cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface-Surface Associations in Microbial Communities Populating Epithelial Habitats in the Murine Gastrointestinal Ecosystem: Scanning Electron Microscopy

Scanning electron microscopy has been used to visualize the residents of microbial communities populating habitats on epithelial surfaces in the gastrointestinal tracts of mice. In the stomach, bacteria form a dense layer on the stratified squamous epithelium of the nonsecreting area. Microbes of at least three morphological types can be seen in this layer, including short rods with round ends, rods in chains, and tapering filaments composed of repeating units of rod- or coccal-shaped elements varying in size from large at one end of the filament to small at the other end. These three forms all attach by one end to the epithelium. The latter two forms can be found only so attached; in both cases, the end is inserted into a hole or depression in the keratinized epithelium. In the small intestine, a microbe of morphology similar to that of the tapering filaments found in the stomach can be seen attached end-on to the epithelium. Again each filament has one end inserted into a hole in the epithelium. In this case, however, the repeating elements of each filament are all about the same size. In the cecum and colon, predominantly fusiform- and spiral-shaped microbes can be seen mixed together in layers on the epithelium. At least three types of fusiform-shaped microbes can be distinguished on the basis of surface texture, and one type of spiral-shaped microbe can be found. These microorganisms appear to be attached to each other and to the epithelium by weblike filaments. The numerous microbial types present in the various epithelial habitats associate intimately surface-to-surface with each other and with the epithelium. Such surface-surface association may be an important autogenic factor contributing to the stability of the murine gastrointestinal ecosystem. Images
Muskie's “five smooth stones”: An analysis of rhetorical strategies and tactics in his 1970 election‐eve speech

Senator Muskie faced a situation in which he had to undermine the effects of a strong Republican offensive as well as reemphasize the viability of the Democratic Party. Hence his speech, which resulted in an impressive personal if not party victory, demonstrated rhetorical strategies and tactics designed to accomplish both of these goals.
Anomalous partitioning of water in coexisting liquid phases of lipid multilayers near 100% relative humidity

Ternary lipid mixtures incorporating cholesterol are well-known to phase separate into liquid-ordered (L(o)) and liquid-disordered (L(d)) phases. In multilayers of these systems, the laterally phase separated domains register in columnar structures with different bilayer periodicities, resulting in hydrophobic mismatch energies at the domain boundaries. In this paper, we demonstrate via synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction measurements that the system relieves the hydrophobic mismatch at the domain boundaries by absorbing larger amounts of inter-bilayer water into the L(d) phase with lower d-spacing as the relative humidity approaches 100%. The lamellar repeat distance of the L(d) phase swells by an extra 4 A, well beyond the equilibrium spacing predicted by the inter-bilayer forces. This anomalous swelling is caused by the hydrophobic mismatch energy at the domain boundaries, which produces a surprisingly long-range effect. We also demonstrate that the d-spacings of the lipid multilayers at 100% relative humidity do not change when bulk water begins to condense on the sample.
The detailed anatomy of the para-urethral ducts in the adult human female.

Abstract The material studied consisted of serial sections and wax model reconstructions of adult human female urethras. As a result of this study, a concept of the anatomy and histology of the paraurethral ducts is presented. It would appear that these ducts are not constant in number or location; that they not only form extensive ramifications throughout the tissues about the distal urethra, but that they may also extend to within a short distance of the bladder; and that the often numerous ducts terminate in tubular glands which are lined for the most part by columnar epithelium. This epithelium has some, although limited, secretory activity. The role which the paraurethral ducts may play in the etiology of lesions of the urethra and anterior vaginal wall is discussed.
Classroom Age Composition and the School Readiness of 3- and 4-Year-Olds in the Head Start Program

The federal Head Start program, designed to improve the school readiness of children from low-income families, often serves 3- and 4-year-olds in the same classrooms. Given the developmental differences between 3- and 4-year-olds, it is unknown whether educating them together in the same classrooms benefits one group, both, or neither. Using data from the Family and Child Experiences Survey 2009 cohort, this study used a peer-effects framework to examine the associations between mixed-age classrooms and the school readiness of a nationally representative sample of newly enrolled 3-year-olds (n = 1,644) and 4-year-olds (n = 1,185) in the Head Start program. Results revealed that 4-year-olds displayed fewer gains in academic skills during the preschool year when they were enrolled in classrooms with more 3-year-olds; effect sizes corresponded to 4 to 5 months of academic development. In contrast, classroom age composition was not consistently associated with 3-year-olds' school readiness.
Symptom clusters during the late reproductive stage through the early postmenopause: observations from the Seattle Midlife Women's Health Study.

