cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regeneration of lepidotrichia and actinotrichia in the tailfin of the teleost Tilapia mossambica.

Summary New fin rays developed at the tip of each old ray following excision of a wedge-shaped portion of the tailfin ofTilapia mossambica. Actinotrichia had begun to develop by 4 days after excision. Segmentation of lepidotrichia began at 5 days and branching at 7 days. The tailfin was completely restored in 3–4 weeks after excision. Regeneration of a rudimentary new tailfin had begun in some animals 4–6 weeks after excision of the tail through the muscular peduncle. Actinotrichia are formed by fusion of collagen fibrils of conventional diameter and inTilapia are cross-banded at a periodicity of about 490A˚. In addition to dark-staining major bands, corresponding to the a bands of conventional collagen fibrils, the actiontrichia have conspicuous intraperiod minor bands which correspond to the d bands of conventional fibrils. Ultrastructural and previously published chemical evidence supports the concept that the actinotrichia of teleosts and the ceratotrichia of elasmobranchs are homologous. The lepidotrichia consist of bilateral, segmented demirays of dermal bone, which is first deposited as an osteoid matrix between epidermis and a layer of osteoblasts. The interior of this matrix in regenerating rays had begun to calcify by 7 days and was heavily calcified by 13 days. A peripheral zone of matrix around each demiray, and thus adjacent to the bordering cells, remains uncalcified. Hydroxyapatite crystallites are deposited along and within collagen fibrils at separated mineralizing sites. These sites enlarge through fusion of individual mineralizing fibrils. It is suggested that actinotrichia after they are polymerized may be undergoing continual depolymerization proximally and that the collagen thus released may transfer to the growing tips of the lepidotrichia.
Na+-Dependent Transport of Carbohydrates through Intestinal Epithelium

Several years ago, my colleagues and I presented a concept of the brush border membrane of the epithelial cell as a digestive-absorptive surface in which the elements responsible for digestion and absorption were postulated to be arranged in ordered proximity to one another (Crane, Miller and Bihlekr 1961, Crane 1962). The disaccharidases were represented as being an integral part of the outer protein coat of the membrane and the diffusion barrier to the entry of monosaccharides into the epithelial cells was assumed, in line with current concepts of membrane function, to be the lipid leaflet. As a consequence of experiments carried out under conditions of limited tissue energy supplies, we believed that the entry of sugars across the brush border membrane was identified as the primary site of Na+ involvement in the overall process of active transport, and we interpreted our experiments to have “established the existence of a substrate-specific, Na+-dependent and energy-independent process mediating the rapid equilibration of sugars between the cells and the medium” (Bihler, Hawkins and Crane 1962). Interaction of glucose and its analogs with a specific binding site on a mobile carrier was postulated to account for the specificity of the overall process (Crane 1960) and for the competitive nature of phlorizin inhibition (Alvarado and Crane 1962).
Preventing complications of sexually transmitted disease. New treatment guidelines for an expanded spectrum of problems.

Newly recognised sexually transmitted diseases have combined with the traditional venereal diseases to present clinicians with a demanding management challenge. Besides the increases in incidence of some of these diseases, many of the associated.organisms are becoming more resistant to commonly used antimicrobial drugs. Predictably, accompanying this trend are increasing numbers of serious complications affecting men, women and infants.
Role of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in multivessel disease

Although percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is being widely performed in patients with multivessel disease, the eventual role it will play will depend on several factors, including the immediate and long-term results, procedural risks and restenosis. An important consideration is that of completeness of revascularization. This is based on cardiac surgical experience, which has documented that if revascularization is complete, the clinical outcome will be improved. The importance of this concept has been borne out in practice. Although complete revascularization is ideal, it cannot be achieved in a substantial number of patients with multivessel disease because of the presence of old total occlusion that cannot be dilated, diffuse and distal disease or a planned dilation strategy. However, many patients with successful dilation but incomplete revascularization do well. In these patients, attempts are made to identify and then dilate a "culprit" lesion. Dilation of these most physiologically important stenoses often results in an excellent short-term outcome. Currently, 2 studies have been initiated to compare the role of PTCA with that of coronary artery bypass grafting for the treatment of patients with multivessel disease. For these studies, initial success and long-term outcome in terms of morbidity and mortality as well as cost considerations will be assessed. The results of these studies will help to put into perspective the complementary roles of PTCA and coronary artery bypass grafting.
Modeling of coal-combustion processes

Abstract Modeling of coal-reaction processes has received significant emphasis over the past decade. Yet, model development has not reached the point where significant use is made in process development for coal utilization. One of the key recommendations from a panel of industrial and university professionals to the U.S. Department of Energy on research needs for coal utilization was that “Development of combustion models is needed to the point where they will find application in the management and control of practical systems.” The purpose of this publication is to present a review and evaluation of the development of coal-reaction models. Coal-combustion models are classified and potential uses identified. Then, the state of development of models for fixed (or slowly moving) beds, fluidized beds and suspended (or entrained) beds is presented. Six fixed-bed models, ten fluidized-bed models and thirteen suspended-bed models are reviewed and compared. Selected comparisons of model predictions with measurements are shown and research needs are noted. Emphasis is placed on suspended-bed models.
Experimental investigation of energy-absorption characteristics of components of sandwich structures

