cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index as a Market Structure Variable: An Exposition for Antitrust Practitioners:

The new merger guidelines, issued on June 14, 1982, by the Department of Justice, shift from using the familiar four-firm concentration ratio to the unfamiliar Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) as a...
Nonstationary Gaussian Process Regression for Evaluating Repeated Clinical Laboratory Tests

Sampling repeated clinical laboratory tests with appropriate timing is challenging because the latent physiologic function being sampled is in general nonstationary. When ordering repeated tests, clinicians adopt various simple strategies that may or may not be well suited to the behavior of the function. Previous research on this topic has been primarily focused on cost-driven assessments of oversampling. But for monitoring physiologic state or for retrospective analysis, undersampling can be much more problematic than oversampling. In this paper we analyze hundreds of observation sequences of four different clinical laboratory tests to provide principled, data-driven estimates of undersampling and oversampling, and to assess whether the sampling adapts to changing volatility of the latent function. To do this, we developed a new method for fitting a Gaussian process to samples of a nonstationary latent function. Our method includes an explicit estimate of the latent function's volatility over time, which is deterministically related to its nonstationarity. We find on average that the degree of undersampling is up to an order of magnitude greater than oversampling, and that only a small minority are sampled with an adaptive strategy.
Further Observations on the Blood Factors RhA, RhB, RhC and RhD

The findings in 18 cases of individuals with Rho-positive blood who had antibodies in their serum resembling anti-Rho in specificity are briefly summarized. One interesting finding is the relatively high frequency of such individuals among Negroes, especially with the blood type Rhdo and Rhabdo. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Dying to Get out of Debt: Consumer Insolvency Law and Suicide in Japan

This Article explores the complex relation between consumer insolvency law and suicide in Japan, where bankruptcies and suicides have increased dramatically in recent years. The statistical and interview evidence, some of which relates to the creation of a relatively efficient and socially acceptable insolvency mechanism in 2001, suggests that law is at least indirectly relevant to decisions to take one's own life. Law can bring about debt control and stigma mitigation, each of which can lead to lower levels of stress and depression, each of which can lead to lower suicide rates. Still, responses to the law, even in relatively homogeneous Japan, are varied and ambiguous, and seldom if ever is insolvency law the sole cause of suicide. The causal mechanism behind the law's apparent force appears to be a complex calculus of economic and social factors.
Electromagnetic Radiation Fundamentals and their Applications in Food Technology

Publisher Summary This chapter covers the known applications of electromagnetic energy in the field of food research within the past ten years, from sonic vibrations at one end of the spectrum to gamma rays at the other end. For orientation, some reference has been made to previous applications. An illustrative chart of the electromagnetic spectrum has been presented. This chart shows the approximate locations, in the electromagnetic spectrum, of the various types of radiation discussed in this chapter. In an effort to make a logical presentation of the known applications of electromagnetic energy in the food field, the various types of electromagnetic radiation have been discussed. The chapter is concerned with the applications of various types of radiation, the uses and the potentialities of each specific type have been discusses independently. This chapter intends to indicate to other investigators the progress in the application of electromagnetic radiations in food processing.
Psychology And Economic Injustice: Personal, Professional, And Political Intersections

Social class is a powerful contributor to physical, social, and mental well-being. Psychology and Economic Injustice: Personal, Professional, and Political Intersections, which is part of a series on critical social issues addressed by psychologists empirically, politically, and in clinical practice, blends the personal experiences of feminist psychologists with empirical data. It argues persuasively for examining the relationship between economic disparity and gender, and for the need to propose and support policies to ensure positive social change. Authors Bernice Lott and Heather E. Bullock present narratives of their experiences as psychologists who grew up in working class and low-income families. They trace the relationship between their own development as feminist psychologists and their concern with social and economic justice. Drawing from diverse sources, they present data on social class and poverty, and tie these to social psychology and feminist perspectives. Empirical literature is described to illustrate the injustices faced by families in what is described as similar to racism in America-classism. The volume ends with recommendations for policy, education, further research, and citizen advocacy, while moving from psychology to state and federal issues. Researchers and practitioners in psychology, sociology, social work, or education, with an interest in social problems, gender issues, and multiculturalism, will find this to be a noteworthy contribution to the field.
Strings Have Spin

If a string source is used to replace the conventional point-like source of gravitation in spacetime with torsion, then intrinsic spin arises naturally as an attribute of the string. This spin stems from the structure of the string, and not from internal motions.
Total protein quantitation using the bicinchoninic acid assay and gradient elution moving boundary electrophoresis

