cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microstructure defect detection using thermal response

Detecting thermal and mechanical defects within multilayered microstructures is an important research area within the microdevice community. The detection of material flaws, mechanical damage, and packaging irregularities is often critical to the overall performanc eof the end product. The technique presented hereafter uses a series of surface temperature measurements, generated by a step function heat flux, to determine the thermal properties of a one- dimensional structure. These properties can either be used directly in a design effort, or they can be used as an indicator of problems that may exist within the structure. This technique is essentially non-invasive and it places no requirements on structure size, thus it is predisposed to semiconductor and MEMS applications. The technique exploits a thermal-electrical analog to match a measured thermal resistance pattern with the pattern of a corresponding thermal structure. Typically, the dimensions of the structure and the disturbance amplitude are required for property value determination.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Multilingualism in the Northwest Amazon

In the central Northwest Amazon, straddling the Brazilian-Colombian border, there is a complex linguistic situation involving more than 25 linguistic groups with a homogeneous culture. Almost every individual knows fluently three, four, or more languages. Only the Maku and the few non-Indians are monolingual. There are four linguae francae, but only tribal Tukano, doubling as a lingua franca, covers the entire area. The principal reason for this complexity is the insistence on tribal exogamy and the cultural identification of language with tribe. Consequently, a child begins with a personal linguistic repertoire of fluency in his mother's language as well as in his father's; to this he adds a knowledge of other languages in his vicinity. Contact with civilized people for 75 years has not significantly altered this linguistic situation, and periodic attempts to prohibit Indian languages have failed. The political boundary, which separates Portuguese speakers from Spanish speakers, reinforces the linguistic complex, for only Tukano, as a lingua franca, covers the entire culture area. Polylingualism in the individual, rather than monolingualism, is the cultural norm.
The Poultry Market: Demand Stability and Industry Structure

The stability of the demand for poultry meat and specification issues in its estimation are explored. The analysis concludes that the demand for poultry meat shifted out in the early 1970s. At the same time, the demand relationship between poultry and pork changed from substitution to independence. A second conclusion is that poultry price is predetermined for demand in annual U.S. data, while quantity is not. A predetermined price suggests several market structures. Exogeneity tests are performed to distinguish among them. The results are consistent with a competitive, constant returns-to-scale-industry facing elastic factor supplies.
Pressure Puff Induced Calcium Signals in Voltage Clamped Cardiomyocytes

ICa-gated release of Ca2+ from the SR is the dominant mechanism mediating cardiac E-C coupling. On the other hand, in the absence of Ca2+ entry, supplemental Ca2+ release may be activated mechanically, either from the SR secondary to nitrosylation of RyRs or from mitochondria as a direct effect of puff-induced shear force. Here we have probed the puff-induced Ca2+ release in voltage-clamped cardiomyocytes, where the Ca2+-indicator rhod-2 was targeted to mitochondria by: a) staining with the AM-form of the dye for 45 minutes, b) incubating without dye for 24-30 hours and c) dialyzing with dye-free internal solution through the voltage-clamp pipette for 20 minutes before initiating measurements. In such cells, which remained responsive for periods as long as 2 hours, we measured relatively slow (∼1s) puff-induced deceases in fluorescence suggestive of mitochondrial Ca2+ release as previously found in non-dialyzed and permeabilized cells (Belmonte and Morad, 2008, J Physiol 586:1376). To clarify the [Ca2+]i- signaling under these conditions, our experimental paradigm included activation of ICa both at the beginning and end of a 2 second priming interval where the cell was exposed to control solution, 10 mM Caffeine or zero Na+ (and high K+). The caffeine-induced Ca2+ signal was biphasic with internal solution containing 0.2 or 14mM EGTA, generating INaCa only in 0.2 but not in 14mM EGTA during the rapid initial rise of Ca2+, suggesting that the maintained component of the Ca2+ signal arises from a confined and most likely mitochondrial space, not detected by NCX. We conclude that patch clamped Rhod-2 loaded myocytes that were washed overnight and dialyzed for 1-2 hour with 14mM EGTA produced reliable mitochondrial Ca2+ signals supporting the finding that the PF-triggered Ca2+-transients are caused by mitochondrial Ca2+ release.
Spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of refractory angina pectoris

Angina pectoris resulting from coronary artery disease and myocardial ischemia affects millions of patients worldwide. A significant number of patients suffer from intractable angina despite maximal pharmacological and surgical therapy. For this subset of patients, the treatment options are few and the condition extremely disabling. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has traditionally been employed for the treatment of a wide variety of painful conditions such as failed back surgery, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, and nerve injury pain. Over the past decade, SCS has gained popularity as a potential therapy for patients with refractory angina for whom no other treatment options exist. Neurostimulation has proven to be effective in reducing the frequency of angina and nitrate consumption, increasing exercise tolerance, and generally improving the quality of life in these patients. SCS should be considered as a viable treatment in patients with intractable angina for whom no other treatment options exist.
Safety Aspects of Mandibular Lingual Surgery

