cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modulation of Proton Transfer in the Water Wire of Dioxolane-Linked Gramicidin Channels by Lipid Membranes

Proton conductance (g(H)) in single SS stereoisomers of dioxolane-linked gramicidin A (gA) channels were measured in different phospholipid bilayers at different HCl concentrations. In particular, measurements were obtained in bilayers made of 1,2-diphytanoyl 3-phosphocholine (DiPhPC) or its ethylated derivative 1,2-diphytanoyl 3-ethyl-phosphocholine (et-DiPhPC,). The difference between these phospholipids is that in et-DiPhPC one of the phosphate oxygens is covalently linked to an ethyl group and cannot be protonated. In relatively dilute acid solutions, g(H) in DiPhPC is significantly higher than in et-DiPhPC. At high acid concentrations, g(H) is the same in both diphytanoyl bilayers. Such differences in g(H) can be accounted for by surface charge effects at the membrane/solution interfaces. In the linear portion of the log g(H)-log [H] relationship, g(H) values in diphytanoyl bilayers were significantly larger (approximately 10-fold) than in neutral glyceryl monooleate (GMO) membranes. The slopes of the linear log-log relationships between g(H) and [H] in diphytanoyl and GMO bilayers are essentially the same (approximately 0.76). This slope is significantly lower than the slope of the log-log plot of proton conductivity versus proton concentration in aqueous solutions (approximately 1.00). Because the chemical composition of the membrane-channel/solution interface is strikingly different in GMO and diphytanoyl bilayers, the reduced slope in g(H)-[HCl] relationships may be a characteristic of proton transfer in the water wire inside the SS channel. Values of g(H) in diphytanoyl bilayers were also significantly larger than in membranes made of the more common biological phospholipids 1-palmitoyl 2-oleoyl phosphocholine (POPC) or 1-palmitoyl 2-oleoyl phosphoethanolamine (POPE). These differences, however, cannot be accounted for by different surface charge effects or by different internal dipole potentials. On the other hand, maximum g(H) measured in the SS channel does not depend on the composition of the bilayer and is determined essentially by the reduced mobility of protons in concentrated acid solutions. Finally, no experimental evidence was found in support of a lateral proton movement at the phospholipid/solution interface contributing to g(H) in single SS channels. Protein-lipid interactions are likely to modulate g(H) in the SS channel.
A City of Excess … in a Good Way

(2005). A City of Excess … in a Good Way. Journal of Culinary Science & Technology: Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 91-93.
Continuous wave laser absorption techniques for gasdynamic measurements in supersonic flows

Line-of-sight measurements of velocity, temperature, pressure, density, and mass flux were performed in a transient shock tube flow using three laser absorption schemes. All methods employed an intracavity-doubled ring dye laser tuned to an OH transition at 306 nm. In the first scheme, the gas was labeled by 193.3-nm excimer photolysis of H2O, and the passage of the generated OH was detected downstream. In the second method, the laser was tuned at a rate of 3 kHz over the R1(7) and R1(11) line pair, and absorption was simultaneously monitored at 90 and 60 deg with respect to the flow. Velocity was determined from the Doppler shift of the profiles and the temperature from the intensity ratio of the lines. Pressure was determined from both the magnitude of absorption and the collisional broadening. In the third method, the laser wavelength was fixed at a single frequency, and a continuous measurement of velocity and pressure was obtained using the signals from the two beam paths. All methods gave results which compare favorably to calculated values.
Response: Missing links: the genetic architecture of flower and floral diversification

Abstract The genomic approach to understanding how evolution has generated the extraordinary diversity of flowers is to assemble a floral EST database for several missing-link taxa and then use gene phylogenies and expression data to identify genes that are important in flower evolution. However, such a genomic approach is likely to miss important genes that are not members of gene families that control flower development in Arabidopsis , and can overlook genes that are not expressed, or are weakly expressed, at their site of action. Therefore we propose complementary genetic approaches in which a few phylogenetically well distributed species are developed as model systems and floral differentiation among closely related species is studied using functional approaches.
Treatment of type-specific hemophilus influenzae infections in infancy and childhood

Summary The clinical features of the following infections with type B H.influenzae are presented: meningitis, respiratory infection causing obstruction of the respiratory tract, and pneumonia complicated by empyema in infants under 1 year of age. A therapeutic program is outlined for each of these groups. The biology of H. influenzae is discussed for purposes of clarifying the principles which have been applied in treatment. Laboratory tests useful in the therapeutic program are presented. The results of the treatment advised in meningitis are analyzed from several points of view. Of the fifty patients reported, thirty-seven, or 74 per cent, recovered. The treatment of ten patients with obstructive infections of the respiratory tract is discussed.
A Compensating Method for Measuring Carbon Dioxide Exchange, Transpiration, and Diffusive Resistance of Plants under Controlled Environmental Conditions

