cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stumbling on Happiness

In this fascinating and often hilarious work - winner of the Royal Society of Science Prize 2007 - pre-eminent psychologist Daniel Gilbert shows how - and why - the majority of us have no idea how to make ourselves happy. We all want to be happy, but do we know how? When it comes to improving tomorrow at the expense of today, we're terrible at predicting how to please our future selves. In 'Stumbling on Happiness' Professor Daniel Gilbert combines psychology, neuroscience, economics and philosophy with irrepressible wit to describe how the human brain imagines its future - and how well (or badly) it predicts what it will enjoy. Revealing some of the amazing secrets of human motivation, he also answers thought-provoking questions - why do dining companions order different meals instead of getting what they want? Why are shoppers happier when they can't get refunds? And why are couples less satisfied after having children while insisting that their kids are a source of joy?
Magnetic resonance elastography of the liver in patients status-post fontan procedure: feasibility and preliminary results.

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of performing magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) as a screening tool for elevated liver stiffness in patients' status-post Fontan procedure. Background With greater numbers of Fontan patients surviving far into adulthood, a factor increasingly affecting long-term prognosis is the presence of hepatic congestion and fibrosis. If detected early, steps can be taken to potentially slow or halt the progression of fibrosis. MRE is a relatively new, noninvasive imaging technique, which can quantitatively measure liver stiffness and provide an estimate of the extent of fibrosis. Methods A retrospective study was conducted using MRE to evaluate liver stiffness in patients with a history of Fontan procedure. An MRE was performed in the same session as a clinical cardiac MRI. The liver was interrogated at four slice locations, and a mean liver stiffness value was calculated for each patient using postprocessing software. The medical records were reviewed for demographic and clinical characteristics. Results During the time frame of this investigation, 17 MRE exams were performed on 16 patients. All patients had elevated liver stiffness values as defined by MRE standards. The median of the individual mean liver stiffness values was 5.1 kPa (range: 3.4–8.2 kPa). This range of liver stiffness elevation would suggest the presence of mild to severe fibrosis in a patient with standard cardiovascular anatomy. We found a significant trend toward higher liver stiffness values with greater duration of Fontan circulation (rs = 0.55, P = .02). Conclusion Our preliminary findings suggest that MRE is a feasible method for evaluating the liver in Fontan patients who are undergoing surveillance cardiac MRI. Further investigation with histologic correlation is needed to determine the contributions of hepatic congestion and fibrosis to the liver stiffness in this population
Identification of the Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Large Protein as a Unique Viral Protein

Previous studies have noted the existence of a 190,000-daltoin vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) protein called the large (L) protein. To determine whether this protein is a nonspecific aggregate, a precursor to the other VSV proteins, or a unique viral protein, its synthesis relative to the other VSV proteins was studied under conditions of inhibition of initiation of protein synthesis. Also, its tryptic peptides were compared to those of the other VSV proteins. In both cases the results were consistent with the identification of the large protein as a unique viral protein.
DC servo control-academic and real

The purpose of this paper is to present a detailed analysis of a DC servo system which is representative of the type used in an instructional laboratory or in industry. The analysis is used to provide intuitive insight into how high feedback gain is used to 'mask' some of the nonlinearities and to get a quantitative analysis on what that high gain is.
Generation of an intensely potent anthracycline by a monoclonal antibody-β-galactosidase conjugate

The L49 monoclonal antibody against the p97 antigen on melanomas and carcinomas was chemically conjugated to E. coli β-galactosidase (β-gal), forming a largely monomeric conjugate with preserved enzymatic activity. The resulting L49−β-gal conjugate was used to activate (N-[(4‘ ‘R,S)-4‘ ‘-hexyloxy-4‘ ‘-(1‘ ‘‘-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)butyl]daunorubicin) (1), a derivative of daunorubicin that has low cytotoxicity and high chemical stability. Addition of the conjugate to the prodrug resulted in an increase in cytotoxicity of approximately 105-fold, a level of activation that is higher than any mAb−enzyme/prodrug combination yet described. Furthermore, the released drug had an IC50 value of approximately 10 pM, making it significantly more potent than the vast majority of clinically approved anticancer drugs. The potential of this enzyme/prodrug combination for cancer therapy is discussed.
Pharmacological aversion treatment of alcohol dependence. I. Production and prediction of conditioned alcohol aversion.

Eighty-two hospitalized alcoholics receiving pharmacological aversion therapy (PAT) over a 10-day treatment interval completed cognitive, behavioral, and psychophysiological measures evaluating conditioned aversion to alcohol. Pre-post assessments provided convergent support for the efficacy of PAT vis-a-vis production of conditioned aversion to alcohol. Positive alcohol-related outcome expectancies were significantly reduced, whereas confidence that drinking could be avoided in various high-risk situations for consumption was increased following PAT. Behavioral and cardiac rate assessments revealed significant changes following PAT that were specific to alcoholic beverages and potentially reflective of conditioned alcohol aversion. Patients with more extensive pretreatment experiences with alcohol-associated nausea and greater involvement in antisocial conduct appeared to be less susceptible to the PAT conditioning protocol.
An estimation and correction scheme for system imperfections in multiple-echo magnetic resonance imaging.

