cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Police Power Questioned: Municipal Authority to Terminate Title to Impounded Animals

This article discusses the Texas Court of Appeals decision in Greater Houston German Shepherd Dog Rescue v. Lira, which held that title to an animal held by a governmental shelter terminates after the hold period, and the detrimental impacts that would result should the decision be overruled.
Cerebral evoked responses in schizophrenia.

Results of previous studies of evoked responses in schizophrenic disorders are reviewed, and data from a new study of somatosensory recovery functions in schizophrenia are presented. Subjects in the latter study were 18 schizophrenic patients and 18 nonpatients matched for age and sex. Latencies and amplitudes of eight consecutive evoked-response peaks were measured. Only one amplitude and one latency of the response to the first stimulus discriminated between patients and controls, whereas four amplitudes and three latencies of the second response did so. Amplitude recovery was less in patients, whereas latency recovery was greater. The data verified previous findings of impaired amplitude recovery in schizophrenia, but did not confirm previous findings of increased amplitude in response to a single stimulus. Evoked-response deviations so far determined are not specific to schizophrenic disorders, inasmuch as they have been found in several other psychiatric syndromes. The data are in accord with the idea that psychiatric disorders involve deviant cerebral processing of sensory information.
Immune Mediated Tumor Destruction: Challenges for the 1990’s

Numerous experimentally induced tumor models, studied in murine systems, have indicated that successful approaches towards the immune eradication of neoplasms should be a clinical possibility. Central to many of these therapeutic approaches in mice are distinct roles for T lymphocytes, able to mediate antigen specific “major histo-compatibility complex (MHC) -restricted” recognition of tumor cells, as well as natural killer (NK) cells, able to destroy certain tumors in a less specific way, and without requiring the recognition of MHC molecules. Despite the myriad of algorithms enabling effective tumor destruction in vitro or in mice utilizing these immune cell populations, successful application of these principles in patients has been possible only in the past few years. Immune mediated destruction of tumors directly in patients, apparently by activated lymphocytes, has now been reproducibly documented utilizing a number of clinical regimens. Even so, the majority of patients receiving these approaches do not show measurable clinical benefit. Thus, substantial improvement is required to enable practical and effective wide-spread application of these immunologic principles to patients with otherwise refractory cancers.
Problems in Applying Optimal Irrigation Plans

Planning methodology developed by the University of Idaho allows rapid determination of least-cost irrigation-system designs to assist in rehabilitation of damaged or new systems. Procedures are applied to a small 3,000 acre (1,214 ha) irrigation system damaged in the Teton Dam flood of 1977 and optimal designs to achieve specified levels of project water-use efficiency with varying costs of water and penalties or benefits for deep percolation and runoff were selected. Energy costs for each alternative were calculated. Fear of water-right loss and the paradox in western water law that encourages conservation but provides no economic incentive severely inhibit system rehabilitation. Poor understanding of groundwater-surface-water systems and the lack of recognition of possible benefits of aquifer recharge from deep percolation of irrigation water make water users reluctant to change systems.
A Stochastic Algorithm for Circuit Bi-Partitioning

Circuit bi-partitioning is an important step in placement algorithms based on the min-cut paradigm. In this paper, we present a stochastic algorithm for circuit bi-partitioning (BIPART) which minimizes the number of nets cut while maintaining a tight control on the sizes of the two parts. BIPART performs better than simulated annealing and the Fiduccia-Matheyses algorithm, and runs in linear time per iteration.
Why Some Students Have Trouble with Maps and Other Spatial Representations

Geoscience learning requires mastery of various spatially demanding tasks, and the learning-science literature offers research findings that illuminate the mental processes underlying such geospati...
The Executive Veto: Purpose, Procedure, and Paradox

American governments, federal and state, leave a gap in legislative representation: global majorities are practically silent compared with local ones. An executive veto can right the balance. But prevailing procedural designs are fraught with paradox. I offer a simple new design that avoids paradox, can be instituted without constitutional amendment, and enhances both legislative and executive responsibility.
Creating something from nothing: a scientific approach to developing group support technology meeting structure

Developing meaningful and productive sessions using group support technology constitutes new challenges for meeting conveners, facilitators and support staff. The complexity of planning for various activities, such as abstract thinking activities, distributed meetings or group writing projects to be conducted in electronic meetings, suggests the need for basic steps and an overall architecture to separate the known structural requirements from the area of needed creativity. To create "something from nothing" in areas not yet documented motivated the author to develop a methodology that could produce the desired results and could be reused. This paper presents the development and application of a methodology for creating a group support technology meeting structure which has defined steps and is repeatable.
Motor axons preferentially reinnervate motor pathways.

