cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Russian Refugee Families: Accommodating Aspirations through Education

Historically, new immigrants to the United States have learned to conform to the new society largely through their experiences in the American educational system. The Russian refugee families in one city illustrate how this group with political-refugee status learns coping strategies through support from community educational programs. Religious and social networks support their efforts to accommodate. New practices in new cultural settings are discussed in this article, as we observe Russian families realize some of their goals while they strive to make sense of obstacles to other aspirations.
Effect of Kerogen On Velocity Anisotropy In Source Rocks

A diverse collection of hydrocarbon source rocks have been studied to estimate the effect of organic richness (kerogen content) on their velocity anisotropy. The maximal values of P-wave and S-wave intrinsic anisotropy, respectively {var_epsilon} = 0.40 and {gamma} = 0.45, as measured at ultrasonic frequencies and under the effective pressure of 70 MPa in low-porosity source rocks, are reached at kerogen volumetric concentrations of 24 to 33% (the TOC range of 9 to 13%). The velocity variation with kerogen content for bedding-normal and bedding-parallel propagation was successfully modeled using a modification of the Backus averaging principle to account for the lenticular microstructure of source rocks dominated by the network of kerogen separating lens-like clay and siliceous particles. Anisotropy of high-porosity source rocks shows much lower absolute values and much weaker dependence on kerogen content. The organic richness of shales is a strong factor affecting the velocity versus porosity relation of these rocks and should be taken into account in lithology prediction problems.
Social Comparison and Urban-Environmental Stress

A field study investigated the role of social comparison processes in mitigating stress associated with the threat of urban floods. Among residents of a major flood plain, extensive social comparison was associated with significantly greater levels of calm, confidence, and commitment to adaptive solutions, but only among persons who had not previously been flooded. Among previously flooded respondents, extensive social comparison was significantly related to heightened fear and feelings of desperation. Discussion focuses on the generalizability of social comparison predictions to the natural environment.
Massive arm edema following arteriovenous dialysis shunt creation in a patient with ipsilateral permanent pacemaker

Asymptomatic subclavian vein occlusion following insertion of a permanent pacemaker (PPM) or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is not uncommon. We report a case of a dual-chamber PPM in a patient with an unrecognized left subclavian vein occlusion who developed massive left arm edema following ipsilateral implantation of an arteriovenous (AV) hemodialysis graft. We recommend that patients with pre-existing PPM or ICD leads who are in need of vascular access for hemodialysis should have the AV shunts placed in the contralateral arm. If this is unavoidable, then preoperative subclavian vein screening for patency should be mandatory, even in asymptomatic patients. Sonography is an appropriate initial test in such a situation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2008
Atresia of the right atrial ostium of the coronary sinus unassociated with persistence of the left superior vena cava: a clinicopathologic study of four adult patients.

Abstract Pertinent clinical and necropsy features are described in four patients with congenital atresia of the right atrial ostium of the coronary sinus unassociated with persistence of the left superior vena cava. Three patients had other congenital malformations and the fourth was suspected clinically of having primary myocardial disease. The latter patient not only had atresia of the right atrial ostium of the coronary sinus but communication between the coronary sinus and the left atrium, which occurred in the other three patients, was absent in the patient with “idiopathic” cardiomegaly. In the three patients with other congenital cardiac malformations, the anomaly of the coronary sinus did not cause any physiologic abnormality. Absence of a sizable communication between coronary sinus and atrium in the fourth patient led to varicosities of the coronary veins and sinus and possibly was the cause of the “idiopathic” cardiomegaly.
Sub-shot-noise interferometric measurements with two-photon states

We show by coincidence measurements of photon pairs, produced by parametric downconversion and type II phase matching, that a polarization rotation can be determined with an angle uncertainty below the standard quantum limit.
Evaluation of SDS depletion using an affinity spin column and IMS-MS detection

While the use of detergents is necessary for a variety of protein isolation preparation protocols, they are not compatible with mass spectral analysis due to ion suppression and adduct formation. This manuscript describes optimization of detergent removal, using commercially available SDS depletion spin columns containing an affinity resin, providing for both increased protein recovery and thorough SDS removal. Ion mobility spectrometry coupled with mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) allowed for a concurrent analysis of both analyte and detergent. In the case of both proteins and peptides, higher detergent concentrations than previously reported provided an increase of sample recovery; however there was a limit as SDS was detected by IMS-MS at higher levels of SDS indicating incomplete detergent depletion. The results also suggest that optimal conditions for SDS removal are dependent on the sample concentration. Overall, this study provides a useful guide for proteomic studies where SDS is required for efficient sample preparation.
Biting the FLIPR that Feeds

Platelets are best known for their ability to sense endothelial injury, become tethered to other platelets and clotting proteins, and to then form a thrombus. However, platelets are increasingly recognized to also have proinflammatory properties. For instance, platelets and their microparticles have
A suspicion of chikungunya leading to a diagnosis of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma.

