cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Contemporary University

In the article “Constructing an Entrepreneurial Architecture: An Emergent Framework for Studying the Contemporary University Beyond the Entrepreneurial Turn,” authors Nelles and Vorley describe a holistic framework for understanding the entrepreneurial university. This work goes beyond the fragmented examination represented by much of the existing literature. Essentially, the entrepreneurial university is one that successfully interacts to increase social and economic engagement outside of the academy. The proposed entrepreneurial architecture includes five dimensions: structures, systems, strategies, leadership, and culture. Each dimension raises complex questions, and each is inextricably linked to the other dimensions. In reading the article, I first had to adapt to the idea of entrepreneurship being labeled as the thirdmission of the university. My home institution, the University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (USA) proudly claims public service and outreach as the third mission, co-equal with teaching and research. The founders of the University of Georgia, chartered in 1785 as the first public university in the new United States, signified with legislation the high value of education to the society and the important role that an institution of higher education would play in the development of the emerging nation and state. Almost a century later, the federal government confirmed the important societal role of higher education when President Lincoln signed the Morrill Act (1862) designed to include agriculture and practical arts in the curricula of colleges and universities and to promote liberal and practical education for the working and industrial classes. The legislation, known as the land-grant act, distributed 30,000 or more acres of land to each eligible state to introduce practical and applied subjects into the curriculum and to reach out to the growing working and industrial classes. Funds went primarily to public institutions. In 1914, the federal government reaffirmed the important social and economic role of higher education with passage of the Smith Lever Act which established the cooperative extension service. Accordingly, university extension agents were placed in practically every county to extend the knowledge and research of the university directly to farmers and homemakers and others who would benefit from this close interaction. Because agriculture was the foundation of the economy at the time, it was not surprising that the cooperative extension was organized through colleges of agriculture. States continue to receive funds for extension, and colleges of Innov High Educ (2010) 35:127–128 DOI 10.1007/s10755-010-9144-x
Treaty to Curb Mercury Pollution Adopted

The international Minamata Convention on Mercury to protect human health and the environment from anthropogenic emissions and releases of mercury and mercury compounds was formally adopted at a 10 October meeting in Minamata, Japan. The legally binding treaty, currently signed by 92 countries, comes 57 years after the government of Japan officially acknowledged, in 1956, the existence of Minamata disease, which was caused by eating seafood contaminated with methylmercury compounds discharged into Minamata Bay in southern Japan.
Distribution of rock types in the Mid-Cayman Rise, Caribbean Sea, as evidence for conjugate normal faulting in slowly spreading ridges

The seemingly enigmatic exposure of predominantly plutonic rocks on the outer walls of the Mid-Cayman Rise can be explained by a structural model involving both inward-facing and outward-facing normal faults in the region of the median valley. Movement along inward-facing faults must dominate within the median valley to produce the topography observed; the less prominent scarps, which result from movement along outward-facing faults, are readily concealed by talus and pelagic sediment. Movement along these outward-facing faults increases as the crust passes through the transition between median-valley and rift-mountain topography.
Update on Endovascular Management of the Carotid Blowout Syndrome

Carotid blowout syndrome can be a life-threatening late complication of surgical and radiation therapy for head and neck tumors in the vicinity of the cervical carotid artery. The syndrome spans a spectrum of pathology from impending to acute rupture of the artery. These cases are uncommon, can be dramatic in terms of blood loss, and are often true emergencies. The optimal management of these patients requires quick recognition, and often advanced trauma life-support skills and creative endovascular solutions. Definitive endovascular treatment is the therapy of choice in this condition; open surgical options are very limited. In this article, we present some background information regarding the clinical and pathologic aspects of the syndrome and our experience in endovascular management.
Endocytosis and vesicular traffic in fetal and adult colonic goblet cells

Structural and functional differences between adult and fetal colonic goblet cells have not been clearly defined. To compare the binding, uptake, and intracellular pathway of internalized apical membrane in fetal and adult goblet cells, cationic ferritin (CF) was used as a nonspecific probe. The initial distribution of membrane anionic sites was determined in segments of proximal and distal colon from fetal (18–22 days) and adult rats that were fixed prior to a 10-minute exposure to CF at 4°C. Uniform binding along the apical membrane and microvilli was noted at all ages. To assess uptake and intracellular transport, segments of proximal and distal colon from fetal and adult rats were exposed to CF for 10 minutes at 4°C prior to a saline wash and incubation in saline or Liebovitz L-15 medium for 3, 6, 15, 30, or 60 minutes at 37°C. In addition, fetal rats between 18 and 22 days gestation (birth) were exposed to CF continuously for 10–30 minutes via an intracaecal injection. The results showed extensive uptake of CF in the fetal goblet cells and a more variable intracellular pathway than in with the adult. Within 3 minutes, numerous CF positive vesicles and tubules were present within the apical cytoplasm as well as interspersed among the secretory granules of the fetal goblet cell. Most of these vesicles were smooth surfaced, although some were coated. By 15 minutes, CF was frequently seen in multivesicular bodies, and occasionally in vacuoles in the vicinity of the Golgi. No CF was detected in Golgi cisternae. In contrast to fetal cells, only limited uptake was noted in adult goblet cells and the vesicles were restricted to the periphery of the secretory granule mass. In addition, transport to lysosomes was the exclusive route of these vesicles in the adult. These findings indicate that vesicular uptake is extensive in fetal goblet cells and the intracellular pathway is more variable and less restricted than in the adult.
Inclusions, grain boundaries and hydrogen attack

