cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Perceived Barriers, Role Models, and Acculturation on the Career Self-Efficacy and Career Consideration of Hispanic Women

This study used path analysis to examine the relationship between perceived barriers, acculturation, and role model influence on the career self-efficacy and career considerations of a sample of Hispanic women. Two path models were examined. The male-dominated model accounted for 15% of the variance, and the female-dominated model accounted for 26% of the variance. No relationship was found between the variables of interest and male-dominated career self-efficacy and consideration. However, perceived barriers were related to female-dominated career consideration and Anglo acculturation significantly contributed to female-dominated career self-efficacy. Results are discussed with regard to career practice and research with Hispanic women.
Fluorinated Copolymer Nanoparticles for Multimodal Imaging Applications

Nanomaterials have emerged as valuable tools in biomedical imaging techniques. Here, the synthesis and characterization of a novel fluorinated nanoparticle with potential applications as an MRI contrast agent is reported. Particles were synthesized using a free radical polymerization technique. Secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis showed that the particles' surface contained fluorinated groups and nitrogen-containing groups. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy suggested the presence of two distinct fluorine resonances, which conforms to the structure of the fluorinated monomer. Ongoing studies aim to evaluate the performance of the nanoparticles as MRI contrast agents both in vitro and in vivo.
Evaluation of perfusion CT and TIBI grade in acute stroke for predicting thrombolysis benefit and clinical outcome.

Summary Objective To evaluate the prognostic accuracy of combining perfusion CT (PCT) and thrombolysis in brain ischemia (TIBI) ultrasonographic grade in the triage of stroke patients who will benefit from thrombolysis and in predicting the clinical outcome. Methods We conducted a prospective study of all consecutive stroke patients admitted to our hospital from March 2003 to July 2007, presenting with signs of acute stroke within the therapeutic window, who had undergone either intravenous or combined intravenous and intra-arterial thrombolysis. All patients were evaluated by a complete stroke CT protocol, transcranial color-coded duplex sonographic monitoring, follow-up imaging (CT or MRI) and clinical outcome at 3 months, as assessed by the modified Rankin scale (mRS). Results A total of 34 patients were included with a mean NIHSS on admission of 14.2. This study revealed that PCT had 95% sensitivity and 71% specificity in the evaluation of therapy benefit as well as 75% sensitivity and 39% specificity in predicting clinical outcome. The extent of ischemic tissue according to PCT and TIBI grade were significantly correlated (p 2) in 18 patients. Conclusion PCT was the most accurate predictor of both thrombolytic therapy benefit and clinical outcome. The TIBI score was useful for determining whether or not to perform intravenous therapy alone or as a combined therapy.
The pediatrician's role in children's adjustment to divorce.

Until recently, children's adjustment to divorce has been considered to be primarily a function of variables within the child. Such factors as age and sex of the child have been assumed to be the predominant influences on the child's adaptation? ,2 Researchers have failed to recognize the influence of processes external to the child on the adjustment process. Hostility between parents, environmental changes brought about by the divorce (e.g., moving, changing schools and peer groups, decrease in time spent with both parents), parenting skills, and parent adjustment are among the significant adjustment influences identified in recent studies. 3-5 Although a greater appreciation for external influences on children's divorce adjustment is conveyed in the later researchl broader environmental influences are often forgotten. The extent to which professional and cultural attitudes about child custody and divorce litigation shape divorce decisions and, subsequently, child adjustment is largely ignored in the research literature. For example, the "tender years doctrine" and its assumption that mothers are the best custodians of young children appear to shape the behavior of many professionals. Yet the validity of this position and the scope of its impact on the custody decision-making process remain unstudied. Finally, this persPective is problematic, particularly in light of recent efforts to prevent psychopathologic conditions in children of divorced parents. 6
BENZENE METABOLITES INDUCE THE LOSS AND LONG ARM DELETION OF CHROMOSOMES 5 AND 7 IN HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES

Two of the most common cytogenetic changes in therapy- and chemically-related leukemia are the loss and long (q) arm deletions of chromosomes 5 and 7 (i.e. -5, -7, del(5q) and del(7q)). We have used a novel fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) procedure to determine if the benzene metabolites hydroquinone (HQ) and 1,2,4-benzenetriol (BT) can induce these specific changes in human lymphocytes cultured as whole blood. Metaphase spreads were prepared and hybridized with centromeric probes for chromosomes 1, 5 and 7 and sequence specific probes for 5q31 and 7q36-qter. HQ and BT significantly increased monosomy 5 and 7 by 3-5 fold (p < 0.0001). Both HQ and BT also significantly increased the rate of del(5q) and del(7q) by 8-12 fold (p < 0.0001). Chromosome 7 was especially susceptible to aneusomy induction by HQ and BT at low doses. These results show that metabolites of benzene are highly effective in inducing changes in chromosomes 5 and 7 that are involved in the development of myeloid leukemia.
Market Justice, Political Justice

