cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deletion mutations of the genome segments of wound tumor virus

Abstract Wound tumor virus isolates have been maintained in sweet clover for various times up to 24 yr without passage through the insect vector. Many of these isolates have lost their transmissibility by the vector and their infectivity for vector cell monolayers, either partially or completely. The double-stranded RNA genome of the wild virus has 12 segments but the genomes of the isolates maintained without passage through the vector were shown to contain virions that lack certain segments or parts of segments. Such genomes display many different zonal patterns in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis columns. These morphological changes in the genome segments may be a cause of the loss of the transmissibility or infectivity although this has not been proved. Actually every isolate that has been maintained in sweet clover for more than 2 yr has a distinctive electrophorogram. The site of a deletion mutation causing a change in the electrophorogram can often be identified because of a change that develops in the concentration of the genome segment involved and because of the coincidental appearance and concentration of a remnant segment that results from the mutation. Twenty-eight such mutations were detected; evidence indicated that of these, 10, 9, 4, and 1 occurred in segments 5, 1, 2, and 7, respectively. Some mutations apparently occurred more than once so that the total number of recognizably different mutants was 16. The changes in genome morphology are hypothesized to have occurred as follows: After a mutation of the kind to be described, transcription occurred from the site of the recognition sequence for the transcriptase to the mutation site but not beyond. This gave rise to a virion lacking the segment in which the mutation occurred and carrying a new remnant segment of smaller size. The proportion of the mutant virions in the virion population of a virus isolate changed with time so that the concentration of the wild segment which was the source of the mutation and the concentration of the remnant segment varied with time and were always subnormal, that is, less than equimolar. The subnormal concentrations of source and remnant segments varied inversely one to the other. These variations resulted in a great variety of genome electrophorograms. In one isolate, no intact wild segment 5 could be detected and only a small remnant segment representing about 10% of segment 5 survived. This isolate still produced tumors and on the assumption that the segment is monocistronic the hypothesized tumorogenic gene of wound tumor virus seems unlikely to be part of segment 5. Some mutations did not produce a remnant segment. It is suggested that these mutations occurred in the recognition site for the transcriptase.
Monotonic behavior of “neat” high temperature titanium alloys for use as composite matrices

The materials examined in this study included three conventional titanium alloys: Timetal[reg sign]21S (Ti-8Mo-1.5Nb-5.7Al-0.4Si), Ti-6242S (Ti-10.6Al-0.8Sn-2.1Zr-1Mo-0.2Si), Ti-1100 (Ti-10.5Al-1.1Sn-2.1Zr-0.2Mo-0.8Si) and four intermetallic compositions: Ti-24Al-11Nb, Ti-24.5Al-17Nb, Ti-24.5Al-17Nb-1Mo and Ti-22Al-23Nb (a%). Ultimate tensile strength of neat [alpha] + [beta] matrices (Timetal[reg sign]21S and Ti-6242S) are high at low temperature, but decrease above 650 C. In addition, they exhibit poor creep performance at 650 C and 760 C. Matrix alloys with continuous alpha-2 phase constituency (Ti-24.5-17 and Ti-24-11) exhibited poor tensile performance across the temperature interval examined (i.e. 23--760 C). In addition, they exhibited poor primary creep resistance, but reasonable creep rupture lives. Significant improvements in both elevated temperature (>650 C) tensile strength and creep performance were observed with increased levels of silicon (Ti-1100) and orthorhombic phase/molybdenum content (Ti-22-23 and Ti-24.5-17-1). Compositional and/or microstructural modification will be required to reach acceptable levels of primary creep performance.
Qualitative Analysis of Collaborative Learning Groups in Large Enrollment Introductory Astronomy

Large-lecture introductory astronomy courses for undergraduate, non-science majors present numerous problems for faculty. As part of a systematic effort to improve the course learning environ- ment, a series of small-group, collaborative learning activities were implemented in an otherwise conventional lecture astronomy survey course. These activities were used once each week during the regularly scheduled lecture period. After eight weeks, ten focus group interviews were conducted to qualitatively assess the impact and dynamics of these small group learning activities. Overall, the data strongly suggest that students enjoy participating in the in-class learning activities in learning teams of three to four students. These students firmly believe that they are learning more than they would from lectures alone. Inductive analysis of the transcripts revealed five major themes prevalent among the students' perspectives: (1) self-formed, cooperative group composition and formation should be more regulated by the instructor; (2) team members' assigned rolls should be less formally structured by the instructors; (3) cooperative groups helped in learning the course content; (4) time constraints on lectures and activities need to be more carefully aligned; and (5) gender issues can exist within the groups. These themes serve as a guide for instructors who are developing instructional interventions for large lecture courses.
Factors Influencing Urinary Symptoms 10 Years After Permanent Prostate Seed Implantation

