cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Excessive S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methylation increases levels of methanol, formaldehyde and formic acid in rat brain striatal homogenates: possible role in S-adenosyl-L-methionine-induced Parkinson's disease-like disorders.

Abstract Aims Excessive methylation may be a precipitating factor for Parkinson's disease (PD) since S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), the endogenous methyl donor, induces PD-like changes when injected into the rat brain. The hydrolysis of the methyl ester bond of the methylated proteins produces methanol. Since methanol is oxidized into formaldehyde, and formaldehyde into formic acid in the body, we investigated the effects of SAM on the production of methanol, formaldehyde and formic acid in rat brain striatal homogenates and the toxicity of these products in PC12 cells. Main methods Radio-enzymatic and colorimetric assays, cell viability, Western blot. Key findings SAM increased the formation of methanol, formaldehyde and formic acid in a concentration and time-dependent manner. Concentrations of [3H-methyl]-SAM at 0.17, 0.33, 0.67 and 1.34 nM produced 3.8, 8.0, 18.3 and 34.4 fmol/mg protein/h of [3H] methanol in rat striatal homogenates, respectively. SAM also significantly generated formaldehyde and formic acid in striatal homogenates. Formaldehyde was the most toxic metabolite to differentiated PC12 pheochromocytoma cells in cell culture studies, indicating that formaldehyde formed endogenously may contribute to neuronal damage in excessive methylation conditions. Subtoxic concentration of formaldehyde decreased the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, the limiting factor in dopamine synthesis. Formaldehyde was more toxic to catecholaminergic PC12 cells than C6 glioma cells, indicating that neurons are more vulnerable to formaldehyde than glia cells. Significance We suggest that excessive carboxylmethylation of proteins might be involved in the SAM-induced PD-like changes and in the aging process via the toxic effects of formaldehyde.
Origins of the Connection of Physical Education and Athletics at the American University: an Organizational Interpretation

This paper analyzes the origins of the relationship between athletics, the American university and developing departments of physical education in the period 1890-1930. The "open systems" formal organizational perspective is utilized. This approach theorizes continual organizational negotiations with the task environment. Greater resources must be imported than employed in the production of output. This will guarantee the derived organizational goal of survival.The theme of the paper is as follows: with expansion of American universities, resources were required in the way of money, visibility, students and legitimacy. While the period saw rapid growth of the university, it was also a period of uncertainty as to the smooth flow of necessary resources. Intercollegiate athletics provided a means of obtain ing resources from significant elements of the task environment — i.e., alumni, state legislatures, students.The inclusion of athletics within the university is discussed as an extension of its "domain cla...
Anticipatory pleasure deficit in subjects reporting physical anhedonia: slow cortical evidence ☆

Slow cortical and heart rate responses were recorded from anhedonic and normal control subjects during a two-stimulus anticipation paradigm. Subjects were chosen for participation in the experiment based on their scores on the Physical Anhedonia Scale developed by Chapman, Chapman and Raulin (1976). During the procedure, auditory warning stimuli were delivered which informed subjects that a visual stimulus (color slide) would follow shortly and specified the category of the slide (neutral or high-interest) which was to be presented. Results of this investigation revealed that anhedonic subjects showed less differential physiological responsivity while anticipating high and low interest stimuli than did normal controls. This was most striking in the slow cortical response (CNV) which appears particularly sensitive to such motivational and/or attentional manipulations. The data are discussed with respect to emotion and psychopathology.
Friction factor correlations for laminar, transition and turbulent flow in smooth pipes

Abstract In this paper we derive an accurate composite friction factor vs. Reynolds number correlation formula for laminar, transition and turbulent flow in smooth pipes. The correlation is given as a rational fraction of rational fractions of power laws which is systematically generated by smoothly connecting linear splines in log–log coordinates with a logistic dose curve algorithm. This kind of correlation seeks the most accurate representation of the data independent of any input from theories arising from the researchers’ ideas about the underlying fluid mechanics. As such, these correlations provide an objective metric against which observations and other theoretical correlations may be applied. Our correlation is as accurate, or more accurate, than other correlations in the range of Reynolds numbers in which the correlations overlap. However, our formula is not restricted to certain ranges of Reynolds numbers but instead applies uniformly to all smooth pipe flow data for which data is available. The properties of the classical logistic dose response curve are reviewed and extended to problems described by multiple branches of power laws. This extended method of fitting which leads to rational fractions of power laws is applied to data of Marusic and Perry (1995) [1] for the velocity profile in a boundary layer on a flat plate with an adverse pressure gradient, to data of Nikuradse (1932) [2] and McKeon et al. (2004) [3] on friction factors for flow in smooth pipes and to the data of Nikuradse [4] for effectively smooth pipes.
The effect of d-amphetamine on short-term memory for time in pigeons

