cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Verdict Is Still Out

Presence at the scene of a crime is not itself necessarily compelling evidence of guilt. — Mark B. Pepys The recognition of inflammation as a central contributor to atherothrombosis has engendered a sustained effort to characterize the specific participants and pathways and to identify noninvasive markers that enable detection of underlying inflammatory activation for the purpose of assessing cardiovascular risk. C-reactive protein (CRP), an acute-phase reactant, has been investigated in the pursuit of both of these objectives. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated an increased risk of cardiovascular events in patients with elevated levels of CRP.2–5 When considered together with experimental evidence placing CRP within arterial atheroma6–8 and clinical data revealing lowering of CRP with some preventive therapies, this strong base of epidemiological evidence has led to the hypothesis that CRP is both a marker of and a causal agent in the development of atherosclerosis.9,10 In other words, CRP may be both a “marker” and a “maker” of atherothrombosis.11 This hypothesis carries substantial clinical implications in that it forms the basis for both development of potential therapeutic agents that directly target CRP and consideration of CRP itself as a modifiable cardiovascular risk factor. This unifying theory regarding CRP, while appealing, is not yet established by the available evidence.1,11 We will review the in vitro and in vivo data that support the assertion that CRP is itself pathogenic and the conflicting findings that render this conclusion premature. To understand the basis for the intense investigation of CRP as a proatherogenic agent, it is worthwhile to trace the epidemiological evidence available to date. In 1944, Lofstrom12 described concordant rises in body temperature and white blood cell count, along with an increase in the concentration of serum capsular swelling protein (later named CRP), in a patient with acute myocardial …
Pain in the ICU: A Psychiatric Perspective

Pain is abundant in the intensive care unit (ICU). Successful analgesia demands a comprehensive appreciation for the etiologies of pain, vigilant clinical assessment, and personalized treatments. For the critically ill, frequent threats to mental and bodily integrity magnify the experience of pain, challenging clinicians to respond swiftly and thoughtfully. Because pain is difficult to predict and physiologic correlates are not specific, self-report remains the gold standard assessment. When communication is limited by intubation or cognitive deficits, behavioral pain scales prove useful. Patient-tailored analgesia aspires to mitigate suffering while optimizing alertness and cognitive capacity. Mindfulness of the neuropsychiatric features of pain helps the ICU clinician to clarify limits of traditional analgesia and identify alternative approaches to care. Armed with empirical data and clinical practice recommendations to better conceptualize, identify, and treat pain and its neuropsychiatric comorbidities, the authors (psychiatric consultants, by trade) reinforce holistic approaches to pain management in the ICU. After all, without attempts to understand and relieve suffering on all fronts, pain will remain undertreated.
DIFFERENCES IN LINGUAL VIBROTACTILE THRESHOLDS OF SENSITIVITY USING ADJUSTED VS FIXED METHODS OF VIBRATOR PROBE-CONTACTOR ALIGNMENT '

Summary.-The purpose of this study was to compare Lingual vibrotactile thresholds of sensitivity obtained using individual subject adjustments of vibrator probecontactor to lingual surface, with thresholds obtained using a fixed vibrator probe-contactor position across 30 subjects ranging in age from 18 to 26 yr. (M age = 20 yr.). Analysis showed minor (less than 5 dB SPL) differences in lingual vibrotactile thresholds of sensitivity between the two methods of vibrator probe-contactor alignment. For research purposes, the vibrator probe-contactor assembly should be adjusted to each individual's lingual surface, but for clinical-behavioral purposes, it might be sensible to use a fixed vibrator probe-contactor position across subjects, especially when performing research on young children, older adults, and the communicatively handicapped.
Pathogenesis of acute respiratory illness caused by human parainfluenza viruses

Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are a common cause of acute respiratory illness throughout life. Infants, children, and the immunocompromised are the most likely to develop severe disease. HPIV1 and HPIV2 are best known to cause croup while HPIV3 is a common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia. HPIVs replicate productively in respiratory epithelial cells and do not spread systemically unless the host is severely immunocompromised. Molecular studies have delineated how HPIVs evade and block cellular innate immune responses to permit efficient replication, local spread, and host-to-host transmission. Studies using ex vivo human airway epithelium have focused on virus tropism, cellular pathology and the epithelial inflammatory response, elucidating how events early in infection shape the adaptive immune response and disease outcome.
Strategies for phylogenetic characterization of subsurface bacteria

