cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enzymic methylation of myelin basic protein in myelin.

Myelin fractions with different degrees of compaction were isolated from bovine brain, and post-translational methylation of membrane-associated proteins was studied. When the purified myelin-basic-protein-specific protein methylase I and S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-14C]methionine were added exogenously, the most compact myelin fraction exhibited higher methyl-accepting activity than the less compact dense fractions. The methylated protein was identified as myelin basic protein (18.4 kDa) exclusively among the several myelin proteins from all membrane fractions, by SDS/PAGE/radioautography of methyl-14C-labelled membrane proteins. The methyl-14C-labelled amino acid residue in the basic protein was identified by h.p.l.c. as NG-methylarginine, indicating the high degree of specificity for the arginine residue as well as the myelin basic protein in the intact myelin membranes. The possibility of a charge alteration of myelin basic protein resulting from its arginine methylation was investigated by using the purified component 1 of myelin basic protein. The methylated component was shown to be less cationic than the unmethylated component by Bio-Rex 70 cation-exchange chromatography, since the former preceded the latter. However, in the presence of the denaturant (guanidinium chloride), the two species were co-eluted, indicating that the charge difference between methylated and unmethylated myelin basic protein can only be shown under the renatured condition.
Vertical Keiretsu and International Market Entry: The Case of the Japanese Automobile Ancillary Industry

This study investigated whether small Japanese automobile ancillary firms followed the major Japanese automakers in setting up production facilities in the United States. Based on Dunning's eclectic theory of foreign direct investment and resource dependence theory, hypotheses were generated to explain the determinants of foreign investment of Japanese suppliers. It was hypothesized that mutual dependencies between the major Japanese automobile firms and their suppliers, firm-specific ownership advantages, profitability, and keiretsu affiliation influenced the foreign direct investment of the first-tier automobile ancillary firms into the United States. Data on the entire population of 446 Japanese automobile ancillary manufacturers were obtained from archival sources. Logistical regression analyses indicated that keiretsu affiliation, previous international experience, small size, lower dependence of supplier firms on the automobile assembly firm, and higher dependence of core firms on affiliate firms all contributed to this foreign direct investment.
Lack of effect of NH4Cl on protein synthesis in cultured fibroblasts

In experiments with isolated hepatocytes, Seglen [1] has shown that in the combined presence of NH4Cl and high concentrations of valine, incorporation of this amino acid into cell protein is inhibited. He has proposed that NH4Cl, in addition to inhibiting protein degradation in lysosomes, inhibits protein synthesis in these cells as part of a general toxic effect. To determine if NH4Cl inhibits protein synthesis in cultured cells we incubated rat embryo fibroblasts, prelabeled with [14C]leucine, in the presence of 10 mM NH4Cl and 15 mM leucine in both growth and serum-free media. We did not detect any effect of NH4+ on protein synthesis or cell growth over a 3-day period. A partial inhibition of protein degradation was observed, particularly during the first 24 h of the experiment. In pulse-labeling experiments, NH4Cl had no effect on the incorporation of [3H]leucine in the media. High concentrations of leucine, however, reduced re-utilization of endogenously derived leucine and inhibited the transport of valine into the cellular acid-soluble pool. These experiments show that at least in cultured fibroblasts 10 mM NH4Cl shows no significant toxicity beyond an inhibition of lysosomal function. In addition these data suggest the possibility that high chase concentrations of one amino acid in the medium may be saturating a common transport mechanism, in effect reducing the transport of other amino acids utilizing this mechanism. A combined blockade by both NH4Cl and a high concentration of a single amino acid may in certain sensitive cells result in a significant reduction in protein synthesis.
The steady-state rejection of insoluble particles by salol grown from the melt

Abstract An experimental study of the interaction between inert foreign particles and an organic freezing with a planar interface has been made to test a theory, and to confirm previous experimental results obtained with water on the interaction of particles with a solidifying front. We have determined the critical trapping velocity for seven different materials interacting with salol. The importance of particle roughness, particle size, gravity and fluid viscosity as described in the theory have been confirmed. We conclude that the larger the particle diameter, regardless of the particle type, the lower is the critical velocity for particle trapping; and we conclude that the critical trapping velocity is lower when the viscosity of the liquid is higher, for the selfsame particles.
Time to deal with antibiotics.

