cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Directional control in grid generation

Abstract A grid generator in two dimensions with directional control is presented. This generator minimizes an appropriate functional over a finite domain when two reference fields are given. Some problems of uniqueness of the associated partial differential equations were investigated. The directional control of given grids was shown in some simple examples. The directional control should, in general, be combined with other grid generators for mesh adaptation for the solution of actual physical problems.
Common Alzheimer's Disease Research Ontology: National Institute on Aging and Alzheimer's Association collaborative project.

Abstract Alzheimer's disease is recognized as a public health crisis worldwide. As public and private funding agencies around the world enhance and expand their support of Alzheimer's disease research, there is an urgent need to coordinate funding strategies and leverage resources to maximize the impact on public health and avoid duplication of effort and inefficiency. Such coordination requires a comprehensive assessment of the current landscape of Alzheimer's disease research in the United States and internationally. To this end, the National Institute on Aging at the National Institutes of Health and the Alzheimer's Association developed the Common Alzheimer's Disease Research Ontology (CADRO) as a dynamic portfolio analysis tool that can be used by funding agencies worldwide for strategic planning and coordination.
Development of an electron microprobe method for the determination of phosphorus and associated elements in sediments

Abstract In order to further improve understanding of the behavior of phosphorus in sediments and in the global exogenic cycle, a standardized technique for the determination of phosphorus and associated elements in sediments is developed in this study that is independent of the problems inherent in selective extraction methods. The method consists of electron probe microanalysis of solid powders (e.g., sediment samples) with an energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and four wavelength-dispersive spectrometers (WDS). The concentrations of phosphorus and associated elements are analyzed simultaneously at a large number of randomly selected points on each sample and the results are processed statistically. The experimental procedure of this study provides a reasonable approach for evaluating and optimizing the microanalysis technique. The results show that the method has good precision and accuracy not only for phosphorus but also for associated elements such as Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Mn and Fe. The detection limits for these elements are completely acceptable for the purpose of studying the geochemical composition of sediments. The major applications of the microanalysis method so far have been to check the selective extraction techniques on sediments and to reveal correlative relationships among associated elements. The method may also be applied to many additional problems, such as the examination of intrasample variability and the possibility for the determination of the bulk composition of soils or sediments.
Nonconvective movement of VOCs in moist soil

Nonconvective (stationary) diffusion of a volatile organic compound (VOC) in unsaturated (moist) soil depends on the effective diffusion coefficient for the gasfilled voids and on the retardation factor, expressed in terms of the adsorption capacity of the soil particles. Influenced by the water layers partially covering organic and mineral surfaces, the sorptive capacity was assumed to be caused by linear adsorption at the air-water interface, at the water-organic and water-mineral interfaces, and at the gas-organic and gas-mineral interfaces. To a lesser extent, the particle porosity and the solubility of the VOC in the water also can affect partitioning. By means of temporal moment and volume averaging methods, mathematical expressions for these effects were developed and evaluated for moist soils of porous and nonporous particles. This approach was successful in interpreting experimental data for equilibrium adsorption coefficients from different sources. 1 fig.
A Small Group Strategy for Enhanced Learning.

(1979). A Small Group Strategy for Enhanced Learning. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 86, No. 10, pp. 856-858.
Geochemistry and structure of stratiform deposits with a portable microcomputer

Abstract Mineral exploration generally involves the synthesis of a large amount of quantitative and qualitative data. Data types are highly variable, ranging from chemical analyses to colors, and their relative importance is difficult to rank-order prior to data collection. Statistics and visual examination of plotted data help with rank-ordering and with identification of geographic areas of interest. A portable microcomputer offers great assistance in the plotting and statistical analysis of data in the field so that exploration strategy may respond rapidly. Data synthesis is particularly important for stratiform ore bodies because they commonly grade laterally into extensive subore beds. Trends in the subore may point to an ore deposit. Relevant microcomputer programs are listed and described herein. Detailed descriptions of these programs are provided to exemplify programming techniques.
805-4 Mechanism of Epinephrine in Defibrillation After Prolonged Ventricular Fibrillation

Administration of Epinephrine (EPi) is an integral part of resuscitation of ventricular fibrillation (VF). The mechanism of its action is not known. To evaluate this, 20 open chested pigs were studied using Endocardial (EN) and Epicardial (EP) Monophasic Action potentials (MAP) recordings. Defibrillation is achieved by using two EP patch electrodes, Each animal is fibrillated by using AC current and allowed to fibrillate for 10 minutes, ECG, BP, RV, LV, EN, and EP MAPs were recorded every minute during VF and resuscitation. At 10’ of VF, each animal is randomized either to EPi or saline and cardiac massage was instituted for 5 minutes. The heart was then defibrillated. In both groups. cycle lengths of MAPs and synchronization of repolarization which is the interval between EN and EP MAPs were measured during VF and resuscitation. The results were 10/10 of EPi and 1/10 saline animals were resuscitated. Download : Download high-res image (105KB) Download : Download full-size image Conclusion Successful defibrillation with EPi is because of: 1) shortening of cycle length, and 2) synchronization of repolarization.
Psychotherapy Research and Psychoanalytic Practice: Commentary on Papers by Lester Luborsky and Hans H. Strupp

