cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen adsorption on Mo(211): reconstruction and binding site conversion

Abstract The H/Mo(211) chemisorption system has been investigated over the temperature range 100–400 K using LEED, HREELS, and work function measurements. Above 1 ML, a transition from the (1 × 1) structure of the clean surface to a hydrogen induced (1 × 2) phase is observed and attributed to changes in the substrate periodicity. Vibrational spectroscopy suggests that below 1 ML hydrogen is bridge bonded and induces local distortions of the substrate. The transition to the (1 × 2) phase involves the ordering of these displacements and the occupation of three-fold sites partially populated by conversion of the bridge bonded species. This conversion is correlated with a sawtooth-like coverage dependence of the work function. In contrast to recent reports of delocalization on W(211), hydrogen is found to occupy well-defined binding sites at all coverages. Results for the present system are also compared with those for hydrogen adsorption on Mo(100), other bcc (211) substrates as well as the structurally similar fcc (110) surfaces.
Sequence manipulation using parallel mapping networks

We describe a parallel mapping matrix that performs several types of sequence manipulations that are the building blocks of well-known phonological processes. Our results indicate that human phonological behavior can by modeled by a highly constrained connectionist architecture, one that uses purely feedforward circuitry and imposes tight limits on depth of derivations.
Surgical and orthopedic aspects of infections in newly born and young infants.

Trends in Infecting Organisms The relative frequency of various organisms recovered from superficial abscesses oven the years is shown in Table I. These data document the clinical impression that with the introduction of penicillin, the pneumococcus practically disappeared as a cause of abscesses; a gradual reduction of streptococcic infections occurred; and the staphylococcus emerged as the most common organism responsible for peripheral abscesses. Minor Infections Furunculosis and pyoderma have assumed importance with increased incidence of staphylococcic infections in nurseries. Breast abscesses are peculiar to infants 2 to 3 weeks of age, in whom they owe their origin to estrogenic hypertrophy of the breast. Incision and drainage is often necessary and should not be delayed when a 3-to 4-day course of antibiotic therapy fails to cause recovery. Paronychia, subungual abscess, and infected ingrown toenail are common, often slow to improve, and may be a source of septicemia. Infants who persist in pulling the feet up and down, while resting the stomach, will irritate the toes and cause ingrowing. Often the nail itself is slow to grow. Surgical excision, either a wedge or complete removal of the toenail, should not be done. The lateral mounds of granulation tissue can be removed by silver-nitrate cauterization and kept below the level of the nail by pressure with cotton and adhesive tape. Most important, the family must be cautioned against impatience. Actual abscesses must be drained. Pneumonitis and Empyema Pnemonitis and empyema in young infants have been occurring with increasing frequency in the past several years. Staphylococcic pneumonia with empyema in infants is not a new disease; even the nature of the disease has not altered. Since 1955, Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase positive, has become the most common responsible organism in the empyema complicating bacterial pneumonia in young infants.
Corporate strategies for information technology: a resource-based approach

Case studies and recent economic theory are used to show why gaining and defending competitive advantage through innovative use of information technology has proved to be difficult. The principle lines of research in strategic and competitive information systems are surveyed. It is concluded that innovations can confer advantage if they leverage resources available to the innovator or to the innovator's cooperating group but not to competitors. >
Therapeutic Harm and Cultural Oppression

The divergent discourses between scholars from the potentially harmful treatment and multicultural psychology camps are accurately observed by Wendt, Gone, and Nagata. I argue that the differences in perspectives between the two groups are more about a clash of therapeutic worldviews, that they are often antagonistic to one another, that conversations have been a one-way process (with one side “not wanting to hear”), and that sociopolitical forces play a significant role in preventing a true dialogue from occurring. I conclude that the ultimate harm to groups of color is cultural oppression.
Sub-Micron Area Heterojunction Backward Diode Millimeter-Wave Detectors With 0.18 ${\rm pW/Hz}^{1/2}$ Noise Equivalent Power

InAs/AlSb/AlGaSb heterojunction backward diodes are promising detectors for millimeter-wave imaging applications due to their high sensitivity, low noise, and high cutoff frequency. By using a device heterostructure with a thin (11 Å) barrier layer, δ-doped cathode, and optimized AlxGa1-xSb anode composition (x=12%), in conjunction with submicron (0.4×0.4 μm2) active area, fabricated detectors have demonstrated DC curvatures of -47 V-1 and record unmatched sensitivities of 4600 V/W at 94 GHz. Impedance-matched sensitivities of 49,700 V/W at 94 GHz are projected from on-wafer S-parameter and sensitivity measurements. These detectors have measured junction resistances of 814 Ω·μm2 and capacitances of 15 fF/μm2. A record low NEPmin of 0.18 pW/Hz1/2 has been projected under conjugate matching conditions. This study demonstrates the potential of Sb-heterostructure backward diodes as ultra-low-noise millimeter-wave direct detectors.
In vivo brain concentrations of N-acetyl compounds, creatine, and choline in Alzheimer disease.