Antibiotic drugs—penicillin, tetracycline, and their more modern successors—have been critical elements in the world's efforts to sustain health and deal with human diseases. Unfortunately, the vital role of these drugs has been critically compromised by the prevalence of dangerous infections that antibiotics can no longer control, because bacteria are resistant to them. Even nations with strong health care systems, respected medical centers, and fine hospitals are experiencing a growing epidemic of infections that they now simply cannot cure. Here in the United States, such infections kill nearly 23,000 people each year, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) report Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2013. Farming practices are largely to blame for the rise of antibiotic-resistant strains, and at last there is hope for reform.
Cystic Kidneys in a Patient With Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome Type I

A cystic renal lesion is described in a girl with oral-facial-digital syndrome, type I. Excretory urography was normal at 1 yr of age; however, flank masses, hypertension, and renal failure were discovered at 11 yr of age. Bilateral nephrectomies were performed prior to renal transplantation. The renal cortex was replaced by large cysts. The cysts were lined by flattened nondescript epithelium and many contained glomerular tufts. Twenty renal cysts were aspirated, and the cyst fluid analyzed for sodium, potassium, creatinine, and osmolality. The concentration of solutes in the cyst fluid was comparable to plasma values. The pathologic features and pattern of cyst solute concentration appear to distinguish the cystic renal lesion in oral-facial-digital syndrome from the more common adult-type polycystic kidney disease.
The dual targeting of immunosuppressive cells and oxidants promotes effector and memory T-cell functions against lung cancer

We have recently demonstrated that the combination of gemcitabine and a superoxide dismutase mimetic protects mice against lung cancer by suppressing the functions of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and by activating memory CD8+ T-cell responses. Persistent memory cells exhibited a glycolytic metabolism, which may have directly enhanced their effector functions. This combinatorial therapeutic regimen may reduce the propensity of some cancer patients to relapse.
Rectal cancer genomics

Cellular signaling abnormalities play an important role in the oncogenesis of rectal cancer. These signaling changes are frequently driven by genomic changes. This review describes five commonly altered cell signaling pathways in rectal cancer: WNT, RAS, TGF-β, p53, and PI3K. For these pathways, both physiologic (non-altered) function and common mutations that contribute to abnormal signaling are described. As rectal cancer is driven by genomic changes, a discussion of the prognostic value of pathway signaling mutations is included. Lastly, the use of genomic changes as predictive markers for response to preoperative radiotherapy is described.
Bioseparation Using Supercritical Fluid Extraction/Retrograde Condensation

Description d'un nouveau procede de purification des composes biologiques produits par genie microbiologique ou enzymatique
Elastomeric Polypropylene from Unbridged 2-Arylindenyl Zirconocenes: Modeling Polymerization Behavior Using ansa-Metallocene Analogues

Bis(2-arylindenyl)zirconium dichlorides activated by methylaluminoxane (MAO) produce elastomeric polypropylene. The elastic properties of this material are proposed to arise from a stereoblock micr...
Seeking electronic information from government resources: A comparative analysis of two communities' web searching of municipal government websites

Abstract This study examines queries submitted through two municipal government websites over a 3-year period to discover patterns in information seeking that current web log analysis literature have not discovered or addressed. The findings reveal: in spite of subtle differences strong similarities remain between two different communities' information needs from municipal government websites; demographic variables and close physical proximity do not appear to affect these similarities; there appears to be a belief that municipal government websites can deliver all types of information; and, using methods presented in this paper, municipal governments may better manage their online information resources.
Interactions of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 with ND10 and Recruitment of PML to Replication Compartments

Many of the events required for productive herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection occur within globular nuclear domains called replication compartments, whose formation appears to depend on interactions with cellular nuclear domains 10 (ND10). We have previously demonstrated that the formation of HSV-1 replication compartments involves progression through several stages, including the disruption of intact ND10 (stage I to stage II) and the formation of PML-associated prereplicative sites (stage III) and replication compartments (stage IV) (J. Burkham, D. M. Coen, and S. K. Weller, J. Virol. 72:10100–10107, 1998). In this paper, we show that some, but not all, PML isoforms are recruited to stage III foci and replication compartments. Genetic experiments showed that the recruitment of PML isoforms to stage III prereplicative sites and replication compartments requires the localization of the HSV-1 polymerase protein (UL30) to these foci but does not require polymerase catalytic activity. We also examined the stages of viral infection under conditions affecting ND10 integrity. Treatment with factors that increase the stability of ND10, arsenic trioxide and the proteasome inhibitor MG132, inhibited viral disruption of ND10, formation of replication compartments, and production of progeny virus. These results strengthen the previously described correlation between ND10 disruption and productive viral infection.
Multiple Gag Domains Contribute to Selective Recruitment of Murine Leukemia Virus (MLV) Env to MLV Virions

Retroviruses, like all enveloped viruses, must incorporate viral glycoproteins to form infectious particles. Interactions between the glycoprotein cytoplasmic tail and the matrix domain of Gag are thought to direct recruitment of glycoproteins to native virions for many retroviruses. However, retroviruses can also incorporate glycoproteins from other viruses to form infectious virions known as pseudotyped particles. The glycoprotein murine leukemia virus (MLV) Env can readily form pseudotyped particles with many retroviruses, suggesting a generic mechanism for recruitment. Here, we sought to identify which components of Gag, particularly the matrix domain, contribute to recruitment of MLV Env into retroviral particles. Unexpectedly, we discovered that the matrix domain of HIV-1 Gag is dispensable for generic recruitment, since it could be replaced with a nonviral membrane-binding domain without blocking active incorporation of MLV Env into HIV virions. However, MLV Env preferentially assembles with MLV virions. When MLV and HIV particles are produced from the same cell, MLV Env is packaged almost exclusively by MLV particles, thus preventing incorporation into HIV particles. Surprisingly, the matrix domain of MLV Gag is not required for this selectivity, since MLV Gag containing the matrix domain from HIV is still able to outcompete HIV particles for MLV Env. Although MLV Gag is sufficient for selective incorporation to occur, no single Gag domain dictates the selectivity. Our findings indicate that Env recruitment is more complex than previously believed and that Gag assembly/budding sites have fundamental properties that affect glycoprotein incorporation.
Equipment Selection for Tape Automated Bonding (TAB)

