cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variante del síndrome de atrapamiento poplíteo con afectación de la cabeza lateral del músculo gastrocnemio: caso clínico

El sindrome de atrapamiento de la arteria poplitea es una anomalia congenita de las relaciones de la arteria con las estructuras miotendinosas circundantes, que causa su compresion extrinseca funcional, afectando en particular a la cabeza medial del musculo gastrocnemio. Describimos una nueva variante del sindrome que afectaba a las fibras musculares de la cabeza lateral del gastrocnemio con la compresion de la arteria poplitea contra la cabeza del gastrocnemio medial.
Convergence of trophic interaction strengths in grassland food webs through metabolic scaling of herbivore biomass

Summary 1. Food web theory hypothesizes that trophic interaction strengths of consumers should vary with consumer metabolic body mass (mass 0AE75 ) rather than simply with consumer body mass (mass 1AE0 ) owing to constraints on consumption imposed by metabolic demand for and metabolic capacity to process nutrients and energy. Accordingly, species with similar metabolic body masses should have similar trophic interaction strengths. 2. We experimentally tested this hypothesis by assembling food webs comprised of species of arthropod predators, small sap-feeding and large leaf-chewing insect herbivores and herbaceous plants in a New England, USA meadow grassland. The experiment comprised of a density-matching treatment where herbivore species were stocked into field mesocosms at equal densities to quantify baseline species identity and metabolic body mass effects. The experiment also comprised of a metabolic biomass-matching treatment where smaller sap-feeding herbivore (SH) species were stocked into mesocosms such that the product of their density and metabolic body mass (metabolic biomass) was equal to the large herbivore (LH) species. We compared the magnitude of the direct effects of herbivore species on plants in the different treatments. We also compared the magnitude of indirect effects between predators and plants mediated by herbivores in the different treatments. 3. Consistent with the hypothesis, we found that increasing metabolic biomass translated into a 9– 14-fold increase in magnitude of herbivore direct effects and up to a fivefold increase in indirect effects on plants. Moreover, metabolic biomass matching caused interaction strengths among herbivore species to converge. This result came about through increases in the herbivore mean effects as well as decreases in variation in effects among treatment replicates as herbivore metabolic biomass increased. 4. We found, however, that herbivore feeding mode rather than herbivore metabolic biomass explained differences in the sign of indirect effects in the different food webs. 5. We conclude that increasing herbivore metabolic biomass not only strengthened the direct and indirect effects on plants but also made those effects more consistent across space. Nevertheless, metabolic biomass alone could not completely explain variation in the nature of indirect effects in the food web, suggesting that additional consideration of consumer traits like feeding mode will provide a more nuanced understanding of trophic interaction strengths in food webs.
Nail cosmetics and camouflaging techniques

The nail cosmetics industry is enormous, with $6.28 billion spent annually by consumers in the United States on salon services. Nail cosmetics provide the opportunity for women to camouflage unsightly nail conditions and improve the appearance of their nails. Most nail enhancements provide a coating over the nail plate to hide flaws. The coating can be a layer of nail enamel or one of the three main extension systems: acrylic sculptured nails, silk wraps, and ultraviolet (UV) polymerized acrylic gels. The end result is smooth, attractive, blemish-free nails. Adverse reactions to nail cosmetics and salon services are relatively uncommon and involve allergic, irritant, mechanical, and infectious problems. Nail cosmetic techniques are useful for disguising a variety of unsightly nail conditions. There are several conditions that may worsen in the presence of nail cosmetics. Because nail cosmetic use is so widespread, it is important for dermatologists to understand the procedures, materials, and rituals surrounding this industry.
DFT Virtual Screening Identifies Rhodium−Amidinate Complexes As Potential Homogeneous Catalysts for Methane-to-Methanol Oxidation

In the search for new organometallic catalysts for low-temperature selective conversion of CH_4 to CH_3OH, we apply quantum mechanical virtual screening to select the optimum combination of ligand and solvent on rhodium to achieve low barriers for CH_4 activation and functionalization to recommend for experimental validation. Here, we considered Rh because its lower electronegativity compared with Pt and Pd may allow it to avoid poisoning by coordinating media. We report quantum mechanical predictions (including implicit and explicit solvation) of the mechanisms for Rh^(III)(NN) and Rh^(III)(NN^F) complexes [where (NN) = bis(N-phenyl)benzylamidinate and (NN^F) = bis(N-pentafluorophenyl)pentafluorobenzylamidinate] to catalytically activate and functionalize methane using trifluoroacetic acid (TFAH) or water as a solvent. In particular, we designed the (NN^F) ligand as a more electrophilic analogue to the (NN) ligand, and our results predict the lowest transition state barrier (ΔG‡ = 27.6 kcal/mol) for methane activation in TFAH from a pool of four different classes of ligands. To close the catalytic cycle, the functionalization of methylrhodium intermediates was also investigated, involving carbon–oxygen bond formation via S_N2 attack by solvent, or S_R2 attack by a vanadium oxo. Activation barriers for the functionalization of methylrhodium intermediates via nucleophilic attack are lower when the solvent is water, but CH_4 activation barriers are higher. In addition, we have found a correlation between CH_4 activation barriers and rhodium–methyl bond energies that allow us to predict the activation transition state energies for future ligands, as well.
Dispositional Essentialism and the Nature of Powerful Properties

