cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Sub-Cellular Viscoelastic Model for Cell Population Mechanics

Understanding the biomechanical properties and the effect of biomechanical force on epithelial cells is key to understanding how epithelial cells form uniquely shaped structures in two or three-dimensional space. Nevertheless, with the limitations and challenges posed by biological experiments at this scale, it becomes advantageous to use mathematical and ‘in silico’ (computational) models as an alternate solution. This paper introduces a single-cell-based model representing the cross section of a typical tissue. Each cell in this model is an individual unit containing several sub-cellular elements, such as the elastic plasma membrane, enclosed viscoelastic elements that play the role of cytoskeleton, and the viscoelastic elements of the cell nucleus. The cell membrane is divided into segments where each segment (or point) incorporates the cell's interaction and communication with other cells and its environment. The model is capable of simulating how cells cooperate and contribute to the overall structure and function of a particular tissue; it mimics many aspects of cellular behavior such as cell growth, division, apoptosis and polarization. The model allows for investigation of the biomechanical properties of cells, cell-cell interactions, effect of environment on cellular clusters, and how individual cells work together and contribute to the structure and function of a particular tissue. To evaluate the current approach in modeling different topologies of growing tissues in distinct biochemical conditions of the surrounding media, we model several key cellular phenomena, namely monolayer cell culture, effects of adhesion intensity, growth of epithelial cell through interaction with extra-cellular matrix (ECM), effects of a gap in the ECM, tensegrity and tissue morphogenesis and formation of hollow epithelial acini. The proposed computational model enables one to isolate the effects of biomechanical properties of individual cells and the communication between cells and their microenvironment while simultaneously allowing for the formation of clusters or sheets of cells that act together as one complex tissue.
The inhibitory effects of propranolol on genital reflexes in male rats

Abstract We have previously reported that propranolol adversely affects sexual behavior in male rats. To elucidate whether the effects of propranolol might involve decrements in ability, we examined two components of sexual function ex copula — ejaculatory reflex capacity and erectile reflexes. In the first study, we examined the effects of various doses of (±)-propranolol (1.25-10 mg/kg) administered subcutaneously. Marked inhibition was observed, evidenced by increases in the latency to ex copula ejaculation and to initial erection and decrements in the number of seminal emissions and in the number of erectile reflexes. Analyses of dose-response relationships indicated that the degree of inhibition increased with increasing dose. In the second study, we evaluated the stereo-selectivity of the responses. Both (+)- and (−)-propranolol (1.25 mg/kg) significantly inhibited ejaculatory reflex potential, and although (+)- and (−)-propranolol significantly inhibited erectile reflexes, (−)-propranolol had a greater effect. The data are interpreted to indicate that a) propranolol-induced sexual dysfunction involves both motivational and ability aspects; and b) propranolol-induced inhibition of genital reflexes may be due, at least in part, to mechanisms other than β-adrenoceptor blockade.
Testing efficiency of the ruble-sterling foreign-exchange market under the gold standard

This paper tests an efficient market hypothesis for the Russian ruble–UK sterling exchange rates in the gold standard period 1897–1913. Using Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods it is shown how to test a weak-form market efficiency in a doubly truncated regression model with ARMA-GARCH error. The suggested model accounts for time series characteristics of the data and bounds of exchange rates caused by the gold points and government intervention. We find that the weak-form efficiency hypothesis can not be rejected for the gold standard ruble exchange rates in both St.Petersburg and London markets.
Will the Real Self-Thinning Rule Please Stand Up?--A Reply to Osawa and Sugita

Causton, D. R., and J. C. Venus. 1981. The biometry of plant growth. Edward Arnold, London, England. Chester, A. L., and J. B. McGraw. 1983. Effects of nitrogen addition on the growth of Vaccinium uliginosum and Vaccinium vitis-idaea. Canadian Journal of Botany 61:23162322. Chiariello, N. R. 1989. Plant populations and ecophysiology. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 70:6263. Fetcher, N., and G. R. Shaver. 1983. Life histories of tillers of Eriophorum vaginatum in relation to disturbance. Journal of Ecology 71:131-148. Garbutt, K., and F. A. Bazzaz. 1983. Leaf demography, flower production and biomass of diploid and tetraploid populations of Phlox drummondii Hook. on a soil moisture gradient. New Phytologist 93:129-141. Harper, J. L. 1980. Plant demography and ecological theory. Oikos 35:244-253. Hunt, R. 1978. Demography versus plant growth analysis. New Phytologist 80:269-272. 1982. Plant growth curves: an introduction to the functional approach to plant growth analysis. Edward Arnold, London, England. Hunt, R., and F. A. Bazzaz. 1980. The Biology of Ambrosia trifida L. V. Response to fertilizer with growth analysis at the organismal and sub-organismal levels. New Phytologist 84:113-121. Kauffman, K. W. 1981. Fitting and using growth curves. Oecologia (Berlin) 49:293-299. Maillette, L. 1982. Structural dynamics of silver birch. II. A matrix model of the bud population. Journal of Applied Ecology 19:219-238. McGraw, J. B. 1989. Effects of age and size on life histories and population growth of Rhododendron maximum shoots. American Journal of Botany 76:113-123. McGraw, J. B., and J. Antonovics. 1983. Experimental ecology of Dryas octopetala ecotypes. II. A demographic model of growth, branching and fecundity. Journal of Ecology 71: 899-912. Ondok, J. P. 1971. Indirect estimation of primary values used in growth analysis. Pages 343-391 in Z. Sestak, J. Catsky, and P. G. Jarvis, editors. Plant photosynthetic production. Manual of methods. Dr. W. Junk, The Hague, The Netherlands. Parsons, I. T., and R. Hunt. 1981. Plant growth analysis: a curve-fitting program using the method of B-splines. Annals of Botany 48:341-352. Porter, J. K. 1 983a. A modular approach to analysis of plant growth. I. Theory and principles. New Phytologist 94:183190. 1983b. A modular approach to analysis of plant growth. II. Methods and results. New Phytologist 94:183190. SAS (Statistical Analysis Systems). 1985. SAS user's guide: statistics. SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA. Schmitt, J., J. Eccleston, and D. W. Ehrhardt. 1987. Dominance and suppression, size-dependent growth and selfthinning in a natural Impatiens capensis population. Journal of Ecology 75:651-666. Shaver, G. R. 1981. Mineral nutrition and leaf longevity in an evergreen shrub, Ledum palustre ssp. decumbens. Oecologia (Berlin) 49:362-365.
The Role and Influence of the US National Science Foundation's Program Officers in Reviewing and Awarding Grants.

