cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Language-agnostic specification and verification: invited talk

Over the last few years we have been working on bringing simple and pragmatic program specification and verification to programming languages targeting the Microsoft .NET platform. In this talk I will discuss the motivation and trade-offs influencing our design.The specifications and static verification are targeted at the general developer, not the verification enthusiast. It is thus important to us to use a single form of specifications that meets three simultaneous goals:1. Specifications serve as documentation. They must be as readable as possible.2. Specifications should be executable. This motivates writing specifications for testing and immediate perceived benefit, without consideration of static verification.3. Finally, specifications should be usable in static verification.Our specification approach is language-agnostic in that we use idiomatic code written in the developer's source language to express pre-conditions and post-conditions. Preconditions and postconditions are expressed as calls to the static methods. Special dummy methods are used to refer to the method result value as well as referring to the old value of an expression, meaning the value of the expression on method entry.
Small bowel transplantation in the rat with immediate restoration of intestinal continuity

Compared with other rat transplant models, small bowel transplantation (SBT) is associated with higher peritransplant morbidity and mortality. We describe a two-stage technique of SBT in the rat that minimizes perioperative complications and also allows immediate restoration of intestinal continuity. Inbred Lewis strain rats were used as donors and recipients. A one-stage technique was originally adopted whereby the distal 50% of the jejunoileum was transplanted followed by near-total resection of the native small intestine and restoration of intestinal continuity. Among 20 rats transplanted with this technique, only one survived longer than 30 days. With the two-stage technique, transplantation of the donor jejunoileum in continuity was performed, followed by native enterectomy 7 days later. With the two-stage technique 17 of 20 rats survived indefinitely (greater than 50 days). Other important technical modifications are described. In the hands of a skilled microvascular surgeon, the two-stage SBT technique results in consistently improved survival and minimal morbidity.
Chronic Bacterial Rhinosinusitis Description of a Mouse Model

Objectives To survey normal murine sinonasal anatomy and to create a mouse model for chronic bacterial rhinosinusitis. Design Anatomic, histologic, and pathophysiologic study displaying normal murine sinonasal anatomy and surgically created unilateral sinonasal inflammation. Subjects Twenty-one 6-week-old, male C57BL/6 mice. Interventions Animals that underwent unilateral maxillary sinus ostial obstruction using Merocel nasal packing, animals with unilateral Bacteroides fragilis inoculation alone, and animals with both ostial obstruction and bacterial inoculation were examined at 4 weeks for histologic evidence of chronic sinonasal inflammation. Experimental interventions were compared with contralateral control sinuses within each animal and with normal and sham-operated controls. Results Normal mouse paranasal sinuses include maxillary sinuses, ethmoid air cells, and respiratory-type epithelium. In experimental animals, the lateral maxillary sinus wall, nasal septum, and superior turbinelle of the maxillary sinus were examined histologically. Epithelial thickening and disarray, goblet cell hyperplasia, inflammatory infiltrates, and sinonasal fibrosis were present in the experimental sinuses of animals packed with Merocel alone or Merocel with bacterial inoculation. Changes seen with Merocel and bacteria were more dramatic than those with Merocel alone. Sham-operated controls and sinuses inoculated with bacteria alone did not differ significantly from the sinuses of normal animals. Conclusion Unilateral maxillary sinus ostial obstruction using Merocel nasal packing along with B fragilis inoculation results in a persistent, localized bacterial rhinosinusitis in mice.
Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)-primed, delayed marrow harvests as a source of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells for allogeneic transplantation.

We evaluated the ability of G-CSF to increase the number of hematopoietic stem cells obtained by “delayed” BM harvest for allogeneic transplantation. Five normal donors received G-CSF lOmcg/kg/day 5 followed by repeat PB and BM assays at day 6 and 16, and BM harvest at day 16. Stem cells were not increased in the BM at day 16. Five patients underwent BMT and engrafted at +10 to +19 days. While the tested strategy offers no intrinsic advantages, its potential cannot be evaluated fully without alternative timing and/or additional, “early acting” growth factors.
Optimal artificially blunted leading-edge airfoils for enhanced aerothermodynamic performance

An artificially blunted leading-edge concept that can be applied to the blunted leading edges of vehicles in hypervelocity flight for drag reduction is described. By creating a channel sized to choke at the design condition, most of the wall on which the stagnation region pressure acts is removed; this results in significantly reduced total drag. To evaluate the effectiveness of airfoils employing this concept in achieving low drag without paying any penalties in other areas like lifting capacity, heating rates, or enclosed volume, the design space is characterized comprehensively using multidisciplinary design optimization techniques. Response surface methods are used to search the design space efficiently for such airfoils designed to operate at Mach 4 and 12-km altitude. The results from a designed set of numerical experiments, i.e., Navier-Stokes simulations, are used to create analytical models for force coefficients and peak heat transfer rates. These nonlinear models are then used to generate an optimal channel airfoil design. The performance predicted by the models is verified by Navier-Stokes solutions to validate the optimal design and to evaluate the efficacy of the concept evaluation technique. The optimal airfoil had a 19% lower Cd and a lower peak heat transfer rate while providing the same c/ and enclosed area as the baseline (4% thick) blunted diamond airfoil. The models were accurate to within 5% of the calculated values and demonstrated the ability to smoothly capture trends in system responses while filtering out numerical noise.
Effects of Vibrational Frequency Correlations on Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectra†

