cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Included yet Excluded: The Higher Education Paradox for Resettled Refugees in the USA

Today, more than 70 million people globally are classified as displaced and another 25.4 million are classified as refugees. Among refugee populations, only 3% will access higher education (UNHCR in Tertiary education, 2020. https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/tertiary-education.html). Those left behind include the resettled refugee population in the USA, who are simultaneously included and excluded from higher education (AACRAO in Supporting Syrian refugee access to US higher education, 2016. https://www.aacrao.org/resources/newsletters-blogs/aacrao-connect/article/supporting-syrian-refugee-access-to-u-s–higher-education). This paper argues that while many higher education institution (HEI) initiatives do address this issue, a lack of awareness and absence of a standardized protocol itemizing the specific needs of this population further excludes them from accessing and succeeding in higher education. This paper first outlines the specific needs of resettled refugee students and the barriers they face trying to access higher education. Second, it examines how HEIs in the USA have worked to promote the access, inclusion, and success in higher education of refugee students who have already been resettled in the USA. Third, it provides policy recommendations for additional support mechanisms that should be considered for students from refugee backgrounds. The findings, conceptualized within a capabilities and social justice perspective, indicate that initiatives established by HEIs with external partners have the potential to provide access channels for resettled refugees to enter tertiary education.
Liver-specific 3D sectioning molds for correlating in vivo CT and MRI with tumor histopathology in woodchucks (Marmota monax).

PURPOSE To evaluate the spatial registration and correlation of liver and tumor histopathology sections with corresponding in vivo CT and MRI using 3D, liver-specific cutting molds in a woodchuck (Marmota monax) hepatic tumor model. METHODS Five woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus following inoculation at birth and with confirmed hepatic tumors were imaged by contrast enhanced CT or MRI. Virtual 3D liver or tumor models were generated by segmentation of in vivo CT or MR imaging. A specimen-specific cavity was created inside a block containing cutting slots aligned with an imaging plane using computer-aided design software, and the final cutting molds were fabricated using a 3D printer. Livers were resected two days after initial imaging, fixed with formalin or left unfixed, inserted into the 3D molds, and cut into parallel pieces by passing a sharp blade through the parallel slots in the mold. Histopathology sections were acquired and their spatial overlap with in vivo image slices was quantified using the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC). RESULTS Imaging of the woodchucks revealed heterogeneous hepatic tumors of varying size, number, and location. Specimen-specific 3D molds provided accurate co-localization of histopathology of whole livers, liver lobes, and pedunculated tumors with in vivo CT and MR imaging, with or without tissue fixation. Visual inspection of histopathology sections and corresponding in vivo image slices revealed spatial registration of analogous pathologic features. The mean DSC for all specimens was 0.83+/-0.05. CONCLUSION Use of specimen-specific 3D molds for en bloc liver dissection provided strong spatial overlap and feature correspondence between in vivo image slices and histopathology sections.
Starvation (The Early Phase)

Abstract: Hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, and adipose tissue lipolysis provide most of the fuel for the early stages of starvation. The rate-control of hepatic gluconeogenesis during starvation is governed largely by substrate availability, as well as by the insulin:glucagon ratio. Muscle tissue reduces its dependency upon glucose during starvation as FFAs and KB–s become available. Circulating VLDLs tend to rise during the early-intermediate stages of starvation. As OAA is used for gluconeogenesis in liver tissue, less is available to couple with acetyl-CoA for citrate formation. Excess acetyl-CoA may then be forced into KB-formation. The progressive increase in serum KB- levels during starvation is due largely to reduced oxidation of these substrates by muscle tissue. The brain appears to function well when using predominantly KB-s as fuel. Significant reductions in pituitary gonadotropin output may occur in starved animals.
Systolic Blood Pressure and Outcomes in Older Patients with HFpEF and Hypertension.

Abstract Background New hypertension and heart failure guidelines recommend that systolic blood pressure (SBP) in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and hypertension be lowered to Methods Of the 6778 hospitalized patients with HFpEF and a history of hypertension in the Medicare-linked OPTIMIZE-HF registry, 3111 had a discharge SBP Results HRs (95% CIs) for 30-day, 12-month, and 6-year all-cause mortality associated with SBP Conclusions Among older patients with HFpEF and hypertension, compared with SBP ≥130 mm Hg, the new target SBP
Synthesis and Characterization of Nitrogen Subvalence in a Pt Metallonitrene

Late-metal–ligand multiply bonded complexes are typically highly reactive species and are proposed intermediates in a variety of catalytic bond activations. Using spectroscopic, theoretical, and in situ photocrystallographic tools, Holthausen, Schneider, et al. report the first bona fide metallonitrene complex and illuminate structure-activity relationships critical to catalyst development.
The Nonextensive Thermodynamics of Q-Deformed Spacetime in General Relativity

