cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethics in obstetrics and gynecology

We are now in an era when everything done in medicine is judged in ethical terms, and this is certainly the case for obstetrics and gynecology, which has had more than its share of morally troubling issues. A partial list might include abortion, birth control, dealing with the sexual problems of dependent minors, in vitro fertilization, surrogate parenting, and treating or not treating the multi-handicapped newborn infant and the list goes on. There are dther important, but less publicized and less dramatic moral issues that we share with all of medicine, such as fidelity to science and objectivity, the teaching and learning and doing of research without exploitation of the patient, and not corrupting patient care under the ever-present threat of a malpractice claim. The judgment of medicine’s ethical performance has been made by outside social critics like Freidson’ or Illich2 who label doctors moral entrepreneurs. According to them, we throw our weight around authoritatively and manipulate people with our diagnoses and treatment. Judgments have been made by bioethicists like Gorovitz,’ who thinks: “There is nothing in the training or expertise of the physician which would justify any particular claim to moral authority or even moral insight.” The Hippocratic Oath and Codes of Professional Ethics no longer command much respect. There has arisen the notion that each hospital needs a resident ethicist to tell the doctors and nurses what to do, or to tell them how to think morally about what to do, and every hospital needs an ethics committee to lay down moral laws. Not everyone thinks this makes sense. Caplan,’ while at The Hastings Institute, wrote, and I agree: “It’s naive to think a moral philosopher armed with a moral theory can step into an emergency room or intensive care nursery and immediately dissolve moral conundrums and it’s presumptuous to think that health
The university business incubator: A strategy for developing new research/technology-based firms

Abstract This article describes the university business incubator (UBI) as a strategy being employed for promoting the development of new research/technology-based firms (RTBFs). The business incubator is widely believed as providing a nurturing environment for new business start-ups, however, the role played by university relationships in providing a nurturing environment for the survival and growth of small RTBFs has escaped systematic review in the U.S. due to a lack of historical data. To fill this gap, this paper presents empirical data on two established UBI programs: the Enterprise Development Inc. at Case Western Reserve University, and the Ben Craig Center at University of North Carolina at Charlotte. These cases provide insights for policy makers and aspiring entrepreneurs into the various facility design, management policy, and value-added aspects of this modem tool employed by some entrepreneurial universities as a strategy for supporting the development of new RTBFs.
Evidence of genetic divergence in two populations of Agaricus bisporus

Allele frequencies in a sample of a wild Californian population of Agaricus bisporus were compared with those in a reconstructed sample of a European population from which the commercial cultivar strains of the species are believed to have been drawn. Reconstruction employed genealogical analysis using a model of trait inheritance based on known genetic behaviour of the species and historical accounts of cultural practices, to distinguish probable derived genotypes from putative ancestral, wild genotypes. Frequencies of the more common alleles were similar in both samples; if selectively neutral they are most likely ancestral. The uncommon alleles differ significantly in frequency between the two population samples (pooled chi-square test; P
On the Cu-Pd phase diagram

Various phase fields were identified by selected area diffraction (SAD) and also by phase contrast imaging in a JEOL 200CX HREM. In this note, we present the Cu-rich portion of the Cu-Pd phase diagram determined during a recent transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study on phase transformations in Cu-Pd alloys. Equilibrium microstructure were produced by heat treating homogenized Cu-Pd alloys containing 15.8, 16.8, 17.9, 18.9, 19.7, 20.9, and 21.9 at.%Pd at various temperatures in the range 400 to 520°C for periods extending up to 10 days. The alloy compositions were determined by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS)
The AFV credit program and its role in future AFV market development

Abstract The Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPACT) requires that fleet operators throughout the country begin purchasing alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs). In EPACT, Congress also established an AFV credit program, which uses market forces to provide flexibility to regulated entities. Under the credit program, regulated fleet operators can obtain credits for purchasing more AFVs than required; fleet operators can then sell these credits to other fleet operators who choose to purchase fewer AFVs than required. Because of network effects inherent in AFV markets, the credit program may allow AFVs to ‘cluster’ about urban hubs. This paper explores future AFV market development in light of the AFV credit program and the network effects of the AFV market.
Malposed teeth in the pterygomandibular space: report of 2 cases.

