cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prisons, drug interdiction, and preschool programs: Alternative human capital investments

Public opinion surveys indicate that Americans list crime high in their priorities for government attention. Inevitably, public officials seeking office promise to reduce crime (the issue of crime is politicized). Simple solutions, without regard to their effectiveness, are politically popular and get votes for elected officials. The result is that social policy is made on the basis of popular solutions, followed by the spending of vast amounts of government revenue on ineffective measures. Not only is much of those funds wasted, a loss to society is further aggravated in that these resources could have been invested in programs that would yield the desired benefits. This paper examines two expensive crime-fighting measures that are failed policies and suggests one alternative type of human capital investment that is cost effective.
Applicationof uncoated piezoelectric crystals for the detectionof an organic phosphonate

Abstract Uncoated piezoelectric crystals with gold, silver and nickel electrodes give linear calibration graphs for diisopropylmethylphosphonate in the μg l−1 range. The sensitivity increases and the selectivity decreases in the order: gold, silver, nickel. The response and recovery times for the gold-plated crystal are 0.12 and 2 min, respectively. Increasing temperatures (30–50°C) decrease the sensitivity. Interferences are few.
A proposal for a federal genetic privacy act.

(2003). A Proposal for a Federal Genetic Privacy Act. Journal of Legal Medicine: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 109-126.
Gliogenesis in postnatal rat optic nerve: LC1+ microglia and S100-β+ astrocytes

Abstract Lipocortin 1 (LC1) and S100-β, two Ca2+-binding proteins that serve as specific markers for microglia and astrocytes, respectively, have been used to study postnatal gliogenesis in the rat optic nerve. Computerized image analysis was used to quantify and map the stained and unstained glia in transverse sections (10 μm thick) taken 1–2 mm from the chiasm in optic nerves from rat pups at postnatal day 0 (P0), P7, P14, P21, P28, P38 and adults. The number of astrocytes was remarkably constant (100 per section) at all ages. Because the area of the nerve increases 10-fold from P0 to adult, the population density of astrocytes begins at >5000 mm−2 and drops to 400 mm−2 in the mature nerve; however, because the nerve length increases two-fold, the number of astrocytes doubles over the same period. In contrast, the number of LC1+ cells per section initially is sparse (4 at P0), increases rapidly up to 36 at P21 and levels off at 49 in adults. The microglia population density is relatively stable throughout development (200–300 mm−2) except during the peak of oligodendroblast apoptosis (P21) when it rises to 450 mm−2. Neonatally, LC1 immunoreactivity predominantly labels spherical-ameboid cells; but by P28 they are replaced by mature ramified microglia. The number of unstained cells (putative oligodendrocytes) per section increases from 11 at P0 to a peak of 308 at P21, and declines slightly to 269 in adults. While generally confirming concepts of astrocyte and oligodendrocyte ontogeny from the literature, the present report adds considerable detail regarding microglia, which often have been ignored. Microglia identified by LC1 immunoreactivity comprise 12% of the glia in adult optic nerve near the chiasm.
Origins and predictions of stereoselective antibody catalysis: theoretical analysis of Diels-Alder catalysis by 39A11 and its germ-line antibody.

The binding of enantiomeric haptens and transition states by the Schultz Diels−Alderase antibody 39A11 and its germ-line antibody were studied theoretically. The mechanisms by which one hapten and one transition state stereoisomer is recognized selectively are explored with docking simulations and quantum mechanical models. Transition states of the relevant Diels−Alder reaction were located with density functional theory. A prediction is made that the stereoselectivity of 39A11 will be achieved by two strategically placed hydrogen bonds and π-stacking interactions of the maleimide with a binding-site tryptophan, arranged so as to coordinate one enantiomeric transition state. Binding of other ligands by antibody 39A11 and the germ-line antibody has also been investigated. The polyspecific nature of 39A11 and its germ-line precursor was found to originate from the general ability of the binding pockets to achieve hydrophobic binding of small organic substrates. Comparison of the highly homologous progestero...
Solution conformations of the pituitary opioid peptide dynorphin-(1–13)

Abstract Circular dichroism spectra have been measured for dynorphin-(1–13) in water and in solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate and L-α-lysophosphatidylcholine (palmitoyl). Spectra in water have the features expected for a peptide containing little, if any, order. Small changes are brought about by L-α-lysophosphatidylcholine (palmitoyl), but the resulting spectrum retains the characteristics expected for a random coil. In contrast, sodium dodecyl sulfate produces significant changes which are those expected for induction of α helical content. Quantitative analysis of the circular dichroism spectra suggests the conformation changes from about 5% helix in water to 17% helix in sodium dodecyl sulfate. These results from experiment are in excellent agreement with those obtained from our formulation of the configuration partition function. This formulation predicts a change in helical content from 1% to 19%. The ordering influence is felt most strongly by those residues immediately following the enkephalin sequence.
Self-organized criticality in ecology and evolution.

