cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Subset of Localized Prostate Cancer Displays an Immunogenic Phenotype Associated with Losses of Key Tumor Suppressor Genes

Purpose: A subset of primary prostate cancer expresses programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), but whether they have a unique tumor immune microenvironment or genomic features is unclear. Experimental Design: We selected PD-L1–positive high-grade and/or high-risk primary prostate cancer, characterized tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes with multiplex immunofluorescence, and identified genomic alterations in immunogenic and nonimmunogenic tumor foci. Results: One quarter of aggressive localized prostate cancer cases (29/115) had tumor PD-L1 expression more than 5%. This correlated with increased density of CD8+ T cells, a large fraction coexpressing PD-1, versus absent PD-1 expression on sparse CD8 T cells in unselected cases. Most CD8+PD-1+ cells did not express terminal exhaustion markers (TIM3 or LAG3), while a subset expressed TCF1. Consistent with these CD8+PD-1+TCF1+ cells being progenitors, they were found in antigen-presenting cell niches in close proximity to MHC-II+ cells. CD8 T-cell density in immunogenic prostate cancer and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) was nearly identical. Shallow RB1 and BRCA2 losses, and deep deletions of CHD1, were prevalent, the latter being strongly associated with a dendritic cell gene set in The Cancer Genome Atlas. Tumor mutation burden was variable; neither high microsatellite instability nor CDK12 alterations were present. Conclusions: A subset of localized prostate cancer is immunogenic, manifested by PD-L1 expression and CD8+ T-cell content comparable with RCC. The CD8+ T cells include effector cells and exhausted progenitor cells, which may be expanded by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). Genomic losses of RB1, BRCA2, and CHD1 may be drivers of this phenotype. These findings indicate that immunotherapies may be effective in biomarker-selected subpopulations of patients with localized prostate cancer.
Recommending Hearing Assessment for Individuals With Dementia: A Survey of Medical Professionals

Objectives Older adults are at risk for age-related hearing loss and for dementia. Hearing loss increases the risk of dementia and accelerates cognitive decline. There is no cure for dementia, but ...
Learning the impact of acute and chronic diseases on forecasting neonatal encephalopathy.

Abstract Objective There is a wide range of risk factors predisposing to the onset of neonatal encephalopathy (NE), including maternal antepartum/intrapartum comorbidities or events. However, few studies have investigated the difference in the impact of acute and chronic diseases on forecasting NE, which could assist clinicians in choosing the best course of action to prevent NE or reduce its severity and complications. In this study, we aimed to engineer features based on acute and chronic diseases and assess the differences of the impact of acute and chronic diseases on NE prediction using machine learning models. Materials and methods We used ten years of electronic health records of mothers from a large academic medical center to develop three types of features: chronic disease, recurrence of an acute disease, and temporal relationships between acute diseases. Two types of NE prediction models, based on acute and chronic diseases, respectively, were trained with feature selection. We further compared the prediction performance of the models with two state-of-the-art NE forecasting models. The machine learning models ranked the three types of engineered features based on their contributions to the NE prediction. Results The NE model trained on acute disease features showed significantly higher AUC than the model relying on chronic disease features (AUC difference: 0.161, p-value Conclusions Machine learning models based on the three types of engineered features significantly improve NE prediction. Our results specifically suggest that acute disease-associated features play a more important role in predicting NE.
Aflatoxin: toxicity to dairy cattle and occurrence in milk and milk products: a review

Aflatoxins are toxic and carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced by some common aspergilli during growth on feeds, foods or laboratory media. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a decaketide (C20-polyketide) which is synthesized by the mold from acetate units via the polyketide pathway. Methionine contributes the methoxy-methyl group. Six known intermediate compounds in the biosynthesis of AFB1 include norsolorinic acid, averantin, averufin, versiconal hemiacetal acetate, versicolorin A and sterigmatocystin. Other aflatoxins (B2, B2a, G1, G2 and G2a) appear to be conversion products of AFB1. When aflatoxins, and in particular AFB1, occur in feed and are consumed by dairy cattle, a variety of symptoms can occur, which includes unthriftiness, anorexia and decreased milk production. Changes in amounts of enzymes and other blood constituents also result from ingestion of AFB1. The hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase system of the cow converts some of the ingested AFB1 into aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), which is excreted in milk. AFM1 retains the toxicity of, but is less carcinogenic than AFB1. Certain heat treatments associated with milk processing appear to inactivate a portion of the AFM1 in milk. If raw milk contains AFM1, products (fluid products, nonfat dried milk, cultured milks, natural cheese, process cheese, butter) made from such milk also will contain AFM1. AFM1 appears to be associated with the casein fraction of milk, hence concentrating the casein in the manufacture of products (e.g. cheese, nonfat dry milk) is accompanied by concentrating of the AFM1. Methods involving thin-layer or high-performance liquid chromatography are commonly used to detect and quantify AFM1 in milk and milk products.
THE CONSTRUCTION OF POLITICO-RELIGIOUS NARRATIVES: STEPS TOWARD INTERVENTION PROMOTING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND COMMUNITY