The manufacturing process involving the bonding of ultra‐fine pitch TAB solder joints into printed circuit substrates requires precision equipment. This paper describes the basic components of any type of outer lead bonding (OLB) TAB equipment. It goes on to explain a selection methodology to be used when selecting equipment for customer applications. Specific examples are used to aid the equipment consumer in selecting the optimum equipment set and verifying the machine's accuracy and reliability.
Improved 3D-QSAR CoMFA of the dopamine transporter blockers with multiple conformations using the genetic algorithm.

Abstract A 3D-QSAR/CoMFA was performed for a series of 42 piperidine-based dopamine transporter (DAT) blockers. The overall process consisted of three major steps: (1) a pharmacophore model was built using the Genetic Algorithm Similarity Program (GASP); (2) the Flexible Superposition (FlexS) technique was applied to generate multiple conformations for each of the ligands based on the pharmacophore; (3) the Genetic Algorithm was employed to optimize the selection of the ligand conformations for the CoMFA modeling. The CoMFA models were found to be more detailed in the putative binding site by exploring multiple conformations of each ligand. The comparison of the contour maps shows that, in general, these models are comparable and the differences between them result from the ability of the flexible 3α-substituents of the ligands to adopt multiple conformations satisfying the same pharmacophore model. These findings provide guidance for the design and improvement of compounds with DAT activity, which is important for the development of a treatment of cocaine addiction and certain neurological disorders.
Dynamic Asphaltene−Resin Exchange at the Oil/Water Interface: Time-Dependent W/O Emulsion Stability for Asphaltene/Resin Model Oils†

The critical electric field (CEF) technique was used to determine the time-dependent stability of water-in-oil emulsions in which asphaltenes stabilize the film. Stabilizing films comprising purely...
Effects of salinity on root growth and death dynamics of tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.

SUMMARY Numerous hydroponic studies have shown that root growth of tomato {Ly coper sicon esculentum Mill.) is littleaffected by salinity. In contrast, data from soil-grown plants show salinity may induce reductions of up to 50 "„in root length density. In this study, root growth of two tomato cultivars exposed to salinity (NaCl and CaClj, 4:1)was examined in the field, in large soil-filled containers, and in hydroponics. The two cultivars, UC82B andCX83O3, differed in susceptibility to a common root rot organism {Phytophthora parasitica Dast.), and werehypothesized to differ in root growth response to environmental stress. In agreement with the literature, rootweight of young, hydroponically-grown plants (as determined by multiple, destructive harvests) was unaffectedby salinity in both cultivars. In contrast, root length density of cv. UC82B was reduced 40 % by salinity in thefield, whereas root length density of root rot-tolerant cv. CX83O3 was unaffected. Similar responses to salinitywere observed in the containers, with root counts from horizontal minirhizotron tubes reduced in cv. UC82B, butnot in cv. CX83O3. Observations from windows in the sides of the containers showed that reduction in net rootgrowth in cv. UC82B was primarily due to an increased rate of root death at high salinity. Root turnover remainedlow in cv. CX83O3 under both low and high salinity. Differential effects of salinity on root growth of the twocultivars in containers were not evident until about 60 d after transplanting. This suggests that the discrepancybetween salinity responses of hydroponic and soil-grown plants was primarily due to differences in phenology.Enhanced rates of root death during the reproductive growth stage may represent an important, previouslyundocumented carbon cost to some genotypes exposed to salinity.Key words: Tomato {Lycopersicon esculentum), salinity, root growth, root turnover, root-observation methodology.
Repair of laser-severed stress fibers in myocardial non-muscle cells

