cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SECOND-LAW ANALYSIS OF AN IDEAL OTTO CYCLE

Abstract The system input and output exergy at each portion of an ideal Otto cycle, as well as the process effectiveness, are calculated for compression ratios of 3.0:9.0 and air/fuel equivalence ratios of 0.25:1.0. For comparison, the energy-based efficiencies are also calculated. It was found that both effectiveness and efficiency increase with compression ratio and with air-to-fuel ratio (but at different rates), and that the effectiveness does not vary much when the air-to-fuel ratio increases above 200%. It was also shown that exergy analysis represents the losses in the cycle, such as in the combustion and exhaust processes, much more realistically than the conventional first-law analysis and serves as a good guide for cycle improvements. Several recommendations are made in that direction.
pOEV: a Xenopus oocyte protein expression vector.

Abstract We have constructed a Xenopus laevis oocyte expression vector, pOEV, which allows cloned DNA to be transeribed and translated directly in the oocyte. Since proteins translated in oocytes are post-translationally modified according to conserved eukaryotic signals, these cells offer a convenient system for performing structural and functional analyses of cloned genes. pOEV can be used for direct analysis of proteins encoded by cloned cDNAs without preparing mRNA in vitro , simplifying existing protocols for translating proteins in oocytes with a very high translational yield. Transcription of the vector in oocytes is driven by the promoter for the TFIIIA gene, which can generate 1–2 ng (per oocyte within 2 days) of stable mRNA template for translation. The vector also contains SP6 and T7 promoters for in vitro transcription to make mRNA and hybridization probes. DNA clones encoding chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) were injected into oocyte germinal vesicles and CAT protein accumulated in the cell over a 2- to 4-day period. We found that the concentration of DNA injected affected protein yields; surprisingly relatively low concentrations in the range 25–50 pg DNA per oocyte gave maximum yields of CAT protein. When as little as 5 pg of pOEV DNA is injected we typically expressed 40 fmol of CAT protein per oocyte, after 4-day incubations. In addition, we have shown that this system is amenable to the expression of nuclear and membrane proteins.
Design of a Surface-Emitting, Subwavelength Metal-Clad Disk Laser in the Visible Spectrum

We analyze metal-clad disk cavities designed for nanolasers in the visible red spectrum with subwavelength device size and mode volume. Metal cladding suppresses radiation loss and supports low order modes with room temperature Q of 200 to 300. Non-degenerate single-mode operation with enhanced spontaneous emission coupling factor β is expected with the TE_(011) mode that has a 0.46(λ_0/n)^3 mode volume and Q = 210 in a device of size 0.12λ_0^3. Threshold gain calculations show that room temperature lasing is possible using multiple GaInP/AlGaInP quantum wells as the gain medium. Placing a planar metal reflector under the cavity can enhance radiation and extraction efficiencies or increase the Q, without incurring additional metallic absorption loss. We show that the far-field radiation characteristics are strongly affected by the devices’ immediate surroundings, such as changes in metal cladding thickness, even as the resonant mode profile, frequency, and Q remain the same. When the metal cladding is 1 µm thick, light radiates upward with a distinct intensity maximum at 45° when the cladding is 100 nm thick, the emitted light spreads in a near-horizontal direction.
Invertase activity in Epichloë/Acremonium fungal endophytes and its possible role in choke disease

Subspecies of Festuca rubra often host fungal endophytes of the genus Epichloe. Endophyte-infection can confer significant advantages, such as insect resistance, to the grass hosts, but in some cases can also result in the pathological condition of choke disease. In choke disease, the developing inflorescence becomes trapped in the fungal mycelium, resulting in reduced seed yields. Here we report that the choke stroma tissue contains cell wall and soluble invertase activities which were greater than 10-fold higher than the activities in the subtending stem. Most of the invertase activity probably originated from the fungus. High fungal invertase activity in the stroma would improve the sink strength of the fungus for sucrose import from the plant phloem, thus providing the carbohydrate needed for the enhanced fungal growth which occurs in choke disease.
Field ionization device used for measuring the pulse height defect of He+ in silicon

A neutral particle detector using field ionization and liquid-nitrogen-cooled solid state detectors has been developed to investigate the pulse height defect of low energy He(+) ions in silicon. The field ionization tip is fabricated from a short length of tungsten wire; a typical detector is of the surface-barrier Si type with a thin Au window and low capacitance (about 15 pF); the assembly is mounted in a cylindrical vacuum chamber which is pumped to about 10 to the -6th torr. As an example, pulse height distributions for He(+) and H(+) taken at tip bias of 25.7 kV are presented. The detected energy of the H and He ions are studied as a function of the actual energies of accelerated ions, for a detector having a gold front conducting surface layer of 32 micrograms/sq cm.
Relational factors in psychopathological responses to childbirth.