Abstract Two series of experiments are performed to investigate the dynamic response of various essential components of a class of sandwich structures, under high-rate inertial loads. One consists of dynamic inertia tests and the other involves dynamic impact tests. A split Hopkinson bar apparatus is modified and used for these experiments. First, the energy-absorbing characteristics of the plate material in a sandwich structure are investigated using novel dynamic inertia tests, paralleled by detailed finite-element simulations. The loading conditions in this case are similar to those in high-rate pressure loading situations, and hence more closely simulate potential blast effects on structures. Plates made of DH-36 naval structural steel are used in the dynamic inertia tests. The plates subjected to inertia loading show membrane deformation behavior, but as the deflection or thickness increases, the bending deformation near the clamped joint becomes significant. Second, the dynamic behavior of the core material in a sandwich structure is studied through dynamic impact (compression) tests, using high-speed photography. In addition, both the quasi-static and dynamic response of the material is quantified using hydraulic testing machines and the Hopkinson-bar techniques. Aluminum foam as a core material is used in these experiments. Aluminum foam is a lightweight material with excellent plastic energy absorbing characteristics. The experimental results show a localized deformation in the metal foam specimens, at suitably high impact velocities. The simulation results correlate well with the test results in the overall behavior of the metal foam specimens. With these two experimental methods, the dynamic behavior of sandwich structures under high-rate inertial loading conditions can be examined minimizing the need for direct pressure-induced impulse experiments. Each series of experiments is relatively simple and can be performed separately to study the complex behavior of sandwich panels in simple and well-controlled tests. The validity of separate performance test is shown by a finite element analysis with aluminum foam core sandwich specimen subjected to blast loading.
An intraoral model used for studies of fluoride incorporation in enamel

. The effect of fluoride on experimental cariogenicity in man was investigated by using bovine enamel surfaces mounted in oral prosthetic appliances. Samples of sound and presoftened enamel were exposed to simulated cariogenic or noncariogenic conditions for 1 week. The samples were periodically immersed in vitro in solutions containing 1 ppm fluoride. For the cariogenic condition, the immersion solution was 3% sucrose, for the noncariogenic condition, water. After the experimental period, the sample enamel was assessed for hardness change and fluoride incorporation. Under the non-cariogenic condition, partial remineralization and high fluoride incorporation were found in the presoftened enamel; both hardness change and fluoride incorporation in sound enamel were minor. The cariogenic condition contributed to higher enamel softening and higher fluoride uptake by both types of samples. The findings suggest a mechanism through which intermittent cariogenesis and remineralization in the presence of fluoride may contribute to increased tooth resistance to caries.
Regional heterogeneity and the effects of land use and climate on 20 lakes in the big woods region of Minnesota

Few studies have assessed the relative importance of landscape, land use history, climate, and regional heterogeneity on lake ecosystem processes, despite the likelihood that interactions among these factors must be important for controlling lake dynamics. We used 14 sediment measures from 20 lake cores in a climatically sensitive region of the prairie-forest border in southern Minnesota to (1) assess relationships between modern lake productivity (Carlson’s Trophic State Index [TSI]), modern land-use, catchment, and lake morphometry, and (2) contrast regional responses to climatic transitions from the ‘Medieval Climatic Anomaly’(1000–1350) to the ‘Little Ice Age’ (1350–1800) to ‘Modern’(~1980–1996 AD). TSI was significantly positively correlated with modern sedimentation rate, and accumulation rates of organic matter (OM), biogenic silica (BSi), and total phosphorus (TP). TSI was not significantly correlated with “modern” land cover, catchment, or lake morphometry characteristics, but total organic N(N) was negatively correlated with percent cultivation in the catchment area and negatively correlated with δ15N of bulk organic matter in sediment. Regional, among-lake heterogeneity was high over the past 1,000 years, but Little Ice Age (LIA) cooling appeared to result in an approximately 20% decline in OM, BSi and TP accumulation, while warming and cultural eutrophication of the past 150 years corresponded to a 200–400% increase in accumulation rates as well as an 80% increase in carbonates and a small but significant 10% drop in C/N ratios consistent with greater in-lake productivity. Our results indicate that climate does have regional effects on lake ecosystems but that among-lake variability is high, reflecting the importance of local factors and suggesting a need for (1) more explicit definition of what ‘regional’ means, (2) a focus on degree as well as direction of change, and (3) estimating accumulation rates based on multiple lakes and multiple cores within lakes.
Selection of error probability laws by generalized modified profile likelihood

