cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic placement of the stone-nest orb-weaving spider Nemoscolus Simon, 1895 (Araneae : Araneidae) and the description of the first species from Australia

The spider genus Nemoscolus Simon, 1895 (Araneidae) has been neglected taxonomically despite the unique retreat that several species construct in their horizontal orb-webs, composed of pebbles and other detritus. The distribution of Nemoscolus is poorly known and the genus includes species from Africa and Europe. Nemoscolus is placed in Simon’s Cycloseae species group along with Cyclosa Menge, 1866, Acusilas Simon, 1895, Arachnura Vinson, 1863, Witica O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1895, among others. Here we describe a new species from Queensland, Australia, N. sandersi, sp. nov., drastically expanding the distribution range of the genus. We use nucleotide sequence data to phylogenetically place Nemoscolus using model-based inference methods within Araneidae and to explore its affinities to Simon’s Cycloseae. The data support propinquity of Nemoscolus with Acusilas and Arachnura but not with Cyclosa. Our analyses suggest that Cycloseae is not a clade, with Cyclosa, Acusilas, Witica and Nemoscolus not sharing a recent common ancestor. This use of an integrated granular retreat represents at least the second independent evolution of such a structure within Araneidae. These results improve our understanding of both phylogeny and retreat evolution in araneid spiders.
RETROVIRAL VECTORS FOR GENE THERAPY

Although there are many hurdles to overcome for successful gene therapy, there is a vast potential to permanently incorporate genes into cells to correct genetic disorders and to combat viral infections. Retroviruses, inspite of some limitations, offer the best hope in this direction and lentiviral vectors, which infect nondividing cells, may be the choice in the future, especially in gene therapy for central nervous system disorders.
Yoga therapy knowledge in third-year pharmacy students: An education intervention.

Abstract Background and purpose The omission of yoga education in health professions curricula limits health professionals from understanding how to support patient well-being in an integrated manner. The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a yoga therapy-based educational intervention in increasing yoga knowledge of third-year pharmacy students. Educational activity and setting Students in the Pharmacognosy and Complementary and Alternative Medicine course received a three-hour educational intervention over two class meetings on yoga therapy during fall 2019. The pedagogical method of peer instruction was used, and pre- and post-questionnaires were administered online prior to and after the intervention. The instrument contained eight demographic, six yoga knowledge and participation, 10 yoga therapy, and 15 referral behavior questions. Findings A statistically significant increase in yoga knowledge scores from 1.43 ± 0.9 before the education intervention to 5.69 ± 1.65 after the intervention occurred (P Summary Increases in post-questionnaire knowledge scores suggested that the educational intervention increased pharmacy students' knowledge of yoga therapy in our sample. Studies specific to yoga education in health professional students, especially in the United States, are scarce. Additionally, the impact of an educational intervention on yoga knowledge in pharmacy students has not been studied. Including yoga therapy in pharmacy curricula should be explored as greater integration of yoga in healthcare is likely to occur due to its effectiveness as an adjunct and widespread use.
How ex-Communist left parties reformed and lost

In the 1990s, many left-wing parties abandoned their traditional economic policies and adopted more pro-market economic stances. Central and Eastern Europe offers a useful context to explore the im...
Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm for PET Image Reconstruction: Concept

In many diagnostic imaging settings, including positron emission tomography (PET), images are typically used for multiple tasks such as detecting disease and quantifying disease. Unlike conventional image reconstruction that optimizes a single objective, this work proposes a multi-objective optimization algorithm for PET image reconstruction to identify a set of images that are optimal for more than one task. This work is reliant on a genetic algorithm to evolve a set of solutions that satisfies two distinct objectives. In this paper, we defined the objectives as the commonly used Poisson log-likelihood function, typically reflective of quantitative accuracy, and a variant of the generalized scan-statistic model, to reflect detection performance. The genetic algorithm uses new mutation and crossover operations at each iteration. After each iteration, the child population is selected with non-dominated sorting to identify the set of solutions along the dominant front or fronts. After multiple iterations, these fronts approach a single non-dominated optimal front, defined as the set of PET images for which none the objective function values can be improved without reducing the opposing objective function. This method was applied to simulated 2D PET data of the heart and liver with hot features. We compared this approach to conventional, single-objective approaches for trading off performance: maximum likelihood estimation with increasing explicit regularization and maximum a posteriori estimation with varying penalty strength. Results demonstrate that the proposed method generates solutions with comparable to improved objective function values compared to the conventional approaches for trading off performance amongst different tasks. In addition, this approach identifies a diverse set of solutions in the multi-objective function space which can be challenging to estimate with single-objective formulations.
PIP2 as the "coin of the realm" for neurovascular coupling.