Mandibular lingual surgery is commonly used in periodontal practice. There are inherent risks in such surgery which are illustrated by a case report described here. This was a case in which an emergency tracheotomy was needed after a minor procedure which involved lingual tissues. The potential problems of any form of lingual surgery are discussed. Various other surgical procedures in this region are examined in order to establish some surgical principles which may be of use to periodontists.
On the evolution and enhanced relaxation of a homogeneous isotropic two-dimensional plasma in a uniform magnetic field

An enhancement of evolution rates in two-dimensional plasma models by a large factor containing the square root of the coupling parameter is known to occur. It is shown here to persist even when all collective effects are removed from weak-coupling calculations, under a simplified boundary condition preserving the isotropy of the system. Long-range vorticity is shown to develop. A careful treatment of time integrals allows irreversibility to be discussed with fewer ambiguities than usual with respect to limit ordering. Applications to three- dimensional laboratory plasmas are tentatively suggested. Future computer simulations should determine the usefulness of the comparatively simple relationships found among moments of the pair correlation. The new effects are shown to be qualitatively similar to some found in other approaches to plasma interactions in uniform magnetic fields.
Electron Emission from a Lattice Step on Clean Tungsten

Electron emission has been observed from the edges of the outermost atom layer of a (110) crystal face of clean tungsten. A bright ring appears in the (110) area of the emission pattern on a pulsed $T\ensuremath{-}F$ emission electron microscope when current densities exceeding ${10}^{7}$ amp/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ are drawn. When the emitter is maintained at an elevated temperature, $T\ensuremath{\geqq}1700\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K, the ring decreases in radius and eventually disappears. This is followed by the appearance of a new ring at the periphery of the dark (110) region, making possible the observation of a sequence of such collapsing rings. An experiment is reported which associates the ring collapse with the loss of an atom layer from the cathode tip, causing a change in its length, which is equal on the average to the interplanar spacing of the (110) crystal direction. This association proves that electron emission is observed from a lattice step and provides a convenient means for the study of the corresponding processes by which cathode material is transported.
Social and Demographic Factors Influencing Inferior Vena Cava Filter Retrieval at a Single Institution in the United States

Retrievable inferior vena cava filters (IVCFs) are associated with long-term adverse events that have increased interest in improving filter retrieval rates. Determining the influential patient social and demographic factors affecting IVCF retrieval is important to personalize patient management strategies and attain optimal patient care. Seven-hundred and sixty-two patients were retrospectively studied who had a filter placed at our institution between January 2011 and November 2013. Age, gender, race, cancer history, distance to residence from retrieval institution, and insurance status were identified for each patient, and those receiving retrievable IVCFs were further evaluated for retrieval rate and time to retrieval. Of the 762 filters placed, 133 were permanent filters. Of the 629 retrievable filters placed, 406 met the inclusion criteria and were eligible for retrieval. Results revealed patients with Medicare were less likely to have their filters retrieved (p = 0.031). Older age was also associated with a lower likelihood of retrieval (p < 0.001) as was living further from the medical center (p = 0.027). Patients who were white and had Medicare were more likely than similarly insured black patients to have their filters retrieved (p = 0.024). The retrieval rate of IVCFs was most influenced by insurance status, distance from the medical center, and age. Race was statistically significant only when combined with insurance status. The results of this study suggest that these patient groups may need closer follow-up in order to obtain optimal IVCF retrieval rates.
Vitamin C and Cancer

This issue of the Journal contains the most recent chapter in a very interesting and probably unfinished story: Does ascorbic acid have a role in the treatment of human cancer? By the late 1960s several lines of evidence led to the notion that this vitamin might act to control or inhibit the growth of malignant tumors. Ascorbate was postulated to increase host resistance against cancer by a variety of mechanisms, including enhancing lymphocyte function, increasing the resistance of the intercellular ground substance to hydrolysis by hyaluronidase elaborated by tumor cells, and protecting the pituitary–adrenal axis from the effects of stress. . . .
New High-Throughput Screening Protease Assay Based upon Supramolecular Self-assembly

We previously demonstrated that the supramolecular self-assembly of cyanines could be useful for developing fluorescent enzymatic assays. We took that concept a step further by synthesizing a covalent adduct of the tetrapeptide Asp−Glu−Val−Asp (DEVD) and a cyanine (DEVD−cyanine). The DEVD−cyanine due to its canonical sequence was recognized and hydrolyzed by the proteases, Caspase-3 and -7 in 96- or 384-microwell plate reactions. The catalytically liberated cyanine self-assembled upon scaffolds of carboxymethylamylose (CMA), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), or a mixture of CMA and CMC resulting in a J aggregate exhibiting bright fluorescence at a 470 nm emission wavelength (optimum signal/background using excitation wavelengths of 415−440 nm). The fluorescence intensity increased with enzyme and substrate concentrations or reaction time and exhibited classical saturation profiles of a rectangular hyperbola. Saturation of the reaction was at 30 U/mL (1 μg/mL) Caspase-3 and 250 μM DEVD−cyanine. The reaction ki...
Novel regenerative strategies to enhance periodontal therapy outcome

