cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adult Age Differences in Health-Related Decision-Making: A Primer

Compared to younger adults, older adults seek less information before making a decision, prefer to choose among fewer options, and focus selectively on emotionally salient and personally relevant material. Older adults also use less systematic and more experience-based decision strategies and are more likely to avoid and delegate choices. Age differences in decision-making are likely influenced by cognition, emotion, goal priorities, cohort effects, and societal views of aging. However, the relative contribution of these variables may vary across decision contexts and is subject to future research. Importantly, the observed age differences do not necessarily affect objective decision quality. In fact, subjective decision satisfaction is often higher among older adults than among younger adults. Decision-making capabilities and preferences vary widely among older adults. Thus, while practitioners need to be familiar with typical age patterns, they should aim to address the resources and preferences of individual older patients. In general, older adults are likely to benefit from a calm distraction-free environment, an absence of time pressure, opportunities to leverage prior experiences, and the use of written material to reduce memory load and avoid biased recall of novel information.
Regulated proteolysis: control of the Escherichia coli σ(E)-dependent cell envelope stress response.

Over the past decade, regulatory proteolysis has emerged as a paradigm for transmembrane signal transduction in all organisms, from bacteria to humans. These conserved proteolytic pathways share a common design that involves the sequential proteolysis of a membrane-bound regulatory protein by two proteases. Proteolysis releases the regulator, which is inactive in its membrane-bound form, into the cytoplasm where it performs its cellular function. One of the best-characterized examples of signal transduction via regulatory proteolysis is the pathway governing the σE-dependent cell envelope stress response in Escherichia coli. In unstressed cells, σE is sequestered at the membrane by the transmembrane anti-sigma factor, RseA. Stresses that compromise the cell envelope and interfere with the proper folding of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) activate the proteolytic pathway. The C-terminal residues of unfolded OMPs bind to the inner membrane protease, DegS, to initiate the proteolytic cascade. DegS removes the periplasmic domain of RseA creating a substrate for the next protease in the pathway, RseP. RseP cleaves RseA in the periplasmic region in a process called regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP). The remaining fragment of RseA is released into the cytoplasm and fully degraded by the ATP-dependent protease, ClpXP, with the assistance of the adaptor protein, SspB, thereby freeing σE to reprogram gene expression. A growing body of evidence indicates that the overall proteolytic framework that governs the σE response is used to regulate similar anti-sigma factor/sigma factor pairs throughout the bacterial world and has been adapted to recognize a wide variety of signals and control systems as diverse as envelope stress responses, sporulation, virulence, and iron-siderophore uptake. In this chapter, we review the extensive physiological, biochemical, and structural studies on the σE system that provide remarkable insights into the mechanistic underpinnings of this regulated proteolytic signal transduction pathway. These studies reveal design principles that are applicable to related proteases and regulatory proteolytic pathways in all domains of life.
Manual journal entry testing: Data analytics and the risk of fraud

Abstract Big Data is revolutionizing the business world as it enables companies to discover valuable insight from within the vast volumes of data now available to companies. The data analysis skills related to Big Data are in high demand, yet many accountants lack the data analysis skills necessary to improve decision making within a company or increase the effectiveness and efficiency of an audit. This case provides you with a hands-on opportunity to utilize the data analysis skills that are in such high demand. You will harness the power of Big Data while performing a procedure that is required on all financial statement audits – an analysis of journal entries for potential red flags of fraud. The case is completed in two phases. First, in Phase I, you will learn how to address one of the primary challenges in the use of Big Data – “validating” the data – which ensures that the files are complete. Specifically, you will import and analyze client files in IDEA to determine if the manual journal entry file is complete or if any records are missing from the file. In Phase II, you will validate data from a second client then perform a battery of tests aimed at identifying potential red flags of fraud. To complete the second task, you will need to consider factors such as who recorded the journal entries, when the entries were created, the description provided (or lack thereof), and whether the entries were back-posted or out-of-balance. You will also learn how to use fuzzy matching and Benford’s Law.
Optimization and validation of cryostat temperature conditions for trans-reflectance mode FTIR microspectroscopic imaging of biological tissues

Abstract In Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectrocopy, the tissue preparation method is crucial, especially how the tissue is cryo-sectioned prior to the imaging requires special consideration. Having a temperature difference between the cutting blade and the specimen holder of the cryostat greatly affects the quality of the sections. Therefore, we have developed an optimal protocol for cryo-sectioning of biological tissues by varying the temperature of both the cutting blade and the specimen holder. Using this protocol, we successfully cryo-sectioned four different difficult-to-section tissues including white adipose tissue (WAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT), lung, and liver. The optimal temperatures that required to be maintained at the cutting blade and the specimen holder for the cryo-sectioning of WAT, BAT, lung, and liver are (−25, −20 °C), (−25, −20 °C), (−17, −13 °C) and (−15, −5 °C), respectively. The optimized protocol developed in this study produced high quality cryo-sections with sample thickness of 8–10 μm, as well as high quality trans-reflectance mode FTIR microspectroscopic images for the tissue sections. • Use of cryostat technique to make thin sections of biological samples for FTIR microspectroscopy imaging. • Optimized cryostat temperature conditions by varying the temperatures at the cutting blade and specimen holder to obtain high quality sections of difficult-to-handle tissues. • FTIR imaging is used to obtain chemical information from cryo-sectioned samples with no interference of the conventional paraffin-embedding agent and chemicals.
Black-hole horizon in the Dirac semimetal Zn 2 In 2 S 5

