cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Experimental Study of Pressure Flattening During Long-Term Storage in Four Russet Potato Cultivars with Differences in At-Harvest Tuber Moisture Loss

Pressure flattening is a major concern in long-term commercial potato storage which limits the duration of storage or reduces the quality of stored potatoes. Canela Russet, Centennial Russet, Rio Grande Russet, and Russet Norkotah potatoes were treated to induce moisture loss at room temperature and at 37 °C. These tubers were evaluated after three different durations of storage for pressure flattening, using a ventilated container design. Differences in pressure flattening development occurred within a cultivar as a result of moisture loss treatments as well as among the cultivars. There was no difference in the storage time required for Centennial Russet to pressure flatten beyond USDA grade tolerances when the tubers had 5 % (4.99 %) or less than one percent (0.52 %) weight loss prior to storage. Russet Norkotah tubers that lost less than 1 % (0.37 %) weight could be stored 6 additional weeks before the tubers were out-of-grade compared to those that lost nearly 4 % weight (3.82 %). Preventing moisture loss during harvest and storage may not considerably decrease pressure flattening for some cultivars but may provide additional months of profitable shipping for other cultivars.
Hemostasis in a case of tropical sprue with bleeding diathesis.

1. A bleeding tendency in tropical sprue is rare, in contrast to the frequent occurrence of bleeding in other malabsorption syndromes.
Bone and body mass changes during space flight.

Abstract Long duration space flight has shown us that humans have significant bone loss and mineral changes because they are living in microgravity. Skylab and the longer Salyut and Mir missions, are providing us useful data and allowing us to explore the mechanism involved in skeletal turnover. Bone redistribution occurs throughout space flight with bone loss predominately in the weight bearing bones of posture and locomotion. The primary health hazards which may occur during space flight induced by skeletal changes include signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia, and the risk of kidney stones and metastatic calcification. After flight lengthy recovery of bone mass and the possible increase in the risk of bone fracture should be considered. Continued research studies are being directed toward determining the mechanisms by which bone is lost in space and developing more effective countermeasures by both the US (Schneider and McDonald, 1984 and Schneider, LeBlanc & Huntoon, 1993) and Russian (Grigoriev et. al., 1989) space programs.
Functionally gradient superconducting foils by plasma spraying

Functionally gradient composite foils of Y–Ba–Cu–O and silver with a layer thickness of around 100 μm and certain flexibility, were produced by air plasma spraying. The superconducting phase is formed in sprayed composite foils only after annealing in flowing oxygen above 900 °C but can be improved by annealing first in argon at 850 °C prior to the oxygen annealing. The effect of argon pre-treatment was found to increase the grain size of YBa2Cu3O7-δ. The behaviour of the graded silver layer in improving the ductility and in the process of recovery of superconductivity of the sprayed coating was investigated. © 1998 Kluwer Academic Publishers
Change in quality of life in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis over 2 years in relation to other clinical parameters: Results from a trial of intramuscular interferon β-1a

Background: A randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study of weekly intramuscular injections of interferon beta-1a (IFNβ-1a) in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis included the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP), a validated measure of patient-reported quality of life (QoL).Objective: To demonstrate the impact of moderate to severe SIP disability at baseline and change in QoL as measured by SIP over 2 years in relation to other study parameters.Methods: In 158 patients, SIP scores were determined at baseline and 2 years. Scores were correlated with disease progression and treatment.Results: Patients who experienced disability progression, as defined by Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and annualized relapse rate, during the study demonstrated significant worsening in Physical SIP scores compared with patients who did not progress (p = 0.031). In patients with low SIP scores, indicating moderate or severe disability at baseline, treatment with IFNβ-1a significantly improved Physical SIP subscore...
Reducing the data center electricity costs through participation in smart grid programs

To accommodate the increasing presence of intermittent renewable energy sources in power generation, electricity providers offer incentives for demand response so as to stabilize the grid load. This paper argues that data centers have the ability to provide large capacity reserves to emerging smart grid programs, and thus, provide opportunities for sustainable data center growth and cost savings as well as more flexibility for the grid. The paper first reviews the emerging smart grid opportunities, and then proposes policies to deliver data center demand response for peak shaving, regulation services, and frequency control prorgrams. Experimental results indicate substantial cost saving potential compared to solely applying energy management strategies at the data centers.
Estimating the proportion of identifiable individuals and group sizes in photographic identification studies

Simple Bayesian statistical models are introduced to estimate the proportion of identifiable individuals and group sizes in photographic identification, or photo-ID, studies of animals that are found in groups. The models require a simple random photographic sampling of animals, where the photographic captures are treated as sampling with replacement within each group. The total number of images, including those that cannot be identified, and the number of images that contain identifiable individuals are used to make inference about the proportion of identifiable individuals within each group and as the population when a number of groups are sampled. The numbers of images for individuals within each group are used to make inference about the group size. Based on analyses of simulated and real data, the models perform well with respect to accuracy and precision of posterior distributions of the parameters. Widths of posterior intervals were affected by the number of groups sampled, sampling duration, and the proportion of identifiable individuals in each group that was sampled. The structure of the models can accommodate covariates, which may affect photographic efficiency, defined in this study as the probability of photographically capturing individuals.
Evidence for conformeric states of rhodopsin.

