cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NMDA receptor hypofunction and the thalamus in schizophrenia.

Abstract The thalamus can be subdivided into two kinds of nuclei, the higher order (HO) and the first order (FO) relays, which are distinguished based on the origin of their main or driver inputs. The driver inputs to the HO nuclei arrive from the cortex, and the messages they deliver are then relayed to other cortical areas. As the origin of these inputs is the cortical layer V, whose axons branch and innervate lower motor centers in the CNS, the messages are copies of motor instructions issued to those lower motor centers. These copies are thus an integral part of perceptual processes. In schizophrenia, the HO nuclei are shrunken suggesting that a reduced ability to integrate copies of ongoing motor commands in perceptual processes may be one part of the underlying pathophysiology. The driver inputs in the thalamus utilize ionotropic glutamate receptors such as the NMDAR. NMDAR antagonists may exert their pro-psychotic effects by impairing the function of the HO nuclei. Here, we argue that such agents (or the proposed NMDAR hypofunction in schizophrenia) weaken the driver inputs in the HO nuclei, thereby producing a cortico–thalamo–cortical disconnection and impairing sensorimotor integration.
Coastal wetland insect communities along a trophic gradient in Green Bay, Lake Michigan

Insects of Great Lakes coastal wetlands have received little attention in spite of their importance in food webs and sensitivity to anthropogenic stressors. We characterized insect communities from four coastal wetlands that spanned the length of a trophic gradient in Green Bay during spring and summer of 1995. We sampled flying insects using sticky traps in dense emergent, sparse emergent, and open water—submergent vegetation zones within each wetland and estimated numerical abundance, biomass (mg dry weight) and taxonomic composition. We found that insect abundance and biomass were distributed differently among vegetation zones within wetlands along the gradient during both spring and summer. Insect abundance was highest at oligotrophic Portage Marsh during spring and lowest in wetlands toward the lower (southern), eutrophic end of the bay. Biomass did not differ consistently along the trophic gradient but increased with increasing emergent vegetation cover in 3 of 4 wetlands during both seasons. Ordination revealed distinct gradients in community structure on both regional (i.e., upper, middle, and lower Green Bay) and local (vegetation zones within wetlands) scales. Wetlands sorted in order of trophic status during both seasons, primarily due to abundant small Chironomidae, such as trophic-sensitiveHeterotrissocladius changi, in middle and upper bay wetlands. Chironomidae also were a dominant component of open water-submergent assemblages in all wetlands. Lower bay wetlands were characterized by fewer but larger Chironomidae (e.g.,Chironomus spp.), as well as Ceratopogonidac, Calliphoridae, and Ephydridae, which were most abundant in stands of emergent vegetation. Our results suggest that eutrophy in the lower bay may contribute to relatively poor foraging conditions for insectivorous fish and young waterfowl during spring, and they demonstrate the utility of using insect communities to assess environmental degradation, such as excessive nutrient loading, in coastal wetlands of the Great Lakes.
Instability proof for some transonic problems with resonant mode crossings

Proofs of instability are given for two problems in fluid dynamics. These problems are of a transonic nature and the instability results from real eigenvalues which cross and bifurcate into the complex plane. The first problem concerns the stability of linear shear flow in shallow water, and the second problem concerns shear flow in non-Newtonian fluids.
Phase field model of dislocation networks

Abstract In phase field model of dislocations, the short-range, non-linear core–core interactions are characterized through the crystalline energy and the gradient energy. In this article we extend and generalize the approximations of these energies employed in previous phase field models to account for dislocation reactions leading to network formation. In order to characterize dislocation activities involving all slip planes, we suggest the crystalline energy to be a function of a general plastic strain tensor produced by arbitrary linear combinations of simple shears associated with each slip system. For the four {111} slip planes in an fcc crystal, a particular form of such a crystalline energy is formulated by simple linear superposition of the interplanar potential of each individual slip plane. A more detail and general form of the gradient energy is derived from the consideration of the total Burgers vector dependence of dislocation line energy. Examples of applications are presented for interactions between two dislocation loops expanding on either a single slip plane or two intersecting slip planes, as well as for more complex reactions taking place in dislocation networks. It is shown that the generalized expressions are able to handle self-consistently reactions among dislocations of all slip systems in accord with Frank’s rule. These extensions are necessary steps toward advanced applications of the phase field method to dislocation substructure formation and coarsening.
Immunocytochemical, electrophoresis, and immunoblot analysis of Heliothis virescens gap junctions isolated in the presence and absence of protease inhibitors.