Dispositional essentialism maintains that all sparse properties are essentially powerful. Two conceptions of sparse properties appear compatible with dispositional essentialism: sparse properties as pure powers or as powerful qualities. This paper compares the two views, criticizes the powerful qualities view, and then develops a new theory of pure powers, termed Point Theory. This theory neutralizes the main advantage powerful qualities appear to possess over pure powers—explaining the existence of powers during latency periods. The paper discusses the relation between powers and space-time points, whether pure powers need to occupy space, and how to account for the movement of pure powers through space-time. Given Point Theory, dispositional essentialists should maintain that sparse properties are pure powers.
Network-assisted protein identification and data interpretation in shotgun proteomics.

Protein assembly and biological interpretation of the assembled protein lists are critical steps in shotgun proteomics data analysis. Although most biological functions arise from interactions among proteins, current protein assembly pipelines treat proteins as independent entities. Usually, only individual proteins with strong experimental evidence, that is, confident proteins, are reported, whereas many possible proteins of biological interest are eliminated. We have developed a clique-enrichment approach (CEA) to rescue eliminated proteins by incorporating the relationship among proteins as embedded in a protein interaction network. In several data sets tested, CEA increased protein identification by 8–23% with an estimated accuracy of 85%. Rescued proteins were supported by existing literature or transcriptome profiling studies at similar levels as confident proteins and at a significantly higher level than abandoned ones. Applying CEA on a breast cancer data set, rescued proteins coded by well-known breast cancer genes. In addition, CEA generated a network view of the proteins and helped show the modular organization of proteins that may underpin the molecular mechanisms of the disease.
Host Relationships of Cryptobia salmositica (Protozoa: Mastigophora) in a Western Washington Hatchery Stream

Abstract The periodicity, incidence, and intensity of infection of the hemoflagellate Cryptobia salmositica Katz, 1951, in freshwater fishes corresponds to the biological association between teleost hosts and rhynchobdellid vector: adult and young coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), the torrent sculpin (Cottus rhotheus), and the salmonid leech (Piscicola salmositica). Adult salmon and leeches occupy Soos Creek, a western Washington stream, only during the fall and winter months. The incidence and intensities of Cryptobia in the maturing salmon increase in response to the period that feeding and infected leeches are carried, and ultimately 80 to 100% of the spawning population acquire the parasites. Young cohos also become infected during the fall and winter, but the incidence is generally less than 5%; the overwintering fingerling population, including the few infected young, emigrates seaward in the spring. The incidence of Cryptobia in the resident sculpin population averages 60%, but significantly lowe...
A single amino acid change converts the sugar sensor SGLT3 into a sugar transporter.

Background Sodium-glucose cotransporter proteins (SGLT) belong to the SLC5A family, characterized by the cotransport of Na+ with solute. SGLT1 is responsible for intestinal glucose absorption. Until recently the only role described for SGLT proteins was to transport sugar with Na+. However, human SGLT3 (hSGLT3) does not transport sugar but causes depolarization of the plasma membrane when expressed in Xenopus oocytes. For this reason SGLT3 was suggested to be a sugar sensor rather than a transporter. Despite 70% amino acid identity between hSGLT3 and hSGLT1, their sugar transport, apparent sugar affinities, and sugar specificity differ greatly. Residue 457 is important for the function of SGLT1 and mutation at this position in hSGLT1 causes glucose-galactose malabsorption. Moreover, the crystal structure of vibrio SGLT reveals that the residue corresponding to 457 interacts directly with the sugar molecule. We thus wondered if this residue could account for some of the functional differences between SGLT1 and SGLT3.
The Unholy Trinity: Intelligence, Interrogation and Torture

The paper argues that torture is legally and morally wrong and operationally not effective. In analyzing the Bybee memo, the paper argues that the atmosphere created by the Bush Administration contributed to the violations of human rights in Guantanamo Bay, Abu Ghraib, Bagram and other detention centers. Furthermore the article identifies three different forms of torture: 1) interrogation based (what some refer to as the ticking bomb); 2) sadistic or evil (the events in Abu Ghraib, as an example); 3) functional (a new leader demonstrating that there is a new sheriff in town). The paper argues that while harsh interrogation are legal and may be used, torture is both illegal and immoral.
Fast relaxation mode in a thermotropic uniaxial nematic liquid crystal

Results are reported from a light scattering measurement in the uniaxial nematic phase in the thermotropic liquid crystal octylcyanobiphenyl, a material which does not exhibit a biaxial phase. In addition to a slow Goldstone mode associated with twist fluctuations, a fast mode whose relaxation time is independent of both wave vector and temperature has been observed. The possible origins of this relaxation are discussed.
Genetic Analysis of the Gene for N-Acetylglucosaminidase in DICTYOSTELIUM DISCOIDEUM