genes and prognosis in synovial sarcoma. Br J Cancer 85:1535, 2001 18. Inagaki H, Nagasaka T, Otsuka T, et al: Association of SYT-SSX fusion types with proliferative activity and prognosis in synovial sarcoma. Mod Pathol 13:482, 2000 19. Kokovic I, Bracko M, Golouh R, et al: Are there geographical differences in the frequency of SYT-SSX1 and SYT-SSX2 chimeric transcripts in synovial sarcoma? Cancer Detect Prev 28:294, 2004 20. dos Santos NR, de Bruijn DR, van Kessel AG: Molecular mechanisms underlying human synovial sarcoma development. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 30:1, 2001 21. Coindre JM, Pelmus M, Hostein I, et al: Should molecular testing be required for diagnosing synovial sarcoma? Cancer 98:2700, 2003 22. Fernebro J, Francis P, Eden P, et al: Gene expression profiles relate to SS18/SSX fusion type in synovial sarcoma. Int J Cancer 118:1165, 2006 23. Nilsson G, Skytting B, Xie Y, et al: The SYT-SSX1 variant of synovial sarcomas is associated with a high rate of tumor cell proliferation and poor clinical outcome. Cancer Res 59:3180, 1999 24. Ioannis P, Fredrik M, Margareth I, et al: Clinical impact of molecular and cytogenetic findings in synovial sarcoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 31:362, 2001 25. Trassard M, Doussal VL, Haceene K, et al: Prognostic factors in localized primary synovial sarcoma: A multicenter study of 128 adult patients. J Clin Oncol 19:525, 2001 26. Thompson RC Jr, Garg A, Goswitz J, et al: Synovial sarcoma: Large size predicts poor outcome. Clin Orthop 373: 18, 2000 27. Thomas DG, Giordano TJ, Sanders D, et al: Expression of receptor tyrosine kinases epidermal growth factor receptor and HER-2/neu in synovial sarcoma. Cancer 103:830, 2005 28. Olsen RJ, Lydiatt WM, Koepsell SA, et al: C-erb-B2 (HER2/neu) expression in synovial sarcoma of the head and neck. Head Neck 27:883, 2005
Longer spring snowmelt: spatial and temporal variations of snowmelt trends detected by passive microwave from 1988 to 2010 in the Yukon River Basin

Abstract. Brightness temperature (Tb) data from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) 37 V-GHz frequency provides a time series from 1988 to 2010 that enables the assessment of snowmelt timing trends (onset, end of melt-refreeze, and duration) for the Yukon River Basin. Tb and diurnal amplitude variation (DAV) thresholds determine dates of melt onset and melt-freeze end (end of high DAV), defined as the first date when thresholds are met for more than three of five consecutive days. Temporal and spatial trends in melt onset and end of melt-refreeze date are determined with varying time period intervals and for each sub-basin and elevation class. Earlier melt onset trends are found in the highest elevations and northernmost sub-basins (Porcupine, Chandalar, and Koyukuk Rivers). Significant later (>0.75 d yr−1) end of melt-refreeze and longer melt duration trends are found in a majority of the sub-basins. Moving interval trends suggest interannual variability within the time series and a power spectrum analysis reveals peak frequencies and periods of 5–7 and ~11 years, possibly related to El Nino- Southern Oscillation and the solar cycle, respectively. Latitude and elevation display the dominant controls on timing variance and spring solar flux is highly correlated with melt timing in middle elevations.
Assessing cognitive change in Parkinson's disease: Development of practice effect-corrected reliable change indices

Abstract Serial assessments of cognitive functioning in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) are commonly used for the detection of incident dementia and neurobehavioral changes associated with treatments using neuromodulation (e.g., deep brain stimulation) and pharmacological agents (e.g., cholinesterase inhibitors). This study provides test–retest stability, expected practice effects, and practice-corrected reliable change indices for several commonly used neuropsychological tests from 62 older adults with mostly mild PD who underwent repeat evaluations approximately 17 months apart. At the group level, results showed adequate test–retest reliability (Spearman's rho range = 0.24–0.86) and generally small practice effects (Cohen's d range = 0.00–0.50). Application of reliable change indices using 90% confidence intervals showed the expected number of individuals (generally 10% or fewer) with statistically meaningful improvements (range = 0–12%) or declines (range = 2–8%) in cognitive performance at retest. Limitations discussed include ceiling effects at test baseline, sample homogeneity, interpretative cautions, and generalizability of study results. These data may be useful to researchers and clinicians interested in determining the statistical significance of changes in cognitive test performance in persons with PD over a 1- to 2-year interval.
Diffusion-induced growth and morphological stability of a two-dimensional cavity in an adatomic monolayer on the crystal surface

Diffusion-induced growth of a two-dimensional cavity (a pore) in a monolayer of adsorbed atoms (adatoms) on the crystal surface is considered in the case of the vacancy mechanism for diffusion in the monolayer. In the case in which the cavity radius is smaller than the typical diffusion length of vacancies, the stability of the growing cavity against arbitrary small perturbations of its shape is analyzed with the boundary kinetics of vacancies at the cavity boundary taken into account. Threshold cavity radii are found. Exceeding these radii leads to an increase in both the amplitude of the shape distortion and the amplitude of the relative deformation of the cavity shape.
Do Family Communication Patterns Buffer Children from Difficulties Associated with a Parent's Military Deployment? Examining Deployed and At-home Parents’ Perspectives

