cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Light and electron microscopic studies of pigment in human and rhesus monkey substantia nigra and locus coeruleus.

Neuromelanin pigment of the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus from nine human autopsy cases and from four rhesus monkeys was studied. Melanin and lipofuscin pigments from other anatomical sites were also observed for the purpose of comparison with the substantia nigra-locus coeruleus pigment. Ultrastructurally, the neuromelanin pigment granule was composed of three distinct components. The first was a finely granular, medium dense matrix which occasionally had linear configurations very similar to those of neuronal lipofuscin granules from human cerebral cortex. The second component was a very dense, coarsely granular material which appeared to to be deposited on the finely granular matrix. This very dense component was apparently the reducing part of the neuromelanin granule, as it was the site of localization of silver deposits in formalin-fixed tissue which had been stained with diamine silver prior to post-osmication and examination in the electron microscope. No evidence of silver reduction was noted in lipofuscin pigment. The third component of the neuromelanin granule was a lipid globule which was not preserved in glutaraldehyde or formol-permanganate fixed tissue. A lipid globule was not observed in melanin granules from the skin, eye, or pia mater.
Ku Is a Novel Transcriptional Recycling Coactivator of the Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer Cells

The androgen receptor (AR) dynamically assembles and disassembles multicomponent receptor complexes in order to respond rapidly and reversibly to fluctuations in androgen levels. We are interested in identifying the basal factors that compose the AR aporeceptor and holoreceptor complexes and impact the transcriptional process. Using tandem mass spectroscopy analysis, we identified the trimeric DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) complex as the major AR-interacting proteins. AR directly interacts with both Ku70 and Ku80 in vivo and in vitro, as shown by co-immunoprecipitation, glutathione S-transferase pull-down, and Sf9 cell/baculovirus expression. The interaction was localized to the androgen receptor ligand binding domain and is independent of DNA interactions. Ku interacts with AR in the cytoplasm and nucleus regardless of the presence or absence of androgen. Ku acts as a coactivator of AR activity in a luciferase reporter assay employing both Ku-defective cells and Ku small interfering RNA knock-down in a prostate cancer cell line. DNA-PK catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) also acts as a coactivator of androgen receptor activity in a luciferase reporter assay employing DNA-PKcs defective cells. AR nuclear translocation is not affected in Ku defective cells, implying Ku functionality may be mainly nuclear. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that both Ku70 and Ku80 interact with the prostate-specific antigen promoter in an androgen-dependant manner. Finally, in vitro transcription assays demonstrated Ku involvement in transcriptional recycling with androgen dependent promoters.
Synthesis and Characterization of Photoluminescent 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene Derivatives

We report the synthesis of novel 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) derivatives and the investigation of their photoluminescent properties. Lithiation of EDOT followed by the conversion to the 2-substituted zinc chloride or Grignard derivatives (useful for subsequent coupling reactions using organopalladium and organonickel chemistry) led to the formation of 2,5-bis[(3,4-ethylenedioxy)thien-2-yl]-thiazole (1), 2,5-bis[(3,4-ethylenedioxy)thien-2-yl]-3-alkylthiophene (2, 3), and 2,5-bis[(3,4-ethylenedioxy)thien-2-yl]-toluene (4). The lithiated EDOT provided a route for the formylated species followed by a Knoevenagel condensation which led to the cyanovinylene derivatives 1,4-bis[1-cyano-2-{(3,4-(ethylenedioxy)thien-2-yl}vinyl]benzene (5), 1,4-bis[1-cyano-2-{(3,4-(ethylenedioxy)thien-2-yl}vinyl]-2,5-dimethoxybenzene (6). The lithated EDOT also provided a convenient method for preparation of 2,5-bis[(3,4-ethylenedioxy)thien-2-yl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole (12) by the hydrazide method. These materials exhibit blue to r...
Pharmacogenetics: from discovery to patient care.

Purpose. The basic concepts of pharmacogenetics, pharmacogenetic study approaches, factors to consider when applying pharmacogenetic discoveries to patient care, and potential roles for pharmacists in pharmacogenetics are discussed. Summary. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recognized pharmacogenomics as an opportunity to identify new biomarkers that may expedite the drug development process. Currently, there are over 50 drugs with pharmacogenetic discoveries on their labeling. Sequence variations in drug disposition genes can alter the pharmacokinetics of a drug, while sequence variations in drug target genes can change the pharmacodynamics of the drug. The two most common strategies to test a pharmacogenetic question are the candidate-gene approach and genomewide association study. Given the complex interplay among the many factors that influence a drug dose, determination of an appropriate dose of a particular drug for a given patient will eventually require knowledge about both genetic and nongenetic factors that affect drug disposition and pharmacodynamics. Many factors can influence the application of pharmacogenetic discoveries to patient care. Before these discoveries find widespread application in clinical practice, additional work is needed, including randomized clinical trials to evaluate the clinical utility of a pharmacogenetic test, the development of guidelines for the clinical use of various pharmacogenetic tests, and provider education on pharmacogenetics. Conclusion. Pharmacogenetics has made significant progress in the past decade, and many pharmacogenetic discoveries have now been included on FDA-approved drug labeling. Pharmacogenetic discoveries may further promote safe and effective use of medications by more accurately predicting an individual’s drug response.
Hodgkin's disease.

