cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal Sphere-Sensor Ratio Determination for Sapphire Microsphere-Enhanced SLS-lattice-II Sensors in Reflecting and Refracting Telescopes & Cameras

Microsphere lenses on top of a sensor increases the sensitivity and reduces noise signal ratio as determined in previous works. As the focal point on a sapphire sphere is on the surface tangential to a plane perpendicular to the original light source, a uniform, unidirectional source (such as a laser) collinear to the sphere and sensor would only require the sensor be sized according to spherical aberrations and sphere material. For sources such as a blackbody, the sensor size would need to be determined using not only the spherical aberrations, but conic aberrations, which in turn is dependent on the size and shape of the source. This paper discusses the optimal sphere-sensor ration found using simulations setup to emulate conditions found within cameras and telescopes, including one similar to the Hubble Space Telescope.
Cultural Disenfranchisement and the Politics of Stigma

This article focuses attention on the pivotal role that stigmatization processes play on both legal and discursive fronts, that is, in justifying restrictive policies affecting ethnic minorities and in framing reactionary discourses in support of such measures. It argues that racial stigmatization is the key component in ongoing efforts to exclude Black and Latino citizens from full cultural citizenship in the United States, setting the groundwork for punitive and exclusionary policies aimed at disenfranchising and undermining their political agency. While legal documents record the rights and privileges accorded citizens within the nation’s physical spaces, the politics of stigma, I contend, maps a moral geography: it sets the contours and limits of communal obligation, disrupting affective bonds and attachments that can spur social change. As an instrument of power, stigmatizing processes today are helping to reinstate the kinds of policies and attitudes that the Voting Rights Act intended to redress, engendering a hostile climate for Blacks and Latinos in the United States and threatening hard-won civil rights and political gains.
What physicians should know about Africanized honeybees.

Abstract The Africanized honeybee, popularly known as the "killer bee," is already well established in Texas and has recently entered California and Arizona. As the Africanized honeybee spreads in North America, the medical community must become aware of the problems associated with this insect and ensure that sting emergencies can be handled quickly and appropriately. The major differences between Africanized and European honeybees are that the former are more irritable, they swarm more readily and frequently, they defend their hives more vehemently, and they sting more collectively. It is not the composition nor the volume of an individual bee's venom, but rather the cumulative dose of multiple stings that accounts for the morbidity and mortality associated with Africanized honeybee-sting incidents. Even nonallergic persons are susceptible to the toxic effects of these large combined venom loads. Africanized honeybee-sting victims are treated the same as victims of European honeybee stings. Authorities will prepare for the bees' arrival by expanding public awareness, teaching risk-avoidance behavior, providing for the removal of troublesome hives, and developing sting treatment protocols that can be initiated rapidly in the field or emergency departments. Health care professionals should participate in the educational efforts and in the development of needed emergency response protocols so that the effects of the Africanized honeybee will be merely a nuisance rather than a plague.
Prostate Serum Antigen levels and dietary heterocyclic amines in African Americans: A prospective clinic-based study

2015 In The Netherlands, part of the population experienced food restriction and severe famine before and during World War II. Generally, energy restriction is believed to reduce cancer risk, which has mainly been shown in animal experiments. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of energy restriction early in life and risk of ovarian cancer later in life. We examined the hypothesis in the Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer (NLCS), among 62573 women aged 55-69 years. Baseline information on diet and other risk factors was collected with a questionnaire in 1986. Information was collected on paternal employment status in 1932-1940, residence during the war years (1940-1944) and the Hunger Winter (1944-1945) as indicators of exposure. After 11.3 years of follow-up, 280 incident cases of sporadic ovarian cancer were available for analysis. In multivariate case-cohort analyses, most rate ratios in energy-restricted categories were below 1, but confidence intervals did not exclude 1 (table). Only living in a city in the west during the Hunger Winter did not show rate ratios below 1. Energy restriction due to unemployment of the father and residence in a city during World War II was less extreme than during the Hunger Winter in Western cities, but the duration was longer and cohort members were younger at exposure. Energy restriction has been associated with an increased age of menarche and decreased height, which have been associated with a reduction in ovarian cancer risk; therefore cohort members may have been too old during the Hunger Winter to experience effects related to the risk of ovarian cancer. The age of our cohort members during the Hunger Winter ranged from 14 to 29 years. There are indications for an inverse association of energy restriction at a younger age and risk of ovarian cancer.
Undeclared Versus Declared: Who Is More Likely to Graduate?:

Increasing graduation rates continues to be a high priority for administrators at many institutions of higher education. With longitudinal data from a large research university in the Western Unite...
Musicogenic Epilepsy: Clinical Features, Pathophysiology, and Review of Literature