A semi—closed compensating system is described for measuring CO2 exchange and transpiration simultaneously under controlled environmental conditions. The compensating feature permits conditions in the assimilation chamber to be kept uniform and within narrow limits. Temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide concentration, wind speed, and light intensity may be varied within the system. Since transpiration and photosynthesis can be measured simultaneously, diffusive resistances to carbon dioxide and water transport may also be calculated from the data. The performance of the apparatus was checked with Ambrosia trifida L. Net photosynthesis occurred at a rate of 32 mg hr—1 dm—2 of leaf area and 30°C under saturating light intensities, and transpiration took place at 5.3 gm hr—1 dm—2 under the same conditions. Both processes were sensitive to CO2 concentrations from 100 to 400 ppm and the temperatures between 15° and 30°C. Respiration was relatively insensitive to temperature below 20°C. Although the re...
Explanationism and Justified Beliefs about the Future

Explanationism holds that a person’s evidence supports a proposition just in case that proposition is part of the best available explanation for the person’s evidence. I argue that explanationism faces a serious difficulty when it comes to justified beliefs about the future. Often, one’s evidence supports some proposition about the future but that proposition is not part of the best available explanation for one’s evidence. Attempts to defend explanationism against this charge are unattractive. Moving to a modified better contrastive explanation account will help with these cases, but it will face other difficulties.
Cortical Potentials Evoked by Deep Brain Stimulation in the Subthalamic Area

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) has been used since the mid-1990s as a treatment for patients with Parkinson’s disease, and more recently also in other conditions, such as dystonia or obsessive compulsive disorder. Non-invasive studies of cortical evoked potentials (EPs) that follow individual STN-DBS stimuli has provided us with insights about the conduction of the DBS pulses to the cortex. Such EPs have multiple components of different latencies, making it possible to distinguish short-latency and long-latency responses (3-8ms and 18-25ms latency, respectively). The available evidence indicates that these short- and long-latency EPs correspond to STN-cortical conduction via anti- and orthodromic pathways, respectively. In this review we survey the literature from recording studies in human patients treated with STN-DBS for Parkinson’s disease and other conditions, as well as recent animal studies (including our own) that have begun to elucidate details of the pathways, frequency dependencies and other features of EPs. In addition, we comment on the possible clinical utility of this knowledge.
Active immunization of boars against gonadotropin releasing hormone. II. Effects on libido and response to testosterone propionate.

Abstract Of 20 sexually mature Duroc boars showing normal libido, 10 were actively immunized against gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). After immunization against GnRH, boars showed minimal sexual interest in an estrous female, while untreated boars showed normal libido. Eight of the boars actively immunized against GnRH were randomly assigned to treatment (T) or control (C) groups. Boars in the T and C groups were given testosterone propionate or vehicle, respectively, on Days 0, 5, 10, and 15. Boars in both groups were observed for libido in the presence of an estrous female every 4 d for 28 d. Mean libido score for T boars increased gradually until all boars displayed maximum libido on Day 20, but libido returned to low levels on Day 28. In contrast, C boars remained sexually inactive throughout the study. The results of this study indicate that active immunization of sexually mature boars eliminates sexual behavior and that sexual behavior can be restored quickly by administering testosterone propionate.
The structure of pluralism: ‘We're all Italian around here, aren't we, Mrs. O'Brien?'*

(1985). The structure of pluralism: ‘We're all Italian around here, aren't we, Mrs. O'Brien?' Ethnic and Racial Studies: Vol. 8, Ethnicity and Race in the U.S.A: Toward the Twenty-First Century, pp. 94-116.
Simple method for simultaneous qualitative and quantitative studies of fungal behavior in soil

Abstract Predetermined numbers of conidia of Bipolaris maydis and B. stenospila , chlamydospores of Phytophthora cinnamomi and sporangia of Pythium splendens were added to small soil clumps placed on soil blocks. Most of these were observed and counted after the soil clumps were stained with rose Bengal and destained with a concentrated mineral solution. After being added to soil, sporangia of Py. splendens became thick-walled and their ability to germinate decreased rapidly when the soil was amended with 1% chitin. Chitin amendment also increased the number of empty sporangia and sporangia with partially lysed cytoplasm. The technique should be useful for studying the change with time in the total number, morphology and viability of fungal propagules in soil under different environmental conditions, and for investigating mycoparasitism of fungal propagules in soil.
Approach to magnetic saturation in single crystal thulium at 4.2 °K and 140 kG

Abstract Magnetic moment measurements along the [10 1 0] direction in single crystal Tm at 4.2°K are presented for fields up to 140 kG. A value of σ of about 220 emu/gm, by far the highest reported for Tm, is obtained at 140 kG and is close to the value expected for Tm3+ (7μB). The data indicate that the saturation value of σ is even higher. Lack of single crystals and high fields as well as the high anisotropy energy of Tm all conspired to limit previous measurements and their interpretation.
Municipal solid waste composting: Physical and biological processing