Purpose: We investigated the factors that influenced urinary symptoms in the first 10 years after prostate brachytherapy.Materials and Methods: A total of 1,932 men were treated with prostate brachytherapy alone or with external beam irradiation and followed a mean of 6.8 years. The influence of pretreatment American Urological Association symptom score (7 or less, 8 to 19, 20 or greater), external beam radiotherapy, 125I or 103Pd, biological effective dose, age, prostate size and hormone therapy on the change in American Urological Association symptom score (11,491) was compared.Results: The mean change from initial score (7.4) was 11.4, 5.5, 3.3, 2.7, 1.5, 1.2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1.3 and 1.4 points at 3, 6 months and 1 to 10 years, respectively (p <0.001). Factors that resulted in a greater increase in urinary symptoms at year 1 were low pretreatment score (p <0.001), no hormonal therapy (p <0.001), younger age (p = 0.046) and higher biological effective dose (p = 0.025). At 10 years patients with an initial s...
What Teacher Preparation Programs Can Do to Better Prepare Teachers to Meet the Challenges of Educating Students Living in Poverty

Abstract Because of the present, increasing economic circumstances, poverty is fast becoming a crisis, and teacher preparation programs must begin to prepare teachers to explicitly address the needs of poor children. The inclusion of poverty in this discourse is in no way intended to discount the issues of race, ethnicity, and gender. The intention here is to highlight the fact that some social issues are excluded from the teacher preparation curriculum—and to the detriment of students' education. Given the changes in student demographics, there is a need for educators to rethink how discussions of diversity can be integrated into the teacher preparation curriculum. Clearly, we cannot continue in the same old way. The question for future studies is how to broaden the discourse on diversity to include poverty, without stereotyping children living in poverty. The discourse must change to reflect the realities of society while guarding against stereotyping and thus creating self-fulfilling prophecies.
Analysis of labeling of plant protoplast surface by fluorophore-conjugated lectins

Fluorescein or rhodamine conjugates of seventeen different lectins were tested for their ability to label the plasma membrane of live plant protoplasts. During the investigation, a strong effect of calcium was observed on the binding of several lectins to protoplasts derived from suspension cultured rose cells (Rosa sp. “Paul's Scarlet”). The binding of these lectins was increased by elevating the calcium concentration from 1 to 10 mM in the buffer. Other divalent cations had variable, but similar, effects on lectin binding. The mechanism of this effect appeared to involve the protoplast surface rather than the lectins. Although the cell wall-degrading enzymes used to isolate protoplasts had generally no effect on lectin binding, one clear exception was observed. Binding ofArachis hypogaea agglutinin was markedly reduced on protoplasts isolated with Driselase as compared to protoplasts isolated with a combination of Cellulysin and Pectolyase Y-23. Although most of the lectins that labeled protoplasts derived from cultured rose cells or from corn root cortex (Zea mays L. WF9 × Mo17) had specificities for galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine, some differences in protoplast labeling between lectins of the same saccharide specificity were observed. Two different analyses of the interaction betweenRicinus communis agglutinin and rose protoplasts showed that binding was cooperative with an apparent association constant of 7.2 × 105M−1 or 9.8 × 105M−1 with a maximum of approximately 108 lectin molecules bound per protoplast. Treatment of protoplasts with glycosidases which hydrolyze either N- or O-glycosidic linkages of glycoproteins slightly enhanced labeling of protoplasts byRicinus communis agglutinin. Interpretation of these results are discussed.
Structure of a two-CAP-domain protein from the human hookworm parasite Necator americanus.

Major proteins secreted by the infective larval stage hookworms upon host entry include Ancylostoma secreted proteins (ASPs), which are characterized by one or two CAP (cysteine-rich secretory protein/antigen 5/pathogenesis related-1) domains. The CAP domain has been reported in diverse phylogenetically unrelated proteins, but has no confirmed function. The first structure of a two-CAP-domain protein, Na-ASP-1, from the major human hookworm parasite Necator americanus was refined to a resolution limit of 2.2 A. The structure was solved by molecular replacement (MR) using Na-ASP-2, a one-CAP-domain ASP, as the search model. The correct MR solution could only be obtained by truncating the polyalanine model of Na-ASP-2 and removing several loops. The structure reveals two CAP domains linked by an extended loop. Overall, the carboxyl-terminal CAP domain is more similar to Na-ASP-2 than to the amino-terminal CAP domain. A large central cavity extends from the amino-terminal CAP domain to the carboxyl-terminal CAP domain, encompassing the putative CAP-binding cavity. The putative CAP-binding cavity is a characteristic cavity in the carboxyl-terminal CAP domain that contains a His and Glu pair. These residues are conserved in all single-CAP-domain proteins, but are absent in the amino-terminal CAP domain. The conserved His residues are oriented such that they appear to be capable of directly coordinating a zinc ion as observed for CAP proteins from reptile venoms. This first structure of a two-CAP-domain ASP can serve as a template for homology modeling of other two-CAP-domain proteins.
Neutron Spectra from Monoenergetic Photons on Bismuth

