cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Keck Spectroscopy of Redshift z ~ 1 Field Galaxies

The first of the two 10m Keck Telescopes has been operational for over two years and is providing realistic previews of how well field galaxies at very high redshifts z ~ 1 or greater can be directly studied. Although detection and recognition of such galaxies are not difficult, gathering the wealth of information needed to decipher the physical mechanisms and their role in evolution will remain a challenge for future observers. To illustrate the value of adding such information as well as the potential of the VLT, we present highlights from three pilot projects from the DEEP program: redshifts of faint field galaxies; line widths and masses of some field galaxies with strong emission lines; and rotation curves of several high redshift spirals. The scientific results from all three surveys have relied on combining spectroscopy from Keck with high spatial resolution imaging from the Hubble Space Telescope.
Healing the Curse of the grosero Husband: Women’s Health Seeking and Pentecostal Conversion in Oaxaca, Mexico

AbstractDrawing on anthropological research in Oaxaca, Mexico, this article describes the role of health seeking in women’s experiences with Pentecostal conversion. The present study confirms that Pentecostalism’s promise of reforming problematic male behavior is a significant draw for women. Women’s stories of conversion are strikingly consistent in their accounts of male drinking, womanizing, and domestic violence. However, the findings also demonstrate that when efforts to domesticate men fail—and they often do—women still find significant ways in which Pentecostalism addresses suffering. The study provides a unique contribution to the literature by exploring that paradox in detail.
Orbital metastasis from prostate cancer

An 82-year-old man presented with proptosis, progressive throbbing pain and blurry vision in the right eye, gradually worsening over the past 3 weeks. The patient was diagnosed with prostate cancer and had undergone a radical prostatectomy nearly 14 years prior. After the surgery, his prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels remained normal on regular follow-up, although he did not visit an oncologist for the past 4 years. He did not report bony pain, weight loss or headache. His thyroid function was normal. CT of the orbit showed a soft tissue mass within the right orbit, with bony destruction of the greater wing of sphenoid, …
Costimulation of human natural killer cells is required for interferon gamma production.

THE natural killer (NK) cell is a critical component of the innate immune response to a variety of viruses, fungi, parasites, and bacteria. During the early inflammatory response to infection, and prior to the development of specific immunity, NK cells are an important source of gamma interferon (IFN-g). This NK cell effector function has been examined in numerous in vitro and in vivo experimental models which provide evidence that early NK cell-derived IFN-g is critical for the control of intracellular pathogens. In mice, infection with either Listeria monocytogenes or Toxoplasma gondii induces both tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) and interleukin (IL)-12 production by monocytes, which in turn costimulate IFN-g production by NK cells. Simulated infection of human monocytes induces IL-12 and IL-15 production, which in turn costimulate IFN-g production by human NK cells in vitro. Additionally, IFN-g production following organ transplant contributes to the hosts’ immune response to, and rejection of, an allograft. Elucidating the extracellular and intracellular signals that induce optimal human NK cell IFN-g production is therefore important to our understanding of the innate immune response, and may provide therapeutic targets to augment or suppress this effector function in the diseased host.
21B. A Horizontal Integration Business Model for Integrative Medicine: Sustainability through Integration.

Focus Area: Sustainable Business Models In 2012, with solely institutional support, the University of Cincinnati officially launched its Center for Integrative Health and Wellness, focused on developing integrative medicine clinical, research, and education initiatives horizontally across the academic health center. Given that Integrative Medicine (IM) is intrinsically interdisciplinary, the UC Center purposively functions according to a horizontal integration business and clinical model, rather than as a siloed vertical structure within one specific clinical or academic area. As opposed to building a separate freestanding physical clinical site, the clinical services are co-located within existing Centers for Excellence and established clinical programs including, for example, a new 25 000–squarefoot Women's Health Center, our Cancer Center, and a Neuroscience Center in development. With its own cost center, IM maintains financial independence while capitalizing on cross-programmatic marketing, development, and infrastructure. Faculty members across the academic health center were engaged early on in the development and planning of the Center in order to inform clinical services tailored to their specific patient populations. The Director of the IM program systematically delivered Grand Rounds across Departments in the College of Medicine in order to market, promote, and plan the IM expansion across the medical school. With an embedded horizontal model of clinical integration, both the financial risks and the successes of the IM program are collaborative and intrinsically shared for optimal sustainability. The Center's future plan for sustainability involves: (1) revenue-generating IM consults and shared medical visits billable through insurance; (2) trainings and wellness educational events; (3) philanthropic support and endowments; (4) federally funded research and education grants; (5) close partnering with the established Integrative Care Department at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; and (6) continuing to build strategic horizontal partnerships.
Competitive photostructural effects in Ge-Se glass

