cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cohesion in Monovalent Metals

The theory of metallic structure, of Sommerfeld, Heisenberg, and Bloch, is carried far enough to explain cohesive forces, and calculations are made for atoms with one valence electron, particularly metallic sodium. The numerical results, though rough, are in qualitative agreement with experiment. It is found that the forces in general are of the same nature as those met in ordinary homopolar binding, discussed by Heitler and London; except that the purely electrostatic force from penetration of one atom by another is relatively more important, the valence effect from the exchange of electrons relatively less important, than in diatomic molecules.As a preliminary to the calculation, the relations of the methods of Heisenberg and of Bloch are discussed, and it is shown that they are essentially equivalent in their results when properly handled. Remarks are made both about conductivity and ferromagnetism. In connection with conduction, it is shown that a definite meaning can be given to free electrons, that they are necessary to conduction, and that a method can be set up for computing their number, which is rather small compared with the number of atoms. Ferromagnetism is discussed in connection with a recent paper of Bloch. It is shown that a metal like an alkali cannot be ferromagnetic, for atoms at such a distance that the interatomic forces keep the metal in equilibrium, are too close to be magnetic. For ferromagnetism, rather, it seems necessary to have one group of electrons responsible for cohesion, and another group, of smaller orbit and therefore relatively farther apart, producing the magnetism; a situation actually found only in the iron group and the similar groups.
Theoretical perspectives on the fear of anxiety

Abstract Many people with anxiety disorders and phobias are afraid of experiencing anxiety. Psychoanalytic, existential, conditioning, and cognitive statements of the fear of anxiety are reviewed in this article. One conclusion is that there is a surprising degree of similarity among the various schools of thought. Another conclusion is that the fear of anxiety has been related theoretically to a much wider range of phenomena than is generally realized. The list includes agoraphobia, posttraumatic stress disorders, phobias, anxiety disorders, stress-related illnesses, anxiety incubation, placebo effects, anxious worrying, relaxation-induced anxiety, avoidance motivation, and fear exposure therapy. The concept of the fear of anxiety provides a theoretical basis for unifying a number of research areas. Empirical research is needed to evaluate the validity of these theoretical suggestions.
The signaling protein Rho is necessary for vascular smooth muscle migration and survival but not for proliferation

Abstract Background. The small GTPase Rho has been implicated in a variety of cellular processes. Vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration, proliferation, and apoptosis are important events that contribute to the formation of intimal hyperplasia. To better understand the importance of Rho in intimal hyperplasia, we evaluated the necessity of Rho for these 3 cellular processes. Methods. We used for these studies a recombinant C3 exoenzyme (C3), which selectively adenosine diphosphate-ribosylates and, thus, functionally inactivates Rho. SMC migration was determined by scratch and modified Boyden chamber assays, proliferation by tritiated-thymidine incorporation, and apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling. Results. Pretreatment of human SMC with C3 overnight resulted in adenosine diphosphate-ribosylation and inactivation of Rho. Inactivation of Rho completely eliminated SMC migration in response to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AB. Furthermore, C3 blocked phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase, tensin, and paxillin, which are essential for cellular migration. In contrast, C3 did not significantly affect DNA synthesis in response to PDGF-AB or activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, a signaling mediator of PDGF-stimulated proliferation. However, prolonged inactivation of Rho by C3 induced apoptosis of SMC. Conclusions. The small GTPase Rho is necessary for vascular SMC migration and cell survival but not for proliferation. Manipulation of Rho might have therapeutic value in modulating intimal hyperplasia. (Surgery 2002;132:317-25.)
Double bridgehead olefins via pyrolysis

Abstract Pyrolysis of diacetate 5 produced 3 major products, 6 – 8 . The most reasonable pathway to these products, supported by deuterium labelling studies, is via double bridgehead olefins and .
Microstructure–fracture toughness relationship of vanadium alloy/stainless steel brazed joints

Abstract In this work, brazing V–5Ti–5Cr to 304 stainless steel (SS 304) using Au–18Ni alloy as filler material was conducted under high vacuum condition. Sessile drop technique was used to determine the wettability of filler alloy to the stainless steel and the vanadium alloy substrates upon which the relationship between the contact angles with time was obtained. Tensile tests were performed on unnotched and notched specimens to demonstrate the overloading behavior and the fracture toughness of the base materials and the brazed joint. Fracture surface was examined for both the V–5Ti–5Cr and the joint to identify the failure mechanisms under static loadings. It was found that the Au–18Ni filler material exhibited good wettability with the SS 304 and V–5Ti–5Cr. The ultimate tensile strength of the brazed joint reached 245 MPa. The strain to failure was about 1.3%. Young's modulus was about 351 GPa. The fracture toughness (KIc) of this joint was 19.1 MPa √ m . The fracture surface of the joint showed well brazed area with good wettability and proper amount of residual filler material which came from the solidification of residual liquid filler alloy of Au–Ni. The failure of the joint occurred along the interface of the vanadium/filler under static load.
Large air–sea gas fluxes associated with breaking waves