We investigated the ability of gradient elution moving boundary electrophoresis (GEMBE) with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C(4) D) to assay total protein concentration using the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) reaction. We chose this format because GEMBE-C(4) D behaves as a concentration dependent detection system, unlike optical methods that also rely on pathlength (due to Beer's law). This system tolerates proteins well compared with other capillary electrophoretic methods, allowing the capillary to be reused without coatings or additional hydroxide wash steps. The typical reaction protocol was modified by reducing the pH slightly from 11.25 to 9.4, which enabled elimination of tartrate from the reagents. We estimated that copper (I) could be detected at approximately 3.0 μmol/L, which agrees with similar GEMBE and CZE systems utilizing C(4) D. Under conditions similar to the BCA "micro method" assay, we determined the LOD for three common proteins (insulin, BSA, and bovine gamma globulin) and found that they agree well with the existing spectroscopic detection methods. Further, we investigated how long reaction times impact the LOD and found that the conversion was proportional to log(time). This indicated that little sensitivity is gained by extending the reaction past 1 h. Hence, GEMBE provides an alternative platform for total protein assays while maintaining the excellent sensitivity of the optical-based methods.
Pluralistic Nonoriginalism and the Combinability Problem

The commonly-held assumption that there exists a genuine dispute between originalists and nonoriginalists can appear surprisingly infirm when closely scrutinized. Many contemporary originalists speak in terms of what the constitutional law is or consists of. Their claim (to a first approximation) is that the original public meaning of the constitutional text is our ultimate constitutional law. In contrast, most contemporary nonoriginalists tend to speak in terms of what constitutional interpreters should do. These nonoriginalists (often termed “pluralists”) urge that judges do and should decide cases based on a variety of considerations or facts, including: semantic facts concerning what the constitutional text means; historical facts regarding what courts and other state actors have said and done in the past; sociological and psychological facts about present-day Americans' behavior and thoughts; moral facts regarding what justice demands; prudential facts regarding what would make the legal system work better; and so on. In short, originalists seem committed to a theory of law, whereas nonoriginalists appear to advocate a theory of adjudication, and the two need not be construed as incompatible.In order to determine whether originalists and nonoriginalists really do disagree with each other, it will be useful to translate nonoriginalist views about what judges should do into claims about what the constitutional law is. In this essay, produced for a symposium on “constitutional foundations,” we attempt to effectuate just such a translation — that is, we devise an explicit nonoriginalist conception of constitutional law that can serve as a clear competitor to the originalist conception. According to the conception of law that we deem faithful to the spirit of nonoriginalists' adjudicative prescriptions, the constitutional law consists of some combination of semantic, historical, sociological, psychological, moral, and prudential facts. Some influential originalists have already anticipated such a nonoriginalist conception of law by arguing that any such combination of different kinds of facts suffers from incoherence, impossibility, or some analogous fatal defect. “The combinability problem” is the name we give to this problem that allegedly ails all pluralist nonoriginalist conceptions of law. We disambiguate several versions of the combinability problem and disarm each in turn. Furthermore, with a view toward blunting what we consider the most potent version of the combinability problem, we offer an avowedly tentative and very partial enumeration of the ultimate legal norms of the American legal system.
HPLC‐Based Assays for Enzymes of Glutathione Biosynthesis

Glutamate cysteine ligase and glutathione synthase carry out the two-step synthesis of glutathione. The fluorescent thiol-reactive compound monobromobimane is used to derivatize reaction products in an HPLC-based assay with fluorescence detection. The assay described in this unit can be adapted for tissue homogenates or cultured cells.
Professing Performance: Identity and performance: racial performativity and anti-racist theatre

The orientals have no vital drama because they are fatalists, because they do not believe in that free will without which the drama cannot exist … A belief in free will is always favorable to the drama, whereas a belief in foreordination may be not be unfavorable to the novel, the chief figures of which are not required always to know their own minds. Brander Matthews I can't let you get away with thinking you know what I mean. Ntozake Shange Professional passing One of the most well-circulated essays by an artist of color in the 1990s begins with a description of a university gathering. It is a “new graduate student reception,” and the artist in question is also an entering student in Harvard's doctoral program in philosophy. This would-be philosopher is thrilled to be there, proud and giddy to be surrounded by the men whose work she has read and heard lauded for many years. As often happens in such situations, I went on automatic pilot. I don't remember what I said; I suppose I managed not to make a fool of myself. The most famous and highly respected member of the faculty observed me for awhile from a distance and then came forward. Without introduction or preamble he said to me with a triumphant smirk, “Miss Piper, you're about as black as I am.” Adrian Piper uses this anecdote to open “Passing for White, Passing for Black,” a meditation, analysis, and indictment of the interpersonal structures that reproduce and entrench the larger structures of American racism.
Next generation analytic tools for large scale genetic epidemiology studies of complex diseases.