Recently we discussed several models of apriori q-deformed spacetimes and spacetime metrics, arguing that the resulting q-diffusion tensors of the propagation were also the (inverse) q-strain or when unreferenced the metric tensors in 3D and q-(fundamental) metric in 4D deformed Minkowski spacetime. The topology of q-deformed tensors in the usual way resulted in non-zero Riemann tensors, Ricci tensors upon contraction and non-zero q-scalar 'curvature' like terms that modified otherwise flat spacetime. We stated that these results obtained gravitational-like metric tensors, Ricci tensors and then Einstein tensors and equations relating q-deformed geometry to non-zero stress-energy tensors. In this letter we apply thermodynamics to the 4D (nD generally) q-deformed spacetime(s) as we have represented them in the above q-deformed topology. Specifically we will discuss the relation between entropy and stress-strain and internal energy. And as entropy can be written as an extensive composition e.x. the Gibbs-Boltzmann or Von Neumann logarithmic form or as a nonextensive composition such as the Tsallis q-power law type, we seek to also connect to the idea of q-deformed (general) relativistic spacetime to nonextensive entropy and thermodynamics.
Historical Fiction and Wreckage: Hilary Mantel and Amitav Ghosh

The type of historical fiction discussed in this book is “literary” rather than “popular” in depicting historical loss without remedy. Theorists of historical fiction have focused on its political content or self-reflexive form; recent critical approaches to contemporary historical fiction have analyzed form rather than content. Distinctive content in this type of historical fiction includes political readings of historical events, criticism of global capitalism, and commitments to the collective and the subaltern. In form, plural viewpoints and empathy replace omniscience. Contrasts between recent trilogies by Hilary Mantel and Amitav Ghosh establish differences between recovering positive heroic legacies in history and representing wreckage. Mantel’s trilogy recovers the origins of modern British democracy, while Ghosh’s represents the catastrophic opium trade with its devastations of subaltern lives.
Patterns: Interpreting Focal Findings

Neurologic examination in a critically ill patient differs from an examination in an outpatient clinic. This chapter strives to achieve the following: (1) explain the affected anatomy and examination techniques; (2) discuss how to collate the findings; and (3) discover how to localize the lesion in acutely ill neurologic patients. The findings of the neurologic examination of the neurocritically ill patient often have major consequences that lead to medical or surgical interventions; the decision to intervene may even be irrespective of neuroimaging results.
National survey of schools of pharmacy on prevalence and description of wellness initiatives.

Abstract Introduction Although the importance of student wellness has been emphasized across health professions including pharmacy, there is a lack of information on the prevalence of such wellness programs in pharmacy schools. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of student wellness programs in United States (US) schools of pharmacy and to describe their basic structure. Methods Deans from the 143 US schools of pharmacy were asked to participate in this study by completing an electronic survey. Institutions with wellness programs were prompted to answer questions related to their program, including who initiated the program, who participated, where wellness principles were taught and incorporated, and what dimensions of wellness were promoted. Results Forty-six responses were collected for a response rate of 32.2%. Thirty-four (73.9%) of respondents answered that they had a school wellness program. Similar numbers of private and public schools completed the survey at 24 (52.3%) and 22 (47.8%), respectively. The majority of programs targeted students (97.1%), faculty (79.4%), and staff (76.5%), were initiated by either the office of the dean (73.5%) and/or faculty (58.8%), and were comprised of faculty (88.2%), staff (82.4%), and office of the dean (67.6%). Wellness principles were most often taught and practiced during extracurricular events and didactic courses. Conclusions This descriptive, survey-based study provides a snapshot on the current incorporation of wellness initiatives across US schools of pharmacy. Further studies are needed to elucidate best wellness practices within pharmacy academia.
Sleep Habits of Early School-Aged Children with Type 1 Diabetes and Their Parents: Family Characteristics and Diabetes Management.

School-aged children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and their parents are at risk for sleep disturbances, yet few studies have used objective measures to assess sleep characteristics in young children ...
Machine Learning for Automating Millimeter-Wave Directional Coupler Designs

A computational approach to automate mm-wave Directional Couplers can greatly improve upon the current techniques that rely on trial-and-error. To build such an automated framework, we propose a Machine Learning technique that, within a computational time of seconds, can fully automate the physical realizations of mm-wave Directional Couplers over a wide range of electrical specifications and metal options. Our proposed technique includes the training of fully connected neural networks that accurately learn the physical-electrical relationships of coupled lines and includes the multi-head gradient-based optimizers that optimally compute the physical dimensions for given design specifications. By demonstrating the automated designs of mm-wave Directional Couplers with numerous coupling factors and dielectric thicknesses, we verify the effectiveness of our proposed computational method.
Association of Plant-Based Diet Index with Prostate Cancer Risk.

