cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of ion-beam-sputtered molybdenum films on N-type silicon

Abstract The introduction of defect levels in the band gap of silicon ( N D =2.5×10 15 cm −3 ), after ion beam sputtering of molybdenum contacts, was investigated with deep level transient spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (electron-beam-induced current mode). Molybdenum contacts were fabricated with beam voltages of 700, 1100 and 1500 V at a beam current density of 2.5 mA cm−2. Defect levels were observed at energies ranging from 0.18 to 0.55 eV below the conduction band. It was established that the introduction of these defect levels depends on the processing conditions and that they reside very close to the MoSi interface (less than 0.4 μm). A correlation was observed between the fabrication conditions, the current-voltage and capacitance-voltage characteristics of the contacts, and the concentrations of the defects present. Charge collection micrographs confirmed the presence of a defective layer close to the surface.
Concise approach to the aromatic yohimboid and protoberberine alkaloids via intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions

Abstract The aromatic yohimboid indole alkaloid oxogambirtannine (9) was synthesized in high yield via the intramolecular [4 + 2] cycloaddition/dehydrogenation of the substituted β-carboline 13, which was readily accessed by the reaction of 10 with the acid chloride 11 in the presence of the diene 12. In a similar manner the prototypical protoberberine skeleton 20 was rapidly constructed upon cyclization of the substituted isoquinoline 17.
Branch and Data Herding: Reducing Control and Memory Divergence for Error-Tolerant GPU Applications

Control and memory divergence between threads within the same execution bundle, or warp, have been shown to cause significant performance bottlenecks for GPU applications. In this paper, we exploit the observation that many GPU applications exhibit error tolerance to propose branch and data herding. Branch herding eliminates control divergence by forcing all threads in a warp to take the same control path. Data herding eliminates memory divergence by forcing each thread in a warp to load from the same memory block. To safely and efficiently support branch and data herding, we propose a static analysis and compiler framework to prevent exceptions when control and data errors are introduced, a profiling framework that aims to maximize performance while maintaining acceptable output quality, and hardware optimizations to improve the performance benefits of exploiting error tolerance through branch and data herding. Our software implementation of branch herding on NVIDIA GeForce GTX 480 improves performance by up to 34% (13%, on average) for a suite of NVIDIA CUDA SDK and Parboil benchmarks. Our hardware implementation of branch herding improves performance by up to 55% (30%, on average). Data herding improves performance by up to 32% (25%, on average). Observed output quality degradation is minimal for several applications that exhibit error tolerance, especially for visual computing applications.
Low voltage pentacene OTFT integration for smart sensor control circuits

The past decade has witnessed remarkable progress in Organic electronics and Organic sensor technology on flexible substrates. Temperature and strain sensors for wireless active health monitoring systems have been tested and demonstrated. These sensors need control circuits to condition and transmit the measurand to the data acquisition system. The control circuits have to be incorporated on to the same substrate as the sensing element. So far, Pentacene based Organic Thin-Film Transistors (OTFTs) have been the most promising candidates for integrated circuit applications. To this end, optimization of the OTFT fabrication process is needed to obtain reliable and reproducible transistor performance in terms of mobility, threshold voltage, drive currents, minimal supply voltage and minimal leakage currents. The objective here is to minimize the leakage losses and the voltage required to drive this circuitry while maintaining process compatibility. The choice of dielectric material has been proven to be a key factor influencing all the desirable characteristics stated above. This paper investigates the feasibility of using a High K/Low K, Tantalum Pentoxide/Poly (4-vinyl phenol) (PVP) hybrid dielectric in Pentacene-based OTFTs to lower the operating voltages. Inverters and simple logic gates like 2-input NAND are simulated with these OTFTs. The results indicate that these OTFTs can indeed be used to build large scale integrated circuits with reproducibility.
Sortal concepts and pragmatic inference in children's early quantification of objects.

Abstract It is typically assumed that count nouns like fork act as logical sortals, specifying whether objects are countable units of a kind (e.g., that a whole fork counts as “one fork”) or not (e.g., that a piece of a fork does not count as “one fork”). In four experiments, we provide evidence from linguistic and conceptual development that nouns do not specify units of quantification, but include both whole objects and their arbitrary parts in their denotations. We argue that, to restrict quantification to whole objects, nominal concepts are enriched pragmatically, via contrast with concepts denoted by alternative descriptions: a piece of a fork is not counted as “one fork” because it is “one piece of fork.” Experiment 1 replicated previous findings that children count pieces of broken objects as whole objects (e.g., two pieces of fork as “two forks”), and showed that children also accept whole object labels as descriptions of object pieces (e.g., “two forks” to describe two pieces of fork). Experiment 2 showed that although children accept such descriptions in isolation, they prefer measure phrases (e.g., “two pieces of fork”) when they are explicitly presented as alternatives. Experiment 3 found that children were better at excluding pieces from their counts of whole objects when measure phrases were primed prior to counting, making them accessible as alternatives to whole object labels. Finally, Experiment 4 taught children names for novel objects, and found that they do not count parts that are given unique labels or that have non-linguistic properties that suggest they are members of distinct object kinds (e.g., unique functions or physical affordances). Together, our results suggest that for children and adults alike, nominal concepts do not provide necessary and sufficient criteria for excluding parts from object kinds. To specify units of quantification – and do the work of sortals – concepts are contrasted with one another and enriched pragmatically.
Phenomenology of a String-Inspired Supersymmetric Model with Inverted Scalar Mass Hierarchy