Spectrophotometric measurements of metarhodopsin II appearance are made on five different kinds of rhodopsin preparations. Although the preparations differ greatly in their rhodopsin: phospholipid ratio, the meta II kinetics in all of them are strikingly similar in certain respects. Meta II appearance kinetics in all of the preparations are best described by two and only two exponentials. The ratio of these two rates is always about 5. The fast fraction: slow fraction ratio depends upon temperature. These fractions are reversibly convertible in the dark, and are interconverted on a time-scale which is long compared to the meta II appearance rate. It is shown that the kinetics of the earlier step in the bleaching sequence, viz., lumi- → meta I, is also described by double exponentials. Again the ratio of rates is ca. 5 and the fast-slow fractions correspond to those found in the meta I → meta II step. It is proposed that these facts support an hypothesis for the existence of two conformeric states of rhodopsin which are in thermal equilibrium. Thermodynamic parameters associated with this proposed equilibrium are presented.
Energy expenditure of running kangaroo rats Dipodomys merriami.

Abstract 1. 1. The energetic cost of running on a motor driven treadmill was evaluated in kangaroo rats, Dipodomys merriami. 2. 2. Energy expenditure increases rectilinearly with increasing speed. 3. 3. The cost of running at 6°C is 17 per cent higher than its cost at 25 and 34°C. 4. 4. Under our conditions heat produced by exercise does not substitute for shivering at cold temperature. 5. 5. The greater portion of after-work extra oxygen consumption is recovered within 30 to 40 min. 6. 6. A description of a treadmill-metabolism apparatus for small animals is presented.
Predicting green and dry mass of yellow-poplar: an integral approachWest Virginia Agriculture and Forestry Experiment Station Scientific Article 2962.

An integral approach to estimating stem green and dry masses for yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) in West Virginia was compared with traditional ratio equation methods. The data were base...
Studies on reactions of imidazole with two iron(III) porphyrin dimers in aqueous solution

Abstract Kinetics of the reactions of imidazole with μ-oxo-bis(tetrakis(p-sulfophenyl)porphyrinatoiron(III)), [(FeTPPS)2O], and μ-oxo-bis(tetrakis(p-trimethylammoniumphenyl)porphyrinatoiron(III)), [(FeTAPP)2O], were investigated at 30°C and 0.1 F (NaNO3) ionic strength. The compound (FeTPPS)2O reacts at least forty times faster than (FeTAPP)2O. From the pH dependence of this reaction, the reacting ligand species is inferred to be imidazolium ions. Rate laws and possible mechanisms of these reactions are discussed. Spectrophotometric titration was employed to determine the equilibrium constants of these reactions.
Toward an anthropology of the life-world: Alfred Schutz's quest for the ontological justification of the phenomenological undertaking

Insofar as phenomenology in its original sense of a method is presuppositionless, it is self-contained, that is, not in need of metaphysical support. If it departs from the natural stance (natuerliche Einstellung) of the mundane ego, it rests on the given existential ground of the life-world. Husserl, with his demand to "return to the things" themselves and by declar? ing phenomenology a "rigorous science" intended to emphasize the anti-meta? physical character of his philosophy in the radical sense in which the creator of transcendentalism, Kant, had asserted his. Schutz definitely understood phenomenology in this sense. Why, then, did he speak in 1943 of the "courage to enter metaphysics"? (letter to Voegelin, November 11, 1943). The answer is simple: He felt uncomfortable with the foundations of phenomenology as he saw them. The existence of the life-world had to be taken for granted. Phenomenology could not go "below" it with the help of its methods. In this sense, it could not provide its justification. By this, I refer, first, to the reasons in terms of which I explain to myself the because motive which led me to the acceptance of the phenomenological method, and, secondly, to the philosophical reasons in terms of which 'we phenomenologists' justify the claim that phenomenology be taken seriously as the scholarly and philosophical undertaking it is. Schutz's "courage to enter metaphysics" was the courage to face the problem of justification and to
A Note on the Theory of Vibration-Rotation Interaction

Attempts to treat the differential equation for the radial component of the Eigenfunktion of a rotating harmonic oscillator by the W.K.B. or alternative methods, have encountered difficulties because of the nature of the equation. The interval from $r=0$ to $r=\ensuremath{\infty}$, on which the equation has to be considered, includes both a singular point and a turning point. About these points the Stokes' phenomenon is involved, and the elementary asymptotic solutions fail to remain valid. Known theory which is applicable to the equation in intervals which contain such critical points is here called upon to yield an equation for the Eigenwerte, and to produce descriptions of the solutions over the complete range of the variable.
Robust Fault Diagnosis for a Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

