cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolution equation and relativistic bound-state wave functions for scalar-field models in four and six dimensions.

We investigate the evolution equation for distribution amplitudes in the framework of a scalar theory quantized on the light cone. We find general solutions for the cases of 4 and 6 dimensions and use them to reconstruct two-body relativistic bound-state wave functions at small distances. The relation between the light-cone bound-state equation and the Bethe-Salpeter equation is discussed.
Surgical Placement of Permanent Epicardial Pacing Systems in Very Low-Birth Weight Premature Neonates: A Review of Data From the Pediatric Cardiac Care Consortium (PCCC).

Few studies have characterized the surgical outcomes following epicardial pacemaker placement in very low-birth weight infants with congenital complete heart block. This study was undertaken to rev...
Effects of large brain stem lesions on the cholinergic system in the rat cochlear nucleus.

Abstract Large lesions were made medial to one cochlear nucleus in rats, in order to cut virtually all centrifugal pathways to it. To estimate the contribution of these centrifugal pathways to cholinergic synapses in the cochlear nucleus, choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities were mapped, by quantitative histochemical procedures, in lesion and control side cochlear nuclei. Choline acetyltransferase activities were reduced by 85–90% in most regions of the lesion side cochlear nucleus and by 65–75% in granular regions. Acetylcholinesterase activities were reduced by 50% or less in the same regions. The choline acetyltransferase results are consistent with a conclusion that by far most cholinergic synapses in the rat cochlear nucleus derive from centrifugal pathways. Additionally, the effects of the lesions on enzyme activities in the lateral superior olivary nucleus and ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body, and in the facial, motor trigeminal, and spinal trigeminal nuclei were examined. In the lesion side facial nucleus, 60% and 40% decreases in choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities, respectively, were apparently consequences of facial root transection. Lesion-control enzyme activity differences in the other nuclei were much smaller.
EVALUATION OF TEXTURE OF PECTIN JELLIES WITH THE VOLAND‐STEVENS TEXTURE ANALYZER

Texture profile analysis (TPA) parameters were determined with a Voland-Stevens Texture Analyzer-1000 (VSTA) and an Instron Universal Testing Machine. Because of the nature of the design of VSTA, reliable magnitudes of TPA parameters based on the force-time curves recorded during the down stroke can be calculated. With a 2.54 cm diameter plexiglas plunger, the TPA parameters with the VSTA were higher than those with the Instron by 1.45% for hardness to 16.1% for fracturability.
Developing Standards of Professional Performance in Public Relations.

Abstract A survey instrument derived from sixty in-depth interviews was administered to 598 public relations professionals across the nation with a 42 percent response rate. Based on a review of literature and the interview phase of the current study, twenty-four elements of professional performance were operationalized in the survey. Survey respondents assessed the extent to which a standard of professionalism currently exists for each of the twenty-four items. Respondents tended to view ethical guidelines, accreditation and writing/editing skills as enjoying well established standards. Licensing, location of public relations on the organizational chart and inclusion of public relations in the dominant coalition were viewed as most lacking in a standard of professional performance. The twenty-four items factored into eight dimensions. Assessments of professionalism along these eight factors differed significantly as a function of age, education, race and both length and geographic region of practice of public relations.
Plasmalemmal V-H+-ATPases regulate intracellular pH in human lung microvascular endothelial cells

Abstract The lung endothelium layer is exposed to continuous CO2 transit which exposes the endothelium to a substantial acid load that could be detrimental to cell function. The Na+/H+ exchanger and HCO3−-dependent H+-transporting mechanisms regulate intracellular pH (pHcyt) in most cells. Cells that cope with high acid loads might require additional primary energy-dependent mechanisms. V-H+-ATPases localized at the plasma membranes (pmV-ATPases) have emerged as a novel pH regulatory system. We hypothesized that human lung microvascular endothelial (HLMVE) cells use pmV-ATPases, in addition to Na+/H+ exchanger and HCO3−-based H+-transporting mechanisms, to maintain pHcyt homeostasis. Immunocytochemical studies revealed V-H+-ATPase at the plasma membrane, in addition to the predicted distribution in vacuolar compartments. Acid-loaded HLMVE cells exhibited proton fluxes in the absence of Na+ and HCO3− that were similar to those observed in the presence of either Na+, or Na+ and HCO3−. The Na+- and HCO3−-independent pHcyt recovery was inhibited by bafilomycin A1, a V-H+-ATPase inhibitor. These studies show a Na+- and HCO3−-independent pHcyt regulatory mechanism in HLMVE cells that is mediated by pmV-ATPases.
Topics in nonlinear filtering

This paper presents a general procedure to solve the filtering problem for Markov semimartingale state processes and jump observation processes. We split the resulting equation for the optimal filter into two equations, one governs the evolution of the filter between the jump times of the observation process; the other updates the filter at the jump times. Then we ignore the nonlinear terms in both equations, and show that the resulting linear equations have at least one weak solution, which is a finite positive measure. It turns out that normalization of this solution yields the optimal nonlinear filter for the problem, which is the unique solution to the filter problem.
Factor Structure and Reliability of an Abbreviated Version of the Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale

