cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simplifying the development of portable, scalable, and reproducible workflows

Command-line software plays a critical role in biology research. However, processes for installing and executing software differ widely. The Common Workflow Language (CWL) is a community standard that addresses this problem. Using CWL, tool developers can formally describe a tool’s inputs, outputs, and other execution details. CWL documents can include instructions for executing tools inside software containers. Accordingly, CWL tools are portable—they can be executed on diverse computers—including personal workstations, high-performance clusters, or the cloud. CWL also supports workflows, which describe dependencies among tools and using outputs from one tool as inputs to others. To date, CWL has been used primarily for batch processing of large datasets, especially in genomics. But it can also be used for analytical steps of a study. This article explains key concepts about CWL and software containers and provides examples for using CWL in biology research. CWL documents are text-based, so they can be created manually, without computer programming. However, ensuring that these documents conform to the CWL specification may prevent some users from adopting it. To address this gap, we created ToolJig, a Web application that enables researchers to create CWL documents interactively. ToolJig validates information provided by the user to ensure it is complete and valid. After creating a CWL tool or workflow, the user can create ‘input-object’ files, which store values for a particular invocation of a tool or workflow. In addition, ToolJig provides examples of how to execute the tool or workflow via a workflow engine. ToolJig and our examples are available at https://github.com/srp33/ToolJig.
On Measuring the Diversity of Organizational Networks

The interaction patterns of employees in social and professional networks play an important role in the success of employees and organizations as a whole. However, in many fields there is a severe under-representation of minority groups; moreover, minority individuals may be segregated from the rest of the network or isolated from one another. While the problem of increasing the representation of minority groups in various fields has been well-studied, diversification in terms of numbers alone may not be sufficient: social relationships should also be considered. In this work, we consider the problem of assigning a set of employment candidates to positions in a social network so that diversity and overall fitness are maximized, and propose Fair Employee Assignment (FairEA), a novel algorithm for finding such a matching. The output from FairEA can be used as a benchmark by organizations wishing to evaluate their hiring and assignment practices. On real and synthetic networks, we demonstrate that FairEA does well at finding high-fitness, high-diversity matchings.
Verifying Low-dimensional Input Neural Networks via Input Quantization

Deep neural networks are an attractive tool for compressing the control policy lookup tables in systems such as the Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS). It is vital to ensure the safety of such neural controllers via verification techniques. The problem of analyzing ACAS Xu networks has motivated many successful neural network verifiers. These verifiers typically analyze the internal computation of neural networks to decide whether a property regarding the input/output holds. The intrinsic complexity of neural network computation renders such verifiers slow to run and vulnerable to floating-point error.
The effect of entrance flow development on vortex formation and wall shear stress in a curved artery model

We numerically investigate the effect of entrance condition on the spatial and temporal evolution of multiple three-dimensional vortex pairs and the wall shear stress distribution in a curved artery model. We perform this study using a Newtonian blood-analog fluid subjected to a pulsatile flow with two inflow conditions. The first flow condition is fully developed while the second condition is undeveloped (i.e., uniform). We discuss the connection along the axial direction between regions of organized vorticity observed at various cross sections of the model and compare results between the different entrance conditions. We model a human artery with a simple, rigid 180° curved pipe with a circular cross section and constant curvature, neglecting the effects of taper, torsion, and elasticity. Numerical results are computed from a discontinuous high-order spectral element flow solver. The flow rate used in this study is physiological. We observe differences in secondary flow patterns, especially during the deceleration phase of the physiological waveform where multiple vortical structures of both Dean-type and Lyne-type coexist. The results indicate that decreased axial velocities under an undeveloped condition produce smaller secondary flows that ultimately inhibit growth of any interior flow vortices. We highlight the effect of the entrance condition on the formation of these structures and subsequent appearance of abnormal inner wall shear stresses, which suggest there may be a lower prevalence of cardiovascular disease in curved arteries where the flow is rather undeveloped—a potentially physiologically significant result to help understand the influence of blood flow development on disease.
A behavioral screen for mediators of age-dependent TDP-43 neurodegeneration identifies SF2/SRSF1 among a group of potent suppressors in both neurons and glia

