cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Revision Rotator Cuff Reconstruction for Large Tears With Retraction: A Novel Technique Using Autogenous Tendon and Autologous Marrow.

Revision rotator cuff reconstruction for large tears with retraction results in a high rate of recurrent cuff tearing. To try to obtain more consistent results, I conducted a study of a technique that addresses the potential factors involved. Ten patients (7 men, 3 women) were enrolled. Mean age was 58 years. Mean follow-up was 24 months. Mean time between primary and revision cuff surgery was 36 months. The cardinal inclusion criterion was a symptomatic, full-thickness rotator cuff tear with at least 3 cm of retraction in a shoulder that previously underwent rotator cuff repair. Ultrasound was used for postoperative radiographic assessment of cuff integrity. Validated Constant, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES), and University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) shoulder scoring systems were used. Surgical technique included mini-open incision, adequate debridement and mobilization of remaining cuff, reconstitution of cuff defect with autogenous biceps tendon incubated in concentrated autologous bone marrow, and sewing under zero tissue tension. Constant, ASES, and UCLA scores improved significantly (standard error at .001). Ultrasound revealed 0% incidence of full-thickness rotator cuff retearing. In patients with large recurrent retracted rotator cuff tears the technique presented in the current study consistently yields satisfactory clinical results and promotes rotator cuff tissue healing without full-thickness retearing.
Absolute and difference spectra of cytochromes a and a3

Abstract Yonetani (1960) obtained a number of difference spectra of the components a and a 3 of cytochrome c oxidase, using the principle that cyanide delays the reduction of ferric iron in cytochrome a 3 . On the same basis, Horie and Morrison (1963) deduced absolute spectra of their preparation with components in different oxidation-reduction states. Lemberg and associates (1964) , however, concluded that the results from Yonetani's method could be only approximations. An attempt to obtain absolute spectra of the entities a and a 3 in cytochrome c oxidase was recently made by Horie, 1964 a , Horie, 1964 b . It seemed to us that the assumption adopted by this author was lacking evidence, and we thought it valuable to introduce a different approach. We have reported on the a 3 content of cytochrome c oxidase preparations ( Vanneste, 1965 ). This study opened the way to a calculation of extinction coefficients in the difference spectra. Moreover, it allowed us to make a simple and successful computation of the absolute spectra of the components a and a 3 . We are presenting here in a preliminary way the results obtained by this approach.
Don't get burned coding common skin procedures.

This encounter form can help you to prevent minor operations from becoming major billing headaches.
The That’s X is Y Construction as an Information-Structure Amalgam

The non-standard character of these sentences stems from the fact that the speaker seems to change syntactic direction halfway through the utterance. As a consequence, each of the sentences contains a constituent that is simultaneously part of two sentential structures. In (3), for instance, the NP my big area of interest in linguistics relates both to the preceding that’s to yield a complete sentence, as well as to the following is discourse, which renders another complete sentence. With traditional rhetoric, such structures can be categorized as apo koinou constructions. Instead of characterizing these utterances as the result of a speaker’s midsentence change of mind, however, I do not regard them as performance errors. Rather, I view them as instantiations of a syntactic construction in its own right,
Numerous Military Revolutions

Over the course of history several instances of “revolutionary” military changes can be observed. Examples of this are the tactics of the Macedonian armies, the development of the trace italienne, the rise of pike and arquebus formations, and the technological developments of WWI. Under close examination, these apparent revolutionary transformations reveal themselves to be the product of evolutionary processes whose development accelerates or slows down in response to military needs. The numerous instances of this type of historical occurrence nullify the concept of a Military Revolution as a viable explanation to the developments of the Early Modern period.
Waveform dependence on signal amplitude in the RHIC H-Jet polarimeter

A simulation of the signal waveform in the H-Jet polarimeter is discussed. The simulation includes a model of charge collection in the silicon detector and a response functions of the H-Jet front end electronics. Results of the simulation are compared with experimental data. It is shown that an analysis of the signal shape may help to suppress background in the H-Jet polarization measurements.
Evaluating non-adequate test-case reduction

Given two test cases, one larger and one smaller, the smaller test case is preferred for many purposes. A smaller test case usually runs faster, is easier to understand, and is more convenient for debugging. However, smaller test cases also tend to cover less code and detect fewer faults than larger test cases. Whereas traditional research focused on reducing test suites while preserving code coverage, recent work has introduced the idea of reducing individual test cases, rather than test suites, while still preserving code coverage. Other recent work has proposed non-adequately reducing test suites by not even preserving all the code coverage. This paper empirically evaluates a new combination of these two ideas, non-adequate reduction of test cases, which allows for a wide range of trade-offs between test case size and fault detection. Our study introduces and evaluates C%-coverage reduction (where a test case is reduced to retain at least C% of its original coverage) and N -mutant reduction (where a test case is reduced to kill at least N of the mutants it originally killed). We evaluate the reduction trade-offs with varying values of C% and N for four real-world C projects: Mozilla’s SpiderMonkey JavaScript engine, the YAFFS2 flash file system, Grep, and Gzip. The results show that it is possible to greatly reduce the size of many test cases while still preserving much of their fault-detection capability.
Radiofrequency and Microwave Effects on Immunological and Hematopoietic Systems

