cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CONDEMNATION OF A SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE: A CHRONOLOGY AND REFUTATION OF THE ATTACKS AND A DISCUSSION OF THREATS TO THE INTEGRITY OF SCIENCE

On July 12, 1999, our meta-analysis on child sexual abuse published in Psychological Bulletin, one of the American Psychological Association's (APA) premiere journals, was condemned by the U.S. Congress (H. Con. Res. 107). The condemnation followed months of attacks on the article, the APA, and us by various social conservatives and psychoanalytically-oriented clinicians. The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) was asked by the APA to independently review our article. After considering criticisms of it and the article itself, AAAS declined, but commented that it was the criticisms, not our methods or analyses, that troubled them because these criticisms misrepresented what we wrote. The current article chronicles this whole affair. First, we provide background, explaining why an article such as ours was needed. Then we accurately summarize the article, given that it has been so widely misrepresented. Next we present a chronology of the events leading up to and following the condemnation. We then present and refute all the major criticisms of the article, which have included both methodological and conceptual attacks. Next we discuss the threat to science that these events portend. We conclude by discussing the need to separate moral judgments from scientific research, the conflation of which formed the basis for the distortions and condemnation.
Nanostructured YSZ thermal barrier coatings engineered to counteract sintering effects

Abstract Thermal spray zirconia–8 wt% yttria (YSZ) deposits have been employed as thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) in the hot sections of gas turbines. The use of nanostructured YSZ represents an alternative for improving the performance of these coatings. Despite some initial positive research results, there are still fundamental questions to be answered on the applicability of nanostructured YSZ coatings as TBCs. These questions are related to sintering effects, which could significantly increase the thermal diffusivity/conductivity and elastic modulus values of these types of coatings in high temperature environments. In this study, nanostructured and conventional YSZ coatings were heat-treated at 1400 °C for 1, 5 and 20 h. It was observed that the nanostructured coatings counteract sintering effects, due to the presence of a bimodal microstructure exhibiting regions with different sintering rates: (i) matrix (low rate) and (ii) nanozones (high rate). Important sintering-affected properties, like thermal diffusivity and elastic modulus were studied. The thermal diffusivity and elastic modulus values of the nanostructured YSZ coatings were significantly lower than those of conventional YSZ coatings, even after an exposure to a temperature of 1400 °C for 20 h. This study demonstrates that nanostructured YSZ coatings can be engineered to counteract sintering effects and exhibit significantly lower increases in thermal diffusivity and elastic modulus values in high temperature environments when compared to those of conventional YSZ coatings.
The Influence of Age, Sex, Smoking, and Diabetes on Lower Limb Transcutaneous Oxygen Tension in Patients With Arterial Occlusive Disease

A retrospective study involving 129 patients (256 limbs) with unilateral or bilateral arterial occlusive disease was performed to assess the effects of age, sex, smoking, and diabetes on lower limb transcutaneous oxygen tension (TcPo2) measurements of were made according to a standard protocol, and the severity of lower limb arterial occlusive disease was estimated using the clinical signs and symptoms of disease or the ankle/brachial blood pressure index. The results demonstrated that age, sex, and smoking had no major effects on limb TcPo2 or disease severity; however, both limb TcPo2 and clinical disease severity were adversely affected by diabetes. When limbs with similar occlusive disease severity were compared, TcPo2 remained consistently lower in diabetic than in nondiabetic patients. We conclude that diabetes causes a reduction in limb TcPo2 beyond that which can be accounted for by large-vessel arterial occlusive disease alone.
Supersonic Particle Probes: Measurement of Internal Wall Losses

In the present study, the operating characteristics of supersonic particle probes are investigated. In particular, characteristics such as internal wall deposition and pressure recovery are examined. Three basic probe designs were tested in a cold flow experiment designed to simulate the hot, hostile environment of rocket and jet engine plumes. The probe designs consisted of two internal shock probes (Dehne and Colket probes) and one external shock probe (McGregor probe). In the internal shock probes the compression from supersonic to subsonic flow occurred either in a constant area throat (Dehne) or at a sudden expansion (Colket). In the external shock or McGregor probe, the shock was positioned slightly outside the entrance of the probe. From deposition studies performed on the probes, three factors were found to enhance deposition. These factors were: 1) shock-boundary layer interaction, 2) particle-boundary layer interaction, and 3) stagnation zones at sudden expansions. The probe with the lowest depo...
Accurate absolute magnitudes for Kuiper belt objects and Centaurs

Abstract Accurate absolute optical magnitude values ( H V and H R ) for Kuiper belt objects (KBOs) and Centaurs are becoming increasingly important as observations in other wavelengths, particularly SIRTF thermal infrared measurements, become available for large samples of objects. We present accurate H V and H R values for 90 KBOs and Centaurs, based on our published optical photometry. We find that our H V values are in good agreement with those available from the European photometric survey of minor bodies in the outer Solar System. Comparison with H V values from the JPL Horizons database and the Minor Planet Center database shows that these sources are systematically brighter than ours by about 0.3 mag.
Development of a genetic algorithm-based lookup table approach for efficient numerical integration in the method of finite spheres with application to the solution of thin beam and plate problems

