cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bacterial Adherence to Virus-Infected Cells: A Cell Culture Model of Bacterial Superinfection

MDCK cells (a line of stable canine kidney cells) infected with influenza A/NWS/33 virus (a neurotropic variant of the Wilson Smith strain) were tested with 18 selected bacterial species to determine whether mammalian cells become susceptible to bacterial adherence as a result of virus infection. Cell monolayers were washed and examined microscopically for adherence. Bacteria of only two of 18 species were seen to adhere to the infected cells: a group B Streptococcus and Streptococcus sanguis. Control monolayers were negative for adherence. Pretreatment of virus-infected cultures with mouse ascitic fluid containing antibody to influenza A virus completely blocked adherence of the bacteria. Further testing with the strains representative of the five serotypes of group B Streptococcus disclosed that adherence occurred with types Ia, Ic, and II, but not with types Ib and III.
Use of Tissue Adhesive as a Field Expedient Barrier Dressing for Hand Wounds in Disaster Responders

Injuries sustained by disaster responders can impede the affected individuals’ ability to perform critical functions and often require the redirection of already scarce resources. Soft-tissue injuries to the hand are commonly experienced by disaster workers and even seemingly mild lacerations can pose the potential for significant complications in such hazard-filled environments. In this report, the authors describe their experience utilizing tissue adhesive to create a functional and effective barrier dressing for a hand injury sustained by a responder at the West, Texas USA fertilizer plant explosion. This technique of wound management allowed the patient to continue performing essential onsite functions for a sustained period following the explosion and the subsequent investigative processes. At the 30-day follow-up, the wound was well healed and without complications. This technique proved to be a valuable method of field expedient wound management and is worthy of consideration in similar future circumstances. Levy MJ , Tang N . Use of Tissue Adhesive as a Field Expedient Barrier Dressing for Hand Wounds in Disaster Responders. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(1):1-3 .
Cytologic and histologic symptoms of beet yellows.

Abstract The sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and New Zealand spinach (Tetragonia expansa Murr.) infected with the virus of beet-yellows disease develop characteristic inclusions. As seen with the light microscope these inclusions appear granular-alveolate, or fibrous, or composed of a series of parallel bands, possibly arranged spirally. The inclusions may be spherical, or ovoid, or much elongated. They may occur singly or in variable numbers in a given cell. The inclusions occur most consistently in the phloem tissue, specifically in parenchyma and companion cells. They occur also in various ground tissues outside the phloem and in the epidermis. They may be present in the phloem in the absence of any other symptom. Phloem necrosis is another typical symptom and consists in the death of companion cells, some parenchyma cells, and of sieve elements. The external symptoms in the affected sugar beet are correlated with various abnormalities in the mesophyll and vein parenchyma: hypertrophy, hypoplasia, destruction of chloroplasts, and necrosis.
Uridine-diphosphogalactose-4-epimerase, an adaptive enzyme in Saccharomyces fragilis

Abstract Uridine-diphosphogalactose-4-epimerase has been shown to be an adaptive enzyme in Saccharomyces fragilis as well as in S. cerevisiae . The two other enzymes of the galactose-pathway, galactokinase and galactose-1-phosphate-transuridylase are also formed adaptively in response to galactose in these two yeast species. On the contrary, UDPG-pyrophosphorylase, responsible for the formation of uridine-diphosphogalactose (catalytical amounts of which are necessary for the over-all inversion process) is a constitutive enzyme.
Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body weight gain in ovariectomized female C57BL/6J mice

Estrogen is an important protective factor against obesity in females. Therefore, postmenopausal women have a higher rate of obesity than premenopausal women, which is associated with age-related loss of ovary function. It has been reported that a diet containing conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduced body weight and body fat mass in the animal model as well as in human trials. We hypothesized that ingestion of CLA would reduce body weight gain in ovariectomized (OVX) female C57BL/6J mice that is a model for postmenopaual women. We further hypothesized that body weight reduction may improve obesity-related complication. To test this hypothesis, the OVX mice were fed with a high-fat diet containing CLA for 3 months. Mice had significantly reduced body weight gain compared with OVX mice fed with a high-fat diet without CLA. Although CLA was effective in slowing down body weight gain of both sham and OVX mice, analysis of adipocyte size and number suggested different mechanisms for loss of fat tissue in these 2 groups of mice. Treatment with CLA did not increase liver weight and accumulation of fat in the livers of OVX mice. Furthermore, CLA intake did not change insulin resistance. Our results indicate that CLA is functional as an antiobesity supplement in the mouse model for postmenopausal women and that the antiobesity effect of CLA is not estrogen related.
Drug interactions in a clinic using COSTAR.