Abstract Phase-dense stress fibers in cultured non-muscle cells from neonatal rat ventricles were severed using the 532 nm wavelength of a Q-switched Nd Yag laser microbeam. The breaks were confirmed using anti-actin antibodies and Coomassie blue staining. SEM showed that no visible membrane damage resulted from the laser. Following irradiation, severed stress fiber ends quickly retracted 3–5 μm apart and repaired, averaging 12.2 min, in 84% of the control cells. Most fibers not repairing had much longer, > 10 μm, retraction distances. Disruption of microfilaments by cytochalasin B (CB) or chlorpromazine (CPZ) resulted in increased retraction distances and a dose-dependent decrease in the ability of stress fibers to repair. Fibers not repairing in CB or CPZ consistently displayed directional depolymerizations of fiber segments on the proximal side of the cut relative to the cell center and, at the extreme, condensations of stress fiber material into ‘knob-like’ structures. It appears to us that increased retraction distances might reflect CB or CPZ disruption of stress fiber-membrane attachments. Directional depolymerization suggests that stress fibers are unipolar structures, yet we failed to see any directional repair. Microtubule removal by colcemid, vinblastine, or podophyllotoxin resulted in a doubling of stress fiber repair rates. This in vivo evidence suggests that a relationship does exist between stress fibers and microtubules. Finally, inhibition of protein synthesis by 95% had little effect upon fiber repair, therefore indicating that protein synthesis is not necessary for stress fiber repair.
Pattern designation of PCBs in human samples

Abstract In order to assess the nature of PCB exposures in humans, statistical measures of PCB patterns in blood serum (as Aroclor 1254 or 1260) were made in 348 cases, representing several exposed and non-exposed groups. Although the cases were not representative of any population, most ( 252 348 ) had an Aroclor 1260 pattern, with evidence that PCB congeners in blood serum were usually derived from both Aroclor 1254 and 1260. The method is readily applied to routine packed column gc analysis.
Analog time delay system

The Convair-Astronautics Time Delay System is being developed to make possible the delay of analog functions over a greater range than is possible with more conventional means. The system is designed to handle ten channels of analog data, delay each for the same time interval, and reproduce the functions within 0.1% of the original composition for all frequencies up to 100 cycles per second. The delay is required to be variable from 0.01 to 10 seconds, ±5 milliseconds. This paper is concerned with the system design and will not attempt to discuss applications.
Non-heme dioxygenases: cellular sensors and regulators jelly rolled into one?

Members of the Fe(II)- and 2-oxoglutarate–dependent family of dioxygenases have long been known to oxidize several amino acids in various protein targets to facilitate protein folding. However, in recent years investigators have characterized several such hydroxylation modifications that serve a regulatory, rather than structural, purpose. Furthermore, the responsible enzymes seem to function directly as sensors of the cellular environment and metabolic state. For example, a cellular response pathway to low oxygen (hypoxia) is orchestrated through the actions of prolyl and asparaginyl hydroxylases that govern both the oxygen-dependent stability and transcriptional activity of the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor. Recently, a different subfamily of Fe(II)- and 2-oxoglutarate–dependent dioxygenases has been shown to carry out histone demethylation. The discovery of protein regulation via hydroxylation raises the possibility that other Fe(II)- and 2-oxoglutarate–dependent dioxygenases might also serve in a similar capacity.
Early referral is essential for successful pediatric small bowel transplantation: The Canadian experience

Abstract Purpose: The mortality rate for pediatric patients on the waiting list for transplantation has a major impact on the overall effectiveness of pediatric small bowel transplantation. This review was undertaken to determine the fate of Canadian children assessed for small bowel transplant and the outcome of those who undergo transplant in the tacrolimus era. Methods: The authors reviewed retrospectively all of the pediatric small bowel patients listed since 1988 through the Canadian Organ Replacement Register and all the children referred to our program in its first year. All children who received a small bowel transplant between January 1993 and December 1999 also were reviewed. Results: The mortality rate for pediatric patients on the small bowel transplant list was 53% after an average of 105 days on the list compared with 212 days for those who underwent transplant. Patients who died while on the list were younger and had signs of advanced liver disease at the time of listing. Thirteen Canadian children have received a small bowel transplant with an overall 1-year patient and graft survival rate of 61% and 53%, respectively. Survivors are all independent from total parenteral nutrition. Conclusion: Many Canadian children miss their opportunity for a successful small bowel transplant because of late referrals and a shortage of donor organs. J Pediatr Surg 36:681-684. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
l-Ideals of the form , ideals satisfying , and primary mdeals in a class of f-rings

(1994). l-Ideals of the form , ideals satisfying , and primary mdeals in a class of f-rings. Communications in Algebra: Vol. 22, No. 8, pp. 3107-3131.
Kidney Immunopathology and Pathophysiology in Rats Immunized with Proximal Tubule Cell Brush Border or Basolateral Membrane Vesicles

Proximal tubule pathology in Heymann nephritis has been attributed to anti-brush border antibodies, but antibodies with other specificities might also be important. To determine whether injury to the basolateral membranes of proximal tubules could occur independently of brush border injury, LEW rats were immunized either with partially purified basolateral or brush border membrane vesicles. Both immunogens produced glomerular immunopathology and pathophysiology identical in magnitude and time course to that seen in Heymann nephritis. Antibodies eluted from the kidneys of rats immunized with either antigen preparation stained the brush border in vitro. However, circulating anti-brush border antibodies were in significant titers only in rats immunized with brush border vesicles, whereas antibodies that stained the cytoplasm of both proximal and distal tubules predominated in rats immunized with basolateral membranes. With the onset of proteinuria, rats immunized with brush border membranes developed the pro...
The significance of deterministic empty vehicle trips in the design of a unidirectional loop flow path

