This article discusses the potential legal classification of Bitcoin and the consequences thereto. Furthermore, it considers the current regulatory landscape applicable to Bitcoin and the areas that call for additional regulation. I propose that given Bitcoin’s unique features and related policy considerations, technology specific regulations need to be implemented to protect consumers and bring legitimacy to digital currencies. Given the fluctuating nature of the law, this article is limited to the current state of the law and does not intend to cover every aspect of Bitcoin; it covers current issues as discussed on a day-to-day basis up until December 31, 2014.
Treatment at high-volume facilities and academic centers is independently associated with improved survival in patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer

BACKGROUND The treatment of head and neck cancers is complex and associated with significant morbidity, requiring multidisciplinary care and physician expertise. Thus, facility characteristics, such as clinical volume and academic status, may influence outcomes. METHODS The current study included 46,567 patients taken from the National Cancer Data Base who were diagnosed with locally advanced invasive squamous cell carcinomas of the oropharynx, larynx, and hypopharynx and were undergoing definitive radiotherapy. High-volume facilities (HVFs) were defined as the top 1% of centers by the number of patients treated from 2004 through 2012. Multivariable Cox regression and propensity score matching were performed to account for imbalances in covariates. RESULTS The median follow-up was 55.1 months. Treatment at a HVF (hazard ratio, 0.798; 95% confidence interval, 0.753-0.845 [P<.001]) and treatment at an academic facility (hazard ratio, 0.897; 95% confidence interval, 0.871-0.923 [P<.001]) were found to be independently associated with improved overall survival in multivariable analysis. In propensity score-matched cohorts, the 5-year overall survival rate was 61.6% versus 55.5% for patients treated at an HVF versus lower-volume facilities, respectively (P<.001). Similarly, the 5-year overall survival rate was 52.3% versus 49.7% for patients treated at academic versus nonacademic facilities (P<.001). Analysis of facility volume as a continuous variable demonstrated continual improvement in survival with an increased number of patients treated. The impact of facility volume and academic designation on survival was observed when using a variety of thresholds to define HVF, and across the vast majority of subgroups, including both oropharyngeal and nonoropharyngeal subsites. CONCLUSIONS Patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma who are undergoing curative radiotherapy at HVFs and academic centers appear to have improved survival. Cancer 2017;123:3933-42. © 2017 American Cancer Society.