Optical metallography, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray spectrometry were used to study the roles of grain boundaries and inclusions in the nucleation process and fissure growth during the rapid stage of hydrogen attack on 1020 steel in the annealed condition at temperatures up to 600 C and a hydrogen pressure of 10.3 MN/sq m. It is found that intergranular fracture occurred when specimens were fractured at 77 K after hydrogen exposure and that macroscopically observable fissures formed due to the coalescence of bubbles which nucleated at inclusions in grain boundaries. The inclusions are tentatively identified as MnS.
Positive solutions for a class of p-Laplacian systems with multiple parameters

Abstract Consider the system − Δ p u = λ 1 f ( v ) + μ 1 h ( u ) in Ω , − Δ q v = λ 2 g ( u ) + μ 2 γ ( v ) in Ω , u = 0 = v on ∂ Ω , where Δ s z = div ( | ∇ z | s − 2 ∇ z ) , s > 1 , λ 1 , λ 2 , μ 1 and μ 2 are nonnegative parameters, and Ω is a bounded domain in R N with smooth boundary ∂Ω. We prove the existence of a large positive solution for λ 1 + μ 1 and λ 2 + μ 2 large when lim x → ∞ f ( M [ g ( x ) ] 1 / q − 1 ) x p − 1 = 0 for every M > 0 , lim x → ∞ h ( x ) x p − 1 = 0 and lim x → ∞ γ ( x ) x q − 1 = 0 . In particular, we do not assume any sign conditions on f ( 0 ) , g ( 0 ) , h ( 0 ) or γ ( 0 ) . We also discuss a multiplicity results when f ( 0 ) = g ( 0 ) = h ( 0 ) = γ ( 0 ) = 0 .
Validation of Heat Transfer, Thermal Decomposition, and Container Pressurization of Polyurethane Foam Using Mean Value and Latin Hypercube Sampling Approaches

Polymer foam encapsulants provide mechanical, electrical, and thermal isolation in engineered systems. It can be advantageous to surround objects of interest, such as electronics, with foams in a hermetically sealed container in order to protect them from hostile environments or from accidents such as fire. In fire environments, gas pressure from thermal decomposition of foams can cause mechanical failure of sealed systems. In this work, a detailed uncertainty quantification study of polymeric methylene diisocyanate (PMDI)-polyether-polyol based polyurethane foam is presented and compared to experimental results to assess the validity of a 3-D finite element model of the heat transfer and degradation processes. In this series of experiments, 320 kg/m3 PMDI foam in a 0.2 L sealed steel container is heated to 1,073 K at a rate of 150 K/min. The experiment ends when the can breaches due to the buildup of pressure. The temperature at key location is monitored as well as the internal pressure of the can. Both experimental uncertainty and computational uncertainty are examined and compared. The mean value method (MV) and Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) approach are used to propagate the uncertainty through the model. The results of the both the MV method and the LHS approach show that while the model generally can predict the temperature at given locations in the system, it is less successful at predicting the pressure response. Also, these two approaches for propagating uncertainty agree with each other, the importance of each input parameter on the simulation results is also investigated, showing that for the temperature response the conductivity of the steel container and the effective conductivity of the foam, are the most important parameters. For the pressure response, the activation energy, effective conductivity, and specific heat are most important. The comparison to experiments and the identification of the drivers of uncertainty allow for targeted development of the computational model and for definition of the experiments necessary to improve accuracy.
Structure, Ultrastructure and Function of the Neural Gland Complex of Ascidia interrupta (Chordata, Ascidiacea): Clarification of Hypotheses Regarding the Evolution of the Vertebrate Anterior Pituitary

The neural gland complex of Ascidia interrupta consists of three parts: dorsal tubercle, ciliated duct, and neural gland. The dorsal tubercle protrudes above the pharyngeal lining and bears a ciliated funnel. The funnel opens into a ciliated duct which opens into the neural gland, a blind sac in a blood sinus below the brain. Funnel and duct cells are joined by adhaerens junctions and, apically, by putative tight junctions. The neural gland wall is a loose, irregular, non-ciliated epithelium of phagocytes. Adhaerens, but not tight, junctions join the cells. Secretory cells were not observed. Tracers delivered onto the dorsal tubercle and dissolved in seawater around undissected animals are transported unidirectionally inward into the neural gland. The continuous ciliary incurrent moves the tracers across the wall of the neural gland and into the pharyngeal blood vessels. Small particulates and large macromolecules, however, are removed from the water stream by endocytosis on neural gland cells. Large particulates delivered onto the dorsal tubercle do not enter the system but rather are rejected by cilia on the surface of the tubercle. The neural gland complex is interpreted as an organ of blood volume regulation that consists of a pump (cilia) and coarse (tubercle) and fine (gland) filters. Analogous and homologous systems are discussed.
A differential evolution algorithm for optimizing signal compression and reconstruction transforms

