cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heart murmur in a young man.

A man in his 20s with Down syndrome presented to cardiology clinic for evaluation of a murmur. He denied symptoms. He had no prior history of invasive cardiac procedures or cardiac surgery. His examination revealed a murmur. An echocardiogram was performed and a diagnostic image is shown in figure 1. Figure 1 Colour M-mode echocardiographic image of the mitral valve. 1. Based on the colour Doppler M-mode echocardiographic image (figure 1), what is the most likely cause …
State-of-Charge Balancing for Battery Energy Storage Systems in DC Microgrids by Distributed Adaptive Power Distribution

We consider the control problem of fulfilling the desired total charging/discharging power while balancing the state-of-charge (SoC) of the networked battery units with unknown parameters in a battery energy storage system. We develop power allocating algorithms for the battery units. These algorithms make use of distributed estimators for the average desired power and the average unit state and the adaptive parameter estimators, and are showed to fulfill the desired total power while achieving battery unit SoC balancing as long as the undirected graph that represents the communication network among the battery units is connected and there is at least one battery unit with the knowledge of the desired total power. Numerical simulation verifies the effectiveness of the proposed power allocating algorithms.
Better for whom? Sanction type and the gendered consequences for women:

How does sanction type negatively impact women in gendered ways in the target state? I argue that economic sanctions place a financial burden on the target state which leads to government cuts to s...
Dynamic Imaging using Deep Bi-linear Unsupervised Regularization (DEBLUR)

Bilinear models that decompose dynamic data to spatial and temporal factors are powerful and memory-efficient tools for the recovery of dynamic MRI data. These methods rely on sparsity and energy compaction priors on the factors to regularize the recovery. The quality of the recovered images depend on the specific priors. Motivated by deep image prior, we introduce a novel bilinear model whose factors are represented using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The CNN parameters are learned from the undersampled data off the same subject. To reduce the run time and to improve performance, we initialize the CNN parameters. We use sparsity regularization of the network parameters to minimize the overfitting of the network to measurement noise. Our experiments on free breathing and ungated cardiac cine data acquired using a navigated golden-angle gradient-echo radial sequence show the ability of our method to provide reduced spatial blurring as compared to low-rank and SToRM reconstructions.
Cuckoo Prefix: A Hash Set for Compressed IP Blocklists

IP blocking has become a vital task for all network attached devices. Every device from Internet of Things, to routers, to application servers requires the ability to filter certain IP addresses from delivering malicious information. Blocking IPs requires storing and checking lists of tens to hundreds of millions of IP addresses. Cuckoo hash sets provide strong performance by offering relatively low numbers of memory accesses per lookup. This makes them optimal for time sensitive applications like networking. Using cuckoo++ hash tables as a baseline, we propose a new data structure known as cuckoo prefix for the purpose of blocking IPs quickly with relatively little space. Leveraging IP subnets allows us to achieve similar throughput rates as implementations such as cuckoo++ with 8 times less memory usage. In addition, in this paper we offer a comparison of throughput and memory usage of several modern hash set and hash table implementations. In particular, we examine linear probing, robin hood hashing, bit sets (including EBVBL), and cuckoo hashing implementations to determine which provides the best throughput at the lowest memory cost.
SARS-CoV-2 infection: Initial viral load (iVL) predicts severity of illness/outcome, and declining trend of iVL in hospitalized patients corresponds with slowing of the pandemic.

Background Hospitalization of patients infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have remained considerable worldwide. Patients often develop severe complications and have high mortality rates. The cycle threshold (Ct) value derived from nasopharyngeal swab samples using real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) may be a useful prognostic marker in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, however, its role in predicting the course of the pandemic has not been evaluated thus far. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study which included all patients who had a nasopharyngeal sample positive for SARS-CoV-2 between April 4 –June 5, 2020. The Ct value was used to estimate the number of viral particles in a patient sample. The trend in initial viral load on admission on a population level was evaluated. Moreover, patient characteristics and outcomes stratified by viral load categories were compared and initial viral load was assessed as an independent predictor of intubation and in-hospital mortality. Results A total of 461 hospitalized patients met the inclusion criteria. This study consisted predominantly of acutely infected patients with a median of 4 days since symptom onset to PCR. As the severity of the pandemic eased, there was an increase in the percentage of samples in the low initial viral load category, coinciding with a decrease in deaths. Compared to an initial low viral load, a high initial viral load was an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality (OR 5.5, CI 3.1–9.7, p < 0.001) and intubation (OR 1.82 CI 1.07–3.11, p = 0.03), while an initial intermediate viral load was associated with increased risk of inpatient mortality (OR 1.9, CI 1.14–3.21, p = 0.015) but not with increased risk for intubation. Conclusion The Ct value obtained from nasopharyngeal samples of hospitalized patients on admission may serve as a prognostic marker at an individual level and may help predict the course of the pandemic when evaluated at a population level.
Traffic-based quantitative risk analysis of structural fire damage to roadway tunnel linings

