cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phosphorus distribution in hyperalimentation induced hypophosphatemia

Hypophosphatemia regularly occurs when high calorie-amino acid solutions devoid of phosphorus are administered intravenously. This hypophosphatemia is due to redistribution of phosphorus within the body, but the anatomical pattern of this redistribution has not been determined previously. Eleven male Sprague Dawley rats weighing approximately 200 g were starved for 4 days before being divided into two groups. Six rats were then fed a normal diet and the remaining five rats were hyperalimented intravenously with an amino acid/dextrose solution devoid of phosphorus. On the ninth day, when the hyperalimented rats were hypophosphatemic and hypophosphaturic, 0.2 ml of labeled plasma containing approximately 0.5 &i 32P was injected intravenously into each rat. One hour later the rats were exsanguinated under ether anesthesia, and the carcasses were dissected into organ compartments. Each organ was weighed, homogenized and digested, and aliquots were examined for radioactivity. The percentage recovery of injected anP was greater in the muscle mass of the phosphorus-free hyperalimented rats (24%) than in the control rats (15%), but was correspondingly less in the liver and gastrointestinal tract. Distribution of the labeled phosphorus to the other organs was similar in both groups. The results imply that hypophosphatemia during hyperalimentation is secondary to increased muscle anabolism. Since radiophosphorus is quickly incorporated into organic compounds within muscle, it is suggested that this increased turnover of phosphorus in muscle is associated with increased high energy phosphate metabolism. When amino acid/dextrose solutions which do not contain phosphorus are administered intravenously, hypophosphatemia often occurs within a few days [4, 91. Since the hypophosphatemia is accompanied by hypophosphaturia, it has been suggested that this rapid and profound hypophosphatemia is brought about by a massive compartmental shift of phosphorus from the extracellular fluid [12]. To date, the anatomic pattern of the distribution of body phosphorus during hyperalimentation hypophosphatemia has not been described. Hypophosphatemia can be associated with clinical symptoms [lo, 121, and detrimental changes in oxygen transport and leukocyte function have also been described [l, 8, 121. It is therefore of some importance that changes in phosphorus metabolism which occur during parenteral nutrition are well understood. Data are presented herein which describe the anatomical shifts of phosphorus which occur when an amino acid/dextrose nutrient solution devoid of phosphorus is administered intravenously.
Modeling Turbidity in a Water Supply Reservoir: Advancements and Issues

The development and testing of a “turbidity” model is documented for a water supply reservoir, Schoharie Reservoir, NY, where inorganic terrigenous particles received during runoff events in turbid density currents from the primary tributary cause distinct periodic degradation. The model state variables are fractions (two or three) of the beam attenuation coefficient at 660 nm ( c660 ) , a surrogate optical metric of turbidity. The fractions of c660 correspond to slow and rapidly settling components; the latter implicitly accommodates particle aggregation. The transport framework is a two-dimensional (laterally averaged), independently tested, hydrodynamic model. Model testing is supported by detailed measurements of the dynamics of tributary and meteorological drivers and c660 within the reservoir, during and following twelve runoff events. The model is demonstrated to meet the demanding temporal and spatial predictive needs of water supply lakes and reservoirs, by performing well in simulating the timin...
Androgen receptors in cranial nerve motor nuclei of male and female rats

This study compared AR proteins in four cranial nerve motor nuclei among male and female rats that were intact, gonadectomized, or gonadectomized and given TP by immunohistochemistry. AR-immunoreactive (ir) neurons were found, in descending order of abundance, in the nucleus ambiguus, hypoglossal nucleus, and the facial and trigeminal motor nuclei of both males and females of intact and gonadectomized plus TP rats. Virtually every neuron of the nucleus ambiguus was AR-ir. In contrast, AR-ir neurons were either restricted to a specific area of the hypoglossal nucleus, or randomly distributed in the facial and trigeminal motor nuclei. The predominant AR-ir site shifted from cell nuclei to the cytoplasm, depending upon the presence or absence of ligand. Sex differences in the amount and staining intensity of AR-ir neurons were discernable in all four motor nuclei of intact rats, and these differences were maintained in gonadectomized plus TP rats, with the exception of the nucleus ambiguus. The immunostaining results were complemented by results from AR binding studies. Cytosolic AR binding values for the hypoglossal and facial motor nuclei of females were only approximately 50% of those of males despite the absence of a sex difference in neuron number. These results indicate that intrinsic sex differences in AR levels and androgenic regulation of AR exist in cranial nerve motor nuclei, and that there are differences in the abundance and distribution pattern of AR responsive neurons in cranial nerve motor nuclei. These results are consistent with the idea that sex differences in AR could account for sex differences observed in nerve regeneration and neuron loss following cranial nerve injury.
Catecholamine accumulation in the brains of infant and adult rats after monoamine oxidase inhibition.

