cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ANALYSIS OF SEA-SURFACE DRAG PARAMETERIZATIONS IN OPEN OCEAN CONDITIONS

Data from the Surface Waves and Processes Program (SWAPP) are employed to test current sea-surface drag parameterizations in open ocean conditions. General trends in the data indicate that drag increases with increasing wind speed and wave height, and decreases with wave age. However, scatter in the data limits the use of these parameters and other wave dependent parameterizations for modelling efforts. Upon close inspection, it is found that during the onset of three wind events analyzed separately, each of these parameters correlate well with the drag coefficient. However, the dependence of the drag coefficient on each of these parameters varies markedly from event to event. The disparity appears most closely linked to the turning rate of the wind, indicating that temporal and directional effects may play an important role. A temporal lag of O(4) hours between the rise of the wind and subsequent rise in the drag coefficient is also noticed, further pointing out the complexity of the wind-stress system.
Plant alkaloids that cause developmental defects through the disruption of cholinergic neurotransmission

The exposure of a developing embryo or fetus to alkaloids from plants, plant products, or plant extracts has the potential to cause developmental defects in humans and animals. These defects may have multiple causes, but those induced by piperidine and quinolizidine alkaloids arise from the inhibition of fetal movement and are generally referred to as multiple congenital contracture-type deformities. These skeletal deformities include arthrogyrposis, kyposis, lordosis, scoliosis, and torticollis, associated secondary defects, and cleft palate. Structure-function studies have shown that plant alkaloids with a piperidine ring and a minimum of a three-carbon side-chain α to the piperidine nitrogen are teratogenic. Further studies determined that an unsaturation in the piperidine ring, as occurs in gamma coniceine, or anabaseine, enhances the toxic and teratogenic activity, whereas the N-methyl derivatives are less potent. Enantiomers of the piperidine teratogens, coniine, ammodendrine, and anabasine, also exhibit differences in biological activity, as shown in cell culture studies, suggesting variability in the activity due to the optical rotation at the chiral center of these stereoisomers. In this article, we review the molecular mechanism at the nicotinic pharmacophore and biological activities, as it is currently understood, of a group of piperidine and quinolizidine alkaloid teratogens that impart a series of flexure-type skeletal defects and cleft palate in animals.
Electricity Market Restructuring: Reforms of Reforms

Electricity systems present complicated challenges for public policy. In many respects these challenges are similar to those in other network industries in providing a balance between regulation and markets, public investment and private risk taking, coordination and competition. As with other such industries, naturally monopoly elements interact with potentially competitive services, but electricity has some unusual features that defy simple analogy to other network industries. Following a reversal of a long-term decline in real electricity prices, the last two decades of the twentieth century were for the United States a time of reform, reaction, and reforms of reforms in electricity systems, moving slowly towards greater reliance on competition and markets. Changing technology, new entrants in the generation market, and a legislative mandate to provide access to the essential transmission facility accelerated a process that required major innovations in institutions and operations. Complete laissez faire competition is not possible, and the details of an efficient competitive electricity market are neither obvious nor easy to put in place. The benefits of reform may be substantial, but they require careful attention to market design. A review of the past identifies some choices on the road ahead.
Far Infrared Emission from Clusters and Warming Flows

Clusters of galaxies are sources of far infrared radiation and have been detected with the IRAS observatory at 60μm and 100μm. In a complete sample of rich clusters with cD galaxies, far infrared emission is detected toward the cD galaxy in about 12% of the clusters; the average properties of detections are 〈z〉 = 0.06, 〈LFIR〉 = 3x1044 erg/sec, and 〈T〉 = 25-30 K. This emission probably arises from warm dust heated by electron collisions from the hot gas. Within the cooling radius of the cluster (central 100-200 kpc), LFIR 10Lx, so the dominant cooling of the hot gas may be carried by the dust emission; mass cooling rates of ≈500 M⊙/yr are implied. A search for extended far infrared emission from 56 clusters reveals weak diffuse emission in a small fraction of the systems. This emission, which is unlikely to arise from cluster point sources, is about ten times greater than the compact far infrared luminosity toward the cD galaxies in rich clusters.
Energy proportionality and performance in data parallel computing clusters

Energy consumption in datacenters has recently become a major concern due to the rising operational costs and scalability issues. Recent solutions to this problem propose the principle of energy proportionality, i.e., the amount of energy consumed by the server nodes must be proportional to the amount of work performed. For data parallelism and fault tolerance purposes, most common file systems used in MapReduce-type clusters maintain a set of replicas for each data block. A covering set is a group of nodes that together contain at least one replica of the data blocks needed for performing computing tasks. In this work, we develop and analyze algorithms to maintain energy proportionality by discovering a covering set that minimizes energy consumption while placing the remaining nodes in low-power standby mode. Our algorithms can also discover covering sets in heterogeneous computing environments. In order to allow more data parallelism, we generalize our algorithms so that it can discover k-covering sets, i.e., a set of nodes that contain at least k replicas of the data blocks. Our experimental results show that we can achieve substantial energy saving without significant performance loss in diverse cluster configurations and working environments.
Exciton diamagnetic shifts and valley Zeeman effects in monolayer WS2 and MoS2 to 65 Tesla.

