cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stationkeeping of an L/sub 2/ libration point satellite with /spl theta/-D technique

A new method for L/sub 2/ libration-point orbit stationkeeping is proposed in this paper using continuous thrust. The circular restricted three-body problem with Sun and Earth as the two primaries is considered. The unstable orbit about the L/sub 2/ libration-point requires stationkeeping maneuvers to maintain the nominal path. In this study, an approach, called the "/spl theta/-D technique," based on optimal control theory gives a closed-form suboptimal feedback solution to solve this nonlinear control problem. In this approach the Hamiltonian-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation is solved approximately by adding some perturbations to the cost function. The controller is designed such that the actual trajectory tracks a predetermined reference orbit with good accuracy. Numerical results employing this method demonstrate the potential of this method.
Accelerator mass spectrometry of long-lived light radionuclides

Abstract Many different kinds of paleoclimatic, geological and archaeological records can be characterized by measuring their radionuclide concentrations using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). The purpose of this paper is to highlight some applications of AMS, using studies conducted at the Arizona AMS Facility as examples. These include studies of 14 C, 10 Be, 26 Al, and 129 I. The work can be generally divided into two types: (1) methodological studies designed to refine and improve the capabilities of AMS, and (2) studies which utilize radiogenic isotopes as geochronometers or as geochemical tracers. Studies of the first type include the development of our 26 Al measurement capabilities, the construction on an automated sample preparation line and the construction of a plasma oxidation line. Studies of the latter type include 14 C dating of corals, speleothems and bones; new records of 10 Be from marine sediments and extraterrestrial materials; and 129 I studies of the pathways of this isotope in the surface ocean.
Evaluation of the Polymerase Chain Reaction Test for Detecting Chlamyclial DNA in Adult Chlamyclial Conjunctivitis

Purpose: A new polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test (Amplicor, Diagnostics, Branchburg, NJ) was evaluated for its ability to detect chlamydial DNA from previously obtained adult conjunctival specimens. Methods: The sensitivity of this PCR test was determined on 42 adult conjunctival specimens that were culture-positive for Chlamydia . The specificity was determined by testing 40 true-negative specimens that included 10 normal conjunctival samples and 20 ocular specimens that were culture-positive for herpes simplex virus or adenovirus. The remaining ten samples consisted of ocular bacterial pathogens in chlamydial transport media. Results: Amplicor was 88% (37/42) sensitive and 100% (40/40) specific. Conclusions: The authors conclude that PCR testing for chlamydial DNA from ocular specimens may be useful, especially when conditions in transport might reduce the yield of positive cultures.
Intravenous lipid rescue and ropivacaine systemic toxicity.

To the Editor: Serious cardiac toxicity following ropivacaine infusion is rare. Side effects that responded to lipid infusions have been described [1]. A 57-year-old man with impaired liver function and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) was admitted for an belowknee amputation. Postoperatively, ropivacaine catheters were placed. Later, the patient became lethargic, and bradycardic, with tinnitus, dysgeusia, and hallucinations. EKG showed widened QRS and prolonged QT without ST changes (Supplementary Figure 1a, b). Echocardiography revealed an ejection fraction (EF) of 20 % without wall motion abnormality. Peak troponin-I-ES = 4.3. We estimated the infusion to be 1,540 mg ropivacaine. A total of 2,480 ml intralipids 20 %, and one round of plasmapheresis, were given with transient response. The patient ultimately died of cardiac arrest (Supplementary Table 1.) Cardiac toxicity has been reversed using infusion of lipids in animal models. Reports have suggested its clinical efficacy in humans [1]. The mechanism of lipid rescue is thought to be a combination of reduced tissue binding by reestablished equilibrium in a plasma lipid phase and a beneficial energetic-metabolic effect. Ropivacaine may be less responsive to lipid rescue therapy because of its decreased lipophilicity. Slow accumulation into tissues may be more difficult to reverse than a sudden bolus [2]. We have evidence of ropivacaine toxicity considering the Naranjo algorithm score of 6, which correlates to the category of a probable adverse drug reaction. The pharmacokinetics are not affected by renal failure, and the liver accounts for the majority of clearance [3]. In this patient, the impaired liver was further hypoperfused, considering myocardial depression. This report suggests the failure of lipid rescue.
OnG 4-G 2 parametric plots in perturbed angular correlations

Time-integrate attenuation factors for pure magnetic dipole, pure electric quadrupole, and mixed hyperfine interactions have been calculated for a wide range of correlation time using the Scherer-Blume model. It is shown that conclusions drawn from theG4−G2 parametric plots as to the type of interaction present are subject to serious uncertainties.
Analogs of UK 14,304: Structural features responsible for α2 adrenoceptor activity

Abstract Factors influencing the potency of UK 14,304 analogs including conformational preorganization and arrangement of hydrogen bond acceptors on the aromatic core are described. The previously reported importance of twist of the iminoimidazoline ring relative to the core for enhanced α 2 activity is supported.
Solutions to systems of nonlinear reaction-diffusion equations.

