cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ELEGTROPHORETIC VARIATION IN PROTEINS AND ENZYMES OF THE TUMOR‐FORMING HYBRID NICOTIANA GLAUCA X N. LANGSDORFFII AND ITS PARENT SPECIES

Leaf and tumor extracts of the genetically tumor-conditioned amphiploid Nicotiana glauca x N. langsdorffii, as well as leaf extracts from the parent species and a nontumorous mutant of the amphiploid, were separated on acrylamide gel columns by the method of disc electrophoresis. Gels were stained for general proteins with amido black and specifically for esterases, peroxidases and leucine amino peptidase. The results show characteristic protein and enzyme patterns for leaves of each of the parental species and the amphiploid hybrids. The amphiploids show some bands which are comparable to bands of either one or both of the parental species, while other bands do not have their equivalents in the parental species. Leaf tissue of the tumorous and nontumorous amphiploids were found to differ by a few protein bands, at least two for esterases and at least one for peroxidases. Extracts from tumor tissue show very different patterns from those of the leaves of the same genotype.
Cholesterol granuloma of tunica vaginalis simulating testicular tumor

Abstract A case of cholesterol granuloma of the tunica vaginalis simulating a testicular tumor is reported. This appears to be the third such case reported in the literature.
Radical cystectomy with orthotopic neobladder reconstruction following prior radical prostatectomy

Purpose To review the perioperative and follow-up outcomes of patients undergoing radical cystectomy with orthotopic neobladder reconstruction for bladder cancer after prior radical prostatectomy (RP) for prostate cancer.
2-Methylene-19-nor-20(S)-1α-hydroxy-bishomopregnacalciferol [20(S)-2MbisP], an analog of vitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], does not stimulate intestinal phosphate absorption at levels previously shown to suppress parathyroid hormone

Abstract Chronic kidney disease results in a reduction in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) synthesis and an accumulation of phosphorus in the blood, leading to secondary hyperparathyroidism and renal osteodystrophy. Vitamin D analogs that retain the ability to suppress PTH but that are less calcemic and phosphatemic than the native hormone are preferred therapies for secondary hyperparathyroidism. However, even the most favored analog currently approved for the treatment of chronic kidney disease patients, i.e. 1,25-dihydroxy-19-nor-vitamin D2 (19-nor-D2, Zemplar®), still retains some ability to stimulate intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate. A recently described analog of vitamin D3, 2-methylene-19-nor-20(S)-1α-hydroxy-bishomopregnacalciferol [20(S)-2MbisP], suppresses PTH levels, but is unable to stimulate intestinal calcium absorption or bone resorption in rats. The present study shows that 20(S)-2MbisP is unable to stimulate intestinal phosphate absorption at levels known to suppress PTH secretion. Further, 19-nor-vitamin D2 under the same circumstances does stimulate phosphate absorption. Thus, 2MbisP has significant potential in the management of secondary hyperparathyroidism of renal failure.
Scaling for bridged cracks

Abstract The problem considered is that of a bridged crack in which the bridging tractions p increase as some power α of the crack opening displacement. Since bridging ligament failure is not permitted, the crack grows in a noncatastrophic mode. A “noncatastrophic bridging length scale” am is defined, which is that increment of crack growth under uniform, monotonic loading over which a steady-state bridging zone develops in an infinite specimen, i.e., a bridging zone that renders the critical stress for crack propagation approximately independent of crack length. The critical stress in this limit is found and its dependence on crack length normalized against am is shown to be independent of α for somewhat long cracks. From these results and certain properties of the bridged crack problem, a bridging length scale is defined for the development of analogous steady-state conditions under cyclic loading (fatigue crack growth). The steady-state value of the range of the crack tip stress intensity factor and an approximation for its nonconstant value for finite crack lengths are found. The bridging length scale in fatigue is a function of both α and the amplitude of the applied cyclic load. It is suggested that α could be considered a material property to be evaluated empirically. The results of this paper indicate experiments that are suited to such evaluation.
Airborne Dual-Polarization Observations of the Sea Surface NRCS at C-Band in High Winds

Airborne dual-polarization observations of sea surface normalized radar cross section (NRCS) were conducted over the North Atlantic during January-February 2011. Observations were made using the University of Massachusetts' Imaging Wind and Rain Airborne Profiler radar system installed on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's WP-3D research aircraft during several winter storm events to determine the high-wind response of the sea surface NRCS for both horizontal and vertical polarizations. During the flights, the aircraft performed several constant-roll circle maneuvers to allow collection of NRCS over a range of incidence angles. We find consistency with prior reports in the polarization ratio observed at moderate incidence angles at the winds encountered. For larger incidence angles, we observe a measurable decrease in polarization ratio with increasing wind speed.
Surgical mask filter and fit performance