In bulk and quantum-confined semiconductors, magneto-optical studies have historically played an essential role in determining the fundamental parameters of excitons (size, binding energy, spin, dimensionality and so on). Here we report low-temperature polarized reflection spectroscopy of atomically thin WS2 and MoS2 in high magnetic fields to 65 T. Both the A and B excitons exhibit similar Zeeman splittings of approximately −230 μeV T−1 (g-factor ≃−4), thereby quantifying the valley Zeeman effect in monolayer transition-metal disulphides. Crucially, these large fields also allow observation of the small quadratic diamagnetic shifts of both A and B excitons in monolayer WS2, from which radii of ∼1.53 and ∼1.16 nm are calculated. Further, when analysed within a model of non-local dielectric screening, these diamagnetic shifts also constrain estimates of the A and B exciton binding energies (410 and 470 meV, respectively, using a reduced A exciton mass of 0.16 times the free electron mass). These results highlight the utility of high magnetic fields for understanding new two-dimensional materials. The spin and valley degrees of freedom are coupled in two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides. Here, the authors use high magnetic fields to optically measure the valley Zeeman effect and diamagnetic exciton shift in tungsten disulphide and molybdenum disulphide, and determine the exciton binding energies.
TWDM multihop lightwave networks based on rotator digraphs

The time and wavelength division multiplexed (TWDM) access protocol is one of the most promising ways to exploit the enormous bandwidth in a single-mode optical fiber. We focus on constructing scalable TWDM networks based on rotator digraphs. To make the network be more economically and technically feasible and to improve the network performance, each station is equipped with multiple fixed transmitters and multiple fixed receivers. For such a network architecture, we present the optimal wavelength assignment and transmission schedule. We also study the cost performance relation and provide a scheme to support a large network site with multiple passive star couplers.
Disparities in the use of a mHealth medication adherence promotion intervention for low-income adults with type 2 diabetes.

Objective Mobile health (mHealth) interventions may improve diabetes outcomes, but require engagement. Little is known about what factors impede engagement, so the authors examined the relationship between patient factors and engagement in an mHealth medication adherence promotion intervention for low-income adults with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Materials and Methods Eighty patients with T2DM participated in a 3-month mHealth intervention called MEssaging for Diabetes that leveraged a mobile communications platform. Participants received daily text messages addressing and assessing medication adherence, and weekly interactive automated calls with adherence feedback and questions for problem solving. Longitudinal repeated measures analyses assessed the relationship between participants’ baseline characteristics and the probability of engaging with texts and calls. Results On average, participants responded to 84.0% of texts and participated in 57.1% of calls. Compared to Whites, non-Whites had a 63% decreased relative odds (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.37, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.19-0.73) of participating in calls. In addition, lower health literacy was associated with a decreased odds of participating in calls (AOR = 0.67, 95% CI, 0.46-0.99, P = .04), whereas older age ( P nonlinear = .01) and more depressive symptoms (AOR = 0.62, 95% CI, 0.38-1.02, P = .059) trended toward a decreased odds of responding to texts. Conclusions Racial/ethnic minorities, older adults, and persons with lower health literacy or more depressive symptoms appeared to be the least engaged in a mHealth intervention. To facilitate equitable intervention impact, future research should identify and address factors interfering with mHealth engagement.
Power of crowdsourcing: Novel methods of data collection in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis

Background Crowdsourcing is a novel method of collecting research data from diverse patient populations. The quality of research data obtained through crowdsourcing is unknown. Objective The primary aim of this pilot study was to examine how data collected from an online crowdsourcing World Wide Web site compare with those from published literature in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Methods Crowdsourced data were collected from a health crowdsourcing site from August 23, 2008, to June 27, 2011. The crowdsourced data were compared with findings from systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical trials. Results A total of 160 online patients with psoriasis or PsA were included in the analysis. Among them, 127 patients with psoriasis provided 313 complete responses on psoriasis symptoms and 276 complete responses to psoriasis treatments; 33 patients with PsA provided 91 complete responses on PsA symptoms and 79 responses to PsA treatments. We compared topical treatments, phototherapy, and systemic treatments for psoriasis and PsA from crowdsourced data with the published literature. For the treatment with the largest response rates, equivalency testing was performed comparing crowdsourced data and the published literature. Overall, crowdsourced data were not equivalent to those published in the medical literature. Limitations Crowdsourcing sites used different outcomes measures from those reported in clinical trials. Conclusion Differences existed in assessment of treatment effectiveness between crowdsourced data and those published in the literature. With improvements in the collection of crowdsourced data, crowdsourcing can be a valuable tool for collecting patient data in real-world settings for psoriasis and PsA.
Disproportionate impact of particulate emissions on global cloud condensation nuclei concentrations

