cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SPORE MORPHOLOGY AND GENERIC DELIMITATION OF NEW WORLD HEMIONITIS, GYMNOPTERIS, AND BOMMERIA (ADIANTACEAE)

Spores of species of Hemionitis, Gymnopteris, and Bommeria were compared for 1) presence of perispores using the sodium hydroxide assay, 2) surface structure of mature perispores and exospores, and 3) development of superficially similar mature perispores. All taxa were shown to possess perispores and greater morphological variation was detected within and among species than previously reported. On the basis of shared morphological and ontogenetic features, groups of species were identified that crossed presently recognized generic boundaries; hence, the existing trigeneric classification is inadequate to depict natural relationships among these taxa. The results also demonstrate that superficial similarity of mature perispores may not be the best indicator of systematic relationship among species, as similar surface patterns may be derived through different developmental pathways.
Functional outcome of critical limb ischemia

Results of treatment for critical limb ischemia have traditionally focused on physician-oriented end points related to limb salvage surgery. Although numerous studies have demonstrated excellent patency and limb salvage after surgical revascularization procedures, survival in this patient population is poor, comorbidities reducing quality of life are rampant, and recovery from limb salvage surgery can be prolonged and complicated despite "success" as defined by traditional reporting methods. Patient-oriented outcome end points, such as health- related quality of life and functional status, are essential in defining optimal treatment options for the population of patients with critical limb ischemia. This area of research remains in its infancy, but will become increasingly important as the population of patients with critical limb ischemia and treatment options for these patients continue to expand. The current status and future outlook of functional and quality of life assessment of patients with critical limb ischemia is reviewed.
Finite Element Modeling of the Tubular Embryonic Chick Heart With Smoothed Surfaces and Contact With Splanchnopleure Membrane

During cardiac development, the initially straight heart tube bends ventrally and rotates towards the right side of the embryo. The biomechanical mechanism of cardiac looping is still unclear, but it has been hypothesized to be related to the unbalanced forces in the left and right omphalomesenteric veins (OVs) generated by cytoskeletal contraction and cell migration, as well as contact with the Splanchnopleure (SPL), a membrane which is located at the ventral surface of the heart and wraps around the OV at the anterior intestinal portal (AIP) [1]. To test this hypothesis, a computational model is a powerful tool. The objective of this study is to generate a finite element model (FEM) with realistic geometry of the tubular heart with the OVs in its caudal ends, which contacts with the SPL. In alternative to the voxel based model, as explored by Young et al. [2], we study issues related to a model with smoothed surfaces, and its capacity in dealing with nonlinear material, large deformation and contact. Although heart looping proceeds normally without pressure generated from heart beat [3], we applied an internal pressure to test the model.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The (old) New Realism: what Holt has to offer for ecological psychology.

As Ecological Psychology pushes into new areas, success will be made easier by a rediscovery its theoretical history, in particular the “New Realism”, lead in part by E. B. Holt. Three New Realists tenants seem particularly relevant: (1) we experience reality, (2) relations are real, and (3) things are what you see when you see those things. Though the two groups differ in terms of their conception of perception, and what can be perceived, their conceptions are related in very insightful ways. Further, the comparison reemphasizes the extent of unique empirical claims ecological psychologists make, and grounds those claims within a larger framework for psychology as a whole. This makes obvious the need for further work on the mathematics of invariants, the physiological mechanisms of information extraction, and the behaviors of perception.
Inhibition of breast cancer growth and metastasis by a biomimetic peptide

Metastasis is the main cause of mortality in cancer patients. Though there are many anti-cancer drugs targeting primary tumor growth, anti-metastatic agents are rarely developed. Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are crucial for cancer progression, particularly, lymphangiogenesis is pivotal for metastasis in breast cancer. Here we report that a novel collagen IV derived biomimetic peptide inhibits breast cancer growth and metastasis by blocking angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. The peptide inhibits blood and lymphatic endothelial cell viability, migration, adhesion, and tube formation by targeting IGF1R and Met signals. The peptide blocks MDA-MB-231 tumor growth by inhibiting tumor angiogenesis in vivo. Moreover, the peptide inhibits lymphangiogenesis in primary tumors. MDA-MB-231 tumor conditioned media (TCM) was employed to accelerate spontaneous metastasis in tumor xenografts, and the anti-metastatic activity of the peptide was tested in this model. The peptide prevents metastasis to the lungs and lymph nodes by inhibiting TCM-induced lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis in the pre-metastatic organs. In summary, a novel biomimetic peptide inhibits breast cancer growth and metastasis by blocking angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in the pre-metastatic organs as well as primary tumors.
Characterizing the product crystals from a mixing tee process

Etude experimentale de la precipitation du sulfate de baryum (BaSO 4 ) dans un appareil de Nielsen (en forme de T) modifie. On suit le mecanisme de germination cristalline et melangeage dans l'appareil par microscopie electronique par transmission et a balayage
A model of tumor cell dormancy: effects of anesthesia and surgery.

