cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The significance of predation in nest site selection of turtles: an experimental consideration of macro- and microhabitat preferences

Nest selection has important consequences for fitness in freshwater turtles, as nest predation is extremely high in most populations. However, nest predation has rarely been considered a major factor affecting nest site selection. Thermal qualities of a nest are often suggested as a factor influencing maternal choice of nest site because incubation temperature affects offspring performance and growth, as well as the sex ratio of the clutch in species with temperature dependent sex determination (TSD). Yet experimental manipulations of the nesting environment (habitat and threat) to test factors influencing maternal nest site selection in turtles are uncommon. In this paper, we show that nest site selection in an Australian turtle (Emydura macquarii) with genetically determined sex determination (GSD) exists at two spatial scales, with predation as the major factor affecting the location of a nest. Females prefer to nest in areas where nest predation is minimal but when the risk of direct predation is increased, they trade-off minimising nest predation with survival by locating their nests closer to shore. However, experimentally reducing cover demonstrated that females prefer to nest in open areas, which are more common closer to shore. Hence females are forgoing preferred microhabitat to locate their nests away from shore to minimise nest predation. Despite a preference for open nesting areas, females exhibit similar repeatability of microenvironment selection to a North American species with TSD. Repeatability of nesting overstory vegetation in the North American turtle, Chrysemys picta, suggests that females may exert some control over the thermal qualities of the nests; a key assumption in theoretical models of the microevolution and adaptive significance of TSD in reptiles. Incubation temperature is one factor that may affect microhabitat preferences in both turtles but other factors (e.g. predation and soil moisture) affected by microhabitat may be critical in the evolution of repeatability of overstory cover.
The a.c. corrosion of stainless steel—II. The breakdown of passivity of ss304 in neutral aqueous solutions

Abstract The effect of alternating current on the corrosion of Type 304 Stainless Steel in aqueous solutions of Na2SO4, NaNO3 and NaCl has been investigated with an alternating voltage (AV) modulation technique, using 60 Hz square wave AV. The anodic and cathodic polarization curves were measured for a range of AV from 0 to 1000 mV and the surfaces of specimens after a potentiostatic coulometry experiment were examined under a scanning electron microscope. It was found that AV shifted the corrosion potential toward the positive direction and the passive-transpassive transitional potential toward the negative direction. AV destroyed the passivity and enhanced the pitting corrosion of the steel in aqueous environments. The behavior was explained with a simple mathematical model. The computer simulated polarization curves for the AV modulation of Type 304 Stainless Steel showed characteristics similar to the experimental curves: good agreement was obtained for the onset of transpassive potentials in the presence of AV.
The singular perturbation of surface tension in Hele-Shaw flows

Morphological instabilities are common to pattern formation problems such as the non-equilibrium growth of crystals and directional solidification. Very small perturbations caused by noise originate convoluted interfacial patterns when surface tension is small. The generic mechanisms in the formation of these complex patterns are present in the simpler problem of a Hele-Shaw interface. Amid this extreme noise sensitivity, what is then the role played by small surface tension in the dynamic formation and selection of these patterns? What is the asymptotic behaviour of the interface in the limit as surface tension tends to zero? The ill-posedness of the zero-surface-tension problem and the singular nature of surface tension pose challenging difficulties in the investigation of these questions. Here, we design a novel numerical method that greatly reduces the impact of noise, and allows us to accurately capture and identify the singular contributions of extremely small surface tensions. The numerical method combines the use of a compact interface parametrization, a rescaling of the governing equations, and very high precision. Our numerical results demonstrate clearly that the zero-surface-tension limit is indeed singular. The impact of a surface-tension-induced complex singularity is revealed in detail. The singular effects of surface tension are first felt at the tip of the interface and subsequently spread around it. The numerical simulations also indicate that surface tension defines a length scale in the fingers developing in a later stage of the interface evolution.
The intensity of sexual selection in relation to male sexual behaviour, female choice, and sperm precedence

Abstract In this paper we define sexual selection on males as the variance in numbers of mates per male and show how the intensity of this selection is affected by male sexual behaviour, female choice, sex ratio, and modes of sperm precedence. This definition coincides with Darwin's conception of sexual selection but differs from some post-Darwinian views. For systems of single-male paternity, we show that the intensity of total selection on male reproductive success equals the intensity of natural selection on female fertility, times the sex ratio, plus the intensity of sexual selection on males. The absolute intensity of sexual selection is unaffected by the system of sperm precedence. The application of the results to field studies is discussed.
An evaluation of classification algorithms for manual material handling tasks based on data obtained using wearable technologies

