cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Molecular Behavior on Thermoresponsive Polymer Brushes

The surface dynamics of individual surfactant and polymer molecules on thermally responsive polymer brushes (poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), PNIPAAM) were studied using high throughput single molecule tracking microscopy. The probe molecules universally exhibited intermittent hopping motion, in which the diffusion switched between mobility and confinement with a broad distribution of waiting times; this was analyzed in the context of a continuous time random walk (CTRW) model described using “waiting time” and “flight length” distributions. We found that the surface mobility, which was affected by waiting times and flight lengths, of both probe molecules increased abruptly with temperature above the 32 °C lower critical solution temperature (LCST) transition of the PNIPAAM brush. In particular, above the LCST, where the polymer brush collapsed into a more hydrophobic dense polymer film, the effective diffusion coefficients and mobile fraction of probe molecule increased, suggesting that mobility was inhibite...
Massively parallel algorithms for computing TIN DEMs and contour trees for large terrains

We propose parallel algorithms in the massively parallel communication (MPC) model (e.g. MapReduce) for processing large terrain elevation data (represented as a 3D point cloud) that are too big to fit on one machine. In particular, given a set S of 3D points that is distributed across multiple machines, we present a simple randomized algorithm to construct a TIN DEM of S by computing the Delaunay triangulation of the xy-projections of points in S, which is also stored across multiple machines. With high probability, the algorithm works in O(1) rounds and the total work performed is O(n log n). Next, we describe an efficient algorithm in the MPC model for computing the contour tree of the resulting DEM. Under some assumptions on the input, the algorithm works in O(1) rounds and the total work performed is O(n log n).
The Trouble With Reader-response Theory in Reading Multicultural Literature: A Critique of Dana Fox’s and Kathy Short's Stories Matter

This book review of Kathy Short’s and Dana Fox’s collection of essays on multicultural literature ( Stories Matter , 2003) offers a summary of the views expressed and finds that authors in the debate over what counts as multicultural literature take up either a reader-response approach or cultural studies approach to reading literature. Edited by two of the major figures on multicultural literature in education today, Stories Matter raises a number of important disagreements and confusions over definitions of multicultural children’s literature that continue to be debated over today. The book review offers a useful summary and provides a framework for making sense of the many voices in this debate.
A Case of Sevoflurane Use during Pregnancy in the Management of Persistent Status Asthmaticus.

Background. Sevoflurane is rarely used for the treatment of status asthmaticus. We report a case of sevoflurane hepatotoxicity in pregnancy with presentation similar to HELLP syndrome. Case. A G2P1001 at 23 weeks in status asthmaticus presented with pCO2 > 130 and pH < 7. She was nonresponsive to traditional therapy. Sevoflurane was added for a 24 hr period. Respiratory status improved. Extubation occurred on day 12. Workup for preeclampsia spectrum disorders occurred due to maternal hypertension. Given the atypical presentation and hepatotoxicity, a liver biopsy was performed. Histologic features suggested drug induced hepatic injury. Liver function subsequently normalized. She delivered a term neonate without short-term complications. Conclusion. The use of sevoflurane is a treatment option of status asthmaticus during pregnancy. Providers should be aware of the potential for hepatotoxicity.
Charming Lives: Human and Animal Figurines in the Late Epipaleolithic and Early Neolithic Periods in the Greater Levant and~Eastern Anatolia

Coincident with the processes that led to the development of agriculture and animal domestication, human and animal representations in clay, stone, and plaster were important constituents of the archaeological record across much of the eastern Mediterranean region. The bulk of the evidence comes from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) period, but there are also important findings from PPNA and the Late Epipaleolithic sites that suggest an increasingly growing concern for the livelihood of expanding human populations in local environments that were becoming more and more influenced by human activities. Nevertheless, significant differences appear in the relative frequencies of animal and human figurines from various parts of the region. For animals there are clear reflections of local faunas, although the iconography is not correlated with the importance of species in their contributions to local diets. As for human depictions, pregnant females indicate the importance of providing future generations, but not all females are portrayed in this condition. Furthermore, where sex can be determined, the proportion of males and females ranges over a considerable span. This study provides a synthesis of research and attempts to explain the variability of these circumstances.
Retraction: Potential applications of functional porous organic polymer materials

Retraction of ‘Potential applications of functional porous organic polymer materials’ by Weijie Zhang et al., J. Mater. Chem. A, 2017, 5, 8795–8824.
P213 Creation of a platelet transfusion refractoriness web app for use at the point-of-care