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate approaches for phylogenetic characterization of bacteria from terrestrial subsurface environments by analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA gene (16S rDNA) nucleotide sequences. Three methods for detecting identical or very closely related strains among large groups of isolates (to reduce the number of strains that must be fully sequenced) were examined: (i) analysis of existing morphological and physiological data, (ii) restriction endonuclease analysis of genomic DNA, and (iii) analysis of short (ca. 350-base) 16S rDNA sequences. These three methods were applied to a test group of 20 subsurface bacteria and evaluated by comparing their results to those obtained by analysis of relatively long 16S rDNA sequences. Short sequence analysis yielded the most useful predictive information and, thus, appeared to be the best method for ‘prescreening’ large numbers of isolates (so that representative strains can be selected for full sequencing). The analysis of longer sequences placed 12 test-group strains in three subdivisions of the Proteobacteria (Purple Bacteria) and 8 strains in the high-G + C Gram-positive bacteria. Seven of the former were related to Pseudomonas aeruginosa or other members of the fluorescent pseudomonad group, while six of the latter were tentatively identified as Arthrobacter globiformis (based on 97–99% sequence similarity).
Flying Faster: Flight Height Affects Orthokinetic Responses During Moth Flight to Sex Pheromone

Male Oriental Fruit Moths (Grapholita molesta) flew faster toward a pheromone source as they flew higher above striped and dotted floor patterns. The moths significantly (P < 0.05) increased their ground speed over floor patterns of transverse stripes or pseudo randomly placed dots. The moths’ track angles (flight path angle off the windline) decreased significantly (P < 0.05) when they flew 40 cm above the floor patterns vs. flight at 10 cm up, and they tended to steer more upwind flight (smaller course angles) at the upper, 40 cm, height compared to 10 cm up. Turn frequencies and reversal distances across the wind line were also affected by dot density. However, the interaction of small changes in flight speed, course angle, turn widths and turn frequencies are difficult to assess; I have subsumed all their affects into a simple measure of “total distance” flown by the moths by summing the length of all flight vectors analyzed for the other metrics, but no differences were found. By far, the largest change in flight was the positive orthokinetic response to increased flight height above both striped and dotted floor patterns (Fig. 2; P < 0.05), and nearly all other changes appear to be entirely due to faster moth flight with little or no changes in steering or turning patterns.
A volcanic production rate for the Mariana island arc

Abstract Despite the importance of volcanic production rates along subducting plate boundaries, few reliable values are available. A well-constrained rate has here been determined for the past 5 m.y. in the Mariana island arc. The calculation covers the period during the opening of the Mariana Trough (an active back-arc basin) in which the volcanic centers are located and most volcanic products are contained. About half the extruded volcanic rocks occur in central cones, with the other half in a large volcanicclastic apron. After correction of volumes for porosity and for changes in mineral densities, the average extrusion rate of 12.4 km 3 /km/m.y. was calculated. The local rate varies along the arc roughly as does the subduction rate. Before quantification of that correlation can be made, however, apparent temporal fluctuations of volcanism on a global scale, which do not appear to be correlated with subduction rates, must be examined and explained.
Comparison of the oxidation behavior of β and γ-γ′ NiPtAl coatings

Abstract This study compared the oxidation behaviors of γ-γ′ NiPtAl coatings and traditional β-phase NiPtAl bond coatings. Both types of NiPtAl coatings were fabricated on two different single-crystal Ni-base superalloys using the same source of electroplated Pt. Characterization of the coating composition and alumina scale morphology after cyclic oxidation in dry oxygen at 1150 °C indicated that the addition of Ti in one superalloy had affected the scale microstructure and had degraded scale adhesion on the γ-γ′ coating. In general, the alumina scale formed was thicker on the γ-γ′-coated substrates, and those coatings contained a larger number of pores, thought likely to be primarily due to a Kirkendall-type effect.
Energy-level quantization in the zero-voltage state of a current-biased Josephson junction.

We report the first observation of quantized energy levels for a macroscopic variable, namely the phase difference across a current-biased Josephson junction in its zero-voltage state. The position of these energy levels is in quantitative agreement with a quantum mechanical calculation based on parameters of the junction that are measured in the classical regime.
The California basic skills initiative

This chapter describes the evolution and implementation of the California Basic Skills Initiative, one of the most sweeping initiatives to address the needs of students in California community college history.
Steady-state 226Ra/230Th disequilibrium in mantle minerals: Implications for melt transport rates in island arcs