Motor axons regenerating after transection of mixed nerve preferentially reinnervate distal motor branches and/or muscle, a process termed “preferential motor reinnervation.” Collaterals of a single motor axon often enter both sensory and motor Schwann cell tubes of the distal stump; specificity is generated by pruning collaterals from sensory pathways while maintaining those in motor pathways. Previous experiments in the rat femoral nerve model evaluated reinnervation of the femoral motor branch and quadriceps muscle as a unit. In this study, pathway contributions are analyzed separately by denying muscle contact, or by reinnervating muscle through inappropriate, formerly sensory pathways. Motor axons preferentially reinnervate motor pathways, even when these pathways end blindly in a silicon tube. If the femoral nerve is removed as a graft and reinserted with correct or reversed alignment of the sensory and motor branches, more motoneurons reinnervate muscle through correct motor than through incorrect sensory pathways. Motor pathways thus differ from sensory pathways in ways that survive Wallerian degeneration and transplantation as a graft, and that can be used by regenerating motor axons as a basis for collateral pruning and specificity generation.
Chapter 133 High pressure studies — physical properties of anomalous Ce, Yb and U compounds

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a comparison between the pressure dependence of electronic and magnetic properties (particularly resistivity ρ, specific heat Cp and magnetic susceptibility χ) of “anomalous” rare-earth and actinide compounds, emphasizing those based on Ce, Yb, and U that exhibit heavy-fermion and related behavior. Two themes are stressed: first, the presence (or absence) of “universality,” whereby the temperature dependence of various quantities scales with a characteristic temperature (T/T0) and the effect of pressure P is simply to change T0; and second, the distinction between the delocalized, itinerant behavior often appropriate for the 5f electrons in light actinides and the more nearly localized behavior of the 4f electrons in rare-earth compounds. In general, 4f electrons in the lanthanides and 5f electrons in the heavy actinides (Am and beyond) are well-localized and produce magnetic ground states; in the light actinides, the 5f electrons are described frequently as itinerant and paramagnetic or even superconducting ground stares are favored. However, certain light-actinide compounds are magnetic and certain lanthanide compounds, especially those based on Ce, Sm, Eu, Tm, and Yb, are non-magnetic in the ground state.
Intra- and Inter-Object Coordination with MESSENGERS

MESSENGERS is a paradigm for the programming of distributed systems. It is based on the principles of autonomous messages, called Messengers, which carry their own behavior in the form of a program. This enables them to navigate freely in the underlying computational network, communicate with one another, and invoke pre-compiled node-resident functions. Coordination is facilitated at two distinct levels of abstraction: first, Messengers coordinate the invocation and the exchange of data among the various functions distributed throughout the network in both time and space (intra-object coordination); second, Messengers, each representing a high-level entity, can coordinate their behaviors among themselves (inter-object coordination). These principles, where an application is composed of autonomous, mobile entities whose behaviors may change dynamically and which can coordinate their actions among themselves, offer great flexibility in interacting with and manipulating the application at run time, as well as improved performance. This is illustrated using two concrete examples—a Toxicology simulation from medicine and a study of collective fish behavior from biology.
Who's afraid of undermining?

The Principal Principle (PP) says that,for any proposition A, given any admissible evidenceand the proposition that the chance of A is x%,one's conditional credence in A should be x%. HumeanSupervenience (HS) claims that, among possible worldslike ours, no two differ without differing inthe spacetime-point-by-spacetime-point arrangement oflocal properties. David Lewis (1986b, 1994a)has argued that PP contradicts HS, and thevalidity of his argument has been endorsed byBigelow et al. (1993),Thau (1994),Hall (1994),Strevens (1995),Ismael (1996),Hoefer (1997), and Black (1998).Against this consensus, I argue thatPP might not contradict HS: Lewis'sargument is invalid, and every attempt – withina broad class of attempts – toamend the argument fails.
Participation of multiple factors, including proliferin, in the inhibition of myogenic differentiation.

Abstract Proliferin (PLF) is a secreted glycoprotein in the prolactin-growth hormone family in mice. PLF expression was detected in C3H 10T1/2 fibroblasts, but not in two 10T1/2-derived myogenic cell lines, and was restored in two nondifferentiating variants of one of these myogenic cell lines. Transient expression of one form of PLF (PLF1) inhibited expression from a muscle-specific gene promoter; a second form of PLF, which differed at three amino acid residues, displayed no activity in this transient assay. Introduction of a PLF1 expression construct into both muscle- and 10T1/2-derived myoblasts resulted in cell lines that were no longer myogenic or that differentiated only partially. Analysis of these cell lines revealed that differentiation could be obstructed at several steps and by one or more factors in addition to PLF. Although expected to function in vivo as an extracellular hormone, PLF did not appear to be acting through a cell surface receptor to inhibit differentiation in these cultured myoblasts.
Chapter 2 The Transcription of Genetic Information in the Spiralian Embryo1

