cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 2995: Metronomic albumin-bound paclitaxel and topotecan has potent antitumor activity in ovarian cancer

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Objective: There is growing recognition of the important role of metronomic chemotherapy for cancer treatment. Based on their unique anti-angiogenic effects, we tested the efficacy of dual albumin-bound paclitaxel (ABP), which stimulates Thrombospondin-1, and topotecan, which inhibits Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α, chemotherapy at metronomic dosing in ovarian carcinoma. Methods: We examined the effects of ABP and topotecan in vitro (MTT) and in vivo using SKOV3ip1, HeyA8 and HeyA8-MDR orthotopic mouse models of ovarian cancer. We also examined effects on proliferation (Ki67), apoptosis (TUNEL), and angiogenesis (MVD) in tumor samples obtained at necropsy. Results: In vitro cytotoxicity assays revealed similar effects (IC50=20-60 nM) of maximum tolerated dosing (MTD) and metronomic dosing of ABP on HeyA8 tumor cells (p<0.05). In vivo therapy experiments using the SKOV3ip1 and HeyA8 tumor models demonstrated that treatment with metronomic ABP alone and in combination with metronomic topotecan resulted in significant reductions in tumor weight, 62% and 96% respectively as compared to controls (p<0.01). Combination treatment with metronomically dosed ABP and topotecan further reduced tumor growth by 82% compared to topotecan alone (p<0.01). In the chemoresistant tumor model, HeyA8-MDR, metronomically dosed monotherapy with either cytotoxic agent had a modest effect on tumor growth however, combination therapy decreased tumor burden by 74% when compared to controls (p<0.01). Metronomic ABP monotherapy resulted in reduced cell proliferation (p<0.001), reduced tumor angiogenesis (p≤0.01), and increased apoptosis (p<0.01). Conclusions: Metronomically-dosed albumin-bound paclitaxel and topotecan offer a highly effective and novel therapeutic approach in ovarian carcinoma that merits further clinical development. Citation Format: Ashley N. Davis, Yvonne G. Lin-Liu, Rebecca A. Previs, Heather J. Dalton, Behrouz Zand, Justin Bottsford-Miller, Robert Coleman, Anil K. Sood. Metronomic albumin-bound paclitaxel and topotecan has potent antitumor activity in ovarian cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2995. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2995
The effects of high intensity exercise on muscle and plasma levels of alpha-ketoisocaproic acid

Alpha-ketoisocaproic acid (KIC) is the product of the transamination of the indispensable amino acid leucine, which is the first step in the complete degradation of leucine. To determine the effects of intense exercise on muscle and blood levels of KIC, 7 male volunteers performed cycle exercise to exhaustion. After pedaling at an intensity of 90 W for 3 min, the load was increased by 60 W every 3 min until volitional fatigue. Muscle biopsies were obtained prior to and immediately after exercise and rapidly frozen for later determination of KIC. During exercise, blood lactate levels increased as expected, while plasma KIC levels did not change. Following exercise, plasma KIC levels rose significantly with peak values occurring 15 min after exercise and did not return to pre-exercise values until 60 min after exercise. In contrast, muscle KIC levels increased during exercise from a pre-exercise mean of 49.4 +/- 4.1 mumol X kg-1 wet wt to 78.1 +/- 6.5 mumol X kg-1 after exercise, an average increase of 48% (P less than 0.05). These data indicate that during intense exercise, leucine transamination in muscle may continue at a faster rate than the decarboxylation of KIC. In addition, plasma levels of KIC did not reflect the intracellular accumulation of KIC during exercise, suggesting a delay in the diffusion of KIC from muscle.
Equation of State for Energetic Structural Materials

Current investigations of energetic structural materials involve shock-induced and shock-assisted chemical reactions in which complex physical processes are currently only elucidated by computational models of gas-gun experiments. The equation of state is one of the most important parts of the constitutive models incorporated into models that describe the processes in shock-induced and shock-assisted chemical reactions. Implementation of current methods typically requires simplifying assumptions in the mixture rules. In this paper, two new equation-of-state methods are proposed that 1) are used to physically interpret both homobaric and uniform-strain assumptions, 2) do not require mixture-averaged equation-of-state model parameters, and 3) do not have any restrictions on the form of constituent equation-of-state or pore-collapse model. The proposed methods are compared with other mixture equation-of-state methods, and cases in which the mixture is porous are demonstrated. Gas-gun experiments are simulated and compared with experimental data for a material with 2Al, Fe 2 O 3 , 20 wt % Epon 828, and voids, in which the reaction initiation threshold was not reached. The simulation integrates conservation equations and momentum balance using a second-order finite volume scheme.
On the effect of molybdenum in the embrittlement of phosphorus-doped iron

