cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TH-AB-204-12: Practical/ultrasensitive Benchtop Gold L-Shell XRF Imaging System with a Kilowatt-Range X-Ray Source and Silicon Drift Detector.

Purpose: To improve the sensitivity and throughput of a benchtop x-ray fluorescence (XRF) imaging system capable of locating and quantifying distributions of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) by detecting gold L-shell XRF photons from subcentimeter-sized ex vivo samples or superficial tumors for preclinical small animal studies. Methods: A proof-of-principle L-shell XRF imaging system has been developed previously. Originally, the system was configured with a low-power (∼50 W) x-ray source (62 kVp, 0.8 mA) and a silicon PIN diode detector. The detection limit of the system was approximately 0.02 mg/cm3 (20 ppm) for an acquisition time of 10 min. Currently, the system has been retrofitted with a high-power (∼3 kW) x-ray source. The detector was replaced with a silicon drift detector (SDD) to handle the increased photon flux at the new settings (62 kVp, 45 mA). Calibration was performed using phantoms containing water/GNPs at a wide range of concentrations (0 and 0.0001–10 mg/cm3). The acquisition time was set to 10 s (60 times shorter than that used with the former configuration, to maintain the same overall x-ray fluence and dose). The XRF/scatter spectrum at 90° was acquired from each phantom. The data were processed to extract XRF signal from background, which was then corrected for attenuation using a Compton-scatter-based normalization algorithm. The corrected XRF signals were plotted vs. GNP concentration and analyzed to determine the detection limit. Results: The detection limit with the current configuration was found to be 0.007 mg/cm3 (7 ppm), a three-fold improvement compared to the former configuration for the same dose. Conclusion: By adopting a high-power x-ray source and SDD, the material detection limit has been improved to a level comparable to that of a synchrotron-based system. Concurrently, much shorter acquisition time afforded by the higher photon flux makes the current setup practical for routine preclinical imaging tasks.
Historical background, definitions and differential diagnosis.

Although awareness that food can cause adverse symptoms and even death in some individuals has been present since the times of Hippocrates, it was not until the seminal experiment of Prausnitz that th
Local governments’ fiscal balance and privatization in transition countries1

Several transition economies have undertaken fiscal decentralization reforms over the past two decades along with liberalization, privatization and stabilization reforms. Theory predicts that decentralization may aggravate fiscal imbalances, unless the right incentives are in place to promote fiscal discipline. This study uses a panel of 20 transition countries over 19 years to address a central question of fact: Did privatization help to promote local governments’ fiscal discipline? The answer is clearly ‘no’ for privatization considered in isolation. However, privatization and subnational fiscal autonomy along with reforms to the banking system – restraining access to soft financing – may prove effective at improving fiscal balances among local governments.
The Origin of the High-velocity Clouds

There are three leading models for the origin of the high-velocity clouds of neutral hydrogen: galactic fountains, material lost from dwarf galaxies, and the ancient remnants of galaxy formation. The tidal-stripping picture has strong observational support in that the Magellanic Stream is connected to the Magellanic Clouds and such phenomena are seen in other galaxy groups. Also, absorption in at least two sightlines through the Stream shows approximately the metallicity expected for Magellanic Cloud material. The Magellanic Clouds dominate the H i content of the ensemble of smaller galaxies in the Local Group. So, although other Local Group dwarf galaxies may have had their neutral gas removed, it would be a minor component compared to that of the Magellanic Stream. One unsolved issue in this area is whether the presence of other high-velocity gas complexes could be due to gas stripped in previous orbits of the Clouds past the Milky Way.
Ethnic Differences in Expectations for Aging Among Older Adults

Age-expectations of 611 non-Latino white, African-American, and Latino seniors recruited at 14 community-based senior centers in the greater Los Angeles region were compared. Participants completed the Expectations Regarding Aging (ERA-38) Survey, a self-administered instrument with previously demonstrated reliability and validity for measuring age-expectations. Analysis of variance was used to compare unadjusted differences between scores across ethnic groups. To examine whether observed differences persisted after adjusting for health and sociodemographic characteristics, a series of linear regression models was constructed, with the dependent variable being total ERA-38 score and the primary independent variables being African-American and Latino ethnicity (reference group=white), adjusting for age, sex, physical and mental health-related quality of life (HRQoL), medical comorbidity, activity of daily living (ADL) impairments, depression, and education. Latinos had significantly lower overall age-expectations than non-Latino whites or African Americans after adjusting for age and sex (parameter estimate=-3.4, P=.01); this difference persisted after adjusting for health variables including medical comorbidity, HRQoL, ADL impairments, and depression. After adjusting for education, being Latino was no longer significantly associated with lower age-expectations (parameter estimate=-1.9, P=.18). Being African American was not significantly associated with age-expectations in any of the adjusted models. Younger age and better HRQoL were associated with higher age-expectations in all models. In conclusion, of these 611 older adults recruited at senior centers in the greater Los Angeles region, Latinos had significantly lower age-expectations than non-Latino whites and African Americans, even after adjusting for health characteristics, but differences in educational levels explained this difference.
Fe-Zn phase formation in interstitial-free steels hot-dip galvanized at 450°C: Part II 0.20 wt% Al-Zn baths

