cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A systematic review of caregiver–child physiological synchrony across systems: Associations with behavior and child functioning

Extensive research has established a positive association between caregiver-child behavioral synchrony and child developmental functioning. Burgeoning research examining physiological synchrony has yet to elucidate its impact for children’s developing self-regulation. The objectives of this systematic review were to: 1) determine whether there is evidence that caregiver-child physiological synchrony promotes positive child development, 2) examine developmental differences in physiological synchrony and its correlates, and 3) explore whether context, risk, and/or stress influence patterns of synchrony. Sixty-nine studies met the following criteria on PubMed and PsycINFO: 1) peer-reviewed empirical articles in English that 2) examine autonomic, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical, and/or central nervous system activity 3) for caregivers and children 4) in response to a task and 5) directly examine the association between caregiver and child physiology. Findings varied based on developmental period and current behavioral context. Functional differences may exist across physiological systems and contexts. Synchrony may have different developmental consequences for dyads with and without certain risk factors. Few studies examine physiological synchrony across multiple systems or contexts, nor do they measure child characteristics associated with synchrony. Statistical and methodological challenges impede interpretation. Findings generally support the idea that physiological synchrony may support children’s developing self-regulation. Longitudinal research is needed to examine child developmental outcomes over time.
Design principles as cultural artifacts: Pedagogical improvisation and the bridging of critical theory and teaching practice

The apparent disconnect between the theoretical breadth of critical pedagogies and practice-based research creates challenges for educators wanting to implement critical pedagogy frameworks. I offe...
Effects of osteopathic manipulative treatment and bio-electromagnetic energy regulation therapy on lower back pain.

Context Lower back pain (LBP) is prevalent and is a leading contributor to disease burden worldwide. Osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) can alleviate alterations in the body that leads to musculoskeletal disorders such as LBP. Bio-electromagnetic Energy Regulation (BEMER; BEMER International AG), which has also been shown to relieve musculoskeletal pain, is a therapeutic modality that deploys a biorhythmically defined stimulus through a pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF). Therefore, it is possible that combined OMT and BEMER therapy could reduce low back pain in adults more than the effect of either treatment modality alone. Objectives To investigate the individual and combined effects of OMT and BEMER therapy on LBP in adults. Methods Employees and students at a medical college were recruited to this study by email. Participants were included if they self-reported chronic LBP of 3 months' duration or longer; participants were excluded if they were experiencing acute LBP of 2 weeks' duration or less, were currently being treated for LBP, were pregnant, or had a known medical history of several conditions. Ultimately, 40 participants were randomly assigned to four treatment groups: an OMT only, BEMER only, OMT+BEMER, or control (light touch and sham). Treatments were given regularly over a 3 week period. Data on LBP and quality of life were gathered through the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Short Form 12 item (SF-12) health survey, and Oswestry Low Back Pain Questionnaire/Oswestry Disability Index prior to treatment and immediately after the 3 week intervention protocol. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed retrospectively and absolute changes for each participant were calculated. Normal distribution and equal variances were confirmed by Shapiro-Wilk test (p>0.05) and Brown-Forsythe, respectively. Significance was set at p Results Despite a lack of statistical significance between groups, subjective reports of pain reported on the VAS showed a substantial mean percentage decrease (50.8%) from baseline in the OMT+BEMER group, compared with a 10.2% decrease in the OMT-only and 9.8% in BEMER-only groups when comparing the difference in VAS ratings from preintervention to postintervention. Participants also reported in quality of life assessed on the Oswestry Low Back Pain Questionnaire/Oswestry Disability Index, with the OMT+BEMER group showing a decrease of 30.3% in score, the most among all groups. The OMT+BEMER group also reported the greatest improvement in score in the physical component of the SF-12, with an increase of 21.8%. Conclusions The initial data from this study shows a potential additive effect of combination therapy (OMT and BEMER) for management of LBP, though the results did not achieve statistical significance.
Gender equality plans (GEPs) as a framework to devise gender equality measures for disaster research

Abstract Recently, disaster scholars have started to take a critical stance toward how disaster research is conducted and the extent to which disaster studies are inclusive toward research participants and researchers from diverse backgrounds. This article endorses an inward gaze to reflect on the dynamics playing out within the disaster research in terms of gender imbalances. Importantly, the article is not a review of the studies on gender issues in disaster contexts; rather it seeks to put forth a strategy to illuminate and redress the dynamics of inequality within the disaster research community, taking the gendered power relationships as a starting point. The article starts from the consideration that, despite an increased attention on the gendered dimensions of humanitarian crises, gendered aspects within the disaster research teams and organizations have been largely neglected. In particular, there is a lack of data pertaining to the gender presence and gender biases in the disaster research workforce and in the production of disaster-related knowledge. In order to fill this gap, a systematic plan to collect pertinent gender data and implement appropriate measures is needed. Here, we propose to adopt the framework of the gender equality plans (GEPs), an instrument promoted by the European Commission to advance gender equality in research performing organizations. The actions proposed in this paper seek to encourage reflections on the structural bases upon which disaster research is organized and to support the identification of the aspects we want to preserve and of those we need to change.
Factors Associated With Functional Impairment After Pediatric Injury.

