cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cortisol and C-Reactive Protein Vary During Sleep Loss and Recovery but Are Not Markers of Neurobehavioral Resilience

Cortisol and C-reactive protein (CRP) typically change during total sleep deprivation (TSD) and psychological stress; however, it remains unknown whether these biological markers can differentiate robust individual differences in neurobehavioral performance and self-rated sleepiness resulting from these stressors. Additionally, little is known about cortisol and CRP recovery after TSD. In our study, thirty-two healthy adults (ages 27-53; mean ± SD, 35.1±7.1y; 14 females) participated in a highly controlled five-day experiment in the Human Exploration Research Analog (HERA), a high-fidelity National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) space analog isolation facility, consisting of two baseline nights, 39h TSD, and two recovery nights. Psychological stress was induced by a modified Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) on the afternoon of TSD. Salivary cortisol and plasma CRP were obtained at six time points, before (pre-study), during (baseline, TSD AM, TSD PM, recovery), and after (post-study) the experiment. A neurobehavioral test battery, including measures of behavioral attention and cognitive throughput, and a self-report measure of sleepiness, was administered 11 times. Resilient and vulnerable groups were defined by a median split on the average TSD performance or sleepiness score. Low and high pre-study cortisol and CRP were defined by a median split on respective values at pre-study. Cortisol and CRP both changed significantly across the study, with cortisol, but not CRP, increasing during TSD. During recovery, cortisol levels did not return to pre-TSD levels, whereas CRP levels did not differ from baseline. When sex was added as a between-subject factor, the time*sex interaction was significant for cortisol. Resilient and vulnerable groups did not differ in cortisol and CRP, and low and high pre-study cortisol/CRP groups did not differ on performance tasks or self-reported sleepiness. Thus, both cortisol and CRP reliably changed in a normal, healthy population as a result of sleep loss; however, cortisol and CRP were not markers of neurobehavioral resilience to TSD and stress in this study.
Arguments in favor of protein kinase C playing an important role in ischemic preconditioning.

In light of the above we believe that the PKC hypothesis is alive and well. Why then do PKC inhibitors fail to block protection in pig and perhaps dog heart? Those observations argue against PKC playing a universal role in all models of preconditioning. The receptor pathway for preconditioning in the rabbit heart has been found to be highly redundant with no less than 4 substances including adenosine (12), bradykinin (8), opioids (15), and free radicals (5) contributing in parallel to the protection. Preconditioning appears to be very important to the heart. It is not inconceivable, then, that alternative pathways have also developed around PKC in some species to further insure that the ischemic heart would become preconditioned. Whatever the case, it should be remembered that the available human data still support the PKC hypothesis in that rather important species.
Basic Techniques in Arterial Reconstruction

There are few surgical disciplines to which the above adage applies as well as to vascular surgery. Imperfect exposure, careless handling of diseased vessels, neglect in clot prevention, and improper suture techniques are but a few of the multitude of errors that lead to failure that so often means loss of an extremity, paralysis, or death. This chapter illustrates and describes a variety of basic principles in vascular reconstructive surgery that apply to the operations described in subsequent chapters.
Role of small mammals in the ecology of Borrelia burgdorferi in a peri-urban park in north coastal California.

The role of small mammals other than woodrats in the enzootiology of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgorferi, was assessed in a peri-urban park. Mammals were collected monthly from September through to April. Following tick removal, the animals were tested for B. burgdorferi by culture of ear-punch biopsies. Larvae and nymphs that were intermediate in morphology between Ixodes spinipalpis and Ixodes neotomae occurred on several species of rodents (Peromyscus truei, Peromyscus californicus, Microtus californicus, Rattus rattus and Reithrodontomys megalotis) and the brush rabbit (Sylvilagus bachmani). Morphometric analyses of these I. spinipalpis-like ticks and the offspring from two I. neotomae females from this site suggest that I. neotomae may be conspecific with I. spinipalpis. Borrelia burgdorferi was isolated from eight out of 109 (7.3%), three out of 16 (18.8%), two out of 38 (5.3%) and two out of six (33.3%) P. truei, P. maniculatus, M. californicus and R. rattus, respectively. One brush rabbit yielded the first isolate of B. burgdorferi from a lagomorph in western North America. This isolate and three others derived from unfed I. spinipalpis-like nymphs failed to produce infection when inoculated intradermally into 11–12 P. maniculatus each. Likewise, no spirochetes were detected in 420 Ixodes pacificus nymphs derived from larvae fed on animals inoculated with these isolates. An additional isolate, derived from an I. spinipalpis-like nymph, was recovered by ear-punch biopsies from five out of 12 (42%) needle-inoculated P. maniculatus. However, spirochetes were not detected in 20 I. pacificus nymphs fed as larvae on each of five mice (two infected and three uninfected) inoculated with this isolate. We conclude that brush rabbits and several species of rodents besides woodrats may contribute to the maintenance of B. burgdorferi because they harbour the spirochete and are fed upon by competent enzootic and bridge vectors.
Traumatic coronary arteriovenous fistula. A 20 year follow-up with seria hemodynamic and angiographic studies.

