cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Messages of Shame and Guilt

U.S. society seems to be experiencing a dramatic wave of interest and public debate about shame and guilt. On one side, scholars decry the destruction of pride and self-esteem that shame and guilt can wreak on individuals, relationships, organizations, and nations; on the other side, scholars argue that aretum to shame and guilt represents an attitude of awe or respect toward the values that are central to culture and to all human interaction. This review draws on the scholarly and popular literature on messages about shame and guilt to address this debate. Specifically, the authors review the grounds or bases for inducing shame and guilt in messages and then the consequences that messages of shame or guilt have for esteem, control, and connection at four levels of analysis: intimate dyads, families, organizations, and public messages. Finally, the authors pose a series of questions that can be used to frame the discussion of an ethics of shame and guilt messages.
Effect of 4-nonylphenol on the immune response of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas following bacterial infection with Vibrio campbellii

Abstract The xenoestrogen 4-nonylphenol (NP) is a ubiquitous aquatic pollutant and has been shown to impair reproduction, development, growth and, more recently, immune function in marine invertebrates. We investigated the effects of short-term (7 d) exposure to low (2 μg l−1) and high (100 μg l−1) levels of NP on cellular and humoral elements of the innate immune response of Crassostrea gigas to a bacterial challenge. To this end, we measured 1) total hemocyte counts (THC), 2) relative transcript abundance of ten immune-related genes (defh1, defh2, bigdef1, bigdef2, bpi, lysozyme-1, galectin, C-type lectin 2, timp, and transglutaminase) in the hemocytes, gill and mantle, and 3) hemolymph plasma lysozyme activity, following experimental Vibrio campbellii infection. Both low and high levels of NP were found to repress a bacteria-induced increase in THC observed in the control oysters. While several genes were differentially expressed following bacterial introduction (bigdef2, bpi, lysozyme-1, timp, transglutaminase), only two genes (bpi in the hemocytes, transglutaminase in the mantle) exhibited a different bacteria-induced expression profile following NP exposure, relative to the control oysters. Independently of infection-status, exposure to NP also altered mRNA transcript abundance of several genes (bpi, galectin, C-type lectin 2) in naive, saline-injected oysters. Finally, plasma lysozyme activity levels were significantly higher in low dose NP-treated oysters (both naive and bacteria challenged) relative to control oysters. Combined, these results suggest that exposure to ecologically-relevant (low) and extreme (high) levels of NP can alter both cellular and humoral elements of the innate immune response in C. gigas, an aquaculture species of global economic importance.
Acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the molecular properties of acetyl-CoA carboxylases from animal, bacterial, and plant cells. It also focuses on the regulation of catalytic activity. The mode of regulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase reflects its physiological role in animal and bacterial cells. The carboxylase reaction, being the first committed step of the major energy storage pathway in animals, is regulated through feed-forward activation, while the E. coli enzyme, being catalyst for the initial step of a biosynthetic pathway involved in membrane synthesis, is regulated by the inhibitory action of a growth modulator. The carboxylases from both animal and bacterial sources possess two catalytic sites: (1) a biotin carboxylase site at which the biotin prosthetic group is carboxylated, and (2) a carboxyl transferase site at which the carboxyl group is transferred to acetyl-CoA to form malonyl-CoA. Regulation of the animal acetyl-CoA carboxylases by the feed-forward allosteric activator, citrate, appears to be mediated through a conformational change that perfects the orientation of the biotin prosthetic group with respect to both catalytic sites. The regulation of the bacterial enzyme is exerted through the inhibitory action of ppGpp, a growth modulator, on the carboxyl transferase component of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase system.
Mathematica in a Nutshell

Mathematica ® is a high-level computer language that can perform symbolic, numerical, and graphical manipulation of mathematical expressions. In this chapter we shall learn many of the essential Mathematica commands.
Selecting Serious or Satirical, Supporting or Stirring News? Selective Exposure to Partisan versus Mockery News Online Videos

The present investigation combines cognitive dissonance theory with entertainment-education frameworks to study selection and effects of news. Selective exposure to satirical and partisan news was examined with online clips to test hypotheses on overcoming resistance to persuasive messages. An experiment (n = 146) presented news choices, varied in stance (conservative vs. liberal) and format (serious partisan news vs. satirical news). Results show political interest fosters selection of serious partisan news. Clips with partisan alignment were more frequently selected; only for the satirical news clips, Democrats did not exhibit such confirmation bias. Selecting satirical news affected internal political efficacy, and selecting online news clips induced attitude reinforcement according to message stance.
Keratin Fiber Nonwovens for Erosion Control