Importance Short- and long-term functional impairment after pediatric injury may be more sensitive for measuring quality of care compared with mortality alone. The characteristics of injured children and adolescents who are at the highest risk for functional impairment are unknown. Objective To evaluate categories of injuries associated with higher prevalence of impaired functional status at hospital discharge among children and adolescents and to estimate the number of those with injuries in these categories who received treatment at pediatric trauma centers. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective cohort study (Assessment of Functional Outcomes and Health-Related Quality of Life After Pediatric Trauma) included children and adolescents younger than 15 years who were hospitalized with at least 1 serious injury at 1 of 7 level 1 pediatric trauma centers from March 2018 to February 2020. Exposure At least 1 serious injury (Abbreviated Injury Scale score, ≥3 [scores range from 1 to 6, with higher scores indicating more severe injury]) classified into 9 categories based on the body region injured and the presence of a severe traumatic brain injury (Glasgow Coma Scale score <9 or Glasgow Coma Scale motor score <5). Main Outcomes and Measures New domain morbidity defined as a 2 points or more change in any of 6 domains (mental status, sensory, communication, motor function, feeding, and respiratory) measured using the Functional Status Scale (FSS) (scores range from 1 [normal] to 5 [very severe dysfunction] for each domain) in each injury category at hospital discharge. The estimated prevalence of impairment associated with each injury category was assessed in the population of seriously injured children and adolescents treated at participating sites. Results This study included a sample of 427 injured children and adolescents (271 [63.5%] male; median age, 7.2 years [interquartile range, 2.5-11.7 years]), 74 (17.3%) of whom had new FSS domain morbidity at discharge. The proportion of new FSS domain morbidity was highest among those with multiple injured body regions and severe head injury (20 of 24 [83.3%]) and lowest among those with an isolated head injury of mild or moderate severity (1 of 84 [1.2%]). After adjusting for oversampling of specific injuries in the study sample, 749 of 5195 seriously injured children and adolescents (14.4%) were estimated to have functional impairment at hospital discharge. Children and adolescents with extremity injuries (302 of 749 [40.3%]) and those with severe traumatic brain injuries (258 of 749 [34.4%]) comprised the largest proportions of those estimated to have impairment at discharge. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study, most injured children and adolescents returned to baseline functional status by hospital discharge. These findings suggest that functional status assessments can be limited to cohorts of injured children and adolescents at the highest risk for impairment.
Size and Degree Anti-Ramsey Numbers

A copy of a graph H in an edge colored graph G is called rainbow if all edges of H have distinct colors. The size anti-Ramsey number of H, denoted by $$AR_s(H)$$ARs(H), is the smallest number of edges in a graph G such that any of its proper edge-colorings contains a rainbow copy of H. We show that $$AR_s(K_k) = \varTheta (k^6 / \log ^2 k)$$ARs(Kk)=?(k6/log2k). This settles a problem of Axenovich, Knauer, Stumpp and Ueckerdt. The proof is probabilistic and suggests the investigation of a related notion, which we call the degree anti-Ramsey number of a graph.
A constraint-based planner applied to data processing domains

Earth-science data processing at NASA is the problem of transforming low-level observations of the Earth system, such as data from Earth-observing satellites, into high-level observations or predictions, such as crop failure or high fire risk. Given the large number of socially and economically important variables that can be derived from the data, the complexity of the data processing needed to derive them and the many terabytes of data that must be processed each day, there are great challenges and opportunities in processing the data in a timely manner, and a need for more effective automation. Our approach to providing this automation is to cast it as a constraint-based planning problem: we represent data-processing operations as planner actions and desired data products as planner goals, and use a planner to generate data-flow programs that produce the requested data. The planning problem is translated into a constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) and solved by constraint propagation and search algorithms.
A simultaneous equations model of internal migration with dynamic policy simulations and forecasting: Italy, 1952-1976.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to determine, with a dynamic simultaneous equations model, the relative importance of the most significant socioeconomic forces leading to the large-scale labor migration from the South to the North of Italy from 1952 to 1976, and to analyze its implications for the past and prospective development of the South. The model is estimated by Full Information Maximum Likelihood, validated by dynamic simulation, stressing dynamic policy simulations, and also presenting the results of some forecasting.
Distinct regional differences in dopamine-mediated volume transmission.