The effect of solute additions of titanium, titanium and niobium and phosphorus on interstitial-free steels on Fe-Zn phase formation after immersion in a 0.20 wt% Al-Zn bath was studied to determine the morphology and kinetics of the individual Fe-Zn phases formed. These results were contrasted to the previous study using a pure zinc (0.00 wt% Al) bath in Part I. It was found that in the 0.20 wt% Al-Zn bath, an iron-aluminide inhibition layer prevented uniform attack of the steel substrate. Instead, localized Fe-Zn phase growth occurred, termed outbursts, containing a two-phase layer morphology. Delta-phase formed first, followed by gamma-phase. Zeta-phase did not form in the 0.20 wt% Al-Zn bath, in contrast with zeta-phase formation in the pure zinc bath. As in the pure zinc bath, the growth kinetics of the total layer was controlled by the Fe-Zn phase in contact with the liquid zinc during galvanizing. For the 0.20 wt% Al-Zn bath, the Fe-Zn phase in contrast with the liquid zinc was the delta-phase, whereas the zeta-phase was in contact with liquid zinc in the pure zinc bath. The delta-phase followed t1/2 parabolic growth, while the gamma-phase showed essentially no growth after its initial formation. Titanium and titanium + niobium solute additions, which enhance grain-boundary reactivity, resulted in more rapid growth kinetics of the gamma- and delta-phases. Phosphorus additions, which decrease grain-boundary reactivity, generally increased the incubation time and retarded the growth rate of the gamma-phase. These results further confirm the concept that solute grain-boundary reactivity is primarily responsible for Fe-Zn phase growth during galvanizing in a liquid Zn-Al bath in which an iron aluminide inhibition layer forms prior to Fe-Zn phase formation.
Diet composition and feeding patterns of adult shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus) in the lower Platte River, Nebraska, USA

Summary Two-hundred and seven adult shovelnose sturgeon ranging from 450 to 718 mm in length were sampled from June to October 2001 and May to July 2002 to determine diet composition and feeding patterns in the lower Platte River. Shovelnose sturgeon fed primarily upon aquatic insect larvae and nymphs (>99% composition by number). Diptera of the family Chironomidae were the dominant prey items in both years and composed 98.1% of the shovelnose sturgeon diet in 2001 and 96.8% in 2002. Chironomidae were primarily represented by the four genera Paracladopelma, Chernovskiia, Saetheria and Robackia accounting for 90.2% of the ingested prey items in 2001 and 83.6% in 2002. In addition, shovelnose sturgeon showed in both years a generalized feeding pattern towards Ephemeroptera of the families Isonychiidae and Caenidae, as well as Trichoptera of the family Hydropsychidae. Other aquatic insects, terrestrial invertebrates and fishes were found infrequently and in low numbers in shovelnose sturgeon diets. The four most abundant Chironomidae genera are often found on sand and the high abundance of these taxa in the diet suggests that shovelnose sturgeon feed primarily near or on this substrate type. This highlights the importance of habitats that provide sand substrate for shovelnose sturgeon foraging in the lower Platte River.
Virtual measurement in pipes: Part 1-flowing bottom hole pressure under multi-phase flow and inclined wellbore conditions

Pressure drop prediction in pipes is an old petroleum engineering problem. There is a long history of attempts to develop empirical correlations to predict the pressure drop in pipes. Some of these attempts have produced correlations that provide good prediction in some cases. However, their general applicability is questionable. Correlations that address only a specific class of problems exist. These types of correlation usually perform better than those which attempt to meet the need of a variety of problems. Usually, the higher the number of variables in the model the lesser the reliability and general applicability of the correlations. This is the result of using methodologies such as conventional regression analysis. In such methodologies, the chances of correctly and completely capturing the relationship between variables decreases as the number of variables increases. Many parameters could be involved in these types of problems, such as gas-oil ratios in two phase systems, water flow in three phase systems, and inclination angles of the pipe, to name a few. In this paper, the authors introduce a new methodology for developing prediction models for pipes. This method which has been named Virtual Measurement in Pipes (VMP), incorporates artificial neural networks (ANN) to address the development of tools to predict pressure drops in pipes and optimum design of pipelines under a variety of circumstances. The fundamental problem with conventional approaches resides in the inherent sequential and pointwise (as opposed to parallel and distributed) information processing methods used in development of such correlations. Because of this shortcoming, conventional methodologies are unable to address, define, or unravel the highly complex relationships between many variables involved in th e process. In this paper, artificial neural networks are used to develop a Virtual Measurement Tool to survey flowing bottom hole pressure (BHP) in multi-phase systems using information such as oil, gas and water flow rates, temperature, oil and gas gravity, pipe length, surface pressure, and inclination angles of the pipe. The developed Virtual Measurement Tool has been applied to th e published field data for flowing BHP predictions. VMP's predictions are compared to existing methods and the enhancement is clearly demonstrated. The developed VMP is applied to wellbore hydraulic problems. It addresses three-phase (oil, water, and gas) flow in wellbores. This tool applies to a variety of wells, including vertical wells and those with various degrees of inclination.
Short‐term tympanostomy in conjunction with hyperbaric oxygen therapy

