cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Conversational Basis of Some Presuppositions

This paper, originally published in 2001, deals with the question of the source of presuppositions, focusing on the question of whether presuppositions are conventional properties of linguistic expressions, or arise as inferences derivable from ordinary content in combination with some general conversational principles. I argue that at least some presuppositions should be analysed as conversational inferences, on the grounds that they show two of the hallmarks of such inferences: contextual defeasibility and nondetachability. I make this case for the presuppositions associated with change of state predicates and with factives. I argue further for the need for a general principle for deriving presuppositions as inferences by illustrating a variety of cases of presupposition-like inferences not clearly involving a lexical presupposition trigger. In the second half of the paper, I move towards the development of a general conversational account of the relevant presuppositions. Building on a brief comment in Stalnaker (1974), I develop the following pair of ideas: first, that an utterance embedding a proposition P may be seen as raising the question whether P; and second, that P may be related to a further proposition Q in such a way that it would make sense to raise the question whether P only if one already believed Q to be true. It is these required prior beliefs that constitute conversationally derived presuppositions. Although the account developed here is only a preliminary attempt, the relevance of contextually salient questions, or sets of alternatives, to an account of presupposition has been taken up in subsequent work, notably Abusch (2010) and Simons et al. (2010).
KEEP ON GOING, a RING E3 Ligase Essential for Arabidopsis Growth and Development, Is Involved in Abscisic Acid Signaling

Analysis of the Arabidopsis thaliana RING-ANK (for Really Interesting New Gene-Ankyrin) family, a subgroup of RING-type E3 ligases, identified KEEP ON GOING (KEG) as essential for growth and development. In addition to the RING-HCa and ankyrin repeats, KEG contains a kinase domain and 12 HERC2-like repeats. The RING-HCa and kinase domains were functional in in vitro ubiquitylation and phosphorylation assays, respectively. Seedlings homozygous for T-DNA insertions in KEG undergo growth arrest immediately after germination, suggestive of increased abscisic acid (ABA) signaling, a major phytohormone that plays a key role in plant development and survival under unfavorable conditions. Here, we show that KEG is a negative regulator of ABA signaling. keg roots are extremely sensitive to the inhibitory effects of ABA and exhibit hypersensitivity to exogenous glucose, consistent with the known interaction between glucose and ABA signaling. The observations that KEG accumulates high levels of ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE5 (ABI5) without exogenous ABA, interacts with ABI5 in vitro, and that loss of ABI5 rescues the growth-arrest phenotype of keg mutant seedlings indicate that KEG is required for ABI5 degradation. In this capacity, KEG is central to ABA signaling by maintaining low levels of ABI5 in the absence of stress.
Fluorescence Anisotropy as an Index of Fetal Lung Maturation in Vitro

Fluorescence techniques have been used to assess the viscosity of surfactant-containing fluids in vivo and have been successfully employed clinically as indices of lung maturity. However, fluorescence measurements have not been previously used as indicators of fetal lung maturation in an in vitro system. Lung explants derived from 19-, 20-, and 21-day fetal rats were cultured in F-12 medium for 24-72 h. Tissue homogenates and culture medium were eluted on Sephacryl S-300 columns, a diphenylhexatriene (DPH) probe was added to each fraction, and fluorescence anisotropy and intensity were measured after excitation at 357 nm and emission at 435 nm. Elution fractions containing the major fluorescence peak were demonstrated to correspond to the phosphatidylcholine-containing fraction and were shown to contain lamellar bodies. Fluorescence anisotropy of tissue homogenates obtained from 19-day lung explants decreased after 72 h in culture, suggesting lower microviscosity of the surfactant-containing fractions. As...
Fiber-Based Constitutive Model of Myocardial Scar Tissue

It has largely been accepted that collagen fibers play an important role in the mechanics of myocardial scar tissue; however, few studies have performed both mechanical and structural analysis on the same samples to confirm this. Therefore, the goal of this study was to combine both types of analysis with a structure-based constitutive model, which incorporates measured collagen fiber orientations, to gain a better understanding of the structural basis for the mechanics of two-week-old scar tissue.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
The Influence of Causal Conditional Reasoning on the Acceptance of Product Claims

The believability of product claims depends on the consumer’s ability to generate disabling conditions (i.e., other events blocking a cause from having its effect) and alternative causes (i.e., other events causing the outcome). The consideration of disabling conditions hurts the believability of product claims supported by arguments stated in a \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage[OT2,OT1]{fontenc} \newcommand\cyr{ \renewcommand\rmdefault{wncyr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{wncyss} \renewcommand\encodingdefault{OT2} \normalfont \selectfont} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textcyr}{\cyr} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} \landscape $\mathrm{cause}\,\rightarrow \mathrm{effect}\,$ \end{document} and a \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usep...
Regulatory alerts for dietary supplements in Canada and the United States, 2005–13