The NSF's practice of relying on scientifically qualified program directors, some of them “rotators” from university laboratories, to make grant-giving recommendations independent of external peer reviewers is a marked difference from the practice in Australia, the UK and Canada, and in other US agencies such as the National Institutes of Health. I will discuss the features of the NSF grants management practices in the context of the US Federal research system, with particular emphasis on the benefits and problems that arise from having relatively powerful program directors, and will appraise the practice begun in 1990 of permitting each program director to make a limited number of small grants for exploratory work with no external peer review.
A consistent local linear estimator of the covariate adjusted correlation coefficient.

Abstract Consider the correlation between two random variables ( X , Y ) , both not directly observed. One only observes X ˜ = ϕ 1 ( U ) X + ϕ 2 ( U ) and Y ˜ = ψ 1 ( U ) Y + ψ 2 ( U ) , where all four functions { ϕ l ( ⋅ ) , ψ l ( ⋅ ) , l = 1 , 2 } are unknown/unspecified smooth functions of an observable covariate U . We consider consistent estimation of the correlation between the unobserved variables X and Y , adjusted for the above general dual additive and multiplicative effects of U , based on the observed data ( X ˜ , Y ˜ , U ) .
Playing for Time: Temporizing Techniques in the Treatment of Multiple Personality Disorder

The treatment of multiple personality disorder (MPD) is often a prolonged and grueling enterprise, which imposes taxing demands upon the therapist and the patient alike. It becomes quite important to pace the therapy, lest the already beleaguered patient become both acutely and chronically overwhelmed. The majority of the extant literature on the use of hypnosis for the treatment of MPD addresses the processes of accessing the alters, abreacting traumata, arranging reconciliations among the alters, and facilitating integration. This communication discusses the necessity of titrating the amount of discomfort the patient must endure against the patient's resources and capacity to achieve mastery and self-efficacy. Several hypnotherapeutic techniques for offering respite and temporary asylum are explained and illustrated: alter substitution, the provision of sanctuary, distancing maneuvers, bypassing time, bypassing affect and/or memory, attenuating affect and/or memory retrieval, and rearranging the configuration of the alters by bartering or "shuffling the deck."
Development of Ni1-xCoxO as the cathode/interconnect contact for solid oxide fuel cells

Abstract A new type of material, Ni 1-x Co x O, was developed for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) cathode/interconnect contact applications. The phase structure, coefficient of thermal expansion, sintering behavior, electrical properties, and mechanical bonding strength of these materials were evaluated against the requirements of the SOFC cathode/interconnect contact. A dense cathode/interconnect contact layer was developed through reaction sintering from Ni and Co metal powders. An area specific resistance (ASR) as low as 5.5 mΩ cm 2 was observed after 1200 h exposure in air at 800 °C for the LSM/Ni 0.33 Co 0.67 O/AISI441 assembly. Average mechanical strengths of 6.8 and 5.0 MPa were obtained for the cathode/contact/cathode and interconnect/contact/interconnect structures, respectively. The significantly low ASR was probably due to the dense structure and therefore improved electrical conductivity of the Ni 0.33 Co 0.67 O contact and the good bonding of the interfaces between the contact and the cathode, and between the contact and the interconnect.
Analysis of anisotropic high temperature superconductor planar structures on sapphire anisotropic substrates

A full-wave finite-difference time-domain technique is used to study the anisotropy associated with high temperature superconductor (HTS) planar structures. The analysis is performed on anisotropic YBCO film deposited on anisotropic sapphire substrate. The solution incorporates all the physical aspects of the HTS materials. The finite thickness of the anisotropic strip is rigorously modeled using a graded non uniform mesh generator. The propagation characteristics of HTS microstrip line are evaluated. The current distributions inside the HTS are calculated for both the normal and the super fluids. It is shown that the 90/spl deg/ r-cut sapphire substrate structure has lower loss and lower effective dielectric constant than the 0/spl deg/ r-cut substrate. Interesting aspects, concerning the anisotropy of HTS microwave structures, are presented. >
Taxol Crystals Can Masquerade as Stabilized Microtubules

