cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Construction of a High-Resolution Physical Map of the ∼ 1-Mb Region of Human Chromosome 7q31.1-q31.2 Harboring a Putative Tumor Suppressor Gene

Reports of frequent loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of markers on human chromosome 7q in malignant myeloid disorders as well as breast, prostate, ovarian, colon, head and neck, gastric, pancreatic, and renal cell carcinomas suggest the presence of a tumor suppressor gene (TSG). Functional assays have demonstrated that the introduction of an intact copy of human chromosome 7 (hchr7) can restore senescence to immortalized human fibroblast cell lines having LOH of markers within 7q31-q32 and can inhibit the tumorigenic phenotype of a murine squamous cell carcinoma cell line. To facilitate the cloning of the putative TSG, we have constructed a high-resolution physical map of this region of hchr7, specifically that encompassing the markers D7S522 and D7S677 within 7q31.1-q31.2. By using a lower resolution yeast artificial chromosome-based map as a starting framework, we established complete clone coverage of the implicated critical region in bacterial-artificial chromosomes (BACs) and P1-derived artificial chromosomes (PACs). The resulting BAC/PAC-based contig map has provided suitable clones for the systematic sequencing of the entire interval. In addition, we have already identified 29 clusters of overlapping expressed-sequence tags (ESTs) and 4 known genes contained within these clones. Together, the physical map reported here coupled with the evolving sequence and gene maps should hasten the identification of the putative TSG residing within this region of hchr7.
Kinetic energy release in metastable ion transitions. A study by ion kinetic energy spectrometry and rrkm theory

An approach to energy partitioning using experimental data in conjunction with theoretical calculations is presented, with the McLafferty and related rearrangements occurring in the molecular ions of ketones, esters, amides and acid chlorides representing the specific reactions examined. The kinetic energy release associated with statistical partitioning of the nonfixed energy of the activated complex was calculated from unimolecular reaction theory and compared with experimental data. Calculations of the energy dependence of the rate constant and the average statistically released kinetic energy were made for 24 activated complexes corresponding to the two basic structures, cyclic and linear. The frequencies used in the calculations were all modeled upon the 2-pentanone case with sufficient variation in the frequencies used to allow for any reasonable type of perturbation of the linear and cyclic structures. To further test that the complexes chosen were reasonable, A-factors were determined. From a comparison of the calculated and experimental results, the contributions of the nonfixed energy of the activated complex and of the reverse activation energy to the energy release were separated. This appears to be applicable, not only to the 2-pentanone case, but across the series of reactions studied. It is also shown that, despite the fact that these reactions release relatively small kinetic energies, the fraction due to the reverse activation energies may be large. The consequences of these observations for ion enthalpy determinations are emphasized.
Ultrasensitive thin film infrared sensors enabled by hybrid nanomaterials.

IR sensing is an important technology with applications in renewable energy, environmental science and medical engineering. Herein environment-friendly IR sensors based on the single-walled carbon nanotube–copper sulfide nanoparticle (SWNT–CuS NP) hybrid nanomaterials are reported. The IR response in the photocurrent of a SWNT–CuS NP hybrid thin-film sensor is significantly enhanced when the IR light illuminates the thin-film device asymmetrically. We show that the change of photocurrent is up to 300%, which is 10× to 100× larger than those of other reported nanomaterial-based IR sensors. The detection limit can be as low as 48 μW mm−2, among the lowest of the previously reported IR nanosensors. The dramatically enhanced sensitivity and detection limit are due to the temperature difference between the two junctions formed by the nanohybrid thin film and Cu-wire electrodes under asymmetric IR illumination, and the difference between the effective Seebeck coefficient of the nanohybrid thin film and that of the Cu wire. The IR sensor embedded in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layers has been fabricated and tested, indicating its potential application as a flexible IR sensor.
Reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor in prefrontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia

Anatomical and molecular abnormalities of excitatory neurons in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) are found in schizophrenia. We hypothesized that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protein capable of increasing pyramidal neuron spine density and augmenting synaptic efficacy of glutamate, may be abnormally expressed in the DLPFC of patients with schizophrenia. Using an RNase protection assay and Western blotting, we detected a significant reduction in BDNF mRNA (mean=23%) and protein (mean=40%) in the DLPFC of patients with schizophrenia compared to normal individuals. At the cellular level, BDNF mRNA was expressed at varying intensities in pyramidal neurons throughout layers II, III, V, and VI of DLPFC. In patients with schizophrenia; neuronal BDNF expression was decreased in layers III, V and VI. Our study demonstrates a reduction in BDNF production and availability in the DLPFC of schizophrenics, and suggests that intrinsic cortical neurons, afferent neurons, and target neurons may receive less trophic support in this disorder.
Object Relations and Dative Case in Dolakha Newari