This paper demonstrates a quantitative risk analysis (QRA) approach of fire-induced damage to the reinforced concrete linings in roadway tunnels. Large fire events associated with buses and heavy g...
Non-Perturbative String Theory

The conventional approach to two dimensional gravity and to string theory is perturbative with respect to fluctuations of the topology. One sums over two dimensional geometries by first performing the functional integral for fixed topology (genus= number of handles) and then summing over genus. However, this sum is very badly behaved. The higher terms grow as factorials of the genus, and the positivity of these terms renders the series non Borel summable.[1]This situation is made worse by the lack of an adequate nonperturbative framework for the theory. Such a framework, (for example, a useful formulation of second quantized string theory) should be capable of reproducing the topological series as an asymptotic expansion, valid in the perturbative domain; but it should also provide a physical picture and a mathematical framework valid for strong coupling. It is essential that we develop nonperturbative methods if we are to relate unified string theories to the real world. At the perturbative level of string theory there are many too many possible worlds, i.e. classical vacua about which consistent perturbative expansions can be made. All of them have undesired features, such as unbroken supersymmetry and massless dilatons. One must hope that nonperturbative physics will lift the degeneracy and break the unwanted symmetries. This is strongly suggested by the divergence and non Borel summability of perturbation theory which can be taken as an indication of the nonperturbative instability of the classical vacua [1].
Total Variation Based Oversampling of Noisy Images

We propose a variational model which permits to simultaneously deblur and oversample an image. Indeed, after some recalls on an existing variational model for image oversampling, we show how to modify it in order to properly achieve our two goals. We discuss the modification both under a theoretical point of view (the analysis of the preservation of some structural elements) and the practical point of view of experimental results.We also describe the algorithm used to compute a solution to this model.
A method of precise mRNA/DNA homology-based gene structure prediction

Accurate and automatic gene finding and structural prediction is a common problem in bioinformatics, and applications need to be capable of handling non-canonical splice sites, micro-exons and partial gene structure predictions that span across several genomic clones. We present a mRNA/DNA homology based gene structure prediction tool, GIGOgene. We use a new affine gap penalty splice-enhanced global alignment algorithm running in linear memory for a high quality annotation of splice sites. Our tool includes a novel algorithm to assemble partial gene structure predictions using interval graphs. GIGOgene exhibited a sensitivity of 99.08% and a specificity of 99.98% on the Genie learning set, and demonstrated a higher quality of gene structural prediction when compared to Sim4, est2genome, Spidey, Galahad and BLAT, including when genes contained micro-exons and non-canonical splice sites. GIGOgene showed an acceptable loss of prediction quality when confronted with a noisy Genie learning set simulating ESTs. GIGOgene shows a higher quality of gene structure prediction for mRNA/DNA spliced alignment when compared to other available tools.
Dynamical Effects of Cometary Bombardment of Saturn’s Rings and Moons

Saturn’s ring particles and airless moons are exposed to a large flux of interplanetary debris, principally comets and comet dust. Collisions with this debris are responsible for both physical and dynamical changes in objects orbiting about Saturn. Physical changes include cratering of large bodies and catastrophic disruption of small bodies. Dynamical changes, which are analyzed in this paper, include orbital alteration (principally of ring particles) and changes in spin state (which are only important for moons, as ring particle spins are continually altered by mutual collisions).
Outcome of resection of infratemporal fossa tumors.

Background A variety of tumors arise in or extend to the infratemporal fossa. We investigated the outcome of surgical management of these tumors. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of a craniofacial approach to resection of infratemporal fossa tumors from 1992 to 2008 in a cancer center. Results Forty-three patients underwent resection of a infratemporal fossa tumors (68% men). Median age was 46 years (range, 1–81 years). The most common pathology was sarcoma (13; 30%). Twenty-two tumors (51%) were recurrent. Twenty patients (46%) underwent resection of tumors from the infratemporal fossa, 5 (12%) required resection of the anterior skull base, and 18 (42%) required orbital exenteration, additionally. Thirty-one patients (72%) required reconstruction with free tissue transfer. Twenty-seven patients (62.8%) required further treatment with radiation and/or chemotherapy. Complications occurred in 9 patients (21%). Six patients (14%) underwent salvage operations. Median follow-up was 24 months. Median overall survival and 3-year survival were 40 months and 59.6%. Conclusion Tumors involving the infratemporal fossa can be resected with acceptable morbidity and long-term survival. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 35: 1567–1572, 2013
Introduction to Epidemiologic Research Methods in Public Health Practice

Books about research methods are numerous and Bailey and Handu carefully contribute to the field by gearing their book towards novice students and researchers in the public health domain. The autho...
Thermodynamic properties of the reaction center of Rhodopseudomonas viridis. In vivo measurement of the reaction center bacteriochlorophyll-primary acceptor intermediary electron carrier.