Purpose Dietary supplement regulatory alerts published by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Health Canada were evaluated and characterized. Methods FDA MedWatch and Health Canada websites were reviewed to identify regulatory alerts regarding dietary supplements from January 1, 2005, through December 31, 2013. Alerts were analyzed to identify product characteristics that may be predictive of product quality issues and potential patient harm. Results A total of 1560 dietary supplement-related regulatory alerts were identified. Of those, 1287 (83%) were identified through Health Canada, and 273 (18%) were identified through FDA MedWatch. The country of origin of dietary supplements associated with regulatory alerts was not provided in most regulatory alerts; however, when their origin was provided, the United States was the most common. Dietary supplements intended for sexual enhancement were the subject of 33% of all regulatory alerts identified. Products purchased online were the most likely to be associated with a regulatory alert. Dietary supplements intended for sexual enhancement, weight loss, and bodybuilding or athletic performance appeared to pose the greatest risk for patient harm due to product contamination with a pharmaceutical such as a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor or sibutramine. Conclusion Analysis of Canadian and U.S. regulatory alerts concerning dietary supplements revealed that more than 80% of the composite alerts were issued by Health Canada. The most common intended uses of supplements for which alerts were issued were sexual enhancement, weight loss, and bodybuilding or athletic performance. The most common reason for alerts was the presence of a pharmaceutical contaminant.
Stalin and Europe: Imitation and Domination, 1928–1953

The editors of this collection of twelve essays are the Housam Professor of History at Yale University, Timothy Snyder, probably best known for his much-discussed 2010 book, Bloodlands: Europe betw...
Weathering the crisis: Evidence of diffuse support for the EU from a six-wave Dutch panel

Political regimes draw legitimacy from diffuse political support. How diffuse is support for the European Union? By focusing on cross-sectional data, the extant literature fails to demonstrate that...
Staff Development for Working with Lesbian and Gay Elders

Abstract In order to provide sensitive and knowledgeable services to lesbian and gay elders and their friends and family members, administrators and staff must prepare themselves through staff development. An agency's support for training and education demonstrates the importance and valuing of this “invisible” population. This article describes a seven step process and experiential exercises to assist social service providers in providing services to lesbian and gay elders. The staff development process includes experiential exercises for the examination of personal and institutional aspects of homophobia and heterosexism. Content areas are: introduction and rationale for staff development; exploration of homophobia and heterosexism; assessment and identification of personal and institutional barriers to services; issues for providers; issues for consumers; strengths of elder gays and lesbians; valuing of lesbian and gay elders (R-E-S-P-E-C-T); development of action plans for personal and institutional c...
A Chain of Circles Associated with the 5-Line

(1954). A Chain of Circles Associated with the 5-Line. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 61, No. 3, pp. 161-166.
Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes of Azadipyrromethene Chromophores

Azadipyrromethenes are bidentate ligands that absorb in the red-orange region of the spectrum, with applications as tags, light harvesters, and sensitizers. Reported here are boron-transmetalation reactions that bind azadipyrromethenes to cyclometalated iridium(III). The new species absorb both near 590 nm and into the near-ultraviolet. Two examples have been crystallographically characterized. Both intra- and intermolecular aromatic stacking interactions are found. Cyclic voltammetry experiments show that azadipyrromethene complexes of iridium(III) undergo reduction and oxidation at potentials that depend little on the cyclometalating ligands on iridium. Density functional theory calculations indicate a LUMO that is azadipyrromethene-centered, whereas the HOMO may localize on either the Ir(C∧N)2+ fragment or the azadipyrromethene.
That they all may be one? Jean Bokeleale and US Protestant missionary conflicts in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 1965-1972

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Congolese pastor Jean Bokeleale’s church union movement divided US Protestant missionaries. Bokeleale’s goal of uniting all Congolese Protestant churches was sanctioned by Congolese leader Mobutu Sese Seko, and Bokeleale relied on cultural nationalist arguments to criticize missionaries who opposed his aims. Liberal missionaries gave financial assistance to Bokeleale and criticized evangelicals opposed to church union. Evangelical missionaries denounced Bokeleale as a demagogue, similar to Western criticism of Congolese prime minister Patrice Lumumba. This essay examines how missionary discussion of Bokeleale reveals debates over the role of missionaries in an independent Congo.
Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer: genetic basis, testing, and patient-care issues.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To describe the general mechanisms of cancer development and the specific genetic basis for hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC); to discuss methods of genetic testing, surveillance, and management guidelines; and to review relevant psychosocial issues. DATA SOURCES Published papers, research reports, and books. DATA SYNTHESIS Colorectal cancer is one of the most common neoplasms in humans and perhaps the most frequent form of hereditary neoplasia. HNPCC has an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance with variable but high penetrance estimated to be about 90%. HNPCC underlies 0.5%-10% of all cases of colorectal cancer. CONCLUSIONS An understanding of the mechanisms behind the development of HNPCC is emerging, and genetic presymptomatic testing, now being conducted in research settings, soon will be available on a widespread basis for individuals identified at risk for this disease. Complex medical, nursing, legal, ethical, and psychosocial issues demand oncology nurses' attention and understanding. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE Oncology nurses in all settings play an integral role assisting patients in (a) understanding their genetic risk status and the implications of genetic testing, (b) making decisions regarding HNPCC genetic predisposition testing, and (c) understanding the meaning of DNA test results. Nurses also may assist patients in understanding and complying with recommended surveillance and management issues.
Theoretical Study of 4-(Hydroxymethyl)benzoic Acid Synthesis from Ethylene and 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furoic Acid Catalyzed by Sn-BEA

