cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Translational-rotational modes in noncentrosymmetric lattices: A lattice-dynamical interpretation of the phenanthrene phase transition

A lattice-dynamical study has been used to elucidate the mechanism of the phase transition in phenanthrene. The calculation is consistent with the known lattice energy and crystal structure. Combination of experimental results with the calculated phonon dispersion curves and eigenmode symmetries yields a dynamic mechanism for the transition based on increasing density of higher-frequency modes upon approach to the transition temperature to the high-temperature phase. This motion, which may be associated with motion of hydrogen atoms in the molecule, confers a more three-dimensional character to the interactions and correlates well with the observed change in heat capacity.
Fabrication method for encapsulation of low-index, narrowband guided-mode resonance filters

Resonant narrowband out-coupler designs for laser systems leave a portion of the device exposed to damage and contamination. We present a fabrication method for full device encapsulation, resulting in a highly reflective, protected spectral filter.
Modeling of mechanical damage detection in CFRPs via electrical resistance

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites (CFRPs) are inherently multifunctional materials that, in addition to their primary function as a structural material, allow for the sensing and monitoring of in situ damage nucleation and evolution by the measurement of the material electrical resistance. Here an analytic model is developed for the transverse (perpendicular to the fibers) electrical resistance of pristine and damaged unidirectional composites, complementing earlier work on the longitudinal resistance. The ratio of transverse to longitudinal resistance for undamaged materials provides a direct measure of the internal density of fiber-fiber electrical contacts, a key material parameter in linking to the response of damaged materials. Under uniaxial loading with evolving fiber breakage, the normalized transverse resistance versus strain is predicted to have exactly the same form as that for the longitudinal resistance. Numerical studies show this agreement for uniform fiber-fiber contact distributions but, for random contact distributions, the longitudinal resistance is larger than predicted while the transverse resistance is smaller; these differences are shown to arise as a result of the statistically-preferential breaking of longer fiber segments. Analysis of multiple numerical simulations shows that variations in the electrical resistance are not directly correlated with variations in the stress-strain response. Thus, statistical methods are required to relate resistance to strain or damage. The Weibull modulus of the resistance change increases with increasing applied strain, with values exceeding 10 and 20 for the transverse and longitudinal resistance, respectively, demonstrating increasing reliability at higher damage levels and good correlation of average resistance change to applied strain. The present study shows that both longitudinal and transverse resistance changes are sensitive to damage in a predictable manner and can be used together to improve the reliability of damage assessment during loading of CFRPs. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Chemical Composition Modeling of a Two-Zone Control-Oriented Mixing Model for Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engines

Due to the need for clean and efficient automobile propulsion systems, this paper models an important process in the enabling of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines. The need for a deep understanding of charge-residual mixing in residual-affected HCCI engines requires a model of the chemical composition during the mixing process. In this paper, a chemical composition model is developed specifically for a two-zone mixing model to account for important phenomena such as the presence of unburned fuel in the residual exhaust gas. The model is developed as a control-oriented model that can be used for real-time decision making and control. This paper develops the composition model for the major species present, and also presents the method that would be used to include other minor species. The model is simulated for variations in residual gas fraction equivalence ratio, a misfire situation, and its effects on air/fuel ratio.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Operation and performance of a lunar laser ranging station

The Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment has been in continuous operation for about 4 years using the McDonald Observatory 2.7-m telescope. Occupying only a small percentage of the available telescope time, the system is now measuring 350 lunar ranges per year, each with an accuracy of from 10 cm to 15 cm. This article tabulates the observed signal strengths, the success ratios, and the major operating restrictions that have characterized the daily performance of the experiment. These empirical data can be used to optimize the design of such installations in the future.
Electromagnetic response of an anisotropic cylindrical shell

A remarkably simple and novel solution is obtained for the fields induced in an anisotropic cylindrical shell that is located coaxially within a long solenoid. This could be the basis of a nondestructive measuring scheme for stranded wire rope.
Fibrin Sealant: The Only Approved Hemostat, Sealant, and Adhesive—a Laboratory and Clinical Perspective

Background. Fibrin sealant became the first modern era material approved as a hemostat in the United States in 1998. It is the only agent presently approved as a hemostat, sealant, and adhesive by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The product is now supplied as patches in addition to the original liquid formulations. Both laboratory and clinical uses of fibrin sealant continue to grow. The new literature on this material also continues to proliferate rapidly (approximately 200 papers/year). Methods. An overview of current fibrin sealant products and their approved uses and a comprehensive PubMed based review of the recent literature (February 2012, through March 2013) on the laboratory and clinical use of fibrin sealant are provided. Product information is organized into sections based on a classification system for commercially available materials. Publications are presented in sections based on both laboratory research and clinical topics are listed in order of decreasing frequency. Results. Fibrin sealant remains useful hemostat, sealant, and adhesive. New formulations and applications continue to be developed. Conclusions. This agent remains clinically important with the recent introduction of new commercially available products. Fibrin sealant has multiple new uses that should result in further improvements in patient care.
THERMAL IMPACT OF WASTE EMPLACEMENT AND SURFACE COOLING ASSOCIATED WITH GEOLOGIC DISPOSAL OF NUCLEAR WASTE

