cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transcriptional Derepression Uncovers Cryptic Higher-Order Genetic Interactions.

Disruption of certain genes can reveal cryptic genetic variants that do not typically show phenotypic effects. Because this phenomenon, which is referred to as ‘phenotypic capacitance’, is a potential source of trait variation and disease risk, it is important to understand how it arises at the genetic and molecular levels. Here, we use a cryptic colony morphology trait that segregates in a yeast cross to explore the mechanisms underlying phenotypic capacitance. We find that the colony trait is expressed when a mutation in IRA2, a negative regulator of the Ras pathway, co-occurs with specific combinations of cryptic variants in six genes. Four of these genes encode transcription factors that act downstream of the Ras pathway, indicating that the phenotype involves genetically complex changes in the transcriptional regulation of Ras targets. We provide evidence that the IRA2 mutation reveals the phenotypic effects of the cryptic variants by disrupting the transcriptional silencing of one or more genes that contribute to the trait. Supporting this role for the IRA2 mutation, deletion of SFL1, a repressor that acts downstream of the Ras pathway, also reveals the phenotype, largely due to the same cryptic variants that were detected in the IRA2 mutant cross. Our results illustrate how higher-order genetic interactions among mutations and cryptic variants can result in phenotypic capacitance in specific genetic backgrounds, and suggests these interactions might reflect genetically complex changes in gene expression that are usually suppressed by negative regulation.
Soy Protein Increases Glomerular Filtration Rate in Dogs with Normal or Reduced Renal Function

In mammals, protein ingestion increases the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), an effect which has been incriminated as a risk factor in progression of renal disease. Some studies suggest that a postprandial increase in GFR is absent or mild with vegetable proteins compared to animal proteins. The objective of this experiment was to determine whether vegetable (soy) protein had different effects than animal protein on GFR in dogs with normal or reduced renal function. A trial was conducted in which GFR was measured in four dogs with normal kidney function and seven dogs with reduced renal mass before and after administering protein. Normal dogs were fed four protein sources (casein, soy meal, soy flakes and purified soy protein). Dogs with reduced renal mass were fed three protein sources (casein, purified soy protein and pork liver). All proteins significantly (P < 0.05) increased the GFR in both groups except for casein (P = 0.066) in normal dogs. Proteins did not differ significantly in the magnitude of the increase in GFR that was induced. This study indicates that soy proteins in dogs have the same effect on GFR as animal-source proteins, which is contrary to reports of effects in humans.
Cryptococcus neoformans: historical curiosity to modern pathogen

The importance of the Basidiomycete Cryptococcus neoformans to human health has stimulated its development as an experimental model for both basic physiology and pathogenesis. We briefly review the history of this fascinating and versatile fungus, some notable aspects of its biology that contribute to virulence, and current tools available for its study.
Electromigration in integrated circuits

Abstract We review the mechanism of integrated circuit failure known as “electromigration.” Electromigration is a physical wearout process that operates primarily in the on-chip interconnections of an integrated circuit. It is caused by the currents that run through those interconnections. The first part of the review introduces the founding principles of electromigration and the research history upon which those principles are based. The second part introduces and reviews the increasingly relevant issue of pulsed current electromigration, and the final part contains a relatively detailed review of a recent study of pulsed current electromigration.
Preparation of substituted transition-metal (η1-propargyl complexes and their [3+2] cycloaddition reactions with sulfur dioxide and disulfur monoxide. Transition-metal–carbon bond cleaving reactions of the cycloadducts which yield oxathiolene oxides and dithiolene oxides

Abstract The preparations of several new cyclopentadienyl iron dicarbonyl η1-2-alkynyl complexes are reported. Their [3+2] cycloaddition reactions with sulfur dioxide and disulfur monoxide yielded transition-metal substituted 1,2-oxathiolene-2-oxides and 1,2-dithiolene-1-oxides, respectively. The transition-metal was cleaved from the oxathiolene-oxide and dithiolene-oxide containing complexes to produce new sulfur heterocycles.
The Delay-Capacity product for store-and-forward communication networks: Tree networks

A store-and-forward communication network under a maximal message delay criterion is considered. It is shown that the overall channel capacityC and the associated minimal maximal delayγ, as well as the maximal delayγ and the associated minimal overall capacityC, are characterized by a unique Delay-Capacity (γC) product number. The latter is related to a Delay-Capacity product (γC)+ number, uniquely determined solely by the topological structure of the communication network. Basic characteristics of the optimal delay and capacity assignment, a useful algoritm for the calculation of (γC)+ and simple upper and lower bounds on (γC)+, are derived for store-and-forward tree networks. Synthesis considerations and applications to hierarchical communication networks are noted.
Process Into Products Supporting Teachers to Engage Parents

This article addresses the need for novice teachers to receive exposure and experiences related to family engagement as part of their academic preparation to better facilitate their actual parent i...
Effect of PbO on zinc electrodeposition from zincate solutions