Three independent mutations affecting N-acetylglucosaminidase in Dictyostelium discoideum were mapped by the parasexual system and found to lie on linkage group IV. These mutations as well as two others were found to be recessive and noncomplementing in heterozygous diploids. Thus they all appear to affect the nagA locus. Since two of the mutations give rise to thermolabile enzyme, this defines the structural gene for N-acetylglucosaminidase. The enzyme is a homodimer of a 68,000 dalton subunit and thus would be expected to be determined by a single locus. The expression of this gene is regulated by the stages of development; however, it should be mentioned that none of the mutations fell in a separate locus that might determine a specific positive regulatory protein.
Impact of the thrift bailout on bank risk

Bank risk premiums are examined in the light of the bailout bill. Intertemporal shifts are assessed in risk perception and it is found that the reduction in risk premium was extended for a long period. This implies a prolonged reduction in the risk perception of commercial banks, but may have been affected by other factors.
Intrauterine Exposure to Gestational Diabetes, Child Adiposity, and Blood Pressure

Forty years ago, Freinkel1 called gestational diabetes a “teratogen” causing higher birth weight and increased risk of congenital defects.2,3 More recently, prospective cohort studies have demonstrated metabolic changes among offspring exposed to gestational diabetes. Prenatal exposure to gestational diabetes was a strong predictor of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and obesity by adolescence.4–6 In these children, increased risk of obesity and diabetes was not generally seen in early childhood, but seemed to develop over time. Fewer studies have examined associations of exposure to gestational diabetes with offspring blood pressure. These studies were generally focused on adolescents,7 limited by small sample size,8,9 and did not adequately account for the contemporaneous effects of adiposity. With prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) at ~4% and increasing,10 intrauterine exposure to gestational diabetes affects a large number of children. Demonstrating increased cardiovascular risk in the younger child born to mothers with GDM has important implications for limiting the cumulative impact of chronic disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between maternal glucose tolerance test results and offspring adiposity and systolic blood pressure (SBP) at age 3 years. We hypothesized that GDM would be associated with increases in central and overall adiposity, as well as with higher blood pressure independent of adiposity.
"He cheated on me, I cheated on him back": Mexican American and White adolescents' perceptions of cheating in romantic relationships

A qualitative approach was used to explore the meaning and perceptions of cheating in adolescent romantic relationships. Mexican American and White adolescents (N = 75; 53.3% girls; 56.1% Mexican American), separated by gender and ethnicity into 12 focus groups (three groups per type), discussed personal and peer experiences of cheating in dating relationships as both the victim and perpetrator. Dialogue was coded using inductive content analysis; two broader cheating themes encompassing six sub-themes emerged 1) perceptions of cheating (individual-oriented, peer-oriented, and frequency of occurrence) and 2) consequences of cheating (commitment, emotional responses, and relationship outcomes). Mexican American girls spoke most frequently and strongly about cheating, followed by White girls. The meaning and contexts of cheating by ethnicity and gender has important implications for promoting healthy dating behavior during adolescence.
In Situ Derivatization and Quantification of Seven Carbonyls in Cigarette Mainstream Smoke

Carbonyls, especially aldehydes, are a group of harmful volatile organic compounds that are found in tobacco smoke. Seven carbonyls are listed on the FDA's harmful and potential harmful constituents list for tobacco or tobacco smoke. Carbonyls have reactive functional groups and thus are challenging to quantitatively measure in cigarette smoke. The traditional method of measuring carbonyls in smoke involves solvent-filled impinger trapping and derivatization. This procedure is labor-intensive and generates significant volumes of hazardous waste. We have developed a new method to efficiently derivatize and trap carbonyls from mainstream smoke in situ on Cambridge filter pads. The derivatized carbonyls are extracted from the pads and subsequently quantified by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The new method has been validated and applied to research and commercial cigarettes. Carbonyl yields from research cigarettes are comparable to those from other published literature data. With a convenient smoke collection apparatus, a 4 min sample analysis time, and a low- or submicrogram detection limit, this new method not only simplifies and speeds the detection of an important class of chemical constituents in mainstream smoke but also reduces reactive losses and provides a more accurate assessment of carbonyl levels in smoke. Excellent accuracy (average 98%) and precision (14% average relative standard deviation in research cigarettes) ensure this new method's sufficient fidelity to characterize conventional combusted tobacco products, with potential application toward new or emerging products.
Secondary education and HIV infection in Botswana