Turkey feather fibers were characterized by measuring the linear density, tenacity at break, modulus, and strain at break of both the plumulaceous and pennaceous fibers. Biodegradable nonwoven fabrics with biodegradable binders were fabricated in various basis weights from turkey feather fibers. The fabrics were characterized in ma-chine and cross directions for maximum load and elongation. Absorptive capacity and light transmission were also measured. The fabrics were successfully shown to prevent soil erosion.
Growth and examination of non-linear electrical behavior of bulk lead-tin-selenide

Abstract The design and development of topological insulators (TIs) as well as novel Dirac materials including Weyl semimetals has expanded a new field of condensed matter physics due to their potential applications in spin-electronics, quantum computing, and thermoelectrical device. Various new materials have been proposed and investigated, however, Pb and Sn based topological insulators are a top choice mainly due to the tunable nature of chemical potential, easy transformation from trivial insulating to topologically nontrivial behavior, and relatively low temperature growth. Earlier this material has been widely investigated in the bulk form as well as in its nanocrystalline form. Pb/Sn ratio is a great factor that control the morphology as well as phase purity of the material. In this present study, we investigate the many different substitutional solid solutions of Sn, Pb, and Se of varying compositions and their associated morphology. The phase and structural analyses of selected samples were also performed with the help of the X-Ray diffractometer and Raman spectrophotometer, to confirm the purity of the material, prior to electrical examination. The non-linear behavior of bulk sample was systematically studied.
Norm-Supporting Emotions: From Villages to Complex Societies

How do socially imposed rules develop into internalized pro-social codes? In the article “From Bodo Ethics to Distributive Justice”, Russell Hardin discusses one of the central themes of his work: How we “export” social order from a small, insular community to a large, anonymous society. In Bodo’s small village, everyone knows everyone else, interactions are face-to-face, and people live relatively isolated from other communities. In this context, the social norms developed by the community are easily enforceable. But what about large, anonymous societies, where monitoring is difficult and costly and sanctioning transgressions carries a greater risk? When unobserved, only someone with an inner motivation to behave in a socially beneficial way will continue to obey the informal rules. How such an inner motivation develops is a topic of debate in moral philosophy and psychology, especially whether pro-social decisions are a matter of rationality or are driven by emotions. Supporters of the emotional drivers of pro-social behavior argue that anger and empathy play an essential role. In this chapter, we will focus on the role of these emotions in compensatory and sanctioning behavior.
Dual objective fluorescence microscopy for single molecule imaging applications

Fluorescence microscopy is an invaluable tool for studying biological processes in cells. In the recent past there has been significant interest in imaging cellular processes at the single molecule level. Single molecule experiments remove ensemble averaging effects and provide information that is typically not accessible through bulk experiments. One of the major requirements in single molecule imaging applications is that a sufficient number of photons be detected from the single molecule. This is not only important for the visual identification of single molecules, but also plays a crucial role in the quantitative analysis of the acquired data. Here, we demonstrate the use of a dual objective imaging configuration for single molecule studies. The configuration uses two opposing objective lenses, where one of the objectives is in an inverted position and the other objective is in an upright position. The use of opposing objective lenses has been previously demonstrated in 4pi confocal microscopy and I5M to achieve high axial resolution when compared to confocal/widefield microscopes. Here we demonstrate that the dual objective imaging configuration provides higher photon collection efficiency when compared to a regular microscope for a given illumination condition. As a result, single molecules can be localized with better accuracy when imaged through opposing objective lenses than when imaged through a regular optical microscope. Analytical tools are introduced to estimate the 2D location of single molecules and to characterize the accuracy with which they can be determined.
Multiple Sclerosis Among Rural Residents: Treatment, Psychosocial Implications, and Vocational Implications

Individuals with MS face more medical and vocational needs and at a more variable rate than other disabilities. Although there exist a multitude of effective interventional strategies for individuals with MS, for those living in rural communities, options for treatment are scarce. In rural settings, these needs should be incorporated into a community culture to best meet the needs of persons with MS. There exist numerous barriers to receiving appropriate care for those with MS (e.g., lack of providers, transportation, geography), and without having the needs of an individual effectively addressed, employment, community participation, and quality of life will likely suffer. Individually, in rural cultures, a self-management philosophy toward illness and MS is the logical choice for the treatment and success of living with MS. For self-management to be an effective tool, individuals with MS need to have access to quality disease-related information in order to efficiently be able to both identify and evaluate the course of their illness.
Zoomorphic and Anthomorphic Metaphors in the “Proto-Romance” Digenis Akritis

This chapter examines how zoomorphic metaphors that compare humans to wild and domesticated animals and anthomorphic metaphors that compare humans to plants and flowers demonstrate patriarchal ideologies of power and control by disregarding the subjectivity and agency of women and non-human animals. Through a comparison of such metaphors in Digenis Akritis, the story of a biracial Byzantine border warrior, with similar metaphors in Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, this chapter examines how masculinity and political power are built zoomorphically through rape and sexual violence against women and sport hunting of predatory animals, and anthomorphically through dehumanizing comparisons of women to decorative flowers, ornamental songbirds, and cultivated crops, thus positioning the romantic hero as their protector and gardener.
Dynamic Geochemistry of Tetraethyl Lead Dust during the 20th Century: Getting the Lead In, Out, and Translational Beyond.

