cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polymorphic transitions in n-hydrocarbon-water and n-alcohol-water binary systems

The mixing of hydrocarbons and alcohols in an excess of water is explained by polymorphic transitions similar to crystallization in an ensemble of water clusters. Enthalpies of transitions of 4.90 ± 0.07 and 2.2 ± 0.3 kJ/mol are obtained for solutions of hydrocarbons and alcohols in an excess of water, respectively. It is concluded that the mixing of water in an excess of hydrocarbons and alcohols is similar to evaporation (the breaking of H-bonds) with an enthalpy of 34 ± 1.4 kJ/mol. It is established that a polymorphic transition occurs between two binodals, and is accompanied by the emergence of microphases (concentration fluctuations) of alcohols in water. Binodals and spinodals in an excess of water and alcohol coincide for butyl and other higher alcohols.
War and the Virtues in Aquinas's Ethical Thought

Abstract This article argues that Thomas Aquinas's virtue ethics approach to just war theory provides a solid ethical foundation for thinking about the problem of war. After briefly indicating some shortcomings of contemporary views of international justice, including pacifism, legalism, progressivism, realism, pragmatism, and consequentialism, the article examines Aquinas's question ‘On War’ in the Summa Theologiae. It then attempts to show that Aquinas's thinking on war is rooted in his understanding of the virtues by providing a brief overview of how the cardinal virtues (prudence, justice, fortitude, temperance) and theological virtues (faith, hope, and charity) are connected to just war considerations.
A taxonomic approach to studying high-technology firms: Deciphering the tower of babel

Abstract This paper presents a typology of high-technology firms based on growth stage and production technology. It identifies four major types of high-technology firms: the embryonic, startup, growth, and mature multiline firm. Utilizing the del technique and trend analysis, the results also indicate that a study of 276 U.S. high-technology firms supports the validity of the typology. Embryonic and startup firms are managed by an owner or founder and employ a task group organization and an equity-based incentive system. In addition, growth and mature multiline firms are managed by a team of technical or managerial experts, produce a broad range of products, and invest in process R&D.
A new 'semi-active' method for chemical standoff detection

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) has recently developed a hybrid infrared technique for standoff chemical detection. Active infrared detection typically involves a sender and receiver telescope separated by (100’s) of meters and is quite sensitive, but is extremely cumbersome to align and is extremely sensitive to misalignment as the two telescopes must not only be parallel, but coaxial. Passive infrared sensing offers facile alignment (simply point the input optics), but relies on a happenstance temperature difference ΔT between the chemical plume and its background. Oftentimes the ΔT found in the field is only 1 or 2 K, and the passive method is thus not very sensitive in many cases. The “semi-active” technique creates a large temperature difference ΔT by placing an extended blackbody source at some distance away from the receiver telescope. The blackbody is designed to fill the telescope’s FOV at a typical distance of 100 m, and provides a typical temperature difference ΔT on the order of 80 to 100 K. Design considerations and experimental results in a direct comparison of passive, active, and semi-active measurements will be discussed.
Angular-distribution neutron-emission spectra of niobium following bombardment by fast neutrons

Abstract Neutron-emission spectra at ten angles between 20 and 160 degrees and incident neutron energies of 5.9, 7.1 and 8.4 MeV were measured relative to the neutron field emitted after spontaneous fission of 252Cf. The angular distribution of inelastically scattered neutrons appears to be essentially isotropic where it can be separated from the dominant elastic scattering peak. Above an excitation energy of 4 MeV the spectra are well described by a Maxwellian temperature distribution.
The effects of gender role stereotypes on political attitudes

Abstract Public attitudes toward women may be understood in terms of two dimensions: inferiority and indifference. Some people (both men and women) believe that women are inferior to men, whereas others believe that the sexes are merely different. Factor analysis of the NORC General Social Survey shows that the inferiority stereotype explains political attitudes better than the difference stereotype.
Fine structure of the mammalian egg cortex

The cortices of a number of mammalian eggs are not structurally homogeneous but are polarized. In mouse ova the plasma membrane is a mosaic; the cytoplasm overlying the meiotic spindle is devoid of cortical granules and consists of a filamentous layer containing actin. Functionally, this cortical polarity may be related to the restriction of sperm-egg interaction and fusion to a specific region of the ovum cortex and to dynamic changes of the egg cortex during fertilization, including cortical granule exocytosis, polar body formation, and fertilization cone development. The origin of cortical polarity in mammalian oocytes and its possible relation to components of the cytoskeletal system and meiotic apparatus are discussed and compared with cortical features of eggs of other vertebrates and invertebrates.
Computer Models Used to Support Cleanup Decision Making at Hazardous and Radioactive Waste Sites

