cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Endoscopy-Assisted Percutaneous Repair of Acute Achilles Tendon Tears

Background:We developed a technique for endoscopy-assisted percutaneous repair of acute Achilles tendon tears.Methods:Nineteen patients with acute Achilles tendon tears were prospectively recruited...
Prior residence effect in wintering male Eurasian siskins is not related to resource holding power

Animals competing for resources follow a general rule for which prior residents usually win contests over intruders. This prior residence effect might arise because animals possess a genetically fixed convention so that ‘residents always win’ (i.e. an uncorrelated asymmetry), because residents have a higher resource holding power (RHP) than intruders or because residents have a higher motivation to defend territories (i.e. pay-off asymmetry). The discrimination between these different hypotheses, though, has proven to be difficult. Eurasian siskins (Spinus spinus) provide us with an adequate opportunity to test for the effect of RHP on the prior residence effect. Siskins show two different strategies while in the wintering grounds: residents remain for several weeks on a given location while transients continuously move and residents are dominant over transients. The black bib area of male siskins signals their RHP. In this study, we compared the black bib area of a large sample of male resident and transient siskins and we found no differences between the two subpopulations. Hence, residence status in this species is not related to black bib size, which is a good proxy for RHP. Our results support the view that asymmetries in RHP are not required to explain the prior residence effect. We discuss the important implications that it has on the evolution of partial migration.
Measuring Teacher Quality with Value-added Modeling

Computer programs, quickly and quietly reaching their judgments, may soon decide your value, and you should know what they are doing. Value-added modeling is a name for the most sophisticated compu...
Health and happiness among older adults: a community-based study

The relationship between health and happiness was explored using a cross-sectional survey of 383 community-dwelling older adults. As a function of self-reported health, median happiness was increasing at a decreasing rate; happiness variability was decreasing at a decreasing rate. In multivariable logistic regression, lowest-quartile happiness was associated with poverty, unfavorable subjective health, debilitating pain and urinary incontinence, but not with the comorbidity count or other comorbidities. The results, robust to common method bias, suggest that subjective health measures are better predictors of happiness than objective measures are, except for conditions that disrupt daily functioning or are associated with social stigma.
Exploring Whether a Large Entrance To The Inner Vestibule Of BK Channels Is Required For Their Large Conductance

To explore whether a large entrance to the inner vestibule of BK channels is required for their large conductance, we examine if changing the size of the entrance alters the single-channel outward current, gamma. Previous studies suggest that E321/E324 in BK channels are located at the entrance to the inner vestibule. To test if E321/E324 are accessible to intracellular ions, we compare gamma of E321C and E324C before and after treatment with maleimido-proprionic-acid (MPA), a membrane impermeable negatively charged thiol reagent. Gamma for E321C-MPA and E324C-MPA increases by ∼20%, presumably due to the added negative charge on MPA attracting K+ ions to the inner vestibule. This suggests that E321/E324 are accessible to the conduction pathway. At the same time, gamma for E321C-MPA and E324C-MPA is still ∼10% less than for wt channels, suggesting that the larger size of C-MPA compared to glutamic acid restricts current flow, although we cannot exclude that the location of the negative charge on MPA vs. glutamic acid attracts fewer K+ ions to the inner vestibule. We also change the size of the entrance to the inner vestibule by substituting residues with different sized side chains at E321/E324. For hydrophobic substitutions, tryptophan with the largest volume has a ∼30% smaller gamma than substitutions with alanine, valine, and leucine. For hydrophilic substitutions (serine, threonine, asparagine, and glutamine), larger side chains appear to decrease gamma, but any effects are small. Increasing [K+]i from 0.15 to 2.5 M removes all differences in gamma associated with different sized side chains. All substitutions have little effect on inward current. These observations suggest that a large entrance to the inner vestibule of BK channels contributes to their large conductance.
Lysophosphatidic Acid Stimulates Intestinal Restitution via Cytoskeletal Activation and Remodeling

Abstract Background. The gastrointestinal tract heals superficial wounds by a process of epithelial migration termed restitution. Restitution is an important response for preventing conditions like stress gastritis, ulcer disease, celiac sprue, ischemia-reperfusion injury, bacterial translocation during shock, and inflammatory bowel disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a platelet product, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), on intestinal restitution. Materials and methods. IEC-6 cells were used to study the effect of LPA on intracellular calcium mobilization, actin stress fiber formation, and actin and FAK protein levels. An in vitro model of restitution was utilized to determine the LPA-stimulated IEC-6 migration. Results. LPA administration stimulated intracellular calcium mobilization in a dose-dependent fashion with typical peak and plateau phases suggestive of a receptor-mediated response. Actin stress fiber formation occurred within 15 min after LPA treatment and was especially apparent at 2 h. This response was accompanied by higher actin and FAK protein levels. LPA also stimulated IEC-6 migration 3-fold within 24 h. All of these effects were completely inhibited by pertussis toxin. Conclusions. Exposure of IEC-6 cells to LPA results in significant calcium mobilization and cytoskeletal remodeling within minutes. This activity is accompanied by increased actin and FAK levels. Cellular migration is significantly enhanced by LPA. These responses seem to be due to pertussis-sensitive G-protein-associated receptors. The ability of LPA to potentiate intestinal cell restitution appears, in part, to be mediated by effects on intestinal cell cytoskeletal structure.
A Plea for Ambivalence

