cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Natural Justice: On Aristotle’s Pedagogical Intention in the Metaphysics

There are a number of scholars who have provided compelling reasons for thinking that we should not ascribe to Aristotle a sharp distinction between theory and practice. In the first book of the Metaphysics in particular, Aristotle describes the search for the knowledge of causes, in which he is engaged in this work, in explicitly political terms. He says, “one might justly [dikaios] regard the possession” of the knowledge of causes “as not appropriate to human beings. For in many ways human nature is slavish so that, according to Simonides, ‘only a god should have this honor,’ but a man is not worthy of seeking anything but the kind of knowledge that fits him” (982b29-33). In the course of this paper I want to examine several questions related to this passage: why does Aristotle draw our attention to the justice of seeking this knowledge? Why does he quote Simonides here as holding the position that says we should not seek this knowledge? Can we understand Aristotle’s intention in the Metaphysics in light of the justice of pursuing the knowledge of causes?
Efficient Pure Phase Optical Modulator Based on Strongly Over-Coupled Resonators

We demonstrate that large pure optical phase modulation is possible in resonators operated in the strongly over-coupling regime, which suggests efficient phase modulators with high-speed operation, small footprint, low insertion loss, and low power consumption. © 2019 The Author(s)
IMPLANTS OF ACRYLIC TEETH IN HUMAN BEINGS AND EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS; CLINICAL AND MICROSCOPIC STUDIES.

A gnew and Fong,l who studied the histologic features of transplanted teeth and their supporting tissues, found that some of their transplants were successful and some were exfoliated or ankylosed and subsequently exfoliated. On the basis of experiences with implants of natural teeth, Flohr,6 Waerhaug and Zander,20 Iwaschenko13 and Tobon WhiteI explored plastic material as a possible substitute for natural teeth. Flohr, using the technique of Rottenberg, placed screwtype acrylic roots into surgically created alveolar sockets. Later, histologically normal connective tissue formed against the acrylic, and only minimal inflammatory infiltration occurred. Yet, Iwaschenko,13 in spite of careful splinting, found epithelial proliferation and subsequent exfoliation of acrylic teeth. Waerhaug and ZanderzO studied the reaction of the periodontal tissues to the implantation of acrylic roots into the alveoli of dogs. These acrylic roots were made of denture base material modeled from the extracted teeth. Indentations were made on the root to enhance retention; some of the roots were polished, whereas others were finished with a coarse Carborundum stone. The root implants were pounded into the alveolus with a hammer until they were firmly fixed; having no coronal portion, their surfaces were level with the surface of the gingiva. New bone formation occurred within 13 days, with no inflammation, and there was wellformed connective tissue. In all cases, however, epithelial sheets grew down along the implant, and all implants eventually fell out. These experiences prompted Waerhaug and Zander to conclude that the “lifetime of an implant is limited and
The Basics of Electrodiagnostic Testing Carpal Tunnel and Cubital Tunnel Syndrome

Any discussion of carpal tunnel syndrome, cubital tunnel syndrome, or other forms of ulnar or median neuropathy entrapments must include general discussions regarding the incidence, prevalence, and risk factors of these very common neuropathies. Physicians’ offices, electrodiagnostic laboratories, and radiology suites are filled with individuals with nerve entrapment syndromes, such as carpal tunnel syndrome, the most common entrapment neuropathy, and ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. Fortunately, physical examination and history in most cases helps determine the presence of these syndromes. Electrodiagnostic testing in the vast majority of cases proves the localization of the problem to the carpal tunnel, the ulnar sulcus or the cubital tunnel, allowing for proper therapeutic interventions. Thus, a thorough understanding of the proper diagnosis and management of these syndromes has become paramount over time. General surgeons, orthopedic surgeons, neurosurgeons as well as primary care providers, physician extenders, neurologists and physical and occupational therapists all participate in the diagnosis and management of individuals with these disorders. Indeed, there are mimics of these disorders- rendering proper diagnosis paramount in avoiding unnecessary treatments.
hPSC-derived organoids: models of human development and disease

Organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have emerged as important models for investigating human-specific aspects of development and disease. Here we discuss hPSC-derived organoids through the lens of development—highlighting how stages of human development align with the development of hPSC-derived organoids in the tissue culture dish. Using hPSC-derived lung and intestinal organoids as examples, we discuss the value and application of such systems for understanding human biology, as well as strategies for enhancing organoid complexity and maturity.
Unexpectedly Low Natriuretic Peptide Levels in Patients With Heart Failure.