Abstract Although error probability law selection of models of location–scale forms is of importance in some sense, the commonly used model selection procedures, such as AIC and BIC, do not apply to it. By treating error probability law as a “parameter” of interest, location and scale as nuisance parameters, this paper proposes that generalized modified profile likelihood (GMPL), considered as a quasi-likelihood function of error probability law, be used to select the error probability laws. The GMPL method achieves minimax rate optimality and proves to be consistent. Simulations show its good performance for finite and even small samples. Note that it is straightforward to generalize the GMPL of location–scale models to various models of location–scale forms particularly including the various linear regression models and their variations, to select their error probability laws. The author believes that GMPL and its variations would be quite promising for various model selection problems.
Use Tax History and Its Implications for Electronic Commerce

This study gives a brief historical view of the little known complement to the sales tax, the use tax. Supreme Court decisions regarding the use tax are analyzed with special emphasis given to those that shaped the Quill Corp v. North Dakota decision. As a result of the Quill decision there has been great effort put forth by the Streamlined Sales Tax Project (SSTP) to harmonize the nation's tax codes and lessen the burden on firms from collecting use taxes on remote sales. Current legislation that has resulted from the SSTP's efforts to satisfy the Commerce Clause are also discussed, along with their potential economic impacts.
Thermal buckling of conical shells.

The instability of truncated conical shells, due to thermal loadings, is studied using the Galerkin method to integrate the equilibrium equation. The thermal stresses which depend on the boundary condition and the temperature distribution are found before solving the buckling problem. Two cases are considered in this investigation. In one case, the temperature varies along the generator and the conical shell is restricted completely at both ends; whereas in the other case, the temperature changes in two principal directions and the cone is constrained along the perimeter, but free of resultant longitudinal force at boundaries. The edges are simply-supported. The relation of the critical temperature to the geometric parameters has been evaluated. Three parameters, are used, namely the radius-thickness ratio, the radius-height ratio, and the cone's vertex angle. The radius-thickness ratio has the most significant effect on the value of critical temperature.
Effects of diphenylhydantoin on spontaneous and evoked activity in the cat under chloralose anesthesia

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of Dilantin in single acute doses of 10–85 mg/kg on spontaneous and evoked activity were investigated in eighteen cats anesthetized with α-chloralose. 2. 2. Spontaneous chloralose spikes were markedly depressed for periods of 30 min to 3 h by Dilantin in doses of 35–50 mg/kg. The non-specific thalamo-cortical projection system was similarly affected, as revealed by equally long lasting depression of cortical responses to single or repetitive stimulation of n.centrum medianum of the thalamus. 3. 3. Dilantin (40 mg/kg) abolished responses to click throughout the central auditory pathway without blocking responsiveness of the ascending pathway to electrical stimulation of the cochlear nucleus. Auditory nerve response to click was not similarly blocked. 4. 4. Responses evoked in both primary and polysensory cortical areas by photic and somesthetic stimuli were minimally or not at all depressed by Dilantin. 5. 5. The pharmacologic separation of chloralose spikes from enhancement of polysensory responses is interpreted as evidence that the two phenomena are relatively independent.
Muon spin relaxation measurements of spin-correlation decay in spin-glassAgMn

The field (H) dependence of the muon longitudinal spin-lattice relaxation rate well below the spin glass temperature inAgMn is found to obey an algebraic form given by (H)v−1 withv=0.54±0.05. This suggests that Mn spin correlations decay with time ast−v, in agreement with mean field theories of spin-glass dynamics which yieldv≲0.5. Near the glass temperature the agreement between the data and theory is not as good.
The Press Congress of the World and international standards for journalists, 1921-26

Efforts to promote journalism standards on a worldwide level are as old as inter national organizations of journalists and date back almost 100 years. This study of an American initiative, the 1920s Press Congress of the World, found that ethics and standards were discussed and stressed as desirable at the meetings of the Congress but that, beyond resolutions, few concrete results were achieved. The main reason for the lack of results was the failure of the organization to perpetuate itself and to achieve a broad-based and representative membership.
Uptake of a fluorinated bisphosphonate by cultured bones.

