cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CODING VERBAL CONFLICT TACTICS: NONVERBAL AND PERCEPTUAL CORRELATES OF THE “AVOIDANCE‐DISTRIBUTIVE‐INTEGRATIVE” DISTINCTION

Coding procedures developed by Sillars (1980a) classified statements made during interpersonal conflict into “avoidance,”“integrative,” and “distributive” categories. In the present paper we present evidence that these distinctions provide an intuitively sound and theoretically meaningful basis for coding communication during conflict. Two studies are reported. In the first study, verbal tactics correlated in the expected ways with observer perceptions of the disclosiveness and competitiveness of conflict discussions. In the second study, several predicted relationships between verbal tactics and nonverbal behaviors were confirmed, although regression analysis indicated that most of these relationships could be accounted for by the high degree of talkativeness associated with integrative tactics. Overall support for the coding distinctions was obtained from the two studies.
Estrogen receptor β (ERβ) protein levels in neurons depend on estrogen receptor α (ERα) gene expression and on its ligand in a brain region-specific manner

Abstract Estrogen receptors (ERs) α and β are very similar estrogen-binding proteins, perhaps gene duplication products, which act as ligand-dependent transcription factors. While the estrogenic regulation of ERα has been well documented, little is known about how estrogen regulates ERβ and whether ERα plays a role in the expression and estrogenic regulation of ERβ. In the present study, we examined the effects of gonadectomy and estrogen replacement on ERβ immunoreactivity (ir) in wild-type (WT) and ERα knockout (αERKO) adult male mice in six brain regions, the medial preoptic area (MPOA), the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), the ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus (VMH), the medial amygdala nucleus (MeAMY) and the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). Mice were divided into four different treatment groups: gonadally intact, gonadectomized (GDX), GDX+short-term treatment with estrogen (s.c. injection of estradiol benzoate (EB), 5 μg, at 48 h before perfusion) or GDX+long-term treatment with estrogen (implant of an EB pellet, 2.5 μg/day, for 10 days). In intact αERKO mice, the number of ERβ expressing cells was significantly decreased in the MPOA and increased in the BNST, compared to WT mice. Both in the MPOA and BNST, steroid hormone regulation of ERβ protein (an increase by GDX and a decline to intact levels by EB) was found only in WT, not in αERKO mice. In the VMH, GDX significantly increased the number of ERβ ir expressing cells in both genotypes. EB treatment tended to decrease the number of ERβ ir cells in WT mice, whereas EB treatment tended to increase ERβ ir cell counts in αERKO mice. No effects of GDX or EB treatment were found in the DRN and MeAMY regardless of genotype. These results suggest that gonadal steroid hormones may regulate ERβ protein in male mice and ERα may be involved in the expression and regulation of ERβ in a region-specific manner.
Scintillating Metal-Organic Frameworks: A New Class of Radiation Detection Materials

The detection and identification of subatomic particles is an important scientific problem with implications for medical devices, radiography, biochemical analysis, particle physics, and astrophysics. In addition, the development of efficient detectors of neutrons generated by fissile material is a pressing need for nuclear nonproliferation efforts. A critical objective in the field of radiation detection is to obtain the physical insight necessary for rational design of scintillation materials. Many factors affect the quantum efficiency and timing of scintillator light output, includingchemical composition, electronic structure, interchromophore interactions, crystal symmetry, and atomic density. None of the material types currently used in radiation detection, which include crystalline inorganic compounds such as LaBr3:Ce, organic compounds, and plastics, have the inherent synthetic versatility to exert systematic control over these factors. Therefore, it is likely that major advances in radiationdetectionwill requirethedevelopment of new materials outside the scope of traditional scintillators. Here, we propose that metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) could potentially offer the desired level of structural control, leading to an entirely new class of radiation detection materials. MOFs are crystalline materials consisting of metal clusters linked by coordinating organic groups. Yaghi, O’Keefe, and coworkers have shown that structures resulting from the selfassembly of specific metal ions and linkers can be predicted through an understanding of the geometric nets accessible to particular metal-linker combinations (‘‘reticular chemistry’’), [1‐3] which is difficult to accomplish in other extended crystalline materials such as zeolites and molecular solids. Furthermore, variation of the organic component of MOFs allows for additional structural modifications that can be used to tailor MOF properties. Conjugated organic molecules, which are usually fluorescent and are often scintillators as well, are used extensively as linkers in MOFs, and reports of fluorescent MOFs are increasing. [4‐9] The relatively rigid structure of some MOFs can create permanent nanoporosity, a property being explored for gas storage, [10‐15] separations, [13,16] catalysis, [13,17‐20] and sensing. [21‐23] This feature could also be advantageous in scintillation
Are agribusiness stocks an investor safe haven