[1] Abrams TJ, Lee LB, Murray LJ, Pryer NK, Cherrington JM. SU11248 inhibits KIT and platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta in preclinical models of human small cell lung cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2003;/2:/471 8. [2] Mendel DB, Laird AD, Xin X, Louie SG, Christensen JG, Li G, et al. In vivo antitumor activity of SU11248, a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor receptors: Determination of a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship. Clin Cancer Res 2003;/9:/327 37. [3] O’Farrell AM, Abrams TJ, Yuen HA, Ngai TJ, Louie SG, Yee KW, et al. SU11248 is a novel FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitor with potent activity in vitro and in vivo. Blood 2003;/101:/3597 605. [4] Pfizer Inc., data on file [5] Faivre S, Demetri G, Sargent W, Raymond E. Molecular basis for sunitinib efficacy and future trial development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2007;/6:/734 45. [6] Faivre S, Delbaldo C, Vera K, Robert C, Lozahic S, Lassau N, et al. Safety, pharmacokinetic, and antitumor activity of SU11248, a novel oral multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006;/143:/313 4. [7] Blay JY, Le Cesne A, Ray-Coquard I, Bui B, Duffaud F, Delbaldo C, et al. Prospective multicentric randomized phase III study of imatinib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors comparing interruption versus continuation of treatment beyond 1 year: The French Sarcoma Group. J Clin Oncol 2007;/25:/1107 13. [8] Blay JY, George S, Casali PG Le Cesne A, Morgan JA, Tyler A, et al. Clinical benefit of continuous daily dosing of sunitinib in patients (pts) with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Ann Oncol 2006;17(Suppl 9):508P (Abstract). [9] Escudier B, Roigas J, Gillessen S, Srinivas S, Pisa P, Vogelzang N, et al. Continuous daily administration of sunitinib malate (SU11248)-phase II study in patients (pts) with cytokine-refractory metastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRCC). Ann Oncol 2006;17(Suppl 9):436O (Abstract). [10] Mancuso MR, Davis R, Norberg SM, O’Brien S, Sennino B, Nakahara Yao VJ, et al. Rapid vascular regrowth in tumours after reversal of VEGF inhibition. J Clin Invest 2006;/116:/ 2610 21.
Gibberellin-like substances in Bryophyllum daigremontianum and the distribution and persistence of applied gibberellin A3.

Acidic extracts of the long-short-day plant Bryophyllum daigremontianum contain two gibberellin (GA)-like substances called fractions I and II. In plants under permanent short-day (SD) conditions the levels of both I and II are very low. In continuous long days (LD) the total GA content is approximately 20 times higher than in SD, mainly due to an increased level of II. Extracts of plants induced to flower by the shift LD→SD show a further increase in the level of II. Application of GA3 to plants in SD causes normal flower formation, but the level of fraction II remains as low as in vegetative plants in permanent SD.
The Presence of Leukotriene C4- and Prostacyclin-Binding Sites in Nonpregnant Human Uterine Tissue

Human uterine tissue can synthesize leukotrienes and prostacyclin (PGI2) from arachidonic acid via the lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways, respectively. Leukotriene C4 stimulates myometrial and vascular smooth muscle contractions, whereas PGI2 inhibits them. In addition, these eicosanoids have other actions in uterine tissue. All of these actions are possibly mediated by specific receptors, but such receptors have not been demonstrated in human uterine tissue. Therefore, these quantitative light microscopic autoradiographic studies were undertaken to determine whether nonpregnant human uterine tissue contains specific leukotriene C4- and PGI2-binding sites. Studies with [3H] leukotriene C4 indicated that luminal epithelial cells of the endometrium, stromal cells, elongated and circular myometrial smooth muscle, and arteriolar smooth muscle contained numerous binding sites. Glandular epithelium, vascular endothelium, and erythrocytes, on the other hand, contained few or no leukotriene C4-binding site...
SINGLET OXYGEN INDUCED MUTAGENESIS OF BENZO[α]PYRENE DERIVATIVES

— Singlet oxygen activates the mutagenicity of several benzo[α]pyrene (BP) derivatives in the absence of mammalian metabolic action. This has been demonstrated using a separated-surface-sensitizer system for generating chemically pure singlet oxygen, eliminating most of the complications that arise with singlet oxygen generation by conventional photosensitization. Salmonella typhimurium bacteria were exposed to singlet oxygen in the presence of certain BP derivatives and the mutation frequency determined with an azaguanine forward mutation assay. The mutation frequency was increased by exposure to singlet oxygen compared to light-only controls for those BP derivatives that were saturated at either the 7,8 or 9,10 positions but not both. The increase in mutuation frequency depends on both the concentration of BP derivative and on the dose of singlet oxygen. Mutation frequency was also significantly increased when bacteria were treated with a solution of trans-7,8-dihydrodiol-BP that had been separately exposed to singlet oxygen, unequivocally demonstrating that the mutagenicity is due to the formation of a product of BP derivative oxidation by singlet oxygen and that this product has a lifetime at least on the order of minutes in acetonitrile. The requirement for singlet oxygen rather than some other form of reactive oxygen was confirmed by determination of the gas phase lifetime of the intermediate responsible for activating mutagenicity. This was performed by measuring the dependence of the mutation frequency on the distance separating the sensitizer from the target. This gives a value of 88 ± 35 ms, which is in excellent agreement with the mean value of 89 ms calculated from previous independent determinations of the gas phase lifetime of singlet oxygen reported in the literature.
Distributed function analysis of ice jam flood frequency