State-of-the-art image compression and reconstruction techniques utilize wavelets. Beginning in 2004, however, a team of researchers at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB), the University of Alaska Anchorage (UAA), and the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) has demonstrated that a genetic algorithm (GA) is capable of evolving non-wavelet transforms that consistently outperform wavelets when applied to a broad class of images under conditions subject to quantization error. Unfortunately, the computational cost of our GA-based approach has been enormous, necessitating hundreds of hours of CPU time, even on supercomputers provided by the Arctic Region Supercomputer Center (ARSC). The purpose of this investigation was to begin to determine whether an alternative approach based upon differential evolution (DE) [20] could be used to (a) optimize transforms capable of outperforming those evolved by the GA, (b) reduce the amount of computation necessary to evolve such transforms, and/or (c) further reduce the mean squared error (MSE) of transforms previously evolved via our GA.
Grüneisen Tensor of an Anisotropic Composite

A phenomenological model of an anisotropic composite, quartz phe nolic, is presented. The model assumes that the quartz phenolic macro scopically has the same symmetry properties as a hexagonal single crystal. The formalism relating the Gruneisen tensor to elastic constants, coefficients of thermal expansion, and specific heat was applied to the composite, and the Gruneisen parameters were evaluated from measured values of these quantities. Further, direct measurements of the Gruneisen parameters were accomplished by means of an electron beam induced stress wave technique, and the resulting values were compared with those computed from the elastic and thermal data. Electron beam data produced values Γx = 0.23 ± 0.03 and r = 0.28 ± 0.03, while the values of the Gruneisen parameters computed from the elastic and thermal data were somewhat higher than the electron beam results. The analysis demonstrated the utility of symmetry properties for the characterization of heterogeneous materials.
A golgi and electron-microscopic study of cerebellum in methylmercury-poisoned neonatal mice.

Neonatal C57BL/6J mice were injected with 5 mg/kg body weight of203Hg-labeled methylmercuric chloride on postnatal days 3, 4, and 5, totaling 15 mg/kg body weight per animal. The experimental and control animals were sacrificed on postnatal day 15. Whole body radioactivity of203Hg progressively increased during the 3-day injection period and reached the peak level and remained at peak levels until the time of sacrifice. This indicates a lack of clearance of203Hg by neonatal mice during the period examined in this study. Golgi preparations of cerebella of MeHg-treated animals revealed significant reduction in dendritic arborization of Purkinje cells. Ultrastructurally, the vascular endothelium showed attenuation with increased electron density and frequent vacuolization of cytoplasm. Marked swelling of perivascular glia was noted in most of the capillaries throughout the cerebella of MeHg-treated animals.
Right Ventricular Dysplasia May Pose Risk of Ventricular Rupture After Cardiac Operations

We report the second case of rupture of the right ventricle secondary to right ventricular dysplasia after an otherwise uneventful coronary bypass graft operation. This suggests that right ventricular dysplasia may be a risk factor for ventricular rupture after cardiac operations.
Effect of misoprostol on ibuprofen-induced renal dysfunction in patients with decompensated cirrhosis: results of a double-blind placebo-controlled parallel group study.

Effect of misoprostol on ibuprofen-induced renal dysfunction in patients with decompensated cirrhosis: results of a double-blind placebo-controlled parallel group study
The impact of obesity on egg quality

Obesity in women is a concern in many countries. This causes numerous health issues; however, this review focuses on the impact of obesity on women’s reproduction, and in particular the oocyte. Data from infertility clinics and experimental animal models that address the effects of obesity are presented. Bidirectional communication and metabolic support from the surrounding cumulus cells are critical for oocyte development, and the impact of obesity on these cells is also addressed. Both oocyte maturation and metabolism are impaired due to obesity, negatively impacting further development. In addition to reproductive hormones, obesity induced elevations in insulin, glucose, or free fatty acids, and changes in adipokines appear to impact the developmental competence of the oocyte. The data indicate that any one of these hormones or metabolites can impair oocyte developmental competence in vivo, and the combination of all of these factors and their interactions are the subject of ongoing investigations.
Quantitative analyses of stereoisomeric 3,4-d2-cyclohexenes in the presence of 3,6-d2-cyclohexenes.