Abstract This paper presents an H∞ optimization-based approach for the detection and isolation of faults in a horizontal axis wind turbine. The primary residuals are generated from separate parity equations for each of the blade pitch and drivetrain subsystems. Then, a robust secondary residual filtering scheme is developed to remove undesirable cross coupling in fault-residual pairings while suppressing the effects of the strong nonlinearity of the aerodynamic rotor torque-speed relationships, the effects of unmodelled dynamics and noise. Solutions are obtained using H∞ and μ-synthesis tools. Sensor, actuator and system/parameter faults are diagnosed using specified information about the nature of the faults as well as sensor redundancy. Results are included demonstrating the diagnosis of individual faults specified with the benchmark model for wind turbine fault detection and isolation.
Perfectionism and social goals: What do perfectionists want to achieve in social situations?

Abstract With a sample of 367 college students, the current study examined how two dimensions of perfectionism (PS: personal standards and COM: concern over mistakes) are related to social achievement goals and social content goals. COM was linked to less desirable types of social goals (e.g., social demonstration-approach, social demonstration-avoid, popularity, and dominance goals) and had null relations with adaptive social goals (e.g., social development, intimacy, and nurturance goals). In contrast, PS was related to adaptive social goals (e.g., social development, nurturance, intimacy, and leadership goals) and had no relation with maladaptive social goals (e.g., dominance goals). Despite all these benefits, PS was also positively related to social demonstration-avoid goals, which have been consistently linked to psychological ill-being and negative social outcomes.
Detrimental effects of two widespread invasive ant species on weight and survival of colonial nesting seabirds in the Hawaiian Islands

Invasive ants are a significant conservation concern and can have far-reaching effects in ecosystems they invade. We used the experimental control of ant numbers on two pairs of small ( 20% of tissue on their feet) weighed significantly less than uninjured chicks and did not fledge. It is unclear if the chicks were being preyed upon or stung in defense of nearby ant colonies. Radical changes in invasive ant populations have been noted, and booming ant populations could cause short-term, but widespread damage to seabird colonies. The negative effects of invasive ants on seabirds may be difficult to detect, and therefore unknown or underestimated throughout the world where the two groups overlap.
The Women Kinsey Studied

less development of his potentialities, through cultural innovation. Likewise, we may say that man has the only "uncommitted" sexuality, not restricted or controlled by "instinct," nor confined to procreation. Sex research is urgently needed to help us to understand our human sexuality, not only how it has been patterned by different traditions and warped by our personalities, but also how it may be repatterned to maintain and advance human dignity as one of man's greatest potentialities.(4)
m-LPN: an approach towards a dependable trust model for pervasive computing applications

Trust, the fundamental basis of 'cooperation' - one of the most important characteristics for the performance of pervasive ad hoc network - is under serious threat with the emergence of counterfeiting and malicious activity. Several constraints exist in the pervasive computing environment such as a device's memory, battery power and computational capability. This results in a high degree of dependence on other devices within the network to provide services. Along with this is the lack of a secure communication medium which invites both active and passive eavesdroppers. In order to restrict the participation of malicious devices, we propose a trust model which is actually a modified form of the well known LPN (learning parity with noise) based Hopper-Blum (N. Hopper and M. Blum, 2000) protocol. Our new refined model has been named as m-LPN (modified learning parity with noise) which is presented in this paper along with an illustrative example.
The DSpace institutional digital repository system: current functionality

We describe DSpace/sup /spl trade//, an open source system that acts as a repository for digital research and educational material produced by an organization or institution. DSpace was developed during two years' collaboration between the Hewlett-Packard Company and MIT Libraries. The development team worked closely with MIT Libraries staff and early adopter faculty members to produce a 'breadth-first' system, providing all of the basic features required by a digital repository service. As well as functioning as a live service, DSpace is intended as a base for extending repository functionality, particularly to address long-term preservation concerns. We describe the functionality of the current DSpace system, and briefly describe its technical architecture. We conclude with some remarks about the future development and operation of the DSpace system.
DNA Binding and Bending by Sac7d is Stepwise

Which came first? Using thermodynamic cycles constructed from experimental measures of the binding free energy and free energy simulations, we have shown that binding of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius protein Sac7d to DNA occurs before DNA bending, thus indicating that a conformational selection mechanism is unlikely to be operative in Sac7d binding.
Are infants in the dark about hidden objects

Infants appear to search for objects hidden by darkness earlier in development than they search for objects hidden by an occluder in the light. However, these two types of search tasks have differed in numerous ways that may have contributed to better performance in the dark (e.g. in whether the hidden objects made sound, in the number of familiarization trials with visible objects). The current studies controlled such incidental differences between search tasks, so that they could be directly compared. Sixand-a-half-month-olds received four types of test events, in which either a toy or no toy was presented and then hidden in the dark or under a cloth in the light. Infants searched more often on toy than no-toy trials in the dark than with a cloth. The advantage in searching for hidden objects in the dark thus appears to be genuine. Theoretical implications are discussed.
Rewiew of Fracture and Fatigue in Ceramic Matrix Composites

