cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Continuing conversations about abortion and deprivation

In 'Abortion and deprivation: a reply to Marquis', I argued that Marquis' argument about abortion encounters the Epicurean Challenge. In this essay, I continue the conversation begun there. I aim to motivate the Challenge further by examining Marquis' argument on his own terms and responding to objections about whom death deprives, whether we should focus on the action of killing or the result of death, and how harms suffered before existence compare to harms suffered after death. Finally, I suggest that perhaps the solution to the ethics of killing lies in considering another account of harm entirely-one that does not rely on deprivation.
Semantic and syntactic demarcations of Classical Greek object cases: An object(ive) study

In Classical Greek, many verbs take direct objects marked with genitive (GEN) or dative (DAT), rather than accusative (ACC) case. Traditional grammars (Smyth 1956, Boas et al. 2019) fail to offer principled descriptions or accounts of the distribution of ACC, GEN, DAT object case for transitive verbs. This paper analyzes a corpus involving case-assigning transitive verbs, and examines Luraghi’s 2010 Transitivity Hierarchy in this context. We find that, while her ranking of verbs’ transitivity is correct, the features used to determine the hierarchy are not. Our study demonstrates a highly significant correlation between a verb’s level of transitivity (as indicated by the case marking on its object) and the Proto-role Properties of Change of State and subject Volitionality (Dowty 1991).
Teacher emotion regulation strategies in response to classroom misbehavior

This research examined how teachers regulate their emotions in the context of student misbehaviour and what the affective consequence of this regulation is for teachers. In Study 1 we descriptively...
Unveiling Charles II, the last King of the Habsburg Spanish Empire, in a portrait by Juan Carreño de Miranda (1685).

Charles II (1661–1700) was the last King of the Habsburg dynasty. He was physically and mentally disabled and died at just 39 years old. Here, the authors attempt to investigate the correlations between his signs and symptoms and the physical appearance on the painting. Charles II has been portraited by Juan Carreno de Miranda in a painting that may provide precious information about his premature death. It has been suggested that inbreeding beside other endocrinological disorders were of the major causes responsible for illness and ultimately his death. Possible endocrinological diseases have been hypothesized.
Interleukin-4 improves white matter integrity and functional recovery after murine traumatic brain injury via oligodendroglial PPARγ.

Long-term neurological recovery after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is strongly linked to the repair and functional restoration of injured white matter. Emerging evidence suggests that the an...
Does the "surprisingly popular" method yield accurate crowdsourced predictions?

The “surprisingly popular” method (SP) of aggregating individual judgments has shown promise in overcoming a weakness of other crowdsourcing methods—situations in which the majority is incorrect. This method relies on participants’ estimates of other participants’ judgments; when an option is chosen more often than the average metacognitive judgments of that option, it is “surprisingly popular” and is selected by the method. Although SP has been shown to improve group decision making about factual propositions (e.g., state capitals), its application to future outcomes has been limited. In three preregistered studies, we compared SP to other methods of aggregating individual predictions about future events. Study 1 examined predictions of football games, Study 2 examined predictions of the 2018 US midterm elections, and Study 3 examined predictions of basketball games. When applied to judgments made by objectively assessed experts, SP performed slightly better than other aggregation methods. Although there is still more to learn about the conditions under which SP is effective, it shows promise as a means of crowdsourcing predictions of future outcomes.
The Federalist Constitution as a Project in International Law

When early Americans talked governance, they used the language of the law of nations. Claiming membership in a world of self-denominated “civilized nations,” the revolutionaries had little choice. The law of nations was the lingua franca of diplomacy. Yet in the eighteenth-century it was much more, also offering resources for envisioning how to govern a nation internally. The law of nations included principles, doctrines, dispute resolution institutions, and compendia of “best practices” circulating through Enlightenment Europe. It was also characterized by a reflective, sociable style of reasoning, in which nations were supposed to make decisions by imagining how other nations would judge them. In sum, the law of nations was a language for working through the process of building a state that was supposed, in concert with others, to contribute to “civilization.” Three dimensions of the early modern law of nations made it especially useful to American state builders. First was its strictly international dimension, similar to what is now called public international law. A second dimension contained a host of historical examples of domestic governmental institutions and policies, as well as an ongoing transnational conversation about what it meant to be a civilized nation. As a precursor to comparative constitutional law, this dimension offered the founding generation guidance as it sought to build and navigate the complex federal structure of its government. Finally, a third, transnational dimension contained natural law principles and common usages that were supposed to help coordinate cross-border relations among states and their citizens. Commercial and maritime law were exemplary. Though today classified as “private law,” in the eighteenth century these bodies of doctrine too were branches of the general law of “civilized” states. Recovering this three-stranded language of governance sheds light on the origins and early history of the U.S. Constitution. Most generally, it reveals the pervasiveness of the law of nations within early American constitution-making and governance. The intense resort to the law of nations also illuminates the connection between the domestic and the foreign, constitution-making and diplomacy, commerce and international civilization. Like many legal languages, the law of nations was made to be used and could be remade along the way, making it especially suitable to guide the founding generation’s attempt to govern the ungovernable. Because legal understandings of the founding generation continue to influence constitutional construction more than two centuries later—and not only among originalists—recovering early Americans’ use of the law of nations facilitates a deeper understanding of their revolutionary project.
Effect of riluzole on weight in short-term and long-term survivors of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Riluzole is the first disease-modifying therapy for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) approved in 1995 by the Food and Drug Administration in the USA, and is now available worldwide. It delays ti...
Chemoresistance and Drug Profiling in ALL