The effect of d-amphetamine on pigeons' perception and short-term memory of time was investigated within a delayed symbolic matching to sample paradigm in which pigeons were rewarded for choosing one color after a 1-sec sample and another color after a 5-sec sample. On trials with no delay between sample offset and onset of the choice phase, d-amphetamine produced a bias toward choosing the color that was correct after long samples, suggesting that the birds overestimated the sample durations under amphetamine. With a 20-sec retention delay, d-amphetamine lowered choice accuracy to chance level, suggesting that it impaired the birds' short-term memory for sample durations. It was postulated that an amphetamine-induced increase in the rate of perceptual processing could mediate the effects of amphetamine on both time perception and memory.
C-reactive protein levels are elevated in patients with periodontitis and their CRP levels may go down after periodontal therapy

Article Title and Bibliographic Information A systematic review and meta-analyses on C-reactive protein in relation to periodontitis. Paraskevas S, Huizinga JD, Loos BG. J Clin Periodontol 2008;35(4):277-90. Level of Evidence Level 1: Good-quality, patient-oriented evidence. Strength of Recommendation Grade Grade A: Consistent, good-quality patient-oriented evidence. Purpose/Question Are CRP levels significantly increased in periodontitis patients and what is the effect of periodontal therapy on their CRP levels?. Source of Funding Industry – Unrestricted grant from Philips Oral Healthcare EMEA. Type of Study/Design Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational and experimental studies.
Development of an Infiltration Map for the Los Alamos Area, New Mexico

Using new and previously published estimates of point infiltration in upland areas and estimates of stream-flow losses and gains along canyon bottoms, we created a map of net infiltration for the Los Alamos area, New Mexico for the pre-Cerro Grande fire period. The point infiltration estimates are based on a combination of techniques that include the use of the Richards equation, the chloride mass-balance method, and numerical modeling. The infiltration rates estimated with these techniques were extrapolated to uncharacterized parts of the study area using maps of environmental variables that are correlated with infiltration (such as topography, vegetation cover, and surficial geology and structure) and spatial algorithms implemented with GIS software that use the mapped variables. The map indicates that infiltration rates on mesas of the Pajarito Plateau are generally −1 , except near faults, where infiltration rates may be several tens to hundreds of millimeters per year. Infiltration rates at higher elevations in the Sierra de los Valles are typically >25 mm yr −1 in mixed conifer areas and >200 mm yr −1 in areas vegetated by aspen. An irregular transition zone with infiltration rates between 2 to 25 mm yr −1 exists near the western edge of the Pajarito Plateau adjacent to the Sierra de los Valles. This transition zone extends to lower elevations on the north-facing slopes of deeply incised canyons. Canyon-bottom infiltration rates are highly variable, ranging from several hundred millimeters per year in canyons with large watersheds that have their headwaters in the Sierra de los Valles or in canyons that receive effluent from Laboratory operations, to several millimeters per year in canyons that have their headwaters on the Pajarito Plateau but do not receive Laboratory effluent. The total net infiltration of approximately 10.6 × 10 6 m 3 yr −1 (8600 acre-ft yr −1 ) is consistent with estimates of the steady-state groundwater discharge to perennial streams in the study area, whereas the relative rates of infiltration within the study area are consistent with the distribution of natural and anthropogenic tracers such as tritium in perched and regional groundwaters. Limitations of the study are that it does not address the effects of the Cerro Grande fire on the hydrology of the study area, nor does it completely capture the complex and sometimes incompletely documented history of Laboratory generated discharges during its 60-yr history.
Resident lung antigen-presenting cells have the capacity to promote Th2 T cell differentiation in situ

Antigen exposure via airway epithelia is often associated with a failure to prime or with the preferential priming of Th2 cells. We previously reported that the intranasal delivery of a Th1-inducing antigen promoted Th2-dominated responses, rather than the expected Th1 responses. Thus, we proposed that when pulmonary T cell priming is induced, the lung microenvironment might intrinsically favor the generation of Th2 types of responses. To establish a potential mechanism for such preferential priming, we examined the initial interactions between antigens and resident antigen-presenting cells (APCs) within the lung. We show that intranasally delivered antigens are preferentially taken up and can be presented to antigen-specific T cells by a resident population of CD11c(bright) APCs. Most of these antigen-loaded APCs remained within lung tissues, and migration into secondary lymphoid organs was not crucial for T cell priming to occur within the pulmonary tract. Furthermore, these pulmonary APCs demonstrated a marked expression of IL-6 and IL-10 within hours of antigen uptake, suggesting that resident tissue APCs have the capacity to promote Th2 T cell differentiation in situ.
A method for quantitation of proliferative intestinal mucosal cells on a weight basis: some values for C57BL-6.

A method for determining the number of intestinal mucosal crypts, S cells, and total proliferative cells, on a weight basis has been presented. The number of crypts was obtained (following injection of tritiated thymidine) by dividing the disintegrations per minute (dpm) per mg intestine by the dpm per crypt. Multiplication of the number of crypts per mg by the number of labeled cells per crypt (determined radioautographically) resulted in the number of S cells per mg intestine. Division of the number of S cells per mg by the fraction of proliferative cells in S (obtained by cell cycle analysis) resulted in the number of proliferative cells per mg intestine. Values for duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of male C57BL/6 mice are given.
Relationship between basilar membrane tuning and hair cell condition.