Someone who can commit a wrong but deliberately refrains from doing so warrants a sort of moral recognition that someone who is constitutionally unable to commit the wrong does not.
Dynamic response of an encased elastic cylinder with ablating inner surface

kinetic motion of the ions is 0.0185 joules/cm per shot; an additional 0.0015 joules/cm per shot is present in ionization energy. The combined energy density is 0.020 joules/cm per shot compared with the total energy density of 0.026 joules/cm per shot given by the calorimeter. Although the two results are within experimental error, the higher figure given by the calorimeter could be attributed to fast neutrals.
Discussion on Mulder et al. (2001, Geo-Marine Letters 21: 86–93) Inversely graded turbidite sequences in the deep Mediterranean. A record of deposits from flood-generated turbidity currents?

Mulder et al. (2001) claim that they have documented,for the ﬁrst time, inversely graded turbidite sequencesdeposited by ﬂood-generated turbidity currents in thedeep-water Var system, NW Mediterranean. This claimgoes to the very core of the turbidite controversy be-cause turbidity currents can only deposit normallygraded beds, not inversely graded beds. Mulder et al.(2001) have reached their controversial conclusion basedon their erroneous sampling methods and their ﬂawedapplication of basic concepts of turbidite deposition,such as normal grading. Therefore, I would like to de-bate their paper under the following topics: (1) normalgrading, (2) inverse grading, (3) waxing ﬂows, (4)erosional surface, (5) sedimentary structures, and (6)bottom currents. My fervent hope is that this debatewould help unravel the underpinning complexities of theturbidite controversy (Shanmugam 2000, 2002).
The neuropathology of pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Central nervous system disease has emerged as an important manifestation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in both the adult and pediatric populations, with neurologic abnormalities occurring in up to 90% of pediatric patients in some series. Neuropathologic studies, based primarily on the autopsy, have provided valuable insights into the spectrum and pathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated neurologic disorders, including primary human immunodeficiency virus encephalopathy and as the spectrum of infectious, neoplastic, and cerebrovascular diseases that may complicate the course of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Progressive encephalopathy represents the single most common neurologic disorder in pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and appears to be caused in most cases by direct infection in brain parenchyma by human immunodeficiency virus. Central nervous system lymphoma and cerebrovascular disease continue to account for most focal central nervous system lesions in ...
New Optical Characterization Methods Of Molecular Beam Epitaxy-Grown Multi-Quantum-Well Structures Using Tunable Light Sources

Low temperature photoluminescence spectra measured from MBE GaAs/Ae x Ga 1-x As superlattices with different excitation photon energies were analyzed to reveal superxlattice well thickness variations along the MBE growth direction. Due to their unique electrical and optical properties, semiconducting multi-quantum-well (MQW) structures are receivIng much attention fo; their applications in microstructure devices such as HEMT, SEED , and tunable lasers. The properties of MQW structures are greatly affected by the MQW heterointerface qualities, impurity contents, and layer thickness irregularities. So far, molecular-beam-epitaxy (MBE) prepared MQW structures are found to exhibit superior sample qualities i Tany respects, and a great deal of effort is being made to further advance MBE technology. The characterization of multi-layered structures, however, has not progressed as fast as the development of thin film growth methods. Among the various sample characterization methods, optical techniques offer certain advantages since the test results can be obtained in a relatively quick and simple manner. Besides, the nondestructive (or non-contact) nature of optical methods provides opportunities for repetitive evaluations, which improves accuracy in sample characterizations.
Breaking the bacterial protein targeting and translocation model: oral organisms as a case in point

Insights into the membrane biogenesis of oral and throat bacteria have highlighted key differences in protein localization by the general secretion pathway compared with the well-studied Escherichia coli model system. These intriguing novelties have advanced our understanding of both how these microorganisms have adapted to survive and cause disease in the oral cavity, and the field of protein translocation as a whole. This review focuses on findings that highlight where oral bacteria differ from the E. coli paradigm, why these differences are biologically important, and what questions remain about the differences in pathway function. The majority of insight into protein translocation in microbes of the oral cavity has come from streptococcal species, which will be the main topic of this review. However, other bacteria will be discussed when relevant. An overview of the E. coli model of protein targeting and translocation is provided for comparison.
The upgraded Tevatron front end

