cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seed germination responses to soil hydraulic conductivity and polyethylene glycol (PEG) osmotic solutions

Seed germination is one of the most important processes in plant biology and ecology because it determines the timing and magnitude of seedling emergence events every growing season influencing community dynamics. Our aim was to determine whether polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutions simulate soil water potential accurately and recreate germination responses to soil water availability. In this study, we compared seed germination of four plant species in PEG and four soils with different textures under six water potentials under controlled laboratory conditions. Total seed germination for all species significantly differed between soil and PEG under the same water potentials, as well as among soil water potentials for each of PEG and soil materials. Due to the inconsistent total germination associated with soil water potential, we evaluated unsaturated soil hydraulic conductivity (Kh) as a predictor of germination. The germination of all species followed the same response to Kh. Germination rate (GR50) was more directly related to water potential than total germination, but Kh provided a more robust description of GR50 across species and soils than PEG-osmotic potentials. Our findings showed that Kh is a more informative variable to predict both total seed germination and germination rate in soil, and caution must be used when considering results obtained using PEG solutions to infer germination behavior under field conditions.
Structural and magnetic transitions in the planar antiferromagnet Ba 4 Ir 3 O 10

We report the structural and magnetic ground state properties of the monoclinic compound barium iridium oxide ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{4}{\mathrm{Ir}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{10}$ using a combination of resonant x-ray scattering, magnetometry, and thermodynamic techniques. Magnetic susceptibility exhibits a pronounced antiferromagnetic transition at ${T}_{\text{N}}\ensuremath{\approx}25$ K, a weaker anomaly at ${T}_{\text{S}}\ensuremath{\approx}142$ K, and strong magnetic anisotropy at all temperatures. Resonant elastic x-ray scattering experiments reveal a second order structural phase transition at ${T}_{\text{S}}$ and a magnetic transition at ${T}_{\text{N}}$. Both structural and magnetic superlattice peaks are observed at $L$ = half integer values. The magnetization anomaly at ${T}_{\text{S}}$ implies the presence of magnetoelastic coupling, which conceivably facilitates the symmetry lowering. Mean field critical scattering is observed above ${T}_{\text{S}}$. The magnetic structure of the antiferromagnetic ground state is discussed based on the measured magnetic superlattice peak intensity. Our study not only presents essential information for understanding the intertwined structural and magnetic properties in ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{4}{\mathrm{Ir}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{10}$ but also highlights the necessary ingredients for exploring novel ground states with octahedra trimers.
Solving the 2021 DEBS grand challenge using Apache Flink

The DEBS Grand Challenge is an annual event in which different event-based systems compete to solve a real-world problem. For the year 2021, the challenge is computing information given air quality sensor data. Due to the pandemic many factories are forced to close down, and the aim is to find out the cities that have improved the most in air quality and cities that have achieved the longest sequence of good AQI values. This paper aims to solve the above challenges using Apache Flink, an open-source, unified stream-processing and batch-processing framework developed by the Apache Software Foundation.
Trends in immediate postoperative complications of trachelectomy for early-stage cervical cancer by surgical approach

Objectives: Given recent data demonstrating improved cervical cancer outcomes for open radical hysterectomy, further understanding of surgical and cancer outcomes for fertility-sparing trachelectomy is needed. We examined trends in the use of minimally-invasive (MIS) versus open approach to trachelectomy for early-stage cervical cancer and compared post-operative complications during the index hospitalization. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of women age 45 years and younger with cervical cancer undergoing fertility-sparing trachelectomy in the 2010-2015 National Inpatient Sample. Hospital-level data was used to obtain nationwide estimates of patient characteristics, surgical complications, and length of stay. We compared MIS versus open approach to trachelectomy and compared complications for each using logistic regression models. Results: Nationwide, 523 women underwent fertility-sparing trachelectomy for cervical cancer. The mean age of women undergoing trachelectomy was 33, and 38% (95% CI 29-47) of trachelectomies were done using MIS. Mean length of stay was 2.0 days (95% CI 1.6-2.4) for MIS and 3.5 days (95% CI 3.0-4.0) for open trachelectomies. The overall complication rate was 23% (95% CI 15-31), and there was no statistically significant difference in the odds of a post-op complication for MIS versus open trachelectomy for cervical cancer (14 vs. 29%, OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.14-1.10). Bleeding complications were the most common (10%, 95% CI 4-16). Conclusions: While there was a trend towards slightly lower immediate post-operative complication for MIS trachelectomy, there was no statistically significant difference in immediate post-operative morbidity between open and MIS approaches. Until further data is available to compare cancer outcomes between these approaches, preference may be for open trachelectomy given similar post-operative morbidity.
The direction of mean QRS and T vectors. I. Einthoven frontal plane.

