cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Individual-Level and Clinic-Level Factors Associated With Achieving Glycemic Control in a Large Cohort of People With HIV in Care-Washington, DC.

BACKGROUND Optimal management of noncommunicable diseases, including diabetes mellitus (DM), is crucially important as people with HIV (PWH) live longer with antiretroviral therapy. Our objective was to assess patient-level and clinic-level factors associated with achieving hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ≤7.0% among PWH and DM. SETTING The DC Cohort, an observational clinical cohort of PWH, followed from 2011 to 2019 at 12 sites in Washington, DC. METHODS Among PWH with diagnosed DM and elevated HbA1c (>7.0%), we examined the association between achieving HbA1c ≤7.0% and demographic and clinical factors, including time-updated medication data, and clinic-level factors related to services and structure. A multilevel marginal extended Cox regression model was generated to identify factors associated with time to HbA1c ≤7.0%. RESULTS Over half (52.3%) of 419 participants achieved HbA1c ≤7.0%. Individual-level factors associated with HbA1c ≤7.0% included a diagnosis of DM after enrollment and a longer time since HIV diagnosis [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.65 and 1.13, P < 0.05 for both]. Attending a clinic with an endocrinologist was associated with the outcome [adjusted HR (aHR) = 1.41 95% confidence interval (CI): (1.01 to 1.97)]. In addition, comparing clinics that treat everyone, refer everyone or have a mix of treating and referring, showed an association between attending a clinic that treats everyone [aHR = 1.52 95% CI: (1.21 to 1.90)] or a clinic that refers everyone [aHR = 2.24 95% CI: (1.63 to 3.07)] compared with clinics with a mix in achieving glycemic control. CONCLUSION Multiple factors are associated with achieving glycemic control in an urban cohort of PWH. Determining if specific services or structures improve DM outcomes may improve health outcomes for PWH and DM.
Processing Code-Switches in the Presence of Others: An ERP Study

Code-switching is highly socially constrained. For instance, code-switching is only felicitous when those present are fluent in both languages. This means that bilinguals need to dynamically adjust their language control and expectation of code-switching to the current social situation or context. The aim of the present EEG study was to investigate how and when language control in the comprehension of code-switches is affected by the assumed language knowledge of others in the context. Spanish-English bilinguals read sentences with and without code-switches together with another Spanish-English bilingual or with an English monolingual. Switches elicited an early fronto-central positivity. This effect was smaller overall when a bilingual was present at the start of the study. In addition, the late positive complex found for switches was smaller when a bilingual was present rather than a monolingual, but only for those participants who were sensitive to the other's language knowledge in their off-line judgments. These findings suggest that the bilinguals in our study expected and activated both languages when initially paired with a bilingual and that they more easily accommodated code-switches, in the presence of a bilingual than in the presence of a monolingual. Our findings support the view that language control can be modulated by the perceived language knowledge of others present, and are compatible with a dynamic control model of bilingual language comprehension.
A Hybrid Control Framework for Large-Scale Battery Integration to the Power System for Stability Analysis

The increasing penetration of renewable energy sources in the grid can raise the likelihood of instability in the power grid, e.g. small signal and voltage instability incidents. To study the effect of BESS integration on the grid and power system behavior, accurate battery modeling plays a key role. As the majority of power system studies including small signal stability analysis is carried out in the d-q axes, a precise model of the battery in the d-q axes is necessary. The lack of parametric based models of the battery in d-q axes makes stability analysis more challenging especially as the contributions of batteries in power systems are growing rapidly. In this paper, we develop an analytical model for the battery and its inverter in d-q axes. To validate the fidelity of the model, we simulate both the original and the obtained d-q models and compare the simulation results. Also, a hybrid control framework based on the presented battery model is proposed for stabilization of the power grid.
Superconductivity in a misfit phase that combines the topological crystalline insulator Pb1-xSnxSe with the CDW-bearing transition metal dichalcogenide TiSe2

We report the characterization of the misfit compound (Pb1−xSnxSe2)1.16(TiSe2)2 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.6, in which a [100] rocksalt-structure bilayer of Pb1−xSnxSe, which is a topological crystalline insulator in bulk form, alternates with a double layer of the normally non-superconducting transition metal dichalcogenide TiSe2. The x dependence of Tc displays a weak dome-like shape with a maximum Tc of 4.5 K at x = 0.2; there is only a subtle change in Tc at the composition where the trivial to topological transition occurs in bulk Pb1−xSnxSe. We present the characterization of the superconductor at x = 0.4, for which the bulk Pb1−xSnxSe phase is in the topological crystalline insulator regime. For this material, the Sommerfeld parameter γ = 11.06 mJ mol−1 K−2, the Debye temperature ΘD = 161 K, the normalized specific heat jump value ΔC/γTc = 1.38 and the electron–phonon constant value λep = 0.72, suggesting that (Pb0.6Sn0.4Se)1.16(TiSe2)2 is a BCS-type weak coupling superconductor. This material may be of interes...
Metabolic engineering of Yarrowia lipolytica for the production of isoprene