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to identify symptom clusters that characterize women’s experiences through the late reproductive stage, the menopausal transition, and early postmenopause and to explore the influence of the menopausal transition stages and early postmenopause, compared wit
Patterns of Migration to Monterrey, Mexico'

Monterrey, Mexico is a rapidly growing industrial metropolis, about half of whose growth in the last decades is due to net in-migration. A 1965 survey of 1640 men shows that a majority of migrants ...
Nucleus-nucleus effects in differential cross sections for antiproton-impact ionization of H atoms

We investigate the differential cross sections for antiproton-impact ionization of H atoms within the framework of time-dependent close-coupling theory. A Fourier transform method is employed in order to extract the fully differential cross sections for a specific value of projectile momentum transfer. The method allows us to incorporate the information about the interaction between the incoming projectile and the target nucleus, the so-called nucleus-nucleus interaction, and to assess its effect on the fully differential cross sections and double differential cross sections in projectile variables.
Care of an undocumented immigrant Case and comment

Summary This commentary addresses the care of an undocumented immigrant with neuromyelitis optica in the context of a state law designed to deny state-funded medical services to individuals whose presence in the United States is unlawful. It considers specific circumstances in which the law would permit or require medical care for undocumented persons in state medical facilities, including a duty to “stabilize” an “emergency medical condition” and the provision of care necessary to “protect life or safety.” It also addresses dilemmas clinicians may experience when faced with an apparent tension between their professional ethical obligations and legal rules aimed at enforcing immigration policies.
Clinical analysis on misdiagnosis of 46 cases of secondary syphilis

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics and cause of misdiagnosis on secondary syphilis.Methods The clinical data of 46 cases of secondary syphilis were collected to analyze their history,clinical manifestation,laboratory exam results.Results Secondary syphilis was likely to be misdiagnosed as pityriasis rosea,psoriasis,tinea manus and pedis,eczema and other skin diseases.Conclusion The cause of misdiagnosis on secondary syphilis was various.Patient's history,clinical manifestation and serologic examination could quickly and accurately diagnosed secondary syphilis and decrease misdiagnosis.
Surgery of the Achilles tendon and posterior muscle group

Ankle equinus is defined as an inability to dorsiflex the foot at the ankle a minimum of 10 degrees with the knee in full extension. Numerous causes have been presented, and proper evaluation and diagnosis is critical before a surgical procedure can be selected. Gross spastic contractures will be managed differently than the more subtle forms of limitation of ankle dorsiflexion. Lastly, it should be remembered that the desired increase in range of motion will be accompanied by a decrease in strength of the posterior group, which will vary with the procedure and age of the patient.
Unmasking the Monster: Hiding and Revealing Male Sexuality in John Carpenter’s Halloween

AbstractThis article examines the visual symbolism portrayed by the increasingly common use of a mask in horror films. The visual suggestion is related to deep, psychological underpinnings of the mask-wearing character, who perhaps wears the mask to shield both himself and others from recognizing his true inner identity.
Safety-critical control of a planar quadrotor

Aerial robots such as quadrotors are subject to range, power, communication, and collision constraints, which have to be strictly enforced for safe operation. Such constraints are dynamic constraints and require the state of the system to be forward-invariant with respect to a safe set. We propose a control design method for a planar quadrotor subject to collision safety constraints. The proposed controller explicitly considers the nonlinear underactuated dynamics of a planar quadrotor and formulates a sequential quadratic program that uses time-varying control Lyapunov functions to guarantee stability and time-varying control Barrier functions to guarantee safety. In particular, we introduce an augmented control Barrier function that enforces a safety region in position space while explicitly taking into account the quadrotor's orientation. We present several numerical results to validate the proposed controller, including (a) setpoint regulation subject to a single static obstacle, (b) trajectory tracking with multiple static obstacles, and (c) trajectory tracking with a dynamic obstacle.
A high performance 0.25 mu m CMOS technology

A high-performance 0.25- mu m CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) technology with a reduced operating voltage of 2.5 V is presented. A loaded ring oscillator (NAND FI=FO=3. C/sub w/=0.2 pF) delay per stage of 280 ps achieved (W/sub eff//L/sub eff/=15 mu m/0.25 mu m), which is a 1.7 X improvement over 0.5- mu m CMOS technology. At shorter channel lengths (0.18 mu m), a CMOS stage delay of 38 ps for unloaded inverter ring oscillators and 185 ps for loaded NAND are demonstrated. A reduced operating voltage in the range of 2.2-2.5 V is chosen to optimize performance without compromising reliability. Shallow junctions with abrupt profiles are used to minimize device series resistance as well as gate-to-source/drain (S/D) overlap capacitance. Dural poly (n/sup +/ and p/sup +/) gates are used to avoid buried-channel operation pFETs, resulting in superior short-channel characteristics. Poly and S/D sheet resistances are lowered, using a thin salicide (TiSi/sub 2/) process. >
Racial and ethnic disparities among young patients with gastric cancer.

