cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improved aircraft roll maneuver performance using smart deformable wings

In this paper, the aspects of modeling and control design methodology for improving roll maneuver performance in aircrafts (for achieving a desired roll rate) by deforming a flexible wing with piezoelectric actuation and sensing are studied. An integrated finite element model of a laminated composite plate embedded with smart piezo actuators and sensors subject to aerodynamic loading giving rise to a steady roll rate is developed. The resulting model in the generalized coordinates which has nonsymmetric aerodynamic damping matrix and a nonsymmetric stiffness matrix (due to aerodynamic stiffness) is then transformed to real but nonorthogonal modal coordinates and a reduced order model is developed. A new control design algorithm based on `Reciprocal State Space' framework is then developed to achieve the desired roll rate and to simultaneously suppress the flexible mode vibrations. The research carried out clearly delineates the relationship and interaction between the structural, aerodynamic and piezo actuation based control subsystems and underscores the importance, potential and the vast scope of the proposed integrated approach to improve aircraft maneuver performance.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Towards a large-scale cognitive radio network: Testbed, intensive computing, frequency agility and security

Cognitive radio (CR) is a promising technique for improving the efficiency of utilizing the precious radio spectrum. A cognitive radio network (CRN) testbed not only can verify concepts, algorithms, and protocols for CR, but also can reveal practical problems and guide future research. Vision, architecture, intensive computing, frequency band shifting, security, ultra-wideband receiver and potential applications are discussed in this paper. In support of our arguments, experiments and demonstrations are reported as well.
The comprehensibility and content of juvenile Miranda warnings.

Annually, more than 1.5 million juvenile offenders are arrested and routinely Mirandized with little consideration regarding the comprehensibility of these warnings. The current investigation examined 122 juvenile Miranda warnings from across the United States regarding their length, reading level, and content. Even more variable than general Miranda warnings, juvenile warnings ranged remarkably from 52 to 526 words; inclusion of Miranda waivers and other material substantially increased these numbers (64 –1,020 words). Flesch-Kincaid reading estimates varied dramatically from Grade 2.2 to postcollege. Differences in content included such critical issues as (a) right to parent/guardian input, (b) specification of free legal services for indigent defendants, and (c) statements of right to counsel in conditional terms. Recommendations for simplified juvenile Miranda warnings are presented.
Aluminum nitride piezo-optomechanical nanobeam cavity

We develop a piezoelectrically actuated, one-dimensional photonic and phononic crystal nanocavity fabricated from aluminum nitride. High-quality piezo-optomechanical nanobeam cavities with optical Q o of 1.2 × 105 and mechanical Q m over 10,000 are obtained.
Effects of Solid-to-Solution Ratio on Uranium(VI) Adsorption and Its Implications

U(VI) adsorption onto goethite-coated sand was studied in batch experiments at a solid-to-solution ratio (SSR) ranging from 33.3 to 333 g/L. Batch kinetic experiments revealed that the presence of 10-4 M phosphate increased both the initial rate and ultimate extent of U(VI) adsorption compared with phosphate-free systems. Our experimental U(VI) adsorption isotherms were independent of SSR in phosphate-free systems. However, the U(VI) adsorption isotherm became dependent on SSR in phosphate-containing systems (with a lower SSR resulting in stronger U(VI) adsorption). A surface complexation model (SCM) was used to conceptualize the interactions in systems containing U(VI), phosphate, and goethite contributing to this SSR effect. The SCM accounted for the effects of SSR on U(VI) adsorption reasonably well. This study implies that the extrapolation of batch-measured adsorption parameters of U(VI) (and potentially other radionuclides and metal(loid)s as well) to field conditions should be done with caution, es...
The Pioneer Venus Orbiter entry phase

In October, 1992 the Pioneer Venus Orbiter entered the atmosphere of Venus, ending nearly 14 years of observations at Venus. Prior to the entry into the atmosphere and subsequent loss of the spacecraft careful management of spacecraft resources had allowed the acquisition of much low altitude data over the nightside of the planet. The long duration of the Pioneer Venus mission has enabled us to study the ionosphere and atmosphere of Venus under different levels of solar activity.
Subwavelength Imaging by Full 3D Negative Refraction Using a 3D Photonic Crystal

A 3D body-centered cubic photonic crystal was designed and fabricated to achieve full 3D negative refraction by dispersion engineering. Three-dimensional subwavelength resolution imaging was experimentally demonstrated using this photonic crystal in microwave regime.
Data diodes in support of trustworthy cyber infrastructure

Interconnections between process control networks and enterprise networks has resulted in the proliferation of standard communication protocols in industrial control systems which exposes instrumentation, control systems, and the critical infrastructure components they operate to a variety of cyber attacks. Various standards and technologies have been proposed to protect industrial control systems against cyber attacks and to provide them with confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Among these technologies, data diodes provide protection of critical systems by the means of physically enforcing traffic direction on the network. In order to deploy data diodes effectively, it is imperative to understand the protection they provide, the protection they do not provide, their limitations, and their place in the larger security infrastructure. In this work, we briefly review the security challenges in an industrial control system, study data diodes, their functionalities and limitations, and propose a scheme for their effective deployment in trusted process control networks (TPCNs.)
Coastal uplift and mortality of intertidal organisms caused by the september 1985 Mexico earthquakes.