The defense of capitalism in America is rooted in a preference for the market's justice of earned deserts over the justices of equality and need associated with the polity. These preferences have structural roots in the way governments and markets serve different values and purposes, satisfy wants, focus on fairness or justice, enlist causal attributions, distribute or redistribute income, are limited by rights, and seem to offer either harmony or conflict of interest. Some of these “structural” differences, however, are themselves perceptual, and corrected by changed perceptions of the productivity of government and of our historic predecessors, and by a community point of view involving changed accounting systems, as well as by policies of full employment rather than guaranteed incomes. With few institutional changes, these altered perceptions may partially restore political justice to favor.
Thermally activated deformation of precipitation hardened beta titanium alloy single crystals

Abstract The temperature dependence of the flow stress behavior has been measured from 77 to 740 K for age-hardenable β-phase (b.c.c.) Ti - 40 V - 1 Si alloy single crystals. Upon aging solution-treated crystals, an increase in the athermal yield stress at 740 K is accompanied by a decrease in the temperature dependence of the yield stress. Direct electron microscopy observations, slip character and work hardening behavior indicate that the precipitate particles are predominantly sheared in the conditions tested. The reduced temperature dependence of the yield stress with aging appears to be a result of: (a) the relative flow stress difference of screw versus edge dislocations moving through penetrable obstacles and (b) solute association which may occur during aging.
Adolescents and the New Literacies: Writing Engagement

Abstract This article shares the results of a 3-year study of the use of threaded discussion groups within intact eighth-grade classrooms in a middle school in Southern California. Using mixed-methods data collection and analysis, it addresses questions about how technology may be used effectively to create engaged writers and how student access to effective technology teaching may help to overcome the “digital divide.” Through intervention, observations, interviews, questionnaires, and examination of student work, the study describes and documents the usefulness of integrating technology with the literacy curriculum. Findings include documentation of increased knowledge of “new literacies,” critical thinking skills, highly engaged students, and authentic response to literature. Students' perceptions of themselves as writers improved, but gender differences were noted. Boys' perceptions were highly correlated on the preyear and postyear surveys. Implications for teacher education preparation programs are ...
Dynamic model of flexible phytoplankton nutrient uptake.

The metabolic machinery of marine microbes can be remarkably plastic, allowing organisms to persist under extreme nutrient limitation. With some exceptions, most theoretical approaches to nutrient uptake in phytoplankton are largely dominated by the classic Michaelis–Menten (MM) uptake functional form, whose constant parameters cannot account for the observed plasticity in the uptake apparatus. Following seminal ideas by earlier researchers, we propose a simple cell-level model based on a dynamic view of the uptake process whereby the cell can regulate the synthesis of uptake proteins in response to changes in both internal and external nutrient concentrations. In our flexible approach, the maximum uptake rate and nutrient affinity increase monotonically as the external nutrient concentration decreases. For low to medium nutrient availability, our model predicts uptake and growth rates larger than the classic MM counterparts, while matching the classic MM results for large nutrient concentrations. These results have important consequences for global coupled models of ocean circulation and biogeochemistry, which lack this regulatory mechanism and are thus likely to underestimate phytoplankton abundances and growth rates in oligotrophic regions of the ocean.
Comparability of selection instruments in studies of heterosexual-social problem behaviors

To evaluate the comparability of the selection methods used in analogue studies on heterosexual-social problem behaviors, 67 undergraduate males were administered four commonly used paper-and-pencil self-report instruments designed to assess both “dating experience” and “social anxiety”. Major findings from the analyses were (a) the majority of the intercorrelations were statistically significant, although most were relatively low in magnitude, (b) based on a principal component analysis, the battery of instruments appeared multidimensional in nature with considerable content and method variance present among instruments, and (c) using traditional selection criteria, all instruments produced relatively independent subject samples, and little was gained from knowing classification on one instrument in predicting classification on another. Implications for past and future research in this analogue research area and the current clinical research on social skills training were discussed, along with the lack of convergence of these instruments.
Acyl Transfer as a Problematic Side Reaction in Polymer-Supported Oligosaccharide Synthesis

Under a wide variety of glycosylation conditions acyl transfer to the polymer support competed with glycoside formation, including the pivaloyl protecting group. As well as acyl transfer, many glycosylations also led to the formation of polymer-bound β-1,2-linked oligomers of the donor. Using ethyl 2,6-di-O-pivaloyl-3,4-O-isopropylidene-β-d-galactothiopyranoside as donor under promotion of N-iodosuccinimide/silver trifluoromethanesulfonate in the presence of 2-methyl-2-butene, an 82% yield of glycoside was obtained along with pivaloylated polymer. Subsequent work showed that increasing the steric bulk about the alcoholic acceptor in conjunction with this 2-O-pivaloyl-protected glycosyl donor completely suppresses this side reaction, giving a nearly quantitative yield of glycoside. This contraintuitive approach of decreasing the reactivity of both the donor and the acceptor to minimize a side reaction is rationalized by assuming that the barrier to acyl transfer is more sensitive to the protecting groups t...
A numerical study of the shearing motion of emulsions and foams