I ,» S• • LBL-13341 NURtG/CR-2910 THERMAL IMPACT OF WASTE EMPLACEMENT AND SURFACE COOLING ASSOCIATED WITH GEOLOGIC DISPOSAL OF NUCLEAR WASTE J. S. Y. Wang, D. C. Mangold, R. K. S p e n c e r , Earth Sciences D i v i s i o n Lawrence B e r k e l e y L a b o r a t o r y U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a Berkeley, California and C. F. Tsang August 1962 P r e p a r e d for High Level Waste T e c h n i c a l Development Branch D i v i s i o n of Vvrfute Management O f f i c e of N u c l e a r M a t e r i a l S a f e t y and S a f e g u a r d s U, S. N u c l e a r R e g u l a t o r y Commission Washington, D. C. 2055S T h i s work was s u p p o r t e d by t h e U. S. N u c l e a r R e g u l a t o r y ro;niiiission, through NRC FIN No. B 3109-0 under I n t e r a g e n c y Agreement DOE-50-80-97, t h r o u g h U. S. Department of I n e r g y C o n t r a c t No. DE-AC03-76SF00098.
Articular Cartilage Thickness at the Distal Radius: A Cadaveric Study

Purpose Articular stepoffs that occur after fracture and are greater in size than the thickness of the articular surface seem to result in arthritis. The thickness of a joint's cartilage may, therefore, set the limit for acceptable stepoff when treating fractures. The goal of our study was to determine the thickness of the articular cartilage at the distal radius. Methods We conducted a cadaveric study of 19 wrists to measure the thickness of cartilage at the distal radius. After harvest, we made multiple slices of each radius and used a standardized technique to directly measure the articular cartilage in the scaphoid and lunate fossae and along the interfossal ridge. Results The average cartilage thickness in our cohort was 0.6 mm. The average articular surface thickness was Conclusions Our study quantifies the thickness of the articular cartilage at the distal radius. Our finding of cartilage thicknesses of 1 mm result in radiographic signs of arthritis. This provides further evidence linking the thickness of articular cartilage to radiographic outcomes and, possibly, clinical outcomes. Clinical relevance Our findings provide anatomic support for using 1 mm or less as an acceptable articular stepoff size in the treatment of fractures of the distal radius.
Unitarity of Little Higgs models signals new physics of UV completion

Abstract The “Little Higgs” opens up a new avenue for natural electroweak symmetry breaking in which the standard model Higgs particle is realized as a pseudo-Goldstone boson and thus is generically light. The symmetry breaking structure of the Little Higgs models predicts a large multiplet of (pseudo-)Goldstone bosons and their low energy interactions below the ultraviolet (UV) completion scale Λ ∼4 πf ∼ O (10) TeV, where f is the Goldstone decay constant. We study unitarity of the Little Higgs models by systematically analyzing the high energy scatterings of these (pseudo-)Goldstone bosons. We reveal that the collective effect of the Goldstone scatterings via coupled channel analysis tends to push the unitarity violation scale Λ U significantly below the conventional UV scale Λ ∼4 πf as estimated by naive dimensional analysis (NDA). Specifically, Λ U ∼(3–4) f , lying in the multi-TeV range for f ∼1 TeV. We interpret this as an encouraging sign that the upcoming LHC may explore aspects of Little Higgs UV completions, and we discuss some potential signatures. The meanings of the two estimated UV scales Λ U (from unitarity violation) and Λ (from NDA) together with their implications for an effective field theory analysis of the Little Higgs models are also discussed.
General lepton structure with naturalness assumptions

Two classes of lepton models which have natural $\ensuremath{\mu}e$ universality and $\ensuremath{\mu}e$-flavor-diagonal neutral currents are studied within the SU(2) x U(1) gauge-theory framework. One of them has both $V+A$ and $V\ensuremath{-}A$ decaying negatively charged heavy leptons, vanishing $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}e\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{ee}\overline{e}$ decay rates, and Weinberg-Salam-type neutral currents for known leptons. The other, which is vectorlike, has $V\ensuremath{-}A$ decaying (and probably $V$ decaying) charged heavy leptons and nonvanishing $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{ee}\overline{e}$ decay rates at higher orders. Also an updated analysis of neutrino-electron scattering is presented.
High-speed, vacuum-outlet GC using atmospheric-pressure air as carrier gas

A model is developed to explore operating conditions and performance tradeoffs for high-speed GC using atmospheric-pressure air as carrier gas and a vacuum pump to draw the carrier gas and injected samples through the system. The model is based on the rate theory for open tubular columns and conventional equations for gas flow in capillary tubes. The model predicts the effects of column outlet pressure, column length, column diameter, and detector dead time on the number of theoretical plates generated in a 30-s analysis spanning a retention factor range from 0 to 5. The outlet (detector) pressure range considered is 1−100 kPa (0.01−1.0 atm). A 0.1-mm-i.d. column is found to generate more plates than either larger or smaller diameter columns because of the constraint of using atmospheric pressure at the column inlet. About 25 000 plates are generated with a 2.5-m-long column for outlet pressures less than ∼20 kPa. The model is validated with a high-speed GC instrument using a cryofocusing inlet system and...
In Vitro Susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae to Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole

Thirty-four strains of Haemophilus influenzae (20 ampicillin sensitive and 14 ampicillin resistant), mostly type b isolates from cerebrospinal fluid or blood, were tested for susceptibility to a combination of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) in a ratio of 1 part TMP to 19 parts SMZ. All strains were very susceptible to the TMP-SMZ combination, with minimal inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.007–0.14 to 0.06–1.18 μg of TMP-SMZ per ml. There was little difference in the susceptibility of the ampicillin-sensitive and ampicillin-resistant strains to TMP-SMZ.
An experimental study of the influence of antifibrinolytic therapy on post-subarachnoid-hemorrhagic cerebral vasospasm and hydrocephalus

Abstract The incidence and severity of cerebral vasospasm and hydrocephalus following induced subarachnoid hemorrhage in an experimental group of animals that subsequently received e-aminocaproic acid was compared to that seen in a control group that received no antifibrinolytic therapy. No augmentation of either vasospasm or hydrocephalus could be attributed to the e-aminocaproic acid in the treated as compared to the control group.
Between two worlds: a multi-institutional qualitative analysis of students' reflections on joining the medical profession.

BACKGROUND Recent changes in healthcare system and training mandates have altered the clinical learning environment. We incorporated reflective writing into Internal Medicine clerkships (IMcs) in multiple institutions so students could consider the impact of clerkship experiences on their personal and professional development. We analyzed student reflections to inform curricula and support learning.
Cutting second-order chords does not prevent acute ischemic mitral regurgitation.

Background— Cutting anterior mitral leaflet second-order chordae has been proposed for repair in ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR). We examined the efficacy of such chordal cutting in preventing acute IMR. Methods and Results— Six sheep underwent radiopaque marker placement (left ventricle, mitral annulus, papillary muscles [PMs], and leaflets). The largest second-order chord from each PM was encircled with exteriorized wire snares. Three-dimensional marker coordinates were obtained with biplane videofluoroscopy before and during acute ischemia (80 seconds of mid-circumflex occlusion). Color Doppler transesophageal echocardiography was used to grade MR on a 0 to 4+ scale. Data were acquired immediately before and after dividing second-order chordae. Slope of the end-diastolic volume–stroke work relationship (PRSW) was calculated to assess systolic function. Chordal cutting increased anterior leaflet inflection angle (155±12 versus 162±9 degrees; P =0.03), resulting in a flatter leaflet, but did not increase effective leaflet length (1.97±0.24 versus 2.08±0.23 cm; P =0.15); PRSW decreased (63±15 versus 56±12 mm Hg; P =0.008). Both before and after chordal cutting, ischemia caused: Septal–lateral annular dilation ( P =0.005), posterior PM displacement away from the mid-septal annulus ( P =0.06), increased leaflet tenting area ( P =0.001), and increased leaflet tenting volume ( P =0.002). Before chordal cutting, MR increased significantly during ischemia (0.5±0.3 versus 1.7±0.4; P <0.001), and IMR increased similarly even after the second-order chords were cut (0.7±0.4 versus 1.9±0.9; P <0.001). Conclusions— Cutting second-order chordae resulted in LV systolic dysfunction and neither prevented nor decreased the severity of acute IMR, septal–lateral annular dilation, leaflet tenting area, or leaflet tenting volume.
Mentoring Review and Reflections

This paper reviews mentoring definitions, mentor and protegee characteristics, and the process and outcomes of the mentoring process. In addition, the faculty provides some personal reflections about their mentoring process. Reflections of this nature may inspire us to consider further the adoption and investigation of formal and informal overt mentoring programs in our institutions in order to promote mentoring relationships that can foster personal and professional achievement and satisfaction.
Processing, deformation, and failure in superplastic aluminum alloys: Applications of orientation-imaging microscopy

The importance of grain size refinement in enabling superplasticity is reviewed, and the current understanding of grain boundary characteristics is summarized. The application of orientation-imaging microscopy (OIM) methods to the processing response and the deformation and failure modes in superplastic aluminum alloys are illustrated through microtexture analysis and determination of grain boundary characteristics in selected commercial materials. Continuous and discontinuous recrystallization reactions exhibit distinct microtextures and grain boundary characteristics. The application of OIM and microtexture analysis to the evaluation of both deformation and failure mechanisms during superplastic forming is illustrated.
Rotational structure of a new spectrum attributed to CCl

Abstract A new band at 2719.94 A has been obtained in the high frequency discharge through carbon tetrachloride vapor. The rotational analysis of this band shows it to be a 1Π-1Σ+ transition. The emitter of this band is shown to be CCl+. The constants of the lower and upper states are: B 0 ′ = 0.7019 7 cm −1 , D 0 ′ = 1.44 × 10 −6 cm −1 , γ 0 ′ = 1.633 6 A. B 0 ″ = 0.6807 0 cm −1 , D 0 ″ = 1.15 × 10 −6 cm −1 , γ 0 ″ = 1.684 6 A. A discussion of electron configurations is given.
Effect of freezing on photosynthesis of intertidal macroalgae relative tolerance of chondrus crispus and mastocarpus stellatus rhodophyta