Yarrowia lipolytica has recently emerged as a prominent microbial host for production of terpenoids. Its robust metabolism and growth in wide range of substrates offer several advantages at industrial scale. In the present study, we investigate the metabolic potential of Y. lipolytica to produce isoprene. Sustainable production of isoprene has been attempted through engineering several microbial hosts; however, the engineering studies performed so far are challenged with low titers. Engineering of Y. lipolytica, which have inherent high acetyl-CoA flux could fuel precursors into the biosynthesis of isoprene and thus is an approach that would offer sustainable production opportunities. The present work, therefore, explores this opportunity wherein a codon-optimized IspS gene (single copy) of Pueraria montana was integrated into the Y. lipolytica genome. With no detectable isoprene level during the growth or stationary phase of modified strain, attempts were made to overexpress enzymes from MVA pathway. GC-FID analyses of gas collected during stationary phase revealed that engineered strains were able to produce detectable isoprene only after overexpressing HMGR (or tHMGR). The significant role of HMGR (tHMGR) in diverting the pathway flux toward DMAPP is thus highlighted in our study. Nevertheless, the final recombinant strains overexpressing HMGR (tHMGR) along with Erg13 and IDI showed isoprene titers of ~500 μg/L and yields of ~80 μg/g. Further characterization of the recombinant strains revealed high lipid and squalene content compared to the unmodified strain. Overall, the preliminary results of our laboratory-scale studies represent Y. lipolytica as a promising host for fermentative production of isoprene.
Plasma processing for advanced microelectronics beyond CMOS

The scientific study of plasma discharges and their material interactions has been crucial to the development of semiconductor process engineering and, by extension, the entire microelectronics industry. In recent years, the proliferation of the big data business model has led to heightened interest in technology candidates with the potential to supplant CMOS architectures in critical metrics such as computational capacity or power consumption. These novel technologies share many common material elements with existing logic and memory devices, but the impact of mass fabrication techniques on their performance is largely unknown due to differences in the underlying physics of their operation. Two components are thus vital to this endeavor: fundamental evaluation of any emerging plasma process interactions and the ability to tailor any aspect of the plasma process necessary to produce the desired specifications. In this article, we review relevant advances in the study of plasma-induced damage mechanisms as well as characterization methods such as diagnostic probes and simulation tools. We also provide an outlook for the application of techniques such as plasma doping, area-selective etch/deposition, and heterogeneous integration. The frontiers of any new computing paradigms can only be explored through a focus on atomic scale engineering, and progress in the field of plasma science supplies the necessary toolset.
Prevalence and Correlates of Sexual Violence Experienced by Young Adult Black Men Who Have Sex with Men

Men who have sex with men (MSM) experience high prevalence of sexual violence (SV), and SV has well-documented effects on health. Research gaps are especially evident for young Black MSM (YBMSM), who experience significant HIV disparities and syndemics, including multiple forms of violence victimization. We examined lifetime prevalence of SV (having been forced or frightened into sexual activity) in a cross-sectional sample of YBMSM (N = 1732), and tested associations of demographic, psychosocial, and structural factors using multivariable regression. YBMSM were recruited between 2013 and 2015 using modified venue-based time-location sampling (e.g., at bars and clubs) in Dallas and Houston, Texas. Approximately 17% of YBMSM experienced any SV in their lifetimes. SV was associated with high school non-completion (OR 1.78; 95% CI 1.15–2.77), lower psychological resilience (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.71–0.98), lifetime history of homelessness (OR 5.52; 95% CI 3.80–8.02), recent financial hardship (OR 2.16; 95% CI 1.48–3.14), and recent transactional sex (OR 3.87; 95% CI 2.43–6.15). We also examined differences by age of SV onset (childhood versus adulthood). YBMSM with adolescent/emerging adult-onset SV may have been more ambivalent in reporting lifetime SV experience, compared to men with childhood-onset SV, and correlates differed by age of onset. Childhood-onset SV was associated with high school non-completion, lower levels of psychological resilience, history of homelessness, recent financial hardship, and recent transactional sex. Adolescent/emerging adult-onset SV was associated with greater depressive symptoms, history of homelessness, and recent financial hardship. There is a need for multi-level approaches to SV prevention and treatment, including services and supports that are culturally-relevant and responsive to the needs of YBMSM.
The Graffiti of Tikal, Guatemala

