cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Initial bacterial attachment in slow flowing systems: effects of cell and substrate surface properties

Bacterial biofilm can have significant effects on the behaviors and/or performance of natural and man-made systems. Understanding the factors governing initial bacterial attachment is critical to biofilm management. In this study, the initial attachment of three bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas putida, on two substrates, glass and octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) modified glass, was examined in flow chambers. The flow chambers were designed and operated to mimic slow moving water bodies and minimize the gravitational settlement of cells. The hydrophobicity of bacterial surface was evaluated by partitioning of cells to the water-hexadecane interface and the liquid contact angles on cell layers collected on filter papers. On the more hydrophilic glass surface, the attachment trend was found to be E. coli>P. putida>P. aeruginosa, while the opposite trend was observed on the hydrophobic, OTS modified surface. The attachment trend on glass could be explained by the magnitude of the negative interaction energy at secondary minima, as predicted by the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (XDLVO) theory. The much higher attachments of P. aeruginosa and P. putida on the OTS-modified substrate, on the other hand, suggested that these cells could overcome the energy barrier between the primary and secondary minima of interaction energy to become attached to the primary minimum. The extent of primary-minimum attachment appeared to correlate with the scale of the energy barrier, with higher attachments in the bacteria-substrate combinations of lower energy barriers. The study generated important insights into the effects of cell and substrate surface properties on initial bacterial attachment.
Seasonal and ontogenetic variation of skin microbial communities and relationships to natural disease dynamics in declining amphibians

Recently, microbiologists have focused on characterizing the probiotic role of skin bacteria for amphibians threatened by the fungal disease chytridiomycosis. However, the specific characteristics ...
Fuzzy boundaries and hard rules: Unfunded research and the IRB

In this article, I describe my use of the institutional review board (IRB) while conducting unfunded research at my institution. I examine the relationship between rule and practice in my research and attempt to outline the assumptions underlying my practical choices.
Decentralized control based on the value of information in large vehicle arrays

An approach for determining the value of information in a dynamic network is formulated as a data rate optimization which reduces multi-criteria linear-quadratic-Gaussian (LQG) controllers with centralized information to controllers with distributed or decentralized information. The dynamic network can be an array of vehicles, but the theory is more general. Two essential notions are used to decompose a centralized controller for each vehicle. First, given a quadratic cost criterion for each vehicle, a LQG Nash equilibrium is established where each controller has access to all the information in the network. The resulting optimal deterministic cost criteria become functions of the system parameters and statistics. Secondly, by augmenting these criteria with costs associated with transmitting the measurement and control values within the network, data rate parameters, bounded between zero and one, are determined through a deterministic multi-criteria optimization. If the data rate associated with a measurement is zero, then that measurement is not transmitted and no longer used in the local state estimator. If the control used by a vehicle is not transmitted, then that control can only be constructed from the local estimates. To simplify the computations, a static optimization problem is also suggested to obtain suboptimal solutions. Examples composed of a string of vehicles are presented. For simplification only data rates of zero or one are considered. The results of the optimization show that the control values should not be transmitted when a minimal number of measurements are used. It appears that with this minimal number of measurements, a priori knowledge of the control structure produces observable and detectable systems when no control is transmitted, whereas the knowledge of the control value and the minimal measurement set leads to an unobservable system and therefore, system instability.
Reactive oxygen species are not a required trigger for exercise-induced late preconditioning in the rat heart

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been reported to play a primary role in triggering the cardioprotective adaptations by some preconditioning procedures, but whether they are required for exercise-induced preconditioning is unclear. Thus in this study we used the free radical scavenger N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)glycine (MPG) to test the hypothesis that ROS is the trigger for exercise-induced preconditioning of the heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Male F344 rats were assigned to four groups: sedentary (SED, n = 7), SED/MPG (100 mg/kg ip daily for 2 days, n = 12), exercised on a treadmill for 2 days at 20 m/min, 6° grade, for 60 min (RUN, n = 7), and RUN/MPG with 100 mg/kg MPG injected 15 min before exercise (n = 10). Preliminary experiments verified that MPG administration maintained myocardial redox status during the exercise bout. Twenty-four hours postexercise or MPG treatment isolated perfused working hearts were subjected to global ischemia for 22.5 min followed by reperfusion for 30 min. Recovery of myocardial external work (percentage of preischemic systolic pressure times cardiac output) for SED (50.4 ± 4.5) and SED/RUN (54.7 ± 6.6) was similar and improved in both exercise groups (P < 0.05) to 77.9 ± 3.0 in RUN and 76.7 ± 4.5 in RUN/MPG. A 2 × 2 ANOVA also revealed that exercise decreased lactate dehydrogenase release from the heart during reperfusion (marker of cell damage) without MPG effects or interactions. Expression of the cytoprotective protein inducible heat shock protein 70 increased by similar amounts in the left ventricles of RUN and RUN/MPG compared with sedentary groups (P < 0.05). We conclude that ROS are not a necessary trigger for exercise-induced preconditioning in rats.
Translesion synthesis past acrolein-derived DNA adducts by human mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ

Acrolein, a mutagenic aldehyde, is produced endogenously by lipid peroxidation and exogenously by combustion of organic materials, including tobacco products. Acrolein reacts with DNA bases forming exocyclic DNA adducts, such as γ-hydroxy-1,N2-propano-2′-deoxyguanosine (γ-HOPdG) and γ-hydroxy-1,N6-propano-2′-deoxyadenosine (γ-HOPdA). The bulky γ-HOPdG adduct blocks DNA synthesis by replicative polymerases but can be bypassed by translesion synthesis polymerases in the nucleus. Although acrolein-induced adducts are likely to be formed and persist in mitochondrial DNA, animal cell mitochondria lack specialized translesion DNA synthesis polymerases to tolerate these lesions. Thus, it is important to understand how pol γ, the sole mitochondrial DNA polymerase in human cells, acts on acrolein-adducted DNA. To address this question, we investigated the ability of pol γ to bypass the minor groove γ-HOPdG and major groove γ-HOPdA adducts using single nucleotide incorporation and primer extension analyses. The efficiency of pol γ-catalyzed bypass of γ-HOPdG was low, and surprisingly, pol γ preferred to incorporate purine nucleotides opposite the adduct. Pol γ also exhibited ∼2-fold lower rates of excision of the misincorporated purine nucleotides opposite γ-HOPdG compared with the corresponding nucleotides opposite dG. Extension of primers from the termini opposite γ-HOPdG was accomplished only following error-prone purine nucleotide incorporation. However, pol γ preferentially incorporated dT opposite the γ-HOPdA adduct and efficiently extended primers from the correctly paired terminus, indicating that γ-HOPdA is probably nonmutagenic. In summary, our data suggest that acrolein-induced exocyclic DNA lesions can be bypassed by mitochondrial DNA polymerase but, in the case of the minor groove γ-HOPdG adduct, at the cost of unprecedented high mutation rates.
Grain‐Size and R‐Curve Effects in the Abrasive Wear of Alumina

Results of sliding wear tests on three alumina ceramics with different grain sizes are discussed in the light of crackresistance (R-curve, or T-curve) characteristics. The degree of wear increases abruptly after a critical sliding period, reflecting a transition from deformation-controlled to fracture-controlled sulface removal. This transition occurs at earlier sliding times for the aluminas with the coarser-grained microstructures, indicative of an inherent size effect in the wear process. A simplistic fracture mechanics model, incorporating the role of internal thermal expansion mismatch stresses in the crack-resistance characteristic, is developed. The results suggest an inverse relation between wear resistance and large-crack toughness for ceramics with pronounced Rcurve behavior.
Adaptive open-loop rear-wheel-steering

Open-loop rear-wheel-steering (RWS) control can be enhanced by modifying the open-loop gain table that adapts to changes in vehicle dynamics parameters, such as front and rear cornering compliances. These changes can be caused by tire deflation/inflation, tire wear, loading change and suspension aging, etc. The vehicle parameters can be estimated by using a real-time vehicle parameter estimation technique. The open-loop gain table is modified based on three different strategies: yaw-rate gain matching, lateral-velocity gain matching, and lateral-velocity to yaw-rate ratio matching strategies. The three strategies are investigated using linear analysis. The yaw-rate gain matching strategy does recover yaw-rate gain in the presence of vehicle cornering compliance changes. However it has undesired effect on lateral-velocity response. The other two strategies are both very effective in reducing lateral-velocity although the lateral-velocity to yaw-rate ratio matching strategy is preferred due to its simplicity. When the only change in vehicle dynamics parameters is the rear cornering compliance, the three proposed strategies are found to be equivalent. An adaptive open-loop RWS control structure is then proposed and analyzed with simulation studies. The simulation result shows the effectiveness of the adaptive open-loop control.
The McMath Solar Telescope of Kitt Peak National Observatory

The mechanical and optical arrangement of the 160-cm aperture, 90-m focal length, McMath Solar Telescope is described. Efforts have been made to obtain good images by thermal control of the optical paths and by selection of fused quartz or metal-based mirrors for the optical components. The optical paths and performances of a vacuum double-pass spectrometer and single-pass spectrograph are illustrated. Resolution of 600,000 and a total scattered light of 3% are obtained in double-pass.
Vagaries of College Norms for the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule

Differences in reported scores of 273 college students on the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule in comparison with published norms are noted. Two possible explanations are offered. Social changes in the lifestyles of college students since the norms were published in 1959 may influence scores and their interpretation achieved by a more recent generation of students. Alternatively, there may be some inherent instability in the instrument.
NETWORK II.5 tutorial: network modeling without programming

This tutorial will acquaint the reader with a powerful modelling tool which can dramatically reduce the amount of time it takes to simulate a computer system. The Network II.5 world view and the class of problems it addresses will be discussed. A summary of NETWORK II.5 capabilities will be presented. To tie the tutorial concepts together, an example of using NETWORK II.5 is included.
Mek1 kinase governs outcomes of meiotic recombination and the checkpoint response.

