cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gravitational collision efficiency of nonspherical aerosols III: computer program NGCEFF and calculation of shape factors

Equations of the collision dynamics of a nonspherical particle with a spherical particle are presented. The drag forces and flow fields are calculated by numerical methods, and the superposition technique is used to estimate two-particle interaction. The equations of motion are solved by Gear's method. A description is included of the computer program NGCEFF (nonspherical gravitational collision efficiency), which allows computation of the shape factor. US for collisions between an oblate spheroid and a sphere, based on the above considerations. The results of the nonspherical gravitational collision efficiencies indicate that it is inappropriate to assume that agglomerates collide with the same efficiencies as spherical particles. During the early stages of agglomerate growth, there will be collisions between chain-like particles and spherical particles; the results clearly show that the collision shape factor US is necessary to modify the spherical gravitational collision efficiencies. Representative results for conditions and aerosol materials characteristic of postulated liquid-metal fast breeder reactor accidents are also presented.
Clonal analysis of vertebrate myogenesis. V. Nerve-muscle interaction in chick limb bud chorio-allantoic membrane grafts.

Abstract The clonable cell populations of innervated and noninnervated chorio-allantoic membrane (CAM) grafts of early chick embryo leg buds have been compared. Co-grafts of stage 21 or 22 leg buds with stage 22–26 spinal cord segments exhibit a near twofold greater proportion of clonable muscle cells than noninnervated control grafts (leg bud alone). A statistically significant increase is apparent by the 8th graft day. Grafts constructed of stage 17–20 leg buds plus spinal cord and grown for up to 11 days do not exhibit a proportion of myoblasts greater than noninnervated controls. This stimulation of relative muscle cell content suggests a role of motor nerves in regulation of the single-cell population of developing skeletal muscle.
Characterization and Modeling of Advanced Placement Algorithms for NAND Flash Arrays

This work aims at providing an accurate and flexible tool to simulate the most advanced placement algorithms for state-of-the-art NAND Flash devices. A model for incremental step pulse programming is discussed and experimentally validated, showing its capability to describe the dependence on the program pulse duration/amplitude and to correctly reproduce the proximity effect and the selective slow program convergence behavior, when a bit line/channel bias is applied. Finally, when the entire memory array is simulated in a Monte Carlo fashion, the placement of our decananometer 3bit/cell device can be accurately reproduced, including the behavior of the advanced programming features.
Mediation analysis with missing data through multiple imputation and bootstrap

A method using multiple imputation and bootstrap for dealing with missing data in mediation analysis is introduced and implemented in both SAS and R. Through simulation studies, it is shown that the method performs well for both MCAR and MAR data without and with auxiliary variables. It is also shown that the method can work for MNAR data if auxiliary variables related to missingness are included. The application of the method is demonstrated through the analysis of a subset of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Mediation analysis with missing data can be conducted using the provided SAS macros and R package bmem.
End stage renal disease as a modifier of the periodontal microbiome

Evidence supports high prevalence of periodontitis in patients with chronic kidney disease. Several renal factors have been proposed as possible modifiers of periodontitis pathogenesis in this population. In this cross sectional study, we investigated whether distinct microbial profiles in renal patients could explain high periodontitis prevalence. We characterized the subgingival microbiome in 14 End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) and 13 control individuals with chronic periodontitis with similar demographic and clinical parameters. Medical, demographic and periodontal parameters were recorded. Subgingival biofilm samples were collected from the deepest pocket in two different quadrants and characterized via 454-pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. We found 874 species-level operational taxonomic units (OTU) across samples. Renal and control groups did not differ in the individual proportions of periodontitis-associated taxa. However, in principal coordinate plots of distance among samples based on OTU prevalence, some renal patients clustered apart from controls, with the microbial communities of these outlier subjects showing less diversity. Univariate correlation analysis showed a significant negative correlation between dialysis vintage and community diversity. Within the study limitations, dialysis vintage was associated with a less diverse periodontal microbial community in ESRD suggesting the need for further research.
Hydrogen and Helium Gas Formation and their Release Kinetics in Tungsten Rods after Irradiation with 800 MeV Protons.