Introduction Despite progress with immunotherapy and targeted agents, treatment of refractory disease remains challenging. The Identification of genomic lesions that underlie acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has thus far not resulted in a large impact on patient care. The complexity and diversity of identified lesions underscores a need to develop complementary functional approaches in order to provide treatment options for resistant ALL. We and others have established functional platforms using libraries of agents including currently used chemotherapeutic agents and agents in (pre-)clinical development. The idea is to detect ex vivo drug response phenotypes on leukemia samples at single-cell resolution by high-content image analysis. We have demonstrated that drug response profiling (DRP) identifies dependencies not predicted by genetic alterations, adding a functional information layer for direct clinical translation.
Separation architectures for lossy compression

High-performance Model-Code Separation (MCS) architectures for lossless compression are practically viable with graphical message-passing in the decoder. This paper extends separation architectures to lossy compression by constructing model-free but semantics-aware encoders and contributes a new inference-friendly low-density hashing quantizer (LDHQ) to support decoding.
Herman Beerman, M.D.: A Tribute

Writing a tribute to Herman Beerman may be likened to writing a tribute to the Society for Investigative Dermatology, because the two have been so intertwined over the years. The single most outstanding and influential figure in the Society, Herman Beerman had the capacity to fulfill this role because he is a rare human being, completely devoted to any cause he undertakes to support, with fine organizational ability and integrity, and possessed of an extensive medical and dermatologie knowledge.
Single versus multiple drug focus in substance abuse clinical trials research

Complex patterns of multiple substance use pose clinical and methodological challenges for substance abuse clinical trials research. To increase measurement precision and internal validity, the modal approach has been to target both treatment interventions and outcome assessment to a single class of abused substance. This strategy warrants reconsideration because it entails limitations in recruitment feasibility and generalization of study findings. This report reviews pros and cons of single versus multiple targeted drugs, suggests guidelines for choosing between these strategies and outlines methods for broadening the scope of substance abuse clinical trails to take abuse of multiple substances into account. We recommend that investigators consider moving away from a single drug focus in three ways. First, include systematic assessment of a wide range of psychoactive substance use throughout the trial and evaluate the impact of study treatments on use of all classes of drugs. Second, except where contraindicated, include patients who use and abuse multiple classes of substances even in trials evaluating treatment of a single targeted drug. Third, consider inclusion of polysubstance abusers or those who primarily abuse multiple classes of substances in the same clinical trial. Although many treatment efficacy questions can best be answered by single focus studies, we recommend that such designs be adopted only after less restrictive designs are first considered.
Expected Call Option Returns: A Reconciliation of Stock and Index Options and the Significance of Holding Period

Coval and Shumway (2001) show that under certain simple assumptions the expected returns to call options should be higher than the expected returns to their underlying assets, and increasing in the strike price. The authors find empirical support for these predictions by studying index option returns over the January 1990 to October 1995 period. Ni (2008), however, demonstrates that this does not hold empirically for stock options, where returns are relatively low and decreasing in the strike price. The author finds some evidence that a preference for idiosyncratic skewness in returns might explain this result. In this paper I show that the different results documented in these two papers are related to the differences in methods used to determine the "moneyness" of the options and the holding periods used to calculate the returns. Furthermore, when the bid-ask spread is included in the calculation of holding period returns a consistent pattern of low returns which are decreasing in the strike price emerges for both stock and index Calls.
β-Hydroxy and β-(o-diphosphino)benzoyloxy(o-diphosphino) benzamides as ligands for asymmetric allylic alkylation

Abstract Diphenylphosphinobenzoic acid was treated with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC), DMAP, and with either one of two equivalents of (1 R ,2 S )-norephedrine and (1 S ,2 S )-pseudonorephedrine. This process yielded a series of β-hydroxy and β-(diphosphino) benzoyloxy(diphosphino)benzamides that were employed in the Tsuji–Trost asymmetric allylic alkylation process. It was determined that the diastereomeric geometry of the norephedrine series was superior to that of the pseudonorephedrine-based ligands. In addition, it was determined that the norephedrine-based β-( o -diphosphino)benzoyloxy( o -diphosphino)benzamide afforded the best enantiomeric ratio (94:6) favoring the ( S )-enantiomer.
Carbohydrate composition of the honeydew of Coccus hesperidum L.: Evidence for the existence of two new oligosaccharides☆

