cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FPGA wavelet processor design using language for instruction-set architectures (LISA)

The design of an microprocessor is a long, tedious, and error-prone task consisting of typically three design phases: architecture exploration, software design (assembler, linker, loader, profiler), architecture implementation (RTL generation for FPGA or cell-based ASIC) and verification. The Language for instruction-set architectures (LISA) allows to model a microprocessor not only from instruction-set but also from architecture description including pipelining behavior that allows a design and development tool consistency over all levels of the design. To explore the capability of the LISA processor design platform a.k.a. CoWare Processor Designer we present in this paper three microprocessor designs that implement a 8/8 wavelet transform processor that is typically used in today's FBI fingerprint compression scheme. We have designed a 3 stage pipelined 16 bit RISC processor (NanoBlaze). Although RISC mPs are usually considered "fast" processors due to design concept like constant instruction word size, deep pipelines and many general purpose registers, it turns out that DSP operations consume essential processing time in a RISC processor. In a second step we have used design principles from programmable digital signal processor (PDSP) to improve the throughput of the DWT processor. A multiply-accumulate operation along with indirect addressing operation were the key to achieve higher throughput. A further improvement is possible with today's FPGA technology. Today's FPGAs offer a large number of embedded array multipliers and it is now feasible to design a "true" vector processor (TVP). A multiplication of two vectors can be done in just one clock cycle with our TVP, a complete scalar product in two clock cycles. Code profiling and Xilinx FPGA ISE synthesis results are provided that demonstrate the essential improvement that a TVP has compared with traditional RISC or PDSP designs.
A validated cadaveric model of trochlear dysplasia

Purpose Despite the high prevalence of trochlear dysplasia among patients with patellar instability, it is not well studied and is infrequently addressed surgically. The lack of a validated cadaveric model of trochlear dysplasia may be a contributing factor. The goal of this study was to develop a simple, reproducible, and realistic cadaveric model of trochlear dysplasia by surgically modifying cadaveric femora with normal anatomy and then to validate this model through the use of mechanical and fluoroscopic measurements.
Molecular Structures and Potential Energy Surfaces for IHI-·Arn (n = 1−7)

This study reports second-order perturbation (MP2) theory predictions of the optimized structures and relative energies for IHI-·Arn (n = 1−7) complexes. For n = 1−6, the lowest energy structure has all n Ar atoms forming a partial ring in the plane that is perpendicular to and bisects the IHI- axis. The ring is closed at n = 6, and for n = 7, one of the Ar atoms moves into a second ring. Analysis of the geometrical parameters and three-dimensional MP2 molecular electrostatic potentials (MEP) is used to determine why the ring structure is lowest in energy for n = 1−6, but not for n = 7. Based on the MEP, it is concluded that Ar atoms tend to distribute in regions of low electron density that exist in the plane perpendicular to and bisecting the IHI- axis. Hence, the global minimum for all n < 7 is a ring structure in this plane. For n = 7, steric effects force an Ar atom into a new ring.
Interfacial instabilities affect microfluidic extraction of small molecules from non-Newtonian fluids

As part of a project to develop an integrated microfluidic biosensor for the detection of small molecules in saliva, practical issues of extraction of analytes from non-Newtonian samples using an H-filter were explored. The H-filter can be used to rapidly and efficiently extract small molecules from a complex sample into a simpler buffer. The location of the interface between the sample and buffer streams is a critical parameter in the function of the H-filter, so fluorescence microscopy was employed to monitor the interface position; this revealed apparently anomalous fluorophore diffusion from the samples into the buffer solutions. Using confocal microscopy to understand the three-dimensional distribution of the fluorophore, it was found that the interface between the non-Newtonian sample and Newtonian buffer was both curved and unstable. The core of the non-Newtonian sample extended into the Newtonian buffer and its position was unstable, producing a fluorescence intensity profile that gave rise to the apparently anomalously fast fluorophore transport. These instabilities resulted from the pairing of rheologically dissimilar fluid streams and were flowrate dependent. We conclude that use of non-Newtonian fluids, such as saliva, in the H-filter necessitates pretreatment to reduce viscoelasticity. The interfacial variation in position, stability and shape caused by the non-Newtonian samples has substantial implications for the use of biological samples for quantitative analysis and analyte extraction in concurrent flow extraction devices.
Seasonal Temperature Fluctuations Induces Rapid Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum

This study measured the inactivation rate of bovine genotype A Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts attributable to diurnal oscillations of ambient temperature and solar radiation typical of California rangelands and dairies from spring through autumn. We first measured the relationship between air temperature and the internal temperature of bovine feces exposed to sunlight on commercial operations throughout California. Once maximum air temperature exceeded the mid 20 degrees C, diurnal thermal regimes of bovine fecal material exhibited peaks of over 40, 50, 60, and 70 degrees C. These diurnal thermal regimes were emulated using a thermocycler, with oocysts suspended in distilled water or fecal-water mix. Using oral inoculations of 10(5) C. parvum oocysts per neonatal Balb/c mouse (>1000-fold the ID50), no infections were observed using 1 to 5-day cycles of these thermal regimes. Loss of infectivity induced bythese thermal regimes was primarily due to partial or complete in vitro excystation during the first 24-h diurnal cycle and secondarily to thermal inactivation of the remaining intact or partial oocysts. These results suggest that as ambient conditions generate internal fecal temperatures > or = 40 degrees C via conduction, radiation, and convection, rapid environmental inactivation occurs at a rate of > or = 3.27 log reduction d(-1) for C. parvum oocysts deposited in the feces of cattle.
A CMOS front-end LSI with a CTC for Blu-ray disc system

A CMOS front-end LSI for the Blu-ray disc system including a crosstalk canceller, an adaptive tangential equalizer, a limit-equalizer, a Viterbi decoder was developed. It contains about 1M gates and operates up to 3/spl times/ speed and performs to improve tolerances of the system.
Modeling charged protein side chains in lipid membranes

The recent perspectives on membrane protein insertion, protein–bilayer interactions, and amino acid side hydrophobicity (J. Gen. Physiol. 129:351–377) have provided a great opportunity to explore an important problem that has challenged our basic understanding of protein–lipid interactions and membrane protein function. Biological membranes consist primarily of lipid bilayers that exhibit hydrophobic cores which present significant barriers to all polar and charged species. This essential character of membranes was brought into question after the proposal of the “paddle” model of voltage-gated ion channel gating (Jiang et al., 2003) in which voltage-sensing domains, containing multiple charged arginine (Arg) side chains, were supposed to move across the core of a lipid membrane, despite theoretical energy cost predictions of 100s of kcal/mol (Grabe et al., 2004). This discrepancy underscores the importance of critically evaluating all models in terms of the fundamental thermodynamics of charged side chain–membrane interactions.
Studies on the identity of the unknown in protein hydrolysates

Summary One of the unknown compounds frequently observed in the protein hydrolysates has been identified as methylamine. This identification is based on chromatography on the automatic amino acid analyzer and cocrystallization with authentic methylamine This artifact is most probably produced during alkaline or acid hydrolysis of protein whose arginine residues are methylated to form N G -methylarginines. Under routine acid hydrolysis of protein such as in 6 N HC1 in vacuo at 110°C for 24 hours, at least 10% of N G -monomethyl-L-arginine is degraded to form methylamine.
The Domestic Roots of Perpetual War

Why does the United States spend so much on defense? Why do we feel no more secure? As the government faces pressure to cut federal spending, it is time to get a clearer picture of what motivates our military spending. This former Pentagon analyst provides it.
Optorheological Studies of Sheared Confined Fluids with Mesoscopic Thickness

Fluids of mesoscopic thickness can be sheared and their molecular orientation probed concurrently with the new instrument described in this paper. The fluid is confined between parallel optically flat windows whose spacing is controlled, using piezoelectric inchworms, from submicrometer thickness to ∼500 μm, with no essential lower limit apart from surface roughness. Capacitance sensors or optical interferometry is used to monitor spacing between the windows with submicrometer accuracy. Piezoelectric bimorphs are used to apply periodic shear displacements with amplitude 0.l−10 μm and frequency 0.1−700 Hz. Shear-induced molecular alignment during sinusoidal shear cycles is determined, with up to 5 μs time resolution, using step-scan time-resolved infrared spectroscopy. To demonstrate capabilities of this new instrument, we describe an experiment in which shear and electric fields were applied in orthogonal directions to 5-cyanobiphenyl (5CB), a simple nematic liquid crystal. Provided that the molecule lack...
The Influence of Context Orientation on Job Seeker Perceptions of Recruitment, Person-Organization Fit, and Job Application Intention in the Hospitality Industry

Through this study the authors investigate the influence of culture, and more specifically context orientation, on job seeker perceptions of recruitment activities and messages, person-organization fit, and job application intention. Researchers sampled 403 college students majoring in hospitality and tourism management from different cultural backgrounds. The results indicated that context orientation was significantly related to both perceptions of recruitment activities and messages. However, context orientation was not found to be associated with perceptions of person-organization fit. Recommendations are offered to examine the perception of fit at different stages of recruitment and the consistency of the influence of culture throughout the recruitment process.
A large detector, anticoincidence shielded multidimensional gamma-ray spectrometer

Abstract A multidimensional gamma-ray spectrometer has been fabricated using two 11″ in dia. × 6″ thick NaI(Tl) crystals which are shielded from their phototubes with 4-inch thick pure NaI light pipes. Each NaI(Tl) crystal is surrounded by a 36″ in dia. × 18″ thick plastic phosphor which functions as an anticoincidence shield. The spectrometer is coupled to a 4096 channel multiparameter analyzer and uses the gamma-ray decay characteristics of each radionuclide for its identification and measurement. This is accomplished by viewing the sample with two NaI(Tl) detectors operating in coincidence and cancelling those events not totally absorbed in the principal detectors by the plastic phosphor anticoincidence annulus. Coincidence counts are stored in the energy-energy plane of the memory according to their photon energies, while single gamma-rays which interact with either crystal are stored in a normal manner on the X or Y axis. The axis and energy-energy plane backgrounds, backscatter effects, with some instrument applications.
Experimental tests of image fusion for night vision