Based on models of family resiliency, this study explored whether deployed and at-home parents’ reports of family communication patterns were associated with reported child difficulties and prosocial behavior during a military parent's deployment. Participants were National Guard families attending yellow-ribbon reintegration events. Parents completed the Revised Family Communication Patterns short-form measure as well as the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire about their oldest child. For deployed parents, conversation orientation was associated with fewer reported child behavioral problems and more prosocial child behavior during the reunion period, suggesting that conversation orientation serves as a protective factor as service members reintegrate into the family. At-home parents’ reports of conversation orientation were not significantly associated with their reports of child difficulties or prosocial behavior. Future research needs to clarify how the communicative behaviors of deployed and at-...
Track fitting and antennas

Abstract The problem of fitting track data is transformed into a problem in antenna theory. This latter well-studied problem is characterized as an antenna array that is receiving a narrow band signal from multiple distant sources. The goal here is to count the number of sources and determine the angle of each source relative to the array. Similarly, the original problem of track fitting is to count the number and to determine the location and angle of each track, but in the presence of noise and finite detection efficiency. However, an additional complication in fitting tracks is that in a magnetic field, the radius of curvature of the track must also be determined. This is shown to map into an extended antenna problem of analyzing `chirped' or frequency modulated sources. A somewhat detailed development and discussion of track parameter estimation utilizing Bayesian methods is then given. The main goal of this paper is to point out the relationship between these disparate problems. No numerical comparisons with established methods are given.
Pubertal maturation and cognitive maturity in adolescents

To determine the relationship between puberty and cognitive development, 135 students, ages 11 through 19 years, were studied. The participants were 73% white, 55% female, and of predominantly middle-class backgrounds with a mean Hollingshead score of 37.1 +/- 16.3. Measures of general intelligence (IQ), cognitive complexity (conceptual level), and cognitive style (perceptual field dependence-independence) were administered. Students rated their own level of sexual maturity (Tanner stage). Mean Tanner stage of 4.0 +/- 0.9 was consistent with the mean age of 14.2 +/- 2.2 years. General intelligence was average (105 +/- 18.2). Most did not demonstrate the use of mature cognitive processes, as reflected in low conceptual level scores (1.19 +/- 0.5) and a more field-dependent cognitive style (7.9 +/- 4.9). Older adolescents (r = 0.377; p less than 0.001), females (r = 0.217; p less than 0.005), and those with a higher IQ (r = 0.329; p less than 0.001) were cognitively more complex. Using an analysis of covariance to control for colinearity of variables, differences in conceptual level and cognitive style as functions of levels of sexual maturity were compared. Once the statistically significant colinear effects of age, gender, and IQ (p less than 0.0001) were removed, no statistical contribution was left attributable to the level of sexual maturity. In other words, when the effects of age were controlled, more advanced Tanner stage was not a predictor of more mature cognitive processes. Physical growth and development during puberty do not appear to affect cognitive development.
Can copeptin emerge from the growing shadow of the troponins

This editorial refers to ‘Early discharge using single cardiac troponin and copeptin testing in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS): a randomized, controlled clinical process study.’, by M. Mockel et al. on page doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu178 The brightest flame casts the darkest shadow.George R.R. Martin1 Evaluation of suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS) accounts for a staggering 10 million emergency department visits per year in Europe2 and >8 million in the USA.3 Many patients that undergo evaluation for suspected ACS unfortunately spend countless hours waiting for the results of diagnostic evaluation to determine their fate: discharge, continued observation, or admission, with the possibility of supplementary testing to explore their presentation further. While patients anxiously and eagerly await their results, the harried emergency department physician continues to triage more patients with similar complaints and various acuities; in this context, both patients and physicians alike watch the emergency department fill and often overflow. Clearly, how suspected ACS is evaluated needs serious reconsideration. Historically, the means by which physicians have evaluated patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction (MI) or unstable angina pectoris (UAP) evolved rapidly over the later decades of the last century, particularly with the development of adjunctive diagnostic biomarker testing to augment clinical evaluation. In particular, with the emergence of cardiac troponin (Tn) testing in the 1990s, clinicians had more accurate tools to identify and exclude acute MI. However, until recently, methods for Tn measurement remained reasonably insensitive and were only diagnostic after a period of time had passed since onset of cardiac injury (the ‘troponin blind’ interval); furthermore, by definition, UAP is associated with a Tn in the normal range, leaving this diagnosis to be based on clinical judgement and electrocardiography (ECG). These issues often rendered physicians unable to make rapid decisions about triaging patients with chest pain …
A spherical particle straddling a fluid/gas interface in an axisymmetric straining flow

Numerical solutions, obtained via the boundary-integral technique, are used to consider the effect of a linear axisymmetric straining flow on the existence of steady-state configurations in which a neutrally buoyant spherical particle straddles a gas–liquid interface. The problem is directly applicable to predictions of the stability of particle capture in flotation processes, and is also of interest in the context of contact angle and surface tension measurements. A primary goal of the present study is a determination of the critical capillary number, Ca_c, beyond which an initially captured particle is pulled from the interface by the flow, and the dependence of Ca_c on the equilibrium contact angle θ_c. We also present equilibrium configurations for a wide range of contact angles and subcritical capillary numbers.
SOME EXPERIMENTS ON SALT AND WATER METABOLISM IN DIABETES INSIPIDUS