25Background: Although up to 15% of patients with gastric cancer present at young age, the characteristics of these patients are not well described. We sought to determine if there are different clinical and pathologic characteristics associated with race and ethnicity in young gastric cancer patients. Methods: We identified all gastric adenocarcinoma patients who were younger than 45 years in the National Cancer Data Base between 2006 and 2013. We analyzed patient, tumor, and treatment-related factors as well as overall survival using standard statistical methods. Results: 5,869 patients were identified with 40.6% being Non-Hispanic Whites (NHW), 27.7% Hispanics (HS), 16.9% African Americans (AA), and 9.0% Asians (AS). HS patients presented at a younger age compared to the other groups (p < 0.01). HS presented most often with metastatic disease (59.2%) followed by AA (50.2%), NHW (49.6%), and AS (49.8%; p < 0.01). NHW presented more often with tumors in the cardia (45.7%) compared to AA (12.7%), HS (12.5...
Neuroprotection in Oxidative Stress-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases: Role of Endocannabinoid System Modulation

Abstract Significance: Redox imbalance may lead to overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and subsequent oxidative tissue damage, which is a critical event in the course of neurodegenerative diseases. It is still not fully elucidated, however, whether oxidative stress is the primary trigger or a consequence in the process of neurodegeneration. Recent Advances: Increasing evidence suggests that oxidative stress is involved in the propagation of neuronal injury and consequent inflammatory response, which in concert promote development of pathological alterations characteristic of most common neurodegenerative diseases. Critical Issue: Accumulating recent evidence also suggests that there is an important interplay between the lipid endocannabinoid system [ECS; comprising the main cannabinoid 1 and 2 receptors (CB1 and CB2), endocannabinoids, and their synthetic and metabolizing enzymes] and various key inflammatory and redox-dependent processes. Future Directions: Targeting the ECS ...
Reversible island nucleation and growth with anomalous diffusion

Motivated by recent experiments on submonolayer organic film growth with anomalous diffusion, a general rate-equation (RE) theory of submonolayer island nucleation and growth was developed (Amar and Semaan, 2016) [23], which takes into account the critical island-size i, island fractal dimension df, substrate dimension d, and diffusion exponent μ , and good agreement with simulations was found for the case of irreversible growth corresponding to a critical island-size i=1i=1 with d=2d=2. However, since many experiments correspond to a critical island-size larger than 1, it is of interest to determine if the RE predictions also hold in the case of reversible island nucleation with anomalous diffusion. Here we present the results of simulations of submonolayer growth with i=2i=2 (d=2d=2) which were carried out for both the case of superdiffusion (μ > 1) and subdiffusion (μ < 1) as well as for both ramified islands (df ≃ 2) and point-islands (df=∞)df=∞). In the case of superdiffusion, corresponding to ‘hot’ freshly deposited monomers, excellent agreement is obtained with the predictions of the generalized RE theory for the exponents χ(μ) and χ1(μ) which describe the dependence of the island and monomer densities at fixed coverage on deposition rate F. In addition, the exponents do not depend on whether or not monomers remain superdiffusive or are thermalized (e.g. undergo regular diffusion) after detaching from a dimer. However, we also find that, as was previously found in the case of irreversible growth, the exponent χ only approaches its asymptotic value logarithmically with increasing 1/F . This result has important implications for the interpretation of experiments. Good agreement with the RE theory is also found in the case of subdiffusion for point-islands. However, in the case of ramified islands with subdiffusion and i=2,i=2, the exponents are significantly higher than predicted due to the fact that monomer capture dominates in the nucleation regime. A modified RE theory which takes this into account is presented, and excellent agreement is found with our simulations.
Is Cardioprotection Dead

For >4 decades, the holy grail in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction has been the mitigation of lethal injury. Despite promising initial results and decades of investigation by the cardiology research community, the only treatment with proven efficacy is early reperfusion of the occluded coronary artery. The remarkable record of failure has led us and others to wonder if cardioprotection is dead. The path to translation, like the ascent to Everest, is certainly littered with corpses. We do, however, highlight a therapeutic principle that provides a glimmer of hope: cellular postconditioning. Administration of cardiosphere-derived cells after reperfusion limits infarct size measured acutely, while providing long-term structural and functional benefits. The recognition that cell therapy may be cardioprotective, and not just regenerative, merits further exploration before we abandon the pursuit entirely.
Mid-Term Outcomes After Open Reduction Internal Fixation of Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Dorsal Fracture-Dislocations Through a Volar, Shotgun Approach and a Review of the Literature.

Background Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) fracture dislocations remain a complex injury pattern to treat. There are several treatment methods available aimed to restore stability, preserve range of motion, and reconstitute the articular surface. This study looked at the mid-term clinical and radiographic results of open reduction internal fixation through a shotgun approach of comminuted PIP fracture dislocations. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of all PIP fracture dislocations treated through a volar, shotgun approach at a single institution over a 15-year period. Patients identified were contacted and asked to return to the office for clinical and radiographic evaluation. Patient reported outcomes were assessed with the Michigan hand questionnaire (MHQ) and visual analog scale (VAS) for pain. Results 5 patients returned to the office for further evaluation with average follow-up of 69 months (range, 33-133 months). 3 patients were found to have post traumatic arthritis on radiographs. 1 case had recurrent instability and one case had a deep infection, both necessitating further surgical intervention. Average PIP arc of motion was found to be 79°. Average VAS score of 0 and MHQ result of 95 (out of a possible score of 100) indicating no residual pain and excellent functionality of the affected hand. Conclusion Open reduction internal fixation of comminuted PIP fracture dislocations utilizing the volar, shotgun approach provides excellent mid-term functional results despite the high incidence of post traumatic arthritis.
Inorganic Phosphors for Diode Pumped Solid-State Lighting Applications