“Without an understanding of religion in American life, an understanding of community in American life remains incomplete” (Pargament & Maton, 2000, p. 515). In America, however, religion intertwines with politics, often creating ideological controversy and political deadlock. We investigated one of the underlying contributors to America's current ideological controversy, namely, values as manifest in the politico-religious narratives people construct to help give meaning to their lives. The first author spent several months as a participant-observer in a rural southeastern community, intensely experiencing community life, and keeping extensive field notes. Semistructured in-depth and group interviews, analyzed using grounded theory and supplemented by theoretical accounts of morality/religion and politics, provided data for developing a theoretical model of narrative construction. We found (a) beliefs, (b) moral and religious values, and (c) emotional sentiments to be the major politico-religious narrative elements and discussed implications for community psychology intervention in pursuit of human development and community.
Exposed vs. Encapsulated Approaches to Grid Service Archtecture

The dichotomy between the exposed and encapsulated approaches to computer systems architectures is well known in contexts such as the processor design (RISC vs. CISC) and layered network service stacks. In this paper we examine how this basic choice of approaches arises in the design of the Internet Backplane Protocol, a network storage service, and as an issue in Grid architecture more generally.
The Story of Drama Club: A Contemporary Counternarrative of a Transformative Culture of Teaching and Learning for Disenfranchised Black Youth in the School-to-Prison Pipeline

This study explored a contemporary counternarrative of Drama Club, a transformative culture of teaching and learning for disenfranchised Black youth who had been systematically funneled out of classrooms and into the school-to-prison pipeline. Auto/biographical and auto/ethnographical data were collected and assembled as a metaphor of the teachers’ and students’ experiences in Drama Club and their understanding of the teaching and learning process and of themselves within it. The collective story of Drama Club was analyzed through the lens of culturally responsive pedagogy theory and critical race theory in education. Implications for future research and teacher education that set out to impact disenfranchised students are included.
Tobacco Control in California, 2007-2014: A Resurgent Tobacco Industry While Inflation Erodes the California Tobacco Control Program

Tobacco Control in California, 2007-2014: A Resurgent Tobacco Industry While Inflation Erodes the California Tobacco Control Program Elizabeth Cox, BA Rachel Barry, MA Stanton A. Glantz, PhD Richard Barnes, JD Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education School of Medicine University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA 94143-1390 October 2014
Meta-analysis of the complications of laparoscopic renal surgery: comparison of procedures and techniques.

Purpose: We performed a meta-analysis of the literature to define the current expectations of complications during laparoscopic renal surgery.Materials and Methods: References were searched in the MEDLINE database from 1995 to 2004 using the terms complications and laparoscopic nephrectomy. Inclusion criteria were any series with greater than 20 cases, patient age older than 16 years and any complications listed for certain procedures, including laparoscopic radical nephrectomy, HA laparoscopic radical nephrectomy, LPN, HALPN, laparoscopic donor nephrectomy, HA laparoscopic donor nephrectomy, laparoscopic simple nephrectomy, laparoscopic nephroureterectomy and retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy. A data extraction form was created to categorize major or minor complications. A 5 member panel adhered to the strict criteria and extracted data from articles that met inclusion criteria. Data were entered into a spreadsheet and a meta-analysis was performed.Results: Initial review identified 73 of 405 refe...
Ruins into Relics: The Monument to Saint Vladimir on the Excavations of Chersonesos, 1827–57

Prince Vladimir's conversion to Orthodoxy occupies a pivotal moment in most conceptions of Russia's past. During the nineteenth century in particular, many scholars believed that the turn to Christianity defined Russia as a nation and laid the groundwork for the creation of a state. For example, Makarii Bulgakov, metropolitan of Moscow and distinguished historian of the Russian Orthodox Church, asserted that "this event is without a doubt, the most important event in the history of all Russian lands. In several ways, it decided the eternal fate of all future generations of Russia and ... began a new period of our existence in every respect: our enlightenment, customs, judiciary and building of our nation, our religious faith, and our morality."' In the context of Russia's annexation of Crimea in 1783, however, the legend of Prince Vladimir's conversion acquired a separate significance, for the medieval text The Chronicle of Nestor placed Vladimir's baptism at Chersonesos, the site of an ancient Greek colony situated not far from present-day Sevastopol' on Crimea's southwestern coast.2 By the early nineteenth century, as the
Persistent bactericidal defect in neutrophils from a young woman who recovered from toxic shock syndrome.