Graffito (plural, graffiti) derives from the Italian "graffito" meaning scratch or scribble. Art historical studies outside the area of Maya studies have traditionally distinguished graffiti from more formal types of writing, drawing and painting. Likewise, in Tikal, on the basis of formal style or technique, the architectural graffiti are separable from what appear to be the more deliberately conceived and valued forms of art, the material upon which most of the art history of Tikal will be written. Maya graffiti are among the least recognized and poorest preserved of the Maya modes of drawing and painting. The incised, gouged punctuate, painted and printed architectural graffiti of Tikal represent the largest known collection of Maya graffiti. Architectural graffiti is distinguished here from other forms of graffiti appearing on portable objects such as shells, ceramics and obsidians found in Tikal. Many of the centers listed in Chart 1 are represented by a single graffito and some major Maya art centers are conspicuously absent from this list. Maya graffiti have not been carefully recorded and an undetermined number of centers not included in Chart 1 may have unreported graffiti. Graffiti, in fact, appear to be a common and expectable feature of Maya centers; they appear almost everywhere that plaster walls, vaults and floor surfaces are preserved and searched specifically for graffiti. The lack of any concentrated survey and research into the distribution of Maya graffiti, their relationship to Maya art and the meaning graffiti might have in the reconstruction of Maya civilization, is reflected in the few brief and dispersed references to Maya graffiti in the bibliography on Maya art.
The Road to Independence for Kosovo: A Chronicle of the Ahtisaari Plan

1. Riots in Kosovo 2. Albanian resentment comes to a boil 3. Armed conflict grows 4. Ceasefire breaks down 5. Establishing the United Nations' first colony 6. Living under a colonial regime 7. The politics of Purgatory 8. Enter Martti Ahtisaari 9. The stage for final status 10. 'Practical' negotiations 11. Negotiations over status itself 12. The Ahtisaari Plan 13. The Plan runs into trouble 14. The Troika takes over 15. Independence Day 16. Kosovo's future 17. Implications for the international order.
Aging of dual mode resonator for microcomputer compensated crystal oscillator

A microcomputer compensated crystal oscillator (MCXO) utilizes the dual c-mode excitation (fundamental mode and 3rd overtone (OT)) of an SC-cut resonator for self-temperature sensing and compensation. The long-term stability of the MCXO depends primarily on the aging of the dual mode resonator. When two modes age differently in time, the aging MCXO's output frequency curve would shift with a tilt over its operating temperature range. In this paper, we report the aging of the dual modes of the 20 MHz 3rd OT SC-cut MCXO resonators. The resonators were measured over the -55degC ~ +85degC temperature range with the self-temperature sensing technique utilized for the MCXO. The measured aging of the two modes ranges from 0.083 ppb to 0.386 ppb per day. The fundamental mode shows more aging than the OT. Observing the different aging of the two modes is not surprising since the mode shape effect and stress relief would be different between the two modes. The different aging rates exacerbate the long-term aging in the MCXO by increasing the offset more than the worse aging rate of the two
Online remote control systems for static and dynamic compression and decompression using diamond anvil cells

The ability to remotely control pressure in diamond anvil cells (DACs) in accurate and consistent manner at room temperature, as well as at cryogenic and elevated temperatures, is crucial for effective and reliable operation of a high-pressure synchrotron facility such as High Pressure Collaborative Access Team (HPCAT). Over the last several years, a considerable effort has been made to develop instrumentation for remote and automated pressure control in DACs during synchrotron experiments. We have designed and implemented an array of modular pneumatic (double-diaphragm), mechanical (gearboxes), and piezoelectric devices and their combinations for controlling pressure and compression/decompression rate at various temperature conditions from 4 K in cryostats to several thousand Kelvin in laser-heated DACs. Because HPCAT is a user facility and diamond cells for user experiments are typically provided by users, our development effort has been focused on creating different loading mechanisms and frames for a variety of existing and commonly used diamond cells rather than designing specialized or dedicated diamond cells with various drives. In this paper, we review the available instrumentation for remote static and dynamic pressure control in DACs and show some examples of their applications to high pressure research.
β-Propiolactone Vapor Decontamination

Although β-propiolactone (BPL) is an effective vapor-phase decontaminant for enclosed areas, some problems have been encountered in its use. Adequate air circulation during BPL dissemination could eliminate most of these problems. It is recommended that, when decontaminating the ordinary building or laboratory, the amount of BPL sprayed be changed from the previously suggested 1 gal/16,000 cubic ft of space to 1 gal/25,000 cubic ft. The use of aqueous BPL solutions and thermal-type generators is not recommended.
The Media and Suicide: A Nonadditive Model, 1968-1980.

Unlike previous work, the present investigation tests a nonadditive model of the suggestion/imitation. Suicide stories are predicted to have the greatest effect on suicide in times of high suicidogenic conditions. The latter are measured in terms of unemployment. Data on the American monthly suicide rate are analyzed using Cochrane Orcutt techniques. While support was found for the nonadditive model based on an interaction effect between media stories and the rate of unemployment, it did not prove more powerful than an additive model. Future work is needed, however, for a systematic testing of the nonadditive thesis.
Penicillium mycelium waste as protein supplement in animals.

