cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medical service demand and utilization from female AIDS patients in rural areas after antiretroviral therapy

Objective To analyze the morbidity,hospital visit and hospitalization of female AIDS patients from rural areas after antiretroviral treatment.Methods 102 female AIDS patients from rural areas who had received antiretroviral treatment were enrolled into the study.A questionnaire survey was conducted in appointed healthcare facilities under the coordination of local health bureau.SPSS 13.0 software was used to analyze the data.Results The morbidity rate and hospital visit rate of female AIDS patients within two weeks after treatment were 31.4% and 27.5% respectively,and the annual hospital admission rate was 42.2%.There were no significant differences of morbidity rate and hospital visit rate among patients with different background,but the difference of annual hospital admission rate was statistically significant among patients with different annual family income.Conclusions The relatively higher rates of morbidity,hospital visit and annual hospital admission of female AIDS patients from rural areas within 2 weeks after antiretroviral therapy indicate that the policy of AIDS treatment cost relief has great effect on them.
The Mode to Promote the Vegetable Standardization Construction of Daiyue District of Tai'an City

Based on the status and characteristics of Daiyue district in Tai'an city in Shandong province to promote the vegetable standardization construction and the investigation and research,according to the different bibcock types to promote vegetables standardization,we divided the mode of Daiyue district to promote the vegetable standardization construction into three types including the model of wholesale market leading vegetable standardization construction,the model of vegetable processing enterprises divining vegetable standardization construction,and the model of farmer cooperative organizations to promote vegetable standardization construction,which could provide a new idea and new path for other districts to promote vegetable standardization construction.
Cyberspace Warfare Attacks within Current Norms of Self-Defense

This Article is nothing but an exercise in boldness…It touches upon modern Information Warfare Operations, which are now taking place entirely in Cyberspace, with the following – twofold – purpose. First, to offer a brief as well as accurate inroad into their very individual characteristics and the actual threat they represent to international peace and security. Second, to emphasize in the most practical terms possible the need for the creation of a “jus novum”, specifically tailored to regulate this newly emerged and constantly growing threat.
Towards trustworthy smart cyber-physical-social systems in the era of Internet of Things

The advent of a new wave of computing driven by the Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data is reshaping the landscape of engineering systems design, operations, and management. As traditional devices and systems are transforming into smart devices and smart cyber-physical systems powered by IoT, more and more applications of Internet of Things are emerging as complex systems of smart systems, such as smart cities, in which an entity (including both human, software, and machines) highly relies on other entities in a network with respect to security, privacy, trustworthiness of data / information, and trustworthiness of services. Trust is emerging as a critical factor in systems design, operations and management. In this paper, we use Smart and Connected Senior Caring Systems as driving application, to discuss the features of Cyber-Physical-Social Smart Systems (CPS3) powered by IoT, to address the needs of trust in CPS3 design, and to explore approaches of trust formalisms for CPS3 design.
Image registration of MR and PET based on surface matching and principal axes fitting

We present a surface based image registration algorithm, which uses a combination of minimization of average point-to-surface distance and iterative principal axes fitting (IPAF). MR and PET brain contours are automatically selected from their intensity histograms, such that the separability of object and background is maximized. Cubic B-spline surface is introduced to represent brain surface with few parameters. Its use allows us to accurately compute the point-to-surface distance and the gradient of the distance with respect to registration parameters. As a result, effective distance minimization could be achieved by using a gradient descent algorithm if it is not trapped at a poor local minimum. To prevent being trapped, IPAF algorithm is developed to provide a good initial solution. In addition, it greatly speeds up the registration procedure. The entire procedure is fully automated and is fast enough for routine clinical use. Its performance has been tested using 3D phantom and patient data. >
Japanese exchange rates, export restraints, and auto prices in the 1980s

U.S. railroads transport a third of the Nation’s freight ton-miles,1 including large products such as automobiles and bulk products such as grain, coal, and concrete.2 Railroads also transport about 1 percent of intercity passengers3 and 2 percent of urban commuters.4 Railroads employ more than 92 percent of all rail transportation workers. The rest work primarily for local governments as subway and streetcar operators and for mining, manufacturing, and marine cargo-handling operations operating their own locomotives and dinkeys that shuttle railcars containing ore, coal, and other bulk materials.5 With a fatal injury rate more than twice the all-industry rate, the railroad industry is hazardous—especially for railroad brake, signal, and switch operators. Rail vehicles pose hazards even to workers in nonrailroad occupations. The fatality experience in railroad transportation highlights the industry’s hazardousness. Although the number of fatalities varies considerably from year to year, the boxed table on page 18 shows that the industry’s fatality rate6 is consistently considerably higher than the rate for the total private sector.7 The substantial drop in the fatality rate during the latter half of the 10-year study period (from 12.3 fatalities per 100,000 employed for 1993–97 to 8.0 for 1998–2002) suggests that the industry is becoming safer. This article analyzes many aspects of railroadrelated work fatalities, beyond only those in the Dino Drudi
Meteor showers in review