[1] Estimates of indirect aerosol radiative forcing have focused on increased sulfate aerosol mass concentrations caused by anthropogenic emissions of gas-phase sulfur dioxide, implicitly neglecting the impact of direct particulate emissions. Emissions of primary particles and gas-phase precursors have different effects on cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations as they impact CCN concentrations via different microphysical pathways. We present a theoretical analysis and evidence from a three-dimensional global model of aerosol microphysics to show that particulate emissions are more efficient per unit mass than gas-phase emissions at increasing CCN concentrations. Both analyses show that the few percent of anthropogenic sulfur emitted as particulate sulfate results in an increase in CCN concentrations comparable to that resulting from much larger emissions of gas-phase sulfur dioxide. Therefore, models should explicitly distinguish between the microphysical impacts of particulate and gas-phase emissions to accurately estimate the magnitude of the indirect effect of aerosols on climate.
Genetic analysis of self-reported physical activity and adiposity: the Southwest Ohio Family Study.

Low physical activity (PA) is an important and modifiable risk factor for CVD and obesity(1,2). Like other CVD risk factors, there is some evidence that PA is influenced by genetic factors. Heritability estimates for PA from studies of twins range from 30% to 83%(3–7). In studies examining nuclear and extended families these estimates are typically lower, ranging from 9% to 57%(8–10). Despite studies showing genetic effects on PA, associations between PA and obesity have not been examined at the genetic level. In many genetic studies of PA, obesity (typically BMI) is treated as a covariate, or the effect of obesity is regressed out at the phenotypic level. Conversely, many genetic studies of obesity (justifiably) include PA as a covariate(8,9). Interestingly, candidate gene association studies and quantitative trait linkage studies of obesity and PA traits have identified several chromosomal regions in common(7,10–17). For example, quantitative trait loci related to obesity on chromosomes 11q23 and 18q22(11,13,15,17) have also been implicated in genetic linkage analyses of PA(7,10,12,14,16). Identifying common genetic pathways between PA and obesity would provide insight into how and why PA is related to obesity and diabetes, and may lead to better strategies for weight maintenance and improving cardiovascular health(18–20). Few studies to date have directly examined the genetic relationship between adiposity and PA. In a study of Finnish twin males(5), percentage body fat (%BF) was associated with PA at the genetic level. However, there were several limitations to that study, chief among them being that the results could not be extended to singletons, who comprise the majority of births. Instead, examining PA levels in adults from large extended families who live in many different households allows for the separate influences of genetic and shared household effects on PA level to be estimated. Using different domains of PA (e.g. sport, leisure and work activity) as they relate to adiposity may also help to resolve conflicting results concerning the inheritance of PA levels and its relationship to obesity. Moreover, including MRI measures of visceral adipose tissue, which may be more closely related to PA levels than total adiposity(21), may help in investigations of obesity and PA. Using an extended pedigree design, the purposes of the present study were to: (i) to examine to what extent genetic and household effects influence PA; and (ii) determine the extent to which PA and adiposity traits share genetic and common household effects.
The anti-miR21 antagomir, a therapeutic tool for colorectal cancer, has a potential synergistic effect by perturbing an angiogenesis-associated miR30

Colon cancer has the third highest incidence and mortality among cancers in the United States. MicroRNA-21 (miR21) has been described as an oncomir that is highly overexpressed in tumor tissue from colorectal cancer. Recent studies showed that silencing of miR21 through use of a miR21 inhibitor (anti-miR21) affected viability, apoptosis and the cell cycle in colon cancer cells. We identified an anti-miR21 that targets miR21 to inhibit genes by both post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) and transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) in the cytoplasm and nucleus, respectively. Overexpression of anti-miR21 in colon cancer cells caused changes in miRNA expression levels. We found that treatment with anti-miR21 down-regulated expression of miR30, which is involved in angiogenesis. In an in vitro angiogenesis assay, network formation induced by an angiogenesis activator was reduced upon treatment with anti-miR21. Sequence analysis of anti-miR21 and pri-miR30 revealed homology between anti-miR21 and the 3’ end of pri-miR30, suggesting that anti-miR21 may bind to pri-miR30 and block processing of the miRNA processing. These results suggest anti-miR21 has a role not only in tumor growth but also in angiogenesis. Therefore, treatment with the anti-miR21 antagomir may have a synergistic effect mediated through suppression of miR30.
An Improved Maximum Power Point Tracking Based on Fractional Order Extremum Seeking Control in Grid-Connected Photovoltaic (PV) Systems

This paper presents a fractional order extremum seeking control scheme for grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems tasks to better accommodate rapid varying solar irradiance for photovoltaic (PV) arrays. The stability analysis of the proposed control algorithm is presented first. Then the new algorithm is benchmarked against the integer order extremum seeking control. Our extensive simulation and experimental results show that, our proposed maximum power point tracker has faster convergence speed in comparison to integer order and incremental conductance algorithm and also less total harmonic distortion (THD) in the injected current to the grid.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
A variety of cytokines and immunologically relevant surface molecules are expressed by normal human skeletal muscle cells under proinflammatory stimuli.