Cytoplasmic aggregation of Tar-DNA/RNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) occurs in 97 percent of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), ~40% of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and in many cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cytoplasmic TDP-43 inclusions are seen in both sporadic and familial forms of these disorders, including those cases that are caused by repeat expansion mutations in the C9orf72 gene. To identify downstream mediators of TDP-43 toxicity, we expressed human TDP-43 in a subset of Drosophila motor neurons. Such expression causes age-dependent deficits in negative geotaxis behavior. Using this behavioral readout of locomotion, we conducted an shRNA suppressor screen and identified 32 transcripts whose knockdown was sufficient to ameliorate the neurological phenotype. The majority of these suppressors also substantially suppressed the negative effects on lifespan seen with glial TDP-43 expression. In addition to identification of a number of genes whose roles in neurodegeneration were not previously known, our screen also yielded genes involved in chromatin regulation and nuclear/import export- pathways that were previously identified in the context of cell based or neurodevelopmental suppressor screens. A notable example is SF2, a conserved orthologue of mammalian SRSF1, an RNA binding protein with roles in splicing and nuclear export. Our identification SF2/SRSF1 as a potent suppressor of both neuronal and glial TDP-43 toxicity also provides a convergence with C9orf72 expansion repeat mediated neurodegeneration, where this gene also acts as a downstream mediator.
A cone restriction estimate using polynomial partitioning

We obtain improved Fourier restriction estimate for the truncated cone using the method of polynomial partitioning in dimension $n\geq 3$, which in particular solves the cone restriction conjecture for $n=5$, and recovers the sharp range for $3\leq n\leq 4$. The main ingredient of the proof is a $k$-broad estimate for the cone extension operator, which is a weak version of the $k$-linear cone restriction estimate for $2\leq k\leq n$.
Bridging the Mobile Digital Divide in Sub-Saharan Africa: Costing under Demographic Change and Urbanization

Digital connectivity, including through the modern cellular network technologies, is expected to play a key role for the Future of Work in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We estimate the cost of introducing a full-scale 4G network by 2025 in SSA and an operable 5G network by 2040. We adapt the costing model of Lombardo (2019) by accounting for the significant demographic transformation and rapid urbanization in SSA. We use the WorldPop and GADM databases and the UN's medium-variant population projections to project the population densities at the highest level of administrative division for each SSA country in 2025 and 2040. For full 4G connectivity, the required capital and operational costs stands approximately at US$14 billion by 2025 and for 5G connectivity, costs amount to US$57 billion in 2040, conditional on having the 4G in place by 2025. These costs roughly translate to 8.4 percent of annual subscriber income, on a median basis, by 2025 for 4G and 4.9 percent of subscriber income by 2040 for 5G. Having the infrastructure in place is not sufficient to bridge the mobile Digital Divide. In addition, policies are needed to address affordability and knowledge gaps.
Development and characterization of a quantitative ELISA to detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies

A novel clinical assay for the detection and quantitation of antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was adapted from an in-house, research-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Development and validation were performed under regulatory guidelines, and the test obtained emergency use authorization (EUA) from the New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The Mount Sinai COVID-19 antibody assay is an orthogonal, quantitative direct ELISA test which detects antibodies reactive to the receptor binding domain (RBD) and the spike protein of the novel SARS-CoV-2. The assay is performed on 96-well plates coated with either SARS-CoV-2 recombinant RBD or spike proteins. The test is divided into two stages, a qualitative screening assay against RBD and a quantitative assay against the full-length spike protein. The test uses pooled high titer serum as a reference standard. Negative pre-COVID-19 and positive post-COVID-19, PCR-confirmed specimens were incorporated in each ELISA test run, and the assays were performed independently at two different locations. The Mount Sinai COVID-19 serology performed with high sensitivity and specificity, 92.5% (95% CI: 0.785 - 0.980) and 100% (CI: 0.939 - 1.000) respectively. Between-run precision was assessed with a single run repeated over 22 days; and within-run precision was assessed with 10 replicates per day over 22 days. Both were within reported acceptance criteria (CV ≤20%). This population-based study reveals the applicability and reliability of this novel orthogonal COVID-19 serology test for the detection and quantitation of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, allowing a broad set of clinical applications, including the broad evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and antibody profiling in different population subsets.
Filling random cycles

We compute the asymptotic behavior of the average-case filling volume for certain models of random Lipschitz cycles in the unit cube and sphere. For example, we estimate the minimal area of a Seifert surface for a model of random knots first studied by Millett. This is a generalization of the classical Ajtai--Komlos--Tusnady optimal matching theorem from combinatorial probability. The author hopes for applications to the topology of random links, random maps between spheres, and other models of random geometric objects.
Costuming the Shakespearean Stage: Visual Codes of Representation in Early Modern Theatre and Culture

Contents: Introduction Sex and gender Social station Foreigners Religion 'An vnder black dublett signifying a Spanish hart': costumes and politics in Middleton's A Game at Chess Works cited Index.
Microcomputer Aided Design: For Architects and Designers

The author of this book shows how any designer can increase his or her repertoire of design tools by using CAD as an alternative to traditional drafting and design. He describes the latest applications of computer-aided-design (CAD) using microcomputers - and even shows how to customize professional CAD programs. The book introduces architectural programming, symbolic programming with LISP, and employs versatile, attractive graphics. It also provides a structured overview of CAD applications to line drawings, tracing, sketching, and scaling; generation of plans, sections, elevations, axonometrics, and perspectives; and manipulation of designs by means of transformations, repetition, and extrusions. Graphic and programming examples of the machine's and programs' capabilities are included.
Science Instruction in Newark Public Schools

