cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical Waveguide Performance/Cost Relationships

AbstractThere have been profound changes in optical waveguide technology over the past 10 years.Rapid advances have been made in optical performance characteristics --such as attenuationand bandwidth. There have also been significant improvements in the types of coatingsused, fiber tolerances, fiber strength, lengths available, etc. At the same time, thedemand for optical waveguides has increased rapidly and fiber production has moved fromthe R/D laboratory to full -scale manufacturing plants. Fiber prices have dropped dramat-ically and fiber types have been designed and optimized for specific market segments. In the future, performance /cost trade -offs will be appropriate and fibers optimized forspecific market applications will become the norm. Economic trade -offs will take place asusers and manufacturers work together to optimize the total system to be most cost- effec- tive. IntroductionFiber properties such as attenuation and bandwidth resulting from new technology andimproved production techniques now approach the intrinsic limits of the materials used.In addition, fiber prices have dropped dramatically to an order of magnitude lower thanjust a few years ago. In the future, performance /cost trade -offs should be made tooptimize the actual performance of a product relative to its intrinsic limit in order tocost -optimize the total system. These trade -offs can be made in many areas. The key onesare attenuation, bandwidth, tolerances, strength, length, and fiber design.The actual trade -offs themselves must be the result of interaction and iteration amongall of the key parties involved in manufacturing optical communication systems. Theseparties include the fiber, cable, and source manufacturers, as well as the electronicequipment suppliers and final users. The need for all of these groups to interact will bediscussed.Market segmentsAs prices have decreased and component performance improved, the commercial use ofoptical communications has spread to a number of market segments. Table 1 summarizes thesemarket segments and relates them to the optical fibers which are believed to be optimizedfor the different applications. Specific design trade -offs for two of these marketsegments -- Central Office Trunking and Local Area Networks --as well as some trade -offs whichapply to systems in general will be discussed.Central office trunkinIn central office trunking, adjacent offices in intracity installations are connectedwith high- density trunks. These trunks were initially installed to provide 672 voicechannels -- requiring 45 megabits per second (Mb /s) for electronic multiplexing. Recentinstallations in North America have had bit -rates as high as 135 Mb /s, although 90 Mb /sis more common. These correspond to 2,016 and 1,344 voice channels, respectively.European trunk systems typically operate at 140 Mb /s. Significant work is being done inlaboratories around the world to devise systems which will operate at much higher data
Self-concept and self-stigma in lesbians and gay men

This study examined the associations among three aspects of self-concept (self-esteem, self-concept clarity and sexual identity confusion), self-stigma and depressive symptoms. Two hundred and eighty eight participants (163 lesbians and 125 gay men) completed an anonymous, online survey. Results indicated that individuals with lower self-esteem, lower self-concept clarity and higher sexual identity confusion reported higher self-stigma. Furthermore, the negative association between self-concept clarity and self-stigma was significant for individuals with lower self-esteem, but not those with higher self-esteem. Finally, the positive association between self-stigma and depressive symptoms was significant for individuals with lower self-esteem, but not those with higher self-esteem, and it was stronger for those with lower sexual identity confusion. The current findings highlight the importance of self-concept in the internalisation of sexual stigma and its sequelae.
Self-consistent analysis of lattice-matched and pseudomorphic quantum-well emission transistors

A self‐consistent analysis of the quantum‐well emission transistor (QWET) is presented allowing an exact calculation of the device quantum properties. Poisson’s and Schrodinger’s equation are solved numerically using a finite‐difference method on a self‐consistent basis. Pseudomorphic AlGaAs/InGaAs designs with 15%–20% excess In are suggested for improving the device performance. Design with doping in various parts of the QWET are also studied. This analysis reveals that the device performance is less optimistic than previously predicted by analytic approaches. By introducing the pseudomorphic channel principle, while maintaining a reasonably low Al content for the gate and collector layers, it is, however, possible to obtain satisfactory performance. Optimum pseudomorphic designs showed high current driving capability (2×105 A/cm2), high transconductance (3S/mm) and small intrinsic delay time (2 ps).
Mechanism of skin tumorigenesis by contact sensitizers: the effect of the corticosteroid fluocinolone acetonide on inflammation and tumor induction by 2,4 dinitro-1-fluorobenzene in the skin of the TG.AC (v-Ha-ras) mouse.

The effect of the corticosteroid fluocinolone acetonide (FA) on skin tumor induction and inflammation by the contact sensitizer dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) was examined. This study broadly relates ...
Oral absorption of sodium pentobarbital and effects on gastrointestinal function.