Musicogenic epilepsy is a special type of reflex epilepsy characterized by recurring seizures in response to hearing-specific musical triggers. Clinical features include focal dyscognitive seizures with typical temporal lobe semiology, normal structural brain imaging, functional imaging abnormalities in wide regions of the brain responsible for emotional and musical processing, variable locations of seizure onset within the temporal lobe, and in refractory cases good response to surgery. Musicogenic epilepsy is poorly understood from a pathophysiological standpoint and thus reflects the complexity of brain networks responsible for auditory, emotional, and cognitive functions.
Effectiveness of privacy assurance mechanisms in users' privacy protection on social networking sites from the perspective of protection motivation theory

Abstract Along with recent advancement of web technologies, social networking sites (SNSs) affect peoples lifestyles by enabling them to perform so many activities which were not easy to do before. However, protection of users' disclosed information becomes an important challenge not only for SNS users but also for governing organizations. This study focuses on SNS users' protection from privacy breaches that are made by or facilitated by SNS vendors and explores the effectiveness of privacy assurance mechanisms on SNS users' privacy preserving actions. This study proposes a conceptual model that explains SNS users' privacy protection behavior based on protection motivation theory. An empirical data was collected to validate the proposed research model. The results suggest that users' coping appraisals of the overall SNS assurance mechanisms, along with their threat appraisals, positively relate to their protection motivation. Further, the results confirm that privacy concern mediates the relationship between threat appraisals and coping appraisals. Finally, findings suggest that protective motivation discourages one's engagement in risky behavior (disclosing self on SNS), in addition to undertaking safeguards (customizing privacy settings). Meanwhile, we find that individuals' use of safeguards increases personal engagement in risky behaviors (self-disclosure).
Conclusion: Toward a Contextualized Psychology

We have now expended much effort and energy, not to mention pages, to wind our way through the conceptual labyrinth that is the evolution of Husserl’s thought concerning the relationship between phenomenology and psychology. We have arrived at what we take to be his mature and final position on the topic and situate his earlier views as stages on the way to the full articulation achieved in the Crisis. We have been able in the process to testify to the accuracy of de Boer’s statement, cited in our own Introduction, that Husserl’s work exhibits a “unity of development” around the major theme of psychologism in both philosophy and psychology. And we have come also to appreciate how this final phase of Husserl’s development offers a “culmination of all [of his] previous intentions” (de Boer, 1978, p. xx); how it allows for a reflective analysis of consciousness to ground philosophy and epistemology non-psychologically (in the form of transcendental phenomenology), while also allowing for a psychology of subjectivity on the worldly or mundane plane (in the form of a return from the transcendental back to positivity). It now remains for us to translate these largely conceptual insights to the more concrete plane of psychological understanding. It remains for us to spell out in more descriptive detail what such a phenomenologically informed psychology looks like in practice. What, we can now ask, is the significance for psychology of returning from the transcendental back to what is no longer a naive positivity?
Three datasets for nutrition environment measures of food outlets located in the Lower Mississippi Delta region of the United States

This data note provides details of a research database containing 266 food outlets located in five rural towns in the Lower Mississippi Delta region of Mississippi, whose nutrition environments were measured from 2016 to 2018. The food outlet types include grocery stores, convenience stores, full-service restaurants, and fast food restaurants. The purpose of this publication is to describe the three datasets for external researchers who may be interested in making use of them. The datasets are available from the USDA National Agricultural Library’s Ag Data Commons under a CC0 1.0 Universal License: https://doi.org/10.15482/USDA.ADC/1503704 .
The Molecular Biology of Intermediate Filament Proteins

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on intermediate-filament (IF)-protein family and describes the role intermediate filaments play within cells and tissues. IFs are composed of proteins that self-assemble into filaments that form complex cytoskeletal networks. These proteins are highly diverse and exhibit cell-type specificity of expression. IF gene expression is also tightly coordinated with organ development and tissue differentiation; thus, IFs provide valuable tools to study cell determination and differentiation. IFs can be classified into various types according to the degree of homology in structure and composition or their tissue-specific expression. Type III IF proteins are those of vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and peripherin or the 57K protein. Vimentin has the most extensive distribution of all cytoplasmic IFs and is expressed in cells of mesenchymal origin and in many cells grown in culture. IF proteins display amino-acid-sequence homologies and share a highly conserved secondary structure. All IF proteins have a common tripartite structure in which a central α-helical domain is flanked on either side by nonhelical sequences.
Enabling Community Participation for Workflows through Extensibility and Sharing

This paper describes how community participation may be enabled and fostered in a hosted BPM system. We envision an open, collaborative system, wherein users across organizational boundaries can work together to develop and share design-time and run-time artifacts; namely extension activities, workflow models and workflow instances. The system described in this paper enables this collaboration and also allows the community to provide feedback on the shared artifacts via tags, comments and ratings.
A Family Hitch: Econometrics of the New and the Used Car Markets