Abstract A wide range of technologies has been incorporated in the current generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) composting facilities. These include separation processes, size reduction and materials preparation, and biological processing control. Many of these technologies were originally developed for other purposes, and are being adapted for different functions with new feedstocks. Separation systems traditionally were designed to recover recyclable material, but are now also used to reduce inert and chemical contaminants. Size reduction can be coordinated with separation equipment to enhance materials recovery and contaminant reduction. Biological processing methods combine process control with materials handling to manage a complex microbial ecosystem. Linked with an MSW collection program, these technologies must act as a coordinated system to transform incoming waste materials to a marketable end product. This paper reviews the variety of processing systems available, with particular reference to innovations which can enhance the production of MSW compost.
Acquisition, Transport, and Storage of Iron by Pathogenic Fungi

Iron is required by most living systems. A great variety of means of acquisition, avenues of uptake, and methods of storage are used by pathogenic fungi to ensure a supply of the essential metal. Solubilization of insoluble iron polymers is the first step in iron assimilation. The two methods most commonly used by microorganisms for solubilization of iron are reduction and chelation. Reduction of ferric iron to ferrous iron by enzymatic or nonenzymatic means is a common mechanism among pathogenic yeasts. Under conditions of iron starvation, many fungi synthesize iron chelators known as siderophores. Two classes of compounds that function in iron gathering are commonly observed: hydroxamates and polycarboxylates. Two major responses to iron stress in fungi are a high-affinity ferric iron reductase and siderophore synthesis. Regulation of these two mechanisms at the molecular level has received attention. Uptake of siderophores is a diverse process, which varies among the different classes of compounds. Since free iron is toxic, it must be stored for further metabolic use. Polyphosphates, ferritins, and siderophores themselves have been described as storage molecules. The iron-gathering mechanisms used by a pathogen in an infected host are largely unknown and can only be posited on the basis of in vitro studies at present.
Decisional capacity for research participation in individuals with mild cognitive impairment

OBJECTIVES: To assess decisional capacity performance and the neuropsychological correlates of such performance to better understand higher-level instrumental activities of daily living in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Research center, medical center, or patient's home. PARTICIPANTS: Forty participants with MCI and 40 cognitively normal older controls (NCs) aged 60 to 90 (mean agestandard deviation 73.3 � 6.6; 54% female). MEASUREMENTS: Capacity to provide informed con- sent for a hypothetical, but ecologically valid, clinical trial was assessed using the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Clinical Research. Neuropsychological functioning was assessed using a comprehensive protocol. RESULTS: Adjusted between-group comparisons yielded significant differences for most decisional capacity indices examined, including Understanding (P 5.001; NC4MCI) and Reasoning (P 5.002; NC4MCI). Post hoc analyses revealed that participants with MCI who were categorized as capable of providing informed consent according to ex- pert raters had higher levels of education than those who were categorized as incapable. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that many individ- uals with MCI perform differently on a measure of deci- sional capacity than their NC peers and that participants with MCI who are incapable of providing informed consent on a hypothetical and complex clinical trial are less edu- cated. These findings are consistent with prior studies doc- umenting functional and financial skill difficulties in individuals with MCI. J Am Geriatr Soc 56:1236-1243, 2008.
Double click reaction for the acquisition of a highly potent and selective mPTPB inhibitor.

Tuberculosis (TB), which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is a major worldwide threat to public health. Mycobacterium protein tyrosine phosphatase B (mPTPB) is a virulent phosphatase secreted by Mtb, which is essential for the survival and persistence of the bacterium in the host. Consequently, small molecule inhibitors of mPTPB are expected to serve as anti-TB agents with a novel mode of action. We here report the discovery of highly potent and selective mPTPB inhibitors using a novel double Click chemistry strategy. The most potent mPTPB inhibitor from this approach possesses a Ki value of 160 nM and a selectivity of >25-fold against 19 other protein tyrosine phosphatases. Molecular docking study of the inhibitor and enzyme complex provides a rationale for the high potency and selectivity of the lead compound and reveals an unusual binding mode, which may guide further optimization effort.
The classical-spin Bethe-Peierls-Weiss method II. Ferrimagnetics and other extensions

Abstract By means of the formal device of dividing a lattice into sublattices, the classical spin Bethe-Peierls-Weiss method has been applied to study the magnetic properties of ferrimagnetic spinels and garnets and the effect of the interaction between next-nearest neighbors in ferro- and antiferromagnetics. For the ferrimagnetics, the dependence of the transition temperature on dilution of the lattice with diamagnetic ions has been investigated. Comparison with other theoretical results and experimental data is made where possible and is found satisfactory. The ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic transition temperatures have been considered as a function of the exchange integrals between nearest and next-nearest neighbors and at times are found to differ considerably from the molecular field theory.
GRAVITATION, ELECTROMAGNETISM AND THE COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT IN PURELY AFFINE GRAVITY