A numerical study is presented of the motion of two-dimensional, doubly periodic, dilute and concentrated emulsions of liquid drops with constant surface tension, subject to a simple shear flow. The numerical method is based on a boundary integral formulation that employs a Green's function for doubly periodic Stokes flow, computed using the Ewald summation method. Under the assumption that the viscosity of the drops is equal to that of the ambient fluid, the motion is examined in a broad range of capillary numbers, volume fractions, and initial geometrical configurations. The latter include square and hexagonal lattices of circular and closely packed hexagonal drops with rounded corners. Based on the nature of the asymptotic motion at large times, a phase diagram is constructed separating regions where periodic motion is established, or the emulsion is destabilized due to continued elongation or coalescence of intercepting drops. Comparisons with previous computations for bounded systems illustrate the significance of the walls on the evolution and rheological properties of an emulsion. It is shown that the shearing flow is able to stabilize a concentrated emulsion against the tendency of the drops to become circular and coalesce, thereby allowing for periodic evolution even when the volume fraction of the suspended phase might be close to that for dry foam. This suggests that the imposed shearing flow plays a role similar to that of the disjoining pressure for stationary foam. At high volume fractions, the geometry of the microstructure and flow at the Plateau borders and within the thin films separating adjacent drops are illustrated and discussed with reference to the predictions of the quasi-steady theory of foam. Although the accuracy of certain fundamental assumptions underlying the quasi-steady theory is not confirmed by the numerical results, we find qualitative agreement regarding the basic geometrical features of the evolving microstructure and effective rheological properties of the emulsion.
Influence of pH and heat treatment of whey on the functional properties of whey protein concentrates in yoghurt

Abstract Our aim was to investigate how two conditions of whey processing, pH and heat treatment, affect the physical properties of stirred yoghurts fortified to 45 g protein kg−1 with whey protein concentrates (WPC). Cheddar whey was heated at pH 6.4 or pH 5.8 at 72 °C for 15 s, eventually heated further at 82 or 88 °C for 78 s, ultrafiltered, and spray dried. Resulting WPC contained 38% protein; the denaturation level of the whey protein was 10–53%. There were significant ( P 0.05 ) differences in physical properties of WPC fortified yoghurts: water-holding capacity ranged from 33% to 46% and elastic modulus ranged from 63 to 145 Pa depending on whey processing. WPC with low denaturation level produced yoghurts with high elastic modulus and water-holding capacity. Minimizing the heat treatment during whey processing maximized the functional properties of WPC to be used in yoghurt.
ISOLATION AND PROPERTIES OF PROTEASE FROM SACCHAROMYCES CARLSBERGENSIS

Proteases from autolyzed Saccharomyces carlsbergensis were partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and hydroxyapatite column chromatography. pH optima at pH 3.0 and 6.8 were observed. A 7.4-fold purification was achieved for the protease with neutral pH optimum. The general properties of this enzyme were studied. It displayed optimum activity and stability at 37°C and pH 6. It was inhibited by Fe+2and Fe+3, N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), and sodium chloride (NaCl). It was activated by β-mercaptoethanol and urea.
Hepatocyte transplantation in rats with decompensated cirrhosis

Hepatocyte transplantation improves the survival of laboratory animals with experimentally induced acute liver failure and the physiological abnormalities associated with liver-based metabolic deficiencies. The role of hepatocyte transplantation in treating decompensated liver cirrhosis, however, has not been studied in depth. To address this issue, cirrhosis was induced using phenobarbital and carbon tetrachloride (CCL(4)) and animals were studied only when evidence of liver failure did not improve when CCL(4) was held for 4 weeks. Animals received intrasplenic transplantation of syngeneic rat hepatocytes (G1); intraperitoneal transplantation of syngeneic rat hepatocytes (G2); intraperitoneal transplantation of a cellular homogenate of syngeneic rat hepatocytes (G3); intraperitoneal transplantation of syngeneic rat bone marrow cells (G4); or intrasplenic injection of Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) (G5). After transplantation, body weight and serum albumin levels deteriorated over time in all control (G2-G5) animals but did not deteriorate in animals receiving intrasplenic hepatocyte transplantation (G1) (P <.01). Prothrombin time (PT), total bilirubin, serum ammonia, and hepatic encephalopathy score were also significantly improved toward normal in animals receiving intrasplenic hepatocyte transplantation (P <. 01). More importantly, survival was prolonged after a single infusion of hepatocytes and a second infusion prolonged survival from 15 to 128 days (P <.01). Thus, hepatocyte transplantation can improve liver function and prolong the survival of rats with irreversible, decompensated cirrhosis and may be useful in the treatment of cirrhosis in humans.
CO2 laser heating instrumentation at CHESSa)