Everybody knows that the new cars of today are used cars of tomorrow and some people assume a competition between new and used markets. There are numerous, preconceived ideas and academic theories regarding the interactions between primary and secondary markets. To investigate the relations, we provide a macroeconomic analysis of the French, the British and the US car markets. We aim at answering the following questions. What are the interactions between the new and the second-hand car markets? Can we use the interactions to estimate the car prices of tomorrow? Our results indicate that the relations appear limited for France and the UK, whereas the US market faces a Scitoscky mechanism. Furthermore, they illustrate that the interrelations are not strong enough to fully explain and forecast market patterns.
Crack Propagation Modes in Injection Molded Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics

Abstract : The modes of crack propagation are reported for injection molded short glass and carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics. The matrices ranged from ductile to brittle, including Nylon 66, polycarbonate, polysulfone, poly(amide-imide), and polyphenylene sulfide; fiber contents were 30 or 40 % by weight. The main crack is found to grow in a fiber avoidance mode, bypassing regions of agglomeration of locally aligned fibers. The local mode of crack tip advance varied with matrix ductility and bond strength. The fracture toughness and fatigue resistance of each material are related to the mode of crack growth.
Priming categorization in a card sort

When using the card sorting technique, the goal of a user experience researcher is to determine the user's expected information architecture. Card sorting is a knowledge elicitation method where users are given labeled cards and are asked to place them into groups. This method is commonly used to determine a natural navigation structure for a group of users. We examine the impact of priming, an implicit memory effect in which exposure to a stimulus influences response to a later stimulus, on this popular user-centered design method. A control group did the card sort only, while the experimental group watched a short presentation before performing their card sorts. The dependent measure was the percentage of agreement of each card sort against the typical sort. The primed group sort was significantly more similar to the typical response than the control group. This study provides evidence that card sorting can be modulated by priming.
Antagonism by chloramphenicol of carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity : Examination of microsomal cytochrome P-450 and lipid peroxidation

Administration of chloramphenicol early in Ccl, intoxication prevents lipid peroxidation of endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Conversely, a sulfamoyl analog, Tevenel, was ineffective in preventing the lipoperoxidative process. Likewise, in an in vitro microsomal system chloramphenicol inhibited a lipid peroxidation process and Tevenel did not. However, both compounds bind to cytochrome P-450. Chloramphenicol did not maintain cytochrome P-450 levels after Ccl, administration nor did it depress cytochrome P-450 levels in untreated animals. The data obtained indicate that chloramphenicol may prevent lipid peroxidation either by inhibiting Ccl, metabolism or by acting as a free radical sequestering agent.
Saturation mutagenesis of an Escherichia coli rRNA promoter and initial characterization of promoter variants.

Using oligonucleotide synthesis techniques, we generated Escherichia coli rrnB P1 (rrnB1p according to the nomenclature of B. J. Bachmann and K. B. Low [Microbiol. Rev. 44:1-56, 1980]) promoter fragments containing single base substitutions, insertions, deletions, and multiple mutations, covering the whole length of the promoter including the upstream activation sequence (UAS). The activities of 112 mutant promoters were assayed as operon fusions to lacZ in lambda lysogens. The activities of most mutants with changes in the core promoter recognition region (i.e., substitutions, insertions, or deletions in the region of the promoter spanning the -10 and -35 E. coli consensus hexamers) correlated with changes toward or away from the consensus in the hexamer sequences or in the spacing between them. However, changes at some positions in the core promoter region not normally associated with transcriptional activity in other systems also had significant effects on rrnB P1. Since rRNA promoter activity varies with cellular growth rate, changes in activity can be the result of changes in promoter strength or of alterations in the regulation of the promoter. The accompanying paper (R. R. Dickson, T. Gaal, H. A. deBoer, P. L. deHaseth, and R. L. Gourse, J. Bacteriol. 171:4862-4870, 1989) distinguishes between these two alternatives. Several mutations in the UAS resulted in two- to fivefold reductions in activity. However, two mutants with changes just upstream of the -35 hexamer in constructs containing the UAS had activities 20- to 100-fold lower than the wild-type level. This collection of mutant rRNA promoters should serve as an important resource in the characterization of the mechanisms responsible for upstream activation and growth rate-dependent regulation of rRNA transcription.
Requirements engineering, expectations management, and the Two Cultures

One of the difficulties in requirements negotiation is to determine a feasible and mutually satisfactory set of requirements for the developer and the user, a problem related to C.P. Snow's (1959) "Two Cultures" problem. During the last year of our experience with an annual series of digital library projects, we have been experimenting with expectations management and domain specific lists of "simplifiers" and "complicators", as a way to address the "Two Cultures" problem involving librarians and computer scientists. Initial results indicate that the simplifiers and complicators approach successfully reduced the number of projects having serious feasibility problems, and helped manage the expectations of both the developers and the customers/users. We see no obstacles to applying the approach to other domains.
Molecular Modeling of the Intrastrand Guanine-Guanine DNA Adducts Produced by Cisplatin and Oxaliplatin