Abstract Recent work on meteor showers is reviewed. New data is presented on the long duration showers that wander in sun-centered ecliptic coordinates. Since the early days of meteor photography, much progress has been made in mapping visual meteor showers, using low-light video cameras instead. Now, some 820,000 meteoroid orbits have been measured by four orbit surveys during 2007–2015. Mapped in sun-centered ecliptic coordinates in 5° intervals of solar longitude, the data show a number of long duration (>15 days) meteor showers that have drifting radiants and speeds with solar longitude. 18 showers emerge from the antihelion source and follow a drift pattern towards high ecliptic latitudes. 27 Halley-type showers in the apex source move mostly towards lower ecliptic longitudes, but those at high ecliptic latitudes move backwards. Also, 5 low-speed showers appear between the toroidal ring and the apex source, moving towards the antihelion source. Most other showers do not last long, or do not move much in sun-centered ecliptic coordinates. The surveys also detected episodic showers, which mostly document the early stages of meteoroid stream formation. New data on the sporadic background have shed light on the dynamical evolution of the zodiacal cloud.
Activation of Tungsten Oxide for Propane Dehydrogenation and Its High Catalytic Activity and Selectivity

Dehydrogenation of propane to propene is one of the important reactions for the production of higher-value chemical intermediates. In the commercial processes, platinum- or chromium oxide-based catalysts have been used for catalytic propane dehydrogenation. Herein, we first report that bulk tungsten oxide can serve as the catalyst for propane dehydrogenation. Tungsten oxide is activated by hydrogen pretreatment and/or co-feeding of hydrogen. Its catalytic activity strongly depends on hydrogen pretreatment time and partial pressure of hydrogen in the feed gas. The activation of tungsten oxide by hydrogen is attributed to reduction of the metal oxide and presence of multivalent oxidation states. Comparison of the catalytic performance of partially reduced WO3−x to other highly active metal oxides shows that WO3−x exhibits superior catalytic activity and selectivity than Cr2O3 and Ga2O3. The findings of this work provide the possibility for activation of metal oxides for catalytic reactions and the opportunity for the development of new type of catalytic systems utilizing partially reduced metal oxides.
P4.94 Sti rates among homeless persons in the u.s

Introduction Homelessness is a societal problem with public health implications. The U.S rate of homelessness is 17.7/10,000. Nightly, 5 50 000 persons experience homelessness, 6.5% under the age of 18 years. Homelessness is associated with greater engagement in high-risk sexual behaviour. Less is known about sexually transmitted infections (STI) among the homeless. Methods We systematically identified peer-reviewed articles, published 2000–2016, which reported STI bio-specimen testing and rates among homeless persons in the US. Articles (n=9) were grouped by age (e.g. youth=5; adults=4); STI rates and correlate factors were described by gender. Results Across STIs, rates varied from 0.4%–17% among homeless youth (n=5), and 0.9%–52.5% among homeless adults (n=4). Rates for chlamydia (CT) were similar for youth (4.2%–11.6%)%) and adults (4.6%–10.8). For gonorrhoea, the highest rates for youth (0.4%–9.9%) were double those for adults (0.9%–4.1%)%). STI rates also varied by age and gender. CT was highest among young females (6.45%–11.0%%); followed by adult females (6.7%); then young males (4.73%–4.8%). Rates of HSV-2 (5.52%–11.85%%), HBV (1.42%–17%) and trichomoniasis (2.3%) were reported only in studies on youth. HCV varied among youth (3.77%–12%)%) and adults (9.8%–52.5%%), with rates highest among homeless adult men. Composite STI rates were most often reported for adults (16.4%–40.7%%), with highest rates among adult women who experienced intimate partner violence (IPV) (25.9%–40.7%)%).For youth, longer periods of homelessness were associated with high-risk sexual behaviours. Peer social networks had protective and risk effects on sexual behaviour. For adults, frequency and length of homelessness, incarceration history, substance use, injection drug use (IDU), and IPV were associated with having an STI. Conclusion STI rates among homeless persons varied by age and gender. There is a need for more complete STI data on homeless youth and adults. Such data can aid in understanding STI risk while homeless and how best to develop tailored prevention strategies.
Aldehyde dehydrogenases may modulate signaling by lipid peroxidation-derived bioactive aldehydes

Aldehyde molecules were shown to induce gene expression but because of their toxicity, the cell expresses ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASES (ALDH, EC 1.2.1.3) that oxidize them to carboxylic acids. To understand how the aldehydes may be both toxic and gene activators, we expressed the ALDH7B4 gene promoter fused to the β-glucuronidase reporter gene in independent transgenic lines and found that pentanal and trans-2-hexenal activated the promoter whereas trans-2-hexenal induced the ALDH7B4 protein. Paraquat led to higher amounts of malondialdehyde compared to trans-2-hexenal and H2O2, and only the treatment by Paraquat activated the ALDH7B4 promoter, indicating that a threshold level of aldehydes is required for gene activation. These findings suggest that ALDH activity may also serve to fine-tune gene activation by the aldehydes.
Caustic formation upon shift symmetry breaking

