cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constitutive Modeling for Simulating a Broad Set of Uniaxial and Multiaxial Cyclic and Ratcheting Responses

A set of cyclic and ratcheting experimental responses obtained under proportional to various degrees of nonproportional loading cycles are simulated using the modified Chaboche model in its rate-independent and rate-dependent forms. Features of the modified Chaboche nonlinear-kinematic hardening model needed for simulating cyclic hardening-softening, cyclic relaxation and ratcheting responses under uniaxial and multiaxial loading are elaborated. Significance of “rate-dependent” and novel “back stress shift” modeling features in improving the hysteresis loop and ratcheting rate simulations are demonstrated. Influence of the isotropic and kinematic hardening parameters in improving the multiaxial ratcheting response simulation by the modified Chaboche model are illustrated.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Statesmanship and Ethics: The Case of Thomas Jefferson's Dirty Hands

The topic of statesmanship has been largely neglected by public administration scholars. This article underscores the moral dilemmas and implications that arise when statesmen abandon their principles for the good of the state, as was the case when Thomas Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory from France without congressional consent. This example draws our attention to the important connections between statesmanship and administrative ethics. Jefferson's decision to abandon his strict constructionist principles to acquire Louisiana illustrates the ethical complexities of public administration, public management, and the democratic governance process.
Ground Motions associated with Acoustic Waves

ON July 4, 1970, a signal travelling with acoustic velocity was observed at a 5 km triangular microbarograph array at Grand Saline in East Texas. There is a computer program which can search any given arc for a signal of any given velocity. At a particular velocity, data from the elements of the array are brought into coincidence by time shifting. The correlator detects a relative increase in the summed signals at coincidence and it compares the power in a beam to the sum of the powers of the individual elements. If this ratio increases significantly above the value for the uncorrelated noise, a signal is said to have been detected. The advantage of this particular program is that the use of a recursion filter1 instead of a conventional convolution filter reduces considerably the data processing time required. The program was run on data from the three elements of the array for the time period during which the signal was observed. Fig. 1 shows the output from the program and a signal can be seen clearly beginning at approximately 0140 GMT with an azimuth of 220°.
Discovery of crystalline inclusions in Bacillus licheniformis that resemble parasporal crystals of Bacillus thuringiensis

Crystalline inclusions were discovered in stationary and sporulating cells of the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 9945a. As detected by electron microscopy, dying or sporulating...
THE SUPPLY OF INFANTS RELINQUISHED FOR ADOPTION: DID ACCESS TO ABORTION MAKE A DIFFERENCE?

Motivated by a theory of desired fertility I use three years of aggregate state level data to examine the impact of abortion access on the supply of infants relinquished for adoption. I show evidence that abortion access affected the supply of infants relinquished during the 1980s in two different ways. First, the availability of abortion providers has the expected effect of reducing the supply of infants relinquished, particularly relative to the demand for abortion. Second, abortion law has an unexpected negative effect. This suggests that as abortion laws become more restrictive the total number of unwanted births may decrease. (JEL J13)
Policy Congruence Between the President and the Solicitor General

This article examines the policy attention and ideological congruence between solicitors general and their appointing presidents. It builds on previous research by presenting an alternative way of ...
Psychiatric residents' experience conducting disability evaluations.

Objective The increasing frequency and societal cost of psychiatric disability underscore the need for accuracy in evaluating patients who seek disability benefits. The authors investigated senior psychiatric residents’ experiences performing disability evaluations, their self-assessment of competence for this task, and whether they perceived a need for more training.
Analysis of the Optical Signals Associated with the Electrical Stimulation of Peripheral Nerves

We report the possible origins of optical responses to electrical stimulation of the median nerve in human subjects. The optical signals are ~0.2% in amplitude, and peak ~100 ms after the 0.1 ms stimulus.
Macronuclear Variation During the Life Cycle of Blepharisma dawsoni n.sp. and B. wardsi

SYNOPSIS. From characteristics of binary fission, conjugation, size and number of micronuclei, body size and incidence of giantism, a Blepharisma isolate hitherto called B. undulans is classified as B. dawsoni sp. nov. Binary fission in B. wardsi differs from fission in B. dawsoni in that the strand connecting the macronuclear nodes is severed; in B. dawsoni the strand persists.
Disparities in lipid control and statin drug use among diabetics with noncoronary atherosclerotic vascular disease vs those with coronary artery disease

