cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Age-related differences in the response of the brain to dietary melatonin

The aged brain is prone to excessive levels of immune activity, not initiated by an acute response to an extrinsic agent. While dietary melatonin is reported to attenuate the extent of expression of proinflammatory genes, little is known about the extent to which these changes can be translated into altered levels of corresponding proteins. The baseline levels of the proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 alpha, were greater in older (~29 months old) compared to younger (~7 months old) mouse brains. Acute (3 h) exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), but not inflammatory cytokines in the brain. The serum level of TNF-α was increased after LPS injection, indicating a systemic immune response to the bacterial cell wall component. Dietary melatonin (40 ppm for 9.3 weeks) did not prevent LPS-induced changes in younger animals but caused an increased systemic TNF-α response in older mice. Melatonin did reduce markers of carbonyl formation in brain proteins of young animals and nitrosylative damage to peptide-bound amino acid residues, in the brains of older animals. Acute LPS challenge did not significantly affect these oxidative markers. Thus, despite lack of clear evidence of attenuation of the NF-κB–cytokine inflammatory trajectory within the CNS by melatonin, this agent did show a protective effect against free radical-initiated injury to amino acid residues within proteins. The results illustrate that previously reported changes in gene expression following melatonin treatment need not be closely paralleled by corresponding changes in protein content.
Geomagnetic main field analysis at the core-mantle boundary: Spherical harmonics compared with harmonic splines

An optimum truncation level, N, in a spherical-harmonic analysis of the geomagnetic main field at the core-mantle boundary is determined by harmonic-spline analysis. Specifically, that value of N is found at which the two analyses are closest in a well defined sense and, for that value of N, the 'closeness' of two models is determined. Depending slightly on the definition of closeness, optimum N is found to be either 10 or 11. For those values the two analyses give remarkably similar results, showing that the conveniences of spherical harmonics can be retained with little penalty.
The enhancement of the enzymatic activity of papain by reaction with N-bromosuccinimide.

Abstract 1. 1. Inactive papain (EC 3.4.4.10) has been reacted with N-bromosuccinimide at pH 3.5–5.5., I 0.1. 2. 2. This treatment has resulted in an enzyme, which, upon activation and assay, has an enhanced N- benzoyl- dl -arginine p-nitroanilide-hydrolysing activity. 3. 3. Maximum enhancement of activity, 250–300% over control value, was achieved at pH 4.5–5.5. 4. 4. An enhanced activity, 100–150% over control value, persisted for at least 21 h at pH 4.5–5.5.
Complementary and alternative medicine use among HIV-positive people: research synthesis and implications for HIV care

Use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is prevalent among HIV-positive individuals despite the success of antiretroviral treatments and limited evidence of CAM's safety and efficacy. To characterize the potential impact of CAM use on HIV care, we conducted a systematic review of 40 studies of CAM use among HIV-positive people. The goals of this review are to: (1) describe the demographic, biomedical, psychosocial and health behavior correlates of CAM use; (2) characterize patient-reported reasons for CAM use; and (3) identify methodological and conceptual limitations of the reviewed studies. Findings confirm that a high proportion of HIV-positive individuals report CAM use (M=60%). Overall, CAM use is more common among HIV-positive individuals who are men who have sex with men (MSM), non-minority, better educated and less impoverished. The use of CAM is also associated with greater HIV-symptom severity and longer disease duration. HIV-positive CAM users commonly report that they use CAM to prevent or alleviate HIV-related symptoms, reduce treatment side-effects and improve quality of life. Findings regarding the association between CAM use, psychosocial adjustment and adherence to conventional HIV medications are mixed. While the reviewed studies are instrumental in describing the characteristics of HIV-positive CAM users, this literature lacks a conceptual framework to identify causal factors involved in the decision to use CAM or explain implications of CAM use for conventional HIV care. To address this concern, we propose the use of health behavior theory and discuss implications of review findings for HIV care providers.
Architectural Design Decisions Session Report

In the architectural design decisions session, we discussed tools, techniques, and processes with respect to architectural design decision-making. The importance of making good decisions was highlighted through an examination of several software architecture case studies.
Ultra-low resistance NiGeAu and PdGeAu ohmic contacts on N-GaSb grown on GaAs

Ultra-low resistance ohmic contacts on n-GaSb with specific transfer resistances down to 0.12 Ω-mm and specific contact resistances of ~1.1e-6 Ω-cm2 have been successfully fabricated on semi-insulating (SI) GaAs substrates using the Interfacial Misfit Dislocation (IMF) technique. The IMF technique enables epitaxial growth of GaSb layers on semi-insulating GaAs substrates resulting in vertical current confinement not possible on unintentionally ~ 1e17 cm-3 p-doped bulk GaSb. Results for low resistance ohmic contacts using NiGeAu, PdGeAu, GeAuNi and GeAuPd metallizations for various temperatures are reported. The low annealing temperature of NiGeAu and PdGeAu metallizations show promising results, but the lifetime of a device with these contacts have not yet been studied.
Contextual effects on the perception of duration