Abstract Measurement of brain catecholamines after monoamine oxidase inhibition shows a faster and greater increase in the adult rat than the in the infant.
Treatment of Experimental Staphylococcus aureus Endocarditis: Comparison of Cephalothin, Cefazolin, and Methicillin

The effectiveness of cefazolin in Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis has been questioned because of in vitro inactivation by staphylococcal beta-lactamase. Cefazolin, although inactivated in vitro by S. aureus beta-lactamase, was as effective as cephalothin in the treatment of left-sided S. aureus endocarditis in rabbits. Cefazolin (20 mg/kg every 6 or 8 h), cephalothin (40 mg/kg every 6 h), and methicillin (40 mg/kg every 6 h), administered intramuscularly, were compared in the treatment of left-sided endocarditis caused in rabbits by a highly penicillin-resistant strain of S. aureus. The three antibiotics were all effective in reducing titers in vegetations. However, at the dose used, methicillin reduced the titers more rapidly than cephalothin or cefazolin. Cefazolin concentrations in serum were about double those achieved with cephalothin or methicillin. However, cefazolin was only half as active as methicillin and one-eighth as active as cephalothin in vitro in a serum assay. The half life in serum of cefazolin, cephalothin, and methicillin were each about 30 min. Serum bactericidal activities of the three antibiotics were very similar.
Cellular selenoproteins and the effects of selenite on cell proliferation.

The incorporation of radioactive selenium into cellular proteins and the effect of selenite on proliferation were examined in human (HeLa, HT-29, and IMR-90) and mouse (3T3 and CMT-93) cell lines. Proteins incorporating selenium were detected by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Major polypeptide subunits at 60, 23, 21, 19, and 16 kD were detected in the two tumorigenic and one normal human cell lines. The 23 kD polypeptide migrated to the same position on the gel as the major subunit of human erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. In the mouse cells, the 60 kD polypeptide was almost entirely absent; four other major selenoproteins were detected, with molecular weights similar to those in the human cells. In both mouse and human cells, the same pattern of selenoproteins was observed irrespective of whether the cells were grown in medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum or in defined medium supplemented with 0.1 or 1 μM selenite, or with 1% serum. The effect of selenite on proliferation of HeLa, HT-29, and CMT-93 cells in medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and in serum-free medium was examined. At concentrations up to about 1 μM, selenite stimulated proliferation of the human cells slightly in serum-free medium but not in serum-supplemented medium. At concentrations of about 5 μM and higher selenite significantly inhibited proliferation of all cells in both types of media. In CMT-93 cells, this inhibition was greater in serum-free medium, but there were no significant differences in this regard in the human cells. These results demonstrate that selenium is stably incorporated into several polypeptides in human and mouse cells, that there are no significant differences in this regard among several cell lines, and slight differences between human and mouse cells. They further confirm that selenium can have a slight stimulatory effect on cell growth, and a much larger inhibitory effect, depending on its concentration.
Airglow from the inner comas of comets

The intensities of radiation from the inner comas of comets which are composed primarily of water and carbon monoxide have been calculated. Only 'airglow' emissions initiated by the absorption of EUV radiation have been considered. The photoionizations of H2O, CO, CO2, and N2 are the most important emission sources, although photoelectron excitation is also considered. Among the emission features for which intensities were calculated are H2O(+), CO(+) (first negative), CO (fourth positive), CO (Cameron), CO2(+), N2 (Vegard-Kaplan), N2(+) (first negative), and O I (1304 A). In the inner coma (collision region) these airglow mechanisms are shown to be possible competitors with the usually assumed resonance-scattering and fluorescence-excitation mechanisms appropriate for the outer coma and tail.
Sexual dimorphism of pituitary gonadotropes during postnatal development in the rat.

Abstract In the present study both the reverse hemolytic plaque assay for detecting luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion from single cells and LH immunocytochemistry (ICC) were applied to conduct quantitative studies on sexual differences in the gonadotrope population during postnatal development. Pituitary glands from both sexes at different ages were monodispersed with 0.1% trypsin. Freshly dispersed cells were incubated in Cunningham chambers in the presence of 10−7 M gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) for measurement of the fraction of plaque-forming cells and the mean size of plaque formed, or attached to glass slides for measurement of the fraction of cells staining for LH by ICC. The percentage of immunostained LH cells increased with age in both sexes from about 5% of the total pituitary cell population at 5 days of age to a plateau of about 10% by 15 days and then fell to the adult level of about 5%. There were no significant sexual differences except at 30 and 40 days of age. In female rats the fraction of LH-secreting cells detected by plaque assay matched closely with that of LH-containing cells detected by ICC. However, there were significant sexual differences in the percentage of LH-secreting cells at day 15 through day 40. The mean LH output from individual cells of both sexes as indicated by the mean size of plaques also increased with age and reached a peak around 50 days. The sexual differences were first seen around 30 days of age with greater amounts in the female than in the male. These results demonstrate that in pre-pubertal and adult proestrous female rats most, if not all, LH-containing cells release LH; whereas in the male at certain developmental stages only some of them do so in response to GnRH.
Microbial Nitrogen Removal in a Developing Suburban Estuary Along the South Carolina Coast