Cerebral small vessel diseases (SVDs) are a group of related pathologies that collectively account for over 25% of ischemic strokes and more than 40% of all dementias (1, 2). Although genetic forms have been identified, sporadic SVDs are the most common and become prevalent with increasing age. The causes of sporadic SVDs remain poorly understood, and no treatment options are currently available. SVDs can occur in any organ in the body. However, the brain’s microvasculature is uniquely susceptible to dysfunction. In tissues such as skeletal muscle, metabolic demand is met in part by an organ-wide dilation of the vasculature that lowers the resistance to flow so that increased demand is satisfied by a surge of blood flow throughout the tissue. In contrast, the skull imposes an essentially fixed volume to prevent global increases in the amount of blood in the brain. Thus, nature has evolved mechanisms unique to the cerebral circulation to rapidly redirect blood flow to brain regions with higher metabolic activity at the cost of diminished flow elsewhere (3, 4). This process is termed functional hyperemia. It involves communication between active brain regions and the cerebral vasculature by loosely defined processes known as “neurovascular coupling” (5⇓–7). Neurovascular coupling is disrupted in cerebral SVDs (1, 2), and the diminished state of functional hyperemia contributes to vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. In PNAS, Dabertrand et al. (8) demonstrate the molecular basis for the loss of functional hyperemia for a particular SVD and, impressively, show how the dysfunction may be reversed. In particular, impaired functional hyperemia is rescued by exogenously supplying the minor phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), to a mouse model of cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) (9). This is the predominant genetic SVD and a model for … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: searley{at}med.unr.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Not immune to inequity: minority under-representation in immunotherapy trials for breast and gynecologic cancers.

Objective To describe the participation of minority women in clinical trials using immunologic agents for breast and gynecologic cancers. Methods A retrospective review of completed clinical trials involving immunotherapy for breast and gynecologic cancers was performed. Completed trials were examined for data on race, tumor type, and start year. Minority enrollment was stratified by tumor site. Based on Center for Disease Control and Prevention age-adjusted incidence for race, expected and observed ratios of racial participation were calculated and compared using Χ2 testing, p≤0.05. Results A total of 53 completed immunotherapy clinical trials involving 8820 patients were reviewed. Breast cancer trials were most common (n=24) and involved the most patients (n=6248, 71%). Racial breakdown was provided in 41 studies (77%) for a total of 7201 patients. Race reporting was lowest in uterine (n=4, 67%) and cervical cancer trials (n=6, 67%), and highest in ovarian cancer trials (n=12, 86%). White patients comprised 70% (n=5022) of all the patients included. Only 5% of patients involved were black (n=339), and 83% of these patients (n=282) were enrolled in breast cancer trials. Observed enrollment of black women was 32-fold lower for ovarian, 19-fold lower for cervical, 15-fold lower for uterine, and 11-fold lower for breast cancer than expected. While all trials reported race between 2013 and 2015, no consistent trend was seen towards increasing race reporting or in enrollment of black patients over time. Conclusion Racial disparities exist in clinical trials evaluating immunologic agents for breast and gynecologic cancers. Recruitment of black women is particularly low. In order to address inequity in outcomes for these cancers, it is crucial that significant attention be directed towards minority representation in immuno-oncologic clinical trials.
Is travel behaviour an equity issue? Using GPS location data to assess the effects of income and supermarket availability on travel reduction during the COVID-19 pandemic

With recent research identifying mobility restrictions for alleviating the spread of COVID-19, governments have implemented stay-at-home measures, which in turn produced significant changes in peop...
Beyond social withdrawal: New perspectives on the effects of inflammation on social behavior.

Abstract Decades of research in animals and humans show that inflammation is an important regulator of social behavior. While much research in this area has concluded that inflammation causes a withdrawal from social interaction, closer examination of the literature reveals that the effects of inflammation on social behavior are much more nuanced. Indeed, while many studies do show that increases in inflammation lead to social withdrawal, other studies show the exact opposite, finding that inflammation leads to an increase in social approach behavior. Critically, whether an organism withdraws or approaches when inflamed may depend on the whether the target of the behavior is a close other or a stranger. In the present paper, we review both animal research and our initial research in humans that has utilized experimental manipulations of inflammation and examined their effects on social approach behavior. We argue, based on complementary theoretical perspectives and supporting evidence from the literature, that there are three critical next steps for translational work examining the effects of inflammation on social behavior: (1) We need to study actual social behavior, as expressed toward both close others and strangers; (2) We should examine not just the social behavior of the inflamed individual, but also the behavior of others interacting with an inflamed individual; and (3) We must consider the relative increases in inflammation (i.e., higher vs. lower) as a contributor to social withdrawal vs. approach. Ultimately, we urge the field to move beyond a singular focus on inflammation and social withdrawal so that we can develop a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of inflammation on a variety of social behaviors.
Detrital U-Pb zircon and 40Ar/39Ar muscovite geochronology from Middle Pennsylvanian strata in the Anadarko Basin, Texas Panhandle, USA