It is observed that for the solution of thin beam and plate problems using the meshfree method of finite spheres, Gaussian and adaptive quadrature schemes are computationally inefficient. In this paper, we develop a novel technique in which the integration points and weights are generated using genetic algorithms and stored in a lookup table using normalized coordinates as part of an offline computational step. During online computations, this lookup table is used much like a table of Gaussian integration points and weights in the finite element computations. This technique offers significant reduction of computational time without sacrificing accuracy. Example problems are solved which demonstrate the effectiveness of the procedure. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decreased Calcium Tolerance in Nongoitrous Cretins

Extract: Response to an exogenous calcium load was studied in 7 thyroid-treated sporadic non-goitrous cretins and in 16 normal children. An intravenous infusion of 10 mg/kg of body weight of calcium as calcium gluconate was infused over a 3-hr period. Serum samples obtained before and at 1.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 5, and 7 hr after the start of the infusion were analyzed for calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. The basc-line calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus values in serum did not differ significantly in the thyroid-treated cretins and in normal children. The infusion of calcium did not alter magnesium levels and no consistent changes were noted in phosphorus levels in either group. Mean increments in calcium levels, however, were significantly greater in the cretins at 1.5, 3, 3.5, and 4 hr after the start of the infusion. The response to calcium infusion in two children with a thyroid-iodine organification defect was similar to that seen in the normal children. Speculation: It is suggested that the impaired ability of the thyroid-treated nongoitrous cretins to counteract experimentally induced hypercalcemia is the result of calcitonin deficiency
IS FOUNDER-FLUSH SPECIATION DEFENSIBLE?

Slatkin (1996) has recently argued that founder-flush events have significant effects in promoting more rapid evolution and speciation compared with large randomly mating populations, contrary to the conclusions reached in several earlier theoretical analyses (Charlesworth and Smith 1982; Barton and Charlesworth 1984; Rouhani and Barton 1987; Charlesworth and Rouhani 1988; Barton 1989, 1996). Slatkin (1996) argues that "in a rapidly growing populationthat is, after the founding event-genetic drift is relatively weak even if the population is initially quite small. As a consequence, selection will be most effective during and immediately after the period of rapid growth. Low-frequency alleles or combinations of alleles can be driven to fixation by selection much more readily than they would be in populations of constant size, no matter how small or large" (p. 495). Here I suggest that Slatkin's conclusion may, in part at least, be based on unrealistic assumptions. A major part of his analysis concerns the probability of fixation of an advantageous mutation, assumed to be present as a single copy in a founding population. Slatkin points out that, in the case of a dominant or semidominant mutation of this kind, the rapid population growth that follows the foundation of the population results in an increased probability of fixation of the mutation, compared with the probability of fixation of a single mutation in a large population of constant size. This is because the fixation probability of this type of mutation depends mainly on the excess of the mean offspring number per individual for heterozygous carriers, over the offspring number per individual needed to sustain a stationary population. This excess is much greater for a growing population, for a given size of effect of the new favorable mutation on offspring number, leading to a higher probability of fixation in a growing population (Kojima and Kelleher 1962). Slatkin also presents a model of a recessive favorable mutation. In this case, the increase in fixation probability associated with the founder event is a consequence of the assumption that the mutation is present as a single copy in the founding population, whose size N(i) is much
Inhibition of proliferation of PC-3 human prostate cancer by antagonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone: lack of correlation with the levels of serum IGF-I and expression of tumoral IGF-II and vascular endothelial growth factor.

BACKGROUND Antagonists of growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH) such as JV-1-38 can inhibit androgen-independent prostate cancer directly by several mechanisms and/or indirectly by suppressing growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-I (GH/IGF-I) axis. To shed more light on the mechanisms involved, the effects of JV-1-38 on PC-3 human prostate cancer were compared with those of somatostatin analog RC-160 in vivo and in vitro. METHODS Nude mice bearing PC-3 tumors received JV-1-38 (20 μg), RC-160 (50 μg) or a combination of JV-1-38 and RC-160. The concentration of IGF-I in serum and the expression of mRNA for IGF-II and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in tumor tissue were investigated. RESULTS In vivo, the final volume of PC-3 tumors treated with JV-1-38 was significantly lowered by 49% (P < 0.01), whereas RC-160 exerted only 30% inhibition (NS), compared with controls. Combined use of both compounds augmented tumor inhibition to 63% (P < 0.001). Serum IGF-I levels were decreased only in mice treated with RC-160. JV-1-38 suppressed mRNA for IGF-II in PC-3 tumors by 42%, whereas RC-160 alone or in combination with JV-1-38 caused a 65% reduction. JV-1-38 and RC-160 used as single drugs decreased the expression of VEGF by 50%, and their combination caused a 63% reduction. In vitro, JV-1-38 inhibited the proliferation of PC-3 cells by 39%. This effect could be partially reversed by addition of IGF-I to the serum-free medium. RC-160 alone did not affect the PC-3 cell growth in vitro, but in combination with JV-1-38 it augmented the antiproliferative effect of the GH-RH antagonist to 72%. Exposure to JV-1-38 in vitro reduced the expression of mRNA for IGF-II in PC-3 cells by 55% but did not change VEGF mRNA levels, whereas RC-160 had no effect. CONCLUSIONS The antiproliferative effect of JV-1-38 was not associated with the suppression of serum IGF-I and was only partially correlated with the expression of IGF-II and VEGF in PC-3 tumors, suggesting that other mechanisms play a role in the antitumor action of GHRH antagonists. Nevertheless, the stronger inhibition of tumor growth after combined treatment with JV-1-38 and RC-160 indicates that the interference with multiple local stimulatory factors leads to an enhanced inhibition of prostate cancer. Prostate 52:173–182, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Content and synthesis of glycolytic enzymes and creatine kinase in skeletal muscles and normal and dystrophic chickens