In technologically advanced countries, radiofrequency and microwave radiation (RF/MWR) is interwoven with daily life, affecting all to some degree, many to a greater degree. Studies by numerous investigators have raised the possibility that the immunological and hematological systems of humans and experimental animals are particularly susceptible to RF/MWR. Several recent and extensive reviews are available (1–4). The major goal of this paper is to indicate the complex nature of the hematological and particularly the immunological systems, the impact of thermoregulation and temperature changes on immune function, and the general nature of available (published) data on RF/MWR effects. The possible effects of microwaves on one cell type of particular interest, namely the lymphocyte, will be examined in greater depth, to illustrate both the known and the missing data, as well as confounding parameters. Thus, it is hoped that this review will not only indicate our current limited knowledge, but will provide some guidelines for design and evaluation of future reports.
A massively parallel adaptive sharp interface solver with application to mechanical heart valve simulations

This thesis presents a framework for simulating the fluid dynamical behavior of complex moving boundary problems in a high-performance computing environment. The framework is implemented in the pELAFINT3D software package. Moving boundaries are evolved in a seamless fashion through the use of distributed narrow band level set methods and the effect of moving boundaries is incorporated into the flow solution by a novel Cartesian grid method. The proposed Cartesian grid approach builds on the concept of a ghost fluid method where boundary conditions are applied through least-squares polynomial extrapolations. The method is hybridized such that computational cells adjacent to moving boundaries change discretization schemes smoothly in time to avoid the introduction of strong oscillations in the pressure field. The hybridization is shown to have minimal effect on accuracy while significantly suppressing pressure oscillations. The computational capability of the Cartesian grid approach is enhanced with a massively parallel adaptive meshing algorithm. Local mesh enrichment is effected through the use of octree refinement, and a scalable mesh pruning algorithm is used to reduce the memory footprint of the Cartesian grid for geometries which are not well bounded by a rectangular cuboid. The computational work is kept in a well-balanced state through the use of an adaptive repartitioning strategy. The numerical scheme is validated against many benchmark problems and the composite approach is demonstrated to work well on tens of thousands of computational cores. A simulation of the closure phase of a mechanical heart valve was carried out to demonstrate the ability of the pELAFINT3D package to compute high Reynolds number flows with complex moving boundaries and a wide disparity in length scales. Finally, a novel image-to-computation algorithm was implemented to demonstrate the flexibility the current method allows in designing new applications.
The methodical measurement and evaluation of customer-relevant perceived quality

The Ford Research Centre Aachen has developed a method for reproducibly measuring the customer-relevant perceived quality of vehicle interiors. The most important new feature is the application of a measuring robot that serves as both a force/travel measuring device and a carrier of other sensor technologies. The findings are correlated with human perception in order to allow an evaluation of the measured data to be performed with regard to customer acceptance.
Monitoring of Injected CO 2

It is the monitoring of injected CO2 that makes a commercial CO2-EOR project a storage project as well. Over the years, operators and researchers have developed, tested, and delayed various monitoring, verification, and accounting (MVA)/monitoring, management, and verification (MMV) techniques, methodologies, and practices for pre-injection, during injection, and post-injection monitoring of CO2 at a storage site. Apart from a brief discussion on currently used MVA/MMV technologies, their benefits and associated challenges, best practices, emerging MVA/MMV technologies and integration of collected monitoring data and analysis are also discussed.
Secure Hardware and Cryptography: Contrasts, Synergies and Challenges

Numerous cryptographic protocols and mechanisms have been developed to solve computer security challenges, and these techniques vary considerably with respect to security assumptions, performance tradeoffs, and applicability to problems. Secure hardware primarily uses the mechanism of isolation to solve a broad class of computer security problems, ranging from private information retrieval to verifiable computation. In this talk, I will contrast the two approaches by focusing on the application of remote outsourced computation. I will describe a spectrum of approaches that vary in their use of cryptography and isolation to achieve secure remote computation. I will end with describing challenges that remain in the deployment of secure hardware.
Expert Searching in the Google Age

This book is an excellent resource for health sciences librarians, whether they are experienced searchers or new librarians.
Vuvuzelas & Active Learning for Online Classification