In a reanalysis of our results, Michelle Remme and colleagues (October, 2015) 2 found that “secondary schooling might [even] be as good an HIV investment as male circumcision”, not to mention more expensive biomedical options. As Remme and colleagues rightly point out, we had excluded from our costeff ectiveness calculations the myriad other benefi ts to secondary schooling beyond HIV. If the HIV community paid the costs of schooling net of those other benefits, secondary schooling would be extremely costeff ective. A crucial question is how to operationalise this insight. Remme and colleagues suggest a “cofi nancing” approach based on willingness to pay in the HIV sector: HIV budgets would contribute to educational funding up to the value of their next best investment (ie, male circumcision). Of course, the impact of cofi nancing will depend not just on the size of the subsidy, but also on the elasticity of supply in the education sector. There is urgent need for case studies to determine whether cofi nancing can be successfully implemented. In a Comment, Karen Ann Grepin and Prashant Bharadwaj wrote: “increasing access to education in low-income countries should be an important priority.” But at what level of schooling should such investments be made? Investments at different school levels may have vastly diff erent health eff ects due to several factors such as stages of cognitive development, risk exposures, and long-run habit formation. We found a large causal eff ect of upper secondary schooling on HIV infection, but no association with primary schooling. In a natural experiment in Zimbabwe, secondary schooling led to delayed sexual debut, delayed fertility, and reduced child mortality. There is mounting evidence of health returns at the secondary level. Whether these results can be integrated into policy (eg, through cofi nancing) will have real implications for global health.
Rulemaking in the Shade: An Empirical Study of EPA’s Air Toxic Emissions

In this article, the authors trace the engagement and the influence of interest groups over the entire life cycle of a complete set of complex EPA rules that set emissions standards for the industrial release of air toxins. In particular they focus on three of the most worrisome phases of the administrative process where imbalances in interest group engagement and influence may be occurring. The thesis of this study is that imbalances in interest group engagement are occurring at critical albeit somewhat obscure stages of the rulemaking life cycle and that these imbalances are impacting the substance of the rulemaking project. This article proceeds in five parts. Part I explores three stages in the rulemaking life cycle that may be afflicted with imbalanced interest group engagement that in turn might distort the outcome of the rulemaking project. Part II describes the methods of the article, which examine the nature of interest group engagement and activity at these problem stages in a complete set of rules promulgated by the EPA governing the industrial emissions of air toxics. Part III describes the findings and Part IV collects information from disparate sources in detective like fashion to explain some of the surprises and new questions that emerge from this research. In the conclusion, the authors retell the store that emerges from their data and consider whether it suggests more pervasive problems in administrative law that will benefit from further study.
The Ultrastructure of Antibody-Forming Spleen Cells in Immunologically Suppressed Leukemic Mice

Previous studies in our laboratory and studies by others have demonstrated that infection with the murine leukemia viruses results in a significant depression in immunologic responsiveness (1,2). The extent of this suppression is dependent upon the dose of virus administered and the time interval between infection and immunization. These and other observations have been used to support the concept that there may be a competition between the leukemia virus and antigen for a limited number of precursor cells.
Municipal water pricing and tariff design: A reform agenda for South Asia

The water tariffs currently in use in most cities in South Asia are not accomplishing their principal objectives. They are not generating sufficient revenues to ensure that utilities can recover their financial costs. They are not sending the correct economic signals to households, i.e., that water is scarce and must be treated as a valuable commodity. They are not helping the majority of the poor households, many of whom are not connected to the piped distribution system. This paper describes the major elements of a package of pricing and tariff reforms that are needed in the municipal water supply sector in many South Asian cities. The recommended set of reforms has three distinct parts: (1) expanding the customer base and making sure connections are metered so that pricing policies can be implemented; (2) changing the way water bills are calculated for households, and for industrial and commercial customers; and (3) putting in place the policies to protect poor households during the reform process. The following pro-poor policies are recommended: (1) ensuring that poor households (and others) can have a private water connection when they want it; (2) subsidizing upfront connection costs, not volumetric water use; (3) providing public taps as a water source of last resort for the very poor; (4) legalizing water vending and selling by neighbors; and (5) not giving private operators exclusive rights to provide water within a service area.
Myoclonus-Dystonia Syndrome and E-Sarcoglycan Deficiency

Clinical and genetic findings in 9 European families with myoclonus-dystonia syndrome (MDS) are reported from Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Munich, Germany.
The myoelectric activity of the small intestine of the dog during total parenteral nutrition.

SummaryThe myoelectric activity of the small intestine was monitored in conscious dogs before, during, and after periods of total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Before TPN, each animal displayed two distinct patterns of myoelectric activity. One pattern was seen in an animal that had been fasted for 18 hr (the interdigestive myoelectric complex); the other pattern was seen after feeding (fed pattern). TPN was then begun and continued for up to 11 weeks, during which time the animals maintained their weight. During TPN, the only myoelectric pattern evident was the interdigestive myoelectric complex and its characteristics were similar to those seen before TPN. The first oral feeding after TPN was followed by the development of a fed pattern. We conclude that: (1) The fasted pattern of myoelectric activity is present during prolonged periods of food deprivation. (2) The presence of nutrients in the blood is not the factor required for presence of the fed pattern. (3) The factors responsible for development of ...
The Urubamba in Panoptic Perspective