Taxol is a potent anti-mitotic drug used in chemotherapy, angioplastic stents, and cell biology research. By binding and stabilizing microtubules, Taxol inhibits their dynamics, crucial for cell division, motility, and survival. The drug has also been reported to induce formation of asters and bundles composed of stabilized microtubules. Surprisingly, at commonly used concentrations, Taxol forms crystals that rapidly bind fluorescent tubulin subunits, generating structures with an uncanny resemblance to microtubule asters and bundles. Kinetic and topological considerations suggest that tubulin subunits, rather than microtubules, bind the crystals. This sequestration of tubulin from the subunit pool would be expected to shift the equilibrium of free to polymerized tubulin to disfavor assembly. Our results imply that some previously reported Taxol-induced asters or bundles could include or be composed of tubulin-decorated Taxol crystals. Thus, reevaluation of certain morphological, chemical, and physical properties of Taxol-treated microtubules may be necessary. Moreover, our findings suggest a novel mechanism for chemotherapy-induced cytotoxicity in non-dividing cells, with far-reaching medical implications.
Role of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in cardiovascular responses to stress

Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a putative sympathetic neurotransmitter and neuromodulator, is released during sympathetic nerve stimulation and causes vasoconstriction and cardiodepression. Whether the release of NPY contributes to stress-induced cardiovascular responses was assessed by studying i) plasma levels of circulating NPY-immunoreactivity (NPY-ir) during various stress paradigms and ii) mechanisms of action of NPY in the cardiovascular system of the rat. Plasma NPY-ir was increased by all stress situations, such as transfer to a new environment (by 52%), exposure to cold water (4 degrees C) (by 117%) and hemorrhage (4 ml/300 g body weight) (by 231%). The cold water, stress-induced, maximal increase in circulating plasma NPY-ir was delayed in relation to the peak pressor response by 10-20 min. Administration of NPY caused dose-dependent pressor responses that were greater in pithed rats--which have all centrally mediated circulatory reflexes removed--than in conscious rats. Infusion of a low pressor (8.5 +/- 1.5 mm Hg) dose of norepinephrine into conscious rats potentiated NPY-mediated pressor responses 2-fold and also tended to increase bradycardic effect of a higher dose of NPY (by 19%). Thus hypertensive and bradycardiac actions of NPY appear to depend on the level of adrenergic activity and on the interactions at the level of vascular smooth muscle, heart, and baroreceptor reflexes. During a hyperadrenergic state such as stress, cardiovascular effects of NPY may be greatly accentuated. NPY may enhance and prolong the stress-induced hypertensive responses while antagonizing adrenergic cardiostimulation.
Ovarian Steroid and Growth Factor Regulation of Female Reproductive Function Involves Modification of Hypothalamic α1-Adrenoceptor Signaling

The ovarian steroids estradiol (E(2)) and progesterone (P) act on target neurons in the hypothalamus and preoptic area to coordinate the expression of female reproductive behaviors with the timing of the preovulatory luteinizing hormone (LH) surge. This chapter will summarize evidence that E(2) and P facilitation of the receptive component of female reproductive behavior, lordosis, involves changes in both the expression of and intracellular signal transduction pathways engaged by alpha(1)-adrenergic receptors in the hypothalamus and preoptic area. The alpha(1)-adrenoceptors are thought to mediate the facilitatory effects of the catecholamine neurotransmitter norepinephrine on both lordosis behavior and LH release. E(2) first induces the expression of the alpha(1B)-adrenergic receptor subtype in the hypothalamus and preoptic area. P then acts in an E(2)-dependent manner to promote linkage of hypothalamic alpha(1)-adrenoceptors to an intracellular signaling pathway involving nitric oxide and cyclic GMP. This chapter will also describe recent findings that implicate brain insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptors as obligatory co-mediators of hormonal regulation of hypothalamic alpha(1)-adrenoceptors and female neuroendocrine function. Additional studies suggest that E(2) and IGF-I facilitate lordosis behavior by activating kinases traditionally associated with growth factor signal transduction (mitogen-activated protein kinases and phosphatidlyinositol-3-kinases). These molecular events are proposed to help coordinate the timing of ovulation with the expression of sexual receptivity, thereby maximizing reproductive success.
International scope of marine pollution damage

Abstract Increasing pollution of estuaries and coastal waters causes economic damage to fisheries, tourism and much else. Developing countries are not immune from this, and the growth of tourism as well as the shift of populations to the coast in many parts of the world make pollution control all the more urgent. The problem is an international one and demands international solutions, but before these are likely, a good deal more hard information will be needed.
New Dark Matter Candidate: Nonthermal Sterile Neutrinos

We propose a new and unique dark matter candidate: $\ensuremath{\sim}100$ eV to $\ensuremath{\sim}10$ keV sterile neutrinos produced via lepton-number-driven resonant Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein conversion of active neutrinos. The requisite lepton number asymmetries in any of the active neutrino flavors range from ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ to ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ of the photon number. The unique feature here is that the adiabaticity condition of the resonance strongly favors the production of lower energy sterile neutrinos. The resulting nonthermal (cold) energy spectrum can cause these sterile neutrinos to revert to nonrelativistic kinematics at an early epoch, so that free-streaming lengths at or below the dwarf galaxy scale are possible. Therefore, the main problem associated with light neutrino dark matter can be circumvented in our model.
A nuclear magnetic resonance study of the protonation of nitrogen heterocyclic molecules