Efforts are underway to cleanup hazardous and radioactive waste sites located throughout the U.S. To help determine cleanup priorities, computer models are being used to characterize the source, transport, fate, and effects of hazardous chemicals and radioactive materials found at these sites. Although the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), and the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) have provided preliminary guidance on the use of computer models for remediation purposes, there is only limited directed guidance on model selection and application at radiation contaminated sites. To identify what models are actually being used to support decision-making at hazardous and radioactive waste sites, a project jointly funded by EPA, DOE, and NRC was initiated. The purpose of this project was to: 1) identify models being used for hazardous and radioactive waste site assessment purposes; and 2) describe and classify these models. This report presents the results of this study. A mail survey was sent to around 550 persons engaged in the cleanup of hazardous and radioactive waste sites; 87 individuals responded. They represented organizations including Federal Agencies, National laboratories and contractor organizations. Although the questionnaire received widespread distribution, we acknowledge that some important organizations (e.g., U.S. Geological Survey) or personnel engaged in modeling at hazardous and radioactive waste sites were not contacted. The respondents identified 127 computer models that were being used to help support cleanup decision-making. The identified models included: Multi-Media (41 models); Ground Water (34 models); Air (20 models); Engineering (19 models); Surface Water (7 models), Geochemical (5 models); and, Utilities (1 model). These models were used at EPA (SUPERFUND), DOE (e.g., Defense, UMTRA, FUSRAP, and SFMP), and NRC sites. There were a few models that appeared to be used across a large number of sites (e.g., RESRAD). Most cleanup efforts, however, used site-specific models.
HAMMOND DOWNS, A NEW CHONDRITE FROM THE TENHAM AREA, QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA

Among a collection of meteorites from the area of the Tenham shower (Queensland, Australia) was a 27 kg stone which proved to be different from the other Tenham stones. It is a bronzite, H4, chondrite, the principal minerals being olivine (average composition Fa 18.8), clinobronzite and bronzite (average composition Fs16.4), nickel-iron, and troilite; it is considerably weathered, much of the nickel-iron being converted to limonite. It has a highly chondritic structure, with devitrified glass within the chondrules, and without visible plagioclase. This meteorite was found about 1950 near the Hammond Downs station, hence the name; its coordinates are lat 25° 28′ S., long 142° 48′ E.
Association Between Neighborhood Context and Smoking Prevalence Among Asian Americans

Objectives. To study neighborhood-level determinants of smoking among Asian Americans, we examined 3 neighborhood factors (ethnic enclave, socioeconomics, and perceived social cohesion) and smoking prevalence in a population-based sample.Methods. We linked data from the 2003 California Health Interview Survey to tract-level data from the 2000 Census. We used multivariate logistic regression models to estimate the associations between smoking and neighborhood-level factors, independent of individual factors.Results. Twenty-two percent of 1693 Asian men and 6% of 2174 Asian women reported current smoking. Women living in an Asian enclave were less likely to smoke (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.27; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.08, 0.88). Among men, higher levels of perceived neighborhood social cohesion were associated with lower odds of smoking (AOR = 0.74; 95% CI = 0.61, 0.91).Conclusions. The association between contextual factors and smoking differed for men and women. For women, living in an Asian e...
In a Wilderness of Tigers: Violence, the Discourse of English Colonizing, and the Refusals of American History

This essay addresses the first century of English colonization of the North American mainland. Rather than narrate a familiar story of events — migration, settlement, the creation of viable Anglophone cultures amid hardship and danger — it pursues a less familiar track by examining the terms upon which English adventurers and their contemporaries understood the world they inhabited, the process of transatlantic expansion upon which they were engaged, and, in particular, the justifications they espoused for their appropriations of space from its existing inhabitants. My examination concentrates in particular on the conjoined discourses, literary and legal, in which the meanings of those terms are most clearly displayed. Through analysis of Shakespeare's early play Titus Andronicus (c. 1591), I demonstrate the salience of Tudor political economy — principally of sovereign power and invasion, of land and inhabitation, and of the city and barbarism — to the discourse of early-modern English colonizing. I show how the same complex of ideas animated the founding legal texts of English "settlement," revealed in the jurisdictional structures created and spaces occupied by the projectors of colonies. Finally, through reference to another foundational text, not of colonizing but of modern American legal history (Willard Hurst's Law and the Conditions of Freedom in the Nineteenth Century United States, published in 1956), I show the cardinal importance to contemporary America's historical self-construction of a refusal to acknowledge America's historical origins in a political economy of "colonization" and its violence, and its preference for a narrative of "energy" and "freedom" and their occlusion of violence.
Observations of odd-half cyclotron harmonic emissions in a shell-Maxwellian laboratory plasma

During the last 14 years, the subject of odd-half electron cyclotron harmonic emission from plasma has been given considerable attention. It was apparently first reported to occur in a beam plasma machine. The existence of the emission in space has been well documented through observations made with satellites. Because wavelengths are difficult to observe in space, no wave number spectrum has ever been obtained for the half-odd harmonic emission. Such a spectrum together with a frequency spectrum might provide the basis for a successful modeling of the instability. The present investigation is concerned with the design of a laboratory experiment in which a plasma with an anisotropic velocity distribution is produced and measured. In addition, the dispersion relation is directly measured, and a noise analysis is conducted. The obtained plasma, a mixture of shell and Maxwellian distributions, is found to emit waves within the Bernstein wave branches. By correlation measurements, a mode is found which is essentially an absolute instability in a narrow frequency band.
Comparative biochemical studies of milks. I. Electrophoretic analysis of milk proteins.