Rare-earth ion doped crystals and glasses are investigated for white light emission under diode laser excitation. Chromaticity diagrams, color coordinates and temperature are estimated. These materials meet the criteria of white light emitters.
Abstract 19826: Cardiac Potassium Channel IKs Regulation by Isoform Specific PKC: Implications for Long QT Syndrome

Background: The cardiac voltage-gated potassium channel (IKs) is composed of KCNQ1 and KCNE1 subunits. Mutations in the KCNQ1 gene lead to the most common form of inherited cardiac arrhythmia, Long QT type 1 (LQT1). Protein kinase C (PKC) is activated in response to stress stimulus and is chronically activated in heart disease, but little is known about IKs regulation by prolonged PKC activation. Methods: GFP-KCNQ1 and KCNE1 subunits were co-transfected with alpha1 adrenergic receptor (α1-AR) in HEK293T cells. Channel localization was measured using confocal microscopy and biotinylation technique. Results: To determine IKs membrane expression regulation by sustained PKC stimulation (hours) we both stimulated α1-AR and directly stimulated calcium dependent (cPKC) and calcium independent PKC isoforms. Our results show that: 1) prolonged receptor stimulation strongly decreased IKs membrane expression. 2) Prolonged stimulation of cPKC but not the calcium independent isoform PKCe mimicked the effect of receptor stimulation. 3) General PKCβ and PKCβII inhibitors, but not PKCα or PKCβI inhibitors blocked the effect of cPKC. Many LQT1 mutations have decreased membrane expression. In order to investigate the implication of PKCβII regulation of IKs membrane expression to LQT1 syndrome we studied 8 LQT1 associated mutations. For two LQT1 mutants, PKCβ inhibition restored membrane expression, both in the presence and absence of the WT subunit, suggesting an increased sensitivity to basal PKCβ activity. Surprisingly, for one mutant membrane expression was decreased by PKCβ inhibition. Conclusions: Our results indicate that membrane expression of IKs is decreased in response to PKCβII isoform stimulation. This is particularly important because PKCβ expression and activation are strongly increased in heart disease. Specific inhibition of PKCβ restored IKs channel localization for two out of eight LQT1 mutant channels tested. Thus, our results suggest that PKCβII inhibition may protect against QT prolongation and may serve as a novel mutation-specific target for treatment of LQT1 patients.
Designing 0.5 V 5-nm HP and 0.23 V 5-nm LP NC-FinFETs With Improved ${I}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle OFF}}$ Sensitivity in Presence of Parasitic Capacitance

Negative capacitance field effect transistor (NCFET) is designed in 5-nm FinFET node, which simultaneously meets the low-power and high-performance targets of ${I}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}$ and ${I}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle OFF}}$ at ${V}_{\sf dd}= 0.5$ V and ${V}_{\sf dd}= 0.23$ V, respectively, while the international roadmap for devices and systems (ITRS 2.0) projected ${V}_{\sf dd}$ is 0.65 V for both. The impact of power supply and parasitic capacitance on the performance of NCFET is studied. It is demonstrated that NCFET can be designed for fluid subthreshold swing (SS) behavior such that SS is degraded around ${V}_{\sf gs}=0$ , ${V}_{\sf ds}={V}_{\sf dd}$ , and is improved in the subthreshold region. This helps in combating OFF-current variation due to the threshold voltage fluctuations. A compact model to determine such design conditions is presented. Parasitic capacitance and the ferroelectric material parameters should be cooptimized for the target ${V}_{\sf dd}$ .
Methods of Isolation and Characterization of Bacterial Membranes

It is now well documented that the major structural features (apart from size and shape) distinguishing prokaryotic bacterial cells from eukaryotic cells relate to the nature and organization of membrane systems, the nucleus, and the “packaging” of functions in membranous organelles. Anatomically, the majority of bacterial cells are relatively undifferentiated with respect to intracellular membrane-bound structures. Thus the bacterial nucleus lacks a nuclear membrane, there are no separate mitochondrial organelles, and the respiratory functions are localized in the multifunctional plasma membrane of the bacterial cell. A membranous endoplasmic reticulum similar to that of eukaryotic cells is not seen, although evidence has been presented for the organization of the ribosomes on a fine supporting structure or matrix of smaller dimensions (Schlessinger et al, 1965; van Iterson, 1965). Other membrane-bounded organelles such as the Golgi apparatus and lysosomes are absent, although there have been suggestions, along with a great number of others, that the mesosomes may fulfill some of these cellular functions (for review, see Ellar, 1970; Stanier, 1970; Salton, 1971a,b; Ghosh, 1974).
Iteration und Arithmetik