Over the past several years, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have succeeded in identifying hundreds of genetic markers associated with common diseases. However, most of these markers confer relatively small increments of risk and explain only a small proportion of familial clustering. To identify obstacles to future progress in genetic epidemiology research and provide recommendations to NIH for overcoming these barriers, the National Cancer Institute sponsored a workshop entitled “Next Generation Analytic Tools for Large-Scale Genetic Epidemiology Studies of Complex Diseases” on September 15–16, 2010. The goal of the workshop was to facilitate discussions on (1) statistical strategies and methods to efficiently identify genetic and environmental factors contributing to the risk of complex disease; and (2) how to develop, apply, and evaluate these strategies for the design, analysis, and interpretation of large-scale complex disease association studies in order to guide NIH in setting the future agenda in this area of research. The workshop was organized as a series of short presentations covering scientific (gene-gene and gene-environment interaction, complex phenotypes, and rare variants and next generation sequencing) and methodological (simulation modeling and computational resources and data management) topic areas. Specific needs to advance the field were identified during each session and are summarized.
Abnormal Regulatory and Effector T Cell Function Predispose to Autoimmunity following Xenogeneic Thymic Transplantation

Porcine thymus grafts support robust murine and human thymopoiesis, generating a diverse T cell repertoire that is deleted of donor and host-reactive cells, achieving specific xenograft tolerance. Positive selection is mediated exclusively by the xenogeneic thymic MHC. Although thymectomized, T cell-depleted normal mice usually remain healthy following xenogeneic thymic transplantation, thymus-grafted congenitally athymic mice frequently develop multiorgan autoimmunity. We investigated the etiology of this syndrome by adoptively transferring lymphocyte populations from fetal pig thymus-grafted BALB/c nude mice to secondary BALB/c nude recipients. Fetal pig thymus-grafted nude mice generated normal numbers of CD25(+)Foxp3(+)CD4 T cells, but these cells lacked the capacity to block autoimmunity. Moreover, thymocytes and peripheral CD4(+)CD25(-) cells from fetal pig thymus-grafted nude mice, but not those from normal mice, induced autoimmunity in nude recipients. Injection of thymic epithelial cells from normal BALB/c mice into fetal pig thymus grafts reduced autoimmunity and enhanced regulatory function of splenocytes. Our data implicate abnormalities in postthymic maturation, expansion, and/or survival of T cells positively selected by a xenogeneic MHC, as well as incomplete intrathymic deletion of thymocytes recognizing host tissue-specific Ags, in autoimmune pathogenesis. Regulatory cell function is enhanced and negative selection of host-specific thymocytes may potentially also be improved by coimplantation of recipient thymic epithelial cells in the thymus xenograft.
Kinesin-mediated transport of neurofilament protein oligomers in growing axons

We examined cytoskeleton-associated forms of NF proteins during axonal neuritogenesis in cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and NB2a/d1 neuroblastoma. In addition to filamentous immunoreactivity, we observed punctate NF immunoreactivity throughout perikarya and neurites. Immuno-electron microscopy revealed this punctate immunoreactivity to consist of non-membrane-bound 75 nm round/ovoid structures consisting of amorphous, fibrous material. Endogenous and microinjected NF subunits incorporated into dots prior to their accumulation within filaments. A transfected GFP-conjugated NF-M incorporated into dots and translocated at a rate consistent with slow axonal transport in real-time video analyses. Some dots converted into a filamentous form or exuded filamentous material during transport. Dots contained conventional kinesin immunoreactivity, associated with microtubules, and their transport into axons was blocked by anti-kinesin antibodies and nocodazole. These oligomeric structures apparently represent one form in which NF subunits are transported in growing axons and may utilize kinesin as a transport motor.
Academic identity, self-efficacy, and self-esteem predict self-determined motivation and goals

Abstract We conducted the first tests of implicit academic identity (social versus studious) in relation to explicit academic identity (social versus studious), self-efficacy and self-esteem as predictors of self-determined motivation and goals (performance and learning). In Study 1, 366 undergraduates completed measures of implicit social/studious identity and implicit attitude towards social/studious domains along with explicit social/studious identity, academic self-efficacy, and self-determined motivation. In Study 2, 128 undergraduates completed implicit measures of social/studious identity, implicit self-esteem, and explicit measures of self-esteem, and goals (performance and learning). Our results offer the first evidence of significant correspondence between implicit and explicit academic identity and the unique, incremental contributions of implicit measures beyond explicit measures in explaining self-determined motivation and goal orientation. We also establish that socially oriented students have lower academic self-efficacy, lower self-determined motivation, and a preference for performance goals; studiously oriented students report higher self-esteem and a preference for learning goals.
1114 FRONTAL VENTRICULAR SIZE OF THE BRAIN ON COMPUTERIZED AXIAL TOMOGRAPHY IN CHILDREN

A total of 225 computed tomographic scans of children aged newborn to 15 years were reviewed. Of these, 177 were technically adequate to evaluate ventricular size as determined by the width of the frontal horns along a line drawn through the heads of the caudate nuclei (V) relative to the width of the cerebral hemispheres at the same level (H). V/H (biventricular index) ranged from 0.063 to 0.99. Two populations were identified. One followed a normal Gaussian distribution with a mean of 0.114 ± 0.03 (S.D.); this population (90 cases) was considered radiographically normal. The other population (76 cases) was uniformly distributed from 0.190 to 0.99; in all instances these represented pathologically enlarged ventricles. There remained 11 scans of radiographically abnormal ventricles but with normal V/H. These included 3 patients with expanded subarachnoid spaces secondary to cerebral atrophy, communicating hydrocephalus, or subdural fluid collections; 5 patients with treated hydrocephalus; 2 patients with cortical hemispheric asymmetry; and 1 choreo-athetotic patient with enlarged frontal horns and basal ganglia atrophy. Age-specific categorization (0-1; 1-3; 3-5; 5-10; 10-15 years) revealed no significant differences in V/H among all age groups. Thus, the biventricular index is a sensitive indicator of ventricular size and may aid in identification of patients with cerebral pathology which involves the ventricular system.
Obesity and its surgical management