Image fusion techniques have begun to play a very important role in night vision systems. In recent years, various image fusion algorithms have been developed to perform the task. However, very few comprehensive studies have been conducted to evaluate the performance of fusion methods for night vision applications. In this paper we focus on fusion algorithms especially for the night vision application and employ experimental testing to compare their performance. To judge the performance of image fusion algorithms, we investigate both subjective and objective evaluation measures. Human evaluations of the fusion results are presented. Furthermore, to evaluate image fusion algorithms objectively, we studied various image quality measures, which include some standard quality metrics and other newly developed methods. Extensive performance evaluation experiments show that observers generally prefer the SiDWT and Laplacian pyramid fusion scheme for the considered test images. Further the objective quality measure results show that edge based quality metrics follows human evaluations much closer than the other methods in most of the cases we considered.
Role of extrinsic innervation in carbohydrate-induced ileal modulation of pancreatic secretion and upper gut function.

SummaryPreviously we showed that carbohydrate (CHO) in the ileum slowed gastric emptying and increased pancreatic amylase secretion relative to that of other enzymes. Our aim here was to determine if extrinsic innervation of the jejunoileum participates in the CHO-induced ileal modulation of postpra
Chart-based transfer rule application in Machine Translation

Transfer-based Machine Translation systems require a procedure for choosing the set of transfer rules for generating a target language translation from a given source language sentence. In an MT system with many competing transfer rules, choosing the best set of transfer rules for translation may involve the evaluation of an explosive number of competing sets. We propose a solution to this problem based on current best-first chart parsing algorithms.
Tropistic responses of zygotes of the Fucaceae to polarized light

Abstract The following picture is drawn from experiments on two members of the Fucaceae, Fucus furcatus and Pelvetia fastigiata: 1. 1. In their “polarotropic” response to unidirectional illumination with plane polarized visible light, the zygotes tend to germinate in the plane of vibration, and “subequatorially” (from 90 ° to 135 ° away from the source). (Fig. 1.) Up to half the embryos so produced may be bipolar forms. 2. 2. The tropistic response to similar unpolarized light is dual. Under some partially defined conditions it is subequatorial; under others, directly away from the source. 3. 3. The polarotropic response and the subequatorial response to unpolarized light fade out over the same intensity range (Fig. 4). 4. 4. The polarotropic action spectra (Fig. 3) belong to the phototropic group of spectra as found with other organisms (Table VI). 5. 5. It is concluded that in all three tropistic responses to light, growth tends to occur where certain photoreceptor molecules absorb the least light. 6. 6. It is suggested that under unpolarized illumination the subequatorial and peripheral photoreceptors absorb least light primarily because they are by-passed by the cell's focusing action (Fig. 5), while under polarized illumination the subequatorial photoreceptors in the vibration plane absorb least light because they are periclinally oriented (Fig. 6).
Involvement of CNS cholinergic systems in alcohol drinking of P rats.

Experiments were undertaken to determine if CNS muscarinic- and nicotinic-cholinergic receptors are involved in regulating alcohol drinking of rats from the selectively-bred alcohol-preferring P line. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) drug infusions were administered into the lateral ventricle of female P rats 15 minutes before ethanol access. The muscarinic antagonists pirenzepine and scopolamine were tested on limited access (4 hours/day) to a 10% (v/v) ethanol solution. Food and water were available ad libitum. Nicotine and the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine were tested on limited access (4 hours/day) to 10% (v/v) ethanol and 0.0125% saccharin solutions. Food was available ad libitum and water was available during the remaining 20 hours. The baseline ethanol intakes ranged between an average of 3.0 ± 0.3 g/kg/4 hours and 3.4 ± 0.3 g/kg/4 hours. Administration of 40-100 m g pirenzepine (M1-selective antagonist) had no effect on ethanol, food or water consumption. However, 20-80 m g scopolamine, a non-selective muscarinic antagonist, dosedependently decreased ethanol intake as much as 60% (p < 0.05) without altering food or water consumption. The nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine (20-120 m g) did not alter ethanol intake, but nicotine (40-80 m g) dose-dependently decreased ethanol drinking as much as 60% within the first 30 minutes (p < 0.05) without an effect on saccharin intake. The results suggest that: (a), muscarinic receptors, with the possible exception of the M1 subtype, are involved in regulating alcohol drinking and (b), activation of nicotinic receptors can reduce alcohol drinking of the P line of rats.
A flexible infrastructure for distributed deployment in adaptive sensor webs