Three cloned populations of tumor cells obtained from a murine fibrosarcoma were able to remain viable for a long period of time in syngeneic mice which failed to exhibit clinically evident tumors following tumor cell inoculation. Viable tumor cells under such conditions can be considered to be in a dormant state. On the basis of past studies, two of the lines were shown to have low malignant potential, while the third line was shown to have a higher degree of malignant potential. The rates of spontaneous reactiviation of tumor growth in animals carrying the low malignant cells were 3 and 4%, while a rate of 30% was observed in animals with the more malignant cellw. Treatment of animals carrying the low malignant cells in a dormant state with anesthesia alone, (thiopental) or with anesthesia and surgery, increased the rate of reactivation to 20–22%.
UNRAVELING THE REGULATION OF NITROGEN ASSIMILATION IN THE MARINE DIATOM THALASSIOSIRA PSEUDONANA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE): DIURNAL VARIATIONS IN TRANSCRIPT LEVELS FOR FIVE GENES INVOLVED IN NITROGEN ASSIMILATION(1).

We examined the diurnal expression of five genes encoding nitrogen-assimilating enzymes in the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana (Hust.) Hasle et Heimdal following a transition from NH4 (+) - to NO3 (-) -supplemented media. The accumulation of nia transcripts (encoding nitrate reductase, NR) following the transition to NO3 (-) -supplemented media was similar to previously reported changes in NR abundance and activity. Nia mRNA levels varied diurnally, and the diurnal oscillations were abolished when cells were transferred to continuous light. Genes encoding chloroplastic (niiA) and cytosolic (nirB) nitrite reductases were identified in the genome of T. pseudonana. NiiA and nirB transcript levels increased within 2 h following the addition of NO3 (-) and varied diurnally. Patterns of diurnal variation in nia, niiA, and glnII (encoding the chloroplast-localized glutamine synthetase) mRNA abundances were similar. NirB and glnN (encoding the cytosolic-localized glutamine synthetase) mRNA levels also oscillated diurnally; however, the oscillation was out of phase with nia, niiA, and glnII. We propose that NO3 (-) is assimilated into organic molecules in both the chloroplast and cytosol of diatoms and that enzymes encoded by nirB and glnN contribute to the ecologically important dark assimilation of NO3 (-) observed in marine diatoms. As with nia, the diurnal variations in niiA, nirB, glnII, and glnN were abolished when cells were transferred to continuous light. Our results demonstrate that transcript accumulation is not circadian controlled, but, rather, changes in metabolic pools triggered by light:dark (L:D) transitions may be important in regulating the cellular mRNA levels encoding these key nitrogen assimilating enzymes.
The multiple roles of Broca's discovery in the development of the modern neurosciences

Abstract Using the classical clinico-anatomical correlation method of the French clinical school, Paul Broca confirmed the localization of “language” in the frontal lobe. He actually discovered the lateralization of language in the left hemisphere. These contributions eventually led to the demise of the older concept of the “sensorium commune,” because Broca's ideas implied the presence of motor functions in the hemispheres. Although Broca worked within the theoretical motif of the “faculty” psychology, the reflex-oriented “associationist” psychology soon became the predominant theoretical framework of localization, because it accommodated the motor aspect of hemispheric function. Since Broca's time, the study of the biology of language has proceeded along two parallel but sometimes separate lines in the experimental and clinical traditions.
Context effects on the perceived physical attractiveness of faces

Abstract Four experiments were conducted to study the nature of context effects on the perceived physical attractiveness of faces. In Experiment 1, photos of faces scaled on attractiveness were presented in sets of three, with target faces appearing in the middle flanked by two context faces. The target faces were of average attractiveness, with the context faces being either high, average, or low in attractiveness. The effect of the context was one of assimilation, rather than contrast, regardless of whether the persons in the photos were portrayed to be associated. This result was interpreted in terms of a “generalized halo effect” for judgments of the physical attractiveness of stimuli within a group. Presenting the persons of a set as friends enhanced the perceived attractiveness of the target face but only when the context did not contain a face of low attractiveness. In Experiment 2, the assimilation effect was observed to carry over to influence ratings of the target faces several minutes after the context faces had been removed. Experiment 3 showed the assimilation effect to be robust regardless of whether the context was composed of two faces or one, but Experiment 4 showed the assimilation effect to be evident only when the context faces were presented simultaneously with the target.
A methodology for automatic generation of executable communication specifications from parallel MPI applications

