cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applications of Electron Holography

Electron holography is now at the stage where the emphasis on technique development is slowly shifting towards an emphasis on applications. This is particularly true for electron holography at moderate resolutions, where the phase image gives information about electrostatic and magnetic fields in the sample and in the space around the sample. Such information is not normally available from the intensity images obtained by non-holographic microscopy techniques. This is why most of the published applications of electron holography have been concerned with studies of electromagnetic fields. This book has already devoted Chapter 7 and Chapter 8 to the theoretical and experimental aspects of studying electromagnetic fields by off-axis electron holography. To avoid duplication, in this chapter we will only discuss applications of moderate resolution electron holography to cases when there are no strong electrostatic and/or magnetic fields in the samples. The phase in this case is mainly affected by the mean inner potential and the thickness of the material, with additional contributions from diffraction effects. We will first discuss these three dependencies as a background for the ensuing review of applications of holography to interfaces, surfaces and small particles.
Plume Dispersion in Low-Wind-Speed Conditions During Project Sagebrush Phase 2, with Emphasis on Concentration Variability

Eight short-range, open-terrain SF6 tracer tests in low wind speeds were conducted during Phase 2 of Project Sagebrush using continuous releases. Four tests were made during very unstable conditions in July and August 2016, and four during very stable conditions in October 2016. All tests featured 10-min averaging and 1-Hz sampling of tracer concentrations together with an extensive suite of meteorological measurements. We find that the uncertainty in well-mixed daytime measurements of tracer concentrations, using the absolute value of the relative percentage difference in collocated duplicate samplers, approaches a downwind limit of about 7–8%. Concentration variability in collocated sampling, due to stochastic factors and independent of measurement uncertainty, increases the total observational uncertainty closer to the source from about 20% (daytime) to 40% (very stable conditions). Longer averaging periods moderately reduce the concentration variability. The data indicate that the large increase in concentration variability is linked with the suppression of turbulent mixing, small eddy length scales, and meandering in very stable conditions. These results should be considered when comparing observations with model predictions in evaluations.
CNS Depressants: Barbiturates, Barbiturate-like Drugs, Meprobamate, Chloral Hydrate, Paraldehyde

In addition to alcohol, drugs that depress the central nervous system include the barbiturates, barbiturate-like drugs, meprobamate, chloral hydrate, paraldehyde, and benzodiazepines. These drugs are mainly used to calm and relax patients (sedatives) or to induce sleep in them (hynotics). They are collectively known as sedative-hynotics. The benzodiazepines are discussed in Chapter 10.
Asymptotic Estimates for Solutions

This chapter discusses the asymptotic estimates of the solutions. Here, the behavior is considered as t→∞, of solutions of a stochastic differential system in case the diffusion matrix is nondegenerate. The chapter discusses the unboundedness of solutions. It presents auxiliary estimates. The applications of the asymptotic estimates are also presented in the chapter. The chapter further discusses the one-dimensional case.
Orthopaedic applications of injectable biomaterials

Abstract: This chapter begins by outlining the progression in orthopaedic surgery towards biological interventions, limited exposures and closed or arthroscopic procedures. This leads to the need for materials and implants that can be introduced to the target site remotely, either percutaneously or from a distant entry portal. It then proposes a classification for injectable biomaterials from an orthopaedic perspective and proceeds to discuss specific clinical applications including implant fixation, fracture healing, bone, cartilage and intervertebral disc regeneration, viscosupplementation, drug delivery and enzymatic fasciotomy. Many of the materials discussed in the chapter are in developmental stages or under clinical investigation with long-term outcomes pending.
Game Theory: A New Paradigm of Social Science

Game Theory is essentially a mathematical discipline which aims at explaining optimal strategic behavior in social games as well as in economic and political situations. The theory is normative in that it gives advice; it is descriptive in that it shows social and economic phenomena as being strictly identical with suitable games of strategy. Sharp, quantitative concepts are formed for hitherto only vaguely known events. The role of chance devices for rational behavior is established. Notions of equilibria, different from those in the physical sciences, are developed; these, called “standards of behavior,” determine zones of uncertainty found to be inherent in social processes. Game Theory emerges as a fundamentally new approach to the social sciences, has stimulated many mathematical researches, initiated experimental work in new areas and illuminated large parts of the social world. The Theory is in the stage of active development carried on in many parts of the world.
The Spirit Is Willing: Nonlinearity, Bifurcations, and Mental Control

In recent years there has been considerable interest in the construction of nonlinear models of the dynamics of human behavior. In this exploratory article we argue that attempts at controlling problematic thoughts, emotions, or behaviors can lead to nonlinearity in mental/behavioral dynamics. We illustrate our model by fitting threshold autoregression models to self-recorded time series of the daily highs in intensity of anxiety and obsessive ruminations, kept by an individual in therapy for this problem. In our discussion, we raise the possibility that bifurcations that occur in this nonlinear model may offer insight into mental control paradoxes.
How Do We Grow? : Jane Jacobs on Diversification and Specialization