The Consortium for Policy Research in Education (CPRE) has prepared this report on the Newark Public Schools (NPS) for the Merck Institute for Science Education (MISE) to assist them with the development of a strategic plan for improving science education in the district. The data used in the report have been gathered and analyzed through the collaborative efforts of CPRE, MISE, and Horizon Research, Inc. (HRI). MISE and CPRE collaborated on two rounds of school site visits; CPRE conducted interviews with district officials; MISE staff analyzed Newark’s curriculum documents and administered a survey of Newark teachers and administrators; and HRI reviewed a sample of interim science assessments developed by the NPS staff. Disciplines Curriculum and Instruction | Educational Administration and Supervision | Educational Methods | Science and Mathematics Education Comments View on the CPRE website. This report is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/cpre_researchreports/62 The Consortium for Policy Research in Education includes: University of Pennsylvania Teachers College Columbia University Harvard University Stanford University University of Michigan University of Wisconsin-Madison Northwestern University Science Instruction in Newark Public Schools
NERC compliant decentralized load frequency control design using model predictive control

This paper presents a decentralized model predictive control (MFC) design for the load frequency control (LFC) problem. The proposed algorithm has two objectives, (1) to assure compliance with control performance standards CPS1 and CPS2 set by NERC, and (2) to reduce wear and tear of generating units. A nonlinear simulation of a test system with multiple generation and distribution companies including regulation and load following services is performed to illustrate the proposed control scheme.
Characterizing purified Siw14 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (LB261)

Yeast strains with mutations in siw14Δ are defective in endocytosis, stress responses and linking nutrient status to cell cycle progression. Siw14 is a member of a family of dual-specificity phosph...
The Status of the Visual in Byzantine Culture: On Some Recent Developments in Byzantine Art History

The impression given by art history surveys and civilisation courses can often be that Byzantine art is 'flat, flat figures on gold, gold ground. Take, for instance, the ninthcentury mosaic over the imperial door in the narthex ofthat quintessential Byzantine monument, Hagia Sophia, in Istanbul: Christ is seated on a lyre-backed throne, blessing with his right hand and holding a book open with his left. To either side are roundels containing bust portraits of two members of his celestial court, the Virgin Mary (or the Theotokos, or the Bearer of God, to use proper Orthodox designation) and an angel (Gabriel? Michael?); while the angel gazes sternly out at the viewer, the Virgin turns to the figure of Christ with hands outstretched in a gesture of supplication. Set off in their roundels, these two figures belong to a different field of activity from the fourth participant in this image, the figure of an emperor (identifiable through dress and headgear) kneeling abjectly to Christ's right and below the figure of the Theotokos.
Should Europe Get Rid of the Stability and Growth Pact

The paper addresses the question of the abolition of the Stability and Growth Pact. More and more authors and policymakers are arising the negative impacts of the European deficit rule on te countries and their ability to respond an asymmetric economic shock. Some others are asking for a redefinition of the Pact. If the focus is only fiscal and in light of the non-respect of the Pact by two of the biggest countries in Europe since its implementation, it could be demonstrated that the SGP needs at least a reexamination. To the converse, if we introduce into the analysis its impacts on the European structural policies, things are different and getting rid of the SGP could hinder the still up-to-date convergence prospective. Indeed, this paper proposed a theoretical analysis of the SGP that emphasizes a new feature of the SGP: a strong incentive to structural reforms.
An audit model for object-oriented databases

Auditing capability is one of the requirements for secure databases. A secure database management system, among other things, has to provide not only facilities for recording the history of all updates and queries against the database but high-level support for querying this history as well. The authors present an audit model for object-oriented databases that satisfies both requirements. The model offers several additional advantages: (1) it imposes a uniform logical structure upon both the current and the audit data: (2) it results in zero-information loss, i.e. there is never any loss of historical or current information in this model; and (3) since it captures the entire database activity, a complete reconstruction of every action taken on the database is possible. They show how this third aspect can be exploited to provide high-level support for expressing audit and other database queries and therefore, they make a complete audit trail methodology available. >
Ertapenem-Induced Delirium: A Case Report and Literature Review

Antibiotics are associated with a broad spectrum of neurologic and psychiatric side effects, ranging from central nervous systemdysfunction to peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular paralysis. More than 70% of intensive care unit patients receive at least one antibiotic during their hospitalization and antimicrobial agents are credited with causing more adverse events than any other single class of drugs. They may often go unrecognized as contributors to a patient's presentation, particularly if the initial symptoms are solely psychiatric. Although certain antibiotics such as antimalarials are well known to cause psychiatric symptoms, the neuropsychiatric effects of other less commonly used agents may go unrecognized. Wepresent a case of apatient inwhomhallucinations, altered mental status, and myoclonus developed after being treated with ertapenem for cellulitis and myositis.
Enhanced force measurement techniques to extend optical trapping towards nanoscale manipulation

