cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fundamentals of Fluid Dynamics

The purpose of CFD is to map and quantify fluid flows in space and time. CFD simulations achieve this by solving the equations that govern flow: conservation of mass; balance of momentum; and conservation of energy. This chapter describes what these equations conceptually mean and how they are derived by applying basic physics statements such as Newton’s second law and the first law of thermodynamics to fluids. Fluid flow phenomena including boundary layers, turbulence, and unsteadiness are introduced and techniques to model them via CFD simulations are discussed. Turbulence models, which allow CFD simulations to achieve accurate results without having to calculate the smallest velocity fluctuations in a flow, thereby accelerating simulations, are also discussed and the most common models used in respiratory airflow simulations are compared.
Disengagement of motor cortex during long-term learning tracks the performance level of learned movements.

Not all movements require the motor cortex for execution. Intriguingly, dependence on motor cortex of a given movement is not fixed, but instead can dynamically change over the course of long-term learning. For instance, rodent forelimb movements that initially require motor cortex can become independent of the motor cortex after an extended period of training. However, it remains unclear whether long-term neural changes rendering the motor cortex dispensable are a simple function of the training length. To address this issue, we trained mice (both male and female) to perform two distinct forelimb movements, forward versus downward reaches with a joystick, concomitantly over several weeks, and then compared the involvement of the motor cortex between the two movements. Most mice achieved different levels of motor performance between the two movements after long-term training. Of the two movements, the one that achieved higher trial-to-trial consistency (i.e., consistent-direction movement) was significantly less affected by inactivation of motor cortex than the other (i.e., variable-direction movement). Two-photon calcium imaging of motor cortical neurons revealed that the consistent-direction movement activates fewer neurons, producing weaker and less consistent population activity than the variable-direction movement. Together, the motor cortex was less engaged and less necessary for learned movements that achieved higher levels of consistency. Thus, the long-term reorganization of neural circuits that frees the motor cortex from the learned movement is not a mere function of training length. Rather, this reorganization tracks the level of motor performance that the animal achieves during training.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Long-term training of a movement reshapes motor circuits, disengaging motor cortex potentially for automatized execution of the learned movement. Acquiring new motor skills often involves learning of multiple movements (e.g., forehand and backhand strokes when learning tennis), but different movements do not always improve at the same time nor reach the same level of proficiency. Here we showed that the involvement of motor cortex after long-term training differs between similar yet distinct movements that reached different levels of expertise. Motor cortex was less engaged and less necessary for the more proficient movement. Thus, disengagement of motor cortex is not a simple function of training time, but instead tracks the level of expertise of a learned movement.
A Systematic Review Exploring Acculturation and Type 2 Diabetes in Spanish-Speaking Populations.

Background:Acculturation to the United States has been previously studied in Spanish-speaking populations, but little is known about the potential relationship between acculturation and type 2 diab...
The Implications for Future Contingency Planning of the 1979 Gasoline Shortage

This paper examines the origins and management of the 1979 oil crisis in search of policy implications for the next oil shortage. Deliveries of gasoline were insufficient to meet demand during the first eight months of 1979; gasoline represented half of all refinery output.1
Functional diversity in vascular endothelial cells: role in coxsackievirus tropism

Six plaque-purified virus isolates were obtained from liver and heart tissues of a DBA/2 mouse infected 7 days earlier with 10(4) PFU of coxsackievirus group B type 3. Each virus isolate was assayed in vitro for infectivity to vascular endothelial cells (VEC) of the liver, lungs, and heart. Both the percentage of VEC infected and the mean progeny PFU produced per infected VEC were determined. Virus isolates from the heart showed greater infectivity and replication in heart VEC than in VEC derived from either the liver or lungs. Similarly, virus isolated from the liver preferentially infected liver VEC. Virus receptor expression varied between VEC populations, as demonstrated by binding studies with a [35S]methionine-radiolabeled heart virus and by enzyme-linked immunoadsorption assay studies with a monoclonal antibody to the coxsackievirus group B type 3 receptor on heart tissue. Finally, the heart and liver virus isolates were injected (10(4) PFU) intraperitoneally into BALB/c mice. After 7 days, the animals were sacrificed, and the hearts, livers, and lungs were evaluated for tissue injury and virus concentrations. Viruses originally isolated from the heart preferentially infected the heart when reinjected into animals and caused severe myocarditis. Viruses originally derived from the liver most consistently reinfected the liver, although significant virus concentrations were also detected in the heart. The liver virus isolates, however, were incapable of causing myocarditis. Thus, selective tropism of viruses for particular organs in vivo corresponds to the ability of these isolates to infect VEC in vitro.
Hydraulic Design of Stilling Basins: Small Basins for Pipe or Open Channel Outlets - No Tail Water Required (Basin VI)