The effect of PhO on zinc electrodeposition on a copper substrate from zincate solutions was investigated using cyclic voltammetry and by polarization measurements as a function of time. It was found that lead deposition caused the zinc deposition potential to cathodically shift by 100 mV in the negative direction. It is suggested that the presence of lead on the copper substrate suppresses hydrogen absorption and consequently inhibits zinc deposition via a path such as $$\left( {ZnOH} \right)_{ad} + H_{ad} \to Zn + H_2 O$$ .
Two Stage Universal Newborn Infant Hearing Screening Reduces In-hospital Nursery Refer Rate † 1218

Two Stage Universal Newborn Infant Hearing Screening Reduces In-hospital Nursery Refer Rate † 1218
Partitioning of Clay Colloids at Air–Water Interfaces

Colloid sorption onto air-water interfaces in a variety of natural environments has been previously recognized, but better quantification and understanding is still needed. Affinities of clay colloids for the air-water interface were measured using a bubble-column method and reported as partition coefficients (K). Four types of dilute clay suspensions were measured in NaCl solutions under varying pH and ionic strength conditions: kaolinite KGa-1, illite IMt-2, montmorillonite SWy-2, and bentonite. The K values of three types of polystyrene latex particles with different surface-charge properties were also measured for comparison. Kaolinite exhibited extremely high affinity to the air-water interface at pH values below 7. Illite has lower affinity to air-water interfaces than kaolinite, but has similar pH dependence. Na-montmorillonite and bentonite clay were found excluded from the air-water interface at any given pH and ionic strength. Positively and negatively charged latex particles exhibited sorption and exclusion, respectively, at the air-water interface. These results show the importance of electrostatic interactions between the air-water interface and colloids, especially the influence of pH-dependent edge charges, and influence of particle shape.
Post-operative infections in cystic fibrosis and non-cystic fibrosis patients after lung transplantation

Background Cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease is the major cause of mortality in CF patients. Lung transplantation remains a valid therapeutic option. It is unknown whether CF patients receiving healthy lungs have an equal susceptibility to infections when compared with non-CF lung transplant patients. Herein we present the largest analyses to date of the post-operative infection profiles of 60 CF and 60 non-CF lung transplant patients. Methods Bilateral allogeneic lung transplantations and post-transplant management were performed according to standard clinical procedures. Post-operative infections were diagnosed by conventional methods based on clinical symptoms and laboratory cultures. Results Sixty CF lung-transplant patients developed 278 post-operative respiratory infections, from which 307 pathogens were isolated. Pseudomonas aeruginosa predominantly occupied 60.3%, followed by Mycobacteria spp (7.2%), Aspergillus spp (5.9%) and Staphylococcus spp (5.5%). However, 60 non-CF transplant patients had 154 respiratory infections with 165 pathogens isolated. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was noted in 38.2%, followed by Aspergillus spp (9.7%), Staphylococcus spp (9.7%) and Mycobacteria spp (9.1%). The CF group demonstrated a significantly higher frequency of Pseudomonas respiratory infections than the non-CF group. Interestingly, no significant differences were detected in any infections from other systems including blood, sinuses, skin, wounds, oral cavity, bowel, eyes, peritoneal cavity and urinary tract. Moreover, the CF lung transplant patients had significantly less time free from Pseudomonas infections. Conclusions The normal lungs implanted into CF patients had significantly higher susceptibility to Pseudomonas infections than those into non-CF patients, suggesting that defective innate immunity outside the lungs contributes to CF lung pathogenesis.
Cumulative risks of foster care placement by age 18 for U.S. children, 2000-2011.

Foster care placement is among the most tragic events a child can experience because it more often than not implies that a child has experienced or is at very high risk of experiencing abuse or neglect serious enough to warrant state intervention. Yet it is unclear how many children will experience foster care placement at some point between birth and age 18. Using synthetic cohort life tables and data from the Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System (AFCARS), we estimated how many U.S. children were placed in foster care between birth and age 18, finding support for three conclusions. First, up to 5.91% of all U.S. children were ever placed in foster care between their birth and age 18. Second, Native American (up to 15.44%) and Black (up to 11.53%) children were at far higher risk of placement. Foster care is thus quite common in the U.S., especially for historically disadvantaged racial/ethnic groups. Third, differences in foster care placement were minimal between the sexes, indicating that the high risks of foster care placement are shared almost equally by boys and girls.
Effects of difloxacin on the metabolism of glycosaminoglycans and collagen in organ cultures of articular cartilage.