Background Diabetes mellitus (DM), coronary artery disease (CAD), and noncoronary atherosclerotic vascular diseases (NCVDs) have similar risks of cardiovascular events and similar recommendations for lipid control. There are limited data regarding lipid control in diabetic patients with NCVD in current clinical practice. Objective To assess current day practice of lipid control in patients with DM with NCVD vs those with CAD. Methods We retrospectively identified 3336 patients with DM and known atherosclerotic vascular disease between January 2009 and March 2012. We compared demographic variables, lipid levels, and statin use in diabetics with CAD alone vs diabetics without CAD but with one or more NCVD. Results There were 234 patients in DM with NCVD group and 3102 patients in DM with CAD group. The DM with NCVD group had a higher mean total cholesterol (152 ± 40 vs 146 ± 42 mg/dL; P = .019) and mean low-density lipoprotein (LDL; 86 ± 35 vs 80 ± 34 mg/dL; P = .04) with only 70% of patients achieving LDL of P P Conclusion Our study demonstrates lower use and less aggressive application of statins among diabetics with NCVD compared with diabetics with CAD, resulting in higher mean LDL and total cholesterol in the NCVD group.
Risk-Based Resource Allocation for Collaborative System Design in a Distributed Environment

Risk analysis is important in system design because of its essential role in evaluating functional reliability and mitigating system failures. In this work, we aim at expanding existing risk modeling methods to collaborative system designs: specifically, to facilitate resource allocation among distributed stakeholders. Because of different perspectives and limited local information, inconsistent and/or incoherent risk assessments (such as different probability and confusing consequence evaluations) may occur among stakeholders, who are responsible for same or different risk components of a system. The discrepancies can become potential barriers in achieving consensus or acceptable disagreement for distributed resource allocation. Built upon our previous work, a risk-based distributed resource allocation methodology (R-DRAM) is developed to help a system manager allocate limited resources among collaborating stakeholders based on a cost-benefit measure of risk. Besides probability and consequence, two additional risk aspects, tolerance and hierarchy, are considered for system risk modeling in a collaborative/distributed environment. Given a total amount of resources to be allocated, the four risk aspects are combined to form the cost-benefit measure in a multiobjective optimization framework for achieving a desired risk reduction of a targeted system. An example is used to demonstrate the implementation process of the methodology. The preliminary investigation shows promise of the R-DRAM as a systematic and quantifiable approach in facilitating distributed resource allocation for collaborative system design.
Genetic polymorphisms of esterase isozymes of the plasma in two species of doves, their hybrids and backcross hybrids, and in other species of Columbidae☆

Abstract 1. 1. Nine phenotypes were observed in the esterases of the plasma of 69 Streptopelia senegalensis, in contrast to a single pattern in risoria. 2. 2. The patterns of the isozymes could be divided into fast and slow regions, both being present in senegalensis, but in risoria only bands in the fast region were detected. 3. 3. In contrast to the single pattern of isozyme usually present in both regions for each bird tested in senegalensis, the plasma of the species hybrid and of the backcross offspring from matings of species hybrids to risoria exhibited overlapping of bands in the fast region. 4. 4. The segregation among the backcross progeny of slow bands peculiar to senegalensis conformed to genetic expectation. 5. 5. Despite the paucity of critical genetic data, 9 alleles are postulated in senegalensis as effecting the 9 patterns of esterases, but the dominance relationships are not known. 6. 6. The patterns of the esterase phenotypes in six other species of Streptopelia, six of Columba and in seven species of six other genera of Columbidae show that each of the species examined may be distinguished from each of the other. 7. 7. The causative genes for the differences within and among the species probably represent a multiple series of alleles.
Dynamics of riboswitches: Molecular simulations

Riboswitch RNAs play key roles in bacterial metabolism and represent a promising new class of antibiotic targets for treatment of infectious disease. While many studies of riboswitches have been performed, the exact mechanism of riboswitch operation is still not fully understood at the atomistic level of detail. Molecular dynamics simulations are useful for interpreting existing experimental data and producing predictions for new experiments. Here, a wide range of computational studies on riboswitches is reviewed. By elucidating the key principles of riboswitch operation, computation may aid in the effort to design more specific antibiotics with affinities greater than those of the native ligand. Such a detailed understanding may be required to improve efficacy and reduce side effects. These studies are laying the groundwork for understanding the action mechanism of new compounds that inhibit riboswitch activity. Future directions such as magnesium effects, large-scale conformational changes, expression platforms and co-transcriptional folding are also discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Riboswitches.
Risk factors associated with atrial fibrillation after noncardiac thoracic surgery: analysis of 2588 patients

