cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of anxiety and depression in the irritable bowel syndrome

Using a reliable and valid structured diagnostic interview scale (ADIS-R), and patients with careful medical characterization, we found significantly more diagnosable psychopathology, particularly anxiety disorders, among treatment seeking patients with irritable bowel syndrome than among comparable age and sex samples of treatment seeking patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Significant differences were also found on the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression between IBS patients and the IBD patients and controls, who did not differ. Comparable levels of psychiatric disorder among parents of probands were found in all three groups. The results are consistent with Latimer's (1983) notion of IBS patients being a subclass of 'neurotics'.
Changes in federal sentencing for forced labor trafficking and for sex trafficking: a ten year assessment

This research examines changes in the legalities of federal sentencing for forced labor trafficking offenses and for sex trafficking from 2001 to 2010. During this period Congress sought to increase substantially penalties imposed for these offenses. The research tracks Congressional directives and the United States Sentencing response via amendment changes. Increases in mandatory minimum penalties and extension of federal statues covered under the Federal Sentencing Guidelines § 2H4.1 Peonage, Involuntary, and Slave Trade, and under § 2G1.3 Promoting a Commercial Sex Act or Prohibited Sexual Conduct with a Minor; Transportation of Minors to Engage in a Commercial Sex Act or Prohibited Sexual Conduct; Travel to Engage in Commercial Sex Act or Prohibited Sexual Conduct; Travel to Engage in Commercial Sex Act or Prohibited Sexual Conduct with a Minor; Sex Trafficking of Children; Use of Interstate Facilities to Transport Information about a Minor reflected Congressional directives that amounted to a “get tough” policy. Having traced changes in federal sentencing for these two offenses, the research conducts a descriptive analysis of length of imprisonment imposed, the final offense level, the defendant’s criminal history, guidelines departures, pretrial detention, route of case disposition, and defendant characteristics for the purpose of assessing potential links between the changes in federal sentencing and the process and outcome of actually sentencing practices.
Relationship of molting, gonadosomatic index, and methyl farnesoate in male snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) from the eastern Bering Sea

Snow crabs, Chionoecetes opilio (Fabricius, 1788), have a complex mating system, and understanding their reproductive physiology is paramount to crab fishery management. Mating and molting are inextricably linked, so the energetically demanding molting process may compromise male mating potential for some period prior to and after the molt. Recently molted, new-shell males are targeted preferentially during the commercially valuable eastern Bering Sea (EBS) fishery. Old-shell males, or males that have not molted within the last year, are not as visually appealing, but may have greater reproductive capacity and can contribute disproportionately to the genetic stock. We measured a crustacean reproductive hormone, methyl farnesoate (MF), and reproductive fitness, using gonadosomatic index (GSI) as a proxy, in EBS male snow crab to determine differences in reproductive potential between adolescents and adults. We compared these reproductive indices in new- and old-shell males as a broad estimate of the effect of molting biology on reproduction. Circulating MF was significantly higher in new-shell adolescent males compared to old-shell adolescent males and old-shell adult males, suggesting a juvenilizing rather than gonadotropic role for MF in C. opilio. New-shell males had a significantly lower GSI compared to old-shell males for both adolescent and adult males. The lower GSI measured in new-shell adults compared to the significantly higher GSI levels measured in old-shell adults suggests that new-shell males harvested during the commercial fishery lack the reproductive capacity of the old-shelled adults and therefore may not be contributing equally to the population.
Magma supply, magma discharge and readjustment of the feeding system of mount St. Helens during 1980

Abstract The landslide and cataclysmic eruption of Mount St. Helens on May 18, 1980 triggered a sequence of explosive eruptions over the following five months. The volume of explosive products from each of these eruptions decreased uniformly over this period, and the character for each eruption progressed from a fairly continuous eruption lasting more than eight hours on May 18 to a series of short bursts, some of which were spaced 12 hours apart, on October 16–18. The transition in the character of these eruption sequences can be explained by a difference between the magma supply rate and the magma discharge rate from a shallow reservoir. The magma supply rate (MSR) is the rate with which magma is supplied to the level where disruption due to vesiculation occurs. It is determined by dividing the dense-rock-equivalent volume of eruptive products by the total duration of each eruption sequence. The magma discharge rate (MDR) is the rate with which the disrupted magma is discharged through the vent. It is determined by dividing the volume of erupted products by the duration of each explosive burst. The relative magnitude of these two quantities controls the temporal evolution of an explosive event. When MDR∼MSR the explosive phase of the eruption lasts for several hours as a single continuous event. When MDR>MSR, an eruption is characterized by a series of short explosive bursts at intervals of several minutes to several days. The MSR of the eruptions of 1980 decreased with time from 5500 m' s −1 on May 18 to 7 m 3 s −2 on October 16–18 and approximately fits an exponential decay. The MDR for the same events remained approximately constant at 2000 m 3 s −1 . Each explosive event has been followed by an aftershock-like series of earthquakes located beneath the volcano at depth mostly between 7 and 14 km. The seismic energy released during each of these series is proportional to the corresponding volume of erupted magma. Deformation data between June and November, 1980 indicate a subsidence of the volcanic structure which can be modeled by a volume collapse of 0.25 km 3 located at 9 km depth. We propose a model in which magma is supplied from depths of 7–14 km through a narrow conduit during each eruption. It erupts to the surface at a uniform rate during each eruption. The deep seismic activity following each eruption is related to a readjustment and volume decrease in the deep feeding system. The decrease of the MSR over time is explained by an increase in the viscosity of a progressively water-depleted magma. The amount of water necessary to explain the observed decrease of the MSR is of the order of 4.6%.
Which improves welfare more: A nominal or an indexed bond?*