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of unexpectedly low natriuretic peptide (NP) levels in a clinical population. Background Higher NP concentrations are typically observed as a compensatory response to elevated cardiac wall stress. Under these conditions, low NP levels may be indicative of a “NP deficiency.” Methods We identified 3 clinical scenarios in which high B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels would be expected: 1) hospitalization for heart failure (HF); 2) abnormal cardiac structure or function; or 3) abnormal hemodynamics. In Vanderbilt’s electronic health record, 47,970 adult patients had BNP measurements. A total of 13,613 patients had at least 1 of the 3 conditions (hospitalized HF, n = 9,153; abnormal cardiac structure/function, n = 7,041; abnormal hemodynamics, n = 363). We quantified the frequency of low BNP levels. We performed whole exome sequencing of the NPPB gene in a subset of 9 patients. Results Very low BNP levels ( Conclusions A subset of patients with confirmed HF or cardiac dysfunction have unexpectedly low BNP levels. Obesity is the strongest correlate of unexpectedly low BNP levels. Our findings support the possible existence of NP deficiency, which may render some individuals more susceptible to volume or pressure overload.
Increasing Knowledge and Self-Efficacy on Differences in Sex Development (DSD): A Team-Based Learning Activity for Pediatric Residents.

Introduction Differences in sex development (DSD) are a heterogenous group of conditions estimated to affect 1 in 4500 infants. A paradigm shift has occurred in societal and cultural acceptance of ...
Systematic Review of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in Individuals with Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Caregivers, and Staff.

The purpose of this review was to quantitatively synthesize studies using acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) with individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders (NNDs), their parents, and staff...
Optical Networks for Memory-driven Computing

Memory-driven computing, heterogeneous computing, and disaggregated system designs require photonic links having different characteristics than those found in hyperscale networks. Future architectures are discussed, requirements identified, an example system is examined, and conclusions presented.
Integral Transform Methods

The integral transform methods are of great value in the treatment of integral equations, especially the singular integral equations.
Political and Legislative Control of Global' Air Pollution

The history of controlling air pollution has been characterized by the growth of awareness and action from the local level to the global. This pattern has been repeated in other areas of environmental concern (e.g. water, endangered species, marine resources), culminating in what has been referred to as the ‘internationalization of environmental regulation.’1 This chapter addresses major local, national and international milestones in the regulation of air pollution, with an emphasis on control of global or transnational pollution. The discussion is not intended to be comprehensive, but to illuminate agreements and laws which together represent important steps in our thinking about the global atmosphere, beginning with the air where we live.
The Evaluation of the Resolving Conflict Creatively Program: an overview

The Resolving Conflict Creatively Program (RCCP) is a comprehensive, school-based program in conflict resolution and intercultural understanding implemented in more than 110 New York City public schools. The National Center for Children in Poverty is currently conducting an evaluation of the program in grades 1-6, although the program itself is implemented in grades K-12. The following components are included: teacher training, classroom instruction and staff development, the program curriculum, administrators' training, peer mediation, parent training, and a targeted intervention for high-risk youth. The program evolved out of practice-based theory. Researchers and practitioners have collaborated on and designed an evaluation that illustrates how the practice-based theory is consistent with and can be put into operation using developmental and ecological theories of the etiology of violence-related behaviors in middle childhood. The target population for this study is approximately 9,600 children, 5-12 years of age, in 15 elementary schools in New York City. The evaluation is being conducted over two years with two data-collection points in each year. A cross-sequential design is being used to examine the short- and intermediate-term utility with children at different ages/developmental stages. The relative effect of the beginning program can be compared to more comprehensive models. A total of 8,233 students responded to the baseline survey. The study population is largely Hispanic (41%) and African American (37%). Preliminary analyses indicate that baseline means of such constructs as aggressive fantasies, hostile attributional biases, and conduct problems increase with grade level. Ten years of practice-based experience and one year of a two-year quantitative evaluation have taught several important lessons about school-based program implementation and the evaluation of such programs. The scope and longevity of the RCCP and the empirically rigorous evaluation now under way will make a significant contribution to the field of violence prevention and field-based program evaluation. Language: en
The hydrolysis of N-benzoyl-L-argininamide by crystalline trypsin.

A reinvestigation of the kinetics of hydrolysis of N-benzoyl-n-argininamide by crystalline trypsin has led to the conclusion that the hydrolysis products enter into the over-all reaction as inhibitors.
Angiotensin II increases leptin secretion by 3T3-L1 and human adipocytes via a prostaglandin-independent mechanism

We previously reported that angiotensin II (Ang II) increases adipocyte fatty acid synthesis and triglyceride content. Triglyceride stores or adiposity correlate positively with the amount of circulating leptin. Ang II was proposed to increase adipocyte differentiation and growth by promoting prostaglandin (PG) production. The purpose of this study was to determine whether Ang II increases leptin secretion via a PG-dependent mechanism. Physiologic doses of Ang II significantly increased leptin secretion by 3T3-L1 adipocytes and human adipocytes. Elevation of PG secretions was elicited at physiologic concentrations of Ang II (P < 0.05). Secretions of 6-keto PGF(1alpha), a stable derivative of PGI(2), and PGE(2) were induced by physiologic concentrations of Ang II in a time-responsive fashion (P < 0.05). Inhibition of PG synthesis by indomethacin and aspirin significantly suppressed basal as well as Ang II-induced PG levels, but did not significantly affect basal and Ang II-induced leptin secretion. In conclusion, although Ang II stimulates both leptin and PG secretion by adipocytes, regulation of leptin secretion by Ang II in adipocytes is not mediated by a PG-dependent mechanism.
A lower bound for the smallest singular value