Publisher Summary With the inherently slower kinetics of dopamine (DA) receptor activation, DA is an ideal candidate to mediate volume transmission. Whether DA acts synaptically or extra-synaptically, of course, depends on where its receptors are located. This chapter addresses the potential for DA-mediated volume transmission in three distinct regions of the central nervous system (CNS): striatum; substantia nigra; and retina. In each region, voltammetric microelectrodes were used with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry to monitor the behavior of extracellular DA in diffusion studies or during stimulated release. These voltammetric data, taken together with known patterns of receptor and transporter localization in each region, indicate that synaptically released DA is most constrained in the striatum, but that somatodendritically release DA in the substantia nigra and DA released from amacrine cells in the retina act primarily by volume transmission. The variation in [DA]o regulation among these regions illustrates two key issues that need to be incorporated into further refinements in ones understanding of volume transmission. The second issue raised by the regional difference is the futility of trying to categorize a given substance either as a mediator of volume transmission or as a synaptic transmitter.
Magnetic and Crystal Structures of Sr 2 IrO 4 : A Neutron Diffraction Study

We report a single-crystal neutron diffraction study of the layered ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{IrO}}_{4}$. This work unambiguously determines the magnetic structure of the system and reveals that the spin orientation rigidly tracks the staggered rotation of the ${\mathrm{IrO}}_{6}$ octahedra in ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{IrO}}_{4}$. The long-range antiferromagnetic order has a canted spin configuration with an ordered moment of 0.208(3) ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$/Ir site within the basal plane; a detailed examination of the spin canting yields 0.202(3) and 0.049(2) ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$/site for the $a$ axis and the $b$ axis, respectively. It is intriguing that forbidden nuclear reflections of space group $I{4}_{1}/acd$ are also observed in a wide temperature range from 4 K to 600 K, which suggests a reduced crystal structure symmetry. This neutron-scattering work provides a direct, well-refined experimental characterization of the magnetic and crystal structures that are crucial to the understanding of the unconventional magnetism exhibited in this unusual magnetic insulator.
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. Identification of a regulatory autophosphorylation site adjacent to the inhibitory and calmodulin-binding domains

Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM-kinase II) autophosphorylated under limiting conditions (7 microM [gamma-32P]ATP, 500 microM magnesium acetate, 4 degrees C) was analyzed by CNBr cleavage and peptide mapping to determine the site of autophosphorylation that brings about transition of the kinase to the Ca2+-independent form. Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (C3) revealed one major CN-Br 32P-peptide (CB1) that eluted at about 6% propanol. This peptide contained [32P]threonine, but almost no [32P]serine, and migrated as a single band (Mr = 3000-3500) in polyacrylamide gels run in the presence of urea and sodium dodecyl sulfate. The properties of CB1 were compared to the properties of a 26-residue synthetic peptide containing the CaM-binding and inhibitory domains as well as a consensus phosphorylation sequence (-Arg-Gln-Glu-Thr-) of rat brain CaM-kinase II (residues 282-307 and 283-308 of the alpha and beta subunits, respectively). CB1 and the synthetic peptide comigrated in urea/sodium dodecyl sulfate gels, co-eluted from reverse phase HPLC (C3 and C18) and from Sephadex G-50, and exhibited Ca2+-dependent calmodulin-binding properties. When the two peptides were subjected to automated Edman sequence analysis, both exhibited a burst of 32P release at cycle 5, which is consistent with the expected amino-terminal sequence of the two peptides, i.e. His-Arg-Gln-Glu-Thr(PO4)-. These findings indicate that autophosphorylation of Thr286 (alpha subunit) and Thr287 (beta subunit) is responsible for transition of CaM-kinase II to the Ca2+-independent form.
Global Health Jurisprudence: A Time of Reckoning

The emergence of public health as a prominent issue in national and international politics during the past decade represents an unprecedented event. Never before have public health problems been featured so urgently and comprehensively in the political, economic, and social dynamics of domestic and world affairs. This transformation has increased attention on the role of national and international law in protecting human health. As the creation of the O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law and the other contributions to this Issue attest, events over the past ten years have triggered a renaissance of interest in the functions law plays in achieving public health in an increasingly globalized world. This renaissance is not confined to the ivory tower but has permeated public health practice, as evidenced by the development of model laws, adoption of new statutes, attempts to improve legal preparedness for public health emergencies, and negotiation of new treaty law. This Essay analyzes whether, in this intensified activity, we can discern deeper patterns that converge to produce an emerging global jurisprudence for public health. This global health jurisprudence has, in fact, developed sufficiently to warrant an effort to take account of its features, promise, and
Painting as an art

In "Painting as an Art," which began as the 1984 Andrew Mellon Lectures at the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., philosopher Richard Wollheim transcended the boundaries and habits of both philosophy and art history to produce a large, encompassing vision of viewing art. Wollheim had three great passions--philosophy, psychology, art--and his work attempted to unify them into a theory of the experience of art. He believed that unlocking the meaning of a painting involved retrieving, almost reenacting, the creative activity that produced it. In order to fully appreciate a work of art, Wollheim argued, critics must bring to the understanding of a work of art a much richer conception of human psychology than they have in the past: "Many [critics] . . . make do with a psychology that, if they tried to live their lives by it, would leave them at the end of an ordinary day without lovers, friends, or any insight into how this came about." Many reviewers have remarked on the insightfulness of the book's final chapter, in which Wollheim contended that certain paintings by Titian, Bellini, de Kooning, and others represent the painters' attempts to project fantasies about the human body onto the canvas. Reviewing the book in the "Los Angeles Times," Daniel A. Herwitz asserted that Wollheim had "done no less than recover for psychology its obvious and irresistible place in the explanation of what is most profound and subtle about paintings."
The effect of age on the tolerability of intraperitoneal chemotherapy, complication rate, and survival in patients with ovarian cancer.