Abstract Serial clinical, hemodynamic and angiographic findings in the only patient known to have a traumatic coronary arteriovenous fistula are presented. At each of 3 cardiac catheterizations, performed over a 17 year period, a left to right shunt at atrial level and elevated right ventricular end-diastolic pressure were demonstrated. The pulmonary to systemic flow ratio has remained unchanged. A fistula between the right coronary artery and the right atrium was demonstrated angiographically both in 1957 and in 1969, and its configuration has not changed. The patient remains essentially asymptomatic 20 years after his injury.
The use of 125I as a membrane protein label for erythrocyte survival studies.

Radioactive iodide, incubated with erythrocytes in the presence of lactoperoxidase and hydrogen peroxide, is covalently bound to membrane proteins. Using this technique, rabbit erythrocytes were labeled with 125I, reinjected into the donors, and erythrocyte survivals determined. The values for the erythrocyte half-lives and the shape of the decay curves were comparable to those reported using DF32P. Following hemolysis of erythrocytes double labeled with 125I and 51Cr, radioactivity from both these isotopes appeared mainly in liver, lung, kidney, spleen, and urine. Enzymatic iodination provides a noneluting label of erythrocyte membrane proteins for the study of survival, sequestration and turnover of this red cell component.
Vitamin K1 (Phylloquinone) and Vitamin K2 (Menaquinone) Status in Newborns During the First Week of Life

Since 1961 the Committee on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics has recommended that prophylactic vitamin K be administered parenterally to all newborn infants, although the exact requirement for vitamin K in the newborn infant is unknown. There is little information about the vitamin K1 (phylloquinone, present in green vegetables) and vitamin K2 (menaquinones, synthesized by intestinal flora) status of newborn infants. In this study during the first week of life vitamin K status was assessed by measuring serum concentrations of phylloquinone in 23 mother-infant pairs at the time of birth. Maternal phylloquinone concentration (1.7 +/- 1.0 ng/mL, mean +/- SD) was significantly higher (P less than .02) than cord serum concentration (1.1 +/- 0.6 ng/mL). All infants were then given a standard 1-mg injection of vitamin K1. Ten infants were fed formula (containing 58 ng/mL of vitamin K1) and 13 were exclusively breast-fed. On day 5 of life, serum concentrations of vitamin K1 did not differ between breast-fed (21.0 +/- 12.4 ng/mL) and formula-fed (27.5 +/- 9.7 ng/mL) infants, reflecting the large amounts of parenteral vitamin K1 at birth. During the first week of life, formula-fed infants had much higher fecal concentrations of vitamin K1 (due to large oral intake) and more significant quantities (greater than or equal to 200 pmol/g of dry weight) of fecal menaquinones (reflecting differences in bacterial flora) than did breast-fed infants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Indirect Fluorescent-Antibody Method for the Identification of Corynebacterium vaginale

The indirect fluorescent-antibody technique was employed in an attempt to develop a rapid method of identification of Corynebacterium vaginale. Six reference strains and ten clinical isolates selected on the basis of morphology and conventional biochemical tests were compared. Antisera were prepared in rabbits against the six reference strains. The most satisfactory antiserum was that prepared using strain 14018 grown diphasically (14018 Di) as the antigen. Certain of the antisera did exhibit a cross-reacting titer when reacted against Corynebacterium diptheriae, Corynebacterium xerosis, or Lactobacillus acidophilus. However, antisera adsorbed with these bacteria did not exhibit a significant decrease in titer when reacted against the homologous strain. Various other species of Corynebacterium as well as species of Nocardia, Actinomyces, Hemophilus, and Streptococcus did not fluoresce with the antisera. A specific antiserum was prepared by adsorbing anti-14018 Di with L. acidophilus. The adsorption removed the cross-reacting antibody but did not affect the staining reaction with C. vaginale strains. All reference strains and clinical isolates characterized as C. vaginale gave a definite positive reaction with the adsorbed anti-14018 Di. The specificity of the reactions was assessed by adsorbing the antiserum with the homologous strain. The data suggest that the indirect staining method will be of value in the rapid presumptive identification of C. vaginale.
Pharmacokinetics of intra-amniotically administered hyperosmolar urea in rhesus monkeys.