The conversion of undisturbed coastal regions to commercial and suburban developments may pose a threat to surface and groundwater quality by introducing nitrate-nitrogen (NO3−-N) from runoff of land-applied wastewater and fertilizers. Microbial denitrification is an important NO3−-N removal mechanism in coastal sediments. The objective of this study was to compare denitrification and nitrate conversion rates in coastal sediments from a golf course, suburban site, undeveloped marsh, and nonmarsh area near rapidly developing Hilton Head Island, South Carolina. Nitrous oxide was measured using gas chromatography and nitrate and ammonium concentrations were measured using a flow injection autoanalyzer in microcosms spiked, with 50 μg NO3−-N gdw−1. The two marsh sites had the greatest ammonium production, which was correlated with fine sediment particle size and higher background sediment nitrate and surface water sulfate concentrations. The golf course swale had greatest denitrification rates, which were correlated with higher total carbon and organic nitrogen in sediments. Nitrate was consumed in golf course sediments to a greater extent than in the undeveloped marsh and upland freshwater sites, suggesting that the undeveloped sites and receiving estuaries may be more susceptible to nitrate contamination than the golf course swale and marsh under nonstorm conditions. Construction of swales and vegetated buffers using sediments with high organic carbon content as best management practices may aid in removing nitrate and other contaminants from runoff prior to its transport to the receiving marsh and estuary.
Teaching with Computer Simulated Herds

Abstract Two computer simulated herd breeding programs are used to enhance the learning experience of undergraduates in an applied animal breeding course at Virginia Tech. The programs include a simulation system in a swine herd for multiple traits and a program for a single trait in dairy herds. These programs are useful for illustrating the effectiveness of well defined selection criteria and goals in improving lowly heritable traits (swine program) and demonstrating the complexity and attention to detail necessary for effective young sire selection and testing programs in dairy cattle breeding. They also provide students the opportunity to critically analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of such herd breeding programs.
Implications of Land Use/Land Cover Change in the Buffer Zone of a National Park in the Tropical Andes

The impacts of land use and land cover (LULC) change in buffer zones surrounding protected ecological reserves have important implications for the management and conservation of these protected areas. This study examines the spatial and temporal patterns of LULC change along the boundary of Rio Abiseo National Park in the Northern Peruvian Andes. Landscape change within four ecological zones was evaluated based on trends expected to occur between 1987 and 2001. Landsat TM and ETM imagery were used to produce LULC classification maps for both years using a hybrid supervised/unsupervised approach. LULC changes were measured using landscape metrics and from-to change maps created by post-classification change detection. Contrary to expectations, tropical upper wet montane forest increased despite being threatened by human-induced fires and cattle grazing of the highland grasslands inside the park. Within the park's buffer zone, tropical moist forest remnants were fragmented into more numerous and smaller patches between 1987 and 2001; this was in part due to conversion into agricultural land. The methods used in this study provide an effective way to monitor LULC change detection and support the management of protected areas and their surrounding environments.
Signal transduction pathway for anterior-posterior development in Drosophila.

InDrosophila, the establishment of embryonic polarity along the anterior-posterior axis of the egg is determined by the activity of maternal gene products that accumulate during oogenesis. Amongst these are the Bicoid, the Nanos, and the terminal class gene products, some of which are oncoproteins involved in signal transduction for the formation of terminal structures in the embryo. Several signal transduction pathways have been described inDrosophila, and this review explores the potential of oncogene studies using one of those pathways — the terminal class signal transduction pathway — to better understand the cellular mechanisms of proto-oncogenes that mediate cellular responses in vertebrates including humans.
Composition of phospholipids and free fatty acids and incorporation of labeled arachidonic acid in rabbit cornea. Comparison of epithelium, stroma and endothelium.

Fatty acid composition of phospholipids and free fatty acids were analyzed in the epithelium, stroma and endothelium of rabbit corneas. Phospholipids from endothelium had the highest proportion of arachidonate and epithelium had the lowest degree of unsaturation. Epithelium had the highest levels of free arachidonic acid. Labeled arachidonic acid was incorporated into membrane lipids of the three layers, primarily in phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol and triacyl-glycerols. In conclusion, the three layers of the cornea differ in the fatty acid composition of membrane lipids, particularly with regard to the polyunsaturated chains, and in the metabolism of the arachidonate chain.
A role for the hamster's flank gland in heterosexual communication

