cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Managerial prerogatives, employee expectations, and property rights in job security: Institutionalizing the “new equity”

Changes in the structure and provisions of the employment relationship create substantial challenges for the management community. The employer-manager's traditional prerogatives to terminate at will are being eroded in response to changing socioeconomic values that recognize the emergence of an employee's reasonable expectations of job security. The United States lags far behind the international community in protecting these expectations. The authors survey the erosion of the employment-at-will doctrine, and review the concepts of corporate due process and property rights relating to employment. To ensure the institutionalization of this “new equity,” the authors call on the management community to take the initiative in crafting progressive legislation that strikes a sensible balance between managerial prerogatives and employee expectations of job security.
Prediction of First-Grade Reading Achievement from Performance on Perceptual Tests in Kindergarten.

A battery of 8 tests of visual-auditory integrative and simple perceptual abilities was administered to 100 kindergarteners and 100 first graders. From the pattern of relationships between the perceptual test scores and reading achievement scores for the first graders, predictive formulas were designed to identify kindergarteners who were high risks for reading failure. Reading scores were obtained a year later (in first grade) for the original kindergarteners, and the predictions were evaluated against these reading scores. A substantial success rate was found for the predictions.
On the role of environmental humidity on cortisol production by epidermal keratinocytes

Evidence is accumulating that skin can act as an independent steroidogenic organ. It can respond to various stresses including UV light, trauma and oncogenesis by upregulating glucocorticoid production via elements of the local hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Recent data by Takei and collaborators provided in this issue of Experimental Dermatology included dryness to the list of stressors stimulating cutaneous cortisol synthesis with a possible involvement of IL-1β as a mediator of this regulation. Thus, the last decade of research has not only documented that skin can produce cortisol, but that levels of its production change in response to environmental stress. The role of this regulated steroidogenic system in physiological or pathological outcomes requires further studies with focus on cutaneous homeostasis, formation of epidermal barrier, antimicrobial activity and display of immune (both pro- and anti-inflammatory) properties.
Ultrastructure of Tetrahedraletes medinensis (Strother and Traverse) Wellman and Richardson, from the Upper Ordovician of southern Ohio

Unmetamorphosed sediments from the Upper Ordovician Drakes Formation of southern Ohio provide excellently preserved permanent spore tetrads that are amenable to analysis using electron microscopy. The exospores of the four tetrad members of Tetrahedraletes medinensis are distinguishable as separate from one another, but show extremely tight association over 60–80% of the proximal faces. Proximal exospores are consistently thinner than distal exospores. Equatorial exospore thickenings at the edges of the contact faces create the “knot-like” configuration seen when these tetrads are viewed with the light microscope. Ultrastructurally, these exospores are essentially homogeneous. This is interpreted to represent the original configuration. With one exception, living bryophytes that consistently produce permanent tetrads have extensively lamellated exospore ultrastructure.
Evidence that palladium(0)-promoted cyclizations of unsaturated α-iodocarbonyls occur by an atom transfer mechanism

Abstract The isomerization of several unsaturated α-iodocarbonyls to cyclic γ-iodocarbonyls gave identical product mixtures by using catalytic quantities of either hexalkylditin or palladium (0). This indicates that palladium does not serve as a catalyst in an organometallic reaction, but as a promoter of a free radical chain involving atom transfer. In contrast, an allylic iodide showed no tendency to produce radical chain products when treated with Pd(0).
Eschatology in Colossians: How Realized is It?

The majority of Pauline scholars depict the eschatological orientation of Colossians as ‘realized’. Furthermore, a number of interpreters juxtapose the eschatological ‘already’ which arguably earmarks the epistle with the eschatological ‘not yet’ which ostensibly permeates Paul. This article questions the common contention that Colossians, in contradistinction to Paul, is virtually void of futurist eschatology. It is argued herein that even though the ‘already’ may feature in the letter, the ‘not yet’ is more pervasive than is frequently supposed. Correlatively, this study suggests that there is less variance between the eschatological perspectives of Colossians and Paul than is typically recognized.
Commitment Shift during Organizational Upheaval: Physicians' Transitions from Private Practitioner to Employee

Abstract This longitudinal study examines the individual transition journeys of physicians as their private medical practices are acquired by a large integrated health care system. We test the proposition that transition patterns (trends in an individual's commitments to organization and profession over time) are a function of individual differences in years in profession and perceived organizational enabling characteristics (change involvement, openness to ideas, and work discretion). Three years of survey data were obtained from a panel of 48 physicians who transitioned through an organizational change process. Results challenge traditional assumptions that tenure reinforces commitment and cast doubt on the effectiveness of current medical school curricula in preparing medical graduates to practice in an administrative environment. In addition, results strongly suggest that enabling characteristics of organizational change are critical for compatibility between the organizational and professional attachments of transitioning physicians.
The Rich are Different: The Effect of Wealth on Partisanship