Abstract Supersymmetric (SUSY) models with heavy sfermions ( m f ∼10 TeV) in the first two generations and the third generation sfermion masses below 1 TeV can solve the SUSY flavor and the CP problems as well as satisfy naturalness constraints. We study the phenomenology of a string-inspired scenario and compare it with the minimal supergravity unified model (mSUGRA). The SUSY trilepton signature at the upgraded Tevatron, the b→sγ branching fraction and the neutralino dark matter relic density in this model can differ significantly from the mSUGRA model.
Chiral sulfinamide/achiral sulfonic acid cocatalyzed enantioselective protonation of enol silanes.

The application of chiral sulfinamides and achiral sulfonic acids as a cocatalyst system for enantioselective protonation reactions is described. Structurally simple, easily accessible sulfinamides were found to induce moderate-to-high ee’s in the formation of 2-aryl-substituted cycloalkanones from the corresponding trimethylsilyl enol ethers.
Zinc oxide-based diluted magnetic semiconductors

Abstract The current experimental situation on the occurrence or absence of ferromagnetism in diluted magnetic semiconductors based on wurtzite zinc oxide hosts is presented, focusing mainly on the many recent experiments which have been performed on bulk systems. Numerous reports have suggested that partial (typically less than 10 at.%) substitution of Zn 2+ in ZnO by magnetic transition metal ( t M) ions, particularly Mn 2+ and Co 2+ , can result in samples with ferromagnetic Curie temperatures above the room temperature. Reports which cast doubt on the very existence of any kind of long range magnetic order in clean samples of Zn 1− x t M x O at low transition metal ( t M) concentrations are also appearing with increasing frequency. The confusing situation clearly calls for a critical, even subjective position to be taken on this topic. The experimental situation on bulk samples strongly favors the view that in cases when ferromagnetism is found, it is not intrinsic to Zn 1− x t M x O.
Angular spectra of polarized Galactic foregrounds

Abstract It is believed that magnetic field lines are twisted and bend by turbulent motions in the Galaxy. Therefore, both Galactic synchrotron emission and thermal emission from dust reflects statistics of Galactic turbulence. Our simple model of Galactic turbulence, motivated by results of our simulations, predicts that Galactic disk and halo exhibit different angular power spectra. We show that observed angular spectra of synchrotron emission are compatible with our model. We also show that our model is compatible with the angular spectra of star-light polarization for the Galactic disk. Finally, we discuss how one can estimate polarized microwave emission from dust in the Galactic halo using star-light polarimetry.
The local variability of rainfall and tribal institutions: the case of Sudan

Abstract This paper develops and tests hypotheses relating the local (spatial) variability of rainfall to property rights and the degree of hierarchy in tribal societies. In the presence of local variability of rainfall, the welfare of tribal members can be enhanced by an institution allowing every member access to all land controlled by the tribe. Greater local variability of rainfall also lowers the degree of hierarchy, both directly and indirectly. Results based on historical and ethnographic data from a cross-section of 41 Sudanese tribes and meterological data from 168 rainfall stations provide tentative support for most of the hypotheses.
The Effects of Electron Scattering Opacity in the Broad Emission-Line Regions of Quasars

It is demonstrated that three observational puzzles in quasars, nearly symmetric Lyman-alpha profiles, weakly asymmetric C IV 1549 A, and offsets between the peaks of these high ionization lines and the systematic velocity, can all be explained by the standard model of the physical state of the broad-line region with the addition of the simplest possible kinematics. Electron scattering in the intercloud medium is the essential ingredient that had been previously neglected. It is shown that the profiles depend at least as sensitively on the run of physical conditions as on the velocity law. Approximate analytic representations of the line emissivities based on detailed photoionization models are used to describe that dependence.
Solar X-ray and EUV corona and their relation to the magnetic activity

Abstract We have studied the solar magnetic cycle in corona using X-ray data from YOHKOH and Extreme Ultraviolet data from SOHO/EIT. Soft X-ray data last the period from after the maximum cycle 22 to the maximum cycle 23 (1991–2001). The SOHO/EIT Extreme Ultraviolet data are used for the period from 1996 to 2003. These data provide us a unique opportunity to look at the solar corona on the solar disc and to compare with the magnetic activity, directly. Our studies reveal a close relationship between the coronal emissions and the photospheric magnetic field in the axisymmetrical case. The evolution of coronal structures in X-ray and EUV can be considered as a proxy of the coronal magnetic field and demonstrates a development of the solar magnetic cycle in corona. It is shown that the most important feature of the coronal cycle is the forming of giant loops structure visible in X-ray and, partially, in EUV (284A) on the solar disk.
BEWARE: background traffic-aware rate adaptation for IEEE 802.11