BACKGROUND Plant-based diets are associated with multiple health benefits and a favorable environmental impact. For prostate cancer, previous studies suggest a beneficial role of specific plant-based foods (e.g., tomatoes) and a potentially harmful role of specific animal-based foods (e.g., meat, dairy). However, less is known about plant-based dietary patterns. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between Plant-based Diet Indices and prostate cancer risk, including clinically relevant disease. DESIGN This was a prospective cohort study including 47,239 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2014). Overall and healthful Plant-based Diet Indices were calculated from food frequency questionnaires. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to examine the risk of incident prostate cancer (total and by clinical category), among men ages < 65 and ≥ 65. RESULTS 6,655 men were diagnosed with prostate cancer over follow-up, including 515 with advanced stage at diagnosis, 956 with lethal disease (metastasis or death) and 806 prostate cancer deaths. Greater overall plant-based consumption was associated with a significantly lower risk of fatal prostate cancer (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.64,1.01; p-trend = 0.04). In men age < 65, higher Plant-based Diet Index was associated with a lower risk of advanced, lethal and fatal prostate cancer. Moreover, greater consumption of a healthful plant-based diet was associated with lower risks of total (HR 0.84; 95% CI 0.73,0.98; P-trend = 0.046) and lethal prostate cancer (HR 0.56; 95% CI 0.34,0.94; P-trend = 0.03) at age < 65. There were no associations between overall or healthful Plant-based Diet Indices with prostate cancer among men ≥ 65 years. Less than 1% of participants followed a strict vegetarian or vegan diet. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This prospective study provides supportive evidence that greater consumption of healthful plant-based foods is associated with a lower risk of aggressive forms of prostate cancer, with stronger benefit among men age < 65.
Precarious projects: the performative structure of reclamation

Abstract Derogatory terms can be powerful mechanisms of subordination, while re-appropriating these terms can be a strategy to fight back against social injustice. I argue that projects seeking to reclaim slurs have a performative structure that raises particular hazards. Whereas more familiar forms of protest may fail to bring about their intended result, attempts to re-appropriate slurs can fail to be understood as transgressive acts at all. When attempts at reclamation fail, their force is distorted; context and convention lead the hearer to give uptake to the speech act as a traditional deployment of the slur. The force of this traditional use is to validate and re-entrench the very norms the act was intended to subvert. This is the precarious structure of reclamation projects: when successful, reclamation is the subversion of powerful mechanisms of oppression, but when unsuccessful, the act has the ironic force of constituting mechanisms of oppression.
An Automated Dialog System for Conducting Security Interviews for Access Control

Visa, border entry and security clearance interviews are critical homeland security activities that provide access privileges to the geographical United States or to classified information. The person conducting such an interview may not be an expert in the subject area or could be deceived by a manipulative interviewee, resulting in negative security consequences. This paper demonstrates how an interactive voice response system can be used to generate context-sensitive, yet randomized, dialogs that provide confidence in the trustworthiness of an interviewee based on his/her ability to answer questions. The system uses contextual reasoning and ontological inference to derive new facts dynamically. Item response theory is employed to create relevant questions based on social, environmental, relational and historical attributes related to interviewees who seek access to controlled areas or sensitive information.
Crimes of Love, Misdemeanors of Passion: The Regulation of Race and Sex in the Colonial South

In this article, Professor Finkelman discusses the stigmatization and criminalization of interracial sex and love in the southern colonies. Professor Finkelman focuses primarily on the Virginia colony as the first of the American colonies, but notes that the principles can be applied to most of the southern colonies. Unfortunately, the legacy and many of the laws criminalizing interracial sex and marriage continued from the colonial era well into the twentieth century.
Three Experiments in the Perception of Geminate Consonants in Arabic

Synthetic stimuli were employed to investigate duration as a cue factor in the discrimination of single versus geminate consonants in Arabic. Contrasts in three phonetic classes were explored, stops, nasals, and spirants. Clear identification boundaries were found, though not uniformly clear, giving an indication of the degree of exclusivity of duration as the determining cue factor. If this interpretation is correct, then it is surprising that duration appears to be a more powerful cue in the case of nasals than stops. A physiological basis for this development is suggested. The evidence indicates that the structural status of gemination influences decisively the sharpness of discrimination.
Instability and Splitting of Mesoscale Rings using a Two-Layer Quasi-Geostrophic Model on an f-Plane

Abstract Asymmetric instability of a circular Gaussian ring and evolution of a ring shape in a nonlinear case are studied using a two-layer quasi-geostrophic model on an f plane. Ring behavior is classified on an F-λ plane with other parameters fixed, where F is an internal rotational Froude number associated with a two-layer model, and λ is a ratio of the rotation speed in the lower layer to that in the upper layer. In the range concerned where F 0, the mode having an azimuthal wavenumber of 2 is the fastest growing, followed by the mode of the wavenumber 3. The ring is more unstable as F increases and as λ decreases, where larger F corresponds to smaller density difference or to a larger ring size. By numerical calculations, for which an initial perturbation of the wavenumber 2 is superimposed on a ring, ring behavior is classified into four groups from the most unstable to the most stable case: (i) a ring that splits into two small rings, (ii) a ring that rapidly becomes a slender ellipse a...
Composition and structure of sputter deposited erbium hydride thin films