A detailed calorimetric study of photostructural changes in glasses of the $\mathrm{Ge}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Se}$ system is presented. The photomodified structure corresponds to a distinct entropy state intermediate between a fully thermally relaxed glass and a fresh glass. This intermediate photoinduced structure appears to result from the competitive effects of photorelaxation (negative entropic contribution) and photoexpansion (positive entropic contribution) whose simultaneous contribution leads to an equilibrium state after extensive irradiation. The compositional dependence of photorelaxation and photoexpansion reveals that strong glass formers are resilient to photostructural change relative to fragile glass formers. This observation can be explained by the presence of fewer minima on the energy landscape of strong glass former, therefore not allowing the structure to sample many configurational states and resulting in lesser photostructural changes. A comparison of the power dependence and kinetics of photorelaxation, photoexpansion, and photodarkening during subbandgap irradiation suggest that the three effects are individual and distinct components of the overall photosensitive process.
First-order perturbation analysis of multi-class queueing networks

Perturbation analysis of multi-class queueing networks is considered. It is shown that first-order analysis is needed. Detailed discussions on an example system reveal the main features of multi-class queueing networks. An algorithm based on first-order analysis is proposed. This algorithm yields an asymptotically unbiased estimate of the sensitivity for the example system based on only one sample path of the system. The accuracy of first-order perturbation analysis for general queueing networks is also discussed.
Impact of clouds on radiative heating rates in the tropical lower stratosphere

[1] We quantify the impact of tropospheric clouds on radiative heating rates in the tropical lower stratosphere using the data collected from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) sites Manus and Nauru. The cloud fields are retrieved from ground-based millimeter cloud radar observations. We find that the radiative heating rate change due to enhanced upwelling shortwave fluxes only partially compensates that due to reduced upwelling longwave fluxes, resulting in a net change of about −0.2 K/day in the 70–30 hPa layer during the periods of frequent high cloud occurrence. The impact of clouds is particularly large relative to clear sky radiative heating rates around 60 hPa (435–475 K, the base of the “tropical pipe”) where they show a local minimum. The radiative heating rates in this layer with the consideration of cloud effects are close to zero and can be even negative (i.e., diabatic descent). The seasonal and spatial structures of tropical convection, and associated high cloud coverage, suggest that their effect, leading to longitudinal (in addition to the well known latitudinal) gradients in radiative heating rates, may be partially responsible for stratospheric mixing. It is suggested that the effect of high tropospheric clouds on radiative heating rates cannot fully explain the amplitude of diabatic descent in the lower stratosphere over the maritime continent reported in previous studies.
Changes in the U.S. trade specialization: Projections to the year 2000

Abstract In this article,factor endowment models of exports and imports are estimated for 46 industries that span the traded goods sector. The regressions are estimated for a pooled sample of 30 countries during the period 1968–1984. Time-series techniques are used to project the endowment vector for the United States, and the projected endowment profile is then combined with the estimated parameters to generate forecasts of the trade pattern for the year 2000. Input-output coefficients are then used to analyze the implications of the trade forecasts for employment in each industry.
Effects of Persistent, Midlatitude Mesoscale Regions of Convection on the Large-Scale Environment during the Warm Season

Abstract Over a 2½-day period beginning 0000 UTC 11 May 1982, 15 mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) developed and moved eastward across the moist axis located over the southern plains of the United States. While the 6–18-h lifetimes of each of these individual MCSs are not sufficiently long to influence the large-scale environment greatly, it is possible that the cumulative effects of the entire group of MCSs can produce significant changes in the large-scale flow patterns. This hypothesis is investigated using output from two runs of a sophisticated mesoscale model. One run includes the effects of convection, and the other does not. Results indicate that in low levels, the inflow of warm, moist air into the convective region is increased when convection is allowed in the model, enhancing the likelihood that convection will continue and thereby acting as a positive feedback mechanism. In upper levels, the convection acts as a Rossby wave source region and produces significant upper-level perturbations th...
Oral Antidiabetic Drug Use in the Elderly

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is a metabolic disease that is common in the elderly, and is characterised by insulin insufficiency and resistance. Measures such as bodyweight reduction and exercise improve the metabolic defects, but pharmacological therapy is the most frequently used and successful therapy. The sulphonylureas stimulate insulin secretion. Metformin and troglitazone increase glucose disposal and decrease hepatic glucose output without causing hypoglycaemia. Acarbose is a dietary aid that spreads the dietary carbohydrate challenge to endogenous insulin over time. These pharmacological agents, either alone or in combination, should improve blood glucose regulation in patients with NIDDM.
The mechanism of virus attachment to host cells. IV. Physicochemical studies on virus and cell surface groups.