Economists have long argued that loan contracts should be indexed to remove the risks arising from fluctuations in the purchasing power of money: indexation however while eliminating one risk, substitutes another, arising from fluctuations in relative prices of goods. We present a theoretical framework which permits the relative merits of a nominal versus an indexed bond to be assessed in a general equilibrium setting.
Gender-Related Jokes in the Workplace: Sexual Humor or Sexual Harassment?1

When does a joke become sexual harassment? In a partial test of an integrative model of gender-related humor in the workplace, the role of personal and situational variables in perceptions of sexual harassment was examined. Other implications of sexual humor in the office were also studied.
Cloning and expression of DiT33 from Dirofilaria immitis : a specific and early marker of heartworm infection

Dirofilaria immitis is an important filarial parasite of dogs and cats, and a useful model for human filariasis. Current diagnostic tests for heartworm infection in animals rely on the presence of fecund female worms (usually found 6.5 months post-infection or later) and therefore fail to detect pre-patent infections. Putative pepsin inhibitors from 2 filarial parasites of humans namely Onchocerca volvulus (Ov33, Oc3.6, OvD5B) and Brugia malayi (Bm33), have been shown to be useful in diagnosis of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis, respectively. Previous studies have suggested that a homologue exists in D. immitis (DiT33), which may have potential in diagnosis of heartworm infection. In this study, the isolation and characterization of a cDNA clone encoding DiT33 is described. This cDNA contains 12 bases of the nematode-specific 22 nucleotide spliced leader sequence and encodes a 26.4 kDa-protein with a high level of similarity (87-89%) to other filarial members of the family. DiT33 was over-expressed in E. coli as a fusion with the maltose-binding protein and serological analysis was performed using a panel of clinically defined dog sera. The findings of this study indicate that DiT33 is a promising antigen for the early detection of D. immitis and may be a valuable tool in the control and management of heartworm infection.
Book Clubs: Not Just for Public Libraries

While recreational reading is often seen as the purview of public libraries, academic libraries can also reap the benefits of hosting book clubs. This article discusses the steps the St. Catherine University library took to create a book club on campus. The article includes an overview of the St. Catherine University's book club, the benefits of hosting a book club, and suggestions for starting a book club in an academic library.
Association of neutropenia in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with anti-Ro and binding of an immunologically cross-reactive neutrophil membrane antigen

SLE is associated with the production of autoantibodies to self-constituents. In particular, certain ribonucleoprotein particles are targeted. Despite the multitude of autoantibodies produced and the remarkable concentrations of these antibodies in the sera of SLE patients, there have been little data that the autoantibodies found in SLE are involved in the pathogenesis of disease or its manifestations. The present work demonstrates that anti-Ro (or SSA) is associated with granulocytopenia, binds the surface of granulocytes and fixes complement to this membrane surface. Binding is a property of anti-Ro Fab fragments and can be inhibited by 60-kD Ro. However, the antigen bound on the surface of granulocytes is a 64 000 mol. wt protein that is a novel autoantigen in SLE. As suggested by inhibition studies, sequence identity between 60-kD Ro and eight tandem repeats in the 64-kD antigen may be responsible for the observed serologic cross-reactivity. These data imply that anti-Ro antibodies that also bind the 64-kD protein mediate neutropenia in patients with SLE.
Pontine Tegmental Cap Dysplasia With a 2q13 Microdeletion Involving the NPHP1 Gene: Insights Into Malformations of the Mid-Hindbrain

The case of a young man with multiple brain and somatic anomalies that presented diagnostic difficulties, is discussed in this report. A majority of his features were suggestive of Joubert syndrome—although it was felt that he did not fully meet diagnostic criteria. The subsequent evaluations included a magnetic resonance image of the brain, that was found to be consistent with pontine tegmental cap dysplasia. Chromosomal microarray studies showed a 2q13 deletion. A gene associated with Joubert syndrome, NPHP1, is within this region. This case highlights several important aspects of the diagnosis and nosology of malformations of the mid-hind brain.
Scaling Rules and Increasing Feed Rates in Two-Zone and Four-Zone Simulated Moving Bed Systems

The scaling rules for chromatographic and adsorption columns and for standard four-zone simulated moving beds (SMBs) are extended to two-zone SMB systems with linear and nonlinear isotherms. Once an old or base design is available, the operational parameters can be predicted by simple algebraic equations. The scaling rules are applied to use the entire available pressure drop in four-zone, two-zone, and parallel two-zone SMB systems. Adding booster pumps between columns to operate columns at their pressure limits and the simultaneous reduction of the particle diameter allows for higher productivity designs with constant product purities and a constant desorbent-to-feed ratio (D/F). The feed rate of a four-zone SMB with one column per zone can be increased by approximately 69% with four pumps between the columns for both linear and nonlinear isotherms compared to the base case with one pump. For systems with one column per zone, the productivities of two-zone and parallel two-zone SMB systems are from 16% ...
Use of a polytetrafluoroethylene (GORE-TEX) bolster to close the renal parenchymal defect during open partial nephrectomy.