Coastal uplift associated with the great Mexican earthquake of 19 September 1985 and its principal aftershock produced widespread mortality of intertidal organisms along the coast of the states of Michoacan and Guerrero, Mexico. Measurements of the vertical extent of mortality at ten sites provided estimates of the magnitude of the vertical component of deformation along the coast. Within the affected area, uplift ranged from about 12 centimeters to about 1 meter, and no subsidence was observed. The observations are consistent with models of the tectonic deformation that results from buried slip on a shallow-dipping underthrust fault.
Exact analysis of inhomogeneous ladder networks having a tridiagonal interaction matrix

A projection-recurrence method is applied to active and passive ladder networks with a tridiagonal interaction matrix to obtain a factorization of the response functions. The factors are partial chain parameters, determined by third order recurrences. For a ladder with N nodes, the number of arithmetic operations to calculate response functions ranges from 4N to 6N. A diagrammatic representation is developed for passive ladders which makes it possible to obtain the partial chain parameters by inspection, and a compact formula for the node-voltage response is presented for active doubly-terminated ladders.
Ultraviolet free-electron laser driven by a high-brightness 45-MeV electron beam

We report on experimental studies of an ultraviolet (UV) free-electron laser (FEL) oscillator driven by low-energy electrons from a radio-frequency linear accelerator. Previous UV FELs have been driven by 350--800-MeV electrons from storage rings. We verify the concept of driving an UV FEL with a low-energy, but high-current, low-emittance electron beam. This and other innovations allowed the FEL to lase at wavelengths from 369 to 380 nm using 45.9--45.2-MeV electrons, and to achieve a peak optical output power of 270 kW. The experimental results are in good agreement with simulations.
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES AND STRUCTURAL DEFECTS IN EPITAXIAL CaF2 ON Si.

In this paper, a study is made of the electrical properties and of the types of structual defects which can occur in epitaxial CaF2 grown on Si(111) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and high-energy (≥2 MeV) He+ ion channeling techniques are used to characterize defects in the epitaxial layer and at the CaF2 /Si interface while current-voltage (I–V) and capacitance-voltage (C–V)3 measurements are used to characterize the electrical properties. The HRTEM images show an atomically abrupt interface between the CaF2 and Si. The most common defect we have been able to identify is associated with an atomic step at the interface and is similar to a Shockley partial dislocation at a (111) twin interface in an fcc crystal structure. The ion channeling measurements also indicate the presence of defects at the CaF2 /Si interface. The apparent defect density measured by ion channeling decreases in the CaF layer as one moves away from the interface at a rate which depends on ihe final thickness of the epitaxial film. Ion channeling has also been used to measure strain and it is found that, while thin layers of epitaxial CaF2 on Si(111) have large strain, the strain becomes vanishingly small as the layers exceed 200 nm in thickness. This result can be adequately explained using an equilibrium model for the introduction of strain relieving misfit dislocations and indicates that epitaxial fluoride layers may be useful as thermal mismatch buffers in heteroepitaxial structures. In C–V measurements of epitaxial CaF2 layers on Si(111) which have been fabricated into metal-insulator-semiconductor structures, the capacitance is observed to remain constant over a large variation in applied voltage. This constant capacitance region can be explained as due to a high density of interface states in the band gap. In addition, I–V measurements indicate that, at low fields, the CaF2 resistivity exceeds 1014 Ω-cm. At high fields, the CaF2 starts to conduct in a manner which we speculate is due to defects at the CaF2/Si interface. The field at which this conduction takes place has been ovserved to exceed 1 MV/cm for a 42-nm-thick CaF2 film with the device geometry used for this work.
Thoracoscopy in the management of anterior mediastinal masses

Thoracoscopy has been found useful for both the diagnosis and treatment of anterior mediastinal disorders. We have reserved it for use during thymectomy in the management of new-onset myasthenia gravis and for the resection of benign thymic, pericardial, and bronchogenic cysts. The application of thoracoscopic techniques in the anterior mediastinum should be approached conservatively. At this time, we believe it should be limited to diagnostic procedures requiring adequate biopsy and to therapeutic resections in which the extent of the resection is assured and therapeutic efficacy is maintained. We await further advances in both the instrumentation and technique before we are willing to undertake the performance of more radical resections using thoracoscopy. The efficacy of thoracoscopic thymectomy in the setting of myasthenia gravis awaits confirmation by larger clinical trials with adequate follow-up.
Does the O’Brien cycle occur in vivo as a key component in H2O2 production and redox signalling?

