cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dilute resonating gases and the third virial coefficient

We study dilute gases with short-range interactions and large two-body scattering lengths. At temperatures between the condensation temperature and the scale set by the range of the potential there is a high degree of universality. The first two terms in the expansion of thermodynamic functions in powers of the fugacity z, which measures the diluteness of the system, are determined by the scattering length only. The term proportional to ${z}^{3}$ depends only on one new parameter describing the three-body physics. We compute the third term of the expansion and show that, for many values of this new parameter, the ${z}^{3}$ term may be the dominant one.
HTLV-1 Tax directly modulates expression of the CDK6 and RNASET2 genes

The viral protein Tax utilizes interactions with many transcriptional regulatory proteins to modulate cellular gene expression and to activate transcription of the Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type 1(HTLV-1) provirus. In some cases it is possible that effects of Tax on cellular genes involve direct association of the viral protein with the promoter of the gene. Using a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay in conjunction with microarray and subsequent real-time PCR analysis, we identified and confirmed the association of Tax with promoters for the CDK6 and RNASET2 genes. These genes are of interest because they play roles in cellular proliferation and cell survival, respectively, which are processes affected by Tax. Cdk6 is a cyclin-dependent kinase most recently implicated in sustaining cells in an undifferentiated state. RNaseT2 is a ribonuclease that likely functions as a tumor suppressor in human cells. Interestingly, ectopic cellular expression of Tax led to increased Cdk6 mRNA and protein levels, while reducing those levels for RNase T2, suggesting that Tax utilizes distinct mechanisms to regulate expression of each gene. We have mapped the Tax binding sites to DNA regions centered at -468 and 618 relative to the RNA start site in the CDK6 and RNASET2 promoters, respectively. Studies are ongoing to understand how Tax regulates the expression of each gene.
Harvesting Photons in Thin Film Solar Cells with Photonic Crystals

Enhanced light absorption and improved photon harvesting is a major avenue to improving solar cell performance. We simulate and design photonic crystal based loss-less back reflectors. The photonic crystal is a 2-dimensional photonic crystal combined with a distributed Bragg reflector. We have designed and simulated a thin film a-Si:H solar cell with the photonic crystal reflector and an antireflection coating. The photonic crystal has square lattice symmetry and generates strong diffraction of near band edge photons in the absorber layer. The absorption of red and near-IR photons is increased by more than an order of magnitude by the photonic crystal. The photonic crystals are composed of ITO and can easily serve as a conducting back contact. This scheme can be easily extended to other solar absorber layers. We have optimized the geometry of the photonic crystal to maximize absorption using rigorous scattering matrix simulations. The optical path length with the photonic crystal can improve over the limit for a random roughened scattering surface.
Sputum Studies in Lobar Pneumonia. Phagocytosis and the Effect of Serum Therapy

SummaryThree types of phagocytosis depending upon the degree of encapsulation of the engulfed pneumococci, have ken observed in the sputum of patients suffering from lobar pneumonia. Clumping of capsulated pneumococci similar to agglutination and an increased phagocytosis of these organisms was evident in the sputum shortly after the administration of specific horse or rabbit antibody. Spontaneous clumping of capsulated pneumococci was observed in the sputum of 4 patients prior to therapy suggesting that a similar mechanism is involved in the development of active immunity. Further studies on the relation of the above phenomena to the clinical condition of'the patient and the adequacy of serum dosage are now in progress.
The 'Nature' of Contiguous Borders: Ease of Interaction, Salience, and the Analysis of Crisis

This paper presents the dataset developed from an NSF-supported project on reconceptualizing borders through the use of geographical information systems (GIS). After presenting an overview of the 301 contiguous land borders which were remeasured in terms of ease of interaction (opportunity), and salience/importance (willingness), the dataset is used to revisit hypotheses dealing with territory and borders, specifically four hypotheses developed by Brecher and Wilkenfeld (1997) from their International Crisis Behavior (ICB) project. The results support the design and purpose of the GIS project of reconceptualizing borders, which breaks away from the dichotomous characterization of states as contiguous or non-contiguous in order to examine the "nature" of borders. Our results do not fit the expectations of the "standard" adversarial proximity conflict model, and demonstrate that the border reconceptualization presented here can be used to investigate a number of related questions in the study of internation...
ANOMALOUS SKIN EFFECT FOR SPECULAR ELECTRON SCATTERING AND OPTICAL EXPERIMENTS AT NON-NORMAL ANGLES OF INCIDENCE.

