cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From nanowire lasers to quantum wire lasers

Vapor-liquid-solid epitaxy process has been developed to synthesize high quality semiconductor nanowire arrays. The nanowires generally are single crystalline and have diameters of 10-200 nm and aspect ratios of 10-100. There is much current interest in the optical properties of these semiconductor nanowires, as the cylindrical geometry and strong two-dimensional confinement of electrons, holes, and photons makes them particularly attractive as potential building blocks for nanoscale electronics and optoelectronics devices. We recently reported the first study of laser action and nonlinear optical mixing in individual zinc oxide (ZnO) and GaN nanowires, demonstrating the potential of these structures as room temperature nanoscopic coherent light sources and frequency converters. These efforts further led to the demonstration of ZnO nanoribbon laser as well as GaN-based quantum wire lasers.
Predicting Academic Achievement Among Specially Admitted Black Female College Students

Reports have indicated that minority students generally perform well in predominantly white colleges, in spite of low scholastic apti tude test scores. Although the cost of underpredicting their achieve ment has been discussed, the actual incidence of this under prediction seldom has been investigated. By means of stepwise multiple regression analysis, the relationship between college grade- point average (GPA) as the dependent variable and selection predic tor variables—high school rank, the Verbal score and Mathematics score on the College Board Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT-V and SAT-M)—was evaluated in a sample of black female under graduates who initially had not been accepted by but later were ad mitted to a predominantly white liberal arts college. Results showed that after 8 semesters, 19 percent of the students withdrew or were transferred to another institution, 52% were graduated and 27% were dismissed for academic reasons. Stepwise regression analysis, using SAT-M, SAT-V and high school rank a...
CMOS monolithic pixel sensors research and development at LBNL

This paper summarizes the recent progress in the design and characterization of CMOS pixel sensors at LBNL. Results of lab tests, beam tests and radiation hardness tests carried out at LBNL on a test structure with pixels of various sizes are reported. The first results of the characterization of back-thinned CMOS pixel sensors are also reported, and future plans and activities are discussed.
142 β-Catenin and Carm-1 as Co-Repressors of Glucocorticoid Receptor Lead to Inhibition of Keratinocyte Migration

Ability of keratinocytes to migrate relays on appropriate citoskeletal network and is one of the key prerequisites of wound healing. Keratins K6 and K16 are the cytoskeletal components that mark migrating keratinocytes. We found K6/K16 to be differentially regulated in microarray experiments: induced in the wound healing and suppressed by inhibitors of wound healing, glucocorticoids (GC). We have shown previously that GC suppress K6/K16 expression through a unique molecular mechanism that involves four monomers of glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Because β-catenin interacts with members of the nuclear receptor family, such as retinoic acid receptors (RAR) and androgen receptor (AR) and participates in both activation and repression of transcription and similarly to GC inhibits keratinocytes migration we hypothesized that β-catenin participates in GC-mediated repression of K6/K16. To test if β-catenin participates in K6/K16 suppression by GC we used co-transfection experiments, with primary human keratinocytes. By itself, β-catenin did not affect K6/K16 expression. However, in the presence of GC, β-catenin acted as a GR co-repressor further suppressing K6/K16 expression. Moreover, protein arginine methyltransferase CARM-1 enhances this co-repression, suggesting that the complex that suppresses K6/K16 promoters contains GR, β-catenin and CARM-1. Similarly, β-catenin functioned as a co-repressor of GR even if we just incubated keratinocytes with LiCl (stabilized β-catenin) rather than transfected its expression plasmid. It has been shown that β-catenin and CARM-1 bind each other in a co-activator complex with AR, but it was not known if this complex has a co-repressing capacity. We have shown that by participating in the GC-mdiated repression of K6/K16 transcription as a co-repressor with CARM1, β-catenin contributes to the inhibition of keratinocyte migration through altering the cytoskeletal network and subsequent inhibition of wound healing.
Charge transfer thin-layer chromatography and multiple site complexation

Abstract The effect of impregnating silica gel with different types of acceptors on the separation of different aromatic hydrocarbons by thin-layer chromatography has been investigated. Benzoquinone and substituted benzoquinones were studied in detail, and it was found that benzoquinone was most sensitive to moderate differences in the structure of most aromatic hydrocarbons. Benzoquinone-impregnated silica gel thin-layer chromatographic R f values were measured for a number of aromatic hydrocarbons, and the “binding constant” of Harvey and Halonen calculated for these hydrocarbons. The question of multiple site complexation between the aromatic hydrocarbon and either the silica gel surface or the benzoquinone was studied extensively. The R F values for the biphenyl-terphenyl-quaterphenyl series appears to give some evidence for some type of multiple site binding. A novel method of locating spots on impregnated silica gel adsorbent has also been devised. It involves spraying with a dilute naphthacene solution; the yellow fluorescence of naphthacene is quenched everywhere except on the spots.
The role of cervical cytology in the declining morbidity and mortality of cervical cancer.

