cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Case Study in Direct and Indirect Assessments of Student Learning Outcomes: Is There One Best Method?

As best of breed universities continue to search for more meaningful and effective direct student learning assessment outcome measurements in the United States, this paper examines the background, goals, objectives, and methods principally being utilized in the search for and operation of the ‘best fit’ direct assessment method of student learning outcomes. Numerous leading approaches are addressed in this paper and are accompanied by the results of these diverse approaches as experienced by one large business school. No one method was found to ‘perfectly’ meet all goals and objectives (‘the perfect solution’), but two approaches did deliver more insight relative to the measurement of student learning outcomes than the others. These latter approaches are examined in some detail and each is accompanied by the rubric that supports meaningful assessment of core learning objectives, abilities, and outcomes.
A First-Year Medical School Course Integrating Development, Structure, and Function

At the University of Massachusetts Medical School, anatomy, development, histology, and physiology teaching were integrated into a single first-year course where students study development, structure, and function in a context of clinical imaging. Although the integrated course comprised a 25 % reduction in teaching time, student course performance and USMLE Step I scores have remained strong since curricular integration and student satisfaction with teaching of these basic science disciplines in an interdisciplinary format is high.
Structural and spectral studies of N-2-(pyridyl)-, N-2-(3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-picolyl)- and N-2-(4,6-lutidyl)-N'-2-thiomethoxyphenylthioureas

Abstract N-2-(pyridyl)-N′-2-methoxyphenylthiourea, PyTu2OMe, monoclinic, C2/c, a=15.727(3), b=11.251(2), c=15.026(4) A , β=104.78(2)°, V=2570.9(2) A 3 and Z=8; N-2-(4-picolyl)-N′-2-methoxyphenylthiourea, 4PicTu2OMe, orthorhombic, Pbca, a=11.439(9), b=15.897(6), c=14.920(6) A , V=2713.0(4) A 3 and Z=8; N-2-(5-picolyl)-N′-2-methoxyphenylthiourea, 5PicTu2OMe, triclinic, P-1, a=7.586(2), b=8.505(3), c=11.308(5) A , α=73.29(3), β=89.04(3), γ=83.38(3)°, V=694.0(6) A 3 and Z=2; N-2-(6-picolyl)-N′-2-methoxyphenylthiourea, 6PicTu2OMe, monoclinic, P21/c, a=11.372(4), b=15.808(4), c=16.141(7) A , β=102.96(3)°, V=2827.8(3) A 3 and Z=8 and N-2-(4,6-lutidyl)-N′-2-methoxyphenylthiourea, 4,6LuTu2OMe, monoclinic, P21/n, a=7.546(4), b=23.400(5), c=8.927(5) A , β=109.42(5)°, V=1486.7(2) A 3 and Z=4. Some of these molecules have a bifurcated intramolecular hydrogen bond between N′H and the pyridyl nitrogen and the 2-methoxy oxygen, and all have intermolecular hydrogen bonding between NH and a thione sulfur of a second molecule to form centrosymmetric dimers. Solution 1H NMR studies (CDCl3) show the N′H resonance considerably downfield for each thiourea and its position, as well as that of NH, is affected by substituents on the pyridyl ring.
Membrane rafts in endothelial cells and their modulation by proatherogenic stimuli

This brief overview describes the physiology of lipid (membrane) rafts in the vascular endothelium, methods for detection of these domains and perturbations they undergo in pathophysiological conditions associated with cardiovascular disease and development of endothelial dysfunction. Specifically, emphasis is placed on the actions of oxidative stress, proatherogenic lipid mediators, advanced glycation end products and changes in flow and shear stress in perturbations in the expression of components of membrane rafts and signaling through eNOS and receptors localized to them.
Relationship of freight facilities in central business district office buildings to truck traffic

Intracity goods movement is profoundly affected by the facilities and services available for pickups and deliveries in commercial office buildings (COBs). Inadequate freight-handling facilities in New York City's central business district (CBD) were identified as major barriers to freight mobility by shippers and carriers in industry-sector focus groups and in freight mobility interviews. Property managers of COBs completed 28 surveys that provided data about building characteristics, the number and size of freight elevators, a description of the dock area, and delivery windows. Results indicated that inadequate docks or receiving areas and insufficient freight elevators did not support the increasing number of freight deliveries, resulting in a significant amount of off-loading on the streets. Most property managers surveyed believed that enlarging docks would increase dock functionality. A time-and-motion study of vehicular deliveries to loading docks was carried out at two COBs located in the CBD. It documented time of delivery, dwell time in the dock, dwell time on the street, size and type of vehicle, and so forth, for a 10-week period in the summer of 1997. Most deliveries occurred in the mornings; dwell times averaged 33 min in the dock and on the street. A majority of straight trucks were under 7.31 m (24 ft) in length.
Burns sustained in combat explosions in Operations Iraqi and Enduring Freedom (OIF/OEF explosion burns).

