cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex Education and Rape

This Article begins by describing what we know about the sexual experiences of teens and young adults. It then discusses the damaging messages about sexuality and gender that popular culture teaches, and highlights their impact on sexual health, autonomy, equality, and pleasure. Next, the Article surveys sex education programs in schools, which typically avoid discussions of sexual desires and boundaries, except for the boundary of abstinence, defined as waiting to engage in heterosexual, vaginal penetration until marriage. The Article then advocates that sex education programs begin to teach sexual discourse around desire and boundaries to prevent rape, and to increase sexual health and pleasure.
Railways and Price Convergence in British India

The period 1861 to 1920 witnessed sharp price convergence in British Indian grain markets. Previous research attributed this to the construction of railways. But tests examining price differences between districts provide surprisingly weak support for that hypothesis. Railways mattered, but seem capable of explaining only about 20 percent of the decline in price dispersion. One explanation may be that India was a partially integrated economy at the time of railroad expansion. Lines connecting districts on preexisting trade routes had very small price effects. There is also some evidence of a “border effect” on lines between British India and princely states.
Using the IAT to Predict Ethnic and Racial Discrimination: Small Effect Sizes of Unknown Societal Significance

Greenwald, Banaji, and Nosek (2015) present a reanalysis of the meta-analysis by Oswald, Mitchell, Blanton, Jaccard, and Tetlock (2013) that examined the effect sizes of Implicit Association Tests (IATs) designed to predict racial and ethnic discrimination. We discuss points of agreement and disagreement with respect to methods used to synthesize the IAT studies, and we correct an error by Greenwald et al. that obscures a key contribution of our meta-analysis. In the end, all of the meta-analyses converge on the conclusion that, across diverse methods of coding and analyzing the data, IAT scores are not good predictors of ethnic or racial discrimination, and explain, at most, small fractions of the variance in discriminatory behavior in controlled laboratory settings. The thought experiments presented by Greenwald et al. go well beyond the lab to claim systematic IAT effects in noisy real-world settings, but these hypothetical exercises depend crucially on untested and, arguably, untenable assumptions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)
Inventory models with Markovian demands and cost functions of polynomial growth

This paper studies stochastic inventory problems with unbounded Markovian demands, ordering costs that are lower semicontinuous, and inventory/backlog (or surplus) costs that are lower semicontinuous with polynomial growth. Finite-horizon problems, stationary and nonstationary discounted-cost infinite-horizon problems, and stationary long-run average-cost problems are addressed. Existence of optimal Markov or feedback policies is established. Furthermore, optimality of (s, S)-type policies is proved when, in addition, the ordering cost consists of fixed and proportional cost components and the surplus cost is convex.
Tax Increment Debt Finance: An Analysis of the Mainstreaming of a Fringe Sector

Despite the persistent efforts of federal tax policymakers to place binding constraints on the economic development bond market in the United States, it has grown since the Tax Reform Act of 1986 and is a well established segment of the municipal securities market. This article provides an analysis of the development bond market by describing tax increment debt finance (TIF) in the United States and conducting an empirical analysis of California TIF debt. Our analysis indicates that tax increment debt finance (TIF) is no longer an obscure infrequently used financing tool, but for local governments in many states is a commonly used means of raising capital for multiple purposes. Our empirical analysis highlights the unique project-specific features of tax increment finance that bond issuers must understand and manage to enhance the credit quality and minimize the financing costs of tax increment debt.
Bias and the Commitment to Disclosure

This paper studies the propensity of firms to commit to disclose information that is subsequently biased, in the presence of other firms also issuing potentially biased information. An important aspect of such an analysis is the fact that firms can choose whether to disclose or withhold information. We show that allowing the number of disclosed reports to be endogenous introduces a countervailing force to some of the empirical predictions from the prior literature. For example, we find that as more firms issue reports or as the correlation across firms' cash flows increases, the firm biases its report less. However, when we treat firms' disclosure choices as endogenous, we show that the number of firms that commit to disclose decreases as the correlation across these cash flows increases, and this, in turn, offsets the direct effect of the correlation on bias. This paper was accepted by Mary Barth, accounting.
Pitfalls Ahead: A Manifesto for the Training of Lawyers

