cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increased β-amyloid deposition in Tg-SWDI transgenic mouse brain following in vivo lead exposure.

Abstract Previous studies in humans and animals have suggested a possible association between lead (Pb) exposure and the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Animals acutely exposed to Pb display an over-expressed amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the ensuing accumulation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) in brain extracellular spaces. This study was designed to examine whether in vivo Pb exposure increased brain concentrations of Aβ, resulting in amyloid plaque deposition in brain tissues. Human Tg-SWDI APP transgenic mice, which genetically over-express amyloid plaques at age of 2–3 months, received oral gavages of 50 mg/kg Pb acetate once daily for 6 weeks; a control group of the same mouse strain received the same molar concentration of Na acetate. ELISA results revealed a significant increase of Aβ in the CSF, brain cortex and hippocampus. Immunohistochemistry displayed a detectable increase of amyloid plaques in brains of Pb-exposed animals. Neurobehavioral test using Morris water maze showed an impaired spatial learning ability in Pb-treated mice, but not in C57BL/6 wild type mice with the same age. In vitro studies further uncovered that Pb facilitated Aβ fibril formation. Moreover, the synchrotron X-ray fluorescent studies demonstrated a high level of Pb present in amyloid plaques in mice exposed to Pb in vivo. Taken together, these data indicate that Pb exposure with ensuing elevated Aβ level in mouse brains appears to be associated with the amyloid plaques formation. Pb apparently facilitates Aβ fibril formation and participates in deposition of amyloid plaques.
Semi-automatic wrapper generation for Internet information sources

To simplify the task of obtaining information from the vast number of information sources that are available on the World Wide Web (WWW), the authors are building information mediators for extracting and integrating data from multiple Web sources. In a mediator based approach, wrappers are built around individual information sources to translate between the mediator query language and the individual sources. They present an approach for semi-automatically generating wrappers for structured Internet sources. The key idea is to exploit formatting information in Web pages to hypothesize the underlying structure of a page. From this structure the system generates a wrapper that facilitates querying of a source and possibly integrating it with other sources. They demonstrate the ease with which they are able to build wrappers for a number of Web sources using their implemented wrapper generation toolkit.
Carbon Footprint Analysis of Source Water for Hydraulic Fracturing: A Case Study of Mine Water Versus Freshwater

In the face of climate change, less carbon intensive fuels are being sought. Natural gas has been perceived as a transition fuel, producing less CO2 when burned than coal, but it is not a renewable resource. Hydrocarbon-rich shale formations contain natural gas, natural gas condensate, and oil production potential, and the extraction of these compounds has allowed the USA to become one of the largest global producers of natural gas. Horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing are used to extract the shale gas, but hydraulic fracturing of one well typically requires between 7 and 19 million L of water. One option being explored is the use of treated mine water as an alternative to freshwater. The Marcellus and Utica shale formations underlie much of the eastern USA, and the Utica Shale is being pursued for its high natural gas potential in eastern Ohio. Permits for wells are being approved, but concerns about the water source for hydraulic fracturing fluid are increasing. We analyzed the carbon footprints of three different water sources: treated mine water from Corning, Ohio, freshwater from the Ohio River, and freshwater from Seneca Lake near the well site. CO2 emissions for each source were calculated during pumping, transportation, and treatment of the water for a one-time well use and annual use. The primary productivity increase that occurred after removal of mine discharge or reduction due to extraction from freshwater sources was also calculated. Annually, using treated mine water would emit 110,000 t of CO2-e (CO2 equivalent) if trucked to a treatment plant or 90,000 t of CO2-e if treated on-site, while using water from the Ohio River would emit 2,000 t of CO2-e, and using water from Seneca Lake would emit 4,500 t of CO2-e, annually. Of course, decreasing the amount of unpolluted freshwater used has other environmental benefits.
Mutations in FlbD that relieve the dependency on flagellum assembly alter the temporal and spatial pattern of developmental transcription in Caulobacter crescentus

The transcription factor FlbD regulates the temporal and spatial transcription of flagellar genes in the bacterium Caulobacter crescentus. Activation of FlbD requires cell cycle progression and the assembly of an early (class II) flagellum structure. In this report, we identify 20 independent gain-of-function mutations in flbD that relieve regulation by flagellar assembly. One of these, flbD-1204, contained a mutation in the receiver domain (V17M) and another, flbD-1231, in the DNA binding domain (V451G). Both of these mutations resulted in an aberrant pattern of cell cycle transcription. The presence of the FlbD-1204 allele also resulted in a loss of swarmer-pole-specific transcription. These results indicate that temporal and spatial transcription is influenced by the assembly of the nascent flagellar structure. The trans-acting positive and negative regulatory factor, FliX, couples flagellar assembly to the activation of FlbD and, as we show here, also influences temporal transcription. Furthermore, we show that FliX can suppress the activity of FlbD mutants that cannot be phosphorylated, and that FliX is required for FlbD stability, and vice versa. These results indicate that FliX may interact directly with FlbD to regulate its activity.
Altered Synaptic Marker Abundance in the Hippocampal Stratum Oriens of Ts65Dn Mice is Associated with Exuberant Expression of Versican

