cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The introduction of strain and its effects on the structure and stability of T4 lysozyme.

In order to try to better understand the role played by strain in the structure and stability of a protein a series of “small-to-large” mutations was made within the core of T4 lysozyme. Three different alanine residues, one involved in backbone contacts, one in side-chain contacts, and the third adjacent to a small cavity, were each replaced with subsets of the larger residues, Val, Leu, Ile, Met, Phe and Trp. As expected, the protein is progressively destabilized as the size of the introduced side-chain becomes larger. There does, however, seem to be a limit to the destabilization, suggesting that a protein of a given size may be capable of maintaining only a certain amount of strain. The changes in stability vary greatly from site to site. Substitution of larger residues for both Ala42 and Ala98 substantially destabilize the protein, even though the primary contacts in one case are predominantly with side-chain atoms and in the other with backbone. The results suggest that it is neither practical nor meaningful to try to separate the effects of introduced strain on side-chains from the effects on the backbone. Substitutions at Ala129 are much less destabilizing than at sites 42 or 98. This is most easily understood in terms of the pre-existing cavity, which provides partial space to accommodate the introduced side-chains. Crystal structures were obtained for a number of the mutants. These show that the changes in structure to accommodate the introduced side-chains usually consist of essentially rigid-body displacements of groups of linked atoms, achieved through relatively small changes in torsion angles. On rare occasions, a side-chain close to the site of substitution may change to a different rotamer. When such rotomer changes occur, they permit the structure to dissipate strain by a response that is plastic rather than elastic. In one case, a surface loop moves 1.2 A, not in direct response to a mutation, but in an interaction mediated via an intermolecular contact. It illustrates how the structure of a protein can be modified by crystal contacts.
Hermeticity and Particle Impact Noise Test Techniques

Factors to be considered in selecting a hermetic seal test technique are reviewed and discussed. These include package size and condition as well as the objectives of the testing. Also factors which may contribute to result error and wrong conclusions are examined. Why they cause error and the type of results one should be suspicious of are discussed. The effects of shock levels, vibration level and frequency on particle detection using the impact noise technique are reviewed. Also methods of attaching devices to the transducer are discussed. Positive actions that can be taken to improve the results of hermeticity and particle detection test are also pointed out.
Blueschist alteration during serpentinization

The petrogenesis of Franciscan-type blueschists is controversial or paradoxial in regard to the possible significance of the serpentinite-blueschist association, the isochemical vs. allochemical character of blueschist metamorphism, the significance of “high pressure” mineralogy, and the physical-geologic-tectonic conditions existing during metamorphism. A model for blueschist alteration during serpentinization is presented that departs from conventional treatments of metamorphism because the reaction path rather then the thermodynamically lowest energy state is considered to be a controlling factor.
Finite conductivity and the interface filamentation instability in railgun arcs

A first-order perturbation expansion of the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) equations is used to study the filamentation instability on the plasma-vacuum interface of plasma arcs accelerated by magnetic fields. The arc is modeled in the same way as A.M. Decker (1989), including the effects of finite conductivity sigma , but considers perturbations with wave vector k parallel to the magnetic field B. A fourth-order mode equation is derived and solved numerically. Complicated unstable modes were found, but largely in a region of very small k, beyond the limit of interest in railguns. This instability is therefore much less disrupting than the interchange instability in the parameter ranges explored. >
An approach to quantization of general relativity

Abstract A proposal which may lead to a quantum theory of the gravitational field is discussed. The states and operators emerge as certain scalar and vector fields on an infinite-dimensional manifold G of classical solutions of Einstein's equations. It is shown that the formalism essentially reproduces quantum electrodynamics when G is replaced by the space of square-integrable solutions of Maxwell's equations.
Note on the East-West Effect

In a recent flight to Peru in a B-29, continuous measurements were made at 3.10 equivalent meters of water barometric pressure (approximately 30,000 feet) of the intensity of cosmic-ray particles at the zenith, 45° west and 45° east.
Metalloprotease disintegrin-mediated ectodomain shedding of EGFR ligands promotes intestinal epithelial restitution.

EGF receptor (EGFR) promotes intestinal epithelial restitution, an important early process in the reepithelialization of ulcers. During epithelial restitution, the mechanism of EGFR activation is n...
FARP1 Promotes the Dendritic Growth of Spinal Motor Neuron Subtypes through Transmembrane Semaphorin6A and PlexinA4 Signaling

The dendritic morphology of neurons dictates their abilities to process and transmit information; however, the signaling pathways that regulate dendritic growth and complexity are poorly understood. Here, we show that retinoids induce the expression of the FERM Rho-GEF protein FARP1 in the developing spinal cord. FARP1 is expressed in subsets of motor neurons and is enriched in dendrites of lateral motor column (LMC) neurons that innervate the limb. FARP1 is necessary and sufficient to promote LMC dendritic growth but does not affect dendrite number or axonal morphology. We show that FARP1 serves as a specific effector of transmembrane Semaphorin6A and PlexinA4 signals to regulate LMC dendritic growth, and that its Rho-GEF domain is necessary for this function. These findings reveal that retinoid and Sema6A/PlexA4 signaling pathways intersect through FARP1 to control dendritic growth, and uncover the existence of subtype-specific signaling networks that control dendritic developmental programs in spinal motor neurons.
Cystic fibrosis—related inhibition of mucociliaryclearance in vivo in man