In Dolakha Newari, the dative case marks recipients of ditransitive verbs and some patients of monotransitive verbs. Quantative studies show that animacy and activation cost are both relevant in determining the distribution of dative case. Two theories on the syntactic status of objects in systems of this general type are shown to be inadequate for Dolakha. Instead it is found that there is no morphological or syntactic evidence for differentiating between classes of object in this language. Theories on the motivation of this pattern are considered, and it is concluded that it is best understood in terms of referent importance or topicworthiness.
Evolving spiking neural networks for robot control

Abstract We describe a sequence of experiments in which a robot “brain” was evolved to mimic the behaviours captured under control of a heuristic rule program (imitation learning). The task was light-seeking while avoiding obstacles using binocular light sensors and a trio of IR proximity sensors. The “brain” was a spiking neural network simulator whose parameters were tuned by a genetic algorithm, where fitness was assessed by the closeness to target output spike trains. Spike trains were frequency encoded. The network topology was manually designed, and then modified in response to observed difficulties during evolution. We noted that good performance seems best approached by judicious mixing of excitation and inhibition. Besides robotic applications, the domain of “smart” prosthetics also appears promising.
An investigation into label fusion on sparse data

The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) are interested in developing a standardized testing procedure for determining the performance of a candidate detection systems combined with a currently operational detection system. This paper investigates the problem of combining data from different detection systems that could possibly produce a more accurate combined detection system. Theoretically, this combination of detection systems tends to assume that the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves that describe the detection systems are well defined for all thresholds on the unit square. In practice, many ROC curves are discrete and/or incomplete data sets and label fusion with a competing existing system is not well defined. This work investigates the concept of fusion with incomplete ROC data using an estimate for the fused performance of the detection system under a constrained OR label rule.
A Conceptualization of the Employee Branding Process

SUMMARY We propose a conceptual model of the employee branding process in which the employee brand image is driven by the messages employees receive and the mechanisms within employees' psyches that enable them to make sense of those messages. The model identifies various sources through which messages are delivered and describes the contributions of those sources to the employee branding process. The psychological contract is identified as a perceptual mechanism central to the employee branding process. The model specifies the consequences of the employee branding process and describes a feedback loop through which managers can monitor the process.
Acquisition of stimulus-outcome and response-outcome expectancies as a function of locus of control

An attempt was made to integrate the expectancy models of Bolles and Rotter by assessing the role of generalized expectancies in the acquisition of situation-specific expectancies. The relationship between locus of control and the detection of specific stimulus-outcome (S-S*) and response-outcome (R-S*) contingencies was investigated by assessing awareness of S-S* and R-S* contingencies in a laboratory analogue study. As predicted, a significant interaction was found between locus of control and the nature of the expectancy to be acquired. Internals acquired the R-S* expectancy more rapidly than the S-S* expectancy, whereas externals showed relatively faster acquisition of the S-S* than of the R-S* expectancy. Internals attributed success on the tasks to skill to a greater degree than did externals, and also expressed greater confidence that their hypotheses about the contingencies were correct. Some applications of the results to social learning and psychopathology, assessment, and treatment are discussed.
Progesterone Analogs Influence Germination of Clostridium sordellii and Clostridium difficile Spores In Vitro

Clostridium sordellii and Clostridium difficile are closely related anaerobic Gram-positive, spore-forming human pathogens. C. sordellii and C. difficile form spores that are believed to be the infectious form of these bacteria. These spores return to toxin-producing vegetative cells upon binding to small molecule germinants. The endogenous compounds that regulate clostridial spore germination are not fully understood. While C. sordellii spores require three structurally distinct amino acids to germinate, the occurrence of postpregnancy C. sordellii infections suggests that steroidal sex hormones might regulate its capacity to germinate. On the other hand, C. difficile spores require taurocholate (a bile salt) and glycine (an amino acid) to germinate. Bile salts and steroid hormones are biosynthesized from cholesterol, suggesting that the common sterane structure can affect the germination of both C. sordellii and C. difficile spores. Therefore, we tested the effect of sterane compounds on C. sordellii and C. difficile spore germination. Our results show that both steroid hormones and bile salts are able to increase C. sordellii spore germination rates. In contrast, a subset of steroid hormones acted as competitive inhibitors of C. difficile spore germination. Thus, even though C. sordellii and C. difficile are phylogenetically related, the two species' spores respond differently to steroidal compounds.
The Existence of Many Periodic Non-travelling Solutions to the Boussinesq Equation

Abstract This paper uses variational methods—in particular, a generalization of the Mountain Pass Lemma of Rabinowitz—together with an invariance argument to demonstrate the existence of (weak Sobolev) periodic, non-travelling solutions to the Boussinesq equation[formula]In certain cases, the author demonstrates the existence of infinitely-many such solutions. The assumptions on the non-linear terms are that they are odd and roughly polynomial, and that they satisfy ∇G=(g1, −g2) for someG∈C2(R2; R).
Rho-mediated Contractility Exposes a Cryptic Site in Fibronectin and Induces Fibronectin Matrix Assembly