Abstract The high resolution NMR spectra of quinoxaline, 2,3-diphenylquinoxaline, phenazine and o-phenanthroline have been measured in inert (CH2Cl2) and proton-donating (CF3COOH) solvents and have been analyzed by an iterative procedure. Good agreement between observed and calculated spectra is obtained giving accurate values of chemical shifts and coupling constants. The proton signals for all the compounds studied are shifted downfield in CF3COOH. These downfield shifts are associated with formation of stable mono-cations in acid solution. A qualitative interpretation of the chemical shifts for the bases and their cations has been given in terms of magnetic anisotropy and electric field effects of the neighbouring nitrogen atoms and π-electron charge densities in the rings.
Mott transition in La2-xSrxCuO4: beating Luttinger's theorem

Abstract The antiferromagnetic insulating phase in La 2- x Sr x CuO 4 is studied by beginning from a doped Fermi-liquid phase, which undergoes a spin-density-wave-like transition as doping is reduced. Strong correlation effects renormalize the bands near half-filling, until the susceptibility satisfies a Stoner criterion. The ordered phase is predicted to become more incommensurate as doping is increased. A mode-mode coupling formalism is introduced to study the effect of interlayer coupling.
A direct spectrophotometric assay for peptide deformylase.

Abstract A direct UV–VIS spectrophotometric assay has been developed for peptide deformylase. This assay employs a novel class of peptide mimetics as deformylase substrates which, upon enzymatic removal of the N-terminal formyl group, rapidly release free thiols. The released thiols are quantitated using Ellman's reagent. A variety of peptide analogues that contain β-thiaphenylalanine or β-thiamethionine as the N-terminal residue were synthesized and found to be excellent substrates of the peptide deformylase from Escherichia coli ( k cat / K M = 6.9 × 10 5 M −1 s −1 for the most reactive substrate). The deformylase reaction is conveniently monitored on a UV–VIS spectrophotometer in a continuous fashion. The versatility of the assay has been demonstrated by its application to kinetic characterization of the deformylase, pH profile studies, and enzyme inhibition assays. The assay can also be performed in an end-point fashion. The results demonstrate that this assay is a simple, highly sensitive, and rapid method to study kinetic properties of deformylases without the use of any coupling enzymes.
Truly hybrid X-ray/MR imaging: toward a streamlined clinical system.

Rationale and Objective We have installed an improved x-ray/MR (XMR) truly hybrid system with higher imaging signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and versatility than our first prototype. In our XMR design, a fixed anode x-ray fluoroscopy system is positioned between the two donut-shaped magnetic poles of a 0.5T GE Signa-SP magnet (SP-XMR). This paper describes the methods for increased compatibility between the upgraded x-ray and MR systems that have helped improve patient management. Materials and Methods A GE OEC 9800 system (GE OEC Salt Lake City, UT) was specially reconfigured for permitting x-ray fluoroscopy inside the interventional magnet. A higher power x-ray tube, a new permanent tube mounting system, automatic exposure control (AEC), remote controlled collimators, choice of multiple frame rates, DICOM image compatibility, magnetically shimmed x-ray detector, x-ray compatible MR coil, and better RF shielding are the highlights of the new system. A total of 23 clinical procedures have been conducted with SP-XMR guidance of which five were performed using the new system. Results The 70% increased power for fluoroscopy, and a new 6 times higher power single frame imaging mode, has improved imaging capability. The choice of multiple imaging frame rates, AEC, and collimator control allow reduction in x-ray exposure to the patient. The DICOM formatting has permitted easy transfer of clinical images over the hospital PACS network. The increased MR compatibility of the detector and the x-ray transparent MR coil has enabled faster switching between x-ray and MR imaging modes. Conclusion The improvements introduced in our SP-XMR system have further streamlined x-ray/MR hybrid imaging. Additional clinical procedures could benefit from the new SP-XMR imaging.
Beliefs About Forensic Hypnosis

Abstract The beliefs people hold about hypnosis have an impact on the behavior of a witness who is hypnotized and on juries who hear these witnesses and weigh hypnotically influenced testimony. Students in Experiment 1 and registered voters from the community in Experiment 2 responded to questions about forensic hypnosis. Over 70% of the students as compared to about 50% of the community members were favorable toward the use of hypnosis by police for memory enhancement. In both groups, however, twice as many people reported that they would put less faith rather than more faith in the testimony of someone who had been hypnotized. A substantial portion of the students firmed common myths about the effects of hypnosis on memory and behavior.
Morphological transforming activity and metabolism of cyclopenta-fused isomers of benz[a]anthracene in mammalian cells