Aim Platelet transfusions are a cornerstone of therapy for patients who develop thrombocytopenia while undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Many of these patients demonstrate anti-HLA alloantibody mediated platelet transfusion refractoriness (PTR) and require HLA-matched platelets. The calculated panel reactive antibody (cPRA) is a useful tool for identifying patients at risk for PTR, but it requires manual intervention to calculate and so it is only calculated when requested. However, routine use of cPRA before every HSCT, using the existing pre-HSCT alloantibody results, could identify PTR earlier and more efficiently manage its complex transfusion needs for improved patient care. To accomplish this goal, we created an electronic medical record (EMR) web app for use by clinicians, blood bank/donor center, and tissue typing lab to better identify and manage PTR patients. Methods An online cPRA web-service was created to electronically receive alloantibody data and return cPRA values for several different ethnicities. Additionally, to increase flexibility, the cPRA web-service calculation can be customized with user defined antigen frequencies and epitopes. To utilize the cPRA web-service, a PTR web app was created with connections to several clinical data sources including: Tissue Typing Lab, Blood Bank, Donor Center, and EMR. The PTR web app was embedded into the EMR so that it could be easily viewed while caring for patients undergoing HSCT. Platelet utilization and transfusion effectiveness were compared before and after implementation. Results The cPRA web-service allows for automated computer generated cPRAs, making it feasible to calculate up-to-date cPRAs for every HSCT patient. The web app displays platelet counts along with platelet transfusion events, platelet units in inventory, and has a section for the clinical care teams and lab staff to communicate. We plan on making the cPRA web-service publicly available for others to use and customize. Conclusions We built a customizable cPRA web-service and platelet transfusion visualization web app to provide better point-of-care access to real time cPRA values to enable PTR risk stratification of HSCT patients. The web app also summarizes all of the key clinical data to efficiently manage PRT and improve platelet usage.
Does appearance matter? Validating engagement in therapy protocols with socially interactive humanoid robots

Upper-body rehabilitation is a prime component of therapy sessions for individuals diagnosed with a neurological disorder. One of the most common causes of mobility impairments in children is Cerebral Palsy; it affects 3.1 of 1000 of those born in the US annually. Thus, the development of effective therapies is of significant interest, especially for this target population. Prior research has validated that early intervention enhances the individual's quality of life. A recent innovative approach to upper-body rehabilitation therapy is SuperPop VR™, a virtual reality serious game shown to increase motivation and performance in children during physical therapy sessions. Previously, a humanoid robotic playmate, the DARwIn-OP, was used to interact with users during game sessions as a socially interactive therapy coach. The goal of the study in this paper is to determine whether appearance matters — i.e. if a different robotic platform is utilized as a therapy coach, will there be a difference in user performance? The kinematic parameter of movement time is used in this analysis. We also analyzed user intrinsic motivation with and without the humanoid robot. The results show that no statistical difference was found in user performance across platforms, thus indicating that socially interaction versus appearance is the primary criteria for enhancing rehabilitation goals when integrating a robot with SuperPop VR.
A case for bringing undergraduate research into the classroom

Higher education curriculum for STEM fields and particularly engineering involves a lot of technical content. Educators mostly use traditional teaching/learning methods to deliver this content. Many, however, recently introduced more active and student-centered methods such as practical project-based learning, active learning tools, and flipped classrooms to achieve better learning of STEM content. However, research have not been adequately incorporated as a teaching tool in such curriculum, despite the numerous studies indicating its benefits in teaching and learning. In this paper, we discuss the benefits of incorporating research activities in the classroom to augment the teaching/learning process for the benefit of the students. The initial empirical results show increased interest from the students in the subject and higher involvement in classroom activities. An example in computer architecture is used to show this impact.
Towards a Physically Meaningful Definition of Computable Discontinuous and Multi-Valued Functions (Constraints)

In computable mathematics, there are known definitions of computable numbers, computable metric spaces, computable compact sets, and computable functions. A traditional definition of a computable function, however, covers only continuous functions. In many applications (e.g., in phase transitions), physical phenomena are described by discontinuous or multi-valued functions (a.k.a. constraints). In this paper, we provide a physics-motivated definition of computable discontinuous and multi-valued functions, and we analyze properties of this definition.
Gender gaps at the top: Does board composition affect executive compensation?:

Will adding women to the board of directors reduce firm gender pay disparities? Our research suggests ‘no’ … and ‘yes.’ It is not a matter of simply adding more women to the board or integrating wo...
Researching House and Senate Rules and Procedures

Abstract We are all familiar with the process of how a bill becomes a law in the U.S. Congress. Congress has created its own internal rules which govern how the legislative process is carried out. These rules of parliamentary procedure determine the day to day process within Congress, thereby making the management of 535 legislators possible. The purpose of this paper is to present a discussion of those rules and procedures within the context of difference between the House of Representatives and the Senate. These differences reveal how each chamber views its own rules, and how the characteristics of the chamber determines what kind of rules the chamber has and how those rules are followed. In addition this paper will describe where to locate these rules and procedures in full text, online and a discussion of the sources which contain these rules and procedures.
Acute kidney injury in patients undergoing endovascular therapy for critical limb ischemia