Intrastrand DNA adducts formed by cisplatin and oxaliplatin were modeled with molecular mechanics minimization and restrained molecular dynamics simulations in a comparative study. A reasonable set of force field parameters for the Pt atom were refined by using the available cisplatinated DNA crystal structure as a guide. This crystal structure was also used as the starting structure for the simulations. Analysis of the resulting structures indicated that the covalent effects of oxaliplatin coordination on DNA structure were very similar to those of cisplatin. The most prominent difference between the two structures resulted from the presence of the 1,2-diaminocyclohexane ring in the oxaliplatin adduct. The modeling indicated that this ring protrudes directly outward into, and fills much of, the narrowed major groove of the bound DNA, forming a markedly altered and less polar major groove in the area of the adduct. The differences in the structure of the adducts produced by cisplatin and oxaliplatin are consistent with the observation that they are differentially recognized by the DNA mismatch repair system.
Sensor fusion for a network of processes/systems with highly autonomous sensors

Sensor fusion systems have largely been implemented with centralized and hierarchical architectures using numerical and statistical inference methods. Some recent research has emphasized distributed and decentralized systems, using analytical/quantitative inference mechanism. It appears that little has been done to define generic paradigms and theories to apply qualitative reasoning as an inference mechanism in sensor fusion systems. This paper describes a distributed sensor-fusion paradigm and theory based on a previously developed theory to model sensors as highly autonomous units. Generic frameworks are defined to reason and make decisions at the qualitative level. Therefore, fusion is done at a high-qualitative level, thus making it possible for the implementation of intuitive yet effective methods to monitor, diagnose, and compensate processes and their sensors. This paradigm facilitates distribution of intelligence to the sensor level and sharing of information among sensors, controllers, and other devices in the system.
Advances in Supramolecular Chemistry of Carbon Nanotubes

In this chapter, the supramolecular chemistry of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is examined. CNTs are classified as one-dimensional allotropes of carbon that are endowed with unique physical/mechanical, electronic, and spectral properties. These properties make CNTs attractive for various applications. To be employed for these uses, CNTs must be functionalized, which can occur by either covalent or noncovalent means. During covalent modification, the sidewalls or the end groups are subject to functionalization; the primary problem with this approach, however, is that the physical properties of the nanotube are impaired. In order to chemically modify CNTs while preserving their physical properties, noncovalent functionalization of CNTs needs to be implemented. Examples of supramolecular chemistry of CNTs include: (i) π–π stacking of aromatic compounds to the walls of CNTs, (ii) dispersing CNTs with surfactants, and (iii) polymer wrapping around a CNT. Once functionalized, CNTs can be employed in applications including supramolecular assembly, using CNTs as atomic force microscope (AFM) probes, biorecognition, polymer reinforcement, recognition layers for chemical and biological sensing based on conductivity and fluorescence, the separation of nanotubes, and the use of CNTs for intercellular drug delivery. Keywords: biorecognition; drug and intercellular delivery; field-effect transistor; fluorescence; microscopy; nanomaterials; raman spectroscopy; polymer reinforcement; separation of carbon nanotubes; supramolecular assembly
The relationship of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus with reference to production of aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid

Forty-seven isolates of Aspergillus parasiticus were analyzed for production of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, and cyclopiazonic acid. None produced cyclopiazonic acid, whereas 46 of 47 produced aflatoxins B1 and G1. These data are related to previous studies pertaining to A. flavus and illustrate species validity from a biochemical standpoint.
Kinetic analysis of chemokinesis of Paramecium

Paramecia detect and accumulate in or disperse from some chemicals. Cells do this by changing frequency of turning and speed of swimming. There are at least two mechanisms by which cells respond: one dependent on ability to turn, one dependent on speed modulation. There are also two classes of chemicals: those that require the cells' ability to turn in order to cause accumulation and dispersal (type I), and those that apparently require only speed modulation (type II). Attractants of type I cause qualitatively similar changes in behavior to repellents of type II and the converse; therefore, assays are needed to distinguish between these two classes of chemicals, despite qualitatively similar behavior of some attractants and repellents. We examined two assays of paramecium chemoresponse, T-maze assay and well test, to understand how the T-maze distinguishes between attractants of type I and repellents of type II and why the well test does not.
Lactoferrin in the preterm infants' diet attenuates iron-induced oxidation products.