Abstract The Late Mississippian-Permian Anadarko Basin formed in Texas and Oklahoma, USA as the result of inversion of Neoproterozic and Cambrian rift structures. Subsidence was driven by flexural loading of the Amarillo-Wichita Uplift, and this uplift may represent the easternmost element of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains system. The northwestern part of this basin has generally been interpreted to have been filled by sediment derived from the Ancestral Front Range Uplift, ~475 km to the northwest during the early stages of basin filling. We test this model using U-Pb detrital zircon and 40Ar/39Ar detrital muscovite results from three subsurface samples of the Morrow B sandstone in the northwestern part of the Anadarko Basin. We provide a new maximum depositional age of 310.9 ± 4.9 Ma that indicates the age of the Morrow B to be no older than late Atokan to early Desmoinesian Age (Moscovian), ~10 Myr younger than previously interpreted. In contrast to some previous interpretations, we propose that the most likely source for the sediment in the Morrow B is the Amarillo Uplift to the south. Detrital zircon and detrital muscovite data have age peaks at 900–1300 Ma, 1370 Ma and 1600–1800 Ma corresponding to derivation from Grenville, Granite-Rhyolite and Yavapai-Mazatzal basement provinces, respectively. A dominant detrital zircon peak at 1370 Ma suggests that Mesoproterozoic granites in the Amarillo Uplift were exposed by Middle Pennsylvanian time, and detritus eroded from the Amarillo Uplift dominated the lowstand sediment budget of the Texas Panhandle during this time; small volumes of sediment were likely sourced from the Ancestral Front Range. This study presents the first detrital geochronology data from the subsurface Anadarko Basin and the first detrital muscovite data from late Paleozoic southwestern Laurentia. The results presented here highlight the interpretive power of combined detrital zircon and muscovite datasets.
Private Information Discovery, the Value-Risk Tradeoff, and Public Disclosure

Technological advancements have lowered the cost for investors to acquire information. We study implications of a lower information acquisition cost in a model where investors' private information production and the manager's behind-the-scenes project management activities are jointly determined. Consistent with empirical evidence, we show that a lower information acquisition cost motivates more investors to acquire information, improves price informativeness, and increases market depth. However, these "benefits" are observed in part because the manager is pressured to shift the attention away from improving the expected value and toward reducing firm risk. The change can reduce both the expected firm value and investors' payoff from trading the firm's share. The result cautions against interpreting evidence of higher liquidity and price informativeness as evidence that technologies that facilitate information acquisition are beneficial. Finally, we show that public disclosure is an efficient way to mitigate the inefficiencies investors face in acquiring private information and, hence, rebalances the manager's value-risk tradeoff.
Estimating treatment effectiveness with sample selection

We consider a situation where treatment outcome is observed after two stages of selection; first of participation into the treatment, then in completion of the treatment. Estimates were obtained using two methods. First, three different binary response selection models were estimated sequentially in multiple steps. Second, all three equations were estimated jointly. All methods produce similar parameter estimates. We find evidence of selection effects from completion to outcome that could bias parameter estimates of the outcome equation, but not from participation to outcome, indicating that correcting only for participation may be insufficient to avoid biased estimates in the outcome equation.
Validation of methods used to recover escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. subjected to stress conditions

Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., and Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 were stressed with lactic acid and cell-free supernatants from lactic acid bacteria and plated on three different media to determine if injured cells were recovered. A comparison of the susceptibility and recovery of antibiotic-resistant strains of the pathogens and nonresistant strains was also made. Acid stress conditions were created by adjusting the pH of a cocktail mixture (two to four strains) of the pathogen to 3.50 with lactic acid and holding for 18 h. The pathogen cocktail was also stressed with a cell-free supernatant of Lactobacillus lactis (pH 3.90) in a 4:6 ratio. Both nonstressed and stressed cocktail cultures were plated on Trypticase soy agar (TSA) and violet red bile agar (VRBA) for E. coli and xylose lysine tergitol4 (XLT4) for Salmonella. Repair of injured cells was evaluated by pour plating the stressed cells on a 5-ml thin layer of TSA and allowing a 2-h room temperature incubation followed by overlaying with...
Clinical outcome after 450 revascularization procedures for moyamoya disease. Clinical article.