This paper examines three hypotheses constructed to explain the cause of the desferrioxamine/prochlorperazine coma. This deep and prolonged (2-3days) coma results when normal doses of two widely used therapeutic agents (the iron chelator desferrioxamine and the dopamine receptor blocker prochlorperazine) are administered together in normal doses in humans and rats. The coma is more severe in iron-deficient rats suggesting that removal of iron and resulting neuronal iron deficiency by desferrioxamine is a contributory cause. Iron and dopamine are linked in the O'Brien cycle in which redox cycling occurs between ferric and ferrous iron linked to cycling between a catecholamine and its o-quinone. This cycle is a powerful transmuter of superoxide, that converts five molecules of superoxide into two molecules of water and three molecules of hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide is a vital ingredient in many redox signalling mechanisms in neurons. Dopamine D2 receptor antagonists also inhibit the activation of hydrogen peroxide-producing superoxide dismutase in the postsynaptic neuron. The coma might be therefore due to collapse of the O'Brien cycle and lack of SOD resulting in a fall in hydrogen peroxide levels. Three different microanatomical loci are evaluated to explain how the coma might result from these redox reactions.
Neonatal sepsis and death after multiple courses of antenatal betamethasone therapy

Objective: This study was undertaken to compare the effects of single versus multiple courses of betamethasone therapy on the frequencies of neonatal outcomes and perinatal infectious morbidity among singleton pregnancies complicated by preterm delivery. Study Design: We performed a nonconcurrent prospective analysis of singleton pregnancies delivered between 24 and 34 weeks’ gestation after antenatal betamethasone exposure. Patients were categorized into two groups according to betamethasone exposure: (1) two 12-mg doses in a 24-hour interval on admission (single-course group) and (2) repeated dosing after the initial single course (multiple-course group). All patients received prophylactic antibiotics for group B streptococci. Any patients with ruptured membranes for >24 hours before delivery were excluded. Data were analyzed with the Student t test, the χ2 test, and the Fisher exact test. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the effect of each steroid dosing regimen on early-onset neonatal sepsis and neonatal death. P < .05 was considered significant for all 2-tailed tests. Results: A total of 453 patients were included, with 267 in the single-course group and 186 in the multiple-course group. The two groups were similar with respect to maternal demographic characteristics, gestational age at delivery, mode of delivery, birth weight, and maternal group B streptococcal colonization. Multiple courses were significantly associated with early-onset neonatal sepsis (odds ratio, 5.00; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-23.2), chorioamnionitis (odds ratio, 9.96; 95% confidence interval, 2.1-64.6), endometritis (odds ratio, 3.61; 95% confidence interval, 1.7-8.1), and neonatal death (odds ratio, 2.92; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-6.9). The frequencies of the other neonatal outcomes analyzed, including respiratory distress syndrome and grade III or IV intraventricular hemorrhage, were similar between the 2 groups. Multiple logistic regression analyses confirmed that multiple courses of antenatal betamethasone were independently associated with early-onset neonatal sepsis (odds ratio, 1.25; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-1.9) and neonatal death (odds ratio, 1.70; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-1.9). Conclusions: Multiple courses of antenatal betamethasone are associated with increased risks of perinatal infectious morbidity and neonatal death. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:810-4.)
Intermetallic/Metallic Polyphase In-Situ Composites

To evaluate various in-situ reinforcement schemes, a computer controlled containerless directional solidification system has been used to produce NiAl-based polyphase composites containing up to two intermetallic phases and at least one ductile phase. Systems evaluated include Ni-Al-Cr, Ni-Al-Mo, Ni-Al-V ternary systems that form NiAl/α-refractory metal eutectics and a three phase eutectic in the Ni-Al-Cr-Nb system. Initial screening of these in- situ composites has included morphological characterization, four point bend testing, temperature dependent yield strength evaluation and compressive creep testing. Occasional growth defects termed “banding” currently interrupt the continuity of these composite structures and limit the attainment of optimum properties. However, both the creep strength and toughness of NiAl were improved by in- situ reinforcement.
Trends in Surgical Management and Mortality of Intracerebral Hemorrhage in the United States Before and After the STICH Trial

The Surgical Trial in Intracerebral Hemorrhage (STICH) showed no overall benefit from early surgery compared with initial conservative treatment for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We hypothesized that the STICH trial findings would lead to a reduction in the rates of surgery for ICH in the United States. Using a national hospital database, we determined trends in surgery for ICH before and after publication of STICH. We also determined trends in ICH mortality during the study period. We queried the Premier database for all ICH-related admissions (denominator) using the ICD-9 codes 431 and 432.9, and craniotomy (numerator) with CPT procedure codes 01.2, 01.24, 01.25, 01.31, 01.39, or 01.59, for fiscal years (FY) 2000—FY2008. Trends in craniotomy and ICH mortality were determined. Change over time was tested using logistic regression. During the study period, 107,590 ICH discharges were identified. A craniotomy procedure code was identified in 7,518 instances (7.0%). Surgical cases were younger and had lower mortality than non-surgical cases. Publication of the STICH trial did not significantly impact the rate of craniotomy for ICH in the United States (P = 0.15). Age-, race-, and gender-adjusted in-hospital ICH mortality decreased steadily during the study period (P < 0.001). The rate of surgery among ICH discharges in the United States has remained stable in the past decade. While in-hospital ICH mortality decreased, controlled clinical trials are needed to determine which ICH patients would benefit from surgery, and if decreasing in-hospital mortality is associated with decreased longer term mortality and improved functional outcomes.
A hexylchloride-based catch-and-release system for chemical proteomic applications.