DS (Down syndrome), resulting from trisomy of chromosome 21, is the most common cause of genetic mental retardation; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the cognitive deficits are poorly understood. Growing data indicate that changes in abundance or type of CSPGs (chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans) in the ECM (extracellular matrix) can influence synaptic structure and plasticity. The purpose of this study was to identify changes in synaptic structure in the hippocampus in a model of DS, the Ts65Dn mouse, and to determine the relationship to proteoglycan abundance and/or cleavage and cognitive disability. We measured synaptic proteins by ELISA and changes in lectican expression and processing in the hippocampus of young and old Ts65Dn mice and LMCs (littermate controls). In young (5 months old) Ts65Dn hippocampal extracts, we found a significant increase in the postsynaptic protein PSD-95 (postsynaptic density 95) compared with LMCs. In aged (20 months old) Ts65Dn hippocampus, this increase was localized to hippocampal stratum oriens extracts compared with LMCs. Aged Ts65Dn mice exhibited impaired hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in the RAWM (radial-arm water maze) and a marked increase in levels of the lectican versican V2 in stratum oriens that correlated with the number of errors made in the final RAWM block. Ts65Dn stratum oriens PNNs (perineuronal nets), an extension of the ECM enveloping mostly inhibitory interneurons, were dispersed over a larger area compared with LMC mice. Taken together, these data suggest a possible association with alterations in the ECM and inhibitory neurotransmission in the Ts65Dn hippocampus which could contribute to cognitive deficits.
Experimental evidence of two species of radiation induced trapped positive charge

The effects of alternating bias anneals of MOS transistors following either X-irradiation or Fowler-Nordheim tunneling have been studied. It is found that some of the generated defects can be repeatedly charged and discharged with a change of applied oxide field. Two models that may explain this phenomenon are discussed. One assumes a single defect, the E' center, while the other is a two-defect model. The authors present results that are shown to be more consistent with the two-defect model. >
Physical and Biological Effects of Los Ninos in the Eastern Tropical Pacific, 1986-1989

Abstract The eastern tropical Pacific Ocean was surveyed in August–November 1986, 1987, 1988 and 1989 as part of a long-term program to monitor dolphin stocks. Temperature, salinity, chlorophyll and nutrients were monitored to help interpret variability in dolphin stock estimates. The four surveys reveal major environmental changes during the moderate 1987 El Nino and the cold La Nina episode that followed in 1988. During the “onset” phase of El Nino in fall 1986, surface temperatures were up to 1.5°C above normal in equatorial water, but near normal in tropical water north of the equator. The equatorial thermocline ridge was deepened by 10–30 m. During the “mature” phase of El Nino in fall 1987, surface temperatures anomalies were up to +2.5°C in equatorial water and about +1°C in tropical water. Thermocline topography was anomalously flat. Surface chlorophyll and nutrient concentrations declined by 11–48% compared to 1986, with the greatest declines occurring in coastal and equatorial upwelling systems and along the countercurrent thermocline ridge. During La Nina 1988, equatorial surface temperatures were up to 2.5°C below normal and the equatorial thermocline ridge was 10–50 m more shallow than normal. Chlorophyll and nitrate concentrations increased by 58–65% compared to 1987. In 1989, surface temperature was within ±1°C of normal throughout the study area and chlorophyll concentrations were similar to those observed in 1986. Changes in nutrient availability and biological productivity during the El Nino/La Nina cycle were caused by variations in both the rate of wind-driven upwelling and in the nutrient content of subsurface water entrained by upwelling.
Theory of diffusion in ordered alloys of the β - brass type

Abstract The vacancy concentration and the migration energy in a β-brass type order-disorder alloy have been investigated using the Bragg-Williams theory, Kirkwood's second moment approximation and the quasi-chemical theory. The migration energy problem has been studied for both cases of first and second neighbor jump. A significant difference in the coefficients of the order-dependent terms exists between the first and the second neighbor jump mechanisms. An analysis of experimental data on diffusion in β-brass shows that a second neighbor jump mechanism should be operating. The conditions under which it is possible to apply Kirkwood's or the quasi-chemical theory to the problem of the migration energy are discussed. Formulae have been derived for the vacancy concentration, the migration energy and the activation energy for diffusion using Kirkwood's and the quasi-chemical theory. All of them contain a short range order dependent term above the critical temperature. Results obtained with Kirkwood's theory differ significantly from those obtained using Bragg-Williams theory only above and immediately below the critical temperature. The functional form of the activation energy for diffusion derived for β-brass should also be valid for b.c.c. ferromagnets. A good agreement of the activation energy vs. 1 T is obtained for the experimental data on self-diffusion in Fe above Tc.
Central or national veterinary diagnostic laboratories