Object Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a rare cerebrovascular disease mainly described in the Asian literature. To address a lack of data on clinical characteristics and long-term outcomes in the treatment of MMD in North America, the authors analyzed their experience at Stanford University Medical Center. They report on a consecutive series of patients treated for MMD and detail their demographics, clinical characteristics, and long-term surgical outcomes. Methods Data obtained in consecutive series of 329 patients with MMD treated microsurgically by the senior author (G.K.S.) between 1991 and 2008 were analyzed. Demographic, clinical, and surgical data were prospectively gathered and neurological outcomes assessed in postoperative follow-up using the modified Rankin Scale. Association of demographic, clinical, and surgical data with postoperative outcome was assessed by chi-square, uni- and multivariate logistic regression, and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses. Results The authors treated a total of 233 adult p...
Examining Dose–Response Relationships Between Childhood Victimization, Depression, Symptoms of Psychosis, and Substance Misuse for Incarcerated Women

The current study uses the dose–response model to examine the relationships between childhood victimization events and subsequent depression, symptoms of psychosis, and substance misuse in a sample of 230 randomly selected incarcerated women in the United States. Results on the frequency of victimization were mixed. In this sample, both frequency of physical abuse and frequency of sexual abuse significantly predicted current symptoms of psychosis, but only frequency of physical abuse significantly predicted substance misuse. Incarcerated women who experienced multivictimization were 5.7 times as likely to report depression, 4.2 times as likely to report current symptoms of psychosis, and 3.8 times as likely to meet criteria for a substance use disorder. Results indicate that adjusting prison-based interventions to address multivictimization may improve outcomes and reduce recidivism among this population.
An exploration into activity-informed physical advertising using PEST

Targeted advertising benefits consumers by delivering them only the messages that match their interests, and also helps advertisers by identifying only the consumers interested in their messages. Although targeting mechanisms for online advertising are well established, pervasive computing environments lack analogous approaches. This paper explores the application of activity inferencing to targeted advertising. We present two mechanisms that link activity descriptions with ad content: direct keyword matching using an online advertising service, and "human computation" matching, which enhances keyword matching with help from online workers. The direct keyword approach is easier to engineer and responds more quickly, whereas the human computation approach has the potential to target more effectively.
Probabilistic question answering on the Web: Research Articles

Web-based search engines such as Google and NorthernLight return documents that are relevant to a user query, not answers to user questions. We have developed an architecture that augments existing search engines so that they support natural language question answering. The process entails five steps: query modulation, document retrieval, passage extraction, phrase extraction, and answer ranking. In this article, we describe some probabilistic approaches to the last three of these stages. We show how our techniques apply to a number of existing search engines, and we also present results contrasting three different methods for question answering. Our algorithm, probabilistic phrase reranking (PPR), uses proximity and question type features and achieves a total reciprocal document rank of .20 on the TREC8 corpus. Our techniques have been implemented as a Web-accessible system, called NSIR. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dr Martin: how are we doing in 2000? Hayes Martin lecture.

Some 70 years ago, Dr Hayes Martin emerged front stage on the medical scene. He was more than we could write about or read in an obituary. He was a force-an energetic presence. I have asked myself many times why. Because I never met him, I can only speculate, based on what I have heart from those who knew him and what I have read about him, while at the same time tyring to visualize his influence in the milieu of this times. According to television news anchor Tom Brokaw, who wrote a brook by this title, he belonged to The Greatest Generation ever. He practiced medicine during time of great stress and turnmoil throughout the world. Was he special because his appearance on the oncology scene was at the right place and at the right time? Was the practice of head and neck surgery in such a state of disarray before his time? Did he bring to it a sense of discipline? Was he unique because he was a zealot, a perfectionist, and a visionary? Did he intimidate and inspire? All these things contributed to the role he played, but I think he is remembered today and always will have an honored place in our history because he turned the ship of head and neck cancer care and charted a new course for us. He was to the practice of head and neck surgery what Babe Ruth was to baseball.
Blind Multiuser Detection

There are primarily two approaches to blind multiuser detection, namely, the direct matrix inversion (DMI) approach and the subspace approach. In this article, we present batch algorithms and adaptive algorithms under both approaches. We first treat the simple synchronous CDMA channels and present the main techniques for blind multiuser detection. We then generalize these methods to the more general asynchronous CDMA channels with multipath effects. Keywords: blind multiuser detection; direct methods; linear receivers; synchronous CDMA; subspace methods; multipath channels; adaptive receiver structure; linear MMSE detector
Pomegranate Juice Ellagitannin Metabolites Are Present in Human Plasma and Some Persist in Urine for Up to 48 Hours

Ellagitannins (ETs) from pomegranate juice (PJ) are reported to have numerous biological properties, but their absorption and metabolism in humans are poorly understood. To investigate the pharmacokinetics of pomegranate ETs, 18 healthy volunteers were given 180 mL of PJ concentrate, and blood samples were obtained for 6 h afterwards. Twenty-four-hour urine collections were obtained on the day before (-1), the day of (0), and the day after (+1) the study. Ellagic acid (EA) was detected in plasma of all subjects with a maximum concentration of 0.06 +/- 0.01 micromol/L, area under concentration time curve of 0.17 +/- 0.02 (micromol x h) x L(-1), time of maximum concentration of 0.98 +/- 0.06 h, and elimination half-life of 0.71 +/- 0.08 h. EA metabolites, including dimethylellagic acid glucuronide (DMEAG) and hydroxy-6H-benzopyran-6-one derivatives (urolithins), were also detected in plasma and urine in conjugated and free forms. DMEAG was found in the urine obtained from 15 of 18 subjects on d 0, but was not detected on d -1 or +1, demonstrating its potential as a biomarker of intake. Urolithin A-glucuronide was found in urine samples from 11 subjects on d 0 and in the urine from 16 subjects on d +1. Urolithin B-glucuronide was found in the urine of 3 subjects on d 0 and in the urine of 5 subjects on d +1. Urolithins, formed by intestinal bacteria, may contribute to the biological effects of PJ as they may persist in plasma and tissues and account for some of the health benefits noted after chronic PJ consumption. Whether genetic polymorphisms in EA-metabolizing enzymes (e.g., catechol-O-methyl transferase and glucuronosyl transferase) are related to variations in response to PJ remains to be established.
Prenatal and perinatal factors in the etiology of autism.

