cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maintenance of certification: How to stay board certified by the American board of colon and rectal surgery

Abstract Achieving board certification is a milestone in the life of a young surgeon. The American Board of Colon and Rectal Surgery (ABCRS) Certifying Examination is considered the penultimate test of professional achievement for those who have completed an Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) sanctioned general surgery and colorectal residencies followed by certification by the American Board of Surgery. The mission of the American Board of Colon and Rectal Surgery, incorporated as the American Board of Proctology in 1935, contemplates the establishment of standards and norms of knowledge by which physicians in the field of colon and rectal surgery are specifically measured to ensure the safety of the American public. These standards and requirements have changed over the long life of the American Board of Colon and Rectal Surgery, and staying current with requirements not only for achieving ABCRS certification, but for maintaining certification is important. The term “Maintenance of Certification” has recently been replaced by “Continuous Certification” and refers to a system of continuous assessment of common knowledge that every board certified colorectal surgeon should understand. In addition to demonstrating factual knowledge, a Board Certified colon and rectal surgeon should be able to demonstrate evidence of professionalism, provide evidence of commitment to lifelong learning, and demonstrate participation in activities that result in “practiced based improvement.” The purpose of this chapter is to specifically inform board certified colon and rectal surgeons of the procedures in place to stay certified. A brief history of board certification and data from other specialties on the impact of continuing certification is useful for context and provided.
Abstract I22: New players and unique features of cancer lysosomes

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) cells and tumors constitutively activate nutrient scavenging pathways, namely, autophagy (cellular self-catabolism) and macropinocytosis (bulk uptake of extracellular material) in order to maintain metabolic homeostasis. Importantly, both of these pathways converge on the lysosome, an acidic organelle that harbors within its lumen a complex series of enzymatic reactions that enable degradation of incoming cargo material. Our prior work has shown that the lysosome is greatly expanded and qualitatively different in PDA cells compared to normal tissue. PDA tumors are effectively “addicted” to enhanced catabolic activity as blocking lysosome function specifically inhibits in vitro and in vivo growth of PDA cell lines and tumor xenografts with minimal effects on normal cells. How key changes in lysosome composition and content contribute to the aggressive nature of PDA remains an open question. We have optimized methodologies to isolate and purify lysosomes from normal human pancreatic epithelial cells and several established patient-derived PDA cancer cell lines, using affinity-based capture techniques that isolate 50-80% intact lysosomes free of cytoplasm and other contaminating organelles. By systematically implementing lysosome purification from normal, primary, and metastatic PDA tumors combined with mass spectrometry-based proteomics, we have identified both resident and substrate proteins that are uniquely associated with PDA lysosomes. Several cancer-specific lysosomal membrane proteins emerged from this analysis that may endow cancer lysosomes with enhanced functionality, including rapid membrane repair in the face of sustained mechanical and chemical insults. Similarly, we find that PDA lysosomes degrade select cellular proteins to enable dynamic remodeling of the cellular proteome in a manner that favors tumor growth and progression. Collectively, our data provide strong evidence in support of the lysosome as a central mediator of cellular adaptation to stress and promoter of tumorigenesis. Citation Format: Rushika M Perera. New players and unique features of cancer lysosomes [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Advances in Science and Clinical Care; 2019 Sept 6-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(24 Suppl):Abstract nr I22.
International financial centres after the global financial crisis and Brexit, edited by Youssef Cassis and Dariusz Wojcik

How was the geography of global finance affected by the Global Financial Crisis (GFC)? Cassis and Wojcik’s book, International Financial Centres after the Global Financial Crisis and Brexit, gives ...
Failed Prior Endovascular Interventions Do Not Affect 30-day Cardiovascular or Limb-related Outcomes of Infrainguinal Bypasses for Chronic Limb Threatening Ischemia.

Background It is often hypothesized that failed prior endovascular intervention could adversely affect the outcome of subsequent infrainguinal bypass in the corresponding limb. However, this perception is not well supported in the literature because of conflicting data. The aim of this study is to address this controversial issue via analysis of a multicenter prospectively collected database. Methods Patients who underwent infrainguinal bypass for chronic limb threatening ischemia (CLTI) were identified in the targeted American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database from 2011 to 2017. These patients were stratified into 4 groups: first time femoral-popliteal bypass, femoral-popliteal bypass after failed prior endovascular revascularization, first time femoral-tibial bypass, and femoral-tibial bypass after failed prior endovascular revascularization. Thirty-day outcomes including mortality, graft patency, major amputations, and major organ dysfunction were measured. Results We identified 7,044 patients who underwent surgical bypasses for CLTI. Patients were mostly well matched among the 4 groups except for differences in sex, hypertension, and preoperative renal function. In terms of major adverse cardiovascular events and major adverse limb events, femoral-popliteal or femoral-tibial bypasses after failed prior endovascular intervention had comparable 30-day outcomes to first-time bypasses. However, patients with failed prior endovascular intervention had increased rates of postoperative wound infection, required significantly more blood transfusions, and had longer operative time. Conclusions Failed prior endovascular intervention does not adversely affect 30-day outcomes of subsequent infrainguinal bypass surgery in mortality, limb salvage, or other major cardiovascular complications.
Geometry and Measurement