Abstract 1. 1. Paper electrophoretic patterns of caseins and whey proteins from milks of forty species of mammals representing eight orders are presented. Each species has a distinct pattern and related species have similar patterns. 2. 2. Three types of casein patterns were found. The most primitive has a single fast-moving component which is strongly adsorbed by paper. The second type has a prominent slow-moving component and a faster component which is adsorbed. The third type has two sharply differentiated components. 3. 3. In eight species in which whey and blood serum were compared the whey contained components with the mobility of blood serum albumin and gamma globulins. 4. 4. Milks from the primitive orders contained fewer unique whey protein components than milks of more advanced orders. 5. 5. An electrophoretic component tentatively identified as lysozyme appears in whey protein patterns of certain carnivores and perissodactyls.
Temperature independence of the photoinduced electron injection in dye-sensitized TiO2 rationalized by ab initio time-domain density functional theory.

Time-domain density functional theory simulations resolve the apparent conflict between the central role that thermal fluctuations play in the photoinduced chromophore−TiO2 electron transfer (ET) in dye-sensitized semiconductor solar cells [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 18234; Isr. J. Chem. 2003, 42, 213] and the temperature independence of the ET rate [e.g., Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 2005, 56, 119]. The study, performed on the alizarin−TiO2 interface at a range of temperatures, demonstrates that the ET dynamics, both adiabatic and nonadiabatic (NA), are dependent on the temperature, but only slightly. The adiabatic rate increases with temperature because a fluctuation toward a transition state (TS) becomes more likely. A classical TS theory analysis of the adiabatic ET gives a Gibbs energy of activation that is equal to kBT at approximately 50 K, and a prefactor that corresponds to multiple ET pathways. The NA rate increases as a result of changes in the distribution of photoexcited-state energies and, hence...
Exposure to interpersonal violence and socioemotional adjustment in economically disadvantaged preschoolers.

ABSTRACTFocusing specifically on the experiences of economically disadvantaged preschoolers, the relations between interpersonal violence exposure, behavior problems, and social skills were examined in both the home and school settings. In this racially and ethnically diverse sample of preschoolers from poor, urban households (N = 64; 3–6 years old; 56% female), many children (33%) had been exposed to at least 1 type of interpersonal violence, and even more (70%) had been exposed to any type of potentially traumatic event (PTE). Although exposure to interpersonal violence was not directly associated with parent- or teacher-reported behavior problems or social skills, a significant interaction effect was observed between exposure to interpersonal violence and teacher-reported internalizing problems in predicting teacher-reported social skills; specifically, for children with the highest levels of internalizing problems, a positive relation between interpersonal violence exposure and social skills was obser...
Dilated and Unreactive Pupils and Burst-Suppression on Electroencephalography due to Buproprion Overdose:

Burst-suppression pattern on electroencephalography (EEG) occurs upon dissociation of the cortex from underlying brain structures. Unless the pattern is a physiologic consequence of administered sedatives, this electroencephalographic pattern is indicative of a poor neurologic outcome and high mortality. We report a case of a 29-year-old female thought to be brain dead based on initial physical examination and EEG findings of burst-suppression, who was later found to have supratherapeutic serum levels of bupropion. This is the second documented case of burst-suppression pattern on EEG in a patient who overdosed on bupropion. We propose that burst-suppression in the setting of bupropion toxicity may revert with drug clearance.
A Tip-Localized RhoGAP Controls Cell Polarity by Globally Inhibiting Rho GTPase at the Cell Apex

Summary Background Highly elongated eukaryotic cells (e.g., neuronal axons, fungal hyphae, and pollen tubes) are generated through continuous apically restricted growth (tip growth), which universally requires tip-localized Rho GTPases. We used the oscillating pollen tube as a model system to determine the function and regulation of Rho GTPases in tip growth. Our previous work showed that the spatiotemporal dynamics of the apical cap of the activated R h o -like GTPase from P lant 1 (ROP1) are critical for tip growth in pollen tubes. However, the underlying mechanism for the generation and maintenance of this dynamic apical cap is poorly understood. Results A screen for mutations that enhance ROP1-overexpression-induced depolarization of pollen-tube growth identified REN1 ( R OP1 en hancer 1 ) in Arabidopsis , whose null mutations turn elongated pollen tubes into bulbous cells. REN1 encodes a novel Rho GTPase-activating protein (RhoGAP) required for restricting the ROP1 activity to the pollen-tube tip. REN1 was localized to exocytic vesicles accumulated in the pollen-tube apex, as well as to the apical plasma membrane at the site of ROP1 activation. The apical localization of REN1 and its function in controlling growth polarity was compromised by disruption of ROP1-dependent F-actin and vesicular trafficking, which indicates that REN1 targeting and function is regulated by ROP1 downstream signaling. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the REN1 RhoGAP controls a negative-feedback-based global inhibition of ROP1. This function provides a critical self-organizing mechanism, by which ROP signaling is spatially limited to the growth site and temporally oscillates during continuous tip growth. Similar spatiotemporal control of Rho GTPase signaling may also play an important role in cell-polarity control in other systems, including tip growth in fungi and cell movement in animals.
Psychological Differences between Children and Adults