This paper will review studies on prenatal and perinatal factors and the etiology of autism. It will focus on whether identified risk factors have been consistent from report to report, the extent to which identified risk factors are likely to be causal, and the extent to which identification of these factors can contribute to the development of strategies for the prevention of autism. Autism is one of a group of disorders often described as the developmental disabilities. Other disorders in this group are mental retardation, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and learning disorders. Like these other disorders, autism is delineated by a set of observable dysfunctions and to some extent also by a shared natural history. Like these other disorders, autism is not a disease in the sense of having known biologic markers or known major etiologic factors in common. It is probable that autism is not the result of a single etiologic factor. Before examining the literature on autism, it may be useful to consider briefly what is known about maternal, pregnancy, and birth factors in the other developmental disabilities. EXPERIENCE WITH OTHER DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Contrary to expectations based on a hypothetical "continuum of reproductive causality," different developmental disabilities often have different major predictors. For example, the major known predictors of mental retardation and learning disorders are family characteristics such as educational level of the parents and measures of socioeconomic status.1,2 These characteristics are not important risk factors for cerebral palsy3 or epilepsy.4,5 Low birth weight is related to cerebral palsy but not to epilepsy in persons without cerebral palsy.6
Concurrent Vismodegib and Radiotherapy for Recurrent, Advanced Basal Cell Carcinoma

Importance Vismodegib is a targeted agent recently approved for treating patients who develop recurrent or locally advanced basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and will inevitably be integrated into existing therapy for advanced BCC as it becomes increasingly used. Improved understanding of how vismodegib interacts with other treatment modalities, including radiotherapy, would help optimize multidisciplinary therapy and clinical outcomes. Observations We report 2 cases of recurrent, advanced BCC treated from April 1, 2012, through October 31, 2014, with concurrent radiotherapy and vismodegib. Concurrent treatment appeared to be well tolerated and efficacious, with both patients having no evidence of progressive disease at last follow-up. Conclusions and Relevance We found that the combination of vismodegib and radiotherapy is feasible for patients with recurrent or locally advanced BCC and that combined use of currently available therapies for advanced BCC warrants further prospective study.
Potential mechanisms responsible for chlorotriazine-induced alterations in catecholamines in pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells.

Chlorotriazines interact with undifferentiated PC12 cells in vitro to modulate catecholamine synthesis and release, but the mechanism(s) responsible for this effect had not been determined. In this study we evaluated the effect of atrazine, simazine and cyanazine on the protein expression of the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of dopamine [tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)] and norepinephrine [dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DbetaH)]. We also examined the possible intracellular pathway associated with chlorotriazine-induced changes in catecholamine synthesis and release. Incubating PC12 cells in the presence of 100 microM atrazine and simazine decreased intracellular dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) concentration and NE release, and the protein expression of TH (approximately 20%) and DbetaH (approximately 50 and 25%, respectively) after 12-24 h exposure. In contrast, cyanazine (100 microM) stimulated intracellular and released NE concentration, and the protein expression of TH (approximately 20%) and DbetaH (approximately 225%) after 12-36 h exposure. Simultaneous exposure to the essential TH co-factors (iron and tetrahydrobiopterine) was ineffective in altering cellular DA. Agents known to enhance TH and DbetaH transcription, phosphorylation or activity (e.g., 8-bromo cAMP, forskolin or dexamethasone) reversed the inhibitory effects of atrazine and simazine on the NE. Again, in contrast to atrazine and simazine, cyanazine attenuated catecholamine-depleting effect of alpha-Methyl-p-tyrosine (alphaMpT) on NE. Both DA and NE synthesis can be altered by the chlorotriazines and suggest these occur via an alteration of the synthetic enzymes TH and DbetaH.
Kansas Populist Newspaper Editorial Response to the Homestead and Pullman Strikes: An Application of Sewell’s Theory of Structure