We thank Sergey Gavrilets and other members of the ‘Complexity in Biological Systems’ seminar group at UT for stimulating discussions.
Comments on the melting mechanism for crystalline species

Abstract Melting is viewed as a surface initiated process. The dislocation theory, Lindermann hypothesis, and nucleation and growth theory of melting are discussed in terms of the influence of the surface on the respective melting mechanisms.
A genome-wide view of mutation rate co-variation using multivariate analyses

While the abundance of available sequenced genomes has led to many studies of regional heterogeneity in mutation rates, the co-variation among rates of different mutation types remains largely unexplored, hindering a deeper understanding of mutagenesis and genome dynamics. Here, utilizing primate and rodent genomic alignments, we apply two multivariate analysis techniques (principal components and canonical correlations) to investigate the structure of rate co-variation for four mutation types and simultaneously explore the associations with multiple genomic features at different genomic scales and phylogenetic distances. We observe a consistent, largely linear co-variation among rates of nucleotide substitutions, small insertions and small deletions, with some non-linear associations detected among these rates on chromosome X and near autosomal telomeres. This co-variation appears to be shaped by a common set of genomic features, some previously investigated and some novel to this study (nuclear lamina binding sites, methylated non-CpG sites and nucleosome-free regions). Strong non-linear relationships are also detected among genomic features near the centromeres of large chromosomes. Microsatellite mutability co-varies with other mutation rates at finer scales, but not at 1 Mb, and shows varying degrees of association with genomic features at different scales. Our results allow us to speculate about the role of different molecular mechanisms, such as replication, recombination, repair and local chromatin environment, in mutagenesis. The software tools developed for our analyses are available through Galaxy, an open-source genomics portal, to facilitate the use of multivariate techniques in future large-scale genomics studies.
Basis-set calculation of Siegert eigenvalues: Partial resonance widths

The calculation of complex resonance eigenvalues for electron-atom and electron-molecule scattering by discrete-basis-set methods yields total resonance widths directly. The authors show that, as a consequence of the separable nature of the S matrix near a resonance, discrete-basis-set methods may also be used to compute partial widths for resonances in a multichannel problem. The procedure is applied to a model three-channel problem to demonstrate its numerical effectiveness.
Structure-property relationships and moisture sensitivity of PDMS/PTMO mixed soft segment urethane elastomers

Abstract The structure-property relationships of polyurethane elastomers based on 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and 4,4′-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate (HMDI) with PTMO, PDMS, and mixed PTMO/PDMS soft segments were investigated using DSC, dynamic mechanical spectroscopy, tensile testing, and SAXS. Changes in water absorption and moisture sensitivity with compositional changes were investigated through water absorption and physical property measurements. Differences in tensile properties and moisture sensitivity with varying hard and soft segment composition are interpreted in terms of the phase mixing characteristics of the various polymers studied.
Infantile (juvenile) capillary hemangioma: A tumor of heterogeneous cellular elements

Infantile (juvenile) capillary hemangiomas are vascular neoplasms which can appear quite infiltrative histologically and are characterized by cords of cells with areas of marked cellularity. While vessels can be distinguished in most cases, there are many cells which do not appear to be endothelial in origin. We labeled 5 such cases with antibodies directed against factor VIII-related antigen, CD34, alpha actin, factor XIIIa and PC-10. Anti-factor VIII-related antigen labeled all endothelial cells and did not label cells away from vessels. Anti-CD34 recognized similar cells and also stained a subset of interstitial cells. Anti-alpha muscle defined pericytes and stained few interstitial cells and none of the endothelial cells. Many of the interstitial spindled and cuboidal cells stained strongly with anti-factor XIIIa. The majority of the mitotic activity was concentrated in the interstitial cells. These observations lend support to the concept that infantile (juvenile) capillary hemangioma is a tumor of primitive cells with capabilities for differentiating toward endothelial cells and pericytes. It is not clear whether a similar stem cell population gives rise to dermal dendrocytes, or whether these represent an immune response to the neoplasm.
The Current Nature of Hypertext Research in Computers and Composition Studies: An Historical Perspective.

Abstract Although the professional literature makes numerous claims concerning hypertext's influences on the acts of reading and writing, few of these claims are supported by carefully designed empirical research studies. This article investigates the historical nature of hypertext research in the field, presenting an argument for conducting empirical research in the area of hypertext and student learning. A representative/illustrative history examines selected literature published between the years of 1987 and 1994. Summary and analysis show that, for the most part, this literature does not move beyond asserting “opportunity” and “potential” when describing the use of hypertext in the writing classroom. The author proposes a theoretical and pedagogical agenda for researching hypertextual instruction in the composition classroom.
Spontaneous formation of nanospiked microstructures in germanium by femtosecond laser irradiation