An impact-type stilling basin is developed which will handle 21 to 340 cubic feet per second. No tail water is required and incoming velocities may be as great as 30 feet per second. General design rules and a table listing critical dimensions and proper riprap sizes for 9 different basin sizes are presented.
Enhanced Innovation: A Fusion of Chance Discovery and Evolutionary Computation to Foster Creative Processes and Decision Making

Human-based genetic algorithms are powerful tools for or- ganizational modeling. If we enhance them using chance discovery tech- niques, we obtain an innovative approach for computer-supported col- laborative work. Moreover, such a user-centered approach fuses human and computer partners in a natural way. This paper presents a first test, as well as analyzes the obtained results, of real human and computer collaboration powered by the fusion of human-based genetics algorithms and chance discovery.
Intracellular Acidification of Human Melanoma Xenografts by the Respiratory Inhibitor m-Iodobenzylguanidine Plus Hyperglycemia: A 31P Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study

In vivo 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy demonstrates that human melanoma xenografts can be significantly acidified by induction of hyperglycemia combined with administration of m -iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG), an inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration. In melanoma xenografts (≤8 mm diameter), intracellular pH (pHi, measured by the chemical shift of the Pi resonance) and extracellular pH (pHe, measured with 3-aminopropylphosphonate) was reduced by less than 0.2 unit during i.v. infusion of glucose for 40 min. Administration of MIBG (30 mg/kg) under hyperglycemic conditions (26 mm) reduced tumor pHi and pHe by ∼0.4 ( P < 0.001) and ∼0.6 ( P < 0.001) unit, respectively; coincidentally, the nucleoside triphosphates:Pi ratio decreased ∼60% ( P < 0.004) relative to the baseline level. Minimal changes in pHi and pHe and a small decrease in nucleoside triphosphates:Pi ratio (26%, P = 0.2) were observed in liver in response to MIBG plus hyperglycemia. These results suggest that under normoglycemic and hyperglycemic conditions, small human melanoma xenografts (≤8 mm) may exhibit a relatively high level of oxidative phosphorylation that may be blocked by MIBG. The acidification may result from increased lactate production as a direct effect of MIBG inhibition of respiration in mitochondria of tumor cells, or through indirect systemic effects, which remain to be identified. The synergetic effects of MIBG and hyperglycemia result in significant acidification of the tumor and a decrease in tumor bioenergetic status, and the effects are largely selective for tumors in comparison with normal tissues.
Calculations of electrostatic interactions and pKas in the active site of Escherichia coli thioredoxin.

The active-site protonation state is crucial to the reductive mechanism of Escherichia coli thioredoxin, which involves a nucleophilic attack by the thiolate form of Cys32. We have calculated the titration properties of the active-site residues using a continuum electrostatic model, the X-ray structure of the oxidized protein, and ensembles of NMR structures of the oxidized and reduced protein. Protein dipoles, especially the SH dipole of Cys35, can provide sufficient stabilization of the Cys32 thiolate to account for its low experimental pKa (∼7.4), but this effect is very sensitive to local conformational variations. The experimental finding that Cys32 titrates at a lower pH than Cys35 is explained by the latter's deeper burial from solvent exposure, and stronger interaction with the carboxylate of Asp26, and not by helix dipoles or positively charged side chains. The calculated very strong interaction between Cys32 and Cys35 in their thiolate forms implies that their titration must occur in two widely ...
Benjamin’s Arcades Project today: From the European metropolis to the global city

This essay reads Walter Benjamin’s Arcades Project (1927–40) as an analysis of 19th-century Paris that anticipates non-western and global urban space in the postmodern age of a late capitalist consumer society. In Benjamin’s analysis, the French capital cites images of colonial or non-western cultures for the formation of its European identity. Conversely, the accelerating hybridization and virtualization of today’s global cities, here exemplified by Hong Kong, appropriate images from Europe, fusing these by borrowing from their own history in order to fashion their own metropolitan diversity. As a result, Benjamin’s Europe-centred text can be re-employed as a framework for analysing representations of non-western cities; correspondingly, focusing on a (western) description of a city like Hong Kong allows Benjamin’s reconstruction of 19th-century Paris to appear as a foundational space of today’s transnational capitalism.
Root system graphs

Abstract Cameron, Goethals, Seidel, and Shult classified the graphs with eigenvalues at least – 2 by viewing their vertices as elements of a root system of type A n , D n , E 6 , E 7 , or E 8 . In this paper we characterize graphs satisfying more general algebraic conditions by viewing edges as elements in a root system. Specifically, vertices are viewed as equal length vectors spanning some Euclidean space that is also spanned by a root system Φ, such that vertices are adjacent if and only if their differences is in Φ. We conclude with some open problems.
A chicken histone H3 gene contains intervening sequences