Abstract The paper chromatography of the honeydew of Coccus hesperidum L. shows the presence of fructose, sucrose, gluco-sucrose, malto-sucrose, maltotrio-sucrose, and possibly maltotetro-sucrose. The structures of the new oligosaccharides are proposed as deduced from degradation studies, with a system of nomenclature.
Some high lights in the evolution of electrical-engineering education

THE CITATION that the Edison Medal committee has so graciously joined with my name couples engineering education with engineering practice. That never before has been done explicitly in an Edison Medal citation. Indeed the phrase “engineering education” never before has been used in such a citation. The use here seems to me significant of the present relation in the field of electrical engineering, where education and practice are now recognized as complementary parts of one whole; and it turns me to the theme of engineering education, to the exclusion (at this time) of directly discussing the science and art of electric-power practice which is the conjoined part of the citation.
Vascular thrombi and neuronal alterations in human botulism.

Pathological study in a case of human botulism showed the presence of minor nerve cell changes and extensive vascular thrombi. The latter occurred chiefly in the central nervous system but occurred in other organs as well. An attempt to put these findings into proper perspective and offer a rational explanation for their frequent occurrence in this syndrome is undertaken. It is suggested that the hemagglutination factor present in botulin may cause changes which play a definite role in the clinical symptomatology. It may account for some observations not explainable by present theories which have limited the action of botulin to the neuromuscular junction.
Anomalies in the Raman Spectrum of K2SeO4 and their relation to possible oxygen sublattice disorder

Abstract Raman spectra of the internal modes of K2SeO4 in the 300–450 cm−1 and 800–950 cm−1 ranges, contain the same nine lines for each of the four crystallographically-allowed irreducible representations of the Raman tensor and except for thermal broadening, remain essentially the same from 20 degK to above 400 degK. From symmetry, 6A1g, 6B1g, 3B2g and 3B3g lines are expected in the 135K<T<745K (paraelectric) phase (D2h 16 space group). In the T<93K (ferroelectric) phase, because of cell-tripling and loss of inversion symmetry, 108 internal modes are predieted (C2v 9 space group). The lattice modes in the 0–200 cm−1 range appear to satisfy the selection rule predictions. A qualitative model based on the existence of small, orientational disorder in the oxygen sublattice is outlined to account for these observations.
Calculation of diffraction patterns associated with electron irradiation induced amorphization of CuTi

A new approach that uses the multislice method in conjunction with molecular dynamics simulations to study electron irradiation induced amorphisation is presented. Diffraction patterns were calculated for CuTi and found to be more sensitive than the pair correlation function to the structural changes preceding amorphisation. The results from this approach and from a study of long range order are presented. 16 refs., 8 figs.
Somatostatin's ability to inhibit gastric acid is not prostaglandin-mediated mediated in the dog

Abstract The role of prostaglandins in the effect of somatostatin to inhibit cholinergically stimulated gastric acid output was examined in gastric fistula dogs. Methacholine stimulation of gastric acid output to a maximum of 810 ± 423 μeq of [H+] per 15 min was inhibited by 10 nM somatostatin to the same extent either in the presence and/or the absence of indomethacin. In contrast, histamine-induced acid secretion was stimulated weakly by 10 nM somatostatin. Our data do not support a role for prostaglandins in somatostatin's action to inhibit cholinergically stimulated acid secretion.
Synthesis of molybdenum complexes that contain hybrid triamidoamine ligands, [ (hexaisopropylterphenyl-NCH2CH2 )2NCH2CH2N -aryl ]3 - , and studies relevant to catalytic reduction of dinitrogen

In the Buchwald-Hartwig reaction between HIPTBr (HIPT = 3,5-(2,4,6-i-Pr3C6H2)2C6H3 = hexaisopropylterphenyl) and (H2NCH2CH2)3N, it is possible to obtain a 65% isolated yield of (HIPTNHCH2CH2)2NCH2CH2NH2. A second coupling then can be carried out to yield a variety of "hybrid" ligands, (HIPTNHCH2CH2)2NCH2CH2NHAr, where Ar = 3,5-Me2C6H3, 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3, 3,5-(MeO)2C6H3, 3,5-Me2NC5H3, 3,5-Ph2NC5H3, 2,4,6-i-Pr3C6H2, or 2,4,6-Me3C6H2. The hybrid ligands may be attached to Mo to yield [hybrid]MoCl species. From the monochloride species, a variety of other species such as [hybrid]MoN, {[hybrid]MoN2}Na, and {[hybrid]Mo(NH3)}+ can be prepared. [Hybrid]MoN2 species were prepared through oxidation of {[hybrid]MoN2}Na species with ZnCl2, but they could not be isolated. [Hybrid]Mo=N-NH species could be observed as a consequence of the protonation of {[hybrid]MoN2}- species, but they too could not be isolated as a consequence of a facile decomposition to yield dihydrogen and [hybrid]MoN2 species. Attempts to reduce dinitrogen catalytically led to little or no ammonia being formed from dinitrogen. The fact that no ammonia was formed from dinitrogen in the case of Ar = 3,5-Me2C6H3, 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3, or 3,5-(MeO)2C6H3 could be attributed to a rapid decomposition of intermediate [hybrid]Mo=N-NH species in the catalytic reaction, a decomposition that was shown in separate studies to be accelerated dramatically by 2,6-lutidine, the conjugate base of the acid employed in the attempted catalytic reduction. X-ray structures of [(HIPTNHCH2CH2)2NCH2CH2N{3,5-(CF3)2C6H3}]MoCl and [(HIPTNHCH2CH2)2NCH2CH2N(3,5-Me2C6H3)]MoN2}Na(THF)2 are reported.
Configurable and Extensible System for Experimenting With Design Optimization