Abstract 1. 1. Study of the effects of a variety of group-specific and nonspecific reagents on the attachment reaction of T2 bacteriophage to its host cell have been carried out. Loss of the cell's ability to bind T2 virus occurs only through the action of reagents which block its carboxyl groups. Loss of the virus' ability to attach to the cell occurs only through the action of reagents which block the virus amino groups. 2. 2. These results, together with earlier physicochemical studies on the electrostatic nature of the attachment reaction, permit the conclusion that positively charged amino groups on T2 virus bond to complementarily situated carboxyls on the cell surface. 3. 3. T1 virus also appears to bind to its host by amino and carboxyl links, but with this virus the possibility exists that both types of groups from each body may be involved in the attachment. 4. 4. The failure of Tl or T2 bacteriophages to agglutinate host cells indicates that the virus attachment organ is a singular site on the surface, and hence supports the results of electron-micrographie studies which indicate that the tail is the attachment organ. 5. 5. A nonspecific and noninvasive cell attachment of both bacteriophages has been demonstrated to occur in the presence of high concentrations of H + . T2 virus also exhibits nonspecific cell binding in the presence of other strongly binding cations and in excessive concentrations of polyphosphate. The absence of the characteristic ability to discriminate between resistant and sensitive cells indicates that the chemical groups responsible for the nonspecific reaction are not identical to those responsible for normal attachment. 6. 6. A large variety of reagents tested failed to split the T2 virus into its deoxyribonucleic acid and protein moieties. Hence, the assumption is strengthened that the splitting which occurs even at low temperatures at the surface of a negatively charged resin is specific and, hence, probably similar to that which occurs in the course of normal invasion at the surface of a negatively charged host cell.
Propagation and amplification of tsunamis at coastal boundaries

WHEN tsunamis hit a coastal area, they often cause substantial damage and loss of life at locations otherwise well protected from normal (even severe) wind-generated waves. An example of such a catastrophe took place on 12 December 1992, when an earthquake of magnitude Ms = 7.5 occurred in the eastern region of Flores Island, Indonesia1,2. One of the areas hardest hit by the resulting tsunamis was Babi, a small coastal island; two villages on the island were completely destroyed, even though both were located in sheltered areas where wave conditions are normally calm. Here we describe the results of numerical and laboratory experiments that show how, unlike wind-generated waves, tsunamis are capable of penetrating into sheltered coastal areas without significantly losing their energy. For the case of Babi Island, the original tsunami wave was split into two, with one wave propagating around each side of the island. The two waves met in the sheltered region, and the subsequent amplification of wave amplitude resulted in the destructive flow onto the beach.
Statistical design of the effect of inoculum conditions on growth of hairy root cultures of Catharanthus roseus

The factors in the inoculum conditions that influence the growth rate of hairy roots of Catharanthus roseus in liquid culture were investigated in a randomized two-level, three-factor statistical design. The three variables were the number of root tips, the length of root tips, and the initial volume of media. The experiments and analysis demonstrated the effect of inoculum conditions on hairy root growth, with the length of hairy root tips being the dominant variable without any clonal variability. The best growth rates (doubling times) were obtained with an inoculum of 5 hairy root tips, each 35–40 mm long in 50 mL media: 3.7 and 3.1 days for C. roseus hairy root clones LBE-6-1 and LBE-4-2, respectively.
Psychological Aspects of Patient Education for Stressful Medical Procedures

Psychological preparation for stressful medical procedures is becoming more and more com mon, and health educators frequently design and implement many of these programs. This article summarizes many of the issues relevant to these patient education programs. Individual differ ences among patients and their differential responses to types of interventions are emphasized, and descriptions of information provision, skills training, relaxation training/desensitization, modeling, self-statement modification interventions are provided.
Role of ethnicity in consumption of meat products

Previous studies on the demand for meat products have not received much attention on the role of ethnicity on consumption. Using data from the US Consumer Expenditure Survey (CES) and LinQuad demand systems, this study investigates the impact of ethnicity on the demand for meat products in the United States. Results indicate that ethnicity plays a significant role in the consumption of meat products. Specifically, results show that, compared to Hispanics, African American households consume significantly more bacon, pork chops and chicken meats. In general, White households consume lower quantities of meat products, compared to Hispanics, specifically chicken and seafood products.
Spent culture medium from virulent Borrelia burgdorferi increases permeability of individually perfused microvessels of rat mesentery.

BACKGROUND Lyme disease is a common vector-borne disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb), which manifests as systemic and targeted tissue inflammation. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that Bb-induced inflammation is primarily host-mediated, via cytokine or chemokine production that promotes leukocyte adhesion/migration. Whether Bb produces mediators that can directly alter the vascular permeability in vivo has not been investigated. The objective of the present study was to investigate if Bb produces a mediator(s) that can directly activate endothelial cells resulting in increases in permeability in intact microvessels in the absence of blood cells. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The effects of cell-free, spent culture medium from virulent (B31-A3) and avirulent (B31-A) B. burgdorferi on microvessel permeability and endothelial calcium concentration, [Ca(2+)](i), were examined in individually perfused rat mesenteric venules. Microvessel permeability was determined by measuring hydraulic conductivity (Lp). Endothelial [Ca(2+)](i), a necessary signal initiating hyperpermeability, was measured in Fura-2 loaded microvessels. B31-A3 spent medium caused a rapid and transient increase in Lp and endothelial [Ca(2+)](i). Within 2-5 min, the mean peak Lp increased to 5.6+/-0.9 times the control, and endothelial [Ca(2+)](i) increased from 113+/-11 nM to a mean peak value of 324+/-35 nM. In contrast, neither endothelial [Ca(2+)](i) nor Lp was altered by B31-A spent medium. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE A mediator(s) produced by virulent Bb under culture conditions directly activates endothelial cells, resulting in increases in microvessel permeability. Most importantly, the production of this mediator is associated with Bb virulence and is likely produced by one or more of the 8 plasmid(s) missing from strain B31-A.
Is it necessary to paint metabolism chamber walls