: An anaesthetic dose (40 mg/kg) of sodium pentobarbital (SP) was administered intragastrically to adult, fasted male rats at total dosing volumes of 1, 2, or 3 ml. Area under the plasma concentration-time curve did not differ for the various dosing volumes. During the initial (rapid) phase of gastric emptying all solutions containing drug appeared to empty at a faster rate than distilled water (2 ml). However, solutions containing drug emptied much more slowly than water during the terminal (slow) phase of gastric emptying. Drug solutions moved along the small intestine at approximately the same rate as distilled water. SP significantly lowered rectal temperature and slowed the propagation velocity of the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) recorded from four serosal electrodes chronically implanted along the proximal small intestine. In addition, the drug significantly decreased the rate of MMC recurrence, extended the duration of MMC phases, and decreased slow wave frequency at all sites monitored. The results suggest that: 1) the relative oral bioavailability of sodium pentobarbital is not influenced by dosing volume within the range tested, 2) the various dosing volumes of SP tested moved through the gastrointestinal tract at an equal rate, and 3) orally administered SP significantly decreases the propagation velocity and periodicity of the MMC in the small intestine.
Thermal Evolution of Low-Temperature Manganese Centers in X-Irradiated CaF2:Mn

Thermal evolution of the radiation-induced defects in CaF2:Mn (0.1% by weight) are investigated by ESR techniques. The Mn+ resonance is found to decay at 200 K with an activation energy of 0.44 eV and frequency factor 2.8 × 108s−1 which agree with previous luminescence and optical absorption measurements. This activation energy and decay temperature also agree with that of the previously described H center. It is concluded that the luminescence in CaF2:Mn results from thermal release of holes at H centers with ultimate recombination at Mn+ ions producing excited state Mn2+(*). Relaxation yields the observed 500 nm emission characteristic of Mn2+. A second defect which decays at 150 K is observed but not identified. Die thermische Entwicklung der strahlungsinduzierten Defekte im CaF2:Mn (0,1 Gew%) werden mittels ESR-Technik untersucht. Es wird gefunden, das die Mn+-Resonanz bei 200 K mit einer Aktivierungsenergie von 0,44 eV und einem Frequenzfaktor von 2,8 × 108 s−1 abklingt, was mit fruheren Messungen der Lumineszenz und optischen Absorption ubereinstimmt. Diese Aktivierungsenergie und Abklingtemperatur stimmen auch mit den schon fruher fur das H-Zentrum beschriebenen Wertern uberein. Es wird angenommen, das die Lumineszenz in CaF2:Mn von der thermischen Befreiung von Lochern an den H-Zentren herruhrt, mit endgultiger Rekombination an Mn+-Ionen, wobei ein angeregter Zustand mit Mn2+(*) erzeugt wird. Relaxation liefert die beobachtete 500 nm-Emission, die fur Mn2+ charakteristisch ist. Ein zweiter Defekt, der bei 150 K abklingt, wird beobachtet, jedoch nicht identifiziert.
MO-A-201C-01: Modern US Equipment and US Physics

Diagnostic ultrasound imaging has advance substantially over the past 25 years and this has been accelerated by the progressive move toward digital systems. Modern ultrasound systems rely heavily on multi‐element array transducers,image reconstruction, and signal processing to produce the clinical images seen today. In addition, there has been a significant effort to make ultrasound more portable and less expensive while trying to maintain image quality and performance. Those involved in the operation and evaluation of ultrasound systems need to understand the technology and approaches being used in ultrasound imaging today. This lecture will provide the background understanding of ultrasound physics and its application in imaging systems and the evolution of imaging toward the modern digital devices being used today. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand fundamental physics and operation of b‐mode and Doppler. 2. Understand recent advances in signal processing including harmonic imaging, coded excitation, automated optimization methods, compound imaging and speckle reduction. 3. Understand the methods for image improvements by the processing methods used in ultrasound imaging.
IC failure mechanisms yesterday, today, tomorrow: implications from test to DFM

The failure mechanisms that occur on manufactured ICs affect yield or, worse, shipped product quality level. The difference between the two is in whether or not detection occurs at test. In this talk, we look at the types of failure mechanisms that occur, including random contamination-related defects, systematic defects and systematic parametric variations. We go through an evidence round-up looking empirically at defect occurrences in yesterday's and today's chips and discuss trends for the future. Implications of the various failure mechanisms on detectability at test are discussed and both failure mechanism occurrence and detectability are considered as drivers for DFM.
Quantum correlations and three body decays at a ϕ factory

The decays of neutral kaons produced in ϕ decay, ϕ→K L K S , exhibit interesting quantum mechanical interference. The effects of this phenomenon on searches for CP violation have been previously been worked out for two body decays where the decay amplitude is a simple constant. For three body modes where the matrix element varies across the kinematically allowed region, the quantum correlations with enhance or cancel certain terms in the decay distribution. We work out the results for two interesting modes ϕ→(ππ)(ππγ) and ϕ→(3π)(3π). In the former case, the quantum correlation allows the isolation of the direct emission component of the ππγ decay, while in the latter case the intensity asymmetry can uniquely pick out the direct CP violating amplitude.
Radiometric Age Determinations from the Florida Mountains, New Mexico