Distributed sensor webs typically operate in dynamic environments where operating conditions, transient phenomena, availability of resources, and network connection quality change frequently and unpredictably. Often these changes can neither be completely anticipated nor accurately described during development or deployment. Our prior work has described how we developed agents and services that are capable of monitoring these changing conditions and adapting system parameters using the CORBA Component Model (CCM) deployment infrastructure as part of the Multiagent Architecture for Coordinated Responsive Observations (MACRO) platform. Our recent application of MACRO to the South East Alaska MOnitoring Network for Science, Telecommunications, Education, and Research (SEAMONSTER) project has identified new distributed deployment infrastructure challenges common to computationally constrained field environments in adaptive sensor webs. These challenges include standardized execution of low-level hardware-dependent actions and on-going data tasks, automated provisioning of agents for heterogeneous field hardware, and minimizing deployment infrastructure overhead. This paper describes how we extended MACRO to address these sensor web challenges by creating an action/effector framework standardizing the execution of lightweight actions and providing for automated provisioning of MACRO agents, in addition to footprint optimizations to the underlying CCM infrastructure.
Generalized constraint structure for gravitation theory

By exploiting the conformal symmetry inherent in the Einstein theory we construct a more general form for the Dirac constraints involving an arbitrary function. This more general form is required if a canonically quantized theory is to accommodate renormalization.
Mixing enhancement in 3D MHD channel flow by boundary electrical potential actuation

An electrically conductive fluid flowing inside a channel is prone to be affected by enormous magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) effects when the fluid interacts with an imposed magnetic field. Such effects often leads to higher pressure drop and lower heat transfer rate due to laminarization. Active boundary control, in either open loop or closed loop, can be used to enhance mixing and potentially increase heat transfer rate. Open-loop controllers are in general more sensitive to uncertainties of the system, which may result in a poorer performance. A closed-loop controller is proposed based on the linearized simplified magnetohydronamic (LSMHD) model. Micro pressure sensors and electrodes are embedded into the walls for measurement and actuation. Using the boundary vorticity flux as the input, the proposed feedback controller regulates the boundary electric potential at the channel walls in order to increase turbulence and mixing. By reversing the sign of a feedback controller designed to stabilize the LSMHD systems, a destabilizing controllers is achieved and used to excite multiple Fourier modes in simulations. The simulation results provided by a 3D simplified magnetohydronamic (SMHD) simulator show that the reversed controller successfully increases the turbulence inside an otherwise strongly stable MHD flow.
Guidelines for group work in CS1 (abstract only)

In CS1, students have a limited set of programming skills and they often represent a wide range of experience levels; this combination can make group work especially challenging. I describe guidelines for selecting group work projects and problems, suggestions for forming groups and assigning roles, and four projects appropriate for group work in CS1.
ANALYZING THE POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF OPERATIONAL DISCHARGES OF OIL FROM SHIPS IN THE GULF OF MEXICO

ABSTRACT This paper describes a first attempt to estimate the spatial and temporal pattern of operational discharges of oil from ships and their contribution to surface oil concentrations in the Gulf of Mexico. A relatively simple—although novel in its application to marine pollution problems—simulation model has been developed to estimate the amount of oil discharged into the gulf routinely and intentionally during normal ship operations. These estimates are entered into a surface pollutant transport model developed to predict “typical” seasonal distributions of surface oil concentrations in the Gulf of Mexico. First results indicate that operational discharges from ships are a major contributor to coastal oil pollution problems throughout the gulf.
Characteristics of the binding of europium(III) to tetracycline

Abstract Lanthanide-sensitized luminescence was described previously as a sensitive means of quantifying tetracycline in solution. The results of potentiometric, absorbance, fluorescence and lifetime measurements on the tetracycline/E 3+ system are presented here. The tetracycline/Eu 2+ complexes which exist in aqueous solution have 1:1 stoichiometry; their formation constants are a function of pH.
A Psychometric Evaluation of the Sex-Role Egalitarianism Scale with African Americans

The purpose of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Sex-Role Egalitarianism Scale—KK (King & King, 1990) in a sample of 171 African American college students. Examination of the Cronbach alpha reliability coefficients suggested that the SRES—KK is a reliable measure of gender role attitudes for African Americans. The construct validity of the instrument was assessed and supported by an examination of differences between men's and women's scores. The results of the study support the use of the SRES-KK with African American samples. Implications and future directions for research are discussed.
A photoinduced nanoparticle separation in microchannels via pH-sensitive surface traps.