I discuss the views of Lester Luborsky (quite optimistic) and of Hans H. Strupp (less so) concerning the accumulating evidence for the favorable impact of psychoanalytic therapy research, as it has grown over recent decades, in shaping clinical psychoanalytic activity. I offer my perspectives on their views of the issues of (a) the effectiveness of psychoanalytic (psychodynamic) therapies vis-a-vis the varieties of nonanalytically based therapies; (b) long-term (time-unlimited) vis-a-vis short-term (time-limited) therapy, (c) the call for empirically supported treatments (ESTs), (d) the call for randomized clinical trials (RCTs), (e) the trend toward “manualization” of therapy approaches, and (f) the light that all these considerations can cast on the extent to which, and how, psychoanalytic therapy helps.
The first amendment, freedom of the press, and the issue of “harm”: A conundrum for publishers

Does strict adherence to the principles of the First Amendment and opposition to any forms of censorship inflict “harm” on women and American society? In this article, the author surveys the published literature, U.S. Supreme Court decisions, and substantive issues raised by “tabsolutist” defenders of the First Amendment as well as by feminists opposed to pornography. He argues that the “Mill-Paul hypothesis” should be adopted by society to confront the censorship morass that has deeply divided American society. Namely, if an image or a printed work causes harm to anyone, it should be prosecuted under existing legal codes.
Human models for in vivo and in vitro assessment of topical antifungal compounds

SUMMARY Topical antifungal agents, 1% haloprogin solution (Halotex®), 1% tolnaftate solution (Tinactin®), 1% sodium omadine cream and 5% thiabendazole in dimethylacetamide have been investigated. They were tested for prophylactic effect against experimental human Trichophyton mentagrophytes infections. All the drugs were totally effective against experimental infection if the inoculation was immediate. However, after 48 h the effects of haloprogin and tolnaftate were greatly reduced, but the others were still very effective. Statum corneum may be stripped onto a tape, sterilized and then inoculated with T.mentagrophytes spores. Under controlled conditions the spores germinate in vitro in the stratum corneum. This method has been quantitated and adapted to the investigation of topical antifungal agents. Results show that tolnaftate has very title antifungal activity even at zero time, thiabendazole and sodium omadine retain excellent activity in the stratum corneum for 48 h and are readily detectable even 72 h after one application.
Picard groups of singular affine curves over a perfect field

This was proved in [W1] for the case of an algebraically closed field k; in that case the conditions force R to be a Dedekind domain. For an infinite perfect ground field this is no longer the case. For example, the conditions are satisfied for the restricted polynomial ring k + X K [X l, where K/k is a finite algebraic extension and X is an indeterminate. A sharpened form of the main theorem, proved in the next section, says that a not Dedekind domain satisfying the conditions of (0.1) has exactly one singularity, and its singularity is analytically isomorphic to that of a restricted polynomial ring. We wilt show by example that (0.1.1) no longer implies (0.1.3) if "domain" is replaced by "reduced ring", or if "infinite" is deleted from the hypotheses on k. (I don't know whether perfection of the ground field k is essential.) We obtain a partial result for reduced rings: If D(R) is finitely generated, then R is seminormal and the intersection graph of the irreducible components of spec (R) is acyclic.
Bioavailability and form of copper in wood treated with copper-based preservative

The biological performance of copper-treated wood is related to the amount and form of copper available in treated wood. The amount of copper biologically available in wood treated with copper-based wood preservatives such as micronized copper azole, micronized copper quat, alkaline copper quat, copper chrome arsenic and copper azole was estimated by using non-sequential chemical extraction method. DI water, KNO3, KF, Na4P2O7, EDTA disodium salt and HNO3 solutions were used to extract copper from treated wood in an ultrasonic bath. The extracts and water washings were collected, centrifuged and analyzed to determine the amount of copper. High amount of copper was extracted with EDTA disodium salt and HNO3 solutions followed by sodium pyrophosphate, while that extracted with KNO3, KF and DI water was low. EDTA disodium salt and sodium pyrophosphate are known as good complexing/chelating agents, capable of chemically reacting with copper in treated wood, to form water-soluble copper salts. HNO3 was capable of extracting almost 100% of copper from copper-treated wood because of its low pH capable of solubilizing solid, unfixed and fixed copper in wood. KNO3 reacted with exchangeable form of copper, while KF is responsible for the extraction of physically adsorbed copper. DI water mostly removed soluble form of copper from treated wood. The amount of copper bioavailability from copper-treated wood can be estimated by the amount of copper extracted using DI water, KNO3 and KF solutions under given environmental conditions. The amount of bioavailable copper extracted from micronized copper–treated wood using DI water, KNO3 and KF solutions, although found to be low as compared with that extracted from ACQ, CCA and CA wood, was sufficient to prevent the growth of wood-destroying fungi.
301 Accurate quantification of aortic regurgitation: comparison of MRI with doppler echocardiography