The effect of freezing on photosynthetic metabolism was studied in the red algae, Chondrus crispus and Mastocarpus stellatus. Plants of both species were collected from the intertidal at Chamberlain or Kresge Point, Maine, USA (43°56′N, 69°54′W) between February and March 1987. Photosynthetic rates were measured immediately after freezing at-20°C and following recovery periods in seawater. Photosynthesis in C. crispus declined rapidly following freezing, falling to 70% of control values within 1 h and 30% after 3 h exposure. Minimum photosynthetic rates (7 to 9% of controls) occurred following freezing exposures of 12 h or more. Full photosynthetic recovery in C. crispus after 3 h at-20°C required 48 h. Photosynthesis in C. crispus did not fully recover in plants frozen for 6 h or more. In contrast, photosynthesis in M. stellatus was relatively unaffected by freezing exposures of <12 h. Twelve hours or more at-20°C reduced photosynthesis to 55% of controls. Photosynthesis in M. stellatus fully recovered from 24 h at-20°C within 24 h. In both species the reduction of photosynthesis by freezing was associated with damage to the plasma membrane and reduced efficiency of energy transfer from phycobilisomes to chlorophyll a, but did not appear to involve ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase activity. The freezing tolerance of C. crispus and M. stellatus positively correlates with their respective intertidal distributions, suggesting that freezing may be involved in controlling the distributions of these species on the shore.
Comparative development of the turkey and chicken embryo from cleavage through hypoblast formation

The development of the turkey and chicken embryo from the first cleavage division through hypoblast formation is described. The early development of the chicken embryo has been categorized into 14 stages. A similar staging sequence for the turkey was not proposed until 1993, when we described the early development of the turkey embryo, which was divided into 11 stages. Comparatively, differences in the temporal and spatial development of the turkey and chicken blastoderm were evident. Of significance is the observation that at oviposition the turkey is in Stage VII and characterized by the first signs of area pellucida formation. In contrast, the chicken embryo at oviposition is in Stage X and area pellucida formation is completed. Similarly, the hypoblast, which is already apparent in the Stage X chicken embryo, does not appear in the turkey embryo until the egg is incubated. Furthermore, the anterior-posterior (head-tail) axis in the early embryo is achieved prior to oviposition in the chicken but after the onset of incubation in the turkey. It is apparent that the turkey embryo is less mature than the chicken embryo at oviposition. Whether this distinction is related to differences between the hatchability of turkey and chicken eggs is not yet known.
The presence of prostacyclin binding sites in nonpregnant bovine uterine tissue.

Abstract Myometrium of various animal species makes a considerable amount of prostacyclin (PGI 2 ) which is a potent myometrial and uterine vascular smooth muscle relaxing agent. This action of PGI 2 is perhaps mediated by binding to specific receptors, which have never been demonstrated in uterine tissue of any animal species until very recently. The quantitative light microscopic autoradiographic approach used in the present studies demonstrated that while bovine myometrial smooth muscle and uterine vascular smooth muscle contained PGI 2 specific binding sites, endometrial and perimetrial cells contained few or no binding sites. The number of binding sites in circular and elongated myometrial smooth muscle and in arteriolar smooth muscle were similar (P>0.05). The PGI 2 binding to the uterine cells was greatly reduced (P 2 , but not with its stable metabolite, 6-keto PGF 1α . PGE 2 , PGF 2α and leukotriene C 4 which bind to nonpregnant bovine uterine tissue, also had no effect of PGI 2 binding. In conclusion, nonpregnant bovine uterine tissue contain specific PGI 2 binding sites which may mediate its potent relaxing effect on myometrium and uterine vasculature.
The food allergy mystery

Food allergies vary significantly over different regions, a phenomenon scientists are only just beginning to explain
Atypical expression of Drosophila gustatory receptor genes in sensory and central neurons.

Members of the Drosophila gustatory receptor (Gr) gene family are generally expressed in chemosensory neurons and are known to mediate the perception of sugars, bitter substrates, CO2, and pheromones. The Gr gene family consists of 68 members, many of which are organized in gene clusters of up to six genes, yet only expression of about 15 Gr genes has been characterized in detail prior to this study. Here we describe the first comprehensive expression analysis of six highly conserved Gr genes, Gr28a and Gr28b.a to Gr28b.e. Four of these Gr genes are not only expressed in the characteristic pattern associated with previously analyzed Gr genes—chemosensory neurons of the gustatory and olfactory system—but several other types of sensory neurons and neurons in the brain. Specifically, we show that several of the Gr28 genes are expressed in abdominal multidendritic neurons, putative hygroreceptive neurons of the arista, neurons associated with the Johnston's organ, peripheral proprioceptive neurons in the legs, neurons in the larval and adult brain, and oenocytes. Thus, our findings suggest that some Gr genes are utilized in nongustatory roles in the nervous system and tissues involved in proprioception, hygroreception, and other sensory modalities. It is also possible that the Gr28 genes have chemosensory roles in the detection of internal ligands. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:548–568, 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Foldy-Wouthuysen transformations in an indefinite-metric space. II. Theorems for practical calculations