Spectra of photoneutrons from a ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{209}$ target were obtained in the electric dipole giant-resonance region (12-16 MeV). A $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray energy resolution of 1.5% was attained using a bremsstrahlung monochromator; the neutron energies were measured with a time-of-flight technique with a resolution which varied from 10% at 2 MeV to 15% at 6 MeV. About 88% of the neutrons ejected by 14-MeV $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays are statistical. The inferred level density of ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{208}$ near its ground state is not a simple function of excitation energy, but from 4 to 7 MeV it increases exponentially with energy; in that energy range the temperature is about 1 MeV. The nonstatistical high-energy neutrons leave the ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{208}$ nucleus at the excitation energies at which the states are well represented as single-neutron holes in ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{209}$. These high-energy neutrons are intimately connected with the giant resonance. If the giant resonance is dominated by a single dipole state, the absolute width which characterizes the decay of the dipole state into the compound nucleus must increase by a factor of about 3 between 12 and 16 MeV.
A requirement for NF-protocadherin and TAF1/Set in cell adhesion and neural tube formation

Neurulation in vertebrates is an intricate process requiring extensive alterations in cell contacts and cellular morphologies as the cells in the neural ectoderm shape and form the neural folds and neural tube. Despite these complex interactions, little is known concerning the molecules that mediate cell adhesion within the embryonic neural plate and neural folds. Here, we demonstrate the requirement for NF-protocadherin (NFPC) and its cytosolic partner TAF1/Set for proper neurulation in Xenopus. Both NFPC and TAF1 function in cell-cell adhesion in the neural ectoderm, and disruptions in either NFPC or TAF1 result in a failure of the neural tube to close. This neural tube defect can be attributed to a lack of proper organization of the cells in the dorsal neural folds, manifested by a loss in the columnar epithelial morphology and apical localization of F-actin. However, the epidermal ectoderm is still able to migrate and cover the open neural tube, indicating that the fusions of the neural tube and epidermis are separate events. These studies demonstrate that NFPC and TAF1 function to maintain proper cell-cell interactions within the neural folds and suggest that NFPC and TAF1 participate in novel adhesive mechanisms that contribute to the final events of vertebrate neurulation.
Effect of hydrogen on ductile fracture in a porous iron

Abstract The effect of hydrogen on the deformation and fracture behavior of a porous iron has been investigated by means of smooth and notched specimen tension tests in conjunction with quantitative metallography analyses to characterize void growth during deformation. It was found in the smooth specimen tests that hydrogen did not substantially affect the deformation and fracture properties. In the notched specimen tests, hydrogen induced hardening and caused a reduction in ductility. The quantitative metallography analyses clearly demonstrated that, while voids were substantially elongated in the longitudinal tensile direction in the smooth specimens, voids grew more spherically in the notched specimens. The void morphologies on the fracture surface and in the near-fracture-surface region were the same in the notched specimen without and with hydrogen. Therefore, it is evident that hydrogen gives rise to an acceleration of void growth which results in a reduction in ductility in the notched specimens. The mechanisms of hydrogen-induced hardening and ductility loss are briefly discussed.
SU-GG-T-58: Commissioning of Varian Ring & Tandem HDR Applicators: Reproducibility and Inter-Observer Variability of Dwell Position Offsets

Purpose: Studies have shown that dwells within Varian HDR ring applicators can deviate from intended positions by several millimeters. Quantifying this offset is an important part of commissioning. The aims of this study were to 1) determine the reproducibility of offsets, 2) study the inter‐observer variation in the measurement, and 3) quantify the dosimetric impact. Method and Materials: Offsets were measured for 4 ring applicators. Applicators were taped to a piece of film and exposed on a simulator. An HDR plan with 10 dwells (1cm spacing) was delivered. The resulting image shows delivered dwell positions superimposed on the ring's lumen. Using this technique, dwell positions were measured five times for each ring to determine the reproducibility of source positioning. Data were analyzed by two independent observers. A cervical treatment plan was used to quantify the dosimetric impact of the offsets. Results: For the 45 and 60 degree rings, measured offsets were 3.0mm and 3.6mm, respectively. The 30 degree ring showed substantial variation in distal dwell positions (maximum difference between experiments of 2.9mm), and was replaced by the vendor. Subsequent testing of the new ring showed an offset of 2.4mm that was more reproducible. When comparing observers, the average difference in measured dwell positions was 0.04mm (StDev = 0.4mm, max 1.3mm). Dosimetric consequences were generally small. Point A, bladder, and rectum doses varied by less than 1%, 2%, and 5%, respectively. Conclusion: Results indicate that Varian rings can show systematic and random offsets of >3mm. Some can be considered defective and should be replaced. Each applicator should be individually commissioned and reproducibility should be confirmed with multiple tests. Inter‐observer variability in the determination of dwell positions was less than 1.3mm. Offsets translated to < 5% variation in dose to critical structures, which is less than vendor‐reported results (up to 20% variation).
Pressure-induced metallization of the Mott insulator MnO

High-pressure electrical conductivity experiments have been performed on the Mott insulator MnO to a maximum pressure of 106 GPa. We observe a steady decrease in resistivity to 90 GPa, followed by a large, rapid decrease by a factor of 10{sup 5} between 90 and 106 GPa. Temperature cycling the sample at 87 and 106 GPa shows insulating and metallic behavior at these pressures, respectively. Our observations provide strong evidence for a pressure-induced Mott insulator-to-metal transition with an accompanying magnetic collapse beginning at 90 GPa.
Preferential Substitution of Barium in Orthorhombic Lead Metaniobate