Abstract A lower bound for the smallest singular value of A ϵ n x n is given in terms of the determinant and the 2-norm of the columns and the rows of A . Examples are given to show that this bound performs well for a large class of matrices.
A recovery-relapse epidemic model with spatial diffusion

An epidemic model of an infectious phenomenon is analyzed. The model allows for an age-dependency to describe the phases of incubation, recovery, and relapse, and for a spatial dependency to describe diffusion of the population in geographical space.
The distribution of calcium in the epiphyseal cartilage of the rat tibia measured with the electron probe X-ray microanalyzer

The electron probe X-ray microanalyzer is a relatively new analytical instrument. An extremely narrow beam of electrons, about 1–1.5 μ in diameter, produced by the instrument coupled with the sensitivity of a curved crystal X-ray spectrometer makes it possible to analyze samples or areas of samples that measure only a few microns or less. The probe is finding wide use in studying minute material in metals and minerals. In this application to the analysis of a biological specimen the probe was used to determine the calcium distribution in the epiphyseal plate of the rat tibia. Vacuum-coating of the specimen with a thin layer of aluminium was an added step to the usual techniques for preparing thin section of biological specimens. The calcium concentration was found to change from about 30% to 0% from the completely calcified cartilage edge toward the maturation zone of the epiphyseal plate. Variation in the concentration gradient may be related to the nonuniform distribution of certain crystalloids in the matrix collagen.
Ethnic and Academic Identities: A Cultural Practice Perspective on Emerging Tensions and Their Management in the Lives of Minority Students

Youth from minority groups often manage a tension between ethnic and academic identities as they are positioned and position themselves in relation to cultural practices in school and out. We argue that a framework involving three strands of analysis is necessary to understand these emerging tensions and their management in the lives of minority youth. The strands include analyses of shifts in (a) positioning that take form in face-to-face interactions, (b) positioning over developmental time, and (c) the cultural capital associated with practices themselves over the social histories of communities. We point to the importance of multimethod approaches to pursue such analyses.
Ruthenium carbonyl complexes of N-heterocyclic molecules Part 3. Synthesis of ruthenium complexes of the ambidentate ligand 4-amino-3,5-bis(pyridin-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazole (APT). X-ray crystal structures of two coordination isomers of Ru(CO)2Cl2(APT)

Abstract 4-Amino-3,5-bis(pyridin-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazole (APT), a poly- and ambidentate ligand, forms two bidentate coordination isomers of Ru(CO)2Cl2, which in one case is coordinated to a pyridyl ring and an adjacent triazole ring (A), and in the other case to a pyridyl ring and the amino nitrogen atom (B). Both isomers of Ru(CO)2Cl2(APT) have been crystallographically characterized: A, orange, orthorhombic, Pbca, a=15.332(4), b=17.715(4), c=13.083(4) A, R(F)=3.26%; B(MeOH), yellow, triclinic, P 1 , a=8.712(2), b=9.492(2), c=12.142(2) A, α=86.03(2), β=82.63(2), γ=74.21(2)°, R(F)=3.49%. The complexes are formed directly from the reaction of [Ru(CO)2Cl2]n with APT in boiling MeOH. In a similar reaction with Re(CO)5Cl, Re(CO)3Cl(APT) is formed. The Br analogue of the Ru complex forms predominantly the yellow isomer (B), while the I analogue crystallizes only as the orange isomer (A). Based on NMR data, the Re complex most likely coordinates via the A mode.
Calcium and phosphorus deficiencies alter the lipid composition and fluidity of intestinal basolateral membranes

Abstract Steady-state fluorescence polarization and lipid composition studies were undertaken on intestinal basolateral membranes (BLM) from chicks adapted to a calcium deficient (low Ca) or a phosphorus deficient diet (low P). The fluorescence anisotropy showed that fluidity of intestinal BLM was increased by the mineral deprivations, but the response of the membranes varied with the specific fluorophore used. The “static” component of fluidity, assessed by 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH), was increased whereas the “dynamic” component, monitored with DL-12-(9-anthroyloxy)-stearic acid (12-AS), was not modified. Low P diet produced significant changes in lipid composition such as a decrease in the cholesterol content and in the sphyngomyelin (Sph) and phosphatidylserine plus phosphatidylinositol fractions (PS + PI) and increment in the phosphatidylcholine (PC) proportion. The percent of monounsaturated fatty acids was increased by the low P diet due mainly to an increase in the oleic acid fraction. Minor changes such as a decrease in the palmitic acid and increases in the 22:5n3 and 22:6n3 fatty acids were caused by Ca deficiency. The alteration of the biochemical and biophysical membrane properties of the BLM of the mineral deficient groups might play a role in the enhanced intestinal Ca and P absorption.
Overproduction and characterization of the uracil-DNA glycosylase inhibitor of bacteriophage PBS2

