cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Intervention for Childhood Stealing

Arguments for early intervention with childhood stealing are presented, drawing attention to both the prevalence of the behavior and its empirical association with multiple and persistent conduct problems. An intervention for children aged 4 through adolescence who steal is described. Parents are instructed in identifying stolen objects, confronting their children about the theft, and delivering specified consequences. The child is made to (a) apologize to the victim of the theft, (b) return the stolen item, (c) pay the victim an amount of money equal to the cost of replacing the stolen item, and (d) lose one of his or her own possessions of approximately equal value to the stolen item. A case example is used to illustrate the intervention.
The stage hypothesis and the s-curve: some contradictory evidence

This paper presents the results of a study testing the s-shaped budget curve of Nolan's stage model of computer development in an organization. Research on the data processing budgets of California counties fails to support the s-shaped curve or the use of budgets as a basis for a stage model. However, the results do not invalidate the concept of a stage model. The analysis suggest an alternative model of budget growth and a separation between models of budgeting growth and growth stages in the development of the computer resource.
Oxidation of acetophenone in a high temperature open-tubular capillary column liquid chromatographic system

Acetophnone, a substance stable at room temperature, is readily oxidizes in a high temperature open tubular liquid chromatographic system by the residual oxygen in the mobile phase. The oxidation product is less UV absorptive and detection sensitivity decreases greatly. To prevent the oxidation, through degassing of the mobile phase is necessary.
Electrical Characteristics of the Junction in a Simplified Selenium Rectifier Cell

The selenium-cadmium contact is a simplified version of the commercial selenium rectifier and is studied with the purpose of understanding the physics of contact resistance asymmetry. A theory by W. Schottky, which predicts the contact resistance at zero voltage and the course of this resistance with d-c reverse bias, is not adequate to account for the experimental data. An attempt is made to extend the theory by assuming a fraction of the bromine ions in the selenium to be free. Agreement with experiment is obtained for low voltages at a high temperature, but for high voltages at all the temperatures employed there is marked disagreement. The theory developed is sufficiently general to conclude that the contacts studied have either a polarizable layer less than 10-5 centimeter thick between the cadmium and selenium, or there is a mechanism of deactivation of bromine ions at higher voltages. The experiments do not distinguish between the alternatives.
Biostimulation of weathered MC252 crude oil in northern Gulf of Mexico sandy sediments

Abstract The effects of biostimulation on mineralization of weathered Macondo (MC252) crude oil in moderately contaminated sand were investigated. Biodegradation was assessed in microcosm experiments containing 4000 mg kg −1 weathered Macondo oil and either amended with inorganic nutrients (NP), or organic matter in the form of either plant ( Spartina alterniflora ) or fish-amendments ( Chloroscombrus chrysurus ). Hydrocarbon mineralization occurred in all treatments, with the highest degradation rates observed in C. chrysurus supplemented sediments. The C. chrysurus addition increased the rates by 123%, while NP addition increased the degradation rates by 52% compared to oil only treatments. In contrast, the S. alterniflora addition increased the degradation rates by 25% during the course of the study. Microbial acclimation periods were observed within 48 h in all treatments. Bacterial analyses revealed the presence of Proteobacteria ( Alpha -, Beta -, Gammaproteobacteria ) phylum with members that were closely related to known hydrocarbon degraders.
Molecular and cellular mechanisms of opiate action: Studies in the rat locus coeruleus

We have studied the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the acute and chronic effects of opiate on neurons of the rat locus coeruleus (LC). Acutely, opiates inhibit LC neurons by activating K+ channels and inhibiting a novel sodium-dependent inward current. Both of these actions are mediated via pertussis toxin-sensitive G-proteins, and regulation of the sodium current occurs through inhibition of the cyclic AMP pathway. In contrast to the acute effects of opiates, chronic treatment of rats with opiates increases levels of specific G-protein subunits, adenylate cyclase, cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, and a number of phosphoproteins (including tyrosine hydroxylase) in this brain region. Electrophysiological data have provided direct support for the possibility that this upregulation of the cyclic AMP system contributes to opiate tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal exhibited by these noradrenergic LC neurons. As the adaptations in G-proteins and the cyclic AMP system appear to occur at least in part at the level of gene expression, current efforts are aimed at identifying the mechanisms by which opiates regulate the expression of these intracellular messenger proteins in the LC. These studies will lead to an improved understanding of the molecular and cellular basis of opiate addiction.
The Subject as Drop-Out Cultural Accountability and the Ethics of Psychoanalysis and Humanistic Psychology

In this paper, psychoanalysis and humanistic psychology are treated as exemplars that demonstrate the salience of social factors in the constitution of the discipline of psychology. There have been a number of efforts that have addressed this impertinent social factor that compromises psychology's claim to being a sort of natural science. Within the current climate of alternative positions in the discipline, it is often assumed that psychology can be absorbed into historical formations, as in social constructionist critique, science studies and the endorsement of indigenous psychologies. Within contemporary mainstream psychology, other disciplines (such as biology) seem to give warrant to psychology's cherished claim to objectivity. Drawing on theories in which psychologists addressed subjectivity, the paper examines psychoanalysis and humanistic psychology to see how each attempts to articulate its disciplinary basis. In this paper, I attempt to understand how the respective theories attempt to account f...
Do northern bobwhite quail modulate intestinal nutrient absorption in response to dietary change? A test of an adaptational hypothesis☆