Abstract The directions of the frontal projections of the mean spatial QRS and T vectors were determined in a group of 300 normal electrocardiograms. Analysis of these data led to the following findings and conclusions. 1. 1. The mean angular position of the frontal QRS projection differs in the two sexes and varies with age but is not significantly influenced by the location of the QRS transitional pattern in precordial leads. A highly significant regression of the frontal QRS position on age exists and is not influenced either by sex or by the location of the precordial QRS transition. Fiducial limits for this regression have been determined for all individuals, age 5 and older (Table III). These limits should be of value in recognizing abnormal degrees of axis deviation. 2. 2. The mean angular position of the frontal T projection differs in the two sexes but is not significantly influenced by age or by the location of the precordial QRS transition. Fiducial limits for the frontal T position have been determined for all individuals of each sex, age 5 and older (Table II). 3. 3. The frontal QRS:T angle is defined in this paper as the angular difference between the frontal projections of the mean spatial QRS and T vectors. The mean frontal QRS:T angle does not vary significantly in the two sexes but is influenced by age and by the location of the precordial QRS transition. Reasons for abandoning the use of this angle in clinical electrocardiography are discussed. 4. 4. The frontal (QRS) — (T) angle is defined in this paper as the algebraic difference between the frontal projections of the mean QRS and T vectors, when a positive or negative sign is applied to each vector projection in accordance with its position on the frontal hexaxial reference diagram. The mean of this angle, which may be positive or negative, differs in the two sex groups and is profoundly influenced by age but not by the location of the precordial QRS transition. Fiducial limits for this regression have been determined for all individuals, age 5 and older (Table III). 5. 5. A highly significant regression of frontal T position on frontal QRS position exists. This is not significantly influenced by sex, by any age over 20, or by location of the precordial QRS transition. Fiducial limits for this regression have been determined for all individuals, age 20 and older (Table IV). These limits should aid in the evaluation of extremity lead T waves when they are of borderline abnormality by conventional electrocardiographic criteria. 6. 6. The implications of the finding that the location of the precordial QRS transition does not significantly influence the mean of the frontal (QRS)-(T) angle but does affect the mean of the frontal QRS:T angle are discussed. It is concluded that these statistical results provide evidence against the concept that rotation of the heart about its longitudinal axis can be predicted from the location of the QRS transitional pattern in precordial leads.
Culture, Ethnicity, and Bicultural Competence: Implications for Children With Chronic Illness and Disability

The examination of culture and child and human development is not a new venture. There has been a fascination with how culture shapes human behavior over decades.1-4 Generally, whenever the terms "culture" and "child development" were invoked, they referred to work that was conducted in faraway places and compared to middle-class European-American children and families as the standard or norm. For so long, studies of development focused on the generic human child—white and middle class. LeVine5 noted that many psychologists seemed to have a deep-seated metaphysical conviction that humans everywhere, all those that counted, at least, were the same in all respects. Cultural variations were merely external details not unlike malnutrition. Importantly, to the discipline9s credit, views of child development have changed from the examination of development via a perspective that implied that the human organism existed in a vacuum without context, to the recognition that our understanding of the complexity of individual development is greatly enhanced by focusing on the child in context. Among developmental psychologists, there is a general consensus that a broad spectrum of maturational factors undergirds human development. Even so, human behavior manifests itself in differentiated arrays across cultural settings. Rogoff6 suggests that variability is intrinsic to the developmental process and this variability is structured by those events and conditions within the ecological environs that serve to promote and constrain human endeavor. She notes that ". . . the inherent variations in development that occur with different groups and circumstances are ordered in their own terms, with progress toward developmental goals across the course of life."6(p30)
ESD stimulated ignition of metal powders

A commercial ESD testing apparatus was modified with electrical and optical diagnostics to visualize ignited and cold particles ejected from the sample holder, obtain Joule heating energy, measure ignition delays and particle burn times, and correlate results. Experiments determined the fraction of spark energy dissipated in the powder. Several ignition criteria were used to interpret the experimental data. It is recommended that instead of commonly used Minimum Ignition Energy, measures of ignition sensitivity can be obtained from the burn times and the distance traveled by burning particles at a given spark energy.
Molecular Simulations of Fatty‐Acid Methyl Esters and Representative Biodiesel Mixtures

Despite the importance of fatty-acid methyl esters (FAMEs) as key components of various green solvents, detergents, plasticizers, and biodiesels, our understanding of these systems at the molecular level is limited. An enhanced molecular-level perspective of FAMEs will enable a detailed analysis of the polymorph and crystallization phenomena that adversely impact flow properties at low temperatures. Presented here, is the parameterization and validation of a charge-modified generalized amber force field (GAFF) for eight common FAMEs and two representative biodiesel mixtures. Our simulations accurately reproduce available experimental data (e.g. densities and self-diffusivity coefficients) and their trends, with respect to temperature and degree of unsaturation. Structural analyses from our simulations provide a more detailed picture of liquid-phase molecular ordering in FAMEs and confirm recent experimental hypotheses. This study provides a firm foundation to initiate further studies into the mechanisms that drive crystallization phenomena at the molecular level.
A differential design for C-elements and NCL gates