Abstract Background Burns comprise 5% of casualties evacuated from Operations Iraqi and Enduring Freedom (OIF and OEF). Many OIF/OEF burns result from the enemy's detonation of explosives. We reviewed these to evaluate mission impact and provide recommendations for improved combat burn protection. Data were compared to those from the Vietnam War. Methods All OIF/OEF patients with significant burns are treated at the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (ISR). A review from April 2003 to April 2005 was undertaken. Records were obtained and demographics, burn severity and pattern, and early outcomes recorded. Results Two hundred and seventy-four OIF/OEF burn patients were treated, 142 (52%) sustained burns in explosions from hostile action. Age was 26 ± 7 years (mean ± S.D.). Mortality was 4%. The annual rate of combat explosion as a cause for burns increased from 18% to 69%, total body surface area burned increased from 15 ± 12 to 21 ± 23%, injury severity score rose from 8 ± 11 to 17 ± 18, and frequency of inhalation injury rose from 5% to 26%. Improvised explosive devices caused 55% of casualties, car bombs 16%, rocket-propelled grenades 15% and 14% other. The hands (80% of patients) and the face (77%) were the most frequently burned body areas. Burns were isolated to the hands in 6% of patients and to the face and hands in 15%. An average of 52 ± 30% of the surface area of the hands and 45 ± 26% of the face was burned. Mean length of stay was 24 ± 25 days (median 14). Though 77% of patients were discharged without global disability, only 36% returned to full military duty. A similar pattern of injury and disposition was seen at the Army burn center in Vietnam (1966–1968), but mortality was higher (7.9%). Conclusion Burns resulting from combat explosions increased in frequency, size and injury severity. Burns were concentrated on areas not protected by clothing or equipment. These injuries created long hospital stays and frequently prevented soldiers from returning to duty. While wound distribution has not changed, combat burn care has improved, and continued emphasis on military protective equipment for the hands and face is warranted.
Renal artery aneurysms: movement toward endovascular repair

Renal artery aneurysm (RAA) is an uncommon disease and is typically an incidental finding on imaging performed for other medical ailments. Sequelae of RAA include rupture and difficult to control hypertension. Repair of RAA is considered in suitable surgical candidates when a maximum diameter of 2 cm is reached or in those females who are pregnant or trying to conceive. Surgical options have expanded from traditional open aneurysmectomy or arteriorrhaphy to robotic-laparoscopic repair and a manifold of endovascular approaches.
Expression of a synthetic protein-based polymer (elastomer) gene in Aspergillus nidulans

A gene for a synthetic protein-based polymer, G-(VPGVG)119-VPGV, coding for the EG-120mer (elastomer), was cloned into a fungal expression vector to allow constitutive expression of the polymer controlled by the gpdA (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) promoter sequence of Aspergillus nidulans. Stable transformants of A. nidulans showed plasmid integration with varying copy number when analyzed by Southern-blot hybridization. Expression of the synthetic gene was demonstrated by Northern-blot hybridization. However, the translational efficiency for production of the polymer polypeptide was low, presumably because of certain codons in the polymer gene (CCG and GUA) that are rarely used by A. nidulans. Partial purification by reversible phase transition followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of polymer protein in a transformant that contained multiple copies of the polymer gene. This study represents the first attempt to express a synthetic gene (with no natural analog) in a fungus.
Diamagnetic Solar-Wind Cavity Discovered behind Moon

Diamagnetic solar wind cavity behind moon discovered by magnetometer data from lunar orbiter
Enhanced chemotaxis and superoxide anion production by polymorphonuclear leukocytes from nicotine-treated and smoke-exposed rats

Although previous studies have shown that polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) exposed to nicotine in vitro exhibit enhanced superoxide anion generation and chemotactic responses, it is not known whether in vivo exposure to the alkaloid causes the same alterations in PMN function. Accordingly, this study evaluated superoxide anion generation evoked by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and chemotactic responses to formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine (fMLP) in PMNs isolated from rats treated acutely or subchronically with nicotine and from rats chronically exposed to cigarette smoke. Acute or subchronic (twice daily for 7 days) i.p. injection of 0.2 or 0.02 mg/kg nicotine potentiated PMA-induced superoxide anion generation by PMNs. Similarly, acute i.p. injection of 0.2 mg/kg nicotine or subchronic treatment with 0.02 mg/kg nicotine potentiated fMLP-induced chemotaxis. Subchronic treatment with 0.2 mg/kg of the alkaloid blunted fMLP-induced chemotaxis, in contrast to the potentiating actions of the lower dose. Treatment with nicotine mimicked the effects of tobacco smoke exposure. A 15-week exposure regimen to either sidestream and mainstream smoke from University of Kentucky 2R1 reference cigarettes potentiated PMA-induced superoxide anion generation. Mainstream but not sidestream smoke also enhanced chemotactic responses to fMLP. Viewed collectively, these observations indicate that in vivo exposure to nicotine or to tobacco smoke augment PMN superoxide anion generation and chemotactic responses to selected stimuli and thus implicate such adverse actions of smoking on PMN function in certain pathologies associated with excessive tobacco smoke exposure.
Dosimetric radiation measurements in space