Abstract Effects of Difloxacin on the Metabolism of Glycosaminoglycans and Collagen in Organ Cultures of Articular Cartilage. Burkhardt, J. E., Hill, M. A., Lamar, C. H., Smith, G. N., Jr., and Carlton, W. W. (1993). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 20, 257-263. Fluoroquinolones, including difloxacin, are potent antibacterial compounds which, as a side effect, cause lesions in articular-epiphyseal cartilage complexes (AECC) of growing animals. To evaluate the effects of difloxacin on the structure of AECC and the metabolism of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and collagen, explants of AECC were obtained from 18 healthy, 3-month-old Beagle dogs and cultured in medium which either had no difloxacin or had the drug at one of three concentrations (40, 80, or 160 μg/ml). Rates of synthesis of GAG and collagen were reduced by concentrations of difloxacin that were at or above 80 μg/ml. The rate of synthesis of total protein, however, was reduced only at the highest dose level. Catabolism of GAG and collagen was unaffected by the treatment. The principal ultrastructural changes in affected chondrocytes were distension of rough endoplasmic reticulum with electron-dense material that was probably protein, and vacuolation of cytoplasm. Structural changes were not observed in the extracellular matrix. It, therefore, appeared plausible that difloxacin affected chondrocytes by interfering with secretion of the matrix components, GAG and collagen.
Oxidative degradation of Biomer fractions prepared by using preparative-scale gel permeation chromatography.

The possibility that some macromolecular chains within a chemically heterogeneous polyether-urethane (PEU) may be more susceptible to degradation than others has been investigated. Preparative scale gel permeation chromatography has been used to separate chemically different fractions of a sample of the commercial PEU, Biomer™. The fractions were characterized and then tested for susceptibility to oxidative degradation by exposing them to hydrogen peroxide. After exposure to hydrogen peroxide, the samples were analyzed using high pressure gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). By using these methods, we were able to identify chemical changes in some of the Biomer™ fractions but not in others. Clear differences in the chemistry and reactivity of the fractions were observed. Changes in the weight average molecular weight varied from a decrease of 55.8% to an increase of 3.9%. A decrease in hard segment content at the...
Open Fractures: It Doesn't Come Out in the Wash

Abstract Background: Six hours from injury to washout is considered the gold standard in the treatment of open traumatic fractures. Despite this being our hospital policy, the rural nature of our Level I trauma center causes delays in discovery and transport, creating a unique randomization of time to washout. We hypothesized that orthopedic complications after open fractures are related to the severity of the fractures, not the timing of the washout. Methods: Patients and fractures were reviewed retrospectively over 6.3 years, evaluating for demographics, injury severity, location of fracture, mechanism of injury, Gustilo fracture grade, and time from injury to initial washout. Orthopedic wound complication rates were compared using logistic regression. Results: A total of 1,487 open fractures in 1,278 patients were reviewed. Time from injury to washout was 26 to 4,749 min (mean, 510 min), with 48 patients having no washout. Overall, 8.2% of fractures (n=122) had an orthopedic complication, rates of whic...
Attitude toward the Reasons for One's Actions: A Determinant of Perceived Freedom

The attitude of an actor toward the reasons for an action has been defended by Dworkin as the basis of freedom of action. This study tested the hypothesis that this consideration contributes to the perception of freedom by laymen. 18 items that described intentional actions were rated by 72 students along four dimensions: the actor's freedom of action, the valence of the actor's alternatives, the difference in valence of alternatives, and the actor's attitude toward the reason for his or her chosen action. Scale values for perceived freedom were correlated with scale values for the other three dimensions. The attitude variable, alone, significantly predicted perceived freedom, and it added significantly to prediction based on the other two variables. Dworkin's conception holds that the reason for an action is logically prior to a judgment of freedom. Some other conceptions imply that perceived freedom is a determinant of causal attribution.
Anti-implantation action of a medicated intrauterine delivery system (MIDS)☆

Abstract Since emetine hydrochloride is known to interfere with protein synthesis, it was decided to investigate the efficacy of this compound as a contraceptive agent when administered l'ocally as a component of a medicated intrauterine delivery system (MIDS). Six combinations of emetine dose level and device configuration were tested in the rabbit uterus. On the 10th day after mating the number of corpora lutea and implantation sites were recorded and statistically analyzed. Our results indicate that emetine hydrochloride does have a marked antiimplantation effect and this becomes increasingly pronounced with increases in dose level. It is of interest to note that the surface area of the device is of major importance in determining its overall effectiveness with length being the most critical component of this parameter. It was also found, that under our conditions, when emetine was present in the uterine lumen, it had no observable effect on implantation in the contra lateral horn.
Thermal Diffusion Through Amalgam and Cement Bases: Comparison of In Vitro and In Vivo Measurements

Under both in vitro and in vivo conditions, bases of zinc oxide-eugenol, calcium hydroxide, and zinc phosphate cement reduced the rate of thermal diffusion through amalgam restorations. Thermal diffusion was slowest in the presence of zinc oxide-eugenol bases, followed by calcium hydroxide and zinc phosphate cement. However, the clinical significance of the differences is not known.
Fibronectin regulates the activation of THP-1 cells by TGF-β1