Studies were performed to demonstrate possible cystic fibrosis-related inhibition of mucociliary clearance in man. Topical application of normal serum or of CF serum did not inhibit in vivo nasal MCC. Induction of local inflammation by topical anti-IgE reduced nasal MCC in CF subjects, but increased MCC in normal individuals. Furthermore, nasal MCC was inhibited in normal patients by CF serum but not normal serum, applied to the anti-IgE-treated nasal mucosa. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that CF serum inhibits MCC in vivo in the inflamed mucosa.
Reconsidering sophistic rhetoric in light of skeptical epistemology

The latest rehabilitation of the sophists, begun by Hegel and carried out with increasing dedication during this century (see Crowley, Enos, Guthrie, Hunt, Jarratt, Kerferd, Poulakos, De Romilly, Schiappa, Untersteiner), has improved our understanding of rhetorical theory and history. Despite, and in some ways because of, the nebulous quality of what they have left us, the sophists have become important primarily because they predate Plato and Aristotle and thus would seem to offer at least a fragmentary glimpse of rhetoric prior to its hypostatization in the classical period. The traditional thinking is that Platonic and Aristotelian rhetorical theory disciplined the sophists' extravagant practices, substantiated their unsubstantiated claims, and transformed their dithyrambic, mythic, magical, poetic discourse into a logical, rational theory of argumentation. In other words, Plato and Aristotle transformed mythos into logos; thus they were the "fathers" of rhetoric insofar as rhetoric was a respectable techno for the production of reasonable discourse. The philosophers rejected sophistic rhetoric on the grounds that it had no philosophical foundations from which its principles could be logically derived and safely taught. Thus they set about constructing a sound, philosophically based rhetoric by linking it carefully to, while dividing it just as carefully from, absolute knowledge (episteme). In both the Platonic and the Aristotelian rhetorical schemes, episteme provides the limits of rhetoric. In the Platonic case, absolute knowledge is a prerequisite for the application of rhetorical lore-one must employ dialectic in the service of absolute truth before one may use rhetoric to disseminate the truth (Phaedrus 265-66). In the Aristotelian case, rhetorical lore must be based on the first principles of persuasion, but must not be employed when knowable matters are discussed-the closer one gets to fundamental principles, the further one gets from enthymemes, and thus the further one gets from rhetoric in the direction of scientific knowledge (Freese 1359b). If knowledge provides the limits for rhetorical theory and practice, then, in Platonic and Aristotelian terms, without both knowledge and a theory of knowledge, systematic rhetoric is impossible. This is why they dismissed sophistic rhetoric on the grounds that it "ha(d) no rational account to give of the nature of the various things which it offer(ed)" (Gorgias 465) and that it presented "not an art but the results of an art" (Forster 183b). Because
Synthesis and anticancer activities of ageladine A and structural analogs.

A series of ageladine A analogs that include 2-aminoimidazo[4,5-c]azepines (seven-membered rings) and 2-amino-3H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine (six-membered rings) derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their anticancer effects against several human cancer cell lines and MMP-2 inhibition in vitro. Only compounds possessing the aromatic azepine (seven-membered ring) core showed anticancer activity with IC50 values in the low micromolar range.
Homotopy and semisymmetry of quasigroups

The study of quasigroup homotopies reduces to the study of homomorphisms between semisymmetric quasigroups. In particular, the study of homotopies between central quasigroups reduces to the study of homomorphisms between entropic semisymmetric quasigroups.
Glenohumeral muscle force and moment mechanics in a position of shoulder instability

The three-dimensional orientation of the shoulder girdle musculature was studied in five cadaver shoulders in the position of function at 90 degrees of abduction and 90 degrees of external rotation using a method of computer assisted gross muscle cross-section analysis. The muscle volume, muscle fiber length, and physiological cross-sectional area were obtained by dissecting two specimens. The line of action, the magnitude and orientation of the moment were calculated for each muscle crossing the shoulder joint. The quantitative description of the moment potential of muscle forces influencing shoulder function was thus obtained. The most effective flexors of the shoulder which also appear to resist anterior dislocation in the position studied are the pectoral, the short head of the biceps, coracobrachialis, anterior deltoid, and the subscapularis. Most of the rotator cuff muscles and the posterior deltoid acted as adductors, while the anterior deltoid, long and short head of the biceps, and supraspinatus were abductors. In this position, external rotation was effected by the long head of the biceps, coracobrachialis, and the posterior deltoid, while the majority of the remaining muscles acted as internal rotators.
Experimental demonstration of attenuation-based All-Optical Time-To-Live indicator