Many factors influence the assembly of fibronectin into an insoluble fibrillar extracellular matrix. Previous work demonstrated that one component in serum that promotes the assembly of fibronectin is lysophosphatidic acid (Zhang, Q., W.J. Checovich, D.M. Peters, R.M. Albrecht, and D.F. Mosher. 1994. J. Cell Biol. 127:1447–1459). Here we show that C3 transferase, an inhibitor of the low molecular weight GTP-binding protein Rho, blocks the binding of fibronectin and the 70-kD NH2-terminal fibronectin fragment to cells and blocks the assembly of fibronectin into matrix induced by serum or lysophosphatidic acid. Microinjection of recombinant, constitutively active Rho into quiescent Swiss 3T3 cells promotes fibronectin matrix assembly by the injected cells. Investigating the mechanism by which Rho promotes fibronectin polymerization, we have used C3 to determine whether integrin activation is involved. Under conditions where C3 decreases fibronectin assembly we have only detected small changes in the state of integrin activation. However, several inhibitors of cellular contractility, that differ in their mode of action, inhibit cell binding of fibronectin and the 70-kD NH2-terminal fibronectin fragment, decrease fibronectin incorporation into the deoxycholate insoluble matrix, and prevent fibronectin's assembly into fibrils on the cell surface. Because Rho stimulates contractility, these results suggest that Rho-mediated contractility promotes assembly of fibronectin into a fibrillar matrix. One mechanism by which contractility could enhance fibronectin assembly is by tension exposing cryptic self-assembly sites within fibronectin that is being stretched. Exploring this possibility, we have found a monoclonal antibody, L8, that stains fibronectin matrices differentially depending on the state of cell contractility. L8 was previously shown to inhibit fibronectin matrix assembly (Chernousov, M.A., A.I. Faerman, M.G. Frid, O.Y. Printseva, and V.E. Koteliansky. 1987. FEBS (Fed. Eur. Biochem. Soc.) Lett. 217:124–128). When it is used to stain normal cultures that are developing tension, it reveals a matrix indistinguishable from that revealed by polyclonal anti-fibronectin antibodies. However, the staining of fibronectin matrices by L8 is reduced relative to the polyclonal antibody when the contractility of cells is inhibited by C3. We have investigated the consequences of mechanically stretching fibronectin in the absence of cells. Applying a 30–35% stretch to immobilized fibronectin induced binding of soluble fibronectin, 70-kD fibronectin fragment, and L8 monoclonal antibody. Together, these results provide evidence that self-assembly sites within fibronectin are exposed by tension.
Tunneling images of gallium on a silicon surface: Reconstructions, superlattices, and incommensuration.

Real-space images of an incommensurate superlattice on a monolayer-gallium-covered silicon (111) surface have been obtained with the tunneling microscope. Large, internally ordered supercells which in turn form a lattice with discrete boundaries are observed. A graphitelike silicon-gallium top layer is suggested that is weakly bonded to the lattice below and stabilized by a periodic array of misfit dislocations. This model unifies reflection high-energy electron diffraction, x-ray standing-wave, and tunneling observations.
A typology of customer‐service provider relationships: the role of relational factors in classifying customers

Research on customer relationships has documented that customers focus not only on the functional benefits they receive, but also the relational benefits. This study examines the underpinnings of customer relationships designated as professional relationships, casual acquaintances, personal acquaintances, and friendships, with regard to the relational factors: emotional attachment to a particular provider; personal advice seeking, and socializing outside of the service encounter. A survey is used to examine relationship types across four service industries (healthcare, financial services, hair care, and automotive repair). It is found that relationship types can be distinguished based on the relational factors, and that relationship types vary by service.
Probabilistic Finite Element Analysis in Heat Transfer

Heat transfer from a two dimensional fin was computationally simulated by a finite element method and probabilistically evaluated in view of the several uncertainties in the performance parameters, which are indices of fin efficiency. Cumulative distribution functions and sensitivity factors were computed for overall heat transfer rate due to the thermodynamic random variables. These results can be used to quickly identify the most critical design variables in order to optimize the design and make it cost effective. The analysis leads to the selection of the appropriate measurements to be used in heat transfer and to the identification of both the most critical measurements and parameters.
The photophysics of some intramolecular ternary complexes formed between aryl and amino groups

Abstract The fluorescence properties of (3)–(6) in solvents of varying polarity have been examined and the conclusion reached that in non-polar solvents they exhibit fluorescence (low quantum yield) from an intramolecular ternary complex. In polar solvents very little fluorescence is observable. Although each compound exhibits extensive intramolecular fluorescence quenching, the quantum yield of localised triplet naphthalene in non-polar solvents remains relatively high indicating that intersystem crossing occurs in the non-relaxed exciplex.
Molecular weight–mechanical property interrelationships. V. Poly(vinyl chloride) fracture surfaces: The effect of molecular weight and vapor environment