Abstract In reviewing radiation exposures recorded during spaceflights of the United States and the Soviet Union, this paper examines absorbed dose and dose rates as a function of parameters such as inclination, altitude, spacecraft type and shielding. Complete shielding from galactic cosmic rays does not appear practical because of spacecraft weight limitations. Preliminary data on neutron and HZE-particle components and LET spectra are available. Most of the data in this paper are from manned missions; for low Earth-orbit missions, the dose encountered is strongly altitude-dependent, with a weaker dependence on inclination. The doses range from about 6 millirad per day for the Space Transportation System (STS) No. 3 flight to about 90 mrad per day for Skylab. The effective quality factor (QF) for the near-Earth orbits and free space has been estimated to be about 1.5 and about 5.5 respectively.
Method for isolation of non-esterified fatty acids and several other classes of plasma lipids by column chromatography on silica gel

Abstract A method is described for isolation from human plasma of non-esterified fatty acids, cholesteryl esters, triglycerides, cholesterol and diglycerides, monoglycerides, and some phospholipids by extraction and silica gel column chromatography. All of these lipid classes except diglycerides and cholesterol were separated cleanly in seven elution steps. Diglycerides and cholesterol were isolated together. Recovery of model compounds which represent the most significant classes of plasma lipids during the column chromatographic step was nearly complete. The overall recovery of added heptadecanoic acid from plasma specimens was 81% after both sample isolation steps. The overall recovery of added synthetic pentadecanoic acid and heptadecanoic acid ester lipid homologues from plasma was 80–91% after both sample preparation steps. About 6 h are required for extraction and isolation in duplicate of these lipid classes from twenty plasma specimens. Alternatively, non-esterified fatty acids can be isolated from twenty plasma specimens in duplicate within 4 h by a variation of the full procedure.
Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Hydroxyalkyl Carbamate and Dihydroxyalkyl Carbamate Terminated Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Oligomers and Their Block Copolymers with Poly(∊-caprolactone)

Novel hydroxyalkyl carbamate, dihydroxyalkyl carbamate terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) oligomers, and carbamate-linked block copolymers with poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) were designed, synthesized, and characterized using combinatorial and high-throughput experimentation (CHTE). Novel hydroxyalkyl carbamate terminated PDMS oligomers were synthesized by reacting 3-aminopropyl terminated PDMS oligomers with ethylene carbonate (EC); further reaction of these oligomers with e-caprolactone (e-CL) resulted in novel carbamate-linked PCL−PDMS−PCL triblock copolymers. Novel dihydroxyalkyl carbamate terminated PDMS oligomers were synthesized by reacting 3-aminopropyl terminated PDMS with glycerine carbonate (GC); further reaction of these oligomers with e-CL resulted in novel H-type block copolymers of PDMS and PCL. Structural characterization of the synthesized oligomers and block copolymers was carried out with high-throughput FTIR, DSC, and NMR. Molecular weights of the oligomers and block copolymers were...
Cerebral lactate accumulation and glucose exhaustion during circulatory arrest.

SummaryGlucose and lactate content in dog brain were measured before and during arrest of circulation in a standard preparation. Comparison with other studies of the same model allowed the guarded conclusion that the cerebral lactate level in dogs after 10 min of severe hypoxia may be indicative of an irreversible state. Lactate concentration rose and glucose levels fell during a 10-min period of ischemia. The increase in lactate concentration was sufficient to account for about one-fourth of the decrease in glucose content by way of anerobic glycolysis.
Emission-line QSOs in the region of the Hercules cluster of galaxies.

Slit spectrophotometry in the 305-855-nm range of 25 QSO candidates identified by slitless spectroscopy in two 1-deg-sq fields (one centered on Abell 2151 and one in a blank region) near the Hercules cluster of galaxies, obtained using image-dissector scanners on the 3-m Lick Observatory and 4-m KPNO telescopes at resolution 5-20 A during 1976-1979, are reported. The data are presented in tables and spectrograms and characterized in detail. In the cluster field, 14 candidates are confirmed as QSOs with z = 0.89-3.24; in the blank field, six are confirmed with z = 1.52-3.00. While the strongest feature of most spectra is found to be the Lyman alpha line, five QSOs have the 154.9-nm line of C IV and one the semiforbidden 190.9-nm line of C III as strong features. The wide variety of spectral profiles and absorption features in the higher-redshift QSOs and the lack of any QSOs with broad absorption troughs are discussed, and the use of these QSOs as probes for warm or cool gas in the Hercules cluster in Space Telescope Faint Object Spectrograph observations is suggested.
Enhanced heat release analysis for advanced multi-mode combustion engine experiments