Objective: To determine the most effective method of short-term middle ear aeration in patients unable to tolerate hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy. Study Design: Prospective study comparing two methods of short-term tympanostomy in each patient. Methods: Seventeen adult patients were referred for management of barotitis and inability to tolerate hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO), Each patient underwent CO 2 laser tympanostomy on the right ear and tympanostomy with T-tube placement in the left ear. The tube was removed on completion of HBO. Patients were asked to rate pain and their satisfaction with each method of tympanostomy using a visual analog scale. Otorrhea, persistent perforation, recurrent barotitis, hearing loss, and otalgia occurring during the study period were documented. Results: Laser tympanostomy was associated with a significantly lower incidence of otorrhea but was attended by recurrent barotitis in four of 16 patients. Laser tympanostomy was perceived as being less painful and was rated higher in overall satisfaction. Conclusions: Laser tympanostomy is an effective method for management of barotitis in patients unable to tolerate HBO. Otorrhea is significantly reduced, although a risk of recurrent barotitis exists if the laser perforation closes prior to completion of HBO. Both methods of short-term tympanostomy reduce complications when compared with a retrospective cohort.
Evaluations of Essay Prompts by Nonnative Speakers of English

Crow, J. T. (1984). Psycholinguistics and listening comprehension for the ESL classroom. Cross Currents, XI, 29-36. Dwyer, E. C. (1987). The effects of speech rates on the listening comprehension of fifth-grade students. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez. Flaherty, Sister E. (1979). Rate-controlled speech in foreign language education. Foreign Language Annals, 12, 275-280. Hatch, E. M. (1983). Psycholinguistics: A second language perspective. Rowley, MA: Newbury House. Kelch, K. (1985). Modified input as an aid to comprehension. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 7, 81-90. Long, M. H. (1983). Linguistic and conversational adjustments to non-native speakers. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 5, 177-193. Long, M. H. (1985). Input and second language acquisition theory. In S. Gass & C. Madden (Eds.), Input in second language acquisition (pp. 377-393). Rowley, MA: Newbury House. Murphy, J. M. (1985). Examining ESL listening as an interpretive process. TESOL Newsletter, XIX, 6, 23-24. Rivers, W. (1980). Listening comprehension. In Kenneth Croft (Ed.), Readings on English as a second language (2nd ed., pp. 265-277). Cambridge, MA: Winthrop. Scarcella, R., & Perkins, L. (1987). Shifting gears: Krashen's input hypothesis. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 9, 347-353. Smith, P. D., Jr. (1980, Spring/Summer). A study of the effect of "slowed speech" on listening comprehension of French. NALLD Journal, 9-13. Stevick, E. W. (1976). Memory meaning and method. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
Correlation of Ballistocardiogram with Work Performance and Energy Cost for Guidance in Rehabilitation of Cardiac Patients

Correlative studies of the resting ballistocardiogram and the ability to expend energy in cardiac patients indicate that the resting ballistocardiogram may be a useful tool in evaluating the functional or work capacity of a cardiac patient for rehabilitation purposes and vocational guidance, and may serve as a screening device for finding those cardiacs, other things being equal, who possess the functional capacity to perform jobs or activities whose energy requirements are known or can be estimated. However, in view of the relatively higher incidence of abnormal resting ballistocardiograms in the older age groups, for practical purposes, this usefulness of the ballistocardiogram may be limited to the cardiac patient under the age of 50.
Functional redundancy of the two 5-hydroxylases in monolignol biosynthesis of Populus trichocarpa : LC–MS/MS based protein quantification and metabolic flux analysis

Flowering plants have syringyl and guaiacyl subunits in lignin in contrast to the guaiacyl lignin in gymnosperms. The biosynthesis of syringyl subunits is initiated by coniferaldehyde 5-hydroxylase (CAld5H). In Populus trichocarpa there are two closely related CAld5H enzymes (PtrCAld5H1 and PtrCAld5H2) associated with lignin biosynthesis during wood formation. We used yeast recombinant PtrCAld5H1 and PtrCAld5H2 proteins to carry out Michaelis–Menten and inhibition kinetics with LC–MS/MS based absolute protein quantification. CAld5H, a monooxygenase, requires a cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) as an electron donor. We cloned and expressed three P. trichocarpa CPRs in yeast and show that all are active with both CAld5Hs. The kinetic analysis shows both CAld5Hs have essentially the same biochemical functions. When both CAld5Hs are coexpressed in the same yeast membranes, the resulting enzyme activities are additive, suggesting functional redundancy and independence of these two enzymes. Simulated reaction flux based on Michaelis–Menten kinetics and inhibition kinetics confirmed the redundancy and independence. Subcellular localization of both CAld5Hs as sGFP fusion proteins expressed in P. trichocarpa differentiating xylem protoplasts indicate that they are endoplasmic reticulum resident proteins. These results imply that during wood formation, 5-hydroxylation in monolignol biosynthesis of P. trichocarpa requires the combined metabolic flux of these two CAld5Hs to maintain adequate biosynthesis of syringyl lignin. The combination of genetic analysis, absolute protein quantitation-based enzyme kinetics, homologous CPR specificity, SNP characterization, and ER localization provides a more rigorous basis for a comprehensive systems understanding of 5-hydroxylation in lignin biosynthesis.
Effect of hydrocortisone on the synthesis of DNA and histones and the acetylation of histones in regenerating liver.