Abstract Measurements of the concentrations of the 238U decay series isotopes (234U, 230Th, 226Ra) have been used to estimate the rates at which magma is generated and transported in the mantle. The usual assumption is that solid mantle minerals are in radioactive equilibrium prior to melting. However, if one or more of the nuclides in the chain is strongly concentrated by a minor mineral, and if the diffusivity of that nuclide is large enough, steady-state radioactive disequilibrium can result in the solid phase. It can be inferred from available data that radium is strongly concentrated in minor hydroxyl-bearing mantle minerals (phlogopite and amphibole) relative to Th, and Ra diffusion in clinopyroxene is fast relative to the typical grain diameter at ca. 1100°C. Consequently, we show with simple analytical models that a steady-state Ra deficiency in clinopyroxene (cpx), accompanied by a complementary steady-state Ra excess in neighboring phlogopite (phlog) or amphibole (amph), is likely to be the normal situation in hydrous mantle peridotite with average clinopyroxene grain radii of ca. 1 mm. The steady state (226Ra/230Th) (parentheses indicating activity ratio) in the hydrous mineral is limited roughly by the mass ratio with clinopyroxene (i.e. cpx/phlog or cpx/amph) and could be as high as 10–100. The exceptionally high (226Ra/230Th) of some island arc lavas could therefore be a result of preferential contribution of phlogopite or amphibole during partial melting of hydrous mantle. This effect may ease time constraints for source-to-surface melt migration at island arcs. Incipient melting of hydrous minerals from channel walls during melt transport and/or late-stage incorporation of phlogopite or amphibole into arc magmas may also contribute to generating high (226Ra/230Th). Steady-state (226Ra/230Th) disequilibrium due to diffusive loss of 226Ra from clinopyroxene is also important for melt/solid and fluid/solid partitioning, and must be incorporated into models relating isotopic disequilibrium to melt and fluid transport rates. Diffusive effects could be important for other U-series nuclides in some circumstances.
Ferroelectric VDF/TrFE/CTFE terpolymers: synthesis and electric properties

This paper discusses a new ferroelectric polymer with high dielectric constant (>50 at 1K-1M Hz) and large electrostrictive response (~5%) at ambient temperature, which is based on a processable semicrystalline terpolymer comprising vinylidene difluoride (VDF), trifluoroethylene (TrFE), and chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE). This VDF/TrFE/CTFE terpolymer was prepared by a combination of a borane/oxygen initiator and bulk polymerization process at ambient temperature. The control of monomer addition afforts the terpolymers with high molecular weight and relatively narrow molecular weight and composition distributions. The incorporated bulky CTFE units homogeneously distributed along the polymer chain seem to reduce the thickness of ferroelectric crystalline domains without destroying the overall crystallinity. This nano-size semicrystalline morphology results in the reduction of ferroelectric-paraelectric (F-P) phase transition to near ambient temperature with a very small energy barrier. Some terpolymers exhibited common ferroelectric relaxor behaviors with a broad dielectric peak that shifted toward higher temperatures as the frequency increased, and a slim polarization hysteresis loop at near the dielectric peak (around ambient temperature) that gradually evolved into a normal ferroelectric polarization hysteresis loop with reduced temperature.
Validating the Intel/sup (R)/ Pentium/sup (R)/ 4 microprocessor

Developing a new leading-edge IA-32 microprocessor is an immensely complicated undertaking, and it should come as no surprise to learn that logic bugs exist in the design. This is particularly true when, as is the case with the Pentium/sup (R)/-4 processor, the microarchitecture is significantly more complex than any previous IA-32 microprocessor and the implementation borrowed almost nothing from any previous implementation. This paper provides data on the bugs that were found prior to initial silicon on the Pentium/sup (R)/-4 processor, and it describes how we went about the task of finding them. We hope that, by sharing our experience and insights, other microprocessor designers and validators will be able to benefit from them. As D. Clark (1990) has remarked, "Finding a bug should be a cause for celebration. Each discovery is a small victory; each marks an incremental improvement in the design".
A Very Efficient and Scalable Forward Static Slicing Approach

A highly efficient lightweight forward static slicing method is introduced. The method is implemented as a tool on top of srcML, an XML representation of source code. The approach does not compute the program dependence graph but instead dependency information is computed as needed while computing the slice on a variable. The result is a list of line numbers, dependent variables, aliases, and function calls that are part of the slice for a given variable. The tool produces the slice in this manner for all variables in a given system. The approach is highly scalable and can generate the slices for all variables of the Linux kernel in less than 13 minutes. Benchmark results are compared with the Code Surfer slicing tool and the approach compares well with regards to accuracy of slices.
Development of a Virtual 7-Post Test Rig for Experimental Validation

A seven-post test rig is an experimental device that allows the simulation/recreation of driving conditions (e.g., racing track conditions) in the controlled environment of the laboratory. In general, the vehicle models used for tuning the real vehicle are very simplified. This may lead to differences between the results obtained using the computer model and the actual vehicle behavior as measured when mounted on the seven post test rig. This paper presents an effort to create a virtual seven post model to analyze the difference between the actual laboratory tests and the virtual model with the simplified vehicle models. A simplified full-car model is mounted on the virtual seven post rig with the ideal road input and the ideal parameters. Data from the simulation is meant to be compared with the actual experimental data from the rig to provide insight into tuning the suspension of the vehicle to optimize the tire force generation and vehicle handling. Moreover, a virtual seven post rig will allow researchers to run simulations of tuned vehicles or develop control policies for suspension system prior to performing the tests on the actual rig. The virtual rig will actually save development time and eliminate dangerous scenarios, and reduce the possibility of damaging the rig.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Kesey's One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest and Dante's La Vita Nuova

(1988). Kesey's One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest and Dante's La Vita Nuova. The Explicator: Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 49-50.
Effect of Chemical and Physical Properties of Phosphates on Energy Utilization by Chicks