Objective and Design: To determine how fibronectin regulates the immunomodulatory effects of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β on THP-1 cells.¶Material or Subjects: THP-1 monocytic cell line.¶Treatment: THP-1 cells were primed for 48 h in the presence or absence of 250 pM TGF-β1.¶Methods: Assays or assessments carried out, together with statistical test applied.¶Results: We found that adherence to fibronectin dramatically modulates the effects of TGF-β1 on the human monocytic cell line THP-1. TGF-β1 did not significantly affect constitutive interleukin (IL)-8 secretion or IL-1β-induced IL-8 secretion from suspended cells. In contrast, TGF-β1 stimulated IL-8 secretion as well as augmented IL-1β-induced IL-8 secretion from adherent cells. The differential effects of TGF-β1 on IL-8 secretion from suspended and adherent cells could not be explained by differences in IL-1 receptor antagonist production. The effects of fibronectin on TGF-β1 induced IL-8 secretion from THP-1 cells were mimicked by adhesion to immobilized anti-α4β1 integrin antibody and to a fibronectin fragment containing the CS-1 domain.¶Conclusions: These results indicate that α4β1-mediated adhesion to fibronectin may play a key role during inflammation by profoundly influencing the effects of TGF-β1 on monocytes.¶
An assessment of pain responses to thermal stimuli during stages of pregnancy.

Abstract A study utilizing visual analogue scale (VAS) responses to 43–51°C nociceptive thermal stimuli was carried out to determine whether women demonstrate a change in pain responsiveness across stages of pregnancy. Fifteen women tested in late pregnancy, labor, and post partum showed no significant differences in VAS responses to thermal stimuli across these stages. The results indicate that no central pain inhibitory system is active during late pregnancy or labor.
Molecular and compound-specific isotopic characterization of monocarboxylic acids in carbonaceous meteorites

Abstract Low molecular weight monocarboxylic acids are the most abundant water soluble organic compounds in the Murchison and many other CM type carbonaceous chondrites. In this study, we examined the monocarboxylic acids in Murchison and EET96029.20 carbonaceous meteorites using a new sample preparation and introduction technique for gas chromatograph recently developed for volatile, water-soluble organic compounds: solid phase micro-extraction (SPME). We identified more than 50 monocarboxylic acids from Murchison compared with the 18 compounds reported previously. Formic acid, a known interstellar molecule, has been fully analyzed in these carbonaceous meteorites, with its δD value suggesting an interstellar origin. We determined both carbon and hydrogen isotopic ratios of individual monocarboxylic acids in Murchison, to better define the origins and genetic relationships of these compounds. The compound-specific isotopic data reveal a large enrichment in 13 C (δ 13 C up to + 32.5 ‰ ) and particularly D (δD up to + 2024 ‰ ). The branched acids are substantially enriched in both 13 C and D relative to the straight chain acids, with those branched acids containing a quaternary carbon showing the greatest isotopic enrichment. The isotopic difference may be attributed to variations in the different synthetic regimes or terrestrial input of straight chain acids.
Discretization errors in the spectrum of the Hermitian Wilson-Dirac operator

I study the leading effects of discretization errors on the low energy part of the spectrum of the Hermitian Wilson-Dirac operator in infinite volume. The method generalizes that used to study the spectrum of the Dirac operator in the continuum, and uses partially quenched chiral perturbation theory for Wilson fermions. The leading-order corrections are proportional to a^2 (a being the lattice spacing). At this order I find that the method works only for one choice of sign of one of the three low energy constants describing discretization errors. If these constants have the relative magnitudes expected from large N_c arguments, then the method works if the theory has an Aoki phase for m of order a^2, but fails if there is a first-order transition. In the former case, the dependence of the gap and the spectral density on m and a^2 are determined. In particular, the gap is found to vanish more quickly as m_pi^2-> 0 than in the continuum. This reduces the region where simulations are safe from fluctuations in the gap.
A CAPSTONE EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING EXERCISE FOR UNDERGRADUATE PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY COURSES

“Why do I need to know this?” A question that is thought, if not spoken, by students that challenges both instructors and students in a physiology laboratory course to bring relevance and context to the information presented. In an attempt to address this question, instructors challenge students
Measures of Food Insecurity/Security

ABSTRACT Nutrition education has the potential to play an important role in ensuring food security and improving nutritional status. Therefore, food security is recommended for inclusion in nutrition education evaluation efforts. Considerable progress has been made in developing brief tools that can be used to measure food security at the household level. These tools are reliable in population-based surveys, and some studies have found that measures of food security are associated with nutrient intake. Hence, these tools can be valuable in monitoring, in community needs assessment, and in planning. These tools may also have the potential for use in evaluating nutrition education activities; this potential will be enhanced by research into the capacity of these tools to identify changes within households over time as a result of nutrition education and their sensitivity and reliability in doing so.
Derivation of Context Effects in Ratio Estimation from Cross-Modality Matches

Stevens (1966) and others have developed the method of cross-modality matching (CMM) to validate the exponents of power functions obtained from ratio-estimation (RE) . Theoretically, the exponent in CMM is the ratio of the exponents obtained for the attributes when tested individually by RE. It may be possible to derive the effects of context factors, e.g., position of the standard, range of stimuli, found in RE from the results of CMM. I have suggested elsewhere (Baird, 1970) that the exponent of the power function is composed of three factors; perceptual ( p ) , cognitive ( c ) , and contextual (a). The psychophysical function is
Corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist attenuates the "anxiogenic-like" effect in the defensive burying paradigm but not in the elevated plus-maze following chronic cocaine in rats.