A novel attenuation-based Optical Time-To-Live indicator is demonstrated for DWDM All-Optical Packet Switches using a 1×2 SOA-based optical switch. Error-free operation is verified for packetized 4×10Gb/s pseudorandom payloads with three different Optical Time-To-Live limits.
Profiling of K0 lateral stress coefficient in soils using paired directional G0 ratios

Abstract Using a special database compiled from directional shear wave velocity measurements at 12 well-documented sites, the geostatic stress state and stress history are evaluated from shear stiffness ratios. At each site, a benchmark profile of lateral stress coefficient (K 0 ) was detailed using direct in-situ methods (i.e., self-boring pressuremeter, total stress cells, and/or hydraulic fracture), and/or laboratory methods (i.e., suction, consolidometer, and/or triaxial stress path testing). Also, the yield stress ratio (YSR), or more common parameter: overconsolidation ratio (OCR), was available either from series of consolidation tests on undisturbed samples procured from various depths and/or engineering geology studies, or both. Statistical expressions are derived to relate both K 0 and OCR in terms of the ratio G 0,HH /G 0,VH as well as other factors.
Localization of neuropeptide precursor-synthesizing neurons in the rat olfactory bulb: a hybridization histochemical study.

Abstract The distribution of seven kinds of neuropeptide precursor mRNA-containing neurons was investigated in the rat main and accessory olfactory bulbs, where various peptides have previously been identified immunohistochemically, by means of in situ hybridization using [ 35 S]cRNA probes. In the glomerular layer, numerous preprothyrotropin-releasing hormone mRNA-expressing neurons, moderate numbers of preprosomatostatin and preproenkephalin A neurons, and a small number of preprocholecystokinin neurons were detected. In the external plexiform layer, numerous medium sized preprocholecystokinin and preprocorticotropin-releasing hormone neurons, and a small number of β-preprotachykinin A neurons were observed. In addition, small preprovasoactive intestinal polypeptide and preprothyrotropin-releasing hormone neurons were evenly distributed in the external plexiform layer. Medium to large sized β-preprotachykinin A neurons formed a thin layer in the mitral cell layer. In the granule cell layer, in addition to numerous small preproenkephalin A neurons, moderate numbers of small β-preprotachykinin A and preprocorticotropin-releasing hormone neurons, and a small number of preprothyrotropin-releasing hormone neurons, were identified. Large sized preprosomatostatin neurons were located in the deep layer of the granule cell layer. The distribution patterns of these neurons, as a whole, confirmed previous studies based on immunohistochemistry, although peptide precursor mRNA-expressing neurons were far more numerous than those immunoreactive to the respective neuropeptides. Moreover, mRNA-expressing neurons were observed in areas where no immunoreactive neurons had been observed (e.g. preprovasoactive intestinal polypeptide and preprosomatostatin neurons in the mitral cell layer of the assessory olfactory bulb). The distribution patterns were generally similar in the main and accessory olfactory bulbs.
High-Resolution Physical Mapping of Human 5q31-q33 Using Three Methods: Radiation Hybrid Mapping, Interphase Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization, and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis

Three physical mapping methods, radiation hybrid (RH) mapping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of interphase nuclei, were used to determine the order and relative distances between 12 loci in the q31-q33 region of human chromosome 5. The information obtained by each of the methods was compared to determine whether they gave consistent results. Based upon a combination of data, the predicted order of the 12 loci is cen-ADRB2-PDEA-CSF1R-RPS14-ANX6-SPARC++ +-GLRA1-GLUR1-ADRA1B-IL12- GABRG2-GABRA1-tel. Over the 5-Mb region spanned by these loci, we determined that an RH mapping unit (centiray, cR6500) is equivalent to 21 kb, in good agreement with previous estimates of 27-34 kb/cR6500 using the same set of radiation hybrids to map other regions. Of the three methods, RH mapping was by far the easiest and most efficient method for determining both order and distances. In addition, the range of resolution of RH mapping was the broadest, ranging from approximately 200 kb to several megabasepairs. Interphase FISH was the most informative method for clarifying the order of closely linked markers. The FISH distances obtained in this study will be useful as an internal reference for high-resolution mapping studies of other regions on the long arm of human chromosome 5. In contrast to RH mapping and FISH, PFGE was the least reliable of the three methods, producing some data that were inconsistent with the distances determined by the other two methods.
Lead optimization of HMBA to develop potent HEXIM1 inducers

The potency of a series of Hexamethylene bis-acetamide (HMBA) derivatives inducing Hexamethylene bis-acetamide inducible protein 1 (HEXIM1) was determined in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Several compounds with unsymmetrical structures showed significantly improved activity. Distinct from HMBA, these analogs have increased hydrophobicity and can improve the short half-life of HMBA, which is one of the factors that have limited the application of HMBA in clinics. The unsymmetrical scaffolds of the new analogs provide the basis for further lead optimization of the compounds using combinatorial chemistry strategy.
The Eye of the Beholder: Whence IC?