A microfluidic surface trap was developed for capturing pH-sensitive nanoparticles via a photoinitiated proton-releasing reaction of o-nitrobenzaldehyde (o-NBA) that reduces the solution pH in microchannels. The surface trap and nanoparticles were both modified with a pH-responsive polymer—poly(N-isorpopylacylamide-co-propylacrylic acid), P(NIPAAm-co-PAA). The o-NBA-coated microchannel walls demonstrated rapid proton release upon UV light irradiation, allowing the buffered solution pH in the microchannel to decrease from 7.4 to 4.5 in 60 s. The low solution pH switched the polymer-modified surfaces to be more hydrophobic, which enabled the capture of the pH-sensitive nanobeads onto the trap. When a photomask was utilized to limit the UV irradiation to a specific channel region, we were able to restrict the particle separation to only the exposed region. Via control of the UV irradiation, this technique enables not only prompt pH changes within the channel but also the capture of target molecules at specif...
Phosphorus Budget and Management Strategies for an Urban Wisconsin Lake

ABSTRACT Multiple external and internal phosphorus (P) sources to an urban lake, Half Moon Lake in Wisconsin, were examined during the summer of 1999 in order to develop management strategies for effective P control and reversal of eutrophication (Trophic State Index=74). Internal recycling of P accounted for 80% of the summer P budget of the lake. Flux of P from the sediment accounted for most of the internal P loading (42% of total budget). However, decomposition of Potamogeton crispus and recycling of macrophyte P during the middle of the summer growing season, and P resuspension due to motor boat activity, accounted for 20% and 17% of the P budget, respectively, representing additional important sources to be controlled. In contrast, summer P loading via the watershed (storm sewers and precipitation) was much less. Using a water quality model (Bathtub), we found that reduction of internal P sources could substantially reduce by greater than 70% the high concentrations of algae in the lake (mean summer...
Equivalence of improvement in area under ROC curve and linear discriminant analysis coefficient under assumption of normality

In this paper we investigate the addition of new variables to an existing risk prediction model and the subsequent impact on discrimination quantified by the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC of ROC). Based on practical experience, concerns have emerged that the significance of association of the variable under study with the outcome in the risk model does not correspond to the significance of the change in AUC: that is, often the variable is significant, but the change in AUC is not. This paper demonstrates that under the assumption of multivariate normality and employing linear discriminant analysis (LDA) to construct the risk prediction tool, statistical significance of the new predictor(s) is equivalent to the statistical significance of the increase in AUC. Under these assumptions the result extends asymptotically to logistic regression. We further show that equality of variance–covariance matrices of predictors within cases and non-cases is not necessary when LDA is used. However, our practical example from the Framingham Heart Study data suggests that the finding might be sensitive to the assumption of normality. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Production of high-quality liquid fertilizers from wet-process acid via urea phosphate

A pilot-plant process is described that purifies wet-process phosphoric acid for the production of a high-quality urea-ammonium polyphosphate base solution. An intermediate product, crystalline urea phosphate, is produced from urea and merchant-grade (54% P2O5) wet-process phosphoric acid. The urea phosphate crystals contain only about 15 to 20% of the objectionable impurities (iron, aluminum, and magnesium) originally contained in the feed wet-process acid. The urea phosphate crystals are pyrolyzed, converting orthophosphate to polyphosphate with very little energy consumption. The resulting melt is dissolved and neutralized with ammonia to produce 14-29-0 liquid product of high polyphosphate content.
New tools, new outlooks, new opportunities

I argue that much of the success of chemical engineering during the period 1960–1980 was due to the adoption and mastering of mathematical tools, tools that opened horizons and helped define the profession. I argue that a similar opportunity is faced today, and that several tools from the area of complex systems, which we can readily embrace and develop, should be part of the standard toolkit of chemical engineering. I argue that the field is ready for this expansion, and that these tools will expand the core, crosslink domains, and open up areas where the profession will have much to contribute. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Few crop traits accurately predict variables important to productivity of processing sweet corn

Abstract Recovery, case production, and gross profit margin, hereafter called ‘processor variables’, are as important metrics to processing sweet corn as grain yield is to field corn production. However, crop traits such as ear number or ear mass alone are reported in sweet corn production research rather than processor variables. The objective of this research was to determine the extent to which certain crop traits could be used to predict variables important to productivity of sweet corn grown for processing. The data used in this research reflected 22 different growing environments over an 8-year period representing 31 processing hybrids. Relations between processor variables and 17 crop traits (5 plant traits, 8 ear traits, and 4 yield traits) were characterized. None of the crop traits adequately predicted recovery, defined as the percentage of green ear mass (i.e. complete ears with husk leaves) represented by fresh kernel mass. Case production, defined as cases of kernels per unit area, was strongly associated ( ρ ≥ 0.869) with ear number, green ear mass, husked ear mass, and fresh kernel mass. Similar correlations ( ρ ≥ 0.854) were found between the yield traits and gross profit margin, defined as the value of case production less the contracted cost of green ear mass. However, regression analyses of relationships between processor variables and individual yield traits showed that fresh kernel mass was by far the best predictor of case production and gross profit margin. While ear number or green ear mass are commonly reported in field research of processing sweet corn, relevancy of the research would be enhanced if fresh kernel mass were measured and reported.
Code construction on fiber products of Kummer covers

We show that Riemann-Roch spaces of divisors from fiber products of Kummer covers of the projective line, which are invariant with respect to the Galois group, decompose as a direct sum of Riemann-Roch spaces of divisors of the projective line. Consequently, one obtains explicit bases and good upper bounds for the minimum distance of the resulting Goppa codes. This correspondence is a generalization of the work of Xing.
Volubility, consonant, and syllable characteristics in infants and toddlers later diagnosed with childhood apraxia of speech: A pilot study.