Abstract In a study involving 1499 patients in a family office, prescription data obtained from a computerized record system (COSTAR) were analyzed to determine the drug interaction rate. While prior studies have adequately determined that drug interactions occur frequently in most medical offices this paper presents a methodology for performing such analyses in a very short period of time. By using a computer at all stages, the analysis was completed in less than four weeks and with more accuracy than would otherwise be possible. In addition to the demonstration of a method, the results of our analysis are also of interest. Overall 138 (9.2%) of the study patients were prescribed drugs with known interaction potential and among this group, 123 (72%) had interactions considered to be of “moderate” clinical significance and 36 (17%) had interactions considered to be of “major” significance.
Modelling activation processes in a porous flow-through MH-activator

Abstract On the basis of experimental data it has been shown that the effect of hydrogen MH-activation leads to the redistribution of the contribution of the separate elementary stages to the energy balance and the component composition of the ionization products in Neer's ion source. This results in an increase of the ionization efficiency and of the gas and energy efficiency of the source in the sense of forming atomic H + ions. The heterogeneous processes in the systems (hydride-forming intermetallic compound-hydrogen (deuterium)) have been investigated, and the increase in the energy state of hydrogen and its isotopes has been established. The kinds of excited states are the following: atomic hydrogen, the electron-excited state of hydrogen atoms and molecules, and vibrational states of H 2 ∗ ( v ≠ o) molecule. Mathematical modelling of the flow in a porous flow-through MH-activator was carried out using the assumption that the hydrogen flow through a unit area of the cross-section is determined by three types of diffusion: gas diffusion of H 2 within the porous volume, transfer of chemisorbed atoms over the pore surface, and solid-phase diffusion of hydrogen atoms dissolved in the MH-activator crystal lattice. It was shown that the most probable type of excitation of H 2 is the vibrational excitation of H 2 ∗ ( v = 1) and the full degree of excitation of hydrogen having passed through a layer of MH-activator, β = 20%, and the fraction of desorbed molecules which have an excessive energy in the form of vibrational excitation ( v > 1) makes up α a ≈ 35–40%.
Engineering the tissue which encapsulates subcutaneous implants. III. Effective tissue response times

The results of two previous studies have shown that implant porosity can be used to increase both the measured diffusion coefficients and the vascularity within the tissue encapsulating long-term subcutaneous implants. This study investigates the hypothesis that the analyte concentrations within the tissue surrounding porous implants will respond more quickly to changes in plasma levels than does the densely packed, avascular fibrous capsule surrounding nonporous implants. The average concentration of lissamine-rhodamine was measured in tissue within 100 microm of the following implants at four different times following injection of the tracer: PVA-skin, PVA-5, PVA-60, PVA-700 (polyvinyl alcohol nonporous, 5 microm, 60 microm, and 700 microm mean pore sizes, respectively) and PTFE-0.5 and PTFE-5 (polytetrafluoroethylene 0.5 microm and 5 microm mean pore sizes, respectively). The results were compared to those of unimplanted subcutaneous tissue (SQ). In addition, the data were analyzed with a simple two-compartment model in which a tissue response time constant (taup) was extracted. As in the case of vascular density, the cellular dimension of the PVA-60 pore sizes produced surrounding tissue with the optimum response times to changes in plasma concentrations. The concentrations of rhodamine within the tissue surrounding the PVA-60 implant were the highest at all time points and responded to the change in plasma rhodamine concentration approximately three times more quickly (taup = 764 s) than the fibrous tissue encapsulating the nonporous PVA-skin (taup = 2058 s) and more than twice as quickly as SQ (taup = 1627 s). The overall mass transfer rate between plasma and the tissue surrounding the different implants calculated from the permeability and density of vessels from the previous study correlated very well (r2 = 0.7, p < .02, slope of 0.98) with the reciprocal of the tissue response time constant (taup).
Sudden death and silent myocardial ischemia.

Abstract Recent research indicates that silent myocardial ischemia may play a role in sudden cardiac death. To what extent treatment can reduce occurrence of silent ischemia remains to be assessed. Three classes of silent ischemia patients are identified: type 1—totally asymptomatic; type 2—post myocardial infarction; and type 3—noninfarcted with both silent ischemia and angina. An index of prognostic risk (PR), showing the percent of adverse events attributable to silent ischemia, is calculated to measure the potential impact of successful treatment of silent ischemia on population mortality. Type 1 individuals' PR is estimated at a low 3.8%, suggesting that screening the general asymptomatic population would be unproductive. Type 2 patients exhibit an 80% PR. We lack the empirical information to estimate type 3 patients' PR, but silent ischemia is a recognized adverse prognostic factor in the subgroup exhibiting unstable angina. These results suggest that successful treatment of silent ischemia might favorably influence coronary artery disease patient outcomes.
Low-dose corticosteroid therapy after multiple relapses of severe HBsAg-negative chronic active hepatitis.