Abstract We acclimated northern bobwhite quail ( Colinus virginianus ) to either chow (high carbohydrate/low protein) or crickets (low carbohydrate/high protein) and tested predictions of hypotheses based on the premise of the economical design of animals. The adaptive modulation hypothesis predicts that d -glucose uptake would be higher and l -proline uptake lower in bobwhites acclimated to chow. The spare capacity hypothesis predicts that the capacity to absorb d -glucose actively will exceed the estimated nutrient load from daily food intake. There was no significant dietary effect on intestinal d -glucose ( P = 0.8) and l -proline ( P = 0.7) uptake rates measured in vitro using the everted sleeve technique. In chow eaters maximal mediated d -glucose uptake summed along the entire length of intestine (53 cm) was far too low (7.2 mmol/d) to explain observed rates of glucose absorption in vivo (>35 mmol/d). Hence, both predictions were falsified. In vitro uptake may not be an appropriate measure of the intestine's absorptive capacity because it does not measure possibly important pathways of passive absorption. There is increasing evidence that substantial passive glucose absorption occurs in some birds. If passive absorption predominates the adaptive modulation hypothesis might not apply.
Intestinal Microbial Diversity and Perioperative Complications

Background and Aims: Enteral nutrient deprivation via parenteral nutrition (PN) in a mouse model leads to a local mucosal inflammatory response. This proinflammatory response leads to a loss of epithelial barrier function and atrophy of the intestine. Although the underlying mechanisms are unknown, a potential contributing factor is the impact PN has on the intestinal microbiome. We recently identified a shift in the intestinal microbial community in mice given PN; however, it is unknown whether such changes occur in humans. We hypothesized that similar microbial changes occur in humans during periods of enteral nutrient deprivation. Methods: A series of small bowel specimens were obtained from pediatric and adult patients undergoing small intestinal resection. Mucosally associated bacteria were harvested and analyzed using 454 pyrosequencing techniques. Statistical analysis of microbial diversity and differences in microbial characteristics were assessed between enterally fed and enterally deprived porti...
In vitro biosynthesis of lipids, proteins and deoxyribo-nucleic acid in aortic tissue and in cultured aortic cells

Abstract Rabbit aortic preparations consisting of whole or minced intima and media show a large increase in the rate of incorporation of labeled acetate and of 3H2O into nonsaponifiable lipids and fatty acids after they are maintained in vitro for periods of 2 h or longer. The labeled nonsaponifiable lipids contain squalene and sterols, including cholesterol, and the proportion of cholesterol and other 27-carbon sterols increases with the time of incubation. The in vitro stimulation can be prevented by a prior 1-h pulse of cycloheximide. The stimulation of lipid synthesis is accompanied by an increase in protein synthesis and is followed one day later by an appearance of DNA synthesis. Incubation in a medium containing solvent-extracted serum is more stimulatory to the incorporation of acetate into lipids, but not to protein and DNA synthesis, than incubation in a medium with whole serum. Thus, exogenous lipids exert a specific inhibitory effect on lipid synthesis in this in vitro system.
Phormidium Retzii (Oscillatoriales): Genotypic Variation and Phenotypic Plasticity

Phormidium retzii is one of the most commonly encountered lotic taxa in North America and has been recorded from a wide range of habitats worldwide. The genetic variability of this cosmopolitan, freshwater cyanobacterium was assessed using gene sequences and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Strains consistent with the morphological species circumscription were utilized from British Columbia, Canada to Rio Claro, Costa Rica, and from Rhode Island to Washington State, USA. In addition, some strains were from geographically close (<25 miles apart) sites. The 16S rRNA gene was sequenced for eight of the 12 strains. Sequence homology ranged from 90.95 to 98.71. The nine RAPD primers utilized yielded a total of 133 distinct bands from the 12 strains. The strains were variously related and showed great variation in pairwise genetic distances (0.23–0.83). Given the lack of sequence similarity, P. retzii as presently circumscribed most likely represents several cryptic species not clearly distinguishable with light microscopy of morphological characters. This conclusion may explain the lack of correlation between geographic proximity and genetic similarity. To assess the level of environmentally induced phenotypic plasticity of this taxon, one strain was subjected to three different current velocity and nutrient regimes (low, medium, and high) employing six stream mesocosms. ANOVAs and Bonferroni multiple comparison tests were performed with cell volumes, ratios of cell length : width and percent cover data. Low nutrient treatments elicited significantly (P < 0.05) greater cell volumes and percent cover than did high treatments. Furthermore, current velocity did not show any significant effect on cell morphology. As such, it appears that a single strain is capable of wide morphological variability in response to some environmental conditions. The results of these two studies have great implications in the utilization of cyanobacterial morphospecies concepts.
Gender differences in the reinforcing properties of morphine.