Background: Alzheimer disease (AD) and normal aging result in cortical gray matter volume deficits. The extent to which the remaining cortex is functionally compromised can be estimated in vivo with magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. Objective: To assess the effects of age and dementia on gray matter and white matter concentrations of 3 metabolites visible in the proton spectrum: N-acetyl compounds, present only in living neurons; creatine plus phosphocreatine, r eflecting h igh-energy p hosphate metabolism; and choline, increasing with membrane synthesis and degradation. Method: Fifteen healthy young individuals, 19 healthy elderly individuals, and 16 patients with AD underwent 3-dimensional magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging and memory and language testing. Results: Gray matter N-acetyl compound concentrations (signal intensity corrected for the amount of brain tissue contributing to the magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging signal) was significantly reduced only in patients with AD, even though both the AD and elderly control groups had substantial gray matter volume deficits relative to the young control group. Both the healthy elderly and AD groups had abnormally high gray matter creatine plus phosphocreatine concentrations. Gray matter choline concentrations were higher in the elderly than the younger controls, and even higher in the AD group than in the elderly control group. Functional significance of these findings was supported by correlations between poorer performance on recognition memory tests and lower gray matter N-acetyl compounds in elderly controls and higher gray matter creatine plus phosphocreatine and choline concentrations in patients with AD. Conclusion: Cortical gray matter volume deficits in patients with AD are accompanied by disease-related increases in gray matter choline concentrations suggestive of cellular degeneration and reduced N-acetyl compound concentrations, with possible effects on behavioral function. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:185-192
Do incremental increases in blood pressure elicit neointimal plaques through endothelial injury

Fowl (males more than females) show maturation-dependent rises in blood pressure (BP) and formation of neointimal plaques (NPs), resembling balloon catheter injury-induced neointima, in the abdomin...
Overview of Relevant Clinical Disorders and Their Relation to Keratoprosthesis

Because of the relative popularity of the Boston Kpro over other prostheses, this chapter will primarily focus on indications for the Boston Type I and Type II Kpros.
The Relationship of Egg Shell Weight to Cracked Eggs

Abstract A MEASUREMENT of the egg shell that is directly related to degree of incidence of cracked eggs on the farm and during processing is needed. We have assumed on several occasions that various measurements, such as shell thickness, specific gravity of the whole egg, and shell strength (puncture, impact, or pressure), were directly related to the cracking of the egg as found on the farm. One approach in evaluating a measurement of the shell would be a direct comparison of the measurements of sound shells and cracked shells. The selection of a suitable parameter of the shell is difficult. The egg shell is recognized as one of the most variable components of the whole egg. Several factors, such as age, season and ambient temperature, that effect the shell measurements have been recognized, (Romanoff and Romanoff, 1949). These factors all contribute more or less to the variability found in egg shell…
Changes to adjuvant systemic therapy in breast cancer: A decade in review

Breast cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death in women among the United States. Fortunately, it continues to be an active area of research. Today, it is well recognized that breast cancer can often be a systemic disease, with micrometastatic involvement at diagnosis in many patients. Over the past decade, adjuvant systemic therapy has been used to eradicate micrometastatic disease, and it has been shown to decrease the rates of recurrence and improve the survival of patients with early-stage, resected breast cancer. Some of the success of modern adjuvant systemic therapy has come from the advent of new chemotherapy and endocrine agents but also from the development of targeted therapies, which have improved the efficacy of conventional, cytotoxic therapy. There has also been increasing awareness that the dosing and schedule of administration of systemic therapies are equally important factors in achieving better outcomes in patients with early-stage breast cancer. Growing research into the biology and genomics of breast cancer has fueled the development of more accurate risk stratification tools and helped individualize the decision to recommend adjuvant systemic therapy. Herein, we present a review of salient developments over the past decade that have helped shape the adjuvant systemic therapy of today.
Antisomnogenic cytokines, quality of life, and chronic rhinosinusitis: a pilot study.