Abstract The uptake of bisphosphonates into bone was studied using 19-day-old fetal rat bones cultured with a new fluorinated bisphosphonate, difluoromethylidene bisphosphonate (F 2 MBP). F 2 MBP uptake was assessed by determining the weight percent of fluoride using electron probe microanalysis. By 30 min the weight percent of fluoride was significantly greater in the F 2 MBP-treated bones than in controls and continually increased throughout the duration of the experiment to reach a fluoride concentration 6-fold greater than controls after 120 h of incubation. When the peripheral cortical bone was analyzed separately from the interior trabecular bone in the F 2 MBP-treated bones, the fluoride concentration in the periphery increased until 24 h and then remained somewhat constant, while the interior, which is more actively remodeling, showed a continual increase. The uptake of F 2 MBP during the 1 to 6 h time intervals demonstrated no differences between vital and devitalized bone and, thus, is not cell-mediated. Because analysis of free fluoride in F 2 MBP media incubated with bones showed that the concentration of fluoride was less than 1% of the total amount of fluoride, the fluoride detected by the probe was most likely that of the intact molecule and not free fluoride. The rapid uptake of the F 2 MBP molecule was supported by assessing the effects of short-term F 2 MBP treatment on subsequent bone resorption, as determined by the release of 45 Ca from prelabeled bones. Bones treated with F 2 MBP for only 5 min exhibited reductions in the percentage of 45 Ca released during the remainder of the 120 h incubation period similar to that when F 2 MBP was continuously in the medium. These results indicate that this bisphosphonate compound rapidly enters the bone, localizes at sites which are actively remodeling, and exerts a prolonged and irreversible inhibitory effect on bone resorption. Furthermore, the findings that bone resorption was not inhibited with a significantly weaker chelating agent, tetrafluoroethylene bisphosphonate, and when bones were devitalized, support the concept that both binding of F 2 MBP to the calcium of bone mineral and cellular effects are essential for F 2 MBP-induced inhibition of bone resorption.
Electromagnetic-gravitational energy systems

Two methods are considered to 'tap' the earth's rotational energy. This ancient 'collapsed gravitational energy' exceeds the earth-lunar binding energy. One involves an orbiting 'electromagnetic-gravitational' coupling system whereby the earth's rotation, with its nonuniform mass distribution, first uses gravity to add orbital energy to a satellite, similar to a planetary 'flyby'. The second stage involves enhanced satellite 'drag' as current-carrying coils withdraw the added orbital energy as they pass through the earth's nonuniform magnetic field. A second more direct method couples the earth's rotational motion using conducting wires moving through the noncorotating part (ionospheric current systems) of the geomagnetic field. These methods, although not immediately feasible, are considerably more efficient than using pure gravitational coupling to earth-moon tides.
Alkylation of heteroaromatic bases by α-hydroxyalkyl radicals (review)

The synthetic possibilities of reactions involving the homolytic α-hydroxylation of protonated heteroaromatic bases are examined. Factors that affect the yields and structures of the products formed are discussed.
A Behavioral Decision Theory Approach to Modeling Dyadic Trust in Superiors and Subordinates

The relative importances of five determinants of dyadic trust (integrity, competence, consistency, loyalty, and openness) were investigated from two perspectives: trust in superiors and trust in subordinates. Two experiments were designed from research on behavioral decision theory. The participants, 78 undergraduate management students, responded to cues that described hypothetical superiors (Exp. 1) and subordinates (Exp. 2). Responses indicated the amount of trust held in each of 32 superiors and 32 subordinates. Integrity, competence, and consistency were stronger than loyalty or openness as determinants of trust in one's superiors and in one's subordinates. There were no differences in the importance of any of the determinants of trust in one's subordinates versus one's superiors. Method considerations are discussed.
Psychological distress among abused minority women with sexually transmitted diseases.

Purpose To describe psychological distress among abused minority women with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and to identify needs for psychotherapeutic intervention for reduction in abuse, sexual risk behavior and STD. Data Sources A controlled randomized trial of the effects of a behavioral intervention on STD recurrence. Eligibility was limited to English speaking Mexican-American and African-American women with a current non-viral STD confirmed by laboratory testing (gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis or trichomonas). All eligible women who could be contacted were recruited from public-health clinics in San Antonio. T-tests, Chi square and correlation were used to analyze the data. Conclusions Women with STD and a history of abuse reported more symptoms of current psychological distress than nonabused women. This psychological distress was present in all dimensions of the SCL-90-R, including somatization, obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation and psychoticism. Increased current psychological distress and correlation was found not only for women with reports of sexual abuse but also forms of physical or psychological abuse. The majority of abuse was reportedly experienced during a relationship with a boyfriend or friend/acquaintance. Implications for Practice Abused women with STD may benefit from the identification and assessment of abuse history and psychological distress so that appropriate psychological treatment can accompany medical treatment. The prevalence of woman abuse within a population of women with STD mandates the inclusion of violence in STD prevention programs.
Resection of Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma

Objective: Morbidity and mortality involved in the resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma were reviewed retrospectively. The clinicopathologic and laboratory parameters that might influence the patient's survival also were re-evaluated. Summary Background Data: Although much progress has been made in the diagnosis and management of hilar cholangiocarcinoma, long-term outlook for most patients remains poor. Surgical resection is usually prohibited because of its local invasiveness, and most patients can only be managed by palliative drainage. Recently, many surgeons have adopted a more aggressive resection with varying degrees of success. Several prognostic factors in bile duct carcinoma have been proposed; however, no reports have specifically focused on resected hilar cholangiocarcinoma and its prognostic survival factors using multivariate analysis. Methods: The clinical records and pathologic slides of 49 cases with resected hilar cholangiocarcinoma were reviewed retrospectively. Twenty clinical and laboratory parameters were evaluated for their correlation with postoperative morbidity and mortality, whereas 31 variables were evaluated for their significance with postoperative survival. Variables showing statistical significance in the first univariate analysis were included in the following multivariate analysis using stepwise logistic regression test for factors affecting morbidity and mortality and Cox stepwise proportional hazard model for factors influencing survival. Results: There were 5 in-hospital deaths, and the cumulative 5-year survival rate in 44 patients who survived was 14.9%, with a median survival of 14.0 months. Multivariate analysis disclosed that coexistent hepatolithiasis and lower serum asparate aminotransferase levels (90 U/L) had a significant low incidence of postoperative morbidity, whereas a serum albumin of less than 3 g/dL was the only significant factor affecting mortality. Regarding survival, univariate analysis identified eight significant factors: 1) total bilirubin 10 mg/dL, 2) curative resection, 3) histologic type, 4) perineural invasion, 5) liver invasion, 6) depth of cancer invasion, 7) positive proximal resected margin, and 8) positive surgical margin. However, multivariate analysis disclosed total bilirubin ≥ 10 mg/dL, curative resection, and histologic type as the three most significant independent variables. Conclusions: Surgical resection provides the best survival for bilar cholangiocarcinoma. An adequate nutritional support to increase serum albumin over 3g/dL is the most important factor to decrease postoperative mortality. Moreover, preoperative biliary drainage to decrease jaundice and a curative resection with adequate surgical margin are recommended if longer survival is anticipated. Patients with well differentiated adenocarcinoma seem to survive longer compared to those with moderately or poorly differentiated tumors.
Solar Fuels and Next Generation Photovoltaics: The UNC-CH Energy Frontier Research Center

The UNC Energy Frontier Research Center: “Solar Fuels and Next Generation Photovoltaics” is funded by a $17.5 M grant from the US Department of Energy. Its mission is to conduct basic research that will enable a revolution in the collection and conversion of sunlight into storable solar fuels and electricity.
Elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the semen of patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome.

Objectives. Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome is a common diagnosis, but the disease is poorly understood. The diagnosis is based only on symptoms, and no measurable parameter can help in defining the presence of the disease, its severity, or its cause. Cytokines are soluble proteins secreted by cells of the immune system that principally regulate inflammatory and immune responses. To provide an objective measure of inflammation in the genital tract, we measured levels of the proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) in the semen of men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and compared these with levels in normal men. Methods. We obtained semen samples from 18 men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and from 8 normal male volunteers. Cytokine levels were measured in the seminal plasma by two-antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results. Men with prostatitis had higher mean levels of IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha in seminal plasma (mean ± SEM) than normal men: TNF-alpha 98 ± 39 versus 17 ± 8; IL-1 beta 246 ± 63 versus 27 ± 10, respectively; P <0.05. There was a strong correlation between the levels of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta in the semen of men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. There was no correlation between either TNF-alpha or IL-1 beta levels and the number of leukocytes per high power field in expressed prostatic secretions in patients. Conclusions. Some men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome have elevated levels of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta in the semen. This suggests that inflammation of the genital tract is a feature of this disease, irrespective of the presence or absence of leukocytes in the expressed prostatic secretions. Seminal cytokine levels may provide an objective measure of disease in these patients and suggest specific therapeutic strategies to treat chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in such patients.
The myth of modernization and development

This article is a critical evaluation of modernization and development theories. It focuses on three issues: the ideological basis of modernization and development concepts; the distortions of Western and Nonwestern societies’ histories that underlie various theories; and the political motivations behind the content of modernization and development policies and theories. The article concludes with a brief discussion of alternative approaches to becoming modern or developed.
Molecular Identification of the Cross-reacting Epitope on αMβ2 Integrin I Domain Recognized by Anti-αIIbβ3 Monoclonal Antibody 7E3 and Its Involvement in Leukocyte Adherence