Abstract The purpose of the present studies was to examine whether gender differences could be observed in an important aspect of morphine's pharmacology: its reinforcing properties. Our results showed that morphine served as a positive reinforcing agent in both male and female rats in a place conditioning paradigm, but that the dose–response curves displayed marked sex-related differences. At doses from 0.2 up to 10.0 mg/kg, morphine induced an equally strong preference for the drug-associated chamber in males and females. However, as the dose was increased from 10–17.5 mg/kg, morphine ceased to act as a positive reinforcer in males. In contrast, a very strong preference for the morphine-associated chamber was still observed in females at doses up to 30 mg/kg. No gender differences in the blood and brain levels of morphine were observed subsequent to morphine administration during the conditioning phase, suggesting that pharmacokinetic factors were not involved in the sex-related differences observed. Consequently, these results suggest that there are intrinsic sex-linked differences in the doses of morphine that can induce a preference for the drug-associated chamber in a place-conditioning paradigm that are most likely related to differences in the sensitivity of the central nervous system to morphine's reinforcing properties in males and females.
Screening for carbon-bound phosphorus in marine animals by high-resolution 31P-NMR spectroscopy: coastal and hydrothermal vent invertebrates.

Animals of hydrothermal vents live in a unique environment that conceivably could lead to modifications of the usual phosphorus functional groups of importance in living systems. To explore this possibility, specimens of a sea anemone (unidentified) from the TAG hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the mussel Bathymodiolus N. sp. from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and the tubeworm Riftia pachyptila from the East Pacific Rise were analyzed for compounds containing the carbonzphosphorus bond. The analysis was based on the use of 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance, which gives signals for C-P compounds that are well separated from those of biological phosphoric acid derivatives. The animals were extracted to provide a lipid- and a water-soluble fraction, leaving an insoluble, largely proteinaceous solid residue. The lipid and residue fractions were subjected to hydrolysis to release bound forms of phosphonic acids. All fractions were analyzed by 31P-NMR. Aminophosphonic acids [primarily NH2CH2CH2PO(OH)2 (1) and CH3NHCH2CH2PO(OH)2 (2)] represented the only type of C-P compound detected. These are well-known constituents of coastal invertebrates. For the mussel and sea anemone, these compounds were present in bound form in both the lipid and insoluble residue. The tube worm contained C-P material only in the insoluble residue, but in quite small amounts. The 31P-NMR method is especially valuable in being able to discriminate between compounds 1 and 2. By this technique, two coastal sea anemones (Tealia felina and Bunadosoma cavernata), previously thought to have 1 as the dominant aminophosphonic acid, were in fact found to be much richer in originally undetected 2. This compound was also detected for the first time in a mussel (Genkensia demissa).
Consistency and inconsistency in infant emotional and social interactive behavior across contexts and caregivers

Abstract This study examined consistency in infant emotional and social interactive behavior in stressful and nonstressful situations with mothers and fathers. Infants were seen at 12 and 13 months, once with each parent. Emotion was assessed during free play and the Strange Situation. Strange Situation social interactive behaviors were also examined. Results demonstrated that (a) proximity seeking and contact maintaining are consistent cross-parent, (b) emotion is more consistent from free play to the Strange Situation with the father than with the mother, and (c) emotion is primarily consistent cross-parent within the Strange Situation, not in free play. These results suggest both infant- and relationship-based determinants of behavior within the Strange Situation. The greater cross-context consistency in infant emotion with the father is interpreted as supportive of the view that infant—father interactions reflect primarily affiliative, rather than attachment, relationships.
Reduced risk of acute GVHD following mobilization of HLA-identical sibling donors with GM-CSF alone.

We retrospectively reviewed the results of transplanting peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) allografts from HLA-matched sibling donors mobilized using various hematopoietic cytokines. Patients had received allografts mobilized with Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) (G, N=65) alone, G plus Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (G/GM, N=70), or GM-CSF alone at 10 or 15 μg/kg/day (GM, N=10 at 10 μg/kg/day and 21 at 15 μg/kg/day). The CD34+ and CD3+ cell content of grafts were significantly lower following GM alone compared to G alone (P<0.001 and 0.04, respectively). Nonhematopoietic toxicity observed in donors precluded dose escalation of GM-CSF beyond 10 μg/kg/day. Hematopoietic recovery was similar among all three groups. Grades II–IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was observed in only 13% of patients in the GM alone group compared to 49 and 69% in the G alone or G/GM groups, respectively (P<0.001). In a multivariate analysis, receipt of PBPC mobilized with GM alone was associated with a lower risk of grades II–IV acute GVHD (hazard ratio 0.21; 95% CI 0.073, 0.58) compared to G alone or G/GM. There were no differences in relapse risk or overall survival among the groups. Donor PBPC grafts mobilized with GM-CSF alone result in prompt hematopoietic engraftment despite lower CD34+ cell doses and may reduce the risk of grades II–IV acute GVHD following HLA-matched PBPC transplantation.
Reductively induced homolytic carbon-carbon bond cleavage in Co(CO)3(PPh3)(COCF3)