Multiecho sequences are widely used in MRI because they are an efficient means of acquiring data and they can be used to quantitatively estimate T2. However, the uniformity of each image and the accuracy of each T2 estimate may be corrupted by several instrumental factors such as rf pulse imperfections and static field inhomogeneities. We propose a scheme based on our prior knowledge of the effects of such factors and using the Lexenberg-Marquardt method of nonlinear estimation that produces accurate estimates of T2 even in the presence of substantial system imperfections and improves the image quality of later echo images in a multiecho sequence. A further extension of this scheme permits mapping the distribution of the static magnetic field from a single multiecho imaging study of a uniform object. Simulations have been performed to test the efficacy of this scheme and the results are substantiated with experiments performed on a whole-body imager operating at 6.35 MHz. © 1987 Academic Press, Inc.
An end-to-end exponentially secure secrecy scheme against an unbounded adversary

In this paper without tailoring to any physical channel condition or any restriction on adversary's computational resources we design a secrecy scheme with information leakage that decays at an exponential rate. The only advantage for legitimate users over eavesdropper is existence of a key source that is partially known by Eve. A key extractor based on a sampler and a Renyi extractor derives secret keys with the required entropy from this source. Encryption using this key with a general cipher maps Eve's uncertainty about the key to uncertainty about the plaintext that can also be interpreted as degradation in her channel. Using privacy amplification on top of this cipher based on inverse universal2 hashing results in information leakage with decreasing exponent that can be optimized to guarantee a higher level of secrecy.
Molecular sorting in the secretory pathway

Proteins can be secreted from animal cells by either a constitutive or a regulated pathway; those destined for regulated secretion are actively sorted into dense-core secretory granules. Although sorting is generally assumed to be accomplished by specific carriers, the nature of these carriers remains elusive. In this study, peptide hormones were used as affinity ligands to purify a set of 25-kilodalton proteins from canine pancreatic tissue. Their ligand specificities and patterns of expression have the characteristics of sorting carriers.
Comparison of transrectal prostate digital aspiration and ultrasound-guided core biopsies in 99 men.

Abstract We compared digital transrectal needle aspiration and transrectal core prostate biopsiesobtained with ultrasound guidance in 99 men. Both procedures were effective in identifying prostate cancer; complete sensitivity was 94 percent for aspiration and 90 percent for core biopsy. Aspiration confirmed 87 percent of 38 known cancers and 94 percent of 81 cancers overall, compared with 82 percent and 90 percent with core biopsies. The greatest number of cancers was found when both procedures were considered (95 % of known and 98 % of all cancers). Grading of both specimens was performed but was not equivalent. Unsatisfactory or inconclusive results by either procedure often obtained when cancer was present. We suggest digital transrectal needle aspiration as a first means of identifying most palpable prostate lesions. Transrectal core biopsies guided by ultrasonography should be used when suspicion of cancer cannot be confirmed by aspiration and when there is no palpable lesion (but clinical suspicion of cancer).
Relativistic Quantum Theory with Correct Consevation Laws

The Clifford algebra ${C}_{4}$ is used to construct a theory of fermions that is calculationally identical to the single-particle Dirac spinor theory. The anomalies in the conservation laws of the spinor theory are removed. A verifiable prediction is made that massless fermions cannot have charge or magnetic moment.
THE EFFECT OF AUXIN ON PROTOPLASMIC STREAMING IN ROOT HAIRS OF AVENA