We present a number of theorems and lemmas which are useful in indefinite-metric spaces for explicitly calculating Foldy--Wouthuysen (FW) transformations, both as power-series expansions in c/sup -1/ and as exact transformations. We mention two applications. (AIP)
Quantitative and Qualitative RNA-Seq-Based Evaluation of Epstein-Barr Virus Transcription in Type I Latency Burkitt's Lymphoma Cells

RNA-seq provides a rich source of transcriptome information with high qualitative and quantitative value. Here, we provide a pipeline for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transcriptome analysis using RNA-seq and we apply it to two type I latency cell lines, Mutu I and Akata. This analysis revealed substantial average expression levels of many lytic genes in predominantly latent cell populations. The lytic transcripts BHLF1 and LF3 were expressed at levels greater than those for 98% of all cellular polyadenylated transcripts. Exon junction mapping accurately identified the Qp-derived EBNA1 splicing pattern, lytic gene splicing, and a complex splicing pattern within the BamHI A region.
Assigning applications to servers: a simulation study

We investigate the following problem: Given a set of l different operating systems (for heterogeneous sake) that are to run on l distinct servers, {S1,..., Sl}, and n applications (e.g., in threshold crypto-systems), Ai = {A(i,1),...,A(i,mi)}1≤i≤n, where l ≥ mi for all 1 ≤ i ≤ n, we want to assign servers to applications to achieve the optimal robustness in the presence of an adversary that is able to break some operating systems. We provide the theoretic models, heuristic optimal solutions, and simulating results toward solving this problem.
Masculinity research: A review and critique

Abstract This review examines and critiques recent research on masculinity ideology and masculine role conflict. First, definitions, models, and instrumentation are addressed, and then research regarding the psychosocial, biomedical, and multicultural correlates of masculinity ideology and masculine role conflict are examined. In addition, use of professional healthcare services by men and professional biases against men are discussed. In reviewing this body of research, three major criticisms are discussed: the use of inappropriate instruments, limited sampling, and research paradigm fixation. Solutions are proposed for particular methodological problems, and recommendations are made for further research.
Fregean equivocation and ramsification on sparse theories : Response to McCullagh

The paper, which begins with a brief summary of my anti-functionalist ‘Argument from Self-consciousness’, has two main goals. First, to show that this argument is not guilty of a Fregean equivocation regarding embedded mental predicates, as has been suggested by Mark McCullagh and others. Second, to show the argument cannot be avoided by weakening the psychological theory upon which reductive functional definitions are based. Specifically, it does no good to excise psychological principles involving embedded mental predicates. Why? Because reductive functional definitions based on the resulting sparse theories are exposed to an interesting new family of counterexamples.
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN SMALL CITIES AND TOWNS: A PILOT STUDY

Abstract This study is an examination of domestic dispute incidents reported to police agencies in small cities and towns. The study includes 38 percent of the police jurisdictions in Ohio and 61 percent of the agencies reporting domestic dispute data. The agencies are distributed among urban, suburban, and rural counties, serve 11 percent of Ohio's estimated 1979 population, and account for 22 percent of the state's reported domestic disputes. From these data the following conclusions are drawn. First, domestic disputes reported to these agencies displayed the highest occurrence rate per 1000 residents of any population group. Second, in domestic disputes where criminal complaints are initiated, the police display a tendency not to take any action. Third, the tendency for police not to arrest domestic offenders is seven times higher than the arrest rate. Fourth, in noncriminal complaint incidents the police seldom take any action. Fifth, when the police jurisdictions’ populations are similar, there is a ...
Separation of Large Circular DNA by Electrophoresis in Agarose Gels

The electrophoresis of circular DNA, ranging in size from 4.4 kilobase pairs (kbp) to 220 kbp, was studied in agarose gels. Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) DNA was used as a source of large supercoiled and open circular (relaxed) forms. The open circles above approximately 50 kbp were trapped at the sample wells of 1% agarose gels during electrophoresis at 3 V/cm. Field inversion gel electrophoresis (FIGE) was used to relieve the trapping of the open circles in the gels. Using FIGE (30 s forward pulse time), open circles with sizes of 115 and 220 kbp required reverse pulse times of 3 and 6 s, respectively, to free the circles from open-ended gel fibers. A minimum in the gel velocity of the open circles was measured at approximately 20 kbp. Open circles below approximately 20 kbp migrated slower than the supercoiled forms, and above 20 kbp the order was reversed. These results indicate that when the size of the open circles exceeded the average pore size of a gel and it was forced to span multiple pores, the open circles gained a mobility advantage. Decreasing the ionic strength of the electrophoresis buffer significantly decreased the mobility of the smaller circles and slightly increased the mobility of the larger circles.
EFFECTS OF INTRA-TRIAL AND INTER-TRIAL RETENTION IN FREE RECALL OF CHILDREN