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to determine how an index of agribusiness stocks performs relative to the S&P 500 particularly in times of recession. Design/methodology/approach – Using value-weighted indexes of agribusiness stocks, large cap US stocks, and copula estimation, the paper quantifies the correlation in potential investment portfolios. The information obtained from the copula estimated dependence measures and Value at Risk (VaR) allows to examine the diversification benefits of holding agribusiness stocks in the portfolio relative to the S&P 500. Findings – The results provide limited evidence that the addition of agribusiness stocks to a portfolio are able to provide significant diversification benefits to a portfolio of domestic equities, as represented by the S&P 500 index. The VaR analysis also indicates the risk of extreme losses remained relatively stable both across time and portfolio weightings. Research limitations/implications – While this research examines a broad-based agrib...
Imaging Appearance in Acute Liver Failure: Correlation with Clinical and Pathology Findings

Acute liver failure (ALF) is characterized by sudden liver injury without underlying chronic liver disease. Excluding underlying cirrhosis in these patients is often difficult and liver biopsy may be impractical. We review the imaging appearance of acute hepatic failure in patients who underwent transplant and correlate these findings with clinical, laboratory and pathology parameters. This is a retrospective review of 47 patients without known chronic liver disease who presented to three institutions between 2002 and 2010 with ALF, 46 of which underwent subsequent orthotopic liver transplantation. Pre-transplant ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans were reviewed for parenchymal homogeneity, surface nodularity and evidence of portal hypertension. Explant histopathology, laboratory values and time intervals between symptom onset to initial imaging and transplant were correlated with imaging findings. The majority of patients with ALF had abnormal radiographic findings. Ascites was seen in 65 % of patients. Splenomegaly, collateral vessel formation and hepatofugal flow in the portal vein were present in 28, 15 and 9 % of patients, respectively. Nodular liver surface was noted in 23 % of patients, more commonly in patients who had been ill for more than 7 days. Liver surface nodularity correlated with massive hepatic necrosis on histology and wrinkled capsule on visual inspection of explanted liver specimen. Imaging findings in ALF was variable and can resemble cirrhosis. Assessment for underlying cirrhosis in the setting of liver failure should not be based on imaging findings.
Monovalent Salt Effects on the Membrane Activity of Antimicrobial Polymers

Synthetic mimics of antimicrobial peptides (SMAMPs) are known to disrupt cellular membranes in aqueous media. The impact of ionic strength, or the salt concentration, on membrane activity of these SMAMPs is an important issue since some AMPs are known to lose their activity at higher salt concentrations. In this report, the effect of salt concentration on membrane activity was evaluated using fluorescence dye leakage assays. Salt concentration did not affect the membrane activity of these SMAMPs significantly except for the 100% anionic vesicles (phosphatidylglycerol (PG) or phosphatidylserine (PS) only), where membrane activity decreased with increasing salt concentration. The results also indicated that the membrane activity of SMAMPs with monoamine side chains is independent on ionic strength against cardiolipin (CL) vesicles; however, SMAMPs containing bis- or trisamines exhibited salt concentration dependent membrane activity for CL liposomes.
Family history facilitates the early diagnosis of prostate carcinoma

BACKGROUND Although all men age >50 years are at an increased risk for the development of prostate carcinoma, 2 major factors increase this risk: family history and race. This article outlines the influence of family history on the risk of prostate carcinoma and current understanding of factors that increase this risk. METHODS Published studies investigating the familial and hereditary link to prostate carcinoma are reviewed. The results of an investigation into the mendelian inheritance of prostate carcinoma are discussed as well as the relation between hereditary cancer syndromes such as breast and ovarian carcinoma and prostate carcinoma. RESULTS A positive family history of prostate carcinoma increases the relative risk of prostate carcinoma in male first-degree relatives approximately twofold. Prostate carcinoma is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. The relative risk of prostate carcinoma increases with multiple affected relatives. CONCLUSIONS Hereditary prostate carcinoma is estimated to be associated with 43% of men in whom the diagnosis of prostate carcinoma is made at age <55 years, 34% of men in whom the diagnosis is made at age <70 years, and only 9% of men diagnosed before age 85 years. Hereditary prostate carcinoma should be suspected in families with an early age at onset of the disease and/or multiple affected family members. Because hereditary prostate carcinoma is characterized by an early age at onset, first-degree relatives in high risk families should begin screening before age 50 years. Cancer 1997; 80:1871-4. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
Dangerous Liaisons: Trust, Distrust, and Information Technology in American Work Organizations

This paper employs an inductive, natural-systems approach to explore the complex social and economic factors whose interaction generate trust and distrust between individuals, subunits, and firms in American corporations. The objective of this investigation is to gain a better understanding of the role of interpersonal trust and distrust on the implementation and use of new information technologies in organizational settings. The focus of the investigation is work-group control of information flow across organizational boundaries under conditions of trust and distrust, and the consequences of advanced information technology for such information-control practices. A central finding is that more powerful parties often try to force a shift in the medium of information exchange to gain greater control in specific hierarchical relationships. When these changes threaten the quality or security of information required by less powerful parties, resistance is the result. The discussion suggests that deployment of ...
Frank, Tibor: "Double Exile: Migrations of Jewish-Hungarian Professionals through Germany to the United States, 1919-1945."