Abstract The influence of different sources of phosphorus on the metabolizable energy content of the diet was investigated. Broiler chicks were fed a rearing diet from one day to 10 days of age, and then fed the test diets for 11 days. Feces were collected on the last four days of the test period. Each treatment contained three replicates of 10 chicks each. The unsupplemented diet, which was composed primarily of corn and soybean meal, contained 0.17% non-phytate phosphorus. Chemical and feed grade phosphates were tested for their influence on energy utilization at levels to supply 0.23% phosphorus to diets containing 0.9% calcium. 0.3% chromic oxide was added to the diets as an indicating substance. Diets containing water soluble compounds had the highest metabolizable energy content when chemical grade phosphates were tested. The metabolizable energy content of the diet containing monobasic sodium orthophosphate was higher (P The metabolizable energy contents of diets containing feed grade phosphates that were derivatives of calcium fluroroapatite were lower (P
A temperature-dependent, structural-optical model of first-year sea ice

[1] A model has been developed that relates the structural properties of first-year sea ice to its inherent optical properties, quantities needed by detailed radiative transfer models. The structural-optical model makes it possible to calculate absorption coefficients, scattering coefficients, and phase functions for the ice from information about its physical properties. The model takes into account scattering by brine inclusions in the ice, gas bubbles in both brine and ice, and precipitated salt crystals. The model was developed using concurrent laboratory measurements of the microstructure and apparent optical properties of first-year, interior sea ice between temperatures of −33°C and −1°C. Results show that the structural-optical properties of sea ice can be divided into three distinct thermal regimes: cold (T −8°C). Relationships between structural and optical properties in each regime involve different sets of physical processes, of which most are strongly tied to freezing equilibrium of the brine and ice. Volume scattering in cold ice is dominated by the size and number distribution of precipitated hydrohalite crystals. Scattering at intermediate temperatures is controlled by changes in the distribution of brine inclusions, gas bubbles, and mirabilite crystals. Total volume scattering in this regime is approximately independent of temperature because of a balance between increasing and decreasing scattering related to the thermal evolution of these inclusions and scattering by drained inclusions. In warm ice, scattering is controlled principally by temperature-dependent changes in the real refractive index of brine and by the escape of gas bubbles from the ice. Model predictions indicate that scattering coefficients can exceed 3000 m−1 for cold ice, averaging ∼450 m−1 for moderate and warm ice and reaching a minimum of ∼340 m−1 at −8°C. Scattering in all three regimes is very strongly forward peaked, with values of the asymmetry parameter g generally falling between 0.975 (T = −8°C) and 0.995 (T = −33°C).
385 UNPLANNED, UNEXPECTED AND UNATTENDED DELIVERY (UUUD) OUTSIDE OF HOSPITAL

In the USA, very little data is available on UUUD. Maternal characteristics and perinatal outcome of 70 UUUD from Oct.′76 to Nov.′77 were identified. All mothers of UUUD were admitted to Lincoln Hospital within 4 hrs. of delivery. During the same period, there were a total of 3,703 in-hospital deliveries (HD), giving an UUUD incidence of 18.5 per 1,000 HD. The main features of UUUD consist of: 1)59% Black (23% HD); 2)37% more than 24 yrs. old (28% HD); 3)17% with parity more than 3 (12% HD); 4)77% on public assistance (43% HD); 5)89%, education below high school (76% HD); 6)58% no prenatal care (19% HD); 7)67% broken families (57% HD); and 8)13% drug-addicted (4% HD). Low-birth-weight rate (no.≤2,500 gm/1,000 livebirth), perinatal mortality rate (no. per 1,000 deliveries) and neonatal mortality rate (no./1,000 livebirth) associated with UUUD are compared with those of HD as below: The UUUD is associated with poor antenatal planning, lack of education and low socioeconomic condition. These mothers are at great risk for future pregnancies and must be provided with intensive education and medical care.
Modal test/analysis correlation for the Centaur G prime launch vehicle

A modal test was performed on the Centaur G Prime launch vehicle for the purpose of verifying the loads analysis model. This paper describes the procedure by which modal parameters obtained in this test were correlated with the corresponding analytical predictions. Based on this correlation the stiffness model of the shuttle trunnion system has been modified. The evolution of the model updating and the final results are described.
Salvage of Donor Graft with Decitabine and Maintenance Post Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation in Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Disease: A Case Report

Abstract Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is the only curative treatment option for patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). High 1-year ASCT mortality and relapse rates have necessitated the development of novel therapies to improve clinical outcomes. Recently, 5-azacitidine, a DNA hypomethylating agent, was reported to be used for graft salvage in patients undergoing cytogenetic relapse after ASCT. We report a similar case of graft salvage and maintenance after transplantation in an MDS patient using decitabine, another DNA hypomethylating agent known to induce cytogenetic remissions with a manageable side effect profile.
On conforming finite element methods for the inhomogeneous stationary Navier-Stokes equations