Abstract Advanced combustion strategies, such as Homogeneous-Charge Compression-Ignition (HCCI) and Spark-Assisted HCCI or Spark-Assisted Compression-Ignition (SACI) hold considerable promise for improving engine efficiencies while maintaining low pollutant emissions, yet few models exist that accurately include the important chemical and physical mechanisms of these advanced combustion strategies. Further, experimental data from advanced combustion engine experiments are not well represented using conventional spark ignited analytical tools. This paper presents new methods for advanced combustion analysis that integrate previous analytical methods with new algorithms to capture the unique features of advanced combustion strategies like SACI. The new analytical capabilities were incorporated into a program which was designated the Advanced Combustion Engine Heat Release Analysis (ACE-HRA) tool. The models developed and applied in ACE-HRA were assessed by comparison with high fidelity engine simulations of HCCI and SACI. The high fidelity simulations provided data sets with detailed predictions of heat release rates, temperatures, auto-ignition timing, flame speeds and other key parameters not resolved or measured in engine experiments. The sensitivity of ACE-HRA estimates to model input data was quantified for important engine performance parameters. The sensitivity analysis showed that estimates for in-cylinder masses have the largest overall impact on the ACE-HRA results (e.g. ±10% variation led to changes on the order of ±5–10% in peak rate of heat release, burn duration and peak temperature). Noticeable differences in peak heat release rate and ringing intensity were also observed when comparing cycle-by-cycle analysis against ensemble-average analysis, which has implications on how the results are interpreted and applied in modeling work. After validating ACE-HRA with the high-fidelity simulations, ACE-HRA was applied to interpret the data from a recent experimental study of SACI combustion. The ACE-HRA methods were used to infer the effects of flame propagation on in-cylinder gradients and cycle-to-cycle variability, and to provide quantitative estimates for the associated changes in the end-gas burn rate. The trends observed, such as the decrease in burn rate for later auto-ignition and higher burn fraction by flame, provide more in-depth understanding of SACI combustion and demonstrate the insight that can be revealed by the new ACE-HRA tool.
Poverty Policy and the Poverty of Policy Toward the Poor

Sheldon H. Danziger, Gary D. Sandefur, and Daniel H. Weinberg (Eds.), Confronting Poverty: Prescriptions for Change. Michael J. Rich, Federal Policymaking and the Poor: National Goals, Local Choices, and Distributional Outcomes.
Language and Sensorimotor Development During the Early Period of Referential Speech

The relation between sensorimotor attainments and linguistic development in children using referential speech at the single- and two-word utterance levels was examined. When age was controlled, the...
On The Effect of the Medium on Gas Ion Mobility

Effect on the mobility of air ions of adding varying amounts of C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, water vapor, ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}$${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}$${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$, ${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$ and N${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$ to the medium.---In this paper results are given showing the effect on the mobility of adding foreign gases to the air through which the ions move. The conditions were such as to permit the use, at least initially, of identical air ions. It is shown that adding C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and water vapor to the air diminishes the mobility but adding hydrogen increases the mobility. The results also indicate that the change in the mobility is due to the change in the medium and not to a change in the ions. It is however found that increasing the relative humidity gives a larger proportion of initial or 1.87 ions indicating that ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O simplifies the final positive air ion. It is also shown that a trace of acetylene gives rise to an ion which has a mobility only slightly less than the initial air ion. It was also found that when acetylene remains in air a body is formed which when it becomes charged has a lower mobility.Results are also given showing that adding ethylene and chlorine to the air has no effect on the mobility within the time of observation used whereas a trace of ammonia results in the formation of a single positive ion of the same mobility as that of the negative ion which is not affected.
Rehabilitation of orthopedic and rheumatologic disorders. 4. Musculoskeletal disorders

This self-directed learning module highlights assessment and therapeutic options in the rehabilitation of patients with orthopedic and musculoskeletal disorders. It is part of the chapter on rehabilitation of orthopedic and rheumatologic disorders in the Self-Directed Physiatric Education Program for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and rehabilitation. This article discusses new advances in such topics as idiopathic scoliosis, nontraumatic shoulder pain, rotator cuff tendinitis, and Dupuytren's disease.
Two-Step Saturated Fluorescence Detection of Atomic Hydrogen in Flames

We report a new variation on fluorescence detection, two-step saturated fluorescence spectroscopy, which can provide significant advantages over existing methods for detecting some atomic and molecular species. The method uses multiple-photon excitation of the selected atom or molecule, followed by saturated excitation of an optical transition from the initially excited state and subsequent detection of fluorescence emitted from the final state populated by the saturated excitation. The technique is demonstrated with the detection of atomic hydrogen in flames.
Catechol amine depletion in the rat's denervated adrenal gland following chronic administration of reserpine.

RECENT observations have indicated that reserpine can depress not only 5-hydroxytryptamine, but also noradrenaline- and adrenaline-levels in brain, heart, spleen and other sympathetically innervated tissues1–3. The depletion of adrenal medullary hormones by single doses of reserpine has been attributed to a stimulation of centres in the central nervous system, since spinal transection at T 1 is reported to prevent this response1.
Functional Polylactide-g-Paclitaxel―Poly(ethylene glycol) by Azide―Alkyne Click Chemistry

Functional polylactide-g-paclitaxel–poly(ethylene glycol), a novel graft polymer–drug conjugate (GPDC) with paclitaxel (PTXL) as the divalent agent to bridge between the degradable polylactide (PLA)-based backbone and hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) side chains, were prepared by the copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction of acetylene-functionalized polylactide (PLA) with azide-functionalized PTXL–PEG conjugate. The acetylene-functionalized PLA was prepared by ring-opening copolymerization (ROCP) of acetylene-functionalized LA monomer with l-lactide (LA). The azide-functionalized PTXL–PEG conjugate was prepared by multistep organic synthesis. The well-controlled chemical structures of the GPDC and its precursors were verified by 1H NMR and GPC characterizations. DLS analysis indicated that GPDC molecules assembled in water to form nanoparticles with sizes of 8–40 nm. GPC analysis of buffer solutions (pH = 5.5 and 7.4) of the GPDC suggested the occurrence of multiple hydrolysis reactio...
Cognitive Transfer Revisited: Can We Exploit New Media to Solve Old Problems on a Large Scale?