Radiotherapy is curative for localized Hodgkin's disease,1,2 and there is now general agreement that advanced Hodgkin's disease can be cured by chemotherapy. This opinion is bolstered by the 20-year survival experience of the original group of patients treated with combination chemotherapy at the National Cancer Institute (Figure 1) and by experience with other regimens (Table 1)2–9. Therapy According to Disease Stage Disease stage is the principal factor in selecting treatment for patients with Hodgkin's disease. The Ann Arbor system of classification is shown in Table 22. Although they are far outweighed by the benefits of successful treatment, there . . .
A theoretical study of the stability criteria for hybridized FDTD algorithms for multiscale analysis

In this paper, we propose two new hybrid, two-dimensional, generalized finite-difference time-domain algorithms-formulated by using the cell method-and designed to analyze objects with fine details, without using very small time steps dictated by the Courant condition. A detailed analysis of the stability of the proposed algorithms is presented, with special attention devoted to the phenomenon of late time instabilities. Finally, some rules are provided that would ensure the stability of the proposed algorithms.
Ambiguity without a state space

Many decisions involve both imprecise probabilities and intractable states of the world. Objective expected utility assumes unambiguous probabilities; subjective expected utility assumes a completely specified state space. This paper analyzes a third domain of preference: sets of consequential lotteries. Using this domain, we develop a theory of Knightian ambiguity without explicitly invoking any state space. We characterize a representation that integrates a monotone transformation of first order expected utility with respect to a second order measure. The concavity of the transformation and the weighting of the measure capture ambiguity aversion. We propose a definition for comparative ambiguity aversion and uniquely characterize absolute ambiguity neutrality.
Development of a neural network based virtual sensor for automatic transmission slip

Neural networks (NN) are a systematic approach for modeling nonlinear systems. While this technology possess strong appeal and unfulfilled potential, its mainstream integration into many industrial applications has been slower than originally expected. To bridge the gap between NN theory and practice it is essential to evaluate NN performance in practical applications where well-defined design goals exist. Virtual sensor design is an ideal application for a NN approach. Here, the NN would be used as an estimator to potentially replace a hardware sensor. This paper details the development of a NN based virtual sensor for automobile transmission slip estimation.
Cerebral cartography and connectomics

Cerebral cartography and connectomics pursue similar goals in attempting to create maps that can inform our understanding of the structural and functional organization of the cortex. Connectome maps explicitly aim at representing the brain as a complex network, a collection of nodes and their interconnecting edges. This article reflects on some of the challenges that currently arise in the intersection of cerebral cartography and connectomics. Principal challenges concern the temporal dynamics of functional brain connectivity, the definition of areal parcellations and their hierarchical organization into large-scale networks, the extension of whole-brain connectivity to cellular-scale networks, and the mapping of structure/function relations in empirical recordings and computational models. Successfully addressing these challenges will require extensions of methods and tools from network science to the mapping and analysis of human brain connectivity data. The emerging view that the brain is more than a collection of areas, but is fundamentally operating as a complex networked system, will continue to drive the creation of ever more detailed and multi-modal network maps as tools for on-going exploration and discovery in human connectomics.
Visual representations of executing programs

Programmers have always been curious about what their programs are doing while it is executing, especially when the behavior is not what they are expecting. Since program execution is intricate and involved, visualization has long been used to provide the programmer with appropriate insights into program execution. This paper looks at the evolution of on-line visual representations of executing programs, showing how they have moved from concrete representations of relatively small programs to abstract representations of larger systems. Based on this examination, we describe the challenges implicit in future execution visualizations and methodologies that can meet these challenges.
Fuzzy supervisory sliding-mode and neural-network control for robotic manipulators

Highly nonlinear, highly coupled, and time-varying robotic manipulators suffer from structured and unstructured uncertainties. Sliding-mode control (SMC) is effective in overcoming uncertainties and has a fast transient response, while the control effort is discontinuous and creates chattering. The neural network has an inherent ability to learn and approximate a nonlinear function to arbitrary accuracy, which is used in the controllers to model complex processes and compensate for unstructured uncertainties. However, the unavoidable learning procedure degrades its transient performance in the presence of disturbance. A novel approach is presented to overcome their demerits and take advantage of their attractive features of robust and intelligent control. The proposed control scheme combines the SMC and the neural-network control (NNC) with different weights, which are determined by a fuzzy supervisory controller. This novel scheme is named fuzzy supervisory sliding-mode and neural-network control (FSSNC). The convergence and stability of the proposed control system are proved by using Lyapunov's direct method. Simulations for different situations demonstrate its robustness with satisfactory performance.
Use of occupations and activities in a modified constraint-induced movement therapy program: a musician's triumphs over chronic hemiparesis from stroke.