Dried Penicillium mycelium served as a protein source in animal diet when it was supplemented at 7.5% protein level along with 7.5% protein level from peanut meal. Under these conditions, the food consumption was optimal, and the rat growth response was comparable with 15% casein diet. The role of peanut meal appears to be twofold; it makes the mycelium diet more palatable and it supplies protein. The amino acids, lysine and threonine, which are found to be limiting in peanut meal, are reported to be present in the Penicillium mycelium. This type of formulation affords considerable economic advantage because both the peanut meal and the Penicillium mycelium are by-products and, therefore, are inexpensive sources of protein. Images
Is thermospheric global cooling caused by gravity waves

[1] We analyze ion temperature data near 350 km altitude over the years 1966–2012 to seek explanations for three outstanding questions concerning the long-term cooling observed in the upper thermosphere: (1) Why is the cooling so much larger than expected, (2) why has the cooling lasted so long, and (3) why is the thermospheric density response to the cooling so small? We speculate that gravity waves may cause this cooling and provide answers to these questions. Recent simulations have shown that gravity waves are expected to cool the upper thermosphere by an amount comparable to that observed over our data timeline. A gravity wave proxy formed from the nontidal fluctuations in temperature shows a positive long-term trend throughout its timeline, consistent with the increasing cooling observed. The time scales of the long-term trend and its decadal fluctuations are characteristic of the ocean, not the atmosphere. We suggest that the following scenario may explain these behaviors: (a) the climate regime shift of 1976–1977 launched slow Rossby waves across the oceans which continue to propagate to this day, (b) winds over this increasingly corrugated ocean have launched increasing fluxes of gravity waves into the atmosphere, and (c) these increasing fluxes of gravity waves have propagated to the thermosphere to produce increasing amounts of cooling. The strong thermospheric cooling seen would be expected to produce thermospheric density declines much larger than those observed via satellite drag. These temperature and density results would be compatible if the turbopause were lowered 4 km over the time span of observations.
Remote submission and parallel computation of fluorescent image reconstruction of breast cancer

ABSTRACT This paper describes a software system currently being developed at Clemson University in which a client provides recently obtained data to a remote server running a compute-intensive algorithm. To improve performance and speed up delivery of the results, the server distributes the data among multiple sub-server processors and assembles partial output from each processor into a coherent whole before sending the final results to the client. To demonstrate the capabilities of the system, a specific application is presented in this paper: a fluorescence image reconstruction system for breast cancer detection. An experimental instrument optically scans the patients breast and generates some files of experimental data which are then sent to the server via the web. The data is processed by the numerical finite-element based algorithm running in parallel on a server and several sub-servers at Clemson. The algorithm is based on a set of coupled diffusion equations which are used to describe the propagation of excitation and fluorescent emission light in multiply scattering media (such as a breast). The algorithm reconstructs the fluorescence image of the breast in parallel. The resulting fluorescence lifetime and quantum yield mapping data can be sent back to the doctor for image display and analysis. This paper describes the numerical algorithm briefly and the software system which uses Java servlets to collect the data from the client and remote method invocation (Java RMI) to distribute the data to multiple processors. The output of the numerical algorithm, combined with the co rresponding finite element mesh information, are input into a mathematical software package called Matlab which is used to produce the final images. Experiments are performed using indocyanine green (ICG) dye and tissue-like phantoms in both single- and multi-target configurations. Phantom experimental results of both lifetime and quantum yield are shown in this paper. Future work includes a refinement of the algorithm to incorporate adaptive mesh techniques. The expectation is that such techniques will improve the accuracy of the reconstructed images. Key words: Image reconstruction techniques; Mammography; Medical optics instrumentation; Tomography; Parallel and distributed computation; Web application.
Creating Global Mechanical Engineers Through New Education-Industry Partnerships

A new language-based global undergraduate mechanical engineering education program is being developed to produce “globally educated” mechanical engineers ready for practice in the 21st century. The Global Education Program is accomplished through partnerships established with middle and high schools, companies, a network of international engineering schools and Michigan State University. Typically the incoming students have studied French, Spanish, or German, but we also find students in increasing numbers who have had Japanese and Chinese. The MSU Mechanical Engineering Global Education Program begins by partnering with key middle and high schools for recruiting of top quality, properly prepared students. At Michigan State University during the first two years they complete their language preparation and their cultural awareness preparation. In the third year the students study and co-op abroad. In the fourth year the students serve as mentors to underclass students in the program. Industrial partners participate by sponsoring students, recommending international academic partners, helping in the development of curriculum, and by providing co-op opportunities. This partnership for education program has the long term goal of involving 50% of the MSU Mechanical Engineering BS graduates in a global education experience.Copyright © 1997 by ASME
Addressing critical astrophysical problems with NASA's small explorer (SMEX) missions

Abstract The Small Explorer (SMEX) program of NASA was initiated during the late 1980s to provide frequent, cost-effective opportunities to carry out sharply focused and relatively space science missions. The SMEX program together with the Mid-size Explorer (MIDEX) program were timely reactions to the increasingly long development times and cost over-runs for a number of large space missions during the previous decades. SMEX spacecrafts are typically 180 to 250 kg with orbit-averaged power consumptions of 50–200 watts. Frequently innovative or novel technologies and instrumentation are employed to achieve important results. The current cost cap (which includes cost of launch vehicle, development and operations) is $75M (Fiscal Year 2000 $US). For comparison, the cost cap of the MIDEX mission is $135M. Both SMEX and MIDEX are solicited Principal Investigator (PI) missions that are peer-reviewed before selection. The SMEX program is supported by the NASA's Office of Space Research (OSS) and a wide spectrum of science is addressed. The themes include Origin and Evolution of Stars and Planets, the Structure and Evolution of the Universe, and the Sun-Earth Connection. Within these major themes, the missions may also focus on fundamental laws of physics as they relate to astrophysics and cosmology. So far, seven SMEX missions have been flown or are approved for flight within one or two years. In this paper, the past, current, and possible future SMEX missions are discussed and evaluated. Some highlights and important scientific returns from the current and approved missions are also included.
Display, Packaging, and Meat Block Location Effects on Color and Lipid Oxidation of Frozen Lean Ground Beef