It is commonly assumed that the male hamsters' flank glands subserve an agonistic role with other males as the intended recipients of the olfactory message. Because of little evidence to support such a relationship, two studies investigated whether females might selectively respond to male flank odors. In a free choice situation females spent more time in proximity with glandular rubbings obtained from intact males than those obtained from castrates or a clean control. Moreover, these sexually receptive females remained longer near odors from familiar as opposed to novel males. The second experiment demonstrated that receptive females spent more time in proximity with flank odors of dominant males as opposed to their subordinate partners or to a clean control. Females can use flank gland odors to discriminate among males as a function of their hormonal state, familiarity and dominance. If this occurs in the wild, such odors could provide cues which would facilitate intersexual selection.
The interface between communication and instruction: Communication foundations for a university instructional development center

The development of the University of Washington's Center for Instructional Development and Research clearly illustrates an active interface between communication and instruction. Using their experience in this context, the authors provide specific examples of the application of selected communication concepts which influence their day‐to‐day operations. They also illustrate how a communication perspective permeates their entire instructional development activity and provides a foundation for organization of the Center and communication with the campus community, CIDR staff, and faculty and graduate teaching assistants.
The Effects of Monitoring on Cooperative Learning

AbstractThe present study explored the effects of the presence and monitoring activity of a third person on dyadic co-operative learning. Eighty-nine participants were recruited from introductory psychology classes and were assigned to one of four groups receiving learning strategy interactions: an individual study group, a dyadic cooperative group without monitors, a triadic group with active monitors, or a triadic group with passive monitors. The monitors in the passive group observed cooperating dyads while the monitors in the active group provided feedback on how well dyads used the cooperative strategy. One descriptive text passage was studied according to the experimental condition and another passage was subsequently studied alone. The results indicated that the dyads without monitors significantly outperformed the individuals on total score on the second passage. Although no other significant differences between groups were found, the mean between groups were suggestive. Implications for the devel...
Comment on ‘‘Atomic resolution in lensless low-energy electron holography’’

A comment on the Letter by Fink, Schmid, Kreuzer, and Wierzbicki, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 1543 (1991).
Inorganic ion exchangers with layered structures

Ion exchange materials are widely distributed in nature. They include clays, zeolites, humic acids, certain coals, and many mineral species. It is not surprising then, that many classes of synthetic inorganic compounds also exhibit ion exchange behavior. Among the most important we may mention synthetic zeolites and aluminosilicates, hydrous oxides, acid salts of polyvalent cations, apatites, heteropolyacids and salts, insoluble ferro­ 'cyanides, condensed phosphates, certain titanates, f3and f31/-alumina, and many glass compositions. The recent literature on several of these classes of compounds has been reviewed (1, 2). In this paper we confine ourselves to a discussion of the layered group IV acid salts. Even within this more restricted area there is a vast array of compounds including, most importantly, the phosphates, but also ar­ senates, molybdates, tungstates, antimonates, pyrophosphates, silicates, silicophosphates, polyphosphates, etc. The compounds of greatest interest are the zirconium phosphates because more is known about their behavior and structure than the others and because of their relationship to ionic conductors. However, brief descriptions of many of the other compounds are included. Renewed interest in inorganic ion exchangers developed with the growth of atomic energy programs worldwide. It was felt that inorganic ion exchangers would be more stable to high temperatures and high radiation fields than the available organic exchangers. It was soon discovered that the group IV phosphates, molybdates, tungstates, etc possessed interesting cation exchange properties (3). The early preparations were amorphous gels of variable composition (4, 5). While these materials were difficult to
Functional Identification of Galactosyltransferases (SCGs) Required for Species-specific Modifications of the Lipophosphoglycan Adhesin Controlling Leishmania major-Sand Fly Interactions

Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) is an abundant surface molecule that plays key roles in the infectious cycle ofLeishmania major. The dominant feature of LPG is a polymer of phosphoglycan (PG) (6Galβ1,4Manα1-PO4) repeating units. In L. major these are extensively substituted with Gal(β1,3) side chains, which are required for binding to midgut lectins and survival. We utilized evolutionary polymorphisms in LPG structure and cross-species transfections to recover genes encoding the LPG side chain β1,3-galactosyltransferases (βGalTs). A dispersed family of six SCG genes was recovered, whose predicted proteins exhibited characteristics of eukaryotic GalTs. At least four of these proteins showed significant LPG side chain βGalT activity; SCG3 exhibited initiating GalT activity whereas SCG2 showed both initiating and elongating GalT activity. However, the activity ofSCG2 was context-dependent, being largely silent in its normal genomic milieu, and different strains show considerable variation in the extent of LPG galactosylation. Thus theL. major genome encodes a family of SCGs with varying specificity and activity, and we propose that strain-specific LPG galactosylation patterns reflect differences in their expression.
Atomic charges derived from semiempirical methods

It is demonstrated that semiempirical methods give electrostatic potential (ESP) derived atomic point charges that are in reasonable agreement with ab initio ESP charges. Furthermore, we find that MNDO ESP charges are superior to AM1 ESP charges in correlating with ESP charges derived from the 6-31G* basis set. Thus, it is possible to obtain 6-31G* quality point charges by simply scaling MNDO ESP charges. The charges are scaled in a linear (y = Mx) manner to conserve charge. In this way researchers desiring to carry out force field simulations or minimizations can obtain charges by using MNDO, which requires much less computer time than the corresponding 6-31G* calculation.
Writer Verification of Arabic Handwriting