THE exchange of gases between the ocean and the atmosphere exerts an important influence on the cycling and global budget of trace gases. Air–sea gas flux is normally parameterized as the product of a gas-transfer velocity and the air–sea concentration difference1,2. Despite suggestions3–8 that the parameterization might be inappropriate when air-bubble penetration occurs, this 'thin-film' model remains widely accepted9 and is employed regularly in regional10 and global-scale11 models. Here we present a time series of ear-surface dissolved O2 from November to March in coastal waters. The time series is punctuated by sudden large increases in dissolved O2 associated with surface wave activity. A numerical simulation including air injection by bubbles shows similar behaviour. If the observed O2 'events' reflect the air–sea O2 flux, our results imply that conventional parameterizations might seriously underestimate gas invasion of surface waters under storm conditions. Our study confirms that important questions remain concerning air–sea gas transfer at high wind speeds.
Deviations in the sequence of appearance of primary centers of ossification in the feet of human fetuses with cleft lip and/or palate.

The feet of 35 human fetuses with cleft lip and/or palate and 208 human fetuses without cleft Lip or palate were cleared and stained, and their conformity to the “normal” sequence of appearance of the primary centers of ossification in the 19 post-tarsal bones was noted. An arbitrary definition of a significant deviation from the normal sequence was established and a system of evaluating the relative severity of deviations was set up. The relative number of cleft fetuses showing deviations from the accepted sequence (42.9% ) was significantly higher than of non-cleft fetuses (10.6%). The cleft and non-cleft deviant fetuses were not significantly different in relative severity. There was no difference between the two series in the relative frequency with which specific bones were affected. In each series the fifth distal phalanx was most frequently affected. In both series, deviations in the order of initial ossification more frequently involved the seventh to tenth phalanges in the sequence. Asymmetry was of common occurrence in deviants of both the cleft and non-cleft series. There was no significant difference in the number of deviant centers per fetus in the cleft and non-cleft series. The biological mechanisms underlying the orderly and regular sequence of appearance of ossification centers in the foot are not known, hence, the nature of the interference with the “normal” sequence cannot be described.
Convex lens-induced confinement for imaging single molecules.

Fluorescence imaging is used to study the dynamics of a wide variety of single molecules in solution or attached to a surface. Two key challenges in this pursuit are (1) to image immobilized single molecules in the presence of a high level of fluorescent background and (2) to image freely diffusing single molecules for long times. Strategies that perform well by one measure often perform poorly by the other. Here, we present a simple modification to a wide-field fluorescence microscope that addresses both challenges and dramatically improves single-molecule imaging. The technique of convex lens-induced confinement (CLIC) restricts molecules to a wedge-shaped gap of nanoscale depth, formed between a plano-convex lens and a planar coverslip. The shallow depth of the imaging volume leads to 20-fold greater rejection of background fluorescence than is achieved with total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) imaging. Elimination of out-of-plane diffusion leads to an approximately 10 000-fold longer diffusio...
Studies on Chromium: I. The Quantitative Determination of Chromium in Human Tumors

A preliminary note with regard to our finding of chromium in certain human tumors was published in 1932 (1) and a detailed description of the new technic for the determination of transmittancy was given in a recent communication (2). The present paper deals with the application of this method to the quantitative determination of chromium in certain human tumors. In the above mentioned note it was pointed out that chromium could be determined in the presence of iron from transmission values at wavelengths between 5040 A and 5800 A. In order to choose the most suitable spectrum lines for use in determining transmission values in this region, microphotometer (Moll type A) record was made of a tungsten spark spectrogram. The air lines 5045 A and 5710.7 A gave records that were sharp and sufficiently distant from neighboring lines to be satisfactory for this purpose. A series of spectrograms was made using various slit widths. An investigation of the microphotometer records of the lines mentioned led to the choice of 0.05 mm. slit width as being the most desirable. The length of exposure time was determined from the characteristic curve to the Wratten M plates used. Fifteen seconds was found to be the longest exposure time that produced density values falling on the straight line portion of the curve, and this was accordingly chosen as the standard time.
Electrophysiology of taste-mediated functions in parabrachial nuclei of behaving rabbit ☆

A single-unit analysis of parabrachial (PBN) neuronal activity associated with orolingual response to auditory-cued intraoral injections of basic type tastants and water revealed 7 major functional types of neurons. Several types dealt with mechanoreceptive orosensory input from superficial and/or deep receptors and from proprioceptors (possibly joint receptors). Some were multimodal in sensitivity. In one type, thermal or gustatory input acted to inhibit movement-related excitation in activity. Three types of taste-sensitive elements were distinguished. "Movement-taste sensitive" elements showed relations to orolingual movement and hedonic properties of fluid input. These cells may contribute to motivational control of licking activity. A tentative distinction was drawn between "taste-hedonic" and "taste" elements. One type responded to water and showed a bias toward hedonic properties of tastants. The other type exhibited no response to water and smaller responses to tastants that had no hedonic relationship. Both, however, had common properties, including inhibitory modulation of activity in apparent anticipation of fluid delivery. In addition to serving as a gustatory relay, PBN act to integrate orolingual response to taste and other orosensory input, and may operate as an output mechanism in the ventral forebrain control of ingestive behavior.
Neuroticism and Negative Affect Influence the Reluctance to Engage in Destructive Obedience in the Milgram Paradigm