Abstract River ice jams can cause extreme flood events with major socio-economic and ecological impacts. A major practical question is how to quantify and assess ice-jam flood risk. Ideally, this question can be answered by means of historical ice-influenced water level peaks. More commonly, however, the available historical information is scarce and determination of ice-jam flood frequencies or probabilities must rely on a synthetic method. After noting that empirical evidence does not support the assumption of discrete stage outcomes, which is central to the existing methodology, a new synthetic method is developed. It hinges on the fact that the peak stage can take on any value between discharge-dependent envelopes and is thence called the distributed-function method, or DFM, and successfully tested by means of four case studies. It is shown further that the DFM produces more realistic results relative to those of the existing approach. Practical limitations are common to both methods and arise primarily from the need to use the peak runoff discharge, rather than the unknown value that prevails at the time of the peak stage. Resulting errors in probability estimates are evaluated in an extreme case and shown to be both conservative and tolerable. Analysis of additional case studies is recommended as a means of enhancing the utility of the DFM.
Alaska-Aleutian Range Batholith: Geochronology, Chemistry, and Relation to Circum-Pacific Plutonism

Potassium-argon mineral ages and reconnaissance mapping of approximately 65,000 sq km in south-central Alaska indicate that the Mesozoic and Cenozoic plutonic rocks in the region were emplaced during three discrete intrusive epochs. Most of the plutonic rocks are part of the Alaska-Aleutian Range batholith; the remainder appear as outcrops in isolated plutons northeast of the main batholith. Maximum and minimum concordant mineral ages on coexisting biotite and hornblende are used to mark the beginning and ending, respectively, of each intrusive epoch. The oldest intrusive epoch, Early and Middle Jurassic, contains plutonic rocks emplaced between about 176 and 154 m.y. ago. Jurassic plutonism occurred along a magmatic arc at least 1,300 km long, extending from about 480 km southwest of Becharof Lake northeast to the Talkeetna Mountains. Aeromagnetic data suggest that the magmatic arc, which represents the roots of the arc portion of an early Mesozoic arc-trench system, also continues southwest into the Bering Shelf. The associated trench is thought to be represented by an imbricated melange of ophiolite and submarine lava with associated chert and argillite that occupies a belt 140 km southeast of the magmatic arc. Clastic sediments more than 4.5 km thick occupy the 140-km-wide arc-trench gap. Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary plutonic rocks, emplaced between about 83 and 58 m.y. ago, are found mainly in the northern part of the batholith and in isolated plutons to the northeast toward Mount McKinley. Middle Tertiary plutonic rocks ranging in age from 38 to 26 m.y. occur in two areas within the batholith and also in the Mount McKinley area. Although some of the Late Cretaceous and Tertiary plutons are associated with extrusive rocks, these plutons are largely post-tectonic, and magma was generated beneath both stable platform areas as well as beneath former eugeosynclinal regions in which deformation had essentially ceased. Magma for the Jurassic plutonic rocks appears to have been generated along or above an early Mesozoic subduction zone. The region southeast of the zone is considered to represent a classic example of continental accretion of eugeosynclinal sediments caused by under-thrusting of oceanic crust beneath an island arc. Magma generation for the Cretaceous and Tertiary plutons in the northern part of the batholith does not appear related to the early Mesozoic subduction zone, for it would require that the zone shift inland, or toward the continent, from its position during the Jurassic and then shift away from the continent once again to its present position.
SU-E-I-44: The UF/NCI Family of Hybrid Computational Phantoms Representing the Current US Population of Male and Female Children and Adolescents Applications to CT Organ Dosimetry.