WHETHER OR not auxin is necessary for elongation of roots is at present not definitely known. All auxins which have been investigated inhibit the elongation of roots in concentrations which accelerate the growth of coleoptiles, so that, if these are growth factors in root cells, then only minute amounts are necessary as compared with stem and coleoptile. Thus it seemed of interest to determine whether protoplasmic streaming in roots is affected by auxin, and, if so, what concentrations are effective. For purpose of comparison, it was obviously desirable to do this on Avena, but the delicate nature of Avena roots prevented sectioning for the observation of streaming. However, since root hairs are essentially elongated protuberances from root epidermal cells, a study of the effect of auxin in root hairs of Avena seedlings was made. METHODs.-Seeds of Victory oats were husked and soaked two to three hours in tap water. The seeds were then grown on moist filter paper in the dark room at 24?C. and 85 per cent relative humidity. Since, in Avena, root hairs did not develop if the roots were immersed, the seedlings, when two days old from soaking, were transferred to moist filter paper in a covered petri dish. Root hairs then developed abundantly overnight. On the third day after soaking, the whole plant was gently transferred to a slide, a cover slip was placed over the root to be examined, and oxygenated water was added. Root hairs were not damaged by this treatment and streaming continued at a reasonably constant rate for several hours. Only toot hairs which had not reached their final length were used (these measured 0.3 to 0.45 mm. in length). The auxin, indole-3-acetic acid, was used in these experiments. Solutions to be tested, made up in oxygenated water unless otherwise stated, were added as in the study of the coleoptile (Thimann and Sweeney, 1937), and were renewed every few minutes. Streaming was measured and recorded as described by Sweeney and Thimann (1942). In some experiments the plants were deseeded and the coleoptile was cut away at the first internode when the plants were two days old. They were then placed on filter paper as above. Although the whole root elongated only a few millimeters under these conditions, abundant root hairs were formed up to the tip of the root. RESULTS.-Root hairs from intact plants.-As in the coleoptile, auxin brings about an acceleration of streaming in the root hair. When auxin is added in water, without sugar, the acceleration of streaming is temporary, the effect being over in 30 to 35 minutes, as in the coleoptile (fig. 1, curve 1). The rate 1 Received for publication October 5, 1943. The author wishes to express her thanks to Dr. K. V. Thimann for many very helpful suggestions during the course of this work. of streaming is increased to about the same extent in roots as in coleoptiles, i.e., about 25 per cent. The acceleration may be maintained by the addition of 1 per cent fructose to the auxin solution. However, the effective auxin concentrations in the case of
A More Scalable and Efficient Parallelization of the Adaptive Integral Method—Part I: Algorithm

A more effective parallelization of the adaptive integral method (AIM) is proposed for solving the 3-D volume electric field integral equation. The AIM computations are distributed among processes by employing two workload decomposition strategies: 1) a novel 2-D pencil decomposition of the auxiliary regular grid is used to parallelize the anterpolation, interpolation, and 3-D FFT-accelerated propagation steps; and 2) a balanced 3-D block decomposition of the scattering volume is used to parallelize the correction step. The scalability of the proposed parallelization method is investigated theoretically. To compare it with competing methods, the concepts of resource constraints, parallel efficiency constraints, scalability limits, and acceptable parallelization regions are introduced by using N-P plots, where N and P denote the number of unknowns and processes, respectively. Using these concepts, it is shown that the proposed parallelization of AIM has better weak and strong scalability compared to the traditional ones, i.e., it enables not only larger problems to be solved but also faster solution of a given problem by increasing P.
Validation of an equation for predicting energy cost of arm ergometry in women

Few studies have examined the validity of metabolic equations for the prediction of energy cost (VO2) of arm ergometry in women. Therefore, the purpose of this study was (a) to compare directly measured and predicted VO2 values using the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) equation and (b) to develop and validate a prediction equation for women. A sample of 60 female subjects with mean (±SD) age, weight and height 26.5±14.4 years, 61.5±7.6 kg, 163.3±6.0 cm, respectively, was randomly assigned to an equation group (N = 40) and a cross validation group (N = 20). All subjects performed an incremental arm ergometry test (10 W increases every 2 min), until termination criteria were met. Repeated measures ANOVA indicated significant differences between the measured VO2 and ACSM predicted VO2 during all the incremental test work rate. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to develop the following upper body exercise VO2 prediction equation: $${\text{VO}}_2 ({\text{ml}}\cdot {\text{kg}}^{- 1}\cdot {\text{min}}^{ -1}) = 23.461 - (0.272 \times {\text{Body}}\;{\text{Weight)}} + (0.403 \times {\text{watts)}}\quad [R^2 = 0.82,\;{\text{SEE}} = 2.79]$$ Cross validation indicated lower variability using the current prediction equation. An additional independent sample of 13 subjects performed a 30-min steady-state test at 40% of their pre-determined maximal work rate. VO2 measured during the 30 min steady-state test (was significantly different P < 0.05) from the ACSM prediction at all time intervals. There were no significant differences using the above equation following the 5 min time interval. Therefore, a new equation is proposed as a means of providing a gender-specific energy cost prediction equation.
Standardized patients' perceptions about their own health care.

Background: There have been detailed descriptions on standardized patient (SP) programs' effects on students, curricula, and faculty, yet little attention has been paid to the consequences of participating on the SP's. Purpose: This study explored the perceptions of SPs toward their own health care in the context of having served as SPs. Method: All 180 SPs participating in Department of Medicine programs at 5 medical schools were surveyed. They completed the survey during SP activities, or it was mailed to them. SPs indicated their level of agreement or disagreement with 11 attitude statements related to their own health care after serving as an SP using a Likert scale, with 1 reflecting the most positive attitude and 5 the least positive. Results: Responses to the attitudinal questions were obtained from 164 SPs (91%). SPs perceived that because of their participation as SPs they had a better understanding about medical history taking and physical examinations (1.90.9), communicated more effectively wit...
Toward a Global Theory of Cross-Border and Multilevel Corporate Political Activity:

A proposed global theory of corporate political activity (CPA) analyzes the complex resource allocation choices involved in integrating politically relevant cross-border and multilevel strategies f...
Chemical antagonism of pteroylglutamic acid in a pig; hematopoietic effect of extrinsic and intrinsic factors.