This commentary provides a brief overview of policy decisions that permitted getting tetraethyl lead (TEL) into petrol; global geochemical lead-dust deposition evidence; 1975 catalytic converter requirements; concern about habitability of cities; a personal perspective on legacy lead research that accelerated getting TEL out of petrol; and translational beyond, including New Orleans pre- vs. post-Hurricane Katrina observations about legacy lead interventions that effectively improve urban children’s health outcomes.
The role of the interface stiffness tensor on grain boundary dynamics

Abstract Grain boundary (GB) properties and associated anisotropies due to the boundary's geometric degrees of freedom (DOF) greatly influence many of the salient features of polycrystalline aggregates, and as a consequence the observable properties of the material. Through theoretical analysis and atomistic simulations, we show that when considering the GB plane normal DOF, the GB interface stiffness tensor plays a paramount role in a wide range of GB dynamical processes. As a demonstration, we examine the interface stiffness tensor of Σ3 GBs in nickel and show that the stiffness can be much larger in magnitude and more anisotropic than the GB energy itself. Moreover, it is found that a wide range of inclinations exhibit negative stiffness values, a signature of a structural instability. This is the first study to consider the complete spatial description of the GB stiffness tensor, where both angular variations describing the interface plane normal are explored. In broad terms, our results highlight the integral role that the stiffness tensor plays in GB interfacial phenomena, such as curvature-driven flow and faceting instabilities.
Dibenzyl 3,3',4,4'-tetra-methyl-5,5'-(ethynedi-yl)bis-(pyrrole-2-carboxyl-ate).

The title mol­ecule, C30H28N2O4, has crystallographic twofold rotation symmetry, with the pyrrole planes forming a dihedral angle of 40.49 (4)°. The pyrrole N—H donor and adjacent ester carbonyl acceptor form R22(10) hydrogen-bonded rings about inversion centers, leading to chains of hydrogen-bonded mol­ecules along [001].
Pilot Use of Selected Measures from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Social and Mental Health Domains with Young Adult Cancer Patients During the Transition to Survivorship Care

Social reintegration is an important part of young adult cancer patients' transition to survivorship care. As part of a mixed methods study exploring the social functioning of young adult cancer pa...
Constraints in Dvorak Wind Speed Estimates: How Quickly Can Hurricanes Intensify?

AbstractThe Dvorak technique is used operationally by meteorological agencies throughout the world for estimating tropical cyclone intensity and position. The technique consists of constraints that...
Further improvement of wet process treatments in GEOS-Chem v12.6.0: impact on global distributions of aerosols and aerosol precursors

Abstract. Wet processes, including aqueous-phase chemistry, wet scavenging, and wet surface uptake during dry deposition, are important for global modeling of aerosols and aerosol precursors. In this study, we improve the treatments of these wet processes in the Goddard Earth Observing System with chemistry (GEOS-Chem) v12.6.0, including pH calculations for cloud, rain, and wet surfaces, the fraction of cloud available for aqueous-phase chemistry, rainout efficiencies for various types of clouds, empirical washout by rain and snow, and wet surface uptake during dry deposition. We compare simulated surface mass concentrations of aerosols and aerosol precursors with surface monitoring networks over the United States, European, Asian, and Arctic regions, and show that model results with updated wet processes agree better with measurements for most species. With the implementation of these updates, normalized mean biases (NMBs) of surface nitric acid, nitrate, and ammonium are reduced from 78 %, 126 %, and 45 % to 0.9 %, 15 %, and 4.1 % over the US sites, from 107 %, 127 %, and 90 % to −0.7 %, 4.2 %, and 16 % over European sites, and from 121 %, 269 %, and 167 % to −21 %, 37 %, and 86 % over Asian remote region sites. Comparison with surface measured SO2 , sulfate, and black carbon at four Arctic sites indicated that those species simulated with the updated wet processes match well with observations except for a large underestimate of black carbon at one of the sites. We also compare our model simulation with aircraft measurement of nitric acid and aerosols during the Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom)-1 and ATom-2 periods and found a significant improvement of modeling skill of nitric acid, sulfate, and ammonium in the Northern Hemisphere during wintertime. The NMBs of these species are reduced from 163 %, 78 %, and 217 % to −13 %, −1 %, and 10 %, respectively. The investigation of impacts of updated wet process treatments on surface mass concentrations indicated that the updated wet processes have strong impacts on the global means of nitric acid, sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium and relative small impacts on the global means of sulfur dioxide, dust, sea salt, black carbon, and organic carbon.
The Little Engine that Could: Psychological Empowerment in Healthcare