A plasmid expression vector (pZWtac1) was constructed which allowed inducible overexpression of the uracil-DNA glycosylase (Ung) inhibitor (Ugi)-encoding gene (ugi) in Escherichia coli. In this plasmid, the ugi gene was under the control of both its own promoter and the tac promoter. Constitutive expression of the ugi was observed in the absence of isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). In the presence of 1 mM IPTG, the Ugi protein was overproduced to an approx. 16-fold higher level, and accounted for approx. 19% of the total soluble cellular proteins. Following high-level production in E. coli, the Ugi protein was purified to apparent homogeneity. Using E. coli Ung, we observed that Ugi inactivated the enzyme in a noncompetitive manner. Kinetic studies revealed a Ki value (0.14 microM) of approx. twelve-fold lower than Km value (1.7 microM) of glycosylase. Ugi did not act synergistically with free uracil to inhibit E. coli Ung suggesting that uracil and Ugi could share a similar mode of inhibition.
Does lecture capture make a difference for students in traditional classrooms

The College of Computing and Digital Media (CDM) at DePaul University has recorded thousands of courses using an in-house system called Course Online (COL) since 2001. These recordings are available not only to students enrolled in online CDM courses, but also to students in traditional classrooms at CDM. In this study we analyzed survey responses and grade data to determine whether traditional students found COL recordings to be a valuable substitutional tool and whether the recordings had any impact on student performance. We found that a large majority of traditional CDM students find the recordings useful and believe that they improve performance. Somewhat counter to the students' perceptions, we found that there were no large differences in performance prior to the introduction of COL recordings and after COL recordings began to be available.
Extrapyramidal reaction to ondansetron.

The authors present a case report and discussion of a patient who experienced an unusual untoward extrapyramidal reaction to ondansetron, a 5HT3-antiseratonin receptor blocking agent used to treat chemotherapy-induced vomiting.
Boundary layer analysis of the ridge singularity in a thin plate.

Large deformations of thin elastic plates and shells present a formidable problem in continuum mechanics which is generally intractable except by numerical methods. Conventional approaches break down in the limit of small plate thickness due to appearance of discontinuities in the solution which require boundary layer treatment. We examine a simple case of a plate bent by forces exerted along its boundary so as to create a sharp crease in the limit of infinitely small thickness. We find a separable boundary layer solution of the von Karman plate equations which is valid along the ridge line. We confirm a scaling argument (T. A. Witten and Hao Li, Europhys. Lett. 23 51 (1993)) that asserts that the ridge possesses a characteristic radius of curvature $R$ given by the thickness of the sheet $h$ and the length of the ridge $X$ {\it viz.} $R \sim h^{1/3} X^{2/3}$. The elastic energy of the ridge scales as $E \sim \kappa (X/h)^{1/3}$ where $\kappa$ is the bending modulus of the sheet. We determine the dependence of these quantities on the dihedral angle of the ridge $\pi - 2\alpha$. For all angles $R \sim \alpha^{-4/3}$ and $E \sim \alpha^{7/3}$. The framework developed in this paper is suitable for determination of other properties of ridges such as their interaction or behavior under various types of loading. We expect these results to have broad importance in describing forced crumpling of thin sheets.
Positive matrix factorization of PM 2.5 - eliminating the effects of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds

Abstract. Gas-phase concentrations of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) were calculated from gas/particle (G/P) partitioning theory using their measured particle-phase concentrations. The particle-phase data were obtained from an existing filter measurement campaign (27 January 2003–2 October 2005) as a part of the Denver Aerosol Sources and Health (DASH) study, including 970 observations of 71 SVOCs (Xie et al., 2013). In each compound class of SVOCs, the lighter species (e.g. docosane in n alkanes, fluoranthene in PAHs) had higher total concentrations (gas p particle phase) and lower particle-phase fractions. The total SVOC concentrations were analyzed using positive matrix factorization (PMF). Then the results were compared with source apportionment results where only particle-phase SVOC concentrations were used (particle only-based study; Xie et al., 2013). For the particle only-based PMF analysis, the factors primarily associated with primary or secondary sources (n alkane, EC/sterane and inorganic ion factors) exhibit similar contribution time series (r = 0.92–0.98) with their corresponding factors (n alkane, sterane and nitrate p sulfate factors) in the current work. Three other factors (light n alkane/PAH, PAH and summer/odd n alkane factors) are linked with pollution sources influenced by atmospheric processes (e.g. G/P partitioning, photochemical reaction), and were less correlated (r = 0.69–0.84) with their corresponding factors (light SVOC, PAH and bulk carbon factors) in the current work, suggesting that the source apportionment results derived from particle-only SVOC data could be affected by atmospheric processes. PMF analysis was also performed on three temperature-stratified subsets of the total SVOC data, representing ambient sampling during cold (daily average temperature 20 °C) periods. Unlike the particle only-based study, in this work the factor characterized by the low molecular weight (MW) compounds (light SVOC factor) exhibited strong correlations (r = 0.82–0.98) between the full data set and each sub-data set solution, indicating that the impacts of G/P partitioning on receptor-based source apportionment could be eliminated by using total SVOC concentrations.
Changes in market segmentation and the flow of information: Some evidence from China☆

Abstract I study market behavior around earnings releases for Chinese stocks, emphasizing the opening of the B share market to PRC investors on February 19th 2001. Before then, abnormal pre-announcement trading volume in the A share market (restricted to locals) suggests inside information, while announcement period return and volume responses suggest “disagreement” in B and H share trading (restricted to foreigners). After that, B share market behavior more closely resembles A share trading. Similar changes are not observed in a “control”, the H share market, which remains closed to PRC investors. There is little evidence that the change in pre-announcement activity in the B share market affects relative B and A prices or reflects superior information about corporate performance.
Quantitative extraction of steroid conjugates from urine by use of a liquid-liquid partition system

The present communication describes a method for the quantitative recovery of glucuronic and sulfuric acid conjugated urinary steroids.
Morphological and biochemical considerations in structural studies of the organic matrix of enamel.