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins in the spiralian embryo. The spiralian egg is unique because of its determinant cleavage— that is, the blastomeres —resulting from the early divisions of the egg are not equal in their ability to differentiate. The relation of nucleic acids and protein syntheses to the phases of embryogenesis is valuable because these syntheses are the results and the operational criteria of gene transcription. A study of the effect of actinomycin D on the synthesis of RNA, DNA, and protein and on the differentiation in the Ilyanassa embryo is described in this chapter. From these results, it is concluded that in this spiralian embryo: (1) cleavage and gastrulation do not require concurrent transcription of the genome, (2) the genome is not completely repressed during early development, (3) transcription of the genome precedes visible morphogenesis, and (4) the messenger RNAs that program the protein synthesis required for differentiation are probably stable. From the relation of the time of treatment with actinomycin D and subsequent differentiation, a tentative schedule of gene transcription is presented for this embryo. Some results on the role of the polar lobe in development and the relation of precocious segregation to the reading of the genome are discussed in this chapter.
Germination and Seedling Emergence of Three Semiarid Western North American Legumes

ABSTRACT Few seed sources of North American forbs are available for revegetation/restoration of degraded western rangelands adapted to annual precipitation zones less than 300 mm, and those that are available are mainly wildland collected. The amount of time and resources necessary to make wildland collections in quantity results in high seed prices and variable seed quality, such that forbs have been under-represented in rangeland seeding mixes. We have previously identified western prairie clover (Dalea ornata Douglas ex Hook.), Searls' prairie clover (Dalea searlsiae A. Gray), and basalt milkvetch (Astragalus filipes Torr. ex A. Gray) as native species adapted to low precipitation zones in the western United States for which field-grown seed production would potentially reduce seed costs and increase availability. A series of glasshouse experiments were conducted to determine the effects of scarification, planting depth, and soil composition on germination and seedling emergence of these species. All t...
Exponential penalty function formulation for multilevel optimization using the analytical target cascading framework

An exponential penalty function (EPF) formulation based on method of multipliers is presented for solving multilevel optimization problems within the framework of analytical target cascading. The original all-at-once constrained optimization problem is decomposed into a hierarchical system with consistency constraints enforcing the target-response coupling in the connected elements. The objective function is combined with the consistency constraints in each element to formulate an augmented Lagrangian with EPF. The EPF formulation is implemented using double-loop (EPF I) and single-loop (EPF II) coordination strategies and two penalty-parameter-updating schemes. Four benchmark problems representing nonlinear convex and non-convex optimization problems with different number of design variables and design constraints are used to evaluate the computational characteristics of the proposed approaches. The same problems are also solved using four other approaches suggested in the literature, and the overall computational efficiency characteristics are compared and discussed.
Enhancing cytokine-induced killer cell therapy of multiple myeloma.

Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are in clinical testing against various tumor types, including multiple myeloma. In this study, we show that CIK cells have activity against subcutaneous and disseminated models of human myeloma (KAS-6/1), which can be enhanced by infecting the CIK cells with an oncolytic measles virus (MV) or by pretreating the myeloma cells with ionizing radiation (XRT). KAS-6/1 cells were killed by coculture with CIK or MV-infected CIK (CIK/MV) cells, and the addition of an anti-NKG2D antibody inhibited cytolysis by 50%. However, human bone marrow stromal cells can reduce CIK and CIK/MV mediated killing of myeloma cells (RPMI 8226, JJN-3 and MM1). In vivo, CIK and CIK/MV prolonged the survival of mice with systemic myeloma, although CIK/MV showed enhanced antitumor activity compared with CIK. Irradiation of the KAS-6/1 cells induced mRNA and protein expression of NKG2D ligands, MICA, and MICB in a dose-dependent manner and enhanced delivery of CIK/MV to the irradiated tumors. In both subcutaneous and disseminated myeloma models, XRT at 2 Gy resulted in superior prolongation of the survival of mice given CIK/MV therapy compared with CIK/MV with no XRT. This study demonstrates the potential of CIK against myeloma and that the combination of virotherapy with radiation could be used to further enhance therapeutic outcome using CIK cells.
Conceptualising and classifying validity evidence for simulation.

CONTEXT The term 'validity' is used pervasively in medical education, especially as it relates to curriculum, assessment, measurement and instrumentation. Exactly what is meant by the term 'validity' in the medical education literature is not always clearly defined. OBJECTIVES This study attempts to clarify, conceptualise and classify how validity fits within the context of assessment and to provide a framework for medical educators to determine the type and degree of validity evidence required for their specific assessment and evaluation needs. METHODS We apply a structure for considering validity, and its association with validation, in medical education. We build this discussion around the use of simulation in medical training because of its rapid growth as a foundation for numeric measurement of performance in the development of clinical skills and reasoning. We explain why validity is inextricably tied to the assessment process in both simulation-based medical training and traditional medical education. RESULTS This logical framework structures the type and degree of validity evidence for various assessment and evaluation needs. We also provide an example for medical educators to reference and follow in collecting and reviewing their own needs for validity evidence in all aspects of medical education. CONCLUSIONS Assessment is integral to measurement and decision making in medical education. The implications of assessment results are variably dependent on the inferences and decisions made from them. As such, validity evidence is critical, but is also flexibly tied to those decisions and not all assessments require the same degree of validity rigor. The framework described herein reinforces a model for medical educators to use in developing their assessment and evaluation needs and associated requirements for validity evidence.
Dominant retailers' incentives for product quality in asymmetric distribution channels