The challenging analytical problem posed by mixtures of the four isomeric 3,4-d2-cyclohexenes and the three isomeric 3,6-d2-cyclohexenes has been solved through a novel one-dimensional NMR spectroscopic method dependent on recording 13C resonances while broadband decoupling both proton and deuteron nuclei. Upfield deuterium perturbations of 13C chemical shifts in chair conformationally locked cyclohexane derivatives readily secured from a mixture of the seven deuterium-labeled cyclohexenes allow quantitative analytical assessments of the four possible 3,4-d2-cyclohexenes in the mixture. This analytical capability is an essential prerequisite for uncovering the relative participations of the four possible stereochemical paths followed by the thermal structural isomerizations of vinylcyclobutane to cyclohexene. The unconventional NMR method validated in this work will likely prove invaluable in related stereochemical investigations.
CHAOS AND CONTROL OF TRANSIENT CHAOS IN TURBO-DECODING ALGORITHMS

We suggest a link between coding theory (iterative algorithms) and chaos theory. A whole range of phenomena known to occur in nonlinear systems, like the existence of multiple fixed points, oscillatory behavior, bifurcations, chaos and transient chaos are found in turbo-decoding algorithms. We develop a simple technique to control transient chaos in turbo-decoding algorithms and improve the performance of the classical turbo codes.
Correlation of acrylamide generation in thermally processed model systems of asparagine and glucose with color formation, amounts of pyrazines formed, and antioxidative properties of extracts.

The relations between the formation of acrylamide and color, pyrazines, or antioxidants in an asparagine/d-glucose browning model system under various conditions were investigated. The highest level of acrylamide was produced in the asparagine/glucose (1:3) system heated at 170 °C for 30 min (2629 μg/g asparagine). Color intensity increased with temperature and heating time. The formation of pyrazines increased steadily with an increase of temperature (140−170 °C) and heating time (15−60 min). Antioxidant formation varied among the samples heated under different conditions. A clear correlation between formation of acrylamide and browning color was obtained. The formation of acrylamide was linearly correlated with the formation of total pyrazines during the initial stages of the Maillard reaction. No obvious correlation between formation of acrylamide and antioxidants was observed. However, excess amounts of asparagine increased the formation of antioxidants, whereas excess amounts of glucose reduced its f...
H2 sensing behavior of MOCVD-derived SnO2 thin films

Thin film fabrication techniques have opened a new era for many electronic devices. However, in the field of gas sensors, thin films have not reached their fully developed stages. In this study, the metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) technique has been utilized for the deposition of tin oxide (SnO2) thin films on polished alumina (Al2O3) substrates. For the purpose of the microstructure characterization of the films, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) have been applied. The films were subjected to sensing tests in both dry air and 1% H2, balanced by dry air, environment in order to investigate their sensing behavior in relation with the microstructure. The films exhibited faceted grains with rough surface morphology and were composed of columnar grains with pore channels along the grains. The maximum sensitivity occurred between 450 and 500 °C with a magnitude of approximately 20.
Bringing Southeast Asia to the Southeast United States: New forms of alternative agriculture in Homestead, Florida

Immigrant farmers from Southeast Asia have brought knowledge of tropical fruit and vegetable production from their home countries to Homestead, Florida. They have developed a new style of farming, one that most closely resembles agricultural systems described as “homegardens.” Although biodiverse agricultural systems are generally thought to be commercially unviable, homegarden farmers successfully manage crop diversity as an economic strategy. By focusing on growing a mixture of specialty Southeast Asian herbs, fruits, and vegetables, the farmers have created their own economic niche and have shielded themselves from the competition of high-volume, single commodity producers. This paper shows that the Homestead homegardens constitute an alternative form of agriculture that is defined by their agroecological and socioeconomic attributes. It also shows that although the homegarden farms are a form of “alternative agriculture,” they do not operate outside of conventional, global systems of agricultural trade; rather the homegarden farms are embedded in global agriculture. The Homestead case problematizes the tendency to delineate between the global and local scales, and alternative and conventional sectors in agriculture today. This paper concludes that the emergence of the Homestead homegardens can only be understood by taking a place-based approach to studying the environment in which the homegardens are situated as well as identifying the large-scale influences on Miami-Dade County.
The renal excretion of strontium and calcium in dogs.

SummaryRenal-excretion and plasma-clearance rates of 85Sr and 45Ca were determined in trained female dogs 18 to 24 hours after the simultaneous intravenous or subcutaneous administration of these two isotopes. Tubular reabsorption of 45Ca in the normal dog was nearly complete, being more than 99 per cent of that filtered at the glomeruli. The reabsorption of 85Sr was consistently less than that of calcium, averaging less than 98 per cent. Clearance measurements, using endogenous creatinine for determining the glomerular filtration rate, indicated a more rapid clearance from the plasma of the strontium isotope (0·91 ml/min for 85Sr and 0·17 ml/min for 45Ca). As a result of these differences, the excretion of 85Sr was 5 to 6 times more rapid than that of 45Ca.Drastic changes in plasma-calcium levels, as achieved by thyropara-thyroidectomy and parathyroid-extract injection, did not appreciably alter the ratio of the excretion rates despite marked changes in the absolute values. The infusion of sodium citrate...
Damping of a gravitationally stabilized satellite