With recent progress in wearable measurement systems, physical exposures can be feasibly assessed at high precision in the workplace. Such systems, however, generally lack contextual information for a given job (e.g. task type, duration). To extract such information, we explored three classification algorithms to classify manual material handling (MMH) tasks during a simulated job in a laboratory, using several combinations of outputs from commercially available inertial motion capture and in-shoe pressure measurement systems. A total of 10 participants completed three replications of four cycles of a simulated job. Precision and recall values of ≥ ∼90% and 80%, respectively, and errors in estimated task duration of < ∼14%, could be achieved across the MMH task examined. Classification performance, however, varied between classification algorithms, input data sets and task types. Overall, combining wearable technology with task classification could be an effective approach for field-based exposure assessm...
The myths of coping with loss in undergraduate psychiatric nursing books

Nurses often help patients cope with loss. Recent research has cast doubt on the validity of early theories about loss and grief commonly taught to nurses. We systematically examined the accuracy of information on coping with loss presented in 23 commonly used undergraduate psychiatric nursing books. All 23 books contained at least one unsupported assumption (myth) about loss and grief. In 78% of these books, authors described four or more myths and only one evidence-based finding about coping with loss. On balance most books provided details on the myths about grief and loss with minimal discussion of the current evidence. Authors of psychiatric nursing books continue to disseminate unsupported theories about grief responses without adequately acknowledging evidence challenging core assumptions underlying them.
Infrared spectra of group VIB metal carbonyls containing heterocyclic diamines

Abstract The infrared spectra of M(LL)(CO) 4 and M(LL) 2− (CO) 2 type compounds (M is Cr 0 , Mo 0 or W 0 and LL is 2,2′-bipyridine (bipy) or 1,10-phenanthroline (phen)) have been obtained from 4000 to 50 cm −1 . The CO stretching, MC stretching, MCO bending and MN stretching bands have been assigned empirically. The infrared spectra of Cr(bipy) 3 and Cr(phen) 3 have been used to confirm the band assignments of the MN stretching modes of the carbonyl compounds.
Teriparatide [rhPTH (1-34)], But Not Strontium Ranelate, Demonstrated Bone Anabolic Efficacy in Mature, Osteopenic, Ovariectomized Rats

We compared teriparatide (TPTD) and strontium ranelate (SR) efficacy on bone formation activity in a mature rat model of estrogen-deficiency bone loss. Rats were ovariectomized (OVX) at age 6 months and permitted to lose bone for 2 months to establish osteopenia before initiation of treatment with TPTD (5 or 15 μg/kg · d sc) or SR (150 or 450 mg/kg · d oral gavage). After 3 wk, RT-PCR analyses of bone formation genes in the distal femur metaphysis showed significant elevation of collagen 1α2, osteocalcin, bone sialoprotein, alkaline phosphatase, and Runx2 gene expression at both TPTD doses, relative to OVX controls. SR had no significant effect on expression of these genes. TPTD treatment for 12 wk dose dependently increased lumbar vertebral (LV) and femoral midshaft bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density over pretreatment and age-matched OVX controls. SR 150 increased BMC, and SR 450 increased BMC and bone mineral density of femoral midshaft and LV over OVX controls. There were significant dose-dependent TPTD increases of LV and femoral neck strength, and TPTD 15 also increased midshaft strength compared with pretreatment and age-matched OVX controls. SR did not enhance bone strength relative to pretreatment or age-matched OVX controls. Histomorphometry of the proximal tibial metaphysis showed dose-dependent effects of TPTD on trabecular area, number, width, and osteoblast surface, bone mineralizing surface, and bone formation rate relative to pretreatment and age-matched OVX controls, whereas SR had no effect on these parameters. These findings confirmed the bone anabolic efficacy of teriparatide, but not SR in mature, osteopenic, OVX rats.
Increased incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Objective. To investigate the incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) compared to the general population. Methods. A population-based inception cohort of Olmsted County, Minnesota, residents with incident RA in 1980–2007 and a cohort of non-RA subjects from the same population base were assembled and followed until 12/31/2008. The occurrence of AF was ascertained by medical record review. Results. The study included 813 patients with RA and 813 non-RA subjects (mean age 55.9 (SD:15.7) years, 68% women in both cohorts). The prevalence of AF was similar in the RA and non-RA cohorts at RA incidence/index date (4% versus 3%; ). The cumulative incidence of AF during follow-up was higher among patients with RA compared to non-RA subjects (18.3% versus 16.3% at 20 years; ). This difference persisted after adjustment for age, sex, calendar year, smoking, and hypertension (hazard ratio: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.07, 2.00). There was no evidence of a differential impact of AF on mortality in patients with RA compared to non-RA subjects (hazard ratio 2.5 versus 2.8; interaction ). Conclusion. The incidence of AF is increased in patients with RA, even after adjustment for AF risk factors. AF related mortality risk did not differ between patients with and without RA.
Muscle potentials in reaction time