We examine how the breaking of shift symmetry affects the formation of caustics for the standard canonical kinetic theory as well as for the DBI theory. We show, in this case, that the standard canonical kinetic theory is caustic free but the same does not always apply for the DBI model. We make similar arguments about the conformal Galileons. Finally, it is shown that the simple wave condition is not invariant under field redefinitions and the meaning of simple waves after symmetry breaking is discussed.
Children's exposure to intimate partner violence and peer bullying victimization

Abstract Research has shown that children who are exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) at young ages experience higher than average rates of cognitive, emotional and interpersonal impairments. Our research uses the first five waves of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to examine the effects of children's exposure to IPV during early childhood (years 1 and 3), as measured by their mothers' self reports of physical violence and economic abuse, on their likelihood of experiencing peer bullying at age 9. Results indicate that early exposure to IPV was associated with higher levels of peer bullying victimization in later childhood, and that physical punishment at year 5 was shown to have significant mediation effects on peer bullying victimization at year 9. Results indicate that the effects of IPV were particularly strong for boys, and were stronger among black children, with no significant effects on white or Hispanic children. For girls, the level of peer bullying at year 9 marginally increased when their mothers had experienced economic abuse at years 1–3. Given the impacts of peer bullying victimization on children's well-being and later achievement, these findings may have important implications for early intervention strategies.
Biochemical Changes in Mitochondria as a Mechanism in Metabolic Tolerance to Ethanol

Ethanol when administered to animals or humans produces a variety of biochemical and pharmacological effects. Some of these effects are due to ethanol per se and others due to its metabolites. The relative significance of these effects depends on the quantity of ethanol administered. Research done over the last 10 years has furnished considerable knowledge regarding the metabolism of ethanol and the biochemical and pharmacological effects of short-term ethanol consumption, as reviewed elsewhere (Rawat, 1969). Although, in the past, effects of excess long-term ethanol consumptions have been investigated on the morphological and histological changes in various organs of the body; much attention to biochemical changes has not been given. Advances in structural techniques like electron microscopy have mainly contributed to the understanding of ultrastructure changes induced by ethanol (Popper and Schaffner, 1970).
1933. “On the Question of Measurability of Electromagnetic Field Quantities”: Complementarity and Quantum Field Theory

This chapter addresses the subject that has, as yet, been little explored in literature on Bohr—the significance of quantum field theory, beginning with quantum electrodynamics (the first form of quantum field theory), in Bohr’s work on complementarity. This significance is considerable, in particular, in the following three respects. First, Bohr saw quantum electrodynamics and other forms of quantum field theory as confirming his key ideas concerning the epistemology of quantum phenomena and quantum mechanics, and possibly giving these ideas more radical dimensions through the new mathematics and physics these theories introduce. Second, by extending his thinking concerning quantum mechanics to these theories, Bohr made important contributions to our understanding of measurement in quantum field theory in his influential collaborations with Leon Rosenfeld in 1933 and 1950. Third, quantum electrodynamics and quantum field theory had a shaping reciprocal impact on Bohr’s work on quantum mechanics and complementarity.
NN Ensembles and Their Applications

In this chapter, various neural network (NN) ensemble applications including applications in data assimilation systems, nonlinear multi-model ensembles, ensembles with perturbed model physics, and others are introduced and discussed. It is shown that in many cases, NN ensemble approaches provide a better and more adequate emulation of the complex nonlinear mappings than a single NN. In this chapter, an NN ensemble approach is applied to introduce analytic approximations for highly complex functional dependencies and mappings between the model variables in an oceanic data assimilation system which enables 3-D assimilation of surface 2-D variables like the surface elevation. An NN ensemble approach is applied to derive a nonlinear multi-model ensemble for improving 24-h precipitation forecasts over the continental US (ConUS). Different possibilities for using the NN emulation technique in combination with the NN ensemble approach for generating stochastic or perturbed model physics and ensembles with perturbed model physics are considered. The chapter contains an extensive list of references giving extended background and further detail to the interested reader on each examined topic. It can serve as a textbook and an introductory reading for students and beginning and advanced investigators interested in learning how to apply the NN ensemble technique to various problems.
The Neuropsychology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

A literature search at the end of 2003 revealed more than 200 published studies that compared groups with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on neuropsychological measures. This rapid accumulation of new knowledge illustrates the potential utility of neuropsychological methods as a tool to refine our understanding of the pathophysiology of ADHD. Yet these studies also underscore the complexity of the neuropsychology of ADHD, and clearly demonstrate how much remains to be learned.
Storytelling with Adjustable Narrator Styles and Sentiments