The organization of histone gene complexes in higher eukaryotes has long been a focus of study in eukaryotic molecular biology. The best studied and most extensively characterized histone gene families are those of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and Lytechinus pictus1,2, which are also the archetypal example of tandemly duplicated genes, each of the four core histone genes and the histone H1 gene being represented once in each tandem repeat unit. Recently, it has become apparent that the organization of histone gene families from higher eukaryotes does not follow these classical examples, a clustered but not tandemly duplicated arrangement having been found in chicken, mouse and humans3–5. In the chicken, the genes are organized in apparently random arrays with no cluster of genes being structurally analogous to another cluster3. In Xenopus, there is evidence for some degree of tandem duplication, and yet there is divergence within these clusters6. In yeast, the two gene clusters, each containing an H2a and H2b gene, are separate from other histone genes in the organism; furthermore these two clusters are unlinked to one another, but show evidence of close conservation of sequence between the two clusters7. During the routine screening and processing of a number of chicken histone gene recombinants we discovered one chicken histone H3 gene which displayed abnormal characteristics with respect to the majority of the genes in our collection. Closer examination of this gene showed it to be structurally different in that it is the first demonstrated example of a histone gene which contains intervening DNA sequences.
The ants of remote Polynesia revisited

The islands of remote Polynesia (east of Rotuma, Samoa, Tonga and New Zealand) have long been thought to contain few, if any, native ants. The findings of recent sediment core studies, however, challenge this conventional wisdom and indicate some species may be native. The majority of ant species in remote Polynesia, however, are introductions from tropical and subtropical regions around the world. Despite this diversity of origins, and the lack of a common coevolutionary history in the region, patterns of organization in remote Polynesian ant communities are generally similar to those observed in coevolved continental areas. The distribution of ant species across Polynesia is consistent with a primary mechanism of anthropogenic introductions, with the availability of suitable habitat as a secondary mechanism. The species-area relationship for better-collected Polynesian islands reveals these islands are depauperate compared to Melanesian islands with endemic species. Four out of five of the “world’s worst” invasive ant species are present in remote Polynesia. Recent studies have documented how range expansions of such ant species have had detrimental effects on native arthropod populations, although the overall effects of introduced ants per se on naive endemic island arthropods may never be known with certainty. Considering the relatively fragile nature of island ecosystems, and the potential transformative effects of invasive ants on arthropod communities, vigilance is required to prevent the spread of invasive ant species across Polynesia.
Aggression and avoidance byBetta splendens toward natural and artificial stimuli

The aggressive display of male Bettas was elicited maximally by another male, followed by a mirror image, a moving model, and a stationary model. The same order of effectiveness obtained regardless of the order of presentation of the stimuli. After a few days’ exposure to each stimulus, 1 h per day, the Bettas’ aggressive displays declined sharply. This did not represent a loss of attentiveness to the stimulus, but an active avoidance response. It is argued that this and other behaviors classified as “habituation” may profit from further behavioral analysis.
Lipids, lipoproteins, women and cardiovascular disease.

Abstract The risk factors for cardiovascular disease are related directly or indirectly in women, as in men, to lipid and lipoprotein levels. But women have the advantage of the beneficial effects of either endogenous or exogenous estrogen on these levels throughout most of their lives. Behaviors such as smoking or diseases such as diabetes interfere with the favorable lipid and lipoprotein levels seen in women, and heart disease risk is increased significantly. Oral contraceptives have negative effects on lipids but appear not to increase risk for atherosclerosis in current or past users. Postmenopausal estrogen therapy appears to protect women from heart disease, but the long-term effect on risk is unknown for combination hormone therapy. The monitoring of a woman's lipid profile, a major indicator of risk for heart disease, is of paramount importance.
Shock, reheating, and the gas retention ages of chondrites

Bronzite, hypersthene and amphoterite chondrites examined by X ray diffraction for inert gas retention ages relationship to shock and reheating
Effects of temperature, pH elevators, and energy production inhibitors on horseradish peroxidase transport through endocytic vesicles.

We investigated the effects of reduced temperature, the pH elevators NH4Cl, monensin, and HEPES (N-2-hydroxy-ethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid) buffer, as well as the metabolic poisons NaF/KCN on transport of the fluid phase pinocytic marker, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), to lysosomes in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. In cell fractionation experiments, these agents appeared to block HRP transit at specific point(s) from "early" to "late" (i.e., low to high density) prelysosomal vesicles and lysosomes. Reduced temperature (17 degrees C) most strongly inhibited HRP transport from low density, early endosomes to lysosomes. In long-term HRP uptakes at 17 degrees C, marked peroxidase accumulation occurred both in early endosomes and in lysosomes. Loss (reversible pinocytosis) of HRP from "very early" endosomes occurred at 17 degrees C. All three pH elevators including the common media supplement HEPES buffer inhibited transit of internalized HRP into lysosomes. For all three pH elevators, inhibition was most pronounced at the "early" endosome stage. The respiratory inhibitors NaF/KCN also inhibited transport most strongly at the early endosome stage. Together these results suggest that "early" steps in the endocytic transport of HRP are the most sensitive and that the conditions tested may exert direct effects on the processing of endocytic vesicles.
Altered response to thyroid hormones by prostate and breast cancer cells.