This paper investigates the diverging incentives for product quality in a channel with two asymmetric retailers and a common supplier. When retailers differ in terms of service provision and channel power, changes in manufactured quality cause channel conflicts. In particular, our results show that if the low service retailer becomes dominant in the channel, it may induce a low level of quality that is detrimental for the other members of the channel. The low service retailer benefits from quality reduction first by improving its competitive standing against its rival retailer by lessening the importance of quality for consumer choice and second by strengthening its relative bargaining position vis-a-vis its supplier. Our results also show that consumer surplus may increase as a result of quality reduction.
Development of Concact Materials for Vacuum Interrupters

Conventional contact materials cannot simultaneously meet three of the most critical functional requirements of the high capacity vacuum interrupter. This paper describes the development of a new class of vacuum interrupter contact alloys which offer exceptional properties combining high interrupting capability, high dielectric strength, and anti-welding. The mechanism by which anti-welding is achieved is described and substantiated by test results.
Changing Corporate Reputations: A Case Study in Progress

Amway Corp., a leading multinational direct selling company, has begun an ambitious program to enhance its reputation worldwide. This program is one of the most comprehensive corporate efforts of its type in the world today. Although it has just started, the company has already learned a great deal about the art and science of reputation management in a large, highly decentralized global organization. This article is adapted from a presentation by the Chairperson of Amway's Global Reputation Team at a recent conference.
CD4 down-regulation by nef alleles isolated from human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals

PCR was used to clone isolates of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nef gene directly from peripheral blood leukocytes of HIV-1-infected individuals. A transient expression system with human CEM T cells was used to assess the effect of nef on CD4 antigen expression on the cell surface. We show that CD4 down-regulation is a frequent property of primary HIV-1 nef alleles. Mutations in conserved amino acid motifs of Nef disrupted CD4 down-regulation. Our observations strongly suggest that CD4 down-regulation reflects a conserved function of nef, which is selected in vivo in human HIV-1 infection. Methodology described here provides quantitative assays to establish whether alterations in nef correlate with the dynamics of disease progression in human AIDS.
MDA-MB-435 cells are derived from M14 melanoma cells--a loss for breast cancer, but a boon for melanoma research.

Background The tissue of origin of the cell line MDA-MB-435 has been a matter of debate since analysis of DNA microarray data led Ross et al. (2000, Nat Genet 24(3):227–235) to suggest they might be of melanocyte origin due to their similarity to melanoma cell lines. We have previously shown that MDA-MB-435 cells maintained in multiple laboratories are of common origin to those used by Ross et al. and concluded that MDA-MB-435 cells are not a representative model for breast cancer. We could not determine, however, whether the melanoma-like properties of the MDA-MB-435 cell line are the result of misclassification or due to transdifferention to a melanoma-like phenotype.
Small industry in developing countries: A discussion of issues

Abstract This paper first examines the changing size distribution of industry in developing countries by region and over time, and, by reference to firm-level surveys, it discusses the underlying causes. The importance of markets generated by the growth of agriculture and rural incomes for the regional development of industry, both small- and large-scale, is noted. Second, it discusses the entrepreneurship issue, arguing that while small and largefirms alike are highly responsive to the growth of markets, the measured entrepreneurial response is neither as full nor as efficient as is desirable. The third and last part discusses small industry programmes and their relation to development policy. Financing and extension programmes are considered in detail, and there is a discussion of the risks involved. Some parallels with agricultural credit are discussed, in particular the default problem and the problems associated with concessionary finance. It is also argued that small industries - and, by implication, the programmes intended to support them - would stand to benefit from more efficient (and also more labour-demanding) policies towards agriculture and industry.
IRQN award article: labeling defects in radiology.