Summmy.-An analysis performed upon previously obtained developmental multi-trial free-recall data showed that retention of words on trial n recalled from the last 5 serial positions on trial n - 1 was significantly poorer than recall of other serial positions in a non-categorized list but not in a categorized list. Subsequent analysis suggested that this was due to higher levels of processing intrinsic to categotitable items rather than outputting strategies. Tulving (1964) and Scribner and Cole (1972) have demonstrated that learning curves in multitrial free recall are additive functions of inter-trial and intra-trial retention. Intra-trial retention refers to the probability that a newly learned word is retained long enough to be emitted during recall, and is proportional to the probability of recall on trial a, given that a word was not recalled on trial n - 1. Similarly, inter-trial retention is the probability that a word is recalled on two successive trials. Glanzer and Cunitz (1966) have suggested that long-term and short-term storage effects evident in free recall can be separated in the serial position curve, primacy reflecting the information in long-term storage and recency reflecting the information content of the short-term storage. Other authors (e.g., Rundus, 1974) have demonstrated that recency may arise from a strategy of subjects to output the last presented words first. An analysis of inter- and intra-trial retention as a function of serial position should serve as a further test of Glanzer and Cunitz's suggestion. It seems likely that inter-trial retention is a purer measure of the contents of long-term memory than intra-trial retention. Since recency items may be retained foi shorter periods of time before output, they would have less opportunity for transfer to long-term memory. Thus inter-trial retention should be poorer for the last serial positions. This prediction also seems to apply to a levels-of-analysis interpretation (Craik & Lockhart, 1972) since the recency effect seems to represent a superficial level of processing.
Combinatorial fabrication and studies of 4,4'-bis(9-carbazolyl) biphenyl (CBP)-based UV-violet OLED arrays

Arrays of UV-violet [indium tin oxide (ITO)]/[copper phthalocyanine (CuPc)]/[4,4'-bis(9- carbazolyl)biphenyl(CBP)]/[2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert- butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole(Bu-PBD)]/CsF/Al organic light- emitting devices (OLEDs), fabricated combinatorially using a sliding shutter technique, are described. Comparison of the electroluminescence spectrum with the photoluminescence spectrum of CBP indicates that the emission originates from the bulk of that layer. However, due to the high gap of CBP and the strong hole capture cross section of perylene contaminants, it was difficult to completely eliminate the emission from the latter. In arrays of devices in which the thickness of the CuPc and Bu-PBD were varied, but that of CBP was fixed at 50 nm, the optimal radiance R was obtained at CuPc and Bu-PBD thicknesses of 15 and 18 nm, respectively. At 10 mA/Cm2, R was 0.38 mW/cm2, i.e., the external quantum efficiency was 1.25%; R increased to ~1.2 mW/cm2 at 100 mA/cm2.
A novel approach to fabric control for automated sewing

This paper describes a novel fabric manipulation method for fabric control during the sewing process. It addresses issues with past attempts concerning fabric position and tension control. The method described involves replacing the current sewing feed mechanism with a servo controlled manipulator to both feed and control the fabric. The manipulator is coupled with a machine vision system that tracks the threads of the fabric to provide real-time position control that is robust with respect to fabric deformations. A prototype of the manipulator is used to demonstrate the feasibility of the concept, reaching accelerations up to 27 g's and following a closed loop trajectory with open loop control while operating in coordination with an industrial sewing machine. The system described also offers a general solution to high accuracy and high acceleration position control systems.
360-Gb/s Optical Transmitter With Arbitrary Modulation Format and Dispersion Precompensation

This letter introduces a versatile data-rate and modulation format transparent optical transmitter for 360-Gb/s transmission based on optical arbitrary waveform generation (OAWG) techniques. An experimental implementation of static OAWG, or line-by-line pulse shaping, with a silica arrayed-waveguide-grating pair waveform shaper, demonstrates creation of repetitive time-domain waveforms representing data packets in on-off keying and differential phase-shift-keying modulation formats with optional precompensation for fiber chromatic dispersion (CD). Transmission of repeated 9-bit 360-Gb/s data packets occupying 680 GHz of total optical bandwidth, with CD precompensation over a 10-km single-mode fiber link, indicates the potential for terabit-per-second operation. These data packets have a spectral efficiency of 0.53 b/s/Hz.
Efficient signal detection in perturbed arrays

The use of sensor arrays in signal processing applications has received considerable attention. Various array perturbations caused by phase, calibration, or modeling errors often cause the sensor observations to become only partially correlated, limiting the application of traditional matched-field beamformers. Quadratic array processing is optimal for many randomly perturbed array problems; however, direct implementation poses a significant computational burden. We propose a highly efficient, asymptotically optimal method of implementing quadratic array processors suitable for detection problems in randomly perturbed arrays. Specifically, we show that under certain conditions the optimal array processor can be approximately realized efficiently and robustly employing only discrete Fourier transforms to deal with spatial processing while entailing only a small loss in performance.
The relationship of unsafe sexual behavior and the characteristics of sexual partners of HIV infected and HIV uninfected adolescent females.