A far western tributary of the Amazon system, the Urubamba River has formed a main valley that anchors this discussion of Andean land and life. The valley floor at its southern point exceeds 4300 m asl; the valley ends below 300 m above sea level (asl) where the Urubamba joins the Tambo River to form the Ucayali. This 862 km-long depression manifests notable diversity of climate, vegetation and land use. In the temperate environment above 1800 m asl, human settlement and agriculture were important both before and after the Spanish Conquest (1532 ad). In contrast, the tropical environment in the Urubamba below 1800 m asl, except for a small periphery, had minimal Inca occupation. In the late sixteenth century, the Spaniards began to establish coca and sugar cane haciendas. Observational data and documents from the past introduce a diachronic understanding of the Urubamba as a valley region. Fieldwork beginning in 1963 validated that the place is wondrous in its ecologically diversity and traditional in its way of life, but also that it was on the cusp of change as land tenure became the major issue.
Sclerotherapy for telangiectasia of the lower extremity.

Telangiectatic blood vessels of the legs are insignificant in terms of medical complications but can be a major affliction in many patients’ eyes. Therefore, therapeutic aggressiveness must be tailored to the needs of the patient. Today, techniques exist that successfully decrease the intensity of these unsightly lesions on the legs.
SentiCart: Cartography and Geo-contextualization for Multilingual Visual Sentiment

Where in the world are pictures of cute animals or ancient architecture most shared from? And are they equally sentimentally perceived across different languages? We demonstrate a series of visualization tools, that we collectively call SentiCart, for answering such questions and navigating the landscape of how sentiment-biased images are shared around the world in multiple languages. We present visualizations using a large-scale, self-gathered geodata corpus of >1.54M geo-references coming from over 235 countries mined from >15K visual concepts over 12 languages. We also highlight several compelling data-driven findings about multilingual visual sentiment in geo-social interactions.
Depression, anxiety and tobacco use overlapping impediments to sleep in a national sample of college students

ABSTRACTObjectives: To examine how tobacco use and depression/anxiety disorders are related to disturbed sleep in college students. Participants: 85,138 undergraduate respondents (66.3% female, 74.5% white, non-Hispanic, ages 18–25) from the Spring 2011 American College Health Association–National College Health Assessment II database. Methods: Multivariate analyses of tobacco use (none, intermediate, daily) and mental health (diagnosed and/or symptomatic depression or anxiety) were used to predict sleep disturbance. Results: Daily tobacco use was associated with more sleep problems than binge drinking, illegal drug use, obesity, gender, and working >20 hours/week. Students with depression or anxiety reported more sleep disturbances than individuals without either disorder, and tobacco use in this population was associated with the most sleep problems. Conclusions: Tobacco use and depression/anxiety disorders are both independently associated with more sleep problems in college students. Students with dep...
Introduction: Reconsidering Hunting as a Site of Masculine and Imperial Domination

As a boy, Walter Montagu Kerr’s imagination ‘was fired … with the thought that at some time or another [he] would wander over virgin soil on the dark continent’, but when he landed at the Cape in 1883, he had no idea how to get to the lands he had come to see. He could find little help in Cape Town, either, as ‘reliable corners’ only advised against an expedition into the ‘interior’, citing the difficulties of fever, language barriers and hostile terrains. Eventually, Kerr decided to contact the already famous big game hunter Frederick Courteney Selous, as he believed that ‘no better counsellor [sic] could guide early steps into this land of mystery’.1 Kerr failed to reach Selous, but began making his way north and serendipitously met him in Kimberley. Selous was about to return north to the ‘heart of the hunter’s home’ and invited Kerr to travel with him as far as Bulawayo, the capital of Matabeleland. There, the Ndebele King, Lobengula, gave Selous instant passage in his lands, but Kerr, as a newcomer, had to wait anxiously to learn whether the ‘great black king’ ‘who had so much power to aide or thwart’ was going to allow him to pass through his country. Kerr found Lobengula very amenable, and after only a few days—when others had to wait for weeks or months—Lobengula granted Kerr’s request, enabling the young sportsman-explorer to begin his trek north into the lands known as the interior some six months after arriving in Cape Town.2
On Becoming a Doctor of Humane Letters

In an era of rapid, cheap, and efficient electronic communication, the practice—and art—of letter writing has faded. There are many reasons for us as physicians and surgeons to resist this evolution. And, there are many opportunities to employ letter writing to the benefit of ourselves, our patients, and our colleagues. A true Doctor of Humane Letters is an honorary degree, generally awarded for significant contributions to society.Â However, given that humane can be defined as showing compassion, understanding, mercy, and tolerance, we can all strive to be worthy of such a distinction. There are many mundane letters familiar to us all, such as letters of recommendation, letters of thanks, and letters of commendation. However, I would like to offer some suggestions about other less common, but useful, types of letters that might prove valuable to physicians both in training and in practice. These include letters of inquiry, condolence, reflection, and explanation, as well as some notes about missives that are often best written but not sent.
Disposable Fluidic Actuators for Miniature In-vivo Surgical Robotics