General criteria which either preclude time-periodic dissipative structure solutions or imply asymptotically steady solutions are derived for generic systems of reaction-diffusion equations ∂ci/∂t = Di▿2ci + Qi(c) subject to boundary conditions of practical interest, where the enumerator index i runs 1 to n, ci = ci(x, t) denotes the concentration or density of the ith participating molecular or biological species, Di is the diffusivity constant for the ith species, and Qi(c), an algebraic function of the n-tuple c = (c1,…, cn), expresses the local rate of production of the ith species due to chemical reactions or biological interactions. It is demonstrated that certain functionals of c which decrease monotonically with time can often be found, as examplified here for Volterra and Verhulst-Volterra n-species model systems, and thus time-periodic dissipative structure solutions are precluded for such systems of reaction-diffusion equations. It is shown that all solutions to a generic system of reaction-diffusion equations evolve dynamically to a unique steady state, lim ⁡ t → ∞ c i ( x , t ) = ĉ i ( x ) , if the diffusivity constants are all sufficiently large in magnitude. A necessary condition for the existence of a periodic solution (either spatially uniform or non-uniform) is formulated in terms of the curl of Q(c) in c-space. Finally, necessary and sufficient conditions are derived for the existence of time-periodic dissipative structure solutions in cases of “weak diffusion” with the reaction rate terms dominant in the governing equations.
Cardiac arrests in schools: Assessing use of automated external defibrillators (AED) on school campuses☆☆☆

Abstract Background Sudden cardiac arrest in schools are infrequent, but emotionally charged events. The purpose of our study was to: (1) describe characteristics and outcomes of school cardiac arrests; and (2) assess the feasibility of conducting school bystander interviews to describe the events surrounding cardiac arrests, assess AED availability and use, and identify barriers to AED use. Methods We performed a telephone survey of bystanders to cardiac arrests occurring in K-12 schools in communities participating in the Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES) database and a local cardiac arrest database. The study period was from 8/2005 to 8/2011 and continued in one community through 2011. Utstein style descriptive data and outcomes were collected. A structured telephone interview of a bystander or administrative personnel was conducted for each cardiac arrest event. We collected a descriptive event summary, including provision of bystander CPR, presence of an AED and information regarding AED deployment, training, and use and perceived barriers to AED use. Descriptive data are reported. Results During the study period there were 30,603 cardiac arrests identified at study communities, of which 47 (0.15%) events were at K-12 schools. Of these, 21 (45.7%) were at high schools, a minority (16, 34.0%) were children ( Conclusions Cardiac arrests in schools are rare events, most patients are adults and receive bystander CPR. AED application by laypersons was infrequent but resulted in excellent (4/11) survival. AEDs were not used in a substantial proportion of incidents and further attention must be paid to planning for emergency response on school campuses. We also identified the difficulty in assessing school emergency care and advocate for the development of methods to evaluate the provision of emergency care on school campuses.
Epithelial cell–initiated inflammation plays a crucial role in early tissue damage in amebic infection of human intestine

Abstract Background & Aims: Entamoeba histolytica infection of the intestine can induce severe gut inflammation. The aims of this study were to assess the role of the host inflammatory response in the tissue damage observed with amebiasis and the role of the intestinal epithelial cell in initiating that response. Methods: E. histolytica infection was established in human intestinal xenografts in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID-HU-INT) mice. Human intestinal epithelial cell inflammatory responses to amebic infection were inhibited by the intraluminal administration of an antisense oligonucleotide to the human p65 subunit of nuclear factor κB, and the role of neutrophils in tissue damage observed with amebiasis was studied by depleting neutrophils from SCID-HU-INT mice. Results: Administration of the antisense oligonucleotide blocked the production of human interleukin 1β and interleukin 8 by intestinal epithelial cells and inhibited neutrophil influx into the E. histolytica –infected intestinal xenografts. Inhibition of the gut inflammatory response by the antisense oligonucleotide or the depletion of neutrophils from SCID-HU-INT mice blocked the increase in intestinal permeability observed with amebic infection. Conclusions: Intestinal epithelial cells initiate an inflammatory response with resulting neutrophil-mediated tissue damage in response to E. histolytica infection; this inflammatory cascade can be blocked by inhibiting the transcription of genes regulated by nuclear factor κB. GASTROENTEROLOGY 1998;115:1446-1453
Peptodochitodextrins of Sarcophaga bullata: Non-identity of limit glycopeptides from larval and puparial cuticle