Transferrin, an abundant bone marrow constituent, has been shown to be a potent mitogen in vitro in the prostate cancer cell line PC3. T4 (L-thyroxine) and T3 (3′,3,5-tri-iodo-L-thyronine) are regulators of cell metabolism. In this study, the effects of nonphysiological concentrations (about two orders of magnitude higher) of T4, T3, T2 (3,5-di-iodo-L-thyronine), RT3 (reverse T3, 3′,5′,3-tri-iodo-L-thyronine) and transferrin (about three orders of magnitude lower) were tested on the prostate cancer cell lines PC3, DU145 and LNCaP, and the breast cancer cell line MCF-7. In PC3 cells, increased proliferation by transferrin could be reversed by the addition of T3 or T4. T4 decreased proliferation in all cell lines tested, while transferrin increased proliferation in PC3 cells only. T3 decreased proliferation in PC3, LNCaP and MCF-7 cells but had no effect on DU145 cells. T4 and T3 gave two-state behavior in LNCaP cells. These results were combined to determine the essential iodines which produced the observed proliferative effects. Cell lines responded differently to T4, T3, T2, RT3 and transferrin suggesting a specific interaction among the compounds tested and the different cell lines. Finally, regulation of gene expression was demonstrated using DU145 cells. Upregulation of c-fos mRNA was observed in cultures at early time-points in the presence of T4, transferrin or both. Decreased expression was observed at later time-points with no expression at 4 h. An explanation for these results may be a change in thyroid hormone receptor/ligand affinity. Thus, the interactions between thyroid hormones and cancer cells may be different from those between thyroid hormones and normal cells.
Tetranucleotide microsatellite loci from the endangered green turtle (Chelonia mydas)

We describe isolation and characterization of 20 polymorphic tetranucleotide loci from the green turtle (Chelonia mydas). We identified an average of 12.5 alleles per locus based on screening of 31 individuals foraging in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, USA. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.53 to 1.00, with a mean of 0.85. This microsatellite suite has a combined non-exclusion probability of identity of 2.45 × 10–28. These markers will complement those already available for green turtles in individual-based as well as population level genetic analyses.
Constitutive activation of chimeric m2/m5 muscarinic receptors and delineation of G-protein coupling selectivity domains

To derive structure/function relationships for muscarinic receptor/G-protein coupling, the m2 and m5 muscarinic receptors and a series of m2/m5 chimeras were tested for agonist binding and functional responses in a cellular proliferation/transformation assay. m5, which mediates stimulation of phosphatidylinositol turnover, displayed robust activity in the proliferation assay, whereas m2, which mediates inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, was inactive in the proliferation assay. Chimeras that contained m2 sequences in the i2 or i3 loops had impaired activity or were inactive, respectively. Chimeras that contained m2 segments reaching from the N-terminus to TM2, or from TM6 to the C-terminus, had enhanced activity relative to m5, and a chimera with both of these elements was constitutively activated.
Scaling of localization lengths in quantum dynamics

We study a quantum-mechanical rotor driven by two traveling potential-energy waves. We show that the decay properties of momentum-space wave functions can be predicted using a quantum renormalization map. We describe the results of numerical simulations of the Schr\"odinger equation, and compare the map's predictions to the behavior observed in the simulations.
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: Substrates and materials for research and applications

Discovered by Richard Van Duyne in 1976, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has enjoyed a continual expansion in interest over the past 36 years benefitting from a series of discoveries, new fields, and technological capabilities, all of which have greatly contributed to the current broad interest in this topic. The focus on nanoscience and nanotechnology that began in the early 1990s naturally put a spotlight on SERS as a quintessentially nanoscale phenomenon. This article discusses some of the key field-shaping developments in SERS from a historical and a materials perspective, providing background for the articles in this issue of MRS Bulletin.
Gramine-derived bromo-alkaloids from the marine bryozoan

Abstract Two new natural products, 2,5,6-tribromo-N-methylgramine ( 1 ) and its corresponding side-chain N-oxide, 2 , have been isolated from the subtropical marine bryozoan Zoobotryon verticillatum . The structures of these compounds were illustrated by spectral analyses and by chemical synthesis.
Mode of action of the delayed toxicity of O,O,S-trimethyl phosphorothioate in the rat

