cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
zonal Wavenumber Characteristics of Northern Hemisphere Transient Eddies

Abstract Eleven winters and twelve summers of twice-daily National Meteorological Center (NMC) analyses of geopotential height and temperature at five levels for the extratropical Northern Hemisphere are partitioned into long-wave fields with zonal wavenumbers m ≤ 5 and short-wave fields with zonal wavenumbers m ≥ 6. The data are also bandpass-filtered to investigate fluctuations of periods 2.5–10 days. From these fields, the standard deviation of 500 mb geopotential height and the poleward geostrophic transient eddy fluxes of sensible heat and zonal momentum are calculated and presented. The results are compared with theoretical and numerical modeling studies of nonlinear, baroclinic instability. Both the observations and modeling studies produce evidence that baroclinic eddies have a definite life cycle and that the strongest baroclinic eddies are of intermediate size (zonal wavenumbers 6–8). Some interesting differences between observations and modeling results also emerge.
Slant-propagation characteristics in tapered optical waveguides: analysis

Although several analysis methods for tapered waveguides have been proposed, they dealt with the problem of a light wave traveling parallel to the tapered direction of the waveguide. Light waves that propagate at a slant in the tapered direction are discussed as mode-coupling problems, including radiation modes that are made discrete by the hypothetical boundary method. We propose a method of determining the three-dimensional wave vectors of the discrete radiation modes in the slant propagation; the slant-propagation characteristics, such as the transmission efficiency of the tapered waveguide, are analyzed.
9nm node wafer defect inspection using visible light

Over the past 2 years, we have developed a common optical-path, 532 nm laser epi-illumination diffraction phase microscope (epi-DPM) and successfully applied it to detect different types of defects down to 20 by 100 nm in a 22nm node intentional defect array (IDA) wafer. An image post-processing method called 2DISC, using image frame 2nd order differential, image stitching, and convolution, was used to significantly improve sensitivity of the measured images. To address 9nm node IDA wafer inspection, we updated our system with a highly stable 405 nm diode laser. By using the 2DISC method, we detected parallel bridge defects in the 9nm node wafer. To further enhance detectability, we are exploring 3D wafer scanning, white-light illumination, and dark-field inspection.
DC distribution system architecture and controls for wind power applications

In this paper, Medium Voltage DC (MVDC) distribution system is proposed for wind power applications. The proposed MVDC system is favorable for off shore wind farms. The architecture of the system, control for the medium voltage three phase inverter, active and reactive power control for voltage and frequency support are discussed in the paper. The proposed topology allows for easier integration of energy storage with wind energy. The simulation results show the viability of the proposed system for active/reactive power controls for wind farms.
Anisotropic particle motion in optical landscapes modeled via the T-matrix optical scattering approach

ABSTRACT Optical manipulation of nano- and micro-scale particles via optical tweezers and optical landscapes continuesto be of great interest in several elds, reected by the myriad experimental pursuits suggesting selective andparallel control over particles of anisotropic shape (blood cells, nanorods, etc.). Our work here approaches thegoal of a complete model of these phenomena by means of optical scattering principles and, specically, the T -matrix method. Here we describe the salient features of our model, which tends toward a complete and consistentmodeling scheme for determining the behavior of dielectric, polarizable, mesoscale particles of anisotropic shapein arbitrary intensity gradients. We explore forces and torques caused by periodic optical landscapes as well astorques induced by the polarization orientation of the electric eld.Keywords: Optical Trapping, Optical Landscapes, T-Matrix Method, Optical Scattering 1. INTRODUCTION Trapping and manipulation of nano- and micro-scale particles within a microuidic environment continues tobe of great interest to several scientic communities. For example, the eld of microuidic lab-on-a-chip wouldbe greatly enhanced by having access to accurate and ecient mechanisms for sorting chemical and biologicalcolloids. Broadly, there are two techniques for colloidal separation: extrinsic, requiring external identication ofparticles (e.g., FACS), and intrinsic, in which properties inherent to the particles themselves (e.g., size, refractiveindex) are exploited. Extrinsic methods can add time and cost to the design of new assays in addition to beinginvasive to the particles themselves. Leading the charge toward intrinsic-based techniques are dielectrophoretic(DEP)
STARNET-E: a broadband wavelength-division multiplexed optical local-area network

We propose enhancements to STARNET, a previously proposed wavelength division multiplexed broadband optical local area network. STARNET offers the users both a medium- speed packet-switched ring network, and a high-speed circuit interconnection. The enhanced architecture, STARNET-E, improves performance in both the packet and the circuit interconnect sections over the previous version. Performance analysis of the STARNET-E packet network shows that this data transport facility can be upgraded to Gb/s total throughput with little added complexity with respect to the original STARNET. Moreover, we show that STARNET nodes can be enhanced to allow reconfigurable multihop topologies with little added optical hardware. The throughput of multihop distributed switching over a passive star physical topology in STARNET-E is compared to the throughput of an active centralized switch. STARNET-E offers to all nodes a Gb/s total throughput packet transport facility and a high speed circuit interconnect, simultaneously and independently. In addition, a node can trade the high speed circuit interconnect service for a multihop broadband packet network without the need for any added optical hardware.
Petrifaction of Plant Tissue in the Laboratory