Many online service systems leverage user-generated content from Web 2.0 style platforms such as Wikipedia, Twitter, Facebook, and many more. Often, the value lies in the freshness of this information (e.g. tweets, event-based articles, blog posts, etc.). This freshness poses a challenge for supervised learning models as they frequently have to deal with previously unseen features. In this paper we address the problem of online classification for tweets, namely, how can a classifier be updated in an online manner, so that it can correctly classify the latest “hype” on Twitter? We propose a two-step strategy to solve this problem. The first step follows an active learning strategy that enables the selection of tweets for which a label would be most useful; the selected tweet is then forwarded to Amazon Mechanical Turk where it is labeled by multiple users. The second step builds on a Bayesian corroboration model that aggregates the noisy labels provided by the users by taking their reliabilities into account.
Archaeology in a Middle Country

In an effort to join the circles of European prehistorians, scholars in the early twentieth century Czechoslovakia had to make their work known, recognized, and comparable. The question I wish to pose is what strategies – narrative, political, institutional – did they use to achieve that goal? Which networks were deemed as crucial and central to the effort of establishing a new field in a newly formed country? What language was the lingua franca for archaeologists of the day? And finally how did those networks, languages, and citation practices change over the twentieth century?
Role of resting state MRI temporal latency in refractory pediatric extratemporal epilepsy lateralization

Background Pediatric epilepsy affects 0.5-1% of children, with 10-30% of these children refractory to medical anticonvulsant therapy and potentially requiring surgical intervention. Analysis of resting state functional MRI (rsMRI) signal temporal differences (latency) has been proposed to study the pathological cognitive processes. Purpose/hypothesis To quantitatively and qualitatively analyze the correlation of rsMRI signal latency to pediatric refractory extratemporal epilepsy seizure foci lateralization. Study type Retrospective review. Population With Institutional Review Board approval, rsMRI and anatomical MRI scans were obtained from 38 registered pediatric epilepsy surgery patients from Washington University and 259 healthy control patients from the ADHD-200 dataset. Field strength/sequence 3 T echo planar imaging (EPI) blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) sequence. Assessment The images were transformed to pediatric atlases in Talairach space. Preoperative voxelwise latency maps were generated with parabolic interpolation of the rsMRI signal lateness or earliness when compared with the global mean signal (GMS) using cross-covariance analysis. Statistical tests Latency z-score maps were created for each epilepsy patient by voxelwise calculation using healthy control mean and standard deviation maps. Voxelwise hypothesis testing was performed via multiple comparisons corrected (false discovery and familywise error rate) and uncorrected methods to determine significantly late and early voxels. Significantly late and/or early voxels were counted for the right and left hemisphere separately. The hemisphere with the greater proportion of significantly late and/or early voxels was hypothesized to contain the seizure focus. Preoperative rsMRI latency analysis hypotheses were compared with postoperative seizure foci lateralization determined by resection images. Results Preoperative rsMRI latency analysis correctly identified seizure foci lateralization of 64-85% of postoperative epilepsy resections with the proposed methods. RsMRI latency lateralization analysis was 77-100% sensitive and 58-79% specific. In some patients, qualitative analysis yielded preoperative rsMRI latency patterns specific to procedure performed. Data conclusion Preoperative rsMRI signal latency of pediatric epilepsy patients was correlated with seizure foci lateralization. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:1347-1355.
Effects of Environmental Water Absorption by Solution-Deposited Al2O3 Gate Dielectrics on Thin Film Transistor Performance and Mobility

In recent years, many solution-processed oxide transistors have been reported with mobility rivaling or exceeding their vacuum-deposited counterparts. Here, we show that water absorption from the environment by solution-processed dielectric materialsexplains this enhanced mobility. By monitoring the water content of Al2O3, ZrO2, and bilayer dielectric materials, we demonstrate how water absorption by the dielectric affects electrical characteristics in solution-processed metal oxide transistors. These effects, including capacitance–frequency dispersion, counterclockwise hysteresis in transfer curves, and high channel mobility, are elucidated by electron transfer between the gate/channel and trap states within the band gap of the dielectric created by the water.
A Century of the Kurdish Question: Organizational Rivalries, Diplomacy, and Cross-Ethnic Coalitions

The Kurdish question remains one of the most important and complicated issues in ethnic politics in contemporary times. Taking the Ottoman Defeat in the World War I in 1918 as a historical critical...
Ocean Roughness and Wind Measurements with L- and S-Band Signals of Opportunity (SoOp) Reflectometry