Abstract As preliminary probes to determine the mode of delayed toxic action of O,O,S-trimethyl phosphorothioate (I) in the rat, the effect of I on rat tissue and organs, and on blood, urine, and pharmacokinetic parameters was investigated. Following oral administration, 30 to 200 mg/kg I caused liver necrosis as a major pathological effect. Morphological changes were also observed in the heart, adrenal, tissues of the small intestine, and kidney. Most animals treated with I developed bronchopneumonia after 3 days. Blood samples taken from rats poisoned with 60 mg/kg I showed severe hemoconcentration; however, serum Na+, Cl−, albumin, and total carbonate/bicarbonate varied only slightly. Na+ and Cl− concentrations in the urine showed a steady decline with time following poisoning but K+ levels remained relatively constant. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that 14C levels in the blood following intraperitoneal or intravenous administration of 60 mg/kg [CH3O14C]I were not affected when the animals were cotreated with 5% of the antagonist O,O,O-trimethyl phosphorothioate. However, lower levels of 14C were found in antagonized animals following oral administration.
SU-E-J-83: Evaluation of Landmark-Assisted Deformable Image Registration Technique On Inter-and Intra-Patient Head and Neck CT Imaging

Purpose: Accurate image registration in patients with Head and Neck (HN) cancer is critical for assessment of treatment response, and must be rigorously validated. To evaluate deformable image registration (DIR) with our previously developed DIR techniques on HN PET‐CT scans, we incorporated distance discordance metric (DDM), a novel method for quantification of local registration uncertainty, as well as traditional quantitative and qualitative measurements. Methods: For each CT image series, six landmark (LM) points relevant for patients with HN cancer were placed, including the inferior‐most extent of the styloid processes, the lateral‐and inferior‐most aspects of the hyoid bone, and the superior central face of the sternum. These points were used either to assist or assess registration.Inter‐patient HN CT image registration for 10 patients was performed using standard intensity‐based B‐Spline and LM‐assisted B‐Spline DIR techniques. Intra‐patient DIR of the same patients was performed using pre‐and post‐radiation therapy image sets of the same patient.DDM metrics were obtained for inter‐patient DIR results and compared to traditional qualitative and quantitative methods including whole image mean square error (MSE), relative landmark distances between scans, and visual judgment by physicians. Results: Registration results were improved with the addition of landmarks on bony structures relevant to HN cancer. While MSE only provides a general estimate of the overall image registration error, the novel DDM metric shows the registration uncertainties for each pixel on the fixed image, allowing for localization of error. Based on DDM, DIR uncertainty was significantly reduced (>50% in region of interest) by LM‐assisted DIR techniques on inter‐patient registration. Relative LM distance was reduced as well for both intra‐and inter‐patient DIR (<1mm). Conclusion: Evaluation of DIR results with novel and traditional methods demonstrates the LM‐assisted DIR approach achieves better registration results on both inter‐and intra‐patient DIR.
Experiments on Arrays of Globally Coupled Periodic Electrochemical Oscillators

Experiments on periodically oscillating arrays consisting of from one to 64 nickel electrodes in sulfuric acid are carried out. Harmonic and relaxation oscillations that occur respectively in two regions of parameter space are considered. External resistors in parallel and series are added to vary the extent of global coupling among the oscillators. The array is heterogeneous due to small variations in the properties of the electrodes, and there is also a small amount of noise. With no added global coupling there is a narrow distribution in frequency of the oscillators. As global coupling is added to the arrays of harmonic oscillators the distribution of frequencies become narrower until synchronization is attained; further increase brings the phases together. There is no qualitative change in the dynamics of an individual element. Coupling of the relaxation oscillators leads to more complicated behavior. As the global coupling strength is increased from zero there is a tendency for the system to synchron...
Upper limit of constant strain rates in a split Hopkinson pressure bar experiment with elastic specimens

The upper limit of the achievable constant strain rates in linearly elastic specimens loaded by a split Hopkinson pressure bar is estimated based on the specimen properties and a linear ramp loading. The criterion for a plateau of constant strain rate is derived and discussed. Dynamic experimental results on an S-2 glass/SC15 composite and polymethyl-methacrylate subjected to various ramp loadings verify the modeling results.
Mad cow disease in the United States: an update on bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Abstract Classified among the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), are neurodegenerative conditions associated with the accumulation of an abnormal protein called PrP. Both conditions are thought to result from a novel type of infection that is mediated by a protein agent rather than a nucleic acid-containing particle. Amplified by the practice of feeding infected bovine tissue to other cattle, the BSE epidemic in the United Kingdom has now been largely controlled; BSE has, however, spread to other countries. Multiple lines of evidence support the hypothesis that BSE and vCJD are caused by the same agent. In the United States, a variety of measures have been implemented to survey for BSE and to prevent the development of an epidemic in this country. The recent identification of the first case of BSE in the U.S. has increased interest in these areas.
Finding Common Ground: The Importance of Place Attachment to Community Participation and Planning

This article draws connections between the environmental and community psychology literature on place attachment and meaning with the theory, research, and practice of community participation and p...
Bacterial and fungal growth in total parenteral nutrition solutions

The most serious complication of prolonged intravenous infusion of hypertonic dextrose and amino acids is infection. Frequently, the etiology is fungal rather than bacterial. Previous authors have suggested that bacterial survival and growth in the solutions is suppressed by (a) high dextrose concentration, (b) high osmolality, or (c) low pH. This paper presents evidence that proposals (a) and (b) are untenable and (c) is only partly responsible. We call attention to the presence of a factor that is antibacterial but not antifungal; namely, a high concentration of glycine.
Large-scale double-staining of rat fetal skeletons using Alizarin Red S and alcian blue.