We consider the stationary Navier-Stokes equations, written in terms of the primitive variables, in the case where both the partial differential equations and boundary conditions are inhomogeneous. Under certain conditions on the data, the existence and uniqueness of the solution of a weak formulation of the equations can be guaranteed. A conforming finite element method is presented and optimal estimates for the error of the approximate solution are proved. In addition, the convergence properties of iterative methods for the solution of the discrete nonlinear algebraic systems resulting from the finite element algorithm are given. Numerical examples, using an efficient choice of finite element spaces, are also provided.
Action Models for Conditionals

Possible worlds semantics for conditionals leave open the problem of how to construct models for realistic domains. In this paper, we show how to adapt logics of action and change such as John McCarthy's Situation Calculus to conditional logics. We illustrate the idea by presenting models for conditionals whose antecedents combine a declarative condition with a hypothetical action.
IDES: influence diagram based expert system

Abstract Influence diagrams have been used effectively in applied decision analysis to model complex systems, identify probabilistic dependence and characterize the flow of information. Their graphical representation and intuitive framework are particularly effective in representing knowledge from experts with diverse backgrounds and varying degrees of technical proficiency. They allow both a symbolic representation of the system interrelationships and a quantitative measure that can be of discrete or continuous functional form. By exploiting this abstraction hierarchy, successive degrees of specification can be made by several individuals, each encoding his or her expert knowledge of the problem and bounds on critical parameters. It is proposed that an interactive computer program that automates this influence diagram technology would provide an excellent tool for building expert systems. This paper describes such a modeling tool: the IDES (Influence Diagram Based Expert System) developed at the University of California at Berkeley as a modeling tool for building expert systems requiring reasoning with uncertain or incomplete information. The Diagnostician's Problem is presented as a tutorial for describing the IDES solution procedure.
The Effect of Sub-Convulsive Audiogenic Stress on Recovery from Physiological Damage:

The expe;iments reported here are part of a , larger study whose goal is to explore certain mechanisms involved in the mobilization of the organism's defenses against injury. This latter term is used to cover a wide range of trauma which result in pathology, extending from psychological stress to various kinds of bacterial, toxic, and neoplastic agents. In the studies in this paper, mobilization of defenses is isolated in the recovery processes following upon tissue damage in the form of surgical excision wounds. Recovery from this type of insult represents a basic adjustment of the organism and is a paradigm for the important physiological activities involved in repair of tissue damage. This repair process is essentially the same whether it be in tissue destruction secondary to tuberculosis, gastric ulcer, or mechanical injury. Previous studies ( 5 , 8, 9, 10) have demonstrated the effect of cortisone, antireticulo-cytotoxic serum (ACS) and somato-trophic hormone (STH) on wound-healing. The results indicated that the inhibition in the healing of a wound probably arises from common underlying mechanisms, one of which may be an alteration in vascular tone and capillary ,permeability. These findings suggested that the same changes might be produced by emotion-arousing situations, and thus the stress might affect basic physiological adaptive processes. Other studies point in the same direction. It is claimed by Fischer ( 1 ) that serum from schizophrenic patients in stressful situations shows increased toxicity to tadpoles. Physiological damage has also been found to occur as a result of emotional stress ( 14). It was decided to look for a specific, neurogenic stress stimulus of brief duration which would not produce any obvious gross alterations in the animal and to see whether this stimulus would alter such a basic biological process as wound-healing. Audiogenic shock seemed well suited for this purpose. Furthermore, this stimulus-situation has been the center of discussion as to whether its effects arise because of its specific action on the auditory nerve and associated mechanisms' or because of its conflict-arousing quality. Comparison of the effects of audiogenic seizures, tissue injury, and conditioned "neurosis" on biological repair processes could throw light on the controversy.
Influence of corn silage particle length on the performance of lactating dairy cows fed supplemental tallow.

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine if the length of chop of processed corn silage influences the impact of supplemental fat on rumen fermentation and performance of dairy cows. We hypothesized that increasing forage particle length may alleviate the interference of fat on rumen fermentation. Sixteen Holstein cows averaging 120 d in milk were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square design with 21-d periods. Treatments were arranged as a 2×2 factorial with 0 or 2% tallow (dry matter basis), and corn silage harvested at either 19 or 32mm theoretical length of cut. The forage:concentrate ratio was 50:50, and diets were formulated to contain 18% crude protein and 32% neutral detergent fiber (dry matter basis). Cows were allowed ad libitum consumption of diets that were fed twice daily as a total mixed ration. Fat supplemented cows had lower dry matter intake and produced less milk fat relative to nonsupplemented cows. No effect of corn silage particle length was observed for dry matter intake and milk fat production. Proportion of trans -10 C18:1 and of trans -10, cis -12 conjugated linoleic acid was highest in milk fat of cows fed 2% supplemental tallow. Rumen pH was not affected by feeding tallow, and tended to be highest for cows eating the 32-mm theoretical length of chop corn silage diets. No effect of treatments was observed for rumen acetate-to-propionate ratio or rumen ammonia concentration. In this study, tallow supplementation had a negative impact on performance of dairy cows regardless of the corn silage particle length. Feeding tallow increased formation of trans -fatty acids in the rumen in the absence of significant changes in the rumen environment.
Preservation of hatchery waste by lactic acid fermentation. 1. Laboratory scale fermentation

