cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: Oxidizable phenol-generated reactive oxygen species enhance sulforaphane's antioxidant response element activation, even as they suppress Nrf2 protein accumulation.

Abstract The transcription factor Nrf2 is a master regulator of antioxidant and cytoprotective genes, binding to antioxidant response elements (AREs) in their promoter regions. Due to the therapeutic role of the Nrf2/ARE system in oxidative homeostasis, its activation has been investigated in many pre-clinical and clinical trials for common chronic diseases. One of the most promising Nrf2 activators is sulforaphane, the subject of over 50 clinical trials. In this work, we examine the effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on sulforaphane's Nrf2/ARE activation in the non-tumorigenic keratinocyte cell line HaCaT, with the non-arylating oxidizable phenol, 2,5-di- tert -butylhydroquinone (dtBHQ), as the source of ROS. We find that, in combination with 2.5 µM sulforaphane, dtBHQ markedly enhances ARE-regulated gene expression, including expression of the cytoprotective proteins aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1 (AKR1C1) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Additionally, sulforaphane's therapeutic window is widened by 12.5 µM dtBHQ. Our data suggest that H 2 O 2 generated by dtBHQ oxidation is responsible for these effects, as shown by inclusion of catalase and by co-treatment with sulforaphane and H 2 O 2 . While sulforaphane treatment causes Nrf2 protein to accumulate as expected, interestingly, dtBHQ and H 2 O 2 appear to act on targets downstream of Nrf2 protein accumulation to enhance sulforaphane's ARE-regulated gene expression. Inclusion of dtBHQ or H 2 O 2 with sulforaphane does not increase Nrf2 protein levels, and catalase has little effect on Nrf2 protein levels in the presence of sulforaphane and dtBHQ. Surprisingly, dtBHQ suppresses Nrf2 protein synthesis. Inclusion of a superoxide dismutase mimetic with sulforaphane and dtBHQ partly rescues Nrf2 suppression and significantly further increases sulforaphane's efficacy for ARE-reporter expression. Thus, there is a “Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde” effect of ROS: ROS enhance sulforaphane's ARE-regulated gene expression even as they also inhibit Nrf2 protein synthesis. This unexpected finding reveals the degree to which targets in the ARE pathway downstream of Nrf2 protein accumulation contribute to gene expression. The results presented here provide a model system for significant enhancement of sulforaphane's potency with small molecule co-treatment.
Low Cycle Fatigue Life Prediction of Fossil Plant Components

Low cycle fatigue (LCF) is a major cause of failure of fossil power plant components. LCF is often the result of plastic strains induced by thermal transients that occur during start-stop transients and load fluctuations. If the plastic strains occur below the creep range, fatigue operates alone; on the other hand, most components subject to thermally induced strains also operate in the creep range so that the combined damage due to creep and fatigue has to be considered. This paper will describe some commonly encountered LCF problems in high temperature components and review the methodologies employed to predict the remaining life of these components.
The Use of Molecular Sieves in Stable Isotope Analysis

Publisher Summary A handful of the available molecular sieve materials are utilized in isotope work. Molecular sieve or trapping processes are rarely used in combination. A small pore sieve could be used to separate small molecules from large ones. A large pore sieve would then be used to separate the larger gas species according to boiling point. The molecular sieves are used to improve vacuum performance, collect gases in the field, separate gases, and transfer gases within vacuum systems. The isotopic compositions of the gas of interest remain intact at the completion of the operation, except for the first of these processes. The molecular sieves such as zeolites are not more widely used considering that they are very sturdy and non-toxic substances. High-precision stable isotope analysis typically requires a good vacuum in preparation systems and a clean working gas in the mass spectrometer. Future studies are needed to investigate the use of other molecular sieves such as the high silica zeolites and non-zeolitic materials.
Two-Sided Exponential Concentration Bounds for Bayes Error Rate and Shannon Entropy

We provide a method that approximates the Bayes error rate and the Shannon entropy with high probability. The Bayes error rate approximation makes possible to build a classifier that polynomially approaches Bayes error rate. The Shannon entropy approximation provides provable performance guarantees for learning trees and Bayesian networks from continuous variables. Our results rely on some reasonable regularity conditions of the unknown probability distributions, and apply to bounded as well as unbounded variables.
The cytoplasmic domain of P-selectin is phosphorylated on serine and threonine residues