IEEE 802.11-based devices employ rate adaptation algorithms to dynamically switch data rates to accommodate the fluctuating wireless channel conditions. Many studies observed that when there are other stations transmitting in the network, existing rate adaptation performance degrades significantly due to its inability to differentiate losses between wireless noise and contention collisions. In this paper, we first conduct a systematic evaluation on the effectiveness of various rate adaptation protocols, which try to address this issue by exploiting optional RTS frames to isolate the wireless losses from collision losses. We observe that these existing schemes do not perform well in many background traffic scenarios and can mislead the rate adaptation algorithms to persist on using similar data rate combinations regardless of background traffic level, thus resulting in performance penalty in certain scenarios. The fundamental challenge is to dynamically adjust the rate selection decision objectives with respect to different background traffic levels, as well as fluctuating wireless conditions. In light of such observations, we design a new Background traffic-aWAre RatE adaptation algorithm (BEWARE) that addresses the above challenge. BEWARE uses a mathematical model to calculate on the fly the expected packet transmission time based on current wireless channel and background traffic conditions. We implement BEWARE design in a Linux-based driver, and the test-bed experiment results show that BEWARE outperforms other rate adaptation algorithms by up to 250% in various indoor and outdoor scenarios.
The FUSE* Spectrum of the Planetary Nebula SwSt 1: Evidence for Inhomogeneities in the Gas and Dust

We present Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) observations of the young, compact planetary nebula (PN) SwSt 1 along the line of sight to its central star HD 167362. We detect circumstellar absorption lines from several species against the continuum of the central star. The physical parameters of the nebula derived from the FUSE data differ significantly from those found from emission lines. We derive an electron density ne = 8800 cm-3 from the column density ratio of the excited S III fine-structure levels, which is at least a factor of 3 lower than all prior estimates. The gaseous iron abundance derived from the UV lines is quite high ([Fe/S] = -0.35 ± 0.12), which implies that iron is not significantly depleted into dust. In contrast, optical and near-infrared emission lines indicate that Fe is more strongly depleted: [Fe/H] = -1.64 ± 0.24 and [Fe/S] = -1.15 ± 0.33. We do not detect nebular H2 absorption, to a limit N(H2) < 7 × 1014 cm-2, at least 4 orders of magnitude lower than the column density estimated from infrared H2 emission lines. Taken together, the lack of H2 absorption, low ne, and high gaseous Fe abundance derived from the FUSE spectrum provide strong evidence that dense structures (which can shield molecules and dust from the destructive effects of energetic stellar photons) are not present along the line of sight to the central star. On the other hand, there is substantial evidence for dust, molecular material, and dense gas elsewhere in SwSt 1. Therefore, we conclude that the nebula must have an inhomogeneous structure. We detect nebular absorption at 1040.94 and 1041.69 A from the two excited fine-structure levels of neutral oxygen. These levels give rise to far-infrared emission lines at 63 and 145 μm, which are often used to infer gas properties, particularly temperature, under the assumption that they are collisionally excited. We find that the O I fine-structure levels in SwSt 1 have an inverted population ratio. This requires a nonthermal excitation mechanism, which we identify as fluorescent excitation by the stellar continuum. To the extent that fluorescence affects the level populations, the far-infrared [O I] line strengths cannot be directly used as diagnostics of density and temperature.
The structure of space-time emerging from the two-superbody problem in Chern Simons supergravity

Abstract We show that the exact solution of the two-superbody problem in N = 2 Chern Simons supergravity in 2+1 dimensions leads to a supermultiplet of space-times characterized by the two gauge invariant observables of the super Poincare group. The metric of this space-time supermultiplet can be cast into the form of a spinning cone in which the coordinates do not commute or of a spinning cone with an additional finite discrete dimension. Some of the interesting features of this universe and their possible physical implications are discussed in the light of a corresponding observation by Witten.
Stability of rigid motions and rollers in bicomponent flows of immiscible liquids

We consider the motion of two rings of liquids with different viscosities and densities lying between concentric cylinders that rotate with the same angular velocity Ω. Gravity is neglected and interfacial tension is included. We show that rigid motions are globally stable and that the shape of the interface which separates the two fluids is determined by a minimizing problem for a potential [Pscr ] defined as the negative of the sum of the kinetic energies of two rigid motions plus the surface energy of the interface. We show that the stable interface between fluids has a constant radius when heavy fluid is outside and $J = - d^3 [\![\rho]\!]\Omega^2/T$ is larger than four, where d is the mean radius, $[\![\rho]\!] the density difference and T the surface tension. When J is negative the heavy fluid is inside and the interface must be corrugated. The potential of flows with heavy fluid outside is smaller, thus relatively more stable, than when light fluid is outside, whenever J is large or for any J when the volume ratio m of heavy to light fluid is greater than one. These results give partial explanation of the stability and shape of rollers of viscous oils rotating in water and the corrugation of the free surface of films coating rotating cylinders.
Dynamics of Warm Absorbing Gas in Seyfert Galaxies: NGC 5548