Erbium hydride thin films are grown onto polished, a-axis {alpha} Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} (sapphire) substrates by reactive ion beam sputtering and analyzed to determine composition, phase and microstructure. Erbium is sputtered while maintaining a H{sub 2} partial pressure of 1.4 x 10{sup {minus}4} Torr. Growth is conducted at several substrate temperatures between 30 and 500 C. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and elastic recoil detection analyses after deposition show that the H/Er areal density ratio is approximately 3:1 for growth temperatures of 30, 150 and 275 C, while for growth above {approximately}430 C, the ratio of hydrogen to metal is closer to 2:1. However, x-ray diffraction shows that all films have a cubic metal sublattice structure corresponding to that of ErH{sub 2}. RBS and Auger electron that sputtered erbium hydride thin films are relatively free of impurities.
A single engineered point mutation in the adenine glycosylase MutY confers bifunctional glycosylase/AP lyase activity.

The E. coli adenine glycosylase MutY is a member of the base excision repair (BER) superfamily of DNA repair enzymes. MutY plays an important role in preventing mutations caused by 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2‘-deoxyguanosine (OG) by removing adenine from OG:A base pairs. Some enzymes of the BER superfamily catalyze a strand scission even concomitant with base removal. These bifunctional glycosylase/AP lyases bear a conserved lysine group in the active site region, which is believed to be the species performing the initial nucleophilic attack at C1‘ in the catalysis of base removal. Monofunctional glycosylases such as MutY are thought to perform this C1‘ nucleophilic displacement by a base-activated water molecule, and, indeed, the conservation of amine functionality positioning has not been observed in protein sequence alignments. Bifunctional glycosylase/AP lyase activity was successfully engineered into MutY by replacing serine 120 with lysine. MutY S120K is capable of catalyzing DNA strand scission at a rate e...
A Better N-Best List: Practical Determinization of Weighted Finite Tree Automata

Ranked lists of output trees from syntactic statistical NLP applications frequently contain multiple repeated entries. This redundancy leads to misrepresentation of tree weight and reduced information for debugging and tuning purposes. It is chiefly due to nondeterminism in the weighted automata that produce the results. We introduce an algorithm that determinizes such automata while preserving proper weights, returning the sum of the weight of all multiply derived trees. We also demonstrate our algorithm's effectiveness on two large-scale tasks.
BL-P1654: a Bacteriostatic Penicillin?

In tube dilution studies, large discrepancies between inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of BL-P1654 against Pseudomonas were observed. To explain these discrepancies which were not observed with carbenicillin, the kinetics of bacterial killing by these two penicillins were evaluated and compared. The kinetics of bacterial killing by both antimicrobial agents were characteristic of a penicillin, with killing initiating simultaneously with growth. Kill curves revealed the presence of a small number of cells resistant to BL-P1654 which were not detectable macroscopically. Studies on microbial resistance also showed the presence of a small but consistent number of cells resistant to BL-P1654 over a broad range of concentrations above its minimal inhibitory concentration. This pattern of resistance was not observed with carbenicillin. Thus, the discrepancies between inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of BL-P1654 were not due to any unusual bacteriostatic activity but rather due to a small number of resistant cells whose presence could be detected only by sensitive subculturing techniques.
Application of Bottom-Trawl Survey Data to Fish Stock Assessment

Abstract Applications of bottom-trawl survey data to fish stock assessment are reviewed. Techniques developed at the Northeast Fisheries Center (NEFC) of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) to estimate recruitment, total biomass, fishing mortality, and other parameters based on bottom-trawl survey data are presented and evaluated, using examples from past and current assessments.
Impact of Judicial Policies in the European Community: the Italian Constitutional Court and European Community Law

HE European Community, three decades after the signing of the initial treaty creating it, remained but a collection of sovereign nation-states, a situation projected to change by the end of 1992. Much of the "Eurosclerosis" has been fostered by an axis of power lying between executives, the European Commission and the national regimes. The European Court ofJustice, although infrequently in the limelight of European events, has, however, been most instrumental in forwarding the cause of European integration, and its success can be measured by the acceptance of its decisions by national judges. This article is a study of the impact of legal norms of the European Court of Justice on one member state court, the Italian Constitutional Court; it is an analysis of judicial policies and implementation by two "constitutional courts" that influence the future of European integration. Grand theories of comparative law, much less judicial politics, are noticeably scarce, and treatment of ties, amiable or adversarial, between national courts and supranational or international ones lies in the realm neither of international politics nor of comparative politics. This state of affairs has left the political and policy issues of courts in European integration to the lawyers, who have no need to pretend that a descriptive account of case law has any wider implications than the development of law qua law. And, thus, "the dialogue between lawyers and political scientists has become increasingly difficult" (Weiler 1983: 39) and the mutual interest in European law has waned.' Transnational relationships between courts can be approached analytically, in this instance through the framework of judicial implementation and impact. Such a perspective underscores the essentially
Ultrastructure of mouse vallate taste buds: III. Patterns of synaptic connectivity.