The monoclonal antibody (mAb) 7E3 directed to the platelet integrin alphaIIb beta3 was tested for its cross-reactivity with the homologous leukocyte integrin alphaM beta2. Nested recombinant fragments of alphaM I domain were expressed as glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins and analyzed for antibody recognition. In enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, mAb 7E3 bound alphaM I domain fragments containing the amino-terminal sequence Cys128-Ser172, whereas the carboxyl-terminal region Leu173-Pro291 was ineffective. A synthetic peptide designated R1.1 and duplicating the alphaM sequence G127CPQEDSDIAFLIDGSGSIIPHDF150 bound mAb 7E3. In contrast, the adjacent alphaM region F150RRMKEFVSTVMEQLKKSKTLFS172 or a control peptide with a scrambled R1.1 sequence was not recognized by mAb 7E3. Binding of mAb 7E3 to alphaM I domain blocked monocyte and neutrophil adhesion to immobilized fibrinogen and fibrinogen-dependent leukocyte-endothelium bridging, indistinguishably from bona fide anti-beta2 mAb IB4. In contrast, leukocyte binding to stable transfectants expressing intercellular adhesion molecule-1 was not affected by mAb 7E3. Balloon-mediated injury of iliofemoral arteries in rabbits resulted in prominent deposition of fibrinogen and increased monocyte adhesion to the injured vessel, in a reaction inhibited by mAb 7E3, but unaffected by control mAb 14E11. Through its cross-reactivity between alphaIIb beta3 and alphaM beta2, mAb 7E3 may initiate a new class of integrin antagonists, capable of simultaneously targeting platelet and leukocyte adhesion mechanisms in vascular injury.
Fundamental media considerations for the propagation of phase-conjugate waves.

Rigorous and approximate conditions that need to be satisfied by a propagation medium to enable phase conjugation to occur are derived. It is shown that, in spite of the fact that in general, losses spoil phase conjugation, in the important case of paraxial beam propagation (along z), a z-dependent loss can be tolerated. In addition, nonlinear losses (gain) and nonlinear dielectrics are also permitted under some fairly general circumstances.
Robust query processing through progressive optimization

Virtually every commercial query optimizer chooses the best plan for a query using a cost model that relies heavily on accurate cardinality estimation. Cardinality estimation errors can occur due to the use of inaccurate statistics, invalid assumptions about attribute independence, parameter markers, and so on. Cardinality estimation errors may cause the optimizer to choose a sub-optimal plan. We present an approach to query processing that is extremely robust because it is able to detect and recover from cardinality estimation errors. We call this approach "progressive query optimization" (POP). POP validates cardinality estimates against actual values as measured during query execution. If there is significant disagreement between estimated and actual values, execution might be stopped and re-optimization might occur. Oscillation between optimization and execution steps can occur any number of times. A re-optimization step can exploit both the actual cardinality and partial results, computed during a previous execution step. Checkpoint operators (CHECK) validate the optimizer's cardinality estimates against actual cardinalities. Each CHECK has a condition that indicates the cardinality bounds within which a plan is valid. We compute this validity range through a novel sensitivity analysis of query plan operators. If the CHECK condition is violated, CHECK triggers re-optimization. POP has been prototyped in a leading commercial DBMS. An experimental evaluation of POP using TPC-H queries illustrates the robustness POP adds to query processing, while incurring only negligible overhead. A case-study applying POP to a real-world database and workload shows the potential of POP, accelerating complex OLAP queries by almost two orders of magnitude.
Applications of differential geometry to molecular genetics

A mathematical formalism is presented in which changes in information content of an evolving DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecule may be described. The basic construct is a 65-dimensional differentiable manifold (the informational space-time manifold) in a coordinate structure such that the manifold points represent (i) the number of each codon type in a DNA molecule, and (ii) the evolutionary time of that DNA. It is shown that this manifold cannot be Euclidean but must be taken, at least conditionally, to be Riemannian. Evolutionary motions in the informational space-time manifold are initially postulated to be geodesics, and evolutionary equations-of-motion are elaborated. These equations are governed by an evolutionary field which is produced by the intrinsic structure of the manifold. The concept of genetic cosmology is introduced, and a manifold in which the evolutionary field is weak and depends only upon the evolutionary time is investigated. The nature of empirical input into genetic cosmology is discussed.
Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones of 1978

Abstract A summary of the 1978 season is presented. Included are seasonal statistics, storm tracks and comparisons with activity in recent years.
Rubidium-87 concentration in market milk.

Abstract Market milk samples collected on a quarterly basis from various cities in the United States were analyzed for rubidium (Rb) content by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The 87 Rb concentrations were computed from the specific activity data. The average 87 Rb of milk varied from 14.2 to 84.8 pCi/kg of sample. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the 87 Rb concentration in milk from various cities was significantly different at α = 0.01. In addition, samples from cities in the Southeast showed significant differences from one sampling period to another. In general, the 87 Rb concentration in milk from inland states was less than that of milk from cities of coastal states and those lying in the Missouri and Mississippi Valley.
Remission induction, consolidation and novel agents in development for adults with acute myeloid leukaemia.