Background: Chronic periodontitis is a widely prevalent inflammatory condition of the supporting tissues of the teeth and is characterized by loss of teeth with an associated risk of systemic complications. Regenerative therapies such as guided tissue and bone regeneration form an important armamentarium in periodontics with a high degree of outcome predictability in certain ideal clinical scenarios. Objective/methods: This review elaborates novel tissue regenerative treatment modalities based on sound understanding of developmental biology, tissue engineering, inflammation and wound healing. We focus on the role of biological mediators such as growth factors, gene-based therapy, cell therapy and pro-resolution lipid mediators in the regeneration of lost bone or periodontium. Results/conclusions: These therapies have the potential to regenerate both periodontium and bone, aiding in the treatment of even clinically challenging cases.
Fatigue crack growth from an artificial flaw

Abstract The crack growth characteristics of physically short cracks have been examined under cyclic load conditions. These short cracks were nucleated from artificial flaws that had been induced symmetrically in a keyhole-notched compact-type specimen of aluminum alloy 7075-T735. The fatigue crack growth rate is shown to be a function of flaw depth. A limit to short-crack behavior is predicted in terms of flaw depth. A transition from short- to long-crack behavior is observed for crack lengths between 1.0 and 3.0 mm. The effect of residual stresses created by the introduction of the artificial flaw is discussed. Fatigue crack morphology in terms of microstriations and flaw depth is also considered.
Why College Men Drink: Alcohol, Adventure, and the Paradox of Masculinity.

(2000). Why College Men Drink: Alcohol, Adventure, and the Paradox of Masculinity. Journal of American College Health: Vol. 48, No. 6, pp. 307-315.
Artificial neural net attractors

Abstract Aesthetically appealing patterns are produced by the dynamical behavior of artificial neural networks with randomly chosen connection strengths. These feed-forward networks have a single hidden layer of neurons and a single output, which is fed back to the input to produce a scalar time series that is always bounded and often chaotic. Sample attractors are shown and simple computer code is provided to encourage experimentation.
Correlates of Life Satisfaction: An Aid Analysis.

The Automatic Interaction Detector (AID3) was used to develop a model based on the interaction of predictors of life satisfaction. The sample consisted of 871 people over fifty-five years of age. Thirty-one potential predictors were used representing demographics, environmental variables, and social psychological variables. The findings indicate that nine predictors explained 22.1 per cent of the variance in life satisfaction scores. The most important predictors of life satisfaction were family life satisfaction, personal health satisfaction, and satisfaction with dwelling. The interactions between the predictors indicated that a simple linear-monotonic relationship between the predictors was too restrictive.
The Effect of Ethical Frameworks on Perceptions of Organizational Justice

issues. The implications of these results for both organizational justice and ethics are discussed. Organizational justice and normative ethics both address the general organizational question, What is right? Work in the field of organizational justice has centered around how people feel about either the distribution of outcomes (distributive justice) or the process by which these outcome allocation decisions are made (procedural justice). Ethics research has often considered a similar distinction people draw between processes and outcomes as they attempt to determine what is ethical. One such approach distinguishes between utilitarian (outcome-based) decisions and formalist (rules- or process-based) decisions. These similar distinctions between processes and outcomes in organizational justice and ethics are notable, and in this research note we attempt to integrate the two areas.
EPIDEMIOIOGY OF PEDIATRIC MENINGITIS-LOS ANGELES COUNTY 1975

One hundred ninety-two of 194 L.A. County hospitals were enrolled in the Meningitis Surveillance Program in 1975. Three hundred twenty-eight cases of meningitis in children were identified from a review of bacteriology laboratory reports and medical records at each hospital. Criteria for inclusion of a case were age >56 days and 500 WBC with >50% PMNs, or CSF pleocytosis >100 WBC with >50% PMNs with a positive blood culture for one of the major bacterial pathogens. Etiologic organisms included Hemophilus influenzae type B, 207; Streptococcus pneumoniae, 43; Neisseria meningitidis, 37; Others, 9; and Purulent unknown, 32. The cumulative risk of meningitis in the first five years of life was 2.6/1000 for all types and 1.8/1000 for Hemophilus influenzae. The incidence was significantly higher in Spanish-surnamed and Blacks than in Caucasians. The incidence was highest in Spanish-surnamed for all types except Others. Associated diagnoses included otitis media(22%), iron deficiency anemia(13%), mastoiditis(4%), sinusitis(l%), and skull fracture(1%). On case (S.pneumoniae) was associated with Sickle Cell Disease. Serious complications occurred in 69(21%) patients and included convulsions(21%), paresis(6%), sub-dural effusion(4%), deafness(3%), psychomotor retardation(3%), and hydrocephalus(2%). Complications and mortality were highest in the Neisseria group. Thirteen patients died (4%) and 297 (85%) made a full recovery.
Analysis of Direct-Contact Melting Under Rotation