The anomalous skin effect for specular electron scattering at the metal surface is studied, permitting the impinging plane wave to have an arbitrary angle of incidence. It is shown that the expressions for the surface impedance for a non-normal angle of incidence obtained by Reuter and Sondheimer as a generalization from their work at normal incidence are correct for $S$ polarization but incorrect for $P$ polarization. The correct surface impedance for $P$ polarization leads to an additional absorption peak in the frequency range ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\sim}}{l}\ensuremath{\omega}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\sim}}{l}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p}$, where ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p}$ is the free-electron plasma frequency. This additional absorption, particularly pronounced for long electron lifetimes, is investigated in detail. One important conclusion drawn from this work is that, in general, optical experiments performed at non-normal angles of incidence cannot be analyzed in terms of a single complex frequency-dependent dielectric function. In the frequency range of the additional $P$ absorption, two such dielectric functions are needed, one function for describing $P$ polarization and a different function for describing $S$ polarization.
Some thoughts on the development of integer programming during my research career – lecture delivered upon receiving the EURO Gold Medal, July 9, 2001, Rotterdam

I am very touched and feel deeply honored for having been awarded the EURO Gold Medal. I wish to thank the jury and The European Association of Operational Research Societies for bestowing upon me this distinction. My thanks go also to Carnegie Mellon University and its Graduate School of Industrial Administration, better known as GSIA, my workplace for the last 34 years, for having created that wonderful working environment which fostered my research throughout all these years. I owe special thanks to Edith, my wife and companion of a lifetime, without whom none of this would have been possible. And finally, since I am honored for my research results, that is my papers published in various professional outlets during the last 40 years, I must thank the other contributors to these papers, my coauthors, who often played a decisive role in obtaining those results. Here is their list, with the number of papers coauthored and the time of publication shown after each name: J. Adams, 1 (1988); C. Bergthaller, 1 (1983); J. Bowman, 1 (1971); M.C. Carrera, 1 (1996); N. Christofides, 1 (1981); V. Chvatal, 1 (1987); G. Cornu ejols, 5 (1993–2000); M. Dawande, 1 (2000); M. Fischetti, 5 (1992–2001); F. Glover, 1 (1971); M. Guignard, 1 (1979); T. Gwan, 1 (1994); A. Ho, 1 (1980); P.L. Ivanescu (Hammer), 4 (1960–1963); R.G. Jeroslow, 2 (1972, 1980); G. Lancia, 1 (1998); P. Landweer, 1 (1983); J.K. Lenstra, 1 (1995); F. Margot, 1 (2000); C.H. Martin, 2 (1980, 1991); J. Mazzola, 2 (1984); G. Mihoc, 1 (1965); D. Miller, 1 (1991); P. Nauss, 1 (1987); J. Nesetril, 1 (1987); S.M. Ng, 2 (1989); W. Niehaus, 3 (1995–1998); M. Oosten, 2 (1998, 2000); M. Padberg, 4 (1972– 1979); G. Pataki, 2 (2000); J. Pekny, 1 (1991); M. Perregaard, 3 (2000–2001); W. Pulleyblank, 3 (1983–1995); L. Qi, 2 (1993, 1994); A. Sachelarescu, 1 (1964); M. Saltzman, 2 (1989, 1991); H. Samuelson, 1 (1977); P. Serafini, 1 (1998); N. Simonetti, 2 (1996–2001); D. Sommer, 1 (1971); J. Tama, 1 (1989); J. Tind, 1 (1989); P. Toth, 2 (1986, 1991); A. Vazacopoulos, 3 (1995–1998); J. Xue, 2 (1991, 1996); C. Yu, 2 (1986, 1989); D. Zawack, 1 (1988); E. Zemel, 6 (1977–1987); A. Zoltners, 1 (1975). As you can see, my co-authors, about half of whom are my former students, form a rather European Journal of Operational Research 141 (2002) 1–7
Reorganization of Tactile Perception following the Simulated Amputation of One Finger

The tactile counterpart of diplopia has recently been described: tactile diplopia or diplesthesia. The human fingers show a rather precise organization of the cutaneous areas eliciting diplesthesia. In particular, these areas are very extensive between nonadjacent fingers (second and fourth, second and fifth, and third and fifth), suggesting that the illusory doubling depends on the lack of reciprocal interaction between cutaneous zones during manipulation. In the present study, four subjects agreed to explore and manipulate objects only through nonadjacent fingers for a period of up to six months. The amputation of the third finger was simulated by excluding it from active exploration by means of a bandage. After six months, the diplesthetic areas of the nonadjacent fingers decreased in size or completely disappeared. It is suggested that this reorganization of tactile perception is due to the increase in temporal correlation of the sensory inputs between nonadjacent fingers.
Unsteady laminar flow developing in a curved duct

Abstract The flow developing in a tightly curved U-bend of square cross section has been investigated experimentally and via numerical simulation. Both long-time averages and time histories of the longitudinal (streamwise) component of velocity were measured using a laser-Doppler velocimeter. The Reynolds number investigated was Re = 1400. The data were obtained at different bend angles, θ, and were confined to the symmetry plane of the bend. At Re = 1400, the flow entering the bend is steady, but by θ = 90° it develops an oscillatory component of motion along the outer-radius wall. Autocorrelations and energy spectra derived from the time histories yield a base frequency of approximately 0.1 Hz for these oscillations. Flow-visualization studies showed that the proximity of the outer-radius wall served to damp the amplitude of the spanwise oscillations. Numerical simulations of the flow were performed using both steady and unsteady version of the finite-difference elliptic calculation procedure of Humphrey et al. (1977). Although the unsteadiness observed experimentally does not arise spontaneously in the calculations, numerical experiments involving the imposition of a periodic time-dependent perturbation at the inlet plane suggest that the U-bend acts upon the incoming flow so as to damp the amplitude of the imposed oscillation while altering its frequency. The oscillations observed experimentally, and numerically as a result of the periodic perturbation, have been linked to the formation of Goertler-type vortices of the outer-radius wall in the developing flow. The vortices, which develop as a result of the centrifugal instability of the flow on the outer-radius wall, undergo a further transition to an unsteady regime at higher flow rates.
Variational formulation and gradient evaluation for coupled electron pair approximations: A model study