Abstract Pretreatment of rats with pharmacological doses of hydrocortisone for 1 to 5 days prior to partial hepatectomy strongly inhibited the rise in liver DNA synthesis which normally reaches a peak 24 hr after partial hepatectomy. However, 2 to 4 days after partial hepatectomy there was a partial recovery of DNA synthesis in the treated animals. The degree of inhibition of histone synthesis was considerably less than that of DNA, and only the synthesis of the slightly lysine-rich histones was closely coupled in time and relative magnitude with DNA synthesis. Synthesis of the lysine-rich and arginine-rich histone fractions was much less inhibited, and the rates of synthesis of these fractions increased prior to the delayed rise in DNA synthesis. The early increase in acetylation of the arginine-rich histone fractions after partial hepatectomy was not significantly affected by pretreatment with hydrocortisone. On the other hand, pretreatment with hydrocortisone strongly inhibited the late (24 hr) rise in acetylation of histone fraction f2a2. Hydrocortisone did not inhibit DNA synthesis in a transplanted hepatoma, but it did inhibit DNA synthesis in the livers of tumor-bearing animals.
Sodium 18F-Fluoride PET/CT of Bone, Joint, and Other Disorders

The use of 18 F-sodium fluoride ( 18 F-NaF) with PET/CT is increasing. This resurgence of an old tracer has been fueled by several factors including superior diagnostic performance over standard 99m Tc-based bone scintigraphy, growth in the availability of PET/CT imaging systems, increase in the number of regional commercial distribution centers for PET radiotracers, the recent concerns about potential recurring shortages with 99m Tc-based radiotracers, and the recent decision by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services to reimburse for 18 F-NaF PET/CT for evaluation of patients with known or suspected bone metastases through the National Oncologic PET Registry. The major goal of this article is to review the current evidence on the diagnostic utility of 18 F-NaF in the imaging assessment of the bone and joint in a variety of clinical conditions.
Plasma-Assisted Atomic Layer Deposition of Conductive Hafnium Nitride Using Tetrakis(ethylmethylamino)hafnium for CMOS Gate Electrode Applications

Conductive hafnium nitride films were deposited from a plasma-assisted atomic layer deposition (PA-ALD) process using a metallorganic hafnium precursor, tetrakis(ethylmethylamino)hafnium (TEMAH), using H 2 plasma as a reducing agent, at a substrate temperature of 250°C. The effects of radio frequency plasma pulse time and power on film resistivity, composition, and microstructure were investigated. The deposited films consisted of cubic HfN phase as shown by X-ray diffraction analysis, and the resistivity ranged from ∼2300 to 8200 μΩ cm depending on the plasma conditions. The most conductive films were observed to result from conditions of higher plasma power, which is attributed to microstructural modifications as well as a decrease in N:Hf ratio, which approached unity at the highest plasma powers employed. Carbon incorporation in the form of HfC x phase was shown to be beneficial in terms of improving both post-rapid-thermal-anneal stability and electrical conductivity. A midgap work function (4.63 eV) was obtained for a HfN x electrode structure integrated into a metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitor featuring a SiO 2 dielectric.
Low level lead exposure and intelligence in the preschool years.

Two hypotheses were tested: (a) that cognitive development is negatively related to measures of current and/or prior lead exposure and (b) that lead level is related negatively to prior measures of cognitive development and/or positively to prior measures of psychomotor maturity. Blood lead (PbB) was measured at ages 6 months, 2 years and 3 years. These PbB measures were related to developmental measures at ages 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, and 3 years. With statistical control of confounding, associations of PbB and concurrent and later development were attenuated and not statistically significant. Similarly, PbB was not related significantly to prior measures of cognitive development or psychomotor acceleration. The relationship of PbB and developmental status in the early preschool years appeared to be a function of the dependence of each on the quality of the caretaking environment.
Heterogeneous Grouping as an Element of Cooperative Learning in an Elementary Education Science Course