A magnetohydromagnetic (MHD) wind from a clumpy molecular accretion disk is invoked to explain observations of warm absorbing gas at UV and X-ray energies in Seyfert 1 galaxies. This paper focuses on two important issues: (1) compatibility of kinematics and dynamics of an MHD wind with the observed properties of warm absorbers, and (2) the relationship between the UV and X-ray absorbing gases. We provide an in-depth comparison between the MHD wind model and the well-studied Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 5548, which at high spectral resolution exhibits a number of discrete UV absorption components. Model parameters used in this study have been fixed by our previous work on the variability of broad-line region in this object. The detailed UV-X-ray (UVX) absorption structure in NGC 5548 is modeled in order to infer the position, size, density and temperature of each component, as well as the overall dynamics of the absorbing gas. We find that for NGC 5548 (1) the total column densities of O VII, O VIII, and H inferred from X-ray observations are reproduced by constraining the UV ion column densities of C IV and N V in each component to lie within a factor of 2 of their observed values and optimizing over the possible sets of component ionization states and C IV column densities; (2) the warm absorbing gas exists in the outer part of the wind and is not a continuation of the flow in the broad emission-line region; and (3) the warm absorber extends both in radial and polar directions and is ionization stratified. X-ray absorption is found to be heavily biased toward smaller radii, and UV absorption originates at larger distances from the central continuum source. Our analysis shows that the discrete absorption components along the line of sight are intrinsically clumpy. Density differences between kinematic components result in a range of ionization and recombination timescales. We further test the applicability of the MHD wind to warm absorbers in general by constructing a quasi-continuous flow model and extending it to arbitrary aspect angles. Constraining the ionization and volume filling factor for a generic case, we estimate the fraction of Seyfert 1 galaxies having detectable warm absorbers with larger O VII than O VIII column densities, and the range of total hydrogen column densities. We also find that the ratio of O VII to O VIII optical depths can serve as a new diagnostic of active galactic nucleus aspect angle. Finally, the thermal stability of the UVX absorption model is tested. We find that all kinematic components in NGC 5548 are thermally stable to isobaric perturbations. In a more general case, we show that the magnetic field is crucial in order to stabilize the warm absorber gas over a wide range of incident continuum spectral energy distribution and gas metallicity.
On unit fractions with denominators in short intervals

We answer several questions of P. Erdos and R. Graham by showing that for any rational number r > 0, there exist integers n1, n2, ..., nk, k variable, where N < n1 < n2 < ... < nk < (e^r + o_r(1) ) N, such that r = 1/n1 + 1/n2 + ... + 1/nk. Moreover, we obtain the best-possible error term for the o_r(1), which is O_r(loglog N/log N).
Applications of partially quenched chiral perturbation theory

Partially quenched theories are theories in which the valence- and sea-quark masses are different. In this paper we calculate the nonanalytic one-loop corrections of some physical quantities: the chiral condensate, weak decay constants, Goldstone boson masses, B{sub K}, and the K{sup +}{r_arrow}{pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup 0} decay amplitude, using partially quenched chiral perturbation theory. Our results for weak decay constants and masses agree with, and generalize, results of previous work by Sharpe. We compare B{sub K} and the K{sup +} decay amplitude with their real-world values in some examples. For the latter quantity, two other systematic effects that plague lattice computations, namely, finite-volume effects and unphysical values of the quark masses and pion external momenta, are also considered. We find that typical one-loop corrections can be substantial. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
An adaptive nonlinear predictive controller

Abstract The design and implementation of a new adaptive nonlinear predictive controller is presented using a general nonlinear model and variable transformations. The resulting controller is similar in form to standard linear model predictive controllers and can be tuned analogously. Alternative, the controller can be tuned using a single parameter. The design is computationally efficient. The controller is updated on-line without recalculating the controller gain matrix, which involves a matrix inversion. The new controller is compared to a PI controller and to an adaptive linear predictive controller through simulations of a continuous stirred-tank reactor. The effects of modeling errors on the new controller are also shown with simulations
Scale invariance without inflation

We propose a new alternative mechanism to seed a scale invariant spectrum of primordial density perturbations that does not rely on inflation. In our scenario, a perfect fluid dominates the early stages of an expanding, non-inflating universe. Because the speed of sound of the fluid decays, perturbations are left frozen behind the sound horizon, with a spectral index that depends on the fluid equation of state. We explore here a toy model that realizes this idea. Although the model can explain an adiabatic, Gaussian, scale invariant spectrum of primordial perturbations, it turns out that in its simplest form it cannot account for the observed amplitude of the primordial density perturbations.
Analysis of Thermal Energy Storage Material With Change-of-Phase Volumetric Effects