Abstract Purpose This pilot study explored the volubility, consonant singleton acquisition, and syllable structure development between infants and toddlers (birth–24 months) with typical speech sound production (TYP) and those later diagnosed with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). Method A retrospective longitudinal between- and within-subjects research design was utilized (TYP N = 2; CAS N = 4). Vocalizations from participants were analyzed between birth–24 months from home videotapes, volunteered by the children's parents, according to type (nonresonant vs. resonant), volubility, place and manner of consonant singletons, and syllable shape (V, CV, VC, CVC, VCV, CVCV, VCVC, and “Other”). Results Volubility between groups was not significant but statistically significant differences were found in the number of: resonant and non-resonant productions; different consonant singletons; different place features; different manner classes; and proportional use of fricative, glottal, and voiceless phones. Infants and toddlers in the CAS group also demonstrated difficulty with CVCs, had limited syllable shapes, and possible regression of vowel syllable structure. Conclusions Data corroborate parent reports that infants and toddlers later diagnosed with CAS present differently than do those with typical speech sound skills. Additional study with infants and toddlers later diagnosed with non-CAS speech sound disorder is needed. Learning outcomes: Readers will: (1) describe current perspectives on volubility of infants and toddlers later diagnosed with CAS; (2) describe current perspectives of the consonant singleton and syllable shape inventories of infants and toddlers later diagnosed with CAS; and (3) discuss the potential differences between the speech sound development of infants and toddlers later diagnosed with CAS and those with typical speech sound skill.
Pianos and politics in China : middle-class ambitions and the struggle over western music

During the Chinese Cultural Revolution's rebellion against foreign influence, the piano, the musical embodiment of Western culture, became the object of intense hostility. In a nation where the world of politics and the world of art are closely linked, Western classical music was considered an imperialist intrusion, in direct conflict with the native aesthetic. In this revealing chronicle of the relationship between music and politics in 20th century China, Richard Kraus examines the evolution of China's ever-changing disposition towards European music and demonstrates how the late 1900s have seen the steady Westernization of Chinese music. Placing China's cultural conflicts in global perspective, Kraus traces the lives of four Chinese musicians and reflects on how their experiences are indicative of China's place at the furthest edge of an expanding Western international order. From Kraus' study there emerges a picture of an ambivalent nation in which politicians, artisans, and intelligentsia alike feel the uneasy tensions that arise when the forces of modernization and xenophobic nationalism clash.
Dynamics of memory T cell proliferation under conditions of heterologous immunity and bystander stimulation.

By examining adoptively transferred CSFE-labeled lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-immune donor T cells in Thy-1 congenic hosts inoculated with viruses or with the cytokine inducer poly(I:C), strikingly different responses of bona fide memory T cells were found in response to different stimuli. Poly(I:C) (cytokine) stimulation caused a limited synchronized division of memory CD8 T cells specific to each of five LCMV epitopes, with no increase and sometimes a loss in number, and no change in their epitope hierarchy. Homologous LCMV infection caused more than seven divisions of T cells specific for each epitope, with dramatic increases in number and minor changes in hierarchy. Infections with the heterologous viruses Pichinde and vaccinia (VV) caused more than seven divisions and increases in number of T cells specific to some putatively cross-reactive but not other epitopes and resulted in substantial changes in the hierarchy of the LCMV-specific T cells. Hence, there can be memory T cell division without proliferation (i.e., increase in cell number) in the absence of Ag and division with proliferation in the presence of Ag from homologous or heterologous viruses. Heterologous protective immunity between viruses is not necessarily reciprocal, given that LCMV protects against VV but VV does not protect against LCMV. VV elicited proliferation of LCMV-induced CD8 and CD4 T cells, whereas LCMV did not elicit proliferation of VV-induced T cells. Thus, depending on the pathogen and the sequence of infection, a heterologous agent may selectively stimulate the memory pool in patterns consistent with heterologous immunity.
Six-month depression relapse rates among women treated with acupuncture

SUMMARY. Conventional treatments for Major Depression, although reasonably effective, leave many without lasting relief. Alternative approaches would therefore be welcome for both short- and long-term treatment of depression. Thirty-eight women were randomized to one of three treatment conditions in a double-blind randomized controlled trial of acupuncture in depression. 1 All participants eventually received eight weeks of acupuncture treatment specifically for depression. From among the 33 women who completed treatment, 26 (79%) were interviewed at six-month follow-up. Relapse rates were comparable to those of established treatments, with four of the 17 women (24%) who achieved full remission at the conclusion of treatment experiencing a relapse six months later. Compared to other empirically validated treatments, acupuncture designed specifically to treat major depression produces results that are comparable in terms of rates of response and of relapse or recurrence. These results suggest a larger trial of acupuncture in the acute- and maintenance-phase treatment of depression is warranted. C ∞ 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Transcriptional analysis of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S structural gene.