A review of recent developments and state-of-the-art in research and understanding of damage and fatigue of ceramic matrix composites is presented. Both laminated as well as woven configurations are considered. The work on the effects of high temperature on fracture and fatigue of ceramic matrix composites is emphasized, because these materials are usually designed to operate in hostile environments. Based on a detailed discussion of the mechanisms of failure, the problems that have to be addressed for a successful implementation of ceramic matrix composites in design and practical operational structures are outlined. This review article includes 317 references.
Salt effects in the spectrophotometric examination of a complex of N′‐methylnicotinamide cation

The extent of complex formation, as determined spectrally, between the N ′-methylnicotinamide cation and the electron donor, 8-chlorotheophyllinate anion, was found to vary greatly when different salts were used to adjust ionic strength. The degree of complex formation when sodium perchlorate was used was found to be much smaller than when sodium acetate was used. An examination of these salt effects indicated that the observed behavior was explicable on the basis that ion pair formation occurred between the pyridinium cation and perchlorate anion.
Structural bias in T4 RNA ligase-mediated 3′-adapter ligation

T4 RNA ligases are commonly used to attach adapters to RNAs, but large differences in ligation efficiency make detection and quantitation problematic. We developed a ligation selection strategy using random RNAs in combination with high-throughput sequencing to gain insight into the differences in efficiency of ligating pre-adenylated DNA adapters to RNA 3′-ends. After analyzing biases in RNA sequence, secondary structure and RNA-adapter cofold structure, we conclude that T4 RNA ligases do not show significant primary sequence preference in RNA substrates, but are biased against structural features within RNAs and adapters. Specifically, RNAs with less than three unstructured nucleotides at the 3′-end and RNAs that are predicted to cofold with an adapter in unfavorable structures are likely to be poorly ligated. The effect of RNA-adapter cofold structures on ligation is supported by experiments where the ligation efficiency of specific miRNAs was changed by designing adapters to alter cofold structure. In addition, we show that using adapters with randomized regions results in higher ligation efficiency and reduced ligation bias. We propose that using randomized adapters may improve RNA representation in experiments that include a 3′-adapter ligation step.
A novel analog optical link with high dynamic range

A heterodyne interferometric phase modulated link, a new analog optical link, is described. This link, based on phase modulation using an external modulator, has high linearity and suppresses the impact of laser relative intensity noise. The link increases the spurious-free dynamic range by 21 dB as compared to a conventional externally modulated AM link for 10 mW of received optical power, relative intensity noise of -130 dB/Hz, and a 15-GHz intermediate frequency. >
Dynamic overlay multicast in 3D video collaborative systems

Multi-stream/multi-site 3D video collaborative systems are promising as they enable remote users to interact in a 3D virtual space with a sense of co-presence. However, the decentralized content dissemination remains a challenge. In this work, we explore approaches to construct adaptive overlay based on the users' visual interest in the collaborative space. Particularly, we consider the practical challenge that the user's interest might change dynamically. We propose, compare, and evaluate three algorithms to handle the view dynamics. With extensive experiments, we demonstrate that an algorithm that exploits view locality can achieve efficient bandwidth utilization, high topology stability, and great scalability.
Local luminance nonlinearity and receptor aliasing in the detection of high-frequency gratings

Contrast sensitivity for orientation discrimination is limited to spatial frequencies below 50–60 cycles per degree by neural spatial integration, and we find that contrast sensitivity, measured using an orientation-discrimination criterion, declines sharply with increasing spatial frequencies in that range. Yet interference fringe patterns pulsed at constant mean luminance can be detected at spatial frequencies far above that resolution limit [ D. R. Williams , Vision Res.25, 195 ( 1985)]. This is due at least in part to aliasing by the receptor mosaic, but another possible cue is provided by nonlinear distortion, which can create spatially uniform temporal transients when a pulsed fringe pattern is presented. We investigated the contribution of these spatially unstructured distortion products to grating detection by superimposing the pulsed fringe patterns on a randomly flickering uniform field. This manipulation has almost no effect on contrast sensitivity well below the resolution limit. Just above the resolution limit, however, the random luminance mask greatly elevates the fringe pattern detection threshold, suggesting that spatially unstructured cues provide the basis for detection in this range. At still higher fringe pattern frequencies, which approximately match the cone mosaic, the random luminance flicker again becomes ineffective for some observers, creating a clear secondary peak in contrast sensitivity in the flicker mask condition, which is presumably due to spatially structured cues provided by aliasing with the cone mosaic. The aliasing peak is still more clearly demarcated if the subject sets contrast thresholds for the perception of pattern as such. The contrast sensitivity function then has a notch or gap between the normal sensitivity range and the aliasing range. Apparently, in the unmasked case, spatially uniform cues (changes in overall color and brightness) bridge this gap.
Influence of pH on the activity of chymotrypsin at a solid-liquid interface.