The morbidity and mortality of cervical cancer have decreased over the past two decades. To appreciate the role of cytology in these changes, it is necessary to have a basic understanding of the relationship between in situ and invasive cervical carcinoma. A causal relationship between the two is suggested by evidence from clinical and pathologic studies and from studies of the population dynamics of cervical carcinoma. This study of the variables associated with trends in the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer demonstrates that the changes are compatible with cytology as a principal factor. In particular there is a positive correlation between the rate of cytologic screening and the size of the decrease in the morbidity and mortality of cervical cancer in various parts of the United States.
Venous thromboembolism after hip fracture surgery in a patient with haemophilia B and factor V Arg506Gln (factor V Leiden)

We describe a patient with mild haemophilia B who developed symptomatic venous thromboembolism after hip arthroplasty for a traumatic fracture. A deep vein thrombosis developed in the operated leg while he was receiving a high-purity factor IX concentrate. Subsequently, he was determined to be a heterozygous carrier for the factor V Arg506Gln (Leiden) mutation. This case illustrates the importance of providing thromboprophylaxis for all patients with haemophilia receiving coagulation factor replacement and who undergo surgical procedures known to be associated with a high risk of venous thromboembolism. In patients with haemophilia and a family history of venous thromboembolism, preoperative screening for the presence of the factor V Arg506Gln mutation and other thrombophilias may be useful.
Evidence for a submerged and displaced continental borderland, north Banda Sea, Indonesia

The Banda Sea is separated into two oceanic fragments, the south and north Banda basins, by a large intervening region of ridges and basins called the Banda ridges. The north and south Banda basins appear to be trapped pieces of pre-Tertiary oceanic crust, whereas the Banda ridges are a submerged and displaced continental borderland, structurally very similar to the southern California offshore borderland. Analysis of dredged rocks from the Banda ridges suggests an origin from western Irian Jaya.
X-ray Studies of Self-Assembled Organic Monolayers Grown on Hydrogen-Terminated Si(111)

The structure of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of undecylenic acid methyl ester (SAM-1) and undec-10-enoic acid 2-bromo-ethyl ester (SAM-2) grown on hydrogen-passivated Si(111) were studied by X-ray reflectivity (XRR), X-ray standing waves (XSW), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), atomic force microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The two different SAMs were grown by immersion of H-Si(111) substrates into the two different concentrated esters. UV irradiation during immersion was used to create Si dangling bond sites that act as initiators of the surface free-radical addition process that leads to film growth. The XRR structural analysis reveals that the molecules of SAM-1 and SAM-2 respectively have area densities corresponding to 50% and 57% of the density of Si(111) surface dangling bonds and produce films with less than 4 angstroms root-mean-square roughness that have layer thicknesses of 12.2 and 13.2 angstroms. Considering the molecular lengths, these thicknesses correspond to a 38 degrees and 23 degrees tilt angle for the respective molecules. For SAM-2/Si(111) samples, XRF analysis reveals a 0.58 monolayer (ML) Br total coverage. Single-crystal Bragg diffraction XSW analysis reveals (unexpectedly) that 0.48 ML of these Br atoms are at a Si(111) lattice position height that is identical to the T1 site that was previously found by XSW analysis for Br adsorbed onto Si(111) from a methanol solution and from ultrahigh vacuum. From the combined XPS, XRR, XRF, and XSW evidence, it is concluded that Br abstraction by reactive surface dangling bonds competes with olefin addition to the surface.
Possible Environmental Causes of Stages in Moral Reasoning.

Summary Both children (6-, 10-, and 14-year-olds) and their mothers were interviewed. The children's responses to moral dilemmas were classified into Kohlberg's three main categories—preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. The mothers were presented with a variety of hypothetical situations—e.g., they had just found out that their child had stolen something, and were asked to tell what they would say or do to their child in each situation. The mothers' hypothetical responses to such situations were divided into either the preconventional, conventional, or postconventional category depending on the level or moral reasoning such responses would imply to their children. The results indicated that as the age of the children increased, both the level of moral reasoning used by the children and the level of moral reasoning implied by the mothers' treatment of the children increased. Even with age partialed out, there was a significant positive relationship between the mothers' implied level of mora...
Avoidance learning in fish after fear conditioning under chloretone

Goldfish were paralyzed with chloretone during fear conditioning in an attempt to eliminate the development of responses which would be incompatible with shuttling during later avoidance training. This group showed no decrement in avoidance responding while a group which was fear conditioned without chloretone showed the expected decrement. The data would seem to support the incompatible response hypothesis.
The preparation of ultrathin films for use as cell culture substrates