OBJECTIVE. This case report addresses the use of therapeutic occupations and activities within a modified constraint-induced movement therapy (mCIMT) approach for a 52-yr-old female violinist 4 yr after ischemic stroke. METHOD. Analysis of occupational performance was completed before and after intervention using a modified version of the Fugl-Meyer Sensorimotor Evaluation, the Motor Functioning Assessment, the Arm Improvement and Movement Checklist, and information obtained from a client journal maintained throughout treatment. The mCIMT protocol included use of constraint of the affected arm, with emphasis placed on participation in meaningful occupations and activities. RESULTS. Improved function in the affected extremity was noted at the conclusion of mCIMT. After completion of therapy, the client reported a return to playing violin. DISCUSSION. The findings from this case report suggest that use of meaningful occupations and activities integrated into a mCIMT protocol may be effective in addressing skills deficits for clients with upper-extremity chronic hemiparesis
Estimating biomass on CRP pastureland: A comparison of remote sensing techniques

Biomass from land enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) is being considered as a biofuel feedstock source. A quick, accurate and nondestructive method to estimate biomass yield would be valuable for land managers to ensure sustainable production. The purpose of this study was to compare the ability of regression models to estimate biomass yields using data from satellite and ground based remote sensing platforms. Biomass yields and plant spectral responses were obtained at different phenological stages over two growing seasons (2011e2012) on an 8.1 ha CRP pasture in central Montana. Regression models were constructed using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and various band combinations from a hand held Crop Circle sensor and from Landsat satellite images. All models showed reasonable accuracy in estimating biomass, with a difference of 0.05) between actual and estimated biomass. Results suggest that the usefulness of the spectral regions is a function of phenological growth stage. Red, red edge, and the near-infrared bands are more responsive at boot and peak growth stages while bands in the short-wave infrared increased the accuracy for the dormant stage biomass estimations. Land managers may construct spectral models to more effectively manage biomass resources.
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for bladder cancer does not increase risk of perioperative morbidity

Objective To determine whether neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is a predictor of postoperative complications, length of stay (LOS), or operating time after radical cystectomy (RC) for bladder cancer. Patients and Methods A retrospective review of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database was performed to identify patients receiving NAC before RC from 2005 to 2011. Bivariable and multivariable analyses were used to determine whether NAC was associated with 30-day perioperative outcomes, e.g. complications, LOS, and operating time. Results Of the 878 patients who underwent RC for bladder cancer in our study, 78 (8.9%) received NAC. Excluding those patients who were ineligible for NAC due to renal insufficiency, 78/642 (12.1%) received NAC. In all, 457 of the 878 patients (52.1%) undergoing RC had at least one complication ≤30 days of RC, including 43 of 78 patients (55.1%) who received NAC and 414 of 800 patients (51.8%) who did not (P = 0.58). On multivariable logistic regression, NAC was not a predictor of complications (P = 0.87), re-operation (P = 0.16), wound infection (P = 0.32), or wound dehiscence (P = 0.32). Using multiple linear regression, NAC was not a predictor of increased operating time (P = 0.24), and patients undergoing NAC had a decreased LOS (P = 0.02). Conclusions Our study is the first large multi-institutional analysis specifically comparing complications after RC with and without NAC. Using a nationally validated, prospectively maintained database specifically designed to measure perioperative outcomes, we found no increase in perioperative complications or surgical morbidity with NAC. Considering these findings and the well-established overall survival benefit over surgery alone, efforts are needed to improve the uptake of NAC.
Advancing Medical Family Therapy Through Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed-Methods Research

To survive in today’s healthcare climate, stakeholders across all behavioral health disciplines must work to produce empirical evidence that earns their fields’ regard by educators, providers, and policy makers. As the field of medical family therapy (MedFT) answers this call, it will be important for researchers to clearly define, characterize, and assess MedFT practice across clinical, operational, and financial arenas of care. In this chapter, the authors propose a common lexicon from which to do this, highlighting the following core tenets of MedFT: systems theory, biopsychosocial–spiritual sensitivity in practice, agency, communion, interdisciplinary collaboration, and the three-world model of healthcare. We conclude by offering concrete ways to advance the MedFT research agenda using qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-method approaches.
Electronically-tuned optical delay lines in silicon

Variable optical time delay lines are key components for a wide range of photonic and electronic-photonic system applications, including optically-steered phased-arrayed antennas (PAAs), light detection and ranging (LIDAR), optical storage, optical sampling, optical communications and all-optical signal processing, optical interconnects and optical coherence tomography. Thermal tuning of delay in silicon photonic devices based on all-pass filters, coupled resonator optical waveguides and photonic crystal (PhC) line-defect waveguides has been demonstrated [1–4]. However, an electronically-tuned, low-loss, fast, compact, wavelength-independent and high resolution delay line is lacking. Such a silicon photonic device based is proposed here.
SIGMETRICS (Panel Session)