Entrants joining the legal profession are entitled to fair warning about what they are getting into. Accounts of lawyers' heroism, triumph, and reformist energy continue to inspire young people to pursue this profession, and they should. But before they represent a client, newcomers need to be informed about pitfalls, the complement to power: how lawyers lose their licenses, face liability for malpractice and breach of fiduciary duty, see their work performance deemed not competent or not "effective" under the Sixth Amendment, struggle against judges, become disqualified from representing particular clients, and forfeit some freedoms of speech and association. Learning about pitfalls enables lawyers not only to protect themselves should they encounter danger, but also to advance what is good for their clients and the public. This Essay examines lawyers' pitfalls with an eye to their vocational and theoretical interest, gives examples of pitfalls-related teaching and learning strategies already present (but not always visible) in the American legal curriculum, and integrates this perspective with other approaches to lawyers' professional responsibility.
The Disappearance of Civil Trial in the United States

Since the 1930s, the proportion of civil cases concluded at trial has declined from about 20% to below 2% in the federal courts and below 1% in state courts. This Article looks to the history of the civil trial to explain why the trial endured so long and then vanished so rapidly. For the litigants, a civil procedure system serves two connected functions: investigating the facts and adjudicating the dispute. The better the system investigates and clarifies the facts, the more it promotes settlement and reduces the need to adjudicate. The Anglo-American common law for most of its history paid scant attention to the investigative function. This Article points to the role of the jury system in shaping the procedure and restricting the investigative function. Pleading was the only significant component of pretrial procedure, and the dominant function of pleading was to control the jury by narrowing to a single issue the question that the jury would be asked to decide. This primitive pretrial process left trial as the only occasion at which it was sometimes possible to investigate issues of fact. Over time, the jury-free equity courts developed techniques to enable litigants to obtain testimonial and documentary evidence in advance of adjudication. The fusion of law and equity in the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure of 1938 brought those techniques into the merged procedure, and expanded them notably. The signature reform of the Federal Rules was to shift pretrial procedure from pleading to discovery. A new system of civil procedure emerged, centered on the discovery of documents and the sworn depositions of parties and witnesses. Related innovations, the pretrial conference and summary judgment, reinforced the substitution of discovery for trial. This new procedure system has overcome the information deficit that so afflicted common law procedure, enabling almost all cases to be settled or dismissed without trial. Pretrial procedure has become nontrial procedure by making trial obsolete.
How different is the cyclical behavior of home production across countries

This paper studies stylized business-cycle properties of household production in four industrialized countries (Canada, the United States, Germany, and Japan). We employ a dynamic small open-economy business-cycle model that incorporates a household production sector. We use the model to generate data on home output, hours worked in the home sector, and hours spent on leisure. We find that in each country, home output is more volatile than market output, whereas home sector hours are about as volatile as those in the market sector. In each country, leisure is the least volatile series. Leisure hours and home hours are countercyclical in all countries, and home output is not highly correlated with market output. Home sector variables are generally less persistent than market variables and cross-country correlations related to home production tend to be lower than those related to market production. These findings demonstrate that despite some well-known structural differences in labor markets, the cyclical features of home sector variables are similar across the countries we consider.
Inside or Outside the System

In a typical pattern in the literature on public law, the diagnostic sections of a paper draw upon political science, economics, or other disciplines to offer deeply pessimistic accounts of the motivations of relevant actors in the legal system. The prescriptive sections of the paper, however, then issue an optimistic proposal that the same actors should supply public-spirited solutions. Where the analyst makes inconsistent assumptions about the motivations of actors within the legal system, equivocating between external and internal perspectives, an inside/outside fallacy arises. We identify the fallacy, connect it to an economics literature on the “determinacy paradox,” and elicit its implications for the theory of public law.
Medical records and HIPAA: is it too late to protect privacy?

In this Comment, I respond to Professors James Hodge and Larry Gostin, who argue from a utilitarian perspective that the individual's private medical records should yield to communal public health needs when the benefits to public health are high and the risks to individuals are low. That is fine in clear cases such as bioterrorism, but it is not clear what the constraints would be in protecting individual privacy from a less compelling range of communal benefits. There is much to admire in the Hodge and Gostin attempt to reconcile individual privacy with communal needs. In the end, however, I do not think they offer an approach that will be easy to implement. As an alternative, I suggest that we use a modified rule of reason approach to protecting the privacy of medical records, with the default option in favor of protecting privacy as opposed to disclosure. My premise is that privacy involves fundamental values that cannot easily be subjected to a utilitarian construct. Although a balancing test is an inevitable part of the privacy debate, protecting privacy is so fundamental to the health care enterprise that it should be viewed as being at or near the top of a hierarchy of values. Private information should be disclosed only under limited circumstances.
Stable moduli spaces of high-dimensional handlebodies