Ultrathin films of various biocompatible materials have been used as cell culture substrates. These materials include metals and ceramics and are deposited as clean, sterile, transparent, adhesive coatings. This paper describes the method of sputter coating as a means to deposit these films and discusses the unique properties associated with these culture surfaces.
In planta Production of Flock House Virus Transencapsidated RNA and Its Potential Use as a Vaccine

We have developed a transencapsidated vaccine delivery system based on the insect virus, Flock House virus (FHV). FHV is attractive due to its small genome size, simple organization, and nonpathogenic characteristics. With the insertion of a Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) origin of assembly (Oa), the independently replicating FHV RNA1 can be transencapsidated by TMV coat protein. In this study, we demonstrated that the Oa-adapted FHV RNA1 transencapsidation process can take place in planta, by using a bipartite plant expression vector system, where TMV coat protein is expressed by another plant virus vector, Foxtail mosaic virus (FoMV). Dual infection in the same cell by both FHV and FoMV was observed. Though an apparent classical coat protein-mediated resistance repressed FHV expression, this was overcome by delaying inoculation of the TMV coat protein vector by 3 days after FHV vector inoculation. Expression of the transgene marker in animals by these in vivo-generated transencapsidated nanoparticles was confirmed by mouse vaccination, which also showed an improved vaccine response compared to similar in vitro-produced vaccines.
The role of experimentation in thermofluid sciences

Abstract The legacy of several major pioneers in thermofluid sciences, notably Joule, provides the background for a discussion of current research and practice where experimentation is necessary to resolve the complex problems that are encountered. In spite of the increasing power and use of computers, experimental facilities should be expanded rather than decreased. It is particularly important that there be a renewal of interest in experimentation among young researchers. Progress will depend on an expansion of capability in both experimentation and computation as well as synergistic interaction among practitioners in both arenas.
Time to recovery from lateropulsion dependent on key stroke deficits: a retrospective analysis.

Background. Lateropulsion, a postural control disorder, delays recovery following hemispheric stroke. The number of stroke impairments may lead to differential recovery rates, depending on the intact systems available for recovery from lateropulsion. Objective. To study the impact of key postural control deficits on lateropulsion rate of recovery following stroke. Methods. Through retrospective analysis: 169 patients with hemispheric stroke in an in-patient rehabilitation facility were divided into 3 groups: (1) motor deficits only; (2) motor and hemianopic or visual–spatial deficits or motor and proprioceptive deficits; and (3) motor, proprioceptive, and hemianopic or visual–spatial deficits. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis determined if time to recovery from lateropulsion (achieving a score of 0 or 1 on the Burke Lateropulsion Scale) differed by group. Results. Log rank tests showed that time to recovery from lateropulsion differed based on the number of deficits (group, P = .012). Post hoc analyses by l...
Diagnostic tests in ragweed hay fever. A comparison of direct skin tests, IgE antibody measurements, and basophil histamine release.

Abstract In 87 patients with both spring and fall hay fever symptoms the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) technique for specific IgE antibodies to ragweed was compared with basophil histamine release and direct intradermal skin testing by the threshold dilution technique. The three techniques gave good agreement except with the leastsensitive patients, some of whom had a positive skin test but undetectable histamine release or IgE antibodies. Twenty-one patients who were highly sensitive to ragweed as measured by all three techniques were followed without specific immunotherapy. There was significant agreement between the level of positivity of all three tests and the symptom index obtained during the ragweed season. In 14 of the 21 patients there was a significant correlation between daily ragweed pollen counts and daily symptom indexes during the season. On the other hand, among the 16 least-sensitive patients (as judged by histamine release) the correlation between daily ragweed pollen counts and symptom indexes was significant in only 3 patients. Other significant allergens could not be identified in the latter group, and the cause of their symptoms is not clearly identified but appears not to be ragweed. The RAST is a quantitative technique that gives diagnostically useful information in ragweed hay fever, although not significantly different from basophil histamine release or carefully performed skin testing. The convenience to the patient may, however, offer a noticeable advantage.
Hygroscopic coatings control surface white discoloration of peeled (minimally processed) carrots during storage.

White discoloration on peeled carrots is partially due to surface dehydration which can be controlled with hygroscopic coatings: e.g., polyhydric alcohols and salt solutions. This study was performed at 2.5, 7.5, 10, and 157C, using a model system controlling relative humidity at 33, 75 or 98% or a commercial system with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic film bags. The moisture sorption properties of propylene glycol, sorbitol, glycerol and calcium chloride enabled them to keep the carrot surface moist and maintain a transparent surface layer through which the underlying orange color was visible. This effect was only observed at high relative humidities (e.g., 98% RH). Similar effects were observed on treated peeled carrots stored in LDPE bags. The moisturized appearance provided by the hygroscopic coatings during storage was effective at several different temperatures.
Excited State Relaxation Mechanisms in InP colloidal Quantum Dots.