Abstract A comparison of the action of an enzyme (chymotrypsin) on a substrate (denatured lysozyme) (a) in solution and (b) adsorbed on kaolinite, at a solid-liquid interface, reveals that the pH optimum for maximum activity is narrower and shifted to a higher pH with adsorbed substrate. This shift was predictable on the basis of the ionization properties of the kaolinite surfaces.
Antimicrobial Activity of Rifabutin

Rifabutin is a spiro-piperidyl-rifamycin derived from rifamycin-S. It is structurally related to rifampin and shares many of its properties. Rifabutin has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. It is considerably more active than rifampin in vitro against the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Mycobacterium leprae. It also is active against most atypical mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium kansasii, but Mycobacterium chelonae is relatively resistant. Rifabutin also is active against staphylococci, group A streptococci, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus ducreyi, Campylobacter jejuni, Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Toxoplasma gondii. It has poor activity against Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas species. This review focuses on the antimicrobial profile of rifabutin in relation to its pharmacological properties. Special emphasis is placed on its in vitro activity against MAC and other mycobacteria, its efficacy in cell culture and animal models, and its potential as a component of multidrug therapy for mycobacterial and other infectious diseases.
Selectivity of the evoked potential for vernier offset

Hyperacuity thresholds of a few arc seconds can be achieved psychophysically for a variety of spatial localization tasks. The present experiments show that evoked potentials can be elicited in response to the introduction of vernier offsets, but not by the introduction of other cues to hyperacuity such as bisection or relative pattern motion, although each of these cues is equally salient psychophysically. Moreover, vernier acuity measurements and the evoked potentials elicited in response to vernier offsets are strongly degraded by the introduction of flanking stimuli 2-4 min from the vernier target. This suggests that the hyperacuity VEP is a cortical correlate of a very specific type of hyperacuity, that produced by vernier offsets (colinearity failure).
The Chloroplast Small Heat-Shock Protein Oligomer Is Not Phosphorylated and Does Not Dissociate during Heat Stress in Vivo

Plants synthesize several classes of small (15- to 30-kD monomer) heat-shock proteins (sHSPs) in response to heat stress, including a nuclear-encoded, chloroplast-localized sHSP (HSP21). Cytosolic sHSPs exist as large oligomers (approximately 200-800 kD) composed solely or primarily of sHSPs. Phosphorylation of mammalian sHSPs causes oligomer dissociation, which appears to be important for regulation of sHSP function. We examined the native structure and phosphorylation of chloroplast HSP21 to understand this protein's basic properties and to compare it with cytosolic sHSPs. The apparent size of native HSP21 complexes was > 200 kD and they did not dissociate during heat stress. We found no evidence that HSP21 or the plant cytosolic sHSPs are phosphorylated in vivo. A partial HSP21 complex purified from heat-stressed pea (Pisum sativum L.) leaves contained no proteins other than HSP21. Mature recombinant pea and Arabidopsis thaliana HSP21 were expressed in Escherichia coli, and purified recombinant Arabidopsis HSP21 assembled into homo-oligomeric complexes with the same apparent molecular mass as HSP21 complexes observed in heat-stressed leaf tissue. We propose that the native, functional form of chloroplast HSP21 is a large, oligomeric complex containing nine or more HSP21 subunits, and that plant sHSPs are not regulated by phosphorylation-induced dissociation.
Molecular hydrogen, E' center hole traps, and radiation induced interface traps in MOS devices

The authors provide long-sought direct atomic scale evidence for molecular hydrogen reactions at a specific point defect in irradiated thermally-grown SiO/sub 2/ films on Si. Using electron spin resonance (ESR), they observe hydrogen interaction at E' centers in thermal oxides exposed to molecular hydrogen at room temperature. The E' center is the dominant hole trap in thermally grown SiO/sub 2/. The decrease in E' density occurs on a time scale similar to a comparable increase in density of interface traps. The similarity of the rate of E' decrease to the rate of interface trap increase, and the approximate agreement between the number of E' centers and interface traps involved in the two reactions are very strong evidence that E' centers are involved in the interface trap formation process in radiation and hot-carrier damaged thermally grown SiO/sub 2/ on Si. >
Early protection and compression of residual limbs may improve and accelerate prosthetic fit: a preliminary study.