A new instrument constructed at the high‐pressure facility at CHESS provides a simple mechanism to group MCA data on the basis of a rapidly varying sample temperature. This system allows powder diffraction from samples at simultaneous high pressures and high temperatures in a diamond‐anvil cell. The instrument consists of a laser beam delivery system and incandescent light collection optics to analyze the resulting graybody spectra. A portion of the incandescent light controls into which multichannel analyzer group the x‐ray‐diffraction pattern accumulates. We illustrate the performance of the system with recent experiments.
Energy dependence of the outer core-level multiplet structures in atomic Mn and Mn-containing compounds

We consider the energy dependence of the Mn 3s and 3p multiplets from gas-phase atomic Mn and crystalline ${\mathrm{MnF}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{KMnF}}_{3}$ over the range from x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) energies down to energies near threshold. First comparing atomic and solid-state spectra for these multiplets permits concluding that the splittings in the compounds ${\mathrm{MnF}}_{2}$, MnO, and ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{0.3}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{0.7}$Te are highly atomic in character, with no significant effects due to extra-atomic screening. Measuring the energy dependence for atomic Mn, ${\mathrm{MnF}}_{2}$, and ${\mathrm{KMnF}}_{3}$ then shows for both the 3s and 3p multiplets that there is a decrease in the intensities of the higher-binding-energy quintet states relative to those of the corresponding septet states as the excitation energy is lowered. This effect on the quintet:septet branching ratios is also found to extend to rather high energies, with the ratios at the XPS limit of \ensuremath{\approxeq}1400 eV above threshold being approximately 25\char21{}30 % greater than those at \ensuremath{\approxeq}200 eV above threshold. We show that this energy-dependent final-state branching ratio is not due simply to spin-dependent dipole matrix elements as derived from single-configuration Hartree-Fock calculations. We suggest that this effect is caused by the sudden-to-adiabatic transition, which at lower energies favors the exchange-stabilized septet states that are the ground states of the ions formed. However, two prior theoretical models for such sudden-to-adiabatic intensity changes [Stohr, Jaeger, and Rehr, Phys. Rev. Lett. 51, 821 (1983) and Thomas, Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 182 (1985)] were not found to describe our results well, particularly in the extension of the effect to higher energies. We consider qualitatively a configuration-interaction model with quintet-septet interchannel coupling that may better describe these effects and form the basis for more quantitative calculations.
Nitric oxide formation in combustion

A review of the current understanding of nitric oxide production in hydrocarbon/air and hydrogen/air combustion processes shows that the extended Zeldovich mechanism yields accurate nitric oxide predictions for fuel/air equivalence ratios from zero to infinity for hydrogen combustion and from zero to about 1.5 for hydrocarbon combustion. The theory cannot predict the fuel-rich hydrocarbon results because important, yet to be discovered reactions or reaction mechanisms are missing. The oxygen atom concentration exerts considerable influence on the nitric oxide production rate. It should be calculated by using a partial equilibrium assumption of the H2-O2-CO reactions: H+O 2 IOH+O, O+H 2 rOH+H, H 2 +OHIH 2 O+H, and CO+OHICO2 +H. The nitric oxide emission predictions, when compared to experimental measurements, verify the theoretical analysis.
Development and characterization of plasma actuators for high-speed jet control

Active control of high Reynolds number and high-speed jets has been hampered due to the lack of suitable actuators. Some of the attributes that would make an actuator suitable for such flows are: high amplitude and bandwidth; small size for distribution around the jet; phase-locking ability for jet azimuthal mode forcing; and sufficient ruggedness for hot jets. We have been developing a class of actuators termed ‘localized arc filament plasma actuators,’ which possess such characteristics. In this paper, we present the development and characterization of these actuators as well as preliminary results on their applications in high Reynolds number Mach 0.9 and ideally expanded Mach 1.3 jets.
A Simulation Exercise to Illustrate the Impact of an Enterprise System on a Service Supply Chain

In this paper, we present a computer-based simulation exercise designed to help students understand the impact of an enterprise system on business performance in a service supply chain. The particular service supply chain simulated in the exercise is a wireless telecommunications firm. In this exercise, students perform simulations to experience managing the supply chain of the telecommunications firm with and without an enterprise system. The simulator tracks their business performance. Then the results are used as the basis of discussion in a subsequent debriefing session. We describe the educational goals of the simulation exercise and how the exercise can be structured in order to achieve these goals. The latter is illustrated by the use of the simulation exercise in a master's level supply chain management course in the Red McCombs School of Business at the University of Texas at Austin. The simulator includes realistic details. In fact, it is based on the extensive consulting experiences of the first author with two North American telecommunications firms. We describe the simulator in detail under the various scenarios, explain how it was validated, and provide the simulator equations in system dynamics format in Appendix B.
Cardiovascular and endocrine reactivity in older females: intertask consistency.