Numerical tests are performed for the recently suggested variational versions of the coupled electron pair approximation (CEPA-1 and CEPA-2), using a simple ab initio model, consisting of four hydrogen atoms in an isosceles trapezoid arrangement. The results of the variational CEPA-2 are virtually indistinguishable from the original CEPA-2. The importance of the variational formulation with respect to gradient calculation is stressed: gradients can be efficiently calculated only for wave functions which are variational in their most difficult parameters, in the present case the CI coefficients.
Reaction of the Hydroxyl Radical with Phenol in Water Up to Supercritical Conditions

The rate constants for the reactions of phenol with the hydroxyl radical (OH•) in water have been measured from room temperature to 380 °C using electron pulse radiolysis and transient absorption spectroscopy. The reaction scheme designed to fit the data shows the importance of an equilibrium, giving back reactants (OH• radical and phenol) from the dihydroxycyclohexadienyl radical formed by their reaction, and the non-negligible contribution of the hydroxycyclohexadienyl radical absorption from H• atom addition. The accuracy of the reaction scheme and the reaction rate constants determined from it have been determined by the analysis of two different experiments, one under pure N2O atmosphere and the second under a mixture a N2O and O2. We report reaction rates for the H• and OH• radical addition to phenol, the formation of phenoxyl, the second-order recombination, the reaction of dihydroxycyclohexadienyl with O2, and the decay of the peroxyl adduct. Nearly all of the reaction rates deviate strongly from ...
Organ and Cell Allometry in Hawaiian Drosophila: How to Make a Big Fly

The importance of body size in predicting many aspects of an animal's biology has become well established in recent years. However, little is known about how body size evolves at the cellular level. Some published data suggest that it is cell number and not cell size that accompanies changes in organ and body size across taxa. We examined organ and cell allometry in the wing, eye and basitarsus of adult Hawaiian Drosophila, ranging in body length from 0.2 mm to 0.8 mm. Linear measurements of all three structures exhibit a positive allometry with body length. Exponents of the allometric equation were 0.96, 0.55 and 1.50 for wing, eye and basitarsus, respectively. Surface markers were used to quantify cell size of each organ. The allometric exponents for cell size as a function of organ size were 0.53, 0.68 and 0.33 for wing, eye and basitarsus, respectively. In contrast to reports in the literature on other systems, our results for Hawaiian Drosophila indicate that cell size may contribute between one third and two thirds to evolutionary changes in organ and body size.
Plug the lung until it grows (PLUG): A new method to treat congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero

Fetal lungs normally produce fluid that flows through the upper airway into the amniotic fluid. In fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), obstructing the flow of lung fluid may expand the lungs and propel the viscera from the chest, alleviating the pulmonary hypoplasia associated with CDH. To test this hypothesis, left-sided diaphragmatic hernias were created in sixteen 75-day-gestation fetal lambs (full-term, 145 days). At 120 days, the trachea was ligated in eight lambs; it was left unligated in the other eight. At 135 to 140 days, the fetuses were delivered, and a tracheostomy performed. Newborns were ventilated for 1 hour and then killed. Blood gas analysis was performed at 0,5,20,40, and 60 minutes. Lung dry weight, DNA, protein, and lipid analyses, as well as plasma cortisol measurements were performed. At autopsy, in the ligated lambs, the abdominal viscera was reduced from the thorax; however, the unligated lambs had viscera completely occupying the left chest. The lungs of the ligated lambs had a higher dry weight (4.22 +/- 1.37 g/kg v 1.95 +/- 0.59 g/kg; P =.001), DNA (193.8 +/- 90.5 mg/kg v 91.5 +/- 66.4 mg/kg; P = .02), and protein (1798 +/- 691.6 mg/kg v 766.6 +/- 201 mg/kg; P = .004). Lung saturated phosphatidyl choline (SPC) levels, DNA:protein ratio, and plasma cortisol were not different between the groups. Neonatal Po2 at 60 minutes was higher in the ligated group (179.4 +/- 127.0 mm Hg v 60.9 +/- 62.4 mm Hg; P < .05), and Pco2 was lower (44.1 +/- 21.4 v 83.9 +/- 23.5; P < .05) in the ligated group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Development of a simple spectrophotometric method for propylene glycol detection in tablets