Abstract The chemical or electrochemical reduction of the trifluoroacetyl complex Co(CO)3(PPh3)(COCF3) involves a single electron transfer yielding trifluoromethyl radical and an anionic cobalt carbonyl complex. The mechanism is proposed to involve electron transfer followed by initial dissociation of either a carbonyl or phosphine ligand from the 19-electron [Co(CO)3(PPh3)(COCF3)]− anion. The resulting 17-electron intermediate undergoes subsequent one-electron reductive elimination of trifluoromethyl radical by homolytic cleavage of the carbon–carbon bond of the trifluoroacetyl group. The CF 3 radical can be trapped by either benzophenone anion, forming the anion of α-(trifluoromethyl)benzhydrol, or Bu3SnH, yielding CF3H. The ultimate organometallic product is an 18-electron anion, either [Co(CO)4]− or [Co(CO)3(PPh3)]−, depending upon which ligand is initially lost. Fluorine-containing products were identified and quantitated by 19F NMR while cobalt-containing products were determined by IR.
Levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) in the treatment of heroin addicts I. Dosage schedule for induction and stabilization

One hundred and seventy-nine patients who were dependent on street narcotics were inducted into LAAM. Ninety-two were inducted using a slow schedule: 20, 20, 30, 30, 40, 40, 50, 50, 60, 60, 70, 70, 75 mg on successive clinic visits (Mon., Wed., Fri.). Only 23% of the patients followed this schedule to 50 mg; 55% requested and received a faster induction. Eighty-seven patients were inducted using a rapid schedule: 20, 30, 40, 40, 50 mg. This schedule was acceptable to the majority of patients and caused no complaints of overdosing. We suggest that this schedule be used in clinics where patients who have been shown to be dependent are inducted directly onto LAAM.
The mental lexicon: evidence from lexical diffusion.

The purpose of this paper is to bring together evidence from studies on the lexical diffusion of various sound changes to support the following characteristics of the mental lexicon: (a) it must be connectionist rather than generative; (b) it must include information about grammatical category; (c) it must provide information on lexical frequency or entrenchment; and (d) entries must contain phonetic detail. Overall, lexical diffusion studies support a fully specified, connectionist model of the lexicon.
Unilateral hindpaw inflammation produces a bilateral increase in NADPH-diaphorase histochemical staining in the rat lumbar spinal cord

Tissue injury results in several changes in spinal cord neurons that contribute to hyperalgesia arising from the injured tissue. In models of unilateral hindpaw inflammation, changes in the neurochemistry and electrophysiology of dorsal horn neurons ipsilateral, and to a much lesser extent contralateral, to the inflamed paw have been reported. For example, the excitability of dorsal horn neurons increases,25,26 receptive field size increases,9,17 and the content of various proteins and neuropeptides in the dorsal horn (e.g. FOS, dynorphin, enkephalin)4,14,18–20 are affected following peripheral inflammatory insult. These changes are typically interpreted on the basis of their relevance to nociception.
Effect of individual versus group caging on the incidence of pituitary and Leydig cell tumors in F344 rats: proposed mechanism

Abstract Recently, an increase in pituitary tumor (pars distalis adenoma) incidence, and decrease in testicular interstitial cell tumor incidence, has been noted in F344 rats, in 2 year National Toxicology Program dermal and inhalation studies. One of the factors that may have contributed to this correlation is the difference in housing protocols. Rats in inhalation and dermal toxicity studies are singly caged, in contrast to other types of studies in which rats are group-caged, such as dosed-feed, dosed-water, or gavage studies. We propose that stress, related to individual caging, particularly among males, directly impairs testosterone synthesis and produces Leydig cell atrophy which leads to a feedback increase in the synthesis of luteinizing hormone by the anterior pituitary. This is followed by anterior pituitary cell functional hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and eventually neoplasia. It is known that individual caging of male rats produces a stress response associated with increased serum corticosteroids. The testicular interstitial cells (Leydig cells) have specific receptors for the glucocorticoid hormones. The Leydig cell enzyme 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11-β-HSD) inactivates gluococorticoids; however, prolonged stress depletes this enzyme, enabling the gluococorticoids to impair steroidogenesis and eventually to lead to compensatory pituitarv oroliferations, including neoplasms.
Effect of oil content and processing conditions on the thermal behaviour and physicochemical stability of oil‐in‐water emulsions