It is probably the most important issue in economics. How do economies grow? And for a few centuries, one traditional model has prevailed. Economies grow through specializing in industries, through...
Bayesian Approaches to Uncertainty Quantification and Structure Refinement from X-Ray Diffraction

This chapter introduces classical frequentist and Bayesian inference applied to analyzing diffraction profiles, and the methods are compared and contrasted. The methods are applied to both the modelling of single diffraction profiles and the full profile refinement of crystallographic structures. In the Bayesian method, Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms are used to sample the distribution of model parameters, allowing for the construction of posterior probability distributions, which provide both parameter estimates and quantifiable uncertainties. We present the application of this method to single peak fitting in lead zirconate titanate, and the crystal structure refinement of a National Institute of Standards and Technology silicon standard reference material.
Improved Outcomes With Standardized Convalescent Preterm Respiratory Care Practices.

BACKGROUND: Chronic lung disease is the most common morbidity affecting very low birth-weight (VLBW) infants. Many of these infants are discharged home on oxygen, placing significant emotional and financial burdens on families. We sought to reduce the proportion of VLBW infants requiring discharge home on oxygen by improving convalescent respiratory practices. METHODS: We performed a prospective quality-improvement project for infants with birth weights ≤ 1,500 g in a single neonatal ICU. Using Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles, we developed and implemented a room air challenge, oxygen reference chart, and a standardized oxygen delivery guideline. The primary outcome was the proportion of VLBW infants discharged home on oxygen. Secondary outcomes included rate of chronic lung disease and postmenstrual age when off all respiratory support. Balancing measures were postmenstrual age and weight at discharge, as well as unplanned read-missions. Statistical process control charts were used to monitor outcomes and balancing measures. RESULTS: The proportion of VLBW infants discharged home on oxygen decreased from 34.4% to 18.5% and 21.7% in the following two years (P = .044 and P = .01, respectively). G-Chart analysis showed a higher mean number of successes between failures. The rate of chronic lung disease decreased from 31.2% to 25.4% (P = .03). The mean postmenstrual age at discharge, mean weight at discharge, and readmission rate were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: Standardization of convalescent respiratory care practices improved respiratory morbidities in VLBW infants. These interventions could be utilized in other NICUs with high incidence of respiratory morbidities despite improvement in delivery room practices.
What Automotive Design Engineers Require from the P/M Industry

A case is presented here for revision and augmentation of P/M specifications and standards. It focusses upon the unique properties of these materials and how they are currently treated. Using an example comparison between P/M steels and cast iron, some of the major problems encountered by designers are illustrated. Recommendations for needed changes and additions to existing specifications and standards for P/M steels are made.
Changes in Fundamental Motor-Skill Performance Following a Nine-Month Mastery Motivational Climate Intervention.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Children who do not learn their fundamental motor skills (FMS) are more likely to be unskilled, sedentary adults. By consequence, it behooves those teaching physical education to p...
Hillock formation in co-deposited thin films of immiscible metal alloy systems

Abstract Hillocks are protruding sections of a surface that can influence the electronic and mechanical properties of a thin film. In monolithic films, these hillocks are formed due to thermally induced stress gradients during deposition. In this study, the surface morphology of co-sputtered immiscible Cu-X (X is a body centered cubic (BCC) group V or VI metal) thin films is characterized to elucidate the conditions that lead to hillock formation. Cu-Ta and Cu-Mo-Ag films were co-deposited with physical vapor deposition (PVD) magnetron sputtering at 25, 400, 600, and 800 °C. A significant number of homogeneously distributed surface hillocks were observed only in the 600 and 800 °C films. High-angle annular dark field (HAADF) cross-sectional imaging revealed significant Cu agglomerations underneath the protruding features. For the Cu-Ta films, the Cu was enveloped in a Cu-Ta nanocrystalline matrix. For Cu-Mo-Ag, the Cu was surrounded by Mo-Ag concentration modulations. While thermal stress gradients arise during deposition of immiscible metal films, biaxial stress calculations and literature cases reveal that they are not solely responsible for hillock formation. The observed morphologies align with a surface diffusion kinetic model that evaluates diffusion length of adatoms during deposition as a function of deposition temperature. This indicates a phase separation driving force paired with the constituent elements’ dissimilar mobilities at elevated deposition temperatures contribute to the presence of hillocks.
The rhetoric of twentieth-century Damascene anti-Salafism

The renowned Syrian ʿālim Shaykh Muhammad Sa’id Ramadan Al-Buti was one of the world's leading scholarly representatives of Sunni Islam in contemporary times. The written debates that occurred betw...
TransDigm's Acquisition and Integration of Arkwin Industries