We have developed a new force measurement technique based on the random thermal motion of a nanoparticle in an optical trap. We demonstrate this method, in one-dimension, through numerical simulations and laboratory experiments. We show that computer simulations successfully recover the profile of the optical trapping force, beyond the inflection point of the trapping potential for a range of particle sizes. We show, through laboratory experiments, that this technique is effective in recovering higher order terms, in a power series expansion of the trapping force, beyond the widely reported linear trap stiffness. We also show that the first order (stiffness) term in our series expansion is consistent with values reported in the literature.
On the riccati difference equation of optimal control

Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a stabilizing solution to the Riccati difference equation of quadratic optimal control are derived. The results are based on a recent spectral characterization of stabilizability which allow for the time-invariant derivation to go through mutatis mutandis. It is also shown that if the system's dynamics are antistable or observable, then the solution is positive-definite.
Rapid confirmation of HIV infection

Abstract Objective: To investigate the utility of a prototype rapid confirmatory HIV assay which offers specific results in 5 min and has applications in a variety of important testing situations. Methods: The performance of the rapid confirmatory assay was assessed with 849 blood samples, including serum, plasma, venipuncture whole blood, and peripheral blood collected via fingerstick. Included were over 700 HIV Western blot (WB)-confirmed antibody positive sera, and others which were classified as negative or indeterminate by WB. The analytic sensitivity of the rapid confirmatory assay was assessed using 13 HIV-1 seroconversion panels, and all results were compared to those of an FDA-licensed WB reference test. Results: The rapid test exhibited 100% concordance with the reference test when testing HIV-1 W13-confirmed positive samples, and 92.3 % concordance with samples having WB-inconclusive results. The sensitivity for confirming recent seroconversion was as good, or better than, the FDA-licensed HIV-1 WB in 10 13 panels. The rapid assay performed accurately with whole blood collected from fingerstick, and exhibited excellent precision and reproducibility. Conclusion: We conclude that this rapid HIV confirmatory assay, the first of its kind, demonstrates proof of principle for the accurate confirmation of HIV-1 infection and offers important advantages in public health and clinical testing venues.
Aerosol-Derived Bimetallic Alloy Powders: Bridging the Gap

We present aerosol-derived alloy powders as a uniquely useful platform for studying the contribution of the metal phase to multifunctional sup- ported catalysts. Multimetallic heterogeneous catalysts made by traditional methods are usually non-homogenous while UHV-based methods, such as mass selected clusters or metal vapor deposited on single crystals, lead to considerably more homogenous, well-defined samples. But these well-defined samples have low surface areas and do not lend themselves to catalytic activity tests in flow reactors under industrially rele- vant conditions. Bimetallic alloy powders derived by aerosol synthesis are homogenous, single phase, and can have surface areas ranging 1-10 m 2 /g, making them suitable for use in conventional flow reactors. The utility of aerosol-derived alloy powders as model catalysts is illustrated through the synthesis of single phase PdZn which was used to derive the specific reactivity of the L10 tetragonal alloy phase for methanol steam reforming. Turnover frequencies on unsupported PdZn were determined from the experimentally determined metal surface area to be 0.21 mole- cules of methanol reacted per surface Pd at 250 °C and 0.06 molecules of CO oxidized to CO2 per surface Pd at 185 °C. The experimentally measured activation energies for MSR and CO-oxidation on PdZn are 48 kJ/mol and 87kJ/mol respectively.
Integrating social exchange and affective explanations for the receipt of help and harm: A social network approach

Abstract We integrated theories of social exchange and emotion to explain the receipt of interpersonal citizenship (help) and counterproductive behaviors (harm). Using social network methodology, data on a total of 534 relationships were obtained from three samples of employees working for a food services organization. Results were consistent across all three samples. Employees received help and harm from coworkers toward whom they engaged in those behaviors, as well as from coworkers in whom they elicited positive and negative affective states, respectively. Additionally, affective states predicted the receipt of help and harm controlling for engagement, suggesting a means by which social exchanges may become imbalanced. Overall, findings demonstrate the validity of social exchange and affective explanations for the receipt of help and harm in the workplace.
Meson exchange current contribution to K + -nucleus scattering