We report photoluminescence, linear absorption and femto-second transient bleaching spectra for a colloidal solution of indium phosphide (InP) quantum dots at ambient temperatures. The photoluminescence quantum yield is shown to depend not only upon the size of the quantum dots, with larger dots exhibiting higher quantum yields, but also upon the excitation wavelength. At short wavelengths, photoluminescence excitation spectra deviate markedly from the absorption spectra indicating that an efficient non-radiative deactivation pathway becomes prominent at these higher photon energies. We interpret this observation in terms of an inefficient relaxation mechanism between the second excited state and the lowest energy excited state from which the emission emanates. The results are consistent with the existence of a phonon bottleneck.
Reduced Renal Calcium Excretion in the Absence of Sclerostin Expression: Evidence for a Novel Calcium-Regulating Bone Kidney Axis

The kidneys contribute to calcium homeostasis by adjusting the reabsorption and excretion of filtered calcium through processes that are regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 1 α ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (1 α, 25[OH] 2 D 3 ). Most of the filtered calcium is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule, primarily by paracellular mechanisms that are not sensitive to calcium-regulating hormones in physiologically relevant ways. In the distal tubule, however, calcium is reabsorbed by channels and transporters, the activity or expression of which is highly regulated and increased by PTH and 1 α ,25(OH) 2 D 3 . Recent research suggests that other, heretofore unrecognized factors, such as the osteocyte-specific protein sclerostin, also regulate renal calcium excretion. Clues in this regard have come from the study of humans and mice with inactivating mutations of the sclerostin gene that both have increased skeletal density, which would necessitate an increase in intestinal absorption and/or renal reabsorption of calcium. Deletion of the sclerostin gene in mice significantly diminishes urinary calcium excretion and increases fractional renal calcium reabsorption. This is associated with increased circulating 1 α ,25(OH) 2 D 3 levels, whereas sclerostin directly suppresses 1 α -hydroxylase in immortalized proximal tubular cells. Thus, evidence is accumulating that sclerostin directly or indirectly reduces renal calcium reabsorption, suggesting the presence of a novel calcium-excreting bone-kidney axis.
General technology mapping for field-programmable gate arrays based on lookup tables

We present a general technology-mapping methodology (TULIP) for field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) that can yield optimal results, and is applicable to any FPGA with a logic block composed of lookup tables (LUTs). We introduce the concept of a virtual switch to model the internal connections of a logic block with multiple LUTs; each configuration of virtual switches is called a multiple-LUT block (MLB). A logic block can be precisely defined by a small but complete set of representative configurations called an MLB basis. The MLB bases for various commercial FPGA families are demonstrated. Given a logic block represented by its MLB basis, technology mapping is precisely formulated as a graph-covering problem, which is transformed into a mixed integer-linear programming (MILP) optimization problem in order to achieve our optimality and generality objectives. The MILP model is solved using a general-purpose MILP solver tool. The results of using TULIP for mapping some ISCAS-85 benchmark circuits to a variety of logic blocks are presented. Circuits of a few hundred gates can be mapped directly in a few minutes. To map larger circuits to complex logic blocks, some approximation techniques are proposed based on partitioning the input circuit and simplifying the MLB basis. We show that these approximations result in close-to-optimal mappings of the benchmark circuits.
THE EFFECTIVE RESEARCH PROCESS: UNLOCKING THE ADVANTAGES OF ETHNOGRAPHIC STRATEGIES IN THE QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS

In doing academic and educational research activities, many researchers especially, the doctoral students find it very hard and challenging in choosing the best and appropriate research method for a particular research. While some people are overwhelmed by the plethora of research designs, many researchers still believed that it is difficult and complex in making the selection of the right research approach and methodology for any research study. This exploratory study examined the ethnographic approach in the qualitative research design as an effective process in educational research protocols. The ethnography design as one of the qualitative research methods became significantly popular in the academic globe in the 1980s as well as a useful tool for doing research related activities from the cultural and natural settings. The purpose of this investigation is focused and centered on helping the present and future doctorial students unlock the benefits of using the ethnographic strategies in the qualitative research methods to conduct their research study. Data for this study were collected from 26 present and future doctoral students from San Antonio, Texas. The findings that emerged from the data suggested that while there are some other research designs associated with the qualitative method, many doctoral students prefer to use ethnographic paradigm as the most effective and appropriate process in conducting qualitative research.
Shared cache - the future of parallel databases

It is a common misconception that the shared nothing database is the preferred parallel database architecture for both scalability as well as price/ performance. This paper explains that, contrary to popular belief, a shared-cache architecture as implemented in Oracle 9i Real Application Clusters (RAC) is not only viable but also the future of parallel database architectures. We argue that business needs, hardware trends and database application trends favor shared-cache architectures for both OLTP and DSS workloads. We show that the shared-cache architecture allows the DBMS to choose from a superset of the parallel execution strategies that can be used in a shared nothing system. Shared cache uses SMP-like global buffer cache coherence protocol for OLTP transactions and shared-nothing-like partitioned parallelism for DSS workloads. We then explain the innovations present in Oracle 9i RAC to implement a shared-cache database using commodity hardware components. Finally, we explore future directions to further improve the shared-cache architecture on commodity clusters.
Expression Profiling Identifies Smooth Muscle Cell Diversity Within Human Intima and Plaque Fibrous Cap: Loss of RGS5 Distinguishes the Cap