We have previously found transient menstruation-associated abnormalities in the in vitro bactericidal function of neutrophils from females who have recovered from toxic shock syndrome (TSS). We now report the case of a young woman who has also recovered from TSS, but who has a persistent, non-menstruation-associated defect in the ability of her neutrophils to killStaphylococcus aureus in vitro.
A Hyaluronic Acid−Taxol Antitumor Bioconjugate Targeted to Cancer Cells

A cell-targeted polymeric prodrug prepared from Taxol and chemically modified hyaluronic acid (HA) was evaluated in vitro. Herein we report four results in support of the selective uptake and targeted toxicity of the HA−Taxol prodrug. First, a fluorescently labeled HA−Taxol (FITC−HA−Taxol) was synthesized and used to demonstrate cell-specific binding and uptake using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Second, the selective cytotoxicity of FITC−HA−Taxol allowed direct correlation of uptake with selective cytotoxicity. Third, the rapid uptake and selective cytotoxicity of HA-Taxol bioconjugates could be blocked by either excess HA or by an anti-CD44 antibody, but not by chondroitin sulfate (CS). Finally, the release of free Taxol from HA−Taxol in human plasma or in cell culture media revealed that the free drug was hydrolytically released from the bioconjugate by cleavage of the labile 2‘ ester linkage. Taken together, these data support the notion that the targeted cytotoxicity of HA−Taxol bioconjugat...
Activation of potassium ion transport in mitochondria by cadmium ion

Low levels of Cd2+ (1-5 microM) produce rapid swelling of mitochondria, which is respiration-dependent and uncoupler-sensitive. No cation requirement is apparent, since the swelling occurs in a medium containing only sucrose and the respiratory substrate. The swelling is inhibited by ruthenium red, suggesting that this effect of Cd2+ requires its entry into mitochondria. In medium containing 9 mM K+, addition of Cd2+ along with ruthenium red increases the rate of K+ influx threefold. In the presence of K+, Rb+ or Li+, but not of Na+, addition of Cd2+ produces first efflux of H+ into the medium followed by discharge of the pH gradient or uncoupling. Only the latter effect is inhibited by ruthenium red, showing that the efflux and influx of H+ are independent reactions. The H+ efflux appears to be an antiport response to the induced K+ entry. Its activation by Cd2+ is similar to the known effect of p-chloromercuriphenyl sulfonate. The H+ influx or uncoupling appears to result from binding of Cd2+ to some matrix-facing membrane site, perhaps the dithiol group on coupling factor B, and may relate to apparent permeability changes associated Cd2+-induced swelling.
The analysis of thin shells with a doubly curved arbitrary quadrilateral finite element

An arbitrary doubly curved quadrilateral element is developed which is compatible, has rigid body freedoms and flexible geometry. It is based on a non-shallow shell theory. In oblique coordinates defined by the element geometry cubic polynomials are used for the displacement representation with biquadric polynomials used for the rotations. The membrane energy is computed from the displacements and the bending energy from the rotations. No energy due to transverse shearing is included in the element; the Kirchhoff hypothesis is used at the mesh points to define the behavior of the rotations in terms of the reference surface behavior. Extensive applications to cylindrical and spherical shell problems document its behavior.
Size in Residential Service Organizations

Data from 23 alcoholism halfway houses are analyzed to assess the relationship of four aspects of organizational size to three levels of organizational functioning. As identified by Kimberly (1976), the dimensions of size are (1) personnel, (2) inputs/outputs, (3) physical capacity, and (4) amount of discretionary resources. The three levels of organizational analysis are (1) internal (reflecting social control issues), (2) external (organization-environment relations), and (3) socio-technical (core technology issues). The amount of discretionary resources, followed closely by personnel size, is the dimension of size most relevant to all three aspects of organizational opcrations. Contrary to expectations, input-volume (or number of residential clients) was related negatively both to a more differentiated internal structure and to supportive organization-environment relations. Also unexpected, client-size had little relationship to the programming or staffing aspects of the core technology. Physical capacity (number of client beds) was the least significant aspect of size for this sample of organizations. Additional analyses of size as a multi-dimensional concept and refinement in theories relating size to the structure and operations of residential service organizations are needed.
Bimodal bilingual language development in a hearing child of deaf parents

This study examined the spoken English development of a hearing child of deaf parents who used American Sign Language (ASL). The child first learned ASL in interactions with his parents and later developed spoken English outside the home environment. It was hypothesized that the child's acquisition of spoken English would systematically reflect both expected monolingual developmental patterns and interlinguistic transfer. Four areas of mismatch between ASL and spoken English were identified. Language sample data from ages 2;9–5;2 were examined for evidence to evaluate the hypotheses. Features that reflected the simultaneous versus sequential mismatch between ASL and English, undifferentiated versus differentiated aspects, free versus bound morpheme mechanisms, and word-order differences provided evidence of ASL influence on spoken English acquisition. Although not extensive, ASL appears to have exerted consistent influence on several areas of the child's spoken English development.
Near Infrared Observations of Cygnus X-3

THE system known as Cygnus X-3 has been extensively studied at radio wavelengths (where it exhibits extraordinary variability1–3), in X rays (where it exhibits a 4.8 h period4–6), and in the infrared at 1.6 and 2.2 µm (where it also displays a 4.8 h period as well as large flares7,8). Attempts have also been made to detect Cyg X-3 in visual and near infrared wavelengths9,10. Here we present the results of a series of observations made at near infrared wavelengths, λeffective ≃0.85 µm on ten nights in July and August 1973.
SUPPORTED EDUCATION AS AN EMPOWERMENT INTERVENTION FOR PEOPLE WITH MENTAL ILLNESS