The Institute of Medicine's 1999 report on medical errors in the American health care system, To Err Is Human , and the follow-up report in 2001, Crossing the Quality Chasm , have focused the public eye on improving quality in medicine. Governmental agencies such as the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services have mandated the development of metrics to measure the quality of care. The Sun Valley Group is an informal assembly of individuals interested in improving quality in radiology. One of the initiatives that arose from the initial meeting of that group was to pilot programs in quality metric measurement. One of these programs was to focus on a safety initiative on correct image labeling. This is the report of that pilot project.
Campanian/Maastrichtian stage boundary in southern California: Resolution and implications for large-scale depositional patterns

Detailed paleomagnetic study of Upper Cretaceous, predominantly deep-sea fan deposits from the Point Loma Formation (San Diego, California), situated within the allochthonous Peninsular Ranges terrane, has produced a magnetic polarity stratigraphy with one reversed magnetozone. Foraminiferal and megafossil (primarily molluscan) occurrences demonstrate that these strata are late Campanian to early Maastrichtian in age, and that the reversed magnetozone is almost certainly basal Maastrichtian Chron 32r. Recognition of this chron provides a direct correlation of the North Pacific province biostratigraphic zonations to the standard Cretaceous stages in Europe. The identification of Chron 32r indicates that for the available biostratigraphic zonations the Pacific slope megafossil Campanian/Maastrichtian stage boundary shows the best accord with the standard European stage boundary. Improved age relations for these strata suggest that their large-scale depositional patterns were strongly influenced by both local active-plate-margin tectonics and global eustatic factors during the Late Cretaceous.
An electron diffraction study of the molecular structure of 1,2-dimethylenecyclobutane

Abstract The τ g structure of 1,2-dimethylenecyclobutane has been determined by the simultaneous least-squares analysis of electron diffraction and microwave spectroscopic data. The following bond distance and angles (τ c ) were obtained (C 2v symmetry assumed): τ g (C1C2)= 1.486 ± 0.009 A, τ g (C2C3) = 1.530 ±0.007 A, τ g (C3C4)= 1.575 ± 0.019 A, τ g (CC) = 1.343 ± 0.002 A, τ g (CH ring) = 1.122 ± 0.018 A, τ g (C vinyl) = 1.111 A (assumed), ∠C1C2C3 = 91.5 ± 0.3°, ∠C4C1 = C = 133.8 ± 0.7°, ∠C1C4H = 118.2 ± 3.3° ∠C3C4H = 110.3 ± 3.4°, ∠CCH = 123.7 ± 3.0°. The uncertainties represent random errors (2.5 α) and estimated systematic errors. The least-squares parameters are compared with related experimental and theoretical structures.
Male hormonal contraception: the future of male contraception?

Abstract Currently available and effective contraceptive methods for men are condoms and vasectomy. Because of the shortcomings of these methods, efforts have been made to develop additional forms of male contraception. The most promising approach is hormonal, which requires administration of exogenous testosterone. When administered to a normal male, testosterone functions as a contraceptive by suppressing the secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone from the pituitary, thereby depriving the testes of the signals required for normal spermatogenesis. After 2–3 months of treatment, low levels of the pituitary gonadotrophins lead to markedly decreased sperm counts and effective contraception in most men. Male hormonal contraception appears safe and fully reversible; however, spermatogenesis is not completely suppressed in all men. Because of the failure of testosterone alone to completely suppress sperm production in some men, researchers have combined testosterone with progestogens and/or gonadotrophin-releasing antagonists to further suppress pituitary gonadotrophins and optimize contraceptive efficacy. Current hormonal combinations completely suppress spermatogenesis without severe side-effects in 80–90% of men, with significant suppression in the remainder of individuals. Recent trials with newer, long-acting forms of testosterone combined with progestogens have yielded promising results and may soon result in the marketing of a safe, reversible and effective hormonal contraceptive for men.
Antagonism of ethanol-evoked responses by amantadine: a possible clinical application.

Abstract The behavioral and biochemical effects of amantadine hydrochloride (ATD) on some ethanol (ETOH) mediated responses in rats and mice were studied. Administration of ATD, 0.5 mM/kg, IP, prior to a narcotic dose of ETOH significantly decreased the central depressant action of ETOH, as measured by the duration of ETOH-produced narcosis in mice. The time required for the onset of ETOH-narcosis was significantly delayed in ATD-treated mice compared to controls. Analyses of whole blood and brain ETOH concentrations showed that ATD-treatment prior to ETOH significantly reduced brain content of ETOH from saline-pretreated mice at the time of onset of ETOH narcosis as well as 30 min after ETOH injection without concomitant change in blood ETOH concentrations at the respective time intervals. Administration of ATD, 0.5 mM/kg, IP, reduced voluntary intake of ETOH by rats voluntarily selecting 5% ETOH solution over water as the drinking fluid. There were no changes in cytoplasmic rat liver alcohol dehydrogenase (L-ADH) and mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (L-ALDH) activities in rats maintained on water or 5% ETOH as the drinking fluid and administered ATD, 0.5 mM/kg, IP, once or identical dose once daily for six consecutive days. However, ATD produced in vitro non-competitive inhibition of both L-ADH and L-ALDH at a concentration range between 10 −3 M and 3×10 −3 M assay mixture. The results indicate the potency of ATD in negating ETOH-mediated responses measured and suggest for a possible clinical trial for ATD in the management of alcoholic patients provided it is devoid of disulfiram-like reaction in man.
Analysis of interpolation effects in the reslicing of functional MR images.