BACKGROUND Similar to coronary angiography and interventions, patients undergoing percutaneous treatment of lower extremity peripheral arterial disease are also at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI). The incidence, risk factors associations, need for dialysis and inhospital mortality related to AKI in patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI) following endovascular therapy is poorly defined. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to analyze data from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) to determine the aforementioned outcomes in patients with CLI. METHODS Using the full NIS admission dataset from 2003 through 2012, ICD-9 codes relevant to comorbid conditions, procedure codes, composite codes for AKI, and inhospital mortality were analyzed using multivariate models. RESULTS A total of 273,624 patients were included with a mean age of 70.0 ± 27.4 years, 46.0% were female, 57.2% had diabetes, 43.4% had coronary artery disease (CAD), and 29.2% had chronic kidney disease (CKD). The overall rate of AKI was 10.4%, and there was a temporal rise over the analysis period in AKI incidence (p < .001). Age, diabetes, CKD, and heart failure were all associated with AKI (p < .0001). The inhospital mortality rate in the patients with AKI declined over time but was higher than in patients without AKI (6.0% vs. 1.4%), p < .0001. The mortality rate was substantially higher in patients with AKI requiring dialysis as compared to AKI not requiring dialysis (13.4% vs. 5.6%), p < .0001. CONCLUSIONS AKI is associated with age, CKD, and heart failure. The incidence of AKI following endovascular therapy for CLI is rising and independently associated with inhospital mortality.
Static TypeScript: an implementation of a static compiler for the TypeScript language

While the programming of microcontroller-based embeddable devices typically is the realm of the C language, such devices are now finding their way into the classroom for CS education, even at the level of middle school. As a result, the use of scripting languages (such as JavaScript and Python) for microcontrollers is on the rise. We present Static TypeScript (STS), a subset of TypeScript (itself, a gradually typed superset of JavaScript), and its compiler/linker toolchain, which is implemented fully in TypeScript and runs in the web browser. STS is designed to be useful in practice (especially in education), while being amenable to static compilation targeting small devices. A user’s STS program is compiled to machine code in the browser and linked against a precompiled C++ runtime, producing an executable that is more efficient than the prevalent embedded interpreter approach, extending battery life and making it possible to run on devices with as little as 16 kB of RAM (such as the BBC micro:bit). This paper is primarily a description of the STS system and the technical challenges of implementing embedded programming platforms in the classroom.
The sequence identifier (SID): Nomenclature for mixed-DNA casework using MPS

Abstract STR nomenclature is an active topic of discussion in forensic genetics. Attractive features of a nomenclature to be used in routine casework might include a) compactness, b) easy to communicate verbally, and c) universal in the sense that all users will get the same label for the same sequence. When applied to mixed-DNA casework, a nomenclature must be capable of labeling artifacts as well as alleles. Artifacts in MPS are more diverse than artifacts in CE and include sequence types that arise from rare and unanticipated sequencing errors. The sequence identifier (SID) labeling method offers a practical solution to this challenge.
Patient-on-Staff Assaults: Perspectives of Mental Health Staff at an Acute Inpatient Psychiatric Teaching Hospital in the United States:

IntroductionPhysical assaults perpetrated by patients in psychiatric hospitals against mental health staff (MHS) is a serious concern facing psychiatric hospitals. Assaulted staff reports physical ...
Nicotine-induced adrenal beta-arrestin1 upregulation mediates tobacco-related hyperaldosteronism leading to cardiac dysfunction.

Background Tobacco-related products, containing the highly addictive nicotine together with numerous other harmful toxicants and carcinogens, have been clearly associated with coronary artery disease, heart failure, stroke, and other heart diseases. Among the mechanisms by which nicotine contributes to heart disease is elevation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activity. Nicotine, and its major metabolite in humans cotinine, have been reported to induce RAAS activation, resulting in aldosterone elevation in smokers. Aldosterone has various direct and indirect adverse cardiac effects. It is produced by the adrenal cortex in response to angiotensin II (AngII) activating AngII type 1 receptors. RAAS activity increases in chronic smokers, causing raised aldosterone levels (nicotine exposure causes the same in rats). AngII receptors exert their cellular effects via either G proteins or the two βarrestins (βarrestin1 and-2). Aim Since adrenal sarrestin1 is essential for adrenal aldosterone production and nicotine/cotinine elevate circulating aldosterone levels in humans, we hypothesized that nicotine activates adrenal sarrestin1, which contributes to RAAS activation and heart disease development. Methods We studied human adrenocortical zona glomerulosa H295R cells and found that nicotine and cotinine upregulate βarrestin1 mRNA and protein levels, thereby enhancing AngII-dependent aldosterone synthesis and secretion. Results In contrast, siRNA-mediated βarrestin1 knockdown reversed the effects of nicotine on AngII-induced aldosterone production in H295R cells. Importantly, nicotine promotes hyperaldosteronism via adrenal βarrestin1, thereby precipitating cardiac dysfunction, also in vivo, since nicotine-exposed experimental rats with adrenal-specific βarrestin1 knockdown display lower circulating aldosterone levels and better cardiac function than nicotine-exposed control animals with normal adrenal βarrestin1 expression. Conclusion Adrenal βarrestin1 upregulation is one of the mechanisms by which tobacco compounds, like nicotine, promote cardio-toxic hyperaldosteronism in vitro and in vivo. Thus, adrenal βarrestin1 represents a novel therapeutic target for tobacco-related heart disease prevention or mitigation.
Narrating the other: Self-other agreement of affective qualities and manifest events among personal life stories and the vicarious life stories provided by informants