Many adults with severe mental illnesses experienced disability onset in early adulthood, causing interruption or indefinite postponement of postsecondary education. Supported education programs are a recent innovation to assist in integrating people with mental illness, who desire to resume their postsecondary education in an educational setting where they can experience life as a student rather than as a mental patient. This study reports analyses of focus groups conducted to assess the impact of a supported education program from the perspectives of students who graduated from the program. Themes emerged from the data and were grouped under the following headings: problems and concerns, wants and desires, impact of supported education, personal empowerment, collective empowerment, and postprogram supports needed. While the program did not primarily view itself as an empowerment intervention, results revealed that empowerment did occur and contributed to the intervention's emphasis on self-awareness, group support, and advocacy. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cadmium Toxicity in Rat Pheochromocytoma Cells: Studies on the Mechanism of Uptake

Abstract The uptake and toxicity of cadmium were compared in two rat pheochromocytoma cell lines: PC12 cells, which express voltage-sensitive calcium channels, and PC18 cells, which do not. PC12 but not PC18 cells responded to depolarization with an increase in 45 Ca 2+ uptake and an increase in the concentration of cyzoplasmic free calcium ion, [Ca 2+ ] i . These responses were blocked by the dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist nimodipine and amplified by the agonist BAY K8644, drugs selective for L-type channels. Cadmium caused death of PC12 cells with an LC5O of 12 μM. Inclusion of high K + with the agonist BAY K8644 shifted the kill curve to the left (LC5O = 6 μM), whereas nimodipine protected against cadmium toxicity (LC5O = 30 μM). In contrast, drugs acting on L-type calcium channels did not affect Cd 2+ toxicity for PC18 cells (LC5O 15 μM). Fura 2 was used to measure intracellular free Cd 2+ by fluorescence ratio methods. Addition of 25 pM Cd 2+ to both PC12 and PC18 cells caused a rise in the 340/380 fluorescence ratio attributable to the uptake of Cd 2+ , since it was almost completely reversed by chelating extracellular Cd 2+ and adding a membrane-permeant chelator of heavy metals. Cd 2+ addition resulted in a gradual increase in Fura 2 fluorescence in both PC12 and PC18 cells, but depolarization with BAY K8644 increased the apparent rate of Cd 2+ uptake only for the PC12 cells. Cd 2+ fluorescence appeared to be concentrated near the plasma membrane. The results confirm the potential involvement of calcium channels in cadmium transport and extend the use of intracellularly trapped fluorescent dyes to monitor intracellular free cadmium ion concentration.
Vapor pressure of sea-salt solutions

Vapor pressures of sea-salt solutions at temperatures between freezing and 25°C are reported and are tied in with previously reported measurements of Higashi made at temperatures between 25 and 175°C.
Alternative Models for the Conditional Heteroskedasticity of Stock Returns: Evidence from Deposit Institutions

The interest shown in the study of the volatility of asset prices has been considerable for several years. In an important paper, Merton (1980) pointed out that a weakness of a significant number of empirical studies of asset returns is the failure to account for the effect of changes in the level of risk when estimating expected returns. He further pointed out that estimators which use ex‐post returns should take account of heteroscedasticity. He concluded that one of the most important directions for future research is to develop accurate variance estimation models which take account of the errors in variance estimation. The development of autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH) by Engle (1982) and the generalized ARCH (GARCH) by Bollerslev (1986) has provided financial economists with a model for returns which specifically allows for changing conditional variances. In this paper I apply ARCH modeling strategy to study the relationship between risk and returns of deposit institutions.
Bee Stings—A Remedy for Postherpetic Neuralgia? A Case Report

Objective: This case report describes the effects of bee stings on painful postherpetic neuralgia in a 51-year-old man. Case Report: The patient was stung by 3 bees in the distribution in which he had been experiencing postherpetic neuralgia. One day after the bee stings, the patient9s painful postherpetic neuralgia was completely relieved, and the relief lasted for 1 and a half months. Subsequently, the patient9s pain returned, but at significantly less intensity and frequency than what he had experienced prior to the bee stings. Conclusions: Bee venom and bee sting therapy have been shown to have both antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties, which may explain why the bee stings relieved the patient9s postherpetic neuralgia. Bee sting or bee venom therapy should be further investigated as a potential treatment modality for postherpetic neuralgia.
A continuum theory for wave propagation in laminated composites/ Case 2: Propagation parallel to the laminates

A continuum theory with microstructure for wave propagation in laminated composites, proposed in a previous work concerning normal propagation, is extended herein to the case of propagation parallel to the laminates. Model construction is based upon an asymptotic scheme in which dominant signal wavelengths are assumed large compared to typical composite microdimensions. A hierarchy of models is defined by the order of truncation of the obtained asymptotic sequence. To estimate accuracy, the phase velocity spectrum is investigated. As in the previous case, retention of all terms in the asymptotic sequence is found to yield the exact pectrum of Rytov. Spectral collation of the lowest order dispersive theory with exact first mode data gives excellent agreement. Based upon asymptotic expansions, a simplified first-order theory is also developed. Transient pulse data obtained from the latter exhibits good correlation with experimental results. In addition, representative calculations of microcomponent velocity distributions and interface shear stress are carried out using the simplified theory.
Reproducibility of RTVue Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness and Optic Disc Measurements and Agreement with Stratus Optical Coherence Tomography Measurements