Until recently, it was common for instruction in geometry to be delayed until the secondary school course bearing its name. Continuing with historical precedent, geometry was viewed from a formal axioms and proofs standpoint. Not surprisingly, when geometry was finally addressed at the secondary school level it centered around formal proofs—in a seeming effort as much to teach the student to think “like a mathematician” from a formal logical stance as to teach actual geometric content. This made sense to some degree. Since the prevailing view is that young children cannot operate in the arena of formal logic, pushing geometry back as long as possible seemed reasonable. Geometry, to the extent it was addressed in an K-9 curriculum, was often limited to a memory/recall process of the names of geometric figures. In rare cases a few properties such as parallel, perpendicular, and similar were addressed.
Identifying the end: Minimum production thresholds for natural gas wells

Abstract State governments require that oil and gas operators decommission wells at the end of their useful life, allowing the land to be put to other uses and reducing the risk that the well becomes (or remains) a threat to human health or the environment. Because decommissioning is costly and generates no revenue, operators have incentive to postpone it. Our survey of thirteen major producing states shows that they generally allow operators to keep wells open as long as they produce any oil or gas, thereby permitting nearly indefinite postponement of decommissioning. We then consider conventional natural gas wells in Pennsylvania as a case study and estimate the production needed to cover operating costs based on data from the state's largest operator of conventional wells. We find that conventional natural gas wells producing below 0.5 thousand cubic feet (Mcf) per day are highly likely to be uneconomical even if gas prices rise considerably. We apply the 0.5 Mcf per day threshold to a sample of the state's aging wells. As of 2019, only 4 percent of sample wells had been decommissioned, and the threshold suggests that an additional one-third of wells in the state are likely uneconomical and in need of decommissioning. More generally, using thresholds to identify uneconomical wells could increase the number of wells being properly decommissioned and decrease those becoming the responsibility of the state, benefiting the environment, those living near wells, and taxpayers.
An Out-of-Core Task-based Middleware for Data-Intensive Scientific Computing

In datacenters, non-volatile memory storages are experiencing a fast adoption rate due to the high bandwidth and low latency advantages that they provide over the traditional disk-based storage systems in the management and analysis of large datasets. The drastic changes in system architecture will require rethinking systems software as well. Specifically, with improvements in hardware performance, software efficiency will become the next bottleneck. Here, we present an out-of-core task-based middleware together with a domain specific application interface, which will increase the programmer's productivity while still ensuring good performance and scalability by enabling the separation of computation and data movement.
The Dugdale model adapted to the transverse bending of plates

The Dugdale mathematical model is developed for the cylindrical bending of thin plates. The resulting finiteness condition, or plastic-zone size, is found to be a function of the applied moment and the normal coordinate of the plate. The results of cylindrical bending tests on polycarbonate are presented where plastic-zone size measurements are compared to the derived theoretical model. Good agreement is found although large deformations were encountered. The reasons for the validity of the theory as well as the good correlation between theory and experiment are discussed. Finally, compression plastic zones are presented and their relation to crack closure discussed.
IgG4-related disease simulating Hodgkin lymphoma in a child

Abstract Immunoglobulin (Ig) G4-related disease is a recently described syndrome characterized by mass forming lymphoplasmacytic tissue infiltration and elevated serum IgG4 concentrations usually affecting middle-aged or older individuals. Lymphadenopathy is frequently observed and is sometimes the first or only manifestation of the disease. We report a case of IgG4-related disease mimicking Hodgkin lymphoma in a 13-year-old girl. The patient presented with progressive unilateral cervical lymphadenopathy of several months duration. Biopsy showed follicular hyperplasia with progressive transformation of germinal centers. Interfollicular areas were expanded by small lymphocytes, histiocytes, eosinophils and fibrosis with occasional CD30 positive cells initially concerning for interfollicular Hodgkin lymphoma. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed an intrafollicular plasmacytosis with an IgG4-positive/IgG-positive plasma cell ratio of 50% supporting a diagnosis of IgG4-related lymphadenopathy, progressively transformed germinal centers type. Laboratory studies were supportive with elevated serum IgG4 (178mg/dL) and IgE (30.40kU/L) levels along with an elevated serum IgG4/IgG ratio (0.16). Very few cases of IgG4-related disease have been described in children. Within this age group, there is considerable clinical overlap between IgG4-related disease associated lymphadenopathy and Hodgkin lymphoma. In addition, lymphadenopathy secondary to IgG4-related disease demonstrates substantial histologic diversity with the potential to simulate the inflammatory background and fibrosis of Hodgkin lymphoma. The importance of accurate diagnosis is underscored by the prognostic implications considering the marked response of the syndrome to steroid therapy. In addition, appropriate follow up is critical to monitor for relapse and additional organ involvement.
Ribonucleotide sequence homology among avian oncornaviruses.