Abstract Glycopeptides from larval, white puparial and fully sclerotized cuticle were prepared by four different routes and amino acid composition compared. Uniformly high levels of glycine characterized larval material whereas glutamic acid predominated following sclerotization. Increased titres of lysine also distinguished the puparial case. This relationship obtained for samples prepared by cleavage with (a) N-bromosuccinimide, (b) hydrochloric-formic acids, (c) alkali-borohydridenitrous acid and (d) sodium in liquid ammonia. The formation of puparial-type peptidochitodextrins occurred early in the puparial transformation based on the presence of both glutamic acid-rich and glycine-rich glycopeptides in the intermediate white puparial stage. Sclerotized cuticle retained some glycine-rich material although peptides enhanced with respect to glutamic acid and lysine clearly predominated. Exhaustive digestion with proteolytic enzymes did not alter amino acid mole ratios. Attempts to cleave glycopeptides chemically or with chitinase were also unsuccessful as a means of identifying the amino acid linked to chitin. Since the two components deposited during pupariation, namely β-alanine and polyphenol, were not detected in the limit glycopeptides from sclerotized cuticle, failure to effect complete proteolysis is ascribed to the shielding action of chitinase-resistant poly-N-acetylglucosamine chains, rather than the presence of these protease-insensitive substituents in the peptide moiety. Assuming peptides of similar length obtain following identical degradative procedures, a greater number of links between polysaccharide and protein characterize puparial integument, since amino acid/amino sugar ratios are higher following sclerotization by a factor of 2 or more.
Patterns of technological innovation in biotech.

Applying theories of innovation to biotech; an analysis of the evolution of three classes of therapeutic biotechnologies.
Precoder Design for OSTBC Based AF MIMO Relay System With Channel Uncertainty

The source and relay precoders are jointly optimized for an amplify-and-forward multiple-input multiple-output relay system. Both the source and relay nodes employ orthogonal space-time block codes (OSTBC), and have imperfect channel state information of the source-relay and relay-destination channels, respectively. Using the worst-case robust design approach, we show that the problem of maximizing the minimum signal-to-noise ratio at the destination can be exactly reformulated as a convex optimization problem. Further, we provide an approximate semi-analytical approach which significantly reduces the computational cost of solving the convex problem. Numerical results show that this approximation is accurate and the proposed design outperforms OSTBC with eigen beamforming, OSTBC with equal power allocation, and currently available worst-case robust beamforming design without OSTBC.
Adverse drug events in emergency department patients.

Abstract Study Objective: Adverse drug events (ADEs) have been studied in hospitalized patients. Less is known about this common type of injury in emergency department patients. This study seeks to measure the risks, incidence, severity, and costs of ADEs in an ED population. Methods: ED charts of visits to a university-affiliated tertiary-care ED occurring between March 1 and May 31, 1997, were retrospectively reviewed. The main outcome measures were ADE incidence, severity, and total cost. Visits identified by investigators as containing a suspected ADE were further assessed by using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) probability scale. Events judged as probable ADEs (Naranjo ADR probability scale score of >4) were compared with ED control visits best matched by age for disposition, survival, severity, payer, sex, race, age, number of drugs, and total cost. Results: Of 13,602 visits, 13,004 records were available. Three hundred twenty-one had suspected and 217 had probable ADEs (1.7% of evaluable encounters); these were compared with visits by 217 age-matched control patients. Insulin and warfarin were the most commonly responsible drugs. Patients with ADEs were older (mean age 45.1 versus 36.8 years; mean difference 8.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.7 to 12.9), were more often women (odds ratio [OR] 1.48; 95% CI 1.01 to 2.16), took more drugs (mean number of drugs 4.1 versus 1.9; mean difference 2.2; 95% CI 1.7 to 2.8), and were hospitalized more frequently (OR 2.29; 95% CI 1.33 to 3.94) than control patients. Conclusion: ADEs encompassed an important segment of ED encounters and annual health care costs. ED screening may provide useful information about the epidemiology of outpatient ADEs. [Hafner JW Jr, Belknap SM, Squillante MD, Bucheit KA. Adverse drug events in emergency department patients. Ann Emerg Med. March 2002;39:258-267.]
Respiration and physiological state in marine bacteria

The relationship between oxygen consumption (R) and respiratory electron-transport-system (ETS) activity was investigated in batch cultures of 5 species of marine bacteria, Vibrio adaptatus, V. anguillarum, a partially identified Vibrio sp. SA774, Serratia marinorubra, and Pseudomonas perfectomarinus. Although cellular levels of R and ETS varied widely among the species tested, the R:ETS ratios for growing or senescent populations were relatively constant among the species; these ratios were 5.02 in growth and 0.426 in senescence, with coefficients of variation of 29 and 20%, respectively. The lower senescent-phase R:ETS ratio was due to a depression of the respiration rates following growth termination. The regression log (R per cell) = 0.832 log (ETS per cell) + 0.727 for the growing populations was similar to that determined for marine zooplankton. The slight dependency of the R:ETS ratio on organism dry weight found for zooplankton was supported by our data. Planktonic respiration rates estimated from measured ETS-depth profiles in the eastern tropical North Pacific Ocean using the senescent-phase R:ETS ratio were similar to published oxygen consumption rates in the deep sea.
Microvascular injury: Mechanisms and modulation