Objectives/Hypothesis Sleep disturbance, reduced quality of life (QOL), and other components of “sickness behavior” in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) are poorly understood. These complex changes in central behavior are due to the effects of immune mediators acting in the brain. We hypothesized that immune mediators that have been associated with CRS are also associated with sickness behavior, somnifacient complaints, and CRS disease-specific QOL. Study Design Pilot study. Methods Twenty patients with CRS were prospectively enrolled and completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), disease-specific QOL, and olfactory instruments. Ethmoid mucosa was obtained and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed for the cytokines interleukin (IL)−4, −13, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Average change in crossover threshold was calculated, and differences in gene expression were correlated with sleep quality, CRS-specific QOL, and disease severity. Results Patients with CRS reported overall poor sleep quality and poor CRS-specific QOL with significant correlations between them. Increased expression of TGF-β (r = −0.443; P = .050) and IL-4 (r = −0.548; P = .012) correlated with sleep dysfunction, whereas IL-13 expression was linearly associated with worse sleep quality (PSQI scores r = −0.417; P = .075). IL-4 and TGF-β expression was not associated with CRS disease severity or QOL, whereas significantly higher levels of IL-13 expression correlated with worse CRS disease severity and QOL. Conclusions Patients with CRS exhibited behavioral changes commonly referred to as sickness behavior, which include poor sleep quality and reduced QOL. The upregulation of IL-4 and TGF-β may contribute to inflammatory brain-mediated effects on sleep quality, whereas IL-13 may be a pleiotropic signaling molecule influencing sleep, QOL, and CRS disease severity. Level of Evidence 2b. Laryngoscope, 124:E107–E114, 2014
Superconductor digital electronics

The objective of these notes is to offer a brief review of the history of superconductor digital electronics, and discuss prospects of its future development. Due to length restrictions, many important technical contributions could not be mentioned at all – with sincere apologies to their authors. Though an attempt has been made to give an unbiased review of the most important work all over the world, a special emphasis on the efforts in the former Soviet Union, which had not been discussed much in literature, and in which the author of this text took an active part, seemed excusable. Another important qualification is that the author phased out his own research in the field about 10 years ago, so that the last parts of the notes, devoted to present-time and future work, should be viewed as not much more than remarks by an (interested) outsider.
Resonance and non-resonance in terms of average values. II

We prove existence results for semilinear elliptic boundary-value problems in both the resonance and non-resonance cases. What sets our results apart is that we impose sufficient conditions for solvability in terms of the (asymptotic) average values of the nonlinearities, thus allowing the nonlinear term to have significant oscillations outside the given spectral gap as long as it remains within the interval on the average in some sense. This work generalizes the results of a previous paper, which dealt exclusively with the ordinary differential equation (ODE) case and relied on ODE techniques.
Hydraulic Conductivity of Geosynthetic Clay Liners Exhumed from Landfill Final Covers with Composite Barriers

Geosynthetic clay liners GCLs were exhumed from composite barriers, i.e., geomembrane over GCL in final covers at four sites after 4.7 to 6.7 years to evaluate the in-service condition. Monovalent bound cations were replaced by divalent cations in all GCLs, with near complete exchange at two-thirds of the sampling locations. Hydraulic conductivity was measured using two dilute solutions commonly used as permeant water: standard water SW, 0.01M CaCl2 solution and type II deionized water DW. Hydraulic conduc- tivities to SW varied over four orders of magnitude, whereas identical specimens i.e., from same sample had hydraulic conductivities to DW consistently 310 10 m /s. Higher hydraulic conductivities and sensitivity to permeant water did not correspond directly to the amount of cation exchange. Exhumed GCLs with higher gravimetric higher water contents 50% exhibited a gel structure indicative of osmotic hydration and had lower hydraulic conductivities to both SW and DW, regardless of the amount of sodium Na replaced by divalent cations. These GCLs with higher water contents were placed on subgrade having water content in excess of optimum water content standard Proctor. Conditions that promote rapid hydration and osmotic swell in a GCL are recommended to ensure that a GCL in a composite barrier maintains low hydraulic conductivity 510 11 m /s, even if the native Na is ultimately replaced by divalent cations. Subgrade with water contentoptimum water content is recommended. DOI: 10.1061/ASCEGT.1943-5606.0000407 CE Database subject headings: Geosynthetics; Clay liners; Landfills; Hydraulic conductivity; Barriers; Composite materials; Water content. Author keywords: Geosynthetic clay liner; Landfill; Final cover; Hydraulic conductivity; Cation exchange; Hydration; Osmotic swell; Crystalline swell; Preferential flow.
Magnetic vapor shielding mechanism in electromagnetic and electrothermal launchers

The vapor shield formed by the ablation of wall materials in plasma-driven launchers absorbs a large fraction of the incoming energy and reduces the surface erosion. Decreasing the turbulent energy transport through the vapor shield may result in further reduction of the surface erosion. Applying a strong magnetic field parallel to the surface (magnetic vapor shield) is a possible approach. SIRENS, an electrothermal launcher, is equipped with a pulsed high intensity magnet, and has been used to investigate the magnetic vapor shield effect. The magnetic field has been applied at different field intensities (2.6 to 8.75 T), for launcher input energy varying from 1 to 5 kJ. A 25-35% reduction of the surface ablation has been achieved at 6.25 T for energy inputs of 1-2 kJ, with a trend of further reduction at higher values of the magnetic field. >
Influence of non-Gaussian statistics in duobinary transmission