A number of workers have reported that avian muscular dystrophy causes alterations in the levels of certain enzyme activities in "fast-twitch" muscle fibers but has little effect on enzyme activities in "slow-twitch" muscle fibers. In the present work, the effects of this disease on the content and relative rates of synthesis of a number of glycolytic enzymes and the skeletal muscle-specific MM isoenzyme of creatine kinase in chicken muscles was investigated. It was shown that (i) the approximate 50% reductions in steady-state concentrations of three glycolytic enzymes (aldolase, enolase, and glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase) in dystrophic breast (fast-twitch) muscle result predominantly from decreases in relative rates of synthesis, rather than accelerations in relative rates of degradation, of these proteins in the diseased tissue; (ii) in contrast to the situation with the glycolytic enzymes, muscular dystrophy has only minor effects (25% or less) on the content and relative rate of synthesis of MM creatine kinase in breast muscle fibers; (iii) the muscular dystrophy-associated alterations in content and synthesis of the glycolytic enzymes in breast muscle fibers become apparent only during postembryonic maturation of this tissue; and (iv) as expected, muscular dystrophy has no significant effect on the content or relative rates of synthesis of glycolytic enzymes in slow-twitch lateral adductor muscles of the chicken. These results are discussed in terms of the apparent similarities between the effects of muscular dystrophy and surgical denervation on the protein synthetic programs expressed by mature fast-twitch muscle fibers.
Time series analysis of postural responses to combined visual pitch and support surface tilt.

Abstract The purpose of using time-series analyses is to provide interpretation of information on curves or functions, such as dynamic, biomechanical data. We evaluated the application of one method of time-series analysis for assessing changes in postural responses when exposed to a continuously rotating visual field combined with a tilted support surface. Functional Principal Component Analysis (fPCA) was applied to center of mass (CoM) trajectories collected from 22 young adults (20–39 y.o.) on a fixed surface or following a 3 degree (30°/s) dorsiflexion tilt of the support surface combined with continuous upward or downward pitch rotation of the visual field at 30 and 45°/s. The usefulness of this analytical tool is that each curve is treated as a distinct observation by itself, allowing for traditional PCA to be applied to the analysis of curves. Results of the fPCA highlighted 5 distinct time periods in the CoM curves that explained 91% of the variability in the data. These periods in which the young adults altered their CoM in response to visual field motion would not have been identified if we had relied on the onset and offset of the transient disturbance to distinguish responses. Young adults significantly displaced their CoM in response to visual motion over both the period of support surface tilt and while the support surface returned to a neutral position. Our results indicate that fPCA is a viable method when applied to the small but complex changes that emerge in postural data and might allow for a better understanding of time dependent processes occurring with pathology and intervention.
Relationships between the transcriptome and physiological indicators of reproduction in female rainbow trout over an annual cycle.

Normal transcriptomic patterns along the brain-pituitary-gonad-liver (BPGL) axis should be better characterized if endocrine-disrupting compound–induced changes in gene expression are to be understood. Female rainbow trout were studied over a complete year-long reproductive cycle. Tissue samples from pituitary, ovary, and liver were collected for microarray analysis using the 16K Genomic Research on Atlantic Salmon Project (GRASP) microarray and for quantitative polymerase chain reaction measures of estrogen receptor (ER) isoform messenger RNA (mRNA) levels. Plasma was collected to determine levels of circulating estradiol-17β (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). As an a priori hypothesis, changes in gene expression were correlated to either circulating levels of E2, FSH, and LH, or ER mRNAs quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In the liver, most transcriptomic patterns correlated to levels of either E2, LH, or ERs. Fewer ovarian transcripts could be correlated to levels of E2, ERα, or FSH. No significant associations were obvious in the pituitary. As a post hoc hypothesis, changes in transcript abundance were compared with microarray features with known roles in gonadal maturation. Many altered transcripts in the ovary correlated to transcript levels of estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase 8 or 17 B HSD12, or to glycoprotein alpha chain 1 or 2. In the pituitary, genes involved with the growth axis (e.g., growth hormone, insulin-related growth factor binding protein) correlated with the most transcripts. These results suggest that transcriptional networks along the BPGL axis may be regulated by factors other than circulating steroid hormones. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:309–318. © 2010 SETAC
Unification and cogeneration of dark matter and baryonic matter

