cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Mass Diffusion in Gas Phase Thermal Lens Experiments

Abstract The heat transfer equation is solved for a diffusive source which is undergoing energy relaxation and equilibration with a buffer gas. The resulting si
THE NON‐MODERN CONFRONTS THE MODERN: DATING THE BUDDHA IN JAPAN

This paper examines the emergence of a distinctly “modern” style of history and some of its uses as applied to Buddhism by Buddhist scholars within the early Meiji period (late nineteenth century) in Japan. After a discussion of the importance of “area studies” in the formation of conceptions germane to history as practiced in Japan, the paper proposes a new category of the “non-modern” as a means to counter the historiographical dominance of modern categories in the formation of the historical discipline, especially as formulated in Japanese studies. As a case study, the emergence of the discourse dealing with the quest for the historical Buddha is examined. By showing the methods and accomplishments of modernist historians, and the concomitant slippage of non-modern categories in their work, this paper sketches a method of analysis particularly applicable to the intersection of religion and history.
Distribution of intrarenal blood flow during bacterial Sepsis

Abstract Inappropriate polyuria during bacterial sepsis represents a poorly understood clinical entity. This study employed live Pseudomonas aeruginosa infusion to simulate this disorder in awake dogs. Intrarenal blood flow distribution was measured using radioactivity labeled microspheres. Hypotension, leucopenia, hemoconcentration, pyrexia, polyuria, and natriuresis were produced. Most dogs showed increased total renal blood flow. Redistribution of renal blood flow away from the outer cortex toward the juxtamedullary cortex, as well as increased absolute perfusion of the juxtamedullary cortex, occurred. Washout of the medullary interstitial concentration gradient by increased blood flow can explain the observed diuresis. These results support but do not prove a causal relationship between redistributed intrarenal blood flow and polyuria during bacterial sepsis.
Structural study of the incorporation of heavy metals into solid phase formed during the oxidation of EDTA by permanganate at high pH.

Properties of solid phases formed during the oxidation of EDTA by permanganate in a high-pH, high-ionic strength solution, and the retention of Cu2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ by them were examined. Morphologically, the solids were agglomerates of particles with sizes 12. XAS showed that Cu2+ binding sites were located within MnO6 octahedra-comprised sheets that constitute birnessite while Zn2+ was positioned between them.
Activity of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase in the human lens related to age

Lenses from 42 eye bank eyes were assayed for glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities. The activity of glutathione peroxidase, when considered as a function of age, was lowest in the neonate lens, increasing with age to reach maximal values in young adult lenses, and thereafter progressively decreasing with ages greater than 40 years. Glutathione reductase activity was little affected by age when expressed as activity per lens, per gram lens or per mg soluble protein, indicating that activity of this enzyme did not increase with lens size as would a representative lenticular protein. However, the activity of this enzyme per gram lens was among the highest of any species yet examined.
Fertile somatic hybrids of Solanum species: RFLP analysis of a hybrid and its sexual progeny from crosses with potato.

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers were used to distinguish the chromosomes of Solanum brevidens from those of potato (S. tuberosum) in a fertile somatic hybrid. The hybrid had markers that account for all 24 chromosome arms from each parent, indicating that the hybrid contained at least one copy of each chromosome from each parent. The markers were then used to follow segregation of chromosomes in sexual progeny that resulted from a cross of the somatic hybrid with the potato cultivar ‘Katahdin’. Approximately 10% of the sexual progeny lacked one or more of the markers specific to S. brevidens. No one chromosome or marker appeared to be lost preferentially. This infrequent absence of a chromosome marker derived from the wild parent could be explained by intergenomic pairing and recombination. The loss of a marker band for chromosome 8, coupled with the retention of two flanking markers, suggested that a small region of DNA was deleted during regeneration of the somatic hybrid. These results show the value of RFLP analysis when applied to somatic hybrids and their progeny. Clearly, RFLPs will be useful for following the DNA from wild species during its introgression into potato cultivars.
One Hundred Years of Children's Bureau Support to the Child Welfare Workforce

This article reviews the history of the Children's Bureau's contributions to the child welfare workforce from its formative years to the present. The article recounts the Children's Bureau early use of consultation and dissemination to shape how public agencies administer child welfare services to later providing federal financial investment in the child welfare workforce. The article then traces the Children's Bureau's evolution from funding general social work education and child welfare training to more strategic initiatives that focus on the priorities of the child welfare system and the development of state agency leadership.
Do Concerns about Error in Data and Access to DataAffect Students' Feeling of Alienation?

