cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Normal bone particles are preferentially resorbed in the presence of osteocalcin-deficient bone particles in vivo.

In anin vivo model of osteoclastic bone resorption, we previously showed that osteocalcin-deficient bone particles (BPs), derived from warfarin-treated rats, were resorbed 50% as well as normal BPs and that they recruited fewer osteoclastic cells with decreased tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity. In order to determine the specificity of the resorption response, we evaluated the fate of implanted mixtures of normal and osteocalcin-deficient BPs. Normal and warfarin-treated donor rats were prelabeledin vivo with oxytetracycline to permit identification of BPs from either source. Normal, osteocalcin-deficient, and 50∶50 mixtures of BPs (either labeled or unlabeled) were implanted into normal rats and recovered 12 days later for enzymatic (TRAP) and nondecalcified histomorphometric analyses. The incorporated oxytetracycline had no signficant effect on resorption of bone particles. The recovered osteocalcin-deficient BPs were surrounded by fewer osteoclastic cells, were resorbed less, and contained less extractable TRAP activity than normal BPs. In mixed BP implants with normal and osteocalcin-deficient BPs, each type of bone particle elicited the same tissue response as when implanted separately. Remarkably, the different particles evoked dissimilar osteoclastic responses and were resorbed to different extents, even when adjacent within the same implant. These data suggest that osteocalcin may act as a substrate signal for resorption and that osteocalcin in the normal BPs does not influence the cellular response to adjacent osteocalcin-deficient BPs.
Streptococcal Infections That Fail to Cause Recurrences of Rheumatic Fever

Prospective studies of recurrences of streptoccal infection and acute rheumatic fever were conducted among patients attending the acute rheumatic fever prophylaxis clinic (City of Memphis Hospitals, Memphis, Tennessee) between 1965 and 1972. The patient population consisted of 124 rheumatic children and adults, two-thirds of whom had evidence of rheumatic heart disease. A total of 104 immunologically documented streptococcal infections occurred during 235 patient-years of follow-up (44.3 infections per 100 patient-years) without a single recurrence of rheumatic fever. Immune responses tended to be modest, and 80% of the infections were subclinical. The majority of our group A streptococcal isolates were obtained from routine cultures of specimens from asymptomatic individuals. Many of these strains were "pyoderma" serotypes, whereas others exhibited a characteristic (production of opacity factor) recently reported to be associated with decreased immunogenicity. Several factors may have contributed to the low recurrence rate of acute rheumatic fever, including the age range of the population under study and immunologically significant infections with strains of Streptococcus that were not group A, but a major reason may be the possibility that the group A strains prevalent in this population have diminished rheumatogenic potential.
Replication stress by Py–Im polyamides induces a non-canonical ATR-dependent checkpoint response

Pyrrole–imidazole polyamides targeted to the androgen response element were cytotoxic in multiple cell lines, independent of intact androgen receptor signaling. Polyamide treatment induced accumulation of S-phase cells and of PCNA replication/repair foci. Activation of a cell cycle checkpoint response was evidenced by autophosphorylation of ATR, the S-phase checkpoint kinase, and by recruitment of ATR and the ATR activators RPA, 9-1-1, and Rad17 to chromatin. Surprisingly, ATR activation was accompanied by only a slight increase in single-stranded DNA, and the ATR targets RPA2 and Chk1, a cell cycle checkpoint kinase, were not phosphorylated. However, ATR activation resulted in phosphorylation of the replicative helicase subunit MCM2, an ATR effector. Polyamide treatment also induced accumulation of monoubiquitinated FANCD2, which is recruited to stalled replication forks and interacts transiently with phospho-MCM2. This suggests that polyamides induce replication stress that ATR can counteract independently of Chk1 and that the FA/BRCA pathway may also be involved in the response to polyamides. In biochemical assays, polyamides inhibit DNA helicases, providing a plausible mechanism for S-phase inhibition.
Polydispersity and block copolymer self-assembly

Abstract Block copolymers consist of two or more chemically distinct polymers that are covalently bound. These materials self-assemble into fascinating mesostructures with features on the nanometer length scale and have been the subject of intense research interest for about four decades. These efforts have generally focused on model block copolymer systems where the molecular weight distributions of all blocks are very narrow. Traditionally, many block copolymer systems have been prepared by living anionic polymerization and thus usually exhibit narrow molecular weight distributions in all blocks. Therefore, the assumption of monodisperse blocks that greatly simplifies theoretical work is on solid experimental ground. Preparation of block copolymers with relatively broad molecular weight distributions in one or more block has become increasingly common, however, as use of synthetic techniques such as controlled radical polymerization has proliferated. Advances in these techniques have increased the number of monomers readily incorporated into block copolymers and potentially will drive commercial costs down. These polymerization strategies often, however, result in broader molecular weight distributions than are typically obtained using living anionic, cationic, or metal-catalyzed techniques; understanding polydispersity effects should aid deployment of these block copolymers in advanced materials applications. This review describes both theoretical and experimental investigations of the effects of polydispersity on the melt-phase morphological behavior of block copolymers. The summary includes research efforts focused on both continuous molecular weight distributions and multicomponent blends. The review concludes with a summary and outlook on the potential utility of polydispersity as a tool to tune the morphological behavior of block copolymers.
Improving Knowledge Worker Performance