The crystal structure of a ferroelectric lead metaniobate containing 10 mole% barium was refined using the Rietveld method on diffraction patterns obtained using multiple diffraction techniques. Cu Kα X-ray diffraction, synchrotron diffraction, and neutron diffraction were used to provide complementary information on the structure of this substitutionally-alloyed compound. Neutron diffraction was used as a starting point for refinement with the X-ray diffraction methods used for final structural refinements. Barium was found to preferentially substitute on lead sites in the lead metaniobate crystal structure.
Preserved Acute Pain and Reduced Neuropathic Pain in Mice Lacking PKCγ

In normal animals, peripheral nerve injury produces a persistent, neuropathic pain state in which pain is exaggerated and can be produced by nonpainful stimuli. Here, mice that lack protein kinase C gamma (PKCγ) displayed normal responses to acute pain stimuli, but they almost completely failed to develop a neuropathic pain syndrome after partial sciatic nerve section, and the neurochemical changes that occurred in the spinal cord after nerve injury were blunted. Also, PKCγ was shown to be restricted to a small subset of dorsal horn neurons, thus identifying a potential biochemical target for the prevention and therapy of persistent pain.
American Democratic Interventionism: Romancing the Iconic Woodrow Wilson

There is an American foreign policy tradition in respect to military interventions in the Third World, which validates the importance of democratic ideals as central to the success of the policy. Woodrow Wilson is the founding father of this tradition. While the normative commitments of Wilson made sense in Victorian America and can probably be considered innovative for his day, the manifest lack of success in transferring democracy through military intervention leads us to question the character of Wilson’s interventions and the ideals that motivated them. This essay will consider the content of Wilson’s democratic theory and its integration into ideals of national mission and destiny; how this became the philosophical basis for policies of military intervention; the assessments offered by historians of the success of this policy; and the role of racial paternalism in legitimating the policy at the time. In a contemporary respect, we are left with the question of whether we want such a philosophy of democratic interventionism to be the basis for transferring democratic values and practices to Third World countries today.
Purification and properties of threonine deaminase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Summary Threonine deaminase ( l -threonine hydro-lyase (deaminating), E. C. 4.2.1.16) has been purified to homogeneity from extracts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. When purified 1200-fold, the enzyme is homogeneous by the criterion of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis. The reduced and alkylated protein has a molecular weight of approximately 50,000 daltons, one-fourth the value determined previously for the intact enzyme. The purified enzyme exhibits homotropic effects with the substrate; these effects are decreased in the presence of dl -allothreonine, a competitive inhibitor. Half-maximal velocity is achieved at 34 mM l -threonine in the absence of other effectors. l -isoleucine both stimulates at low (0.01–0.05 mM) concentrations and inhibits at high (0.1–1.0 mM) concentrations. Valine activates the enzyme in the absence of isoleucine; in the presence of isoleucine it reverses inhibition.
Insecticidal Control of the Greenbug

Formulations of insecticides have been tested as controls for the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), in. Oklahoma since 1950. Sprays applied at temperatures below 10°C successfully controlled the greenbug if the temperatures rose above 10°C within 24 hr after application. Granular systemic insecticides were ineffective unless adequate moisture was available. Seed treatment gave protection for only 6 weeks.
Chronic graft-versus-host disease: a breakdown of self-tolerance?

Comment on Tivol et al, page [4885][1] The immunologic response to foreign alloantigens in graft-versus-host disease can lead to the breakdown of self-tolerance precipitating autoimmunity. G raft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major life-threatening complication of allogeneic bone marrow
Retrograde amnesia produced by electroconvulsive shock after reactivation of a consolidated memory trace: A replication

Rats showed retrogarde amnesia when electroconvulsive shock was administered 24 h after a fear conditioning trial when the shock was preceded by some of the specific conditioning cues but not others. This result replicates the findings of Misanin, Miller, & Lewis (1968) and suggests that ECS can act to produce retrograde amnesia by means other than disrupting memory consolidation.
Matter radii of 17-24O

New experimental results recently reported for matter radii of 22, 23O are significantly smaller than previous values. Our potential-model calculations agree with experiment for the entire chain from A = 17 to 23, so that, within the experimental uncertainties, the data can be explained without considering any modification of the core.
Disclosure of HIV serostatus among pregnant and postpartum women in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review

Disclosure of one's HIV status can help to improve uptake and retention in prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV services; yet, it remains a challenge for many women. This systematic review evaluates disclosure rates among pregnant and postpartum women in sub-Saharan Africa, timing of disclosure, and factors affecting decisions to disclose. PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched to identify relevant studies published between January 2000 and April 2014. Rates of HIV serostatus disclosure to any person ranged from 5.0% to 96.7% (pooled estimate: 67.0%, 95% CI: 55.7%-78.3%). Women who chose to disclose their status did so more often to their partners (pooled estimate: 63.9%; 95% CI: 56.7%-71.1%) than to family members (pooled estimate: 40.1; 95% CI: 26.2%-54.0%), friends (pooled estimate: 6.4%; 95% CI: 3.0%-9.8%), or religious leaders (pooled estimate: 7.1%; 95% CI: 4.3%-9.8%). Most women disclosed prior to delivery. Decisions to disclose were associated with factors related to the woman herself (younger age, first pregnancies, knowing someone with HIV, lower levels of internalized stigma, and lower levels of avoidant coping), the partner (prior history of HIV testing and higher levels of educational attainment), their partnership (no history of domestic violence and financial independence), and the household (higher quality of housing and residing without co-spouses or extended family members). Interventions to encourage and support women in safely disclosing their status are needed.
The temporal use of a telephone line