Gap junction-enriched fractions were prepared from larvae of the tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens using the NaOH procedure in the presence or absence of protease inhibitors and were analyzed by SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting and EM immunocytochemistry. Protease inhibitor fractions contained a 48-kDa protein in addition to the ∼10 proteins in fractions with and without inhibitors. Three polyclonal antibodies were used as probes for gap junction plaques and proteins: R16, against an ∼40-kDa candidate gap junction protein from Drosophila melanogaster; R17, against the 40-kDa candidate gap junction protein from H. virescens; and R18AP, an affinity purified antibody against a consensus sequence of N-terminal amino acids 2–21 of the H. virescens 40-kDa protein. R16, R17, and R18AP stain the 40- and 48-kDa proteins, R16 and R18AP stain a 64-kDa protein, and R16 stains an ∼30-kDa protein in the absence of inhibitors. Inclusion of protease inhibitors had no effect on gap junction ultrastructure. R16 and R17 label gap junction plaques in crude membrane and NaOH fractions, whereas R18AP exhibits only a low level of reactivity with gap junctions in crude membrane fractions and none with gap junctions in NaOH fractions. The results show that the 30-, 40-, 48- and 64-kDa proteins are immunologically related and are associated with gap junctions in H. virescens, the N-terminus of the 40-kDa protein is relatively inaccessible or easily lost, and the 48-kDa protein is protease-sensitive.
Intention to treat survival following liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma within a donor service area

Background. This study aimed to assess the impact of wait times on patient survival following liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a single donor service area. Patients and methods. Patients listed in the New England Organ Bank (NEOB) from 1996 to 2005 for liver transplantation with a diagnosis of HCC were identified from the United Network for Organ Sharing database. The following data were extracted: date of listing, date removed from the wait list, indication for wait list removal, patient death and date of last known follow-up. Kaplan-Meier survival estimates were calculated from the time of listing for transplant (intention to treat liver transplant survival, ITT OLT) and compared to those calculated from the date of transplant (liver transplant, OLT). Results. There were 63 new registrations to the transplant list during the study period. Sixty-one patients were removed from the waiting list: transplanted 41 (65%), death seven (11%), candidate condition deteriorated/too sick to transplant eight (13%), medically unsuitable one (2%), other one (2%), transferred to another center two (3%), and transplanted at another center one (2%). Three-year survival following liver transplantation for primary liver cancer was 85%. When the results were analyzed using an intention to treat analysis there was a 10–20% decrease in survival rate at every time point due to wait list drop-out. Conclusion. Wait list drop-out adversely affects liver transplant survival in transplant centers served by the NEOB. These data should be considered when recommending transplant versus resection as first line therapy for stage I or II HCC in our region.
Behavioral Manifestations of Central Pontine Myelinolysis

• A young woman with a clinical history and magnetic resonance imaging scan consistent with central pontine myelinolysis came to medical attention because of prominent behavioral symptoms. Marked clinical recovery occurred despite persistent radiologic abnormalities. Rapid correction of hyponatremia was probably related to the development of the central pontine myelinolysis. A normal computed tomographic scan and the absence of brain-stem signs delayed accurate diagnosis.
Informed consent: good medicine, dangerous side effects.

Informed consent has passed through three stages. The first paternalistic stage lasted for many centuries: The doctor's diagnosis and healing arts were kept secret, and informing patients was regarded as professionally and ethically wrong. Second came the legal stage, when the right of patients to make informed decisions concerning their own treatment was imposed by the courts and reluctantly tolerated by medical professionals. The third informed consent stage emerged more recently: the general therapy stage. The therapeutic benefits of informed consent have been well established, and informed consent is widely recognized as an important element in sound medical practice. When patients are effectively informed and can exert knowledgeable control over their own treatment decisions and therapy processes, that enhances recovery, strengthens the immune system, promotes better pain tolerance, prevents depression, and encourages patient cooperation and fortitude in treatment, rehabilitation, and preventative procedures. As the medical community has absorbed greater knowledge of this research, informed consent has been recognized as both ethically essential and therapeutically sound: the hallmark of the current general therapy stage of informed consent.
What If We Took Our Models Seriously? Estimating Latent Scores in Individuals

Researchers often argue that the structural models of the constructs they study are relevant to clinicians. Unfortunately, few clinicians are able to translate the mathematically precise relationsh...
Primate copulation calls and postcopulatory female choice