THE CAUSE of the diabetes insipidus (d.i.) following removal of the po′terior hypophysis or hypothalamic lesions is still in many points o′ scure. At the presentmoment, the theory is widely held that it is a renal phenomenon. In the first place, in some species the operation is followed first by a polyuria and subsequently by a polydipsia (1,2,). Also, by removing the kidneys (or ureteral ligation), Richter (1, 3) has shown that in the rat the polyuria of d.i. is primary to the polydipsia, since this operation abolished the animals’ excessive thirst. By employing various other methods in the d.i. cat, Fisher, Ingram and Ranson (a) have come to the same conclusion. The renal defect in d.i. isthought to be due to the lack of secretion of the antidiuretic hormone following the operations (4, 5). In turn, this causes a defective renal tubular resorption of water (6, 7).
Recent Updates on the Role of Pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics in Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing as Applied to Clinical Practice

Given current challenges in antimicrobial resistance and drug development, infectious diseases clinicians must rely on their own ingenuity to effectively treat infections while preserving the current antimicrobial armamentarium. An understanding of pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST), and how these concepts relate, is essential to this task. In this review, we discuss how and why PK-PD impacts AST and the way infectious diseases are being treated, with a particular focus on vancomycin for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, penicillin for Streptococcus pneumoniae, and an update on cephalosporins for Enterobacteriaceae. Finally, we address how new ideas to exploit PK-PD can promote innovative study design and bring about more rapid regulatory review of new antimicrobials.
An assessment of the relationships between overweight, obesity, related chronic health conditions and worker absenteeism

Summary Introduction Worker absenteeism is an important area of study within the field of occupational health. Prior studies have linked the presence of obesity to higher rates of absenteeism, but have not examined whether or not the relationship is moderated by the presence of other chronic health conditions or whether or not the relationships have been stable over time. Methods Data from the 2000 and 2010 National Health Interview Survey, a nationally representative sample of the US population, were analyzed to determine the extent to which the presence of 5 obesity-related chronic health conditions moderates the relationship between overweight/obesity and worker absenteeism, and whether or not these relationships are stable over time. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationships between overweight/obesity, the obesity-related chronic health conditions and worker absenteeism, while controlling for demographic, socio-economic, occupational, health related and behavioral variables. Results The findings suggest that obesity ( p p Conclusion The evidence suggests that obesity is associated with a higher likelihood of worker illness absenteeism, and that the effect is doubled for those with both class III obesity (BMI≥40) and diabetes. The moderating effect between class III obesity and diabetes was observed only in 2010, indicating that this may be a relatively new phenomenon.
Thermally Activated Protective Systems: Material Considerations for Improved Flash/Flame Protection

This paper is based on an effort to increase the protection from thermal and flash/flame threats due to explosion. The relatively recent threat of Improvised Explosive Devices, IEDs, the large thermal energy associated with them, as well as the secondary fires has prompted an investigation into whether the personal protective equipment available to the individual soldier provides adequate protection from injury. This is a continuation of a previous paper that investigated the full extent of the threat posed by explosions. The research included a profile of the thermal properties of the threat, typical injuries associated with explosions, as well as several possible means of alleviating the dangers. One means that was suggested was the use of intumescent materials. These are materials that expand when exposed to heat, thus increasing the distance between the threat and the person as well as altering their thermal conductivity to make them more resistant to burn. Using this suggestion, in this paper we seek to determine the feasibility of using these materials in a protective garment. It factors in soldier concerns of durability, comfort, et cetera but focuses mainly on the heat transfer aspects of the material.
Group Collaboration And Group Decision Making Information Technologies In Petroleum Industry

The technical management of important natural resources such as oil and gas resources is a challenging responsibility that faces oil companies. The increasing global demand for oil and gas coupled with declining oil and gas reserves has forced the oil industry to make significant changes in its business processes. Major oil companies have exploration and production operations that span several continents. Massive amount of data that is generated at all levels in an oil company has to be stored, analyzed and disseminated. In this paper, the changes in the management practices and business processes in the oil industry are traced over the past several decades. The use and application of information technology as change agents is also explored and evaluated. In particular, this paper focuses on the role of visualization centers in the oil and gas industry in revolutionizing effective group decision making that has enabled teams to be more productive, innovative, and outcome-focused.
Virtual training via vibrotactile arrays