We report a novel phenomenon of spontaneous formation of nearly regular arrays of nanospikes atop conical microstructures by exposing a germanium surface to femtosecond laser pulses in an environment of SF6. Silicon laser texturing has been reported, but no information has been published on laser microtexturing of Ge and in particular the observation of nanospikes atop conical microstructures. The nanospikes are around 2 µm high having a tip radius of 100 nm and are formed atop conical microstructures that are around 5 µm wide and 10 µm tall. The tip radius could be sharpened down to ~10 nm by brief chemical etching. A higher laser fluence and fewer shots favour the formation of nanospikes. By increasing the number of shots at higher fluence the surface morphology changes from conical microstructures to tall straight-walled pillar-like structures and the nanospikes disappear. The surface morphology of germanium has been compared with silicon. The germanium samples turn completely black after laser processing, i.e. they exhibit greatly reduced reflectivity throughout the visible spectrum.
Blood pressure response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in euthyroid subjects.

The iv administration of TRH has been associated with side effects, such as nausea, flushing, and urinary urgency. However, few reports mention changes in blood pressure. This study defines the mean and range of the blood pressure responses in 70 euthyroid patients subjected to iv administered TRH. The mean increase was 21.0 ± 1.4 mm Hg for systolic and 13.9 ± 1.0 mm Hg for diastolic blood pressure; however, individual peak values increased as much as 56 and 42 mm Hg, respectively. Thus, the hemodynamic response to iv administered TRH can be quite severe in some subjects, and caution is suggested in selecting patients for testing.
Non-adherence to medication in patients with psychotic disorders: epidemiology, contributing factors and management strategies

Although non-adherence is common across all branches of medicine, psychotic disorders pose additional challenges that increase its risk. Despite the importance of non-adherence, clinicians generally spend too little time on assessing and addressing adherence attitudes and behaviors. Importantly, how adherence is measured significantly impacts the findings, and the most frequently employed methods of asking patients or judging adherence indirectly based on efficacy or tolerability information have poor validity. Novel technologies are being developed that directly assess adherence and that can also be used to both provide real-time feedback to clinicians and serve as an intervention with patients. Several treatments are available that can positively impact adherence. Among psychosocial interventions, those combining multiple approaches and involving multiple domains seem to be most effective. Although long-acting injectable antipsychotics are theoretically a very powerful tool to assure adherence and signal non-adherence, recent results from randomized controlled trials failed to show superiority compared to oral antipsychotics. These data are in contrast to nationwide cohort studies and mirror-image studies, which arguably include more representative patients receiving long-acting antipsychotics in clinical practice. This disconnect suggests that traditional randomized controlled trials are not necessarily the best way to study interventions that are thought to work via reducing non-adherence. Clearly, non-adherence is likely to remain a major public health problem despite treatment advances. However, increasing knowledge about factors affecting adherence and leveraging novel technologies can enhance its early assessment and adequate management, particularly in patients with psychotic disorders.
Chiral polychlorinated biphenyls: absorption, metabolism and excretion—a review

Seventy eight out of the 209 possible polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners are chiral, 19 of which exist under ambient conditions as stable rotational isomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. These congeners (C-PCBs) represent up to 6 % by weight of technical PCB mixtures and undergo considerable atropisomeric enrichment in wildlife, laboratory animals, and humans. The objective of this review is to summarize our current knowledge of the processes involved in the absorption, metabolism, and excretion of C-PCBs and their metabolites in laboratory animals and humans. C-PCBs are absorbed and excreted by passive diffusion, a process that, like other physicochemical processes, is inherently not atropselective. In mammals, metabolism by cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes represents a major route of elimination for many C-PCBs. In vitro studies demonstrate that C-PCBs with a 2,3,6-trichlorosubstitution pattern in one phenyl ring are readily oxidized to hydroxylated PCB metabolites (HO-PCBs) by P450 enzymes, such as rat CYP2B1, human CYP2B6, and dog CYP2B11. The oxidation of C-PCBs is atropselective, thus resulting in a species- and congener-dependent atropisomeric enrichment of C-PCBs and their metabolites. This atropisomeric enrichment of C-PCBs and their metabolites likely plays a poorly understood role in the atropselective toxicity of C-PCBs and, therefore, warrants further investigation.
Clinical application of the P3 component of event-related potentials. I. Normal aging.