We consider the problem of designing an optimal unidirectional loop to serve manufacturing cells in an automated guided vehicle system. The layout is fixed, the edges on the boundaries of the manufacturing cells are candidates for the loop flow path. The nodes formed by the intersection of the edges on the boundaries of the cells are candidates for selection as pickup and delivery stations. The decisions to be made include which edges to select for the loop flow path, the orientation of flow on the loop, and where on the loop to locate the pickup and delivery stations for each cell. The objective of the previous models for this problem is minimization of loaded trip distances. The objective of our model is to minimize the total loaded and deterministic empty vehicle trip distances, i.e., to minimize the intensity of both loaded and empty trips on the loop times the length of the loop. This objective function is the main determinant of the fleet size of the vehicles, which in turn is the major driver of the total investment and operational costs of the system. The empty vehicle dispatching policy underlying our model is the shortest trip distance first. By creating a tight LP-relaxation, the optimal solution to the model that includes both empty and loaded trips is quickly found using general purpose optimization software. Our optimization results demonstrate that large cost savings often result from considering empty vehicle trips when designing a unidirectional loop flow path. By examining a large set of scenarios, we show that the total loaded and stochastic empty trips in a simulation environment is closely estimated by the objective function of our deterministic model. Furthermore, the stochastic trips in the simulation model for our optimal design never reaches the deterministic trips required by the loaded trip optimal design.
The Relationships Between Attachment Theory and Intergenerational Family Systems Theory

This article reviews attachment theory, family systems theory, and intergenerational family systems theory as the backdrop to the research presented. This study examined the relationships among constructs of attachment and intergenerational family systems theories. Data from 153 adults were utilized to examine (a) the relationships between personal authority in the family systems (PAFS) and avoidance and anxiety and (b) the difference in PAFS scores between attachment styles. Results showed that (a) spousal intimacy significantly predicted partners' avoidance and (b) spousal intimacy, nuclear family triangulation, and personal authority significantly predicted partners' anxiety. Secure individuals scored higher than did insecure individuals in 7 out of 8 PAFS scales. Correct classification rate into secure and insecure types based on PAFS scores was 73%. Results indicated both convergence and divergence features between the two theories.
Development of controlled strength-loss resorbable beta-tricalcium phosphate bioceramic structures

Abstract Controlling the strength-loss rate during biodegradation is a bottleneck in developing viable resorbable ceramic implants. Resorbable beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) bioceramic is known for its excellent biocompatibility. However, it exhibits poor sinterability and poor flexural strength. Here, we improved sintering behavior and biaxial flexural strength of β-TCP bioceramic without altering its biocompatibility by introducing multi-oxide sintering additives, in small quantities. These additives could also tailor the rate of resorption and hardness deterioration of β-TCP. A range of additives were prepared and introduced into β-TCP powder. Resultant powders were uniaxially pressed and sintered at 1250 °C, in air. Considerable improvement in densification (up to 33%) and biaxial flexural strength (up to 43%) were achieved. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that the additives didn't alter the phase purity. In vitro cytotoxicity and biocompatibility analyses were performed using a prostate cancer cell-line. Results showed that the doped and pure β-TCP structures were non-toxic and biocompatible.
Big bang nucleosynthesis: Predictions and uncertainties

A detailed reexamination is made of primordial big-bang nucleosynthesis (BBN), concentrating on the data for the main nuclear reactions leading to the production of Li-7, He-3 and D, and on the neutron half-life, relevant for He-4 production. The new values for reaction rates and uncertainties are then used as input in a Monte Carlo analysis of big bang nucleosynthesis of light elements. This allows confidence levels for the predictions of the standard BBN model to be high. 70 refs.
Numerical simulations of granular soil using elliptical particles

Abstract Two-dimensional numerical experiments on a random array of circular and elliptical particles were performed using the discrete element method (DEM) to study the behavior of idealized granular soil. A new program called ELLIPSE2 was developed and used to show the stress-strain behavior of granular soil under monotonic drained compressive loading and cyclic constant volume loading at various shear strains (10 −6 to 10 −3 ). In these numerical simulations, the granular soil was represented by a 2-D random array of elastic, rough quartz particles. The random array consists of a mixture of circular and elliptical particles. The numerical results were compared with available experimental data on actual sands with good agreement. These results are extremely encouraging and clearly show the potential of a program such as ELLIPSE2 for studying granular soil behavior.
Neighborhood Social Change and Perceptions of Environmental Degradation

This paper investigates how changes in neighborhood facilities—new schools, health posts, bus services, mills, dairies, agricultural cooperatives, and other facilities—influence perceptions of environmental degradation. We use three types of data from a rural area in Nepal: (1) data on changing neighborhood facilities from 171 neighborhoods, collected using ethnographic, survey, and archival methods; (2) survey data on household characteristics and environmental perceptions from 1,651 households; and (3) individual-level survey data. We find that new neighborhood facilities are associated with perceptions of environmental degradation. This is important because perceptions may indicate objective environmental degradation, encourage participation in programs to improve the environmental, and influence environmental behavior.
Trends in postneonatal aspiration deaths and reclassification of sudden infant death syndrome: Impact of the back to Sleep program