The transcriptional regulation of thePseudomonas aeruginosa exoSgene was investigated. Expression ofexoS in P. aeruginosa PA103 was dependent upon growth in a low-cation environment and the presence of a functionalexsAgene.Promoterfusionanalysisindicatedthata285-bpPstI-NsiIfragment,located5*oftheexoS coding region, contained a functional promoter for exoS. Expression of the reporter gene was inducible in a low-cation growth environment and required a functional copy of exsA. Divergent promoters, coordinately regulated with exoS transcription, were identified within the PstI-NsiI fragment. A fusion derivative of ExsA, MALA3A2, was shown to bind directly to thePstI-NsiI probe. DNase I protection analysis demonstrated that MALA3A2boundtotheintergenicregionbetweenthepostulated 235boxesofeachpromoterregion.Northern (RNA) blot analysis with probes internal to and upstream of exoS demonstrated that separate, coordinately regulated mRNAs were expressed in P. aeruginosa. These data suggested that a locus, coregulated with exoS transcription,waslocatedupstreamofexoS.DNAsequenceanalysisoftheexoSupstreamregionrevealedthree open reading frames, ORF 1, ORF 2, and ORF 3. ORF 1 demonstrated significant homology to the SycE/YerA protein of Yersinia sp. SycE/YerA is postulated to function as a chaperone for the YopE cytotoxin. The loci encoding YopE and ExoS show similarities in genetic organization, protein composition, and regulation. Pseudomonas aeruginosais an opportunistic pathogen capable of infecting immunocompromised individuals, including patients afflicted with extensive burns or wounds, cystic fibrosis, leukemia, and neutropenia (3). The bacterium synthesizes and secretes a number of virulence determinants that are postulated to enhance survival within the host by providing nutrients, evading the host immune response, and allowing spread of the organism to other tissues (29). A determinant whose expression has been correlated with the ability ofP. aeruginosa
Going Global: New Pathways for Adolescents and Emerging Adults in a Changing World

This article reviews theory and research on the implications of globalization for cultural identity formation in adolescence (ages 10–18) and emerging adulthood (ages 18–29). Theories of immigrant acculturation are extended to globalization to demonstrate how adolescent and emerging adult cultural identity development follows a variety of pathways in a global world. The article includes a discussion of how this opening up of plural developmental pathways comes with risks and opportunities. Here, cultural identity confusion, civic involvement, and gender equality are discussed.
Basic considerations for robot calibration

The effect of kinematic model choice on robot calibration is examined. The literature on the subject is reviewed, and the various possible choices for kinematic modeling are examined. Problems of uniqueness and proportionality are discussed, and a closed-form method for extracting the parameters of a six-parameter model is shown. >
Stages leading to and following fusion of sperm and egg plasma membranes

The site of gamete interaction of electrophysiologically recorded Lytechinus variegatus eggs, fixed with osmium tetroxide (OsO4) and/or glutaraldehyde (GTA) at varying intervals after the onset of the increase in membrane conductance induced by an attached sperm, has been examined by high-voltage and conventional transmission electron microscopy. Although GTA and a GTA-OsO4 mixture induced different electrical responses, specimens prepared with the two fixatives were ultrastructurally similar. In specimens observed within 5 s of the change in conductance, the acrosomal process projected through the vitelline layer and abutted the egg plasma membrane. A conspicuous layer of bindin surrounded the acrosomal process and connected the sperm to the egg's vitelline layer. In a fortuitous specimen fixed within 4 s following the change in conductance, the area of contact between the gamete plasma membranes possessed a trilaminar structure that separated the egg's and sperm's cytoplasms. The morphology of this area of contact was consistent with previously proposed intermediates of membrane fusion. Five to six seconds after the change in conductance, the sperm was connected to the egg via a narrow cytoplasmic bridge that consisted of the former acrosomal process and a projection of the egg cortex. The region of the bridge midway between the fused gametes was encircled by dense material that marked the site of sperm-egg fusion. Gamete interactions in which the activation potential was recorded (unclamped egg) were comparable in time and ultrastructure to events taking place in voltage-clamped eggs except for one major difference. Intact cortical granules (one to three) were observed beneath the tip of the incorporating sperm in unclamped eggs fixed following the onset of the activation potential, whereas all cortical granules dehisced in clamped eggs.
The Glc7p-Interacting Protein Bud14p Attenuates Polarized Growth, Pheromone Response, and Filamentous Growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A genetic selection in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for mutants that stimulate the mating pathway uncovered a mutant that had a hyperactive pheromone response pathway and also had hyperpolarized growth. Cloning and segregation analysis demonstrated that BUD14 was the affected gene. Disruption of BUD14 in wild-type cells caused mild stimulation of pheromone response pathway reporters, an increase in sensitivity to mating factor, and a hyperelongated shmoo morphology. The bud14 mutant also had hyperfilamentous growth. Consistent with a role in the control of cell polarity, a Bud14p-green fluorescent protein fusion was localized to sites of polarized growth in the cell. Bud14p shared morphogenetic functions with the Ste20p and Bni1p proteins as well as with the type 1 phosphatase Glc7p. The genetic interactions between BUD14 and GLC7 suggested a role for Glc7p in filamentous growth, and Glc7p was found to have a positive function in filamentous growth in yeast.
Modeling coding-sequence evolution within the context of residue solvent accessibility