Today, between one-fourth and one-third of all workers in advanced economies are knowledge workers. Knowledge workers create the innovations and devise the strategies that keep their firms competitive. They are the key to organizational growth, yet few companies have explicitly addressed the productivity and performance of their knowledge workers, and most continue to manage this new breed of employee with techniques designed for the Industrial Age. As this critical sector of the workforce continues to grow in size and importance, failing to address knowledge worker performance is a mistake that could cost companies their future.
Swimming behavior of marine cercariae: Effects of gravity and hydrostatic pressure

Abstract Many species of marine larvae use exogenous cues, such as gravity and pressure, for orientation and dispersal, but it is unclear if parasitic larvae exhibit comparable geotactic and barokinetic behaviors. Using two species of marine cercariae, Euhaplorchis sp. and Probolocoryphe lanceolata , which utilize the same first intermediate host, the mangrove snail Cerithidea scalariformis , the hypothesis that they use gravity and pressure to position themselves in the water column to increase the probability of contacting their respective second intermediate hosts was tested. In a test chamber under dark laboratory conditions, Euhaplorchis sp. cercariae ascended, and therefore displayed negative geotaxis, increasing the probability of finding their second intermediate host, salt marsh killifish ( Fundulus spp.). In contrast, P. lanceoloata cercariae swam downwards towards the bottom of the chamber, and this positive geotactic behavior would place them in a benthic microhabitat consistent with their second intermediate host, fiddler crabs ( Uca spp.). In a subsequent experiment testing swimming activity in response to step increases in pressure, no effect of pressure changes over the range tested (0.3–30 kPa) was observed for either species. Collectively, these results suggest that while cercariae are unresponsive to changes in pressure, they are able to utilize gravity for orientation, placing them in the preferred microhabitat of the second intermediate host. This finding is consistent with published photobehavioral studies in which Euhaplorchis swam upwards towards light and P . lanceolata swam downward towards the bottom upon light stimulation. These complementary phototactic and geotactic behaviors optimize host contact, and thus completion of their complex life cycle.
Certain results on spatiotemporal random fields and their applications in environmental research

This work is about spatiotemporal random fields and their applications in environmental research. Ordinary and generalized random fields are studied,and certain important classes of space nonhomogeneous/time nonstationary random fields are derived. Results are obtained regarding the optimal estimation and simulation of such fields in space and time.
Iñupiaq Ethnohistory: Selected Essays

This volume represents a compendium of favored works selected by Ernest S. (Tiger) Burch prior to his death in 2009. The nine papers in the volume are presented in an order selected by Burch that t...
Americans' Belief in Linked Fate: A Wide Reach but Limited Impact

For decades, scholars have attributed Black Americans’ unified political and policy views, despite growing internal class and status differences, to a strong perception of linked fate. In recent years, the concept has been applied to other racial and ethnic groups and to gender, but not to social statuses such as class or religion. Without broad comparisons across groups and different statuses, however, one cannot determine the theoretical or empirical meaning of this canonical construct. Using a new national survey, we examine views of linked fate by race or ethnicity, and also by gender, class, or religion. We find that a sense of linked fate is similar across racial groups, robust to experimental manipulation, and as strong for class as for racial or ethnic identity. It may reflect a tendency toward social connectedness more group-based identity or heuristic calculation. Furthermore, in this survey, a sense of linked fate is rarely associated with political views or political participation. We conclude that the enormously fruitful concept of racial linked fate is due for both conceptual and empirical re-examination.
Social Network Analysis in the Study of Terrorism and Insurgency: From Organization to Politics

Research using social network analysis to study terrorism and insurgency has increased dramatically following the 9/11 attacks against the United States. This research emphasizes the importance of relational analysis and provides a variety of concepts, theories, and analytical tools to better understand questions related to militant group behavior and outcomes of terrorism and insurgent violence. This paper defines key network concepts, identifies important network metrics, and reviews theoretical and empirical research on network analysis and militant groups. We find that the main focus of existing research is on organizational analysis and its implications for militant group operational processes and performance. Few studies investigate how differences in network structure lead to divergent outcomes with respect to political processes such as militant group infighting, their strategic use of violence, or how politically salient variables affect the evolution of militant cooperative networks. Consequently, we propose a research agenda aimed at using network analysis to investigate the political interactions of militant groups within a single conflict and provide illustrations on how to pursue this agenda. We believe that such research will be of particular value in advancing the understanding of fragmented civil wars and insurgencies consisting of multiple, independent militant groups.
The Conidial Stage of Hypoxylon Microplacum