Abstract In an effort to clarify the effects of molybdenum, which greatly retards the kinetics of temper embrittlement of alloy steels, the incidence of intergranular fracture and the segregation of phosphorus and other elements to grain boundaries were studied in a series of Fe-Mo-P alloys by means of fracture experiments in a high-resolution scanning Auger microprobe. Decarburization was necessary to produce intergranular fracture in these alloys, which originally contained residual carbon. This element was the principal determinant of the tendency for intergranular fracture. There was no evidence of scavenging or retardation of diffusion of phosphorus by molybdenum. The results were analyzed to determine the existence and importance of synergistic cosegregation of molybdenum and phosphorus. The evidence based on the mean values of the grain boundary concentrations was ambiguous and inconclusive. However, consistent support for the coseregation model could be produced by use of a spectrum of segregation energies, based on the broad spectrum of grain boundary concentrations observed experimentally and presumed to result from the spectrum of grain boundary structures. It is proposed that this kind of analysis is physically more realistic than one which employs mean values. Using this model the attractive interaction between molybdenum and phosphorus in iron was deduced to be weaker than heretofore believed; this finding is consistent, however, with other recent work. The interaction is too weak to influence the segregation of the phosphorus, but it should promote the segregation of molybdenum, absent the effects of other elements like sulphur and carbon. The interaction between molybdenum and carbon appears to be the dominant factor which influences grain boundary cohesion in these alloys.
Prompt elevations of PGE2 and thromboxane A2 metabolites in peripheral node efferent lymph of sheep following drainage area immunization

In the past decade, the main interest in the involvement of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the immune response has been concerned with its role in immunomodulation (suppression) both in vitro and in vivo. Comparatively little attention has been devoted to its immunostimulatory role. It has been suggested that PGE2, like histamine, may function as a 'double agent', initially triggering, facilitating and augmenting a stimulatory immune response and later modulating, limiting and contributing to the turning off of this response. We here report an early (within minutes) immunostimulatory involvement of PGE2 (and thromboxane A2) in the sheep, with prompt elevations in levels of PGE2 and thromboxane B2 in popliteal lymph node efferent lymph following drainage area immunization with killed Salmonella muenchen bacteria. These elevations were associated with an increase in efferent lymph flow and an equally prompt but limited depression of lymphocyte outputs into efferent lymph ('shutdown', 'recruitment'). Local increases in blood flow and vascular permeability probably play important roles in these events.
Multiple immunologic pathogeneses for inflammatory diseases of the colon

Abstract There has been no clear indication, although there have been many indirect suggestiona, that inflammatory diseases of the colon are due to immune activation against antigens of the colon. It is possible that inflammatory diseaeses of the colon have different etiologies and pathogeneses. Such etiologic differences may require different therapeutic approaches. The following paper will give experimental evidence which indicates that there are at least three different immunologic etiologies which can produce inflammatory colonic disease. This must be taken as a minimum number of etiologies and does not preclude the possibility that non-immunologic mechanisms may also produce these diseases.
Layer structure variations of ultra-thin HfO2 films induced by post-deposition annealing

To meet challenges for a smaller transistor feature size, ultra-thin HfO2 high-k dielectric has been used to replace SiO2 for the gate dielectric. In order to accurately analyze the ultra-thin HfO2 films by grazing incidence X-ray reflectivity (GIXRR), an appropriate material model with a proper layer structure is required. However, the accurate model is difficult to obtain, since the interfaces between layers of the ultra-thin HfO2 films are not easily identified, especially when post-deposition annealing process is applied. In this paper, 3.0 nm HfO2 films were prepared by atomic layer deposition on p-type silicon wafer, and annealed in Ar environment with temperatures up to 1000 °C. The layer structures and the role of the interfacial layer of the films in the post-deposition annealing processes were evaluated by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The experimental results and analysis showed that layer thicknesses, crystal phases and chemical structures of the ultra-thin HfO2 films were significantly dependent on annealing temperatures. The binding energy shifts of Hf 4f, O 1s, and Si 2p elements revealed the formation of Hf silicate (Hf–O–Si bonding) with increasing annealing temperatures. Due to the silicate formation and increasing silicon oxide formation, the interface broadening is highly expected. The structure analysis of the GIXRR spectra using the modified material structure model from the XPS analysis confirmed the interfacial broadening induced by the post-deposition annealing.
Avian delayed-type hypersensitivity: Adaptation of the migration-inhibition assay

Abstract In this study White Leghorn cockerels were sensitized with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and/or bovine gammaglobulin (BGG). The migration of spleen cells from chickens with delayed dermal hypersensitivity to PPD was markedly inhibited in the presence of PPD but not by BGG. When birds were made doubly sensitive to mycobacteria and BGG, the migration of their spleen cells was inhibited by both antigens. Cells from animals immunized to produce high levels of circulating antibody to BGG were not inhibited in the presence of antigen. Sensitive spleen cells incubated with specific antigen elaborated a substance into the medium which inhibited the migration of normal cells. The results of these experiments indicate that the delayed hypersensitive response in birds parallels that of the mammal in that it is antigen specific, reproducible, independent of the antibody response, and transferable to normal cells with a soluble cell-free product.
An observational cohort study of the meniscus test to detect intravascular epidural catheters in pregnant women.