What is often missing from many virtual worlds and training simulations is a physical sense of the confinement and constraint of the virtual environment. We present a method for providing localized cutaneous vibratory feedback to the user's right arm. We created a sleeve of tactors linked to a real-time human model; the tactors activate to apply sensation to the corresponding body area. The hypothesis is that vibrotactile feedback to body areas provides the wearer sufficient guidance to assume correct body configurations and ascertain the existence and physical realism of access paths. We present the results of human subject experiments that study both explicit and implicit training of skills using vibrotactile arrays. Implicitly, collision awareness is achieved by activating the appropriate tactor when a body part collides with the scene; thus, the user will attempt to correct his or her body configuration. Explicitly, we use the tactors to guide the body into the proper configuration. The results of human subject experiments clearly show that the use of full arm vibrotactile feedback improves performance over purely visual feedback for navigating the virtual environment, as well as allowing easy acquisition of new skills. These results validate the empirical performance of this concept.
Autoimmune enteropathy with anti-goblet cell antibodies

A 9-year-old boy with a 5-year history of severe protracted diarrhea requiring home parenteral nutrition and a 1 year history of abnormal liver function tests was admitted for duodenal, rectal, and liver biopsy. Duodenal biopsy results showed mild villus blunting, a mild lymphocytic infiltrate, and absent goblet cells. Paneth cells and endocrine cells could not be identified. Review of several previous biopsies showed an almost total absence of goblet cells by light microscopy. Anti-goblet cell antibodies of the immunoglobulin (Ig)G class were shown by immunofluorescence with a titer of 1:512. Histological examination of rectal mucosa also showed a total lack of goblet cells, orderly surface epithelial cells, and infiltration of the colonic crypts by lymphocytes. Immunoperoxidase staining of rectal mucosa showed increased numbers of lymphocytes with an excess of CD3+, CD45RO+ T cells, and increased numbers of B cells labeling with B1 and L26. Increased numbers of CD25+ (activated) lymphocytes were also observed. HLA/DR expression was striking and observed in both the crypt and surface enterocytes, as well as in the lamina propria. Immunological assessment of the patient showed an inverted CD4/CD8 ratio and IgA/IgG4 deficiency. The liver biopsy and radiological investigation were in keeping with chronic sclerosing cholangitis. Although a slight and transient improvement in histological appearances was observed with prednisolone there was no significant improvement of diarrhea. Trials of azothiaprine and oral cyclosporin did not result in clinical or histological improvement.
Effects of Population Density On Patterns of Movement and Behavior of Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus)

Abstract: Patterns of burrow size, tortoise size, home range size and overlap, movement distances, and mating rates were compared among six sites that differed in density of Gopher Tortoises. Burrow sizes differed among sites because tortoise size distributions differed among sites, but this was due principally to the unusually small size of animals on the Conecuh National Forest. A linear relationship between tortoise density and burrow density was documented from the six sites, suggesting that tortoises, on average, created 2.5 burrows per site or that the burrow-to-tortoise conversion factor for our sites was 0.40. The average distance from a burrow to its nearest three neighbors was greater for low-density sites than for high-density sites, indicating that animals probably were more isolated from each other on sites with low tortoise densities. Tortoise home ranges were larger in males than females, a feature documented in other studies of tortoise movements. Home range sizes were greatest for densit...
Second breakdown&#8212;A comprehensive review

This paper is a comprehensive review of the published literature dealing with the phenomenon of second breakdown in semiconductor devices and the problems it creates in the design, fabrication, testing, and application of transistors.
Model Performance of Water-Current Meters

The measurement of discharge in natural streams requires hydrographers to use accurate water-current meters that have consistent performance among meters of the same model. This paper presents the results of an investigation into the performance of four models of current meters - Price type-AA, Price pygmy, Marsh McBirney 2000 and Swoffer 2100. 2 Tests for consistency and accuracy for six meters of each model are summarized. Variation of meter performance within a model is used as an indicator of consistency, and percent velocity error that is computed from a measured reference velocity is used as an indicator of meter accuracy. Velocities measured by each meter are also compared to the manufacturer's published or advertised accuracy limits. For the meters tested, the Price models werer found to be more accurate and consistent over the range of test velocities compared to the other models. The Marsh McBirney model usually measured within its accuracy specification. The Swoffer meters did not meet the stringent Swoffer accuracy limits for all the velocities tested.
Fermentative activity and production of volatile compounds by Saccharomyces grown in synthetic grape juice media deficient in assimilable nitrogen and/or pantothenic acid.