Abstract Three rhesus monkeys in midgestation were injected intra-amniotically with hyperosmolar 14 C-urea (58 per cent weight/volume, 2.3 Gm. per kilogram, 25 μc) and the concentration of 14 C-urea measured serially for 24 hours in amniotic fluid, maternal serum, and maternal urine. The volume of the amniotic space was measured by isotope dilution of 99m Tc-albumin. The experimental values were fitted to a three-compartment mathematical model with the aid of a digital computer program for nonlinear data. The computer-derived concentration versus time curves were in close agreement with the measured values when the flux of urea was primarily from amniotic fluid to fetal water to maternal water with insignificant direct transport between the amniotic fluid and maternal serum. The half-times for distribution of urea into fetus and mother were approximately 30 minutes and 7 hours, respectively. Thus, although the uptake of urea by the fetus from surrounding amniotic fluid is rapid, the further movement of urea from fetus to mother is relatively slow.
Common coil magnet system for VLHC

This paper introduces the common coil magnet system for the proposed Very Large Hadron Collider (VLHC). In this system, the high energy booster (HEB), the injector to VLHC, is integrated as the iron dominated low field aperture within the coldmass of the common coil magnet design introduced earlier. This 4-in-1 magnet concept for a 2-in-1 machine should provide a major cost reduction in building and operating VLHC. Moreover, the proposed design reduces the field quality problems associated with the large persistent currents in Nb/sub 3/Sn magnets. The paper also shows that the geometric field harmonics can be made small. In this preliminary magnetic design, the current dependence in harmonics is significant but not unmanageable.
Use of computed tomography for assessing bone mineral density

Assessing local bone quality on CT scans with Hounsfield unit (HU) quantification is being used with increasing frequency. Correlations between HU and bone mineral density have been established, and normative data have been defined throughout the spine. Recent investigations have explored the utility of HU values in assessing fracture risk, implant stability, and spinal fusion success. The information provided by a simple HU measurement can alert the treating physician to decreased bone quality, which can be useful in both medically and surgically managing these patients.
Testosterone replacement fails to reverse the adverse effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on sexual behavior in the male rat

The ability of testosterone to reverse the adverse effects of streptozotocin-induced (STZ) diabetes on male sexual function was tested in adult male rats. Treatment with STZ (50 mg/kg) led to a significant reduction of plasma testosterone (T) levels and in the number of rats exhibiting ejaculatory behavior in a 30-minute test period. A similar reduction in T levels and ejaculatory behavior was seen in rats subjected to caloric restriction to mimic the weight loss seen in the STZ-treated rats. T-replacement (200 micrograms/day) restored T levels to those seen in control animals, but did not reverse the adverse effects of STZ on copulatory behavior. STZ-induced changes in copulatory behavior were associated with changes in hypothalamic LHRH levels and catecholamine turnover. Caloric restriction also caused endocrine and neuroendocrine changes, but they were not similar to those seen in STZ rats suggesting that these two treatments affect copulatory behavior by different mechanisms.
Contradictions in fsQCA

The lack of support for contradictions in fsQCA limits the method’s usefulness for conducting inductive research. In this paper, I describe how to extend fsQCA to accommodate contradictory conditions. I review kirq (Reichert and Rubinson 2011), a new software package for QCA that includes support for fuzzy-set contradictions. For researchers using software that does not support fuzzy-set contradictions, I describe how to identify them by hand.
Optical interferometric observations of 630-nm intensities, thermospheric winds and temperatures near the geomagnetic equator

Abstract High-resolution Fabry-Perot interferometric measurements of equatorial 630-nm intensities, thermo spheric winds and temperatures have been obtained at Arequipa, Peru, from 1983 to the present. Scientific results are summarized, and directions for future research are listed.
Emotional Benefits of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction in Older Adults: The Moderating Roles of Age and Depressive Symptom Severity

Objectives: To examine the effects of age and depressive symptom severity on changes in positive affect among older adults randomly assigned to a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program or a Waitlist Control group. Drawing from the Motivational Theory of Life-Span Development, we hypothesized that lower levels of depressive symptom severity and older age would be associated with greater positive affect in response to the MBSR intervention. Methods: Data were collected from a sample of community-dwelling English-speaking adults (n = 200) aged ≥ 65, randomly assigned to an eight-week MBSR program or a Waitlist Control group. Our main outcome variable was a five-item measure of positive affect, which was measured at study entry as well as eight weeks and six months later. Results: At the six-month follow-up, we observed group by baseline depressive symptom severity (β = −.17, p = .02) and group by baseline depressive symptom severity by age (β = −.14, p = .05) interactions. Among MBSR participants,...
Effects of prostaglandin E2 on production of new cancellous bone in the axial skeleton of ovariectomized rats

The effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were histomorphometrically evaluated in cancellous bone of the axial skeleton of ovariectomized, osteopenic rats. Four months following bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) and sham-ovariectomy (SHAM) at 3 months of age, rats received daily subcutaneous injections of PGE2 at 0, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0 and 6.0 mg/kg/day for 30 days. The undecalcified fourth lumbar vertebral bodies (LVB) were processed for static and dynamic bone histomorphometry. The OVX rats possessed a slightly osteopenic LVB (17% vs. 24% cancellous bone mass). In rats given PGE2 at 3 and 6 mg/kg/day for 30 days, bone turnover, lamellar bone mass, and formation of new woven bone trabeculae were increased. Observations supported the conclusion that PGE2 activates bone modeling and remodeling, and shifts bone balance in favor of formation. In OVX rats given 6 mg PGE2/ kg/day, cancellous bone mass and trabecular numbers were restored to levels found in untreated SHAM rats. Cancellous bone mass in the LVB of SHAM rats given 3 and 6 mg PGE2/ kg/day increased by 16% and 30% over that of control rats. In addition, PGE2 stimulated longitudinal bone growth in both OVX and SHAM rats, a response that differed from male rats.
Accumulation and incorporation of radiolabeled choline into cultured rabbit lenses: Evidence for a choline transport system