In grand unified theories with gauge groups larger than $SU(5)$, the multiplets that contain the known quarks and leptons also contain fermions that are singlets under the standard model gauge group. Some of these could be the dark matter of the Universe. Grand unified theories can also have accidental $U(1)$ global symmetries (analogous to $B\ensuremath{-}L$ in minimal $SU(5)$) that can stabilize dark matter. These ideas are illustrated in an $SU(6)$ model.
Value and the Valley of Death: Opportunities for Anthropologists to Create and Demonstrate Value in Entrepreneurial Contexts

I have spent the majority of my career around nascent businesses as an entrepreneur or as a part of the ecosystem of service providers for entrepreneurs, and more recently, as an anthropologist studying entrepreneurs. I have started three tech companies and been a managing director at an organization designed to accelerate the growth of technology-focused businesses. These experiences mean I have been an entrepreneur, have helped entrepreneurs as a business coach, and understand the culture and values of entrepreneurship from an anthropological perspective. In order to discuss how anthropologists can use their skills to help entrepreneurs create and demonstrate value, first I will define entrepreneurship and the values of that culture.
The pair correlation function and thermodynamic properties for the Lennard-Jones 6-12 potential and the Percus-Yevick equation

Abstract The pair correlation function and the thermodynamic functions for the Lennard-Jones potential as calculated from the Percus-Yevick equation are presented for temperatures and densities near the coexistence curve. The thermodynamic functions are compared with those calculated from the hypernetted chain equation and with argon and xenon data. Also, the variation of the Percus-Yevick theoretical results over a wide range of temperature is discussed. It is found even at high densities that the inconsistency in the thermodynamic functions becomes small at high temperatures, and agreement with experiment likewise improves.
Onset of voicing in stuttered and fluent utterances.

Electroglottographic (EGG) and acoustic waveforms of the first few glottal pulses of voicing were monitored and voice onset time (VOT) measured during an adaptation task performed by stutterers and...
Extraction of butyltin species and their gas chromatographic determination as chlorides in a sediment certified reference material for trace metals, PACS-1

Abstract A gas chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of butyltin species in sediments. The butyltin species are separated as chlorides by using a DB-608 open tubular column after their extraction from the sediment using a combination of sonication in methanolic HCl and solvent extraction. Two extractants are possible: toluene—isobutyl acetate—tropolone and hexane—isobutyl acetate. The efficiencies for the first extractant are: tributyltin, 94.4 ± 4.7%; dibutyltin, 94.9 ± 2.2%; and monobutyltin, 86.3 ± 4.2%. The absolute detection limits are about 30 pg tin. Using a 1-g sample, the relative detection limits are about 30 ng tin per g sediment. These may be lowered to 3 ng tin per g by starting with a 4-g sample and adding a concentration step. The reference material PACS-1 was found to contain 1.08 ± 0.31 μg tin per g of tributyltin and 1.13 ± 0.30 μg tin per g of dibutyltin.
The role of working memory in analogical mapping

The impact of a working-memory load on analogical mapping was examined in two experiments, using a dual-task paradigm. In Experiment 1, we used a phonological working-memory load; in Experiment 2, we used a phonological working-memory load and an executive working-memory load. The subjects were required to identify correspondences between visual scenes, either for single objects or for three objects simultaneously. The results indicated that the imposition of either a phonological or an executive working-memory load decreased the frequency with which the subjects identified correspondences between scenes based on relations and increased the frequency with which they identified correspondences based on object attributes. The frequency with which subjects made relational mappings was increased by the instruction to find correspondences for multiple objects in a scene simultaneously, rather than for just one. These results indicate that mapping on the basis of relations places greater demands on both modality-specific buffers and executive components of working memory than does mapping on the basis of object attributes.
Electronic Structure of Heme-Nitrosyls and Its Significance for Nitric Oxide Reactivity, Sensing, Transport, and Toxicity in Biological Systems

This review summarizes recent developments in the investigation of the electronic structures, spectroscopic properties, and reactivities of ferrous and ferric heme-nitrosyls and how this relates to important biological processes. Ferrous heme-nitrosyls show interesting variations in electronic structure as a function of the different types of proximal ligands, as is evident from electron paramagnetic resonance, magnetic circular dichroism, and vibrational spectroscopy. In particular, coordination of imidazoles like histidine (His) increases the radical character on NO and, in this way, could help activate the bound NO for catalysis. Vice versa, the bound NO ligand imposes a strong σ trans effect on the proximal His, which, in the case of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), the biological NO sensor protein, induces breaking of the FeII−His bond and activates the protein. The possibility of sGC activation by HNO is also discussed. Finally, the properties of ferrous heme-nitrosyls with proximal cysteinate (Cys)...
Students' Science Perceptions and Enrollment Decisions in Differing Learning Cycle Classrooms.