Obesity is increasing in epidemic proportions world-wide. Even mild degrees of obesity have adverse health effects and are associated with diminished longevity. For this reason aggressive dietary intervention is recommended. Patients with body mass indices exceeding 40 have medically significant obesity in which the risk of serious health consequences is substantial, with concomitant significant reductions in life expectancy. For these patients, sustained weight loss rarely occurs with dietary intervention. For the appropriately selected patients, surgery is beneficial. Various operations have been proposed for the treatment of obesity, many of which proved to have serious complications precluding their efficacy. A National Institutes of Health Consensus Panel reviewed the indications and types of operations, concluding that the banded gastroplasty and gastric bypass were acceptable operations for treating seriously obese patients. Surgical treatment is associated with sustained weight loss for seriously obese patients who uniformly fail nonsurgical treatment. Following weight loss there is a high cure rate for diabetes and sleep apnea, with significant improvement in other complications of obesity such as hypertension and osteoarthritis.
Prevalence, Incidence, and Duration of Otorrhea in Young Children with Tympanostomy Tubes for Persistent Otitis Media with Effusion. † 519

No data have been reported, to our knowledge, on the duration of episodes of otorrhea in children with tympanostomy tubes. In a prospective study of child development in relation to early-life otitis media (OM) we monitor a diverse (low-SES urban, mixed-SES small town/rural, middle-class suburban) cohort of children closely for OM from age ≤2 mo. Those who develop specified minimum cumulative durations of OM within the first 3 yr of life are randomized, subject to consent, to receive tube placement either promptly or after a defined extended period if OM persists. Episodes of tube otorrhea are treated with systemic and/or topical antimicrobials, and aural toilet as feasible. We report here data on otorrhea following initial tube placement(176 bilateral; 3 unilateral) at ages 6 to 49 mo in 179 randomized children followed for ≥6 mo without intervals >90 days between visits. Tube tenure and durations of episodes of otorrhea were estimated from (usually) monthly scheduled visits and interpolations for intervals between visits. The mean (SD) tenure of individual tubes was 13.9 (6.9) mo. Proportions of children with tubes who developed ≥1 episode of otorrhea, according to study site grouping and time frame after tube placement, were:Table Maximum numbers of episodes of otorrhea/child were 4 in 6 mo, 6 in 12 mo, and 7 in 24 mo. Mean duration of episodes was 16.2 days, median was 10 days, and range was 3 to 131 days. Duration was >30 days in 12.9% of 295 episodes. We conclude that tube otorrhea develops commonly in young children, that its prevalence varies inversely with SES; and that it often persists for lengthy periods despite treatment.
The Causal Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics

In connection with the discussion given in a previous note, a classical Hamilton-Jacobi equation associated with the Schr\"odinger function in momentum space is derived. Certain "extra" terms in this equation are shown to be of quantum-mechanical origin.
Sirenians in West Coast Marine Stratigraphy: ABSTRACT

Sirenians are fairly common as fossils in many late Tertiary nearshore marine deposits of the West Coast. The general pattern of their evolution in the North Pacific from early Miocene to recent times is now known. With the exception of the early Miocene forms, all the known species are stratigraphically successive and seem to belong to a single, unbranching evolutionary sequence. Their evolution was particularly rapid during the late Miocene and early Pliocene in response to changing climate, and the resulting morphologic changes were so profound that different evolutionary stages can be recognized, and rough stratigraphic correlations made, on the basis of quite fragmentary skeletal material. In at least two areas of California (Santa Cruz and Orange Counties), sea cows have been collected from several different zones near the Miocene-Pliocene boundary. These sequences of fossils well illustrate these rapid changes, and in the former case considerable evolution can be observed even within a single species. More detailed study of these and other sections may permit the use of sirenians in correlating widely separated marine deposits on the West Coast. End_of_Article - Last_Page 432------------
Conservation Tillage Impacts on National Soil and Atmospheric Carbon Levels