Organizations such as universities collect and use personal data about customers such as students. How do students feel about their university’s practices related to error in data and access to personal data? Using data collected via a survey of 187 students at a large U.S. university, we investigate the effects of these two privacy and security concerns on students’ feeling of alienation. Implications of the results are discussed in light of ethics, strategy, design, control and administration of personal information management systems.
Examination of the reproductive effects of tricresyl phosphate administered to Long-Evans rats

Abstract Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is used commercially as a plasticizer and a flame retardant. The reproductive effects of TCP ( TOCP) were examined. Male Long-Evans rats received 0, 100, or 200 mg/kg and females received 0, 200, or 400 mg/kg TCP in corn oil by gavage. The 100 mg/kg TCP males were mated with 200 mg/kg TCP females, and 200 mg/kg TCP males were bred with 400 mg/kg TCP females. Males were dosed for 56 days and females for 14 days prior to breeding and throughout the 10-day breeding period. Following breeding, the males were necropsied and evaluated for sperm parameters and reproductive tract histopathology. Females were dosed throughout gestation and lactation. Pups and adult females were necropsied on postnatal day 21. Sperm concentration, motility, and progressive movement were decreased for 200 mg/kg dose group males. A dose-dependent increase in abnormal sperm morphology was observed for males in both TCP dose groups. The percent of sperm-positive females per group was unchanged, but the number of females delivering live young was severely decreased by TCP exposure. Litter size and pup viability were decreased in the 400 mg/kg dose group. Pup body weight and developmental landmarks were unaffected by TCP exposure. Histopathologic changes were observed in the testes and epididymides of male rats and in the ovaries of female rats exposed to TCP.
Hybrid magnetic tunnel junction/spin filter device

Surfaces and interfaces of complex oxides materials provide a rich playground for the exploration of novel magnetic properties not found in the bulk but also the development of functional interfaces to be incorporated into applications. We have recently been able to demonstrate a new type of hybrid spin filter/ magnetic tunnel junction. Our hybrid spin-filter/magnetic-tunnel junction devices are epitaxial oxide junctions of La{sub 0.7}Sr{sub 0.3}MnO{sub 3} and Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} electrodes with magnetic NiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} barrier layers. Depending on whether the barrier is in a paramagnetic or ferromagnetic state, the junction exhibits magnetic tunnel junction behavior where the spin polarized conduction is dominated by the electrode-barrier interface or spin filter behavior where conduction is dominated by barrier layer magnetism.
Energy storage: Batteries take charge

A nanostructured electrode can allow a lithium-ion battery to charge to 90% of maximum capacity in two minutes.
Integrated risk and uncertainty assessment in water resources within a multiobjective framework

Abstract The process of risk-and-uncertainty assessment in water resources is examined within a multiobjective framework. In this context, appropriate methodologies — the surrogate worth trade-off (SWT) method, the multiobjective statistical method (MSM), the partitioned multiobjective risk method (PMRM), the risk dispersion index method (RDIM), and the uncertainty sensitivity index method (USIM) — are very briefly discussed. A need for an approach that integrates the assessment of risk and uncertainty within a multiobjective framework, accounting for random variables with both known and unknown probability distributions is suggested. This paper is dedicated to the memory of Ven Te Chow, a distinguished educator, prominent researcher, renowned scholar and dedicated public servant, who dominantly influenced the field of hydrology and water resources.
Neurofibro matosis: Oral and radiographic manifestations

Oral manifestations of neurofibromatosis have been reported in only 4% to 7% of affected persons. All oral tissues, hard and soft, have been reported to be affected with tumors, but the tongue has been the most common site. We report on the oral and radiographic findings in twenty-two patients with neurofibromatosis. The prevalence of oral and radiographic findings in our sample was 72%, which is much higher than previously reported. The five most common findings are oral neurofibromas, enlarged fungiform papillae, intrabony lesions, wide inferior alveolar canals, and enlarged mandibular foramina.
QUANTIZATION OF FORMS ON THE COTANGENT BUNDLE

We consider the following construction of quantization. For a Riemannian manifold $M$ the space of forms on T ⋆ M is made into a space of (full) symbols of operators acting on forms on M. This gives rise to the composition of symbols, which is a deformation of the (“super”)commutative multiplication of forms. The symbol calculus is exact for differential operators and the symbols that are polynomial in momenta. We calculate the symbols of natural Laplacians. (Some nice Weitzenbock like identities appear here.) Formulae for the traces corresponding to natural gradings of Ω (T ⋆ M ) are established. Using these formulae, we give a simple direct proof of the Gauss–Bonnet–Chern Theorem. We discuss these results in connection with a general question of the quantization of forms on a Poisson manifold.
"Infantile Specimens": Showing Babies in Nineteenth-Century America