Muscle is an attractive target for gene therapy and for immunization with DNA vaccines and is also the target of immunological injury in myositis. It is important therefore to understand the immunologic capabilities of muscle cells themselves. In this study, we show that proinflammatory stimuli induce the expression of other cytokines such as IL-6, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) by muscle cells themselves, as well as the up-regulation of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I, class II and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Thus, muscle cells have an inherent ability to express and respond to a variety of cytokines and chemokines. The levels of HLA class I, class II and ICAM-1 in inflamed muscle may be affected by the secreted products of the stimulation.
Age and apolipoprotein E genotype influence rate of cognitive decline in nondemented elderly.

Objective This study examined the impact of age and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype on the rate of cognitive decline in nondemented elderly participants in a simulated Alzheimer's disease (AD) primary prevention treatment trial carried out by the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study. Method Cognitive tests were administered at baseline and at four subsequent annual evaluations to 417 nondemented participants (172 men, 245 women) between the ages of 74 and 93 (M = 79.13 ± 3.34). APOE genotyping was available for 286 of the participants. Results Four-year decline was evident on measures of orientation, memory, executive function, and language. Faster decline was evident in APOE e4+ (a genetic risk factor for AD; n = 73) than in e4- participants (n = 213), even after controlling for education, gender, ethnicity, and baseline functional and cognitive abilities. This discrepancy increased with age, indicating an Age × Genotype interaction. Conclusion These results are consistent with population-based studies, and extend the findings to a carefully screened sample that meets inclusion and exclusion criteria for an AD primary prevention trial. The interaction between age and APOE genotype on rate of decline suggests that preclinical disease may be overrepresented in older e4+ individuals. Thus, APOE genotype and age should be considered in the design of AD primary prevention treatment trials.
Comparison of the assembly of the bacteriophage T4 clamp loader complex (gp44/62) expressed in a cis versus trans genomic configuration.

Proper formation of the bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase holoenzyme requires a wide spectrum of protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions among the DNA polymerase gp43, the sliding clamp gp45, and gp44/62, the clamp loader complex (CLC). The 44 and 62 proteins associate to form a tight complex maintained in a 4:1 ratio. The 44 and 62 genes are adjacent to each other on the T4 genome, are cotranscribed, and are translationally coupled. It has been suggested that translational coupling may play a role in the formation of the clamp loader complex and may control its stoichiometry. To examine the effect of coupling on the assembly of the complex, expression in trans of genes 44 and 62 was accomplished by cotransforming Escherichia coli with compatible, inducible plasmid vectors. A gp44/62 complex could be purified from such cells. The complex assembled in trans exhibited stoichiometry and ATPase activity identical to native complex. Burst sizes were determined to gauge the efficiency of clamp loader complex formation. When gp44 was supplied by a plasmid and gp62 was supplied by the T4 genome, complex formation was as efficient as in wild-type virus. However, when gp62 was supplied by plasmid and gp44 was supplied by the T4 genome, efficiency of complex formation was decreased. This decrease in the efficiency of complex formation was temperature dependent, being more pronounced at higher temperatures. At higher temperatures, a larger proportion of gp62 expressed from the plasmid was found to be present in an insoluble form. The decrease in efficiency of complex formation correlated to a decrease in solubility of the gene 62 protein.
Perceived Norms and Mental Health Help Seeking among African American College Students

In general, African Americans do not seek mental health treatment from formal sources at the same rates as Caucasians. The present study examined whether culturally relevant factors (i.e., perceived negative peer and family norms about help seeking) influence help-seeking intentions in a late adolescent African-American sample (n = 219) and whether there is a gender difference in the predictive strength between peer and family norms. Participants were primarily female (n = 144). Multiple regressions were implemented to explore the relationship between perceived norms and help-seeking intentions. Analyses revealed that males had higher perceived peer norms, and family norms were a stronger predictor of intentions than peer norms for females. Individually, peer norms and family norms were related to help-seeking intentions. When perceived norms were analyzed together, only negative family norms were related to intentions. Findings suggest that incorporating family norms is critical when developing interventions to increase formal service utilization among African Americans.
Observation of electromagnetic resonances in crystals of K2Pt (CN)4 Br0.3.3H2O at microwave frequencies

Abstract Electromagnetic dielectric resonances in the range 8–11 GHz have been observed in millimeter sized crystals of K 2 Pt(CN) 4 Br 0.3 .3H 2 O. This observation results directly from the existence of large dielectric constants; values for the longitudinal and transverse dielectric constants at 4°K are estimated to be ϵ ‖ >∼ 3000 and ϵ ⊥ ≅4.
The Future of Academic Medical Centers in the United States: Passing Through the Valley of the Shadow of Death