Background—The fibrous cap of the atherosclerotic lesion is believed to be critical to stability because disruption of the cap is the final event leading to plaque rupture. We have, therefore, used expression arrays to define the phenotype of the cap and other plaque components. Methods and Results—To identify unique expression programs able to distinguish the smooth muscle of the cap from other plaque smooth muscle cells, RNA profiles were determined in human carotid artery media, nonatherosclerotic adjacent intima, fibrous cap of advanced atherosclerotic plaques, and whole advanced plaque with cDNA arrays covering 21 000 or 26 000 Unigene clusters. The molecular signature of each tissue was dominated by a core gene-set with differential expression of 1% of clusters assayed. Conclusions—Both intima and cap expressed novel genes not previously associated with SMC pathology. If the cap is derived from a unique subpopulation, this pattern is the signature of that particular set of cells. The loss of RGS5 in the fibrous cap is of particular interest because of its role in vessel development and physiology. (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006;26:319-325.)
Mania in young children.

After I read Dr. Jon McClellan's letter (1998) criticizing Geller and Luby's recent article, "Child and Adolescent Bipolar Disorders: A Review of the Past IO Years," I wasn't sure whether we had read the same article. Geller and Luby's review was very timely and accurate, and we currently use it in our didactics for our child psychiatry fellows. Dr. McClellan criticizes Geller and Luby's article. stating that "one obvious conclusion-that children rarely have bipolar disorder-is ignored " (p. 346) . I did not reach this same conclusion after reading this article. The authors clearly state , based on the most recent stud ies, that the prevalence of these disorders during the adolescent years "is at least that of the adult population and may be increasing" (Geller and Luby, 1997, p. 1169). Unfortunately, no one to date has done similar epidemiological stud ies in children and Geller and Luby clearly state th is. Dr. McClellan goes on to say that "Geller and Luby's description of clinical characteristics has no reference and is speculative and anecdotal" (p. 346). This not true , as Geller and Luby referen ce both their own studies (Geller et al., 1994, 1995) and the studies by Wozniak et al., (1995). And in all of these studies the investigators used a well-validated structured clinical interview, the K-SADS, to make the diagnosis of bipolar disorder and used the available diagnostic criter ia of the time-DSM-1I1or DSM-III-R. . Dr. McClellan comments that in a large survey study of bipolar adults by Joyce (1984). "none had onset before age 10 yea~s" (p, 3~7). This is not correct because in Joyce's study, which examined the age at onset of bipolar disorder among 200 hospitalized adult bipolar patients . there were 2 patients who reported depressive episodes before the age of 10 years and 8 patients with onsets between the ages of 10 and 14 yea~s. In some pediatric patients the first expression of a bipolar Illness takes the form of a severe depressive episode. In a larger, more recent Study, Lish er al. (1994) showed that 17% of thei r sample first exhibited signs of the illness when they were less than 10 years of age. Dr. McClellan goes on to say, "However, the degree of increased prevalence proposed is several hundred-fold. There is no credible scientific evidence to suggest that such an epidemic has occurred" (p. 347) . Geller and Luby's article never suggested that there was an "epidemic" of childhood bipolarity. My reading of this article was that Geller and Luby note that bipolarity is underdiag-
Remyelination therapy goes to trial for multiple sclerosis

With a number of new drugs approved, the last decade has seen tremendous progress in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). All current drugs work by decreasing inflammation through modulation of the immune system, and while they have been very efficient in reducing the rate of relapses, their impact on the chronic disease course is unknown. A current thought in the MS therapeutics community is that drugs that enhance remyelination may be more effective in reducing long-term disability. This hypothesis is based on the observation that disability in MS increases with age as the capacity of oligodendrocytes to remyelinate decreases.1 Additional support for this hypothesis comes from extensive preclinical studies showing that promoting remyelination either by transplanting myelinating stem cells2,3 or by pharmacologic enhancement of endogenous myelination processes reduces clinical severity in animal models of MS.4,5 In this issue of Neurology® Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation , Tran et al.6 take this possibility to its exciting next step by reporting the results of the phase I clinical trial of the first drug aimed at promoting myelin repair.
Heteroepitaxial growth of SiGe on Si by LPE for high efficiency solar cells