Summary Background Homologous recombination promotes proper segregation of chromosomes during meiosis. Programmed double-strand breaks (DSBs) initiate recombination and are repaired preferentially using the homolog rather than the sister chromatid template. In yeast, activation of Mek1 kinase upholds this bias. Mek1 is also a proposed effector kinase in the recombination checkpoint that responds to aberrant DNA and/or axis structures. Elucidating a role for Mek1 in this checkpoint has been difficult, because a mek1 null mutation causes rapid repair of DSBs using a sister chromatid, thus bypassing formation of checkpoint-activating lesions. Here we analyzed a MEK1 gain-of-function allele to test if it would enhance interhomolog bias and/or the checkpoint response. Results When Mek1 activation was artificially maintained through glutathione S-transferase-mediated dimerization, there was an enhanced skew toward interhomolog recombination and reduction of intersister events, including multichromatid joint molecules. Increased interhomolog events were specifically repaired as noncrossovers rather than as crossovers. Ectopic Mek1 dimerization was also sufficient to impose interhomolog bias in the absence of recombination checkpoint functions, thereby uncoupling these two processes. Finally, the stringency of the checkpoint response was enhanced in mutants with weak recombination defects by blocking prophase exit in a subset of cells in which arrest is not absolute. Conclusions We propose that Mek1 plays dual roles during meiotic prophase I by phosphorylating targets directly involved in the recombination checkpoint, as well as targets involved in sister chromatid recombination. We discuss how regulation of pachytene exit by Mek1 or similar kinases could influence checkpoint stringency, which may differ among species and between sexes.
Exploring Operationalizations of Political Relevance

During the past decade, researchers have commonly employed one of two sets of interstate dyads as the population of cases in quantitative analyses of international conflict, choosing to examine either “all dyads” or “politically relevant dyads.” The main argument against using the “all dyads” set is that it includes many dyads where there is no chance of conflict, and so analysts using this set are examining many pairs of states in which the hypotheses in question are irrelevant. The criticism of politically relevant dyads is that this set does not capture 15% to 20% of the actual conflicts that occur. In this paper I examine the current operationalization of “political relevance” to see whether the operationalization can be slightly modified and encompass all actual conflicts. If it could be, then use of the modified politically relevant dyad case subset might be more appropriate or have advantages over what is currently employed. I conclude that while it is possible to improve upon current operationaliz...
A reasoned action approach to health promotion.

This article describes the integrative model of behavioral prediction (IM), the latest formulation of a reasoned action approach. The IM attempts to identify a limited set of variables that can account for a considerable proportion of the variance in any given behavior. More specifically, consistent with the original theory of reasoned action, the IM assumes that intentions are the immediate antecedents of behavior, but in addition, the IM recognizes that environmental factors and skills and abilities can moderate the intention-behavior relationship. Similar to the theory of planned behavior, the IM also assumes that intentions are a function of attitudes, perceived normative pressure and self-efficacy, but it views perceived normative pressure as a function of descriptive as well as of injunctive (i.e., subjective) norms. After describing the theory and addressing some of the criticisms directed at a reasoned action approach, the paper illustrates how the theory can be applied to understanding and changi...
Presenting the Problems, the Solutions, and the Transitional Plan to Oversight Groups and Organizational Members

The goals of this chapter are to: discuss an approach to informing organizational members about the transitional plan and their specific roles and responsibilities in it emphasize the importance of gaining the support and approval of the leader’s own supervision (e.g. Board of Directors) during the development of the organizational plan and on its completion emphasize the importance of informing the leader’s own supervision about the transitional plan and its implications for the organization prior to disseminating specific information about it to internal or external sources describe potentially different organizational members’ reactions and attitudes toward new versus established leaders during the time of organizational transitions
The Mentally Ill and Crisis Intervention Teams: Reflections on Jails and the U.S. Mental Health Challenge

This essay provides an historical look at the mentally ill in jails. The author, a longtime jail expert, draws on his vast experiences and knowledge about the population. Exploring the developments that led to the climbing numbers of people with mental illness being confined in jails instead of treated in psychiatric hospitals and clinics, he focuses on the evolution of crisis intervention teams as a valuable tool for diverting the mentally ill from correctional to mental health settings.
Predictive modeling using dimensionality reduction and dependency structures