The response functions needed for simulating and fitting two-dimensional infrared spectra are described including the distributions of vibrational frequency, anharmonicity, and coupling between vibrators. A simple method that does not involve explicit calculation is introduced to characterize the spectral line narrowing properties of each of the quantum paths contributing to 2D IR. It is shown that the 2D IR spectra need to be collected in both positive and negative frequency quadrants in order to optimize the information needed to evaluate these correlations. Two experimental examples of heterodyned 2D IR (acetone in ethylene glycol and acetylproline-ND 2 in D 2 O) are described where the 2D IR spectra are obtained for both the conventional echo sequence of pulse delays and for the usually nonrephased signal. These two sets of spectra are quite different for both examples, as predicted. The latter exhibits an echo only when there is some anticorrelation between the relevant inhomogeneous distributions.
Calls on high‐technology: Japanese exploration of venture capital investments in the United States

The strategic logic of Japanese high-technology venture capital investment reveals the existence of an implicit call option, or ‘shadow option’, on new technology. This option is exercised by further investment in product development, manufacturing and distribution. The process is described with reference to a comparative study of Japanese and U.S. venture capital firms. Similarities and differences between the two groups are reported, and a conceptual model of Japanese option strategy is formulated. The implications for our understanding of Japanese strategy and for strategic management theory are discussed.
Effects of Simulated Solar UVB Radiation on Early Developmental Stages of the Northwestern Salamander (Ambystoma gracile) from Three Lakes

Solar ultraviolet radiation (UV) has received much attention as a factor that could play a role in amphibian population declines. UV can be hazardous to some amphibians, but the resultant effects depend on a variety of environmental and behavioral factors. In this study, the potential effects of UV on the Northwestern Salamander, Ambystoma gracile, from three lakes were assessed in the laboratory using a solar simulator. We measured the survival of embryos and the survival and growth of larvae exposed to four UV treatments in controlled laboratory studies, the UV absorbance of egg jelly, oviposition depths in the lakes, and UV absorbance in water samples from the three lakes. Hatching success of embryos decreased in the higher UV treatments as compared to the control treatments, and growth of surviving larvae was significantly reduced in the higher UVB irradiance treatments. The egg jelly exhibited a small peak of absorbance within the UVB range (290-320 nm). The magnitude of UV absorbance differed among egg jellies from the three lakes. Oviposition depths at the three sites averaged 1.10 m below the water surface. Approximately 66% of surface UVB radiation was attenuated at 10-cm depth in all three lakes. Results of this study indicate that larvae may be sensitive to UVB exposure under laboratory conditions; however, in field conditions the depths of egg deposition in the lakes, absorbance of UV radiation by the water column, and the potential for behavioral adjustments may mitigate severe effects of UV radiation.
A dynamic convexized method for the TSP

This paper describes a dynamic convexized method for solving the symmetric traveling salesman problem (TSP). We construct an auxiliary function and design an algorithm based on this function. The possibility of sinking into a previous local minimizer can be reduced by adjusting the value of the parameter in the auxiliary function. We have verified the correctness of this approach both in theory and experiment. Computational tests show that the algorithm is effective.
NEW CONCEPTS AND ALTERNATIVE PRACTICE IN COMMUNITY SUPERVISION OF JUVENILE OFFENDERS: REDISCOVERING WORK EXPERIENCE AND COMPETENCY DEVELOPMENT

ABSTRACT Whether emphasizing surveillance/enforcement or treatment/ services, community supervision approaches in juvenile justice tend to share a passive approach to offenders. Tliis paper describes a group of community-based programs emphasizing employment and work experience which appear to contain the seeds of a new, more active agenda for community supen'ision centered around a distinctive outlook toward offenders. Based on qualitative observations of some twenty programs initiated in the 1980s, the paper summarizes key themes used to “sell” the concept of offender employment in local communities and program principles which appear largely responsible for the success and stability of these programs. Policy implications for an expanded emphasis on work experience and competency development as part of a new juvenile justice mission are considered and a research agenda is briefly outlined.
Detection of trabecular bone microdamage by micro-computed tomography