The destabilisation mechanism of oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions was studied as a function of oil content (20% and 40% o/w), homogenisation conditions and crystallisation temperatures (10, 5, 0, -5 and -10 °C). A mixture of anhydrous milk fat and soya bean oil was used as the lipid phase and whey protein isolate (2 wt%) as emulsifier. Crystallisation and melting behaviours were analysed using differential scanning calorimetry. Physicochemical stability was measured with a vertical scan macroscopic analyser. Emulsions with 20% oil were found to be less stable than those with 40% oil. For 20% o/w emulsions, the crystallisation was delayed and inhibited in emulsions with smaller droplets and promoted in emulsions with larger droplets when compared with 40% o/w emulsions. Depending on the droplet sizes in the emulsion, the formation of lipid crystals (in combination with the emulsifier) either stabilises (small droplets) or destabilises (big droplets) the emulsion.
Glycodelin-A expression in the uterine cervix

Abstract Objective. Local immunosuppressive factors in the uterine cervix infected by human papillomavirus are felt to facilitate the malignant transformation process. Glycodelin-A is an immunosuppressive peptide found in several tissues of mullerian origin, most notably the pregnant and decidualized endometrium. Its expression in the uterine cervix has not been defined but could theoretically contribute to the immunopermissive environment of the cervix. To determine whether glycodelin-A is found in the cervix we examined the squamous and endocervical epithelia from both normal and neoplastic cervical specimens from 14 women. Methods. Immunohistochemisty identification of glycodelin-A was performed on archival paraffin-embedded sections from 10 hysterectomies and 4 cone biopsies. Sections were evaluated and staining was scored as negative, positive, or strongly positive with a separate score for the squamous and glandular components of the cervix. Results. Eleven of 14 cases, 79%, demonstrated positive staining of the squamous epithelium. Glycodelin-positive cases included hisologically normal ( n = 4; 3 strongly positive, 1 positive) as well as dysplastic ( n = 5; 1 strongly positive, 2 positive, and 2 negative) and malignant squamous cells ( n = 5; 1 strongly positive, 3 positive, and 1 negative). Normal glandular epithelia were negative in all cases but 1, which demonstrated significant squamous and tubal metaplasia of the endocervical glands involved. Conclusion. Glycodelin-A is found in the squamous epithelium of both the histologically normal and the neoplastic cervix. Further characterization of these results will focus on the possible immunosuppressive effect glycodelin-A may have in the cervix.
Synthesis of Metal-Loaded Poly(aminohexyl)(aminopropyl)silsesquioxane Colloids and Their Self-Organization into Dendrites

Hydrolytic condensation of N-(6-aminohexyl)aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (AHAPS) in water results in the formation of spherical colloids measuring 40 to 190 nm in diameter and composed of a nearly fu...
Uniform hydrolysis of metal alkoxides via homogeneous generation of water

Abstract In situ polymerization of titanium, silicon, zirconium, and aluminum-zirconium alkoxides was accomplished via homogeneous generation of water. Tertiary alcohol dehydration, pinacol rearrangement, esterification, amide synthesis/decomposition and Hoffman degradation (quaternary ammonium hydroxide base decomposition) were the potential water-generating methods examined. Using tertiary alcohol dehydration or esterification reactions, it was possible to synthesize gels and powders. Some physical and chemical characteristics of these materials are reported.
Dynamic Initial Slip in a Linear Chain

A linear Frenkel-Kontorova model is used to study, within the harmonic approximation, dynamic effects on the Peierls stress that occur when a dislocation is subjected to a shock wave. At large distances into the lattice, a small reduction in the Peierls stress can occur due to dynamic amplification of the peak stress associated with a dispersive shock wave. A larger reduction in the Peierls stress is shown to occur far behind the head of the incident wave and is due to the frequency-of-dislocation motion falling within the spectrum of frequencies that contribute to the stress wave. The reduction is the same as that which would occur if the dislocation were subject to a sudden step jump in stress. Finally, the effect of wave reflections along a slip plane is considered, and the unacceptable consequence of using a one-dimensional model in this last problem is demonstrated.
Nucleon-antinucleon annihilation into pions

Abstract A statistical model with a new charge weight factor is shown to give a fair description of the nucleon-antinucleon annihilation into pions for the whole available energy range. The model allows one to compare different cross sections observed in p p and in p n annihilation and to predict various branching ratios in terms of one parameter (whose value is more or less fixed by the model) and the observed average charge multiplicity.
The Mechanism of Epoxide Carbonylation by [Lewis Acid]+[Co(CO)4]- Catalysts

A detailed mechanistic investigation of epoxide carbonylation by the catalyst [(salph)Al(THF)2]+ [Co(CO)4]- (1, salph = N,N‘-o-phenylenebis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylideneimine), THF = tetrahydrofuran) is reported. When the carbonylation of 1,2-epoxybutane (EB) to β-valerolactone is performed in 1,2-dimethoxyethane solution, the reaction rate is independent of the epoxide concentration and the carbon monoxide pressure but first order in 1. The rate of lactone formation varies considerably in different solvents and depends primarily on the coordinating ability of the solvent. In mixtures of THF and cis/trans-2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran, the reaction is first order in THF. From spectroscopic and kinetic data, the catalyst resting state was assigned to be the neutral (β-aluminoxy)acylcobalt species (salph)AlOCH(Et)CH2COCo(CO)4 (3a), which was successfully trapped with isocyanates. As the formation of 3a from EB, CO, and 1 is rapid, lactone ring closing is rate-determining. The favorable impact of donating solv...
A toxic protein from the nematocysts of the scyphozoan medusa, Chrysaora quinquecirrha