We study the moduli space of handlebodies diffeomorphic to $(D^{n+1}\times S^{n})^{\natural g}$, i.e. the classifying space $BDiff((D^{n+1}\times S^n)^{\natural g}, D^{2n})$ of the group of diffeomorphisms that restrict to the identity near a $2n$-dimensional disk embedded in the boundary, $\partial(D^{n+1}\times S^n)^{\natural g}$. We construct a map $colim_{g\to\infty}BDiff((D^{n+1}\times S^n)^{\natural g}, D^{2n}) \longrightarrow Q_{0}BO(2n+1)\langle n \rangle_{+}$ and prove that it induces an isomorphism on integral homology in the case that $2n+1 \geq 9$. Above, $BO(2n+1)\langle n \rangle$ denotes the $n$-connective cover of $BO(2n+1)$. The (co)homology of the space $Q_{0}BO(2n+1)\langle n \rangle_{+}$ is well understood and so our results enable one to compute the homology groups $H_{k}(BDiff((D^{n+1}\times S^n)^{\natural g}, D^{2n}))$ in a range of degrees when $k << g$. Our main theorem can be viewed as an analogue of the Madsen-Weiss theorem for the moduli spaces of surfaces and the recent theorem of Galatius and Randal-Williams for the moduli spaces of manifolds of dimension $2n \geq 6$.
The empirical frequency of a pivotal vote

Some economic theories of voting suggestthat competition leads to close elections,and that election closeness is a factor forbringing voters to the polls. How often infact are civic elections decided by onevote? One of every 89,000 votes cast inU.S. Congressional elections, and one of15,000 in state legislator elections, ``mattered'' in thesense that they were castfor a candidate that tied or won by onevote. We find an inverse relationshipbetween election size and the frequency ofone vote margins. Recounts, and othermargin-specific election procedures, aredeterminants of the pivotal vote frequency.
On the Stability of Community Detection Algorithms on Longitudinal Citation Data

Abstract There are fundamental differences between citation networks and other classes of graphs. In particular, given that citation networks are directed and acyclic, methods developed primarily for use with undirected social network data may face obstacles. This is particularly true for the dynamic development of community structure in citation networks. Namely, it is neither clear when it is appropriate to employ existing community detection approaches nor is it clear how to choose among existing approaches. Using simulated citation data, we highlight the tradeoff inherent in algorithm selection thereby clarifying the conditions under which one should use existing methods. We hope this paper will serve as encouragement for those interested in the development of more targeted approaches for use with longitudinal citation data.
Open Source Licensing and Scattering Opportunism in Software Standards

Despite their beneficial influence on interoperability and markets, problems of detrimental opportunism occur with technology standards, including standards implemented in software, which this Article calls “Software Standards.” Inspired by new perspectives on the study of semicommons in the history of real property, this Article contemplates the substitutability of free and open source software (“FOSS”) for traditional standard-setting approaches. Standards are analogous to semicommons, where public and private use interact, raising the possibility of opportunistic influence on the Software Standard to increase private gain at the expense of the public benefit in a more uniform standard. With its source code disclosure requirement, FOSS shifts and dampens this opportunism, although various limits influence the reach of its effect. The political economy around a standard will express itself differently under a FOSS implementation, and clearing intellectual property rights in the standard is no more certain than under the traditional standard-setting approach.
Copyright and Good Faith Purchasers

Good faith purchasers for value—individuals who unknowingly and in good faith purchase property from a seller whose own actions in obtaining the property are of questionable legality—have long obtained special protection under the common law. Despite the seller’s own actions being tainted, such purchasers obtain valid title themselves and are allowed to freely alienate the property without any restriction. Modern copyright law however does just the opposite. Individuals who unknowingly and in good faith purchase property embodying an unauthorized copy of a protected work are altogether precluded from subsequently alienating such property, or risk running afoul of copyright’s distribution right. Such good faith purchasers are also given absolutely no protection by the first sale defense, which requires that the first copy, i.e., the seller’s copy, be lawfully made for it to apply. This Article shows how the concerns motivating the good faith purchaser doctrine in the common law, relating to the free alienability of property and the informational burdens that consumers might have to unduly bear, carry over to the principal settings where modern copyright law operates. It then argues for the creation of a similar doctrine in copyright law, under which a seller who makes an unauthorized reproduction of the work and embodies the infringing copy into an object is treated as having “voidable” rather than void title to the object and a good faith purchaser of the object from the seller is thereafter permitted to alienate it, subject to certain important restrictions.
Russia’s contract arbitrage