Given the steadily increasing and unsustainable rise in healthcare costs, due in large part to its labor component, healthcare administrators are facing pressure to increase productivity and manage...
Toward Equity-Oriented Assessment of Social and Emotional Learning: Examining Equivalence of Concepts and Measures:

Cultural beliefs, values, and norms influence the frequency and display of behavior. Accordingly, broadening the operational definitions of social and emotional competencies and establishing the eq...
Increasing Physical Activity: A Practical Guide

Only a fifth of adults in the United States do enough physical activity to meet the guidelines set by Centers for Disease Control. The health benefits of regular physical activity are beyond dispute, yet less than 40% of physicians routinely counsel their patients on the importance of physical activity. Increasing Physical Activity: A Practical Guide equips healthcare practitioners to include physical activity counseling in the daily practice of medicine. Written by lifestyle medicine pioneer and cardiologist, Dr James Rippe, this book proves inactivity is a stronger risk factor than other lifestyle factors for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and many other diseases. It provides evidence-based information on the role of physical activity in preventing and treating chronic conditions and includes practical strategies for healthcare practitioners to prescribe this powerful method to enhance both short and long-term health and quality of life. Features: Specific chapters explain the role of physical activity in reduction of risk of heart disease, diabetes, cancer, osteoarthritis, dementia and many other chronic conditions. Chapters begin with bulleted, key points and conclude with a list of clinical applications. Strategies are provided to encourage previously sedentary individuals to adopt regular physical activity. Physical activity is placed in the context of other lifestyle medicine concepts including maintenance of a healthy body weight, following sound nutritional practices, stress reduction and other practices which impact on health and quality of life. Written for healthcare practitioners at all levels, this is a user-friendly, evidence-based manual for healthcare practitioners looking to incorporate more physical activity counseling into either general medicine or subspecialty practices.
On microscopic entropy production, heat and fluctuation theorem

We demonstrate that the Gibbs-Shannon entropy is applicable to non-equilibrium systems of any size and boundary conditions. The change in microscopic entropy can be attributed to the stochastic nature of dynamic processes and to the inherent uncertainties of thermodynamic systems. The latter predicts that entropy production is nonnegative on average and varies with different trajectories according to the fluctuation theorem. By contrast, heat is affiliated with stochastic processes underlying particle motions and the ensemble average over all possible trajectories leads to the Clausius inequality. The Jarzynski/Crooks equations can be readily derived by applying the fluctuation theorem to heat variation over different trajectories linking equilibrium states.
COMPUTATION OF THE GROTHENDIECK AND PICARD GROUPS OF A TORIC DM STACK BY USING A HOMOGENEOUS COORDINATE RING FOR

We compute the Grothendieck and Picard groups of a smooth toric DM stack by using a suitable category of graded modules over a polynomial ring. The polynomial ring with a suitable grading and suitable irrelevant ideal functions is a homogeneous coordinate ring for the stack.
Detection of a Mature Atlantic Sturgeon in the Patuxent River, Maryland, Using Passive Acoustic Telemetry

The listing of the distinct population segment of Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus (Atlantic Sturgeon) found within Chesapeake Bay as “endangered” under the Endangered Species Act in 2012 spurred new research efforts that recorded its presence in many major tributaries of Chesapeake Bay. However, the potential use of former habitat in the Patuxent River has received little attention. We describe the movement of a mature male Atlantic Sturgeon in the Patuxent River detected using passive acoustic telemetry. The sturgeon was originally tagged in the James River, VA, on 7 September 2013 and was detected in the Patuxent River, MD, between 18 September and 16 October 2016, which coincides with the fall spawning season in Virginia tributaries. This report represents the first documented occurrence of an Atlantic Sturgeon in the Patuxent River since 1997 and the first verified mature individual since 1924. It also details the movement of an adult sturgeon into freshwater reaches of a non-natal river, an unusual behavior for this species. We discuss the behavioral and environmental context of our observations, and highlight the value of acoustic telemetry in documenting the presence of endangered aquatic species for conservation and management.
Clinical and Radiographic Features of a Pediatric Case of Tumefactive Demyelination (P6.336)