Abstract This paper models the temporal use of a multi-channel telephone line. All individuals would like to complete their calls during the peak period. However, the capacity of the line is not sufficient for this. An individual therefore faces a tradeoff. If he starts telephoning during the peak period, he may have to re-dial for a long time until he gets a free line, while if he places his call during the off-peak period, his expected waiting time is reduced but the time is inconvenient (“schedule delay costs”). Equilibrium obtains when the expected costs of placing a call during the peak and off-peak periods are equalized. Various pricing policies are treated, and topics for future research are discussed. The model improves on previous work in explicitly treating the time-of-use decision and schedule delay costs. Appropriately modified, the model can be adapted to treat other telecommunication facilities.
Multiple-timescale quantum dynamics of many interacting bosons in a dimer

The full quantum dynamics of many bosons that are initially completely localized on one site of a symmetric dimer is investigated in the small tunnelling amplitude regime. The number difference of bosons between the two equivalent sites of the dimer exhibits rich behaviour on different timescales, ranging from small amplitude oscillations and collapses and revivals, to coherent tunnelling. We show that this complex quantum evolution is completely accounted for by analytical expressions. A general formula is obtained at a higher order of perturbation theory for the splitting of quasi-degenerate energy levels. The splittings of the two highest pairs provide the characteristic frequencies of the intermediate and long timescale dynamics.
An In Vitro Biomechanical Comparison of a Prototype Equine Metacarpal Dynamic Compression Plate Fixation with Double Dynamic Compression Plate Fixation of Osteotomized Equine Third Metacarpal Bones

Objectives To compare the monotonic biomechanical properties of a prototype equine third metacarpal dynamic compression plate (EM-DCP) fixation with a double broad dynamic compression plate (DCP) fixation to repair osteotomized equine third metacarpal (MC3) bones. Study Design In vitro biomechanical testing of paired cadaveric equine MC3 with a mid-diaphyseal osteotomy, stabilized by 1 of 2 methods for fracture fixation. Population Twelve pairs of adult equine cadaveric MC3 bones. Methods Twelve pairs of equine MC3 were divided into 3 test groups (4 pairs each) for (1) 4-point bending single cycle to failure testing, (2) 4-point bending cyclic fatigue testing, and (3) torsional testing. The EM-DCP (10-hole, 4.5 mm) was applied to the dorsal surface of one randomly selected bone from each pair. Two DCPs, 1 dorsally (10-hole, 4.5 mm broad) and 1 laterally (9-hole, 4.5 mm broad) were applied to the contralateral bone from each pair. All plates and screws were applied using standard AO/ASIF techniques to MC3 bones that had mid-diaphyseal osteotomies. Mean test variable values for each method were compared using a paired t-test within each group. Significance was set at P<.05. Results Mean 4-point bending yield load, yield bending moment, bending composite rigidity, failure load and failure bending moment of the EM-DCP fixation were significantly greater (P<.0001) than those of the double broad DCP fixation. Mean cycles to failure in 4-point bending of the EM-DCP fixation was significantly greater (P<.0008) than that of the double broad DCP fixation. Mean yield load, composite rigidity, and failure load in torsion of the EM-DCP fixation were significantly greater (P<.0035) than that of the double broad DCP fixation. Conclusion The EM-DCP provides increased stability in both static overload testing and cyclic fatigue testing. Clinical Relevance Results of this in vitro study support the conclusion that the prototype EM-DCP fixation is biomechanically superior to the double broad DCP fixation for the stabilization of osteotomized equine MC3.
The spectra of composition operators on Hp

For Hp, 1 ⩽ p < ∞, composition operators Cϑ, defined by Cϑ(ƒ) = ƒ ∘ ϑ for ƒ ϵ Hp, ϑ analytic on D = {z ¦ ¦ z ¦ < 1} are considered, and their spectra determined in the case where ϑ is analytic on an open region containing D.
Selection for Mating Ability in Japanese Quail

Abstract Results are presented for a replicated mass selection experiment for high and low cumulative number of completed matings. Through six generations of selection heritabilities of the selected trait averaged .07 for the high lines and .25 for the low lines. No correlated responses were noted for body weight at either 4 or 8 weeks of age, whereas the relationships of the selected trait with size of the cloacal gland and relative aggressiveness were positive.
THE CROSS POLITICS OF ECUADOR'S PENAL STATE