Abstract RNA sequence relatedness among avian RNA tumor virus genomes was analyzed by inhibition of DNA-RNA hybrid formation between 3H-labeled 35S viral RNA and an excess of leukemic or normal chicken cell DNA with increasing concentrations of unlabeled 35S viral RNA. The avian viruses tested were Rous associated virus (RAV)-0, avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV), RAV-60, RAV-61, and B-77 sarcoma virus. Hybridization of 3H-labeled 35S AMV RNA with DNA from normal chicken cells was inhibited by unlabeled 35S RAV-0 RNA as efficiently (100%) as by unlabeled AMV RNA. Hybridization between 3H-labeled 35S AMV RNA and DNA from leukemic chicken myeloblasts induced by AMV was suppressed 100 and 68% by unlabeled 35S RNA from AMV and RAV-0, respectively. Hybridization between 3H-labeled RAV-0 and leukemic chicken myeloblast DNA was inhibited 100 and 67% by unlabeled 35S RNA from RAV-0 and AMV, respectively. It appears therefore that the AMV and RAV-0 genomes are 67 to 70% homologous and that AMV hybridizes to RAV-0 like sequences in normal chicken DNA. Hybridization between AMV RNA and leukemic chicken DNA was inhibited 40% by RNA from RAV-60 or RAV-61 and 50% by B-77 RNA. Hybridization between RAV-0 RNA and leukemic chicken DNA was inhibited 80% by RAV-60 or RAV-61 and 70% by B-77 RNA. Hybridization between 3H-labeled 35S RNA from RAV-60 or RAV-61 and leukemic chicken myeloblast DNA was reduced equally by RNA from RAV-60, RAV-61, AMV or RAV-0; this suggests that RNA from RAV-60 and RAV-61 hybridizes with virus-specific sequences in leukemic DNA which are shared by AMV, RAV-0, RAV-60, and RAV-61 RNAs. Hybridization between 3H-labeled 35S RNA from RAV-61 and normal pheasant DNA was inhibited 100% by homologous viral RNA, 22 to 26% by RNA from AMV or RAV-0, and 30 to 33% by RNA from RAV-60 or B-77. Nearly complete inhibition of hybridization between RAV-0 RNA and leukemic chicken DNA by a mixture of AMV and B-77 35S RNAs indicates that the RNA sequences shared by B-77 virus and RAV-0 are different from the sequences shared by AMV and RAV-0. It appears that different avian RNA tumor virus genomes have from 50 to 80% homology in nucleotide sequences and that the degree of hybridization between normal chicken cell DNA and a given viral RNA can be predicted from the homology that exists between the viral RNA tested and RAV-0 RNA.
An Audio-Based Personal Memory Aid

We are developing a wearable device that attempts to alleviate some everyday memory problems. The ”memory prosthesis” records audio and contextual information from conversations and provides a suite of retrieval tools (on both the wearable and a personal computer) to help users access forgotten memories in a timely fashion. This paper describes the wearable device, the personal-computer-based retrieval tool, and their supporting technologies. Anecdotal observations based on real-world use and quantitative results based on a controlled memory-retrieval task are reported. Finally, some social, legal, and design challenges of ubiquitous recording and remembering via a personal audio archive are discussed.
Cancer pain relief using chronic morphine infusion: Early experience with a programmable implanted drug pump

✓ Fourteen patients were implanted with drug pumps to provide chronic epidural or intrathecal morphine to relieve pain due to cancer. A new programmable pump was used in seven of the patients and a constant infusion device was used in the other seven patients. Results, judged by subjective pain reports (on a 0 to 10 scale), decrease in oral narcotics, and change in activity level, were excellent in eight patients, good in five patients, and poor in one patient. The programmable device has the obvious advantage of being able to vary dose according to patient need and requires less frequent refilling. Four programmable pump failures occurred, two requiring replacement.
Gospel music videos in the counter-memory of post-nation identity in Kenya

Most countries in Africa are distinguished by the various culture groups enclosed within their geographical borders, and in how their governments have sought toestablish cohesion and unity in that diversity. Further distinctions are achieved in the ways populations have been integrated into the wider region and global world while still maintaining a unique local character. The arts (music, fine art, sculpture, architecture, drama, verbal arts), religion, language, and the mass media have been the principal fields where ideologies of unity and integration of plural cultural worlds, andlocalism in the global market or globalism in the locl market are played out. Music videos, one of the fastest growing entertainment and industrial products in Africa, are a principal contemporary terrain for the negotiation of distinctive identity.
Histone deacetylase 1 plays an important role in brown adipogenesis (817.4)

Induction of brown adipocytes in white fat plays an important role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Here, we have investigated the role of HDAC1 in brown adipogenesis. The RNA and protein l...
Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) Curricular Innovations: Addressing a Training Gap