A sustainable route has been reported for the production of terephthalic acid (PTA) from 5-(hydroxymethyl)furoic acid (HMFA) and ethylene, both of which can be derived from biomass. This process starts with the production of 4-(hydroxymethyl)benzoic acid (HMBA) from HMFA and ethylene catalyzed by Sn-BEA. The subsequent oxidation of HMBA leads to PTA. The present study reports the results of a detailed computational investigation of the mechanism of HMBA synthesis from ethylene and HMFA mediated by Sn-BEA. Density functional theory calculations show that the formation of HMBA proceeds via Diels–Alder cycloaddition of HMFA and ethylene, which is rate-limiting, followed by Lewis acid-catalyzed dehydration. The solution-phase reaction and six different pathways in Sn-BEA, including one pathway on the Si site and five different pathways on the Sn site, are investigated for the Diels–Alder cycloaddition of HMFA and ethylene. Energy decomposition analysis (EDA) shows that the Sn site stabilizes the transition st...
52-OR : HLA EXPRESSION LEVELS AND EFFECT ON FLOW CROSSMATCH RESULTS

Aim Levels of antigen expression on single antigen beads are often cited as an explanation for the imprecise correlation of results between single antigen beads and flow cytometry crossmatches (FXMs). Variable HLA expression on lymphocytes is rarely mentioned as a possible source of inconsistency. Experiments were performed to evaluate the extent to which levels of HLA expression on lymphocytes affect FXM results. Methods FXMs were performed with sera from 5 patients who had HLA antibodies to DR7 only and lymphocytes from 9 deceased donors who express DR7. DR7 reactivity ranged from strong (11,600 MFI) to weak (3900 MFI) on the LABScreen Single Antigen assay. DR expression was measured by staining the CD19+ cells with a monoclonal antibody specific for all DR and DQ antigens, and measuring this on a cytometer. Results As HLA-DR expression levels decreased, FXM shifts decreased. The DR expression/FXM relationship for the four strongest sera had a slope near 1:1 (average = 1:1.183). The strongest serum fell from a FXM shift of +107 with the cells with highest DR expression (234 MCV), to +32 for the cells with the lowest DR expression (175 MCV). The other sera exhibited similar drops in FXM shift, including some that became negative with cells having low DR expression [Fig. 1]. Conclusions When donor-specific antibodies are present the size of the FXM shift is essentially directly proportional to the level of HLA expression on the donor cells. As expression of HLA decreases, the strength of the FXM decreases. When donor-specific HLA antibodies are weak to moderate in strength, a FXM that that would otherwise be positive can be negative when donor lymphocytes express HLA at low levels. Download : Download full-size image
Cost of Outpatient Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Among Commercially Insured Patients in the United States, 2005-2013.

Background:Despite the significance of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, these conditions have been under-researched from a population-level perspective. It is important to determine the e...
Utility of intraoperative frozen sections in surgical decision making for acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis.

Background Acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (AIFRS) represents a fulminant, potentially fatal, disease process in immunocompromised patients. The diagnosis often rests on high index of clinical suspicion, with relative paucity of data on the diagnostic and therapeutic implications of intraoperative frozen sections. Methods Retrospective review was performed for 18 cases undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery for AIFRS. Reliability of intraoperative frozen section diagnosis was evaluated for all patients using final pathology as the gold standard. Results A total of 66 frozen sections were performed. Diagnostic accuracy of frozen sections illustrated sensitivity of 72.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.57 to 0.85), specificity of 100% (95% CI, 0.85 to 1.00), positive predictive value (PPV) of 100% (95% CI, 0.89 to 1.00), and negative predictive value (NPV) of 64.7% (95% CI, 0.46 to 0.80). There was no statistically significant difference in sensitivity of frozen sections in cases of Mucor and Aspergillus at 68.8%% and 76.2%, respectively (p = 0.61). Conclusion This study represents the largest series assessing the diagnostic accuracy of frozen section analysis in AIFRS. Frozen section analysis is an effective tool for guiding intraoperative decision making in patients with AIFRS with a high PPV. A Low NPV underscores the importance of clinical suspicion and intraoperative decision making based on endoscopic findings when negative frozen section results are encountered. Further, frozen section analysis appears to be equally effective in detecting either Mucor or Aspergillus.
Greater Risk of Stroke of Undetermined Etiology in a Contemporary HIV-Infected Cohort Compared with Uninfected Individuals.