Abstract The organic cation choline is readily accumulated and incorporated into lenses. The characteristics of this accumulation and incorporation were studied by culturing rabbit lenses in TC-199 medium containing radiolabeled choline. The accumulation of radiolabel as measured by lens water/media ratios appears to be the result of a transport system. Energy for this system is derived in part from glycolysis and the transport system is not affected by 1 m m -ouabain or 2,4-dinitrophenol. Structurally the transport system is quite specific with neither Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, tetraethylammonium, dimethylamine, ethylamine nor betaine affecting the uptake of choline. Ethanolamine competed with choline for the transport receptor and was accumulated into the lens while acetylcholine blocked the accumulation without apparent uptake. The metabolic fate of lenticular choline was followed using anion exchange chromatography and 2:1 chloroform-methanol extracts. The radiolabeled choline was rapidly phosphorylated and incorporated into the de novo synthesis of phosphatidyl choline. The phosphorylation was inhibited by both 1 m m iodoacetate and 2,4-dinitrophencl and decreased by lowering the incubation temperature. Ethanolamine, however, did not affect the phosphorylation of choline.
Observer-based decentralized control scheme for stability analysis of networked systems

The combination of decentralized and networked control where control loops are closed through a network is defined as Decentralized Networked Control System (DNCS). In this paper, we introduce a general framework that converts a generic decentralized control configuration of non-networked systems to the general setup of Networked Control Systems (NCS). An observer-based decentralized control method is used to illustrate the applicability of the proposed framework. First, a method for designing decentralized observer-based controllers for non-networked systems is discussed. Second, we introduce the general framework that maps the non-networked decentralized control scheme to the networked one. Third, we provide two methods to analyze the closed-loop system stability, given the proposed model. Stability perturbation bounds of the DNCS are derived. Finally, example and simulation results are shown and discussed.
A prescription for exercise

Introduction Research indicates that a physician prescription for exercise can motivate some patients to embark on exercise and fitness activities [l--5]. At a primary care clinic serving 20,000 enrollees of a large Northwest HMO, physicians have a long-standing interest in motivating patients with mild hypertension and uncomplicated diabetes to exercise on a regular basis. Physicians believe that exercise will help reduce symptoms and complications, and will potentially be more helpful to the patients’ wellbeing than continued physician appointments. A program was initiated to promote exercise among identified patients.
The meaning of hope and generic caring practices to nurture hope in a rural village in the Dominican Republic.

The purpose of this study was to explore the meaning of hope and generic caring practices to nurture hope among people of a rural village in the Dominican Republic. Ethnonursing methods were used t...
Synthesis and Properties of Angiotonin

Angiotonin has been shown to be formed by a converting enzyme in blood by the splitting off of the 2 amino acids histidine and leucine from the inactive decapeptide (asp-arg-val-tyr-ileu-his-prol-phe-his-leuc). The synthesis of the active octapeptide is described and its pharmacologic resemblance to the natural product is demonstrated.
Brillouin limit and beyond: A route to inertial-electrostatic confinement of a single-species plasma.

The physics limiting the density of a cold non-neutral plasma is presented. It is shown that when a flow has no strain, the instantaneous maximum number of charges that can be stored within a fixed boundary is equal to the total magnetic field energy within divided by the relativistic rest energy of a single charge. A higher limit can be supported by the presence of a deviatoric strain in the flow. Brillouin flow equilibria with arbitrarily high values of the Brillouin ratio, leading to the possibility of pure inertial-electrostatic confinement of non-neutral plasmas, are demonstrated.
Multiobjective design of transportation networks: taxonomy and annotation

Abstract Transportation planning is inherently multiobjective in nature. Transportation planning objectives include cost, accessibility, environmental concerns, revenue, and regional equity among others. Multiobjective techniques for the evaluation of transportation planning alternatives have appeared in the literature since the mid 1960's. However, few articles dealing with the multiobjective design of transportation planning alternatives appeared in the literature prior to the mid 1970's. Since then there has been an increase in research in this area. In this article we present a taxonomy to classify this research. An annotated bibliography of 42 selected references is included. A brief history of the use of multiobjective analysis in transportation planning is also presented.
Yakima Basalt of the Tieton River Area, South-Central Washington