Rich voters tend to be Republicans and poor voters tend to be Democrats. Yet, in most settings it is difficult to distinguish the effects of affluence on partisanship from those of closely related variables such as education. To address these concerns I use state lottery and administrative records to examine the effect of changing economic circumstances on the partisanship of over 1,900 registered voters. Winning larger amounts in the lottery produces a small increase in the probability an individual is later a registered Republican, an effect that is larger for those who registered to vote after winning. This suggests that wealth does affect partisanship, particularly for those without preexisting attachments to a political party. Comparing estimates from the lottery to cross-sectional data suggests the latter exaggerates the relationship between wealth and partisanship, although controlling for additional variables produces largely similar estimates.
Impact of phospholipid bilayer saturation on amyloid-β protein aggregation intermediate growth: A quartz crystal microbalance analysis

Evidence that membrane-associated amyloid aggregate growth can impart membrane damage represents one possible mechanism for the neurodegeneration associated with deposited amyloid-β protein (Aβ) aggregates in the brains of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. This potential pathogenic event necessitates an understanding of the impact that cellular membrane composition may have on Aβ aggregate growth. In the current study, a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) was employed to examine the growth of Aβ1–40 aggregation intermediates on supported phospholipid bilayers (SPBs) assembled at the crystal surface. These surface-specific measurements illustrate that zwitterionic SPBs selectively bind aggregated but not monomeric protein, and these bound aggregates are capable of supporting nonsaturable reversible growth via monomer addition. Growth-capable Aβ1–40 aggregation intermediates more readily bind SPBs composed of phospholipids with a greater degree of carbon saturation. Furthermore, kinetic analysis afforded by the quantitative real-time QCM measurements reveals that SPBs with greater saturation also better support the growth of bound Aβ1–40 aggregation intermediates as a result of the slower dissociation of bound monomer rather than more efficient recognition between aggregate and monomeric protein. These findings correlate with epidemiological and experimental evidence that links increased dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids to a reduced risk of AD.
Inhibition of morphine tolerance and dependence by diazepam and its relation to cyclic AMP levels in discrete rat brain regions and spinal cord

Abstract Diazepam inhibits morphine tolerance and dependence and reverses a decrease in the met-enkephalin level in brain induced by morphine. In this study, we investigated whether inhibition of morphine-induced tolerance and dependence by diazepam involved a change in cyclic AMP levels in discrete rat brain regions and spinal cord. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were made tolerant and dependent by subcutaneous (s.c.) implantation of six morphine pellets (two pellets on the first day, and four on the second day). Diazepam (0.25 mg/kg b.wt.) was injected once daily intraperitoneally (i.p.) for 5 days. Control rats were implanted with placebo pellets and injected once daily with saline or diazepam (i.p.). Tail-flick antinociception was measured 1 h after injections everyday. Animals were administered s.c. naloxone (10 mg/kg) to induce naloxone-precipitated withdrawal syndrome on the final day of the experiment (day 5), and the jumping behavior was observed for 30 min. Concomitant treatment with diazepam (0.25 mg/kg) significantly decreased the development of morphine tolerance and dependence. Diazepam (0.25 mg/kg) treated rats also showed a significant decrease in the jumping behavior compared to animals treated with morphine alone. Rats were sacrificed 2 h after the injection of saline or diazepam (0.25 mg/kg) on the fifth day. Cyclic AMP was estimated by RIA. In the control rats, the concentration of cyclic AMP in cortex was > hippocampus > cerebellum > hypothalamus > striatum > midbrain > pituitary > pons/medulla > spinal cord. There was no change in the concentration of cyclic AMP in any of the brain regions examined from morphine tolerant animals. Chronic treatment of diazepam also had no effect on cyclic AMP levels in the brain regions or spinal cord of rats implanted with placebo or morphine pellets. However, concentration of cyclic AMP increased 137% and 71% in the cortex and striatum of rats undergoing naloxone-induced abstinence syndrome. Rats implanted with morphine pellets and treated chronically with diazepam did not show this increase in cyclic AMP concentrations. These results suggest that the inhibition of morphine-induced tolerance and dependence by diazepam may, at least in part, be due to prevention of an increase in cyclic AMP levels in cortex and striatum exhibited by animals undergoing abstinence.
Inviting Student Self-Discipline

restricts individual freedom and personal choice. Yet educators are charged with establishing and maintaining control (usually referred to as "discipline") as an essential part of education. Early approaches to discipline were primarily punitive. One of the first schoolhouses built in the United States was equipped with a whipping post (Manning, 1959) and in the "good old days" a vast array of devices and techniques was used to inflict physical punishment. Fear played a major role in the discipline process and students received terrifying warnings from pulpit, home, and school of what happens to disobedient children. While vestiges of a more punitive and primitive time still linger (such as paddling and other forms of corporal punishment) most contemporary methods of discipline are generally positive. Charles (1981), Dreikurs and Cassel (1974), and others have provided excellent suggestions on how to deal with misbehavior without relying on such negative forces as fear and punishment (e.g., behavior modification techniques that seek to reinforce desirable behavior while extinguishing undesirable actions). Both early and contemporary approaches, however, tend to focus on techniques, skills, or methods. This article presents an alternative approach to establishing and maintaining order which has come to be called
Protein tyrosine phosphatases in signaling.