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors associated with the onset of atrial fibrillation after thoracic surgery to allow more targeted interventions in patients with the highest risk. Methods A comprehensive prospective database was used to identify patients undergoing major thoracic surgery from January 1, 1998, through December 31, 2002. Data collection was performed at point of contact: at preoperative evaluation, the time of the operation, discharge, and postoperative visits. All patients undergoing resection of a lung, the esophagus, the chest wall, or a mediastinal mass were included in this study. Univariate and multivariate analyses of factors associated with the development of atrial fibrillation were analyzed. Results There were 2588 patients who met the inclusion criteria. The overall incidence of atrial fibrillation was 12.3% (n = 319). Categories of disease were primary lung cancer, pulmonary metastasis, esophageal cancer, intrathoracic metastasis, benign lung disease, other mediastinal tumors, mesothelioma, chest wall tumors, benign esophagus, and "other." Patients with atrial fibrillation had increased mean lengths of hospital stay, mortality rates, and mean hospital charges. Univariate analysis evaluated age, sex, disease category, comorbidities, preoperative therapy, and procedure, and significant variables were entered into the multivariate analysis. Significant variables (relative risk; 95% confidence interval) in the multivariate analysis were male sex (1.72; 1.29-2.28), age 50 to 59 years (1.70; 1.01-2.88), age 60 to 69 years (4.49; 2.79-7.22), age 70 years or greater (5.30; 3.28-8.59), history of congestive heart failure (2.51; 1.06-6.24), history of arrhythmias (1.92; 1.22-3.02), history of peripheral vascular disease (1.65; 0.93-2.92), resection of mediastinal tumor or thymectomy (2.36; 0.95-5.88), lobectomy (3.89; 2.19-6.91), bilobectomy (7.16; 3.02-16.96), pneumonectomy (8.91; 4.59-17.28), esophagectomy (2.95; 1.55-5.62), and intraoperative transfusions (1.39; 0.98-1.98). Conclusions The significant variables identified by means of multivariate analysis were associated with the occurrence of atrial fibrillation. Preventive therapies in selected populations might reduce the incidence of atrial fibrillation.
Parasitic infections of the small intestine

Intestinal parasites colonize patients worldwide. Due to modern travel, emigration, and exotic cuisines, parasitic infections can present in any locale. Some cause severe disease, while others are usually self-limited or asymptomatic. Patients with diarrhea should have at least three stool specimens, gathered on separate days, checked for ova and parasites. The medical laboratory must be alerted for specific concerns, because the method of assay differs among various parasites. Stool antigen and blood serology tests increase diagnostic sensitivity. Physicians need to consider, recognize, and know how to treat intestinal parasitosis.
Compact Variational Wave Functions Incorporating Limited Triple and Quadruple Substitutions

We have investigated a number of configuration interaction (CI) wave functions which incorporate the dominant effects of triple and quadruple substitutions. If we employ natural orbitals from a CI singles and doubles (CISD) procedure, then the orbitals may be conveniently partitioned into subspaces of varying importance, and electron configurations may be classified according to how they occupy each of the subspaces. We employ a CI model space containing all single and double substitutions and also those classes of triply and quadruply substituted configurations deemed most important on the basis of natural orbital populations. This a priori selection scheme recovers a large fraction of the energy of a CI including all triples and quadruples (CISDTQ) at a drastically reduced computational expense, and it represents a more “black-box” alternative to traditional multireference CI approaches. Implications for nonvariational approaches are also discussed.
Decentralized control of a multi-agent stochastic dynamic resource allocation problem

We study a stochastic system consisting of multiple decentralized control agents who allocate shared system resources in response to requests that arrive stochastically over time. Decentralized agents in our system maximize their own objectives subject to potentially mis-specified models of the way in which system resources are consumed by other agents in the system. We introduce the notion of a transfer price, which is a contract that describes the way in which decentralized agents compensate other agents in the system for using shared resources whenever they satisfy a request. We characterize transfer prices under which there is no efficiency loss relative to the optimal system-wide expected revenue when it is managed by a fully-knowledgeable centralized controller. We also show that optimality of these contracts is insensitive to mis-specification by each of the agents of the behavior of other agents in the system.
The serendipitous synthesis of an oxabicyclo [3.2.0] heptadiene

Abstract 5,6-Dihalobicyclo [2.1.1]hexanes resist simple nucleophilic displacement in several ways. Least expected of these is the 2→1 rearrangement.
The role of laparoscopy in gynecologic oncology

The use of laparoscopy in the management of gynecologic malignancies has significantly increased over the last 5 years. The safety and adequacy of pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy has been established by several investigators. Patients with early carcinoma of the cervix are now undergoing Schauta (radical vaginal) hysterectomy after laparoscopic lymphadenectomy. Patients with carcinoma of the endometrium are treated by laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy in conjunction with laparoscopic pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy. Staging and second-look procedures are now being performed laparoscopically in patients with carcinoma of the ovary. The Gynecologic Oncology Group is currently investigating the role of laparoscopic surgery for patients with carcinoma of the cervix, endometrium, and ovary in four Phase II trials. A randomized Phase III trial comparing laparoscopy to laparotomy for patients with carcinoma of the endometrium will begin soon.
Nosocomial Fungal Infections: Epidemiology, Infection Control, and Prevention

Invasive fungal infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients and in the immunocompromised population. This article reviews the current epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infections in adult patients, with an emphasis on invasive candidiasis and aspergillosis. Recently published recommendations and guidelines for the control and prevention of these nosocomial fungal infections are summarized in this article.
Comparison of ventricular refractory periods determined by incremental and decremental scanning of an extrastimulus.