The tissues which can be dissected from embryonic and adult bovine teeth during and after decalcification in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) have been examined histologically, and characterized by X-ray diffraction and by amino acid analysis. The morphology and chemical composition of the tissues which are insoluble in EDTA varies a great deal and depends, among other things, on the stage of tooth development, the particular tooth (premolar or incisor) examined, and the region of the crown from which the tissue was removed. These findings make it imperative that studies concerned with the molecular configuration of the proteins of the organic matrix of enamel be carried out on material which has been identified histologically and chemically.
Extensions to the C programming language for enhanced fault detection

The acceptance of the C programming language by academia and industry is partially responsible for the ‘software crisis’. The simple, trusting semantics of C mask many common faults, such as range violations, which would be detected and reported at run-time by programs coded in a robust language such as Ada.1 This needlessly complicates the debugging of C programs. Although the assert macro lets programmers add run-time consistency checks to their programs, the number of instantiations of this macro needed to make a C program robust makes it highly unlikely that any programmer could correctly perform the task. We make some unobtrusive extensions to the C language which support the efficient detection of faults at run-time without reducing the readability of the source code. Examples of the extensions are automatic checking of error codes returned by library routines, constrained subtypes and detection of references to uninitialized and/or non-existent array elements.
Induction of Myelin Protein Zero by Early Growth Response 2 through Upstream and Intragenic Elements

The Mpz (myelin protein zero) gene codes for the principal component of myelin in the peripheral nervous system, and mutations in this gene cause human peripheral myelinopathies. Expression of the Mpz gene is controlled by two major transactivators that coordinate Schwann cell development: Egr2/Krox20 and Sox10. Our in vivo ChIP-chip analysis in myelinating peripheral nerve identified major sites of Egr2 interaction within the first intron of the Mpz gene and approximately 5 kb upstream of the transcription start site. In addition, the sites of Egr2 binding display many of the hallmarks associated with enhancer elements. Interestingly, the upstream Egr2 binding sites lie proximal to the divergently transcribed succinate dehydrogenase C gene, but Sdhc expression was not affected by the massive induction of Mpz mediated by Egr2. Mpz induction was greatly enhanced in the presence of the Egr2 binding sites, and removal of them markedly diminished transgenic expression of a construct derived from the Mpz locus. Sox10 was also found to be associated with the upstream region, and its binding was required for Egr2-mediated activation in this distal regulatory region. Our findings highlight that peripheral nerve-specific expression of Mpz is primarily regulated by both upstream and intron-associated regulatory elements. Overall, these results provide a locus-wide analysis of the role and activity of Egr2 in regulation of the Mpz gene within its native chromosomal context.
Back to basics: improving the conceptualization and operationalization of programmatic exposure in social and behavior change communication through conceptual models.

The current Ebola crisis illustrates the complex nature of a disease in which multiple behaviors are associated with its spread and control, such as recognizing symptoms, seeking treatment, adherin...
Continued fractions for certain algebraic power series

Abstract Let F be an arbitrary field and let K = F (( x −1 )) be the field of formal Laurent series in x −1 over F . The usual theory of continued fractions carries over to K , with the polynomials in x playing the role of the integers. We study the continued fraction expansions of elements of K which are algebraic over F ( x ), the field of rational functions of x . We give the first explicit expansions of algebraic elements of degree greater than 2 for which the degrees of the partial quotients are bounded. In particular we give explicitly the continued fraction expansion for the solution f in K of the cubic equation xf 3 + f + x = 0 when F = GF (2). This cubic was studied by Baum and Sweet. We give examples, for every field F of characteristic greater than 2, of algebraic elements of degree greater than 2 whose partial quotients are all linear, and we give these expansions explicitly. These are the first known examples with partial quotients of bounded degree when F has characteristic greater than 2.
Chemical and structural characterization of amorphous semiconducting materials in the system GaAsTeGe

Bulk material and thin films prepared therefrom in the system GaAsTeGe have been investigated by light microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, X-ray and electron diffraction and electron microscopy. Bulk material is shown to be two-phase, consisting of abundant dendritic and twinned crystalline material which comprises up to 40% of the bulk by volume, has a sphalerite-type structure and corresponds most closely to Ga2Te3; such crystallites, up to 100 μm in maximum dimension, are distributed throughout a matrix glass phase consisting principally of As, Te and Ge. As-deposited thin films prepared from the above bulk material are amorphous. Electron beam heating produces the crystalline phase Ga2Te3. Through slow heating and cooling in the electron beam, such recrystallized films have been cycled repeatedly from crystalline to amorphous; no melting has been observed associated with the phase change. Implications of this behavior on amorphous semiconductor switching are discussed.
Hyperoxia increases oxygen radical production in rat lung homogenates.