We have used serial high voltage electron micrographs and computergenerated, three-dimensional reconstructions to study morphological relationships and patterns of synaptic connectivity in taste buds from the circumvallate papillae of the mouse. The intragemmal arborizations of 40 sensory nerve fibers were examined from 7 taste buds that were sectioned serially. We identified the synaptic connections from taste cells onto the reconstructed nerve fibers and classified the presynaptic taste cells based on previously established ultrastructural criteria. From these data we were able to extract the following information for the reconstructed nerve fibers: (1) the morphology of intragemmal nerve fibers and their arborizations within the taste bud, (2) the total number of synaptic connections from taste bud cells onto the nerve fibers, and (3) the taste cell types associated with each of the synapses. Fifty-six synapses were studied. Synapses were often found to be located at either the branch points or terminations of nerve fiber processes. The maximum number of taste cells observed to synapse onto a single nerve fiber was 5. Several nerve fibers had no apparent synapses. Dark cells (type I), intermediate cells, and light cells (type II) all formed synaptic connections with sensory nerve fibers. In no cases did dark cells and light cells synapse onto the same sensory nerve fiber. Our observation that any given nerve fiber receives its synaptic input from morphologically similar taste cells provides evidence for specificity in taste bud synaptic connections. We speculate that the observed pattern of synaptic connections is related to taste bud function. Since all of the synapses onto a given nerve fiber are from morphologically similar taste cells, we postulate that there is a correlation between taste cell morphology and sensory responsiveness. Intracellular electrophysiological studies on taste cells, in which responses to focally applied chemical stimuli are followed by characterization of the ultrastructural features of the same taste cells, will prove or disprove this hypothesis.
If Java is the answer, what was the question?

Within a very few short years, Java, Java Beans, and everything to do with Java will be pervasive. Java's adoption curve will rival just about everything else in Silicon Valley for living in real time. The technology will burn brightly for a time and then burn itself out. Before that happens, though, Java will be as common as a household mop. Product hype is as much a part of the computer industry as celebrity is an essential part of Hollywood. Excellence often falls victim to PR. In the case of Java, it is particularly difficult to separate the PR from the reality. So your first question might be, is Java really an improvement? Simply put, no. If today's languages are inadequate for today's software engineering challenges, then Java must be inadequate, too. Remember, most of Java is warmed-over C/C++. In spite of its celebrity status, Java lacks many of the features needed to improve the dismal science of software engineering, just like its predecessors. How so, you ask! The author presents an analysis-with a minimum of hype-on the pros and cons of Java.
Three-dimensional nonlinear simulation of a high-power collective free-electron laser

Abstract A comparison is described between the three-dimensional nonlinear analysis and simulation code ARACHNE and a recent 33.4 GHz collective free-electron laser amplifier experiment at MIT. The experiment has demonstrated power levels of 61 MW (≈ 27% efficiency). The electron beam propagated through a cylindrical drift tube in the presence of a helical wiggler and an axial guide magnetic field. When the wiggler and guide fields were parallel, observed power levels reached approximately 4 MW but vanished in the neighborhood of the magnetic resonance when the Larmor and wiggler periods are comparable. However, maximum power was observed in the reversed field case when the wiggler and guide fields were antiparallel. In this case, a significant reduction in the output power was found to occur in the neighborhood of the anti-resonance . ARACHNE is in substantial agreement with the experiment. In the reversed field case, the simulation shows peak power levels of 60 MW, as well as providing good correspondence with the power reduction at the anti-resonance. Agreement when the wiggler and guide fields are parallel, however, requires the assumption of a substantial increase in the energy spread of the beam.
CRISIS, CHANGE, AND PUBLIC POLICY Considerations for a Comparative Analysis of Environmental Policies

The environmental “crisis” is now a top priority in many industrialized countries. Perceived of as a threat to a society's resources, the environmental problem raises important questions regarding competing system goals. The problem cuts across traditional political and administrative structures and thus carries several implications for political change. Since the environmental issue has gained political recognition at the same time in many political systems, the auspices for comparative research are good. This paper contains an analysis of the Swedish response to the environmental problem. The most spectacular changes seem to have appeared in policy content, and in the performance levels of the actors, while the structures of the system remain almost unchanged. A general framework for comparative environmental analysis is developed, followed by a discussion of certain aspects of environmental policy and political change. Drawing from Swedish, American and Canadian data, the complex adaptation processes between innovative agents, public opinion and institutionalized power mechanisms are discussed. Some propositions are offered for further comparative research.
Schwarzschild solution in brane induced gravity