(1913). Psychological Differences between Children and Adults. The Pedagogical Seminary: Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 236-253.
Severe influenza B myocarditis and myositis.

Objective:To report an influenza B infection with associated myocarditis and severe skeletal myositis.Design:Case report.Setting:Cardiac intensive care unit in a university-affiliated children's hospital.Patient:A 4-yr-old girl.Results:The patient was successfully supported with extracorporeal membr
EFFECTS OF A TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE ON THE VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF CERTAIN OCEANIC ZOOPLANKTERS1

The effect of the total solar eclipse of 7 March 1970 on some oceanic Copepoda and Euphausiacea in the Gulf of Mexico was studied by taking 10-min tows with Clarke-Bumpus nets on the days before, during, and after the eclipse. Illumination was continuously recorded. Most organisms that responded to the eclipse did so by migrating to the surface during totality. The magnitude of this response appeared to exceed that to the decrease in light intensity at night.
Glucose Ingestion and Whole Blood Ionized Calcium and Magnesium in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy

Objective: To test the hypothesis that glucose ingestion leads to a decrease in plasma ionized calcium (iCa) and ionized magnesium (iMg) during the third trimester of pregnancy.Methods: We studied 54 women who underwent a 50 g glucose challenge test (GCT) and 27 women who underwent a 3-hour 100 g glucose tolerance test (GTT) because of an abnormal GCT. Plasma glucose was measured with an automated chemistry analyzer, while whole blood iCa and iMg were measured using an ion-selective electrode.Results: The 1-hour plasma glucose post-GCT correlated inversely with whole blood iCa (r=−0.322, p=0.027). The 3-hour plasma glucose GTT revealed a similar, but not statistically significant, decrease in blood iCa (r=−0.378, p=0.356). The combined 1-hour peak plasma glucose during GTT and GCT correlated inversely with iCa (r=−0.376, p=0.001), but not with iMg (r=0.050, p=0.737). Using multiple regression with iCa as the dependent variable and plasma glucose and glucose dose (50 or 100 g) as independent variables, bot...
The Effects of Racial Ecological Segregation on Quality of Life: A Comparison of Middle-Class Blacks and Middle-Class Whites

The author constructs an interval measure of geographical proximity to concentrations of poverty and adds this measure to regression equations to see the effect of proximity on middle-class white and black quality of life. The results show that geographical proximity is statistically significant and positively related to quality of life for both groups. That is, increased distance from concentrations of poverty increases quality of life for both middle-class whites and blacks. Additionally, the results indicate that the determinants of quality of life are collectively different for middle-class whites and blacks.
Theory of concentration profiling technique for semiconductors with many deep levels

Abstract A general theory is developed to obtain the spatial variations of the concentrations of the deep levels and free carrier from constant-capacitance voltage-transient (CCVT) measurements on semiconductor junctions containing many deep energy levels. In order to measure the deep-level densities near the junction boundary, two methods of edge region correction are also analyzed: the integral equation method and an experimental three-frequency capacitance-voltage method. Conditions under which these methods are easily applicable in experiments are discussed. Applications of these methods are published elsewhere.
Population dynamics of the tanaid Hargeria rapax (Crustacea:Peracarida) in a tidal marsh