Ground beef chuck (15% fat) was packaged (500g) in vacuum bags, Saran WrapTM overwrapped with aluminum foil or polyvinyl chloride (PVC), exposed to retail display light (4°C) for 24 hr and then held frozen (−18°C) for 52 wk. Instrumental and visual color of PVC-packaged beef was affected most by display and by frozen storage. During frozen storage, as oxygen permeability of packaging material increased, TBA, visual brownness, and metmyoglobin increased while visual redness, acceptability, a* value, red color contributed by oxyrnyoglobin, and deoxymyoglobin decreased. Location on the meat block (exterior vs interior) affected (p<0.05) visual red and brown color, lightness, and acceptability, L*, a*, and b*, and TBA values.
Design, synthesis, and analysis of disulfide cross-linked DNA duplexes

The design, synthesis, and analysis of analogs of d(CGCGAATTCGCG)2 possessing one or two intrahelical disulfide cross-links is reported. The cross-linked oligomers were prepared by first synthesizing duplexes where the 3‘- and 5‘-terminal bases of the parent sequence were replaced with N3-thioethylthymidine. Following deprotection and purification, air oxidation afforded the desired cross-linked constructs in high yield. Analysis of both the oxidized (disulfide cross-linked) and reduced (thiol modified) duplexes by UV, circular dichroism, and NMR spectroscopies along with susceptibility to EcoRI cleavage indicates that the modifications are not structurally perturbing. Optical thermal denaturation and differential scanning calorimetry measurements suggest that introducing disulfide cross-link(s) into d(CGCGAATTCGCG)2 does, however, cause two fundamental changes. First, the cross-link(s) increase the thermal stability of the modified duplexes by changing the molecularity of denaturation without an increase...
Faulty-Tolerant Computing: An Overview

The discipline of fault-tolerant computing would be unnecessary if computer hardware and programs would always behave in perfect agreement with the designer's or programmer's intentions. However, imperfections of computer systems and program "bugs" have been with us since the first computer was built, and fault tolerance will remain an important objective as long as computers are in demand.
Effects of periodic forcing on delayed bifurcations

This work is concerned with the rigorous analysis of the effects of small periodic forcing (perturbations) on the dynamical systems which present some interesting phenomena known as delayed bifurcations. We study the dynamical behavior of the system $$\begin{gathered} \frac{{\partial u}}{{\partial t}} = f\left( {u, I_i + \varepsilon t} \right) + \varepsilon g\left( {u, I_i + \varepsilon t, \varepsilon , t} \right) \hfill \\ \left. {u\left( t \right)} \right|_{t = 0} = u_0 \left( {I_i } \right) + O\left( \varepsilon \right) \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ (0.1) whereu0(I) is the solution off(u0(I), I)=0 andI(t)=Ii+et is a slowly varying parameter that moves past a critical pointI_ of the system so that the linear stability aroundu0(I) changes from stable to unstable atI_. General results are given with respect to the effects of the perturbation eg(u,I(t),e, t) to several important types of dynamical systems $$\frac{{\partial u}}{{\partial t}} = f\left( {u,I_i + \varepsilon t} \right)$$ (0.2) which present dynamical patterns that there exist persistent unstable solutions in the dynamical systems (delayed bifurcations) in contrast to bifurcations in the classical sense. It is shown that (1) the delayed bifurcations persist if the frequency ofg(…,…,…,t) ont is a constantΩ which is not a resonant frequency; (2) in case the frequency ofg(…,…,…,t) ont isΩ=Ω(Ii+et) that is slowly varying, the resonance frequencies where the delayed bifurcations might be destructed are shifted downward or upward depending onΩ′(I_)>0 orΩ′(I_)<0; and (3) delayed pitchfork (simple eigenvalue) bifurcations occur in a codimension one parameter family of periodic perturbations. (1) is a rigorous analysis of the results in [3], (2) is a new and interesting phenomenon, and (3) is a generalization of the results of Diener [8] and Schecter [19].
FLUORESCENCE SENSING OF A RIBONUCLEOSIDE 5'-TRIPHOSPHATE

Abstract Conjugation of a fluorescent saccharide sensor to poly(allylamine) produces a sensing compound with selectivity for ribonucleoside 5′-triphosphate. An association constant (log K a ) of 5.6 was determined for uridine 5′-triphosphate in pH 7.3 phosphate solution (15 mM, 298 K), whereas log K a was less than 2 for uridine, uridine 5′-monophosphate, and uridine 5′-diphosphate. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Experimental measurements in a large separation bubble due to a simulated glaze ice shape