In the Accelerator Production of Tritium Program, thermalized neutrons produced from multiplication and moderation of spallation neutrons will be generated by the interaction of high energy ({approx}1 Ge V) protons with solid tungsten rods. An unavoidable byproduct of the spallation reactions is large amounts of helium and hydrogen gas generated in the rods. The release kinetics of these gases during various proposed off-normal scenarios involving loss of coolant and afterheat-induced rises in temperature are of particular interest. In addition, the magnitude of the gas generation cross sections and the fractional retention of these gases is necessary for extrapolation of these data to higher exposures. Tungsten rods irradiated with 800 MeV protons in the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANCE) to high exposures have been sectioned to produce specimens suitable for measurement of both helium and hydrogen. Hydrogen evolution was measured both by dropping the specimen into a small ceramic crucible at 1200C and also by subjecting the specimen to a simulated temperature ramp from {approx}200 to {approx}1200 C. The latter technique showed four distinct hydrogen release peaks at temperatures of approximately 500, 800, 1000 and 1200 C, suggesting a variety of trapping sites with different binding energies. Helium release andmore » total content were measured by subjecting the specimens to the same temperature excursion, followed later by melting to release the remaining helium. Approximately 99% of the helium was retained until melting occurred. The measured amounts of helium agreed well with predictions. The hydrogen measurements were somewhat lower than predicted. This may reflect diffusional losses from the rods or some needed modifications in the evaporation model employed in the LAHET code.« less
Optimizing HgA1C and glucose monitoring frequency in patients with Type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND The primary objective of our study is to compare HgA1C to self monitoring frequency in diabetes subjects. A secondary objective is to evaluate the influence of family support and gender on glucose monitoring frequency and HgA1C. MATERIAL/METHODS We studied the glucose monitoring frequency and HgA1c outcome of 67 subjects treated with diet alone, 350 subjects treated with tablets, 155 subjects treated with insulin, and 228 subjects treated with both tablets and insulin. RESULTS Eleven percent of the subjects monitoring 4-7 times per week produced a positive significant coefficient (p<.05). Self monitoring less than 4 times per week showed no statistical significance and self monitoring more than 8 times per week showed no statistical significance. Forty-eight percent of subjects treating with insulin alone and tablet plus insulin produced positive significant coefficients (p<.05). The percentage lowering of HgA1C of tablet plus insulin is 15.64% as the mean HgA1C at the first visit was 9.35 compared to 7.89. The percentage lowering of HgA1C for insulin alone was 12.24% as the mean HgA1C at the first visit was 9.37 compared to 8.23 at the later visit. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that (1) frequency of self monitoring should be based on individualized goals and willingness to participate, (2) both insulin alone and tablet plus insulin levels of medication are effective at lowering HgA1C levels; however, using the tablet and insulin combined produced lower HgA1C levels than using insulin alone; (3) family support and gender have no effect on glucose monitoring frequency and lowering HgA1C levels.
Pooling the polls over an election campaign

Poll results vary over the course of a campaign election and across polling organisations, making it difficult to track genuine changes in voter support. I present a statistical model that tracks changes in voter support over time by pooling the polls, and corrects for variation across polling organisations due to biases known as ‘house effects’. The result is a less biased and more precise estimate of vote intentions than is possible from any one poll alone. I use five series of polls fielded over the 2004 Australian federal election campaign (ACNielsen, the ANU/ninemsn online poll, Galaxy, Newspoll, and Roy Morgan) to generate daily estimates of the Coalition's share of two-party preferred (2PP) and first preference vote intentions. Over the course of the campaign there is about a 4 percentage point swing to the Coalition in first preference vote share (and a smaller swing in 2PP terms), that begins prior to the formal announcement of the election, but is complete shortly after the leader debates. The A...
A Strategic Story of Using Computer Technology: The EPA Project by HOK

Interior design researchers study computer technology in order to understand its impact on design processes and education. Yet, whether the use of the computer has made interior designers better at improving the life of users remains to be seen. The purpose of this research is to examine the use of technology in design through a narrative case, the EPA project by Hellmuth, Obata, and Kassabaum (HOK), to offer insights into how computers can be used to make a design compatible with user needs. Three indivdiuals involved with the EPA project were interviewed and audiotaped regarding the design and computer modeling of the labs. The transcripts were subsequently analyzed for dominant themes. The researcher developed a narrative using a structure established by the FIDER Research Council. The results indicate that repeated involvement of the scientists in the design process through evaluation via the walk-through animation and other means resulted in a positive evaluation. The case provides insights on how computer technology can be optimized to improve the design for end-users. Using the EPA story and present trends in computer technology as a foundation, the article presents a scenario to help designers consider ways for integrating the latest computer modeling technology into their practice.
Chemical Games with Molecular Footballs, Darts and Paddlewheels

Molecules of the title types take part in a wide variety of chemical and structural games. Some of the more surprising transformations are discussed and rationales for them are put forth.
Spectral Estimates of Gravity Wave Energy and Momentum Fluxes. Part II: Parameterization of Wave Forcing and Variability

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to suggest a scheme for the parameterization of gravity wave propagation and effects in the lower and middle atmosphere that is tied as closely as possible to the spectral character of the observed gravity wave field. This effort begins with spectral expressions for gravity wave energy and momentum fluxes and prescribes the manner in which such idealized spectra respond to variations in the gravity wave environment. Also suggested are means of specifying spectral amplitudes in response to specific wave sources at lower levels and the spread of wave influences horizontally as the spectrum propagates vertically through the lower and middle atmosphere. Application of this scheme in a one-dimensional model yields wave amplitudes and fluxes in reasonable agreement with observations.
Phosphorylated compounds in soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] as affected by phosphorus levels in solution