Introduction Echocardiography is the most widely used imaging modality for assessment of aortic regurgitation. Phase contrast MRI may also be used to quantify aortic regurgitation, but no standard imaging location has been identified on MRI. The purpose of this study is to determine which imaging location (at, above, or below the aortic valve) on phase contrast MRI best correlates with echocardiography.
SCALED MEMORY MODEL FOR CYCLIC BEHAVIOR OF SOILS

A constitutive model, based on the novel concept of scaled memory (SM), is presented to describe the hysteretic stress-strain response curves of soils during one-dimensional loadings. SM transforms the nonlinear plastic modulus into a piecewise-linear distribution, and then uses this simplified distribution for generating the plastic modulus during cyclic loadings. SM generalizes the models of Ramberg-Osgood and Hardin-Drnevich, and is simpler than, but as capable as, multiple yield surface plasticity. We extend SM to anisotropic behavior, and present a technique to calibrate the material constants from laboratory data. The SM theory, although applicable to six-dimensional stresses, is unfolded only in one dimension in this paper. Its usefulness is illustrated by simulating several cyclic stress-strain responses for clays and sands.
Dietary fatty acid-induced alterations of hepatic microsomal drug metabolism.

Abstract Male and female weanling, Sprague-Dawley rats were fed synthetic fat-free (FF) or corn oil-containing diets for 3 weeks. The apparent K m and V max for the metabolism of ethylmorphine and hexobarbital were lower in washed hepatic microsomes from male rats fed a FF diet than in rats fed diets containing 3 or 10 per cent corn oil. The apparent V max for aniline hydroxylase was also depressed by feeding a FF diet to male rats, although aniline K m was not altered. Feeding a FF diet to female rats decreased V max for both hexobarbital oxidase and aniline hydroxylase, but the apparent K m for the substrates was not changed. Gas-liquid Chromatographie analysis of fatty acids derived from microsomal membranes revealed marked alterations in the relative content of fatty acids in response to FF feeding. Content of cytochrome P-450 was lower in both male and female rats fed a FF diet. Associated with the decreased cytochrome P-450 content were decreases in the ability of microsomes to bind aniline and hexobarbital. A qualitative change produced in cytochrome P-450 was indicated by a decrease in the ratio of ethyl isocyanide peak heights (455:430 nm) in microsomes from FF-fed rats.
Visual impact of hillside development: Comparison of measurements derived from aerial and ground-level photographs

Abstract Development on forested hillsides in and around cities has a serious impact on the visual quality of the urban landscape. The amount of visual impact, however, is not necessarily easy to predict, because development may be partially masked by vegetation and terrain. In this research I made measurements of development intensity and visual impact from aerial and ground-level photographs of forested hillsides in Cincinnati, Ohio. Observers' ratings of the perceived visual quality of the hillsides showed a clear preference for hillsides with little or no visible development. The amount of visual impact in ground-level views could be predicted reasonably well from aerial photographic measurements of the percentage of land area on the hillside that is artificially surfaced. Additional research to expand and refine these measurements could provide useful information for guiding development policies to protect the visual quality of forested hillsides in cities.
To Cheat or Not to Cheat How Bank Debt Influences the Decision to Misreport

Two different bodies of literature suggest contradictory relations between the likelihood that a firm misreports its financial statement and the use of debt in its capital structure. We test these relations using three different measures of misreporting and find that the results differ depending upon the materiality of misreporting. For relatively less (more) material misreporting, we find the likelihood of misreporting is positively related (unrelated) to bank borrowing. These results suggest that bank monitoring is insufficient to deter or detect misreporting and that bank debt may even provide incentives for managers to misreport, consistent with the “debt covenant hypothesis.”
The effect of pressure on streamer inception and propagation in liquid hydrocarbons

High-speed electrooptical techniques are used to study prebreakdown behavior in n-hexane and toluene at pressures between 0.1 and 5 MPa. The results show that pressure inhibits the formation of low-density regions and increases prebreakdown inception voltage. The observed pressure effects suggest that the low-density region is the result of liquid vaporization near the electrode. Results obtained with a chopped voltage pulse indicate that the shape of the applied voltage is not critical to streamer growth. Streamers were observed growing after the voltage pulse had been removed, which suggests that the streamer growth process is: (1) to some extent locally controlled by the presence of injected charge, or (2) controlled by thermal expansion of the low-density region. It was also observed that the streamer would initiate, grow, and then disappear under impulse voltage conditions. >
How does accounting fit into a firm’s political strategy?