Portable parallel benchmarks are widely used for performance evaluation of HPC systems. However, because these are manually produced, they generally represent a greatly simplified view of application behavior, missing the subtle but important-to-performance nuances that may exist in a complete application. This work contributes novel methods to automatically generate highly portable and customizable communication benchmarks from HPC applications. We utilize ScalaTrace, a lossless yet scalable parallel-application tracing framework to collect selected aspects of the run-time behavior of HPC applications, including communication operations and computation time, while abstracting away the details of the computation proper. We subsequently generate benchmarks with nearly identical run-time behavior to the original applications. Results demonstrate that the generated benchmarks are in fact able to preserve the run-time behavior (including both the communication pattern and the execution time) of the original applications. Such automated benchmark generation is without precedent and particularly valuable for proprietary, export-controlled, or classified application codes.
Cargo recognition during clathrin-mediated endocytosis: a team effort

Transmembrane proteins destined to endosomes are selectively accumulated in clathrin-coated pits at the plasma membrane and rapidly internalized in clathrin-coated vesicles. The recognition of specific sequence motifs in transmembrane cargo by coated-pit proteins confers specificity on the endocytic process. Interaction of membrane cargo with the clathrin adaptor protein complex AP-2 is the major mechanism of cargo sorting into coated pits in mammalian cells. Recent studies have revealed a variety of alternative mechanisms of cargo recruitment involving additional adaptor proteins. These alternative mechanisms appear to be particularly important during clathrin-mediated endocytosis of signaling receptors.
Critical periods of special health relevance for psychoneuroimmunology.

Abstract Although it is possible to demonstrate an influence of psychological factors on immune responses at any point in the life span, there are two periods when the effects may have greater implications for health. Our research with nonhuman primates indicates that the immaturity of a young infant’s immune responses makes it more vulnerable, especially during the fetal and neonatal stages. Similarly, the natural, age-related process of immune senescence creates a second period of increased risk in elderly animals and people. This review summarizes findings from a 20-year research program, which support the conclusion that we should give special attention to the age of the host in psychoneuroimmunology studies.
A multiple discriminant analysis of vessel accidents.

A large sample of 936 vessel accident cases occurring between 1979 and 1987 on the lower Mississippi River were cluster analyzed to generate four groups relatively unique in their respective attribute values. The attributes used to cluster the accidents included participation in the U.S. Coast Guard's New Orleans Vessel Traffic Service (NOLA-VTS), type of accident, river stage traffic level, system utilization, accident location, weather conditions, and time of accident. The four-group cluster solution resulted in logical groupings, given the realities of navigating the lower Mississippi River. The four groups resulting from the cluster analysis were characterized as Group 1: Danger Zone (224 cases), 100% NOLA-VTS participants whose accidents occurred primarily on the most dangerous part of the river; Group 2: Bad Conditions for Good Navigators (230 cases), characterized by a high rate of participation and unserious accidents occurring in treacherous navigating conditions; Group 3: Probably Preventable (134 cases), characterized by a low participation rates and serious accidents occurring in not the worst navigating conditions; and Group 4: Accidents That Should Not Have Happened (345 cases), characterized by zero participation and serious accidents occurring in reasonable navigating conditions. Significant marginal participation rates for the marine tracking technology across the four accident clusters (100% for Group 1, 67% for Group 2, 37% for Group 3, and 0% for Group 4) effectively distinguishes between casualty groups. In the subsequent discriminant analysis, three discriminant functions correctly classified 96% of the total accidents, including 100% of Group 1 and Group 4, 90% of Group 2, and 88% of Group 3. The variables contributing most to overall group differentiation were participation in the system, overall system utilization, river stage, traffic level, time and location of accidents. The three discriminant functions were statistically significant, with each individual function accounting for a large relative percentage of the variance between the groups. In order of decreasing discriminating power, the functions could be characterized as (1) System Participation and Utilization, (2) Navigating Conditions, and (3) Time and Place.
Maternal weight and pregnancy complications

The effect of obesity alone was investigated among 16,858 women who were delivered of their infants within a 12-month period. Complete analysis was possible for 9667 patients who were divided into four weight categories and separated into two groups, with and without complications. Perinatal mortality, infant size, and the primary cesarean delivery rate were calculated for each group. Among 2597 women with antenatal complications, there was a significant increase in perinatal mortality (p
High-Temperature Reliability Assessment of 4H-SiC Vertical-Channel JFET Including Forward Bias Stress

In this work, we report the most recent reliability results of the 1200-V SiC vertical-channel JFETs (VJFETs) under reverse and forward bias of the gate-source diode at temperatures up to 200 °C. The preliminary results indicate that continuous forward bias stress of the gate-source diode at 200 °C for 112 hours produced no observable change in the forward conduction or transient or reverse blocking characteristics of the vertical-channel JFET. This preliminary result suggests that devices based on this structure, such as the enhancement-mode (normally off) SiC VJFET, may not be effected by the recombination enhanced defect creation process and the associated increase in on-resistance, related to body-diode conduction in the SiC DMOSFET and the SiC lateral-channel depletion-mode JFET. Since the vertical-channel JFET has no body diode, no degradation is possible from the reverse conduction mode of operation.
Validating a UAV artificial intelligence control system using an autonomous test case generator