Up to 1700 feet of the upper Miocene-lower Pliocene Yakima Basalt of the Columbia River Group underlie much of the eastern flank of the Cascade Range in the Tieton River area, Yakima County, Washington. Local prebasalt relief was more than 1700 feet, so thicknesses of each of the 15 exposed flows vary widely. Single flows can be traced for many miles, and terminate only against local topographic highs. The flows show typical colonnade-entablature jointing, and commonly overlie thin pillow-palagonite complexes. The basalts have Yakima-type chemistry. Plagioclase varies chiefly from An65 (microphenocrysts) to An45 (microlites). Clinopyroxenes range from Ca-rich pigeonite to augite, with subcalcic augite most abundant. Complex continuous zoning with respect to optic angles occurs between all the clinopyroxene phases. Olivine is sparse, and phenocrysts of all minerals are rare. Plots of 40 modal analyses indicate that plagioclase and pyroxene began crystallizing at about the same time, and crystallized at the same rate until the flows were at least 75 per cent crystalline. Individual flows differ in their plagioclase/pyroxene ratios and, to a lesser degree, in other microscopic characteristics. Therefore they can be correlated between the measured sections. The stratigraphy thus defined indicates that the youngest flow in the area is slightly older than the Vantage Sandstone Member (about 13.5 m.y.), a prominent sedimentary interbed farther east on the Columbia River Plateau. Flow directions show that the basalts advanced into the area from the east and southeast. Sedimentary interbeds between some of the flows contain a heavy mineral suite indicative of a northern or northeastern provenance, and crossbedding measurements suggest westward and southwestward current directions. The regional paleoslope, therefore, sloped westward or southwestward; and the basalts probably extended somewhat beyond the present Cascade Crest before being dammed by the ancient Western Cascades. Floods of pyrogenic hornblende in the interbeds and overlapping K/A ages suggest sporadic explosive activity of Tatoosh-type plutons in the Cascades contemporaneous with Yakima extrusions. The basalts are warped into five nearly west-trending folds and an eastward-sloping homocline. The homocline is related directly to Cascade uplift, which may have begun at about the time that Yakima-type flows ceased flooding the area.
Influence of vibrations of gas molecules on neutron reaction cross sections

The change in molecular vibrational energy upon absorption of a neutron by a nucleus bound in a free molecule can influence resonance shape and other aspects of neutron reaction cross sections. A formalism is developed for centrosymmetric molecules such as UF/sub 6/ and applied to the shape of the 6.67 eV resonance in /sup 238/U. The ratio of the resonance shape for /sup 238/UF/sub 6/ gas and for solid /sup 238/U/sub 3/O/sub 8/ has been measured and compared with the calculation. Reasonable agreement is obtained indicating the validity of the calculation and the necessity to include vibration effects to avoid large errors in measurements and calculations on gas-containing systems.
The cimetidine protocol: a convenient, accurate, and inexpensive way to measure glomerular filtration rate.

1.73 m2 (measured or calculated) to a maximum of 1,600 mg. The dose is reduced to 80% for those with CCr 50–75 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 , to 70% for CCr 30–50 ml/min per 1.73 m2, to 60% for a C Cr of 20–30 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 , and to 50% for those with a CCr <20 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 . A final dose, of half the daily dose, is given approximately 2 h before beginning the urine collection on the morning of the day of the clearance study.
Complete microsurgical resection of colloid cysts with a dual-port endoscopic technique.

OBJECTIVE A dual-port endoscopic approach, used for the surgical management of colloid cysts, was developed with the following goals: 1) a direct, unobstructed, high-illumination endoscopic view of the attachment point of the colloid cyst to the tela choroidea, and 2) a gross total resection of the colloid cyst capsule using microsurgical techniques. METHODS Eleven symptomatic, hydrocephalic, colloid cyst patients who underwent operation with a unilateral, precoronal-frontopolar dual-port endoscopic technique were retrospectively assessed. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging scans were analyzed, comparing the lateral precoronal to the frontopolar approach, to determine the degree of angulation that would be required to directly view the roof of the third ventricle. Clinical outcome and radiographical follow-up were assessed. RESULTS The frontopolar approach achieved an approach angle to the roof of the third ventricle of only 15 +/- 4 degrees compared with 56 +/- 6 degrees (P < 0.0001) for the precoronal approach. The view obtained from the frontopolar endoscope allowed excellent visualization of the cyst attachment point. Microsurgical dissection techniques, using many standard microsurgical instruments introduced through the second port, were satisfactorily accomplished. Complete resections were obtained in 10 out of 11 dual-port patients. Worsening of memory deficits occurred in one patient. There was no cyst recurrence with a mean follow-up period of 26 +/- 27 months. CONCLUSION The dual-port endoscopic technique described is an alternative to classic microsurgical craniotomy approaches. The technique allows excellent visualization of the colloid cyst attachment and permits microdissection techniques.
Periodontal disease awareness

New forms of patient education are needed to increase the periodontal disease awareness of the general public. Patients are more likely to seek professional treatment for periodontal disease when they are aware of its existence. The general practitioner should be encouraged, through the dental literature and continuing education courses, to assume responsibility for the diagnosis and management of the majority of periodontal problems. Increased periodontal awareness by the dentist would be beneficial in three areas: increased periodontal diagnosis and treatment planning would help reduce the number of lawsuits that can result from existing undiagnosed periodontal disease, the number of failures in restorative treatment would be reduced and longevity of existing restorative dentistry increased, and unfilled appointment time in the dentist's schedule could be filled by patients who need periodontal therapy.
You (expect to) get what you pay for: A system approach to delay, fare, and complaints