Abstract This paper investigates whether accounting plays a role in a firm’s political strategy. Specifically, we investigate whether there is a relation between lobbying expenditures and incentives to lobby to influence accounting standard setting. We identify three significant accounting issues that were under consideration by either the Financial Accounting Standards Board or the Securities and Exchange Commission during 1999 and 2000. First, in late 1998, the SEC implemented an action plan to make it more difficult for companies to manage earnings. Second, the FASB was deliberating a new set of standards for business combinations. Third, both the SEC and the FASB deliberated on accounting rules that would make the reporting of liabilities on the balance sheet more transparent. We develop several proxies to capture the extent to which firms would be affected by both the FASB and SEC accounting pronouncements under consideration. After controlling for other incentives to lobby, we find that lobbying expenditures are associated with firms’ incentives to lobby on accounting related issues. Our results are robust to a correction for potential self-selection bias resulting from firms’ decisions to lobby or not.
Relationship of physical factors to the inertness of lysosomal hydrolases toward one another.

Die Reaktionstragheit der Lysosomenhydrolasen gegeneinander in vivo kann aus der raumlichen Hinderung ihrer aktiven Zentren entstehen.
The HPV Vaccine Mandate Controversy

In this editorial we address the controversies surrounding human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine school-entry mandate legislation, but differentiate between the mandate debate and issues specific to the vaccine itself. Our goal is not to take a stand in favor of or opposed to mandates, but rather to critically examine the issues. We discuss the following arguments against HPV vaccine school-entry requirements: 1. The public health benefit of mandated HPV vaccination is not sufficient to warrant the intrusion on parental autonomy; 2. A vaccine that prevents a non-casually transmitted infection should not be mandated; 3. Opt-out provisions are inherently unfair to parents who oppose HPV vaccination; 4. Limited health care dollars should not be directed toward cervical cancer prevention; and 5. The vaccine is expensive and potential problems with supply suggest that mandates should not be implemented until insurance coverage and supply issues are resolved. Next, we critically evaluate the following critiques of HPV vaccination itself: 1. Giving girls HPV vaccine implies tacit consent to engage in sexual activity; 2. Giving girls this vaccine will confer a false sense of protection from sexually transmitted infections and will lead to sexual disinhibition; 3. Children already have too many vaccinations on the immunization schedule; 4. Long-term side effects of HPV vaccine are unknown; 5. The vaccine's enduring effectiveness is unknown and booster shots may be required; and 6. It is wrong to only target girls with HPV vaccine; boys should be vaccinated as well.
Preclinical data elucidate molecular and neural mechanisms of perinatal nicotine effects on neurodevelopment and behavior: translational opportunities and implications.

Preclinical Data Elucidate Molecular and Neural Mechanisms of Perinatal Nicotine Effects on Neurodevelopment and Behavior: Translational Opportunities and Implications
Exercise Modulates Redox-Sensitive Small GTPase Activity in the Brain Microvasculature in a Model of Brain Metastasis Formation

Tumor cell extravasation into the brain requires passage through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). There is evidence that exercise can alter the oxidation status of the brain microvasculature and protect against tumor cell invasion into the brain, although the mechanisms are not well understood. In the current study, we focused on the role of microenvironment generated by exercise and metastasizing tumor cells at the levels of brain microvessels, influencing oxidative stress-mediated responses and activation of redox-sensitive small GTPases. Mature male mice were exercised for four weeks using a running wheel with the average voluntary running distance 9.0±0.3 km/day. Mice were then infused with 1.0×106 D122 (murine Lewis lung carcinoma) cells into the brain microvasculature, and euthanized either 48 hours (in short-term studies) or 2–3 weeks (in long-term studies) post tumor cell administration. A significant increase in the level of reactive oxygen species was observed following 48 hours or 3 weeks of tumor cells growth, which was accompanied by a reduction in MnSOD expression in the exercised mice. Activation of the small GTPase Rho was negatively correlated with running distance in the tumor cell infused mice. Together, these data suggest that exercise may play a significant role during aggressive metastatic invasion, especially at higher intensities in pre-trained individuals.
Calorie restriction in rhesus monkeys

Calorie restriction (CR) extends lifespan and reduces the incidence and age of onset of age-related disease in several animal models. To determine if this nutritional intervention has similar actions in a long-lived primate species, the National Institute on Aging (NIA) initiated a study in 1987 to investigate the effects of a 30% CR in male and female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) of a broad age range. We have observed physiological effects of CR that parallel rodent studies and may be predictive of an increased lifespan. Specifically, results from the NIA study have demonstrated that CR decreases body weight and fat mass, improves glucoregulatory function, decreases blood pressure and blood lipids, and decreases body temperature. Juvenile males exhibited delayed skeletal and sexual maturation. Adult bone mass was not affected by CR in females nor were several reproductive hormones or menstrual cycling. CR attenuated the age-associated decline in both dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and melatonin in males. Although 81% of the monkeys in the study are still alive, preliminary evidence suggests that CR will have beneficial effects on morbidity and mortality. We are now preparing a battery of measures to provide a thorough and relevant analysis of the effectiveness of CR at delaying the onset of age-related disease and maintaining function later into life.
Analysis of limonoid glucosides from citrus by electrospray ionization liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