Abstract Basilar membrane tuning characteristics were measured in 15 cats using laser interferometry. The experimental procedures introduced varying degrees of cochlear trauma. Variability from animal to animal was also observed in the characteristic frequency (CF) of tuning, the sensitivity at CF and lower frequencies and the sharpness of tuning. The changes in the tuning characteristics of the basilar membrane are correlated with the extent of outer hair cell (OHC) damage. These observations lead to the conclusion that the tuning properties in the CF region are predominantly determined by the mechanical properties of the OHC and not the basilar membrane.
Life Made Easier for the Over-Thirty Undergrads

It is predicted that the increased adult enrollment in higher education institutions will continue. Thus, colleges and universities are faced with special challenges from the emerging recognition of adult students. The purpose of this descriptive, exploratory study was to examine how over-thirty undergraduate students perceived their experiences of returning to college. From learning about adults and their experiences, an assessment of their needs for student personnel services and educational programs was made.
Colloidal self-assembly with Model Predictive Control

We propose a Model Predictive Control (MPC) method to facilitate self-assembly of a quadrupole colloidal system for defect-free two-dimensional crystals. A Langevin equation model is developed to model the thermodynamics of the colloidal system and provides predictions for optimization. A finite prediction horizon is used to optimize the input trajectory over different control horizons. The stochastic optimization problem is solved using simulated annealing, and simulation results of the optimized input trajectory demonstrate that the MPC algorithm proposed in this paper is able to accelerate the process of crystallization of our quadrupole colloidal system. Future work will focus on reducing the computational time and on experimental implementation.
Overview of Geometric Effects on Coarsening of Mushy Zones

An overview is presented of the thermodynamic, kinetic, statistical, and geometric factors that govern phase coarsening in dendritic mushy zones. The coarsening behavior of such systems is best quantified through the kinetics of the decay rate of the specific surface area,S v. The geometry of the complex solid-melt interfaces comprising a mushy zone is described statistically as an areal distribution of local curvature parameters. These parameters capture both the intensive and extensive thermodynamic characteristics of the mushy zone. The effects of local interface shape, negative mean, and Gaussian curvatures and the appearance of inactive lengthscales on the coarsening kinetics of dendritic structures are discussed. The combined contribution of all these geometrical effects yields global coarsening rates for ramified mushy zones that are comparable to those predicted from theory for a collection of spherical particles having the identical volume fraction of solid.
The Convergence of Robotics, Vision, and Computer Graphics for User Interaction

Mechanical interfaces to virtual environments and the creation of virtual environments represent important and relatively new application areas for robotics. The creation of immersive interfaces will require codevelopment of visual displays that complement mechanical stimuli with appropriate visual cues, ultimately determined from human psychophysics. Advances in interactive rendering and geometric modeling from computer graphics will play a key role. Examples are drawn from haptic and locomotion interface projects.
Drift-Wave Turbulence from a Soliton Gas

A theory of drift-wave turbulence as a low-density gas of drift-wave solitons is developed. In the ideal-gas approximation to the many-soliton system the dynamical form factor $S(k, \ensuremath{\omega})$ is computed and shown to peak at $\ensuremath{\omega}gk{v}_{d}$ with a substantial width $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\omega}$ for a given azimuthal wave number.
Single-phase heat transfer, friction, and fouling characteristics of three-dimensional cone roughness in tube flow

Abstract This paper reports heat transfer and friction characteristics of three tubes having a conical, three-dimensional roughness on the inner tube surface with water flow in the tube. The TC3 truncated cone tube has twice the cone area density as TC2 and provides a Nusselt number 3.74 times that of a plain tube. The h-value is 36% higher than TC2, but it has it has nearly 60% higher pressure drop. The three-dimensional roughness offers potential for considerably higher heat transfer enhancement (e.g., 50% higher) than is given by helical ridged tubes, such as the Turbo-B type. The two truncated cone tubes provide 14–20% higher h-value than the commercial Wolverine Turbo BIII tube. Further, they have both have approximately 5% higher efficiency index than Turbo BIII. Accelerated particular fouling data are also provided for 3-D tube TC3, and for helical-ribbed tubes. The results show that although the 3-D tube provided the highest heat transfer coefficient, relative to a plain tube (h/hp), it also had the highest asymptotic fouling resistance, relative to a plain tube ( R f ∗ / R P ∗ ). Significant long-term fouling would not be expected in applications using relatively clean water.
Broadband active structural-acoustic control of a fuselage test bed using collocated piezoelectric sensors and actuators