Bioorthogonal ligation methods that allow the selective conjugation of fluorophores or biotin to proteins and small molecule probes that contain inert chemical handles are an important component of...
Review Article: A Critical Review of The Influence of Lubricants on the Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop of Refrigerants—Part II: Lubricant Influence on Condensation and Pressure Drop

This paper intends to present a comprehensive summary of the various studies that were conducted with respect to the lubricant influence on refrigerant/oil mixture properties, condensation, and pressure drop, and tries to identify some general relationships. In addition, the research methods and correlations presented on each of these subjects are summarized. Finally, technical recommendations regarding the lubricant influence in each of these aspects are provided in this paper.
Life history theory and human reproductive behavior : Environmental/contextual influences and heritable variation.

The purpose of this article is to develop a model of life history theory that incorporates environmental influences, contextual influences, and heritable variation. I argue that physically or psychologically stressful environments delay maturation and the onset of reproductive competence. The social context is also important, and here I concentrate on the opportunity for upward social mobility as a contextual influence that results in delaying reproduction and lowering fertility in the interest of increasing investment in children. I also review evidence that variation in life history strategies is influenced by genetic variation as well. Finally, I show that cultural shifts in the social control of sexual behavior have had differential effects on individuals predisposed to high- versus low-investment reproductive strategies.
Issues for stratified randomization based on a factor derived from a continuous baseline variable

Stratified randomization based on the baseline value of the primary analysis variable is common in clinical trial design. We illustrate from a theoretical viewpoint the advantage of such a stratified randomization to achieve balance of the baseline covariate. We also conclude that the estimator for the treatment effect is consistent when including both the continuous baseline covariate and the stratification factor derived from the baseline covariate. In addition, the analysis of covariance model including both the continuous covariate and the stratification factor is asymptotically no less efficient than including either only the continuous baseline value or only the stratification factor. We recommend that the continuous baseline covariate should generally be included in the analysis model. The corresponding stratification factor may also be included in the analysis model if one is not confident that the relationship between the baseline covariate and the response variable is linear. In spite of the above recommendation, one should always carefully examine relevant historical data to pre-specify the most appropriate analysis model for a perspective study. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
O manejo da síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo

OBJETIVO: Revisar as atuais estrategias de suporte e de tratamento da sindrome do desconforto respiratorio agudo (SDRA). FONTE DOS DADOS: Dados proprios de nosso laboratorio de pesquisa e bibliografia relacionada as areas de SDRA e lesao pulmonar aguda, pesquisados atraves do Medline. SINTESE DOS DADOS: Apesar de avancos no entendimento da sua patogenese, a SDRA ainda resulta em significativa morbidade e mortalidade. A ventilacao mecânica e a principal modalidade terapeutica na SDRA, sendo atualmente considerada nao mais apenas uma medida de suporte, mas sim uma terapia capaz de alterar o curso da patologia. Novas estrategias ventilatorias, como a ventilacao oscilatoria de alta frequencia (VOAF), tem-se mostrado promissoras. Neste texto, revisamos o conhecimento atual no manejo da SDRA, incluindo ventilacao mecânica convencional e nao convencional, uso de surfactante, oxido nitrico, moduladores do processo inflamatorio, oxigenacao extracorporea e posicao prona. CONCLUSOES: A ultima decada foi marcada por avancos significativos, como o conceito de ventilacao mecânica protetora na SDRA. O beneficio da aplicacao de estrategias alternativas, como a VOAF, assim como do uso do surfactante exogeno e moduladores de inflamacao continuam sendo alvo de estudo.
Modulatory effects of progesterone upon dopamine release from the corpus striatum of ovariectomized estrogen-treated rats are stereo-specific.

Abstract We have shown previously that progesterone linked with bovine serum albumin at position 3 of the progesterone molecule (P-3-BSA) was effective in modulating (both stimulating and inhibiting) amphetamine (AMPH)-evoked dopamine (DA) release in vitro from superfused corpus striatal (CS) tissue fragments of ovariectomized estrogen-primed rats. To examine the stereospecificity of this effect, progesterone linked with bovine serym albumin at position 11 (P-11-BSA) and deoxycorticosterone linked with bovine serum albumin at position 21 (DOC-BSA) were tested for their ability to modulate amphetamine-stimulated DA release in vitro when administered in either a pulsatile or a continuous infusion mode at different doses. The results demonstrate that a specific orientation of the P-BSA molecule is required for differential modulation of AMPH stimulated DA release from the CS of ovariectomized estrogen-treated rats, since DOC-BSA was ineffective and P-11-BSA showed only a stimulatory effect.
Transferring old associations to new situations: A nonautomatic process