Age-related structural and functional changes in the cardiovascular, sympathoadrenomedullary (SAM), and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) systems may affect the ability to reliably identify individual differences in response to stress. Heart rate, preejection period, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, respiratory rate, norepinephrine, epinephrine, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and cortisol were assessed in 64 healthy older women (mean = 67 years) in response to a mental arithmetic and public-speaking task. All cardiovascular and endocrine measures changed significantly during the tasks. All measures were consistent across the two tasks (r(s)s = .50 to .97). Moreover, a majority of women in this sample exhibited cross-task consistency in the relative activation of the autonomic, SAM, and HPA systems (i.e., response profiles). Further research is recommended to examine the significance of consistent individual differences in response profile.
Matrix proteoglycans as effector molecules for epithelial cell function

Matrix proteoglycans are complex molecules composed of a core protein and glycosaminoglycan side chains. Once thought to be the molecular glue providing structural support and imparting biomechanical properties to lung tissue, it is now apparent that proteoglycans are important biological modifiers which regulate processes such as lung development, homeostasis, inflammation and wound healing. The diverse roles of proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix suggest that these molecules play a critical role in normal and diseased lungs. This short article will discuss the role extracellular matrix proteoglycans play in regulating epithelial cell function in the lungs.
Botanicals and chronic diseases: presentation summary.

Pharmacologically active phytochemicals (botanical therapeutics) have been used historically to treat and prevent diseases. In the US, botanical therapeutics can be developed as food additives, dietary supplements, and drugs containing a single plant-derived bioactive or mixture of bioactives. Conventional approaches to drug discovery from plants, based on ethical bioprospecting, high throughput screening, and computer-assisted drug design have limitations that have restricted botanical therapeutics research in the pharmaceutical and food industries. In addition, biopiracy concerns, extract standardization, batchto-batch consistency, proper botanical vouchering and identification of actives have curtailed the development and sales of multicomponent botanical therapeutics. Fortunately, novel enabling technologies and favorable regulatory changes are making the discovery and development of botanical therapeutics more efficient and less controversial. These technologies are leading to the development of novel, safe, and efficacious botanical therapeutics for major human diseases. The past, present, and future of botanical therapeutic research will be discussed as well as specific examples of recently developed products for inflammation and metabolic syndromes.
Compliance with Dosing Guidelines in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

OBJECTIVETo assess the level of reported compliance with renal dosing guidelines in inpatient, long-term care, and ambulatory settings.DATA SOURCESAvailable databases (MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness, ACP Journal Club) were searched (1966-December 2002) to identify published literature pertaining to renal dosing guideline compliance in patients with chronic kidney disease.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTIONAll articles addressing renal dosing guideline compliance in inpatient, long-term care or ambulatory settings were included. Six articles matching our inclusion criteria were reviewed.DATA SYNTHESISPatients with chronic kidney disease require appropriate medication dosing for disease severity and level of renal function for avoiding adverse drug events, preventing additional renal injury, and optimizing patient outcomes. Consensus-based medication dosing guidelines are readily available an...
A baseband residual vector quantization algorithm for voiceband data signals

A new approach is presented to the digitization and compression of a class of voiceband modem signals. The approach, baseband residual vector quantization (BRVQ), relies heavily on the simple structure present in a modem signal. After the signal is converted to baseband, the magnitude sequence and the sequence of residuals obtained when the phase within each baud of the baseband signals is modeled by a straight line are separately vector quantized. Carrier frequency estimation and baud-rate classification schemes that were designed to carry out these operations are described. Experimental results show that the performance of the BRVQ system at and below 16 kb/s is better than that of a previously developed vector quantization scheme that has itself been shown to outperform traditional speech-compression techniques such as adaptive predictive coding, adaptive transform coding, and subband coding when these techniques are used to compress modem signals. >
Membrane bioreactor for cometabolism of trichloroethene air emissions

Biofilters have been of limited use for cometabolism of chlorinated organic compounds, such as trichloroethene (TCE), due to enzyme inhibition or toxicity effects. A hollow fiber membrane bioreactor was investigated that involves a bundle of polypropylene fibers through which volatile organic compound contaminated air passes. The fibers are immersed in a recirculating nutrient/cosubstrate solution. Batch culture experiments were performed with a mixed culture that could cometabolize TCE with toluene as a primary substrate. No inhibition or injury to the toluene degrading ability was observed at up to 15 mg L\U-1\N toluene or up to 1.5 mg L\U-1\N TCE. The culture was inoculated into the hollow-fiber membrane bioreactor. Initially toluene was supplied to the reactor to build a sufficient biomass density on the fibers. After steady-state toluene removal was achieved, TCE was added to the gas phase of the reactor. Toluene was added in three different configurations: (1) as a mixture with TCE in the gas phase; (2) by pulsing into the gas phase; or (3) to the liquid phase. This paper investigates which reactor configuration is most favorable for cometabolism of toluene and TCE.
A Combined Method for Determining Velocity of Starting Flow in a Long Circular Tube