English speakers perceive silent intervals with the same duration as longer when preceded by shorter vocalic intervals [Kluender et al. ‘‘Vowel length differences before voiced and voiceless consonants: An auditory explanation,’’ J. of Phonetics, 16, 153–169 (1988)]. This may be due to sequential contrast effects which exaggerate perceptual differences between neighboring segments. In Japanese, vowels are longer before geminates than before singletons [Han ‘‘Acoustic manifestations of more timing in Japanese,’’ J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 96, 73–82 (1994)]. Reflecting this correlation, Japanese speakers perceive silent intervals with the same duration as longer (as more ‘‘geminatelike’’) when preceded by longer vowels. The same pattern holds when non‐speech analogs are used in place of speech stimuli: silent intervals are judged as longer when preceded by longer anharmonic buzzes. These results suggest that the perception of silent duration by Japanese speakers follows the pattern predicted from the acoustic prop...
Smoothed Values of the Enthalpy and Heat Capacity of UO2

UO2 enthalpy data measured by five different investigators were fitted to a theoretically based equation from room temperature to the melting point. The equation can be used to calculate enthalpy, ...
Reversed‐phase separation of estuarine interstitial water fractions and the consequences of C18 retention of organic matter

Data are presented on the application of the reversed-phase separation technique for the determination of dissolved organic compounds in estuarine interstitial water. Thirty-seven neutral, nonpolar organic compounds were equilibrated with interstitial water, extracted by emulsion-free gentle liquid-liquid extraction, and quantified using surrogate internal standards. The extraction and quantitation procedures were insensitive to dissolved organic carbon concentration (DOC, 1 to 55 mg C/L). Gross dissolved organic carbon retention by the C18 matrix (7 ± 2%) was similar to the range reported for fresh water; significant regressions of apparent, DOC-normalized, partition coefficients (K′doc) versus compound solubility and octanol/water partition coefficients (Kow) were determined. An inverse relationship between K′doc and DOC concentrations, similar to that reported in fresh water, was found, but was reduced or eliminated for many compounds by accounting for the retained bound compound in the calculation of K′doc; failure to account for C18 retention of DOM in determining freely dissolved concentrations of high K′ow organic compounds could result in overestimates of this fraction. Partition coefficients of selected compounds between Aldrich humic acid and distilled water were similar to those found in other studies using radiolabeled compounds.
Case report: ossifying metastases from carcinoma of the large bowel demonstrated by bone scintigraphy.

A 65-year-old man was admitted with abdominal pain. He had a history of resection of a carcinoma of the sigrnoid colon two years previously, after which he had two laparotomies for episodes of intestinal obstruction, secondary to peritoneal and omental metastases. On this admission an abdominal film showed no evidence of intestinal obstruction but several amorphous clusters of calcific density were noted in the lower abdomen (Fig. 1) which had not been present on previous abdominal films. The patient was also complaining of back pain and a bone scan was performed to exclude bone metastases. This showed no abnormal skeletal uptake but very high uptake of tracer in the dense soft tissue opacities (Fig. 2). A limited CT scan was undertaken to establish the site of these lesions, demonstrating most to be in the anterior abdominal wall and left psoas (Fig. 3). The anterior abdominal wall lesions were palpable, lying within taparotomy scars, and one of these was biopsied two days later. Histologically, the fragments consisted of connective tissue which was quite densely infiltrated by metastatic adenocarcinoma. The tttmour was forming occasional glands and there was also abundant metaplastic bone formation. The bony trabeculae appeared orderly, and there was also a little osteoid. Clusters of tumour cells and also extracellular mucin were both associated with bone formation. It was concluded that this showed metastastic adenocarcinoma with metaplastic bone formation. Figure 4 shows a representative sample of the specimen. Review of the report on the microscopy of the primary tumour, excised two years previously, revealed that this too had shown adenocarcinoma 'with a few areas of mucin secretion, and in much of the tumour there is striking metaplasfic ossification'.
Multicasting for multimedia applications

The authors investigate multicast routing for high-bandwidth delay-sensitive applications in a point-to-point network as an optimization problem. They associate an edge cost and an edge delay with each edge in the network. The problem is to construct a tree spanning the destination nodes, such that it has the least cost, and so that the delay on the path from the source to each destination is bounded. Since the problem is computationally intractable, the authors present an efficient approximation algorithm. Experimental results through simulations show that the performance of the heuristic is near optimal. >
Hierarchical regulation of mRNA partitioning between the cytoplasm and the endoplasmic reticulum of mammalian cells