Heteroepitaxy SiGe on Si by liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) is a potential material for photovoltaic application. The Si0.05Ge0.95 solar cell with an energy gap of 0.72 eV can lead to a 7 percentage point increase in the Si-based multi-bandgap system or any multi-bandgap system that contains Si as the 1.1 eV solar cell. In this initial work we report first growth Si x Ge 1−x with 0.5≪x≪1 on Si substrate from Sn solution by LPE. Several microns thick n type SiGe layer on (111)-oriented Si substrate has been grown. EDS shows 53 At% germanium concentration in the SiGe alloy. SEM shows continuity and uniformity.
THE PSYCHOSOCIAL WELL‐BEING OF BLACK AND WHITE MOTHERS FOLLOWING MARITAL DISSOLUTION

This study proposed that African American cultural, social, and economic experiences would positively influence the psychosocial adjustment to marital dissolution of Black mothers as compared to White mothers. The study sample consisted of 235 Black and 662 White divorced or separated mothers from the National Survey of Families and Households. The mothers were not remarried and reported having at least one or more biological or adopted children, 18 years of age or younger, living in the home. Discriminant analysis (stepwise), after controlling for socioeconomic status and time since divorce or separation, indicated that Black mothers had higher levels of personal mastery and economic well-being and received greater formal support after divorce. Contrary to the hypotheses, White mothers received more informal support and evidenced earlier entry into dating than Black mothers. The findings document cultural variations in marital dissolution and the strengths of Black families in coping with this transition.
A quantitative analysis of collaborative tags: Evaluation for information retrieval—a preliminary study

Collaborative (or social tagging) options are being added to many database catalogs on the assumption that not only those who assign tags but also those who use the catalog find such tags beneficial. But no quantitative analyses of collaborative tags exist to support this assumption. Based on questionnaires mixing collaborative tag clouds from http://www.LibraryThing.com and controlled library of congress subject heading (LCSH) strings from the library of congress catalog http://catalog.loc.gov, it was found that controlled vocabulary terms are selected above collaborative terms; that the string format is preferred to the cloud; that strings appear to ldquoperformrdquo better in terms of reflecting book content; and that it is important to users that recall is high (where uncontrolled vocabulary retrieval is generally low). Results were found to be dependent upon particulars of tag cloud or string. The outcome indicates that catalog users would derive fewer information retrieval benefits from the current form of collaborative clouds than from the staid strings of the Library of Congress Subject Headings.
Optimization of recombinant aminolevulinate synthase production in Escherichia coli using factorial design

The production of recombinant Rhodobacter sphaeroides aminolevulinate (ALA) synthase was optimized in two strains of Escherichia coli: the wild-type strain MG1655, and a ptsG mutant AFP111. The effects of initial succinate, glucose and isopropyl-beta-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) concentrations and the time of induction on enzyme activity were studied. One-way analysis was used to approximate the optimal ranges for these factors, followed by a full factorial design to quantify the effects of each factor and the interactions between the factors. Initial succinate, glucose, and IPTG concentration were observed to be the key factors affecting ALA synthase activity with the optimal levels determined to be above 6 g/l succinate, 0 g/l glucose, and 0.10 mM IPTG. ALA synthase activity was generally lower with AFP111 than with MG1655, and the effect of these three key factors was also lower with AFP111 than with MG1655. Based on the full factorial design results, a fermentation was completed that yielded 296 mU/mg protein with a final ALA concentration of 5.2 g/l (39 mM).
What is the Difference between Slave Patrols and Modern Day Policing? Institutional Violence in a Community of Color

Do performances of brutality have to be part of institutional social control in African American communities? Are these communities haunted by historical beliefs, practices, and stereotypes that on...
Propagation of Uncertainty in Transportation Land Use Models: Investigation of DRAM-EMPAL and UTPP Predictions in Austin, Texas:

Propagation of uncertainty in outputs of a standard integrated model of transportation and land use has been examined. Austin-calibrated DRAM-EMPAL predictions of residence and work locations were used as inputs to a UTPP-type four-step travel demand model, and the resulting travel times were fed forward into the future period's land use models. Covariance in inputs (including model parameters and demographic variables) was accommodated through multivariate Monte Carlo sampling of 200 scenarios. Variances in land use and travel predictions were analyzed over time and as a function of input values. Results indicate that output variations were most sensitive to the exponent of the link performance function, the split of trips between peak and off-peak, and several trip generation and attraction rates. Twenty years in the future, final uncertainty levels (as measured by coefficients of variation) solely due to input and parameter estimation errors are on the order of 38% for total regional peak-period vehicle miles traveled (VMT), 45% for peak-period flows, and 50% and 37% for residential and employment densities, respectively. This means central point estimates of key model outputs are very likely (>30%) to fall 38% to 50% below or above the mean value. In the Austin example, 15% of the region's 200 simulated peak-period VMT estimates fell below 3.7 million mi per day and 15% exceeded 8.4 million mi. Such substantial variation is solely due to standard model parameter and input uncertainties. Other uncertainty about the future and about human behavior exists and will add more variation.
Meta-analysis of the neural representation of first language and second language