The fracture and craze surfaces of four PVC fractions (Mw = 51000 to 228000) and two bimodal blends were examined with a scanning electron microscope. The fraction with the lowest molecular weight gave brittle fractures when fatigued in nitrogen and ethanol vapor. Walls of crazed ductile matter formed at the surface of higher molecular weight samples. Thickness of this ductile material increased with molecular weight. There appeared to be a balance between craze propagation into the sample and brittle fracture due to dilitational and tensile stresses in the interior regions of the test films.
Double Negative (DN) αβ T Cells: misperception and overdue recognition

CD4(-)CD8(-)double negative (DN) αβ T cells are legitimate components of the normal immune system. However, they are poorly understood and largely ignored by immunologists because of their historical association with the lymphoproliferation that occurs in mice (lpr and gld) and humans (autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndromes patients) with impaired Fas-mediated apoptosis where they are considered abnormal T cells. We believe that the traditional view that DN T cells that cause lymphoproliferation (hereafter referred to as lpr DN T cells) are CD4 and CD8 T cells that lost their coreceptor, conceived more than two decades ago, is flawed and that conflating lpr DN T cells with DN T cells found in normal immune system (hereafter referred to as nDN T cells) is unnecessarily dampening interest of this potentially important cell type. To begin rectifying these misperceptions, we will revisit the traditional view of lpr DN T cells and show that it does not hold true in light of recent immunological advances. In lieu of it, we offer a new model proposing that Fas-mediated apoptosis actively removes normally existing DN T cells from the periphery and that impaired Fas-mediated apoptosis leads to accumulation of these cells rather than de novo generation of DN T cells from activated CD4 or CD8 T cells. By doing so, we hope to provoke a new discussion that may lead to a consensus about the origin of lpr DN T cells and regulation of their homeostasis by the Fas pathway and reignite wider interest in nDN T cells.
Linear Transport Equations with μ-Monotone Coefficients

Abstract We introduce the concept of a μ-monotone function. It allows us to extend the existing theory for Filippov solutions to ODE, linear transport equations, and conservation laws for a wider range of transport velocities ( A 1 ,…, A d ) and fluxes ( f 1 ,…, f d ).
Future projections from some past developments in calorimetric instruments and techniques at Brigham Young University, 1960-2000

The reasons for the rapid and widespread successes of continuous titration solution calorimetry, isothermal power-compensation flow calorimetry, high-precision heat-conduction calorimetry, and temperature-scanning heat-conduction calorimetry are examined. The characteristics of these successes are used to make general predictions about the future of calorimetry.
Campus Policing in America: A Twenty-Year Perspective

This article compares the findings of a 2006 national survey of campus police agencies with one of 1986. Respondents were queried about agency titles; reporting lines; administrators' experience, education, tenure, and diversity; agency powers, jurisdiction, rank, training, activities/responsibilities, and relations with local police agencies; and involvement in disaster planning and terrorism readiness. It is concluded that considerable evolution has occurred over the past two decades; whereas constituencies, mission, and duties may differ, campus law enforcement agencies are part of and connected to the broader local law enforcement community and represent an essential component of postsecondary educational institutions.
Minimal facial plastic surgery procedures… maximal results?

he cl in ic s. co m This year marks the 20th Anniversary of Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics. I know this because on my bookshelf rests every edition since the flagship issue on Open Rhinoplasty published in August 1993. The first issue on Minimally Invasive Procedures was published in 2001 and discussed chemical peels, lasers, and endoscopic approaches to facial surgery. Botulinum toxin for facial aesthetics was FDA approved in 2002 and, only 1 year later, an entire issue of Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics was dedicated to the cosmetic use of Botox. Now, in 2013, we are asking if more invasive procedures are becoming or have become obsolete with the advent of newer, less invasive procedures. Weall agree that thepracticeofmedicineevolves. Older physicians are likely not practicing the way they did 20 years ago. As our knowledge of facial aging improves in addition to the development of new materials, instruments, and techniques, we are able to improve our treatment outcomes with increased safety, less scarring, and faster recoveries. Medicine benefits from the advances in technology, which become both smaller and less expensive over time. We respond to the desires of our patients, who want less invasive procedures with minimal recovery. But are we still able to provide maximal results with minimal procedures? For several years now, I have been thinking about how we are now able to perform many cosmetic procedures without resorting to more aggressive techniques of the past. I don’t perform coronal brow lifts, oral commissure-plasties, or
SYK Inhibition Modulates Distinct PI3K/AKT- Dependent Survival Pathways and Cholesterol Biosynthesis in Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphomas

Summary B cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway components represent promising treatment targets in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and additional B cell tumors. BCR signaling activates spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) and downstream pathways including PI3K/AKT and NF-κB. In previous studies, chemical SYK blockade selectively decreased BCR signaling and induced apoptosis of BCR-dependent DLBCLs. Herein, we characterize distinct SYK/PI3K-dependent survival pathways in DLBCLs with high or low baseline NF-κB activity including selective repression of the pro-apoptotic HRK protein in NF-κB-low tumors. We also define SYK/PI3K-dependent cholesterol biosynthesis as a feed-forward mechanism of maintaining the integrity of BCRs in lipid rafts in DLBCLs with low or high NF-κB. In addition, SYK amplification and PTEN deletion are identified as selective genetic alterations in primary "BCR"-type DLBCLs.
Preserving geomorphic data records of flood disturbances

Abstract No central database or repository is currently available in the USA to preserve long-term, spatially extensive records of fluvial geomorphic data or to provide future accessibility. Yet, because of their length and continuity these data are valuable for future research. Therefore, we built a public accessible website to preserve data records of two examples of long-term monitoring (40 and 18 years) of the fluvial geomorphic response to natural disturbances. One disturbance was ∼50-year flood on Powder River in Montana in 1978, and the second disturbance was a catastrophic flood on Spring Creek following a ∼100-year rainstorm after a wildfire in Colorado in 1996. Two critical issues arise relative to preserving fluvial geomorphic data. The first is preserving the data themselves, but the second, and just as important, is preserving information about the location of the field research sites where the data were collected so the sites can be re-located and re-surveyed in the future. The latter allows long-term datasets to be extended into the future and to provide critical background data for interpreting future landscape changes. Data were preserved on a website to allow world-wide accessibility and to upload new data to the website as they become available. We describe the architecture of the website, lessons learned in developing the website, future improvements, and recommendations on how also to preserve information about the location of field research sites.
The effect of combined fluid percussion and entorhinal cortical lesions on long-term potentiation

Abstract Among the pathological processes initiated by traumatic brain injury are excessive neuroexcitation and target cell deafferentation. The current study examines the contribution of these injury components, separately as well as their combined effect, on postinjury alterations in the capacity for long-term potentiation and the immunolocalization of N -methyl- d -aspartate receptors and GABA. Adult rats underwent central fluid percussion traumatic brain injury, electrolytic bilateral entorhinal cortex lesions, or a combined injury of both procedures separated by 24 h. At two or 15 days postinjury, the capacity for long-term potentiation of the Schaffer collateral–commissural input to CA1 was measured in acute electrophysiological recordings. Entorhinal cortical lesions resulted in time-dependent increases in the effectiveness of tetanic stimulation to elevate population postsynaptic potentials and population spike amplitudes. These lesions also resulted in a marked intensification in the density of N -methyl- d -aspartate receptors in the CA1 stratum lacunosum-moleculare. All injury conditions that included fluid percussion as a component (alone or in combined injuries) produced a persistent impairment in long-term potentiation of the evoked population postsynaptic potentials. Thus, in combined injuries, the presence of concussion-induced neuroexcitation attenuated deafferentation-induced response increases. Both N -methyl- d -aspartate receptor and GABA immunobinding following combined injuries were also reduced relative to those observed following entorhinal lesions alone. The present results suggest that a process of receptor plasticity, possibly involving reactive synaptogenesis, may contribute to postdeafferentation enhancements of long-term potentiation, and that a traumatic brain insult will attenuate these enhancements. This interaction of different injury components suggests that recovery of function following brain injury may be enhanced by pharmacological reduction of neuroexcitation during postinjury intervals of reactive receptor plasticity.
Weighing the Universe

How do you measure the mass of the Universe? You can't use a balance to weigh it, but detailed analysis of hundreds of thousands of galaxies provides an alternative answer.
Peer-supported storytelling for grieving pediatric oncology nurses

Telling stories about deceased patients to supportive peers is frequently mentioned as an activity used for meaning-making in anecdotal reports of clinical practice and the literature addressing nurses' experiences caring for dying children. This study examines peer-supported storytelling for grieving pediatric oncology nurses using a mixed methods single-group descriptive repeated measures design. Participants were 6 registered nurses from a tertiary care pediatric hospital inpatient oncology unit who self-identified as experiencing grief. Participants met in self-selected dyads for 2 storytelling sessions. Questionnaires were completed at baseline, midpoint, and study end. Sessions were audio-recorded. Participants reported (1) receiving and providing support during sessions; (2) that sessions had an impact on their grief; (3) that sessions had an impact on their meaning-making, and the explicit session focus on making sense of and identifying benefit in their experiences was particularly helpful. There was a significant positive correlation between participant report of number of special patient deaths during career and impact of sessions on grief.
Evidence of bottom-up limitations in nearshore marine systems based on otolith proxies of fish growth