Females in some species of Old World monkeys and apes vocalize after copulation, but the function of these vocalizations is not clear. In this article, we examine the hypothesis that copulation calls are a form of postcopulatory female choice. According to this hypothesis, copulation calls are honest signals of fertility (i.e., ovulation) that are used by females to encourage mate guarding by their preferred mating partners and reduce the likelihood of sperm competition. Evidence in favor of this hypothesis is reviewed and discussed in relation to other hypotheses. We suggest that the evolution of female copulation calls in primates is linked to the evolution of other female mating signals such as exaggerated sexual swellings, the potential for sperm competition, and the opportunity for precopulatory female mate choice. Key words: copulation calls, female choice, mating, primates, sexual selection, sperm competition. [Behav Ecol] I n this article we examine the hypothesis that female copulation calls in Old World monkeys and apes are a form of postcopulatory female choice, the function of which is to encourage postcopulatory mate guarding by preferred males and minimize the probability of sperm competition by nonpreferred males. We introduce the article by describing the two main forms of postcopulatory sexual selection, sperm competition and postcopulatory female choice, and discussing primate sexual swellings and female copulation calls as possible examples of sexually selected signals. In the following section, we review previous hypotheses advanced to explain the function of female copulation calls and briefly discuss the evidence in favor of and against these hypotheses. We then articulate the hypothesis that copulation calls reflect postcopulatory female choice, highlight the differences between this and the other hypotheses, review the evidence consistent with this hypothesis, and develop testable predictions. In the last section of the article, we discuss the distribution of female copulation calls across different primate species in relation to their mating system, the co-occurrence of sexual swellings, and the potential for sperm competition and postcopulatory female choice. The hypothesis that female copulation calls reflect postcopulatory female choice can be further tested with empirical data concerning the behavioral responses that these vocalizations elicit in other individuals as well as with the comparative method.
Micropapillary variant of urothelial carcinoma in the upper urinary tract: a clinicopathologic study of 11 cases.

Abstract Context.—Micropapillary urothelial carcinoma (MPUC) is a rare variant of urothelial carcinoma. Most studies of MPUC have focused on the urinary bladder, but MPUC of the upper urinary tract remains to be investigated. Objective.—To investigate the pathologic features and clinical significance of MPUC in the upper urinary tract. Design.—We searched the pathology files at our institution and identified 11 cases of MPUC of the upper urinary tract. The histology slides were reviewed, and the clinical information was obtained by review of medical charts. Results.—The average age of the patients was 64.2 years (range, 22–76 years). The tumors were located in the renal pelvis (n = 5), ureter (n = 4), and ureteropelvic junction (n = 2). In all cases, MPUC accounted for an average of 45% (range, 10%–80%) of the tumor and was associated with conventional urothelial carcinoma. Lymphovascular invasion was present in all cases, and metastasis to lymph node was present in 4 of 5 patients whose lymph nodes were ...
Patrol officer supervision in the community policing era

Abstract Scholars have speculated that in an era of community policing, the role of first-line patrol supervisors has changed. Given this change, can patrol supervisors effectively influence their officers' behavior? This question is addressed by examining data collected for the Project on Policing Neighborhoods (POPN), a systematic observational study of patrol officers and first-line supervisors in two metropolitan police departments in 1996–1997. Using four distinct supervisory styles created through factor analysis of attitudinal constructs identified in the management and policing literatures, the influence of different supervisory styles over the time officers spend per shift conducting particular types of activities and encounters is assessed. Findings from multivariate analyses show that officers with “active” supervisors spent significantly more time per shift engaging in self-initiated and community-policing/problem-solving activities, while officers with “innovative” supervisors spent significantly more time engaging in administrative tasks. Implications for policy and future research are explored.
Impact of Hydrostatic Pressure on an Intrinsically Disordered Protein: A High-Pressure NMR Study of α-Synuclein

The impact of pressure on the backbone (15) N, (1) H and (13) C chemical shifts in N-terminally acetylated α-synuclein has been evaluated over a pressure range 1-2500 bar. Even while the chemical shifts fall very close to random coil values, as expected for an intrinsically disordered protein, substantial deviations in the pressure dependence of the chemical shifts are seen relative to those in short model peptides. In particular, the nonlinear pressure response of the (1) H(N) chemical shifts, which commonly is associated with the presence of low-lying "excited states", is much larger in α-synuclein than in model peptides. The linear pressure response of (1) H(N) chemical shift, commonly linked to H-bond length change, correlates well with those in short model peptides, and is found to be anticorrelated with its temperature dependence. The pressure dependence of (13) C chemical shifts shows remarkably large variations, even when accounting for residue type, and do not point to a clear shift in population between different regions of the Ramachandran map. However, a nearly universal decrease in (3) JHN-Hα by 0.22 ± 0.05 Hz suggests a slight increase in population of the polyproline II region at 2500 bar. The first six residues of N-terminally acetylated synuclein show a transient of approximately 15% population of α-helix, which slightly diminishes at 2500 bar. The backbone dynamics of the protein is not visibly affected beyond the effect of slight increase in water viscosity at 2500 bar.
Therapeutic sialendoscopy for the management of radioiodine sialadenitis.