This essay examines inmate "crucifixion protests" in Ecuador's largest prison during 2003-04. It shows how the preventively incarcerated-of whom there are thousands-managed to effectively denounce their extralegal confinement by embodying the violence of the Christian crucifixion story. This form of protest, I argue, simultaneously clarified and obscured the multiple layers of sovereign power that pressed down on urban crime suspects, who found themselves persecuted and forsaken both outside and within the space of the prison. Police enacting zero-tolerance policies in urban neighborhoods are thus a key part of the penal state, as are the politically threatened family members of the indicted, the sensationalized local media, distrustful neighbors, prison guards, and incarcerated mafia. The essay shows how the politico-theological performance of self-crucifixion responded to these internested forms of sovereign violence, and were briefly effective. The inmates' cross intervention hence provides a window into the way sovereignty works in the Ecuadorean penal state, drawing out how incarceration trends and new urban security measures interlink, and produce an array of victims. Language: en
Contact laser microsurgery

Abstract Introduction. Lasers are commonly understood as instruments that produce a freestanding light beam that can cut or vaporize tissue. In contrast, a contact laser is an instrument where the laser beam resides entirely within a coated sapphire crystal probe tip. The authors describe the use of the contact laser for a variety of intraspinal procedures. Method. The probe is mounted on a curved handpiece and can be used in the same way as any microsurgical instrument. The laser energy is delivered only at the probe tip and only on contact of the tip with tissue. Different probe sizes and shapes allow for sharp cutting or tissue vaporization with minimal tissue penetration. Findings. We have used this laser in 95 operations for dysraphic conditions, and intradural (both intra- and extramedullary) spinal tumors. It was easy to use for the microsurgically trained neurosurgeon. It is safer than a freestanding, noncontact, laser beam. To lyse scar tissue, evaporate lipomatous tissue, perform a precise myelotomy, and dissect, cut and debulk firm and fibrous intradural spinal lesions this instrument is superior to microscissors, suction, or the ultrasonic aspirator. Interpretation. The contact laser is a useful microsurgical instrument for use in neurosurgery. It combines the advantages of lasers with those of microinstruments and avoids most shortcomings of both.
Islamists in the “Rainbow” Coalition

In the 1980s, Britain’s Labour Party promoted a system of race-relations that envisioned Britain as a collection of discrete cultures with equal status. This multicultural model for organizing society conflicted with traditional British notions of a unified national culture, with an assimilationist model of immigrant incorporation. Today, the Labour Party’s relationship with Islamists is sharply dividing Labour’s “rainbow” constituency. Whereas the horrific events of 9/11 and 7/7 have led many Labour leaders to replace its defense of multiculturalism with Tory-sounding calls for immigrant assimilation, other Labour leaders are working harder than ever to accommodate their Muslim constituents.
Cis-Golgi Matrix Proteins Move Directly to Endoplasmic Reticulum Exit Sites by Association with Tubules

The role of cis-medial Golgi matrix proteins in retrograde traffic is poorly understood. We have used imaging techniques to understand the relationship between the cis-medial Golgi matrix and trans...
Typographic style is more than cosmetic

There is disagreement about the role and importance of typographic style (source code formatting and commenting) in program comprehension. Results from experiments and opinions in programming style books are mixed. This article presents principles of typographic style consistent and compatible with the results of program comprehension studies. Four experiments demonstrate that the typographic style principles embodied in the book format significantly aid program comprehension and reduce maintenance effort.—Authors' Abstract
Dose-response and time-response relationships between progesterone and the display of patterns of receptive and proceptive behavior in the female rat.

Abstract The relationship between administration of progesterone and the display of patterns of receptive (response to the male) and preceptive (female initiated) sexual behavior was examined in ovariectomized, estrogen-primed female rats in a “restrained male” test situation. It was found that the degree of receptivity and proceptivity displayed was directly proportional to progesterone dose and time from progesterone injection (up to 4.5 hr). Higher progesterone doses and longer period of time from progesterone injection (up to 4.5 hr) were both associated with shorter latencies to return to the male following intromission and ejaculation. Receptivity could be induced with estrogen alone but progesterone was required for the display of proceptivity and higher doses of progesterone were needed to effect increases in proceptivity relative to receptivity. Proceptive behavior also occurred in a narrower time range than did receptive behavior. Receptivity alone is characterized as the lowest degree, and receptivity plus proceptivity as the highest degree, of expression of the total behavior pattern of the estrous female rat. Receptivity and proceptivity together constitute a continuum of estrous responsiveness. Increasing the progesterone dose from 0 to 200 μg, and increasing the latency from progesterone injection from 0 to 4.5 hr, were associated with increasing degree of expression of the total behavioral continuum.
Size and exhumation rate of ultrahigh-pressure terranes linked to orogenic stage

Abstract A growing set of data indicates a stark contrast between the evolution of two types of ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) terranes: large terranes that evolved slowly (over 10–30 Myr), and small terranes that formed and were exhumed on timescales of
An inhaler device using liquid injection of isoflurane for short term anesthesia in piglets