Rationale: Chronic cocaine abuse is associated with the development of anxiogenic states in humans. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is an endogenous neurotropic factor well known to modulate stress responses. It has been postulated that CRF is involved in the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the anxiety and/or stress responses associated with removal of cocaine after chronic administration. Objective: The present study investigated the role of endogenous CRF in mediating the “anxiety-like” effect 48 h after the cessation of saline or chronic cocaine treatment in rats, using the defensive burying paradigm and the elevated plus-maze. Methods: Rats received daily injections of cocaine (20 mg/kg IP, for 14 consecutive days) or vehicle. Forty-eight hours after the last injection, animals were tested in the plus-maze and then in the defensive burying paradigm. In a second experiment, intracerebroventricular (ICV) cannulae were implanted at the lateral ventricle. Animals were allowed a 1-week period for recovery before starting the chronic drug treatment. The defensive burying testing took place 48 h after cessation of the treatment. The CRF antagonist [DPhe12, Nle21,38, CαMe Leu37] r/h CRF(12–41), (also known as D-phe CRF(12–41)) (0.04, 0.2 and 1.0 μg/5 μl) was injected 5 min before the 15-min testing. Results: An “anxiogenic-like” effect following chronic cocaine treatment was demonstrated with the defensive burying paradigm, but not with the elevated plus-maze. This “anxiety-like” response was attenuated by ICV pretreatment with the CRF antagonist D-Phe CRF(12–41), with the highest dose of the CRF antagonist reversing the observed “anxiogenic-like” response. Conclusions: These data suggest that brain CRF may be substantially involved in the development of “anxiety-like” responses related to cocaine withdrawal and could be important for future drug dependence treatments.
A random process related to a random walk on upper triangular matrices over a finite field

Abstract This article considers a random process related to a random walk on n by n upper triangular matrices over a finite field F q where q is an odd prime. The walk starts with the identity, and at each step, i is selected at random from { 2 , … , n } and either row i or the negative of row i is added to row i − 1 . This article shows that, for a given q , it takes order n 2 steps for the last column to get close to uniformly distributed over all possibilities for that column.
Use of elastodynamic reciprocity to analyze point-load generated axisymmetric waves in a plate

Abstract Elastodynamic reciprocity is used to express wave motion in an infinite elastic layer (plate), due to time-harmonic point-load excitation, as a superposition of Lamb-wave modes. An appropriate orthogonality relation is derived from reciprocity considerations. Elastodynamic reciprocity is also used in conjunction with a dummy wave mode to obtain the coefficients in the wave mode expansion. The specific example is concerned with the response of the layer to a point load normal to the faces of the layer, either applied internally or to one of the faces. It is shown that for normal load applied in the mid-plane of the layer, a limit case of the lowest anti-symmetric mode gives the same result as the Bernoulli-Euler plate theory.
Simulation of collimated flux distributions during physical vapor deposition

Abstract We use the Monte Carlo simulations to estimate flux distributions leaving a single hexagonal collimator cell and on the surface of a flat substrate. We assume the Maxwellian flux distribution for the species entering the collimator, and that the pressure is low enough that the transport inside the collimator cells is collisionless. Flux distributions at the exit of a collimator cell are obtained as functions of position in the plane of the collimator exit. The dependence of flux on the angle measured relative to collimator axis (θ) is broader at the corner of the collimator exit than that at the center of the collimator exit. The fluxes leaving the center of the collimator cell and averaged over the entire cell exit do not depend on the angle measured around the axis of the collimator cell (ϑ). At each corner of the collimator, there is a maximum in the flux at the ϑ value corresponding to that corner. We simulate both collisionless and collisional transport from the collimator exit to the flat substrate and estimate the flux distributions of species as functions of position on the flat wafer surface due to a single collimator cell. The flux distributions as a function of position for the entire collimator are obtained by summing fluxes from all contributing collimator cells. The flux distributions on the flat substrate due to the entire collimator do not depend on ϑ. The θ dependencies of the fluxes on a flat substrate depend on the position of the substrate relative to the collimator cell. Collisional transport from the collimator exit to the substrate broadens flux distributions on the flat substrate, relative to collisionless transport.
Vernonia Oil: Conversion to a Mixture of Tertiary Amines Including N,N-Dimethyl-(12S,13R)-epoxy-cis-9-octadecenyl Amine