Phosphorylated compounds in four varieties of soybeans (Lincoln and Clark, sensitive; Chief and L9, tolerant) were studied in relation to plant sensitivity to high phophorus supply as indicated by reduced dry matter yield. Total P in all tissues indicated that sensitive varieties took up P from solution more readily than tolerant ones, especially at low P levels. Tolerant varieties had a greater protein synthesis rate at high solution P concentration, while sensitive varieties reached a maximum rate at a lower P concentration.
Anti‐IP1: Antibodies that Show an Association Between the I and P Blood Group Systems1

Summary. In a study of four antibodies originally thought to be anti-P1, two different specificities have been demonstrated. Anti-P1 agglutinates P1 + bloods whether or not they are I +, while anti-IP1 reacts with 1 + P1 + but not with I– P1+ cells. It appears that anti-IP1 is directed not against the P1 antigen but against an antigenic determinant produced by the actions of both the P1 and I genes. Because bloods from newborn infants give weak or negative reactions with anti-IP1, it is important that ‘anti-P’ used for testing newborns be shown to be really anti-P1 and not anti-IP1.
Entropy of Quantum Limits

In this paper we show that any measure arising as a weak* limit of microlocal lifts of eigenfunctions of the Laplacian on certain arithmetic manifolds have dimension at least 11/9, and in particular all ergodic components of this measure with respect to the geodesic flow have positive entropy.
Novel pH-sensitive liposomes: liposomes bearing a poly(ethylene glycol) derivative with carboxyl groups

Three kinds of succinylated poly(glycidol)s were synthesized as poly(ethylene glycol) derivatives having carboxyl groups by the reaction of poly(glycidol) with varying amounts of succinic anhydride in dimethylformamide. These polymers promoted fusion of egg-yolk phosphatidylcholine liposome more intensively with decreasing content of carboxyl groups at pH 7.4, although the extent of fusion was limited. However, the polymer with 56% of succinylated residues induced fusion of the liposome much more strongly at pH 4.0. Egg-yolk phosphatidylcholine liposomes bearing the succinylated poly(glycidol) which was combined with long alkyl chains as anchors to the liposomal membrane were prepared. The leakage of calcein entrapped in the inner aqueous phase of the liposomes was slight at pH 7.4. However, the leakage increased with decreasing pH. The turbidity measurement and the fusion assay indicate that the liposomes bearing the polymer fuse more intensively with decreasing pH and with increasing amount of the polymer bound to the liposomes.
Clinicopathologic characteristics of breast cancer in BRCA-carriers and non-carriers in women 35 years of age or less.

Abstract Purpose Breast cancer diagnosed in women 35 years of age or less accounts for Methods 194 women diagnosed with breast cancer at 35 years of age or less who had BRCA1/2 mutation testing were included in the study. Logistic regression models were fit to determine the associations between clinical variables and BRCA status. Results Thirty-two (17%) and 12 (6%) patients had BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, respectively. BRCA1-carriers had a higher likelihood of a positive family history (FH) of breast and/or ovarian cancer ( P = 0.001), or first-degree relatives diagnosed with breast cancer at P = 0.001) compared to non-carriers. BRCA2-carriers were more likely to have a FH of male breast cancer compared to noncarriers ( P = 0.02). Among BRCA2-carriers, the age at first full-term pregnancy was younger in ER-negative cases compared with ERpositive cases (19.5 vs. 28.5 years old; P = 0.01). BRCA1-carriers with a later age at menarche were more likely to have a later stage at diagnosis ( P = 0.04). Non-carriers with a lower BMI were more likely to have lymph node involvement ( P = 0.03). Conclusions Several associations were identified between reproductive risk factors or BMI and disease characteristics. Further characterization may result in a better understanding of the trends in young onset breast cancer in BRCA-carriers and non-carriers.
Waves in a simple, excitable or oscillatory, reaction-diffusion model

A simple one variable caricature for oscillating and excitable reaction-diffusion systems is introduced. It is shown that as a parameter, λ, varies the system dynamics change from oscillatory (λ > λ0) to excitable (λ < λ0) and the frequency of the oscillation vanishes as \(\sqrt {(\lambda - \lambda _0 )}\) for λ ↘ λ0. When such dynamics are coupled by continuous diffusion in a ring geometry (1-space dimension), propagating wave trains may be found. On an infinite ring excitable devices lead to unique solitary waves which are analogous to “pulse” waves. A solvable example is presented, illustrating properties of dispersion, excitability, and waves. Finally it is shown that the caricature arises in a natural way from more general excitable/oscillatory systems.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms of the DNA repair gene XPD/ERCC2 alter mRNA expression.