This article examines the origins and development of a common but little-studied form of nineteenth-century popular culture: the baby contest. Though contests were widely popular, they were also controversial. Fans of baby shows saw them as an expression of domesticity and maternal love, while critics of the shows argued that they objectified and commodified human beings. At issue was whether domesticity could be displayed and whether the objectified could be esteemed. Support for the shows overwhelmed opposition, and as the century wore on, criticism of the contests faded. By introducing a new form of display—the exhibition of the normal-baby contests helped to usher in a culture in which traditional oppositions such as public and private, home and market, objectification and approbation, were complementary rather than contradictory.
PATIENTS WITHOUT CHOICES: THE ETHICS OF DECISION-MAKING IN EMERGENCY MEDICINE

Patients who use emergency department services generally have no choice of facilities or medical personnel. This fact affects the nature of the physician-patient relationship and the moral rules that govern it. Because a long-term relationship has not been developed, a more formal, legalistic relationship seems inevitable and appropriate. Moreover, the emotional stress of the emergency situation on the patient and the fact that the baseline mental status is unknown to the medical personnel often make it difficult to determine competency for decision-making, especially in cases of refusal of treatment. Although standards of informed consent apply in emergency care, there seem to be discrepancies between theory and practice, and emergency physicians may be more guilty than others of unjustified paternalism. Ways must be found to ensure patients the greatest degree possible of autonomy and informed consent analogous to what they would have in a nonemergency doctor-patient relationship.
A Study of the Errors in the Photographic Method of Comparing Light Intensities

The chief sources of error in the photographic method of comparing light intensities of the same wave-length are the variations in density over the plate caused by its irregular structure and its uneven development. The causes and magnitudes of these errors are studied by exposing plates to a field of illumination the degree of whose uniformity of intensity is measured with a photo-cell and amplifier. The main objections and difficulties ordinarily associated with the photographic method are briefly discussed, and methods are suggested for their control and correction.
WOMEN'S MOVEMENTS IN CONTEMPORARY JAPAN

Following the classification in Alvin Toffler's The Third Wave, the women's movement is definitely a representative of post‐industrial society. Yet in Japan, the second wave of industrialisation and the third have come very close together, hitting a society with deep‐rooted sex role traditions. Thus it is natural that the women's movements in Japan differ from those in the West, yet Japanese feminists, too are moving toward the ultimate goal of a society which will maximise choice and freedom for every individual.
New onset and remission of suicidal ideation among a depressed adult sample

Background: previous research has demonstrated that suicidal ideation often predicts suicide completion. Methods: the present study examined clinical and phenomenological variables associated with the presence, development and remission of suicidal ideation among depressed adults. The sample (n=81) was derived from subjects enrolled in the Duke Clinical Research Center for the Study of Depression in Late Life. Results: greater pessimistic thinking at baseline predicted the development of suicidal ideation one year later and the older a person was when he or she first experienced depression, the more likely he or she was to report remission from suicidal ideation one year following onset. Limitations: longitudinal analyses were based on relatively small samples. Variables that were not significant in these analyses might be in a larger sample. Conclusions: the longitudinal design of this study mitigates limitations associated with cross-sectional or retrospective designs and advances our understanding of a clinical profile associated with the development and remission of suicidal thoughts
Arthroscopic electrothermal capsulorrhaphy for the treatment of recurrent temporomandibular joint dislocation

Acute temporomandibular joint dislocation is a common occurrence that is generally treated by conservative therapy. In some patients, this can become a chronic recurrent condition. This recurrent temporomandibular joint dislocation (RTD) can significantly decrease the patient's quality of life and require some form of surgical intervention for correction. The purpose of this study is to present a minimally invasive alternative treatment for RTD using operative arthroscopy. 11 patients treated for recurrent temporomandibular dislocation between 2004 and 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. Electrothermal capsulorrhaphy was performed using a standard double puncture operative arthroscopy with a Hol:YAG laser and/or electrocautery. Postoperatively the patients were monitored for 6 months to 6 years. Of the 11 subjects, 2 suffered a recurrence of temporomandibular dislocation and required open arthrotomy for correction. The other 9 patients had no signs of recurrence or any significant postoperative loss of function. Electrothermal capsulorrhaphy is an effective and minimally invasive method for the treatment of RTD.
Characterizing the Chemical and Sensory Profiles of United States Cabernet Sauvignon Wines and Blends

Cabernet Sauvignon is one of the most reputable red grape varieties grown in the United States; however, limited information is available on the chemical and sensory composition of the resulting wines. The purpose of this study was to develop a rapid, targeted profiling method for measuring volatile compounds with sensory impact in U.S. Cabernet Sauvignon wines and blends. We developed a semiquantitative, automated headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method combined with synchronous selected ion monitoring (SIM)/scan detection to measure 61 volatile compounds. The compounds monitored included grape-derived norisoprenoids and terpenes; fermentation-derived esters, higher alcohols, and aldehydes; Brettanomyces-related compounds; and oak-derived compounds. Methoxypyrazine was also measured using HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS. Twenty-four commercial U.S. Cabernet Sauvignon varietal and blended wines from several regions in California and Washington State were selected to encompass a broad range of wine styles and were analyzed using the GC methods developed. The results were compared to a descriptive sensory analysis of the wines using 11 trained assessors to determine the extent to which the chemical analyses could predict sensory profiles. The rapid, targeted profiling method was able to predict a number of aroma sensory descriptors. The Cabernet Sauvignon wines and blends differed in their chemical and sensory profiles and were differentiated, in part, as a result of the direct and indirect influences of varying alcohol levels. This work provides the wine industry with the ability to rapidly assess wine volatile composition in order to further elucidate the relationships between the chemical compounds and sensory profiles of wines.
The First Sophists and the Uses of History.