Expanding on an earlier study to objectively validate the hypothesis that handwriting is individualistic, we extend the study to include handwriting in the Arabic script. Handwriting samples from twelve native speakers of Arabic were obtained. Analyzing differences in handwriting was done by using computer algorithms for extracting features from scanned images of handwriting. Attributes characteristic of the handwriting were obtained, e.g., line separation, slant, character shapes, etc. These attributes, which are a subset of attributes used by forensic document examiners (FDEs), were used to quantitatively establish individuality by using machine learning approaches. Using global attributes of handwriting, the ability to determine the writer with a high degree of confidence was established. The work is a step towards providing scientific support for admitting handwriting evidence in court.
Limited Echocardiography for Hypertensive Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular (LV) mass has provided the best noninvasive information to permit diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic assessment of hypertensive heart disease1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (Table 1⇓). Reversal of hypertension-induced LV hypertrophy (LVH) occurs with all pharmacological (and some nonpharmacological) antihypertensive treatment, although few data are yet available to demonstrate that such reversal is associated with a reduced risk of LVH. However, one recent report suggested that patients who had changes of reversal of LVH (by electrocardiography [ECG]) were at substantially reduced risk compared with those who did not demonstrate diminished LVH.9 However, the cost of echocardiography has limited its utility in patients with hypertension. A less time-consuming and less-expensive LVH screening echocardiogram would be of great value; such a procedure is referred to as a limited echocardiogram.10 View this table: Table 1. Summary of Epidemiological Studies Relating Echocardiographic Left Ventricular Mass With Long-term Prognosis Echocardiography has been used as a standard procedure for the calculation of LV muscle mass for more than 25 years.11 Primary measurements of LV dimensions are made according to American Society of Echocardiography standards using the leading edge method of interface recognition and by identifying end diastole and end systole at the QRS onset and nadir of posterior systolic motion of the interventricular septum.12 13 14 Adequate M-mode images for calculation of LV mass can be obtained in approximately 90% of patients in an experienced echo laboratory.15 16 17 Assessment of the degree of LVH should include measurements of the posterior wall and septal thickness and calculation of LV mass index. However, even in patients with good-quality studies, there is significant intrareader and interreader variability of LV mass.15 For instance, in the Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study, the variance between the two readers was 23.8% (49.2g), and …
Gaussian-state analysis of biphoton imaging

Previous work on biphoton imaging configurations is recast in the more inclusive framework of Gaussian-state quantum fields. This formulation shows that biphoton image formation is classical, but not its image-to-background ratio.
Dissecting the Role of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells on Bone Metastases

Tumor-induced bone disease is a dynamic process that involves interactions with many cell types. Once metastatic cancer cells reach the bone, they are in contact with many different cell types that are present in the cell-rich bone marrow. These cells include the immune cells, myeloid cells, fibroblasts, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and mesenchymal stem cells. Each of these cell populations can influence the behavior or gene expression of both the tumor cells and the bone microenvironment. Additionally, the tumor itself can alter the behavior of these bone marrow cells which further alters both the microenvironment and the tumor cells. While many groups focus on studying these interactions, much remains unknown. A better understanding of the interactions between the tumor cells and the bone microenvironment will improve our knowledge on how tumors establish in bone and may lead to improvements in diagnosing and treating bone metastases. This review details our current knowledge on the interactions between tumor cells that reside in bone and their microenvironment.
Studies on amylose and its derivatives. Part VI. Estimation of cohesive energy densities of some amylose derivatives

The cohesive energy densities (CED) of three amylose derivatives have been estimated from viscosity measurements in a range of solvents, by using methods proposed by Mangaraj and Bristow and Watson. The values assigned to the triacetate, (2.5) nitrate, and tricarbanilate are 92 ± 2, 90 ± 2, and 87 ± 2 cal./cc., respectively. The CED of unsubstituted amylose has been measured and found to be 154 ± 4 cal./cc. The results are discussed in relation to solvent power, structure, and possible correlation with the internal pressure of the polymer.
Line statistics for solar type stars

The wavelength interval form 3100 A<λ<8200A has been divided into 16 spectral regions. In each region, all of the lines have been combined to form one line with the same distribution of Kv as all the lines together. Values of Δλm have been calculated for which Kv = K0 exp(-m). Tables for Δλ3, Δλ10 and Δλ15 as well as for K0 are given as a function of the gas pressure Pg and the temperature T.
Disparities between resident and attending surgeon perceptions of intraoperative teaching.