NASA's Space Station Freedom proposed hybrid power system includes photovoltaic arrays with nickel hydrogen batteries for energy storage and solar dynamic collectors driving Brayton heat engines with change-of-phase thermal energy storage (TES) devices. A TES device is comprised of multiple metallic, annular canisters which contain a eutectic composition LiF-CaF[sub 2] phase change material (PCM) that melts at 1,040 K. A moderately sophisticated LiF-CaF[sub 2] PCM computer model is being developed in two stages considering first one-dimensional and then two-dimensional canister geometries. One-dimensional model results indicate that the void has a marked effect on the phase change process due to PCM displacement and dynamic void heat transfer resistance. Equally influential are the effects of different boundary conditions and liquid PCM free convection. For the second stage, successful numerical techniques used in the one-dimensional phase change model are extended to a two-dimensional (r, z) PCM containment canister model. A prototypical PCM containment canister is analyzed and the results are discussed.
Synthetic Metabolism: Engineering Biology at the Protein and Pathway Scales

Biocatalysis has become a powerful tool for the synthesis of high-value compounds, particularly so in the case of highly functionalized and/or stereoactive products. Nature has supplied thousands of enzymes and assembled them into numerous metabolic pathways. Although these native pathways can be use to produce natural bioproducts, there are many valuable and useful compounds that have no known natural biochemical route. Consequently, there is a need for both unnatural metabolic pathways and novel enzymatic activities upon which these pathways can be built. Here, we review the theoretical and experimental strategies for engineering synthetic metabolic pathways at the protein and pathway scales, and highlight the challenges that this subfield of synthetic biology currently faces.
Predicting melting characteristics of vegetable oils from fatty acid composition

The enthalpy and melting characteristics (onset melting temperature, endset melting temperature, peak melting temperature and enthalpy of melting) of 12 vegetable oils were experimentally determined within a temperature range of −60 and 25 °C by means of a differential scanning calorimeter. Data obtained showed that vegetable oils melt over a wide temperature range (19–44 °C). The enthalpy required to increase the temperature of the vegetable oil samples from −60 to 25 °C was between 241.1 and 325.7 kJ/kg. Results from fatty acid composition indicate that the amount of the monounsaturated or polyunsaturated is highly correlated (R2>0.91) with the onset melting temperature, peak melting temperature and enthalpy of melting for the 12 vegetable oil samples. Poor correlation (R2<0.27) was obtained between the melting characteristics and the amount of saturated or unsaturated fatty acid. A linear equation was therefore used to relate each of the melting characteristics of a vegetable oil sample to the amount of monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acid. The models developed are valuable for predicting material behavior and for modeling processing operations for vegetable oils.
Azatricycles from substituted pyridines. Synthesis and rearrangement of N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-azatricyclo[4.3.1.03,7]dec-8-enes.

Abstract The scope and relative rates of intramolecular cycloaddition reactions of methyl-substituted 2-[3-butenyl]-1,2-dihydropyridines 4 have been studied. Cycloadducts 5 can be rearranged to 14 upon reaction with bromine, except when olefinic methyl groups are present.
Solar energy absorption efficiency of an ellipsoidal receiver-reactor with specularly reflecting walls

Abstract An ellipsoidal cavity-receiver with specularly reflecting inner walls, in which the reactor component is positioned at one focal point and the aperture at the other, may be useful in solar applications. Most of the incident radiation from a solar concentrator should reach the reactor directly or after one reflection from the cavity walls. Because the source (aperture) and sink (reactor) have finite areas, the ellipsoidal reflector no longer conveys all of the entering radiation into the reactor; some radiation entering the cavity does not reach the target after one reflection and is eventually absorbed by the cavity walls after multiple reflections or escapes through the aperture. We have examined the conditions for which this radiation loss becomes significant and have estimated the effects on the energy-collection efficiency of the system.
Mechanism for Major Disruptions in Tokamaks

We propose a mechanism for the major disruption in tokamaks that involves the nonlinear destabilization of tearing modes by the $\frac{(m=2)}{(n=1)}$ tearing mode, where $m$ and $n$ denote the poloidal and toroidal mode numbers, respectively. The magnetic islands generated can extend across the plasma cross section. For resistivities of the order of magnitude of these in TOSCA and LT-3, the time scale for their appearance is consistent with the time for the major disruption.
Laser beam deflection as a probe of laser ablation of materials

Probe beam deflection is used for identification of the laser fluence threshold for excimer laser photoablation of various materials. The beam deflection signal due to an acoustic wave and a thermal wave are both distorted as the excimer laser beam fluence is raised through the ablation threshold.
A LOWER BOUND OF THE FIRST DIRICHLET EIGENVALUE OF A COMPACT MANIFOLD WITH POSITIVE RICCI CURVATURE

We give a lower bound for the first Dirichlet eigenvalue for a compact manifold with positive Ricci curvature in terms of the lower bound of the Ricci curvature and the interior radius. The result sharpens earlier estimates.
Reciprocity principle in duct acoustics