PLANT tissue can be petrified by impregnation with natural waters with a high concentration of dissolved silicate1. This occurs commonly in springs issuing from volcanic deposits in New Zealand, Ireland and Yellowstone Park in America. The process is easily duplicated in the laboratory in the following way. Small pieces of plant material (1 cm3 or less) are placed in 250 ml. polyethylene beakers, 50–100 ml. of deionized H2O (pH. 6.0, which is adjusted by dilute HCl) is added; after 5–10 min, 2–5 g sodium metasilicate (Na2SiO3 : 9 H2O) is stirred into the beakers, which are then allowed to stand undisturbed for 12–24 h. The pH rises to 14. The material is then washed several times with deionized H2O, allowed to soak for 30 min in 2 N HCl; organic material is removed by wet ashing, using boiling concentrated nitric acid (1 part) and concentrated chromic acid (1 part)2.
112 Effects of High Voltage Pulsed Current on Bacterial Viability: An in Vitro Study

Background and Purpose: High voltage pulsed current (HVPC) has been shown to have positive effects on wound healing due in part to proposed bacteriocidal effects in wound beds. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of electrical stimulation (HVPC) using in vitro Streptococcus A and clinically-accepted wound care guidelines. Methods: Commercially available Streptococcus A was grown overnight in Trypticase Soy Broth. Standard 100 millimeter (mm) Petri dishes of Trypticase Soy Agar with 5% sheep blood were then streaked using sterile cotton swabs. 52 plates were subjected to 45-minutes of HVPC with the following parameters: 120 pps, 200 V, 10-second on/off cycle, and 2-second ramp time. Negative polarity was used as the active electrode. 48 control plates were prepared identically without the application of the HVPC. Zones of inhibition were measured the following day at the positive and negative electrode sites to the nearest millimeter after a 24-hour incubation period using the Kirby-Bauer method. Results: Differences were calculated using a two-way ANOVA with SPSS 11.5. Mean inhibition at the positive and negative electrodes was 0.00 mm ± 0.00 and 10.13 ± 4.13 mm, respectively. Significant between group effects were found for the control and experimental groups (F1,199 = 289.4, p < 0.001), negative and positive electrodes (F1,199 = 289.4, p < 0.001), and interaction of groups by electrodes (F1,199 = 289, p < 0.001). Conclusion: In vitro, negative polarity HVPC using clinically accepted and feasible parameters can inhibit Streptococcus A growth around the negative (active) electrode. No growth inhibition was noted around the positive (dispersive) electrode. This could provide an alternate means of infection control in assistance with wound healing.
Induction of lymphokine activated killer cells in serum-free medium☆

Lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells may play a role in immunosurveillance against spontaneous neoplasms. To date, LAK cells have been grown in medium supplemented with human serum (HS). Formulation of a defined medium that supports LAK cell generation would be useful to delineate the mechanisms that regulate LAK cell induction. When compared to HS medium, optimal induction of LAK cells required medium containing transferrin, insulin, bovine serum albumin, fatty acids (linoleic, oleic, palmitic), pyruvate and indomethacin. In addition, when 5% autologous monocytes were added to PBMC cultured in serum-free medium without indomethacin, marked suppression of LAK cell induction occurred. Addition of indomethacin abrogated suppression and resulted in enhanced cytotoxicity compared to non-adherent PBMC cultured in HS medium.
Practical Tips for Intrauterine Devices Use in Adolescents

The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) has endorsed intrauterine devices (IUDs) as first-line contraceptive choices for both nulliparous and parous adolescents. The committee opinion did address some of the practical elements of IUD use in adolescents, but because these practical concerns may be barriers to use for both teens and clinicians, this review is devoted to "practical tips," based on the available literature as well as the author's clinical experience. Counseling, informed consent, techniques of pain management, and preventive guidance about possible side effects are addressed in an effort to promote successful use of this long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) option.
Post‐Eruption Detection of Variable 12 in NGC 2403 (SN 1954j): Another η Carinae Variable

We have obtained optical and near-infrared imaging photometry of the irregular variable V12 in NGC 2403 (SN 1954j), roughly 50 years after its giant eruption. The observations confirm that the star survived the event and that it was therefore not a peculiar supernova but instead was an η Carinae-like eruption. Variable 12 is now very faint and red, which could be due to extinction and reddening of a hot star by circumstellar dust that formed in ejecta from the giant eruption in 1954. A clear excess at ~2 μm probably indicates thermal emission from hot circumstellar dust.
Diltiazem suppresses quinpirole-induced oral stereotypies in haloperidol withdrawn rats