Most storytelling systems to date rely on manually coded knowledge, the cost of which usually restricts such systems to operate within a few domains where knowledge has been engineered. Open Story Generation systems are capable of learning knowledge necessary for telling stories in a given domain. In this paper, we describe a technique that generates and communicates stories in language with diverse styles and sentiments based on automatically learned narrative knowledge. Diversity in storytelling style may facilitate different communicative goals and focalization in narratives. Our approach learns from large-scale data sets such as the Google N-Gram Corpus and Project Gutenberg books in addition to crowdsourced stories to instill storytelling agents with linguistic and social behavioral knowledge. A user study shows our algorithm strongly agrees with human judgment on the interestingness, conciseness, and sentiments of the generated stories and outperforms existing algorithms.
Abstract 113: c-Kit-dependent tissue resident macrophage progenitors drive cancer progression

Macrophages play a key role in promoting tumor growth and resistance to therapy. Here we show that tissue-resident as well as bone marrow-derived macrophages play critical roles in promoting tumor growth. Tissue-resident macrophages were recently shown to originate in the yolk sac or fetal liver during embryogenesis; these cells self-maintain in post-natal tissues independent of hematopoietic stem cells. Tissue-resident macrophages and bone marrow-derived macrophages rapidly accumulate in tumors where they play independent roles in promoting tumor growth. Tissue-resident macrophages are CD11b+Gr1-F4/80hiCX3CR1hiCCR2-Ki67+ cells that accumulate in tumors independently of trafficking receptors. In contrast, bone marrow-derived CD11b+Gr1+F4/80loCX3CR1loCCR2+ macrophages accumulate in tumors in an integrin α4β1/αLβ2 and CCR2 or CXCR4-dependent manner. Gene expression studies show that tumor-associated tissue-resident macrophages are highly proliferative, immune-suppressive myeloid cells that are less proangiogenic than bone marrow-derived macrophages. Our studies show that tumor cells induce the expansion of tissue-resident macrophage progenitor cells by secreting stem cell factor and mCSF. Here we identify a Kit/KitL-dependent tissue-resident macrophage progenitor that is abundant in tumors but not in normal tissues. Notably, tumor growth and colony-forming activity are significantly inhibited in mice treated with SCF and Kit inhibitors. Tumors adoptively transferred with tissue-resident macrophage progenitor cells exhibited a significant growth advantage over control tumors. Furthermore, Kit inhibitors synergize with other immune therapy regimens to suppress tumor growth. Our studies show that tissue-resident macrophage progenitors promote aggressive tumor growth that can be targeted by Kit/SCF inhibition. Citation Format: Paulina Pathria, Hideyuki Takahashi, Megan Kaneda, Judith A. Varner. Kit-dependent tissue resident macrophage progenitors drive cancer progression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5006.
Meet Me at the Corner: The Intersection of Literacy Instruction and Race for Urban Education:

This article focuses on some languaging that occurred during a race event within a literacy lesson involving a racially White, female adult and a racially Black, male child. I analyze an excerpt fr...
The Impact of Video Laryngoscopy on the Clinical Learning Environment of Emergency Medicine Residents: A Report of 14,313 Intubations.

Background The introduction of video laryngoscopy (VL) may impact emergency medicine (EM) residents' intubation practices. Methods We analyzed 14,313 intubations from 11 EM training sites, July 1, 2002, to December 31, 2012, assessing the likelihood of first-attempt success and likelihood of having a second attempt, by rank and device. We determined whether direct laryngoscopy (DL) first-attempt success decreased as VL became more prevalent using a logistic regression model with proportion of encounters initiated with VL at that center in the prior 90 and 365 days as predictors of DL first-attempt success. Results First-attempt success by PGY-1s was 71% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 63% to 78%); PGY-2s, 82% (95% CI = 78% to 86%); and PGY-3+, 89% (95% CI = 85% to 92%). Residents' first-attempt success rate was higher with the C-MAC video laryngoscope (C-MAC) versus DL, 92% versus 84% (risk difference [RD] = 8%, 95% CI = 4% to 11%), but there was no statistical difference between the GlideScope video laryngoscope (GVL) and DL, 80% versus 84% (RD = -4%, 95% CI = -10% to 1%). PGY-1s were more likely to have a second intubation attempt after first-attempt failure with VL versus DL: 32% versus 18% (RD = 14%, 95% CI = 5% to 23%). DL first-attempt success rates did not decrease as VL became more prevalent. Conclusions First-attempt success increases with training. Interns are more likely to have a second attempt when using VL. The C-MAC may be associated with increased first-attempt success for EM residents compared with DL or GVL. The increasing prevalence of VL is not accompanied by a decrease in DL success.
Probiotics for the Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Abstract The human body contains millions of diverse microorganisms that collectively make up the human microbiome. There are variations in the density of bacteria across body sites, and the composition of these microbial species is regulated by several factors, including genetics, diet, infectious agents, and other environmental triggers. Pioneering research in this field hypothesized that the host-microbe equilibrium is essential for the health of the host and that changes or dysbiosis within the equilibrium are associated with the pathogenesis of several diseases. Recent studies have utilized new sequencing technologies to draw an association between dysbiosis and inflammatory disease. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease in which synovial inflammation causes joint failure. Probiotics have the potential to stabilize the host-microbe equilibrium and decrease the inflammatory process. The available randomized clinical trials (RCTs) show that probiotics can reduce proinflammatory cytokines; however, the clinical effects of probiotics on RA disease activity remain unsettled.
Practitioners' & LIS students' perceptions on preparedness in the New York metropolitan area