To evaluate the efficacy of low-dose corticosteroid therapy after multiple relapses of severe HBsAg negative chronic active hepatitis, 22 patients who had relapsed on 3.4 ± 0.4 occasions (range = two to seven relapses) were treated with the lowest dose of medication necessary to ameliorate symptoms and maintain serum AST activity below five-fold normal. Results were compared with those in 31 patients who had received conventional retreatments after 3.4 ± 0.3 relapses (range = two to eight relapses). During 44 ± 7 mo of low-dose therapy (range = 9 to 149 mo), one patient (5%) entered sustained remission, 16 patients (72%) continued treatment, two patients (9%) died of liverrelated complications and one patient (5%) died of a nonliver-related cause. Drug-related side effects improved in 11 of 13 patients who had acquired them during conventional therapy (85%). The median dose of prednisone was 7.5 mg daily (range = 1 to 17.5 mg) with and without azathioprine. Thirteen patients received long-term treatment consisting of 10 mg or less of prednisone only. Patients receiving conventional treatment entered remission more frequently than those on low-dose therapy (97% vs. 36%, p 0.1), required continuous therapy (55% vs. 72%, p > 0.1) and died of liver-related complications (10% vs. 9%) as commonly as those receiving low-dose therapy. We conclude that low-dose corticosteroid therapy in patients who have experienced multiple relapses has similar efficacy and less morbidity than conventional retreatments.(HEPATOLOGY 1990;11:1044-1049.).
A regional study of some osmotic, ionic and age factors affecting the stability of cerebral lysosomes.

An examination was made of the effect of changes in the osmolarity and the ionic composition of the homogenizing medium on the partition of lysosomal arylsulphatase and N-acetylglucosaminidase of cerebral cortex, hypothalamus and thalamus of the rat. Sulphatase appeared to be more sensitive to hypotonicity than glucosaminidase, since a higher proportion of the sulphatase was released from the lysosomes into the soluble fraction of the cells from all three neuroanatomical areas examined. In the presence of 250 mM-sucrose, supplementation with 10 mM-Mg led to clumping of the lysosomes and their translocation into the heavy-particulate fraction; no such effect of 10 mM-Mg was noted in the absence of 250 mM-sucrose. The intracellular distribution of bound N-acetylneuraminic acid (bound-NANA) was also examined. The shifts observed in its intracellular localization as a result of changes in the ionic composition of the homogenizing medium rule out bound-NANA as a structural component of the membrane of the cortical lysosome. However regional differences in the response of bound-NANA to ionic factors were observed. Lysosomes from cerebral cortex of adult and 12-day-old rats were also Compared. Differ- ences in the pattern of distribution of lysosomes in linear sucrose gradients and in response to ionic factors were uncovered. The results support the previously enunciated concept (SELLINGER and HIA~, 1968) of a regional microheterogeneity of lysosomes and add a new, age-related dimension to it. SINCE a recent comprehensive review (NOVIKOFF, 1967) a number of reports have been added to the growing literature on lysosomes of neutral tissues. In our laboratory interest has focused chiefly on a comparison of lysosomes in different regions of the rat brain (SELLINGER and HIATT, 1968), while other workers have studied lysosomes in the neurons of the superior cervical ganglion (DIXON, 1967), in dorsal root ganglia (NOVIKOFF, 1967), in spinal cord motoneurons (KHATTAB, 1967) and in cortical neurons (KREUTZBERG and HAGER, 1966; GORDON, BENSCH, DEANIN and GORDON, 1968). A number of acid hydrolases (TAHA and CARUBELLI, 1967; FROHWEIN and GATT, 1967; ALBERT, 1968; BOWEN and RADIN, 1968), singly or as components of a multienzyme battery for the total hydrolysis of monosialogangliosides (GATT, 1967) or phosphoproteins (ALBERT, 1968) have been added to the list of brain lysosomal enzymes. As with hepatic lysosomal enzymes (BECK and TAPPEL, 1968), a distinction has become apparent between the hydrolases tightly bound to the lysosomal matrix (BOWEN and RADIN, 1968) and those relatively free of structural attachment (SEL- LINGER and HIATT, 1968). Age-related changes (TAHA and CARUBELLI ; CARUBELLI, 1968; KEREKES, FESZT, BECUS and SZEKELY, 1968; BOWEN and RADIN, 1969) in total enzyme activity and in the susceptibility of lysosomes to exogenous agents and factors
A class of rank tests for interaction in two-way layouts

A class of aligned rank order tests for interaction in two-way layouts is considered. The technique is based on application of the existing nonparametric techniques for one-way layouts to the transformed observations. It is shown that the asymptotic properties of these techniques are preserved after alignment. Furthermore, asymptotic relative efficiency comparisons are made with some of the competing tests. Finally, we demonstrate that our technique can be used to test for higher-order interactions in general multi-factor layouts.
MEASUREMENT OF THE KL→μ+μ-γ BRANCHING RATIO AND FORM FACTOR FROM KTeV

We report on the analysis of the rare decay KL→μ+μ-γ using the 1997 data from the KTeV experiment at Fermilab. A total of 9327 candidate events are observed with 2.4% background, representing a factor of 40 increase in statistics over the current world sample. We find that BR(KL→μ+μ-γ)=(3.66±0.04stat±0.07syst)×10-7. The form factor parameter αK* is measured to the . We make the first measurement of the parameter α from the D'Ambrosio, Isidori, and Portoles form factor, finding α=-1.53±0.09. This measurement of α limits the CKM parameter ρ>-0.2.
The Role of Shared Reading in the Development of Phonological Awareness: A Longitudinal Study of Middle to Upper Class Children.