Objectives Epidemiological studies documented associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the nucleotide excision repair gene XPD/ERCC2 and cancer risk. Little is known, however, about the underlying mechanisms for these associations. We explored a novel mechanism that could further explain the reported risk-modifying effect of these SNPs on disease susceptibility. Methods Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, we examined the relationship between three SNPs in the XPD gene (R156R in exon 6, D312N in exon 10 and K751Q in exon 23) and mRNA levels as a potential mechanism by which these SNPs could alter DNA repair capacity and affect disease risk. To further investigate the mechanism(s) by which these SNPs alter mRNA transcription levels, we performed a localized Mfold structure analysis on the mRNA sequence surrounding the studied SNPs. Results All three SNPs studied, alone and in combination, significantly decreased constitutive XPD mRNA levels (P Conclusions Our results provide novel mechanistic explanations for epidemiological studies linking these SNPs to elevated cancer risk and emphasize the importance of comprehensively investigating the effect of both synonymous and nonsynonymous SNPs as risk modifiers by considering their potential effects on gene expression, protein translation and functions.
Prevalence of type-specific group B streptococcal antibody in pregnant women

Immunoglobulin G antibody against the four major serotypes of group B streptococcus was measured by indirect immunofluorescence in the sera of 200 consecutive pregnant women seen in the obstetric screening clinic of an urban teaching hospital. Antibody was detectable in 26% of undiluted sera against serotype Ia, 52% against serotype Ib, 82% against serotype II, and 45% against serotype III. Only 9% had antibody against all four GBS types. When serotype-specific antibody prevalences in 108 women with GBS vaginal colonization were compared with prevalences in noncolonized women, only women colozined with GBS type Ia were more likely to have antibody against Ia than noncolonized women. Antibody prevalence in sera from 54 mothers whose infants developed invasive GBS disease were significantly lower than those in colonized or noncolonized women. Since low titers of IF antibody to GBS III were present in some sera from mothers of infected infants, the data were analyzed based on IF antibody titers associated with passive protection in a chick embryo model of GBS septicemia. None of the sera from mothers of infected infants had antibody levels associated with chick embryo protection. Less than 10% of women had titers associated with chick embryo protection. These data suggest that the majority of pregnant women lack immunity to GBS, regardless of colonization status.
The Rate of Endogenous Galactose Synthesis in Normals and Patients with Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyltransferase Deficiency 704

The Rate of Endogenous Galactose Synthesis in Normals and Patients with Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyltransferase Deficiency 704
Explaining and alleviating information management indeterminism: a knowledge-based framework

Abstract Our research attempted to identify the nature and causes of information management indeterminism in an online research environment and to propose solutions for alleviating this indeterminism. We conducted two empirical studies of information management activities. The first study identified the types and nature of information management indeterminism by evaluating archived texts. The second study focused on four sources of indeterminism: subject area knowledge, classification knowledge, system knowledge, and collaboration knowledge. A knowledge-based design for alleviating indeterminism, which contains a system-generated thesaurus and an inferencing engine, is also proposed in this article.
Respiratory burn injuries: An overview

Respiratory burns are caused by the aspiration of heated gases or toxic products of incomplete combustion. The extent of damage is determined by the temperature of the inhaled gases, their composition and the duration of exposure. Along with age and size of full-thickness burn injury, the presence of respiratory burns is one of the most powerful predictors of poor outcome in patients admitted to burn centers. There are three types of respiratory burns: (a) Inhalation of systemic asphyxiants such as carbon monoxide. (b) Thermal damage to airway above vocal cords. (c) Injury to tracheobronchial tree and pulmonary parenchyma by inhaled toxicants. The goals of initial management of the airway and breathing are to protect the patency of the airway to prevent suffocation and to ensure adequate ventilation and oxygenation. High levels of inspired oxygen are necessary to treat carbon monoxide poisoning. Intubation and mechanical ventilator support with low tidal volumes is required to treat subglottic respiratory burns. Because there are no known antidotes to the poisonous effects of inhaled smoke, treatment of respiratory burns is protective and supportive.
Further characterization of some metal perchlorate complexes with organophosphoryl ligands

Abstract Supplementary characterization studies of some phosphonate and phosphate ester metal complexes and Fe(TPPO)4(ClO4)3 (TPPO = triphenylphosphine oxide) led to the following conclusions. M(DIMP)4 (ClO4)2 (DIMP = diisopropyl methylphosphonate) complexes involves coordinated perchlorate and were formulated as [M(DIMP)4(OClO3)](ClO4). Dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) complexes of the above type and Fe(TPPO)4(ClO4)3 dot not exhibit any evidence favoring the presence of coordinated perchlorate. For these compounds the presence of a bi- or poly-nuclear complex cation of the type [ML4]nx+, involving both terminal and bridging ligand groups and coordination number five for the metal ions, is proposed. Far infrared studies of the above complexes and a number of [ML5](ClO4)2, [ML6](ClO4)2,3 and [ML4(H2O](ClO4)2 complexes with DMMP and trimethyl phosphate and tentative assignments of vM−O are also reported.
Biographical Data on Antonio Enríquez Gómez in the Archives of the Inquisition