The librations of a prolate, axially symmetric satellite can be coupled to the longitudinal oscillations of a spring-mass system connected to the satellite The oscillations of the spring can he heavily damped; thus, the librations can be damped The coupling for librations in the plane of the orbit is linear in the libration amplitude, and hence is effective for all amplitudes Coupling for librations normal to the orbital plane is quadratic in the amplitude, and has low effectiveness for small amplitudes The theory of the damping is developed, and optimum values of the system parameters are found
Influence of Host Gender on Infection Rate, Density and Distribution of the Parasitic Fungus, Hesperomyces virescens, on the Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle, Harmonia axyridis

Hesperomyces virescens Thaxter (Laboulbeniales: Laboulbeniaceae) is a parasitic fungus that infects lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) via horizontal transmission between adults at overwintering and feeding sites. The differential behavior of male and female hosts could have profound effects on intensity of infection and positioning of fungus on the host's integument. The influence of host gender on infection rate, density and distribution of this parasite on the multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), was determined at a feeding site. Adult H. axyridis were sampled from pecan, Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch, trees in northern Mississippi, USA, during summer and early fall 2003–2004. Results indicated that the behavior of male or female beetles on pecan trees had only a limited effect on the intensity of infection. When averaged over the entire season, the percentage of H. axyridis infected with H. virescens was not influenced by host gender. In 2003, a seasonal average of 54 and 39% of males and females, respectively, were infected; whereas in 2004, 36 and 41% of male and female beetles, respectively, were infected. The percentage of males infected with H. virescens was correlated with the number of males captured at the site in 2003; infection rate decreased as male abundance increased. Infection rate did not correlate with female abundance in 2003 or male or female abundance in 2004. Host gender had a considerable effect on the density and distribution of the fungus. Hesperomyces virescens mature thalli were denser on male rather than female beetles. Also, thallus density was often greatest on the elytra, meso- and metathorax, and abdomen of males and elytra of females, than on other body parts, in 2003. In 2003 and 2004, approximately 59 and 97% and 67 and 96% of males and females, respectively, had mature thalli distributed on the elytra. Prevalence of H. virescens thalli on the dorsum of H. axyridis females suggests that mating behavior is important in fungal transmission. However, prevalence of thalli on the dorsum of H. axyridis males suggests that behaviors other than mating contribute to the transmission of H. virescens onto male beetles. Spread of H. virescens ascospores from infected to uninfected H. axyridis adults of different generations, at feeding sites, might be vital to maintaining stable populations of the fungus.
The High-Affinity Sulfonylurea Receptor: Distribution, Glycosylation, Purification, and Immunoprecipitation of Two Forms from Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Cell Lines†

The high-affinity sulfonylurea receptor, a novel member of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily, is one component of the ATP-sensitive K+ channel. The protein is critical for regulation of insulin ...
A NON-RADIOACTIVE DNA PROBE TO IDENTIFY SHIGELLA AND ENTEROINVASIVE ESCHERICHIA COLI IN STOOLS OF CHILDREN WITH DIARRHOEA

A non-radioactive biotinylated DNA probe was constructed to detect Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC). Specimens were examined with the biotinylated probe after removing streptavidin-binding glycoproteins with proteinase K. Both biotinylated and radioactive probes detected 125 pg of target-cell DNA after hybridisation for 24 h and exposure to indicator dyes or X-ray film for 4 h. Both probes hybridised with 52 EIEC and none of 16 non-EIEC examined; they also hybridised with stool blots from 11 of 13 children with culture-proven shigellosis or EIEC diarrhoea and were negative with stool blots from 43 children who were culture negative for Shigella and EIEC. Biotinylated DNA probes can be as sensitive as radiolabelled probes, but have the advantage of a longer shelf-life and greater availability.
Forced mixing and nanoscale decomposition in ball-milled Cu-Ag characterized by APFIM

Ag50Cu50 alloys are prepared by high energy ball milling at different controlled temperatures, 85 K, 315 K and 453 K, with milling times long enough to reach steady-state. Atom probe field ion microscopy (APFIM) is used to characterize the atomic mixing forced by low temperature milling and to study the nanocomposite materials stabilized by elevated temperature milling. A new method is devised that makes it possible to prepare sharp tips from ball-milled powders. Statistical analysis of the APFIM composition profiles is used to determine the degree of mixing as a function of the length scale. These results are compared with the ones obtained from kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. Cryo-milling results in nearly random mixing of copper and silver, whereas the mixing achieved by milling at 315 K is calculated to be around 70%. 453 K milling results in the decomposition into copper-rich and silver-rich regions at a scale of ≈25 nm.
Conduction Cardiograph-Bundle of His Detector

Heart block is a potential complication in the surgical repair of several congenital cardiac defects. The proximity of the bundle of His to these defects makes their repair particularly hazardous. Earlier workers devised a method for the anatomic localization of portions of the conduction system at the time of cardiotomy. This method is inefficient and time-consuming and therefore has not received general acceptance. This paper describes an instrument which expands upon that method to facilitate and expedite the localization process. This should enhance the overall utility of the method. The instrument is self-contained, reduces the signal complexity arriving from the exploring probe, analyzes the waveforms and responds instantly with an audible tone when the probe overlies the bundle of His.
Mendelian randomization in nutritional epidemiology