Abstract Pucilowski, Olgierd and Burr Eichelman: Diltiazem suppresses quinpirole-induced oral stereotypies in haloperidol withdrawn rats. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. & Biol. Psychiat. 1991, 15 (5): 717–722. 1. 1. Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is one of the most serious untoward effects of chronic neuroleptic therapy. Dopaminergic receptor sensitization is assumed to be involved in its pathogenesis. 2. 2. Male Wistar rats were administered (b.i.d.) intragastrically haloperidol (2 mg/kg), diltiazem (5 mg/kg), diltiazem plus haloperidol, and water (controls), for 21 days. 3. 3. Forty eight hours after withdrawal the rats were injected ip with 0.3 mg/kg of quinpirole and observed for stereotypic behaviors (rearing, grooming, licking, and tongue protrusions). 4. 4. There was a significant overall between-group difference in the duration of grooming and the number of tongue protrusions. The haloperidol withdrawn rats scored markedly higher than control and diltiazem alone treated rats. 5. 5. Conjoint treatment with diltiazem and haloperidol prevented the increase of tongue protrusion episodes. 6. 6. We conclude that concurrent diltiazem and haloperidol administration can prevent the occurrence of some behavioral manifestations of dopaminergic receptor supersensitivity, including a lingual dyskinesia.
Comparative study of computational efficiency of two LU schemes for non-equilibrium reacting flows

The systems of equations governing chemically nonequilibrium flows are solved numerically by two lower-upper(LU) algorithms, namely, LU-SSOR (Yoon and Jameson, 1987) and LU-SW (Steger and Warming, 1981). The methods of flux-Jacobian splitting differentiate the two LU algorithms. The LU-SSOR gives a simpler implicit operator with less temporal damping, while the LU-SW converges faster but requires more computation for each iteration. Relative efficiencies and mutual merits of these two LU algorithms are compared. The results show that LU-SW with upwind-differenced right-hand-side gives the best convergence.
Learning to program and learning to think: what's the connection?

Focusing on thinking skills that are cognitive components of programming—rather than on intellectual ability—can illuminate the relationship between learning a programming language and learning more about thinking processes.
Stressor exposure produces long-term reductions in antigen-specific T and B cell responses.

Exposure to an acute laboratory stressor at the time of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) immunization results in a long-term suppression in circulating anti-KLH antibody. The mechanism for the stress-induced reduction in anti-KLH immunoglobulin (Ig) remains unknown. Given that the generation of anti-KLH antibody requires T cell help, we hypothesize that stress reduces the proliferation of anti-KLH T cells, thus leading to a reduction in anti-KLH antibody. The present studies examined the effect of tail shock stress (100, 1.6 mA, 5-s, 60 s ITI) on the KLH specific T cell response. Fischer F344 rats were immunized either intraperitoneally (i.p.) or subcutaneously (s.c.) at the base of the tail with 200 microg KLH, and exposed to inescapable tail shock (IS) or remained in their home cages (HCC). T cell proliferation after KLH restimulation, but not ConA, was markedly suppressed in IS animals in both the spleen after i.p. immunization and the draining lymph nodes after s.c. immunization. Other secondary lymphoid cells did not differ in their proliferative capacity. Anti-KLH IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a, but not anti-KLH IgM serum levels were significantly suppressed. These data support the conclusion that stress suppresses the generation of antigen specific T cells. In addition, the methods employed in the current study allow the isolation of the site of the acquired T cell immune response, making it possible to further elucidate the cellular mechanisms that contribute to stress-induced modulation of the antigen-specific acquired immune response.
An examination of childcare teachers in for‐profit and non‐profit childcare centers

Perceptions of childcare teachers in for‐profit and non‐profit centers were examined. Previous research indicates that childcare teachers earn consistently low wages, have little employee benefits and are dissatisfied with their work environments. This study further explores the employment issues and work environments that childcare teachers encounter. Questionnaires were distributed throughout a southeast state in the United States to 558 childcare teachers from for‐profit and non‐profit centers. Although there were significant differences with regard to age, hourly income and number of hours worked, overall it appears as though for‐profit and non‐profit childcare teachers represent a rather homogeneous population with regard to the working environments and employee issues.
Cysteine-scanning mutagenesis of transmembrane domain XII and the flanking periplasmic loop in the lactose permease of EScherichia coli.

Using a functional lactose permease mutant devoid of Cys residues (C-less permease), each amino acid residue in transmembrane domain XII and the periplasmic loop between putative helices XI and XII (loop XI/XII) was replaced individually with Cys. Out of 34 mutants, 31 exhibit 60-100% or more of C-less activity, mutants Gly377-->Cys and Leu385-->Cys exhibit lower rates of transport but accumulate lactose about 60-70% as well as C-less, and mutant Leu400-->Cys exhibits Cys and Leu385-->Cys which are expressed about 40% as well as C-less and mutant Leu400-->Cys which is hardly detectable. When transferred to the wild-type background, however, mutant Leu400-->Cys is expressed normally and exhibits highly significant transport activity. Finally, each active Cys-replacement mutant was assayed for sensitivity to N-ethylmaleimide, and with three exceptions, the mutants are essentially unaffected by the alkylating agent. Mutants Val367-->Cys, Gly370-->Cys, and Tyr373-->Cys which are predicted to be immediately distal to helix XI in loop XI/XII are significantly inactivated. The periodicity observed suggests that the periplasmic end of transmembrane domain XI may extend to position 373. In the following paper [Voss, J., He, M. M., Hubbell, W. L., & Kaback, H. R. (1996) Biochemistry 35, 12915-12918], site-directed spin labeling of single-Cys mutants at positions 387-402 is used to demonstrate that transmembrane domain XII is in an alpha-helical conformation.
Asthma Admission Threshold has Risen to Maintain Stable Hospitalization Rates Despite Increasing Severity • 542