Abstract Background The meniscus test is a rapid non-pharmacologic method of confirming epidural catheter placement by observing a normal saline meniscus while physically manipulating the catheter. The aim of this study was to assess whether the meniscus test improves diagnostic accuracy of aspiration to detect intravascular or intrathecal placement of epidural catheters in pregnant women. Methods In this prospective observational study, parturients at ⩾36 weeks of gestation were recruited. In the sitting position, participants received a multiorifice epidural catheter for elective cesarean delivery or labor analgesia. After aspiration was confirmed to be negative for blood and cerebrospinal fluid, the meniscus test was performed. Subsequently, a pharmacologic test dose was given with 1.5% lidocaine 3 mL and epinephrine 15 μg. Intravascular placement was diagnosed if the patient experienced an increase in heart rate ⩾20 beats/min within 2 min with or without tinnitus, metallic taste, dizziness, palpitations, headache, or anxiety. Results The overall intravascular catheter rate was 5.7% (24/419). The rate of intravascular catheter location not detected by aspiration was 0.95% (4/419). Given negative catheter aspiration, the meniscus test demonstrated 25% sensitivity, 87.5% specificity, and 1.9% positive predictive value for intravascular catheter insertion. No intrathecal catheters were observed. Conclusions For obstetric patients in the sitting position, the meniscus test does not improve diagnostic accuracy of aspiration for detecting intravascular multiorifice epidural catheter placement.
InGaAs/InGaP quantum-dot infrared photodetector with a high detectivity

Quantum-dot infrared photodetectors (QDIPs) have recently been considered as strong candidates for numerous applications such as night vision, space communication, gas analysis and medical diagnosis involving middle and long wavelength infrared (MWIR and LWIR respectively) operation. This is due to their unique properties arising from their 3-dimensional confinement potential that provides a discrete density of states. They are expected to outperform quantum-well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) as a consequence of their natural sensitivity to normal incident radiation, their higher responsivity and their higher-temperature operation. So far, most of the QDIPs reported in the literature were based on the InAs/GaAs system and were grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Here, we report on the growth of a high detectivity InGaAs/InGaP QDIP grown on a GaAs substrate using low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (LP-MOCVD). The peak photoresponse was around 4.7μm and the peak responsivity had a value of 1.2 A/W at a peak detection bias of -0.9V at 77K. A noise current of 3.3×10 -14 A at - 0.9V bias yielded a specific peak detectivity of 1.2×10 12 cmHz 1/2 /W at 77K. Peak responsivity and specific peak detectivity of 190.5mA/W and 8.3×10 10 cmHz 1/2 /W were still measured at 120K for a peak detection bias of -0.6V. A BLIP temperature of 200K was determined with a 45° field of view and a 300K background.
Retiree Health Insurance and the Retirement Plans of College and University Faculty

Economists conjecture that employer-provided pensions create an incentive for early retirement, in that employees with such pensions can afford to work fewer years and save less. A similar effect might be present with retiree health insurance (RHI). Relatively few studies of the impact of RHI on retirement and saving decisions have been carried out, however. This article reports on the results of an empirical study, based on a nationwide survey of older university faculty. Its main finding is that the expected age of retirement is not affected by whether or not the faculty member expects to have RHI. This finding may reflect the fact that university faculty tend to retire late, past age 65, at which time they are automatically enrolled in Medicare. The value of RHI is greater when a worker intends to retire well before the age of 65.
Sugar Beet Quality Improvement

Abstract More than one-third of the sugar (sucrose) consumed by humans is obtained from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Sucrose extraction begins with the production of a dark opaque juice from strips of sugar beet. This juice is purified with lime and carbon dioxide, thickened by evaporation, and crystallized under a vacuum. Soluble nonsucrose constituents of sugar beet, referred to collectively as impurities, impede sucrose crystallization in normal factory processes. Sucrose concentration and the ratio of sucrose to total soluble solids (sucrose plus impurities) determine processing quality of sugar beet. Among the more important impurity components are sodium, potassium, and amino-nitrogen. Sucrose and impurity concentrations can be altered in breeding programs. However, a negative association between root yield and sucrose concentration and interactions among impurity components and between impurity components and yield or sucrose concentration have complicated breeding efforts. Also, almost any cultu...
Women athletes' mental rotation under stereotypic threat.