A simple spectrophotometric procedure was developed and validated to indirectly assess the quantities of propylene glycol (PG) remaining in compressed liquid/powder admixtures. Such simplified quantitation may facilitate several testing procedures related to various aspects of formulation development and material testing of pharmaceutical powder excipients using various nonvolatile liquids as the diluents. In the present study, this new and simple approach for PG quantitation was developed as an integral part of a new method termed the liquisolid compressibility (LSC) test, used to characterize the compaction behavior of powder excipients. According to LSC testing, several admixtures of a nonvolatile liquid (in this case PG) and a powder, differing in their PG/powder weight ratio, are compressed in order to assess their compactabilities. The PG content of such compacts may then be directly quantitated by the USP gas chromatographic method or, indirectly, by this new simple spectrophotometric procedure. The new approach involves the addition of a dye marker to the PG prior to its incorporation into the powder. After compression, the PG amount remaining in the compacts may be determined by simply extracting the dye from the tablets and analyzing the extracts spectrophotometrically. In this manner, the dye content thus obtained may be extrapolated to the respective net amount of PG originally added as a dye/PG solution to the powder. Statistical comparison of the results obtained from both methods revealed almost absolute correlation.
Econometric issues in the analysis of equilibrium business cycle models

Abstract This paper discusses two econometric issues in business cycle modeling: (1) the nature and sources of secular, cyclical, and seasonal fluctuations and the econometric implications of prefiltering to remove some of these components from aggregate time series, and (2) methods for solving nonlinear, dynamic stochastic business cycle models and the use of these solutions to construct moment conditions for estimating the unknown parameters.
Biologically derived melanin electrodes in aqueous sodium-ion energy storage devices

Biodegradable electronics represents an attractive and emerging paradigm in medical devices by harnessing simultaneous advantages afforded by electronically active systems and obviating issues with chronic implants. Integrating practical energy sources that are compatible with the envisioned operation of transient devices is an unmet challenge for biodegradable electronics. Although high-performance energy storage systems offer a feasible solution, toxic materials and electrolytes present regulatory hurdles for use in temporary medical devices. Aqueous sodium-ion charge storage devices combined with biocompatible electrodes are ideal components to power next-generation biodegradable electronics. Here, we report the use of biologically derived organic electrodes composed of melanin pigments for use in energy storage devices. Melanins of natural (derived from Sepia officinalis) and synthetic origin are evaluated as anode materials in aqueous sodium-ion storage devices. Na+-loaded melanin anodes exhibit specific capacities of 30.4 ± 1.6 mAhg−1. Full cells composed of natural melanin anodes and λ-MnO2 cathodes exhibit an initial potential of 1.03 ± 0.06 V with a maximum specific capacity of 16.1 ± 0.8 mAhg−1. Natural melanin anodes exhibit higher specific capacities compared with synthetic melanins due to a combination of beneficial chemical, electrical, and physical properties exhibited by the former. Taken together, these results suggest that melanin pigments may serve as a naturally occurring biologically derived charge storage material to power certain types of medical devices.
Effects of amygdaloid lesions on the performance of rats in four passive avoidance tasks

Abstract The effects of amygdaloid lesions on shock punished step-down and rearing responses, quinine punished drinking, and ice water punished step-through responses were investigated in 4 experiments. Amygdaloid lesions impaired the suppression of step-down, rearing, and step-through responses but had no effect on the suppression of quinine consumption. Various interpretations of the response disinhibitory effects of amygdaloid damage are considered. It is concluded that no unitary explanation adequately explains this phenomenon. More extensive investigations of the conditions producing response disinhibition and their anatomical organization are suggested.
Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Measurements in High Solidity Pin Fin Cooling Arrays With Incremental Replenishment

Leading edge heat loads on turbine airfoils can be reduced by increasing the diameter of the leading edge. The lower external heat transfer and more generous curvature may allow for cooling this region internally. Large diameter leading edge regions are expected to exhibit a relatively broad region with nearly constant heat transfer. However, the ability of internal passages to cool a surface diminishes with distance as cooling air picks up thermal energy within the passage. Two novel internal cooling geometries have been designed and tested, which incrementally replenish cooling air by using impingement holes distributed along the array. These cooling methods have been compared to a baseline high solidity passage in terms of both array heat transfer and pressure drop. Heat transfer rates and pressure drop have been determined on a row by row basis to provide a means to assess their ability to sustain adequate cooling levels across the entire leading edge region. The authors believe turbine airfoil designs integrating large diameter leading edge regions with properly designed internal passages have the potential to eliminate showerhead cooling arrays in many industrial gas turbine applications. This change is especially beneficial in environments where fuel or air impurities have the potential to clog leading edge showerhead cooling arrays. Heat transfer and pressure drop measurements were acquired in a bench scale test rig. Reynolds numbers ranged from approximately 5000 to 60,000 for the constant height channel arrays based on the pin diameter and the local maximum average velocity across a row. The high solidity pin fin arrays have an axial spacing (X/D) of 1.074 and a cross channel spacing (S/D) of 1.625. The constant section pin fin arrays have channel height to diameter ratios of 0.5. Each array has eight rows of pins with six pins per row in a staggered arrangement. Heat transfer testing was conducted using a constant temperature boundary condition.
Prostate cancer: towards appropriate use of androgen deprivation therapy.