Abstract Objective We sought to determine if patient age influenced chemotherapy completion rate, complication rate, or progression free survival (PFS) among patients who received intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy for epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancers. Methods Charts for patients receiving IP chemotherapy between January 2006 and September 2009 were reviewed at three institutions. Primary outcomes included completion rate of planned IP chemotherapy, complication rate, and PFS. Completion rates were categorized as 0–49%, 50–99%, or 100% of planned treatments were delivered. The tolerability of IP versus intravenous (IV) chemotherapy was also compared among patients ≥70years. Results One hundred nine patients receiving IP chemotherapy were identified, 86 were p =0.01), but there was no significant association between age and complication rate or PFS ( p =0.82 and p =0.68, respectively). Optimally debulked patients ≥70years receiving IV chemotherapy completed more cycles than patients ≥70 receiving IP chemotherapy ( p Conclusions Although elderly patients appear to tolerate fewer cycles of IP chemotherapy, they do not have higher objective complication rates or impaired PFS compared to younger patients. Age alone should not limit access to IP chemotherapy.
Lessons in airpower projection: Indochina and Algeria

The lessons from the two French counterinsurgencies, Indochina and Algeria, give rise to a new understanding of the projection of airpower in remote and hostile environments and the purpose, design, and use of aircraft in counterinsurgency. In both Indochina and Algeria, the campaigns were ones of poverty, and it is their imaginative management under severe resource constraints that provides thoughtful and applicable lessons for today. In both cases, airpower held the promise of delivering victory and solving the resource issue. In Indochina, acquisition of the needed aircraft, operating knowledge, and experience came too slowly to realize this promise. In Algeria, the French embraced the lessons from Indochina and were quite successful and innovative in the use of airpower. The lessons can be reduced to four requirements: (1) a network of airfields for liaison, ground-support, and intra-theater airlift to enable effective air support of ground forces; (2) a solid, reliable, and simple ground-support airc...
INTERHEMISPHERIC TRANSFER OF LEARNING.

Abstract Interhemispheric transfer of a simple discrimination was studied by means of spreading cortical depression. Following a single trial with both hemispheres functional transfer to the untrained hemisphere did not occur if SD was elicited in either hemisphere fifteen seconds after the transfer trial. Transfer did occur if a ten minute interval elapsed between the transfer trial and the elicitation of SD in the trained hemisphere; an intermediate degree of transfer occurred if the SD was elicited in the untrained hemisphere.
Focusing of dispersive phonons in GaAs

The ballistic propagation of highly dispersive phonons in GaAs in analyzed with both a bond-charge model (BCM) and a shell model, and compared to imaging experiments. When scattering is neglected, both models predict dispersive focusing pattern which depend strongly on the selected group velocities. In contrast, velocity-selected phonon images obtained with a PbBi tunnel-junction detector on a 0.7-mm thick crystal, display well-defined caustic lines whose angular positions do not shift at longer delay times. When isotope scattering is considered in the calculation, however, the shell model reproduces the experimental focusing structures remarkably well.
IN-SITU FUME PARTICLE SIZE AND NUMBER DENSITY MEASUREMENTS FROM A SYNTHETIC SMELT

In Kraft recovery boilers, significant fuming of sodium and potassium takes place. It is essential to quantify the fume generation rate because fume particles coat heat transfer tubes and plug flue gas passages. To address this problem an ensemble light scattering technique, based on measurement of the polarization ratio, was used to measure fume particle size and number density from a synthetic smelt. This in-situ nonintrusive technique is used because of its application to high density particle-laden flows. Measurements were also carried out at different scattering angles in order to determine the imaginary part of the particle complex refractive index. In addition, fume particle size distributions obtained from scanning-electron-microscope ( SEM) images were correlated with the log-normal distribution function. Results indicated that an increase in nitrogen flow rate generated smaller fume particles, while a higher air flow rate produced larger fume particles. In addition, increased nitrogen flow rate ...
Adolescent binge alcohol exposure induces long-lasting partial activation of microglia.