Abstract During the past few years, molecular cloning has established the existence of a structurally diverse family of intracellular and transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases). The importance of PTPases in signaling is best understood in three model systems: the mammalian transmembrane CD45 PTPase, the Drosophila Src homology (SH)2 domain containing corkscrew PTPase and its vertebrate homolog SH-PTP2, and the mouse SH-2-domain-containing hematopoietic cell PTPase. Whereas CD45, corkscrew and SH-PTP2 positively regulate tyrosine phosphorylation, the hematopoietic cell PTPase negatively regulates or terminates signaling. Recent data indicate that several transmembrane PTPases mediate cell adhesion, suggesting that they effect adhesion-specific signaling events.
Selective secretion of protein kinase C isozymes by thrombin-stimulated human platelets.

Abstract The protein kinase C (PKC) was secreted from thrombin-stimulated human platelets in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The PKC specific inhibitors Ro31-8220 (0.05 μM) and GF 109203X (0.5 μM) totally inhibited the secreted kinase activity. Western blot analysis of the secretory components showed reactivity to PKCα, PKCβII, and PKCδ antibodies, but not to PKCβI, and p42/44 MAPK, although they were present in lysed platelets. The fractionation of platelets secreted components showed that PKC activity increased in both soluble and microparticle fractions after thrombin treatments. This is the first report demonstrating that activated human platelets selectively secrete protein kinase C isozymes. Protein kinase C secreted by platelets in this unique manner may have an extracellular role in the plasma, and may regulate cellular functions, including remodeling of vascular endothelial cells.
Imaging feedback for histotripsy by characterizing dynamics of acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI)-induced shear waves excited in a treated volume

Our previous study indicated that shear waves decay and propagate at a lower speed as they propagate into a tissue volume mechanically fractionated by histotripsy. In this paper, we hypothesize that the change in the shear dynamics is related to the degree of tissue fractionation, and can be used to predict histotripsy treatment outcomes. To test this hypothesis, lesions with different degrees of tissue fractionation were created in agar-graphite tissue phantoms and ex vivo kidneys with increasing numbers of therapy pulses, from 0 to 2000 pulses per treatment location. The therapy pulses were 3-cycle 750-kHz focused ultrasound delivered at a peak negative/positive pressure of 17/108 MPa and a repetition rate of 50 Hz. The shear waves were excited by acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) focused at the center of the lesion. The spatial and temporal behavior of the propagating shear waves was measured with ultrasound plane wave imaging. The temporal displacement profile at a lateral location 10 mm offset to the shear excitation region was detected with M-mode imaging. The decay and delay of the shear waves were quantitatively characterized on the temporal displacement profile. Results showed significant changes in two characteristics on the temporal displacement profile: the peak-to-peak displacement decayed exponentially with increasing numbers of therapy pulses; the relative time-to-peak displacement increased with increasing numbers of therapy pulses, and appeared to saturate at higher numbers of pulses. Correspondingly, the degree of tissues fractionation, as indicated by the percentage of structurally intact cell nuclei, decreased exponentially with increasing numbers of therapy pulses. Strong linear correlations were found between the two characteristics and the degree of tissue fractionation. These results suggest that the characteristics of the shear temporal displacement profile may provide useful feedback information regarding the treatment outcomes.
An Efficient Synthesis of N-Allylglycosylamides from Unprotected Carbohydrates

Synthetic, multivalent, carbohydrate assemblies are important tools in studying the avidity of many naturally occuring lectins for their ligands. This report details a simple, high-yielding three-step procedure to convert unprotected carbohydrates into N-allylglycosides. This method compliments the reductive amination procedure but allows the reducing-end pyranose ring to remain intact. No carbohydrate protecting groups are needed, and the resulting N-allylglycosylamide can be easily linked to other molecules. Two examples of analogs of silyl Lewisx and sulfo Lewisx have been derivatized by this process.
Timing gases for picosecond chemical timing of molecular fluorescence spectra

Abstract The generality of the chemical timing or collisional timing technique for imposing picosecond time resolution on fluorescence from molecular gases is demonstrated by comparing S1 → S0 p-difluorobenzene fluorescence spectra quenched by NO, CS2, CF3NO, and CO2 with spectra quenched by O2, the timing gas used in all previous studies. Additions of NO, CS2 and CF3NO reproduce the spectral changes previously observed with added O2. Thus the changes in fluorescence spectra at high gas additions truly appear to be the consequence of fluorescence timing. All of these gases can be used to impose time resolution on molecular fluorescence spectra, and the desirability of each as a timing gas is discussed. CO2 is not effective because collision-induced vibrational relaxation dominates the collisional interaction. The rate constant for quenching of the S1 state of naphthalene (zero-point level) is reported for each of fourteen gases.
Connecting the dots: Triangle completion and related problems on large data sets using GPUs