Abstract In this paper, an analytical framework integrating delay, fare, and complaints with passenger air travel has been laid out. Examining aggregate monthly data for US domestic air travel, we have identified causal relationships among fare, complaints, and levels of delay. An analytical framework is proposed that formalizes these relationships in an integrated manner. This integrated framework is then estimated in a set of simultaneous equations by using 118 months of data from January 1997 to October 2006. Results show that complaints are influenced by levels of delays. However, complaints are positively influenced by average yield. These findings lead us to support the central hypothesis that complaints are responsive to levels of delays, but they tend to vary according to fare. That is, air travelers are less likely to complain in return for lower fares, even when faced with the same or even higher levels of delays. These findings have important policy implications, including the passengers’ bill of rights and regulator’s choice between market and operational performances.
Appointments with Disaster: The Unconstitutionality of Binational Arbitral Review Under the United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement

The United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement (FTA) of 1989 guaranteed free trade between the United States and its largest trading partner. One aspect of the treaty provoked intense constitutional scrutiny in the United States. The FTA requires binding binational arbitral review of antidumping and countervailing duty orders issued by administrative agencies of each nation. This article argues that the FTA violates Article III and the Appointments Clause of the Constitution. The FTA offends the separation of powers. The FTA not only threatens the integrity of the federal judiciary but also undermines the strict procedures for appointing officers of the United States. The FTA violates Article III by deviating from the recognized methods for exerting federal adjudicatory power. The FTA's system for the appointment of arbitrators neither complies with the Appointments Clause nor satisfies an exception allowing the federal government to delegate its authority to persons who are not officers of the United States.
Sinusitis and asthma: an animal model

We have developed an animal model in which nonspecific lower airways hyperresponsiveness to inhaled histamine was elicited in rabbits after complement-induced maxillary sinusitis. The most likely mechanism to explain this occurrence is the direct passage ("postnasal drip") of inflammatory mediators from the upper to the lower respiratory tract. The contribution of other potential mechanisms, such as the blood-borne delivery of inflammatory mediators, nasobronchial reflexes, and passage of cells with the induction of a secondary inflammatory process, could not be demonstrated. Rather, the most likely explanation for the current finding is the passage of mediators elaborated from activated inflammatory cells into the lower airways. Whether these findings explain the common clinical association of upper airways disease to lower airways dysfunction in sinusitis and asthma remains to be determined. These results suggest that even small numbers of granulocytes, when activated, can exert significant effect on lower airways function. It is perhaps appropriate to speculate at this point about the anecdotal but dramatic improvement in the asthma of patients with sinusitis who undergo surgery. The current results cause us to suggest that this success is due to the removal of the source of inflammatory products that drip into the lung. More important, these current results may have an important implication in the diagnosis of asthma. Finally, there is the clear conclusion that airways dysfunction can be caused by a mechanism that is associated with inflammation but without evidence of cell migration into the airways.
Electrochemical reduction of HNO2 or oxidation of benzyl alcohol by electrocatalyst coatings consisting of alternating layers of [P2Mo18O62]6- anions and Os(II)- or Ru(II)-polypyridine cations

Abstract A previously described procedure for coating electrodes with multiple layers of heteropolyanions and charge-balancing dipositive cations [1] was extended to incorporate catalytically active reactants in the coatings. Clear electrocatalytic activity was demonstrated for both anionic ([P 2 Mo 18 O 62 ] 6− ) and cationic ([ cis -Ru(dcbpy) 2 (OH 2 ) 2 ] 2+ (dcbpy=6,6′-dichloro-2,2′-bipyridine)) components of coatings on roughly polished edge plane pyrolytic graphite electrodes. However, the stacking of multilayers on top of the first layer of [P 2 Mo 18 O 62 ] 6− adsorbed on the electrode produced almost no increase in catalytic currents for the reduction of HNO 2 to N 2 O and the activity of [ cis -Ru(dcbpy) 2 (OH 2 ) 2 ] 2+ in coatings toward the catalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol was short-lived. The behavior observed provided insight into the features that must be controlled to obtain useful coatings consisting of multilayers of electrocatalysts. The kinetics of the reduction of HNO 2 by [H 2 P 2 Mo 18 O 62 ] 6− with both reactants present in solution were also examined. The reaction produces N 2 O and a rate constant for the process of 3.5×10 2 M −1 s −1 was estimated from rotating disk voltammetric measurements. O 2 does not react with the reduced complex, [H 2 Mo 18 O 62 ] 6− , but during its reaction with HNO 2 any O 2 also present undergoes catalytic reduction. The intermediate proposed to be involved in both catalytic reactions is an adduct formed by the reaction of HNO 2 with [H 2 P 2 Mo 18 O 62 ] 6− .
Predictors of neuropsychological effort test performance in schizophrenia