Ukraine is poised to restructure its debt, but Russia may hold the best cards in the negotiation. Russia bought $3 billion in Ukrainian eurobonds in late 2013 to prop up a political ally, sincedeposed. As Russian President Vladimir Putin himself has pointed out, these bonds have unique terms that let Russia call for early repayment, putting it ahead of Ukraine’s private creditors. Meanwhile, Russia and its proxies hold enough bonds to block a restructuring vote or hold out, sticking more losses on other creditors. Russia has refused to restructure the bonds in the Paris Club of government-to-government creditors, claiming that they are commercial debt. In all, Russia has effectively arbitraged the prevailing sovereign debt regime, where public and private lending to sovereigns are separated by legal form and restructuring institutions. Because the bonds in question are governed by English law, the U.K. Parliament can limit the scope for abuse by making them unenforceable. Such legislation has ample precedent, and would compare favorably to traditional sanctions. Uniquely among sanctions,it would not only punish Russia, but could deliver immediate financial relief for Ukraine.
Ants, Elephant Guns, and Statutory Subject Matter

Questions about whether software qualifies for patent protection are becoming increasingly more prevalent, despite the fact the issue seemed settled. The Supreme Court has indicated its interest in the topic and the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office-which had previously been liberally issuing patents in the computer-related arts-now appears to be leading the groundswell against the subject-matter eligibility of these inventions, rejecting an increasing number of applications in this area for lack of statutory subject matter. Despite the broad definitions of patentable subject matter provided by the Constitution, Patent Act, and Supreme Court, the Patent Office has grafted various additional requirements onto the statute, the most recent being the requirement that the invention be within the "technological arts." In an effort to clarify the official Patent Office position, the Board of Patent Appeals and Inteiferences recently suppressed the notion of a separate "technological arts" inquiry. The Patent Office shortly thereafter issued interim guidelines for examination of patent applications for patentable subject matter, paying particular attention to computer-related inventions. The statutory subject matter issue is not as complex as the Patent Office's activity suggests. Rather, in promulgating these guidelines, the Patent Office is trying to kill an ant with an elephant gun, overcomplicating what should be an essentially simple question. This Article shows that the Patent Office, the courts, and even some commentators, have used subject-matter rejections as a way to avoid tackling policy or practical issues that should be handled through other means; the rejections are merely proxies for inquiries that should more appropriately be made under other statutory patentability requirements. To prevent the Supreme Court t Assistant Professor, University of Richmond School of Law. I gratefully acknowledge the receipt of a generous writing grant from the Oracle Corporation. I also appreciate the helpful comments on earlier drafts of this paper from Chris Cotropia, Dennis Crouch, Jim Gibson, Tim Holbrook, Corinna Lain, and Greg Vetter, as well as from the participants and attendees at the George Washington University Law SchooUOracle Corporation Symposium "What's Ahead on Highway 101 ?,"especially Thomas Cotter, Judge Michael Fleming, Judge Arthur Gajarsa, Sean O'Connor, and Joshua Sarnoff. Finally, I appreciate the excellent research assistance provided by B. Wesley Barger, Jr. and Paul T. Nyffeler. All errors are mine. Comments are welcome at kosenga@ richmond.edu. 1088 ARIZONA STATE LAW JOURNAL [Ariz. St. L.J. from making the same mistake when it takes up the issue, the Patent Office must be disarmed by removing any software-specific inquiry from the determination of patentable subject matter.
The Marginality of Citizens United

As this symposium and countless opinion pieces denouncing or (less frequently) praising Citizens United v. FEC illustrate, that ruling is already regarded as extremely important. Yet, as I shall argue in this Response, it is likely to have no more than a marginal practical effect. Partly, that is for reasons identified by Professors Wert, Gaddie, and Bullock (hereinafter "WGB") in their symposium contribution. As they explain, corporate fears of alienating customers by becoming too closely associated with a political party or controversial political positions temper the corporate appetite for direct spending on politics-at least insofar as such spending is visible to the public.But there is also a more fundamental reason why Citizens United will not substantially change the shape of American politics: Even before Citizens United, corporations or, more precisely, persons and entities with substantial accumulated wealth, already had, and frequently took advantage of, the opportunity to exert enormous influence over American politics, both directly and indirectly.Before coming to that point, however, it will be useful to situate Citizens United. Fortunately, the three principal papers in this symposium provide an excellent framework for considering how Citizens United changed and, more importantly, did not change, the ability of monied interests to influence politics.
The Duty to Think Strategically