Frank, Tibor. Double Exile: Migrations of Jewish-Hungarian Professionals through Germany to the United States, 1919-1945. Exile Studies, Vol. 7. Bern, Switzerland: Peter Lang AG, 2009. 501 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Appendix. Index. Illustrations. Reviewed by Andrew Felkay, Kutztown University.
Testosterone improves spatial memory in men with Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment

Objective: To determine the efficacy of testosterone (T) supplementation on cognition in a sample of men with Alzheimer disease (AD) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods: Fifteen patients with AD and 17 patients with MCI aged 63 to 85 years completed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Nineteen participants received weekly intramuscular (IM) injections of 100 mg T enanthate and 13 participants received weekly injections of placebo (saline) for 6 weeks. Cognitive evaluations using a battery of neuropsychological tests were conducted at baseline, week 3, and week 6 of treatment and again after 6 weeks of washout. Results: Peak serum total T levels were raised from baseline an average of 295% in the active treatment group. Improvements in spatial memory ( p p Conclusion: Testosterone supplementation may benefit selective cognitive functions in men with Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment.
Dynamics of spermiogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. VI. Significance of "onion" nebenkern formation.

In elongating spermatids of Drosophila melanogaster , the axoneme is believed to grow by the addition of microtubule subunits at the caudal end, which is enclosed within a short cilium. In fact, the anterior region of tail develops ahead of the posterior region in the structure of axoneme as well as in its relation with the mitochondrial derivatives. The angular relation between the axoneme and the derivatives is not fixed in a short region near the caudal tips of the derivatives. An important part of the mechanism of fixing the relation along the enormously long tail could be the progressive “zipping” of the organelle by following the relation established in the anterior region. The furrow, which divides the surface of the “onion” nebenkern into equal halves belonging to the two subunits, is in alignment with the axoneme. The bisection of the surface, which would provide the subunits with an equal opportunity to associate with the axoneme at the furrow, seems to be an important functional feature of the nebenkern formation. The initial interlocking and the subsequent, gradual unlocking of the subunits may also serve the purpose of assuring the precise positioning of the subunits along the growing axoneme. During the transformation of the 7- μ m wide nebenkern into the 1800- μ m long mitochondrial derivatives, its volume is approximately preserved but its surface area is greatly enlarged. The sum of the surface areas of the shells of the onion amounts to about 30% of the total surface area of the fully elongated derivatives, suggesting another function of the nebenkern formation to be the storage of surface area in the form of concentric shells. Spheroidal bodies 0.5 μ m or less wide, which are elaborate extensions of the outer mitochondrial membrane, are likely sites for the synthesis of the additional area of the outer membrane. For the inner membrane, the possibility of the cristae serving as a reservoir is suggested. Similar but modified mechanisms are expected to be found in different arthropods.
Humoral immunity in the chicken as affected by mercury.

An evaluation was made of the effects of chronic and acute mercury (Hg) treatments on humoral immunity in the chicken. Three treatments were examined,i.e., chronic, acute high, and acute low Hg treatments. Although chronic dietary treatment with 300 ppm of Hg in the drinking water was growth inhibitory, acute high and low Hg treatments given by IM injections were not growth inhibitory. Chronically-treated birds showed suppressed primary and secondary responses to challenge with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Additionally, immunoglobulin M levels were reduced to a greater extent than immunoglobulin G levels in chronically-treated birds. These effects did not occur in birds that received acute high and low Hg treatments. Immune suppression by growth inhibitory Hg treatment agrees with published reports and the differential effect on specific immunoglobulin levels is a new finding. Primary responses toBrucella abortus (BA) in chronically-treated birds were also suppressed, but secondary responses were enhanced. These data further clarify the role of Hg on immune responsiveness in chickens.
Microscopic Anatomy of the Pleura

This article describes the anatomy of the pleura, which is made up of five layers. Blood supply and lymphatics are described, as are pleural fluid, mesothelial cells, and Kampmeier foci.
Calculation of the Solar Chromospheric Lα Profile Allowing for Partial Redistribution Effects

Recent work by Vernazza (1972) and by Vernazza et al (1973) showed that the assumption of complete redistribution of the emitted photons over the entire line profile fails badly to match observation. With complete redistribution, the predicted line wing is too bright by a factor of 5 or 6. Methods for treating the partial redistribution problem have now been developed (Milkey and Mihalas, 1973), and are applied to a schematic L alpha calculation to assess whether the effects of partial redistribution explains the discrepancy. (WDM)
Golf and the American Country Club