Objective: To identify clinical, radiographic, and ancillary diagnostic features that distinguishes tumefactive demyelination from other diseases like neoplasia and infection. Background: Tumefactive demyelination poses a diagnostic dilemma for the clinician, and biopsy is often required to distinguish it from neoplasm or infection. Certain radiographic and ancillary diagnostic findings may preclude the need for this invasive procedure. Methods: We report a case of a 14-year-old Caucasian male with a one-month history of progressive cognitive impairment and behavioral abnormalities. The pertinent neuroimaging and diagnostic evaluation and a comparative review of the medical literature for tumefactive demyelination are reported. Results: The patient’s MRI brain showed 11 supratentorial bihemispheric large lesions at the grey-white junction. The lesions were circumscribed by increased T2 FLAIR signal with central areas of T1-weighted hypointensities. The MRI characteristics consistent with tumefactive demyelinating lesions included markedly hypointense signal on T1-weighted sequences and the presence of multiple circumscribed lesions with incomplete gadolinium enhancement of the margin of the lesions. Multiple lesions with mild mass effect, a broken ring of peripheral enhancement not involving the central part of the lesion, no lesions outside of typical demyelinating locations, and progression over one month were features inconsistent with neoplasia. The absence of fever, negative CSF studies for evidence of infection, and an incomplete ring enhancement were features inconsistent with CNS infection. The brain biopsy revealed no evidence of neoplasia. He was eventually diagnosed with tumefactive demyelination and improved after high dose corticosteroids and plasmapheresis. Long-term outcome studies suggest an increased risk for a subsequent diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Conclusions: In children where brain tumor and cerebral abscess are in the differential, it is important to consider tumefactive demyelinating lesions. Tumefactive demyelinating lesions can be challenging to diagnose. Clinical and radiographic features may help to avoid the need for biopsy. Disclosure: Dr. Lopez has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lotze has nothing to disclose.
Neurotrophic corneal ulcer and iridocyclitis directly preceding Ramsay-Hunt Syndrome.

Purpose To present to and inform the practitioner of an unusual presentation of Varicella zoster virus and Ramsay-Hunt Syndrome. Observations A 69-year-old bedbound male with vascular dementia presented to the emergency room with a red right eye with associated tearing and mucus production. The patient could not express if he was in pain. The initial diagnosis from the emergency room was bacterial keratitis, confirmed with a positive pseudomonas culture. However, upon examination by the ophthalmologist it was noted that there was not only a large, infected epithelial defect, but also an intraocular pressure of 35 and a candy-cane hypopyon. The diagnosis of herpes neurotrophic keratitis and iridocyclitis was made and the patient was started on intravenous acyclovir along with the appropriate topical medications. A day later, it was noted that the patient developed a right sided facial palsy and vesicular lesions inside the right ear canal, as confirmed by otolaryngology. Conclusion and importance Ramsay-Hunt Syndrome is usually known to the ophthalmologist due to the exposure keratopathy caused by facial palsy. This case demonstrates varicella-zoster virus (VZV) neurotrophic keratitis preceding the development of facial palsy, which can further exacerbate an already neurotrophic cornea. The practitioner should be aware of these signs and symptoms and adjust their treatment with systemic acyclovir-prednisone.
ENVIRONMENT AND ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE CENTRAL OSAGE PLAINS

Evidence for prehistoric environments of the Osage Plains of Oklahoma during the past 11,000 years is evaluated and summarized. The late Pleistocene climate was generally cooler but with less sever...
Power management and energy storage experiments on a MW-scale naval power system test-bed

From local utility grids to electric ships, providing power to an ever increasing variety and magnitude of loads requires power grids that are more flexible, resilient, and efficient than ever before. In many cases, these systems must serve loads that are nearly equal to and occasionally exceed peak generation capacity. As a result, it is critical that these power systems and their controls are analyzed with high-fidelity models validated through component and system level testing. The University of Texas' megawatt scale MVDC/HFAC power system testbed supports Navy programs and other research on isolated power systems. Testing completed to date includes model validation of a high fidelity model of series dc arc faults, investigation of rapid power transfer among multiple loads and sources, and coordination of energy storage. This paper presents the development of a power system test bed along with relevant research findings. In addition, key issues related to power management including energy storage and system inertial response are addressed.
Programming the PTQ Grammar in XSB

The XSB language is an implementation of the Prolog programming language that supports tabling. Since tabling introduces a bottom-up component to the computation, it is essentially an in-memory implementation of a deductive database system. In particular, it is an implementation of SLG-def resolution, a subsystem of SLG resolution [1].The resulting language is significantly more declarative than Prolog, allowing the programmer to concentrate on the specification of the problem and devote less time to avoiding infinite loops and resolving other procedural issues as required in Prolog.
Handmade: A Critical Analysis of John of Damascus’ Justification for Venerating Icons

The essay is an analysis of John of Damascus’ justification for venerating the icons. Under the subtitle ‘reasoning for venerating the icons’ the essay conducts the analysis in three parts. First, John's definition of ‘veneration’ is presented and examined. Second, the OT ‘veneration’ passages he cites are critically evaluated. Third, the apparent incoherence of John's case is demonstrated from the Eastern Orthodox notion of scripture. This is a follow-up study to a previous essay (i.e., ‘Handmade: a critical analysis of John of Damascus’ reasoning for making icons’) which analyzes a problem in Orthodox aesthetics closely related to the one I examine here.
Temporal Difference Learning: A Chemical Process Control Application