Three experiments examined the influence of previously established associations on production of the box solution to the candle problem. In Experiment I, experimental subjects learned candle—box as one of a list of verbal paired associates before attempting to solve the candle problem; control subjects learned the pair candle—paper. The candle—box association was effective in cuing box solutions only when the experimental subjects were informed that one pair from the just-learned list would help them solve the problem. In Experiments II and III these findings were replicated using physical objects in the paired associate task: learning to place a candle in a box as a paired associate had no effect on later production of the box solution to the candle problem, unless subjects were informed that one of the paired associates was relevant. The results were intrepreted on the basis of a neo-Selzian model of problem solving.
The impact of HIV-1 on neurogenesis: implications for HAND.

HIV-1 infection, in addition to its destructive effects on the immune system, plays a role in the development of neurocognitive deficits. Indeed up to 50 % of long-term HIV infected patients suffer from HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). These deficits have been well characterized and defined clinically according to a number of cognitive parameters. HAND is often accompanied by atrophy of the brain including inhibition of neurogenesis, especially in the hippocampus. Many mechanisms have been proposed as contributing factors to HAND including induction of oxidative stress in the central nervous system (CNS), chronic microglial-mediated neuroinflammation, amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition, hyperphosphorylated tau protein, and toxic effects of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). In these review we focus solely on recent experimental evidence suggesting that disturbance by HIV-1 results in impairment of neurogenesis as one contributing factor to HAND. Impaired neurogenesis has been linked to cognitive deficits and other neurodegenerative disorders. This article will highlight recently identified pathological mechanisms which potentially contribute to the development of impaired neurogenesis by HIV-1 or HIV-1-associated proteins from both animal and human studies.
Lipophilicity of selected steroid compounds. I. Investigations on RP18W stationary phase by RP-HPTLC

Abstract The selected steroid compounds (androsterone, epi‐androsterone, dehydro‐epi‐androsterone, testosterone, stigmasterol, β‐sitosterol, estradiol, hydrocortisone, and cholesterol) were investigated with the use reversed‐phase high performance thin layer chromatography on RP18W plates (#1.14296, E. Merck), using methanol‐water, acetonitrile‐water in different volume compositions as a mobile phase. The chromatographic parameters of lipophilicity (RMW and ϕ0) of the studied steroids were determined. Lipophilic parameters (RMW and ϕ0) were compared both, with measured (logPexp), and calculated partition coefficients (AlogPS, IAlogP, logPKOWIN, xlogP, ClogP, miLogP). Comparing all calculation procedures, generally ClogP and IAlogP are more appropriate for chromatographic parameters of lipophilicity and experimental n‐octanol‐water partition coefficients of studied steroid compounds. The results indicate that chromatographic parameters of lipophilicity may be used as a measure of lipophilicity of the inves...
Evaluation of approximate methods to estimate maximum inelastic displacement demands

Six approximate methods to estimate the maximum inelastic displacement demand of single-degree-of-freedom systems are evaluated. In all methods, the maximum displacement demand of inelastic systems is estimated from the maximum displacement demand of linear elastic systems. Of the methods evaluated herein, four are based on equivalent linearization in which the maximum deformation is estimated as the maximum deformation of a linear elastic system with lower lateral stiffness and with higher damping coefficient than those of the inelastic system. In the other two methods the maximum inelastic displacement is estimated as a product of the maximum deformation of a linear elastic system with the same lateral stiffness and the same damping coefficient as those of the inelastic system for which the maximum displacement is being estimated, times a modifying factor. Elastoplastic and stiffness-degrading models with periods between 0.05 and 3.0 s are considered when subjected to 264 ground motions recorded on firm sites in California. Mean ratios of approximate to exact maximum displacements corresponding to each method are computed as a function of the period of vibration and as a function of the displacement ductility ratio. Finally, comments on the advantages and disadvantages of each method when applied to practical situations are given. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mg(2+) binding to tRNA revisited: the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann model.