The effect of a simulated glaze ice accretion on the aerodynamic performance of a NACA 0012 airfoil was studied experimentally. Two ice shapes were tested, one from an experimentally measured accretion and one from an accretion predicted using a computer model given the same icing conditions. Lift, drag and moment coefficients were measured for the airfoil with both ice shapes, smooth and rough. The aerodynamic performance of the two shapes compared well at positive, but not negative, angles of attack. Split hot-film probe velocity data were presented in the upper surface boundary layer and in the wake. Boundary layer parameters were presented for the separation bubble and in the reattached turbulent boundary layer.
Immersed boundary methods for simulating fluid-structure interaction

Abstract Fluid–structure interaction (FSI) problems commonly encountered in engineering and biological applications involve geometrically complex flexible or rigid bodies undergoing large deformations. Immersed boundary (IB) methods have emerged as a powerful simulation tool for tackling such flows due to their inherent ability to handle arbitrarily complex bodies without the need for expensive and cumbersome dynamic re-meshing strategies. Depending on the approach such methods adopt to satisfy boundary conditions on solid surfaces they can be broadly classified as diffused and sharp interface methods. In this review, we present an overview of the fundamentals of both classes of methods with emphasis on solution algorithms for simulating FSI problems. We summarize and juxtapose different IB approaches for imposing boundary conditions, efficient iterative algorithms for solving the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in the presence of dynamic immersed boundaries, and strong and loose coupling FSI strategies. We also present recent results from the application of such methods to study a wide range of problems, including vortex-induced vibrations, aquatic swimming, insect flying, human walking and renewable energy. Limitations of such methods and the need for future research to mitigate them are also discussed.
Dietary Guidance Workshop Helps Tribal Program Cooks Make Changes

Nutrition educators need to view tribal program cooks as important food and nutrition gatekeepers for their clients, families, and communities. They need to train these cooks using a variety of educational techniques, including culturally sensitive food preparation sessions and classroom activities to increase cooks' knowledge and skills, enhance their self-esteem, and improve their attitudes about cooking more healthfully.
Measuring L2 Lexical Growth Using Hypernymic Relationships

This study investigated second language (L2) lexical development in the spontaneous speech of six adult, L2 English learners in a 1-year longitudinal study. One important aspect of lexical development is lexical organization and depth of knowledge. Hypernymic relations, the hierarchical relationships among related words that vary in relation to their semantic specificity (e.g., Golden Retriever vs. dog vs. animal), are an important indicator of both lexical organization and depth of knowledge. Thus, this study used hypernymy values from the WordNet database and a lexical diversity measure to analyze lexical development. Statistical analyses in this study indicated that both hypernymic relations and lexical diversity in L2 learners increase over time. Additionally, lexical diversity and hypernymic values correlated significantly, suggesting that as learners' lexicons grow, learners have access to a wider range of hypernymy levels. These findings are discussed in relation to developing abstractness in language, extending hypernymic knowledge, and the growth of lexical networks.
Static sublimation purification process and characterization of LiZnP semiconductor material

Abstract Refinement of the class A I B II C V materials continue as a candidate for solid-state neutron detectors. Such a device would have greater efficiency, in a compact form, than present day gas-filled 3 He and 10 BF 3 detectors. The 6 Li( n , t ) 4 He reaction yields a total Q value of 4.78 MeV, larger than 10 B, and easily identified above background radiations. Hence, devices composed of either natural Li (nominally 7.5% 6 Li) or enriched 6 Li (usually 95% 6 Li) may provide a semiconductor material for compact high efficiency neutron detectors. A sub-branch of the III–V semiconductors, the filled tetrahedral compounds, A I B II C V , known as Nowotny–Juza compounds, are known for their desirable cubic crystal structure. Starting material was synthesized by equimolar portions of Li, Zn, and As sealed under vacuum (10 −6 Torr) in quartz ampoules with a boron nitride lining, and reacted in a compounding furnace [1] . The synthesized material showed signs of high impurity levels from material and electrical property characterization. In the present work, a static vacuum sublimation of synthesized LiZnAs loaded in a quartz vessel was performed to help purify the synthesized material. The chemical composition of the sublimed material and remains material was confirmed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Lithium was not detected in the sublimed material , however, near stoichiometric amounts of each constituent element were found in the remains material for LiZnAs. X-ray diffraction phase identification scans of the remains material and sublimed material were compared, and further indicated the impurity materials were removed from the synthesized materials. The remaining powder post the sublimation process showed characteristics of a higher purity ternary compound.
A mathematical model of chemoreflex responses to hypercapnic stimuli.