P-selectin is an adhesion receptor for leukocytes that is redistributed from secretory granule membranes to the surfaces of activated platelets and endothelial cells. The cytoplasmic domain of P-selectin contains two serines, two threonines, and one tyrosine that could potentially be phosphorylated. We found that P-selectin was phosphorylated in both platelets and endothelial cells and that phosphorylation rapidly increased after cell activation. Approximately 0.02, 0.05, and 0.08 mol of phosphate/mol of P-selectin were incorporated, respectively, into resting, thrombin-activated, and phorbol ester-activated platelets. Phosphorylation was completely inhibited by the protein kinase C inhibitors, staurosporine, H-7, and chelerythrine, and was enhanced by the phosphatase inhibitors, okadaic acid and calyculin-A. Phosphoamino acid analysis of 32P-labeled P-selectin showed that phosphorylation occurred predominantly on serine with lesser amounts on threonine. When expressed in transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells, P-selectin was also phosphorylated. Mutagenesis studies showed that Ser788 was the principal site of phosphorylation, with minor sites on the other serine and threonine residues of the cytoplasmic domain. Phosphorylation may regulate membrane trafficking or other functions of P-selectin.
Kinetic Energy Spectra and Model Filters

We wish to maximize efficiency (accuracy/cost) in the design of atmospheric fluid-flow solvers. An important measure of accuracy for weather and climate applications is a model’s ability to resolve meteorologically important features at scales approaching the grid-scale. Simulated kinetic energy spectra provide a useful diagnostic for quantifying a model’s resolving capability. Using kinetic energy spectra we illustrate some of the issues affecting the resolution capabilities of models arising from the choice of spatial grid staggering, integration schemes and their implicit filters, and explicit filters. In both Eulerian and semi-Lagrangian formulations, C-grid staggering provides the best resolution of divergent modes that are an important part the KE spectrum in the mesoscale which the global models are now beginning to resolve. Other grid staggerings require special filtering that compromise resolution capabilities. The popular semi-Lagrangian semi-implicit formulations are shown to significantly damp resolvable high-frequency modes and adversely affect their resolving capabilities. While less costly at a given grid density, the SLSI models may well be significantly less efficient than Eulerian models.
Domain modelling for advanced learning environments: the BEAR Assessment System Software

In this article, we describe a software system for assessment development in online learning environments in contexts where there are robust links to cognitive modelling including domain and studen...
Comprehension Factor Analysis: Modeling student's reading behaviour: Accounting for reading practice in predicting students' learning in MOOCs

Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) often incorporate lecture-based learning along with lecture notes, textbooks, and videos to students. Moreover, MOOCs also incorporate practice activities and quizzes. Student learning in MOOCs can be tracked and improved using state-of-the-art student modeling. Currently, this means employing conventional student models that are constructed around Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS). Traditional ITS systems only utilize students performance interactions (quiz, problem-solving or practice activities). Therefore, text interactions are entirely ignored while modeling students performance in MOOCs using these cognitive models. In this work, we propose a Comprehension Factor Analysis model (CFM) for online courses, which integrates student reading interactions in student models to track and predict learning outcomes. Our model evaluation shows that CFM outperforms state-of-the-art models in predicting students' performance in a MOOC. These models can help better student-wise adaptation in the context of MOOCs.
Ablative Treatment of Breast Cancer; Are We There Yet?

Breast cancer treatment has evolved through continuous integration of technological advances and changes in our understanding of tumor biology. Radical mastectomy was the best operation for the technology and beliefs of its time. Advances in technology, the acknowledgement that care is best delivered through a multi-modal approach, and continued investigation have resulted in less disfiguring procedures. Ablative therapy for the treatment of breast cancer is the natural continuation of this trend. Data from breast cancer ablation trials utilizing various energy forms have been favorable and have led to the development of ongoing multi-center treat and observe studies. This paper examines the current status of cryoablation, laser ablation, and focused ultrasound ablation for the treatment of breast cancers. The advantages and shortcomings of each technique are considered and the challenges to be met in order for ablative therapy to become a mainstream clinical treatment of breast cancer are discussed.
SUBGROUPS OF ANOREXIA NERVOSA AND BULIMIA: VALIDITY AND UTILITY

Sociodemographic and psychodynamic similarities and differences among four subgroups of eating disordered females seeking outpatient consultations for anorexia nervosa and bulimia are presented. Supporting the spectrum concept of eating disorders, the four diagnostic subgroups are: (1) anorexia nervosa, restricting; (2) anorexia nervosa with bulimic complications; (3) normal weight bulimia with a history of anorexia nervosa; and (4) normal weight bulimia without a history of anorexia nervosa. Overall, the 165 patients are white, middle to upper-middle class females in their early twenties. The highest levels of psychopathology, as measured by the Eating Disorder Inventory, was manifested by patients afflicted with both anorexic and bulimic symptomatology, either in the past or at time of consultation. Implications for diagnostic classification and clinical intervention are discussed.
Criticality of Confined Fluids Based on the Tensile Strength of Liquids

Fluids confined in nanopores behave differently from their counterparts in the bulk. This includes their criticality, the determination of which is not as simple as it is for bulk fluids. Conventio...
The opportunity for outcrossing varies across the geographic range of the primarily selfing Clarkia xantiana ssp. parviflora