Our current understanding of Mg2+ binding to RNA, in both thermodynamic and structural terms, is largely based on classical studies of transfer RNAs. Based on these studies, it is clear that magnesium ions are crucial for stabilizing the folded structure of tRNA. We present here a rigorous theoretical model based on the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann (NLPB) equation for understanding Mg2+ binding to yeast tRNAPhe. We use this model to interpret a variety of experimental Mg2+ binding data. In particular, we find that the NLPB equation provides a remarkably accurate description of both the overall stoichiometry and the free energy of Mg2+ binding to yeast tRNAPhe without any fitted parameters. In addition, the model accurately describes the interaction of Mg2+ with localized regions of the RNA as determined by the p Ka shift of differently bound fluorophores. In each case, we find that the model also reproduces the univalent salt-dependence and the anticooperativity of Mg2+ binding. Our results lead us to a thermodynamic description of Mg2+ binding to yeast tRNAPhe based on the NLPB equation. In this model, Mg2+ binding is simply explained by an ensemble of ions distributed according to a Boltzmann weighted average of the mean electrostatic potential around the RNA. It appears that the entire ensemble of electrostatically bound ions superficially mimics a few strongly coordinated ions. In this regard, we find that Mg2+ stabilizes the tertiary structure of yeast tRNAPhe in part by accumulating in regions of high negative electrostatic potential. These regions of Mg2+ localization correspond to bound ions that are observed in the X-ray crystallographic structures of yeast tRNAPhe. Based on our results and the available thermodynamic data, there is no evidence that specifically coordinated Mg ions have a significant role in stabilizing the native tertiary structure of yeast tRNAPhe in solution.
A bioassay to determine the effect of organic matter and pH on the effectiveness of nitrapyrin (N-Serve) as a nitrification inhibitor.

Abstract The aerobic incubation procedures commonly used in biological studies have several disadvantages to assess inhibition of nitrification. Therefore, a more suitable procedure was developed. It involves pre-incubating soil samples treated with (NH4)2HPO4 to establish a uniform population of nitrifiers before the addition of the nitrification inhibitor or other amendments. Through successive additions of (NH4)2HPO4, a constant nitrification rate is maintained. This system enables direct comparison between treatments throughout the experiment. Data obtained using this procedure indicated that sorption of Nitrapyrin (NI) is a major factor decreasing the effectiveness of NI in organic soils. Loss of NI by volatilization also decreased its effectiveness, while the relative inhibition by NI was found to increase as soil pH increases. The greater susceptibility of nitrifiers to NI at high pH may be due to a relationship between pH and nitrifier ecology.
Effects of an Interferon Inducer Bropirimine on Bleomycin-Induced Lung Fibrosis in Hamsters*

The antifibrotic effect of an interferon inducer, bropirimine (2-amino-5-bromo-6-phenyl-4(3H)-pyrimidinone, ABPP) was evaluated in bleomycin (BLM)-hamster model of lung fibrosis. ABPP is an orally active biological response modifier and has immunomodulatory, antiviral, and antineoplastic activities. The hamsters were randomized in four groups and treated with either bropirimine (100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) suspended in carboxymethylcellulose (CMC, 10 mg/10 mg/ml) or CMC alone each day for sixteen days. After two days, the hamsters received either single bolus of BLM (7.5 U/5 ml/kg) or an equivalent volume of saline by the transoral endotracheal route. Groupings were assigned as: CMC + saline (CS), ABPP + saline (AS), CMC + BLM (CB) and ABPP + BLM (AB). Animals were sacrificed at fourteen days after intratracheal installation of either BLM or saline. Their lungs were lavaged and processed for morphometric and biochemical studies. ABPP had little effect in preventing BLM-induced weight loss and lung injury. ABPP was found to reduce the BLM-induced accumulation of collagen in the lung as measured by hydroxyproline content. The hamsters in AB group had significantly less collagen than the hamsters in CB group: 995 and 1157 micrograms hydroxyproline/lung, respectively. Administration of ABPP prevented the BLM-induced increase in the lung prolyl hydroxylase activity. The total number of monocytes and eosinophils recovered from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of the AB group were significantly lower than that of the animals in CB group. However, the BALF supernatant protein content from animals in AB group (7.9 mg/lung) was significantly higher than that of CB group (4.5 mg/lung).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A simple and accurate method for the evaluation of the Milne integrals

Abstract We describe a representation procedure that is useful for the evaluation of certain basic types of integrals and for the solution of certain integral equations. Several numerical examples are given.
Alternatives to difference scores as dependent variables in the study of congruence in organizational research.

In organizational research, difference scores and profile similarity indices are often used as dependent variables in studies predicting the congruence (i.e., fit, match, similarity, agreement) between two constructs. Unfortunately, this practice introduces serious conceptual and methodological problems that render results ambiguous and potentially misleading. This article proposes an alternative procedure that avoids these problems but fully captures the effects of one or more independent variables on the congruence between two dependent variables. This procedure is illustrated by reanalyzing data from a study of feedback seeking and rating accuracy (Ashford & Tsui, 1991), and the results of this study are reinterpreted in light of these analyses. Limitations and areas for further development of the procedure are discussed.
Partial least squares (PLS) based monitoring and control of batch digesters

Abstract In this paper, a data-based control method for reducing product quality variations in batch pulp digesters is presented. Compared to the existing techniques, the new technique uses more liquor measurements in predicting the final pulp quality. The liquor measurements obtained at different time instances during a cook are related to the final pulp quality through a partial least squares (PLS) regression model. In using the PLS regression model for control, two approaches are proposed. In the first approach, optimal control moves are computed directly using the PLS model, while the second approach employs a nonlinear H-factor model of which parameters are adapted using the prediction from the PLS model. The effectiveness of the prediction and control algorithms is examined through simulation studies. Experimental study is then performed on a lab-scale batch digester, to test the effectiveness of the prediction performance of the PLS model. The control algorithms will be tested on the experimental set-up in the future.
228Th228Ra radioactive disequilibrium in the New York Bight and its implications for coastal pollution