Learning to control can be considered a trial-and-error process in which the controlling agent explores the consequences of various actions. Actions that produce good results become reinforced while those that produce bad results are suppressed. Eventually, the best control actions become dominant over all others, resulting in an optimal solution to the control problem. Central to this approach is the existence of an appropriate performance measure, or reinforcement function that can distinguish good from bad consequences among possible control actions. Often, the control objective is specified as an operating setpoint, suggesting a simple reinforcement function based on distance to setpoint. Actions that result in states closer to the setpoint are assigned relatively higher reinforcement values, while those that result in states further from the setpoint are assigned relatively lower reinforcement values. Control of dynamical systems is complicated by time lags between control actions and their eventual consequences. In such systems, it is sometimes undesirable to move too rapidly toward the setpoint. Because of time lags between actions and consequences, it may be impossible to slow down in time once the controlled variable is moving rapidly toward the setpoint. The result is to overshoot. A controller that relies on a reinforcement function based only on distance to setpoint may never learn to control at all. Rather, it will approach the setpoint from one side, overshoot, approach from the other side, overshoot again, and thus forever oscillate. The problem is that the reinforcement function considers only local, short-term consequences of the controller’s actions, but we really want the controller to choose actions based on their long-term consequences.
When you have a hammer in your hand, everything looks like a nail : The architecture of service learning

Purpose – Taking Community Design Centers (CDC) in the USA as case studies, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of a type of service learning increasingly found in colleges of architecture. Typically, the CDC is a model of architecture's civic engagement that makes claims to “give back” to under-served communities and enhance student learning with applied architectural design work. Design/methodology/approach – This project is part of a long-term engagement as participant observer and ethnographer in the field of architecture. Fieldwork in this investigation is presented as four case studies in separate and specific contexts. Findings – Initial findings suggest there are conflicting intentions and aspirations at work through service learning in architecture and its implementation calls into question who or what is served. The author argues architecture's epistemology, pedagogical structure, and ideology precludes effective civic engagement. Originality/value – The value of this research...
The mechanism of protein kinase C regulation

Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that plays a central role in transducing extracellular signals into a variety of intracellular responses ranging from cell proliferation to apoptosis. Nine PKC genes have been identified in the human genome, which encode 10 proteins. Each member of this protein kinase family displays distinct biochemical characteristics and is enriched in different cellular and subcellular locations. Activation of PKC has been implicated in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation. This review summarizes works of the past years in the field of PKC biochemistry that covers regulation and activation mechanism of different PKC isoforms.
Tuberin Regulates E-Cadherin Localization: Implications in Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

The tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2) gene encodes the protein tuberin, which functions as a key negative regulator of both mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) C1-dependent cell growth and proliferation. Loss-of-function mutations of TSC2 result in mTORC1 hyperactivity and predispose individuals to both tuberous sclerosis and lymphangioleiomyomatosis. These overlapping diseases have in common the abnormal proliferation of smooth muscle-like cells. Although the origin of these cells is unknown, accumulating evidence suggests that a metastatic mechanism may be involved, but the means by which the mTOR pathway contributes to this disease process remain poorly understood. In this study, we show that tuberin regulates the localization of E-cadherin via an Akt/mTORC1/CLIP170-dependent, rapamycin-sensitive pathway. Consequently, Tsc2(−/−) epithelial cells display a loss of plasma membrane E-cadherin that leads to reduced cell-cell adhesion. Under confluent conditions, these cells detach, grow in suspension, and undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) that is marked by reduced expression levels of both E-cadherin and occludin and increased expression levels of both Snail and smooth muscle actin. Functionally, the Tsc2(−/−) cells demonstrate anchorage-independent growth, cell scattering, and anoikis resistance. Human renal angiomyolipomas and lymphangioleiomyomatosis also express markers of EMT and exhibit an invasive phenotype that can be interpreted as consistent with EMT. Together, these results suggest a novel relationship between TSC2/mTORC1 and the E-cadherin pathways and implicate EMT in the pathogenesis of tuberous sclerosis complex-related diseases.
A leakage-tolerant high fan-in dynamic circuit design style [logic circuits]

A leakage-tolerant design technique for high fan-in dynamic logic circuits is presented. An NMOS transistor with gate and drain terminals tied together (diode) is added in series with the evaluation network of standard domino circuits. Due to the stacking effect, the leakage of the evaluation path significantly decreases, thereby improving the robustness of the circuit against deep-submicron subthreshold leakage and input noise. To improve the speed of the circuit, a current mirror is also employed in the evaluation network to increase the evaluation current. The proposed technique (diode-footed domino) exhibits considerable improvement in leakage and noise-immunity as compared to the standard domino circuits. Simulation results of wide fan-in gates designed using Berkeley predictive technology modes of 70 nm technology demonstrate at least 1.9/spl times/ noise-immunity improvement at the same delay compared to the standard domino circuits.
A Risk-Benefit Assessment of Dementia Medications: Systematic Review of the Evidence.