Summary This experiment examined whether nullifying a stereotypic threat about sex-related abilities in mental rotation in women athletes increased facility with rotations. Women athletes and nonathletes (N = 64) were told that they would be performing mental rotation presumed to create an implicit stereotypic threat. Then 32 participants learned that the mental rotation tasks required the same abilities as those mastered by athletes, presumed to nullify the stereotypic threat. Participants completed an 8-item Vandenberg and Kuse Mental Rotation Test and provided reports of ability, experience, and background. Contrary to the hypothesis, athletes receiving nullified instructions performed more poorly than peers who worked under the implicit stereotypic threat, but nonathletes' scores were not affected by the threat. These findings are consistent with the idea that group identification and concomitant worry about representing a group in a positive manner may contribute to responses to stereotypic threat, a...
Cardiovascular, pulmonary, and cancer rehabilitation. 2. Pulmonary rehabilitation

This self-directed learning module highlights both pulmonary and nonpulmonary aspects in the rehabilitation of patients with pulmonary disease and the assessment and physical therapeutic options in the pulmonary management of patients with neurological disorders. It is part of the chapter on cardiovascular, pulmonary, and cancer rehabilitation in the Self-Directed Physiatric Education Program for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and rehabilitation. New advances covered in this section include the use of physical medicine modalities for respiratory muscle rest and technological advances in the management of airway secretions in both pulmonary and neurological disorders. For the former, these approaches can decrease symptoms and the frequency of hospitalization and increase exercise tolerance and quality of life. The use of physical medicine modalities will be discussed as inspiratory and expiratory muscle aids. These methods, when used as alternatives to tracheal intubation and long-term tracheostomy in patients with neurological disorders, improve quality of life, minimize cost, enhance survival, and facilitate community care.
Interpreting logics of knowledge in propositional dynamic logic with converse

Abstract : A natural propositional logic of knowledge, common knowledge, and branching time appropriate for reasoning about distributed systems is presented. This logic may be interpreted in Propositional Dynamic Logic with Converse (PDLC) making the relationship between protocol models and general Kripke models precise and showing that PDLC already suffices for a certain amount of reasoning about knowledge in distributed systems. It follows that satisfiability for propositional logic of branching time remains EMPTIME complete with the addition of any combination of knowledge and common knowledge operators. Finally, the validity or satisfiability of a formula involving two or more participants is not affected by restricting attention to protocol involving just those participants explicitly mentioned in the formula. Keywords: Logic of knowledge; Distributed system; Modal logic; Propositional dynamic logic.
Anti-HIV env immunities elicited by nucleic acid vaccines

Abstract Plasmid DNA vaccines encoding HIV-1 env were used to immunize mice and nonhuman primates. Plasmids were prepared that produced either secreted gp120 or full-length gp160. Mice immunized with gp120 DNA developed strong antigen-specific antibody responses, CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) (following in vitro restimulation with gp120-derived peptide), and showed in vitro proliferation and Th1-like cytokine secretion [γ-interferon, interleukin (IL)-2 with little or no IL-4] by lymphocytes obtained from all lymphatic compartments tested (spleen, blood, and inguinal, iliac, and mesenteric lymph nodes). This indicated that systemic anti-gp120 cell-mediated immunity was induced by this DNA vaccine. Although similar antibody responses were observed in mice immunized by either intramuscular or intradermal routes, T cell responses were significantly stronger in mice injected intramuscularly. Rhesus monkeys immunized with both gp120 and gp160 DNAs exhibited significant CD8+ CTL responses, following in vitro restimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes with antigen. These experiments demonstrate that DNA immunization elicits potent immune responses against HIV env in both a rodent and a nonhuman primate species.
Rigorous Inequalities for Critical-Point Correlation Exponents

Simple rigorous proofs are given for the inequalities $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\le}(2\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\eta})\ensuremath{\nu}$, $2\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\le}\frac{d(\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{-}1)}{(\ensuremath{\delta}+1)}$, and $2\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\le}\frac{d{\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{\ensuremath{'}}}{({2}_{\ensuremath{\beta}}+{\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{\ensuremath{'}})}\ensuremath{\le}\frac{d{\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{\ensuremath{'}}}{(2\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}})}$ satisfied by the exponents $\ensuremath{\nu}$ and $\ensuremath{\eta}$ describing the decay of the spin-spin correlation function in a $d$-dimensional ferromagnet near its critical point. The notation is standard, but new, refined definitions of $\ensuremath{\nu}$ and $\ensuremath{\eta}$ are utilized in the proofs. The exponent ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{E}$ describing the decay of the energy-energy correlation function in an Ising ferromagnet is proved to satisfy $2\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\eta}}_{E}\ensuremath{\le}d{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, $2\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\eta}}_{E}\ensuremath{\le}\frac{d{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{c}}{(1+\ensuremath{\zeta}+{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{c})}$, where the specific heat ${C}_{M}$ at $T={T}_{c}$ diverges with magnetization $M$ as ${M}^{\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{c}}$, while the energy derivative ${|\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}U}{\ensuremath{\partial}M}|}_{{T}_{c}}$ varies as ${M}^{\ensuremath{\zeta}}$. (The mean-field or classical values are ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{c}=0$, $\ensuremath{\zeta}=1$.) The proofs are based on general and "intuitively obvious" positivity and monotonicity properties of ferromagnetic correlation functions. The necessary properties (and certain supplementary lemmas) can be established rigorously for Ising models of arbitrary spin, lattice structure, and ferromagnetic coupling (${J}_{\mathrm{ij}}\ensuremath{\ge}0$).
Arrow’s theorem and the Gibbard-Satterthwaite theorem: a unified approach