In this entertaining cultural history, Richard J. Moss explores the circumstances that led to the firm establishment of the country club as an American social institution and its inextricable connection to the ancient, imported game of golf. The founders of the early country clubs sought to counter the nationalization and standardization of American life by creating closed, controlled communities that reminded them of the village America being snuffed out by industrialization. Initially little more than informal groups of friends playing golf in pastures and orchards, country clubs were soon draped in "instant" history and prestige and their members distinguished by uniform dress. By 1901, the country clubs that had sprouted all over the country had undergone another change, becoming "country estates" in the suburbs where the prosperous registered their social status. The transformation of the club from country retreat to suburban playground went hand in hand with a widespread shift in attitudes toward health and sport. Golf was perceived as a democratic game, one that was physically sedate enough to accommodate players of both genders and all ages and that employed a handicap system to level the playing field. Other factors spurred the growth and expansion of country clubs in the 1920s: the advent of professional golf architects, the rise of public golf courses, increased discretionary time and income for many Americans, and a shift away from the Protestant ethic of deferred gratification toward values that justified increased leisure and pleasure. The Depression brought this expansion to a screeching halt. After World War II the business of golf changed, with public and private daily-fee courses, corporate country clubs, and gated golfing communities, as on Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, presenting steep competition for the private clubs. Moreover, the clubs confronted demands for equal access by minorities and women. Pairing a conversational tone with rock-solid scholarship, "Golf and the American Country Club" offers a readable and even-handed treatment of a venerable and controversial American institution.
Ratios of photoelectron to EUV ionization rates for aeronomic studies

This paper presents calculations performed on the photoelectron impact to EUV photoionization rate ratios for atmospheric O, O2, and N2, and also for the production of N(+) by photodissociative ionization of N2. It was found that the ratios vary greatly with altitude. At high altitudes in the absence of photoelectron transport, the O(+) and N2(+) ionization rate ratios are about 0.35, but they increase with increasing optical depth; in the vicinity of the ionization peak, the photoelectron rate can exceed the EUV ionization rate for O(+) and N2(+). At high altitudes, the O2(+) ionization rate ratio is about half that of O(+); this ratio increases with increasing optical depth to reach a peak of about 0.4. There are also seasonal variations in the ratios at high altitudes depending on the magnitude of the conjugate photoelectron flux.
On closures of similarity orbits of essentially nilpotent operators of order two

Several results are obtained on the structure of the closure of the similarity orbit of a compact perturbation of the ampliation of a nilpotent Jordan cell, including a complete answer for the case of an algebraic essentially nilpotent operator of order two.
Targets of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 2-mediated tumor growth regulation revealed by serial analysis of gene expression

Although the c-Jun NH 2 -terminal kinase (JNK) pathway has been implicated in mediating cell growth and transformation, its downstream effectors remain to be identified. Using JNK2 antisense oligonucleotides (JNK2AS), we uncovered previously a role for JNK2 in regulating cell cycle progression and survival of human PC3 prostate carcinoma cells. Here, to identify genes involved in implementing JNK2-mediated effects, we have analyzed global gene expression changes in JNK2-deprived PC3 cells using Serial Analysis of Gene Expression. More than 40,000 tags each were generated from control and PC3-JNK2AS libraries, corresponding to 15,999 and 20,698 unique transcripts, respectively. Transcripts corresponding to transcription factors, stress-induced genes, and apoptosis-related genes were up-regulated in the PC3-JNK2AS library, revealing a significant stress response after the inhibition of JNK2 expression. Genes involved in DNA repair, mRNA turnover, and drug resistance were found to be down-regulated by inhibition of JNK2 expression, further highlighting the importance of JNK2 signaling in regulating cell homeostasis and tumor cell growth.
Effects of Document Simplification on the Reading Comprehension of the Elderly

Good and poor readers (aged 60+) were tested on three versions of documents describing social services—the original document, a version simplified by a readability formula, and a version simplified 'subjectively' by skilled writers. Results indicate that in only one of the four documents (the longest one) was com- prehension improved by subjective rewriting; simplification by readability formula had no effect on comprehension . Reading ability, however, was a significant covariate for comprehension. The study concludes that the 'readability' of a docu- ment is a poor indicator of its comprehensibility for aged subjects, and that simplify- ing the language of documents may not be sufficient in easing their comprehension difficulties. In the course of applying for and using essential health services, the elderly are faced with formidable reading tasks; yet very little is actually known about how dif- ficult these tasks are, and how they might be ameliorated for elderly people who do not read well. In previous research (Afflerbach, AUington & Walmsley, 1980; All- ington & Walmsley, 1980), we have demonstrated that, for the inner city sample of the elderly tested in our studies, the typical elderly subject's reading level was about 8th grade (as measured by the Woodcock Reading Mastery Test), and their per- formance on everyday reading tasks, as measured by the National Assessment of Educational Progress reading exercises, was generally similar to the nine year-olds tested in the original National Assessment surveys. An analysis of the documents necessary for an elderly person to read in order to gain access to or use a health-related federal, state or private service (e.g. Medicare, Medicaid, Supplemental Security Income, Blue Cross/Blue Shield) revealed that 98% of the documents had readability levels (as measured by the Dale-Chall, SMOG,
Modeling and simulation of power conditioning equipment containing saturable inductors using a personal computer