This paper outlines the need and describes the design of a modular software library and configurable and extensible framework built to support research into developing design automation techniques and methods for use during the early stages of design. Simple examples are provided to illustrate the extensibility and configurability of the complete system and a brief comparison of features is made with other existing systems. Lastly, a few preliminary results are provided to demonstrate the early potential of the system.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
The use of tween 20 as a blocking agent in the immunological detection of proteins transferred to nitrocellulose membranes

The determination of the immunoreactivity of protein antigens in complex mixtures has been greatly facilitated by combining their separation via sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) with electrophoretic transfer to nitrocellulose membrane (NCM), and probing of bound proteins with specific antisera. Methods using various buffers and blocking agents have been published, but no studies have been published which compare these methods with each other or with others of potential merit. We have performed such a comparative study using protein antigens from Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In addition, we describe a method that blocks unoccupied protein binding sites on NCM with the nonionic detergent Tween 20, rather than proteins. This system proved to be equivalent or superior to other methods evaluated in the detection of immunoreactive proteins, and permitted staining of the NCM for protein after immunological probing. Such staining allowed precise identification of immunoreactive proteins. In addition, individual stained proteins could be excised and assessed for bound antibody in an indirect radioimmunoassay.
Regression and reparation in religious experience and creativity

The purpose of this article is to examine regressive processes that take place in religious experience, and, by comparing its stages to similar stages in creativity, demonstrate how the experience can be reparative rather than pathological.
Identification and characterization of a novel multipotent sub-population of Sca-1⁺ cardiac progenitor cells for myocardial regeneration.

Methods and Results The cardiac stem/progenitor cells from adult mice were seeded at low density in serum-free medium. The colonies thus obtained were expanded separately and assessed for expression of stem cell antigen-1 (Sca-1). Two colonies each with high Sca-1 (CSH1; 95.9%; CSH2; 90.6%) and low Sca-1 (CSL1; 37.1%; CSL2; 17.4%) expressing cells were selected for further studies. Sca-1+ cells (98.4%) isolated using Magnetic Cell Sorting System (MACS) from the hearts were used as a control. Although the selected populations were similar in surface marker expression (low in c-kit, CD45, CD34, CD31 and high in CD29), these cells exhibited diverse differentiation potential. Unlike CSH1, CSH2 expressed Nanog, TERT, Bcrp1, Nestin, Musashi1 and Isl-1, and also showed differentiation into osteogenic, chondrogenic, smooth muscle, endothelial and cardiac lineages. MACS sorted cells exhibited similar tendency albeit with relatively weaker differentiation potential. Transplantation of CSH2 cells into infarcted heart showed attenuated infarction size, significantly preserved left ventricular function and anterior wall thickness, and increased capillary density. We also observed direct differentiation of transplanted cells into endothelium and cardiomyocytes. Conclusions The cardiac stem/progenitor cells isolated by a combined clonal selection and surface marker approach possessed multiple stem cell features important for cardiac regeneration.
Characterization of the aqueous iron(III) chelation chemistry of a potential Trojan Horse antimicrobial agent: chelate structure, stability and pH dependent speciation

The aqueous solution equilibria of a β-lactam antimicrobial agent containing a 3-hydroxy, 4-pyridinone group (L PF) binding to Fe(III) in aqueous solution has been characterized through spectrophotometric and potentiometric titrations. The metal-free ligand has four observable protonation constants, pKa1 = 2.6, pKa2 = 3.43, pKa3 = 6.43, and pKa4 = 9.62. L PF forms a 3:1 ligand:Fe(III) complex in aqueous solution through coordinate-covalent bond formation exclusively involving the bidentate hydroxypyridinone moiety. This 3:1 L PF:Fe complex was found to have a stability constant of log β130 = 33.46. A speciation diagram for the L PF system demonstrates that in the region of physiological pH the tris-(L PF)Fe(III) complex, Fe(LPF) 3 6− , predominates. This complex exhibits two irreversible reduction waves in solution at −30 mV versus NHE, corresponding to a ligand-based reduction, and at −385 mV versus NHE, corresponding to an irreversible Fe3+/Fe2+ reduction of the Fe(LPF) 3 6− complex.
Structural brain abnormalities in adult males with clefts of the lip and/or palate.