Premise The timing of self-fertilization has potentially important consequences for the trajectory of mating system evolution, the opportunity for outcrossing, and the maintenance of genetic variation in populations. For primarily selfing taxa, it remains poorly understood as to how floral variation influences the opportunity for outcrossing and whether those attributes vary among populations across geographic ranges. Methods We examined variation in floral traits (herkogamy, protandry, flower size, stigma stage at anthesis, timing of stigma receptivity) in seven populations of Clarkia xantiana ssp. parviflora, a primarily selfing taxon, spanning from the western to eastern margins of its distribution. We also performed experimental emasculations and pollinations (followed by stigma severing) to quantify the extent of opportunities for outcrossing across flower development. Results There was marked among-population variation in all floral traits, particularly between far eastern and western populations. Emasculation experiments showed that the eastern populations had minimal autonomous selfing, but western populations had high rates of selfing within 24 h after anthesis. Population variation in autofertility was significantly predicted by floral trait variation, especially protandry and petal size. Conclusions Greater protandry both extended the time over which outcrossing could potentially occur and reduced the probability of autonomous selfing, suggesting that there may be a tradeoff that results in fitness loss when pollinator visits are not common. The east-west pattern of differentiation in some floral traits parallels that of postglacial range expansion, suggesting that selection on the mating system may have been strong in the process of range expansion.
100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Soft Materials for Microbial Bioelectronics

Bioelectronics brings together the fields of biology and microelectronics to create multifunctional devices with the potential to address longstanding technological challenges and change our way of...
Code-switching Between English and Russian with Russian Heritage Speakers, Born and Raised in Russian-speaking Families in the USA

Code-switching is one of the major areas in the field of Bilingualism. Code-switching describes the processes of switching between languages among those who know and speak more than one language. This article will analyze the code-switching between Russian and English in Russian heritage speakers. They are first year students at a large Midwestern university, born in the U.S. to Russian-speaking parents. They have been taking university Russian classes for two semesters. The students were asked to record two five-minute dialogues with their parents who also speak Russian and English. There was neither instruction to use solely Russian, nor the use of English was prohibited. The goal of the research was to count and analyze the instances of code-switching between Russian and English, and prove or reject the hypothesis that there would be fewer code-switching instances in the dialogue devoted to a family holiday versus the dialogue devoted to university classes. The dialogue topics were furnished beforehand, however, no preparation was asked. The speech was asked to be spontaneous and natural. The findings proved the hypothesis that code-switching instances in the first dialogue were less frequent, so the students were mainly using only one language - Russian - without switching to English very often. The second dialogue revealed more code-switching instances as was initially supposed. Conclusions and directions for future research are presented.
Fluorescence lifetime imaging of metabolic co-enzymes to determine cell type and function

Autofluorescence lifetime imaging is a useful tool to quantify features of cellular metabolism. Here, we use multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging to measure NADH and FAD fluorescence lifetimes. We compared fluorescence intensity and lifetime features of T cells treated with a panel of metabolic inhibitors to correlate imaging features with metabolic pathways. Differences between autofluorescence features of T cells and cancer cells allow robust classification of cell type within simulations of complex tumor tissues. Autofluorescence lifetime imaging combined with automated image segmentation, analysis, and classification enables robust and label-free determination of cell type and function.
Understanding how biologic and social determinants affect disparities in preterm birth and outcomes of preterm infants in the NICU

Abstract To understand the disparities in spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) and/or its outcomes, biologic and social determinants as well as healthcare practice (such as those in neonatal intensive care units) should be considered. Disparities in sPTB have been largely intractable and remain obscure in most cases, despite a myriad of identified risk factors for and causes of sPTB. We still do not know how they lead to the different outcomes at different gestational ages and if they are independent of NICU practices. Here we describe an integrated approach to study the interplay between the genome and exposome, which may drive biochemistry and physiology and lead to health disparities.
Forward Backward Stochastic Model of Financial Asset Pricing with Idiosyncratic Noise

A new acceptable price approach to stochastic endpoint determination at given horizon accounting for the marginal investor beliefs and behaviour was proposed. Two-sided filtration with FBSDE defined stochastic dynamics was formulated for acceptable asset price under the risk-neutral probability measure, at that the target price distribution is characterized by the averaged over active market agent subset parameters. For the current price at market equilibrium, the acceptable price of risk distribution was found. The implied volatility dependencies for the equilibrium conditions and with predicted utility and liquidity premiums were determined. A generalized solution for the forward-backward stochastic problem and a partial solution for the formulated for options stochastic terminal conditions were found. The deep learning algorithm with simulated idiosyncratic noise was tested.
“The little things that I didn’t see before”: experience through gender stories and perceptions of feminism