A common end point of many signaling pathways to increase permeability in cultured endothelial cell monolayers is increased phosphorylation of myosin light chains, a step assumed to be necessary for activation of contractile mechanisms in endothelial cells. However, the signaling pathways which modulate permeability in cultured endothelial cells, differ significantly from those that regulate permeability in intact venular microvessels. One reason for this difference may be that endothelial cells in culture express a phenotype with exaggerated contractile machinery. If this phenotype arises as the result of the process of harvesting and culturing endothelial cells, it is possible that some endothelial cells in culture are more characteristic of microvessel endothelium that has been subjected to injury (e.g. from oxidant stress, leukocyte attachment, or repeated expsoure to inflammatory conditions) than the endothelium of uninjured microvessels. It follows that agents that attenuate increased endothelial barrier permeability in cultured endothelial monolayers (e.g. regulators of the Rho-Rho kinase pathway, including the statins) may be useful candidates for the treatment of chronic dysfunction of the endothelial barrier.
Interruption of the aortic arch and coarctation of the aorta: Pathogenetic relations

The pathologic anatomic features and associated cardiac anomalies of 63 cases of interruption of the aortic arch (IAA) type A (54 reported and 9 observed) and 145 cases of type B (124 reported and 21 observed) were analyzed and compared with those seen in 57 autopsy cases of infant coarctation of the aorta (CA). There was no significant sex predominance within the 3 groups and the prognosis without surgery was uniformly poor. Ventricular septal defect was much more common in IAA type B than in type A or CA. Anomalous origin of the subclavian artery and DiGeorge syndrome were commonly associated with IAA type B but were rare in type A and CA. Transposition of the great arteries and double-inlet left ventricle are less common in IAA type B than in types A and CA. On the basis of these findings and the observation by Le Lievre and Le Douarin that neural crest cells contribute significantly to the formation of the visceral arch system and associated organs, we postulate that IAA type B may be a manifestation of a developmental error involving the neural crest, as is the DiGeorge syndrome. We believe IAA type A and CA to be closely related anomalies that may be prenatally acquired and pathogenetically distinct from IAA type B.
Gd3+ vibronic side band spectroscopy. New optical probe of Ca2+ binding sites applied to biological macromolecules

A new spectroscopic technique is presented for obtaining infraredlike spectra of the binding sites of Ca2+ and other metals in biological macromolecules. The technique, based on the Ca(2+)-like binding properties of Gd3+, utilizes vibronic side bands (VSB) that appear in Gd3+ fluorescence. In the fluorescence spectrum of Gd3+, the separation in photon frequency between a VSB and its electronic origin at approximately 32,150 cm-1 (approximately 311 nm) is a direct measure of the vibrational frequency of a ligand coordinated to Gd3+ ion. As a consequence, the VSB are uncomplicated by molecular vibrations distant from the Gd3+ binding site. The vibrational spectra resulting from the VSB of Gd3+ coordinated to a Ca2+ binding protein, a phospholipid, and DNA are presented.
Culture of mouse spermatogonial stem cells

Spermatogenesis occurs within the seminiferous tubules of mammals by a complex process that is highly organized, extremely efficient and very productive. At the foundation of this process is the spermatogonial stem cell that is capable of both self-renewal and production of progeny cells, which undergo differentiation over a period of weeks to months in order to generate mature spermatozoa. It had been thought that germ cells survive only a brief period in culture, generally less than a few weeks. However, an accurate assessment of the presence of spermatogonial stem cells in any cell population has only recently become possible with development of the spermatogonial transplantation technique. Using this technique, we have demonstrated that mouse spermatogonial stem cells can be maintained in culture for approximately 4 months and will generate spermatogenesis following transplantation to the seminiferous tubules of an appropriate recipient. Extensive areas of cultured donor cell-derived spermatogenesis are generated in the host, and production of mature spermatozoa occurs. Cultivation of the testis cells on STO feeders is beneficial to stem cell survival. These results provide the first step in establishing a system that will permit spermatogonial stem cells to be cultivated and their number increased in vitro to allow for genetic modification before transplantation to a recipient testis.
Performance evaluation of a synchronization station with multiple inputs and population constraints

Synchronization stations are commonly used to model kitting operations in manufacturing systems. At a kitting station, the components required for assembly are grouped together prior to release to the assembly line. When the supply process of components is stochastic, exact analysis is hard in a general setting. This paper presents an approximate analysis of a kitting station with multiple components. The stochastic supply process of each component is characterized by mean and variability parameters of the corresponding fabrication facility, and the system imposes a limit on total inventory for each component. The resulting synchronization station model is analyzed using an aggregation procedure that uses the analysis of a synchronization station with two inputs as a key building block. Numerical results indicate that the estimates of throughput and queue length obtained from the analysis validate well with those obtained from detailed simulations. The analysis also helps to quantify the effect of the number of components and variability on kitting delays.
Borrelia burgdorferi genes selectively expressed in the infected host

Abstract An immunological screening strategy was used to select microbial genes expressed only in the host. Differential screening of a Borrelia burgdorferi (the Lyme disease agent) expression library identified a gene (p21) encoding a 20.7-kDa antigen that reacted with antibodies in serum from actively infected mice but not serum from mice immunized with heat-killed B. burgdorferi. Selective expression of p21 in the infected host was confirmed by Northern blot analysis and RNA PCR. Further differential screening of the expression library identified at least five additional B. burgdorferi genes are selectively expressed in vivo. This screening method can be used to identify genes induced in vivo in a wide variety of pathogenic microorganisms for which a gene transfer system is not currently available.
Optical signal processing for optical packet switching networks

Optical packet switching promises to bring the flexibility and efficiency of the Internet to transparent optical networking with bit rates extending beyond that currently available with electronic router technologies. New optical signal processing techniques have been demonstrated that enable routing at bit rates from 10 Gb/s to beyond 40 Gb/s. We review these signal processing techniques and how all-optical-wavelength converter technology can be used to implement packet switching functions. Specific approaches that utilize-ultra-fast all-optical nonlinear fiber wavelength converters and monolithically integrated optical wavelength converters are discussed and research results presented.
Echocardiographic atrioventricular interval optimization in patients with dual-chamber pacemakers and symptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction.