Abstract Aims: To understand the impact of assimilable nitrogen and pantothenic acid on fermentation rate and synthesis of volatile compounds by Saccharomyces under fermentative conditions. Methods and Results: A 2 × 3 factorial experimental design was employed with the concentrations of yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN) (60 and 250 mg l−1) and pantothenic acid (10, 50 and 250 μg l−1) as variables. In media containing 250 μg l−1 pantothenic acid, H2S production by two different species of Saccharomyces decreased when YAN was increased from 60 to 250 mg l−1. Conversely, H2S production was significantly higher when the concentration of assimilable nitrogen was increased if pantothenic acid was deficient (10 or 50 μg l−1). Yeast synthesis of other volatile compounds were impacted by both assimilable nitrogen and pantothenic acid. Conclusions: While growth and fermentative rate of Saccharomyces was more influenced by nitrogen than by pantothenic acid, complicated interactions exist between these nutrients that affect the synthesis of volatile compounds including H2S. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study has important implications for the winemaking industry where a better understanding of the nutritional requirements of Saccharomyces is necessary to reduce fermentation problems and to improve final product quality.
Grammatical Relations and Montague Grammar

In this paper I want to describe a universal theory of “grammatical relations” that arises naturally within the formal theory of syntax and semantics of natural language developed originally by Richard Montague (1970, 1973) and subsequently extended in a certain series of treatments of Montague’s ideas that begins with Thomason 1976 (first written in 1972) and includes Thomason 1974, Dowty 1979a (written in 1975), Dowty 1975, Dowty 1978, Bach 1979 (written in 1977), Bach 1980, and Schmerling 1979. I believe this analysis of grammatical relations is supported by some of the same observations as are the related theories of Relational Grammar and Arc Pair Grammar developed by Perlmutter, Postal, and others (Perlmutter and Postal 1977, Johnson and Postal forthcoming, Perlmutter and Postal to appear, Perlmutter this volume, Postal this volume).
Degenerate domain wall solutions in supersymmetric theories

A family of degenerate domain wall configurations, partially preserving supersymmetry, is discussed in a generalized Wess-Zumino model with two scalar superfields. We establish some general features inherent to the models with continuously degenerate domain walls. For instance, for purely real trajectories additional {open_quotes}integrals of motion{close_quotes} exist. The solution for the profile of the scalar fields for any wall belonging to the family is found in quadratures for an arbitrary ratio of the coupling constants. For a special value of this ratio the solution family is obtained explicitly in terms of elementary functions. We also discuss the threshold amplitudes for multiparticle production generated by these solutions. Unexpected nullifications of the threshold amplitudes are found. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Magnetic Properties of Iron Implanted Polymers and Graphite

We have measured the magnetic properties of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), polyethylene (PE), and polyvinylidine fluoride (PVF2), implanted with fluences of 25 keV iron atoms ranging from 1016 to 1017 atoms/cm2 . The lowest fluence specimens were paramagnetic down to 2 K, with evidence for clusters of only a few spins, while the highest fluence specimens were clearly ferromagnetic, with magnetization curves resembling those of a set of randomly oriented soft magnetic planes. The critical fluence for formation of a ferromagnetic state appears to be between 1 and 3 × 1016 atoms/cm2 at 25 keV. Theseresults can be qualitatively understood based on the critical density for percolation of near neighbor exchange interactions.
Formulation of Broiler Finishing Rations by Quadratic Programming

knowledge owledge miht might be e mered merged ito into an im im- place LP as a standard economics analysis inproved economic model economic that that contains contains model pro- pro- the broiler industry. The QP model presentedduction response ucion response ifor information. ion. A Analysis s ug using revolves around least cost of broiler outputa quadratic programming model dicate in response to protein and energy input. Feed
Migration Counts of Raptors at Hawk Mountain, Pennsylvania, as Indicators of Population Trends, 1934-1986

ABSTRACr.--Counts migrating hawks were initiated in 1934 at Hawk Mountain and, except for 1943-1945, have continued to the present. We analyzed the data from 1934-1986 by a standardized sample period appropriate for each species. Counts of several species known to be susceptible to detrimental effects of organochlorine pesticides crashed between 19461971. All of these populations recovered subsequently. The immature-age classes and the species with the shortest generation times recovered first after DDT use diminished in North America. These observations mostly conform to predictions made on the basis of the adverse effects of DDT and metabolites on raptors. We suggest that standardized migration counts reflect qualitative trends of most raptor populations that pass over Hawk Mountain in the autumn. Currently, populations of many species appear to be either stable or recovering from the effects of organochlorines. Possible exceptions are eastern populations of the Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), American Kestrel (Falco sparverius), Broad-winged Hawk (B. platypterus), Red-shouldered Hawk (B. lineatus), and Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), which may be decreasing. Received 15 November 1988, accepted 28 July 1989. ANALYSIS of the population trends of birds has received attention recently because of observed and predicted regional or global changes in the environment and the availability of data suitable for long-term trend assessment (e.g.
Skin Conductance Level Reactivity Moderates the Association Between Parental Psychological Control and Relational Aggression in Emerging Adulthood

When studying factors that may heighten risk for relational aggression in youth, it is important to consider characteristics of both the individual and their environment. This research examined the associations between parental psychological control and reactive and proactive relational aggression in emerging adults in college. Given that sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation may underlie differences between reactive and proactive aggression and has been shown to moderate the effects of parenting on youth development, the moderating role of SNS reactivity [indexed by skin conductance level reactivity (SCLR)] was also examined. Emerging adults (N = 180; 77.2 % female) self-reported on perceptions of parental psychological control and reactive and proactive relational aggression. SCLR was assessed in response to an interpersonal laboratory challenge task. Parental psychological control was positively associated with reactive relational aggression only for emerging adults who exhibited high SCLR. Parental psychological control was positively associated with proactive relational aggression only among emerging adults who showed low SCLR. This study extends previous research on parenting and aggression and suggests that parental psychological control is differentially associated with reactive versus proactive relational aggression, depending on emerging adults' SCLR to interpersonal stress.
The Geography of Normative Climates: An Application to Adolescent Substance Use.