The work we report in this special issue attempted to exploit the power of technology and cognitive theory to help make conceptual systems taught in large college courses truly useful in students' ...
Determination of molecular self-diffusion coefficients using pulsed-field-gradient NMR: An experiment for undergraduate physical chemistry laboratory

NMR spectroscopy has become one of the primary tools that chemists utilize to characterize a range of chemical species in the solution phase, from small organic molecules to medium-sized proteins. A discussion of NMR spectroscopy is an essential component of physical and biophysical chemistry lecture courses, and a number of instructional laboratory exercises have been described. The latter includes experiments to understand restricted rotations, measure relaxation times, and run two-dimensional NMR experiments. This note describes how NMR spectroscopy can be used to measure the translational diffusion coefficients using pulsed-field-gradients (PFG). Though the principle of the diffusion coefficient measurements is based on one of the earliest pulse-sequences proposed, the advent of standard availability of PFG in commercial NMR spectrometers has made the implementation of this experiment straightforward. In addition to learning the basic operation of an NMR spectrometer, the specific goals of the experim...
Evaluating the accuracy of soil water sensors for irrigation scheduling to conserve freshwater

In the Trans-Pecos area, pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh) C. Koch] is a major irrigated cash crop. Pecan trees require large amounts of water for their growth and flood (border) irrigation is the most common method of irrigation. Pecan crop is often over irrigated using traditional method of irrigation scheduling by counting number of calendar days since the previous irrigation. Studies in other pecan growing areas have shown that the water use efficiency can be improved significantly and precious freshwater can be saved by scheduling irrigation based on soil moisture conditions. This study evaluated the accuracy of three recent low cost soil water sensors (ECH2O-5TE, Watermark 200SS and Tensiometer model R) to monitor volumetric soil water content (θv) to develop improved irrigation scheduling in a mature pecan orchard in El Paso, Texas. Results indicated that while all three sensors were successful in following the general trends of soil moisture conditions during the growing season, actual measurements differed significantly. Statistical analyses of results indicated that Tensiometer provided relatively accurate soil moisture data than ECH2O-5TE and Watermark without site-specific calibration. While ECH2O-5TE overestimated the soil water content, Watermark and Tensiometer underestimated. Results of this study suggested poor accuracy of all three sensors if factory calibration and reported soil water retention curve for study site soil texture were used. This indicated that sensors needed site-specific calibration to improve their accuracy in estimating soil water content data.
Cancer Cells Cut Homophilic Cell Adhesion Molecules and Run

The term contact inhibition (CI) encompasses the cellular changes that result in cessation of cell migration and of proliferation due to signals transduced when one cell comes into physical contact with another cell. Cancer cells, however, do not contact inhibit. A molecular understanding of the loss of CI in cancer cells is important for understanding tumor progression. In this Perspective, we propose that the loss of CI observed in cancer cells is the result of extracellular proteolysis of transmembrane cell-cell cell adhesion molecules (CAM) in the tumor microenvironment. Proteolysis of homophilic cell-cell CAMs results in a shed extracellular fragment and released cytoplasmic fragment(s) that disrupts adhesion and induces signals that promote proliferation and/or migration. The importance of this observation in tumor progression is supported by the presence of the shed extracellular fragments of homophilic cell-cell CAMs in serum and tumor tissue of cancer patients suggesting that instead of acting as tumor suppressors, the shed CAM extracellular and cytoplasmic fragments actually function as oncogenes. The study of cell-cell CAM cleavage will provide important and novel means of diagnosing, imaging, and treating tumor progression.
Pap smear use in California: are we closing the racial/ethnic gap?

Abstract Background Minority women continue to be disproportionately affected by cervical cancer. Minority population groups at high risk for cervical cancer may be failing to fully comply with screening recommendations. The use of Pap smears among women in California was evaluated to identify ethnic groups at higher risk for noncompliance with cervical cancer screening. Methods Cross-sectional analysis of 2001 California Health Interview Survey data. Logistic regression was used to assess the independent contribution of race/ethnicity to the use of Pap smears. Results Hispanic (aPR = 1.03, 95%CI 1.02–1.05) and Black (aPR = 1.03, 95% CI 1.001–1.06) women are more likely to report a Pap smear in the past 3 years as compared to White women. Asians were the least likely to report cervical cancer screening despite a more favorable sociodemographic profile. Screening rates varied among Hispanic or Asian subgroups; Mexicans, Vietnamese, Chinese, and South Asians are particularly underserved. Conclusions In contrast to the country as a whole, Hispanic women in California are more likely to report a recent Pap smear as compared to White women. However, racial/ethnic disparities in Pap smear use persist; Asian women are the least likely to report cervical cancer screening as compared to any other group.
Statistical multiple diffuse scattering in a distorted crystal system: An exact theory