Purpose: To assist in the rapid reporting of patient organ doses, researchers at the University of Florida and the National Cancer Institute have developed a family of computational hybrid phantoms, constructed from NURBS and polygon mesh surfaces, that fully represent the ICRP 89 50th percentile reference newborn, 1‐year‐old, 5‐year‐old, 10‐year‐old, 15‐year‐ old male and female, and adult male and female. Coupled with Monte Carlo simulations, these phantoms can be used to estimate patient organ doses. Substantial increases seen in childhood obesity in the United States have prompted us to undergo a major revision to the UF/NCI phantom library. Methods: A decision was made to construct the new library in a gridded fashion by height/weight without further reference to age‐dependent weight/height percentiles. At each height/weight combination, secondary circumferential parameters are also defined and used for phantom construction. All morphometric data for the new library are taken from the CDC NHANES survey data over the time period 1999 to 2006, the most recent reported survey period. A subset of the phantom library was then used in a CTorgan dose sensitivity study to examine the degree to which full Monte Carlo simulations would be required to track organ doses for patients that are severely underweight to obese in body size. Results: Using primary and secondary parameters, a grid containing 85 pediatric male height/weight bins and a grid containing 73 pediatric female height’ weight bins were constructed. These grids will provide the blueprints for later constructing a comprehensive library of patient’ dependent phantoms containing 158 pediatric phantoms. Conclusions: In the future, the UF/NCI phantom library will be used to construct pre‐computed dose libraries for individuals undergoing CT examinations. Ultimately, these libraries can be deployed in the clinic for electronic recording of patient organdosimetry following diagnostic imaging procedures.
The Future of the Cancer Prevention Workforce: Why Health Literacy, Advocacy, and Stakeholder Collaborations Matter

In considering the role of the cancer prevention workforce in meeting the nation’s future health care needs, it is vital to address the considerable gaps in information, communication, training, professional development, roles, and levels of collaboration among diverse disciplines, stakeholders, and constituencies. As part of an October 2009 symposium at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center entitled “Future Directions in Cancer Prevention and Control: Workforce Implications for Training, Practice, and Policy,” the Health Policy and Advocacy Working Group was convened to discuss barriers to closing these gaps. Three major themes emerged from the group’s deliberations and are discussed here: (1) the role of critical health literacy and evidence-based collaborations in cancer prevention education, research, and practice; (2) the implications of health advocacy for policy development and clinical and public health practice; and (3) culturally and linguistically appropriate cancer prevention programs and information within advocacy/workforce collaborations. Mechanisms for addressing these gaps are presented.
A nuclear-receptor-dependent phosphatidylcholine pathway with antidiabetic effects

Nuclear hormone receptors regulate diverse metabolic pathways and the orphan nuclear receptor LRH-1 (also known as NR5A2) regulates bile acid biosynthesis. Structural studies have identified phospholipids as potential LRH-1 ligands, but their functional relevance is unclear. Here we show that an unusual phosphatidylcholine species with two saturated 12 carbon fatty acid acyl side chains (dilauroyl phosphatidylcholine (DLPC)) is an LRH-1 agonist ligand in vitro. DLPC treatment induces bile acid biosynthetic enzymes in mouse liver, increases bile acid levels, and lowers hepatic triglycerides and serum glucose. DLPC treatment also decreases hepatic steatosis and improves glucose homeostasis in two mouse models of insulin resistance. Both the antidiabetic and lipotropic effects are lost in liver-specific Lrh-1 knockouts. These findings identify an LRH-1 dependent phosphatidylcholine signalling pathway that regulates bile acid metabolism and glucose homeostasis.
Patient Preference and Outcomes-Based Surgical Care among Octogenarians and Nonagenarians

The phrase “oldest old” can be used to describe the egment of the population aged 80 years and older. The umber of elderly who reach this age group has increased reatly in recent years, posing new and difficult decisionaking challenges to general surgeons. With regard o surgical care of octogenarians and nonagenarians, ridelbaugh offered a thoughtful reflection in a 1988 merican College of Surgeons Bulletin, in which he wrote: We must constantly remind ourselves that just because procedure can be done doesn’t mean that it absolutely ust be done.” Today these issues still remain difficult: ow do we know when to proceed with invasive, alhough potentially successful, surgical care, and at what tage do we temper our resources and call for a “comfort easure only”? Traditional surgical approach has been to consider the atient’s “biologic age” rather than chronologic age and o offer surgical care based on severity of illness and omorbidities. In fact, the majority of routine surgical rocedures on the oldest-old patients are successful in art because of technologic advancements in surgical ntensive care units and the quality-improvement meaures on surgical nursing floors. Every surgeon rememers the occasional elderly patient who, after a prolonged CU course, returns to visit the care providers in, to their stonishment, remarkably good health. Such memories nly serve to reinforce surgeons’ beliefs that no matter ow bleak the postoperative course might be, hope for
The effect of soil fumigation with D‐D on the yields of sugar beet and other crops

SUMMARY An experiment in a field where sugar beet in 1965 had suffered from Docking disorder caused by Longidorus attenuatus tested the effect of fumigating the soil with 3741/ha D-D and two amounts of nitrogen fertilizer on different crop sequences between 1966 and 1969. Although severe Docking disorder did not recur in sugar beet, fumigation increased yield in each of the three following years. Yield of barley was increased for 4 yr and of wheat, potatoes and ryegrass for 1 or 2 yr after treatment. All plant parasitic nematodes were controlled by the first fumigation and the numbers of those in unfumigated plots 3 yr after treatment. Fumigation also largely prevented infection of sugar beet by the fungus Helicobasidium purpureum.
Strong enhancement of near-band-edge photoluminescence of ZnO nanowires decorated with sputtered metallic nanoparticles