MORADY, F. ET AL.: Comparison of Ventricular Refractory Periods Determined by Incremental and Decremental Scanning of an Extrastimulus. This study compared the ventricular effective refractory periods measured by scanning diastole with an extrastimuJus in incremental and decrementaJ steps of 5 msec. The subjects of the study were 80 patients undergoing a clinically indicated eJectrophysioIogicaJ test. Eight beat basic drive trains at a cycle length of 600 msec and an intertrain pause of 4 seconds were used to measure the ventricular effective refractory period (VERP). In the incremetal method, the extrastimuJus initially was positioned at a coupling interval shorter than the VERP and the coupling interval then was progressively increased until ventricular capture occurred. In the decremental method, the initial extrastimulus coupling interval was longer than the VERP and the coupling interval was progressively shortened until ventricular capture was lost. In 50 subjects, the mean VERP determined by the incremental method, 252 ±18(± standard deviation], was signi/icantJy longer than the mean VERP determined in the same patients by the decremental method, 248 ± 18 msec [P < 0.0001). In ten subjects, a subthreshold stimulus (S'J positioned 10 msec earlier than the VERP had an inhibitory effect that lengthened the VERP by an average of 7 msec; however, when S' was positioned after the seventh beat of an eight heat drive train, no inhibitory effect could be demonstrated. In 20 subjects, VERP's were determined by the incremental and decremental methods using intertrain pauses of 1,4, 8, 12, and 20 seconds. The mean VERP measured by the incremental method was significantly less than the mean VERP measured by the decremental method when the intertrain pause was 1,4, or 8 seconds, but not when the pause was 12 or 20 seconds. The results of this study demonstrate that incremental scanning of an extrastimulus with eight beat basic drive trains yields a longer VERP than when the extrastimuJus is scanned in decrementaJ fashion. The discrepancy between the two methods is not attributabJe to inhibition by noncapturing extrastimuJi in the incrementaJ method, but rather to a decrease in the VERP caused by an effect of extrastimuJi that capture the ventricJe in the decrementaJ method. There/ore, when a conventionaJ eight beat driye train and 4 second intertrain pause are used to measure ventricuJar refractoriness, incrementaJ scanning of an extrastimuJus yieJds a more accurate VERP than does decrementaJ scanning. fPACE, VoJ. 12, April 1989)
Conceptualizing Structurable Tasks in the Development of Knowledge‐Based Systems*

Conventional approaches to knowledge-based system (KBS) development are not appropriate for building KBSs when the application task is structurable (i.e., exhibits a certain degree of ill structure). Building a KBS for structurable tasks requires an understanding of the problem-solving strategies used by an expert to manage the ill structure, while at the same time relying on domain theories to understand the structured parts of the task. This paper presents a methodology for developing a knowledge model for structurable tasks during the conceptualization stage of KBS development. This is equivalent to building a logical model for design during the development of conventional information systems. The methodology relies on prior research on the decomposition and characterization of a task based on its various attributes. The paper also illustrates the use of the methodology in the case of KBS development for financial hedging. The paper concludes with some observations about the potential impact of this methodology on other stages in the KBS development process.
Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of foliar-applied CGA-362622 in purple and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus and C. esculentus)

Abstract Studies were conducted to evaluate the absorption, translocation, and metabolism of 14C–CGA-362622 when foliar-applied to purple and yellow nutsedge. Less than 53% of the herbicide was absorbed after 96 h. Both nutsedge species translocated appreciable amounts of herbicide (30%) out of treated leaves. Translocation was both acropetal and basipetal, with at least 25% transported basipetally. Neither nutsedge species translocated more than 4% of applied radioactivity to the tubers and roots. Most of the metabolites formed by the nutsedge species were more polar than 14C–CGA-362622 and averaged 69 and 61% of the radioactivity in purple and yellow nutsedge, respectively. The half-life of CGA-362622 was estimated at 4 h in both purple and yellow nutsedge. Nomenclature: CGA-362622, N-([4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl]carbamoyl)-3-(2,2,2,-trifluoroethoxy)-pyridin-2-sulfonamide sodium salt; purple nutsedge, Cyperus rotundus L. CYPRO; yellow nutsedge, Cyperus esculentus L. CYPES.
Translesion synthesis by the UmuC family of DNA polymerases.

Abstract Translesion synthesis is an important cellular mechanism to overcome replication blockage by DNA damage. To copy damaged DNA templates during replication, specialized DNA polymerases are required. Translesion synthesis can be error-free or error-prone. From E. coli to humans, error-prone translesion synthesis constitutes a major mechanism of DNA damage-induced mutagenesis. As a response to DNA damage during replication, translesion synthesis contributes to cell survival and induced mutagenesis. During 1999–2000, the UmuC superfamily had emerged, which consists of the following prototypic members: the E. coli UmuC, the E. coli DinB, the yeast Rad30, the human RAD30B, and the yeast Rev1. The corresponding biochemical activities are DNA polymerases V, IV, η, ι, and dCMP transferase, respectively. Recent studies of the UmuC superfamily are summarized and evidence is presented suggesting that this family of DNA polymerases is involved in translesion DNA synthesis.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Cationic Poly(β-hydroxyalkanoate)