Microdamage is an important component of bone quality and affects bone remodeling. Improved techniques to assess microdamage without the need for histological sectioning would provide insight into the role of microdamage in trabecular bone strength by allowing the spatial distribution of damage within the trabecular microstructure to be measured. Nineteen cylindrical trabecular bone specimens were prepared and assigned to two groups. The specimens in group I were damaged to 3% compressive strain and labeled with BaSO(4). Group II was not loaded, but was labeled with BaSO(4). Micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) images of the specimens were obtained at 10 microm resolution. The median intensity of the treated bone tissue was compared between groups. Thresholding was also used to measure the damaged area fraction in the micro-CT scans. The histologically measured damaged area fraction, the median CT intensity, and the micro-CT measured damaged area fraction were all higher in the loaded group than in the unloaded group, indicating that the micro-CT images could differentiate the damaged specimen group from the unloaded specimens. The histologically measured damaged area fraction was positively correlated with the micro-CT measured damaged area fraction and with the median CT intensity of the bone, indicating that the micro-CT images can detect microdamage in trabecular bone with sufficient accuracy to differentiate damage levels between samples. This technique provides a means to non-invasively assess the three-dimensional distribution of microdamage within trabecular bone test specimens and could be used to gain insight into the role of trabecular architecture in microdamage formation.
Novel Application of Structural Equation Modeling to Correlation Structure Analysis of CpG Island Methylation in Colorectal Cancer

The CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP-high, CIMP1) is a distinct phenotype associated with microsatellite instability (MSI) and BRAF mutation in colon cancer. Recent evidence suggests the presence of KRAS mutation-associated CIMP subtype (CIMP-low, CIMP2). We used cluster analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and structural equation modeling (SEM), a novel strategy, to decipher the correlation structure of CpG island hypermethylation. Using a database of 861 colon and rectal cancers, DNA methylation at 16 CpG islands [CACNA1G, CDKN2A (p16/ink4a), CHFR, CRABP1, HIC1, IGF2, IGFBP3, MGMT, MINT-1, MINT-31, MLH1, NEUROG1, p14 (CDKN2A/arf), RUNX3, SOCS1, and WRN] was quantified by real-time PCR. Tumors were categorized into three groups: Group 1 with wild-type KRAS/BRAF (N = 440); Group 2 with mutant KRAS and wild-type BRAF (N = 308); and Group 3 with wild-type KRAS and mutant BRAF (N = 107). Tumors with mutant KRAS/BRAF (N = 6) were excluded. In unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis, all but six markers (CACNA1G, IGF2, RUNX3, MGMT, MINT-1, and SOCS1) were differentially clustered with CIMP-high and CIMP-low according to KRAS and BRAF status. In SEM, the correlation structures between CIMP, locus-specific CpG island methylation, and MSI differed according to KRAS and BRAF status, which was consistent with PCA results. In conclusion, KRAS and BRAF mutations appear to differentially influence correlation structure of CpG island methylation. Our novel data suggest two distinct perturbations, resulting in differential locus-specific propensity of CpG methylation.
Free-space wavelength-multiplexed optical scanner demonstration.

Experimental demonstration of a no-moving-parts free-space wavelength-multiplexed optical scanner (W-MOS) is presented. With fast tunable lasers or optical filters and planar wavelength dispersive elements such as diffraction gratings, this microsecond-speed scanner enables large several-centimeter apertures for subdegree angular scans. The proposed W-MOS design incorporates a unique optical amplifier and variable optical attenuator combination that enables the calibration and modulation of the scanner response, leading to any desired scanned laser beam power shaping. The experimental setup uses a tunable laser centered at 1560 nm and a 600-grooves/mm blazed reflection grating to accomplish an angular scan of 12.92° as the source is tuned over an 80-nm bandwidth. The values for calculated maximum optical beam divergance, required wavelength resolution, beam-pointing accuracy, and measured scanner insertion loss are 1.076 mrad, 0.172 nm, 0.06 mrad, and 4.88 dB, respectively.
Improved slice selection for R2* mapping during cryoablation with eddy current compensation.

Purpose To improve the slice profile and image quality of R2* mapping in the iceball during cryoablation with ultrashort echo time (UTE) imaging by compensating for eddy currents induced by the selective gradient when half-pulse radiofrequency (RF) excitation is employed to achieve UTEs. Materials and Methods A method to measure both B0 and linear eddy currents simultaneously is first presented. This is done with a least-square fitting process on calibration data collected on a phantom. Eddy currents during excitation are compensated by redesigning the RF pulse and the selective gradient accordingly, while that resultant from the readout gradient are compensated for during image reconstruction. In vivo data were obtained continuously during the cryoablation experiments to calculate the R2* values in the iceball and to correlate them with the freezing process. Results Image quality degradation due to eddy currents is significantly reduced with the proposed approaches. R2* maps of iceball throughout the cryoablation experiments were achieved with improved quality. Conclusion The proposed approaches are effective for compensating eddy currents during half-pulse RF excitation as well as readout. TEs as short as 100 μsec were obtained, allowing R2* maps to be obtained from frozen tissues with improved quality. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008;28:190–198. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A computational geometry method for DTOA triangulation