Abstract Lung damage during hyperoxia has been postulated to be due to increased rates of local organ oxygen radical production. Lung homogenate respiration was inhibited with cyanide, and residual respiration was used as an indicator of electron diversion to O 2 − and H 2 O 2 . Cyanide-resistant respiration in lung homogenates, supplemented with 1 m m NADH, increased linearly with oxygen tension, and accounted for 7% of total respiration in air and for 17% of total respiration when homogenates were incubated in 80% oxygen. Exposure of rats to 85% oxygen for 7 days induces tolerance to the lethal effects of 100% oxygen. Rats which previously breathed 85% oxygen for 7 days had a greater CN − -resistant respiration than control rats. This implies that adaptation to hyperoxia does not include decreased lung tissue oxygen radical production as indicated by CN − -resistant respiration. One possible explanation for the increased CN − -resistant respiration in oxygen tolerant rat lungs is that they contain increased cell mass. Lung homogenates of rats exposed to 85% oxygen for 7 days also had 2.5 times greater thiobarbituric acid positive material than controls, indicating that increased lung lipid peroxidation occurs as a consequence of hyperoxia. Incubation of normal rat lung homogenates under hyperoxic conditions also acutely increased lipid peroxidation, which could be inhibited by both superoxide dismutase and catalase. This confirms that hyperoxia enhances cellular production of O 2 − and H 2 O 2 and implies an essential role for both O 2 − and H 2 O 2 in hyperoxic lung damage.
Changes in Delinquency: A Cohort Analysis

The present study utilizes three cohorts over a span of twenty-five years to (a) examine changes in female relative to male delinquency, (b) pinpoint the historical moment at which these changes, if any, begin to materialize, and (c) account for any observed changes. The results show substantial changes in female delinquency rates over time, but these changes do not necessarily appear at a point in time that would support a feminist perspective. Finally, the presence of different age, period, and cohort influences suggests a need for theoretical refinement. It is suggested that theories validated upon male samples only afford very limited theoretical promise for explaining female delinquency. A more fruitful approach might be to view female delinquency as a distinct phenomenon.
Photochemical C-C coupling of a diplatinum μ-phenylethenylidene complex with di-p-tolylacetylene

Photochemical reaction of a diplatinum μ-phenylethenylidene complex with (p-tolyl) C ≡ C(p-tolyl) occurs with C-C coupling of the phenylethenylidene ligand and alkyne moieties to give an expanded, unsaturated μ-η1:η3-butadienediyl ligand. The location of the twop-tolyl groups on adjacent carbon atoms of the butadienediyl skeleton is consistent with incorporation of the alkyne moiety as an intact species.
A look at psychiatric education.

The clinical quality of U.S. physicians, the unevenness in their attention to the care of psychiatric patients, and their awareness of the importance of the ability to handle the psychological aspects of nonpsychiatric medical care are of great consequence. Therefore, education regarding the behavioral and psychiatric aspects of medical care as well as education of physicians who specialize in the treatment of psychiatric patients deserves careful
An FT-IR advantage counter to the Jacquinot or throughput advantage* (Editor's Note: May we call this the Hirschfeld advantage?)

The increase in throughput obtainable by FT-IR spectroscopy with the use of a Michelson interferometer was recognized early and has been universally recognized as an advantage of FT-IR spectroscopy. This perception, while universal and obvious, is not correct.
Eulerian velocity measurements of hydrodynamic surfaces using optical flow methods

Abstract Optical flow methods are a recent technological merger of numerical modelling and remote sensing/image processing techniques, used to derive an estimate of an Eulerian flow field for some hydrodynamic surface. Flow determinations are based on spatial and temporal tracer gradients, derived from time sequential remotely sensed data. A well-posed mathematical model has been formulated, and it is shown that an alternative numerical solution method to conventional finite difference schemes must be utilized (e.g. method of characteristics) to generate meaningful solutions. State-of-the-art (but not necessarily operational) remote sensing/image processing technology is capable of supplying tracer information suitable for reasonably accurate optical flow estimates for cloud-free time sequences.
PARP inhibitor tilts cell death from necrosis to apoptosis in cancer cells.