Poly(beta-hydroxyalkanoates) (PHAs) are biodegradable polyesters produced by a wide range of bacteria. The structures of these polymers may be tuned by controlling the carbon source composition in the feed stock, but the range of functional groups accessible in this manner is limited to those that the organism is able to metabolize. Much effort has been made to chemically modify the side chains of these polymers to achieve new materials. Here, we report the synthesis of the first cationic PHA, poly(beta-hydroxy-octanoate)- co-(beta-hydroxy-11-(bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-amino)-10-hydroxyundecanoate) (PHON). Pseudomonas putida Gpo1 was used to produce poly(beta-hydroxy-octanoate)- co-(beta-hydroxy-10-undecenoate) (PHOU), whose vinyl-terminated side chains were first converted to terminal epoxides and then modified with diethanolamine. The modification of PHOU was examined using (1)H, COSY, and HSQC NMR and GPC and resulted in a loss of molecular weight due to aminolysis and also in the introduction of side chains terminated with tertiary amine groups, which are protonated at physiological pH. The polycationic PHA is soluble in polar solvents such as DMSO, DMF, and water. The new biodegradable cationic polymers are envisioned as nucleic acid delivery systems.
A self-consistent model for the stress-strain behavior of shape-memory alloy polycrystals

In spite of the recent progress in the development of constitutive theory for shape-memory alloys (SMAs), no micromechanical model has been developed to calculate the stress-strain behavior of a SMA polycrystal from the behavior of its constituent grains. A self-consistent model is developed for such a purpose. Using a recently developed micromechanical theory to describe the behavior of single crystals, the model provides a self-consistent relation to connect the stress and phase transformation strain on the grain level with those on the polycrystal level. This relation allows the phase transformation strain on the grain level with those on the polycrystal level. This relation allows the phase transformation strain in each grain to be calculated in accordance with its stress, and then, by an orientational averaging process, the overall phase transformation strain of the polycrystal is determined. To further test the validity of the single crystal theory, a micromechanical, crystallographic procedure is developed to calculate the anisotropic phase transformation strains of a Ni-Ti crystal under various directions of tensile loading: the computed results were found to be in general accord with the experimentally measured values. The self-consistent model is then applied to derive the stress-strain behavior of a Ni-Ti polycrystal atmore » three different levels of temperature, first above A{sub f}, then between A{sub f} and A{sub s}, and finally between A{sub s} and M{sub s}, to illustrate its pseudoelastic behavior, shape-memory effect and ferroelasticity, respectively. In each case the theoretical phase transformation strain of the polycrystal was in very good agreement with experiments. The work-hardening nature of the stress-strain curve at the later stage of phase transformation is also vividly displayed by both theory and experiment.« less
Influence of Internal Donors on the Performance and Structure of MgCl2 Supported Titanium Catalysts for Propylene Polymerization

An insight on the influence of ethyl benzoate (EB) and diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP) as internal donors, differing in coordination nature on the structural aspects of MgCl 2 matrix in high-performance MgCl 2 -supported titanium catalysts was developed using FTIR spectroscopy and WAXD studies. The analysis of the >C=O stretching IR band of internal donors showed their coordination to (104) and (110) lateral cuts of MgCl 2 matrix. Transformation of magnesium ethoxide {Mg(OEt) 2 } to MgCl 2 during catalyst preparation resulted in different MgCl 2 phases, namely the α-form, β-form, and the disordered δ-form, which were analyzed by WAXD studies. The results from WAXD showed the relative preference of α-form over β-form in case of DIBP-based catalysts, which might be due to interlayer bridging between adjacent layers due to the bidendate nature of DIBP. This can be one of the reasons for the high productivity of dialkylphthalate-based catalysts in comparison to ethyl-benzoate-based catalyst systems.
Transrectal Radiofrequency Ablation for Pelvic Recurrence of Bladder Cancer: Case Report and Review of Complications

Pelvic recurrences after radical surgery for intestinal and urologic cancers can cause substantial pain and morbidity as a result of nerve and visceral organ invasion. Treatment options are frequently limited by previous radiation and inefficacy of systemic chemotherapy. There are a few reports of percutaneous radiofrequency (RF) ablation for local control or palliation of symptoms, but this approach has been associated with considerable morbidity. In the present case, transrectal RF ablation of recurrent bladder cancer was performed for palliation of intractable pain. The associated complications and the pertinent literature will be reviewed.
Distributed expertise: motivation to explore alternative approaches