Background Surgical masks have been used since the early 1900s to minimize infection of surgical wounds from wearer-generated bacteria. There is ongoing debate, however, whether surgical masks can meet the expectations of respiratory protection devices. The goal of this study was to evaluate the filter performance and facial fit of a sample of surgical masks. Methods Filter penetration was measured for at least 3 replicates of 9 surgical masks using monodisperse latex sphere aerosols (0.895, 2.0, and 3.1 μm) at 6 L/min and 0.075-μm sodium chloride particles at 84 L/min. Facial fit was measured on 20 subjects for the 5 masks with lowest particle penetration, using both qualitative and quantitative fit tests. Results Masks typically used in dental settings collected particles with significantly lower efficiency than those typically used in hospital settings. All subjects failed the unassisted qualitative fit test on the first exercise (normal breathing). Eighteen subjects failed the assisted qualitative fit tests; 60% failed on the first exercise. Quantitative fit factors ranged from 2.5 to 9.6. Conclusion None of these surgical masks exhibited adequate filter performance and facial fit characteristics to be considered respiratory protection devices.
Enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species using gold nanoparticles conjugated with protoporphyrin IX

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a vital trigger for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. We report the production of elevated ROS using gold nanoparticles (GNP) (20–100 nm in diameter) conjugated with Protophorphyrin IX (PpIX). The amount of ROS formation increases with the size of the GNP due to enhanced electromagnetic field resulting from localized surface plasmonic resonance.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Engagement in life activities promotes healthy aging in men

Abstract Being engaged in life is associated with healthy aging. Various indicators of healthy aging, such as greater longevity, lower incidence of cardiovascular disease, higher levels of subjective well-being and/or reduced levels of depression are associated with higher overall activity levels in general, and more specifically with engagement in social and productive activities. Being physically active and/or engaging in regular exercise has also been positively related with indicators of healthy aging. Physical activity and exercise guidelines have been published for older adults, including frail adults over age 70. Older men can be encouraged to engage in exercise in various ways, including being provided with tangible information on available resources by the health care provider. Motivational interviewing, tailored to the provider–patient relationship, can be a useful tool for the provider to encourage the patient to recognize a need or opportunity for change and take steps to a more active and healthy life.
Analyzing the Temporal Stability of Appraisal Model Coefficients: An Application of Ridge Regression Techniques

The use of multiple regression analysis as a tool of real estate valuation has received considerable attention in recent years. The primary objectives of this study are to investigate the multicollinearity among the property characteristics (regressor variables) and examine the stability of the estimated regression coefficients over time. Ridge regression techniques are used to partially adjust for the presence of collinearity. The results indicate that the ridge regression model provides a consistent set of properly signed, statistically significant regression coefficients throughout the sample period. Furthermore, ridge regression techniques are shown to have certain advantages over those of ordinary least squares for establishing logical and consistent values for specific property characteristics.
Fetal pH Improvement after 24 h of Severe, Nonlethal Hypoxia

The accumulation of hydrogen ions in fetal blood when fetal oxygenation is acutely decreased suggests metabolic instability. However, in 6 chronically prepared fetal sheep whose arterial O2 content and pO2 were abruptly reduced and maintained at about 1.7 mM and 12.6 Torr, respectively, we observed a significant decrease in fetal arterial lactate concentrations and an increase in pH to normal values after 24 h of continuous hypoxia compared with values observed after 5 h. This demonstrates that fetal pH measurements may not detect prolonged intrauterine hypoxia.
Characterising the effect of interoperability on healthcare work: a novel framework

Successful design and implementation of interoperable health IT requires an understanding of specific technological capabilities of systems, as well as how these systems impact clinical workflow. Several existing frameworks classify interoperability levels, but none focus on the impact on clinical work, particularly at the task level. A synthesis of existing interoperability frameworks from select interoperability frameworks in the literature about both medical and non-medical systems is presented and a new, 7-level framework in order to characterise the effect of varying levels of interoperability on the users’ work based upon qualitative data collected in a field study of the use of health information exchange in 12 ambulatory practices is proposed. The lowest level describes paper-based tasks completed with no access to electronic information from other institutions; the highest level describes interoperable systems in which data elements from other institutions are integrated into the patient's record...
Finite Element Modeling of Ultrasonic Waves Produced by a Pulsed Laser

As part of an effort to apply laser ultrasonics to stress evaluation, sequential thermal and mechanical finite element analyses were used to simulate heating a region of an aluminum surface by a laser pulse and the stress waves that result. As residual or applied stresses can be related to changes in wave velocities, time-of-flight measurements may be used to determine the stresses. The goal of the effort is to improve time-of-flight measurements, and therefore resolution of the calculated stresses, using calculated waveform shapes in model-based signal processing techniques [1]. Detailed finite element simulations of laser ultrasonics may also be used to aid development of techniques that can generate narrow band ultrasound. Because penetration of Rayleigh waves is frequency dependent, they can be used to obtain information about gradients near a surface. If the frequency of the laser generated Rayleigh waves can be controlled, laser ultrasound becomes a more useful tool for examining gradients in material properties or stresses at the surface of a part.
Laparoscopic incisional and ventral hernia repair: complications-how to avoid and handle.