Background Although ischemic stroke risk is increased among people living with HIV infection, little is known about the epidemiology of ischemic stroke subtypes in contemporary HIV-infected cohorts. We examined the distribution of ischemic stroke subtypes among predominantly treated HIV-infected individuals to determine if and how the distribution differs from that of the general population. Methods We studied 60 HIV-infected and 60 HIV-uninfected adults with a history of first-ever ischemic stroke between 2000 and 2012. Ischemic strokes were classified as 1 of 5 subtypes based on established criteria. We used multinomial logistic regression models to compare the relative frequency of ischemic stroke subtypes by HIV status. Results Large artery atherosclerosis (23%) and stroke of undetermined etiology (23%) were the most common stroke subtypes among HIV-infected individuals. The most recent plasma HIV viral load before the stroke event differed by subtype, with a median undetectable viral load for individuals with large artery stroke and stroke of undetermined etiology. Using cardioembolic stroke as the reference subtype, HIV-infected individuals were at higher proportional risk of stroke of undetermined etiology compared with uninfected individuals (relative risk ratio [RRR]: 8.6, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2-63.7, P = .04). Among HIV-infected individuals with virologically suppressed infection, we observed a trend toward a greater proportion of strokes attributable to large artery atherosclerosis (RRR: 6.7, 95% CI: .8-57.9, P = .08). Conclusions HIV-infected individuals may be at greater proportional risk of stroke of undetermined etiology compared with uninfected individuals. Further investigation is warranted to confirm this finding and determine underlying reasons for this greater risk.
Systematic Study on the Remote Triggering of Thermo-Responsive Hydrogels Using RF Heating of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles

In this work, a systematic study on the factors that influence the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) solutions during remote radiofrequency (RF) heating, using Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) is reported. A series of PNIPAM solutions with varying concentrations of Fe3O4 MNPs were prepared and characterized using transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Preliminary studies showed the highest specific absorption rate (SAR) for 15 nm sized Fe3O4 MNPs, which monotonically decreased as the MNP sizes increased to 20-30 nm. In-situ transmission measurements were used to determine the LCST of PNIPAM under various aqueous concentrations with dispersed Fe3O4 MNPs. A systematic decrease in the LCST from 34 °C to 31 °C was observed as the concentration of PNIPAM was increased from 0.3 wt. % to 1.0 wt. %, keeping the concentration of Fe3O4 MNPs constant. On the other hand, varying the concentrations of the MNPs did not drastically affect the LCSTs of PNIPAM solutions. However, varying the ion concentration of the PNIPAM solutions by adding adjusted KOH pellets, showed a pronounced lowering of the LCST by 2–3 °C at all PNIPAM concentrations. The remote triggering of phase transitions in PNIPAM solutions by raising the temperature above the LCST using Fe3O4 MNPs as reported here is important in targeted drug-delivery applications using thermo-responsive polymers.
YouTube and Rhinoplasty: An Analysis of the Videos Available Online:

The objective of this study was to examine YouTube videos related to rhinoplasty created by both physicians and nonphysicians in order to determine the content of the videos, the selected topics of...
Sediment-bound total organic carbon and total organic nitrogen losses from conventional and strip tillage cropping systems

Global carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles are closely linked to erosion and hydrologic processes. By reducing tillage erosion and runoff, sediment-bound C and N losses can be reduced. Published studies represent only a few soil types and regions and rarely directly compare tillage practices. The objective of this study was to quantify concentrations and sediment-bound total organic carbon (TOC) and nitrogen (TON) loads and enrichment ratios in runoff from 0.2-ha fields in rotational cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)-peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) production during a 7-yr study within a southeastern USA coastal plain landscape. The Ultisoils at the study site have loamy sand to sandy loam texture surface horizons. The fields were in either continuous conventional tillage (CT) or strip tillage (ST) and were at upper, middle, and lower landscape positions. Sediment-bound TON and TOC concentrations were significantly greater from ST than CT fields as were the TOC and TON enrichment ratios. However, due to greater surface runoff and sediment loss, TON and TOC loads were significantly greater from CT than ST fields. The CT and ST loads were significantly different at the upper and middle but not at the lower landscape position. Enrichment ratios, 14 to 19 for TON and 8 to 12 for TOC, were several-fold greater than reported in the limited available literature, where studies focused on finer textured surface soils. Our findings have highlighted the site-specific nature of erosion processes, how they affect sediment-bound C and N loss in agricultural landscapes, and how reducing tillage may impact sediment C and N dynamics. The observed enrichment ratios can be used to modify or adjust values used in current erosion models and improve their suitability for use in the region and elsewhere where surface soils have sandy texture and when practices like ST are implemented.
I’m just sitting around doing nothing: on exercising intentional agency in omitting to act