This study reports an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of published functional neuroimaging studies of bilingualism. Four parallel meta-analyses were conducted by taking into account the proficiency of participants reported in the studies. The results of the meta-analyses suggest differences in the probabilities of activation patterns between high proficiency and moderate/low proficiency bilinguals. The Talairach coordinates of activation in first language processing were very similar to that of second language processing in the high proficient bilinguals. However, in the low proficient group, the activation clusters were generally smaller and distributed over wider areas in both the hemispheres than the clusters identified in the ALE maps from the high proficient group. These findings draw attention to the importance of language proficiency in bilingual neural representation.
Microsatellite Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Arabian Horse Populations

The Arabian horse ignites imagination throughout the world. Populations of this breed exist in many countries, and recent genetic work has examined the diversity and ancestry of a few of these populations in isolation. Here, we explore 7 different populations of Arabians represented by 682 horses. Three of these are Middle Eastern populations from near the historical origin of the breed, including Syrian, Persian, and Saudi Arabian. The remaining Western populations are found in Europe (the Shagya Arabian and Polish Arabian) and in America (American Arabian). Analysis of genetic structure was carried out using 15 microsatellite loci. Genetic distances, analysis of molecular variance, factorial correspondence analysis, and a Bayesian method were applied. The results consistently show higher level of diversity within the Middle Eastern populations than the Western populations. The Western Arabian populations were the main source among population variation. Genetic differentiation was not strong among all Middle Eastern populations, but all American Arabians showed differentiation from Middle Eastern populations and were somewhat uniform among themselves. Here, we explore the diversities of many different populations of Arabian horses and find that populations not from the Middle East have noticeably lower levels of diversity, which may adversely affect the health of these populations.
Illumination and geometry invariant recognition of texture in color images

We develop a method for recognizing color texture independent of rotation, scale, and illumination. Color texture is modeled using spatial correlation functions defined within and between sensor bands. Using a linear model for surface spectral reflectance with the same number of parameters as the number of sensor classes, we show that illumination and geometry changes in the scene correspond to a linear transformation of the correlation functions and a linear transformation of their coordinates. A several step algorithm which includes scale estimation and correlation moment computation is used to achieve the invariance. The key to the method is the new result that illumination and geometry changes in the scene correspond to a specific transformation of correlation function Zernike moment matrices. These matrices can be estimated from a color image. This relationship is used to derive an efficient algorithm for recognition. The algorithm is substantiated using classification results on over 200 images of color textures obtained under various illumination conditions and geometric configurations.
Health-related quality of life and psychosocial developmental trajectory in young female beneficiaries with JIA

Objectives. It is generally recognized that for all children the fulfilling of age-specific psychosocial developmental tasks in childhood is of great importance to adjustment in adult life, including participation in society. For young adults with JIA this is more difficult. We assume that the achievement of psychosocial milestones while growing up (psychosocial developmental trajectory) is also related to labour participation. A proportion of all young adults with JIA have to apply for disability benefits. This study assessed the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and the psychosocial developmental trajectory of young female beneficiaries with JIA compared with peers from the Dutch general population. Methods. Young females with disability benefits because of JIA completed the RAND-36 (HRQOL) and the Course of Life Questionnaire (psychosocial developmental trajectory). Differences between respondents and the peer group were tested using analysis of variance and logistic regression analysis by group and age. Results. The beneficiaries reported worse HRQOL than the peer group and achieved fewer milestones, or achieved the milestones at a later age than the peer group in the autonomy, social and psychosexual domain. Conclusions. Young females with JIA who have to apply for disability benefits are at risk for impaired HRQOL and a delay in their psychosocial developmental trajectory. Parents, physicians and other health-care providers should pay systematic attention to the development of social and independent functioning of children with JIA in order to optimize their adaptation to society at the time of transition to adulthood.
Special Education Referrals and Disciplinary Actions for Latino Students in the United States

Latino students are the largest growing minority group in the U.S. school system. However, there are critical barriers that impeded the develop- ment of sustained academic success for this particular population. Latino stu- dents have been found to be over-represented in the delivery of disciplinary actions and in the identification of disabilities in special education populations. While the two concerns may appear to be separate, they are interdependent as a history of disciplinary actions can lead to an unjustified referral to special education for evaluation. The coupling of high disciplinary actions and biased referrals to special education has led to the over-representation of Latino stu- dents with emotional/behavioral disorders (EBD). In this article, we discuss the contextual background of Latino students in today's schools, the excessive use of disciplinary actions for them, and their disproportionate representation in special education populations. Additionally, we present two recommended actions as a pair of first steps to address the improper referral pipeline.
Reconstruction of age structure and spatial arrangement of pinon-juniper woodlands and savannas of Anderson Mesa, northern Arizona