(1987). The first sophists and the uses of history. Rhetoric Review: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 67-78.
Prevalence and determinants of minor psychiatric disorder in Turkish immigrants living in the Netherlands

Background The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of and risk and protective factors for minor psychiatric disorder in a general population sample of Turkish immigrants living in the Netherlands. Methods Minor psychiatric disorder was assessed with the 28-item version of the General Health Questionnaire. Demographic, immigration, social and support, and stress related variables were assessed with the Turkish Immigrant Assessment Questionnaire. The study sample was a randomly selected sample of 262 male and 523 female Turkish immigrants. Results Of all immigrants, 33.4 % experience minor psychiatric disorder with more females (36.1 %) than males (27.9 %) with disorder. For males, unemployment is a strong risk factor, whereas for females the burden of additional tasks (physical illness and inclusion of family members) in the household increases the risk for psychiatric disorder. For both males and females, however, the quality of the relationship with their partner in addition to enduring stresses around housing and finances are associated with elevated risks. Conclusions The incidence of minor psychiatric disorder in this sample of Turkish immigrants living in the Netherlands is higher than the incidence normally found in general population samples. The expression of somatic complaints around ‘tightness’ should alert physicians to further explore symptoms of minor psychiatric disorder and to examine sources of distress stemming from the partner relationship, the family, work and from poor housing and financial conditions.
Tunable four-pass narrow spectral bandwidth amplifier for use at ∼508 nm

We report the implementation of a tunable, narrow-spectral-bandwidth, pulsed, four-pass dye-laser amplifier with strongly reduced amplified spontaneous emission. We present temporal pulse profiles, pulse spectra, and gain measurements of the amplifier output for the case of Coumarin 307 dye as the gain medium, seeded at wavelengths of ∼508 nm and pumped at 355 nm.
Iridium(III) hydrido amino acid compounds : Chiral complexes and a helical extended lattice

Abstract [Ir(COD)(PMe 3 ) 3 ]Cl, 1 , reacts with amino acids in water to yield cationic hydride amino acid complexes, [Ir(aa)(H)(PMe 3 ) 3 ]Cl, 2 . In general, complexes 2 display octahedral geometry with a meridional arrangement of the PMe 3 ligands, with the amino acid chelating through O and N and with hydride trans to N. Disubstituted amino acids on the other hand favor the formation of octahedral complexes with a facial arrangement of PMe 3 ligands. The crystal structure of the valine complex, 2c , was obtained and, in addition to confirming the structure of the complex, showed a helical extended lattice structure due to intermolecular N–H–O bonding.
A mouse model of Chlamydia trachomatis pneumonitis.

A mouse model for studying infections due to Chlamydia trachomatis is described. Pneumonitis was produced by intranasal inoculation of four trachoma and one lymphogranuloma venereum strains. The infection was confirmed by cell culture isolation of the organisms from the lung, detection of serum antibody and delayed hypersensitivity, and the observation of inclusions in the interstitial cells of the lung by light and electron microscopy. This study indicates that mice may serve as a useful nonprimate animal model for the study of the pathogenesis and immunology of C. trachomatis infection. The knowledge of the wide variety of diseases that may be caused by Chlamydia trachomatis has been greatly expanded in the past decade [1, 2]. In addition to eye and genital infections, pneumonitis in young infants has been shown to be caused by C. trachomatis [3]. The development of experimental models of infection has been limited by the fact that the natural host of C. trachomatis is humans. Primates have been used
Adaptive nonparametric density estimation with missing observations

Abstract It is well known that if some observations in a sample from the probability density are not available, then in general the density cannot be estimated. A possible remedy is to use an auxiliary variable that explains the missing mechanism. For this setting a data-driven estimator is proposed that mimics performance of an oracle that knows all observations from the sample. It is also proved that the estimator adapts to unknown smoothness of the density and its mean integrated squared error converges with a minimax rate. A numerical study, together with the analysis of a real data, shows that the estimator is feasible for small samples.
Diffusion in Ordered and Disordered Copper-Zinc