4 isomeric cyclopenta-derivatives of benz[e]anthracene (benz[a]aceanthrylene, benz[j]aceanthrylene, benz[l]aceanthrylene, and benz[k]acephenanthrylene) were examined for their ability to morphologically transform C3H10T1/2CL8 mouse-embryo fibroblasts. All of these polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons studied except benz[k]acephenanthrylene transformed C3H10T1/2CL8 cells to both type II and type III foci in a concentration-dependent fashion. Benz[j]aceanthrylene was the most active, equivalent in activity to benzo[a]pyrene on a molar basis, in producing dishes of cells with transformed foci (94% at 1.0 μg/ml). Benz[e]aceanthrylene, and benz[l]aceanthrylene produced 58% and 85% of the dishes with foci respectively at 10 μg/ml. Metabolism studies with [3H]benz[j]aceanthrylene in C3H10T1/2CL8 cells in which unconjugated, glucuronic acid conjugated, and sulfate conjugated metabolites were measured indicated that the dihydrodiol precursor to the bay-region diol-epoxide, 9,10-dihydroxy-9,10-dihydrobenz[j]aceanthrylene, was the major dihydrodiol formed (55%). Smaller quantities of the cyclopenta-ring dihydrodiol, 1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydrobenz[j]aceanthrylene (14%), and the k-region dihydrodiol, 11,12-dihydroxy-11,12-dihydrobenz[j]aceanthrylene (5%) were also formed. Similar studies with [14C]benz[l]aceanthrylene indicated that the k-region dihydrodiol, 7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenz[l]aceanthrylene was the major metabolite formed (45%). The cyclopenta-ring dihydrodiol, 1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydrobenz[l]aceanthrylene and 4,5-dihydroxy-4,5-dihydrobenz[l]aceanthrylene were formed in minor amounts (< 6%). Therefore, metabolism at the cyclopenta-ring of B(j)A and B(l)A is a minor pathway in C3H10T1/2CL8 cells in contrast to previously reported studies with cyclopenta[cd]pyrene in which the cyclopenta-ring dihydrodiol was the major metabolite. These results suggest that routes of metabolic activation other than oxidation at the cyclopenta-ring such as bay region or k-region activation may play an important role with these unique polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in C3H10T1/2CL8 cells.
Will iPS cells enhance therapeutic applicability of cord blood cells and banking

The exciting development of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and the discovery that iPSCs can be derived from cord blood (CB), combined with the presence of nonhematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in CB may lead to enhanced therapeutic applicability of this cell source and induce increased CB banking.
Preterm labor, premature rupture of membranes, and cervical incompetence.

Prematurity continues to account for 75% of perinatal morbidity and mortality in the United States. The search for accurate clinical methods to predict prematurity and the critical evaluation of treatment strategies for premature labor dominate the recent medical literature. Specific clinical issues
Crossmodal transfer of conceptual responding in children

Four groups of third grade children were presented with two consecutive two-choice discrimination problems or two double-stimulus oddity problems. One half of the children received these training problems in the visual modality, while the remainder experienced the problems by active touch. All children were then presented with two double-stimulus oddity problems in the alternate modality. During original learning, the tactual oddity task was more difficult than both the visual oddity problem and the tactual discrimination problem. All oddity trained groups learned the crossmodal oddity task at a rate superior to the children given discrimination training; thus, it was concluded that crossmodal transfer of the oddity concept did occur.
Monoclonal antibodies defining epitopes on human IgE.

Abstract Twelve monoclonal antibodies (mAb) were isolated that bound to six clusters of epitopes on the constant region of the epsilon chain of human IgE. Four of the mAb bound to the C ϵ 1 or early C ϵ 2 regions; three of these bound to the IgE myeloma protein PS and to serum IgE but not to the IgE myeloma protein ND. These mAb probably recognize an allotyplc marker. Another mAb reacted with heatdenatured, but not native IgE. Four of the mAb failed to release histamine; the epitopes recognized by these mAb are in the C ϵ 1, C ϵ 2 and C ϵ 3–4 regions of IgE. Three of these non-histamine releasing mAb did not bind to IgE on the basophil surface. These mAb recognize epitopes in C ϵ 2 and C ϵ 3–4 that are not accessible when IgE is bound to its receptor. Four mAb inhibited IgE binding to basophils; two of these did not release histamine, and two others that bind to epitopes in the C ϵ 2–4 domain, released histamine and therefore blocked IgE binding by steric hindrance. Inhibition of IgE binding by different mAb suggest that the Fc ϵ RI and Fc ϵ RII bind to partly overlapping regions of the IgE molecule although the sites do not appear to be identical. A number of sites on C ϵ 1 and C ϵ 3–4 were accessible when IgE is bound to its basophil receptor. The data support the concept that only part of the Fc portion of IgE is hidden in the receptor and that portions of C ϵ 1–4 are accessible on the cell surface. These mAb should be useful in determining the domains of IgE that are critical for its biological activity.
Generalized Large Signal Theory Of Phase Conjugation In Four-Wave Interactions

Large signal analysis of phase conjugation in nonlinear four-wave interactions has been described by H. Hsu [1] for the special case of a forward pump which is backward reflected to provide the counterpropagating pump. This theory provides an explicit mathematical description of four-wave interaction which is valid not only below the threshold of oscillation, but is also valid above the oscillation threshold where the undepleted pumps approximation of small signal theory breaks down. For this paper, the analysis has been generalized to encompass two separate counterpropagating pumps with an independently variable ratio of incident intensities. Thus a more thorough description of the interaction process. is provided, allowing broader application.
Biomarker-assisted diagnosis of ovarian, cervical and pulmonary small cell carcinomas: the role of TTF-1, WT-1 and HPV analysis.