Childbirth can represent for women the time of greatest vulnerability experience, often associated with being out of control, loneliness or sadness. One hundred and sixty women who had ‘normal’ births were assessed within 48 hours on potential predictive measures and at 3–6 months post-partum for PTSD. Symptoms of depression, anxiety, perceived and desired support by family members, friends, medical personnel were also assessed. t-Test and chi-square were used to analyze differences between ‘risk group’ and ‘non-risk group’. Few women (1.25%) showed questionnaire responses suggesting clinically significant levels on PTSD; other women (28.75%) reported clinically significant symptoms for at least one subscale. Being at the first delivery experience, together with perceptions of low levels of support from family members and medical personnel, were found to be related to experience of post-traumatic stress symptoms. Anxiety for the child and previous depression are also related to such symptoms. Moreover, an...
The minimum sphere covering a convex polyhedron

A finite algorithm is given for finding the smallest sphere enclosing a convex polyhedron in En described by a given system of linear equalities or inequalities. Extreme points of the polyhedron, and minimum spheres enclosing them, are generated in a systematic manner until the optimum is attained.
Mothers' and fathers' speech to infants in a teaching situation

The purpose of this study was to compare mothers' and fathers' speech to their preverbal infants in a teaching situation. Thirty-two parents of 16 8-month-olds were asked to teach their infants to put a small cube into a cup. Infant Gender (2) x Birth Order (2) x Parent (2) analyses of variance were performed with repeated measures on parent. Results indicated that fathers issued more utterances and used more words per utterance than did mothers. Although there was no difference in the proportion of imperatives used by mothers and fathers, fathers' imperatives were significantly longer than mothers'; this difference was not evident for utterances that contained indirect instructions. Mothers tended to use more exact repetitions. There were differences in parental speech related to infant gender: Parents directed more utterances, particularly utterances that contained negative statements, imperatives, and exhortations, to girls than to boys. Infant Gender x Parent effects for imperatives and exhortations indicated that these differences were especially true for fathers. Overall, it appeared that fathers made greater efforts to control the situation and to direct their infants' behavior, which might have reflected mothers' and fathers' different perceptions of both their infants' ability and their own role as teachers. Le but de cette etude etait de comparer, dans une situation d'enseignement, le discours des meres et des peres a leurs bebes qui ne parlent pas encore. L'on a demande a trente-deux parents de seize bebes ǎges de huit mois d'enseigner a leurs bebes a mettre un petit cube dans une tasse. Les analyses de variance Sexe du Bee (2) x Ordre de Naissance (2) x Parent (2) ont ete faites avec des mesures reptetees sur le parent. Les resultats ont indique que les peres avaient des propos plus nombreux et utilisaient plus de mots par declaration que les meres. Bien qu'il n'y ait eu aucune difference dans la proportion d'im-peratifs utilises par les meres et les peres, les imperatifs des peres etaient, de maniere significative, plus long que ceux des meres; cette difference n'etait pas evidente pour les propos contenant des instructions indirectes. Les meres avaient tendance a utiliser plus de repetitions exactes. Suivant le sexe du bebe des differences ont ete constatees dans les discours parantaux: les parents adressaient plus de propos, par-ticulierement des propos contenant des enonciations negatives, des imperatifs, et des exhortations aux filles qu'aux garcons. Les effets Sexe du Bebe x Parent pour les imperatifs et les exhortations ont indique que ces differrences etaient surtout vraies pour les peres. Dans I'ensemble, il est apparu que les peres faisaient de plus grands efforts pour contrǒler la situation et diriger le comportement de leurs bebes, ce qui pourrait fort bient avoir reflete les perceptions differentes que se font les meres et les peres a la fois des capacite de leurs bebes et de leur propre rǒle d'enseignant.
Overall evaluation of economic theories

This article evaluates economic theories of the non-profit sector by their ability to enlighten our understanding of the scope of inquiry, the determinants of the size and scope of the non-profit sector, and the behavioural responses of donors, volunteers, paid staff and non-profit organisations to changes in their external environment. Adherence to a non-distribution constraint has proven to be a useful way of delimiting economic analysis of non-profit organisations, but more attention should be paid to alternatives. Economists have been less successful at developing usable distinctions between voluntary action and exchange. The size and scope of the sector appear to be determined by entrepreneurial supply factors, donations (which in turn are influenced by tax policy, governmental spending, fund-raising, and the quality and mixture of organisational outputs, commercial or charitable), commercial activities, capital supply, the supply of labour (paid and volunteered), the marketability of outputs, and the distribution of consumer characteristics. Variations of James's (1983) model have proven useful to predict the reaction of non-profits to exogenous changes.
Intramolecular charge transfer and biomimetic reaction kinetics in galactose oxidase model complexes.