Abstract We are replacing the computers which support the CAMAC crates in the Fermilab accelerator control system. We want a significant performance increase, but we still want to be able to service scores of different varieties of CAMAC cards in a manner essentially transparent to console applications software. Our new architecture is based on symmetric multiprocessing. Several processors on the same bus, each running identical software, work simultaneously at satisfying different pieces of a console's request for data. We dynamically adjust the load between the processors. We can obtain more processing power by simply plugging in more processors cards and rebooting. We describe in this paper what we believe to be the interesting architectural features of the new front-end computers. We also note how we use some of the advanced features of the Multibus™ II bus and the Intel 80386 processor design to achieve reliability and expandability of both hardware and software.
Management Factors Related to Salmonella Shedding by Dairy Heifers

Abstract In a national survey of dairy operations with ≥30 milking cows, fecal samples from 6861 preweaned dairy heifer calves on 1063 operations were tested for Salmonella . One hundred forty-five (2.1%) of the fecal samples from 79 (7.4%) of the farms tested positive for Salmonella . A multivariate logistic regression model revealed that medicated milk replacer and hay fed to dairy heifers from 24h of age until weaning were associated with a reduced risk of Salmonella shedding, as was calving in an individual animal area within a building.
Dipole effects in spin dynamics of spin-polarized quantum systems

We consider magnetic dipole-dipole interaction in highly polarized Fermi liquids with an emphasis on the effect of zero-temperature transverse relaxation on longitudinal processes and spin-wave instabilities.
Critical Behavior of the Dielectric Constant of a Random Composite near the Percolation Threshold

Measurements are reported of a singularity in the dielectric constant of a random metal-insulator composite below the percolation threshold. The composite sample consists of small silver particles randomly dispersed throughout a KCl matrix. The dielectric constant is found to obey a scaling relation with a critical exponent of $s=0.73\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07$.
Community-Based Intervention for Children Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence: An Efficacy Trial

A community-based intervention program was tested with 181 children ages 6-12 and their mothers exposed to intimate partner violence during the past year. A sequential assignment procedure allocated participants to 3 conditions: child-only intervention, child-plus-mother intervention (CM), and a wait-list comparison. A 2-level hierarchical linear model consisting of repeated observations within individuals and individuals assigned to conditions was used to evaluate the effects of time from baseline to postintervention comparing the 3 conditions and from postintervention to 8-month follow-up for both intervention conditions. Outcomes were individual children's externalizing and internalizing behavior problems and attitudes about violence. Of the 3 conditions, CM children showed the greatest improvement over time in externalizing problems and attitudes about violence. There were 79% fewer children with clinical range externalizing scores and 77% fewer children with clinical range internalizing scores from baseline to follow-up for CM children.
Direct Chromium Speciation Using Thermospray: Preliminary Studies with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

Abstract Thermospray (TSP) sample introduction methods have been found to selectively deposit Cr(III) in the presence of Cr(VI) and thus provide a direct, nonchromatographic speciation capability for these chromium oxidation states. Previous results have shown that the sensitivity for Cr(III) could be reduced to a negligible level compared with the sensitivity for Cr(VI) by adjusting sample and thermospray operating parameters, with detection by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Hence a rapid, sensitive chromium speciation method with limits of detection (LODs) at the 0.5 ng/ml level was developed. In this paper, application of this approach to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was intended to further reduce the LODs for Cr detection and further elucidate the kinetics and optimum conditions for efficient, quantitative Cr(III) deposition. These preliminary results show that for Cr(III) concentrations below 10 ng/ml, LODs and accurate, selective measurements of Cr(VI) down to the 50 pg/ml are possible. However, the deposition process of Cr(III) is incomplete for Cr(III) concentrations above 10 ng/ml under the currently established conditions, restricting the sub-nanogram-per-milliliter accuracy of the selective detection of Cr(VI) with these higher concentrations of Cr(III). The results also suggest that the process is not kinetically limited or at equilibrium in the present configuration.
In Situ Hvem Studies of Electron-Beam-Driven Composition Changes in Thin Film Alloys: Displacement-Rate Gradient Effects*

In situ high-voltage electron microscopy (HVEM) observations have shown that the highly-focused electron beams normally employed for HVEM irradiation experiments can cause large chemical composition changes in the irradiated zone of thin film alloys during elevated temperature irradiations. The driving force for the process comes primarily from the radial gradients in displacement rates generated by the beam. Hence, the rate of change in composition exhibits a strong dependence not only on the temperature and beam intensity, but also on the spatial characteristics of the beam profile. This dependence on beam shape and size poses previously unrecognized problems, particularly for HVEM studies of the effects of dose-rate on radiation-induced phenomena that are sensitive to alloy composition. Moreover, composition changes driven by radial gradients in the displacement- rate occur at increasingly rapid rates as the beam diameter is reduced. Hence, at higher voltages, beam-induced composition changes occurring during analysis may become a serious problem, even at relatively low temperatures, for microchemical analysis techniques, such as EDX and EELS, which employ far smaller diameter electron beams than those used for irradiation purposes in the HVEM.
Effect of turbulence models on RANS computation of propeller vortex flow