Fusion of robotics and minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has created new opportunities to develop diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Surgical robotics is advancing from externally actuated systems to miniature in-vivo robotics. However, with miniaturization of electric-motor-driven surgical robots, there comes a trade-off between the size of the robot and its capability. Slow actuation, low load capacity, sterilization difficulties, leaking electricity and transferring produced heat to tissues, and high cost are among the key limitations of the use of electric motors in in-vivo applications. Fluid power in the form of hydraulics or pneumatics has a long history in driving many industrial devices and could be exploited to circumvent these limitations. High power density and good compatibility with the in-vivo environment are the key advantages of fluid power over electric motors when it comes to in-vivo applications. However, fabrication of hydraulic/pneumatic actuators within the desired size and pressure range required for in-vivo surgical robotic applications poses new challenges. Sealing these types of miniature actuators at operating pressures requires obtaining very fine surface finishes which is difficult and costly. The research described here presents design, fabrication, and testing of a hydraulic/pneumatic double-acting cylinder, a limited-motion vane motor, and a balloon-actuated laparoscopic grasper. These actuators are small, seal-less, easy to fabricate, disposable, and inexpensive, thus ideal for single-use in-vivo applications. To demonstrate the ability of these actuators to drive robotic joints, they were modified and integrated in a robotic arm. The design and testing of this surgical robotic arm are presented to validate the concept of fluid-power actuators for in-vivo applications.
Campus Compute Co-operative (CCC): A service oriented cloud federation

Universities struggle to provide both the quantity and diversity of compute resources that their researchers need when their researchers need them. Purchasing resources to meet peak demand for all resource types is cost prohibitive for all but a few institutions. Renting capacity on commercial clouds is seen as an alternative to owning. Commercial clouds though expect to be paid. The Campus Compute Cooperative (CCC) provides an alternative to purchasing capacity from commercial providers that provides increased value to member institutions at reduced cost. Member institutions trade their resources with one another to meet both local peak demand as well as provide access to resource types not available on the local campus that are available elsewhere. Participating institutions have dual roles. First as consumers of resources when their researchers use CCC machines, and second as producers of resources when CCC users from other institutions use their resources. In order to avoid the tragedy of the commons in which everyone only wants to use resources, the resource providers will receive credit when their resources are used by others. The consumer is charged based on the quality of service (high, medium, low) and the particulars of the resource provided (speed, interconnection network, memory, etc.). Account balances are cleared monthly. This paper describes solutions to both the technical and sociopolitical challenges of federating university resources and early results with the CCC. Technical issues include the security model, accounting, job specification/management and user interfaces. Socio-political issues include institutional risk management, how to manage market forces and incentives to avoid sub-optimal outcomes, and budget predictability.
Regulation of mouse NK cells by structurally divergent inhibitory receptors.

Natural killer (NK) cells contribute to the natural host defense mechanism by lysing certain virally infected and tumor cells and by releasing cytokines that promote an inflammatory immune response. NK cell specificity and the activation events resulting in NK cell stimulation remain poorly understood. However, from parallel studies in rodents and humans it is becoming increasingly evident that a major mode of NK cell specificity is through regulation of NK cell activation by a series of inhibitory receptors specific for MHC class I molecules.
Structural data collection with mobile devices: Accuracy, redundancy, and best practices

Abstract Smart phones are equipped with numerous sensors that enable orientation data collection for structural geology at a rate up to an order of magnitude faster than traditional analog compasses. The rapidity of measurement enables field structural geologists, for the first time, to enjoy the benefits of data redundancy and quantitative uncertainty estimates. Recent work, however, has called into question the reliability of sensors on Android devices. We present here our experience with programming a new smart phone app from scratch, and using it and commercial apps on iOS devices along with analog compasses in a series of controlled tests and typical field use cases. Additionally, we document the relationships between iPhone measurements and visible structures in satellite, drawing on a database of 3700 iPhone measurements of coseismic surface cracks we made in northern Chile following the Mw8.1 Pisagua earthquake in 2014. By comparing phone-collected attitudes to orientations determined independently of the magnetic field, we avoid having to assume that the analog compass, which is subject to its own uncertainties, is the canonical instrument. Our results suggest that iOS devices are suitable for all but the most demanding applications as long as particular care is taken with respect to metal and electronic objects that could affect the magnetic field.
Preliminary report on the association between pulvinar volume and the ability to detect backward-masked facial features