This socio-cultural practitioner-based study investigated the ways in which using a feminist pedagogy in a Gender and Education course would influence students’ interpretations of their own lived e...
Preservation at the Intersections: Patterns of Disproportionate Multihazard Risk and Vulnerability in Louisiana's Historic African American Cemeteries

Cancer Alley is an 136,794 meters stretch of chemical and industrial plants along the Mississippi River between New Orleans, Louisiana, and Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Since 2005, the area has experien...
Driver Inputs during Emergency or Extreme Vehicle Maneuvers

Four representative vehicles used in a previous open-loop comparative study were tested with a sampling of volunteers from the general public. The tests included pre-planned and simulated emergency maneuvers. Various vehicle input and response parameters were measured, and the results were used to evaluate current open-loop test maneuvers and parameters. In addition, the degree to which this sampling of drivers utilized the full capabilities of the vehicles was determined. Drivers rarely use the full capabilities of vehicles and tend to adjust their inputs to neutralize differences among vehicles.
When is a Belief or Opinion False?: Indiana State District Council v. Omnicare and the Contested Section 11 Pleading Standard

This Note analyzes an important question in securities law relating to the pleading standard under § 11 of the Securities Act of 1933. Last year, in Indiana State District Council v. Omnicare, the Sixth Circuit departed from several sister circuits by holding that a securities plaintiff need not allege that a belief or opinion was subjectively false to state a § 11 claim. The circuit split that emerged has attracted significant attention due to its implications for buyers and sellers in the capital markets, ultimately provoking the Supreme Court to grant certiorari to resolve the conflict. In advance of the Supreme Court's review, the Note makes two principal contributions. First, the Note surveys Omnicare and the conflicting case law surrounding it, with a particular focus on the leading Supreme Court case of Virginia Bankshares. Second, having established that Virginia Bankshares is insufficient to resolve the doctrinal conflict in this area, the Note argues that Omnicare is misguided because it rests on a faulty conception of what it takes for a belief or opinion to be false for § 11 purposes. Policy considerations, emphasizing the perspective of actual participants in the capital markets, provide further support for rejecting the Sixth Circuit's standard.
Combined pressure-thermal inactivation kinetics of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens spores in egg patty mince.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is a potential surrogate for Clostridium botulinum in validation studies involving bacterial spore inactivation by pressure-assisted thermal processing. Spores of B. amyloliquefaciens Fad 82 were inoculated into egg patty mince (∼1.4 × 108 spores per g), and the product was treated with combinations of pressure (0.1 to 700 MPa) and heat (95 to 121°C) in a custom-made high-pressure kinetic tester. The values for the inactivation kinetic parameter (D), temperature coefficient (zT), and pressure coefficient (zP) were determined with a linear model. Inactivation parameters from the nonlinear Weibull model also were estimated. An increase in process pressure decreased the D-value at 95, 105, and 110°C; however, at 121°C the contribution of pressure to spore lethality was less pronounced. The zP-value increased from 170 MPa at 95°C to 332 MPa at 121°C, suggesting that B. amyloliquefaciens spores became less sensitive to pressure changes at higher temperatures. Similarly, the zT-value ...
Mechanisms of Tooth Eruption and Orthodontic Tooth Movement

Teeth move through alveolar bone, whether through the normal process of tooth eruption or by strains generated by orthodontic appliances. Both eruption and orthodontics accomplish this feat through similar fundamental biological processes, osteoclastogenesis and osteogenesis, but there are differences that make their mechanisms unique. A better appreciation of the molecular and cellular events that regulate osteoclastogenesis and osteogenesis in eruption and orthodontics is not only central to our understanding of how these processes occur, but also is needed for ultimate development of the means to control them. Possible future studies in these areas are also discussed, with particular emphasis on translation of fundamental knowledge to improve dental treatments.
Future Uses of Radioisotopes in Large-Animal Research

The advantages of radioisotopes are legendary. With proper equipment it is easy to make nieasurements, and usually few analytical procedures are needed. The measurements are generally rapid and simple, and in terms of the information to be gained the costs are quite reasonable. The use of radioisotopes has a major advantage, in that it allows the choice of measuring either a static or dynamic system, depending upon the procedures used. Oftentimes, the only way that a particular piece of information can be obtained is by using radioisotopes. With all these advantages one would perhaps expect that radioisotopes would play a big part in the large-animal research programs of today. To attempt to determine the extent of current use, I surveyed the 1964 volume of the Journal of Animal Science. Of the 177 scientific articles published, only four cited the use of radioisotopes; this is in the order of 2% of the total. This was rather surprising; I then looked at the JOURNAI~ OF DAIRY SCIENCE for 1964 and found that of the 251 research papers and technical notes only 13, or 5%, reported the use of radioisotopes. This is rather disappointing, particularly since it is almost 20 yr that radioisotopes have been generally available for scientific research. Why is the use so apparently infrequent? I scanned the articles of the Journal of Animal Science for subject matter and determined that radioactive isotopes could easily have been used in about nine more of the experimental studies. Together with the four that did use radioisotopes, this would make a total of 13 of 177 studies, or 7%. One is forced to conclude from this that one reason for the apparent mmuse of radioisotopes is that they just were not applicable. Many of the papers published in the Journal of Animal Science are reports of genetic, reproductive, or carcass quality studies. I t is difficult to see how one could use radioisotopes
Illustrations of the analytic memo as reflexivity for preservice teachers