We describe structural-acoustic control experiments on a model fuselage test-bed, using collocated pairs of piezoelectric sensors and actuators. The test-bed is a hybrid-scaled model fuselage designed to be representative of complex aircraft structures with rib and stringer construction, which results in a structure with high modal density and complex behavior. The sensor/actuator pairs consist of PVDF film and PZT ceramic sheets bonded to the surface of the model fuselage. Closed- loop control of the fuselage skin was carried out with 30 collocated sensor/actuator pairs, covering approximately 10% of the surface area of the test-bed. The disturbance source is a PZT patch bonded to an adjacent panel. Rate feedback was applied to each collocated pair simultaneously (independent loop closure). Accelerometers attached to the panels and microphones located inside the test-bed were used as performance sensors. The experimental results show a reduction of as much as 20 dB in structural acceleration and up to 10 dB of attenuation in the interior acoustic pressure levels at resonant peaks, over the frequency range of 100 - 2000 Hz.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Rearing and display variables in sociability

The present experiments are concerned with an aspect of behavior which Lindzey et al (1965) have called sociability and defined as the time spent next to caged display animals in an open field. Two experiments are described: The second experiment replicates the unexpected findings of the first and in addition assesses the effects of species variation in the display animal. At weaning rats were caged singly or in groups of 8 or 9 and tested at 107 days (Experiment I) and 79 days (Experiment II). Sociability scores with a chick display, although significantly lower than for a rat display, are greater than for an empty cage. Although starting at approximately the same point, over a series of daily trials the socially isolated Ss spend more time next to the display animals whereas group reared Ss spend less time. The role of stimulus novelty and habituation, social motivation, social interaction, and genetic factors in sociability are discussed.
Alpha and Spontaneous Fission Half-Lives of Plutonium-242

Measurements on ${\mathrm{Pu}}^{242}$ samples, highly enriched by neutron irradiation, resulted in the alpha half-life value of (3.88\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{5}$ years and in the spontaneous fission half-life value of (7.06\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.19)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{10}$ years.
A High Current Coaxial Photomultiplier

A photomultiplier structure capable of high current output and relatively fast rise time has been developed and several prototypes have been built. The design incorporates eight separate photocathode elements spaced around the cylindrical structure. A five or six-stage multiplier focuses the electrons onto a central coaxial collector-output structure matched directly to a coaxial line. Each stage of the multiplier consists of a ring of eight dynodes, giving effectively eight parallel current channels from photocathode to collector. The structure is approximately two and one-half inches in diameter by four and one-half inches long. Saturated pulse output currents of nine amperes have been obtained in initial tests. Linearity within approximately 10 per cent has been obtained with output currents of four amperes. Calculations and measurements indicate a transit time of approximately 5 millimicroseconds with a spread of the order of 1 m?sec. Current gains of 4000 at 2500 volts over all hate been obtained with a five-stage multiplier with antimony-cesium dynodes. The geometry of this structure and the operating characteristics are discussed. A psuedo-logarithmic response capability, inherent in this design of tube, is expected to be useful for covering an extended dynamic input range.
Response of lymph node metastasis to sequential estrogen and radiation therapy in prostate carcinoma

Abstract Increasingly sophisticated diagnostic studies have shown a high incidence of tumor spread to the regional lymph nodes. The status of the lymph nodes has been evaluated by non-invasive diagnostic procedures such as lymphangiography and computerized axial tomography. The applicability of these procedures has been enhanced by the use of stringent criteria. Gross lymph node metastasis can be diagnosed with considerable confidence. Serial observations of lymphangiograms and computerized axial tomograms before and two months after the administration of estrogens provide an added dimension to the interpretation of lymph node metastasis. The nature and range of the response of lymph node metastasis were observed. Survival of patients with gross lymph node metastasis treated by sequential estrogen and radiation therapy was evaluated. A total of 11 18 (61 per cent) of patients remained free of symptoms, 8 11 (74 per cent) with a favorable lymph node metastasis responsive to estrogen therapy, and 3 7 (42 per cent) with lymph node metastasis refractory to estrogen therapy. Follow-up computerized axial tomograms of the lymph nodes done at one and two years after irradiation showed a persistent favorable response. Five patients are alive with disease, and 2 patients died of the disease.
An anatomic study of the pterygomaxillary region in the craniums of infants and children