The diffusivities of ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{64}$, ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{65}$, and ${\mathrm{Sb}}^{124}$ in single crystals of 47-48 atomic percent zinc copper-zinc (beta brass) have been measured over the temperature range 265-817\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, by using sectioning techniques. The diffusion coefficients show a striking dependence on the degree of long-range order at temperatures below the critical temperature (468\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C). A slight dependence of the diffusion coefficient on short-range order is noted above the critical temperature. The diffusion coefficients obey an Arrhenius equation only in the fully disordered phase, with temperature dependences given by ${D}_{\mathrm{Cu}}=0.011\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\frac{22000}{\mathrm{RT}})$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec, ${D}_{\mathrm{Zn}}=0.0035\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\frac{18800}{\mathrm{RT}})$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec; ${D}_{\mathrm{Sb}}=0.08\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\frac{23500}{\mathrm{RT}})$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec. The variation of the diffusion coefficients with temperature in the ordered phase is considered in terms of a simple elastic model. Excellent agreement is obtained by using the measured elastic constants and assuming that the energy for motion of the imperfection is simply related to the smallest (110) shear modulus. In the disordered phase Sb diffuses faster than Zn or Cu, while in the ordered phase Sb diffuses at the same rate as Zn, which is faster than Cu. This result is shown to be inconsistent with an interchange, interstitial, or nearest-neighbor vacancy mechanism for diffusion. The result is consistent with an interstitialy mechanism.
Precision identification and persistent sensing

The ability to strike moving targets with precision without putting friendly forces at risk remains an elusive goal. Unlike fixed targets, the engagement of moving vehicles requires target recognition in real-time. While automatic target recognition techniques have been pursued with vigor for more than 30 years, ATR is neither necessary nor sufficient to address this need. By taking a broader view of the problem of precision identification, we identify some promising research themes.
Dietary lipid-dependent regulation of de novo lipogenesis and lipid partitioning by ketogenic essential amino acids in mice

Dietary lipid-dependent regulation of de novo lipogenesis and lipid partitioning by ketogenic essential amino acids in mice
Flight Dynamics of Highly Flexible Aircraft

An analysis and parametric study of the flight dynamics of highly flexible aircraft are presented. The analysis extends previous work of the authors, used to predict the atypical flight dynamic characteristics of highly flexible flying wings, to conventional configurations with one or more fuselages, wings, and/or tails. The aircraft structure is represented as a collection of geometrically exact, intrinsic beam elements, with continuity conditions enforced where beams intersect. The structural model is coupled with an aerodynamic model consisting of two-dimensional, large-angle-of-attack, unsteady theory for the lifting surfaces, and a fuselage model based on application of slender-body theory to a cylindrical beam. Influences of various design parameters such as wing flexibility, horizontal/vertical tail aerodynamics, and offset are investigated for aeroelasticity and flight dynamics of highly flexible aircraft. Results for prototype configurations illustrate the relationships between its design parameters and flight dynamic behavior.
Proteolytic removal of core histone amino termini and dephosphorylation of histone H1 correlate with the formation of condensed chromatin and transcriptional silencing during Tetrahymena macronuclear development.

During the sexual cycle in Tetrahymena, the germ-line micronucleus gives rise to new macro- and micronuclei, whereas the former somatic macronucleus ceases transcription, becomes highly condensed, and is eventually eliminated from the cell. With polyclonal antibodies specific for acetylated forms of histone H4, immunofluorescent analyses have demonstrated that transcriptionally active macronuclei stain positively at all stages of the life cycle except during conjugation, when parental macronuclei become inactive and are eliminated from the cell. In this report using affinity-purified antibodies to either the acetylated or unacetylated amino-terminal domain of H4, immunofluorescent analyses suggest that the acetylated amino-terminal tails of H4 are proteolytically removed in "old" macronuclei during this period. This suggestion was further confirmed by biochemical analyses of purified old macronuclei that revealed several polypeptides with molecular mass 1-2 kD less than that of intact core histones. These species, which are unique to old macronuclei, are not newly synthesized and fail to stain with either acetylated or unacetylated H4 antibodies. Microsequence analysis clearly shows that these polypeptides are proteolytically processed forms of core histones whose amino-terminal "tails" (varying from 13 to 21 residues) have been removed. During the same developmental period, histone HI is dephosphorylated rapidly and completely in old macronuclei. These results strongly suggest that the developmentally regulated proteolysis of core histones and dephosphorylation of histone HI participate in a novel pathway leading to the formation of highly condensed chromatin and transcriptional silencing during Tetrahymena macronuclear development.
Fermi-Level effect and junction carrier concentration effect on p-Type dopant distribution in IlI-V Compound superlattices

