cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Innere Rückkehr — Jüdische Musiker nach der Gleichschaltung

Als Kurt Weill nach seinem Pariser Sensationserfolg mit dem neuen Maha-gonny Songspiel und der Schuloper Der Jasager im Dezember 1932 wieder in Berlin eintraf, hatte er einen groseren Kompositionsauftrag in der Tasche. Angesichts der sich ubersturzenden politischen Ereignisse kam die Arbeit jedoch uber einige noch im Januar des schicksalhaften Jahres 1933 begonnene Skizzen vorlaufig nicht hinaus. Weills Flucht zuruck nach Frankreich im Anschlus an die Silbersee-Affare brachte die dringende Notwendigkeit von »Brot und Butter«-Arbeiten mit sich, so das mehr als ein volles Jahr verging, bevor er die Partitur seiner Zweiten Sinfonie zum Abschlus bringen konnte — ein Jahr des uneingeschrankten Terrors fur alle, die das Dritte Reich als rassisch oder politisch verfemt erklarte.
A Population Study of the Benthonic Foraminiferida in Northern Biscayne Bay, Florida

A portion of northern Biscayne Bay, Dade County, Florida, was investigated to determine the distribution of its benthonic foraminiferal assemblage. Percentages were calculated for the standing crop and total population from a count of all specimens present in aliquots of 26 samples taken from 15 stations. One hundred fifty-two species belonging to 75 genera and 35 families have been identified. Although the primary interest is the description of the fauna and its distribution, additional information on depth, temperature, and bottom condition was obtained to facilitate discussion of ecologic factors as they pertain to the patterns of distribution. The area is a complex positive estuarine bay, with influx of fresh waters from the west (inland) side and open ocean waters mixing on the east. The presence of barriers, natural and man-made, further complicates the water circulation and water quality, in addition to the effects of tides, weather, and hydrologic factors. Areal distribution and abundance of certain species can be correlated with the grain-size distribution of the sediments. The distribution of specimens illustrates areas of mixing or foraminiferal assemblages and the association of certain faunal assemblages with particular environmental conditions. The presence of several species not known to South Florida waters are noted herein. The species recognized are recorded in the section on systematics
Adenomatous Polyposis Syndromes: Familial Adenomatous Polyposis and MutYH -Associated Polyposis

The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the etiology, diagnosis, and clinical management of the two most common polyposis; change adenomatous to polyposis hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes, familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and MUTYH-associated polyposis (MAP). The syndromes are caused by inherited genetic variants in the APC and MutYH genes, respectively. Both syndromes carry significant increased risk of colorectal and extracolonic cancers. Intense surveillance is required to reduce this risk, and colectomy or proctocolectomy is frequently the ultimate form of colorectal cancer risk reduction. The colorectal phenotype and extracolonic manifestations continue to evolve as more is learned about the natural history of the diseases, particularly MAP.
A Branch-And-Bound Procedure for Adverse Drug Reaction Confounder Search

From widely-used penicillin to sophisticated cancer medications, all drugs come with adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Most ADRs are minor, but some are severe enough to cause injury and even death. Therefore, it is very important to understand the connection between drugs and ADRs to reduce unnecessary harm to patients and costs to the general public. For many different ADR detection methods, the confounding effect will undermine the detection accuracy and should be identified. However, most existing research focuses on how to improve their effectiveness at identifying confounders and very little attention is paid to its efficiency. The efficiency problem is important as there are billions of candidates to check in a large dataset and the Brute-force method takes years to finish the entire search. In this paper, the upperbound of Leverage, a confounder detection function, is analyzed and utilized in a Branch-and-bound method to speed up the confounder search. The experimental results show the Branch-and-bound method is an order of magnitude faster than the Brute-force method.
Stressed State of a Cylindrical Orthotropic Shell Containing a Crack at an Angle

On the basis of the method of distortions in the Kirchhoff–Love theory of thin shells, we reduce the problem of elastic equilibrium of a cylindrical orthotropic shell containing a notch made along a helical curve to a system of integral equations. We investigate the influence of orthotropy, orientation, and length of the notch on the intensity factors of forces and moments.
Enabling biomass combustion and co-firing through the use of Lignocol

Abstract We have developed a biomass-derived solid fuel, referred to as Lignocol, that can reduce sulfur and nitrogen emissions from coal-fired power plants without suffering the ash fouling and loss of boiler capacity usually associated with co-firing biomass. To produce Lignocol, lignocellulosic biomass was pyrolyzed to vapors that were condensed as distinct fractions of bio-oil. The heavy ends of bio-oil, consisting primarily of anhydrosugars from holocellulose and phenolics from lignin in the biomass, was subjected to a water extraction to produce separate streams of water-insoluble phenolics and water-soluble sugars. The phenolics were cured at 105–220 °C to evaporate water and expedite cross-linking reactions that solidified the phenolic liquid into Lignocol. The higher heating value (HHV) and particle density of Lignocol were similar to several commercially significant coals in the United States while the nitrogen and sulfur contents were only 0.26 wt% and 0.02 wt%, respectively, much lower than typically found in coal. The ash content of Lignocol was less than 0.5 wt% compared to 3–10 wt% for coals. Lignocol was structurally stable in the presence of water and only leached 8.52 ppm and 9.03 ppm of aromatics at pH 4.2 and 5.0, respectively. Lignocol was combusted at 650 °C in a 100 g/h fluidized bed reactor to determine feeding characteristics. Neither melting in the feeder system nor agglomeration in the reactor were observed. Based on these observations, Lignocol has excellent prospects for high levels of co-firing with coal in power plants and replacing wood pellets in dedicated biomass-firing while avoiding the usual challenges of burning biomass.
Decay-Accelerating Factor