Introduction Numerous surgical techniques have been described to facilitate closure of the renal parenchymal defect. We sought to describe the operative technique and define the safety and efficacy of using an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (GORE-TEX; WL Gore and Associates, Flagstaff, AZ) bolster to aid in closure of the renal parenchymal defect at the time of open partial nephrectomy (OPN). Technical Considerations A retrospective review of 175 patients who underwent an OPN using an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) bolster at the Huntsman Cancer Hospital, University of Utah and Salt Lake City Veterans Affairs Medical Center from March 2005 to February 2013 was conducted. Postoperative complications occurring within 90 days were graded using the Clavien grading system. Conclusion Overall, 57 patients (32.6%) experienced a postoperative complication. Fifteen patients (8.5%) had a Clavien ≥grade-III complication. Ten patients (5.7%) received blood transfusions. Urine leak requiring intervention occurred in 2 patients (1.1%). Delayed hemorrhage requiring nephrectomy and pseudoaneurysm formation were rare, occurring in 1 patient each (0.6%). Infection of the ePTFE material occurred in 2 patients (1.1%). In both cases, it was explanted without requiring nephrectomy. The use of an ePTFE bolster is an effective and safe method of closing the renal parenchymal defect after OPN with an acceptable 90-day postoperative complication rate and a low risk of infection.
Tuberculosis and Infection Control: What Now?

In this issue of Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, a potpourri of tuberculosis (TB)related articles are being published.1-7 Tuberculosisrelated issues have been an important focus for the past decade for those in infection control and hospital epidemiology, especially in urban areas where the large majority of TB cases occur,8 but also, because of federal regulations, for those in low-endemic areas or areas where no TB cases occur (approximately half of the counties in the United States). The resurgence of TB beginning in the mid1980s in the United States (in large part, due to failure and underfunding of the public health infrastructure and to the epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] infection) and outbreaks of TB have highlighted the risk of nosocomial transmission of TB.9,1o These outbreaks affected both healthcare workers (HCWs) and patients. The fact that outbreaks in New York and Miami, among others, involved multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains that were associated with high morbidity and mortality among HIV-infected individuals punctuated the importance of effective TB infection control measures. Commingling of patients with unsuspected TB and those who were quite immunosuppressed led to amplification of nosocomial transmission. A decade ago, few institutions were prepared for the changing epidemiology of TB. Several recent studies have demonstrated that infection control measures are effective in preventing nosocomial transmission of TB,11-13 and two reports in this issue, from institutions in Kentuckyl and New York,2 provide additional data on decreases in HCW tuberculin skin-test (TST) conversions following implementation of TB infection control measures. In most studies, multiple interventions (administrative controls, environmental controls, and respiratory pr tection) were initiated at approximately the same time, making it more difficult to identify the most crucial aspect of the program. The importance of TB infection control measures in contributing to the decline in TB cases in the United States, as well as the eduction in the number of MDR-TB cases in New York City, often has been understated. I reased federal funding for TB control activities and expansion of directly observed therapy clearly are important in efforts to prevent TB, but the initial decline in TB cases and in MDR TB in the United States beginning in 1993 likely was due, in large part, to interruption of TB transmission within healthcare facilities. Unfortunately, increased funding for TB control in the United States in the last 5 years often has not trickled down to inner-city hospitals, which frequently are the first line in the battle against TB. From our experience and that of others, it appears clear that administrative controls are the most important component of a TB infection control program. At Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, we were able to decrease TB exposure episodes markedly and concomitantly to decrease HCW TST conversions after implementing an expanded respiratory isolation policy.11 We continue to isolate appropriately
Translating Research Into Policy: What More Does it Take?

Public assistance, health, and social service programs are under increasing pressure to address what are viewed by the press, the general public, and politicians as critical problems in the communities they serve. At the same time, programs are increasingly required to account for the way in which public funds are spent and to prove that they are having an impact. This climate has led to a variety of opportunities for anthropologists and other social scientists to participate in program planning and evaluation. I have worked in this capacity as a consultant for almost a decade.
Optical, Chemical and Electrical Characterization of Ion-Etched Gallium Arsenide Surfaces

Ultraviolet reflectivity, surface chemistry and electrical measurements are reported for Ar+-ion bombarded (100) GaAs surfaces, with ion energies from 0.5 to 4 keV. Changes in reflectivity spectra, surface stoichiometry and Schottky diode parameters are reported as functions of ion energy.
Role of dangling-bond defects in early recombination in hydrogenated amorphous silicon