Abstract Seven human and four monkey subjects performed a reaction time task at short latency following sound or light stimuli. Electromyographic (EMG) potentials were recorded in the responding limb during performance. The EMG latency was analyzed by study of individually recorded traces and by computer averaging. Two classes of EMG activity were observed. One class of potentials was strongly correlated with the response. In human subjects, response-correlated activation of biceps occurred 80 msec following an auditory stimulus and 125 msec following a light stimulus. Slightly longer latencies were recorded for response-correlated activity in monkeys. The second class of muscle potentials was unexpected. Early EMG activity was seen in responding muscles much before the response-correlated potentials and appeared to be more closely linked to the sensory stimuli than to the response. Such early potentials were seen at latencies as brief as 25 to 50 msec following the stimulus in the arms of monkey subjects and were observed in extensor digitorum communis of one human subject when intramuscular recording electrodes were used.
Learning Disabilities and Reading Disorders A Brief Review of the Secondary Level Literature

The secondary level, learning disabilities literature offers limited hard data on learning disabled adolescents' reading behaviors and pedagogical programming that meet these students' reading needs. The literature supports the view that reading disorders, specifically comprehension problems, rank high on the list of academic deficiencies but provide little information delineating specific behavioral manifestations. Reviewing the extant literature, one finds a host of variables that researchers have hypothesized contribute to reading problems and a number of pedagogical strategies they recommend to develop appropriate reading skills. Unfortunately, the hard data necessary to validate these investigators' positions either are not included or are contaminated by the researchers' use of faulty methodological procedures. Because the adolescent learning disabled population and resultant instructional programs have mushroomed in recent years, it is imperative that the learning disabilities field support and pro...
Genetic Variability of Yersinia pestis Isolates as Predicted by PCR-Based IS100 Genotyping and Analysis of Structural Genes Encoding Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (glpD)

A PCR-based genotyping system that detects divergence of IS100 locations within the Yersinia pestis genome was used to characterize a large collection of isolates of different biovars and geographical origins. Using sequences derived from the glycerol-negative biovar orientalis strain CO92, a set of 27 locus-specific primers was designed to amplify fragments between the end of IS100 and its neighboring gene. Geographically diverse members of the orientalis biovar formed a homogeneous group with identical genotype with the exception of strains isolated in Indochina. In contrast, strains belonging to the glycerol-positive biovar antiqua showed a variety of fingerprinting profiles. Moreover, strains of the biovar medievalis (also glycerol positive) clustered together with the antiqua isolates originated from Southeast Asia, suggesting their close phylogenetic relationships. Interestingly, a Manchurian biovar antiqua strain Nicholisk 51 displayed a genotyping pattern typical of biovar orientalis isolates. Analysis of the glycerol pathway in Y. pestis suggested that a 93-bp deletion within the glpD gene encoding aerobic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase might account for the glycerol-negative phenotype of the orientalis biovar. The glpD gene of strain Nicholisk 51 did not possess this deletion, although it contained two nucleotide substitutions characteristic of the glpD version found exclusively in biovar orientalis strains. To account for this close relationship between biovar orientalis strains and the antiqua Nicholisk 51 isolate, we postulate that the latter represents a variant of this biovar with restored ability to ferment glycerol. The fact that such a genetic lesion might be repaired as part of the natural evolutionary process suggests the existence of genetic exchange between different Yersinia strains in nature. The relevance of this observation on the emergence of epidemic Y. pestis strains is discussed.
Tocilizumab in rheumatoid arthritis: A meta-analysis of efficacy and selected clinical conundrums

Abstract Introduction Tocilizumab (TCZ) is a biological agent used for the treatment of moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In the present systematic literature review and meta-analysis, we provide an update on the efficacy and safety of TCZ and our clinical comments for the treatment of RA. Methods We searched PubMed for randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials investigating the effects of TCZ on RA. The initial search included articles from 1966 to December 2011. The search was subsequently updated in April 2013. Studies had to report clinical efficacy using American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 20, 50, and 70 disease measures. The studies included participants who were 18 years of age and who met the ACR 1987 revised criteria for RA for 6 months or longer. Two reviewers independently abstracted the data, and disagreement was resolved by discussion with a third reviewer. Outcome measures were analyzed as odds ratio using the Mantel–Haenszel estimator under a random effects model to account for heterogeneity in intervention effects between trials. Descriptive statistics were used to compare adverse events. Results After reviewing and culling, 8 randomized, controlled, double-blind studies were included in the efficacy meta-analysis. TCZ 8mg/kg was statistically favored over TCZ 4mg/kg or placebo regarding ACR responses. Clinically significant adverse events that occurred with TCZ treatment included infections, lipid and liver function test abnormalities, and gastrointestinal side effects, all of which were more common with TCZ. Conclusions This meta-analysis supports the use of TCZ as an appropriate treatment for moderate to severe RA as monotherapy and combination therapy. Close monitoring for significant adverse events is required when treating patients with TCZ. Future long-term trials should focus further on safety of this agent.
Polymerization of C-Si Films on Metal Substrates: Potential Adhesion/Diffusion Barriers for Microelectronics