The effect of the Ar plasma during metal deposition on the photoluminescence (PL) of metal-coated ZnO nanowires (NWs) has been investigated. Strong enhancement of near-band-edge emission (NBE) is observed for ZnO NWs coated with Al and Ni nanoparticles (NPs) by radiofrequency magnetron sputtering, while the samples coated with NPs by e-beam evaporation show quenching of the PL intensity. A model is proposed that satisfies the observed experimental results and assigns the strong enhancement of the NBE PL of ZnO NWs to excitons bound to structural defects in the surface layer of the ZnO NWs.
The Influence of Self-Determination in Physical Education on Leisure-Time Physical Activity Behavior

Using a multitheory approach, this study was designed to investigate the influence of urban adolescents' perceived autonomy and competence in physical education on their physical activity intentions and behaviors during leisure time. A transcontextual model was hypothesized and tested. Urban adolescents (N = 653, ages 11–15 years) completed questionnaires assessing relevant psychological constructs and moderate to vigorous physical activity and then had their cardiorespiratory fitness assessed with the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) test. Based on our structural equation modeling analyses and fit indexes, the trans-contextual model adequately fit the data. We concluded that the two theoretical frameworks—SDT and theory of planned behavior—can be integrated to provide an enhanced understanding of the influence of physical education on leisure-time physical activity. The results revealed that perceived autonomy and competence in physical education are interrelated and function as a...
Role of the biosphere in the mid‐Holocene climate of West Africa

Received 26 June 2001; revised 2 December 2001; accepted 5 March 2002; published 16 January 2003. [1] In previous studies, a zonally symmetric, synchronously coupled biosphereatmosphere model (ZonalBAM), which includes explicit representation of ecosystem dynamics, has been developed and validated based on current conditions over the region of West Africa. Here, we use ZonalBAM to study the response of the coupled biosphereatmosphere system to changes in the Earth’s orbital forcing during the Middle Holocene (6K yrs BP) and the relative contribution of vegetation feedbacks. Simulations in which vegetation conditions were fixed to the current distribution, show that an orbitally induced increased seasonality in insolation for the Middle Holocene, by itself, results in a 1.1 northward shift in the location of the southern margin of the Sahara as compared to current solar forcings. When vegetation is allowed to be dynamic, a 2.4 northward shift is simulated. However, when dynamic vegetation is initialized to palaeovegetation, a 5.1 northward shift is simulated, bringing results more consistent with palaeoevidence. Based on previous studies on the role of the gradient of moist static energy on the dynamics of large-scale tropical circulations, a mechanism for the enhancement of the summer monsoon circulation has been developed. Our results suggest that multiple equilibria could have coexisted over the region of West Africa during the Middle Holocene. Furthermore, based on previous studies on the current climate over the region, we hypothesize that transitions between the different equilibria could have taken place during the Middle Holocene causing the southern desert margin to migrate between 18.1N and 21.4N and shaping climate variability. INDEX TERMS: 0315 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/ atmosphere interactions; 3322 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Land/atmosphere interactions; 3344 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Paleoclimatology; 9305 Information Related to Geographic Region: Africa; KEYWORDS: West Africa, Holocene, vegetation dynamics, monsoon, climate change, insolation
Distinct subtypes of zona pellucida morphology reflect canine oocyte viability and cumulus-oocyte complex quality

The aim of this study was to analyze surface morphology of the zona pellucida (ZP) and assess its relationship with oocyte viability, cumulus-oocyte complex (COC) quality, and oocyte donor age in dogs. Canine ovaries were sliced to release COCs for use in three experiments. In Experiment 1, oocytes from high-quality (grade I) COCs were viewed with scanning electron microscopy to visualize the zona surface. Four zonae, classified as types I, II, III, and IV, were detectable on high-quality oocytes. Most (95.5%) dog donors had oocytes with two or three ZP types. The ZP type I had a smooth compact surface with few pores. The ZP type II was less compact with many distinct circular or elliptical pores. The ZP type III had a rough surface with folds and many irregular shaped pores and hollows. The ZP type IV also had a rough surface with folds, but in addition, stringy filaments obscured the pores and hollows. The frequency of ZP type I in the oocyte population was low (2.7%), whereas ZP types II, III, and IV each occurred in approximately one-third of the oocyte population. In Experiment 2, oocytes from high-quality COCs were stained with propidium iodide (PI) before scanning electron microscopy to investigate the relationship of oocyte viability with ZP morphology. In Experiment 3, oocytes were collected from low-quality (grade 2) and high-quality (grade 1) COCs to investigate the role of COC quality on zona structure. Zonae types I and II were characteristic of PI-positive (dead) oocytes and oocytes from low-quality COCs, whereas ZP types III and IV were prevalent on PI-negative (living) oocytes and oocytes from high-quality COCs. We concluded that the heterogeneous ZP surface underwent structural rearrangements related to oocyte viability and COC quality. This warrants further investigation into ZP structure and may be useful for canine-assisted reproduction.
Galanin is an estrogen-inducible, secretory product of the rat anterior pituitary.