The present study employed a variation of Milgram's (1963, 1965, 1974) obedience paradigm that required undergraduate participants (N = 33) to administer noise blasts rather than electric shocks. We found that the individuals who were the most reluctant to obey the commands of the experimenter to continue with the procedure were those with low levels of neuroticism who reported the highest levels of negative affect during the session. This suggests that our procedure may offer a relatively benign means for examining the mechanisms underlying destructive obedience as well as individual differences in the willingness to obey authority.
Clinical experience of life-threatening dabigatran-related bleeding at a large, tertiary care, academic medical center: a case series.

Introduction Dabigatran, an oral direct thrombin inhibitor, is FDA approved for the prevention of stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. No agent exists for the reversal of dabigatran-related major bleeding. Prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) has been studied in reversal but was not shown to affect the surrogate markers of bleeding such as the thrombin time, ecarin clotting time, or activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). Recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) may provide benefit in patients with life-threatening or major bleeding; however, it has not been studied in dabigatran-related bleeding. PCC and rFVIIa are agents utilized at our institution for major bleeding in patients receiving anticoagulant therapy. Due to the high cost and thrombogenic risk of both rVIIa and PCC and lack of a clear reversal strategy, we reviewed the management of all reported cases of dabigatran-related bleeding.
Endocrinopathic amenorrhea: Causes and treatment

Abstract Amenorrhea may result from failure of the ovaries to respond to pituitary gonadotropic stimulation, or from deficient pituitary secretion. Ovarian failure is characteristic of the menopause, and is to be treated for symptomatic control only, and by the use of estrogenic substances. Pituitary inadequacy may be substituted for by gonadotropic substances obtained from animal pituitary or from serum of pregnant mares. Hypodermic injections of these extracts are advised in series of five to fifteen doses, during the first two weeks of the menstrual cycle, or at intervals beginning not oftener than every four weeks, to attempt reestablishment of cyclic flowing. Determination of the ability of the ovaries to respond is facilitated by the use of vaginal smears showing the estrogenic effects on vaginal mucosa.
Foldamers with Hybrid Biological and Synthetic Sequences as Selective DNA Fluorescent Probes

Foldable polymers with alternating single-strand deoxyribonucleic acid (ssDNA) and planar fluorescent organic chromophores can self-organize into folded nanostructures and hence are hybrid foldamers with biological sequences and synthetic properties. The biological sequence provides highly specific molecular recognition properties, while the physical properties of synthetic chromophores offer sensitive fluorescence detection. In this paper, we describe that rational designed hybrid foldamers exhibit potential in the detection of polynucleotides. Under strictly controlled laboratory conditions, fluorescence measurements indicate that configuration change due to binding of polynucleotides with one or two mismatched bases can be readily distinguished. These results shed light on the design and construction of nanostructured foldamers with actuator and sensory properties, which may find important applications as biological probes.
Effect of holding time and temperature of bovine whole blood on concentration of progesterone, estradiol-17β and estrone in plasma and serum samples

Bovine jugular venous blood was collected, with and without heparin, and aliquoted into 140 12-ml tubes. Four subsamples (two heparinized and two coagulated) were centrifuged immediately (time zero) and plasma or serum was aspirated and stored at −20°C. One-half of the remaining subsamples were stored at 4°C and the other one-half at 25°C (room temperature). At 1-h intervals (0 to 24 h), 6-h intervals (24 to 72 h) and at 96 and 120 h, four subsamples (heparinized and coagulated at both 4°C and 25°C) were centrifuged, plasma or serum was aspirated and stored at −20°C. Whole blood incubation for 1 h at 25°C reduced mean plasma and serum progesterone (P4) concentration (P<0.05). Similarly, whole blood incubation at 4°C for 2 and 3 h, respectively, reduced mean plasma and serum P4 concentration (P<0.05). No difference was found in mean P4 concentration between plasma and serum samples harvested from whole blood incubated at 4°C or 25°C. Concentration of estradiol-17β (E2) and estrone (E1) fluctuated over time, irrespective of holding temperature. There was a blood type, heparinized or coagulated, by time interaction (P<0.01) for both E2 and E1 concentrations It was concluded that incubation time and temperature between collection and centrifugation of bovine blood samples influenced the assayable P4 concentration in both plasma and serum. In contrast, incubation temperature had no effect on assayable E2 and E1 concentrations, but assayable E2 and E1 over time were differentially affected, depending on whether plasma or serum was assayed.
Epidural Anesthesia for Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy in an Achondroplastic Dwarf