As a result of recent technological advances, the availability of collected high dimensional data has exploded in various fields such as text mining, computational biology, health care and climate sciences. While modeling such data there are two problems that are frequently faced. High dimensional data is inherently difficult to deal with. The challenges associated with modeling high dimensional data are commonly referred to as the "curse of dimensionality." As the number of dimensions increases the number of data points necessary to learn a model increases exponentially. A second and even more difficult problem arises when the observed data exhibits intricate dependencies which cannot be neglected. The assumption that observations are independently and identically distributed (i.i.d.) is very widely used in Machine Learning and Data Mining. Moving away from this simplifying assumption with the goal to model more intricate dependencies is a challenge and the main focus of this thesis. In dealing with high dimensional data, dimensionality reduction methods have proven very useful. Successful applications of non-probabilistic approaches include Anomaly Detection, Face Detection, Pose Estimation, and Clustering. Probabilistic approaches have been used in domains such as Visualization, Image retrieval and Topic Modeling. When it comes to modeling intricate dependencies, the i.i.d. assumption is seldomly abandoned. As a result of the simplifying assumption relevant dependencies tend to be broken. The goal of this work is to address the challenges of dealing with high dimensional data while capturing intricate dependencies in the context of predictive modeling. In particular we consider concepts from both non-probabilistic and probabilistic dimensionality reduction approaches.
Primary effusion lymphoma.

![Figure][1] A 48-year-old HIV-positive man on highly active retroviral therapy presented with fevers, chills, and a new pleural effusion. Imaging did not identify organomegaly or mass lesions. A cytospin of thoracentesis fluid showed large, highly pleomorphic neoplastic cells with prominent
Quantum Entanglement and Nonlocality

Quantum mechanics, our standard theoretical model of the physical world at the smallest scales of energy and size, differs from the classical mechanics of Newton that preceded it in one very important way.
Sarcoma of the uterus; a review of thirty-three cases.

Abstract Sarcoma of the uterus comprised 0.15 per cent of all admissions to the Woman's Clinic of the New York Hospital from 1933 to 1949. It represented 3.3 per cent of all genital-tract neoplasms, and 0.3 per cent of myomas were leiomyosarcomas. There were 13 endometrial, 18 myogenic, and 2 unclassified sarcomas. Thirty-one (93 per cent) of the patients were over 40 years of age. The chief symptoms were postmenopausal bleeding, abdominal pain, and the appearance of an abdominal mass. The uterus was enlarged in all but one patient. Radium had been previously inserted for benign causes in 3 (8.3 per cent). Cytological smears were obtained from 9 patients. Seven were correct (5 endometrial and 2 myogenic sarcomas) while the 2 false negative reports occurred in leiomyosarcoma. Surgery is the treatment of choice. The immediate postoperative mortality was 10 per cent. X-ray irradiation was not effective in 5 patients with advanced sarcoma. Regardless of the histological grade of sarcoma and the number of mitotic figures, the anatomical extent of the sarcoma is the most important factor in prognosis. Only one patient is alive in whom the sarcoma had extended outside of the uterus, while 13 patients in whom the sarcoma was confined to the uterus are alive. Nineteen patients have died; 6 had endometrial, 11 had myometrial, and 2 had unclassified sarcoma. Autopsies which were performed on 7 patients showed that metastases were the leading cause of death. Fourteen patients are alive. Seven, 2 with endometrial sarcoma and 5 with myometrial sarcoma, have lived for less than 5 years. Seven patients (21 per cent) have survived from 5 to 17 years. Five of these patients had endometrial sarcoma, while 2 had leiomyosarcoma.
Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch for Voltage Regulation in Unbalanced Distribution Systems

In this paper, we propose a method to optimally set the reactive power contributions of distributed energy resources (DERs) present in distribution systems with the goal of regulating bus voltages. For the case when the network is balanced, we use the branch power flow modeling approach for radial power systems to formulate an optimal power flow (OPF) problem. Then, we leverage properties of the system operating conditions to relax certain nonlinear terms of this OPF, which results in a convex quadratic program (QP). To efficiently solve this QP, we propose a distributed algorithm based on the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM). Furthermore, we include the unbalanced three-phase formulation to extend the ideas introduced for the balanced network case. We present several case studies to demonstrate the method in unbalanced three-phase distribution systems.
The Chd1 chromatin remodeler can sense both entry and exit sides of the nucleosome

Chromatin remodelers are essential for establishing and maintaining the placement of nucleosomes along genomic DNA. Yet how chromatin remodelers recognize and respond to distinct chromatin environments surrounding nucleosomes is poorly understood. Here, we use Lac repressor as a tool to probe how a DNA-bound factor influences action of the Chd1 remodeler. We show that Chd1 preferentially shifts nucleosomes away from Lac repressor, demonstrating that a DNA-bound factor defines a barrier for nucleosome positioning. Rather than an absolute block in sliding, the barrier effect was achieved by altered rates of nucleosome sliding that biased redistribution of nucleosomes away from the bound Lac repressor site. Remarkably, in addition to slower sliding toward the LacO site, the presence of Lac repressor also stimulated sliding in the opposite direction. These experiments therefore demonstrate that Chd1 responds to the presence of a bound protein on both entry and exit sides of the nucleosome. This sensitivity to both sides of the nucleosome allows for a faster and sharper response than would be possible by responding to only the entry side, and we speculate that dual entry/exit sensitivity is also important for regularly spaced nucleosome arrays generated by Chd1 and the related ISWI remodelers.
The Urban and Rural Residents with Chronic Diseases Survey on Knowledge Rate of Baiyin City