Relaxation of photoexcited carriers is studied in a-Si:H with the use of photoinduced ir absorption. The role of the dangling-bond defect in recombination is investigated with samples of defect density from 10/sup 15/ to >10/sup 18/ cm/sup -3/. We find that during the first microsecond the dangling bond does not cause rapid recombination, but rather actually slows recombination by acting indirectly through its influence on the density and shape of the exponential distribution of states near the band edge.
Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome: A pictorial essay

Posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome is characterized by reversible white matter lesions. However, ischemic injury with irreversible damage may occur. This pictorial essay illustrates MR features associated with posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome. We will emphasize the role of diffusion-weighted imaging for the discrimination of irreversible ischemic injury from reversible vasogenic edema.
Guttman Scale Analysis of Longitudinal Data: A Methodology and Drug Use Applications

Traditional Guttman scalogram analysis is limited to evaluating item order cross-sectionally. This paper describes a new methodology, Longitudinal Scalogram Analysis (LSA), that is a direct extension of cross-sectional scalogram analysis to longitudinal data. Example applications of the LSA method to drug use data are provided. The benefits of LSA relative to cross-sectional methods for drug use analysis are discussed. [Translations are provided in the International Abstracts section of this issue.]
Kounis–Zavras syndrome presenting with ventricular arrhythmias and cardiogenic shock

Abstract In this case report we describe a case of the Kounis–Zavras syndrome (coincidental occurrence of chest pain and allergic reactions accompanied by clinical and laboratory findings of cardiac ischemia). A 34-year-old woman presented to the emergency unit with severe chest pain from 2h. She reported a medical history of asthma. On arrival, her heart rate was 125beats/min and her systolic blood pressure (SBP) was 70mmHg. A repeated electrocardiogram displayed dynamic changes with ST-segment elevation in D1-aVL leads and ST-segment depression in infero-posterior leads. Two episodes of ventricular fibrillation were observed. The coronary artery angiography showed multivessel coronary vasospasms. Intracoronary nitroglycerin was used to alleviate the coronary vasospasms. Contemporaneously, the patient's husband came to the hospital reporting a history of ketorolac consumption some hours before the onset of the acute event for headache symptoms. This crucial information permitted us to suppose it was a case of allergic myocardial infarction during anaphylactic shock due to ketorolac. Betametasone, chlorphenamine, and ranitidine were administered and progressively a full recovery of SBP and of clinical status was observed. Learning objective: Allergic myocardial infarction (Kounis-Zavras syndrome) is a complex acute coronary syndrome which requires rapid treatment decisions. Most of the information on this syndrome comes from case reports or small case series. It should be considered in young, healthy patients when they develop acute coronary syndrome after administration of potentially allergic agent. The treatment should both dilate coronary vessels and suppress the allergic reaction (steroids, antihistamines, fluid resuscitation, oxygen, nitrates, calcium channel blockers).>
Chromatin dynamics during herpes simplex virus-1 lytic infection

Herpes simplex virus type 1 is a DNA virus that can establish lytic infections in epithelial cells and latent infections in sensory neurons. Upon entry into the nucleus the genome of HSV-1 rapidly associates with histone proteins. Similar to the genomes of the cellular host, HSV-1 is subject to chromatin-based regulation of transcription and replication. However, unlike the host genome, nucleosomes appear to be underrepresented on the HSV genome. During lytic infection, when the genome is transcribed, the HSV-1 chromatin structure appears to be disorganized, and characterized by histone variant sub-types and post-translational modifications representative of active chromatin. In contrast, during latency, when the majority of the viral genome is transcriptionally silent, the chromatin is compacted into a regularly repeating, compact heterochromatic structure. Here we discuss recent studies that underscore the importance of chromatin regulation during the lytic phase of the HSV-1 life-cycle.
Destabilizing the Hollywood Musical: music, masculinity and mayhem

Destabilizing the Hollywood Musical: music, masculinity and mayhem KELLY KESSLER Basingstoke/New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2010 xiii+256 pp., illus., bibliography, index, £55.00 (cloth) Destabilizi...
Quantifying light scattering with single-mode fiber -optic confocal microscopy

Background Confocal microscopy has become an important option for examining tissues in vivo as a diagnostic tool and a quality control tool for tissue-engineered constructs. Collagen is one of the primary determinants of biomechanical stability. Since collagen is also the primary scattering element in skin and other soft tissues, we hypothesized that laser-optical imaging methods, particularly confocal scattered-light scanning, would allow us to quantify scattering intensity and determine collagen content in biological layers.
Kinetic and Spectroscopic Studies of the Molybdenum-Copper CO Dehydrogenase from Oligotropha carboxidovorans

Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase from the aerobic bacterium Oligotropha carboxidovorans catalyzes the oxidation of CO to CO2, yielding two electrons and two H+. The steady-state kinetics of the enzyme exhibit a pH optimum of 7.2 with a kcat of 93.3 s−1 and Km of 10.7 μm at 25 °C. kred for the reductive half-reaction agrees well with kcat and exhibits a similar pH optimum, indicating that the rate-limiting step of overall turnover is likely in the reductive half-reaction. No dependence on CO concentration was observed in the rapid reaction kinetics, however, suggesting that CO initially binds rapidly to the enzyme, possibly at the Cu(I) of the active site, prior to undergoing oxidation. A Mo(V) species that exhibits strong coupling to the copper of the active center (I = 3/2) has been characterized by EPR. The signal is further split when [13C]CO is used to generate it, demonstrating that substrate (or product) is a component of the signal-giving species. Finally, resonance Raman spectra of CODH reveal the presence of FAD, Fe/S clusters, and a [CuSMoO2] coordination in the active site, consistent with earlier x-ray absorption and crystallographic results.
Human prion strain selection in transgenic mice

Objective: Transgenic (Tg) mice expressing chimeras of mouse and human prion proteins (PrPs) have shorter incubation periods for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) prions than mice expressing full-length human PrP. Increasing the sequence similarity of the chimeric PrP to mouse PrP, by reverting human residues to mouse, resulted in a Tg line, denoted Tg22372, which was susceptible to sporadic (s) CJD prions in ∼110 days. Methods: Mice expressing chimeric mouse/human PrP transgenes were produced. The mice were inoculated intracerebrally with extracts prepared from the brains of patients who died of CJD. Onset of neurological dysfunction marked the end of the incubation time. After sacrifice of the Tg mice, their brains were analyzed for PrPSc and neuropathological changes. Results: Reversion of 1 additional residue (M111V) resulted in a new Tg line, termed Tg1014, susceptible to sCJD prions in ∼75 days. Tg1014 mice also have shorter incubation periods for variant (v) CJD prions, providing a more tractable model for studying this prion strain. Transmission of vCJD prions to Tg1014 mice resulted in 2 different strains, determined by neuropathology and biochemical analysis, which correlated with the length of the incubation time. One strain had the biochemical, neuropathological, and transmission characteristics, including longer incubation times, of the inoculated vCJD strain; the second strain produced a phenotype resembling that of sCJD prions including relatively shorter incubation periods. Mice with intermediate incubation periods for vCJD prions had a mixture of the 2 strains. Both strains were serially transmitted in Tg1014 mice, which led to further reduction in incubation periods. Conversion of vCJD-like to sCJD-like strains was favored in Tg1014 mice more than in the Tg22372 line. The single amino acid difference therefore appears to offer selective pressure for propagation of the sCJD-like strain. Interpretation: These 2 Tg mouse lines provide relatively rapid models to study human prion diseases as well as the evolution of human prion strains. ANN NEUROL 2010;68:151–161
Micrococcal nuclease: its specificity and use for chromatin analysis.

Micrococcal nuclease (MNase; EC 3.1.3 1.1) was first described by Cunningham et al. who, in 1956, recovered a deoxyribonuclease from culture supematant of the bacterium Micrococcuspyogenes var. aureus (now named Staphylococcus aureus). This extracellular nuclease was unusually thermostable, required calcium as a cationic activator and hydrolysed the 5’-phosphodiester bond of deoxyribonucleotides to yield 3’-monoand oligonucleotides and a free 5’-hydroxyl group. The enzyme is comprised of 159 amino acid residues and weighs 16,800 dalton (Taniuchi et al., 1967) and optimal nucleolytic activity is obtained at pH 8.6 with calcium ions at 10mM (Cunningham, 1958). Cunningham initially called the enzyme “micrococcal DNase”, however, he renamed it “micrococcal nuclease” due to its ribonuclease activity (Cunningham, 1958). The two strains of S. aureus used as a source of MNase are Foggi and V8, with the higher yielding Foggi strain used for commercial enzyme production (Anfinsen et al., 1971). The requirement for calcium cannot be met by magnesium ions, however, weak activity for DNA may be obtained with strontium ions, whereas activity is completely lost in the presence of EDTA (Heins et al., 1967; Cotton et al., 1979). The ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease activities of MNase are competitively inhibited by a number of 5’-monophosphonucleotide derivatives, deoxythymidine 3’,5’diphosphate (pdTp; the most tightly binding inhibitor) and some heavy metal cations (Cotton et al., 1979). Analysis of the crystal structure of the pdTp-MNase complex has shown the DNA binding site to be a groove which binds three phosphate groups to the 3’ side of the hydrolyic site of a single DNA strand (Anfinsen et al., 1971). Further chemical properties of the enzyme have been reviewed by Anfinsen et al. (1971). The specificity of MNase for cleavage of DNA in the linker region between nucleosomes (discussed in
Glucose production in the newborn dog. I. Effects of glucagon in vivo.