Abstract Life stories are psychosocial constructions of one’s past, present, and future. Vicarious stories are mental representations of others’ life stories. Across two studies, we examined self-other agreement among features of participants’ personal and vicarious stories and whether agreement corresponded with relationship closeness. Agreement was quantified via the affective qualities and manifest events of key scenes. Targets’ personal and informants’ vicarious stories demonstrated agreement in tone, but not in redemption or contamination (Study 1). The manifest events within informants’ vicarious scenes corresponded with participants’ personal life stories 25% of the time, and this agreement increased with greater relationship closeness (Study 2). Our findings support the notion that an understanding of the important events in someone’s life may facilitate interpersonal closeness.
Introduction to the Special Issue: Highlighting AERA’s Online Teaching and Learning SIG 2020

Introduction to the Special Issue: Highlighting AERA’s Online Teaching and Learning SIG 2020
Southern Projections: Black Television Hosts, Madison Avenue, and Nationalizing the South in 1950s Primetime:

This article situates Nat King Cole’s NBC experience within those of Hazel Scott and Harry Belafonte, whose own programs bookended the first decade of television. While Scott was blacklisted and he...
The state of selling & sales management research: a review and future research agenda

Sales research has been an on-going endeavor for over 100 years. With countless papers on the various sales-centric topics that have been authored, there are still massive gaps in the literature th...
Stability Evaluation of Extemporaneously Compounded Vancomycin Ophthalmic Drops: Effect of Solvents and Storage Conditions

Vancomycin is the drug of choice for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus keratitis and other ocular infections. Vancomycin ophthalmic drops are not commercially available and require compounding. The present study was designed to investigate the stability of vancomycin ophthalmic drops in normal saline, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and balanced salt solution (BSS) while stored at room temperature or under refrigeration. Vancomycin ophthalmic drops (50 mg/mL) were aseptically prepared from commercially available intravenous powder using PBS, BSS, and saline. Solutions were stored at room temperature and in a refrigerator for 28 days. The vancomycin stability was tested by a microbiology assay and high-performance liquid chromatography HPLC analysis immediately after formulation and at days 7, 14, and 28 after storage at room temperature or under refrigeration. The pH, turbidity was also tested. Vancomycin formulations in PBS, BSS and normal saline had initial pH of 5; 5.5; 3 respectively. The formulation in PBS developed turbidity and a slight decrease in pH upon storage. Microbiological assay did not show any change in zone of inhibition with any of the formulation upon storage either at room temperature or under refrigeration. HPLC analysis did not detect any decrease in vancomycin concentration or the accumulation of degraded products in any of the formulations upon storage either at room temperature or under refrigeration. Vancomycin ophthalmic drops prepared using PBS, BSS, and normal saline were stable up to the tested time point of 28 days, irrespective of their storage temperature.
The role of family history of diabetes as a predictor of insulin activity in a sample of diverse, normal weight children

Abstract Aims This study aimed to examine the relationship between family history of type 2 diabetes and insulin activity in a diverse sample of normal weight children. Methods Measures of fasting insulin, insulin sensitivity and acute insulin response to glucose (AIRg) were obtained from a multiethnic sample of normal weight children ages 7-12 years (n=199). Multiple linear regression was used to determine the effect of family history of type 2 diabetes on the variables of interest. All models were adjusted by age, sex, pubertal status, ethnicity, waist circumference and total grams of carbs. Results Family history of type 2 diabetes was a significant predictor of fasting insulin (p=0.04). There were no significant differences in age, sex, ethnicity, BMI percentile, pubertal stage, or body composition between children with and without a family history of diabetes. Conclusions Family history of diabetes is a significant predictor of fasting insulin in a cross-sectional group of children who are normal weight. These results contribute to the further understanding of the relationship between family history and type 2 diabetes risk, which could be utilized to develop earlier detection of dysglycemia and unique disease prevention strategies for at-risk children.
The impact of flexibility and redundancy on improving supply chain resilience to disruptions

This paper examines the relative impact on supply chain responsiveness of adding flexibility and redundancy. We seek to investigate the effectiveness of flexibility and redundancy in terms of minim...
Association of cigarette and electronic nicotine delivery systems use with internalizing and externalizing problems among US adults: Findings from wave 3 (2015–2016) of the PATH study