The pronounced segregation phenomenon in the distribution of p-type dopants Zn and Be in GaAs and related III-V compound heterostructures has been explained quantitatively by treating simultaneously the processes of dopant atom diffusion, segregation, and the effect of heterojunction carrier concentrations on these two aspects. Segregation of a dopant species between two semiconductor heterostructure layers is described by a model incorporating (i) a chemical effect on the neutral species; and (ii) in addition, a Fermi-level effect on the ionized species. The process of Zn and Be diffusion in GaAs and related compounds is governed by the doubly-positively-charged group III element self-interstitials (I2+III whose thermal equilibrium concentration and hence also the Zn and Be diffusivities exhibit also a Fermi-level dependence, i.e., in proportion to p2.A heterojunction is consisting of a space charge region with an electric field, in which the hole concentration is different from those in the bulk layers. This influences the junction region concentrations of I2+III and of Zn− or Be−, which in turn influence the distribution of the ionized acceptor atoms. The overall process involves diffusion and segregation of holes, I2+III, Zn− or Be−, and an ionized interstitial acceptor species. The junction electric field also changes with time and position.
Effect of vertical sleeve gastrectomy on food selection and satiation in rats

Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) is a restrictive procedure that reduces food intake to produce weight loss. Here we assess volume and nutrient effects on the ingestive behavior of VSG and sham surgery animals. Rats given access to Ensure or pelleted chow were used to determine if liquid foods would adversely affect weight loss after surgery. Volume effects were studied by altering the caloric density of Ensure, and dietary preferences for fat and carbohydrate (sucrose) were assessed using a two-bottle test. c-Fos was used to measure neuronal activation in the nucleus of the solitary tract and area postrema in response to intragastric infusions of water, sucrose, or Intralipid. The degree of colocalization with catecholaminergic neurons was also assessed. VSG rats did not show the expected preference for a liquid diet over chow and lacked dietary preferences for fat seen in shams. Preferences for carbohydrate/sucrose solutions were unaffected by surgery. Meal size was reduced by VSG; however, VSG rats were able to alter their volume of intake to compensate for changes in caloric density, and intragastric infusions of water produced similar levels of neuronal activation among VSG, sham, and pair-fed rats. In comparison, nutrient-induced c-Fos activation was substantially increased by VSG. Colocalization between c-Fos and catecholaminergic-expressing neurons was similar among rats treated with water, sucrose, or Intralipid. VSG alters nutrient sensing in a manner that lowers the threshold for satiety and reduces fat preference to induce and maintain weight loss.
JetBlue Airways: Service Quality As A Competitive Advantage

JetBlue’s exemplary business model is a solid teaching case covering the conceptual literature of the price-quality and satisfaction link, service profit chain as well as service quality –profit model.
Numerical Simulations of Inclusion Behavior in Gas-Stirred Ladles

A computation fluid dynamics–population balance model (CFD–PBM) coupled model has been proposed to investigate the bubbly plume flow and inclusion behavior including growth, size distribution, and removal in gas-stirred ladles, and some new and important phenomena and mechanisms were presented. For the bubbly plume flow, a modified k-e model with extra source terms to account for the bubble-induced turbulence was adopted to model the turbulence, and the bubble turbulent dispersion force was taken into account to predict gas volume fraction distribution in the turbulent gas-stirred system. For inclusion behavior, the phenomena of inclusions turbulent random motion, bubbles wake, and slag eye forming on the molten steel surface were considered. In addition, the multiple mechanisms both that promote inclusion growth due to inclusion–inclusion collision caused by turbulent random motion, shear rate in turbulent eddy, and difference inclusion Stokes velocities, and the mechanisms that promote inclusion removal due to bubble-inclusion turbulence random collision, bubble-inclusion turbulent shear collision, bubble-inclusion buoyancy collision, inclusion own floatation near slag–metal interface, bubble wake capture, and wall adhesion were investigated. The importance of different mechanisms and total inclusion removal ratio under different conditions, and the distribution of inclusion number densities in ladle, were discussed and clarified. The results show that at a low gas flow rate, the inclusion growth is mainly attributed to both turbulent shear collision and Stokes collision, which is notably affected by the Stokes collision efficiency, and the inclusion removal is mainly attributed to the bubble-inclusion buoyancy collision and inclusion own floatation near slag–metal interface. At a higher gas flow rate, the inclusions appear as turbulence random motion in bubbly plume zone, and both the inclusion–inclusion and inclusion-bubble turbulent random collisions become important for inclusion growth and removal. With the increase of the gas flow rate, the total removal ratio increases, but when the gas flow rate exceeds 200 NL/min in 150-ton ladle, the total removal ration almost does not change. For the larger size inclusions, the number density in bubbly plume zone is less than that in the sidewall recirculation zones, but for the small size inclusions, the distribution of number density shows the opposite trend.
What Attracts Foreign Investors? An Examination of Human Rights and Foreign Direct Investment