Studying the properties of Online Social Networks (OSNs) and other real world graphs have gained importance due to the large amount of information available from them. These large graphs contain data that can be analyzed and effectively used in advertising, security and improving the overall experience of the users of these networks. However, the analysis of these graphs for studying specific properties requires combinatorially explosive number of computations. Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) is a programming model available from Nvidia for solving general-purpose problems using the massively parallel and highly multi-threaded Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). Therefore, using GPUs to solve these types of problems is appropriate. In addition, due to the properties of real-world data, the graphs being considered are sparse and have irregular data dependencies. Hence, using efficient techniques to store the graph data for initial preprocessing and final computation by taking advantage of heterogeneous CPU-GPU systems can address these issues. In this paper, we are interested in studying different properties of these real-world entities that transform into the following graph problems: a) identifying a missing edge, which when added would result in maximum increase in the number of triangles, b) identifying an existing edge whose removal would result in the maximum decrease in the number of triangles, c) identifying an existing edge whose removal would increase the number of connected components in the graph. In this paper, we develop and implement algorithms to solve the above problems using both CPU and GPU. Specifically, given a graph G = (V, E), we provide algorithms for the following: a) find (v i , V j ) ∉ E, such that Δ f − Δ с is maximized, where Δ f and Δ с are the number of triangles in G m = (V, E ∪(v i , V j )) and G, respectively, b) find a (v i , V j ) ∊ E, such that Δ с − Δ f is maximized, where Δ f and Δ с are the number of triangles in G m = (V, E \ (v i , V j )) and G = (V, E), respectively, c) find a (v i , V j ) ∊ E, such that Φ т > Φ с , where Φ т and Φ с are the number of connected components in G m = (V, E \ (v i , V j )) and G = (V, E), respectively. We implement the algorithms using a GPU and achieve a 10 × speedup as compared to a sequential implementation. Thereafter, we design a heuristic for finding an edge whose existence would result in the maximum increase in the number of triangles. The heuristic is implemented and the results are reported and compared to those of the regular algorithm on the GPU.
Corticosterone responses of adult Lewis and Fischer rats

Indwelling catheters were implanted into the inferior vena cava of adult male and female Lewis/N and Fischer 344 rats. Each animal was exposed to ACTH, novelty stimulation, nicotine, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and saline on 5 consecutive days. Blood was withdrawn before (baseline) and at several time points after the stimulus on each day. There were no differences in baseline corticosterone levels nor in responses to saline in any group. In general, responses to stimulation peaked at 15-30 min and returned to baseline by 60-90 min. Corticosterone responses to LPS showed a different time course; maximal responses occur at 1-2 h and return to baseline by 24 h. Fischer animals showed higher corticosterone levels than Lewis rats during the response to stimulation, but returned to baseline at the same times. Females of each strain showed higher corticosterone responses than males at 15, 30, and 45 min after ACTH, but the sexes did not differ in response to the other stimuli. For individual rats, the maximum response to ACTH was slightly correlated with the maximum response to novelty stimulation, nicotine, and saline but was not correlated with the response to LPS.
A two-stage algorithm with valid inequalities for the split delivery vehicle routing problem

Abstract This paper proposes a two-stage (TS) algorithm with valid inequalities (TSVI) to optimally solve the split delivery vehicle routing problem (SDVRP). The first stage in the TSVI creates clusters that cover all demand and establishes a lower bound. The second stage calculates the minimal distance traveled for each cluster by solving the corresponding traveling salesman problem (TSP). The sum of the minimal distance traveled over all clusters yields an upper bound. The minimal distance of each TSP is added as cuts (constraints) into the first stage for the vehicles visiting all the points covered by the TSP problem. This iterative procedure stops with an optimal solution when no new clusters are created in the first stage. The TS scheme provides opportunities to develop strong valid inequalities for the first stage to improve the overall computational speed. Seven valid inequalities are developed. One of the valid inequalities is created to address the symmetric nature of a solution caused by the index combinations of vehicles. Another strong valid inequality is created to provide a lower bound on the distance traveled for each subset of demand points. Conditions under which a delivery to a demand point is not split in an optimal solution are studied in order to create additional valid inequalities. The numerical experiments show that the TSVI significantly outperforms other exact solution approaches provided in the literature for the SDVRP.
Evolving pricing practices: the role of new business models