Dual-polarized reflected signals from GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) L-band and SDARS (Satellite Digital Audio Radio Service) S-band transmissions were collected during the 2016 Maine and 2017 Carolina Offshore airborne experiments conducted by Purdue and NRL (Naval Research Lab). Simultaneous airborne measurements were also made of the L-band brightness temperatures, using NRL's STARRS (Salinity, Temperature, And Roughness Remote Scanner) radiometer system, and the aircraft pitch and roll from a gyro. Flight patterns included multiple crossings over NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) buoys (2016, 2017) at different headings and CYGNSS (Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System) under-flights (2017). Preliminary MSS (Mean Square Slope) estimates from S-band and GNSS data were obtained. Agreement between wind speeds retrieved from the aircraft, CYGNSS, and nearby buoys was generally close, but several problems were identified. S-band MSS retrievals showed a strong correlation with flight direction. To test our hypothesis that this was a result of antenna patterns anisotropy, the patterns were both estimated from the reflected signal azimuthal dependence and measured experimentally. These patterns were incorporated into the forward model, with improved wind retrieval results.
Examining Primary Care Health Encounters for Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Objective Our objective was to identify perceived barriers and strategies to improve primary care encounters, as reported by adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), caregivers of adults with ASD, and primary care providers (PCPs) treating adults with ASD. Method As part of a larger mixed-methods design, adults with ASD, caregivers, and PCPs (N = 78) in Los Angeles and Philadelphia completed surveys examining barriers to care and strategies to improve care. Results Multiple barriers to care were reported by adults with ASD and caregivers, including communication and sensory challenges. Adults with ASD and caregivers reported minimal use of strategies during primary care visits but indicated that those used were helpful during care. Expert PCPs reported using strategies more frequently than novice PCPs. All respondent groups endorsed that strategies had the potential to improve care in the future for adults with ASD. Conclusion Opportunities exist for occupational therapy collaboration in primary health care and primary care education to improve care for adults with ASD.
Nutrition in surgical patients: how soon is too soon?

Purpose of reviewPreoperative nutrition support has been extensively studied; however, data on the timing of postoperative nutrition initiation are scarce. The current review focuses on the importance of early nutritional support in surgical patients and their impact on outcomes.Recent findingsEarly
Inflammatory Serine Proteases Play a Critical Role in the Early Pathogenesis of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy.

Background/aims Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by structural and functional alterations that can lead to heart failure. Several mechanisms are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of DCM, however, the molecular mechanism that links inflammation to DCM is incompletely understood. To learn about this mechanism, we investigated the role of inflammatory serine proteases (ISPs) during the development of DCM. Methods Eight weeks old mice with deletion of dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPPI), an enzyme involved in the maturation of major ISPs, and wild type (WT) mice controls were injected with streptozotocin (50 mg/kg for 5 days intraperitoneally) and studied after 4, 8, 16, and 20 week after induction of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Induction of diabetes was followed by echocardiographic measurements, glycemic and hemoglobulin A1c profiling, immunoblot, qPCR, enzyme activity assays, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis of DPPI, ISPs, and inflammatory markers. Fibrosis was determined from left ventricular heart by Serius Red staining and qPCR. Apoptosis was determined by TUNEL assay and immunoblot analysis. Results In the diabetic WT mice, DPPI expression increased along with ISP activation, and DPPI accumulated abundantly in the left ventricle mainly from infiltrating neutrophils. In diabetic DPPI-knockout (DPPI-KO) mice, significantly decreased activation of ISPs, myocyte apoptosis, fibrosis, and cardiac function was improved compared to diabetic WT mice. In addition, DPPI-KO mice showed a decrease in overall inflammatory status mediated by diabetes induction which was manifested by decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. Conclusion This study elucidates a novel role of ISPs in potentiating the immunological responses that lead to the pathogenesis of DCM in T1DM. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report that DPPI expression and activation promotes the inflammation that enhances myocyte apoptosis and contributes to the adverse cardiac remodeling that subsequently leads to DCM.
The Pediatric Critical Care Trauma Scientist Development: Building a Community of Scientists for the Fields of Pediatric Critical Care and Trauma Surgery.

Objectives To assess the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development's Pediatric Critical Care Trauma Scientist Development Program national K12 program. Design Mixed-methods study. Setting Pediatric Critical Care Trauma Scientist Development Program participants from 2005 to 2018. Subjects Past participants in the Pediatric Critical Care Trauma Scientist Development Program, including those who received funding (scholars), those who did not receive funding (applicants), and those who participated as diversity fellows. Interventions None. Measurements and main results Thirty-four past scholars, participants, and fellows in the Pediatric Critical Care Trauma Scientist Development were interviewed, including 19 women (56%) and 15 men (44%) via Skype. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed, with permission. Codes were developed, using qualitative methods, that included the following: Community Building and Mentorship, Career and Research Development, and Tensions and Growth Opportunities. Quantitative data about physician-scholar grant success were retrieved from the National Institutes of Health system to search for funded grants, RePORT, physician-scholar curriculum vitae, and university websites. Since inception of the program, 46 scholars have been appointed. Scholars are equally split between women and men. Four members of the total cohort (9%) are from under-represented minority groups in medicine. Among the total past 46 participants, 72% of those who completed the K12 achieved an National Institutes of Health K-award and 36% of those not on K-level funding achieved at least one Research Program Grant-level award. All scholars, except one, remain academically active, as noted by recent publications in the peer reviewed literature; scholars from 2005 to 2013 are progressing in their careers, with 60% promoted to associate or full professor. Conclusions The Pediatric Critical Care Trauma Scientist Development Program is reaching its programmatic goals of buildin g a community of scientists in pediatric critical care and trauma surgery as shown by the qualitative analysis. Key challenges include increasing the diversity of applicants, encouraging applicants who are not funded, increasing the rate of K- to R-conversion, and preserving National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Program priorities for national K12 programs and individual K-awards.
Review of Yang (2016): The acquisition of L2 Mandarin prosody: From experimental studies to pedagogical practice