A critical component in the conduct of a prenatal developmental toxicity study is the evaluation of fetal skeletal development. As the developing rodent fetus is typically evaluated at gestation day 20, at a time when ossification of the skeleton is incomplete, a thorough assessment of skeletal development would include both ossified and cartilaginous structures. Current methods to double-stain the fetal skeleton using Alizarin Red S and Alcian Blue are typically described for small sample sizes or using time allotments for each processing step that are unsuitable for industry. In an industrial setting, there is a need for an effective means to double-stain fetal skeletons on a large scale (i.e., hundreds of fetuses simultaneously). This article describes a method used in our laboratory to stain both fetal bone and cartilage using solutions and procedures on an industrial scale.
Compensation of Chief Executive Officers at Nonprofit US Hospitals

Importance Hospital chief executive officers (CEOs) can shape the priorities and performance of their organizations. The degree to which their compensation is based on their hospitals’ quality performance is not well known. Objective To characterize CEO compensation and examine its relation with quality metrics. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective observational study. Participants included 1877 CEOs at 2681 private, nonprofit US hospitals. Main Outcomes and Measures We used linear regression to identify hospital structural characteristics associated with CEO pay. We then determined the degree to which a hospital’s performance on financial metrics, technologic metrics, quality metrics, and community benefit in 2008 was associated with CEO pay in 2009. Results The CEOs in our sample had a mean compensation of $595 781 (median, $404 938) in 2009. In multivariate analyses, CEO pay was associated with the number of hospital beds overseen ($550 for each additional bed; 95% CI, 429-671; P P P P = .006). We found no association between CEO pay and hospitals’ margins, liquidity, capitalization, occupancy rates, process quality performance, mortality rates, readmission rates, or measures of community benefit. Conclusions and Relevance Compensation of CEOs at nonprofit hospitals was highly variable across the country. Compensation was associated with technology and patient satisfaction but not with processes of care, patient outcomes, or community benefit.
Effect of Row Spacing and Soybean Genotype on Mainstem and Branch Yield

Partitioning of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed yield between mainstem and branch fractions across row widths and genotypes at recommended seeding rates is not well understood. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the distribution of seed yield between mainstem and branch fractions of eight soybean genotypes grown in narrow (19 cm) and wide (97 cm) rows at recommended seeding rates. In contrast to adequate rainfall throughout the crop season in 2002, a lack of rainfall during reproductive development in 2003 caused differences in mainstem and branch yield components between years. Mainstem seed yields, averaged over years and genotypes, accounted for 45 and 69% of the total yield in wide and narrow rows, respectively. Mainstem seed yields, averaged over years and row widths, ranged from 62 to 142 g m -2 among genotypes. Ranking of mainstem and branch yields among genotypes was stable over environments. Similarly, row width did not influence mainstem yields among genotypes, but genotype branch yields in wide rows were different from those in narrow rows. Branch seed yields in narrow rows, averaged over years, ranged from 14 to 57% of total seed yield while 47 to 74% of total seed yield was produced on branches in wide rows. This research demonstrates considerable differences exist in mainstem and branch yields among genotypes and that genotypes having superior branch yield should be selected for wide rows while mainstem yield should be used as a selection criteria for narrow rows.
Prostate cancer detection in men with serum PSA concentrations of 2.6 to 4.0 ng/mL and benign prostate examination. Enhancement of specificity with free PSA measurements.

Objective. —To determine the detection rate of prostate cancer in a screening population of men with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentrations of 2.6 to 4.0 ng/mL and a benign prostate examination, to assess the clinicopathological features of the cancers detected, and to assess the usefulness of measuring the ratio of free to total PSA to reduce the number of prostatic biopsies. Design. —A community-based study of serial screening for prostate cancer with serum PSA measurements and prostate examinations. Setting. —University medical center. Subjects. —A total of 914 consecutive screening volunteers aged 50 years or older with serum PSA levels of 2.6 to 4.0 ng/mL who had a benign prostate examination and no prior screening tests suspicious for prostate cancer, 332 (36%) of whom underwent biopsy of the prostate. Main Outcome Measures. —Cancer detection rate, clinical and pathological features of cancers detected, and specificity for cancer detection using measurements of percentage of free PSA. Results. —Cancer was detected in 22% (73/332) of men who underwent biopsy. All cancers detected were clinically localized, and 81% (42/52) that were surgically staged were pathologically organ confined. Ten percent of the cancers were clinically low-volume and low-grade tumors, and 17% of those surgically staged were low-volume and low-grade or moderately low-grade tumors (possibly harmless). Using a percentage of free PSA cutoff of 27% or less as a criterion for performing prostatic biopsy would have detected 90% of cancers, avoided 18% of benign biopsies, and yielded a positive predictive value of 24% in men who underwent biopsy. Conclusions. —There is an appreciable rate of detectable prostate cancer in men with serum PSA levels of 2.6 to 4.0 ng/mL. The great majority of cancers detected have the features of medically important tumors. Free serum PSA measurements may reduce the number of additional biopsies required by the lower PSA cutoff.
Insurance Redlining and the Transformation of an Urban Metropolis