Many researchers and educators have assumed that variability in the home literacy environment above that which is thought to be adequate for normal reading development will not have an effect on individual differences in reading development. In order to test this assumption, 97 fourand five‐year old children identified to be from homes likely to provide an advantaged HLE were followed for one year. Results from hierarchical regression indicated that variability in shared reading interactions was significantly related to growth in phonological awareness even after accounting for the effects of age, oral language, and phonological awareness at time one. Support for cumulative exposure as an important aspect of the HLE was also found.
Micromechanical model for viscoelastic materials undergoing damage

We have derived a stress–strain relationship for viscoelastic materials undergoing damage using a granular micromechanics approach. This approach assumes the material to possess a granular meso-structure such that the material is treated as a discrete or a particulate system. By considering the particle kinematics in terms of Taylor series expansion, a continuum model of the discrete system is obtained. The material rate-dependence and damage are modeled by assuming appropriate inter-granular force–displacement relationships that satisfy thermodynamic constraints. The advantage of this micromechanical approach is that the resultant continuum model retains the discrete nature by incorporating the effect of nearest neighbor grain interactions through the inter-granular force–displacement relationship and orientation vector. As a result, the derived model has the ability to predict a number of material phenomena, such as loading-induced anisotropy, dilation or pressure sensitivity, and secondary creep, which often manifest due to material granularity.
Long Cycles in the Building Industry

Nature and coverage of the data, 372. — The statistical technique, 375. — The timing of the cycles, 377. — Comparison with general business fluctuations, 380. — Causes of the differences, 381. — The duration of long cycles, 386. — The role of war, 387. — Factors responsible for cycles in American building, 388. — The severity of long cycles, 391. — Causes: the acceleration principle, 393; ready-made production, 394; high proportion of rigid and direct costs, 397; profits and the rate of interest, 400. — Summary, 402.
Mean light intensity—a useful concept in correlating growth rates of dense cultures of microalgae

An analysis of the distribution of light within some culture vessels developed at General Dynamics/Electric Boat is presented. The concept of a mean effective light intensity, Ē, is introduced and procedures are developed for computing Ē for any culture vessel geometry and incident light intensity distribution. A correlation is performed indicating the significance of Ēin assessing the growth rate of dense, continuous cultures of microalagae.
Calcineurin Signaling Regulates Human Islet β-Cell Survival

The calcium-regulated phosphatase calcineurin intersects with both calcium and cAMP-mediated signaling pathways in the pancreatic β-cell. Pharmacologic calcineurin inhibition, necessary to prevent rejection in the setting of organ transplantation, is associated with post-transplant β-cell failure. We sought to determine the effect of calcineurin inhibition on β-cell replication and survival in rodents and in isolated human islets. Further, we assessed whether the GLP-1 receptor agonist and cAMP stimulus, exendin-4 (Ex-4), could rescue β-cell replication and survival following calcineurin inhibition. Following treatment with the calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus, human β-cell apoptosis was significantly increased. Although we detected no human β-cell replication, tacrolimus significantly decreased rodent β-cell replication. Ex-4 nearly normalized both human β-cell survival and rodent β-cell replication when co-administered with tacrolimus. We found that tacrolimus decreased Akt phosphorylation, suggesting that calcineurin could regulate replication and survival via the PI3K/Akt pathway. We identify insulin receptor substrate-2 (Irs2), a known cAMP-responsive element-binding protein target and upstream regulator of the PI3K/Akt pathway, as a novel calcineurin target in β-cells. Irs2 mRNA and protein are decreased by calcineurin inhibition in both rodent and human islets. The effect of calcineurin on Irs2 expression is mediated at least in part through the nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT), as NFAT occupied the Irs2 promoter in a calcineurin-sensitive manner. Ex-4 restored Irs2 expression in tacrolimus-treated rodent and human islets nearly to baseline. These findings reveal calcineurin as a regulator of human β-cell survival in part through regulation of Irs2, with implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetes following organ transplantation.
Powder characteristics and their effect on powder processing

Abstract The problems of powder characterization are discussed. The importance of interparticulate friction and the effects of environmental factors are emphasized. The necessity to correlate porosity characteristics with powder characteristics is discussed.
Development of an early stage ship design tool for rapid modeling in Paramarine

Abstract : In early-stage ship design, it is helpful to perform preliminary design and analysis on many configurations to assist in developing and narrowing the trade space. This process is further complicated with the increasing interest in concepts that are breaks from previous practice, such as Integrated Power System (IPS) designs, which require initial development to go deeper than historically based parametrics can provide. Paramarine is a ship design and analysis tool which can be used in this early-stage design; however, as with many early-stage design tools, the fleshing out of diverse ideas in Paramarine can be time and resource consuming. In an effort to enable a developer to create early-stage designs with depth significant enough to be meaningful but still general enough to allow the level of flexibility in design required in the early stages of development, this project seeks to develop an Early Stage Ship Design Tool (ESSDT). This ESSDT is a novel interface with which a designer can rapidly develop and alter basic, major design components of a ship from a compiled database of components and gain a rendered model for analysis within the naval design tool Paramarine.
Matrix metalloproteinase-13 influences ERK signalling in articular rabbit chondrocytes