The validation of safety-critical applications, such as autonomous UAV operations in an environment which may include human actors, is an ill posed problem. To confidence in the autonomous control technology, numerous scenarios must be considered. This paper expands upon previous work, related to autonomous testing of robotic control algorithms in a two dimensional plane, to evaluate the suitability of similar techniques for validating artificial intelligence control in three dimensions, where a minimum level of airspeed must be maintained. The results of human-conducted testing are compared to this automated testing, in terms of error detection, speed and testing cost.
Effects of phase-shift masks on across-field linewidth control

The concept of the iso-aberration dose is introduced and defined as the dose where the 'depth of aberration' is at a maximum. By allowing patterning of small isolated lines closer to the iso-aberration dose, the use of phase shift masks (PSMs) improves critical dimension (CD) sensitivity to lithographic tool aberrations. The use of specialized photo- resist and mask assist feature is also found to improve isolated line CD sensitivity to aberrations. The improvement in aberration sensitivity from PSM results in improved across field linewidth control for some lithographic system but causes degraded CD control for other tools which are optimized for operation with standard binary reticles. Simulations show that the trim mask PSM approach has superior aberration sensitivity for patterning 100nm than multi-phase PSM approaches when the allowed phasewidth is restricted to a maximum value.
RPTPδ and the novel protein tyrosine phosphatase RPTPψ are expressed in restricted regions of the developing central nervous system

Transmembrane receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) form a novel and potentially important class of cell regulatory proteins. To identify RPTPs expressed during neural development we have characterized RPTPs transcribed in embryonic day (E)13.5 rat neural tube. Nine different phosphatases, one of which was novel, were identified. We examined the expression of the novel phosphatase, called RPTPψ, and of two other phosphatases, RPTPδ and RPTPμ, whose expression in the developing nervous system has not yet been described in detail. The expression of RPTPμ in small blood capillaries in developing neural tissue is consistent with an involvement in angiogenesis. In contrast, the temporally and spatially regulated expression of RPTPψ and RPTPδ in neuroepithelium suggests a role in early neural development. In the spinal cord, early expression of RPTPδ in the roof plate is followed by its expression in differentiating motor neurons. RPTPψ mRNA is also transiently detectable in the roof plate as well as in floor plate cells. In the telencephalon as well as in the hind-brain at E13.5, the reciprocal expression patterns of RPTPδ and RPTPψ are consistent with a sequential function, RPTPψ exerting its activity in undifferentiated progenitor cells and RPTPδ functioning during neuronal differentiation.
A comparative analysis of health care costs in three selected countries: The United States, the United Kingdom and Australia

Abstract This paper purports to compare quantitatively health care delivery in three countries: the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. Since each of the societies relies on a different means of financing—the United States representing a decentralized and mixed model; the United Kingdom centralized and publicly financed, and Australia a system somewhere in-between the two—the impact of fiscal structure on health care is examined in particular. In the context of this study, the “goodness” of health care is measured on the basis of cost and availability of care.
Frontiers in urban ecological design and planning research

Four urban ecological design and planning research areas are identified: (1) application of ecosystem services, (2) adaptation of settlements for natural disasters, (3) ecological renewal of degraded urban places, and (4) ability of people to link knowledge to action to affect positive change. Ecosystem services are the benefits humans derive from nature, which, until relatively recently, were not normally valued by traditional economics or, when acknowledged, were regarded as externalities. Through the identification of economic and cultural benefits of ecosystems, higher standards for landscape performance can be established. As our climate continues to change, the number of natural disasters increases, frequently with catastrophic consequences for human settlements. Designers and planners must learn how to develop adaptive strategies to climate change and mitigation strategies for the consequences that result. Most cities include underused, degraded places that are ripe for creative redevelopment. Urban ecology provides a conceptual framework that recognizes the restorative potential of people. However, although knowledge about our environments abounds, we seem limited in our ability to adopt measures necessary to ensure a healthy planet for future generations. Each research area offers prospects for landscape and urban planning. Both planning perspectives are essential because the population continues to grow and people are increasingly living in urban and suburban places.
On the relative roles of hydrology, salinity, temperature, and root productivity in controlling soil respiration from coastal swamps (freshwater)