The thermodynamic properties of redox components associated with the reaction center of Rhodopseudomonas viridis have been characterized with respect to their midpoint potentials and relationship with protons. In particular a midpoint potential for the intermediary electron carrier acting between the reaction center bacteriochlorophyll and the primary acceptor has been determined. The rationale for this measurement was that the light-induced triplet/biradical EPR signal would not be observed if this intermediate was chemically reduced before activation. The midpoint potential of the intermediary at pH 10.8 is about −400 mV (n = 1).
From Hometown to Nontown: Rural Community Effects of Suburbanization

Abstract Regional suburbanization processes are transforming rural America socially and physically, threatening the uniqueness of small towns whose diversity is a national resource. This article reviews existing holistic descriptions of American rural communities since post-World War II by rural sociologists and anthropologists. Three new community case studies are briefly sketched—one “agrarian” in slow decline, another “postagrarian” where suburbanization is overwhelming agrarian traits, and a third that combines elements of both. With suburbanization, transformation into a generic nontown with the loss of place attachment and community identity is argued to have particularly negative effects for youth, whose socialization becomes privatized as parental civic engagement and general adult watchfulness decline. These changes constitute a community effect for rural youth analogous to the neighborhood effect richly documented by urban sociologists for inner-city youth. The suburbanization challenge is for small towns to resist homogenization of the vital aspects of agrarian community life they most cherish.
Properties of a methionyl-tRNA systhetase from Sarcina lutea

Abstract Methionyl-tRNA synthetase was purified from sonic extracts of Sarcina lutea by successive elution from calcium phosphate gel followed by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. When methionine activation was measured by hydroxamate formation, ATP-32PPi exchange and attachment to tRNA, the ratio of activities determined by these methods remained constant throughout the purification. The kinetics of the enzymatic reaction were determined using all three assay. The reaction was inhibited by various salts at high ionic strength, certain nucleotides and RNA from several sources. Reduced glutathione and mercaptoethanol also were inhibitory. Selenomethionine and methionine analogues with alkyl-substituted thiol groups stimulated both ATP 32PPi exchange and hydroxamate formation. Of the other methionine analogues tested, homocysteine was the most potent inhibitor.
A 53 min ISOMER OF CAESIUM 135

Abstract A new isomer of caesium 135 is described. Its half life is 53±2 min. The excitation energy is 1.62 MeV, the spin is at least 17 2 . It decays to the groundstate by emission of an 840±15 keV γ-ray followed by a 780±5 keV γ-ray. The K conversion coefficient of the 840 keV transition indicates M4 but E6 connot be excluded. The Weisskopf single particle estimate for M4 gives a half life 60 times smaller than experimentally observed.
Multicultural Education for Preservice Students

(1993). Multicultural Education for Preservice Students. Action in Teacher Education: Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 27-34.
Bioelectrical changes of the heart cycle induced by stimulation of diencephalic regions.

Abstract The production of alterations in cardiac function by stimulation of diencephalic regions has been reported in the past. These alterations have been considered indicative of the existence of central regulatory mechanisms acting upon the contraction of the heart muscle. The principal purpose of the present study was to clarify further some aspects of this functional relationship. The experiments were carried out in cats under the action of a curarizing agent. Electrodes were stereotaxically oriented to stimulate, in a point-to-point exploration, the ventral structures of the diencephalon. Diencephalic influences upon the heart cycle are revealed by the analysis of the electrocardiogram under stimulation of hypothalamic and subthalamic areas. Changes in rhythm, as well as changes in the configuration of the electrocardiographic wave components, are obtained by stimulation at a number of locations. Effects of sympathetic activation, such as tachycardia and increase in the amplitudes of the QRS complex and the T wave, are much more commonly and consistently seen than those resulting from activation of the parasympathetic system. A zone is delimited from which influences on the heart are most readily exerted. This zone covers most of the lateral and posterior hypothalamus, the zona incerta, and the tegmental fields of Forel. Excitation of these areas frequently results in the activation of abnormal foci of impulse formation in the myocardium.
Well-Aligned Open-Ended Carbon Nanotube Architectures: An Approach for Device Assembly

To circumvent the high carbon nanotube (CNT) growth temperature and poor adhesion with the substrates that currently plague CNT implementation, we proposed using CNT transfer technology enabled by open-ended CNTs. The process is featured with separation of CNT growth and CNT device assembly. Field emission testing of the as-assembled CNT devices is in good agreement with the Fowler−Nordheim (FN) equation, with a field enhancement factor of 4540. This novel technique shows promising applications for positioning CNTs on temperature-sensitive substrates and for the fabrication of field emitters, electrical interconnects, and thermal management structures in microelectronics packaging.
Instrumentation in the Next Decade

The progress of instrumentation and measurement science in the next decade will be marked by three major trends. First, as the average instrument achieves a rather considerable level of intelligence, "dumb" systems will become the exception, and we will eventually begin to become proficient in exploiting the resulting capabilities. Second, more sophisticated understanding of measurement science and of actual measurement needs will drive instrumentation design advances such as miniaturized sensors and yet more "hyphenated" instruments and "mapping" instruments. Third, the combination of sensor-based instrumentation and microminiaturization will make possible distributed measurement by allowing point-of-use measurements by nonexperts.
Removal of the intruding Miragel's scleral buckle by pars plana ultrasonic fragmentation.