Recently, realizing new fermions, such as type-I and type-II Dirac/Weyl fermions in condensed matter systems, has attracted considerable attention. Here, we show that the transition state from type-I to type-II Dirac fermions can be viewed as a ``type-III'' Dirac fermion, which exhibits unique characteristics, including a Dirac-line Fermi surface with a nontrivial topological invariant and critical chiral anomaly effect, distinct from previously known Dirac semimetals. Most importantly, we discover ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{2}{\mathrm{In}}_{2}{\mathrm{S}}_{5}$ is a type-III Dirac semimetal, characterized by a pair of Dirac points in the bulk and Fermi arcs on the surface. We further propose a solid-state realization of the black-hole-horizon analog in inhomogeneous ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{2}{\mathrm{In}}_{2}{\mathrm{In}}_{5}$ to simulate black-hole evaporation with a high Hawking temperature. We envision that our findings will stimulate researchers to study the physics of type-III Dirac fermions, as well as astronomical problems in a condensed matter analog.
Pretest Nonlinear Finite-Element Modeling and Response Simulation of a Full-Scale 5-Story Reinforced Concrete Building Tested on the NEES-UCSD Shake Table

A full-scale five-story reinforced concrete building specimen, outfitted with a variety of nonstructural components and systems (NCSs), was built and tested on the Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation at the University of California, San Diego (NEES–UCSD) large outdoor shake table in the period March 2011–June 2012. The building specimen was subjected to a sequence of dynamic tests including scaled and unscaled earthquake motions. A detailed three-dimensional nonlinear finite-element (FE) model of the structure was developed and used for pretest response simulations to predict the seismic response of the test specimen and for decision support in defining the seismic test protocol and selecting the instrumentation layout for both the structure and NCSs. This paper introduces the building specimen and the shake table test protocol and describes the techniques used for the nonlinear FE modeling and response simulation. Utilized as blind prediction, the pretest simulation results at different scales (global structural level and local member/section/fiber levels) are compared with their experimental counterparts for seismic input (base excitation) of increasing intensity from serviceability to design levels. The predictive capabilities of the used FE modeling techniques are evaluated and possible sources of discrepancies between the FE predictions and experimental measurements are investigated and discussed.
Wimpy Nerves: piRNA Pathway Curbs Axon Regrowth after Injury

While PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are primarily recognized as guardians of genome integrity, new functions of these small non-coding RNAs are emerging. In this issue, Kim et al. (2018) describe a piRNA-based mechanism that limits axon regeneration in C. elegans.
Effects of cemented versus press-fit primary humeral stem fixation in the setting of revision shoulder arthroplasty.

Background The influence of primary humeral stem fixation method (cemented or press fit) on intraoperative or postoperative outcomes in the setting of revision shoulder arthroplasty is unknown. Methods A retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected cohort of revision shoulder arthroplasty patients from a single tertiary center was performed. Demographic variables, intraoperative data, and 90-day complication rates were compared between cemented and press-fit primary stem fixation cohorts. Follow-up radiographs were graded and compared using a modified Gruen system for humeral lucencies. Results Eighty-six primary shoulder replacements (34 hemiarthroplasties, 39 anatomic total shoulder arthroplasties, 13 reverse total shoulder arthroplasties) underwent revision arthroplasty with humeral stem removal between 2004 and 2017. Forty-five patients had cemented primary humeral fixation and 41 had press-fit fixation. The cemented cohort was older than the cementless cohort (66.6 vs. 61.4 years; P = .03) but otherwise demonstrated no difference in gender, body mass index, type of primary prosthesis (hemi, total, or reverse), or time between primary and revision operations. The cemented and cementless cohorts showed similar rates of humeral osteotomy (28.9% vs. 29.3%; P = .97), operative time (133.5 vs. 121.3 minutes; P = .16), and 90-day complication rates (13.3% vs. 9.8%; P = .61). Cemented vs. press-fit primary stems also had similar rates of humeral lucencies seen on follow-up radiographs after revision (77.1% vs. 60.6%; P = .14). Conclusion Humeral stem fixation with or without cement during primary shoulder arthroplasty demonstrated similar operative time, need for intraoperative humeral osteotomy, and postoperative complication rates in the setting of revision arthroplasty.
Operative technique for heart-lung transplantation

Combined heart and lung transplantation bas now been carried out in 17 patients at Stanford University Hospital. The emphasis on the management of donors is upon thorough tracheobronchial toilet and ensuring an absence of significant cardiopulmonary disease. The most important aspects of the recipient operation are to remove the heart and lungs without injury to the phrenic, vagus, or recurrent laryngeal nerves and to ensure hemostasis. This is best effected if the heart and lungs are removed separately. The operative technique for both the donor and recipient is described.
Treatment of major depression in individuals with spinal cord injury.