OBJECTIVE To find out the urban and rural residents with chronic non-communicable diseases(NCD)related knowledge,in order to carry out targeted for chronic disease prevention and control knowledge popularization education work to provide basic information.METHODS In 2010,the city's urban and rural extraction part 15~65 years in urban and rural residents conducted a questionnaire survey.RESULTS The survey of 5 221 people,11 chronic disease knowledge knowing rate was 46.01%(26 424/57431),the knowledge rate highest 93.68%,the lowest 12.18%.Total awareness rate of city residents:3 116,2 105 rural residents respectively 57.45%,29.07%(P0.01).Male(2 576),female(2 645) are respectively 45.74%,46.28%(P0.05).CONCLUSIONS The residents of chronic disease prevention and control knowledge awareness rate of city residents than rural residents,but also very deficient,urgently needs to improve.
In Ovo Electroporation in Embryonic Chick Spinal Cords

The developing spinal cord is a well-established model system widely used to study the signaling pathways and genetic programs that control neuronal/glial differentiation and neural circuit assembly. This is largely due to the relatively simple organization (compared to other CNS regions) and experimental accessibility of the neural tube, particularly in the chick embryo. In vivo transfection of cells within the developing chick neural tube using in ovo electroporation has emerged as a rapid and powerful experimental technique in that (1) transfected factors can be functionally tested in a spatially and temporally controlled manner and (2) the chick embryo provides a physiologically relevant in vivo environment to conduct biochemical studies such as dual-channel luciferase assay, co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP), and Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP). In this chapter, we will take an in-depth look at the in ovo electroporation system in embryonic chicken spinal cord. In the following chapter, we will continue by examining the use of in ovo electroporation in the dual-channel luciferase assay as an example of its biochemical application.
Molecular analysis to assign parental origin and distinguish de novo i(21q) from t(21q21q) in two Down syndrome fetuses.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the origin of two prenatal cases of chromosome 21 rearrangements not amenable to clarification by conventional cytogenetic methodology. METHODS: Hypervariable repeat polymorphisms (chromosome 21) were used to determine the type of structural rearrangement and the parental origin of the rearranged chromosome. The repeats used were highly polymorphic and located very close to the centromere; thus, the likelihood of differences among the parental alleles and overall informativeness were increased. RESULTS: The rea(21q21q) chromosomes were identified as a Robertsonian translocation in one fetus and an isochromosome in the other. The extra chromosome material was found to be maternal in origin in both cases. CONCLUSION: The ability to clarify the origin of abnormal chromosomal rearrangements provides valuable information concerning possible mechanisms of aneuploidy, as well as clinical data that may have an impact in assessing a patient's risk for abnormal offspring.
How Not to Go Beyond Marx: A Reply to Worrell and Krier

Worrell and Krier’s ‘Atopia Awaits! A Critical Sociological Analysis of Marx’s Political Imaginary’ raises serious issues regarding Marx’s legacy. They hold that a fatal flaw in Marx’s framework can be detected in his account of a post-capitalist society, which reveals a theoretically impoverished and politically dangerous neglect of essential features of social life. I argue that there are good reasons to reject Worrell and Krier’s thesis that Marx got immensely important things horribly wrong. Marx’s limited remarks on post-capitalist society are certainly inadequate in numerous respects. However, they point in the right general direction, and Worrell and Krier fail to offer a satisfactory alternative. The prospects for a critical social theory adequate to the immense challenges of the 21st century would be harmed if their readers agreed with the paper’s main thesis.
Reasonable Provocation and Self-Defense: Recognizing the Distinction Between Act Reasonableness and Emotion Reasonableness