Information on laboratory organisational structure and roles was gathered from twenty-four national veterinary diagnostic laboratories around the world. This information was used to develop an overview of the organisation and roles of the national veterinary diagnostic laboratory. In addition, the national diagnostic laboratory for the United States of America (the National Veterinary Services Laboratories) was used as an example to provide more information on the activities of such a laboratory. The survey revealed great variation in organisation and structure among the twenty-four laboratories. A few have only one facility, others function at multiple locations, and all have different supervisory reporting systems. However, these laboratories all form a significant part of the national veterinary infrastructure. All of the laboratories contacted in the survey report to (or are at least partially under the direction of) the Chief Veterinary Officer or another senior animal health official, and most report to the Ministry of Agriculture. The national veterinary diagnostic laboratories have similar roles, and are all responsible for foreign animal disease diagnosis and for providing support to national disease eradication or control programmes. Most also play an active role in import and export testing, either performing the tests themselves or developing a quality assurance programme for other laboratories that perform the testing. In addition, the national veterinary diagnostic laboratories usually undertake research and provide training, consultation, disease surveillance information and, in some cases, vaccine evaluation.
Evaluation of common liver problems

Diseases of the liver and abnormalities of liver enzyme levels are among the most common reasons for gastroenterology consultation for surgical patients. Although the differential diagnosis of liver disease is exceedingly broad, the majority of patients will have one of several common disorders. A familiarity with the major disorders affecting the liver and the approach to patients with liver disease is therefore useful for clinicians from all disciplines. This article reviews common liver diseases, including the viral hepatitides; the interpretation of liver enzyme abnormalities; and the relationship between common medications and liver disease. Although an exhaustive knowledge of hepatology is impractical for most clinicians, a practical approach to common liver diseases is a necessity for all. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 94(2): 149-156, 2004)
Mitochondria, Bioenergetics, and the Epigenome in Eukaryotic and Human Evolution

Studies on the origin of species have focused largely on anatomy, yet animal populations are generally limited by energy. Animals can adapt to available energy resources at three levels: (1) evolution of different anatomical forms between groups of animals through nuclear DNA (nDNA) mutations, permitting exploitation of alternative energy reservoirs and resulting in new species with novel niches, (2) evolution of different physiologies within intraspecific populations through mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nDNA bioenergetic genes, permitting adjustment to energetic variation within a species' niche, and (3) epigenomic regulation of dispersed bioenergetic genes within an individual via mitochondrially generated high-energy intermediates, permitting individual adjustment to environmental fluctuations. Because medicine focuses on changes within our species, clinically relevant variation is more likely to involve changes in bioenergetics than anatomy. This may explain why mitochondrial diseases and epigenomic diseases frequently have similar phenotypes and why epigenomic diseases are being found to involve mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, common complex diseases may be the result of changes in any of a large number of mtDNA and nDNA bioenergetic genes or to altered epigenomic regulation of these bioenergetic genes. All of these changes result in similar bioenergetic failure and consequently related phenotypes.
Characterization of Schizophrenia Adverse Drug Interactions through a Network Approach and Drug Classification

Antipsychotic drugs are medications commonly for schizophrenia (SCZ) treatment, which include two groups: typical and atypical. SCZ patients have multiple comorbidities, and the coadministration of drugs is quite common. This may result in adverse drug-drug interactions, which are events that occur when the effect of a drug is altered by the coadministration of another drug. Therefore, it is important to provide a comprehensive view of these interactions for further coadministration improvement. Here, we extracted SCZ drugs and their adverse drug interactions from the DrugBank and compiled a SCZ-specific adverse drug interaction network. This network included 28 SCZ drugs, 241 non-SCZs, and 991 interactions. By integrating the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification with the network analysis, we characterized those interactions. Our results indicated that SCZ drugs tended to have more adverse drug interactions than other drugs. Furthermore, SCZ typical drugs had significant interactions with drugs of the “alimentary tract and metabolism” category while SCZ atypical drugs had significant interactions with drugs of the categories “nervous system” and “antiinfectives for systemic uses.” This study is the first to characterize the adverse drug interactions in the course of SCZ treatment and might provide useful information for the future SCZ treatment.
Virtual herding for flexible livestock management - a review