In Experiment 1, two types of hatchery wastes, including cockerel chicks (CC), and shell waste (SW) blended with CC (60:40 CC:SW), were ground and mixed with a by-product carbohydrate (5, 10, and 15% wt/wt) with or without a bacterial culture and fermented for a period of 21 d. Cockerel chicks fermented with 15% carbohydrate and the culture had a pleasant smell and little H2S production. Elevated H2S concentrations were recorded for CC:SW samples at all carbohydrate levels when the culture was not added. No NH3 was detected from any treatments during fermentation. The addition of culture to the CC and CC:SW by-products resulted in pH values lower (P < 0.05) than those without culture on Day 21, and the 15% carbohydrate treatment significantly reduced pH beyond the 5% carbohydrate. Final proximate composition of CC and CC:SW samples with culture were not significantly different from those without culture added. In Experiment 2, carbohydrate was added at 10.0, 13.3, 16.7, and 20.0% wt/wt to CC and CC:SW in the presence of the bacterial culture. Shell waste alone was fermented with 15, 20, and 25% carbohydrate and the culture. Moisture level in this experiment was adjusted to approximately 70% for all treatments. The lowest pH for the CC and CC:SW treatments was observed at the 16.7% carbohydrate level. Shell waste pH was better maintained at the 20 and 25% carbohydrate levels. After fermentation for 21 d CC, CC:SW and SW treatments from Experiments 1 and 2 contained negligible Escherichia coli, and no Salmonella were detected.
A Comparison of Structural Models Representing Turnover Cognitions.

Abstract This investigation examines three turnover cognitions constructs proposed by Mobley (1977): thinking of quitting, intention to search, and intention to leave. These cognitions represent fundamental elements of prevailing psychological models of employee turnover. Despite their theoretical centrality and efficacy for predicting quits, questions persist about the conceptual distinctions and structural relations among these cognitions. Using a sample of sales personnel ( n = 245), this study clarifies the meaning and interrelationship of turnover cognitions in the turnover process, using structural equation modeling techniques to assess discriminant validity of turnover cognitions, and to contrast rival models of their structural interrelationships. Research and managerial implications are discussed.
Serious Psychological Distress and Diabetes: A Review of the Literature

With the development of a measure of serious psychological distress (SPD) in 2002, more attention is being paid to the association of SPD with diabetes outcomes and processes of care. We review the literature on the relationship between SPD and diabetes processes of care and outcomes, as well as the literature on the relationship between specific mental health diagnoses and diabetes processes of care and outcomes during the 2010 to 2011 period. There is an extensive literature on the association of mental health diagnoses with diabetes outcomes, especially for depression. Because the Kessler scale measures a much broader range of mental health issues than any specific DSM-IV/Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders diagnosis and is designed to assess SPD at the population level, additional research needs to be conducted both in clinical settings and using large administrative datasets to examine the association between SPD and diabetes outcomes and processes of care.
Aspectos psiquiátricos da obesidade

Pesquisas recentes mostram que a obesidade e, em grande parte, o produto da vulnerabilidade genetica mediada por um ambiente promotor da doenca, o que sugere que os modelos biologicos podem ser mais uteis que os psicologicos para entender seu inicio e manutencao. No entanto, entre os pacientes que procuram tratamento, a obesidade tem sido associada a outros transtornos psiquiatricos, especialmente a depressao, o que sugere que a comorbidade psiquiatrica deve ser considerada na avaliacao e no manejo clinicos. Alem disso, embora a obesidade nao seja em si mesma um transtorno alimentar, um subgrupo de individuos obesos, incluidos aqueles com o transtorno de compulsao alimentar periodica (TCAP) e com a sindrome do comer noturno - SCN (night eating syndrome - NES) sofrem de transtornos alimentares. Os psiquiatras podem e devem ter um papel ativo no tratamento da comorbidade ou de patologias relacionadas a alimentacao e no auxilio aos pacientes obesos para que facam escolhas de estilos de vida saudaveis que levem a um maior bem-estar em termos fisicos e psicologicos.
Motor conduction parameters in neuropathies associated with anti‐mag antibodies and other types of demyelinating and axonal neuropathies