SummaryInterference with the metabolism of pteroylglutamic acid in the pig, through the use of a crude chemical antagonist, interrupts growth and significantly inhibits the formation of erythrocytes and of granulo-cytes. This interference is removed, despite continued feeding of the antagonist, by administration of a crude source of extrinsic factor (essentially free of PGA), together with normal human gastric juice. This finding affords an experimental animal with which to study the mechanism of action of anti-anemic substances and their functional relation to folic acid; also, a suitable bioassay tool is offered for guiding the isolation of anti-anemic factors of unknown chemical composition.The administration of a purified diet similar to that successfully used by Cartwright et al. failed to produce a failure in growth and in hematopoiesis in swine. It is suggested that this failure may possibly be attributable to the presence of biotin in the diet employed in this study.
Evaluating the utility of the body adiposity index in adolescent boys and girls.

Abstract Objectives This study examines the ability of the body adiposity index to estimate percent body fat in a mixed sample of adolescents. Additionally, the sensitivity of the body adiposity index to identify adolescents with increased health risk (i.e., high waist circumference) was determined and compared to other anthropometric indicators of health (skinfolds and body mass index). Design Cross-sectional. Methods Anthropometric data (height, weight, waist circumference, and skinfolds) were collected on 913 adolescents (50% boys; mean age: 15.1 yrs). Percent body fat estimates were determined using skinfold equations and the body adiposity index, while body mass index was calculated using weight and height (wt/ht2). Age- and gender-specific thresholds for waist circumference, body fat, and body mass index were utilized to create categorical values. Correlation coefficients, t-tests, and kappa statistics were used to describe the relationship between anthropometric variables. Results Correlation coefficients revealed an association between percent body fat estimates from skinfolds and body adiposity index (boys 0.77; girls 0.67); however, the body adiposity index systematically overestimated percent body fat at lower levels of adiposity, primarily in boys. Higher mean percent body fat estimates were reported using the body adiposity index compared to skinfolds in boys (25.1% vs. 17.8%), while the opposite relationship was found in girls (body adiposity index 28.5% vs. skinfolds 29.6%). Among boys and girls, correlations to waist circumference and also sensitivity values were higher for body mass index compared to either skinfolds or body adiposity index. Conclusions No clear advantage exists in using the body adiposity index to estimate percent body fat or to identify adolescents with increased health risk. The results support the continued use of the body mass index to identify adolescents with increased health risk.
The role of the revolutionary state in the Nicaraguan food system

Abstract The Nicaraguan state carried out a structural transformation of the food system within the context of a mixed economy. It simultaneously combined direct ownership with many forms of market regulation and supported a mass movement of peasant cooperatives. The Nicaraguan food system combined economic decision-making by the state, large and small individual producers, cooperatives and communities. Many difficulties were encountered and mistakes made and although many problems remain, significant production and consumption gains were achieved. After only 4 years of revolution, the Sandinista development model faced the challenge of coping with the costs of external economic and military aggression while maintaining its pragmatic approach.
Selective application of the pediatric Ross procedure minimizes autograft failure.

Objective. Pulmonary autograft aortic root replacement (Ross' operation) is now associated with low operative risk. Recent series suggest that patients with primary aortic insufficiency have diminished autograft durability and that patients with large discrepancies between pulmonary and aortic valve sizes have a low but consistent rate of mortality. Therefore, Ross' operation in these patients has been avoided when possible at Texas Children's Hospital. Our objective was to report outcomes of Ross' operation when selectively employed in pediatric patients with aortic valve disease. Methods. Between July 1996 and February 2006, 55 patients (mean age 6.8 ± 5.5 years) underwent Ross' procedure. Forty-seven patients (85%) had a primary diagnosis of aortic stenosis, three (5%) patients had congenital aortic insufficiency, and five (9%) patients had endocarditis. Forty-two (76%) patients had undergone prior aortic valve intervention (23 [55%] percutaneous balloon aortic valvotomies, 12 [29%] surgical aortic valvotomies, 12 [29%] aortic valve replacements, 2 [5%] aortic valve repairs). Fourteen (25%) patients had ≥2 prior aortic valve interventions. Thirty-two patients (58%) had bicuspid aortic valves. Follow-up was 100% at a mean of 3 ± 2.5 years. Results. Hospital and 5-year survival were 100% and 98%, respectively. Morbidity included one reoperation (2%) for bleeding. Median length of hospital stay was 6 days (3 days–3 months). Six (11%) patients needed a right ventricular to pulmonary artery conduit exchange at a median time of 2.3 years. Freedom from moderate or severe neoaortic insufficiency at 6 years is 97%. Autograft reoperation rate secondary to aortic insufficiency or root dilation was 0%. Conclusions. By selectively employing Ross' procedure, outcomes of the Ross procedure in the pediatric population are associated with minimal autograft failure and mortality at mid-term follow-up.
A RESEARCH NOTE UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION OF DOUBLE LAYERS OF SOLID FOODS