This article reviews The acquisition of L2 Mandarin prosody: From experimental studies to pedagogical practice 9789027243713
Racing the Muslim: Strategies for Teaching Race and Ethnic Studies in the Education Curriculum:

In this paper, I insert the importance of teaching race through Middle Eastern America and Muslim America. By bringing in critical analysis of Middle Eastern America and Muslim America, I offer the...
Design Patterns of Investing Apps and Their Effects on Investing Behaviors

Smartphone apps such as Robinhood and Public that promise to “democratize investing” have risen in popularity over the past few years. These apps allow retail investors, who often possess little prior investing experience, to trade stocks, options, and other securities easily and inexpensively, often commission-free. It seems plausible that the interaction patterns of these new apps may significantly influence trading behaviors of their users. But so far, there is little formal design guidance on how such apps should be designed. This paper introduces a set of design guidelines for encouraging healthy investing behaviors by drawing on three bodies of related work: 1) findings from finance and economics literature on healthy investment practices, 2) the dual process theory from behavioral sciences, and 3) design metaphors used in interfaces with uncertain rewards. Using these guidelines, we qualitatively analyze the user interfaces of some popular investment platforms. Our analysis reveal that, unfortunately, popular trading apps generally do not follow design patterns that encourage healthier trading behaviors. We discuss design implications and opportunities for future design.
Synergistic Effect of Hydrogen Bonding and π–π Stacking Enables Long Cycle Life in Organic Electrode Materials

Small-molecule organic compounds have emerged as attractive candidates for energy storage in lithium-ion batteries because of their sustainability and modularity. To develop generalizable design pr...
Embodied, Situated, and Co-Constructed: Young Sexual Minority Men’s Experiences of Intersectional Identity and Minority Stress

Intersectionality, minority stress, and social ecological theories have all been important frameworks for understanding mechanisms that create and maintain sexual and gender minority health disparities. In this study, we integrated these frameworks to guide a grounded theory examination of identity-related experiences in specific settings among 33 Black, White, and Latino young sexual minority cisgender men who lived in Chicago. Analyses identified four key categories: Racism Manifests in Context- and Sexual Minority-Specific Ways, Sexual Orientation Can Mean Feeling Safe and Seen or Threatened and Alone, Gender is a Matter of Self-Expression, and Bodies Are Not Always Made to Fit In. Participants reported both identity-based privilege and marginalization as well as unique forms of minority stress at the intersection of specific identities. Across these categories, participants’ experiences of their intersecting identities and associated forms of minority stress were embodied in their physical appearance, situated in specific neighborhoods and contexts, and co-constructed through their interpersonal interactions with others. Further, participants’ narratives provide powerful insights about the nuanced ways in which young sexual minority men understand and negotiate their lived experiences. Findings highlight how experiences of identity and minority stress are both intersectional and located within specific social ecological contexts, which has important implications for research, clinical practice, and advocacy.
Undergraduates’ Grasp of Evidence for Evaluating Scientific Knowledge Claims Associated with Socioscientific Issues

In order to make informed decisions about socioscientific issues (SSIs), people must evaluate the trustworthiness of associated knowledge claims. In this chapter, we apply Duncan et al.’s (J Res Sci Teach 55(7):907–937, 2018) Grasp of Evidence (GOE) framework to empirical data. We analysed scenario-based interviews in which 15 undergraduate students evaluated SSI-related scientific knowledge claims to make hypothetical decisions. Based on a content analysis of these interviews, we illustrate the utility of the GOE framework for distinguishing between understandings of experts’ and laypeople’s use of evidence and among understandings of different evidentiary practices used by experts. Through grounded theory analysis in parallel with concurrent review of relevant literature, we further identified epistemic concepts that seemed to underlie students’ GOE and to account for meaningful differences in their evaluations of SSI-related knowledge claims. We discuss implications of these findings for researchers and science educators.
Site Directed Mutagenesis of the saccharomyces Cerevisiae Apt1 Gene

Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) catalyzes the formation of 5′-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) from adenine and 5′-phosphoribosyl-pyrophosphate(PRPP).Exogenous adenine can thus be incorporated into the nucleotide pools. This enzyme appears to be ubiquitous to all eubacteria, archea, and eukaryotes examined to date. Although the crystal structure of APRT has not been determined, much is known about it biochemically. APRT functions as a dimer, requires Mg++, and follows second order kinetics (also known as Ping-Pong kinetics).1 APRT has been cloned and sequenced from many organisms. The amino acid alignment shows approximately 60–70% similarity. The PRPP binding site has been identified using crystallographic data from related enzymes and by mutational analysis.2,3
Vernon Mountcastle: Father of neuroscience.

