cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Jesse Philip Greenstein, 1902-1959.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on Jesse Philip Greenstein. Jesse Philip Greenstein was born on June 20, 1902 in New York. His scientific interests developed early, while he attended public elementary and high schools in New York, and while he worked in the Food and Drug Laboratory of the New York City Department of Health. He was outstanding in scientific skill, learning, energy, and devotion to his work. He led an arduous life as an investigator, administrator, and writer. In the course of his career, he collaborated with more than 60 scientists. His work on the resolution of amino acids and emphasized the problem of the optical purity of amino acids. He inspired numerous young men, who came to work at the National Cancer Institute, with much of his own ardent enthusiasm for science. He was proud to be a servant of the United States Government, in a position of great responsibility, and his service went far beyond the allotted duties of his post. He was a loyal friend, whose wisdom and courage were a source of inspiration to his colleagues.
Biomarker-driven EGFR therapy improves outcomes in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer

As new data from randomized studies comparing EGFR-targeting therapies with VEGF inhibitors emerge, the treatment landscape for metastatic colorectal cancer is expected to change. Although both the VEGF inhibitor bevacizumab and the anti-EGFR antibody cetuximab are approved in the first-line setting, they have not until recently been compared directly in randomized studies. Unlike targeted therapy in the EGFR pathway, there are no biomarkers guiding VEGF treatment. Recent data, discussed in this review, demonstrate that patients with KRAS/NRAS wild-type tumors benefit from anti-EGFR therapy in the first-line setting and that anti-EGFR therapy may be superior when compared with anti-VEGF approaches. This review focuses on the clinical utility of targeting EGFR by revisiting the biologic rationale for EGFR inhibition in metastatic colorectal cancer and providing new insight on the advancements in biomarker analyses with the potential to change practice.
Experimental Field Studies withMya arenaria(Bivalvia) on the Induction and Effect of Hematopoietic Neoplasia

Abstract A field experiment was conducted from 1991 to 1992 to examine induction and impact of hematopoietic neoplasia on the marine bivalveMya arenariain southeastern Massachusetts. Clams were collected from Little Buttermilk Bay and separated into three size classes (20–29, 30–39, and 40–49 mm shell length) in the laboratory. These sizes span the range of adults found in the population. A random subsample of these clams was taken to estimate disease prevalence at the start of the experiment, and this was found to be ≤10% in all size classes. Remaining clams were assigned randomly to two groups: Control and Treated. “Controls” were injected with filtered seawater, while “Treated” clams were injected with hemocytes extracted from diseased individuals. Injection of diseased hemocytes was performed to increase disease prevalence in the Treated group. Clams were returned to New Bedford Harbor, a more contaminated field location, where hematopoietic neoplasia is more prevalent, in January 1991, and characteristics of both groups were monitored for 555 days. Among Controls, probability of survival was size-dependent, with higher survival rates in larger clams. Treated clams had a lower probability of survival than Controls, and the magnitude of treatment effect increased with size class. The impact on survival was evident after 89 days, but it was first shown to be statistically significant after 189 days. Among Controls, probability of disease was strongly season-dependent, increasing in the large size class from 0.19 in spring to 0.50 in summer. During summer, Treated clams had a higher probability of being diseased than Controls. Among survivors, no significant sublethal effects due to treatment were detected in the field experiment. Experimental manipulation of disease prevalence may be a useful tool in future studies. In addition to results pertaining to disease, this study obtained long-term growth information, by size class, on somatic and reproductive tissue and shell size.
Coffee stain on textiles. Mechanisms of staining and stain removal.

Coffee stains on textiles are mainly caused by the water-soluble and acidic colored substances in coffee. The acidic nature of coffee stain has been shown by ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy of coffee as a function of pH; ion-pair formation with a cationic surfactant and titration with Hyamine 1622 and a surfactant-specific electrode; and precipitation of the colored components in coffee with barium hydroxide as a barium salt. The permanence of coffee stains on textiles depends on the nature of the fibers. The affinity of coffee stain to fibers, indicated by resistance to detergency, increases in the order polyester<cotton<nylon. Coffee stain has little affinity to polyester fibers but adheres to cotton and even more firmly to nylon. The strong affinity to nylon and the pH dependence of staining suggest an ionic interaction of carboxyl and phenolic groups with amine end-groups in nylon. The ionic attraction is augmented by nonionic interactions that are enhanced by the oligomeric or polymeric nature of the staining substances. In accord with the dominantly acidic character of coffee stain, an alkaline medium is needed for the dislodgment of coffee stain from nylon fibers. Bleaching of coffee in solution with perborate, activated with sodiumn-nonanoyloxybenzenesulfonate, or Oxone® (DuPont, Wilmington, DE) obeys pseudo first-order kinetics. Oxone, a peroxysulfate triple salt, is a more powerful oxidant for coffee stain than sodium perborate, but its use is limited by the bleach fastness of dyes.
Significant improvement in patient survival after renal transplantation in the last decade.