Fish otolith growth increments were used as indices of annual production at nine nearshore sites within the Alaska Coastal Current (downwelling region) and California Current (upwelling region) systems (~36–60°N). Black rockfish (Sebastes melanops) and kelp greenling (Hexagrammos decagrammus) were identified as useful indicators in pelagic and benthic nearshore food webs, respectively. To examine the support for bottom-up limitations, common oceanographic indices of production [sea surface temperature (SST), upwelling, and chlorophyll-a concentration] during summer (April–September) were compared to spatial and temporal differences in fish growth using linear mixed models. The relationship between pelagic black rockfish growth and SST was positive in the cooler Alaska Coastal Current and negative in the warmer California Current. These contrasting growth responses to SST among current systems are consistent with the optimal stability window hypothesis in which pelagic production is maximized at intermediate levels of water column stability. Increased growth rates of black rockfish were associated with higher chlorophyll concentrations in the California Current only, but black rockfish growth was unrelated to the upwelling index in either current system. Benthic kelp greenling growth rates were positively associated with warmer temperatures and relaxation of downwelling (upwelling index near zero) in the Alaska Coastal Current, while none of the oceanographic indices were related to their growth in the California Current. Overall, our results are consistent with bottom-up forcing of nearshore marine ecosystems—light and nutrients constrain primary production in pelagic food webs, and temperature constrains benthic food webs.
New dynamical equation for cracks.

If a long-standing selection problem in brittle fracture is to be resolved, one must begin with dynamical equations suited to comparison with experiment. Such an equation is derived here in closed form by finding the energy flux to the tip of a slowly accelerating crack in a brittle strip
Numerical modeling of micro- and macro-behavior of viscoelastic porous materials

This paper presents a numerical method for solving the two-dimensional problem of a polygonal linear viscoelastic domain containing an arbitrary number of non-overlapping circular holes of arbitrary sizes. The solution of the problem is based on the use of the correspondence principle. The governing equation for the problem in the Laplace domain is a complex hypersingular boundary integral equation written in terms of the unknown transformed displacements on the boundaries of the holes and the exterior boundaries of the finite body. No specific physical model is involved in the governing equation, which means that the method is capable of handling a variety of viscoelastic models. A truncated complex Fourier series with coefficients dependent on the transform parameter is used to approximate the unknown transformed displacements on the boundaries of the holes. A truncated complex series of Chebyshev polynomials with coefficients dependent on the transform parameter is used to approximate the unknown transformed displacements on the straight boundaries of the finite body. A system of linear algebraic equations is formed using the overspecification method. The viscoelastic stresses and displacements are calculated through the viscoelastic analogs of the Kolosov–Muskhelishvili potentials, and an analytical inverse Laplace transform is used to provide the time domain solution. Using the concept of representative volume, the effective viscoelastic properties of an equivalent homogeneous material are then found directly from the corresponding constitutive equations for the average field values.
Integrity of a Curved Divider Plate in Steam Generators of Pressurized Water Reactors Due to Dynamic Pressure Loading Considering Fluid Structure Interaction

A non-linear analysis procedure has been developed to investigate the plastic behavior of the divider (or partition) plate in Steam Generators (SG) of Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs). The integrity of the divider plate in the primary channel head of a Steam Generator of a Pressurized Water Reactor has to be verified for a postulated loss of coolant accident (LOCA). Primary stresses due to differential pressure Δp have to be analyzed for faulted conditions. A static elastic-plastic finite element analysis for the divider plate was performed showing unrealistically high plastic deformation due to the high differential pressure loading resulting from the assumption of rigid walls in the fluid analysis. Therefore the LOCA is analyzed in a Fluid Structure Interaction Analysis (FSIA), representing the divider plate as a single degree of freedom system (SDOFS) acting like a piston. The present paper explains how the Δp across the plate was correlated with an equivalent displacement ve and how the mass of the plate is considered. In the FSIA a realistic dynamic response of the divider plate is considered now, with a significant reduction of differential pressure Δp. The analysis results proved the resistance of the divider plate with sufficient margin.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Dynamics and Controls of a Conceptual Jovian Moon Tour Spacecraft

The dynamics and control challenges presented by a conceptual Jovian Moon Tour spacecraft are summarized in this paper. Attitude and orbital dynamics interactions are present due to the designed low-thrust trajectory, and controls structure interactions are also present due to the non-collocated sensor-actuator pairs on board the flexible spacecraft. A finite-element based simulation model is described which is capable of handling the complex orbital and attitude dynamics arising during the low-thrust spiraling maneuvers of the spacecraft. A few numerical simulations demonstrate that some of the challenges hitherto identified can be faced via integrated dynamics and control analysis, and that reasonable assessments of the pointing performance can be made.
Quantitation of oxidative damage to tissue proteins.