Abstract CD55 or decay-accelerating factor (DAF) is a 70 kDa glycoprotein consisting of four complement control protein (CCP) domains with a single N -linked glycosylation site between CCP1 and 2, a heavily O -glycosylated membrane proximal domain rich in serine, threonine and proline and a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. DAF is present on most cell types and intrinsically functions to protect the host cell from autologous complement attack by preventing the formation and accelerating the decay of the classical and alternative C3 and C5 convertases. DAF deficiency is linked to several diseases including paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, as well as autoimmune diseases.
Recovery of mrs3Δmrs4Δ Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cells under Iron-Sufficient Conditions and the Role of Fe580.

Mrs3 and Mrs4 are mitochondrial inner membrane proteins that deliver an unidentified cytosolic iron species into the matrix for use in iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) and heme biosynthesis. The Mrs3/4 double-deletion strain (ΔΔ) grew slowly in iron-deficient glycerol/ethanol medium but recovered to wild-type (WT) rates in iron-sufficient medium. ΔΔ cells grown under both iron-deficient and iron-sufficient respiring conditions acquired large amounts of iron relative to WT cells, indicating iron homeostatic dysregulation regardless of nutrient iron status. Biophysical spectroscopy (including Mossbauer, electron paramagnetic resonance, and electronic absorption) and bioanalytical methods (liquid chromatography with online inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry detection) were used to characterize these phenotypes. Anaerobically isolated mitochondria contained a labile iron pool composed of a nonheme high-spin FeII complex with primarily O and N donor ligands, called Fe580. Fe580 likely serves as feedstock fo...
Space-Time Gibbs Priors Applied to Gated SPECT Myocardial Perfusion Studies

In this paper, we study the application of a new class of Gibbs priors to improve the signal-to-noise ratio in gated SPECT myocardial perfusion studies. The Gibbs priors, referred to as “space-time” Gibbs priors, enforce smoothing in the time dimension as well as the spatial dimensions while preserving the sharpness of edges in the reconstructed image. These Gibbs priors can be implemented with or without prior knowledge of heart motion. We develop a modified MAP-EM algorithm that reconstructs all time frames in the gated data simultaneously. We demonstrate on simulated gated myocardial SPECT data that the addition of the time-domain prior improves the visualization of the left ventricle in unfiltered reconstructions as compared to ML-EM and that MAP-EM with the space-time prior offers improved resolution as compared to ML-EM followed by a linear filter. We conclude that space-time priors have the potential to improve reconstructions of noisy gated cardiac SPECT data.
Naturalness in Cognizing and Sentencing

Unless one makes the assumption that humanoids enjoyed a rather miraculous genetic mutation into full-blown linguistic capability more or less simultaneously with dropping from the trees and using tools, it would seem to be rather obviously true that, before they “had” language, humanoids must have had capacities for perceptually cognizing the significances of things going on around them and for learning to behave appropriately in terms of such significances—if the species were to survive. It seems equally reasonable to assume that, before children of contemporary humans “have” language, they must display exactly the same capacities for acquiring the significances of perceived events and states and reacting with appropriate intentional behaviors—and, of course, they do. These assumptions lead directly to the most general notion underlying my Abstract Performance Grammar (APG): namely, that the basic cognitive structures which interpret sentences received and initiate sentences produced are established in prelinguistic experience, via the acquisition of adaptive behaviors to entities perceived in diverse action and stative relations.
A Coevolutionary Model of Strategic Network Formation

In foundational models of network formation, the mechanisms for link formation are based solely on network topology. For example, preferential attachment uses degree distributions, whereas a strategic connections model uses internode distances. These dynamics implicitly presume that such benefits and costs are instantaneous functions of the network topology. A more detailed model would include that benefits and costs are themselves derived through a dynamic process, which, in the absence of time-scale separation, necessitates a coevolutionary analysis. This paper introduces a new coevolutionary model of strategic network formation. In this model, network formation evolves along with the flow of benefits from one node to another. We examine the emergent equilibria of this combined dynamics of network formation and benefit flow.We show that the class of strict equilibria is stable (or robust to small perturbations in the benefits flows).
Introduction to Simulation Techniques in Neurochemistry