The Eddington Lagrangian in the purely affine formulation of general relativity generates the Einstein equations with the cosmological constant. The Ferraris–Kijowski purely affine Lagrangian for the electromagnetic field, which has the form of the Maxwell Lagrangian with the metric tensor replaced by the symmetrized Ricci tensor, is dynamically equivalent to the Einstein–Maxwell Lagrangian in the metric formulation. We show that the sum of the two affine Lagrangians is dynamically inequivalent to the sum of the analogous Lagrangians in the metric–affine/metric formulation. We also show that such a construction is valid only for weak electromagnetic fields. Therefore the purely affine formulation that combines gravitation, electromagnetism and the cosmological constant cannot be a simple sum of terms corresponding to separate fields. Consequently, this formulation of electromagnetism seems to be unphysical, unlike the purely metric and metric–affine pictures, unless the electromagnetic field couples to the cosmological constant.
Microscopic origin of the glass forming tendency in chalcohalides and constraint theory

Abstract The glass forming tendency in two families of ternary glasses: the group IV-chalcohalides (such as Ge–S–I) and the Group V-chalcohalides (such as As–S–I) is analyzed. Predictions of the extended constraint theory, which explicitly includes the role of 1-fold coordinated (OFC) halogen atoms is cast in the form of universal compositional pathways along which the mean constraints per atom ( n c ) due to the nearest-neighbor (nn) covalent forces equals 3. When compared to the established glass forming compositions in more than 20 ternary glass systems, a correlation is observed with the predicted pathways. Notable exceptions also occur and reside away from the predicted compositions. The present analysis reveals that optimally constrained random networks occur along and in the vicinity of the predicted pathways, while near-optimally constrained molecular clusters occur at specific stoichiometries residing away from the predicted pathways. Molecular structure of Te chalcohalides is reviewed and the role of OFC-halogen atoms on the glass forming tendency is commented upon within the context of extended constraint theory.
Parental procreative obligation and the categorisation of disease: the case of cystic fibrosis

The advent of prenatal genetic diagnosis has sparked debates among ethicists and philosophers regarding parental responsibility towards potential offspring. Some have attempted to place moral obligations on parents to not bring about children with certain diseases in order to prevent harm to such children. There has been no rigorous evaluation of cystic fibrosis in this context. This paper will demonstrate cystic fibrosis to have unique properties that make it difficult to categorize among other diseases with the goal of promulgating a reproductive rule. Once this is established, it will be demonstrated that procreative rules that appeal to future health are inadequate in the era of advancing genetic knowledge. Utilising a specification of Joel Feinberg's 'open future' concept outlined by Matteo Mameli, it will offer an analysis of parental obligation that does not constrain parents of potential children with cystic fibrosis with a moral obligation not to bring them about.
Nitrogenous nutrient uptake, primary production, and species composition of phytoplankton in the Carmans River estuary, Long Island, New York1

Uptake of NH,+, N03-‘, and urea was measured at four stations in a small temperate-zone estuary over a IO-month period. Considering all four stations, NOJ- accounted for 45% of all N taken up, followed by NH,+ (43%) and urea (12%). Nitrogen uptake was highly temperature-dependent (r = 0.82), and an exponential relationship was apparent. Recycling was very important as a source of nitrogen, and mean NH,+ pool turnover times were rapid, ranging from 4.3 to 6.8 h in the lower estuary in summer. PN turnover times in the lower estuary were also rapid, averaging 28.8 h in summer and being as short as 3.1 h in July and August. An analysis of N uptake using the relative preference index (RPI) indicated that NH,+ was the preferred nutrient. However, high N03- concentrations appeared to override the repressive effect of NH,+ concentrations on nitrate reductase, and N03- uptake was significant even at relatively high NH,+ concentrations. Urea uptake did not appear to be affected by NH,+ concentration.
Lamb Wave Propagation in Varying Thermal Environments

Military and commercial aerospace organizations are exploring structural health monitoring (SHM) systems to reduce maintenance costs and to verify the integrity of structural components exposed to harsh conditions. This technical note considers the use of Lamb waves to monitor plate and shell components of aerospace structures. For fielded applications, SHM systems will need to operate across a variety of environmental conditions, including large temperature ranges. Therefore, it is critical to understand the effects of temperature on Lamb wave propagation. The focus of this study is the effect of temperature on Lamb wave propagation in a constant-thickness metallic plate under isothermal conditions. Experimental measurements and analytical predictions are made over temperatures ranging from -18°C to 107°C. Results indicate that only small and predictable changes in the wave propagation behavior occur over the temperature range investigated. This is significant because it may allow SHM systems to be desig...
Effects on sodium efflux of treating frog sartorius muscles with hypertonic glycerol solutions.