We present comparison between experiment and numerical simulation of 10.7 Gb/s DWDM uncompensated duobinary transmission over 600 km on NZ-DSF demonstrating that the receiver current corresponding to uncompensated duobinary signaling possesses non-Gaussian statistics.
Eyewitness Identification: Retrospective Self-Awareness and the Accuracy-Confidence Correlation

Research has shown that despite people's intuitive beliefs to the contrary, there is only a weak and inconsistent correlation between eyewitness identification accuracy and confidence. Four experiments were conducted in order to test the hypothesis that retrospective self-awareness (RSA) would increase this correlation. In all studies, subjects watched a staged crime; immediately afterwards, they were asked to identify the culprit from a photospread and to indicate their confidence in that judgment. In an RSA condition, subjects also viewed a videotape of their performance before rating their confidence. Collectively, the results showed an average correlation of .04 in the control groups and .48 in the RSA condition. In addition, the data tentatively supported a self-perception hypothesis that this manipulation is effective because it alerts subjects to valid but previously unobserved aspects of their own overt behavior (e.g., response latency). These findings are discussed for both their theoretical and forensic implications.
World model representations for mobile robots

World Model is a key component of any intelligent machine. The modeling system must be able to adequately model the complexity of objects in the environment and it must contain enough structure to allow the low level sensory data to map to the model during the robot operations. The world model builds its representation of the environment based on the data returned by the sensory system of the robot. However, the environment is not static and cannot always be constrained. There is much uncertainty in the world. The representation needs to be able to deal with the uncertainties and update its internal structures. This paper evaluates several world models suitable for mobile robot applications. >
Optimal Stopping and Effective Machine Complexity in Learning

We study the problem of when to stop learning a class of feedforward networks - networks with linear outputs neuron and fixed input weights - when they are trained with a gradient descent algorithm on a finite number of examples. Under general regularity conditions, it is shown that there are in general three distinct phases in the generalization performance in the learning process, and in particular, the network has better generalization performance when learning is stopped at a certain time before the global minimum of the empirical error is reacherd. A notion of effective size of a machine is defined and used to explain the trade-off between the complexity of the machine and the training error in the learning process. The study leads naturally to a network size selection criterion, which turns out to be a generalization of Akaike's Information Criterion for the learning process. It is shown that stopping learning before the global minimum of the empirical error has the effect of network size selection.
Cooperative transactions for real-time databases

Transactions in areas such as real time databases and multimedia databases not only compete, but also cooperate. We propose a model for transactions to cooperate through rules and task communication and synchronization. In our model, transactions manipulate persistent and transient data objects. With event condition action (ECA) rules and three additional non ECA rules as tools, our model provides transactions with a new way of cooperation. Cooperation can be specified statically at transaction compile time, but also dynamically at transaction execution time through rules. Non ECA rules are proposed to improve transaction communication. For example, a non ECA rule can prohibit an action from being performed in a certain time interval. Actions of rules have time constraints. Rules specify time intervals within which actions are performed or prohibited upon the occurrences or absences of events. For a set of rules, we investigate the consistency property whether an action is both triggered and prohibited in overlapping time intervals.
PATRICIA—Practical Algorithm To Retrieve Information Coded in Alphanumeric

PATRICIA is an algorithm which provides a flexible means of storing, indexing, and retrieving information in a large file, which is economical of index space and of reindexing time. It does not require rearrangement of text or index as new material is added. It requires a minimum restriction of format of text and of keys; it is extremely flexible in the variety of keys it will respond to. It retrieves information in response to keys furnished by the user with a quantity of computation which has a bound which depends linearly on the length of keys and the number of their proper occurrences and is otherwise independent of the size of the library. It has been implemented in several variations as FORTRAN programs for the CDC-3600, utilizing disk file storage of text. It has been applied to several large information-retrieval problems and will be applied to others.
Thermal imaging for reliability characterization of copper vias

Microelectronic integrated circuits experience nonuniform high temperatures during normal operation. Thermal expansion mismatch among the different materials comprising the device lead to a large tensile stress after high temperature cycles. Voiding and open-circuit failure from cracking of interconnects are often observed during isothermal aging and thermal fatigue tests with or without electric current. Thermoreflectance microscopy as a high resolution, non-contact imaging technique is applied for thermal profiling and reliability analysis of 500nm diameter copper interconnects under temperature stress tests. In addition to external electrical measurements which can show the aggregate change in material's or device's electrical properties, we are able to detect local temperature rise at each via. While techniques such as scanning electron microscopy can be used to locate opened circuits; thermal imaging can detect the local change in via's resistance and in the thermal resistance of the surrounding material before the complete failure. We discuss how the thermal profile could be used to identify the location of the failure and the time-to-failure of a given via in a chain.
Risk of venous thromboembolism after total hip and knee replacement in older adults with comorbidity and co-occurring comorbidities in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2003-2006).