Abstract In electron scattering, diffuse scattering can be generated by atom vibrations, point vacancies and growth islands (or surface roughness). Most of the existing dynamical theories have been developed under the first-order diffuse scattering approximation; thus they are restricted to cases where the lattice distortion is small. In this paper, a formal dynamical theory is presented for calculating diffuse scattering with the inclusion of multiple diffuse scattering. By inclusion of a complex potential in dynamical calculation, a rigorous proof is given to show that the high-order diffuse scattering is fully recovered in the calculations using the equation derived under the distorted-wave Born approximation and, more importantly, the statistical time and structure averages over the distorted crystal lattices are evaluated analytically prior to numerical calculation. This conclusion establishes the basis for expanding the applications of the existing theories. The exact form of the optical potential i...
Spanking in Early Childhood and Later Behavior Problems: A Prospective Study of Infants and Young Toddlers

Objective. To explore the relationship of spanking frequency before age 2 with behavior problems near time of entry into school. Methods. Children who were younger than 2 years were followed up ∼4 years later, after they had entered school. The likelihood of significant behavior problems at follow-up was estimated in multivariate analyses that controlled for baseline spanking frequency and other characteristics. Participants were mothers from a large-scale national study and their children. Statistical analysis included an ethnically diverse sample of 1966 children aged 0 to 23 months at baseline. Two dichotomous indicators of behavior problems were used. The first indicated that maternal rating of child behavior problems exceeded a threshold. The second indicated that a mother met with a school administrator to discuss her child9s behavior problems. Results. White non-Hispanic children who were spanked more frequently before age 2 were substantially more likely to have behavior problems after entry into school, controlling for other factors. For Hispanic and black children, associations between spanking frequency and behavior problems were not statistically significant and were not consistent across outcome measures. Conclusion. Among white non-Hispanic children but not among black and Hispanic children, spanking frequency before age 2 is significantly and positively associated with child behavior problems at school age. These findings are consistent with those reported in studies of children older than 2 years but extend these findings to children who are spanked beginning at a relatively early age.
Cobalt(II) complexes with the 1,5,9,13-tetraazacyclohexadecane ligand

Abstract Reaction of Co(CIO 4 ) 2 with 1,5,9,13-tetraazacycgohexadecane ([16]aneN 4 ) resulted in the formation of a new tetrahedtal Co(ll) complex, [Co([16] aneN 4 )] (CIO 4 )2 ( 2 ). Compound 2 isomerized into a more stable tetragonal complex, [Co([16]aneN 4 )(Cl0 4 ) 2 ] ( 3 ), with two CIO 4 − anions coordinated to Co 2+ at the axial positions. Compound 2 reacted with one equivalent of Br − to form a square-pyramidal complex, [Co([16]aneN 4 )Br(CIO 4 )] ( 4 ), in which a CIO 4 − anion is weakly coordinated to Co 2+ . The Br − anion in 4 can be removed with AgCIO 4 in MeOH to convert 4 back into 2 . When the dehalogenatiou reaction was carried out in water using AgNO 3 , in addition to the expected product, [Co([16]aneN 4 )](CIO 4 )(NO 3 ) ( 2 ′), a new tetragonal complex, [Co([16]aneN 4 )(H 2 O) 2 ](CIO 4 )(NO 3 )( 5 ), was also isolated. In the presence of py, compound 2 was converted into [Co([16]aneN 4 )(py)(CIO 4 )](CIO 4 )( 6 ). Compounds 2 –6 were characterized by X-ray crystallography. 2 crystallized in the monoclinic space group P 2 1 ln with cell dimensions (20°C) of α=8.632(2) A , b = 13.936(1) A , c = 17.092(3) A , β=90.08(2) ° , V= 2056.1(6) A 3 and Z=4. 3 crystallized in the monoclinic space group P2 n with cell dimensions (20°C) of α= 14.207(2) A ,b= 10.1415(8) A ,c= 14.707(3) A , β= I 11.97(1) ° , V = 1965,1(5) A 3 and Z=4. 4 crystallized in the monoclinic space group P2 1 n with cell dimensions (20°C) of a = 7.977(1) A , b = 24.548(2) A , c=9.781 (2) A , β = 104.89(1) ° , V = 1851.0(5) A 3 and Z=4 . 5 crystallized in the monoclinic space group P2 1 n with cell dimensions (−50°C) of a=9.623(2) A , b= 13.305(2) A , c= 16.530(2) A , β= 103.23(2)°, V= 2060.2(8) A 3 and Z=4. 6 crystallized in the tetragonal space group I4 a with cell dimensions (−60°C) of a = 12.6822(5) A , c=60.296(3) A , V=9697.9(7) A 3 and Z= 16 .
Multi-Independent Actions of Peptides in the Brain: LHRH, MIF-1 and CRF

SYNOPSIS. The effects on the central nervous system of four hypothalamic peptides, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), melanocyte stimulating hormone releaseinhibiting factor-1 (MIF-1), the structurally related Tyr-MIF-1, and corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) are reviewed. Attention is focused on those functions, particularly behavioral actions, that are not dependent upon the pituitary effects of the peptide. For LHRH, growing evidence indicates that thestructural requirements that are important for its behavioral effects are different from those essential for gonadotropin release. Actions of LHRH analogs at the pituitary often do not correlate with the behavioral effects and C-terminal fragments that are inactive at the pituitary can facilitate lordosis. The same portion of the decapeptide shows species differences in the naturally occurring form of the molecule, raising the possibility that these structural differences could be behaviorally relevant. MIF-1 appears to exert many of its effects on the CNS by antagonizing the effects of opiate substances or by potentiating the effects of dopamine. Neither of these actions appears to involve classical agonist- or antagonist-like binding to the opiate or dopamine receptor, but MIF-1 can increase the affinity of agonist binding to the dopamine receptor. Tyr-MIF-1, like MIF-1, can antagonize some opiate-induced effects but differs from MIF-1 in other tests including in vitro binding. CRF shows several behavioral effects that are independent of its ability to release the pituitary hormones ACTH, beta endorphin and MSH or are different from the effects seen after administration of those hormones.
Minor trauma, disastrous results