An electrospray ionization liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry (ESI-LC-MS) method for the detection and quantitation of limonoid glucosides has been developed. Negative ions [M − H+]- characteristic of six limonoid glucosides can be detected and quantified from selected ion monitoring chromatograms using carminic acid as an internal standard. The described method has been applied to the analysis of limonoid glucoside content in various liquid and solid Citrus spp. samples as well as complex mixtures of partially purified limonoid glucosides. Rapid and sensitive qualitative screening of samples for limonoid glucosides can also be accomplished with slight modifications of the method. Keywords: Limonoid glucoside; limonin 17β-d-glucopyranoside; electrospray ionization; liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry; Citrus
A glutamate-dependent phenotype in E. coli K12: the result of two mutations.

Abstract Phenotypic expression of a glutamate growth requirement depends on the presence of two independent mutations. The enzymes affected are glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamate synthase. Studies demonstrating the absence of linkage between the genes for these two enzymes are presented.
Denture prosthesis and the functional anatomy of the maxillofacial structures

Abstract 1. The action of the maxillofacial-pharyngeal musculature is for the accomplishment of the functions of respiration, deglutition, mastication, and speech. 2. These functions are disturbed most easily by disease in reverse order of appearance phylogenetically, that is, speech, mastication, respiration, and deglutition; and conversely the structures will reject and resist any interference in the performance of the more vital functions. 3. The musculature of the face, the pharynx, the tongue, and the floor of the mouth must be regarded in denture prosthesis not only in the physiologic action of fiber contraction, nerve and blood supply, but also in the functional activity of respiration, deglutition, and speech. 4. Denture prosthesis must participate in harmony with the structures in the performance of these functions in order to function satisfactorily. 5. The active musculature can be directed to implement the masticatory efficiency, the speech capacity, and the esthetic appearance of the patient requiring a denture prosthesis. 6. Patients with chronic disease, degenerative neurologic disease, congenital anatomic anomaly, surgical, traumatic, and psychologic problems require denture service over and above the traditional considerations in denture prosthesis of impression procedures and occlusal registration. They require, in addition, full consideration of the action of the musculoskeletal structures associated with denture function.
Synthesis of 11C-labeled desipramine and its metabolite 2-hydroxydesipramine: Potential radiotracers for pet studies of the norepinephrine transporter

Abstract The antidepressant desipramine (DMI) and its principal metabolite 2-hydroxydesipramine (HDMI) have been radiolabeled with 11 C for PET studies. The normethyl precursors of DMI and HDMI were synthesized from iminodibenzyl in 35% and 11% overall yield, respectively. Direct methylation of the normethyl precursor with [ 11 C]CH 3 I, followed by HPLC purification, provided [ 11 C]DMI and [ 11 C]HDMI in 18–30% and 15–23% decay-corrected radiochemical yields, respectively, in a 45 min synthesis time from end of bombardment. The specific activities of the two radiotracers were > 1459 Ci/mmol at the end of synthesis. [ 11 C]DMI and [ 11 C]HDMI have potential utility as PET radiotracers for the norepinephrine transporter.
The methylomes of six bacteria

Six bacterial genomes, Geobacter metallireducens GS-15, Chromohalobacter salexigens, Vibrio breoganii 1C-10, Bacillus cereus ATCC 10987, Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni 81-176 and C. jejuni NCTC 11168, all of which had previously been sequenced using other platforms were re-sequenced using single-molecule, real-time (SMRT) sequencing specifically to analyze their methylomes. In every case a number of new N6-methyladenine (m6A) and N4-methylcytosine (m4C) methylation patterns were discovered and the DNA methyltransferases (MTases) responsible for those methylation patterns were assigned. In 15 cases, it was possible to match MTase genes with MTase recognition sequences without further sub-cloning. Two Type I restriction systems required sub-cloning to differentiate their recognition sequences, while four MTase genes that were not expressed in the native organism were sub-cloned to test for viability and recognition sequences. Two of these proved active. No attempt was made to detect 5-methylcytosine (m5C) recognition motifs from the SMRT® sequencing data because this modification produces weaker signals using current methods. However, all predicted m6A and m4C MTases were detected unambiguously. This study shows that the addition of SMRT sequencing to traditional sequencing approaches gives a wealth of useful functional information about a genome showing not only which MTase genes are active but also revealing their recognition sequences.
Some applications of mixed support iterations

Abstract We give some applications of mixed support forcing iterations to the topics of disjoint stationary sequences and internally approachable sets. In the first half of the paper we study the combinatorial content of the idea of a disjoint stationary sequence, including its relation to adding clubs by forcing, the approachability ideal, canonical structure, the proper forcing axiom, and properties related to internal approachability. In the second half of the paper we present some consistency results related to these ideas. We construct a model in which a disjoint stationary sequence exists at the successor of an arbitrary regular uncountable cardinal. We also construct models in which the properties of being internally stationary, internally club, and internally approachable are distinct.
Parallel Remapping of Adaptive Problems