The scorn heaped upon the prolific seventeenth-century playwright, poet, essayist, and novelist Antonio Enriquez Gomez by Menendez Pelayo, Mesonero Romanos and other influential nineteenth-century critics succeeded in consigning his work to a century of oblivion. Menendez Pelayo's scathing comments on Enriquez Gomez are a blend of anti-Semitism and contempt for the Baroque style. He grudgingly acknowledges that ‘tenia este judaizante muy despierto y lucido ingenio’, but quickly adds ‘aunque de segundo orden e incapaz de la perfeccion en nada, y contagiado hasta los tuetanos de los vicios de la epoca, y de otros propios y peculiares suyos’. In his plays ‘no hay apenas cosa tolerable, sino algunos retazos de versificacion facil y rotunda. Conocese, por lo demas, la sangre judaica de Enriquez en su declarada aficion a las historias del Viejo Testamento …’, Menendez Pelayo considers his poems Sanson Nazareno and La culpa del primer peregrino ‘dechado y cifra de la mas perversa, altisonante e hiperbolica poesi...
Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Observations from TOGA COARE: Selected Results and Lightning Location Algorithms

Abstract Recently, observations of electrified oceanic convection and associated cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning were obtained over the tropical western Pacific Ocean during TOGA COARE (Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment). During COARE, observations of convection were made using a variety of instrument platforms including ship and airborne Doppler radars, an advanced lightning direction finder (ALDF) network, and a shipborne inverted electric field mill. This study focuses on data collected by the COARE ALDF network, fusion of those data with observations, and the methods used to calculate accurate CG return stroke locations. Analysis of CG lightning data and Doppler radar data indicates that lightning-producing oceanic convection is characterized by deep, vertically developed convective cells with radar reflectivities exceeding 30-dBZ above the height of the −10°C level. In several cases a peak in CG frequency occurred coincident with the descent of precipitation...
Characterization of the Cardiac Effects of Acute Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Dogs

Background and Purpose We know that significant cardiac involvement can occur in patients with acute intracranial hemorrhage, particularly in those with subarachnoid hemorrhage. These patients may present with electrocardiographic abnormalities that were previously thought to be benign. However, many die of cardiovascular sequelae, which suggests more serious cardiac problems. To characterize the cardiac, rhythmic, and myocardial disturbances that occur 2 to 4 hours after subarachnoid hemorrhage, we conducted an experimental study using autologous blood (7.9±0.3 mL) injected into the right frontal lobe and subarachnoid space in canines. Methods Nine adult mongrel dogs were anesthetized with isoflurane and their rectal temperatures maintained at 37°C. Electrocardiogram, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure, and intracranial pressure were continuously measured. Transesophageal echocardiography was performed to assess myocardial wall motion changes and aortic and pulmonary flow ...
Ask, and tell as well: Question-Answer Clauses in American Sign Language

A construction is found in American Sign Language that we call a Question–Answer Clause. It is made of two parts: the first part looks like an interrogative clause conveying a question, while the second part resembles a declarative clause answering that question. The very same signer has to sign both, the entire construction is interpreted as truth-conditionally equivalent to a declarative sentence, and it can be uttered only under certain discourse conditions. These and other properties of Question–Answer Clauses are discussed, and a detailed syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic account is provided. Question–Answer Clauses are argued to be copular clauses consisting of a silent copula of identity connecting an interrogative clause in the precopular position with a declarative clause in the postcopular position. Pragmatically, they instantiate a topic/comment structure, with the first part expressing a sub-question under discussion and the second part expressing the answer to that sub-question. Broader implications of the analysis are discussed for the Question Under Discussion theory of discourse structuring, for the analysis of pseudoclefts in spoken languages, and for recent proposals about the need for answerhood operators and exhaustivity operators in the grammar and the consequences for the syntax/semantics/pragmatics interface.
Regge cuts in a nonrelativistic three-body problem involving separable potentials

This paper represents an attempt to clarify the origin and illustrate the existence of Regge cuts in a nonrelativistic three-body problem. Considered is the problem of two particles interacting with a fixed scattering centre via separable nonlocal potentials, in which case the full one-particle Green’s functions and the free two-particle Green’s function (describing the particles interacting with the scattering centre but not with each other) can be written in closed forms. This latter, when regarded as a function of complex angular momenta, has energy-dependent branch points. In order to show how the singularities of this function are manifested in a three-body scattering amplitude, considered finally is the problem of one particle impinging upon a bound state of the second particle and the fixed scattering centre. The interparticle potential is taken to be separable (and to allow the conservation of each particle’s angular momentum) in which case the total wave function can be written in closed form. The partial-wave elastic scattering amplitude is shown to have Regge poles and a Regge cut. The intimate connection between the discontinuity across this cut and the slope of the Regge trajectory in the subsystem consisting of the projectile and the fixed scattering centre is pointed out.
Memory for reward location is enhanced even though acetylcholine efflux within the amygdala is impaired in rats with damage to the diencephalon produced by thiamine deficiency