Most of the igneous rocks of the Florida Mountains, New Mexico, can be divided into three groups: (1) old (∼1.35 b.y.?) granitic rocks in the northernmost part of the area; (2) granite to (quartz) syenite of uncertain age that occurs south of the major high-angle reverse fault that roughly divides the Florida Mountains into northern and southern parts (Corbitt, 1971; Corbitt and Woodward, 1973); and (3) enigmatic syenitic rocks of uncertain age that occur north of the major high-angle reverse fault. Corbitt (1971) has proposed a Mesozoic age of emplacement for the group 3 rocks, although Griswold (1961) has placed them in the Precambrian; minor mineralization is more-or-less confined to occurrences within or near the syenitic rocks. This report summarizes preliminary geochronologic data for the major occurrences of syenitic or quartz syenitic to granitic rocks from the Florida Mountains and will attempt to interpret their history. K-Ar and Rb-Sr mineral and Rb-Sr whole-rock age data indicate a complex history; geochemical and normative data are included for assistance in interpretation.
Kinematic information feedback and task constraints

The experiments were designed to examine the effect of task constraints on the influence of kinematic information feedback to facilitate the acquisition of discrete arm movements. The findings of Experiments 1 and 3 revealed that when the criterion kinematic trajectory was an increasing acceleration function, the most effective control space representation for kinematic feedback (i.e. position-time; velocity-position) was the one that matched the error criterion to be minimized. Furthermore, in Experiment 1 the velocity-position feedback condition led to greater performance error than the discrete knowledge of results of movement time or integrated position-time error. Experiment 2 showed that kinematic information feedback of the movement trajectory (position-time; velocity-position) did not facilitate acquisition of a constant velocity criterion, in contrast to knowledge of results of movement time or integrated velocity-position error. Collectively the findings suggest that the interaction of task and organismic constraints dictates the nature of the information feedback required to facilitate the acquisition of skill. The augmented information available must match the degrees of freedom requiring constraint in the movement sequence. Language: en
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE DINOFLAGELLATE PERIDINIUM CINCTUM F. OVOPLANUM. I. VEGETATIVE CELL ULTRASTRUCTURE

Vegetative cells of Peridinium cinctum f. ovoplanum have a dense cytoplasm containing those organelles characteristic of eukaryotic cells. Thecal plates have a fibrillar substructure with numerous 200-nm pores. Chloroplasts are radially arranged and contain a simple internal pyrenoid. An eyespot is associated with the chloroplast. The large, centrally located nucleus contains over 100 chromosomes dispersed in a granular nucleoplasm. Chromosomal bands with a periodicity of 86 nm are present perpendicular to the long axis of the chromosome. Numerous chromosomes are attached to the nuclear envelope. Peridinium cinctum vegetative cell morphology is compared to other dinoflagellates examined. PERIDINIUM CINCTUM F. OVOPLANUM Lindemann is a freshwater dinoflagellate first described in 1918 by Lindemann. There have been few complete
Use of controlled-release polymer to feed ammonium to Streptomyces clavuligerus cephalosporin fermentations in shake flasks

Controlled-release polymers containing NH4Cl were used to feed NH 4 + to Streptomyces clavuligerus cultures making cephalosporins in shake flasks. Production was improved in comparison to free NH4Cl included in the medium at various concentrations; it approached the performance of l-asparagine, the best single nitrogen source for production.
Design of a Broad-Band 4-Bit Loaded Switched-Line Phase Shifter

A 4-bit p-i-n diode switched-line phase shifter was fabricated for use in the 2.0- to 4.0-GHZ frequency range. Extremely good phase characteristics were easily obtained over two octaves by employing a resistive loading technique to eliminate resonance problems. A single bit was modeled and analyzed on a computer from 1.5 to 6.0 GHz. Test results of a microstrip realization of this bit, which correlates well with the computer model, are presented. A unique compatible driver used with the phase shifter, and the microstrip fabrication process used in constructing the phase shifter are also presented.
Seizures in children with systemic cancer

Children with cancer are a population with specific risk factors for the development of seizures. They present distinct problems in assessment and management that sets them apart from the usual pediatric patients. We reviewed the information gathered on our pediatric neurooncology database regarding 47 children with systemic cancer complicated by seizures. Leukemia was the most frequent underlying cancer (47%). In children with hematologic cancers, toxic-metabolic disturbances were the most frequent cause of seizures, whereas in patients with solid cancers, metastases were the single most common etiology. Children undergoing bone marrow transplant were particularly susceptible to seizures (34%), but only a minority progressed to develop a chronic seizure disorder (19.1%). Neuroimaging studies provided useful etiologic information in 62%. The choice of the antiseizure medication should take into account the potential interaction with the chemotherapy or supportive drugs often administered to these patients.
Effect of 5-azacytidine on expression of the human DNA repair enzyme O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase

The role of methylation of CpG dinucleotides in the regulation of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene expression has been investigated. A previous observation, that cell lines deficient in MGMT (Mer-) are methylated in a SmaI site in the MGMT gene promoter whereas MGMT-expressing cells (Mer+) are unmethylated in the same site, has been extended to a total of 30 cell lines, tumors and normal tissues. To examine further the association between methylation in the MGMT promoter and the Mer- phenotype we have treated Mer+ and Mer- cell lines with 5-azacytidine to inhibit DNA methylation. Reduced methylation in the SmaI site coincided with induction of MGMT expression for one of three Mer- cell lines. MGMT increased several-fold further upon continued culture of the induced cells in the absence of 5-azacytidine, coincident with an abrupt increase in methylation in the body of the MGMT gene even though the SmaI site remained demethylated. These results, and those of other previous studies, suggest that methylation of sequences within the MGMT gene promoter and methylation within the body of the gene have opposite effects.
A Multilevel Framework for Increasing Social Support in Schools

In school contexts, social support refers to the overall perception one has of feeling included and cared for in a community of peers, teachers, caregivers, and others. Social support is critical for promoting positive academic and psychosocial outcomes for students. Conversely, a lack of perceived social support may be associated with increased levels of psychological distress. The present review article describes critical considerations for providing social support to school-aged children and adolescents as well as presents a range of evidence-based strategies for increasing this type of support in schools. Interventions include academic, behavioral, and mental health services that are organized within a multitier framework of service delivery. Accordingly, these interventions address student needs at the universal, targeted, and indicated levels of support. The current level of empirical support is indicated for each described intervention. Overall, the implementation of a continuum of increasingly intensive approaches to promote social support in schools can be utilized to help make school environments more welcoming, positive, and emotionally supportive.
The Role of Applied Potential on Environment-Assisted Cracking of Zirconium Alloys

Zircaloy-2 and Zircaloy-4 have been tested by the slow-strain-rate technique at ambient and elevated temperatures in an acidic environment relevant to the proposed geologic repository at the Yucca Mountain site. Tests were performed with and without cathodic and anodic applied potentials. The results of stress corrosion cracking testing without applied potentials indicate that the ductility of both alloys was enhanced in terms of percent elongation, percent reduction in area, failure strain, and the time-to-failure with increasing temperature indicating improved ductility. However, the magnitude of true failure stress was gradually reduced at higher testing temperatures. The application of anodic and cathodic controlled potentials during slow-strain-rate testing enhanced the cracking susceptibility of both alloys showing more pronounced effect at anodic applied potentials. The corrosion potential for both alloys, became more active at the elevated temperature. The morphology of failure at cathodic potentials was ductile, showing dimpled microstructure. However, transgranular brittle failure was observed with both alloys at anodic controlled potentials.
The Study of Yoruba Religious Tradition in Historical Perspective

This essay presents an overview of past and recent scholarship in Yoruba religion. The earliest studies of Yoruba religious traditions were carried out by missionaries, travellers and explorers who were concerned with writing about the so called "pagan" practices and "animist" beliefs of the African peoples. In the first quarter of the 20th century professional ethnologists committed to documenting the Yoruba religion and culture were, among other things, concerned with theories about cosmology, belief-systems, and organizations of Orisa cults. Indigenous authors, especially the Reverend gentlemen of the Church Missionary Society, responded to these early works by proposing the Egyptian origin of Yoruba religion and by conducting research into Ifa divination system as a preparatio evangelica. The paper also examines the contributions of scholars in the arts and the social sciences to the interpretation and analysis of Yoruba religion, especially those areas neglected in previous scholarship. This essay further explores the study of Yoruba religion in the Americas, as a way of providing useful comparison with the Nigerian situation. It demonstrates the strong influence of Yoruba religion and culture on world religions among African diaspora. In the past ten years, significant works on the phenomenology and history of religions have been produced by indigenous scholars trained in philosophy and Religionswissenschaft in Europe and America and more recently in Nigeria. Lastly, the essay examines some neglected aspects of Yoruba religious studies and suggests that future research should focus on developing new theories and uncovering existing ones in indigenous Yoruba discourses.
Single dose exercise and redistribution 201thallium scanning in the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia and coronary artery disease. Comparison with exercise and rest electrocardiography, coronary arteriography and left ventriculography.

To evaluate the accuracy of single dose thallium scanning (SDTS) utilizing exercise and four-hour redistribution images, 106 patients were evaluated; 91 had a >50 percent stenosis of at least one major vessel, 15 had no significant disease. Ischemia: compared to simultaneous ECG exercise tolerance test, SDTS was 86 percent vs 48 percent sensitive (P 50 percent stenoses had persistently decreased perfusion on redistribution scanning compared to 43 percent with ECG Q waves (P 201 thallium scanning.
Perceptions of Teaching Effectiveness.