The authors examine expert system structures and their potential uses in a large psychotherapy research program, which is attempting to examine conscious and unconscious mental processes from a number of perspectives. These include clinical psychodynamics, cognitive science, linguistics, medical anthropology, social psychology, and many others. The program involves multiple experts of different but contiguous or overlapping domains, who perform collaborative coordinated intensive single case studies of psychotherapy sessions. The subjects are individuals who have clearly demonstrable psychopathologies (e.g. pathological grief responses), but who otherwise would be considered high-functioning and normal by most people. The model used in the development of the present system, PSYCLOPS, an interactive high-resolution graphic display system, asserts that in addition to a unique set of measures with knowable reliability and validity, any expert has the capacity to translate technical details into expressions or images meaningful to others with different types or levels of expertise. >
Differentiating Approaches to Diabetes Self-Management of Multi-ethnic Rural Older Adults at the Extremes of Glycemic Control

Purpose of the Study: This study identified approaches to diabetes self-management that differentiate persons with well-controlled from poorly controlled diabetes. Previous research has focused largely on persons participating in self-management interventions. Design and Methods: In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 48 adults, drawn from a population-based sample aged 65 years or older with diabetes. The sample was stratified by sex and ethnic group (African American, American Indian, and White) from the low (A1C 8%) extremes of the glycemic control distribution. Case-based text analysis was guided by a model, including six self-management domains and four resource types (self-care, informal support, formal services, and medical care). Results: A “structured” approach to self-management differentiated respondents in good glycemic control from those in poor glycemic control. Those in good glycemic control were more likely to practice specific food behaviors to limit food consumption and practice regular blood glucose monitoring with specific tar get values. This approach was facilitated by a greater use of home aides to assist with diabetes care. Respondents in poor glycemic control demonstrated less structure, naming general food categories and checking blood glucose in reaction to symptoms. Implications: Results provide evidence that degree of structure differentiates self-management approaches of persons with good and poor glycemic control. Findings should provide a foundation for further research to develop effective self-management programs for older adults with diabetes.
Plastic Collapse of Stainless Steel Optical Tubes Used in Steel Armored Cables

Thick-walled stainless steel optical tubes used in steel armored cables sustain severe forces arising from the axial strain of the bulk cable, core pressure caused by the squeezing effect of the helically wrapped armor wires, and external forces on the cable. The conditions which result in collapse of the optical tube are investigated by applying established plasticity theory and then extending this theory to develop new equations for the case of a work-hardening material. The theoretical criteria for the onset of tube collapse are identified. Theoretical, experimental, and field results are then combined to identify conditions which increase the risk of tube collapse. It is concluded that tube collapse will not occur in properly manufactured cables unless one or more of four special conditions exist. These conditions are unusually large external pressure on the tube caused by more than two layers of steel armor, non-hydrostatic radially-dominated external pressure on helical tubes, severe external forces on the cable, and amplification of core pressure on the optical tube resulting from the cable geometric design.
Recherches sur la formation et la transformation des esters LXXXII [1]. Sur la différenciation entre structures δ2‐amino‐2 ou imino‐2 dans des composés S, N‐hétérocycliques pentagonaux et hexagonaux à cycle par ailleurs saturé

Comparison of the NMR. spectra in CDCl3 of the heterocyclic bases obtained from the cyclisation of ω-(N-thiocarbamoylamino) ethyl (or propyl)-alcohols (or their orthophosphoric or sulfuric monoesters) to those of model compounds II (n = 1 or 2) and III (n = 1 or 2) has shown that: (1) In the case of five membred rings the CN double bond is always endocyclic (Ib, n = 1) should R be aromatic, araliphatic or aliphatic; (2) In the case of six membered rings the CS double bond is cnclocyclic when R is aliphatic or araliphatic (Ib, n = 2), and exocyclic when R is aromatic (I a, n = 2), with the exception of 2-(o-carboxyphcnylamino)-dihydro-δ2-m (Ib, n = 2, K = o-carboxyphcnyle). In CF, COOH, all five membered rings (I b, n = 1) show a triplet for the C-4 methylenic protons, whereas all the six membered rings (Ia or I b, n = 2) with the exception of I b, n = 2, R = o-carboxyphenyle, are represented b y a double triplet for the C-4 protons (samt. protonated spccics). Only one triplet is observed when the 3 position is substituted. Thiocarbamoylation of hydrazinoethanol or its orthophosphoric or sulfuric monoesters canoccur at either of the two nitrogen atoms, thus yielding upon cyclization five- (IT′) or six-membered rings (Va or Vb). The NMR spectra of compounds I V in (CIl,), SO show a singlet for 2 amino pro-tons (3-amino) and there is no further structural problem. The NMR spectra of compounds T′ in (CT), SO show a triplet for one amino proton coupling with the neighboring methylenic protons. I n this case, mode1 compounds are needed to assign the position of the CN double bond ( e x cyclic V a or cndocyclic V b). When R = o-carboxyphenylc, the CN double bond is probably endoc, yclic (Vb) because this ccimpound and 2-(o-carboxyphenvlarnino)-dihydro-δ2 have very similar UV spectra.
Stability of carboxonium ions

Abstract Carboxonium ions were studied through analysis of the bonding situation in terms of natural bond order, natural resonance structure contributors and charges. The stabilizing effect of oxygen was also elucidated through hydride exchange reactions and study of the π interactions of the cationic carbon with oxygen substituents.
Defect-based RF testing using a new catastrophic fault model