The compressive force deformation relationships of various foods, that included breads, cheeses and sausages, were described by a two parameter power model. To predict the behavior of double layered arrays of some foods, their model parameters were incorporated into an equation that describes the relationships between the force and the total deformation of the array for a given cross-sectional area and any initial thickness of each of the two layers. Construction of the force-deformation relationships of the double layered array was done by numerical solution of this equation for various levels of deformation. The force deformation relationships predicted in this way were found to be in good agreement with experimental relationships. This was irrespective of whether the force deformation curve of the components had a concave upward or downward shape.
Comparing the side effect profile of the Atypical Antipsychotics

Typical antipsychotics exert their effect by blocking post-synaptic dopaminergic receptors; blockade of the mesolimbic and mesocortical pathways are therapeutic and help reduce positive psychotic symptoms but blockade of the nigro-striatal pathway produces extrapyramidal side effects (EPSE). Post clozapine, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the use of four newer atypical antipsychotics; risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine and ziprasidone for the treatment of schizophrenia. Because of their dual serotonin and dopamine receptor blocking abilities, atypical antipsychotics have greater efficacy (especially for negative symptoms) and fewer EPSE when compared to the typical antipsychotics. Given the lack of studies directly comparing these agents, we used the Physician Desk Reference (PDR) to calculate the treatment emergent placebo adjusted side effects for these atypical antipsychotics. The results are then presented in an easy to read table. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comparison study involving these four newer antipsychotic agents.
Anodic oxidation of tantalum in water and biological solutions using current limiting constant voltage method

A reliable method is developed for preparing tantalum pentoxide film targets in natural water and biological fluids (urine, blood plasma and serum) by the anodization of tantalum metal using a current limiting constant voltage method. Tantalum pentoxide film targets are successfully prepared at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at an anodic voltage ranging from 20 V to 100 V without any oxide breakdown. The results show that for the same applied voltage, more ionic concentration in biological solutions leads to a higher rate of oxide growth than in water and a darker interference color. The analysis shows that anodic oxidation is more likely to breakdown in a biological environment than in pure water for the same oxidation time and applied voltage. The oxide film capacitance is found to be only slightly dependent on pH and anodic voltage with higher capacitive films in biological solutions than for water.
Modeling complex flow in a karst aquifer

Abstract Carbonate aquifers typically have complex groundwater flow patterns that result from depositional heterogeneities and post-lithification fracturing and karstification. Various sources of information may be used to build a conceptual understanding of flow in the system, including drilling data, well tests, geophysical surveys, tracer tests, and spring gaging. These data were assembled to model flow numerically in Germany's Malm Formation, at a site where water disappears from the beds of ephemeral stream valleys, flows through conduit systems, and discharges to springs along surface water features. Modeling was performed by using a finite-difference approach, with drain networks, representing the conduit component of flow, laced throughout the porous medium along paths inferred on the basis of site data. This approach represents an improvement over other karst models that attempt to represent a conduit by a single, specialized model node at the spring location or by assigning a computationally problematic extremely high permeability to a zone. By handling the conduit portion of this mixed-flow system with drains, a realistic, interpretive flow model was created for this intricate aquifer.
DTPA-extractable iron soil test correlation with hybrid grain sorghum production on gypsum affected soils

Abstract Two studies on a complex of Holloman soils (fine‐loamy, gypsic, thermic, shallow Typic Torriorthents) and Reeves soils (fine‐loamy, gypsic, thermic Typic Gypsiorthids) were conducted to correlate DTPA‐extractable Fe with grain sorghum stover or grain yield. Study #1 included sampling successive plots along two transects across areas of variable Fe chlorosis expression. Study #2 included sampling paired sites (normal vs. chlorotic) in three fields. Fe analysis was conducted on air‐dry soil samples in Study #1 and both air‐dry and field‐moist soil samples in Study #2. Soil test Fe (air‐dry soils) was significantly correlated with grain yield but not stover yield in Study #1 (r=0.589** and 0.114, respectively). In Study #2, air‐dry soil test Fe was significantly correlated with grain and stover yield (r=0.618* and 0.594*, respectively) but moist soil test Fe was significantly correlated with only stover yield (r=0.606*). Air‐dry and moist soil test Fe showed no correlation.
Survival of the House Dust Mite, Dermatophagoides farinae, at High Temperatures (40–80°C)