In some recent work on omissions, it has been argued that the causal theory of action cannot account for how agency is exercised in intentionally omitting to act in the same way it explains how agency is exercised in intentional action. Thus, causalism appears to provide us with an incomplete picture of intentional agency. I argue that causalists should distinguish causalism as a general theory of intentional agency from causalism as a theory of intentional action. Specifically, I argue that, while intentional actions may best be understood as the causal products or outcomes of causings, we should identify exercises of intentional agency with causal processes. With a causalist account of intentional agency sketched, I respond to the challenge to causalism from omissions. I argue that when an agent intentionally omits there is a causal process that has a zero-sum outcome. But the causal process is sufficient to make it true that the agent exercises intentional agency in intentionally omitting.
Lessons from building static analysis tools at Google

For a static analysis project to succeed, developers must feel they benefit from and enjoy using it.
Can You Pay for Peace?: The Role of Financing Frameworks in Effective Peace Operations

Financing mechanisms are central to the operational efficacy of peace operations, yet current analysis of peacebuilding finance is atomistic, focusing on one domain, such as coordination or financing. To address the need for deeper understanding of how financing modalities affect peacebuilding outcomes, this paper identifies the trade-offs and opportunities of different financing schema across the lifespan of a peace operation. In order to parse the linkages between financing and outcomes, this paper examines: (1) control of donor funds within a transitional state; (2) budgeting for coordination and alignment; (3) promoting partnerships and participation through funding modalities; and (4) funding ‘quick impact’ projects to bridge the periods of immediate relief and long-term development. With reference to peacebuilding operations in Liberia after the 2003 Accra Comprehensive Peace Agreement, this analysis highlights numerous innovations and experiments in the financing of peace operations, examining the advantages and disadvantages inherent in different approaches.
Targets and Mechanisms of Action Associated with Laser Mediated Photosensitization

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is the treatment of malignant lesions with visible light following the systemic administration of a tumorlocalizing photosensitizer. Hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD) and a purified component called Photofrin II are currently used in clinical PDT and this therapy continues to show promise in the treatment of solid tumors. However, it is clear that PDT is still at an early stage in its development. In this chapter, we will examine molecular, cellular, and in-vivo mechanisms related to PDT.
Steeler Nation in the Midwest: Exploring Membership Benefits of an Out-of-Market Pittsburgh Steelers Fan Club

Out-of-market sport fans are of great importance to teams as their league’s television deals have become such a large part of their revenue. However, most previous research has focused on local spo...
Brentano, Freud’s Philosophical Interlocutor

The Cartesian philosopher Franz Brentano was Freud’s teacher when Freud was a university student. Recent scholarship has clarified Brentano’s theory of the mental and illuminated the surprisingly extensive relationship between Freud and Brentano, provoking renewed assessment of Brentano’s influence on Freud. In this chapter, I reconstruct Brentano’s argument that intentionality is the essence of both consciousness and the mental, and I identify the central tenets of Brentano’s version of Cartesianism that confronted Freud. I analyze Brentano’s primary argument against unconscious mental states based on his theory of the self-reference of intentional states and conclude that it is invalid and was properly ignored by Freud.
Racial and Insurance-related Disparities in Delivery of Immunotherapy-type Compounds in the United States

Racial and/or socioeconomic factors affect the type of therapies delivered for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Given the rapid expansion of immunotherapy for NSCLC, it is a crucial public health priority to evaluate disparities in administration thereof. The National Cancer Database (NCDB) was queried for newly diagnosed metastatic NSCLC. Patients were dichotomized based on receipt of immunotherapy-type compounds (ICs) based on NCDB coding. Multivariable logistic regression ascertained factors associated with IC delivery. Subgroup analysis, performed by univariate logistic regression modeling, evaluated the effect of race while stratifying for insurance type. Of 504,447 patients, 11,420 (2.3%) received ICs, and 493,027 (97.7%) did not. From 2004 to 2012, ≤1% of patients received ICs; however, 4.9% did so in 2013, 6.6% in 2014, and 8.7% in 2015. ICs were more likely administered to younger and healthier patients, those living farther from treating facilities, and in more educated areas (P<0.05 for all). ICs were more often delivered to adenocarcinomas, and patients who received chemotherapy but not radiotherapy (P<0.05 for all). In addition to geographic differences, uninsured and Medicaid populations received ICs less often, along with African Americans. On subgroup analysis, African Americans were less likely to receive ICs even when stratified for Medicare, Medicaid, or private insurances. Because IC utilization is expected to amplify even further going forward, these public health and economic issues are essential to identify and address appropriately, and have implications on pharmaceutical/insurance companies, value-based oncology, and public health policy. Methods to address these inequalities are also discussed.
Large bore occlusive sheath management

The field of interventional cardiology has evolved in its ability to carry out complex procedures. Procedures such as transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR), and mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices require large bore access for successful deployment. With the use of large bore-access, comes with it an increased risk for vascular complications, such as thrombosis and limb ischemia. It is paramount for the interventional cardiologist to know how to manage such complications. In this manuscript, we describe our strategies for the management of occlusive sheaths increasingly encountered with large bore accesses in the upper and lower extremities. Strategies such as peeling away of the introducer sheath and the creation of internal and external bypass circuits are described. By using the described techniques, one can provide prolonged hemodynamic support and maintain large bore sheath access, without jeopardizing perfusion to the extremity.
Gegenwärtige Situation der Schulmedizin