Complications will occur with any operative procedure. The possibility of this must be considered for laparoscopic incisional and ventral hernia repair (LIVH) as well. The most commonly reported of these include: intraoperative intestinal injury (1–3.5%), infection involving the prosthetic biomaterial (0.7–1.4%), seromas (2.6–100%), postoperative ileus (1–8%), and persistent postoperative pain (1–2%). The incidence of enterotomy can be reduced by careful dissection and judicious use of any energy source. Infection can be minimized by the use of perioperative antibiotics, an antimicrobially impregnated biomaterial, and careful manipulation of the prosthesis during the procedure. Seromas are so common that they should be expected but can be decreased by the use of a postoperative abdominal binder. Aspiration will be necessary in a few instances. Similarly, ileus is expected when there is significant bowel dissection and bleeding. Early ambulation and standard use of postoperative bowel care will aid in the treatment of this problem. Persistent pain will generally occur at the site of a transfascial suture. It cannot be predicted or prevented with certainty. When it occurs, local injection with bupivacaine, steroids, or non-steroidal agents will help, but occasionally, removal of the offending suture(s) will be required. The average recurrence rate for LIVH is approximately 5.6% in the literature. Rates as high as 15.7%, however, have been reported. Recurrence will be increased by inadequate prosthetic overlap of the fascial defect, infection that involves the biomaterial, which then requires its removal, and lack of the use of transfascial sutures. To prevent these risks, the surgeon must assure that there is at least a 3-cm overlap of all portions of the hernia defect and insist that sutures are used at 5-cm intervals to fix the biomaterial. Infection that requires explantation of the patch will generally result in recurrence, as this must be repaired primarily. Alternatively, the use of a collagen prosthesis may allow immediate repair, but this is associated with a high failure rate. A staged repair will be necessary in the future in most patients.
Comparison of shear-induced conductivity anisotropy in a micellar system in the isotropic and the nematic phase

Conductivity measurements are presented in two isotropic micellar solutions and in the nematic phase of the sodium salicylate/cetylpyridimium chloride/H2O system under shear. For the isotropic solutions the concentrations studied correspond to the plateau behaviour in the flow curve for this system. The measured anisotropy in the shear-aligned isotropic solutions is at least one order of magnitude smaller than the anisotropy in the nematic phase. Time-resolved measurements show that the relaxation behaviour on shear start-up and on shear cessation is much faster in the isotropic solutions than in the nematic phase. The results suggest that the micelles in the shear-induced low viscosity phase are shorter than in the nematic phase.
Action for topological W-gravity

Abstract Topological W-gravity may be defined as topological Yang-Mills gauge theory in two space-time dimensions. The BRST procedure is applied to obtain its gauge-fixed action. This is done in such a way that some components of the gauge potential are identified as the zweibein and the spin connection of the two-dimensional manifold. After integrating out non-dynamical fields, the final action always consists of non-interacting first-order ghost systems with particular spins. When the gauge group is a simple Lie group of rank n , the action consists of n pairs of anticommuting and commuting ghosts with spins given by the exponents of the gauge group. Explicit examples discussed include cases when the gauge groups are SL(2, R ) (pure gravity), OSP(2, 2) ( N = 2 supergravity) and SL(3, R ) (W 3 gravity). The connections with other approaches to two-dimensional gravity are also discussed.
Overview of laser systematics

This paper discusses systematic effects in parity experiments that originate from the laser and optics system that are used in a polarized electron source. Covered are both the sources of systematics, as well as strategies for their minimization.
Distinctiveness and the Recognition Mirror Effect: Evidence for an Item-Based Criterion Placement Heuristic.