This paper demonstrates the performance, area and supply voltage scaling advantages of a Differential Cascode Voltage-Switch Logic (DCVSL)-like design over previous methods for designing C-elements. The DCVSL-like method is then applied to the design of arbitrary NULL Convention Logic (NCL) gates, which have hysteresis state-holding capability.
Wordsworth, milton, and the end of adam's dream

(1977). Wordsworth, milton, and the end of adam's dream. Milton and the Romantics: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 14-21.
Sleep-related problems in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder

Although attention has been given to presence of sleep related problems (SRPs) in children with psychiatric conditions, little has been reported on SRPs in youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Sixty-six children and adolescents with OCD were administered the Children's Yale Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale and completed the Children's Depression Inventory and Multidimensional Anxiety Scale. Their parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist and Children's Obsessive-Compulsive Impact Scale. A subset of youth (n=41) completed a trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy. Frequency of eight specific SRPs was examined in relation to age, gender, OCD symptom severity, child-rated symptoms of depression and anxiety, parent-proxy ratings of internalizing and externalizing problems, and functional impairment. Ninety-two percent of youth experienced at least one SRP, with 27.3% reporting five or more SRPs. Total SRPs were positively associated with OCD symptom severity, child-rated anxiety, and parent-proxy ratings of internalizing problems. Total and several specific SRPs were reduced following cognitive-behavioral treatment. These results suggest that SRPs are relatively common in youth with OCD, are associated with symptom severity, and warrant attention during assessment and treatment.
Determination of relative amounts of silver stained proteins on two‐dimensional gels using internal calibrator

Proteins separated by isoelectric focusing of 20 samples and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of 10 samples in the same batch were stained with silver and were scanned with a computerized laser beam densitometer to obtain integrations values. A linear relationship was found between densitometric integration values (staining intensities) of proteins and their loads up to 600 ng (actin, carbonic anhydrase) or 1000 ng (albumin, creatine kinase), respectively. The same amount (250 ng) of applied albumin, actin, carbonic anhydrase and creatine kinase resulted in differences in staining intensities of these proteins; staining intensities of albumin and creatine kinase were similar, however: both were 1.8 X higher than the staining intensity of carbonic anhydrase and 2.3 X higher than of actin. Six human aortic intima proteins (ML-1, ML-2, P27, −14, P27,−18, P27,−19.5, P110) were selected for quantitative studies of the relationship between loads of intimal extract and the integration values of these proteins. Linear responses were found for these proteins in loads from 5 μL to 20 μL of intimal extract, corresponding approximately from 15 μg to 60 μg of total proteins applied to the focusing gel. When carbonic anhydrase was included with each sample, as an internal absorbance calibrator, we could express integration values of other proteins in relative amount in ng of carbonic anhydrase and thus compensate for variation in fixation, developing and staining conditions from batch to batch.
Functional piano for music therapists & music educators: An exploration of styles

Josh Massicot’s 242-page book Functional Piano for Music Therapists & Music Educators: An Exploration of Styles is offered by Barcelona Publishers in print for $32.00. Spiral bound for easy use at ...
Some possible effects of the delay of early treatment of deafness.

Questionnaire responses by parents of children enrolled in a school for the deaf indicated that those children who have additional learning problems superposed on their severe hearing impairment ha...
Progress Report on Digital Video Standards

The Television Technology Committee of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers established a Study Group on Digital Television in 1974. The Study Group Charter stated in part: “The Digital Television Study Group shall monitor and evaluate the progress of worldwide research and development efforts relating to the digitizing of television pictures and handling of the signal in this form…” The primary function of this Study Group excluded the drafting of recommendations or standards, but rather concentrated on the preparation of tutorial material which could eventually be used by a Standards Committee as a basis for recommending standards. Reports of the activities of the Study Group have been presented to the membership by the Chairman, Charles Ginsburg. The Study Group has studied several subjects including sample rates, conversion from one sample rate to another, number of bits per sample, and acceptable number of cascaded codecs where a codec (coder/decoder) is the combination of an analog-to-digital converter and a digital-to-analog converter. 1
Seleniumselenium bond reactions of μ-(diselenium)bis(tricarbonyliron), an inorganic mimic of organic diselenides

Abstract μ-(Diselenium)bis(tricarbonyliron), (μ-Se2)Fe2(CO)6, has been found to have reactivity typical of organic diselenides, RSeSeR. Reaction with two molar equivalents of LiBEt3H converts (μ-Se2)Fe2(CO)6 to the dianion, (μ-LiSe)2Fe2(CO)6. Organolithium reagents, RLi, cleave its SeSe bond, giving (μ-LiSe)(μ-RSe)Fe2(CO)6. Low valent transition metal species, e.g., (Ph3P)2Pt, insert into the SeSe bond. (μ-Se2)Fe2(CO)6 is fragmented by the action of dicobalt octacarbonyl, giving (μ3-Se)FeCo2(CO)9.
Effect of subduction of the mendocino fracture zone on tertiary sedimentation in Southern California