In May 2013, TransDigm, a company that manufactured a wide range of highly engineered aerospace parts for both military and civilian aircraft, announced it was buying Arkwin Industries for $286 million in cash (3 times Arkwin's sales of $91 million). Having acquired more than 40 companies in the past 20 years, TransDigm was an experienced acquirer with a unique business model focused exclusively on value creation. This case describes TransDigm's acquisition, integration, and talent development processes as well as the changes TransDigm implemented at Arkwin in the first three years after the acquisition. It serves as a complement to the TransDigm in 2017 case (HBS case #720-422). Whereas the TransDigm in 2017 case provides an overview of the company, its history, its value creation strategy, and its incredible financial performance, the Arkwin Industries case provides a deep dive into a single transaction as a way to illustrate TransDigm's value creation strategy in practice. That strategy consists of three parts--value-based pricing, cost reductions, and new product development--and has the goal of doubling a target firm's operating margins and cash flows within five years. This case allows students to understand TransDigm's unique business model in greater detail and to explore how it creates value and for whom. The case focuses primarily on one aspect of TransDigm's value creation strategy (value-based pricing) to explain how TransDigm is consistently able to generate operating margins that are 100% larger than similar firms in its industry. Data in the case allow students to discuss the concept of limit pricing and whether it may or may not work in this setting. To a lesser extent, the case focuses on the firm's integration and talent development process, and raises the critical question of whether TransDigm can continue to grow revenue and adjusted EBITDA at more than 20% per year indefinitely.
Employing Calorimetric Methods to Determine the Mechanism of the Invertase Maximal Activity Delay

Invertase catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose. Invertase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used in studies of the enzyme catalytic mechanism for more than a century. Is...
Unique Metabolomic Profile of Skeletal Muscle in Chronic Limb Threatening Ischemia

Chronic limb threatening ischemia (CLTI) is the most severe manifestation of peripheral atherosclerosis. Patients with CLTI have poor muscle quality and function and are at high risk for limb amputation and death. The objective of this study was to interrogate the metabolome of limb muscle from CLTI patients. To accomplish this, a prospective cohort of CLTI patients undergoing either a surgical intervention (CLTI Pre-surgery) or limb amputation (CLTI Amputation), as well as non-peripheral arterial disease (non-PAD) controls were enrolled. Gastrocnemius muscle biopsy specimens were obtained and processed for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics analyses using solution state NMR on extracted aqueous and organic phases and 1H high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) on intact muscle specimens. CLTI Amputation specimens displayed classical features of ischemic/hypoxic metabolism including accumulation of succinate, fumarate, lactate, alanine, and a significant decrease in the pyruvate/lactate ratio. CLTI Amputation muscle also featured aberrant amino acid metabolism marked by elevated branched chain amino acids. Finally, both Pre-surgery and Amputation CLTI muscles exhibited pronounced accumulation of lipids, suggesting the presence of myosteatosis, including cholesterol, triglycerides, and saturated fatty acids. Taken together, these metabolite differences add to a growing body of literature that have characterized profound metabolic disturbance's in the failing ischemic limb of CLTI patients.
Manos sucias, árboles y cemento: una lectura ecocrítica de Huracanada de Mayra Santos-Febres

Este ensayo examina el poemario Huracanada (2018), de la escritora puertorriquena Mayra Santos-Febres, desde una perspectiva ecocritica. Especificamente, estudia como estos poemas resaltan en que medida la devastacion que provoco el huracan Maria en Puerto Rico en 2017 no debe atribuirse simple y simplistamente al poder de las fuerzas naturales, sino tambien a un desquilibrio profundo y sistemico en la relacion entre seres humanos y la naturaleza, tanto en la isla como globalmente. Este desequilibrio ha contribuido a la intensificacion de fenomenos como los huracanes—algo que la literatura cientifica sobre los efectos del calentamiento global antropogenico senala enfaticamente—y a los catastroficos efectos de estos eventos sobre las poblaciones mas vulnerables del planeta. Mas aun: el poemario muestra como, tras este tipo de desastres, los justificados intentos de asegurar la sobrevivencia y la prosperidad de diversas poblaciones—incluyendo las mas vulnerables—frecuentemente implican la colaboracion con un sistema economico, industrial y tecnologico que es complice del problema que se intenta resolver. En mi lectura, Huracanada es una invitacion a transformar el paradigma del desarrollismo tecnologico-industrial que domina globalmente, y a sustituirlo por modelos sostenibles de subsistencia y comunidad.
Excess membrane binding of monomeric alpha-, beta-, and gamma-synuclein is invariably associated with inclusion formation and toxicity

α-synuclein (αS) has been well-documented to play a role in human synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). First, the lesions found in PD/DLB brains-Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites-are rich in aggregated αS. Second, genetic evidence links missense mutations and increased αS expression to familial forms of PD/DLB. Third, toxicity and cellular stress can be caused by αS under certain experimental conditions. In contrast, the homologs β-synuclein (βS) and γ-synuclein (γS) are not typically found in Lewy bodies/neurites, have not been clearly linked to brain diseases, and have been largely non-toxic in experimental settings. In αS, the so-called non-amyloid-β component of plaques (NAC) domain, constituting amino acids 61 to 95, has been identified to be critical for aggregation in vitro. This domain is partially absent in βS and only incompletely conserved in γS, which could explain why both homologs do not cause disease. However, αS in vitro aggregation and cellular toxicity have not been firmly linked experimentally, and it has been proposed that excess αS-membrane binding is sufficient to induce neurotoxicity. Indeed, recent characterizations of Lewy bodies have highlighted the accumulation of lipids and membranous organelles, raising the possibility that βS and γS could also become neurotoxic if they were more prone to membrane/lipid binding. Here, we increased βS and γS membrane affinity by strategic point mutations and demonstrate that these proteins behave like membrane-associated monomers, are cytotoxic, and form round cytoplasmic inclusions that can be prevented by inhibiting stearoyl-CoA desaturase.
Quantification of pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes in backyard and commercial composts