Background The goal of rehabilitation following lower extremity amputation is to restore the highest level of independent function. As much as possible, this includes the functional use of a prosthetic device fitted to the residual limb. Early prosthetic fit depends, in turn, on rapid healing of the amputation site. Methods We hypothesized that compliance with a novel custom-designed amputation protection and compression system (CAPCS) to the residual limb can accelerate and improve the likelihood of successful prosthesis use. We conducted a retrospective study of all patients who were offered CAPCS by certified prosthetists (Hanger Prosthetics and Orthotics, Bethesda, MD) during the period between April 2004 and November 2009. Variables included age, sex, indication for amputation, and compliance with CAPCS. Compliance was defined as consistent observed wearing of the CAPCS as directed. The primary end point was the fitting of a prosthetic device to the amputated limb, with time to prosthetic fit being the secondary outcome. Results Out of 100 patients who were offered CAPCS ( n = 100) during the study period, 76% were considered compliant ( n = 76). Sixty five patients (65%) were ultimately fitted with prosthetic limbs. In multivariate analysis, we found that patients who had compliant use of CAPCS were significantly more likely to be successfully fit with prosthesis (72 vs. 42%, p = 0.005). At 100 days post amputation, the cumulative incidence of prosthesis fitting was significantly higher in CAPCS compliant patients (69.7 vs. 22.2%, p = 0.012). Conclusions Compliant use of a CAPCS following amputation is associated with earlier and more frequent use of a prosthetic. Based on this limited data set, a conclusion can be drawn that the potential exists to significantly improve functional outcomes after amputation, but well-designed prospective studies are needed to confirm this association.
A New Class of Light-Traps for Nano-enhanced Photovoltaic Conversion

Rather than considering light as passing through a PN junction we paradigm shift to a new class of traps in which the light travels along a PN junction, as a guided mode. Significantly this opens the door to importing energy from elsewhere and mode coupling it directly into the PN junction. The theoretical basis for this mode trapping is explored. We also create new simulation tools, which allow experimental data to be incorporated, in order to improve our understanding of the underlying processes and to aid in the optimization of nanophotonic devices. We consider devices with non-conductive nanoparticles and/or plasmonics as top-reflectors; used in conjunction with periodic and/or pseudo-random photonic crystal back-reflectors. The nonlinear effects of saturation allow us to clamp the electromagnetic modes to produce a uniform distribution of power across the photovoltaic surface for dimensions as large as we wish. Keywords-solar energy; photovoltaic systems.
VLSI Decoder Architecture for High Throughput, Variable Block-size and Multi-rate LDPC Codes

A low-density parity-check (LDPC) decoder architecture that supports variable block sizes and multiple code rates is presented. The proposed architecture is based on the structured quasi-cyclic (QC-LDPC) codes whose performance compares favorably with that of randomly constructed LDPC codes for short to moderate block sizes. The main contribution of this work is to address the variable block-size and multi-rate decoder hardware complexity that stems from the irregular LDPC codes. The overall decoder, which was synthesized, placed and routed on TSMC 0.13-micron CMOS technology with a core area of 4.5 square millimeters, supports variable code lengths from 360 to 4200 bits and multiple code rates between frac14 and 9/10. The average throughput can achieve 1 Gbps at 2.2 dB SNR.
Functional Neuroanatomy of Anticipatory Behavior: Dissociation between Sensory-driven and Memory-driven Systems

The ability to anticipate predictable stimuli allows faster responses. The predictive saccade (PRED) task has been shown to quickly induce such anticipatory behavior in humans. In a PRED task subjects track a visual target jumping back and forth between fixed positions at a fixed time interval. During this task, saccade latencies drop from approximately 200 ms to <80 ms as subjects anticipate target appearance. This change in saccade latency indicates that subjects' behavior shifts from being sensory driven to being memory driven. We conducted functional magnetic resonance imaging studies with 10 healthy adults performing the PRED task using a standard block design. We compared the PRED task with a visually guided saccade (VGS) task using unpredictable targets matched for number, direction and amplitude of required saccades. Our results show greater activation during the PRED task in the prefrontal, pre-supplementary motor and anterior cingulate cortices, hippocampus, mediodorsal thalamus, striatum and cerebellum. The VGS task elicited greater activation in the cortical eye fields and occipital cortex. These results demonstrate the important dissociation between sensory and predictive neural control of similar saccadic eye movements. Anticipatory behavior induced by the PRED task required less sensory-related processing activity and was subserved by a distributed cortico-subcortical memory system including prefronto-striatal circuitry.
Development and Use of a Rat Albumin cDNA Clone to Evaluate the Effect of Chronic Ethanol Administration on Hepatic Protein Synthesis

A rat albumin cDNA probe (pBR alb 149) was developed in order to investigate the molecular mechanisms responsible for changes in hepatic protein synthesis after chronic administration of ethanol to rats. Rats fed a diet for up to 1 year in which 36% of calories were from ethanol, developed fatty livers but not cirrhosis. Cell-free protein synthesis with liver membrane-bound polysomes of ethanol-fed rats was increased as compared to control membrane-bound polysomes, whereas protein synthesis with free polysomes was unchanged. Total RNA extracted from liver membrane-bound polysomes and translated in a rabbit reticulocyte mRNA-dependent system showed a marked increase in albumin synthesis in the ethanol-fed group. Analysis of RNA molecules separated according to molecular weight by gel electrophoresis and hybridized with recombinant-cloned albumin cDNA demonstrated an increase in full-sized albumin mRNA species in ethanol-fed animals. Therefore, chronic ethanol administration appears to increase albumin synthesis by increasing the steady-state level of biologically active albumin mRNA in liver membrane-bound polysomes. Despite development of fatty liver, the protein synthesis machinery functions normally.
Energy Considerations of Hypothetical Space Drives