The connection between Arrow’s theorem and the Gibbard-Satterthwaite theorem is further strengthened by providing a single proof that yields both results. Keywords: Arrow’s Theorem, Gibbard-Satterthwaite Theorem. JEL Classi…cation Number D71.
Blockade of Interferon Beta, but Not Interferon Alpha, Signaling Controls Persistent Viral Infection

SUMMARY Although type I interferon (IFN-I) is thought to be beneficial against microbial infections, persistent viral infections are characterized by high interferon signatures suggesting that IFN-I signaling may promote disease pathogenesis. During persistent lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection, IFNa and IFNb are highly induced early after infection, and blocking IFN-I receptor (IFNAR) signaling promotes virus clearance. We assessed the specific roles of IFNb versus IFNa in controlling LCMV infection. While blockade of IFNb alone does not alter early viral dissemination, it is important in determining lymphoid structure, lymphocyte migration, and anti-viral T cell responses that lead to accelerated virus clearance, approximating what occurs during attenuation of IFNAR signaling. Comparatively, blockade of IFNa was not associated with improved viral control, but with early dissemination of virus. Thus, despite their use of the same receptor, IFNb and IFNa have unique and distinguishable biologic functions, with IFNb being mainly responsible for promoting viral persistence.
Sex Offender Law and the Geography of Victimization

Sex offender laws that target recidivism (e.g., community notification and residency restriction regimes) are premised—at least in part—on the idea that sex offender proximity and victimization risk are positively correlated. We examine this relationship by combining past and current address information of registered sex offenders (RSOs) with crime data from Baltimore County, Maryland, to study how crime rates vary across neighborhoods with different concentrations of resident RSOs. Contrary to the assumptions of policymakers and the public, we find that, all else equal, reported sex offense victimization risk is generally (although not uniformly) lower in neighborhoods where more RSOs live. To further probe the relationship between where RSOs live and where sex crime occurs, we consider whether public knowledge of the identity and proximity of RSOs may make offending in those areas more difficult for (or less attractive to) all potential sex offenders. We exploit the fact that Maryland's registry became searchable via the Internet during our sample period to investigate how laws that publicly identify RSOs may change the relationship between the residential concentration of RSOs and neighborhood victimization risk. Surprisingly, for some categories of sex crime, notification appears to increase the relative risk of victimization in neighborhoods with greater concentrations of RSOs.
Nitric Oxide Induces Early Viral Transcription Coincident with Increased DNA Damage and Mutation Rates in Human Papillomavirus–Infected Cells

High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are necessary but insufficient causes of cervical cancers. Other risk factors for cervical cancer (e.g., pregnancy, smoking, infections causing inflammation) can lead to high and sustained nitric oxide (NO) concentrations in the cervix, and high NO levels are related to carcinogenesis through DNA damage and mutation. However, the effects of NO exposure in HPV-infected cells have not been investigated. In this study, we used the NO donor DETA-NO to model NO exposure to cervical epithelium. In cell culture media, 24-hour exposure to 0.25 to 0.5 mmol/L DETA-NO yielded a pathologically relevant NO concentration. Exposure of cells maintaining episomal high-risk HPV genomes to NO increased HPV early transcript levels 2- to 4-fold but did not increase viral DNA replication. Accompanying increased E6 and E7 mRNA levels were significant decreases in p53 and pRb protein levels, lower apoptotic indices, increased DNA double-strand breaks, and higher mutation frequencies when compared with HPV-negative cells. We propose that NO is a molecular cofactor with HPV infection in cervical carcinogenesis, and that modifying local NO cervical concentrations may constitute a strategy whereby HPV-related cancer can be reduced.
Rewards, Intrinsic Motivation, and Creativity: A Case Study of Conceptual and Methodological Isolation.