The tanaidacean Hargeria rapax (Harger, 1879) was sampled along intertidal transects semi-monthly at one site and quarterly at two other sites in salt marshes on Sapelo Island, Georgia, USA, from July 1985 to July 1986. Tanaids were most abundant near the mean highwater line and became progressively less abundant at lower intertidal elevations. Population density was greatest in the winter (December to February) when there were >29 000 individuals/m2 at one high intertidal station. Although reproductive individuals were present most of the year, peaks in reproductive activity occurred in autumn (late August to early November) and spring (early March to mid June). An increase in population density coincided with increased reproductive activity only in autumn. Tanaid cohorts produced in the spring and summer rarely survived beyond 6 to 8 wk, but those produced in the autumn overwintered and lived 22 to 26 wk. The sex ratio among mature individuals was 2.8:1 (females: males). Mature females ranged in size from 2.2 to 3.9 mm total length (TL) and mature males were 2.3 to 4.1 mm TL; there was no significant sexual difference (Student's t-test, P>0.05) in the mean TL of mature individuals. The mean (±SD) size of brooding females was 2.9±0.32 mm TL and the mean (±SD) nunber of offspring/brood was 8.3±4.99 young/female. The timing of tanaid reproduction together with the effects of predation by juvenile fish and crustaceans may account for most of the spatial and temporal patterns of tanaid abundance observed in this study. There was a significant linear relationship (P<0.001, r2=0.54) between the growth rate (GR, mm/d) of individuals and average daily air temperature (°C) described by the equation: GR=0.00178 (°C)-0.00971. The potential annual contribution of tanaid production to higher trophic levels, estimated from knowledge of standing stocks, growth rates and fecundity, was 5.71, 0.91 and 0.46 g dry wt/m2 for high, mid and low intertidal areas, respectively. The high intertidal marsh, which supports the largest and most persistent standing stock of H. rapax, provides a rich foraging area for aquatic predators at high tide and an important source of recruits from which tanaid populations at lower intertidal elevations are recolonized after periods of intense predation pressure.
Ground truth seismic events and location capability at Degelen mountain, Kazakhstan

Abstract We utilized nuclear explosions from the Degelen Mountain sub-region of the Semipalatinsk Test Site (STS), Kazakhstan, to assess seismic location capability directly. Excellent ground truth information for these events was either known or was estimated from maps of the Degelen Mountain adit complex. Origin times were refined for events for which absolute origin time information was unknown using catalog arrival times, our ground truth location estimates, and a time baseline provided by fixing known origin times during a joint hypocenter determination (JHD). Precise arrival time picks were determined using a waveform cross-correlation process applied to the available digital data. These data were used in a JHD analysis. We found that very accurate locations were possible when high precision, waveform cross-correlation arrival times were combined with JHD. Relocation with our full digital data set resulted in a mean mislocation of 2 km and a mean 95% confidence ellipse (CE) area of 6.6 km 2 (90% CE: 5.1 km 2 ), however, only 5 of the 18 computed error ellipses actually covered the associated ground truth location estimate. To test a more realistic nuclear test monitoring scenario, we applied our JHD analysis to a set of seven events (one fixed) using data only from seismic stations within 40° epicentral distance. Relocation with these data resulted in a mean mislocation of 7.4 km, with four of the 95% error ellipses covering less than 570 km 2 (90% CE: 438 km 2 ), and the other two covering 1730 and 8869 km 2 (90% CE: 1331 and 6822 km 2 ). Location uncertainties calculated using JHD often underestimated the true error, but a circular region with a radius equal to the mislocation covered less than 1000 km 2 for all events having more than three observations.
Lubricant reservoir systems - Thermal considerations

Abstract : The thermal conditions necessary to ensure that porous nylon lubricant reservoirs properly function as lubricant replenishment sources are derived by thermodynamic methodology. The porous nylon must be warmer than its surroundings by at least an amount delta T, which may be expressed by the relation delta T=-2 gamma V T sub B rH where T sub B is the system temperature, r is the nylon pore radius, and gamma, V, and H are the surface tension, the molar volume, and the molar heat of vaporization of the liquid lubricant, respectively.
Surveillance, documentation and privacy: an international comparative analysis of state intelligence records

The annals of modern history are replete with examples of how state agencies have constructed mechanisms to observe and document the subversive activities of internal parties or individuals as well as perceived foreign influences or threats. While the definition of “subversive” changes with governing parties, the documentation of previous systems persists in the custody of archival repositories. These files represent the lives and work of individuals, and archivists face significant moral and ethical challenges regarding their disposition. This comparative study examines cases from across the globe and throughout the twentieth century to reveal the dispositions of surveillance records. More specifically, the study identifies the main variables that impact how these files are handled. This study begins with a theoretical framework that identifies common trends in the archival literature regarding surveillance files and their place in recovery and reconciliation efforts. Definitions are provided to establish the boundaries of this work within a broad categorization of levels of access that emerged from the case studies. Each level of access is then explored more deeply using specific examples to illustrate the complexities of custody and access encountered with these records. Ultimately, the study of the disposition and access to surveillance files uncovers three interrelated themes: the power of records, the impact of archival practice and the need to fully explore the context in which those files are created and retained.
Formation of phosphoryl triamide by decomposition of thiophosphoryl triamide in soil

Thiophosphoryl triamide inhibits soil urease activity when added to soil and is under consideration as a fertilizer amendment for retarding hydrolysis of urea fertilizer by soil urease. Work reported showed that this compound is a poor inhibitor of jackbean urease and that its ability to retard soil urease activity is due to its decomposition in soil with formation of phosphoryl triamide, which is a potent inhibitor of urease activity. This conclusion was supported by studies showing a close relationship between the peak area of the 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal from phosphoryl triamide in thiophosphoryl triamide solutions that had been incubated with soil for various times and the ability of these solutions to inhibit jackbean urease activity.
Fine structure energies and lifetimes of n = 2 states in helium-like phosphorus☆

Abstract Absolute wavelength measurements have been made of the 1s2s 3 S-1s2p 3 P 2,0 transitions in helium-like P 13+ . The wavelength results are sensitive to relativistic and quantum electrodynamic contributions for this two-electron system. The radiative lifetimes of the 2p 3 P 2,0 states have also been measured. The lifetime results reflect relativistic and hyperfine structure effects in this ion.
Prediction of extrauterine growth retardation (EUGR) in VVLBW infants.