Financial institutions play a critical role in determining the viability of urban communities. As is the case with the geographic distribution of mortgage and business loans, insurance redlining constitutes a major force in fueling the uneven development of metropolitan areas. This article examines the racial effects of insurance underwriting activity in a large midwestern metropolitan area. In analyzing the distribution of homeowners insurance policies, a strong bias in favor of suburban and white neighborhoods and against inner-city and minority communities was found. These patterns reflect both discriminatory nonrational economic behavior on the part of insurers and the logic of rational market processes. Policy recommendations are offered to address the problems inner-city neighborhoods confront in efforts to secure adequate insurance and other financial resources.
USE OF POTASSIUM PYROANTIMONATE IN THE LOCALIZATION OF SODIUM IONS IN RAT KIDNEY TISSUE

Potassium pyroantimonate added to fixative solutions has been used in tissue localization of sodium ions. The distribution and specificity of the resulting precipitate in rat kidney is described in this study. Two reproducible patterns of precipitate were obtained in control tissues. The first pattern, which occurred after fixation in solutions containing aldehyde, showed the precipitate to be mainly extracellular. The second pattern, showing the precipitate in both intracellular and extracellular locations, occurred after aldehyde fixation in those experimental situations favoring cellular swelling or after fixation with solutions containing osmium tetroxide. It appeared that sodium ions could move after fixation but that sodium pyroantimonate precipitate could not. Since model systems demonstrated that dense precipitate formed when potassium pyroantimonate was added to solutions containing certain biological amines or some divalent cations, it appeared likely that the reagent did not provide specific tissue localization for sodium ions.
Eleven Propositions in Response to the Question: “What Is Contemporary about Craft?”

AbstractThis text was written for a panel at the 2012 College Art Association conference entitled “What Is Contemporary about Craft?,” co-chaired by Namita Wiggers and Elizabeth Agro. It puts forth eleven polemical propositions that attempt to answer the panel's question from a variety of perspectives, highlighting the shifting and vexed place that craft occupies within contemporary art.
How young for bariatric surgery in children

Obesity affects 50% of adults and 18% of children in the USA. It has wide-ranging comorbidities with clinical, psychosocial, and economic ramifications. Obesity refers to a condition of excess body fat. The basis for weight gain is a fundamental imbalance between caloric intake and output, but individual variation based on genetics, metabolism, and diverse environmental triggers is seen. Although modifications to our obesogenic society and education about the risks in our environment may lead to a decrease in the incidence of obesity through prevention, treatment for those already obese is critically important. In adults, the most successful treatment programs for obesity include a surgical procedure. This article discusses the problems obesity presents to children and their families, highlights the unique aspects of treating obesity in children, reviews the currently utilized bariatric surgical procedures, and introduces those bariatric procedures that are under development. When considering whether to use bariatric surgical procedures in a multidisciplinary weight management program for children, the special needs and characteristics of children with a severe weight problem must be considered. Development of bariatric surgical techniques and devices and implementation of these tools in multidisciplinary weight management programs need greater attention. This will require the combined efforts of the pediatric health care providers from many specialties and partnerships with industry to facilitate discovery and implementation.
Prior Image Constrained Compressed Sensing (PICCS)

It has been known for a long time that, in order to reconstruct a streak-free image in tomography, the sampling of view angles should satisfy the Shannon/Nyquist criterion. When the number of view angles is less than the Shannon/Nyquist limit, view aliasing artifacts appear in the reconstructed images. Most recently, it was demonstrated that it is possible to accurately reconstruct a sparse image using highly undersampled projections provided that the samples are distributed at random. The image reconstruction is carried out via an l(1) norm minimization procedure. This new method is generally referred to as compressed sensing (CS) in literature. Specifically, for an N × N image with S significant image pixels, the number of samples for an accurate reconstruction of the image is O(S ln N). In medical imaging, some prior images may be reconstructed from a different scan or from the same acquired time-resolved data set. In this case, a new image reconstruction method, Prior Image Constrained Compressed Sensing (PICCS), has been recently developed to reconstruct images using a vastly undersampled data set. In this paper, we introduce the PICCS algorithm and demonstrate how to use this new algorithm to solve problems in medical imaging.
Simple plots tell a complex story: using the EAR, RDA, AI and UL to evaluate nutrient intakes