The authors present a technique for the simulation of power-conditioning equipment containing saturable inductors. An ideal sampler, variable gain, and clamp are used to model the saturable inductor. A state variable is assigned to this group of elements. A linear homogeneous state model is formulated and solved using the state-transition-matrix approach. The state variable associated with the sampler, gain, and clamp are held constant for the solution of the state model. These added states are updated using a jump matrix and nonlinear description function. The solution achieved using the technique compares favorably with the solution obtained from a simulation using the Electromagnetic Transients Program. >
Phosphorylation of a C-terminal auto-inhibitory domain increases SMARCAL1 activity

SMARCAL1 promotes the repair and restart of damaged replication forks. Either overexpression or silencing SMARCAL1 causes the accumulation of replication-associated DNA damage. SMARCAL1 is heavily phosphorylated. Here we identify multiple phosphorylation sites, including S889, which is phosphorylated even in undamaged cells. S889 is highly conserved through evolution and it regulates SMARCAL1 activity. Specifically, S889 phosphorylation increases the DNA-stimulated ATPase activity of SMARCAL1 and increases its ability to catalyze replication fork regression. A phosphomimetic S889 mutant is also hyperactive when expressed in cells, while a non-phosphorylatable mutant is less active. S889 lies within a C-terminal region of the SMARCAL1 protein. Deletion of the C-terminal region also creates a hyperactive SMARCAL1 protein suggesting that S889 phosphorylation relieves an auto-inhibitory function of this SMARCAL1 domain. Thus, S889 phosphorylation is one mechanism by which SMARCAL1 activity is regulated to ensure the proper level of fork remodeling needed to maintain genome integrity during DNA synthesis.
Preferential Mode of gas invasion in sediments: Grain‐scale mechanistic model of coupled multiphase fluid flow and sediment mechanics

[1] We present a discrete element model for simulating, at the grain scale, gas migration in brine-saturated deformable media. We rigorously account for the presence of two fluids in the pore space by incorporating forces on grains due to pore fluid pressures and surface tension between fluids. This model, which couples multiphase fluid flow with sediment mechanics, permits investigation of the upward migration of gas through a brine-filled sediment column. We elucidate the ways in which gas migration may take place: (1) by capillary invasion in a rigid-like medium and (2) by initiation and propagation of a fracture. We find that grain size is the main factor controlling the mode of gas transport in the sediment, and we show that coarse-grain sediments favor capillary invasion, whereas fracturing dominates in fine-grain media. The results have important implications for understanding vent sites and pockmarks in the ocean floor, deep subseabed storage of carbon dioxide, and gas hydrate accumulations in ocean sediments and permafrost regions. Our results predict that in fine sediments, hydrate will likely form in veins following a fracture network pattern, and the hydrate concentration will likely be quite low. In coarse sediments, the buoyant methane gas is likely to invade the pore space more uniformly, in a process akin to invasion percolation, and the overall pore occupancy is likely to be much higher than for a fracture-dominated regime. These implications are consistent with laboratory experiments and field observations of methane hydrates in natural systems.
Household water consumption in an arid city: affluence, affordance, and attitudes.

Reducing consumption in affluent urban households is perhaps the most important driver of future natural resource conservation. This article examines how water consumption in individual households is affected by income and determines whether household amenities or attitudes toward community and the environment mediate the effect of income on residential water use, net of other factors. We matched household social surveys, property characteristics, and climate variables with 24 months of individually metered water usage records for single-family houses in Phoenix, AZ. Household income had a positive, significant effect on consumption that was mediated by house size. Irrigable lot size and landscape type also had significant effects on consumption, although attitudes did not. In order to promote environmentally sustainable behavior we must develop better models of the social organization of consumption and encourage affluent households to be more attuned to the water affordances of their lifestyles.
Evidence for nonthermal illumination-enhanced diffusion in implanted silicon

Summary form only given. Formation of pn junctions in advanced Si-based transistors employs rapid thermal annealing (RTA) of ion-implanted regions in order to increase the activation of dopants. The need for ever-shallower junctions with low sheet resistances has driven a shift to "spike" RTA with exceptionally high heating rates near 400/spl deg/C/s. There has been suspicion that the strong lamp illumination required for this procedure may nonthermally influence the diffusion of dopants. Possible mechanisms include (a) photoenhanced formation of bulk vacancies and interstitials that mediate diffusion, and (b) photostimulated changes in the hopping mobility of existing interstitials. Both mechanisms involve changes in the average electrical charge state of the relevant species. Identification of such effects is difficult in conventional RTA geometries because lamps provide both heating and photostimulation, and because the interpretation of conventional dopant diffusion experiments is impeded by complex dopant-defect interactions and the presence of built-in electric fields in typical test structures. In this work, we present direct, unambiguous experimental evidence for nonthermally enhanced surface diffusion Group III, IV and V elements on Si at illumination intensities as low as 1 W/cm/sup 2/, showing how activation energies can change by more than 0.5 eV, and pre-exponential factors by four orders of magnitude. We then discuss how similar mechanisms are likely to apply in the case of bulk transient enhanced diffusion of dopants.
Permeability relationships of polyimide copolymers