This study examined the internal consistency reliability and factor structure of an abbreviated version of the Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (MSLSS: Huebner, Psychological Assessment, 6, 149–158, 1994), which measures the life satisfaction of youth in five domains: family, friends, school, self, and living environment. A total of 10 negatively-worded items were excluded from the original 40-item MSLSS. The data were obtained from a sample of 844 middle school students in a Southeastern US state. The analyses revealed acceptable reliability coefficients across the five domains (range = 0.71–0.91). Using confirmatory factor analysis procedures, the correlated factors model also suggested acceptable fit across several indices. Pending further research, the abbreviated 30-item version of the MSLSS provides a promising alternative to the original MSLSS when brevity of measurement is a consideration.
Mechanism of Formation of Threaded Ar2Zn(18-crown-6) Species

Tol2Zn (Tol is p-methylphenyl) and 18-crown-6 in benzene rapidly and almost completely form a 1:1 complex (peripheral) in which Zn is probably bonded to two oxygens. A rotaxane (threaded) 1:1 speci...
Position-Controlled Seedless Growth of ZnO Nanorod Arrays on a Polymer Substrate via Wet Chemical Synthesis

A novel wet chemical technique for the site-selective growth of ZnO nanorod arrays on polymer substrates is described. Electron beam lithography is employed to define nanorod positions using a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) mask on a Kapton polyimide substrate with a Au intermediate layer. An applied potential is utilized to enhance the nucleation process and achieve ZnO nanorods with a base diameter of 200 nm. The technique does not require a ZnO seed layer and can be carried out at temperatures as low as 70 °C. Structural characterization of the as-grown ZnO nanorods has been investigated by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. This technique represents a new low-cost method for integrating ZnO nanorods into flexible electronic devices.
EDUCATION, SCHOOLING, AND CHILDREN'S RIGHTS: THE COMPLEXITY OF HOMESCHOOLING

By blurring the distinction between formal school and education writ large, homeschooling both highlights and complicates the tensions among the interests of parents, children, and the state. In this essay, Robert Kunzman argues for a modest version of children's educational rights, at least in a legal sense that the state has the duty and authority to enforce. At the same time, however, it is important to retain a principled distinction between schooling and education—not only to protect children's basic educational rights, but also to prevent the state from overreaching into the private realm of the home and family.
The Potential of the Hybrid Grass Carp as a Weed Control Agent

ABSTRACT Hybrid grass carp, spawned at the Malone Fish Hatchery in 1979, were stocked into two Central Florida lakes containing hydrilla (Blue Lake) and coontail (Crealde Lake) at the rate of 183 fish ha−1 after nearly two years vegetation control was not achieved. A 24% reduction in the number of hybrid grass carp occurred in Blue Lake while an 89% reduction occurred in Crealde Lake. Hybrid grass carp in the coontail lake had a growth rate of 1.3 gm mo−1 while the growth rate in the hydrilla lake was 28 gm mo−1. A total of 49% of the fish in the hydrilla lake was less than 450 gn after 20 mo. Feeding trials in 0.14 ha experimental ponds using triploid hybrid grass carp from Blue Lake revealed that 0.8 kg hybrid grass carp had a feeding rate of approximately one-third less than that of similar sized grass carp and had a growth rate of approximately seven times less. The feeding efficiency of two year old hybrid grass carp was nearly 50% less than for one and one-half year old grass carp. Due to the slower...
Positive Behavior Supports

The field of positive behavior supports has grown rapidly in the last decade as a practice to address the very real and difficult challenges posed by problem behaviors. The present article defines ...
Unrecognized glucose intolerance is not associated with depression. Screening for Impaired Glucose Tolerance study 3 (SIGT 3)

Aims To understand the metabolic and temporal links in the relationship between diabetes and depression, we determined the association between depressive symptoms and unrecognized glucose intolerance.
Photoneuron: dynamically reconfigurable information processing control element utilizing embedded-fiber waveguide interconnects

The term `photoneuron' describes an electro-optic hardware element that permits an optical implementation of the postulated information transfer processes of the neurons in the human brain. The photoneuron provides a dynamic activation and control mechanism for highly parallel computers and permits immediate implementation of reconfigurable high speed optical interconnects. The suggested method for interconnecting processors in a photoneuronic network consists of embedded optical fibers in composite materials to form optical backplanes utilizing `smart skin' technology. This method eliminates the environmental concerns and technological barriers posed by free space optics and integrated optics, while providing a sound engineering approach leading to the all optical computer. This paper briefly reviews the physiological activity of neurons in the human brain. Optical analogies for processor activation in neural networks corresponding to the nerve impulse activation in the brain are then described. The paper then suggests the utilization of optical signal parameters and encoding to emulate the information exchange of neurotransmitters provided by first and second messenger molecular activity across the synaptic `connections' of neurons in the brain. This represents a departure from most neural networks which dwell on threshold processor activation and ignore the exceedingly complex molecular information exchange mechanisms of the brain. Digital, analog, and combinatorial alternatives are described.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Firm Characteristics and Managerial Perceptions of NAFTA: An Assessment of Export Implications for U.S. SMEs*