Abstract Faculty members at a research extensive university who had been recognized as outstanding teachers stated that they enjoyed teaching and expressed a strong preference for actively engaging students in the learning process and placing a high degree of importance on receiving student feedback. They stressed the importance of setting clear expectations and goals, providing timely feedback, and using a variety of presentation and instructional approaches and emphasized that their teaching and research were interconnected and synergistic.
The Analysis of Multivariate Group Differences

A computer program for evaluating the differences between k ≥ 2 groups on p ≥ 1 dependent variables is described. The statistical rationale for this program is based upon the Roy Union Intersection approach. A useful feature of the program is the computation of simultaneous confidence intervals for comparing the groups on each dependent variable and each discriminant function.
Identifying and Explicating Variation among Friends with Benefits Relationships

This two-study report identifies and validates a typology containing seven types of "friends with benefits relationships" (FWBRs). Study 1 asked heterosexual students to define the term FWBR and to describe their experience with the relationship type. Qualitative analysis of these data identified seven types of FWBRs (true friends, network opportunism, just sex, three types of transition in [successful, failed, and unintentional], and transition out). Study 2 quantitatively differentiates these relationship types in the amount of nonsexual interaction, strength of the friendship at the first sexual interaction, and history of romantic relationships with the FWBR partner (before the FWBR, after it, or both). Results from both studies clearly suggest that FWBRs represent a diverse set of relationship formulations where both the benefits (i.e., repeated sexual contact) and the friends (i.e., relationship between partners) vary widely. In many cases, FWBRs represent a desire for, or an attempt at, shifting the relationship from friends to a romantic partnership. Other implications are discussed, as are limitations and directions for future research. The diverse nature of FWBRs provides challenges for researchers that likely require multiple methods and theoretical frames.
Infrared Imagery of a Turbulent Intrusion in a Stratified Environment

A time sequence of airborne infrared imagery provides a unique view of phenomena associated with a turbulent tidal intrusion into a stratified bay. During flood tide, cooler water from the Strait of Juan de Fuca is observed to penetrate Sequim Bay (Washington, U.S.A.) as a turbulent jet. After separating from the shoreline, the jet collapses into the stratified middle part of the bay, forming a mushroom-shaped head consisting of a semicircular plunge front and areas of recirculating flow. As the plunge front advances into the estuary, a set of nonlinear internal waves emerges and propagates toward the relatively stagnant southern part of the bay, where they are a potential source of vertical mixing. This range of phenomena is expected based on laboratory studies, but has not been seen previously in a natural setting.
Quark-gluon-plasma evolution in scaling hydrodynamics

The relation between the rapidity density of produced particles in ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions and the maximum proper energy density ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{0}$ is derived. The new scaling hydrodynamic equations of Bjorken, Kajantie, and McLerran are employed. The results exceed earlier estimates obtained with inside-outside cascade models and provide an independent estimate of ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{0}$ from collision data. We also derive a lower bound on ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{0}$ incorporating viscous heating and the first-order phase transition between the quark and hadronic phases. We infer that ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{0}g2$ GeV/${\mathrm{fm}}^{3}$ can indeed be reached in the collision of heavy nuclei at cosmic-ray energies.
Glial regulation of α7-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression in cultured rat cortical neurons

Abstract Primary embryonic cortical cultures were used as an in vitro model to evaluate the influence of glia on developmental expression of alpha 7-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rat brain. In cells cultured in serum-containing medium without mitotic inhibitors, specific 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin binding to alpha 7-type nicotinic receptors was maximal 4-8 days after plating. Treatment with 5'-fluorodeoxyuridine (80 microM) from 1 to 3 days in vitro significantly reduced glial proliferation and concomitantly increased 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin binding, whereas plating onto a glial bed layer decreased binding. There was no significant binding to pure glial cultures. Treatment-induced changes in neuronal binding resulted from alterations in receptor density, with no change in affinity. 5'-Fluorodeoxyuridine treatment also increased cellular expression of alpha 7 receptor mRNA but had no effect on N-[3H]methylscopolamine binding to muscarinic receptors. Glial conditioned medium decreased 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin binding in both control and 5'-fluorodeoxyuridine-treated cultures, suggesting the release of a soluble factor that inhibits alpha 7-type nicotinic receptor expression. An additional mechanism of glial regulation may involve removal of glutamate from the surrounding medium, as added glutamate (200 microM) increased 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin binding in astrocyte-poor cultures but not in those that were astrocyte enriched. These results suggest that glia may serve a physiological role in regulating alpha 7-type nicotinic receptors in developing brain.
A Self Contained Recorder For Acoustic Observations from AUV's