Purpose: To evaluate brain morphology of adult males with nonsyndromic clefts of the lip and/or palate (NSCLP) in comparison to a matched healthy control group. Methods: Brain structure was measured using quantitative analysis of magnetic resonance images. Results: Subjects with NSCLP had significant abnormalities in brain morphology consisting of abnormally enlarged anterior regions of the cerebrum, and decreased volumes of the posterior cerebrum and cerebellum. Overall, the most severely affected region was the left temporal lobe. Furthermore, these structural abnormalities were directly related to cognitive dysfunction. Conclusions: These findings highlight the important relationship and interplay between face and brain development.
High Level Expression and Dimer Characterization of the S100 EF-hand Proteins, Migration Inhibitory Factor-related Proteins 8 and 14

The phenotypical and functional heterogeneity of different macrophage subpopulations are defined by discrete changes in the expression of two S100 calcium-binding proteins, migration inhibitory factor-related proteins (MRPs) 8 and 14. To further our understanding of MRP8 and MRP14 in the developmental stages of inflammatory responses, overexpression of the MRPs was obtained through a combination of a T7-based expression vector and the Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cell line. An efficient, two-step chromatographic protocol was then developed for rapid, facile purification. Extensive biophysical characterization and chemical cross-linking experiments show that MRP8 and MRP14 form oligomers with a strong preference to associate as a heterodimer. Heteronuclear NMR experiments indicate that a specific well packed dimer is formed only in equimolar mixtures of the two proteins. Our results suggest that there is a unique complementarity in the interface of the MRP8/MRP14 complex that cannot be fully reproduced in the MRP8 and MRP14 homodimers.
Model for Cyclic Sedimentation in the Appalachian Pennsylvanian: ABSTRACT

The basic elements of an idealized or model cyclic deposit in the Pennsylvanian strata of the Appalachian region are the commonly occurring rock types--siltstone, shale, sandstone, coal and associated "seat rock," ironstone, and limestone. These rocks can be considered as members of genetic classes which reflect dominance of either "physical" or "chemical" depositional processes. Siltstone, shale, and sandstone are mainly the product of physical deposition of solid particles from suspension, whereas coal, "seat rocks," ironstone, and limestone wholly or in part originate from biochemical or physical-chemical processes. Pennsylvanian sequences consist of alternating layers of these "physical" and "chemical" deposits of varying thicknesses and such alternations comprise, pe haps, the only completely unequivocal manifestation of cyclic sedimentation. Specific differentiation of lithologic types beyond this simple "physical"-"chemical" dichotomy leads to increasing complexity in describing the cyclic deposits. Stratigraphic sections commonly show "chemical" units which may include only one or all three of the common chemical rocks. Likewise, physical units may include one or more rock types and the sequence of these rock types differs from cycle to cycle. Detailed studies at lateral variation of completely exposed small cyclic deposits and of larger cycles with a small rate of lateral variability suggest the generalized model shown diagrammatically. This diagram, shown End_Page 356------------------------------ with "chemical" rocks as limiting members, represents a cross section of a Pennsylvanian cycle extending from seaward to landward (left to right) extremities. Examples show that this simple model is modified by local as well as regional conditions. End_of_Article - Last_Page 357------------
Calculated and Measured Efficiency of a Man-Portable 3He Neutron Detector

We have constructed a small man-portable neutron detector using 18 3He proportional counters arranged in three layers within a polyethylene moderator. Each counter is 25 mm in diameter by 340 mm long (sensitive length) and is filled with highly-purified 3He to a pressure of 400 kPa (4 atm). Efficiency measurements were made using a 252Cf neutron source. Detailed calculations of the detector efficiency were done using the TART Monte Carlo transport code. Calculations and measurements were compared for several source/detector configurations.
Health Care Experiences and Perceived Financial Impact Among Families of Children With an Autism Spectrum Disorder

ObjectiveThe authors compared the health care experiences of families raising a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), an intellectual disability disorder (IDD), or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).MethodsChildren with a current diagnosis of ASD (N=3,005), ADHD (N=9,662), or IDD (N=949) were identified in the 2009–2010 National Survey of Children With Special Health Care Needs. Weighted structural equation modeling was used to determine the association between family satisfaction with medical care, timeliness of care, and medical insurance coverage and the impact of the child’s condition on the family’s financial situation.ResultsFamilies of children diagnosed as having ASD comorbid with either ADHD or IDD or comorbid with both conditions reported the highest levels of dissatisfaction across all health care quality variables and experienced the greatest impact on the family’s financial situation.ConclusionsThe findings underscore the need for comprehensive and accessible health care ser...
A comparison of basis functions for the pseudo-spectral method for a model reaction-diffusion problem