Although backward masking is a powerful experimental tool in mitigating visual awareness of facial expressions of emotion, ~20% of participants consistently report being resistant to its effects. In our previous studies, we excluded these participants from analysis as we focused on neural data in individuals who were subjectively unaware of backward-masked facial features that were presented for a brief period of time (e.g., 17ms). Here, we shifted our focus to potential structural brain difference between aware and unaware participants. To achieve this, structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) data were pooled from two recent backward masking studies of emotional faces or eye whites (Kim et al., 2016, 2010). Out of a total of 64 participants, 12 reported being subjectively aware of the masked faces or their facial features. Whole-brain, voxel-based morphometric analysis of structural MRI data yielded significantly greater volume of the posterior thalamus, including the bilateral pulvinar, for the subjectively aware versus unaware individuals. No other brain region showed significant volumetric differences between groups. The present findings offer a neuroanatomical basis for visual awareness of emotional content in the form of backward-masked facial features, which complements the known functional role of the pulvinar in such neurobehavioral processes.
Immunohistochemistry for histone H3G34W and H3K36M is highly specific for giant cell tumor of bone and chondroblastoma, respectively, in FNA and core needle biopsy.

Background Diagnosing giant cell-rich bone tumors can be challenging on limited biopsies. H3 histone family member 3A (H3F3A) (G34W/V/R/L) mutations are present in the majority of giant cell tumors (GCTs) of bone and H3 histone family member 3B (H3F3B) (K36M) mutations are present in nearly all chondroblastomas, but are absent in histologic mimics. Mutation-specific immunohistochemistry (IHC) is highly specific for GCT and chondroblastoma in surgical excisions. The objective of the current study was to validate H3G34W and H3K36M IHC in the diagnosis of giant cell-rich bone tumors on fine-needle aspiration and core needle biopsy specimens. Methods IHC was performed using monoclonal antibodies against histone H3.3 G34W and K36M in GCTs of bone (26 cases, including 2 malignant cases), GCT of Paget disease (1 case), chondroblastoma (8 cases), aneurysmal bone cyst (7 cases), and osteosarcoma (13 cases) with available fine-needle aspiration and/or core needle biopsy specimens from 2 institutions. H3F3A and H3F3B Sanger sequencing was performed on all 4 H3G34W IHC-negative GCTs. Results IHC for H3G34W was positive in 22 of 26 GCTs (85%) and negative in all histologic mimics. IHC for H3K36M was positive in all 8 chondroblastomas and negative in all histologic mimics. IHC results were concordant between biopsy and surgical specimens in 152 of 158 samples (96%). Sequencing identified alternate H3F3A G34L and G34V mutations in 1 IHC-negative GCT each, but no mutation was found in the remaining 2 cases. Conclusions H3G34W and H3K36M IHC is highly specific for GCT and chondroblastoma, respectively, among giant cell-rich bone tumors, and is useful for confirming the diagnosis in limited biopsies. The presence of alternate H3F3A mutations accounts for the H3G34W IHC negativity in a subset of GCT of bone cases. Cancer Cytopathol 2018. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
More on Garnering Experts’ Tacit Knowledge

Whereas a major theme of this course, antithetical to the founding doctrine of EBM, was Information-Age professionalism, with practice-guiding expert systems central to this, an important subordinate theme was the way in which clinical experts’ tacit knowledge can be garnered into these systems. This introduces technicalities that did not belong in the course proper. Therefore, further orientation is given in this Appendix, specifically for the design of the set of hypotheticals to be presented to each expert panel.
Utilization-Focused Evaluation: Proposing a Useful Method of Program Evaluation for College Counselors and Student Development Professionals.

The utilization-focused evaluation model is a potentially useful approach for university counselors and student development professionals who must communicate with diverse constituencies about prog...
Advancing the Open Modeling Interface (OpenMI) for Integrated Water Resources Modeling

Abstract The use of existing component-based modeling frameworks for integrated water resources modeling is currently hampered for some important use cases because they lack support for commonly used, topology-aware, spatiotemporal data structures. Additionally, existing frameworks are often accompanied by large software stacks with steep learning curves. Others lack specifications for deploying them on high performance, heterogeneous computing (HPC) infrastructure. This puts their use beyond the reach of many water resources modelers. In this paper, we describe new advances in component-based modeling using a framework called HydroCouple. This framework largely adopts the Open Modeling Interface (OpenMI) 2.0 interface definitions but demonstrates important advances for water resources modeling. HydroCouple explicitly defines standard and widely used geospatial data formats and provides interface definitions to support simulations on HPC infrastructure. In this paper, we illustrate how these advances can be used to develop efficient model components through a coupled urban stormwater modeling exercise.
Running Economy While Running in Shoes Categorized as Maximal Cushioning