One-electron oxidation of two structurally similar CuII−diphenolate complexes, 1 and 2, creates EPR-silent CuII−phenoxyl complexes [1]+ and [2]+ that mimic the oxidized form of the enzyme galactose oxidase (GOase). Both model complexes display novel NIR absorptions assigned to phenolate−phenoxyl charge transfer that resemble a tyrosinate−tyrosyl charge-transfer band observed in the enzymatic system. [1]+ and [2]+ react with benzyl alcohol to form 0.5 equivs of benzaldehyde per complex; biomimetic reduction to CuI−phenol complexes is not observed, but such species may exist transiently. Initial kinetic studies show that [2]+ reacts faster with benzyl alcohol than does [1]+, despite being a significantly weaker oxidant (ΔE° = 370 mV). This acceleration is ascribed to mechanistic differences: [2]+ appears to bind substrate prior to the rate-determining step. Large, nonclassical kinetic isotope effects confirm C−H bond cleavage as the rate-determining step in the reactions of both [1]+ and [2]+ with benzyl a...
Bibliographic Coupling: A Review.

Abstract The theory and practical applications of bibliographic coupling are reviewed. The reviewer takes issue with the use of bibliographic coupling for information retrieval and automatic classification on logical grounds, and for reasons relating to uncontrolled citation practices. The usefulness of the procedure for the study of the science of science and bibliometrics is granted.
Current Approaches to the Management of Pediatric Hodgkin Lymphoma

Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the few cancers that affect both adults and children. Cure rates for Hodgkin lymphoma remain among the best for pediatric cancers. However, cure is often associated with significant delayed effects of therapy, including an elevated risk for second malignancies, cardiotoxicity, pulmonary toxicity, and gonadal and non-gonadal endocrine dysfunction. Therefore, the aim of current treatment strategies is to further improve outcomes while minimizing therapy-related complications. At diagnosis, patients are classified into risk groups based on disease stage, and the presence of clinical, biologic, and serologic risk factors. In general, the most recent trials have intensified therapy in those patients with high-risk disease to improve disease control, and have limited therapy in those patients with low-risk disease to avoid secondary effects. In low-risk patients, multiple studies have been conducted to investigate limiting either radiation therapy or chemotherapy to prevent long-term side effects without affecting the excellent cure rate. In intermediate- and high-risk patients, many studies have examined intensifying therapy to improve event-free survival rates. In addition, response assessment by fluorine-18-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) may be particularly important in pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma; it may allow modification of treatment to maximize treatment efficacy and minimize late effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Despite the improvements in treatment for all stages of Hodgkin lymphoma, there is still a subgroup of patients who do not enter remission with initial therapy or relapse after initial response to therapy. Unfortunately, standard-dose salvage chemotherapy for relapsed disease has disappointing results in terms of overall survival since patients have typically already received intensive therapy. While there is no standard of care in terms of salvage chemotherapy, high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) rescue has become the standard of care for the majority of children with relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma. The use of allogeneic transplantation is controversial in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma; because of the high transplant-related mortality, allogeneic transplant has not been associated with improved overall survival over ASCT. As more has been learned about the biologic mechanisms involved in Hodgkin lymphoma, biologically-based therapies are being investigated for use in this disease, both at initial diagnosis and relapse. Both immunotherapy and small molecules are being studied as possible therapeutic agents in Hodgkin lymphoma. Unfortunately, the vast majority of investigations of novel agents have occurred exclusively in adult patients. However, since pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma and adult Hodgkin lymphoma are similar, these results may potentially be extrapolated to pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma.
Effects of Transverse Normal and Shear Strains in Orthotropic Shells

Introduction P and shell structures in missile, space, and nuclear applications are often subjected to severe operational conditions. Classical methods of analysis based on the Kirchhoff-Love (K-L) hypothesis (implying neglect of transverse shear deformation and transverse normal stress) may not be applicable in such cases. This is especially true for certain composite and refractory materials which show a high degree of anisotropy in physical and mechanical properties. Typical of such materials is pyrolytic graphite (PG), perhaps the best known of the many pyrolytic refractory materials. Noteworthy among its unusual properties are the following: 1 ) PG is transversely isotropic. 2) The ratio of in-plane Young's modulus to transverse shear modulus (E/G\3) for PG varies between 20-50, as compared to E/G of 2.6 for an isotropic material with v = 0.3. 3) The ratio of transverse to in-plane thermal expansion coefficients (a33/an) varies approximately between 10 and 30. 4) The in-plane Poisson's ratio for PG is negative (v = 0.21) while the transverse ratio (v13 = 0.90-1.0) is quite high. The purpose of the present Note is to illustrate the significance of transverse shear, normal stress effects, and edge conditions on the stress and displacement computations for thin shells subjected to thermal loading and also to point out the hazards of employing classical shell theories for analysis of structures of pyrolytic graphite-type materials.
Sulfonamide Activity Against Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium chelonei