Purpose To introduce a surgical approach for removing intruded scleral buckle resulting from Miragel's implant. Design Interventional case report. Methods After cutting and releasing scleral band externally, a pars plana Fragmatome was used to break up and aspirate pieces of the Miragel's implant that had grown into the eye, filling the vitreous cavity. Results The intruding Miragel's buckle was shaved to the plane of the retina without any complication. The retina was completely attached. Conclusion Use of ultrasonic fragmentation by a pars plana approach was effective in removing the intavitreally expanded buckling element without harming the retina.
Embryotoxic effects of crude oil in mallard ducks and chicks

Recent studies in this laboratory have revealed that surface applications of microliter amounts of some crude and fuel oils that coat less than 10% of the egg surface reduce hatching considerably in different avian species. Applications of paraffin compounds that coat equal areas of the egg surface do not reduce hatching suggesting that toxicity is due to causes other than asphyxia. In the present study, 1–10 μl of South Louisiana crude oil, an API reference oil, were applied to the surface of fertile mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and chicken (Gallus gallus) eggs. Early embryolethality was greater in mallard embryos than in chick embryos, but later embryolethality that coincided with the time of rapid outgrowth of the chorioallantoic membrane was more prevalent in chick embryos. The overall incidence of embryolethality was similar in both species. Retardation of growth as reflected by embryonic body weight, crown-rump length, beak length, and general appearance was more pronounced in chick than mallard embryos. Teratogenic defects were more frequent in chick embryos, and incomplete or abnormal ossification of the skull was the most common. External application of equivalent amounts of a mixture of paraffin compounds present in crude oil had virtually no embryotoxic effects in either species, suggesting that other components including aromatic hydrocarbons and organometallics may cause the embryotoxicity.
Method for Staining Bacterial Flagella

The following method of staining bacterial flagella is ecommended for use on smears made from suspensions of 10 to 16-tour agar slant cultures, incubated 30 minutes at 37°C before spreadng on thoroly cleaned and named slides:Cover with fixative (100 cc. of 1/4 sat. aqu. solution picric acid, with 5 g. tannic acid and 7.5 g. ferrous sulfate).Wash with tap water, dry and cover with Fontana spirochaete stain; heat to steaming and allow to act for 1 to 2 minutes. Wash in ap water. The stain is prepared as follows: To 25 cc. 2% AgNO3 add dilute ammonia till the precipitate which forms redissolves; then add more AgNO3 till a faint turbidity results. A clear solution is useess.
Weak coupling theory of phonon linewidths in a two-dimensional lattice above a liquid helium substrate

The one-ripplon-n-phonon contributions to the linewidths of lattice resonances have been calculated by first-order perturbation theory to all ordersn in a weak coupling theory. Approximations are made in the expressions for the ripplon-phonon coupled mode coordinates and frequencies which limit the quantitive application of the theory to areal densities ≲ 107 cm−2. A maximum in the linewidth as a function of temperature is predicted which results from the cutoff of scattering from ripplons of large wave vector by the Debye-Waller factor.
Three-dimensional singular stress fields near the circumferential junction corner line of an island/substrate system either free-standing or fully/partially bonded to a rigid block

Abstract The primary motivation of the present investigation stems from the need for understanding the three-dimensional singular stress fields in the vicinity of the re-entrant circumferential bimaterial junction corner line between a thin film island and the underlying substrate, either free-standing or fully/partially bonded to a super-rigid block. A three-dimensional eigenfunction expansion approach is employed for determination of the singular stress field in the vicinity of the re-entrant circumferential bimaterial junction corner line. The island-substrate bimaterial system is subjected to extension/bending (mode I), shear/twisting (mode II) and torsional (mode III) far field loadings. Both the island and substrate materials are assumed to be isotropic and elastic. The boundary conditions, prescribed on either side of the interfacial bond line between the island and substrate materials (free–free, fixed–fixed, free–fixed and fixed–free), are exactly satisfied. Numerical results include the dependence of the lowest eigenvalue(s) (or most severe order(s) of stress singularity) on the wedge aperture angle of the island material (looking at a axisymmetric cross-section). Variation of the same with respect to the shear moduli ratio of the constituent island and substrate materials is also an important part of the present investigation. Hitherto unobserved interesting and physically meaningful conclusions in regards to the mixed free–fixed type singularity and delamination type flaw sensitivity of an island-substrate bimaterial system are also presented.
Wave reflection and focusing prior to the major stratospheric warming of September 2002