Toxin was obtained from the scyphozoan medusa, Chrysaora quinquecirrha, via mechanical discharge of purified nematocyst suspensions. The nematocyst contents were extremely toxic to the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator, causing tetany of the leg muscles, paralysis and eventually death. Toxin samples were stable when lyophilized or frozen and kept at —20°C. Toxic activity was gradually lost, however, on standing at room temperature. Procedures which resulted in protein denaturation or degradation abolished the paralytic effect. Two toxic proteins were isolated from toxin samples via Sephadex gel filtration and disc, acrylamide gel electrophoretic techniques. The most toxic of these was analyzed for its amino acid content and found to contain high concentrations of glutamic and aspartic acid. No tyrosine could be detected. As determined by gel filtration characteristics, this protein has a molecular weight of at least 100,000.
Adaptive-Rate Transmission With Opportunistic Scheduling in Wireless Networks

In this paper, we propose an adaptive-rate transmission scheme with opportunistic scheduling in a two-hop relay network over a Rayleigh fading environment. We assume that only channel state information (CSI) at receivers is available in a decentralized network, where $n$ source-to-destination pairs are completely independent and $m$ half-duplex relays cooperate by exchanging their selected source IDs at the beginning of the two-hop transmission. In the limit of large $n$ and fixed $m$ , the system throughput of the scheme scales as $(m/ \hbox{2})\log\, \log\, n$ . It is shown that this is the same achievable scaling even with perfect CSI assumptions at transmitters and full cooperation among nodes. Furthermore, it is shown that the optimal scaling of $m$ is $\Theta(\log\, n)$ , under which a linear increase in throughput with $m$ is obtained. A closed-form delay expression of the proposed scheme is also presented.
Ketoconazole promotes parasitological cure of mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi

Abstract Administration of 120 mg/kg/day of ketoconazole for 9 weeks resulted in parasitological cure of at least 78.5% of mice infected with 10 5 blood trypanosomes of Trypanosoma cruzi , strain Y. These results and the fact that ketoconazole is widely used in humans for prolonged therapy of fungal infections without significant side effects strongly suggest that further evaluation of ketoconazole for treatment of Chagas disease is highly desirable.
Power, sex, and rape myth acceptance: testing two models of rape proclivity.

Power and sex are thought to be important factors associated with sexual aggression. The goal of this study was to offer a dual-process model to determine how both an implicit power–sex association and explicit power–sex beliefs contribute to rape myth acceptance and rape proclivity. In Study 1, an explicit measure of power–sex beliefs was developed using a participant sample of 131 college students (54% female; age: M = 20.2 years, SD = 3.5 years). In Study 2, 108 male college students (age: M = 19.1 years, SD = 1.3 years) completed a power–sex implicit association test and three explicit measures assessing power–sex beliefs, rape myth acceptance, and rape proclivity. Two models of rape proclivity were compared. The best-fitting model showed that rape myth acceptance mediated the relationships between rape proclivity and an implicit power–sex association, as well as explicit power–sex beliefs.
Contact modeling — forces

This paper reviews contact modeling with an emphasis on the forces of contact and their relationship to the geometrical, material and mechanical properties of the contacting bodies. Single asperity contact models are treated first. These models include simple Hertz contacts for spheres, cylinders, and ellipsoids. Further generalizations include the effects of friction, plasticity, adhesion, and higher-order terms which describe the local surface topography. Contact with a rough surface is generally represented by a multiasperity contact model. Included is the well-known Greenwood‐Williamson contact model, as well as a myriad of other models, many of which represent various modifications of the basic theory. Also presented in this review is a description of wavy surface contact models, with and without the effects of friction. These models inherently account for the coupling between each of the contacting areas. A brief review of experimental investigations is also included. Finally some recent work, which addresses the dynamics and associated instabilities of sliding contact, is presented and the implications discussed. © 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Herpes simplex virus type-1 and -2 pathogenesis is restricted by the epidermal basement membrane.

Murine flank scarification with HSV-1 and -2 results in primary lesions at the site of inoculation within three days and lesions at secondary sites within four days. The severity of the infection can be given a numerical value or “score” which is derived from the number and size of these lesions. Using this model, we investigated the role of the epidermal basement membrane in HSV pathogenesis. We exposed murine epidermis to 5×104 plaque forming units of HSV-1 and -2, which by day 8 produced inoculation site (primary site) disease scores of 27 and 12.4 respectively, and secondary site disease scores of 29 and 30 respectively. In contrast, intradermal injection of HSV below the epidermal basement membrane did not cause disease. To determine if the basement membrane restricts HSV spread in vitro, Vero cells were cultured in the lower well of a dual well system. The upper well was separated from the lower well by a filter coated with the artificial basement membrane, matrigel. Addition of virus to the upper well failed to result in either viral accumulation in the lower well or infection of the cells in the lower well. These data suggest that the basement membrane is a barrier to the passage and spread of HSV.
Mercury in human hair: uncertainties in the meaning and significance of «unexposed» and «exposed» in sample populations