Abstract 1. 1. There was a significant correlation between the height of the orbit (extraoral measurement) and the length of the pterygopalatine canal and fossa. Regardless of age, the length of the pterygopalatine canal and fossa could be ascertained clinically (Fig. 5). The height of the orbit was a statistically significant clinical guide which could assist the operator in the anesthetization of the maxillary division of the fifth cranial nerve. 2. 2. From 0 to 6 years the length of the fossa and canal increased 0.79 mm. for every 1.0 mm. of orbital growth. From 6 years to adulthood the length of the fossa and canal increased 1.7 mm. per 1.0 mm. of height of orbital growth. The height of the orbit reached adult proportions by 7 to 10 years of age. The most rapid growth occurred from 0 to 2 years. 3. 3. We found no variation in the length of the fossa and canal which could be attributed to race or sex. The height of the orbit in Eskimo infants' and children's craniums ran 1 to 3 mm. larger than in the Negro and Caucasian craniums. 4. 4. The needle was blocked by the lateral border of the lateral pterygoid plate 25 per cent of the time in infants' and children's craniums. This increased with age, so that the incidence of obstruction was 37 per cent in craniums 10 to 19 years of age. As the angle formed by the pterygopalatine canal and the Frankfort plane became more obtuse, the incidence of anatomic obstruction to the needle increased. Lateral or medial orientation of this canal could direct the needle into the infratemporal fossa or the orbital cavity. 5. 5. The relative location of the greater palatine foramen in infants' and children's craniums was found to be distal to the posterior molar. As the next posterior tooth erupted, the relative position of the foramen moved posteriorly. This was partially explained by sutural growth of the maxillary-palatine suture, appositional growth on the posterior part of the maxilla and palatine process, and by alveolar bone associated with the eruption of the dentition.
Cleft Palate in the Mouse: A Teratogenic Index of Glucocorticoid Potency

Clinically equivalent doses of hydrocortisone, prednisolone, and dexamethasone have progressively increasing teratogenic activity as judged by their ability to induce cleft palate in the offspring of pregnant mice treated with these drugs during the middle period of gestation. Mole for mole, dexamethasone is at least 300 times more teratogenic than hydrocortisone. The enhanced teratogenicity of dexamethasone probably does not result from its relatively decreased mineralocorticoid activity.
The imagery of Auschwitz

Abstract The concentration camp complex at Auschwitz stands as one of the most infamous places in modem history. Yet because of past politically enforced isolation, the public perception of Auschwitz has been formed largely through second hand sources, many of which are works of creative endeavour. Questioning the historical accuracy of a public perception so derived, the writer reviews scholarly works covering the history of Auschwitz and investigates the period background of the camp. Emphasis is placed on camp features important to daily camp operation and on site elements which have gained historic notoriety. The result of the literature search and subsequent analysis is a series of fifteen photographic images which the writer believes comprise a historically accurate visual account of Auschwitz. The writer references the photos to camp history and presents them as a basis for an accurate public image of the concentration camp complex.
Dual-energy CT of the abdomen

Although conceived of in the 1970s, practical use of dual-energy CT in the clinical setting did not come to fruition until 2006, and since that time an ever expanding exploration of the technology has been underway. This article will discuss technical aspects of the two commercially available CT scanners, review the recent literature, and provide an organ-based description of abdominal dual-energy CT applications for the practicing radiologist.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MALE INFANTS' VOCAL RESPONSES TO MOTHER AND STRANGER AT THREE MONTHS AND SELF-REPORTED ACADEMIC ATTAINMENT AND ADJUSTMENT MEASURES IN ADULTHOOD '

Summary.-This study explored whether 3-mo.-old male infants' differential vocal response to mother vs a female stranger, which has been related to cognitive and academic functioning up to 12 years of age, is also related to adult development. Of the 12 subjects who had been seen from infancy through 12 years, 10 were located at Ages 21 and 28 years and were asked about their high school grade point average, scores on the SAT. years of schooling, emotional adjustment, substance abuse, and if they were in a stable relationship by the age 28. Responses showed 3-mo.-olds' differential vocal response was related positively to high school ,grade point average, scores on the SAT, years of completed education by age 28, and stability of relationship by age 28, and negatively related to substance abuse. No relationship was found benveen dzerential vocal response and reported emotional problems. Results suggest that early infant social interactions may be linked to adult development or adjustment. Differential vocal responses of 3-mo.-old babies to the mother versus a female stranger during 3 min. of semistructured interactions have been related to cognitive sk~lls at ages 3 and 5 yr. (2) and to verbal IQ and academic functioning at 12 years (8). These findings suggest that this early infant dscriminative behavior is a cognitive index. Subsequent studies have explored the nature of this early infant behavior in the USA and Greece, showing it to be related to the affective quality of the early mother-infant relationship (6, 7, 9), to maternal education (3, 5), to amount of maternal vocal stimulation (7), and, most important, to the mother's feehgs towards her baby (7). Furthermore, infants whose conception was planned show higher merentid vocal responses at 3 mo. than infants whose conception was not planned (6). The present objective was to explore whether the hfferential vocal response of infants at 3 mo. was also related to their adult development. It was expected that ddferential vocal response at age 3 mo. should be related to high school grade point average, scores on the SAT (if the subjects took this test), and number of years of completed schoohg. Given the relationship of early ddferential vocal response to he mother's feehgs towards the
Dynamic formation of zircon during high temperature deformation of zirconia–silica composites with alumina additions