Abstract Observations of the Southern Hemispheric winter conditions indicate that the major warming of September 2002 resulted from a combination of stationary wave-1 and traveling wave-2 forcing events and suggest that wave and mean-flow anomalies present earlier that winter may have also played a role. Quantities such as the location of the zero wind line, the strength and wave geometry of the vortex, and the horizontal and vertical wave fluxes all differed significantly from climatological values throughout much of the 2002 winter. An analysis of the anomalous features suggests the hypothesis that the persistence of a traveling wave 2 may have increased the likelihood of the combination with stationary wave 1, leading to the observed unprecedented increase in upward Eliassen–Palm flux preceding the warming. The anomalous conditions of the 2002 winter began as early as mid-May of that year and consisted of a large burst of wave flux into the stratosphere and a strong deceleration of the vortex during it...
Equiangular tight frames and signature sets in groups

Abstract quiangular frames are an important class of finite dimensional frames because of their superior performance and numerous applications. The objective of this paper is to present a new tool to construct equiangular tight frames from groups. We prove that many equiangular tight frames arise from subsets of groups which we call signature sets. Subsequently, we define quasi-signature sets and examine real equiangular tight frames associated with these subsets of groups. This approach yields further results and establishes new correspondences. We extend these results to complex equiangular tight frames where the inner product between any pair of vectors is a common multiple of a cube root of unity and exhibit equiangular tight frames that arise from groups in this manner.
1-Methyl-2,6-cis-distyrylpiperidine

The complete molecule of the title compound, C22H25N, is generated by crystallographic mirror symmetry, with two C atoms and the N atom lying on the mirror plane. The central ring adopts a chair conformation and the dihedral angle between the aromatic rings is 56.69 (4)°.
Modelling International Tourism Demand for the Caribbean

This paper provides models of international tourism demand for four destination countries (the Bahamas, Barbados, Jamaica and St Lucia) in the Caribbean region, where visitor arrivals are mainly from Canada, Germany, the UK and the USA. The authors use a less restrictive econometric technique � the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds test � to test for cointegration among the variables in the tourism demand equations. The empirical results from the bounds test indicate the existence of a unique long-run relationship between tourist arrivals, per capita real income, tourism prices and transport costs. The estimated results show that changes in tourists� income, tourism prices, travel costs, the 9/11 2001 terrorist attacks on the USA and the 2003 US�Iraq War significantly affect tourists� travel decisions. The results also show that tourism demand for Caribbean destinations is highly income elastic in both the short run and the long run, but relatively price inelastic in both periods. The price inelasticities suggest that if policy makers and/or tourism stakeholders increase the prices of the tourism products and services, this would not decrease the number of tourist arrivals proportionally but would increase total tourism receipts or revenues. Overall, the CUSUM and CUSUMSQ stability tests reveal that the parameters of the international tourism demand models are stable and, as such, they can be used for policy analysis and forecasting.
Signalling for food and sex? Begging by reproductive female white-throated magpie-jays

Food begging is common in nutritionally dependent young of many animals, but structurally homologous calls recur in adult signal repertoires of many species. We propose eight functional hypotheses for begging in adults; these stem from observations in birds but apply broadly to other taxa in which begging occurs. Adult cooperatively-breeding white-throated magpie-jays (Calocitta formosa) use loud begging vocalizations, particularly near the nest site during reproduction. We analysed the social context and behavioural phenology of loud calling and allofeeding in this species and compared these with predictions from each functional hypothesis. We found that reproductive females are the primary producers of beg calls, and their begging peaks during the fertile period when reproductive conflict among males and females was highest. Loud begging rates correlated positively with provisioning rates, but females called more in the pre-incubation fertile period than after they initiated incubation. Based on the context, phenology and active space of the signal, we conclude that female loud begging vocalizations function to signal nutritional need to group members, but also have been evolutionarily co-opted to advertise fertility to potential extra-pair partners. The location of calling is likely a consequence of nest guarding by breeding females to prevent intraspecific brood parasitism.
Human nasal protrusion, latitude, and climate

Relationships between morphological features of human skeletal nasal protrusion, latitude, and climate were investigated. Craniofacial dimensions and indices determined by Woo and Morant (1934) on a world sample of 55 skeletal populations were used as dependent variables. Sample sizes were as low as 39 in some calculations because either skeletal or geographic data were missing. Thirteen climatically related averaged variables, for each population's provenience, were the independent variables. Multivariate techniques of bivariate correlation, multiple regression, and partial correlation were applied. A strong, statistically significant cline of increasing nose protrusion, with decreasing absolute humidity and with increasing latitude, was found. Cold climatic variables appeared to be of greater importance than warm measures. Similarly, absolute humidity was found to be a much better predictor of nose protrusion than was relative humidity.
Fish community structure of Oklahoma Gulf coastal plains