In this paper the phenomenon of direct melting under rotation and external pressure is considered. Rotation may be added to direct-contact melting for several purposes, including keeping the melting surface uniform or creating a centrifugal field to assist the removal of the melt. An exact analysis is presented here, which resembles that of the condensation on a rotating surface or the problem of a rotating disk in a large body of fluid. A similarity transformation is applied to reduce the full Navier-Stokes and energy equations to ordinary differential equations. A dimensionless parameter {sigma} has emerged from the analysis, which is the ratio of the external force to the centrifugal force. As {sigma} {yields} {infinity}, (no rotation), the problem becomes that of pure direct-contact melting under external force, and hence resulting in the exact formulation for such a problem. For {sigma} = 0 (pure rotation, no external force), the formulation becomes similar to that of condensation on a rotating disk or a rotating disk in a large body of fluid. It is noted that different scaling of the problem with respect to {sigma} is needed to obtain the solution for the wide range of {sigma} = 0 {yields} {infinity}. A closedmore » form solution is obtained for the case where the film is approximated to be thin. A criterion for the validity of this approximation is given. Finally, the numerical results for the general problem are presented in terms of the Prandtl number, the Stefan number, and the force ration {sigma}.« less
Prophylactic Treatment for Control of Fungus (Saprolegnia parasitica) on Salmon Eggs

(1949). Prophylactic Treatment for Control of Fungus (Saprolegnia parasitica) on Salmon Eggs. The Progressive Fish-Culturist: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 97-103.
Mutation creates an open reading frame within the 5' untranslated region of macaque erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase (CA) I mRNA that suppresses CA I expression and supports the scanning model for translation.

Abstract A variant allele at the CA I locus that produces a deficiency of erythrocyte-specific CA I occurs as a widespread polymorphism in pigtail macaques from southeast Asia. Sequence analyses revealed a C----G substitution 12 nucleotides downstream of the cap site in the variant erythrocyte CA I mRNA. This mutation forms a new AUG start site and an open reading frame coding for 26 amino acids that terminates 6 nucleotides before the normal AUG initiation codon for CA I. It appears that the presence of this upstream open reading frame greatly diminishes reinitiation of translation from the normal start site, resulting in trace levels of CA I in erythrocytes. Preferential use of the first AUG codon supports the scanning model for translation initiation in eukaryotes.
19F/23Na Double Resonance MAS NMR Study of Oxygen/Fluorine Ordering in the Oxyfluoride Na5W3O9F5

Three resonances corresponding to the three crystallographically distinct fluorine sites were resolved in the high-resolution 19 F MAS spectrum of chiolite (Na 5 Al 3 F 14 ) collected at a field strength of 19.6 T and at a spinning speed of 40 kHz. In contrast, only one broad resonance is observed in the 19 F MAS NMR spectrum of the isostructural compound Na 5 W 3 O 9 F 5 . Thus, a combination of 19 F MAS, 19 F → 23 Na CP, and 23 Na → 19 F HETCOR NMR experiments was required to resolve the resonances from the different local environments in this compound. Fluorine was shown to preferentially occupy two of the three anion sites.
Telling the truth: Heller as philosopher of history and personality

In this essay, I reconstruct Heller’s philosophy of history, arguing both that Heller’s position presents a serious intervention into modern theorizing about historical patternicity and that Heller’s position should be understood as a valuable hybrid, uniting her existential, ethical, and pragmatic bodies of work. For Heller, history is implicated indissolubly in the personal and ethical decision-making of individual actors. I conclude that Heller undermines postmodern claims about the relativism of history and scientific progress, notwithstanding initial appearances to the contrary.
The use of the chisel and mallet in the extraction of teeth

Summary The use of the chisel and mallet for the extraction of normally placed, as well as impacted and otherwise malposed teeth is safe and successful even in the hands of the less experienced operator. With their use, the sockets and the processes in general are left in a condition that will not be criticized from the standpoint of surgery. The operator using the chisel and mallet technic not only can remove all roots but also attached granulomas and other pathologic conditions.
VARIATION IN PROSTATE POSITION QUANTITATION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL CONFORMAL TREATMENT PLANNING