A three phase ceramic composite of 8 mol% Y2O3 stabilized ZrO2 (YSZ), SiO2, and Al2O3 was evaluated for potential high temperature superplasticity. The amorphous SiO2 content was 5 wt.%, and increasing additions of Al2O3 were made. The effect of varying the Y2O3 stabilizer concentration in ZrO2 was also studied. Samples sintered at 1200 °C contained only YSZ, Al2O3, and amorphous SiO2, but ZrSiO4 formed in the samples above 1300 °C. Mullite (3Al2O3 · 2SiO2) was not detected in any samples. Specimens of 1 wt.% Al2O3–YSZ/SiO2 had an anomalously high deformation rate of ∼2 × 10−4 s−1 at 1200 °C when compared to YSZ/SiO2 without Al2O3 (∼4 × 10-5 s−1). Higher amounts of Al2O3 additions decreased the strain rate. Extensive deformation of Al2O3 doped YSZ/SiO2 at 1200 °C induced the formation of ZrSiO4 due to enhanced reaction rates. This distributed, yet locally interconnected, zircon phase rapidly eroded the strain rate after ∼60% deformation.
Initial posttraumatic urinary cortisol levels predict subsequent PTSD symptoms in motor vehicle accident victims

Abstract Background: This study was designed to examine the relationship between urinary hormone levels collected upon admission to the trauma unit following a motor vehicle accident and posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology 1 month later. Methods: Fifteen-hour urine samples were collected from 63 male and 36 female motor vehicle accident victims and were used to assess levels of catecholamines and cortisol reflecting peritraumatic and acute-phase posttraumatic levels. Presence of posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology was assessed 1 month after the accident. Results: Motor vehicle accident victims subsequently diagnosed with acute posttraumatic stress disorder excreted significantly lower levels of cortisol in 15-hour urines collected upon admission to the hospital. In addition, urinary levels of cortisol predicted a significant percentage of the variance in intrusive and avoidant thoughts 1 month after the accident. Conclusions: The results of our study suggest that initial cortisol levels in the immediate aftermath of a traumatic event contribute, in part, to subsequent symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder.
EUVE Observations of Jupiter During the Impact of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9.

The Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) satellite conducted extensive observations of the jovian system before, during, and after the impact of the fragments of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 in July 1994. About 2 to 4 hours after the impacts of several of the larger fragments, the brightness of the neutral helium (He I) resonance line at 58.4 nanometers temporarily increased by a factor of about 10. The transient 58.4-nanometer brightenings are most simply explained by resonant scattering of sunlight from the widespread high-altitude remnants of the larger impact plumes. Other possible sources of emission, such as electron impact excitation of He or radiative recombination of He + , may contribute to the observed signal.
Influence of variable organic matter retention on nutrient availability in a 10-year-old loblolly pine plantation.

Abstract The effects of varying forest floor and slash retention at time of regeneration were evaluated 10 years after the establishment of a loblolly pine plantation near Millport, Alabama. Treatments included removing, leaving unaltered, or doubling the forest floor and slash material. Forest floor and litterfall mass and nutrient concentrations, available soil N, foliar nutrient concentrations and stand yield were all impacted by the treatments. Forest floor mass and nutrient contents in the doubled treatment were significantly greater than the other two treatments. The doubled treatment accumulated 25, 45 and 350% more forest floor mass and 56, 56, and 310% more N than the control treatment in the Oi, Oe, and Oa layers, respectively. The other nutrients followed similar patterns. Potentially mineralized NO 3 − -N in the mineral soil was also significantly higher in the doubled treatment. The positive effect of doubling the forest floor on soil N availability was reflected in greater foliage production, 30% more litterfall and 25% more stand yield for this treatment. This study shows that increasing the forest floor retention has resulted in increased nutrient availability and improved tree growth.
Longitudinal effects of herbivory on lotic periphyton assemblages

SUMMARY 1. The longitudinal effects of herbivory on stream periphyton assemblages were examined in laboratory stream channels, each of which consisted of an upstream chamber, which either contained snail grazers or not, and downstream chambers, none of which contained grazers. Periphyton assemblages of two ages (0–21 days old and 21–42 days old) were sampled in both upstream and downstream chambers to detect proximate (i.e. localized) and longitudinal (i.e. downstream) effects of herbivory. 2. Both proximate and longitudinal effects were detected, although they differed in their impact on the periphyton assemblage. Periphyton biomass and cell accumulation were lower in grazed than in ungrazed upstream chambers throughout the experimental period. Accumulation rates on initially bare tiles were substantially higher downstream of grazed than of ungrazed chambers, but grazing had no effect on cell densities in established (21–42 day old) assemblages downstream. 3. Longitudinal effects of herbivory were not due to quantitative differences in the flux of propagules or nutrients from grazed and ungrazed chambers. Although not tested in this study, it is hypothesized that differences in the physiological condition of exported propagules may have contributed to differences in downstream colonization rates in grazed and ungrazed streams. 4. The magnitude of longitudinal impacts of herbivory and the importance of different causal mechanisms are predicted to vary depending on the standing crop and productive capacity of the periphyton assemblages as well as the consumptive demand of the herbivore guild.
Stimulation of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Biosynthetic Pathways Delays Axonal Degeneration after Axotomy