Abstract Purpose: To compare characteristics of sexual relationships in HIV infected and HIV uninfected female adolescents and their association with condom use. Methods: HIV infected and uninfected subjects, aged 13–19 years, were enrolled in a prospective HIV study from 15 sites in 13 U.S. cities. Baseline data on demographic information, substance use, sexual behavior, partner information, and condom use were collected through direct and computer-assisted interviews from currently sexually active females. Univariate, multiple logistic regression, and repeated measures analyses were employed. Results: Data from 153 HIV infected and 90 HIV uninfected female subjects showed, on average, that current partners were 4–6 years older. In multivariate analysis, HIV infected subjects were older (OR = 1.37; 95% CI: 1.04–1.81), had more lifetime partners (OR = 2.23; 95% CI: 1.03–4.82), initiated consensual vaginal sex earlier (OR = .74; 95% CI: .58–.95), perceived partner to also be HIV infected (OR = 7.46; 95% CI: 3.2–17.4), and had less unprotected sex (OR = .27; 95% CI: .16–.45). Length of relationship was associated with more unprotected sex for both HIV infected and uninfected subjects (OR = 2.59, 95% CI: 1.27–5.27, OR = 4.13; 95% CI: 1.31–13.05, respectively). Mean partner age difference was greater among HIV infected than for HIV uninfected (OR = 1.06; 95%CI: 1.01–1.12); this greater age difference for HIV infected females was associated with less protection (OR = 1.09; 95% CI: 1.03–1.15). HIV disclosure influenced condom use: without disclosure, less condom use was reported (OR = 6.8; 95% CI: 2.29–20.24) controlling for perception that partner was also HIV infected (OR = 1.1; 95% CI: 1.02–1.21). Conclusions: Because age differential influenced reported condom use, more research, particularly qualitative, is needed into the dynamics of these relationships. Prevention efforts must address partners, particularly older ones.
Sushi.R: flexible, quantitative and integrative genomic visualizations for publication-quality multi-panel figures

Motivation: Interpretation and communication of genomic data require flexible and quantitative tools to analyze and visualize diverse data types, yet a comprehensive tool to display all common genomic data types in publication quality figures does not exist to date. To address this shortcoming, we present Sushi.R, an R/Bioconductor package that allows flexible integration of genomic visualizations into highly-customizable, publication-ready, multi-panel figures from common genomic data formats including BED, bedGraph, and BEDPE. Sushi.R is open source and made publicly available through GitHub (https://github.com/dphansti/Sushi) and Bioconductor (http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/Sushi.html).
Medical imaging genesis for finite element-based mandibular surgical planning in the pediatric subject

A CT imaging system has been used to develop a finite element (FE) model of the child-specific mandible. Correspondingly, a procedure to generate FE models from digital image data has also been developed. The geometric models are extracted from the CT scan data of children using ANALYZE AVW version 3.0, and then reviewed, edited and meshed using the preprocessor of DEFORM 3D version 6.0. By utilizing a simplified material model and boundary conditions, detailed convergence tests were carried out using ABAQUS/STANDARD version 6.1. Test results show that over 52,592 linear tetrahedral elements or 37,062 degrees of freedom (DOF) are needed to model a child-specific mandible with reasonable accuracy. Results of the test series indicate that the surgical planning system is appropriate for further clinical implementation.
Real-time computing of optical flow using adaptive VLSI neuroprocessors

The multilayer stochastic neural network and its associated VLSI array neuroprocessors are presented for VLSI optical flow computing. This network is well-suited to VLSI implementation due to the high parallelism and local connectivity. Instead of using deterministic scheme, a stochastic decision rule implemented with electronic annealing techniques is used to search optimal solutions. VLSI array neuroprocessor architecture is proved to be an effective supercomputing hardware for real-time optical flow applications. A prototype 25-neuron chip for this VLSI array neuroprocessors (called a velocity-selective hyperneuron chip) has been implemented using MOSIS 2- mu m CMOS technology. A real-time optical flow machine is feasible by using arrays of hyperneuron chips. >
Human walking isn't all hard work: evidence of soft tissue contributions to energy dissipation and return

The muscles and tendons of the lower extremity are generally considered the dominant producers of positive and negative work during gait. However, soft-tissue deformations not captured by joint rotations might also dissipate, store and even return substantial energy to the body. A key locomotion event is the collision of the leg with the ground, which deforms soft tissues appreciably in running. Significant deformation might also result from the impulsive ground collision in walking. In a study of normal human walking (N=10; 0.7-2.0 m s(-1) speeds), we show indirect evidence for both negative and positive work performed by soft tissue, consistent with a damped elastic collision and rebound. We used the difference between measured joint work and another quantity - the work performed on the body center of mass - to indicate possible work performed by soft tissue. At 1.25 m s(-1), we estimated that soft tissue performs approximately 7.5 J of negative work per collision. This constitutes approximately 60% of the total negative collision work and 31% of the total negative work per stride. The amount of soft tissue work during collision increases sharply with speed. Each collision is followed by 4 J of soft tissue rebound that is also not captured by joint work measures. Soft tissue deformation may save muscles the effort of actively dissipating energy, and soft tissue elastic rebound could save up to 14% of the total positive work per stride. Soft tissues not only cushion impacts but also appear to perform substantial work.
Enhancing Availability of Grid Computational Services to Ubiquitous Computing Applications