Compost is widely used for gardening. Growers can choose to buy compost from markets or make compost at home. Potential exposure of users to pathogens through composting includes ingesting foodborne pathogens and inhaling airborne pathogens. This study compared the abundances of the genetic markers of five opportunistic foodborne and airborne pathogens in the backyard and commercial composts, as well as an immature swine mortality compost. We found that ttrC of Salmonella enterica and ftsZ of Escherichia coli were absent from all ready-to-use compost samples. In contrast, the genes of airborne pathogens such as groEL2 of Mycobacterium spp., mip of Legionella pneumophila, and gyrB of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were detected in the backyard and commercial composts. The groEL2 gene of Mycobacterium spp. was detected in all samples, including the control soil. The abundance of gyrB of P. aeruginosa was high in the two backyard composts, and it was higher than those in any other compost samples. The relative abundances of ARGs were significantly lower in backyard composts than commercial composts. We found that ftsZ of E. coli co-existed with multiple single-drug resistant ARGs in the immature swine mortality compost. We also found that mip of L. pneumophila and gyrB of P. aeruginosa co-existed with aminoglycoside resistance genes. Our findings suggest that inhaling airborne pathogens may carry more risk than ingesting foodborne pathogens when applying composts.
The Poor as a Suspect Class Under the Equal Protection Clause: An Open Constitutional Question

Both judges and legal scholars assert that the United States Supreme Court has held that the poor are neither a quasi-suspect nor a suspect class under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. They further assert that this issue was decided by the Supreme Court in San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 1 (1973).It is the thesis of this article that the Supreme Court has not yet decided whether the poor are a quasi-suspect or a suspect class under Equal Protection. In fact, the majority in San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriquez found that the case involved no discrete discrimination against the poor. Whether the poor should constitute a quasi-suspect or suspect class under Equal Protection remains an open constitutional question.
The bacteriology of sweet-curd brick cheese

Summary The bacterial flora in brick cheese made from pasteurized milk by a "sweet-curd" process has been described. S. lactis- type organisms from the starter grew rapidly and reached numbers of 1 to 2 billion per gram. Within 1 or 2 wk., however, the counts of viable organisms dropped to a few million or less per gram. The predominant organisms in the cheese during ripening were micrococci and/or enterococci, but, because of their relatively small numbers, it is believed that they had little to do with the ripening changes. Thus, it has been shown that brick cheese of excellent quality can be made in the usual period of 6 to 8 wk. without the action of large numbers of viable bacteria within the cheese during the ripening period. The organisms in the commercial starter culture used in the University of Wisconsin dairy did not readily form colonies in carrot-liver agar or in any of the other solid media tried, although they grew normally in milk and in cheese. The starter organisms from commercial factories, however, consistently gave colony counts in carrot-liver agar comparable to the corresponding direct microscopic clump counts. The reasons for the deficiency of the agar media for the U.W. starter organisms are not known. Two agar media containing sodium azide and supposedly selective for enterococci were tried for colony counts of these organisms, but both were inhibitory. As formulated, the efficacy of these media for quantitative estimation of enterococci is questioned.
Delayed,in vivo hepatic post-mortem autolysis

After death cells appear in the sinusoids of rat liver which have round or oval, prominent darkly-stained nuclei and scanty cytoplasm. On the basis of their structure, their simultaneous appearance throughout the liver, their ability to take up carbon particles and their appearance in the postmortem liver despite antemortem venous occlusion or splenectomy, these cells have been identified as reticulo-endothelial cells of the sinusoidal lining of the liver that have undergone pycnotic changes after death.
Improved simulation of the terrestrial hydrological cycle in permafrost regions by the Community Land Model