Abstract Introduction The extremely good results of renal transplantation have favored the use of pre-emptive procedures for treatment of patients with end-stage renal disease before entering dialysis, but still some concerns exist about patient survival. The aim of this study was to analyze the evolution of death rates and the causes of mortality among recipients of procedures performed between 1970 and 2007. Methods We examined the outcomes at 1, 5, 10, and 15 years follow-up of 793 adults who underwent primary or repeat renal transplantation from living or deceased donors between January 1, 1970 and December 31, 2007. To evaluate the impact of immunosuppressive regimens on patient survivals, we considered 3 time intervals: the precyclosporine era, the cyclosporine era, and the postcyclosporine era. Results During follow-up 115/793 (14.5%) renal transplant recipients died. There was a significant decrease in the overall mortality rate over the years. Patients who underwent transplantation more recently in the postcyclosporine era (1997–2007) showed a mortality rate of 1.8% (7/394) at 1 year and 3.3% (13/394) at 5 years, significantly lower than in previous periods. There was no significant change in the most frequent causes of death: cardiovascular diseases and sepsis. Conclusion Our data indicated a significant improvement in patient survival after renal transplantation over the last decade. These data are significantly better than those reported for dialysis treatment thus supporting the strategy of pre-emptive transplantation for end-stage renal disease.
Analysis of Small Molecule X-Ray Crystal Structures: Chemical Crystallography with Undergraduate Students in a Teaching Laboratory

The molecular structures of six small molecule organic compounds have been studied by X-ray diffraction in collaboration with undergraduate students enrolled in an advanced integrated laboratory course. The structures of 3-chloro-2-fluorobenzonitrile (1) [orthorhombic, P212121, a = 3.7679(13) A, b = 12.546(4) A, c = 13.780(5) A], 5-chloro-2-fluorobenzonitrile (2) [monoclinic, P21/c, a = 3.7909(7) A, b = 14.265(3) A, c = 12.171(2) A, β = 92.314(3)°], 2-bromo-3′-hydroxyacetophenone (3) [triclinic, P-1, a = 7.7081(3) A, b = 9.8840(3) A, c = 10.7320(4) A, α = 98.4345(4)°, β = 90.6184(4)°, γ = 105.9259(4)°], 3-chlorobenzoylacetonitrile (4) [monoclinic, Cc, a = 4.8086(6) A, b = 32.929(4) A, c = 10.5855(13) A, β = 97.665(1)°], 4-bromo-1-indanone (5) [triclinic, P-1, a = 7.3731(4) A, b = 7.5419(4) A, c = 8.2370(4) A, α = 62.927(1)°, β = 71.160(1)°, γ = 71.521(1)°], and 4-bromo-1-indanol (6) [monoclinic, P21/c, a = 12.7914(9) A, b = 4.6949(4) A, c = 27.864(2) A, β = 94.707(1)°] reveal several different types of intermolecular interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, π-stacking, halogen–halogen interactions, and C–H···X (X = O, N, halogen) interactions. The molecular structures of six small molecule organic compounds have been studied by X-ray diffraction in collaboration with undergraduate students enrolled in an advanced integrated laboratory course. The structures reveal several different types of intermolecular interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, π-stacking, halogen–halogen interactions, and C–H···X (X = O, N, halogen) interactions.
Finite and infinite model theory - a historical perspective

We describe the progress of model theory in the last half century from the standpoint of how nite model theory might develop. 1
Contemporary Vocational Models and Programs: What the Research Tells Us.

This article examines the changing nature of vocational education in American community colleges. Community colleges in the US play a key role in workforce preparation and development and serve both traditional and nontraditional students. The author draws on recent research to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of various models and strategies for the organisation and delivery of vocational education. Evidence on program effectiveness and student outcomes is reviewed. It is concluded that little is known about program outcomes for some vocational approaches, for example tech prep.
Limited proteolytic processing of the mature form of cathepsin D in human and mouse brain: Postmortem stability of enzyme structure and activity

The mature form of cathepsin D (Cat D), purified to homogeneity from postmortem human brain or mouse brain, behaved as a 42-kDa protein in its native state but revealed additional proteolytic processing under denaturing conditions. Human brain Cat D was composed of a 30-32 kDa heavy chain and a protein doublet consisting of 14 and 15 kDa light chains. Mouse Cat D, which closely resembled the human enzyme in amino acid composition, existed mainly as the uncleaved 42-kDa protein, but up to 40% existed as a complex of 30-32 kDa and 12-14 kDa chains. The 3:1 ratio of light to heavy (30-32 kDa) chains suggested processing of some 30-kDa chains. Cleavage of the 42-kDa chain could not be induced autolytically. Human brain Cat D had a 2-3-fold higher specific activity than the mouse enzyme but shared other properties, including similar biphasic pH optima (peaks at pH 3.30 and 4.2), Km values for methemoglobin and inhibitor profiles. Human Cat D displayed the same polypeptide chain composition when purified from brains differing in postmortem interval (3-28 h). Fresh SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells analyzed on Western blots with anti-Cat D antibodies also displayed only cleaved forms of mature Cat D. Furthermore, brain Cat D isolated from mice stored after death for 5, 15 or 30 h at 25 degrees C contained the same molar ratios of cleaved and uncleaved enzyme found in fresh mouse brain . Cat D activity was stable in human brains with postmortem intervals up to 27 h and stored frozen for up to 3 years. Similarly, total Cat D activity was essentially unchanged in brains of mice subjected to stimulated postmortem conditions for 0.5-4.2 h, although 20% of the total soluble brain protein became insoluble during this postmortem interval. These results demonstrate a remarkable postmortem stability of Cat D and strongly suggest that limited proteolytic cleavage of mature brain Cat D is an in vivo event, the extent of which varies markedly in different species.
Utilization of Satellite Data in Land Surface Hydrology: Sensitivity and Assimilation