Carbon-Silicon polymeric films have been formed by electron beam bombardment (500eV) of molecularly adsorbed vinyl silane precursors under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions. Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) studies show that polymerization is occurring via the vinyl groups, while Auger spectra show that the polymerized films have compositions very similar to the starting precursors; vinyltrichlorosilane (VTCS) or vinyltrimethylsilane(VTMS). VTCSderived films ˜ 100 A thick show no reaction with Cu substrates and no diffusion of Cu until temperatures greater than 700 K, while Cu deposited on VTMS films on Al substrates show no diffusion prior to Al reaction/decomposition at 600 K. Auger and TPD studies also show that fluorocarbon precursors, such as perfluorobenzene can be incorporated into the films by e-beaminduced reactions, a first step in the controlled growth of adherent polymer films on unreactive substrates such as Cu.
Smoking and lymphoma: a small part of a complex story

Although decades of research have shown that tobacco is not a major contributor to hematologic malignancies, today cigarette smoking is recognized as a causal agent of myeloid leukemia [1], and the...
High-speed computation of the Radon transform and backprojection using an expandable multiprocessor architecture

The accuracy and speed characteristics of implementations of several line integration models required for Radon (1917) transform (used for computed tomography image reconstruction) and backprojection computations are described and compared. The fixed-point number system used is evaluated by error comparisons to identical floating-point calculations. An expandable multiprocessor architecture for high-speed computation that has been realized as a prototype using commercially available digital signal processor (DSP) chips as the basic processing elements is described. The simulated performances of two popular DSP chips for this application are discussed and compared. Performance characteristics of the complete prototype hardware system are presented. The computational speed of a four-chip system is measured to be more than 190 times better than that of a Sun 3/160 with a math coprocessor. The architecture and prototype organization are not dependent on the DSP chip chosen, and substitution of the most up-to-date DSP chips can yield even better speed performance. >
State-dependent inhibition of sodium channels by local anesthetics: A 40-year evolution

Knowledge about the mechanism of impulse blockade by local anesthetics has evolved over the past four decades, from the realization that Na+ channels were inhibited to affect the impulse blockade to an identification of the amino acid residues within the Na+ channel that bind the local anesthetic molecule. Within this period appreciation has grown of the state-dependent nature of channel inhibition, with rapid binding and unbinding at relatively high affinity to the open state, and weaker binding to the closed resting state. Slow binding of high affinity for the inactivated state accounts for the salutary therapeutic as well as the toxic actions of diverse class I anti-arrhythmic agents, but may have little importance for impulse blockade, which requires concentrations high enough to block the resting state. At the molecular level, residues on the S6 transmembrane segments in three of the homologous domains of the channel appear to contribute to the binding of local anesthetics, with some contribution also from parts of the selectivity filter. Binding to the inactivated state, and perhaps the open state, involves some residues that are not identical to those that bind these drugs in the resting state, suggesting spatial flexibility in the “binding site”. Questions remaining include the mechanism that links local anesthetic binding with the inhibition of gating charge movements, and the molecular nature of the theoretical “hydrophobic pathway” that may be critical for determining the recovery rates from blockade of closed channels, and thus account for both therapeutic and cardiotoxic actions.
Workplace violence; discharge voiding.

Response: This is such a great question! Authors have written about the concept of horizontal violence in nursing since the 1970s. Unfortunately, the increased incidence of workplace violence noted throughout the country has brought the topic back to the surface. In general terms, horizontal violence is believed to be a symptom of oppression and the experience of powerlessness related to the historic dynamics of nursing and medical traditions. Horizontal violence is common in nursing because of the inherent differences between the primarily female culture of nursing and the predominantly male culture of medicine. The end result is a toxic atmosphere of those who oppress and those who have been oppressed.
Thermotolerance of Leaf Discs from Four Isoprene-Emitting Species Is Not Enhanced by Exposure to Exogenous Isoprene

The effects of exogenously supplied isoprene on chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics were examined in leaf discs of four isoprene-emitting plant species, kudzu ( Pueraria lobata [Willd.] Ohwi.), velvet bean ( Mucuna sp . ), quaking aspen ( Populus tremuloides Michx.), and pussy willow ( Salix discolor Muhl). Isoprene, supplied to the leaves at either 18 μL L −1 in compressed air or 21 μL L −1 in N 2 , had no effect on the temperature at which minimal fluorescence exhibited an upward inflection during controlled increases in leaf-disc temperature. During exposure to 1008 μmol photons m −2 s −1 in an N 2 atmosphere, 21 μL L −1 isoprene had no effect on the thermally induced inflection of steady-state fluorescence. The maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry decreased sharply as leaf-disc temperature was increased; however, this decrease was unaffected by exposure of leaf discs to 21 μL L −1 isoprene. Therefore, there were no discernible effects of isoprene on the occurrence of symptoms of high-temperature damage to thylakoid membranes. Our data do not support the hypothesis that isoprene enhances leaf thermotolerance.
Postsynaptic glutamate receptors regulate local BMP signaling at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction

Effective communication between pre- and postsynaptic compartments is required for proper synapse development and function. At the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ), a retrograde BMP signal functions to promote synapse growth, stability and homeostasis and coordinates the growth of synaptic structures. Retrograde BMP signaling triggers accumulation of the pathway effector pMad in motoneuron nuclei and at synaptic termini. Nuclear pMad, in conjunction with transcription factors, modulates the expression of target genes and instructs synaptic growth; a role for synaptic pMad remains to be determined. Here, we report that pMad signals are selectively lost at NMJ synapses with reduced postsynaptic sensitivities. Despite this loss of synaptic pMad, nuclear pMad persisted in motoneuron nuclei, and expression of BMP target genes was unaffected, indicating a specific impairment in pMad production/maintenance at synaptic termini. During development, synaptic pMad accumulation followed the arrival and clustering of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) at NMJ synapses. Synaptic pMad was lost at NMJ synapses developing at suboptimal levels of iGluRs and Neto, an auxiliary subunit required for functional iGluRs. Genetic manipulations of non-essential iGluR subunits revealed that synaptic pMad signals specifically correlated with the postsynaptic type-A glutamate receptors. Altering type-A receptor activities via protein kinase A (PKA) revealed that synaptic pMad depends on the activity and not the net levels of postsynaptic type-A receptors. Thus, synaptic pMad functions as a local sensor for NMJ synapse activity and has the potential to coordinate synaptic activity with a BMP retrograde signal required for synapse growth and homeostasis.
Celebrity as Celebration of Privatization in Global Development: A Critical Feminist Analysis of Oprah, Madonna, and Angelina

What are the consequences of celebrity involvement in global development? Focusing on female celebrities allows us to consider how women's interests become articulated in the construction of development donors in an increasingly privatized development landscape. Emerging through the global production of television, music, and film, Oprah, Madonna, and Angelina Jolie have used their wealth and status to contribute to global philanthropy. Following a discussion of their resources, analyses connect their articulated missions in development as well as public discourse about their projects to underlying frameworks of social change, recognizing the role of patriarchy in neoliberal logics that guide mainstream global development. Focusing on women as mothers and social change as individual empowerment avoids attention to collective action and social justice.
Evidence for independent evolution of functional progesterone withdrawal in primates and guinea pigs.

Background and objectives: Cervix remodeling (CRM) is a critical process in preparation for parturition. Early cervix shortening is a powerful clinical predictor of preterm birth, and thus understanding how CRM is regulated is important for the prevention of prematurity. Humans and other primates differ from most other mammals by the maintenance of high levels of systemic progesterone concentrations. Humans have been hypothesized to perform functional progesterone withdrawal (FPW). Guinea pigs are similar to humans in maintaining high-progesterone concentrations through parturition, thus making them a prime model for studying CRM. Here, we analyze the phylogenetic history of FPW and document gene expression in the guinea pig uterine cervix. Methodology: Data on progesterone withdrawal were collected from the literature, and character evolution was analyzed. Uterine cervix samples were collected from non-pregnant, mid-pregnant and late pregnant guinea pigs. RNA was extracted and sequenced. Relative transcript levels were estimated and compared among sample groups. Results: The phylogenetic analysis shows that FPW evolved independently in primates and guinea pigs. The transcriptome data confirms that guinea pigs down-regulate progesterone receptor toward parturition, in contrast to humans. Some of the similarities between human and guinea pig are: downregulation of estrogen receptor, up-regulation of VCAN and IGFBP4 as well as likely involvement of prostaglandins.
Household Expenditure Patterns The Effect of Age of Family Head

Family expenditures during different stages of the family life cycle (as indicated by the age of the family head) are analyzed to determine how consumer spending patterns vary. A model of expenditures for consumer goods is constructed, and a life cycle hypothesis of consumer spending is tested. Age of family head was found to have significant influence on expenditures for each of 17 budget items. Compared with nonaged groups, the aged spend more on food, household utilities, medical care, personal care, and gifts and contributions; they allocate less to clothing, house furnishings and equipment, automobile purchase and operations, education, and recreation. For shelter, household operations, and other transportation the patterns are mixed relative to expenditures by middle-aged and young groups. Some of the social and legislative implications of these findings—more accurate measurement of the effect of inflation on retirement benefits, for example—are suggested.
Humeral head prosthetic arthroplasty: Surgically relevant geometric considerations