A reciprocity relation between mode conversion coefficients is derived for reflection or transmission of sound in a duct without mean flow. Such a relation exists as long as (1) the system remains linear, and (2) modes can be defined at duct stations where the incident and the reflected waves or the incident and the transmitted waves are considered. The reciprocity, relation is independent of acoustic properties of discontinuities which cause mode conversions. For the case of transmission, the shape of cross section and the wall impedance of one end of the duct do not necessarily have to be the same as those of the other end. For instance, the reciprocity relation is well‐defined for sound transmission in a duct which is composed of a circular cylinder element at one end, a rectangular cylinder element at the other end, and a transition section between the two cylinder elements. Finally, some comments are made on application of reciprocity principle to a flow duct.
Oxidation Products of Phenolic Thiocolchicines: Ring a Quinones and Dienones

Abstract An improved, highly selective demethylation of thiocolchicine (1) to the diphenol 5 is described. Oxidation of 2 to para-quinone 6 and of 4 and 5 to ortho-quinones 8 and 10 is first reported. Also, 2-demethylthiocolchicine (3) was oxidized to the quinone methide 7.
More bang for their bucks: assessing new features for online advertisers

Online search systems that display ads continually offer new features that advertisers can use to fine-tune and enhance their ad campaigns. An important question is whether a new feature actually helps advertisers. In an ideal world for statisticians, we would answer this question by running a statistically designed experiment. But that would require randomly choosing a set of advertisers and forcing them to use the feature, which is not realistic. Accordingly, in the real world, new features for advertisers are seldom evaluated with a traditional experimental protocol. Instead, customer service representatives select advertisers who are invited to be among the first to test a new feature (i.e., white-listed), and then each white-listed advertiser chooses whether or not to use the new feature. Neither the customer service representative nor the advertiser chooses at random. This paper addresses the problem of drawing valid inferences from whitelist trials about the effects of new features on advertiser happiness. We are guided by three principles. First, statistical procedures for whitelist trials are likely to be applied in an automated way, so they should be robust to violations of modeling assumptions. Second, standard analysis tools should be preferred over custom-built ones, both for clarity and for robustness. Standard tools have withstood the test of time and have been thoroughly debugged. Finally, it should be easy to compute reliable confidence intervals for the estimator. We review an estimator that has all these attributes, allowing us to make valid inferences about the effects of a new feature on advertiser happiness.
Oikonomia Versus Chrematistike : Learning from Aristotle About the Future Orientation of Business Management

As a philosopher, whose theory about economics and business is systematically connected to a moral and political philosophy, Aristotle provides a rich conceptual framework to reflect upon personal well-being, the wealth of households, and the welfare of the state. Even though Aristotle has mainly been portrayed as an enemy of business, interest in his teachings has been on the rise among management scholars. Several articles have examined Aristotle’s position with regard to current managerial approaches such as total quality management, knowledge management, crisis management, and networking. Even though Aristotle is a constant reference point for business ethics scholars, only rarely have there been attempts to see what consequences his thinking would have for reorienting business philosophy and organizational strategy. In this study, we will outline how Aristotle’s theory of household management can be applied to the management of modern corporations. We argue that conceptions of chrematistike and oikonomia provide a basis to discuss the relationship between business and society and to draw important conclusions for business management.
The limiting density of a nonlinear system

Abstract The RC filter-hard limiter-RC filter nonlinear system is the subject of this paper. Because of computational difficulties implicated in the analysis of the above system, only its response to the zero mean Gaussian system input has been analytically investigated. An approximate output density has also been found for nonzero mean Gaussian, while verified to be “close” to the real one for finite means. In the present paper, a close form of the system output density is obtained when the input mean tends to infinity. For that, e-upcrossing methods were used.
An improved proof-theoretic compilation of logic programs

In prior work, we showed that logic programming compilation can be given a proof-theoretic justification for generic abstract logic programming languages, and demonstrated this technique in the case of hereditary Harrop formulas and their linear variant. Compiled clauses were themselves logic formulas except for the presence of a second-order abstraction over the atomic goals matching their head. In this paper, we revisit our previous results into a more detailed and fully logical justification that does away with this spurious abstraction. We then refine the resulting technique to support well-moded programs efficiently.
Can we consistently forecast a firm’s earnings? Using combination forecast methods to predict the EPS of Dow firms

This paper forecasts earnings per share four- and eight- quarters ahead for 30 Dow firms using out-of-sample combination forecast methods. We show that many financial/economic variables, such as price-earnings ratio, dividend yield and Treasury bill rate, fail to predict out-of-sample EPS relative to a simple autoregressive model. In contrast, a combination forecast method that combines both firm-specific and macroeconomic variables leads to substantial improvements in predictive power relative to the autoregressive benchmark. For most Dow firms, principal component methods in particular lead to large improvements in out-of-sample mean squared forecast error. Our results highlight that reliably identifying a firm’s earnings is not based on a single variable, but on the wealth of information embodied in a host of economic and financial variables, and that combination forecast methods can consistently outperform an AR benchmark across most Dow firms.
Squeezed light and entangled images from four-wave-mixing in hot rubidium vapor