Background and Objectives A 66-year-old achondroplastic male dwarf with right ureteral stones presented for outpatient extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy under epidural anesthesia. Methods The patient had marked lumbar lordosis and mild thoracic kyphosis. Although the epidural space was located easily at the L2-3 interspace on the first attempt, the catheter could not be advanced beyond the Tuohy needle. On the second attempt, the epidural space was located easily at the L1-2 interspace, and the catheter was advanced without difficulty. Results A sensory block to the T2 level developed after administration of 2 mL of lidocaine 1.5% with epinephrine 1:200,000 and 9 mL of lidocaine 2.0% with epinephrine 1:200,000. Aside from a short period of mild, asymptomatic hypotension, the patient9s intraoperative and postoperative courses were unremarkable. Conclusions This case report and the available literature support the feasibility of epidural anesthesia in achondroplastic patients. Careful titration of the local anesthetic dose is recommended since achondroplastic patients may have extensive spread of epidural anesthesia.
Classical partition functions and the U ( n +1) Rogers-Selberg identity

Abstract In this paper we show that after suitable specialization the ‘balanced’ side of the U ( n +1) Rogers-Selberg identity gives the generating function for all partitions whose parts differ by at least ( n +1). A similar specialization yields the additional condition that the parts must be ⩾ n +1. The case n =1 is the sum side of the pair of classical Rogers-Ramanujan-Schur identities. Our derivation of this connection between classical partition functions and the U ( n +1) Rogers-Selberg identity relies upon partial fraction techniques, Hall-Littlewood polynomials, raising operators, q -Kostka matrices, the Cauchy identity for Schur functions, and generating functions for column-strict plane partitions. One outcome of this work is a new class of symmetric functions H λ ( z ; γ , q ), analogous to Hall-Littlewood polynomials, that interpo- lates between Schur functions and complete homogeneous symmetric functions. Let ω : Λ → Λ be the classical involution on the ring of symmetric functions defined by ω ( h λ )= e λ . Then the function ω ( H λ ( z ;∅; q ))= E λ ( z ;∅; q ) leads to explicit q -difference equations, raising operator formulas, and a combinatorial setting for an important nontrivial special case Macdonald's new class of symmetric functions with two free parameters. This connection with Macdonald's work is observed and developed in the paper of A. Garsia.
Fully Biological Bioprinted Blood Vessel Substitutes

Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death and often requires vascular reconstruction. There is considerable clinical need for alternatives to the autologous vein and artery tissues used for vascular reconstructive surgeries, lower limb bypass, arteriovenous shunts and repair of congenital defects to the pulmonary outflow tract. Engineering new tissues, ideally from the patient's own body cells to prevent rejection by the immune system, is a rapidly growing field that rests on three pillars: cells, supporting structures (or scaffold) and stimulating biological environment. However the use of scaffolds has often been associated with chronic inflammation and impaired tissue-remodeling and maturation. In this respect understanding the physical principles of biological self-assembly is essential for developing efficient strategies to build living tissues and organs. Here we exploit well-established developmental processes (such as tissue fusion, spreading or sorting phenomena) to engineer small-diameter blood vessels. We introduce a novel automated rapid prototyping method (bioprinting) that allows the building of three-dimensional custom-shaped tissue and organ modules without the use of any scaffold, thus making the final construct fully biological, as well as structurally and functionally closer to native tissues. Conveniently prepared bio-ink units (multicellular spheroids or cylinders composed of single or several cell types) are delivered into the bio-paper (a hydrogel support material) to build linear and branching tubular structures of small diameter (down to 0.9 mm OD). Structure formation takes place by the post-printing fusion of the discrete units. Upon removal of the support material, the fused construct is matured in perfusion bioreactor under pulsatile flow until desirable biomechanical (burst pressure, compliance) and biochemical (e.g. ECM) properties develop. Such constructs could fulfill the crucial need for small diameter vascular grafts and provide new strategies for vascularization of tissues for transplantation.
Improving Students’ Formal Writing: The IDOL Writing Device

Consistent with the student-centered learning movement in higher education, college teachers have increasingly utilized student-active teaching formats and methods as primary modes of undergraduate...
ODK sensors: an application-level sensor framework for Android devices

To simplify interfacing a variety of external sensors with consumer Android devices, we developed a user-level framework that streamlines both application and driver development by providing abstractions that separate responsibilities between the user application, sensor framework, and device driver. These abstractions simplify the creation of sensing applications and provide for a high level of customization and flexibility, thereby enabling a variety of wired and wireless sensors to be connected to mobile devices. To avoid issues with modifying locked consumer devices, the framework's driver architecture is implemented at the user-level. To increase the variety of mobile sensing applications, we have developed a reconfigurable interfacing board that allows the framework to communicate with external sensors that have low-level digital or analog interfaces. We discuss field deployments that leverage the framework to address global health issues.
A relative spectral sequence for topological Hochschild homology of spectra