A combination of experimental and analytical methods is used to determine the velocity of fluid in a starting flow process in a circular tube. The developing pressure gradient, measured experimentally in the fully developed region, is expressed as a function of time and is used in the solution of Navier-Stockes equations for axial flow in a circular tube. Expressions for velocity in time and space and the average discharge are obtained by Laplace's transformation technique. The velocity profiles and discharge under time-dependent pressure gradient are compared with those under constant pressure gradient. Significant differences between the velocities are found during the flow establishment, and the assumption of constant pressure gradient in the period of flow establishment, as considered in a number of studies, appears to be unsatisfactory.
Retention strategies for engineering women students: what worked for graduate career change women

For over ten years, a highly successful graduate career change program at Arizona State University (USA) has been used to recruit and to graduate women with a Master's degree in industrial engineering. The students selected for this program are either unemployed or under employed in a technical area. This paper gives the results of the evaluation of the career change program and of activities that were helpful in retaining the career change women, The results of both surveys are helpful in defining retention strategies for both undergraduate and graduate women students. The peer group support given to the career change women was of particular value. This paper suggests that this type of support could be duplicated by peer undergraduate and graduate groups of women within departments. The results of the latter survey also point out the most difficult areas for women graduate students as well as suggestions on how the experience could be improved.
Lightning, Lightning Protection and test Standards

The sections in this article are 1 Cloud-To-Ground Lightning 2 Lightning Damage 3 Protection Techniques 4 Test Standards
Data prefetching by dependence graph precomputation

Data cache misses reduce the performance of wide-issue processors by stalling the data supply to the processor. Prefetching data by predicting the miss address is one way to tolerate the cache miss latencies. But current applications with irregular access patterns make it difficult to accurately predict the address sufficiently early to mask large cache miss latencies. This paper explores an alternative to predicting prefetch addresses, namely precomputing them. The Dependence Graph Precomputation scheme (DGP) introduced in this paper is a novel approach for dynamically identifying and precomputing the instructions that determine the addresses accessed by those load/store instructions marked as being responsible for most data cache misses. DGP's dependence graph generator efficiently generates the required dependence graphs at run time. A separate precomputation engine executes these graphs to generate the data addresses of the marked load/store instructions early enough for accurate prefetching. Our results show that 94% of the prefetches issued by DGP are useful, reducing the D-cache miss stall time by 47%. Thus DGP takes us about half way from an already highly tuned baseline system toward perfect D-cache performance. DGP improves the overall performance of a wide range of applications by 7% over tagged next line prefetching, by 13% over a baseline processor with no prefetching, and is within 15% of the perfect D-cache performance.
Disclosure to a Psychological Audience

Should a well-intentioned advisor always tell the whole truth? In standard economics, the answer is yes (Blackwell (1953)), but in the world of psychological preferences (Geanakoplos, Pearce, and Stacchetti (1989))—where a listener’s state of mind has a direct impact on his well-being—things are not so simple. In this paper, we study how a benevolent principal should disclose information to a psychological agent. After characterizing attitudes toward information, we study optimal information disclosure. Psychological aversion to information is of particular interest. We show that, for information-averse agents, the principal may simply provide information in the form of a recommended action. Next, we study how the optimal policy changes with informationaversion. We also o er general tools of optimal disclosure. We apply our results to choices under prior-bias and cognitive dissonance; consumption-saving decisions with temptation and self-control problems (Gul and Pesendorfer (2001)); and doctor-patient relationships.
Fear learning circuitry is biased toward generalization of fear associations in posttraumatic stress disorder

Fear conditioning is an established model for investigating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, symptom triggers may vaguely resemble the initial traumatic event, differing on a variety of sensory and affective dimensions. We extended the fear-conditioning model to assess generalization of conditioned fear on fear processing neurocircuitry in PTSD. Military veterans (n=67) consisting of PTSD (n=32) and trauma-exposed comparison (n=35) groups underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during fear conditioning to a low fear-expressing face while a neutral face was explicitly unreinforced. Stimuli that varied along a neutral-to-fearful continuum were presented before conditioning to assess baseline responses, and after conditioning to assess experience-dependent changes in neural activity. Compared with trauma-exposed controls, PTSD patients exhibited greater post-study memory distortion of the fear-conditioned stimulus toward the stimulus expressing the highest fear intensity. PTSD patients exhibited biased neural activation toward high-intensity stimuli in fusiform gyrus (P<0.02), insula (P<0.001), primary visual cortex (P<0.05), locus coeruleus (P<0.04), thalamus (P<0.01), and at the trend level in inferior frontal gyrus (P=0.07). All regions except fusiform were moderated by childhood trauma. Amygdala–calcarine (P=0.01) and amygdala–thalamus (P=0.06) functional connectivity selectively increased in PTSD patients for high-intensity stimuli after conditioning. In contrast, amygdala–ventromedial prefrontal cortex (P=0.04) connectivity selectively increased in trauma-exposed controls compared with PTSD patients for low-intensity stimuli after conditioning, representing safety learning. In summary, fear generalization in PTSD is biased toward stimuli with higher emotional intensity than the original conditioned-fear stimulus. Functional brain differences provide a putative neurobiological model for fear generalization whereby PTSD symptoms are triggered by threat cues that merely resemble the index trauma.
Inactivated and live, attenuated poliovirus vaccines: mucosal immunity