Efflux of sodium from frog sartorius muscles was measured during and after exposure to Ringer's fluid made hypertonic by addition of 400mm glycerol. Effects of strophanthidin, removal of external Na, and variation of external K were determined. During exposure to glycerol-containing solutions, Na efflux increased. Upon return to Ringer's fluid, Na efflux at first increased further. After the initial increase, Na efflux gradually declined; for the first two hours the efflux of Na from treated muscles was higher than that from untreated muscles. In the second hour, the strophanthidin-sensitive fractions of Na efflux were slightly increased while the strophanthidin-insensitive fractions were slightly decreased when compared with untreated muscles. The responses of Na efflux to removal of external sodium and to varying external K were comparable in both treated and untreated muscles. This shows that, at first, the membranes which remained after glycerol treatment exhibited the normal characteristics of Na extrusion. For at least eight hours after glycerol withdrawal the Na efflux from treated muscles declined relative to that of untreated muscles. The decline was largely due to reduction in strophanthidinsensitive fractions of efflux. Six to eight hours after glycerol withdrawal the Na efflux in treated muscles was less responsive to alterations in external K and Na than it was in untreated muscles. This indicates that aged glycerol-treated sartorii lost a substantial part of their capacity to actively transport sodium.
The Effects of NCLB on School Resources and Practices.

A number of studies have examined the impact of school accountability policies, including No Child Left Behind (NCLB), on student achievement. However, there is relatively little evidence on how school accountability reforms and NCLB, in particular, have influenced education policies and practices. This study examines the effects of NCLB on multiple district, school, and teacher traits using district-year financial data and pooled cross sections of teacher and principal surveys. Our results indicate that NCLB increased per-pupil spending by nearly $600, which was funded primarily through increased state and local revenue. We find that NCLB increased teacher compensation and the share of elementary school teachers with advanced degrees but had no effects on class size. We also find that NCLB did not influence overall instructional time in core academic subjects but did lead schools to reallocate time away from science and social studies and toward the tested subject of reading.
Imaging characteristics of scintimammography using parallel-hole and pinhole collimators

The purpose of the study is to investigate the imaging characteristics of scintimammography (SM) using parallel-hole (PR) and pinhole (PN) collimators in a clinical setting. Experimental data were acquired from a phantom that models the breast with small lesions using a low energy high resolution (LEHR) PR and a PN collimator. At close distances, the PN collimator provides better spatial resolution and higher detection efficiency than the PR collimator, at the expense of a smaller field-of-view (FOV). Detection of small breast lesions can be further enhanced by noise smoothing, field uniformity correction, scatter subtraction and resolution recovery filtering. Monte Carlo (MC) simulation data were generated from a realistic 3D MCAT phantom that models the Tc-99m sestamibi uptake and attenuation distributions in an average female patient. The scatter to primary ratio (S/P) decreases from the base to the tip of the breast. For PR collimation, S/P is higher in the left than right breast due to scatter of photons from the heart. For PN collimation, S/P is highest at the base and lowest at the tip of the breast as compared to PR collimation. It is higher in the right than left breast due to contributions from organ uptakes in the body. Results from the study add to understanding of the imaging characteristics of SM using PR and PN collimators and assist in the design of data acquisition and image processing methods to enhance the detection of breast lesions using SM.
Ultralow power optical interconnect with zero-biased, ultralow threshold laser-how low a threshold is low enough?

Ultralow threshold (Ith < 100 PA) lasers can be used in ultralow power optical interconnect, preferably in a bias-free digital optical modulation format. We show that even though optical power requirements for successful transmission may dictate that the pulse drive current be many times that of Ith, reducing the latter to 10-100 pA is still essential in minimizing the total driver power to the laser at multi-gigabit data rates
An Enduring and Expanding Legacy

More than 30 years ago, Jack Mezirow (1981) introduced to the field of education the idea of transformative learning. Building on his own experience in community development and the work of Paulo Freire, he drew our collective attention to dimensions of adult learning heretofore not well developed by others. While Mezirow has continued to develop his thinking regarding these interesting aspects of learning and development, he has nonetheless demonstrated remarkable consistency over the years with regard to his core ideas. These core ideas, however, have stimulated considerable theory-building and research across a range of practice settings, disciplines, and cultural contexts (Merriam, Caffarella, & Baumgartner, 2007). Indeed, transformative learning represents one of the most generative ideas for both practitioners and researchers concerned with adult learning. The pages of this journal over the last 9 years bear witness to this evolving and expanding nature of the concept. In addition to the creation of this journal, this idea has stimulated the founding of an international conference that is now in its 10th year (http://meridianuniversity.edu/index.php/about-the-conference), and numerous books, articles, and conference presentations. The field now even has its own handbook (Taylor, Cranton, & Associates, 2012)! Academic programs are organized around the idea and whole institutions have adopted transformational learning as a guiding theme. Themission statement for Michigan State University, my own institution, states, “our mission is to advance knowledge and transform lives” (http://president.msu.edu/mission/). Indeed, it is hard to overstate the influence that this idea has had across a wide spectrum of educational practices and international contexts.
RAMV: ensuring resource-aware message verification in VANETs