The purpose of the study was to determine if running economy was influenced by wearing maximal cushioning shoes vs. control (neutral cushioning) shoes. Participants (n=10, age=28.2±6.1yrs; mass=68.1±10.2 kg; height=170±6.1 cm) completed two experiments. Each experiment included running conditions wearing control and maximal cushioning shoes. In Experiment 1, participants ran on a treadmill at three speeds in each shoe condition (6 total conditions). The speeds were: 1) preferred speed, 2) preferred speed + 0.447 m·s-1, and 3) preferred speed - 0.447 m·s-1. In Experiment 2, participants ran on a treadmill at two inclines (0%, 6%) in each shoe condition (4 total conditions) at preferred speed. Experiments were conducted on separate days with Experiment 1 first. For all conditions, participants ran for 8-10 minutes while rate of oxygen consumption (VO2) was recorded. Average VO2 during steady state for each running condition was calculated. For Experiment 1, a 2 (shoe) × 3 (speed) repeated measures ANOVA (α=0.05) was used. For Experiment 2, a 2 (shoe) × 2 (incline) repeated measures ANOVA (α=0.05) was used. Rate of oxygen consumption was not influenced by the interaction of speed and shoe (p=0.108); VO2 was different between speeds (p<0.001), but not between shoes (p=0.071). Rate of oxygen consumption was not influenced by the interaction of incline and shoe (p=0.191); VO2 was greater for incline vs. level (p<0.001), but not different between shoes (p=0.095). It is concluded that a maximal cushioning running shoe did not influence running economy when compared to a control shoe (neutral cushioning running shoe).
Administration Versus Politics in Theories of Democratic Budgeting

All but one American state has some constitutional requirement for a balanced budget but few of them operate this way. Moreover, in 1979 the federal government enacted a public law that required a balanced budget by 1982. The law has not been repealed but neither have budgets become balanced. These observations point toward a dichotomy within the theory of democratic budgeting. One side of this dichotomy treats budgeting as an administrative matter of selecting rules for rational action. The other side recognizes that democratic budgeting has political character that cannot be reduced wholly to self-enforcing rules. Personal budgeting is a simple matter of individual rationality. In contrast, democratic budgeting entails interaction among individuals, and that interaction is not readily reducible to individual rationality. At this point, democratic budgeting butts against Carl Schmitt’s (1932) recognition of the autonomy of the political within society.
SYNTHESES OF S,N-HETEROCYCLES FROM N-THIOACYLLACTAMIMINES

Abstract Nitrile imines undergo cycloadditions to the thiocarbonyl group of N-thioacyllactamimines 1 giving 1,3,4-thiadiazolines 2. Depending on the substituents oxidation of N-thioacyllactamimines 1 leads to different products, such as condensed 5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazolium bromides 5, 3,5-diaryl-1,2,4-dithiazolium salts 6, 3,5-diaryl-1,2,4-thiadiazoles 7 or 2-benzothiazolyliminopyrrolidine 8.
Atmospheric vertical wind effects and their impact on sonic boom

The one-dimensional augmented Burgers' equation has been generally used for nonlinear lossy sonic boom propagation. This equation models the effects of nonlinearities, loss mechanisms such as absorption and dispersion due to molecular relaxation and thermoviscous dissipation, and geometric spreading through ray tube areas including Blokhintzev scaling as well as atmospheric stratification. Traditionally, atmospheric winds are accounted for by using horizontal wind components varying in magnitude as the sonic boom pressure waveform propagates from near the aircraft toward the ground. Vertical wind components, though present in the real atmosphere, are generally ignored because they are usually much weaker compared to the horizontal components. However, for long propagation distances, such as in the case of secondary booms or speeds at or slightly below Mach cut-off, vertical winds could play a role in changing the location and intensity of sonic booms. This work will update sBOOM, an augmented Burgers' equation solver, to include the vertical component of atmospheric winds. The sonic boom ground signatures and other relevant data will be compared against those obtained ignoring vertical wind components. Such differences will be discussed and documented for cases which may include shaped low-boom as well as strong shock signatures.
Review of resistance to chronic ionizing radiation exposure under environmental conditions in multicellular organisms

Ionizing radiation resistance occurs among many phylogenetic groups and its mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Tolerances to acute and chronic irradiation do not always correlate because different mechanisms may be involved. The radioresistance phenomenon becomes even more complex in the field than in the laboratory because the effects of radioactive contamination on natural populations are intertwined with those of other factors, such as bioaccumulation of radionuclides, interspecific competition, seasonal variations in environmental conditions, and land use changes due to evacuation of humans from contaminated areas. Previous reviews of studies performed in radioactive sites like the Kyshtym, Chernobyl, and Fukushima accident regions, and of protracted irradiation experiments, often focused on detecting radiation effects at low doses in radiosensitive organisms. Here we review the literature with a different purpose: to identify organisms with high tolerance to chronic irradiation under environmental conditions, which maintained abundant populations and/or outcompeted more radiosensitive species at high dose rates. Taxa for which consistent evidence for radioresistance came from multiple studies conducted in different locations and at different times were found among plants (e.g. willow and birch trees, sedges), invertebrate and vertebrate animals (e.g. rotifers, some insects, crustaceans and freshwater fish). These organisms are not specialized "extremophiles", but tend to tolerate broad ranges of environmental conditions and stresses, have small genomes, reproduce quickly and/or disperse effectively over long distances. Based on these findings, resistance to radioactive contamination can be examined in a more broad context of chronic stress responses.