We present a computational geometry method for the problem of triangulation in the plane using measurements of distance-differences. Compared to existing solutions to this well-studied problem, this method is: (a) computationally more efficient and adaptive in that its precision can be controlled as a function of the number of computational operations, making it suitable to low power devices, and (b) robust with respect to measurement and computational errors, and is not susceptible to numerical instabilities typical of existing linear algebraic or quadratic methods. This method employs a binary search on a distance-difference curve in the plane using a second distance- difference as the objective function. We establish the unimodality of the directional derivative of the objective function within each of a small number of suitably decomposed regions of the plane to support the binary search. The computational complexity of this method is O(log2 1/gamma), where the computed solution is guaranteed to be within a gamma-precision region centered at the actual solution. We present simulation results to compare this method with existing DTOA triangulation methods.
Neuropsychological Perspectives on Reading and Developmental Reading Disability

Neuropsychological research on the subject of developmental reading disability has helped to focus much needed attention on children with unexpected reading failure. Impressive progress has been made in identifying these children and offering remedial therapy. Nevertheless, despite the fact that developmental reading disability was recognized before the turn of the century, relatively little progress has been made in understanding either the causal pathophysiology or the underlying pathopsychophysiology of the developmental dyslexia.
Copper Oxide Removal Activity in Nonaqueous Carboxylic Acid Solutions

Flip chip joint quality and reliability are strong functions of process parameters, materials and reactions before, during, and after solder reflow. In this work, we examine CuOx removal effectiveness of nonaqueous carboxylic acid solutions using electrochemical methods at temperatures from 100◦C to 180◦C. Chronopotentiometry and gravimetric analysis were used to study reaction kinetics, FTIR was used to study surface chemistry, and spectrophotometry was used to quantify reactant and product solubilities. Kinetics were investigated using carboxylic acid solutions such as adipic acid or maleic acid in polyethylene glycol. Carboxylic acid-based solutions with complexing agents show CuOx removal rates are similar to hydrochloric acid solutions at temperatures above 140 ◦ C. Results suggest the combination of proton-donating complexing agents with carboxylic acids can increase CuOx removal rates by an order of magnitude over solutions without complexing agents. A model including the formation of soluble Cu 2+ complexes and
Late results of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty of two or more major native coronary arteries

Abstract Of 613 consecutive patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing revascularization, 521 patients (85%) underwent primary management with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). To examine long-term outcome in a series of patients often referred for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, all patients undergoing multivessel dilations were identified for late follow-up analysis (n = 161). Mean age was 65 years; 54 patients (34%) were women. Four hundred fifty-five of 502 lesions (90.6%) were successfully dilated. Major in-hospital procedural complications occurred in 6 patients (3.7%), including death in 3 (1.9%), nonfatal Q-wave myocardial infarction in 2 (1.2%), and CABG in 1 (0.6%). Final follow-up data were available in 159 patients (99%) at a mean of 39 ± 18 months. Including in-hospital events, actuarial 3-year survival was 93%, and 3year infarct-free survival was 90%. At final follow-up, 143 of 146 patients alive (98%) were angina free. Crossover to CABG was required in 25 patients (16%). Repeat PTCA was performed in 67 patients (42%) (mean 1.7 PTCAs/patient, range 1 to 7). PTCA is an effective therapeutic alternative in the management of most patients with multivessel CAD requiring revascularization. A strategy using multiple repeated PTCA procedures when necessary results in prolonged infarct-free survival, with long-term freedom from angina and limited crossover to CABG.
In vivo and in vitro assessment of porcine neutrophil activation responses to chemoattractants: flow cytometric evidence for the selective absence of formyl peptide receptors.