Axonal degeneration occurs in many neurodegenerative diseases and after traumatic injury and is a self-destructive program independent from programmed cell death. Previous studies demonstrated that overexpression of nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 1 (Nmnat1) or exogenous application of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) can protect axons of cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons from degeneration caused by mechanical or neurotoxic injury. In mammalian cells, NAD can be synthesized from multiple precursors, including tryptophan, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, and nicotinamide riboside (NmR), via multiple enzymatic steps. To determine whether other components of these NAD biosynthetic pathways are capable of delaying axonal degeneration, we overexpressed each of the enzymes involved in each pathway and/or exogenously administered their respective substrates in DRG cultures and assessed their capacity to protect axons after axotomy. Among the enzymes tested, Nmnat1 had the strongest protective effects, whereas nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase and nicotinic acid phosphoribosyl transferase showed moderate protective activity in the presence of their substrates. Strong axonal protection was also provided by Nmnat3, which is predominantly located in mitochondria, and an Nmnat1 mutant localized to the cytoplasm, indicating that the subcellular location of NAD production is not crucial for protective activity. In addition, we showed that exogenous application of the NAD precursors that are the substrates of these enzymes, including nicotinic acid mononucleotide, nicotinamide mononucleotide, and NmR, can also delay axonal degeneration. These results indicate that stimulation of NAD biosynthetic pathways via a variety of interventions may be useful in preventing or delaying axonal degeneration.
Control of feeding during saline consumption and fluid deprivation in hamsters.

Abstract Cellular dehydration induced by water deprivation or hypertonic saline injection reduces feeding in a variety of species. Normal feeding in rats is maintained during isotonic saline consumption by increasing the intake of saline compared to the usual intake of water. Hamsters do not show the spontaneous preference for isotonic saline noted in rats, even after adrenalectomy. In the present investigation, feeding by hamsters was depressed during both isotonic and hypertonic saline consumption compared to the usual feeding with water. Saline intakes did not exceed water intakes under similar conditions. When fluid intakes were elevated by prior fluid deprivation, feeding rates increased at all concentrations of saline after a delay proportional to the osmolality of the solution. Positive 24-hr sodium balances were always associated with saline consumption. Water and hypertonic saline injections reduced feeding, and the fluid loads were excreted very slowly. When hamsters were fluid deprived prior to injections, saline totally suppressed feeding, while water increased feeding compared to sham injected controls. It is concluded that cellular dehydration produces a reduction of feeding in hamsters drinking isotonic or hypertonic saline. Reduced feeding with isotonic saline consumption results from the failure of hamsters to increase their ad lib intake of that solution. The prolonged retention of both sodium and fluid after saline consumption or injection suggests that further saline intake may be inhibited by an expansion of the extracellular space.
Appreciative Inquiry and Hospitality Leadership

Appreciative inquiry (AI) has application to the hospitality industry as a viable organizational methodology capable of improving overall organizational performance. Leaders in the accommodation and food and beverage industries can use the AI process of inquiry and dialogue to bring about change and transformation within their organizations. These changes include a greater degree of open communication, a more supportive work environment, and involvement of all members of the organization in the creation of a shared vision and goals that move the organization toward increased focus on customer perception of service, a greater proportion of a growing market share, and sustained profitable performance. The realization of these goals begins with more effective workforce development that addresses the morale level of employees, decreases rates of employee turnover, and increases the long-term retention of workers.
The Protective Effect of 17β-Estradiol on Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Is Mediated through Estrogen Receptor-α

Low-dose estrogen (E2) treatment significantly inhibits the clinical signs and histopathological lesions of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and is being used in clinical trials to treat multiple sclerosis. To assess the role of intracytoplasmic estrogen receptors in mediating suppression of EAE, we studied mice with disrupted estrogen receptor-α (Esr1) and -β (Esr2) genes. We demonstrate that the protective effect of E2 is abrogated in B6.129-Esr1tm1Unc mice (Esr1−/−) but not in B6.129-Esr2tm1Unc mice (Esr2−/−). The loss of E2-mediated protection from EAE in Esr1−/− mice immunized with the encephalitogenic MOG-35–55 peptide was manifested phenotypically by the development of severe acute clinical signs and histopathological lesions even in the presence of moderately high serum E2 levels. This is in contrast to C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice and Esr2−/− mice in which E2 treatment resulted in comparable serum levels and markedly suppressed clinical signs of EAE and abolished inflammatory lesions in the CNS. This pattern showing a lack of E2-dependent inhibition of EAE in Esr1−/− mice was mirrored by an enhanced rather than a reduced secretion of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and interleukin (IL)-6 in MOG-specific splenocytes and a lack of inhibition of message for inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and chemokine receptors in CNS tissue. These results indicate that the immunomodulatory effects of E2 in EAE are dependent on Esr1 and not Esr2 signaling.
Model for the electronic contribution to the thermal and transport properties of ThO2, UO2, and PuO2 in the solid and liquid phases

Abstract Using existing experimental information, a unified model for the electronic density of states of ThO 2 , UO 2 , and PuO 2 is formulated. Using this model we find that a unique contribution to the thermal and transport properties of solid UO 2 may be attributed to the presence of quasilocalized 5f electrons lying ≈2.3 eV below the conduction band of UO 2 . The corresponding electron states in ThO 2 and PuO 2 are expected to be relatively unimportant. Estimates are made of the change in thermal conductivity as UO 2 passes through its melting point. We find that at high temperatures the solid phase thermal conduction is primarily due to thermally excited electrons while in the liquid phase radiative thermal transport dominates.
Contribution of pregnancy, fetuses, fetal placentas and deciduomas to mammary gland and uterine development.