Asthma Admission Threshold has Risen to Maintain Stable Hospitalization Rates Despite Increasing Severity • 542
Alteration of thoracic macrochaet development inDrosophila

Incisions into 5 areas of the right dorsal mesothoracic disc in matureDrosophila larvae produced 2 types of alteration of macrochaet development. Macrochaets tended to be lost most commonly in the notopleural areas, and duplicated in the scutellum.
A 12-year-old Girl With an Extraosseous Chondrosarcoma

Intracranial extraosseous chondrosarcomas are a rare entity and comprise less than 0.15% of all intracranial neoplasms. This is a report of a pediatric extraosseous chondrosarcoma with clinical, pathologic and radiographic findings of a twelve year old girl with a left parietal heterogeneously enhancing mass, confirmed by pathology to be an extraosseous chondrosarcoma. The imaging in this case revealed no restricted diffusion on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) but rather showed hyperintensity on apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) mapping. The high diffusivity (dark signal on DWI, hyperintensity on ADC map) demonstrated in our case has not been reported previously with extraosseous chondrosarcomas, and is important to note in order to distinguish them from other neoplasms such as a meningiomas. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4021/jnr125w
Perceptions of macroeconomic performance, government support and Conservative Party strategy in Britain 1983–1987

Abstract. This paper examines the relationship between macroeconomic performance and party popularity for the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher in Britain from 1983 to 1987. A popularity function is estimated which shows that government support was significantly influenced by inflation and unemployment; perceptions and expectations of economic performance; and a variety of non-economic variables and political shocks. A monetary policy reaction function is also estimated which shows that the Conservative government manipulated the money supply in order to stimulate the economy in the election year. Finally, an outcome function is estimated showing that monetary policy had a significant influence on inflation and unemployment. The results demonstrate that the Conservatives pursued a strategy of manipulating the economy for political profit, in a way consistent with the political business cycle.
Electrical response of heterogeneous systems containing inclusions with permanent multipoles

We provide the electrostatic solution in mean field theory to the electrical response of heterogeneous systems in which the inclusions have arbitrary structure and permanent multipole moments of all orders. The system is placed between two parallel electrode plates, and all the resulting multipole moments of the inclusions and their images are taken into account. By performing a statistical average over the orientations of the inclusions, we obtain the effective dielectric function, depending on temperature and applied potential at the electrode plates.
Effects of temperature on virus-host relationships and on activity of the noninclusion virus of citrus red mites, Panonychus citri.

Abstract The nonoccluded virus of citrus red mite retained full infectivity when exposed to 40.5°C for 24 hr within intact mite bodies but was inactivated at 46°C for 6 hr and 60°C for 1 hr. Exposures to 38°C for 28 days failed to destroy infectivity. Virus inoculated mites exposed to different temperature regimens had shortened periods of lethal infection at high temperatures and greatly lengthened periods of lethal infection at cool temperatures suggesting that failures in mite control by virus in the early spring and late fall may be due to previously unrecognized temperature relationships.
Explicit conditions for the existence of exceptional body waves and subsonic surface waves in anisotropic elastic solids

Abstract It is known that a subsonic surface (Rayleigh) wave exists in an anisotropic elastic half-space x 2 ⩾ 0 if the first transonic state is not of Type 1. If the first transonic state is of Type 1 but the limiting wave is not exceptional, a subsonic surface wave exists. If the first transonic state is of Type 1 and the limiting wave is exceptional, a subsonic surface wave exists when tr L ( υ ˆ ) ⩽ 0 . It is shown that an exceptional body wave is necessarily an exceptional transonic wave, and could be an exceptional limiting wave. Only two wave speeds are possible for an exceptional body wave. We present explicit conditions in terms of the reduced elastic compliances s α β ′ for the existence of an exceptional body wave. If an exceptional body wave exists, conditions are given for identifying whether the transonic state is of Type 1. Hence, through the existence of an exceptional body wave we provide explicit conditions for the existence of a subsonic surface wave with the exception when tr L ( υ ˆ ) needs to be computed.
Relative Navigation Between Two Spacecraft Using X-ray Pulsars

This paper suggests utilizing X-ray pulsars for relative navigation between two spacecraft in deep space. Mathematical models describing X-ray pulsar signals are presented. The pulse delay estimation problem is formulated, and the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) for estimation of the pulse delay is given. Two different pulse delay estimators are introduced, and their asymptotic performance is studied. Numerical complexity of each delay estimator, and the effect of absolute velocity errors on its performance is investigated. Using the pulsar measurements, a recursive algorithm is proposed for relative navigation between two spacecraft. The spacecraft acceleration data are provided by the inertial measurement units (IMUs). The pulse delay estimates are used as measurements, and based on models of the spacecraft and IMU dynamics, a Kalman filter is employed to obtain the 3-D relative position and velocity. Furthermore, it is shown that the relative accelerometer biases as well as the differential time between clocks can be estimated. Numerical simulations are also performed to assess the proposed navigation algorithm.
Application of a bus garage location and sizing optimization