Objective To describe our experience with therapeutic sialendoscopy for radioiodine (iodine 131 [ 131 I]) sialadenitis. Design Retrospective medical chart review. Setting Academic tertiary referral center. Patients The study included 11 patients who underwent therapeutic sialendoscopy for the treatment of 131 I sialadenitis after failing medical management. Interventions Therapeutic sialendoscopy with dilation and irrigation of the ductal system was performed in all patients. Main Outcome Measures Patient-reported frequency and severity of symptoms. Results Our series included 9 women and 2 men (mean age, 51 years; age range, 35-65 years). A total of 23 parotid glands and 5 submandibular glands were treated. Sialendoscopy was possible in all patients, except one in whom the Stensen duct could not be cannulated. Typical endoscopic findings included pale ductal mucosa, thick mucous plugs, ductal debris, and stenosis of the duct. Most patients (91%) reported improvement of symptoms after a single procedure. Complete resolution of symptoms, with sustained benefit, was reported by 6 patients (54%) at a mean follow-up of 18 months. Partial improvement of symptoms, with some persistent intermittent episodes of pain or swelling, was reported by 4 patients (36%). One patient reported no subjective symptomatic improvement after 2 procedures and subsequently underwent a parotidectomy. Conclusions Sialendoscopy is useful for the improvement of symptoms due to radioiodine-induced sialadenitis in patients who are refractory to conservative medical therapy. Therapeutic sialendoscopy appears to provide effective and sustained symptom improvement in most patients in our experience.
L'impact économique de la consommation de tabac en Afrique

The economic contributions from tobacco cultivation and sales of products are often noted - jobs and incomes for farmers and employees, tax revenues for governments and enormous profits for cigarette companies, and for some countries, foreign exchange from net exports and foreign investment These are of course important. But set against these economic gains, there are also large economic losses that are less visible and less talked about, but also need to be counted. Many of these economic losses arise from the adverse health effects of tobacco use, but there are others too that affect a much wider group of citizens, and in particular, may exacerbate poverty among smokers and their families. This paper looks at the economic impact of tobacco use from the perspective of families, and at national level, for developing countries, providing a framework for considering the specific situations in Francophone African countries. Set against the economic benefits from tobacco, there are substantial economic costs. Annual health care costs are higher for smokers, and the burden of these costs falls on families, the public purse and employers/insurers. Earnings and productivity losses because of tobacco-related illness and premature death can be huge, and are borne by employers and employees. Illness is a major precipitating cause of poverty. Lit cigarettes cause thousands of fires and lost lives. Environmental damage to the soil from tobacco growing, pesticides and fertilizer, and deforestation resulting from firewood use to cure tobacco, can impose high economic losses. And there is the insidious, often overlooked cost of harm to the well-being of poor families whose scarce resources are used for cigarettes and other tobacco products instead of food and other necessities. We conclude that reducing tobacco use is good for health, good economics, and good for development
Electron Transport and Ion Acceleration in a Low-Power Cylindrical Hall Thruster

Conventional annular Hall thrusters become inefficient when scaled to low power. Cylindrical Hall thrusters, which have lower surface-to-volume ratio, are therefore more promising for scaling down. They presently exhibit performance comparable with conventional annular Hall thrusters. Electron cross-field transport in a 2.6 cm miniaturized cylindrical Hall thruster (100 W power level) has been studied through the analysis of experimental data and Monte Carlo simulations of electron dynamics in the thruster channel. The numerical model takes into account elastic and inelastic electron collisions with atoms, electron-wall collisions, including secondary electron emission, and Bohm diffusion. We show that in order to explain the observed discharge current, the electron anomalous collision frequency {nu}{sub B} has to be on the order of the Bohm value, {nu}{sub B} {approx} {omega}{sub c}/16. The contribution of electron-wall collisions to cross-field transport is found to be insignificant. The plasma density peak observed at the axis of the 2.6 cm cylindrical Hall thruster is likely to be due to the convergent flux of ions, which are born in the annular part of the channel and accelerated towards the thruster axis.
Image Retrieval Based on User-Specified Features in Multi-Cluster Queries

In a typical image retrieval system, all visual features of query images are used to determine image similarity. Thus, users are left to decide whether or not to include images that not only contain desirable features but also irrelevant ones. Fewer examples or a contaminated set of more could compromise the retrieval effectiveness of most similarity measures. In this paper, we extend our previous approach that allows users define queries by specifying relevant features present in image examples. The extended technique support queries decomposed in multiple clusters, each forming a subquery. Our experimental results have shown a remarkable improvement in retrieval performance
Chronic and Acute Effects of "Crack" Cocaine on Diffusing Capacity, Membrane Diffusion, and Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume in the Lung*