This study illustrates the use of analytic memos during the action research process as a space to support preservice teachers’ emerging teacher identity and construction of practice through critical reflexivity. The authors reviewed 34 sets of analytic memos written by graduate preservice teachers by asking, ‘How are preservice teachers using the space of the analytic memo during the action research process as critical reflexivity?’. Reflexivity is understood in this work as a method of self‐inquiry, and positions teacher identity as fluid and subject to multiple and often competing discourses. The outcome of this analysis demonstrates how emerging action research questions reflect emerging teacher identity; the power of dialogue within the memos to act as a ‘corrective moment’; and the elliptical nature of action research as preservice teachers confront contradictions and paradoxes in learning to teach. The authors suggest that the analytic memo can act as a vehicle of agency and transformation, a space ...
Application Adjunct Post-Questions and Conceptual Problem Solving.

Abstract This study evaluated the influence of matched and unmatched application adjunct questions (preceded by definition adjunct questions) on the acquisition of problems solving skills from a prose passage. The study included 78 undergraduates from a large southwestern university. Subjects studied a passage containing matched or unmatched application questions preceded by definition adjunct questions; or definition adjunct questions only. In the unmatched application questions, critical and noncritical attributes of the target concepts were varied across the four multiple-choice alternatives, while in matched application questions only the critical attributes were varied across the alternatives. Unmatched application adjunct post-questions produced significantly superior problem solving, classification of novel examples, and recall of concept definitions in comparison to definition adjunct questions only. In contrast, matched application adjunct post-questions significantly influenced only the classification of novel examples in comparison to definition adjunct questions only.
Kinetics of hallmark biochemical changes in paclitaxel-induced apoptosis

Apoptosis is associated with cascades of biochemical changes, including caspase activation, cleavage of poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), and fragmentation of genomic DNA. Knowledge of the kinetics of these changes in drug-induced apoptosis is important for designing pharmacodynamic studies. We have shown that the slow manifestation of apoptosis contributes to the delayed pharmacological effects of paclitaxel (Cancer Res. 58:2141–2148, 1998). The present study examined the timing of the biochemical changes in paclitaxel-induced apoptosis in human prostate PC3 cancer cells. After treatment with 20 nM paclitaxel, the fraction of cells that detached from the culture flask increased with time to reach 68% at the end of the 96-hour experiment. In contrast, the control samples showed <1% detachment. The attached and detached paclitaxel-treated cells showed different biochemical properties. The detached cells exhibited the full spectrum of apoptotic changes, whereas the attached cells only showed activation of caspase-3-like proteases but not PARP cleavage, DNA fragmentation, nor release of DNA fragments to the cytoplasm. Activation of caspases in the attached cells was several-fold lower and occurred at a later time (ie, 24 vs 12 hours) compared to the detached cells. In the detached cells, caspase activation was first detected at 12 hours and peaked at 36 hours, whereas PARP cleavage was first detected at 24 hours and was completed prior to 72 hours. In contrast, the extent of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation and the release of DNA-histone complex to the cytoplasm (both were first detected at 24 hours) were cumulative over time up to the last time point of 96 hours. In summary, in paclitaxel-induced apoptosis, caspase activation was followed with a 12-hour lag time by PARP cleavage, internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, and release of DNA-histone complex to the cytoplasm. There was no detectable lag time between PARP cleavage and DNA fragmentation. The observation that only the detached cells but not the attached cells showed the full spectrum of apoptotic changes suggests that detachment is either a part of the initiation execution phases of apoptosis and or is required for their completion.
MAGNETIC HEALING, QUACKERY, AND THE DEBATE ABOUT THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS

Although the biological effects of low-frequency electromagnetic radiation have been studied since the time of Paracelsus, there is still no consensus on whether these effects are physiologically significant. The recent discovery of deposits of magnetite within the human brain as well as recent, highly publicized tort litigation charging adverse effects after exposure to magnetic fields has rekindled the debate. New data suggest that electromagnetic radiation generated from power lines may lead to physiologic effects with potentially dangerous results. Whether these effects are important enough to produce major epidemiologic consequences remains to be established. The assumption of quackery that has attended this subject since the time of Mesmer's original "animal magnetism" investigations continues to hamper efforts to compile a reliable data base on the health effects of electromagnetic fields.
Regional hypometabolism in Alzheimer's disease as measured by positron emission tomography after correction for effects of partial volume averaging