In this paper we present fast parallel algorithms for remapping a class of irregular and adaptive problems on coarse-grained distributed memory machines. We show that the remapping of these applications, using simple index-based mapping algorithm, can be reduced to sorting a nearly sorted list of integers or merging an unsorted list of integers with a sorted list of integers. By using the algorithms we have developed, the remapping of these problems can be achieved at a fraction of the cost of mapping from scratch.
Isolation and Cultivation of Zooxanthellae

A REMARKABLE characteristic of tropical coral reefs, and indeed to some extent of shallow marine waters everywhere, is the profusion of single-cell, yellow-green algae (the so-called symbiotic zooxanthellae) that live within a wide variety of radiolarians, cœlenterates, molluscs, bryozoans, worms, ascidians, etc. With a few exceptions, the definite taxonomic status of zooxanthellae has been difficult because of their somewhat generalized morphology and because of the absence or elusive nature of a motile phase1–3 ; only Kawaguti4 has reported seeing motile forms.
An Interval Approach to Measuring Decision Maker Preferences

A method for constructing interval measurements of decision makers' absolute risk-aversion functions is presented. Under this new procedure, the form of the absolute risk-aversion function is not restricted, and the precision of the interval measurement can be determined by the analyst. Interval measurements are used with the criterion of stochastic dominance with respect to a function to order uncertain choices. An empirical test shows that interval measurements exclude preferred choices from consideration less often than do single-valued utility functions and are more discriminating than first- and second-degree stochastic dominance.
Use and abuse of the Fisher information matrix in the assessment of gravitational-wave parameter-estimation prospects

The Fishermatrix formalism is used routinely in the literature on gravitational-wave detection to characterize the parameter-estimation performance of gravitational-wave measurements, given parametrized models of the waveforms, and assuming detector noise of known colored Gaussian distribution. Unfortunately, the Fisher matrix can be a poor predictor of the amount of information obtained from typical observations, especially for waveforms with several parameters and relatively low expected signal-to-noise ratios (SNR), or for waveforms depending weakly on one or more parameters, when their priors are not taken into proper consideration. In this paper I discuss these pitfalls; show how they occur, even for relatively strong signals, with a commonly used template family for binary-inspiral waveforms; and describe practical recipes to recognize them and cope with them. Specifically, I answer the following questions: (i) What is the significance of (quasi-)singular Fisher matrices, and how must we deal with them? (ii) When is it necessary to take into account prior probability distributions for the source parameters? (iii) When is the signal-to-noise ratio high enough to believe the Fisher-matrix result? In addition, I provide general expressions for the higher-order, beyond-Fisher-matrix terms in the 1/SNR expansions for the expected parameter accuracies.
Plasma ß‐endorphin immunoreactivity: Response to resistance exercise

Previous research investigating the response of plasma s‐endorphins (s‐EP) to resistance exercise has resulted in equivocal findings. To further examine the effects of resistance exercise on s‐endorphin immunoreactivity, six resistance‐trained athletes participated in a three‐set series of eight repetitions of isotonic exercise. All exercises were performed at 80% maximal effort. Blood was sampled from the group by venepuncture, both prior to and following the exercise bout, and s‐endorphin concentration was determined by radioimmunoassay. The results indicated that mean ( ± S.E.) plasma levels of s‐endorphins following exercise (18.04 ± 3.4 pg s‐EP ml‐1) were not significantly changed from pre‐exercise (control) levels (19.59 ± 2.4 pg s‐EP ml‐1), although there was considerable inter‐individual variability. Our results support previous research which has reported no significant changes in s‐endorphin immunoreactivity following resistance exercise, as well as reported findings of considerable variability ...
Functional analysis of anterior cruciate ligament instability

Eighteen males and two females (mean age, 26.5 years) underwent biomechanical assessment and Cybex eval uation prior to ACL reconstruction. Clinically, all patients had at least a 1+ grade with the Lachman, anterior drawer, and pivot shift tests, the majority being graded as 2+. Footswitch, high speed photography, force plate, and indwelling wire electrode data were collected while each subject performed free and fast walking, running, cutting, and stair climbing activities.During walking, single limb support times did not differ between the subject's involved and uninvolved limbs. Knee joint angles were similar between limbs during walking, running, and stair climbing maneuvers. Dynamic EMG tracings during walking demonstrated similar quadriceps and calf activity between limbs, while greater variation in hamstring firing was evident among subjects. During running, the involved limb had a longer duration of medial hamstring activity compared to the lateral hamstring.No significant differences were seen in...
Evaluation of contacts for a MEMS thermal switch