Forty-eight clinical strains of Mycobacterium fortuitum and 15 clinical strains of Mycobacterium chelonei were evaluated for susceptibility to sulfonamides, including trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ). Sensitivity tests were carried out with use of agar dilutions in Mueller-Hinton agar and a plate inoculum of 10(2) cfu. Thirty-six percent of the isolates of M. fortuitum were inhibited by 8 micrograms of sulfonamide/ml, and 98% were inhibited by 32 micrograms/ml. None of the isolates of M. chelonei were inhibited at these concentrations, but 73% were inhibited by 128 micrograms/ml, and 87% were inhibited by 256 micrograms/ml. Both species were highly resistant to TMP, and the combination TMP-SMZ (1:20) was no more active than was SMZ alone. The growth of M. chelonei on Mueller-Hinton agar required the addition of 10% OADC (oleic acid, albumin, dextrose, and catalase), and exact MICs were difficult to determine by agar dilutions because growth of the organism tended to diminish gradually over several dilutions. Six patients with disease due to rapidly growing mycobacteria were treated with sulfonamides, and all showed a good response to therapy. Sulfonamides may be the treatment of choice for infections due to M. fortuitum and offer potential for the therapy of disease due to M. chelonei.
A Procedure for Measuring Length in the Special Theory of Relativity

A procedure for measuring length in the special theory of relativity with corresponding transformations of time, coordinates, and velocities is proposed in which the length of a moving object is invariant.
Developmental aspects of X chromosome inactivation in eutherian and metatherian mammals.

The single active X principle has served for two decades as a focal point for research on the cyclic activation and inactivation of gene loci. Differences in X chromosome inactivation patterns of eutherian and marsupial mammals provide probes for investigating the mechanisms of the X inactivation process. In eutherian mammals, the X chromosome is inactivated early in meiotic prophase in males and remains inactive throughout the rest of spermatogenesis. During meiosis in females, the inactive X chromosome is activated so that both X chromosomes are active in oocytes. During the early cleavage divisions of female embryos, the paternally derived X is activated. It and the maternally derived X remain active until differentiation begins in early embryogenesis. At that time, the paternally derived X is inactivated in cells that give rise to extraembryonic membranes, whereas a random process determines which X chromosome is inactivated in cells that give rise to the embryo itself. Although less is known about developmental aspects of X inactivation in female marsupials, it is clear that the paternal X is preferentially inactive in postembryonic somatic cells. Furthermore, the paternal X is partially active at some loci in some cell types, indicating that it is not regulated as a single unit. The successful adaptation of a small (80–150 g), fecund marsupial to simple laboratory conditions now enables extensive experimentation on the large number of marsupials at various developmental stages. This capability, coupled with the application of newly developed cellular and molecular techniques to questions about X chromosome inactivation, shows great promise for advancing our understanding of the mechanisms that control the cyclic behavior of X chromosome activity.
Ontology Downgraded All The Way

Willard Quine has recently defended his brand of scientific realism and naturalism (1992). He has expanded his defense (1993, 1996), utilizing observation sentences in their holophrastic guise. He also argues that the latter bear “... significantly on the epistemology of ontology” and provide for the commensurability of theories. I argue that they fail in all these tasks. Further, Quine’s long-standing commitment to a kind of scientific realism, on the one hand, and his frequent employment of proxy functions and the rejection of transcendental metaphysics, on the other, constitute an untenable position. A consistent Quinean must abandon scientific realism and ontology.
Biases associated with population estimation using molecular tagging

Although capture–recapture techniques are often used to estimate population size, these approaches are difficult to implement for a wide variety of species. Highly polymorphic microsatellite markers are useful in individual identification, and these ‘molecular tags’ can be collected without having to capture or trap the individual. However, several sources of error associated with molecular identification techniques, including failure to identify individuals with the same genotype for these markers as being different, and incorrect assignment of individual genotypes, could bias population estimates. Simulations of populations sampled for the purpose of estimating population size were used to assess the extent of these potential biases. Population estimates tended to be biased downward as the likelihood of individuals sharing the same genotype increased (as measured by the probability of identity (PI) of the multi-locus genotype); this bias increased with population size. Populations of 1000 individuals were underestimated by ≥5% when the PI was as small as 1.4 × 10−7. A similar-sized bias did not occur for populations of 50 individuals until the PI had increased to approximately 2.5 × 10−5. Errors in genotype assignment resulted in overestimates of population size; this problem increased with the number of samples and loci that were genotyped. Population estimates were often >200% the size of the simulated populations when the probability of making a genotyping error was 0.05/locus and 7–10 loci were used to identify individuals. This bias was substantially reduced by decreasing genotyping error rate to 0.005. If possible, only highly polymorphic loci that are critical for the identification of the individual should be used in molecular tagging, and considerable efforts should be made to minimize errors in genotype determination.
The evolutionary conservation of DNA polymerase α

Abstract The evolutionary conservation of DNA polymerase alpha was assessed by immunological and molecular genetic approaches. Four anti-human KB cell DNA polymerase alpha monoclonal antibodies were tested for their ability to recognize a phylogenetically broad array of eukaryotic DNA polymerases. While the single non-neutralizing antibody used in this study recognizes higher mammalian (human, simian, canine, and bovine) polymerases only, three neutralizing antibodies exhibit greater, but variable, extents of cross-reactivity among vertebrate species. The most highly cross-reactive antibody recognizes a unique epitope on a 165-180 kDa catalytic polypeptide in cell lysates from several eukaryotic sources, as distant from man as the amphibians. Genomic Southern hybridization studies with the cDNA of the human DNA polymerase alpha catalytic polypeptide identify the existence of many consensus DNA sequences within the DNA polymerase genes of vertebrate, invertebrate, plant and unicellular organisms. These findings illustrate the differential evolutionary conservation of four unique epitopes on DNA polymerase alpha among vertebrates and the conservation of specific genetic sequences, presumably reflective of critical functional domains, in the DNA polymerase genes from a broad diversity of living forms.
Improved Facial Nerve Identification with Novel Fluorescently Labeled Probe