The relationship of the humeral head prosthesis to the humerus is a critical determinant of the result in glenohumeral arthroplasty. With canal-fitting humeral prostheses, the position of the component is largely dictated by the location of the reamed medullary canal. This study explores the geometric relationships of a surgically defined humeral reference, the "orthopedic axis." This is the axis of a cylindric reamer or press-fit prosthetic stem inserted to the appropriate depth for the humeral prosthesis. The orthopedic axis provides a reference for measuring surgically important geometric features of the normal humeral articular surface and comparing them with those available with humeral prosthetic components. In 10 cadaveric proximal humeri, we measured the following seven parameters in a radiologic projection of the humerus on the plane transverse to the orthopedic axis: the surgically-determined reamed diameter of the humeral canal, the diameter of curvature of the humeral head articular surface, the effective humeral neck length, the combined head and neck length, the subtended angle of the humeral joint surface, the anterior/posterior offset of the center of the humeral head, and the biceps-articular surface angle. We then determined the prosthetic geometry of a canal-fitting humeral component necessary to match the stem size, head diameter, head and neck length, and effective humeral neck length. To examine the effect of changing component version, we determined the maximal angle of anteversion and retroversion achievable by rotation of the component about the orthopedic axis without compromising the tuberosities. In the maximal possible anteversion or retroversion, the combined head and neck length changed by only 2 mm. Thus the effect of component version of a press-fit prosthesis on glenohumeral soft-tissue tension is small. The study suggests that the surgeon controls relatively few important variables in a canal-fitting humeral arthroplasty. Kinematics of the arthroplasty are controlled primarily by soft-tissue releases and the selection of the prosthetic head-neck length.
Mechanical Design of the High-Energy Beam-Transport Line for the FMIT 2-MeV Accelerator

The beam-transport line for the high-power 2-MeV Fusion Materials Irradiation Test (FMIT) accelerator is one of the most heavily instrumented ever designed. A wide variety of diagnostics is required to accurately determine the characteristics of the beam that will ultimately be used. Because the machine is only 2 MeV, the packing factor in the high-energy beam transport (HEBT) is high, especially since full-scale FMIT-grade components are used where possible. The HEBT's mechanical design aspects and its instrumentation are described.
Hα Velocity Mapping of Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies

We use imaging Fabry-Pec rot observations to explore the dynamical conditions in four southern ultra- luminous infrared galaxies. These galaxies all show morphological and kinematic fea- (L IR Z 1012 L _ ) tures indicative of a major merger, but they span a wide range of inferred dynamical ages: the youngest system is just past the -rst encounter, while the oldest has already merged into a single object. This diversity in dynamical states indicates that ultraluminous activity is not con-ned solely to late-stage mergers. The Ha emission is more spatially concentrated in the later stage mergers, in agreement with models that show that mergers drive gas inward toward the nucleus, but high luminosities are achieved even in young interactions where the Ha is quite extended. Our data indicate that physical details other than the dynamical phaseEsuch as the internal structure or gas content of the galaxiesEcan play a strong role in determining the luminosity evolution of merging galaxies. We also -nd evidence for massive star-forming complexes at large radius in the tidal debris, which reaffirms the notion that some dwarf galaxies may be spawned during the merger of more massive disk galaxies. Subject headings: galaxies: active E galaxies: interactions E galaxies: kinematics and dynamics E galaxies: starburst E infrared: galaxies
Intrasheath Subluxation of the Peroneal Tendons

Background: Dislocation or subluxation of the peroneal tendons out of the peroneal groove under a torn or avulsed superior peroneal retinaculum has been well described. We identified a new subgroup of patients with intrasheath subluxation of these tendons within the peroneal groove and with an otherwise intact retinaculum. Methods: The cases of fifty-seven patients with painful snapping of the peroneal tendons posterior to the fibula were reviewed. Of these, forty-three had tendons that could be reproducibly subluxated out of the groove with a dorsiflexion-eversion maneuver of the ankle. Fourteen patients who could not subluxate the tendons out of the groove underwent a dynamic ultrasound examination of the tendons. While the same dorsiflexion and eversion maneuver was being performed, the tendons were seen to switch their relative positions (the peroneus longus came to lie deep to the peroneus brevis tendon) with a reproducible painful click. All fourteen patients underwent a peroneal groove-deepening procedure with retinacular reefing. Intraoperatively, thirteen patients were found to have a convex peroneal groove and all fourteen had an intact peroneal retinaculum. All patients subsequently underwent a follow-up dynamic ultrasound examination and an American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score evaluation at a minimum of twenty-four months after surgery. Results: All fourteen patients were female, with an average age of thirty-five years. Two subtypes of intrasheath subluxation were found. Type A (ten patients) involved intact tendons with relative switching of their anatomic alignment. Type B (four patients) involved a longitudinal split within the peroneus brevis tendon through which the longus tendon subluxated. Intraoperative confirmation of the ultrasound findings was 100%. At an average follow-up interval of thirty-three months, the average AOFAS score had improved from 61 points preoperatively to 93 points, and the average score on the 10-cm visual analog pain scale had improved from 6.8 to 1.2. Follow-up ultrasound evaluation revealed healed tendons without persistent subluxation in thirteen patients. Nine patients rated the result as excellent, four rated it as good, and one rated it as fair. Conclusions: Patients with retrofibular pain and clicking of the peroneal tendons may not have demonstrable subluxation on physical examination and may have an intact superior peroneal retinaculum. They may have an intrasheath subluxation of the peroneal tendons, which can be confirmed with use of a dynamic ultrasound. Surgical repair of tendon tears combined with a peroneal groove-deepening procedure with retinacular reefing is a reproducibly effective procedure for this condition. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Ultranarrow band absorbers based on surface lattice resonances in nanostructured metal surfaces.