Three decades of research have failed to produce general agreement concerning the effects of reward on creativity. We believe that the problem stems not from any great complexity of research findings, but primarily from the clash between romantic and behav- iorist worldviews concerning basic human nature. Iso- lation of these research camps has produced narrow perspectives and failures to correct persisting method- ological flaws. Research correcting these flaws sug- gests that rewards for novel performance increase intrinsic motivation and creativity, whereas rewards for conventional performance decrease intrinsic moti- vation and creativity. Creative motivational orienta- tion, enhanced by rewards, strongly affects innovative performance.
An Evaluation of the Effect of Selected Combinations of Target and Background Coding on Map-Reading Performance—Experiment V1

The objective of this study was to determine the relative effectiveness of selected target-background coding combinations. Three target codes were: color, number, and enclosed shape. Five types of ...
Reaching underserved populations and cultural competence in diabetes education

Diabetes self-management education has gained in importance over the past decade as research has documented the benefits of such interventions in improving glucose control and reducing diabetes-related complications. Although minority populations bear a disproportionate burden of diabetes, past strategies have not addressed cultural characteristics of groups typically underrepresented in diabetes research. Recent research literature on the development of culturally competent diabetes self-management is summarized and an example of a culturally competent intervention designed for Spanish-speaking Mexican Americans is presented. Recent research is laying the foundation for future intervention development to meet the cultural needs of racial/ethnic groups.
Biotic Globalization: Does Competition from Introduced Species Threaten Biodiversity?

Abstract The introduction of new predators and pathogens has caused numerous well-documented extinctions of long-term resident species, particularly in spatially restricted environments such as islands and lakes. However, there are surprisingly few instances in which extinctions of resident species can be attributed to competition from new species. This suggests either that competition-driven extinctions take longer to occur than those caused by predation or that biological invasions are much more likely to threaten species through intertrophic than through intratrophic interactions. The likely threat of introduced species to resident controphics (species in the same trophic level) can be assessed with the help of existing biodiversity and extinction data sets and of two recent theories: (1) the fluctuating resource availability hypothesis, developed to account for changes in the invasibility of communities, and (2) the unified neutral theory, proposed to account for patterns of biodiversity at the commun...
Particle Generation and Resuspension in Aircraft Inlets when Flying in Clouds

Using on-line analysis of single particles, we have observed both generation and resuspension of particles when ice crystals, cloud droplets, or dust impact an aircraft inlet. Large numbers of particles smaller than 1 μ m with a composition suggesting stainless steel were measured when flying a stainless steel inlet through cirrus clouds. Smaller numbers of metal particles were also observed when flying through dust or water clouds. A different instrument, sampling through a different inlet, found zinc particles when sampling in cirrus clouds. Laboratory experiments have verified that high-speed ice crystals can abrade stainless steel. Collision of ice crystals with the inlet wall also resuspended previously deposited particles. A notable example came when a flight through the space shuttle exhaust plume deposited large numbers of unique particles in our inlet. Some of the same types of particles were observed when the aircraft flew into an ice cloud the following day. The generation of particles by impac...
Studying synthetic lethal interactions in the zebrafish system: insight into disease genes and mechanisms

The post-genomic era is marked by a pressing need to functionally characterize genes through understanding gene-gene interactions, as well as interactions between biological pathways. Exploiting a phenomenon known as synthetic lethality, in which simultaneous loss of two interacting genes leads to loss of viability, aids in the investigation of these interactions. Although synthetic lethal screening is a powerful technique that has been used with great success in many model organisms, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans, this approach has not yet been applied in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Recently, the zebrafish has emerged as a valuable system to model many human disease conditions; thus, the ability to conduct synthetic lethal screening using zebrafish should help to uncover many unknown disease-gene interactions. In this article, we discuss the concept of synthetic lethality and provide examples of its use in other model systems. We further discuss experimental approaches by which the concept of synthetic lethality can be applied to the zebrafish to understand the functions of specific genes.
History and symptoms of depression among smokers during a self-initiated quit attempt

History of depression in smokers has been associated with an inability to quit smoking and with an increased likelihood of smoking relapse. This study prospectively tracked nicotine withdrawal symptoms, symptoms of depression, and ability to quit smoking between smokers with and without a probable history of major depression who were trying to quit smoking with minimal assistance. Results indicated that prior to quitting, smokers with a history of depression smoked to reduce negative affect, in response to craving, and in social situations. Additionally, positive history smokers scored higher on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) than did smokers without such a history. Following a quit attempt, positive history smokers were somewhat more likely to experience greater symptoms of nicotine withdrawal than negative history smokers. However, among the positive history smokers, depressive symptoms as measured by the CES-D increased significantly 4 weeks after trying to quit, compared to a decline among negative history smokers. Positive and negative history smokers did not significantly differ on ability to quit smoking within the 30-day follow-up period. History of depression appears to be associated with a delayed increase in symptoms of depression following a quit attempt. However, it remains to be demonstrated whether such an increase in depressive symptoms may influence later probability of relapse.
Angiolipoma of the breast in a transgender patient.