Objectives/Hypothesis: By phage display, we have developed a novel peptide (NP41) that binds selectively to nerves following systemic administration. We evaluated the pattern of facial nerve labeling with fluorescently-labeled NP41 (F-NP41). We also tested whether F-NP41 highlights facial nerves well enough to identify nerve stumps accurately several weeks after nerve transection. Study Design: Forty-seven wild-type mice were studied prospectively. One surgeon performed the nerve transection, reanastomoses, and monitoring of functional recovery. Methods: Fluorescent labeling: F-NP41 was administered intravenously (20 mice). Nerve labeling was studied with fluorescence microscopy. Transection and reanastomosis: the right facial nerve was transected (25 mice). Three weeks after transection, F-NP41 was administered intravenously and fluorescence microscopy was used to identify the nerve stumps and reanastomosis in one group. Nerve identification and renastomosis was performed with white light in another group without F-NP41. The control group underwent sham surgery. Time to nerve identification was recorded. Functional recovery was monitored for at least 8 weeks. Results: We found excellent labeling of intact and transected facial nerves following F-NP41 administration. Several weeks following nerve transection, F-NP41 provided accurate identification of the proximal and distal nerve stumps. Following reanastomosis, time to recovery and level of functional recovery was similar in the absence and presence of F-NP41. Conclusions: We show improved visualization of facial nerves with a novel systemically applied fluorescently labeled probe. Use of F-NP41 resulted in accurate identification of facial nerve stumps several weeks following transection. Functional recovery was similar with and without the use of F-NP41. Laryngoscope, 2011
The atomic origins of reduced critical currents at [001] tilt grain boundaries in YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin films

Abstract Grain boundaries have long been known to have a deleterious and irreproducible effect on the transport properties of high- T c oxide superconductors, particularly in the high-angle regime where an exponential decrease in critical current has been reported. We demonstrate, through a combination of atomic resolution Z-contrast imaging and bond valence sum analysis, that it is the atomic structure of the grain boundary that dominates this behavior. [001] tilt grain boundaries in thin-film YBa 2 Cu 3 0 7− δ are composed of arrays of dislocations in defined sequences. The resulting strain fields seriously perturb the local electronic structure, leading to a non-superconducting zone at the grain boundary. The width of this zone increases linearly with misorientation angle, naturally explaining the observed exponential decrease in critical current. In addition, the widely varying J c measurements for a given grain boundary misorientation can be naturally explained by the facetting of the grain boundary plane.
Treatment of refractory undifferentiated acute myelogenous leukemia with all‐trans‐retinoic acid

A patient is described with undifferentiated acute myeloblastic leukemia refractory to two courses of daunorubicin and cytosine arabinoside. Because some the myeloblasts developed morphologic features of promyelocytes, the patient was treated with all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) in an attempt to promote maturation. Cytogenetic studies and sensitive molecular analysis did not reveal any abnormality classically associated with acute promyelocytic leukemia. Serial bone marrow biopsies demonstrated myeloid maturation, and the patient uneventfully went into a sustained complete remission. A review of the literature confirms this to be an apparently hitherto undescribed response to ATRA that may have therapeutic implications in similar patients. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A compendium and comparison of 25 project evaluation techniques. Part 2: Ratio, payback, and accounting methods

Abstract This two-part paper presents 25 different methods and techniques used to evaluate the economic desirability of projects. We categorized these 25 methods into 5 types: net present value methods, rate of return methods, ratio methods, payback methods, and accounting methods. We provide insight into the advantages and limitations of these project evaluation methods by comparing and contrasting them. Many examples are included to illustrate the use of these methods. In Part 1, we examine net present value and rate of return methods. In Part 2, we examine ratio, payback, and accounting methods. A recap, comparison, and full summary of all 25 methods is included at the end of Part 2.
High speed image rotation in embedded systems

Abstract The design of an enhanced SIMD processor, named the SIMDDE, is evaluated. The architecture has circular data paths, as well as row and column paths. The SIMDDE architecture is intended primarily for use in image recognition in embedded systems. The designed processor also might be realized with other architectures provided they meet the spatial constraints. Performance comparisons are made with a von Neumann, an unenhanced SIMD, two pipeline architectures, and a paracomputer. The methodology employs an image recognition algorithm introduced by Castleman (Digital Image Processing, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1979) and an extension of the published analysis of Cantoni, Guerra, and Levialdi (Computing Structures for Image Processing (M. Duff, Ed.), pp. 43-56, Academic Press, New York, 1983). It is shown that this augmentation can increase the performance threefold at only a 6% increase in the cost as measured by the number of paths required. Comparisons of the design as realized with other architectures indicate when these might be preferred.
Solubility and diffusivity of cyclohexane in two different polyethylenes