An experiment to acoustically observe baleen whale vocalizations from autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV's) in the southwestern Gulf of Maine was conducted in May of 2005. A digital recorder and hydrophone were installed on three Slocum Electric Gliders, which have the desirable features of a low acoustic signature and the ability to persistently keep station. To adequately identify whale vocalizations, the recorders combined fidelity (a combination of sampling frequency and bit depth) and unit-to-unit clock accuracy, for determining source location by using time of arrival triangulation. A fourth glider was configured with an ADCP. All four gliders were also outfitted with conductivity, temperature, depth, and bio-optical sensors. They were programmed to keep station 5-7 km apart in an approximate equilateral formation. The recorders were installed internally with a bottom-mounted hydrodynamic-shaped hydrophone. The electronics were electrically isolated from the glider and designed to be started and stopped in response to the passage of a magnet near a section of the hull. Each recorder, powered by a 10 `C' cell battery pack and using a 4 GB compact FLASH card, can thus store a single channel linear encoded 16-bit audio signal, sampled at 2048 Hz for 12 days. A module was designed and built to synchronize the ultra stable temperature tracking real time clocks. By using spectrogram cross correlation of the acoustic data, and estimates of the glider location, whale positions were determined with an accuracy of a few hundred meters.
Wall Effects on the Propagation of Compressional Alfvén Waves in a Cylindrical Plasma with Two-Ion Species

The dispersion relations for the compressional Alfven waves in a two-ion species plasma of deuterium and hydrogen are calculated for a configuration which includes a vacuum layer between the cylindrical plasma and the conducting wall. The presence of the vacuum layer strongly affects the propagation of the compressional Alfven wave, permitting some branches to propagate and penetrate the plasmacolumn over most frequencies in the ion-cyclotron range. Basic Alfven-wave propagation and heating experiments in two-ion species consequently should be possible using tokamak and mirror devces with minor radii smaller than the Alfven wavelength.
Simple theory, measurements, and Rules of thumb for dosimetry during photodynamic therapy

Dosimetry of laser fluence rates within a tissue are required for proper planning of photodynamic therapy at a specific site on a given individual. A simple one-dimensional theory of light penetration into tissue is presented. A device for measurement of the total reflectance and the lateral diffusion of light provides a simple means for specifying the tissue optical parameters that govern laser dosimetry. Rules of thumb for complicating factors such as narrow laser beams and optical fiber delivery are discussed.
Electronic structure-factor, density matrices, and electron energy loss spectroscopy of conjugated oligomers

The electronic dynamic structure factor S(q,ω) of conjugated finite-size oligomers is computed using the time-dependent Hartree−Fock (TDHF) approach. The resonances observed in electron scattering are analyzed using the Bloch representation of the single-electron transition density matrices for the corresponding polymers. The separation of relative and center-of-mass motions of electron−hole pairs, which is expected to hold for infinite chains, is shown to apply even for relatively small molecules, paving the way for a band-structure picture of the quasiparticles. Signatures of the exciton coherence sizes in the momentum dependence of the structure factor are analyzed.
Lunar occultation of Saturn. I. The diameters of Tethys, Dione, Rhea, Titan, and Iapetus

The diameters of Tethys, Dione, Rhea, Titan and Iapetus were determined from observations of their March 30, 1974, lunar occultations, made with the Mauna Kea 224 and 61 cm telescopes. Light curves were obtained simultaneously in four colors, and the difference between the time of occultation at the two telescopes provided a direct measurement of the slope of the lunar limb, found to be small in all cases. The satellite diameters were determined by least-squares fits of model occultation light curves to the data. Titan's diameter must be at least 5800 km, much larger than the currently accepted value of 5000 km, making it the largest satellite in the solar system. This larger diameter implies a low mean density. For the other four satellites arguments are presented in favor of accepting the occultation diameters corresponding to limb darkened disks. Except for Titan, the lunar occultation diameters generally agree with previous diskmeter and radiometric determinations.
Exhibiting Modernity through the Lens of Tradition in Gilbert Rohde's Design for Living Interior

While the architectural and ideological programme at the Century of Progress International Exposition, the world's fair held in Chicago from 1933-4, sponsored modernism, a more complicated narrative was being woven within the realm of interiors. The eleven modern model houses, architecturally similar because they utilized tenets of The International Style, were some of the most popular attractions at the fair. The various interior styles shown within the houses represented a multitude of possibilities available to the American consumer, thus reflecting the complexities of American trends in design. In his interior design for one of these houses, the Design for Living, Gilbert Rohde successfully negotiated the divide between the conservatism of the Depression and the lure of modern design.
Effects of prostaglandin B1 on basal and stimulated circulating levels of insulin, glucose and free fatty acids.