Though the prospective relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and human rights has long been a prominent issue within the global political economy, the linkage is empirically underdeveloped. Rather, the conventional wisdom that FDI and respect for human rights are inherently contradictory has persisted. Instead, we posit that respect for human rights may encourage FDI. To examine this issue, we assess the direct effects of human rights upon FDI as well as the extent to which human rights indirectly affects FDI through its impact upon human capital. Using a system of simultaneous equations, we find respect for human rights to have a positive impact upon FDI.
Risk of Urinary Incontinence Following Post-Brachytherapy Transurethral Resection of the Prostate and Correlation with Clinical and Treatment Parameters

Purpose: We assess the risk of urinary incontinence after transurethral prostate resection in patients previously treated with prostate brachytherapy.Materials and Methods: A total of 2,495 patients underwent brachytherapy with or without external beam radiation therapy for the diagnosis of prostate cancer between June 1990 and December 2009. Patients who underwent transurethral prostate resection before implantation were excluded from study. Overall 79 patients (3.3%) underwent channel transurethral resection of the prostate due to urinary retention or refractory obstructive urinary symptoms. Correlation analyses were performed using the chi-square (Pearson) test. Estimates for time to urinary incontinence were determined using the Kaplan-Meier method with comparisons using logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard rates.Results: Median followup after implantation was 7.2 years. Median time to first transurethral prostate resection after implantation was 14.8 months. Of the 79 patients who underwen...
Effects of Self-Ion Bombardment on Al/Si(n) Schottky Barrier Formation

We have employed a nozzle jet expansion technique to deposit Al thin film on chemically cleaned Si(n) surface. Pure Al is evaporated in a graphite crucible at a temperature of 15 50°C and is then ejected through a small nozzle into a vacuum region of 10-6 Torr. The Schottky barrier height of the as-deposited films is measured (using the J-V technique) to be 0.77eV, which is substantially higher than that obtained by conventional evaporation-deposition techniques(≤0.68eV). Our result suggests that an intimate Al/Si(n) contact has been formed during the jet expansion deposition of Al films. During the deposition, the Al jet beam can be partially ionized by electron bombardment. It is shown that the Schottky barrier height remain unchanged if a bias potential of V s0.5KeV is applied to the substrate during deposition. For Va >0.5 KeV, the diode became leaky and the barrier height was reduced. The energetic of the jet beam, with and without post ionization and acceleration, is discussed with respect to thin film and interface formation.
Inhibition of Human Peptide Deformylase Disrupts Mitochondrial Function

Deformylases are metalloproteases in bacteria, plants, and humans that remove the N-formyl-methionine off peptides in vitro. The human homolog of peptide deformylase (HsPDF) resides in the mitochondria, along with its putative formylated substrates; however, the cellular function of HsPDF remains elusive. Here we report on the function of HsPDF in mitochondrial translation and oxidative phosphorylation complex biogenesis. Functional HsPDF appears to be necessary for the accumulation of mitochondrial DNA-encoded proteins and assembly of new respiratory complexes containing these proteins. Consequently, inhibition of HsPDF reduces respiratory function and cellular ATP levels, causing dependence on aerobic glycolysis for cell survival. A series of structurally different HsPDF inhibitors and control peptidase inhibitors confirmed that inhibition of HsPDF decreases mtDNA-encoded protein accumulation. Therefore, HsPDF appears to have a role in maintenance of mitochondrial respiratory function, and this function is analogous to that of chloroplast PDF.
The fallacy of reduction

The “accelerator hypothesis” has made a significant impact on research into the etiology of type 1 diabetes. Some, but not all prospective studies have confirmed a weak association between insulin resistance and faster progression to diabetes among persons with advanced islet autoimmunity. However, there is hardly any evidence that insulin resistance can cause development of islet autoimmunity, thus be responsible for the ongoing pandemic of type 1 diabetes in children.
Ecological Breastfeeding and Child Spacing

Until the 2nd and 3rd decades of this century, breastfeeding was essential for infant survival. In that period, spacing of children was generally about 2 years. Later, improved modified cow's milk preparations became commercially available and were well tolerated by most infants. As a result, near cessation of ecological breastfeeding occurred toward the middle of the century. The decline in ecological breastfeeding was associated with early postpartum ovulation and shortened child-spacing of about 1 year. The endocrinology of breastfeeding is now known in considerable detail. Prolactin is secreted promptly in response to nipple stimulation and is a reliable marker of the endocrine alterations occurring postpartum. Success of lactation in suppression of ovulation was found to occur when infants sucked frequently and when only small amounts of selected foods were introduced gradually after the infants were about 6 months of age.
Neuropsychiatric symptoms (behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia) and the development of dementia treatments

Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are central features of dementia and an important treatment target. They should be assessed in future studies of emerging dementia therapies, using appropriate measures matched to the purpose of each study. Several significant issues remain regarding (1) the classification of these symptoms into syndromes, and (2) the development of better clinical measures for their quantification. In particular, effort should be directed at assessing their evolution over shorter time periods, and at using more objective methods in their measurement, such as actigraphy. These issues can be solved with nosologic study and other advances that could be brought about quickly, if appropriate time and effort are allocated. Empirical characterization of clinically meaningful change in NPS--by examining their relationship with dementia care burden, disability, quality of life, caregiver distress, and resource utilization--would be an important advance.
Outcome of males with high anorectal malformations treated with laparoscopic-assisted anorectal pull-through: preliminary results of a comparative study with the open approach in a single institution.