Abstract In the situation where we have a sequence of two spectrum extensions, we describe a spectral sequence converging to the topological Hochschild homology of the top spectrum over the base spectrum, in terms of invariants of the intermediate extensions. The main application is to the case of topological Hochschild homology of a ring extension, where the base spectrum is taken to be the sphere spectrum. We get a spectral sequence starting with appropriate algebraic Tor groups of the topological Hochschild homology groups of a ring, converging to the topological Hochschild homology of an algebra over it.
Adolescents' perceived quality of life: An exploratory investigation

Abstract This study investigated the psychometric properties and correlates of a life satisfaction measure with an adolescent sample. A total of 222 students from Grades 8, 10, and 12 of a school district in the southeastern United States completed the Students' Life Satisfaction Scale (SLSS), demographic questions, and selected personality measures. The reliability of the SLSS was found to be acceptable for research purposes. The factor structure of the SLSS and relations with other measures of well-being were consistent with predictions. Adolescents' life satisfaction reports also converged significantly with external parent ratings. Individual differences in global life satisfaction were not associated with age, grade, or gender but were associated moderately with socioeconomic status. Measures of family-related self-concept were greater predictors of life satisfaction than peer and academic self-concept measures across three levels of adolescence (early, middle, and late). Implications of the findings for further research and the promotion of well-being among adolescents are discussed.
Proteins and messenger RNAs of the transforming region of wild-type and mutant adenoviruses.

Abstract We have studied the proteins encoded by the transforming region of the closely related human adenovirus serotypes 2 and 5. Messenger RNAs complementary to the two parts of this region, E1A and E1B, were prepared separately by hybridization to cloned DNA fragments encompassing 0.8 to 4.5 map units (for E1A) and 9.8 to 11.1 map units (for E1B). These RNAs were further fractionated by electrophoresis through agarose gels containing methylmercuric hydroxide, and then translated in vitro to identify the proteins encoded by each RNA species. E1A and E1B RNAs isolated at early and at late times after infection were compared. Three size classes of E1A mRNA direct the synthesis of at least five proteins: a28K ‡ protein encoded by a 0.6 kb mRNA, 42K and 54K proteins encoded by a 0.9 kb mRNA(s), and 48K and 58K proteins encoded by a 1.1 kb mRNA(s). The mRNA for the 28K protein accumulates preferentially at late times. Three size classes of early E1B mRNA direct the synthesis of three proteins: a 15K protein encoded by a 0.9 kb mRNA, an 18K protein encoded by a 1.2 kb mRNA, and a 57K protein encoded by a 2.6 kb mRNA. The mRNA for the 15K protein continues to accumulate at late times, and an additional 22K protein is made, while the 18K and 57K proteins are synthesized poorly, if at all, with late RNA. Substantially different E1A and E1B proteins are encoded by RNA from cells infected with the adenovirus type 5 mutants dl311, dl312, dl313, dl314 and hr1, which are all defective for replication on human cells and, except for dl311, for transformation. dl312, dl314 and hr1 are also defective for early viral gene expression. No viral mRNA could be detected in either dl312 or dl314-infected cells. hr1-infected cells contain a 0.9 kb mRNA encoding E1A 54K and 42K, but instead of 58K and 48K, the 1.1 kb hr1-E1A mRNA is translated into a 26K protein. The E1B mRNAs are present in substantially decreased amounts in hr1-infected cells. dl311-infected cells contain E1A mRNAs of 1.1 and 0.9 kb, encoding 38K and 34K proteins, respectively, and normal E1B mRNAs. The dl313 mRNAs of 1.1 and 0.9 kb contained fused E1A and E1B sequences and were translated into 40K and 36K proteins, respectively. These results are related to the mRNA structures and the biological activity of regions of the individual proteins.
IONIZATION PRODUCED BY HIGH-ENERGY ATOMIC COLLISIONS

A statistical theory, developed earlier, to account for the ionization produced by violent collisions between two many-electron atoms is here re-examined in the light of recent experimental results. It is found that the statistical theory is consistent with the concept of an autoionization transition. This transition, which occurs after the collision is over, is between an initial state in the discrete spectrum of the atom and a final continuum state at the same energy. The statistical distributions introduced in the earlier papers are intimately related to the density of final states $\ensuremath{\rho}({E}_{f})$ in the standard formula for the transition probability between a discrete level and a continuum: $w=(\frac{2\ensuremath{\pi}}{\ensuremath{\hbar}}){|{{H}_{\mathrm{fi}}}^{\ensuremath{'}}|}^{2}\ensuremath{\rho}({E}_{f})$. In addition to reinterpreting the previous results, the statistical theory is here extended and improved, and simple algebraic expressions are obtained for the ionization probabilities. Finally, the ionization process is considered in detail, and a theory for the ionization energies appropriate to violent collisions is presented. It is shown that the appropriate ionization energies increase monotonically with the excitation energy of the autoionizing level and are always larger than the ionization energies as determined spectroscopically.
The Osteoporosis Revolution