Soil CO2 emissions can dominate gaseous carbon losses from forested wetlands (swamps), especially those positioned in coastal environments. Understanding the varied roles of hydroperiod, salinity, temperature, and root productivity on soil respiration is important in discerning how carbon balances may shift as freshwater swamps retreat inland with sea-level rise and salinity incursion, and convert to mixed communities with marsh plants. We exposed soil mesocosms to combinations of permanent flooding, tide, and salinity, and tracked soil respiration over 2½ growing seasons. We also related these measurements to rates from field sites along the lower Savannah River, Georgia, USA. Soil temperature and root productivity were assessed simultaneously for both experiments. Soil respiration from mesocosms (22.7–1678.2 mg CO2 m−2 h−1) differed significantly among treatments during four of the seven sampling intervals, where permanently flooded treatments contributed to low rates of soil respiration and tidally flooded treatments sometimes contributed to higher rates. Permanent flooding reduced the overall capacity for soil respiration as soils warmed. Salinity did reduce soil respiration at times in tidal treatments, indicating that salinity may affect the amount of CO2 respired with tide more strongly than under permanent flooding. However, soil respiration related greatest to root biomass (mesocosm) and standing root length (field); any stress reducing root productivity (incl. salinity and permanent flooding) therefore reduces soil respiration. Overall, we hypothesized a stronger, direct role for salinity on soil respiration, and found that salinity effects were being masked by varied capacities for increases in respiration with soil warming as dictated by hydrology, and the indirect influence that salinity can have on plant productivity.
Pathogenesis of the C3 glomerulopathies and reclassification of MPGN

Until recently, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) was clinically classified as either primary, idiopathic MPGN or as secondary MPGN when an underlying aetiology was identifiable. Primary MPGN was further classified into three types--type I, type II, and type III--based principally on the ultrastructural appearance and location of electron-dense deposits. Both the clinical and histopathologic schemes presented problems, however, as neither was based on disease pathogenesis. An improved understanding of the role of complement in the pathogenesis of MPGN has led to a proposed reclassification into immunoglobulin-mediated disease (driven by the classical complement pathway) and non-immunoglobulin-mediated disease (driven by the alternative complement pathway). This reclassification has led to improved diagnostic clinical algorithms and the emergence of a new grouping of diseases known as the C3 glomerulopathies, best represented by dense deposit disease and C3 glomerulonephritis. In this Review, we re-examine the previous and current classification schemes of MPGN, focusing on the role of complement. We survey current data about the pathogenesis of the C3 glomerulopathies, including familial studies and patient cohorts from the USA and Europe. In addition, we discuss the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of the C3 glomerulopathies.
Toxicity of Agricultural Subsurface Drainwater from the San Joaquin Valley, California, to Juvenile Chinook Salmon and Striped Bass

Abstract Juvenile chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (40–50 mm total length, TL) and striped bass Morone saxatilis (30–40 mm TL) were exposed to serial dilutions (100, 50, 25, and 12.5%) of agricultural subsurface drainwater (WWD), reconstituted drainwater (RWWD), and reconstituted seawater (IO). Agricultural subsurface drainwater contained naturally elevated concentrations of major ions (such as sodium and sulfate) and trace elements (especially boron and selenium), RWWD contained concentrations of major ions that mimicked those in WWD but trace elements were not elevated, and IO contained concentrations of total dissolved salt that were similar to those in WWD and RWWD but chloride replaced sulfate as the dominant anion. After 28 d of static exposure, over 75% of the chinook salmon in 100% WWD had died, whereas none had died in other dilutions and water types. Growth of chinook salmon in WWD and RWWD, but not in IO, exhibited dilution responses. All striped bass died in 100% WWD within 23 d, wherea...
The dark side of the Web: an open proxy's view

With the advent of large-scale, wide-area networking testbeds, researchers can deploy long-running services that interact with other resources on the Web. While such interaction can easily attract clients and traffic, our experience suggests that projects accepting outside input and interacting with outside resources must carefully consider the avenues for abuse of such services. The CoDeeN Content Distribution Network, deployed on PlanetLab, uses a network of caching Web proxy servers to intelligently distribute and cache requests from a potentially large client population. Due to CoDeeN's non-commerical nature, content is not pushed/advertised by content providers, but instead is pulled by clients who have configured their browsers to use CoDeeN.In effect, CoDeeN is one of the largest "open" proxy networks in the world, and therefore draws unwanted attention from malicious users. This paper discusses our experiences with undersirable traffic on CoDeeN, the mechanisms we developed to curtail it, and the future directions for such work. We believe that this work provides a safe alternative to open proxies and will encourage others to deploy similar systems. Some of the security mechanisms we are developing are suitable for ISPs to deploy on their own networks to detect misbehaving customers before problems arise. Finally, other research projects that allow "open" access to Web resources may face similar situations, and may be able to adopt similar mechanisms.
Early social interactions: preterm infant-parent dyads.