We collected the common fish species in all available aquatic habitats (streams, oxbow lakes, swamps) in bottomlands of McCurtain County, Oklahoma. Abundance and distribution of fishes, and environmental data were analyzed by a multivariate approach and examined for fit to a hierarchical model. The variables maximum depth, substrate, and presence of flow were the most important variables predicting fish community structure. Our multivariate analyses demonstrate that environmental factors can explain much variation in presence and abundance of the common fish species. Kolasa's hierarchical model relates species to each other by comparing ranges. This habitat-based model explained the relationships of our species ranges.
369 Tflop-s molecular dynamics simulations on the petaflop hybrid supercomputer ‘Roadrunner’

We describe the implementation of a short-range parallel molecular dynamics (MD) code, SPaSM, on the heterogeneous general-purpose Roadrunner supercomputer. Each Roadrunner ‘TriBlade’ compute node consists of two AMD Opteron dual-core microprocessors and four IBM PowerXCell 8i enhanced Cell microprocessors (each consisting of one PPU and eight SPU cores), so that there are four MPI ranks per node, each with one Opteron and one Cell. We will briefly describe the Roadrunner architecture and some of the initial hybrid programming approaches that have been taken, focusing on the SPaSM application as a case study. An initial ‘evolutionary’ port, in which the existing legacy code runs with minor modifications on the Opterons and the Cells are only used to compute interatomic forces, achieves roughly a 2× speedup over the unaccelerated code. On the other hand, our ‘revolutionary’ implementation adopts a Cell-centric view, with data structures optimized for, and living on, the Cells. The Opterons are mainly used to direct inter-rank communication and perform I-O-heavy periodic analysis, visualization, and checkpointing tasks. The performance measured for our initial implementation of a standard Lennard–Jones pair potential benchmark reached a peak of 369 Tflop-s double-precision floating-point performance on the full Roadrunner system (27.7p of peak), nearly 10× faster than the unaccelerated (Opteron-only) version. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The 2004 Bower Award in Science presented to Seymour Benzer

Seymour Benzer was chosen for founding the field of neurogenetics, and for his seminal discoveries of the genetic basis of behavior. His pioneering studies made it possible to begin to acquire key information necessary to understand the human brain.
Non-contact measurements of creep properties of niobium at 1985 °C

The stress exponent in the power-law creep of niobium at 1985 °C was measured by a non-contact technique using an electrostatic levitation facility at NASA MSFC. This method employs a distribution of stress to allow the stress exponent to be determined from each test, rather than from the curve fit through measurements from multiple samples that is required by conventional methods. The sample is deformed by the centripetal acceleration from the rapid rotation, and the deformed shapes are analyzed to determine the strain. Based on a mathematical proof, which revealed that the stress exponent was determined uniquely by the ratio of the polar to equatorial strains, a series of finite-element analyses with the models of different stress exponents were also performed to determine the stress exponent corresponding to the measured strain ratio. The stress exponent from the ESL experiment showed a good agreement with those from the literature and the conventional creep test.
The Establishment and Defeat of Hierarchy: Inalienable Possessions and the History of Collective Prestige Structures in the Pueblo Southwest

The role of social valuables in establishing and defeating hierarchies in prestate societies is explored through the use of Annette Weiner's concept of “inalienable possessions.” Inalienable possessions are objects made to be kept (not exchanged), have symbolic and economic power that cannot be transferred, and are often used to authenticate the ritual authority of corporate groups. Ethnographic examples from Zuni are used to understand the range of individually and collectively owned inalienable objects in Pueblo societies. I then use three classes of these objects from archaeological contexts to gain insight into the history of collective prestige structures in the Southwest. I argue that inalienable goods are more useful than shape prestige goods for understanding the role of social valuables in many nonstate societies, especially those in which inequalities are based on ritual knowledge.
Instructional development through a national industry-education partnership

A Grade K-12 energy education program was developed, field tested, and installed in the schools with more than a million students in 1984 under an industry-education partnership involving several major energy companies and national education organizations. Nationwide field testing during development yielded mean pretest and posttest scores of 52 and 86 percent across the elementary and high school units. Data from 50,000 students using the program revealed similar overall test scores after its installation in regular classes. A set of ID practices that contributed to the success of the project are recommended for instructional developers.
Detection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B at femtomolar levels with a miniature integrated two-channel surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors offer the capability for continuous real-time monitoring. The commercial instruments available have been large in size, expensive, and not amenable to field applications. We report here an SPR sensor system based on a prototype two-channel system similar to the single channel Spreeta devices. This system is an ideal candidate for field use. The two-channel design provides a reference channel to compensate for bulk refractive index (RI), non-specific binding and temperature variations. The SPR software includes a calibration function that normalizes the response from both channels, thus enabling accurate referencing. In addition, a temperature-controlled enclosure utilizing a thermo-electric module based on the Peltier effect provides the temperature stability necessary for accurate measurements of RI. The complete SPR sensor system can be powered by a 12V battery. Pre-functionalized, disposable, gold-coated thin glass slides provide easily renewable sensor elements for the system. Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB), a small protein toxin was directly detectable at sub-nanomolar levels and with amplification at femtomolar levels. A regeneration procedure for the sensor surface allowed for over 60 direct detection cycles in a 1-month period.
The IC50 for Inhibition of Digoxin Transport Across Confluent Cell Monolayers of P-gp Expressing Cell Lines is Often a Function of Inhibitor Binding to Both P-gp and an Unidentified Basolateral Digoxin Uptake Transporter