Selection and evaluation of computer systems and services is becoming increasingly sophisticated and complex. Algorithms for decision-making are being developed and refined. Hardware and software tools are being developed. Following brief presentations of the highlights of the papers, there will be a discussion of key questions including: “What's the difference between procuring systems and services?”, “How much advance work is required to get a pay-off?”,and “What tools are worth using?”
Adolescent Female Acne: Etiology and Management

Acne vulgaris, a multifactorial condition often conferring significant psychosocial morbidity, affects an estimated 40 million people in the United States. The majority of these individuals are adolescents and young adults. The pathophysiology of the condition is still not fully known, but it is believed to be related in part to excess sebum production, follicular hyperkeratinization, microbial colonization by P acnes, and inflammation. Prior to initiating treatment in a female patient, a hyperandrogenic state must be considered and ruled out through history, physical exam, and laboratory evaluation if necessary. Treatment options are vast and include hormonal therapy among others. Hormonal therapies have long been noted to reduce acne lesions and offer a valuable adjuvant to standard therapy. Hormonal agents are thought to improve acne by blocking the androgen receptor and/or decreasing circulating androgens which leads to decreased sebum production. Hormonal treatment options include spironolactone, other antiandrogens, and oral contraceptives. The use of these agents to effectively treat acne has been demonstrated in several randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Optimal results are often achieved with combination therapy with the goal of targeting multiple pathogenic pathways in acne development.
γδ T Cells Provide an Early Source of Interferon γ in Tumor Immunity

Interferon (IFN)-γ is necessary for tumor immunity, however, its initial cellular source is unknown. Because γδ T cells primarily produce this cytokine upon activation, we hypothesized that they would provide an important early source of IFN-γ in tumor immunosurveillance. To address this hypothesis, we first demonstrated that γδ T cell–deficient mice had a significantly higher incidence of tumor development after challenge with a chemical carcinogen methylcholanthrene (MCA) or inoculation with the melanoma cell line B16. In wild-type mice, γδ T cells were recruited to the site of tumor as early as day 3 after inoculation, followed by αβ T cells at day 5. We then used bone marrow chimeras and fetal liver reconstitutions to create mice with an intact γδ T cell repertoire but one that was specifically deficient in the capacity to produce IFN-γ. Such mice had a higher incidence of tumor development, induced either with MCA or by inoculation of B16 melanoma cells, compared with mice with IFN-γ–competent γδ T cells. Moreover, genetic deficiency of γδ T cells resulted in impaired IFN-γ production by tumor antigen-triggered αβ T cell upon immunization with tumor lysate. These results demonstrate that γδ T cells can play a necessary role in tumor immunity through provision of an early source of IFN-γ that in turn may regulate the function of tumor-triggered αβ T cells.
On the Design of Load Factor based Congestion Control Protocols for Next-Generation Networks

Load factor based congestion control schemes have shown to enhance network performance, in terms of utilization, packet loss and delay. In these schemes, using more accurate representation of network load levels is likely to lead to a more efficient way of communicating congestion information to hosts. Increasing the amount of congestion information, however, may end up adversely affecting the performance of the network. This paper focuses on this trade-off and addresses two important and challenging questions: (i) How many congestion levels should be represented by the feedback signal to provide near-optimal performance? and (ii) What window adjustment policies must be in place to ensure robustness in the face of congestion and achieve efficient and fair bandwidth allocations in high bandwidth-delay product (BDP) networks, while keeping low queues and negligible packet drop rates? Based on theoretical analysis and simulations, our results show that 3-bit feedback is sufficient for achieving near-optimal rate convergence to an efficient bandwidth allocation. While the performance gap between 2-bit and 3-bit schemes is large, gains follow the law of diminishing returns when more than 3 bits are used. Further, we show that using multiple levels for the multiplicative decrease policy enables the protocol to adjust its rate of convergence to fairness, rate variations and responsiveness to congestion based on the degree of congestion at the bottleneck. Based on these fundamental insights, we design multi-level feedback congestion control protocol (MLCP). In addition to being efficient, MLCP converges to a fair bandwidth allocation in the presence of diverse RTT flows while maintaining near-zero packet drop rate and low persistent queue length. These features coupled with MLCP's smooth rate variations make it a viable choice for many real-time applications. Using extensive packet- level simulations we show that the protocol is stable across a diverse range of network scenarios. A fluid model for the protocol shows that MLCP remains globally stable for the case of a single bottleneck link shared by identical round-trip time flows.
Best Practices: How to Evaluate Psychological Science for Use by Organizations.