This paper investigates the sensitivity of potential evapotranspiration to input meteorological variables, viz- surface air temperature and surface vapor pressure. The sensitivity studies have been carried out for a wide range of land surface variables such as wind speed, leaf area index and surface temperatures. Errors in the surface air temperature and surface vapor pressure result in errors of different signs in the computed potential evapotranspiration. This result has implications for use of estimated values from satellite data or analysis of surface air temperature and surface vapor pressure in large scale hydrological modeling. The comparison of cumulative potential evapotranspiration estimates using ground observations and satellite observations over Manhattan, Kansas for a period of several months shows very little difference between the two. The cumulative differences between the ground based and satellite based estimates of potential evapotranspiration amounted to less that 20mm over a 18 month period and a percentage difference of 15%. The use of satellite estimates of surface skin temperature in hydrological modeling to update the soil moisture using a physical adjustment concept is studied in detail including the extent of changes in soil moisture resulting from the assimilation of surface skin temperature. The soil moisture of the surface layer is adjusted by 0.9mm over a 10 day period as a result of a 3K difference between the predicted and the observed surface temperature. This is a considerable amount given the fact that the top layer can hold only 5mm of water.
New Evidence on Fiscal Adjustment and Growth in Transition Economies

This paper analyzes the relationship between fiscal adjustment and real GDP growth in a panel of 26 transition economies during 1992–2001. It finds a positive and statistically significant relationship between fiscal adjustment and real GDP growth that is robust to different model specifications and estimation methods when initial conditions, stabilization policies, and institutions are controlled for. Fiscal adjustment promotes growth in both the short and the long run in countries that have not yet attained macroeconomic stability. However, for countries that have achieved credible stabilization, additional fiscal adjustment is unlikely to yield large benefits in growth.
How Hard Do I Have to Work? Student and Faculty Expectations Regarding University Work

In this study, the authors examined student and faculty expectations regarding college student course work behaviors. Three hundred and eighty-seven students and 52 faculty members from the same university completed surveys designed to measure their perceptions of the amount of student effort required to earn an A, B, C, or D letter grade. Findings show that students and faculty members generally agreed on how hard students have to work in an academic environment. The authors discuss some gender differences in students' expectations.
Effects of nitrogen on the electrical properties of sputtered SiCx films

Abstract The electrical properties of r.f.-sputtered SiCx films were studied with a view to thermistor applications. When the sputtering was carried out in an argon atmosphere containing a small amount of nitrogen gas, the electrical properties were strongly affected by the amount of nitrogen gas. For small amounts, less than 2%–3% in concentration, both the resistance and the experimental constant B decreased very rapidly as the amount of nitrogen gas was increased. In contrast, for larger amounts, more than 2%–3% in concentration, both the resistance and B increased rapidly with increasing concentration of nitrogen gas. For all the films sputtered in an argon atmosphere containing various amounts of nitrogen gas up to 9% in concentration, B increased linearly with increasing temperature. From this characteristic, the following experimental equation which represents the dependence of the resistance R of the films on temperature T was obtained: R = AT −n exp ( m T ) where A, n and m are constants determined experimentally.
Your mileage may vary: Managing untargeted consumers’ reactions to promotions

CRM, CLV, and loyalty programs emphasize carefully targeting promotions to select consumers. However, with websites actively disseminating promotions to the untargeted, keeping targeted promotions from untargeted consumers is increasingly difficult. Spillover of targeted promotions to untargeted consumers can be a boon or a curse, depending on how the firm manages promotions’ features and characteristics. Extant literature provides little guidance on how firms can shape targeted promotions to strategically encourage participation or abstention by the untargeted. Drawing on equity theory and scarcity theory, we analyze 1,000 promotions discussed by members of the highest traffic “deals” website. We find: (1) untargeted consumers readily access promotions not targeted to them; (2) untargeted consumers find such offers more attractive than untargeted promotional offers; and (3) knowledge of prior promotions’ pricing, “may not be for you” language, and quantity/time limits influence evaluations. We discuss how managers can shape promotions to better manage untargeted consumers’ responses.
Investigation of Products Liability Attitudes and Opinions: A Consumer Perspective