Interest In the role that activated granulocytes play in C5a-induced myocardial ischemia prompted us to investigate and compare activation responses of pig and human neutrophils. The responses of Hypaque-Ficoil purified porcine (P-PMN) and human neutrophils (H-PMN) to stimulation with N-formyl-methionyl-Ieucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP), C5a, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), and calcium ionophore A23187 (A23187) were compared by flow cytometrically measured changes in the cells’ forward (FWD-SC) (a measure of shape/volume change) and right angle (90#{176}-SC) light scatter (a measure of secretion), and in the distribution of the membrane potential sensitive fluorescent probe di-O-C(5) (3). FMLP, C5a, and Zymosan-activated serum (ZAS) stimulated chemotaxis and FMLP vs. PMA-stimulated adherence to plastic were also compared. Unstimulated P-PMN had lower FWD-SC and 90#{176}-SC than H-PMN (39.4 ± 1.4 vs. 48.4 ± 2.0 P 0.05. PMA (100 ng/ml) stimulated comparable increases in adherence in both PMN types (48.6 ± 5.2% vs. 58.7 ± 4.9%, P-PMN vs. H-PMN, P < 0.025). Binding studies using the fluoresceinated N-formyl peptide f-met-leu-phe-Iysine-fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FMLPL-FITC) in the absence and presence of excess non-fluoresceinated FMLPL Indicated that P-PMN lack specific binding sites for the N-formyl peptides. Intracoronary (LAD) infusion of FMLP In the Instrumented intact pig produced no change in neutrophil extraction, LAD regional blood flow, or myocardial contractility while infusion of purified porcine C5a induced a rapid and marked increase in myocardial neutrophil extraction, a decrease in LAD coronary blood flow, and diminished contractility. It is concluded that P-PMN and H-PMN respond comparably to C5a, PMA, and A231 87, but P-PMN are selectively unresponsive to activation by FMLP both in vitro and in vivo due to the absence of FMLP binding.
How (Not) to Solve the Problem: An Evaluation of Scholarly Responses to Common Source Bias

Public administration scholars are beginning to pay more attention to the problem of common source bias, but little is known about the approaches that applied researchers are adopting as they attempt to confront the issue in their own research. In this essay, we consider the various responses taken by the authors of six articles in this journal. We draw attention to important nuances of the common measurement issue that have previously received little attention and run a set of empirical analyses in order to test the effectiveness of several proposed solutions to the common-source-bias problem. Our results indicate that none of the statistical remedies being used by public administration scholars appear to be reliable methods of countering the problem. Currently, it appears as though the only reliable solution is to find independent sources of data when perceptual survey measures
Gene therapy, regulatory mechanisms, and protein function in vision

Hereditary retinal degeneration due to mutations in visual genes may be amenable to therapeutic interventions that modulate, either positively or negatively, the amount of protein product. Some of the proteins involved in phototransduction are rapidly moved by a lightdependent mechanism between the inner segment and the outer segment in rod photoreceptor cells, and this phenomenon is important in phototransduction.
A New Fuzzy ARTMAP Approach for Predicting Biological Activity of Potential HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors

The Fuzzy ARTMAP with Relevance factor (FAMR) is a Fuzzy ARTMAP (FAM) neural architecture with the following property: Each training pair has a relevance factor assigned to it, proportional to the importance of that pair during the learning phase. Using a relevance factor adds more flexibility to the training phase, allowing ranking of sample pairs according to the confidence we have in the information source. We focus on the prediction of biological activities of HIV- 1 protease inhibitory compounds, both known and novel, using a FAMR model. Our new approach consists of two stages: i) During the first stage, we use a genetic algorithm (GA) to optimize the relevances assigned to the training data. This improves the generalization capability of the FAMR. ii) In the second stage we use the optimized relevances to train the FAMR. Finally, the trained FAMR is used to predict the biological activities of newly designed potential HIV-1 protease inhibitors.
Childhood Chronic Illness: A Comparison of Mothers’ and Fathers’ Experiences:

Despite a growing emphasis on gender differences in parental response to childhood illness and disability, relatively few studies have compared how mothers and fathers adapt to having an ill child. This article explores how mothers and fathers of a child with a chronic illness viewed their experience and its impact on family life. Within families, parents typically had a shared view of the experience and its impact on their life as reflected in both the qualitative interview data and quantitative measures of family and individual functioning. In the minority of cases where parents held discrepant views, it was the mother who emphasized the negative aspects of the chronic illness situation. The results of this analysis support the growing emphasis among family researchers on exploring family strengths in the face of illness challenges and collecting data from multiple family members.
Generalized nonlinear FET/HEMT modeling

A modeling procedure which provides an accurate large-signal response for variation in bias, input power level, and fundamental frequency for FET/HEMT transistors is designed. A procedure for measuring the large-signal input response on an easily implemented system is presented. The technique is illustrated by designing a nonlinear PHEMT model, which includes an accurate large-signal input response and works with variations in the aforementioned input conditions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 14, 122–133, 2004.
Multisensory embedded pose estimation

We present a multisensory method for estimating the transformation of a mobile phone between two images taken from its camera. Pose estimation is a necessary step for applications such as 3D reconstruction and panorama construction, but detecting and matching robust features can be computationally expensive. In this paper we propose a method for combining the inertial sensors (accelerometers and gyroscopes) of a mobile phone with its camera to provide a fast and accurate pose estimation. We use the inertial based pose to warp two images into the same perspective frame. We then employ an adaptive FAST feature detector and image patches, normalized with respect to illumination, as feature descriptors. After the warping the images are approximately aligned with each other so the search for matching key-points also becomes faster and in certain cases more reliable. Our results show that by incorporating the inertial sensors we can considerably speed up the process of detecting and matching key-points between two images, which is the most time consuming step of the pose estimation.
Ultrasound Current Source Density Imaging of a time-varying current field in a multielectrode nerve chamber