Nutritional epidemiology aims to identify dietary and lifestyle causes for human diseases. Causality inference in nutritional epidemiology is largely based on evidence from studies of observational design, and may be distorted by unmeasured or residual confounding and reverse causation. Mendelian randomization is a recently developed methodology that combines genetic and classical epidemiological analysis to infer causality for environmental exposures, based on the principle of Mendel's law of independent assortment. Mendelian randomization uses genetic variants as proxies for environmental exposures of interest. Associations derived from Mendelian randomization analysis are less likely to be affected by confounding and reverse causation. During the past 5 years, a body of studies examined the causal effects of diet/lifestyle factors and biomarkers on a variety of diseases. The Mendelian randomization approach also holds considerable promise in the study of intrauterine influences on offspring health outcomes. However, the application of Mendelian randomization in nutritional epidemiology has some limitations.
Reproductive Biology of the Rough Shiner, Notropis baileyi, in Halawakee Creek, Alabama

Abstract Monthly changes in mean ova diameter and gonadal weights indicated that spawning of rough shiner, Notropis baileyi, a cyprinid recently introduced in Halawakee Creek (Apalachicola River Drainage), Alabama, occurred during early or middle May through late September or early October. Peak spawning occurred in early or middle June. Several complements of ova matured. Fecundity was linearly related to length and weight of the fish. No significant correlation existed between the diameter of ova and fork length of fish. Versatile food habits, a long successful spawning season and favorable habitat are believed to be the key to the success of this shiner in Halawakee Creek.
Subcortical connections of area 17 in the tree shrew: an autoradiographic analysis.

Abstract The present anterograde autoradiographic study reveals several targets of the striate cortex (area 17) of the tree shrew which were not previously observed in studies which used anterograde degeneration methods; our data also confirm several previous findings. The results are discussed in the context of these projections modulating ascending visual information (claustrum, lateral intermediate nucleus, pulvinar, dorsal lateral geniculate, cells of the external medullary lamina, reticular nucleus of the thalamus, superfacial collicular layers, and the anterior and posterior pretectal nuclei) or visuomotor information (putamen, caudate, ventral lateral geniculate, pontine gray, and the anterior and posterior pretectal nuclei).
Cohesive Constraints in A Beam Search Phrase-based Decoder

Cohesive constraints allow the phrase-based decoder to employ arbitrary, non-syntactic phrases, and encourage it to translate those phrases in an order that respects the source dependency tree structure. We present extensions of the cohesive constraints, such as exhaustive interruption count and rich interruption check. We show that the cohesion-enhanced decoder significantly outperforms the standard phrase-based decoder on English→Spanish. Improvements between 0.5 and 1.2 BLEU point are obtained on English→Iraqi system.
Amplification of a Circular Episome Carrying an Inverted Repeat of the DFR1 Locus and Adjacent Autonomously Replicating Sequence Element of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Lack of suitable amplification markers has hindered the use of the yeast system for investigating the mechanism of gene amplification in a eukaryote with a simple genome and well defined genetic system. Recently, methotrexate has been used to select for Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants with de novo amplification of the dihydrofolate reductase gene (DFR1) (Huang, T. (1993) In Vivo Disruption and de Novo Amplification of the DFR1 Gene Encoding Dihydrofolate Reductase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ph. D. thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada). We report here the detailed structure of a DFR1 episome amplified in methotrexate-resistant strain 25-1. The extrachromosomal DNA is found predominantly as a single 11-kilobase circular molecule. It consists of a 5.5-kilobase inverted duplication that contains the DFR1 locus and adjacent ARS (autonomously replicating sequence) element. This molecular configuration mimics the inferred structure of double minute chromosomes observed in a number of mammalian amplification systems and suggests that mechanisms that generate amplified DNAs are conserved from yeast to mammals.
Modeling the dependence of hexose distribution volumes in brain on plasma glucose concentration: implications for estimation of the local 2-deoxyglucose lumped constant.

Summary: The steady-state distribution volumes of glucose, 3-O-methylglucose, and 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) are known to change as the concentration of glucose in plasma ranges from hypo- to hyperglycemic values. Model estimates of the three distribution volumes were compared with distribution volume values experimentally measured in the brains of conscious rats as the concentration of glucose in plasma was varied from 2 to 28 mM. The dependence on plasma glucose concentration of the 2DG lumped constant, the factor that relates the phosphorylation rate of 2DG to the net rate of glucose utilization at unit specific radioactivity in the plasma, had been determined previously in separate series of experiments. The model was extended to incorporate this dependence of the lumped constant. In the model both the transport and the phosphorylation barriers were assumed to be single and saturable. The values of their respective halfsaturation concentrations and the ratio of the two maximum velocities for glucose were assumed to be invariant over the entire range of plasma glucose concentration. Good agreement between measured and estimated values for the distribution volumes and the lumped constant was attained over the full range of plasma glucose concentration. The model estimates reflected the progressive transport limitation of the brain glucose content as plasma glucose levels were reduced to hypoglycemic values. The results also indicated that these changes should be evident in the time course of 2DG in brain following administration by bolus or continuous infusion, and thus that indexes of local lumped constant change could be derived from the time course data.
Behavioral recovery associated with central nervous system regeneration in the snail Melampus