This investigation examined 10th-grade biology students' decisions to enroll in elective science courses, and explored certain attitudinal perceptions of students that may be related to such decisions. The student science perceptions were focused on student and classroom attitudes in the context of differing learning cycle classrooms (high paradigmatic/high inquiry, and low paradigmatic/low inquiry). The study also examined possible differences in enrollment decisions/intentions and attitudinal perceptions among males and females in these course contexts. The specific purposes were to: (a) explore possible differences in students' decisions, and in male and female students' decisions to enroll in elective science courses in high versus low paradigmatic learning cycle classrooms; (b) describe patterns and examine possible differences in male and female students' attitudinal perceptions of science in the two course contexts; (c) investigate possible differences in students' science perceptions according to their decisions to enroll in elective science courses, participation in high versus low paradigmatic learning cycle classrooms, and the interaction between these two variables; and (d) examine students' explanations of their decisions to enroll or not enroll in elective science courses. Questionnaire and observation data were collected from 119 students in the classrooms of six learning cycle biology teachers. Results indicated that in classrooms where teachers most closely adhered to the ideal learning cycle, students had more positive attitudes than those in classrooms where teachers deviated from the ideal model. Significantly more females in high paradigmatic learning cycle classrooms planned to continue taking science course work compared with females in low paradigmatic learning cycle classrooms. Male students in low paradigmatic learning cycle classrooms had more negative perceptions of science compared with males in high paradigmatic classrooms, and in some cases, with all female students. It appears that using the model as it was originally designed may lead to more positive attitudes and persistence in science among students. Implications include the need for science educators to help teachers gain more thorough understanding of the learning cycle and its theoretical underpinnings so they may better implement this procedure in classroom teaching. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 38: 1029–1062, 2001
Thermal fragmentation of ethylene on the Rh(100) single crystal surface in the temperature range of 200–800 K

Abstract High resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) have been utilized to study the thermal fragmentation chemistry of ethylene between 200 and 800 K. on a Rh(100) surface. We find that the kinetically stable decomposition intermediates vary with surface coverage. At room temperature and adsorbate coverages less than θ = 0.5, ethylene dehydrogenates to CCH; ethylene adsorbed in excess of θ = 0.5 is converted instead to CCH 3 , The CCH 3 (ethylidyne) is thermally stable up to 380 K, while the CCH species remain intact up to ~450 K., The complexity of the HREEL spectra for the decomposition of CCH 3 and CCH in the temperature range of 380–800 K suggests that a mixture of surface fragments is present. There is some evidence that CCH 2 , which is stable between 380 and 400 K, is formed during ethylidyne decomposition. We compare our results here with those for ethylene decomposition on other transition metal surfaces and suggest a reaction sequence involving elementary hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions to explain the surface chemistry.
Regiocontrol in the synthesis of naphthoquinones. Regiospecific synthesis of lomandrone and aristolindiquinone

Abstract Combination of the ring expansion of 3-t-butoxy-4-aryl-4-hydroxycyclobutenones to hydroxynaphthoquinones with the Hooker Oxidations of hydroxyquinones provides powerful methodolgy for the regiospecific synthesis of highly substituted naphthoquinones and related compounds. This combination is employed for the synthesis of the natural naphthoquinones, lomandrone and aristolindiquinone.
Thermal studies on yttrium, neodymium and holmium oxalates

Abstract The thermal decomposition patterns of Y 2 (C 2 O 4 ) 3 · 9 H 2 O, Nd 2 (C 2 O 4 ) 3 · 10 H 2 O and Ho 2 (C 2 O 4 ) 3 · 5.5 H 2 O have been studied using TG and DTG. The hydrated neodymium oxalate loses all the water of hydration in one step to give the anhydrous oxalate while Y 2 (C 2 O 4 ) 3 · 9 H 2 O and Ho 2 (C 2 O 4 ) 3 · 5.5 H 2 O involve four or more dehydration steps to yield the anhydrous oxalates. Further heating of the anhydrous oxalates results in the loss of CO 2 and CO to give the stable metal oxides.
Phytochemical examination of the leaves of carica papaya L.