Hypoxylon microplacum (Berk. & Curt.) J. H. Miller is a widespread species occurring principally on wood and bark of the Lauraceae. It was assigned by Miller (5) to section Applanata of Hypoxylon. Recently, we received from Prof. Larry Grand (North Carolina State University) stromata of H. microplacum on dead wood of Sassafras albiduml (Nutt.) Nees collected near Bainbridge, Ga. Conidial surfaces of moistened stromata and cultures of the fungus derived from ascospores showed a conidial stage that is different in several respects from any that we have thus far encountered in our studies of Hypoxylon. It is described herein.
Sampling wand for an ion trap mass spectrometer.

A new sampling wand concept for ion trap mass spectrometers equipped with discontinuous atmospheric pressure interfaces (DAPI) has been implemented. The ion trap/DAPI combination facilitates the operation of miniature mass spectrometers equipped with ambient ionization sources. However, in the new implementation, instead of transferring ions pneumatically from a distant source, the mass analyzer and DAPI are separated from the main body of the mass spectrometer and installed at the end of a 1.2 m long wand. During ion introduction, ions are captured in the ion trap while the gas in which they are contained passes through the probe and is pumped away. The larger vacuum volume due to the extended wand improves the mass analysis sensitivity. The wand was tested using a modified hand-held ion trap mass spectrometer without additional power or pumping being required. Improved sensitivity was obtained as demonstrated with nano-electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), and l...
The Value of Choline Additions to a Corn and Soybean Oil Meal Chick Ration Containing Distillers’ Dried Solubles,

Abstract THE role of choline and methionine in chick nutrition was reviewed in previous papers (Marvel et al. 1944, 1945). The development of a modified chemical method for the determination of choline (Engel 1942) has made possible the study of choline deficiency in chick rations. The choline content of some poultry feeds has been reported by Engel (1943), and by Rhian et al. (1943). This report compares the choline content of chick rations with the growth responses. EXPERIMENTAL The experiments were conducted in the same manner as described in previous reports. Baby chicks were Barred Plymouth Rocks obtained from local hatcheries or hatched from Experiment Station stock. Chicks were sexed by the method of Quinn and Knox (1939), wing-banded, and distributed into lots according to weight. Approximately 40 chicks were started in each lot, but the numbers were reduced to 25 at four weeks by discarding all chicks except the median . . .
Radical History: Toward Inclusiveness

The news that no reverse Gresham's law operates in Clio's realm will not surprise those who remember that once upon a time the work of U. B. Phillips shut that of Herbert Aptheker out of the academy, as that of Claude Bowers did the work of W. E. B. Du Bois, points made by Jonathan Wiener in reconstructing the dynamic of professional legitimation. It is not enough for historians to be intelligent and hardworking to earn respectful peer consideration - it was certainly not enough for the radical historians discussed here. Wiener's reasonable contention is that what changed the way many historians now understand their discipline were the social and political upheavals generated by the civil rights and antiwar movements. He reiterates the coeval significance of the former, by my count, four times "Blacks have shown the role history plays in defining a social movement," proclaims the 1970 "Women's Liberation" issue of Radical America. Is it then picayune, if not paranoid, of me to be dismayed by the virtual invisibility of African-American historians among Wiener's radicals? I would have thought that the duree in radical historiography of Du Bois's Black Reconstruction deserves more than the ceremonial sentence it receives here, and that Eric Williams's seminal Capitalism and Slavery also deserves citation, even if, arguably, the polemical scholarship of Rayford Logan does not. I would also have anticipated at least an obligatory sentence mentioning the 1971 anatomical study of law and race by Mary Frances Berry and the 1976 "bottom-up" monograph on black migration by Nell Painter, as well as the 1977 structuralist Reconstruction study by Thomas Holt, works clearly in the spirit of radical revisionism. Their omission has a large and deplorable significance in an essay about the coming-of-age of a school of history that gives flesh and voice to non-elites and, by influence if not by mandate, provides an analytical framework for the empowerment of ordinary men and women. It suggests, whatever the intention of the individual historian, an arrogance of vision, an unconscious proprietariness, vis-a-vis African-American historiography quite analogous to the professional mind-set identified and relentlessly exposed in Edward
Application of Chelex-100 Method to Extract the Genomic DNA of Melon Powdery Mildew