Abstract Normal adult volunteer subjects ranging in age from 18 to 90 years participated in a study in which analogous auditory and visual paradigms, with infrequently occurring target and non-target events, were used to elicit event-related potentials (ERPs) with a prominent P3 component. Of the 135 subjects participating, 66 completed both auditory and visual paradigms. The amplitude and latency of P3 were analyzed using average ERPs, single trials (adaptive filter) and principal components analysis (PCA). Age regressions were calculated using measures derived from average ERPs and single trials. Single trial measures were better than average ERP measures in demonstrating age-related changes in P3 latency. There was a significant increase in P3 latency with age of 1–1.5 msec/year. The range of normal P3 latency for a given age (1 S.E. of the regression=40 msec for the visual target stimuli) was much larger than obtained by other investigators. The visual paradigm produced higher P3 latency/age correlations than the auditory paradigm (visual target r = 0.52, non-target r = 0.42; auditory target r = 0.32, non-target r = 0.33). Within individuals, the amplitude and latency of P3 generated by auditory and visual stimuli were highly correlated, though the visual paradigm produced larger and later P3s than the auditory paradigm. There is an apparent change in the scalp topography of P3 with age. In young adults, P3s to target stimuli have a markedly parietal distribution. The distribution of P3 becomes more uniformly distributed from Pz to Fz with age. This may be due to changes in overlapping components such as the slow wave (SW) rather than to changes in the amplitude of P3 per se.
ESTIMATES FOR THE LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT OF AIR POLLUTION

Different atmospheric, source, and surface conditions can result in substantially different ranges of atmospheric transport of air pollutants; for example, even for anthropogenic S and N, the ranges can vary from about 101 to 105 km. In this report, the emphasis is on indicating some of the reasons for the great variability of these ranges. Thus, some of the complexities of dry deposition, atmospheric chemistry, and precipitation scavenging are described, and it is demonstrated how synoptic-scale meteorologic conditions can control both dry and wet deposition. On the other hand, it is suggested that the mean, tropospheric-residence time of particulate S and N from fossil-fuel combustion in temperate latitudes is probably about a week, but the amount of this material remaining airborne after a week can be large, since the amount is expected to have a log-normal distribution over an ensemble of realizations. Applications of the results to the U.S./Canadian acid-rain issue, to episodic-deposition events, and to global-scale atmospheric pollution are indicated.
A mesothelial cyst of the round ligament presenting as an inguinal hernia after gonadotropin stimulation for in vitro fertilization

Objective To report the case of a round ligament cyst which, as the result of gonadotropin stimulation for IVF, simulated an incarcerated inguinal hernia. Design Case report. Setting A private infertility center and a university hospital. Patient(s) A 31-year-old woman who developed left lower quadrant pain after gonadotropin stimulation for IUI and a tender left inguinal mass after increasing ovarian stimulation for IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Intervention(s) Surgical excision of a mesothelial cyst of the left round ligament and exploration of the left inguinal canal. Main outcome measure(s) Successful surgical excision of left inguinal mass. Result(s) Resolution of symptoms. Conclusion(s) Mesothelial cysts of the round ligament should be included in the differential diagnosis of inguinal masses in women. Gonadotropin stimulation might cause previously unrecognized cysts to simulate an incarcerated inguinal hernia, necessitating surgical repair.
Neuropeptide Y inhibits depolarization-stimulated catecholamine synthesis in rat pheochromocytoma cells

In PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells differentiated with nerve growth factor (NGF), neuropeptide Y inhibited depolarization-stimulated catecholamine synthesis as determined by in situ measurement of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) production in the presence of the decarboxylase inhibitor m-hydroxybenzylhydrazine (NSD-1015). The inhibition by neuropeptide Y was concentration-dependent and was prevented by pretreatment with pertussis toxin, suggesting the involvement of a GTP-binding protein of the Gi or Go subtype. The neuropeptide Y analog [Leu31,Pro34]neuropeptide Y also caused inhibition of DOPA production, but was less potent than neuropeptide Y itself, while peptide YY and neuropeptide Y-(13-36) had no significant effect. This pattern is most consistent with the involvement of the neuropeptide Y Y3 receptor subtype. In PC12 cells differentiated with dexamethasone, neuropeptide Y also caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of DOPA production, while peptide YY was again without effect. Neuropeptide Y had no effect on DOPA production in undifferentiated PC12 cells. These results indicate that neuropeptide Y can modulate catecholamine synthesis in addition to its modulatory effects on catecholamine release.
PET as Part of an Interdisciplinary Approach to Understanding Processes Involved in Reading

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a recently developed technology that can be used to create images of brain blood flow, which is related to brain activity. By acquiring images of brain blood flow during different task conditions, investigators can isolate activity changes related to specific types of information processing. Several examples demonstrate how regions involved in reading can be identified, and how the results are most interpretable when information from other disciplines is considered.
Transcription and signalling pathways involved in BCR-ABL-mediated misregulation of 24p3 and 24p3R.