This paper discusses the results of a study that focused on the perceived preparedness of recent graduates. Fifty-five St. John’s University MLS students surveyed 348 practitioners in public libraries (181) and school libraries (167) concerning perceived preparedness of recent MLS graduates for the realities of working in libraries. The overriding research question sought to answer if the students/recent graduates are prepared to meet the expectations of professionals. This research indicates that the perceived gap between LIS education and the realities of the workplace may be larger for some specializations than others.
Multi-criteria decision-making for seismic resilience and sustainability assessment of diagrid buildings

Abstract Resilience and sustainability are both key criteria in risk-informed decision analysis of structural systems. However, a comprehensive framework which incorporates both in a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) process is yet to be developed particularly for more recent structural systems such as diagrids. This paper introduces a coupled resilience- and sustainability-based decision-making framework for seismic design and rehabilitation of building structures. FEMA method for intensity-based and time-based loss, downtime, and casualty estimation are used to evaluate seismic asset, time, and life losses. Economic input-output life-cycle assessment method is adapted to evaluate the environmental loss due to earthquakes, as well. Aiming to study the trade-off between various economic, social, and environmental impacts of earthquakes, an MCDM framework is proposed based on analytic hierarchy process, multi-attribute utility theory, and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). The framework is used to study the resiliency and sustainability of archetype steel diagrid buildings in a high seismic region. Six scenarios with different objectives including minimum asset, time, life, or environmental loss and maximum resilience are studied. A survey is conducted to find the weight factors for each criterion for each scenario. Results show that in an MCDM framework, the benefits of sustainable design techniques can outweigh possible shortcomings due to structural configuration and performance.
Moxetumomab Pasudotox: Clinical Experience in Relapsed/Refractory Hairy Cell Leukemia.

Background Moxetumomab pasudotox is a promising new therapy for the treatment of patients with relapsed/refractory hairy cell leukemia (R/R HCL), but practical guidance relating to its administration is limited. Objectives This article describes clinical guidelines for the administration of moxetumomab pasudotox to patients with R/R HCL and presents related case studies. Methods A limited review of the literature on HCL was undertaken. Findings Nursing care of patients prescribed moxetumomab pasudotox includes monitoring clinical and laboratory parameters, managing side effects, being aware of signs of serious side effects, and maintaining patient hydration during administration.
Single-shot multispectral imaging through a thin scatterer

Performing imaging with scattered light is challenging due to the complex and random modulation imposed upon the light by the scatterer. Persistent correlations, such as the optical memory effect (ME), enable high-fidelity, diffraction-limited imaging through scattering media without any prior knowledge of or access to the scattering media. However, conventional ME techniques have been limited to gray-scale imaging. We overcome this restriction by using spectral coding and compressed sensing to realize snapshot color imaging through scattering media. We demonstrate our method and obtain high-fidelity multispectral images using both emulated data (spanning the visible and infrared) and experimental data (in the visible).
Acute toxicity analysis of patients receiving surgery, Gliadel wafer implantation, and postoperative daily temozolomide with radiation therapy for primary high-grade glioma

11504 Background: Treatment of patients with newly diagnosed malignant glioma using Gliadel wafer implantation at initial surgery has been shown to increase survival (Westphal et al 2003). Similarl...
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infection: Source and Treatment

This review offers current understanding of the source of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections especially in relation to engineered water systems. It provides a summary of current treatment methods and highlights novel treatment options being developed. Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections are thought to originate from inhalation or aspiration of NTM from contaminated drinking water. While significant NTM metagenomics analysis and culturing of environmental samples have been performed, the bias of culture independent and dependent techniques along with the ubiquity of NTM organisms in the environment has made connecting the pathogen reservoir and route of transmission difficult. Recent advances in NTM DNA extraction protocols and NTM high-throughput sequencing methods suggest inhalation and aspiration of drinking water remain a critical route of transmission. The development of pulmonary diseases associated with NTM infections is complex. Patients with CF and non-CF bronchiectasis are susceptible to NTM infections, whereas the development of bronchiectasis may be due to long-term exposure to NTM. Source attribution of NTM infections is critical, especially if the source includes engineered water systems such as drinking water distribution networks and clinical and non-clinical premise plumbing. However, source identification requires more work. Current NTM treatment therapies were developed for other indications. New and combined therapies are being developed, but are insufficient to address growing antibiotic resistance and diversity of NTM infections.
II.2 – Fatigue