AbstractObjective: This study evaluated the effects of treating major depression in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI), focusing on the degree of improvement and correlated changes that could be expected in 6 months of treatment.Design: Apretreatment–posttreatment designwas used. Random assignment to a nontreatment group could not be implemented ethically. Therefore, this study compared participants who declined treatment to persons who accepted treatment over a 24–month period.Setting and Participants: Participants were outpatients of a large urban rehabilitation center in southern California. Twenty–eight participants who accepted treatment were assigned to a treatment group; 15 individuals who declined treatment were assigned to a nontreatment group. The age of the participants ranged from 20 to 7 4 years. Varying Ieveis of SCI dysfunction were represented. lnterventio1,1s: A 6–month combination of psychotherapy and antidepressant medication.Outcome Measures: Adepression inventory, a community a...
Subarachnoid Morphine and Fentanyl for Labor Analgesia: Efficacy and Adverse Effects

Background and Objectives. The study was designed to compare analgesic efficacy and associated adverse effects between a group of parturients receiving subarachnoid opioids via the combined spinal-epidural (CSE) technique with a group receiving epidural analgesia alone for labor. Methods. The authors studied 59 healthy parturients admitted for labor and delivery. Group 1 consisted of 26 consecutive patients who received the CSE technique, initially receiving subarachnoid morphine sulfate 0.25 mg, and fentanyl 25 μg, for labor analgesia. If patients requested additional analgesia, epidural analgesia was initiated. Group 2 was comprised of 33 consecutive patients who received conventional epidural analgesia. All patients were monitored for the occurrence and treatment of peripartum nausea and vomiting (N/V), pruritus, post-dural puncture headache, and respiratory depression. Results. Additional analgesia was requested by 20/26 (76%) patients in group 1. Group 1 reported more N/V (50% versus 15%, P = .01) and required more therapy for N/V (31% versus 0%, P Conclusions. The combination of subarachnoid morphine 0.25 mg and fentanyl 25 μg, when used for labor analgesia as part of the CSE technique, was associated with a higher incidence of clinically significant nausea and vomiting and pruritus, compared to conventional epidural anesthesia. Furthermore, the combination of subarachnoid morphine and fentanyl proved ineffective in providing adequate pain relief for the duration of labor and delivery for the majority of patients. The authors recommend that subarachnoid morphine and fentanyl serve a limited role in the treatment of labor pain.
Value of Polysomnography and Other Diagnostic Tools to Diagnose and Treat Parasomnias

Parasomnias are unusual or undesirable motor, behavioral, and/or experiential events that occur during (or in the transitions from and to) sleep. A comprehensive in-laboratory attended polysomnogram (level I PSG) with expanded electroencephalographic (EEG) montage is a simultaneous recording of 7–16 or more biophysiological signals done in-laboratory and attended by a sleep technologist. A level I PSG remains the gold standard test for atypical or potentially injurious parasomnias. We typically record additional biophysiological signals (such as expanded EEG montages, wrist extensor electromyogram, and video) when a parasomnia or sleep-related epilepsy is suspected or known.
K-mer based classifiers extract functionally relevant features to support accurate Peroxiredoxin subgroup distinction