In this issue, EIC Fred Douglis discusses IC's scope and content, and queries readers on what areas they'd like to see the magazine cover.
Experimental Investigation of Static Interfacial Fracture in Orthotropic Polymer Composite Bimaterials Using Photoelasticity

The effects of static Mode I (opening mode) loading on orthotropic-orthotropic bimaterial interface cracks have been investigated using the experimental technique of transmission photoelasticity. For successful implementation of this experimental technique transparent and birefringent glass fiber reinforced polyester composite materials were developed, enabling the direct observation and recording of photoelastic fringes in the vicinity of the interface crack in the orthotropic bimaterial. It is our belief that this is the first of such experimental investigation. Opening and shearing mode stress-intensity factors and the strain energy release rates have been calculated for various combinations of the bimaterial halves. Results have been verified by mathematically regenerating the observed isochromatic fringe patterns. This study has made it feasible to investigate interfacial fracture in orthotropic-orthotropic bimaterials and orthotropic-isotropic bimaterials using photoelasticity. DOI: 10.1115/1.4000223
Treatment of Acute Stroke with Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator and Abciximab

Objectives: Preclinical data suggest that treatment of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) with the combination of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) and abciximab may increase efficacy and decrease the rate of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH). The authors report pilot data of five AIS patients with half-dose rt-PA and abciximab as part of an ongoing phase I safety trial with sICH as the primary outcome. Methods: Five patients with AIS were treated with the combination of half-dose rt-PA (0.45 mg/ kg) and abciximab (0.25 mg/kg bolus followed by a 0.125 mg/kg/min infusion over 12 hours). Head computed tomographic scan was obtained after 24 hours of treatment onset. Results: Four patients received the combination of half-dose abciximab and rt-PA without major complications. One patient experienced a parenchymal hematoma type-1 ICHwithoutsignificantdeclineofhisneurologicalstatus.The average National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale change at discharge in comparison with pretreatment was ‐5.4 6 7.0, and the median change was 6 points with a range of 4 points (worsening) to ‐13 points (improvement) (p ¼ 0.07) based on a one-sided t-test. Conclusions: Administration of rt-PA and abciximab to AIS patients was completed without difficulty. No sICH were observed; however, 20% (1 out of 5) experienced anasymptomatic ICH. Based onourobservation of five patients, there was a trend of treatment efficacy; however, these results need to be confirmed in a larger-scale placebo-controlled clinical trial. Key words: TPA; stroke; platelet; abciximab; GP IIb/IIIa. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2003; 10:1396‐1399.
The influence of thyroid status on the effects and metabolism of pentobarbital and thiopental.

Abstract In mice, thyroid feeding increases the response to intraperitoneally injected pentobarbital and thiopental, as demonstrated by increased mortality rates, prolonged sleep, and decreased activity. Pentobarbital is removed more slowly from the brain, liver, and plasma of thyroid-fed mice than from control mice. Thyroid-fed mice sleep longer from a given dose of pentobarbital. When they waken their tissue levels are the same as those found in control mice upon wakening. Thus, delayed drug removal (rather than heightened nervous system sensitivity) appears to explain increased barbiturate response in thyroid-fed mice. In mice propylthiouracil (PTU) feeding decreases the response (shorter sleep, less decrement of activity) to pentobarbital but not to thiopental. PTU feeding hastens the removal of pentobarbital from tissues. PTU-fed mice waken earlier than controls, at higher tissue levels. It is postulated that PTU induces increased activity of pentobarbital-destroying but not of thiopental-destroying enzymes. PTU may also have a direct action (decreased sensitivity to pentobarbital) on the nervous system. In rats thyroxin injection only slightly increases sleeping time and only slightly delays removal of pentobarbital from tissues after intravenous injection. Thyroidectomy grossly prolongs sleeping time and grossly delays removal of pentobarbital from tissues. Thus, in the rat, hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism have similar qualitative effects on pentobarbital response. Thyroxin-injected, thyroidectomized, and control rats sleep for different periods of time after pentobarbital injection but waken at nearly identical tissue levels. Thyroid status appears to have no effect on the sensitivity of the nervous system of the rat to pentobarbital.
Challenges to improving maternal health in rural Nepal

In the remote village of Martadi in Bajura district of western Nepal the total fertility rate is 7. 20% of newborns die before they reach age 1. Temporary migration mainly to India is common due to the inability of the rugged and rocky terrain to supply enough food. The existence of temporary migration and a high frequency of remarriage suggest a high rate of sexually transmitted diseases. The relatively new hospital is very much under used (e.g. only 35 patients in 1995). The office in Kolti that supplies vaccines to Martadi has gone at least six months without receiving any new child immunization drugs despite the presence of an air service. During and after delivery no one not even family members or traditional birth attendants can touch a woman who is confined to a cow-shed to deliver and care for her child and herself alone. Yet sick animals receive care. A new mother also is required to bathe herself often requiring a walk of many hours. Women often identify access to water as their top priority. Pregnant or postpartum women are forbidden from eating green vegetables because of the belief that they cause diarrhea. Sanitation is better now in Martadi than in the past. Diarrhea and vomiting were once very prevalent. The international organization CARE along with the Ministry of Local Development operate the Remote Area Basic Needs Project which revolves around community organization agroforestry rural infrastructure and primary health care. The project has helped villagers construct low-cost toilets. It provides training in basic hygiene. Households have kitchen-gardens. Many families are now eating green vegetables regularly. Fruit trees are being introduced. Villagers recognize the value of child immunization. Some small-scale drinking water systems are operating. Villagers are trained in repair and management of these systems. About 33% of women aged 15-49 want no more children. A first-ever outreach program for female sterilization services is planned for Martadi and Kolti.
A Method to Accelerate Convergence and to Preserve Radiative Energy Balance in Solving the P1 Equation by Iterative Methods