Aims Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS) use is increasing among US adults. While existing research has demonstrated higher cigarette smoking rates among people with mental health conditions, there is sparse information on the association between ENDS use and mental health such as internalizing and externalizing problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate associations between internalizing and externalizing problems for cigarette only, ENDS only, and dual users, as well as changes in mental health among those groups. Method We used the U.S. Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study Wave 3 adult data. Internalizing and externalizing problems were self-reported and assessed via the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs-Short Screener; response options were dichotomized to reflect past 12 months and any lifetime problems. Self-reported changes in mental health over the past 12 months were also assessed. Participants’ tobacco use status was categorized as ENDS only use (n = 618), cigarette only use (n = 6,779), dual use (cigarettes and ENDS) (n = 681), and non-current use (n = 16,515). Results Lifetime and past 12 month internalizing problems were reported by 63.8% (n = 18,706) and 50.4% (n = 15,326), respectively, while lifetime and past 12 months externalizing problems were reported by 63.3% (n = 18,835) and 52.7% (n = 16,005), respectively. Six percent of participants reported worse mental health over the past 12 months. Compared to non-current use of any tobacco product, and adjusting for age, sex, race, education, and household income, those reporting ENDS use only had higher odds of ever (aOR = 1.52; 95%CI: 1.22–1.89) and past 12 months (aOR = 1.49; 95%CI: 1.22–1.84) internalizing, and externalizing problems (aOR = 1.32; 95%CI: 1.04–1.66 and aOR = 1.34; 95%CI: 1.07–1.67, respectively), and higher odds of reporting worse mental health over the past 12 months (aOR = 1.50; 95%CI: 1.05–2.12). Conclusion Health care providers should be aware that internalizing and externalizing problems, and worsening mental health, are more common among adults who use ENDS, cigarettes, or both of these tobacco products.
First Assessment Results of Surveying Engineering Labs in Immersive and Interactive Virtual Reality

AbstractTechnological advancements in virtual reality have opened the door for widespread dissemination and application in engineering education. In surveying engineering, outdoor labs are essentia...
Plant Cell Walls: Economic Significance

Plant cell walls are composed of polysaccharides and, in the case of higher plants, lignin. The economic significance of plant cell walls arises largely from three types of uses: (1) use of whole tissues or slightly processed tissues whose constituents are primarily cell-wall components (wood and other plant fibres); (2) use of delignified and extracted tissues (pulp); (3) use of extracted, and in some cases chemically modified, water-soluble cell-wall polysaccharides (pectins, seaweed polysaccharides, hemicelluloses). Other substances that can be extracted from plant tissues are generally extraneous to the cell wall. Keywords: fibre; wood; pulp; paper; gums; fuel; cell walls
General Pediatric Teaching Clinics and Managed Care

Academic general pediatric divisions can function as effective primary care providers in a managed care environment. Residents training in these programs are expected to be better equipped to enter a work environment that is increasingly structured in a managed care format. Positive and negative consequences of managed care in an academic setting are discussed. Recommendations for successful implementation of resident training in the world of managed care are shared.
Helium measurements of pore fluids obtained from the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD, USA) drill cores

4He accumulated in fluids is a well established geochemical tracer used to study crustal fluid dynamics. Direct fluid samples are not always collectable; therefore, a method to extract rare gases from matrix fluids of whole rocks by diffusion has been adapted. Helium was measured on matrix fluids extracted from sandstones and mudstones recovered during the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) drilling in California, USA. Samples were typically collected as subcores or from drillcore fragments. Helium concentration and isotope ratios were measured 4–6 times on each sample, and indicate a bulk 4He diffusion coefficient of 3.5 ± 1.3 × 10–8 cm2 s–1 at 21°C, compared to previously published diffusion coefficients of 1.2 × 10–18 cm2 s–1 (21°C) to 3.0 × 10–15 cm2 s–1 (150°C) in the sands and clays. Correcting the diffusion coefficient of 4Hewater for matrix porosity (∼3%) and tortuosity (∼6–13) produces effective diffusion coefficients of 1 × 10–8 cm2 s–1 (21°C) and 1 × 10–7 (120°C), effectively isolating pore fluid 4He from the 4He contained in the rock matrix. Model calculations indicate that <6% of helium initially dissolved in pore fluids was lost during the sampling process. Complete and quantitative extraction of the pore fluids provide minimum in situ porosity values for sandstones 2.8 ± 0.4% (SD, n = 4) and mudstones 3.1 ± 0.8% (SD, n = 4).
Marxist guidance: a dialectic lesson

Based on primary sources published in the Soviet Bloc, this article reviews orthodox Marxist theory, methodology, and practice. It compares the stated goals of Marxist guidance with actual outcomes, and identifies the foundations of guidance in the Soviet Bloc in terms of Marxist philosophy and social doctrine. The application of dialectic methodology to guidance is also explained. Current symptoms of ideological unrest in socialist society as exemplified by the now-suppressed reform movement in Czechoslovakia are analyzed and its dynamics identified. Finally, the article draws conclusions applicable to guidance in this country.
The Russian Army and the Jews: Mass Deportation, Hostages, and Violence during World War I