The Peroxiredoxins (Prx) are a family of proteins that play a major role in antioxidant defense and peroxide-regulated signaling. Six distinct Prx subgroups have been defined based on analysis of structure and sequence regions in proximity to the Prx active site. Analysis of other sequence regions of these annotated proteins may improve the ability to distinguish subgroups and uncover additional representative sequence regions beyond the active site. The space of Prx subgroup classifiers is surveyed to highlight similarities and differences in the available approaches. Exploiting the recent growth in annotated Prx proteins, a whole sequence-based classifier is presented that employs support vector machines and a k-mer (k=3) sequence representation. Distinguishing k-mers are extracted and located relative to published active site regions. This work demonstrates that the 3-mer based classifier can attain high accuracy in subgroup annotation, at rates similar to the current state-of-the-art. Analysis of the classifier's automatically derived models show that the classification decision is based on a combination of conserved features, including a significant number of residue regions that have not been previously suggested as informative by other classifiers but for which there is evidence of functional relevance.
Myocardial Inflammation, Measured Using 18-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography With Computed Tomography, Is Associated With Disease Activity in Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Objective To determine the prevalence and correlates of subclinical myocardial inflammation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods RA patients (n = 119) without known cardiovascular disease underwent cardiac 18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography with computed tomography (PET-CT). Myocardial FDG uptake was assessed visually and measured quantitatively as the standardized uptake value (SUV). Multivariable linear regression was used to assess the associations of patient characteristics with myocardial SUVs. A subset of RA patients who had to escalate their disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy (n = 8) underwent a second FDG PET-CT scan after 6 months, to assess treatment-associated changes in myocardial FDG uptake. Results Visually assessed FDG uptake was observed in 46 (39%) of the 119 RA patients, and 21 patients (18%) had abnormal quantitatively assessed myocardial FDG uptake (i.e., mean of the mean SUV [SUVmean ] ≥3.10 units; defined as 2 SD above the value in a reference group of 27 non-RA subjects). The SUVmean was 31% higher in patients with a Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) score of ≥10 (moderate-to-high disease activity) as compared with those with lower CDAI scores (low disease activity or remission) (P = 0.005), after adjustment for potential confounders. The adjusted SUVmean was 26% lower among those treated with a non-tumor necrosis factor-targeted biologic agent compared with those treated with conventional (nonbiologic) DMARDs (P = 0.029). In the longitudinal substudy, the myocardial SUVmean decreased from 4.50 units to 2.30 units over 6 months, which paralleled the decrease in the mean CDAI from a score of 23 to a score of 12. Conclusion Subclinical myocardial inflammation is frequent in patients with RA, is associated with RA disease activity, and may decrease with RA therapy. Future longitudinal studies will be required to assess whether reduction in myocardial inflammation will reduce heart failure risk in RA.
Raphael Lemkin and the Soviet Propaganda Poster Collection at Duke University Library

This article calls attention to the role played by Raphael Lemkin (1900–1959), the Polish-Jewish jurist who coined the term “genocide,” in providing the metadata for 30 of the 78 Soviet propaganda ...
Vacuole Division and Inheritance in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

Cell division requires the partitioning of cytoplasmic components to ensure daughter cell viability. Some organelles, such as ribosomes, may partition at cytokinesis simply by their abundant distribution throughout the cytoplasm (Birky,1983). Other organelles that are present singly or in low copy number must divide and segregate in a more regulated fashion (Warren,1985). In higher eukaryotic cells, the Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, and nuclear membrane fragment at the start of mitosis (Burke et al.,1982, Lipski and Pagano, 1985, Zeligs and Wollman, 1979, Gerace and Blobel, 1980). This fragmentation event may enable the partitioning of organelle components into the daughter cell.
FREQUENTIST INFERENCE IN INSURANCE RATEMAKING MODELS ADJUSTING FOR MISREPRESENTATION

In insurance underwriting, misrepresentation represents the type of insurance fraud when an applicant purposely makes a false statement on a risk factor that may lower his or her cost of insurance. Under the insurance ratemaking context, we propose to use the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm to perform maximum likelihood estimation of the regression effects and the prevalence of misrepresentation for the misrepresentation model proposed by Xia and Gustafson [(2016) The Canadian Journal of Statistics, 44, 198–218]. For applying the EM algorithm, the unobserved status of misrepresentation is treated as a latent variable in the complete-data likelihood function. We derive the iterative formulas for the EM algorithm and obtain the analytical form of the Fisher information matrix for frequentist inference on the parameters of interest for lognormal losses. We implement the algorithm and demonstrate that valid inference can be obtained on the risk effect despite the unobserved status of misrepresentation. Applying the proposed algorithm, we perform a loss severity analysis with the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data. The analysis reveals not only the potential impact misrepresentation may have on the risk effect but also statistical evidence on the presence of misrepresentation in the self-reported insurance status.
Imaging of Tuberculosis in Resource-Limited Settings

To describe the imaging findings of tuberculosis with different imaging modalities, as well as the current usage and importance of imaging tuberculosis in resource-limited settings. Primary pulmonary tuberculosis can manifest as lung parenchymal disease, lymphadenopathy, pleural effusion, and/or miliary disease. Differentiating features of post-primary tuberculosis include cavitation, bilateral tree-in-bud nodules, and an absence of lymphadenopathy. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis can involve nearly any organ system, including the heart, central nervous system, bones and abdominal organs. Many of these findings can be demonstrated with radiography and ultrasound in low-resource settings. Tuberculosis remains prevalent in resource-limited settings. It is important for clinicians working in these areas to be familiar with both clinical manifestations and imaging findings of tuberculosis to adequately combat the disease. In order for imaging to help aid with diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis, there needs to be an increasing focus on appropriate, low-cost imaging and imaging education.
“The Nominees for Best Article …”: Awards for the Most Valuable Papers on Psychotherapy in 2018