In summary, hemodynamic and echocardiographic optimization of AV intervals in patients with permanent DDD pacemakers and left ventricular systolic dysfunction did not result in an improvement in quality of life or exercise tolerance time.
Infrared laser multiphoton absorption and reaction of organic compounds: synthetically unique reaction control

Abstract Several examples of synthetically unique reaction control effected by pulsed infrared laser multiphoton irradiation are reviewed. The uniqueness derives from the ability of the pulsed laser to rapidly vibrationally heat molecules coupled with an extremely short reaction time of approximately 10 μs for the processes discussed herein. Three systems are discussed: a bifunctional reactant with competing reaction channels, a reactant with consecutive reaction channels, and the free radical chlorination of cyclopropane.
Study of Rat Anterior Pituitary Cells Separated by Velocity Sedimentation at Unit Gravity

Rat anterior pituitary cells were dissociated with Pronase and trypsin. Recovery of Pronase—dissociated cells ranged from 33 to 38% based on LH and protein assays. Cell viability was 97% as determined by uptake of trypan blue and eosin Y. The dissociated cells were separated into 7 fractions of different volumes by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity for 4 hr. Radioimmunoassay for LH, bioassay for FSH, and electron and light microscopy were used to assess the degree of cell separation. Gonadotropic cells were found primarily in combined fractions (CFr) 1 and 2. These 2 fractions, which had 7% of the total cells recovered, had over 58% of the total LH activity. CFr 4 consisted largely of GH cells while CFr 6 had mostly chromophobic cells. The dissociated cells showed an increased uptake of 3H glucosamine with time, and CFr 1 and 2 showed the highest uptake. These 2 fractions also produced a substantial amount of LH which was found in the culture medium during a 3–day incubation Endocrinologyperiod. ( 92...
Incidence and outcomes of asthma in the elderly. A population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota

Study objective To estimate the incidence of asthma in an elderly population and to describe the clinical characteristics, use of health services, and long-term survival of persons with onset of asthma after age 65 years. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Rochester, Minn. Patients All Rochester, Minn, residents age 65 years or older who met criteria for onset of definite or probable asthma from 1964 through 1983. Interventions None. Measurements and results Ninety-eight Rochester residents (52 female, 46 male) with onset of asthma at or after age 65 years were identified. The age- and sex-adjusted incidence was 95/100,000 (95% confidence interval, 76 to 115/100,000). The age-specific incidence of asthma was 103/100,000 in residents aged 65 to 74 years, 81/100,000 in those aged 75 to 84 years, and 58/100,000 in residents older than 85 years. Only 11% had allergy skin tests, 24% had at least one office peak flow measurement, and 43% had at least one spirometry measurement. After the diagnosis of asthma, 40% had unscheduled ambulatory visits, 22% had emergency department visits, and 42% had at least one hospitalization for asthma. Observed survival was not significantly different from expected survival. Conclusions Asthma is common in the elderly. Diagnostic evaluation was less intensive than present guidelines recommend. Following the diagnosis of asthma, a substantial proportion of these individuals required unscheduled ambulatory visits, emergency department visits, or hospitalizations. Asthma with onset after age 65 years was not associated with reduced survival.
Feedback effects on the performance and self-reinforcing behavior of elderly and young adult women.

A total of 64 college-aged and elderly women participated in an experimental study of the effects of noncontingent positive feedback on simple speeded performance, performance self-evaluations, and self-reinforcing behavior (i.e., the number of S&H Green Stamps taken following feedback). Younger women self-reinforced more and held higher self-evaluations of their performance than elderly women. The treatment produced increases in all three dependent measures, and greater increases in self-reinforcing behaviors and self-evaluations were demonstrated for the elderly than for the younger women. The results are discussed in terms of age-associated differences in the susceptibility to external feedback.
On the structure and conformation of polymer chains in latex particles. I. Small-angle neutron scattering characterization of polystyrene latexes of small diameter

Abstract Polystyrene latexes with 40-60 nm diameter and molecular weights ranging from 6 × 104 to 6 × 106 g/mol were synthesized by a two-step equilibrium swelling method, with deuterated polymer forming either the first or second step. Below about 1 × 106 g/mol, small-angle neutron scattering gave zero-angle scattering intensities much higher than expected on the basis of gel permeation chromatography molecular weights. Several models were examined, the leading model based on a core-shell latex structure. The development of such structure was found to depend on the ratio of the radius of gyration of the polymer chain to that of the diameter of the latex particle, reaching a maximum in the range where the polymer chain dimensions are about half that of the latex particle. For the highest molecular weights, normal scattering intensities were found. These results lead to the finding that the polymer chains were compressed in the latex particles with constraining in the range of one to four, for this molecul...
Edward Tyson's 1680 account of the 'porpess' brain and its place in the history of comparative neurology.