Abstract Objectives To test a novel inhaler for administering isoflurane (ISO) anesthesia to piglets during castration and other surgical procedures of short duration. Study design Prospective, randomized study. Animals Fifty-seven male piglets aged 6–10 days, body weight 1.1–3.5 kg. Methods An inhaler was developed which consisted of a mask, center body with open-close valve, vaporization chamber with wick and injection port, and a rebreathing bag. Liquid ISO required for induction of anesthesia and surgery was calculated, based on a desired alveolar ISO concentration of 1.82%. Dose was calculated using a square root of time model and metabolic size (B.W. 0.75 ). For practical use the calculated dose was expressed in relation to scale weight (kg). Isoflurane was delivered into the liquid injection port, followed by oxygen to fill the rebreathing bag and initiate vaporization. After the mask was fitted over the piglet's nose, the sliding open-close valve was opened to allow respiratory flow to move gases in and out of the inhaler and rebreathing bag. Fifty-seven male piglets received anesthesia prior to castration. Morbidity and mortality were assessed relative to unanesthetized litter mates. Induction, recovery and total anesthetic times were measured. End-tidal CO 2 was measured immediately after mask removal by capnography. Costs of equipment and anesthetic agent were calculated. Results Mean induction time was rapid, 47.5 ±8.7 seconds, generally with minimal or no struggling. Surgery usually lasted less than 30 seconds and was always completed prior to the 120 seconds allotted for induction and surgery. Anesthesia was adequate and recovery time was 122 ± 44 seconds. Total time from start to standing was 260 ± 51 seconds. The end-tidal CO 2 was 5.2 ± 1.1 kPa (39.4 ± 8.4 mmHg). No morbidity or mortality was associated with either group. Inhaler construction costs were below $100, and liquid ISO cost ranged between $0.02 and $0.03 per piglet. Conclusion and clinical relevance Isoflurane delivered in a novel inhaler has the potential to provide economical, safe, rapid anesthetic induction and safe, smooth recovery in piglets.
Hepatic Failure and Death due to New Onset T Cell Lymphoma

Liver involvement is commonly seen in disseminated T cell lymphoma; however, it is rarely the presenting organ. Here, we describe a case of T cell lymphoma presenting as acute hepatobiliary disease leading to hepatic failure and death. Forty-seven-year-old male with history of cirrhosis (etiology undetermined), diabetes mellitus, and pancytopenia was admitted to ICU for hypotension and failure to thrive. He had icterus, minimal ascitis, and hepatosplenomegaly on physical examination. No lymphadenopathy was noted. Laboratory workup on admission showed elevated total bilirubin (10.1 mg/dl) and liver enzymes. Serology for acute viral hepatitis, human immunodeficiency virus, Epstein–Barr virus, and autoimmune hepatitis was negative. CT abdomen showed cirrhotic liver with heterogeneous arterial enhancement of the liver without definite mass lesions. Hospital course was complicated by progressively worsening hypotension, respiratory failure, profound acidosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and multi-organ system failure leading to death on hospital day 12. Autopsy of the liver showed cirrhotic changes with infiltration with atypical small lymphocytes confined to septa which were CD3 and CD5 positive (CD4 weakly positive, CD8, CD20, CD57, CD56, CD30, Alk-1, granzyme B, TIA1, and S100 negative). Unusual clinical/histological features include (1) initial clinical presentation of hepatic dysfunction without obvious physical signs of lymphoma, (2) negative workup for viral, toxic, autoimmune, and metabolic liver disease, (3) involvement of the entire liver, observed as heterogeneous enhancement of liver without any focal mass lesion as seen on CT scan, (4) an aggressive nature of disease, and (5) autopsy of liver with T cell infiltration confined to septa. Initial diagnosis was challenging due to unusual clinical presentation suggesting inflammatory hepatobiliary disease and the absence of enlarged lymph nodes. In conclusion, early suspicion of this aggressive lymphoma is important and should be considered in the evaluation of a patient whose course is atypical for hepatitis. Even in the absence of a mass lesion or lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenic T cell lymphoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of acute hepatic dysfunction in a patient who has no evidence of viral, toxic, autoimmune, or metabolic liver disease.
Factorization, diagonal separation, and disconnectedness

Abstract Let (E, M) be a factorization structure on C , a category with finite products. C M is the full subcategory of C such that X ϵ C M if and only if δx ϵ M. We describe a class of morphisms M A such that ( A -epi, M A ) is a factorization structure on C if C also has intersections and equalizers, and show that A = C M for some factorization structure on C if and only if A = C M A . We then look at relative disconnectednesses and disconnectednesses in extremally well-powered and strongly complete categories, and show their relationship to the ( A -epi, M A ) factorization structure.
Effect of dietary phosphorus and phytase levels on the reproductive performance of large white turkey breeder hens