Scholars disagree on the reasons the Populist and industrial labor movements failed to achieve a political coalition. Some attribute the cause to a backward-looking Populist ideology that searched for solutions in an imaginary yeoman republic. Populists neither understood nor had sympathy with the problems facing late nineteenth-century industrial workers. Essentially, Populists engaged in status politics. Others argue that Populism was a progressive movement that accepted industrialization but sought to bring it under government control through a political coalition of the producer class consisting of farmers, workers, and small businessmen. I argue in this paper that the editors of Populist newspapers in Kansas attempted to promote a coali tion by utilizing the labor theory of value to educate farmers that their fate was linked to that of workers. I employ Sewell's theory of structure, specifically his axiom on the transposability of schemas, to illustrate the editors' transposition of the labor theory of value into a schema that defined the 1892 Homestead and 1894 Pullman Strikes as contests between the producer class (including farmers) and monopoly capital. I further argue that in addition to accounting for routine change, Sewell s framework is useful in examining how groups attempt to make sense of altered social contexts resulting from large-scale social dislocations. I reviewed Populist newspaper editorials on the strikes from
White Matter Axon Vulnerability to AMPA/Kainate Receptor-Mediated Ischemic Injury Is Developmentally Regulated

Periventricular white matter injury (PWMI) is the leading cause of neurodevelopmental morbidity in survivors of premature birth. Cerebral ischemia is considered a major etiologic factor in the generation of PWMI. In adult white matter (WM), ischemic axonal damage is mediated by AMPA/kainate receptors. Mechanisms of ischemic axonal injury during development are not well defined. We used a murine brain slice model to characterize mechanisms of ischemic axonal injury in developing WM. Acute coronal brain slices were prepared from thy1-yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) mice at postnatal day 3 (P3), P7, P10, and P21. Ischemia was simulated by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). YFP-positive axon morphology in the corpus callosum was preserved for at least 15 h under normoxic conditions. OGD resulted in delayed degeneration of YFP-positive axons, characterized by axonal beading, fragmentation, and loss of YFP. AMPA and cyclothiazide damaged WM axons at P7, P10, and P21 but not at P3. The AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo[f]quinoxaline-2,3-dione (NBQX) decreased OGD-induced axonal degeneration and oligodendrocyte loss at P10 and P21. At P3 and P7, NBQX protected oligodendrocytes but did not prevent axonal degeneration after OGD. The NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 [(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate] provided no protection at any age. These results indicate that developing WM axons are susceptible to ischemic injury. However, mechanisms of axonal degeneration are developmentally regulated. At P3 and P7, corresponding developmentally to the window of peak vulnerability to PWMI in humans, ischemic axonal injury is not mediated by AMPA/kainate receptors. Strategies to protect WM during this period may be substantially different from those used at later developmental stages.
Work Satisfaction of Education Professors

Nussel, Rusche and Wiersma surveyed a representative sample of 426 teacher educators in 39 public and 25 private institutions. Three instruments were de veloped, one of which was influenced by Herzberg's earlier work. Although there were some differences among ranks and between tenured and non- tenured faculty, subjects generally man ifested satisfaction with their profes sional work.
Satisfaction, Investment, and Alternatives Predict Entrepreneurs’ Networking Group Commitment and Subsequent Revenue Generation:

Prevailing wisdom across the body of research regarding social ties suggests that quantity matters. However, this logic is less applicable in formal networking groups, which have a bounded (and sta...
Elasticity of hydrogen to 24 GPa from single-crystal Brillouin scattering and synchrotron x-ray diffraction

We have developed a technique for studying the elasticity of single crystals of solid hydrogen and related materials at very high pressures and used the method to determine the second-order elastic moduli of single-crystal n-type hydrogen to 24 GPa at 295 K. The method involves the measurement of acoustic velocities as a function of crystallographic direction by Brillouin scattering in a diamond anvil cell with the orientation of the single crystals determined by synchrotron x-ray diffraction. Between 6 and 24 GPa, the adiabatic bulk modulus of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ increases by more than a factor of 3 and the shear modulus increases by more than a factor of 4. The acoustic anisotropy of hydrogen decreases from 11% to 6% for compressional waves and from 23% to 14% for shear waves. The data are also used to calculate thermodynamic properties of hydrogen at high pressures. By including the observed velocity anisotropy, the equation of state of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ derived from Brillouin data is in agreement with previous results derived solely from x-ray diffraction.
APPLIED REGRESSION ANALYSIS BIBLIOGRAPHY UPDATE 2000–2001