Venous thromboembolism is a common, fatal, and costly injury which complicates major surgery in older adults. The American College of Chest Physicians recommends high potency prophylaxis regimens for individuals undergoing total hip or knee replacement (THR or TKR), but surgeons are reluctant to prescribe them due to fear of excess bleeding. Identifying a high risk cohort such as older adults with comorbidities and co-occurring comorbidities who might benefit most from high potency prophylaxis would improve how we currently perform preoperative assessment. Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, we identified older adults who underwent THR or TKR in the U.S. between 2003 and 2006. Our outcome was VTE, including any pulmonary embolus or deep venous thrombosis. We performed multivariate logistic regression analyses to assess the effects of comorbidities on VTE occurrence. Comorbidities under consideration included coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure (CHF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diabetes, and cerebrovascular disease. We also examined the impact of co-occurring comorbidities on VTE rates. CHF increased odds of VTE in both the THR cohort (OR = 3.08 95% CI 2.05-4.65) and TKR cohort (OR = 2.47 95% CI 1.95-3.14). COPD led to a 50% increase in odds in the TKR cohort (OR = 1.49 95% CI 1.31-1.70). The data did not support synergistic effect of co-occurring comorbidities with respect to VTE occurrence. Older adults with CHF undergoing THR or TKR and with COPD undergoing TKR are at increased risk of VTE. If confirmed in other datasets, these older adults may benefit from higher potency prophylaxis.
The mitochondrial genomes of Euphausia pacifica and Thysanoessa raschii sequenced using 454 next-generation sequencing, with a phylogenetic analysis of their position in the Malacostracan family tree

Euphausiid krill play a critical role in coastal and oceanic food webs, linking primary producers to upper trophic levels. In addition, some species support commercial fisheries worldwide. Despite their ecological importance, the genetics of these important species remain poorly described. To improve our understanding of the genetics of these ecological links, we sequenced the mitochondrial genomes of two species of North Pacific krill, Euphausia pacifica and Thysanoessa raschii, using long-range PCR and 454 GS Junior next-generation sequencing technology. The E. pacifica mitogenome (14,692 + base pairs (bp)) encodes 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and at least 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. The T. raschii mitogenome (14,240 + bp) encodes 13 PCGs, two rRNA genes, and at least 19 tRNA genes. The gene order in both species is similar to that of E. superba. Comparisons between Bering Sea and Yellow Sea E. pacifica revealed a total of 644 variable sites. The most variable protein-coding gene were atp8 (7.55 %, 12 of 159 sites variable), nad4 (6.35 %, 85 variable sites) and nad6 (6.32 %, 33 variable sites). Phylogenetic analyses to assess the phylogenetic position of the Euphausiacea, using the concatenated nucleic acid sequences of E. pacifica and T. raschii along with 46 previously published malacostracan mitogenomes, support the monophyly of the order Decapoda and indicate that the Euphausiacea share a common ancestor with the Decapoda. Future research should utilize this sequence data to explore the population genetics and molecular ecology of these species.
Delineation and Quantification of Wetland Depressions in the Prairie Pothole Region of North Dakota

The Prairie Pothole Region of North America is characterized by numerous, small, wetland depressions that perform important ecological and hydrological functions. Recent studies have shown that total wetland area in the region is decreasing due to cumulative impacts related to natural and anthropogenic changes. The impact of wetland losses on landscape hydrology is an active area of research and management. Various spatially distributed hydrologic models have been developed to simulate effects of wetland depression storage on peak river flows, frequently using dated geospatial wetland inventories. We describe an innovative method for identifying wetland depressions and quantifying their nested hierarchical bathymetric/topographic structure using high-resolution light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data. This contour tree method allows identified wetland depressions to be quantified based on their dynamic filling-spilling-merging hydrological processes. In addition, wetland depression properties, such as surface area, maximum depth, mean depth, storage volume, etc., can be computed for each component of a depression as well as the compound depression. We successfully applied the proposed method to map wetland depressions in the Little Pipestem Creek watershed in North Dakota. The methods described in this study will provide more realistic and higher resolution data layers for hydrologic modeling and other studies requiring characterization of simple and complex wetland depressions, and help prioritize conservation planning efforts for wetland resources.
The Role and Immunobiology of Eosinophils in the Respiratory System: a Comprehensive Review