In rats, the influence of pregnancy, fetuses, fetal placentas and pseudopregnancy with and without deciduomas on mammary and uterine development (DNA content) and metabolism (RNA content) was studied. Mammary nucleic acid content increased throughout pregnancy. Removal of fetuses before midpregnancy, but not after, interfered with normal increases in mammary DNA and RNA content. Excision of fetal placentas caused mammary development to regress to nonpregnant control values. Mammary development during the first 12 days of pseudopregnancy was 29–33% less than that observed in 12-day pregnant rats. It is suggested that maternal hormones are the primary stimulant of mammary development during the first half of pregnancy. However, the fetal placentas commence to stimulate mammary development before midpregnancy, and they may be the primary limiting factor for mammary development during the second half of pregnancy. Uterine DNA increased 2.8-fold, whereas uterine RNA and weight increased 5.8- and 4.6-fold, resp...
Addition chains and solutions of l(2n) = l(n) and l(2n − 1) = n + l(n) − 1

Abstract An addition chain for a positive integer n is a set 1 = a 0 a l a r = n of integers such that for each i ⩾ 1. a 1 = a 1 + a k for some k ⩽ j i . The smallest length r for which an addition chain for n exists is denoted by l ( n ). This paper introduces the function h ( x ) which denotes the number of integers n less than or equal to x for which l (2 n ) = l ( n ) and proves that h ( x ) > (log x ) 2 . A necessary theorem for establishing this result is that there exist infinitely many infinite classes of integers for which l (2 n ) = l ( n ). The proof of this theorem is outlined. Also, this paper establishes seven new cases for which l (2 n − 1) = n + l ( n ) − 1. These are cases n =15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 24 and 32.
Beyond the Library's Walls: Using Library 2.0 Tools to Reach Out to All Users

ABSTRACT The Library 2.0 movement emerged as a response to the technologies and concepts in the Web 2.0 movement and has been taking the library world by storm. Web 2.0 takes the stagnant Web 1.0 and makes it more user-driven, collaborative, participatory, and personalized. Library 2.0 takes the tools of Web 2.0 and moves them into a library setting with libraries that are user-centered, networking faculty, students, and librarians to create a vital and evolving organization designed to meet the needs of the current information culture. Library 2.0 is especially relevant to institutions providing services to off-campus students. Many students taking courses remotely have full-time jobs and busy lives beyond their coursework. Providing those students with a customizable, personalized, and collaborative library assists in their success as a student. Using Web 2.0 technologies and other social networking tools in the library setting brings the library to our users, making them more relevant in today's inform...
A review essay recent literature on leading and managing change in public service organizations

(1998). A review essay recent literature on leading and managing change in public service organizations. The Social Science Journal: Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 657-672.
Molecular dynamics simulations of an α-(2 → 8)-linked sialic acid tetramer in vacuum and solvent

Abstract Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of an α -(2 → 8)-linked tetramer of sialic acid ( N -acetyl neuraminic acid) were carried out in vacuum and in solvent (water), spanning 4 ns and 530 ps respectively. Protonated and deprotonated forms of the carboxylic acid groups of sialic acid were modeled in the vacuum-based simulations; only the deprotonated form was studied in the water-based simulations. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) coupling constants and nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) enhancements were calculated from the MD trajectories for the middle linkages of the tetramer and compared with experimental data for the polymer. A good agreement was not obtained between the experimental NMR data for the polymer and the NMR data extracted from the calculations on the tetramer. The question of whether the lack of agreement between experiment and simulation was due to the limited sampling of states during the MD simulations was addressed by means of Poisson simulations; these simulations indicated that it was unlikely that the disagreement was due to a sampling problem.
Replacement of diseased mouse liver by hepatic cell transplantation

Adult liver has the unusual ability to fully regenerate after injury. Although regeneration is accomplished by the division of mature hepatocytes, the replicative potential of these cells is unknown. Here, the replicative capacity of adult liver cells and their medical usefulness as donor cells for transplantation were investigated by transfer of adult mouse liver cells into transgenic mice that display an endogenous defect in hepatic growth potential and function. The transplanted liver cell populations replaced up to 80 percent of the diseased recipient liver. These findings demonstrate the enormous growth potential of adult hepatocytes, indicating the feasibility of liver cell transplantation as a method to replace lost or diseased hepatic parenchyma.