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) may present significant opportunities or significant threats for small and medium–sized firms based in the U.S. Arguments are developed that explore the relationship among four internal firm characteristics and managers’ perceptions of NAFTA. Managers’ perceptions of NAFTA are measured as either favorable or unfavorable. The firm dimensions examined are strategy, performance, export experience, and size. The findings imply that managers’ exhibiting favorable perceptions of NAFTA are related positively to differentiation strategy, performance, export experience, and size. A cost–leadership strategy demonstrated no discernable relationship with regard to perceptions about NAFTA. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Detection of Tumor Cell-Specific mRNA and Protein in Exosome-Like Microvesicles from Blood and Saliva

The discovery of disease-specific biomarkers in oral fluids has revealed a new dimension in molecular diagnostics. Recent studies have reported the mechanistic involvement of tumor cells derived mediators, such as exosomes, in the development of saliva-based mRNA biomarkers. To further our understanding of the origins of disease-induced salivary biomarkers, we here evaluated the hypothesis that tumor-shed secretory lipidic vesicles called exosome-like microvesicles (ELMs) that serve as protective carriers of tissue-specific information, mRNAs, and proteins, throughout the vasculature and bodily fluids. RNA content was analyzed in cell free-saliva and ELM-enriched fractions of saliva. Our data confirmed that the majority of extracellular RNAs (exRNAs) in saliva were encapsulated within ELMs. Nude mice implanted with human lung cancer H460 cells expressing hCD63-GFP were used to follow the circulation of tumor cell specific protein and mRNA in the form of ELMs in vivo. We were able to identify human GAPDH mRNA in ELMs of blood and saliva of tumor bearing mice using nested RT-qPCR. ELMs positive for hCD63-GFP were detected in the saliva and blood of tumor bearing mice as well as using electric field-induced release and measurement (EFIRM). Altogether, our results demonstrate that ELMs carry tumor cell–specific mRNA and protein from blood to saliva in a xenografted mouse model of human lung cancer. These results therefore strengthen the link between distal tumor progression and the biomarker discovery of saliva through the ELMs.
Etorphines: μ-opioid receptor-selective antinociception and low physical dependence capacity

Comparative analgesic studies revealed that dihydroetorphine was more potent than etorphine in the tail-flick and hot-plate tests, respectively and nearly equipotent in the phenylquinone assay. Both compounds were short acting. Studies with selective opioid receptor antagonists β-funaltrexamine, nor-binaltorphimine and naltrindole revealed that both etorphines were μ-selective agonists. Presumptive evidence for competitive antagonism of these compounds with naloxone was provided by Schild regressions with slopes of near unity. In a suppression test in rhesus monkeys maximally dependent on morphine, dihydroetorphine and etorphine dose-dependently replaced morphine. Drug-naive simians chronically exposed to frequent, intermittent and escalating doses of dihydroetorphine for 42 days showed few withdrawal signs when challenged with large doses of naloxone or were abruptly withdrawn from this drug. The results suggest that these atypical opioids may be useful in the clinical treatment of pain and opiate drug abuse.
Tuberous sclerosis complex and renal angiomyolipoma Collective review

Numerous case reports of renal angiomyolipoma with or without tuberous sclerosis continue to be published with increasing frequency in the urologic literature. The need for a comprehensive and updated review of the subject is timely. A collective pathologic, clinical, and radiologic review of the subjects of tuberous sclerosis complex and renal angiomyolipoma is presented; and a plan for the urologic management is discussed.
The Use of Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation in the Emergency Department: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial

Objective To determine whether the use of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) in the emergency department (ED) will reduce the need for tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. Design Randomized, controlled, prospective clinical trial. Setting ED of Barnes-Jewish Hospital, a university-affiliated teaching hospital. Patients Twenty-seven patients meeting a predetermined definition of acute respiratory distress requiring hospital admission. Interventions Conventional medical therapy for the various etiologies of acute respiratory distress and the application of NPPV. Measurements and results The primary outcome measure was the need for tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes also assessed included hospital mortality, hospital length of stay, acquired organ system derangements, and the utilization of respiratory care personnel. Sixteen patients (59.3%) were randomly assigned to receive conventional medical therapy plus NPPV, and 11 patients (40.7%) were randomly assigned to receive conventional medical therapy without NPPV. The two groups were similar at the time of randomization in the ED with regard to demographic characteristics, hospital admission diagnoses, and severity of illness. Tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation was required in seven patients (43.8%) receiving conventional medical therapy plus NPPV and in five patients (45.5%) receiving conventional medical therapy alone (relative risk=0.96; 95% confidence interval=0.41 to 2.26; p=0.930). There was a trend towards a greater hospital mortality rate among patients in the NPPV group (25%) compared to patients in the conventional medical therapy group (0.0%) (p=0.123). Among patients who subsequently required mechanical ventilation, those in the NPPV group had a longer time interval from ED arrival to the start of mechanical ventilation compared to patients in the conventional medical therapy group (26.0±27.0 h vs 4.8±6.9 h; p=0.055). Conclusions We conclude that the application of NPPV in the ED may delay tracheal intubation and the initiation of mechanical ventilation in some patients with acute respiratory distress. We also demonstrated that the application of NPPV was associated with an increased hospital mortality rate. Based on these preliminary observations, larger clinical investigations are required to determine if adverse patient outcomes can be attributed to the early application of NPPV in the ED. Additionally, improved patient selection criteria for the optimal administration of NPPV in the ED need to be developed.
Association between plasma ghrelin and motilin levels during MMC cycle in conscious dogs