Soil organic matter is the largest global terrestrial C pool and is a source of CO₂, CH₄, and other greenhouse gases. Changes in soil organic C (SOC) content and fossil fuel C emissions inresponse to conversion of conventional tillage to conservation tillage in the contiguous USA for field crop production by the year 2020 were projected by developing a model based on published data, and geographic databases of current conservation tillage usage and agricultural SOC. Three scenarios of conservation tillage use, 27% (current usage), 57% (Scenario 2), and 76% (Scenario 3) of field cropland planted, were considered. The SOC content for major field crops to 30-cm depth was 5304 to 8654 Tg C (Tg = 10¹² g), with 1710 to 2831 Tg C at 0- to 8-cm depth, and 1383 to 2240 Tg C at 8- to 15-cm depth. Maintaining current levels of conventional tillage until 2020 would result in 31 to 52 Tg SOC loss. Scenario 2 conventional tillage resulted in 18 to 30 Tg C SOC loss, and Scenario 3 yielded 9 to 16 Tg SOC loss, which were C savings of 21 to 36 Tg C over maintaining current levels of tillage. Conversion of conventional tillage to no-till resulted in 80 to 129 Tg C gain in soil for Scenario 2, and 286 to 468 Tg C for Scenario 3. No-till and conventional tillage had similar SOC contents below the 15-cm depth. Minimum tillage conserved current levels of SOC but did not consistently increase SOC above levels of conventional tillage. Fossil fuel emissions from field manipulations and herbicide production for conventional tillage are 53 kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, minimum tillage is 45 kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, and 29 kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for no-till. Fuel emissions for maintaining current levels of tillage practices are 157 Tg C, 149 Tg C for Scenario 2, and 146 Tg C for Scenario 3 for 30 yr. Increasing the amount of conservation tillage to Scenario 3 levels will change these agricultural systems from sources of C (188–209 Tg C) to C sinks (131–306 Tg C). The SOC benefit of Scenario 3 (277–452 Tg C) is equivalent to 0.7 to 1.1% of the total projected U.S. fossil fuel C emissions for the next 30 yr. The information in this document has been funded wholly or in part by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under Contract 68-C8-0006 to ManTech Environmental Technology, Inc. It has been subjected to the agency's peer and administrative review, and it has been approved for publication as an EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
Many-bit optical data storage using stimulated echoes

We demonstrate faithful storage and retrieval of twentyfive optical data pulses by backwards timulated echoesi n a Pr(3+):YAG crystal using an acoustooptically modulated ring laser.
Rotation invariance and the structure of the S-wave ππ cross section

Abstract We have determined the ππ effective mass distribution for the isotropic term in a coordinate system where the tensorial background is minimized. A new structure at 0.66 GeV was observed.
Test of a novel miniature blood pressure sensor in the coronary arteries of a swine model

Fractional flow reserve (FFR) has proven to be very useful in diagnosis of narrowed coronary arteries. It is a technique that is used in coronary catheterization to measure blood pressure difference across a coronary artery stenosis in maximal flow. In-vivo blood pressure measurement is critical in FFR diagnosis. This paper presents a novel miniature all-optical fiber blood pressure sensor. It is based on Fabry-Perot (FP) interferometry principle. The FP cavity was fabricated by directly wet etching the fiber tip. Then, a diaphragm with well-controlled thickness was bonded to the end face of the fiber using the thermal bonding technique. Finally, the sensor was packaged with a bio-compatible and flexible coil for animal tests. A 25-50 kg Yorkshire swine model was introduced as the animal test target. The left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was exposed, and beyond the takeoff of the largest diagonal branch, a 3.0 mm vascular occluder was secured. Firstly, standard invasive manometry was used to obtain the blood pressure as baseline. Next, a guiding catheter was introduced into the ostium of the left main coronary artery, and the miniature blood pressure sensor was advanced into the LAD at a point beyond the vascular occlude. The blood pressure beyond the vascular occlude was recorded. The sensor successfully recorded the blood pressure at both near-end and far-end of the vascular occluder.
EFFECTS OF SALT, SODIUM TRIPOLYPHOSPHATE AND FROZEN STORAGE TIME ON PROPERTIES OF A FLAKED, CURED PORK PRODUCT

Duplicate batches of flaked, cured pork were manufactured using 25 combinations of salt (NaCl) and sodium tripolyphosphate (STP). The effect of frozen storage was also evaluated at 3-wk intervals from the time of production through 18 wk. As salt and/or STP concentrations were increased, smokehouse and cooking yields increased, products became darker, and organoleptic evaluations improved. Salt was found to enhance rancidity while STP retarded its development. Although acceptability declined with increased storage, all products initially rated as acceptable were still scored acceptable after 18 weeks in frozen storage. Statistical interactions showed a synergism between salt and STP. Combinations of 2.25%/0.25%; 3.0%/0.25%; 3.0%/0.125% and 3.0%/0.375% salt and STP, respectively, were found to yield superior products to all other combinations.
A review of scale factors, fixed-point precision, soft decisions, and hard decisions on the performance of the UMTS (3GPP) turbo codes

Since their introduction in 1993, turbo codes have received a significant amount of attention in the communications theory field due to their Shannon-capacity approaching performance. In recent years, the cellular systems market has embraced turbo code technology and made it part of the latest standards. This paper will review the effects of scale factors, fixed-point precision, soft decisions and hard decisions on the performance of the turbo codes defined in the UMTS third-generation cellular system. In addition, a new scale factor estimation technique which provides improved performance at low signal to noise ratios will be presented.
The American Reformed Tradition in African Colonization and Missions