Purpose – In this brief paper, the aim is to highlight three important pricing areas: the business strategies and pricing models that have evolved over the past 20 years of research, the customers that have been targeted, and the role of the internet on pricing. The advent of social media, mobile marketing and display technologies are likely to encourage researchers to pursue additional research on these topics.Design/methodology/approach – The current paper is an essay aimed at stimulating pricing research in three major domains.Findings – The authors review illustrative current practices and research findings pertaining to emerging pricing business models, customer target marketing and price dispersion on the web.Research limitations/implications – The paper highlights areas that need empirical investigation.Practical implications – Managers need to explicitly understand the role of these emerging technologies (e.g. social media, mobile media, and web‐application) and appropriately incorporate them into...
The Impact of Trafficking on Children: Psychological and Social Policy Perspectives

Child trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) are egregious crimes, extreme forms of child maltreatment, and major violations of children's human rights. Although empirical research is sorely lacking on the impact of such crimes on children's developmental well-being, numerous reports describe the physical and emotional trauma, humiliation, violence, degradation associated with treatment as a commodity, and unrelenting fear and abuse. This paper provides an overview of the impact of trafficking and CSE on children and the practical implications of related research in the areas of child maltreatment and victimization. Findings suggest that trafficking and CSE present grave risks to the physical, psychological, spiritual, and social2013emotional development of young victims. Implications for psychology and social policy, in terms of prevention and psychosocial rehabilitation for children who have been victimized, are also presented.
Estimation of the in vivo effect of cyclooxygenase inhibitors on prostaglandin E2 levels in mouse brain

The purpose of the present study was to develop a biochemical marker of inhibition of cyclooxygenase in the central nervous system following oral administration of cyclooxygenase inhibitors. An ex vivo method was developed wherein the brain was removed, incubated at room temperature for 2 min permitting prostaglandins to be synthesized from spontaneously released arachidonic acid. Indomethacin, zomepirac Na, naproxen Na, ibuprofen, aspirin and acetaminophen inhibited the ex vivo production of prostaglandin E2 in a dose-related manner at doses that correlated well with both their potency to inhibit mouse brain cyclooxygenase in vitro, and their antinociceptive potency in a mouse abdominal constriction test. When the brains were frozen immediately after the mice were killed, the above drugs did not reduce the endogenous prostaglandin E2 level. Thus while cyclooxygenase inhibitors did not reduce normal prostaglandin E2 levels in brain, they did attenuate post-mortem increases in prostaglandin E2. This novel assay permits an estimate of cyclooxygenase inhibitory effects in vivo. The data further support the suggestion that many of these drugs may have a central as well as a peripheral effect.
Variation of acuity with luminance in ocular diseases and anomalies.

Studies of the acuity-luminance function are reported for patients with reduced acuity resulting from optic nerve lesions, suppression amblyopias and retinal lesions of various sorts. The findings in all patients of the first two groups and in some of those with retinal lesions can be attributed almost entirely to the use of parafoveal or paramacular regions of the retina. The excentric viewing area is associated with a reduced rate of change of acuity with log luminance similar to that observed in the normal para-central retina. In some patients with retinal pathology involving the macular area the entire acuity-log I graph is shifted to the right on the intensity axis. As a result these patients require very high light intensities to attain their best visual acuity.
Interaction of gonadal steroids and gonadotropin-releasing hormone on pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and PACAP receptor expression in cultured rat anterior pituitary cells.

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its receptors are expressed in the hypothalamus, the gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary gland, and the gonads, forming an autocrine–paracrine system in these tissues. Within the pituitary, PACAP functions either alone or synergistically with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to stimulate gonadotropin gene expression and secretion. Our goal was to define the hormonal regulation of pituitary PACAP and PACAP receptor (PAC1) gene expression by dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estradiol, and progesterone alone or in conjunction with GnRH. Treatment of adult male rat pituitary cell cultures with DHT or progesterone augmented GnRH-mediated increase in PACAP messenger RNA (mRNA) levels, but neither had an effect when present alone. Conversely, estradiol treatment blunted PACAP gene expression but did not alter GnRH effects on PACAP expression. Expression of PACAP receptor mRNA was decreased by GnRH treatment, minimally increased by DHT treatment, but not altered by the addition of estradiol or progesterone. DHT and GnRH together blunted PACAP receptor gene expression. Taken together, these results suggest that the activity of the intrapituitary PACAP-PAC1 system is regulated via the complex interaction of gonadal steroids and hypothalamic GnRH.
Erythrocyte membrane sulfhydryl groups and Rh antingen activity