We discuss how organizations can evaluate psychological science for its potential usefulness to their own purposes. Common sense is often the default but inadequate alternative, and bench-marking supplies only collective hunches instead of validated principles. External validity is an empirical process of identifying moderator variables, not a simple yes–no judgment about whether lab results replicate in the field. Hence, convincing criteria must specify what constitutes high-quality empirical evidence for organizational use. First, we illustrate some theories and science that have potential use. Then we describe generally accepted criteria for scientific quality and consensus, starting with peer review for quality, and scientific agreement in forms ranging from surveys of experts to meta-analyses to National Research Council consensus reports. Linkages of basic science to organizations entail communicating expert scientific consensus, motivating managerial interest, and translating broad principles to specific contexts. We close with parting advice to both sides of the researcher–practitioner divide.
EXPERIMENTAL PULMONARY PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII INFECTION IN RABBITS

Moderate to marked interstitial pneumonitis with many Pneumocystis organisms was found in rabbits treated with cortisone and antibiotics and instilled intranasally with a suspension of lung tissue from either a patient or a rabbit with this infection. Organisms and pulmonary lesions of similar severity and frequency were present in controls treated in the same manner but instilled with either saline or a boiled suspension of normal human lung tissue. The administration of antibiotics and infected rabbit lung suspension only produced less marked lung changes with fewer organisms. Rare organisms and minute foci of pneumonitis were encountered in normal rabbits which had received neither hormone, antibiotics, nor inoculum. The pulmonary lesions in the cortisone-treated rabbits resembled closely the findings in patients with the subclinical form of Pneumocystis pneumonitis. They did not reproduce the massive lesions of widespread Pneumocystis pneumonia in infants. The findings indicate that latent pulmonary Pneumocystis infection was widespread in these rabbits but do not establish the transmission of the disease. The activation of latent infection was dependent on an impairment of host resistance which in these experiments was produced most effectively by the administration of cortisone. The differences between the experimental lesions and those of typical Pneumocystis pneumonia in infants suggest that in man an unknown defect of host defenses other than that induced by prolonged hormone administration accounts for the increased susceptibility to the infection. It is concluded that in the presence of widespread latent Pneumocystis infection the development of active disease is a manifestation of altered host resistance.
Intake of Mast By Wildlife in Texas and the Potential for Competition with Wild Boars

Abstract In Texas, introduced wild boars (Sus scrofa) consume mast crops that are high-quality foods sought by native wildlife. Because mast often is abundant but ephemeral, competition among species is expected. Relative rates of intake among individuals can determine how much mast can be obtained and digested. Our objective was to determine intake of mast by wild boars, white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu), wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo), and raccoons (Procyon lotor). Trials were conducted with pods from honey mesquites (Prosopis glandulosa), acorns from live oaks (Quercus virginiana), and acorns from Shumard oaks (Quercus shumardii). Rate of intake of dry matter (g/min), rate of bites (bites/min), and size of bites (g/bite) were determined for each species. Despite their larger size, wild boars did not have consistently higher rates of intake than species of native wildlife. However, rates of intake for wild boars were among the highest for pods of honey me...
Evolution of Classic Period Architecture in the Eastern Acropolis, Copan: A progress report

Interpreting the social meaning of polity center architecture opens a window onto the organization and history of the society responsible for its construction. Our research is designed to examine the form, function, and organization of Copan's Acropolis architecture. Through a unique program of tunneling, surface excavation, and architectural recording, more than 400 years of monumental architecture (c. A.D. 400–800) are being documented and analyzed to comprehend the evolution of the Acropolis and its role in the Copan polity. The dramatic erosion cut through the eastern Acropolis edge allows ready access to all major construction levels and presents a rare opportunity for extensive exposure of superimposed architectural plans. Our tunneling excavation methods provide a more complete, less destructive, and more efficient means of such documentation. Exposed architecture is being recorded by a computer-assisted mapping program, its first application to the sequential development of Classic Maya architecture, and its first use in tunnel excavations. As a result, our research is documenting the architectural transformation of the Acropolis during the time of Copan's increasing sociopolitical complexity and is doing so at a level of detail impossible to achieve by most projects using traditional archaeological techniques. The correspondence between architectural data and data sets from epigraphy, iconography, and settlement survey is being evaluated in light of current discussion on the political and economic trajectory of Copan in particular, and in general, the architectural expression of political power and integration in complex societies.
Growth of oriented rare-earth-transition-metal thin films

Rare-earth-transition-metal thin films are successfully grown by magnetron sputtering onto single-crystal MgO substrates with epitaxial W buffer layers. The use of epitaxial W buffer layers allows oriented single-phase films to be grown. Sm-Co films grown onto W(100), have strong in-plane anisotropy and coercivities exceeding 5 T at 5 K whereas Fe-Sm films have strong perpendicular anisotropy and are magnetically soft.
Use of tranexamic acid results in decreased blood loss and decreased transfusions in patients undergoing staged bilateral total knee arthroplasty