BACKGROUND:Long-term growth failure in very very low birth weight (VVLBW) infants is a common complication of extreme prematurity. Critical illnesses create challenges to adequate nutriture. PURPOSE:To identify predictors of extrauterine growth retardation (EUGR) in VVLBW infants and to evaluate their nutritional intake and subsequent growth. STUDY DESIGN: A 4-year retrospective chart review of 221 infants ≤1000 g birth weight and ≤29 weeks gestational age who were admitted within 24 hours of birth, were free of major congenital anomalies and survived at least 7 days. Daily intakes and anthropomorphic data were collected and analyzed. Significant events during hospitalization were documented. RESULTS: Mean energy and protein intakes during hospitalization did not reach recommendations of 120 kcal/kg/d and 3.0 g/kg/day. In utero growth rates could not be consistently reached or sustained. As expected, BW (as measured by BW percentile score) was highly predictive of EUGR (p<0.001). When the independent effect of other predictors of EUGR was considered, only days of total parenteral nutrition (p<0.001) and HC percentile at return to birth weight (p<0.001) made a significant contribution to the prediction of EUGR, once the effect of BW was taken into account.
Mean airway pressure--significance during mechanical ventilation in neonates.

Variations in PEEP with concomitant changes of DPP while MAP, PIP, flow F1 o 2 , and ventilator rate remained constant were investigated in nine neonates with RDS during the first and second days of life. After stabilization on baseline ventilator settings, PEEP was increased by 3 cm of H 2 O and DPP decreased in order to maintain baseline MAP. Following a return to baseline settings, the PEEP was decreased by 3 cm of H 2 O and DPP increased sufficiently to maintain constant MAP. Arterial Pa o 2 . Pa CO 2 , pH, blood pressure, heart rate and a/AP O 2 ratios were measured before, during between, and after the experimental conditions. Analysis revealed no significant changes in Pa O 2 , blood pressure, or heart rate during baseline or experimental conditions. Pa CO 2 decreased significantly when PEEP was decreased and DPP increased, both on day 1 (37.2±2.4 vs 41.4±2.3 torr; P P CO 2 changes. This study confirms the importance of MAP in determining oxygenation in newborn infants with RDS. However, ventilation was significantly affected by variation in PEEP and DPP despite a constant MAP.
Ethical conflicts in the vocational rehabilitation of stroke survivors.

David G. is a 53-year-old right-handed man with a medical history significant for hypertension and coronary artery disease who collapses at home one morning while shaving. His wife finds him unresponsive immediately after the event and calls EMS. He is transported to the emergency department of a nearby hospital, which is a major academic medical center. Initial work-up in the emergency department finds that Mr. G has suffered a hemorrhagic stroke involving the right parietal region. His blood pressure, which is 210/98 on admission, is stabilized, and he is admitted to the neurologic ICU for further observation. Further work-up fails to reveal an aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation, or other anatomic etiology of the stroke. Mrs. G tells her husband’s nurses that she has been worried about him lately because of his refusal to take his blood pressure medication. His event is felt to be a hemorrhagic stroke secondary to untreated hypertension. Over the next 2 weeks, Mr. G’s neurologic status improves. He is awake, alert, and oriented to place, his family members, and his general situation. He responds to simple motor commands with his right upper and lower extremities, but he exhibits some left hemineglect, impulsivity, and decreased awareness of his deficits and safety concerns with mobility. His motor exam, which has improved since admission, now shows greater-than-gravity strength of the left upper extremity but increased resting tone and flexor synergy on purposeful movement. After a 3-week inpatient rehabilitation stay and 6 weeks of outpatient therapy, Mr. G and his wife report that he is doing well at home and requires minimal or moderate assistance for activities of daily living. He is walking household distances independently with a small-based quad cane but requires occasional cueing and reminders about safety. He is less impulsive in general than earlier in his rehabilitation course, but he still lacks insight and judgment with regard to his deficits and their functional implications. Prior to his discharge from outpatient therapy, Mr. G and his wife met with a vocational rehabilitation counselor to dis-
Distributed scheduling of unstructured collective communication on the CM-5

Parallelization of irregular applications often results in unstructured collective communication. We present a distributed algorithm for scheduling such communication on parallel machines. We describe the performance of this algorithm on the CM-5 and show that the scheduling algorithm gives a significant improvement over naive methods. >
Relations between Strategic Involvement and Managers' Perceptions of Environment and Competitive Strengths The Effect of Vision Salience

It is hypothesized that relations between managers' involvement in strategic planning and their perceptions of the organization's environment and its competitive strengths would be influenced by th...
Biliary excretion of warfarin metabolites and their metabolism by rat gut flora.