Abstract The steady-state tip vortex flow of a David Taylor Model Basin (DTMB) propeller model has been computed using a RANS solver on a spiral-like structured grid with grid concentration aligned with the vortex core. Sensitivity of the numerical solutions to grid resolutions and distributions was studied. To investigate the effect of turbulence models on the predicted tip vortex flow and the open-water performance, a number of eddy viscosity turbulence models and Reynolds-stress models were used in combination with various grids. The computed velocities across the tip vortex core and their fluctuations at near field, the circumferentially averaged velocities outside the tip vortex region, and the thrust and torque coefficients were compared with experimental data. The results of error analysis are presented. It was found that the eddy viscosity turbulence models are slightly better in predicting the near field tip vortex flow and the thrust/torque coefficients than the Reynolds stress models. The effect of the grid resolution and distribution and turbulence models on the circumferentially averaged velocities outside the tip vortex region is minimal.
Expression pattern of a hematopoietic proteoglycan core protein gene during human hematopoiesis

Abstract Expression of the hematopoietic proteoglycan core protein (HpPG) gene was examined in normal peripheral blood, normal bone marrow, and leukemic peripheral blood leukocytes samples to assess the expression pattern of the HpPG gene in these cells and to ascertain points of regulation of this gene during hematopoiesis. In situ hybridization to normal bone marrow and peripheral blood leukocytes demonstrated that the gene was expressed in the promyelocytes at a ∼ two fold greater level than in the segmented neutrophils and the expression decreased as the granulocytes matured. The ratio of expression in the other leukocytes to expression in the segmented neutrophils were as follows: eosino-phils/basophils ∼7; monocytes ∼2; lymphocytes
Whose limit is it anyway

In a tongue-in-cheek manner, we investigate the notion of limit. We illustrate some of its shortcomings and show that addressing these shortcomings can often lead to unexpected consequences.
Dipole excitations in fission fragments

Abstract Dipole excitations in fission fragments at the scission point have been studied in a classical model. These excitations correspond to a density fluctuation caused by the Coulomb repulsion between the fragments. A simple two-sphere approximation to the scission configuration is used for these studies. The dipole density distribution is obtained from a hydrodynamic picture of the fragment nucleus and the dipole amplitude parameters are fixed by minimizing the total potential energy at the scission point. Calculations have been made for the symmetric and asymmetric scission configurations corresponding to the fission of 235 U by thermal neutrons. The dipole excitation energy is found to be about 0.5 MeV in one fragment and at the same time, the total energy is lowered by 1 MeV from its value calculated with a uniform density distribution.
Increasing the Far-Ultraviolet Reflectance of Silicon-Oxide-Protected Aluminum Mirrors by Ultraviolet Irradiation*

Visible and uv reflectance and solar absorptance of silicon oxide-protected aluminum mirrors, showing effects of silicon oxide evaporation conditions and ultraviolet irradiation
Mitochondrial Intergenic Spacer in Fairy Basslets (Serranidae: Anthiinae) and the Simultaneous Analysis of Nucleotide and Rearrangement Data

We present the results of a study that implements a recently developed phylogenetic algorithm that combines fixed-states nucleotide optimization with breakpoint analysis to identify and examine the evolution of a mitochondrial intergenic spacer between the tRNA Val and 16S rRNA loci in a clade of fairy basslets (Serranidae: Anthiinae). The results of the analysis indicate that this spacer evolved once and that it may be increasing in size through evolutionary time. The resulting molecular hypothesis corroborates much of the previous morphological phylogenetic work.
Constitutionalism and the Poor

United States constitutional law and theory has not focused on the poor lately. Yet poverty rates in the U.S. have reached their highest levels in 50 years. The great wealth disparities in the U.S. are at least partly responsible for the Occupy Wall Street Movement, and perhaps even the Tea Party. Because of these significant social developments, the Drake Constitutional Law Center hosted the symposium “Constitutionalism and the Poor” in April, 2012. This brief Foreword makes two arguments for why the U.S. Supreme Court could eventually show greater concern about laws that burden the poor. First, many scholars agree that the U.S. Supreme Court has used more than three levels of scrutiny in constitutional cases. For example, there is lenient rationality review and rationality review with a bite. There is the strict scrutiny of Parents Involved and the lesser strict scrutiny of Grutter. These stealth alternative levels of scrutiny certainly allow the Court to go beyond lenient rationality in cases where important interests of the poor are at stake. Second, the U.S. Supreme Court has wrongly assumed that it lacks the judicial competence to adjudicate socio-economic rights related matters. For example, the South African Constitutional Court has enforced constitutional socio-economic rights provisions with some success. Though the South African and U.S. Constitutions are very different, the South African cases show how a judiciary can balance these interests against separation of powers concerns. The Foreword also provides short summaries of the Symposium papers that will appear in an accompanying issue of the Drake Law Review. The paper authors include Professor Peter Edelman of Georgetown, Mr. Ilya Shapiro, Esq. of the CATO Institute, Professor Julie Nice of the University of San Francisco, Professor Frank Michelman of Harvard, Professor john powell of the University of California at Berkeley, and the Honorable Mark Cady, Chief Justice of the Iowa Supreme Court.
Chemokine Up-regulation and activated T cell attraction by maturing dendritic cells.