The solubility and diffusivity of cyclohexane in a very low density polyethylene (VLDPE) have been measured over a range of temperatures and concentrations. These data provide an interesting contrast to similar data for high density polyethylene. Above the melt temperatures, the solubilities for both polyethylenes follow the same correlation as a function of the activity. Below the melt temperature, however, a correction is needed to correlate the solubility that accounts for the elasticity effects caused by the polymer chains between the crystals. The capabilities of two models that can predict the solubility and the free-volume model for the correlation of the diffusivity have been analyzed. Unlike in previous studies, the diffusivity in the VLDPE does not appear to be influenced significantly by the presence of crystals. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:688–692, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Symmetry codes and their invariant subcodes

Abstract We define and study the invariant subcodes of the symmetry codes in order to be able to determine the algebraic properties of these codes. An infinite family of self-orthogonal rate 1 2 codes over GF(3), called symmetry codes, were constructed in [3]. A (2q + 2, q + 1) symmetry code, denoted by C(q), exists whenever q is an odd prime power ≡ −1, (mod 3). The group of monomial transformations leaving a symmetry code invariant is denoted by G(q). In this paper we construct two subcodes of C(q) denoted by Rσ(q) and Rμ(q). Every vector in Rσ(q) is invariant under a monomial transformation τ in G(q) of odd order s where s divides (q + 1). Also Rμ(q) is invariant under τ but not vector-wise. The dimensions of Rσ(q) and Rμ(q) are determined and relations between these subcodes are given. An isomorphism is constructed between Rσ(q) and a subspace of W = V 3 (2q+2) s . It is shown that the image of Rσ(q) is a self-orthogonal subspace of W. The isomorphic images of Rσ(17) (under an order 3 monomial) and Rσ(29) (under an order 5 monomial) are both demonstrated to be equivalent to the (12, 6) Golay code.
ASSESSING AND PROGRAMMING GENERALIZED BEHAVIORAL REDUCTION ACROSS MULTIPLE STIMULUS PARAMETERS

Generalization across three stimulus parameters was examined for 5 individuals whose self-injurious behavior was maintained by escape from task demands. Prior to treatment, three stimulus parameters (therapist, setting, and demands) were systematically varied across baseline sessions. These variables were held constant during treatment, which consisted of escape extinction. When treatment was completed, three novel stimulus parameters were probed. If the rate of self-injury was high during this probe, treatment was reimplemented with one new stimulus parameter (the other two were the same as in the original treatment condition). Following this second treatment, another probe with three novel stimuli was conducted. If the rate of self-injury was again high, treatment was implemented again while a second stimulus parameter was changed. This sequence continued until generalization was observed across the three parameters. Results showed idiosyncratic differences in generalization. The behavior of 2 subjects showed complete generalization during the first novel probe. A 3rd subject's behavior showed generalization following treatment across two stimulus parameters (setting and therapist). The behavior of the 2 remaining subjects showed a complete lack of generalization across the three parameters; both subjects required training for novelty by randomly varying the stimulus parameters for a substantial number of sessions.
Tonal transfer in Chichewa

What happens to tone when a form is reduplicated in a tone language? In Marantz's (1982) model of reduplication, it is only segmental melody that is copied from the base. This approach predicts that no tones of the base will appear on the reduplicant. In other models, the whole base is copied, including prosody (Steriade 1988; McCarthy & Prince 1988, forthcoming). This approach predicts that the tone of the base will always appear on the reduplicant, i.e. there will be ‘transfer’ of the tone (Clements 1985).
Integrating occupational health into the medicine clerkship using problem-based learning.

Objective:To improve medical students’ ability and willingness to obtain occupational histories from their patients.
The Western Church and Astrology during the Early Middle Ages

It is now nearly forty years ago that two scholars independently drew attention to Ambrosiaster's attacks on the paganism of his age. Cumont in a brilliant article, La polemique de l'Ambrosiaster contre les paiens, analyzed and discussed Quaestio CXIIII, Adversus paganos, and Quaestio CXV, De fato, of the writer whose identity must still be regarded as uncertain. The purpose of Souter's admirable monograph, A study of Ambrosiaster, was quite different. Primarily he was concerned to prove once and for all that the pseudo-Augustinian Quaestiones veteris et novi testamenti CXXVII were composed by the same author as the highly individual commentary on the thirteen epistles of St. Paul included among the works of Ambrose. The common authorship of the two works is now universally accepted. Souter's book was also a preliminary study for his definitive edition of the Quaestiones which appeared some years later in the Vienna Corpus.
The challenges of measuring methane fluxes and concentrations over a peatland pasture