Driven by road safety applications and commercial applications, verification of messages' content integrity and authenticity in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is indispensable. However, due to numerous message exchanges in VANETs, message verification often leads to excessive resource consumption and even resource depletion in vehicular nodes. To tackle the scalability issue, a novel resource-aware message verification (RAMV) scheme is proposed in this paper. With application specific differentiation of the messages to better support road safety applications, RAMV streamlines the existing message verification schemes to keep their resource consumption within the preset resource budget. Meanwhile, the common security requirements for message verification are all properly met by RAMV. Enabling resource-aware, safety-upholding, and secure message verification, RAMV is especially appealing to the forthcoming massive deployment of VANETs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of Electrical Properties of Dislocations in ZNS Using Electric Force Microscopy

A combination of electric force microscopy (EFM) and non-contact scanning force microscopy (SFM) was used to study micro-indentation-induced dislocation bands in sphaleritic ZnS single crystals. Large local distortions in electrical potential from the dislocation bands were observed in the EFM images. For the first time, the electric charges of resting partial Zn(g) and S(g) dislocations were determined quantitatively. The results compare well with theoretical models.
In vivo imaging of gold nanorod contrast agents using photothermal optical coherence tomography

Photothermal optical coherence tomography (PT-OCT) has the potential to increase the molecular specificity of OCT for in vivo pre-clinical studies of cancer, in order to better understand drug uptake and treatment response. However, the use of PT-OCT to image contrast agents in vivo has yet to be demonstrated. Here, we characterize PT-OCT imaging of gold nanorod (GNR) contrast agents, and we further apply these techniques for in vivo imaging. The PT-OCT signal was characterized and compared to a numerical model of the bio-heat equation with respect to varying photothermal chop frequency, photothermal laser power, OCT image reflectivity, and concentration of GNRs. PT-OCT images were taken of GNR+ and GNR- solid agarose phantoms in capillary tubes, and 400 pM GNR matrigel injections into a mouse ear. Experimental PT-OCT data varied as predicted with closed form models of the bio-heat equation. Increasing the concentration of GNRs caused a linear increase in the PT-OCT signal, with GNR sensitivity as low as 7.5 pM compared to a scattering control (p<0.01). PT-OCT images in capillary tubes and the live mouse ear demonstrated an appreciable increase in signal in the presence of GNRs compared to controls. The demonstrated in vivo PT-OCT capabilities using GNR contrast agents is sufficient to image molecular expression, based on published molecular imaging studies employing GNR contrast agents in vivo. Therefore, this work demonstrates an important transition of PT-OCT to in vivo imaging, and marks the next step towards its use for in vivo molecular imaging.
Symposium: Neurohumoral and Environmental Interactions Determining Avian Reproductive Behavior Introduction

Abstract The increase in our knowledge of nuerohumoral, hormonal, and environmental interactions regulating reproductive behavior in birds has been extraordinary in the past few years. With the emergence of modern analytical tools and new research approaches, research on the physiological basis of reproductive behavior in this class of vertebrates can be expected to continue at an accelerated pace. Improved knowledge of the causal factors underlying reproductive behavior and the consequences of this behavior should lead to improvements in reproductive efficiency of commerical poultry flocks and to development of new criteria for scientific assessment of poultry welfare. This symposium considers some of the factors that influence reproductive behavior and the reproductive cycle in both male and female birds and illustrates the merit of employing a diversity of species as well as of investigative strategies in behavioral research. Cheryl Harding reviewed her data in the male Zebra finch, showing that metabolism of androgens . . .
Association between serum IgE level and adverse clinical endpoints in primary sclerosing cholangitis

Introduction. Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is an idiopathic hepatobiliary disorder associated with an increased risk for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and a median survival time of 12 years. Reliable predictors of CCA and other major adverse events in PSC are currently lacking. Recently, serum IgE was found to be associated with CCA in a Japanese cohort of PSC patients. Our aim in this study was to determine whether IgE levels predict time to CCA, liver transplantation, or death in a Western (USA-based) cohort of PSC patients. Material and methods. Thirty-eight patients with PSC and IgE levels were identified and categorized into low or high IgE groups based on the sample median. Groups were compared with respect to clinical characteristics and adverse endpoint-free survival, and the association between IgE and endpoints was assessed with multivariate proportional-hazards models. Results. The median sample age at PSC diagnosis was 41 years, and median serum IgE level was 47.6 kU/L. Low and high IgE groups differed significantly only with respect to IgG subclasses, which were higher among the latter (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in composite endpoint-free (p = 0.83) or CCA-free survival (p = 0.20). In multivariate analyses, only Mayo PSC risk score and MELD score were significant predictors of endpoint-free survival (p < 0.05). Conclusions. Serum IgE level is associated with several IgG subclass levels but not time to CCA, liver transplantation, or death among PSC patients in a USA-based cohort. While Mayo PSC risk score and MELD score can predict these outcomes, more specific predictors of CCA are needed.
Gross Gastric Metaplasia of Ileum After Regional Enteritis