Chemotherapy regimens used for remission induction in AML have not changed significantly over the last several decades. However the recognition of the prognostic value of cytogenetics and genomics has been a major advance which is helping clarify the most optimal post-remission consolidation strategy among various risk groups. We are not only beginning to realize the pitfalls of a ‘one-fits-all’ approach with intensive, cytarabine-based chemotherapy as the mainstay, but we are finally beginning to reap the rewards of decades of basic, translational, and clinical research. Developing individualized, ‘targeted’ therapy for each AML patient based on unique molecular features of disease remains a daunting goal yet one that we can now begin to envision. Hypothesis-based study designs—from pre-clinical/laboratory experiments to phase-I and subsequent efficacy trials—provide the foundation for advances in the diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment for patients with AML. Here we critically review the literature for the management of AML, try to give recommendations regarding the appropriate induction and remission strategy, clarify the role of stem cell transplantation and discuss novel agents on the horizon. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The morphogenesis of state highway networks in the United States

Abstract Despite the dominance of automobiles in the 20th century transport patterns of the U.S., the modern highway network actually emerged as a result of popular social and economic goals in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These goals were based on improving rural mobility and living conditions, and were completely unrelated to automobile traffic. The desire to improve rural roads stimulated the creation of highway networks at new spatial scales, with consistent patterns among most states. These networks were later greatly expanded in size and adapted to carry motorized traffic between major cities, with the result that their patterns have been substantially altered from their original form.
Regulation of pineal rhythms in chickens: N-acetyltransferase activity in homogenates☆

Abstract In the pineal gland N-acetyltransferase activity (NAT) exhibits a circadian rhythm that can be controlled by environmental lighting. Dark-time NAT is 27 times the levels in the light-time. We studied the properties of NAT of pineal glands of chicks killed in the dark and found: 1. 1. NAT is linear for the first 30 min under assay conditions then levels off. 2. 2. NAT is unstable at 37°C; activity of the enzymes drops to 13–45% (of its value 0°C) in 20 min. Variability in the amount of enzyme activity lost in 20 min can be accounted for by variation in the initial activity. 3. 3. NAT is relatively stable at 0°C over a period of 24 hr. 4. 4. NAT can be protected at 37°C by one of its substrates, acetyl coenzyme A (4 mM). It is also protected by some structural analogs of acetyl coenzyme A (cysteamine, 4 mM; penicillamine, 4 mM) and by some sulfhydryl protecting agents (dithiothreitol, 4 mM; EDTA, 5 mM). The amount of protection by cysteamine is variable over a concentration range of 0.08–800 mM; 8 mM solutions of cysteamine reduce enzyme activity. NAT was lowered by iodoacetate, N-ethylmaleimide and pituitary extract. 5. 5. NAT is protected by dilution.
Cadmium complexation by coal humic acid

Abstract Humic acid (HA) has been extracted with base from a sub-bituminous coal and characterized. Complexation studies with cadmium indicate the formation of complexes with stoichiometry; CdHA, Cd2HA and Cd3HA. The log β ∗ 11 values for CdHA at pH 5.5, 6.0, 7.0 and 7.5 are 4.9, 5.3, 5.9 and 6.3 respectively. For Cd2HA at pH 6.0, 7.0 and 7.5 the log β ∗ 21 values are 9.2, 10.6 and 11.7 and at pH 6.0, 7.0 and 7.5 the log β ∗ 31 values are 13.7, 15.7 and 16.5 respectively. The average gram formula weight is 6761 ± 842.
One shot emotion scores for facial emotion recognition

Facial emotion recognition in unconstrained settings is a difficult task. They key problems are that people express their emotions in ways that are different from other people, and, for large datasets, there are not enough examples of a specific person to model his/her emotion. A model for predicting emotions will not generalize well to predicting the emotions of a person who has not been encountered during the training. We propose a system that addresses these issues by matching a face video to references of emotion. It does not require examples from the person in the video being queried. We compute the matching scores without requiring fine registration. The method is called one-shot emotion score. We improve classification rate of interdataset experiments over a baseline system by 23% when training on MMI and testing on CK+.
Air entrapment by a falling water mass

The impact of a nearly cylindrical water mass on a water surface is studied both experimentally and theoretically. The experiments consist of the rapid release of water from the bottom of a cylindrical container suspended above a large water tank and of the recording of the free-surface shape of the resulting crater with a high-speed camera. A bubble with a diameter of about twice that of the initial cylinder remains entrapped at the bottom of the crater when the aspect ratio and the energy of the falling water mass are sufficiently large. Many of the salient features of the phenomenon are explained on the basis of simple physical arguments. Boundary-integral potential-flow simulations of the process are also described. These numerical results are in fair to good agreement with the observations.
A negative regulator of MAP kinase causes depressive behavior