An acceleration method is proposed particularly for the P 1 equation. The radiative energy balance is used as a constraint to correct iterative solutions. The method not only accelerates convergence but also preserves the radiative energy balance, the latter being of great importance when radiation calculations are coupled with flow calculations. This acceleration method can be applied to other elliptical problems with boundary conditions of the second and/or the third kind
Conditions under which chlordiazepoxide influences gustatory contrast

Rats shifted from 32% sucrose to 4% sucrose consumed less 4% than animals without prior experience with 32% sucrose. The influence of chlordiazepoxide (CDP) on this successive negative contrast obtained in sucrose ingestion was investigated in four experiments. The results indicated that (1) rats injected with CDP during both preshift experience with 32% sucrose and post-shift experience with 4% sucrose showed an essentially unchanged contrast effect compared with saline-injected rats, (2) CDP injection for the first time on post-shift day 2 eliminated contrast but post-shift day 1 injections had little effect, (3) animals injected with CDP throughout preshift and switched to saline coincident with the sucrose shift showed a contrast effect at least as great as control animals, and (4) injections of CDP tended to elevate lick rate regardless of other conditions. These results indicate a disinhibitory effect of CDP and possible neophobia operating on the first post-shift day.
Synthesis and Preliminary Pharmacology of an Internal Standard for Assay of Neostigmine

The synthesis of the diethyl analog of neostigmine, its preliminary pharmacology, and its use as an internal standard for the GLC assay of neostigmine are described. Both the diethyl analog and neostigmine undergo thermal demethylation in the injection port. The column selected produced satisfactory resolution and short retention times for neostigmine and the diethyl analog. The diethyl analog apparently possesses acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting properties, as evidenced by potentiation of the contractile response to acetylcholine on the ileum. In addition, acetylcholine levels in the brain were elevated slightly. Water solutions of the diethyl analog appeared to lose biological activity with lime. The diethyl analog appears to be suitable for use as an internal standard for the GLC assay of neostigmine.
And the beat goes on...the beat goes on: organization and quasi-periodicity in ventricular fibrillation.

This editorial refers to ‘KATP channel opening accelerates and stabilizes rotors in a swine heart model of ventricular fibrillation’ by J.G. Quintanilla et al ., pp. 576–585, this issue. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is a remarkably complex and seemingly disorganized cardiac excitation, in which propagating electrical waves fail dismally to activate the ventricles synchronously, with the consequent loss of contractile function. Despite its declining incidence, VF is still a major cause of sudden cardiac death in industrialized nations, which accounts for nearly 300 000 annual fatalities in the USA alone.1,2 Clinically, VF can be observed on the electrocardiogram (ECG) as the sudden transition from the highly ordered and rhythmic pattern generated by sinuatrial activation into an irregular and aperiodic pattern, with undulating and variable morphology of the QRS complex. Traditionally, the highly aperiodic and irregular ECG traces associated with VF have been thought to be the result of a totally random excitation of the ventricles.3,4 However, over the last 20 years,5 numerous advances in high-resolution spatiotemporal imaging, computer simulations, molecular, and genetic techniques have led to the gradual emergence of a new concept of VF, which turns out to be much more organized than the ECG would first suggest.6,7 Such new advances have allowed investigation into the dynamics of fibrillatory behaviour and, just as important, the mechanisms underlying such dynamics in the structurally normal heart. Our technology has progressed to the point where we can now integrate multiple levels of organization, from the molecule to the organ level, as an aid to generate a cohesive understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the generation and maintenance of VF even in the structurally abnormal, diseased heart. With such efforts, we might be able to improve patient outcomes through the development of better designed and …
Synthesis and characterization of mixed phases in the Ca–Co–O system using the Pechini method