Langerhans' cells migrating from contact-sensitized skin were found to up-regulate expression of macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) during maturation into lymph node dendritic cells (DCs). Naive T cells did not migrate toward MDC, but antigen-specific T cells rapidly acquired MDC responsiveness in vivo after a subcutaneous injection of antigen. In chemotaxis assays, maturing DCs attracted activated T cells more strongly than naive T cells. These studies identified chemokine up-regulation as part of the Langerhans' cell maturation program to immunogenic T cell-zone DC. Preferential recruitment of activated T cells may be a mechanism used by maturing DCs to promote encounters with antigen-specific T cells.
Development and Application of Reference Antisera against 15 Hemagglutinin Subtypes of Influenza Virus by DNA Vaccination of Chickens

Reference antisera were produced against 15 influenza hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes using DNA vaccination to produce a high-quality polyclonal serum to the HA protein without antibodies to other influenza viral proteins. The HA gene from each of 15 different HA subtypes of influenza virus was cloned into a eukaryotic expression vector and injected intramuscularly, together with a cationic lipid, into 3- to 4-week-old specific-pathogen-free chickens. Birds were boostered twice at 4-week intervals after the initial injection, and in general, antibody titers increased after each boost. The antisera were successfully applied in the hemagglutination inhibition test, which is the standard method for the classification of the HA subtypes of influenza virus. We also demonstrated the HA specificity of the antisera by Western blot and immunodot blot analysis. DNA vaccination also provides a safer alternative for the production of HA-specific antibodies, since it is produced without the use of live virus.
Stress Process, The

The stress process model is the predominant theoretical model for understanding the role of social stress in generating mental health disparities. Its components include: (1) stressors, which are external conditions that pose a threat or that obstruct attaining goals; (2) stress, the internal physiological arousal that results from exposure to a stressor; (3) distress, which is the emotional response that may result in mental and emotional disorder; and, (4) social and personal resources that counterbalance exposure to stressors. Key processes are the mediating and moderating role of resources with regard to the impact of stress on mental health. Keywords: medical sociology; mental health; social support; sociology of mental health; stress
Relaxed partitioning balance constraints in top-down placement

Recent work of Simon and Teng (1997) observes that the recursive bisection (i.e., bipartitioning with equal partition target areas, and minimum possible allowed deviation from targets) heuristic for k-way minimum-cut graph partitioning can have unbounded error, but that relaxing the balance constraints in each call to the bipartitioning engine can result in k-way net cuts within a small (O(logk)) factor of optimal. Motivated by this result, we experimentally determine whether relaxing the traditional exact bisection constraint in a top-down partitioning-based placement tool can improve the resulting cutsizes, and hence total wirelength, of the placement solution. We find that this simple change reduces total wirelength by up to several percent, with no change in placement uniformity and under 10% runtime penalty. Finally, we observe that the stability (predictability) of the placement process appears unimpaired by this modification: both wirelength stability, and stability of Rent parameter based wirelength and wireability estimates, appear to be preserved.
Probabilistic elastic-plastic fracture analysis of circumferentially cracked pipes with finite-length surface flaws

A probabilistic model was developed for predicting elastic-plastic fracture response and reliability of circumferentially cracked pipes with finite-length, constant-depth, internal surface cracks subject to remote bending loads. It involves engineering estimation of energy release rate, J-tearing theory for characterizing ductile fracture, and standard methods of structural reliability theory. The underlying J-estimation model is based on the deformation theory of plasticity, a constitutive law characterized by power law model for stress-strain curve, and an equivalence criterion incorporating reduced thickness analogy for simulating system compliance due to the presence of a crack. New analytical equations were developed to predict J-integral and are shown to be fairly accurate when compared with generally more accurate elastic-plastic finite-element results. Using this J-estimation method, fast probability integrators and simulation methods were formulated to determine the probabilistic characteristics of J. The same methods were used later to predict the probability of crack initiation and net-section collapse as a function of the applied load. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the proposed methodology. The results show that probabilistic analysis based on net-section collapse (without any margin) may significantly overpredict the reliability of surface-cracked pipes.
Defensive mutualisms: do microbial interactions within hosts drive the evolution of defensive traits?