In the summer of 1975, the half removal time of228Th by settling particles, tc, was about11 ± 4, 29 ± 8and70 ± 10 days in the shelf surface water, the shelf winter water and the slope surface water of the New York Bight, respectively. In the fall of 1974,tc was about 17 ± 1to28 ± 2 days from the inner shelf to the outer shelf surface waters and about 70 ± 10 days in the slope surface water. A simple ☐ model of the shelf water in the Middle Atlantic Bight shows that (1) the exchange rate between the shelf and the slope waters is about 2500 ± 800km3/yr, (2) the mean residence time of the shelf water is only about 132 ± 36 days, and (3) the average226Ra and228Ra fluxes per unit area of the coastal sediments are about 0.05 dpm226Ra/cm2 yr and 0.37 dpm228Ra/cm2 yr. These rates are consistent with previously reported results. The implication of these rates to pollutants in the coastal environment is discussed.
How small can “Nano” be in a “Nanolaser”?

We show that the lasing threshold of the single mode metalsemiconductor nano-laser (spaser) is determined only by the photon absorption rate in the metal and exhibits very weak dependence on the composition, shape, size (as long as it is less than half-wavelength) and temperature of the gain medium. This threshold current is on the order of a few tens of micro-amperes for most semiconductor-metal combinations which leads to unattainably high threshold current densities for a substantially subwavelength laser (spaser). Therefore, in our view, surface plasmon emitting diodes, (SPEDs), operating far below “ spasing ” threshold may be a more viable option for the chip scale integrated nanophotonics.
Development of an Animation-Making Software Applied in Education

Dynamic interactive courseware with animation is very popular and of great significance in teaching in primary and secondary schools. On the analysis of the existing animation and courseware-making software, this paper introduces the design and development of a powerful and user-friendly software, which can make not only animation courseware for various subjects in elementary and secondary schools, but also educational and puzzle games.
Molecular dynamics simulations on the Tre1 G protein-coupled receptor: exploring the role of the arginine of the NRY motif in Tre1 structure

The arginine of the D/E/NRY motif in Rhodopsin family G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is conserved in 96% of these proteins. In some GPCRs, this arginine in transmembrane 3 can form a salt bridge with an aspartic acid or glutamic acid in transmembrane 6. The Drosophila melanogaster GPCR Trapped in endoderm-1 (Tre1) is required for normal primordial germ cell migration. In a mutant form of the protein, Tre1sctt, eight amino acids RYILIACH are missing, resulting in a severe disruption of primordial germ cell development. The impact of the loss of these amino acids on Tre1 structure is unknown. Since the missing amino acids in Tre1sctt include the arginine that is part of the D/E/NRY motif in Tre1, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to explore the hypothesis that these amino acids are involved in salt bridge formation and help maintain Tre1 structure. Structural predictions of wild type Tre1 (Tre1+) and Tre1sctt were subjected to over 250 ns of molecular dynamics simulations. The ability of the model systems to form a salt bridge between the arginine of the D/E/NRY motif and an aspartic acid residue in transmembrane 6 was analyzed. The results indicate that a stable salt bridge can form in the Tre1+ systems and a weak salt bridge or no salt bridge, using an alternative arginine, is likely in the Tre1sctt systems. The weak salt bridge or lack of a salt bridge in the Tre1sctt systems could be one possible explanation for the disrupted function of Tre1sctt in primordial germ cell migration. These results provide a framework for studying the importance of the arginine of the D/E/NRY motif in the structure and function of other GPCRs that are involved in cell migration, such as CXCR4 in the mouse, zebrafish, and chicken.
Sociodemographic and tumor characteristics associated with pancreatic cancer surgery in the United States.

Background and Objectives Surgical resection is the only curative treatment for pancreatic cancer. The aim of this project was to compare risk and prognostic factors between pancreatic cancer patients treated with and without surgery. Methods Data from 32,318 cases collected from 1988 to 2002 in the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results program were used to evaluate the odds of having surgery for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the associations of demographic and tumor characteristics with surgical treatment. Results Overall, men were less likely to have surgery than women (OR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.83, 0.98). Compared to married patients, surgery was significantly less likely among those who were divorced/separated (OR = 0.78, 95% CI 0.68, 0.89) or widowed (OR = 0.76, 95% CI 0.67, 0.85). Black patients were less likely to receive surgery than white patients (OR = 0.79, 95% CI 0.70, 0.91). Patients diagnosed in 1997–2002 were more likely to have surgery then those diagnosed in 1988–1996. Geographic differences also exist in the frequency of surgical treatment reported by different registries. Conclusions There are differences in sociodemographic characteristics between surgically and non-surgically treated pancreatic cancers that are not entirely attributable to age, primary site, or stage at diagnosis. J. Surg. Oncol. 2008;97:578–582. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Adhering to the language roots: Ottoman Turkish campaigns on Facebook