Abstract The synthesis of mixed phases in the Ca–Co–O system using the Pechini method was investigated. The phases CaCo 2 O 4 , Ca 3 Co 4 O 9 and Ca 3 Co 2 O 6 , which can be expressed in terms of the molar ratios of the binary oxides (CaO:Co 2 O 3 ) as (1:1), (3:2) and (3:1) respectively, were obtained in pure form. Powder X-ray diffraction data showed they are comparable with materials obtained by conventional solid-state synthesis. The mild synthesis conditions of the Pechini method allowed the evolution of the Ca–Co–O phases to be studied as a function of temperature and heating time. Both variables have a strong influence on the composition of the products, indicating that both kinetic and thermodynamic factors play a role, with the former being of more importance at lower temperatures. The (1:1) phase, previously not identified in the phase diagram of the Ca–Co–O system, was obtained preferentially across the composition range below ca. 650 °C. The (3:2) phase was preferred until ca. 800 °C. At even higher temperatures, the (3:1) phase is obtained. The upper thermal stability limit of mixed phases in the Ca–Co–O system increases with the Ca:Co ratio. An updated phase diagram for the Ca–Co–O system is proposed.
Computerized lateral endoscopic approach to invertebral bodies

Spinal surgery is often necessary to ease back pain symptoms. Neuronavigation (NN) allows the surgeon to localize the position of his instruments in 3D using pre- operative CT scans registered to intra-operative marker positions in cranial surgeries. However, this tool is unavailable in spinal surgeries for a variety of reasons. For example, because of the spine's many degrees of freedom and flexibility, the geometric relationship of the skin to the internal spinal anatomy is not fixed. Guided by the currently available imperfect 2D images, it is difficult for the surgeon to correct a patient's spinal anomaly; thus surgical relief of back pain is often only temporary. The Image Guidance Laborator's (IGL) goal is to combine the direct optical control of traditional endoscopy with the 3D orientation of NN. This powerful tool requires registration of the patient's anatomy to the surgical navigation system using internal landmarks rather than skin markers. Pre- operative CT scans matched with intraoperative fluoroscopic images can overcome the problem of spinal movement in NN registration. The combination of endoscopy with fluoroscopic registration of vertebral bodies in a NN system provides a 3D intra-operative navigational system for spinal neurosurgery to visualize the internal surgical environment from any orientation in real time. The accuracy of this system integration is being evaluated by assessing the success of nucleotomies and marker implantations guided by NN-registered endoscopy.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Shift-Share Analysis as a Technique in Rural Development Research

This note presents a technique for delineating changes in income and employment dimensions of rural counties or similar units. Shift‐share analysis is portrayed as a descriptive tool with potential use in rural development research. A model to isolate sectoral income and employment changes in four rural counties is briefly discussed.
Tight-junction protein ZO-1 isoforms (α+ and α−) show differential extractability and epidermal-growth-factor-induced tyrosine phosphorylation in A431 cells

ZO-1, a cytoplasmic plaque protein of tight junctions, exists in vivo as two major isoforms which are defined by the presence or absence of an 80 amino acid domain termed α. The ZO-1α (+) isoform is expressed in most epithelial cells while ZO-1α(−) isoform expression is restricted to endothelial cells and some highly specialized epithelial cells, suggesting that the isoforms serve different functions. We had previously demonstrated that both ZO-1 isoforms are expressed in A 431 cells and are tyrosine phosphorylated in response to epidermal-growth-factor treatment. In the present study, we found that the α(-) isoform of ZO-1 was more tightly associated with the cytoskeleton than was the α(+) isoform, based on extraction in nonionic detergent. In addition, the ZO-1α(-) was preferentially tyrosine phosphorylated in response to epidermal-growth-factor treatment. However, both isoforms became more tightly associated with the cytoskeleton after A 431 cells were exposed to epidermal growth factor. Immunofluorescence analysis of A 431 cells with isoform-specific antibodies demonstrated that functional differences in ZO-1 isoform behavior were not due to differences in their subcellular locations. The coincident localization of these isoforms does not rule out different affinities for interacting proteins related to the presence or absence of the α domain, and it is these interactions that are likely to explain functional differences between the isoforms.
Orientation Model for Particles in Turbulence

Abstract The problem of predicting the orientations of falling nonspherical particles has been addressed by the construction of a heuristic model that assumes the particles are subject to isotropic turbulence within or below the inertial subrange, that is, the Kolmogorov spectrum of eddies, depending on the particle dimensions. The rms tilt angle of a spheroidal particle of small eccentricity is determined by Langevin-type averaging over its equation of motion, taking into account the first-order restoring torque that arises when the stable fall mode is perturbed by either thermal or turbulent fluctuations. By invoking dimensional constraints concerning the nature of the main flow and turbulent stresses and by assuming the thermal and turbulent fluctuations are uncorrelated, an approximate expression for the variance of an assumed Gaussian orientation distribution for small tilt angles and small flow Reynolds numbers is obtained. The expression is then generalized to provide a semiquantitative, nearly Gau...
High-fidelity simulation enhances ACLS training.