Abstract A computationally efficient methodology to size and locate bus garage system changes optimally is outlined. The analytical model developed is applied to a Detroit metropolitan area case study. The case study demonstrates the application of the model and provides an example of the results of its use.
Tensile crack-tip fields in elastic-ideally plastic hexagonal crystals and layered materials

Abstract Crack tip stress and deformation fields for tensile loaded ideally plastic crystals, as described by Rice [Mech. Mater.6, 317 (1987)], have been applied to hexagonal crystals and hexagonal layered solids. The specific case of ( 01 1 0 ) cracks growing in the [ 2 11 0 ] direction is considered for hexagonal layered solids, like Pyrolytic graphite (PG) and Carbon ribbon to understand why certain crack orientation and growth directions show unusual fracture toughness values. For the growing crack case, despite the same crack orientation in the two materials, two different types of stress fields are observed, as the orientation of the weakest slip planes with respect to the crack plane is different for the two cases. Furthermore, only one type of elastic sector is present for PG. This is in contrast to the cases of cracks growing in f.c.c. and b.c.c. crystals, wherein two kinds of elastic sectors were present. Surprisingly for (0001) cracks growing in the ( 2 11 0 ) direction in hcp crystals of Zn and Ti no kinematically permissible solutions were found.
Resin film infusion of stitched stiffened composite panels

Through-thickness stitching followed by resin film infusion (RFI) process is one of the most promising and cost-effective methods of manufacturing stiffened composite panels with higher delamination resistance. The specific benefits of stitching are reduced manufacturing cost with rapid stacking of built-up stitched plies, increased reliability of using stacked plies with predetermined orientations and minimal loss of structural properties with significantly increased delamination resistance and retention of strength after impact. The present paper discusses a stitching and RFI process that was used to fabricate integrated stiffened panels. Plain-weave graphite fabric was used and RFI simulation was performed to obtain the infiltration time for varying pressure. The performance of the stitched stiffened panels under compressive loading and compared with that of the unstitched, stiffened panels.
Induction of a specific antibody response in human B cells: role of a human antigenic nonspecific T-cell soluble factor and requirement for antigen.

Abstract Purified human tonsil B lymphocytes cultured with a human T cell helper factor produced in the presence of pokeweed mitogen or tetanus toxoid, generated direct plaque forming cells (PFC) to sheep red blood cells. Magnitude of the PFC response was correlated with concentration of helper factor, antigen concentration, number of lymphocytes, and number of days of culture. The presence of helper factor was required for at least four days, while antigen was required to be present for 12 hr to induce a PFC response. Adherent cells were not required for helper factor production or activity. The T cell helper factor stimulated DNA synthesis by B cells independently of antigen. Inhibition of DNA synthesis during the first 72 hr eliminated plaque forming cells. However, DNA synthesis was not required late in the culture period and was not required for the augmentation of the PFC response after addition of sheep red blood cells.
Aortic graft sepsis caused by Pasteurella multocida.

Abstract A case detailing the successful management of aortic graft sepsis resulting from Pasteurella multocida is reported. The infection was the result of a bite from the patient's dog. (J VASC SURG 1987;5:887-8.)
MAST: triage for market-scale mobile malware analysis

Malware is a pressing concern for mobile application market operators. While current mitigation techniques are keeping pace with the relatively infrequent presence of malicious code, the rapidly increasing rate of application development makes manual and resource-intensive automated analysis costly at market-scale. To address this resource imbalance, we present the Mobile Application Security Triage (MAST) architecture, a tool that helps to direct scarce malware analysis resources towards the applications with the greatest potential to exhibit malicious behavior. MAST analyzes attributes extracted from just the application package using Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA), a statistical method that measures the correlation between multiple categorical (i.e., qualitative) data. We train MAST using over 15,000 applications from Google Play and a dataset of 732 known-malicious applications. We then use MAST to perform triage on three third-party markets of different size and malware composition---36,710 applications in total. Our experiments show that MAST is both effective and performant. Using MAST ordered ranking, malware-analysis tools can find 95% of malware at the cost of analyzing 13% of the non-malicious applications on average across multiple markets, and MAST triage processes markets in less than a quarter of the time required to perform signature detection. More importantly, we show that successful triage can dramatically reduce the costs of removing malicious applications from markets.
Industrial Dynamics and the Design of Management Control Systems

The usual approaches to management control system design often fail to be effective, sometimes creating problems more significant that those they resolve. Such failures result from lack of total system understanding, from use of subsystem constraints, and from inadequate or improper treatment of the human decision-making elements of the system. Examples drawn from Industrial Dynamics research studies illustrate these problems and provide some pointers for remedying the difficulties. Management Technology, ISSN 0542-4917, was published as a separate journal from 1960 to 1964. In 1965 it was merged into Management Science.
Assay of Prolactin after Freezing Cow's Milk