An 81-year-old-woman developed a right facial palsy and orbital cellulitis following an apparently innocuous puncture injury of the right lower eyelid. Generalized tetanus ensued which proved fatal despite aggressive treatment including use of tetanus immune globulin, wound debridement, and neuromuscular blockade with ventilatory assistance. Tetanus immunization status should be ascertained in all patients with potentially contaminated wounds in and around the eye. Cephalic tetanus, may be misleading initially because of the presence of cranial nerve palsies and the absence of classic signs such as trismus and risus sardonicus.
A Simplified System for Calibration of Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformers

Metering accuracy coupling capacitor voltage transformers (CCVTs) are installed permanently in 230-500 kV substations and must be calibrated in place. Several years ago, the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) developed a field calibration system, with uncertainties of ±0.1% and ±0.3 milliradian.
An over-complete dictionary based regularized reconstruction of a field of ensemble average propagators

In this paper we present a dictionary-based framework for the reconstruction of a field of ensemble average propagators (EAPs), given a high angular resolution diffusion MRI data set. Existing techniques often consider voxel-wise reconstruction of the EAP field thereby leading to a noisy reconstruction across the field. We present a dictionary learning framework for achieving a smooth EAP reconstruction across the field wherein, the dictionary atoms are learned from the data via an initial regression using adaptive spline kernels. The formulation involves a two stage optimization where the first stage involves optimizing for a sparse dictionary using a K-SVD based updating and the second stage involves a quadratic cost function optimization with a non-local means based regularization across the field. The novelty lies in a dictionary based reconstruction as well as an NLM-based regularization that helps preserving features in the reconstructed field. We document experimental results on synthetic data from crossing fibers and real optic chiasm data set that demonstrate the advantages of the proposed approach.
P02.92. The effect of physical activity, obesity, and low vitamin D on all cause mortality in US adults

Methods We used data from 16,285 adults 20 years and older who participated in a home interview and a mobile examination of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994) that were linked to National Death Index mortality files up to 2006. Physical activity categories included: Inactive (less than 1/wk), Somewhat active (2-4 times/wk), and Active (5+/wk). Body mass index (BMI) included: Underweight (<18.5), Normal weight (18.5-24.9), Overweight (25-29.9), and Obese (30+). Serum 25(OH) D were divided into quartiles, and quartile 1 or low levels included those with values of ≤ 50 nmol/L. Cox proportional hazards were calculated using SAS and SUDAAN softwares to account for sampling weights of NHANES.
Characteristics of useful code reviews: an empirical study at Microsoft

Over the past decade, both open source and commercial software projects have adopted contemporary peer code review practices as a quality control mechanism. Prior research has shown that developers spend a large amount of time and effort performing code reviews. Therefore, identifying factors that lead to useful code reviews can benefit projects by increasing code review effectiveness and quality. In a three-stage mixed research study, we qualitatively investigated what aspects of code reviews make them useful to developers, used our findings to build and verify a classification model that can distinguish between useful and not useful code review feedback, and finally we used this classifier to classify review comments enabling us to empirically investigate factors that lead to more effective code review feedback. In total, we analyzed 1.5 millions review comments from five Microsoft projects and uncovered many factors that affect the usefulness of review feedback. For example, we found that the proportion of useful comments made by a reviewer increases dramatically in the first year that he or she is at Microsoft but tends to plateau afterwards. In contrast, we found that the more files that are in a change, the lower the proportion of comments in the code review that will be of value to the author of the change. Based on our findings, we provide recommendations for practitioners to improve effectiveness of code reviews.
Is there a general tendency to become addicted

The tendency to become addicted across a number of different substances or activities was determined for a sample of 573 subjects, including college students and their parents. Four components of addiction were defined: craving, tolerance, withdrawal and lack of control. Subjects rated the extent to which each of these components characterized their relationships to each of ten substance/activities: coffee, tea, cola beverages, favorite alcoholic beverage, chocolate, nonchocolate sweets, hot chili pepper on food, cigarettes, gambling and video games. An "addiction score" was computed for each subject and each substance/activity, by summing the scores on the four components. Correlations in addiction scores for almost all activities were positive, but low (between 0 and .30), with the exception of chocolate and nonchocolate sweets, where the correlation was higher. The results suggest, at best, a weak tendency to become addicted, across a wide range of substances or activities. Other explanations for the low positive correlations are available, besides the notion of a general tendency to become addicted. There were a few significant mother-father correlations in various addiction scores, but none between mid-parent and child values. Three of the four components of addiction (craving, lack of control and withdrawal), were highly correlated. We conclude that there is little basis for the assumption of a general tendency to become addicted, a conclusion which casts doubt on the derivative notion of an addictive personality.
BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF DUAZOMYCIN A IN THE MOUSE PLASMA CELL NEOPLASM 70429.