A rodent model of diencephalic amnesia produced by thiamine deficiency (pyrithiamine-induced thiamine deficiency [PTD]) was implemented to assess both changes in behavior and acetylcholine (ACh) efflux in the amygdala across four training sessions of a delayed alternation task. Two versions of the delayed alternation task were used. In one version, when a correct alternation was made a unique reward was paired with each spatial location ([left arm—chocolate milk] or [right arm—rat chow]). This paradigm is called the differential outcomes procedure (DOP). In the second version of the task, correct delayed alternation resulted in the same rewards but randomized across location (nondifferential outcomes procedure [NOP]). The PTD rats were impaired on the first session of delayed alternation testing. However, both control and PTD rats using the DOP performed significantly better on delayed alternation than rats trained with the NOP. This effect was driven primarily by the PTD rats in the DOP condition outperforming all other groups on sessions 2–4. Although ACh efflux in the amygdala increased during delayed alternation testing in all groups, the NOP-trained rats had a greater rise in training-related ACh release in the post-training period. This suggests that increased amygdalar cholinergic activation is more critical for processing spatial information than episodic reward information. These data correspond with the idea that cholinergic activation of the amygdala promotes processing in other neural systems.
Thermal simulation of integrated circuits based on a reduced-order model

A reduced-order thermal model (ROM) for integrated circuits (ICs) is developed based on proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). The developed approach requires no assumptions about the physical geometry, dimensions, or heat flow paths for any complex geometries and is able to offer detailed thermal information at a computational cost comparable to that of compact thermal models. To demonstrate its capability, the model is applied to a 2D SOI IC structure subjected to steady and dynamic heat sources. A reduction of several orders of magnitude in numerical degrees of freedom (DOF) can be achieved when using the ROM model to capture the device junction temperature, compared to detailed numerical simulation. It has been shown that steady-state and dynamic results between these 2 approaches are nearly identical.
Natural history of prostate cancer--epidemiologic considerations

Multicentricity, heterogeneity, and sampling error complicate the study of the natural history of prostate cancer. Carcinomas previously termed "latent" are probably similar to those detected clinically. The diagnosis of carcinoma is only made following biopsy and histologic confirmation. Estimates of grade and stage made at the time of detection are prone to sampling error and are likely to change following examination of radical prostatectomy specimens. In regions with lower life expectancies, the problem of prostate cancer becomes a lower priority due to its association with aging. Access to care, numbers of medical facilities, and differing public health priorities make international rates difficult to compare. However, in view of the high worldwide prevalence of the disease, further epidemiologic studies of prostate cancer are warranted.
Product quality: Impact of interdepartmental interactions

The authors examine the role of organizational factors affecting interdepartmental interactions and their subsequent effects on product quality. Results from a national study suggest that product quality is affected by interdepartmental conflict and connectedness. Importantly, the linkage between interdepartmental conflict and product quality appears to be robust across varying levels of market turbulence and technological turbulence. In contrast, interdepartmental connectedness appears to be more important for product quality under conditions of high market and technological turbulence. The results also indicate that interdepartmental interactions are influenced by leadership characteristics (risk aversion of top managers), reward system orientation, and organization structure (centralization, departmentalization, and hierarchical levels). Managerial implications and directions for future work are proposed.
DNA-mediated genetic transformation of mouse embryos and bone marrow--a review.

Abstract In recent years, new gene transfer systems have been developed which allow molecularly cloned genetic material to be introduced into whole organisms. These systems include the microinjection of DNA into mammalian embryos, transfection of DNA into mouse bone marrow cells, and the infection of early embryos with retroviruses. Exogenous DNA appears to integrate randomly into the host genome. The production of transgenic mice by injection of DNA into mouse embryos has rapidly gained importance as an experimental tool for the study of gene regulation during development. Through this technique, recombinant molecules of any type can be introduced into one-celled embryos, and thus can be used to study development from its earliest stages. DNA sequences have been shown to integrate and transmit through the germ line to subsequent generations as mendelian traits. Transgenic mice carrying various gene constructs have been successfully exploited for the elucidation of factors which determine tissue specificity of gene expression as well as the level of gene control. Phenotypic changes related to expression of foreign genes have also been observed. This experimental approach thus promises to rapidly solve many of the heretofore most challenging problems in developmental genetics. Insertion of foreign genes has also made possible the creation of insertional mutants which manifest themselves most frequently as recessives. Such mutations can be readily studied at the molecular level by using the transferred material as a probe for recovery of the affected host sequence from genomic libraries. Many of these same problems have been addressed by introducing retroviral DNA into mouse embryos. Here, the sequences used for transfer have been limited to retroviral genes, but nonetheless these experiments have been profitably exploited for studies both of gene regulation and mutagenesis. Gene transfer systems are being developed allowing the experimenter to transfer DNA into bone marrow cells of mice, after which the recipient cells can be reintroduced into lethally irradiated histocompatible animals. This system has the advantage that selection can be applied during the gene transfer process such that the expression of the foreign material is assured. In addition, these experiments have created a model system for production of animals carrying a subpopulation of cells which is highly resistant to a toxic agent. This system has the potential for therapeutic application to man.
Mechanisms of Progression in Glomerulonephritis