Abstract Background Migrating motor complex (MMC) is well characterized by the appearance of gastrointestinal contractions in the interdigestive state. Gastric phase III contractions of MMC are regulated by motilin, but not ghrelin, in dogs. Ghrelin regulates feeding activity in dogs and rodents. It remains unclear how motilin and ghrelin interact during the MMC cycle in dogs. Methods Four strain gauge transducers were implanted on stomach and intestine in 6 female dogs. To investigate the correlation between ghrelin and motilin, plasma motilin and acyl ghrelin (active type) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) during MMC cycle. Results The peak of plasma motilin levels was always observed at the period of gastric phase III contractions. The peak of ghrelin levels were followed 20–25 min after the peak of plasma motilin levels in 13 cases of 18 observations (72.2%). These were frequently observed at the early stage of gastric phase I contractions. In 3 of 16 observations (18.8%), the ghrelin peak was not associated with the motilin peaks. Immediately after the feeding, the interdigestive GI motor pattern was changed to the postprandial pattern. No significant increases of the plasma motilin levels and ghrelin levels were observed after the feeding. Conclusion This is the first demonstration showing the correlation between ghrelin and motilin levels during gastric MMC cycle in conscious dogs. As it is rather difficult to evaluate the hunger score in dogs, it remains unclear whether increased ghrelin levels after finishing gastric phase III contractions may mediate hunger sensation in dogs.
The molecular structure of agrobacterium VirE2-single stranded DNA complexes involved in nuclear import

Nuclear import of DNA is a central event in genetic transformation of plant cells by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Agrobacterium elicits tumors on plant hosts by transporting a single-stranded (ss) copy of the bacterial transferred DNA (T-DNA) from its Ti (tumor-inducing) plasmid into the plant cell nucleus. Presumably, the process of T-DNA nuclear import is mediated by two agrobacterium proteins, VirD2 and VirE2, which are thought to directly associate with the transported T-DNA. Both proteins have been shown to contain functional nuclear localizations signals (NLS). Recently, VirE2 alone has been shown to actively transport ssDNA into the plant cell nucleus. To understand the process of DNA nuclear import, it is important to know the structure of the transport intermediate. To this end, complexes of VirE2 and ssDNA were analyzed by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). This analysis suggests that VirE2 packages ssDNA into semi-rigid, hollow cylindrical filaments with a telephone cord-like coiled structure. The outer diameter of these complexes is too large to enter the nucleus by diffusion but is within the size exclusion limits of the active nuclear import. Detailed mass analysis of VirE2-ssDNA filaments is presented and a structural model is proposed.
Cycle life measurement of a sealed lead/acid battery

Abstract The cycle life of a ‘D’ type, sealed, recombinant lead/acid battery, rated by the manufacturer at 2.5 A h at the 10 h rate, was determined experimentally. The criterion used for cycle life was the number of continuous cycles at 50 °C during which the battery was capable of delivering 1 A h of capacity at a minimum of 1.9 V. Statistical analysis of the results of these tests on 12 sample batteries indicated a cycle life of 93 with a standard deviation of between 8 and 9 cycles.
Laminar-nonlaminar transition for non-Newtonian flow in annuli

Experimental results on the laminar-nonlaminar transition of aqueous solutions of hydroxyethyl cellulose in axial, isothermal flow in annuli are presented. For each polymer solution the end of the laminar regime is observed to occur at different flow rates at different axial distances from the entrance of the test section. For some polymer solutions in nonlaminar motion, the pressure gradient is not constant over the length of the test section. These data on transition in annuli are compared with predictions made using Hanks' transition criterion where only viscous contributions are considered and where viscous effects are considered and elastic effects accounted for approximately. Predictions where both viscous and elastic properties of the fluids are considered are in fair agreement with experiments. Predictions using purely viscous theory are less accurate than the viscoelastic predictions.
Long-term effects of labor and delivery on offspring: a matched-pair analysis.

Abstract An investigation was undertaken in an effor to learn whether the type of delivery or the pattern of labor progression has any lasting effect on the infant. Paired-data design was chosen to ensure that the comparisons between homogeneous groups would be valid. Our objective was to reduce potential bias based on unequal distribution of patient characteristics that might be more or less commonly associated with abnormal labors or with difficult deliveries. Seven-year intelligence quotient data for matched pairs of cases showed significant long-range adverse impact from midforceps operations but not from low-forceps procedures. Comparable paired-data analysis for the effect of labor disorder on the infant verified a similar deleterious influence from both arrest and protraction patterns.
Fluconazole associated agranulocytosis and thrombocytopenia.