The US Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) set by the US National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine (IOM), have provided goals for evaluating diets since the first nutrient calculation software appeared. Early standards were often perceived as being too high, and nutritionists set values such as 23 of the RDA as a more reasonable standard. Such arbitrary rules had no basis in science. Recently new standards have been set, and are known collectively as the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). Using these newer standards, algorithms for evaluating diets of individuals are now better grounded in science. Objective: To create computer software displays for evaluating diets of individuals incorporating the concept of probability of adequacy. Methods and materials: National Academy of Science publications give equations for calculating the confidence that an individual's intake is adequate or exceeds reference values and suggest ranges of acceptable intakes for carbohydrate, protein and fat. Using readily available graphing software we have designed several sample displays for presenting this information to a research subject or client. Results: Calculations have been programmed into graph-making software to produce several sample displays for evaluating intakes. Significance: Graphic displays give a picture of dietary adequacy and excess that is meaningful and easy to understand.
Measuring the goodness of lineups: parameter estimation, question effects, and limits to the mock witness paradigm

Lineups and photospreads can be biased against a criminal suspect and there is a need to measure this bias. The mock witness method has been accepted by eyewitness scientists since the 1970s as the paradigm for generating the data on which various metrics of bias are based. We note the reasons that structural lineup bias can lead to mistaken identification and we discuss the statistical metrics that are proposed to measure the degree of bias. Using mock witness data, we show that estimates of bias can vary as a function of the question asked of the mock witnesses. In addition, we note various lineup biases that are not measured with the mock witness paradigm, such as procedural biases and problems with propitious heterogeneity. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Retrieval of cardiac phase from IVUS sequences

Most of the quantitative measures from Intravascular Ultrasound (IVUS) images vary with the cardiac cycle. Although ECG-gated acquisition can prevent the pulsations from influencing the measurements, it may extend the acquisition time, and furthermore, very few IVUS systems currently in clinical use incorporate ECG-gated function. In this paper, we present a practical method to retrieve cardiac phase information directly from in vivo clinical IVUS image sequences. In an IVUS image that contains a cross-section of coronary artery, there are three regions annularly distributed from the center of the image - catheter, lumen, and part of the vessel wall. The catheter region exhibits virtually no change from frame to frame during the catheter pullback. While the lumen is a dark region, the vessel wall region appears bright. The change in lumen size and position that accompanies the pulse causes the image intensity of the IVUS images to exhibit a periodic variation along the pullback path. By extracting this signal attributed to the cardiac cycle, a subsequence of frames during pullback at the same phase of the cardiac cycle can be selected. The method was tested by the IVUS images of both a coronary phantom and a patient.
Citizens’ use of policy symbols and frames

This paper argues that citizens are capable of developing and promoting complex policy symbols, and that these symbols include supporting frames that explain and justify them. Based on a long-term study of education policies in Los Angeles, California, the paper uses interpretive methods to reconstruct and analyze these frames. Citizens developed two specific policy symbols while the district was engulfed in a desegregation debate; citizens identified schools as places where students gained academic knowledge and as institutions that affected broader race relations. However, education policy in Los Angeles could not support these two symbols over a long period of time, and a political movement to end mandatory busing eventually caused the academic symbol (originally the weaker of the two symbols) to become dominant. This trend reflects broader national discussions, in which education is now discussed in terms of standards and accountability and is evidence of continuing racism in US policy.
Some Previously Neglected Examples of Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy and Frequency of Its Various Reported Manifestations

Four patients are described with either parchment-like thinning or partial but extensive myocyte depletion with severe fatty or fibrofatty infiltration of the free wall of the right ventricle in its outflow tract, including 2 previously reported patients who also had focal parchment-like thinning of the left ventricular free wall. Three had documented ventricular tachycardia, and the remaining patient had sudden death as his first and only manifestation of heart disease. Three patients had severe heart failure: in 1, it was fatal, and the other 2 underwent cardiac transplantation. Necropsy cases of parchment-heart syndrome before 1980 are reviewed, as well as large series of cases with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) reported subsequently. It is suggested that ARVD is not an ideal name for this condition, because malignant ventricular arrhythmias are not universal, the left ventricular free wall and/or ventricular septum are sometimes involved, and the name "ARVD" neglects the fact that severe heart failure may be prominent in these patients. The right ventricular wall can be thin or parchment-like, or it may not be thinned but consist mainly of adipose tissue with or without focal fibrous tissue and a few islands of myocytes. Nevertheless, because the name "ARVD" has been commonly used and recognized for >30 years, it is probably best retained for this condition.