Our concepts of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of osteoporosis are radically changing. Some changes, such as the study of genetic determinants of bone mass and turnover and the identification of local factors in pathogenesis, have just begun. The use of bone densitometry to diagnose and predict fracture risk is well developed but not yet widely applied. Measurement of bone turnover done by using biochemical markers is a promising new diagnostic method that has already proved useful in assessing a patient's response to therapy. Options for prevention and treatment have increased substantially with the Food and Drug Administration's recent approval of alendronate (a bisphosphonate) and nasal calcitonin for treatment of osteoporosis. Some are concerned that these new agents will unduly reduce the use of estrogen, which should remain the mainstay for prevention of bone loss and fractures in postmenopausal women. New therapeutic approaches are needed to treat the established disease. Our goal should be to develop inexpensive and widely applicable methods for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment to limit the enormous increase in osteoporotic fractures that has been predicted as the aging population expands worldwide.
Dysplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinoma: thin-section MR imaging of explanted cirrhotic livers with pathologic correlation.

PURPOSE: To evaluate detection and characterization of hepatocellular nodules in fresh whole explanted cirrhotic livers at thin-section magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: T1-weighted spin-echo and T2-weighted fast spin-echo MR imaging (5-mm-thick sections) were performed in a head coil at 1.5 T in the whole cirrhotic livers of 28 consecutive patients within 4 hours of explantation. MR imaging findings were correlated with findings at pathologic examination, and new international terminology was used to classify the hepatocellular nodules. RESULTS: At pathologic examination, 42 suspect (other than regenerative) nodules were identified in 11 patients. MR imaging depicted 41 of 42 (98%) of these nodules (five of five hepatocellular carcinomas [HCCs {diameter, > or = 2 cm}], 10 of 10 small HCCs [diameter, < 2 cm], two of two dysplastic nodules with subfoci of HCC, three of three high-grade dysplastic nodules, and 21 of 22 low-grade dysplastic nodules. Lesions demonstrated the following co...
A Non-Mechanical System of Herbicide Application with a Rope Wick

Abstract A non-mechanical system of applying herbicides to weeds taller than crops by a simple rope wick device is described. The herbicide applicator requires no pumps or moving parts to deliver the herbicide, and it can be built by the farmer at a very low cost. Selective control of johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.) in soyabeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) with glyphosate was demonstrated in two experiments under field conditions.
Local Epitaxy of YBa2Cu3Ox on Polycrystalline Ni Measured by X-ray Microdiffraction

Polychromatic synchrotron x-ray microdiffraction is used to determine the epitaxy of YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub x} (YBCO) films grown on polycrystalline Y{sub 0.15}Zr{sub 0.8}5O{sub 1.925}/CeO{sub 2}/Y{sub 2}O{sub 3}/Ni{sub 95}W{sub 5}(Ni) rolling-assisted, biaxially textured substrates (RABiTS). A novel analysis technique is introduced in which the orientation of mosaic films is measured by using a Hough transform to recognize arcs in Laue microdiffraction patterns that correspond to low-index zone axes. While the overall epitaxy is cube-on-cube, grain-by-grain analysis reveals a systematic misorientation of YBCO with respect to Ni: the YBCO (001) rotates toward the direction of the surface normal. The crystal mosaic (for rotation about the rolling direction) measured by a single diffraction pattern sampling a 0.5-{micro}m2 surface area is 0.7 degrees full width at half-maximum for YBCO grown on Ni grains with a low tilt; for more highly tilted grains, the YBCO patterns can no longer be measured, presumably due to the large mosaic. The YBCO mosaic over the entire area of a Ni grain is {approx}2.5 degrees and varies with grain size; the mosaic is smaller for larger grains.
On the Absence of Shear from Complete Einstein Rings and the Stability of Geometry

Concordance cosmology points to a universe of zero mean curvature, due to the inflation mechanism which occurred soon after the big bang, while along a relatively small number of lower redshift light paths where lensing events are observed, space is positively curved. How do we know that geometry and topology are robust rather than in a state of chaos? The phenomenon of cosmic shear provides an effective way of mapping curvature fluctuations, because it affects any light rays whether they intercept mass clumps or not. Moreover, shear depends to lowest order only on the total mass density of clumps and not on their mass function. We discuss a range of astrophysical applications of the principal manifestation of shear—the distortion of images. It will be shown that the quickest way of testing the existence of shear in the near universe is to look at the shape of Einstein rings. The fact that most of these rings are circular to a large extent means, statistically speaking, shear occurs at a much lower level than the expectation based on our current understanding of the inhomogeneous universe. While inflation may account for the mean geometry, it offers no means of stabilizing it against the fluctuations caused by nonlinear matter clumping at low redshift. Either this clumping is actually much less severe or the physical mechanism responsible for shaping the large-scale curvature has been active not only during the very early epochs, but also at all subsequent times. Might it be the vital "interface" between expansion on Hubble distances and gravity on cluster scales and beneath?
Development of an ultrasound training curriculum in a limited resource international setting: successes and challenges of ultrasound training in rural Rwanda