Study objectives: To evaluate possible alterations in the diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) or its components, membrane diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DMCO) and pulmonary capillary blood volume (Vc), in habitual smokers of “crack” cocaine (with or without tobacco) and following the short-term administration of inhaled cocaine base or IV cocaine HCl. Design: Cross-sectional and longitudinal evaluation of DLCO and its components in smokers of cocaine alone, tobacco alone, and cocaine plus tobacco, and in nonsmokers and ex-smokers. Measurement of possible acute effects on DLCO and its components after experimental short-term administration of IV and smoked cocaine. Setting: University and Veterans Affairs hospital research laboratories. Participants: Convenience sample of habitual smokers of crack cocaine with or without tobacco and matched control nonsmokers and ex-smokers, and smokers of tobacco only. Measurements: DLCO ,D MCO, and Vc. Conclusions: Neither habitual cocaine smoking in cross-sectional or longitudinal analysis nor the short-term administration of inhaled alkaloidal cocaine significantly affected DLCO or its component parts. In contrast, a clear cross-sectional effect of regular tobacco smoking was demonstrated. (CHEST 2002; 122:629 – 638) Abbreviations: ANOVA analysis of variance; COHb carboxyhemoglobin; Dlco diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide; Dlco0.2 diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide at 20.9% inspired O2; Dmco membrane diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide; NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; NIDA National Institute on Drug Abuse; Va alveolar volume; Vc pulmonary capillary blood volume
The chemical and physical characteristics of single-walled carbon nanotube film impact on osteoblastic cell response

Carbon-nanotube-based substrates have been shown to support the growth of different cell types and, as such, have raised considerable interest in view of their possible use in biomedical applications. Nanotube matrices are embedded in polymers which cause inherent changes in nanotube chemical and physical film properties. Thus, it is critical to understand how the physical properties of the film affect the biology of the host tissue. Here, we investigated how the physical and chemical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) films impact the response of MC3T3-E1 bone osteoblasts. We found that two fundamental steps in cell growth—initial attachment to the substrate and proliferation—are strongly dependent on, respectively, the energy and roughness of the surface. Thus, fine-tuning the properties of the film may represent a valid strategy to optimize the response of the biological host.
Divergent oviposition behaviors in a desertvsa marsh grasshopper

Abstract Comparing closely related species from disparate habitats can uncover habitat-specific adaptations. We compared 32 environment and oviposition characteristics in two closely related grasshoppers from opposite environments: Romalea microptera from the Florida Everglades wetlands vs Taeniopoda eques from the Chihuahuan Desert. These closely related species can interbreed, but differ in oviposition characteristics. Desert T. eques deposited long, straight, deep pods containing more eggs, and tended to lay within vegetation where they were shaded and hidden from predators. They did not oviposit in the early morning, late afternoon or evening, and males did not mate-guard. In contrast, wetlands-inhabiting R. microptera laid smaller pods closer to the soil surface, and often laid exposed to full sunlight on elevated ground away from water and nearby vegetation, in the morning or even after dark, and were usually mate-guarded. Oviposition phenology also differed, with R. microptera ovipositing in the su...
"My assessment didn't seem real": The Influence of Field Experiences on Preservice Teachers' Agency and Assessment Literacy

To date, there is little or no research that specifically examines assessment literacy in social studies education, or the relationship between preservice teachers assessment literacy and their thinking about their own agency. This article focuses on three preservice social studies teachers who demonstrated a high degree of assessment literacy in their lesson plans, by developing assessments that supported their purpose for teaching social studies and their instructional decisions. The preservice teachers’ thinking about their assessment decisions in their field experience classrooms was examined through artifacts, interviews, and reflections. The preservice teachers’ thinking demonstrated that their assessment literacy was distinct based upon their views of the teaching profession. The findings from this case study highlight the ways that the authoritative discourses of assessment can influence the agency of preservice teachers. The discussion of findings highlights several implications for social studies teacher education.
A New Class of Diuretic-Saluretic Agents, The α, β-Unsaturated Ketone Derivatives of Aryloxyacetic Acids

Summary1. The diuretic-saluretic properties of a new series of compounds, the α, β-unsaturated ketone derivatives of aryloxyacetic acids, have been described. 2. These compounds cause a prompt and profound water diuresis and the excretion of nearly equivalent amounts of sodium and chloride when administered parenterally or orally. Some increase in potassium excretion is produced, especially following intravenous administration. 3. These compounds have a steeper dose-response curve and a substantially greater maximal saluretic effect than the thiazides. 4. The magnitude of the diuretic effect is similar to that seen with organomercurials. In distinction to the organomercurials, these compounds have a very rapid onset of action and are effective even in sodium bicarbonate-treated dogs.
SOME CORRELATES OF REACTION TO LOSS OF AUTHORITY FIGURE.