Objective. The introduction of the “Back to Sleep” campaign for the prevention of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) brought with it concern that there might be an increase in the incidence of aspiration-related deaths. The objective of this analysis was to describe the trends in postneonatal mortality and proportionate mortality ratios for the United States for the years 1991 to 1996 for aspiration-related deaths and other causes to which a SIDS death could conceivably be reclassified. Methods. Linked birth and infant death vital statistic files for the United States were used for the years 1991, 1995, and 1996. US Vital Statistic Mortality files for the years 1992, 1993, and 1994 were used because of the absence of linked files for those years. Results. The overall postneonatal mortality rate between 1991 and 1996 declined 21.9%, whereas the SIDS rate declined 38.9%. The proportion of the postneonatal mortality (PNPMR) contributed by SIDS declined from 37.1% in 1991 to 28.8% in 1996. There was no significant increase in the PNPMR for aspiration, asphyxia, or respiratory failure. There was, however, a significant increase in the PNPMR for suffocation in bed or cradle from 0.9 to 1.3. Conclusions. These data show no evidence of an increased risk of death from aspiration as a result of the “Back to Sleep” program. Although there has been an increase in the proportion of postneonatal mortality attributable to suffocation, this represents a very small proportion of postneonatal mortality and thus potentially a very small number of SIDS deaths reclassified as suffocation.
The Resource Replenishment Function of Interest

Interest is a positive emotion associated with increased approach motivation, effort, attention, and persistence. Although experiencing interest promotes behaviors that demand cognitive resources, interest is as a coping resource in frustrating learning situations and is central to self-regulation and sustained motivation. Positive affect, in general, tends to replenish resources, but based on the functions of interest and what interest promotes we suggest that interest, in particular, promotes greater resource replenishment. Across three experiments, experiencing interest during activity engagement (Studies 1 & 2), even when interest is activated via priming (Study 3), caused greater effort and persistence in subsequent tasks than did positive affect. This effect occurred only when participants’ psychological resources were previously depleted (Study 1). Paradoxically, engaging an interesting task replenished resources (vs. positive and neutral tasks) even though the interesting task was more complex and required more effort.
Catalytic Hydroprocessing of Chemical Models for Bio-oil

Bio-oil (product liquids from fast pyrolysis of biomass) is a complex mixture of oxygenates derived from the thermal breakdown of the biopolymers in biomass. In the case of lignocellulosic biomass, the structures of three major components, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, are well-represented by the bio-oil components. To study the chemical mechanisms of catalytic hydroprocessing of bio-oil, three model compounds were chosen to represent those components. Guaiacol represents the large number of mono- and dimethoxy phenols found in bio-oil derived from soft- or hardwood, respectively. Furfural represents a major pyrolysis product group from cellulosics. Acetic acid is a major product from biomass pyrolysis, derived from the hemicellulose, which has important impacts on the further processing of the bio-oil because of its acidic character. These three compounds were processed using a palladium or ruthenium catalyst over a temperature range from 150 to 300 °C. The batch reactor was sampled during each te...
Esophageal dysmotility in patients undergoing photodynamic therapy.

Objective To study the esophageal motility of patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma or Barrett esophagus with high-grade dysplasia before and after photodynamic therapy. Patients and Methods In this prospective study conducted between January 1998 and October 1999, esophageal motility testing of the lower esophageal sphincter and esophageal body was performed with a water-perfused catheter, 2 days before and at least 3 weeks after patients underwent photodynamic therapy for esophageal adenocarcinoma or Barrett esophagus. Results were classified as normal motility, ineffective esophageal motility, or aperistalsis. Results Twenty-three patients were studied, 13 with carcinoma and 10 with Barrett esophagus. Overall, 11 patients (48%) had normal motility, 6 (26%) had ineffective esophageal motility, and 6 (26%) had aperistalsis. Five patients with aperistalsis had carcinoma. Follow-up tracings after photodynamic therapy found that 6 patients (26%) had normal motility, 7 (30%) had ineffective esophageal motility, and 10 (43%) had aperistalsis. Conclusions Esophageal dysmotility is common in patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma or Barrett esophagus. Photodynamic therapy may worsen esophageal motility in some patients. Dysphagia after photodynamic therapy therefore may be related to underlying esophageal dysmotility and may not always be caused by stricture or underlying carcinoma.
A 6-Year-Old With Acute-Onset Generalized Lymphadenopathy