Over the last decade, the diffusion of ultrasound technology to nontraditional users has been rapid and far-reaching. Much research and effort has been focused on developing an ultrasound curriculum and training and practice guidelines for these users. The potential for this diagnostic tool is not limited to the developed world and in many respects ultrasound is adaptable to limited resource international settings. However, needs-based curriculum development, training guidelines, impact on resource utilization, and sustainability are not well studied in the developing world setting. We review one method of introducing applicable curriculum, training local providers, and sustaining a comprehensive ultrasound program. Two rural Rwandan hospitals affiliated with a US nongovernmental organization participated in a pilot ultrasound training program. Prior to introduction of ultrasound, local physicians completed a survey to determine the perceived importance of various ultrasound scan types. Hospital records were also reviewed to determine disease and presenting complaint prevalence as part of an initial needs assessment and to define our curriculum. We hypothesized certain studies would be more utilized and have a greater impact given available treatment resources. We review here the choice of curriculum, the training plan, helpful equipment specifications, and implementation of ongoing measures of quality assessment and sustainability. Our 9-week lecture and practice-based ultrasound curriculum included obstetrics, abdominal, renal, hepatobiliary, cardiac, pleural, vascular, and procedural ultrasound. While ultrasound as a diagnostic modality for resource-poor parts of the world has generated interest for years, recent advances in technology have brought ultrasound again to the forefront as a sustainable and high impact technology for resource-poor developing world nations. From our experience in rural Rwanda, we conclude that ultrasound remains helpful in patient care and the diagnostic impact is enhanced by choosing the correct applications to implement. We also conclude that ultrasound is a teachable skill, with a several week intensive training period involving hands-on practice skills and plans for long-term learning and have begun a second phase of evaluating knowledge retention for this introductory program.
THE HASSE PRINCIPLE FOR CERTAIN HYPERELLIPTIC CURVES AND FORMS

We prove that, for each positive integer n ≥ 2, there is an infinite arithmetic family of hyperelliptic curves of genus n violating the Hasse principle explained by the Brauer–Manin obstruction. Using these families of curves, we show that, for any positive integer k ≥ 1, there are infinitely many algebraic and arithmetic families of forms in three variables of degree 4k + 2 such that they are counterexamples to the Hasse principle explained by the Brauer–Manin obstruction.
Psychosocial predictors of poor outcome after thoracic outlet decompression

Medical (n 5 47) 20 (43%) 12 (26%) 14 (30%) 35 (75%) 9 (19%) Surgical (n 5 118) 23 (20%) 10 (9%) 10 (9%) 23 (20%) 4 (3%)
Sensing Requirements for Real-Time Monitoring and Control in Energy Production

Clean, efficient energy production, such as the gasification of coal (syngas), requires physical and chemical sensors for exhaust gas monitoring as well as real-time control of the combustion process. Following a description of syngas production from coal, we outline the sensing needs for this high temperature, chemically corrosive gas stream. The performance of devices based on the wide-bandgap semiconductor SiC, for monitoring gas composition, flame dynamics and temperature, as well as combustor structural integrity in this extreme environment are reviewed. We have developed a Pt-SiO2-SiC micro-device with a dense Pt catalytic sensing film, for fast (<1 s) detection of hydrogen containing species at 630degC. Our SiC sensor can monitor the hydrogen concentration in a 350degC simulated syngas ambient containing the common interferants CO2, CH4 and CO. Exposure to H2S (~1000 ppm) and water vapor does not degrade the sensor performance.
Integrins and Extracellular Matrix in Mechanotransduction

Integrins bind extracellular matrix fibrils and associate with intracellular actin filaments through a variety of cytoskeletal linker proteins to mechanically connect intracellular and extracellular structures. Each component of the linkage from the cytoskeleton through the integrin-mediated adhesions to the extracellular matrix therefore transmits forces that may derive from both intracellular, myosin-generated contractile forces and forces from outside the cell. These forces activate a wide range of signaling pathways and genetic programs to control cell survival, fate, and behavior. Additionally, cells sense the physical properties of their surrounding environment through forces exerted on integrin-mediated adhesions. This article first summarizes current knowledge about regulation of cell function by mechanical forces acting through integrin-mediated adhesions and then discusses models for mechanotransduction and sensing of environmental forces.
360° Feedback: Ready, Fire, Aim—Issues With Improper Implementation