Edward Tyson (1650-1708), a prominent London physician and an early fellow of the Royal Society is best known for his several anatomical contributions in the creation of primatology, including the preputial and coronal mucilaginous glands (Tyson's glands), later described by Alexis Littre. He also published the first comprehensive account of a single animal (the 'porpess') and placed it in the context of a systematic and experimental methodology. This rare monograph accounts for the contention that Tyson was the founder of comparative anatomy in England, by using this 'fish' to better understand the human condition. His description of the highly convoluted cetacean brain as well as his recognition of the many homologies with "land-quadrupeds", rather than the fishes it resembled, constitutes a major landmark contribution to the history of biology. The prevailing theological thrust of training in 'physick' ultimately led Tyson to evade the conundrum of how the human brain differs from that of animals, by attributing the intellectual uniqueness of man to endowments derived from God rather than the physical substance of the brain.
The first virial coefficient of an adsorbed gas

Abstract Various approaches to the derivation of the first virial coefficient of an adsorbed gas by statistical mechanics are compared. Implicit assumptions are disentangled to show what is required to reconcile differences between them. Classical and quantum mechanical treatments are compared for the motion of adsorbed molecules normal to the substrate. High-temperature data that are confined to the Henry's law region of the adsorption isotherm are shown to be susceptible to more than one interpretation in terms of substrate characteristics, and so are virtually useless, save to a limited extent for a substrate known, by means of independent information, to be uniform.
T-Cell Receptor Gene Rearrangement in Canine Mycosis Fungoides: Further Support for a Canine Model of Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma

Canine cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a morphologic and immunophenotypic simulant of human mycosis fungoides (MF) characterized by an infiltrate of atypical, hyperconvoluted, epidermotropic T cells. To further support our hypothesis that canine MF is a useful model for the study of human CTCL, we have used Southern blotting to search for clonal T-cell proliferations in canine MF. Cellular DNA was extracted from normal dog buffy coat cells (n = 8), lesional canine MF skin (n = 8), canine MF buffy coat cells (n = 7), normal dog skin (n = 3), and normal human buffy coat cells (n = 5), digested with a panel of restriction enzymes and Southern blotted onto nylon membranes. All cases of canine MF were also immunophenotyped with anti-canine monoclonal antibodies to CD4, CD8, CD18, CD45RA, canine class II, T-cell activation antigens, and pan-B-cell antigens. Normal dogs gave reproducible digestion patterns in blood and skin, which differed from the human germline patterns when probed with a human T-cell receptor (TCR), beta chain constant region (C beta) cDNA. Common germline bands between the species included the 3.5-kb Eco RI, 3.4-kb Bam HI, 5.4-kb Sac I. These results confirmed that the TCR-beta gene is evolutionarily conserved between dog and man. Immunostaining revealed that 3/7 cases were CD4+ canine CTCL and 4/7 were CD8+ canine CTCL. Rearranged bands, deletion of germline bands, as well as minor alterations in electrophoretic mobility were observed in lesional DNA from seven of eight cases of canine MF, with at least two restriction digests in each case. Dog rearrangements were best detected with Bgl II, Eco RI, Eco RV, and Sac I, whereas deletions were detected with Bgl II, Sac I, Eco RV, and Bam HI. These studies demonstrate the presence of clonal TCR rearrangement in canine MF, further supporting the similarity of this tumor to human MF and its role as an animal model of CTCL.
The Mythic Basis of Ethical Norms in the Reading of Tragedy

Myth, Telos, Identity: The Tragic Schema in Greek and Shakespearean Drama. By Ivan Nyusztay (Amsterdam: Editions Rodopi, 2002), 202 pp. $45.00/£24.85 paper.
Procedures for reducing dental fear in children with autism

Children with autism are often unable to tolerate dental examinations because of fear associated with sights and sounds in the dental operatory. This study applies procedures commonly used to reduce phobic behavior in otherwise normal persons and individuals with mental retardation, to dental fear in children with autism. Three male subjects were desensitized to a dental exam by the experimenter who paired the anxiety-causing event with stronger stimuli that elicited anxiety-antagonistic responses. Application of the treatment package resulted in successful completion of the steps in a dental exam in an analog setting, and a clinically significant increase in the number of steps completed in vivo. This study demonstrates that children with autism can be trained to cooperate during a dental exam.
The role of immune responses in the pathogenesis of hepatitis C virus infection