Abstract Accumulating evidence indicates that the adolescent hippocampus is highly susceptible to alcohol-induced structural damage and behavioral deficits. Microglia are vitally important brain constituents needed to support and maintain proper neural function; however, alcohol’s effects on microglia have only recently gained attention. The microglial response to alcohol during adolescence has yet to be studied; therefore, we examined hippocampal microglial activation in an adolescence binge alcohol exposure model. Adolescent male Sprague–Dawley rats were administered ethanol 3 times/day for 4 days and were sacrificed 2, 7, and 30 days later. Bromo-deoxy-Uridine was injected 2 days after ethanol exposure to label dividing cells. Microglia morphology was scored using the microglia marker Iba-1, while the extent of microglial activation was examined with ED-1, major histocompatability complex-II (MHC-II), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α expression. Ethanol induced significant morphological change in hippocampal microglia, consistent with activation. In addition, ethanol increased the number of BrdU+ cells throughout all regions of the hippocampus 2 days after the last dose. Confocal microscopy showed that the proliferating BrdU+ cells in each region were Iba-1+ microglia. Importantly, newly born microglia survived and retained their morphological characteristics 30 days after ethanol exposure. Ethanol did not alter hippocampal ED-1, MHC-II, or TNF-α expression, suggesting that a single period of binge ethanol exposure does not induce a full microglial-driven neuroinflammatory response. These results establish that ethanol triggers partial microglial activation in the adolescent hippocampus that persists through early adulthood, suggesting that alcohol exposure during this unique developmental time period has long-lasting consequences.
Defective virions of human cytomegalovirus.

Abstract Passage of human cytomegalovirus at high multiplicity of infection generated defective virus particles which banded in CsCI at a lower buoyant density than standard virus. The DNA from defective virions banded at a lower buoyant density in CsCl than standard DNA and sedimented in sucrose gradients similar to standard DNA. Contour length measurements of DNA from defective virions revealed various classes of DNAs ranging in molecular weight from 40 to 120 x 10 6 ; this was in contrast to standard DNA with a molecular weight of 150 x 10 6 .
Treatment of gangrene of the feet and legs by walking.

In addition to the usual procedures in the treatment of arterial insufficiency with gangrene of the feet or legs, the author suggests exercise to stimulate collateral blood flow and improve the metabolic state of the involved tissues. After careful protection of the damaged parts, patients were encouraged to stand and walk. The results of this ambulatory regimen in 22 patients are presented.
Thermal evolution of fluorine from smectite and kaolinite

The fluoride ion is crystal chemically very similar to the hydroxyl ion, substituting for hydroxyl in many minerals in which hydrogen bonding is not important. Fluoride substitutions are particularly common in 2:1 layer silicates, such as micas, illites and smectites. The brick and tile industries, which use naturally occurring clays as their primary raw materials, have devoted considerable effort to understanding fluorine evolution during firing of the raw materials due to increasingly stringent fluorine emission regulations. In order to understand fluorine evolution from ceramic raw materials, we have studied a number of phyllosilicate materials used in making bricks. X-ray powder diffraction and fluorine analyses were combined with heating experiments and thermogravimetric analysis to evaluate the chemical and structural changes taking place on heating. Fluorine remained in 2:1 layer silicates to higher temperatures than did hydroxyl, but it behaved identically to hydroxyl in the kaolinite studied. In all cases, fluorine evolution coincided with structural breakdown of the clay host. These results show that fluorine evolution will consistently occur during firing of clay raw materials, and the problems of fluorine emission cannot be readily solved by simple variations of firing temperatures or times.
Hepatic cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase systems of the trout, frog and snake—I. Components

1. Components of the hepatic monooxygenase systems (cytochrome P-450, cytochrome b5, NADPH cytochrome P-450- or c-reductase) of the brown trout (Salmo trutta), leopard frog (Rana pipiens) and garter snake (Thamnophis) were considerably lower than those found in the rat. 2. Reactivity of snake NADPH-cytochrome P-450-reductase with cytochrome P-450 was about twice that of the rat reductase; reactivities of trout and frog reductases were similar, but lower than that of the rat. The optimal temperature for the rat, frog and snake reductase activity was 37 degrees C, but 26 C for the trout reductase, regardless of whether cytochrome P-450 or cytochrome c was the electron acceptor for the reaction. 3. A type I substrate (benzphetamine) and a type II substrate (aniline) were less reactive with P-450 cytochrome from the trout, frog and snake than with P-450 cytochrome from the rat. 4. Qualitative differences were seen in the ethylisocyanide spectrum of microsomes from the rat, trout, frog and snake; these differences reflect qualitative differences in the populations of P-450 cytochromes among each of the four species.
Dendritic cells, implications on function from studies of the afferent lymph veiled cell