The challenge of optimizing androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer has been illustrated by two recent papers. A preclinical study demonstrated that the effects of androgen deprivation on prostatic neoplastic tissue are not necessarily beneficial and a large database analysis showed that practice patterns of ADT are not always in line with recommended guidelines.
Michigold: A yellow-fleshed potato cultivar for fresh market

Michigold (MS704-10Y) is a round, blocky, yellow-fleshed cultivar with medium netting selected at Michigan State University for the fresh market. It could also be used for chip processing out of field or from short-term storage at 10 C. Under Michigan conditions, Michigold matures in 110–120 days with marketable yields of 122% of Yukon Gold and 95% of Atlantic. Plant growth is vigorous and Michigold appears to have moderate resistance to early blight. Internal defects have been minimal. An electrophoretic fingerprint based upon 13 isozyme loci is presented to facilitate cultivar identification during seed certification processes.
From discussion to action

This chapter describes nine of this volume's themes and offers summary recommendations stemming from those themes.
The role of foreign direct investment in China's post-1978 economic development

Abstract The evolution of China's policy toward foreign direct investment (FDI) during the post-1978 period is reviewed and the volume, sources, geographic distribution and composition of FDI are analyzed. It is found that FDI has been positively associated with economic growth, and the increase of total fixed asset investment in China. Foreign direct investment has also forced an increasing number of domestic manufacturers to compete globally. It has also been associated with phenomena such as: (a) the accelerating uneven development between the coastal and inland provinces, (b) worsening income distribution, and (c) declining ideological commitment. While the opening of the Chinese economy to FDI is still an ongoing process, positive stimulating effects of foreign direct investment in China are observed, and these are found to contribute toward the success of its recent economic reforms.
Systemic chemotherapy for gastric carcinoma followed by postoperative intraperitoneal therapy: a final report.

BACKGROUND Because only approximately 50% of gastric carcinomas are resectable for cure, the authors hypothesized that effective systemic preoperative (neoadjuvant) chemotherapy, aimed at decreasing the size and extent of the primary tumor and eradicating distant microscopic disease, may increase the rate of resectability and have a greater impact on survival than postoperative (adjuvant) treatment alone. In addition, because the peritoneal cavity is the most common site of first recurrence after successful gastric cancer resection, intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy seemed a logical choice for postoperative (adjuvant) treatment. METHODS Fifty-nine patients with invasive primary gastric adenocarcinoma who were deemed resectable for cure entered a clinical trial that called for 2 cycles of protracted infusion 5-fluorouracil with weekly leucovorin and cisplatin chemotherapy followed by surgery. Approximately 3-4 weeks after potentially curative surgery, patients were scheduled to receive two cycles of IP 5-fluoro-2'deoxyuridine and cisplatin. RESULTS Of the 59 patients studied, 58 (98%) received both cycles of systemic chemotherapy. Fifty-six patients (95%) underwent surgery: 40 patients (71%) had resections intended to cure for Stage 0-IIIB disease, 15 patients (27%) had palliative surgery for Stage IV gastric carcinoma, and one patient died intraoperatively without being staged. Two patients refused surgery, and the remaining patient died of progressive disease prior to surgery. Thirty-one of the 40 patients who underwent curative surgery completed both cycles of postoperative IP therapy; 4 patients received only 1 cycle. Three patients (5%) died secondary to treatment complications. There were two operative deaths, and one patient died of peritonitis associated with Grade 4 granulocytopenia. Nine of the 40 patients (23%) whose carcinomas were resected for cure had recurrent carcinoma. With a median follow-up period now exceeding 45 months, the calculated median survival for the 59 patients entered into the trial is >4 years. CONCLUSIONS This program of preoperative systemic and postoperative IP chemotherapy has been found to be safe and appears to decrease gastric carcinoma recurrence rates and increase survival compared with historic controls. Cancer 1997; 79:1767-75. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
Tribological properties of centrifugally cast copper alloy-graphite particle composite

Centrifugal casting technique was used to impart better tribological properties to the inner periphery of centrifugal castings of a C90300 copper alloy originally containing 13 vol pct graphite particles. Microstructural observation of centrifugally cast copper alloy containing graphite particles shows that a graphite-free zone and a graphite-rich zone (25 vol pct) with a unique microstructure are formed near the outer and the inner periphery of the centrifugally cast cylinders, respectively. Wear tests were conducted using a pin-on-disc apparatus running against a cast-iron counterface under dry conditions at applied loads between 44.5 and 267 N and at a sliding speed of 1 m/s. The worn surfaces of pin and counterface were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The wear rate (1.89×10−13 to 7.59 × 10−13 m3/m) and the temperature (50 °C to 170 °C) at the counterface for the pins from the graphite-rich zone of the centrifugal castings were found to be lower than the friction coefficient (0.52 to 0.75), the wear rate (6.32×10−12 to 3.16 × 10−11 m3/m), and the temperature (70 °C to 200 °C) at the counterface for the pins from the graphite-free zone (of the same centrifugal casting under similar conditions). A greater transfer of the copper phases from the pin to the cast-iron counterface was observed visually from the pin of the graphite-free zone than from the pin of the graphite-rich zone, which was also confirmed by EDX analysis. This leads to an increase in the weight of the counterface running against the pin from the graphite-free zone with an increase in the applied load. Despite the presence of graphite in cast iron, the presence of graphite in the matrix of mating copper alloys lead to improved tribological properties. The effect of graphite particles on tribological properties of the composites was discussed in terms of the transfer of iron and copper phases, the interparticle distance between graphite in cast-iron and copper-graphite alloys, and the deformability of the matrix containing graphite.
Facebook's affordances, visible culture, and anti-anonymity