The mRNA transcriptome is currently thought to be partitioned between the cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) compartments by binary selection; mRNAs encoding cytosolic/nucleoplasmic proteins are translated on free ribosomes, and mRNAs encoding topogenic signal-bearing proteins are translated on ER-bound ribosomes, with ER localization being conferred by the signal-recognition particle pathway. In subgenomic and genomic analyses of subcellular mRNA partitioning, we report an overlapping subcellular distribution of cytosolic/nucleoplasmic and topogenic signal-encoding mRNAs, with mRNAs of both cohorts displaying noncanonical subcellular partitioning patterns. Unexpectedly, the topogenic signal-encoding mRNA transcriptome was observed to partition in a hierarchical, cohort-specific manner. mRNAs encoding resident proteins of the endomembrane system were clustered at high ER-enrichment values, whereas mRNAs encoding secretory pathway cargo were broadly represented on free and ER-bound ribosomes. Two distinct modes of mRNA association with the ER were identified. mRNAs encoding endomembrane-resident proteins were bound via direct, ribosome-independent interactions, whereas mRNAs encoding secretory cargo displayed predominantly ribosome-dependent modes of ER association. These data indicate that mRNAs are partitioned between the cytosol and ER compartments via a hierarchical system of intrinsic and encoded topogenic signals and identify mRNA cohort-restricted modes of mRNA association with the ER.
Dissipation and breakdown of a wing-tip vortex

The solutions of the incompressible quasi-cylindrical momentum-integral equations describing the flow in the viscous core of a wing-tip vortex are obtained in a closed form and are shown to have two distinct branches. The discontinuities of these solutions have infinite axial gradients and therefore, following Hall, are assumed to signal the inception of the vortex breakdown. Benjamin's finite transition, with its excess flow force dissipated, is shown to give results equivalent to a sudden cross-over, upstream of the discontinuity, from one branch solution to another. The critical point of such a cross-over is downstream from the cross-over, at the discontinuity. Sarpkaya's experimental data, and the nature of the solutions ahead of the discontinuity, suggest that the physical manifestation of the discontinuity is the spiral breakdown, whereas the cross-over seems to be related to the rapidly expanding and subsequently contracting axisymmetric bubble. This therefore implies that the beginning of the spiral breakdown is the all important disturbance which triggers off not only the downstream asymmetric departure of the flow from its quasi-cylindrical form but also the formation of the upstream axisymmetric cross-over bubble. Solutions for the turbulent flow downstream from the spiral breakdown indicate that the wing-tip vortex breakdown can result in an appreciable reduction of the maximum circumferential velocity and should thus lessen the danger that trailing vortices present to following aircraft.
What Constitutes a Normal EEG

The usefulness of the routine standard (i.e., visually inspected) electroencephalogram (sEEG) in psychiatric practice and research is significantly hampered by the reported prevalence of EEG abnormalities in “normal” adult populations, ranging from 4 % to as high as 57.5 % (Struve 1985). This wide range likely reflects the lack of clear and rigorous standards for choosing subjects for healthy comparison groups. Blanc et al. (1964) documented that the inclusion of psychiatric patients in healthy comparison samples contributes to increased prevalence of EEG abnormalities in the examined sample. This observation was reported as early as 1939 (Davis and Davis 1939) and remains unchallenged today. In order for this technique to be reliable and useful, the boundaries of normality should be well defined.
Early Childhood Teachers' Views of Nature of Science: The Influence of Intellectual Levels, Cultural Values, and Explicit Reflective Teaching.

This study tracked the influence of explicit reflective instructional methods on cultural values, ethical and intellectual development, and the relationship of these with preservice teachers' views of nature of science (NOS). The researchers used the Views of Nature of Science Form B (VNOS B) to describe NOS views, the Learning Context Questionnaire (LCQ) to classify preservice teachers' ethical and intellectual positions using Perry's scheme, and the Schwartz Values Inventory (SVI) to measure preservice teachers' cultural values. The interventions took place in two concurrent courses: a science methods course, and a foundations of early childhood course. The science methods course explicitly emphasized NOS throughout the semester, and the foundations of early childhood course reinforced these ideas through cultural activities that stressed empirical evidence. Analysis of data showed relationships between preservice teachers' Perry positions and responses on the VNOS B with those at higher positions exhibiting more informed NOS views. Relationships between preservice teachers' NOS views and their cultural values were identified, such as those at the dualism position holding achievement more highly for scientists than those at other Perry positions. The values preservice teachers held personally were different from those they held as important for scientists. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 45: 748–770, 2008
FOOD PROCESSING FIRMS AND FOREIGN PRODUCTION INCENTIVES

As the practice of a firm in one country owning production facilities in another has increased, several theories have developed to explain why production facilities do not always have local owners who would presumably be more familiar with local business conditions. A transaction cost explanation is that a firm may have intangible assets that are sought in another country but that cannot be economically sold on account of market failure. In such a case the firm's expansion into the foreign country may be the most economical way for the foreign country to gain access to those assets. A few studies have identified firm characteristics and firm-specific assets associated with the international growth of food firms. The present paper expands on this work by interviewing executives in two product areas (processed meats and preserved fruit/vegetable products) to discover which assets the executives perceive as important and nontransferable through market channels (and thus applicable to the transaction cost approach). The assets of product development expertise, process management knowledge, and reputation appear to be key intangible assets associated with foreign production. A regression analysis tests determinants of foreign production of the two product categories by 17 US firms in 9 global regions, yielding results consistent with the interviews. That is, the probability of having foreign production plants is significantly enhanced by higher total firm sales, being in the processed fruits and vegetables business as opposed to processed meats and locating in higher income, Western Hemisphere and European Countries.
Scientists are not deficient in mental imagery: Galton revised