A 61-year-old male-to-female transgender patient, on feminizing hormone therapy for the past 18 months, presented with a left breast mass and interval increase in breast tissue bilaterally. Diagnostic mammography demonstrated marked bilateral gynecomastia without suspicious findings, including the palpable area in the inner left breast (Fig. 1). The effects of hormone therapy on breast development in this patient were apparent, when the current mammogram (Fig. 1) was compared to the mammogram of 3 years ago which showed minimal bilateral gynecomastia (Fig. 2). Targeted ultrasound of the palpable area demonstrated an oval, well-circumscribed, mixed isoand hyperechogenic mass measuring 1.9 9 0.9 9 2.1 cm (Fig. 3). A BIRADS 4a assessment was given and ultrasound-guided core biopsy was performed with histopathology demonstrating angiolipoma (Fig. 4). This benign diagnosis was concordant with the imaging findings. Annual screening mammography was recommended. Angiolipoma, an uncommon variant of lipoma, is a benign tumor with vascular proliferation among mature adipocytes with no known predilection for malignant transformation. It is uncommon in the breast and rare in men, with only a few male cases reported in the literature. Angiolipoma of the breast typically presents in either gender as a painless, palpable mass. Mammography is often negative or occasionally demonstrates an oval, isodense, circumscribed mass. Ultrasound typically demonstrates a well-circumscribed, homogeneous, iso-to-hyperechoic mass, similar to lipoma, and less commonly shows a malig-
Electromechanical Properties of Transparent Conducting Substrates for Flexible Electronic Displays

As opto-electronic devices become flexible, the designing of reliable devices becomes more challenging. In this paper, we focus on the degradation of flexible transparent anodes by mechanical and thermal stresses. Indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) is susceptible to cracking at low strains (<2%), but has excellent electrical and optical characteristics. Conducting polymers, such as polyethylene dioxythiophene doped with polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), have good mechanical properties, but are severely degraded by temperature, and have inferior optical and electronic properties. We have developed a mandrel-bending automated test system to evaluate the degradation of flexible anodes in service, and find that even when the strain is below the virgin cracking threshold, there are measurable changes in ITO resistance. Cyclic loading of ITO-coated PET shows three regimes of resistance increase: 1) an increase in resistance, due to changes in sample dimension until equilibrium width is obtained (50-100 cycles); 2) a gradual linear increase in resistance, possibly due to cracking of ITO; and 3) a catastrophic failure after 50 000 cycles due to severe cracking. For PEDOT:PSS-coated PET, the resistance does not increase significantly with increasing tensile strain, and it is also less susceptible to damage from repeated bending.
Habituation and rational preference revision

Une «situation de choix paradoxal» est une situation dans laquelle un agent connaitrait davantage de succes en regard des preferences qu'il a effectivement, si ces preferences etaient differentes de ce qu'elles sont. Supposons que les agents rationnels ne choisissent pas a l'encontre de leurs preferences, que leur choix n'est determine que par ces preferences, et que leurs preferences intrinseques ne changent pas de facon spontanee, automatique et directe sous l'influence de la critique rationnelle. Meme dans de telles hypotheses, les agents rationnels peuvent resoudre optimalement un eventail de situations de choix paradoxal au moyen de mecanismes qui les amenent a reviser leurs preferences. Dans cet article, je presente et defends un tel modele de revision rationnelle des preferences.
The Impact of a Reading-Focused Integrated Learning System on Phonological Awareness in Kindergarten

Children with and without access to a reading-focused Integrated Learning System (ILS) in their daily reading instruction were compared at three points (beginning, middle, end) through their kindergarten year on phonological awareness and concepts about print. The results demonstrated no significant differences in learning print concepts. However, repeated measures analysis of variance demonstrated that the children with access to the ILS in their classroom significantly outperformed the comparison group at the second and third testing sessions on phonological awareness, despite no group differences at baseline. The results are interpreted to support the assertion that ILSs can improve the emergent literacy process for young children, provided they are embedded in a sound reading curriculum that is directed by a committed and active reading teacher. Finally, differences between the present study and related investigations are discussed. In a joint position statement, the International Reading Association (IRA) and the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC, 1998) summarized reading as a complex set of tasks that is promoted by the constant interplay between development and learning, typically progressing in a continuous fashion through the primary grades. The statement also reported that teaching children to read in kindergarten was generally most successful with systematic and structured instructional programs that promoted acquisition of phonological awareness, the alphabetic principle, and vocabulary, as well as contextualized reading activities. Finally, the joint position statement asserted the importance of having flexible and individualized instruction available for all students to be
Cardiovascular Risk Factors in the Elderly

One of the most important reasons for the decline in age-adjusted cardiovascular mortality is the identification and treatment of reversible cardiac risk factors. However, until recently, most clinical studies evaluating the efficacy of these interventions excluded elderly individuals. Although the pathological process that results in coronary atherosclerosis begins with the development of fatty streaks in the arteries of children and teenagers, recent studies indicate that treatment of risk factors significantly reduces cardiovascular events, improves quality of life, and increases survival in the elderly. This chapter reviews the importance of risk-factor identification, their evaluation, and the efficacy of known interventions in the elderly. It also discusses novel, proposed risk factors because their identification allows greater insight into the pathophysiology of the disease process and can suggest the potential benefit of new risk-reduction strategies.
Electricity Market Design for Generator Revenue Sufficiency with Increased Variable Generation