Extract: Systemic glucose production rates were evaluated 4 hr after feeding in 14 newborn beagle dogs at ages between 1 and 5 days. After a prime injection of radioisotopic tracers, glucose production was determined during infusion of intermixed tracer [2-3H]glucose and [1-14C]glucose at a constant rate. Seven of the newborn dogs served as controls throughout the 3-hr period of infusion, while seven of their littermates, infused simultaneously, received glucagon at a constant rate of 3.3 μg/min between 90 and 180 min of study. In control dogs, mean glucose production, determined by dilution of [2-3H]glucose, was 55 ± 3 μmol/min · kg body weight. During the control period, their littermates produced glucose at a similar rate; however, glucagon infusion raised glucose production to 81 ± 4 μmol/min · kg. The average glucose production rate estimated with [1-14C]glucose was 88% of that with the 3H tracer during the initial control period and 77% during the glucagon infusion. In order to confirm that this discrepancy reflected the recycling of 14C and the early development of gluconeogenesis, an additional 14 newborn dogs were infused with potential substrates for [14C]glucose. In separate studies, [U-14C]lactate, [3-14C]lactate, [U-14C]alanine, and [6-14C]-glucose were incorporated into glucose and [1-14C]glucose. Quantification of gluconeogenesis by simultaneous infusion of [6-3H]glucose and [3-14C]lactate in a 5-day-old dog demonstrated that 25% of the glucose produced originated from lactate, whereas 10% was incorporated into carbon 1. Thus, systemic glucose production was established rapidly in newborn dogs and responded to stimulation with glucagon. A significant proportion of the glucose originated from recycling via the gluconeogenic pathway. Speculation: Even in well nourished newborn mammals, recycling of glucose is important in maintaining homeostasis during the postabsorptive period. Based on comparisons between dogs infused with [3-14C]lactate or [6-14C]glucose, 25% or more of hepatic glucose production may originate from glucose recycled through lactate and pyruvate. Presumably most of the rest is derived from hepatic glycogen stored in utero..
Dermatopathology of rheumatologic diseases

Rheumatologic diseases are multisystem disorders that may initially manifest in the skin and accurate dermatopathologic diagnosis can lead to the identification of a systemic disorder. We review the clinical presentation and histopathologic findings in rheumatologic disease. This includes the variants of lupus: acute, subacute and chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus, tumid lupus, discoid lupus, lupus panniculitis, nonbullous lupus, and depigmented lesions in lupus. Also discussed are dermatomyositis, systemic sclerosis and vasculitides, including leukocytoclastic vasculitis, lymphocytic vasculitis, neutrophilic vasculitis, polyarteritis nodosa, nodular vasculitis, eosinophilic vasculitis, granulomatous vasculitis, Henoch–Schonlein purpura and cryoglobulinemia.
FLARE DETECTION USING WAVELET DENOISING AND SWIFT BAT DATA FOR NEUTRINO MULTIMESSENGER STUDIES

Theory predicts a neutrino signal is possible from jets from active galactic nuclei (AGN) if there is hadronic acceleration in the jets. Flaring activity in X-rays and γ-rays from blazars could indicate similar activity in neutrinos in the jets. Short duration flares, on the scale of hours, could allow for narrow time windows to be searched for a Neutrino signal above the background of atmospheric neutrinos. A wavelet technique will be run over orbit-by-orbit Swift BAT (Burst Alert Telescope) data to identify flaring periods to accurately determine start and end times. The wavelet technique is notable as it accounts for both uneven time sampling and varying error bars across a time series.
Lomustine (CCNU) for the Treatment of Resistant Lymphoma in Dogs

Forty-three dogs with lymphoma that had relapsed or had failed to achieve complete remission to previous chemotherapy were treated with lomustine (1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea [CCNU]) at a dosage of 90-100 mg/m2 body surface area p.o. every 3 weeks. Durable complete or partial responses occurred in 11 dogs for a median of 86 days. The acutely dose-limiting toxicosis was neutropenia 7 days after administration, resulting in a recommended dosage of 90 mg/m2. Cumulative thrombocytopenia occurred in dogs receiving continued CCNU treatment, and a dose interval of 3 weeks may be too short for continued administration of this drug. Toxicoses evident as fever or central nervous system signs or renal damage were uncommon or rare. CCNU is effective in the treatment of relapsed lymphoma.
Biosynthetic polypeptide libraries

Methodological advances and new applications have fueled significant growth in the practice of polypeptide library screening.
Clinical Profile of Donepezil in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease

Although the underlying pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is not fully understood, one of its key features is the widespread loss of central cholinergic innervation, known to be fundamental for
Thickness of molybdenum filter and squared contrast-to-noise ratio per dose for digital mammography.

OBJECTIVE. The objective of our study was to test whether the lesion-tissue contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) at a given dose level can be improved by increasing the thickness of the molybdenum (Mo) filter currently used in digital mammography.MATERIALS AND METHODS. We studied how the CNR between breast and a 5-mm simulated infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) embedded in a 5-cm-thick breast changes with Mo filter thickness. We performed phantom imaging experiments by modifying the filter wheel of a Senographe 2000D unit with Mo filters that ranged from 15 to 90 μm in thickness. A 5-cm-thick 50% glandular-50% adipose breast phantom with a 5-mm insert simulating IDC was used as the phantom for all the cases. The CNRs between the breast phantom and the IDC insert were measured, and average glandular doses were calculated using a filtration-dependent X-ray spectra model and a breast dosimetry model based on a validated Monte Carlo simulation.RESULTS. The lesion-tissue CNR at a given dose level increases with incr...
Secondary researchers' duties to return incidental findings and individual research results: a partial-entrustment account.