The 25-page Bibliography in Applied Regression Analysis, 2nd edition, by N.R. Draper and H. Smith, published by John Wiley and Sons in 1981, was previously extended by these publications: 1. Applied Regression Analysis Bibliography Update 1988-89. Communications in Statistics, Theory and Methods 1990, 19(4), 1205 1229. 2. Applied Regression Analysis Bibliography Update 1990-91. Communications in Statistics. Theory and Methods 1992, 21(9), 2415-2437. 3. Applied Regression Analysis Bibliography Update 1992-93. Commuications in Statistics. Theory and Methods 1994, 23(9), 2701-2731. The subheadings in 1-3 match the chapter headings of the 2nd Edition. The subheadings of 4 and 5 below, and of the present Bibliography for 2000-2001, are reclassified to match the chapter headings of Applied Regression Analysis, 3rd Edition, published by John Wiley and Sons, in 1998. 4. Applied Regression Analysis Bibliography Update 1994-97. Communications in Statistics. Theory and Methods 1998, 27(10), 2581-2623. 5. Applied Regression Analysis Bibliography Update 1998-99. Communications in Statistics. Theory and Methods 2000, 29(9&10), 2313-2341. 6. This Bibliography for 2000-2001. Items were chosen on the basis of their perceived relevance to practical applications (sometimes rather widely interpreted). The references were selected mostly from the issues of these journals: Annals of Statistics; Biometrika; Bulletin of the International Statistical Institute; Canadian Journal of Statistics; Communications in Statistics--Simulation and Computation; Communications in Statistics-Theory and Methods; Journal of the American Statistical Association; Journal of Quality Technology; Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, B, C and D; and Technometrics. This will be the last of these updates to be published in Communications in Statistics and I am grateful to the Editors for their long-lasting courtesy.
Simulation of operating procedures and infrastructure changes in the upper Mississippi navigation system

We use discrete-event simulation to investigate the effects of proposed operational policies and infrastructure changes for a series of locks that create a seasonal bottleneck for commercial barge operations. Traffic scheduling rules derived from a nonlinear integer programming model are tested over highly time-varying traffic mixes and traffic intensities in the shipping season. With the simulation model, we show the impact of alternative priority shifting rules and identify traffic levels at which major infrastructural improvements are required. We identify self-regulating behavior of the system when it is under stress and see how stochastic phenomena mute the benefits of scheduling strategies inferred from deterministic optimizing models. Finally, we compare the benefits derived from infrastructure investments with highly different capital costs. The results are relevant to other transportation or service systems involving series of separated servers with bi-directional traffic flows, several classes of user or customer, random itineraries, and random transit time between servers.
Development of a standardized dissolution test method for inhaled pharmaceutical formulations

The aim of this research was to investigate a potential standardized test method to characterize the dissolution properties of formulations intended for pulmonary delivery. A commercially available dissolution tester was adapted to be used as a testing apparatus by incorporation of a membrane containing cassette. The cassette was designed to enclose previously air-classified formulations, so that they could be uniformly tested in the dissolution apparatus. The influence of particle size, amount of drug loading, and the composition of a simulated lung fluid (SLF) dissolution media on the dissolution rate were studied. Dissolution rate was significantly affected by the uniformity of drug loading, and particle size. Diffusion coefficients, estimated using the Higuchi model, showed an increase from 2.28 to 9.60x10(-7) cm(2)/h as the particle size decreased. Addition of DPPC (0.02%, w/v) to the SLF dissolution media resulted also resulted in an increase in the diffusion coefficient value. This study demonstrated that the developed method was reproducible and may be used to evaluate the dissolution properties of pharmaceutical inhalation products following their aerodynamic particle classification.
La inserción en el mercado laboral de los inmigrantes latinos en España y en los Estados Unidos: Diferencias por país de origen y estatus legal.

This paper compares economic outcomes among Latin American migrants to Spain and the United States. We detect a selection effect whereby the majority of Latin American migrants to Spain originate in South America from middle-class backgrounds, whereas most migrants to the United States are Central Americans of lower class origins. This selection effect accounts for cross-national differences in the probability of employment, occupational attainment, and wages earned. Despite differences in the origins and characteristics of Latino immigrants to the each country, demographic and human and social capital factors appear to operate similarly in both places; and when models are estimated separately by legal status, we find that effects are more accentuated for undocumented compared with documented migrants, especially in the United States.
High efficiency reflective waveplates in the midwave infrared

We demonstrate a high efficiency reflective waveplate which exhibits incidence angle dependent phase shift tuning capabilities in the midwave infrared. Using Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) modeling, the phase shift and reflection efficiency are simulated for a variety of geometrical parameters, the results of which are then employed to optimize design. Devices were fabricated and both the polarization and efficiency characteristics were measured and compared to FDTD simulations showing excellent agreement. Further, the potential for scalability to other wavelength ranges and the capability to generate an arbitrary phase shift are explored to demonstrate the versatility of our design.
Experimental investigation of periodic flow in curved pipes

We have studied oscillatory flow through a 180° curved tube with the ratio of tube radius to radius of curvature equal to 1/7. The flow rate is constrained to vary sinusoidally about a non-zero mean at a specified period T, and mean flow rate Q. At a certain parameter range of interest Hamakiotes & Berger (1990) predict that fully developed flow undergoes a period-tripling bifurcation. Our measurements using laser-Doppler velocimetry found no bifurcation. An additional experiment was done to ensure that the flow was fully developed.
Above, about and beyond the writing of history: a retrospective view of Hayden White's Metahistory on the 40th anniversary of its publication