Summary A case of severe gastric metaplasia of the small bowel is reported. The patient had a long history of recurrent regional enteritis requiring repeated resections of the diseased ileum. Severe metaplasia resulting in gross morphologic abnormalities was present in the last resected bowel, not associated with active regional enteritis. The characteristic radiologic features are readily recognizable and diagnosable. The gastric nature of the metaplasia is indicated by the presence of fundic as well as the pyloric gastric cells. The sequence of events in this case supports the concept of the acquired nature of the metaplasia and also suggests that in its gross form it may be symptomatic.
Refugee Representations: Southeast Asian American Youth, Hip Hop, and Immigrant Rights

This essay discusses how hip hop as a cultural practice has empowered Southeast Asian American youth to form identities and create multiracial political and social alliances. One focus of this essay is the documentary film, Cambodian Son.
Functional transport properties in complex transition metal oxides

Transition oxide materials have a long and high-flying history due to their attractive properties. They are well-known today for magnets, high temperature superconductors as well as promising electronic materials. For example, BaTiO 3 and PbZrTiO3 are famous piezoelectric materials that are used in Micro-electric-mechanical system devices and VO2, a metal insulator transition material with a threshold temperature of 70 degrees is used to prevent over-heating of devices such as batteries. Herein, I address the newly investigated noble transport properties in (1) perovskite (La,Pr,Ca)MnO 3 as a cryogenic non-volatile random access memory by using the phase change between charge-ordered insulating state and ferromagnetic metallic state, (2) ferroelectric BiFeO3: switchable photovoltaic effect by switching the poling direction of the sample. I also explored the newly investigated multiferroic property in transition metal compound Ca3Co 2-xMnxO6 as well as the giant magnetic coercivity change induced by co-operative freezing in Ca3Co2O 6.
759 Predicting Strain in Pediatric Residency

Typically, the reactions to stress have been studied in terms of diagnosable illnesses. However, a more inmediate reaction to stress is strain, the physiological & psychological symptoms of environmental stress. Standardized psychological instruments were mailed to 56 residents at a large children's hospital. Analyses indicated that there were no differences in strain symptoms related to sex or year in the residency. Strain was, however, highly correlated with the occupational stresses of residency (p<0.01) and the degree with which respondents utilize negative coping mechanisms (p<.001) (anger, smoking, drinking, withdrawal, apathy, or taking medication). Regression analyses revealed predictors of strain. The predictors of a low level of strain included: commitment to work, favorable coping behaviors, such as use of relaxation techniques and systematic problem solving, quantity and quality of family support systems, the extent to which healthy behaviors are engaged and the level of psychological adjustment. Sixty-five percent of the variance in strain symptoms could be attributed to the above predictors. The predictors of strain during internship and residency appear to be as dependent on the personality traits of the individual as upon the characteristics of the occupational environment. Identification of these traits may aid program directors in achieving a better fit between residents and their training environment.
Calcium as a diuretic.

Singer1 reported upon the favorable therapeutic effect of calcium, administered intravenously, in conjunction with digitalis in the conjestive type of heart failure.Segall and White2 concluded that calcium chloride may be employed as a diuretic in this type of heart failure.Eight patients with congestive heart failure in whom rest in bed and digitalis did not completely remove the edema present, were treated with 15 grams of calcium chloride daily, administered orally, in divided doses, over periods varying from one week to 10 days. No significant changes followed in heart rate, blood pressure, electrocardiography, urinary output or body weight. In five of these, marked diuresis and significant loss of body weight with disappearance of the edema present followed the administration of other diuretics. In one of these, another diuretic was tried both before and after the trial of the calcium with excellent response at both times, though none occurred during the period of exhibition of the calcium. (This ind...
Significant Properties of Some Cryolite Materials Offered for Insecticidal Use

Investigations on the use of fluorine compounds for the control of various insects have been carried on by the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine and other investigators for a number of years. One of the most promising of these materials is cryolite, a mineral mined almost exclusively in Greenland and imported into this country for various uses. The principal constituent of natural cryolite is a double fluoride of sodium and aluminum, sodium fluoaluminate (Na3AlF6). The mineral is contaminated with small amounts of iron, silica, etc. The fluorine is the essential insecticidal element. Sodium fluoaluminate, or synthetic cryolite, is also made by chemical processes.
A Gas Chromatography and Hollow Fiber Liquid Phase Micro-extraction to Determine the Content of Codeine Phosphate in Compound Codeine Cough Syrup

Objective:To set up a method of a gas chromatography and hollow fiber liquid phase micro-extraction (HF-LPME) to determine the content of codeine phosphate in Codeine Cough Syrup. Methods:HF-LPME device was prepared. Then a gas chromatography was applied to determine the content of codeine phosphate in Codeine Cough Syrup. Results:Codeine had good linearity within 1.0～50.0 μg/mL,r=0.9891. The average recovery was 102.5%,RSD=3.78%. Conclusions:The HF-LPME device is simple and sensitive and has a good prospect in the field of pharmaceutical analysis. It can be used to determine the content of codeine.
Reducing mortality in adolescents and young adults in Wisconsin: are we making progress?