While conceptual models have been used to interpret biological information for a long time, mathematical models are a more recent development. Computers are required for the latter, as the accurate mathematical representation of a realistic biological system is too complex for pencil and paper analysis. When such analyses are attempted without computer assistance, much simplification is necessary. Even the simplest possible reversible enzyme mechanism: $$E\, + \,S\, \rightleftharpoons \,ES\, \rightleftharpoons \,E\, + \,P$$ gives rise to differential equations that cannot be solved analytically except in special circumstances. Many analyses involving cellular structures hold rigorously only when they are assumed to have simplified shapes such as circles or cylinders, which may not exist in the biological systems being studied. Much microcirculatory analysis is done in terms of the Krogh tissue cylinder model, which assumes that capillaries are cylindrical. There is an even greater need for computer interpretation of neurochemical systems, as they are inherently more complex than other biochemical systems of current interest.
The ELLPACK Modules

The ELLPACK language and system described so far is only half of the story; the other half is the heart and muscle of ELLPACK, the ELLPACK modules. No problem solving system is better than its underlying programs. The design of ELLPACK allows the collection of modules to grow or shrink, so a particular ELLPACK system may have more or fewer modules than discussed in Part 2 of this book, Chapters 6 and 7.
SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN THE RESISTANCE OF VARIOUS ELM SPECIES TO DUTCH ELM DISEASE

ABSTRACT The time of highest susceptibility, and the duration of susceptibility to Dutch elm disease varied greatly during the growing season between elm species and even between seed sources in a given species. Certain sources of seed of Ulmus americana L. yielded seedlings possessing a reasonably high level of resistance to severe crown damage. Ulmus fulva proved to be unexpectedly resistant to Dutch elm disease, and was similar in response to seedlings of U. hollandica vegeta. Certain collections of U. pumila reached their peaks of susceptibility rather late in the season and one did not become susceptible until August 1. Duration of susceptibility, when short, constituted a kind of resistance the significance of which has not been fully evaluated, but should play a practical role in the replacement of the highly susceptible American elm.
Book critique: at Mama’s Knee

Societal norms in America are a caste-like social construct, which includes racial prejudice, discrimination, and socio-economic disadvantage. The intersectionality of marginalized groups and race ...
Long-Term Reliability of Solder Joints in 3D ICs Under Near-Application Conditions

In this work, the long-term reliability of solder joints in 3D memory ICs (Integrated Circuits) was investigated. Three types of acceleration tests were carried out, where the temperature-time profiles were chosen to reflect near-operation conditions. For components after 500, 1000, and 1500 hours of testing, the formation and growth of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) in C4 bumps was inspected and analyzed using characterization techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD). Different IMC growth behaviors were observed among the three different test conditions and discussed. The different behaviors between C4 bumps and µ-bumps were also evaluated, which can be traced to differences in the solder volume and the IMC/solder ratio between these two structures.
Longitudinal deep-brain imaging in mouse using visible-light optical coherence tomography through chronic microprism cranial window

We longitudinally imaged both the superficial and deep cortical microvascular networks in brains of healthy mice and in a mouse model of stroke in vivo using visible-light optical coherence tomography (vis-OCT). We surgically implanted a microprism in mouse brains sealed by a chronic cranial window. The microprism enabled vis-OCT to image the entire depth of the mouse cortex. Following microprism implantation, we imaged the mice for 28 days and found that that it took around 15 days for both the superficial and deep cortical microvessels to recover from the implantation surgery. After the brains recovered, we introduced ischemic strokes by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). We monitored the strokes for up to 60 days and observed different microvascular responses to tMCAO at different cortical depths in both the acute and chronic phases of the stroke. This work demonstrates that the combined microprism and cranial window is well-suited for longitudinal investigation of cortical microvascular disorders using vis-OCT.
Cost-Effectiveness Analyses of FDA-Approved Drugs for Cancer Indications, 2015-2017