Abstract To study further the relation between Rh antigen activity and erythrocyte membrane sulfhydryl groups, the interaction of N-ethylmaleimide and iodoacetamide with human lyophilized erythrocyte membranes was quantitated by measuring the uptake of labeled reagent and liberation of iodile, respectively. N-ethylmaleimide reacts at room temperature with almost twice as many sulfhydryl groups as iodoacetamide and results in the gradual loss of Rh antigen activity over two hours. In contrast, no loss of antigen activity results from the reaction with iodoacetamide, even when the reaction waspushed by raising the sulfhydryl reagent to membrane concentration ratio, or when incubation was continued for eighteen hours. The spectrum of sulfhydryl group reactivity of iodoacetamide was included in the pattern of N-ethylmaleimide reactivity in that pretreatment of the membranes with N-ethylmaleimide almost completely suppresses iodide liberation on subsequent treatment with iodoacetamide. Urea in low concentrations does not increase the reactivity of sulfhydryl groups for iodoacetamide. In larger concentrations there is increased iodide liberation, but Rh antigen activity is lost without iodoacetamide. Parachloromercuribenzoate also results in loss of Rh antigen activity over two hours, but has a somewhat different spectrum of sulfhydryl reactivity in the erythrocyte membrane. Inorganic mercury results in a rapid, but reversible loss of Rh antigen activity at 0°C.
A thermodynamic analysis of the use of exhaust gas recirculation in spark ignition engines including the second law of thermodynamics

AbstractThis work examines results from a thermodynamic engine cycle simulation of a spark ignition engine with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). EGR is a common feature of today's engines and is an effective technique to reduce combustion temperatures and nitrogen oxide emissions. Results were obtained for an automotive engine using isooctane. These results are presented as functions of EGR for constant load and speed, and as functions of load and speed for constant EGR level. For both a cooled and an adiabatic EGR configuration, the thermal efficiency first increased, reached a maximum, and then decreased as the EGR levels increased. The thermodynamic gains were largely due to favourable thermodynamic properties, reduced cylinder wall heat losses, and, for part-throttle operation, reduced pumping losses as the EGR level increased. The destruction of availability during the combustion process was highest for the cooled EGR configuration. For the cases examined, the destruction of availability due to combu...
Separate Spheres, Female Worlds, Woman's Place: The Rhetoric of Women's History

A century and a half after the publication of Alexis de Tocqueville's account of his visit to the United States, a mode of behavior that he may have been the first systematic social critic to identify has undergone extraordinary waves of analysis and attack. In four brief chapters in the third book of the second volume of Democracy in America, published in 1840, Tocqueville addressed the situation of women. His observations display Tocqueville's habitual charm, his fearlessness in making broad generalizations, his mastery of language. When Democracy in America was rediscovered and widely reprinted in the years after World War II, his chapters were among the few-perhaps the only-classic texts read by students of American history that seriously examined the situation of women in American society. When historians whether inspired by Simone de Beauvoir or Eleanor Flexner or Betty Friedan began again to study women's history, they could point to Tocqueville for evidence that at least one classic, Great Author had conceded the significance of their subject. Tocqueville restricted his observations on women to a section entitled "Influence of Democracy on Manners Properly So Called." He alluded to the separation of male and female spheres in the course of his contrasting and impressionistic portraits of
Modelling randomness in locational archaeology

Abstract Many analytical techniques in locational archaeology and spatial geography involve comparing observed distributions of point patterns with theoretically-modelled random distributions. In this paper we suggest that comparing observed data with large numbers of empirically generated random distributions offers a more accurate, robust, and intuitively obvious estimate of deviations from randomness in distributional data. Specifically, the nearest-neighbour and linear nearest-neighbour statistics are discussed, and a randomization method of generating random patterns of data is applied to both theoretical models of point pattern distributions and to archaeological data. We have found that the theoretical values associated with a random point distribution (e.g. about 1·00 for the nearest-neighbour statistic) only hold for very specific site geometries and that the randomization approach, because it makes no assumption about the shape of a region, is more widely applicable to real archaeological data. Similarly, the randomization routine we offer provides a more robust test of the statistical significance of deviations from randomness, which are not burdened by the underlying assumptions of statistical models regularly applied to this question.
Chemical vapor deposition of diamond films from water vapor rf-plasma discharges

Polycrystalline diamond films have been deposited from water vapor rf‐plasma discharges at 1.0 Torr containing various alcohol vapors. No other gases such as H2, F2, or Cl2 were admitted to the growth chamber. Scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy have been used to characterize the diamond films. In addition, a water‐ethanol mixture has been used for homoepitaxial deposition with a full‐width‐half‐maximum narrower than the bulk substrate (2.60 and 2.75 cm−1, respectively). This technique represents a remarkable new approach to the growth of diamond which does not depend on delivery of hydrogen, fluorine, hydrocarbon, or halocarbon gases that have been typically used by other workers. The nucleation density and topography of the polycrystalline diamond films deposited from the water alcohol mixtures are quite sensitive to the choice of alcohol. Water vapor discharges, by producing H atoms and OH radicals, become the functional equivalent to molecular H2 discharges producing H atoms characteristic of many other diamond chemical vapor deposition techniques.
Social Media for Social Value

Social media, with their low direct costs and enormous reach, enable nonprofit entities like the American Red Cross and Kiva to better accomplish their missions and improve the lives of millions of people worldwide.
Office emergencies: an outline of causes, symptoms, and treatment