The metric of a Schwarzschild solution in brane induced gravity in five dimensions is studied. We find a nonperturbative solution for which an exact expression on the brane is obtained. We also find a linearized solution in the bulk and argue that a nonsingular exact solution in the entire space should exist. The exact solution on the brane is highly nontrivial as it interpolates between different distance scales. This part of the metric is enough to deduce an important property---the Arnowitt-Deser-Misner canonical formalism (ADM) mass of the solution is suppressed compared to the bare mass of a static source. This screening of the mass is due to nonlinear interactions which give rise to a nonzero curvature outside the source. The curvature extends away from the source to a certain macroscopic distance that coincides with the would-be strong interaction scale. The very same curvature shields the source from strong coupling effects. The four-dimensional law of gravity, including the correct tensorial structure, is recovered at observable distances. We find that the solution has no van Dam-Veltman-Zakharov discontinuity and show that the gravitational field on the brane is always weak, in spite of the fact that the solution is nonperturbative.
General Occurrence of Stressful Reactions to Commercial Motion Pictures and Elements in Films Subjectively Identified as Stressors

By using a survey interview, two adult populations (n = 53 and 72) were randomly sampled to determine how common it is for theatrical motion pictures to produce clinically significant stress-type r...
Retrieval of the effective constitutive parameters of bianisotropic metamaterials.

We propose a method to retrieve the effective constitutive parameters of a slab of bianisotropic metamaterial composed of split-ring resonators from the measurement of the $S$ parameters. Analytical inversion equations are derived for homogeneous lossless bianisotropic media, and a numerical retrieval approach is presented for the case of lossy bianisotropic media. The method is verified both analytically and numerically, and it is shown that the results for various split-ring resonator metamaterials qualitatively corroborate the conclusions found in published papers. The proposed retrieval method can be used as a valuable tool for the study of anisotropic and bianisotropic properties of metamaterials.
Field size of random network coding in untrustworthy networks

We examine the effect of the field size on the probability of symbol error and the throughput in untrustworthy networks that employ random network coding, where the network nodes provide false data purposely or unknowingly and the information transmission is subject to channel error. We show that the probability of correct decoding decays exponentially with the number of combined packets and that the throughput scales as (log2 q)/q bits per symbol transmission where q is the field size. We present the optimum field size that maximizes the throughput or minimizes the probability of symbol error in terms of the trustworthiness of node and the number of combined packets.
Eddy-Current Inversion of Flaw Data From Flat-Bottomed Holes

The demands on our nondestructive evaluation techniques are increasing every year as our technical society becomes more and more complex. Rapid, accurate, and cheap inspection methods are needed to insure the safety, reliability, and economy of large power systems, transportation systems, and many gadgets on which our society has become dependent. Eddy-current tests have the required speed and the potential for the required accuracy and low cost. However, because of their complex nature, it has been costly to design these tests and interpret the data. To design more sensitive tests we need to be able to accurately compute the change in the eddy-current signal caused by a defect (the “forward” problem) in the presence of all of the other properties in the test. Then, to evaluate the data from the test we need to compute the defect size and location from the change in the eddy-current signal (the “inverse” problem) in the presence of the other property variations.
Community service use by older adults: The roles of sociocultural factors in rural-urban differences

ABSTRACT This study examined the influence of sociocultural factors in explaining the rural–urban differences in home and community-based service (HCBS) use among older adults. Survey data of 228 older adults living in Alabama were analyzed. Sociocultural factors included participants’ perceptions of service availability, attitudes toward seeking formal help, informal support, and religious behaviors. Rural older adults were less likely to use HCBS than their urban counterparts (p < .05). An interaction effect between perceived service availability and church attendance was found. These findings suggest a need for collaborations between community aging services with religious organizations to ensure existing programs are accessible to older adults living in rural areas. Future research based upon large probability samples is needed to shed more light on the relation between church attendance and service use.
Sweetened-fat intake sensitizes gamma-aminobutyric acid-mediated feeding responses elicited from the nucleus accumbens shell.