Measurements of cerebral metabolism in patients with Alzheimer9s disease (AD) using PET are artifactually depressed due to partial volume averaging of brain tissue activity with enlarged CSF spaces.To investigate the effects of correction for the expansion of CSF spaces on regional metabolic measures, as well as the correlations between neuropsychological test results and resting cerebral metabolism before and after partial volume correction, we applied an MRI-based method of partial volume correction to 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET data from eight patients diagnosed with probable AD and ten healthy elderly individuals. Before correction, the AD group had significantly lower cortex-to-cerebellum ratios in the posterior temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes in comparison to the control subjects. Partial volume correction of PET data resulted in 19 to 49% increases in regional activity in the AD group and 16 to 38% increases in the control group. The patients9 persistence of significant hypometabolism in the frontal, posterior temporal, and parietal regions after partial volume correction suggests that a true reduction in regional cerebral glucose metabolism occurs in AD, even though its magnitude is a result of both metabolic reductions and the effects of atrophy. Partial volume correction of PET data in the AD group had a significant impact on the correlations between regional glucose metabolism and neuropsychological performance. These findings suggest that accounting for differential extent and distribution of cerebral atrophy in patients with AD and in healthy individuals may potentially improve our ability to interpret specific cognitive dysfunction in the context of the functional imaging data. NEUROLOGY 1996;47: 454-461
George Peabody, 1795-1869: His Influence on Educational Philanthropy.

For four years the American states tested a principle of union in the crucible of war. The industrial North crushed the agrarian South. To help heal the breach, the federal government created the Freedmen's Bureau. But what could the bureau do when northern radicals treated the South as a conquered province? Major General Oliver 0. Howard, the bureau's director, intended well. But his northern agents were often inefficient or corrupt. Everything conspired to make the bureau an irritant to the open sore it sought to heal. Its failure highlighted the inability of the North to effect reconciliation. What the government could not do, a private philanthropist attempted. While radical revenge smothered reconstruction, an old man and some distinguished trustees bowed their heads in prayer, gave birth to the Peabody Education Fund, and started a revival of education in the southern states. Two years after Appomattox the philanthropist founded this fund with these words: "With my advancing years my attachment to my native land has become more devoted. My faith in its glorious future grows brighter and stronger. Looking beyond my stay on earth I see our country emerging from the clouds still around her, taking high rank among nations, becoming richer and more powerful than ever. To make her prosperity more than superficial her moral and intellectual development should keep pace with her material growth. I give you, my friends, one million dollars to promote and encourage the intellectual, moral, industrial education of the destitute children of the Southern states (Peabody, 1867a)."
Does Therapist Experience Influence Interruptions of Women Clients

Abstract The feminist critique of marriage and family therapy and studies of interruptions in conversation influenced the topic of the present study. We replicated methodology from a study (Werner-Wilson, Price, Zimmerman, & Murphy, 1997) in which the researchers reported that student therapists interrupted women clients more frequently than male clients. Those results may have been related to therapist inexperience-since the therapists were students. In the present study we compared interruptions from student therapists to those identified as “master” therapists who had extensive clinical experience. Analysis of Variance was used to compare videotaped sessions of therapists in marriage and family therapy training sessions to therapists from the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT) Masters series. Results suggest that there is no statistically significant difference between the rate of interruptions used by students versus experienced therapists. Both groups interrupted women clien...
Stress Relaxation in Rubber I. Evaluation of Antioxidants

Abstract Conventional evaluation techniques for rubber antioxidants are very time consuming. A method of evaluation based on stress relaxation due to oxidation at elevated temperatures, and an apparatus developed for the study of this phenomenon in a large number of natural rubber stocks, are described in this article. Results are compared with those obtained using conventional air- oven and oxygen bomb aging tests. The apparatus is suitable for testing six rubber samples simultaneously, and uses unbonded resistance wire strain gauges for the measurement of stresses in the samples. The stress vs. time curves are recorded automatically on a roll chart recording potentiometer. It has been found that the curves approximate to exponential decay curves, and, as such, can be characterized by a single parameter—the half life. This parameter, used as a measure of antioxidant efficiency, can be correlated with the loss of tensile strength for samples aged in a conventional air oven. The use of the half-life period...
Importance and detection of virus reservoirs and compartments of HIV infection

Current therapies for treating HIV-1 infection are capable of suppressing virus load in blood to undetectable levels, and result in marked clinical improvement. Despite this suppression, HIV-1 infection persists and virus load quickly rebounds when therapy is interrupted. The origin of the rebounding virus is unknown, but is thought to result from continuing viral replication in anatomic or cellular compartments, and the release of virus from latent infection in reservoirs.
Protection of trabecular bone in ovariectomized rats by turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is dependent on extract composition.