Superior detection and rejection of 1 versus another class of items during recognition is called the mirror effect. Some mirror effects may involve strategic criterion adjustments based on item distinctiveness and its relation to memorability. Three experiments demonstrated mirror effects for known versus unknown scenes and 1 suggested a similar pattern for faces. In opposition to preexperimental familiarity, lures from known and frequently encountered locations were confidently rejected more often than unknown lures. Forgetting and speeding recognition reversed this lure response pattern, suggesting abandonment of strategic adjustment in favor of a single fixed criterion. With sufficient response time and recent encoding, observers demand more evidence for conceptually distinctive items, perhaps because such items typically foster vivid recollection during retrieval.
Kinship liaisons: A peer-to-peer approach to supporting kinship caregivers

Abstract Relative caregivers are invaluable to the child welfare system. Although most states have a preference for relative placement, the support and assistance provided to relatives during and beyond the initial child placement period are inadequate. Through a U.S. Children's Bureau System of Care Demonstration project, a peer-to-peer approach (based in social cognitive theory) which paired a new relative caregiver (n = 74) with a full-time, paid kinship liaison (a current or former relative caregiver) was studied. Findings show that kinship liaisons are extremely helpful to caregivers and reveal 27 support categories that caregivers find most useful. One of the most significant services (i.e., information and referral) provided by the liaisons increased caregivers' knowledge of accessing available services and the permanency process. Data results show significant increases in caregivers' coping abilities and willingness to become a permanent resource for the children in their care. Policy and practice insights are provided.
WARRP Core: Optoelectronic Implementation of Network-Router Deadlock-Handling Mechanisms.

The wormhole adaptive recovery-based routing via pre-emption (WARRP) core optoelectronic chip, which integrates core deadlock-handling circuitry for a fully adaptive deadlock-free multiprocessor network router, is presented. This chip demonstrates primarily the integration of complex deadlock-recovery circuitry and free-space optoelectronic input–output on a monolithic GaAs-based chip. The design and implementation of the first-generation, bit-serial, torus-connected chip that uses 1400 transistors and six light-emitting diode–photodetector pairs is presented.
Emotional and Domain Concept Enhancements to Alicebot

Extensive research and development have been done in the area of human simulation and artificial intelligence and their related fields, such as common sense knowledge bases, chatterbots, natural language parsing, semantic analysis, synthetic actors, and cognitive sciences. This paper takes part in that extensive research by focusing on the improvement of human simulation in chatterbots, specifically in Alicebot, a prominent non-emotional pattern-matching chatbot. An emotion and personality model is added to Alicebot so that it can make decisions based on its emotions and personality. Alicebot is also augmented with the ability to determine what it likes or does not like based on its domain concept preferences. Finally, Alicebot will be able to generate its own text without using patterns. These improvements will allow Alicebot to better simulate responses like humans.
Charting the Roots of Anti-Chinese Populism in Africa: A Comparison of Zambia and Ghana:

In this article the authors conduct focused case studies on Zambia and Ghana to investigate the increasingly diverse popular reactions to Chinese engagement throughout the region of sub-Saharan Africa. In this effort they challenge the existing binary exploitation/opportunity paradigm through which growing Chinese engagement in sub-Saharan Africa is often analyzed. Instead, they propose an alternative framework, which centers less on the positive or nefarious nature of Chinese involvement and more on the institutional structures of African regimes. As opposed to closed autocracies and consolidated multiparty democracies, fluid transitional states create opportunities for the appearance of anti-Chinese populist movements akin to Michael Sata and the Patriotic Front in Zambia.
EFFECT OF VECURONIUM ON INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE, MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND HEART RATE IN CATS

The effect of vecuronium on intracranial pressure (ICP) was investigated in six cats with normal and increased ICP. Cats were anaesthetized with pentobarbitone 33 mg kg-1 i.p. and acepromazine 0.6 mg kg-1 i.p., the trachea was intubated, and the lungs ventilated with nitrous oxide in oxygen. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), twitch response and ICP were recorded continuously. After the effect of vecuronium had been ascertained under the condition of normal ICP, and after full recovery of twitch response, pH-adjusted Ringer's lactate solution was infused to the cisterna magna until an ICP baseline of 26 +/- 2 mm Hg was established, and had stabilized. Vecuronium was administered again to determine its effect under the condition of increased ICP. Complete ablation of twitch response was obtained in 68 +/- 15 s with vecuronium 80 micrograms kg-1, and there was no significant change in ICP, MAP, HR or cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) under either ICP condition.
Multiterawatt ultrashort laser pulses

The spatial quality of the Ti:sapphire amplified laser pulses is improved with a spatially filtering regenerative amplifier. Because of the high peak power of the system, 5 TW, it is necessary to limit the atmospheric beam path after pulse compression. This is accomplished by enclosing the entire compression stage and all experiments in vacuum. >
The Liberal Conscience: Politics and Principle in a World of Religious Pluralism