[1] Plausible predictions of future climate require realistic representations of past and current climate. Simulations of the distribution of permafrost in the 21st century made with the Community Climate System Model (CCSM4) indicate that substantial decreases in permafrost extent can be expected, especially under high emissions scenarios. One of the implications of permafrost loss is the potential release of carbon from newly thawed soils into the atmosphere, thus raising its concentration of greenhouse gases and amplifying the initial warming trend. However, the biogeochemical cycle simulated by CCSM4 presents significant biases in carbon fluxes such as gross primary production, net primary production, and vegetation carbon storage in permafrost regions. The biases in the carbon cycle simulated \by CCSM4 are in part due to excessively dry soils in permafrost regions. In this study, we show that the CCSM4 dry soil bias results from the model's formulation of soil hydraulic permeability when soil ice is present. The calculation of the hydraulic properties of frozen soils is first modified by replacing their dependence on total water content with liquid water content only. Then an ice impedance function having a power-law form is incorporated. When the parameterization of the hydraulic properties of frozen soil is corrected, the model simulates significantly higher moisture contents in near-surface soils in permafrost regions, especially during spring. This result is validated qualitatively by comparing soil moisture profiles to descriptions based on field studies, and quantitatively by comparing simulated hydrographs of two large Siberian rivers to observed hydrographs. After the dry soil bias is reduced, the vegetation productivity simulated by the model is improved, which is manifested in leaf area indices that at some locations are twice as large as in the original model.
Conservation Reserve Program Boosts Outdoor Recreation in Rural Communities

By improving wildlife habitat and air and water quality, CRP has significantly increased the number and variety of wildlife, attracting bird watchers, hunters, anglers, and other outdoor recreation enthusiasts, who then spend money in rural areas. In 2004, ERS research confirmed that the CRP’s environmental benefits can substantially increase recreational expenditures in rural counties.
Steps towards a closed-loop artificial pancreas

A closed-loop artificial pancreas has been the “Holy Grail” of efforts to improve the medical care and lifestyle of individuals with type 1 diabetes. In this talk we provide an overview of research activities related to an artificial pancreas, beginning with a history of glucose sensing technologies, insulin delivery systems, and algorithms to connect sensor signals and insulin delivery rates. Current challenges include sensor calibration errors and signal artifacts, insulin infusion set failure, uncertain meal glucose dynamics, exercise effects, and insulin-glucose sensitivity variability.
Effect of berberine on myoelectric activity and transit of the small intestine in rats.

Abstract The motility of the small intestine in unanesthetized rats receiving berberine sulfate (0.2, 2.0, and 20.0 mg/kg i.p.) was investigated. Motility was determined by two methods: myoelectric activity was monitored with indwelling bipolar electrodes, and intestinal transit was measured by the movement of radiochromium (Na 51 CrO 4 ). The 20.0-mg/kg dose caused a marked inhibition of spike activity for 21.8 ± 7.0 min and disrupted activity fronts of the migrating myoelectric complex for 212.3 min. Berberine, 2.0 mg/kg i.p., disrupted migrating myoelectric complexes for 64.6 min but spike inhibition was not observed. Transit of the small intestine was significantly (p
Investigations of yeast L-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome b2). V. Circular dichroism of the flavin mononucleotide-free apoenzyme.

Abstract An apoenzyme, free of flavin mononucleotide, can be prepared by several different methods from cytochrome b2, l(+)-lactate-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.2.3) of bakers' yeast. This material shows a complex circular dichroism (CD) spectrum which is strongly dependent on the oxidation state of the heme group. The numerous CD extrema in the region of absorption by the heme group result from interactions of the normally optically inactive protoheme with the protein environment. The CD spectrum below 250 mµ, which is of the type usually ascribed to the α-helical structure, is completely independent of the oxidation state of the heme group. Freshly prepared apoenzyme, on treatment with excess FMN and l-lactate, recovers about 80% of the original enzymic activity and has a CD spectrum very nearly identical with that of the original enzyme. FMN has no effect on the CD extrema below 250 mµ. Aging of the apoenzyme leads to denatured material with impaired ability to yield active enzyme on treatment with FMN and l-lactate. Even completely inactive material has an essentially unchanged CD spectrum above 250 mµ but a significantly altered one below this wave length. It has been found that both inactivated enzyme and inactivated apoenzyme can be partially reactivated by treatment with p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate followed by mercaptoethanol. If partially reactivated apoenzyme is treated with FMN and l-lactate, the resultant material has a CD spectrum above 250 mµ which approaches fairly closely to that of the native enzyme, while the spectrum below 250 mµ remains unaffected by the reactivation. The various observations reported in this and in previous papers suggest that a direct heme-FMN interaction is responsible for the catalytic and optical properties of cytochrome b2.
Antibody type specificity to trachoma in eye secretions of saudi arab children.

Abstract The presence of trachoma antibody in eye secretions of Saudi Arab children appears to be a direct response to the infecting organism. In 35 of 36 cases, the trachoma antibody type found in eye secretions was identical to the strain type isolated concurrently. Strain types were identified by use of donkey hyperimmune sera prepared against types 1, 1b, and 2. The specificity of the sera was enhanced by absorption with trachoma antigens of heterologous type. Similarly, antibody types were determined by absorbing samples of eye secretions with types 1, 1b, and 2. Complete absorption of trachoma antibody activity was achieved only by the antigen type homologous to the patient's own strain. In one instance, antibody could not be typed. No change in antibody or strain type was seen in four children examined twice during a 3- to 6-month period. Typing of trachoma antibody from eye secretions has potential as an immunological and epidemiological tool.
Ultrastructure of Lampropedia hyalina

Abstract Pangborn, Jack (University of California, Davis), and Mortimer P. Starr. Ultrastructure of Lampropedia hyalina. J. Bacteriol. 91:2025–2030. 1966.—In an effort to learn more about the structural bases for the sheeting format of Lampropedia hyalina, ultrathin sections were cut which were precisely oriented either parallel to or perpendicular to the plane of growth; these were examined by electron microscopy. Lampropedia cells show cytological features typical of gram-negative bacteria. In addition, three uniquely structured layers are found exterior to the cell walls. Details are presented regarding the fine structures and geometric relationships of these layers; their probable origins and involvements in the characteristic cellular juxtaposition are discussed.
Pleural effusion associated with viral hepatitis.