In 1880, Galton carried out an investigation of imagery in a sample of distinguished men and a sample of nonscientists (adolescent male students). He concluded that scientists were either totally l...
Compiler-Directed Array Interleaving for Reducing Energy in Multi-Bank Memories

With the increased use of embedded/portable devices such as smart cellular phones, pagers, PDAs, hand-held computers, and CD players, improving energy efficiency is becoming a critical issue. To develop a truly energy-efficient system, energy constraints should be taken into account early, in the design process; i.e., at the source level in software compilation and behavioral level in hardware compilation. Source-level optimizations are particularly important in data-dominated media applications that have become pervasive in energy-constrained mobile environments. This paper focuses on improving the effectiveness of energy savings from using multiple low-power operating modes provided in current memory modules. We propose a source level data space transformation technique called array interleaving that colocates simultaneously used array elements in a small set of memory modules. We validate the effectiveness of this transformation using a set of array-dominated benchmarks and observe significant savings in memory energy.
History of the NOAA satellite program

For more than 46 years, NOAA's environmental satellites have been an integral key to life-saving weather and climate forecasts for the United States. NOAA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, has a rich history of successfully operating geostationary operational environmental satellites (GOES) and polar-orbiting environmental satellites (POES) that have helped take some of the mystery out of atmospheric phenomenon. Through the years, NOAA, with cooperation with NASA, has developed increasingly advanced satellites that have provided higher spatial and temporal resolution images, operational soundings, atmospheric temperature and moisture data in all weather situations. During those 46 years, NOAA has also built strong partnerships within the U.S. and throughout the world, leading to satellite-data sharing agreements that will strengthen the scientific community's understanding of the world's changing climate.The article, History of the NOAA Satellite Program, traces the development of the U.S. weather satellite system from an early commitment in 1953 by the Eisenhower administration to hoist an Earth satellite in orbit in 1958, to the next generation polar-orbiting system, the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System, or NPOESS.
Efficient computation of potential energy first and second derivatives for molecular dynamics, normal coordinate analysis, and molecular mechanics calculations

By using two- and three-body internal coordinates and their derivatives as intermediates, it is possible to enormously simplify formulas for three- and four-body internal coordinates and their derivatives. Using this approach, simple formulas are presented for stretch (two-body), two types of bend (three-body), and wag and two types of torsion (four-body) internal coordinates and their first and second derivatives. The formulas are eminently suitable for economizing molecular dynamics and molecular mechanics calculations and normal coordinate analysis of complicated potential energy surfaces. Efficient methods for computing derivatives of entire potential energy terms, and in particular cross terms or terms with switching functions, are presented.
Distributed learning with biogeography-based optimization

We present hardware testing of an evolutionary algorithm known as biogeography-based optimization (BBO) and extend it to distributed learning. BBO is an evolutionary algorithm based on the theory of biogeography, which describes how nature geographically distributes organisms. We introduce a new BBO algorithm that does not use a centralized computer, and which we call distributed BBO. BBO and distributed BBO have been developed by mimicking nature to obtain an algorithm that optimizes solutions for different situations and problems. We use fourteen common benchmark functions to obtain results from BBO and distributed BBO, and we also use both algorithms to optimize robot control algorithms. We present not only simulation results, but also experimental results using BBO to optimize the control algorithms of mobile robots. The results show that centralized BBO generally gives better optimization results and would generally be a better choice than any of the newly proposed forms of distributed BBO. However, distributed BBO allows the user to find a less optimal solution to a problem while avoiding the need for centralized, coordinated control.
Effects of aerosols and laser cavity seeding on spectral and temporal stability of laser-induced plasmas: applications to LIBS

The spectral and temporal effects of laser cavity seeding and aerosol presence in the laser-induced plasma volume are investigated with the goal of examining factors affecting the precision of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Improvements in the temporal stability of laser-induced breakdown initiation were observed with laser cavity seeding. However, laser cavity seeding produced no significant improvement in analyte precision for a range of gas-phase atomic emission lines, including nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon. In contrast, greater shot-to-shot analyte precision, as measured by a nearly 60% reduction in relative standard deviation, was realized with the elimination of concomitant aerosols from the analyte sample stream. Such findings are consistent with the expected interactions of ambient aerosols and the laser-induced breakdown process.
Genetic Algorithm for Ion Thruster Grid Design

Summary form only given. A genetic algorithm was used to optimize ion thruster grid sets with regard to maximizing impulse per unit area, essentially equivalent to maximizing propellant throughput capability per unit area. Ion thrusters, while currently used for satellite station-keeping, are also valuable for performing deep space missions, such as NASA's Dawn mission, as a result of their high efficiency. During ambitious deep space missions, the ion thruster grids must be able to operate over the course of several years. Numerical simulation of grid erosion and prediction of grid lifetime become increasingly important as the costs and time requirements of experimental thruster qualification increase. The genetic algorithm presented herein made use of the ffx ion optics simulation code for grid lifetime predictions. Grid sets were optimized for many combinations of net accelerating voltage and current density, and grid feature recommendations are made concerning how future missions can be met.
Assignment of an Anomalous Peak in the Brillouin Spectrum of Oriented Polymer Films.