Abstract The age and paleogeographic setting of middle to late Tertiary fluvial deposits in southern California are consistent with the theory that subduction of the Mendocino fracture zone produced a north-facing, north-moving slope and zone of deformation in the North American plate. The Mendocino fracture zone was a 1 km high, north-facing scarp in the Farallon plate that moved northward at about 3 cm yr −1 . Subduction of this scarp produced isostatic stress in the overlying North American plate. If this stress were expressed in the crust as a north-facing slope, then a given area should have experienced the following sedimentary evolution: (1) normal (probably oceanward) drainage when the slope was far to the south; (2) reorientation to northward drainage as the slope moved to a position immediately south of the area; (3) deposition of coarse sedimentary units, possibly accompanied by down-to-the-north faulting, when the slope reached the area; (4) uplift, deformation, and erosion of previously deposited sediments as the area was uplifted along the slope; and (5) reestablishment of normal drainage. Compilation of data from sedimentary sequences in southern California supports this model. In particular, the time of fracture-zone passage was marked by strong dominance of northward stream flow. These relationships suggest that middle Tertiary fluvial sedimentation in the southern California area was strongly influenced by passage of the fracture zone.
Social impact of power semiconductor devices (Invited Paper)

Silicon IGBTs are now used in all the major sectors of our economy including transportation, consumer, lighting, industrial, medical, and renewable energy generation. The improved efficiency derived from IGBT-based automotive electronic ignition systems, adjustable speed motor drives, and compact fluorescent lamps has reduced gasoline consumption by over 1 Trillion gallons and electricity consumption by over 50,000 Terra-Watt-Hours. The social impact includes consumer cost savings of more than $15 Trillion and carbon dioxide emission reduction by over 75 Trillion pounds.
ECG screening of athletes improves diagnostic yield--next step: does it save lives?

The death of any young person is a devastating event, and the death of a young athlete, apparently in the peak of health, can feel even more devastating to the community. Approximately half of sudden deaths in athletes are due to cardiovascular causes, and the American Heart Association (AHA) recommends preparticipation screening (PPS) with history and physical (HP the AHA does not. Currently, the debate is outpacing the data—an informal MEDLINE search ([“ECG” or “screening”] AND “athlete”) reveals, in the last 3 years, 17 original research articles and 58 opinion pieces on the topic of ECG screening in athletes. In this issue of HeartRhythm, the study by Price provides further important data on this topic. The data suggest that the H&P alone lacks sensitivity. In a study of 134 athletes who died suddenly, 115 (86%) had undergone preparticipation H&P. A number of studies have looked at whether adding an ECG to PPS improves the yield of screening, and what happens to the rate of false-positive examinations with the addition of the ECG. While it is difficult to compare the studies’ findings owing to differences in study design and end points, most have found that the ECG finds abnormalities that H&P have missed, with a lower false-positive rate for the ECG than for the H&P. The study by Price is a moderately sized study of high school athletes (N 1⁄4 2017), in which all athletes in a single county underwent H&P, ECG, and echocardiogram. Overall, 9 students were found to have a significant cardiac abnormality, of whom 5 were associated with elevated risk for sudden death. H&P was abnormal in 14.7% of the students, identified 4 of the 9 outcomes, and had a false-positive rate of 14.5%. ECGs were abnormal in 3.1%, identified all the sudden cardiac arrest (SCA)-associated outcomes, and had a false-positive rate of 2.8%. The addition of ECG identified 3
Downregulation of spinal glutamate transporter EAAC1 following nerve injury is regulated by central glucocorticoid receptors in rats

Previous studies have shown that glucocorticoid receptors (GR) were upregulated, whereas glutamate transporters were downregulated, within the spinal cord dorsal horn after peripheral nerve injury. However, the relationship between the expression of spinal GR and glutamate transporter after nerve injury remains unknown. In the present study, we examined the hypothesis that central GR would regulate the expression of spinal glutamate transporter EAAC1 following chronic constriction nerve injury (CCI) in rats. CCI induced a significant downregulation of EAAC1 expression primarily within the ipsilateral spinal cord dorsal horn when examined on postoperative day 7 using both Western blot and immunohistochemistry. The downregulation of EAAC1 was significantly diminished after either the GR antagonist RU38486 (4 > 2 = 0.5 microg = vehicle) or a GR antisense oligonucleotide was administered intrathecally twice daily for postoperative day 1-6. Moreover, CCI induced a significant downregulation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) within the ipsilateral spinal cord dorsal horn, which also was attenuated by either RU38486 (4 > 2 = 0.5 microg = vehicle) or a GR antisense oligonucleotide. The immunohistochemical data indicated a pattern of colocalization between GR and EAAC1 as well as GR and NF-kappaB within the spinal cord dorsal horn. Since, NF-kappaB has been shown to regulate the expression of those cellular elements linked to inflammation and tissue injury and its activity can be negatively regulated by GR activation, these results suggest that spinal GR through NF-kappaB may play a significant role in the regulation of EAAC1 expression after peripheral nerve injury, a cellular pathway that may contribute to the development of neuropathic pain behaviors in rats.
Radical aromatic substitution with benzene chromiumtricarbonyl