Unhealthy substance use, which includes the full spectrum of risky to dependent use of alcohol and other drugs, is common in patients cared for by health care providers in a variety of general heal...
Computable analysis of a non-homogeneous boundary-value problem for the korteweg-de vries equation

This note is concerned with computability of the solution operator associated with the wave maker problem for the classical Korteweg-de Vries equation. The Korteweg-de Vries equation is one of several non-linear partial differential equations which have been most intensively studied in the past fifty years due to its physical and mathematical importance.
G. E. Moore and Bad Faith

: G. E. Moore claimed to know a variety of commonsense propositions. He is often accused of being dogmatic or of begging the question against philosophers who deny that he knows such things. In this paper, I argue that this accusation is mistaken. I argue that Moore is instead guilty of answering questions of the form ‘Do I know p?’ in bad faith.
Chinese Strategic Culture and Foreign Policy Decision-Making: Confucianism, Leadership and War

Examining the major academic and policy debates over China’s rise and related policy issues, this book looks into the motivations and intentions of a rising China. Most of the scholarly works on China’s rise approach the question at a structural level by looking at the international system and the systemic impact on China’s foreign policy. Traditional Realist theorists define China as a revisionist power eager to address wrongs done to them in history, whilst some cultural and historical analyses attest that China’s strategic culture has been offensive despite its weak material capability. Huiyun Feng’s path-breaking contribution to the debate tests these rival hypotheses by examining systematically the beliefs of contemporary Chinese leaders and their strategic interactions with other states since 1949 when the communist regime came to power. The focus is on tracing the historical roots of Chinese strategic culture and its links to the decision-making of six key Chinese leaders via their belief systems. Chinese Strategic Culture will be of interest to students of Chinese politics, foreign policy, strategic theory and international relations in general.
Ocean stagnation and end-Permian anoxia

Ocean stagnation has been invoked to explain the widespread occurrence of organic-carbon–rich, laminated sediments interpreted to have been deposited under anoxic bottom waters at the time of the end-Permian mass extinction. However, to a first approximation, stagnation would severely reduce the upwelling supply of nutrients to the photic zone, reducing productivity. Moreover, it is not obvious that ocean stagnation can be achieved. Numerical experiments performed with a three-dimensional global ocean model linked to a biogeochemical model of phosphate and oxygen cycling indicate that a low equator to pole temperature gradient could have produced weak oceanic circulation and widespread anoxia in the Late Permian ocean. We find that polar warming and tropical cooling of sea-surface temperatures cause anoxia throughout the deep ocean as a result of both lower dissolved oxygen in bottom source waters and increased nutrient utilization. Buildup of quantities of H2S and CO2 in the Late Permian ocean sufficient to directly cause a mass extinction, however, would have required large increases in the oceanic nutrient inventory.
Effects of equine chorionic gonadotropin on follicle development and pregnancy rates in suckled beef cows with or without calf removal

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of eCG, temporary 72-h calf removal (CR), or both on dominant follicle (DF) diameter and pregnancy rates (PR) in suckled beef cows. For Exp. 1, we hypothesized that CR, eCG, or both at PGF2α administration concomitant with synchronization of ovulation protocol would increase DF diameter and alter patterns of LH, estradiol (E), and progesterone (P4) secretion. Thirty-five multiparous, suckled crossbred beef cows were assigned randomly to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of 4 treatments: 1) cows received 100 μg GnRH and a controlled internal drug release (CIDR) insert containing 1.38 g of P4 (d -7) followed in 7 d by 25 mg PGF(2α) and CIDR removal (d 0) followed in 72 h by GnRH and fixed-time AI (d 3; Control; n = 9); 2) similar to control, but calves were removed from their dams for 72 h between d 0 and 3 (COCR; n = 9); 3) similar to control, but cows received 400 IU eCG on d 0 (COeCG; n = 9); and 4) similar to COCR, but cows received 400 IU eCG on d 0 (eCGCR; n = 8). Blood sample collection and ovary scans were performed on d -14, -7, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 10. Pregnancy rate, ovulation response by d 4, and peak concentrations of LH before 72 h after PGF(2α) were greater (P 0.10) between COeCG (43%) and Control (50%). We conclude that eCG increased DF diameter and CR resulted in a greater percentage of cows experiencing LH peak before 72 h after PGF(2α) and ovulation response; however, eCG failed to improve PR to timed AI.
Dual-wavelength fluorescent speckle microscopy reveals coupling of microtubule and actin movements in migrating cells

Interactions between microtubules (MTs) and filamentous actin (f-actin) are involved in directed cell locomotion, but are poorly understood. To test the hypothesis that MTs and f-actin associate with one another and affect each other's organization and dynamics, we performed time-lapse dual-wavelength spinning-disk confocal fluorescent speckle microscopy (FSM) of MTs and f-actin in migrating newt lung epithelial cells. F-actin exhibited four zones of dynamic behavior: rapid retrograde flow in the lamellipodium, slow retrograde flow in the lamellum, anterograde flow in the cell body, and no movement in the convergence zone between the lamellum and cell body. Speckle analysis showed that MTs moved at the same trajectory and velocity as f-actin in the cell body and lamellum, but not in the lamellipodium or convergence zone. MTs grew along f-actin bundles, and quiescent MT ends moved in association with f-actin bundles. These results show that the movement and organization of f-actin has a profound effect on the dynamic organization of MTs in migrating cells, and suggest that MTs and f-actin bind to one another in vivo.
A metallurgical evaluation of various infiltrated tungsten materialsin air and nitrogen plasmas.