The Liberal Conscience: Politics and Principle in a World of Religious Pluralism. By Lucas Swaine. New York: Columbia University Press, 2006. 240p. $35.00. In this book, Lucas Swaine argues that modern liberalism has failed in its efforts to provide adequate justification of liberalism's political legitimacy to religious adherents. This may seem a surprising contention, given the vast literature that attempts to do precisely this, reaching easily as far back as John Rawl's Political Liberalism if not to the constitutive works of Hobbes and Locke. In particular, according to Swaine, contemporary liberalism has failed because it does not offer arguments that can appeal to religious believers, preferring instead a standard of “reasonableness” that cannot assail the faith commitments of religious believers.
Understanding Chinese suppliers: dragon vs. eagle

Corporations increasingly pursue avenues for employing the manufacturing prowess of China and managing strategic alliance and supply networks with Chinese partners. While most studies addressing global cooperative strategies such as strategic alliances and supply networks analyse organisational and industrial characteristics, few theories incorporate explanations for cross-cultural differences between US and Chinese supply chain assessment practices. Without analyses of individual differences among executives in different cultures, theories on managerial decision-making in global cooperative strategies remain incomplete. This study is an attempt to better understand Chinese executives supply chain assessment practices.
Younger and Older Jurors The Influence of Environmental Supports on Memory Performance and Decision Making in Complex Trials

This study compared memory and decision making by younger (aged 19-35) and older (aged 55-75) adults who had viewed a 2-hr video of a complex civil trial. Participants were tested for free recall, recognition memory, source identification, and the accuracy of their verdicts. The experiment manipulated (a) note taking during the trial and (b) timing of judicial instructions: either before (preinstructed) or after (standard) the presentation of relevant evidence. Judicial instructions provide jurors with a framework for understanding legal concepts such as liability and compensatory damages. Both younger and older adults provided more detailed and cohesive accounts when they were given judicial instructions before the evidence. Other benefits of preinstruction to memory and decision making were limited to older adults. Note-taking effects were generally limited but were consistent across age groups. The results highlight the potential value of relatively simple interventions for improving cognitive performance in a real-world setting.
Theory in Health Education Practice

Although social and behavioral science theories are claimed to be able to contribute greatly to the effectiveness of health education programs, most practitioners in the profession seem to doubt this, and very few ever deliberately use theories in their work. Some reasons for such diverse views reside in the nature of the theories, in the very different roles they play in the worlds of theory-minded and practice-oriented health educators, respectively, in widespread unrealistic expectations of what theories can and cannot contribute to practice, and in lack of appropriate training in theories and their uses. Suggestions are offered to both practicing and academic health educators on ways to bridge the gap between the two camps, to render theories more useful to practitioners, and to train practitioners and health education students to appreciate the potentials of theories and to acquire skills needed to utilize such potentials.
Getting to the CORE of Weaning

Countless individuals undergo mechanical ventilation in intensive care units (ICUs) worldwide. Most of these patients undergo a process of separation from artificial ventilatory support, followed by removal of an endotracheal tube, which has traditionally been called weaning. While earlier efforts
The burden of hepatitis C in the United States

According to the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 3.9 million of the U.S. civilian population have been infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), of whom 2.7 million (74%) have chronic infection. Hepatitis C virus infection is most common among non-Caucasian men, ages 30 to 49 years. Moreover, the prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus in groups not represented in the NHANES sample, such as the homeless or incarcerated, may be as high as 40%. The age-adjusted death rate for non-A, non-B viral hepatitis increased from 0.4 to 1.8 deaths per 100,000 persons per year between 1982 and 1999. In 1999, the first year hepatitis C was reported separately, there were 3,759 deaths attributed to HCV, although this is likely an underestimate. There was a 5-fold increase in the annual number of patients with HCV who underwent liver transplantation between 1990 and 2000. Currently, more than one third of liver transplant candidates have HCV. Inpatient care of HCV-related liver disease has also been increasing. In 1998, an estimated 140,000 discharges listed an HCV-related diagnosis, accounting for 2% of discharges from non-federal acute care hospitals in the United States. The total direct health care cost associated with HCV is estimated to have exceeded $1 billion in 1998. Future projections predict a 4-fold increase between 1990 and 2015 in persons at risk of chronic liver disease (i.e., those with infection for 20 years or longer), suggesting a continued rise in the burden of HCV in the United States in the foreseeable future.
Strain energy release in ceramic-to-metal joints by ductile metal interlayers

Abstract We present analytical solutions for thermal strain energy in ceramic-to-metal joints where the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the interlayer is significantly larger than that of the metal and the ceramic. We consider plasticity and conclude that the relative CTE difference between the three materials and yield stress of the interlayer determine the thermal strain energy.
The effect of imposed optical flow on guided locomotion in young walkers