Abstract Different types of basis functions are considered for the pseudospectral method applied to the equation u t =Δu+ƒ(u) in 1- and 2-space dimensions. For large N, where N is the number of basis functions, the choice of Cheybyshev polynomials gives much greater accuracy than the eigenfunctions of the Laplacian Δ. However for small N (≲ 7), the eigenfunction expansion can be more accurate even with weakly nonperiodic boundary conditions.
Insect herbivores of water stargrass (Heteranthera dubia) in the US

We examined insect herbivores associated with Heteranthera dubia from surveys conducted from 2006 to 2009. Plants were collected, invertebrates were removed, and signs of feeding damage were noted. Herbivores were quantified, and geographic regions were compared based on herbivore density, taxa richness, evenness, and diversity. The greatest density of herbivores occurred at Parker Pond, Washington, which was largely influenced by an abundance of aphids (Rhopalosiphum spp.). Density, richness, and evenness were not significantly different among regions. At least 23 potential insect herbivores were recorded from 15 sites in Texas, Washington, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Vermont, and New York. Of these, five taxa were collected from the order Lepidoptera, one from Coleoptera, six from Diptera, and at least 11 from Trichoptera. The majority of the herbivores were generalists; several had unknown diets. Damage observed to H. dubia included extensive tunneling in the stems of the plant and, in some cases, substantia...
Pressure broadening of hydrogen sulfide

Abstract Microwave measurements of the self-broadening parameters of four pure rotational transitions of H 2 S have been carried out in the millimeter and submillimeter wavelength region. The resulting parameters are (in MHz torr -1 ): 1 1.0 −1 0.1 , 7.18±0.5; 2 2.0 −2 1.1 , 6.78±0.5; 2 1.1 −2 0.2 , 9.10±0.5; 3 3.0 −3 2.1 , 7.76 ±0.5. In addition. Anderson theory calculations have been carried out for these transitions and are found to be in good agreement.
A variant of Ben-Or's lower bound for algebraic decision trees

Abstract Ben-Or's lower bound on the height of a fixed-degree algebraic decision tree to decide membership of a set is based on the number of connected components in the set. A similar bound holds based on the sometimes-much-larger number of connected components in the interior of the set.
Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Syntactic Processing in Sentence Comprehension: A Critical Selective Review

This article critically reviews recent papers that use functional neuroimaging to localize syntactic representations, Universal Grammar, parsing operations, and the working memory system that supports parsing. It is concluded that greater control over experimental conditions is needed for studies to provide convincing evidence about the neural basis for these cognitive functions.
Master Plans, a New Approach for Contingency Planning in the Colombian Oil Industryi

ABSTRACT Up to a few years ago, contingency planning in the Colombian oil industry treated contingency plans for oil spills, fires and explosions as independent contingency plans. Strategies, operational procedures and equipment were selected for each type of emergency response. This condition reduced overall performance for different types of emergencies and restricted an emergency brigade's responsibility and commitment when facing an emergency. The members of a fire brigade, for example, did not have enough experience to control an oil spill and simply felt that they were not responsible for such work. In 1989, new legislation in Colombia established an approach for emergency response in which local, regional and national committees were created at municipal, departmental and national levels. These committees were responsible for emergency response coordination that depended on the emergency type and size, and on the resources involved. It soon became evident that individual contingency plans should be...
Aversive CSs suppress lever pressing for food but not the eating of free food

Abstract Forty rats received CER acquisition, half “on the baseline” (response lever present), half “off the baseline.” During initial CER extinction, Ss received: (a) normal CER extinction (lever available), (b) free food during CSs only (no lever), (c) free food during non-CSs only (no lever), or (d) free food during both CS and non-CS periods (no lever). While normal extinction Ss were highly suppressed in the presence of the CS, all free food groups readily ate but did not differ in eating latencies. On subsequent CER extinction trials on the baseline, those Ss which received free food during the CSs were no less suppressed than other Ss. These data offer no support for Estes' (1969) reciprocal inhibition explanation of CER and punishment, nor do they support a fear interpretation of CER.
Molecular imaging of prostate cancer with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET

Prostate cancer poses a major public health problem, particularly in the US and Europe, where it constitutes the most common type of malignancy among men, excluding nonmelanoma skin cancers. The disease is characterized by a wide spectrum of biological and clinical phenotypes, and its evaluation by imaging remains a challenge in view of this heterogeneity. Imaging in prostate cancer can be used in the initial diagnosis of the primary tumor, to determine the occurrence and extent of any extracapsular spread, for guidance in delivery and evaluation of local therapy in organ-confined disease, in locoregional lymph node staging, to detect locally recurrent and metastatic disease in biochemical relapse, to predict and assess tumor response to systemic therapy or salvage therapy, and in disease prognostication (in terms of the length of time taken for castrate-sensitive disease to become refractory to hormones and overall patient survival). Evidence from animal-based translational and human-based clinical studies points to a potential and emerging role for PET, using F-fluorodeoxyglucose as a radiotracer, in the imaging evaluation of prostate cancer.
The Administrator Induction Program: Building on Experience