Background Tranexamic acid (TXA) is an antifibrinolytic that reduces blood loss and transfusion rates in total joint arthroplasty. Blood loss and allogenic transfusion rates have not been well studied in patients receiving TXA and undergoing bilateral staged total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The purpose was to evaluate the effect of TXA on blood loss, hemoglobin (Hb) changes, and transfusion in patients undergoing staged bilateral TKA. Study Design and Methods The authors compared 51 patients undergoing staged bilateral TKA who received TXA (2 g; subjects) with 70 who did not (controls). There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of demographics or preoperative Hb. For each TKA, 1 g of TXA was administered intravenously 15 minutes before incision and 1 g was administered intravenously at tourniquet release. Blood loss, Hb levels, and transfusions were recorded. Statistical analyses were performed using computer software. Significance was set at 0.05. Results Subjects had a significantly lower (p < 0.001) mean (±SD) blood loss (373.8 ± 264.6 mL vs. 871.6 ± 457.7 mL), significantly higher (p < 0.005) Hb levels on Postoperative Days 1 and 2, and a significantly lower (p < 0.001) mean (±SD) number of transfused allogenic blood units (0.60 ± 0.84 units vs. 1.53 ± 1.30 units). Conclusions TXA reduces blood loss, improves postoperative Hb, and decreases the allogenic blood transfusion requirements for patients undergoing bilateral staged TKA. TXA is an option for patients choosing bilateral staged TKA to decrease the risks associated with blood transfusion or when autologous blood is not available.
Anomalous diffusion of multiple impurity species: Predicted implications for the ice core climate records

[1] We investigate the transport of impurities that are interpreted as climate proxies and are soluble in the premelted liquid that separates ice grains in the polar ice sheets even at subfreezing temperatures. Spatial variations in the relative abundances of multiple impurity species lead to gradients in their intergranular concentrations, defined as the ratio of the mass of dissolved impurity to the mass of premelted liquid. We show how diffusion down these intergranular concentration gradients affects anomalies in the bulk concentrations, defined as the ratio of the impurity mass to the mass of a polycrystalline sample, which are measured in polar ice cores. To illustrate these processes, we show that two initially asynchronous, periodic signals evolve to become in-phase after a short time: similar behavior is evident in coastal Antarctica, where there is a migration of methane sulfonate (MSA−) from summer to winter peaks, and it becomes in-phase with the primary deposition of sea salt. Moreover, the approach allows us to examine how an initially constant bulk concentration profile is influenced by an abrupt change to the bulk concentration of a second component. The resulting profiles share features with those observed in the Eemian compositional record from the Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) ice core.
Immunofluorescent studies in patients with farmer's lung

Abstract Pulmonary tissues from patients with farmer's lung have been studied with the use of fluorescein-labeled globulins from patients with this disease and with fluorescein-labeled antisera specific for IgG, IgA, IgM and C3 complement. Immunoglobulins of all three classes were found in the plasma cells and lymphocytes. The walls of the bronchioles appeared rich in antigen, staining well with the fluorescein-labeled globulins isolated from patients with the disease. Fixed C3 complement was present in the histiocytes, suggesting the antecedent presence of antigen-antibody complexes. No histologic or immunologic evidence of vasculitis could be found. These findings suggest further investigation of the hypothesis that at least part of the pathogenesis of farmer's lung may involve a cytotoxic type II reaction. In this event, antigen adsorbed to the cells reacts with antibody in the presence of complement, causing cellular destruction. The presence or absence of a delayed component is still uncertain.
Tumor Necrosis Factor Stimulates System X-AG Transport Activity in Human Endothelium

System X AG - is responsible for the carrier-mediated Na + - independent transport of anionic amino acids such as glutamate and aspartate across the plasma membrane of cells. In order to examine a possible role for cytokines in regulating System X AG - activity, the effect of TNF on [ 3 H]glutamate transport in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was studied. Carrier-mediated glutamate uptake was accomplished by two high-affinity carriers, predominantly by a Na + -independent carrier (System X AG - , 75% of total glutamate uptake) and, to a lesser extent by a Na + -dependent carrier (System X AG - , 24% of total uptake). TNF treatment (10 ng/ml for 10 hr) resulted in an 80% increase in Na + -independent glutamate transport activity with no change in System X AG - activity. The TNF stimulatory effect was blocked by actinomycin D and cycloheximide. TNF treatment increased System X AG - glutamate transporter V max by 51% (control V maX = 2359 ± 345 pmole/mg protein/min vs TNF V max = 3569 ± 436 pmole/mg protein/min, P < 0.01) without altering transporter affinity (control K m , 229 ± 40 μM glutamate vs TNF K m = 224 ± 60 μM glutamate, P = NS). The protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor chelerythrine chloride had no effect on the TNF-stimulated glutamate transport, indicating that the augmented glutamate transport was not mediated by PKC activation. These data indicate that the TNF-stimulated glutamate transport in HUVECs requires do novo protein synthesis, possibly of the System X AG - transporter protein itself. Accelerated glutamate transport provides a precursor for the biosynthesis of macromolecules and glutamine. © 1995 Academic Press, Inc.
Fraudulent Money Transfers within the Group Companies: A Case from Turkey