Each year, many important articles are published that make valuable contributions to the field of psychotherapy. It is helpful to remain informed about recent developments in the field, and respect the useful refinements that are being proposed in various journal articles. Unfortunately, with so many journals in the field, it can be challenging to find the best articles, and some important papers may be overlooked. In recent years, the situation has become even worse with the expansion of many new and often predatory journals, publishing inferior papers. The Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy awards program has two main goals. First, the review of the recent literature helps to highlight the useful papers published during the previous year. Second, the awards program helps to praise the best and inspire the rest, aiming to motivate the field to publish high quality papers. The awards selection process involved a review of numerous academic articles published during 2018 in 60 different professional journals. Then, a panel of judges reviewed 52 finalists for ten possible awards. Adequate agreement was found to provide awards for nine different categories of research studies or review articles. Each winning paper is reviewed, and most authors provide a behind-the-scenes look at the work involved in their valuable contribution to the field of psychotherapy.
Building Consumer Brand Loyalty: An Assessment Of The Microbrewery Taproom Experience

The overall purpose of the current study is to determine whether local microbreweries can build brand attachment and loyalty through their relationships with consumers via the microbrewery taproom ...
Arthur Miller, Edward Albee, and Crises of the American Family: American Civilization and Its Discontents

Dwelling on the American Dream narrative that was, in part, fantasy in the post-World War II United States, both Arthur Miller and Edward Albee observe how the illusory status quo that emerges from the notion of the American Dream had very real and harmful effects on American families. In their back-to-back historical moments, and taken together, Miller’s and Albee’s critiques of the American Dream work analogously to the biblical narratives of Eden and the Expulsion from Eden. Miller’s All My Sons (1947) and Death of a Salesman (1949) explore, respectively, “The Temptation” and then “The Fall” of the American Dream, while Albee’s American Dream (1961) and Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1962) examine the “Expulsion” of American families in relation to the American Dream. In writing about families, Miller’s focus really is on American culture as subtly pernicious and destructive of people’s lives, resulting in tragic outcomes. Albee views the problems with families, instead, in a tragicomic and humanistic manner: while there is something about human beings that makes them fundamentally incapable of genuinely loving each other, this does not prevent some from continuing to try to connect.
Hospice Social Workers’ Perception of Being Valued by the Interdisciplinary Team and the Association with Job Satisfaction

Being valued and respected by colleagues is an important contributor to job satisfaction in hospice and other health care settings. The purpose of this study was to examine how the perception of feeling valued by different members of the interdisciplinary team and interdependence of team members are related to hospice social workers' job satisfaction. The study aims were to examine: (1) the degree to which hospice social workers feel valued by other members of the interdisciplinary team; and 2) whether this is associated with job satisfaction. A nonprobability sample of 203 hospice social workers completed an online survey assessing job satisfaction, perception of feeling valued by each of the professionals on the interdisciplinary hospice team, interdependence of team members, and professional and personal characteristics. The final regression model for intrinsic job satisfaction included feeling valued by doctors and by other social workers, and interdisciplinary interdependence. The final model for extrinsic job satisfaction did not include any of the perception of feeling valued by others on the interdisciplinary team, although interdependence and the number of social workers at the hospice were significant in this model. Reasons for the difference in these models and the practice and policy implications are discussed.
Effects of Power Relations on Relationship Between Gender Performativity & Leadership Effectiveness

The overarching purpose of this study is to examine the moderating effects of power relations in organizations on the relationship between gender performativity and leadership effectiveness. Previo...
Dual task walking costs in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO registration No CRD42020192121) is to review existing literature focusing on effects of different dual task paradigms on walking ...
A Review of Empirical Likelihood

Empirical likelihood is a popular nonparametric analog of the usual parametric likelihood, inheriting many of the large-sample properties of the latter construct. This article presents a review of ...
A Graph Theory-Based Two-Level Spectral Clustering Approach for Active Power Grouping of DER Integrated Power Distribution System

This paper focuses on a graph theory-based spectral clustering approach for critical infrastructure management on DER integrated power distribution system. The main goal is to develop a virtual clustering framework for the power distribution system based on active power balancing on lines that can provide stable and reliable clusters. First, the proposed approach is discussed based on the metrics and factors that affect the cluster quality. Then the approach is compared with other clustering methodologies presented in the literature. Finally, the advantages of the proposed architecture for clustering a power distribution system is illustrated using IEEE 123 bus network. It is observed that the proposed architecture is stable and reliable when compared to state-of-the-art approaches and improves the cluster quality by 20 to 50%.
Columbia Open Health Data for COVID-19 Research: Database Analysis.