In the period following the American Revolution, the Amer ican national government and most of the states legally dis engaged from the supervision of religion. This legal "separation of church and state," the exact nature of which is still debated, was only one facet of the broader issue of the relationship between religion and the state. In early nineteenth century America, persons of the Reformed tradition generally maintained that while the state should not interfere in matters of religion, the welfare of the nation was dependent on the religious character of its populace. These Reformed Protestants, primarily Presby terians and Dutch and German Reformed but including some Episcopalians and Baptists, believed further that republican gov ernment, civil and religious liberty, and what they called "civil ization" could flourish only under the influence of Christianity. The constitutional settlement and religious diversity in America created an environment in which this complex of ideas had to be espoused with caution, but this was not the case in African colonization and missions. In Africa persons of the Reformed tradition, to whom for convenience the writer will refer as "the Reformed," saw an opportunity to erect a unified social order which, in the words of the colonizationist-minister-governing official Ralph Randolph Gurley, would feature "institutions of freedom, civilization, and Christianity."1 American missionary endeavors in the early nineteenth century tended to grow directly out of domestic needs. The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, with headquarters in Boston, had mission stations along the leading trade routes of the Boston merchants. The Bostonian boosters of missions did
CONTROL OF PANCREATIC ALPHA CELL FUNCTION IN THE NEONATAL AND INFANT SHEEP

We previously reported an obtunded plasma glucagon response to stimuli in fetal sheep and suggested that relative hypoglucagonemia in the neonatal period might explain the tendency to hypoglycemia. The present studies were conducted to further test this hypothesis. Glucagon responses to alanine were measured after 4 or 24 hr. fast in 10 newborn and 5 infant lambs (3 months). With 24 hr. fasting glucose and alanine decreased 32 and 35% respectively (p < 0.05) in the newborns but glucagon levels did not increase (121 ± 31 vs. 101 ± 15 pg/ml). In response to alanine infusions glucagon increased 32% (p < .01) in the 4 hr. and 38% (p < .01) in the 24 hr. fasted newborns. Infant lambs fasted 24 hr. displayed similar glucose and glucagon levels to the newborn animals, but alanine levels were lower (p < .001). In response to alanine, glucagon increased 214% above base line (p < .001), a response significantly greater than that in the newborn animals. Theophylline pretreatment of newborn lambs augmented the glucagon response to alanine to levels observed in infant sheep (Δ = 245%, p < .01). These data show 1) residual immaturity of pancreatic glucagon secretion in neonatal sheep 2) maturation of this response with age and 3) that the diminished responsiveness in the newborn period may be related to a functional immaturity of the cyclic AMP generating system.
Phase II trial of chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide (CQS) in patients with stage III and IV non-small-cell lung cancer

Purpose: Chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide (CQS) was one of the first agents identified by the human tumor colony-forming assay (HTCFA) as possessing antitumor activity in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Prior phase I studies had suggested that plasma concentrations equivalent to those showing efficacy in the HTCFA could be reliably attained in humans. This phase II study assessed the antitumor activity of CQS while using an adaptive control pharmacokinetic modelling system to attain targeted plasma levels of this novel compound. Methods: A group of 20 patients with stage III or IV NSCLC received CQS as a 1-h weekly infusion at an initial dose of 2 g/m2. In all patients, 24-h plasma concentrations of CQS were measured. Patients with levels <100 μg/ml had dose increases determined by their 24-h levels and pharmacokinetic parameters obtained from two prior phase I trials of this agent. These individuals had 24-h CQS levels repeated after their second weeks' treatment and doses were readjusted if the target concentration was not reached. Antitumor response assessment was made every 6 weeks. Results: Of the 20 patients, 18 attained the target plasma concentration, and 16 of these achieved this initially or with just one dose adjustment. No major objective antitumor responses were observed (major response rate 0%, 95% CI 0–17%). CQS was well tolerated with hypoglycemia being the most clinically significant toxicity. Conclusions: When given on this schedule CQS is inactive in NSCLC despite the fact that the target concentration was achieved in 90% of patients. The ability of the HTCFA to identify active agents remains unproved.
Calculus as a catalyst the transformation of an Inner-city high school in Boston

Disparities in curricular offerings between poor, inner-city schools and their more affluent counterparts leave urban students at a disadvantage in terms of preparation for higher education and future job opportunities. Introducing more rigorous academic courseware into traditionally low-performing schools is one way to close this gap; however, the addition of advanced classes is only part of moving a school to a higher level of academic performance. Using a framework developed by Oakes, we investigate the technical, normative, and political dimensions of the turnaround of an inner-city high school through a case study of the introduction of advanced placement calculus. The authors find that the calculus course is not an isolated effort but part of a package of increased academic expectations of students and staff and an influx of financial and personnel resources stemming from the school's position of political priority.
A deterministic‐control‐based approach motion by curvature

The level-set formulation of motion by mean curvature is a degenerate parabolic equation. We show that its solution can be interpreted as the value function of a deterministic two-person game. More precisely, we give a family of discrete-time, two-person games whose value functions converge in the continuous-time limit to the solution of the motion-by-curvature PDE. For a convex domain, the boundary's “first arrival time” solves a degenerate elliptic equation; this corresponds, in our game-theoretic setting, to a minimum-exit-time problem. For a nonconvex domain the two-person game still makes sense; we draw a connection between its minimum exit time and the evolution of curves with velocity equal to the “positive part of the curvature.” These results are unexpected, because the value function of a deterministic control problem is normally the solution of a first-order Hamilton-Jacobi equation. Our situation is different because the usual first-order calculation is singular. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The declining significance of race in America