Tests on several infiltrated alloys were conducted in both subsonic air and nitrogen plasma arcs, delivering cold-wall beat fluxes of 700, 1200, and 2400 Btu/ft2-sec. Thermal arrest, recession rate, and mass loss were examined as a function of atmosphere, beat flux, and composition for each material. The material changes were examined metallographically and by electron micro-probe techniques. Surface cooling under oxidizing conditions was almost as effective as observed for nonoxidizing conditions for both brass- and silver-infiltrated structures, with no evidence of pore blockage or secondary beating by oxidation of the infiltrant. The 80 Sn-20 Al and 90 Cu-10 Si infiltrants, in addition to some vaporization cooling, exhibited oxidation protection because of tbe formation of AloOa and SiO2, respectively. Analysis showed no evidence of compound or intermetallic phase formation between tungsten and any of the infiltrants.
Etidronate for osteoporosis in primary biliary cirrhosis: A randomized trial

Abstract Background/Aim: Osteoporosis is a common complication of primary biliary cirrhosis but there is no accepted therapy for the osteoporosis. In this randomized controlled trial, we compared the effects of etidronate to placebo on the treatment of osteoporosis associated with primary biliary cirrhosis. Methods: Sixty-seven patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and osteopenia, defined by bone mineral density criteria (T-score Results: Of the 67 patients entered, 60 completed at least 1 year of therapy. There was no significant difference in changes in bone density at either the lumbar spine or femur in patients receiving etidronate when compared to placebo. Fractures occurred in eight patients, four receiving etidronate. Etidronate therapy was associated with a significant reduction in markers of bone turnover compared to placebo. These changes did not correlate with changes in bone density. Conclusions: Cyclical etidronate administered with supplemental calcium did not significantly improve bone density in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.
Peptide Conformational Dynamics and Vibrational Stark Effects Following Photoinitiated Disulfide Cleavage

Photoinitiation of relaxation of two peptides (labeled 1 and 2) and spectroscopic studies of the ensuing dynamics have led to new information about peptide conformational dynamics. Following photolysis of the aryl disulfide chromophore that constrains a peptide to be distorted from its equilibrium form, the S−S bond is broken in <200 fs, and the liberated thiyl radicals either undergo geminate recombination or diffuse apart to allow the peptides to change conformation. From anisotropy measurements, overall peptide rotation is on the time scale of 600 ps. At an even earlier time (ca. 100 ps), transient IR measurements show a bleaching of the amide I‘ region, arising from a vibrational Stark effect produced upon ring opening of peptide 2. We did not detect any significant shift in the amide I‘ region up to 2 ns, suggesting no significant helix formation in this time domain. Thiyl radicals arising from peptide 2 recombine with a power law rate over the time range from picoseconds to microseconds signaling an...
Queuing theory and reference transactions

For the past ten years or so, librarians have been discussing the way reference service is provided, the most conspicuous recent installments being the “Re‐thinking Reference in Academic Libraries” conference and the widely publicized changes at Brandeis University. No one has heard every statement in this debate because it has been so extensive in time, space, and medium. Nevertheless, it seems safe to say that mathematical queuing theory has not played a significant role in it. At first, this lacuna is puzzling, since queuing problems are one of the fundamental types treated in operations research, which in “those thrilling days of yesteryear,” the fifties, sixties, and early seventies, was taught in some library and information science programs. By 1978 articles that applied the theory specifically to reference work appeared. Yet, the second edition of a text on operations research for librarians that appeared in 1991 says not a word about reference queues. Perhaps this theory has been neglected in recent discussions because it is usually applied to telephone calls or local area networks and other configurations of computers, while its use in analyzing queues of people in banks, supermarkets, and the like was passed over as too mundane. Perhaps, too, the failure of banks to take the theory to its logical limits in arranging the queues for bank tellers has led to caution.
Phonological complexity in school-aged children who stutter and exhibit a language disorder.