Lipocalin 24p3 is a secreted protein that can induce apoptosis in cells containing the 24p3 cell surface receptor, 24p3R. The oncoprotein BCR–ABL activates 24p3 and represses 24p3R expression. Thus, BCR–ABL+ cells synthesise and secrete 24p3, which induces apoptosis in normal 24p3R-containing cells but not in BCR–ABL+ cells. The cell signalling and transcription factor pathways by which BCR–ABL misregulates expression of 24p3 and 24p3R remain to be elucidated. Here we show that BCR–ABL upregulates 24p3 expression through activation of the JAK/STAT pathway, which culminates in binding of Stat5 to the 24p3 promoter. We find that 24p3R expression is regulated by Runx transcription factors, and that BCR–ABL induces a switch in binding from Runx3, an activator of 24p3R expression, to Runx1, a repressor of 24p3R expression, through a Ras signalling pathway. Finally, we show that repression of 24p3R by BCR–ABL is a critical feature of the mechanism by which imatinib kills BCR–ABL+ cells. Our results reveal diverse signalling/transcription pathways that regulate 24p3 and 24p3R expression in response to BCR–ABL and are directly relevant to the treatment of BCR–ABL+ disease.
An Integrated Model of Top-Down and Bottom-Up Attention for Optimizing Detection Speed

Integration of goal-driven, top-down attention and image-driven, bottom-up attention is crucial for visual search. Yet, previous research has mostly focused on models that are purely top-down or bottom-up. Here, we propose a new model that combines both. The bottom-up component computes the visual salience of scene locations in different feature maps extracted at multiple spatial scales. The topdown component uses accumulated statistical knowledge of the visual features of the desired search target and background clutter, to optimally tune the bottom-up maps such that target detection speed is maximized. Testing on 750 artificial and natural scenes shows that the models predictions are consistent with a large body of available literature on human psychophysics of visual search. These results suggest that our model may provide good approximation of how humans combine bottom-up and top-down cues such as to optimize target detection speed.
Colonic volvulus in the United States: trends, outcomes, and predictors of mortality.

Introduction:Colonic volvulus is a rare entity associated with high mortality rates. Most studies come from areas of high endemicity and are limited by small numbers. No studies have investigated trends, outcomes, and predictors of mortality at the national level.Methods:The Nationwide Inpatient Sam
A simple high efficiency solar water purification system

Abstract A new passive solar water pasteurization system based on density difference flow principles has been designed, built and tested. The system contains no valves and regulates flow based on the density difference between two columns of water. The new system eliminates boiling problems encountered in previous designs. Boiling is undesirable because it may contaminate treated water. The system with a total absorber area of 0.45 m2 has achieved a peak flow rate of 19.3 kg/h of treated water. Experiments with the prototype systems presented in this paper show that density driven systems are an attractive option to existing solar water pasteurization approaches.
Retinal Capillary Hemangiomas and von Hippel-Lindau Disease

von Hippel-Lindau disease is a multisystem familial cancer syndrome that commonly manifests in the eye as retinal capillary hemangiomas. As the earliest manifestation of the disease, these benign hamartomas can lead to secondary visual loss. Their typical clinical characteristics can lead to accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment with either laser photocoagulation or cryotherapy enhancing one's probability of preserving vision before becoming symptomatic. Accurate diagnosis can also lead to surveillance of the various other organ systems involved in the disease such as the CNS, kidneys, adrenal glands and pancreas. This will also enable the clinician to provide genetic counseling for patients regarding the lifelong manifestations of this disease.
Parallel algorithms and architectures for image analysis and computer vision

Summary form only given, as follows. The topic of multiprocessor computer architectures and parallel algorithms for computer vision is not new, but researchers are now addressing both a wider scope of issues and emphasizing system integration. Recently, a wide variety of new systems has been designed, built, and tested on a range of image analysis tasks. A critical question is how to achieve high performance in a complete, integrated set of component vision processes. A number of recent approaches to improving the performance of vision architectures are described. Comparisons are made relating the underlying model of parallel processing, the granularity of parallelism, and performance evaluation on various tasks covering several image representations and processing requirements. >
Using a Principle-Based Method to Support a Disability Aesthetic.

ABSTRACTThis article calls choreographers and educators alike to continue building an awareness of methodologies that support a disability aesthetic. A disability aesthetic supports the embodiment of dancers with disabilities by allowing for their bodies to set guidelines of beauty and value. Principle-based work is a methodology that supports a disability aesthetic by focusing on qualities, aesthetic ideas, and concepts either for a creative practice or a technique practice. Principle-based work is an umbrella term that includes many practices and teaching methodologies. The dance community might hone skills in principle-based work as an additional option to a “form-based” technique, thereby allowing for a more inclusive dance space and pedagogy. This article offers both pragmatic and theoretical considerations for working with students with disabilities as a way to change how disability is represented and presented in dance culture.
Time-Course, Dose-Response, and Age Comparative Sensitivity of N-Methyl Carbamates in Rats