Purpose: Typically, the final step in volume registration is the reslicing of the volume of interest. The purpose of this work is to examine the effects of this reslicing on functional MRI (fMRI) data using different interpolation methods. Method: Functional whole-brain echo planar imaging (EPI) volumes were resliced using six different interpolation methods: trilinear, tricubic splines, and a 3D sinc function using a rectangular and a Hanning window, both with half-window lengths of 3 and 4 voxels. Results: Interpolation by tricubic spline and 3D sinc using a Hanning window had comparable errors, although tricubic spline interpolation was computationally the fastest. Interpolation by trilinear and 3D sinc using a rectangular window had relatively large errors, although the speed of trilinear makes it desirable for some applications. Conclusion: Interpolations using all of the tested methods adversely affected the fMRI data, although these effects differed for each method.
Two-photon resonant photo-hall effect in n-InSb

Abstract Resonant two-photon structure is observed in the photo-Hall response of n-InSb at liquid helium temperatures. The number of two-phonon photo-excited carriers, directly determined from the photo-Hall effect, is seen to be proportional to the square of the incident laser intensity and to decay via a two-stage process. The low intensity and photo-excited carrier decay results are described using a three-level system involving the shallow donor impurity levels.
The Ethnographer’s Apprentice: Trying Consumer Culture from the Outside In

Anthropologists have long wrestled with their impact upon the people they study. Historically, the discipline has served and subverted colonial agendas, but views itself traditionally as an advocate for the disempowered and as an instrument of public policy. Marketing is now among the pre-eminent institutions of cultural stability and change at work on the planet. Currently, ethnography is assuming a growing importance in the marketer’s effort to influence the accommodation and resistance of consumers to the neocolonial forces of globalization. The ethical consequences of market-oriented ethnography are explored in this essay.
Formation of vitamin D nanoemulsion-based delivery systems by spontaneous emulsification: Factors affecting particle size and stability

Oil-in-water nanoemulsions are particularly suitable for encapsulation of lipophilic nutraceuticals because of their ability to form stable and transparent delivery systems with high oral bioavailability. In this study, the influence of system composition and preparation conditions on the particle size and stability of vitamin D nanoemulsions prepared by spontaneous emulsification (SE) was investigated. SE relies on the formation of small oil droplets when an oil/surfactant mixture is titrated into an aqueous solution. The influence of oil phase composition (vitamin D and MCT), surfactant-to-oil ratio (SOR), surfactant type (Tween 20, 40, 60, 80 and 85), and stirring conditions on the initial particle size of vitamin D nanoemulsions was studied. Nanoemulsions with small droplet diameters (d 80°C). The thermal stability of the nanoemulsions could be improved by adding a cosurfactant (sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)). The spontaneous emulsification method is simple and inexpensive to carry out and therefore has great potential for forming nanoemulsion-based delivery systems for food, personal care, and pharmaceutical applications.
HEPATOCELLULAR SINUSOIDAL MEMBRANE ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORT AND TRANSPORTERS

This review focuses on oatp, a rat liver protein that has been cloned on the basis of its ability to transport organic anions such as bilirubin and sulfobromophthalein (BSP). Although other proteins have been suggested as having bilirubin or BSP transport activity, these data have primarily been indirect, and their cloning and expression have not yet been accomplished. Although preliminary data suggest that organic anion transporting polypeptide (oatp) accounts for a significant amount of BSP transport into the hepatocyte, there is certainly the possibility that other transporters exist. In addition, oatp appears to be a member of a new family of integral membrane transport proteins that may have overlapping substrate specificities. Organic anions such as bilirubin and sulfobromophthalein (BSP) circulate bound tightly to albumin from which they are rapidly extracted by hepatocytes. This process of organic anion uptake has been the subject of extensive investigation over many years. Although details remain unresolved, much has been learned recently regarding the mechanisms of organic anion transport. This article will examine the history and current status of this field.
Salt gland secretion in a mangrove monitor lizard.

Abstract 1. 1. Rusty monitors (Varanus semiremax) were collected in mangrove forests exposed to sea water of oceanic salinities. They feed on crabs, fish and small mammals and have no source of water in the dry season other than their food and sea water. 2. 2. This monitor lizard has a nasal salt gland which secretes Na (457–748 mM), Cl (606–800 mM) and K (34–76) in response to injections of NaCI or KC1. 3. 3. The maximum rates of extracloacal electrolyte excretion were: Na 34, K 3 μmoles/100 g per hr. 4. 4. In response to NaCI injections nasal fluid with a maximum Na/K of 21.0 was produced. Repeated injections of KC1 depressed the Na/K to 0.14 ( K Na = 7.14 ). 5. 5. The rusty monitor salt gland occupies an intermediate position between those of terrestrial lizards with greater abilities to secrete K and that of the marine iguana with a much higher Na excretion rate. The monitor gland has the ability to adjust the Na/K over a wide range and can excrete Na at a rate slightly above that of the estuarine diamondback terrapin and certain sea snakes.
The meaning and role of emotions in adult learning