The first annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience was held in 1971 in Washington, DC. Vernon Mountcastle, the first elected president of the fledgling society, planned every detail of the inaugural meeting and was at the front door to greet everyone into what would eventually become a major scientific discipline. The Society would grow rapidly as researchers in Departments of Anatomy, Physiology, Pharmacology, Psychiatry, Psychology, Neurology, Neuroethology, Neurochemistry, Neurobiology, and Neuroengineering found common ground in probing brains and behavior. Mountcastle, already a legend for his discoveries in neurophysiology, foresaw a future for neuroscience that transcended the traditional disciplines.
G1/S-regulated E2F-containing protein complexes bind to the mouse thymidine kinase gene promoter.

By performing DNase I footprint analysis, we had identified three distinct protein binding sequences (MT1, MT2, and MT3) located on the mouse thymidine kinase (TK) upstream promoter (Dou, Q.-P., Fridovich-Keil, J. L., and Pardee, A.B. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 1157-1161). Here we report that MT2 includes an E2F-like binding site (GTTCGCGGGCAAA), as shown by the following evidence. (i) MT2 bound specifically to an affinity-purified fusion human E2F protein. (ii) Both MT2 and an authentic E2F site (TTTCGCGCGCTTT) bound specifically to similar or identical nuclear protein complexes. (iii) Formation of both these DNA-protein complexes were cell cycle-dependent: a G0/G1 phase-specific complex (E2F.G0/G1) was replaced by an S phase-specific complex(es) (E2F.S), whereas "free" E2F increased after the G1/S transition. (iv) Pulse inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide interchanged these complexes with similar kinetics. (v) When MT2-shifted E2F.G0/G1, E2F.S, and free E2F were eluted and analyzed by Western blot assay using a specific antiserum to human E2F-1, two forms of murine E2F (62 and 66 kDa) were observed from all three complexes. The compositions of these MT2-bound complexes were also investigated. Studies using specific antibodies revealed that p107, a retinoblastoma-like protein, was present in both E2F-G0/G1 and E2F.S, whereas cyclin E.cyclin A.cdk2 were only present in E2F.S complex(es). These data suggest that removal of the p107-containing E2F.G0/G1 complex, a candidate repressor, from the MT2 site in late G1 may be essential for S phase-dependent transcription of the mouse TK gene.
Genetic Search for Object Identification

We attack the problem of recognizing real, planar objects from two-dimensional, intensity images taken from arbitrary viewpoints using genetic algorithms. More specifically, we use genetic algorithms to search for a geometric mapping that brings subsets of points comprising the model and subsets of points comprising the scene into alignment. The genetic algorithm searches the image space and we compare different encodings and operators on a set of three increasingly complex scenes. Our preliminary results are promising with exact and near exact matches being found reliably and quickly.
Transient reacting flow simulation of spouted fluidized bed for coal-direct chemical looping combustion with different Fe-based oxygen carriers

Abstract Coal-direct chemical-looping combustion (CD-CLC) is a next generation combustion technology that shows great promise as a solution for the need of high-efficiency low-cost carbon capture from fossil fueled power plants. To realize this technology on an industrial scale, the development of high-fidelity simulations is a necessary step to develop a thorough understanding of the CLC process. In this paper, simulations of multiphase flow in a CD-CLC process with chemical reactions are performed using the ANSYS Fluent CFD software. Discrete Element Method (DEM) provides the means for tracking the motion of individual metal oxide particles in the CD-CLC system as they react with the fuel and combine with CFD for capturing the solid–gas multiphase hydrodynamics. The overall results of the coupled CFD/DEM simulations using Fe-based oxygen carriers reacting with gaseous CH4 demonstrate that chemical reactions have been successfully incorporated into the CFD/DEM approach. The simulations show a strong dependence of the fluidization performance of the fuel reactor on the density of bed material and provide important insight into selection of a right oxygen carrier for the enhanced performance. This work provides the foundation for future simulations of CD-CLC systems using solid coal as fuel, which will be crucial for successful deployment of CD-CLC technology from the laboratory scale to pilot and industrial scale projects.
Hormones and osteoporosis update. Mechanisms of anabolic and catabolic effects of PTH on bone