The permeability of the homopolymers 6FDA-3BDAF and 6FDA-4BDAF and of the copolymers 6FDA-4/2BDAF, 6FDA-4/3BDAF, and 6FDA-4/3/2BDAF to He, CO2, and CH4 was measured at 35.0°C and at pressures up to 10 atm. The experimental values of the permeability coefficients for the copolymers are in satisfactory agreement with the values estimated from the permeability coefficients for the constituent homopolymers and their weight fractions. The synthesis of the fluorine-containing diamine 2BDAF is reported for the first time. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Gender and the Gubernatorial Agenda

Although the number of female governors has more than doubled over the past thirty years, few studies examine whether gender influences the policy interests of governors. To address this gap in the...
Inductive certainty factors from databases

Efficient use of intelligent information systems requires tools that can assist not only in finding information that can be deduced from the databases, but also in inferring missing information using similarity and statistical based measures adapted from artificial intelligence. Inductive dependencies provide an expressive way to achieve this goal. Relationships that are not functional can be written precisely, and a delta measurement makes explicit the reliability of the relationship. Using inductive dependencies and appropriate delta functions one can express a wide spectrum of relationships and manipulate them with some degree of certainty. We discuss the utility of inductive dependency as a knowledge mining formalism that can be used in discovery in databases and study properties of delta functions that capture the functionality of relationships. >
Surgical hardware-related iatrogenic venous compression syndrome

Deep vein thrombosis related to immobilization is a common and extensively studied disorder, particularly in hospitalized patients. However, the phenomenon of iatrogenic venous compression (IAVC) a...
Long-distance ultraviolet scattering channel measurements: Analog vs. digital approaches

We compare an analog and a digital method for characterizing the long-distance non-line-of-sight ultraviolet scattering channel. Experimental results and theoretical-model predictions are presented that provide demonstration and validation.
Effects of reactant heterogeneity and mixing on catabolite repression in cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

An experimental study was conducted into the effect of reactant heterogeneity on glucose-fed continuous cultures of S. cerevisiae, The heterogeneity was altered by varying mixing intensity in the nutrient entry region within a static mixing device. Experimental results confirm simulation predictions based upon a simple growth model, showing that mixing in the entry region can govern macroscopic culture behavior. Specifically, at high dilution rates, the biomass concentration was reduced by mixing patterns that increased the size of regions where glucose exceeded the threshold for catabolite repression. Because the size of such repressive regions is not uniquely determined by reactant segregation, the authors argue that in biological systems (and others involving a threshold response) an alternative measure of mixing quality should be used. Conclusions are drawn concerning the simulation of biological reactors for design purposes, and the importance of nutrient delivery systems to reactor performance.
An Update on SURFRAD—The GCOS Surface Radiation Budget Network for the Continental United States

Abstract The Surface Radiation budget (SURFRAD) network was developed for the United States in the middle 1990s in response to a growing need for more sophisticated in situ surface radiation measurements to support satellite system validation; numerical model verification; and modern climate, weather, and hydrology research applications. Operational data collection began in 1995 with four stations; two stations were added in 1998. Since its formal introduction to the research community in 2000, several additions and improvements have been made to the network’s products and infrastructure. To better represent the climate types of the United States, a seventh SURFRAD station was installed near Sioux Falls, South Dakota, in June 2003. In 2001, the instrument used for the diffuse solar measurement was replaced with a type of pyranometer that does not have a bias associated with infrared radiative cooling of its receiving surface. Subsequently, biased diffuse solar data from 1996 to 2001 were corrected using a...
Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping for Endometrial Cancer

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping in early-stage endometrial cancer has been used for nearly two decades, but has only been gaining acceptance over the past 5 years. In 2014, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines began including SLN mapping and the Memorial Sloan Kettering SLN algorithm as an option for the surgical staging of select women with endometrial cancer. SLN mapping is a form of image-guided surgery that can enhance a surgeon’s ability to find the SLN, or the purported first node involved in lymphatic metastases from the primary cancer. The SLN concept is rooted in the idea that lymph node metastasis occurs sequentially; therefore, if the SLN is negative for metastasis, then the ensuing nodes should also be negative. Following a cervical injection of colored dye, SLNs are three times more likely to harbor disease than non-SLNs; and with immunohistochemical “ultrastaging,” pathologists were able to detect an additional 3–8 % of micrometastasis to SLNs, which may have been otherwise missed by routine H&E. Overall, the use of SLN mapping in early-stage endometrial cancer can help select patients avoid an extensive lymphadenectomy, which is associated with long-term side effects, including lower extremity lymphedema. In this chapter, we will discuss SLN mapping techniques and address the reported outcomes of various studies.
Early Permian corals from the Providence Mountains, San Bernardino County, California