The study aimed to establish a rapid method to extract the genomic DNA from Melon powdery mildew.Taking conidia of melon powdery mildew as materials,the extraction genomic DNA of melon powdery mildew by the Chelex-100 extraction method were investigated in this paper.The genomic DNA extraction was had extracted successfully from conidia of melon powdery mildew by the Chelex-100 extraction method.And 5.8S-ITS was amplification with this DNA as PCR templates Chelex-100 method was a rapid method to extract the genomic DNA from melon powdery mildew.
Transesophageal Echocardiography in Renal Cell Carcinoma: An Accurate Diagnostic Technique for Intracaval Neoplastic Extension

Between 4 and 10% of patients with renal cell carcinoma have tumor involving the inferior vena cava and many of these patients have suprahepatic extension. In patients with intracaval neoplastic extension precise definition of the superior aspect of the tumor thrombus is critical. Transabdominal ultrasonography, computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and inferior venacavography are all currently used to evaluate the inferior vena cava in these patients. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography was used to image the inferior vena cava in 5 patients with renal cell carcinoma and intracaval neoplastic extension. In each patient transesophageal echocardiography correctly revealed the superior extent of tumor thrombus. In 3 patients tumor thrombus was found at a higher level by transesophageal echocardiography than by CT, MRI and inferior venacavography. In all patients tumor imaging by transesophageal echocardiography correlated well with the gross appearance and extent of tumor found at operation. Echocardiography also documented the absence of residual gross tumor after resection. Transesophageal echocardiography was also useful to assess left ventricular function. Although each of these patients had a pulmonary artery catheter as well transesophageal echocardiography can be useful in situations when right atrial tumor thrombus prevents right heart catheterization. This small series demonstrates that intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography can accurately evaluate the extent of tumor thrombus and provides a means to assess myocardial function complementary to the pulmonary artery catheter.
Letter by Murakami et al Regarding Article, "Surgically Constructed Double-Outlet Right Ventricle".

We read with great interest the article by Egbe and colleagues,1 which reported a new operation with the homograft conduit from the right ventricle (RV) to the right pulmonary artery (PA) for the patient with occlusion of the right PA. The operation is excellent; however, …
HBCUs to the Rescue: Utilizing Service-Learning Pedagogy to Improve Teacher Preparation in Early Childhood Education

Teacher education programs are under intense scrutiny regarding the effective preparation of teachers. Specifically, research shows teachers are not prepared for the diversities present in today’s classrooms. As the largest producers of minority teachers, Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) play an important role in finding effective strategies to inform teacher preparation in early childhood education. Quality early childhood educational experiences are important for all children, but especially important for minority and poor children who are less prepared academically due to social and economic factors. Because HBCUs historic missions of civic engagement and social justice align effortlessly with service learning, a pedagogy that has shown to be an effective strategy in improving teacher preparation, HBCUs are in a unique position to add to the discourse surrounding teacher preparation gaps in early childhood education.
Mental distress and health care use among survivors of adolescent and young adult cancer: A cross-sectional analysis of the National Health Interview Survey.

BACKGROUND The current study was conducted to examine the prevalence and correlates of mental distress among survivors of adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer and a comparison group. METHODS A total of 875 AYA cancer survivors who were diagnosed between the ages of 15 and 39 years and who were at least 5 years from their initial diagnosis were identified from the 2013 and 2014 National Health Interview Surveys. A comparison group was created. The Kessler nonspecific mental/psychological distress scale was used to examine none/low, moderate, and severe distress. The issues of whether individuals talked to mental health professionals within the previous year and if they could afford mental health care also were examined. Variables (ie, demographics, behavioral [eg, smoking status], comorbidity, and mental health visits) associated with distress among the 2 groups were identified using multinomial logistic regressions. RESULTS Survivors reported mental distress more often than the comparison group (moderate: 23.2% vs 16.9%; and severe: 8.4% vs 3.0% [P<.001]). Survivors cited not being able to afford mental health care more often (6.4% vs 2.3%; P = .002). Moreover, 74.7% and 52.2% of survivors, respectively, with moderate and severe distress had not talked to a mental health professional. Contrary to the comparison group, survivors who were current smokers reported severe distress more often compared with nonsmokers (relative risk, 3.59; 95% confidence interval, 1.46-8.84 [P = .01]). Having public and no insurance versus private insurance and report of sleep-related trouble within the previous week were found to be associated with greater distress among survivors. CONCLUSIONS AYA cancer survivors are more likely to demonstrate mental distress than individuals without cancer. Nevertheless, few survivors may be receiving professional mental health services. Survivors need greater access to mental health screening and counseling to address the current gaps in care delivery. Cancer 2017;123:869–78. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
ADAMTS13 Binds VWF Via its C-Terminal CUB2 Domain.