Summary Objective Matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) is an extracellular MMP that cleaves type II collagen, the major protein component of cartilage, with high specificity and has been implicated in the pathology of osteoarthritis. The present study aimed to characterize the binding and internalization kinetics of MMP-13 in normal rabbit chondrocytes and whether MMP-13 affected cell signalling. Methods Rabbit chondrocytes were used in [ 125 I]-MMP-13 binding assays to investigate the MMP-13 binding kinetics and Western analysis allowed for the assessment of intracellular signalling cascades. Results Rabbit chondrocytes were found to express the cartilage-specific genes aggrecan and type II collagen throughout their in vitro culture period. Appreciable specific cell-association of [ 125 I]-MMP-13 was detected after 10min of exposure to the ligand and equilibrium was obtained after 2h. Binding of [ 125 I]-MMP-13 to chondrocytes was specific and approached saturation at 75nM. Internalization of MMP-13 was evident after 20min, reached a maximum at 30min and had returned to baseline by 90min. Addition of receptor-associated protein (RAP) inhibited the internalization of MMP-13 indicating a likely role for low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) in this process. Interestingly the presence of MMP-13 induced phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) protein showing that there is initiation of a signalling process in response to MMP-13 being bound and internalized by rabbit chondrocytes. However, this activation does not involve the MMP-13 internalization receptor LRP1. Conclusion These studies demonstrate and characterize the MMP-13 binding and internalization system in rabbit chondrocytes and indicate that MMP-13 may regulate the phenotype of the chondrocytes through this receptor system.
Nanotube−Peptide Interactions on a Silicon Chip

Using the tools of modern molecular biology, we probe the interaction of nanotubes on silicon chips with proteins via combinatorial phage display methods. By screening against a large library of ra...
Speech sound representation in the brain.

Biologic processes underlying speech sound perception and learning have been addressed using the mismatch negativity (MMN) evoked response. First is a consideration of how the acoustic properties of the signal affect the neural mechanisms and brain regions engaged. Because the MMN differs depending on the acoustic characteristics of the stimuli used to elicit the response, it has been used to probe mechanisms underlying the neural representation of stimuli along the auditory pathway. Second is a consideration of neurophysiologic correlates of speech sound perception and learning. Detailed is a 'behavioral-neurophysiologic, acoustic-phonetic approach', used to link perception with underlying physiologic processes in humans. The focus here is on children and what has been learned about normal maturation of speech sound perception and its disruption in certain children with learning disorders. The last topic is a consideration of central nervous system changes with perceptual learning. This includes long-term experience with one's native language and short-term auditory training in the laboratory. Limitations and future challenges are discussed.
Behavior Genetics and the Within-Person Variability of Daily Interpersonal Styles: The Heritability of Flux, Spin and Pulse

A classical twin study was used to estimate the magnitude of genetic and environmental influences on four measurements of within-person variability, namely dominance flux, warmth flux, spin, and pulse. Flux refers to the variability of an individual’s interpersonal dominance and warmth. Spin measures changes in the tone of interpersonal styles, and pulse measures changes in the intensity of interpersonal styles. Daily reports of interpersonal styles were collected from 494 same-sex female twins (142 monozygotic pairs and 105 dizygotic pairs) over 45 days. For dominance flux, warmth flux, and spin, genetic effects accounted for a larger proportion of variance (37%, 24%, and 30%, respectively) than shared environmental effects (14%, 13%, and 0%, respectively), with the remaining variance due to the nonshared environment (62%, 50%, and 70%, respectively). Pulse appeared to be primarily influenced by the nonshared environment, although conclusions about the contribution of familial influences were difficult t...
An Overview of the Concept of Operations for Assembly, Integration, Testing and Ground Servicing Developed for the MPCV-ESM Propulsion System

A concept of operations for the Assembly, Integration and Testing (AIT) and the Ground Systems Development Operations (GSDO) of the European Service Module (ESM) propulsion system has been developed. The AIT concept of operations covers all fabrication, integration and testing activities in both Europe and in the United States. The GSDO Program develops the facilities, equipment, and procedures for the loading of hypergolic propellants, the filling of high-pressure gases, and contingency de-servicing operations for the ESM. NASA and ESA along with the Lockheed Martin and Airbus Space and Defense are currently working together for the EM-1 and EM-2 missions in which the ESM will be flown as part of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV). The NASA/ESA SM propulsion team is collaborating with the AIT personnel from ESA/Airbus and NASA/Lockheed Martin to ensure successful integration of the European designed Service Module propulsion system, the Lockheed Martin designed Crew Module Adapter and the heritage Space Shuttle Orbital Maneuvering System Engines (OMS-E) being provided as Government Furnished Equipment (GFE). This paper will provide an overview of the current AIT and GSDO concept of operations for the ESM propulsion system.
Spin Diffusion in Doubly Spin Polarized Atomic Deuterium