Following the death of President Kennedy an attempt was made to determine whether reactions to this tragic event among college students were related to the symbolic significance of the President and actinides toward an individual's family members. A questionnaire was devised to measure emotional reactions following the assassination. The responses of 178 college students (67 males, 11 1 females) were categorized as "emotional" or "detached". In addition, each S filled out a parental attitude scale, fully described elsewhere (Teahan, 1963), designed to assess S's perception of each parent in terms of over-protective, punitive, and rejecting attitudes. Each S also rated the concepts "father", "mother", "sister", and "brother" on a 4-point "good-bad" and "high-low" continuum. The President was rated in terms of his symbolic significance-parental, sibling, or peer. Sex and political parry were also recorded. Analysis of the data by means of chi-square and t tests revealed the following significant results: ( 1) As might be expected, relatively more females chan males responded emotionally, (2) the proportion of "emotional" male Democrats was greater than that of male Republicans, (3) females who perceived the President as a sibling were more likely to react emotionally chan those who did not, (4) males who perceived the President as a peer were more likely to reacc emotionally than those who did not, (5) males who rared their fathers or brothers as "bad" were more likely to react with detachment, (6) males who rated their fathers or brothers as "bad" were also more likely to rate them as rejecting than those who rated them as "good", (7) among those females who perceived the President as a parental symbol, those who saw their mothers as overprotective were more likely to react with detachment. The results indicated that reactions to loss of a significant authority figure were related to the symbolic significance of that figure and attitudes toward family members.
Best practices in cooperative collection development: A report prepared by the center for research libraries working group on best practices in cooperative collection development

Best practices in cooperative collection development are based on interviews with 18 successful programs, which fall into three categories of cooperative effort: selection of print; electronic acquisition; and access, storage, and preservation. Questions probe opportunities, barriers, best practices, and lessons learned. Findings are collapsed into three areas of analysis: formation and founding; decision making, organization and administration; and funding and infrastructure. The successful cooperatives displayed best practices in four important areas: communication and consultation, goals and focus, flexibility and adaptability, and technological infrastructure.
COLLEGE CURRICULUM CHOICE AND PREFERENCE FOR COMPLEXITY

Rank orders of preference or “liking” for a set of random-shape patterns were obtained from samples of freshman students in four curriculum groupings in a large state university. No differences for preferred levels of complexity were found among the groups. Two possible explanations for this finding are discussed.
Van Allen Probes Low Cost Mission Operations Concept and Lessons Learned

Following a successful 60-day commissioning period, NASA’s Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) mission, was renamed Van Allen Probes in honor of the discoverer of Earth’s radiation belts – James Van Allen. The Johns Hopkins University’s Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) executed the mission and is currently operating the twin spacecraft in their primary mission. Improving on the cost-savings concepts employed by prior APL projects, the Van Allen Probes mission operations was designed from the start for low-cost, highly-automated mission operations. This concept is realized with automated initial planning and contact scheduling, unattended real-time operations, and spacecraft performance assessment from the review of data products that have been automatically generated. This low-cost approach can be accomplished because of a simple spacecraft design and de-coupled spacecraft and instrument operations. This paper will present the Van Allen Probes mission operations concept focusing on the components that keep the cost of operations low and pointing out lessons learned that can be applied to future programs.
Ethinyl estradiol cholestasis involves alterations in expression of liver sinusoidal transporters

The mechanisms involved in ethinyl estradiol-induced cholestasis are controversial. Basal bile flow was reduced by ethinyl estradiol administration, with a half time (t1/2) of 12.5 +/- 0.6 h. In co...
Vehicle-wet snow interaction: Testing, modeling and validation

Abstract For a vehicle interacting with snow, whether dry or wet, uncertainties exist in the mechanical properties of snow, and in the interfacial properties between the tires of the vehicle and snow. For dry snow, these uncertainties have been studied recently using methods within a statistical framework employing a simple stochastic tire-snow interaction model and several validation metrics. Wet snow is more complicated and much less studied than dry snow, especially for tire-snow interaction. In this paper, the authors used a physical tire-snow interaction model and a similar statistical framework as was used to analyze dry snow, and presented results of calibration and validation of the interaction model for wet snow in conjunction with new test data based on a single test run with the assumption that it would provide needed sampling points for statistical analysis. Four local and global statistical validation metrics were used to assess the physical and statistical models with good results. Comparison between wet and dry snow, based on a single test run, shows that the former has a lower interfacial coefficient of friction, and a higher drawbar pull than the latter.
Synthesis of 3-benzylidene-dihydrofurochromen-2-ones: promising intermediates for biflavonoid synthesis.