We investigate the meson exchange current (MEC) contribution to {ital K}{sup +}-nucleus elastic scattering. Starting with a model of the off-shell {ital K}{pi} scattering amplitude and a calculation of the excess pion distribution in finite nuclei, we proceed to derive both real and imaginary forward scattering amplitudes for the MEC contribution. The resulting amplitudes interfere constructively with the optical model amplitudes, and, therefore, lead to an increase in both calculated total and differential cross sections. This increase brings about a better agreement with the data, in particular with regard to the energy dependence of the total cross section. This last feature follows from the fact that the calculated imaginary MEC amplitude has a threshold at incident momentum {ital p}{similar to}400 MeV/{ital c}, which distinguishes our MEC model from recently proposed nucleon {ital swelling}'' models. We also examine the sources of uncertainties for our results.
Sulfur-bound biomarkers of a Monterey shale and a Greenland lake sediment

Seeking to reconstruct the biogeochemical processes that produced organic sulfur compounds in two unique depositional environments, we used the nickel boride desulfurization reaction to release hydrocarbons from sulfur-bound macromolecules not otherwise amenable to chromatographic analysis. We desulfurized two geochemical extracts: one sample is a Monterey shale of late Miocene age, and the other sample is a surface sediment from the Greenland lake Brayaso. Both samples contained organic sulfur compounds, but the Monterey shale was biologically and thermally modified after deposition. A comparison of the free and sulfur-bound hydrocarbons from each sample revealed a precursor-product relationship between tocopherol and pristane, for Monterey. Greenland’s composition may indicate that photochemical sulfurization occurs in the Brayaso oxic zone. We found that sulfurization may proceed at different rates for different compound families; for example, we did not see any sulfurized alkenones in Brayaso, but we found an abundance of sulfurized isoprenoids. Greenland’s relatively high overall desulfurization yield suggests that sulfurization in Brayaso occurs in under 40 years. Our Greenland findings suggest that photochemical sulfurization may be more widespread than previously thought, and that sulfurization might not interfere with alkenone paleotemperature reconstructions.
Analytic force-free fields and F-theta curves for reversed field pinches

Abstract Analytic solutions of ∇ × B = α B are presented for reversed field pinch (RFP) configurations in a straight cylinder with α = α(r), where r is the radial coordinate. The function α(r) is a smooth function of r vanishing at the wall (r = a). Closed form parametric formulas for a family of F−θ curves are obtained from the analytic, cylindrically symmetric, force-free fields. These formulas can be used to fit experimental F−θ curves and hence, facilitate comparison between the various existing RFP experiments. The advantage of these formulas lies in the fact that they are expressed in terms of easily obtainable Bessel functions of the first kind, eliminating the need of numerical integration. Results of the least-square fits of two typical ZT-40M shots are presented.
Forecasting skewed biased stochastic ozone days: analyses, solutions and beyond

Much work on skewed, stochastic, high dimensional, and biased datasets usually implicitly solve each problem separately. Recently, we have been approached by Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) to help them build highly accurate ozone level alarm forecasting models for the Houston area, where these technical difficulties come together in one single problem. Key characteristics of this problem that is challenging and interesting include: (1) the dataset is sparse (72 features, and 2 or 5% positives depending on the criteria of “ozone days”), (2) evolving over time from year to year, (3) limited in collected data size (7 years or around 2,500 data entries), (4) contains a large number of irrelevant features, (5) is biased in terms of “sample selection bias”, and (6) the true model is stochastic as a function of measurable factors. Besides solving a difficult application problem, this dataset offers a unique opportunity to explore new and existing data mining techniques, and to provide experience, guidance and solution for similar problems. Our main technical focus addresses on how to estimate reliable probability given both sample selection bias and a large number of irrelevant features, and how to choose the most reliable decision threshold to predict the unknown future with different distribution. On the application side, the prediction accuracy of our chosen approach (bagging probabilistic decision trees and random decision trees) is 20% higher in recall (correctly detects 1–3 more ozone days, depending on the year) and 10% higher in precision (15–30 fewer false alarm days per year) than state-of-the-art methods used by air quality control scientists, and these results are significant for TCEQ. On the technical side of data mining, extensive empirical results demonstrate that, at least for this problem, and probably other problems with similar characteristics, these two straight-forward non-parametric methods can provide significantly more accurate and reliable solutions than a number of sophisticated and well-known algorithms, such as SVM and AdaBoost among many others.
Adaptive Kaczmarz method for image reconstruction in electrical impedance tomography.