We measured residual latency (RL), motor conduction velocity (MCV), and terminal latency index (TLI) in 15 patients with neuropathy and anti-MAG or SGPG antibodies and compared these to values obtained in 103 patients with other types of polyneuropathy (PN) and to 57 normal subjects. Ten patients had anti-MAG antibody titers of 25,600 or higher, and 5 had titers between 800 and 12,600. Patients with the highest titers had longer RL, slower MCV and shorter TLI than those with lower titers, acute or chronic inflammatory demyelinating PN, hereditary neuropathy, and metabolic or axonal neuropathy. In contrast F-wave latencies did not contribute to the differentiation between the groups of demyelinating neuropathies. RL and TLI correlated best with anti-MAG antibody titers, whereas there was a poor correlation with anti-SGPG titers suggesting that MAG more than SGPG may be the antigen in PN, and that the distal nerves are affected more than their proximal segments. The RL rather than TLI turned out to be the best variable to classify the demyelinating type of anti-MAG neuropathy. Sural nerve biopsy in 5 of the patients with the highest titer of anti-MAG antibodies showed deposits of IgM and C3 on the myelin sheaths, pronounced demyelination and widening of the myelin lamellae. In 4 of the patients with lower titers demyelination was absent or less pronounced.
High resolution system for improved transient-evoked otoacoustic emission acquisition

Transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE) are generated by the cochlea in response to clicks. They are obtained by averaging post-onset acoustic responses which are composed of the stimulus-related meatal response (MR) and the TEOAEs. TEOAEs are typically below normal hearing thresholds and are obstructed by the MR, which is several orders of magnitude higher. For click stimuli, MRs typically last about 5 ms and obstruct the early latency emissions. TEOAEs become compressively nonlinear as the MR increases, and this property is commonly exploited by obtaining a derived nonlinear response (DNLR) which reduces the MR artifact. In this study we report the development of a high-resolution system which linearly acquires both MRs and TEOAEs. Results show that the duration of the artifact can be reduced, making the high frequency content of TEOAEs observable.
Unusual response of Artemia franciscana embryos to prolonged anoxia

Encysted embryos of the crustacean Artemia franciscana are shown to survive at least 2 years of continuous anoxia, a record unequaled by any other free-living animal. This result, in conjunction with previous findings, supports the possibility that these embryos are an exception to the generality that a constant flow of free energy is required for eukaryotic cell survival, under ordinary conditions of temperature and water content. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cooperative concurrent mapping and localization

Autonomous vehicles require the ability to build maps of an unknown environment while concurrently using these maps for navigation. Current algorithms for this concurrent mapping and localization (CML) problem have been implemented for single vehicles, but do not account for extra positional information available when multiple vehicles operate simultaneously. Multiple vehicles have the potential to map an environment more quickly and robustly than a single vehicle. This paper presents a cooperative CML algorithm that merges sensor and navigation information from multiple autonomous vehicles. The algorithm presented is based on stochastic estimation and uses a feature-based approach to extract landmarks from the environment. The theoretical framework for the collaborative CML algorithm is presented, and a convergence theorem central to the cooperative CML problem. is proved for the first time. This theorem quantifies the performance gains of collaboration, allowing for determination of the number of cooperating vehicles required to accomplish a task. A simulated implementation of the collaborative CML algorithm demonstrates substantial performance improvement over non-cooperative CML.
Molecular pathways: induction of polyploidy as a novel differentiation therapy for leukemia.

Differentiation therapy has emerged as a powerful way to target specific hematologic malignancies. One of the best examples is the use of All-trans-Retinoic acid (ATRA) in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL), which has significantly improved the outcome for patients with this specific form of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). In considering how differentiation therapy could be used in other forms of AML, we predicted that compounds that induce terminal differentiation of megakaryocytes would be effective therapies for the megakaryocytic form of AML, named Acute Megakaryocytic Leukemia (AMKL). We also speculated that such agents would reduce the burden of abnormal hematopoietic cells in Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF) and alter the differentiation of megakaryocytes in Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS). Using a high-throughput chemical screening approach, we identified small molecules that promote many features of terminal megakaryocyte differentiation, including the induction of polyploidization, the process by which cells accumulate DNA to 32N or greater. Since the induction of polyploidization is an irreversible process, cells that enter this form of the cell cycle do not divide again. Thus, this would be an effective way to reduce the tumor burden. Clinical studies with polyploidy inducers, such as Aurora kinase A inhibitors, are underway for a wide variety of malignancies, while trials specifically for AMKL and PMF are in development. This novel form of differentiation therapy may be clinically available in the not too distant future.
Self-refraction of supernova neutrinos: mixed spectra and three-flavor instabilities

Neutrinos in a core-collapse supernova undergo coherent flavor transformations in their own background. We explore this phenomenon during the cooling stage of the explosion. Our three-flavor calculations reveal qualitatively new effects compared to a two-flavor analysis. These effects are especially clearly seen for the inverted mass hierarchy: we find a different pattern of spectral "swaps" in the neutrino spectrum and a novel "mixed" spectrum for the antineutrinos. A brief discussion of the relevant physics is presented, including the instability of the two-flavor evolution trajectory, the three-flavor pattern of spectral "swaps," and partial nonadiabaticity of the evolution.
Operation of the tokamak fusion test reactor tritium systems during initial tritium experiments