Background There is much interest in exploring whether reward-driven feeding can produce druglike plasticity in the brain. The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system in the nucleus accumbens (Acb) shell, which modulates hypothalamic feeding systems, is well placed to "usurp" homeostatic control of feeding. Nevertheless, it is unknown whether feeding-induced neuroadaptations occur in this system. Methods Separate groups of ad libitum–maintained rats were exposed to daily bouts of sweetened-fat intake, predator stress, or intra-Acb shell infusions of either d-amphetamine (2 or 10 μg) or the μ-opioid agonist D-[Ala2, N-MePhe4, Gly-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO, 2.5 μg), then challenged with intra-Acb shell infusion of the GABA A agonist, muscimol (10 ng). Results Exposure to sweetened fat robustly sensitized muscimol-induced feeding. Sensitization was present 1 week after cessation of the palatable feeding regimen but had abated by 2 weeks. Rats exposed to sweetened fat did not show an altered feeding response to food deprivation. Repeated intra-Acb shell infusions of DAMGO (2.5 μg) also sensitized intra-Acb shell muscimol-driven feeding. However, neither repeated intra-Acb shell d-amphetamine infusions (2 or 10 μg) nor intermittent exposure to an aversive stimulus (predator stress) altered sensitivity to muscimol. Conclusions Palatable feeding engenders hypersensitivity of Acb shell GABA responses; this effect may involve feeding-induced release of opioid peptides. Heightened arousal, aversive experiences, or increased catecholamine transmission alone are insufficient to produce the effect, and a hunger-induced feeding drive is insufficient to reveal the effect. These findings reveal a novel type of food-induced neuroadaptation within the Acb; possible implications for understanding crossover effects between food reward and drug reward are discussed.
Serious wound infections after minimally invasive coronary bypass procedures

Abstract Background . Minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting has become an increasingly accepted therapy for selected patients with single-vessel coronary artery disease. Reported morbidity has focused on anastomotic problems, but the occurrence of serious wound complications after these procedures has not been well documented. Methods . We reviewed our institutional experience with 35 patients to look for the incidence of serious wound complications. Results . Three patients had serious wound problems after minithoracotomy for coronary artery bypass graft procedures. This represents an overall 9% wound morbidity rate and a 100% rate in the obese women. Conclusions . Wound complications at the incision site after minithoracotomy coronary artery bypass graft procedures seem to occur distinctly in obese women with redundant breasts.
The maximum entropy method applied to stationary density computation

Abstract The maximum entropy method (maxent) is widely used in the context of the moment problem which appears naturally in many branches of physics and engineering; it is used to numerically recover the density with least bias from finitely many known moments. We introduce the basic idea behind this method and apply this method to approximating fixed densities of Markov operators in stochastic analysis and Frobenius–Perron operators in ergodic theory of chaotic dynamics.
Shoot formation in potato tuber discs in tissue culture

Tuber discs of potato (Solanum tuberosum) growing on a modified Murashige and Skoog medium produced callus and embryoid bodies but failed to form shoots. However, if 0.4 ppm of 6-benzylaminopurine was added to the basal medium, shoots became visible seven weeks after inoculation.
Renal sympathetic denervation for refractory hypertension

1074 www.thelancet.com Vol 377 March 26, 2011 Author’s reply The essence of Matthew Bunte’s communication is that the diff erences in trial blood pressures recorded with the three methods used—automated clinic pressure with printout (the primary trial endpoint), patients’ self-recorded home blood pressure, and ambulatory 24-h blood pressure—perhaps should temper any con clusion that the trial was in any sense defi nitive. In this context, Bunte sees the contrasting absence of diff erences in blood-pressure change in the control patients with the diff erent methods of measurement as anomalous, and requiring explanation. Explanation of the latter point is straightforward; there was no net change in blood pressure in the control group, providing no scope for diff erences between the methods! Bunte correctly records in his table the material diff erences between recorded blood-pressure change after renal denerv ation according to measure ment Renal sympathetic denervation for refractory hypertension
The kinetochore fiber structure in the acentric spindles of the green alga Oedogonium

The microtubule (MT) arrangement in three kinetochore fibers in the acentric spindles of the green algaOedogonium cardiacum were reconstructed from serial sections of prometaphase and metaphase cells. The majority of the MTs attached to the kinetochore (kMTs) are relatively short, extending less than a third of the distance to the putative spindle pole region, and none extended the full distance. Fine filaments and a matrix described earlier (Schibler andPickett-Heaps 1980) were associated with the MTs all along the fibers. Live cells ofOedogonium were also studied by time lapse cinematography for correlation with the ultrastructural observations. Late prometaphase and metaphase kinetochore fibers appear to move independently as if unattached at their poleward ends. These observations suggest that kinetochore fibers inOedogonium are not attached to a specific pole structure from late prometaphase until the inception of anaphase. The results are discussed with reference to spindle structure and function in general.
Molecular Simulation Studies of the Orientation and Conformation of Cytochrome c Adsorbed on Self-Assembled Monolayers

Cytochrome c (Cyt-c) is an important membrane electron-transfer protein. To maximize its electron transfer, adsorbed Cyt-c should have a preferred orientation with its heme ring close and perpendicular to the surface. Moreover, the adsorbed Cyt-c should keep its native conformation. In this work, the orientation and conformation of Cyt-c adsorbed on carboxyl-terminated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are investigated by a combined Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulation approach. The root-mean-square deviation, radius of gyration, eccentricity, dipole moment, heme orientation, and superimposed structures of Cyt-c were calculated. Simulation results show that the desired orientation of Cyt-c with its heme group perpendicular to the surface could be obtained on a negatively charged surface. The direction of the dipole of Cyt-c, contributed significantly by both lysine residues near the surface and glutamic acid residues far away from the surface, determines the final orientation of Cyt-c adsorbed on ...
Sugar absorption in the intestine of the chiton, Cryptochiton stelleri