This paper outlines and analyzes a selection of Facebook's affordances to argue that the site compels users to become as visible as possible, thus refusing their right to be anonymous. This promoted visible culture is primarily guided by two affordance categories: the "real you" policy and photographs. The related interface affordances for each category are catalogued and focus groups with emerging adult users (n=45) are analyzed to better understand how users interact with the space while attempting to maintain and broadcast the self. Findings indicate that users (1) do not question the "real you" policy because they view Facebook, like the Census or an application, as an "official" space and (2) value photographs of corporeal selves to the point of ostracizing offline friends on the site when they have chosen "non-traditional" profile pictures.
Die Physiologie des intestinalen Pouches

Im Allgemeinen dienen J- und W-Pouches als adaquates, neorectales Reservoir nach Proktocolektomie. Diese Pouches werden direkt an den Analkanal angeschlossen, ebenso dehnbar und voluminos wie das Rectum Gesunder. Demgegenuber bedingt die Anlage von S- und H-Pouches, deren abfuhrende Schenkel zwischen dem Pouch und dem Analkanal liegen, manchmal Auslassstenosen oder unvollstandige Entleerung. Es besteht kaum Zweifel daran, dass Ileumpouches betroffenen Patienten nahezu normale Stuhlgewohnheiten ermoglichen. Mit zunehmender Pouchdehnung konnen jedoch beispielsweise starke, propulsive Pouchkontraktionen auftreten, verbunden mit gleichzeitig auftretendem Stuhldrang. Sie belasten den Sphincterapparat starker als die seltenen, schwachen und nichtpropulsiven oder Clusterkontraktionen des normalen Rectums. Die Patienten lernen jedoch, die Pouchaktivitaten wahrzunehmen, zu differenzieren und Ihre Stuhlgewohnheiten anzupassen. Jejunumpouches haben demgegenuber den Vorteil hoherer Dehnbarkeit und mithin groserer Kapazitat, gleichzeitig eine hohere Frequenz sog. interdigestiver wandernder myoelektrischer Komplexe („interdigestive migrating myoelectric complexes“, MMC). Beides erhoht die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines funktionierenden Rectumersatzes. Andererseits ist ihre Anlage deutlich schwieriger. Auch Colonpouches konnen nach Resektion des Rectums eine adaquate Reservoirfunktion ausuben. Nachteilig ist die haufig beobachtete Schwierigkeit mancher Patienten, sie zu entleeren, wobei kleine Pouches (5 cm) sich besser zu entleeren scheinen als grose (10–15 cm). Jejunumpouches und Colonsegmente als Magenersatz nach Gastrektomie erfullen die Funktion als Nahrungsspeicher eher als gerade Jejunumsegmente; ihr entscheidender Nachteil ist die Unfahigkeit, die soliden Nahrungsbestandteile zu durchmischen und portioniert an den Dunndarm abzugeben. Flussige und feste Nahrung wird gleichermasen und undifferenziert aus dem Pouch weitergegeben. Gegenuber der physiologischen langsamen Entleerung fester Nahrung aus dem intakten Magen konnte die resultierende Maldigestion ein Grund fur den charakteristischen perioperativen Gewichtsverlust sein.
A theology of inferiority: is christianity the source of kinesiology's second-class status in the academy?

What influence has Christianity had on kinesiology and physical education's status in the Academy? Conventional wisdom within kinesiology often seems to argue that the influence has been quite negative. These critics allege that Christianity is a fundamentally dualistic religion. They allege that, at its best, Christianity is suspicious of the body and that, at its worst, Christianity openly proclaims that the body is evil. Despite the popularity of such assertions, there is abundant evidence in both historical and contemporary theology to show that Christianity is a religion in which corporeality plays a central, defining, and positive role. From Saint Paul to Saint Augustine, from Saint Aquinas to the present day, it has been a central doctrine of Christianity that the human body is good and, furthermore, that corporeality plays a vital role in salvation. Consequently, any blanket assertion that Christianity is the source of physical education and kinesiology's ills is fundamentally misleading and mistaken.
Tissue engineering with meniscus cells derived from surgical debris.