Purpose: This study describes and quantitates the motion, i.e., variation in position, of the prostate within the pelvis and its effect on target and normal organ dose. Methods and Materials: The motion of the planning target volume ( PTV ) borders and center of mass was studied in 13 patients with carcinoma of the prostate through the use of superimposed serial computerized tomography (CT) scans. Changes in bladder and rectal volumes were measured and their relationship to displacements of the PTV position were noted. The effects of this motion on target and normal organ doses were measured. Results: A variability in the position of the PTV is seen over time, which is related to changes in bladder and rectal volumes. The one standard deviation displacements of the PTV center of mass with respect to the planning scan center of mass position were 0.12, 0.40, and 0.31 cm in the lateral, anterior-posterior, and superior-inferior directions, respectively. Movement was significantly larger in the superior part of the PTV above the base of the bladder than in the inferior part. Movement of the borders of the PTV outward from the patient axis; hence, toward the edges of the treatment field, was also examined. Outward displacements of the anterior target border below the base of the bladder were less than 0.3 cm in 90% of the cases, and 1.4 cm above the bladder base. For the posterior wall these displacements were less than 0.7 cm and 1.1 cm, respectively, whereas the lateral border displacements were less than 0.3 cm throughout (90% confidence limits). These displacements would cause a median of 6% of the PTV to receive less than 95% of the planned dose for any given treatment day in these patients; the effect on rectal and bladder wall doses was greater and true doses may not be measurable through the use of only one treatment planning CT scan. Conclusions: The prostate is not a static organ, but rather has some limited motion in the pelvis secondary to bladder and rectal volume changes. This motion has been quantified for a group of patients, and may provide a guide to further studies on the placement of field borders.
The homology of special linear groups over polynomial rings

Abstract We study the homology of SL n ( F [ t, t −1 ]) by examining the action of the group on a suitable simplicial complex. The E 1 -term of the resulting spectral sequence is computed and the differential, d 1 , is calculated in some special cases to yield information about the low-dimensional homology groups of SL n ( F [ t,t −1 ]). In particular, we show that if F is an infinite field, then H 2 ( SL n ( F [ t, t −1 ]), ℤ) = K 2 ( F [ t, t −1 ]) for n ≥ 3. We also prove an unstable analogue of homotopy invariance in algebraic K -theory; namely, if F is an infinite field, then the natural map SL n ( F ) → SL n ( F [ t ]) induces an isomorphism on integral homology for all n ≥ 2.
Cepstrum discrimination function (Corresp.)

An expression is derived for the function that governs the discrimination by the power cepstrum against components at large time delays. The function has been found to be useful in normalizing cepstrum displays.
Preparation and characterization of des-C-terminal tubulin

Tubulin, from which the C-terminal peptide had been removed by limited proteolysis was compared to intact native tubulin. Des-C-terminal tubulin (with a nominal molecular weight of 48,000) was prepared by digestion with 1% subtilisin carlsberg at 25°C for 16 min, and the product was purified by ion-exchange chromatography on cellulose DE-52 followed by Sephadex G-50 chromatography. The purified product was composed of the cores of both the α- and β-subunits of tubulin and was free from other proteins and peptides containing the COOH-terminal moiety as shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) Sephadex G-50 and ion exchange DE-52 cellulose chromatographies, and ultracentrifugation analysis. The ultraviolet (UV) absorption and fluorescence spectra of des-C-terminal tubulin were the same as those of native tubulin. The sedimentation coefficient of des-C-terminal tubulin (5.9S) was slightly higher than that of native tubulin reflecting a decrease in axial ratio. The change in circular dichroism in the far UV indicated a decrease of α-helical contents by 10–15%. These optical properties of des-C-terminal tubulin indicate that the elimination of the COOH-terminal region from tubulin did not change the conformation of the core tubulin molecule significantly, the decrease in α-helix being due to the elimination of the C-terminal peptide. des-C-terminal tubulin bound 2 moles/mole of GTP and 1 mole/mole of colchicine, just as intact tubulin, but its binding ability of ruthenium red was reduced.
Federal health care policy and the geographic diffusion of physicians: A macro-scale analysis

The federal government passed legislation in the 1960's and 70's to increase physician supplies and reduce spatial inequalities in access to physicians. A major policy was to aggressively continue increasing the overall supply of physicians on the assumption that market forces would eventually divert physicians from areas of high physician density to those of low density. Using state-level, annual data collected over a 21-year period, this paper investigates the macro-scale spatial diffusion of physicians as an essential element in evaluating this policy. The results provide evidence of the policy impacting locational trends relating to primary care physicians, but not specialists. They also indicate that the Medicaid/Medicare programs may have adversely affected the maldistribution problem.
Quantitative Morphological Signatures Define Local Signaling Networks Regulating Cell Morphology

Although classical genetic and biochemical approaches have identified hundreds of proteins that function in the dynamic remodeling of cell shape in response to upstream signals, there is currently little systems-level understanding of the organization and composition of signaling networks that regulate cell morphology. We have developed quantitative morphological profiling methods to systematically investigate the role of individual genes in the regulation of cell morphology in a fast, robust, and cost-efficient manner. We analyzed a compendium of quantitative morphological signatures and described the existence of local signaling networks that act to regulate cell protrusion, adhesion, and tension.
Regional Inequality and Regional Polarization in Russia, 1990–99