As part of the process of nation–state construction, the Republic of Turkey went through a language reform which was comprised of (a) the supplanting of Arabic script with Latin letters adjusted for Turkish phonology and (b) the replacement of Arabic and Persian loanwords with words either derived from known Turkish roots or found in pre-Islamic Turkish texts. This top–down language policing practice was considered as a prerequisite for secularization, westernization, and modernization of the emerging Republic. Even though it was not always explicitly stated, the engineers of this emerging nation had the intention of breaking the cultural connection with the Ottoman past. Their ultimate goal was to generate a new linguistic order in the Turkish language, both in alphabet and lexicon, and to police the linguistic conduct of the country. This linguistic legitimacy and normativity was enforced through the entire body of state institutions. However, these policies encountered acute resistance from certain sectors of the public, especially those with conservative and religious ideologies. Utilizing Blommaert et al.’s (2009) notion of language policing as a conceptual apparatus and virtual ethnography/netnography (Hine 2000, 2005; Kozinets 2002, 2009) as a methodological approach, the current inquiry examined the textual and visual cultural artifacts produced, reconstructed, and disseminated in seven focal Facebook groups which have been created to maintain the use of Ottoman Turkish script and vocabulary. The recurrent themes centering on language policing in these virtual environments indicate that the postings are usually used to convince the group members that they need Ottoman Turkish to secure their ties and reconnect with their ancestors’ cultural heritage, to provide them with instructional support and practice opportunities, and to reach out to or align the group with macro language policing practices.
Pre-existing disease is associated with a significantly higher risk of death in severe respiratory syncytial virus infection

Background: 600 000 deaths worldwide are estimated to be directly or indirectly attributable to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Objectives: To determine: (1) the mortality rate; and (2) risk factors for death in children with severe RSV infection. Setting: 20-bed, regional, multidisciplinary, tertiary, paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in a university-affiliated children’s hospital. Methods: Cohort study of all children with severe RSV infection covering eight consecutive RSV seasons (1999–2007), using PICU admission as a marker of severity. Results: Of the 406 RSV-positive patients that were admitted to PICU: 98.5% required mechanical ventilation; 35 children died—median age 5.1 months (interquartile range (IQR) 2.4–13.6), length of PICU stay 16 days (IQR 8–31) and 371 survived—median age 2.5 months (IQR 1.2–9), length of PICU stay 5 days (IQR 4–9). The overall PICU RSV mortality was 8.6% with a standardised mortality ratio of 0.76. During the study period 2009 RSV-positive patients were admitted to the children’s hospital, giving a hospital RSV mortality rate of 1.7%. Of the deaths, 18 were directly RSV related (RSV bronchiolitis-related mortality PICU 4.4% and hospital 0.9%) as the patients were still RSV positive when they died and 17 children died from non-pneumonitis causes after becoming RSV negative. All of the RSV deaths had pre-existing medical conditions — chromosomal abnormalities 29%, cardiac lesions 27%, neuromuscular 15%, chronic lung disease 12%, large airway abnormality 9%, and immunodeficiency 9%. Nineteen children (56%) had pre-existing disease in two or more organ systems (relative risk (RR) 4.38). Predisposing risk factors for death were pre-existing disease (RR 2.36), cardiac anomaly (RR 2.98) and nosocomial/hospital-acquired RSV infection (RR 2.89). There is an interaction effect between pre-existing disease, nosocomial/hospital-acquired RSV infection and mortality (p<0.001). Conclusions: Pre-existing disease/comorbidity, in particular multiple pre-existing diseases and cardiac anomaly, is associated with a significantly higher risk of death from severe RSV infection. Nosocomial/hospital-acquired RSV infection is an additional major risk factor for death in children with severe RSV infection.
Inflammatory Nodules Following Soft Tissue Filler Use: A Review of Causative Agents, Pathology and Treatment Options

Nodule development is a common complication following the use of fillers for soft tissue augmentation and is commonly categorized as inflammatory or non-inflammatory in nature. Inflammatory nodules may appear anywhere from days to years after treatment, whereas non-inflammatory nodules are typically seen immediately following implantation and are usually secondary to improper placement of the filler. Although inflammatory nodules are more common with permanent fillers such as silicone, inflammatory nodule development following administration of temporary fillers such as hyaluronic acid and collagen has also been reported. Treated many times with corticosteroids due to their anti-inflammatory properties, inflammatory nodules may be secondary to infection or biofilm formation, warranting the use of alternative agents. Appropriate and prompt diagnosis is important in avoiding delay of treatment or long-term complications for the patient. This paper addresses the etiology, development, and studied treatment options available for inflammatory nodules secondary to each of the major classes of fillers. With this knowledge, practitioners may expeditiously recognize and manage this common side effect and thus maximize functional and aesthetic benefit.