The purpose of this study was to clarify the effectiveness of heterogeneous grouping as an element of cooperative learning. A pretest-posttest control group design was utilized. The independent variable was the method of arranging groups (heterogeneously or homogeneously). Dependent variables were scores from the NABT/NSTA Biology Exam (1987). Students were administered a questionnaire to determine perceptions of their cooperative learning situation. An analysis of covariance was used as the data analysis procedure for the experimental portion of the study. No significant differences in achievement were found between the two treatment conditions. Results from the student perceptions questionnaire did reveal substantial differences between students in the two treatment conditions, with generally more positive responses given by students in the homogeneous condition.
Aberrant Regulation of DNA Methylation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A New Target of Disease Mechanisms

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the third most common adult-onset neurodegenerative disease. A diagnosis is fatal owing to degeneration of motor neurons in brain and spinal cord that control swallowing, breathing, and movement. ALS can be inherited, but most cases are not associated with a family history of the disease. The mechanisms causing motor neuron death in ALS are still unknown. Given the suspected complex interplay between multiple genes, the environment, metabolism, and lifestyle in the pathogenesis of ALS, we have hypothesized that the mechanisms of disease in ALS involve epigenetic contributions that can drive motor neuron degeneration. DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism for gene regulation engaged by DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt)-catalyzed methyl group transfer to carbon-5 in cytosine residues in gene regulatory promoter and nonpromoter regions. Recent genome-wide analyses have found differential gene methylation in human ALS. Neuropathologic assessments have revealed that motor neurons in human ALS show significant abnormalities in Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, and 5-methylcytosine. Similar changes are seen in mice with motor neuron degeneration, and Dnmt3a was found abundantly at synapses and in mitochondria. During apoptosis of cultured motor neuron-like cells, Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a protein levels increase, and 5-methylcytosine accumulates. Enforced expression of Dnmt3a, but not Dnmt1, induces degeneration of cultured neurons. Truncation mutation of the Dnmt3a catalytic domain and Dnmt3a RNAi blocks apoptosis of cultured neurons. Inhibition of Dnmt catalytic activity with small molecules RG108 and procainamide protects motor neurons from excessive DNA methylation and apoptosis in cell culture and in a mouse model of ALS. Thus, motor neurons can engage epigenetic mechanisms to cause their degeneration, involving Dnmts and increased DNA methylation. Aberrant DNA methylation in vulnerable cells is a new direction for discovering mechanisms of ALS pathogenesis that could be relevant to new disease target identification and therapies for ALS.
Highly potent neurotensin analog that causes hypothermia and antinociception

The tridecapeptide neurotensin has long been proposed as an endogenous neuroleptic. However, for neurotensin [or neurotensin(8-13) [NT(8-13)], the active fragment] to cause its effects, it must be administered centrally. Here, we report on an analog of NT(8-13), (N-methyl-Arg),Lys,Pro,L-neo-Trp,tert-Leu,Leu (NT69L), which contains a novel amino acid, L-neo5 degrees C (rectal), with a significant effect persisting for over 7 h. NT69L also caused a rapid (within 15 min) and persistent (for over 5 h) antinociceptive effect, as determined by the hot plate test. NT69L was overall the most potent and longest lasting neurotensin analog that has been reported. These studies provide the background for further testing of a stable, potent and long lasting neurotensin analog as a potential neuroleptic.
The universal propagator for affine [or SU(1,1)] coherent states

It is shown that it is possible to introduce a universal propagator for a general Hamiltonian appropriate to a single affine degree of freedom. This universal propagator is a single function, independent of any particular choice of fiducial vector, which, nonetheless, propagates the coherent state Hilbert space representatives correctly. Furthermore, the universal propagator for several examples is explicitly constructed.
A browser-based event display for the CMS experiment at the LHC

The line between native and web applications is becoming increasingly blurred as modern web browsers are becoming powerful platforms on which applications can be run. Such applications are trivial to install and are readily extensible and easy to use. In an educational setting, web applications permit a way to deploy deploy tools in a highly-restrictive computing environment. The I2U2 collaboration has developed a browser-based event display for viewing events in data collected and released to the public by the CMS experiment at the LHC. The application itself reads a JSON event format and uses the JavaScript 3D rendering engine pre3d. The only requirement is a modern browser using HTML5 canvas. The event display has been used by thousands of high school students in the context of programs organized by I2U2, QuarkNet, and IPPOG. This browser-based approach to display of events can have broader usage and impact for experts and public alike.
Intraoperative gamma detection of 125I-lanreotide in women with primary breast cancer.