The case presents how the public`s money in deceived hands can be wasted in an uncontrolled banking environment. At the time of the crises in Turkey, banks were being audited by independent audit firms, semi-governmental Union of Banks, controlled by the Central Bank and had their internal audit departments. Despite these control mechanisms, still some banks were able to misuse the public`s money, transferred money to their group companies for futile investments and personal pleasures. This paper presents a case constituting a small fraction of it. As auditors appointed by the semi-governmental agency named Savings Deposits Insurance Fund, we had discovered that a principal of $7.4 million lent to some individuals working for a particular group never returned the money to the bank and neither its interest and they camouflaged their malpractice by using various accounting fraudulency techniques.
Presence of a necrosin-like fraction in the extracts of injured tissue.

ConclusionsThe crushing and mashing of cells from dog kidney, liver, and spleen yields by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation a necrotizing substance located in the euglobulin fraction of the saline extracts. The pseudoglobulin-albumin fraction of the tissue extracts do not contain this toxic substance. This substance is thermolabile. It does not seem to differ in its biological property of inducing severe cell injury from necrosin as obtained especially from acid inflammatory canine or human exudates (1,2).
Some transfer data concerning contingent discriminations.

Transfer of training effects for two contingent discrimination techniques were studied. The main finding was a substantial amount of positive transfer when a contingent position technique was subjected to reversal of reinforcement.
Group combustion of liquid fuel sprays

A spray group combustion model of an axispmnmtric laminar l i q u i d f u e l j e t has been developed t o e s t a b l i s h a s t r u c t u r a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of spray flame and t o a i d i n design of combustors. The model systematical ly p red ic t s flame/spray j e t configurations and aerothermochemical s t ruc tures of three pr inc ipa l group combustion modes; ex te rna l and i n t e r n a l group burning modes and s ing le droplet mode. Twenty-one se lec ted case s tud ies a r e made t o assess the flamr modal s e n s i t i v i t y on pr inc ipa l spray parameters and i n i t i a l conditions. Results a r e presented which reveal s ign i f ican t configurat ional var ia t ion and emphasize the necessi ty f o r accounting c o l l e c t i v e behavior i n the design of spray combustors.
Mechanism of breaking in bottom slab of prestressed reinforced concrete continuous box girder

In order to study the causes of breaking in the middle of bottom slab of closed prestressed reinforced concrete continuous box girder,3D FEA(finite element analyse) method was adopted to analyze the stress of bottom slab in the course of prestressing continuous cable.The mechanism of breaking was discussed combined with qualitative theory analysis.Result shows that in this case only radial force downwards or the effect of poisson ratio itself is not the main cause for the breaks,while the radial forces both upwards in the joint of 7# and 8# and downwards are the main causes;and the radial force downwards is just a minor cause.
EFFECT OF GRAIN SIZE ON WATER VAPOR OXIDATION RESISTANCE OF P91 STEEL

Two types of P91 steel with different microstructure were oxidized at 650℃ in water vapor for 300 hours in a home-made tubing device.Morphologies observation,EDS and XRD test were carried out with the oxide scales.Isothermal oxidation results showed that the oxidation kinetics of the two steels followed parabolic law.P91 steel with coarser grains exhibited higher mass gain than steel with finer grains.The effects of grain size on water vapor oxidation resistance were discussed.
Alterations in bile following urinary intestinal diversion.

Abstract In order to determine whether alterations in bile occur which make it more lithogenic when intestinal segments are interposed in the urinary tract, 42 female Sprague-Dawley rats had intestinal and urointestinal manipulations followed by analysis of bile constituents. Times collections were obtained from the common bile duct which were analyzed for bile acids, phospholipids, cholesterol, bilirubin, volume, osmolality, pH, calcium, chloride, sodium, and potassium. Changes in bile constituents were identified following urinary diversion which were specific for the type of diversion and the segment of bowel used, but they were not of sufficient degree to cause significant changes in the lithogenicity of bile. This correlates well with the lack of clinical findings of cholelithiasis in children with urinary intestinal diversion.
Octet Baryon Mass Splittings

Charge symmetry violation in the nucleon mass is arguably small—the neutron-proton mass difference is one part in a thousand. The effects of this small CSV, however, are of tremendous significance; it is precisely this which ensures that the hydrogen atom is stable against weak decay and that neutrons can decay into protons (plus electrons and antineutrinos) in radioactive beta decay. Moreover, the elemental abundances established during the first few minutes after the big bang depended on the neutron-proton mass difference and neutron lifetime. If there were a stable neutron, and a more massive proton, our universe would be radically different; one would expect a predominance of heavy nuclei, no normal galaxies, stars, or planets would form, and life as we know it would be impossible (Hogan, Phys. Rev. D 74:123514, 2006) [1]. Beyond giving quantitative insight into the breaking of charge symmetry, a precise understanding of the neutron-proton mass difference from first principles will inform studies of the evolution of our universe.
Die Ersten Deutschen in den Anglo-Amerikanischen Kolonien