Publisher Summary A periodic stress oscillating among some limits applied to a machine member is called repeated, alternating, or fluctuating stress. The failure of the machine members under the action of these stresses is called fatigue failure. A small crack is enough to initiate the fatigue failure. The crack progresses rapidly because the stress concentration effect becomes greater around it. If the stressed area decreases in size, the stress increases in magnitude and if the remaining area is small, the member can fail. A member fails because fatigue shows two distinct regions. The first one is due to the progressive development of the crack, while the other one is due to the sudden fracture. In design problems the stress frequently fluctuates without passing through zero. This chapter presents the components of the stresses. σmin is minimum stress, σmax is the maximum stress, σa is the stress amplitude or the alternating stress, σm is the midrange or the mean stress, σr is the stress range. The steady stress or static stress, σs, can have any value between σmin and σmax and exists because of a fixed load. It is usually independent on the varying portion of the load.
3D shape analysis of grass silica short cell phytoliths: a new method for fossil classification and analysis of shape evolution

Fossil grass silica short cell phytoliths (GSSCP) have been used to reconstruct the biogeography of Poaceae, untangle crop domestication history and detect past vegetation shifts. These inferences depend on accurately identifying the clade to which the fossils belong. Patterns of GSSCP shape and size variation across the family have not been established and current classification methods are subjective or based on a 2D view that ignores important 3D shape variation. Focusing on Poaceae subfamilies Anomochlooideae, Pharoideae, Pueliodieae, Bambusoideae and Oryzoideae, we observed in situ GSSCP to establish their orientation and imaged isolated GSSCP using confocal microscopy to produce 3D models. 3D geometric morphometrics was used to analyze GSSCP shape and size. Classification models were applied to GSSCP from Eocene sediments from Nebraska, USA, and Anatolia, Turkey. There were significant shape differences between nearly all recognized GSSCP morphotypes and between clades with shared morphotypes. Most of the Eocene GSSCP were classified as woody bamboos with some distinctive Nebraska GSSCP classified as herbaceous bamboos. 3D morphometrics hold great promise for GSSCP classification. It accounts for the complete GSSCP shape, automates size measurements and accommodates the complete range of morphotypes within a single analytical framework.
Task support of electronic patient care report (ePCR) systems in emergency medical services: An elaboration likelihood model lens

Abstract This paper aims to investigate the antecedents of task support in the context of electronic patient care report (ePCR) in the emergency medical service (EMS). Although electronic health record has generated significant interest, the area of EMS has been largely overlooked in the literature. This study examines characteristics related to the ePCR system—information quality, security protection, and normative cues—and their impact on EMS task support, through the lens of the elaboration likelihood model. We further propose a moderating role of absorptive capacity and top management belief as elaboration likelihoods. Several theoretical contributions and managerial implications are discussed.
Evaluation of the initial NOAA AVHRR GAC SST reanalysis version 2 (RAN2 B01)

Under the NOAA AVHRR GAC Reanalysis project (RAN), a global dataset of consistent sea surface temperature (SST) retrievals from 1981-on will be created from multiple NOAA AVHRRs using the ACSPO system. Following release of RAN1 dataset in 2016, the initial RAN2 Beta 01 (“RAN2 B01”) dataset was produced from NOAA-07, 09, 11, 12, 14, 15 and 16 from 1981-2003. This paper evaluates the initial RAN2 B01 dataset and compares it with two other SST datasets, the NOAA-NASA Pathfinder v5.3 (“PF”) and ESA CCI v2.1 (“CCI”). The time series of monthly global biases and standard deviations with respect to uniformly quality controlled in situ SSTs, and clearsky fractions (percent of SST pixels to the total ice-free ocean) are compared. ‘Skin’ and ‘depth’ SSTs, only available in RAN and CCI data sets, and sensitivity of ’skin’ SST to true SST, are also compared. The RAN B01 outperforms PF. Compared to CCI, it generally delivers more clear-sky observations, often with a better accuracy and precision for both ‘skin’ and ‘depth’ SSTs. The sensitivity to true SST is lower and more variable in RAN2 B01, than in CCI. The RAN2 B01 performance following large volcanic eruptions needs improvements.
High Resolution Soft Tactile Interface for Physical Human-Robot Interaction