This chapter describes different ways of understanding emotions and their role in adult learning. The author suggests that our understanding of emotions is shifting from one where they are viewed as an obstacle to reason and knowing to more holistic and integral ways of knowing one's self and the world.
Lessons from the Wabash National Study of Liberal Arts Educaton

Since its inception, American postsecondary education has had a core belief in the desirability of a kind of individual development that prepares one for a complete life, and it has placed great fa...
The evolution of groundwater management paradigms in Kansas and possible new steps towards water sustainability

The purpose of this paper is to trace the evolution of key water-related laws and management practices in Kansas, from the enactment of the Kansas Water Resources Appropriation Act of 1945 to the present, in order to highlight the state’s efforts to create a more sustainable water future and in hopes that others will benefit from Kansas’ experience. The 1945 Act provides the basic framework of water law (prior appropriation) in Kansas. Progression of groundwater management in the state encompasses local Groundwater Management Districts (GMDs) and their water-management programs, minimum-streamflow and TMDL standards, water-use reporting and water metering programs, use of modified safe-yield policies in some GMDs, the subbasin water-resources-management program, the integrated resource planning/aquifer storage and recovery project of the city of Wichita, the Central Kansas Water Bank, enhanced aquifer subunits management, and various water conservation programs. While these have all contributed to the slowing down of declines in groundwater levels in the High Plains aquifer and in associated ecosystems, they have not yet succeeded in halting those declines. Based on the assumption that the different management approaches have to operate easily within the prevailing water rights and law framework to succeed, a number of steps are suggested here that may help further diminish or reverse the declines of the High Plains aquifer. These include eliminating the “use it or lose it” maxim in the prior-appropriation framework, broadening the definition of “beneficial use,” regulating domestic and other “exempt” wells, encouraging voluntary “sharing the shortage” agreements, and determining to what extent water rights may be regulated in the public interest without a compensable “taking”. Further measures include establishing artificial recharge and/or aquifer storage and recovery projects wherever feasible and determining to what extent water-rights holders might be subjected to reasonable dictates without having the security of their rights altered.
DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activities from Paramecia macronuclei

Three DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activities, A, B, and C, have been detected from the macronucleus of Paramecium. The enzymes were separated and partially purified by DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose chromatography. These three enzymes can be further distinguished from each other by the effect of KCl, araCTP and different DNA templates on their activities. All three enzymes have the same molecular weight (900 000-110 000), are dependent on Mg2+ and added DNA template and are inhibited by sodium pyrophosphate. The relative amounts of the three enzyme activities vary with the growth stage of the Paramecia from which they are isolated. In balanced growth, three polymerase activities (A, B AND C) are observed, whereas in late log or stationary phase polymerase C is absent, while the level of polymerase B decreases by a larger factor than polymerase A. These results have been related to the possible functional roles of the three activities and their relationship to activities in other organisms studies is discussed.
Cognitive space and information space

This article works towards realization of exosomatic memory for information systems. In exosomatic memory systems, the information spaces of systems will be consistent with the cognitive spaces of their human users. A method for measuring concept relations in human cognitive space is presented: the paired comparison survey with Principal Components Analysis. A study to measure the cognitive spaces of 16 research participants is presented. Items measured include relations among seven TREC topic statements as well as 17 concepts from the topic statements. A method for automatically generating information spaces from document collections is presented that uses term cooccurrence, eigensystems analysis, and Principal Components Analysis. The extent of similarity between the cognitive spaces and the information spaces, which were derived independently from each other, is measured. A strong similarity between the information spaces and the cognitive spaces are found, indicating that the methods described may have good utility for working towards information systems that operate as exosomatic memories.
Connection between Local Commutativity and Regularity of Wightman Functions

It is proved that a Wightman function (vacuum expectation value of a product of field operators) will be analytic and one valued at a real set of space-time points if and only if the fields possess a property of weak local commutativity at the same points. This statement assumes the validity of $\mathrm{TCP}$ invariance. A similar but more complicated statement is proved for theories without $\mathrm{TCP}$ invariance.
Wave studies: Sailing an ocean with max and marjorie mathews