The hair Hg content of several resident groups in Hawaii and of residents in Rotorua, New Zealand was analyzed. The results of analysis were examined on terms of sex, exposure time and ethnic affiliation, and compared with published data, 1965–82, from a diversity of national groups and sources of Hg exposure. Statistically significant discrepancies in alleged baseline Hg concentrations in reported ‘non-exposed’ groups were discovered. Limits on the direct interpretation of ‘exposure’ as a reflection of body burden are proposed. Supporting data for direct uptake of Hg-vapor into hair are presented.
Utilization and safety of oral acyclovir over an 8-year period.

The primary purpose of this project was to develop and implement surveillance systems to monitor the short- and long-term safety of acyclovir in oral dosage forms in a general population, the Kaiser Permanente Northwest (KPNW) region membership. KPNW is a group model HMO providing comprehensive care to over 390,000 members located primarily in the Portland, Oregon-Vancouver, Washington metropolitan area. Data were collected from the automated outpatient prescription, hospital discharge, tumor registry, KPNW membership information, and from medical record reviews, over an 8-year period. The findings showed oral acyclovir use increased substantially, and females were twice as likely to receive oral acyclovir as males. Most use was short-term. When the hospitalizations of oral acyclovir users with select serious morbidities conditions were examined following the receipt of acyclovir, no temporal association was observed between exposure to oral acyclovir and the hospitalizations. Similarly, where oral acyclovir was being used within a time frame possibly associated with serious life-threatening conditions, other morbidities rather than acyclovir were the likely cause of the condition, and no mention was made in the medical record that acyclovir might have been involved in the condition. In summary, oral acyclovir was a safe drug within the use patterns of the HMO population over an 8-year period.
The fossil record of biodiversity: nutrients, productivity, habitat area and differential preservation

It is hypothesized that the Phanerozoic record of fossil diversity is a function of a secular increase in nutrient availability and productivity (food, energy), and cyclic changes in sea level and habitat area due to supercontinent assembly and rifting. Both variables may have affected biodiversity through the combined variable of {productivity × area}. {Productivity × area} remained relatively constant after the Cambro-Ordovician until the end of the Permian, as did the traditional curve for biodiversity. During assembly of Pangea, decreasing sea level and habitat area were counteracted by increasing nutrient inputs due to uplift and the spread of vascular plants and enhanced continental weathering. As Pangea underwent its final assembly, interior drainage increased, so that by the end of the Permian both habitat area and nutrient runoff decreased. Following the end-Permian extinctions, the traditional curve of diversity began to increase, habitat area, nutrient levels and productivity all increased. Despite the confounding factors of differential preservation and sampling bias toward the present, the fossil record reflects a real response by the marine biosphere to tectonism, sea level, paleoceanographic regime and climate, and the spread of terrestrial floras, and their influence on habitat area, nutrient inputs, and productivity through time.
Reciprocal effect of single corticomotoneuronal cells on wrist extensor and flexor muscle activity in the primate.

Abstract Action potentials of single motor cortex cells were recorded extracellularly in awake monkeys trained to make alternating wrist movements between flexion and extension position zones. Spike-triggered averaging of rectified EMG activity was used to test each cell's output effect on both the coactivated (agonist) forearm muscles and their antagonists. Five of 18 adequately tested motor cortex cells, whose activity covaried strongly with alternating wrist movement, not only produced postspike facilitation of agonist muscles but also postspike suppression of antagonist muscles. Five additional cells only facilitated the agonist muscles and had no effect on the recorded antagonists; 8 cells had no effect on either agonist or antagonist muscles. We conclude that the synaptic terminations of some motor cortex cells with flexor and extensor spinal motoneurons are reciprocally organized.
Aggregating Species at Seeding May Increase Initial Diversity during Grassland Reconstruction

Because the distances over which plants interact can be relatively short, the extent to which individuals interact with conspecific and heterospecific neighbors during the initial phases of grassland reconstruction may affect local species diversity and invasibility. To determine whether aggregating conspecific individuals at seeding (while controlling seed density) can be used as a technique to improve tallgrass prairie establishment, we used a greenhouse experiment with four native tallgrass prairie species (functional diversity controlled) seeded at three evenness levels into potting soil. We randomly assigned species to one (random) or a group of four (aggregated) fixed locations in an 8 × 8 grid (16 cm × 16 cm with 2 cm spacing) and subsequently seeded half of the communities with the non-native cool-season grass intermediate wheatgrass ( Thinopyrum intermedium ). After the equivalent of one growing season (four months), aggregated communities were more diverse and had a marginally greater proportion of legumes than random communities. Initial species pattern did not affect community invasibility, but invaded communities were less diverse and more dominated by the native cool-season grasses. Our results suggest that some tallgrass prairie species may benefit from initial conspecific aggregation and confirm that interactions that determine diversity, but not necessarily invasibility, during grassland establishment occur over short (cm-scale) distances. Aggregating seeds of conspecific species within the grassland reconstruction process may be used as a technique to improve diversity in grassland reconstruction sites and future projects need to consider whether these initial responses can be replicated and maintained within field-scale projects.
Global definitions of rare donors