A route to 3-benzylidene dihydrofurochromen-2-ones from 2H-chromenes is described. Lactonization of 2H-chromenes was achieved using a two-step cyclopropanation-rearrangement sequence. Subsequent conversion of these intermediates to the corresponding α-benzylidene lactones was achieved by lithium enolate Aldol reaction, followed by base-promoted elimination of the aldolate mesylates. The alkene geometry was found to be base-dependent. While KO t Bu favored formation of the E-isomer, DBU showed a slight preference for the Z-isomer. In further studies, these 3-benzylidene dihydrofurochromen-2-ones were converted to polyaromatic structures possessing all the required functionality for biflavonoid synthesis.
Disruptive Capital in Andean/World Literature: A Decolonial Reading of Enrique Gil Gilbert’s Nuestro pan

Ramos develops the notion of disruptive capital in relation to concepts of coloniality of power and living labor to analyze Gil Gilbert’s novel in its historical and economic contexts, while placing such discussions in dialogue with Latin American literary studies and world literature. Ramos argues that a reading of this novel from a decolonial perspective underscores the disruption of capital (i.e. the uneasy interrelation between crops, land, workers, and commerce) as Ecuador seeks to take part in the unstable world economic system of the interwar years. Finally, this discussion of the novel enables a hypothesis of how literary systems such as the Andean and World Literature might be complicated and nuanced.
Trunnion Failure of the Recalled Low Friction Ion Treatment Cobalt Chromium Alloy Femoral Head

Abstract Background Gross trunnion failure (GTF) is a rare complication in total hip arthroplasty (THA) reported across a range of manufacturers. Specific lots of the Stryker low friction ion treatment (LFIT) anatomic cobalt chromium alloy (CoCr) V40 femoral head were recalled in August 2016. In part, the recall was based out of concerns for disassociation of the femoral head from the stem and GTF. Methods We report on 28 patients (30 implants) with either GTF (n = 18) or head-neck taper corrosion (n = 12) of the LFIT CoCr femoral head and the Accolade titanium-molybdenum-zirconium-iron alloy femoral stems. All these cases were associated with adverse local tissue reactions requiring revision of the THA. Results In our series, a conservative estimate of the incidence of failure was 4.7% (n = 636 total implanted) at 8.0 ± 1.4 years from the index procedure. Failures were associated with a high-offset 127° femoral stem neck angle and increased neck lengths; 43.3% (13 of 30) of the observed failures included implant sizes outside the voluntary recall (27.8% [5 of 18] of the GTF and 75.0% [8 of 12] of the taper corrosion cases). Serum cobalt and chromium levels were elevated (cobalt: 8.4 ± 7.0 μg/mL; chromium: 3.4 ± 3.3 μ/L; cobalt/chromium ratio: 3.7). The metal artifact reduction sequence magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated large cystic fluid collections typical with adverse local tissue reactions. During revision, a pseudotumor was observed in all cases. Pathology suggested a chronic inflammatory response. Impending GTF could be diagnosed based on aspiration of black synovial fluid and an oblique femoral head as compared with the neck taper on radiographs. Conclusion In our series of the recalled LFIT CoCr femoral head, the risk of impending GTF or head-neck taper corrosion should be considered as a potential diagnosis in a painful LFIT femoral head and Accolade titanium-molybdenum-zirconium-iron alloy THA with unknown etiology. Almost half of the failures we observed included sizes outside of the voluntary recall.
Understanding African-American Students’ Problem-Solving Ability in the Precalculus and Advanced Placement Computer Science Classroom

This study was conducted to assess African-American student’s problem-solving strategies and solutions between similar mathematics and computer science tasks. Six African-American participants comprised of five high school students and one high school graduate who had taken or jointly enrolled in precalculus and AP computer science courses participated in the study. Data collected were precalculus and computer science problem solutions, think-aloud and retrospective interviews, problem-solving strategies used to solve problems, and analytic scoring rubric scale scores. Student problem-solving strategies when engaged in solving precalculus and computer science problems were coded by the researcher and co-rater to determine inter-rater agreement. Student precalculus and computer science solutions were graded using an analytic scoring rubric scale to determine levels of problem-solving ability. Results found that students did not exhibit the same problem-solving strategies in both contexts. Implications of this finding between mathematical and computer science problem-solving are presented.
Building Emotions for Self-Identity and Learning

This chapter examines how language capital is structured by various formal and informal spaces, such as family, work, and within the ESL classroom. More specifically, this chapter focuses on the important process of affective positioning and how ESL socialization impacts the framing of emotions. A language socialization paradigm suggests that emotions not only mediate the learning experience, but are themselves negotiated and constructed within interaction. From a practical viewpoint, affective stances are important because they help to align language members and communicate sociocultural information that regulates participation in a speech community. We highlight how socialization within the ESL classroom serves to build positive affective positions and encourage English language practice.
Patient experience with breast reconstruction process following bilateral mastectomy in BRCA mutation carriers.