N-Methyl carbamate insecticides are reversible inhibitors of central and peripheral acetylcholinesterase (ChE). Despite their widespread use, there are few studies of neurotoxicity in young animals. To study potential age-related differences, we evaluated seven carbamates (carbaryl, carbofuran, formetanate, methiocarb, methomyl, oxamyl, and propoxur) in preweanling (17 days old or postnatal day [PND] 17) male rats. Motor activity was monitored, and ChE inhibition was measured in brain and red blood cells (RBCs) using a radiometric assay that minimized reactivation of ChE. First, we conducted time-course studies in PND17 Long-Evans male rats, using a single oral dose of each carbamate. Almost all carbamates showed maximal ChE inhibition at a 45-min time point; only methomyl showed an earlier peak effect (15 min). At 24 h, most inhibition had recovered. Next, dose-response data were collected for each carbamate, using four doses and control, with motor activity testing beginning 15 min after dosing and tissue collection at 40-45 min. RBC ChE was generally inhibited to a greater degree than brain. Motor activity was not as sensitive a measure for some of the carbamates, with some differences across carbamates in the shapes of the dose-response curves. Additional studies documented age-related differences by comparing ChE inhibition in PND11, PND17, and adult rats following administration of carbaryl or carbofuran. Only the youngest (PND11) rats were more sensitive than adults to carbaryl, but both younger ages showed more effects than adults with carbofuran. Comparisons of the other carbamates to previous studies in adult rats suggest similar age-related sensitivity. Thus, these data show the time-course and dose-response characteristics for each carbamate and document greater sensitivity of the young for carbofuran and carbaryl.
Increasing the performance of high-pressure, high-efficiency electrokinetic micropumps using zwitterionic solute additives

A zwitterionic additive is used to improve the performance of electrokinetic micropumps (EK pumps), which use voltage applied across a porous matrix to generate electroosmotic pressure and flow in microfluidic systems. Modeling of EK pump systems predicts that the additive, trimethylammoniopropane sulfonate (TMAPS), will result in up to a 3.3-fold increase in pumping efficiency and up to a 2.5-fold increase in the generated pressure. These predictive relations compare well with experimental results for flow, pressure and efficiency. With these improvements, pressures up to 156 kPa/V (22 psi/V) and efficiency up to 5.6% are demonstrated. Similar improvements can be expected from a wide range of zwitterionic species that exhibit large dipole moments and positive linear dielectric increments. These improvements lead to a reduction in voltage and power requirements and will facilitate miniaturization of micro-total-analysis systems (μTAS) and microfluidically driven actuators.
Muscle phenotype remains unaltered after limb autotomy and unloading.

Loss of chelipeds in crustaceans results in severe atrophy of the major muscle responsible for lifting the limb, the anterior levator. We decided to test if this loss of mechanical load altered muscle phenotype as measured by SDS-PAGE analysis of levator total protein and actomyosin fractions. Levator muscles of adult crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, with either func- tional regenerate limbs or lack of limb buds (papilla stage) were compared with those from normal contralateral limbs and those from pristine animals. We find that there is no difference in protein profiles among the three conditions. However, the total protein profile for the dually excited leva- tor muscle is unique compared to those of fast or slow muscles of the abdomen (L and SEL, respec- tively), which receive only phasic or tonic excitatory innervation. The levator myosin heavy chain profile is similar to that of slow phenotype muscles such as the SEL and opener. We conclude that load does not influence levator phenotype. This is likely due either to the intact innervation and continued activation of the levator during atrophy or to the maintenance of passive tension on the muscle. J. Exp. Zool. 289:10-22, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
GLC Analysis of Griseofulvin: A Collaborative Study

A GLC method for the assay of griseofulvin in bulk and dosage forms was subjected to a wide and rigorous collaborative study. An overall recovery of 99.52 ˙ 2.33% for three samples from 19 participating laboratories was obtained. The success of this study is ascribed to the fact that strict performance requirements are specified for the operating system.
Do Retail Foreign Direct Investment Restrictions Affect Retail Channel Structure

The purpose of this study is to contribute to the existing retail channel structure research by investigating the impact of retail foreign direct investment (FDI) restrictions on retail channel structure as well as the moderating impact of a country's level of economic development on this relationship. Using a panel data set of 79 countries over the period 1999–2012, we show that retail FDI restrictions can influence retail channel structure development and that the relationship between retail FDI restrictions and retail channel structure is moderated by a country's level of economic development.
Course enhancement: a road map for devising active-learning and inquiry-based science courses.

Many college science faculties are frustrated at the performance of students in their courses. While faculty may not have much control over the nature of the students, we do have a great deal of control regarding what and how we teach. Lately, research and policy experts have been calling for college faculty to use new ways of teaching that are "inquiry-based"or use "active-learning techniques. "These calls, however, do not provide a clear pathway for making changes that are likely to succeed and that are relevant to specific disciplines. Course development can be approached in much the same way as our research. This paper develops a strategy for "course development" in terms that are familiar to developmental biologists. Just as research on gastrulation movements benefited from the use of a variety of activities (e.g., vital dye tracking, scanning electron microscopy), course development needs to consider multiple techniques and to make changes in straightforward and purposive ways. Examples from the literature and questions to consider will help the reader find their way to a new style of teaching.
Combination of nanosecond and femtosecond pulses in dual-pulse LIBS of solids and aqueous solutions