Commentary to:Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase activity regulates apoptosis in HeLa cells after alkylating DNA damageXuesong Liu, Xu Luo, Yan Yan Shi, Gui-dong Zhu, Thomas Penning, Vincent L Giranda, Yan Luo
Transfection of protoplasts of Bacillus subtilis with ϕ29 DNA

The protoplast-polyethyleneglycol(PEG) transformation procedure of Chang and Cohen (2) can be used for ϕ29 DNA transfection. ϕ29 DNA without terminal proteins is not transfectious in the protoplast-PEG procedure.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the School Refusal Assessment Scale-Revised: Child and Parent Versions

The School Refusal Assessment Scale-Revised (SRAS-R) is an instrument designed to evaluate the relative strength of four functional conditions of school refusal behavior in youth. Although previous work has shown the scale's child and parent versions to show good reliability, verification of the SRAS-R factor structure remains necessary. The present study investigated administrations of the child and parent versions of the SRAS-R (SRAS-R-C and SRAS-R-P) using confirmatory factor analysis. For both measures, four-factor models were supported following the removal of two SRAS-R-C and three SRAS-R-P items. Three-factor and two-factor models for each SRAS-R version were not supported. Ramifications of these results for use of the SRAS-R are discussed.
Preparation, structures and reactivity of two new addition compounds of carbodiimides with ditungsten hexa-t-butoxide

Abstract The reactions of ditungsten hexa- t -butoxide, W 2 (OCMe 3 ) 6 , with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, C 6 H 11 NCNC 6 H 11 , and diisopropylcarbodiimide, Me 2 CHNCNCHMe 2 , afford the 1:1 adducts, [W(OCMe 3 ) 3 ] 2 (μ-C 6 H 11 NCNC 6 H 11 ), 1 , and [W(OCMe 3 ) 3 ] 2 (μ-C 3 H 7 NCNC 3 H 7 ), 2 , respectively. These products were each shown by X-ray crystallography to be structurally homologous to the previously reported [W(OCMe 3 ) 3 ] 2 (μ-CH 3 C 6 H 4 NCNC 6 H 4 CH 3 ) and similar to [W(OCMe 3 ) 3 (μ-C 6 H 5 NCO). It has been shown that the [W(OCMe 3 ) 3 ] 2 (μ-RNCNR) compounds fail to react with further RNCNR, with PhNCO, PMe 3 , LiOCMe 3 or LiOCHMe 2 , CO or CO 2 , and also that [W(OCMe 3 ) 3 ] 2 (μ-PhNCO) does not afford any defined product when treated with C 6 H 11 NCNC 6 H 11 . Compounds 1 and 2 were fully characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy and by X-ray crystallography. Compound 1 crystallizes in space group C 2/ c with unit cell dimensions a = 13.481(3) A, b = 18.129(4) A, c = 18.244(2) A, β = 97.54(1)°, V = 4420(2) A 3 , Z = 4. It was refined to R = 0.0375, R w = 0.0475. Compound 2 crystallizes in space group P 2 1 / c with unit cell dimensions a = 14.752(2) A, b = 12.157(3) A, c = 22.189(3) A, β = 97.03(2)°, V = 3949(2) A 3 , Z = 4. The structure was refined to R = 0.053, R w = 0.059. Each molecule has C 2 -symmetry, with two W(OCMe 3 ) units united by RNCNR bridges across WW distances of 2.490(1) and 2.485(1) A for 1 and 2 , respectively.
Two categories of lymphocyte unresponsiveness to phytohemagglutinin.

Abstract Peripheral lymphocytes from healthy subjects, sarcoidosis and influenza patients were studied in vitro by measurement of the tritiated thymidine uptake of unstimulated and phytohemagglutinin. (PHA) stimulated cells. When the mitogen induced metabolic response is defined as the ratio between thymidine uptake by stimulated and unstimulated cells (stimulation index), PHA responsiveness was significantly decreased in both diseases and varied inversely with the level of isotope incorporated by unstimulated cells ( p = 0.0002). The uptake of isotope by unstimulated cells from influenza patients was significantly increased ( p = 0.0001). Isotope incorporation by mitogen stimulated cells from the same patients did not differ significantly from controls ( p = 0.0925). In contrast, the impaired PHA responsiveness of lymphocytes from sarcoidosis patients was associated with levels of isotope incorporation in unstimulated cell cultures similar to those observed in healthy controls ( p = 0.6444). These observations suggest that two different mechanisms may be responsible for low lymphocyte PHA stimulation indices associated with disease states. Methods are presented for minimizing variation of replicate observations and identification of both categories of lymphocyte unresponsiveness.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Cyclic Ethers Using Vinylogous Sulfonates as Radical Acceptors: Effect of E/Z Geometry and Temperature on Diastereoselectivity

Treatment of the E-vinylogous sulfonates 1a−g with tris(trimethylsilyl)silane and triethylborane, in the presence of air, furnished the cyclic ethers 2/3a−g with good to excellent diastereoselectivity favoring the cis-isomer 2. This study demonstrated the level of stereocontrol in a 6-exo radical cyclization and may be attributed to the type of radical intermediate. Hence, the modest selectivity obtained for the cyclization of 1e may be a function of the acyl radical geometry (sp2) and high inversion barrier (29 kcal/mol) as compared to the alkyl (1 kcal/mol) and vinyl (2.9 kcal/mol) radicals. This is consistent with the acyl radical cyclization having an earlier transition state than the corresponding alkyl and vinyl radicals. The modest diastereoselectivity can be improved dramatically using the Z-vinylogous sulfonate (≥34:1; R = Ph) to promote kinetic trapping of the s-trans rotamer I and III, respectively (Figure 1). The 5-exo alkyl radical cyclization reaction under nonreductive Keck-allylation condi...
Development and Initial Investigation of the School Counseling Program Evaluation Scale