An 18-year-old girl presented with icterus and pleural effusion. She had shared an unsterilized needle with a friend who later developed hepatitis. No other infectious agent, food, or drug was implicated. Evaluation for her pleural effusion revealed no evidence of pulmonary parenchymal disease, tuberculosis, or other systemic disorder. This case represents the rare association of pleural effusion with viral hepatitis.
Alkenes from Tosylhydrazones

In 1952, Bamford and Stevens observed that tosylhydrazones of aliphatic ketones yielded alkenes when treated with the sodium salt of ethylene glycol in boiling ethylene glycol. In addition to the alkene, molecular nitrogen, and p-toluenesulfinate anion were produced. This chapter reviews such syntheses of alkenes from tosylhydrazones and the formation of cyclopropanes and acetylenes from tosylhydrazones because the several reactions involved are so closely interrelated. The four major reaction types are reviewed here: (1) base-induced decomposition of tosylhydrazones in protic solvents and (2) in aprotic solvents (3) reactions of tosylhydrazones with alkyllithium reagents and (4) fragmentation reactions of alpha, beta-epoxytosylhydrazones and analogous systems. Reactions 1 and 2 are called the protic and aprotic Bamford-Stevens reaction. Keywords: Bramford-Stevens reaction; tosylhydazones; alkyllithium reagents; protic reaction; aprotic reaction; fragmentation reactions; allenes; alkynes; cyclopropenes; alkanes; experimental procedures
Dolichol in Human Brain: Regional and Developmental Aspects

: Distinct regional differences in dolichol content were defined in human brain from 15 to 76 years of age. Concerning the regional distribution of dolichol, levels were: (1) higher in cortical gray matter than in subcortical white matter, (2) highest among cortical regions in temporal gray matter, (3) highest among all brain regions in thalamus, and (4) lowest among all brain regions in lower brain stem and spinal cord. The developmental changes in the contents of dolichol were found to be different among brain regions. For example, among regions with the highest levels of dolichol, in thalamus there was a six to sevenfold increase, but in parietal gray matter, only a 2.5-fold increase. Regional and developmental changes in the proportions of the individual molecular species (isoprenologues) of dolichol were also observed. The findings indicate that the metabolism of dolichol is not uniform among regions of developing and aging human brain and may have implications for the role of dolichol in normal and diseased human brain.
ECONOMIC ISSUES IN FORMULATING POLICY FOR EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MITIGATION

This paper analyzes three issues in the economics of earthquake hazard mitigation policy. First, the economic rationale for the public role in mitigation policy is advanced. Second, an efficient level of mitigation is specified. And third, the deficiencies of current measures of losses are examined. Proper measures of losses are identified and the need for a regional economic model is developed. Unless losses can be properly measured it will be impossible to develop an efficient mitigation program for earthquake hazards.
High-resolution photoemission study of acetylene adsorption and reaction with the Si(100)-2×1 surface

The adsorption and reaction of acetylene with the $\mathrm{Si}(100)\ensuremath{-}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1$ surface has been studied using high-resolution photoemission by monitoring the $\mathrm{Si}2p, \mathrm{C}1s,$ and valence-band (VB) spectra as a function of both acetylene coverage and post-adsorption annealing temperature. After the clean Si(100) surface is exposed to 0.5 monolayer (ML) acetylene, the surface state in the VB is absent. Meanwhile, the curve-fitting results show that there is only one interface component in the $\mathrm{Si}2p$ core level. These results indicate that the asymmetric Si dimers may become symmetric dimers after acetylene adsorption, which can be explained well by the tetra-\ensuremath{\sigma} model determined from our previous photoelectron holographic results. Significant changes in the electronic structure $(\mathrm{Si}2p, \mathrm{C}1s,$ and VB) are found after subsequent annealing of the saturation overlayer. Annealing at lower temperature can induce some acetylene molecule desorption while most of the molecules decompose into ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{x} (x=1,0)$ and H species. After annealing above 660 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, both of the reacted components of the $\mathrm{Si}2p$ and $\mathrm{C}1s$ lines show that the SiC species form clusterlike features. At the same time, the VB and $\mathrm{Si}2p$ spectra indicate a restoration of a $\mathrm{Si}(100)\ensuremath{-}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1$ structure, and the asymmetric Si dimers reappear on the surface.
Persistent electrocardiographic abnormalities experimentally induced by stimulation of the brain.