Abstract Active oxygen species are thought to be involved in many physiological and pathological processes and are known to oxidatively modify DNA, lipids and proteins. One such modification is the addition of carbonyl groups to amino acid residues in proteins. The number of carbonyl groups on proteins can be quantitated spectrophotometrically using 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). The DNPH assay described in the literature was found to be unreliable in samples containing high amounts of chromophore (e.g. hemoglobin, myoglobin, retinoids). By using an HCl–acetone wash, hemes from the chromophores could be extracted, enabling the determination of carbonyl content to be made even in highly colored tissue extracts. Residual DNPH, which was also found to interfere with the assay, was removed by additional washes with trichloroacetic acid and ethanol–ethylacetate. These improvements are known to remove lipids, do not lengthen the time required to do the assay, permit quantification of carbonyl content in 1–4 mg protein from a variety of tissue types and provide a sensitive and reliable method for assessing oxidative damage to tissue proteins.
The Effect of Context Processing on Different Aspects of Social Cognition in Schizophrenia

Background: It is well known that individuals with schizophrenia have impaired social cognition. The construct of social cognition involves several components, including perception, interpretation, and the ability to integrate context (Adolphs R. The neurobiology of social cognition. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2001;11:231–239; Brothers L. The social brain: a project for integrating primate behavior and neurophysiology in a new domain. Concepts Neurosci. 1990;1:27–61). Importantly, a number of studies have suggested that deficits in context processing underlie cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia (Penn DL, Corrigan PW, Bentall RP, Racenstein JM, Newman L. Social cognition in schizophrenia. Psychol Bull. 1997;121(1):114–132; Green MF, Nuechterlein KH. Should schizophrenia be treated as a neurocognitive disorder? Schizophr Bull. 1999;25:309–319). Thus, the purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship between context processing and different aspects of social cognition in schizophrenia. Method: Individuals with schizophrenia (n = 41) and the healthy controls (n = 32) participated in this study. The participants completed 2 sections of The Awareness of Social Inference Test: (1) social inference minimal (SI-M) and (2) social inference enriched (SI-E). They also completed face and voice emotion discrimination tasks. In addition, we used the AX-Continuous Performance Test (AX-CPT) to measure context processing and the n-back task to measure working memory more generally. Results: AX-CPT performance in schizophrenia was positively correlated with both SI-M and SI-E performance but not with either the face or the voice discrimination. Furthermore, the correlation between AX-CPT performance and SI-M/SI-E performance was significantly stronger in individuals with schizophrenia than in controls. Conclusion: These results suggest that impairments in context processing are related to inferential components of social cognition in schizophrenia but not to the ability to recognition facial or vocal emotion. As such, deficits in context processing may contribute to deficits in both “hot” and “cold” aspects of cognition in schizophrenia.
Scenario building for operator training simulators using a transient stability program

The operation of a modern power system has become more complicated and as a result the need for advanced and extensive operator training is becoming more critically important. An Operator Training Simulator (OTS) can significantly enhance the efficiency of power system operator training. An OTS can provide a realistic environment for operators to practice operating procedures, and understand and learn how to cope with emergency and restorative situations. To achieve efficient training through an operator training simulator, suitable training scenarios have to be developed to familiarize the trainee with the characteristics of the system under different (and stressed) conditions. Each training scenario consists of a base (starting) operating case, a system load profile to drive the simulation and a sequence of events including generator tripping, network switching, etc. The scenario building is usually a very complicated and very difficult task, imposing a heavy burden on the OTS scenario builder. One of the drawbacks of the existing power system operator training simulators is the lack of the efficient scenario building aids. As recommended in an EPRI final report, various scenario building aids should be provided for the scenario builder to efficiently develop training scenarios. One such scenario building aid is a suitable transient stability program. Due to the OTS modeling limitations, it is not possible to simulate in real time the power system transient response, such as protective relaying operations, to system faults.
Gas signatures from Escherichia coli and Escherichia coli -inoculated human whole blood

Background The gaseous headspace above naive Escherichia Coli (E. coli) cultures and whole human blood inoculated with E. coli were collected and analyzed for the presence of trace gases that may have the potential to be used as novel, non-invasive markers of infectious disease.
Modal Functions in Two-Valued Logic

In this paper it will be shown that the fundamental modal functions (".. is necessary," ". ... is possible," etc.) may be represented in the ordinary twovalued logic of propositions, relatively to a subset S of the set K of all propositions of the logic. The only restriction on S is that no member of S can occur in any other member of S. The representation concerns the set SK consisting of all members of K in which occur members of S. Every member of SK may be regarded as a truth-function of the members of S. If S consists of only one member, P, and if f(P) and g(P) are any members of SK, then we define |f(P) as (f(P) -f(-P)). The proposition "f(P) is S-necessary" may then be expressed by Jf(P) |. Furthermore we may express "f(P) is S-impossible" by 1-f(P) , abbreviated to f(P)*; we nay express "f(P) is S-possible" by -1-f(P)j, abbreviated to Of(P); and we may express "f(P) S-strictly implies g(P)" by (f(P) * -g(P))*, abbreviated to f(P) -3 g(P). Thus is obtained a novel analysis of modality, contrasting, on the one hand, with Carnap's syntactic theory of modality, and, on the other hand, with Lewis's view of modal concepts as underivable from other logical concepts. We would maintain that modal concepts are not absolute, but always relative to some S, generally unspecified. In the formal exposition which follows, we shall assume tacitly but not explicitly the important distinction between the symbols we are discussing and symbols denoting or designating the former. Suppose we have given the ordinary two-valued logic of propositions formulated as follows: We assume: I. A class K of symbols (K-symbols). DEFINITION. The following symbols will hereafter be used, with or without subscripts, as arbitrary K-symbols: p, q, r, s. II. Five axioms concerning K-symbols: AxIoM K1. The symbol 7r is in K. (This axiom is assumed in order to guarantee that K is not empty and to present at least one actual member of K.) AxIoM K2. The symbol ad'p is in K (for every K-symbol p). AxIoM K3. The symbol (p D q) is in K (for every K-symbol p and every K-symbol q). Axiom K4. If p consists of a sequence of symbols among which are K-symbols, then p must be either of the form -'q or else of the form (q n r), for some K-symbols q and r. AxIoM K5. No K-symbol consists of an infinite sequence of symbols. III. A class T of symbols (T-symbols).
Planar contraction flow with a slip boundary condition