Using an extension of the Boltzmann equation for the Wigner distribution appropriate for dilute spin 1 systems, spin diffusion equations are derived in the limit of large nuclear polarization in the non-degenerate regime. As an example of a system to which this work may be applied, the domain of validity of the Boltzmann equation for doubly spin-polarized deuterium, D↓↓, is studied. The effect of a finite field gradient is discussed. A calculated spin wave spectrum for a model one-dimensional system in the presence of a gradient is presented. Analogous effects in spin 1/2 systems are compared and contrasted.
Process logic: preliminary report

We discuss problems arising in reasoning about on-going processes, using the modal constructs after, throughout, during, and preserves. Earlier work established decidability of the theory whose language included only the first two of these, along with program connectives | , ; and *. Here we give a complete Gentzen-type axiomatizations for useful combinations of the other modalities. We also indicate how such Gentzen-type axiomatizations lead to deterministic exponential time upper bounds on the complexity of decision procedures for these languages. It remains an open problem how to completely axiomatize the combination of modalities during and preserves.
Physical Properties of Escherichia coli Spheroplast Membranes

We investigated the physical properties of bacterial cytoplasmic membranes by applying the method of micropipette aspiration to Escherichia coli spheroplasts. We found that the properties of spheroplast membranes are significantly different from that of laboratory-prepared lipid vesicles or that of previously investigated animal cells. The spheroplasts can adjust their internal osmolality by increasing their volumes more than three times upon osmotic downshift. Until the spheroplasts are swollen to their volume limit, their membranes are tensionless. At constant external osmolality, aspiration increases the surface area of the membrane and creates tension. What distinguishes spheroplast membranes from lipid bilayers is that the area change of a spheroplast membrane by tension is a relaxation process. No such time dependence is observed in lipid bilayers. The equilibrium tension-area relation is reversible. The apparent area stretching moduli are several times smaller than that of stretching a lipid bilayer. We conclude that spheroplasts maintain a minimum surface area without tension by a membrane reservoir that removes the excessive membranes from the minimum surface area. Volume expansion eventually exhausts the membrane reservoir; then the membrane behaves like a lipid bilayer with a comparable stretching modulus. Interestingly, the membranes cease to refold when spheroplasts lost viability, implying that the membrane reservoir is metabolically maintained.
Acute psychosis in a pregnant patient with Graves’ hyperthyroidism and anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis

A previously healthy 36-year-old woman presented with visual hallucinations and acute psychosis manifested predominantly as hypersexuality. Laboratory testing demonstrated elevated free thyroxine levels, suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone levels and presence of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin and thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies consistent with Graves’ disease. Despite achieving biochemical euthyroidism, she remained profoundly hypersexual. She did not respond to additional treatment with antipsychotics and corticosteroids, prompting further evaluation. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis detected pleocytosis, elevated IgG, and presence of antibodies against anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 and TPO. These results suggested a diagnosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Prior to initiation of immunomodulator therapy, she was discovered to be pregnant with date of conception around the time of her original presentation. She received plasmapheresis with resolution of psychosis and decrease in free thyroxine levels. Graves’ disease remitted during the remainder of the pregnancy but relapsed 5 months post partum. She has not had further neuropsychiatric symptoms.
Colonoscopic withdrawal technique is associated with adenoma miss rates.

Abstract Background: Clinical studies have documented differences in detection rates of colorectal cancers and adenomas between experienced colonoscopists, the basis of which is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether colonoscopic withdrawal technique varies between 2 colonoscopists with known differences in adenoma detection rates. Methods: Ten consecutive colonoscopic withdrawals by each of the 2 colonoscopists were videotaped and then assessed according to specific criteria by 4 experts blinded to who had performed the colonoscopies. Results: Each of the 4 experts scored the colonoscopist with the lower miss rate significantly higher ( p Conclusion: Higher quality colonoscopic withdrawal technique as determined by expert observers was associated with a colonoscopist with a previously documented lower miss rate for adenomas. Colonoscopic withdrawal technique should be subjected to further study and standards for withdrawal technique should be developed. (Gastrointest Endosc 2000;51:33-6.)
Wake Vortices in Jets in Cross-Flow

The objective of the current experimental study is to investigate unsteady wake vortices of jets in cross-flow in order to (1) explore the effect of various excitation techniques, their parametric dependence, and impact on the flow field, and (2) provide detailed flow visualizations for a range of velocity ratios. The jet passed through a nozzle and entered the cross-flow with a turbulent boundary layer. While mechanical perturbation did not result in any significant periodic organization of the wake vortices, the database obtained for the unperturbed flow provided an insight into their possible origin and behavior. The key finding was the shedding of wake vortices from the ‘swell’ at the lee side of the jet. The ‘swell’ delineated a region of the flow at the intersection of the jet efflux boundary layer and the cross-flow boundary layer. Separation events released upright vortices and these peeled strands of vorticity convected, twisted and stretched for a few diameters along the wall while still being attached to the bottom of the ‘swell.’ They extended from the tunnel wall and penetrated the jet core where they appeared to burst. In no case were the wake vortices seen to originate either from the wall boundary layer or the jet shear layer at downstream locations. Increasing the jet-to-cross-flow velocity ratio influenced the slope of the wake vortices relative to the jet. The upper part of the vortical strand for VR < 4 was almost perpendicular to the cross-flow. Higher velocity ratios featured a tilt of the vortex structure toward the jet. This angle was particularly pronounced for VR = 8 and 10, and could be observed at all downstream distances. The average convection velocity of the wake vortices for the given cross-flow and all velocity ratios was estimated to be about 0.8 Ucf .Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Inhibition of Antigen-induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness by Ultralow Molecular-weight Heparin