Case We describe a second case of fluconazole associated agranulocytosis with thrombocytopenia and recovery upon discontinuation of therapy. The patient began to have changes in white blood cells and platelets within 48 h of administration of fluconazole and began to recover with 48 h of discontinuation. This case highlights that drug-induced blood dyscrasias can occur unexpectedly as a result of treatment with a commonly used drug thought to be “safe”. Conclusion According to Naranjo’s algorithm the likelihood that our patient’s agranulocytosis and thrombocytopenia occurred as a result of therapy with fluconazole is probable, with a total of six points. We feel that the weight of the overall evidence of this evidence is strong. In particular the temporal relationship of bone marrow suppression to the initiation of fluconazole and the abatement of symptoms that rapidly reversed immediately following discontinuation.
The function of Mg-ATP in interactions between the regulatory and catalytic subunits of type I cAMP-dependent protein kinase from rabbit skeletal muscle.

Abstract 1. 1. The regulatory subunit of Type I cAMP-dependent protein kinase from rabbit skeletal muscle can bind [ 3 H]cAMP to form the R-[ 3 H]cAMP complex, and the slow phase of the enhanced exchange of free cAMP with [ 3 H]cAMP from the R-[ 3 H]cAMP complexes was studied under various conditions using the equilibrium isotope exchange technique. 2. 2. Results indicate that Mg-ATP and the catalytic subunit are absolutely required for the enhanced exchange reaction to occur, but phosphorylation of the regulatory subunit by Mg-ATP does not play a determining role in the slow rate of the dissociation/association of the Type I protein-kinase in the presence of cAMP and the catalytic subunit. 3. 3. We interpret the role of Mg-ATP as being one in which it may provide the structural attributes required for formation of a stabilized transient state of the cAMP-regulatory subunit-catalytic subunit ternary complex, an obligatory intermediate involved in the dissociation/association of Type I cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
Hopping conduction in quasi-one-dimensional systems

Abstract A review of hopping conduction in small MOSFET devices at low temperatures is given. The theoretical predictions of Mott, extended to the quasi-one-dimensional limit, will be compared with experiments and it will be shown that in the limit where only a few states exist within a few k B T of the Fermi energy the conduction properties take on a radically different form. Experimental results will be compared to both fluctuation hopping dominated theories as well as resonant tunneling models.
Effect of Localized Hotspot on the Thermal Performance of Two-Phase Microchannel Heat Exchanger

Microchannel heat exchangers using two-phase convective boiling is one of the most promising future technologies for the cooling of microprocessors. Heat generation on microprocessors is highly non-uniform due to the presence of multiple time-varying localized hotspots. Previous literature has primarily been focused on the performance of microchannels under uniform heating conditions. In this paper we report the performance of microchannel heat exchanger under both uniform and hotspot (non-uniform) heating conditions. We performed these experiments using a novel test setup where the test chip has multiple temperature sensors, one heater to provide uniform heating and a hotspot heater of size 400 μm × 400 μm. We report some of the preliminary results on the thermal performance of the heat exchanger. Results show that fluctuation in the wall temperature is different under hotspot heating conditions as compared to the uniform heating conditions. This paper was also originally published as part of the Proceedings of the ASME 2005 Heat Transfer Summer Conference.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Alterations in Neuromuscular Control at the Knee in Individuals With Chronic Ankle Instability

Context: Few authors have assessed neuromuscular knee-stabilization strategies in individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) during functional activities. Objective: To investigate the influence of CAI on neuromuscular characteristics around the knee during a stop-jump task. Design: Case-control study. Setting: Research laboratory. Participants or Other Participants: A total of 19 participants with self-reported unilateral CAI and 19 healthy control participants volunteered for this study. Intervention(s): Participants performed double-legged, vertical stop-jump tasks onto a force plate, and we measured muscle activation around the knee of each limb. Main Outcome Measure(s): We calculated the integrated electromyography for the vastus medialis oblique, vastus lateralis, medial hamstrings, and lateral hamstrings muscles during the 100 ms before and after initial foot contacts with the force plate and normalized by the ensemble peak electromyographic value. Knee sagittal-plane kinematics were also ana...
What has influenced computing innovation

Computing technology is nothing if not fast moving. Generations of products and their underlying electronics are introduced every 18 to 24 months. These developments are driven largely by competition and commercial reward, but many have their roots firmly in research funded by both the government and private sector. New products, processes, and services typically stem from the complex interaction of government, industry, and academia, but are there specific patterns in past successes? Over the years, a particular blend of government, industry, and academia has been the foundation of computing innovation. If the US is to sustain its past growth in computing, researchers, business leaders, and policy makers need to understand the elements of this synergy. One way to gain insight is to analyze past successes in significant areas. The Computer Science and Telecommunications Board (CSTB) produced a report that overviews the innovations since World War II in five critical areas of computing technology: relational databases, the Internet, theoretical computer science, artificial intelligence, and virtual reality. The studies demonstrate significant interaction among industry, universities, and government in developing and commercializing computing technology.
USING A COMPUTER ALGEBRA SYSTEM IN TEACHING MATHEMATICS