Abstract Galanin is a peptide widely distributed throughout vertebrate central and peripheral nervous systems. Although its precise physiologic role is unknown, it can stimulate the pituitary secretion of prolactin and growth hormone. We examined the control of rat galanin (rGal) gene expression in the anterior pituitary using RNA blot and in situ hybridization analyses and using specific RIA. Pituitaries of normal male and ovariectomized female rats contained little detectable rGal mRNA. Treatment of these animals with 17 beta-estradiol increased pituitary rGal mRNA up to 4000-fold. These increases depended on time and dose of estrogen administration and correlated with up to 50-fold increases in pituitary galanin-like immunoreactivity. Galanin-like immunoreactivity was detectable in the plasma of estrogen-treated animals. Pituitary levels of rGal mRNA in female rats varied greater than 30-fold during the estrous cycle, with a peak on estrus and a nadir on diestrus. Estrogen-induced rGal gene expression was also observed in transplantable MtTW15 prolactin- and growth hormone-containing tumors but not in neuronal tissues expressing this gene. These data demonstrate that rGal is a secreted product of rat anterior pituitary cells, where its gene expression is strongly affected by physiologic levels of circulating estrogen.
Slowly growing gastric carcinoma

Gastric cancer is thought of usually as a rapidly progressive lesion. The variant of slowly growing carcinoma of the stomach is reviewed and illustrated by the case of an elderly patient with pernicious anemia in whom a gastric mucosal lesion was repeatedly observed by gastroscopy for almost 3 years.
Feasibility of stress only rubidium-82 PET myocardial perfusion imaging

Stress only SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is a validated strategy to streamline cardiac diagnostic imaging. The potential use of Rb82 PET stress only MPI has not been investigated. Stress images from 200 Rb82 PET-MPI were reviewed by two blinded readers and categorized as not requiring additional rest images (normal) or requiring additional images (abnormal or equivocal). No additional images were deemed necessary for 95 (48%) and 99 (50%) by the two blinded readers. The stress only interpretation was compared to the previous read of the complete rest-stress study. The rate of detecting a normal result with stress only reading was 76%-79% with a negative predictive value of 94%-95%. Clinical predictors of a normal stress only PET-MPI included lower age, the absence of CAD, and female gender, but not body mass index. Blinded reads of 50 additional consecutive PET-MPI from patients with selected clinical predictors (age <65 years, no known CAD) were then performed. Of these, 40 (80%) were normal by previous rest-stress reading, and 34 (68%) were categorized as not requiring additional images after stress only reading. PET stress only imaging would have resulted in a mean reduction of radiation exposure of 2.4 mSv per study according to a published radiation estimate. Stress only Rb82 PET-MPI is a feasible strategy to reduce resource utilization and radiation exposure associated with MPI. This strategy would be most applicable to patients with a lower pretest likelihood.
The role of glimepiride in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Importance of the field: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasingly prevalent throughout the world; controlling glycemia is an important part of preventing serious complications of diabetes. Sulfonylureas have been used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes for many years.Areas covered in this review: This article reviews the pharmacological and clinical aspects of glimepiride, a second-generation sulfonylurea. Literature search was conducted in PubMed, and articles selected for relevance to pharmacology or clinical efficacy data from 1994 to 2009, with older references sought as indicated.What the reader will gain: Pharmacology of glimepiride, data regarding clinical efficacy, key comparisons to other agents and emerging concepts related to glimepiride are discussed.Take home message: Therapy with glimepiride improves the relative insulin secretory deficit found in T2DM, has antihyperglycemic efficacy equal to other secretagogues with reduced potential for hypoglycemia and may have additional actions ...
Clinical considerations for the management of residual diabetes following bariatric surgery

Residual diabetes following bariatric surgery is increasingly recognized despite initial weight loss. It occurs more commonly following banding and sleeve gastrectomy procedures than with gastric bypass, is associated with long duration and advanced stages of diabetes and is exacerbated by weight regain. Long-term diabetes management following various gastric restrictive surgery (i.e. lap banding) requires targeting weight loss, insulin resistance and insulin secretion defects with antidiabetic agents that have weight negative or neutral effects. In contrast, re-emergence of hyperglycaemia following gastric bypass may require targeting β-cell failure with insulin analogues. Revisional bariatric surgery is also a consideration. On the basis of our experience, we propose a clinical approach for long-term management of diabetes following various bariatric procedures in the presence and absence of weight regain that is based on recognized pathophysiological effects of these procedures on diabetes remission.
Much ado about salary: Grace Hopper and Satya Nadella

This paper is a response to the interview between Maria Klawe and Satya Nadella at the 2014 Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing conference in a context of the history of the conference since 1994. Maria Klawe is president of Harvey Mudd College and member of the Microsoft board of directors. Satya Nadella is the CEO of Microsoft.
Angelica Kauffmann Reads Goethe: Illustration and Symbolic Representation in the Göschen Edition