Studies of afferent lymph veiled cells (ALVC) show that the full biological function of dendritic cells in peripheral tissue is not explained by a simple model in which immature dendritic cells at the body surface take up antigen, migrate via the afferent lymph ducts, mature and then effectively present antigens to T-cells in the draining lymph node. Furthermore, it is evident from various investigations that the dendritic cells in afferent lymph draining from the body surfaces are not a homogeneous population of cells. They comprise a mixture of cell phenotypes defined by staining with monoclonal antibodies, and the different sub-populations have distinct biological functions and roles in vivo. The molecular basis for differences between the function of afferent lymph dendritic cell subsets is only now being explored and defined but some progress has been made in understanding the role of co-stimulatory molecules. It should be possible to exploit knowledge of the functions of these cells and aid future vaccination strategies in domesticated animals thereby improving animal health and reducing economic loss, and, as a consequence, improving human health. By deliberately targeting functionally distinct subsets of either precursor or mature dendritic cells in vivo, it should become feasible to achieve an appropriately biased immune response.
Acute and Chronic Administration of Ibogaine to the Rat Results in Astrogliosis That Is Not Confined to the Cerebellar Vermisae

Acute administration of high doses of ibogaine (IBG) to the male rat results in degeneration of Purkinje cells and reactive gliosis in the cerebellar vermis. We examined whether acute and chronic administration of IBG to male and female rats results in gliosis as determined by quantification of the astroglial intermediate filament protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). After acute administration of IBG, rats of both sexes showed dose-related increases in GFAP that were not confined to the cerebellar vermis. After chronic administration of IBG, female, but not male rats, showed large (as much as 200% of control), dose-related increases in GFAP in hippocampus, olfactory bulbs, brain stem and striatum, but not cerebellum. In hippocampus, the cytoskeletal proteins, neurofilament 68 (NF-68) and beta-tubulin were increased in females treated chronically with IBG, findings consistent with a damage-induced sprouting response. Together, the data indicate that IBG damages areas of the brain outside the cerebellum and that the sites damaged are dependent on sex and dosage regimen.
Adverse effects of topical anesthetics for dermatologic procedures

Introduction : Topical anesthetics are frequently used to decrease the pain associated with a variety of procedures including cutaneous surgery, cosmetic treatments and laser surgery. They are also routinely used in children prior to invasive procedures, such as venipuncture. The ideal topical anesthetic should safely increase patient comfort associated with these procedures with minimal potential for adverse effects. Areas covered : Topical anesthetic formulations have evolved over the past several decades to include formulations with improved efficacy and side effect profiles [1 – 3]. However, significant adverse events are still possible. Expert opinion : Medical practitioners can mitigate the risk of side effects and toxicity with careful selection of anesthetic type, concentration, body location and dermatologic procedure. Compounded formulations should be used with caution in medical settings only on limited body surface areas without occlusion. This review presents a detailed analysis of products a...
Measurements of friction, heat transfer, and mass transfer in a severely outgassing tube bank

Abstract The influence of outgassing on the transport coefficients for flow through a staggered row tube bank was measured. Friction factors and heat and mass transfer coefficients were measured for 8000 Re v 0 / U x = 5×10 −3 . Because of outgassing, heat and mass transfer coefficients reduced by as much as 70%. New blowing factors and correction functions were obtained that quantify the effect of outgassing on the transport coefficients.
HVDC transmission: yesterday and today

Basically, this paper takes a brief look at the history of HVDC to better understand its upcoming future. It also portrays some of the early developments in modern high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission. Today there are 16 DC links operating or under construction in the United States and 21 in North America. There are additionally numerous links throughout Scandinavia as well as in Japan, Australia, Brazil, South Africa, India, China, and others; well over 100 world wide. And, many others are planned, especially in India and China. HVDC transmission is an important contributor to successful power system operation. The history is interesting; after a period of comparative dormancy the future is unexpectedly bright
Formal specification of FFHMIPv6 using PVS

Handover is a critical process in wireless networks, which determines the quality of communications, especially the real-time connections. Currently many protocols on handover have been proposed to meet the demand of IPv6 wireless communications, most of which have been appraised using simulation, testing, or both; few protocols have been specified and verified using Formal Methods. In this research, we apply Formal Methods to formally specify the new proposed fast handover protocol, Flow-Based Fast Handover Method for Mobile IPv6 Network (FFHMIPv6) [1]. To concentrate on the essence of the protocol, the best scenario in [1] is adopted as the object of the formal specification, and the best scenario is abstracted into a more concise structure to facilitate the specification. The formal specification provides the basis to formally verify the basic characteristics of safety and the proposed efficiency in future research. The formal specification is implemented using the Prototype Verification System (PVS) [2], which is a powerful formal specification and semi-automated verification environment.
Unstable Coupled Atmosphere–Ocean Basin Modes in the Presence of a Spatially Varying Basic State