Preterm infant-parent dyads are disproportionately represented in samples of infants who have failed to thrive and of children who nave been neglected and/or abused. This finding suggests that the effect of prematurity on the interactive process between an infant and parent places the dyad at risk for developing relationship problems. The specifics as to why a premature birth has the potential disruptive effect on a dyadic relationship is examined in this article. The early origins of social interactions for preterm dyads are analyzed with respect to a) important theoretical concepts about dyadic interactive processes, b) characteristics that the preterm infant and parent each bring to bear on the interactive process, and c) early first-year interactive patterns manifested by preterm dyads as compared to full-term dyads. Finally, the implications for nursing research and clinical practice are discussed.
Systemic Thinking in Couple and Family Psychology Research and Practice

Systemic thinking is central to the specialty of couple and family psychology (CFP). Eleven applications of systemic thinking (perceptual and cognitive structuring processes) are described to characterize the way couple and family psychologists think about research and practice. The application of systemic thinking to research is described in light of dynamic systems conceptualization and a systemic research approach that delineates six steps that identify collective variables, characterize attractor states, describe dynamic trajectories, identify points of transition, recognize control parameters, and manipulate control parameters to identify core mechanisms of change is rehearsed and detailed. Systemic thinking is applied to professional practice in CFP, recognizing that psychotherapy with multiple individuals concurrently in couple or family formats presents particular challenges. Critical elements of therapeutic process in the specialty, including the therapeutic alliance, assessment and case conceptualization, the understanding of change in systems, and treatment interventions are described in light of systemic thinking and thoughts about professional supervision in the specialty are presented.
The Influence of Tracking Rate on Helioseismic Flow Inferences

Traditionally, most local helioseismic studies of subsurface flows have removed the large signal due to the Sun's rotation by tracking the analysis region across the solar surface. In order to work in a uniformly rotating reference frame, the ring-analysis pipeline of the recently launched Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) will track all analysis regions at the solid-body Carrington rate. To test this tracking scheme, we compare flow determinations resulting from two different tracking schemes. In one scheme we use the HMI pipeline implementation which tracks at the Carrington rotation rate. In the other, the tiles are tracked at the local differential surface rotation rate as measured by Snodgrass (1984). We observe systematic differences between the flows obtained by the two schemes even after transforming them to a common frame (Snodgrass frame), with the zonal flows measured in the Carrington frame being faster by 5-20 m/s.
GLOBAL TESTS FOR COMBINATION DRUG STUDIES IN FACTORIAL TRIALS

To test the hypothesis that there are some studied dose combinations more effective in treating a disease than their respective component doses of two drugs, Hung, Chi and Lipicky proposed two α-level tests for normally distributed data. This paper extends the utilities of these tests to the outcome variable that has variance as a function of its mean, such as with a binomially distributed outcome, and to incomplete factorial design settings where some cells are not studied. I explore the impacts of excluding cells from study on the power performances of these tests.
Welcome to the Entropics: Boot-Time Entropy in Embedded Devices

We present three techniques for extracting entropy during boot on embedded devices. Our first technique times the execution of code blocks early in the Linux kernel boot process. It is simple to implement and has a negligible runtime overhead, but, on many of the devices we test, gathers hundreds of bits of entropy. Our second and third techniques, which run in the bootloader, use hardware features - DRAM decay behavior and PLL locking latency, respectively -- and are therefore less portable and less generally applicable, but their behavior is easier to explain based on physically unpredictable processes. We implement and measure the effectiveness of our techniques on ARM-, MIPS-, and AVR32-based systems-on-a-chip from a variety of vendors.
A generalized three-dimensional Hoek–Brown strength criterion

Although the Hoek–Brown strength criterion has been widely used in rock mechanics and rock engineering, it does not take account of the influence of the intermediate principal stress. Much evidence, however, has been accumulating to indicate that the intermediate principal stress does influence the rock strength in many instances. Therefore, researchers have developed three-dimensional (3D) versions of the Hoek–Brown strength criterion. In this paper, three existing 3D versions of the Hoek–Brown strength criterion are reviewed and evaluated. The evaluation shows that all of the three 3D versions of the Hoek–Brown strength criterion have limitations. To address the limitations, a generalized 3D Hoek–Brown criterion is proposed by modifying the generalized Hoek–Brown strength criterion. The proposed 3D criterion not only inherits the advantages of the Hoek–Brown strength criterion but can take account of the influence of the intermediate principal stress. At a 2D stress state (triaxial or biaxial), the proposed 3D criterion will simply reduce to the form of the generalized Hoek–Brown strength criterion. To validate the proposed 3D strength criterion, polyaxial or true triaxial compression test data of intact rocks and jointed rock masses has been collected from the published literature. Predictions of the proposed generalized 3D Hoek–Brown strength criterion are in good agreement with the test data for a range of different rock types. The difference of the proposed generalized 3D Hoek–Brown strength criterion from and its advantages over the existing 3D versions of the Hoek–Brown strength criterion are also discussed. It should be noted that the proposed 3D criterion is empirical in nature because it is an extension of the 2D Hoek–Brown strength criterion, which is empirical. Because of the non-convexity of the yield surface for a biaxial stress state, the proposed 3D criterion may have problems with some stress paths.
FDTD Computational Study of Ultra-Narrow TM Non-Paraxial Spatial Soliton Interactions