Vernonia galamensis is a new potential industrial oilseed crop found in tropical Africa. It is the source of a naturally epoxidized oil called vernonia oil (VO) which is extracted from the seed of the plant. In this study VO was used as the starting material for the synthesis of a mixture of amines, with the major product amine being N,N-dimethyl-(12S,13R)-epoxy-cis-9-octadecenyl amine. VO was transesterified via a base catalyzed methanolysis using sodium methoxide to yield VO methyl esters (VOME). Aminolysis of the VOME with dimethylamine as reagent and solvent under reflux conditions afforded the tertiary amides, with N,N- dimethyl-(12S,13R)-epoxy-cis-9-octadecenyl amide as the major product. The mixture was then subjected to metal hydride reduction with lithium aluminum hydride in diethylether under reflux conditions to obtain the desired amine mixture including N,N-dimethyl-(12S,13R)-epoxy-cis-9-octadecenyl amine. Electron impact mass spectrometry was used to characterize the mixture of amines. Additionally, proton NMR, 13C NMR, and FTIR were used for characterization of N,N-dimethyl-(12S,13R)-epoxy-cis-9-octadecenyl amine. To further confirm the conversion of VO to the amines, the quaternary ammonium salts were synthesized and characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
Prostate cancer disease severity and country of origin among black men in the United States.

Prostate cancer disease severity and country of origin among black men in the United States
A forebrain-retrorubral pathway involved in male sex behavior is GABAergic and activated with mating in gerbils

The ventral bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (BST) and medial preoptic nucleus (MPN) of gerbils contain cells that regulate male sex behavior via a largely uncrossed pathway to the retrorubral field (RRF). Our goal was to learn more about cells at the pathway source and target. To determine if the pathway uses GABA as its transmitter, we used immunocytochemistry (ICC) to study glutamic acid decarboxlyase(67) (GAD(67)) colocalization with fluoro-gold (FG) in the ventral BST and MPN after applying FG to the RRF. To determine if the pathway is activated with mating, we studied FG-Fos colocalization in the ventral BST of recently mated males. The ventral BST expresses Fos with mating and is the major pathway source. To determine to what extent other GABAergic cells in the ventral BST are activated with mating, we studied Fos colocalization with GAD(67) mRNA visualized by in situ hybridization (ISH). We also looked for GAD(67) mRNA in RRF cells. Almost all ventral BST and MPNm cells projecting to the RRF (95-97%) and most ventral BST cells activated with mating (89%), were GABAergic. GABAergic cells were also seen in the RRF. RRF-projecting cells represented 37% of ventral BST cells activated with mating. Their activation may reflect arousal and anticipation of sexual reward. Among ventral BST cells that project to the RRF, 14% were activated with mating, consistent with how much of this pathway is needed for mating. The activated GABAergic cells that do not project to the RRF may release GABA locally and inhibit ejaculation.
Healing Pathways: Art Therapy for American Indian Cancer Survivors

There is a paucity of research addressing quality of life factors for American Indian and Alaska Native cancer survivors. Complementary forms of therapy, such as art therapy, are beginning to address quality of life factors through the “healing” arts for cancer survivors. The purpose of this mixed methods pilot was to explore the effects of culturally relevant art interventions on stress reduction for American Indian cancer survivors and their family members. Forty-six adult participants attended one of three workshops held within two settlements of the Coharie tribe and one southeastern urban tribal center. The data collected consisted of a pretest and posttest State-Trait Personality Inventory (STPI) and artwork resulting from three directed interventions. The artwork was analyzed using qualitative coding methods; however, the scores from the STPI were inconclusive because the inventory was determined to be culturally biased. While statistical significance was not achieved, the findings from qualitative coding reinforced a native concept of wellness focusing on the complex interaction between mind, body, spirit, and context. This pilot study also demonstrated how a community-driven approach was instrumental in the development of the overall workshop format. An expansion of the pilot study is also presented with preliminary results available in 2012.
Strain field in straight cylindrical shells due to applied forces on an attached shell. Part I: No hole in the intersection region:

AbstractThe results of an experimental stress analysis of the intersection region of two straight cylindrical shells are presented. Two models were used; in the first model the two axes were inclined at 30 degrees while for the second case, this angle was 60 degrees. In each case, the main shell was 6.625 in. in diameter and 0.198 in. thick, while the attached shell was 3.5 in. in diameter and 0.226 in. thick. The intersection region was subjected to in-plane and out-plane moments applied to the attached shell and the measurements were made using foil resistance rosette gauges. These measurements demonstrate that the local stress concentration in the intersection region of the main shell increases with the increase of the acute angle between the axes of the two shells; thus for a given moment loading on the attached shell, the stress concentration will be the largest when the two axes are normal to each other.
Hyperpolynomials approximating solutions to boundary value problems