ABSTRACT In this paper, we summarize several ways a Computer Algebra System can be used in teaching mathematics: Method 1. Do what is not done traditionally or what can be done with difficulty without using a CAS. Method 2. Stimulate critical thinking. Method 3. Save time and hence improve teaching and learning effects. Method 4. Visualize some concepts with a CAS and explore what we can not see without a CAS. Method 5. Check answers of homework. A few examples are given to illustrate these methods.
Squaric acid as an internal standard for temperature measurements in 13C MAS NMR

Squaric acid (3,4-dihydroxy-3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione) is suggested as an internal standard for temperature measurements in 13C MAS NMR studies in the temperature range from 373 K to 520 K. Compared to previously utilized standards, squaric acid has several important advantages, such as fast kinetics of the phase transition, higher temperature range for 13C studies, and an almost constant sample volume through the transition temperature range. Thus, we found squaric acid to be suitable for the probe calibration with the reference temperature at 373.2 K. Moreover, upon partial deuteration the reference temperature can be gradually increased to 520 K. Additionally, the described procedure makes it possible to quantitatively estimate the temperature gradient across the sample. We also discuss the effect of spinning related stress on the temperature measurement technique and how this effect could be minimized.
Identification of Thiocyanate as the Principal Metabolite of Oxamyl in Lactating Goat

The metabolic fate of [1-14C]oxamyl in a lactating goat was investigated. The test animal was administered five consecutive daily doses orally at 31 ppm oxamyl dietary burden. Most of the radioactivity was eliminated via urine (45.3%) and feces (7.2%). [14C]Oxamyl equivalents in edible tissues (liver, kidney, muscle, and fat) and in milk accounted for 6.7 and 10.2% of the dose, respectively. A small percentage (1.9%) of the dose was exhaled as volatile metabolites (primarily 14CO2). No oxamyl nor any closely related metabolites were detected in tissues, milk, or urine. Extensive degradation/metabolism of [1-14C]oxamyl was observed. Radioactive thiocyanate was the major metabolite identified in the milk as well as in the methanol/water extracts for all tissue samples. Oxamyl-derived residues in the urine have been identified as thiocyanate, N-methyloxamic acid, oxamide, and N-methyloxamide. Keywords: Oxamyl; metabolism; goat; thiocyanate
Enhanced Near‐Bandgap Response in InP Nanopillar Solar Cells

The article of record as published may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201400061
Free energy of formation of droplets from vapor and dependence of surface tension on radius

Abstract It is demonstrated that a heretofore neglected contribution to the chemical potential of a small droplet arises from any variation of surface tension with radius. This contribution is evaluated by integration of the Gibbs-Duhem equation for several assumed relationships between surface tension and radius. It is concluded that the dependence of the free energy of formation of critical nuclei on surface tension is definitely not cubic, and exact relationships are given for the several assumed relationships. In the case of homogeneous nucleation of droplets from water vapor, the increase in surface tension required to bring about agreement between theory and cloud chamber observations is more nearly 50% rather than 17% as heretofore believed.
The determinants of investment variations in research and development

The following study presents and tests a model designed to explain the R&D investment decision of firms, tries to explain the role of certain variables after attempting to isolate the effects of other variables that are not specified in the model and, finally, attempts to estimate departure from the desired level of R & D expenditure and the coefficients of important variables that cause deviations from the level. The main variables discussed are profits, sales changes, expected sales changes, and expected capacity changes. The statistical method used to estimate the parameters of the variables is multiple regression analysis. On the basis of the analysis, several hypotheses are proposed and discussed in relation to alternative hypotheses.
Interfacial instabilities in plane Poiseuille flow of two stratified viscoelastic fluids with heat transfer. Part 1. Evolution equation and stability analysis

An evolution equation is derived that describes the nonlinear development of the interface between two viscoelastic fluids flowing, under the action of imposed pressure gradient and gravity, in a vertical channel. The channel walls are kept at different temperatures, resulting in heat transfer across the layers. The equation, based on the lubrication approximation, models the effects of stratifications in density, viscosity, elasticity, shear thinning, and thermal conductivity. It also describes the capillary and thermocapillary effects, as well as the sensitivity of viscosities to temperature. Linear-stability analysis is performed based on the evolution equation to understand the competing effects of viscous, elastic, and Marangoni instabilities. Particular attention is paid to the active control of the interfacial instabilities through the thermocapillarity.
Evolution of structure and magnetic properties in electron-doped double perovskites, Sr2−xLaxMnWO6 (0⩽x⩽1)