The last 2 decades witnessed remarkable events in the life of academic medical centers (AMCs) in the United States. Twenty years ago, AMCs were thriving as the era of fee-for-service medicine came to a close: clinical departments were expanding, hiring new faculty members, purchasing new equipment as necessary, and funding research projects and protected research time with the abundant clinical revenues. The subsequent 20 years since that golden era came to a close witnessed teh disappearance of these expansionary trends. Departments have contracted, protected research time and start-up funds have declined precipitously, and many faculty members are infected with a sense of malaise and fear for the future.
Immortalization of Werner syndrome and progeria fibroblasts

Human fibroblast cells from two different progeroid syndromes, Werner syndrome (WS) and progeria, were established as immortalized cell lines by transfection with plasmid DNA containing the SV40 early region. The lineage of each immortalized cell line was confirmed by VNTR analysis. Each of the immortalized cell lines maintained its original phenotype of slow growth. DNA repair ability of these cells was also studied by measuring sensitivity to killing by uv or the DNA-damaging drugs methyl methansulfonate, bleomycin, and cis-dichlorodiamine platinum. The results showed that both WS and progeria cells have normal sensitivity to these agents.
Induced proteins in human peripheral mononuclear cells over a range of clinically tolerable doses of interferon-γ

ABSTRACT This study assessed biologic response modification at three different dose levels (0.15, 1.5, and 15 mg/m2) of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) administered by intravenous bolus three times weekly. A ...
Isolation of tRNAyeastPhe half-molecules by gel filtration and chromatography on benzoylated deae-cellulose at high temperature

Abstract A mixture of half-molecules of tRNA Phe from yeast, produced by chemical cleavage of the anticodon loop, was isolated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 at 57° and fractionated by column chromatography on benzoylated DEAE-cellulose at the same temperature. Rechromatography under identical conditions yielded two major and a minor form of the 3′-half-molecule and a major and a minor form of the 5′ half-molecule. No pronounced differences were found in the amino acid acceptor activities of all complementary fragment combinations.
Stochastic behavior in slightly dissipative systems

Conditions under which chaotic solutions persist when dissipation is added to conservative systems are discussed. These solutions will, in general, produce only "transient" chaos in the physical systems since they are not necessarily stable. The analysis shows that, just as in the strictly conservative case, resonant systems are more susceptible to chaos than nonresonant systems.
Use of Equivalent Levels of Antibiotic and Vitamin B12 Supplements With Cottonseed and Soybean Oil Meals in Chick Diets

Abstract NUMEROUS investigations have been conducted on the growth responses produced by soybean oil meal diets supplemented with antibiotics and vitamin B12. In contrast, comparatively few such studies have been conducted with cottonseed meal as a protein source in all-vegetable rations. One such study reported by Sherwood and Couch (1950) indicates that antibiotics and vitamin B12 possess growth promoting properties when used as supplements to cottonseed meal diets. These workers supplemented a milo-cottonseed diet with a 1 percent APF concentrate (aureomycin fermentation product) and obtained growth superior to that produced by an unsupplemented basal diet. Richardson and Blaylock (1950) reported that cottonseed meal supplemented with lysine and vitamin B12 supported a rate of growth comparable to that obtained when soybean meal was used as a source of protein in a chick ration, but resulted in inferior rate of growth when vitamin B12 and lysine were omitted. Machlin, Denton and Bird (1952) . . .
A Late Holocene Population Bottleneck in California Tule Elk (Cervus elaphus nannodes): Provisional Support from Ancient DNA

Zooarchaeological analyses have suggested a possible case of late Holocene resource depression in California tule elk (Cervus elaphus nannodes). We develop and conduct a preliminary independent test of this here based on trends in genetic diversity derived from ancient DNA extracted from archaeological elk bone. Mitochondrial DNA sequence data from 24 tule elk temporally dispersed across the late Holocene deposits of the Emeryville Shellmound, California, provide provisional support for a decline in genetic diversity and a population bottleneck beginning about 1600 B.P. Final confirmation of this pattern must await complete replication of the sequences. Stable isotope analyses of the elk bone provide a record of change in the terrestrial environment across the period of deposition and no suggestion that climate change may have played a role in an elk population decline. The analysis has implications for our understanding of change in human behavior and biology during late Holocene of central California, the methodology of resource depression analyses, and the conservation biology of tule elk.
Estrogen in plasma of parturient paretic and normal cows.

Abstract The endocrine factors associated with parturient paresis have not been defined totally. Estrogens stimulate uptake of calcium by bone. Since secretion of estrogen increases dramatically as parturition approaches, estrogen may be involved in homeostatic mechanisms regulating calcium metabolism. Plasma was collected for 30 days (−30) prepartum to 5 days (+5) postpartum from six Holstein and nine Jersey cows approaching three or more lactations. Of all cows, six Jerseys contracted parturient paresis. Estradiol and estrone were analyzed by radioimmunoassay, total calcium and total magnesium by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and total phosphorus by colorimetry. Data were grouped into periods representing days −30 to −21, −20 to −11, −10 to −6, −5 to −4, −3 to −2, −1, 0 (parturition), +1, +2 to +3, and +4 to +5. Calcium in plasma was lower in parturient paresis cows on days +1 and +2 to +3, and magnesium was higher during the same periods but lower on days −4 to −5. Total phosphorus, estrone, and estradiol of normal cows and those with parturient paresis were not different. During the entire sampling period, phosphorus and estradiol were similar in both groups while magnesium was higher and calcium lower in cows with parturient paresis. Estrone was lower in cows with parturient paresis. Lower estrone in cows with parturient paresis may be predisposing for parturient paresis.
Loss of mitochondrial respiratory function and its suppression during cold ischemic preservation of rat livers with University of Wisconsin solution.