*The energy requirements of hypothetical, propellant-less space drives are compared to rockets. This serves to provide introductory estimates for potential benefits and to suggest analytical approaches for further study. A "space drive" is defined as an idealized form of propulsion that converts stored potential energy directly into kinetic energy using only the interactions between the spacecraft and its surrounding space. For Earth-to-orbit, the space drive uses 3.7 times less energy. For deep space travel, energy is proportional to the square of delta-v, whereas rocket energy scales exponentially. This has the effect of rendering a space drive 150-orders-of-magnitude better than a 17,000-s Specific Impulse rocket for sending a modest 5000 kg probe to traverse 5 ly in 50 years. Indefinite levitation, which is impossible for a rocket, could conceivably require 62 MJ/kg for a space drive. Assumption sensitivities and further analysis options are offered to guide further inquires. Nomenclature δ = modification coefficient (%) δ gf = modification coefficient of gravitational field (%) δ gm = modification coefficient of gravitational mass (%) δ im = modification coefficient of inertial mass (%) δ m = modification coefficient of rocket mass, including stored propellant (%) δ p = modification coefficient of expelled propellant (%) dm = mass increment (kg) dr = radius increment (m) dt = time increment (s)
Preservice Music Teachers’ Experiences With and Attitudes Toward Music Genres

With the intent of informing music teacher education this study aimed to better understand American preservice music teachers’ experiences with and attitudes toward different music genres. The rese...
The genomics of preconditioning and ischemic tolerance

The genomic changes that confer ischemic neuroprotection have been revealed through system-wide genomic profiling of preconditioning and ischemic tolerance. Recent evidence suggests that preconditioning that induces cerebral ischemic tolerance relies on genomic changes that encompass cellular processes such as defense, cell survival, cellular homeostasis, signaling, and transcription. In addition, following the ischemic challenge, new genomic regulation is observed, suggesting that the genomic response to injury is reprogrammed in preconditioned animals. A critical phase of ischemic tolerance that remains poorly understood is the transition from preconditioning to the neuroprotective phenotype. This transition period or refractive state involves molecular players responsible for conveyance of preconditioning signals into genomic alterations that ultimately lead to protection. Potential executors of ischemic tolerance may include epigenetic factors that alter gene transcription or miRNAs that can regulate both transcription and translation. Understanding these processes, aided by rapidly improving technology, and the neuroprotective cascades induced in preconditioning will further the field toward the ultimate goal of designing neuroprotective therapies for the treatment of stroke.
Usefulness of a standard automated blood pressure monitor in patients with continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices.

1. Kirklin JK, Naftel DC, Pagani FD, et al. Sixth INTERMACS annual report: a 10,000-patient database. J Heart Lung Transplant 2014;33:555-64. 2. Stevenson LW, Pagani FD, Young JB, et al. INTERMACS profiles of advanced heart failure: the current picture. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009;28:535-41. 3. Cowger J, Sundareswaran KS, Rogers JG, et al. The HeartMate II risk score: predicting survival in candidates for left ventricular assist device support. J Heart Lung Transplant 2011;30(suppl):S31. 4. Stewart GC, Brooks K, Pratibhu PP, et al. Thresholds of physical activity and life expectancy for patients considering destination ventricular assist devices. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009;28:863-9. 5. Rogers JG, Boyle AJ, O’Connell JB, et al. Risk assessment and comparative effectiveness of left ventricular assist device and medical management in ambulatory heart failure patients: design and rationale of the ROADMAP clinical trial. Am Heart J 2015;169:205-10. 6. Baldwin JT, Mann DL. NHLBI’s program for VAD therapy for moderately advanced heart failure: the REVIVE-IT pilot trial. J Card Fail 2010;16:855-8. 7. Allen LA, Stevenson LW, Grady KL, et al. Decision making in advanced heart failure: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2012;125:1928-52.
A Bitter Pill to Swallow: Patent Law, a True Exception to Antitrust Law Schor V. Abbott Laboratories

This paper reviews the conflict between antitrust laws and patent laws in light of a recent decision from the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois: Schor v. Abbott Labs., 378 F. Supp. 2d 850 (N.D. Ill. 2005), aff'd, 457 F.3d 608 (7th Cir. 2006), petition for cert. filed, 2006 WL 3037912 (U.S. Oct. 24, 2006) (No. 06-577). By way of background, the paper examines a split in the federal circuit courts of appeal regarding the intersection of antitrust laws involving patents. The analysis of this split focuses on the Ninth Circuit decision in Image Technical Servs. Inc. v. Eastman Kodak Co., 125 F.3d 1195, 1206 (9th Cir. 1997), and the Federal Circuit decision in In re Independent Service Organizations Antitrust Litigation, 203 F.3d 1322, 1325 (Fed. Cir. 2000). In considering the district court decision from Schor v. Abbott Labs, this paper recognizes several commendable aspects of that decision. Furthermore, this paper argues that the time is ripe for the Supreme Court to resolve the split by granting cert and ultimately affirming the Schor ruling; or, alternatively, for Congress to give broader jurisdictional powers to the Federal Circuit such that uniformity of the law is achieved.
Hand injuries in children: late problems and primary.