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the survival time of randomly selected female D. farinae exposed to temperatures from 40 to 80°C and relative humidities (RHs) between 10 and 90%. Significant temperature effects were found on the length of time mites can survive under those conditions. The time needed to induce 100% mortality for female D. farinae held at 40°C varied between 39 and 84 h. At 70 and 80°C, all mites died within 5 minutes. At 50°C and above, RH had little influence and temperature alone was the determining factor for mite survival. The length of survival time decreased precipitously between 40 and 50°C, suggesting that a loss of physiological integrity of female D. farinae probably occurred in this range. The results of this study indicated that the technique of raising temperatures to above 40°C for a short duration can be used to reduce living house dust mite populations in homes significantly.
Enumeration and Generating Functions of Rota–Baxter Words

In this paper, we prove results on enumerations of sets of Rota–Baxter words ( $${{{\tt RBWs}}}$$ ) in a single generator and one unary operator. Examples of operators are integral operators, their generalization to Rota–Baxter operators, and Rota–Baxter type operators. $${{{\tt RBWs}}}$$ are certain words formed by concatenating generators and images of words under the operators. Under suitable conditions, they form canonical bases of free Rota–Baxter type algebras which are studied recently in relation to renormalization in quantum field theory, combinatorics, number theory, and operads. Enumeration of a basis is often a first step to choosing a data representation in implementation. We settle the case of one generator and one operator, starting with the idempotent case (more precisely, the exponent 1 case). Some integer sequences related to these sets of $${{{\tt RBWs}}}$$ are known and connected to other sequences from combinatorics, such as the Catalan numbers, and others are new. The recurrences satisfied by the generating series of these sequences prompt us to discover an efficient algorithm to enumerate the canonical basis of certain free Rota–Baxter algebras.
Update on infantile hemangiomas

Infantile hemangiomas are the most common tumors of infancy. The serendipitous discovery of the therapeutic efficacy of propranolol in the management of infantile hemangiomas has revolutionized the care and understanding of these lesions, and greatly improved the prognosis for a good cosmetic outcome. In addition, there has been an expansion of indications for treatment of hemangiomas, taking into account not only those hemangiomas that can cause airway compromise, amblyopia, and cardiac overload, but also those lesions that can lead to unsatisfactory cosmetic outcome or deformity after involution. Current concepts of pathogenesis of infantile hemangiomas, of segmental hemangiomas with systemic associations, of hepatic hemangiomas, and of the use of systemic and topical beta-blockers for the management of IH are all reviewed.
Primary Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma of the Extrahepatic Bile Duct

Since the first reported case of primary non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) of the extrahepatic bile duct in 1982, only 20 cases have been reported in the English literature [1–21]. Moreover, the follicular subtype of lymphoma was noted in only three of these cases [10, 19–21]. The previous 20 patients presented with signs of biliary obstruction such as jaundice, pruritis, dark urine, or acholic stools. In the majority of cases, a computed tomogram (CT) of the abdomen prior to diagnosis documented either a mass in the right upper quadrant or biliary dilatation. Subsequently, treatment options included palliative and curative procedures including endoscopic stents, percutaneous drainage, and surgery. Chemotherapy and radiation treatment have been offered as well. This report describes the 21st case of primary lymphoma of the extrahepatic biliary system and reviews the previous 20 cases as well. Case Report
Gold particles as templates for the synthesis of hollow polymer capsules. Control of capsule dimensions and guest encapsulation

A method for synthesizing hollow nanoscopic polypyrrole and poly(N-methylpyrrole) capsules is described. The method employs gold nanoparticles as templates for polymer nucleation and growth. Etching the gold leaves a structurally intact hollow polymer capsule with a shell thickness governed by polymerization time (ca. 5 to >100 nm) and a hollow core diameter dictated by the diameter of the template particle (ca. 5−200 nm). Transport rates of gold etchant through the polymer shell to the gold core were found to depend on the oxidation state of the polymer, those rates being a factor of 3 greater for the reduced form of the polymer. We show for the first time that not only is the particle a useful template material but also that it can be employed to deliver guest molecules into the capsule core. For example, ligands attached to the gold surface prior to poly(N-methylpyrrole) formation remained trapped inside the hollow capsule following polymer formation and gold etching.
When Job Dissatisfaction Leads to Creativity: Encouraging the Expression of Voice

This study focused on the conditions under which job dissatisfaction will lead to creativity as an expression of voice. We theorized that useful feedback from coworkers, coworker helping and support, and perceived organizational support for creativity would each interact with job dissatisfaction and continuance commitment (commitment motivated by necessity) to result in creativity. In a sample of 149 employees, as hypothesized, employees with high job dissatisfaction exhibited the highest creativity when continuance commitment was high and when (1) useful feedback from coworkers, or (2) coworker helping and support, or (3) perceived organizational support for creativity was high.
On-Chip Integrated Antennas - The First Challenge for Reliable on-Chip Wireless Interconnects

This paper presents a feasibility study of on-chip integrated antennas design for wireless interconnects. First the state-of-the-art of on-chip integrated antenna designs are reviewed based on the low cost mainstream silicon process technologies. Then, several structures of on-chip antennas have been analyzed, using Sonnet Suites. The simulation results provide the design guidelines for further wireless interconnect realization with CMOS technology.
Potential involvement of S100B in the protective effects of a serotonin-1a agonist on ethanol-treated astrocytes