Extracts prepared from turmeric (Curcuma longa L., [Zingiberaceae]) containing bioactive phenolic curcuminoids were evaluated for bone-protective effects in a hypogonadal rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Three-month female Sprague−Dawley rats were ovariectomized (OVX) and treated with a chemically complex turmeric fraction (41% curcuminoids by weight) or a curcuminoid-enriched turmeric fraction (94% curcuminoids by weight), both dosed at 60 mg/kg 3× per week, or vehicle alone. Effects of two months of treatment on OVX-induced bone loss were followed prospectively by serial assessment of bone mineral density (BMD) of the distal femur using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), while treatment effects on trabecular bone microarchitecture were assessed at two months by microcomputerized tomography (μCT). Chemically complex turmeric did not prevent bone loss, however, the curcuminoid-enriched turmeric prevented up to 50% of OVX-induced loss of trabecular bone and also preserved the number and conne...
Acceptance of the Howland Award

I am deeply touched by the great honor that the American Pediatric Society has bestowed upon me, especially because so much that I have accomplished is thanks to Dr. Edwards A. Park, the first recipient of the Howland Award. In 1930, he put me in charge of the Cardiac Clinic of the Harriet Lane Home. When the fluoroscope was installed, he said to me, “Now you will learn congenital malformations of the heart.” When I expressed surprise, he replied, “It does not matter how you feel; you cannot possibly run a children's heart clinic and not learn congenital malformations.” Then he added, “When you do, it will be a great day.” That was in 1930.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF CONSUMER DEMAND BEHAVIOR USING LABORATORY ANIMALS

Using laboratory animals as subjects, two series of experimental studies of consumer demand behavior are reported. The experiments show that laboratory animals will change consumption patterns in response to changes in the budget set, consuming more of the lower priced commodities and less of the higher priced commodities. Large rotations in the budget line for essential commodities resulted in severe disruption of consumer behavior. The experiments demonstrate the feasibility of using non-human subjects in laboratory studies of economic behavior.
Effect Size of Testimonials on Treatment Choice in PTSD

The recent study by Pruitt et al. (2012) that was published in Behavior Research and Therapy concluded that “For a critical unreached treatment sample, those who are (PTSD) treatment naive, positive patient testimonials offer a mechanism in which to make effective treatments more appealing and accessible.” However, that conclusion is not supported by the evidence of their study because (1) the effect sizes of their study are all very small, and (2) after correcting for the number of hypothesis tests using the Bonferroni method, none of their results are statistically significant, as explained below. First, although the study claims that video testimonials positively affect the perception of available PTSD interventions for treatment naive individuals, the average standardized effect sizes (as expressed by the Pearson correlation coefficient) for each group were far too low to warrant these claims. The averages for the community and undergraduate populations tested in the study were r = 5.8 and 4.8%, respectively, which indicate only a minor difference from zero. For those participants who have received prior psycho- or pharmaco-therapy, the average effect size was even lower, at 3.3 and 1.9%. Overall, the effect of the testimonials for both groups combined was 5.3%, which is neither clinically significant nor statistically significant (p = 0.179). Therefore, the conclusion from the study that positive video testimonials on available PTSD treatments affect the opinion of treatment naive individuals is not supported by the data in this study. Second, there were 40 statistical tests in the results section of the above study related to testimonials. Two out of the 40 would be expected to be significant by chance alone due to Type II error. That is, no correction was made for the number of tests conducted. After applying the Bonferroni correction to the data in the study, the alpha level was 0.00125 and none of the testimonial related findings were statistically significant. This indicates that the responses from the video testimonials were likely from chance associations, not meaningful responses to the study. Therefore, the conclusion that the video testimonials positively affect views on treatment is contradicted by the lack of statistical significance for any of the tested groups in the study. Many strengths are found in the study, including an important topic, excellent sample size, high measurement reliability and validity, a clear description of methods and results, and a comprehensive discussion section, demonstrating both a passion and dedication to the study of PTSD. Despite these strengths, the effect sizes for the video testimonials were both clinically and statistically insignificant. Therefore, the study conclusion that video testimonials positively affect perceptions of treatment, is not sufficiently supported at this time to warrant use with the PTSD population.
Genetic mapping and utilization of quantitative trichome-mediated insect resistance in potato