Abstract Background: In addition to a drug's anti-tumor efficacy and tissue toxicity, it is now apparent that affordability is a pivotal factor determining the net therapeutic value of an anti-cancer compound. Cost-Effectiveness Analyses (CEA) are therefore key to appreciating the overall balance between the clinical and economical repercussions of a pharmaceutical agent. We aimed to investigate the cost-effectiveness data of newly approved drugs in cancer care. Methods: The FDA website was reviewed for all drugs approved for any cancer indication between the years 2015-2017. A systematic search of Pubmed and Google Scholar was conducted for Cost-Effectiveness Analyses (CEA) of each of these medications. Average Wholesale Prices were collected from Uptodate.com. Results: 30 drugs were approved for cancer indications in 2015-2017. Each of the approved drugs had an average of 1.27 CEA studies (range 0-6). 4 of the 38 (10.5%) available CEAs were done before approval of an index drug. 18 (60%) of the approved medications had an available published CEA at the time of our search (March, 2018). Partition survival modelling (31.5%) and Markov modelling (26.3%) were the most common methods of analysis. 47.3% (18/38) of the CEAs were thought to reflect a favorable ICER per the analysis's investigators. The nature of the malignancy (solid versus hematologic) did not distinguish between the mean number of a drug's CEAs (1.25; 1.2) but drugs for solid cancer indications were less likely to be associated with a favorable CE assessment compared with hematological cancers (47.8% versus 58.3%). “Expensive” drugs (defined as monthly cost greater than 8,618 dollars) had a lower mean number of CEA studies than “less expensive” drugs (1.09 versus 1.36) and were less likely to be associated with a favorable cost-effectiveness profile (27.2% versus 73.6%). 47.3% (18/38) of the economic evaluations were published as conference proceeding/abstract, 36.8% (14/38) were in the form of a full-text article, and the remainder as journal letters or conference posters (6/38; 15.7%). Conclusion: Insufficient data on the cost-effectiveness profile of novel anti-cancer medications jeopardises our ability to determine their real value. Although these drugs are being routinely used in a large-scale fashion, gaps persist as to their financial harm relative to the associated (potential) clinical benefit. Our study shows that recently-approved anti-cancer drugs have a very small number of CEAs to back their clinical-societal merit. Paradoxically, more costly drugs have fewer CEAs compared with cheaper drugs. Also of note, the majority of the analyses followed the approval of the drug, were published in a non full-text format, and were associated with non-sustainable ICER values. We argue that publication of rigorous, peer-reviewed CEAs should be a mandatory pre-approval step for academia/industry and serve as a pre-requisite to the routine distribution and usage of new cancer-directed medications. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Low-Degree Polynomial Systems

In this chapter, the global stability and bifurcation of equilibriums in low-degree polynomial systems are discussed. Appearing and switching bifurcations of simple and higher order equilibriums are discussed, and such bifurcations of equilibriums are not only for simple equilibriums but also for higher order equilibriums. The third-order sink and source bifurcations for simple equilibriums are presented. The third-order sink and source switching bifurcations for saddle and nodes are discovered, and the fourth-order upper saddle and lower saddle switching and appearing bifurcations are obtained for two second-order upper saddles and two second-order lower saddles, respectively. Graphical illustrations of global stability and bifurcations of equilibriums are presented.
Enhanced Photovoltaic Soiling In An Urban Environment

Natural soiling, or the deposition of ambient particulate matter (PM) onto the surface of solar glass, causes losses in PV production around the world. Much work in the PV community has focused on soiling in dusty desert environments. However, PV systems in urban environments are exposed to different contaminants and thus soil differently. We present an analysis of PV soiling in such an urban environment considering the impacts of meteorological parameters. We present 1 year of results from a soiling station in an urban location in Colorado. Bare glass samples were exposed outdoors for 11 days alongside the station; results from microscopy and light transmittance measurements show how moisture and dew affect the morphology and optics of contamination on glass. The coupon results suggest that natural (rain) cleanings may not be sufficient to clean solar panels in urban environments. Ion chromatography of soiling on the reference cell surfaces suggest that dry brush cleanings may not sufficiently clean chemicals deposited on solar panel surfaces in urban environments.
Abstract IA09: Checkpoint inhibitor-induced autoimmune diabetes and endocrine syndromes

Checkpoint inhibitor therapies have had dramatic effects on refractory malignancies but come at a price of autoimmune syndromes. The endocrine organs are frequently targeted. Autoimmune thyroid disease is common, but of particular clinical significance is the development of insulin-deficient diabetes. This talk will review the clinical and pathophysiologic data on this adverse event with consideration of ways in which it may be averted. Citation Format: Kevan Herold. Checkpoint inhibitor-induced autoimmune diabetes and endocrine syndromes [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2019 Nov 17-20; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2020;8(3 Suppl):Abstract nr IA09.
‘The iron rusted and decayed in our clubs’: the failure of weightlifting in early twentieth-century Ireland

As a branch of sport history, the historiography of weightlifting lags behind other areas. The field is growing but much work needs to be done on its origins. Seeking to provide some context as to ...
VHE observations of BL Lacertae objects: 1995–2000

Abstract Over the past eight years, observations of BL Lacertae type objects have been an important part of the observing program at the Whipple Observatory 10 m γ-ray telescope. During this time, TeV emission was detected from five such objects: Markarian 421, Markarian 501, 1ES2344+514, H1426+428 and 1ES1959+650. Upper limits were placed on the TeV emission from 29 other BL Lacertae objects. Among these objects are two unconfirmed TeV sources, 3C66A and BL Lacertae. An overview of the results of these observations of BL Lacertae objects, between 1995 and 2000, at the Whipple Observatory is presented here.
FloodDetector: Detecting Unknown DoS Flooding Attacks in SDN

By exposing the programmable interfaces, software-defined networking (SDN) facilitates the development of network applications, specifically, the machine-learningbased flooding attack detection systems. Despite their promising results in detecting the flooding attacks, their adoption into operational environments is limited. This is partially because of their incapability in detecting unknown flooding attacks. An unknown attack is an attack that is not comprised in the training dataset of the machine learning classifier. In this paper, we propose FloodDetector, an efficient framework for detecting the known and unknown flooding attacks in SDN. It is a controller independent SDN application that can detect both known and unknown flooding attacks by utilizing two machine learning classifiers: K-Nearest Neighbor (K-NN) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). We have implemented the FloodDetector and evaluated its performance using different simulated SDN environments in terms of topology and scale. The experimental results show that the FloodDetector can effectively detect both known and unknown flooding attacks.
Boundary discontinuity, unobserved spatial heterogeneity, and flood risk analysis: application to a rural housing market