Abstract 1. 1. Intestinal absorption of various monosaccharides was studied in the chiton, Cryptochiton stelleri, using an everted sac technique. 2. 2. d -Glucose and 3-o-methylglucose were actively transported by the anterior intestine but d -galactose was actively transported only by the posterior intestine. 3. 3. d -Mannose and D -fructose were not actively absorbed by any region of the chiton intestine. 4. 4. d -Fructose, d -mannose and d -galactose were not absorbed by the anterior intestine by being converted to d -glucose. 5. 5. Duration studies showed that the everted sac preparation supported active transport of d -glucose, d -galactose and 3-o-methylglucose oor 12 hr. 6. 6. Active transport of d -glucose and 3-o-methylglucose was reversibly inhibited by anaerobic conditions. 7. 7. There was no significant inhibition of active transport of d -galactose by anaerobic conditions.
Structures and magnetic properties of the Pseudo-binary systems CeNi2CeCu2 and GdNi2GdCu2☆

Abstract The C15 (cubic Laves phase) structure exists over the range x = 0 to 0·35 in the ternary system GdNi2−xCux and the orthorhombic GdCu2 phase extends from x = 1·1 to 2·0. In contrast the solubility of CeCu2 in CeNi2 is below the limit of detectability. The magnetic behavior of the Gd-containing ternaries based on GdNi2 closely resembles that of GdNi2. The susceptibility of CeNi2; is very low compared to that expected for an assemblage of free Ce+3 ions. The ratio of expected to measured susceptibility is 3·5 at 300°K but rises to approximately 100 at 4·2°K. The susceptibility deficiency is too great to be ascribed solely to the effect of the crystal field although this may be a contributing factor. Partial ionization into Ce+4 and spin compensation (Kondo effect) by the conduction electrons may also be involved. Below 30°K 1 χ varies as T0·48 in keeping with the behavior expected if spin compensation were the dominant effect.
de Almeida-Thouless line in vector spin glasses.

We consider the infinite-range spin glass in which the spins have $mg1$ components (a vector spin glass). Applying a magnetic field which is random in direction, there is a de Almeida-Thouless (AT) line below which the ``replica symmetric'' solution is unstable, just as for the Ising $(m=1)$ case. We calculate the location of this AT line for Gaussian random fields for arbitrary $m$ and verify our results by numerical simulations for $m=3$.
Single-photon detection using a semiconductor quantum dot, optically gated, field-effect transistor

We demonstrate the operation of a novel quantum dot, optically gated, field-effect transistor as a photon detector. The device is shown to exhibit single-photon sensitivity, a linear response, and an internal quantum efficiency of ~73 %.
Eikonal description of internal wave interactions: A non-diffusive picture of “induced diffusion”

Abstract We use eikonal theory to investigate the “induced diffusion” interaction in the ocean between small-scale internal waves and a much larger scale internal wave field. Surprising results are found. The eikonal description follows transport in both position and wavenumber space. The approach consists of modeling the small-scale portion as a superposition of wave packets, each of which moves through the large-scale flow according to the laws of particle mechanics: trajectories are determined by the solution of Hamilton's ordinary differential equations of motion, with a Hamiltonian given by a dispersion relation H( k, x ) = ω = σ( k ) + v 0 · k . The first term on the right-hand side is the dispersion relation in the absence of the large-scale flow, v0, and the second term is a Doppler shift that describes the interaction between the different scales. We give a careful derivation of the eikonal equations for a fluid, starting with a Hamiltonian description of the fluid flow (Section 2). A discussion is given of the important difference in meaning between the total energy of the wave packet, ωA, and the intrinsic energy, σA (A is the action). We also clarify the existence of a Stokes drift for internal waves (Section 3). Numerical experiments were performed which consist of following the motion of the center of a wave packet as it propagates through a Garrett-Munk field of internal waves (Section 4). The initial conditions of the packet were chosen to lie within the induced diffusion kinematic regime. A total of 50 trajectories were obtained from which average properties were calculated. The results of our numerical experiments show that horizontal transport is unimportant, whereas transport through vertical wavenumbers is very significant. We find a mean motion of kv to large values with the same sign as at t = 0, and fluctuations about the mean. The individual excursion in kv(t) are of large magnitude, and we argue that the traditional idea of diffusion in kv−t space, implying a random walk, is inappropriate. Thirtyfour out of the 50 trajectories in our sample reached a vertical wavelength cut-off placed at 5 m, doing so in essentially the same way as trajectories which approach a critical layer in a time and horizontal position independent shear flow. On the basis of our numerical results we provide a simple model which describes much of the transport that occurs. We argue that diffusion occurs in σ − z space, and a simple “mean first passage” calculation allows us to derive an expression for the probability density of critical layers.