Summary. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is notable for the high rate of chronic infection, which occurs in nearly all individuals who become infected. Liver biopsies from individuals with chronic HCV infection are notable for the presence of numerous mononuclear cells, at least some of which are CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. The immune response to HCV is polyclonal and multispecific, both in terms of antibody and cellular immune responses. Individuals who recover from acute HCV infection appear to have quantitatively more vigorous CD4+ proliferative responses against one or more HCV proteins compared with those individuals who develop chronic disease. CD8+ responses are less well characterized, in part because of the technical difficulties involved in isolating and characterizing these cells. HCV-specific CTL can be readily isolated from the liver and PBMC of chronically infected individuals, and recognize multiple epitopes. Even individuals with the same HLA type do not consistently recognize the same epitope. Thus, there does not appear to be an immunodominant response on the CD8+ level in this infection. CD8+ cells do appear to play some role in limiting viral replication. These responses are insufficient to eradicate virus completely, however, and may cause liver injury once chronic infection is established. Cytokines produced by both CD4+ and CD8+ cells may play an important role in both inhibiting viral replication and causing liver injury. A better understanding of the role of cellular immunity in the pathogenesis of HCV infection may aid in the development of vaccines and immunotherapeutic intervention strategies.
Atomic Deflection Using an Adaptive Microelectromagnet Mirror

We have deflected a beam of metastable helium atoms using the inhomogeneous magnetic field above a microfabricated electromagnet mirror. The mirror consisted of a single current-carrying wire in a periodic serpentine pattern on a planar sapphire substrate. A time-dependent current (and magnetic field) synchronized with a pulsed thermal atomic beam was used to compensate for the chromaticity of the deflection. The freedom to fabricate a wide variety of geometries and to employ time-dependent fields make microelectromagnets promising new tools for atom manipulation.
Religious Roots and Rural Americans' Support for Israel during the October War

EGYPTIAN and Syrian forces attacked Israeli-held positions in the Sinai and the Golan Heights on Yom Kippur, October 6, 1973. The United States provided significant economic and military assistance to Israel during the three-week war.1 This willingness to aid Israel was typical of American support of the Jewish state since its creation in 1948. The traditionally close relations between the United States and Israel have been justified by American officials in largely strategic terms (Rogers, 1973; Nixon, 1973; Department of State, 1975). But underlying the official policy has been a strong, pro-Israeli sentiment among the American people. Over the years more Americans have sympathized with the Israelis than with the Arabs; most have held a favorable view of Israel and the Israeli people, many have favored supplying Israel with economic and military assistance and, after the June 1967 war, most felt that Israel should retain some or all of the land captured during the hostilities (Gallup, 1972). Many factors are assumed to be responsible for this pro-Israeli sentiment among Americans. Perhaps most important is the American sympathy-guilt syndrome which emerged from the experiences of European Jews during World War II. Closely related to this factor is American sympathy for Israel as the underdog in an Arab-dominated Middle East, a feeling which originated with the founding of the Jewish state in 1948. Despite arguments that antiSemitic feelings have been directed toward the Jewish people (Hero, 1973),
Sporogenesis in Eusporangiate Ferns: II. Polyplastidic Meiosis in Ophioglossum (Ophioglossales)

. Unlike Angiopteris (Marattiales), which is monoplastidic, Ophioglossum undergoes polyplastidic meiosis like members of the fern-seed plant clade. The meiotic spindle is distinctly multipolar in origin and is consolidated into a bipolar spindle that is variously twisted and curved to accommodate the large number of chromosomes. Although a phragmoplast forms after first meiosis, no wall is deposited. Instead, an organelle band consisting of intermingled plastids and mitochondria is formed in the equatorial region between the dyad domains. Following second meiosis, a complex of phragmoplasts forms among sister and non-sister nuclei. Cell plates are deposited first between sister nuclei and then in the region of the organelle band resulting in a tetrad of spores each with a equal allotment of organelles.
Evidence for preorganization of the glmS ribozyme ligand binding pocket.

We have examined the tertiary structure of the ligand-activated glmS ribozyme by a combination of methods with the aim of evaluating the magnitude of RNA conformational change induced by binding of the cofactor, glucosamine 6-phosphate (GlcN6P). Hydroxyl radical footprinting of a trans-acting ribozyme complex identifies several sites of solvent protection upon incubation of the RNA in Mg2+-containing solutions, providing initial evidence of the tertiary fold of the ribozyme. Under these folding conditions and at GlcN6P concentrations that saturate the ligand-induced cleavage reaction, we do not observe changes to this pattern. Cross-linking with short-wave UV light of the complex yielded similar overall results. In addition, ribozyme−substrate complexes cross-linked in the absence of GlcN6P could be gel purified and then activated in the presence of ligand. One of these active cross-linked species links the base immediately 3‘ of the cleavage site to a highly conserved region of the ribozyme core and coul...
Primordial temporality, the self, and the brain

Abstract Human adaptation, in every culture, importantly involves the categories of time and space. In addition to the ordinary-linear and patterned-cyclical kinds of time-consciousness, two kinds of primordial temporality—the immediate-participatory (Dōgen) and the episodic-futural (Heidegger)—are proposed. It is argued that these immediate and participatory temporalities correspond to the “I” and the “Me,” the two stages of G.H. Mead's socially-constructed self, respectively. The proposed two concepts of primordial temporality are criterion-validated by showing their bases in the episodic and participatory processing that Karl Pribram has associated with the frontolimbic and posterior regions of the brain, respectively, which are dynamically connected to produce what Charles Laughlin calls the “prefrontosensorial polarity principle.” The concepts of the author's quaternary, socio-evolutionary theory of time and temporality are recovered from the concepts that Pribram had used to explicate anterior-posterior cortico-cortical interactions.
Evaluation of a Volume Targeted NIV Device: Bench Evaluation of the Breathe Technologies Non-Invasive Open Ventilation System (NIOV™)