Drug resistant epilepsy can in some cases be treated with surgery. To minimize potentially crippling side effects of surgery, a detailed functional map of the brain is usually required prior to resection. Conventional mapping techniques rely on a coarse grid of electrodes with limited spatial resolution. Ultrasound Current Source Density Imaging (UCSDI) is new high resolution method to image electric current based on ultrasound. UCSDI potentially enhances conventional mapping procedures as it produces 4D (space and time) maps of current flow co-registered to ultrasound. In this paper, we describe a new system for studying UCSDI in peripheral nerves and neural tissue. This system allows multi-electrode detection of conventional electrophysiological signals simultaneous with UCSDI. UCSDI was used to map short bursts of current injected through the rat sciatic nerve. The amplitude of the current was varied to test the sensitivity of the system. The detection threshold was 0.1 mA/cm2 at ∼250 kPa, well within range for detecting bioelectric signals in neural tissue.
Respectable Rags: Working-Class Poverty and the 1913–14 Southern Colorado Coal Strike

This article uses the events of the 1913–14 Southern Colorado Coal strike and the cooperative work of the Colorado Coalfield War Archaeology Project to explore emergent historical narratives of working-class poverty and the role they play in shaping contemporary ideologies and public policy. It uses clothing as an entree into discussions of the deserving and undeserving poor, and asks how competing groups used dress in the context of the 1913–14 southern Colorado coal strike to fashion subjects in particular ways. In so doing, it demonstrates the ineffectiveness of either-or dichotomies of deserving and undeserving that still influence current public policy.
Expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein during immortalization of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by HTLV-1: Implications for transformation

Background Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is initiated by infection with human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1); however, additional host factors are also required for T-cell transformation and development of ATLL. The HTLV-1 Tax protein plays an important role in the transformation of T-cells although the exact mechanisms remain unclear. Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) that occurs in the majority of ATLL patients. However, PTHrP is also up-regulated in HTLV-1-carriers and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) patients without hypercalcemia, indicating that PTHrP is expressed before transformation of T-cells. The expression of PTHrP and the PTH/PTHrP receptor during immortalization or transformation of lymphocytes by HTLV-1 has not been investigated.
MOOCs on the March

Mohammed Gad-el-Hak makes a compelling point when he argues that “learning is a social process.” Presumably social beings require interaction, human exchange to flourish. This point applies to the Internet as well as the classroom. Moreover, MOOCs (massive open online courses) are a corrective for a system that has ossified behind a shield of social exchange. In far too many cases, a degree is little more than “seat time” in the accumulation of credits. A degree is not predicated on demonstrated competencies, and as Richard Arum has pointed out in Academically Adrift, 36 percent of the student population shows no discernible change in cognitive skill after four years in the academy. The idea that a classroom is a place where social interaction encourages learning is one of those cliches that has gained traction, but not reliability. At the moment, most colleges contend they are encouraging “critical thinking,” yet another cliche. If students have few required courses and can design a curriculum of their own liking, the pursuit of critical thinking is actually the exchange of ignorant opinion. For example, if asked the question “What should we do if fossil fuels are unavailable?” the typical student, without an understanding of supply and Acad. Quest. (2014) 27:313–315 DOI 10.1007/s12129-014-9432-5
Wind farm power prediction: a data‐mining approach

In this paper, models for short- and long-term prediction of wind farm power are discussed. The models are built using weather forecasting data generated at different time scales and horizons. The maximum forecast length of the short-term prediction model is 12 h, and the maximum forecast length of the long-term prediction model is 84 h. The wind farm power prediction models are built with five different data mining algorithms. The accuracy of the generated models is analysed. The model generated by a neural network outperforms all other models for both short- and long-term prediction. Two basic prediction methods are presented: the direct prediction model, whereby the power prediction is generated directly from the weather forecasting data, and the integrated prediction model, whereby the prediction of wind speed is generated with the weather data, and then the power is generated with the predicted wind speed. The direct prediction model offers better prediction performance than the integrated prediction model. The main source of the prediction error appears to be contributed by the weather forecasting data. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Utilization of Substrate Components during Basaltic Glass Colonization by Pseudomonas and Shewanella Isolates

Many recent studies have shown that submarine basaltic rocks can host a diverse, well-developed microbial community and yet the ocean crust has been shown to be extremely oligotrophic, especially below its surface. This study demonstrates that iron-oxidizing and -reducing bacterial strains, isolated from Loihi Seamount off the southeast coast of the Big Island of Hawai'i, are able to utilize different nutrients (phosphate), electron donors (reduced iron as Fe(II)) and electron acceptors (oxidized iron as Fe(III)) found within basaltic glasses. To test whether microbial life is able to acquire specific required nutrients and energy sources directly from basaltic substrates under nutrient-limiting conditions, we prepared three different basaltic glass substrates: one amended with increased levels of phosphate (apatite), one with predominantly Fe(III) and one with predominantly Fe(II) and exposed these glasses in an annular reactor to a suite of metal-oxidizing and reducing isolates and a microbial mat conso...
Spectral mapping of thermal conductivity through nanoscale ballistic transport