Although most forms of glomerulonephritis in man are thought to have an immunopathogenesis, certain clinical and experimental observations support the role of other non-immunologic mechanisms in the progression of these diseases.1. Intra-renal vascular disease thought to be secondary to hypertension, may be responsible for ischemic glomerular sclerosis.2. Hypertension may damage the diseased glomerulus directly, as has been demonstrated in experimental glomerulonephritis, in the remnant kidney, and in experimental diabetes mellitus.3. Alterations in glomerular structure and function in the remnant kidney suggest that adaptations to nephron loss may contribute to further renal damage.4. Glomerular sclerosis occurs under circumstances where immunologic mechanisms are highly unlikely, such as aging, reflex nephropathy, chronic aminonucleoside administration, and protein loading.5. Preservation of renal function can be achieved by phosphorus restriction in the remnant kidney and in nephrotoxic serum nephritis.
Biodegradation of coal slurry transport wastewater organics

Activated sludge was successful in reducing the levels of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in coal slurry wastewaters. DOC removal by the activated sludge ranged from 61% to 97% with a large percentage (21–41%) of this DOC being completely metabolized to CO2. Second order kinetic constants (k2) developed for DOC removal ranged from 1.39·10−4 to 2.30·10−1 liter·day−1·(mg of sludge)−1, providing evidence that biological treatment was an effective mechanism for reducing the pollution potential of the slurry wastewaters. After treatment with activated sludge a residual DOC remained in the wastewater and data from ultrafiltration studies indicated that this residual carbon was of MW>1000. The activated sludge preferentially removed the lower (MW<1000) molecular weight compounds and the higher molecular weight DOC was more resistant to biological attack. However, extended acclimation (greater than 1 month) enabled the activated sludge to remove the higher molecular weight DOC from the slurry wastewaters.
On the correlation between thermogravimetric response and potential oil yields for green river oil shales

Abstract The thermogravimetric (TG) assay method previously proposed [1] to measure potential oil yields of oil shale samples has been extended to include samples from the Logan Wash. Rock Springs and Vernal deposits in the tri-state area. The key result emerging from this study is that the correlation previously shown between Fischer assay and percent weight loss at 500°C remains valid regardless of the particular depositional area in a given formation.
Quantitative study of the effects of long-term denervation on the extensor digitorum longus muscle of the rat.

Background In order to understand the cellular basis underlying the progressively poorer restorative capacity of long-term denervated muscle, we determined the effects of long-term denervation on the muscle fibers and satellite cell population of the rat extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle. Methods In 36 male rats, the right hind legs were denervated, and EDL muscles were removed 2, 4, 7, 12, and 18 months later. Muscles were either fixed for electron microscopic analysis or were dissociated into individual muscle fibers for direct fiber counting or for confocal microscopic analysis. Results The percentage of satellite cells rose from the 2.8% control value to 9.1% at 2 months of denervation; thereafter the percentage decreased to 1.1% at 18 months of denervation. The number of myonuclei per muscle fiber steadily declined from 410 in 4 month control muscle to 158 in 7 month denervated muscle. Up to 7 months of denervation, the total number of muscle fibers per muscle remained relatively constant at somewhat over 5,000. The calculated total satellite cell population in 4 month denervated EDL muscle was the same as that of controls at 65,000, but by 7 months of denervation it had declined to 21,000. With increasing time of denervation, the number of cross-sectional profiles of muscle fibers not containing nuclei rose from 14% in control muscle to 49% in 12 month denervated muscle. This was correlated with a pronounced regular clumping of the nuclei, with pronounced nonnucleated segments between nuclear clumps. Conclusions Increasing times of denervation are accompanied by a pronounced decline in the number of myonuclei per muscle fiber and an initial rise and subsequent fall in satellite cell number. These changes are correlated with a decreasing restorative ability of these muscles over the same periods of denervation. Further work on the proliferative capacity of the remaining satellite cells is necessary before firm quantitative conclusions can be made. Anat. Rec. 248:346-354 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Convenient representation method for spatial finite element structures

Abstract A calculation procedure is presented which allows the visible and invisible lines of spatial structures to be differentiated.
A Characterization of Tensor—Induced Preradicals in Abelian Groups

Abstract Let G be an abelian group and g e G; for an abelian group A, define TA = {a e A: g⊗a=0 in G⊗A}. T is called the tensor-induced preradical determined by the pair (G,g). In this work a complete description of T is given in terms of the order of g and its finitary Ulm-sequence.
The lived experience of having an ileoanal reservoir: a phenomenologic study.