The area of product safety and products liability legislation has been the subject of a great deal of academic research. Policymakers and business executives have been surveyed to determine their attitudes toward liability and product safety concerns. In addition, a substantial amount of research has focused on the impact of products liability trial outcomes on business and public policy. However, there are relatively few studies reporting opinions, attitudes, and predispositions of consumers regarding relevant liability topics. This article explores the consumer perspective on several critical questions relating to products liability and product safety. The results indicate a wide divergence of opinion exists among consumers on key issues shaping current trends in the products liability legal environment. Implications for consumers, business, and public policy are discussed.
Aspirin-sensitive rhinosinusitis asthma: A double-blind crossover study of treatment with aspirin

Abstract Twenty-five ASA-sensitive patients with rhinosinusitis asthma underwent oral ASA challenges followed by desensitization to the adverse respiratory effects of ASA. We then compared the efficacy of continuous ASA treatment for their respiratory tract disease to that of a placebo treatment during a double-blind crossover study. For this group of 25 patients, there was significant improvement in nasal symptoms and a reduction in use of nasal beclomethasone during the months when they received ASA treatment. Lower respiratory tract symptoms, values of FEV 1 and the use of antiasthmatic medications including prednisone were not significantly changed during ASA treatment. Desensitization to ASA followed by ASA treatment appears to significantly alleviate symptoms of rhinosinusitis. However, only half the patients experienced improvement in their asthma symptoms during ASA treatment.
Algorithms for accurate collection, ejection, and loading in particle simulations

Algorithms for accurate collection, ejection, and loading of particles in particle simulations are presented. The algorithm for particle collection finds the position and velocity at any specific time from those at a discrete time. The algorithms for particle ejection and loading find the value at a discrete time from those at a given time. The accuracy of these algorithms is analyzed for general fields and is confirmed by comparing the numerically computed value with its exact solution under a homogeneous magnetic field. In particular, this ejection method can be applied to secondary emission as well as spontaneous emission.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Real-Time Monitoring of Reactive Oxygen Species-Induced DNA Damage and Its Prevention by Platinum Nanoparticles

We have successfully demonstrated the potential of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) in monitoring the real time damage to genomic DNA. To reveal the capabilities of this technique, we exposed DNA to reactive oxygen species (ROS), an agent that has been implicated in causing DNA double-strand breaks, and the various stages of free radical-induced DNA damage have been monitored by using SERS. Besides this, we showed that prompt DNA aggregation followed by DNA double-strand scission and residual damage to the DNA bases caused by the ROS could be substantially reduced by the protective effect of Pt nanocages and nearly cubical Pt nanopartcles. The antioxidant activity of Pt nanoparticles was further confirmed by the cell viability studies. On the basis of SERS results, we identified various stages involved in the mechanism of action of ROS toward DNA damage, which involves the DNA double-strand scission and its aggregation followed by the oxidation of DNA bases. We found that Pt nanoparticles inhibi...
Sixteen failures in a single model of bipolar polyurethane-insulated ventricular pacing lead: a 44-month experience.

During a 44-month period, 105 Medtronic model 6972-58 polyurethane-insulated, bipolar ventricular pacing leads were implanted, of which 16 failed clinically at a mean of 20.5 months post-implant. Pacing dysfunction presented as either intermittent or complete loss of sensing and/or capture and, rarely, oversensing . Thirteen of the 16 patients were asymptomatic, and problems were detected in 11 instances during routine telephonic surveillance. At the time of lead replacement, low or widely fluctuating lead resistance values and high current drain were uniformly observed. The single lead capable of total extraction revealed rupture of both internal and external insulation. A brief summary of the currently much-discussed "polyurethane controversy" is presented, and the issue of patient management is discussed.
Nanocapillarity in fullerene tubules.

Fullerene tubules are shown to be highly polarizable ``molecular straws'' capable of ingesting dipolar molecules. Local-density-functional calculations on HF molecules within a finite-length tubule, of size 144 atoms, demonstrate this effect. The energy of incarceration is several times the thermal ambient at room temperature. These calculations, now feasible on desktop workstations, open the way to the study of nanoscale capillarity and to, perhaps, precise control over shielding of specific ``guest'' compounds from external electric and magnetic fields.
Future directions in paediatric rheumatology

Abstract Paediatric rheumatology has come of age. In a country as large as India with its large childhood population with rheumatic diseases, there is a great need to develop training programmes in paediatric rheumatology. Fundamental research is needed to study the incidence, prevalence and variations in clinical features of common rheumatic diseases in the Indian population. Newer modalities of therapy need to be developed to suit local needs and conditions. Tools to evaluate outcomes need to be developed to suit the cultural conditions of the land. Resources have to be developed to provide continuity of care to these children with chronic diseases in remote villages. All of this requires planning, leadership, sustained effort and collaboration between patients and physicians and between private and public agencies.
A randomized art-gallery algorithm for sensor placement