Entangled multi-spatial-mode fields have interesting applications in quantum information, such as parallel quantum information protocols, quantum computing, and quantum imaging. We study the use of a nondegenerate four-wave mixing process in rubidium vapor at 795 nm to demonstrate generation of quantum-entangled images. Owing to the lack of an optical resonator cavity, the four-wave mixing scheme generates inherently multi-spatialmode output fields. We have verified the presence of entanglement between the multi-mode beams by analyzing the amplitude difference and the phase sum noise using a dual homodyne detection scheme, measuring more than 4 dB of squeezing in both cases. This paper will discuss the quantum properties of amplifiers based on four-wave-mixing, along with the multi mode properties of such devices.
Intersection-closed full AFL and the recursively enumerable languages*°

A study is made of conditions on a language L which ensure that the smallest intersection-closed full AFL containing L (written ℱ ^ ∩ ( L ) ) does or does not contain all recursively enumerable languages. For example, it is shown that if L = {ani/j⩾0} and limi→∞ inf(ni+1/ni) > 1, then ℱ ^ ∩ ( L ) contains all recursively enumerable languages. On the other hand, it is shown that if L ⊆ a* and the ratio of the number of words in L of length less than n to n goes to 1 as n → ∞, then ℱ ^ ∩ ( L ) does not contain all recursively enumerable languages.
Scalar Theories and Symmetry Breaking in the Light-Front Coupled-Cluster Method

We extend the light-front coupled-cluster (LFCC) method to include zero modes explicitly, in order to be able to compute vacuum structure in theories with symmetry breaking. Applications to $${\phi^3}$$ and $${\phi^4}$$ theories are discussed as illustrations and compared with variational coherent-state analyses.
System/370 integrated emulation under OS and DOS

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the design and development of integrated emulators for the IBM System/370. Specifically, emulation of IBM 1400 and 7000 series systems on the IBM System/370 Models 145, 155 and 165, integrated under an Operating System. While the author acknowledges the development and presence of emulation outside of IBM, it is not the intent of this article to conduct a comparative survey of all emulator products. Rather, the discussion will be restricted to the design and development considerations involved in producing the System/370 integrated emulators.
Self-reported drunk driving among Finnish adolescents

Background Drunk-driving compromises traffic safety as it impairs driving skills even at very low blood alcohol concentrations among young drivers. According to previous research, the drunk-driving arrest incidence rate of 18-19-year-olds was twice that of the general population (15-84-year-olds) and also their proportion of alcohol-related crashes was high. Aims/Objectives/Purpose The aims of this study were to investigate the frequency and patterns of adolescents' self-reported drunk-driving. Methods The data were collected with a nationally representative cluster sample of 15-16-year-old pupils (n=3744) as part of the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) in 2011. Results/Outcome According to the results, 15% of boys and 11% of girls reported that they had driven a motor vehicle after drinking alcohol or using drugs during the past 12 months. 4% of them reported also at that time getting into a traffic accident. The vehicle used by drunken drivers was in most cases a moped or a scooter. Girls reported a bit more often than boys being a passenger in a motor vehicle driven by a drunk-driver (16% vs 10%). Typically the driver was a friend (77%), but in 19% of cases it was a relative, a family member or other acquaintance. 4% reported the driver was a total stranger. Significance/Contribution to the Field Different professionals working with adolescents should emphasise the risks related to drunken driving, for example, as part of school health care counselling. Also a lower blood alcohol level to adolescents and young people should be considered in addition to targeted road checks. This is an abstract of a presentation at Safety 2012, the 11th World Conference on Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, 1-4 October 2012, Michael Fowler Center, Wellington, New Zealand. Full text does not seem to be available for this abstract.
New, efficient and robust, fiber-based quantum key distribution schemes

We present a highly efficient, new fiber-based quantum key distribution scheme which can be regarded as a modification of an idea proposed by Inoue, Waks and Yamamoto. The scheme described here uses a single phase modulator and two series-delay elements at the transmitter that form an interferometer when combined with a third delay element at the receiver.
Simultaneous electrical and optical readout of graphene-coated high Q silicon nitride resonators

Resonant mechanics of high quality factor (Q) graphene coated silicon nitride devices have been explored using optical and electrical transduction schemes. With the addition of the graphene layer, we retain the desirable mechanical properties of silicon nitride but utilize the electrical and optical properties of graphene to transduce and tune the resonant motion by both optical and electrical means. By positioning the graphene-on-silicon-nitride drums in a tunable optical cavity, we observe position dependent damping and resonant frequency control of the devices due to optical absorption by graphene.
Pattern recognition and reading by machine