We consider the interaction between two (1+1)D ultra-narrow optical spatial solitons in a nonlinear dispersive medium using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method for the transverse magnetic (TM) polarization. The model uses the general vector auxiliary differential equation (GVADE) approach to include multiple electric-field components, a Kerr nonlinearity, and multiple-pole Lorentz and Raman dispersive terms. This study is believed to be the first considering narrow soliton interaction dynamics for the TM case using the GVADE FDTD method, and our findings demonstrate the utility of GVADE simulation in the design of soliton-based optical switches.
Effects of Feeding Dried Municipal Sludge to Broiler-Type Chicks and Laying Hens

Abstract Day-old color-sexed broiler chicks were used in two experiments of 3 weeks duration to measure the effects of various levels of Chicago sludge and reagent grade minerals upon performance. Levels of 0, 3, or 6% Chicago sludge were substituted, into the basal diet while equivalent nutrient levels were maintained. Four additional treatments in Experiment 1 and five in Experiment 2 contained the amounts of cadmium, chromium, copper, and iron from reagent sources equivalent to the levels of these elements furnished to the diet when 6% sludge was added. A check analysis of the Chicago sludge resulted in the feeding of two iron levels in the second experiment. In Experiment 1, the feeding of 2992 mg/kg of dietary iron or 150 mg/kg chromium from reagent sources resulted in significant body weight depressions. Only the feed intake of the birds receiving the supplemental iron was significantly below that of the control group. In Experiment 2, both iron levels (2993 mg/kg and 2196 mg/kg) significantly depressed body weights and daily feed intake. The inclusion of 6% Chicago sludge had no effect upon bird performance in either experiment. The cadmium and iron treatments of both experiments resulted in elevated liver and kidney levels of these minerals in proportion to their level of supplementation. There was also a trend of increased cadmium levels in the liver and kidney resulting from feeding increased sludge levels; however, the utilization rate from sludge appeared to be only approximately 20%. Two levels of Chicago sludge and various levels of supplemental reagent grade minerals were also fed to caged White Leghorn hens in two experiments. Six dietary treatments were fed for an 84-day period in Experiment 1 and 112 days in the second experiment. Levels of 3.5 and 7% Chicago sludge were substituted into the basal diet. In addition, amounts of cadmium, chromium, or copper equal to those found in the 7% sludge diet were fed as additional treatments using reagent sources. Iron from ferrous sulfate comprised an additional treatment in the second experiment. In the first experiment, hen production criteria were not significantly influenced by any of the dietary treatments. Egg weights and specific gravity were no t significantly influenced by any of the dietary treatments, while daily feed intake was significantly reduced by the iron level fed. Mineral analyses of eggs from the hens of Experiment 1 did not indicate an effect from any of the dietary additions. In contrast, the tissue mineral concentrations found in Experiment 1 indicated that increased mineral stores would result from Chicago sludge and reagent mineral feeding.
Information fusion by combining multiple features and classifiers

Information fusion by combining multiple sensor data and classifiers has received considerable interest in recent years. It is believed to be an effective way to design pattern recognition systems with high recognition accuracy, reliability, and robustness, to deal with the variance-bias dilemma, to handle different sensor or feature types and scales, and to maximally exploit the discriminant power of individual features and classifiers (experts). This paper provides a brief survey and a taxonomy of various schemes, which are characterized by their (1) architecture, (2) selection and training of individual classifiers, and (3) combiner's characteristics. Recent work on theoretical analysis on combination schemes is also briefly summarized.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Wireless in vivo EMG sensor for intelligent prosthetic control

High-quality real-time muscle activity signals are important for advanced natural control of intelligent powered prosthetic limbs. This paper presents a wireless implantable electromyogram (EMG) sensing microsystem design for intelligent myoelectric control of powered prostheses. The implantable system, consisting of two Pt-Ir epimysial EMG electrodes, a custom-designed ASIC and an RF coil, is capable of wirelessly transmitting digitized EMG data to an external receiver. The prototype microsystem is powered by a near-field inductive link operating at 8 MHz with 10% DC power transfer efficiency. On-chip rectification and regulation produce stable 2V and 2.7V supplies with a DC current driving capability up to 100 µA. The EMG electrodes are interfaced with a differential capacitively-coupled amplifier exhibiting a 38 dB closedloop gain, 1 kHz bandwidth, and 78 nV/√Hz input-referred noise floor. The amplified EMG signal is then digitized by an 11-bit algorithmic ADC, followed by Manchester encoding and wireless data transmission to an external receiver by using passive phase shift keying (PSK) modulation scheme over the same wireless link as the inductive powering system. Animal testing demonstrates that the prototype system can wirelessly detect real-time EMG activity signals from a laboratory rat hind limb with a minimum detectable signal of 20 μV RMS , limited by the EMG background noise.
A martingale decomposition for quadratic forms of Markov chains (with applications)