Background: COVID-19 has threatened the health of tens of millions of people all over the world. Massive research efforts have been made in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Utilization of clinical data can accelerate these research efforts to combat the pandemic since important characteristics of the patients are often found by examining the clinical data. Publicly accessible clinical data on COVID-19, however, remain limited despite the immediate need. Objective: To provide shareable clinical data to catalyze COVID-19 research, we present Columbia Open Health Data for COVID-19 Research (COHD-COVID), a publicly accessible database providing clinical concept prevalence, clinical concept co-occurrence, and clinical symptom prevalence for hospitalized patients with COVID-19. COHD-COVID also provides data on hospitalized patients with influenza and general hospitalized patients as comparator cohorts. Methods: The data used in COHD-COVID were obtained from NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center’s electronic health records database. Condition, drug, and procedure concepts were obtained from the visits of identified patients from the cohorts. Rare concepts were excluded, and the true concept counts were perturbed using Poisson randomization to protect patient privacy. Concept prevalence, concept prevalence ratio, concept co-occurrence, and symptom prevalence were calculated using the obtained concepts. Results: Concept prevalence and concept prevalence ratio analyses showed the clinical characteristics of the COVID-19 cohorts, confirming the well-known characteristics of COVID-19 (eg, acute lower respiratory tract infection and cough). The concepts related to the well-known characteristics of COVID-19 recorded high prevalence and high prevalence ratio in the COVID-19 cohort compared to the hospitalized influenza cohort and general hospitalized cohort. Concept co-occurrence analyses showed potential associations between specific concepts. In case of acute lower respiratory tract infection in the COVID-19 cohort, a high co-occurrence ratio was obtained with COVID-19–related concepts and commonly used drugs (eg, disease due to coronavirus and acetaminophen). Symptom prevalence analysis indicated symptom-level characteristics of the cohorts and confirmed that well-known symptoms of COVID-19 (eg, fever, cough, and dyspnea) showed higher prevalence than the hospitalized influenza cohort and the general hospitalized cohort. Conclusions: We present COHD-COVID, a publicly accessible database providing useful clinical data for hospitalized patients with COVID-19, hospitalized patients with influenza, and general hospitalized patients. We expect COHD-COVID to provide researchers and clinicians quantitative measures of COVID-19–related clinical features to better understand and combat the pandemic.
Who’s the boss? The economic and behavioral implications of various characterizations of the superior in participative budgeting research

Abstract Participative budgeting can benefit a firm by incorporating subordinates’ private information into financing and operating decisions. In the managerial accounting literature, studies of participative budgeting posit superiors that range from passively committed to highly active participants, some of whom are permitted to communicate, choose compensation schemes, negotiate with subordinates, and reject budgets. This paper synthesizes and analyzes experimental research in participative budgeting with a focus on the role of the superior defined in the research design, and on how that role affects budget outcomes, subordinate behavior, and in some cases superior behavior. We demonstrate how superior type influences economic and behavioral predictions, and likewise affects budgeting outcomes and the interpretation of the results. This paper is intended to further our understanding of how superior type affects behavior in participative budgeting studies, and to facilitate the choice of superior type in future research designs.
Key Factors Governing Initial Stages of Lipid Droplet Formation

Lipid droplets (LDs) are neutral lipid storage organelles surrounded by a phospholipid (PL) monolayer. LD biogenesis from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is driven by phase separation of neutral lipids, overcoming surface tension and membrane deformation. However, the core biophysics of the initial steps of LD formation remain relatively poorly understood. Here, we use a tunable, phenomenological coarse-grained (CG) model to study triacylglycerol (TG) nucleation in a bilayer membrane. We show that PL rigidity has a strong influence on TG lensing and membrane remodeling: When membrane rigidity increases, TG clusters remain more planar with high anisotropy but a minor degree of phase nucleation. This finding is confirmed by free energy sampling simulations that calculate the potential of mean force (PMF) as a function of the degree of nucleation and anisotropy. We also show that asymmetric tension, controlled by the number of PLs on each membrane leaflet, determines the budding direction. A TG lens buds in the direction of the monolayer containing excess PLs to allow for better PL coverage of TG, consistent with reported experiments. Finally, two governing mechanisms of the LD growth, Ostwald ripening and merging, are observed. Taken together, this study characterizes the interplay between two thermodynamic quantities during the initial LD phases, the TG bulk free energy and membrane remodeling energy.
Salt Removal Efficiencies on Land Disposal of Swine Waste

Swine waste aerobic lagoon effluent was sprinkled overland and the runoff water was collected. Both the waste effluent and the runoff water were analyzed for nitrate, ammonia, chloride, suspended solids, BOD, and specific conductance. Removal efficiency of nitrate dropped from 62% to 32%, on prolonged disposal of swine waste effluent, in 6 months. Data for suspended solids and specific conductance support these results for nitrate removal efficiency. Removal efficiencies for ammonia and chloride were higher and showed a very small decrease with time. BOD removal efficiency was 95% throughout the 6-month period of the study. The system showed signs of “overloading” for nitrate removal but not for BOD removal.
Identification of Virulence Genes in Silico: Infectious Disease Genomics