Many efforts have been made to discriminate, categorize, and quantitate patterns, and to reduce them into a usable machine language. The results have ordinarily been methods or devices with a high degree of specificity. For example, some devices require a special type font; others can read only one type font; still others require magnetic ink.
Novel Class of Silicon-Based Protective Groups for the Side Chain of Tyrosine,

A novel class of silyl-based protective groups compatible with the Bpoc/t-Bu strategy has been developed for the side chain of tyrosine. Carbobenzyloxy (CBZ) and biphenylisopropyloxy (Bpoc)-O-beta-trimethylsilylethyl-tyrosine (10 and 12) and CBZ-O-beta-dimethylphenylsilylethyl-tyrosine 14 were prepared in reasonable yields and in very high purity. The trimethylsilylethyl (TMSE) group proved to be 3-4 times more stable than the tert-butyl ether group towards 0.5% TFA. The latter is removed up to 4% during the acidolysis of the Bpoc group. As expected, the dimethylphenylsilylethyl (DMPSE) group was even more resistant towards 0.5% TFA (five time greater than the TMSE analog). Both silyl protective groups were found to be resistant towards a variety of reagents used in peptide synthesis, such as trialkylamines, hydroxybenzotriazole, trialkylphosphine and nucleophiles. They are readily removed in neat TFA in 5-20 min in the absence of cation scavengers, without any detectable alkylation of the phenolic ring. The application of the new silyl-based protective group was demonstrated by the synthesis of the C-terminal 29 amino acid peptide of the basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor by the prior thiol capture methodology. The protected octapeptide BocC(Acm)QT)(tBu)FVY(TMSE)GG-PO-dibenzofuranthiol++ + was synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis using Bpoc-(O-TMSE)-Tyr-OH in greater than 90% yield and coupled to an unprotected 21-mer. The partially blocked, purified peptide was deprotected quantitatively in neat TFA in 1 h.
Frames, graphs and erasures

Two-uniform frames and their use for the coding of vectors are the main subject of this paper. These frames are known to be optimal for handling up to two erasures, in the sense that they minimize the largest possible error when up to two frame coefficients are set to zero. Here, we consider various numerical measures for the reconstruction error associated with a frame when an arbitrary number of the frame coefficients of a vector are lost. We derive general error bounds for two-uniform frames when more than two erasures occur and apply these to concrete examples. We show that among the 227 known equivalence classes of two-uniform (36, 15)-frames arising from Hadamard matrices, there are 5 that give smallest error bounds for up to 8 erasures.
Effect of microscopic resection line disease on gastric cancer survival

Abstract To study the effect of residual microscopic resection line disease in gastric cancer, we compared 47 patients with positive margins to 572 patients who underwent R0 resections using a multivariate analysis of factors affecting outcome. Although the presence of positive margins was a significant and independent predictor of outcome for the entire group (N = 619), this factor lost significance in patients who had undergone D2 or D3 lymph node dissections (N = 466). Subset analysis within the D2/D3 group determined that this finding was limited mainly to those patients with >5 positive nodes (N = 189). The survival of patients who had ≤5 positive nodes (N = 277) was significantly worsened by a microscopically involved margin. Supporting this observation, intraoperative reexcision of microscopic disease based on frozen section analysis resulted in a significant improvement in overall survival in patients with ≤5 positive nodes but not in those with >5 positive nodes. We conclude that the significance of a positive microscopic margin in gastric cancer is dependent on the extent of disease. This factor is not predictive of outcome in patients who have undergone complete gross resection and have pathologically proved advanced nodal disease. Thus the goal in these cases should be an R0 resection when feasible but with the realization that the presence of ≥5 positive nodes (N2 disease according to the 1997 American Joint Committee on Cancer criteria) will mainly determine outcome and not microscopic residual cancer at the margin.
The political incentive explanation of “democratic peace”: Evidence from experimental research

In this paper, we summarize a series of experimental studies that show that democracies don't fight each other because their leaders have very few political incentives to do so. The use of force ag...
Optical links for cryogenic focal-plane array readout

An optical link can provide an interface channel for a focal plane array that is immune to electro-magnetic interference (EMI) and can lower the heat load on the dewar. Our approach involves the use of fiber optics and an on-focal-plane optical modulator to provide an interface to the focal plane array (FPA). The FPA drives the modulator with an electrical signal. We evaluated specially fabricated AlGaAs/GaAs multiple-quantum-well (MQW) optical modulators, operating near 840 nm, for analog modulation, and we have used the results to calculate the performance of an optical interface link using experimentally determined device parameters. Link noise and dynamic range for an analog link were estimated from a separate experiment using pigtailed fiber components. The performance of the MQW modulator system is compared to alternative strategies. Significant improvement in performance in comparison to conventional electronic interfaces appears to be possible.
Texas instruments computer communication network and its support for the automated office

This paper will give an overview of the Texas Instruments Incorporated worldwide computer/communications network (as of November 1979) and specifically emphasize its support for electronic mailing, electronic filing, and network connected word processing capability.