This paper descirbes a placement strategy to compute a set of “good” locations where visual sensing will be most effective. Throughout this paper it is assumed that a {\em polygonal 2-D map} of a workspace is given as input. This polygonal map --- also known as a {\em floor plan} of {\em layout} --- is used to compute a set of locations where expensive sensing tasks (such as 3-D image acquisition) could be executed. A map-building robot, for example, can visit these locations in order to build a full 3-D model of the workspace.The sensor placement strategy relies on a randomized algorithm that solves a variant of the {\em art-gallery problem}-\cite{Oro87, She92, Urr97} : Find the minimum set of guards inside a polygonal workspace from which the entire workspace boundary is visibe. To better take into account the limitations of physical sensors, the algorithm computes a set of guards that satisfies incidence and range constraints. Although the computed set of guards is not guaranteed to have minimum size, the algorithm does compute with high probability a set whose size is at most a factor $\big0{ (n + h) \cot \log(c \ (n + h) )$ from the optimal size$c$, where $n$ is the number of edges in the input polygonal map and $n$ the number of obstacles in its interior (holes).
A study of the inhalation of pentachlorophenol by rats part V. A protein binding study of pentachlorophenol

This study examined the effects on PCP binding to BSA by varying the temperature, pH ionic strength, PCP concentration and BSA concentration. It also compared the albumin binding of PCP to the plasma binding of PCP for the rat and human.
Tocopherol in brain metabolism and disease: a review.

All aerobic cells form free radicals. During respiration, univalent reactions of oxygen are preferred, producing superoxide radicals (O~-), hydrogen peroxide (H202), and hydroxyl radicals (OH'). Additional OH" radicals and singlet oxygen (102) form following reactions with metal catalysts. Complex defenses exist in cells as protection against the consequences of free radical formation (Siesjo, 198l). Each of our cells is protected by an extremely effective network of antioxidant mechanisms. These defenses include enzyme scavengers, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase, in most cells. These quench superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and lipid peroxides, respectively. There are also endogenous scavengers of free radicals. Chief among these is e-tocopherol. Others include ascorbic acid and thiol-containing compounds. Cellular organization serves to minimize contact between free radical reactions and sensitive molecules. The most abundant and effective antioxidants in biological systems are the tocopherols. Vitamin E was originally discovered as an essential factor in the reproduction of rats. The active substance, now known as e-tocopherol, was found to be a powerful antioxidant as well. Whether the latter explains the vitamin activity remains a topic of debate. Much remains to be learned about the metabolic properties of tocopherol, but it is within the context of antioxidants that current interest in the tocopherols is centered. The goal of this review is to feature the tocopherols and antioxidant metabolism as these relate to the brain and nervous system. General properties and
Suppression of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) infestations in cantaloupe and cotton with sprinkler irrigation

Abstract A series of field experiments were conducted to evaluate Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) infestations in both sprinkler and furrow irrigated cantaloupe and cotton plots under conditions of intense whitefly pressure in Imperial Valley, CA. Various fungal pathogen and insecticide treatments also were compared within each irrigation regime. A consistent finding throughout all experiments was that densities of immature whiteflies were significantly reduced in sprinkler irrigated plots. This was most evident in sprinkler irrigated cantaloupe plots treated with the insecticide imidacloprid, as plants survived whitefly infestations to produce marketable fruit in these plots only. Similarly, whitefly densities in imidacloprid-treated/sprinkler-irrigated cotton were significantly lower than all other treatments. Spray applications of insect fungal pathogens were for the most part indistinguishable from the untreated control in terms of densities of whiteflies. Results from the first cantaloupe trial indicate that sprinkler irrigation on a daily schedule resulted in consistently lower whitefly infestations compared to a biweekly schedule.
Solution adsorption from liquid chromatography

Abstract The dynamic technique of frontal analysis is applied toward the measurement of binary solution-solid adsorption utilizing a commercial liquid chromatograph. The original mathematical treatment of ideal equilibrium chromatography is reexamined. Careful analysis of the chromatographic adsorption process indicates that the absolute surface excess concentration determined from the dynamic experiment is constrained to be a volumetric reduced adsorption if the assumption of constant volumetric flow rate is made. A macroscopic approach, however, shows that this constraint can be removed if, in addition to the outlet concentration, the outlet flow rate is accurately monitored. The macroscopic approach also reveals that the dynamic technique can be applied in spite of finite mass transfer resistance and adsorption kinetics. New dynamic and static experimental results for the system n-hexane/n-hexanol/silica gel are presented and are shown to agree over the entire composition range. The advantages of the dynamic flow technique are outlined.
Origin of Terahertz Sensitivity to Heme Oxidation State

Previously we reported the sensitivity of terahertz dielectric responses to the heme oxidation state for cytochrome c. Here we discuss measurements and calculations determining how correlated and diffusive motions give rise to this contrast.
Test Structures for Characterization and Comparative Analysis of CMOS Image Sensors