Signal enhncement, limits of detection, and relevance to environmental concentrations for metals and metal ions in aqueous solution using combined 1064 nm nanosecond and 800 nm femtosecond pulses in dual-pulse LIBS will be presented.
Helical Oligoenes: Conformations, Bond Alternation, and Competing Through‐Bond and Through‐Space Transmission

There is a consensus that long-range electron transfer/transport occurs by a through-bond rather than through-space mechanism. In helical all-Z, all-s-cis oligoenes, one can set up an interesting competition in the medium-separation regime between a closer (in distance) through-space path and a more distant through-bond one. Although such oligoene conformations/isomers are unstable (by around 4 kcal mol(-1) per double bond relative to all-E, all-s-trans isomers), recent synthetic efforts on truncated helicenes and oligothiophenes have provided related molecules. On the way to transmission calculations with electrodes attached to the termini of helical oligoenes, we uncover an interesting conformational ambiguity in all-Z, all-s-cis oligoenes, the existence of a broad conformational minimum for helical compression, with hints of end-to-end frontier-orbital-caused stabilization. There is relationship between helical oligoene structures and the corresponding substructure of a helicene, but there are also significant differences in the number of olefin subunits per helix turn. In Huckel transport calculations, the role of TB or TS mechanisms is obscured to an extent by variations in bond alternation and dihedral angle along the oligomer chain. However, the operation of a dominant through bond mechanism emerges clearly in local transmission plots. In moving the electrodes to carbon position related by quantum interference, it is possible to uncover a through space mechanism.
The Post-Modern Landscape of the Strategic Management

This article holds that the new light of the strategic management of organizations had emerged at the horizon of this new century.The PMLSM stressed out the importance of the strategic process,but not its identification,objective nor the result.These new landscapes are dealing with the new characteristics,new conflicts and the changes of the modern western strategic management theories and organizations.This article also discussed the different attitudes and methods to solve the conflicts of the theories in the strategic management.As a result,it is well worth to doing research in this field about these new landscapes.
Assessment of Urinary Continence in Epispadias: Review of 94 Patients

Between 1946 and 1980, 82 male and 12 female patients with epispadias were evaluated at our institution. Factors critical to the achievement of complete continence include deferral of an operation until the patient is at least 3 years old, a well developed bladder with adequate capacity and musculature, and maturation of the prostate at puberty in boys. Complete continence was obtained in 10 of the 12 female patients (83 per cent). Of 53 incontinent male patients undergoing an operation 18 (34 per cent) obtained complete urinary continence in the initial postoperative period but control was delayed until puberty in 19 additional male patients, for an over-all success rate in 37 of 53 patients (70 per cent). The significant increase in continence with the onset of puberty demonstrates the importance of expectant management of progress in a boy in relation to the potential contribution of prostatic maturation in the development of urinary control.
Management of early HIV-1 infection in adults

PreviewA person who fears that he or she may be infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) Is likely to seek help from a primary care physician, so preparation Is vital. The authors discuss how to differentiate HIV-1 infection from disorders that may have a similar presentation, the importance of referring the patient to available community resources, and the best ways to accomplish long-term suppression of infection.
New forms of mechanical ventilation in the adult.

SUMMARY Although mechanical ventilatory support in the 1980s clearly provides adequate gas exchange with minimal side effects, there remains a need for ventilation and oxygenation in those with severe gas exchange abnormalities, for reduced airway pressure effects in those at risk for barotrauma, for a better muscle reconditioning approach in those with muscle dysfunction, and for better ventilator-patient interactions (synchrony) in many patients receiving mechanical ventilatory support. The new approaches outlined previously address these issues. However, research and development for new and better techniques are needed. Specific areas that require better understanding include the effects of intrathoracic pressure on the lungs and the circulation, the matching of ventilation and perfusion under different support modes, the function of the respiratory muscles during fatigue and recovery, and the ventilatory reflexes operational during mechanical ventilation. Only with this information can we design the optimal ventilatory support system.
When it comes to securing patient health information from breaches, your best medicine is a dose of prevention: A cybersecurity risk assessment checklist.

Background Health care stakeholders are concerned about the growing risk of protecting sensitive patient health information from breaches. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has identified cyber attacks as an emerging concern, and regulations such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH) have increased security requirements and are enforcing compliance through stiff financial penalties. Purposes The purpose of this study is to describe health care breaches of protected information, analyze the hazards and vulnerabilities of reported breach cases, and prescribe best practices of managing risk through security controls and countermeasures. Prescriptive findings were used to construct a checklist tool to assess and monitor common risks. Methodology This research uses a case methodology to describe specific examples of the 3 major types of cyber breach hazards: portable device, insider, and physical breaches. We utilize a risk management framework to prescribe preventative actions that organizations can take to assess, analyze, and mitigate these risks. Findings The health care sector has the largest number of reported breaches, with 3 major types: portable device, insider, and physical breaches. Analysis of actual cases indicates security gaps requiring prescriptive fixes based on “best practices.” Practice Implications Our research culminates in a 25-item checklist that organizations can use to assess existing practices and identify security gaps requiring improvement.
Patient-centered support in the survivorship care transition: Outcomes from the Patient-Owned Survivorship Care Plan Intervention.