Three groups of infants, differing in their age and walking experience, were presented with optical flow in a moving hallway, and postural adjustments were measured. Children either stood still, or walked back and forth within this hallway in two conditions. In the first, the hallway was uncluttered; in the second, a guidance task was created by placing obstacles (rubber traffic pylons) along the path. For standing trials, there were no significant differences in postural responses between the two conditions. For walking trials, children staggered and fell more often in the presence of obstacles. It appears that steering through a cluttered environment increases postural perturbation during imposed optical flow. These results suggest that two discrete functions, maintaining postural stability and steering, are involved in locomotion, and are guided by different informational aspects of optical flow. Increasing age and walking experience allows children to learn to distinguish between these two types of information, providing them with a means for better integrating these two concurrent functions.
Traumatic Brain Injury and Time to Onset of Alzheimer's Disease: A Population-based Study

Controversy continues as to whether traumatic brain injury is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. The authors examined a related hypothesis that among persons with traumatic brain injury who develop Alzheimer's disease, time to onset of the disease is reduced. They used data on all documented episodes of traumatic brain injury that occurred from 1935 to 1984 among Olmsted County, Minnesota, residents. Community-based medical records were used to follow traumatic brain injury cases who were aged 40 years or older at last contact prior to June 1, 1988, for Alzheimer's disease until last contact, death, or June 1, 1988. The test of the hypothesis was restricted to those cases who developed Alzheimer's disease. The expected time to onset of Alzheimer's disease was derived from a life table constructed by using age-of-onset distributions within sex groups for a previously identified cohort of Rochester, Minnesota, Alzheimer's disease incidence cases without a history of head trauma. The authors found that of the 1,283 traumatic brain injury cases followed, 31 developed Alzheimer's disease, a number similar to that expected (standardized incidence ratio = 1.2, 95% confidence interval 0.8-1.7). However, the observed time from traumatic brain injury to Alzheimer's disease was less than the expected time to onset of Alzheimer's disease (median = 10 vs. 18 years, p = 0.015). The results suggest that traumatic brain injury reduces the time to onset of Alzheimer's disease among persons at risk of developing the disease.
Pivot: Fast, Synchronous Mashup Isolation Using Generator Chains

Pivot is a new JavaScript isolation framework for web applications. Pivot uses iframes as its low-level isolation containers, but it uses code rewriting to implement synchronous cross-domain interfaces atop the asynchronous cross-frame post Message() primitive. Pivot layers a distributed scheduling abstraction across the frames, essentially treating each frame as a thread which can invoke RPCs that are serviced by external threads. By rewriting JavaScript call sites, Pivot can detect RPC invocations, Pivot exchanges RPC requests and responses via post Message(), and it pauses and restarts frames using a novel rewriting technique that translates each frame's JavaScript code into a restart able generator function. By leveraging both iframes and rewriting, Pivot does not need to rewrite all code, providing an order-of-magnitude performance improvement over rewriting-only solutions. Compared to iframe-only approaches, Pivot provides synchronous RPC semantics, which developers typically prefer over asynchronous RPCs. Pivot also allows developers to use the full, unrestricted JavaScript language, including powerful statements like eval().
A linear spatially distributed model for a surface rainfall-runoff system

Abstract This paper presents a linear, spatially distributed model for the rainfall-runoff process based on a system analysis approach. A watershed is treated as a system that consists of a number of subwatersheds, each of which is assumed to be approximately uniform in terms of rainfall excess and geographic conditions. An ordinary differential equation representing the relationship between the input, output and function of the subwatershed is derived based on the mass balance principle and a storage-release equation. A number of ordinary differential equations for subwatersheds in series or parallel are assembled to form an overall equation for the watershed system. The rainfall excess process of each subwatershed is represented by a unit-step function. The Laplace transform of rainfall excess was taken and substituted into the watershed system equation to obtain the Laplace transform of the outflow hydrograph of the watershed. The analytical solution for calculating the outflow hydrograph was finally obtained by taking the inverse Laplace transform. This model, with a much simpler form than numerical convolution, is capable of predicting runoff from non-uniformly distributed rainfall and geographical conditions over an entire watershed.
Band-Structure Effects on the Performance of III–V Ultrathin-Body SOI MOSFETs

This paper examines the impact of band structure on deeply scaled III-V devices by using a self-consistent 20-band -SO semiempirical atomistic tight-binding model. The density of states and the ballistic transport for both GaAs and InAs ultrathin-body n-MOSFETs are calculated and compared with the commonly used bulk effective mass approximation, including all the valleys (, , and ). Our results show that for III-V semiconductors under strong quantum confinement, the conduction band nonparabolicity affects the confinement effective masses and, therefore, changes the relative importance of different valleys. A parabolic effective mass model with bulk effective masses fails to capture these effects and leads to significant errors, and therefore, a rigorous treatment of the full band structure is required.
Introduction to Goal Programming