Increasing precipitation variability has led to growing concerns about the risk of flood in many parts of the U.S. and worldwide. This study adopts a spatial regression analysis framework based on floodplain boundary discontinuities to control for unobserved spatial heterogeneities in flood risk assessment. The empirical strategy combines spatial matching with the regression discontinuity design. Using parcel-level data from Juniata County, Pennsylvania, we find an over six percent property value reduction due to additional one-standard-deviation flood exposure as defined by the percentage of property area inside the flood zone. Specifically, given that the study region’s average single-family residential housing price is $114,684 (in 2015 USD), the estimated flood risk impact is $7056 (in 2015 USD, or 6.15%) for a one-standard-deviation increase in flood exposure. The estimate (for a rural housing market) is of a similar magnitude to several recent estimates from urban and suburban housing markets. This paper contributes to the literature as one of the first quantitative studies of flood risk impacts on rural housing markets.
The Cost of Early Independence: Unmet Material Needs Among College Students With Homelessness or Foster Care Histories:

Qualitative interview data were used to explore the experiences of college students with foster care or homelessness experiences. Participants, with an average age of 21 years, included 18 female a...
Use of Hydroxychloroquine And Risk of Heart Failure in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis

Objective To examine the relationship between the use of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and risk of developing heart failure (HF) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods In this nested case-control study, cases were Olmsted County, Minnesota residents with incident RA (based on 1987 American College of Rheumatology criteria) from 1980 to 2013 who developed HF after RA incidence. Each case was matched on year of birth, sex, and year of RA incidence with an RA control who did not develop HF. Data on HCQ use including start and stop dates, as well as dose changes, were reviewed and used to calculate HCQ duration and cumulative dose. Age-adjusted logistic regression models were used to examine the association between HCQ and HF. Results The study identified 143 RA cases diagnosed with HF (mean age 65.8 yrs, 62% females) and 143 non-HF RA controls (mean age 64.5, 62% female). HCQ cumulative dose was not associated with HF (OR 0.96 per 100-g increase in cumulative dose, 95% CI 0.90–1.03). Likewise, no association was found for patients with a cumulative dose ≥ 300 g (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.41–2.08). The HCQ duration of intake in years prior to index was not associated with HF (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.91–1.05). Conclusion Use of HCQ was not associated with development of HF in patients with RA in this study. Further studies are needed to understand the effect of higher doses of HCQ on the development of HF in RA.
Management Patterns and Outcomes for Intravitreal Injection–Related Endophthalmitis:

Purpose:This work describes the clinical management and outcomes in cases of presumed infectious endophthalmitis following intravitreal injection at a tertiary academic medical center.Methods:A ret...
Grammatical evolution for the discovery of Petri net models of complex genetic systems

We propose here a grammatical evolution approach for the automatic discovery of Petri net models of biochemical systems that are consistent with population level genetic models of disease susceptibility. We demonstrate the grammatical evolution approach routinely identifies interesting and useful Petri net models in a human-competitive manner. This study opens the door for hierarchical systems modeling of the relationship between genes, biochemistry, and measures of health.
Respiratory syncytial virus infection in young hospitalized children. Identification of risk patients and prevention of nosocomial spread by rapid diagnosis.

. Detection of RSV by immunofluorescence was used for rapid confirmation of the diagnosis in 89 infants during an epidemic. This made it possible to plan the care of the patients and use the personnel in an optimal way in order to maintain nosocomial infection at a low level. Somatic and environmental risk factors connected with serious disease were also identified. The course of the disease was more severe in children with chronic illnesses or those who had had perinatal complications. Allergy was more frequently reported by these families. Breast feeding for at least two months was practised in most families.
Energy efficiency in fading interference channels under QoS constraints

In this paper, energy efficiency in two-user fading interference channels is studied when the transmitters are operating in the presence of quality of service (QoS) constraints. QoS constraints are imposed as limitations on the buffer violation probabilities, and effective capacity formulation is employed as the throughput metric. Three different strategies, namely time division multiplexing with power control, treating interference as noise, and simultaneous decoding, are considered. Energy efficiency of these schemes are investigated by determining the corresponding minimum energy per bit requirements and wideband slope regions. It is shown that while time division multiplexing and treating interference as noise achieve the same minimum bit energy levels, they have different wideband slope regions. For instance, it is demonstrated that treating interference as noise can achieve points outside the slope region of time division multiplexing if the interference is weak. Finally, superiority of simultaneous decoding in strong interference scenarios is shown through its reduced minimum bit energy requirements.
Laboratory Development of the Acid Thorex Process For Recovery of Thorium Reactor Fuel