Abstract Radical aromatic substitution of tert-butyl groups for hydrogen on simple arene chromiumtricarbonyl complexes was accomplished. Preexisting tert-butyl groups and methoxy groups directed incoming radicals primarily to the meta-position, and methoxy groups diminished the rate of substitution by roughly tenfold.
Coital behavior in dogs. X. Effects of androgenic stimulation during development on feminine mating responses in females and males

Abstract Female beagles were exposed to androgenic stimulation prenatally, neonatally, or both. A fourth group was ovariohysterectomized in adulthood and never given androgen. Male beagles were castrated at birth, just before puberty, or in adulthood. All males and females were injected with estrogen and progesterone during maturity and tested with experienced stud males for the display of sexually receptive behavior. Females spayed as adults exhibited the most complete and intense mating responses and were the most stimulating to stud males. Females exposed to androgen before but not after birth ranked second in both of these respects. Females treated with androgen during infancy were much less receptive than those treated prenatally but exhibited some responsiveness to ovarian hormones. Females receiving androgen both pre- and postnatally did not differ from males castrated in adulthood. Neither group showed any clear-cut behavioral response to estrogen and progesterone. Neonatally and prepuberally castrated males were noticeably influenced by the hormones on some behavioral measures, with the former group being somewhat more responsive than the latter.
Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition of Poly(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl Acrylate) Thin Films

A solvent-free initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) process was used to create low surface energy poly(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl acrylate) (PPFDA) thin films at deposition rates as high as 375 nm/min. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed full retention of the fluorine moieties, and no measurable cross-linking was detected. Additionally, the FTIR studies support the hypothesis that film deposition results from vinyl polymerization. For all iCVD PPFDA films, the static contact angle was found to be 120.8 ± 1.2°. The roughness of the films was found to be between 14.9 and 19.8 nm RMS, and the refractive index of the films was found to be between 1.36 and 1.37. The deposition rate was studied as a function of the substrate temperature and the partial pressure of the monomer. It was found that the deposition rate increases with decreasing substrate temperature and increasing monomer partial pressure. It was also found that the molecular weight increa...
Intracellular Potentials from House Fly Myocardium

The myocardium of the house fly, Musca domestica L., has shown variability when studied by surgical techniques as well as extracellular steel or suction electrodes (Ballard and Holcomb 1965, Ballard 1966, Ballard and Hall 1969). Although those studies suggested a myogenic heart, the exact nature of single cell activity has not been explored. This present work considers the variability and rhythm of the house fly myocardial cells as revealed by conventional microelectrode techniques.
Adam Smith: From Propriety and Sentiments to Property and Wealth

“Why return to Adam Smith?” Because we learn that he had fresh-for-today insights, derived from a modeling perspective that was never part of economic analysis. Smith wrote two classics: The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759; hereafter Sentiments); and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776; hereafter Wealth). In Sentiments it is argued that human sociability in close-knit groups is governed by the “propriety and fitness” of conduct based on sympathy. This non-utilitarian model provides new insights into the results of 2-person experimental “trust” and other games that defied the predictions of traditional game theory in the 1980s and 90s, and offers testable new predictions. Moreover, Smith shows how the civil order of “property” grew naturally out of the rules of propriety. Property together with what I call Smith's Discovery Axiom then enabled his break-through in Wealth that defined the liberal intellectual and practical foundation of two centuries of Western economic growth.
Allogeneic marrow transplantation using fractionated total body irradiation in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in relapse

Abstract Six fractionated total body irradiation (TBI) regimens given over 2–7 days to a total midline dose of between 1200 and 1750 rads were evaluated in 41 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in relapse. Cyclophosphamide 120 mg/kg was given prior to TBI in all cases, and dimethylbusulphan was added to cyclophosphamide and 1500 rad TBI in one regimen. Relapses occurred in all regimens. The overall disease-free survival of three of 41 patients was not different from previous studies with 1000 rad TBI given in a single dose. Graft-vs-host disease occurred in only 12 of 41 patients. Two of three disease-free survivors had significant graft-vs-host disease.
The influence of the site of parasite inoculation on the development of Th1 and Th2 type immune responses in (BALB/c×C57BL/6) F1 mice infected with Leishmania major