Abstract Concentrations of prolactin were similar in aliquots of the same milk sample stored for 2 days at 4C or −23C but averaged lower if prepared for assay at 30C than if prepared at 40 or 50C. Average deviations in prolactin between duplicate measurements relative to respective treatment averages were lowest generally when technique of mixing included vortexing for 5s immediately prior to pipetting volumes of milk for assay. The average deviation of differences in prolactin among duplicate measurements relative to average concentrations of prolactin were about the same for colostrum, milk, and blood plasma (11, 17, and 14%) stored frozen. Prolactin can be measured reliably in frozen cow's milk provided samples are warmed to 40C to 50C and mixed thoroughly when prepared for assay.
Peak Aerobic Power Is an Important Component of Physical Performance in Older Women

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between peak aerobic power (VO2peak) and performance on a modified Physical Performance Test (modified PPT) in older women. METHODS One hundred one women aged 75 years and older seeking enrollment in randomized, controlled trials of exercise and/or hormone replacement therapy were recruited from the community-at-large and from congregate living sites. Measures obtained included VO2peak, a modified PPT, and self-reports about performance of activities of daily living. RESULTS Simple regression analysis demonstrated that VO2peak was associated with total PPT score (r =.53, p <.001), gait speed (r =.44, p <.001), time to arise from a chair five times (r =.43, p = <.001), and time to climb one flight of stairs (r =.36, p =.007). Multiple regression analysis revealed that the relationships between VO2peak and total modified PPT score, gait speed, chair rise time, and time to climb one flight of stairs were independent of age. CONCLUSIONS Peak aerobic power is a significant independent predictor of performance on a standardized test of physical function in older women and is an important component of physical frailty in this population.
Modeling of irregular non-planar transition effects formed by bulk micromachining on high resistivity silicon wafer

An irregular non-planar transition effect, that connects a 50/spl Omega/ microstrip to a 16/spl Omega/ partially shielded valley microstrip is studied. The transition effect is modeled using LC T-network and distributed transmission line methods. The circuit model results show agreement with full-wave simulation and measurement data up to approximately 32GHz.
Analysis and measurement of a microstrip array applicator for hyperthermia therapy

Experimentally measured E-field patterns obtained with a miniature dipole probe are compared with the prediction of a simple cavity-model/array theory. Measurements made at 915 MHz in water using a three-element linear array on a high-dielectric-constant (MCT-85) substrate show lower normal to tangential E-field component ratios then predicted. This suggests safe heating potential at fat/muscle tissue layers within the half-power bandwidth. S-parameters indicate the impedance match quality and mutual coupling. Radiated power patterns can be smoothed by a clinical system using dynamic amplitude and phase control to ensure uniform power deposition during hyperthermia treatments. >
Mastitis therapy and pharmacology

Mastitis remains the most frequent cause of antibacterial use on dairy farms and contributes to a substantial portion of total drug and veterinary costs incurred by the dairy industry. Ultimately, the best outcome of mastitis therapy is a positive effect on the amount of marketed milk harvested and long-term survival of the cow. This article describes the strategies of therapy for bovine mastitis, with an emphasis on antibacterial and anti-inflammatory therapy.
Exhaustive Metropolis Monte Carlo sampling and analysis of polyalanine conformations adopted under the influence of hydrogen bonds

We propose a novel Metropolis Monte Carlo procedure for protein modeling and analyze the influence of hydrogen bonding on the distribution of polyalanine conformations. We use an atomistic model of the polyalanine chain with rigid and planar polypeptide bonds, and elastic α carbon valence geometry. We adopt a simplified energy function in which only hard-sphere repulsion and hydrogen bonding interactions between the atoms are considered. Our Metropolis Monte Carlo procedure utilizes local crankshaft moves and is combined with parallel tempering to exhaustively sample the conformations of 16-mer polyalanine. We confirm that Flory's isolated-pair hypothesis (the steric independence between the dihedral angles of individual amino acids) does not hold true in long polypeptide chains. In addition to 310- and α-helices, we identify a kink stabilized by 2 hydrogen bonds with a shared acceptor as a common structural motif. Varying the strength of hydrogen bonds, we induce the helix–coil transition in the model polypeptide chain. We compare the propensities for various hydrogen bonding patterns and determine the degree of cooperativity of hydrogen bond formation in terms of the Hill coefficient. The observed helix–coil transition is also quantified according to Zimm–Bragg theory. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Apparent digestibility coefficients for common feedstuffs in formulated diets for red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii.