Abstract We report on methane (CH 4 ) concentrations and efflux densities that were measured over a drained and grazed, peatland pasture in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta of California over a three year period. The site was ideal for micrometeorological flux measurements due to its very flat topography, its exposure to vigorous winds and its extended fetch along the predominant wind direction. Nevertheless, the interpretation of methane fluxes with eddy covariance proved to be extremely complicated by a number of geographical, biophysical, biogeochemical and site management factors. Initial inspection of the data revealed unexpected results—methane concentrations and efflux densities were greatest during the night rather than during the day. To explain this odd diurnal behavior in methane efflux densities and concentration, we tested two hypotheses. The prime hypothesis presupposed that the stable stratification of the nocturnal boundary layer elongated the flux footprint and enabled the flux tower to sense wetter fields at the western edge of the pasture, flooded drainage ditches, and/or a tidal marsh upwind of the pasture—these land forms emitted methane at rates 10–100 times greater than the drained portion of the peatland. And, this methane was emitted into a shallower volume of the atmosphere due to the collapse of the nocturnal boundary layer, causing methane concentrations to rise faster. The alternative hypothesis attributed the higher nocturnal methane fluxes to cattle, as they may have congregated near the tower at night. We investigated these hypotheses with: (1) a series of micrometeorological field measurements at companion sites upwind and downwind of the pasture; (2) a series of chamber-based flux measurements on the representative land classes; (3) through the lens of a one-dimensional planetary boundary layer (pbl), box model; and (4) via inspection of digital camera images for the presence or absence of cattle. Together, these pieces of data suggest that elevated methane fluxes and concentrations at night were due to the combined correlation between: (1) the collapse of the nocturnal boundary layer; (2) the elongation of the flux and concentration footprints; and (3) the preferential sampling of an elevated methane source, be it the cattle, wet proportions of the field or some combination. On the other hand, our flux measurements were not perturbed by methane emanating from the tidal marsh that was several kilometers upwind of the peatland pasture site.
Extracellular GTP Causes Membrane-Potential Oscillations through the Parallel Activation of Mg2+ and Na+ Currents in Paramecium tetraurelia

Paramecium tetraurelia responds to extracellular GTP (≥ 10 nm) with repeated episodes of prolonged backward swimming. These backward swimming events cause repulsion from the stimulus and are the behavioral consequence of an oscillating membrane depolarization. Ion substitution experiments showed that either Mg2+ or Na+ could support these responses in wild-type cells, with increasing concentrations of either cation increasing the extent of backward swimming. Applying GTP to cells under voltage clamp elicited oscillating inward currents with a periodicity similar to that of the membrane-potential and behavioral responses. These currents were also Mg2+- and Na+-dependent, suggesting that GTP acts through Mg2+-specific (I Mg) and Na+-specific (I Na) conductances that have been described previously in Paramecium. This suggestion is strengthened by the finding that Mg2+ failed to support normal behavioral or electrophysiological responses to GTP in a mutant that specifically lacks I Mg (``eccentric''), while Na+ failed to support GTP responses in ``fast-2,'' a mutant that specifically lacks I Na. Both mutants responded normally to GTP if the alternative cation was provided. As I Mg and I Na are both Ca2+-dependent currents, the characteristic GTP behavior could result from oscillations in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Indeed, applying GTP to cells in the absence of either Mg2+ or Na+ revealed a minor inward current with a periodicity similar to that of the depolarizations. This current persisted when known voltage-dependent Ca2+ currents were blocked pharmacologically or genetically, which implies that it may represent the activation of a novel purinergic-receptor–coupled Ca2+ conductance.
Lower Bounds on the Frequency Estimation Error in Magnetically Coupled MEMS Resonant Sensors

MEMS inductor-capacitor (LC) resonant pressure sensors have revolutionized the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms. In contrast to electrostatically driven MEMS resonators, these magnetically coupled devices are wireless so that they can be permanently implanted in the body and can communicate to an external coil via pressure-induced frequency modulation. Motivated by the importance of these sensors in this and other applications, this paper develops relationships among sensor design variables, system noise levels, and overall system performance. Specifically, new models are developed that express the Cramer–Rao lower bound for the variance of resonator frequency estimates in terms of system variables through a system of coupled algebraic equations, which can be used in design and optimization. Further, models are developed for a novel mechanical resonator in addition to the LC-type resonators.
Shoulder instability after total shoulder arthroplasty: a case of arthroscopic repair.

Arthroscopy has become a mainstay of minimally invasive orthopedic surgery. A host of intra-articular and periarticular lesions can now be safely and effectively addressed using arthroscopic techniques in both native and prosthetic joints. Although not common, arthroscopy after total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) can be a valuable tool in addressing postoperative issues including instability, infection, component loosening, and pain. We describe a case of atraumatic posterior instability after a TSA, which was addressed arthroscopically, and then review indications for arthroscopic management of the painful total shoulder.
Fokker−Planck Equation and Langevin Equation for One Brownian Particle in a Nonequilibrium Bath