A set of test structures designed to characterize and compare the performance of CMOS passive and active pixel image sensors is presented. The test structures are deigned so that they can be rapidly ported from one process to another. They are also designed so that individual photodetectors and pixel circuits as well as entire image sensor arrays can be characterized and compared based on: quantum efficiency, spectral response, fixed pattern noise, sensitivity, blooming, input referred read noise, reduction of quantum efficiency caused by silicide/salicide, lag, digital switching noise sensitivity, impact ionization noise sensitivity, dynamic range, and temperature dependency of all measured parameters. Four test chips that include a variety of these structures have been built in two different 0.35 micrometer CMOS processes. The test chips include nineteen types of individual photodetectors and thirty eight types of 64 by 64 pixel arrays. The test methodology and preliminary test results from these chips are presented.
Measuring the uniqueness and variety of analog circuit design features

Analog circuit design activity is currently a less formalized process, in which the main source for innovation is the designer's ability to produce new designs by combining basic devices, sub-circuits, and ideas from similar solutions. There are few systematic methods that can fuse and transform the useful features of the existing designs into new solutions. Moreover, most automated circuit synthesis tools are still limited to routine tasks, like transistor sizing and layout design. Developing new design techniques that can combine the existing design features requires metrics that describe the uniqueness and variety of the features. This paper evaluates for analog circuits two such general-purpose metrics proposed in [1,2]. Three case studies are discussed on using the metrics to characterize the design features of current mirrors, transconductors, and operational amplifiers. The two metrics and the presented study is useful in producing an overall characterization of analog circuit features. This can help in enhancing the circuit design process, training of young designers, and developing new automated synthesis tools that can explore more solution space regions that are likely to include novel design features.
Thermally Tuned Resonant Optical Filters Fabricated in Amorphous Silicon

A thermo-optic tunable shallow-grating guided-mode resonance filter is designed and fabricated. The experimental filter has a spectral width of 7 nm and a tuning range of 13 nm with a tuning efficiency of 0.13 nm/°C.
Miscible blends of aromatic polybenzimidazoles and aromatic polyimides

A new family of high performance, miscible polymer blends based on aromatic polybenzimidazoles and aromatic polyimides has been discovered. Preliminary evidence, obtained with commercially available, soluble polymers suggests that polymers of these generic types may be miscible over a wide range of compositions and structural variations. Blend miscibility was evidenced in the form of single Tg1s and well-defined single tan δ relaxations intermediate to those of the component polymers, the formation of clear films and, in one case, enhanced solvent resistance.
Cooperative, non-specific binding of a Zinc finger peptide to DNA

The DNA binding and structural properties of Xfin-31 (Lee, M.S., Gippert, G.P., Soman, K.V., Case, D.A. and Wright, P.E., 1989, Science 245, 635-637), a twenty five amino acid zinc finger peptide, in the reduced, oxidized and zinc complex forms, as well as the fourteen residue helical segment of the zinc finger (residues 12-25) have been compared using affinity coelectrophoresis (ACE) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The zinc complex and oxidized peptides bind cooperatively to DNA although the cooperativity factor, omega, is more than 15-fold greater for the zinc complex. The reduced peptide in the absence of zinc and the helical segment do not bind cooperatively (omega = 1). Hence, the binding constant for singly contiguous sites (K omega) ranges over 100-fold for the various peptides even though the intrinsic binding constants (K) are similar. An increase in binding order and affinity for the other forms of Xfin-31 is correlated with an increasing similarity of the CD spectrum to that of the Xfin-31 zinc complex. The surprising DNA binding activity of the oxidized peptide may result from hydrophobic interactions between the amino-terminal loop formed by the Cys3-Cys6 disulfide bond and conserved hydrophobic residues in the carboxyl-terminal segment. Xfin-31 may be a particularly useful model for studying several poorly understood aspects of cooperative, non-specific DNA binding since it is small, has a stable, well-defined structure, and structures of zinc fingers bound to DNA have been determined.
Stabilizing effect of biochar on soil extracellular enzymes after a denaturing stress

Stabilization of extracellular enzymes may maintain enzymatic activity for ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling, and bioremediation, while protecting enzymes from proteolysis and denaturation. A laboratory incubation study was conducted to determine whether a fast pyrolysis biochar (CQuest) derived from oak and hickory hardwood would stabilize extracellular enzymes in soil and prohibit the loss of potential enzyme activity following a denaturing stress, in this case microwaving. Soil was incubated in the presence of biochar (0, 1, 2, 5, or 10% by weight) for 36 days and subsequently exposed to microwave energies of 0, 400, 800, 1600, or 3200 Joules per gram of soil. Soil enzymes (s-glucosidase, s-D-cellobiosidase, N-acetyl-s-glucosaminidase, phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase, and s-xylosidase) were analyzed by fluorescence-based assays. Biochar amendment significantly reduced the potential activity of leucine aminopeptidase and s-xylosidase after the incubation period and prior to stress exposure. Microwaving provided stress through heat and loss of soil water, although at the lowest stress level (400 Joules per gram of soil) soil water loss was significantly reduced in soil amended with 10% biochar. Enzyme stabilization was demonstrated for s-xylosidase, whereby intermediate biochar application rates (1 and 5 %) prevented a complete loss of this enzyme’s potential activity after soil was exposed to 400 (1% biochar treatment) or 1600 (5% biochar treatment) Joules of microwave energy per gram of soil. Potential activities of s-glucosidase, s-D-cellobiosidase, N-acetyl-s-glucosaminidase, and phosphatase enzymes were not affected by biochar, and activities of these enzymes decreased significantly with increasing levels of microwave energy. We concluded that biochar has the potential to prevent evaporative losses of soil water to some degree and stabilize certain extracellular enzymes such as s-xylosidase so that activity is maintained after a denaturing stress. This effect was dependent, however on biochar application rate and the enzyme itself. Furthermore, while biochar may reduce the potential activity of certain extracellular enzymes in soil, this phenomenon was not universal as the majority of enzymes assayed in this study were unaffected by exposure to biochar.
The Denver Brown Cloud Studies from the Perspective of Model Assessment Needs and the Role of Meteorology