Background There is no cure for dementia, and no treatments exist to halt or reverse the course of the disease. Treatments are aimed at improving cognitive and functional outcomes.
Sonographic and Doppler characteristics of the corpus luteum: can they predict pregnancy outcome?

Objective To determine whether there is a relationship between gray scale or Doppler characteristics of the corpus luteum and first-trimester pregnancy outcome. Methods We conducted a prospective study of patients with spontaneous singleton pregnancies between 5 and 8 weeks' gestation. The corpus luteum size, sonographic appearance, resistive index, and peak systolic velocity were measured on transvaginal sonography. Maternal use of exogeneous progesterone was recorded. Only patients with known first-trimester outcome were included. Results There were 201 study patients. The corpus luteum could be visualized in 197 (98%) and had a mean +/- SD size of 1.9 +/- 0.6 cm, a mean resistive index of 0.50 +/- 0.08, and a peak systolic velocity of 20.5 +/- 11.2 cm/s. There were 151 first-trimester survivors (75.1 %) and 50 spontaneous losses (24.9%). In a comparison of the survivors and losses, there was no significant difference in mean corpus luteum size (1.9 versus 1.7 cm; P = .10, t test), mean resistive index (0.50 versus 0.50; P = .71, t test), peak systolic velocity (21 versus 19 cm/s; P = .29, t test), or sonographic appearance (P = .78, chi2 test). The lack of association between corpus luteum characteristics and outcome persisted when cases were stratified by progesterone use and the presence or absence of a heartbeat on the study sonogram. Conclusion There is no apparent relationship between the characteristics of the corpus luteum and first-trimester pregnancy outcome.
Implications of new prognostic markers in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Several prognostic markers based on genetic, phenotypic, and molecular characteristics of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B cells have emerged in the past decade. The clinical utility of these newer prognostic indicators, alone or in combination with each other and other clinical predictive systems, is still being determined. This chapter attempts to define biologic and molecular underpinnings of 3 sets of prognostic indicators in CLL: genetic abnormalities quantified by FISH and/or defined by exploratory sensitive molecular techniques, expression of specific proteins in or on CLL cells (ie, CD38, CD49d, and ZAP-70), and the IGHV mutation status of a CLL clone. Although not demonstrated conclusively, each probably reflects the biologic properties of the leukemic cells of individual CLL patients. This reflection may be direct, indicating a specific property of the CLL cell itself, or indirect, representing how the CLL cell interacts with the host's microenvironment. The new tyrosine kinase inhibitors that are currently in clinical trials support this interpretation. These and other biology-based indicators of patient clinical course and outcome can be used as starting points from which to understand and treat CLL.
VIII Jornadas Unamunianas

Las VI Jornadas Unamunianas, acompanadas de temperaturas de pleno verano, se verificaron entre el 29 de octubre y el 1 de octubre de 2005. Debido a las preparativas para la Cumbre Iberoamericana, los participantes se desplazaron desde su hospedaje habitual en el C. Arzobispo Fonseca hasta el Hotel Rona Dalba en la Plaza de San Juan Bautista. Solo los mas castizos se quejaron del aire acondicionado y de los matutinos buffets.
Statistical Measures for Usage‐Based Linguistics

The advent of usage-/exemplar-based approaches has resulted in a major change in the theoretical landscape of linguistics, but also in the range of methodologies that are brought to bear on the study of language acquisition/learning, structure, and use. In particular, methods from corpus linguistics are now frequently used to study distributional characteristics of linguistics units and what they reveal about cognitive and psycholinguistic processes. This paper surveys a range of psycholinguistic notions that are becoming ever more important in theoretical and cognitive linguistics—for example, frequency, entrenchment, dispersion, contingency, surprisal, Zipfian distributions—and current corpus-linguistic approaches toward exploring these notions and their roles for linguistic cognition.
A method for the synthesis of D-3-phospho[U-14C]glycerate.

Abstract An enzymatic method for the synthesis of radioactive d -3-phosphoglycerace from commercially available d -[U- 14C ]fructose 1,6-diphosphate is described. The unique aspect of this procedure is the substitution of arsenate for phosphate in the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction. The 1-arseno-3-phosphoglycerate formed spontaneously hydrolyzes to form the d -3-phosphoglycerate product. The methods detailed below for the synthesis, isolation, and analysis of the 3-phospho[U- 14 C]glycerate product are relatively easy.
Robert Schuller: The American dream in a crystal cathedral

This essay explores the rhetorical process underlying the outstanding success of Robert Schuller's gospel of possibility thinking. Schuller's amalgamation of secular and spiritual values produces a rhetorically powerful version of American Civil Religion which sanctifies self‐interest and relieves the tension in his audience's minds between competitive private enterprise and Christian brotherhood. However, this blending of two sets of values is potentially harmful to believers and to American society because it blurs the distinction between religious and secular values and removes the healthy tension between religious and other social institutions.
ANATOMY OF THE XYLEM OF SCIADOPITYS