Protein structure mediates site-specific patterns of sequence divergence. In particular, residues in the core of a protein (solvent-inaccessible residues) tend to be more evolutionarily conserved than residues on the surface (solvent-accessible residues). Here, we present a model of sequence evolution that explicitly accounts for the relative solvent accessibility of each residue in a protein. Our model is a variant of the Goldman-Yang 1994 (GY94) model in which all model parameters can be functions of the relative solvent accessibility (RSA) of a residue. We apply this model to a data set comprised of nearly 600 yeast genes, and find that an evolutionary-rate ratio ω that varies linearly with RSA provides a better model fit than an RSA-independent ω or an ω that is estimated separately in individual RSA bins. We further show that the branch length t and the transition-transverion ratio κ also vary with RSA. The RSA-dependent GY94 model performs better than an RSA-dependent Muse-Gaut 1994 (MG94) model in which the synonymous and non-synonymous rates individually are linear functions of RSA. Finally, protein core size affects the slope of the linear relationship between ω and RSA, and gene expression level affects both the intercept and the slope. Structure-aware models of sequence evolution provide a significantly better fit than traditional models that neglect structure. The linear relationship between ω and RSA implies that genes are better characterized by their ω slope and intercept than by just their mean ω.
Moonshine and lead. Relationship to the pathogenesis of hyperuricemia in gout.

Thirty-three patients with gouty arthritis were evaluated for clinical features of gout as well as for causes of hyperuricemia. None of the gout patients overexcreted urate and all exhibited a decrease in urate clearance. Fifty-five percent of these patients had a history of significant illicit alcohol ingestion, while only 27% had evidence of excessive lead stores. There was no correlation between extent of depression in urate or creatinine clearance and amount of lead excreted following EDTA infusion. There was also no evidence of an increased prevalence of anemia, hypertension, or peripheral neuropathy in the gout patients with excessive versus those with normal lead stores. Nineteen patients with a comparable history of moonshine ingestion but no evidence of gouty arthritis were also studied. Eight patient volunteers with no history of moonshine ingestion or arthritis served as controls. None of the controls had evidence of excessive lead stores, while 42% of the non-arthritis moonshine drinkers excreted over 500 mg of lead after EDTA administration. There was no evidence of decreased urate or creatinine clearance or increased prevalence of anemia, hypertension, or peripheral neuropathy in those patients with excessive lead stores. We conclude that factors other than lead nephropathy, such as obesity, ethanol consumption, hypertension, and hereditary factors, are responsible for the decreased urate clearance observed in over 70% of our gout patients, many of whom give a history of moonshine ingestion. The results in non-gout patients indicate that increased lead excretion following EDTA administration cannot be equated with lead nephropathy or clinical lead toxicity. Thus it is uncertain whether gout patients with evidence of excessive lead stores necessarily have lead nephropathy as the reason for their reduction in urate clearance and consequent hyperuricemia.
C-kit Expression in Canine Mucosal Melanomas:

The c-kit receptor is responsible for transmission of promigration signals to melanocytes; its downregulation may be involved in malignant progression of human melanocytic neoplasms. Expression of this receptor has not been examined in normal or neoplastic melanocytes from dogs. In this study, 14 benign dermal and 61 malignant mucosal melanocytic tumors were examined for c-kit (KIT) expression. Sites of the mucosal melanomas were gingiva (not further specified; n = 30), buccal gingiva (n = 6), soft palate (n = 4), hard palate (n = 5), tongue (n = 7), lip (n = 6), and conjunctiva (n = 3). Melan A was expressed in all 14 dermal melanocytomas and in 59 of 61 (96.7%) tumors from oral or conjunctival mucosa, confirming melanocytic origin. C-kit receptor expression was strong and diffuse throughout the cytoplasm in all 14 dermal melanocytomas and was identified in basilar mucosal melanocytes over submucosal neoplasms (27 of 61, 44.3%), junctional (neoplastic) melanocytes (17 of 61, 27.9%), and, less commonly, neoplastic melanocytes of the subepithelial tumors (6 of 61, 9.8%). KIT expression anywhere within the resected melanomas correlated with significantly longer survival. These results suggest that c-kit receptor expression may be altered in canine melanomas and may have potential as a prognostic indicator for mucosal melanomas.