This book is designed to provide students, faculty and researchers a perspective and review of the total body of published goal programming (GP) research to date. The objective of this book is to present a comprehensive overview of goal programming methodology and applications, past and present, as they are reflected in journal publications and books. It is assumed that readers will have some basic knowledge of GP. With the exception of this chapter, the remaining chapters in this book are fairly independent of each other and can be referenced or read independently of the others.
Increased water contamination and grow-out Pekin duck mortality when raised with water troughs compared to pin-metered water lines using a United States management system

Controversy has developed as to whether or not pin-metered water lines or water troughs are more appropriate for Pekin ducks. We hypothesized that water troughs would show improved duck body conditions and environmental quality compared to pin-metered water lines. To test this hypothesis, we housed ducks in 2 barns, one with water lines and one with water troughs. Water troughs were constructed to meet RSPCA guidelines for number and density of ducks and with recently described verandas. Ducks were divided into 4 pens per barn (n=1,000 ducks/pen). The study was then repeated (n=8 pens per water source) in a cross-over design so the barns each contained the opposite water source to the first experiment. We scored the ducks' body condition using an established scoring rubric and analyzed using SAS Proc GLM-Mix as binomial data. Ducks housed with water troughs showed higher (thus worse condition; P<0.001) scores for eyes, nostrils, feather quality, feather cleanliness, and foot pads. We also compared water condition, water quality, and duck mortality using a Student t test for both water sources each week. We found that the water troughs showed higher iron (P<0.001), nitrites (P<0.001), pH (P<0.01), and bacterial growth (P<0.001). The bacterial growth was shown to have higher (P<0.001)E. coli, coliforms, and Staphylococcusin the water troughs. Water lines typically showed no bacterial growth in culture-based assays. Ducks housed with water troughs used greater (P=0.001) volumes of water compared to ducks housed with water lines. Ducks with water troughs also showed a greater percent (P=0.008) mortality at all ages compared to ducks with water lines. These data suggest that water troughs may not be beneficial for duck welfare and could adversely impact both environment and duck or human health.
‘Almost like I am in Jail': homelessness and the sense of immobility in Cleveland, Ohio

Drawing on oral histories conducted with the Cleveland Homeless Oral History project between 1999 and 2005, the article addresses the unhoused interviewees’ overwhelming sense of being immobile. This understanding spoke both to the reality of being restricted to shelters, but it also spoke to the larger feeling of being stuck and unable to escape their predicament. This subjective sense was belied by their everyday reality of constant movement. The article explores the disjuncture between the rhetoric and the embodied practice of movement and stillness. While the rhetoric of immobility spoke to their understanding of oppression, and served as a ‘mobilizing’ language, their resistance frequently involved establishing dwelling spaces in places where they were unwanted. In the context of homelessness in the twenty-first century, the very practice of dwelling can be a radical act through which the unhoused build power by laying claim to home.
Acoustic Tomography

High-resolution measurements of the density field in the ocean are prohibitively expensive if traditional ship-borne instruments are used. Tomography uses acoustic remote sensing to infer ocean structure, and avoids many of the limitations of direct measurements. Sound pulses follow distinct trajectories through the water from source to receiver, and the travel time for a given pulse is a known functional of the sound speed field. This functional can be inverted to recover an estimate of the sound speed field through which it passed. The inversion is accomplished with either detenninistic linear matrix inversion or stochastic optimal estimation, and the sound speed field estimate returned can be converted to an estimate of density. A numerical simulation of the pilot tomography experiment is presented to demonstrate that tomography can be effective in reproducing significant ocean features.
Photopatterning of stable, low-density, self-assembled monolayers on gold.

Photoinitiated thiol–yne chemistry is utilized as a click reaction for grafting of acid-terminated alkynes to thiol-terminated monolayers on a gold substrate to create stable, low-density monolayers. The resulting monolayers are compared with a well-packed 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid monolayer and the analogous low-density monolayers prepared through a solution phase synthetic approach. The overall structuring of the monolayer prepared by solid-phase grafting is characterized by contact angle goniometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results show that the product monolayer has an intermediate surface energy and a more disordered chemical structuring compared to a traditional well-packed self-assembled monolayer, showing a low-packing density of the chains at the monolayer surface. The monolayer’s structure and electrochemical stability were studied by reductive desorption of the thiolates. The prepared low-density monolayers have a higher electrochemical stability than traditional well-pa...
The Formation of Metal Carbide Layers by Elevated-Temperature Ion Implantation of Fe-Based Alloys