Abstract The fundamental modes of oscillation of a coupled atmosphere–ocean basin system in the presence of a spatially varying oceanic basic state are investigated by formulating and solving an eigenvalue problem, thereby extending the work of Hirst. The model reduces essentially to the linearized Zebiak and Cane model as discussed by Battisti and Hirst. With conventionally chosen basic states, the unstable eigenmode closely resembles the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle in these models. It is shown that the unstable low-frequency eigenfunction consists primarily of a Kelvin mode and a gravest equatorial Rossby mode, and the oscillation can be understood in particularly simple term essentially those proposed by Suarez and Schopf and others. The oscillatory nature of the ENSO cycle can be explained by a transition mechanism resulting from the interaction of these two equatorial (but not necessarily propagating) modes. A growing unstable positive wind anomaly in the central Pacific produces a grow...
Age-dependent effects of cyproterone acetate (CA) on growth and peripheral hormones in the male rat

Age-dependent effects of cyproterone acetate (CA) on growth and peripheral hormones in the male rat
Communitarian Journalism and Flag Displays after September 11: An Ethical Critique

This analysis suggests that neither objectivity nor descriptive articulations of civic-public journalism provide the best normative frameworks for evaluating journalistic flag displays after September 11. The core ethical problem was that journalists displayed an oppressive, nationalistic patriotism resting on hegemonic assumptions that neither perspective adequately addresses. Journalists are encouraged to adopt communitarian journalism as the philosophical foundation for constructing an alternative patriotism rooted in a broadly human conception of the common good.
Neurogenic and Sympathoexcitatory Actions of NaCl in Hypertension

Excess dietary salt intake is a major contributing factor to the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension. Strong evidence suggests that salt-sensitive hypertension is attributed to renal dysfunction, vascular abnormalities, and activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Indeed, sympathetic nerve transections or interruption of neurotransmission in various brain centers lowers arterial blood pressure (ABP) in many salt-sensitive models. The purpose of this article is to discuss recent evidence that supports a role of plasma or cerebrospinal fluid hypernatremia as a key mediator of sympathoexcitation and elevated ABP. Both experimental and clinical studies using time-controlled sampling have documented that a diet high in salt increases plasma and cerebrospinal fluid sodium concentration. To the extent it has been tested, acute and chronic elevations in sodium concentration activates the sympathetic nervous system in animals and humans. A further understanding of how the central nervous system detects changes in plasma or cerebrospinal fluid sodium concentration may lead to new therapeutic treatment strategies in salt-sensitive hypertension.
Exploring the impact of personality on performance: How time-on-task moderates the mediation by self-efficacy

Abstract Despite the widely acknowledged impact of dispositional traits on performance, little is known about how personality affects performance. We address this gap by investigating the relationships between the Big Five personality traits, self-efficacy, and academic performance in a moderated mediation model using time-on-task as the moderating variable. Results indicate that self-efficacy partially mediates the conscientiousness–performance relationship and that time-on-task moderates the mediating effect of self-efficacy. Time-on-task moderates the indirect effect of conscientiousness on course performance through self-efficacy such that the indirect effect is not significant at low levels of time-on-task, but becomes significant and stronger at higher levels of time-on-task.
Work Orientations of Males and Females: Exploring the Gender Socialization Approach*

Earlier surveys show differences in work orientations of males and females, but these were based on mostly sex-segregated workers. Two broad explanations are used to examine differences in work orientations of males and females: namely the socialstructural and the gender-socialization approaches. A secondary analysis of 22 separate sudies of specific occupations are combined and used to determine if the sexes display different patterns on ten work dimensions when occupation is held constant. Patterned differences in work orientations between the sexes persist supporting the gender socialization approach. Implications for workplace discrimination are discussed.
Three-dimensional fourier synthesis of calf liver cytochrome b5 at 2.8 Å resolution

Abstract The electron density of calf liver cytochrome b5 has been calculated to a resolution of 2.8 A. The phases of the 2500 Fourier coefficients were determined by the isomorphous replacement method using two derivatives, mersalyl and uranyl acetate. Anomalous dispersion measurements from native and derivative crystals were included in the phase calculation and were also used to find (1) the location of the iron atom, (2) the relative locations of the iron and heavy atom binding sites and (3) the absolute configuration of the molecule. The protein is an ellipsoid with approximate dimensions 25 A × 25 A × 32 A. The heme group is located in a hydrophobic crevasse with its propionic acid groups at the surface of the protein. The iron is co-ordinated with two histidine residues which are held rigidly in place through interactions with the main chain and several side chains. There are several short sections of helix and several segments of extended chain which form a pleated sheet structure in the interior of the molecule.
Absolute refractive indices and thermal coefficients of CaF2, SrF2, BaF2, and LiF near 157 nm.