Wilson’s statement that exploitation in America cannot rely solely on a racial explanation is correct. But the evidence which he presents to write, that race is not significant in job market discrimination, is not adequate. In addition to this, and perhaps more serious, is the conceptual weakness of his argument. His thesis may even be somewhat illogical in its attempt to separate class and race in present day American society. As Blalock has stated earlier: “As long as minority membership remains among the defining criteria of class position it will indeed be difficult to separate the two phenomena emperically”.
Generalizing Special Aronszajn Trees

In this paper we define by means of a partition property a decreasing sequence N = ‹ N α : α is an ordinal› of classes of ordinals. This property is a generalization of the nonexistence of special Aronszajn trees: the successor cardinal κ + is in N 0 iff there does not exist a special Aronszajn κ + -tree. The interest in the classes N α stems from their applicability in model theory, in particular to that aspect of model theory dealing with ordered and two-cardinal models. A model is κ-like iff A of cardinality κ but such that every proper initial segment has cardinality κ . is α-ordered iff ≼ is a reflexive, linear ordering of some subset of A with order type α . The sequence N can be characterized by a first-order sentence σ in the following manner: The sentence σ has a κ -like α -ordered model iff κ ∉ N α . This characterization will allow us to translate various independence statements regarding the sequence N to statements about the independence of transfer properties. We say that the transfer property κ → λ holds iff every first-order sentence which has a κ -like model also has a λ -like model. κ ⇸ λ is the negation of κ → λ .
Immunologic characterization of jird lymphocyte responsiveness to Brugia pahangi ribosomal protein S13.

Abstract Ribosomal protein S13 of the nematode Brugia pahangi is recognized by B and T cells from parasite-infected animals. To identify helper T cell sites on the protein, 15 overlapping synthetic peptides spanning the entire molecule (Bp17.4) were tested for their ability to stimulate lymph node and spleen cells of peptide-immunized and recombinant antigen-immunized jirds. Lymph node cells from animals immunized with peptides 6, 8, 9, 13, and 14, corresponding to Bp17.4 amino acids (AA) 50–70, 70–90, 80–100, 120–140, and 130–150, respectively, showed strong and specific responses to the homologous peptide, while only those lymph node cells from jirds immunized with peptides 8, 9, 13, and 14 proliferated in response to Bp17.4. These results suggest the existence of at least two T cell epitopes. Lymph node cells from infected jirds also responded to these peptides and to Bp17.4 (80,000 cpm). In contrast to the lymph node cells, spleen cells from microfilariapositive animals failed to mount significant responses to any of the peptides or to Bp17.4. Splenic T cell responsiveness was restored upon removal of nylon wool adherent cells, suggesting active regulation of Bp17.4 reactivity. In liquid-phase competitive inhibition immunoassays, peptides 1 (AA 1–30) and 6 (50–70) blocked antibody binding and, therefore, these regions contain conformational antibody-binding sites. This model system should prove useful for analyzing regulation of epitope-specific responses in experimental filariasis.
Parallel algorithm for solving coupled algebraic Lyapunov equations of discrete-time jump linear systems

Abstract A parallel iterative scheme for solving coupled algebraic Lyapunov equations of discrete-time jump linear systems with Markovian transitions is introduced. The algorithm is computationally efficient since it operates on reduced-order decoupled algebraic discrete Lyapunov equations. Furthermore, the solutions at every iteration are computed by elementary matrix operations. Hence, the number of operations is minimal. Monotonicity of convergence is established under the existence conditions of unique positive solutions.
Oligonucleotide interactions. I. Structure of 2 : 1 complexes between polyuridylic acid and oligoadenylic acid

The circular dichroism of a number of 1:2 complexes between oligoadenylic acid and polyuridylic acid has been measured. The structure of these complexes, as evidenced by their optical properties, is independent of the chain length of the oligonucleotide throughout all ranges of chain lengths from adenosine to high molecular weight polyadenylic acid. A similar structure was found for the complex (Ap)5A:2(Up)5U.
Hydrolysis of Carboxymethyl Celluloses by Cellulases

Abstract Water soluble carboxymethyl celluloses (CMCs) were hydrolysed using food grade commercial cellulases. The CMC hydrolysates obtained had low viscosity and contained mainly cellooligomers along with low amounts of cellobiose and glucose. A viscosity reduction of 98 to 99% was achieved after 5 min of cellulolytic hydrolysis of CMCs. On the other hand, acid hydrolysis of CMC was slow and took 1 h to reach a viscosity reduction of 93% and the hydrolysate contained high amounts of glucose in the reaction mixture. Cellulase from Trichoderma viridae produced two to four times more glucose in the CMC hydrolysate compared to cellulase from Aspergillus niger. Thus, the latter contained probably higher endo- and lower exo-β(1-4)- glucanase activity than the former. The amount of glucose in the reaction mixture was further monitored by optimizing various factors influencing the cellulolytic hydrolysis of CMCs, such as pH, temperature, time of reaction, substrate and enzyme concentration and type of CMC itself.
Surface chemistry of Ru: relevance to optics lifetime in EUVL