Summary Objective Injuries to the avascular regions of the meniscus fail to heal and so are treated by resection of the damaged tissue. This alleviates symptoms but fails to restore normal load transmission in the knee. Tissue engineering functional meniscus constructs for re-implantation may improve tissue repair. While numerous studies have developed scaffolds for meniscus repair, the most appropriate autologous cell source remains to be determined. In this study, we hypothesized that the debris generated from common meniscectomy procedures would possess cells with potential for forming replacement tissue. We also hypothesized that donor age and the disease status would influence the ability of derived cells to generate functional, fibrocartilaginous matrix. Methods Meniscus derived cells (MDCs) were isolated from waste tissue of 10 human donors (seven partial meniscectomies and three total knee arthroplasties) ranging in age from 18 to 84 years. MDCs were expanded in monolayer culture through passage 2 and seeded onto fiber-aligned biodegradable nanofibrous scaffolds and cultured in a chemically defined media. Mechanical properties, biochemical content, and histological features were evaluated over 10 weeks of culture. Results Results demonstrated that cells from every donor contributed to increasing biochemical content and mechanical properties of engineered constructs. Significant variability was observed in outcome parameters (cell infiltration, proteoglycan and collagen content, and mechanical properties) amongst donors, but these variations did not correlate with patient age or disease condition. Strong correlations were observed between the amount of collagen deposition within the construct and the tensile properties achieved. In scaffolds seeded with particularly robust cells, construct tensile moduli approached maxima of ∼40MPa over the 10-week culture period. Conclusions This study demonstrates that cells derived from surgical debris are a potent cell source for engineered meniscus constructs. Results further show that robust growth is possible in MDCs from middle-aged and elderly patients, highlighting the potential for therapeutic intervention using autologous cells.
Designed, synthetically accessible bryostatin analogues potently induce activation of latent HIV reservoirs in vitro

Simplified bryostatin analogues are shown to potently induce latent HIV expression in vitro. These analogues display comparable or better potency when compared with bryostatin. Moreover, they are up to 1,000-fold more potent in inducing latent HIV expression than prostratin, the current lead preclinical candidate.
Effect of operating environment on head-tape interface in a linear tape drive

Abstract Environment plays an important role in the functioning of tape drives and the exact reproduction of the stored data. The magnetic and tribological performance of metal particle tape at ambient and extreme temperature and humidity conditions was evaluated in a commercial tape drive. Head output and head–tape interface friction were monitored during short pass (10 m) shuttling tests. Optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate the head and tape surfaces at the end of the tests. Magnetic and tribological performance of the head–tape interface is the best at low temperature and low relative humidity conditions. Increase in both temperature and humidity results in performance degradation. Low temperature and high relative humidity conditions generate more debris and cause more wear of the tape edges. High temperature and low relative humidity conditions show deposition of debris near the read head region and increase in head output. High temperature and high humidity conditions result in failure of the drive. Possible mechanisms responsible for the observed tribological behavior of the head–tape interface at various conditions are discussed.
HR from the Heart: Inspiring Stories and Strategies for Building the People Side of Great Business

The article reviews the book “HR From the Heart: Inspiring Stories and Strategies for Building the People Side of Great Business,” by Libby Sartain and Martha I. Finney.
In situ biasing TEM investigation of resistive switching events in TiO 2 -based RRAM

We report the first demonstration of in situ electrical biasing and resistive switching of TiO 2 -based RRAM while observing oxygen vacancy migration under the TEM. Specifically, repeated extension and retraction of Wadsley defects due to the migration of oxygen vacancies was observed to be concurrent with the SET and RESET processes (respectively) in the hysteretic I-V behavior of single-crystal TiO 2 devices. Additionally, structural evolution within a 20 nm size grain was observed during SET processes in ALD-grown TiO 2 devices using STEM HAADF imaging.
A systematic development of the supersonic flow fields over and behind wings and wing-body configurations using a shock-capturing finite- difference approach

Three dimensional inviscid supersonic flow fields with primary and embedded shock and expansion waves determined over and behind wings and wing-body configurations
Disruption of Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation Mechanisms Alters Responses of Arabidopsis to Biotic Stress

Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a posttranslational protein modification in which ADP-ribose (ADP-Rib) units derived from NAD+ are attached to proteins by poly(ADP-Rib) polymerase (PARP) enzymes. ADP-Rib groups are removed from these polymer chains by the enzyme poly(ADP-Rib) glycohydrolase (PARG). In animals, poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is associated with DNA damage responses and programmed cell death. Previously, we hypothesized a role for poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in plant defense responses when we detected defense-associated expression of the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation-related genes PARG2 and NUDT7 and observed altered callose deposition in the presence of a chemical PARP inhibitor. The role of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in plant defenses was more extensively investigated in this study, using Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Pharmacological inhibition of PARP using 3-aminobenzamide perturbs certain innate immune responses to microbe-associated molecular patterns (flg22 and elf18), including callose deposition, lignin deposition, pigment accumulation, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity, but does not disrupt other responses, such as the initial oxidative burst and expression of some early defense-associated genes. Mutant parg1 seedlings exhibit exaggerated seedling growth inhibition and pigment accumulation in response to elf18 and are hypersensitive to the DNA-damaging agent mitomycin C. Both parg1 and parg2 knockout plants show accelerated onset of disease symptoms when infected with Botrytis cinerea. Cellular levels of ADP-Rib polymer increase after infection with avirulent Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 avrRpt2+, and pathogen-dependent changes in the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of discrete proteins were also observed. We conclude that poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a functional component in plant responses to biotic stress.
Bed sediment-associated trace metals in an urban stream, Oahu, Hawaii