Abstract Apparent digestibility coefficients were determined for 15 feedstuffs in formulated diets for red swamp crayfish (P. clarkii) using a reference diet and test diets composed of 70% reference diet and 30% test ingredient. Digestibility coefficients for dry matter (DM), protein (P) and energy (E) were: (1) alfalfa meal: 34.7% DM, 75.6% P, 35.6% E; (2) corn grain: 100% DM 97.3% P, 100% E; (3) cottonseed meal: 64.8% DM, 83.7% P, 67.9% E; (4) crab meal: 61.9% DM, 81.1% P, 68.1% E; (5) meat and bone meal: 61.3% DM, 76.5% P, 78.1% E; (6) menhaden fish meal: 71.6% DM, 80.7% P, 82.5% E; (7) milo (grain sorghum): 87.5% DM, 86% P, 82.7% E; (8) rice bran: 71% DM, 93.5% P, 73.7% E; (9) rice grain: 70.8% DM, 87.7% P, 70.8% E; (10) soybean meal: 78.6% DM, 94.8% P, 83.1% E; (11) wheat flour: 100% DM, 96.4% P, 99.5% E; (12) wheat gluten: 100% DM, 100% P, 100% E; (13) wheat middlings: 74.8% DM, 92.5% P, 75.3% E; (14) wheat shorts: 81.6% DM, 92.2% P, 79.5% E; and (15) dried yeast: 61.6% DM, 69.8% P, 55.3% E. Dry matter, crude protein and energy digestibility coefficients indicated starchy seed meals and grain by-products were more digestible for crayfish than high-fiber roughage or animal protein products containing high levels of chitin and ash. Dry matter and energy digestibility of feedstuffs varied inversely with fiber and ash content, indicating that high-fiber roughages may be of little value as crayfish feeds. High-starch feedstuffs, however, appeared to be excellent sources of dietary energy for crayfish. Dry matter digestibility of animal protein products was generally lower than that of non-fibrous plant meals. However, protein and energy (lipid and nitrogen-free extract) components of animal protein products were well digested by crayfish, indicating that animal protein products may be used effectively as protein supplements in formulated crayfish feeds, and may be selected primarily on the basis of crude protein content and amino acid composition, since protein digestibility coefficients for most available supplements are adequate.
Cold Shock Response and Adaptation at Near-Freezing Temperature in Microorganisms

Microorganisms that naturally encounter sharp temperature shifts must develop strategies for responding and adapting to these shifts. Escherichia coli , which are adapted to living at both warm temperatures inside animals and cooler ambient temperatures, respond to low temperatures (10° to 15°C) by adjusting membrane lipid composition and increasing the production of proteins that act as "RNA chaperones" required for transcription and translation and proteins that facilitate ribosomal assembly. In contrast, yeast, which are adapted to cooler temperatures, show a relatively minor cold shock response after temperature shifts from 30° to 10°C but respond with a dramatic increase in the synthesis of trehalose and a heat shock protein when exposed to freezing or near-freezing temperatures. This emphasizes the fact that different groups of microorganisms exhibit distinct types of cold shock responses.
Wireless multicast: theory and approaches

We design transmission strategies for medium access control (MAC) layer multicast that maximize the utilization of available bandwidth. Bandwidth efficiency of wireless multicast can be improved substantially by exploiting the feature that a single transmission can be intercepted by several receivers at the MAC layer. The multicast nature of transmissions, however, changes the fundamental relations between the quality of service (QoS) parameters, throughput, stability, and loss, e.g., a strategy that maximizes the throughput does not necessarily maximize the stability region or minimize the packet loss. We explore the tradeoffs among the QoS parameters, and provide optimal transmission strategies that maximize the throughput subject to stability and loss constraints. The numerical performance evaluations demonstrate that the optimal strategies significantly outperform the existing approaches.
Atmospheric deposition of current-use and historic-use pesticides in snow at National Parks in the Western United States

The United States (U.S.) National Park Service has initiated research on the atmospheric deposition and fate of semi-volatile organic compounds in its alpine, sub-Arctic, and Arctic ecosystems in the Western U.S. Results for the analysis of pesticides in seasonal snowpack samples collected in spring 2003 from seven national parks are presented herein. From a target analyte list of 47 pesticides and degradation products, the most frequently detected current-use pesticides were dacthal, chlorpyrifos, endosulfan, and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane, whereas the mostfrequently detected historic-use pesticides were dieldrin, alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane, chlordane, and hexachlorobenzene. Correlation analysis with latitude, temperature, elevation, particulate matter, and two indicators of regional pesticide use reveal that regional current and historic agricultural practices are largely responsible for the distribution of pesticides in the national parks in this study. Pesticide deposition in the Alaskan parks is attributed to long-range transport because there are no significant regional pesticide sources. The percentage of total pesticide concentration due to regional transport (%RT) was calculated for the other parks. %RT was highest at parks with higher regional cropland intensity and for pesticides with lower vapor pressures and shorter half-lives in air.
Proactive re-optimization

Traditional query optimizers rely on the accuracy of estimated statistics to choose good execution plans. This design often leads to suboptimal plan choices for complex queries, since errors in estimates for intermediate subexpressions grow exponentially in the presence of skewed and correlated data distributions. Reoptimization is a promising technique to cope with such mistakes. Current re-optimizers first use a traditional optimizer to pick a plan, and then react to estimation errors and resulting suboptimalities detected in the plan during execution. The effectiveness of this approach is limited because traditional optimizers choose plans unaware of issues affecting reoptimization. We address this problem using proactive reoptimization, a new approach that incorporates three techniques: i) the uncertainty in estimates of statistics is computed in the form of bounding boxes around these estimates, ii) these bounding boxes are used to pick plans that are robust to deviations of actual values from their estimates, and iii) accurate measurements of statistics are collected quickly and efficiently during query execution. We present an extensive evaluation of these techniques using a prototype proactive re-optimizer named Rio. In our experiments Rio outperforms current re-optimizers by up to a factor of three.
Differential regulation of steroid nuclear receptor coregulator expression between normal and neoplastic prostate epithelial cells