Objective: Ileoanal reservoir (IAR) surgery or ileal pouch anal anastomosis is a relatively new surgical technique for people with ulcerative colitis or familial adenomatous polyposis. Little attention has been given to the experiences of people undergoing the procedure. The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand the lived experience of persons who have had construction of an IAR. Design: The study was grounded in the phenomenologic approach of Van Manen to capture the lived experience of having an IAR as perceived by those persons in their everyday world. Setting and Subjects: A purposive sample of 10 individuals with direct and personal knowledge of the experience were interviewed in detail. Subjects were recruited by contact with an IAR support group and a local WOCN group. All interviews were conducted in a private setting in a health care facility, school, or the participant's home. Methods: Data collection involved face-to-face interviews lasting from 1 to 2 hours. Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed. Main Outcome Measures: Demographic data from the interviews were tabulated. Analyses of transcripts revealed 10 essential thematic categories with multiple theme clusters of the IAR experience related to lived body, time, space, and relationships. Analyses were completed by the researcher and a faculty mentor. Results: The particular thematic categories that evolved from the data were (1) restricted life world, (2) living with uncertainty and fear, (3) seeking control, (4) vicious cycles: crisis and normalcy, (5) seeking and giving support, (6) alienation from the body, (7) living with bodily alterations, (8) the gift of time, (9) role and relationship changes, and (10) the end of the tunnel but relative results. All 10 theme categories were correlated with a literature review and other sources. Conclusion: The study provides a portrait of courage and survival for individuals experiencing major surgical interventions and bodily invasion associated with IAR after years of living with UC. Implications for nurses and health care personnel and questions for future research are presented.
Biological implications of cadmium-phospholipid monolayers

The potential interaction of air-borne metal pollutants with pulmonary lung surfactant may be simulated using monolayers of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (lecithin) spread on aqueous subphases containing different metal ions. Preliminary surface pressure and surface potential results indicate that cadmium interacts with dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline, such that the surface characteristics of the phospholipid are altered.
Photoionization and photochemical production of color centers in Ce3+- and Ce3+:Na+-doped CaF2.

The photoionization of ${\mathrm{Ce}}^{3+}$ in ${\mathrm{CaF}}_{2}$ has been reinvestigated with ${\mathrm{CaF}}_{2}$:${\mathrm{Ce}}^{3+}$ and ${\mathrm{CaF}}_{2}$:${\mathrm{Ce}}^{3+}$, ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$. Irradiation of the singly doped crystals with 308-nm light at room temperature produces ${\mathrm{Ce}}^{2+}$. However, at 80 K, we found no ${\mathrm{Ce}}^{2+}$ and observed only that the ${\mathit{F}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ interstitial charge compensator moved from the (001) site to the (111) site. (Units are a/2, the unit cell dimension.) In the doubly doped crystals, we observed the production of ${\mathrm{Ce}}^{2+}$ at 80 K. Diffusion processes at higher temperatures lead to formation of other color centers. A mechanism that accounts for these observations is proposed.
Promoting Brands Across Categories with a Social Cause: Implementing Effective Embedded Premium Programs.

Abstract Embedded premium (EP) promotions promise purchase-contingent donations to a social cause and are typically studied within a single category. However, EP programs spanning multiple product categories and brands are widespread. This research investigates fundamental questions regarding where and to what extent an EP promotion should be used in multicategory contexts. Using experimental choice data from more than 3500 people in two studies, the authors examine multicategory EP programs in two distinct branding environments: spanning a diverse house-of-brands portfolio or covering a multicategory product line that shares a common corporate brand name. For the corporate brand context, the results show that EP effects in one category carry over to adjacent categories that do not have an EP association. Greater multicategory EP prevalence does not enhance brand attractiveness beyond the effect of a single EP exposure. For the house-of-brands context, there is an inverse relationship between brand streng...
A Numerical Simulation of Ice Crystal Growth from the Vapor Phase

Abstract A detailed scheme for numerically integrating the diffusion equation for ice crystal growth is presented. The scheme is based on an extensive survey of observed crystal habits, densities and masses. Discrepancies between various reports are discussed critically. The need for more definitive data is underscored. The predicted crystal masses are compared with the reported observations and with previous numerical studies. The current model is shown to give reasonable predictions of ice crystal habit, density and mass as functions of time.
Surgical treatment of idiopathic adolescent scoliosis.

This article represents one investigator’s attempt to interpret current-day literature regarding surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. The issues that will be discussed are the following: the classification of idiopathic adolescent scoliosis; the natural history of treated compared with untreated idiopathic scoliosis; the current spectrum of considerations for surgical treatment; the advantages and disadvantages of present segmental spinal instrumentation compared with the Harrington system; the effect of implants on the spine and the spectrum of instrumentation philosophies and kinds of implants, both anterior and posterior; complications of surgical treatment; and current issues of debate about crankshaft phenomenon and various options of bone grafting.