Background: Somatostatin receptors are present in most human breast cancers. We performed a pilot trial of intraoperative tumor-gamma detection using the radiolabeled somatostatin analog 125I-lanreotide in 13 women with 14 primary breast carcinomas.
Mortality among rubber workers: VII. Aerospace workers

This study evaluated cause-specific mortality among 3,161 men who were employed in the aerospace division of a rubber manufacturing company. Compared to other production workers at the plant, aerospace workers in deicer and fuel cell manufacturing jobs experienced a 60% excess of deaths from lung cancer. Deicer and fuel cell workers who were under 65 years of age had lung cancer rates that were approximately twice those of other rubber workers of comparable age. Aerospace division employees also had elevated rates of bladder cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. However, detailed analyses suggested that, with the exception of lung cancer, these cancer excesses were not likely to be attributable to employment in the aerospace division.
Hairy vetch biomass yield as affected by fall planting date in the irrigated steppe of the Southern Rocky Mountains

Mid-and late-summer plantings of hairy vetch grow well in the steppe of the southern Rocky Mountains represented by the Espanola Valley (elev. 1740 m) of north-central New Mexico; however, little or no information exists on the relationship between fall planting date and biomass yield the following spring. We conducted an experiment under furrow irrigation in which hairy vetch was planted at = 19 kg/ha on or about September 2, 16, October 1, 16, and November 3 in 1997, 1998, and 1999. Our objective was to determine the effect of fall planting date on aboveground dry matter weight (DMW) during mid-April and mid-May of the following spring. Averaged across all three years, April DMWs were 3210, 1720, 373, 106, and 21 kg/ha for the September 2, 16, October 1, 16, and November 3 plantings, respectively. May DMWs averaged across three years were 4650, 3130, 1300, 707, and 247 kg/ha for the September 2, 16, October 1,16, and November 3 plantings, respectively.
AN IMPROVED METHOD OF CALCULATING FINITE RANGE CORRECTIONS IN TWO NUCLEON TRANSFER REACTIONS.

Abstract A method is developed for calculating finite range corrections in two-nucleon transfer reactions. Certain approximations of currently used methods are eliminated and no new approximations are introduced. Sample distorted-wave Born approximation calculations are presented. Changes due to the improvement in calculating the finite range corrections are found to be large.
Colloidal synthesis of infrared-emitting germanium nanocrystals.

In this study, we synthesized Ge nanocrystals and studied the effects of variables such as solvents, reducing agents, reaction temperature, and capping ligands. The resulting nanocrystals showed infrared photoluminescence with quantum yields as high as ∼8% and enhanced resistance to oxidation. Size analysis of the samples by transmission electron microscopy revealed that the size dependence of the emission is consistent with the effects of quantum confinement.
The role of genomic instability in the pathogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck

Measurements of genomic instability, or identification of genes responsible for instability, may potentially be used as molecular markers to predict disease course and response to therapy. Other possible applications include use of genomic instability measurements, or genes, as tools to screen for primary or recurrent disease. Methodologies for detection of genetic mutations in saliva, blood, and sputum have already been described[61,62]. Brennan et al [63] have described a molecular technique for analyzing histopathologically negative margins and lymph nodes for the presence of p53 gene mutation. This study showed that a positive molecular margin significantly predicted disease recurrence. The recognition that HNSCC is a genetically heterogeneous disease represents a major step toward developing an understanding of its underlying genetic basis. To develop an insight into this genetically heterogeneous disease, investigators must not only focus their efforts on specific head and neck disease sites. Laser-capture microdissection represents a powerful tool for isolating very specific cell populations from tumors [64]. Leethanakul et al[65] performed laser-capture microdissection on oral cavity SCC to construct stage-specific cDNA libraries. Sequencing of 96 clones from each of the six libraries constructed suggested the existence of 132 novel genes, which may play a role in the pathogenesis of HNSCC. The current literature suggests that many individuals diagnosed withHNSCC are genetically predisposed to developing malignancy because of some inherent deficiency of their capacity to maintain their genome in the presence of environmental stressors. Head and neck cancers are highly heterogeneous tumors and exhibit a wide variety of forms of genomic instability. Thus, genomic instability may be viewed as a fundamental force driving head and neck tumorigenesis and evolution. Future study of the specific genetic mechanisms that underlie genomic instability in the HNSCCpatient population is needed. It is only through study of this fundamental force that drives the development of these tumors that clinicians may gain the insight required to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic modalities to benefit the HNSCC patient population as a whole.
Preparation of a novel TiO2-based p-n junction nanotube photocatalyst.

TiO2 nanotube semiconductors contain free spaces in their interior that can be filled with active materials such as chemical compounds, enzymes, and noble metals, giving them a fundamental advantage over colloids. Although the unique shape of semiconductor nanotubes makes them promising for a range of potential applications, significant developmental research is required. In this research, a novel TiO2 nanotube photocatalyst was prepared that has a p−n junction. The photocatalyst particle surface is physically divided into reduction and oxidation surfaces, which poses a potential driving force for the transport of photogenerated charge carriers. The structure of this nanotube catalyst was characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The catalyst activity was evaluated by coating the catalyst on HEPA filters and determining the destruction rate of toluene in air. The p−n junction nanotube catalyst was shown to have a much higher photocatalytic destruction rate than ...
Improved cardioprotection using a novel stepwise ischemic preconditioning protocol in rabbit heart.