The grid is an integrated infrastructure that can play the dual roles of a coordinated resource consumer as well as a donator in distributed computing environments. The enormous growth in the use of mobile and embedded devices in ubiquitous computing environment and their interaction with human beings produces a huge amount of data that need to be processed efficiently anytime anywhere. However, such devices often have limited resources in terms of CPU, storage, battery power, and communication bandwidth. Thus, there is a need to transfer ubiquitous computing application services to more powerful computational resources. In this paper, we investigate the use of the grid as a candidate for provisioning computational services to applications in ubiquitous computing environments. In particular, we present a competitive model that describes the possible interaction between the competing resources in the grid infrastructure as service providers and ubiquitous applications as subscribers. The competition takes place in terms of quality of service (QoS) and cost offered by different grid service providers (GSPs). We also investigate the job allocation of different GSPs by exploiting the noncooperativeness among the strategies. We present the equilibrium behavior of our model facing global competition under stochastic demand and estimate guaranteed QoS assurance level by efficiently satisfying the requirement of ubiquitous application. We have also performed extensive experiments over distributed parallel computing cluster (DPCC) and studied overall job execution performance of different GSPs under a wide range of QoS parameters using different strategies. Our model and performance evaluation results can serve as a valuable reference for designing appropriate strategies in a practical grid environment.
Maternal factors in zebrafish development.

All processes that occur before the activation of the zygotic genome at the midblastula transition are driven by maternal products, which are produced during oogenesis and stored in the mature oocyte. Upon egg activation and fertilization, these maternal factors initiate developmental cascades that carry out the embryonic developmental program. Even after the initiation of zygotic gene expression, perduring maternal products continue performing essential functions, either together with other maternal factors or through interactions with newly expressed zygotic products. Advances in zebrafish research have placed this organism in a unique position to contribute to a detailed understanding of the role of maternal factors in early vertebrate development. This review summarizes our knowledge on the processes involved in the production and redistribution of maternal factors during zebrafish oogenesis and early development, as well as our understanding of the function of these factors in axis formation, germ layer and germ cell specification, and other early embryonic processes.
Medial–Frontal Stimulation Enhances Learning in Schizophrenia by Restoring Prediction Error Signaling

Posterror learning, associated with medial–frontal cortical recruitment in healthy subjects, is compromised in neuropsychiatric disorders. Here we report novel evidence for the mechanisms underlying learning dysfunctions in schizophrenia. We show that, by noninvasively passing direct current through human medial–frontal cortex, we could enhance the event-related potential related to learning from mistakes (i.e., the error-related negativity), a putative index of prediction error signaling in the brain. Following this causal manipulation of brain activity, the patients learned a new task at a rate that was indistinguishable from healthy individuals. Moreover, the severity of delusions interacted with the efficacy of the stimulation to improve learning. Our results demonstrate a causal link between disrupted prediction error signaling and inefficient learning in schizophrenia. These findings also demonstrate the feasibility of nonpharmacological interventions to address cognitive deficits in neuropsychiatric disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT When there is a difference between what we expect to happen and what we actually experience, our brains generate a prediction error signal, so that we can map stimuli to responses and predict outcomes accurately. Theories of schizophrenia implicate abnormal prediction error signaling in the cognitive deficits of the disorder. Here, we combine noninvasive brain stimulation with large-scale electrophysiological recordings to establish a causal link between faulty prediction error signaling and learning deficits in schizophrenia. We show that it is possible to improve learning rate, as well as the neural signature of prediction error signaling, in patients to a level quantitatively indistinguishable from that of healthy subjects. The results provide mechanistic insight into schizophrenia pathophysiology and suggest a future therapy for this condition.
Structure of avian AICAR transformylase with a multisubstrate adduct inhibitor beta-DADF identifies the folate binding site.

The penultimate catalytic step of the purine de novo synthesis pathway is the conversion of aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) to 5-formyl-AICAR that requires the cofactor N10-formyl-tetrahydrofolate as the formyl donor. This reaction is catalyzed by the AICAR transformylase domain of the bifunctional enzyme AICAR transformylase/inosine monophosphate cyclohydrolase (ATIC). Identification of the location of the AICAR transformylase active site was previously elucidated from the crystal structure of the avian ATIC with bound substrate AICAR; however, due to the absence of any bound folate, the folate binding region of the active site could not be identified. Here, we have determined the homodimeric crystal structure of avian ATIC in complex with the ATIC-specific multisubstrate adduct inhibitor β-DADF to 2.5 A resolution. β-DADF encompasses both the AICAR and folate moieties into a single covalently linked entity, thereby allowing for the characterization of the folate binding pocket of the...