Abstract Purpose The Index of Phonological Complexity and the Word Complexity Measure are two measures of the phonological complexity of a word. Other phonological measures such as phonological neighborhood density have been used to compare stuttered versus fluent words. It appears that in preschoolers who stutter, the length and complexity of the utterance is more influential than the phonetic features of the stuttered word. The present hypothesis was that in school-age children who stutter, stuttered words would be more phonologically complex than fluent words, when the length and complexity of the utterance containing them is comparable. School-age speakers who stutter were hypothesized to differ from those with a concomitant language disorder. Methods Sixteen speakers, six females and ten males (M age = 12;3; Range = 7;7 to 19;5) available from an online database, were divided into eight who had a concomitant language disorder (S + LD) and eight age- and sex-matched speakers who did not (S-Only). Results When all stuttered content words were identified, S + LD speakers produced more repetitions, and S-Only speakers produced more inaudible sound prolongations. When stuttered content words were matched to fluent content words and when talker groups were combined, stuttered words were significantly ( p ≤ 0.01) higher in both the Index of Phonological Complexity and the Word Complexity Measure and lower in density (“sparser”) than fluent words. Conclusions Results corroborate those of previous researchers. Future research directions are suggested, such as cross-sectional designs to evaluate developmental patterns of phonological complexity and stuttering plus language disordered connections. Educational objectives: The reader will be able to: (a) Define and describe phonological complexity; (b) Define phonological neighborhood density and summarize the literature on the topic; (c) Describe the Index of Phonological Complexity (IPC) for a given word; (d) Describe the Word Complexity Measure (WCM) for a given word; (e) Summarize two findings from the current study and describe how each relates to studies of phonological complexity and fluency disorders.
Pregnancy and idiopathic autoimmune haemolytic anaemia: a prospective study during 6 months gestation and 3 months post-partum.

Summary. A 31-yr-old woman with a 12 yr history of relapsing idiopathic autoimmune haemolytic anaemia was studied prospectively during her first pregnancy. Her serum contained a warm incomplete autoantibody as well as an elevated cold agglutinin; her red blood cells were strongly coated with IgG and complement (chiefly α2D). Haemolysis was active throughout pregnancy, accelerating from the 34th to 40th week, with developing thrombocytopenia. Amniocentesis in the 8th and 9th months suggested minimal foetal haemolysis. The maternal haemolytic process went into complete clinical remission following delivery of a healthy appearing infant whose red cells were coated with IgG. The infant developed mild hyperbilirubinaemia within 48 hr and experienced a fall in haemoglobin to 50% of the cord level by the 8th week. Abnormalities of maternal and infant C4 levels were observed. Review of 19 reported instances of presumed autoimmune haemolysis during pregnancy revealed life-threatening anaemia in nearly 50% of mothers, with four still-births, one neonatal death, and three seriously affected infants. A programme for prospective management of this serious clinical problem is discussed.
Overview of the Northeast Asia energy situation

Abstract Rapid economic growth in Northeast Asia has vastly increased regional needs for energy services. In several countries of the region, this ongoing growth has been accompanied by significant environmental problems. The countries of the region already constitute the largest import market for liquefied natural gas (LNG). The region has accounted for a progressively larger share of world primary energy use; its share has risen from under 19% in 1999 to over 25% in 2007. Though the region as a whole possesses resources that could contribute substantially toward its future energy needs, many major energy resources are far from population centers. As such, major infrastructure investments will be required to bring these resources to market. This article provides a description of the current situation of energy demand and supply in Northeast Asia, summarizes recent trends in energy supply and demand, and of the “drivers” that underlie energy use, in the region. Also presented are projections of energy use and of key impacts of energy use, such as greenhouse gas emissions, in the region. Other impacts of continued growth in energy supply and demand in Northeast Asia are reviewed qualitatively.
Palaeolatitude drift history of displaced terranes in southern and Baja California

The delineation of microplate-tectonic terranes1 which make up western North America, the timing of their accretions to western North America and the identification of their original geological settings are all topics of debate2,3. The most recent addition to this family of terranes is the Santa Lucia/Orocopia allochthon4,5 (SLOA) (Fig. 1), which is made up of Salinia6,7 and several other smaller terranes8 and is located in central and southern California. This composite terrane amalgamated in the Cretaceous and accreted to southern California by the early Palaeogene4,5. We describe here new palaeomagnetic results from localities outboard from the SLOA in southern California (USA) and Baja California (Mexico). These results are used to define a newly identified allochthonous terrane in southern and Baja California (Peninsular Ranges terrane9, PRT) which is outboard from the SLOA, estimate the PRT's palaeolatitude drift history for the past 160 Myr, and infer its original geological setting. PRT and SLOA palaeolatitude drift histories are then combined to produce a new perspective on the tectonic development of southern and Baja California over the past 160 Myr.
A dual role for calcium in regulation of superoxide generation by stimulated rat alveolar macrophages.