We present an adaptive Kaczmarz method for solving the inverse problem in electrical impedance tomography and determining the conductivity distribution inside an object from electrical measurements made on the surface. To best characterize an unknown conductivity distribution and avoid inverting the Jacobian-related term JTJ which could be expensive in terms of computation cost and memory in large-scale problems, we propose solving the inverse problem by applying the optimal current patterns for distinguishing the actual conductivity from the conductivity estimate between each iteration of the block Kaczmarz algorithm. With a novel subset scheme, the memory-efficient reconstruction algorithm which appropriately combines the optimal current pattern generation with the Kaczmarz method can produce more accurate and stable solutions adaptively as compared to traditional Kaczmarz- and Gauss–Newton-type methods. Choices of initial current pattern estimates are discussed in this paper. Several reconstruction image metrics are used to quantitatively evaluate the performance of the simulation results.
Electrochemical characterization of parylene-embedded carbon nanotube nanoelectrode arrays

A novel parylene-embedded carbon nanotube nanoelectrode array is presented for use as an electrochemical detector working electrode material. The fabrication process is compatible with standard microfluidic and other MEMS processing without requiring chemical mechanical polishing. Electrochemical studies of the nanoelectrodes showed that they perform comparably to platinum. Electrochemical pretreatment for short periods of time was found to further improve performance as measured by cathodic and anodic peak separation of K3Fe(CN)6. A lower detection limit below 0.1 µM was measured and with further fabrication improvements detection limits between 100 pM and 10 nM are possible. This makes the nanoelectrode arrays particularly suitable for trace electrochemical analysis.
PREVENTING RELAPSE IN WEIGHT CONTROL: A DISCUSSION OF COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL STRATEGIES '

Weight maintenance is the most difficult part of weight control. People who diet and regain weight often experience negative physiological effects and lowered self-esteem each time they regain weight. This suggests the need for successful weight maintenance programs. Health-care professionals can develop and implement maintenance programs using cognitive and behavior-change strategies which include ways to cope with relapse. This paper describes the physiological and emotional problems associated with weight maintenance and explores the use of cognitive and behavioral concepts in addressing these issues.
Microbial pathogens in raw pork, chicken, and beef: benefit estimates for control using irradiation

Various control procedures have been suggested for reducing foodborne infectious diseases. Receiving considerable attention is irradiation. This report estimates the medical and wage (or productivity) benefits associated with prevention of five human diseases transmitted by beef, pork, and chicken. (These diseases can also be transmitted by other vectors, such as eggs, milk, and pets. But these sources are not included in the analysis.) All of these foodborne infectious diseases - salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis, trichinosis, tapeworm, and toxoplasmosis - could be significantly reduced by irradiating meat and poultry. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has just approved irradiation of pork to prevent trichinosis (50FR 29658-59) and is considering approval of irradiation of chicken to kill Salmonella. 22 references.
Rb4Al2Nb35O70: A New Reduced Niobate with Isolated Nb6 Octahedral Clusters

Abstract Single crystals of the new reduced niobium oxide, Rb4Al2 Nb35O70, were grown by heating mixtures of Na3NbO4, NbO, and RbCl in an alumina boat, sealed in a fused silica tube. Rb4Al2 Nb35O70 crystallizes in the trigonal space group P3 : a = 7.815(1) A, c = 26.392(9) A, with one formula unit per unit cell. The structure was determined from single crystal X-ray diffraction data and refined to an R value of 3.39%. Three distinct types of niobium atom coordination environments exist in this structure including isolated NbO6 octahedra, Nb3O13 triangular clusters formed by 3 face-shared NbO6 octahedra, and Nb6 octahedral clusters of the type [Nb6O12]O6.
Crayfish feeding responses to zebra mussels depend on microorganisms and learning

Three species of crayfish (Orconectes virilis, O. rusticus, andCambarus robustus) were tested for feeding responses to potential food odors from mollusks (either zebra mussels,Dreissena polymorpha, or native gastropods). In all three crayfish species, feeding responses to odor cues were shown only by individuals experienced with feeding on a prey type. Individuals exposed to just the smell of prey organisms did not show feeding responses, indicating the role of associative learning in diet breadth. Establishment of a learned association took more than one feeding experience but once established lasted more than three weeks. When microbial enzymatic degradation of food protein was eliminated, either by UV radiation or microfiltration, feeding responses were eliminated even for crayfish experienced with a prey type.
The projection graph of the augmented ribbon model is unique

The augmented ribbon model of a protein provides a way of describing features of its primary, secondary, and super-secondary structure. Associated with the model is a graph obtained by an ambient isotopy in space followed by a projection into the plane. This projection graph is shown to be independent of the ambient isotopy.
Do millennial undergraduates' views of writing differ when surveyed online versus on paper?