Um die aktuelle Situation der Schulmedizin klar zu erkennen, muss man sie vor dem Hintergrund der medizinischen Versorgung der Bevolkerung vor 200 Jahren betrachten. Die gesundheitliche Ge-fahrdung begann bereits bei der Geburt mit einer Kindersterblich-keit von 30 bis 50% und dem Tod vieler Mutter durch Kindbettfie-ber. Danach drohten Volksseuchen wie Cholera, Pest, Fleckfieber oder Pocken, gegen die ebensowenig wirksame Mittel verfugbar waren, wie gegen Tuberkulose, Kinderlahmung oder Diphtheric Schutzimpfungen waren unbekannt, und die recht primitiven operativen Eingriffe erfolgten ohne Narkose, da die narkotisierende Wirkung von ather erst 1846 entdeckt wurde. Die meisten bekannten Arzneimittel waren mehr oder weniger wirkungslos oder gar schad-lich. Die beliebtesten Heilmasnahmen — die in den meisten Fallen eher Unheilmasnahmen darstellten — bestanden aus Schropfen, Aderlassen und Klistieren.
Eculizumab deposits in vessel walls in thrombotic microangiopathy

Terminal complement inhibition therapy with eculizumab (a humanized monoclonal antibody to C5) has revolutionized the treatment of patients with thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). Successful responders are often placed on long-standing therapy to prevent disease recurrence in the native kidney or allograft. The tissue deposition of eculizumab in patients with C3 glomerulopathy has been described but no studies have yet investigated tissue deposition of eculizumab in cases where it was indicated for thrombotic microangiopathy which, unlike C3 glomerulopathy, does not usually show immune-type electron dense deposits. To evaluate this, we reviewed biopsies from 13 patients who received eculizumab for TMA treatment or prevention of recurrence. We found IgG2, IgG4, and kappa positivity within arterioles corresponding to eculizumab deposits, with similar distribution to C5b-9, in all but one patient. In that patient eculizumab therapy had been discontinued 24 months prior to biopsy. Deposits in arterioles could be seen as early as one day after infusion and after a single dose of eculizumab, and were detected up to 162 days after therapy discontinuation. This may play a role in controlling local complement activation-associated vascular changes in these patients. Thus, IgG subclass staining by immunofluorescence is important to avoid misdiagnoses of immune-complex or monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease in patients with TMA who received eculizumab.
THE SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO NOVEL AZO-QUINONE DERIVATIVES

The synthesis of novel LB film materials 2-(4-hexadecyloxyphenylazo)anthraquinone and 2-(4-dodecyloxyphenylazo) anthraquinone is described. These materials were obtained from 2-amino-anthraquinone by azo-coupling with phenol and follwed by Williamson etherification of phenolic hydroxyl group with alkyl bromide. The structures were confirmed by NMR, MS, FT-IR techniques and elemental analysis.
Meta-Analysis Evaluating Outcomes of Surgical Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion During Cardiac Surgery.

Surgical left atrial appendage occlusion (S-LAAO) has become a common procedure performed in patients undergoing cardiac surgery; however, evidence to support this procedure remains inconclusive. This meta-analysis aims to assess the efficacy of S-LAAO in terms of ischemic stroke, postoperative atrial fibrillation, and all-cause mortality. A thorough literature review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. We identified 10 relevant studies for our meta-analysis. It included 6,779 patients who underwent S-LAAO and 6,573 who did not undergo LAAO. In terms of ischemic stroke, the S-LAAO cohort had a lower events (pooled odds ratio [OR] 0.655 (0.518 to 0.829), p = 0.0004) compared with the non-LAAO cohort. S-LAAO cohort also had lower events of all-cause mortality (pooled OR 0.74 (95% confidence interval 0.55 to 0.99), p = 0.0408) when compared with the non-LAAO cohort. In regards to postoperative atrial fibrillation, there was no difference between the 2 groups (pooled OR 1.29 (95% confidence interval 0.81 to 2.06), p = 0.2752). In conclusion, S-LAAO was associated with lower events of ischemic stroke or systemic embolism and all-cause mortality when compared to the non-LAAO group.
Confessions of an Anthropological Poser

Forgive me father for I have sinned: it has been seventeen years since I began studying anthropology. In 1992, I met the governor of Yoem Pueblo, Felipe Molina, and we began our friendship that continues today. A year after meeting, I proposed to him a plan of study that would help me correct some of the misrepresentations in the ethnographic record. After thinking about my plans, he invited me to his mother’s home to discuss the plan with her and him together. He then talked about a colloquialism in his tribe, translated as “putting something in someone else’s hands.” He talked about the ways that elders end formal speeches and dancers end rituals, often saying, “We now put this in your hands.” The intention, he said, was that the listener understands all that is at stake in the work of cultural continuity, and the words literally bring the listener to a moment of transition: Here, right now, you now have something in your hands. How will you act accordingly? After expressing the Yoeme meaning of the phrase, his mother cleared my plate and coffee cup, and he said he thought my interest in clarifying the ethnographic record was valid and important, that he felt I was coming from a good space in my interests, and that he was putting it in my hands. I assume that many non-Natives who work with Native communities have similar stories, tales of the moment they were invited or welcomed as a
The Mediation Effect of Self-Esteem on Weight and Earnings