Under Delaware corporate law, directors and officers have a duty to oversee their firm’s management of risk to limit losses. Corporate law does not, however, require directors or officers to oversee their firm’s management of strategy to create gains. Yet managing both risk and strategy are essential to a firm in creating value. In fact, as I argue in the paper, the current focus by courts and commentators only on risk management to prevent losses could actually undermine a firm’s management of its strategy for gains. I therefore propose a model for how Delaware corporate law can drive firms to manage their strategies for gains, in addition to their risk of loss, all to create value. This proposal is especially needful in light of the fact that companies such as General Motors collapsed not because of excessive risk-taking, but because they failed to sufficiently formulate and implement innovative strategies for gains. This proposal also opens an additional avenue for courts to combat the significant problem of short-termism, or the drive by firms to create short-term profits regardless of whether that creates true value. It combats short-termism by creating an expectation on officers and directors to oversee their firm’s formulation and implementation of value-creating strategic objectives. Those objectives, rather than next quarter’s earnings targets, would then be expected to guide firm decisions. THE DUTY TO THINK STRATEGICALLY 12/15/2015 2
How Much Do Analysts Influence Each Other's Forecasts?

This paper develops and applies a new approach for disentangling the influence of analysts on each other's earnings forecasts from the effects of correlated information shocks. We estimate that, on average, each cent a new forecast by an analyst is above (below) another analyst's most recent forecast causes the other analyst to revise her forecast upwards (downwards) by between 0.21 and 0.36 cents. More reputable analysts are more influential, while those that tend to be optimistic are less influential and are influenced more by the forecasts of other analysts. We do not find support for career concerns-driven herding or anti-herding. Finally, we find that more influential analysts are more likely to subsequently be ranked as All-Stars and to move from a less to a more prestigious brokerage house, and less likely to leave the analyst profession, suggesting that influence is a desirable characteristic.
Capital Mobility in the World Economy: Theory and Measurement

This paper is a critical assessment of some recent empirical evidence on the extent of international capital mobility. Its major conclusion is that while much of this evidence is difficult to interpret without ambiguity, it is consistent with a world economy in which the degree of capital mobility is high and increasing. Two main approaches to the measurement of capital mobility are discussed. The first, traditional, approach is based on comparing expected yields on assets located in different countries. The second,and more novel, approach is based on comparing national saving rates and domestic investment rates.
Corporate Tournaments, Human Capital Acquisition, and the Firm Size-Wage Relation

This paper provides a possible explanation for the empirically observed size-wage effect and inter-industry wage differences. It develops a model in which incentives for workers to accumulate general human capital are provided by corporate tournaments, where workers with the highest level of general human capital win promotions. Given that the prizes in such tournaments are determined by outside market conditions, the investment and the equilibrium wages depend on firm and industry characteristics. The model implies that workers in bigger firms and in more technology intensive and profitable firms and industries acquire more human capital and receive higher wages and benefits.
Founder or Joiner? The Role of Preferences and Context in Shaping Different Entrepreneurial Interests

Entrepreneurial ventures rely not only on founders but also on "joiners"-start-up employees who are attracted to entrepreneurship, but who do not want to be founders themselves. Drawing on both preference and contextual theories of entrepreneurship, we examine how individuals' interest in being a founder, a joiner, or neither forms prior to the first career transition. We find that although individuals with founder and joiner interests share similar preferences for entrepreneurial job attributes such as autonomy and risk, their preferences for these attributes also differ in significantly meaningful ways. Contextual factors such as norms, role models, and opportunities exhibit very different relationships with founder and joiner interests. Most interestingly, our results suggest that preferences and context interrelate in unique ways to shape different entrepreneurial interests. In particular, an interest in being a founder is most strongly associated with individuals' preferences for entrepreneurial job attributes, whereas contextual factors do little to shape a founder interest in individuals who lack these preferences. An interest in being a joiner, on the other hand, is associated with both preferences and context, and this relationship is most pronounced for individuals with preferences that predispose them toward entrepreneurship. This study highlights joiners as a distinct type of entrepreneurial actor and demonstrates the importance of considering the interplay between preferences and context in the study of entrepreneurship. This paper was accepted by David Hsu, entrepreneurship and innovation.
Law As a Species of Language Acquisition