The eosinophil is a fully delineated granulocyte that disseminates throughout the bloodstream to end-organs after complete maturation in the bone marrow. While the presence of eosinophils is not uncommon even in healthy individuals, these granulocytes play a central role in inflammation and allergic processes. Normally appearing in smaller numbers, higher levels of eosinophils in the peripheral blood or certain tissues typically signal a pathologic process. Eosinophils confer a beneficial effect on the host by enhancing immunity against molds and viruses. However, tissue-specific elevation of eosinophils, particularly in the respiratory system, can cause a variety of short-term symptoms and may lead to long-term sequelae. Eosinophils often play a role in more commonly encountered disease processes, such as asthma and allergic responses in the upper respiratory tract. They are also integral in the pathology of less common diseases including eosinophilic pneumonia, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms. They can be seen in neoplastic disorders or occupational exposures as well. The involvement of eosinophils in pulmonary disease processes can affect the method of diagnosis and the selection of treatment modalities. By analyzing the complex interaction between the eosinophil and its environment, which includes signaling molecules and tissues, different therapies have been discovered and created in order to target disease processes at a cellular level. Innovative treatments such as mepolizumab and benralizumab will be discussed. The purpose of this article is to further explore the topic of eosinophilic presence, activity, and pathology in the respiratory tract, as well as discuss current and future treatment options through a detailed literature review.
Globalization and Environmental Health

Following advances in environmental health science through the twentieth century, societies have a growing appreciation of the extent to which human health depends on nonpolluted, balanced natural ecosystems on local and global scales. Globalization has increased the economic interconnection of nations, increasing the flow of goods, capital, people, and pollution across international borders. Policies to sustain and improve environmental health in some areas have successfully grown in ambition and scope, but international structures to effectively regulate the negative environmental health consequences of globalization have not yet been developed. Many global-scale environmental health challenges exist, most notably the task of rapidly reducing greenhouse gas emissions in time to avert the most damaging impacts of climate change, which can be cast as the ultimate globalized environmental health crisis. Some high-emitting nations have refused to provide leadership in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, driven largely by concerns about costs to local economies. By neglecting the costs of long-term environmental health damages and minimizing the planetary scale of the climate change problem, meaningful progress toward a ‘global commons’ sensibility has been delayed. To move toward sustaining human and ecosystem health, societies must include short- and long-term environmental health costs into economic valuations of globalization activities.
Preventing in vitro lactate accumulation in ruminal fermentations by inoculation with Megasphaera elsdenii

In vitro fermentations containing a mixed culture of ruminal bacteria (ruminal fluid from a hay-fed steer), buffer, and primarily rapidly degradable substrates (starch, glucose, cellulose, cellobiose, and trypticase) were inoculated with an overnight culture of Megasphaera elsdenii B159. Triplicate flasks were either uninoculated or inoculated to obtain a final concentration of 8.7 x 10(5) and 8.7 x 10(6) colony forming units of M. elsdenii per milliliter of culture fluid. Inoculation with M. elsdenii prevented an accumulation of lactic acid and excessive drop in pH. Lactate peaked at more than 40 mM in untreated cultures. In cultures inoculated with a low dose of M. elsdenii, lactate concentration peaked at approximately 25 mM at 5 h of fermentation but decreased rapidly to less than 5 mM by 7 h of fermentation. With the addition of the high dose of M. elsdenii, lactate was never greater than 2 mM (P < .05) throughout fermentation. Cultures treated with M. elsdenii had greater amounts (P < .05) of isobutyrate, butyrate, isovalerate, and valerate than untreated cultures. After 24 h of fermentation, one-half of the culture fluid was transferred to an equal volume of fresh buffer with substrate but was not inoculated with further quantities of M. elsdenii. Six hours after transfer, cultures that had been originally treated with M. elsdenii had lower (P < .05) amounts of lactate than untreated cultures. Inoculation with M. elsdenii has potential to prevent lactate accumulation in diets containing readily fermentable carbohydrates.
Marcellus Shale and structural breaks in oil and gas markets: The case of Pennsylvania