A review of the literature in a cursory study of the wood structure of Sciadopitys verticillata Sieb. and Zucc. aroused in the writer a desire to investigate thoroughly this phase of the "umbrella pine." This curious monotype is a native of Japan, and, although several general anatomical studies include Sciadopitys, there is no reported investigation of a more detailed nature. Nakamura (I883) associates it with Cryptomeria japonica and Thujopsis laetevirens. Fujioka (I9I3), Iwaki (I9I8), and Kanehira (I926) class it as Taxodinean in anatomy. Burgerstein (I908) and Slyper (I933) have composed keys based on the conclusions of existing reports and supplementary investigation. Mention of ray cell pitting is made by Record (I934). Noteworthy studies which omit Sciadopitys are those of Russow (I883) and Penhallow (I 907). It is hoped that the present paper may throw new light on the question of conifer phylogeny.
Postexposure prophylaxis for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection following sexual assault

Abstract Although the 1998 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's guidelines for treatment of sexually transmitted diseases recommend offering postexposure prophylaxis for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection following sexual assault, there are no detailed protocols on how to provide this treatment. Postexposure prophylaxis has been shown to lower the risk of seroconversion following occupational exposure to HIV by 81%, but has not yet been evaluated following sexual exposure. Though scientific data are limited, victims of sexual assault should be given the best information available to make an informed decision regarding postexposure prophylaxis. When the choice is made to take medications to prevent HIV infection, treatment should be initiated as soon as possible, but no later than 72 hours following the assault, and should be continued for 28 days. HIV postexposure prophylaxis should be provided in the context of a comprehensive treatment and counseling program that recognizes the physical and psychosocial trauma experienced by victims of sexual assault.
Trajectory Optimization for a Missile Using a Multitier Approach

A two-tier approach to the midcourse trajectory design for a surface-to-air missile to maximize the probability of hit is presented. The e rst tier represents the midcourse trajectory of the missile, and the second tier represents the terminal homing phase. The e rst-tier trajectory is optimized with an auxiliary constraint on the value of the approach angle to the intercept at handover to the terminal phase. The handover approach angle is used as the governing parameter in generating a e eld of optimum e rst-tier midcourse trajectories. The second-tier model estimates the probability of hit including a full suite of stochastic error sources on the seeker and missile. The optimal approach angleand midcoursetrajectory aredemonstrated to bedependent on the terminal homing noise contributors and the target maneuver.
Cell size and geometry of spinal cord motoneurons in the adult cat following the intramuscular injection of adriamycin: comparison with data from aged cats

Abstract Adriamycin (ADM), an antineoplastic antibiotic, when injected intramuscularly, is taken up by motoneuron axonal terminals and retrogradely transported to the motoneuron soma where it exerts its neurotoxic effect. In the present study, ADM was injected into the hindlimb muscles of five adult cats. Measurements of the electrophysiological properties of the lumbar motoneurons innervating these muscles were obtained using intracellular recording techniques. Based upon these data the equivalent cylinder model of motoneurons was employed to evaluate ADM-induced changes in cell size and cell geometry. The size of cell somas in the ventral horn was also measured using light microscopy and computer imaging software. There were significant increases in the membrane time constant (25%) and input resistance (50%) in motoneurons whose muscles were treated with ADM (ADM-MNs) compared with data from control motoneurons (control-MNs). The increase in membrane time constant is attributed to an increase in membrane resistance; the increase in input resistance appears to depend upon both an increase in membrane resistance and a decrease in total cell surface area. Cell capacitance, which is proportional to the total cell surface area, was significantly reduced (15%) in ADM-MNs. Calculations based on cable theory indicate that while there was no significant change in the length of the equivalent cylinder for ADM-MNs, there was a significant decrease (17%) in the diameter of the equivalent cylinder. These data indicate that there is a decrease in total cell surface area which can be attributed to the shrinkage of branches throughout the dendritic tree. There was also a small (7%) but statistically significant decrease in the electrotonic length of ADM-MNs. Morphological analysis also revealed that the mean cross-sectional area of the somas of those ventral horn neurons which are likely to correspond to the motoneuron population was significantly reduced on the ADM-treated side compared to that of neurons on the control side. We conclude that significant geometrical changes were induced in lumbar motoneurons of adult cats after ADM was injected into their target muscles. In old cats, spinal cord motoneurons exhibit similar patterns of changes in their electrophysiological characteristics which have also been suggested to be correlated with changes in cell geometry. The question then arises as to whether the response of motoneurons to ADM and the aging process reflects a stereotypic reaction of motoneurons to a variety of insults or whether the response to ADM mirrors specific aspects of the aging process.