Previously, we reported that the P-gp substrate digoxin requires basolateral and apical uptake transporter(s) to achieve the observed efflux kinetics across MDCKII-MDR1 (Netherlands Cancer Institute) confluent cell monolayers. We extend this kinetic analysis to include other cell lines, including MDCKII-MDR1 (National Institute of Health) and Caco-2. Digoxin transport across confluent cell monolayers was measured in the absence and presence of several P-gp substrates and/or inhibitors. Our kinetic analysis showed that digoxin transport in these other cell lines typically requires a basolateral digoxin uptake transporter. The B>A transport inhibition curve of digoxin was a conflation of inhibitor binding to both P-gp and to this basolateral digoxin uptake transporter. If a new compound is an inhibitor of digoxin transport across any of these cell-lines, the IC50 could be due to binding to P-gp or to the basolateral digoxin uptake transporter, or both. Finally, our analysis allowed us to estimate the efflux active P-gp surface density on the cell lines, which is the fraction of P-gp in the plasma membrane which successfully effluxes substrate into the apical chamber, which depends upon microvilli morphology.
From smartphones to iPad: Power users’ disposition toward mobile media devices

Abstract The spread of mobile media devices (MMDs), such as smartphones and tablet computers, has been markedly rapid around the world in recent years. The diffusion of mobile media technology has turned some early adopters into “power users,” using MMD more innovatively, efficiently and thoroughly than others. Going beyond the research of innovative users and heavy users, this study proposes the concept of power users by investigating the interactions between the power use of MMD and personality attributes, online activities as well as traditional media use. The findings showed that personality attributes were strong predictors for power use, which was also partially predicated by media multitasking and traditional media use. Research in this stream should assist in understanding the diffusion of mobile media technology and its impact on human interaction.
Unsolved Mysteries: The Hippocampus

The continuing explosion of scientific interest in the hippocampus began in the 1950s, initiated in large part by the recognition of the importance of the observations of hippocampectomized monkeys made by Kluver and Bucy and the remarkable memory loss of patient H. M. following temporal lobe surgery. Subsequent to these studies, research and theories about the hippocampus grew exponentially in number and diversity. As yet, no theory of hippocampal function explains all of the phenomena discovered in the clinic or laboratory. In this article, experimental results that have been forgotten or ignored in most theories are presented. Adequate theories of hippocampal function must account for known, reliable postsurgical behavioral observations and consider the conditions under which anomalies are noted. Comprehensive theories will require new approaches in which the interactions of the hippocampus with the central nervous system are understood.
Framing transformation: the counter-hegemonic potential of food sovereignty in the US context

Originally created by the international peasant movement La Via Campesina, the concept of “food sovereignty” is being used with increasing frequency by agrifood activists and others in the Global North. Using the analytical lens of framing, I explore the effects of this diffusion on the transformative potential of food sovereignty. US agrifood initiatives have recently been the subject of criticism for their lack of transformative potential, whether because they offer market-based solutions rather than demanding political ones or because they fail to adequately address existing social injustice. In this paper, I consider how food sovereignty measures up to this critique both as it was originally framed by Via Campesina and as it is being reframed for the US context. First I briefly compare food sovereignty to community food security (CFS), which was developed more explicitly for the North American context and has been criticized for its lack of transformative potential. I then explore how the potential of food sovereignty has been affected as it is reframed to resonate with US audiences through an examination of its use on the web sites of US-based organizations. I find that, while some reframing of the concept to highlight consumer choice does seem to be occurring, it remains a primarily political concept. It may not, however, be fulfilling its potential for addressing social injustice in the US agrifood system because it tends to be used either in reference to international issues or, when applied to the US context, treated as a rough synonym for local control. I conclude that, if advocates can successfully guide the reframing process, food sovereignty could serve as a valuable counter-hegemonic vision to complement the more pragmatic and locally-grounded work of CFS advocates.
Nucleotide phosphohydrolase activities of the plasma membranes of embryonic chick liver cells.