TO document evolutionary patterns in late Cenozoic Caribbean reef corals, we compiled composite stratigraphic ranges of 49 genera and 175 species using Neogene occurrences in the Cibao Valley sequence of the northern Dominican Republic and faunal lists for 24 Miocene to Recent sites across the Caribbean region. This new compilation benefits in particular from increased sampling at late Miocene to early Pleistocene sites and from increased resolution and greater taxonomic consistency provided by the use of morphometric procedures in species recognition. Preliminary examination and quantitative analysis of origination and extinction patterns suggest that a major episode of turnover took place between 4 and I Ma during Plio-Pleistocene time. During the episode, extinctions were approximately simultaneous in species of all reef-building families, except the Mussidae. Most strongly affected were the Pocilloporidae (Stylophora and Pocillopora), Agariciidae (Pavona and Gardineroseris), and free-living members of the Faviidae and Meandrinidae. At the genus level, mono- and paucispecific as well as more speciose genera became regionally extinct. Many of the extinct genera live today in the Indo- Pacific region, and some are important components of modern eastern Pacific reefs. Global extinctions were concentrated in free- living genera. During the turnover episode, no new genera or higher taxa arose. Instead, new species originated within the surviving Caribbean genera at approximately the same time as the extinctions, including many dominant moder Caribbean reef-building corals (e.g., Acropora palmata and the Montastraea annularis complex). Excluding this episode, the taxonomic composition of the Caribbean reef-coral fauna remained relatively unchanged during the Neogene. Minor exceptions include: 1) high originations in the Agariciidae and free-living corals during late Miocene time; and 2) regional or global extinctions of several important Oligocene Caribbean reef builders during early to middle Miocene time.
Best for Baby

To the Editor: We would like to comment on “Device for Carrying a Physically Handicapped Child: Suggestion from the Field,” which was written by Jacqueline D. Mast (Physical Therapy, March 1985). We agree that it is important for parents and caretakers to have a means of transporting a child from place to place. We are concerned about effects that the recommended cloth carrier would have on a child with central nervous system damage. It is our experience that children with this disability most frequently require positioning that will inhibit capital and cervical hyperextension, scapular retraction, lower extremity extension and adduction, and plantar flexion. The carrier, by its design, facilitates scapular retraction, inhibits hands-to-midline, and allows hip and knee extension and plantar flexion. The contours of the carrier's body encourage trunk and cervical extension. On the positive side, the carrier does position the child's legs into abduction and free the child's and the caretaker's hands for activities. [ ARTICLE][1] [1]: /lookup/volpage/65/351?iss=3
A survey of complaints of seismic-related damage to surface structures following the Salmon underground nuclear detonation

Abstract Following Salmon, the undergound nuclear experiment in Mississippi, numerous unexpected complaints of damage were received from residents living 15 to 40 km away. The claimed damage is mostly cracks in plaster, stucco, and masonry. Ground motion at these ranges was within the predicted safe limits, with peak surface-particle velocities roughly an order of magnitude below the 5 to 10 cm/sec previously accepted as the threshold for damage. It is shown that a 5 cm/sec damage threshold is not descriptive of this area, and revised damage criteria need to be formulated that take into consideration geology, frequency spectrum, and other factors in addition to surface particle velocity. The claimed damage is similar to that normally found in Mississippi homes where it is attributed to poor foundation soils. The triggering by Salmon of naturally occurring settlement cracks is suspected, but the physics of the process is not yet fully understood. Further complications in the survey are introduced by local sociology and psychology and public relations factors.
Characterization of patterns formed by shadows of spheres.

Motivated by colloidal lithography, we study the problem of characterizing periodic planar patterns formed by shadows of spheres. The set of patterns accessible to shadow lithography spanned by lattice types, tilt, and rotation angles is rich, but topological considerations of shadow overlap along simplex edges and faces lead us to just $4+1$ distinct categories. These planar patterns are in one-to-one correspondence with a 4-valued index linked to Cayley-Menger determinants. The characterization is confirmed by a phase diagram which predicts surface patterns for any experimental geometry.
Advance Directives for Medical Care — A Case for Greater Use