Controlling thermal properties is central to many applications, such as thermoelectric energy conversion and the thermal management of integrated circuits. Progress has been made over the past decade by structuring materials at different length scales, but a clear relationship between structure size and thermal properties remains to be established. The main challenge comes from the unknown intrinsic spectral distribution of energy among heat carriers. Here, we experimentally measure this spectral distribution by probing quasi-ballistic transport near nanostructured heaters down to 30 nm using ultrafast optical spectroscopy. Our approach allows us to quantify up to 95% of the total spectral contribution to thermal conductivity from all phonon modes. The measurement agrees well with multiscale and first-principles-based simulations. We further demonstrate the direct construction of mean free path distributions. Our results provide a new fundamental understanding of thermal transport and will enable materials design in a rational way to achieve high performance.
Layer-to-Layer Height Control for Laser Metal Deposition Process

A laser metal deposition height control methodology is presented in this paper. The height controller utilizes a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to estimate model parameters between layers using measured temperature and track height profiles. Using the estimated model, the powder flow rate reference profile, which will produce the desired layer height reference, is then generated using iterative learning control (ILC). The model parameter estimation performance using PSO is evaluated using a four-layer single track deposition, and the powder flow rate reference generation performance using ILC is tested using simulation. The results show that PSO and ILC perform well in estimating model parameters and generating powder flow rate references, respectively. The proposed height control methodology is then tested experimentally for tracking a constant height reference with constant traverse speed and constant laser power. The experimental results indicate that the controller performs well in tracking constant height references in comparison with the widely used fixed process parameter strategy. The application of layer-to-layer height control produces more consistent layer height increment and a more precise track height, which saves machining time and increases powder efficiency.
Impacts of natural organic matter on perchlorate removal by an advanced reduction process

Perchlorate can be destroyed by Advanced Reduction Processes (ARPs) that combine chemical reductants (e.g., sulfite) with activating methods (e.g., UV light) in order to produce highly reactive reducing free radicals that are capable of rapid and effective perchlorate reduction. However, natural organic matter (NOM) exists widely in the environment and has the potential to influence perchlorate reduction by ARPs that use UV light as the activating method. Batch experiments were conducted to obtain data on the impacts of NOM and wavelength of light on destruction of perchlorate by the ARPs that use sulfite activated by UV light produced by low-pressure mercury lamps (UV-L) or by KrCl excimer lamps (UV-KrCl). The results indicate that NOM strongly inhibits perchlorate removal by both ARP, because it competes with sulfite for UV light. Even though the absorbance of sulfite is much higher at 222 nm than that at 254 nm, the results indicate that a smaller amount of perchlorate was removed with the UV-KrCl lamp...
Full circle: a new classroom site to facilitate the veteran to physician assistant pathway.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Former military medics and corpsmen face challenges entering a civilian health care system that underutilizes their training and experience. The MEDEX Northwest physician assistant (PA) program launched a new classroom site in Tacoma, Washington, near local military bases, to ease entry into the PA profession for those in the local military and civilian communities. Methods: To fill the new classroom, the program conducted outreach to prospective applicants at community colleges, on-base transition and education centers, and education and career events near local installations. Results: Half of the first Tacoma class members are military veterans, half are female, 71% are from disadvantaged backgrounds, and the average age is 33. The Tacoma class demographics are equivalent to the overall 2013 MEDEX entering class with the exception of a higher veteran population (p < 0.001) and a higher rate of educational or economic disadvantage (p = 0.001). Discussion: The MEDEX PA program has m...
High-temperature, high-pressure viscosity of n-octane and isooctane

Abstract Experimental viscosity data are reported for n -octane and isooctane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane) at pressures between 4 and 242 MPa and temperatures between 303 and 523 K. These extreme conditions are representative of those encountered in ultra-deep petroleum formations beneath the deepwaters of the Gulf of Mexico. The measurements are performed using a windowed, variable-volume, rolling-ball viscometer. A comparison of reported viscosity values with available literature data for n -octane and isooctane covering limited pressure and temperature ranges shows that the average absolute percent deviation (AAPD) varies between 1.0% and 2.5%. The data are correlated by a non-linear surface fit as a simultaneous function of temperature and pressure that yields AAPD values of 0.6% and 0.8% for n -octane and isooctane, respectively. The viscosity data are also correlated with a model suitable for use in reservoir simulators; the free volume theory model with density values obtained from the Peng–Robinson equation of state (PR EoS), the volume-translated PR EoS (VT-PR EoS), the perturbed chain statistical associating fluid theory (PC-SAFT EoS), and the PC-SAFT EoS in which the parameters are fit to high temperature, high pressure density data (HTHP PC-SAFT EoS). If the parameters of the free volume theory model are fit with the EoS incorporated into the model, comparable results are obtained with each of the density models. However, if the parameters of the free volume theory model are first fit using experimental density data and then an EoS is incorporated into the free volume theory model, the best viscosity results are obtained with the most accurate density models, which are the HTHP PC-SAFT and VT-PR EoS.
Spatial and Temporal Variations in Cortical Bone Formation in Dogs: A LONG-TERM STUDY