Abstract : The origin of a previously unassigned peak in the Brillouin spectrum of an oriented polymer film has been clarified. This peak is shown to be due to backscattering from a quasitransverse acoustic phonon from the reflected laser beam. Studies of this peak are expected to provide the information concerning the birefringence effect of the oriented film. (Author)
Steady compressible vortex flows: the hollow-core vortex array

We examine the effects of compressiblity on the structure of a single row of hollowcore, constant-pressure vortices. The problem is formulated and solved in the hodograph plane. The transformation from the physical plane to the hodograph plane results in a linear problem that is solved numerically. The numerical solution is checked via a Rayleigh-Janzen expansion. It is observed that for an appropriate choice of the parameters M, = q,/c,, and the speed ratio, a = qoo/qo, where qv is the speed on the vortex boundary, transonic shock-free flow exists. Also, for a given fixed speed ratio, a, the vortices shrink in size and get closer as the Mach number at infinity, M,, is increased. In the limit of an evacuated vortex core, we find that all such solutions exhibit cuspidal behaviour corresponding to the onset of limit lines.
Over the Borderline? Rethinking Territoriality at the Margins of Empire and Nation in the Modern Middle East (Part I)

This is the second of two connected articles examining the evolution of historical scholarship on borderlands within the field of Middle East studies. In both articles, I pay particular attention to how historians have addressed the relationship between borderland identities and modern territorializing empires and nation-states. I argue throughout both parts that analyzing what I call the “lived experience of territoriality” in borderland regions ought to take precedence over approaches that presume the ultimate imposition of fixed nation-state boundaries by the mid-twentieth century. The adoption of borderlands as an analytical category along these lines presents an exciting opportunity for future research in modern Middle Eastern history precisely for its malleability. Historians who take a conceptually nuanced approach to borderlands and relate their work to new scholarship on territoriality will be able to explore a range of ways to understand local as well as state experiences and practices of power and politics; sovereignty and authority; and identity and belonging. In Part I, I focused primarily on laying out a framework for conceptualizing the relationship between borderland identities and the lived experience of modern territoriality. In Part II, I push this framework further by surveying two large themes that have defined the work of Middle East borderland historians over the last two decades – critical cartography and the visual representation of borderland identities and borderlands as sites of contestation and negotiation. In the final section, I sketch out some possibilities for future research, drawing largely on new scholarship from within Middle East studies.
Patterns of mercury dispersion from local and regional emission sources, rural Central Wisconsin, USA

Abstract. Simultaneous real-time changes in mercury (Hg) speciation- reactive gaseous Hg (RGM), elemental Hg (Hg°), and fine particulate Hg (Hg-PM2.5), were determined from June to November, 2007, in ambient air at three locations in rural Central Wisconsin. Known Hg emission sources within the airshed of the monitoring sites include: 1) a 1114 megawatt (MW) coal-fired electric utility generating station; 2) a Hg-bed chlor-alkali plant; and 3) a smaller (465 MW) coal-burning electric utility. Monitoring sites, showing sporadic elevation of Hg°, Hg-PM2.5, and RGM were positioned at distances of 25, 50 and 100 km northward of the larger electric utility. Median concentrations of Hg°, Hg-PM2.5, and RGM were 1.3–1.4 ng m−3, 2.6–5.0 pg m−3, and 0.6–0.8 pg m−3, respectively. A series of RGM events were recorded at each site. The largest, on 23 September, occurred under prevailing southerly winds, with a maximum RGM value (56.8 pg m-3) measured at the 100 km site, and corresponding elevated SO2 (10.4 ppbv; measured at 50 km site). The finding that RGM, Hg°, and Hg-PM2.5 are not always highest at the 25 km site, closest to the large generating station, contradicts the idea that RGM decreases with distance from a large point source. This may be explained if: 1) the 100 km site was influenced by emissions from the chlor-alkali facility or by RGM from regional urban sources; 2) the emission stack height of the larger power plant promoted plume transport at an elevation where the Hg is carried over the closest site; or 3) RGM was being generated in the plume through oxidation of Hg°. Operational changes at each emitter since 2007 should reduce their Hg output, potentially allowing quantification of the environmental benefit in future studies.
Statistical analysis of the capacity of MIMO frequency selective Rayleigh fading channels with arbitrary number of inputs and outputs