This article addresses two questions. First, it asks what law can learn from linguistics. Second, it asks what linguistics might tell us about the way we learn law. Scholarship on law and linguistics has focused so far on matters of semantics, syntax, and pragmatics - the essentials of meaning, sentence structure, and noncontextual aspects of language. The next wave of scholarship on law and linguistics should focus on finding the most fruitful level of scientific specificity. Most errors by lawyers as amateur linguists can be traced to the assumption that language is a static mechanism rather than a living organism. Instead of focusing on incomplete translation metaphors, this article asks how ordinary humans master any language, not merely the specialized language of the law. By comparing theories of childhood language acquisition with law and its interpretive process, this article seeks nothing less than the legal equivalent of Noam Chomsky's universal grammar - what Lon Fuller described as the morality that makes law possible.
The Rhetoric of Opportunity Cost

A well-known survey of economists revealed that many of them could not correctly answer a basic question on the concept of opportunity cost. In this paper, I connect the concept of opportunity cost...
Justice Expectations and Applicant Perceptions

Expectations, which are beliefs about a future state of affairs, constitute a basic psychological mechanism that underlies virtually all human behavior. Although expectations serve as a central component in many theories of organizational behavior, they have received limited attention in the organizational justice literature. The goal of this paper is to introduce the concept of justice expectations and explore its implications for understanding applicant perceptions. To conceptualize justice expectations, we draw on research on expectations conducted in multiple disciplines. We discuss the three sources of expectations – direct experience, indirect influences, and other beliefs – and use this typology to identify the likely antecedents of justice expectations in selection contexts. We also discuss the impact of expectations on attitudes, cognitions, and behaviors, focusing specifically on outcomes tied to selection environments. Finally, we explore the theoretical implications of incorporating expectations into research on applicant perceptions and discuss the practical significance of justice expectations in selection contexts.
US Efforts to Realise the Right to Health through the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

The political acceptance and policy implementation of the right to health long remained uncertain in the United States (US), leaving it until recently as the only developed nation without policies to realise universal health coverage. By re-engaging longstanding debates on government obligations to secure the health of every American, the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (‘Affordable Care Act’ or ACA) draws on an internationally recognised conception of a human right to health, seeking to progressively realise the ‘highest attainable standard of physical and mental health’ through policies that ensure the availability, accessibility, acceptability, and quality of health care. With the US Supreme Court upholding the constitutionality of most key aspects of the Affordable Care Act, this precedent-setting decision has created an imperative for health care reform in the United States and a model for realising universal health coverage pursuant to the right to health. This article examines the evolution, implementation and implications of US efforts to realise health-related rights through health care policy. In the evolution of norms for health, Section 2 examines the intertwined history of US
Facts and Fictions About the History of Separation of Church and State

In the past decade, a veritable cottage industry of important new books, articles, briefs, and judicial opinions has emerged devoted to the history of separation of church and state.1 We now Know a great deal more about the history of separationist rhetoric from Thomas Jefferson's famous 1802 Letter to the Danbury Baptist Association to Justice Hugo Black's opinion in the 1947 Supreme Court case of Everson v. Board of Education. We know more about the odious manipulation of separationist rhetoric by the Ku Klux Klan and other nativist groups against Catholics, Jews, and other minority faiths and immigrant groups in the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. And we now see more clearly than before that Justice Black drew some
Do independent research analysts issue more or less informative recommendation revisions

Abstract This paper studies whether independent research analysts issue more informative stock recommendation revisions than investment bank analysts. I find independent analyst recommendation upgrades and downgrades significantly less informative. I also investigate whether the identified differences in informativeness are the result of systematic cross-sectional variation in analyst ability, portfolio complexity, and brokerage firm resources. Including these variables reduces the disparity in information content between groups. However, independent revisions continue to have lower informativeness. I follow prior research and compute daily buy-and-hold abnormal returns to portfolios formed based on analyst firm type. I find that investment bank analyst portfolios generally outperform those of independent research analysts. Lastly, I examine market reactions before and after the Global Settlement Agreement that was enacted to limit the perceived conflicts in the industry. Lastly, investment bank analyst upgrades generate an 18.7% greater reaction in the post-regulation period, suggesting the Global Settlement helped mitigate biased research. Independent analysts continue to issue less informative recommendations.
Guantanamo and Beyond: Reflections on the Past, Present, and Future of Preventive Detention