Prolonged studies of the rate of cortical bone formation in three adult dogs using double tetracycline labeling (two twelve-week periods of labeling twelve weeks apart) are reported. These studies, covering twenty-four weeks in a thirty-six weeks period, provided the first long-duration, direct meas
Return Economic Substantive Due Process Rights: A Challenge to the Individual Mandate Using the Commerce Clause

The Individual Mandate of the PPACA has brought new light to the concerns of right to freedom of contract. This paper provides a brief description of PPACA and the individual mandate provision which provides the basis for the legal arguments for and against it. Then each side of the argument is discussed using case law and academic opinions. At the heart of this paper is a call to the Supreme Court to return Lochner Era principles and the freedom to contract, highlighting why this case is the perfect opportunity for the court.
Peritidal Carbonate Cycles Induced by Carbonate Productivity Variations: A Conceptual Model for an Isolated Early Triassic Greenhouse Platform in South China

Abstract Eustasy has commonly been invoked to explain peritidal carbonate cyclicity, but is difficult to explain cycles formed in a greenhouse climate when eustasy is minimal. We propose that peritidal cycles on an Early Triassic isolated carbonate platform in Guizhou, South China, were formed by hierarchical carbonate productivity variations. Most of the 149 shallowing-upward cycles are typically terminated by flooding over intertidal facies and contain rare supratidal facies and no prolonged subaerial exposure. Low-diversity benthos in the platform interior during the post-end-Permian biotic recovery were sensitive to environmental perturbations, which caused variations in benthic sediment productivity in the subtidal carbonate factory. The perturbations may be driven by changes in salinity and degree of eutrophication, or repeated platform mini-drowning by anoxic and/or CO 2 -charged deep water upwelled onto the banktop. They were modulated by Milankovitch orbitally-driven climatic and oceanographic factors as suggested by the hierarchical stacking pattern and spectral signals of these cycles. A one-dimensional conceptual model shows that hierarchical productivity variations alone may generate hierarchical peritidal carbonate cycles under conditions of constant subsidence and no sea-level fluctuation.
Different Ways to Understand Patient-Centered Health Law

While “patient-centeredness” is currently a popular aspiration for medical practice, it is far from clear what the notion might mean for law, as in the idea of “patient-centered health law.” This short essay considers a set of seven choices that should be considered to lend precision and coherence to the idea of “patient-centeredness” so that the concept might be useful for guiding actual decisions in law and policy. The essay was written in anticipation of a conference on "Patient-Centered Health Law and Ethics," held at Wake Forest Law School on April 15-16, 2010, organized by Professors Mark Hall and Lois Shepherd.
“With a Little Help from My Friends I Get By”: Self-Help Books and Psychotherapy

A Bosnian mental health professional told the following story: Her village had been under siege for months, and she had worked around the clock in her community using all her personal and professional resources. She was offered a few days break in Zagreb and went to the city; she welcomed the chance to be out from under fire and to rest. A bookstore was the first place she wanted to go, to browse, to expand her vision, to read about other places and peoples. In the shop, the shelves were lined with American best-selling self-help books with titles like "Getting rid of the shoulds in your life in 24 hours," "How to stop being angry and guilty in 12 steps," etc. She looked at these and felt so unreal that she fled back to her village, preferring the reality of her people and her problems.
The role of leptin in diabetes: metabolic effects

While it is well established that the adiposity hormone leptin plays a key role in the regulation of energy homeostasis, growing evidence suggests that leptin is also critical for glycaemic control. In this review we examine the role of the brain in the glucose-lowering actions of leptin and the potential mediators responsible for driving hyperglycaemia in states of uncontrolled insulin-deficient diabetes (uDM). These considerations highlight the possibility of targeting leptin-sensitive pathways as a therapeutic option for the treatment of diabetes. This review summarises a presentation given at the ‘Is leptin coming back?’ symposium at the 2015 annual meeting of the EASD. It is accompanied by two other reviews on topics from this symposium (by Christoffer Clemmensen and colleagues, DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3906-7 , and by Gerald Shulman and colleagues, DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3909-4 ) and an overview by the Session Chair, Ulf Smith (DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3894-7 ).