Abstract The influence of an infusion of PGB 1 upon circulating levels of insulin, glucose and free fatty acids in anesthetized dogs both in the basal state and following stimulation with intravenous glucose or norepinephrine was not significantly different from saline-treated controls. Since no increment in immunoreactive PGE was found in thoracic aorta plasma during PGB 1 infusion, it is unlikely that the observed trends in the insulin, glucose and free fatty acid data during PGB 1 infusion were due to simultaneous endogenous PGE formation.
Opportunity, Ambivalence, and Youth Perspectives on Community Change in Pennsylvania's Marcellus Shale Region

Across vast swaths of mostly rural Pennsylvania, dramatic social, economic, and environmental transformations have occurred in the last five years as these regions have experienced a new natural resource boom in the form of unconventional natural gas extraction from the Marcellus Shale formation. While Pennsylvania's former Governor, Tom Corbett, and shale industry advocates hailed these developments as an economic godsend for Pennsylvania, others have raised serious concerns about the potential social, environmental, and economic consequences. In this paper, we examine youth perspectives in shale gas communities and how young people weigh their education and future prospects in light of local economic, environmental, and community change. We find that youth career decisions are often characterized by a deep ambivalence about the gas industry, its longevity, its capacity to provide desirable and local employment, and its ultimate effects on the livability and social sustainability of Pennsylvania's shale ...
Attribution of responsibility for rape: The influence of observer empathy, victim resistance, and victim attractiveness

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of a rape victim's physical attractiveness and resistance to rape on subjects' attributions of responsibility for the crime, certainty of the defendant's guilt, and social perceptions of the rape victim and defendant. Subjects' pretrial empathy toward rape victims and rapists was assessed by scores on the Rape Empathy Scale (RES). In addition to significant sex differences in attributions of responsibility for the incident, subjects' pretrial empathy toward rape victims and rapists was predictive of their perceptions of the rape victim, the defendant, and the rape incident. Victim resistance and attractiveness effects were significant in that subjects responded least favorably to the unattractive rape victim, particularly when she resisted the rape by fighting with her attacker. Male subjects and subjects who exhibited low empathy toward the rape victim were more responsive to subtle manipulations of victim resistance and attractiveness than were females and high RES subjects. Several explanations for these results focus on the cognitive and affective responses of subjects. The implications of the study are discussed in relation to societal attitudes toward rape and the role of sexrole stereotyping, which fosters these attitudes.
Microtubule Motors: LSD2 Trips the Toggle

The Perilipin homologue LSD2 has been identified as a regulator of microtubule motor activity in Drosophila embryos. LSD2 is required for the net directional transport of lipid droplets and the new data support a model in which the protein imparts bias onto a molecular toggle that otherwise randomly engages minus and plus end motors in a paired set.
Hysteretic three-photon cyclotron resonance in semiconductors.

We predict a hysteretic three-photon cyclotron resonance in narrow-gap semiconductors driven by two laser beams with their frequency difference near the cyclotron frequency. This effect is based on the Doppler and Lorentz nonlinear mechanisms and the nonparabolicity of the conduction band. A CO2 laser intensity of 105–106 W/cm2 at 10.6 and 9.4 μm is required for observation of the effect at 83.03 μm in InSb, GaAs, or HgTe.
A MATLAB based occupant driven dynamic model for predicting residential power demand

This paper presents a MATLAB based dynamic model for predicting residential power demand. Markov chain based occupant behavior models developed using data gathered by the U.S. Census Bureau in the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) are used in conjunction with models of the most common residential loads to predict residential power demand on a one-second time scale. First, the methods utilized for the modeling of each residential load are presented. Next, an explanation of how these load models are combined with occupant behavior models to predict residential power demand is given. Simulation results showing the overall contribution of each load to the overall residential sector power demand are shown for both winter and summer cases. Finally, future work will involve the use of this high-resolution dynamic residential model to estimate the potential for demand response from residential loads.
Quality of urban forest carbon credits

Abstract While the urban forest is considered an eligible source of carbon offset credits, little is known about its market potential and the quality aspects of the credits. As credit suppliers increase in number and credit buyers become more interested in purchasing carbon credits, it is unclear whether and how urban forest carbon credits can perform relative to the other types of carbon credits available in the market. Delivering quality credits would be crucial especially in voluntary markets such as the U.S., where buyers are more likely to be committed to reducing their GHGs emissions and maintaining a positive public image, than just abiding by regulations. Utilizing the results of a nationwide survey of local governments, this study takes a first step toward evaluating the quality aspects of urban forest carbon credits. We conclude that the local municipalities and cities in the U.S., acting as sellers of carbon credits, have the resources and capacity to be competitive in carbon credit markets. In addition, they have capacity and resources to implement carbon projects that will meet the key quality criteria (e.g., additionality, permanence, and verification).
Service Failure and Recovery in Electronic Retailing: An Investigation of Product-Oriented and Service-Oriented Transactions