Preservation of the liver involves a period of cold (0 degrees to 4 degrees C) ischemia; the longer the ischemic period, the greater the injury to the liver. The mechanisms for cold-induced ischemic injury are not known, but it is clear that after preservation the liver has a reduced capacity to regenerate high-energy phosphate compounds (ATP). One cause for the delayed rate of ATP synthesis could be injury to the mitochondria. The effects of long-term (more than 24 hr) preservation on liver mitochondrial function have not been previously studied. In this study, rat livers were preserved in University of Wisconsin solution at 4 degrees C for up to 96 hr. After preservation, mitochondrial respiratory function was assayed in a homogenate and in isolated mitochondria. We saw a progressive increase in oligomycin-sensitive respiration with time of preservation (from 1.2 +/- 0.09 mumol.min-1.gm tissue-1 at 0 hr to 3.8 +/- 0.2 mumol.min-1.gm tissue-1 after 96 hr). The increase after 24-hr preservation (2.1 +/- 0.2 mumol.min-1.gm tissue-1) was also significantly greater than 0 time values (p less than 0.05). No decrease was found in uncoupler-stimulated respiration for up to 48 hr of preservation; only a small decrease was seen after 72 hr of preservation (about 30%). The cause of the increase in oligomycin-sensitive respiration appeared to be related to free fatty acids (or another uncoupling factor) generated during preservation. This was suggested from the fact that bovine serum albumin prevented the increase in oligomycin-sensitive respiration after all periods of preservation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
We Need to "Catch Them before They Fall": Response to Intervention and Elementary Emergent Bilinguals.

The authors of this case study examine response to intervention (RTI) implementation with Emergent Bilinguals in a large urban district. As participants noted, it is not appropriate to assess, instruct, and intervene with students through a one-size-fits-all approach. Instead, multiple factors such as language background, program participation, and language of instruction must be taken into account.
Neck dissection followed by radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy for small primary oropharynx carcinoma with cervical metastasis

Objectives: A cohort of patients with small primary (T1–T2) squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx and advanced cervical nodal metastasis were treated with initial neck dissection(s) followed by definitive radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy. Our rationale for this algorithm and our results are examined. Study Design: Retrospective chart review. Methods: Pathology records and medical records from 1996 to 2003 from the Johns Hopkins Hospital were examined for patients meeting the inclusion criteria. Results: Sixteen patients meeting the inclusion criteria were identified. Follow-up periods ranged from 6 to 75 months. Mean and median follow-up periods were 38 and 33 months, respectively. One (6.25%) patient developed a metastasis and was alive with disease at last follow-up. Fifteen (93.75%) patients were alive without evidence of disease at last follow-up. Overall survival was 100%. Disease free survival was 93.75%. Conclusion: Initial neck dissection followed by primary radiation therapy to the primary site and neck with or without chemotherapy is an effective therapy for small primary oropharynx cancers with N2 or greater cervical metastases.
Hieroglyphics (de)constructed: Interpreting brontë fictions

(1991). Hieroglyphics (de)constructed: Interpreting bronte fictions. Lit: Literature Interpretation Theory: Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 261-273.
Wheat-Alien Species Derivatives: A Novel Source of Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight in Wheat

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused mainly by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, is a destructive disease of wheat (Triticum spp.) in humid growth conditions throughout the world. Genetic resistance of the host plant is considered the most effective and sustainable method of defense against FHB; however, only limited sources of resistance are available in wheat. Relatives of wheat have proven to be an invaluable gene pool for wheat improvement. The objective of this study was to explore relatives of wheat for FHB resistance. We evaluated 293 lines derived from the crosses of wheat with its relatives for resistance to spread of FHB infection over two greenhouse seasons. Of these 293 derivatives, 66 were susceptible, 153 appeared moderately resistant, and 74 lines exhibited a level of resistance comparable with T. aestivum L. 'Sumai 3', the most widely used source of resistance to FHB. Alien species involved in development of these derivatives include T. tauschii (Coss.) Schmal., Roegneria kamoji C. Koch, R. ciliaris (Trin.) Nevski, Leymus racemosus Lam., Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp.) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey, Th. elongatum (Host) D.R. Dewey, Th. junceum (L.) Love, Th. intermedium (Host) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey, Dasypyrum villosa L., Secale cereale L., and oat (A vena saliva L.). The wheat-alien species derivatives identified as resistant to FHB include wheat-alien species amphiploids, synthetic hexaploid wheat lines, and wheat-alien species substitution and translocation lines. These derivatives could serve as novel sources to enhance resistance of wheat to FHB.
Cardiovascular Drug Therapy in the Elderly: Theoretical and Practical Considerations