Both oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) and inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV). induce some degree of mucosal immunity. However, OPV-induced mucosal immunity appears similar to that following natural exposure to wild poliovirus, while multiple doses of IPV may be necessary to induce measurable secretory antibody responses. Differences in mucosal immunity following vaccination with OPV and IPV are most pronounced in the intestine and least pronounced in the pharynx. Data on long-term persistence of mucosal antibodies are limited. However, long-term resistance to fecal and pharyngeal excretion is associated with high humoral antibody levels. Humoral immunity to poliovirus is strongly associated with individual protection against paralytic disease, while mucosal immunity decreases or eliminates fecal and pharyngeal excretion of polioviruses. Therefore, mucosal immunity is largely associated with community protection against circulation and transmission of poliovirus. To achieve the goal of eradication of poliomyelitis by the year 2000, strategies to amplify both mucosal immunity and humoral immunity are essential.
Economic strategy and agricultural productivity

In this paper, the role of agriculture in the structural change process will be analyzed, within the context of a dual economy framework. The hypothesis is that those countries experiencing rapid structural change are characterized by rapid growth in staple food production. Alternatively, those countries in which growth in food staples is slow will be characterized by a distorted process of structural change inhibiting long-run development. These ideas are illustrated in the comparative development experiences of the Philippines and Indonesia.
Cop Watch/Cop Listen/Cop Move Policing the Police With Performative Methodologies

In this essay, the authors argue for sound and movement as performative methodologies for studying policing. The proposed performative methodology, “Cop Watch/Cop Listen/Cop Move,” provides a space for (re)seeing, (re)listening, and (re)experiencing policing and, thus, prepares participants to navigate and challenge police surveillance and brutality. The questions that the essay addresses include the following: What theoretical and methodological contributions arise from a space where sounds and experiences of policing are sonically and kinesthetically performed? And how might rehearsal for this performance, and the performance itself, exist as a kind of laboratory for social movements that challenge policing?
Diabetes insipidus and schizophrenia; a case report.

A case of diabetes insipidus with schizophrenia has been compared with one found in the literature, and has been studied both from a physiodynamic and a psychodynamic viewpoint. The hypothesis is advanced that the symptoms found here may be due to unconscious elaboration of an emotional conflict, through physiological channels located in the hypothalamic area. The symbolic meaning of the symptomatology is discussed, as well as the roles of pitressin, ACTH and electric shock treatment. An attempt is made to explain the combined clinical picture as a vegetative psychosis mediated in the diencephalon. It may be of interest that both symbolic and organic interpretations are possible and that the integration of the two concepts has contributed to the understanding and handling of the patient. The opinion is expressed that the diencephalic area may be of considerable importance in the elaboration of both somatic and psychological symptoms in psychosomatic disease.
Importance of Voltage Reduction and Optimal Voltage Setting During Reactive Power Compensation

After reactive power compensation, voltage-dependent loads, such as constant impedance and constant current loads, consume more power because of the increase in node voltage; therefore, customers pay more for their electricity while utilities experience savings from line-loss reduction. Here, a voltage-reduction strategy plays an important role in reducing total energy consumption during reactive power compensation. In this paper, we have presented a rationale for the necessity of reducing voltage during reactive power compensation and determined the optimal voltage setting at the substation regulator. We have also analyzed the joint effects of ambient temperature, price, size, and phase kVAr of the capacitor on line loss and load demand using a 2 4 factorial design.
Species orthologs of the alpha-2A adrenergic receptor: The pharmacological properties of the bovine and rat receptors differ from the human and porcine receptors

Four pharmacological subtypes of the alpha-2 adrenergic receptor have been identified; however, only three subtypes exist in any given species. Although the alpha-2A adrenergic receptor, as defined by the human platelet, and the alpha-2D receptor, as defined in the bovine pineal, have very different pharmacological characteristics, they are more similar to each other than either is to the alpha-2B or alpha-2C subtype. The human alpha-2-C10 clone (alpha-2A) and the rat RG20 clone have an 89% identity in their predicted amino acid sequence and are considered to be species orthologs. Although the expressed RG20 clone appears to have alpha-2D pharmacology, a careful comparison of its pharmacological characteristics with the bovine pineal has not been reported previously. Based on the pKi values of a panel of 13 alpha-2 adrenergic agents that have been used previously to compare the alpha-2A, alpha-2B and alpha-2C subtypes, the pharmacological characteristics of the bovine pineal alpha-2D receptor appear to be very similar to the rat RG20 clone (correlation coefficient, r, of 0.93). The porcine ortholog of the human alpha-2-C10 receptor has pharmacological characteristics identical to the human alpha-2A receptor (r = 0.99). Because of its higher affinity for the alpha-2D receptor, [3H]RX821002 is a better radioligand than [3H]rauwolscine for studying this receptor subtype.
Analytical Study of Type HG-2035/26.15-YM3 Boiler' Operation