Abstract This paper first documents the rapid increase in Pennsylvania's share of U.S. natural gas production from ongoing development of the Marcellus Shale formation. It does stand to reason that the Marcellus Shale boom has made Pennsylvania natural gas production far more influential on aggregate oil and gas markets than before, but does such a differential effect appear in the data? Can we say, unequivocally, that the Marcellus Shale boom caused Pennsylvania's natural gas output to move the needle on national natural gas prices more so than before the boom occurred? These questions are investigated utilizing a threshold VAR model based on Tsay's (1998) test for unknown break points to investigate how, if at all, Pennsylvania's rapidly growing share of national natural gas production has altered the linkages between Pennsylvania's natural gas production and overall oil and gas prices. Findings indicate a structural break in the impact of Pennsylvania's natural gas production on natural gas prices occurring in early 2009, a date that matches well with the onset of the state's rapid production growth. Pre-break, there is minimal evidence that changes in Pennsylvania's production had a significant effect on the aggregate U.S. natural gas market; but when post-break data is included, an increase in Pennsylvania's production leads to a lower average national price of natural gas, which is transitory and lasts for only a few months. These results provide statistical support to the notion that Pennsylvania has become a substantial component of the U.S. natural gas market at least in the short-run.
Early diagnosis and treatment of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and treatment of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis(CVT) Methods Medical records, including age and the mode of onset, early symptoms, clinical presentations, findings of neuroimaging and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), were analyzed retrospectively in 60 CVT patients (male 34 and female 26) Results CVT was most commonly seen in people of 20～40 years old, and the onset was acute in roughly 88% of cases. The first and most common symptoms included headache (87%) and vomit (61%), with or without focal deficits and/or seizures Neuroimaging fingdings showed 52% parenchymal focal infarction (with 39% hemorrhagic infarction or hematoma) and cerebral venous and sinus occlusions As for CSF examination,pressure increased remarkably,with WBC and protein normal or increased slightly (except for infection and cancer CVT). Dehydration, lumbar punctures, anticoagulation, local thrombolysis and etiologic treatment were utilized in the management of CVT, and better outcomes were achieved, with mortality rate of 10% Conclusions Headache, vomit with or without focal deficits and/or seizures as initial presentation should raise the suspicion of CVT, and its diagnosis can be further established by neuroimaging examination (combination of MRI and MRA). Early administration of heparin followed by oral anticoagulants for 3～6 months is recommended as first line treatment of CVT
Resistance of Aedes albopictus to three pyrethroids insecticides

Objective To investigate the resistance level of adult Aedes albopictus from some districts in Guangzhou to three commonly used pyrethroid insecticides. Methods Larvae of Aedes albopictus were collected from three areas of Guangzhou,and bred for 1- 2 generations in lab. The filter paper contact method for adult mosquitoes recommended by WHO was used to measure the insecticide resistance of Aedes albopictus. Results Adult Aedes albopictus from Liwan district developed resistance to deltamethrin,beta-cypermethrin and permethrin; Adult Aedes albopictus from Tianhe district and Conghua district were susceptible to permethrin,and resistant to deltamethrin and beta-cypermethrin. Conclusion Adult Aedes albopictus from Tianhe district and Conghua district is relatively susceptible to permethrin,so permethrin can be applied as main insecticides for adult Aedes albopictus control at present. Adult Aedes albopictus from Conghua district are susceptibile to three pyrethroids,while the resistance of adult Aedes albopictus from Tianhe district is higher than from Conghua district; Adult Aedes albopictus from Liwan district holds strong resistance,especially to beta-cypermethrin.
Abstract B1-07: Using the UCSC Xena Platform to integrate, visualize, and analyze your own data in the context of large external genomic datasets

With the advent of cancer genome analysis, there is an enormous need for an integrative computational approach to understand the functional impact of the genomic aberrations that drive and characterize cancers. This requires mechanisms to aggregate and visualize both public and investigator-generated data on cancer genomes, transcriptomes, epigenomes and more. Extending the UCSC Cancer Genomics Browser, we are developing the UCSC Xena platform to achieve this. UCSC9s Xena is a data server-based platform that stores functional genomics data and serves them in response to data requests in real-time and with minimal informatics overhead. Examples of these data requests include data visualization, integration and further downstream analysis. Xena can easily be installed on a laptop, or on servers behind a firewall. The UCSC Xena server provides access to TCGA open access data, with 526 datasets from 31 different TCGA cancer types. Types of hosted datasets include copy number, somatic mutation, DNA methylation, gene and exon expression, protein expression, PARADIGM pathway inference, and phenotype data. Our automated pipeline updates TCGA data periodically, ensuring we are visualizing the most recent data available. Additionally, our pipeline ingests TCGA phenotype data and attempts to assign more readable feature names and values. We further derive overall and recurrence free survival from TCGA phenotype data, allowing users to perform survival analysis. We are extending the UCSC Cancer Genomics Browser to access and visualize data hosted across multiple Xena servers while maintaining data privacy. This functionality allows viewing and interpretation of one9s own data (e.g. stored on a private Xena) in the context of a large collection of cancer genomics datasets (e.g. TCGA data stored at UCSC). The outcome is a platform for researchers to store and analyze their datasets in an interoperable manner. We are integrating Xena with other tools such as MuPIT (enables visualization of somatic mutations on three-dimensional protein structures), and with Galaxy to allow integration with other bioinformatics tools such as Trinity (via Galaxy, RNA-seq data analysis to identify coding and non-coding transcripts, score them for aberrations, and quantify their expression). Integrating these tools provides researchers with a workflow with strong analysis and visualization capabilities, and brings sophisticated computational analyses within the reach of non-computational scientists. Citation Format: Jingchun Zhu, Brian Craft, Mary Goldman, Melissa Cline, Mark Diekhans, David Haussler. Using the UCSC Xena Platform to integrate, visualize, and analyze your own data in the context of large external genomic datasets. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Computational and Systems Biology of Cancer; Feb 8-11 2015; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(22 Suppl 2):Abstract nr B1-07.
Chronic Hemospermia Due to Müllerian Duct Cyst: Diagnosis by Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Abstract Hemospermia usually is considered of minor consequence. It rarely is identified with a specific pathological disorder. A case of hemospermia secondary to a mullerian duct cyst diagnosed by magnetic resonance scanning is reported. (J. Urol, 142: 828, 1989)
Using Self-Similiarity for Sound/Music Synthesis