Aims: Small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcaemic-type (SCCOH) is morphologically similar to small cell carcinomas from other sites. The aims of this study were to (i) determine if a biomarker panel would distinguish small cell carcinomas of the ovary, cervix (SCCCx) and lung (SCCLu) and (ii) potentially determine the histogenesis of SCCOH. Methods and results: Nine ovarian small cell carcinomas (seven hypercalcaemic type; two pulmonary type), eight SCCCx and 22 SCCLu were immunostained for thyroid transcription factor (TTF)-1, WT-1, p16, cKIT and OCT3/4; a subset of cases were tested for human papillomavirus (HPV). WT-1 was diffusely positive in 6/7 SSCOH versus two of 33 other small cell carcinomas (P ≤ 0.001). TTF-1 was diffusely positive in 20/22 SCCLu and 1/8 SCCCx, and negative in all SCCOH. p16 and cKIT demonstrated variable patterns of immunoreactivity in all cases. HPV was identified in 5/6 SCCCx; SCCOH and SCCLu were negative for HPV. Conclusions: Combined staining with WT-1 and TTF-1 will distinguish SCCOH from SCCLu and SCCCx with a sensitivity of 86% and specificity of 97%. HPV is specific for tumours of cervical origin, but p16 immunohistochemistry is not useful for this purpose. The presence of diffuse WT-1 supports a Mullerian origin for SCCOH, whereas the absence of cKIT and OCT3/4 argues against a germ cell origin.
Alcohol treatment research follow-up interviews and drinking behaviors.

Objective: This study, drawing upon data collected as part of a randomized clinical trial of alcohol treatment matching effects, investigates the relationship between research follow-up assessment interviews and subsequent drinking behaviors. Method: Subjects (N = 188; 143 men) participated in a day hospital substance-use disorder treatment program at either a private psychiatric hospital (n = 151) or a community hospital (n = 37) and were classified into one of three research groups: regularly scheduled follow-up interviews, missed scheduled follow-up interviews, and delayed Year-2 follow-up interviews. Complete data relevant to the present study were collected on 157 subjects. Results: Study results provided support for a subject reactivity effect related to the research follow-up interview; that is, those subjects classified within the regularly scheduled follow-up interviews condition had the better drinking outcomes. Furthermore, by the end of the second follow-up year, subjects classified within the...
Coherent synchrotron radiation for laminar flows

We investigate the effect of shear in the flow of charged particle equilibria that are unstable to the coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) instability. Shear may act to quench this instability because it acts to limit the size of the region with a fixed phase relation between emitters. The results are important for the understanding of astrophysical sources of coherent radiation where shear in the flow is likely.
Predicted and actual BCNU concentrations in normal rabbit brain during intraarterial and intravenous infusions

Normal New Zealand White rabbits were used to compare theoretical brain concentrations (based upon pharmacokinetic modeling) with actual experimental concentrations of BCNU following intraarterial (IA) or intravenous (IV) infusions. IA infusion therapy for brain tumor patients has been promising based upon theoretical predictions but of limited effectiveness clinically. Experimentally-measured rabbit carotid artery flow rates (63.9 +/- 3.4 ml/min) [mean +/- 1 sem] and BCNU systemic clearances (197 +/- 10.2 ml/min) predicted a theoretical IA advantage of 4.1 +/- 0.2. Ipsilateral brain concentrations of BCNU during and after IA infusions (20 mg/min/m2 over 15 minutes) were: 16.2 +/- 2.9, 19.0 +/- 3.9, 20.3 +/- 2.8, 4.8 +/- 2.5, 2.1 +/- 1.5, and 1.7 +/- 1.6 micrograms/gm brain at 5, 10, 15, 25, 35, and 45 minutes after infusion start. Mean concentrations at same time points in contralateral hemisphere (IA infusions) were: 7.1 +/- 1.8, 9.0 +/- 1.8, 10.3 +/- 0.7, 4.2 +/- 1.4, 2.2 +/- 1.2, 2.0 +/- 1.5 micrograms/gm brain. Concentrations in either hemisphere during IV infusions were similar to contralateral hemisphere during IA infusions. Comparison of ipsilateral: contralateral hemisphere ratios during and after IA infusions were: 3.2 +/- 0.4, 2.6 +/- 0.3, 2.2 +/- 0.3, 1.1 +/- 0.3, 1.0 +/- 0.4, and 0.9 +/- 0.3 at the same time points. Although these data show higher drug concentrations with IA infusions, actual values were considerably less than predicted by theoretical modeling. This discrepancy between theoretical and experimental results emphasizes need for further study of causes and remedies so that IA therapy can achieve better drug concentrations with less toxicity.
Correlation and alternatives for scene matching

A common approach to matching two scenes is the use of an area cross-correlation measure. This measure is proportional to the root-mean-square difference between the corresponding pixel intensities for the two scenes. In practice, it is often found that the magnitude of this measure at the correct match position may be rather low, and that the maximum value appears at an incorrect match position. This problem of false-fixing results from differences between the reference and sensed scene in their respective range, viewing angle, illumination, contrast level, and imaging sensor type. In this paper we present a comparison and trade-offs between correlation and alternative matching techniques that do not suffer from the same weaknesses as those of correlation. A specific example of a matching scheme is also discussed that uses a scene model based on local structural features from the scene. The results of such a matching scheme on a set of two representative images are presented.
Control of c-Jun activity by interaction of a cell-specific inhibitor with regulatory domain δ: Differences between v- and c-Jun