Abstract A mathematical model of the carotid body chemoreceptor reflex was constructed using first-order recursive digital filter expressions for the chemoreceptor excitatory state, neural impulses from non-negative excitatory states, and a switched recursive filter system for the central pathways. The switching between central filters was employed to represent the apparent alteration in effect of afferent impulses arriving at different phases of the central respiratory cycle. The equations were programmed for computation. When connected to a subsidiary system representing the chest and a central respiratory drive, the principal features of the CO 2 responses of the carotid body, the afferent carotid body nerve, and the central pathways as reported from experiments on the cat could be simulated with a single set of parameters. The model is suitable for integration into larger models for investigation of the control of ventilation.
Response of Screwworms (Diptera: Calliphoridae) to Changes in the concentration of Blood, Egg, and Milk in the Larval Diet

Larvae of screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), were reared on diets with varying concentrations of whole dried bovine blood, whole dried egg, and nonfat dried milk. Pupal weight, egg to pupal survival, adult emergence, sex ratio, fecundity, and fertility were significantly affected by one or more of the dietary components. Curvilinear models for the effect of dietary component concentration on life history parameters were derived by multiple regression. Most models resulted in bell-shaped curves that were used to calculate optimal diet component concentrations. Biomass, survival, emergence, and fecundity were maximized at 6% blood, 5% egg, and 1.3% milk.
A brand is forever! A framework for revitalizing declining and dead brands

Abstract Over the years, numerous brands—such as Oldsmobile, Pan Am, and Woolworth—have met untimely deaths. Many more have steadily declined into oblivion, while others have been revived. When a brand dies, significant investments that were made to build the brand are also lost. Unfortunately, even the strongest brands with high net worth are not immune from brand decline and subsequent death. In today's market, where new product introductions are both expensive and risky, it may be worthwhile to evaluate brands that are declining and invest in revitalizing them. However, there is a dearth of studies that focus on declining brands. In this article, we use findings from academic literature, detailed case studies, and interviews with marketing executives to provide guidelines in dealing with declining brands. We analyze the conditions that lead to brand decline and brand death, highlight signs that may suggest an impending decline, offer insights into assessing the viability of reviving a brand, and suggest various approaches that can be used to strengthen the brand and give it a second life.
A Self-Configuring Wireless PicoSensor Network

When collecting sensor array data, the major constraints are cost and ease of use. A good data collection network should be easily scalable to the task at hand, inexpensive, and easy to implement. With recent technology it is possible to design inexpensive wireless sensor networks that can handle many nodes. This study implements a sensor system that can be configured into a network for data collection. The user needs only to activate the individual components within proximity of each other. The system will take multiple sensor types depending on the user's needs and transmit the data to a central location.
LOCATION-INDEPENDENT TRANSFORMATIONS: A GENERAL STRATEGY FOR IMPLEMENTING NEURAL NETWORKS

Most Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have a fixed topology during learning, and typically suffer from a number of short-comings as a result. Variations of ANNs that use dynamic topologies have shown ability to overcome many of these problems. This paper introduces Location-Independent Transformations (LITs) as a general strategy for implementing neural networks that use static and dynamic topologies. A LIT creates a set of location-independent nodes, where each node computes its part of the network output independent of other nodes, using local information. This type of transformation allows efficient support for adding and deleting nodes dynamically during learning. Two simple networks, the single-layer competitive learning network, and the counterpropagation network, which combines elements of supervised learning with competitive learning, are used in this paper to illustrate the LIT strategy. These two networks are localist in the sense that ultimately one node is responsible for each output. LITs for other models are presented in other papers.
Optical measurement of aqueous potassium concentration by a hydrophobic indicator in lipid vesicles.

Abstract An assay was developed for K + in aqueous solution at neutral pH. The method was based on the change in optical absorbance of the hydrophobic indicator 7-( n -decyl)-2-methyl-4(3′,5′-dichlorophen-4′-one) indonaphthl-1-ol (MEDPIN) in phospholipid vesicles. Formation of a ternary complex between a valinomycin-K + pair and the anionic form of MEDPIN in the bilayer resulted in an absorption band at 584 nm. K + concentration was determined by monitoring the MEDPIN absorbance at 584 nm and MEDPIN quenching of lissamine rhodamine B sulfonylphosphatidylethanolamine (L-RhB-PE) fluorescence by an energy-transfer mechanism. Both the fluorescence intensity and lifetime of L-RhB-PE decreased by more than 25% upon addition of 50 mM K + . Kinetic studies using stopped-flow photometry showed a single-exponential reaction of MEDPIN and valinomycin in vesicles with aqueous K + (maximum rate 1.7 s −1 ) that was dependent upon [valinomycin] and [K + ]. The lipid surface charge was shown to influence the ratio of anionic to neutral MEDPIN at constant pH, and to alter the sensitivity of MEDPIN absorbance to aqueous [K + ]. A 1:20 neutral/negative lipid mole ratio was optimal for K + detection at pH 7.4. Spectroscopic and kinetic data suggest that the optical response of MEDPIN to K + involves the formation of a ternary complex between K + , valinomycin and MEDPIN.
pH-responsive layer-by-layer nanoshells for direct regulation of cell activity.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells encapsulated with pH-responsive synthetic nanoshells from lightly cross-linked polymethacrylic acid showed a high viability rate of around 90%, an indication of high biocompatibility of synthetic pH-responsive shells. We demonstrated that increasing pH above the isoelectric point of the polymer shell leads to a delay in growth rate; however, it does not affect the expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein. We suggest that progressive ionization and charge accumulation within the synthetic shells evoke a structural change in the outer shells which affect the membrane transport. This change facilitates the ability to manipulate growth kinetics and functionality of the cells with the surrounding environment. We observed that hollow layer-by layer nanoshells showed a remarkable degree of reversible swelling/deswelling over a narrow pH range (pH 5.0–6.0), but their assembly directly on the cell surface resulted in the suppression of large dimensional changes. We sugg...
Initial Expectation, Group Climate, and the Assessments of Leaders and Members