Secondary researchers’ duties to return incidental findings and individual research results: a partial-entrustment account
Nature of Interactions Among Young Children and Adult Caregivers in a Children’s Museum

This naturalistic, qualitative study examines the nature of child- and adult-led interactions in a children’s museum. Using dialogic learning as a theoretical framework, the study examines how children and adults engage in interactions while learning at a museum. Findings suggest that children and adults are almost equally likely to lead interactions; however, most child-led interactions are qualitatively different from adult-led interactions. Children are more likely to show-and-tell about their experiences and learn by asking questions and commenting about their play. Adults are more likely to teach by telling, prompting, and reporting a child’s activities. Children and adults also are equally engage in pretend play during their interactions. Leveraging these findings, recommendations are made for museum exhibit space design.
Five-Year Climatic Trend for the Northern Hemisphere

Between May 1958 and April 1963 the mean temperature of the atmosphere in the northern hemisphere fell by about 0.60° C. The data which lead to this conclusion are presented in this article.
Addressing Nutrient Density in the Context of the Use of Thickened Liquids in Dysphagia Treatment

Thickening liquids has become a standard of practice for managing children with oropharyngeal dysphagia. A variety of commercial products have been developed from guar gum, xanthan gums, and modifi...
Unlocking Learning Discovering the Keys to Effective Assessment

Welcome to the Journal of Management Education (JME) special issue on Assessment in Management Education. We have talked about the importance of this topic for years and are happy to present a special issue to help our readers think critically about the “what, why, and how” of assessment. Assessment is a reality of life for management educators, but the ideal assessment plan can be quite elusive. Historically we can identify both effective and ineffective uses of assessment. For a positive example, we turn to Alverno College (Alverno College Faculty, 1994; Mulvey, 1992). In 1973, Alverno implemented an abilitybased curriculum that employs competency assessment and faculty feedback to assess students’ performance instead of traditional testing. They focused on eight abilities, including critical thinking, social interaction, and communication, that faculty considered the foundation of liberal arts education. Instead of assessing students at the end of the program, Alverno students begin the assessment process as soon as they enroll in the College. Thus, their assessment process is not a single point in time but spans students’ entire college career. In addition, students are assessed on abilities in the context of real-life situations using specified criteria, and then they receive individualized feedback they can use for further development. These assessments are also integrated into course work and tied to a real-world professional work context (e.g., the integrated competence seminar in the middle of each program).
Simian Virus 40 Is Present in Most United States Human Mesotheliomas, but It Is Rarely Present in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Simian virus 40 (SV40) causes mesotheliomas, osteosarcomas, ependymomas, choroid plexus tumors, and lymphomas in hamsters. In humans, SV40 has been detected in tumors of the first four types. Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we tested 29 non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (intermediate and high-grade), 25 posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders, and 5 AIDS lymphomas for SV40 DNA. PCR analysis revealed that 3 of 29 lymphomas, 6 of 25 posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders, and 2 of 5 AIDS lymphomas contained SV40 sequences corresponding to the retinoblastoma (RB)-pocket binding domain of SV40 tumor antigen (Tag). However, among positive samples, only one posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder and one AIDS lymphoma contained the SV40 regulatory region, which suggest a higher viral load in these patients. In parallel experiments, 8 of 12 mesotheliomas tested positive for SV40 for both the RB-pocket binding domain of Tag and the SV40 regulatory region. These data confirm the presence of SV40 in most United States mesotheliomas and indicate that in human non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, the prevalence of SV40 is low.
WE-E-BRB-10: DosCheck - an Electronic Chart Checking Tool for Dosimetrists

Purpose: In addition to treatment planning,dosimetrists have to prepare documentation and manually enter data in treatment management system (TMS) which did not transfer or setup automatically. The required documents and data are dependent on the disease site, treatment machine and clinical workflow. Errors and inconsistencies can cause redundant work, treatment delays and potentially treatment errors. To address these issues, an electronic checking software tool, DosCheck was clinically implemented to check the existence of necessary documentations and the integrity of manually‐entered data. The purpose of this software is to reduce the frequency of human errors and to improve efficiency. Methods: DosCheck reads data and documents from 1) TMS, 2) Pinnacle TPS, and 3) DICOM plan files stored in a DICOM‐RT PACS. It processes documents in Word and PDF format, treatment plan data in Pinnacle native format and DICOM format, and Mosaiq data in database records. The software cross‐checks data accuracy and consistency by following rules that are pre‐defined according to the clinical requirements and treatment sties. It interacts with dosimetrists and presents instantaneous results via graphical user interface.Results: DosCheck has been implemented in C#. It performs a full check for a patient with 20 seconds. It has been clinically commissioned and is used daily by all dosimetrists at our institution. Retrospective analysis shows that DosCheck identifies 30% to 40% of previously reported dosimetrist human errors. Additional ∼30% errors are checked by other tools that could be integrated DosCheck in the near future. Conclusions: As an electronic data checking tool, DosCheck can obtain and process data and documents from multiple clinical computer systems in the radiation oncology department, and perform checks according to clinical rules. It is able to improve the accuracy and efficiency of clinical data and document process, and therefore to reduce any potential inconsistencies and errors.
Elastic scattering of 9–13 MeV vector polarized deuterons