We present a computationally efficient mixed-integer program (MIP) that determines optimal generator expansion decisions, and hourly unit commitment and dispatch in a power system. The impact of increasing wind power capacity on the optimal generation mix and generator profitability is analyzed for a test case that approximates the electricity market in Texas (ERCOT). We analyze three market policies that may support resource adequacy: Operating Reserve Demand Curves (ORDC), Fixed Reserve Scarcity Prices (FRSP) and fixed capacity payments (CP). Optimal expansion plans are comparable between the ORDC and FRSP implementations, while capacity payments may result in additional new capacity. The FRSP policy leads to frequent reserves scarcity events and corresponding price spikes, while the ORDC implementation results in more continuous energy prices. Average energy prices decrease with increasing wind penetration under all policies, as do revenues for baseload and wind generators. Intermediate and peak load plants benefit from higher reserve prices and are less exposed to reduced energy prices. All else equal, an ORDC approach may be preferred to FRSP as it results in similar expansion and revenues with less extreme energy prices. A fixed CP leads to additional new flexible NGCT units, but lower profits for other technologies.
The Effects of Global and Regional Shocks on Asian Business Cycle Synchronization

﻿This paper studies the evolution of the degree of Asian business cycle synchronization and assesses the impact of global and regional shocks on output interdependence across Asia since the 1990s. We employ a dynamic factor model to decompose output fluctuations into a global factor common to all countries in our sample, regional factors that capture any remaining common fluctuations across countries within each region, and an idiosyncratic component that captures country-specific characteristics. In particular, we categorize the 19 countries in our sample into four groups -- non-Asia, East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia, thereby accounting for heterogeneous dynamics of sub-regional co-movement. Results show that, over the past two decades, global shocks and regional shocks are playing a critical role in determining Asian output synchronization. As the process of globalization has picked up, both shocks increasingly explain the co-movement of output, which leads to a higher degree of business cycle synchronicity across Asia.
An Iterative Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (I-POD) Technique with Application to the Filtering of Partial Differential Equations

In this paper, we consider the filtering of systems governed by partial differential equations (PDE). We adopt a reduced order model (ROM) based strategy to solve the problem. We propose an iterative version of the snapshot proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) technique, termed I-POD, to sequentially construct a single ROM for PDEs that is capable of capturing their behavior over the entire state space of the system, and not just around the snapshot trajectory. Further, the technique is entirely data based, and is applicable to forced as well as unforced systems. The I-POD is compared to two other ROM techniques: the Balanced POD (BPOD) and the dynamic mode decomposition (DMD). We apply the ROM generated using the I-POD technique to construct reduced order Kalman filters to solve the filtering problem. The methodology is tested on several 1-dimensional PDEs of interest including the heat equation, the wave equation and 2-dimensional pollutant transport equation.
Legal Texts as Cultural Narratives of Postwar Suburbia: Gender, Power, and Consumer Protection

This essay offers a cultural reading of the shift in the way the law imagined the consumer during the post-World War II period, a shift from the ideology of caveat emptor to the construction of the powerless consumer as a legal subject. It will argue that this shift-revealed in judicial opinions, litigants’ legal arguments, and influential legal commentaries - is rooted in cultural narratives that were informed by postwar suburban discussions around gender and loss of individual autonomy. These included both popular and scholarly literature on suburban conformity and gender roles (from William Whyte to David Riesman to Betty Friedan); critiques of advertising (notably Vance Packard's The Hidden Persuaders), which traced advertisers’ targeting of women consumers; and television programming (like the hugely popular Queen for a Day) that melded consumerist discourses, traditional gender ideologies, and cold war pedagogies about citizenship.
Cytosociological Aspects of Enzyme Action

The scope of this Workshop has shown us something of the breadth of existing knowledge, regarding the metabolic infrastructure of the living cell. Over the years, many of us in attendance have been admonished and rebuked for advancing the kinds of concepts and principles at issue here. For, the opponents have argued, the marriage of cell biology and enzymology attained a consummate finality long ago — during the early days of differential centrifugation. The fruit of this early marriage has been a reductionistic period largely dominated by the “grind-and- find” study of isolated enzyme activities. According to this “classical” view, the organization of cell metabolism exhibits a simple bifurcation: whereas a certain (reproducible) fraction of the cellular enzyme constituency appears to be rather permanently associated in (or on) specific membranous elements (e.g., as “marker enzymes”), the majority of the enzymes of intermediary metabolism are homogeneously dissolved in the cytosol (i.e., the 100,000xg supernatant) or in the “plasm” of organelles (e.g., mitochondrion). Sadly to say, this picture continues to be promulgated in present-day biochemistry textbooks — which treat enzyme organization only as a passing fancy.