Although the number of Jewish civilians singled out and forced from their homes within the borders of the Russian Empire between 1914 and 1917 remains speculative, estimates range from half a million to a million.' This makes it one of the largest cases of forced migration up to World War II, yet despite its importance, the case has received remarkably little scholarly attention. In fact, many of the basic features of the expulsions and the wave of violence which accompanied them remain obscure.2 Making use of archival sources now available on the topic, this article examines the course of official Russian policies toward Jewish civilians within the boundaries of the empire during World War I. Contrary to the accusations of many Russian and Jewish contemporaries, who often blamed the civilian
A model for the distribution of dihedral angles in SiO2-like glasses

Abstract An analytical model for the distribution of dihedral angles in AX2 tetrahedral glasses is discussed and compared with available data. The comparison with experiment for vitreous SiO2 is promising, but deteriorates for glasses like GeSe2 which have much smaller intertetrahedral angles and more regular rings than vitreous SiO2.
The catalytic subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase: requirements for oncogenicity.

The retroviral oncogene p3k(v-p3k) of avian sarcoma virus 16 (ASV16) codes for the catalytic subunit of phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase, p110α. The v-P3k protein is oncogenic in vivo and in vitro; its cellular counterpart, c-P3k, lacks oncogenicity. Fusion of viral Gag sequences to the amino terminus of c-P3k activates the transforming potential. Activation can also be achieved by the addition of a myristylation signal to the amino terminus or of a farnesylation signal to the carboxyl terminus of c-P3k. A mutated myristylation signal was equally effective; it also caused a strong increase in the kinase activity of P3k. Mutations that inactivate lipid kinase activity abolish oncogenicity. The transforming activity of P3k is correlated with the ability to induce activating phosphorylation in Akt. Point mutations and amino-terminal deletions recorded in v-P3k were shown to be irrelevant to the activation of oncogenic potential. Interactions of P3k with the regulatory subunit of PI 3-kinase, p85, or with Ras are not required for transformation. These results support the conclusion that the oncogenicity of P3k depends on constitutive lipid kinase activity. Akt is an important and probably essential downstream component of the oncogenic signal from P3k.
Effect of chronic in vivo exposure to hypoxia on serotonin uptake by isolated rats lungs.

Abstract 1. 1. Previously, we have shown that exposure to hypoxia stimulates serotonin uptake by cultured bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells. 2. 2. In the present study, lungs isolated from rats exposed to 24 h, 48 h or 14 days of hypobaric hypoxia (0.43 or 0.5 atm) manifested no alteration of serotonin uptake in comparison to lungs from normoxic controls. 3. 3. In addition, hypoxic stimulation of serotonin uptake by cultured rat epididymal endothelial cells was much less than that occurring in bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells. 4. 4. We conclude that chronic hypoxia does not stimulate serotonin uptake by rat lungs exposed in vivo as it does in endothelial cells exposed in vitro .
Richard Smalley: saving the world with nanotechnology.

Can cutting edge science, applied to the very toughest and most persistent global problems, simultaneously involve and inspire the next generation of scientists?
Traveling and standing waves in binary-fluid convection in finite geometries.

The effect of finite geometry on the competition between traveling waves and standing waves in systems with a Hopf bifurcation to a state with spatial structure is considered in the linear and weakly nonlinear regimes. The spatial structure observed by Kolodner et al. in binary-fluid convection is explained in terms of the reflection of the linear traveling waves. The reflection coefficient is calculated, and is found to go to zero as the frequency of the waves becomes small. The pattern expected in a saturated nonlinear state is discussed.
Intergroup and intragroup competition and cooperation

Abstract This study examined the effects on group performance and evaluation of three factors: intergroup competition or cooperation, intragroup competition or cooperation, and task means-interdependence. Intragroup cooperation was related positively to performance on a high means-interdependent task and was related negatively to performance on a low means-interdependent task. However, this relationship held only when there was intergroup cooperation rather than intergroup competition. These results were discussed in terms of their implications for the relative magnitude of the motives produced by the intragroup and intergroup reward structure. Evaluations of ingroup members were higher when there was intragroup cooperation than when there was intragroup competition. To foster ingroup liking, it was not necessary to introduce intergroup competition.
Transient nucleation in glasses

Experimental and theoretical treatments of time-dependent or transient nucleation are reviewed. A numerical model of nucleation under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions is used to examine key assumptions and to model experimental data. Transient effects are predicted quantitatively by the classical theory of nucleation. We show that transient nucleation can dramatically influence phase formation and stability and may be critical for glass formation in some systems. By modeling both nucleation and growth, the methods commonly used to analyze non-isothermal data from these transformations are shown to be flawed.
iCAMP: building digital information curation curriculum