Analysis of transcriptional activation properties of c-Jun chimeras in different cell lines suggests that it contains an activator domain (A1) that is negatively regulated by a cell type-specific inhibitor. A regulatory domain of c-Jun, delta, previously identified by in vitro experiments, also regulates transcriptional activation by c-Jun in vivo. The delta domain facilitates or stabilizes the interaction of the cellular inhibitor with A1. v-Jun, which lacks delta, is a stronger transcriptional activator than c-Jun, since its activity is not efficiently repressed by the cellular inhibitor. In vitro transcription with chimeric Jun proteins and extracts from different cell types confirms that the A1 and delta domains are repressed in a cell type-specific manner. These findings implicate a specific cellular factor in the negative regulation of c-Jun activity and suggest a molecular basis for the observed difference in transcriptional properties between v-Jun and c-Jun.
Using Diverse Collaborative Work Groups to Bridge the Digital Divide

Abstract The first purpose of this article is to remind those who teach family science courses that the digital divide does exist and must be taken into account whenever online activities are added to a class. The second purpose of is to propose one method that individual professors can use to reduce, if not eliminate, the impact of the divide in a college course setting. The proposed method involves the creation of collaborative work groups with membership rosters that are diverse in terms of their access to and skills in using computers and related technology. The groups must also be diverse in terms of their enthusiasm for technology and their willingness to technology that is available for technological purposes. The third purpose is to invite those who find themselves in similar situations to explore the proposed method of dealing with inequities in access to and knowledge of computers and related technology in order to determine the extent to which it has more general applicability. The fourth, and ...
Dynamical analysis of the conformation of the active site of porcine pancreatic elastase in native and Michaelis complex states. Molecular dynamics simulations

Abstract Mechanistic details of events preceeding and occurring during enzymatic catalysis are extremely difficult to obtain experimentally. While molecular dynamics methods permit the simulation of discrete steps along the catalytic pathway, they also can overwhelm the investigator with a mountain of structural details, necessitating the development of specific analytic tools. Based on recent crystallographic data, several molecular dynamics simulations have been performed using the AMBER 3.0 program package. Two different simulations for the hydrated native enzyme (100 and 50 ps) and two simulations (30 and 70 ps) of the Michaelis complex of this enzyme with the substrate (Thr-Pro-nVal-Leu-Tyr-Thr) have been performed. Dynamical properties of the active site (especially the catalytic tetrad: Ser-195, His-57, Asp-102 and Ser-214; chymotrypsinogen numbering system) have been examined using the program MD_ANALYSIS_1. It, together with the program MDKINO, facilitates analysis of dynamical changes of conformation (especially the hydrogen bond network) of the active site. Hydrogen bonding among Asp-102, Ser-214 and His-57 was quite stable, but the catalytic Ser-195 sidechain was flexible. Therefore the catalytically crucial H-bond between HO γ (Ser-195) and N ϵ (His-57) is relatively labile. In the native case (i.e. without substrate) this H-bond was never formed due to competition for the acceptor atom (N ϵ ) between water molecules and the HO γ group. In the Michaelis complex the H-bond is more readily formed, although the sidechain (Ser-195) may sometimes change its conformation do to the influence of the carbonyl group of Ser-214. Due to the dynamical motion of the enzyme there were six different short periods in which the distance between both heavy atoms in this crucial H-bond was less than 2.6 A, which may facilitate proton transfer from Ser-195 to His-57 (the first step during the proper catalysis). These results suggest mechanistic details about the precise clockwork of a functioning enzyme.
Stereoisomeric N‐methylgranatolines

From a comparison of the physical properties, pH values, and on the basis of chemical genesis it is suggested that the N-methyl-granatoline obtained by the reduction of pseudopelletierine with sodium and alcohol is sterically related to pseudotropanol. The isomeric N-methylgranatoline obtained by catalytic hydrogenation is placed in the same steric configuration as tropanol.
Protease-cleaved iron-transferrin augments oxidant-mediated endothelial cell injury via hydroxyl radical formation.

Abstract Previous work has shown that the Pseudomonas-derived protease, pseudomonas elastase (PAE), can modify transferrin to form iron complexes capable of catalyzing the formation of hydroxyl radical (.OH) from neutrophil (PMN)-derived superoxide (.O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). As the lung is a major site of Pseudomonas infection, the ability of these iron chelates to augment oxidant-mediated pulmonary artery endothelial cell injury via release of 51Cr from prelabeled cells was examined. Diferrictransferrin previously cleaved with PAE significantly enhanced porcine pulmonary artery endothelial cell monolayer injury from 2.3-6.3 to 15.8-17.0% of maximum, resulting from exposure to H2O2, products of the xanthine/xanthine oxidase reaction, or PMA-stimulated PMNs. Iron associated with transferrin appeared to be responsible for cell injury. Spin trapping and the formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive 2-deoxyribose oxidation products demonstrated the production of .OH in this system. The addition of catalase, dimethyl thiourea, and the hydrophobic spin trap, alpha-phenyl-n-terbutyl-nitrone, offered significant protection from injury (27.8-58.2%). Since sites of Pseudomonas infection contain other proteases, the ability of porcine pancreatic elastase and trypsin to substitute for PAE was examined. Results were similar to those observed with PAE. We conclude .OH formation resulting from protease alteration of transferrin may serve as a mechanism of tissue injury at sites of bacterial infection and other processes characterized by increased proteolytic activity.
A Comparison of Controlled Feeding Programs for Maximizing Returns of White Leghorn Layers