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary P levels and dietary phytase enzyme (E) inclusion on Large White turkey breeder hen reproductive performance from 31 to 62 wk of age. Hens were placed in a curtain-sided house with 48 pens (10 birds per pen; 8 pens per treatment) at 31 wk and were fed a breeder ration with treatments as follows: HP, dietary available P = 0.55%; HPE, HP + E; MP, dietary available P = 0.35%; MPE, MP + E; LP, dietary available P = 0.17%; and LPE, LP + E. Feed and water were available ad libitum for 28 wk of lay. Diets were fed in mash form, and all other nutrients were formulated to meet or exceed NRC requirements. All hens were photostimulated in January (31 wk) with 15.5 h of light daily. Production data were recorded on a pen basis. Individual bird BW and feed consumption, by pen, were determined at monthly intervals from 31 to 62 wk. Hens were observed for weekly reproductive performance for hen housed egg production, hen-day egg production, settable eggs, cumulative settable eggs, hens out of lay, and hen mortality and for biweekly performance for egg fertility, hatchability of all eggs, hatchability of fertile eggs, egg weight loss, conductance, conductance constant (k), and embryonic mortality. Egg weight, eggshell thickness, egg components, and albumen and yolk P were measured monthly. At 62 wk of age, hen tibia P, plasma P, total fecal P, and water-soluble fecal P were determined. Decreasing dietary P resulted in no decreases in reproductive performance for turkey breeder hens to 62 wk. Additionally, decreased dietary P resulted in decreased total fecal P and water-soluble fecal P. Feeding turkey breeder hens dietary phytase enzyme resulted in significantly fewer hens going out of lay; however, this was not reflected in hen housed egg production. It was concluded that phosphorus could be lowered in turkey breeder hen diets, compared with current surveyed industry levels, without impairing reproductive performance.
Local consumption speed of turbulent premixed flames - An analysis of ''memory effects"

The local turbulent flame speed of an attached flame is not only a function of the local flow and flame conditions, but also of upstream conditions – i.e., it is “non-local” or exhibits “memory”. Non-locality adds an additional degree of freedom to the classic problem of a freely propagating flame propagating normally to the time averaged flow. Non-locality occurs due to mean tangential flow along the flame brush, which causes flame wrinkles to translate downstream. As such, the wrinkling of the flame at any given point is not only a function of the local velocity disturbance, but also a superposition of flame surface perturbations from locations upstream at previous times. This causes the correlation length scale of turbulent flame wrinkles to differ from that of the underlying turbulent velocity fluctuations. The objective of this paper is to provide a physical description of the key flame kinematic processes that cause these non-local effects. Two approaches are adopted in this work. First, analytical solutions of the G-equation that explicitly describe the effect of non-locality in the low turbulence limit are developed. Second, numerical computations of the G-equation are performed that demonstrate the role of non-linearity in flame surface kinematics at higher turbulence intensities. Finally, these predictions are shown to be consistent with data from a turbulent Bunsen flame.
Multi-attribute decision analysis for justifying flexible automation

The need to modify traditional engineering economic analysis techniques to justify flexible automation systems is explored. The approaches to justification using multi-attribute decision analysis are reviewed and discussed.
Effects of Dry Period Length on Milk Yield and Mammary Epithelial Cells

Abstract A dry period, typically 40 to 60 d, between lactations is believed to be required to maximize milk yield in the subsequent lactation. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the requirement for the dry period, including (1) replenishment of body reserves, (2) regeneration of mammary tissue, and (3) optimization of benefits from endocrine events near the time of parturition. Continuously milked cows or glands have depressed milk yields but no differences in mammary DNA content or cell number. Nutritional status and endocrine hormones are not factors in reduced milk yield in continuously milked glands. Data from continuous lactation studies suggest that depressed milk yields are due to reduced functionality of mammary parenchyma. There is a need to reevaluate effects of continuous lactation on milk yield in today's high-producing dairy cow because studies on this topic were done using cows achieving peak milk production of 18 to 30 kg/d compared with 45 to 50 kg/d in today's dairy cows. Another factor that has not been considered in conjunction with current milk production levels is the use of bovine somatotropin (bST). Supplementation with bST increases milk yield, improves lactation persistency, and may improve milk yield in continuously milked cows. Future research goals are to examine the effects of continuous lactation in high-producing cows and to determine the effects of bST on milk yield and mammary functionality in continuously milked cows.
On preventing programming languages from interfering with programming

Wirth (1971) has proposed a method of `stepwise refinement' for writing computer programs. This paper proposes that the steps be expressed as proofs. A program for the eight queens problem is developed, and the proof method is applied across two of the steps of the development. The strengths and weaknesses of the method, and its implications for the programming process and programming language design are discussed.
Validation of object oriented software design with fault tree analysis

Software plays an increasing role in the safety critical systems. Increasing the quality and reliability of the software has become the major objective of software development industry. Researchers and industry practitioners, look for innovative techniques and methodologies that could be used to increase their confidence in the software reliability. Fault tree analysis (FTA) is one method under study at the Software Assurance Technology Center (SATC) of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center to determine its relevance to increasing the quality and the reliability of software. This paper briefly reviews some of the previous research in the area of software fault tree analysis (SFTA). Next we discuss a roadmap for application of the SFTA to software, with special emphasis on object-oriented design. This is followed by a brief discussion of the paradigm for transforming a software design artifact (i.e., sequence diagram) to its corresponding software fault tree. Finally, we discuss challenges, advantages and disadvantages of SFTA.
Intracranial giant cell reparative granuloma arising from the temporal lobe area: MR findings.

Summary: We present an unusual case of a giant cell reparative granuloma arising from the left temporal lobe area of a 38-year-old man and provide clinical and MR findings. Current diagnosis and treatment options are also discussed.