Background: Medical student training and experience in cardiac arrest situations is limited. Traditional Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) teaching methods are largely unrealistic with rare personal experience as team leader. Yet Postgraduate Year 1 residents may perform this role shortly after graduation. Purposes: We expanded our ACLS teaching to a “Resuscitation Boot Camp” where we taught 2010 ACLS to 19 pregraduation students in didactic (12 hours) and experiential (8 hours) format. Methods: Immediately before the course, we recorded students performing an acute coronary syndrome/ventricular fibrillation (VF) scenario. As a final test, we recorded the same scenario for each student. Primary outcomes were time to cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and defibrillation (DF). Secondary measures were total scenario score, dangerous actions, proportion of students voicing “ventricular fibrillation,” 12-lead ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) interpretation, and care necessary for return of sponta...
Multiple Institutional Logics in Organizations: Explaining Their Varied Nature and Implications

Multiple institutional logics present a theoretical puzzle. While scholars recognize their increasing prevalence within organizations, research offers conflicting perspectives on their implications, causing confusion and inhibiting deeper understanding. In response, we propose a framework that delineates types of logic multiplicity within organizations, and we link these types with different outcomes. Our framework categorizes organizations in terms of logic compatibility and logic centrality and explains how field, organizational, and individual factors influence these two dimensions. We illustrate the value of our framework by showing how it helps explain the varied implications of logic multiplicity for internal conflict. By providing insight into the nature and implications of logic multiplicity within organizations, our framework and analysis synthesize the extant literature, offer conceptual clarity, and focus future research.
Trajectories of Autism Severity in Early Childhood

Relatively little is known about trajectories of autism severity using calibrated severity scores (CSS) from the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, but characterizing these trajectories has important theoretical and clinical implications. This study examined CSS trajectories during early childhood. Participants were 129 children with autism spectrum disorder evaluated annually from ages 2½ to 5½. The four severity trajectory classes that emerged—Persistent High (n = 47), Persistent Moderate (n = 54), Worsening (n = 10), and Improving (n = 18)—were strikingly similar to those identified by Gotham et al. (Pediatrics 130(5):e1278–e1284, 2012). Children in the Persistent High trajectory class had the most severe functional skill deficits in baseline nonverbal cognition and daily living skills and in receptive and expressive language growth.
Solvent and Base Studies on the Site of Aryl Metalation of 2-(3,5- Dimethoxyphenyl)-4,4-Dimethyl-2-Oxazoline,

Abstract The position of metalation and alkylation in aryl oxazolines and diethylamides vary drastically when the base (RLi) and solvents are varied.
Nuclear morphology of ichthyosis mutant mice as a cell marker in chimeric brain.

Abstract The nuclear morphology of certain neuronal populations from the mutant mouse, ichthyosis, is distinct from wild-type strains of mice. The granule cells of the cerebellum, cochlear nucleus, and olfactory bulb in ichthyosis mice have a much greater tendency for centralized clumping of nuclear heterochromatin. In the early postnatal nervous system many cells in migratory and germinal regions of the brain also express the ichthyosis phenotype. The retention of the ichthyosis phenotype in neurons of chimeric mice is documented. The prevalent expression of the ichthyosis phenotype in postnatal migratory and germinal regions of the brain would be particularly useful for studying cell interactions in the developing brain.
Improving Repetitive Manufacturing Systems: Model and Insights

We consider a manufacturing system that is controlled by a fixed-cycle smoothed production policy. This policy, which is becoming increasingly common in repetitive manufacturing environments, is characterized by a production rate that is updated on a periodic basis. We model the system as a stochastic process that includes parameters for vendor responsiveness, plant responsiveness, randomness in production yield rates, nonstationarity and randomness in market demand, demand forecast error, operating cost rates, and safety stock. Properties of the model expose structural relationships between expected system performance and system parameters.
Direct Numerical Simulation of Particle-Laden Turbulent Flows in Two-Way Coupling Using Equilibrium Assumption

A two-fluid approach is proposed for direct numerical simulation of particle-laden turbulent flows in two-way coupling through equilibrium assumption that is valid for particles with sufficiently small time constants. Making this assumption, a Eulerian velocity field is calculated for the particle phase through a truncated series expansion in terms of the velocity and acceleration of the fluid phase and the gravity acceleration. The transport equation of the Eulerian concentration field of particles (particle volume fraction) is solved along with the fluid phase equations for which the effect of particles on the fluid phase is taken into account through source terms in the momentum equations. For the assessment purposes, particle-laden isotropic turbulence is simulated. The results obtained through this approach are compared against those obtained by a trajectory approach in which the particle equations are solved in the Lagrangian framework. It is shown that there is a good agreement between the results obtained by the proposed two-fluid model and the trajectory approach by comparing the mean turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate of the fluid phase as well as their spectra.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Identification of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons projecting to the median eminence from third ventricular preoptic area grafts in hypogonadal mice.