If robots and humans are to coexist and cooperate in society, it would be useful for robots to be able to engage in tactile interactions. Touch is an intuitive communication tool as well as a fundamental method by which we assist each other physically. Tactile abilities are challenging to engineer in robots, since both mechanical safety and sensory intelligence are imperative. Existing work reveals a trade-off between these principles— tactile interfaces that are high in resolution are not easily adapted to human-sized geometries, nor are they generally compliant enough to guarantee safety. On the other hand, soft tactile interfaces deliver intrinsically safe mechanical properties, but their non-linear characteristics render them difficult for use in timely sensing and control. We propose a robotic system that is equipped with a completely soft and therefore safe tactile interface that is large enough to interact with human upper limbs, while producing high resolution tactile sensory readings via depth camera imaging of the soft interface. We present and validate a data-driven model that maps point cloud data to contact forces, and verify its efficacy by demonstrating two real-world applications. In particular, the robot is able to react to a human finger’s pokes and change its pose based on the tactile input. In addition, we also demonstrate that the robot can act as an assistive device that dynamically supports and follows a human forearm from underneath.
Global citizenship education as a pedagogy of dwelling: re-tracing (mis)steps in practice during challenging times

Global citizenship education is full of contradictions and tensions. Neither the global nor citizenship are neutral concepts, and both come with long histories of violence, oppression and exclusion...
Real-World Treatment Patterns and Healthcare Costs in Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis Treated with Ixekizumab: A Retrospective Study.

OBJECTIVE To describe adherence, persistence, discontinuation, restarting, switching, dosing, and health care costs among patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) treated with ixekizumab (IXE). METHODS MarketScan administrative claims databases were used to select adults (≥18 years) initiating IXE between January 1, 2016, and June 30, 2019, for this retrospective study (earliest IXE claim = index). Eligible patients had one or more PsA diagnoses during the 12 months preceding the index and had 12 months of follow-up time after the index. Adherence (measured by proportion of days covered [PDC]) persistence ( 0.80)to IXE prior to discontinuation. Dose values were consistent with prescribing information for patients with and without comorbid psoriasis. Although IXE costs ($5233 [SD = $2497]) accounted for 85.6% of PsA-related health care costs, only 3.5% of IXE costs were patient out-of-pocket expenses. Adjusting for the ICER discounts decreased all-cause and PsA-related costs by $2509 PPPM. CONCLUSION Results from this real-world analysis suggest that treatment patterns and costs among patients with PsA initiating IXE are consistent with prior literature for other biologics.
Interleaving Global and Local Search for Protein Motion Computation

We propose a novel robotics-inspired algorithm to compute physically-realistic motions connecting thermodynamically-stable and semi-stable structural states in protein molecules. Protein motion computation is a challenging problem due to the high-dimensionality of the search space involved and ruggedness of the potential energy surface underlying the space. To handle the multiple local minima issue, we propose a novel algorithm that is not based on the traditional Molecular Dynamics or Monte Carlo frameworks but instead adapts ideas from robot motion planning. In particular, the algorithm balances computational resources between a global search aimed at obtaining a global view of the network of protein conformations and their connectivity and a detailed local search focused on realizing such connections with physically-realistic models. We present here promising results on a variety of proteins and demonstrate the general utility of the algorithm and its capability to improve the state of the art without employing system-specific insight.
Protein secondary structure of Green Lynx spider dragline silk investigated by solid-state NMR and X-ray diffraction.

In this study, the secondary structure of the major ampullate silk from Peucetia viridans (Green Lynx) spiders is characterized by X-ray diffraction and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. From X-ray diffraction measurement, β-sheet nanocrystallites were observed and found to be highly oriented along the fiber axis, with an orientational order, fc ≈ 0.98. The size of the nanocrystallites was determined to be on average 2.5 nm × 3.3 nm × 3.8 nm. Besides a prominent nanocrystalline region, a partially oriented amorphous region was also observed with an fa ≈ 0.89. Two-dimensional 13C–13C through-space and through-bond solid-state NMR experiments were employed to elucidate structure details of P. viridans silk proteins. It reveals that β-sheet nanocrystallites constitutes 40.0 ± 1.2% of the protein and are dominated by alanine-rich repetitive motifs. Furthermore, based upon the NMR data, 18 ± 1% of alanine, 60 ± 2% glycine and 54 ± 2% serine are incorporated into helical conformations.
Promotion of inflammation-associated colon tumorigenesis by the total Western diet in the APCmin/+ mouse

Our research team developed a new total Western diet (TWD) for rodents that mimics typical human nutrition patterns with respect to macronutrient composition (amounts and types of sugar, fat, prote...
Transition of slow shocks to fast shocks

As a CME pushes its way through preceding slower solar wind, large disturbances in the interaction region may evolve to form transient MHD shocks. The shocks can be slow shocks in the coronal space but they appear as fast shocks near 1 AU. We use a MHD model to study the transition of slow shocks to fast shocks in an interaction region sandwiched between a faster solar wind and a slower solar wind near the equatorial plane. The transition process is attributed chiefly to the radial increase of β, and to a lesser degree to the radial increase of the shock angle θ. Under the initial condition of small β and θ near 0.1 AU, the interaction region evolves to form a pair of slow shocks inside 0.15 AU. As the interaction region convects outward, the increases of β and θ cause a transition of the shock system between 0.15 and 0.3 AU from a slow shock pair to a double shock pair. As the system moves outward, β and θ continue to increase, the fast shock grows stronger, and the slow shock becomes weaker. Eventually, the slow shocks fade away, and the shock system evolves to a pair of fast shocks.
Cloning and characterization of chymotrypsin- and trypsin-like cDNAs from the gut of the Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (say)]