Routine crude drug assays and tests tor stetoidal saponins, flavonols, tannins, phenols, organic acids, unsaturated sterols and alkaloids have been made on the leaves of Carica papaya L. The alkaloid, carpaine, was isolated and identified.
The Evolution of Neuroanatomical Substrates of Reproductive Behavior: Sex Steroid and LHRH-Specific Pathways Including the Terminal Nerve

Fairly recent anatomical methods have made possible the mapping of neurobehavioral systems involving two types of reproductive hormones, gonadal steroids and the peptide luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH). Brain sites of steroid uptake are detected using autoradiography; LHRH is localized in cells and fibers using immunocytochemical procedures. Both hormone types are known to strongly influence sex behavior and it can reasonably be assumed that these effects are mediated in large part via systems identified using the anatomical procedures. Analysis of the comparative anatomy of these systems should therefore provide information useful in the construction of models concerning the evolution of neurohormonal control of reproductive behavior. The results of such a study are reported. Sex steroid and LHRH systems in cyclostomes, teleosts, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals are considered in detail. A synthesis of this information has led to the following ideas. Androgenic control of male reproductive systems has evolved in a number of nonhomologous motor systems controlling male reproductive behavior. Sex steroid and LHRH systems may interact at several different levels of the neuraxis but the most obvious overlap of the systems occurs in the septal and POA areas. The latter especially is a fairly constant and perhaps primitive feature. LHRH secretion into the systemic circulation was most likely the earliest means for LHRH modulation of both pituitary function and neural systems controlling reproductive behavior.Pathways for more direct delivery of LHRH to pituitary cells and brain nuclei probably developed in the early gnathostomes. The terminal nerve appears to be a rather conservative LHRH-containing pathway connecting olfactory systems with septal-preoptic nuclei. A function in pheromonal control of sex behavior is suggested. The general distribution of steroid concentrating cells and LHRH pathways in tetrapods seems to be rather constant. Absence of the systems in neocortical areas and their homologs is conspicuous.
Tight-binding study of structure and vibrations of amorphous silicon

We present a tight-binding calculation that, for the first time, accurately describes the structural, vibrational and elastic properties of amorphous silicon. We compute the interatomic force constants and find an unphysical feature of the Stillinger-Weber empirical potential that correlates with a much noted error in the radial distribution function associated with that potential. We also find that the intrinsic first peak of the radial distribution function is asymmetric, contrary to usual assumptions made in the analysis of diffraction data. We use our results for the normal mode frequencies and polarization vectors to obtain the zero-point broadening effect on the radial distribution function, enabling us to directly compare theory and a high resolution x-ray diffraction experiment.
Protein Phosphatase-1 Inhibitor-3 Is an in Vivo Target of Caspase-3 and Participates in the Apoptotic Response

Inh3 (inhibitor-3) is a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatase-1 that selectively associates with PP1γ1 and PP1α but not the PP1β isoform. We demonstrate that Inh3 is a novel substrate for caspase-3 and is degraded in vivo during apoptosis induced by actinomycin D. Inh3 was not degraded in apoptotic MCF-7 cells, which lack caspase-3. These experiments establish that Inh3 is a novel physiological substrate of caspase-3. Electroporation of the caspase-3-resistant Inh3-D49A mutant into HL-60 cells resulted in a significant attenuation of apoptosis induced by actinomycin D. These results show that Inh3 degradation contributes to the apoptotic process. Immunofluorescence based examination of the subcellular localizations of Inh3 and PP1γ1 revealed a major relocalization of the cellular pool of PP1γ1 from the nucleolus to the nucleus and then to the cytoplasm during actinomycin D-induced apoptosis. A similar redistribution of PP1α from the nucleus to the cytoplasm occurred. These results are consistent with an unexpected discovery that significant fractions of the cellular pools of PP1γ1 and PP1α are associated with Inh3 in HL-60 cells. Thus, Inh3 is a major factor in the cellular economy of PP1γ1 and PP1α subunits. The unscheduled relocalization of this large a pool of PP1 subunits and their release from a potent inhibitor could deregulate a diverse range of essential cellular processes and signaling pathways. We discuss the significance of these findings in relation to working hypotheses whereby Inh3 destruction could contribute to the apoptotic process.
Mitochondrial accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins and differential regulation of apoptosis by polyubiquitination sites Lys‐48 and ‐63

Proteins tagged with lysine (Lys, K) 48 polyubiquitins chains are destined for degradation by the 26S proteasomal system. Impairment of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) function culminates in the accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins in many neurodegenerative conditions including Parkinson's disease (PD). Nevertheless, the cellular mechanisms underlying cell death induced by an impaired UPS are still not clear. Intriguingly, recent studies indicate that several proteins associated with familial PD are capable of promoting the assembly of Lys-63 polyubiquitin chains. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the role of K48 and K63 ubiquitination in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in in vitro models of dopaminergic degeneration. Exposure of the widely used proteasome inhibitor MG-132 to dopaminergic neuronal cell line (N27) induced a rapid accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins in the mitochondria. This appears to result in the preferential association of ubiquitin conjugates in the outer membrane and polyubiquitination of outer membrane proteins. Interestingly, the ubiquitin(K48R) mutant effectively rescued cells from MG-132-induced mitochondrial apoptosis without altering the antioxidant status of cells; whereas the ubiquitin(K63R) mutant augmented the proapoptotic effect of MG-132. Herein, we report a novel conclusion that polyubiquitinated proteins, otherwise subjected to proteasomal degradation, preferentially accumulate in the mitochondria during proteolytic stress; and that polyubiquitination of Lys-48 and Lys-63 are key determinants of mitochondria-mediated cell death during proteasomal dysfunction. Together, these findings yield novel insights into a crosstalk between the UPS and mitochondria in dopaminergic neuronal cells.
Latinos’ mate selection: national origin, racial, and nativity differences