The test cost of RF systems is an increasing percentage of the overall system cost. This trend is mainly due to the traditional RF testing scheme based on measurement of specifications over a wide frequency range. A lower cost alternative is to use defect-based testing for RF circuits. However, the traditional defect models in the analog domain need to be revised to include high frequency effects in the RF domain. In this paper, we present a new defect model for breaks in metal traces to be used for defect-based testing in the RF domain. We present our fault model based on DC, AC, and noise characteristics and provide a case study for a transistor-level RF front-end. We confirm the AC characteristics of the model through EM simulations and compare our detectability results with the results of the resistive open-circuit model traditionally used in the analog test domain. Our study confirms that in many cases the resistive-based open-circuit model yields overly optimistic detectability results for defects in the signal path. We show that targeting particular defects and using their detectability information, the overall test time of RF devices can be reduced appreciably
Older adults and the web: lessons learned from eye-tracking

An eye-tracking study of a prototype website was conducted with 10 younger adults (ages 20-39) and 10 older adults (ages 50-69) to determine if there are differences in how they scan webpages. They performed the same tasks on the website. On the average, the older adults spent 42% more time looking at the content of the pages than did the younger adults. They also spent 51% more time looking at the navigation areas. The pattern of fixations on almost all pages showed that the older adults looked at more parts of the page than did the younger adults. Implications for designing webpages that work well for older adults are provided.
A real-time framework for natural multimodal interaction with large screen displays

This paper presents a framework for designing a natural multimodal human computer interaction (HCI) system. The core of the proposed framework is a principled method for combining information derived from audio and visual cues. To achieve natural interaction, both audio and visual modalities are fused along with feedback through a large screen display. Careful design along with due considerations of possible aspects of a systems interaction cycle and integration has resulted in a successful system. The performance of the proposed framework has been validated through the development of several prototype systems as well as commercial applications for the retail and entertainment industry. To assess the impact of these multimodal systems (MMS), informal studies have been conducted. It was found that the system performed according to its specifications in 95% of the cases and that users showed ad-hoc proficiency, indicating natural acceptance of such systems.
STABLE HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN ISOTOPE COMPOSITION OF PRECIPITATION IN NORTHEASTERN COLORADO

Where data are available, hydrologic studies may use precipitation's stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope composition to investigate streamflow, ground water/surface water interaction, and ground water recharge. Paleoclimate studies utilize the δ18Oprecipitation-Tair relationship, in conjunction with lake sedi- ments, fossils, or old ground waters, for example, to estimate pale- otemperatures. Ecological studies utilize precipitation and soil water isotope composition to track moisture uptake in plants, and to trace species migration patterns. Such studies require that the isotopic composition of precipitation be known. Oxygen-18 (δ18O) and deuterium (δ2H) data for precipitation are lacking in the semi- arid portion of the north-central U.S. Great Plains, and thus there is a need to establish additional meteoric water lines as isotope input functions across the region, as well as to develop better understanding of the isotopic climate linkages that control oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios in precipitation. This study determined the δ18O and δ2H composition of precipitation in the Pawnee Grass- lands of northeastern Colorado from 1994 through 1998 using archived National Atmospheric Deposition Program samples. The resulting local water line follows the relationship δ2H = 7.86 δ18O - 7.66, and the data show a δ18Oweekly - Tweekly relationship of δ18O = 0.560 · T (˚C) - 18.8. (KEY TERMS: meteorology/climatology; precipitation; stable oxy- gen and hydrogen isotopes; northeastern Colorado.)
Neural network based self-tuning PID controller with Fourier transformation of temporal patterns

A neural autotuner for PID controllers that is relevant for real-time applications is presented. The neural autotuner, in an adaptive PID control scheme, processes temporal patterns (the responses of closed-loop relay feedback in the controlled system) in real time and produces updated parameters for the PID controller. Numerical experiments were carried out to test the training and generalization of the neutral autotuner with respect to different training sets, techniques of temporal signal presenting and processing and the influence of noise. >
Primary Group Experience and the Processes of Acculturation1

T HE problem of this paper is to explain why some members of the MandanHidatsa village of Lone Hill2 become more acculturated than others. Our particular thesis is that the differences in degree of acculturation found among the Indian people are in large measure a product of early experience in the intimate family group, and the cultural orientation of their parents or their surrogates. There are striking differences in extent of acculturation in Lone Hill. They are manifest in type of home, education, subsistence, speech, and manner, and would be readily apparent even to the most casual observer. In a previous paper it has been shown that some families in Lone Hill follow the Crow lineage kinship system and Indian values while others have adopted the American kinship and value systems (Bruner 1955). A former superintendent of the Agency, who is also a trained social scientist, has written, " ... there is at Fort Berthold every degree of acculturation, from the family living on the reservation in the hoe culture age of the original village life to a few wellto-do ranchers with nearly every modern convenience in their homes" (Riefel 1952:125). Our purpose in this paper is not to describe these differences in acculturation in any detail, nor is it to correlate them with a check list of unweighted factors; it is rather to delineate the process by which they arise in the family situation and to analyze the larger social context in which they
Arterial wall proteoglycans—Biological properties related to pathogenesis of atherosclerosis