Consider the boundary value problem: $$\begin{gathered} U[x](t) = x'(t) + A(t)x(t) + \int\limits_0^t {F(t,s,x(s))} ds = T(t), \hfill \\ W(x) = Bx(a) + Cx(b) + \int\limits_a^b {V(t)x(t)dt = h} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ , whereA(t), B, C, V(t) are realn n matrices andF(t, u), T(t), h, x(t) are realn-vectors. It is shown that there exists a sequence {P n } ofn-vectors of polynomials such thatW(P n )=h, ||T−U(P n )|| p ≤e n (a specific sequence of constants) for somep with 1≤p≤∞, and ||x−Pn||p→ asn→∞.
A Case Study of Littoral Drift Based on Long-Term Patterns of Erosion and Deposition

A knowledge of the routes and rates of littoral drift is a prerequisite to predicting the probable effects of proposed nearshore structures on the maintenance of a stretch of coast. The prevailing patterns of littoral drift can, at least in some cases, be more reliably established by inference from the long-term patterns of erosion and deposition than through short-term field studies of sediment transport. This paper describes, for an 8 mile stretch of Chesapeake Bay coast, a case study designed to delimit the long-term patterns of erosion and accretion in order to establish the prevailing littoral drift. The changes in the volume of the nearshore sand prism between Cove Point and Long Beach over the period from 1847-48 to 1944-45 were determined from original boat sheets. The analysis showed that there are two large areas of sand deposition-one just south of the cape at Flag Ponds and the other off Cove Point-and an area of erosion in the nearshore zone just north of Cove Point. The volumes of sand eroded from the coast and introduced into the Bay over this same period were determined from a comparison of original topographic maps. Comparison of the two analyses shows that the sand removed from the cliffs is not being locally deposited over most of the coast between Long Beach and Cove Point. The routes of nearshore sediment transport inferred from the sediment budget data indicate that there is a prevailing longshore drift from north of Long Beach to just south of the cape at Flag Ponds where an eddy interrupts the sand movement. The longshore transport is reestablished south of the Flag Ponds and extends to Cove Point.
Computational Environmental Models Aid Sensor Placement Optimization

Sensors used in protective applications are typically placed on perimeters or over areas in an evenly distributed pattern. However, such patterns may actually be sub-optimal, since environmental factors may make some forms of attack more or less likely than others. We describe a protective application of sensors for detecting underwater threats in an urban estuary environment. We demonstrate that environmental information, derived from a computational river current model, can be utilized to optimize sensor placement, increasing detection rates and decreasing the number of required sensors. Simulation results show a significant improvement in detection for a given number of sensors; alternatively, fewer sensors can be used while still maintaining the detection rate of a conventional approach
The bogue-palmore technique for estimating direct fertility measures from indirect indicators as applied to Tennessee counties, 1960 and 1970.

Bogue and Palmore’s technique for estimating direct fertility measures from indirect indicators IS applied to the 95 counties of Tennessee 1960 and 1970. Findings based on these data tentatively suggest that this technique may be better suited for cross-national research than for analysis of small population units. It is recommended that the “own child” method is more appropriate for estimating fertility when utilizing data on counties.
Relative sensitivity of normalized difference vegetation Index (NDVI) and microwave polarization difference Index (MPDI) for vegetation and desertification monitoring

A simple equation relating the Microwave Polarization Difference Index (MPDI) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is proposed which represents well data obtained from Nimbus 7/SMMR at 37 GHz and NOAA/AVHRR Channels 1 and 2. It is found that there is a limit which is characteristic of a particular type of cover for which both indices are equally sensitive to the variation of vegetation, and below which MPDI is more efficient than NDVI. The results provide insight into the relationship between water content and chlorophyll absorption at pixel size scales.
Engaging Students in Physical Education: Recommendations for Secondary Programs

With obesity rates at a record high in the United States, physical educators are trying to find ways to get students actively engaged to promote physically active lifestyles. For some adolescents, ...
Ultrasonic investigations of lanthanide complexation reactions in aqueous organic solvents

Abstract Ultrasonic absorption measurements on 0.038 M ErCl3 in the presence of 5 M NaCl reveal the absence of inner sphere Cl−. Attempts to determine the existence of a coordination number change for ErCl3 in the presence of a non-coordinating solvent, CH3CN, were unsuccessful because below a water mole fraction, Xw of 0.82, phase separation occurs. However, major differences were observed between this solvent system and other aqueous organic solvents at high XW. Ultrasonic results on other lanthanides are summarized to provide a picture of the causes of coordination number changes in lanthanide systems.
Maximum distance q -nary codes

A q -nary error-correcting code with N = q^{k} code words of length n = k + r can have no greater minimum distance d than r+1 . The class of codes for which d = r+1 is studied first in general, then with the restriction that the codes be linear. Examples and construction methods are given to show that these codes exist for a number of values of q, k , and r .
Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy: an uncommon manifestation of adult tuberculosis.