Abstract Angular distributions of the cross section and vector analyzing power were measured for elastic scattering of 9, 11 and 13 MeV deuterons from 27Al, Si, 46Ti, 48Ti, 53Cr, 68Zn, 90Zr and 120Sn. The results were analyzed with the optical model. The analysis also included results from similar previous experiments on 18 nuclides for deuteron energies between 5 and 12.3 MeV. Good agreement with most of the measurements was obtained by adjusting only the parameters of the absorptive part of the potential from one nucleus to the next. All other parameters were held constant, except for the real potential depth which was assumed to depend on Z/A 1 3 . The volume integral of the imaginary potential seems to be correlated with the deformation parameter.
Experimental component of the AFOSR-supported MURI program on ultrafast laser filamentation in transparent dielectric media

This paper reviews the experimental component of the US Air Force-supported Multi-University Research Initiative (MURI) on femtosecond laser filamentation in transparent dielectric media. The program comprises a coordinated effort by research groups from 6 US universities and from the multi-terawatt laser laboratory at the Kirtland Air Force Base. The goal of the program is to conduct fundamental basic research on femtosecond laser filamentation, to develop new first-principle-based models of ultrashort and ultraintense pulse propagation in transparent dielectrics and to validate these models though a comprehensive experimental campaign.
Phagocytic activity of monocytes, their subpopulations and granulocytes during post-transplant adverse events after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Phagocytosis of granulocytes and monocytes presents a major mechanism that contributes to the clearance of pathogens and cell debris. We analyzed the phagocytic activity of the peripheral blood cell monocytes, three monocyte subpopulations and granulocytes before and up to one year after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, as well as during transplant-related adverse events. 25 pediatric patients and young adults (median age of 11.0 years) with hemato-oncological malignancies and non malignancies were enrolled in the prospective study. Ingestion of fluorescence-labeled Escherichia coli bacteria was used to assess the phagocytic activity of monocytes and their subpopulations and granulocytes by means of flow cytometry in the patient group as well as in a control group (n=36). During sepsis, a significant increase of phagocytic activity of monocytes (P=0.0003) and a significant decrease of the phagocytic activity of granulocytes (P=0.0003) and the CD14+ CD16++ monocyte subpopulation (P=0.0020) occurred. At the onset of a veno-occlusive disease, a significant increase of phagocytic activity in the CD14++ CD16+ monocyte subpopulation (P=0.001) and a significant decrease in the phagocytic activity of the CD14++ CD16- monocyte subpopulation (P=0.0048) were observed. In conclusion, the phagocytic activity of monocytes, their subpopulations and granulocytes might be a useful and easy determinable parameter that enables identification of post-transplant complications after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The alterations of phagocytic activity contribute to the altered immune response that accompanies adverse events after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Interctions between hormones and growth factors in the regulation of granulosa cell differentiation in vitro

Evidence from studies in vitro supports the concept that growth factors modulate endocrine-dependent differentiative processes in follicle development. Based upon results from granulosa cell culture systems, it is suggested that the study of growth factors and their regulatory mechanisms (endocrine, paracrine, autocrine control) could perhaps be generalized to other areas concerned with the regulation of steroid secretion such as placental physiology, the regulation of fetal gonads and puberty, secondary steroid metabolism and steroid-secreting tumors.
Synthesizing Social Science Theories of Immigration

Immigration has been a powerful force throughout the history of the United States. Consequently, immigration is an important social phenomenon, and a variety of theories have been developed to explain its relationship to human behavior and the social environment. The articles in this Special Issue explore theories of immigration from the social science disciplines of economics, political science, psychology, anthropology, and sociology and through the interdisciplinary perspective of transnationalism. This concluding analysis presents a synthesis of these multiple social science approaches in the form of a conceptual map to illustrate how these theories and disciplinary perspectives increase our understanding of immigration within the context of human behavior and the social environment.
Hybrid Superlattice Coolers for Dynamic Thermal Management of Microprocessor Hotspots

A hybrid cooling scheme for thermal management of hotspots (300–500 W/cm2 ) in the presence of low background heat flux (100 W/cm2 over 1 cm2 ) is being investigated. It uses superlattice coolers (SLCs) to remove ultra high power density hotspot and microchannel heat sink for lower background heat flux. In this paper, transient response of the SLC for hotspot removal is studied. The effect of contact resistance, chip thickness, and hotspot size on the performance of the hybrid cooling scheme is also investigated.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Fear of Gangs: A Test of Alternative Theoretical Models

On the basis of data on 800 randomly selected residents in a large south-western metropolitan city, we assess the influence of four theoretical models on fear of crime and fear of gangs. In doing so, we compare general fear of crime to specific fear of gangs to delineate whether the same factors influence each or whether different fears are the product of different factors. The results indicate that while many of the factors that influence fear of crime and fear of gangs are similar, there are significant differences in the magnitude in which these factors influence our measures of fear.