Powder neutron and X-ray diffraction studies show that the double perovskites in the region 0=<x=<1 exhibit two crystallographic modifications at room temperature: monoclinic P2{sub 1}/n and tetragonal I4/m, with a boundary at 0.75<x<0.9. Magnetic susceptibility measurements indicate that for x=0 and 0.5 Sr{sub 2-x}La{sub x}MnWO{sub 6} orders antiferromagnetically (AFM) at 15 and 25K, respectively, for 0.75=<x<1.0, a contribution of weak ferromagnetism (FM), probably due to canted-AFM order, increases with increasing x. The end point compound SrLaMnWO{sub 6} shows the strongest FM cluster effect; however, no clear evidence of magnetic order is discernable down to 4.2K. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) confirms Mn{sup 2+} and mixed-valent W{sup 6+/5+} formal oxidation states in Sr{sub 2-x}La{sub x}MnWO{sub 6}.
Combining belief functions when evidence conflicts

Abstract The use of belief functions to represent and to manipulate uncertainty in expert systems has been advocated by some practitioners and researchers. Others have provided examples of counter-intuitive results produced by Dempster's rule for combining belief functions and have proposed several alternatives to this rule. This paper presents another problem, the failure to balance multiple evidence, then illustrates the proposed solutions and describes their limitations. Of the proposed methods, averaging best solves the normalization problems, but it does not offer convergence toward certainty, nor a probabilistic basis. To achieve convergence, this research suggests incorporating average belief into the combining rule.
Reconfiguration and thermoregulation using biologically inspired vascular networks

A reconfigurable patch antenna with capillary structure is presented. A thermal analysis of resistive heating due to electromagnetic excitation was performed along with proposed cooling mechanism due to convective capillary thermoregulation. Simulated results are shown for transient and steady-state scenarios that link the fluids thermal properties into the electromagnetic operation.
Pulmonary toxicity associated with fly ash from fluidized bed coal combustion: II. Cellular morphometry of distal lung following a single intratracheal instillation

Fly ash from an experimental fluidized bed coal combustor (FBC) was intratracheally instilled (once) into male Syrian golden hamsters at concentrations of 0 (control), 3, 10, 30, and 100 mg/animal. Thirty days postadministration, lungs were fixed by intratracheal perfusion, and tissues were processed for electron microscopic evaluation. Standard point count morphometry was used to analyze distal lung structures. Significant differences were found in volume density of noncellular interstitial space, with this compartment being increased in a dose-dependent manner. Volume density, numerical density, and average cellular volume of distal lung cells revealed no significant differences between treated and control animals. In addition, diffusion capacity and air-blood barrier thickness were not significantly altered in treated animals. The absence of cellular change at 30 days postexposure suggests a residual effect on noncellular interstitium, which may implicate fibrosis.
Cap-Independent Translation Conferred by the 5′ Leader of Tobacco Etch Virus Is Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4G Dependent

The 5′ leader of tobacco etch virus (TEV) genomic RNA directs efficient translation from the naturally uncapped viral mRNA. Two distinct regions within the TEV 143-nucleotide leader confer cap-independent translation in vivo even when present in the intercistronic region of a discistronic mRNA, indicating that the TEV leader contains an internal ribosome entry site (IRES). In this study, the requirements for TEV IRES activity were investigated. The TEV IRES enhanced translation of monocistronic or dicistronic mRNAs in vitro under competitive conditions, i.e., at high RNA concentration or in lysate partially depleted of eukaryotic initiation factor 4F (eIF4F) and eIFiso4F, the two cap binding complexes in plants. The translational advantage conferred by the TEV IRES under these conditions was lost when the lysate reduced in eIF4F and eIFiso4F was supplemented with eIF4F (or, to a lesser extent, eIFiso4F) but not when supplemented with eIF4E, eIFiso4E, eIF4A, or eIF4B. eIF4G, the large subunit of eIF4F, was responsible for the competitive advantage conferred by the TEV IRES. TEV IRES activity was enhanced moderately by the poly(A)-binding protein. These observations suggest that the TEV IRES directs cap-independent translation through a mechanism that involves eIF4G specifically.
Herpes zoster em crianças saudáveis: o rosto inocente da controvérsia

Introduction: Herpes zoster (HZ) emerges sporadically by reactivation of the varicella zoster virus (VZV). It lies latent within the dorsal root of sensory ganglia or cranial nerves after primary infection, which manifests clinically as varicella. Its incidence increases with age and is rare in childhood. Case report: We describe the case of a 9-year-old previously healthy male, brought to medical consultation for pain and vesicular exanthema in the T1 dermatome, compatible with HZ. He was treated with acyclovir and improved clinically after three weeks. Discussion: In healthy children, HZ is rare. The main risk factor for childhood onset of HZ is primary VZV infection during gestation or the first year of life. It is not necessary to exclude underlying immunodeficiency, except in cases of recurrence. Due to its characteristics, childhood HZ is a disease that raises questions at diagnosis and regarding appropriate treatment.
AUTOIMMUNE DIABETIC NEUROPATHY

Recent work has shown that inflammatory vasculopathy is commonly seen in biopsies of diabetic patients with neuropathy. Most of these patients have had syndromes consistent with proximal diabetic neuropathy or amyotrophy. This suggests that inflammatory vasculopathy is important in the pathogenesis of these disorders. Immunosuppressive therapy may benefit many of these patients.
The finite element method in anisotropic sobolev spaces