The Brownian motion of a large spherical particle of mass M immersed in a nonequilibrium bath of N light spherical particles of mass m is studied. A Fokker−Planck equation and a generalized Langevin equation for an arbitrary function of the position and momentum of the Brownian particle are derived from first principles of statistical mechanics using time-dependent projection operators. These projection operators reflect the nonequilibrium nature of the bath, which is described by the exact nonequilibrium distribution function of Oppenheim and Levine [Oppenheim, I.; Levine, R. D. Physica A 1979, 99, 383]. The Fokker−Planck equation is obtained by eliminating the fast bath variables of the system [Van Kampen, N. G.; Oppenheim, I. Physica A 1986, 138, 231], while the Langevin equation is obtained using a projection operator which averages over these variables [Mazur, P.; Oppenheim, I. Physica 1970, 50, 241]. The two methods yield equivalent results, valid to second order in the small parameters e = (m/M)1/2...
Gas separation through expansible tubing

The basic difficulty in membrane separations has always been their inherent slowness, resulting in high area requirements. Thus fine-bore tubing becomes of considerable interest. Studies showed that some materials will expand appreciably and reversibly and gas flow rates which are multiples of those in the unexpanded condition can be obtained.
Functional aspects of ultrasound production by infant albino rats (Rattus norvegicus).

Abstract Effects of infant ultrasounds on adult albino rats were investigated through playback of recorded pup calls. Adults were exposed to a 90-s recording of either ultrasonic calls and background noise (experimentals) or of noise alone (controls). Males and virgin females merely oriented to the sound source. However, 50 per cent of lactating females left the nest at least once in response to recorded pup calls. Unlike controls, experimental lactating females localized the sound source accurately in terms of direction. The results suggest that ultrasounds are capable of inducing lactating females to leave the nest and to engage in searching behaviour, as well as of guiding them to a vocalizing pup.
OPTIMIZED NEUROCONTROLLER FOR VIBRATION REDUCTION IN HELICOPTER BLADES

Abstract High levels of vibrations in helicopters contribute to fatigue damage in structural members, degraded ride-quality, and performance problems in on-board systems. Both passive and active means of vibration control have been studied in this context. The former approach involves either the use of passive devices or an optimal tailoring of the mass and stiffness properties of the structure to minimize vibrations under anticipated loading conditions. The active approach involves the use of hub-mounted control systems or actively actuated control surfaces on the blade to vary the airflow over the blade, thereby limiting the vibration levels. Each of these approaches, in particular the latter, requires that an accurate model for predicting the dynamic response of the blade be available. Analytical models available for predicting dynamic response of helicopters are somewhat inadequate, and give rise to uncertainties that must be taken into account when selecting control strategies. Linear models based on...
Climacograptus pungens Ruedemann, 1904 and the definition of the Darriwilian (Ordovician) graptolite genus Archiclimacograptus Mitchell, 1987

The genus Archiclimacograptus represents one of the earliest taxa of axonophoran graptolites with geniculate the- cae, but its current status and evolutionary relationships are difficult to access even after a number of cladistic analyses have been executed. Archiclimacograptus? pungens (Ruedemann), a poorly known little species from the lower Darriwilian of eastern North America is interpreted as a possible member of the genus. The species belongs to a group of axonophorans with highly asymmetrical proximal end and pattern C astogeny, characterized by the lack of an apertural spine on th1 2 , rang- ing from the Levisograptus dentatus Biozone (Darriwilian) to the Nemagraptus gracilis Biozone (Sandbian). Specimens are common in North America and the Argentinian Precordillera, but have not been reported from any Atlantic Faunal Realm localities. The distribution of the group indicates a restriction to the Pacific Faunal Realm, providing the earliest indication of a developing biogeographic differentiation of axonophoran graptolites after their origin in the oceanic biofacies during the Upper Dapingian to lower Darriwilian time interval. Archiclimacograptus? ambiguus is described as a new species. Resume : Si le genre Archiclimacograptus represente un des taxons les plus anciens de graptolites axonophores dotes de theques geniculees, son statut actuel et ses liens evolutionnaires sont difficiles a evaluer et ce, meme apres diverses analyses cladistiques. Archiclimacograptus? pungens (Ruedemann), une petite espece meconnue du Darriwilien inferieur de l'est de l'Amerique du Nord, est interprete faisant possiblement partie de ce genre. L'espece appartient a un groupe d'axonophores presentant une extremite proximale tres asymetrique et une astogenie de type C caracterisee par l'absence d'une epine apertu- rale sur th12, dont la distribution va de la biozone a Levisograptus dentatus (Darriwilien) a la biozone a Nemagraptus graci- lis (Sandbien). Des specimens sont repandus en Amerique du Nord et dans la precordillere argentine, mais leur presence dans des localites du domaine faunique atlantique n'a jamais ete signalee. La distribution du groupe indique qu'il se limite au domaine faunique pacifique, constituant l'indice le plus ancien d'une differentiation biogeographique des graptolites axo- nophores apres leur apparition dans le facies oceanique durant l'intervalle allant du Dapingien superieur au Darriwilien infe- rieur. Archiclimacograptus? ambiguus est decrit comme etant une nouvelle espece. (Traduit par la Redaction)