Abstract Superoxide production in alveolar macrophages is stimulated by agonists which act through Ca 2+ -mediated (concanavalin A) and/or protein kinase C (phorbol ester or diacylglycerol analogues) -mediated events. Simultaneous addition of saturating concentrations of concanavalin A and a protein kinase C activator (either phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate or 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl- sn -glycerol) caused a supra-additive enhancement of the initial rate of O ⨪ 2 production. This synergism closely correlated with the known time-course of Ca 2+ mobilization induced by concanavalin A; however, it occurred under conditions in which protein kinase C activation is reportedly not Ca 2+ dependent. Phorbol ester-induced O ⨪ 2 production was partially inhibited by the Ca 2+ ionophore, A23187. Although phorbol ester-stimulated O ⨪ 2 production initially was enhanced by concanavalin A, the duration of this O ⨪ 2 production was reduced in comparison to that induced by phorbol ester alone. These results suggest a dual role for intracellular Ca 2+ in both stimulatory and inhibitory regulation of O ⨪ 2 production.
Histamine stimulates prostacyclin synthesis in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells

Abstract Human venous endothelial cells synthesize prostacyclin (PGI2) in response to treatment with histamine. The amount of PGI2 produced is proportional to the histamine concentration over the range of 10−7 to 10−5 M, with a maximal response at 2–5 × 10−6 M. PGI2 synthesis occurs as a burst lasting less than 3 minutes after histamine addition. The H1 histamine receptor antagonist pyrilamine causes an 87% inhibition of PGI2 synthesis, whereas the H2 antagonist cimetidine gives no significant inhibition, suggesting that PGI2 synthesis in response to histamine is mediated by an H1 receptor.
Use of immobile trace elements to determine original tectonic setting of eruption of metabasalts, northern Sierra Nevada, California

New abundance data for Ti, Zr, Y, Sr, Cr, Hf, Ta, and Th in metamorphosed late Paleozoic basalts from the northern Sierra Nevada confirm that these rocks originated in an island arc. Furthermore, the data show that the original basalts belonged to the tholeiitic — rather than calc-alkalic — rock association of island arcs. Standard discrimination diagrams identify the island-arc tholeiite magma type; their utility was sternly tested by these thoroughly recrystallized (greenschist facies) rocks, whose island-arc origin had already been suggested by their petrography.
Protein-synthesizing Structures associated with Mitochondria

Protein synthesis in HeLa cell mitochondria is associated with a structure sedimenting at 95S. This has some properties in common with bacterial ribosomes but its physicochemical properties are rather different.
Characterization of an energy source for modeling hypothetical core disruptive accidents in nuclear reactors

Abstract The experimental methods for and results of determining the expansion characteristics of the detonation products of an energy source that simulates the pressure-volume change relationships for sodium vapor expansions during hypothetical core disruptive accidents in a fast test reactor are presented. Rigid cylinder-piston experiments performed at two scales (ratio 1:3) to determine a pressure-volume relationship as a function of source mass and expansion environment are described. Some of these measurements are compared with code calculations for the source. The results show: (1) that the pressure-volume relationship depends significantly on the presence of water in the cylinder and comparatively little on the timescale of the expansion, the presence of steel balls in the water, or a Mylar sheet on the water surface; and (2) the experiment's scale. A relationship between the measured work energy from the source and the charge mass is presented, and pressure-volume change measurements are compared with previous experimental measurements and with theoretical calculations for a 150 MWsec hypothetical core disruptive accident. The measurements and code calculations of the pressure-volume relationship for the source agree reasonably well.
A small animal acto-ballistocardiograph: description and illustrations of its use

Actoballistocardiography based on piezoelectricity for biorythmic activity, respiratory movements and heart rate of small animals
Local inhibition of centripetal particle transport where LETS protein patterns appear on 3T3 cells

WE try here to establish a link between a motility phenomenon in animal cells and the presence of the so-called ‘large external transformation-sensitive (LETS)’ protein on the surface of the cells. Through studies of this protein a new and still puzzling aspect of animal cell surfaces became apparent. Originally discovered as a major surface glycoprotein of molecular weight 220,000–250,000 which disappeared on cell transformation (for review, see ref. 1), it has since become quite likely that various differently named surface glycoproteins—galactoprotein a (ref. 2), fibroblast surface antigen3, Zeta protein4, ‘cell-surface protein’ (CSP)5, and ‘cold-insoluble globulin’ (CIG)6–8—which were studied independently by different investigators, are identical to or at least very closely related to LETS protein.
Evaluation of thyroid function during growth hormone therapy.

Abstract Decrease in the blood levels of PBI, in the thyroidal uptake of iodine, and diminished effect of TRH on TSH release have been reported to occur during growth hormone administration. We assessed thyroid function indices in two groups of growth hormone deficient children before and during long-term HGH therapy. Eight patients were given TSH prior to and at 2, 4, and 6 mo of growth hormone treatment. In four other children, the disposal rates of simultaneously administered I 125 -T4 and I 131 -T3 were measured before and at 2 and 6 mo after initiation of HGH replacement. Blood levels of TSH, T3, T4, TBG capacity, and the T3 resin uptake were obtained at the time of each study. Growth hormone therapy did not affect the blood levels of T4, T3, TSH, TBG capacity, the T3 resin uptake, the thyroidal response to exogenous TSH, nor the disposal rates of thyroid hormones.
Evaluation of 3D NMR Experiments for the Characterization of Polymer Structure