Abstract Sublines of the 70429 mouse plasma cell neoplasm exhibited cross-resistance between duazomycin A and the other glutamine antagonists, DON and azaserine. Like these compounds, duazomycin A inhibited incorporation of formate into soluble purine nucleotides and into nucleic acids in growing tumor cells in vivo , and produced large accumulations of formylglycinamide ribotide in the soluble fraction of these cells. The utilization of hypoxanthine for purine nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis was correspondingly increased. Tnese findings are in agreement with a major site of duazomycin inhibition, as for the other two antagonists, at the glutamine-mediated amidination of formylglycinamide ribotide to formylglycinamidine ribotide. The accumulations of formylglycinamide ribotide were much reduced at higher levels of duazomycin, although purine nucleotide synthesis continued to be blocked; this would be consistent with an effective secondary inhibition earlier in the de-novo pathway of purine biosynthesis, in the glutamine-requiring synthesis of phosphoribosylamine. In this respect duazomycin resembled DON, but azaserine did not show this effect. Duazomycin was also an effective inhibitor of the conversion of uridine to cytidine nucleotides in these cells, although it was not so potent as DON in this respect. At the level tested duazomycin did not exert apparent inhibition of the synthesis of RNA guanylic acid from hypoxanthine, although such inhibition was evident with DON. Duazomycin was readily deacetylated, evidently to DON, by mammalian acylase I purified from hog kidney. In addition, acylase activity in mouse kidney deacetylated some duazomycin; acylase activity was weak in extracts of 70429 cells and had no detectable effect on duazomycin.
Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of cyclic ketones over iron-containing mesoporous MCM-48 silica materials

Fe-MCM-48 mesoporous material was found to be a highly active catalyst for the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of several cyclic ketones. The catalyst could be reused several times without any loss of activity.
Desquamative Gingivitis in A 13‐Year‐Old Male: Case Report

A case is reported of “desquamative gingivitis” in a 13-year-old male patient. On the basis of the clinical distribution of lesions, the histopathology, and direct and indirect immunofluorescent tests, the lesions were definitively diagnosed as cicatricial pemphigoid. This case is unusual because of the age of the patient, and further illustrates the value of immunologic tests in establishing a specific diagnosis of desquamative lesions.
Liquid Crystalline, Semifluorinated Side Group Block Copolymers with Stable Low Energy Surfaces: Synthesis, Liquid Crystalline Structure, and Critical Surface Tension

Monodisperse poly(styrene-b-semifluorinated side chain) block copolymers were synthesized by anionic polymerization of poly(styrene-b-1,2/3,4-isoprene) followed by the corresponding polymer analogous reactions. By controlling the block copolymer composition and the relative lengths of the fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon units in the side group, the effect of chemical structure on surface properties and the influence of liquid crystalline structure of the semifluorinated side chain on the surface behavior were evaluated. The composition of side groups does not greatly affect the as-prepared sample surface tension, but influences instead the transition temperatures of the room temperature liquid crystal phase. It was observed that the shorter fluorocarbon units (six −CF2− units) form a smectic A phase at room temperature. The critical surface tension of the SA phase is 10.8 mN/m, and the polymer surface undergoes significant reconstruction when immersed in water. However, when the fluorocarbon side chain conta...
Cryogenic tilt table

We describe the design and development of a cryogenic tilt table that will be used to test the flight hardware for NASA’s Satellite Test of the Equivalence Principle (STEP). Our table can tilt the hardware around two axes and is part of a test bed that has 6-degree-of-freedom controllability. The goal was to build a tilt table with a resolution better than ∼5 μrad (1 arcsec). Our table consists of three aluminum plates. The outermost plate is attached to the cryogenic probe and is fixed. The middle and inner plates rest on the outer and middle plates, respectively, using knife edges and knife edge holders made of silicon nitride that are glued to the aluminum plates. A cryogenic tilt sensor was also developed and integrated with the table. The sensor consists of an electrically grounded copper cube hanging from a support, and is placed between two pairs of capacitive electrodes. Any motion of the cube caused by tilting is measured differentially using a Wheatstone bridge circuit. The table is connected to the bottom of a cryogenic probe. A voice coil actuator, located on top of the probe at room temperature, is used to create the necessary tilt. A thin fiber is used to connect the actuator and the table. The system is controlled using a dSPACE control card. A test of the table at cryogenic temperatures (4.5 K) and low pressure (1 μTorr) showed a noise level of ∼0.7 μrad (150 marcsec), which is nearly an order of magnitude better than the required resolution.
Point control of pseudoparabolic problems

Abstract A control problem governed by a pseudoparabolic equation on Q = Ω × (0, T) where Ω is an open bounded set in R 2 or R 3 with a smooth boundary is studied. Here the controls are of the form v(x,t) = v(t) δ(x − a), a ɛ Ω . It is observed that if v ɛ L 2 (0, T), then the trace of the corresponding solution y(., T; v) belongs to L 2 (Ω). Existence, uniqueness, and regularity results are given for the optimal control as well as continuity results with respect to perturbation of the point a .