Abstract Persistent abnormalities in the electrocardiogram have been induced by stimulation of the ventral hippocampus and the medial nuclei of the amygdala. Most frequently seen were inversion and increased amplitude of the T wave, deviation of the S-T segment, and prolongation of the Q-T interval. These changes were transient during the first period of stimulation but became persistent after subsequent stimulation. Transection of the cervical spinal cord caused the disappearance of these abnormalities and a return of the electrocardiogram to its prestimulation state.
Consolidation of Metal Oxide Nanocrystals. Reactive Pellets with Controllable Pore Structure That Represent a New Family of Porous, Inorganic Materials

Nanocrystals of MgO (4 nm) exist as polyhedral structures with high surface concentrations of edge/corner sites. In powder form the crystallites weakly agglomerate into porous weblike structures of approximately 1400 nm according to small-angle X-ray scattering. Upon consolidation of these fine powders under pressure, pellets can be readily prepared that maintain their high surface areas, and small crystallite sizes. In addition, large pore volumes and pore size openings can be controllably decreased with pelletization pressure increase. The pellets retain their voracious adsorbent affinities and capacities for a wide variety of organic molecules and acid gases. Quantitative measurements on the adsorption of a series of alcohols vs pelletization pressure reveal a pattern of molecular size selectivity.
Use of invariants in bounding 2-fermion reduced density matrix eigenvalues

The known bounds on the eigenvalues of 2-Fermion reduced density matrices may be improved by considering unitarily invariant properties of the associated natural geminals and of the system 1-Fermion reduced density matrix. The polynomial invariants are particularly important, since they may be introduced systematically according to the degree of the polynomials.
IgG subclass distribution of thyroglobulin antibodies in patients with thyroid disease

The IgG subclass distribution of thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) has been studied in Hashimoto and Graves' patients by several investigators with conflicting results, in part explainable by methodological problems. We have recently developed a quantitative ELISA to measure in absolute terms the serum concentration of TgAb subclasses. The aim of the present study was to apply this method in a large series of patients with autoimmune as well as, for the first time, non-autoimmune thyroid diseases. We examined 28 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 30 with Graves' disease, 21 with thyroid carcinoma and 18 with non-toxic goitre, all selected for the presence of TgAbs. The results indicated that TgAbs in thyroid diseases were not restricted to any particular isotype, but comprised all four IgG subclasses. IgG1 was represented similarly in the four groups. The same was true for IgG3, even though its contribution to the total antibody content was very small. IgG4 was the dominant subclass in patients with Graves' disease, thyroid carcinoma and non-toxic goitre, probably reflecting a prolonged antigenic challenge. In Hashimoto's thyroiditis IgG2 was dominant, possibly because T helper lymphocytes infiltrating the thyroid are typically Th1 type.
Identification of Direct Serum-response Factor Gene Targets during Me2SO-induced P19 Cardiac Cell Differentiation

Serum-response factor (SRF) is an obligatory transcription factor, required for the formation of vertebrate mesoderm leading to the origin of the cardiovascular system. Protein A-TEV-tagged chromatin immunoprecipitation technology was used to collect direct SRF-bound gene targets from pluripotent P19 cells, induced by Me2SO treatment into an enriched cardiac cell population. From 242 sequenced DNA fragments, we identified 188 genomic DNA fragments as potential direct SRF targets that contain CArG boxes and CArG-like boxes. Of the 92 contiguous genes that were identified, a subgroup of 43 SRF targets was then further validated by co-transfection assays with SRF. Expression patterns of representative candidate genes were compared with the LacZ reporter expression activity of the endogenous SRF gene. According to the Unigene data base, 84% of the SRF target candidates were expressed, at least, in the heart. In SRF null embryonic stem cells, 81% of these SRF target candidates were greatly affected by the absence of SRF. Among these SRF-regulated genes, Raf1, Map4k4, and Bicc1 have essential roles in mesoderm formation. The 12 regulated SRF target genes, Mapk10 (JNK3), Txnl2, Azi2, Tera, Sema3a, Lrp4, Actc1, Myl3, Hspg2, Pgm2, Hif3a, and Asb5, have been implicated in cardiovascular formation, and the Ski and Hes6 genes have roles in muscle differentiation. SRF target genes related to cell mitosis and cycle, E2f5, Npm1, Cenpb, Rbbp6, and Scyl1, expressed in the heart tissue were differentially regulated in SRF null ES cells.
A method for calculating the exact angle required during pedicle subtraction osteotomy for fixed sagittal deformity: comparison with the trigonometric method.