This article discusses the use of illustrations -- and their relinquishment -- in the first edition of collected works by Johann Wolfgang Goethe ( Goethe's Schriften , 1786--90) and focuses on three illustrations by the pre-eminent eighteenth-century artist Angelica Kauffmann (1741–1807), done in Rome. They form, I argue, real illustrations, not mere decor or images independent from the text. The images in question are: 1. A scene from Goethe’s play Iphigenie auf Tauris 2. A scene from Goethe’s play Egmont 3. an allegorical portrait of Goethe/a poet with the muses of tragedy and comedy. In his published descriptions in Italienische Reise Goethe recommends the first two as models for the reader. In the third one, I argue, Kauffmann represented herself as inspiring the writer; in a general sense it reflects the visual arts as inspiring poetry. The three illustrations mark an important change in book illustrations in the eighteenth century. Goethe and his publisher Goschen turned away from illustrations manufactured in series for the purpose of decor and good sales to illustrations where the author took an active role in the selection process and worked with the artist towards his ideal of symbolic representation which he later regarded as unobtainable and favored editions without illustrations.
Sources of Acquiring Cigarettes and Requests for Proof of Age Among Middle School Students From a Tobacco Growing State † 10

Sources of Acquiring Cigarettes and Requests for Proof of Age Among Middle School Students From a Tobacco Growing State † 10
Amiodarone-induced ultrastructural changes in canine myocardial fibers.

Abstract Chronic clinical toxicity with amiodarone, a unique antiarrhythmic drug, is associated with intracellular myelinoid inclusion bodies in skin, cornea, lung, liver and lymph nodes. The present study was designed to develop a canine animal model to study amiodarone concentration and onset of formation of myelinoid inclusion bodies in the cardiac tissue. Amiodarone was given intravenously in a single dose (40 mg/kg body weight) or multiple doses (40 mg/kg IV + 10 mg/kg IV × 7 days). Amiodarone concentration in the heart was high after a single dose but electron microscopic examination showed a normal ultrastructure. Numerous myelinoid inclusion bodies were found in the myofibrils of the left atria and right and left ventricles after only 7 days of amiodarone treatment. Myelinoid inclusion bodies were identified in several subcellular locations including intercalated disc but most were in close proximity of the mitochondria, sometimes touching and indenting the mitochondrial membrane. The antiarrhythmic effect of the schedule of intravenous amiodarone for 7 days used in this study was minimal, and this correlated with unexpectedly low myocardial levels of the drug and its metabolite. The results are consistent with our previous data of an antiarrhythmic effect with a single intravenous dose of 40 mg/kg body weight associated with high myocardial levels of amiodarone. We conclude that a single large dose of amiodarone with high tissue level may not cause myelioid inclusion bodies, but they can be readily identified in all heart chambers after only 1 week of amiodarone treatment. This model would be useful to study amiodarone-induced ultrastructural changes in the heart.
Cross-tail current evolution during substorm dipolarization

Abstract. We examine evolution of the cross-tail current during substorm current disruption/dipolarization using observations from two satellites in the near-Earth magnetotail at the downtail distances of 8–9 RE. By choosing times when these two satellites are separated, mainly in the north–south distance in the tail current sheet, precise determination of current density in the layer embedded between these satellites can be obtained with Ampere's law. Two such events are examined and several common features are found. The current densities in the layer embedded by the two satellites were reduced by ~ 40–70% during substorm dipolarization. The changes in current densities have the fast kinetic timescale, i.e., in seconds, implying a kinetic process for current disruption/dipolarization. The estimated power within the current layer was mainly dissipative in the dawn–dusk direction and mainly dynamo in the Sun–tail direction that is needed to drive the north–south substorm current system in the ionosphere. Remote sensing of the energization site with the ion sounding technique shows that the energization site was initially earthward of the satellite and moved down the tail at later times. Breakdown of the frozen-in condition occurred intermittently during the disturbance interval. These features provide important clues to the substorm onset process.
Transistor sizing for AMLCD integrated TFT drive circuits

This paper discusses transistor sizing for active-matrix liquid-crystal displays (AMLCDs) with integrated drive circuits for computer display applications. The size of an output transistor of integrated drive circuits must be large enough to drive a scan/data line within an acceptable delay time and, at the same time, must be as small as possible to reduce the circuit area. Using a linear approximation for TFTs and the Elmore delay model for distributed RCs, we derive expressions for delay times of scan and data lines including the delay of the drive circuit, which has been ignored in the analysis of amorphous-silicon TFT-LCDs driven by external driver chips. Based on the derived delay times, sizes of output transistors are estimated. Our calculations show that integration of peripheral drive circuits is feasible and will give benefits in cost and packaging for display resolutions up to XGA. For higher resolution displays such as SXGA, integration of drive circuits will require large driver TFTs and complex external circuits and thus may be impractical.
Relationships between Zooplankton Abundance and Chlorophyll a Concentrations in Florida Lakes

ABSTRACT Data collected during a limnological survey of 165 Florida lakes were used to examine statistical relations between chlorophyll a concentrations and the abundance of total zooplankton, cladocerans, copepods, crustaceans, and rotifers. Abundances of the different groupings of zooplankton were positively correlated with chlorophyll a concentrations, but all correlation coefficients were less than 0.72. Rotifers were most strongly correlated with chlorophyll a concentrations during the summer (r=0.71). No major changes in community composition could be demonstrated with increasing chlorophyll levels. Empirical models derived from regression analyses were developed to predict zooplankton abundance from measures of chlorophyll a concentrations.
Gas Fired Test System For Stirling Engines.