The elderly population is expanding rapidly throughout the world. Hypertension, heart disease and other cardiovascular disorders are prevalent conditions among this age group. Consequently, clinicians will spend a large proportion of their practices managing older adults with cardiovascular disorders. A large proportion of this time will be devoted to using pharmacotherapeutic strategies for the long-term management of chronic conditions. The physiological changes that accompany aging affect cardiovascular function, and the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of many cardiovascular medications are altered by these physiological changes. The interactions of these changes can have a profound effect on the agents used to treat cardiovascular disorders and may alter their therapeutic outcomes. Several classes of medications are used to treat chronic cardiovascular disorders in older adults. These include the ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists, calcium channel antagonists, beta-adrenoceptor antagonists (beta-blockers), oral antiarrhythmic agents and warfarin. Drugs such as beta-blockers may aggravate decreased cardiac output and increase peripheral resistance, but are valuable adjuncts in many patients with congestive heart failure. Agents that reduce angiotensin II activity may have several benefits for treating heart failure and hypertension. Successful treatment of cardiovascular disorders in older adults requires the choice of the most appropriate agent, taking into consideration the complex interactions of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and disease effects.
Comparison of a Norm-Based Versus Criterion-Based Approach to Measuring ADHD Symptomatology in College Students

Objective: The prevalence of ADHD symptomatology in college students is unclear because rates can vary depending on the methodology that is employed. Gender differences in college prevalence have a...
Protein kinase C-dependent regulation of human erythroleukemia (HEL) cell sphingosine kinase activity.

Abstract Sphingosine kinase functions in both the catabolism of sphingosine and in signal transduction pathways utilizing sphingosine-1-phosphate. The regulation of sphingosine kinase activity in human erythroleukemia (HEL) cells was investigated by treatment with several bioactive agents. Treatment of HEL cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) caused a time- and concentration-dependent increase in sphingosine kinase activity measured in vitro. Sphingosine kinase activity increased in a phorbol ester- and diacylglycerolspecific manner. Staurosporine and calphostin C, protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors, blocked the increase in sphingosine kinase activity, suggesting a PKC-dependent regulation. The effects of PMA on sphingosine kinase were dependent on transcription and translation. Purified PKC had no direct effect on sphingosine kinase activity. However, these studies led to the observation that HEL cell sphingosine kinase activity is stimulated in vitro by phosphatidylserine. Interestingly, other inducers of HEL cell differentiation, dimethylsulfoxide and retinoic acid, did not affect sphingosine kinase activity. These results indicate a separate and distinct pathway of PKC-dependent sphingosine kinase activation, and suggest a role for sphingosine kinase in regulation of cell function.
The Personalized System of Instruction, or Should University Teaching be Improved?.

This opening paper describes the many features of PSI identifying the five key characteristics of the system as outlined in the original Keller Plan. The origins, both historical and theoretical, of the system are described and the range of current applications and typical research findings are summarised. The findings pinpoint one problem — the ‘teaching‐learning paradox’ in higher education. Should university teachers be concerned with teaching efficiency? Are they in the certification or selection business? Should grades be awarded on a normal curve of distribution? Or should we be attempting to get all our students to grade ‘A’ standard? As teaching methods improve, the importance of such questions will increase.
Experimental study of free-shear layer transition above a cavity at Mach 3.5

The transition behavior of a free-shear layer above a cavity with high and low levels of freestream acoustic disturbances has been studied at Mach 3.5. Optical techniques, mean pitot pressure measurements, and hot-wire measurements were employed to detect transition locations. Transition Reynolds numbers of between 363,000 and 530,000 were found, in agreement with previous results. It is suggested that upstream convected disturbances may be at least partially responsible for the insensitivity of transition Reynolds numbers to the freestream acoustic disturbance field.
Autonomous and Continuous Adaptation of a Bihormonal Bionic Pancreas in Adults and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes

Context: A challenge for automated glycemic control in type 1 diabetes (T1D) is the large variation in insulin needs between individuals and within individuals at different times in their lives. Objectives: The objectives of the study was to test the ability of a third-generation bihormonal bionic pancreas algorithm, initialized with only subject weight; to adapt automatically to the different insulin needs of adults and adolescents; and to evaluate the impact of optional, automatically adaptive meal-priming boluses. Design: This was a randomized controlled trial. Setting: The study was conducted at an inpatient clinical research center. Patients: Twelve adults and 12 adolescents with T1D participated in the study. Interventions: Subjects in each age group were randomized to automated glycemic control for 48 hours with or without automatically adaptive meal-priming boluses. Main Outcome Measures: Mean plasma glucose (PG), time with PG less than 60 mg/dL, and insulin total daily dose were measured. Results...
NMR Structure Determination of Ion Pairs Derived from Quinine: A Model for Templating in Asymmetric Phase-Transfer Reductions by BH4- with Implications for Rational Design of Phase-Transfer Catalysts