In this paper,combustion adjustment test of 600MW boiler in Jingdezhen power plant was introduced.Based on the test,we get the optimal running parameters and methods.Some problems just like low reheat temperature and the deferent furnace outlet temperature etc.was analyzed.In the same time,some advice was also provided for the safe and economic running.
Sarcoma Resection With and Without Vascular Reconstruction: A Matched Case-control Study.

Objective:To examine the impact of major vascular resection on sarcoma resection outcomes.Summary Background Data:En bloc resection and reconstruction of involved vessels is being increasingly performed during sarcoma surgery; however, the perioperative and oncologic outcomes of this strategy are no
Simple Milligram-Scale Extraction of Formaldehyde from Wood

Lignocellulose naturally contains formaldehyde, and generates much more when heated. A simple quantitation of such biogenic formaldehyde is desirable for the analysis and utilization of lignocellulose. Heretofore, a boiling toluene extraction (the perforator method) was the best known technique to determine biogenic formaldehyde in wood. Described here is a simple milligram-scale water extraction that avoids specimen heating. This method was validated by comparison to a laborious extraction using poly(allylamine), PAA, beads that strongly sorb formaldehyde. The PAA-based extraction and the water-only extraction were found to be effectively equivalent, recovering about 94% of wood formaldehyde. The incomplete formaldehyde recovery is offset by experimental simplicity, and suitability for large sampling. For instance, the new method was applied to the analysis of tree increment cores; formaldehyde levels measured in never-heated Pinus virginiana ranged from 1 to 5 μg/g dry wood, and were comparable to publi...
Inhibition of an Aquatic Rhabdovirus Demonstrates Promise of a Broad-Spectrum Antiviral for Use in Aquaculture.

ABSTRACT Many enveloped viruses cause devastating disease in aquaculture, resulting in significant economic impact. LJ001 is a broad-spectrum antiviral compound that inhibits enveloped virus infections by specifically targeting phospholipids in the lipid bilayer via the production of singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ). This stabilizes positive curvature and decreases membrane fluidity, which inhibits virus-cell membrane fusion during viral entry. Based on data from previous mammalian studies and the requirement of light for the activation of LJ001, we hypothesized that LJ001 may be useful as a preventative and/or therapeutic agent for infections by enveloped viruses in aquaculture. Here, we report that LJ001 was more stable with a prolonged inhibitory half-life at relevant aquaculture temperatures (15°C), than in mammalian studies at 37°C. When LJ001 was preincubated with our model virus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), infectivity was significantly inhibited in vitro (using the epithelioma papulosum cyprini [EPC] fish cell line) and in vivo (using rainbow trout fry) in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. While horizontal transmission of IHNV in a static cohabitation challenge model was reduced by LJ001, transmission was not completely blocked at established antiviral doses. Therefore, LJ001 may be best suited as a therapeutic for aquaculture settings that include viral infections with lower virus-shedding rates than IHNV or where higher viral titers are required to initiate infection of naive fish. Importantly, our data also suggest that LJ001-inactivated IHNV elicited an innate immune response in the rainbow trout host, making LJ001 potentially useful for future vaccination approaches. IMPORTANCE Viral diseases in aquaculture are challenging because there are few preventative measures and/or treatments. Broad-spectrum antivirals are highly sought after and studied because they target common components of viruses. In our studies, we used LJ001, a broad-spectrum antiviral compound that specifically inhibits enveloped viruses. We used the fish rhabdovirus infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) as a model to study aquatic enveloped virus diseases and their inhibition. We demonstrated inhibition of IHNV by LJ001 both in cell culture as well as in live fish. Additionally, we showed that LJ001 inhibited the transmission of IHNV from infected fish to healthy fish, which lays the groundwork for using LJ001 as a possible therapeutic for aquatic viruses. Our results also suggest that virus inactivated by LJ001 induces an immune response, showing potential for future preventative (e.g., vaccine) applications.
Party Brands and Partisan Tides

Existing literature does not adequately explain the phenomenon of partisan tides in American elections. This study builds upon existing literature by presenting and empirically testing a theory of how party brands affect individual voting behavior. The theory argues that parties affect voting not only though the stable, long-term party identification of the electorate, but also through how favorable an impression citizens have of each party brand label at the time of the election. The results of this study have important implications not only for our understanding of voters’ behavior, but also the behavior of party organizations and parties in government.