Basic information on causes, symptoms, and treatment of several major medical emergencies that might occur in the dental office is presented. Dental practitioners are aware of the chance that medical emergencies might arise in the dental office. New treatment modalities and drugs have increased one’s possible life span, but have also presented greater responsibilities to the dentist for properly managing the patient. This article presents a simple, thorough outline that provides basic information on causes, symptoms, and treatment of major medical emergencies.
The sensitivity of flow and surface instabilities to changes in compliant wall properties

A spatial stability analysis is performed for a transitional boundary layer over a non-isotropic compliant wall. A simple mechanical model is used for the wall. A spectral approximation is used to obtain the solution of the Orr-Sommerfeld problem. From the spectrum of eigenvalues a measure of the growth rate of instabilities in the boundary layer is obtained. These instabilities are the Tollmien-Schlichting (TSI) and Travelling-Wave Flutter (TWF) instabilities. A measure of the critical velocity at which the surface instability-static divergence-occurs is made for given compliant walls. The sensitivity of the instabilities to changes in the wall properties is evaluated. The TSI is found to be more sensitive to changes in the surface properties than the TWF. It is found that by decreasing the plate thickness or the modulus of elasticity the TSI growth rate is reduced. The variation of the instability growth rates with the degree of non-isotropy of the surface is also examined. The sensitivity calculations show the effect of compliant wall properties on the flow and surface instabilities. From the results of the sensitivity analysis, the most effective wall properties are varied leading to reduced growth rates of instabilities without static divergence occurring.
The 30-year hip: A triumph of hope over reason?

Abstract Highly crosslinked UHMWPEs have demonstrated consistent favorable reductions in wear. A small number of acetabular liner fractures have occurred, which has prompted the development of improved cup designs and modifications in crosslinking methods. Second- and third-generation highly crosslinked UHMWPEs that maintain better mechanical properties than melt-annealed materials have been developed. These are annealed below the melting temperature of UHMWPE and treated with a secondary free radical scavenger or manufacturing process to reduce the risk of oxidation. However, long-term clinical and in vivo retrieval studies are needed to determine the durability of these newer materials and implant designs.
Organizational effectiveness: Toward an integrated model for schools of nursing

Assessing the quality of academic institutions involves much more than the opinions of peers or experts. Examination of the organizational effectiveness of schools of nursing has been neglected. Current emphasis on assessing educational outcomes has diverted attention from the construct, organizational effectiveness, and more comprehensive theory-driven approaches to evaluation. This review of the organizational effectiveness literature focuses on the major assessment models: goal attainment, human relations, open systems, internal processes, culture, and life cycle. Attention is given to the influence of organizational maturation on an integrated model of organizational effectiveness. Selected macrolevel studies of schools of nursing are examined, and an agenda for nursing research is proposed.
Federal Economic Statistics: We Are on the Right Track

An overview of changes at the Federal economic statistical agencies.Business Economics (2005) 40, 78–81; doi:10.2145/20050408
Semiparametric inference for transformation models via empirical likelihood

Recent advances in the transformation model have made it possible to use this model for analyzing a variety of censored survival data. For inference on the regression parameters, there are semiparametric procedures based on the normal approximation. However, the accuracy of such procedures can be quite low when the censoring rate is heavy. In this paper, we apply an empirical likelihood ratio method and derive its limiting distribution via U-statistics. We obtain confidence regions for the regression parameters and compare the proposed method with the normal approximation based method in terms of coverage probability. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed empirical likelihood method overcomes the under-coverage problem substantially and outperforms the normal approximation based method. The proposed method is illustrated with a real data example. Finally, our method can be applied to general U-statistic type estimating equations.
Cationic peptides neutralize Ox-LDL, prevent its uptake by macrophages, and attenuate inflammatory response.

Abstract Objective Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) mimetic peptides have attracted attention due to their ability to reduce atherosclerosis and exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypolipidemic properties. In this study, we tested whether three distinct and unrelated cationic peptides would inhibit the oxidation of lipoproteins and whether they would counteract and neutralize the negatively charged modified lipoproteins, inhibit their uptake and inflammation by macrophages. Methods and results 5F-mimetic peptide of ApoA1, LL27 derived from the anti-microbial peptide hCAP, and a human glycodelin derived peptide were commercially synthesized. We noted that these three distinct cationic lysine-rich peptides, two of which were unrelated to any known apolipoproteins, inhibited copper-mediated oxidation of lipoproteins and reduced lipid peroxides in a lysine dependent manner. The peptides also retarded the electrophoretic mobility of previously oxidized LDL and acetylated LDL by virtue of their net positive charge. Pre-incubation of peptides with modified lipoproteins reduced the uptake of the latter by macrophages, thus preventing the formation of foam cells. The cationic peptides inhibited oxidized LDL (Ox-LDL)-induced inflammatory response both in vitro and in vivo . Conclusion Based on these results, we suggest that in addition to the well known mimetic peptides, other suitable cationic peptides may be of use for controlling Ox-LDL mediated inflammation and atherosclerotic progression.
Simvastatin Inhibits Leukocyte–Endothelial Cell Interactions and Protects Against Inflammatory Processes in Normocholesterolemic Rats