The classic problem of maximizing the information rate over parallel Gaussian independent sub-channels with a limit on the total power leads to the elegant closed form water-filling solution. In the case of a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) frequency selective channel the solution requires the derivation of the eigenvalue decomposition of the MIMO frequency response which, for every frequency bin, have a generalized Wishart distribution. This paper shows the methodology used to derive the statistics of eigenvalues and eigenvectors and applies this methodology to the derivation of the average channel capacity and of its characteristic function. The rules of exterior differential calculus are used to compute the Jacobian of matrix decompositions and perform integration over matrix groups. Simple expressions are derived for the case of uncorrelated Rayleigh fading and an arbitrary finite number of transmit and receive antennas.
A Molecular Approach Designed to Limit the Replication of Mature DENV2 in Host Cells.

Abstract Dengue virus (DENV) is an arthropod-borne virus, which belongs to the Flaviviridae family, and completes its life cycle in two hosts: humans and mosquitoes. For DENV maturation, the surface pre-membrane (prM) protein is cleaved to form a mature membrane protein (M) by furin, which is a cellular enzyme subsequently releasing the mature virus from the host dendritic cell. The objective of the current study was to inhibit mature DENV isotype 2 (DENV2) by RNA-interference in a Vero-81 cell line. Mature DENV2 was propagated in and isolated from U937 cells expressing dendritic cell-specific intracellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin. Maturation of DENV2 was confirmed by Western blot analysis, where virus stock lacking prM was considered mature. Inhibition studies were carried out by transfection of Vero-81 cells with six synthetic siRNAs along with a control siRNA. Reduction in cellular DENV2 was observed also by focus-reduction assay, immunofluorescence assay (IFA), and real-time quantita...
Adherence to Multiple Cancer Screening Tests among Women Living in Appalachia Ohio

Background: There is a lack of information about the correlates of completing all three cancer screening tests among women living in Appalachia. Methods: Cross-sectional telephone interviews were conducted (April–September 2013) among women ( n = 637) ages 51 to 75 years from 12 Appalachia Ohio counties. Outcomes of within screening guidelines were verified by medical records. Multivariable logistic regression models identified correlates of being within guidelines for all three cancer screening tests. Results: Screening rates included mammography (32.1%), Pap test (36.1%), and a colorectal cancer test (30.1%). Only 8.6% of women were within guidelines for all tests. Having had a check-up in the past 2 years and having received a screening recommendation were significantly related to being within guidelines for all three tests ( P < 0.01). Participants with higher annual household incomes [$60,000+; OR, 3.53; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.49–8.33] and conditions requiring regular medical visits (OR, 3.16; 95% CI, 1.29–7.74) were more likely to be within guidelines for all three screening tests. Conclusion: Less than 10% of women had completed screening within guidelines for all three screening tests. Regular contact with the health care system and higher incomes were significant predictors of being within guidelines. Impact: Within guidelines rates for the three recommended cancer screening tests are low among women in Appalachia Ohio. This finding illustrates the need for innovative interventions to improve rates of multiple cancer screening tests. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(10); 1489–94. ©2015 AACR . This article is featured in Highlights of This Issue, [p. 1435][1] [1]: /lookup/volpage/24/1435?iss=10
The ultrastructure of developing and germinating chlamydospores of Phytophthora palmivora

ABSTRACTThe ultrastructural aspects of the development and germination of chlamydospores of Phytophthora palmivora were studied by electron microscopy. A gradual transition from a cytoplasm contain...
Flaunting the Freak Flag: Karr v. Schmidt and the Great Hair Debate in American High Schools, 1965-1975

In the fall of 1970, sixteen-year-old Chesley Karr returned to Coronado High School in El Paso, Texas, after a summer spent harvesting wheat in the Midwest. During his working vacation, he had let his hair grow out over his ears and collar. Later he asserted that his long hair, which he referred to as a "freak flag," was both "a cultural statement and a practical matter." Culturally, he believed his hair identified him as a supporter of the "peace or hippie movement"; practically, haircuts had been a low priority on the wheat farm. To his surprise, the high school gym coach refused to admit him to class; the issue then ascended through the principal's office to the school board, which told Karr he could not return to school without a haircut. Rather than acquiesce, Chesley Karr took his school to court.' Battles over masculine hairstyles were nothing new in this period. Once the Beatles and their imitators popularized longer locks in the early 1960s, fierce struggles ensued between proponents and opponents of the style. Where opponents of long hair possessed institutional power-in schools, prisons, the military, many workplaces-they often wielded that power in favor of their fashion choice, mandating short hair for males. Numerous high schools adopted dress codes that specified how boys were to wear their hair. By the mid-1960s, however, long-haired students were fighting back. Many high school students turned to the courts; an astonishing num-
Macroinvertebrate responses to wetland restoration in northern New York