Background—Deregulated androgen receptor (AR) action is critical for prostate cancer (PCa) progression. Aberrant expression of AR-associated coregulators contributes to AR activity in PCa. The mechanisms underlying coregulator expression in PCa are under intense investigation as they may lead to alternative means of targeting AR activity in PCa cells. We have recently shown that over 30 percent of coregulator expression in the PCa cell line LNCaP is subject to androgen regulation. Methods—Using multiple PCa cell lines as well as xenograft models, non-malignant prostate epithelial cell lines and androgen-responsive tissues derived from a male Wistar rat model system, we explored the effect of androgen stimulation and androgen deprivation on the expression of the core coactivators SRC1, SRC2, SRC3, CBP and p300. Results—Androgen stimulation of model systems representing PCa led to a decrease in the expression of SRC1, SRC2, SRC3, CBP and p300, whereas androgen deprivation induced the expression of these coactivators. In contrast, expression of these coregulators remained largely unaffected following changes in the androgenic milieu in AR-positive models representing nonmalignant prostate cells and tissues. Conclusions—Our data indicate differences in the regulation of coregulator expression between neoplastic and normal prostate cells. These findings emphasize the important potential of targeting the mechanisms regulating coregulator expression for therapeutic intervention in PCa.
Effect of Temperature and Alcohols in the Preparation of Titania Nanoparticles from Alkoxides

We report on the formation of titania (TiO2) colloids via the hydrolysis and condensation of alkoxides under a large excess of water. This process is characterized by a rapid precipitation of large aggregates, followed by a slow peptization (deaggregation) induced by the presence of nitric acid. We find that the hydrolysis temperature and the length of the alkoxy group have a minor effect on the size of the peptized colloid. In contrast, the particle size is sensitive to the peptization temperature and exhibits a minimum at 50|SDC. The presence of alcohols inhibits peptization and results in both larger colloids and longer peptization treatments. The smallest size (~20 nm in diameter) is obtained when no alcohol is added to the reaction mixture. The results suggest that the formation of TiO2 nanoparticles is controlled by colloidal interactions, whereas chemical factors (the rate of hydrolysis and condensation) have a secondary role.
FSA: A Fast Coordination Scheme for Opportunistic Routing

Opportunistic Routing (OR) has been considered as one promising technique to overcome the unreliability of the wireless medium by collaborating multiple neighboring receivers/candidates for packet forwarding. A key challenge in OR is how to efficiently coordinate the multiple candidates and ensure only one of them to forward the packet. In this paper, we investigate the existing candidate coordination schemes and propose a "fast slotted acknowledgment" (FSA) to further improve the performance of OR by using single ACK with the help of channel sensing technique. The simulation results show that FSA can reduce the average end-to-end time delay of OR protocols by up to 50% compared with state-of-the-art coordination schemes in light traffic scenarios and can increase the average end-to-end throughput by up to 20% in heavy traffic scenarios.
A Future Internet Architecture Based on De-Conflated Identities

We present a new Internet architecture based on de-conflated identities (ADI) that explicitly establishes the separation of ownership of hosts from the underlying infrastructure connectivity. A direct impact of this de-conflated Internet architecture is the ability to express organizational policies separately and thus more naturally, from the underlying infrastructure routing policies. Host or organizational accountability is separated from the infrastructure accountability, laying the foundations of a cleaner security and policy enforcement framework. Also, it addresses the present Internet routing problems of mobility, multihoming, and traffic engineering more naturally by making a clear distinction of host and infrastructure responsibilities and thus defining these functions as a set of primitives governed by individual policies. In this paper, we instantiate the primitive mechanisms related to the issues of end-to-end policy enforcements, mobility, multihoming, traffic engineering, etc., within the context of our architecture to emphasize the relevance of a de-conflated Internet architecture on these functions.
Mapping and characterization of a 'speciation gene' in Drosophila.

Almost nothing is known about the identity of the genes causing reproductive isolation between species. As a first step towards molecular isolation of a ‘speciation gene’, I mapped and partly characterized a gene causing hybrid male sterility in Drosophila. This analysis shows that sterility of D. melanogaster males who carry the ‘dot’ fourth chromosome from D. simulans is due entirely to a very small region of the D. simulans chromosome (including only about 5 salivary gland bands or approximately 250 kb of DNA). Thus the hybrid sterility effect of the D. simulans fourth chromosome is almost surely due to a single gene of very large effect (here named hms, hybrid male sterile). Hms is zygotically acting, and the D. simulans allele of hms is completely recessive. Furthermore, complementation tests suggest that hms is not an allele of any known locus in D. melanogaster.
Ubiquitination Catalyzed by the Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzyme, UbcH7 Inhibits the Degradation of Proteasome Substrates

The ubiquitin conjugating enzyme, UbcH7 has been shown to work with a number of E3 ligases. We have shown that UbcH7 is regulated in a cell cycle dependent manner and controls the entry into and le...