This paper is a description of work in progress exploring the use of self-similarity for sound synthesis. Motivating the work is a desire to look into the possibilities for using self-similar structures in the auditory domain (e.g., nding relationships between sound and music.) This work is a preliminary step toward a design for an alternative music notation system. The system uses hierarchy and recursion principles to organize structures and musical ideas. In any creative work, establishing the relationship between the whole and the parts is done through a constant movement between dierent domains (e.g., foreground and background, micro and macro levels, form and content.) Currently we are experimenting with the idea of using fractals as a tool for capturing some of the systematic natures of the creative process in music, as well as nding a new language for timbre synthesis. In this paper, we will give a brief summary of manifestations of self-similarity in music. Further, we describe the design and implementation of a program we have developed for sound synthesis and music score generation. The program uses a paradigm similar to Lindenmayer’s L-system[4] to develop the synthesis parameters. These parameters are coded in multi-layered structures, each level specifying the re-writing rules (e.g., time segmentation, frequency and amplitude progressions.) Dierent node re-writing algorithms are used to create self-similar or self-ane structures. The vertical harmonics are created according to horizontal frequency development.
De-privatizing self-harm: remembering the social self in how to forget

This article reads Malu De Martino's 2010 film Como Esquecer (How to Forget) as a case study in self-harm as a mode of expression and self-inquiry. Drawing on disability and queer theory, psychoanalysis, and sociology of medicine, the author argues that How to Forget charts a "crip" epistemology of self-harm and theorizes a "social self." That is to say, the film models an orientation towards self-harm that offers a coalitional and social therapeutic understanding. Based on this reading, the author suggests the application of practices of knowing-with, or knowing-in-relation as "cripistemology" to a broader therapeutic, research, and lay context.
The Dual Bromodomain Protein Brd2 Controls Primary B Cell Mitogenesis and Cell Cycle in Mice Reconstituted with Lentivirus-Transduced HSCs

Abstract Transcriptional control of cellular proliferation and differentiation is critically important in hematopoiesis; specifically, the role of chromatin-dependent regulatory processes in this context is poorly understood. The human BRD2 proto-oncogene encodes a double bromodomain protein that binds to acetylated histone H4 in chromatin and is located within the MHC class II locus, suggesting Brd2 plays a role in immunity. However, BRD2 shares no sequence similarity with other MHC genes, nor is Brd2 involved in antigen processing, but rather it plays a role in mitogenic signal transduction. We have previously found that whole-body knockout of Brd2 is lethal to mice. However, when Brd2 was expressed constitutively in the B cells of transgenic mice, Brd2 binds E2F proteins, histone acetylases and Swi/Snf complexes, and co-activates cyclin A leading to B cell lymphoma and leukemia. Importantly, elevated levels of Brd2 have been reported in primary malignant B cells from human and mouse. We therefore hypothesize that Brd2 multiprotein complexes, working through chromatin modification, are crucial in the control of the cell cycle and in the mitogen responsiveness and proliferation of the B cell compartment. To study the effects of Brd2 in B cell development and proliferation, we performed bone marrow transplants of hematopoietic stem cells in a chimeric mouse model. Hematopoietic stem cells were sorted from CD45.1 donor mice with the characteristic ‘side population’ profile by flow cytometry and transduced with lentivirus containing vectors for Brd2 overexpression, shRNA knockdown, or control vectors. Recipient CD45.2 mice were lethally irradiated and a functional immune system was successfully reconstituted with donor cells and CD45.2 competitor BM cells. Mice were immunophenotyped and functional B cell mitogenic capacity was examined by BrdU incorporation into LPS-stimulated B cells. We found that in the spleen, Brd2 expression dramatically expands the CD45.1 (but not CD45.2) B cell compartment at the expense of T cells and renders B cells mitogenically hypersensitive. Compared with control, there was an increase in BrdU incorporation at 24 and 48 hours (29.8% v. 43.5% at T=24 h; 56.9% v. 66.7% at T=48 h). Preliminary results also suggest that B cell development was skewed in the bone marrow and periphery towards B1a phenotype. Moreover, downregulation of Brd2 via shRNA blocked cyclin A transcription and completely arrested B cell development and proliferation. Taken together, these data suggest that Brd2, through epigenetic regulation of the cell cycle, plays an important role in B-lymphopoiesis, proliferation, and stimulation.