Treatment of osteoporosis aims to increase bone mass by suppressing bone resorption and/or stimulating bone formation. Among drugs clinically available for treatment of osteoporosis, only PTH stimulates bone formation. However, the mechanism by which PTH promotes bone formation is not clearly understood. PTH signaling in osteoblasts increases osteoblast progenitors. It appears that this effect of PTH is exerted mainly through multiple indirect pathways. Among them, the Wnt signaling pathway is of particular interest because of the strong human genetic evidence that Wnt signaling positively regulates bone mass. Activation of the PTH receptor increases Wnt signaling by down-regulating expression of Dkk1 and sclerostin, endogenous inhibitors for Wnt signaling, and by directly activating LRP6, a Wnt co-receptor. Understanding the mechanisms of the anabolic effect of PTH may lead to development of novel drugs to stimulate bone formation.
Planning large systems reliability growth tests

A contractual requirement for a mobile data station was to most certain demonstrated reliability levels. The large physical size and environmental test requirements presented problems not normally encountered in smaller systems. This paper discusses some of the basic problems to be considered when planning and performing reliability testing on a physically large and complex electronic system. Areas discussed are establishing an initial realistic growth rate goal, a mix of equipments with different levels of reliability and maturity, location of a test site relative to the manufacturer's facilities, and cost/schedule factors in reliability demonstration tests vs reliability growth tests.
Efficient resource description and high quality selection for virtual grids

Simple resource specification, resource selection, and effective binding are critical capabilities for grid middleware. We describe the virtual grid, an abstraction for providing these capabilities complex resource environments. Elements of the virtual grid include a novel resource description language (vgDL) and a resource selection and binding component (vgFAB), which accepts a vgDL specification and returns a virtual grid, that is, a set of selected and bound resources. The goals of vgFAB are efficiency, scalability, robustness to high resource contention, and the ability to produce results with quantifiable high quality. We present the design of vgDL, showing how it captures application-level resource abstractions using resource aggregates and connectivity amongst them. We present and evaluate a prototype implementation of vgFAB. Our results show that resource selection and binding for virtual grids of 10,000's of resources can scale up to grids with millions of resources, identifying good matches in less than one second. Further, these matches have quantifiable quality, enabling applications to have high confidence in the results. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our combined selection and binding approach in the presence of resource contention, showing that robust selection and binding can be achieved at moderate cost.
Investigation of low energy conformations of substituted silphenylenes by computational techniques

Abstract Conformational searches of 1,4-bis(dimethylhydroxysilyl)benzene and 1,4-bis(dimethylhydroxysilyl)-2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzene were conducted in order to determine the global minimum conformations of these materials. Dimethylsiloxy linkages between phenyl and tetramethylphenyl were also investigated to gain insight into possible differences in properties between polymers based on these two silphenylenes. Searches were performed using InsightII®'s Discover® module and the consistent valence force field. Results for the diphenyl linkage (unhindered system) showed an unexpected global minimum conformation that may help to explain some of the thermal properties previously reported for this crystalline polymer. Results for the di-tetramethylphenyl linkage (hindered system) were consistent with other studies investigating diphenyl linkages, however, the energy contour for this system suggested a higher rotational energy compared to the former system. These results have encouraged us to proceed with the synthesis of the hindered system.
Internet protocols for multimedia communications. I. IPng-the foundation of Internet protocols

Surveys recent and current standardization work by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) on Internet communication protocols. The author describes the IPng project and the IPv6 protocol that will form the basis for upper-layer protocols such as resource reservation, transport and application level protocols. The IETF decided in 1992 to develop a new version of the Internet Protocol (IP) because the available address space of IP version 4 (IPv4) will probably run out early in the 21st Century. The need for a new IP version provided the opportunity to redesign the protocol and add new functions.
Formulation of a soil–pesticide transport model based on a compartmental approach

A semianalytical soil-pesticide transport model is formulated based on a compartmental approach to determine spatial and temporal variations of pesticide residues across a soil profile. The compartmental model is implemented by drawing an analogy between a series of continuous-flow stirred tank reactors and a soil horizon that consists of multiple perfectly mixed compartments. The analogy is strengthened by exploiting a relation between the compartment series and the conventional convective-dispersive equation (CDE) for vertical transport in the soil. Consequently, the number of compartments in the model formulation is not free, but dictated as a function of transport parameters. The model formulation allows consideration of arbitrary boundary value specifications and also, for some cases, spatially varying initial concentration profiles. Sorption kinetics is represented via a two-site model that involves a linear sorption isotherm and a first-order irreversible sorption or a radial diffusive penetrating model. For these three cases, analysis of the compartmental model allows the resultant concentration profiles to be expressed in terms of the Poisson distribution. When a nonlinear kinetic sorption model is used to simulate the sorption processes, an analytical solution is not found and a numerical approach is required.
Scaffold State Switching Amplifies, Accelerates, and Insulates Protein Kinase C Signaling