Purpose To evaluate RTVue spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) (Optovue Inc, Fremont, California, USA) reproducibility and to assess agreement with Stratus time-domain OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, California, USA) measurements. Design Observational clinical study. Methods Scans were obtained from both eyes of all participants 3 times using the RTVue nerve head map 4-mm diameter protocol and once using Stratus OCT within the same session. RTVue reproducibility and agreement with Stratus OCT were evaluated for retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and optic disc measurements. Results Thirty healthy participants (60 eyes) and 38 glaucoma patients (76 eyes) were included in the study. RTVue reproducibility was good in both healthy participants and patients. For average RNFL thickness, the intraclass correlation coefficients in healthy eyes and patient eyes were 0.97 whereas for rim area they were 0.97 and 0.96, respectively. The correlation between RTVue and Stratus measurements generally was good, especially for average RNFL thickness (healthy eyes and patient eyes, r 2 = 0.82 and 0.86, respectively) and rim volume (healthy eyes and patient eyes, r 2 = 0.78 and 0.76, respectively). Bland-Altman plots showed good agreement between the instruments, with better agreement for average RNFL thickness (95% limits of agreement in healthy eyes and patient eyes, −8.6 to 12 μm and −5.6 to −14.8 μm, respectively) than optic disc parameters. Cup-to-disc ratio 95% limits of agreement in healthy eyes and patient eyes were −0.3 to 0.4 and −0.2 to 0.3, respectively. Optic disc measurements with RTVue were smaller than those with Stratus OCT (eg, disc area was on average 0.4 mm 2 smaller and rim area was 0.3 mm 2 smaller with RTVue). Conclusions Reproducibility of RTVue RNFL and optic disc measurements was excellent in both groups. The level of agreement between RTVue and Stratus measurements suggests that RTVue has the potential to detect glaucomatous structural changes.
Effect of sound intensity on tonotopic fMRI maps in the unanesthetized monkey

Abstract The monkey's auditory cortex includes a core region on the supratemporal plane (STP) made up of the tonotopically organized areas A1, R, and RT, together with a surrounding belt and a lateral parabelt region. The functional studies that yielded the tonotopic maps and corroborated the anatomical division into core, belt, and parabelt typically used low-amplitude pure tones that were often restricted to threshold-level intensities. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging in awake rhesus monkeys to determine whether, and if so how, the tonotopic maps and the pattern of activation in core, belt, and parabelt are affected by systematic changes in sound intensity. Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) responses to groups of low- and high-frequency pure tones 3–4 octaves apart were measured at multiple sound intensity levels. The results revealed tonotopic maps in the auditory core that reversed at the putative areal boundaries between A1 and R and between R and RT. Although these reversals of the tonotopic representations were present at all intensity levels, the lateral spread of activation depended on sound amplitude, with increasing recruitment of the adjacent belt areas as the intensities increased. Tonotopic organization along the STP was also evident in frequency-specific deactivation (i.e. “negative BOLD”), an effect that was intensity-specific as well. Regions of positive and negative BOLD were spatially interleaved, possibly reflecting lateral inhibition of high-frequency areas during activation of adjacent low-frequency areas, and vice versa. These results, which demonstrate the strong influence of tonal amplitude on activation levels, identify sound intensity as an important adjunct parameter for mapping the functional architecture of auditory cortex.
Screening for mild traumatic brain injury in OEF-OIF deployed US military: an empirical assessment of VHA's experience.

Background: VHA screens for traumatic brain injury (TBI) among patients formerly deployed to Afghanistan or Iraq, referring those who screen positive for a Comprehensive TBI Evaluation (CTBIE).Methods: To assess the programme, rates were calculated of positive screens for potential TBI in the population of patients screened in VHA between October 2007 through March 2009. Rates were derived of TBI confirmed by comprehensive evaluations from October 2008 through July 2009. Patient characteristics were obtained from Department of Defense and VHA administrative data.Results: In the study population, 21.6% screened positive for potential TBI and 54.6% of these had electronic records of a CTBIE. Of those with CTBIE records, evaluators confirmed TBI in 57.7%, yielding a best estimate that 6.8% of all those screened were confirmed to have TBI. Three quarters of all screened patients and virtually all those evaluated (whether TBI was confirmed or not) had VHA care the following year.Conclusions: VHA's TBI screenin...
Design of different configurations of finite microstrip arrays of circular patches

A computer code is written to analyze different configurations of finite microstrip arrays. This code will be used as an educational and design tool for students and industrial engineers. The code will be available on PC computers in an interactive graphic mode for the NSF/IEEE Center on Computer Applications in Electromagnetics Education (CAEME). The arrays are made of circular patches with coaxial feeds and exciting different modes. Mutual coupling between the elements and surface wave effects are considered. The conventional dual feed configuration is used to generate circular polarization. Also, circular polarization is realized by sequential feeding of linearly polarized elements. Different array configurations of fixed and scanned beams are analyzed.
Youth at Risk: Suicidal Thoughts and Attempts in Vietnam, China, and Taiwan