Three controlled feeding programs initiated after peak egg production and a full feeding program were evaluated for their effects on production and income performance of White Leghorn layers. Program 1 consisted of full feeding from 20 to 64 weeks of age. Controlled feeding programs were initiated at 36 weeks and consisted of feeding approximately 105 g/bird/day to 64 weeks (Program 2), a phase reduction feeding program consisting of feeding approximately 105 g/bird/day to 53 weeks of age followed by feeding approximately 95 g/bird/day to 64 weeks (Program 3), and feeding approximately 95 g/bird/day continuously from 36 weeks (Program 4). Controlled feeding programs resulted in significant (P less than .05) reductions in total feed usage compared to full fed birds. Eggs per hen, however, were significantly (P less than .05) reduced only for feeding Programs 3 and 4, and egg weights were reduced only with feeding Program 4. Egg mass production and body weights were significantly affected by controlled feeding programs. Egg grade distributions were not significantly (P greater than .05) different among Programs 1, 2, or 3; however, Program 4 produced a significant (P less than .05) increase in the percentage of medium grade eggs obtained. Egg incomes over pullet and feed costs favored all controlled feeding programs, demonstrating that maximum production levels do not always mean maximum returns.
Antibiotic Soaked Hydrophilic Coated Bioflex: A New Strategy in the Prevention of Penile Prosthesis Infection

ABSTRACT Objectives. To find conditions that reduce the susceptibility of penile prostheses to infection, we studied the effect of coating the surface of polyurethane (Bioflex) with a hydrophilic material with and without antibiotics in decreasing bacterial colony counts both in vitro and in experiments in rats. Materials and Methods The in vitro experiment was performed using seven strips each of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)‐coated and uncoated polyurethane. These strips were dipped in saline for 5 minutes followed by incubation in a suspension of Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE) for a period of 10 minutes. Colony counts were determined after sonication of strips. For the in vitro experiments, 60 rats were used. Thirty animals each had uncoated or coated polyurethane implanted subcutaneously. In each group, strips were implanted after dipping them in either saline (N = 15) or an antibiotic solution (N = 15) consisting of 1 g/L vancomycin and 160 mg/L gentamicin. A bacterial suspension containing SE was then directly introduced into the subcutaneous pockets of all the animals prior to closure. After 7 days, strips were explanted along with 0.5 × 0.5 cm of surrounding tissue, and sonicated. Colony counts were performed on each sonicate. The data were analysed using Student's t ‐test. A P ‐value less than or equal to 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results The in vitro study demonstrated a statistically significant (41%) reduction in the colony count of SE within the coated polyurethane strips compared to the uncoated Bioflex strips (150 ± 44.7 CFU vs. 253 ± 45.0 CFU, respectively, P ‐value P = 0.04). This represents a 55% reduction in the bacterial count. While the reduction in the bacterial count in the coated Bioflex strip was not statistically different from that in the uncoated strip, a trend towards significance was noted with a 41% reduction ( P > 0.05) in bacterial count in the coated Bioflex group compared to uncoated Bioflex. Conclusions In conclusion, in vitro studies demonstrate a significant (41%) reduction in the colony count of SE in PVP‐coated polyurethane compared to uncoated polyurethane. In vivo study in rats showed that antibiotic treatment of PVP‐coated Bioflex resulted in a statistically significant reduction (55%) in colony count of SE compared to uncoated Bioflex.
Alternative school policies and the benefits of general cognitive skills

Abstract School policy debates vacillate between policies emphasizing improvement in general skills and those aimed at strengthening the linkages between schools and the workplace. While these policies do not necessarily conflict, each is frequently motivated by shortcomings in the other. This paper presents basic evidence about the very substantial impacts of general cognitive skills on individual earnings and on economic growth. The calculations are then put in a school policy framework that emphasizes the importance of considering both the magnitude and the speed of quality improvements. It then considers alternative school reform policies focused on improvements in teacher quality, identifying how much change is required. Finally, teacher bonus policies are put into the context of potential benefits.
Globalization, Redemption, and the Dialectics of Courage

This essay explores forms of religious narrative that shape self-understanding and engagement with the world through the idea of redemption. An analysis of the landscape of religious perspectives within the context of globalization shows a bifurcation between competing notions of redemption in fundamentalist and postmodern narratives. Where fundamentalism uses meta-narrative that is hyper-theistic, postmodernism uses contextual narratives that deconstruct narrative and can lose a sense of the transcendent. The purpose of the essay is to show how these two competing notions can become entrenched and destructive to the very redemption they seek. Using Paul Tillich’s understanding of courage, these positions are placed into a dialectical tension that points to a third understanding of redemption as the perpetual mediation between the desire for belonging to a community and the desire to recognize the limitations of any individual or community’s perspective and understanding of the world in relationship to the holy.
Internal friction of splat-cooled GdCu and GdFe alloys

Abstract No evidence has been found for a solute-related internal friction peak in splat-cooled crystalline Gd-alloys containing a few atomic percent of either Cu or Fe. It is therefore highly unlikely that these alloys contain interstitial point defects of the previously suggested disubstitutional type.
Giving voice: Advocating for the community college

As fiscal, accountability, and enrollment pressures rise, community college presidents need to work more closely and effectively with elected officials at the local, state, and federal levels in order to advocate for their schools and students. Colleges will be expected to carry an even greater burden in meeting demands for both increased student enrollment and student success, and they must have demonstrable results and effectively persuasive data and stories to show legislators and other funders in order to keep them attentive to the needs and value of community colleges.