AbstractPurpose: Early ambulation in the ventilated patient is gaining wider acceptance. We evaluated a new portable (1 lb), gas powered, volume ventilator designed for NIV via a proprietary nasal pillows interface (Breathe Technologies, CA). Methods: We developed a model to approximate a patient's nose, upper airway and trachea. The model was connected to a test lung (ASL5000, Ingmar Medical, Pittsburgh, PA) via 22 mm ID corrugated tubing. The nasal pillows were adjusted in the nares using a lanyard. The ASL was set to represent a normal patient, a COPD patient, and a patient with interstitial lung disease (ILD). The Breathe ventilator was set at delivered volumes of 100 mL, 150 mL, 200 mL, and 250 mL. Baseline data was also collected without the appliance connected. Delivered volume, inspired oxygen concentration (FIO2), inspiratory flow (V), and peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) were recorded for each breath. Data for 10 breaths were used to calculate the mean at each condition (± SD). Results: The Breat...
Report from the Fourth International Evidence Based Library and Information Practice Conference

Purpose – To provide a conference report on the Fourth International Evidence Based Library and Information Practice conference.Design/methodology/approach – Conference report.Findings – Evidence Based Library and Information Practice once the domain of medical librarianship has expanded into a broader application base found in many library settings to promote different methods to achieve best practices and outcomes.Originality value – The reports the range of applications from clinical, theoretical, practical backgrounds that utilize evidence based information for informed decision‐making.
Case report 678

A case of articular sporotrichosis occurring in the wrist and ankle of a 39-year-old man is reported. Review of the literature on this disorder confirms the diagnostic difficulties presented by this usually chronic, progressive, fungal arthritis. The diagnosis of this entity should be considered in the evaluation of any patient presenting with a progressive destructive arthritic process. The pathological and radiological features of a typical case are discussed and the mechanisms of infection and type of individual affected by this disease are described.
The continent ileostomy: diagnosis and treatment of problems by means of operative fiberoptic endoscopy

About 1 in 10 patients with internal pouch ileostomies may develop incontinence. Of 4 incontinent patients in this study, operative endoscopy has restored continence in 2 and has markedly improved symptoms in a third. Foreign bodies retained within the ileostomy pouch may be successfully removed endoscopically. All patients with an incontinent Kock ileostomy pouch should be endoscoped for adequate assessment and treatment.
Isoniazid-Induced Fever

A 56-year-old man was started on therapy with isoniazid after exhibiting a positive reaction to an intradermal injection of intermediate-strength purified protein derivative of tuberculin. After the first dose and each of the following three doses, nausea, vomiting, chills, and an elevated body temperature ranging from 38°C (100.4°F) to 40°C (104°F) occurred. There was no evidence of a hypersensitivity reaction to isoniazid, such as cutaneous rash, eosinophilia, elevated concentration of IgE, and abnormal results on tests of hepatic function. Following discontinuance of therapy with isoniazid, the temperature returned to normal. This experience illustrates the potential of isoniazid to cause febrile reactions, a situation that could be misdiagnosed as an infectious process.
Endothelial Cell Hyperproliferation and Stratification in Uteroplacental Blood Vessels of the Black Mastiff Bat, Molossus rufus

Placentation was studied histologically and immunocytochemically in black mastiff bats obtained at frequent intervals throughout pregnancy. These were bred in a captive colony or collected from a reproductively-synchronized wild population. During late pregnancy, the single fetus was largely sustained by a discoidal, hemochorial placenta located at the cranial end of the right uterine horn. This invariant positioning was determined by a vascular tuft that developed there both during early pregnancy and non-pregnant cycles. This provided a scaffold for early placental morphogenesis. As development proceeded, small arterioles and venules serving the tuft were converted to large uteroplacental vessels. Within the base of the placenta, these became lined by an unusual vascular epithelium composed of intermingled patches of multilayered endothelial cells and cytotrophoblast. Initially, the endothelium became multilayered by hypertrophy, proliferation, and infolding of its basal lamina. These created endothelial bilayers usually insinuated between basal laminae. The development of temporary gaps in the laminae then permitted further enlargement of the vessels and proliferation of the endothelial cells as monolayer sheets or chains. The latter were interconnected, forming a complex, stratified, cellular network associated with a prominent meshwork of basal laminae. Throughout much of pregnancy, these endothelial cells were cuboidal to columnar and possessed an abundance of basal glycoprotein granules presumably containing basal lamina precursors. The cells also expressed vimentin and frequently von Willebrand factor, but not cytokeratins or desmin. Pronounced thickening of the endothelia and amplification of their basal laminae likely evolved to greatly strengthen the walls of the uteroplacental vessels.