Wir wollen jetzt geradewegs die Definitionen von Summe, Produkt und Potenz ansteuern, die wir in (5) von Kapitel 11 betrachtet haben, und dazu wenden wir uns zunachst den Definitionen von Seq und z|w zu, die wir in (7) und (8) desselben Paragraphen erortert haben.
Explanation in Bayesian belief networks

Reasoning under uncertainty forms a central task for most medical decision-support systems. The paradigm of Bayesian belief networks allows us to reason under uncertainty using probability theory, without forcing us to make unwarranted independence assumptions. The belief-network representation has led to a recent resurgence in the use of probability theory in decision-support systems. Providing explanations of the conclusions of decision-support systems can be viewed as presenting inference results in a manner that enhances the user's insight into how these results were obtained. The ability to explain inferences has been demonstrated to be an important factor in making medical decision-support systems acceptable for clinical use. Although many researchers in artificial intelligence have explored the automatic generation of explanations for decision-support systems based on symbolic reasoning, research in automated explanation of probabilistic results has been limited. In this dissertation, I defend the thesis that we can explain belief-network inference results by determining the influences of findings and of network structure on those results; that the explanations thus derived improve users' insight into probabilistic inferences; and that such enhanced insight can lead to improved decision making by medical practitioners. This dissertation contributes a mathematical methodology that lets us determine the separate influences--on the belief-network inference result--of individual findings, sets of findings, belief-network arcs, and chains of reasoning. This methodology results in a set of functions that can be used to generate explanations. The methodology is general; it can be applied to any belief network. I call this explanation methodology--and its computer implementation--INSITE (Insight about Network Structure and Inference Through Explanation). In an evaluation study of INSITE in the domain of anesthesia, I compared subjects who had access to a belief network with explanations of the inference results, to control subjects who used the same belief network without explanations. I show that, compared to control subjects, the explanation subjects demonstrated greater diagnostic accuracy, were more confident about their conclusions, were more critical of the belief network, and found the presentation of the inference results more clear.
Standard Bronchoscopy With Fluoroscopy vs Thin Bronchoscopy and Radial Endobronchial Ultrasound for Biopsy of Pulmonary Lesions: A Multicenter, Prospective, Randomized Trial.

Background New technology has resulted in bronchoscopy being increasingly used for diagnosing pulmonary lesions. Reported yield from these procedures varies widely with few randomized clinical trials. This study compares the diagnostic yield of a thin bronchoscope and radial endobronchial ultrasound (R-EBUS) with standard bronchoscopy and fluoroscopy (SB-F) in lung lesions. Methods Patients presenting for diagnostic bronchoscopic evaluation at five centers were randomized to undergo SB-F or R-EBUS with a thin bronchoscope (TB-EBUS). If SB-F was nondiagnostic, crossover to the TB-EBUS arm was allowed. Data on patient demographics, radiographic features, and final pathologic or radiographic follow-up were collected. Statistical comparisons were made by Fisher exact test, χ2 test, and Student t test. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine predictors of diagnostic yield. Results One hundred and ninety-seven patients were included in the final analyses. There was no difference in demographics, lesion size, or location between study arms. The average lesion size was 31.2 mm (SD, 10.8 mm). Bronchoscopy was diagnostic in 87 patients (44%). Although the diagnostic yield was higher in the TB-EBUS arm compared with the SB-F arm (49% vs 37%), this difference was not statistically significant (P = .11). Among those with nondiagnostic bronchoscopic findings in the standard arm, 87% (n = 46) crossed over to TB-EBUS, resulting in a diagnosis in seven additional patients (15% of 46). Conclusions Bronchoscopy with or without a thin scope and R-EBUS had a poor diagnostic yield for pulmonary lesions. Future work should focus on improvements in technique and technology advances that ensure a higher likelihood of obtaining a diagnosis.
Spatial Patterns in Rush-Hour vs. Work-Week Diesel-Related Pollution across a Downtown Core

Despite advances in monitoring and modelling of intra-urban variation in multiple pollutants, few studies have attempted to separate spatial patterns by time of day, or incorporated organic tracers into spatial monitoring studies. Due to varying emissions sources from diesel and gasoline vehicular traffic, as well as within-day temporal variation in source mix and intensity (e.g., rush-hours vs. full-day measures), accurately assessing diesel-related air pollution within an urban core can be challenging. We allocated 24 sampling sites across downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (2.8 km²) to capture fine-scale variation in diesel-related pollutants, and to compare these patterns by sampling interval (i.e., "rush-hours" vs. "work-week" concentrations), and by season. Using geographic information system (GIS)-based methods, we allocated sampling sites to capture spatial variation in key traffic-related pollution sources (i.e., truck, bus, overall traffic densities). Programmable monitors were used to collect integrated work-week and rush-hour samples of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), black carbon (BC), trace elements, and diesel-related organics (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), hopanes, steranes), in summer and winter 2014. Land use regression (LUR) models were created for PM2.5, BC, total elemental carbon (EC), total organic carbon (OC), elemental (Al, Ca, Fe), and organic constituents (total PAHs, total hopanes), and compared by sampling interval and season. We hypothesized higher pollution concentrations and greater spatial contrast in rush-hour, compared to full work-week samples, with variation by season and pollutant. Rush-hour sampling produced slightly higher total PM2.5 and BC concentrations in both seasons, compared to work-week sampling, but no evident difference in spatial patterns. We also found substantial spatial variability in most trace elements and organic compounds, with comparable spatial patterns using both sampling paradigms. Overall, we found higher concentrations of traffic-related trace elements and organic compounds in rush-hour samples, and higher concentrations of coal-related elements (e.g., As, Se) in work-week samples. Mean bus density was the strongest LUR predictor in most models, in both seasons, under each sampling paradigm. Within each season and constituent, the bus-related terms explained similar proportions of variance in the rush-hour and work-week samples. Rush-hour and work-week LUR models explained similar proportions of spatial variation in pollutants, suggesting that the majority of emissions may be produced during rush-hour traffic across downtown. Results suggest that rush-hour emissions may predominantly shape overall spatial variance in diesel-related pollutants.
User-mediated authentication protocols and unforgeability in key collision