Free radical injury is thought to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of several disease processes in low birth weight premature infants including retinopathy of prematurity and necrotizing enterocolitis. Because iron is a known catalyst in free radical–mediated oxidation reactions, the objectives of the present in vitro studies were to determine whether after exposure to air 1) iron present in infant formula, or that added to human milk or formula as medicinal iron or as iron contained in human milk fortifier, increases free radical and lipid peroxidation products; and 2) recombinant human lactoferrin added to formula or human milk attenuates iron-mediated free radical formation and lipid peroxidation. Before adding medicinal iron to formula and human milk, significantly more ascorbate and α-hydroxyethyl radical production and more lipid peroxidation products (i.e. thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, malondialdehyde, and ethane) were observed in formula. After the addition of medicinal iron to either formula or human milk, further increases were observed in free radical and lipid peroxidation products. When iron-containing human milk fortifier was added to human milk, free radicals also increased. In contrast, the addition of apo-recombinant human lactoferrin to formula or human milk decreased the levels of oxidative products when medicinal iron or human milk fortifier was present. We speculate that the presence of greater concentration of iron and the absence of lactoferrin in formula compared with human milk results in greater in vitro generation of free radicals and lipid peroxidation products. Whether iron-containing formula with lactoferrin administered enterally to preterm infants will result in less free radical generation in vivo has yet to be established.
Vibrational spectra of spinels with 1:1 ordering on tetrahedral sites

Infrared and Raman spectra have been measured on the compounds Cr4GaLiO8, Cr4InLiO8, and Rh4InLiO8. These have the structure of spinel with 1:1 order on the tetrahedral sites. Predicted and measured spectra agree well and additional features due to ordering can be clearly seen. The two tetrahedra are crystallographically equivalent in the disordered spinel structure and nonequivalent in the ordered structure. It is shown that ordering only partially decouples the motions of the tetrahedra.
Karl Marx between Two Worlds: The Antinomies of Giovanni Arrighi’s Adam Smith in Beijing

Adam Smith in Beijing is a huge and sprawling book, but Giovanni Arrighi has done a great service with his world-historical vision of today’s capitalism and the growing rivalry between a fading American empire and the rising power of China. This is a task beyond most of us, and one bound to put the writer at risk of criticism from many quarters. The book shines in two regards. One is to make geographical dynamics central to world-history ‐ which means seeing the global economy as more than the sum of development-histories of many places or, worse, the spread of capitalism from one country to another. A second virtue is embedding economic history in the politics of the international state-system, featuring the use of force, imperial expansion, and the role of hegemonic powers. Nevertheless, Arrighi’s economic-geographic analysis fails to convince on a number of critical points, such as the origins of industrial revolution, why Europe overtook China in early modern times, why the US economy faltered after 1970, why finance has run amuck in our time, how Japan grew so enormously after World War II, or why China is expanding so prodigiously today.
Human Fetal Astrocytes as an Ex Vivo Gene Therapy Vehicle for Delivering Biologically Active Nerve Growth Factor

The therapeutic use of neurotrophic factors for neurodegenerative diseases is promising, however, optimal methods for continuous delivery of these substances to the human central nervous system (CNS) remains problematic. One approach would be to graft genetically engineered human cells that continuously secrete high levels of a biologically produced and processed neurotrophic factor. This ex vivo gene therapy approach has worked well in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases using a variety of nonneuronal cell types to deliver the transgene. In our studies, we have been investigating the potential of astrocytes, a cell type normally present in the CNS, as a vehicle for ex vivo gene therapy. Here, we demonstrate that astrocytes in the human fetal cortex can be isolated and efficiently infected with an amphotropic retrovirus harboring mouse beta-nerve growth factor (NGF). These transduced astrocytes express high levels of NGF mRNA and secrete bioactive NGF protein as demonstrated by stimulation of neurite outgrowth from adrenal chromaffin cells. NGF ELISA showed that these astrocytes secrete NGF protein at a rate of 41 ng/day per 10(5) cells after 2 weeks in vitro, whereas NGF is undetectable in medium conditioned by normal astrocytes. These data suggest that human fetal astrocytes can be used for delivering biologically produced neurotrophic factors to the human CNS.
Electrostatic and Capillary Effects on the Detachment of Particles With Surface Deformation in Turbulent Flows

Rolling detachment of micro particles in turbulent flows under the presence of electrostatic and capillary forces was studied. The maximum adhesion resistance model and the effective thermodynamic work of adhesion including the effects of electrostatic and capillary forces were used in the analysis. The JKR and DMT models for elastic interface deformations and the Maugis-Pollock model for the plastic deformation were extended to include the effect of electrostatic and capillary forces. The turbulence burst model was used to evaluate the airflow velocity near the substrate. The critical shear velocities for removal of particles of different sizes were evaluated and the results were compared with those without electrostatic and capillary forces. The relative critical shear velocities as well as the material dependence were also studied. The effect of the direction of the combined Coulomb force was also included. The predictions of the electric detachment fields for particles were compared with the available experimental data and good agreement was observed.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Differences in spatial discrimination reversal learning for mice genetically selected for high brain weight and unselected controls.