Abstract Functional gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurosecretory activity can be restored in genetically hypogonadal (hpg) adult mice with grafts of GnRH-containing fetal or neonatal septal-preoptic area (S/POA) tissue. Neurons implanted into the third ventricle of the host brain survive and send out axons which innervate one of the normal targets of these neurons, the median eminence (ME). Fibers terminate near primary portal vessels where GnRH is available for release into the vasculature, and this axonal outgrowth is essential for the stimulation of gonadotropin secretion, gonadal and accessory sex structure growth, gametogenesis, and fertility. Although it is known that GnRH axons reach their target, it is not known if all such neurons in a graft contribute to the projection. Taking advantage of the fact that axons in the ME, the sole host target, are outside the blood-brain barrier (BBB), long-term grafted animals were injected intraperitoneally with a retrograde tracer, Fluorogold (FG). Normal male mice were injected for comparison. Animals were sacrificed 5 days after injection and brain sections in the area of the graft were stained immunocytochemically for GnRH. In the normal male mice, two-thirds of the GnRH neurons were double-labeled with FG. In grafted individuals which slowed increased gonadal growth, the percentage of labeled cell ranged ffrom 17 to 75%. The results indicate that despite tissue injury, ectopic location, and a vastly reduced population, transplanted fetal GnRH neurons recapitulate a pattern seen in normal intact mice where some but not all neurons were capable of capturing a peripherally delivered tracer.
Within and between tree variation of live and parasitized Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orygia pseudotsugata (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), cocoons on white fir in central California and its implications for sampling.

The distribution of Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McD.), cocoons was studied within and between the crowns of white fir, Abies concolor ((Gord. and Glend.) Lindl.), at six locations in the central Sierra Nevada Mountains of California. The within tree, between tree, and between plot distribution of cocoons in the crown, categorized by sex, mortality (including parasitization), and stage (larva or pupa) were analyzed. Only cocoons containing female pupae varied in their distribution within the tree and they were concentrated in the bottom third of the live crown but their densities at any one level bore little relation to those in the other levels within the crown. Cocoon density varied significantly between plots and between trees within plots. Total parasitism did not vary significantly between plots. The variable within tree distribution of cocoons containing female pupae and their increased percentage parasitism relative to those containing male pupae, suggested that the live crown should be stratified. A sample unit consisting of two branches selected from the midpoint of each of the three crown levels (total: 6 branches) sampled approximately 5% of the live crown of white fir. The relation between the number of sample trees and mean cocoon density at three levels of precision is provided.
Pattern separation by convex programming

Abstract : It is shown that the pattern separation problem can be formulated and solved as a convex pro gramming problem, i.e., the minimization of a convex function subject to linear constraints. A number of previous investigators have proposed iterative methods for the construction of one or more hyperplanes in order s solve pattern recognition problems. It was apparently not recognized that these iterative methods were, in fact, ining a feasible solution to a mathematical programming problem. Very effi cient computer methods have been developed for such programming problems and can be used to advantage for the pattern recognition problem. (Author)
Music and the neurologist. A historical perspective.

: Neurological disorders affecting musical function can produce either positive or negative symptoms. Positive phenomena include musicogenic epilepsy (seizures triggered by music), musical partial seizures (hallucinated music as the expression of the seizure), musical release hallucinations (nonepileptic musical hallucinations, usually associated with impaired hearing), and synesthesia (hallucinated colors triggered by musical tones). Negative phenomena comprise the amusias, which can be receptive, expressive, or both, and can selectively involve particular components of musical processing, including pitch, interval, contour, rhythm, meter, timbre, and emotional response. Amusia is often accompanied by aphasia, but each can occur in the absence of the other. Neurological disorders provide evidence that musical processing is multimodal and widely distributed in both cerebral hemispheres.
Critical Infrastructure in the Face of a Predatory Future: Preparing for Untoward Surprise

The editors of this special issue asked Todd LaPorte to reflect on the issues that emerge from the discussions in this special issue and, more in general, from the discussions that have proliferated in the wake of recent crises and disasters. In his contribution, Professor LaPorte contemplates what political leaders can do to prepare for catastrophic surprises. A crucial initiative, he argues, would be the initiation of a public discussion about the level of distress that a society is willing to accept in the pursuit of efficient, reliable critical infrastructures.
Epidermal growth factor effect on serum‐free growth of primary and metastatic human tumors

The effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on the in vitro growth of human malignant tumors was compared in serum-supplemented (n = 54) and serum-free (N = 41) media at clonal density to determine the true EGF dependency of tumors. In the complete absence of serum at a 1,000 cells/cm2 seeding inoculation (approximately 100-200 adherent cells), EGF increased growth by greater than 50% in 27 of 41 specimens (66%), and growth increased by 100% or more in 18 of these EGF-sensitive tumors. In 12 serum-free cultures (29%), in vitro growth failed to occur without EGF. With 10% serum supplementation and a lower cell density (250 cells/cm2), EGF increased growth by greater than 50% in 34 of 54 specimens (63%), of which 25 had more than a 100% increase. The maximum growth induced by EGF in serum was usually seen in those tumors already capable of moderate in vitro growth. No difference in response to EGF was detected between specimens from primary tumors (n = 24) and those from metastases (n = 30). Under the stringent culture conditions of complete absence of serum and with tumors seeded at a low cell number, EGF stimulated most primary or metastatic human tumors to establish and sustain short-term in vitro growth successfully.