Microbial genomics is a great equalizer, which promises to stimulate research and advance knowledge of the more obscure, but not necessarily unimportant, microbes to a greater extent than the better-studied systems. Some methods are better than others at identifying virulence factors, but are not easily applied to organisms without good genetic systems. The initial identification of virulence factors of T. pallidum from database homologies yielded relatively few candidates. It is evolutionarily removed from the well-studied proteobacteria or gram-positive organisms, so it is likely to have less homology to virulence factors from these groups. One approach to obtain additional information without relying on homology is comparative genomics. The differences identified by this approach confirm the importance of the genes and identify which genes contribute to the differences between these two infections. Genomes are mosaic for a variety of features, ranging from base composition to clustering of virulence genes (pathogenicity islands). The whole genome sequence with predicted coding sequences allows any gene to be cloned. Finally, production of partial polypeptides can be used to test efficacy as a vaccine if a suitable model is available. Whole-genome sequencing is having profound effects on the understanding of mechanisms of infection, the identification of virulence factors, and the development of diagnostics and vaccines. Methods to identify virulence factors can rely on classic genetic approaches as well as homology searches and other genome-wide analyses such as comparative genomics.
Using ontologies and the web to learn lexical semantics

A variety of text processing tasks require or benefit from semantic resources such as ontologies and lexicons. Creating these resources manually is tedious, time consuming, and prone to error. We present a new algorithm for using the web to determine the correct concept in an existing ontology to lexicalize previously unknown words, such as might be discovered while processing texts. A detailed empirical comparison of our algorithm with two existing algorithms (Cilibrasi & Vitanyi 2004, Maedche et al. 2002) is described, leading to insights into the sources of the algorithms' strengths and weaknesses.
Calculation of other effective operators

A great deal has been written about the calculation of effective interactions for use in shell model calculations. Beginning with a basic perturbation theory framework, a brief review is presented of the calculation of other effective operators, focusing primarily on effective quadrupole operators required for calculating E2 transitions and moments. Results of order-by-order calculations and partial summations are given. 9 figures. (SDF)
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF REPRESSION OF ARGININE BIOSYNTHESIS IN ESCHERICHIA COLI. II. DOMINANCE OF REPRESSIBILITY IN DIPLOIDS.

Strains have been isolated which are diploid for about one-third of the linkage map of E. coli, including a locus Rarg which controls repressibility of the enzymes of arginine biosynthesis. In Rarg+/Rarg− merodiploids, isolated from a cross of a repressible (Rarg+) double-male donor with a non-repressible (Rarg−) recipient, arginine is able to repress enzyme formation, showing that repressibility, as in Rarg+/Rarg− merozygotes, is a dominant trait. In interpreting this finding it is suggested that the gene Rarg+ controls the production of a specific repressor in the cytoplasm. This interpretation has been given previously for similar findings in other metabolic pathways, notably for the control of the enzymes of lactose fermentation and of histidine and tryptophan biosynthesis. The term regulon is proposed to describe such a system in which the production of all enzymes can be controlled by a single repressor substance. Two types of regulons can be distinguished, those in which the structural genes for the enzymes are adjacent to each other (histidine, tryptophan) and which thus consist of single operons, and those in which they are not (arginine) and which thus consist of several operons.
Protein kinase C modulates the phase‐delaying effects of light in the mammalian circadian clock

The mammalian circadian pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) drives a vast array of biochemical and physiological processes with 24-h periodicity. The phasing of SCN pacemaker activity is tightly regulated by photic input from the retina. Recent work has implicated protein kinase C (PKC) as a regulator of photic input, although stimulus-induced PKC activity has not been examined. Here we used a combination of biochemical, immunohistochemical and behavioral techniques to examine both the regulation and role of PKC in light-induced clock entrainment in mice. We report that photic stimulation during the subjective night, but not during the subjective day, stimulates PKC activity within the SCN. To assess the role of PKC in clock entrainment, we employed an in-vivo infusion approach to deliver the PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide I to the SCN. The disruption of PKC activity significantly enhanced the phase-shifting effects of light, indicating that PKC functions as a negative regulator of light entrainment. Importantly, bisindolylmaleimide I infusion in the absence of light treatment did not phase shift the clock, demonstrating that transient disruption of basal PKC activity does not affect inherent pacemaker activity. The capacity of light to stimulate immediate early gene expression in the SCN was not substantively altered by PKC inhibition, suggesting that PKC does not couple light to rapid transcriptional activation. Rather, a combination of in-vivo and cell culture assays indicates that PKC functions as an inhibitor of PERIOD1 degradation. Thus, PKC may influence clock entrainment via a post-translational mechanism that influences clock protein stability.
Vanilloid and Melastatin Transient Receptor Potential Channels in Vascular Smooth Muscle

The mammalian transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily consists of six subfamilies that are defined by structural homology: TRPC (conventional or canonical), TRPV (vanilloid), TRPM (melastatin), TRPA (ankyrin), TRPP (polycystin), and TRPML (mucoliptin). This review focuses on channels belonging to the vanilloid (V) and melastatin (M) TRP subfamilies. The TRPV subfamily consists of six members (TRPV1-6) and the TRPM subfamily has eight (TRPM1-8). The basic biophysical properties of these channels are briefly described. All of these channels except TRPV5, TRPV6, and TRPM1 are reportedly present in arterial smooth muscle from various segments of the vasculature. Studies demonstrating involvement of TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV4, TRPM4, TRPM7, and TRPM8 in regulation of arterial smooth muscle function are reviewed. The functions of TRPV3, TRPM2, TRPM3, and TRPM6 channels in arterial myocytes have not been reported.
Canine Olfaction and Electronic Nose Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds in the Detection of Cancer: A Review