Nanostructured metals have received a significant amount of attention in recent years due to their exciting plasmonic and photonic properties enabling strong field localization, light concentration, and strong absorption and scattering at their resonance frequencies. Resonant plasmonic and metamaterial absorbers are of particular interest for applications in a wide variety of technologies including photothermal therapy, thermophotovoltaics, heat-assisted magnetic recording, hot-electron collection, and biosensing. However, it is rather challenging to realize ultranarrow absorption bands using plasmonic materials due to large optical losses in metals that decrease the quality factor of optical resonators. Here, we theoretically and experimentally demonstrate an ultranarrow band absorber based on the surface lattice resonances (SLRs) in periodic nanowire and nanoring arrays on optically thick, reflecting metallic films. In experiments, we observed ultranarrow band resonant absorption peaks with a bandwidth ...
Characterization of Biophysical and Metabolic Properties of Cells Labeled with Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Transfection Agent for Cellular MR Imaging

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of using the ferumoxides–poly-l-lysine (PLL) complex for magnetic cell labeling on the long-term viability, function, metabolism, and iron utilization of mammalian cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PLL was incubated with ferumoxides for 60 minutes, incompletely coating the superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) through electrostatic interactions. Cells were coincubated overnight with the ferumoxides-PLL complex, and iron uptake, cell viability, apoptosis indexes, and reactive oxygen species formation were evaluated. The disappearance or the life span of the detectable iron nanoparticles in cells was also evaluated. The iron concentrations in the media also were assessed at different time points. Data were expressed as the mean ± 1 SD, and one-way analysis of variance and the unpaired Student t test were used to test for significant differences. RESULTS: Intracytoplasmic nanoparticles were stained with Prussian blue when the ferumoxides-PLL complex had magnetically labeled the huma...
AFFECTIVE TONE OF TEST OPTION CHOICE AS A DEVIANT RESPONSE

While the evidence is slender, there appear to be modal response patterns which reflect a characteristic affective tone under appropriate stimulus conditions for certain deviant groups. Thus, some groups of Ss seem to show a preponderance of responses, such as "true," "like," etc., which are positive in affective tone. Other groups exhibit opposite tendencies in a preference for "false," "dislike," etc. Certain personality tests, because of the option form they employ, often provide opportunities for the appearance of such affective response sets or biases. Cottle and Powell (1951), for example, demonstrated that answering all of the MMPI items "true" produced a profile with high scores on the scales for the psychotic triad while marking all the items "false" produced high scores on the neurotic triad. Similarly, Barnes (1956a, b) has shown that atypical true answers . on the MMPI are associated with psychotic states while atypical false answers are associated with neurotic states. In still another study, Barnes (1955) noted that in responding to the Perceptual Reaction Test (Berg, Hunt, & Barnes, 1949), psychotic patients generally prefer the option like much, while normal .Ss prefer li&e slightly, and Ss with character disorders prefer dislike much. Asch (1958) has offered additional evidence for the significance of response affective tone in his finding that negative responses were associated with maladjustment. While his evidence is more on the qualitative side, Adams (1959) has observed that normal and schizophrenic Ss revealed affective differences in their reaction to meaningless sounds. Normal
Commercial TMR heads for hard disk drives: characterization and extendibility at 300 gbit/in/sup 2/

Tunneling magnetoresistive (TMR) reading heads at an areal density of 80-100 Gbit/in/sup 2/ in a longitudinal magnetic recording mode have for the first time been commercialized for both laptop and desktop Seagate hard disk drive products. The first generation TMR products utilized a bottom TMR stack and an abutted hard bias design. These TMR heads have demonstrated three times the amplitude of comparable giant magnetoresistive (GMR) devices, resulting in a 0.6 decade bit error rate gain over GMR. This has enabled high component and drive yields. Due to the improved thermal dissipation of current-perpendicular-to-plane geometry, TMR runs cooler and has better lifetime performance, and has demonstrated the similar electrical static discharge robustness as GMR. TMR has demonstrated equivalent or better process and wafer yields compared to GMR. The TMR heads is proven to be a mature and capable reader technology. Using the same TMR head design in conjunction with perpendicular recording, 274 Gbit/in/sup 2/ has been demonstrated. Advanced design can reach 311 Gbit/in/sup 2/.
The Marketing-Production Interface: A Contingency Framework