Fifteen unique cDNA clones encoding trypsin- or chymotrypsin-like proteins were cloned and characterized from a gut cDNA library derived from Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (Say)] larvae. Based on sequence similarities, the cDNAs were sorted into five gene groups, which were named MDP1 to MDP5. Two of the gene groups, MDP1 and MDP2, encoded chymotrypsin-like proteins; the other three encoded putative trypsins. All deduced proteins have conserved His(87), Asp(136), and Ser(241) residues for the catalytic triad and three pairs of cysteine residues for disulfide bridge configurations. The substrate specificity determination residue at position 235 was also conserved in the putative trypsins and chymotrypsins. In addition, all the deduced protein precursors had a typical secretion signal peptide and activation peptide. Northern blot analysis revealed that all these gene groups were exclusively expressed in the larval stage. The expression profiles for each gene group differed significantly in different ages of the larva, as well as in different tissues. Protease activity analysis of gut extract, using specific inhibitors, demonstrated that serine proteases were the major digestive enzymes in the gut of M. destructor larvae. Serine protease inhibitors inhibited as much as 90% proteolytic activities of gut extract, whereas inhibitors specific to other proteases, including cysteine proteases, aspartic proteases, and metallo-proteases, inhibited only 10-24% of gut protease activity.
The Early Stages of Post-Collapse Cluster Evolution

We present here some recent (and very preliminary) finding from a study of the stages of the post-core-collapse evolution of an isolated cluster of identical point “stars”. The method used to follow the behavior of the system is the unified N-body/statistical treatment described in detail by McMillan and Lightman (1984a) and by Lightman and McMillan elsewhere in this volume. Briefly, the method combines the standard “large-N” and “small-N” approaches to the problem in the regimes where they are appropriate by treating the inner regions (r KrN) in an almost purely statistical fashion.
Gestation in a monkey (macacus rhesus) and associated phenomena

Abstract 1.1. The length of gestation in the case of Macacus rhesus described in this paper was almost exactly six lunar months. This is the first authentic record of gestation in any primate except the human being, so far as we know. 2.2. The fertile mating took place between the ninth and the twelfth day after the beginning of the last preceding menstruation, whereas six other previous matings outside this period had been ineffective. 3.3. A slight bleeding, presumably from the immature placenta (the "placental sign" of Long and Evans), microscopically demonstrable, occurred from about the fourteenth to the thirty-seventh day of gestation. This phenomenon may furnish a clew to the very early diagnosis of pregnancy in human beings.
Voltage-gated calcium channels, calcium signaling, and channelopathies

Abstract Voltage-gated calcium channels mediate intracellular Ca 2+ influx and are absolutely critical for the physiological function of excitable cells in brain, skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle, endocrine glands, and other tissues. These membrane proteins translate membrane depolarization signals into rapid, local increases in cytoplasmic calcium concentration that can trigger key events such as excitability, exocytosis, contraction, migration, and gene transcription. This chapter reviews basic structural features and functional properties of Ca 2+ channels that confer their remarkable selectivity, modulation properties, and responses to therapeutic drugs. The diversity of Ca 2+ channels is considered in the context of their varied functional roles, their molecular subunits, and the dysfunction of these subunits in disease states. The latter part of this chapter reviews key physiological processes using particular channel types to exemplify their function and discusses recent information obtained from genetic models and diseases that arise from genetic and acquired abnormalities in Ca 2+ channel function.
Firm level hiring policy with culturally biased testing

This paper explores the implications for labor market outcomes of systematic testing of applicants in the hiring process. A matching model in which productivity is a worker's private information is used. Both wages and hiring rates are endogenous. A minority is defined as a group for whom the test is less precise in identifying individual productivity. Welfare and employment outcomes across various hiring policies are compared. Simulations suggest that tests are typically too accurate so that in a laissez faire economy minority group members fair better than the majority group members. Rules requiring equity in hiring reverse this result.
Formation of blue chromophore from oxidative coupling of aminoantipyrine with chromotropic acid in the presence of peroxide and horseradish peroxidase

Abstract 1. 1. Horseradish peroxidase, in the presence of H2O2, aminoantipyrine and chromotropic acid catalyzed the formation of a deep blue compound having a broad absorption band between 500–650 nm with a maximum at 590 nm. The chemical nature of compound was deduced to be a quinoneimine dye. 2. 2. Sensitive assays for picomolar quantities of peroxidase were developed based on this reaction. 3. 3. By coupling glucose oxidase, peroxidase, and the chromogens it was possible to measure glucose enzymatically at levels of 10–100 μM.