Two patients with abnormal findings on roentgenograms, which included bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, are presented. After extensive workup, they were found to have tuberculous infections. This uncommon roentgenographic presentation of adult tuberculous infection is discussed.
Political participation behaviors of nurse-midwives

Political participation, which is promoted by nurse-midwifery leaders, is a widely studied topic in this country. Yet, there is little data that describes political participation among health care providers such as nurse-midwives. The descriptive findings presented here are from a national survey of a random sample of members of the American College of Nurse-Midwives. The data indicate that nurse-midwives are inclined to be liberal and Democrats and they believe that individuals such as themselves can influence governmental activities. As in the general population of the country, the electoral act of voting is the predominant political activity. Nurse-midwives are more apt to demonstrate nonelectoral political behaviors in regard to women's issues. Overall, there is a general assumption that the representatives of the ACNM membership maintain the responsibility for political action.
The Appearance of Metalaxyl-Resistant Isolates of Phytophthora infestans in Delaware.

Prior to 1995, late blight of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary had not been reported from Delaware for decades. In that year, the fungus was isolated from potato foliage collected from fields in the Dover area that sustained severe foliage loss due to the disease. To establish pathogenicity, potato and tomato plants grown in the greenhouse were inoculated with the isolates obtained and Koch's postulates were completed. Analyses to determine mating type, genotype at two allozyme loci (2), Gpi and Pep, and sensitivity to metalaxyl were also completed. Measurements were made every 5 days and EC50 values were calculated for radial mycelial growth on metalaxyl-amended agar, for leaflets inoculated with P. infestans floated in metalaxyl solutions, and for inoculated potato tuber disks deposited on filter paper saturated with metalaxyl (1). Isolates were pathogenic to potatoes and tomatoes, were A2 mating type with Gpi 100/111/122 and Pep 100/100 (same as US-8), and displayed resistance to metalaxyl up to 140 mg/l. References: (1) K. L. Deahl et al. Am. Potato J. 70:779, 1993. (2) S. B. Goodwin et al. Plant Dis. 79:1181, 1995.
Perceptions of Transformational Leadership Behaviors and Subordinates' Performance in Hotels

This study examined front desk supervisors' transformational leadership dimensions and employees' performance. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire and a researcher developed performance questionnaire were used. Employees from 34 hotels (83% response) in one Midwestern state participated in the study. Results indicated that front desk employees perceived their supervisors exhibited leadership dimensions of inspirational motivation and idealized influence more frequently and individualized consideration and intellectual stimulation less frequently. Front desk supervisors reported the most frequently exhibited performance areas as positive attitude, safety/care of equipment, and attendance/punctuality. Least frequently exhibited performance areas were judgment and initiative/motivation. No significant relationship was found between supervisors' transformational leadership dimensions and employees' performance. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Effect of Salt Depletion on Charging Dynamics in Nanoporous Electrodes

Electrochemical double-layer capacitors built from nanoporous electrodes can have such a high ratio of electrode surface area to pore volume that charging the capacitor can deplete the salt from the liquid volume. This can result in increased resistance, resulting in a slow, nonlinear charging rate of which quantitative understanding is limited. In some cases, this effect is masked by an external solution resistance or by the transport of salt into the pore from an external reservoir. However, in forms relevant to a compact energy storage device, the phenomenon can have an important effect on charging time and linearity, and understanding it is important for such design. We have observed salt depletion effects by using dealloyed gold, which has well-defined 10 nm pores and a chemically well-understood surface, and by minimizing the amount of external salt within range of diffusion. Good correspondence is observed with a modified de Levie model that accounts for reduced local conductivity due to salt depletion. The model's assumption that the Stern layer (ions closely bound to the pore wall) makes a low contribution to conductance in the pore is validated by experimental data.
38 ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF CHILDHOOD DISABILITY: DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS ON MATERNAL EMPLOYMENT BY RACE AND FAMILY INCOME

38 ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF CHILDHOOD DISABILITY: DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS ON MATERNAL EMPLOYMENT BY RACE AND FAMILY INCOME
Refractory Minerals in Interplanetary Dust

A newly studied interplanetary dust particle contains a unique set of minerals that closely resembles assemblages in the refractory, calcium- and aluminum-rich inclusions in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. The set of minerals includes diopside, magnesium- aluminum spinel, anorthite, perovskite, and fassaite. Only fassaite has previously been identified in interplanetary dust particles. Diopside and spinel occur in complex symplectic intergrowths that may have formed by a reaction between condensed melilite and the solar nebula gas. The particle represents a new link between interplanetary dust particles and carbonaceous chondrites; however, the compositions of its two most abundant refractory phases, diopside and spinel, differ in detail from corresponding minerals in calcium- and aluminum-rich inclusions.
The Sun's Corona, 1889

A GENERAL statement of the successes of the Western Eclipse Expeditions on January 1 has already appeared in NATURE. More photographs of the corona were taken than ever before—many of them indifferent and worthless, but an unusually large number of great excellence. The best that I have so far seen were taken with 5-inch telescopes, by Mr. W. H. Pickering at Willow, and by Captain R. S. Floyd at Lakeport, both in California. The latter's lens was newly made by Clark, on the Stokes-Pickering plan, convertible from optical to photographic use by reversing the crown lens.