OBJECTIVE: Pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) has emerged as a powerful procedure for correcting fixed sagittal deformity. There has only been one attempt to quantify the magnitude of correction needed to restore sagittal balance; the trigonometric method for calculating the desired PSO angle is an approximation. We propose a method for calculating the exact angle required for PSO and explore how this angle differs from that obtained via the trigonometric method in illustrative cases. METHODS: We conducted a mathematical analysis of the spine with application in illustrative cases. The trigonometric method calculates the necessary angular correction at the axial level of the PSO, but along the sacral vertical line. However, the angular measurement should take place at the true axis of rotation, the apex of the PSO. Measurements were taken from full-length standing x-rays, and both methods were explored. RESULTS: The trigonometric method for calculating PSO angle is an exact measurement only if the apex of the PSO site lies on the sacral vertical line. As the apex of the PSO site moves anterior to that line, the trigonometric approximation underestimates the actual angle. As the apex of the PSO moves posterior to that line, the trigonometric approximation overestimates the actual angle. CONCLUSION: The trigonometric method for calculating the PSO angle required for surgical deformity correction is an approximation, but its validity in clinical practice was confirmed by this study. The exact angle is obtained by a method centered on the apex of the PSO site. Although the difference between these angles is small, it is an important conceptual point for spine surgeons. Measurement of the exact angle is easily performed and should replace the trigonometric method for calculating the required PSO angle when standard digital measurement tools are available.
Lipid Composition and the Lateral Pressure Profile in Bilayers

The mechanisms by which variations in the lipid composition of cell membranes influence the function of membrane proteins are not yet well understood. In recent work, a nonlocal thermodynamic mechanism was suggested in which changes in lipid composition cause a redistribution of lateral pressures that in turn modulates protein conformational (or aggregation) equilibria. In the present study, results of statistical thermodynamic calculations of the equilibrium pressure profile and bilayer thickness are reported for a range of lipids and lipid mixtures. Large redistributions of lateral pressure are predicted to accompany variation in chain length, degree and position of chain unsaturation, head group repulsion, and incorporation of cholesterol and interfacially active solutes. Combinations of compositional changes are found that compensate with respect to bilayer thickness, thus eliminating effects of hydrophobic mismatch, while still effecting significant shifts of the pressure profile. It is also predicted that the effect on the pressure profile of addition of short alkanols can be reproduced with certain unnatural lipids. These results suggest possible roles of cholesterol, highly unsaturated fatty acids and small solutes in modulating membrane protein function and suggest unambiguous experimental tests of the pressure profile hypothesis. As a test of the methodology, calculated molecular areas and area elastic moduli are compared with experimental and simulation results.
Physical Triggers of Anxiety in African Americans

Understanding the primary triggers of anxiety for African Americans, and the cultural factors associated with these triggers, can enhance our knowledge of emotional responding in African Americans and can ultimately influence how we assess and treat anxiety disorders in this population. In the current study, we investigated the experience of anxiety for African Americans following physical stressors, with an emphasis on cardiovascular arousal. Specifically, anxious responding, following cardiovascular arousal, other physical stressors, and a control task, was evaluated among African American (n = 23) and European American (n = 23) groups on affective, cognitive, and physiological measures of anxiety. Findings suggest physical stressors in general (as opposed to cardiovascular arousal specifically) may be a prominent trigger of anxiety for African Americans. Discussion centers on the idea that the observed relationship between anxiety and physical stressors for African Americans may stem from a cultural se...
High School to College Transition Policy in the American States: Conceptual and Analytic Perspectives on Conducting Across-State Study

Researchers have paid scant attention to the opportunities and the barriers associated with across-state study of college-transition policies, although the American states comprise a social system ...
Syphilis and infection with the human immunodeficiency virus.

Excerpt The number of persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and developing the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has continued to rise since this entity was first des...
Character Strengths and Religiosity as Predictors of Marital Satisfaction in a Sample of Highly Religious and Divorce-Prone Couples

Some scholars have found a robust relationship between religiosity and marital satisfaction. Yet the state of Arkansas creates a paradox: both religiosity and marital dissolution are very high. What can explain this anomaly? This study drew a random sample of 829 married Arkansans who were surveyed with respect to various qualities of character, their church attendance, and their marital satisfaction. The analyses clearly demonstrated that empathy, commitment, and church attendance are reliable predictors of marital satisfaction. Some implications for relationship educators are clear: Cultivating empathy and encouraging commitment can strengthen relationships. There may also be positive effects of participating in a faith community, although the elements of participation that contribute to marital stability are uncertain.
Channel Optimization for the Design of High Speed I/O links

The continuous increase in microprocessor performance demands an equal order of increase in the bandwidth requirements on the memory and I/O interfaces. Providing the required bandwidth at an acceptable cost is a challenge to the system packaging engineer. This paper discusseshow a passive channel can be optimized in a cost effective way to provide the maximum bandwidth. The paper focuses on the design methodology including modeling the channel, identifying the channel bottle-necks, optimizing around the bottle-necks and verifying the conclusions through simulation. Finally the simulation results are verified through hardware measurements.
The synthesis of system designs. II. Heuristic structuring

The use of heuristic structuring strategies in the development of computer programs for the synthesis of process designs is examined. By the employment of selection weights which are adjusted as experience is gained from past successes and failures, the computer is able to learn the sequence of structuring decisions which leads toward the optimal process design. The computer can develop competence in the synthesis of systems in a limited area of technology.