Background A basic definition of a rare donor unit is that unit not available for the patient at the time of the transfusion need. However, there are some patients who required exquisitely phenotyped, even genotyped units, for optimal survival of transfused red cells. Often, the rare phenotyped unit needed is negative for an antigen of high prevalence, sometimes the type is less than one in 10 000 donors tested or even rarer. Further complications arise with consideration of ABO/Rh type or the concomitant presence of antibodies to common antigens. Another type of rare unit is one that is negative for multiple common antigens, which in combination make the donor difficult to find. Aims The availability of rare donor phenotypes or genotypes can vary amongst countries, but some types, e.g. Rhnull, are difficult to provide in nearly every country. The need for an organized approach to managing rare donor information was recognized long ago, with the ISBT establishing the concept of an International Rare Donor Panel (IRDP) in 19653. In 1968, the IRDP had 300 donors listed from 10 countries. In 1985, 500 donors from 22 countries were listed, and in 1991, 3000 donors. In 1998, 4000 donors from 24 countries were listed. The ISBT Working Party on Rare Donors member countries supports the continued replenishment of rare donors and provision of their units world- wide by continuing to identify and submit donors to the IRDP. The aim is to ensure rare blood units are available internationally when needed. Method The ISBT Working Party on Rare Donors presented data specific to their country at the 2012 Congress Working Party meeting on the topic of: What are the most difficult phenotypes to find? Results Identifying donors with rare types is important for provision of blood for patients with complex antibody challenges. From the international perspective of the Working Party Members, the most difficult to provide is Rhnull, listed by 11 of 17 reporting countries (65%). D– – was listed by seven countries at 41%. Ko and U- were listed by 6 at 35% and Di(b-), Ge-, Hr/HrB-, Lan- at 21%. The complete data is listed in Vox Sanguinis Science Series publication from this Regional Congress. From an international perspective, if there were more donors of these types, more patients could receive the treatments they need. While massive screening might be one way to find rare donors, it may be more effective to track the sibling of patients with rare types, and engage all that are found to be rare types to be blood donors. Summary Each country's rarest types should be known to all blood centers. When a patient needing this type is identified, it will be known that there might be delays or challenges in getting the blood. The ISBT Working Party on Rare Donors works to ensure that all countries with rare donor activities have their donors listed on the IRDP, so that rare blood units are available internationally.
Estimating equivalent viscous damping ratio for RC members under seismic and blast loadings

Abstract It can be learned that the equivalent viscous damping (EVD) ratio as a function of displacement ductility is a crucial parameter in the application of the displacement based method. A set of generalized expressions are proposed herein for estimating the EVD ratio for individual and multiple reinforced concrete (RC) members. For individual RC members under seismic loads, the EVD ratio was derived based on their hysteretic response and hysteretic energy dissipated under fully reversed cyclic loading. Because of the nature of blast loads only the energy dissipated up to maximum displacement was considered to estimate the EVD ratio for individual RC members under blast loads. For multiple degree of freedom systems consisting of RC members, the EVD ratio was derived based on equating the total energy dissipated in the system to the sum of the energy dissipated by its individual members. Analytical studies presented here and elsewhere indicate that the EVD ratio is highly dependent on the damaged displacement ductility, which can be directly correlated to damage. These analytical results along with the expressions to compute the EVD ratio for RC members under seismic and blast loads are presented and discussed in this paper.
A web-based multi-genome synteny viewer for customized data

Background: Web-based synteny visualization tools are important for sharing data and revealing patterns of complicated genome conservation and rearrangements. Such tools should allow biologists to upload genomic data for their own analysis. This requirement is critical because individual biologists are generating large amounts of genomic sequences that quickly overwhelm any centralized web resources to collect and display all those data. Recently, we published a web-based synteny viewer, GSV, which was designed to satisfy the above requirement. However, GSV can only compare two genomes at a given time. Extending the functionality of GSV to visualize multiple genomes is important to meet the increasing demand of the research community. Results: We have developed a multi-Genome Synteny Viewer (mGSV). Similar to GSV, mGSV is a web-based tool that allows users to upload their own genomic data files for visualization. Multiple genomes can be presented in a single integrated view with an enhanced user interface. Users can navigate through all the selected genomes in either pairwise or multiple viewing mode to examine conserved genomic regions as well as the accompanying genome annotations. Besides serving users who manually interact with the web server, mGSV also provides Web Services for machine-to-machine communication to accept data sent by other remote resources. The entire mGSV package can also be downloaded for easy local installation. Conclusions: mGSV significantly enhances the original functionalities of GSV. A web server hosting mGSV is provided at http://cas-bioinfo.cas.unt.edu/mgsv.