Abstract Previously, this laboratory found that the offspring of rats that consumed ethanol on a chronic basis prior to parturition exhibited a significant reduction in serotonin (5-HT) neurons and in astrocytes proximal to these neurons. This laboratory also showed that maternal treatment with a 5-HT1A agonist during the latter part of gestation prevented the reduction of 5-HT neurons and most of the astrocyte abnormalities. The present in vitro studies extended our prior in vivo work by examining the potential involvement of S100B with the protective effects of a 5-HT1A agonist, i.e., buspirone, on astrocytes. Astrocyte cultures were either maintained in chemically defined media in the presence and absence of ethanol and buspirone or in conditioned media that was generated by ethanol- and buspirone-treated astrocytes. A mouse monoclonal antibody to S100B was used to assess the potential involvement of S100B with the protective effects of buspirone. Additional in vitro studies measured the direct effects of S100B and ethanol on astrocyte proliferation. These investigations demonstrate that in vitro ethanol exposure reduces the number of astrocytes, and that treatment with the 5-HT1A agonist buspirone prevents the ethanol-associated reduction in astrocyte number. The protective effects of buspirone appear to be mediated by factors that are secreted by astrocytes; such factors likely include S100B. In addition, added S100B prevents an ethanol-associated reduction in [3H]-thymidine incorporation into proliferating astrocytes.
The aggregate behavior of branch points: altitude and strength of atmospheric turbulence layers

In earlier work we have shown that pupil plane branch points carry information about the conditions of the atmospheric turbulence. Experiments in the Atmospheric Simulation and Adaptive-optic Laboratory Test-bed (ASALT) at the Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate's Starfire Optical Range have shown that branch points can provide the number and velocity of turbulence layers. Here we demonstrate that these measurements can further be used to estimate the turbulence layers' altitude and strength. This work is the culmination of research demonstrating that a methodology exists for identification of the number, altitude, strength, and velocity of atmospheric turbulence layers.
Medical versus surgical management of diverticulitis in patients under age 40

Background Diverticulitis in patients under age 40 is a distinct entity. We compared the medical versus surgical management of diverticulitis for complications and outcomes in these patients. Methods A retrospective review was performed for treatment, hospitalizations, complications, and outpatient visits. Complications included readmission, recurrent symptoms after antibiotic therapy, and postoperative problems. Results Twenty-nine patients had a radiographic or surgical diagnosis of diverticulitis (18 surgical, 11 medical). Medically managed patients had significantly more emergency department visits (4.7 ± 6.6 versus 0.3 ± 0.6, P ≤ 0.01), and readmissions (7 versus 4, P ≤ 0.02). Three surgical patients (17%) had a total of 6 complications as compared with 6 medical patients (55%) with 25 complications (chi square, P ≤ 0.05). All medically treated patients had recurrent symptoms, and 6 required surgery. Conclusion Medically managed patients had significantly more emergency department visits and complications than those managed surgically. Surgery is the indicated treatment for the first episode of diverticulitis in patients under age 40.
Inverse problems in chemical dynamics: The calculation of inverse coefficients

A general technique is described for gaining insight into inversion processes. Upon solving the equation of motion associated with a given physical model, specialized inverse coefficients are calculated to address questions on inverse modeling. The number of accessible independent inverse coefficients is shown to be directly related to the number of independent pieces of modeling data taken as available. Although the inverse coefficients do not in themselves form an inversion algorithm, they do give a quantitative measure of the importance of performing certain additional measurements for the ultimate purpose of inversion. The concepts are illustrated by some simple dynamical models. The calculations show that the normal forward sensitivities and the new inverse coefficients generally exhibit disparate behavior in accord with the differing physical quantities being addressed.
Multipliers with coplanar crossings for Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata

This paper explores the design of parallel multipliers for Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata. Array multipliers, Wallace multipliers, Dadda multipliers, and quasi-modular multipliers are designed and analyzed. Quasi-modular multipliers use 4 (n/2 × n/2) modules to make n × n multipliers are also considered. All of these designs are constructed using coplanar layouts. The delay, area and complexity are compared for several different operand sizes using the QCADesigner simulator.
The evolution and functional significance of incest avoidance

Abstract The origin and evolution of outbreeding is discussed in the light of the most recent genetical observations and theoretical developments in ethology. Rather than problems resulting from the expression of recessive deleterious genes, small-population genetic stochastic processes and the resulting homosis are viewed as the primary fitness-limiting features of inbreeding populations. With evolution of biparental reproduction, selection favored the reproductive potential of individuals exhibiting a genetically adopted, behavioral aversion to mating with parents, siblings, and offspring. The human incest taboo is regarded as a cultural epiphenomenon following from the general biological inclination to outbreed.
Trypsin-induced calcium efflux from sarcoplasmic reticulum: Evidence for the involvement of the (Ca2++Mg2+)-ATPase