The 1987-1988 Denver Brown Cloud Study addressed Denver's severe winter brown cloud episodes in a three-month field study followed by the application of a receptor-oriented chemical mass balance modeling method to apportion light extinction to primary emissions. However, this modeling method did not apportion light extinction from secondary particulates to individual sources. Recently, an independent meteorological and chemical modeling study, driven by the need to apportion secondary particles, reported on the initial numerical simulation of visibility for two days during the winter of 1987-1988. The MM4 meteorological model used in this recent study was operated in a four-dimensional, data-assimilation mode using standard, low-resolution synoptic observations and analyses. The chemical and aerosol numerical modeling system, which uses the MM4 meteorological model numerical output, was derived from the family of models developed for the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program. This paper summarizes the meteorological features underlying the Denver brown cloud and assesses the consistency of the reported numerical simulations with the detailed meteorological observations available for the same periods. We found that the meteorological model, in its current form and range of application, does not address some of the critical mesoscale structures responsible for the initiation and maintenance of the brown cloud episodes studied nor, under some circumstances, does it properly predict boundary layer properties compared with observations. In addition, cloud systems and surface moisture fluxes are not addressed by the model, although many chemical processes depend on the presence of additional moisture. Comparison between model results and observations suggest that moist processes, particularly during the initiation phase of episodes, should be a critical issue for future experimental and modeling exercises. In addition, the limited model results available, when evaluated against the detailed boundary layer observations of the Brown Cloud Study, suggest that model uncertainties in the treatment of local terrain influence, boundary layer depth, and humidity may have obscured model overestimates of optical extinction. Finally, we suggest that although models will remain limited in many aspects, their use in combination with detailed observations of meteorology and chemistry will prove a valuable tool in the assessment of urban visibility issues.
An attempt to assess the magnitude of endogenous androgen production in a case of the adrenogenital syndrome.

IT IS generally recognized that the steroidal hormones excreted in urine may provide unreliable qualitative and quantitative indices of endogenous hormone production. In recent years many procedures have been restored to in an effort to resolve this difficulty. One such consists in the calculation of endogenous hormone production from the percentage of the exogenous hormone recovered in the form of its metabolites in the urine as in the case of progesterone (1). A second procedure is based on the assumption that the amount of hormone required for complete replacement therapy in insufficiency states is equivalent to normal endogenous hormone production. Attempts have also been made to estimate endogenous hormone production from the hormonal content of the venous blood from a ductless gland, specifically, in the case of the adrenal (2). It is the purpose of this study to describe another approach to this problem. This is based on the neutralization of an endogenous hormone by the administration of an approp...
EFFECTS OF DIETS CONTAINING SODIUM FLUORIDE ON MINK

Mink (Mustela vison) kits still nursing, and adult male mink were fed diets containing various levels of fluorine (as NaF) to determine the effects on health, growth and pelt quality. Different groups were fed diets containing 25.5 (control), 46.0, 111.5 or 287.0 ppm fluorine (on a wet basis) for 7–8 mo. Gross, radiographic and microscopic changes were seen in bones from some animals ingesting the higher levels of fluorine. Chemical analyses for fluorine generally reflected levels ingested. Fluorine caused no detectable differences in pelt quality. After data were evaluated, tolerance levels in the feed of not more than 50 ppm fluorine for breeding stock and 100 ppm fluorine for animals being raised only for pelts are recommended.
564 DISORDERED UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY IN INFANTS WITH GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX (GER)

Thirty four infants were evaluated for their symptoms of GER with esophageal manometrics, prolonged pH probe studies and gastric emptying. Manometrics examined the lower esophageal sphincter and the body of the esophagus had a minimum of 10 peristaltic sequences examined. The pH probe studies were most valuable in the 2 hours after ingestion of 4 oz of apple juice. Gastric emptying was performed with a gamma counter and computer imaging after ingestion of 4 oz of 99m Tc labeled cow's milk formula. Group A consists of 15 infants with RT's of 30% in this period. (RT=reflux time with esophageal pH <4). Infants with severe reflux as defined by pH probe criteria have disordered esophageal peristalsis, ↓ amplitude of peristalsis in the distal esophagus and delayed gastric emptying of a cow's milk formula. We conclude that infants with severe GER have a diffuse disorder of upper gastrointestinal motility.
Specialty differences in cardiovascular disease prevention practices