BACKGROUND To the authors' knowledge, few studies to date have evaluated the effects of survivorship care planning on the care transition process from specialty cancer care to self-management and primary care, patient experience, or health outcomes. The Patient-owned Survivorship Transition Care for Activated, Empowered survivors (POSTCARE) is a single coaching encounter based on the Chronic Care Model that uses motivational interviewing techniques to engage survivors of breast cancer. The current study examined the effects of the POSTCARE intervention on patient outcomes and care coordination. METHODS A total of 79 survivors of American Joint Commision on Cancer TNM System stage 0 to IIIB breast cancer were randomized to POSTCARE (40 patients) or usual care (39 patients). Patient outcomes were assessed using the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), Social/Role Activities Limitations, Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease 6-Item Scale, the Patient Activation Measure–Short Form, and Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale at baseline and at 3-month follow-up. Care coordination was assessed using confirmed primary care physician visits and reported discussion of the survivorship care plan at the 3-month follow-up. Logistic and linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the effect of POSTCARE on selected outcomes. RESULTS Participants in the intervention group versus those receiving usual care demonstrated significantly higher self-reported health (F-statistic (3,71), 3.63; P =.017) and lower social role limitations (F (3,70), 3.82; P =.014) and a trend toward greater self-efficacy (F (3,69), 2.51; P = .07). Three quality-of-life domains reached clinically meaningful improvement at the 3-month follow-up, including physical role (P =.0009), bodily pain (P =.03), and emotional role (P =.04). CONCLUSIONS The POSTCARE intervention appeared to have a positive impact on patient outcomes and demonstrated promise as a strategy with which to improve survivors' experience, care coordination, and health outcomes. Cancer 2016;122:3232–42. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Facebook’s “Free Basics”: For or against community development?

A recent discussion on a prominent community informatics (CI) listserv revealed arguments for and against the Facebook’s Free Basics platform among researchers in the field. To continue and enrich the conversation, this study first examines the contrasting stances revealed in the CI listserv discussion and derives the CI researchers’ major concerns about the platform. Under the light of these concerns, we then explore the nature of Facebook’s Free Basics in relation to community development through analysis of one of the forefront services that Free Basics offers, i.e., Facebook. Specifically, we examine relationships between uses of Facebook and information technology (IT) identity formation and social capital. We argue that although projects operated by private companies may possess potential for supporting community development, much consideration is needed in embracing the technology solutions due to the risks and restrictions they can impose on its users. We also suggest the CI researchers to open the next round of discussion regarding ways to thoroughly assess possible flaws of Free Basics and help users of the platform make more informed decisions. IT identity is a new theory that can help shed new light on the challenges of using platforms such as Free Basics and their contribution to community development.
Regression Analysis of Repairable Systems Reliability

The regression model for survival analysis introduced by Cox (1972) has had major impact on the biometry field. It is surprising, therefore, that Cox’s model, which is equally applicable to the reliability of nonrepairable items, has almost never been applied to such problems. This model has recently been extended to the analysis of multiple events, such as recurring infections experienced by a single subject, by Prentice, Williams and Peterson (1981), (PWP 1981). Some modifications to the PWP model are useful for optimum application to reliability problems but basically their model applies to repairable systems by simply replacing words like “infections” with “repairable failures.”
UB-ANC: a flexible airborne networking and communications testbed: poster

In this poster, we present the hardware and software architecture of the University at Buffalo's Airborne Networking and Communications Testbed (UB-ANC). UB-ANC is an open software/hardware platform that aims to facilitate rapid testing and repeatable comparative evaluation of airborne networking and communications protocols at different layers of the protocol stack. It combines quadcopters capable of autonomous flight with sophisticated command and control capabilities and interchangeable wireless networking capabilities (e.g., Wi-Fi, Zigbee, LTE, or even software-defined radio). UB-ANC is designed with emphasis on modularity and extensibility, and is built around popular open-source projects and standards developed by the research and hobby communities.
Direction-of-transmission estimation in multiple-input single-output wireless communication systems

For transmit beamforming in cellular communication systems, a new approach was recently introduced in which transmit beamforming at a base station is based on a stream of simple beam-control commands (BCC) from mobiles and each mobile estimates its relative location in order to generate BCC. In this paper, for mobiles equipped only with a single-element antenna, we present a least-squares (LS) estimator and two neighboring set search (NSS) estimators for the direction-of-transmission (DOT) of signals transmitted from the base station equipped with a multiple-element antenna array. From computer simulation, the performance of the proposed estimators is evaluated in terms of root-mean-square (rms) error in degrees.