In this paper we present the evaluation of contact materials for a MEMS thermal switch. The contact materials considered were liquid-metal micro-droplets and aligned carbon nanotube arrays. Five switch configurations were tested. The thermal interfacial resistance of the switches was measured. The liquid metal switch had a minimum thermal interfacial resistance of 1.1 mm2 K W−1. The minimum thermal interfacial resistance of the best carbon nanotube thermal switch was 20.4 mm2 K W−1. The ratio of the switch off to on thermal resistance was measured for each configuration. Based on these measurements, a switch incorporating liquid-metal droplets is found to be superior to switches incorporating aligned carbon nanotubes.
Theory of the Motion of Vortices in Superconductors

The theory of the motion of vortex lines in the mixed state of type II superconductors is derived on the basis of a local model that is a generalization of the London theory. It is believed the model simulates reasonably well the behavior of relatively pure superconductors ($lg{\ensuremath{\xi}}_{0}$), giving a vortex line with a normal core. It is found that if the force on a line is produced by a uniform transport current ${\mathrm{J}}_{T}$, electric fields generated by the motion drive the current through the core, so that the total current flow is ${\mathrm{J}}_{T}+{\mathrm{J}}_{0}(\mathrm{r}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{v}}_{L}t)$, where ${\mathbf{J}}_{0}$(r) is the circulation of a stationary vortex and ${\mathrm{v}}_{L}$ is the velocity of the line. In part ${\mathrm{J}}_{T}$ represents superfluid flow and in part normal flow. Expressions derived for the viscosity and flow resistivity are nearly identical with empirical laws of Kim and co-workers. The Hall angle expected in the mixed state is the same as in the normal state for a magnetic field equal to that in the core.
Cerebral infarction associated with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage

Background Cerebral infarction is a common complication of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), but usually occurs several days after onset as a complication of vasospasm or aneurysm repair. The frequency, causes, and clinical impact of acute infarction associated with the primary hemorrhage are poorly understood.
Software engineering: an emerging discipline

Software engineering is an emerging discipline whose goal is to produce reliable software products in cost-effective manner. This discipline is evolving rapidly as the challenges faced by its practitioners keep extending their skills. This paper gives a quick tour of the main ideas and thrusts that have driven software engineering in its first 25 years and attempts to look ahead at the next set of advances.
The role of p53 in determining sensitivity to radiotherapy

Ionizing radiation (IR) has proven to be a powerful medical treatment in the fight against cancer. Rational and effective use of its killing power depends on understanding IR-mediated responses at the molecular, cellular and tissue levels. Tumour cells frequently acquire defects in the molecular regulatory mechanisms of the response to IR, which sensitizes them to radiation therapy. One of the key molecules involved in a cell's response to IR is p53. Understanding these mechanisms indicates new rational approaches to improving cancer treatment by IR.
Tissue distribution and characterization of predominant hemolymph carrier proteins from Dermacentor variabilis and Ornithodoros parkeri.

Abstract The tissue distribution of the predominant hemolymph protein found throughout tick development was examined in the hard tick, Dermacentor variabilis , and in the soft tick, Ornithodoros parkeri . In D. variabilis , the predominant (purified) hemolymph protein was a lipoglycoheme-carrier protein (DvCP) with a molecular weight of 200 K. A protein with a similar mobility on native-PAGE was found in fat body, salivary gland, muscle and ovary from partially fed females which was most abundant in the plasma and salivary gland. DvCP from plasma, salivary gland and fat body of partially fed females consisted of two subunits on SDS-PAGE (98 and 92 K). In replete females, only salivary gland exhibited protein subunits equivalent to hemolymph CP. CP in salivary gland and fat body stained positive for lipids. The concentration of CP in tissues varied between partially fed and replete females, indicating a difference in the expression and/or sequestration of CP during adult development. The predominant hemolymph carrier protein from O. parkeri (OpCP) was purified to homogeneity for the first time and is presumed to have similar functions to CP from D. variabilis . Purified OpCP exhibited a molecular weight of 668 K by native-PAGE. Unlike CP from D. variabilis , OpCP was not detected in fat body or salivary gland tissues but occurred abundantly in coxal fluid. By SDS-PAGE, purified hemolymph OpCP consisted of two major subunits (114 and 93 K) and a less abundant protein with an apparent molecular weight of 48 K. Purified native OpCP was a lipoprotein like DvCP. A spectral analysis of purified OpCP failed to demonstrate the presence of heme like that found for CP from D. variabilis , purified by the same methods. However, plasma from O. parkeri contained heme with a λ max of 410 nm.
Density equalized map projections: A method for analysing clustering around a fixed point