Spatial reversal learning was explored for mice genetically selected for high brain weight and unselected control mice with lower brain weights. Original learning and two reversals were presented i...
Supervisors' reactions to flexible working hours

The study examined the reactions of 63 supervisors within 12 work units of a large eastern United States insurance company to a 4 month experimental flexible working hours programme. The supervisors perceived a positive impact on productivity of their units, employee honesty, unit administration, employee time handling and employee work habits. Some possible negative consequences and areas for future research are discussed.
A graph-dynamics interpretation of the sum-product algorithm

A well-known result by Yedidia, Freeman, and Weiss (IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 51, no. 7, pp. 2282–2312, July 2005) says that fixed points of the sum-product algorithm correspond to stationary points of the (variational) Bethe free energy.
Relaxation Dynamics of Poly(methyl acrylate) at Elevated Pressure

Dielectric relaxation and complex heat capacity were carried out on high molecular weight poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA). The temperature was found to exert a stronger effect than density on the segme...
FELONY MURDER AND CAPITAL PUNISHMENT: AN EXAMINATION OF THE DETERRENCE QUESTION

A proper test of the deterrent effect of the death penalty must consider capital homicides. However, the criterion variable in most investigations has been total homicides—most of which bear no legal or theoretical relationship to capital punishment. To address this fundamental data problem, this investigation used Federal Bureau of Investigation data for 1976–1987 to examine the relationship between capital punishment and felony murder, the most common type of capital homicide. We conducted time series analyses of monthly felony murder rates, the frequency of executions, and the amount and type of television coverage of executions over the period. The analyses revealed occasional departures (for vehicle theft and narcotics killings) from the null hypotheses. However, on balance, and in line with the vast majority of capital punishment studies, this investigation found no consistent evidence that executions and the television coverage they receive are associated significantly with rates for total, index, or different types of felony murder.
Skin infections with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus presenting as insect or spider bites.

Staphylococcus aureus can cause a range of skin and soft-tissue infections such as folliculitis, cellulitis, and necrotizing fasciitis. Nosocomial infections with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) have been well studied and known risk factors include recent hospitalization or surgery, residence
Inhibition of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity of human blood platelet membrane by ADP

Purified human blood platelet membrane showed the presence of one low K m (1.1 μM) and one high K m (5.0 μM) cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase(s). Incubation of platelet-rich plasma or gel-filtered platelets with ADP (4.0 μM), a well-known platelet aggregating agent, resulted in the inhibition of phosphodiesterase activity of the isolated membrane by 25% in 5 min at 23°C. A Lineweaver-Burk plot of the enzymic activity of the membrane preparation showed that ADP specifically inhibited the low K m (1.1 μM) phosphodiesterase by reducing the V max from 241 to 176 pmol/mg per min with concomitant lowering of K m to 0.5 μM. In contrast, neither the high K m (5.0 μM) enzymic activity of the membrane preparation nor the phosphodiesterase activities of the cytosolic fraction of the ADP-treated platelets was affected. This effect of ADP, which was independent of platelet aggregation, reached maximal level within 5 min of incubation. When platelet-rich plasma was incubated longer in the presence of the nucleotide, the inhibition of phosphodiesterase activity began to decrease, and after 20 min of incubation approx. 90% of the original enzymic activity was regained. The incubation of platelet-rich plasma with 4.0 μM ADP also increased the cyclic AMP level to twice the basal level. The effect of ADP on the phosphodiesterase activity could be demonstrated only by incubating the intact platelets with the nucleotide. The treatment of isolated membrane from platelets, previously unexposed to ADP, with the nucleotide did not inhibit the enzymic activity. The inhibition of phosphodiesterase by the nucleotide in the absence of stirring, as expected, resulted in the inhibition of platelet aggregation when these cells were subsequently stirred with 1-epinephrine or an increased concentration of ADP.
TRACHEOSTOMY IN ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE: EFFECTS ASSESSED BY ARTERIAL BLOOD GASES

The effects of tracheostomy in 27 patients with severe respiratory difficulty are described in terms of arterial blood gas values and clinical observations. Postoperatively, mouth breathing was compared with tracheostomy breathing. Obstruction of the lower respiratory tract from accumulated secretions leads to hypoventilation, ineffective coughing, carbon dioxide retention, anoxia and coma. In such cases, tracheostomy may be life-saving because it provides a reliable pathway: a) for suctioning the secretions (which may be unusually abundant in emphysema with bronchitis), and b) for the administration of artificial respiration. An important factor in the outcome of tracheostomy is meticulous postoperative care. Attention to such things as proper tube alignment and proper suctioning techniques goes a long way toward preventing possible mucosal damage and infection. Tracheostomy provides therapeutic relief even to patients who are gravely ill (narcosis, coma) with emphysema and bronchitis.
Preferential selection and stereotypes: Effects on evaluation of female leader performance, subordinate goal commitment, and task performance

In a laboratory setting, 135 undergraduate students (69 male, 66 female; approximately 98% white) completed a mock class scheduling task led by a female confederate who was chosen either preferentially or by merit. Results indicated that (1) subordinate evaluations of female leader performance were not affected by preferential selection, but were significantly related to degree of non-traditional views held toward female managers; (2) commitment to the goal assigned by the female leader was not lessened by preferential selection, but also was significantly related to degree of non-traditional views toward female managers; and (3) subordinate performance on the scheduling task was significantly related to commitment to the leader-assigned goal.
Imagery and subjective categorization effects on long-term recognition and retrieval