Summary We examine theoretical and empirical results to determine the importance of microbe–microbe interactions in the evolution of defensive traits. Theoretical models show that the evolution of parasitism and the maintenance of mutualisms in multispecies interactions will depend on interactions with the host as well as with the defensive symbionts. At the community level, selection for defensive traits will vary greatly with ecological context and such spatial or temporal variation itself may stabilize defensive mutualisms. Studies of fungal endophytes within plant hosts demonstrate that endophytes acting as defensive mutualists may derive fitness benefits from the parasite as well as the host and suggest that interactions between co-occurring symbionts within hosts may lead to the evolution of virulence.
The Cut Search Algorithm with Arc Capacities and Lower Bounds

This paper presents a computational procedure for solving maximal flow problems in flow networks subject to positive upper bound or capacity constraints and lower bound restrictions that are equal to or greater than zero. This procedure, referred to as the cut search algorithm, locates directly the minimal cut in a flow network structure. The algorithm not only has demonstrated computational efficiency over the existing out-of-kilter procedure, but also it provides a direct solution routine for project time/cost tradeoff problems and other network cut based problem situations in which the restricting arcs of the network formulation must be located.
Radiographic and Clinical Predictors of Hemodynamic Insufficiency in Patients With Athero-Occlusive Disease

Introduction Recent studies have shown that patients with increased oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) as measured by positron emission tomography (PET) have a substantially increased risk of stroke as a result of hemodynamic insufficiency. These patients appear to be ideal candidates for extracranial (EC)-intracranial (IC) bypass. The feasibility of this screening protocol, however, is controversial given PET's limited availability and high expense. A better understanding of the clinical factors that identify patients with potential hemodynamic insufficiency would streamline screening and improve cost-efficiency. Methods We performed a MEDLINE (1985-2007) database search for studies identifying clinical and radiographic predictors of hemodynamic failure and increased OEF on PET. We used the following key words, singly and in combination: "EC-IC bypass," "hemodynamic failure," and "misery perfusion." Additional studies were identified manually by scrutinizing references from manuscripts, major neurosurgical journals and texts, and personal files. Each study was reviewed for methodology, clinical criteria, and correlation with subsequent PET findings and stroke rates. A consensus was determined regarding the predictive value of each marker. Results Our literature search revealed 5 clinical and radiographic markers that have been used to identify patients with hemodynamic failure: orthostatic limb shaking, blurry vision on exposure to heat, leptomeningeal and ophthalmic collateral circulation on angiography, watershed infarction, and impaired vasodilatory response to acetazolamide. Orthostatic limb shaking is a rare finding but is predictive of hemodynamic failure and is associated with increased stroke risk. Blurry vision on exposure to heat is not predictive of increased stroke risk. Leptomeningeal and ophthalmic collateral circulation is a sensitive but not specific marker. Watershed infarction is highly sensitive and impaired vasodilatory response to acetazolamide is associated with increased OEF but may not be interchangeable. Conclusions Orthostatic limb shaking, watershed infarction, collateral circulation, and impaired vasoreactivity to acetazolamide in patients with athero-occlusive disease may predict hemodynamic failure, increased OEF on PET, and high stroke rates. Recognition of these predictive markers may improve patient selection for surgical intervention, as such individuals appear to benefit from EC-IC bypass.
Contribution of zooplankton grazing to the decline of a Ceratium bloom

Growth rates and vertical distributions of dominant Cerutium spp. were investigated during their August-September bloom in Danish waters. Vertical distributions of potential predators were also studied. Grazing pressure due to ciliates was low. Laboratory experiments show that only the largest copepod species (Centropages hamatus and Centropages typicus) and cladocerans are able to graze Ceratium. Copcpod biomass remained almost constant during the investigation period, but cladoceran biomass increased and eventually dominated the mesozooplankton. The vertical distribution of these species was correlated with that of Ceratium spp. The crustaceans grazed from 30 to 70% of the Cerutium production per day, so that a large fraction of the Ceratium cells was grazed in the water rather than sedimenting to the bottom,
Nonlinear Modeling of a Long Flexible Manipulator and Control by Inertial Devices

We consider the modeling and control of a planar, long, flexible manipulator that is representative of current space-based robotic arms such as the Space Shuttle Remote Manipulator System. The arm is equipped with three actuators: 1) a shoulder motor; 2) a torque wheel at the tip; and 3) a proof-mass actuator at the tip. The goal is to investigate the potential use of inertial devices as control inputs for maneuvering tasks and vibration suppression. The parameters used for the inertial devices at the tip are comparable to those specified for the Mini-Mast facility at the Langley Research Center. A nonlinear distributed parameter model is obtained by the extended Hamilton Principle. The associated eigenvalue/eigenfunction problem is solved and a finite-dimensional state space model is assembled. A preliminary design of a Linear Quadratic Regulator is used and computer simulations illustrate the benefits of using the proposed actuators.
Tightly coupled multiprocessor systems with high availability exploiting fault- tolerance features