This brief essay, written for the Criminal Law Conversations project, argues that the doctrines of provocation and self-defense should recognize a distinction between act reasonableness and emotion (or belief) reasonableness. The essay proceeds in three parts. In Part I, I examine the doctrine of provocation. I start by explaining what I mean by “act reasonableness” (a finding that a reasonable person in the defendant’s shoes would have responded or acted as the defendant did) and “emotion reasonableness” (a finding that the defendant’s emotional outrage or passion was reasonable). I note that only two of the fifty states require act reasonableness while the majority of states require only emotion reasonableness. I explore possible reasons for the reluctance to require act reasonableness. I then offer a different way to understand act reasonableness. Under my suggested reform, the reasonableness of the provoked defendant’s action would depend on the type of force and degree of force he used in relation to the triggering provocation. In other words, act reasonableness would entail a kind of proportionality review. Proportionality, however, would not mean that the provoked defendant would have to respond with force equal to the force used by the provoker. The defendant’s act would just need to be seen by the jury as commensurate with the wrong inflicted by the provoking party. In Part II, I examine the doctrine of self-defense. A similar distinction between emotion reasonableness and act reasonableness exists in the self-defense arena. Even though act reasonableness is implied in self-defense doctrine’s proportionality requirement, jury instructions on self-defense tend to focus only on emotion (or belief) reasonableness. Jurors are instructed to find that the defendant reasonably believed (or reasonably feared) deadly force was necessary to counter an imminent threat of death or grievous bodily injury. Jurors are not instructed to separately find that the defendant’s act of shooting or stabbing or beating the victim was reasonable. I argue that self-defense doctrine should make explicit that which is implicit. Jurors should be instructed to find not only that the defendant reasonably believed deadly force was necessary to counter an imminent threat of death or grievous bodily injury, but also that the defendant’s acts were reasonably proportionate to the threatened harm. In Part III, I conclude that my proposal for reform of the doctrine of self-defense is not a radical reform. My proposal with regard to self-defense merely makes explicit that which is implicit. In contrast, my proposal for reform of provocation doctrine constitutes a substantial departure from current practice in most jurisdictions. I argue that this departure is worthwhile because the provoked killer has taken a human life and therefore deserves heightened scrutiny of the reasonableness of his actions.
Control of Texture and Defect Structure for Hot-Filament-Assisted CVD Diamond Films

The morphology of diamond films grown by activated chemical vapor deposition, (CVD), varies greatly depending on the deposition conditions [1–6]. Small changes in the deposition conditions can cause major changes in the film morphology and crystal perfection. Areas a few millimeters apart in a film may be quite different unless considerable care is taken to ensure uniform deposition conditions. Because the properties of diamond films are strongly dependent upon the crystallite size, orientation, and perfection, it is important to understand the way in which growth conditions affect the film structure in order to design and optimize films for specific applications.
Rice protein models from the Nutritious Rice for the World Project

Background: Many rice protein sequences are very different from the sequence of proteins with known structures. Homology modeling is not possible for many rice proteins. However, it is possible to use computational intensive de novo techniques to obtain protein models when the protein sequence cannot be mapped to a protein of known structure. The Nutritious Rice for the World project generated 10 billion models encompassing more than 60,000 small proteins and protein domains for the rice strains Oryza sativa and Oryza japonica. Findings: Over a period of 1.5 years, the volunteers of World Community Grid supported by IBM generated 10 billion candidate structures, a task that would have taken a single CPU on the order of 10 millennia. For each protein sequence, 5 top structures were chosen using a novel clustering methodology developed for analyzing large datasets. These are provided along with the entire set of 10 billion conformers. Conclusions: We anticipate that the centroid models will be of use in visualizing and determining the role of rice proteins where the function is unknown. The entire set of conformers is unique in terms of size and that they were derived from sequences that lack detectable homologs. Large sets of de novo conformers are rare and we anticipate that this set will be useful for benchmarking and developing new protein structure prediction methodologies.
Deep-tissue photoacoustic imaging at 1064 nm using a contrast agent based on phosphorus phthalocyanine formulation

This study demonstrated the performance of photoacoustic imaging at 1064 nm using phosphorus phthalocyanine (P-Pc), a contrast agent with strong absorption at 1064 nm. Due to high maximum permissible exposure of 1064 nm laser light and strong absorbance of P-Pc at 1064 nm, we demonstrated an imaging depth of 11.6 cm in chicken breast tissue. For animal imaging, we used P-Pc to target tumor and to track intestine dynamics. Thus, using a contrast medium with extreme absorption at 1064 nm readily enables high quality photoacoustic imaging at exceptional depths.
Managing Resources and Boundaries: The Effect of Boundary Permeability on New Venture Growth

New venture boundary decisions are less concerned with an efficient allocation of assembled resources and more with assembling resources to create value. We draw on and extend resource management m...
Monitoring multicomponent transport using in situ ATR FTIR spectroscopy

Membranes are a critical component of many energy generation and storage technologies, including artificial photosynthesis systems that reduce atmospheric CO2 to high-value products. In this study, we used in situ ATR FTIR spectroscopy to monitor the crossover of three commonly-reported CO2 reduction products—methanol, sodium formate, and sodium acetate—through Nafion® 117, a common cation exchange membrane. Measurement errors for the permeation of mixtures of solutes are discussed. Permeabilities from one-, two-, and three-solute mixed aqueous solutions were measured using a standard diffusion cell, and ATR FTIR spectra were used to obtain time-resolved concentration data that were fit to a model describing transport of ions and small molecules through hydrated polymer films. The permeability of Nafion® 117 to methanol measured using this methodology was in agreement with literature reports. The sorption of methanol, sodium formate, and sodium acetate, and mixtures thereof, were measured using a desorption technique. From the measured permeabilities and solubilities, diffusivities of each solute were calculated. Differences in permeability among the solutes were found to be primarily due to differences in their solubility in Nafion® 117.
A systematic review of the published literature on team-based learning in health professions education