Inertialess planar contraction flow with a Navier (linear) slip boundary condition has been studied for Newtonian and inelastic non-Newtonian fluids. For Newtonian fluids there is a region of curved streamlines as the flow adjusts from an upstream no-slip region with radial streamlines to a downstream slip-flow region that also has radial streamlines. Power-law fluids exhibit qualitatively different transverse flows for n>0.5 and n<0.5, with radial flow for n=0.5; it is the downstream flow that approaches no-slip for n<0.5, while the upstream approaches slip flow. Carreau–Yasuda fluids show a transition from Newtonian behavior upstream to power-law behavior downstream. The most interesting case is a Carreau–Yasuda fluid with n<0.5, where the azimuthal velocity changes direction, causing significant curvature in the streamlines. The streamline curvature may be relevant to the onset of entry flow instabilities at high stress levels in polymer processing.
Mixture Modeling with Pairwise, Instance-Level Class Constraints

The goal of semisupervised clustering/mixture modeling is to learn the underlying groups comprising a given data set when there is also some form of instance-level supervision available, usually in the form of labels or pairwise sample constraints. Most prior work with constraints assumes the number of classes is known, with each learned cluster assumed to be a class and, hence, subject to the given class constraints. When the number of classes is unknown or when the one-cluster-per-class assumption is not valid, the use of constraints may actually be deleterious to learning the ground-truth data groups. We address this by (1) allowing allocation of multiple mixture components to individual classes and (2) estimating both the number of components and the number of classes. We also address new class discovery, with components void of constraints treated as putative unknown classes. For both real-world and synthetic data, our method is shown to accurately estimate the number of classes and to give favorable comparison with the recent approach of Shental, Bar-Hillel, Hertz, and Weinshall (2003).
H-infinity parameter estimation for state-space models

This work investigates the nonlinear problem of parameter identification for systems with time-varying state-space models using the idea of an extended filter. To treat uncertainty in the data or the model, the paper follows the approach of H-infinity filtering. It shows that the parameter estimation error satisfies exactly albeit locally the prescribed gain criterion as long as the extended filter meets a modified - tighter - criterion. In the infinite horizon case, the paper also shows that the modified H-infinity criterion leads to an asymptotically stable state estimation error without assuming zero-state observability of the associated error equation.
Evidence of a novel transduction pathway mediating detection of polyamines by the zebrafish olfactory system

To better understand the full extent of the odorant detection capabilities of fish, we investigated the olfactory sensitivity of zebrafish to a monoamine and several polyamines using electrophysiological and activity-dependent labeling techniques. Electro-olfactogram (EOG) recording methods established the relative stimulatory effectiveness of these odorants as: spermine >> spermidine approximately agmatine > glutamine > putrescine >or= cadaverine >or= histamine > artificial freshwater. The detection threshold for the potent polyamines was approximately 1 micromol l(-1). Cross-adaptation experiments suggested that multiple receptors are involved in polyamine detection. Three observations indicated that polyamine signaling may involve a transduction cascade distinct from those used by either amino acids or bile salts. Like bile salts and the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin, but unlike amino acid odorants, polyamines failed to stimulate activity-dependent labeling of olfactory sensory neurons with the cation channel permeant probe agmatine, suggesting a signaling pathway different from that used by amino acid stimuli. Also supporting distinct amino acid and polyamine signaling pathways is the finding that altering phospholipase C activity with the inhibitor U-73122 significantly reduced amino acid-evoked responses, but had little effect on polyamine- (or bile salt-) evoked responses. Altering cyclic nucleotide-mediated signaling by adenylate cyclase activation with forskolin, which significantly reduced responses to bile salts, failed to attenuate polyamine responses, suggesting that polyamines and bile salts do not share a common transduction cascade. Collectively, these findings suggest that polyamines are a new class of olfactory stimuli transduced by a receptor-mediated, second messenger signaling pathway that is distinct from those used by amino acids or bile salts.