This paper deals with various aspects of the theory and implementation of finite element methods for elliptic boundary value problems whose variational formulation is posed on anisotropic Sobolev spaces. The theory is applied to the Onsager pancake equation which arises in the study of high speed gas centrifuges.
The Role of Personal Values, Urban Form, and Auto Availability in the Analysis of Walking for Transportation

Purpose. To examine the association of personal values, the built environment, and auto availability with walking for transportation. Setting. Participants were drawn from 11 U.S. metropolitan areas with good transit services. Subjects. 865 adults who had recently made or were contemplating making a residential move. Measures. Respondents reported if walking was their primary mode for nine trip purposes. ‘‘Personal values’’ reflected ratings of 15 variables assessing attitudes about urban and environmental attributes, with high reliability (a 5 0.85). Neighborhood form was indicated by a three-item scale. Three binary variables were created to reflect (1) personal values, (2) neighborhood form, and (3) auto availability. Design. The association with walking was reported for each of the three variables, each combination of two variables, and the combination of three variables. An analysis of covariance was applied, and a hierarchic linear regression model was developed. Results. All three variables were associated with walking, and all three variables interacted. The standardized coefficients were 0.23 for neighborhood form, 0.21 for autos per person, and 0.18 for personal values. Conclusion. Positive attitudes about urban attributes, living in a supportive neighborhood, and low automobile availability significantly predicted more walking for transportation. A framework for further research is proposed in which a factor representing the role of the automobile is examined explicitly in addition to personal values and urban form. (Am J Health Promot 2007;21[4 Supplement]:363–370.)
Urinary excretion of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate in normal children and those with cystic fibrosis.

The urinary excretion of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic GMP) was examined in 98 normal children and 46 children with cystic fibrosis between the ages of 9 months and 18 yr. Diurnal variations in cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP excretion were observed in subjects from either group, and peak levels of cyclic nucleotide excretion were generally observed during the period of 0700 to 2100 h. Excretion rates (μmol/day) of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP increased significantly with age. When cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP excretion rates were normalized for urinary creatinine or body weight, the values declined significantly with age in both groups of patients. Cyclic GMP excretion normalized for body surface area also decreased with age, while the value for cyclic AMP (2.86± 0.08 μmol/day/m2, mean± SE) was constant with age in both normals and cystic fibrosis children. With some comparisons of age groups there were significant differences in cyclic nucleotide excretion betw...
Group B Streptococci and Other Gram-Positive Cocci Bind to Cytokeratin 8

Group B streptococci (GBS) adhere to surface receptors present on epithelial cells; these receptors include fibronectin and laminin. To identify other possible receptors, plasma membranes from A549 cells, a respiratory tract epithelial cell line, were prepared. These plasma membranes were tested in a protein blot analysis using radiolabeled GBS as a probe. GBS adhered to two species, with molecular masses of 50 kDa (p50) and 57 kDa (p57). We concluded that p50 and p57 correspond to two forms of cytokeratin 8 (CK8) on the basis of the following results: (i) protein blot results demonstrated that p50 and p57 exactly comigrated with two forms of CK8 after separation by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE); (ii) p50 and p57 exactly comigrated with CK8 after separation by two-dimensional PAGE; (iii) CK8 in solution bound to GBS, as demonstrated by immunoblot analysis of proteins from A549 lysates that bound to GBS in a liquid-phase assay; and (iv) radiolabeled GBS bound to A549 lysate-derived CK8 that had been captured in anti-CK8-coated microtiter wells. CK8 bound to COH1-13, an acapsular mutant of COH1, demonstrating that adherence is not mediated by capsular polysaccharide. Trypsin-treated GBS did not bind to CK8, indicating that adherence is mediated via a protein on the surface of GBS. Soluble CK8 bound to six of six GBS strains tested. Soluble CK8 also bound to Staphylococcus aureus, Lactococcus lactis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus pyogenes. We hypothesize that adherence of GBS to cytokeratin may be important for maintenance of colonization at sites of keratinized epithelium, such as the vagina, or for adherence of these bacteria to damaged epithelial cells at other sites.
Extended Life and Performance Test of a Low-Power Arcjet

An automated, cyclic life test was performed to demonstrate the reliability and endurance of a low power dc cycle arcjet thruster. Over 1000 hr and 500 on-off cycles were accumulated which would represent the requirements for about 15 years of on-orbit lifetime. A hydrogen/nitrogen propellant mixture was used to simulate decomposed hydrazine propellant and the power level was nominally 1.2 kW after the burn-in period. The arcjet operated in a very repeatable fashion from cycle to cycle. The steady state voltage increased by approximately 6 V over the first 300 hr, and then by only 3 V through the remainder of the test. Thrust measurements taken before, during, and after the test verified that the thruster performed in a consistent fashion throughout the tests at a specific impulse of 450 to 460 sec. Post-test component evaluation revealed limited erosion on both the anode and cathode. Other thruster components, including graphite seals, appeared undamaged.