AbstractPurpose: Summarize the published literature on team-based learning (TBL) in health professions education (HPE) using the TBL conceptual framework to identify gaps that can guide future researchMethods: PubMed, Web of Science, ERIC, and Google Scholar were searched through May 2016 for English-language articles regarding the use of TBL in HPE. Reviewers independently extracted data and coded for the seven elements in Michaelsen’s Model of TBL.Results: A total of 118 articles met inclusion criteria. The number of articles published yearly on TBL has grown steadily, more than tripling between 2011 and 2016. Most studies (55; 47%) involved undergraduate medical students and took place in the US (72; 61%). The most commonly studied framework component was Teacher and Learner Attitudes (97; 82%). Other commonly studied elements included Learning Outcomes (85; 72%) and Team Characteristics (25; 21%). Contextual Factors affecting TBL was addressed in one study.Conclusions: A substantial body of literature...
Torsional Vibrations Mitigation in the Drivetrain of DFIG-Based Grid-Connected Wind Turbine

This paper presents a nonlinear technique based on the sliding mode control theory for mitigation of torsional vibrations in grid-connected doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind turbines. The presented method increases the lifespan of wind turbines by reducing torsional vibrations caused by mechanical or electrical disturbances. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is demonstrated on torsional vibrations caused by a voltage dip and a wind gust. In this paper, dynamics of the generator, multiinertia drivetrain, rotor- and grid-side converters, and transmission line are developed upon the 750-kW fatigue, aerodynamics, structures, and turbulence (FAST) simulator wind turbine model comprising wind turbine aerodynamics.
Trouble-shooting by plausible inference

The PI system has been implemented with the ability to reason in both directions. This is combined with truth maintenance, dependency directed backtracking, and time-varying contexts to permit modelling dynamic situations. Credibility is propagated in a semantic network, and the belief transfer factors can be modified by the system, unlike previous systems for inexact reasoning.
The Justification and Proportionality of Certain Administrative, Regulatory and Political Concerns

The scope of the four freedoms has become so broad that it is liable to capture a plethora of national acts that, at least originally, would have appeared to lie on the outer fringes of the Court of Justice’s competence to arbiter. This situation is exacerbated by the fact that administrative considerations are in principle not capable of justifying restrictions on freedom of movement, while the proportionality principle presents several substantive and procedural hurdles for attaining legitimate regulatory and political concerns. Member States will therefore often find it difficult to justify measures that restrict freedom of movement, irrespective of the fact that they are not intended to regulate freedom of movement and clearly pursue a common good. More recent developments in case law suggest, however, that the Court of Justice has become increasingly aware that such a situation poses not only challenges for the Member States, but also for the Court itself and the proper role of the judiciary in an EU of 28 Member States. Some recent judgments thus seem to temper the concept of restrictions on the freedom of movement, but above all the Court seems more willing to entertain the justification and proportionality of certain administrative, regulatory and political concerns that entail restrictions on the freedom of movement.
Sequential second-price auctions with private budgets

Abstract We study an auction game in which two units of a good are sold via two second-price auctions sequentially to three or more bidders who have private budgets that limit their spending in the auctions. We characterize the unique symmetric equilibrium. In equilibrium, while bidders bid the minimum of their valuations and budgets in the second auction, their aggression in the first round depends on two factors: the competition from other bidders, as measured by the probability of facing high budget bidders, and, the option value from participating the second auction, as measured by the budget difference between various bidders. The former factor makes bidders more aggressive and the latter makes them less aggressive. In particular, when the competition factor dominates, the sequential auctions generate higher revenue in expectation than the uniform price auction.
Eggs and Egg ProductsOpen image in new window

The eggs of various birds are consumed throughout the world; however, the discussion that follows in this chapter is regarding hen eggs. Eggs are a natural biological structure with shells offering protection for developing chick embryos. They have numerous functions in food systems and must be protected against becoming or offering contamination. Eggs provide nutritive value and culinary variety to the diet, while being an economical source of food. Today, we see a reversal of dietary limitations, and healthy persons can enjoy eggs as long as they form part of a healthy, balanced diet.
Photoluminescence Saturation in Quantum-Cutting Yb3+-Doped CsPb(Cl1–xBrx)3 Perovskite Nanocrystals: Implications for Solar Downconversion

Yb3+-doped halide perovskites have recently emerged as extraordinarily promising materials for solar spectral downconversion applications because of their extremely high photoluminescence quantum y...
Noncontingent and differential reinforcement in the treatment of pediatric feeding problems