Of the 117 stream and lake systems sampled nationwide, fish from Manoa Stream on Oahu, Hawaii, have consistently shown the highest Pb concentrations. Therefore a detailed study was conducted to examine total metal contents in bed sediments from a 5.8-km stretch of Manoa Stream. A total of 123 samples (<63 μm) were examined for 18 elements and 14 samples for 21 elements. Selected samples were also examined using different leach solutions to examine metal phase associations. All trace metal data, computations of enrichment ratios and the modified index of geoaccumulation point to mineralogical control for Cr and Ni; minor anthropogenic contamination for Ba, Cd, Cu, Hg and Zn; and a very strong contamination signal for Pb. Maximum Pb contents (up to 1080 mg kg−1) were associated with anthropogenic material dumping in minor tributaries, storm sewer sediments and sediments in the “lower” section of the basin. Proportionally Pb had the highest non-residual component of elements examined; dominantly in the reducible phase associated with Mn and amorphous Fe oxyhydroxides. The contamination signal was typically lowest in the “undisturbed” headwater reach of the basin (above 5.1 km) with significant increases throughout the “residential” and “commercial-institutional” zones of the mid-basin. The spatial pattern of bed sediment contamination and evidence from storm sewer-outlet sediments strongly indicates that Pb, and to a lesser degree some other metals, is still being transported to the stream and the primary agent is soil erosion and transport of metals sorbed to sediments. The primary source of sediment-associated metals is considered to be the automobile, though other minor sources can not be ruled out.
Central Catheter–Associated Bloodstream Infection Reduction With Ethanol Lock Prophylaxis in Pediatric Intestinal Failure: Broadening Quality Improvement Initiatives From Hospital to Home

Importance Children with intestinal failure are at high risk for developing central catheter–associated bloodstream infections (CCABSIs) owing to children’s chronic dependence on central venous catheters for parenteral nutrition. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the addition of ethanol lock prophylaxis to a best-practice CCABSI prevention bundle on hospital and ambulatory CCABSI rates in children with intestinal failure. Design, Setting, and Participants Quality improvement and statistical process control analysis that took place at a tertiary care pediatric hospital and patient homes. Participants included children who were 18 years or younger with intestinal failure requiring a central venous catheter. Interventions Central catheter–associated bloodstream infection prevention bundle that included daily ethanol lock prophylaxis. Main Outcomes and Measures Central catheter–associated bloodstream infection rates and safety outcomes (central catheter insertions, repairs, and hospitalizations) before (January 1, 2011-January 31, 2012) and after (February 1, 2012-December 31, 2013) ethanol lock prophylaxis bundle implementation. Results Twenty-four children with intestinal failure received the ethanol lock prophylaxis CCABSI prevention bundle for a median of 266 days (range, 12-635 days). Rates of CCABSI decreased from 6.99 CCABSIs per 1000 catheter days at baseline to 0.42 CCABSI per 1000 catheter days after ethanol lock prophylaxis bundle implementation, despite an increase in the total number of catheter days. A subset of 14 children who received prolonged ethanol lock prophylaxis (≥3 months) had fewer median (range) central catheter insertions 0 (0-2) vs 3 (0-6); P = .001. The pre-ELP intervention CCABSI rates in this subset was 7.01 per 1000 catheter days vs 0.64 per 1000 catheter days for post-ELP intervention ( P = .004). There were no significant differences in the total number of hospital admissions; however, there were fewer hospitalizations for fever and CCABSI ( P = .003). Conclusions and Relevance A best-practice CCABSI prevention bundle that included ethanol lock prophylaxis in both the hospital and home was successfully implemented, well tolerated, and demonstrated a significant and sustained reduction in preventable harm in the form of CCABSIs in children with intestinal failure.
Agricultural Trade, Development and Toxic Risk

Abstract This paper uses a large database of laboratory test results to investigate the sources of international variation in pesticide residues on food products. We specify and estimate a model that incorporates contamination effects attributable to product pest sensitivity, pesticide toxicity levels and characteristics of the producing country. Among the latter, our model tests for the effects of income, education and openness to trade. We find large and highly significant “generic” differences in contamination of food products, reflecting pesticide applications that vary with pest sensitivity. Controlling for these differences, we find strong effects for income and education. Pesticide residues on agricultural products fall sharply as income increases, but rise significantly with education. Our model attributes the latter effect to the choice of more capital-, skill- and pesticide-intensive technologies in better-educated societies. We find no significant impact for openness to trade. Our results suggest that workers and consumers in low-income societies have far higher exposure to toxic pesticides than their counterparts in high-income societies, but that consumers in the latter experience significant increases in toxic exposure risk as agricultural trade with developing countries expands. The paper concludes with a discussion of appropriate instruments for resolving a potentially serious trade-environment conflict on this front.