Abstract Background The current commonly used cardiac ischemic preconditioning (IPC) protocol, involving three 5-min cycles of ischemia–reperfusion (I/R), may not be clinically beneficial because of its acutely deleterious effects on hemodynamics. This study attempted to assess the effects of a novel stepwise IPC scheme on cardiac function, infarct size, and arrhythmogenesis in a rabbit model of prolonged I/R. Methods Anesthetized open-chest rabbits were subjected to 60-min occlusion of a proximal branch of the left coronary artery followed by 180-min reperfusion. Animals were divided into five groups ( n = 6 each): (1) control group (no IPC); (2) 2-min IPC group (three cycles of 2-min IPC); (3) 5-min IPC group (three cycles of 5-min IPC); (4) 10-min IPC group (three cycles of 10-min IPC); and (5) stepwise IPC group (2-, 5-, and 10-min I/R). Results Compared with control group, 2-, 5-, and 10-min IPC decreased arrhythmia score by 16%, 67%, and 33%, respectively. Remarkably, stepwise IPC resulted in a 78% reduction of arrhythmias. Stepwise IPC also produced the least ventricular infarct size when compared with 2-, 5-, and 10-min IPC groups (16.4% versus 39.3%, 28.1%, and 38.5%, P Conclusions These results suggest that stepwise IPC has better cardioprotective effects against prolonged I/R injury and may serve as an acceptable approach to clinical revascularization procedures on the heart, including catheter-based and surgical approaches.
Selenodesy and planetary geodesy

Selenodesy and planetary geodesy are here defined as the determination for the moon and the eight planets (other than the earth) of (1) the mass, either as the ratio thereto of the sun's mass, or as the product with the gravitational constant GM, (2) the radius R, (3) the rotation rate and orientation, (4) variations of the gravitational field, and (5) broad variations in topographic elevation. We divide this review into three parts: the moon, the inner planets, and the outer planets. The distinction is mainly one of accessibility: only the moon has been orbited by artificial satellites; all the inner planets have been probed by radar, and two have had close approaches by space vehicles; the outer planets as yet have been observed only by passive techniques.
Getting medieval in real time

From making it easier to collaborate and share work to making manuscripts available through digital imaging, the emergence of new technologies such as email, digital media, Facebook, and Twitter have radically re-shaped what it means to do academic work. This essay explores the timeliness of these new technologies. Firstly, by ‘timeliness’ I do mean a sense of fortuitous timing. As an academic with a physical disability, the advent of email and electronic databases full of searchable journal articles could not have been more timely. Without tools like these, pursuing a PhD would have been far more laborious than it already was. But by ‘timeliness’ I am also asking the following question: How do we describe the time of the academic? Using my personal experiences as a starting point, I consider the intersection of Disability Studies and recent work on time and temporality in order to provide the beginnings of an answer. Rather than conceiving the time of the academic as that of working in solitude in our own pockets of time, I suggest that we consider how the social capabilities of new technologies produce a sense of being-together, of working at the same time.
Regulation of the formation and water permeability of endosomes from toad bladder granular cells

Osmotic water permeability (Pf) in toad bladder is regulated by the vasopressin (VP)-dependent movement of vesicles containing water channels between the cytoplasm and apical membrane of granular cells. Apical endosomes formed in the presence of serosal VP have the highest Pf of any biological or artificial membrane (Shi and Verkman. 1989. J. Gen. Physiol. 94:1101-1115). We examine here: (a) the influence of protein kinase A and C effectors on transepithelial Pf (Pfte) in intact bladders and on the number and Pf of labeled endosomes, and (b) whether endosome Pf can be modified physically or biochemically. In paired hemibladder studies, Pfte induced by maximal serosal VP (50 mU/ml, 0.03 cm/s) was not different than that induced by 8-Br-cAMP (1 mM), forskolin (50 microM), VP + 8-Br-cAMP, or VP + forskolin. Pf was measured in endosomes labeled in intact bladders with carboxyfluorescein by a stopped-flow, fluorescence-quenching assay using an isolated microsomal suspension; the number and Pf (0.08-0.11 cm/s, 18 degrees C) of labeled endosomes was not different in bladders treated with VP, forskolin, and 8-Br-cAMP. Protein kinase C activation by 1 microM mucosal phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) induced submaximal bladder Pfte (0.015 cm/s) and endosome Pf (0.022 cm/s) in the absence of VP, but had little effect on maximal Pfte and endosome Pf induced by VP. However, PMA increased by threefold the number of apical endosomes with high Pf formed in response to serosal VP. Pf of endosomes containing the VP-sensitive water channel decreased fourfold by increasing membrane fluidity with hexanol or chloroform (0-75 mM); Pf of phosphatidylcholine liposomes (0.002 cm/s) increased 2.5-fold under the same conditions. Endosome Pf was mildly pH dependent, strongly inhibited by HgCl2, but not significantly altered by GTP gamma S, Ca, ATP + protein kinase A, and phosphatase action. We conclude that: (a) water channels cycled in endocytic vesicles are functional and not subject to physiological regulation, (b) VP and forskolin do not have cAMP-independent cellular actions, (c) activation of protein kinase C stimulates trafficking of water channels, but does not increase the number of apical membrane water channels induced by maximal VP, and (d) water channel function is sensitive to membrane fluidity. By using VP and PMA together, large quantities of endosomes containing the VP-sensitive water channel are labeled with fluid-phase endocytic markers.
Hydrodesulfurization Studies with a Single-Layer Molybdenum Disulfide Catalyst