The purpose of this study was to test whether different survey delivery conditions made a difference in assessing college students' practices, affect, and conceptions of academic and nonacademic writing. The delivery conditions represented combinations of three underlying factors: survey format (online versus paper-and-pencil), location (classroom, lab, home), and supervision (proctored or not). Participants (N=268) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (1) a paper version of the survey administered in classrooms at scheduled proctored sessions; (2) an online version administered in scheduled proctored sessions in a computer lab; (3) an online version at a location and time of the students' choice. The survey had 103 closed-ended and three open-response questions. Results showed different participation rates across conditions and more variability in time spent for the ''home online'' group. However, there were few differences by condition to substantive questions regarding the students' practices, conceptions, and affective responses associated with writing. The only place where responses differed by condition was in response to the optional open-ended evaluation of the survey.
Spatial and structural aspects of polyhedra

Abstract Fine architectural spaces can be found inside polyhedra. Used in clusters, polyhedra could create a versatile form language for the design of practical and beautiful buildings. Our case study is a close-packing system of truncated octahedra, cuboctahedra, and truncated tetrahedra (TO, CO, and TT respectively). A 3–D computer model is used to examine the structural performance of a single TO under gravity load and wind lateral load. The structural analysis focuses on the behavior of TO's envelope. The analysis revealed differential in-plane translations and rotations between floors contributed mostly to gravity load. As a result, large end-moments are observed in particular members of the envelope. Results demonstrate that a single TO can transfer typical vertical and lateral wind loads to a configuration with larger number of modules.
Low-Temperature Paramagnetic Relaxation of Color Centers in KCl

The spin-lattice relaxation of color centers in KCl was experimentally studied at liquid helium temperatures by following the recovery of the magnetization affter saturation of the electron spin resonance. X-irradiated and additively colored crystals were studied and found to behave in the same manner. For crystals containing only F centers, the recovery rates were roughly proportional to the F-center concentration. A tendency toward coacentration independence at the lower concentrations was observed. The most dilute system studied had about 8 x 10/sup 16/ F centers/cc, and showed a relaxation rate at 2 deg K of 2.2 x 10/sup -3/ sec/sup -1/. Measurements at 1.4 deg K indicated a linear temperature dependence for the relaxation rate. A crystal containing 3 x l0/sup 18/ F centers/cc showed an initial recovery rate of about 0.1 sec/sup -1/. The recovery was non-exponential, and the terminal recovery rate was about 0.03 sec/sup -1/. Measurements at the same temperatures as those used for the dilute system showed the relaxation rate to be temperature independent. Samples of lntermediate concentration gave a smooth transition between these two types of behavior. Measurements in magnetic fields of 3500 and 1750 gauss indicate a fieldindependent relaxation rate for all samples. After opticalmore » bleaching in the F absorption band, with concomitant production of M, R, and N centers, crystals showed an increased recovery rate for both the initial and terminal portrons of the recovery. As bleaching progressed, the recovery became more nonexponential and less temperature dependent. Increases in relaxation rates by factors of several hundred were observed with no signs of saturation of the effect. Subsequent thermal bleaching of M, R, and N centers restored the relaxation rate to its value prior to optical bleaching. Details of sample preparation are given, as is a discussion of possible explanations of the results. (auth)« less
Rural and Urban Differences in the Commission of Animal Cruelty

Despite the recent surge in society's interest in human violence, relatively few studies have been conducted examining the closely related phenomenon of animal cruelty. Although several researchers have begun to identify some of the correlates of animal cruelty, few have attempted to understand how differences in the backgrounds of rural and urban residents have led to their abuse of animals. Using survey data from261 inmates, the authors investigate how demographic, familial differences and species type have contributed to the frequency of acts of animal cruelty. In general, early exposure to animal abuse is a strong predictor of the subsequent behavior. However, rural inmates learned to be cruel by watching family members exclusively, whereas urban inmates learned from family members and friends. Moreover, urban inmates chose dogs, cats, and wild animals as their target animals; however, rural inmates chose only cats.
Application on testing technique for real-time dynamics monitoring system

Real-time Dynamics Monitoring System(RDMS) is applicable to monitor the dynamic behaviors of large region grid, such as low-frequency oscillation, short-circuit, frequency fluctuation, etc. For the perturbation in power systems occurs incidentally, it's difficult to collect enough cases for an complete test on RDMS, which may lead to potential risks of outage. So it's necessary to study more efficient method for RDMS test. Firstly this paper explains the significance of studying test method, then the primary technical characteristics of RDMS is also described, after that a general-purpose testing skill is described in detail, the relevant assessment index is also discussed here. Finally the practical value of this scheme is revealed by two real cases. (3 pages)
Evaluation of an immunoradiometric assay specific for the CK-MB isoenzyme for detection of acute myocardial infarction

Abstract Clinical evaluation of patient's symptoms, electrocardiographic changes and increased serum enzyme levels, specifically creatine kinase (CK)-MB by electrophoresis, are established as the primary diagnostic indicators for myocardial infarction (Ml). Two hundred fifteen patients were evaluated in this study. Of these patients, 102 were admitted to the coronary care unit and 113 were admitted to the emergency room and screened for possible Ml. The immunoradiometric assay used in this study was a double antibody “sandwich” technique, which utilizes antibody to the M and B monomers of the CK isoenzymes. This assay is specific for the CK-MB isoenzyme, which is present in increased levels in MI. The intraassay coefficients of variation for 30 samples were 11.7% (mean 4.1 equivalent units [EU]/liter) and 8.4% (mean 15.4 EU/liter) and the interassay coefficients of variation for 30 samples were 11.1 % (mean 2.6 EU/liter) and 8.1 % (mean 13.6 EU/liter). The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity and accuracy in this study was 100%, respectively. The CK-MB by the immunoradiometric assay was found to be significantly more accurate than electrophoresis and, therefore, a reliable and also technically simpler replacement for electrophoresis.
Iodide penetration into lipid bilayers as a probe of membrane lipid organization.