This research provides a computational analysis of the ISO 9798-6 standard’s Mechanism 7a authentication protocol. In contrast to typical authentication protocols, ISO 9798-6 mechanism 7a requires user interaction and aims to authenticate data possession instead of identities. Consequently, we introduce a 3-party possession user mediated authentication (3-PUMA) model. Furthermore, we demonstrate the necessary security guarantees of the MAC primitive – which include non-standard assumptions – and introduce existential unforgeability under key collision attacks (EUF-KCA). The resulting analysis demonstrates a notable lack in the standard’s requirements and has implications for other PUMA protocols.
Long-Term Outcomes for Transition-Age Youth With Mental Health Conditions Who Receive Postsecondary Education Support:

This article examines the relationship between receiving support for postsecondary education (college or vocational training) from state vocational rehabilitation (VR) agencies and long-term outcom...
Diagnostic classification of soft tissue malignancies: A review and update from a surgical pathology perspective.

Abstract Soft tissue sarcomas encompass a broad spectrum of histologically, clinically, and molecularly diverse neoplasms that present unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Accurate classification is essential both for appropriate risk stratification and for guiding clinical management. Once classified almost exclusively based on the morphologic appearance of the tumor by light microscopy, many soft tissue sarcomas are now known to manifest recurrent patterns of genetic alterations. In addition to enabling molecular confirmation of histologic diagnoses, discovery of these recurrent genetic alterations has helped to refine existing morphologic definitions of sarcoma subtypes and even prompted the discovery of new subtypes. As therapy for sarcoma has become increasingly tailored to a specific entity, the integration of molecular data has assumed added importance in diagnostic decision making. In this article, we summarize principles of the histologic evaluation of soft tissue sarcomas, discuss specific diagnostic features of several of the most common sarcoma subtypes, and describe our vision for a future of soft tissue sarcoma diagnosis that merges morphologic, genetic, and epigenetic features to arrive at diagnoses that are aligned with tumor-specific, biologically targeted treatment approaches.
Multigenerational epigenetic inheritance: One step forward, two generations back

Modifications to DNA and histone proteins serve a critical regulatory role in the developing and adult brain, and over a decade of research has established the importance of these "epigenetic" modifications in a wide variety of brain functions across the lifespan. Epigenetic patterns orchestrate gene expression programs that establish the phenotypic diversity of various cellular classes in the central nervous system, play a key role in experience-dependent gene regulation in the adult brain, and are commonly implicated in neurodevelopmental, psychiatric, and neurodegenerative disease states. In addition to these established roles, emerging evidence indicates that epigenetic information can potentially be transmitted to offspring, giving rise to inter- and trans-generational epigenetic inheritance phenotypes. However, our understanding of the cellular events that participate in this information transfer is incomplete, and the ability of this transfer to overcome complete epigenetic reprogramming during embryonic development is highly controversial. This review explores the existing literature on multigenerational epigenetic mechanisms in the central nervous system. First, we focus on the cellular mechanisms that may perpetuate or counteract this type of information transfer, and consider how epigenetic modification in germline and somatic cells regulate important aspects of cellular and organismal development. Next, we review the potential phenotypes resulting from ancestral experiences that impact gene regulatory modifications, including how these changes may give rise to unique metabolic phenotypes. Finally, we discuss several caveats and technical limitations that influence multigenerational epigenetic effects. We argue that studies reporting multigenerational epigenetic changes impacting the central nervous system must be interpreted with caution, and provide suggestions for how epigenetic information transfer can be mechanistically disentangled from genetic and environmental influences on brain function.
Does Discrimination Breed Mistrust? Examining the Role of Mediated and Non-Mediated Discrimination Experiences in Medical Mistrust

Medical mistrust is associated with a decreased likelihood of engaging in various health behaviors, including health utilization and preventive screening. Despite calls for research to address medi...
Association of Preoperative Patient Frailty and Operative Stress With Postoperative Mortality.