Abstract The bile was determined to be the major excretory route for 14C-warfarin in the rat with approximately 10% of the administered dose excreted within 5 hours after injection. Relatively little radioactivity appeared in the faces, indicating that considerable enterohepatic recycling was taking place. Less than 4% of the radioactivity in the bile could be extracted with organic solvents. Following incubation of the bile with β-glucuronidase or rat gut flora, however, the bulk of the radioactivity was extractable. The extent of gut flora-mediated hydrolysis of these polar biliary warfarin conjugates was approximately the same as obtained with β-glucuronidase. Approximately 1 3 of the gut flora-hydrolyzable conjugates were labile and subject to nonenzymatic hydrolysis at 37 C for 24 h. Chromatographic examination of the extracts from β-glucuronidase-treated bile revealed the presence of warfarin and 4′-, 6-, 7-, and 8-hydroxywarfarin. Warfarin and 7-hydroxywarfarin were the most abundant metabolites in the extracts.
The existential assumptions of traditional logic

There have been and continue to be disagreements about how to consider the traditional square of opposition and the traditional inferences of obversion, conversion, contraposition and inversion from the perspective of contemporary quantificational logic. Philosophers have made many different attempts to save traditional inferences that are invalid when they involve empty classes. I survey some of these attempts and argue that the only satisfactory way of saving all the traditional inferences is to make the existential assumption that both the subject and predicate classes and their complement classes are non-empty for all the propositions we admit. I briefly indicate the room for continued controversy over how properly to interpret Aristotle’s statements regarding these inferences, but find some plausibility in the views of Manley Thompson and A.N.Prior that Aristotle had in mind a particular arrangement of existential import unfamiliar to most contemporary logicians
Outdoor enclosures for feralizing rats and mice

Rationales for the naturalistic study of rattus and mus in outdoor enclosures are well known but rarely transformed into practice. This paper describes the materials, construction details, and operational procedures for rat and mouse pens that are easily and inexpensively built and maintained. The suggestion here is that outdoor enclosures offer meaningful views of rodent behavior not accessible in traditional laboratory situations.
The high-temperature oxidation of Ni-20%Cr alloys containing various oxide dispersions

The oxidation behavior of Ni-20%Cr alloys containing approximately 3 vol.% Y2O3, ThO2, and A12O3 as dispersed particles has been examined in the temperature range 900 to 1200° C in slowly flowing oxygen at 100 Torr. The results show that the oxidation behavior of the Y2O3-, ThO2-, Al2O3-, and Ce02-containing alloys is very similar and that some anomalies in the behavior of the ThO2-containing alloy might be explained by the slower rate of chromium diffusion in this coarse-grained alloy. Two Al2O3-containing alloys were studied. One with a relatively coarse dispersoid size behaved in a manner analogous to a dispersion-free Ni-30% Cr alloy at 1100°C. The other alloy contained a dispersion of fine Al2O3 particles and behaved exactly like the Y2O3-containing alloy at 1000 and 1100°C, but at 1200° C oxidized at a faster rate. It has been shown that the adherent scales on dispersion-containing alloys have a stabilized fine grain size, whereas the nonadherent scales on dispersion-free alloys undergo grain growth.
Evidence for a possible interaction between noradrenergic and serotonergic neurotransmission in the retrieval of a previously learned aversive habit in mice

The present series of experiments examined the effects of pretreating pirenperone-injected mice with a variety of non-serotonergic receptor antagonists on retrieval of a one-trial inhibitory (passive) avoidance task. Water-deprived mice were trained to avoid drinking from a water spout located in the avoidance chamber by pairing foot-shock with licks from the water spout. Retention was measured as the suppression of drinking (latency to drink) 48 h later. Pre-test administration of pirenperone (1.0 mg/kg) significantly enhanced retrieval (increased latencies). The suppression of drinking could not be attributed to the non-specific effects of pirenperone on behavior in general, as the performance of non-contigently shocked mice injected with the same dose of pirenperone did not exhibit a similar elevation in latencies. Of the seven pretreatment drugs examined, only phenoxybenzamine (1.0 mg/kg) completely blocked the pirenperone-induced response. Bicuculline (1.0 mg/kg) partially attenuated the enhanced performance resulting from pre-test pirenperone administration. The results suggest that the pirenperone-induced response may be partly due to activation of noradrenergic (alpha) neurotransmission.
The Menacanthus eurysternus Complex (Mallophaga: Menoponidae) of the Passeriformes and Piciformes (Aves)