Abstract Purpose Despite increasing rates of suicide among youth in Asian cultures, there is a lack of suicide data among 15–24 year-olds, and little is known about the risk and protective factors for suicidality. This study examines the prevalence of suicidal ideation and attempts among 15–24 year-olds and identifies the sociodemographic correlates of suicidality in Hanoi, Shanghai, and Taipei. Methods A cross-sectional survey of 17,016 youth aged 15–24 years was conducted in rural and urban areas of Hanoi, Vietnam; Shanghai, China; and Taipei, Taiwan in 2006. Logistic regression was used to analyze correlates of suicidal ideation and attempt across cities. Results The 12-month prevalence of suicidal ideation and attempt was 8.4% and 2.5% across all three cities, respectively. Suicidal ideation was highest in Taipei (17.0%), Shanghai (8.1%), and lowest in Hanoi (2.3%); similar trends were found for suicidal attempts. Younger age cohorts (15–19 year-olds) and females were more likely to report suicidal ideation and suicidal attempts compared with 20–24 year-olds and males. In multivariate logistic regression results, across the three cities, female gender, younger age, family structure, parental support, family history of suicide, migration status, and substance use were associated with suicidal ideation. Factors associated with suicidal attempt included female gender, family history of suicide, parental support, and substance use. Discussion Suicidality is common among Asian youth, with highest levels reported in more industrialized cities.
Silver coordination complexes of 2-(diphenylphosphinomethyl)pyridine and their bipyridine derivatives

Abstract Reaction of 2-(diphenylphosphinomethyl)pyridine (PMP-21) with the silver(I) salts of tetrafluoroborate ( BF 4 - ) , triflate (Otf−), and trifluoroacetate (tfa−) affords dinuclear complexes (2–4), where the ligand bridges the two silver centers, and the anions interact with the metal centers to varying degrees. Further reaction of AgBF4 and AgOtf with reaction solutions containing PMP-21 and either the bidentate 5,5′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine or 4,4′-bipyridine ligands produce dimeric and bridged structural motifs. The ability of 5,5′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine to chelate and the 4,4′-bipyridine to serve as a connector between metal centers, allows the construction of coordinative structures where the effect of ligand ratio and either interacting or non interacting anions influence the silver coordination environment, allowing it to take on several geometries including trigonal bipyramidal, 5, both T-shaped and tetrahedral in a single structure, 6 and 8, trigonal pyramidal, 7, and trigonal planar, 9. Structures 2, 3, and 4 display comparable Ag–Ag contacts ranging from 2.7979(10) to 3.0538(4) A, with a corresponding weakening of the metallophilic interaction when a bipyridine ligand is coordinated. Low-temperature luminescence spectra were collected for all compounds and are compared.
A model for the creep behaviour of tendon

Abstract A theoretical model is proposed to explain the viscoelastic behaviour of tendon. The model is based on the hypothesis that the mechanism of tendon deformation is one of shear of the mucopolysaccharide gel between the collagen ribbons in the ‘toe’ region1 of the stress strain curve followed by fibrillar extension in the ‘linear’ region2.3. Conventional linear viscoelastic parameters of the constituents of the tendon were used to describe the behaviour of the composite. Certain structural constants of the tendon and an appropriate form for the retardation spectrum of the composite also appear in the model. It was found that the following parameters play an important part in the viscoelastic deformation process; the mean value of the crimp angle of the strained fibres, 0O; the broadness of the distribution of crimp angles α ; the magnitude of the compliance difference for the gel, ΔJG and for the fibres, ΔDF. Excellent agreement between experiment and theory has been observed for a variety of experimental circumstances. Values of 0O, α ΔJG and ΔDF were determined for a number of specimens by fitting the model equations to the experimental data. The theory illustrates the expected influence on the viscoelastic properties of tendon which would result from changes in these parameters, which may arise from disease or ageing, for instance. The model also provides a challenge for future experimental work in that an independent determination of the parameters, 0O, α ΔJG and ΔDF would confirm or refute the quantitative predictions of the theory presented here.
Effects of Microbial Flora on Levels of Colony Stimulating Factor in Serums of Irradiated CFW Mice

SummaryGermfree, specifically mono-associated with bacteria, and conventional CFW mice were evaluated for changes in serum CSF levels following 850 R whole-body X-irradiation. Gram-negative E. coli-monoassociated mice showed elevations of CSF levels similar to that in conventional mice. However, CSF levels in mice mono-associated with S. faecalis remained unchanged, as in germfree mice. In mice with bone marrow transplantations following X-irradiation, serum CSF levels were maintained at the level of untreated mice, which indicates that CSF levels are regulated by functioning bone marrow cells. The data also indicates that the changes in CSF levels that are associated with gram-negative bacteria may be due to the production of endotoxin, which is involved in levels of serum CSF; which, in turn, may play a role in regulating granulopoiesis.We express our thanks to Dr. Donald Metcalf for his valuable advice in implementation of this project.
Coaxial Ge(Li) Gamma-Ray Camera