Abstract There is some evidence that insufficient effort may be common in schizophrenia, posing significant threats to the validity of neuropsychological test results. Low effort may account for a significant proportion of variance in neuropsychological test scores and the generalized cognitive deficit that characterizes the disorder. The current study evaluated clinical predictors of insufficient effort in schizophrenia using an embedded effort measure, the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) Effort Index (EI). Participants were 330 patients meeting DSM-IV-TR criteria for schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or another psychotic disorder who received a battery of neuropsychological tests, including: Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR), Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI), and RBANS. Clinical assessments designed to measure functional outcome and symptoms were also obtained. Results indicated that 9.4% of patients failed the EI. Patients who failed had lower full-scale, verbal, and performance IQ, as well as poorer performance on RBANS domains not included in the EI (immediate memory, language, and visuospatial/construction). Patients who failed the EI also displayed poorer community-based vocational outcome, greater likelihood of having “deficit schizophrenia” (i.e., primary and enduring negative symptoms), and increased severity of positive symptoms. Regression analyses revealed that insufficient effort was most significantly predicted by a combination of low IQ, negative symptoms, and positive symptoms. Findings suggest that although insufficient effort may be relatively uncommon in schizophrenia, it is associated with important clinical outcomes. The RBANS EI may be a useful tool in evaluating insufficient effort in schizophrenia.
Species differences in hepatic glutathione depletion, covalent binding and hepatic necrosis after acetaminophen

Abstract Acetaminophen, a widely prescribed analgesic that causes fulminant hepatic necrosis in overdosed humans, produced varying degrees of hepatotoxixity in mice, rats, hamsters, guinea pigs and rabbits. The severity of hepatic injury paralleled the rate of activation of acetaminophen by hepatic microsomal enzymes to a potent arylating agent. The severity of hepatic damage in various species also correlated directly with the rate of hepatic glutathione depletion after acetaminophen. These findings support the hypothesis that the electrophilic arylating agent formed from acetaminophen in vibo is preferentially detoxified by conjugation with glutathione and that arylation of hepatic macromolecules occurs only when glutathione availability is exceeded. Since N-hydroxylation of another N-acetylarylamine (2-acetylaminofluorene) occurs to a much greater extent in the species that are susceptible to acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis, the data also are consistent with the hypothesis that the toxic metabolite of acetaminophen results from N-hydroxylation.
Folkvine.org as a model of virtual tourism.

The Folkvine.org website demonstrates design approaches with the artists' style as a guide. Tourism of the future may (by ecological necessity) require less actual travel and more virtual visits, and the website suggests a model for how to create virtual visits. The website demonstrates precisely how e-media forms and approaches change the content presented. It changes the types of content available by including visual, aural, and interactive materials. It also changes the essence of the materials; it makes the reading experience more visceral by presenting a different kind of information (mood, atmosphere, sensibility, etc.) that print-based non-fiction scholarship has had difficulty presenting.
Early Buddhist Attitudes toward the Art of Painting

To the best of my knowledge, no attempt has been made to assemble and render into any European language the passages dealing with painting that may be found scattered through the Chinese translations of early Buddhist literature. Students of Indian art have turned to Pāli, Sanskrit, or Tibetan texts with profit, but their contributions have necessarily been limited. The Pāli books, bound to the Hīnayāna, in general show a less lively interest in the possibilities of the representational arts than is proper to the Northern School. Sanskrit remains are late, or non-Buddhist; the Tibetan literature is still doubly inaccessible behind physical and language barriers. In contrast, the Chinese translations cover the whole of Buddhist writings with unique completeness. At the same time they offer the most readily available collection of texts from the area and the period when sculpture and painting were first being granted high importance as a religious instrument: i.e. North India in the first two or three centu...
Etic and emic in contemporary psychological ethics

Globalization can be characterized as a process of worldwide integration through the movement of goods and capital, expansion of democratic institutions and human rights, access to information, and migration of large numbers of people. Psychology, too, has become more globalized in form and scope and in its standards for competent and ethical practice, as psychologists operate in ever more diverse and rapidly changing environments (Stevens & Gielen, 2007). Differences in countries’ ecological systems and cultural worldviews pose challenges for globalization and the globalizing of psychology, with increasing interconnectedness opposed by a movement favoring localization. How might the seemingly contradictory forces of globalization and localization (universalism vs. particularism) manifest with regard to implementation of the Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles for Psychologists (Ad Hoc Joint Committee, 2008)?
Magnetic-field-induced superconducting state in Zn nanowires driven in the normal state by an electric current.