The purpose of this article is to offer a framework for integrating production and marketing more completely to accomplish the broader goals of the organization, with reduced conflict. Specifically, the production concept of the "focused factory" is integrated with the "systems approach" and concepts of industrial buyer behavior to exemplify how production and marketing can work better together. This integration is offered as a conceptual foundation to spur academicians to greater efforts toward the integration of marketing and production, thus to facilitate the "real world" integration of these functions.
Screening the Resilience of Short-Rotation Woody Crops to Climate Change

Sustainable woody biofeedstock production systems require a reliable supply of woody biomass that could be affected by future climate change. However, there is limited understanding of the climatic sensitivity of short rotation woody crops, such as hybrid aspens. The general objective of this study is to identify climatically resilient hybrid aspen clones for woody biomass feedstock development. Specifically, tree-ring analysis methods (dendrochronology) were used to quantify the influence of climate on stem growth rates of hybrid aspens by measuring year-to-year changes in tree-ring width from different cultivars of hybrid aspen and relating annual growth patterns with past instrumental climate records (i.e., temperature and moisture index). Tree-ring analysis was conducted on a full-sib progeny plantation of different cultivars of hybrid aspens (Populus × smithii derived from different geographical variants of aspen parents: trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and bigtooth aspen (Populus grandidentata) located on Michigan State University property in the Sandhill Research Area (42.7°N latitude; 84.5°W longitude). Overall, the hybrid aspen families examined in this study were more sensitive to moisture related stressors compared to a weaker or no response to temperature stressors. By the end of the 21st century (2071–2100), 11 out of the 18 hybrid aspen families will be vulnerable to future changes in moisture stress, while the remaining families were screened to be resilient to future changes in moisture stress.
Toward a Semiotic beyond Feminism

The problem of female identity is still with us. The thought structures of neither patriarchy nor feminism have been able to resolve the problem. It is time to see the problem in the light of a semiotic beyond feminism. Such a viewpoint is neither traditional nor radical, nor even moderate. It is perhaps what the philosopher Jacques Maritain would have called “ultramodern.”
Changes in Survival after Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS): 1984–1991

In a prospective cohort of 2,647 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) seropositive homosexual men enrolled in Baltimore, Chicago, Los Angeles, and Pittsburgh, 891 developed clinical acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) between June 1984 and January 1992. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine temporal trends in survival after AIDS for specific diagnoses, controlling for level of immunosuppression at diagnosis, age, race, and geographic location. Median survival time following AIDS onset increased from 11.6 months in 1984-1985 to 19.5 months in 1988-1989; for those diagnosed in 1990-1991, the median survival time dropped to 17.2 months. Trends in improved survival were diagnosis-specific. Survival after Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia consistently improved from 1984 to 1991 (p or = 100 helper T-lymphocytes (CD4+ cells) when diagnosed with Kaposi's sarcoma, the relative hazards (95% confidence intervals) of dying after Kaposi's sarcoma were 0.8 (0.42-1.60) in 1986-1987, 0.7 (0.34-1.58) in 1988-1989, and 0.6 (0.19-1.61) in 1990-1991 compared with those diagnosed before 1986. Men with 0.05) initial improvement in prognosis, there has not been a significant improvement in survival for men who presented with other opportunistic infections. Observed increases in overall survival probably relate to improved treatment of patients who develop P. carinii pneumonia. Limited improvement in survival following other AIDS diagnoses indicates the need for developing effective treatment against these diseases.
God, the Trinity, and Adventism: An Introduction to the Issues

Why a symposium on the Trinity? There are several good reasons. In the last decade or two, there has been a resurgence of Arianism1 and anti-Trinitarianism, not only in Seventh-day Adventism but also in the wider Christian and Evangelical world. But Seventh-day Adventist objections to the doctrine of the Trinity are not new. Many of our early pioneers had issues with the doctrine of the Trinity, and it is now commonly known and accepted that many of them were anti-Trinitarian. Representative of such sentiments is Joseph Bates’ statement in his autobiography: “Respecting the Trinity, I concluded that it was impossible for me to believe that the Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of the Father, was also the Almighty God, the Father, one and the same being.”2 Although Bates’ view of the Trinity does not correspond with the traditional orthodox understanding of the triune God, it nonetheless highlights that in early Adventism the doctrine was not accurately understood to start with. In a recent book on the Trinity, Woodrow Whidden comments that
Projective Planes and Isotopic Ternary Rings

(1967). Projective Planes and Isotopic Ternary Rings. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 74, No. 10, pp. 1185-1195.