For most of the men held at Guantanamo, January 11, 2011 marked the beginning of a decade of detention without charge or trial in stark prison conditions. Two years after President Obama’s executive order in 2009 calling for its closure, the prison camp remains open with no political will by either party to close it. Whether Guantanamo closes, however, is no longer the most significant national security detention issue, though it should close for symbolic purposes and, of course, to the men there, its closure is surely far from insignificant. The most pressing question for our democratic society is whether military preventive detention - whether at Guantanamo or elsewhere - will continue to evolve into a permanent fixture in American’s national security landscape. This article reviews the pertinent legislation over the last several years, including the National Defense Authorization Act for 2011, that have severely restricted the executive’s ability to close Guantanamo. Importantly, it also reviews detention case law and the current administration’s policy statements and actions, which have clearly evinced the goal to retain indefinite preventive detention under the “laws of war” as a tool in the national security toolbox long after U.S. troops leave Iraq and Afghanistan. Among other factors, the pending executive order providing for parole-like review hearings of the Guantanamo detentions, the D.C. Circuit’s approach to the habeas cases, and the Maqaleh Bagram case all lead to the unavoidable conclusion that the U.S. has already institutionalized a military indefinite preventive detention regime. Such an institution is profoundly problematic when it allows the U.S. to assert the authority under the laws of war to pick up any individual anywhere in the world, who is a suspected a member of al Qaeda or 'associated forces' but is dressed as a civilian, and detain them in prison-like conditions without charge or trial until the end of a war, which has no foreseeable or verifiable end.
Return of the Line Item Veto? Legalities, Practicalities, and Some Puzzles

The Supreme Court invalidated a type of line item veto a decade ago in Clinton v. City of New York. Yet for the past several years, there have been renewed calls for Congress to enact a "line item veto." In truth, the recent proposals do not contemplate an actual line item veto but instead would create a statutory fast track regime under which the president can pull together a list of spending items from recently enacted bills and then submit the list to Congress, which is required to re-vote on the targeted items under special parliamentary rules. This Article has the twin aims of examining the constitutionality of the proposal and exploring some of the institutional dynamics that surround it. The new proposal is not susceptible to the constitutional attack that doomed the last experiment with a line item veto in Clinton v. City of New York. But the more interesting constitutional questions concern whether Congress is really required to follow the special parliamentary rules that the statute creates. If not, then what is the purpose of the statute? As I explain, there is reason to believe that the statutory procedures would sometimes be followed in practice even if they are not formally binding. I offer a tentative assessment of the institutional circumstances under which the rules would likely be obeyed. The conclusion is that the new mechanism would more likely be used as a partisan tool than as the good government measure that is advertised. I also explain the extent to which this proposal would differ in practical operation from a more conventional line item veto.
Broadening the Use of Municipal Mortgages

This Comment considers whether states and municipalities might benefit from altering prevailing practices regarding security interests and bond issues. After reviewing the primary methods of municipal bond financing and their current treatment by courts, the Comment argues for a broader use of municipal property as collateral for bonds, suggesting the typical connection between revenue stream and revenue source with revenue bonds be broken, and that property be attached to general obligation bonds. The Comment proceeds by exploring some policy implications related to its proposal and concludes that expanded power may be in municipalities’ best interests.
Freedom through foot voting

Freedom of movement is one of the great issues of our time. Expanding opportunities for both international and internal migration can greatly expand freedom and opportunity for hundreds of millions of people. The same goes for expanding freedom of choice in the private sector. “Voting with your feet” in any of these three ways is also, in crucial ways, superior to ballot box voting as a mechanism of political choice. In this article I summarize the key advantages of foot voting over ballot box voting, describe how they apply to the three major types of foot voting, and outline answers to several types of standard objections to expanded migration rights. I address these issues in much greater detail in my book Free to Move: Foot Voting, Migration, and Political Freedom, on which this article draws.
Customer Concentration and Corporate Real Estate Holdings

We present new empirical evidence that higher customer concentration leads to lower corporate real estate holdings at the supplier firm level. Further evidence shows that this effect is causal and more pronounced when the likelihood/impact of losing primary customers is higher or when suppliers have less bargaining power. Finally, we show that firms with a concentrated customer base tend to choose capitalized leasing in lieu of holding real estate.
In search of better opportunities: Sorting and agglomeration effects among young college graduates in Colombia

Abstract We study the sorting of workers that leads to differences in skills across cities of different sizes upon labor market entry. Using administrative data of young college graduates in Colombia, we show such sorting affects the estimation of agglomeration effects. We find a substantial effect of college city size on wages, a much larger one than that of high school or work city size. We analyze how sorting concentrates population and skill in big cities. The most talented individuals sort into big cities, primarily because they move for college and remain for work. Individuals who move for work after college to smaller cities are relatively less able than others in their college cities but become the highest earners in their destination cities. Meanwhile, those who move after college to bigger cities, though relatively talented in their college cities, are not the highest earners in their destination cities.
A physics-based statistical model for nanoparticle deposition