Abstract This is an overview of a high up-time, tightly coupled multiprocessor system, which was developed by Honeywell-ISI laboratories of Pregnana Milanese - Italy, as a part of the project of a new computer family (whose internal project name is “ALTAIR”) based on VLSI components. It is an evolution of a proprietary line of computers (DPS4 line, running GCOS4 proprietary O.S.) in which a high availability is achieved exploiting fault-tolerance techniques such as duplication of resources (microprocessors, processors, devices), and firmware/software assist in fail-soft degradation and reconfiguration phases.
Moderate Temperature Fluctuations Rapidly Reduce the Viability of Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3, Biovar 2, in Infected Geranium, Tomato, and Potato Plants

Most Ralstonia solanacearum strains are tropical plant pathogens, but race 3, biovar 2 (R3bv2), strains can cause bacterial wilt in temperate zones or tropical highlands where other strains cannot. R3bv2 is a quarantine pathogen in North America and Europe because of its potential to damage the potato industry in cooler climates. However, R3bv2 will not become established if it cannot survive temperate winters. Previous experiments showed that in water at 4°C, R3bv2 does not survive as long as native U.S. strains, but R3bv2 remains viable longer than U.S. strains in potato tubers at 4°C. To further investigate the effects of temperature on this high-concern pathogen, we assessed the ability of R3bv2 and a native U.S. strain to survive typical temperate winter temperature cycles of 2 days at 5°C followed by 2 days at -10°C. We measured pathogen survival in infected tomato and geranium plants, in infected potato tubers, and in sterile water. The population sizes of both strains declined rapidly under these conditions in all three plant hosts and in sterile water, and no culturable R. solanacearum cells were detected after five to seven temperature cycles in plant tissue. The fluctuations played a critical role in loss of bacterial viability, since at a constant temperature of -20°C, both strains could survive in infected geranium tissue for at least 6 months. These results suggest that even when sheltered in infected plant tissue, R3bv2 is unlikely to survive the temperature fluctuations typical of a northern temperate winter.
Measured electrical constitutive parameters of soil as functions of frequency and moisture content

The measured electrical constitutive parameters (effective relative permittivity and effective conductivity) for Georgia red clay are presented. These results are for the frequency range 50 MHz-1.25 GHz and for six samples with water contents by dry weight ranging from approximately 0-30%. These electrical parameters should be useful in designing and characterizing broadband systems whose performance is dependent upon or affected by the Earth, such as ground-penetrating radars. >
Elevated atmospheric CO2 alters the arthropod community in a forest understory

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which overall population sizes and community composition of arthropods in a naturally occurring forest understory are altered by elevated CO2. The Free Air Concentration Enrichment (FACE) method was used to fumigate large, replicated plots in the Piedmont region of North Carolina, USA to achieve the CO2 concentration predicted for 2050 (∼580 μl l−1). In addition, the extent to which unrestricted herbivorous arthropods were spatially delimited in their resource acquisition was determined. Stable isotope data for spiders (δ13C and δ15N) were collected in ambient and elevated CO2 plots and analyzed to determine whether their prey species moved among plots. Elevated CO2 had no effect on total arthropod numbers but had a large effect on the composition of the arthropod community. Insects collected in our samples were identified to a level that allowed for an assignment of trophic classification (generally to family). For the groups of insects sensitive to atmospheric gas composition, there was an increase in the numbers of individuals collected in primarily predaceous orders (Araneae and Hymenoptera; from 60% to more than 150%) under elevated CO2 and a decrease in the numbers in primarily herbivorous orders (Lepidoptera and Coleoptera; from −30 to −45%). Isotopic data gave no indication that the treatment plots represented a “boundary” to the movement of insects or that there were distinct and independent insect populations inside and outside the treatment plots. A simple two-ended mixing model estimates 55% of the carbon and nitrogen in spider biomass originated external to the elevated CO2 plots. In addition to changes in insect performance, decreases in herbivorous arthropods and increases in predaceous arthropods may also be factors involved in reduced herbivory under elevated CO2 in this forest.
Distribution and Ecology of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Bacterial Symbionts

Bacterial populations in Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) collected in diverse California environments consisted of two bacterial symbionts: BFo-1 and BFo-2 (B = bacteria, Fo = Frankliniella occidentalis, numbers reflect different types). Dual infections of BFo-1 and BFo-2 were found in 50% of the thrips, 18% had neither bacterium, and 24 and 8% were infected solely with BFo-1 and BFo-2, respectively. No other bacteria consistently infected F. occidentalis. Dual infections occurred more often in male thrips and in thrips of both sexes from southern mountain and valley sites. As average collection year or month minimum temperature decreased, infections of BFo-1, alone or in dual infections, increased significantly. As yearly precipitation increased, infection with BFo-1 alone also increased. F. occidentalis color morphology did not affect bacterial infection. BFo-1 created weak biofilms at 25 and 32 degrees C; BFo-2 made strong biofilms at 25 degrees C and no biofilms at 32 degrees C. When the bacteria were grown in culture together, weak biofilms formed at both temperatures studied, although there was no way to determine what each bacterium contributed to the biofilm. BFo-1 and BFo-2 grew at similar rates at 25 and 30 degrees C. Our data show BFo-1 and BFo-2 occur in natural populations of F. occidentalis and support the hypothesis BFo have a symbiotic relationship with F. occidentalis. Regional differences in bacterial prevalence suggest bacterial infection is associated with environmental conditions, and altitude, temperature, and precipitation may be important factors.
OR Forum-Operations Research: A Global Language for Business Strategy