Scaffold proteins localize two or more signaling enzymes in close proximity to their downstream effectors. A-kinase-anchoring proteins (AKAPs) are a canonical family of scaffold proteins known to bind protein kinase A (PKA) and other enzymes. Several AKAPs have been shown to accelerate, amplify, and specify signal transduction to dynamically regulate numerous cellular processes. However, there is little theory available to mechanistically explain how signaling on protein scaffolds differs from solution biochemistry. In our present study, we propose a novel kinetic mechanism for enzymatic reactions on protein scaffolds to explain these phenomena, wherein the enzyme-substrate-scaffold complex undergoes stochastic state switching to reach an active state. This model predicted anchored enzymatic reactions to be accelerated, amplified, and insulated from inhibition compared with those occurring in solution. We exploited a direct interaction between protein kinase C (PKC) and AKAP7α as a model to validate these predictions experimentally. Using a genetically encoded PKC activity reporter, we found that both the strength and speed of substrate phosphorylation were enhanced by AKAP7α. PKC tethered to AKAP7α was less susceptible to inhibition from the ATP-competitive inhibitor Go6976 and the substrate-competitive inhibitor PKC 20-28, but not the activation-competitive inhibitor calphostin C. Model predictions and experimental validation demonstrated that insulation is a general property of scaffold tethering. Sensitivity analysis indicated that these findings may be applicable to many other scaffolds as well. Collectively, our findings provide theoretical and experimental evidence that scaffold proteins can amplify, accelerate, and insulate signal transduction.
Impedance pH Confirms the Relationship Between GERD and BMI

During the last 20 years the prevalence of both gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and obesity has been increasing in the United States. The pathophysiology of GERD is multifactorial and its relationship with obesity is still not well understood. To evaluate the association between BMI and GERD as detected by multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH (MII-pH) monitoring. Retrospective review of 122 consecutive MII-pH studies of adult patients while on PPI therapy. Patients were divided into normal (BMI < 25), overweight (BMI ≥ 25 and <30) and obese (BMI ≥ 30). Reflux episodes were classified as acid reflux (AR), nonacid reflux (NAR), and total number of reflux episodes, as detected by MII-pH. We evaluated the symptoms associated with reflux by using the symptom index (SI). We also assessed the number of reflux episodes during recumbency and compared them in the different BMI groups. The total number of reflux episodes and NAR episodes increased significantly as BMI increased. There was no significant difference between groups in AR. Similarly, during recumbency, total number of reflux episodes increased significantly when BMI increased. For symptoms associated with reflux, SI was more likely to be positive in the obese group. This study shows a clear association between increased reflux as detected by MII-pH and higher BMI. Obesity not only increases the likelihood of reflux events, as shown in previous studies, but also makes it more likely that symptoms reported during MII-pH studies are actually due to MII detected reflux.
Rehabilitation still the only way to improve function in multiple sclerosis.

2have shown widespread axon damage in MS, so remye lination alone would not be sufficient to restore all the function lost. F urthermore, e ven if there were a therapy that could fully prevent progression of the disease, h undreds of thousands of patients worldwide would still be left with residual neurological damage and the associat ed impairment and disability. As a result, r ehabilitative techniques must be used to reduce disability and handicap. Assessment of MS patients should thus include a detailed eva luation of physical, p sychological, vo cational, and social functioning. 3 At times, disability may be reduced pharmacologically (eg, the use of spasmolytic drugs in the presence of clonus-produced footdrop, ox ybutynin to improve bladder function, or 4-aminopyridine to improve strength), although such therapies must be accompanied by physical measures such as the stretching of tight and spastic muscles. 4 To some extent, s trength may be increased with resistive exe rcises, 5 and
Holocaust Testimonies: The Ruins of Memory

Deep memory - the buired self anguished memory - the divided self humiliated memory - the besiged self tained memory - the impromptu self unheroic memory - the dimished self.
Pathophysiology of Chronic Pancreatitis

Although the most common causes of chronic pancreatitis have not changed, it has become clear that a host of modifying biochemical, inflammatory, neural, and genetic deviations allows the disease to progress. Alterations in biochemical composition allow calcific stone formation, whereas various toxins, cytokines, and neuropeptides contribute to the progression of fibrosis and pain production. The basic cellular structure contributing to fibrosis of the pancreas has been elucidated and factors responsible for its activation delineated. Of most importance is the recent recognition of a set of genetic mutations that results in several aberrations of normal pancreatic physiology, which, in conjunction with other inciting insults or by themselves, allow the disease to begin and progress.
Isolation and characterization of a tryptophan-resistant mutant of echovirus type 8.

A tryptophan-resistant mutant of echovirus type 8 was isolated following serial passage of the virus in 4 mM tryptophan. In both 0.05 mM and 4.0 mM/L-tryptophan the mutant exhibited a growth curve almost identical to that of the prototype in 0.05 mM. No replication of the prototype occurred in 4 mM tryptophan at low (0.1 to 1 PFU/ml) or high m.o.i. (500–1000 PFU/ml). Adsorption of virus to cells was not affected by 4 mM tryptophan.