Abstract Background Many patients with BRCA mutations consider bilateral mastectomy for risk reduction (RRM) or when diagnosed with cancer (TM). Limited data exist to help inform patients about the reconstruction (recon) process. We sought to identify factors associated with unforeseen procedures following RRM or TM in BRCA positive patients. Methods We retrospectively evaluated records from 178 BRCA positive patients who had RRM or TM with recon from 1997 to 2013 in a single healthcare system. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with unexpected procedures. Results One hundred four patients had RRM, and 78 had TM. Median time to completion was 9.0 months (95% CI 7.2–10.8). Overall, 57.3% of patients had an unexpected procedure and 21.9% had a complication requiring surgery. Unexpected revisions were associated with increasing age and radiation (in TM). Conclusions BRCA positive patients may have multiple revision surgeries. The likelihood of unexpected procedures increases with age. Future studies are needed to inform patients about the recon process.
Smoking and Risk of Ischemic Stroke in Young Men

Background and Purpose— There is a strong dose–response relationship between smoking and risk of ischemic stroke in young women, but there are few data examining this association in young men. We examined the dose–response relationship between the quantity of cigarettes smoked and the odds of developing an ischemic stroke in men under age 50 years. Methods— The Stroke Prevention in Young Men Study is a population-based case–control study of risk factors for ischemic stroke in men ages 15 to 49 years. The χ 2 test was used to test categorical comparisons. Logistic regression models were used to calculate the odds ratio for ischemic stroke occurrence comparing current and former smokers to never smokers. In the first model, we adjusted solely for age. In the second model, we adjusted for potential confounding factors, including age, race, education, hypertension, myocardial infarction, angina, diabetes mellitus, and body mass index. Results— The study population consisted of 615 cases and 530 controls. The odds ratio for the current smoking group compared with never smokers was 1.88. Furthermore, when the current smoking group was stratified by number of cigarettes smoked, there was a dose–response relationship for the odds ratio, ranging from 1.46 for those smoking Conclusions— We found a strong dose–response relationship between the number of cigarettes smoked daily and ischemic stroke among young men. Although complete smoking cessation is the goal, even smoking fewer cigarettes may reduce the risk of ischemic stroke in young men.
880 V/ $2.7~\text{m}\Omega\cdot\text{cm}^{\text{2}}$ MIS Gate Trench CAVET on Bulk GaN Substrates

In this letter, we report a high-voltage metal-insulator-semiconductor gate trench current aperture vertical electron transistor using metal–organic chemical vapor deposition regrown AlGaN/GaN as the channel and in-situ Si3N4 as the gate dielectric. The device had a high breakdown voltage of 880 V and a low $\text{R}_{\mathrm {on,sp}}$ of $2.7~\text {m}\Omega \cdot \text {cm}^{2}$ . A low hysteresis of ~0.1 V was observed due to the high quality of the in situ Si3N4.
Déjà Vu: William James on “The Brain and the Mind,” 1878 – A Comment on Current Trends in Neurophenomenology Defining the Application of James’s Radical Empiricism to Psychology

William James was a man 150 years ahead of his time; meaning, he is still beyond us even today. At the very end of his life, he enjoined science to study the “fall of the threshold of consciousness, ‘tho’ we may not understand what we are looking at either in this generation or the next.” Contemporary neuroscience is only now beginning to awaken to James’s metaphysics, particularly his radical empiricism, as central to addressing the so-called Hard Problem—the relation between the brain and the mind. These range from the “biochemical theology” of Francis Crick to Francisco Varela’s neurophenomenology based on an embodied or enactive approach. Understood in the context of new developments in neurophenomenology, James’s radical empiricism then appears to have direct application to the future of scientific psychology.
Mixed-norm estimates for a class of integral operators

Пусть (х, у) — точка в пря мом произведенииR m ×R n . Для измеримых функцийf н аR m ×R n рассматриваются смешанные нормы ∥f∥p,q, которые определяютс я взятием сначала нормыf вL p (R m) поx при фик сированномy, а затем нормы полученной фун кции поу в Lq(Rn). В работе получены оце нки вида ∥К×ƒ∥ q,r ≦c∥ƒ∥ p,r , гдеК×ƒ обоз начает обычную свертку вR m ×R n , аК, р, q иr у довлетворяют определенным ограни чениям. В частности, К может быть дилатаця ей (по ¦х¦) некоторой интегрируемой функц ииK 0 (y); в этом случае упомянутые ограниче ния наp, g иr зависят от дополнительного усл овия роста, накладыва емого наK 0.
Die Mucoviscidosis des Erwachsenenalters

1. Die Mucoviscidosis des Respirationstraktes im Erwachsenenalter ist nach der pathologisch-anatomischen Erfahrung eine absolut seltene Teilmanifestation der systematisierten Mucoviscidosis. 2. Der Beweis eines autosomalen dominanten Erbganges von hoher Penetranz konnte bisher nicht erbracht werden. 3. Vielmehr sprechen die Gewebsbefunde wie Schleimnekrose und die Histochemie der Schleime fur eine schleimzellstandige heterologe Antigen-Antikorper-Reaktion.
Lawyers, the Legal Profession & Access to Justice in the United States: A Brief History

Ideally, justice is a universal good: the law protects equally the rights of the rich and powerful, the poor and marginal. In reality, the major share of legal services goes to business entities an...