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the outcome of males with HARM treated with a laparoscopic-assisted anorectal pull-through compared with the open posterior sagittal approach in a single institution. Methods This study includes 32 patients: 17 (9 with a rectoprostatic fistula [RPF] and 8 with a rectovesical fistula [RVF]) who underwent laparoscopic-assisted anorectal pull-through from October 2001 onward and 15 (8 with an RPF and 7 with an RVF) treated by posterior sagittal approach before that date. Patients were reviewed retrospectively but were operated on by the authors and had longitudinal follow-up. Parameters analyzed included associated anomalies, sacral ratio (SR) index, age at surgery, operative time, complications, presence of voluntary bowel movements, constipation, and soiling. A good outcome was determined by absent or grade 1 soiling and a poor outcome result by soiling grades 2 and 3. Results Mean age at surgery was 22 and 37.5 months for patients with RPF and RVF, respectively, in the laparoscopic group and 29.2 and 25.7 months in the open group. Operative time was significantly shorter ( P Conclusion The laparoscopic approach is a reasonable surgical option for the management of HARM. Laparoscopic approach was less time consuming in patients with RVF without impairing functional results.
Abstract SY36-03: How aneuploidy drives tumorigenesis

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Aneuploidy has been recognized as a hallmark of cancer for over 100 years, yet no general theory to explain the recurring patterns of aneuploidy in cancer has emerged. Here we describe the development of Tumor Suppressor and Oncogene (TUSON) Explorer, a computational method that analyzes the patterns of mutational signatures in tumors and predicts the likelihood that any individual gene functions as a tumor suppressor (TSG) or oncogene (OG). By analyzing >8200 tumor-normal pairs we provide statistical evidence suggesting many more genes possess cancer driver properties than anticipated, forming a continuum of oncogenic potential. Integrating our driver predictions with information on somatic copy number alterations, we find that the distribution and the potency of TSGs (STOP genes), OGs and essential genes (GO genes) on chromosomes can predict the complex patterns of aneuploidy and copy number variation characteristic of cancer genomes. We propose that the cancer genome is shaped through a process of cumulative haploinsufficiency and triplosensitivity. Citation Format: Teresa Davoli, Wei Xu, Peter Park, Stephen J. Elledge. How aneuploidy drives tumorigenesis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr SY36-03. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-SY36-03
It's time to scale the science in the social sciences

The social sciences are at a remarkable confluence of events. Advances in computing have made it feasible to analyze data at the scale of the population of the world. How can we combine the depth of inquiry in the social sciences with the scale and robustness of statistics and computer science? Can we decompose complex questions in the social sciences into simpler, more robustly testable hypotheses? We discuss these questions and the role of machine learning in the social sciences.
Morphogenetic Development of Some Species of the Order Thysanoptera (Insecta)

Although the Thysanoptera are classified within the Hemimetabola, they do not have typical hemimetabolous stages. Comparison of larvae with adults shows many similarities which suggest, at first sight, little need for major transformation of larval into imaginal structures. However, investigations of anatomy during the quiescent stages show this assumption to be incorrect. During the transition from the second instar to adult in the propupa and pupa, many imaginifugal characters are broken down and reformed, the whole body giving the impression of an (imaginal) “mould”. Imaginipedal structures are formed from imaginal discs, which are determined during embryogenesis, as in holometabolous insects. The changes observed in the muscular system, digestive tract, nervous system, and sense organs and the regulation of embryogenesis, suggest that Thysanoptera are more appropriately placed with male Coccids and Endopterygota in the Holometamorpha.
Introduction to vertex algebras, Poisson vertex algebras, and integrable Hamiltonian PDE

These lectures were given in Session 1: “Vertex algebras, W-algebras, and applications” of INdAM Intensive research period “Perspectives in Lie Theory” at the Centro di Ricerca Matematica Ennio De Giorgi, Pisa, Italy, December 9, 2014–February 28, 2015.
Resistance: Impediments to Effective Psychotherapy

When therapy is not going well, therapists must look to four areas to assess what might be impeding the therapy process and progress. To assist in doing this, we have developed a checklist survey. The therapist or supervisor can review the therapy work and evaluate where the sticking points are in therapy with this patient, at this point in time, at this point in therapy, and related to the goals of the therapy.