Menacanthus eurysternus and M. merisuoi are redescribed. The former is broadly distributed, with specimens studied from 20 families, 70 genera, and 118 species of Passeriformes; from 3 genera and 5 species of Piciformes; and questionably from 4 other host orders. The latter is morphologically very close to M. eurysternus and has been seen from 4 genera of Corvidae. 36 new synonymies are given for M. eurysternus.
Morphological consequences of Interchange reactions during solid state polymerization in oriented polymers

Interchange reactions during solid-state polymerization (SSP) can cause significant morphological changes in the intercrystalline regions. A coarse-grained model has been formulated for the effect of these reactions on the topological distribution of chains in the intercrystalline regions of oriented polymer morphologies. It includes a novel thermodynamic scheme, coupled with a Monte Carlo simulation, based on rotational isomeric states, of confined chains to determine the relative probabilities of topologically different reaction outcomes. The results show the role of intrinsic molecular rigidity on interchange-reaction dictated interconversions of bridges and loops during SSP of different polymers. The scheme presented here can serve to identify, via gedanken experiments, appropriate semirigid polymers for synthesis and processing to produce morphologies for high mechanical performance. It can also be used to determine the above-Tg mechanical properties of noncrystalline domains, with a known initial topological distribution of chains, as well as the equilibrium distribution of these chains.
Expressions of gratitude to The Journal of Physiology, to our colleagues and students, and to the fates that placed us in such a great time to be scientists

Torsten and I obviously feel it an immense honour to be celebrated in this way by The Journal of Physiology. It was there that we published our first papers, in many ways still our farourite ones. We found J Physiol a wonderful place to publish: among other things the figures were beautifully done, the reviews were always fair (i.e. laudatory). Our 1959 paper's submission was accepted by a letter, written we think by William Rushton, that began ‘Congratulations upon a very fine paper…’, and made no suggestions at all for changes. We were pleased because that paper had gone through 11 drafts and had even passed muster by Ed Furshpan, our fiercest critic. Above all, The Journal didn't follow the bizarre American style of ordering periods and closing quotation marks at ends of sentences. We hated to change journals, but felt forced to because at that time the strictly alphabetical order of authors’ names in JP, though perhaps an advantage for me, was hard on Torsten. One could hardly expect Harvard deans or promotion committees to know the ways of the British. The problem came to a climax in the case of Ed Furshpan and Taro Furukawa, who had to change journals so Taro could get promoted in Japan. We have always felt that any success we had over the years was a matter of sheer and consistent good luck, at every turn. We were roughly the same age, our abilities were complementary, and our scientific outlooks were similar. We started at a time when single cell recording from CNS was just taking off, and at first we had the field of visual cortex more or less to ourselves, aided by the myth that our kind of research was difficult and tedious. We did nothing to dispel that myth and so had little competition for over a decade. NIH support was generous and we never had to spend more than a few days every half-decade writing grant proposals. Animals were cheap, and there were fewer hoops to jump through – no long, detailed animal-use protocols to write or gloves or masks to wear during experiments. Above all we worked in a wonderful setting, with the huge benefit of the wisdom and gentle guidance of Steve Kuffler (our leader, and later the head of our department), and the company of postdoctoral fellows and graduate students who were so good that we could ignore them and let them get on with their work.
A quantitative solid-phase assay for identifying radiolabeled glycosaminoglycans in crude cell extracts.

Abstract Extraction of radiosulfate-labeled cell layers in denaturing turing urea and nonionic detergent allows the quantitative binding of GAG-containing materials from up to 96 discrete samples to a single cationic nylon blot. Free sulfate and/or sulfated lipids fail to bind. Washing the blot with differential salt concentrations discriminates between native proteoglycans and free glycosaminoglycan chains or fragments. In addition, chondroitin sulfates and heparan sulfate are identified either by prior digestion with chondroitin ABC or AC lyase, as generated disaccharides fail to bind to the blot, or by treatment of the entire blot with nitrous acid following binding. Similarly, heparan sulfate can be identified on chromatograms or Western transfers from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis by autoradiography before and after treatment of the blot with nitrous acid.
Diffusion of myelin water

We studied compartmentally specific characteristics of water diffusion in excised frog sciatic nerve by combining T1 or T2 selective acquisitions with pulse-gradient spin-echo (PGSE) diffusion weighting, with the specific objective of characterizing myelin water diffusion. Combining a PGSE with a Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) acquisition provided apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) for each of the three T2 components found in nerve, including the short-lived component believed to be derived from myelin water. Double-inversion-recovery (DIR) preparation provided an alternate means of discriminating myelin water, and in combination with PGSE provided somewhat different measures of ADC. The DIR measures yielded myelin water ADCs of 0.37 μm2/ms (parallel to nerve) and 0.13 μm2/ms (perpendicular to nerve). These ADC estimates were postulated to be more accurate than those based on T2 discrimination, although the difference between the two findings is not clear. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.