The pulmonate snail Melampus bidentatus regenerates central nervous tracts following commissurotomy, connective transection, and cerebral ganglion ablation. Our goal was to determine whether or not neural regrowth within the central nervous system restored behaviors disrupted by lesions. One behavior that is disrupted by commissurotomy is retraction of facial structures that are contralateral to a stimulated facial region, a response that normally accompanies the ipsilateral retraction. Tentacle withdrawal on the side contralateral to stimulation reappeared on a timescale that was correlated with growth of a commissural link (8-19 days post-lesion). Electrophysiological recordings from a labial nerve pathway that has a contralateral component similar to the contralateral tentacle response showed that development or strengthening of an alternative pathway could also mediate contralateral responses. Thus, a major conclusion of this study was that both tract regeneration and changes in existing CNS pathways can underlie recovery. The percentage (approx. 75%) of snails that regenerate the cerebral commissure and show behavioral recovery is established early in the period following commissure transection. Behavioral recovery and anatomical evidence of regeneration were also correlated in the other two operations: single cerebral ganglion removal and unilateral cerebropleural and cerebropedal connective transection. We conclude that Melampus is able to regenerate neuronal connectivity that can restore normal behavior.
Geometry dependence of field enhancement in 2D metallic photonic crystals.

Geometry dependence of surface plasmon resonance of 2D metallic photonic crystals (PCs) was assessed using rigorous 3D finite difference time domain analysis. PCs of noble metallic rectangular and cylindrical nanopillars in square and triangular lattices on thick noble metal film were simulated for maximum field enhancement. It was found that the period, size and thickness of the nanopillars can be tuned to excite of surface plasmons at desired wavelengths in visible and near-infrared ranges. Maximum electric field enhancement near the nanopillars was found to be greater than 10X. The detail analysis of PCs tuned for 750 nm wavelength showed that thickness of nanopillars was the most sensitive parameter for field enhancement, and triangular lattice PCs had the wider enhancement bandwidth than square lattice PCs. Results showed that these PCs are sensitive with incident angle (θ) but not with polarization angle (ϕ).
When Students 'Hit the Wall'

In every accounting class I have taught there is a point when students experience something I call “Hitting the Wall” … it is a time in the semester when very few students seem to be able to concen...
Is the electron a composite particle? An experiment

The crucial problem of physics was first formulated by Democritus in the 5th century BC: to find the “ατоμα” or smallest uncuttable bits of matter. That has not changed ever since. Among the current candidates are electron and positron, the least expensive of today's bona fide ατоμα. Experimental tests of their non-compositeness by precisely measuring the gyromagnetic ratios of the individual trapped particles are reviewed. “You know, it would be sufficient to really understand the electron”. Albert Einstein
Don't feel bad if you can't predict the future

Wise experts and powerful machines are no match for chaotic events and human declarations. Beware of their predictions and be humble in your own.
Mechanisms of Fish Distribution in Heterothermal Environments

While the fact of behavioral thermoregulation in fishes has been well documented, mechanisms remain obscure. A successfully thermoregulating fish moves through its habitat in such a way as to maximize time spent at temperatures favorable for the joint conduct of its life processes. The dynamics of its distribution must be related mechanistically to thermal structure of the habitat. Logic and research literature suggest that appropriate distributional mechanisms fall into two classes, predictive and reactive. Predictive thermoregulation comprises directed movements to a subset of habitat within which the fish “expects,” on the basis of individual or evolutionary experience, to find acceptable temperatures. Reactive thermoregulation involves a sequence of undirected movements that are biased by recent thermal experience so that net movement is towards the thermal preferendum. Exploration of possible reactive mechanisms via computer simulation indicates that successful thermoregulation could be accomplished by a fish that tends to increase its rate of turning whenever recent experience implies worsening thermal conditions.
Species-related difference in calcium accumulation by cardiac mitochondria.

Abstract 1. 1. Mitochondria isolated from the ventricles of Cavia porcellus, Mesocricetus auratus, Rattus rattus and Mus musculus accumulate calcium in an energy-linked process. 2. 2. Measurements of the initial velocity of accumulation by dual-wavelength spectrophotometry show species-dependent variation, with Cavia demonstrating the fastest rate and Rattus the slowest rate of accumulation. 3. 3. Total amount of calcium accumulated per unit protein varied in a manner similar to rate of accumulation, with Cavia accumulating the greatest amount of calcium and Rattus the least.
Psychosocial and educational intervention trials in prostate cancer.