www.jpedhc.org CASE PRESENTATION A 6-year-old previously healthy African American boy was evaluated in an acute care clinic with a 3-day history of fever up to 39 C (102 F). His mother had given him acetaminophen to help with the fevers. He also reported having pain in his left ear and decreased appetite for the past few days. He denied having any congestion, cough, sore throat, or rhinorrhea. Although he had a decreased appetite, he continued to drink fluids and was urinating normally. The remainder of his review of systems was unremarkable. His initial examination was significant for fever (38.9 C), a left tympanic membrane with erythema, pus, and decreased mobility, and multiple scattered 0.5to 1-cm, discrete, nontender, mobile cervical lymph nodes on both sides. The remainder of his examination was unremarkable. A diagnosis of left acute otitis media was made, and he was given a prescription for amoxicillin, 80 mg/kg for 10 days. He subsequently defervesced after 48 hours of taking antibiotics, and his mother noted he was no longer complaining of ear pain. He continued to do well until day 5 of antibiotic treatment, when he became increasingly more tired and was noted to be sleeping throughout the day. By day 7 of treatment, his mother began to appreciate some neck swelling on both lateral sides of his neck. By the last day of treatment, a fever again developed andhewas brought back to the clinic by his parents for a re-evaluation. During his second examination, he had a temperature of 38.3 C (100.9 F), a pulse rate of 92 beats per minute, and a respiratory rate of 18 breaths per minute. His weight was unchanged. He appeared tired but was interactive with the examiner. His posterior pharynx was erythematous with 3+ tonsillar enlargement but with no exudates. His tympanic membranes were dull, not injected, but with reduced mobility on
Fluoxetine induced insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) changes in hypothalami of normal, exercised and food restricted rats

Hypothalamic and pituitary insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) peptide concentrations are differentially regulated by factors associated with metabolism such as insulin and glucoprivation. However, the effects of other metabolic stressors such as food restriction or exercise on hypothalamic IGF-II concentrations remain largely to be explored. In order to assess whether metabolic stress alters central nervous system IGF-II secretion, peptide analysis was conducted in rats exhibiting activity-based anorexia (ABA) compared to exercised-matched, body weight-matched or ad libitum fed controls. Further, the possibility of serotonergic control of IGF-II secretion was examined by determining IGF-II response to fluoxetine (FLX) injections (15 mg/kg body wt., i.p.). While ABA and body weight loss altered peripheral IGF-II concentrations compared to ad libitum fed or exercised controls, these treatments had no effect on hypothalamic or posterior pituitary IGF-II content. However, FLX administration increased IGF-II concentrations in the ventromedial hypothalamus and decreased IGF-II content in the lateral hypothalamus compared to vehicle injected. Anterior pituitary levels of IGF-II were also decreased by FLX. These data suggest that a serotonergic influence on CNS IGF-II exists and that IGF-II secretion may be altered by factors affecting serotonin metabolism or efficacy.
Intrathecal injection of epidural blood patch: a case report and review of the literature

Epidural blood patch (EBP) is a commonly performed procedure for the treatment of persistent severe post- dural-puncture headache (PDPH). It has a high success rate with a low incidence of complications. We report the case of a 27-year-old woman who developed progressive back pain and radicular symptoms after an EBP was performed for PDPH. An emergency MRI showed a subarachnoid hematoma. Gradual recovery occurred without the need for intervention. To our knowledge, this is the only case demonstrating the MRI findings of a rare complication of a common procedure. Radiologists may benefit from familiarity with epidural blood patching, including the technique, risks, benefits, and potential complications
Hydrothermal manganese in the Galapagos Rift

HYDROTHERMAL emanations originating at mid-ocean ridges have been thought1–5 to provide a substantial source of manganese to the ocean but the evidence supporting this hypothesis has been indirect. Anomalous manganese concentrations have been measured in naturally occurring systems where seawater is in direct contact with lava flows6–8. Laboratory studies have shown that seawater tends to leach manganese from basalts at elevated temperatures and pressures9–11. Anomalously high manganese accumulation rates have also been determined for sediments adjacent to active ridge systems, most notably the East Pacific Rise12–14. No measurements of manganese concentrations in seawater near mid-ocean ridges, or in hydrothermal fluids emanating from these ridges, have yet been made, however. We report here the results of the first such direct measurements, which show that manganese is being injected into the deep sea by hydrothermal circulation of seawater through newly-formed oceanic crust.
Biology of pheromone release by male caribbean fruit flies,Anastrepha suspensa (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Males of the Caribbean fruit fly,Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), typically form leks and attract females by releasing a multicomponent volatile pheromone. Previous reports have identified two nine-carbon alcohols, three lactones, a sesquiterpene, and a monoterpene in the volatiles. The present report is a study of the physiology of male pheromone release and of ecological and social interactions that influence pheromone release by laboratoryreared flies. Volatiles released by males were trapped on Tenax, eluted, separated, and quantitatively measured by gas chromatography. Experiments showed that the volatiles were primarily released from mouth and anus. Sealing the anal opening or the mouth with melted beeswax resulted in up to 40% or greater reduction in most components, and sealing both mouth and anus further reduced release of volatiles, but some volatiles are possibly still released directly from the cuticle. An anal pouch of everted tissue played a major role as a large evaporative surface for release of some of the volatile components. Male flies entrained to a 14∶10 light-dark cycle showed a peak release of volatiles at 11–12 hr into the photophase, but smaller quantities of the same volatiles were released over a broad period during the daylight hours. Laboratory-reared males peaked in pheromone release at 7–10 days and production and release continued through 35 days of age. Single males released significantly more of all components measured than did groups of males. The reduction by aggregations of males may be related to lekking behavior in this fruit fly. The pheromone probably serves to attract females to a lek site, but additional parameters are likely to enter into the choice of male made by the arriving female.
Some exploritory experience with easy computer systems