Abstract We develop a martingale-based decomposition for a general class of quadratic forms of Markov chains, which resembles the well-known Hoeffding decomposition of U -statistics of i.i.d. data up to a reminder term. To illustrate the applicability of our results, we discuss how this decomposition may be used to studying the large-sample properties of certain statistics in two problems: (i) we examine the asymptotic behavior of lag-window estimators in time series, and (ii) we derive an asymptotic linear representation and limiting distribution of U -statistics with varying kernels in time series. We also discuss simplified examples of interest in statistics and econometrics.
Calcium-dependent and calcium-independent adhesive mechanisms are present during initial binding events of neural retina cells.

The hypothesis that intercellular adhesion can be subdivided into two separable phenomena, an initial recognition event and a subsequent stabilization, is supported by the use of a new cell binding assay that provides a quantitative measure of intercellular binding strengths. Radioactive single cells are brought into contact with cell monolayers at 4°C in sealed compartments. The compartments are inverted and a centrifugal force is then applied tending to dislodge the probe cells from the monolayers. By varying the speed of centrifugation, the force maintaining associations between embryonic chick neural retina cells was determined to be on the order of 10−5 dynes after incubation at 4°C. Brief incubations at 37°C resulted in significant strengthening of the intercellular bond. Using this cell binding assay, neural retina cells were shown to exhibit both a Ca++-independent and a Ca++-dependent mechanism in their initial binding to one another.
The mechanism of coronary collateral vasoconstriction in response to cyclooxygenase blockade.

The present study was performed to examine the mechanism by which cyclooxygenase blockade produces vasoconstriction in well-developed coronary collateral vessels. Eight dogs were studied 4 to 6 months after occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) had been performed to stimulate collateral vessel growth. At the time of study, the LAD was cannulated at the site of occlusion for measurement of retrograde blood flow as an index of collateral blood flow. Levels of 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha were 32 +/- 13% higher in blood diverted from the collateral-dependent LAD than in aortic blood (P < .05); the increase in this stable product of prostacyclin metabolism indicated production of prostacyclin across the coronary collateral system. Administration of arachidonic acid into the left main coronary artery to reach collateral vessels entering the LAD resulted in a 21 +/- 6% increase in retrograde flow (P < .01), demonstrating cyclooxygenase activity with production of vasodilator prostaglandins in the collateral system. Ibuprofen (10 mg/kg IV) caused a 55 +/- 7% decrease in retrograde flow (P < .03), suggesting that cyclooxygenase blockade inhibited tonic production of vasodilator prostaglandins in the collateral system. In contrast, neither thromboxane synthase inhibition with dazmegrel nor thromboxane receptor blockade with SQ 30741 caused a significant change in collateral flow, thus failing to support thromboxane-induced collateral constriction. After cyclooxygenase blockade, prostacyclin infused into the left main coronary artery was able to restore retrograde flow to the preibuprofen level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Oxidation Behavior of Silver- and Copper-Based Brazing Filler Metals for Silicon Nitride/Metal Joints

The oxidation behavior of reactive-element-containing brazing filler metals at 600°C was studied. Weight-gain measurements coupled with scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis indicated the formation of a nonprotective oxide on the following three ternary alloys: (i) Cu-80%, Sn-10%, Ti-10%; (ii) Ag–Cu eutectic + 5% Ti; and (iii) Ag–Cu eutectic + 5% Zr. Additions of Ni and Si to these alloys failed to reduce spallation. However, a protective oxide was formed by adding Al. The resultant quaternary alloys possessed excellent flow properties on silicon nitride.
Geolocating Static Cameras

A key problem in widely distributed camera networks is locating the cameras. This paper considers three scenarios for camera localization: localizing a camera in an unknown environment, adding a new camera in a region with many other cameras, and localizing a camera by finding correlations with satellite imagery. We find that simple summary statistics (the time course of principal component coefficients) are sufficient to geolocate cameras without determining correspondences between cameras or explicitly reasoning about weather in the scene. We present results from a database of images from 538 cameras collected over the course of a year. We find that for cameras that remain stationary and for which we have accurate image times- tamps, we can localize most cameras to within 50 miles of the known location. In addition, we demonstrate the use of a distributed camera network in the construction a map of weather conditions.
DELINQUENCY AND SPECIAL DETERRENCE

The research reported herein is a replication of Cluster's (1967) work. The deference is that we recast the interpretation into a framework of special deterrence. The results are paradoxical: relative to others, training school boys give higher estimates of the likelihood of offenses culminating in arrest and conviction, but they are more likely to say that they would commit such offenses in the future.