Unfractionated heparin (UF-heparin) has been shown to prevent antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), but it is ineffective when administered after the antigen challenge. We hypothesized that the failure of UF-heparin to modify postantigen AHR might depend on molecular weight. We therefore studied the effects of UF-heparin and three low-molecular-weight heparin fractions (medium-molecular-weight heparin [MMWH]; low-molecular-weight heparin [LMWH]; and ultralow-molecular-weight heparin [ULMWH]) on antigen-induced AHR and histamine release in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Specific lung resistance (SRl) was measured in 20 allergic sheep before, immediately after, and up to 2 h after challenge with Ascaris suum antigen. Airway responsiveness was expressed as the cumulative provocative dose of carbachol, in breath units, that increased SRl by 400% (PD400). PD400 was determined before and 2 h after antigen, both without and after treatment with aerosolized UF-heparin (1,000 U/kg) and various he...
The Planned Close of an NGO: Evidence for a New Organizational Form?

This article examines a human rights NGO that ceased operations after only 8 years. A voluntary and planned end, this case raises the possibility of a new form, the time-bound organization. Through a series of interviews with staff, board members, the founder, and key external stakeholders, this study examines the nonprofit’s leadership, time-bound structure, strategic approach, and wind-down process. Drawing on the lessons of this case, this article identifies benefits and challenges of the time-bound organization form. A range of voluntary organizations could learn from this example and consider the form, including nonprofits experiencing a leadership transition, facing environmental threats, or considering a structural change such as a merger.
Optimization Based Nonoverlapping Domain Decomposition Algorithms and Their Convergence

We present some optimization based domain decomposition algorithms with nonoverlapping subdomains. A number of existing algorithms, as well as new algorithms, may be derived using this approach. Both continuous problems and their finite element discretizations are considered. Convergence properties are examined.
Causes of blindness and visual impairment in a population-based sample of U.S. Hispanics.

Abstract Objective To describe the causes of blindness and visual impairment in a population-based sample of Hispanics. Design A cross-sectional study. Participants A random sample of 4774 Hispanic residents of Santa Cruz and Pima Counties in Southern Arizona aged 40 years and older who participated in Proyecto VER (Vision Evaluation and Research). Testing Subjects were interviewed and underwent a thorough ophthalmic examination. Presenting and best-corrected visual acuity was determined using the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study protocol, followed by a standardized ophthalmic examination to determine the causes of visual loss. Anterior and posterior segment specialists in ophthalmology confirmed the causes. Main outcome measures Causes of visual loss (best-corrected acuity worse than 20/40). Results The response rate of eligible participants was more than 70%. Best-corrected acuity in the better seeing eye worse than 20/40 increased from 0.3% in those aged 40 to 49 to 5.6% in those aged 65 and older. The leading cause was cataract, accounting for 42% of all visual loss, followed by age-related macular degeneration (15%), and diabetic retinopathy (13%). Among 14 people who were bilaterally blind, open-angle glaucoma was the leading cause. Women had higher age-adjusted prevalence of severe cataract compared with men and were more likely to be visually impaired from cataract, diabetic retinopathy, and open-angle glaucoma, although gender differences were not statistically significant. Conclusions Causes of visual impairment differ from those reported in Caucasian populations, with open-angle glaucoma being the leading cause of blindness. Further work on gender-based obstacles to eye care in the Hispanic community may be warranted.
Force Measurements of the α5β1 Integrin–Fibronectin Interaction