Abstract This paper contributes to the growing debate on regional inequality and polarization in Russia. Using a consistent data series and applying a number of recently developed measures, it documents trends over the transition decade of 1990–99. It shows that while inequality and polarization increased rapidly during 1991–96, the increases leveled off and even reversed in the late 1990s. Using a polarization index based on inequality decomposition, it is shown that the main dimensions of increasing polarization are not so much the “West–East” or the “Ethnic Russian–National Republics” divides, but factors such as export shares of regions or the relative sizes of their capitals. This provides a different perspective on the causes of regional inequality and polarization, and suggests a research and policy agenda somewhat different from that, which is prominent in the current debate.
Damage mechanisms and failure modes of cortical bone under components of physiological loading

Fatigue damage development in cortical bone was investigated in vitro under different mechanical components of physiological loading including tension, compression, and torsion. During each test, stress and strain data were collected continuously to monitor and statistically determine the occurrence of the primary, secondary, and tertiary stages associated with fatigue and/or creep failure of bone. The resultant microdamage and failure modes were identified by histological and fractographic analysis, respectively. The tensile group demonstrated Mode I cracking and the three classic stages of fatigue and creep suggesting a low crack initiation threshold, steady crack propagation and final failure by coalescence of microcracks. In contrast, the compressive group displayed Mode II cracking and a two-stage fatigue behavior with limited creep suggesting a high crack initiation threshold followed by a sudden fracture. The torsion group also displayed a two-stage fatigue profile but demonstrated extensive damage from mixed mode (Modes II and III) microcracking and predominant time-dependant damage. Thus, fatigue behavior of bone was found to be uniquely related to the individual mechanical components of physiological loading and the latter determined the specific damage mechanisms associated with fatigue fracture.
Limited Revolution: The Impact of the Anatolian Railway on Turkish Transportation and the Provisioning of Istanbul, 1890–1908*

Developmental investment abroad was an integral part of the industrialized nations' foreign policies in the decades before World War I. A notable case was the German Empire's investment in the Anatolian Railway. Inspired by the astounding success of North American railroad development in settling vast untilled areas and creating great quantities of cheap food grains, the Germans built a railroad into the thinly populated central plain of Turkey. But the hoped-for revolution was limited by social and political factors that overrode the purely economic, as Professor Quataert demonstrates in a study with broad implications for present-day development programs in third-world countries.
Optical hole burning in ruby

We report experimental and theoretical studies of optical hole burning in the inhomogeneous ${R}_{1}$ line of ruby at low temperatures. Both Stark-shifting and pump-probe techniques using narrow-band single-frequency lasers were employed. In addition to the observation of narrow holes, we have found that a large (up to 70%) decrease in absorption occurs outside the hole and that the relative size of this decrease is constant over the entire inhomogeneous line. This effect is ascribed to fast resonant cross-spin relaxation in the ground-state levels which drives all spins within the optically pumped volume to a common spin temperature. A theoretical model is formulated which describes the power-broadened hole shapes as well as the off-resonance decrease in the absorption coefficient. Fair agreement with experiment is obtained for the case of a magnetic field applied along the $c$ axis; however, sizable deviations from the theory are seen for zero field. We conclude that further studies are needed to elucidate the nature of the Al superhyperfine-broadening mechanism. An upper limit of 1200 nm is deduced for the size of macroscopically broadened regions in ruby.
Nuclear gamma ray resonance observation of the activation process in Raney iron and Urushibara iron catalysts

The phases that form when Raney iron and Urushibara iron catalysts are activated have been studied utilizing 67Fe nuclear gamma ray resonance. For Raney iron catalysts four phases are observed in the activated catalyst; residual aluminum-depleted Raney alloy, Fe(OH)p, a-Fe and Fea04. The relative proportions of phases present is a sensitive function of leaching temperature and time. For Raney iron catalysts, and for Urushibara iron catalysts prepared using aluminum, no alloying of aluminum into the activated phases is observable. For Urushibara iron catalysts prepared using zinc, there is considerable alloying of iron and zinc. Evidence is presented to show that when the catalyst is generated at low temperatures Fe(OH)z is a precursor phase for metallic Fe in Raney Iron. A similar situation seems to exist for the Urushibara catalyst prepared using aluminum. The alloying behavior of the iron catalysts can be understood on the basis of the nature of the intermediate phase. The large amounts of FesOl present’ in Ranev iron prepared at elevated temperatures raises some questions concerning the
The Cinema of Robert Gardner

The Cinema of Robert Gardner Edited by Ilisa Barbash and Lucien Taylor New York: Berg, 2007, 264 pages ISBN: 978-1-84520-774-8 (paperback) Price $35.96 Reviewed by Noam Osband, University of Pennsy...
Expanding the Scope of Science and Ethics

(1998). Expanding the Scope of Science and Ethics. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 88, No. 2, pp. 290-296.
The purification and properties of an extracellular protease from Aspergillus oryzae NRRL 2160

Abstract An extracellular protease, secreted by Aspergillus oryzae has been purified to apparent homogeneity by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Homogeneity was ascertained by disc-gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight, as determined by gel filtration, was 25 000, and the enzyme was shown to be a serine protease by inactivation with diisopropyl fluorophosphate, and phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride. The sulfhydryl reagent iodoacetamide and the chelating agent EDTA were without effect on activity. The enzyme produced in shake cultures is secreted in the stationary phase when cells are grown on nutrient broth, and in early growth on defined salts. These observations suggest that under certain conditions regulation of some part of the overall process of synthesis and release is occurring.
Mucopolysaccharide storage disease in three families of cats with arylsulfatase B deficiency: leukocyte studies and carrier identification.