The existing research on risk factors for adolescent substance use highlights the importance of peers’ direct influence on risky behaviors, yet two key limitations persist. First, there is considerably less attention to the ways in which peers shape overall (e.g., school-level) normative climates of attitudes and expectations about substance use, and, second, the role of the broader geographic contexts in which these climates are embedded is essentially neglected. In light of shifting trends in geographic differences in adolescent substance use, the current study uses data from the 2007 Nebraska Risk and Protective Factor Student Survey (n = 26,647; 80 % non-Hispanic White; 51 % female) to (a) explore whether geographic context shapes the character (permissiveness) and consistency (homogeneity) of normative climates and (b) examine the consequences (effects) of such climates on adolescent substance use risk across the rural–urban continuum. Normative climates are a consistent predictor of substance use, yet the geographic context in which schools are located matters for both the nature and influence of these climates, and the patterns differ between normative climates about alcohol and marijuana. These findings illustrate that school normative climates do indeed matter for substance use behavior, and the ways in which they do depend on their broader, geographic context. Thus, future research on youth’s substance use should be attuned to these more nuanced distinctions.
Germicidal Action of Bromine

ConclusionsBromine is shown to be an effective germicidal agent against non-spore-forming microorganisms. Spore-forming bacteria are much more resistant. The element has marked specificity for Escherichia coli and Eberthella typhosa. Mold-spores were more resistant than yeasts or non-spore-forming bacteria.
Experimental Characterization of Damage Evolution in Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Nanocomposites

Dielectrophoresis under the application of AC electric fields is one of the primary fabrication techniques for obtaining aligned carbon nanotube (CNT)-polymer nanocomposites, and is used here to generate long range structure/architecture control at the structural level. As such, effort here is focused towards characterizing the piezoresistive response of this long range structure/architecture at a concentration below percolation threshold. In this study, the electrical conductivity and the piezoresistive behavior of randomly oriented, well dispersed and long range electric field aligned singlewall nanotubes (SWNTs) in a photopolymerizable monomer blend (urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) and 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate (HDDMA)) are evaluated. The electrical resistance measurements demonstrated nanocomposite strain sensing potential and were able to provide continuous assessment of damage evolution. Gauge factors both in axial and transverse direction are measured for specimens with electric field aligned 0.03 wt% SWNTs and randomly oriented, well dispersed 0.030.1 wt% SWNTs under quasi static and cyclic tensile loading. Excellent piezoresistive capabilities having the potential to provide real-time structural health monitoring (SHM) and selfdiagnostic functionalities are obtained at a concentration below percolation threshold for aligned specimens with SWNTs loading as low as 0.03 wt%.
Computational discovery of ferromagnetic semiconducting single-layer CrSnTe 3

Despite many single-layer materials being reported in the past decade, few of them exhibit magnetism. Here we perform first-principles calculations using accurate hybrid density functional methods (HSE06) to predict that single-layer ${\mathrm{CrSnTe}}_{3}$ (CST) is a ferromagnetic semiconductor, with band gaps of 0.9 and 1.2 eV for the majority and minority spin channels, respectively. We determine the Curie temperature as 170 K, significantly higher than that of single-layer ${\mathrm{CrSiTe}}_{3}$ (90 K) and ${\mathrm{CrGeTe}}_{3}$ (130 K). This is due to the enhanced ionicity of the Sn-Te bond, which in turn increases the superexchange coupling between the magnetic Cr atoms. We further explore the mechanical and dynamical stability and strain response of this single-layer material for possible epitaxial growth. Our study provides an intuitive approach to understand and design single-layer magnetic semiconductors for a wide range of spintronics and energy applications.
Students’ evaluations about climate change

ABSTRACTScientists regularly evaluate alternative explanations of phenomena and solutions to problems. Students should similarly engage in critical evaluation when learning about scientific and engineering topics. However, students do not often demonstrate sophisticated evaluation skills in the classroom. The purpose of the present study was to investigate middle school students’ evaluations when confronted with alternative explanations of the complex and controversial topic of climate change. Through a qualitative analysis, we determined that students demonstrated four distinct categories of evaluation when writing about the connections between evidence and alternative explanations of climate change: (a) erroneous evaluation, (b) descriptive evaluation, (c) relational evaluation, and (d) critical evaluation. These categories represent different types of evaluation quality. A quantitative analysis revealed that types of evaluation, along with plausibility perceptions about the alternative explanations, we...
Robust Control Lyapunov Functions