A ?-ray camera utilizing a position sensitive coaxial Ge(Li) detector is being developed. Slots parallel to the detector axis are machined in the outer n-layer contact of the crystal to produce effectively independent pie-shaped sectors. The sector preamplifier-discriminator that is activated by a ?-ray interaction in the detector specifies the angular position of the interaction. The radial location of the interaction is determined by pulse-shape analysis of the signal from the common broadband low-noise preamplifier connected to the p-core. Thus, with an appropriate collimator the spatial distribution of radiation intensities is determined in polar co-ordinates . Position signals corresponding to one or more selected ?-ray energies are stored in a small computer which transforms the polar co-ordinates into cartesian coordinates and displays the image on an X-Y oscilloscope. Data pertaining to the position response of the detector and to regional variations in detector efficiency are presented.
AN AB INITIO INVESTIGATION OF THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF LITHIUM AZIDE (LIN3), SODIUM AZIDE (NAN3), AND LEAD AZIDE PB(N3)2

Solid energetic substances have long played an important technological role as explosives, as well as for fuels. In this article, the authors concentrate on a type of explosive considered a primary explosive, lead azide, and its related compounds, lithium azide and sodium azide. Recent interest in more fundamental questions relating to the basic properties of these systems as materials, coupled with a desire to probe fundamental questions relating to the initiation and sustaining of the chemical reactions leading to combustion/detonation, is generating significant interest in the basic solid-state properties of such energetic systems. In particular, recent analysis of detonation by Gilman emphasizes the need to include excitation of the electronic system in obtaining an understanding. In this article, the band structures of the three solid metal azides are studied. This is done for both the normal lattice geometry and also in isotropically compressed geometries. These studies found that the alkali azide band gaps are far wider than is the lead azide gap and the lead azide gap is far more sensitive to narrowing with lattice compression than are the gaps for the alkali azides. In fact, the gap for sodium azide is found to widen with compression rather than narrow. The authors found that there is much seen in the band structures of these azides to lend some support to the Gilman model and also to demonstrate the importance of solid-state effects on the electronic structure and possible behavior of such energetic systems. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dielectronic recombination from high-lying resonance states in H-like silicon, calcium, and iron.

We have calculated dielectronic recombination (DR) rate coefficients for H-like silicon, calcium, and iron at plasma temperatures 0.1--10 keV. The calculation involves all DR processes 1{ital s}+{epsilon}{ital l}{sub {ital c}}{r arrow}(2{ital lnl}{prime}){sup *}{r arrow}1{ital sml}{prime}{prime}+{gamma} with {ital n}=2{minus}{infinity}. The effects of configuration interaction and spin-orbit coupling have been included for all states with {ital n}{le}8; for higher-lying resonance states, the 1/{ital n}{sup 3} scaling was employed.
Methamphetamine induces long-term changes in GABAA receptor α2 subunit and GAD67 expression

Abstract The present study investigated whether GABA A receptor α2 subunit and GAD 67 are involved in chronic high dose methamphetamine (METH)-induced sensitization and neurotoxicity. The METH sensitization was established in rats by 7-day pump infusion plus daily injection (25 mg/kg/day) and a subsequent 28-day withdrawal period. Behavioral sensitization was assessed by behavioral ratings after challenge with METH (0.5 mg/kg). The neurotoxicity was evaluated by the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Western blot assay showed that METH sensitization decreases GABA A α2 subunit and GAD 67 protein levels in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core and shell, and conversely, these proteins were increased in the caudate. An upregulation of GFAP expression was observed in the caudate, but not in the NAc core and shell. These data suggest that inhibition of GABA transmission in the NAc is related to METH behavioral sensitization, whereas activation of GABA transmission in the caudate is associated with METH-induced neurotoxicity.
Retinal hemorrhages in malignant arterial hypertension

We conducted a detailed investigation into retinal hemorrhages in renovascular malignant arterial hypertension experimentally produced in rhesus monkeys. The hypertension was produced by modified Goldblatt's procedures in 60 rhesus monkeys and hypertensive fundus changes were studied by ophthalmoscopy, stereoscopic color fundus photography and fluorescein fundus angiography. Our study revealed that, in hypertensive retinopathy due to malignant hypertension, retinal hemorrhages usually did not constitute either one of the earliest or one of the most conspicuous retinal lesions, but, on the contrary, were a minor feature of the retinopathy. Neither the time of onset of retinal hemorrhages nor their peak severity showed any significant correlation with the level of the arterial hypertension. The hemorrhages were usually situated in the nerve fiber layer, and could be located anywhere in the fundus but were usually found in the distribution of the radial peripapillary retinal capillaries. There was no association between the presence of retinal hemorrhages and retinal venous changes; the latter were seen only in a minority of animals and consisted of retinal venous stasis, venous collaterals and arteriovenous shunts.
Photoelectrochemical reduction of nitrates at the illuminated p-GaInP2 photoelectrode

Nitrates are photoelectrochemically reduced at the p-GaInP2 electrode in nitrate-bearing solutions. The rate-determining step of the nitrate reduction process is significantly promoted by band gap illumination, resulting in over 80% Faradaic efficiency. IPCE at −1 V exceeds 60% at wavelengths of light below 580 nm.
The nature and evolution of phenomenological empathy in nursing: An historical treatment

This study is an historical analysis of the nature and evolution of phenomenological empathy in nursing covering the period from 1861 through 1981. Nursing archival data were analyzed beginning with the inception of modern American nursing during the Civil War. The categories patient cues, empathy, nursing interventions, and patient responses were applied to the qualitative data. Analysis generated 119 instances of phenomenological empathy. The findings showed that patient cues were not a factor in precipitating nurse empathy, whereas patient responses to nursing interventions showed positive outcomes. A conceptual model of phenomenological empathy comprised of four major constructs and 18 concepts was derived from the archival data.
Use of cis-Pt(II)-uracil for electron microscopic cytochemistry of rat brain nucleic acids.