Importance Patients with frailty have higher risk for postoperative mortality and complications; however, most research has focused on small groups of high-risk procedures. The associations among frailty, operative stress, and mortality are poorly understood. Objective To assess the association between frailty and mortality at varying levels of operative stress as measured by the Operative Stress Score, a novel measure created for this study. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study included veterans in the Veterans Administration Surgical Quality Improvement Program from April 1, 2010, through March 31, 2014, who underwent a noncardiac surgical procedure at Veterans Health Administration Hospitals and had information available on vital status (whether the patient was alive or deceased) at 1 year postoperatively. A Delphi consensus method was used to stratify surgical procedures into 5 categories of physiologic stress. Exposures Frailty as measured by the Risk Analysis Index and operative stress as measured by the Operative Stress Score. Main Outcomes and Measures Postoperative mortality at 30, 90, and 180 days. Results Of 432 828 unique patients (401 453 males [92.8%]; mean (SD) age, 61.0 [12.9] years), 36 579 (8.5%) were frail and 9113 (2.1%) were very frail. The 30-day mortality rate among patients who were frail and underwent the lowest-stress surgical procedures (eg, cystoscopy) was 1.55% (95% CI, 1.20%-1.97%) and among patients with frailty who underwent the moderate-stress surgical procedures (eg, laparoscopic cholecystectomy) was 5.13% (95% CI, 4.79%-5.48%); these rates exceeded the 1% mortality rate often used to define high-risk surgery. Among patients who were very frail, 30-day mortality rates were higher after the lowest-stress surgical procedures (10.34%; 95% CI, 7.73%-13.48%) and after the moderate-stress surgical procedures (18.74%; 95% CI, 17.72%-19.80%). For patients who were frail and very frail, mortality continued to increase at 90 and 180 days, reaching 43.00% (95% CI, 41.69%-44.32%) for very frail patients at 180 days after moderate-stress surgical procedures. Conclusions and Relevance We developed a novel operative stress score to quantify physiologic stress for surgical procedures. Patients who were frail and very frail had high rates of postoperative mortality across all levels of the Operative Stress Score. These findings suggest that frailty screening should be applied universally because low- and moderate-stress procedures may be high risk among patients who are frail.
Defense Synchrotron Consortium (DSC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory

The Defense Synchrotron Consortium (DSC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory, to be established in early 2020, has emerged from concerted efforts by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) of the ...
Encoding multiple digital DNA signals in a single analog channel

For many analytic and biomedical applications, the presence of an analyte above or below a critical concentration is more informative for decision making than the actual concentration value. Straightforward analog-to-digital signal conversion does not take full advantage of the precision and dynamic range of modern sensors. Here, we present and experimentally demonstrate an analog-to-multiple-digital signal conversion, reporting digital signals that indicate whether the concentrations of specific DNA sequences exceed respective threshold values. These threshold values can be individually programmed for each target sequence. Experimentally, we showed representation of four DNA targets' information in a single fluorescence channel.
An Evaluation of Self-Reported Publications in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Fellowship Applications.

Background Orthopaedic sports medicine fellowship positions are increasing in popularity, as evidenced by the increasing number of applicants to these programs. As positions have become more competitive, greater emphasis has been placed on an applicant's research experience. However, there has been a lack of research evaluating the accuracy of self-reported publications from fellowship applications. Purpose To evaluate the accuracy of self-reported research publications and the outcomes of studies submitted for publication by applicants to an Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-accredited sports medicine fellowship in the United States (US). Study design Cross-sectional study. Methods Demographic and research publication data were retrospectively collected from 435 applications to an ACGME-accredited orthopaedic sports medicine fellowship program at a single high-volume academic institution from 2013 to 2017. All self-reported manuscript publications and studies in progress were analyzed with a minimum 2-year follow-up. "Submitted" publications were reviewed by searching the originally submitted journal and all publicly available sources. Publications were verified on PubMed, MEDLINE, and other open access journals. Journal impact factors were collected through use of InCites Journal Citation Reports. Results Only 5.7% (85/1504) of papers reported as "completed" were inaccurately self-reported, with 44 (51.8%) remaining unverified and 41 (48.2%) reporting discordant authorship, in which the published study listed a different author order than reported on the application. Further, 28.3% (197/696) of papers self-reported as "submitted" remained unpublished, 21.8% (152/696) were published in a different journal than originally reported, and 7.6% (53/696) were published with a different authorship order than reported. Among 95 applicants whose papers were published in different journals than originally reported, the mean impact factor of the final accepting journal was significantly lower than that of the journal of original submission (0.97 ± 0.13 vs 3.91 ± 0.79, respectively; 95% CI of the difference, 1.34-4.54; P Conclusion There is a low rate of inaccurate self-reporting of "completed" publications on applications for orthopaedic sports medicine fellowships. The majority of papers listed as "submitted" on these applications were not published in the journals to which they were originally submitted.
Re-excision rates among older breast cancer patients undergoing breast-conserving surgery (BCS): Impact of the SSO-ASTRO consensus guideline on margins.