Abstract We use 1990 Census data to examine how mate selection patterns differ by Latinos’ national origin, race, and nativity. We compare their propensity to marry within their own groups, with non-Latino Whites and Blacks and with other Latino Whites and Nonwhites. Latinos’ race plays an important role in assimilation to American society. Latino Whites are more likely than Latino Nonwhites to marry non-Latinos; US-born Latino Whites are more likely than their foreign-born counterparts to marry non-Latino Whites; and US-born Mexican Whites, with a long history in the US, are more likely to intermarry than other US-born Latino Whites. Mate selection patterns of Latino Whites closely follow the predictions of classical assimilation theory. Latino Nonwhites, however, exhibit a different pattern: the US-born are less likely to intermarry than the foreign-born. Racial barrier also is strong within each national-origin group. When Latinos marry outside their own national-origin groups, Whites tend to marry non-Latino Whites, but Nonwhites tend to marry other Latino Nonwhites. This may imply two paths of integration in American society: Latino Whites’ assimilation into American society and Latino Nonwhites’ formation of Latino pan-ethnicity.
Interatrial shunt closure devices in patients with nickel allergy

We assessed outcomes in nickel allergic patients treated with percutaneous interatrial shunt device closure with the Helex device. Nickel toxicity has been well described in patients undergoing interatrial shunt closure with the Amplatzer device, which has a nitinol design. There have been no reports using Helex in nickel allergic patients. Ninety-five consecutive patients underwent percutaneous interatrial shunt closure at a single US center by one operator. In those with possible nickel allergy, patch testing with the North American Contact Dermatitis Group standard series and a metal series was performed. The mean age was 48 +/- 16 years (range 18-81), 48% were male, 21 (22%) had atrial septal defect, and 74 (78%) had patent foramen ovale. Six patients had a positive skin test to nickel and underwent successful closure with Helex. Of the remaining 89 patients, 88 were closed with Amplatzer and one with Helex. All procedures were successful with no deaths, myocardial infarctions, strokes, or systemic emboli at six-month followup. None of the Helex patients developed an allergic reaction, significant chest pain, or arrhythmia. Of those without pre-procedural known nickel allergy, 12% had palpitations, 5% had atrial fibrillation, and 13% had chest pain. When compared with a published report that 89% of nickel-allergic patients developing an allergic reaction to the Amplatzer or Premere device, Helex appeared far safer in nickel allergic patients (P < 0.001). In patients with nickel allergy, percutaneous interatrial shunt device closure with Helex device is safe, and is not associated with allergy to nickel.
Experimental measurements of the thermal effectiveness of two types of protective clothing for fire fighters

Experiments were conducted to quantitatively assess and compare the thermal effectiveness of two types of lower torso protective clothing, commonly known as a day clothing set and a night clothing set, as a function of the moisture content and tightness of fit. Results were obtained giving the temperature distribution through the clothing sets.
Adaptive penetration control using infrared measured temperature gradients

In this paper, the effects of shielding gases on weld penetration were studied using infrared sensors. Argon, helium and mixtures of these gases were used in the experiments. Autogenous bead-on-plate welds were made keeping all welding variables except the shielding gas composition constant. Dynamic changes in the shielding gas composition were then introduced and corresponding changes in the thermal distribution of the molten pool and surrounding region monitored. After the fact metallography was used to determine puddle dimensions. These results were then compared to the infrared surface temperature measurements. Gradients in the molten metal pool were found to dramatically change as the puddle shape changed when a different shielding gas composition was introduced. This behavior was used in implementing dynamic weld penetration control.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Photonic Architectures for High-Performance Data Centers

Over the next decade, significant progress must be made in research on computer architectures that enable unprecedented improvements in the efficiency of large-scale computing systems, particularly to support applications that require exascale algorithmic performance. Here, we review the performance requirements for both high-performance computing systems and data centers, and show that it will be critical to exploit photonic devices for interconnect applications to meet these expectations. In the long term, CMOS-compatible fabrication technologies promise a “Moore's Law for photonics” that could completely change the economics of integrated optics and high-performance computing for defense, security, scientific, and consumer applications.
Quantification of Myocardial Blood Flow: What is the Clinical Role?

Quantification of regional myocardial blood flow and of its responses to targeted physiologic and pharmacologic interventions, which is now available with positron emitting tracers of blood flow and positron emission tomography (PET), extends the diagnostic potential of standard myocardial perfusion imaging. These noninvasive flow measurements serve as tools for quantifying functional consequences of epicardial coronary artery disease, as well as of impairments in microcirculatory reactivity that escape detection by standard perfusion imaging. Flow measurements are clinically useful for more comprehensively assessing the extent and severity of coronary vascular disease or impairments in microcirculatory function in noncoronary cardiac disease. Flow estimates in these disorders contain independent or unique prognostic information about future major cardiac events. Flow measurements are also useful for assessing the coronary risk, for predicting long-term cardiovascular events, and for monitoring the effectiveness of risk reduction strategies.
A Rising Tide Lifts All Boats: Political Science Department Reputation and the Reputation of the University.