Introgression of trichome-mediated insect resistance from the wild speciesSolanum berthaultii has become a major focus of the potato improvement program at Cornell University during the past twelve years. Several quantitative characters are involved in this resistance which is effective against a wide range of pest types. Correlative biochemical assays have been developed to assay specific components of the resistance, and the effects of the resistance on the target pests have been studied. Quantitative laboratory assays and specific measurements of insect behavior and biology have increased the precision of selection and enable the investigation of the genetic control of the resistance. We are currently using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) for genetic mapping of factors controlling the trichome traits fromS. berthaultii. Backcrosses to both the wild and the cultivated species parents have been evaluated for phenotypes contributing to the resistance mechanism, including trichome density, sucrose ester and polyphenol oxidase production by the trichomes, and the enzymatic browning reaction responsible for insect entrapment. Genetic maps are being developed for these progenies, using RFLP markers previously mapped in potato. Field and greenhouse trials under insect infestations are also being conducted with the mapping progeny. Our goal is to locate genes responsible for quantitative insect resistance by correlating RFLP variation at mapped loci with the trichome phenotypes and insect resistance. Genetic markers for these traits will be useful in transfer of the effective wild chromosomal segments into and among tetraploid potatoes, and for a better understanding of the resistance mechanism.
Prestack Remedial Migration Kinematics

time migration mispositions events when the velocity changes laterally. These errors increase with lateral velocity variation, depth of burial, and dip angle 8. Previous analyses of zeroo&set time migration on several model types have yielded simple universal “rules of thumb” for these errors to first order in the lateral gradient. I have now extended the analysis to preslach time migration and have obtained surprisingly simple results on a model with constant lateral velocity gradient, V(Z) = u(z,,,)t G.(z -z,,,). The + error is 3AtanzB+3A(h/.z,,,)~, and the L error is -2A tan3 8, where A( z, z) contains the information about depth of burial and magnitude of lateral gradient. These rules can be used to determine when prestack depth migration is needed. More interestingly, these equations define a correction technique called “preatack remedial migration.” Remedial migration transforms a time-migrated image into a depth migrated image at the same velocity, o(z, y, s). Thus my analysis is the first step in extending remedial migration to the prestack domain.
Direct effect of glibenclamide on guanylate cyclase activity in the rat in vitro.

Glibenclamide enhanced the activity in the rat of guanylate cyclase in a number of extra-pancreatic tissues. Thus, glibenclamide enhanced guanylate cyclase activity in vitro two- to threefold in liver, kidney, heart, spleen and colon at a concentration of 1 μmol/l. Dose-response curves of glibenclamide on hepatic guanylate cyclase revealed that more than half-maximal stimulation was observed at a concentration as low as 10 nmol/l (p< 0.001) and no stimulation of guanylate cyclase was seen when the concentration was decreased to 1 nmol/l. Maximal enhancement was seen at 100 nmol/l of glibenclamide. Varying the concentration of the guanylate cyclase co-factor manganese had no effect on the glibenclamide enhancement of guanylate cyclase. In addition to the increased insulin receptors found recently in monocytes and fibroblasts, the present findings may help explain the extra-pancreatic effects of glibenclamide and possibly of other sulphonylurea drugs.
TECHNIQUE FOR QUANTIFYING LOW TEMPERATURE BURNS.

Summary Dermal necrosis at various time-low temperature relationships has been determined in vivo and is presented graphically. There is need for better means of recognizing thermally degraded collagen microscopically.
Switching in adults with aphasia

The purpose of the study was to investigate switching in adults with aphasia. In modified go/no-go tasks, adults with mild or moderate aphasia and healthy controls switched between go/no-go rules with minimized cognitive and linguistic demands. Several nonlinguistic and linguistic executive function tests that involved switching were administered. Adults with aphasia were slower, less accurate and less likely to disregard the previous rule when switching between rules. These deficits are representative of impaired reconfiguration control and interference. Positive relationships among nonlinguistic switching and lack of relationships between linguistic and nonlinguistic switching implied separate switching processes.
Exploring Simulator Use in the Preparation of Chemical Engineers

In this manuscript, we report the impact of students’ usage of a simulator in the preparation of chemical engineers. This case study was conducted using content pretest and posttests, survey questionnaires, interviews, classroom observations, and an analysis of students’ written response to design problems. Results showed the use of simulator was associated with increases in students’ scores, but the novelty of innovation was not the single explanation for increased achievement. Additional findings included the appropriation of argument norms from verbal class participation into written responses for design problems. Implications for teaching and future research are discussed.
PSA Doubling Time Versus PSA Velocity to Predict High-Risk Prostate Cancer: Data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

Background Our group has previously shown that prostate-specific antigen (PSA) velocity (PSAV) is associated with the presence of life-threatening prostate cancer. Less is known about the relative utility of pretreatment PSA doubling time (PSA DT) to predict tumor aggressiveness.
Fast sampling algorithm for Lie-Trotter products.

A fast algorithm for path sampling in path-integral Monte Carlo simulations is proposed. The algorithm utilizes the L\'evy-Ciesielski implementation of Lie-Trotter products to achieve a mathematically proven computational cost of $n\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{log}}_{2}(n)$ with the number of time slices $n$, despite the fact that each path variable is updated separately, for reasons of optimality. In this respect, we demonstrate that updating a group of random variables simultaneously results in loss of efficiency.