Abstract It has long been recommended that metabolic chamber walls be painted with flat paint to ensure equal air and radiation temperatures, but this has never been tested experimentally. We tested this recommendation by suspending a heated metal sphere painted with flat gray enamel in a metal 1 gal (3.8 l) paint can be typical of those used as a chamber for metabolism and evaporative water loss studies. For an otherwise empty polished metal chamber, the effective temperature could be 2–5.5 °C warmer than in a chamber with flat black walls at the same air temperature. However, if the chamber is prepared as in typical metabolism studies with 1 cm mineral oil in the bottom covered with a 12 mm×12 mm hardware cloth, difference in effective temperature between a black painted and a polished metal chamber was negligible. As long as the floor of the metabolism chamber is covered with oil, or other high thermal absorptivity material such as feces, urine, or rust, the use of metabolism chambers with polished metal walls is not reason to reject data obtained therein.
Phenomenological analysis of vacancy mechanism for self-diffusion and tracer diffusion

Abstract The analysis begins with a treatment of the diffusion of vacancies in a pure metal 1. Because of the simplicity of this system, values of all four phenomenological coefficients are successfully obtained. The usual Onsager relation M1v = Mv1 (where the subscript v represents a vacancy and the subscript 1 represents the metal 1) does not exist in this case; instead M1v = f1Mv1 where f1 is the correlation factor for the metal. These results are then employed to extend the analysis to cover the usual case of self-diffusion in a concentration gradient of tracer atoms 1∗. Again no Onsager relation is expected, but both D1∗1 and D11∗ are equal to zero. The next stage in the analysis covers the diffusion of an impurity atom 2 in an otherwise pure metal 1. Although a net flux of vacanies now occurs, it has no additional effect on the process of diffusion. This result is contrary to the current view of the nature of the “vacancy wind effect”. The final topic is tracer diffusion in a concentrated binary solid solution. The analysis is made on the assumption of “average behavior” in treating the jumping of the atoms. The diffusion coefficients D12 and D12 are zero. Expressions are obtained for the remaining seven coefficients. The results are useful not only for studies of self-diffusion and tracer diffusion but also as the starting place for a subsequent analysis of interdiffusion (chemical diffusion).
An Interference Nulling Based Channel Independent Precoding for MIMO-OFDM Systems with Insufficient Cyclic Prefix

In this paper, a new interference nulling based channel independent precoding for MIMO-OFDM systems of nt transmit and nr receive antennas with insufficient cyclic prefix (CP) is proposed. By employing the notion of interference nulling, we show that our proposed channel independent precoding scheme can eliminate the inter-block interference (IBI) caused by the insufficient CP with higher bandwidth efficiency than the conventional zero-padded or a sufficient CP added block transmission system when nr ≤ nt. It is also shown that when nr >; nt, the IBI can be eliminated without the need of any zero-padding or adding CP or precoding when the OFDM block length is not too small.
Are Earth's Core and Mantle on Speaking Terms?

The degree to which Earth's metallic core and silicate mantle interact at their interface has been difficult to constrain. In his Perspective, [Lee][1] discusses the report by [ Humayun et al .][2], who show that hotspot magmas (whose mantle source regions are believed to derive from the lower mantle) have anomalously high Fe/Mn ratios compared to magmas that sample the upper mantle. The authors present this as evidence for a lower mantle enriched in iron, possibly as a consequence of long-term chemical interaction between the core and the mantle. However, alternative explanations for high Fe/Mn ratios in magmas remain possible. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/306/5693/64 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/306/5693/91
A Post-Processing Method of Scatter Modeling in SPECT

In this paper, we propose a post-processing method to estimate the scattering effect in SPCET. The estimation is performed in the reconstructed image. An efficient filtered backprojection algorithm is used to reconstruct the image. A two-dimensional two-dimensional scatter point spread function (2D-PSF) in the image domain is proposed and obtained from a point source object and a non-uniform attenuation map in an efficient way. The estimated 2D-PSF is compared with the results from the Monte Carlo simulations. The immediate application of this 2D-PSF is in image deblurring to compensate for the scattering effect.
Chemisorbed Thiols on Silica Particles: Characterization of Reactive Sulfur Species