The interaction of the α5β1 integrin and its ligand, fibronectin (FN), plays a crucial role in the adhesion of cells to the extracellular matrix. An important intrinsic property of the α5β1/FN interaction is the dynamic response of the complex to a pulling force. We have carried out atomic force microscopy measurements of the interaction between α5β1 and a fibronectin fragment derived from the seventh through tenth type III repeats of FN (i.e., FN7-10) containing both the arg-gly-asp (RGD) sequence and the synergy site. Direct force measurements obtained from an experimental system consisting of an α5β1 expressing K562 cell attached to the atomic force microscopy cantilever and FN7-10 adsorbed on a substrate were used to determine the dynamic response of the α5β1/FN7-10 complex to a pulling force. The experiments were carried out over a three-orders-of-magnitude change in loading rate and under conditions that allowed for detection of individual α5β1/FN7-10 interactions. The dynamic rupture force of the α5β1/FN7-10 complex revealed two regimes of loading: a fast loading regime (>10,000 pN/s) and a slow loading regime (<10,000 pN/s) that characterize the inner and outer activation barriers of the complex, respectively. Activation by TS2/16 antibody increased both the frequency of adhesion and elevated the rupture force of the α5β1/wild type FN7-10 complex to higher values in the slow loading regime. In experiments carried out with a FN7-10 RGD deleted mutant, the force measurements revealed that both inner and outer activation barriers were suppressed by the mutation. Mutations to the synergy site of FN, however, suppressed only the outer barrier activation of the complex. For both the RGD and synergy deletions, the frequency of adhesion was less than that of the wild type FN7-10, but was increased by integrin activation. The rupture force of these mutants was only slightly less than that of the wild type, and was not increased by activation. These results suggest that integrin activation involved a cooperative interaction with both the RGD and synergy sites.
Thiocarbohydrazide binding for botanical specimens for scanning electron microscopy: a modification

SUMMARY The ligand osmium binding technique utilizing thiocarbohydrazide has been a successful alternative to evaporation or sputter coating of botanical specimens. A modification to this technique is presented which we have found successful in our laboratory for the preparation of a variety of specimens. This technique permits an overall reduction in the quantity of osmium necessary to provide conductivity. Further, dehydration time and specimen handling is reduced by the complete chemical dehydration of the tissue utilizing 2-2-dimethoxypropane.
Thyrotropin dysregulation during a non-thyroidal illness: Transient hypothalamic hypothyroidism?

Both the basal TSH concentration and the TSH response to iv TRH administration are noted to be decreased at the peak of an acute critical illness. Moreover, an impaired release from hypothalamus has been documented in rats with uncontrolled diabetes, suggesting hypothalamic dysfunction in a non-thyroidal illness. However, the exact inference and mechanism of this impaired TSH secretary pattern is not well defined in humans during a non-thyroidal illness. Therefore, this study assessed hypothalamic pituitary thyroid axis by determination by T4, T3, and T3 resin uptake prior to and TSH concentrations, prior to, as well as following, iv TRH administration at an interval of 30 min up to 2 hours on three successive mornings during a severe, critical, fatal illness in five previously known euthyroid subjects. TSH response to iv TRH administration was expressed as a maximal absolute change (Δ TSH) and a cumulative response (CR TSH), calculated as the sum of changes from the basal level at each specific time period for up to 120 min. Serum T4, T3 and TSH concentrations on day 1 of the TRH administration were significantly lower than normal values as well as the values documented previously in the same individuals prior to hospitalization. T3 resin uptake was increased simultaneously. Moreover, serum T4, T3, and T3 resin uptake remained significantly unaltered on three successive days of iv TRH administration. However, basal serum TSH rose significantly with a parallel TSH response to iv TRH administration, as reflected by a progressive rise in Δ TSH as well as CR TSH over this three-day period, with normalization of the TSH responses by the third day. Therefore, impaired TSH secretary pattern and altered thyroid hormone concentrations noted in subjects with acute critical illness may be attributed to the presence of a transient hypothalamic hypothyroidism.
Metal Additive Manufacturing: A Review

This paper reviews the state-of-the-art of an important, rapidly emerging, manufacturing technology that is alternatively called additive manufacturing (AM), direct digital manufacturing, free form fabrication, or 3D printing, etc. A broad contextual overview of metallic AM is provided. AM has the potential to revolutionize the global parts manufacturing and logistics landscape. It enables distributed manufacturing and the productions of parts-on-demand while offering the potential to reduce cost, energy consumption, and carbon footprint. This paper explores the material science, processes, and business consideration associated with achieving these performance gains. It is concluded that a paradigm shift is required in order to fully exploit AM potential.
Distributed parameter thermal controllability: a numerical method for solving the inverse heat conduction problem

This paper addresses the inverse heat conduction problem encountered in thermal manufacturing processes. A numerical control algorithm is developed for distributed parameter conduction systems, based on Galerkin optimization of an energy index employing Green's functions. Various temperature profiles of variable complexity are studied, using the proposed technique, in order to determine the surface heat input distribution necessary to generate the desired temperature field inside a solid body. Furthermore, the effect of altering the iterative time step and duration of processing time, on the convergence of the solution generated by the aforementioned method is investigated. It is proved that despite the variations in numerical processing, the iterative technique is able to solve the problem of inverse heat conduction in the thermal processing of materials. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HYBRID INNOVATION IN MEIJI, JAPAN *

Japan’s hybrid innovation system during the Meiji era provides a useful laboratory for examining the effectiveness of complementary incentives to patents. Patents were introduced in 1885, and by 1911 1.2 million mostly nonpecuniary prizes were awarded at 8,503 competitions. Prizes provided a strong boost to patents, especially in less developed prefectures, and they also induced large spillovers of technical knowledge in prefectures adjacent to those with prizes, relative to distant control prefectures without prizes. Linking competition expenditures with the expected market value of patents induced by the prizes permits a cost–benefit assessment of the prize competitions to be made.