Wetlands are being restored throughout the United States in an effort to replace habitat functions lost following drainage. We studied the macroinvertebrate communities that developed in wetlands restored by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and compared them to those occurring at natural wetlands in the same area. During the 3 yr of the study, most taxa found at the natural sites could also be found in similar numbers at the restored sites. Insects with aerial dispersal capability rapidly colonized the restored habitats, but some less mobile forms (non-insects and some hemipterans) either colonized more slowly or not at all. We analyzed the effects of experimental techniques for site preparation that were applied before restoration of hydrology to determine if they influenced macroinvertebrate recolonization. Transplantation of remnant wetland soil, which resulted in faster and more prolific plant growth, significantly increased overall macroinvertebrate numbers, and significantly increased the abundance of 10 specific taxonomic groups. The use of this technique, along with possible inoculation of some less mobile taxa, could improve efforts to reestablish natural macroinvertebrate communities to newly restored wetland habitats.
A Kink in the Line: Does a Unique Lateral-Line Peculiarity Really Characterize Lake Malaŵi's Huge Haplochromine Species Flock (Teleostei: Cichlidae)?

Abstract A downward kink one or more scales in length at the posterior end of the upper lateral line, leaving only one scale row instead of two between it and the lower lateral line, has been considered a synapomorphy uniting as a monophyletic group all members of both clades of endemic haplochromine cichlids of Lake Malaŵi. Here, this claim is tested by surveying the character in representatives of all genera of Lake Malaŵi haplochromines (tribe Haplochromini of the subfamily Pseudocrenilabrinae). Presence of the kink is shown to be variable in most genera, and it was not documented at all in two (Abactochromis, Cyrtocara). Specimens with no kink occur in many genera, and kink presence and length frequently vary on the two sides of the body. Thus, it is difficult to justify the kink as a synapomorphy of the species flock. The two clades differ in kink frequency; a kink occurred on at least one side of the body in 79% of bilaterally assessable specimens in the non-mbuna clade, but in only 53% of those in ...
Clinical Testing of New Drugs for Efficacy in Alzheimer’s Disease

Successful treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains a major goal. It has assumed major important public health proportions because of the almost 4 million individuals afflicted with this progressive disorder (Evans et al., 1989). Major research into the neurobiology and neurochemistry of this disorder has made it possible to design new therapeutic strategies to potentially intervene at multiple different stages in the disease process.
The Moral Neglect of Negligence

The moral significance of negligence is regularly downplayed in the legal and philosophical literature. Many commentators appear to endorse two tenets about negligence that diminish its importance: first, that culpable negligence is substantially less significant than malice (as well as other intentionally inflicted wrongs) and second, that even when culpable, negligence is a rather petty moral wrong. The attitude conveyed is that, considered apart from its consequences, the wrong of negligence is real, but paltry.By contrast, I regard culpable negligence as a more significant moral wrong, even when considered separately from its consequences. Concomitantly, I take non-negligence to be a significant, but often overlooked, moral virtue.This paper sketches an account of what moral and political negligence are that stresses the significance of the agent’s motives. The paper canvasses many examples, including an extended discussion of whether Edward Snowden serves as an example of a politically negligent, if harmless, agent. It then argues that negligence can be a serious moral and political wrong, argues that non-negligence is a significant virtue, and challenges the rigidity and severity of the standard moral hierarchy that places negligence on a rather low rung. The discussion encompasses the connection between negligence and the act/omission distinction, the doctrine of double effect, our remedial responses and reactive attitudes toward negligence, and the connection between anti-discrimination norms and negligence.
Application of Modal Analysis on the Determination of Resonant Frequency of Bubbles in the Ship Wake

The acoustic characteristic of the ship wake is mainly determined by that of the bubbles in it.The acoustic characteristic of bubbles is behaved as the reflection and scattering of different frequency of sound waves,which is mainly up to the resonant frequency of the bubble.The modal aralyze method in the finite-element theory can be used to analyze the vibration of structure and obtain the intrinsic frequency of some structures in the result file.The application of the modal analysis on the model can prove the correction of the model,which can be used to study the acoustic characteristic of the ship wake.
The Role of Targeted Therapies or Nonsurgical Treatment of Thyroid Malignancies: Is Surgery Being Replaced?

Targeted therapies are emerging rapidly and are challenging the traditional roles of nonsurgical therapy for the treatment of thyroid cancers. Molecular pathways hold the key for designing rationally based drugs such as the already FDA-approved tyrosine kinase inhibitors: sorafenib, vandetanib, and cabozantinib. Many more targeted therapies are under investigation. For instance, selumetinib is a MEK inhibitor that has been shown to restore radioiodine avidity to radioiodine refractory thyroid cancers. This chapter reviews standard nonsurgical treatments including the historical use of cytotoxic chemotherapy, the molecular science behind newly approved and experimental targeted agents, and their supporting clinical trial data. Lastly, the chapter presents four common scenarios in thyroid cancer management where an increased role is forthcoming for nonsurgical modalities such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors. These cases contrast the cutting edge use of pharmacology, as monotherapy or in combination, with the current held standard of care. Nonsurgical modalities for thyroid cancer care are rapidly advancing, and the best use of these modalities has yet to be established as highlighted in the cases.
Primary lymphoma of the liver in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome and chronic hepatitis B