We present high-accuracy measurements for wavelengths near 157 nm of the absolute index of refraction, the index dispersion, and the temperature dependence of the index for the ultraviolet optical materials with cubic symmetry: CaF2, SrF2, BaF2, and LiF. Accurate values of these quantities for these materials are needed for designs of the lens systems for F2 excimer-laser-based exposure tools for 157-nm photolithography. These tools are expected to use CaF2 as the primary optical material and possibly one of the others to correct for chromatic aberrations. These optical properties were measured by the minimum deviation method. Absolute refractive indices were obtained with an absolute accuracy of 5 × 10-6 to 6 × 10-6.
Annual Special JBME Issue “Biomechanical Engineering—Year in Review”

As a means to highlight important advancements in Biomechanical Engineering, the annual Summer Bioengineering Conference (SBC), JBME has initiated a new annual special issue. The first part of the issue will present invited papers from the annual BED awardees and the student paper winners from the SBC annual meeting. In the second section, we will highlight major trends in biomechanical engineering by invited papers and reviews. Specifics include:
Optimum design of the sides of a railroad car

Abstract The paper describes the application of a general purpose optimization code, PARS to the design of the sides of a 100 ton high side gondola car. PARS (Program for Analysis and Resizing of Structures), a companion code to the SPAR finite element package, is used for optimizing structures modelled by finite elements. The optimization algorithm uses an extended interior penalty function and Newton's method for unconstrained minimization. The sides of the gondola car are modelled by beam and plate finite elements. Manufacturing requirements are accounted for by design variable linking and the side are designed subject to stress buckling and displacement constraints. The design is according to the specifications for design, fabrication and construction of freight cars recommended by the Association of Americal Railroads.
Q: What is the best questionnaire to screen for alcohol use disorder in an office practice?

A variety of questionnaires can be used. The important thing is to be proactive about screening for this very common yet underrecognized problem.
Simulation on probability points for testing of lognormal or weibull distribution with a small sample

Two extensive computer simulated tables of percentage points of the asymptotic test statistics for testing lognormal or Weibull population proposed by Pereira (1978) are discussed. Special attention is given to small sample cases. Some of the most commonly used 16 symmetrical probability points are reported. These points are 0.001, 0.005, 0.01. 002. 0.025. 0.05. 0.10.0.15, 0.85, 0.90, 0.95, 0.975, 0.98, 0.99, 0.995 and 0.999. These empirical Sumulated results can be used to test hypotheses for these two particular populations and are adequate when using a normal approximation.
National trends in the repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms

Objective This study evaluated trends in hospitalizations, treatment, and mortality of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (rAAAs) in the United States Medicare population. Methods The Medicare inpatient database (1995 through 2006) was reviewed for patients with rAAA and AAA by using International Classification of Disease (9th Clinical Modification) codes for rAAA and AAA. Proportions and trends were analyzed by χ 2 analysis, continuous variables by t test, and trends by the Cochran-Armitage test. Results During the study period, hospitalizations with the diagnoses of rAAA declined from 23.2 to 12.8 per 100,000 Medicare beneficiaries ( P P P = .0007 for trend) for the age group 65 to 74 and by 2.4% (from 52.9% to 50.5%, P = .0008) for the age group ≥75. Perioperative mortality after endovascular repair diminished by 13.6% (from 43.5% in 2001 to 29.9% in 2006; P = .0020). Mortality among women was higher than among men (51.1% vs 40.0% in 2006). The demographics of patients treated for rAAA changed to include a greater proportion of women and patients aged ≥75 years. Conclusion A significant decrease has occurred in the number of patients who have a diagnosis of rAAA and undergo treatment, but there has been no change in repairs of AAA. The perioperative mortality rate has improved due to the introduction of endovascular repair and a small but progressive improvement in survival after open repair for patients aged 65 to 74 years.
The Impact of Nudging in the Meteorological Model for Retrospective Air Quality Simulations. Part I: Evaluation against National Observation Networks

Abstract It is common practice to use Newtonian relaxation, or nudging, throughout meteorological model simulations to create “dynamic analyses” that provide the characterization of the meteorological conditions for retrospective air quality model simulations. Given the impact that meteorological conditions have on air quality simulations, it has been assumed that the resultant air quality simulations would be more skillful by using dynamic analyses rather than meteorological forecasts to characterize the meteorological conditions, and that the statistical trends in the meteorological model fields are also reflected in the air quality model. This article, which is the first of two parts, demonstrates the impact of nudging in the meteorological model on retrospective air quality model simulations. Here, meteorological simulations are generated by the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) using both the traditional dynamic analysis appr...
Spot formation at the anode of high intensity arcs

A simple analytical model is proposed which describes the region between a plane, cooled nonablating anode and an arc column normal to the anode The model takes an initial arc contraction into account due to the low temperature of the anode (“thermal pinch”). The resulting magnetic pinch effect leads to an entrainment of cold gas which determines via an energy balance the final shape of the arc in the anode region. The conservation equations are solved numerically for the anode region with a relaxation method, and results are presented based on atmospheric arcs in nitrogen. Finally, limitations of this model and necessary refinements are briefly discussed; possible extensions of the arc parameter range for future work are proposed.
Carbon dioxide system design analysis by computer

Encouraged by the successful application of the computer to calculating sprinkler systems, 3M undertook a similar project for carbon dioxide systems. The authors discuss the procedures followed for developing and using an appropriate computer program.