Silica particles with surface thiol groups (Sil−SH) were prepared by silylation of silanol groups using 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane. The particles were characterized by FTIR, Raman, and XPS spectroscopies; thermogravimetry; and solid state 13C and 29Si NMR spectroscopy. Laser flash excitation at 266 nm of Sil−SH water suspensions in the presence of sodium peroxodisulfate generated sulfur-centered radicals that were attached to the silica surface. These radicals were detected at their absorption maxima (330 nm) by transient optical techniques. Absorbance decay signals were fit to first- and second-order decay kinetics and were assigned to thiyl radicals. Formation of disulfide radicals, a major decay channel for free thiyl radicals in solution, was not observed for surface-grafted thiyl radicals.
Interpreting laser and hot-film anemometer signals in a separating boundary layer

• RECENTLY an experimental study of a separating in-I^compressible turbulent boundary layer produced by an adverse pressure gradient was completed. A directionally sensitive fringe-type laser anemometer with a Bragg cell was used to measure the mean streamwise velocity £7, the meansquare fluctuation w, and the fraction of time the flow was moving in the downstream direction yp. In addition, a constant-temperature single-sensor cylindrical hot-film probe (Thermo-Systems, Inc., model 1274-10) was used to compare the behavior of this directionally insensitive sensor with the laser anemometer results. The purpose of the Note is to discuss the interpretation of signals from these two instruments in a separation region, i.e., when yp < 1. Sampling spectrum analysis of the laser anemometer signals was used because of the high-signal dropout level encountered in this flow with a relative low-particle seeding level and the high-signal frequencies produced by frequency shifting one incident beam. Most frequency trackers cannot handle either of these signal conditions. The signal from the photomultiplier tube or detector is input to a swept filter spectrum analyzer (HP 8558B). For each sweep of the analyzer when a particle (about 1 in size) is in the focal volume, a vertical voltage distribution proportional to the filter output is displayed. The simultaneous horizontal sweeping voltage is proportional to the signal frequency. The peak of the vertical voltage distribution marks the frequency of the passing particle signal and can be used as a gating signal to allow the instantaneous value of the horizontal sweep voltage to be sampled. This instantaneous voltage value is related to the instantaneous velocity £7 of the particle through the equation
Sedimentation equilibrium in reacting systems. VII. The temperature-dependent self-association of β-lactoglobulin A at pH 2.46

Abstract The self-association of β-lactoglobulin A in 0.2 m glycine buffer (pH 2.46 at 23.5 °C) has been studied by low speed sedimentation equilibrium experiments at 11, 16, 20, 25 °C. In all four sets of experiments the concentration dependence of the apparent weight average molecular weight, M wa , was indicative of a nonideal self-association. The association decreased with increasing temperature. Several models to describe the observed self-association were tested, and a monomer-dimer association describes the data best. Values of the association equilibrium constant, K 2 , and the second virial coefficient, BM 1 , are reported at each temperature. Values of the thermodynamic functions, Δ G °, Δ H °, and Δ S °, are also reported for these experiments.
Multiple Levels of Regulation Determine Monoterpenoid Essential Oil Compositional Variation in the Mint Family

The genus Mentha has considerable economic importance as a source of essential oils for the flavor, fragrance, and aromatherapy industries (Lange and Ahkami, 2013). The history of commercial mint cultivars is complex and involves various polyploid hybrids. The most widely grown cultivars are essentially sterile, which has impeded the development of genetic resources. The work presented here aims to shed more light into the factors that determine oil composition, which is important for clonal selection strategies.
Deep Impact's target Comet 9P/Tempel 1 at multiple apparitions: Seasonal and secular variations in gas and dust production

Abstract We present results from multi-apparition narrowband photometry of Deep Impact target Comet 9P/Tempel 1. In support of the mission, we obtained data during monthly observing runs between March and September 2005, and these are combined with and compared to observations obtained during the 1983 and 1994 apparitions. A strong seasonal effect is seen, with peak production rates occurring 4–8 weeks before perihelion, with some variation evident among the different species. There is also evidence of a slight systematic shift towards a later time of peak production in 2005 as compared to 1983. Early in the apparition, the radial profile of the dust was much steeper than the canonical 1 / ρ , but the slope became progressively smaller until very little departure from 1 / ρ remained by late June, a change possibly associated with the general seasonal effects. Unexpectedly, an unprecedented large overall decrease in production rates has taken place since 1983, with water at only about 42% of the 1983 values, CN at about 53%, and dust, based on the proxy A ( θ ) f ρ , at about 77%. Other gas species exhibited declines intermediate between that of CN and of the dust. The large differences in the amount of secular decline among all of the species implies compositional inhomogeneities among source regions on the surface of the nucleus, with one region progressively becoming less active over only a few orbits. While the simplest explanation would invoke either devolatilization or covering up of the ice, no other comet has shown such a rapid change in outgassing unless accompanied by a significant change in its orbit. We, therefore, hypothesize that a change in available solar radiation due to precession of the pole might instead be causing the progressive drop in cometary activity. Given the small obliquity of the rotation axis derived from the Deep Impact observations, and a presumed small rate of precession, the source region would need to be located near the pole to explain both the large secular and seasonal trends.
Experimental determination of the thickness of aluminum cascade pipes in the presence of UF6 gas during enrichment measurements