Abstract Background. Advance directives for medical care and the designation of proxy decision makers to guide medical care after a patient has become incompetent have been widely advocated but little studied. We investigated the attitudes of patients toward planning, perceived barriers to such planning, treatment preferences in four hypothetical scenarios, and the feasibility of using a particular document (the Medical Directive) in the outpatient setting to specify advance directives. Methods. We surveyed 405 outpatients of 30 primary care physicians at Massachusetts General Hospital and 102 members of the general public in Boston and asked them as part of the survey to complete the Medical Directive. Results. Advance directives were desired by 93 percent of the outpatients and 89 percent of the members of the general public (P>0.2). Both the young and the healthy subgroups expressed at least as much interest in planning as those older than 65 and those in fair-to-poor health. Of the perceived barriers ...
Analysis of related factors and controlling study of nosocomial infections in ICU patients

OBJECTIVE To analyze the effecting factors of nosocomial infections in intensive care unit(ICU),and propose the corresponding control strategies to reduce the incidence of infections.METHODS A total of 300cases of ICU patients were randomly selected from Mar.2012Mar.2013and were investigated and analyzed.A total of 43patients with nosocomial infections were set as the infection group,and the remaining 257cases were set to be the control group.The clinical data and medical conditions of the two groups were analyzed to identify factors of infections.RESULTS Among 300ICU patients,43cases developed nosocomial infections,with the infection rate of 14.33%.The main site of infection was respiratory tract,accounting for 51.16%,followed by wound and urinary tract,which accounted for 16.28%,11.63%.Advanced age,poor nutritional status,operation time,ICU length of hospital stay,long time of mechanical ventilation,combined diabetes,two or more combined underlying diseases,indwelling catheter infection were major factors of infections.The difference was significant(P0.05). A total of 47strains of pathogens were isolated,including 37strains of gram-negative bacteria,accounting for 78.72%,8strains of gram-positive bacteria,accounting for 17.02%;2strains of fungi,accounting for 4.26%; with Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae as the main pathogens.CONCLUSION ICU is a staging ground for drug-resistant pathogens,but also a department with a high incidence of nosocomial infections.Strengthening the sterile control of all aspects of the treatment process,focusing on the treatment of patients with underlying diseases and environmental monitoring,rational use of antibiotics are effective measures to reduce the infections.
Investigation on immunity level against epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis and carring status among healthy population in Hefei

Objective To understand the immunity level against epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis and carring status of neisseria meningitidis in healthy population,and to provide scientific basis for prevention and control. Methods Blood specimens and throat swab were collected from the people in 6 different aged groups from Hefei,cultured and antibody was tested. Results Among 666 subjects,Nm was positive in 31 throat swabs,the carrier rate was 4. 7%. And the carrier rate of Nm serogroup A,B,C,X,D were 2. 1%,1. 8%,0. 5%,0. 2% and 0. 2% respectively. The serum antibody positive rate in Nm serogroup A and C were 93. 9% and 92. 7% respectively. Conclusion immunity level against ECM of population in Hefei was high. Prevalence risk of ECM was low in Hefei.
Influence of LiF on cathodic process for Na_3AlF_6-Al_2O_3 molten salt electrolysis

Electrochemical reactions of Al3+ and formation mechanism of Al-W intermetallic compound on tungsten electrode were investigated by means of cyclic voltammetry and theoretical calculation analysis.Al3+ was reduced to Al metal in a single step and the deposition potential of sodium was more negative than aluminum in molten cryolite system.In both Na3 AlF6-Al2 O3 system and Na3 AlF6-Al2 O3-LiF system,the deposition reaction of Al3+ as Al-W intermetallic compounds on tungsten electrode was quasi-reversible,involving diffusion process from the sweep rate range of 50 mV·s-1 to 150 mV·s-1.During the forming process of Al-W intermetallic compound,Al3+ diffusion coefficient increased from 4.54×10-9 cm2·s-1 to 5.71×10-9 cm2·s-1,and reaction activation energy decreased from 11.14 kJ·mol-1 to 10.47 kJ·mol-1.Al-W intermetallic compound was insoluble in both Na3 AlF6-Al2 O3 system and Na3 AlF6-Al2 O3-LiF system.In Na3 AlF6-Al2 O3-LiF system,Li did not deposit out on tungsten electrode during the reduction process and oxidation current was larger than that in Na3 AlF6-Al2 O3 system during the formation process of Al-W intermetallic compound.In the constant current electrolysis experiment,XRD,SEM,EDS showed that Al-W intermetallic compound was insoluble in molten salt,but adhered to the surface of the working electrode.Adding LiF decreased Al-W intermetallic compound(WAl4) quantity but increased Al2 O3 quantity.With the formation of Al-W intermetallic compound,Li-Al intermetallic compound also formed at the same time and it was soluble in Na3 AlF6-Al2 O3-LiF system.It confirmed that the working electrode was more stable during the electrolysis process after adding LiF.LiF inhibited the growth of WAl4 and increased the activity of Al3 + in Na3 AlF6-Al2 O3-LiF system.As the cathode of aluminum electrolysis,alloying effect was obvious on tungsten electrode during the electrolysis process.In order to guarantee normal electrolysis,tungsten wire electrode should be pretreated to form a stable alloy.