While teacher induction programs have received a good bit of attention in the literature, little attention has been paid to the equally important task of supporting new administrators. That's the opinion of these writers, who describe the adminis trator induction model they have developed.
Catalysis: from single crystals to the ``real world''

Abstract The “pressure and material gaps” separating UHV and technical catalytic investigations have been bridged in recent years by combining in a single apparatus the ability to measure kinetics at elevated pressures on single-crystal catalysts with the capabilities to carry out surface analytical measurements. In these high-pressure/surface analytical studies a well-defined, single-crystal plane is used to model a site or set of sites expected to exist on practical high-surface-area catalysts. This “surface science” approach has been used to study structure sensitivity, the effects of promoters/inhibitors on catalytic activity, and mixed-metal catalysis. In this article, some of the progress made during the last twenty years to integrate modern surface science into fundamental catalytic research will be reviewed, including recent efforts to simulate oxide-supported metal systems using thin oxide films.
Potato leaf roll virus transmission as affected by plant locality

Counts in 15 representative seed potato fields in eastern Idaho showed numbers of the green peach aphid,Myzus persicae (Sulzer), to be highest on field margins. Numbers in the centers of the fields averaged less than one-fourth as high. The pattern of leaf roll virus spread showed a close correlation to these aphid distributions.
Lysyl oxidase oxidizes basic fibroblast growth factor and inactivates its mitogenic potential.

Lysyl oxidase (LO) plays a central role in the crosslinking of collagen and elastin in the extracellular matrix. Here we demonstrate that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), a polypeptide which regulates proliferation, differentiation, and migration of a variety of cell types, is a substrate of LO. The oxidation of lysine residues in bFGF by LO resulted in the covalent crosslinking of bFGF monomers to form dimers and higher order oligomers and dramatically altered its biological properties. Both the mitogenic potential and the nuclear localization of bFGF were markedly inhibited in the Swiss 3T3 cells upon its oxidation by LO. NIH 3T3 IgBNM 6-1 cells (6-1 cells) overexpress bFGF which participates in an autocrine mechanism accounting for the transformation of these cells into a tumorigenic state. Exposure of the 6-1 cells to nanomolar concentrations of LO in culture oxidized lysine and generated crosslinkages in bFGF within the cell and markedly reduced proliferative rates. The lack of LO expression has been correlated with hyperproliferative cell growth, while this enzyme has been identified as a suppressor of ras-induced tumorigenesis. The present results illustrate a mechanism by which LO can depress normal and transformed cell growth.
Evaluation of glutamic acid and glycine as sources of nonessential amino acids for lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii).

Abstract 1. 1. A semi-purified test diet which contained either glutamic acid or glycine as the major source of nonessential amino acids (NEAA) was fed to lake and rainbow trout. 2. 2. Trout fed the diet containing glutamic acid consistently showed better growth and feed conversion efficiencies than those fed the diets containing glycine. 3. 3. The data indicate that these trout utilize glutamic acid more efficiently than glycine when no other major sources of NEAA are present.
Metabolic parameter, bleeding, and weight changes in U.S. women using progestin only contraceptives

Our objective was to determine the effect of progestin-only contraceptives on metabolic parameters, bleeding patterns, and weight changes during the first year of use. Seventy-one women (> 95% Caucasian), who were advised regarding contraception alternatives, self-selected levonorgestrel implants (n = 44), depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate (n = 22), or oral norethindrone (n = 5). One year later, 11 levonorgestrel implant and five depomedroxyprogesterone acetate patients were randomly selected to compare (pre- and post-progestin use) levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), apolipoproteins A-1 and B-100, bilirubin, and sex hormone binding globulin. Monthly bleeding and spotting records were kept in each group. Body weights were also monitored in each group. No statistically significant differences in metabolic parameters were found between pre- and post-progestin use in the levonorgestrel implant and depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate groups. Continued bleeding patterns were more prominent in the levonorgestrel implant and oral norethindrone groups than in patients receiving depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate. No significant weight gain was detected in any group. No changes in metabolic parameters or weight were noted over the one year of use of levonorgestrel implants or depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate. Depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate had the highest incidence of amenorrhea.
Observations of the 5-day planetary wave in PMC measurements from the Student Nitric Oxide Explorer Satellite

[1] The Student Nitric Oxide Explorer (SNOE) satellite has been observing Polar Mesospheric Clouds (PMCs) since 1998 and has successfully measured seven PMC seasons. In the summer seasons, the Ultraviolet Spectrometer (UVS) limb measurements include detections of PMCs between 80 – 90 km. SNOE observations of PMCs have a significant advantage over other PMC measurements in that it can observe them globally each day. Because SNOE orbits the earth 15 times a day, daily global images of PMC brightness may be produced. Variations in the PMC brightness with a 5-day period are observed from the measurements. The 5-day wave is observed in both the northern and southern hemisphere polar summers at high latitudes. This is the first direct global scale wave analysis performed on PMC measurements and indicates the effects of dynamics on PMC formation.
Research Issues in High-Stakes Communicative Language Testing: Reflections on TOEFL's New Directions