Prior research has consistently documented a weight-related earnings penalty for females. However, there is debate concerning the existence of a similar wage penalty for men, with many studies having found no statistically significant effect. Prior research has also found a wage penalty associated with lower self-esteem. Drawing data from the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we refine the empirical relationship among self-esteem, wages, and weight. Implementing mediation models, our results suggest men face an obesity wage penalty, but the penalty is characterized through a persistent decrease in self-esteem when relatively young which leads to lower wages as adults. In contrast, the obesity wage penalty for females is not mediated through lower self-esteem and is likely the result of factors related to contemporaneous body weight.
Guided vascularization in the rat heart leads to transient vessel patterning.

Recent progress in the production and maturation of iPSC-cardiomyocytes has facilitated major advances in building bioartificial heart tissue with functional cardiomyocytes. Despite this progress, vascularizing these constructs continues to be a barrier to clinical application. One emerging strategy for vascularization uses aligned “cords” of endothelial cells in tissue grafts to guide assembly of chimeric microvessels upon graft implantation. Here, we test whether this approach can guide vascularization of a bioartificial tissue implanted on the rat heart. We find that patterned cords of human endothelial cells anastomose and become perfused with host blood by 3 days post-implantation. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed that graft-derived micro-vessels persist in the patch for 7 days. Furthermore, we noted a shift in distribution of vessels in the patch from patterned cord-associated clustering at 3 days to a more diffuse distribution pattern at 7 days. This loss of patterning corresponded to an infiltration of CD68+ cells and an increase in collagen within the patch. Upon further engraftment of patches containing both cords and human cardiomyocytes, we identified human cardiomyocytes and graft derived vasculature at the time of explant. Our findings show that patterned endothelial cords guide transient vessel patterning on the rat heart. Our results also suggest that future work should be directed at further adapting vascularization strategies to the epicardial environment and add to an important emerging dialog in cardiac cell therapy that points to the need to characterize host response prior to or in parallel with efficacy studies.
Reading the medieval fur experience: Peire Vidal and the poverty of Pelletiers

Probing the troubadour Peire Vidal’s reputation as the ‘son of a common furrier,’ this study examines pelletiers in medieval France and Occitania to place images of furriers in their socio-historical context. It compares a set of contemporary inter-texts: the razos and vida that framed Peire’s songs referring to his donning wolf skins, alongside scenes in the Miracles of Saint Louis, La Vengeance Raguidel, and trade documents. Peire Vidal’s surname suggests life (cf. Latin vitalis), in diametrical opposition to the pelletier’s death-centered occupation. Mirroring the courtly trope of longing to die while pining for love, the omnipresence of fur linings invited similes in which life was maintained when cloaked in a guise obtained by death. Other implied dialectics should inform how modern readers understand medieval fur references. They elegantly expressed images of love and life through paradoxes: display and concealment, cold and warmth, wealth and poverty, and fashion and mortality.
GEOLOGY OF THE CLAY DEPOSITS IN THE OLIVE HILL DISTRICT, KENTUCKY1

The Olive Hill fire clay bed of Crider (1913) is the principal source of the raw material used in the refractory industry of eastern Kentucky. The bed is a discontinuous underclay from 1 to 20 ft above a prominent unconformity which separates Mississippian and Pennsylvanian rocks. Upper Mississippian rocks consist of ten marine limestone and shale units all truncated by the unconformity. Pennsylvanian rocks are chiefly: (a) massive deltaic sandstone; (b) cut-and-fill deposits of shale, siltstone and sandstone which contain several beds of coal and underclay including the Olive Hill fire clay of Crider (1913); and (c) dark-gray shale beds. The Olive Hill fire clay of Crider consists of approximately one-third flint clay, two-thirds semiflint clay, and minor amounts of plastic clay. The clay mineral content ranges from nearly pure kaolinite to kaolinitic clay containing about 40 percent illite and mixed-layer clay. The kaolinite ranges from highly crystalline to very poorly crystalline “fireclay” kaolinite. The degree of crystallinity of the kaolinite and hardness of the clay vary inversely with the amount of illite and mixed-layer clay present. The nearly pure kaolinite is believed to have formed by removal of silica and alkalies from mixtures of kaolinite, illite and mixed-layer clay by leaching shortly after deposition. An isopach map shows that Crider's Olive Hill fire clay occurs in irregular, lens-shaped deposits. Fossil plant rootstocks with rootlets attached in the clay clearly indicate it supported plant growth. The overlying coal and presence of some organic material in the clay suggest that the Olive Hill fire clay was deposited under a reducing environment in swamps.
Robotic High-Throughput Biomanufacturing and Functional Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Efficient translation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) depends on implementing scalable cell manufacturing strategies that ensure optimal self-renewal and functional differentiation. Currently, manual culture of hiPSCs is highly variable and labor-intensive posing significant challenges for high-throughput applications. Here, we established a robotic platform and automated all essential steps of hiPSC culture and differentiation under chemically defined conditions. This streamlined approach allowed rapid and standardized manufacturing of billions of hiPSCs that can be produced in parallel from up to 90 different patient-and disease-specific cell lines. Moreover, we established automated multi-lineage differentiation to generate primary embryonic germ layers and more mature phenotypes such as neurons, cardiomyocytes, and hepatocytes. To validate our approach, we carefully compared robotic and manual cell culture and performed molecular and functional cell characterizations (e.g. bulk culture and single-cell transcriptomics, mass cytometry, metabolism, electrophysiology, Zika virus experiments) in order to benchmark industrial-scale cell culture operations towards building an integrated platform for efficient cell manufacturing for disease modeling, drug screening, and cell therapy. Combining stem cell-based models and non-stop robotic cell culture may become a powerful strategy to increase scientific rigor and productivity, which are particularly important during public health emergencies (e.g. opioid crisis, COVID-19 pandemic).
Police brutality, medical mistrust and unmet need for medical care.