Abstract Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a life threatening illness due to a deficiency of the VWF-cleaving protease, ADAMTS13. The ADAMTS13 protein is composed of a propeptide, followed by a typical zinc metalloprotease domain. The C-terminal 2/3 of the molecule contains disintegrin-like, cystine-rich, and spacer domains, as well as a total of eight TSP1 motifs and two CUB domains. The function of this C-terminal portion of the molecule and its composite motifs is unknown, though TSP1 and CUB domains of other proteins have been shown to mediate protein-protein interactions. To further explore the interaction between ADAMTS13 and VWF, we cloned full length human cDNAs for both ADAMTS13 and VWF into the mammalian expression vector pcDNA3.1. These constructs were transiently transfected into 293T cells and COS cells respectively, and conditioned media collected for analysis. Using an anti-myc antibody, myc-tagged VWF co-immunoprecipitated (co-IP) with ADAMTS13, as demonstrated by western blot analysis using antisera raised against a C-terminal peptide derived from the predicted ADAMTS13 sequence. This direct interaction required partial denaturation of VWF in 1M urea, with no co-IP observed in the absence of urea. To map the segment within ADAMTS13 responsible for VWF binding, we cloned a series of overlapping ADAMTS13 fragments into the bacterial expression vector, Pet44b. Fusion proteins were purified by binding of the included His-tag to Ni-NTA beads and incubated with recombinant myc-VWF in the presence of 1M urea. Association with VWF was analyzed by co-IP with anti-myc followed by western blot analysis using an antibody to the C-terminal HSV-tag present in each fusion protein. The CUB2 (Glu1298- Thr1427) fusion protein co-IP'd with full-length VWF and also demonstrated concentration-dependent competition with full-length ADAMTS13 for VWF binding. In summary, we have demonstrated a direct protein-protein interaction between VWF and ADAMTS13. Binding requires partial denaturation of VWF and appears to be mediated primarily through contacts with the ADAMTS13 CUB2 domain. This interaction may account for the previously observed co-purification of VWF and ADAMTS13 from human plasma. Furthermore, the requirement for 1M urea suggests that this interaction may only occur physiologically under conditions of high shear. Though others have shown that the C-terminal domains of ADAMTS13, including CUB2, are not required for VWF cleavage in vitro, our data, together with several C-terminal mutations previously reported in TTP patients, suggest that interactions between VWF and the ADAMTS13 CUB2 domain may be important in vivo.
Impact of Wisconsin Medicaid Policy Change on Dental Sealant Utilization.

Background In September 2006, Wisconsin Medicaid changed its policy to allow nondentists to become certified Medicaid providers and to bill for sealants in public health settings. Objective This study examined changes in patterns of dental sealant utilization in first molars of Wisconsin Medicaid enrollees associated with a policy change. Data Source The Electronic Data Systems of Medicaid Evaluation and Decision Support for Wisconsin from 2001 to 2009. Study Design Retrospective claims data analysis of Wisconsin Dental Medicaid for children aged 6-16 years. Principal Findings A total of 479,847 children followed up for 1,441,300 person-years with 64,546 visits were analyzed. The rate of visits for sealants by dentists increased significantly from 3 percent per year prepolicy to 11 percent per year postpolicy, and that of nondentists increased from 18 percent per year to 20 percent after the policy change, but this was not significant. Non-Hispanic blacks had the lowest visit rates for sealant application by dentists and nondentists pre- and postpolicy periods. Conclusions The Wisconsin Medicaid policy change was associated with increased rates of visits for dental sealant placement by dentists. The rate of visits with sealant placements by nondentists increased at the same rate pre- and postpolicy change.
Making Marxist Pedagogy Magical: From Critique to Imagination, or, How Bookkeepers Set Us Free

Claiming that critical education generally, and marxist education specifically, is stuck in a dead-end of impotent critique, this article seeks to reinvigorate the fields by making marxist pedagogy magical. We have to, in other words, not just engage in productive and revolutionary critique, but more importantly, engage in the magical act of imagining possible futures. Selectively reading the three volumes of Marx's Capital , I demonstrate that Marx figures communism is different ways and with seemingly antagonistic emphases. At heart, then, Marx poses communism as a pedagogical problem and as one that demands magical thinking. Insisting that our history and present be the real concrete stuff of learning, experimenting, and doing, I next make the claim that we have already been post-capitalist (i.e., socialist), and that we have to reclaim the successful history of the international struggle of the dispossessed and exploited. In disavowing this history, we reinforce the neoliberal claim that there is no alternative to the market and democracy. I conclude by offering the U.S.-based Party for Socialism and Liberation as an example of magical marxist educators, calling on their imaginative Party program.
Algorithmic Analysis of Geometrically Computed QFT Bounds

Abstract Quantitative Feedback Theoty (QFT) emphasizes methodologies for designing compensators for systems with uncertain parameters. We present an algorithm to calculate the ratio of the maximum and minimum absolute values for a closed-loop transfer function (CLTF) with uncertain parameters. The algorithm is based on Kharitonov stability theoty and the concept of the value set. Our development introduces the application of figures of merit that are standard to the theoty of algorithms.
A Numerical Study of Some Data Association Problems Arising in Multitarget Tracking