Twenty-five words that were either high or low in imagery ratings were used to study the effects of imagery and subjective catagorization instructions on recognition and retrieval after a 6-week interval. The results showed no significant effect for instructions on recognition memory, but there was a smaller loss of retrieval cues when imagery instructions were used in conjunction with words of high-imagery rating. High-imagery words also created superior free recall and recognition. The results were interpreted as showing the robustness of imagery coding on retrieval cues. The memory process can be viewed as involving at least two partially independent systems. One system involves associa ting items with a context such that they can be later recognized in relation to that context. The other system involves the process of generating these items from cues , either specific, as in the case of paired associates, or nonspecific, as in the case of free recall.
Does α1-Acid Glycoprotein Act as a Non-functional Receptor for α1-Adrenergic Antagonists?

The ability of a variety of alpha 1-acid glycoproteins (AAG) to affect the intrinsic activity of the alpha 1-adrenergic antagonist prazosin was studied in rabbit aortic strip preparations. From these studies, the activity of AAG appears to be linked to their ability to bind the antagonist. However, a capability to bind prazosin was not the only requirement for this effect. The removal of sialic acid and partial removal of the galactose and mannose residues by periodate oxidation of human AAG all but eliminated the ability of AAG to affect the intrinsic pharmacologic activity of prazosin, although the binding of prazosin was not significantly affected. The presence of bovine AAG, a protein that has a low ability to bind prazosin, reduced the effect of human AAG on prazosin activity. Based upon these results, we propose that AAG is able to bind in the vicinity of the alpha 1-adrenoceptors, therefore extending the binding region for antagonists in such a way as to decrease the ability of the antagonist to interact with the receptor. The carbohydrate side-chains are important for the binding of AAG in the region of the adrenoceptor.
Depreciation, multipliers, and commodity market equilibrium: A pedagogical approach

Although students appear to readily comprehend the analysis up to this point, they can easily become confused when equations (4) and (5) are plotted upon the familiar Keynesian cross diagram. Once these graphs are drawn, it is the rare student indeed who does not invariably, albeit incorrectly, believe that the vertical distance between the two aggregate demand curves represents the level of depreciation. Knowing that the difference between GNP and NNP is also equal to depreciation, students do not see the workings of the multiplier and can easily become quite perplexed. No such problem need arise, however, if students understand that the specification of the consumption function must remain consistent between equations (4) and (5). For instance, the output variable in equation (2) can depict either GNP or NNP. If GNP is utilized, equations (4) and (5) are transformed into equations (7) and (8), respectively,
Computerized tomography of frontal sinus pneumatocele

The radiographic feature and computerized tomography (CT) findings in a case of frontal sinus osteoma associated with pneumatocele are described along with the clinical history and surgical findings. CT gives useful information regarding the extent of air dissection and its relation with the ventricular system.
Pro-Tobacco Influences and Susceptibility to Smoking Cigarettes Among Middle and High School Students—United States, 2011

Abstract Purpose Smoking is a leading cause of cancer, and most smokers begin during adolescence. We examined the proportion of adolescents exposed to pro-tobacco advertising and assessed the association between this exposure and susceptibility to smoking. Methods Data from the 2011 National Youth Tobacco Survey were used to calculate the proportion of susceptible middle school (MS) and high school (HS) students exposed to pro-tobacco advertisements through stores, magazines, and the Internet. Following previous work, susceptibility to smoking cigarettes was defined as "never smoked but open to trying cigarettes." Results In 2011, 81.5% of MS students and 86.9% of HS students were exposed to tobacco advertisements in stores; 48.2% of MS students and 54.0% of HS students were exposed to such advertising in magazines. Exposure to tobacco advertisements on the Internet was similar for MS (40.8%) and HS students (40.2%). Of those surveyed, 22.5% of MS students and 24.2% of HS students were susceptible to trying cigarettes. Exposure to magazine advertising declined from 71.8% in 2000 to 46.1% in 2009 among susceptible MS students; however, exposure increased to 55.4% in 2011. Tobacco advertising seen through the Internet among susceptible HS students increased from 25.9% in 2000 to 44.7% in 2011. Conclusions Adolescents continue to be exposed to pro-tobacco advertisements. Adolescents susceptible to smoking are more likely to report exposure to pro-tobacco advertisements. In addition to continued monitoring, more effective interventions to eliminate youth exposure to pro-tobacco marketing are needed.
Partial purification of a thrombocytopoietic-stimulating factor from kidney cell culture medium.