Trypsin digestion of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane at 35 to 43°C leads to an increased calcium permeability, the temperature dependence of which suggests tryptic exposure or creation of a channel rather than tryptic release of a mobile carrier (K.C. Toogood et al.,Membr. Biochem.5:49–75, 1983). Here we show that: (1) the digested vesicles both pump and leak calcium, demonstrating that the vesicles remain intact; (2) an increased rate of efflux is not observed for membranes digested and kept at 15°C, but a temperature shift to 35°C following arrested digestion leads to the development of increased calcium permeability, indicating that a digestion step at the lower temperature potentiates increased permeability which develops rapidly as a result of a trypsin-facilitated protein conformational change at the higher temperature; (3) two inhibitors of the ATPase, adenyl-5′-yl imidodiphosphate and dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide, both measurably retard the development of increased permeability at the higher temperature following arrested digestion, suggesting that these inhibitors bind to the target protein and prevent the conformational change responsible for the permeability increase, and further suggesting that the ATPase is the target for the trypsin; (4) digestion of the ATPase at 15°C follows the same initial cleavage pattern as at 35°C, but the cleavage stops or drastically slows down after the second digestion step at the lower temperature, whereas the digestion continues beyond the second step at the higher temperature, showing that an early digestion step may be responsible for potentiating increased permeability; (5) the permeability increase following digestion at 15°C and incubation at 35°C correlates (r>0.98) with the second tryptic cleavage step of the calcium ATPase, providing more support for the ATPase as the trypsin-sensitive efflux site; and (6) the rate of efflux depends on the concentration of the doubly cleaved ATPase molecules to the first power; the null hypothesis that the efflux actually depends on the cleaved ATPase concentration to the second or higher power was examined using the F test and can be rejected (confidence>0.90 to 0.98), suggesting that the efflux pathway is through a single ATPase molecule. We speculate that the pathway for increased calcium permeability is the one employed during calcium uptake and that there is a functional separation of the ATPase and calcium channel activities by trypsin digestion at 15°C followed by incubation at 35°C.
On-Enzyme Refolding Permits Small RNA and tRNA Surveillance by the CCA-Adding Enzyme

Transcription in eukaryotes produces a number of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Two of these, MALAT1 and Menβ, generate a tRNA-like small RNA in addition to the mature lncRNA. The stability of these tRNA-like small RNAs and bona fide tRNAs is monitored by the CCA-adding enzyme. Whereas CCA is added to stable tRNAs and tRNA-like transcripts, a second CCA repeat is added to certain unstable transcripts to initiate their degradation. Here, we characterize how these two scenarios are distinguished. Following the first CCA addition cycle, nucleotide binding to the active site triggers a clockwise screw motion, producing torque on the RNA. This ejects stable RNAs, whereas unstable RNAs are refolded while bound to the enzyme and subjected to a second CCA catalytic cycle. Intriguingly, with the CCA-adding enzyme acting as a molecular vise, the RNAs proofread themselves through differential responses to its interrogation between stable and unstable substrates.
Non-exponential luminescence intensities in exciton trapping: Quantitative comparison for triplets in 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene

Questions regarding the dynamical information available in sensitized luminescence experiments are addressed specifically for triplet excitons in the quasi-one-dimensional system 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene (TCB). Using a recently developed generalized-master-equation theory of exciton trapping we analyze the observed time-dependent phosphorescence data from pure and mixed crystals of TCB. The consistency of the trapping data with recent spin echo measurements on TCB is discussed and the necessity of involking time-dependent energy transfer rates is carefully examined in the specific context of this system.
A Commentary On Children and Fitness: A Public Health Perspective

(1987). A Commentary On Children and Fitness: A Public Health Perspective. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 58, No. 4, pp. 326-330.
I speak like the guys on TV: Palatalization and the urbanization of Uruguayan Portuguese

This article investigates the sociolinguistic distribution of palatalization in Uruguayan Portuguese (UP), based on data collected in a bilingual town on the Uruguayan–Brazilian border. It shows that palatalization of /di/ /ti/ has entered UP as a result of recent urbanization, which has allowed greater reception of and sensitivity to urban Brazilian Portuguese (BP). Following the tradition of variationist studies, this study identifies internal and external variables that determine the distribution of palatalization in the community, and argues that the groups that acquire BP do so as a reflection of an urban orientation, different from the border cultural and linguistic tradition. Qualitative data support the idea that this process is indirectly accelerated by exposure to Brazilian television, which provides a linguistic model for the groups that seek one. This is a new interpretation, in that previous studies have claimed that UP, as an oral minority language, is monostylistic dialect with no linguistic model.Preliminary versions of this paper were presented at the 2001 American Association of Applied Linguistics and 2002 NWAVE meetings.