Es ist mit Recht behauptet worden, das in dem grosen Kampfe um den Besitz des nordamerikanischen Festlandes die Romanen Offiziere ohne Heer, die Englander Heer und Offiziere, die Deutschen ein Heer ohne Offiziere gestellt hatten.1 Die romanischen Volkerschaften liesen sich unter der Fuhrung hervorragender Manner, wie Cortez, Pizarro, de Soto, Champlain, Marquette und La Salle, auf grose Entdeckungsreisen und bedeutende Eroberungsplane ein, die Englander hingegen — mochte es nun der Durst nach Gold sein oder die Suche nach dem Quell ewiger Jugend, was sie in die Ferne trieb — besasen die klarere Einsicht, das sich auf die Dauer keinerlei Herrschaft ohne Kolonisation behaupten lasse. Nachdem sie den Landstrich gewahlt, der den Bedurfnissen der germanischen Rasse am besten entsprach, bewogen sie andere Zweige des gleichen Stammes dazu, sich mit ihnen zur Begrundung einer festen Herrschaft zu verbinden. Die Deutschen, die daheim kein geeintes Volk bildeten, entsandten alsbald Strome ihres Volkes in die englischen Kolonien. Ohne Organisation, durch den Selbsterhaltungstrieb oder durch unertragliche heimische Verhaltnisse fortgetrieben, erschienen sie auf der Schwelle des neuen Gebietes und begehrten Land, nicht Eroberungen, ganz wie in den Tagen des Marius und Sulla. Ihre Altvordern hatten dereinst an den Grenzpfahlen des romischen Reichs geruttelt, bis diese zusammenbrachen, und alsdann Italien, Spanien und Gallien zu neuer Jugend erweckt. Ahnlich fand in neuerer Zeit eine Einwanderung des gleichen Stammes in das gelobte Land Amerika statt, dessen Name schon einen eigenartigen Reiz, einen romantischen Zauber auf das deutsche Gemut ausubte, und das spaterhin noch von dem Glorienschein der Freiheit bestrahlt werden sollte. Ohne Waffenklang, ohne Ruhmesglanz ging diese Volkerwanderung ganz in der Stille, wenn auch unaufhaltsain und unwiderstehlich, wahrend zweier Jahrhunderte vor sich, bis heute mehr als der vierte Teil des Volkes der Vereinigten Staaten deutschen Blutes ist.
Chemical Mechanical Polishing: Role of Polymeric Additives and Composite Particles in Slurries

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights the role of polymeric additives in the slurry and the use of novel composite abrasive particles incorporating polymers as promising alternatives to traditional inorganic oxide nanoparticles. Polymeric additives are of fundamental importance to the planarization process as they can control the aggregation, dispersion, surface hardness, and stability of the inorganic oxide nanoparticles. Abrasive composites range from simple inorganic particles surface decorated with organic moieties to compressible polymeric microspheres that incorporate inorganic oxide nanoparticles. Typically, slurries used in mechanical polishing/planarization (CMP) consist of a liquid solvent and a solid dispersant. The liquid phase is generally deionized water with additives like oxidizers, complexing agents inhibitors, and surfactants. The solid phase consists of abrasives, which are typically metal oxides such as alumina (Al2O 3 ), silica (SiO 2 ), and ceria (CeO 2 ). While silica and alumina particles are commonly used for polishing copper and tungsten, silica and ceria are used to polish SiO 2 , poly-Si, and silicon nitride. The stability of the abrasive particles is an important criterion for CMP as particle sedimentation or aggregation often leads to the formation of scratches on the wafer surface after polishing. The CMP process draws upon a broad base of knowledge from the fields of science and engineering, which range across colloidal science, surface and interfacial phenomena, polymer physics and chemistry, tribology, fluid mechanics and dynamics, and surface metrology.
Dynamic Linkages and Volatility Transmission fromGlobal Equity Markets to Frontier Equity Markets ofthe Middle East and Africa

Frontier markets, or pre-emerging markets, represent a diverse group of equity markets of small and developing nations that typically exhibit a higher macroeconomic risk profile and lower levels of liquidity and market capitalization in comparison to the equity markets of emerging or developed economies. These differences in market characteristics create diversification opportunities for investment and portfolio management purposes. The objective of this article is to model the dynamics of volatility transmission from the mature global stock markets of France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States to the frontier markets of Africa and the Middle East. VAR and GARCH models of returns are estimated to determine evidence of interdependence and volatility spillover from global mature stock markets to the frontier stock markets of Africa and the Middle East. The evidence reported is mixed, suggesting a varying level of volatility spillover and the leverage effect. This varying response to global stock market shocks reveals that frontier nation stock markets are not yet fully integrated with the global economy.