The Acid Thorex process has been developed on a laboratory scale for recovery of uranium and thorium from spent fuel solutions. The thorium and uranium are extracted by tributyl phosphate (TBP) wit...
Scope and Prevalence of the Problem

This chapter is an introduction to the myriad issues that persons with intellectual disability (ID) face in addition to those symptoms, such as deficits in cognitive and adaptive functioning, inherent to ID. These include co-occurring psychopathology, challenging behavior, feeding and sleep problems, and medical problems. A brief summary of the research, including prevalence estimates, is provided for each of these issues. In depth discussions of extant knowledge on these topics are provided in the following chapters. Additionally, related topics with growing bodies of research are included, such as assessment of psychopathology and other issues, risk factors, and implications of the co-occurring incidence of issues beyond the presence of ID.
QTL analysis of flower and fruit traits in sour cherry

The map locations and effects of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were estimated for eight flower and fruit traits in sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) using a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) genetic linkage map constructed from a double pseudo-testcross. The mapping population consisted of 86 progeny from the cross between two sour cherry cultivars, Rheinische Schattenmorelle (RS)×Erdi Botermo (EB). The genetic linkage maps for RS and EB were 398.2 cM and 222.2 cM, respectively, with an average interval length of 9.8 cM. The RS/EB linkage map that was generated with shared segregating markers consisted of 17 linkage groups covering 272.9 cM with an average interval length of 4.8 cM. Eleven putatively significant QTLs (LOD >2.4) were detected for six characters (bloom time, ripening time, % pistil death, % pollen germination, fruit weight, and soluble solids concentration). The percentage of phenotypic variation explained by a single QTL ranged from 12.9% to 25.9%. Of the QTLs identified for the traits in which the two parents differed significantly, 50% had allelic effects opposite to those predicted from the parental phenotype. Three QTLs affecting flower traits (bloom time, % pistil death, and % pollen germination) mapped to a single linkage group, EB 1. The RFLP closest to the bloom time QTL on EB 1 was detected by a sweet cherry cDNA clone pS141 whose partial amino acid sequence was 81% identical to that of a Japanese pear stylar RNase.
Preparation, Purification, and Stability of High Specific Activity 125I-Labeled Thyronines

A modified chloramine-T method is described for the preparation of several radioiodothyronines by an exchange reaction, which results in low specific activity preparations, or by an addition reaction, which yields radioiodothyronines with specific activities up to 7 mCi/microgram. Purification by paper chromatography is shown to be more convenient than by LH-20 chromatography and provides better resolution among the various thyronines. Radioiodothyronines with only a single iodine atom in the outer (3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and 3,3'-diiodothyronine) are stable for several months when stored in organic solvents. The least stable radioiodothyronines are those with two 125I atoms in the outer ring (3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3) produced from 3-iodothyronine and thyroxine (T4) from 3,5-diiodothyronine). The stability of rT3 and T4 stored in human plasma at 4 C is much greater than when stored in buffer at the same pH. The use of high specific activity [125I]rT3 has permitted the development of a radioimmunoassay with a sensitivity of 1 pg rT3/ml incubation volume.
Reserpine and alpha-methyldopa in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia.

Thirty inpatients with evidence of tardive dyskinesia secondary to antipsychotic medications participated in this double-blind, controlled, randomized study comparing reserpine, α-methyldopa and placebo. Reserpine at doses of 0.75–1.5 mg daily, or α-methyldopa at doses of 750–1,500 mg daily, produced a statistically significant improvement in tardive dyskinesia symptomatology compared to the results obtained with placebo.
Porcine gastric mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT): stimulation by colonization with the gastric bacterial pathogen, Helicobacter pylori

The presence and features of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), analogous to Peyer's pathches, in the cardia of the lesser curvature of the porcine stomach are described. The gastric mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (gastric-MALT) is histologically distinct from gastric inflammation associated with colonization by normal gastric microflora and experimental bacterial colonization with a human gastric bacterial pathogen, Helicobacter pylori. The gastric-MALT consists of well-demarcated encapsulated and organized lymphoid tissue, intimately associated with overlying gastric epithelium, centered below the muscularis mucosae and drained by efferent lymphatics. Gastric-MALT was identified in all piglets studied including microbially sterile uninfected gnotobiotes; these structures were enlarged with age and local (gastric) antigenic stimulation. Significant (P < 0.05) expansion of the gastric-MALT occurred in H. pylori-infected gnotobiotic piglets. These distinct morphologic features and location in the cardia suggest that lymphoid elements in the gastric-MALT are involved in gastric antigen processing and regional lymphoid maturation, differentiation and proliferation in the stomach.
Simplified time-dependent self-consistent field approximation for intramolecular dynamics

Abstract The time-dependent Hartree approximation is applied to intramolecular dynamics of polyatomics with smooth, locally quadratic potential surfaces. It is shown that the full quantum solution is obtained from a certain single self-consistent trajectory. An extremely simple model results, pertinent to intramolecular energy transfer, vibrational lineshapes and unimolecular decay.
Spectrophotometric Assay of Potassium Permanganate Tablets (USP XVII)

Assay of potassium permanganate tablets (USP XVII) was accomplished by a spectrophotometric procedure. This method is comparable in accuracy to the USP XVII titrimetric procedure.
Cell Labeling for 19F MRI: New and Improved Approach to Perfluorocarbon Nanoemulsion Design.