The central problem in multitarget/multisensor tracking is the data association problem of partitioning the observations into tracks and false alarms so that an accurate estimate of the true tracks can be recovered. This data association problem is formulated in this work as a multidimensional assignment problem. These NP-hard data association problems are large scale, have noisy objective functions, and must be solved in real-time. A class of Lagrangian relaxation algorithms has been developed to construct near-optimal solutions in real-time, and thus the purpose of this work is to demonstrate many of the salient features of tracking problems by using these algorithms to numerically investigate constant acceleration models observed by a radar in two dimensional space. This formulation includes gating, clustering, and optimization problems associated with filtering. Extensive numerical simulations are used to demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of a class of Lagrangian relaxation algorithms for the solution of these problems to the noise level in the problems.
VIP Lanes: High-Speed Custom Communication Paths for Authorized Flows

Campus networks and enterprise networks increasingly depend on middleboxes (e.g., firewalls, NAT, load balancers, IDS/IDP) to provide essential services or enforce network policies. These middleboxes often limit the performance of network applications, especially those involved in big data transfer. To address this problem, we propose a Software Defined Networking (SDN) campus network architecture, called VIP Lanes, that provides the ability for pre-authorized, trusted users to create flows that bypass middleboxes, thereby enabling those users to achieve substantially better performance while maintaining security and policy compliance for other network traffic. In this paper, we present the VIP Lanes abstraction and describe an authorization and policy-enforcement service used to establish trusted VIP Lanes. We describe an initial prototype implementation that not only demonstrates the viability of the VIP Lanes approach, but also gives an indication of the types of performance improvements that are possible - in some cases approaching a two order of magnitude reduction in transmission times.
Plutonium predominance-region diagram

The oxidation number and the pH are used to construct a predominance-region diagram for soluble plutonium. Features of the diagram can be verified by means of rearrangement equations for plutonium.
Multivariate Poisson Lognormal Modeling of Weather-Related Crashes on Freeways:

Adverse weather conditions are one of the primary causes of motor vehicle crashes. To identify the factors contributing to crashes during adverse weather conditions and recommend cost-effective cou...
Economic Logic and Legal Logic

This essay disentangles the complex relations between economic logic and legal logic. It distinguishes (a) economic logic as a social process from economic logic as economic reasoning; (b) economic reasoning to explain behavior from economic reasoning to evaluate behavioral outcomes; and (c) legal reasoning in judicial contexts from legal reasoning in other contexts such as legislation and legal enforcement or compliance. It then argues first that economic logic as the logic of social processes deepens our understanding of how law develops and how it influences behavior. But the essay argues second that economic logic plays at best a limited role in the logic of legal reasoning for two reasons. Much legal reasoning seeks to identify the goals we should and do pursue while economic logic takes such goals as given. Further, the instrumental role of economic logic will vary with the institutional context in which legal reasoning occurs.
MicroRNAs in Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition and Breast Cancer Progression

Breast cancer remains a serious public health issue despite early diagnosis and aggressive treatment. This chapter discusses the molecular mechanism by which epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) occurs and its implication for metastasis. The chapter also discusses how the different subsets, including cancer stem cells, contribute to cancer evasion and resistance, through dormancy. Included in the discussion are studies on mesenchymal stem cells as protection for the cancer cells from immune clearance. We reviewed the growing information on microRNA (miRNA) in the cellular mechanisms of EMT and its role in facilitating metastasis and/or dormancy of the cancer cells. Overall, this chapter provides a “snapshot” of EMT and miRNA in breast cancer dormancy and metastasis.
Computation of Constrained Spanning Trees: A Unified Approach

Computing spanning trees with specific properties and constraints lies at the heart of many real-life network optimization problems. Here, a compilation of 29 constrained spanning tree problems is presented. Since most of these problems are NP-complete, good approximate heuristics are needed to solve them on parallel machines. We develop two generic methods for handling large graphs on massively-parallel SIMD machines.
Global Geographies of Environmental Injustice and Health: A Case Study of Illegal Hazardous Waste Dumping in Côte d’Ivoire

Global environmental injustice, the unfair distribution of hazardous activities and materials in disadvantaged communities, is increasingly evident in the African continent through transboundary pollution and illegal disposal of hazardous wastes. Studies are needed to uncover the underlying factors that account for these trends and the detrimental health effects in the host communities. This chapter examines a recent incident involving the disposal of hazardous wastes in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire. Specifically, in August 2006, hazardous wastes consisting of mercaptans, hydrogen sulfide, phenols, and hydrocarbons were dumped illegally in seventeen locations resulting in approximately fifteen deaths and thousands of injuries. The chapter examines the circumstances under which the incident occurred and the communities that were most affected by the incident. Atmospheric dispersion models are used to delineate the plume footprints of the hazardous releases in Abidjan. The generalized risk zones are then integrated into a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to assess the environmental impacts of exposure and the demographic profile of residents within these high risk zones.
Integrating Positive Psychology and Developmental Viewpoints into the Study of Mental Health Across Diverse Groups