Abstract Objectives. The aim of this study was to examine physician specialty differences in cardiovascular disease prevention practices. Background. Despite the importance of cardiovascular disease prevention, little is known about current national practices, particularly physician specialty differences. Methods. Using a national survey of office visits, we evaluated differences in the propensity of physicians of different specialties to provide prevention services. We analyzed 30,929 adult visits to 1,521 physicians selected by stratified random sampling in the 1995 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Standard and ordinal multiple logistic regression models were employed to estimate the independent effects of physician and patient characteristics. Results. A variety of cardiovascular disease prevention services were provided during an estimated 547 million adult office visits to US physicians in 1995, including blood pressure measurement (50% of visits), cholesterol testing (5%) and counseling for exercise (12%), weight (6%), cholesterol (4%) and smoking (3%). In addition, medication management was reflected by the report of antihypertensives in 12% of visits and lipid-lowering medications in 2%. Across these eight services, propensity to provide services varied consistently with specialty. Controlling for patient and visit characteristics and compared to general internists, the likelihood of providing services was higher for cardiologists (adjusted odds ratio 1.65, 95% confidence interval 1.44 to 1.89) but lower for obstetrician/gynecologists (0.75, 0.68 to 0.82), family physicians (0.69, 0.64 to 0.74), general practitioners (0.58, 0.53 to 0.63), other medical specialists (0.65, 0.59 to 0.72) and surgeons (0.06, 0.05 to 0.06). Conclusions. Cardiologists have the greatest propensity to provide cardiovascular disease prevention services, while primary care physicians vary substantially in their practices. These findings suggest a need to address variations in cardiovascular disease prevention.
Preliminary structural MRI based brain classification of chronic pelvic pain: A MAPP network study

Neuroimaging studies have shown that changes in brain morphology often accompany chronic pain conditions. However, brain biomarkers that are sensitive and specific to chronic pelvic pain (CPP) have not yet been adequately identified. Using data from the Trans-MAPP Research Network, we examined the changes in brain morphology associated with CPP. We used a multivariate pattern classification approach to detect these changes and to identify patterns that could be used to distinguish participants with CPP from age-matched healthy controls. In particular, we used a linear support vector machine (SVM) algorithm to differentiate gray matter images from the 2 groups. Regions of positive SVM weight included several regions within the primary somatosensory cortex, pre-supplementary motor area, hippocampus, and amygdala were identified as important drivers of the classification with 73% overall accuracy. Thus, we have identified a preliminary classifier based on brain structure that is able to predict the presence of CPP with a good degree of predictive power. Our regional findings suggest that in individuals with CPP, greater gray matter density may be found in the identified distributed brain regions, which are consistent with some previous investigations in visceral pain syndromes. Future studies are needed to improve upon our identified preliminary classifier with integration of additional variables and to assess whether the observed differences in brain structure are unique to CPP or generalizable to other chronic pain conditions.
Back-surface field design for n+p GaAs cells

Abstract Back-surface field (BSF) design issues for n+p GaAs solar cells are addressed. An expression for the effective back-surface recombination velocity, S pp+ , valid for both homojunction and heterojunction BSFs, is derived. Computations for a typical n+p shallow junction cell demonstrate: (1) the importance of so-called bandgap narrowing effects in p+ GaAs and (2) that pp+ homojunction BSFs cannot attain the low (less than about 103 cm s−1) effective surface recombination velocities required for very high efficiency. AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction BSFs are shown to be capable of nearly zero effective surface recombination velocity. Comparison of n+p shallow junction cells with homojunction BSFs to similar cells with heterojunction BSFs reveals an advantage of approximately 20 mV in open-circuit voltage for the heterojunction BSF. Theoretical estimates are in approximate agreement with the increase of about 30 mV that has been observed experimentally, and suggest that heterojunction BSFs may be required in order to reach the efficiency limits of n+p GaAs cells.
Graduated Flow Resistance Through a GDL in a Novel PEM Stack

The goal of this study is to design a gas diffusion layer (GDL) for a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell with a graduated permeability, and therefore a graduated resistance to flow throughout the GDL. It has been shown that using conventional materials the GDL exhibits a higher resistance in the through-plane direction due to the orientation of the small carbon fibers that make up the carbon paper or carbon cloth. In this study, a GDL is designed for an unconventional PEM fuel cell stack, where the reactant gases are supplied through the side of the GDL rather than through flow field channels, which are machined into a bipolar plate. The effects of changing in-plane permeability, through-plane permeability, and thickness of the GDL on the expected current density distribution at the catalyst layer are studied. Three different thicknesses are investigated, and it is found that as GDL thickness increases, more uniform reactant distribution over the face of the GDL is obtained. Results also show that it is necessary to design a GDL with a much higher in-plane resistance than through-plane resistance for the unconventional PEM stack studied.Copyright © 2009 by ASME