The arterial wall is a complex organ system with respect to carbohydrate-protein macromolecules, particularly proteoglycans. Proteoglycans in the arterial wall display polydispersity and heterogeneity even in the same family. At least two major types are known: chondroitin sulphate-dermatan sulphate type and heparan sulphate type. These proteoglycans have varied biological properties, and some of these properties are implicated in the development of atherosclerosis. The chondroitin sulphate-dermatan sulphate proteoglycans are capable of forming complexes with serum low-density lipoproteins, a process conductive to lipid accumulation in the extracellular space of the arterial wall. Also, such reactions render low-density lipoprotein particles electronegative aggregates. These altered low-density lipoproteins are taken up by macrophages (and possibly by proliferative smooth muscle cells) through a high-affinity receptor pathway devoid of feedback regulation, which results in intracellular lipid accumulation and foam-cell formation, a hallmark of atherosclerosis. On the other hand, heparan sulphate proteoglycan located on the cell surface and internal elastic lamina is antithrombogenic, and facilitates binding of the lipid-clearing enzyme, lipoprotein lipase, to endothelium. Thus, chondroitin sulphate and heparan sulphate proteoglycans with divergent biological properties play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Organo-mercury fungicide treatment of sugar-beet seed.

SUMMARY Sugar-beet seed treated with I% (v/w) of 1.2% ethyl mercuric phosphate (EMP) solution applied as a mist gave seedling emergence in the field and final plant stand comparable to those of seed treated by 40 ppm EMP steep. However, when the mist-treated seed was stored after treatment, phytotoxic effects sometimes developed; consequently the treatment is not considered a suitable replacement for the EMP steep, now given to all sugar-beet seed in Britain.
Who or What Governs?: The Effects of Economics, Politics, Institutions, and Needs on Local Spending

The core question driving the study of local politics is—who or what governs local democracy? After decades of study, researchers continue to debate the relative merits of economic, political, institutional, and bureaucratic accounts of local democracy. By providing a test that incorporates each of these four different theoretical perspectives, that analyzes major spending decisions that cities make, and that includes a large, representative sample of localities, we offer a systematic examination of local government decision making. We find that each of the existing one-sided stories is incomplete. Economic constraints are critical in determining what a government can do but the overall balance between redistributional, allocational, and developmental spending is also strongly influenced by political imperatives, institutional constraints, and actual needs.
Ouabain augments Ca2+ transients in arterial smooth muscle without raising cytosolic Na+

Ouabain and other cardiotonic steroids (CTS) inhibit Na+ pumps and are widely believed to exert their cardiovascular effects by raising the cytosolic Na+ concentration ([Na+]cyt) and Ca2+. This vie...
Reversal of Stroop Test: Interference in Word Reading:

It appears that a component of verbal reaction time, response-choice latency, exists for encoded words as well as colors. Therefore, it was hypothesized that color stimuli could exert a disruptive influence on the processes of this latency to encoded word stimuli in contrast to the reverse effect which has often been found in the standard Stroop test. Stroop-like interference in word reading was produced by preexposure of color names printed in colored ink, followed by the presentation of a second stimulus which reinforced the color information of the first stimulus. The experimental results do not appear to be an artifact of mere distraction of attention.
HANDOVER DELAY OPTIMIZATION IN PMIPV6 DOMAIN THROUGH IMPROVED UPDATE LATENCY

This paper proposes an efficient low update latency handover scheme for Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6)-a Network-based mobility management protocol. The major aspect that introduces high latency during Mobile Node (MN) handover between Mobile Access gateways (MAGs) of the same PMIPv6 domain has been analyzed. The analysis included MN profile acquirement by MAG agent and handover process between MAG agents. From this analysis, an improved solution that optimizes the handover delay has been provided. The solution has been verified by simulation in Network Simulator 2(NS2).
Continuing controversy over the psychological risks of Vietnam for U.S. veterans

In 1988, the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (NVVRS) reported 30.9% lifetime and 15.2% current rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and a strong dose/response relationship with retrospective reports of combat exposure. Skeptics argued that recall bias and other flaws inflated the results. Using a new record-based exposure measure and diagnoses in an NVVRS subsample, the authors addressed this controversy in a recent issue of Science (B. P. Dohrenwend et al., 2006). They found little evidence of falsification, an even stronger dose/response relationship and, when fully adjusted for impairment and evidence of exposure, 18.7% onset and 9.1% current rates of war-related PTSD. The fact that these rates are lower than the original NVVRS rates has stimulated continuing controversy that has tended to obscure the more important implications of the study's results.