The iCAMP (Information: Curate, Archive, Manage, and Preserve) project is developing a curriculum in digital curation and data management. The project will design and implement four courses using a competency-based curriculum approach. It also integrates principles of sound pedagogy, instructional design, and a learning environment that emphasizes practical training. This paper summarizes the goals and guiding principles behind the curriculum development and instructional design framework.
The Covenant Theology of English Separatism and the Separation of Church and State

HE ELIZABETHAN SETTLEMENT of 1559 unsuccessfully attempted to absorb the contending religious forces of sixteenth century England into one church.1 The effort was bound to encounter difficulties since as a national institution the English church had to include, and satisfy to some extent, Catholics and Protestants of varying opinions and varying degrees of fervor and flexibility. Queen Elizabeth, therefore, was chagrined but not surprized that there were recusants on both ends of the religious spectrum. The compromise failed to pacify loyal Catholics, who chose to obey the pope's order not to attend Anglican church services, and spurred certain radical protestants, known as Separatists, to establish their own independent congregations. The Protestant Separatists, as a result of their estranged position, felt a need to justify their rejection of the Elizabethan church. They hoped to persuade Elizabeth to accept their reforms and they sought to defend their separation to those who also sought further reform, but who insisted that true reform came by legal changes within the church and not by separation from it. The justifications Separatists advanced to defend and promote their cause were legion. John Robinson, a Cambridge graduate who joined the sect in 1604, included many of them in his lengthy treatise A Justification of Separation from the Church of England. There was the ubiquitous Puritan concern for ecclesiastical reform, saving the church from "Egyptian bondage, Babylonish confusion, carnal pomp, and a company of Jewish, heathenish, and popish ceremonies."2 Such reformism satisfied those who sought complete purity in their religion and, like the apostle Paul, feared that "a little leaven leaveneth the whole lump." Thus, in religious matters, for Robinson and others, there was nothing simply indifferent except
An improved radiating boundary equation for free surface flows

In this study we test the efficiency of an improved radiating boundary equation for open channel flows. To aid in a faster convergence of the solution to steady-state profiles, the flow domain is truncated and a radiating boundary equation applied at the downstream end of the truncated domain. The focus is on mixed flows with shocks as in hydraulic jumps, which represent steady turbulent flows. The numerical results are compared with the reported experimental data. All the results indicate this approach is a reliable tool in predicting the stationary flow profile with no loss of flow information.
Optokinetic afternystagmus and postrotatory nystagmus in squirrel monkeys.

Regardless of whether the direction of opto-kinetic stimulus matches or conflicts with that of ves-tibular stimulus, if the squirrel monkey subject has a good target pursuing ability, the enhancement or inhibition of post-stimulatory nystagmus occurs. The nature of the stimuli to provoke optokinetic afternystagmus and post-rotatory nystagmus are not the same, but the similarity of response characteristics and cross-interaction strongly suggest the existence of a common neural linkage between the stimulus receptor and reactor.
A Reassessment of Voter Mobilization

This study reexamines influences on individual turnout. Assessing the effects of the short-term campaign environment on turnout behavior, previous schol arship has failed to account for the fact th...
Lyotropic liquid crystalline phase behavior and structure of cesium n-tetradecanoate-water mixtures

Abstract The compositional sequence and microstructure of liquid crystalline phases formed by binary mixtures of cesium n -tetradecanoate (CsTD) and water (deuterium oxide) were studied from 297 to 338 K and from 35 to 95 wt% surfactant. The experimental methods used were deuterium ( 2 H) quadrupole nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and optical polarizing microscopy. The Krafft boundary in the CsTD-water system is about 2–5°C, more than 45° lower than that in the comparable sodium n -tetradecanoate-water system. The structured surfactant phases observed were micellar; normal hexagonal; ribbon, a viscous birefringent phase of biaxial symmetry; viscous isotropic; and lamellar. The ribbon phase structure was deduced from the biaxial deuterium NMR spectral lineshape and by the contiguity of hexagonal and ribbon phases. This phase has not been observed previously by quadrupole NMR spectroscopy in a simple binary surfactant-water system. The phase transition from hexagonal to ribbon (ca. 65 wt%) is apparently second order as indicated by the lack of an observable two-phase region. A higher order transition is consistent with the proposed continuous variation in microstructure from rodlike aggregates to those of ribbonlike symmetry. The viscous isotropic phase, which has been observed in mixtures of potassium dodecanoate or sodium octanoate with water, was stable at temperatures above 310 K, at a composition of about 70 wt% CsTD. The lamellar phase is stable to very high surfactant concentrations at modest temperatures, >95 wt% CsTD at 338 K. The change in counterion from sodium to cesium lowers the Krafft temperature, enabling the study of liquid crystalline phase behavior from 5 to 100°C.
Neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia: update 2012

The neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, which posits that the illness is the end state of abnormal neurodevelopmental processes that started years before the illness onset, is widely accepted, and has long been dominant for childhood-onset neuropsychiatric disorders. This selective review updates our 2005 review of recent studies that have impacted, or have the greatest potential to modify or extend, the neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia. Longitudinal whole-population studies support a dimensional, rather than categorical, concept of psychosis. New studies suggest that placental pathology could be a key measure in future prenatal high-risk studies. Both common and rare genetic variants have proved surprisingly diagnostically nonspecific, and copy number variants (CNVs) associated with schizophrenia are often also associated with autism, epilepsy and intellectual deficiency. Large post-mortem gene expression studies and prospective developmental multi-modal brain imaging studies are providing critical data for future clinical and high-risk developmental brain studies. Whether there can be greater molecular specificity for phenotypic characterization is a subject of current intense study and debate, as is the possibility of neuronal phenotyping using human pluripotent-inducible stem cells. Biological nonspecificity, such as in timing or nature of early brain development, carries the possibility of new targets for broad preventive treatments.
Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gels to a positively charged membrane filter

Abstract Zeta-bind, a positively charged nylon membrane, was tested as an immobilizing matrix for the electrophoretic transfer of proteins from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. It was found that Zeta-bind has a considerably greater capacity than does nitrocellulose for protein binding. Because of this property, more efficient elution of proteins from gels can be used (by omitting methanol from transfer buffers). The procedure described is more amenable to quantitation than usual nitrocellulose-based transfer. Antibody or lectin overlay techniques are also more sensitive on Zeta-bind than on nitrocellulose.
What Goes Wrong during Passive Sentence Production in Agrammatic Aphasia: An Eyetracking Study.

Background: Production of passive sentences is often impaired in agrammatic aphasia and has been attributed both to an underlying structural impairment (e.g., Schwartz, Saffran, Fink, Myers, & Martin, 1994) and to a morphological deficit (e.g., Caplan & Hanna, 1998; Faroqi-Shah & Thompson, 2003). However, the nature of the deficit in passive sentence production is not clear due to methodological issues present in previous studies. Aims: This study examined active and passive sentence production in nine agrammatic aphasic speakers under conditions of structural priming using eyetracking to test whether structural impairments occur independently of morphological impairments and whether the underlying nature of error types is reflected in on-line measures, i.e., eye movements and speech onset latencies. Methods & Procedures: Nine participants viewed and listened to a prime sentence in either active or passive voice, and then repeated it aloud. Next, a target picture appeared on the computer monitor and parti...
Speciated Hydrocarbon Emissions from Small Utility Engines

ABSTRACT Partially speciated hydrocarbon (HC) emissions data from several small utility engines, as measured by a Fourier Transform Infrared analyzer, are presented. The engines considered have nominal horsepower ratings between 3.7 and 9.3 kW. Both side-valve and overhead-valve engines are studied, and four different fuels are used in the engines. The results indicate that the small HCs present in the exhaust tend to be in the form of either methane or unsatur-ated HCs. Other small alkanes, such as ethane and propane, are present in only relatively small concentrations. In terms of ozone formation potential, the HCs in the form of methane will lead to little ozone, but the distribution of the C2 and C3 species is not ideal from an ozone reduction standpoint. It is also found that the presence of oxygen in the fuels appears to lead to somewhat more complete combustion, although the effects are not large. Finally, the overhead-valve engines appear to have lower HC emissions than side-valve engines, which i...
Gastric mucosal tyrosine kinase activity during aging and its relationship to cell proliferation in rats

Abstract The relationship between tyrosin kinase activity and cellular proliferative activity was investigated in the gastric mucosa. For the purpose of comparison, the liver and the pancreas were also included. Groups of 2-, 14- and 22-month-old male Fischer-344 rats were used. Tyrosine kinase activity was determined in the membrane fraction (30 000 × g pellet) utilizing a synthetic polymer, Glu-Tyr (4:1), as substrate. Cellular proliferative activity was assessed by measuring ornithine decarboxylase in the 20 000 × g supernatant. In all age groups, gastric mucosal tyrosine kinase activity was found to be 10–20-fold higher than in the liver or pancreas. In addition, gastric mucosal tyrosine kinase activity in 22-month-old rats was 35–70% higher than in their 2- and 14-month-old counterparts. Gastric mucosal ornithine decarboxylase activity also followed essentially the same pattern as that the tyrosine kinase in that the highest activity was observed in 22-month-old rats. Increased gastric mucosal proliferative activity in 22-month-old rats was also associated with increased tyrosine-phosphorylation of a mucosal membrane protein with an apparent M r of 53 000. An opposite phenomenon occurred in the pancreas whose proliferative activity was found to be the lowest. It is concluded that the age-associated changes in gastric mucosal proliferative activity are accompanied by parallel alterations in tyrosine kinase activity. Tyrosine-phosphorylation of a 53 kDa membrane protein may play a role in the regulation of cell proliferation.