The lifetime prevalence (~16%) 1 and the economic burden ($100 billion annually) 2,3 associated with major depressive disorder (MDD) make it one of the most common and debilitating neurobiological illnesses. To date, the exact cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of MDD have not been identified. Here we use whole-genome expression profiling of postmortem tissue and show significantly increased expression of mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase-1 (MKP-1, encoded by DUSP1, but hereafter called MKP-1) in the hippocampal subfields of subjects with MDD compared to matched controls. MKP-1, also known as dual-specificity phosphatase-1 (DUSP1), is a member of a family of proteins that dephosphorylate both threonine and tyrosine residues and thereby serves as a key negative regulator of the MAPK cascade 4 , a major signaling pathway involved in neuronal plasticity, function and survival 5,6 . We tested the role of altered MKP-1 expression in rat and mouse models of depression and found that increased hippocampal MKP-1 expression, as a result of stress or viral-mediated gene transfer, causes depressive behaviors. Conversely, chronic antidepressant treatment normalizes stress-induced MKP-1 expression and behavior, and mice lacking MKP-1 are resilient to stress. These postmortem and preclinical studies identify MKP-1 as a key factor in MDD pathophysiology and as a new target for therapeutic interventions. Brain imaging and postmortem studies have provided evidence of changes in the cellular architecture of several limbic brain regions, most notably atrophy of hippocampal pyramidal neurons and a correspond-­ing reduction in the volume of this region, in individuals with MDD 7–10 . Preclinical studies also show that stress causes atrophy of the apical den-­drites of pyramidal neurons and decreases neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the adult hippocampus 11–13 . Such alterations of the structure and function of the hippocampus could contribute to certain aspects of MDD, including disruption of cognition, depressed mood, helplessness, anhedonia and control of the hypothalamic-­pituitary -­ adrenal axis 14–18 .
Effect of protokylol on the ventricular rate in dogs with experimental A-V heart block☆

Abstract Protokylol is a beta-adrenergic stimulant which is presently used in the treatment of bronchial asthma. Given orally at 1 and 4 mg. per kilogram, protokylol increased heart rate in normal conscious dogs and ventricular rate in dogs with experimental A-V heart block; its duration of action exceeded 3 hours. Our data suggest the possible usefulness of protokylol in the therapy of A-V heart block.
Formation of Intrastrand Cross-Link Products between Cytosine and Adenine from UV Irradiation of d(BrCA) and Duplex DNA Containing a 5-Bromocytosine

Here, we showed that Pyrex-filtered UV light irradiation of d(BrCA) gave rise to three types of intrastrand cross-link products, that is, d(C[5-N6]A), d(C[5−2]A), and d(C[5−8]A), where the C5 carbon atom of cytosine is covalently bonded to the N6 nitrogen atom, C2, and C8 carbon atoms of adenine, respectively. Furthermore, we demonstrated by LC-MS/MS that the UV irradiation of a 5-bromocytosine-containing duplex oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) led to the formation of five cross-link products, that is, C[5-N6]A, C[5−2]A, C[5-8]A, A[2−5]C, and A[8−5]C, under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. LC-MS/MS quantification results showed that the yields for the formation of these cross-link products are different. The presence of molecular oxygen reduces the yields for the formation of all cross-link products except A[2−5]C. To our knowledge, this is the first report about the formation of intrastrand cross-link products between cytosine and adenine in duplex DNA. The chemistry discovered here may facilitate the fu...
Information processing under stress: A study of Mumbai Police first responders

Abstract The unprecedented terrorist attacks in India on November 26, 2008 tested conventional anti-terrorism response mechanisms of the law enforcement agencies. In this study we explore the information processing that governed the first response from the Mumbai Police department towards these attacks. This study was conducted through interviews and survey with officers from two distinct groups within the department. One of these groups played a strategic role (Control Room) while the other played a tactical role (Zone 1) in shaping the early response that was critical in subduing the attacks. Our findings have been used to propose recommendations for law enforcement.
A framed movable-boundry protocol for integrated voice/data in a LAN

A new, fully-distributed protocol for integrated voice/data traffic in a local-area, random-access broadcast network is described. The protocol introduces a movable voice-data boundary to framed TDMA/CSMA and eliminates the requirement of system-wide synchronized clocks. The movable boundary is a major advantage in any system where fluctuations in voice and data loads are expected because assignment of idle capacity from one traffic class to the other increases the utilization of the channel. The protocol provides collision-free virtual circuits for voice and periods of non-persistent CSMA/CD for data traffic and call establishment, and can support multi-party calls as well as two-way conversations. The protocol allows variable-size voice packets that have very low overhead and variable-size data packets that may be much longer than voice packets. This is of significant practical advantage over previous work, which has required fixed-size voice and/or data packets, or voice packets with high overhead. A method of dynamically controlling the movable boundary to balance the voice and data traffic is also proposed.
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in the environment: relationship to effluent from aquaculture facilities

Effluents from three fish hatcheries were monitored for the discharge and subsequent downstream distribution of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). Samples of springwater and surface water, and tissues from salmonid and non-salmonid fish were assayed for IPNV. Water samples were processed to recover virus by adsorption to an electropositive, microporous filter matrix. No IPNV was detected in surface water collected above fish hatcheries or in hatchery springwater supplies. The virus could be detected for at least 19.3 km below the point of effluent discharge from hatcheries and the prevalence of IPNV infection in stream-resident fish was 2.8%.