Abstract A series of three-dimensional (3D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) pulse sequences, utilizing pulsed-field gradient (PFG) techniques, were developed or adapted from biological experiments for applications in the characterization of polymer structure. These experiments form the foundation of a suite of experiments which can be used to characterize the structure of polymers and other heteroatom-containing organic materials, in much the same way that the data from multiple 3D NMR experiments have been used in biological structure determination. Several variations of an 1 H/X/Y chemical shift correlation (HXY) experiment are exhibited, and the HCX sequence (where Y = 13 C) is combined with 13 C homonuclear isotropic mixing to generate new pulse sequences which provide additional structural information. In this paper, the spectra of poly(α,β- 13 C 2 -styrene) (PS) prepared by diphenylphosphinyl radical (DPPR) initiated polymerization of α,β- 13 C 2 -styrene are used to illustrate the application of these techniques for characterization of polymer chain end structures. Comments on the relative advantages of the pulse sequence are provided. Although polymers are used to illustrate the applications of these pulse sequences, the sequences can just as easily be used to study other organic structures containing an NMR-active X nucleus. Organometallic chemistry is especially suited for applications of these NMR experiments.
A System Implementation of Interruption Management for Mobile Devices

As the number of worldwide cellular subscriptions approaches the world's population, the negative effects of cell phone disruption have become increasingly apparent. With advances in mobile phones, specifically their sensor technology, mobile phones are now capable of moderating interruptions based on whether or not the user would want an interruption. Research into the area of interruption management has provided models and architectures for the creation of such an application. However, to our knowledge, there are no interruption management systems currently available in the Android or iPhone app stores that utilize a probabilistic model to moderate cell phone interruptions. A probabilistic model would be an improvement over current binary decision models as the user would not need to predetermine every possible outcome. In this project, we have used a probabilistic model to implement an interruption management system for Android OS 4.0 which utilizes five contexts: schedule, time of day, location, caller relationship, and driving. Our system intercepts the call, calculates the probability of interruption, and then changes the phone's audio profile to vibrate, silent, or ring based on our model. Our performance evaluations indicate minor application foot print size, reasonable battery consumption, and very little time overhead for the application.
Global Cardiovascular Health Promotion and Disease Prevention 2011 and Beyond

As part of a series of reports on cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention, this review provides a global perspective on the needs and opportunities for effective public health action. The global burden, disparities, and costs of CVD have been a mounting concern in recent decades, with repeated calls for action to arrest and reverse this global epidemic. Over the past decade, attention to the challenge and opportunity for meaningful intervention has grown. This is due in part to improved estimates of the magnitude of the problem; forecasts of its increasing adverse impact not only on health but also on social and economic development, especially in low- and middle-income countries; and assessments of the cost-effectiveness of feasible interventions. The case for CVD prevention and long-established intervention strategies are reviewed as background to recent developments. An extensive review and recommendations reported by the Institute of Medicine in 2010 signaled important potential changes in approaches to CVD prevention globally. In the current context of global health, CVD is seen not in isolation but as a major component of the leading noncommunicable diseases (NCDs): CVDs, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes mellitus. Accordingly, the broader arena of NCD prevention and control has come to predominate over CVD alone. From this viewpoint, 3 recent developments are of central importance: the United Nations' Millennium Development Goals (MDGs; which omitted reference to NCDs), the global response that led to the historic High-Level Meeting of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) on NCDs in September 2011, and currently proposed policies and recommendations on NCD prevention. The charge from the UNGA to the World Health Organization (WHO) in the declaration from the September 2011 meeting establishes an aggressive timeline for progress. Options for intervention are to be presented by the end of 2012, and an extensive review of progress is …
Antibodies to denatured deoxyribonucleic acid in lupus erythematosus serum. V. Mechanism of DNA-anti-DNA inhibition by chloroquine.

Chloroquine inhibits the reaction of denatured DNA with lupus erythematosus sera, as measured by quantitative C′ fixation. This inhibition differs from that caused by nucleotides; all DNA immune systems are inhibited by the drug to about the same extent. Inhibition of this reaction by several analogs of chloroquine was studied. The binding of chloroquine and certain structural analogs to DNA was measured. Inhibitory effectiveness is closely correlated with the association constants of the compounds for DNA. Chloroquine also inhibits bacterial transformation by DNA.
Pyroelectric anemometry: Theory of operation

Abstract A thermal model is developed to describe the electrical response of a new thermal flow sensor, the pyroelectric anemometer (PA), as a function of the laminar flow rate. For low Reynolds numbers ( Re ), i.e., Re ≤ Re c , the PA response is proportional to Re . For Re > Re c , the PA response is proportional to . The critical Reynolds number, Re c , is a function of the gas's thermophysical properties, the thermal excitation frequency, and the spacing of the measuring electrodes relative to the central heater strip. The theoretical predictions are compared with experimental observations. The Reynolds numbers examined in this study range from 0.01 to 10 4 . To provide a more critical test of the model, no 'adjustable' parameters are introduced into the theory. The deviations between the theory and experiment can be accounted for by the limitations of the idealized theoretical treatment of the problem.