The solution structures of ion pairs formed by quarternary ammonium ions derived from quinine alkaloid with small hard anions (BH4- or Cl-) in CDCl3 have been characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance methods. Structural observations have been correlated with the sense of asymmetric induction observed in the phase-transfer reduction of 9-anthryl trifluoromethyl ketone by borohydride (BH4-) when catalyzed by the quaternary N-benzylquinine ammonium ion. From interionic nuclear Overhauser effects (NOEs), it appears that the BH4- ion occupies two of the four trigonal pyramidal sites formed by substituents of the quarternary nitrogen of the catalyst cation. One of these sites is in close proximity to the cation's hydroxyl group that is strictly required for asymmetric induction in the model reaction, while the other site is near the vinyl group on the cation. The vinyl group does not appear to be important for determining the sense or extent of asymmetric induction. Using energy-minimized structures derived ...
Molecular identification of the CRAC channel by altered ion selectivity in a mutant of Orai

Recent RNA interference screens have identified several proteins that are essential for store-operated Ca2+ influx and Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channel activity in Drosophila and in mammals, including the transmembrane proteins Stim (stromal interaction molecule) and Orai. Stim probably functions as a sensor of luminal Ca2+ content and triggers activation of CRAC channels in the surface membrane after Ca2+ store depletion. Among three human homologues of Orai (also known as olf186-F), ORAI1 on chromosome 12 was found to be mutated in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency disease, and expression of wild-type Orai1 restored Ca2+ influx and CRAC channel activity in patient T cells. The overexpression of Stim and Orai together markedly increases CRAC current. However, it is not yet clear whether Stim or Orai actually forms the CRAC channel, or whether their expression simply limits CRAC channel activity mediated by a different channel-forming subunit. Here we show that interaction between wild-type Stim and Orai, assessed by co-immunoprecipitation, is greatly enhanced after treatment with thapsigargin to induce Ca2+ store depletion. By site-directed mutagenesis, we show that a point mutation from glutamate to aspartate at position 180 in the conserved S1-S2 loop of Orai transforms the ion selectivity properties of CRAC current from being Ca2+-selective with inward rectification to being selective for monovalent cations and outwardly rectifying. A charge-neutralizing mutation at the same position (glutamate to alanine) acts as a dominant-negative non-conducting subunit. Other charge-neutralizing mutants in the same loop express large inwardly rectifying CRAC current, and two of these exhibit reduced sensitivity to the channel blocker Gd3+. These results indicate that Orai itself forms the Ca2+-selectivity filter of the CRAC channel.
A reexamination of the association between HOME scores and income

This study, which represents another look at the relationship between the HOME Inventory and income, uses data from the Infant Health and Development Program (IHDP), a multisite, longitudinal study of low-birth-weight preterm infants. Two versions of the HOME Inventory were used: The Infant/Toddler (IT-HOME), at 12 months of age, and the Early Childhood (EC-HOME), at 36 months of age. Predictor variables were income, ethnicity, maternal education, parity, gestational age, marital status, maternal age, and site. HOME scores were positively correlated with income. However, after controlling for the other variables in the models, the portion of the variance in HOME scores uniquely explained by income was quite low (IT-HOME, 5.1%; EC-HOME, 4.2%). Finally, the relationship between HOME scores and four child characteristics (cognitive development, growth, maladaptive behavior, and social competence) measured when the child was 36 months old were investigated using correlation. The results indicated that the quality of the home environment, as measured by the HOME Inventory, is related to children's development.
Pea saponins in the pea-Fusarium solani interaction

Abstract Saponin-like compounds isolated fromPisum sativum were tested for antifungal activity, effect on pea tissue, and effect on chitin and chitosan synthesis inFusarium solani. Growth ofFusarium solani f. sp.phaseoli and f. sp.pisi macroconidia was inhibited by saponins at concentrations of 150 and 300 μg/ml, respectively. Pod endocarp tissue treated with saponins showed temporary reduction in cell viability (esterase activity); however, there was no significant reduction in resistance toF. solani f. sp.phaseoli, normally incompatible on peas. Macroconidia germinated in the presence of saponin showed decreased incorporation ofN-[3H]acetylglucosamine into chitin and chitosan at concentrations as low as 32 μg/ml. Thus, a reduction in chitin and chitosan synthesis may be associated with inhibition of fungal growth. Saponins may contribute to the disease resistance of peas
A Multiple Discrimination Box and Its Use in Studying the Learning Ability of Rats I. Reliability of Scores

*Received in the Editorial Office, August 13, 1928. 1Research on the age factor in animal learning, for which this apparatus was devised, was financed by the Carnegie Corporation. I am grateful to Dr. Burton D. Thuma, Research Assistant, for suggestions concerning: the plan of this apparatus and for his interest and skill in constructing the first usable model.