Abstract We present a method of determining the wall thickness of a pipe in a Gas Centrifuge Enrichment Plant (GCEP) when an empty pipe measurement is not feasible. Our method uses an X-ray tube for transmission measurements and a lanthanum bromide (LaBr 3 ) scintillation detector on the opposite side of the pipe. Two filters, molybdenum (K-edge 20.0 keV) and palladium (K-edge 24.35 keV) are used to transform the bremsstrahlung spectra produced by the X-ray tube into more useful, sharply peaked, spectra. The maximum energies of the peaks are determined by the K-edges of the filters. The attenuation properties of the uranium hexafluoride (UF 6 ) gas allow us to determine wall thickness by looking at the ratio of selected regions of interest (ROIs) of the Mo and Pd transmitted spectra. While the attenuation factor at these two transmission energies in the UF 6 gas is nearly equal, attenuation in the aluminum pipe wall at these two energies differs by a factor of about 60. This difference allows measurement of attenuation in the pipe independent of attenuation in the UF 6 gas. Feasibility studies were performed using analytical calculations, and filter thicknesses were optimized. In order to experimentally validate our attenuation measurement method, a UF 6 source with variable enrichment and pipe thickness was built. We describe the experimental procedure used to verify our previous calculations and present recent results.
Pattern-density-dependent contrast in commonly used dose-equalization schemes

In this paper we explore the pattern density dependent contrast which results from the non- Gaussian nature of the energy deposition profile in exposed resist. A long, spatially extended tail on the actual beam energy deposition profile degrades exposure contrast over that which is predicted by two-Gaussian models. As most background dose equalization schemes, such as GHOST, depend critically on the two-Gaussian model for their success, these schemes cannot correct for background dose variation caused by these long tails. This paper shows that this effect can lead to significant degradation of critical dimension control. A strategy to minimize this degradation based on test structure evaluation is proposed.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effects of oral clonidine on plasma 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethyleneglycol (MHPG) in man: Preliminary report

Repeated (N=15) administration of clonidine (0,1,5 μg/kg,p.o.) to three normotensive male subjects resulted in significant decreases in plasma free 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethyleneglycol (MHPG) at three hours for both the 1 μg/kg dose (p < .05) and the 5 μg/kg dose (p < .01) when compared to concentrations following placebo. The mean decrement in plasma free MHPG following a 5 μg/kg dose was 36%. Systolic blood pressure fell a mean of 17 mmHg after 1 μg/kg and 37 mmHg after 5 μg/kg of clonidine. The application of a clonidine challenge test to assess noradrenergic receptor sensitivity in vivo is discussed.
Bacterial translocation across ePTFE vascular graft surfaces

Summary Objectives Vascular graft infections arise from bacterial colonization of either the external or internal graft surfaces. We assessed whether methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia coli could translocate through pores of ePTFE grafts. Methods To assess translocation from the internal to the external surface, we placed 10 5 cfu of bacterial suspension inside ePTFE graft segments and suspended them in sterile broth for 72 h. To assess translocation from the external to the internal surface, we placed sterile broth inside ePTFE segments, and incubated them for 72 h in a bacterial suspension (10 5 cfu/mL). At 72 h, in addition to culturing the sterile broth and bacterial suspensions, the external and internal surfaces were first qualitatively cultured separately and then quantitatively cultured by sonication. Results At 72 h, the sterile broth remained sterile. The bacterial suspensions yielded 10 7 –10 9 cfu/mL. Graft cultures indicated that colonization of one surface with either organism did not result in bacterial translocation to the other surface. Quantitative bacterial counts of the external vs. internal surfaces were significantly different ( p Conclusions MRSA and E. coli do not translocate across ePTFE graft surfaces. These in-vitro findings help elucidate the pathogenesis of graft infections and prompt conduction of validation studies in-vivo.
Artificial Inflation: The Real Story of Trends and Trend-Setters in Sina Weibo

There has been a tremendous rise in the growth of online social networks all over the world in recent years. This has resulted in a large amount of content created and propagated at an incessant rate, all competing with each other to attract enough attention and become trends. In this paper, we analyze the temporal aspect of trends and trend-setters in Sina Weibo, contrasting it with earlier observations on Twitter. First, we look at the formation, persistence and decay of trends and examine the key topics that trend in Sina Weibo. We find that retweeting activity is very predominant in Sina Weibo. Furthermore we discover that many of the trends in Sina Weibo are due to continuous retweets by a small percentage of fraudulent accounts set up for the purpose of artificially inflating certain posts.
Simulation of surface structural relaxation kinetics in silica glass accelerated by water vapor