Although inbred strains of mice are classified as genetically resistant or susceptible to Leishmania major based upon their ability to control infection, other factors such as the strain, dose, and site of parasite inoculation can also affect the outcome of the disease. Here we used the F1 progeny of BALB/c (susceptible) and C57BL/6 (resistant) mice (designated CB6F1) to investigate whether mice or intermediate susceptibility to infection differed from the parental strains in their ability to control infections at different cutaneous sites. CB6F1 mice developed progressive disease when inoculated in the dorsal skin, but healed infections in the footpad. Consistent with these observations, mice inoculated in the footpad ultimately developed Th1 responses, known to be required for healing, while Th2 responses developed in mice inoculated in the dorsal skin. However, IL-4 and IFN-gamma production during the first few weeks of infection was similar in CB6F1 mice inoculated at either site, suggesting that factors in addition to the relative levels of these cytokines produced early in infection may influence the nature of the antileishmanial immune response, and the eventual disease outcome. Infection in CB6F1 mice provides a model for the study of immunity to L. major in genetically identical animals, in which a prolonged mixed Th1/Th2 cytokine pattern initially develops, but ultimately diverges into more defined Th1 and Th2 type responses.
Characterization of the radish mitochondrial nad3/rps12 locus: analysis of recombination repeats and RNA editing.

In order to further investigate sequences that are responsible for low-frequency recombination in plant mitochondrial DNAs and RNA editing in radish mitochondria, thenad3/rps12 locus has been isolated and characterized from a normal cultivar of radish and the male-sterile Ogura cytoplasm. A repeated sequence that has been implicated in other radish mitochondrial DNA rearrangements was identified at the breakpoint between the two loci indicating that it was also involved in thenad3/rps12 rearrangement. Similar to some other radish mitochondrial genes,nad3/rps12 genomic sequences already contain several, but not all, of the bases that are typically edited in plant mitochondrialnad3 andrps12 genes. Analysis ofnad3/rps12 cDNAs indicated that the mRNAs are not edited. One partially edited transcript was identified out of the twenty two that were examined. This finding, along with the observation thatnad3/rps12 RNAs are present at very low levels, raises the possibility that radish mitochondria may not encode functional copies of these genes. Consistent with this hypothesis, DNA-blot analysis detectsnad3/rps12 sequences in the nucleus.
Deep earthquakes beneath the Fiji Basin, SW Pacific: Earth's most intense deep seismicity in stagnant slabs

Abstract Previous work has suggested that many of the deep earthquakes beneath the Fiji Basin occur in slab material that has been detached and foundered to the bottom of the transition zone or has been laid down by trench migration in a similar recumbent position. Since nowhere else in the Earth do so many earthquakes occur in slabs stagnated in the transition zone, these earthquakes merit closer study. Accordingly, we have assembled from historical and modern data a comprehensive catalogue of the relocated hypocenters and focal mechanisms of well-located deep events in the geographic area between the bottoms of the main Vanuatu and Tonga Wadati–Benioff zones. Two regions of deep seismogenesis are recognized there: (i) 163 deep shocks have occurred north of 15°S in the Vityaz Group from 1949 to 1996. These seismological observations and the absence of other features characteristic of active subduction suggest that the Vityaz group represents deep failure in a detached slab that has foundered to a horizontal orientation near the bottom of the transition zone. (ii) Another group of nearly 50 `outboard' deep shocks occur between about 450 and 660 km depth, west of the complexly buckled and offset western edge of the Tonga Wadati–Benioff zone. Their geometry is in the form of two or possibly three small-circle arcs that roughly parallel the inferred motion of Tonga trench migration. Earthquakes in the southernmost of these arcs occur in a recumbent high-seismic-wavespeed slab anomaly that connects both to the main inclined Tonga anomaly to the east and a lower mantle anomaly to the west [Van der Hilst, R., 1995. Complex morphology of subducted lithosphere in the mantle beneath the Tonga trench. Nature, Vol. 374, pp. 154–157.]. Both groups show complexity in their focal mechanisms. The major question raised by these observations is the cause of this apparent temporary arrest in the descent of the Tonga slab into the lower mantle. We approach these questions by considering the effects of buoyant metastable peridotite in cold slab material that was detached and rapidly foundered, or was buckled, segmented and laid out in the transition zone.
The structure of individual differences in Heterogeneous Stock mice across problem types and motivational systems

Sixty Heterogeneous Stock (HS) mice received a battery of six problem-solving tasks and three control procedures. The problem-solving tasks included Hebb-Williams, a place learning task conducted in a plus maze, radial maze, a working memory test following the radial maze, a set of detour problems and a visual non-matching to sample task. The control procedures consisted of land and water activity measures and a light-dark test. The correlation matrix derived from these tasks did not exhibit positive manifold, that is, positive correlations across all problem-solving tasks. Principal components analysis reduced the correlation matrix to four components with eigenvalues exceeding 1.0. Instead of the general factor solution common in the study of human problem-solving, this component structure appeared more congenial to a modular interpretation, with the four components each explaining approximately the same magnitude of matrix variance.
Allee effects in metapopulation dynamics.

Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of where p is the fraction of habitats occupied by the species California, Irvine, California 92697-2525 in question, m is the colonization rate of empty patches, and e is the extinction rate of occupied patches. The Submitted November 4, 1997; Accepted February 17, 1998 nontrivial equilibrium p* 5 1 2 (e/m) is globally stable as long as m . e. The Levins model is directly analogous to the logistic model dN/dt 5 rN[1 2 (N/K)] (Gilpin and Hanski
1303 CORRELATION BETWEEN PARIETAL HAIR WHORL LOCATION AND BRAIN DOMINANCE

The parietal hair whorl represents the surface point under which maximum brain growth occurs between the 10th and 16th weeks of fetal life. Aberrations of the hair whorl's position have been observed in children with conditions such as primary microcephaly, in which there is abnormal growth of the brain during the early fetal period. In an attempt to determine whether parietal hair whorl position is a marker of brain dominance, we examined 50 staff members of the Pediatric Department of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. All subjects were neurologically normal and free from birth defects. 37 (74%) were right handed, 10 (20%) were left handed, and 3 (6%) considered themselves ambidextrous. Right handed individuals were significantly more likely to have their hair whorl to the left of the midliue than were non-right handed subjects (26 of 37 right handed people, or 70.3% vs. 2 of 13 non-right handed, or 15.4%, p < .001). Similarly, left handed subjects were significantly more likely to have a right-sided hair whorl than were non-left handed people (6 of 10 left handed subjects, or 60%, vs. 5 of 40 non-left handed, or 12.5%, p < .001). In conclusion, we have demonstrated a correlation between position of the parietal hair whorl and handedness suggesting that brain dominance is determined during the first 16 weeks of gestation, This finding may be helpful in predicting handedness in infants, and in the evaluation of children with developmental disabilities and craniofacial defects.
FIR laser study of AFMR and local magnon mode in Mn:FeF2

Abstract The resonance frequencies of the host and impurity modes of the Mn x Fe 1− x F 2 (10 -4 ⩽ x ⩽ 7.5 × 10 -3 ) system have been determined as a function of x using a FIR laser spectrometer. When analyzed using a coupled equations of motion model the results indicate the ratio of intra- to intersublattice impurity-host exchange integrals is J ' 1 / J ' 2 ∼ 1.
Sponge-Gel–Supported Histoculture Drug-Response Assay for Head and Neck Cancer: Correlations With Clinical Response to Cisplatin

Objective: Sponge-gel–supported histoculture drug-response assay (SSHDRA) represents a promising method to determine chemosensitivity of solid tumors. To determine whether the assay correlates clinically, we compared the in vivo and in vitro effects of cisplatin in 23 of 26 patients with head and neck cancers. Design: The criterion for in vitro sensitivity to cisplatin was an 84% or greater inhibition by cisplatin of the number of tritiated thymidine–incorporating cells of the histocultured tumors compared with untreated control culture preparations, as measured by means of histologic autoradiography. Comparisons were made with clinical responses, ie, complete response, partial response, or no response. Patients: The study was carried out in patients with head and neck cancers and comprised 21 patients with squamous-cell carcinoma, three patients with other carcinomas, and two patients with sarcoma. Results: Ten of 12 patients with in vitro–sensitive tumors had either complete or partial response clinically. The overall accuracy of the SSHDRA was 74% in this correlative clinical trial; the predictive-positive value was 83%, the sensitivity was 71%, and the specificity was 78%. Seven of 11 patients with in vitro–resistant tumors demonstrated no response for a predictive-negative value of 64%. Conclusions: We conclude that the SSHDRA shows a high correlation for tumors that demonstrate both in vivo drug resistance and sensitivity. The in vitro–like maintenance of three-dimensional tissue architecture of the tumors in histoculture probably contributes to high clinical predictivity of drug response of the SSHDRA. The data support further comparisons to determine the clinical usefulness of the SSHDRA for identifying complete and partial responders to chemotherapy. (Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1994;120:288-292)
Emergent properties in random complex automata

Abstract Studies of large, randomly assembled binary (Boolean) node automata have demonstrated that such systems can spontaneously exhibit enormously ordered dynamical behavior. An important approach to characterizing these behaviors has consisted of studying ensembles of automata. Ensemble specifications have been based on: 1) choice of Boolean function regulating each node in the automaton; 2) random or biased mappings of the 2 N automata states into themselves; 3) the numbers of inputs, K , per node. This article briefly reviews these approaches, reports new results on the expected behavior of threshold automata, and automata with a particular class of biased mappings. In addition, it discusses emergent, highly ordered dynamical behavior in random automata rich in a specific class of “canalizing” Boolean functions due to the crystallization of powerful subautomata called forcing structures. The ordered behaviors may be of importance in biological evolution, in physics, and in the design of adaptive automata.
Reactions of SF6 with Organotitanium and Organozirconium Complexes: The “Inert” SF6 as a Reactive Fluorinating Agent