Abstract Background This study aimed to assess attending surgeon and resident recall of good and poor intraoperative teaching experiences and how often these experiences occur at present. Methods By web-based survey, we asked US surgeons and residents to describe their best and worst intraoperative teaching experiences during training and how often 26 common intraoperative teaching behaviors occur in their current environment. Results A total of 346 residents and 196 surgeons responded (51 programs; 26 states). Surgeons and residents consistently identified trainee autonomy, teacher confidence, and communication as positive, while recalling negatively contemptuous, arrogant, accusatory, or uncommunicative teachers. Residents described intraoperative teaching behaviors by faculty as substantially less frequent than faculty self-reports. Neither sex nor seniority explained these results, although women reported communicative behaviors more frequently than men. Conclusions Although veteran surgeons and current trainees agree on what constitutes effective and ineffective teaching in the operating room, they disagree on how often these behaviors occur, leaving substantial room for improvement.
An Update on Cystic Ovarian Degeneration in Cattle

Cystic ovarian degeneration (COD) is considered to be one of the most important causes of reproductive failure in cattle. There is a severe economic loss to dairy industry because COD increases days-open in the postpartum period and the culling rates. The disease process is a consequence of a mature follicle that fails to ovulate at the appointed time of ovulation in the oestrous cycle. This anovulatory follicular structure either regresses or persists as a follicular or luteal cyst depending upon its structural/functional characteristics. The cells lining the follicular cyst synthesize oestrogen that, in certain instances, forces the animal to exhibit clinical signs of nymphomania. Besides oestrogen production, as per recent findings, they are also capable of secreting varying amount of progesterone which may dictate their fate. The animals that carry a luteal cyst may tend to be in anoestrus as the higher amount of progesterone secreted by this luteinized structure may change the pattern of gonadotrophins' secretion. Present findings suggest that perturbation of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-ovarian (HHO) axis, due to many exogenous and endogenous factors, as the cause for anovulation. For example, it has been suggested that lack of hypothalamic or hypophyseal response to the positive feedback effect of oestrogens that are secreted by the dominant follicle as one of the many causes. The non-physiological changes that occur in the receptor expression of the HHO axis for the hormones involved in maturation, deviation, dominance and ovulation of the follicle may be yet another cause. The changes that occur at the cellular and molecular level in the ovary (in response to the factors mentioned above) that contribute to anovulation remain to be documented. This approach would allow us to completely understand the disease process. Hitherto, hormonal preparations that release luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary or have luteinizing hormone-like action are used to treat follicular cysts. GnRH belongs to the former group and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) hormone forms the latter group. Treatment with a luteolytic agent, prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha), is successful if a luteal cyst is diagnosed properly. Many agents may be developed in the future if the cellular and molecular pathways of the disease process are delineated. This article will review recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of COD and suggest direction for future studies to completely understand the disease mechanism. This review will also discuss the existing method of treatments for cysts and methods proposed for treatment of cysts that tend to be refractory in nature.
Hydrogen assisted renewable energy system using FC-IDEA

This work presents an industrial application of studying the feasibility, demonstrating and validating the concept of hydrogen assisted renewable energy, optimizing system design and prompting its applications. Five components are included: the physical energy-node, a database, a virtual energy-node, a holonic coordination & control, and a human machine interface. The virtual system and database portion of the system have been developed and applied in the first of our four phases on-going industrial project, which investigates, analyses the feasibility and suitability of hydrogen fuel cell technologies for a back-up and standby power supply in one of the remote off-grid communities. The results provide a solid basis for engineering design and analysis of the renewable energy generation system for the pilot site. The system is eventually available to industry experts over the Internet and permit them to optimize the system design and device selection to fulfill their energy needs.
Chilled drinking water effects on lactating Holstein cows in summer.

Abstract In Experiment 1, 12 multiparous lactating cows (six per group) were offered drinking water ad libitum at temperatures of 10 or 30°C in a switchback design. The treatment group received 10°C water from 1235 to 2000h and was then changed to 30°C water for the remaining 16.5 h/d. The control group received 30°C water 24 h/d. Respiratory rates, rectal temperatures, and rumen motilities were measured at 1100, 1440, and 1810h, 3 d/wk. Water consumed was recorded for 1235 to 2000h and 2001 to 1234h of the next day. Water consumption for the treatment group was 3.90 L/h per cow compared to 5.40 L/h per cow for the control group from 1235 to 2000h. However, the 10°C water absorbed 65.6 kcal/h more heat than the 30°C water. No differences were found in respiratory rates, rectal temperatures, rumen motilities, or milk yield. Cows that drank 10°C water consumed 3.67kg of feed DM/100kg of body weight compared with 3.36kg of feed for the controls. In Experiment 2, the same two groups of cows were offered 9.5°C water ad libitum for 24 h/d or 27.5°C water for a 48h comparison. The treatment group tended to consume more water than the control group and to have lower respiratory rates and body temperatures.
Locomotor and postural behavior in alouatta palliata and cebus capucinus