Summary Cis -Pt(II)-uracil staining reveals nucleic acids in a relatively specific manner when applied alone for 1 h to rat brain tissue specimens. Poor contrast and resolution are observed when glutaraldehyde-fixed and epoxyembedded thin sections are post-stained with cis -Pt(II)-uracil alone. Counterstaining thin sections with uranyl acetate decreases staining specificity by revealing many tissue proteins. Synapses did not stain, which suggests that they do not contain significant amounts of large RNA molecules. Technical procedures must be carefully regulated to avoid artifactual staining of cellular components other than nucleic acids.
Race, Crime, and General Strain Theory

A key criminological observation is the overrepresentation of minorities—especially African Americans—in the criminal justice system. Whether this difference is due to differential enforcement by the criminal justice system, differential participation by individuals, or some combination of these two perspectives is a source of much debate and controversy. Unfortunately, few theories have been developed and/or extended to understand race differences in crime. This article applies Agnew’s General Strain Theory (GST) as one potentially useful framework. Results indicate that GST variables operated as expected across the different models and that significant differences did emerge across racial groups. Theoretical implications and future research directions are highlighted.
A Consumer-Resource Approach to Community Structure

Because all species are consumers and all, eventually, are consumed by other species, consumer-resource interaction is one of the most fundamental processes of ecology. Simple models that include the direct mechanisms of consumer-resource interactions may thus be the fundamental building-block for models of community structure. These models are easily extended to include such complexity as the effects of physical limiting factors, spatial heterogeneity in resource supply, fluctuating resource supply, and multiple trophic levels. Each such modification places constraints on the traits of species that can persist. Consumer-resource models make predictions about many aspects of community structure, including species richness, species composition, species dominance, population dynamics, morphological or physiological traits of species, and patterns of phenotypic variation within species. Thus, each model affords numerous opportunities to test and modify or reject it. A review of a variety of communities suggests that much of the structure of each community can be explained by a relatively simple consumer-resource model, but that different elements of complexity may be important in different communities.
The existence of non-labile sodium in polycrystalline sodium beta alumina

Abstract Experiments were carried out to measure the rate and extent to which silver and potassium ions exchange with the sodium ions in Monofrax sodium beta alumina (1.32Na 2 O·11Al 2 O 3 ) and high soda polycrystalline sodium beta alumina (nominal stoichiometry of 1.80Na 2 O·11Al 2 O 3 ). Ion exchange in molten nitrate melts at 350°C is complete within about 10 hours for 1–2 mm sized Monofrax beta alumina crystals. For the polycrystalline samples, however, exchanges with both silver and potassium reach limiting values of about 87% for silver and 84% for potassium after 50–80 hours. This is interpreted on the basis of second phases present in the polycrystalline samples and the apparent existence of non-labile sodium within the beta alumina grains.
Calorimetric and electron spin resonance examination of lipid phase transitions in human stratum corneum: Molecular basis for normal cohesion and abnormal desquamation in recessive X-linked ichthyosis

Abstract Lipids appear to play a critical role as regulators of stratum corneum desquamation. In this study, we observed discrete lipid phase transitions at physiologic temperatures in both normal human scale (NHS) and in lipid extracts of NHS by differential scanning calorimetry. In contrast, such thermal transitions were not observed in recessive x-linked ichthyosis scale (RXLIS). To gain further insight into the molecular basis of the lipid phase transitions in NHS vs. RXLIS, comparable samples were evaluated by electron spin resonance, utilizing the perdeuterated probe, di-t-butyl nitroxide. Upon electron spin resonance analysis, both NHS and RXLIS demonstrated thermal phase transitions in the physiologic range; however, the nature of the lipid environments in each type varied. Whereas the environment of the spin probe was more polar in NHS than in RXLIS, the spin probe partitioned into a more "fluid" environment in RXLIS; i.e., the spin probe was more mobile in RXLIS than in NHS lipid matrices. Because an alteration in the cholesteryl sulfate: cholesterol ratio is the primary lipid abnormality in RXLIS, model cholesterol-fatty acid-cholesteryl sulfate mixtures were prepared in proportion to the lipid composition of NHS and RXLIS. Differences were observed in both thermal transitions and in lipid microenvironments in these mixtures that paralleled those observed in scale samples. Based on these results, a model is proposed that invokes abnormal hydrogen bonding, due to increased cholesteryl sulfate, as the mechanism for the abnormal desquamation in recessive X-linked ichthyosis.