Olfactory cancer detection shows promise as an affordable, precise, and noninvasive way to screen for cancer. This review focuses on two methods of olfactory cancer detection: first, the ability of canines to differentiate between cancerous and healthy individuals through the use of biological samples and second, electronic nose technology that uses chemical sensors to detect known biomarkers in exhaled breath. This review summarizes and critiques past research and outlines future directions to improve understanding of both canine olfaction and electronic nose technology.
A CAD-based course for design of digital systems: Details of a tutorial example

The authors have developed a course on the CAD (computer-aided design)-based design of semicustom digital systems using the DAISY Logician V workstation. They describe the tutorial example, which helps students through the various steps of a digital design using this CAD system. The tutorial consists of a single high-level-language description of the system behavior; modular descriptions with top-level block diagrams; and a full-fledged hierarchical schematic of the final design. Simulation results at each step not only verified functionality but also showed the equivalency of each stage to the previous, more abstract implementations. >
Uncommon Law: America's Excessive Criminal Law & Our Common-Law Origins

This essay explores the role that U.S. criminal courts play in shaping the uniquely punitive social order of the United States. U.S. courts have long been defined against the common law of England, from which they emerged. In this essay, I consider the English legacy and suggest that while the United States does draw heavily from common-law traditions, it has also innovated to alter them, a process that has established a criminal justice system even more punitive than that of England.
The family ecology of cancer.

Recent studies and clinical reports have indicated the importance of the cancer patient's family in the management of the illness. This article discusses the physiological, cmotional, and behavioral consequences of cancer on the well members of the family. It emphasizes the connection between individual and interpersonal coping with stress and the family's ability to adapt, especially in relation to the influence of the family structure, roles, and relationships on the development of individual members and their perceptions of the patient and the patient's illness. Three examples illustrate the effect of the family's organization on the process of adaptation and the appropriate clinical responses to two types of families-the enmeshed family and the disengaged family. The concluding section summarizes the principles of clinical intervention with a family in which a member has cancer.
Nuclear and cell division inSorodiplophrys stercorea, a labyrinthulid-like protist

Nuclear division in the labyrinthulid-like protist,Sorodiplophrys stercorea was studied and compared to the mitotic processes reported in other protistan forms.S. stercorea was found to have centrioles with nine peripheral singlet microtubules and a tubular core 300–400 A in diameter. The nuclear envelope remains intact throughout division, with microtubules passing through nuclear pores. The nucleolus disappears during nuclear division. After intranuclear division, cells cleave by introgressive cleavage while pronucleoli appear in the nuclei and fuse to form the single nucleolus characteristic of the interphase nucleus.
Peak points and peaking functions for P(K)

Let K ⊂ ℂ be compact and ℂ\K connected, P(K) the uniform closure of all polynomial functions restricted to K and A(K) the uniform algebra of all functions continuous on K and holomorphic on int(K). It is known (Mergelyan) that P(K) = A(K) if and only if ℂ\K is connected. Let ∂K be the topological boundary of K and &#x1d4ab;(P(K)) = {z ∈ K: there exists f ∈ P(K) such that f (z) = 1, |f(w)| < 1 for w ∈ K\{z}}, i.e., the set of peak points relative to P(K). A long standing problem is to determine the family of K's such that &#x1d4ab;(P(K)) = ∂K. We give new results for the solution to this problem by using two different methods. The first one uses no notions of capacity and only employs results from classic complex variable theory and topology. We prove that for every K, there is a dense subset of ∂K (‘escape’ points) contained in &#x1d4ab;(P(K)) such that each escape point has a peaking function, that is a homeomorphism on K and is conformal on int(K). The second uses the Curtis Peak Point Criterion which depends on properties of ...
Fungicide Efficacy Against Calonectria pseudonaviculata, Causal Agent of Boxwood Blight.

Abstract Calonectria pseudonaviculata causes leaf spot and stem lesions resulting in defoliation and dieback of boxwood. Fungicides representing 20 different active ingredients from 13 different Fungicide Resistance Action Committee groups were evaluated for their effects on conidial germination and mycelial growth using in vitro assays, and the concentration that suppressed fungal growth to 15% of that on unamended media (EC85) values were determined. A number of fungicides strongly inhibited mycelial growth of C. pseudonaviculata. Four demethylation inhibitor fungicides had EC85 values of 1.2 μg a.i./ml or less. Thiophanate-methyl, fludioxonil, pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl, mancozeb, and chlorothalonil also had activity against mycelial growth. Fludioxonil + cyprodinil had a lower EC85 than the same rate of fludioxonil alone, suggesting that cyprodinil had activity against mycelial growth. Fungicides that inhibited C. pseudonaviculata conidial germination include pyraclostrobin, trif...