In 1998, nearing the end of his presidential term at the American Psychological Association, Martin Seligman raised a public call for a new focus in psychology, what he referred to as a positive psychology (Seligman 1998). Then, in January of 1999, Martin Seligman invited several up and coming researchers to join him and a few senior colleagues to discuss what a positive psychology may look like in both theory and action. The first author was one of those fortunate to have been selected. We gathered in a small town in sunny Akumal, Mexico, and for several days and nights, we shared our thoughts and experiences of what a bold new psychology may look like. What was not questioned was the potential value of establishing such a psychology in the field. Now, nearly a decade later, the results of those early discussions have not only impacted the imagination of thousands of individuals, but they have also come to bear fruit in the form of hundreds of journal and book publications, confirming the interest and value of positive psychology in our world.
Research Ethics: Research

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by J.E. Sieber, volume 19, pp. 13235–13240, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
Adenosinergic signaling as a target for natural killer cell immunotherapy

Purinergic signaling through adenosine plays a key role in immune regulation. Hypoxia-driven accumulation of extracellular adenosine results in the generation of an immunosuppressive niche that fuels tumor development. Such immunometabolic modulation has shown to be a promising therapeutic target through blockade of adenosine receptors which mediate adenosine's immunosuppressive function, or cancer-associated ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 that catalyze the synthesis of adenosine. Adenosinergic signaling heavily implicates natural killer cells through both direct and indirect effects on their cytolytic activity, expression of cytotoxic granules, interferon-γ, and activating receptors. Continuing work has uncovered multiple checkpoints linked to adenosine within the purinergic signaling cascade as contributing to immune evasion from NK cell effector function. Here, we discuss these checkpoints and the recent body of work that focuses on adenosinergic signaling as a target for natural killer cell of cancer.
Embodied social robots trigger gaze following in real-time HRI

When interacting with others, we use information from gestures, facial expressions and gaze direction to make inferences about what others think, feel or intend to do. Gaze direction also triggers shifts of attention to gazed-at locations and establishes joint attention between gazer and observer. The ability to follow gaze develops early in life and is a prerequisite for more complex social-cognitive processes like action perception, mentalizing and language acquisition. It has been shown that robot gaze induces similar gaze following effects in observers as human gaze, with positive effects on attitudes and performance in human-robot interaction. However, so far most studies have used images or videos in controlled laboratory settings to investigate gaze following in human-robot interaction rather than realistic social embodied robot platforms. The current experiment shows that gaze following can be observed in real-time interactions with embodied social robot platforms. The implications of this finding for human-robot interaction are discussed.
Postmodern communism: An educational constellation

Inexhaustible, the postmodern not only lingers after the death of postmodernism, but actually emerges triumphant. Whereas, postmodernism tried to in some sense to systematize—or at least capture—th...
Evaluation of Hybrid III and THOR-M neck kinetics and injury risk under various restraint conditions during full-scale frontal sled tests.

Objective: The objective of this research was to compare the kinetics and predicted injury risks of the Hybrid III (HIII) and Test device for Human Occupant Restraint (THOR)-M necks during full-sca...
Generation of Organolithium Compounds Bearing Super Silyl Ester and Their Application of Matteson Rearrangement.

The super silyl group Si(SiEt3)3 is found to be an efficient and robust protecting group for carboxylic acids.
Focus: Organizing Level and Variant

Culture may be understood and designed at several organizing levels: atomic, micro, meso and macro, these are culture foci in CDP. Some of the levels loosely correspond with those described in social organization theories. In this chapter, I briefly discuss these four levels and their key variants in the context of CDP. I finish this chapter by discussing the convergence of culture within each level, from low to high.
Petrographic and compositional indicators of formation and alteration conditions from LL chondrite sulfides

Sulfide minerals occur in many types of extraterrestrial samples and are sensitive indicators of the conditions under which they formed or were subsequently altered. Here we report that chemical and petrographic analyses of Fe,Ni sulfides can be used to determine the metamorphic type of the host LL chondrite, and constrain their alteration conditions. Our data show that the major- and minor-element compositions of the pyrrhotite-group sulfides (dominantly troilite) and pentlandite vary with degree of thermal metamorphism experienced by their host chondrite. We find that Fe,Ni sulfides in LL3 chondrites formed during chondrule cooling prior to accretion, whereas those in LL4 to LL6 chondrites formed during cooling after thermal metamorphism in the parent body, in agreement with previous work. High degrees of shock (i.e., ≥S5) caused distinct textural, structural, and compositional changes that can be used to identify highly shocked samples. Distinct pyrrhotite-pentlandite textures and minerals present in Appley Bridge (LL6) suggest that they cooled more slowly and therefore occurred at greater depth(s) in the host parent body than those of the other metamorphosed LL chondrites studied here. Sulfides in all LL chondrites studied formed under similar sulfur fugacities, and the metamorphosed LL chondrites formed under similar oxygen fugacities. The data reported here can be applied to the study of other LL chondrites and to sulfides in samples of asteroid Itokawa returned by the Hayabusa mission in order to learn more about the formation and alteration history of the LL chondrite parent body.
The role of contamination in the failure of electronics—case studies