Positional behavior of two platyrrhine monkeys, Alouatta palliata and Cebus capucinus, was observed at La Pacifica and Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica. Frequency data for locomotion, postures, support diameters, orientation of supports, and use of canopy were recorded on focal males and females. Alouatta palliata is a frequent user of arboreal quadrupedalism (47%) and climbing (37%), with bridging (10%) representing the next most frequent type of locomotion. Intraspecific comparisons show the smaller-sized females of Alouatta to prefer very small diameter supports, the lower canopy, and to climb more frequently than the larger males-a pattern opposite to that which has been documented to occur with increasing body size across species. A more limited study on Cebus capucinus shows this species to be highly quadrupedal (54%) with moderately high locomotor frequencies for climbing (26%) and leaping (15%).
The effects of cyclosporin-A on axonal conduction deficits following traumatic brain injury in adult rats

Immunophilin ligands, including cyclosporin-A (CsA), have been shown to be neuroprotective in experimental models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to attenuate the severity of traumatic axonal injury. Prior studies have documented CsA treatment to reduce essential components of posttraumatic axonal pathology, including impaired axoplasmic transport, spectrin proteolysis, and axonal swelling. However, the effects of CsA administration on axonal function, following TBI, have not been evaluated. The present study assessed the effects of CsA treatment on compound action potentials (CAPs) evoked in corpus callosum of adult rats following midline fluid percussion injury. Rats received a 20 mg/kg bolus of CsA, or cremaphor vehicle, at either 15 min or 1 h postinjury, and at 24 h postinjury CAP recording was conducted in coronal brain slices. To elucidate how injury and CsA treatments affect specific populations of axons, CAP waveforms generated largely by myelinated axons (N1) were analyzed separately from the CAP signal, which predominantly reflects activity in unmyelinated axons (N2). CsA administration at 15 min postinjury resulted in significant protection of CAP area, and this effect was more pronounced in N1, than in the N2, CAP component. This treatment also significantly protected against TBI-induced reductions in high-frequency responding of the N1 CAP signal. In contrast, CsA treatment at 1 h did not significantly protect CAPs but was associated with atypical waveforms in N1 CAPs, including decreased CAP duration and reduced refractoriness. The present findings also support growing evidence that myelinated and unmyelinated axons respond differentially to injury and neuroprotective compounds.
Pregnancy Complicated by Histiocytosis X and Preterm Labor: A Case Report

Pregnancy complicated by histiocytosis X and preterm labor. Dungan JS, Ferguson II JE. The first reported case in which histiocytosis X was diagnosed during pregnancy is described. Worsening pulmonary symptoms required aggressive evaluation of the patient, including bronchoscopy and open lung biopsy. Preterm labor and diabetes insipidus also complicated this case, and rapid improvement in pulmonary symptomatology followed delivery.
Arthroconidium-Spherule-Endospore Transformation in Coccidioides immitis

Coccidioides immitis is a peculiar pathogen that remains a taxonomic enigma. Its natural habitat is soil, geographically limited with rare exceptions to the arid and semiarid regions of the western hemisphere, where it grows as a mold, producing dry arthroconidia. The conidia are dispersed as aerosols when soil is disturbed and serve as infectious propagules for humans and other animals. Infection is associated with morphological transformation of the conidium into a multinucleate spherule, the contents of which subsequently differentiate into a myriad of tiny, uninucleate endospores. The latter are released from the parent spherule, and each endospore is potentially capable of initiating a second generation of spherules within the host. Thus, C. immitis is a diphasic microorganism, characterized by distinct saprobic and parasitic cycles (Figure 1). The saprobic phase of C. immitis differs little from that of other soil fungi that produce arthroconidia (Sigler and Carmichael, 1976; Carmichael et al., 1980) and reveals morphological features that suggest an ascomycetous relationship, e.g., septate hyphae, simple septal pores, and Woronin bodies. On the other hand, it is the only species of arthroconidial fungus known to produce a primary infection in humans and to be capable of undergoing transformation from conidium to spherule to disseminating endospores within the host. Hence, C. immitis is unique among fungi that cause human mycoses, being distinguished from morphogenetically similar saprobes by its pathogenicity and from other pathogenic fungi by its unusual parasitic cycle. Coccidioides remains a monospecific formgenus.
Sequential auctions for heterogeneous task allocation in multiagent routing domains

Many realistic problem domains are composed of heterogeneous tasks distributed in a physical environment. A team of mobile agents has to autonomously allocate these tasks, navigate to them and finally execute them. Recently auctions have been used for task allocation among homogeneous agents. Less studied is the case of allocation where both the tasks and the agents are heterogeneous in nature. In this paper, we investigate the market-based allocation of heterogeneous tasks to heterogeneous agents in domains where the distribution of the task heterogeneity is known a priori. We present a model of task heterogeneity, and define a metric that allows us to assess the fitness of a team for a particular task domain. We then present a sequential, round-based, auction setup for allocating heterogeneous tasks to heterogeneous teams and empirically investigate the performance of three different allocation strategies.
Cerebral microvascular endothelial cell tube formation: role of astrocytic epoxyeicosatrienoic acid release

Cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (CMVEC) form tubes when cocultured with astrocytes (AS). Therefore, it appears that AS may be important in mediating angiogenesis in the brain. We hypothesi...
The Radiant Veil: Persistence and Permutations

Allegory has such a curious history. Although its roots antedate Quintilian, he provides a definition which proves remarkably cogent and stable: “Allegory, which is translated in Latin by inversio, either presents one thing in words and another in meaning, or else something absolutely opposed to the meaning of words” (qtd. in Fletcher 74). It is, in other words, a discourse in which words have multiple meanings. As it evolved, allegory itself came to have multiple meanings, for it unfolded both as a rhetorical mode and as a hermeneutical enterprise; thus, its history became an allegory. As a method of writing, allegory tries to express the deep, mostly inarticulate predicament of being human. As a strategy of understanding, it seeks to render intelligible texts that a culture finds scandalous, illogical, or shameful.1 Both functions of allegory are concerned with what Maureen Quilligan calls “the often problematic process of meaning multiple things simultaneously with one word” (26).
The Role of Polymer-particle Interactions on the Viscoelastic Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites

A molecular model is proposed for the dynamics of polymer chains in dilute polymer solutions containing well-dispersed spherical particles. In the presence of short range energetic affinity between the monomers and filler surface, the equilibrium structure of the adsorbed polymer layer is determined by a scaling theory. The viscoelastic response of the suspension is studied by a Maxwell model. It is shown that the solid-like properties of polymer nanocomposites in low frequency regimes could be attributed to the slowdown of the relaxation process of polymer chains. This process is controlled by the monomer-particle frictional interactions, density of the adsorbed polymer chains on the particles surface (controlled by monomer-particle adsorption energy), and volume fraction of the interfacial layer which can be enhanced by reduction of filler size or increasing the filler concentration.
Complement-Fixation in Gonococcus Infections

Following the application of the principles of complement-fixation in the serum diagnosis of syphilis, the possibilities of this method as a means of diagnosis were soon realized and in a short space of time many infections were studied. In no instance, however, have results been secured comparable to the diagnostic value of the syphilis reaction. This is probably due to two main factors: (1) syphilis quickly becomes a general infection with a resulting extensive antibody formation, and (2) the antibody of the treponema pallidum or at least the more prominent of two possible antibodies, is characterized by its great affinity for lipoids in tissue extracts (antigens). This peculiar lipodophilic antibody or reagin is found with any degree of constancy in only two other infections, frambesia and leprosy. Pure culture antigens of the treponema pallidum have not the same value in the syphilis reaction as the ordinary lipoidal extracts, and results in the serum diagnosis of syphilis with these culture antigens are comparable in their inconstancy and weakness to reactions in other infectious diseases with their specific culture antigens, including the gonococcus complement-fixation test. If Wassermann and his co-workers had had a pure culture antigen of the treponema pallidum instead of fortunately but unwittingly selecting a tissue the great value of the syphilis reaction would not have been so quickly realized.
Rb1C60: Linear Polymer Chains and Dimers

The infrared- and Raman-active vibrational modes of C60 were measured in the various structural states of Rb1C60. According to earlier studies, Rb1C60 has an fcc structure at temperatures above ~ 100°C, a linear chain polymer orthorhombic structure when slowly cooled, and an as yet undetermined structure when very rapidly cooled (“quenched”). We show that the spectra obtained in the polymer state are consistent with each C60 molecule having bonds to two diametrically opposite neighbors. In the quenched state, we find evidence for further symmetry breaking, implying a lower symmetry structure than the polymer state. The spectroscopic data of the quenched phase are shown to be consistent with Rb2(C60)2 a dimerization of C60.
Making Me You: The Elusive Missions Of Development And Peace In Liberia And Sierra Leone

Pressure on development actors to demonstrate results has forced the adoption of logical models that objectify contexts and people through cultural, time, and other value-laden frames that distance...
Plastic surgery in the elderly.

The aging process leads to physical changes that profoundly influence the way that plastic surgeons approach the clinical problems of patients over 65 years of age. Plastic surgery has an ever-increasing role in the management of medical problems in the elderly. Procedures can be performed with minimal risk to the patient in order to maximize the quality of life for these patients and their families.
Septicemia in an Indian Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta) associated with Providencia stuartii.

Providencia stuartii (P. stuartii) is an opportunistic pathogen and major concern in urinary catheter-related infections in human medicine. Here we report P. stuartii-induced septicemia in an eighteen-year-old, female India-origin Rhesus macaque with multiple traumatic wounds. The animal had neutrophilic leukocytosis, necrosuppurative meningoencephalitis, hypophysitis and bronchopneumonia with vasculitis, thrombosis, and clusters of extracellular Gram-negative bacilli. P. stuartii was isolated from the lesions of the brain and lung and confirmed by PCR and sequencing. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first case of septicemia associated with P. stuartii in a non-human primate.