The publication of the latest rating of doctoral programs by the National Research Council (NRC 1995) has sparked great interest among university faculties. For some, the results vindicated years of focused efforts to improve their department's capacity, performance, and image. For others, it generated frustration because of the small change in scores from previous NRC rankings. And for still others, the NRC report occasioned soul-searching or defensive rationalization, including complaints that the reputational rankings did not reflect the “true” quality of the faculty (Magner 1995).The NRC study conducted surveys of faculty in each of 41 scientific fields to learn about each doctoral-granting faculty's reputation for scholarly quality (93Q) and for the effectiveness of their doctoral program (93E). In addition, the NRC gathered information about the performance of departments (number of publications, citations to the publications of faculty, and external funding) as well as some other characteristics of the faculty (number of faculty, number of full professors) and doctoral student enrollments (number of students enrolled, number of Ph.D.'s granted in recent years). With these data, it is possible to explore the extent to which reputations are responsive to the performance of the faculty as well as to other department characteristics.
Measuring behavior change in young children receiving intensive school-based mental health services

An innovative urban school-based mental health program was developed to treat the subset of elementary school-referred children who are experiencing severe emotional and behavioral difficulties. The program served a group of 201 students and their families, referred from 15 elementary schools through a large urban school district in Ohio (K through fifth grade). The children in the sample are predominantly African-American (N = 157, 78.1%), and male (N = 154, 76.6%), with an average age at admission of 9.23 years (SD = 1.75). Parents and teachers provided behavioral rating data using a standardized psychiatric assessment instrument (i.e., the Devereux Scales of Mental Disorders - DSMD). Results showed that at intake 68.7% of children scored above the clinical cutoff score of 60 on the conduct disorder subscale of the DSMD, with more than 40.8% of youth scoring 70 or higher. On the depression subscale 55.7% scored above the cutoff score, with slightly less than a third (30.8%) scoring 70 or higher. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was used to measure longitudinal behavior change. Children evidenced statistically significant reductions in conduct disordered behavior ( p Elementary School Student Ohio Grade K Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5 Child Behavior Child Mental Health Child Problem Behavior Behavior Intervention Behavior Treatment Behaviorally Disturbed Child Emotionally Disturbed Child Treatment Program Program Effectiveness School Based Student Behavior 05-06
Bursting phenomena in a simplified Oregonator flow system model

We investigate a model for the Belousov–Zhabotinskii reaction in a continuous flow, stirred tank reactor. The model consists of a system of three ordinary differential equations derived from a more complicated five‐dimensional model introduced by Janz, Vanecek, and Field [J. Chem. Phys. 73, 3132 (1980)]. It is basically a simplified, irreversible, batch reactor Oregonator with flow terms and with instantaneous dependence of the stoichiometric parameter f on the amount of brominated organic substance. Over a range of physical parameters (e.g., lower flow rates) the system exhibits ’’bursts’’ of oscillations. As in some experiments [e.g., Marek and Svobodova, Biophys. Chem. 3, 263 (1975)], the observer sees several spikes followed by an interval of quiescence (IQ) which is subsequently followed by a resumption of the spikes, etc. As Janz et al. found, bursting occurs as f sweeps slowly back and forth through values for which the batch reactor subsystem exhibits bistability and hysteresis. The CSTR solution ...
Surface Manipulation of the Electronic Energy of Subnanometer-Sized Gold Clusters: An Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Investigation

Stable undecagold clusters were synthesized and protected with a monolayer of alkanethiolates. The particles were found to exhibit semiconductor electronic characteristics with a band gap of about 1.8 eV, as evaluated from voltammetric and spectroscopic measurements. Photoluminescence in the visible range was also observed from the peak position at 840 nm. The indirect band-gap characteristics indicate that there exist substantial surface trap states in the nanoparticle molecules. Prior to exchange reactions with alkanethiols, however, no luminescence was observed with the gold particles, Au11Cl3(PPh3)7. This was interpreted, at least in part, by the effect of ligand fields on the electronic (band-gap) energy splitting and the resulting electron distributions. These observations strongly suggest that surface chemistry plays a vital role in determining the electronic energy structure of these subnanometer-sized gold particles.
Electrothermal instability - An explanation of the MPD arc thruster rotating spoke phenomenon.

Electrothermal instabilities for explanation of MPD arc thrustor rotating spoke phenomenon, noting agreement with experimental results
The quest to identify quality teaching.

Many resources are available from other domains that are relevant to veterinary education. "Currents in Education," edited by Katherine M. Edmondson, is intended to present thought-provoking information about teaching and learning from sources outside the veterinary field. This regular feature of JVME highlights relevant educational research published elsewhere, and provides a brief synopsis and analysis of the work and its implications for veterinary education. Submissions are welcome.