This article looks at 360° feedback, as well as mistakes and misuses that are often made in its implementation and use. Too often individuals look for tools to give them facts to support predetermined opinions rather than gathering facts to support individuals in their growth and development process. By identifying these issues and addressing them up front, larger issues that can negatively affect the overall culture of an organization can be avoided.
The Assessment of Complexity of Representations of People Using TAT and Interview Data

ABSTRACT The complexity of mental representations of self and others is a central dimension of personality structure and interpersonal functioning. The richness, differentiation, and integration of representations develops throughout childhood and adolescence and differs among individuals and among various psychopathological populations. The nature and development of mental representations is central to object relations theories in psychoanalysis, and has been receiving empirical attention in the social cognition literature. This article reports the development of instruments for measuring the complexity of mental representations from narrative data, based on an integration of object relations and social cognition research. The present study provides preliminary support for the validity of two measures, one for use with the TAT, and the other for use with interview data such as research interviews, psychotherapy transcripts, and early memories.
Race and health insurance are predictors of hospitalized Crohn's disease patients undergoing bowel resection.

Background: Racial disparities in utilization of major surgical procedures have been well documented in the United States over the last decade. Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronically relapsing disorder that leads to significant morbidity and, in most cases, surgery. Our objective was to characterize health disparities in CD-related bowel resection among hospitalized CD patients. Methods: We analyzed discharge records from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, the largest nationally representative database of acute-care hospitals throughout the United States. A total of 41,918 discharges with CD from 1998 to 2003 were included. Bowel resection and in-hospital mortality rates for non-Hispanic whites, African Americans, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic Asians were calculated. Results: After adjusting for age, sex, health insurance, comorbidity, median neighborhood income, and hospital characteristics, the relative rate ratio of undergoing bowel resection for African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians compared to whites was 0.68 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.61–0.76), 0.70 (95% CI: 0.60–0.83), and 0.31 (95% CI: 0.16–0.59), respectively. Compared to those with private insurance, the relative risk of surgery for those with Medicare, those with Medicaid, and those who were “self-pay” was 0.48 (95% CI: 0.44–0.54), 0.52 (95% CI: 0.46–0.59), and 0.67 (95% CI: 0.58–0.77), respectively. Women were less likely than men to undergo bowel resection (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.76–0.85). The in-hospital mortality of individuals who resided in neighborhoods whose median income was above the national median was lower (IRR = 0.71; 95% CI: 0.50–0.99). Conclusions: Bowel resection among hospitalized CD patients varies by race, health insurance, and sex. Further mechanistic studies are needed to elucidate the social and biological underpinnings of these variations. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007)
Potassium and experimental coronary occlusion

Abstract The temporal relationship of regional release of intracellular K ions and consequent local elevation of extracellular K concentration after coronary occlusion to the occurrence of ectopic activity has been reviewed. The experimental demonstrations that extracellular elevation of K concentration within a limit up to about 3 times normal increases excitability to electrical currents, and that injury current flows into hyperexcitable border regions form the basis of a hypothesis that the discharge of ectopic impulses is evoked or facilitated during the period when these conditions exist. Experiments which show that skeletal muscle, nerve fibers, and ganglion cells also are excited by exposure in part to elevated K concentration are cited. Uniform exposure does not commonly produce autorhythmicity. Administration of K salts may reduce ectopic activity: (a) by reducing the rate of membrane diastolic depolarization of cells exhibiting this pacemaker property; (b) by reducing the difference in concentration across the boundary, hence, the injury current; and (c) by reducing the electrolyte and water migrations of ischemia, thus maintaining more normal cellular conditions, reported as a result of polarizing solution.
Dynamic authorization and intrusion response in distributed systems

This paper presents an authorization framework for supporting fine-grained access control policies enhanced with light-weight intrusion/misuse detectors and response capabilities. The framework intercepts and analyzes access requests and dynamically adjusts security policies to prevent attackers from exploiting application level vulnerabilities. We present a practical, flexible implementation of the framework based on the Generic Authorization and Access Control API (GAA-API) that provides dynamic authorization and intrusion response capabilities for many applications. To evaluate our approach, we integrated the API with several applications, including the Apache Web server, sshd and FreeS/WAN IPsec for Linux. This paper demonstrates the integration of the GAA-API into ssh daemon. By integrating the GAA-API into the sshd, the ssh server can support fine-grained authorization policies, dynamic policy update, and application level intrusion detection and response. The server can also enforce policies with additional functionality, e.g., time- and location-based controls. Our experiments showed that the required integration effort was moderate, and that the performance impact on the ssh server was reasonable.
Laminar flow of a heat‐generating fluid in a parallel‐plate channel

An analysis of heat-generating laminar flow in a parallel-plate channel including both prescribed wall temperature and prescribed wall heat flux was carried out for both the thermal entrance region and the fully developed region. Consideration was given not only, to the basic cases of uniform wall temperature and uniform wall heat flux but also to arbitrary longitudinal distributions of the wall temperature or wall heat flux. The internal heat generatio in the fluid may also have arbitrary longitudinal and transverse variations. (P.C.H.)