Cases plotted on a geopolitical map entail difficulties in interpretation and analysis because of variable population density in the study area. Density equalized map projections (DEMPs) eliminate the distribution of the resident population as an interfering influence by transforming map area to be proportional to population. This paper discusses a transformation algorithm, its properties, and develops statistical methods to detect clustering of cases around a fixed point for data plotted on DEMPs. We suggest two numeric methods where exact solutions are too complicated or do not exist. Finally, we illustrate these methods using data from Denver and Jefferson counties in Colorado to investigate whether lung cancer and leukaemia incidence patterns are associated with plutonium exposure from the Rocky Flats plant site.
Computer simulation of stress-oriented nucleation and growth of θ′ precipitates inAl–Cu alloys

Many structural transformations result in several orientation variants whose volume fractions and distributions can be controlled by applied stresses during nucleation, growth or coarsening. Depending on the type of stress and the coupling between the applied stress and the lattice misfit strain, the precipitate variants may be aligned parallel or perpendicular to the stress axis. This paper reports our studies on the effect of applied stresses on nucleation and growth of coherent θ′ precipitates in Al–Cu alloys using computer simulations based on a diffuse-interface phase-field kinetic model. In this model, the orientational differences among precipitate variants are distinguished by non-conserved structural field variables, whereas the compositional difference between the precipitate and matrix is described by a conserved field variable. The temporal evolution of the spatially dependent field variables is determined by numerically solving the time-dependent Ginzburg–Landau (TDGL) equations for the structural variables and the Cahn–Hilliard diffusion equation for composition. Random noises were introduced in both the composition and the structural order parameter fields to simulate the nucleation of θ′ precipitates. It is demonstrated that although an applied stress affects the microstructural development of a two-phase alloy during both the nucleation and growth stages, it is most effective to apply stresses during the initial nucleation stage for producing anisotropic precipitate alignment.
Elementary reaction and anionic polymerization of isopropenly t‐butyl ketone

Isopropenyl t-butyl ketone (IPTBK) does not undergo radical homopolymerization and its anionic polymerization is a slow equilibrium process with a low ceiling temperature, which is due to its limited conjugation imposed by steric hindrance. Anionic polymerization of IPTBK with t-butyllithium was carried out under several conditions. The 1:1 model reactions and the lack of acidic hydrogens in its structure suggest that anionic polymerization of IPTBK with t-butyllithium may be «living». The molecular weight distribution of the polymers ranged from 1.1 to 1.6 with the number-average molecular weight varying from 2,800 to 223,500. Group transfer polymerization of IPTBK produced only a six-membered lactone
Neither Right nor Wrong: How a Teacher Integrates Her Personal and Professional Life With Policy

This article focuses on the importance of recognizing and appreciating the ways that a teacher integrates her personal and professional life with an English-only policy. Much can be learned from the ways in which she negotiates social forces and integrates them into her individual reality while making sense of the restrictive language policy. Whether they are consciously aware of it or not, teachers have the power to make ethico-political choices. Motivated by moral principles and personal beliefs, teachers make decisions about their right or ability to determine and follow a particular course of action that a policy may dictate. Educational policies coming from the top-down can be daunting and leave teachers with a sense of a loss of control and power over what happens in their classrooms. However, I argue that teachers do have control over how they interpret the policy. There is no clear right or wrong path, but rather a multitude of diverse choices that are available to teachers.
Querying the calibration database for the Hubble Space Telescope using the Internet and the World Wide Web

Using the WWW, direct query-access has ben made to the Hubble Space Telescope Calibration Database. All eight science instruments' reference data, plus photometric and spectrophotometric standards can be seen. By using wildcards, a user may retrieve information on all reference datasets or by using various qualifiers, the user has the ability to narrow the search down to very particular sets. The information retrieved not only lists the existence of filenames for particular modes of operation, but critical information about when the reference data has been archived and when it has been installed for pipeline calibrations.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Evidence for dual physiological formsof ergosterol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Data obtained from acid hydrolysis and extraction of yeast have demonstrated that routine saponification does not recover total sterol from the cells. This suggests the existence of a form of ergosterol resistant to saponification. Time course analyses of sterol synthesis by resting cell suspensions reveal an inverse relationship between the amounts of base labile and acid labile forms of sterol. These data give strong presumptive evidence for dual forms of ergosterol which are interconvertible according to the respiratory state of the cell.
A Panel of Radiation Hybrids for Human Chromosome 8

We have developed a panel of radiation hybrids containing fragments of chromosome 8 as the only human material. The human chromosome content of each cell line was determined relative to an ordered map of sequence tagged sites (STSs) specific to chromosome 8. Between one and four fragments of chromosome 8 were identified in each cell line, with an average of 25% of the STSs retained in each line. Subclones of one radiation hybrid were examined to determine whether all cells within a line are homogeneous with respect to chromosome 8 sequence content. There was considerable variability between subclones, with retention rates for individual STSs ranging from 5 to 100% in different clones. Furthermore, a gradient of retention of sequences along the length of one large chromosome fragment was found, suggesting that sequence loss involved deletions from one end of the fragment at early stages in the establishment of the cell line. We have also made use of the radiation hybrids to develop novel sequence tagged sites for the pericentromeric region of chromosome 8.