Like the alchemists of the Middle Ages seeking the magic key to transform base metals into gold, we have a new race of computer alchemists seeking the Universal Computer for Everyman. The magic key for the modern alchemist is the "easy" computer system. The belief is based on the seemingly plausible premise that an easy language, with an easy input keyboard, feeding into easy programs, producing easy outputs and simple displays, will make it easy for anyone to use--so easy as to be virtually idiot-proof, the ultimate goal
My Solar System: A Developmentally Adapted Eco-Mapping Technique for Children

ABSTRACT Counseling children requires specific skills and techniques, such as play therapy and expressive arts, to address developmental manifestations and to facilitate the understanding of presenting problems. This article outlines an adapted eco-mapping activity that can be used as a creative counseling technique with children in order to promote counselor understanding of the client's perceived support system. A case illustration is provided to demonstrate how this technique may be used in conceptualizing, planning, and evaluating client treatment.
Characterization of High‐Strain Rate Mechanical Behavior of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy Using 3D Digital Image Correlation

Characterization of the material mechanical behavior at sub-Hopkinson regime (0.1 to 1000 s{sup -1}) is very challenging due to instrumentation limitations and the complexity of data analysis involved in dynamic loading. In this study, AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet specimens are tested using a custom designed servo-hydraulic machine in tension at nominal strain rates up to 1000 s{sup -1}. In order to resolve strain measurement artifacts, the specimen displacement is measured using 3D Digital Image correlation instead from actuator motion. The total strain is measured up to {approx} 30%, which is far beyond the measurable range of electric resistance strain gages. Stresses are calculated based on the elastic strains in the tab of a standard dog-bone shaped specimen. Using this technique, the stresses measured for strain rates of 100 s{sup -1} and lower show little or no noise comparing to load cell signals. When the strain rates are higher than 250 s{sup -1}, the noises and oscillations in the stress measurements are significantly decreased from {approx} 250 to 50 MPa. Overall, it is found that there are no significant differences in the elongation, although the material exhibits slight work hardening when the strain rate is increased from 1 to 100 s{supmore » -1}.« less
Perspective: Educating physicians to lead hospitals.

AbstractThe percentage of hospitals that are physician led has been steadily declining and now stands at or near an all-time low. What price do the health care system and the people it serves pay for this decline in physician leadership? What might health care look like if medical educators devoted
The hunting of the paradox

alternatives.1 Each committee member usually has only one vote and decisions are often made by a majority,2 with the chairman breaking ties (if any). Committee voting on motions customarily proceeds with paired alternatives: For example, a proposed amendment to a motion pits the amendment against the original text, and a vote on final passage pits the motion (whether previously amended or not) against doing nothing.3 A motion of any kind (amendment, substitute, bill, etc.) ordinarily cannot be reintroduced after it has been defeated by another alternative.
Safety and potential hazards in the current applications of ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology.

The safety and potential hazards in the current applications of ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology are discussed. The author has made an attempt to provide a perspective to enable interpretation of future experimental results in terms of health hazards for humans.
REDIRECTING THE SEARCH PROCESS

Subjects scanned through lists of words looking for proper names. Some lists contained cue words which made it possible to skip a number of lines. One or two seconds were needed to make such a skip; hence cues for short skips were not used. Interpretation is in terms of a higher-order process which controls the scanning pattern.
Abridgment of a new high-accuracy current transformer

This paper is presented for the purpose of describing a new method of compensation, by the use of which the ratio and phase-angle errors of current transformers are materially reduced. There are several similar methods now in use, but these methods possess some undesirable features which are not present in the one described in this paper. By the use of this new method, in which a portion of the secondary turns and an auxiliary short-circuited turn enclose a section of the magnetic circuit, the change in ratio and phase angle between light and full load is considerably reduced, resulting in more nearly approaching a constant ratio, and phase-angle characteristics for all values of load. In view of the demand for meter and transformer combinations which must operate satisfactorily over large ranges of current, this is a desirable feature. The overload characteristics of the current transformer are not injured by the use of this method of reducing the transformer errors. The usual insulation between the primary and secondary can readily be maintained, and the use of this compensating feature does not in any way impair the strength of the transformer to withstand over-current shocks. No changes in the physical dimension of the transformer are required by the application of this compensating method.