Four-terminal resistance measurements have been carried out on Zn nanowires formed using electron-beam lithography. When driven resistive by current, these wires reenter the superconducting state upon application of small magnetic fields. The data are qualitatively different from those of previous experiments on superconducting nanowires, which revealed either negative magnetoresistance near ${T}_{c}$ or high-magnetic-field-enhanced critical currents.
Abuse liability studies of opioid agonist-antagonists in humans

Prediction of the abuse liability of a drug before it reaches the market is complicated by the fact that there are many factors that influence the actual abuse of a drug. Laboratory methods used in humans to assess the abuse liability of the opioids are reviewed and illustrative studies of morphine and the agonist-antagonist opioids, pentazocine, butorphanol, nalbuphine and buprenorphine, are presented. Three assessment methods, subjective effect measurement, self-administration and drug discrimination, provide information relevant to measuring reinforcing efficacy, a major determinant of the degree to which a drug is sought and self-administered by abusers. Physical dependence capacity, which can contribute to sustained drug use, is evaluated in direct addiction and substitution/suppression studies. Withdrawal precipitation studies measure antagonist activity which might limit abuse. The results of testing the agonist-antagonist opioids are generally consistent across these various methods and consistent with historical experience with these drugs, suggesting that these methods are useful in predicting abuse liability of novel opioids.
Tungsten dust impact on ITER-like plasma edge

The impact of tungsten dust originating from divertor plates on the performance of edge plasma in ITER-like discharge is evaluated using computer modeling with the coupled dust-plasma transport code DUSTT-UEDGE. Different dust injection parameters, including dust size and mass injection rates, are surveyed. It is found that tungsten dust injection with rates as low as a few mg/s can lead to dangerously high tungsten impurity concentrations in the plasma core. Dust injections with rates of a few tens of mg/s are shown to have a significant effect on edge plasma parameters and dynamics in ITER scale tokamaks. The large impact of certain phenomena, such as dust shielding by an ablation cloud and the thermal force on tungsten ions, on dust/impurity transport in edge plasma and consequently on core tungsten contamination level is demonstrated. It is also found that high-Z impurities provided by dust can induce macroscopic self-sustained plasma oscillations in plasma edge leading to large temporal variations of edge plasma parameters and heat load to divertor target plates.
Long-term efficacy and safety of internal neurolysis for trigeminal neuralgia without neurovascular compression

OBJECT Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) occurs and recurs in the absence of neurovascular compression (NVC). While microvascular decompression (MVD) is the most effective treatment for TN, it is not possible when NVC is not present. Therefore, the authors sought to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and durability of internal neurolysis (IN), or "nerve combing," as a treatment for TN without NVC. METHODS This was a retrospective review of all cases of Type 1 TN involving all patients 18 years of age or older who underwent evaluation (and surgery when appropriate) at Oregon Health & Science University between July 2006 and February 2013. Chart reviews and telephone interviews were conducted to assess patient outcomes. Pain intensity was evaluated with the Barrow Neurological Institute (BNI) Pain Intensity scale, and the Brief Pain Inventory-Facial (BPI-Facial) was used to assess general and face-specific activity. Pain-free survival and durability of successful pain relief (BNI pain scores of 1 or 2) were statistically evaluated with Kaplan-Meier analysis. Prognostic factors were identified and analyzed using Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS A total of 177 patients with Type 1 TN were identified. A subgroup of 27 was found to have no NVC on high-resolution MRI/MR angiography or at surgery. These patients were significantly younger than patients with classic Type 1 TN. Long-term follow-up was available for 26 of 27 patients, and 23 responded to the telephone survey. The median follow-up duration was 43.4 months. Immediate postoperative results were comparable to MVD, with 85% of patients pain free and 96% of patients with successful pain relief. At 1 year and 5 years, the rate of pain-free survival was 58% and 47%, respectively. Successful pain relief at those intervals was maintained in 77% and 72% of patients. Almost all patients experienced some degree of numbness or hypesthesia (96%), but in patients with successful pain relief, this numbness did not significantly impact their quality of life. There was 1 patient with a CSF leak and 1 patient with anesthesia dolorosa. Previous treatment for TN was identified as a poor prognostic factor for successful outcome. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of IN with meaningful outcomes data. This study demonstrated that IN is a safe, effective, and durable treatment for TN in the absence of NVC. Pain-free outcomes with IN appeared to be more durable than radiofrequency gangliolysis, and IN appears to be more effective than stereotactic radiosurgery, 2 alternatives to posterior fossa exploration in cases of TN without NVC. Given the younger age distribution of patients in this group, consideration should be given to performing IN as an initial treatment. Accrual of further outcomes data is warranted.
Matrices and set intersections

Abstract The incidence matrix of a (υ, k , λ)-design is a (0, 1)-matrix A of order υ that satisfies the matrix equation AA T =( k − λ ) I + λJ , where A T denotes the transpose of the matrix A , I is the identity matrix of order υ, J is the matrix of 1's of order υ, and υ, k , λ are integers such that 0 λ k υ −1. This matrix equation along with various modifications and generalizations has been extensively studied over many years. The theory presents an intriguing joining together of combinatorics, number theory, and matrix theory. We survey a portion of the recent literature. We discuss such varied topics as integral solutions, completion theorems, and λ-designs. We also discuss related topics such as Hadamard matrices and finite projective planes. Throughout the discussion we mention a number of basic problems that remain unsolved.