Abstract Police brutality is a social determinant of health that can directly impact health status. Social determinants of health can also impact health indirectly by shaping how people access health care. In this study, we describe the relationship between perceived police brutality and an indicator of access to care, unmet need. We also examine medical mistrust as a potential mechanism through which perceived police brutality affects unmet need. Using data from the 2018 Survey of the Health of Urban Residents (N = 4,345), direct effects of perceived police brutality on unmet need and indirect effects through medical mistrust were obtained using the Karlson-Holm-Breen method of effect decomposition. Experiencing police brutality was associated with greater odds of unmet need. Controlling for covariates, 18 percent of the total effect of perceived police brutality on unmet need was explained by medical mistrust. Experiences outside of the health care system matter for access to care. Given the association between police brutality and unmet need for medical care, addressing unmet need among marginalized populations requires public health leaders to engage in conversations about reform of police departments. The coronavirus pandemic makes this even more critical as both COVID-19 and police brutality disproportionately impact Black, Indigenous, Latinx and other communities of color.
Geotechnical Investigation of karst sinkholes using an empirically-based CPT raveling chart

Abstract Sinkholes are a major geohazard damaging transportation infrastructure in karst areas where soluble carbonate bedrock exists. This paper presents a study on the resistance characteristics of soil prone to internal erosion and subsequent sinkhole formation through subsurface investigation and data processing. The Cone Penetration Test (CPT) enables the identification of soil deposits indicative to sinkhole activity and internal soil erosion. The output of this study is a CPT-based chart that identifies internally eroded soils referred as sinkhole raveling. The chart is divided into multiple zones that represents different potential progressions of raveling. For construction of the chart, a database of subsurface testing in karst sinkhole-active sites was created. A filtering scheme was employed to remove “noise” signals and statistical methods were used to define the dividing-criteria lines to create each zone of typical resistance values in the various soil raveling progressions encountered. Implementation of the CPT-based soil raveling identification chart allows sinkhole vulnerability assessment that better understand the subsurface soil behavior in karst areas and provides a standardized tool to identify depths at which the soil may be experiencing raveling.
Habitual sleep, sleep duration differential, and weight change among adults: Findings from the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study.

Abstract Objectives Assess longitudinal associations between diary-measured sleep duration and clinically assessed body mass index (BMI). Design Multilevel growth curve analyses examined how within-person changes and between-person differences in habitual sleep duration were associated with BMI trajectories. Setting Sleep diaries across 2-6 consecutive weekday and weekend nights at each data collection point, repeatedly collected at approximate 4-year intervals, for an average of 9.2 (standard deviation [SD] = 3.6) years between 1989 and 2011. Participants About 784 participants (47% women) enrolled in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study (mean [SD] age = 51.1 [8.0] years at baseline). Measurements The outcome variable was BMI (kg/m2). Key predictors were habitual sleep duration (defined as average weekday nighttime sleep duration) and sleep duration differential (defined as the difference between average weekday and average weekend nighttime sleep duration) at each data collection wave. Results Men with shorter habitual sleep duration on weekdays had higher BMI than men with longer habitual sleep duration on weekdays (β = −0.90 kg/m2/hour, se = 0.34, p = .008). Participants with larger differentials between weekday and weekend sleep duration experienced more rapid BMI gain over time for both men (β = 0.033 kg/m2/year per hour differential, se = 0.017, p = .044) and women (β = 0.057 kg/m2/year per hour differential, se = 0.027, p = .036). Conclusion This study suggests that habitual short sleep is associated with higher BMI levels in men and that a larger weekday-weekend sleep differential is associated with increasing BMI trajectories among both men and women in mid-to-late life.