Abstract The high power D-T experiments on the tokamak fusion test reactor (TFTR) at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory commenced in November 1993. During initial operation of the tritium systems a number of start-up problems surfaced and had to be corrected. These were corrected through a series of system modifications and upgrades and by repair of failed or inadequate components. Even as these operational concerns were being addressed, the tritium systems continued to support D-T operations on the tokamak. During the first six months of D-T operations more than 107 kCi of tritium were processed successfully by the tritium systems. D-T experiments conducted at TFTR during this period provided significant new data. Fusion power in excess of 9 MW was achieved in May 1994. This paper describes some of the early start-up issues, and reports on the operation of the tritium system and the tritium tracking and accounting system during the early phase of TFTR D-T experiments.
Using XACML for Embedded and Fine-Grained Access Control Policy

XACML (eXtensible Access Control Markup Language) is an access control policy language standardized by the OASIS (Organization for Advancement of Structured Information Standards). We have extended the standard XACML languages and processing models to allow the access control policies be embedded with digital content in the same XACML-like document. The original content can be further divided into multiple parts, each of which is encapsulated by its own XACML statements that specify the access control policy specific to this part, such that different policies can be applied to and enforced for different parts of the digital content. These embedded and fine-grained access control policy capabilities can be used to facilitate the protection, management and sharing of information no matter where the information resides. We have also developed an initial prototype of this XACML based mechanism for proof-of-concept purpose.
Designing process-based software curriculum

Computer science education traditionally has stemmed from its mathematical roots and has been related to practice through instruction of programming languages. Good software engineering practice, in contrast, requires expertise at a complex of activities that involve the intellectual skills of planning, designing, evaluating, and revising. Cognitive research has revealed that developing intellectual skills, such as these, requires: explicit instruction and practice; in the context in which such skills will be applied; in carefully structured ways. We are applying the techniques of cognitive apprenticeship, situated cognition, and reflective practice, based on our earlier successful application of such techniques, to the development of laboratories to accompany two undergraduate classes. The first section of this paper provides the foundations from the computer science/software engineering domain that justify our effort. The second section provides the background in cognitive research we use to structure the learning environment and activities for the students. Section three provides an overview of the goals we have established as part of this development activity. Section four describes the activities we have implemented in the sophomore computer science course. We conclude our remarks with a discussion of problems and intended directions.
Reaffirming the poverty of the stimulus argument: a reply to the replies

Lidz, Waxman, and Freedman [Lidz, J., Waxman, S., & Freedman, J. (2003). What infants know about syntax but couldn’t have learned: Evidence for syntactic structure at 18-months. Cognition, 89, B65‐ B73.] argue that acquisition of the syntactic and semantic properties of anaphoric one in English relies on innate knowledge within the learner. Several commentaries have now been published questioning this finding. We defend the original finding by identifying both empirical and logical flaws in the critiques. q 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Acidification and recovery at mountain lakes in Central Alps assessed by the MAGIC model

The dynamic model MAGIC was calibrated and applied to 84 lakes in Central Alps to predict the response of water chemistry to different scenarios of atmospheric deposition of S and N compounds. Selected lakes were representative of a wide range of chemical characteristics and of sensitivity to acidification. The most sensitive lakes have already shown in the latest years signs of recovery in terms of pH and ANC. The model well captured the main trends in lake chemical data. According to the model forecast, recovery at sensitive lakes will continue in the next decades under the hypothesis of a further decrease of acidic input from the atmosphere. Results clearly demonstrated the benefits of achieving the emission reductions in both S and N compounds agreed under the Gothenburg Protocol. Nevertheless, besides the achieved reduction of SO4 2- deposition from the peak levels of the 80s, also N deposition should be reduced in the near future to protect alpine lakes from further acidification. The condition of lake catchments with regard to N saturation will probably be the dominant factor driving recovery extent. Beside atmospheric deposition, other factors proved to be important in determining long-term changes in surface water chemistry. Climate warming in particular affects weathering processes in lake catchments and dynamics of the N cycle. Including other factors specific to the alpine area, such as dust deposition and climate change, may improve the fit of experimental data by the model and the reliability of model forecast.
Data reshuffling in support of fast I/O for distributed-memory machines

Achieving high-speed network I/O on distributed memory systems is a hard problem because their architectures are, in general, ill-suited for communication with the external world One of the problems is that messages are distributed over the private memories of the distributed memory system. This can result in poor performance since communication includes a complex scatter/gather operation. This paper presents a strategy in which the task of creating large contiguous messages is performed on the distributed-memory system, thus minimizing the overhead on the network interface. The performance results for an implementation of this strategy for an iWarp system with a HIPPI interface board are presented. >