Significant advances in the theory of linear robust control in recent years have led to powerful new tools for the design and analysis of control systems. A popular paradigm for such theory is depicted in Figure 3.1, which shows the interconnection of three system blocks G, K, and Δ. The plant G relates a control input u and a disturbance input v to a measurement output y and a penalized output z. The control input u is generated from the measured output y by the controller K. All uncertainty is located in the block Δ which generates the disturbance input v from the penalized output z. The plant G, which is assumed to be linear and precisely known, may incorporate some nominal plant as well as frequency-dependent weights on the uncertainty Δ (for this reason G is sometimes called a generalized plant). Once G is determined, the robust stabilization problem is to construct a controller K which guarantees closed-loop stability for all systems Δ belonging to a given family of admissible (possibly nonlinear) uncertain systems.
Teaching Research Interviews

This project is based on a study assessing the effectiveness of teaching research interviews in mathematics with urban high school students. The subjects of the study were public high school students enrolled in the Mathematics and Science Partnership in New York City (MSPinNYC), a multi-year program funded by the National Science Foundation. The methodology was geared to a target population consisting of the lowest third performing in Math A Regents exams.
Resident Perspectives on Life in a Transitional Living Program for Homeless Young Adults

Safe and affordable housing is critical for any young person’s well-being, and yet many youth are without a reliable place to live. Knowledge of the perceptions of housing programs and shelter among homeless young adults ages 18–24 is very limited. Using qualitative methodology, the present study explores the perceptions of homeless young adults on their experiences as residents of a transitional living program (TLP) by asking the following research questions: (1) What are TLP residents’ expectations of themselves and others in the program? and (2) How do residents perceive the rules and structure of the TLP? Sixteen interviews were conducted with residents at a TLP for homeless young adults, with participants ranging in age from 18 to 22. Findings illuminated residents’ strong emphasis on the values of hard work, self-discipline and a good attitude. Results revealed that residents felt that they are overly monitored within the program, particularly around daily living in the residence and felt a lack of flexibility in the rules and regulations. It is important that the structure of a TLP housing program so that rules are not disruptive to healthy development and successful transition from adolescence to adulthood. Further implications for practice are discussed.
Just a Drop of Blood: Exploration of Shear-Dependent Platelet Adhesion and Activation in Microfluidic Devices.

Interactions of platelets and their adhesion receptors with extracellular matrices are essential for hemostasis. Platelets experience different shear rates as they circulate through the vasculature. Conventional studies of platelets in shear flow are performed in simple flow chambers with relatively large volumes of cells and reagents, limiting testing when these are in short supply. Microfluidics technology should enable the concurrent study of multiple small volume samples across a wide range of shear rates, thereby allowing trends to emerge that might be difficult to detect otherwise. To achieve this goal, we fabricated PDMS microfluidic devices that permit testing of dynamic platelet adhesion over a 100-fold span of shear rates from a single 200μl blood sample. Alternate device design permits synchronous monitoring of platelet adhesion from two genetically distinct blood samples or treatment groups. We have used this technology to gain new insights into integrin αIIbβ3 function in mepacrine-labeled platelets under shear flow. In whole blood, the adhesion of wild-type mouse platelets to a fibrinogen-coated substrate was shear rate-dependent, similarly to human platelets. In contrast, adhesion of αIIbβ3-deficient (β3 −/− ) platelets was virtually absent above a shear rate of 100 s −1 . To distinguish between requirements for the presence of an intact extracellular αIIbβ3 ligand binding domain versus an intact integrin activation process, we used mice with a Y/A mutation at residue 747 in the β3 cytoplasmic tail (β3Y747A), that selectively blocks talin interaction with β3, agonist-induced αIIbβ3 activation, and platelet thrombus formation in vivo. When compared to wild-type and β3 −/− platelets, a normal αIIbβ3 extracellular domain on β3Y747A platelets partially rescued dynamic adhesion to fibrinogen by 50–80% at ≤130 s −1 , but by only 25% at 250 s −1 . Treatment of wild-type platelets with PGE 1 to inhibit platelet activation similarly reduced adhesion to fibrinogen at higher shear rates. On fibrillar type I collagen, wild-type platelets formed an initial monolayer and progressively larger thrombi over time. In addition, platelets supported rolling and firm adhesion of granulocytes in a manner dependent on shear rate, platelet P-selectin and granulocyte PSGL1. In contrast, no platelet thrombus growth on collagen was observed with αIIbβ3-deficient or β3Y747A platelets, or with wild-type platelets treated with PGE 1 . Furthermore, even the initial adhesion of αIIbβ3-deficient and β3Y747A platelets to collagen rapidly declined at increasing shear rates (120%, 30% and 7% of wild-type platelets at 70, 1000 and 4000 s −1 , respectively (p