(1959). Initial Expectation, Group Climate, and the Assessments of Leaders and Members. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 285-296.
Examining delay discounting of condom-protected sex among opioid-dependent women and non-drug-using control women

Background Opioid-dependent (OD) women tend to engage in unprotected sex with high-risk partners, placing themselves at elevated risk for sexually transmitted HIV infection. This behavior generally persists after completion of interventions that increase sexual HIV risk reduction knowledge and skills, suggesting that decision-making biases may influence HIV transmission among OD women.
Application of computational geometry in optimizing 2.5D and 3D NC surface machining

Abstract To machine a part from the CAD data, machining information has to be extracted from the design model. In the planning stage, the machining information such as the cutting area, removal volume, estimated machining time, etc., is important for the generation of a “good” process plan. This machining information is typically not readily available from the design. This paper discusses a methodology of applying computational geometry techniques to extract machining information of geometric constraints from a given complex surface design to support the process planning activity. The machining process is determined by part surface classification based on surface geometry interrogation. An application of convex hulls is also presented to improve the machining productivity by preprocessing the object geometry for machining. The proposed methodology can be applied in the automation of planning and manufacturing of complex surface parts. Some practical examples and testing results are presented to show the application in solving manufacturing problems.
Comorbidity profiles and inpatient outcomes during hospitalization for heart failure: an analysis of the U.S. Nationwide inpatient sample

Treatment of heart failure (HF) is particularly complex in the presence of comorbidities. We sought to identify and associate comorbidity profiles with inpatient outcomes during HF hospitalizations. Latent mixture modeling was used to identify common profiles of comorbidities during adult hospitalizations for HF from the 2009 Nationwide Inpatient Sample (n = 192,327). Most discharges were characterized by "common" comorbidities. A "lifestyle" profile was characterized by a high prevalence of uncomplicated diabetes, hypertension, chronic pulmonary disorders and obesity. A "renal" profile had the highest prevalence of renal disease, complicated diabetes, and fluid and electrolyte imbalances. A "neurovascular" profile represented the highest prevalence of cerebrovascular disease, paralysis, myocardial infarction and peripheral vascular disease. Relative to the common profile, the lifestyle profile was associated with a 15% longer length of stay (LOS) and 12% greater cost, the renal profile was associated with a 30% higher risk of death, 27% longer LOS and 24% greater cost, and the neurovascular profile was associated with a 45% higher risk of death, 34% longer LOS and 37% greater cost (all p < 0.001). Comorbidity profiles are helpful in identifying adults at higher risk of death, longer length of stay, and accumulating greater costs during hospitalizations for HF.
The Effectiveness of Outreach Counseling and Support Groups for Battered Women: A Preliminary Evaluation

This study evaluates the effectiveness of an outreach counseling and support group intervention for battered women who are not staying in a shelter. The intervention, provided by social workers and other staff members, is relatively unstructured. AB single-case designs are aggregated across 6 women participating in the program. Outcome is assessed via daily telephone moni toring of the frequency of specified thoughts, feelings and behaviors of the women and of abusive behaviors by their partners. Findings do not indicate consistent beneficial intervention effects. Alternative explanations are postulated for the findings, and implications are drawn to enhance future applications of single-case evaluation to this problem area.
Improving Wikipedia: educational opportunity and professional responsibility

The rise of user-generated Internet content (i.e. ‘Web 2.0’) has resulted in dramatic changes in the way that scientific information is collected and disseminated. One notable example is Wikipedia (http://www.wikipedia.org), the user-written online encyclopedia with millions of users worldwide. In the 7 years since its inception it has become a staple of the academic community, increasingly used by faculty and students to develop lectures and study aids, research topics for papers and as a source of background information while studying or conducting research.
Americanism Revisited: John Spalding and Testem Benevolentiae

Leo XIII's letter Testem Benevolentiae was the culmination of a tumultuous period in American Catholic history which may be designated as beginning with the deliberations of Baltimore III in 1884. The issues which tore at the spirit of episcopal fraternity during this period were varied and complex. Although certain groups of prelates might be labeled as conservative and others as progressive, e.g., Bishops McQuaid and Corrigan as opposed to Bishops Ireland, Gibbons, and Keane, John Lancaster Spalding had a foot sometimes in one camp and sometimes in the other, but rarely both feet in either camp at the same time.