Since its publication 40 years ago, Hayden White's Metahistory has been recognized as a foundational work for the literary analysis of historical writing. Long thought to be primarily concerned with questions of narrative, new interpretations have recently revised our understanding of White's principal aims as a theorist and philosopher of history. What has emerged from these works is a novel view of the status and meaning of tropes in Metahistory, the underlying existentialist engagements that guided White's thinking about them, and the ways in which both served his encompassing goal not only to critique the reigning Rankean paradigm of ‘history’ but to free contemporary historians and historiography altogether from the ‘burden of history’ for the sake of a morally responsible future. The article analyses the ways in which these new interpretations of White alter our understanding of the corpus of his work, from his early article on the ‘burden of history’ to his most recent writings on ‘the practical pa...
Comparison of Real-Time PCR and Conventional Biochemical Methods for Identification of Staphylococcus lugdunensis

Staphylococcus lugdunensis is an aggressive, virulent member of the coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) that is responsible for severe, rapidly progressive skin and soft tissue infections and native valve endocarditis. To facilitate prompt identification and appropriate therapy, we describe here a rapid and robust multiplex real-time PCR assay that is able to definitively distinguish S. lugdunensis from other staphylococci. Using melting curve analysis, the assay also identifies Staphylococcus aureus and CoNS other than S. lugdunensis and determines MecA-dependent resistance to methicillin (meticillin). When applied to a panel of well-characterized staphylococcal reference strains, as well as 165 clinical isolates previously identified by conventional methods, the assay was both sensitive and specific for S. lugdunensis, correctly identifying the reference strain and all 47 S. lugdunensis isolates without inappropriate amplification of other staphylococci. Furthermore, rapid biochemical identification using the WEE-TAB system to detect ornithine decarboxylase activity was found to be unsuitable as an alternative to PCR identification, displaying just 31% sensitivity and 77% specificity when tested on a subset (90 isolates) of the clinical strains. We therefore propose that this simple, accurate PCR approach will allow for the routine and timely identification of S. lugdunensis in the clinical microbiology laboratory.
Developing the Internet: entrepreneurship and public policy in Ireland, Singapore, Argentina, and Spain

The Internet has not developed uniformly throughout the world. Data on 141 countries indicate that, after controlling for per capita income and installed telephone lines, cross-national differences in the numbers of Internet users and hosts have to do with favorable conditions for entrepreneurship and investment. We find little evidence that competition and privatization of telecommunications services matters. After examining international patterns of development for the world as a whole, differences between two matched pairs of countries are systematically compared: Ireland and Singapore, and Argentina and Spain. Patterns of entrepreneurship and public policy in each country are shown to have differed systematically, with distinctive consequences for the development of the Internet. # 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Bank Capital Regulation, Economic Stability, and Monetary Policy: What Does the Academic Literature Tell Us?

This paper surveys academic research exploring the macroeconomic and monetary policy implications of the Basel I and Basel II systems of risk-based capital requirements. This research indicates that regulatory tightening of capital ratios can generate aggregate shocks, that capital regulation can enhance the procyclicality already inherent in banking, and that capital requirements can influence macroeconomic outcomes and alter the monetary policy transmission mechanism. The paper offers suggestions for future avenues of research on the interplay between bank capital regulation, the economy, and monetary policymaking.
Benchmarking value in the pork supply chain: Processing characteristics and consumer evaluations of pork bellies of different thicknesses when manufactured into bacon.

Abstract Impact of belly thickness on processing yields and consumer evaluations of finished bacon products was measured. Before processing through a commercial facility, pork bellies (n = 96 per group) were sorted into three target thickness groups: “thin” (approximately 2.0 cm); “average” (approximately 2.5 cm); “thick” (approximately 3.0 cm). Processing yields at various production points were recorded and samples from each thickness group were evaluated by consumers for palatability characteristics and visual appearance. Bacon manufactured using “thick” bellies had the highest processing yields through the smoking and cooking phase. “Thin” bellies had the lowest slicing yields and generated the highest percentage of less valuable “#2 slices” (slice profile less than 1.9 cm at any point) and “ends and pieces.” Consumers found that bacon manufactured from “average” thickness bellies did not have deficiencies in palatability characteristics, but bacon manufactured from “thin” bellies lacked crispiness and bacon manufactured from “thick” bellies lacked flavor. Consumers found the lean-to-fat ratio and the visual appearance of bacon from “thick” bellies was less appealing than bacon from “thin” and “thick” bellies. Moreover, consumers showed much stronger purchase intent for bacon from “thin” and “average” bellies. Belly thickness impacted processing yield and consumer palatability evaluations of bacon. Producers need to minimize production of “thin” bellies because of reduced processing yields and “thick” bellies because of reduced consumer appeal.