We conducted functional analyses of the inappropriate mealtime behavior of 5 children diagnosed with feeding problems. Then, we compared the effects of differential and noncontingent reinforcement, and the relative effects of escape extinction with and without differential or noncontingent reinforcement, when escape extinction appeared necessary. Both reinforcement procedures were effective without escape extinction to treat food refusal for 1 child, but only differential reinforcement was effective without escape extinction to treat the child's liquid refusal. Escape extinction was necessary for 4 of 5 children. The addition of positive reinforcement resulted in beneficial effects (i.e., more stable acceptance, decreased inappropriate mealtime behavior or negative vocalizations) with 3 of 4 children. With escape extinction, differential reinforcement was more effective to treat food refusal for 2 children and noncontingent reinforcement was more effective for 1 child.
Disparities in Access to Mental Health Services Among Patients Hospitalized for Deliberate Drug Overdose

Objective:The authors examined patient and hospitalization characteristics associated with receiving a mental health assessment and disposition to an inpatient psychiatric facility among patients h...
Abstract 4437: Effects of atypical protein Kinase c inhibitor (DNDA) on lung cancer proliferation and migration by PKC-ι/FAK ubiquination through the Cbl-b pathway

Lung cancer is the second most common cancer and it is the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women. PKC isozymes play an important role in the development and progression of many cancers by regulating the cell cycle, survival, apoptosis, cell motility and malignant transformation. Our focus is to study the role of atypical PKCs (aPKC) in cell proliferation and migration in lung cancer cell lines. We used a novel non-specific inhibitor of aPKC namely DNDA (3,4-amino-2,7napthalenedisulfonic acid). Our hypothesis is that DNDA inhibits cell proliferation and migration of lung cancer cells. Our data from cell viability and flow cytometry showed significant reduction in cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis with DNDA (10µM) in A549 and H1299 lung cancer cells. Additionally, DNDA showed no toxic effect on BEAS-2B normal lung cells. Elevated levels of Focal Adhesion kinase (FAK) are implicated in the progression of cancer and plays a vital role in the invasion and migration of cancer cells. Western blot results showed that the phosphorylation of PKC-ι and phosphorylation of FAK were decreased in A549 lung cancer cells upon DNDA treatment. Moreover, there was no significant reduction in phosphorylation of FAK in H1299 lung cancer cells upon treatment with DNDA. Immunoprecipitation (IP) data revealed an association of PKC-ι with FAK and FAK with Cbl-b. Ubitest results suggests that PKC-ι regulates the cleavage of FAK through its ubiquination by cbl-b and thus inhibits the migration of A549 lung cancer cells which was evident from scratch assay. Our data indicates that DNDA might inhibit the migration of A549 lung cancer cells by PKC-ι/FAK ubiquination via Cbl-b. Citation Format: Raja Reddy Bommareddy, Rekha Patel, Mildred Acevedo Duncan. Effects of atypical protein Kinase c inhibitor (DNDA) on lung cancer proliferation and migration by PKC-ι/FAK ubiquination through the Cbl-b pathway [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4437.
Human Lumbar Spine Responses from Vertical Loading: Ranking of Forces Via Brier Score Metrics and Injury Risk Curves

This study was conducted to quantify the human tolerance from inferior to superior impacts to whole lumbar spinal columns excised from 43 post mortem human subjects. The specimens were fixed at the ends, aligned in a consistent seated posture, load cells were attached to the proximal and distal ends of the fixation, and the impact was applied using a custom accelerator device. Pretest X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans, prepositioned X-rays, and posttest X-rays, CT scans and dissection data were used to identify injuries. Right, left, and interval censoring processes were used for the survival analysis, 16 were right censored, 24 were interval censored, and three were left censored observations. Force-based injury risk curves were developed, and the optimal metric describing the underlying response to injury was identified using the Brier score metric. Material, geometry (disc and body areas), and demographic covariates were included in the analysis. The distal force was found to be optimal metric. The bone mineral density was a significant covariate for distal and proximal forces. Both material and geometrical factors affected the transmitted force in this mode of loading. These quantified data serve as the first set of human lumbar spinal column injury risk curves.
The darker side of varicella zoster infection: Arterial ischemic stroke

It has long been known that varicella zoster virus (VZV) results in neurologic diseases, both those that resolve and others that result in stroke. In the 1970s, it was apparent that acute cerebellar ataxia of childhood was often, but not always, associated with VZV; symptoms could result before, during, or after clinical VZV infection. Many used the term para-infectious disease, suggesting that we could not determine whether VZV was actually an infective agent. In acute cerebellar ataxia, the neurologic complications often resolve, and many clinicians thought that the disease was possibly not related to actual infection but instead to secondary inflammation. Because cerebellar ataxia is not a fatal condition, there are no pathologic data. Concurrently, both herpes zoster infections and varicella were associated with arterial ischemic stroke (AIS). AIS was presumed to be a result of a direct infection resulting in endothelial damage, causing a nidus for thrombus formation.