An Fe-i % C alloy has been implanted at approximately 600 °C with V to a fluence of 5 × 1017 ions/cm2 and with Nb to a fluence of 3 × 1017 ions/cm2. For both implantations, Auger analysis showed that a nominally stoichiometric metal carbide layer formed beneath the surface. Below this layer, which was depleted of Fe, the metal carbide concentration decreased gradually, giving a continually graded interface with the bulk. TEM analysis showed a continuous layer of fine-grained VC or NbC, which displayed a preferred Baker-Nutting orientation relation with the underlying a-Fe matrix.
A Jump-Linear Model based Sensitivity Study for Optimal Air Traffic Flow Management under Weather Uncertainty

In this paper, we develop an analytical approach to planning air traffic flow management (TFM) strategies under uncertain weather. To do that, we model the dynamics of an air traffic flow under uncertain weather as a discrete jump-linear system, which enacts the tracking of transient traffic congestion statistics. We then conduct a sensitivity analysis of traffic congestion to disturbances introduced by mean inflow rate and flow restriction constraint. The integrated framework of jump-linear modeling and sensitivity analysis permits optimal planning for flow redistribution and flow restriction redesign. We demonstrate the design procedure through an example of a major flow splitting into multiple flows that enter a bank of weather zones.
A fault-tolerant strategy based on Fundamental Phase Shift Compensation for three phase multilevel converters with quasi-Z-source networks

This paper proposes a new fault-tolerant strategy for a multilevel converter (MLC) with an integrated impedance-source network. The proposed fault-tolerant strategy leverages the flexibility provided by the impedance-source network to implement the Fundamental Phase Shift Compensation (FPSC) method in order to restore operation of a multilevel converter with one or more faulty switches to the pre-fault conditions. In this paper, first a brief review of CHB converters and the modulation method is provided. Then the proposed fault-tolerant scheme is introduced. Finally, the experimental results from a prototype converter are provided to validate the operation of the proposed strategy.
Application of multiple objective gray situation decision to investment of major oil equipment

Multiple objective gray situation decision is used to choose the investment project of major oil equipment,the sequencing result of the equipment capital project is derived according to the comprehensive result measuring. Compared with other methods,this decision procedure shows greater advantages,it can make the complex decision problems clear and improve the decision accuracy.
Discuss the Making Details of Functional Food Advertising Review Regulations

Objective Promoting the sound development of functional food advertising market and providing reference for proposing functional food advertising review regulations. Methods Discussing the current problems of functional food advertising review regulations in our country and putting forward some countermeasures and suggestions for them through analyzing the current status of functional food advertising. Conclusion The current functional food advertising review regulations of our country has been unable to adapt to the development of functional food advertising market. Through analyzing and discussing the revision details of functional food advertising relevant review regulations, promoting the amendment of functional food advertising review regulations,advancing the healthy development of functional food advertising market, and correctly guiding the consumers to buy functional food.
The plain chest radiograph and clinical management of pulmonary edema in pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE : To evaluate the reproducibility of radiographic quantification of pulmonary edema on the supine plain chest radiograph and to correlate the radiographic appearance of edema with the clinical assessment and treatment of pulmonary edema. STUDY DESIGN : Retrospective, blind, descriptive study of 24 women with singleton pregnancies in the last trimester selected because of a clinical question of pulmonary edema. RESULTS : Interobserver variability between radiologists resulted in an average weighted κ of.71 in grading edema on a 0-3 scale where 0 = no edema and 3 = alveolar flooding. The vascular pedicle (a measure of central circulating volume) was larger among patients who received furosemide (63.4 mm) than those who did not (57.0 mm) (P =.01). The vascular pedicle was also larger among patients receiving tocolytics or steroids (62.8 mm) than those who did not (56.0 mm) (P =.01). The radiographic edema score tended to be lower in patients who received tocolytics and steroids (P =.05). The other correlations were not significant. CONCLUSION : Radiographic assessment of pulmonary edema shows fair to good reproducibility, but the clinical correlations are modest. A wider understanding of the wealth of physiologic information available on the plain chest radiograph may prove invaluable in understanding the clinical course and treatment of these patients.
Effect of Clustering Algorithm on Establishing Markov State Model for Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

Recently, the Markov state model has been applied for kinetic analysis of molecular dynamics simulations. However, discretization of the conformational space remains a primary challenge in model building, and it is not clear how the space decomposition by distinct clustering strategies exerts influence on the model output. In this work, different clustering algorithms are employed to partition the conformational space sampled in opening and closing of fatty acid binding protein 4 as well as inactivation and activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Various classifications are achieved, and Markov models are set up accordingly. On the basis of the models, the total net flux and transition rate are calculated between two distinct states. Our results indicate that geometric and kinetic clustering perform equally well. The construction and outcome of Markov models are heavily dependent on the data traits. Compared to other methods, a combination of Bayesian and hierarchical clustering is feasible in...