In this study, a general theoretical framework is proposed to analyze particle deposition on a substrate, based on statistical and physical considerations. A model is developed in the context of the proposed framework to quantitatively predict the particle deposition on the substrate in terms of coverage evolution. Its validity was then verified by a dip coating experiment, where a polydimethylsiloxane substrate was periodically immersed in a sonicated graphene solution. An extension of the model was subsequently developed to describe the growth of the deposition thickness. The proposed framework's general applicability in any situation where particle deposition is taking place is expected to spur future endeavors in systematically characterizing film coating, drug delivery, and other processes involving particle deposition.
Instability for axisymmetric blow-up solutions to incompressible Euler equations

Abstract It is still not known whether a solution to the incompressible Euler equation, endowed with a smooth initial value, can blow-up in finite time. In Vasseur and Vishik (2020) [17] it has been shown that, if it exists, such a solution becomes linearly unstable close to the blow-up time. In this paper, we show that the same phenomenon holds even in the more rigid axisymmetric case. To obtain this result, we first prove a blow-up criterion involving only the toroidal component of the vorticity. The instability of blow-up profiles is also investigated.
Higher-dimensional Willmore energies via minimal submanifold asymptotics

A conformally invariant generalization of the Willmore energy for compact immersed submanifolds of even dimension in a Riemannian manifold is derived and studied. The energy arises as the coefficient of the log term in the renormalized area expansion of a minimal submanifold in a Poincare-Einstein space with prescribed boundary at infinity. Its first variation is identified as the obstruction to smoothness of the minimal submanifold. The energy is explicitly identified for the case of submanifolds of dimension four. Variational properties of this four-dimensional energy are studied in detail when the background is a Euclidean space or a sphere, including identifications of critical embeddings, questions of boundedness above and below for various topologies, and second variation.
Characterizing and Modeling Distributed Training with Transient Cloud GPU Servers

Cloud GPU servers have become the de facto way for deep learning practitioners to train complex models on large-scale datasets. However, it is challenging to determine the appropriate cluster configuration—e.g., server type and number—for different training workloads while balancing the trade-offs in training time, cost, and model accuracy. Adding to the complexity is the potential to reduce the monetary cost by using cheaper, but revocable, transient GPU servers.In this work, we analyze distributed training performance under diverse cluster configurations using CM-DARE, a cloud-based measurement and training framework. Our empirical datasets include measurements from three GPU types, six geographic regions, twenty convolutional neural networks, and thousands of Google Cloud servers. We also demonstrate the feasibility of predicting training speed and overhead using regression-based models. Finally, we discuss potential use cases of our performance modeling such as detecting and mitigating performance bottlenecks.
Equilibrium behaviors in repeated games

Abstract We examine a patient player's behavior when he can build reputations in front of a sequence of myopic opponents. With positive probability, the patient player is a commitment type who plays his Stackelberg action in every period. We characterize the patient player's action frequencies in equilibrium. Our results clarify the extent to which reputations can refine the patient player's behavior and provide new insights to entry deterrence, business transactions, and capital taxation. Our proof makes a methodological contribution by establishing a new concentration inequality.
A Novel Regularization Based on the Error Function for Sparse Recovery

Regularization plays an important role in solving ill-posed problems by adding extra information about the desired solution, such as sparsity. Many regularization terms usually involve some vector norms. This paper proposes a novel regularization framework that uses the error function to approximate the unit step function. It can be considered as a surrogate function for the $$L_0$$ norm. The asymptotic behavior of the error function with respect to its intrinsic parameter indicates that the proposed regularization can approximate the standard $$L_0$$ , $$L_1$$ norms as the parameter approaches to 0 and $$\infty ,$$ respectively. Statistically, it is also less biased than the $$L_1$$ approach. Incorporating the error function, we consider both constrained and unconstrained formulations to reconstruct a sparse signal from an under-determined linear system. Computationally, both problems can be solved via an iterative reweighted $$L_1$$ (IRL1) algorithm with guaranteed convergence. A large number of experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in various sparse recovery scenarios.
Positive scalar curvature on manifolds with odd order abelian fundamental groups

We introduce Riemannian metrics of positive scalar curvature on manifolds with Baas-Sullivan singularities, prove a corresponding homology invariance principle and discuss admissible products. Using this theory we construct positive scalar curvature metrics on closed smooth manifolds of dimension at least five which have odd order abelian fundamental groups, are nonspin and atoral. This solves the Gromov-Lawson-Rosenberg conjecture for a new class of manifolds with finite fundamental groups.