The accurate, timely, appropriate repair and reconstruction of the traumatically crippled hand of a child can be one of the most satisfying experiences of a hand surgeon’s career. Alternatively, the results of ill-conceived, inappropriate, or poorly executed surgery can remain a lifelong witness to our efforts.
Residential Land Values and Walkability

We examine 5,603 property transactions in Jefferson County, Alabama that take place between 2004 and 2008. Using OLS regressions, we estimate the extent to which differences in walkability, as meas...
Heat Transfer in the Turbulent Boundary Layer With a Step Change in Surface Roughness

Measurements of Stanton numbers, velocity profiles, temperature profiles, and turbulence intensity profiles are reported for turbulent flat plate boundary layer flows with a step change in surface roughness. The first 0.9 m length of the test surface is roughened with 1.27 mm diameter hemispheres spaced 2 base diameters apart in a staggered array. The remaining 1.5 m length is smooth. The experiments show that the step change from a rough to a smooth surface has a dramatic effect on the convective heat transfer. In many cases, the Stanton number drops below the smooth-wall correlation immediately downstream of the change in roughness. The Stanton number measurements are compared with predictions using the discrete element method with excellent results.
A San Dieguito Site on the Lower Gila River, Southwestern Arizona

ABSTRACTThe 1977 investigation of a small San Dieguito site on the Lower Gila River is described. A review of the San Dieguito complex is presented, followed by a description of three possible cultural features and the flaked lithic artifact assemblage from the site. Attributes of the artifacts suggest that the primary function of the site was raw material procurement and initial reduction. Variation in the degree of development of desert varnish indicates low-intensity, intermittent use of the site for a long period of time, beginning with what has been defined as San Dieguito I and continuing into the ceramic period. The technological strategies of flake production are reconstructed from core and flake attributes. Heavily varnished, finished tools assigned to the San Dieguito I component, along with a possible sleeping circle, may indicate the pursuit of tasks other than raw material procurement during that time period. Finally, an assessment is provided of the state of current knowledge of the San Dieg...
Bartolomé de Las Casas

1497 als Soldat in Granada; um 1500 in der Kathedralschule in Sevilla; 1502 in Hispaniola, um die Ureinwohner zu christianisieren; 1512 Priesterweihe; 1513 Teilnahme an der blutigen Unterwerfung Kubas; Vorschlage zum Schutz der Urbevolkerung, von Karl V. 1519 akzeptiert; ab 1547 Mitglied des Westindienrats, engster koniglicher Berater fur Westindienfragen.
Banking on Technology for Financial Inclusion

Almost everyone in advanced economies has a bank account—90 percent of households to be more precise. But it isn’t that way everywhere in the world. In the average Latin American and Caribbean country, only 35 percent of households have a bank account.1 Meanwhile, firms in the region consistently point to problems accessing credit as a major obstacle to their development. According to the World Bank Enterprise Surveys (World Bank, 2010b), Latin American enterprises rank access to credit third on a list of constraints to their growth, behind high informal employment and political instability.
Coverage-dependent adsorption thermodynamics of oxygen on ZnO(0001)

Abstract The equilibrium behavior of oxygen adsorbed on metal oxide surfaces such as ZnO(0001) often affects their behavior in applications such as gas sensing. The present work attempts to bridge this distinct gap to applications from an alternate perspective by employing the optical technique of photoreflectance (PR) to measure the enthalpy Δ H ads and entropy Δ S ads of oxygen adsorption as a function of coverage on Zn-terminated ZnO(0001). The large and strongly coverage-dependent parameters, stemming from a multiplicity of sites, chemical species and reconstructions, lead to a nonmonotonic coverage variation in both Δ H ads and Δ S ads . The entropic contribution to the free energy is comparable to the enthalpic contribution even near room temperature, so that temperature effects on oxygen adsorption may be uncommonly large.
Understanding and Assessing Collaborative Processes Through Relational Events

Effective teams are characterized by how skillfully they collaborate, coordinate, and interact while working towards their collective goals. These processes are inherently dynamic, and are best represented as a series of events (i.e. interactions). Whereas other methods for studying teams focus on the properties or structure of the group, an event-focused framework has potential to yield unique insights about the nature of collaboration. We therefore introduce the relational event framework, which is a statistical tool designed specifically to take advantage of event data. This method makes statistical inferences about what sequential patterns of collaboration ties form and how these patterns perform. In this chapter we introduce the reader to relational event modeling, including an overview of the necessary data, measures, and statistical models. We also provide insights on how this statistical technique can be utilized to assess and understand collaboration.