We examined age structure and spatial arrangement of pinon-juniper woodlands and savannas on six plots distributed across three different soil types in northern Arizona. These stands, as typical of many others in pinon-juniper ecosystems, have experienced increases in tree densities since the arrival of European settlers. The goal of this study was to reconstruct stand conditions in 1860, prior to livestock grazing, using stem-mapping to determine tree arrangement and tree-ring analysis to examine age structure and density. Ripley's K(t), Ripley's K12(t), and Moran's I were used to analyze nearest neighbor distances, spatial association, and spatial autocorrelation, respectively. All sites have long term presence of juniper and pinon trees, with a pulse of establishment and survival occurring between 1860 and 1880 on basalt- and sandstone-derived soils. In contrast, limestone-derived soil had no pulse of tree establishment in 1860, but rather a steady increase in tree establishment since ca. 1700. Spatial arrangement of juniper trees in 1860 showed strong clumping patterns from a minimum distance of 15 m to all spatial scales. Pinon pine varied in spatial arrangement from clumping at all spatial scales to random at all spatial scales. Positive spatial autocorrelation was determined for age of juniper trees to a minimum distance of 21 m in current stand conditions, in contrast to no strong trends of spatial autocorrelation in 1860. By comparing the age structure and spatial results for the forest reconstruction of 1860 to current conditions, we were able to show variation among soil types in nurse tree association between pinon and juniper trees and unable to support the density dependent mortality hypothesis for these sites. Presettlement (1860) diameter distributions and basal areas can be used to develop structure control (BDq) prescriptions unique to each soil type to restore either savanna or woodlands condition. However, identifying one blanket prescription for tree reduction in pinon-juniper ecosystems of the southwestern United States, or even the Anderson Mesa landscape, would reduce the range of variability present in the form of woodlands and savannas. # 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
On the selectivity regulation of K2ZrSi3O9·H2O-type ion exchangers

Abstract A series of mixed potassium zirconium–titanium silicates of the general formula K2MSi3O9·H2O (where M=Zr, Ti), containing different amounts of titanium and zirconium (from 0 to 100% at.) were synthesized hydrothermally. All these compounds have a framework structure containing two types of channels the size of which smoothly changes, namely, decreases with the increase of titanium content in the compound. Both channels, small channels with a 12-membered ring opening and large ones with a 16-membered ring opening, run along the c-axis and they are connected to each other via a 14-membered ring opening in the perpendicular direction. This creates three-dimensional openings for the total channel system that enables easy cation migration. The ion exchange behavior of K2MSi3O9·H2O and protonic forms of two end members of the family, K0.3H1.7TiSi3O9·2H2O and K0.5H1.5ZrSi3O9·2H2O, towards alkali metal ions was studied and a distinct correlation between the exchanger composition (channels size) and selectivity to certain ions was found. Zirconium-rich silicates with large channels exhibit affinity for rubidium and cesium ions, whereas titanium-rich compounds with much smaller channels show a preference for potassium ion.
Weighted L p Decay for Solutions of the Navier-Stokes Equations

We consider bounded strong solutions of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in n dimensions, where n ≥ 2, with potential forcing. Assuming that the initial datum is well localized, and assuming that a solution u satisfies for some γ0 ≥ 0, we prove that for all p ∊ [2, ∞) and for all a ∊ [0, n/p′) where p′ = p/(p − 1).
Oviposition Stimulant in Sweet Potato Periderm for the Sweetpotato Weevil, Cylas formicarius elegantulus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

An oviposition stimulant bioassay was developed for the sweetpotato weevil, Cylas formicarius elegantulus (Summers), using sweet potato storage root cores with the outer periderm exposed or that had their surface compounds removed with methylene chloride. The weevils laid significantly ( P ≪ 0.05) more eggs on the control cores and extracted potatoes on which the extract had been reapplied than on extracted cores without additions, indicating the presence of an oviposition stimulant.
Asperger's Syndrome : An enigma for social work

Asperger's Syndrome (AS), a Pervasive Developmental Disorder on the Autism Spectrum, is a burgeoning mental health concern faced by children, their families, schools, and mental health practitioners. Although it is a relatively new phenomenon, prevalence rates have increased 10 fold in the past decade. Whether this increase is a true increase in the prevalence of the syndrome has been the subject of great debate. The assessment and treatment of AS is a complicated process requiring social workers to partner with families and other helping professionals. Given the growing size of the AS population, it is critical that social workers understand the disorder, its co-morbidity, and treatment. The authors review the prevalence and history of the syndrome, current definitions, and discuss implications for social work practice, policy, and research.
A Brief Survey on Fairy Tale Tide ——On some Creation of the Newly Emerging School Fairy Tale Author's

In 1980s,there was an argument between the lyric school and the excitement school in fairy tales.The argument breaks through the centralized pattern in tradition and becomes the basis of the newly emerging school's rise.The authors who belong to the newly emerging school create fairy tales according to their life experience,feelings as well as understanding and make the fairy tale tide peak.