We describe the case of a homosexual man with asymptomatic infection with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus who developed primary hepatic lymphoma. The lymphoma presented with rapid enlargement of the liver, and ultrasound examination revealed multiple hypoechoic lesions within the liver. Histological examination of the liver showed massive replacement by lymphomatous tissue, as well as changes of chronic active hepatitis B. Immunohistochemical stains for hepatitis B surface and core antigens were strongly positive in almost all hepatocytes, but not in tumor tissue. Whereas the occurrence of lymphoma probably is related to HIV infection, possible interactions between hepatitis B virus and HIV infection are discussed. Thus, the presence of mass lesions within the liver in a patient with HIV infection should raise the possibility of hepatic lymphoma even if there is no evidence of generalized lymphadenopathy.
Bite force measurement in awake rats: a behavioral model for persistent orofacial muscle pain and hyperalgesia.

Aims To test the hypotheses that masseteric inflammation produces a reduction of mean bite force and success rates and that classical anti-inflammatory agents prevent inflammation-induced changes in bite force. Methods Rats were initially trained to produce a bite force greater than 400 g. Once the rats attained above 70% of successful responses in a 10-minute test period, the bite force required for reinforcement was increased gradually to the target force of 1.3 kg. Seven trained rats received bilateral masseteric injections of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA; 50 microL in isotonic saline). The mean number of attempted bites, the percentage of correct responses, and the bite force measured before and 1, 2, 3, 7, 10, and 14 days following the CFA injection were compared. Five additional trained rats were injected with the same volume of vehicle control. Other rats (n = 10) were treated with anti-inflammatory agents before and after the CFA injection. Results Intramuscular CFA, but not the vehicle, produced a significant reduction of mean bite force and success rate at days 1, 2, and 3. Bite force and success rate gradually increased; they returned to baseline by 14 days. The CFA-mediated reduction of bite force and success rate was prevented in rats treated with anti-inflammatory agents administered intraperitoneally (dexamethasone, n = 5, or indomethacin, n = 5, 4 mg/kg). Conclusion These results provide further evidence that bite force measurements in awake rats can be a useful method for the study of inflammatory muscle hyperalgesia.
Small mammal abundances in isolated and non-isolated primary forest reserves near Manaus, Brazil

Abundances of msmall terrestrial mammals were estimated in 10 and 100-ha, isolated and non-isolated primary forest reserves near, Manaus, Brazil between October 1983 and March 1984. The smalt mammal abundance pattern In a 10 ha reserve isolated fan appoximately three years differed significantly from that in othen reserves, primarily due to higher capture rates of Marmosa cinerea, Rhipidomys mastacalis, and Onyzomys paricola in the isolated reserve. Viet type and re-invasion potential may be important factors the small mammal communities in forest patches. Variation the small mammal community among othen reserves was pnimanlty due to variatton In the abundances of Proechimys and 0. capito. At least pant of this vantation was attributable to temporal efects, but variation due to reserve effects also was suggested. Small mammals were much more abundant in the reserves during the present study than in 1982.
Analysis of the noise spectra of a drifting multi-velocity beam

The minimum noise factor of beam-type microwave amplifiers is determined by the manner in which noise waves propagate in the low velocity region adjacent to the cathode. This multivelocity region has been analysed hitherto by means of machine integrations of the Boltzmann transport equation. In contrast, the present paper presents an analytical solution which provides closed-form expressions for the noise pow3 (r spectra (S, π, Φ) along the beam. In particular, a final steady state, that exists far downstream and in which the noise waves are washed out, is described.
Orthodontic clear aligner treatment

Orthodontic treatment with clear aligners is a quickly growing sector of orthodontic treatment. Both the increase in awareness of esthetics and the increase in orthodontic treatment demand from adults has fueled the demand for a more esthetic orthodontic treatment technique. The public demand for fast and esthetic treatment has been addressed by other dental sectors with approaches such as "instant orthodontics" in which crowns or veneers are used to mask malalignment or with products that claim to use "new techniques" to simply align anterior teeth without addressing other aspects of the occlusion that may need treatment to maintain a healthy dentition. Obviously, these types of approaches raise ethical concerns and the need to educate the public as to the shortfalls of these types of approaches. Fixed appliances have become smaller and more esthetically acceptable with the development of ceramic brackets, but they are still more noticeable than clear aligners. Dozens of companies worldwide now offer some type of clear aligner orthodontic product. While research has been done in the area of clear aligners, much of the early research was focused on trying to discredit the use of aligners as an option for orthodontic treatment except for minor crowding or spacing cases. Even so, there was some research that was done to further improve and progress the clear aligner technique. This is still a rapidly developing area and as a result, much of the literature consists of case reports.