Sandia National Laboratories in conjunction with Stirling Energy Systems (SES) has increased the capabilities of the National Solar Thermal Test Facility’s Engine Test Facility to include a gas fired burner for advance testing on the Kochums 4-95 Stirling engine. SES is using this engine in its current solar energy production system and is performing a redesign for manufacturability and reliability. The gas burner will aid in this task allowing a safe, controlled test environment. A burner was developed for the SES engine and tested at Arizona University. The gas and air controls were scavenged from an old gas fired Stirling engine test performed in the 1990s. Goals for the burner are to have the ability to do attended tests, but then have unattended tests. Due to equipment limitations, the gas and air control skid did not have these capabilities and was modified with newer equipment such as a PLC controller. Software to run the burner efficiently was developed and the system is prepared for testing a Stirling engine.
Benzothiadiazole, an inducer of plant defenses, inhibits catalase and ascorbate peroxidase

Abstract Benzothiadiazole (BTH) is a recently described synthetic inducer of plant defenses. Molecular and genetic studies have suggested that it acts as a functional analogue of the endogenous defense signalling molecule salicylic acid (SA). Here we demonstrate that BTH inhibits catalase and ascorbate peroxidase, two potential targets through which SA has been proposed to act. BTH was found to be a considerably better inhibitor of catalase than SA. This is consistent with its greater potency for inducing the expression of defense-related genes, such as the acidic PR-1, PR-2 and PR-3 genes. In addition, induction of PR-1 gene expression by either BTH or SA was suppressed by antioxidants. These results suggest that changes in H2O2 levels or the cellular redox status may be involved in the BTH/SA-mediated activation of certain defense responses.
Conservatism and Conservation

Utilitarians believe that personal decisions and public policies should be made so as to maximize the public good, or, as Jeremy Bentham put it, to produce the greatest good of the greatest number. Bentham identified the public good with the maximization of happiness, and believed that many traditional practices were inimical to the production of happiness. So in the name of maximizing the public good, Bentham advocated, for example, extending the franchise, reforming the criminal code and re-designing prisons. People's prejudices and traditional habits of thought must yield in the face of utilitarian-inspired reforms.
Using Prompts to Increase Attendance at Groups for Survivors of Domestic Violence

Objectives: This study investigated the effects of multiple prompts, telephone calls, and written reminders on attendance at group support meetings in a long-term residential facility for survivors of domestic violence. Methods: Participants were 15 Hispanic women who were residing in the facility at the time of the study. Prompts to attend the support meetings were introduced, removed, and reintroduced within an ABAB single-system design. Results: Data from sign-in sheets showed that prompting procedures at least doubled attendance at the support meetings. Conclusions: Possible factors contributing to the effectiveness of social workers using prompts to promote attendance at group support meetings are briefly discussed.
Computing the optimal design for a calibration experiment

Abstract A measuring instrument records an observation y which is to be used to estimate the ‘true’ value of a variable x. Assuming the usual linear model, the problem is to design a calibration experiment. In an earlier paper (Barlow, Mensing and Smiriga (1986)), we obtained general results concerning the structure of the optimal experimental design. However, we were not able to characterize the solution when both α and β are unknown. In this paper, using bivariate normal priors, we show that the objective function, based on squared error loss, can be calculated by a computer program using three nested subroutines for each design. Numerical results for special cases are discussed.
The gas washout determination under a symmetry assumption.

In an open circuit gas washout determination the output of test substance is shown to be of the form ∑ i=0 ∞ A i λ on thekth expiration whereA i >0,i=1,2,... and 1 > λ1 ≥ λ2...≥ 0 provided the transition from inspiration to expiration has certain symmetry properties with the transition from expiration to inspiration. In general, no direct physical interpretation such as volume for theA t ’s or fraction of retained gas on expiration for the λ i is justified.
Using Marital Attitudes in Late Adolescence to Predict Later Union Transitions

Using a sample of 982 late adolescents and tracking them throughout young adulthood, this study investigated if marital attitudes held during the last year of high school were predictive of union transitions to both cohabitation and marriage during young adulthood. Results using both logistic regression and discrete event history models found that marital attitudes did not have significant associations with the transition to cohabitation but did significantly predict the probability of transitioning to marriage during young adulthood. Specifically, having a younger expected age of marriage and placing more importance on marriage at the end of adolescence was associated with an increased likelihood of transitioning to marriage earlier than other young adults.