Abstract—Simvastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor, has been shown to lower serum cholesterol levels and normalize endothelial cell function. Moreover, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors exert beneficial effects in coronary artery and cerebrovascular diseases. We examined the effects of simvastatin on leukocyte–endothelial cell interaction in vivo by intravital microscopy. Simvastatin (12.5 or 25 μg per rat) was given 18 hours before study. Superfusion with the NO synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 50 μmol/L) significantly increased leukocyte rolling from 12±2 to 60±8 leukocytes per minute, increased adherence to the mesenteric endothelium from 1.8±0.5 to 17±1.2 leukocytes per 100 μm of venular length, and raised leukocyte transmigration from 2.5±1.0 to 10±2 leukocytes per perivessel area (P<0.01). Similar results were obtained with thrombin (0.5 U/mL) superfusion of the mesentery. In contrast, pretreatment with simvastatin (25 μg per rat IP) si...
Understanding Midlatitude Jet Variability and Change Using Rossby Wave Chromatography: Wave–Mean Flow Interaction

AbstractRossby wave chromatography (RWC) is implemented in a linearized barotropic model as a tool to understand the interaction between the midlatitude jet and the eddy momentum fluxes (uυ) in an idealized GCM. Given the background zonal-mean flow and the space–time structure of the baroclinic wave activity source, RWC calculates the space–time structure of the upper-tropospheric uυ. RWC allows a clean separation of the effects of phase speed changes and index of refraction changes (i.e., changes in background flow) on uυ.It is found that uυ reinforces imposed zonal-mean zonal wind (u) anomalies that are collocated with the centers of action of the first empirical orthogonal function (EOF1) of the GCM. Critical-level dynamics are essential for the positive feedback when u is equatorward of the mean jet, and “reflecting level” dynamics are essential for the positive feedback when u is poleward of the jet. The eddy momentum flux caused by changes in the phase speeds of the wave sources, on the other hand, ...
Interventional Cardiology Perspective of Functional Tricuspid Regurgitation

A vast unmet need exists for tricuspid valve (TV) repair for functional tricuspid regurgitation (FTR) among patients undergoing left heart valve surgery. The FTR is a dynamic entity that is governed by several pathophysiologic mechanisms like TV annular dilatation, annular shape, pulmonary hypertension, left or right ventricle dysfunction, right ventricle geometry, and leaflet tethering. Treatment options for FTR are primarily surgical. No clear medical management exists for treatment of FTR. Several studies have demonstrated improvement in functional status along with tricuspid regurgitation grades among individuals undergoing concomitant TV repair as compared with those undergoing only left heart valve surgery, although data on mortality benefits are equivocal. Percutaneous TV technology may be initially useful for patients with FTR who are at high risk for open-heart surgery. Once the other percutaneous technologies for mitral, aortic, or pulmonary valve become widely available, the need for percutaneous TV procedures will be even more apparent. Initial data from animal studies have shown encouraging results. A concurrent effort is being invested to develop effective mechanistic models, right stent materials, superior valve devices along with a precise technology for valve deployment. The current prevalence of moderate-to-severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is estimated to be 1.6 million in the United States.1 Of these, only ≈8000 patients undergo tricuspid valve (TV) surgeries annually, most of them in conjunction with left heart valve surgeries (LHVSs).1 This has resulted in a vast unmet need of recognizing and effectively treating TR in adult populations. With the decline of rheumatic heart disease, a large proportion of the TR encountered is functional rather than organic. Functional TR (FTR) refers to the TR secondary to the left heart pathology or right heart pathology in the face of a normal TV leaflet morphology. The methods of detecting TR have evolved considerably over the years. The …
Interest-Network Structures in Exchange Networks

Studies of power in exchange networks have concentrated overwhelmingly on how the power distribution in the network is affected by the network structure. In this article I look at how one type of interest-network structure—the distribution of interest coincidence among network members—affects the power distribution in exchange networks. All exclusionary networks—networks in which power differences stem from differential ability to exclude exchange partners from exchange—have assumed an interest-network structure of homogeneous interests among network members. All connected actors have opposing interests within exchange; when one partner does better the other does worse. Here I allow connected pairs of actors to vary in the degree to which their interests are opposing or coincident. This creates the possibility of a wide variety of structures of interest coincidence in exchange networks. Using two different methods—an analytic method derived from power-dependence principles and a modification of a widely u...
On Abstract Monomorphisms of k-Forms of PGL(2)

Abstract Monomorphisms of the group of rational points of forms of PGL(2) are described. This result is obtained as an application of an algebro-geometric structure of a projective plane on the set of connected one-dimensional subgroups of PGL(2). Another application is a characterization of the groups of rational points of k-forms of PGL(2) in characteristic ≠ 2.