Appropriate vendor response to service failures i.e., service recovery may provide a means to strengthen their customer relationships. Service recovery is a well-investigated concept in the bricks-and-mortar environment, and there is a growing body of empirical research exploring service failure and recovery in the electronic environment. The present study addresses a gap in the literature by exploring how vendors recover from service failures with product-oriented transactions e.g., online purchasing of books, apparel and with service-oriented transactions e.g., online banking. Failures and recoveries in product-oriented and service-oriented transactions were explored after the content analysis of 513 customer-reported incidents. The findings show that vendors are not effectively recovering from service failures, regardless of the type of transaction. Results and implications of these findings are also discussed.
Digital deep level transient spectroscopy considered for discrimination of traps closely spaced in emission coefficients in semiconductors

A method is presented for analysis of digitally recorded capacitance transients to give activation energies and capture cross-sections of two deep levels which would yield overlapping peaks in conventional DLTS spectra. It is shown that baseline errors can be overcome by proper analysis of the data. The accuracy of the method is examined by simulation with parameters representative of a typical DLTS system. The addition of various noise levels is also simulated and the effects of averaging of transients on the ability to discriminate closely spaced traps is examined quantitatively.
Phase Transition in the Sigma Model at Finite Temperature

We study the phase transition through which the spontaneously broken symmetry of the $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ model is restored at finite temperature. The methods of nonrelativistic many-body theory, in which the equations of motion are approximated in a self-consistent manner, are applied to the $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ model in 1 time and $d$ space dimensions for $2ld\ensuremath{\le}3$. We consider several different approximations of this type and discuss difficulties associated with their renormalization. The Hartree approximation predicts a second-order transition for all $d$, but breaks down at high temperatures when $d=3$. The "modified Hartree approximation," a variant of Hartree theory which incorporates more of the effects of thermal fluctuations, predicts a first-order transition for all $d$. This result is shown to be an artifact of the approximation. The $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ model with $N$ fields [the $\mathrm{O}(N)$ model] is studied in the limit of large $N$. For $2ldl3$ this model undergoes a second-order transition whose critical exponents are computed to $O(\frac{1}{N})$. When $d=3$, however, the large-$N$ approximation breaks down at high temperatures.
The Alleged Babylonian Discovery of the Precession of the Equinoxes

Historians constantly face two closely related problems: to make new textual material available and to destroy generally accepted theories. The present paper is concerned with the latter aspect, in the case of the more and more frequently quoted statement that the Babylonian astronomer Kidinnu was the discoverer of the precession of the equinoxes and that this event can be dated in 379 b. c., thus antedating Hipparchus by about two and one-half centuries. It may seem as if we were dealing here with one of those questions of priority which are of very little significance. Actually the problem has wider implications. It is closely related to the problem of the date of origin of Babylonian mathematical astronomy, which exercised a deep influence on Greek astronomy and its continuation in the Middle Ages. It is furthermore of importance for the evaluation of Babylonian astronomy and the mutual role of observation versus theory during the Seleucid period.
Practicing a musical instrument in childhood is associated with enhanced verbal ability and nonverbal reasoning.

Background: In this study we investigated the association between instrumental music training in childhood and outcomes closely related to music training as well as those more distantly related. Methodology/Principal Findings: Children who received at least three years (M=4.6 years) of instrumental music training outperformed their control counterparts on two outcomes closely related to music (auditory discrimination abilities and fine motor skills) and on two outcomes distantly related to music (vocabulary and nonverbal reasoning skills). Duration of training also predicted these outcomes. Contrary to previous research, instrumental music training was not associated with heightened spatial skills, phonemic awareness, or mathematical abilities. Conclusions/Significance: While these results are correlational only, the strong predictive effect of training duration suggests that instrumental music training may enhance auditory discrimination, fine motor skills, vocabulary, and nonverbal reasoning. Alternative explanations for these results are discussed.
Laboratory Investigation of Active Graphite Nitridation by Atomic Nitrogen

§The reaction efficiency for the active nitridation of graphite by atomic nitrogen was investigated using a furnace-heated quartz flow tube coupled to a microwave discharge. Experiments were performed in N/N 2 mixtures with gas pressures ranging from about 1 to 5 Torr and furnace temperatures from 873 to 1373 K. The N-atom concentrations entering and exiting the furnace were determined using a chemical titration technique based on the rapid reaction N + NO → O + N 2. Emission spectroscopy and mass spectrometry were used to identify the titration endpoints, and the N-atom concentration at the graphite sample location was interpolated using a simple reactive-flow model. The reaction efficiency for graphite nitridation was determined from the interpolated N-atom concentration and the measured graphite mass loss for a given test time. The reaction efficiency (defined as the fraction of N-atom collisions with the surface that result in the title reaction) was found to increase from ~0.2×10 -3 at 873 K to ~9.8×10 -3 at 1373 K. Nomenclature A = surface area C = concentration D = diffusion coefficient a D = tube surface Damkohler number, D d v / γ d = tube diameter s d = sample diameter F = volumetric flow rate eq K = equilibrium constant b f k k , = forward and backward reaction rate constants L = distance between titration ports e