Abstract Thrombopoietin (TSF)-rich kidney cell culture media were subjected to fractionation by ammonium sulfate precipitation and Sephadex column chromatography. The fractions thus obtained were tested for TSF content in thrombocytotic mice using Na 2 35 SO 4 as a platelet label. Proteins precipitated by 40–60 and 60–80% ammonium sulfate saturation caused significantly increased platelet counts and 35S incorporation into platelets of assay mice. However, injections of saline, control media, or the proteins precipitated by 0–40 and >80% ammonium sulfate saturation did not stimulate thrombocytopoiesis in mice. In experiments using Sephadex G-100 columns, materials eluted from columns with V e V o (elution volume/void volume) values in the range of 1.5–2.4 were shown to contain the thrombocytopoietic factor. TSF from kidney cell culture media was not dialyzable and did not deteriorate in both ammonium sulfate and Sephadex fractions during 4–5 weeks of storage at −76°C. The results of this study indicate the feasibility of utilizing media from kidney cell cultures for the production of a stable, biologically active TSF that can be partially separated from other proteins.
Public Relations and the Making of Modern Britain: Stephen Tallents and the Birth of a Progressive Media Profession

‘An imaginative civil servant,’ according to his Times obituary, Sir Stephen Tallents is the subject of Scott Anthony's recent book Public Relations and the Making of Modern Britain. Hardworking, c...
roe v. Wade: the rhetoric of fetal life.

Court decisions themselves, and not just arguments before courts, are rhetorical works. The Supreme Court majority opinion in the publicized 1973 abortion case Roe v. Wade demonstrated this rhetorical nature of decisions both in its choice of arguments and evidence and in its effort to organize symbolically the world of the medical and legal considerations surrounding abortion.
Semantic and repetition priming effects for Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) critical items and associates produced by DRM and unrelated study lists.

Two lexical decision experiments investigated priming for a critical item (CI, sleep) and its related yoked associate (YA, blanket) when one had been studied in a related Deese/Roediger—McDermott (DRM) list (Experiments 1 & 2) or a list of totally unrelated words (Experiment 2) and the other had been nonstudied. Semantic priming from the related DRM list occurred for nonstudied CIs (but not YAs) regardless of whether the CI received within-test priming from its studied related YA during the lexical decision task, though the effect in the absence of within-test priming averaged across experiments was only significant by a one-tailed test. Also averaged across experiments, repetition priming occurred for both studied CIs and YAs when they had been studied in related DRM lists whether or not there was also within-test priming from a nonstudied related yoked pairmate, though individual effects within the two experiments were sometimes not significant. Repetition priming boosted semantic priming from related DRM lists less for CIs than for YAs, similar to the finding that memory discriminability is poorer for CIs than for YAs in episodic recognition. This smaller repetition priming boost for CIs than for YAs occurred to the same degree when the CIs or YAs were studied in an unrelated list. When nonstudied CIs and YAs were totally unrelated to all previously studied items and separated by 3-7 items in the lexical decision task, a YA produced a small 16 msec priming effect for its CI, averaged across both experiments. The implications of these results for the activation account of the DRM false-memory effect and for single-prime versus multiple-prime long-term semantic priming effects are discussed. The online addendum may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive.
Treatment of adolescent smokers with the nicotine patch

This study examined the effects of the nicotine patch on craving and withdrawal symptoms, safety, and compliance among adolescents. The secondary goal was to conduct a preliminary investigation of the effectiveness of the nicotine patch in helping adolescents quit smoking. The study design was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of the nicotine patch. The intervention also provided intensive cognitive-behavioral therapy and a contingency-management procedure. Participants (n=100) attended 10 treatment visits over 13 weeks. Compared with the placebo patch group, the active nicotine patch group experienced a significantly lower craving score and overall withdrawal symptom score (p=.011 and p=.025, respectively), as well as a time trend toward lower scores (p<.001) in craving only. Moreover, the nicotine patch appeared safe for adolescents to use. No differences by treatment group were found in experiencing adverse events, except that the participants in the placebo patch group reported more headaches than those in the active nicotine patch group. As another measure of safety, the overall mean salivary cotinine levels were significantly lower at 1, 6, 8, and 10 weeks postquit (all p<.05) compared with baseline levels, although these results were confounded by dropouts. Additionally, a significant number of participants were compliant with using the nicotine patch daily. Finally, point prevalence (7-day and 30-day abstinence rates) and survival analysis of participant abstinence indicated no significant differences between treatment groups. The results of this study suggest that the nicotine patch is a promising medication and a larger clinical trial of the nicotine patch among adolescents is warranted.
Fibrous pseudotumor of the tunica vaginalis testis: imaging appearance

Fibrous pseudotumor is a benign paratesticular tumor that typically presents as a painless mass of the hemiscrotum. Because this tumor can mimic a malignant process, it is usually not diagnosed preoperatively. We describe a case of fibrous pseudotumor of the tunica vaginalis, demonstrating the ultrasound and magnetic resonance image (MRI) appearance with pathologic correlation.