Abstract Contamination of electronics is an obvious and intuitive source of failures. Anyone who has inadvertently washed their cellphone or dropped it in water can immediately realize the implications (the remediation step of placing the wet phones in dry rice is so well cited that it is almost folklore). Another but perhaps not quite as well-known example is dust and lint accumulation on circuit cards leading to reduced heat dissipation causing overheating failures (this is particularly common with regards to CPUs of computers). Metallic debris contamination of electronics resulting in inadvertent shorting of a circuit is also common knowledge. In this contribution, examples of not so obvious and novel modes of contamination which have led to electronics failures are discussed. In one example outgassing of materials from assembly materials is shown to cause the failure of an electric motor. In another example an unusual mechanism of release of an extremely aggressive chemical, sulfuric acid, from a leaking capacitor on a circuit card is discussed. Finally, examples are given that highlight the role of electrolyte contamination (ionic salts and related chemicals) leading to electronics failures. Remediation is also discussed with regard to the resolution of the cited examples.
A First Course in Network Science

Networks are everywhere: networks of friends, transportation networks and the Web. Neurons in our brains and proteins within our bodies form networks that determine our intelligence and survival. This modern, accessible textbook introduces the basics of network science for a wide range of job sectors from management to marketing, from biology to engineering, and from neuroscience to the social sciences. Students will develop important, practical skills and learn to write code for using networks in their areas of interest - even as they are just learning to program with Python. Extensive sets of tutorials and homework problems provide plenty of hands-on practice and longer programming tutorials online further enhance students' programming skills. This intuitive and direct approach makes the book ideal for a first course, aimed at a wide audience without a strong background in mathematics or computing but with a desire to learn the fundamentals and applications of network science.
Fibrinogen Alpha Chain Knockout Promotes Tumor Growth and Metastasis through Integrin-AKT Signaling Pathway in Lung Cancer

Fibrinogen is an extracellular matrix protein composed of three polypeptide chains with fibrinogen alpha (FGA), beta (FGB) and gamma (FGG). Although fibrinogen and its related fragments are involved in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis, their functional roles are incompatible. A recent genome-scale screening reveals that loss of FGA affects the acceleration of tumor growth and metastasis of lung cancer, but the mechanism remains elusive. We used CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to knockout (KO) FGA in human lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cell lines A549 and H1299. By colony formation, transwell migration and matrix invasion assays, FGA KO increased cell proliferation, migration, and invasion but decreased the expressions of epithelial-mesenchymal transition marker E-cadherin and cytokeratin 5/8 in A549 and H1299 cells. However, administration of FGA inhibited cell proliferation and migration but induced apoptosis in A549 cells. Of note, FGA KO cells indirectly cocultured by transwells with FGA wild-type cells increased FGA in the culture medium, leading to decreased migration of FGA KO cells. Furthermore, our functional analysis identified a direct interaction of FGA with integrin α5 as well as FGA-integrin signaling that regulated the AKT-mTOR signaling pathway in A549 cells. In addition, we validated that FGA KO increased tumor growth and metastasis through activation of AKT signaling in an A549 xenograft model. IMPLICATIONS: These findings demonstrate that that loss of FGA facilities tumor growth and metastasis through the integrin-AKT signaling pathway in lung cancer.
Associations of leisure screen time with cardiometabolic biomarkers in college-aged adults

We examined whether screen time was associated with cardiometabolic disease (CMD) risk factors in young adults. Ninety-five adults (19.9 ± 11.4 years) self-reported medical and health behavior history, screen time (television viewing, video games and computer games), and dietary intake. Waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting glucose and lipid levels, cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak), and body composition were measured. Total sedentary behavior and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were measured by accelerometer. On average, leisure screen time (2.0 ± 1.6 h day−1) accounted for 24% of total sedentary time (8.4 ± 1.5 h day−1). After adjustment for demographics, smoking, sleep duration, total energy intake, total sedentary time and MVPA, a 1-standard deviation increase in leisure screen time was associated with a 26% higher BMI, 29% higher waist circumference, 25% higher fat mass, 23% higher triglyceride, and 24% lower VO2peak (p < 0.05). Our findings suggest that screen time may contribute to the risk of obesity and CMD in young adults.