Summary: This report gives a more complete description of pathologic and enzymologic findings in the feline Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome based on additional studies in the cat originally described, three other affected Siamese cats from two additional families and an affected kitten produced by an experimental mating between obligate heterozygotes from two independently ascertained families. All affected animals had facial dysmorphia with a small head and broad, shortened maxilla. None had hepatosplenomegaly. All had a diffuse ground glass appearance of all layers of the cornea. All long bones had multiple severe exostoses with epiphyseal dysplasia and irregular articular surfaces. There was no indication in these cats of any deficit comparable to what is defined in man as mental retardation. The electrophoretic patterns obtained showed that the primary glycosaminoglycan (GAG) excreted in the urine by the affected cats was dermatan sulfate. In two human mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) VI patients and all five affected cats, 90–100% of the circulating polymorphonu-clear (PMN) leukocytes contained, by light microscopy, excessive coarse granulations in the cytoplasm. In the human MPS VI patients, most PMN leukocytes contained, by electron microscopy, small (0.2–0.5u) round membrane bound inclusions, a majority of which contained an amorphous to granular electron dense material. The predominant inclusion type in the cat varied among families: lamellar, granular, and crystalloid, but all three inclusion types were present in some cells of all affected individuals. The data indicate that the detection of normals, heterozygotes, and homozygotes for the mutant gene was possible using an assay for arylsulfatase B (ASB) in peripheral blood leukocytes. The existence of an obligate heterozygote which has very low ASB activity with the nitrocatechol sulfate assay indicates that clinical criteria must be combined with assays of enzyme activity before an individual can be defined as affected. Pedigree information in the three independently ascertained families of cats is consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance. An experimental mating between obligate heterozygotes in families 2 and 3 produced a kitten with characteristic signs and enzymatic deficiency of the syndrome, indicating that the same locus, and in all probability the same mutant allele, is involved in these two families. Speculation: This feline model of mucopolysaccharidosis VI (Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome) can be produced by experimental mating and should allow advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis and approaches to therapy for this and related genetic storage diseases.
Neuron-specific enolase and neurofilament protein as markers of differentiation in medulloblastoma

Abstract Immunocytochemical localization of neuron-specific enolase was performed attempting evaluation for neuronal cell differentiation in medulloblastoma. Twenty-seven cases of human medulloblastomas were stained with anti-neuron-specific enolase and antineurofilament protein serum using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. All medulloblastomas showed neuron-specific enolase immunoreaction but only few had neurofilament protein-positive cells. These results suggest that a practically universal tendency towards neuronal cell differentiation occurs in medulloblastomas and that synthesis of neuron-specific enolase takes place before sufficient amounts of neurofilament protein are produced to become immunocyto-chemically detectable.
Ovol Proteins: Guardians against EMT during Epithelial Differentiation

Epithelial differentiation requires a balancing act to commit to epithelial fate while inhibiting both progenitor and mesenchymal traits. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Lee et al. (2014) and Watanabe et al. (2014) uncover a critical role of Ovol proteins in safeguarding this intricate process.
Opportunistic Predation of the Sea Urchin, Lytechinus variegatus, by the Amphipod, Elasmopus levis, in an Intensive Inland Culture System

Invasive and/or opportunistic organisms can negatively influence the success of sea urchin culture operations. To our knowledge, pests associated with sea urchin aquaculture have not been reported. In this study, we report the predatory association of the amphipod, Elasmopus levis (Amphipoda: Melitidae), with the sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea), within an intensive inland culture system. Wild-caught Ly. variegatus broodstock were placed in an intensive culture system, and within their canopy of spines or within transport seawater, populations of epifauna (including amphipods) and microfauna were most likely transferred into the culture system. A growing population of the amphipod developed over time. Associations of the amphipod with the sea urchin were observed to negatively affect the health of the sea urchin, and in some cases, epithelial tissue from the sea urchin test appeared to be consumed by the amphipod. An infestation of these amphipods in commercial sea urchin cultures could have the potential to be costly, and we recommend quarantine and/or water purification procedures be considered to prevent the introduction of pests to inland culture systems.
Drive or Walk?: Utilitarian Trips Within a Neotraditional Neighborhood