Abstract It is known that surface structural relaxation of silica glass takes place more rapidly than bulk structural relaxation, especially in the presence of water vapor. The effect of water vapor pressure, heat-treatment temperature and initial fictive temperature on the surface structural relaxation kinetics in silica glasses was investigated by measuring the change of the surface fictive temperature determined from the IR reflection peak shift of silica structural bands. The superimposed component of bulk structural relaxation was subtracted from the measured surface structural relaxation data to isolate the true surface structural relaxation kinetics. The obtained surface structural relaxation data as a function of fictive temperature, heating temperature and water vapor pressure were simulated with a model based on the diffusion equation with time-dependent surface concentration. The simulation model was used to predict the surface structural relaxation kinetics of the optical fiber having a high fictive temperature of ∼ 1650 °C at 950 °C under 355 torr of water vapor, and it was confirmed that the present model can simulate surface structural relaxation of the fiber reasonably well.
Observer efficiency in boundary discrimination tasks related to assessment of breast lesions with ultrasound

The statistical efficiency of human observers in diagnostic tasks is an important measure of how effectively task relevant information in the image is being utilized. Most efficiency studies have investigated efficiency in terms of contrast or size effects. In many cases, malignant lesions will have similar contrast to normal or benign objects, but can be distinguished by properties of their boundary. We investigate this issue in the framework of malignant/benign discrimination tasks for the breast with ultrasound. In order to identify effects in terms of specific features and to control for other effects such as aberration or specular reflections, we simulate the formation of beam-formed radio-frequency (RF) data. We consider three tasks related to lesion boundaries including boundary eccentricity, boundary sharpness, and detection of boundary spiculations. We also consider standard detection and contrast discrimination tasks. We find that human observers exhibit surprisingly low efficiency with respect to the Ideal observer acting on RF data in boundary discrimination tasks (0.08%-3.3%), and that efficiency of human observers is substantially increased by Wiener-filtering RF frame data. We also find a limitation in efficiency is the computation of an envelope image from the RF data recorded by the transducer. Approximations to the Ideal observer acting on the envelope images indicate that humans may be substantially more efficient (10%-75%) with respect to the envelope Ideal observers. Our work suggests that significant diagnostic information may be lost in standard envelope processing in the formation of ultrasonic images.
Insecticidal activity of monoterpenoids to western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), twospotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae), and house fly (Diptera: Muscidae)

Acute toxicities of 34 naturally occurring monoterpenoids were evaluated against 3 important arthropod pest species; the larva of the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte; the adult of the twospotted spider mite. Tetranychus urticae Koch; and the adult house fly. Musca domestica L. Potential larvicidal or acaricidal activities of each monoterpenoid were determined by topical application, leaf-dip method, soil bioassay, and greenhouse pot tests. Phytotoxicity was also tested on a corn plant. Citronellic acid and thymol were the most topically toxic against the house fly, and citronellol and thujone were the most effective on the western corn rootworm. Most of the monoterpenoids were lethal to the twospotted spider mite at high concentrations; carvomenthenol and terpinen-4-ol were especially effective. A wide range of monoterpenoids showed some larvicidal activity against the western corn rootworm in the soil bioassay. Perillaldehyde, the most toxic (LC50 = 3 micrograms/g) in soil, was only 1/3 as toxic as carbofuran, a commercial soil insecticide (LC50 = 1 microgram/g). Selected monoterpenoids also effectively protected corn roots from attack by the western corn rootworm larvae under greenhouse conditions. alpha-Terpineol was the best monoterpenoid in the greenhouse pot test. The acute toxicity of monoterpenoids was low relative to conventional insecticides. Some monoterpenoids were phytotoxic to corn roots and leaves. l-Carvone was the most phytotoxic, whereas pulegone was the safest. The results with thymyl ethyl ether, one of the synthetic derivatives of thymol, showed a potential of derivatization to reduce monoterpenoid phytotoxicity.
UNC-6/netrin and its receptor UNC-5 locally exclude presynaptic components from dendrites

Polarity is an essential feature of many cell types, including neurons that receive information from local inputs within their dendrites and propagate nerve impulses to distant targets through a single axon. It is generally believed that intrinsic structural differences between axons and dendrites dictate the polarized localization of axonal and dendritic proteins. However, whether extracellular cues also instruct this process in vivo has not been explored. Here we show that the axon guidance cue UNC-6/netrin and its receptor UNC-5 act throughout development to exclude synaptic vesicle and active zone proteins from the dendrite of the Caenorhabditis elegans motor neuron DA9, which is proximal to a source of UNC-6/netrin. In unc-6/netrin and unc-5 loss-of-function mutants, presynaptic components mislocalize to the DA9 dendrite. In addition, ectopically expressed UNC-6/netrin, acting through UNC-5, is sufficient to exclude endogenous synapses from adjacent subcellular domains within the DA9 axon. Furthermore, this anti-synaptogenic activity is interchangeable with that of LIN-44/Wnt despite being transduced through different receptors, suggesting that extracellular cues such as netrin and Wnts not only guide axon navigation but also regulate the polarized accumulation of presynaptic components through local exclusion.
EVIDENCE FOR EXTENDED HIGH-ENERGY GAMMA-RAY EMISSION FROM THE ROSETTE/MONOCEROS REGION