The normally remarkably inert SF6 has been found to be quite reactive toward low valent organometallic compounds, under conditions in which usually powerful fluorinating agents may be less reactive. Reaction of SF6 with Ti[1,3-C5H3(t-Bu)2](6,6-dmch)(PMe3), for example, leads to {Ti[1,3-C5H3(t-Bu)2]F2}4 (dmch = dimethylcyclohexadienyl), whose structure is based on a cube of fluoride ions with the ligated titanium centers situated above four coplanar face centers.
The growth rate of ice crystals

Abstract The growth rate of unconfined ice crystals along their basal plane has been measured in flowing subcooled water over the range of flow velocities from 1.30 to 46.0 cm/sec. and over the range of subcoolings from 0.02 to 0.60°C. For water velocities 8.0 cm/sec and higher the ice growth rate {ν} is found proportional to the 3 2 power of the applied subcooling ΔT and to the 1 2 power of the flow velocity V. These results are substantiated by a model which assumes the growth rate is determined solely by the rate at which the heat of solidification is transferred by convection to the flowing water. Boundary layer calculations at the stagnation region of the ice platelet give v as a function of ΔT, V and the radius of curvature R at the ice-platelet edge. Maximization of {ν} with respect to R yields the growth law: ν = aV 1 2 ΔT 3 2 From the experimental values of a the ice-water interfacial tension is calculated as 31.8 ergs/cm2. No evidence of kinetic control was found, even at the highest water velocities.
Inverted-U function relating cortical plasticity and task difficulty

Many psychological and physiological studies with simple stimuli have suggested that perceptual learning specifically enhances the response of primary sensory cortex to task-relevant stimuli. The aim of this study was to determine whether auditory discrimination training on complex tasks enhances primary auditory cortex responses to a target sequence relative to non-target and novel sequences. We collected responses from more than 2000 sites in 31 rats trained on one of six discrimination tasks that differed primarily in the similarity of the target and distractor sequences. Unlike training with simple stimuli, long-term training with complex stimuli did not generate target-specific enhancement in any of the groups. Instead, cortical receptive field size decreased, latency decreased, and paired pulse depression decreased in rats trained on the tasks of intermediate difficulty, whereas tasks that were too easy or too difficult either did not alter or degraded cortical responses. These results suggest an inverted-U function relating neural plasticity and task difficulty.
Anonymity revisited: a case study in mentoring teachers-as-authors

Abstract Today's developing educational leaders must think carefully about the relationship between anonymity and authorship issues, and the career needs of research participants. The way that the contributions of research participants are presented has the potential to further career goals of both academic researchers and those who co-operate with them as participants in their research. An institutional barrier to the sharing of authorship rests in the American Institutional Review Board (IRB) system that requires researchers who use human subjects to abide by confidentiality policies. Such review boards typically require researchers to use subject code numbers or pseudonyms for research participants. The larger picture is that institutions in the USA are held accountable to this federal policy for the protection of human subjects through the establishment of an IRB that upholds the ethical stance of the policy and its constraints. ‘Human subject’ is defined by this policy as an individual through whom a...
Hepatocellular carcinoma in corticosteroid-treated severe autoimmune chronic active hepatitis

To determine the frequency of hepatocellular cancer in corticosteroid-treated severe autoimmune chronic active hepatitis and to identify risk factors for its development, 124 patients who were selected by uniform criteria, treated comparably and followed systematically for 111 ± 6 months were evaluated. Hepatocellular cancer was diagnosed in three patients (2%) after 66, 99 and 174 months of observation, respectively. The incidence of hepatocellular cancer was 1 per 350 patient-years of follow-up. All three patients with hepa-tocellular cancer had cirrhosis for at least 5 years. The frequency of neoplasm in patients with cirrhosis of at least 5 years' duration was 7%. The incidence of hepatocellular cancer in these patients with cirrhosis was 1 per 182 patient-years of follow-up, and the probability of tumor was 29% after 13 years. Late elevation of the serum α-fetoprotein level was associated with the presence of neoplasm but normal levels did not exclude the diagnosis. We conclude that patients with corticosteroid-treated severe autoimmune chronic active hepatitis are at risk for hepatocellular cancer. This risk is greatest in patients with cirrhosis for at least 5 years. Such patients are candidates for cancer surveillance.
The Effects of Literate Narrative Intervention on Children with Neurologically Based Language Impairments: An Early Stage Study.

Purpose This study investigated the effect of a literate narrative intervention on the macrostructural and microstructural language features of the oral narratives of 3 children with neuromuscular impairment and co-morbid receptive and expressive language impairment. Method Three children, ages 6-8 years, participated in a multiple baseline across participants and language features study. The 3 participants engaged in 10 individual literate narrative intervention sessions following staggered baseline trials. Assessment probes eliciting picture- and verbally prompted narratives were recorded and analyzed. Results All three children demonstrated gains in the use of story grammar (macrostructure) and causality (microstructure), with moderate to large effect sizes based on percentage of nonoverlapping data points. Gains were seen in both picture-prompted narratives that were the direct focus of intervention and in verbally prompted narratives that served as a measure of generalization. Other features of micro...