Objectives: To describe the nature and focus of published educational intervention trials in prostate cancer in the last 10 years and to examine the state of the research in this particular area of knowledge. Data Sources: Health science and psychosocial electronic databases were searched for studies reporting trials of educational or psychosocial interventions for men with prostate cancer and for the partners or families of these men. Conclusions: Interventions were characterized by the aspect of the illness trajectory that was targeted. The majority of the studies focused on managing the disease, treatments, and side effects. Implications for Nursing Practice: Psychosocial stressors and uncertainty are pervasive throughout the prostate cancer trajectory. Knowledge of psychosocial and educational interventions that have been tested is critical for nurses working with these patients and their families.
Global cultural flows and the routes of identity: the imagined worlds of Celtic FC

In the study of sports and society, there has often been an excessive focus placed on the roots (i.e. origins) of collective identity. Drawing on Appadurai's [Appadurai, A. (1996). Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press] concept of ‘imagined worlds,’ this paper explores five global cultural flows and their influences on the diverse identities of Celtic Football Club supporters. While the historical ‘roots’ of these socially constructed identity attachments are important to understand, this article suggests that the ‘routes,’ or where these identities are being performed, maintained, and renegotiated on an everyday bases, provide a more complete understanding of collective identities in today's globalized world. Ultimately, this article highlights the reasons why people from around the world support a football team from Glasgow, Scotland by clearly demonstrating that the motivations that go into their decision are not as simple as one might ...
Pressure-controlled high-performance liquid chromatographic study on the influence of rim chemistry on partial molar volume differences between free and complexed cyclodextrins.

Pragmatic comparison of pressure dependent retention for differing cyclodextrin rim chemistries is assessed using controlled-pressure HPLC. For pressure differences of <300 bar, systematic shifts in solute capacity factor are observed for both native and methylated β-cyclodextrin stationary phases. In addition to the importance of this observation for the practice of liquid chromatography, this technique can also be implemented in the fundamental determination of the influence of rim chemistry on the cyclodextrin partial molar volume both with and without solute inclusion. That is, pressure-controlled measurements provide a direct comparison between the partial molar volumes for native cyclodextrin (CD) and methylated cyclodextrin (MCD) in the presence and absence of the complexing solute (comp). Surprisingly, direct comparison of the measured partial molar volumes for the two rim chemistries indicates that the presence of neutral solutes does not contribute significantly to the volumetric component of complexation, Vcomp,CD−Vcomp,MCD≈VCD−VMCD. In contrast, their ionized counterparts are shown to exhibit marked rim chemistry differences in the partial molar volume of cyclodextrins with and without anion inclusion, Vcomp(−),CD−Vcomp(−),MCD <VCD−VMCD. Not previously demonstrated by direct chromatographic measurement, these results have interesting implications for advancing the fundamental understanding of host–guest solvation properties.
Origin and evolution of fracture-hosted methane hydrate deposits

[1] Fracture-hosted methane hydrate deposits exist at many sites worldwide. These sites often have hydrate present as vein and fracture fill, as well as disseminated through the pore space. We estimate that thousands to millions of years are required to form fracture systems by hydraulic fracturing driven by occlusion of the pore system by hydrate. This time scale is a function of rates of fluid flow and permeability loss. Low-permeability layers in a sedimentary column can reduce this time if the permeability contrast with respect to the surrounding sediments is of order 10 or greater. Additionally, we find that tensile fracturing produced by hydrate heave around hydrate lenses is a viable fracture mechanism over all but the lowermost part of the hydrate stability zone. With our coupled fluid flow-hydrate formation model we assess fracture formation at four well-studied hydrate provinces: Blake Ridge offshore South Carolina, Hydrate Ridge offshore Oregon, Keathley Canyon Block 151 offshore Louisiana, and the Krishna-Godavari Basin offshore India. We conclude that hydraulic fracturing due to pore pressure buildup is reasonable only at Hydrate Ridge and the Krishna-Godavari Basin owing to sediment age constraints, and that hydrate-filled fractures observed at Blake Ridge and Keathley Canyon Block 151 are formed either by hydrate heave or in preexisting fractures. Our findings offer new insight into the processes and time scales associated with fracture-hosted hydrate deposits, which help further our understanding of hydrate systems.
The use of fluorescence quenchers in resonance Raman spectroscopy

Abstract We discuss methods of increasing the resonance Raman signal to noise in the presence of a strong fluorescence background. By considering the time dependence of the competing processes, we conclude that for many commonly encountered systems the Raman signal can be enhanced over the fluorescence by introducing a quencher that decreases the lifetime of the radiative electronic state. The efficacy of this approach is demonstrated by the appearance of resonance Raman from fluorescein in water with the progressive addition of KI.
Educating business schools about safety & health is no accident

This paper summarizes the consequences of safety and health inattentiveness, and reviews four primary dangers in the workplace. In addition, perspectives of employee health and safety are presented from industry and academia which provide the basis for a strong recommendation to include safety and health issues in business school curricula.