This report describes novel perfluorocarbon (PFC) nanoemulsions designed to improve ex vivo cell labeling for 19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). 19F MRI is a powerful non-invasive technique for monitoring cells of the immune system in vivo, where cells are labeled ex vivo with PFC nanoemulsions in cell culture. The quality of 19F MRI is directly affected by the quality of ex vivo PFC cell labeling. When co-cultured with cells for longer periods of time, nanoemulsions tend to settle due to high specific weight of PFC oils (1.5–2.0 g/mL). This in turn can decrease efficacy of excess nanoemulsion removal and reliability of the cell labeling in vitro. To solve this problem, novel PFC nanoemulsions are reported which demonstrate lack of sedimentation and high stability under cell labeling conditions. They are monodisperse, have small droplet size (~130 nm) and low polydispersity (<0.15), show a single peak in the 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum at −71.4 ppm and possess high fluorine content. The droplet size and polydispersity remained unchanged after 160 days of follow up at three temperatures (4, 25 and 37 °C). Further, stressors such as elevated temperature in the presence of cells, and centrifugation, did not affect the nanoemulsion droplet size and polydispersity. Detailed synthetic methodology and in vitro testing for these new PFC nanoemulsions is presented.
Lattice gas disorder in alkali-graphite intercalates and other 2D systems

Abstract Lattice gas disorder associated with alkali-graphite or rare gas-graphite layers is modeled using simple exclusion rules for nearest and next-nearest neighbors. All other neighbor sites of a filled site are then occupied randomly. The net of lattice sites so occupied is photographically reduced and its optical transform is recorded. This transform shows six-fold symmetrical diffuse scattering and Bragg peaks appropriate to the properties of the model which are, in fact, quite general.
Negative electron affinity surfaces of aluminum nitride and diamond

Abstract The electron affinity of diamond and AlGaN surfaces are studied by UV photoemission spectroscopy. It is shown that H terminated diamond surfaces exhibit a negative electron affinity while oxide terminated surfaces exhibit a positive electron affinity. In addition, thin metal layers can also induce a NEA on both (100) and (111) surfaces of diamond. Photoemission results of AlGaN alloy films grown on 6HSiC indicate a negative electron affinity for as-prepared and air exposed surfaces with high Al concentrations.
MCP-1/CCR2B-dependent loop upregulates MUC5AC and MUC5B in human airway epithelium.

Cigarette smoke represents a major risk factor for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a respiratory condition associated with airflow obstruction, mucus hypersecretion, chronic inflammation, and upregulation of inflammatory mediators such as the monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1). MCP-1 through its receptor CCR2 induces chemotaxis and activates 44/42MAPK, a kinase known to play a key role in mucin regulation in bronchial epithelium. In the present study we used differentiated primary cultures of normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells to test whether MCP-1 through its receptor CCR2 induces mucin upregulation. We have provided evidence that NHBE cells release MCP-1 to the epithelial surface and express the CCR2B isoform of the receptor mainly at the apical pole. In addition, we found that MCP-1 has a novel function in airway epithelium, increasing the two major airway mucins MUC5AC and MUC5B, an effect mediated, at least in part, by a cascade of events initiated by interaction of its receptor CCR2B with Gq subunits in caveolae, followed by PLCβ, PKC, and 44/42MAPK activation. We also have shown that MCP-1 is able to induce its own expression using the same receptor but through a different pathway that involves RhoA GTPase. Furthermore, we found that a single exposure to MCP-1 is enough to induce MCP-1 secretion and sustained mucin upregulation up to 7 days after initial exposure, an effect mediated by CCR2B as confirmed using short hairpin RNA. These results agree with our data in smoker's airway epithelium, where CCR2B is present in MUC5AC- and MUC5B-expressing cells and augmented MCP-1 expression is associated with increased MUC5AC and MUC5B immunolabeling, suggesting that the mechanisms described in primary cell cultures in the present study are operative in vivo. Therefore, therapeutic approaches targeting MCP-1/CCR2B may be useful in preventing not only influx of inflammatory cells to the airways but also mucus hypersecretion and goblet cell hyperplasia.
The discovery of potent cRaf1 kinase inhibitors

A series of benzylidene-1H-indol-2-one (oxindole) derivatives was synthesized and evaluated as cRaf-1 kinase inhibitors. The key features of the molecules were the donor/acceptor motif common to kinase inhibitors and a critical acidic phenol flanked by two substitutions. Diverse 5-position substitutions provided compounds with low nanomolar kinase enzyme inhibition and inhibited the intracellular MAPK pathway.
Phase Equilibria and Crystal Chemistry of the Binary and Ternary Barium Polytitanates and Crystallography of the Barium Zinc Polytitanates