Abstract The quenching efficiency of iodide as a penetrating fluorescence quencher for a membrane-associated fluorophore was utilized to measure the molecular packing of lipid bilayers. The KI quenching efficiency of tryptophan-fluorescence from melittin incorporated in DMPC bilayer vesicles peaks at the phase transition temperature (24°C) of DMPC, whereas acrylamide quenching efficiency does not depend on temperature. The ability of iodide to penetrate the hydrocarbon region of the bilayer was examined by measuring the fluorescence quenching of the pyrene-phosphatidylcholine incorporated into DMPC vesicles (pyrene was attached to the 10th carbon of the sn-2 chain). The quenching efficiency of pyrene by iodide again shows a maximum at the lipid phase transition. We conclude that iodide penetrates the membrane hydrocarbon region at phase transition through an increased number of bilayer defects. The magnitude of change in quenching efficiency of iodide during lipid phase transition provides a sensitive technique to probe the lipid organization in membranes.
Amiodarone and sustained ventricular arrhythmias: Statistical evidence of drug effectiveness

Abstract Previous studies have shown that amiodarone prevents sustained ventricular arrhythmias in 77% to 93% of patients. To date, a study using statistical analysis to verify the drug's effectiveness has not been reported. Amiodarone was given to 17 patients with drug refractory sustained ventricular arrhythmias. All patients had serious underlying heart disease including coronary artery disease (15 patients) or cardiomyopathy (two patients). Ten patients had angiographic evidence of a left ventricular aneurysm. All patients had left ventricular dysfunction. The mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 33%. In the 5.5 ± 8.3 months prior to amiodarone, these 17 patients had documented sustained ventricular arrhythmias requiring countershock (41 episodes), overdrive pacing (four episodes), or intravenous drugs (three episodes). Amiodarone was given as a loading dose (1 gm/day for 10 days) and a maintenance dose (200 to 600 mg/day). During a follow-up period of 8.9 ± 5.7 months, only eight episodes occurred requiring countershock (5) or overdrive pacing (2); one patient died suddenly. A statistical test constructed for this problem showed a significant (p > 0.001) reduced risk of experiencing a sustained ventricular arrhythmia after amiodarone. This statistical model confirms previous studies showing that amiodarone prevents sustained ventricular arrhythmias and prevents sudden cardiac death.
It won't happen to me: lower perception of heart disease risk among women with family histories of breast cancer.

Background. The threat that breast cancer poses to American women, particularly to women with family histories of the disease, has received widespread atten tion in both medical and popular literatures. While this emphasis may have laudable consequences on breast cancer screening, it may also have a negative consequence, obscuring women's recognition of their risks for other health threats, such as heart disease. This study examined the possibility that women with family histories of breast cancer may be particularly susceptible to overestimating their risks of breast cancer while minimizing their risks of cardiovascular disease. Methods. Healthy women with (n = 73) and without n = 104) family histories of breast cancer (64% African American, 26% Caucasian, 10% other ethnicities, mean age 41.7 years) were recruited from medical centers in New York City, and completed questionnaires concerning their family histories and perceptions of risk. Results. Consistent with the study hypothesis, women with family histories of breast cancer had significantly higher perceived lifetime risk of breast cancer (P < 0.0002) but lower perceived lifetime risk of heart disease (P < 0.002) than women without family histories. Additionally, women with family histories of breast cancer had lower perceived colon cancer risk (P < 0.02), suggesting that women with family histories of breast cancer may be underestimating their risks for a variety of diseases. Conclusion. The emphasis on breast cancer risk, especially for women with family histories of the disease, may need to be balanced by educational efforts concerning women's risk of other diseases, particularly cardiovascular disease.
A realistic compiler generator based on high-level semantics: another progress report

We have developed a new style of semantic definition called high-level semantics. In constrast to traditional denotational semantics, high-level semantics is suitable for both defining the functional meaning of programming languages, as well as describing realistic compiler implementations. Moreover, high-level specifications are considerably more descriptive and intelligible than traditional specifications.This paper describes the compiler generator MESS, which embodies the principles of high-level semantics. MESS has been used to generate compilers for nontrivial languages. The compilers are efficient, and produce object programs that are competitive with those generated by hand-written compilers.