An extensive body of literature has developed on the relationship between the physical environment and travel behavior. Although many studies have found that neotraditional neighborhood development supports nonautomobile travel by providing good street connectivity, pedestrian and cycling facilities, and internal destinations, questions remain about the travel behavior of individuals within such neighborhoods. This study uses travel diaries to examine utilitarian trip-making behavior within a neotraditional neighborhood and compares total trips with mode-specific (i.e., walk and drive) trips. Negative binomial regression is used to examine the effect of a set of independent variables, including personal and household characteristics, select attitudinal factors, and distance from residences to the commercial center. It is found that within the neotraditional neighborhood, walk trips drop off quickly with increasing distance to destinations, whereas drive trips increase. The analysis demonstrates the importance of short distances for within-neighborhood travel and the merit in considering trips separately for walk and drive modes to avoid obscuring important factors associated with trip making.
Working Memory Capacity, Attentional Focus, and Problem Solving

Attentional focus is important for many cognitive processes, including problem solving. In this article, we discuss working memory capacity (WMC), a construct related to the ability to focus attention, and its differential effects on analytic and creative problem solving. One of the main ways in which WMC benefits analytic problem solving seems to be that it helps problem solvers to control their attention, resist distraction, and narrow their search through a problem space. Conversely, several lines of recent evidence have shown that too much focus can actually harm performance on creative problem-solving tasks.
Terra and Aqua MODIS products available from NASA GES DAAC

Abstract The NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Distributed Active Archive Center (GES DAAC), known as GSFC-ECS in the Earth Observing System Data Gateway, distributes three major groups of MODIS products: Level 1 Radiometric and Geolocation data, and Level 2 and higher level of Atmosphere and Ocean products. The Atmosphere data types are aerosol, water vapor, cloud, temperature and moisture profiles, and cloud mask. The 107 (at present) Ocean data types include such parameters as normalized water-leaving radiances, chlorophyll and pigment concentrations (“ocean color”), total absorptions, sea surface temperatures, and ocean primary productivity. GES DAAC provides a broad spectrum of MODIS support, covering; data access, visualization tools, tools for search and order of the aforementioned data, documentation, data content, troubleshooting, and science and software support for the Earth Observing System Core System (ECS). The Web gateway for MODIS data products and services is http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/MODIS/
Effects of knowledge of an endangered species on recreationists' attitudes and stated behaviors and the significance of management compliance for ohlone tiger beetle conservation.

Recreation is a leading cause of species decline on public lands, yet sometimes it can be used as a tool for conservation. Engagement in recreational activities, such as hiking and biking, in endangered species habitats may even enhance public support for conservation efforts. We used the case of the endangered Ohlone tiger beetle (Cicindela ohlone) to investigate the effect of biking and hiking on the beetle's behavior and the role of recreationists' knowledge of and attitudes toward Ohlone tiger beetle in conservation of the species. In Inclusion Area A on the University of California Santa Cruz (U.S.A.) campus, adult Ohlone tiger beetles mate and forage in areas with bare ground, particularly on recreational trails; however, recreation disrupts these activities. We tested the effect of recreation on Ohlone tiger beetles by observing beetle behavior on trails as people walked and road bikes at slow and fast speed and on trails with no recreation. We also surveyed recreationists to investigate how their knowledge of the beetle affected their attitudes toward conservation of the beetle and stated compliance with regulations aimed at beetle conservation. Fast cycling caused the beetles to fly off the trail more often and to fly farther than slow cycling or hiking. Slow cycling and hiking did not differ in their effect on the number of times and distance the beetles flew off the trail. Recreationists' knowledge of the beetle led to increased stated compliance with regulations, and this stated compliance is likely to have tangible conservation outcomes for the beetle. Our results suggest management and education can mitigate the negative effect of recreation and promote conservation of endangered species. Efectos del Conocimiento de una Especie en Peligro sobre las Actitudes y Comportamientos Declarados de los Recreacionistas y el Significado del Manejo de la Conformidad para la Conservacion del Escarabajo Tigre de Ohlone.
Revising and Assessing Explanatory Models in a High School Genetics Class: A Comparison of Unsuccessful and Successful Performance.

In this paper we describe the model-revising problem-solving strategies of two groups of students (one “successful,” one “unsuccessful”) as they worked (in a genetics course we developed) to revise Mendel's simple dominance model to explain the inheritance of a trait expressed in any of four variations. The two groups described in this paper were chosen with the intent that the strategies that they employed be used to inform the design of model-based instruction. Differences were found in the groups' abilities to recognize anomalous data, use existing models as templates for revisions, and assess revised models. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed86:463–480, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/sce.10015
High endurance ultra-thin tunnel oxide for dynamic memory application

Ultra-thin tunnel oxide can conduct very high current through oxide via direct tunneling; charge-to-breakdown increases dramatically due to less oxide damage. These facts point to a possibility of using ultra-thin tunnel oxide in the floating-gate device structure for dynamic-memory applications. We chose MONOS structure in this study due to its immunity to defect-induced leakage and back-tunneling. The memory device exhibits fast WRITE/ERASE speed, high endurance, long data retention and non-destructive READ. Further improvements are expected through process optimization.