ABSTRACT Ruthenium capping layers ~2 nm thick are used to protect and extend the lifetimes of Si/Mo multilayer mirrors used in extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) applications. In the present work, we use ultrahigh vacuum surface science methods to address two aspects of Ru surface chemistry: (a) use of atomic hydrogen to remove oxygen from O-covered Ru, and (b) the effects of a model background hydrocarbon gas (methyl me thacrylate, MMA) on the accumulation of carbon on a Ru(10 1 0) single crystal surface. Atomic H is very effective in removing O from Ru even at 300K; the interpretation is that H reacts directly with adsorbed O to make OH, and a subsequent H atom reacts with OH to make H 2 O, which desorbs at 300K. MMA adsorbs strongly on Ru in the first monolayer and dissociates upon heating; H 2 and CO desorption products are seen upon heating from 300 to 600K, while a fractional monolayer of C remains on the surface. Physisorbed multilayers of MMA form at temperatures below ~170K. Thermal desorption of MMA dosed onto O-covered Ru shows that MMA reacts and completely removes an adsorbed O monolayer upon heating. Electron bombardment of MMA/Ru causes polymerization and also can induce accumulation of carbon - all depends on electron fluence, partial pressure of MMA, and substrate temperature. Keywords : Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL), EUV optics contamination, EUV optics lifetime, Ruthenium, Ru(10
Radiometric measurements of gap probability in conifer tree canopies

Measurements of gap probability were made for some moderate-sized, open-grown conifers of varying species. Results of the radiometric analysis show that the gap probability, which is taken as the mean of the binomial, fits well a negative exponential function of a path length. The conifer shadow, then, is an object of almost uniform darkness with some bright holes or gaps that are found near the shadow's edge and rapidly disappear toward the shadows center.
Lifetime physical activity and female stress urinary incontinence

Objective We sought to estimate whether moderate/severe stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in middle-aged women is associated with overall lifetime physical activity (including leisure, household, outdoor, and occupational), as well as lifetime leisure (recreational), lifetime strenuous, and strenuous activity during the teen years. Study Design Recruitment for this case-control study was conducted in primary-care-level family medicine and gynecology clinics. A total of 1538 enrolled women ages 39-65 years underwent a Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification examination to assess vaginal support. Based on Incontinence Severity Index scores, cases had moderate/severe and controls had no/mild SUI. We excluded 349 with vaginal descent at/below the hymen (pelvic organ prolapse), 194 who did not return questionnaires, and 110 with insufficient activity data for analysis. In all, 213 cases were frequency matched 1:1 by age group to controls. Physical activity was measured using the Lifetime Physical Activity Questionnaire, in which women recall activity from menarche to present. We created separate multivariable logistic regression models for activity measures. Results SUI odds increased slightly with overall lifetime activity (odds ratio [OR], 1.20 per 70 additional metabolic equivalent of task-h/wk; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02–1.41), and were not associated with lifetime strenuous activity (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.99–1.25). In quintile analysis of lifetime leisure activity, which demonstrated a nonlinear pattern, all quintiles incurred about half the odds of SUI compared to reference (second quintile; P = .009). Greater strenuous activity in teen years modestly increased SUI odds (OR, 1.37 per 7 additional h/wk; 95% CI, 1.09–1.71); OR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.15–2.66 in sensitivity analysis adjusting for measurement error. The predicted probability of SUI rose linearly in women exceeding 7.5 hours of strenuous activity/wk during teen years. Teen strenuous activity had a similar effect on SUI odds when adjusted for subsequent strenuous activity during ages 21-65 years. Conclusion In middle-aged women, a slight increased odds of SUI was noted only after substantially increased overall lifetime physical activity. Increased lifetime leisure activity decreased and lifetime strenuous activity appeared unrelated to SUI odds. Greater strenuous activity during teen years modestly increased SUI odds.
Growth of intragranular ferrite in Fe-Ni-P alloys

Analytical electron microscopy (AEM) techniques were used to study the growth of intragranular ferrite in Fe-Ni-P alloys. The spatial resolution of the AEM was exploited to gather microchemical information regarding elemental redistribution at ferrite/austenite interfaces in order to determine the growth mechanism for intragranular ferrite. In this alloy system, the growth kinetics are dictated by the bulk diffusion of Ni in austenite. Full equilibrium occurs during intragranular ferrite growth with full partitioning of Ni and P between austenite and ferrite, and chemical equilibrium occurs at the α/γ interface in both phases. A numerical model to simulate ferrite growth was developed based on equilibrium growth considerations. The Ni concentrations and precipitate sizes predicted by the model agree well with those measured by AEM techniques in the experimental alloys. The computer model has been extended to predict the thermal histories of iron meteorites and their parent asteroidal bodies.