This article evaluates the initial psychometric qualities of the School Counseling Program Evaluation Survey (SCoPES). SCoPES is a 64-item instrument designed to correspond to The National Standards for School Counseling Programs (Campbell & Dahir, 1997). Coefficient alphas on the overall score and the three subscales (i.e., Academic, Career, and Personal/Social Development) were all above .90. All items had significant factor loadings with the specified subscales. The loadings for Academic Development were .38 to .79; for Career Development, .42 to .78; and for Personal/Social Development, .36 to.70. The indexes of goodness-of-fit supported a three-factor instrument. Additionally, students with more contacts with their school counselor reported more career competencies than did students who had never met with a counselor.
Outcomes and effect of radiotherapy in patients with stage I or II diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a surveillance, epidemiology, and end results analysis

Purpose To assess disease-specific survival (DSS), overall survival (OS), and the effect of radiotherapy (RT) in patients with localized diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Patients and Methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was queried for all patients diagnosed with Stage I, IE, II, or IIE DLBCL between 1988 and 2004. The analyzable data included gender, age, race, stage, presence of extranodal disease, and RT administration. Patients who had died or were lost to follow-up within 6 months of diagnosis were excluded. Results A total of 13,420 patients met the search criteria. Of these, 5,547 (41%) had received RT and 7,873 (59%) had not. RT was associated with a significant DSS (hazard ratio, 0.82, p 60 or >70 years old, had significantly improved DSS and OS associated with RT. On multivariate analysis, RT was significantly associated with increased DSS and OS. The 5-year DSS outcomes were highly variable among patient subsets, defined by age, stage, and extranodal disease (range for RT-treated patients, 70% for Stage II, age >60 years to 87% for Stage I, age ≤60 years). Conclusion This analysis presents the largest detailed data set of Stage I-II DLBCL patients. The results of our study have demonstrated that RT is associated with a survival advantage in patients with localized DLBCL, a benefit that extends to elderly patients. Outcomes for discrete patient subsets varied greatly. The development of tailored therapy according to the relapse risk is warranted, rather than uniform treatment of all early-stage DLBCL.
Universal bilirubin screening for severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia

To reduce the incidence of severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia affecting newborns with jaundice in the United States and to prevent kernicterus, there is a need to implement proven prevention strategies for severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia as recommended in the 2004 American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines for newborns >35 weeks gestational age. The purpose of universal predischarge bilirubin screening is to identify infants with bilirubin levels >75th percentile for age in hours and track those with rapid rates of bilirubin rise (>0.2 mg per 100 ml per h). Early identification has been reported to predict severe hyperbilirubinemia and allow for evidence-based targeted interventions. A systems approach is likely to reduce the preventable causes of acute bilirubin encephalopathy. To do so, highest priority should be given to (i) designating extreme hyperbilirubinemia (total serum bilirubin >427 μmol l(-1) or >25 mg per 100 ml) as a reportable condition by laboratories and health-care providers through public health mandates; (ii) implementation of Joint Commission's Sentinel Report for kernicterus; (iii) nursing outreach to communities for education of prospective parents; (iv) development of clinical pathways to monitor, evaluate and track infants with extreme hyperbilirubinemia; and (v) societal awareness. These efforts should be monitored by a state and national surveillance system in order to critically improve the timeliness and completeness of notifications and to allow evaluation and interventions at the policy and individual family level.
Perspectives on Reasons for Becoming Teachers

Substantial research suggests that the teaching profession attracts men and women who desire intrinsic rewards and who approach teaching as a mission or calling. Joseph and Green argue that these m...
158 Site‐Specific Alterations in the Early Inflammatory Process of Wounds

Wound healing is a multistep process that concludes with scar formation. A common clinical observation is that oral wounds exhibit privileged healing compared to extra-oral wounds. Current data demonstrates reduced inflammation and more rapid reepithelialization of oral wounds suggesting that reduced inflammation is vital to privileged repair. To examine the initiation of inflammation, the present study examines IL-1α, IL-β and TNFα production by oral versus cutaneous keratinocytes and compares mast cell infiltration in oral versus cutaneous wounds. Two 1 mm diameter excisional wounds were placed on the lateral tongue or dorsal skin of anesthetized BALB/c mice. At 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours after injury, wound tissue was harvested for analysis. Cytokine expression levels were measured by semiquantitative RT-PCR normalized to actin. At every time point, levels of IL-1α, IL-β and TNFα mRNA were less in oral than dermal wounds. When analyzed by ELISA, IL-1 protein levels peaked at 6 hours in both oral and cutaneous wounds, yet the levels were lower in oral wounds. Mast cell infiltration was measured by counting toluidine blue positive cells in fixed wound sections. The number of mast cells/mm2 was decreased overall in oral mucosal wounds. These findings suggest that a decreased early inflammatory response to injury may be responsible for the privileged repair of oral mucosa.