Objective Has there been progress in the reduction of adolescent and young adult mortality in Wisconsin over the last 20 years? This paper addresses this question by examining the mortality trends--and disparities by race and gender--of adolescents and young adults in Wisconsin, ages 15-24. Methods Mortality data for blacks and whites from 1980-1999 for Wisconsin and the United States were accessed from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Web-based database system CDC WONDER. Mean death rates were calculated for the 5-year spans 1980-1984 and 1995-1999. A Poisson model for rates was used to summarize the death rates and perform predictions. Results Wisconsin and the United States have reduced mortality in the age group 15-24 by about 17% and 16%, respectively, between 1980-1984 and 1995-1999. In spite of this overall progress, significant disparities still exist between white and black older adolescents and young adults. When compared to 1980-1984, Wisconsin mortality rates for 1995-1999 were 24% lower among whites, but 73% higher among blacks. Disparities still exist when rates are analyzed by the leading causes of deaths. Deaths due to motor vehicle injuries have decreased for whites by about 31% compared to an increase of 19% for blacks. Conclusions Wisconsin has made progress in reducing death rates in adolescents and young adults, especially in fatal motor vehicle injuries. However, significant disparities still exist between whites and blacks, males and females, and leading causes of deaths. Wisconsin should work to reduce the mortality rate in adolescents and young adults and to eliminate disparities by 2010.
A comparison of the efficacy of chef knife-cleaning methods

ABSTRACTImproperly cleaned and sanitized chef knives present a potential contamination risk and a source for foodborne illness. This study compared the efficacies of two cleaning methods (three-compartment manual dishwashing and sanitizer wiping) at removing food soils from contaminated chef knives. Knife-washing procedures were standardized after observing knife-cleaning behavior in a kitchen. Adenosine triphosphate bioluminescence was used to measure levels of organic soils. Results indicated that the three-compartment manual dishwashing was more effective at removing food soils from knife surfaces than the sanitizer wiping (P < .0001). This study also assessed the influence of other factors on the soil removal efficacies.
Predicting surgical skill acquisition in preclinical medical students.

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to identify factors that predict medical student success in acquiring invasive procedural skills. We hypothesized that students with interest in surgery and with prior procedural experience would have higher rates of success. Methods Preclinical students were enrolled in a simulation course comprised of suturing, intubation, and central venous catheterization. Students completed surveys to describe demographics, specialty interest area, prior experience, and confidence. Using linear regression, variables predictive of proficiency were identified. Results Forty-five participants completed the course. Under univariate analysis, composite pretest score was inversely associated with confidence ( P = .039). Under multivariable analysis, female gender was associated with higher pretest suturing score ( P = .016). Male gender ( P = .029) and high confidence ( P = .021) were associated with greater improvement in suturing. Conclusions Among novices, higher confidence can predict lower baseline technical proficiency. Although females had higher pretest suturing scores, high confidence and male gender were associated with the greatest degree of improvement.
Alcohol Suppresses Tonic GABAA Receptor Currents in Cerebellar Granule Cells in the Prairie Vole: A Neural Signature of High-Alcohol-Consuming Genotypes.

Background Evidence indicates that the cerebellum plays a role in genetic predilection to excessive alcohol (ethanol [EtOH]) consumption in rodents and humans, but the molecular mechanisms mediating such predilection are not understood. We recently determined that EtOH has opposite actions (enhancement or suppression) on tonic GABAA receptor (GABAA R) currents in cerebellar granule cells (GCs) in low- and high-EtOH-consuming rodents, respectively, and proposed that variation in GC tonic GABAA R current responses to EtOH contributes to genetic variation in EtOH consumption phenotype. Methods Voltage-clamp recordings of GCs in acutely prepared slices of cerebellum were used to evaluate the effect of EtOH on GC tonic GABAA R currents in another high-EtOH-consuming rodent, prairie voles (PVs). Results EtOH (52 mM) suppressed the magnitude of the tonic GABAA R current in 57% of cells, had no effect in 38% of cells, and enhanced the tonic GABAA R current in 5% of cells. This result is similar to GCs from high-EtOH-consuming C57BL/6J (B6) mice, but it differs from the enhancement of tonic GABAA R currents by EtOH in low-EtOH-consuming DBA/2J (D2) mice and Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. EtOH suppression of tonic GABAA R currents was not affected by the sodium channel blocker, tetrodotoxin (500 nM), and was independent of the frequency of phasic GABAA R-mediated currents, suggesting that suppression is mediated by postsynaptic actions on GABAA Rs, rather than a reduction of GABA release. Finally, immunohistochemical analysis of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS; which can mediate EtOH enhancement of GABA release) demonstrated that nNOS expression in the GC layer of PV cerebellum was similar to the levels seen in B6 mice, both being significantly reduced relative to D2 mice and SD rats. Conclusions Combined, these data highlight the GC GABAA R response to EtOH in another species, the high-EtOH-consuming PV, which correlates with EtOH consumption phenotype and further implicates the GC GABAA R system as a contributing mechanism to high EtOH consumption.