Abstract Plasma membrane fractions of embryonic chick liver cells have been isolated by the techniques of homogenization, differential centrifugation in isotonic, low ionic strength medium, and zonal centrifugation. The purity of the fractions has been determined by electron microscopy and the absence of enzymatic markers for contaminating subcellular fractions. CTPase (EC 3.6.1.4) specific activities are high for plasma membranes isolated from embryonic chick livers. Other nucleoside triphosphatase and nucleoside diphosphatase activities are associated with the plasma membranes. It has not been determined if all nucleotide phosphohydrolase activities are due to a single enzyme or group of enzymes.
A classification of disulfide patterns and its relationship to protein structure and function.

We report a detailed classification of disulfide patterns to further understand the role of disulfides in protein structure and function. The classification is applied to a unique searchable database of disulfide patterns derived from the SwissProt and Pfam databases. The disulfide database contains seven times the number of publicly available disulfide annotations. Each disulfide pattern in the database captures the topology and cysteine spacing of a protein domain. We have clustered the domains by their disulfide patterns and visualized the results using a novel representation termed the “classification wheel.” The classification is applied to 40,620 protein domains with 2–10 disulfides. The effectiveness of the classification is evaluated by determining the extent to which proteins of similar structure and function are grouped together through comparison with the SCOP and Pfam databases, respectively. In general, proteins with similar disulfide patterns have similar structure and function, even in cases of low sequence similarity, and we illustrate this with specific examples. Using a measure of disulfide topology complexity, we find that there is a predominance of less complex topologies. We also explored the importance of loss or addition of disulfides to protein structure and function by linking classification wheels through disulfide subpattern comparisons. This classification, when coupled with our disulfide database, will serve as a useful resource for searching and comparing disulfide patterns, and understanding their role in protein structure, folding, and stability. Proteins in the disulfide clusters that do not contain structural information are prime candidates for structural genomics initiatives, because they may correspond to novel structures.
Fractional powers of a difference operator

Abstract We use Fourier series to establish an integral representation of a right inverse of a difference operator which is the q-analogue of d dθ . The kernel of this integral operator is v' 4 v 4 and is the Rienmann mapping function that maps conformally the interior of an ellipse onto the open unit disc. We also define fractional powers of the right inverse operator and establish their index law.
Compatibility of water-cooled chromia-containing refractories with a high iron oxide acidic coal-ash slag at 1575/sup 0/C

Sixteen water-cooled refractories were exposed to a synthetic high iron oxide acidic coal slag at 1575 °C. The importance of high chromia content and density in minimizing corrosive attack was evident. The beneficial effect of water cooling was also clearly demonstrated by the difference in corrosion and penetration between full- and 1/2- length specimens. All of the refractories were found to have reacted with the slag to form complex intermediate spinel layers with the general formula (Fe,Mg)(Cr,Al)2O4. The thickness, coherence, and composition of these layers varied according to the composition and density of the base refractory. Refractories high in chromia were shown to resist fluxing by iron oxide better than refractories high in alumina.
UV/ozone cleaning of a replica grating

Abstract UV/ozone cleaning was evaluated for cleaning a carbon-contaminated replica grating. Replica optics represent a challenging test of any cleaning process because of the potential for damage to the epoxy layer which can severely degrade the surface figure and finish. A badly contaminated replica grating was divided into three sections for this study. One section was cleaned using a mercury lamp, another section was cleaned using a deuterium lamp, and the third section was left as a control. The results were evaluated using a Ronchi test to determine figure error, a Fotonic sensor to estimate reflectivity, and a microscopic evaluation using a Nomarski objective to look for surface damage. Surface roughness measurements were also performed with a Micromap surface profiler. The results indicated that the surface figure and finish were not significantly degraded, and the surface figure was actually improved compared to the contaminated condition. The visible light reflectivity was fully restored in the areas that were cleaned.
Theoretical Investigation of the Hydride Transfer from Formate to NAD+ and the Implications for the Catalytic Mechanism of Formate Dehydrogenase

The hydride transfer reaction between formate and NAD+ has been investigated by using molecular orbital theory in combination with continuum solvation models. The reaction in the gas phase is extremely exothermic due to the instability of the charged reactant species. The calculations reveal that during the hydride transfer the pyridine ring of NAD+ takes a quasi-boat conformation. The nitrogen atom of the pyridine ring remains planar, which is in agreement with the experimentally established 15N kinetic isotope effect (1.004 ± 0.001) of the formate dehydrogenase catalyzed oxidation of formate to carbon dioxide. The computed value at the HF/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory for the 15N kinetic isotope effect is 1.0042. In solution, however, there is a potential energy barrier for the hydride transfer. At the MP2/6-31G(d)//HF/6-31G(d) level of theory the self-consistent reaction field approach gives a barrier height of 9.0 kcal/mol in acetonitrile (e = 35.9). Direct nucleophilic addition of one of the carboxylat...