Abstract Alumina-supported single-layer MoS2 was prepared and its hydrodesulfurization (HDS) activity compared to an alumina-supported multilayer MoS2 catalyst. Single-layer crystallites were formed by exfoliation of lithium-intercalated 2H–MoS2 crystals and were deposited on γ-alumina at pH 10.5–11. The single-layer material is shown to be stable under reaction conditions and catalytic with similar activity and selectivity relative to the multilayer catalyst in the HDS of thiophene and tetrahydrothiophene.
Ineffectiveness of lyxoflavin as an antithyrotoxic factor for the rat.

SummaryExperiments were conducted on the comparative effects of lyxoflavin and liver residue on the gain in body weight, survival rate and ovarian weight of immature hyperthyroid rats fed a purified ration containing casein as the dietary protein and sucrose as the dietary carbohydrate. Liver residue prolonged survival and completely counteracted the retardation in body and gonadal weight observed in thyroid-fed rats on the purified basal ration. Lyxoflavin was without significant effect.
The Direction of Urology: A Prospect for the Mid—1970's

(1972). The Direction of Urology: A Prospect for the Mid—1970's. Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology: Vol. 6, No. sup15, pp. 23-28.
The joint IP modem: Overview, capabilities and Global Information Grid integration

In February 2006, the Department of Defense (DoD) Chief Information Officer (CIO) issued a memorandum with the subject heading, “Department of Defense Policy for Transmission of Internet Protocol Over DoD-Leased and DoD-Owned Transponded Satellite Communications Systems” explaining the need to provide a single solution that supports direct interoperability between users, maximizes bandwidth-on-demand efficiencies, and does not constrain the Department to a single vendor's products. The memorandum goes on to recognize the Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) as the executive agent to provide technical leadership, and develop a strategy to acquire and install the Joint Internet Protocol Modem (JIPM) for use by the COCOMs, Services and Agencies. DISA ensured that the JIPM was based on Net-Centric technologies utilizing open standard DVB-S2/RCS and COTS IP technology to achieve timely and economical delivery of capabilities with the addition of NSA approved transmission security (TRANSEC). Bandwidth efficiency and security are increasingly more important as Net-Centric satellite communications are seamlessly integrated with the Defense Information Systems Network Global Information Grid (DISN/GIG). As explained in this paper, the JIPM will deliver this efficiency and security to satisfy DoD Gateway's (e.g., Teleport and STEP) requirement to provide secure, worldwide IP Satellite Communications (SATCOM) access to the deployed WarFighter (e.g., GBS) and to deliver capabilities essential to meeting tactical remote user's communication requirements to achieve final authority to operate.
On Average Turnaround Time

Average turnaround time is an important consideration in selecting or evaluating computing systems. The greatest lower bound and the least upper bound of average turnaround time are investigated. New results are presented with illustrative examples.
Multiple sensor estimation using the sparse Gauss-Hermite quadrature information filter

In this paper, a sparse Gauss-Hermite quadrature information filter (SGHQIF) is proposed for multiple sensor estimation. The new proposed information filter is more flexible to use and can achieve higher level estimation accuracy than the extended information filter and the unscented information filter. In addition, the new filter maintains the close performance to the conventional Gauss-Hermite information filter with significantly fewer quadrature points and is thus computationally more efficient. The performance of these information filters is compared via a target tracking problem and the SGHQIF is shown to be the best one balancing the estimation accuracy with computational efficiency.
Ecosystem Health and the Political Process: Ullsten and Rapport Revisited

Declining ecosystem health worldwide arguably is partly a consequence of a cultural and political economic disconnect between policy makers and scientists. Previous authors of “Viewpoint” describe this gap in terms of the relative inaction of policy makers in response to warnings from the scientific community. We provide an expanded perspective by considering the sociocultural evolution of political economies, and by contextualizing this dilemma within our overspecialized contemporary society. Our commentary suggests the ecosystem health community can work toward narrowing the policy-science disjunction despite the disparate cultures of these communities.
discontinuous reflection, and a class of singular stochastic control problems for diffusions

We study two kinds of Discontinuous Reflecting Problem (DRP for short), defined by Chaleyat-Maurel et al. [3] and Dupuis and Ishii [5] (reduced to the one-dimensional case) and the related Stochastic Differential Equations with Discontinuous Paths and Reflecting Boundary Conditions (SDEDR for short). We compare the properties of the solutions to the two DRP's as well as the two SDEDR's. Some comparison theorems, either for the solutions of different kinds of SDEDR's or for the same kind of SDEDR but with different data, are derived. As an application, we consider a class of finite-fuel singular stochastic control problems for diffusions. With the new approach, the complete class of admissible controls can now be obtained as a direct consequence of our comparison theorems without any extra conditions. The existence of the optimal control (in a wider sense) is derived