Based on the author's observations and experience, this paper argues that the concepts and vocabulary of operations research have become a pervasive part of the thinking of modern American industrial managers, and that the related models are playing important roles in informing the decisions that they make. Since any model is only a partial representation of reality, this fact-and the criticisms that it has evoked-present the operations research and management communities with continuing challenges for improving their work.
Structure of clathrin coat with bound Hsc70 and auxilin: mechanism of Hsc70‐facilitated disassembly

The chaperone Hsc70 drives the clathrin assembly–disassembly cycle forward by stimulating dissociation of a clathrin lattice. A J-domain containing co-chaperone, auxilin, associates with a freshly budded clathrin-coated vesicle, or with an in vitro assembled clathrin coat, and recruits Hsc70 to its specific heavy-chain-binding site. We have determined by electron cryomicroscopy (cryoEM), at about 11 A resolution, the structure of a clathrin coat (in the D6-barrel form) with specifically bound Hsc70 and auxilin. The Hsc70 binds a previously analysed site near the C-terminus of the heavy chain, with a stoichiometry of about one per three-fold vertex. Its binding is accompanied by a distortion of the clathrin lattice, detected by a change in the axial ratio of the D6 barrel. We propose that when Hsc70, recruited to a position close to its target by the auxilin J-domain, splits ATP, it clamps firmly onto its heavy-chain site and locks in place a transient fluctuation. Accumulation of the local strain thus imposed at multiple vertices can then lead to disassembly.
Digital cleansing? A look into state-sponsored policing of Ethiopian networked communities

ABSTRACTIn June 2015, the National Election Board of Ethiopia announced that the incumbent Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) and its affiliates had won 100 per cent of the House of People's Representatives seats. The results have extended Ethiopia's anocratic one-party rule since the EPRDF ousted the former military dictatorship through armed struggle in 1991. Despite earlier promises of democratic reform, the EPRDF has increasingly become a self-proclaimed vanguard party at the expense of political inclusivity, continuing its attempts to validate its longevity through a ‘developmentalism’ rhetoric, which frames alternative speech as heresy, and at times a crime. One notable consequence of this hegemonic thinking is an alarming invisibility of plurality in the traditional Ethiopian media landscape. Drawing from hegemonic notions of development statism, this article looks at the extent to which digital platforms have become viable alternatives to traditional electronic and print med...
Engineering Derivation of the navier-Stokes Equations

Many engineers have difficulty in fully understanding the meaning of the Navier-Stokes equations, or at least one term in it. This term will be explained herein and a derivation will be given that may not be theoretically fully rigorous, but that will appear to be more plausible to the engineer than the usual derivation.
FOLLOW-UP METHODS TO TRACE WOMEN TREATED FOR PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS, 1930–1954

A retrospective cohort study, designed to examine the relationship between multiple chest fluoroscopies and subsequent breast cancer risk, was conducted in which 93.6% of 1764 former sanatorium patients were successfully located. The methodology used to trace former female patients who were treated for pulmonary tuberculosis between 1930 and 1954 (20-45 years before the study began) is presented. Extensive use of city directories and telephone resulted in locating the majority of study subjects. Outpatient medical records and state vital statistics departments were also of value. Searching for death certificates of parents was helpful as the informant named on the certificate was often the woman being traced or her husband. The Postal Service was of limited use. No difference in the proportion of breast cancer cases was found between the more easily traced patients and the last 9.7% of patients who were difficult to locate. Fewer of the last patients located had died, however, than those located without intense effort. Patients lost to follow-up were younger at the time of sanatorium admission, had a higher proportion of Protestants and non-white women, had shorter lengths of hospitalization and had less severe tuberculosis requiring less aggressive treatment than patients located.
Review of secondary health conditions in postpolio syndrome: prevalence and effects of aging

ABSTRACTObjectiveThis study sought to better understand the prevalence and the severity of secondary health conditions in individuals with postpolio syndrome (PPS) as well as the association between these conditions and aging.DesignA scoping literature review was conducted searching electronic datab
The storage of methoxychlor in the fat of the rat.

Summary1. Diets containing 100 and 500 p.p.m. methoxychlor reduce the growth rate and food consumption of young rats. 2. Storage of methoxychlor in the fat of the rat is minimal and can be demonstrated only at relatively high dietary levels.
Linear Methods in Geometric Function Theory

(1985). Linear Methods in Geometric Function Theory. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 92, No. 6, pp. 392-406.