Max Mathews has been an important presence in my life since 1964 when I first met him at Bell Telephone Laboratories. His guidance and help in launching the Music IV program at Stanford (Chafe and Chowning 2007; see also the program notes accompanying the 2008 Computer Music Journal DVD) and with my first research efforts in simulating moving sound sources and Doppler shift (Chowning 1971) were invaluable to me. But he has also been a close friend, and in this article I present an aspect of Max that has nothing to do with computer music. Rather, I bring to light one of Max Mathews's secondary passions sailing, an activity in which he has teamed with Marjorie for decades and in which, with my family, we joined together to make an extended ocean voyage. Sailing a boat is a complicated business, requiring specialized skills and technical knowledge. Sailing a boat over long distances is complicated further by the fact that, in addition to keeping the boat in operating condition (and afloat!), survival depends upon knowing one's location the art of navigation. It is celestial navigation especially that fascinates Max it is an art that embraces a range of considerations, from trigonometry to astronomy, and which requires a kind of attention to detail and methodical habits of work that have led Max to such
High-resolution crystal structure images of beta phase (Pr24O44) in the praseodymium oxide system

Crystal structure images of the beta phase in the praseodymium oxide system are presented. A structural model for Pr/sub 24/O/sub 44/ is developed which involves chemical twinning of a primitive triclinic unit cell (Pr/sub 12/O/sub 22/) in different ways, resulting in two possible polymorphs. Crystal structure images of the beta phase are compared with calculated images of one of the possible polymorphs and diffraction effects from this polymorph are shown to be compatible with those observed. A general structural principle is suggested which may be common to all intermediate phases in the binary rare earth oxide systems. 8 figures, 3 tables.
OPERATIONALIZING OPPORTUNITIES AND CREATING PUBLICS IN SALVADORAN CHURCHES: FINDINGS FROM AN ETHNOGRAPHIC PROCESS EVALUATION

This article explores how one faith-based nonprofit organization and its various Pentecostal and evangelical church partners in El Salvador are creating associational contexts within which local community development projects are identified and implemented. Observational and interview data derived from a process evaluation of a project identification exercise are examined to explore how different community and organizational stakeholders attempt to implement local development initiatives that will presumably build on local assets and associations. The study details the patterns of participation that emerged as members of local churches negotiated with their neighbors over how to best direct social change in their community. Corresponding analysis of interview data portrays how these same actors relied on diverse social logics—which are both religious and practical in nature—to make sense of and assess some of the key assumptions of a particular form of faith-based development. The case is a good example of how faith-based organizations play key roles in the formation of publics, wherein actors from diverse networks come together to deliberate over the aims and outcomes of local development projects in contemporary El Salvador.
Identification and characterization of (Ti, Cu, A1)6N, a new η nitride phase

In the interfacial reaction zone between AlN and a Ag Cu–Ti braze alloy, a previously unreported phase belonging to the η family (M6X) has been found by transmission electron microscopy. The compound has an approximate stoichiometry of (Ti3−x Cu3−xAl2x)N and space group symmetry of Fd3m, with a cubic lattice parameter of a0 = 1.13 ± 0.02 nm. Large (>1 μm diameter), defect-free grains are present with occasional {111} twinning. Grain boundaries are free of second phases and amorphous interlayers. The formation of continuous layers that grow with reaction time indicate possible stability of the η nitride at 900 °C. The presence of this phase is integral to the chemical and structural development of the ceramic-metal interface.
Stent Expansion in Curved Vessel and Their Interactions: An In Vitro Study

The objective of this work is to characterize the interaction between balloon-expandable stents and curved artery simulants. The deformation at the outer surface of the curved artery simulant was monitored using two high-speed cameras, and the corresponding strain map was obtained with 3-D digital image correlation technique. The anisotropic variations in the arterial mechanics were clearly observed. Results indicated three distinct phases during the stenting procedure, i.e., expansion, recoil and stabilization. The stent expansion dramatically altered the strain field of the curved artery simulant, and larger strain was observed around the center of stent than its two ends. In addition, the change in curvature of the simulant during the implantation of stent was quantified. This work characterized and quantified the interaction between stent and artery simulant in a laboratory setting, which could facilitate the optimization of the stent design for minimizing the stent-induced changes in the mechanical environment of artery.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Group Responses to Territorial Intrusion

Summary This study examined group reaction to intruders who were assigned to sit at tables in the student union which were reserved for fraternity and sorority members. There were 116 intrusion attempts (trials). Independent variables included the number of intruders (which varied from one to five), space available at the table, and the sex of the territorial group. Results indicated that female groups directed more communication to the intruders than did male groups, and females also directed more friendly communication to the intruders than did males. A curvilinear relationship was found between space available and amount of communication with the maximum amount of communication occurring when one to four seats were available. Number of intruders was not related to amount or type of communication.
Sex differences in performance and associated cardiac activity during a reaction time task

Measures of reaction time and cardiac activity were recorded from 10 males and 10 female subjects during a variable foreperiod reaction time task. Males showed faster reaction times, greater cardiac decelerations, and higher levels of heart-rate variability during the foreperiod. Trend analyses revealed sex differences in the heart-rate response to the onset of the warning signal, but not in the response to the imperative signal. These results indicate that those measures of cardiac activity which have been shown previously to predict performance tend to differentiate between the sexes when there are sex differences in performance.