0 The TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) is a high-stakes language test intended to measure proficiency in English in an academic setting. A new TOEFL will become operational in the fall of 2005. In developing this new TOEFL, we decided to modify the test in three important ways (Jamieson, Jones, Kirsch, Mosenthal, & Taylor, 2000). One is to include more constructed-response or performance tasks (including speaking) that require the integration of more than one language skill (e.g., writing or speaking in response to listening and reading materials). A second is to develop test materials that more closely reflect the types of discourse that occur in academic settings. And a third is to provide information that will help test users better understand the meaning of test scores. Educational Testing Service carried out an extensive program of research to achieve these goals and to make sure that a new test would meet professional standards (American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, & National Council on Measurement in Education, 1999). But as is often the case in doing research, addressing one question makes us aware of other unanswered questions. This discussion focuses both on the research Educational Testing Service carried out to support TOEFL's new directions and other issues yet to be explored.
Sequence and characterization of three genes within the hydrogenase gene cluster of Bradyrhizobium japonicum

A 2.0-kb DNA fragment downstream from the hydrogenase-encoding structural genes within the hydrogenase gene cluster of Bradyrhizobium japonicum was sequenced. Analysis of the nucleotide (nt) sequence revealed three open reading frames (ORFs), designated hupC, hupD and hupF, which encode polypeptides of 28, 21 and 10.7 kDa, respectively. Based on analysis of the nt sequence and physiological studies, hupSL (hydrogenase structural genes) and hupCDF are organized as a single transcriptional unit. Plasmid pRY12 carrying hupSL genes did not complement (restore) hydrogenase activity of the hupSL deletion mutant strain (JHCS2), whereas the activity of the mutant was considerably restored by pLD22 harboring the entire hydrogenase operon (hupSLCDF genes). Western blots revealed a very low level of hydrogenase protein in JHCS2 containing pRY12. The results suggest that the products of the hupCDF genes may be involved in either stabilizing the hydrogenase peptides (i.e., from degradation) or in post-translational regulation of hydrogenase production. The products of hupC and hupD were successfully expressed in Escherichia coli by a phage T7 promoter system, although the apparent sizes of the gene products were slightly larger than those calculated from the deduced amino-acid sequences.
Characterization of a covalently linked complex involving ferredoxin and ferredoxin: NADP reductase.

Ferredoxin and the flavoprotein, ferredoxin: NADP reductase, have been covalently linked by incubation in the presence of a water soluble carbodiimide. The cross-linking reaction yields an adduct having a 1:1 stoichiometry. The adduct has depressed levels of diaphorase and NADPH oxidase activity and is inactive in reduction of cytochrome c using NADPH as an electron donor. Thus, although similar to an adduct described by Zanetti and coworkers [J Biol Chem 259: 6153–6157 (1984)] in its stoichiometry, the adduct described herein has significantly different enzymatic properties. It is suggested that this may be a reflection of differences in the interaction between the two proteins resulting from differences in experimental conditions in which the two adducts were prepared.
Rhetorical robots: making robots more effective speakers using linguistic cues of expertise

Robots hold great promise as informational assistants such as museum guides, information booth attendants, concierges, shopkeepers, and more. In such positions, people will expect them to be experts on their area of specialty. Not only will robots need to be experts, but they will also need to communicate their expertise effectively in order to raise trust and compliance with the information that they provide. This paper draws upon literature in psychology and linguistics to examine cues in speech that would help robots not only to provide expert knowledge, but also to deliver this knowledge effectively. To test the effectiveness of these cues, we conducted an experiment in which participants created a plan to tour a fictional city based on suggestions by two robots. We manipulated the landmark descriptions along two dimensions of expertise: practical knowledge and rhetorical ability. We then measured which locations the participants chose to include in the tour based on their descriptions. Our results showed that participants were strongly influenced by both practical knowledge and rhetorical ability; they included more landmarks described using expert linguistic cues than those described using simple facts. Even when the overall level of practical knowledge was high, an increase in rhetorical ability resulted in significant improvements. These results have implications for the development of effective dialogue strategies for informational robots.
Fractional exponential decay in the capture of ligands by randomly distributed traps

Abstract In many biophysical and biochemical experiments one observes the decay of some ligand population due to their capture by an appropriate system of traps. These experiments are usually interpreted under the assumption that the total number of free ligands decays as N(t) ≅ N 0 exp( -t τ ) for long times. It is pointed out that this result only holds when the traps are regularly spaced. We then analyze the case in which the traps are in fixed but random positions and show that the long-time decay of the ligand distribution is of the fractional exponential form N(t) ≅ N 0 exp{-( t τ ) 3 5 } for a three-dimensional system. We briefly discuss the consequences of this new point of view for the interpretation of the experiments.