Abstract The ternary system BaO-ZnO-TiO 2 is of great interest for use in the production of microwave dielectric ceramics, as the temperature coefficient of the dielectric constant for a ternary phase in the system has the opposite sign from that of the major component in such devices, BaTi 4 O 9 . The ternary system has been found to contain four ternary phases, ideally BaZn 2 Ti 4 O 11 , Ba 4 ZnTi 11 O 27 , Ba 2 ZnTi 5 O 13 , and Ba x Zn x Ti 8- x O 16 -hollandite. Compatibility triangles for the ternary system have been established and the crystal chemistry and crystal structure of each of the phases was investigated. The phase equilibria data and crystal structures are compared with those encountered in the binary system and other ternary and more complex systems involving barium polytitanates.
The reduction of neuronal calcium currents by ATP-γ-S is mediated a G protein and occurs independently of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase

We studied the effects of ATP-gamma-S on the T, N and L calcium current components of nodose ganglion neurons using the whole cell variation of the patch clamp technique. ATP-gamma-S can serve as a phosphate donor in kinase-mediated reactions, the donated phosphate group being resistant to the action of phosphatases. We therefore compared the effect of ATP-gamma-S to that of the catalytic subunit of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (AK-C), included in the recording pipette with 5 mM ATP. AK-C (50 micrograms/ml) had no effect on the T current, and caused a approximately 30% increase in currents containing the N and L components during a 20-min recording, as compared to a approximately 45% decrease in control currents. In contrast, in the presence of 2.5 mM ATP-gamma-S, T currents declined approximately 30%, and currents containing the N and L components declined to a greater extent than control currents, about 65%. In addition, the time to peak current was increased from approximately 14 ms to approximately 40 ms. This effect of ATP-gamma-S on calcium currents was similar to that of certain neurotransmitters or GTP-gamma-S, an activator of G proteins, except that the effects of ATP-gamma-S were delayed 5-7 min relative to GTP-gamma-S. The effects of both ATP-gamma-S and GTP-gamma-S were reduced or abolished in neurons treated with pertussis toxin. We conclude that AK-C regulates neuronal calcium currents, presumably by phosphorylation of channels or associated proteins, and that the ATP-gamma-S-induced reduction of calcium currents cannot be due to its serving as a phosphate donor for endogenous AK.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Statistical physics of black holes as quantum-mechanical systems

Some basic features of black-hole statistical mechanics are investigated, assuming that black holes respect the principles of quantum mechanics. Care is needed in defining an entropy S_bh corresponding to the number of microstates of a black hole, given that the black hole interacts with its surroundings. An open question is then the relationship between this entropy and the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy S_BH. For a wide class of models with interactions needed to ensure unitary quantum evolution, these interactions produce extra energy flux beyond that predicted by Hawking. Arguments are then presented that this results in an entropy S_bh that is smaller than S_BH. Correspondingly, in such scenarios equilibrium properties of black holes are modified. We examine questions of consistency of such an inequality; if it is not consistent, that provides significant constraints on models for quantum-mechanical black hole evolution.
International Technology Transfer: Private Channels and Public Welfare

The economics of technology transfer is receiving increasing attention as economists acknowledge the role of transfer on future technological innovation, income, and growth. In agricultural economics, much research has focused on improving the international structure of intellectual property to facilitate technology creation and transfer or on analyzing the impacts of new technology, including that acquired from foreign sources, on productivity growth and welfare (Centner and White; Cochrane; Edwards and Freebairn; Alston, Edwards, and Freebairn). In general, this body of research is either not concerned with how technology is transferred or assumes the existence of a poorly defined technology market. But the specific channels of technology transfer are important in many sectors in the economy. In agriculture, the increasing importance of the private sector in the creation and transfer of technology suggests a closer examination of the channels of transfer.' These channels include direct exports of goods that embody technology, foreign direct investment, technology licenses, and joint ventures. They can strongly affect the quantity of technology transferred, the distribution of gains to the agents involved, and any additional innovation in the importing country stimulated by the acquisition of the new technology (Cheng, Pugel). In addition, policies that either affect transfer directly (patent rights, licensing regulations) or indirectly (trade policies, industrial policy) can have a significant impact on the willingness of private companies to trade in technology. In typical transfers of technology, for example between input sectors, the technology supplier may be able to structure the contract for the transaction to increase the benefits received.
Marital Alliance in the Political Integration of Mixtec Kingdoms

Analysis of pictographic and conventional documentation from Prehispanic and Colonial times reveals mechanisms of succession and alliance operative in the formation, expansion, and integration of Mixtec kingdoms. It is suggested that marital alliance be considered, along with other coercive and voluntaristic forces, in the dynamics of state formation and development. Royal marital alliances were exceedingly important not only in the maintenance of individual Mixtec “ministates” or kingdoms, but also in the creation of a social, political, and economic network that linked numerous communities and political domains into a broad social field bridging varied geographical zones ranging from tropical lowlands to highland valleys.