576Background: BCS has been historically associated with a high re-excision rate, driven in part by the need of obtaining negative margins. The SSO-ASTRO consensus guideline on invasive margins, de...
Respiratory outcomes pre and post nusinersen in children with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) in a tertiary UK paediatric respiratory and neurology centre

Introduction: SMA is a neurodegenerative disease with severe muscle atrophy and weakness of limbs and trunk due to loss of function of SMN1 gene. The clinical severity is best related to the number and function of the nearly identical SMN2 gene copies which can be modified by nusinersen. Licensed for SMA types 1,2,3, it is delivered intrathecal on days 0, 14, 28, at 2 months then 4 monthly. Aims: To compare the respiratory outcomes before and after treatment with nusinersen. Methods: We collected retrospectivelly data on hospital admissions for respiratory infections, non-invasive ventilation (NIV) pressures and CHOP scores (motor function scale) in the year before and after nusinersen commancement. Results: 12 patients have completed maintenance doses with nusinersen since 2017:10 with SMA type1 (1 patient died in 2018), 1 with SMA1b, 1 with SMA2. Median age at diagnosis of SMA1 was 9 months and treatment started from 7 months to 5 years (median 23 months). Median CHOP intend score pre-nusinersen was 31 and post-nusinersen 41.5. The total number of admissions to intensive care for respiratory exacerbations pre-nusinersen was 26, 7 requiring intubation and post-nusinersen was 8, 4 requiring intubation. After nusinersen the NIV pressures of 3 patients reduced, increased for one and remained the same for 6. 1 patient was not on NIV. Conclusion: The greatest effect of nusinersen is seen in the motor function[1]. Our results also show a reduction in the number of hospital admissions for respiratory exacerbations and need for intubation after nusinersen. This warrants furter study. References: 1. Neuromuscul Disord 2019Nov;29(11):842-856
A note on pair-dependent linear statistics with a slowly increasing variance

We prove Gaussian fluctuations for pair-counting statistics of the form $$\Sigma_{1\le i\ne j\le N}f(\theta_i-\theta_j)$$ for the circular unitary ensemble of random matrices in the large- $$N$$ limit under the condition that the variance increases slowly as $$N$$ increases.
The use of precision dairy technologies to detect illness in group housed automatically fed pre-weaned dairy calves

Precision dairy management is the use of sensor derived parameters to measure physiological, behavioral, and production indicators on individual animals to improve management strategies and farm performance. Automated milk feeding systems for group housed pre-weaned calves may offer some benefits including reallocation of labor, earlier socialization of calves, and an easy way to deliver more milk. However, there are some important disadvantages including increased risk for morbidity and mortality as well as delays in disease detection. Software programs aim to assist in the detection of sick calves through such methods as flagging calves when there has been a large reduction in milk intake or large changes in drinking speed over the last 24 hr period as compared to the previous 72 hr period. However, early research suggests that these simplistic algorithms may not be any more sensitive or timely than a human observer, and in some cases may miss detecting sick calves altogether. The greater aim of our research program is to determine if we can use different algorithms or approaches to examine feeding behavior that may improve the sensitivity and timeliness of detecting sick calves. As a first step towards this aim, the objective of the current preliminary study was to identify which feeding behaviors are most different between healthy and sick calves.
Computational analysis of endovascular aortic repair proximal seal zone preservation with endoanchors: A case study in cylindrical neck anatomy.

Abstract Background Endovascular aortic repair is the common approach for abdominal aortic aneurysms, but endoleaks remain a significant problem with long-term success. Endoanchors have been found to reduce the incidence of type 1A endoleaks and can treat intraoperative type 1a endoleaks. However, little is known about the optimal number and position of endoanchors to achieve the best outcome. Methods Using image segmentation and a computational model derived from a reconstructed native patient abdominal aortic aneurysm geometry, the stability of the proximal seal zone was examined through finite element analysis in Abaqus (Dassault Systemes, Providence, RI). The biomechanical parameter of contact area was compared for varying numbers (0, 2, 4, 8) and positions (proximal, medial, distal) of endoanchors under different adhesion strengths and physiologic pressure conditions. Results In every simulation, an increase in adhesion strength is associated with maintenance of proximal seal. For biologically plausible adhesion strengths, under conditions of normal blood pressure (120 mm Hg), the addition of any number of endoanchors increases the stability of the endograft-wall interface at the proximal seal zone by approximately 10% compared with no endoanchors. At hypertensive pressures (200 mm Hg), endoanchors increase the stability of the interface by 20% to 60% compared with no endoanchors. The positioning of endoanchors within the proximal seal zone has a greater effect at hypertensive pressures, with proximal positioning increasing stability by 15% compared with medial and distal positioning and 30% compared with no endoanchors. Conclusions Endoanchors improve fixation within the proximal seal zone particularly under conditions of high peak systolic pressure. Seal zone stabilization provides a mechanism through which endoanchor addition may translate into lower rates of type 1a endoleaks for patients.
Initiation of Gender-Affirming Testosterone Therapy in a Lactating Transgender Man.

Introduction:Transgender and gender diverse individuals may choose to provide their infants with human milk. Lactating transgender men may experience gender dysphoria and desire to initiate or rein...