We present an image reconstruction of the region around the Rosette Nebula and Monoceros Supernova Remnant (SNR) using high-energy (>100 MeV) γ-ray data from EGRET. The method uses a multiresolution support and wavelet-based noise-suppression algorithm that looks for extended structure in addition to pointlike features (Murtagh et al.). The resulting image shows a 7 σ extended feature in excess of the expected diffuse emissions located at the point-source position listed in the EGRET catalog. This feature overlaps both the Monoceros SNR and the nearby Rosette Nebula and correlates with emission at other wavelengths. The γ-ray emission may be additional evidence of an interaction between the Monoceros remnant and the Rosette Nebula.
Birth order, affiliation, and membership in Weight Watchers.

Schachter's (1959) initial studies of the determinants of affiliation demonstrate a consistent preference among anxious or fearful firstborns to seek the company of other persons. Schachter also reports that, although firstborns are not more likely to be parhologically anxious than later-borns, firstborns are over-represented in populations seeking social help (psychotherapy) in their efforts to cope with anxiety. Kaplan and Kaplan's (1957) psychosomatic model of obesity views non-nutritive eating behavior as an instrumental response associated with anxiety reduction. When overeating leads to excessive weight and concomitant personal and social difficulties, eating behavior itself may become a basis for increased anxiety. While one would not expect firstborns to be over-represented among the obese,' these considerations do lead cne to expect firstborns to demonstrate a preference for social (as opposed to individual) methods of coping with anxiety-associated eating behavior. As a test of this hypothesis, birth-order information was obtained from the entire membership (n = 29 females) of a Weight Wajchers class.' The class mean family size (M = 3.8) yields an expected frequency of 8 firstborn and 21 later-born members. The obtained frequency of 14 firstborn and I5 later-born differs significantly (X' = 6.21, df = 1, p < .02) from the expected membership values, lending support to the hypothesis. No differences were found between firstborn and later-born members in number of meetings attended, length of membership, and amount of weight lost since joining Weight Watchers, suggesting, contrary to Schachter's findings, that both groups can stay with and benefit from social help. This finding must be interpreted with caution, however, since most of the members had only recently enrolled in the program (61% had been members for less than 6 mo.) .
Adolescent self-defined neighborhoods and activity spaces: spatial overlap and relations to physical activity and obesity.

Abstract Defining the proper geographic scale for built environment exposures continues to present challenges. In this study, size attributes and exposure calculations from two commonly used neighborhood boundaries were compared to those from neighborhoods that were self-defined by a sample of 145 urban minority adolescents living in subsidized housing estates. Associations between five built environment exposures and physical activity, overweight and obesity were also examined across the three neighborhood definitions. Limited spatial overlap was observed across the various neighborhood definitions. Further, many places where adolescents were active were not within the participants׳ neighborhoods. No statistically significant associations were found between counts of facilities and the outcomes based on exposure calculations using the self-defined boundaries; however, a few associations were evident for exposures using the 0.75 mile network buffer and census tract boundaries. Future investigation of the relationship between the built environment, physical activity and obesity will require practical and theoretically-based methods for capturing salient environmental exposures.
RHEED detection of near surface crystalline phases on a Pd80Si20 metallic glass surface with adsorbates present

Abstract Phases which are thicker than two-dimensional surface phases may be called near surface phases. Surface phases may be related to the underlying bulk thermodynamically by the surface phase diagram and structurally by a relaxation and/or reconstruction of the top layer of the bulk. In contrast, near surface phases may form as a result of surface-biased transformation of a non-equilibrium bulk phase, such as crystallization on a Pd-Si metallic glass. Oxides and graphitic overlayers formed on the Pd-Si metallic glasses are near surface phases which have structures related to their own bulk structures, and not to the underlying amorphous bulk. Crystallization of Pd-Si metallic glass alloy has been detected by RHEED, when TEM of the bulk showed no crystallization. In addition, atom-milled thin sections which were milled from one side to preserve the surface also showed no crystallization. These results show a near surface crystalline phase between 10 and 50 A formed on the amorphous bulk. The presence of SiO 2 and graphite has also been detected by RHEED and not by TEM. These near surface phases were formed while the glasses were acting as catalysts in the methanation reaction. Removal of the surface adsorbates via sputtering performed prior to the RHEED analysis would have removed the near surface phases also. Auger depth profiling showed a 25–100 A carbonaceous layer on amorphous Pd-Si metallic glass through which RHEED could detect near surface phases on unsputtered samples.