Free-ranging livestock play a pivotal role globally in the conversion of plant tissue into products and services that support man's many and changing lifestyles. With domestication came the task of providing livestock with an adequate plane of nutrition while simultaneously managing vegetation for sustainable production. Attempting to meld these two seemingly opposing management goals continues to be a major focus of rangeland research. Demand for multiple goods and services from rangelands today requires that livestock production make the smallest possible 'negative hoof-print'. Advancements in global navigation satellite system, geographic information systems, and electronic/computing technologies, coupled with improved understanding of animal behaviour, positions virtual fencing (VF) as an increasingly attractive option for managing free-ranging livestock. VF offers an alternative to conventional fencing by replacing physical barriers with sensory cues to control an animal's forward movement. Currently, audio and electrical stimulation are the cues employed. When VF becomes a commercial reality, manual labour will be replaced in large part with cognitive labour for real-time prescription-based livestock distribution management that is robust, accurate, precise and flexible. The goal is to manage rangeland ecosystems optimally for soils, plants, herbivores in addition to the plant and animal' sm icroflora. However, maximising the benefits of VF will require a paradigm shift in management by using VF as a 'virtual herder' rather than simply as a tool to manage livestock within static physical barriers.
Sulfidation–Oxidation Behavior of FeCrAl and TiCrAl and the Third-Element Effect

Short-term sulfidation–oxidation exposures were conducted under high pS2 and low pO2 conditions for TiCrAl and FeCrAl alloys at 600 and 800 °C. Low mass gains and submicron Al-and Ti-rich oxide scales were formed on TiCrAl at 600 °C, while high mass gains and FeS-based scale formation were observed for FeCrAl. Based on the good behavior of TiCrAl, third-element effect additions of Cr are not inherently detrimental under sulfidation–oxidation conditions. Rather, differences in the mechanistic action of the third-element addition of Cr between FeCrAl and TiCrAl alloys and its relevance to low oxygen potential sulfidation–oxidation environments were the key factors in determining whether or not a protective alumina scale was established.
The Potential Influence of a Companion-Animal's Presence on Aspects of the Therapeutic Alliance

ABSTRACTSeventy-one college students participated in an experiment exploring the impact of a companion-animal's presence (viz., a dog) on several aspects of the participants' experience during an interview. Specifically, the study examined how the presence of a companion animal impacts participants' perception of the interviewer, including perceived levels of empathy and participants' willingness to self-disclose. Participants were prescreened with questions regarding past experience with animals. The researcher then conducted interviews with each participant, simulating a process comparable to that of an abridged initial psychotherapy intake session. Participants completed measures on their experience at the completion of the interview. Primary findings of the study determined that the presence of a companion animal did not influence participants' overall perceptions of the interviewer, willingness to self-disclose to the interviewer, and perceptions of the interviewer's level of empathic understanding. ...
Electroreflectance imaging of gold-H3PO4 supercapacitors. Part II: microsupercapacitor ageing characterization

This microsupercapacitor ageing study demonstrates the usefulness of the electroreflectance technique by quantifying local charge accumulation. Two separate devices with interdigitated electrodes were evaulated over a period of 4.1 million charge/discharge cycles. The key results are spatial mapping of charge accumulation in the gold electrodes derived from variation in the observed electrode reflectance. The nominal device exhibited little change in spatial distribution throughout the ageing cycle and serves as a comparison for the test device, which exhibited some nonuniform charge accumulation behavior. Further, an accelerated ageing test was completed by applying increasing voltage pulses up to 1.46 V to the device. Visual evidence of electrode ageing emerged in the reflectance distribution. An equivalent circuit model was developed to assess the evolution of individual circuit elements that correlate to the physical causes of ageing.
Photodisintegration of He 3

The 90 deg differential cross sections for the He/sup 3/( gamma ,p)d photodisintegration were measured for photon energies of 8.5 to 22 Mev. Total cross sections calculated from the differential cross sections did not agree with cross sections based on Gaussian or pure exponential wave functions for He/sup 3/. Irving's wave function with an appropriate size parameter gave a good fit to the data. The rms nuclear radius calculated with this function agreed well with experimental results while a calculated nuclear form factor was too large. The photodisintegration cross section apparently is were sensitive to nuclear size. (D.C.W.)
Degradation behaviors of natural, guayule, and synthetic isoprene rubbers

Abstract The degradation behavior of three isoprene based rubbers, NR, GR, and IR, under accelerated thermal and uv radiative environments have been investigated, and the extents of the degradation are compared. The oxidative degradation introduces oxygen atoms into the elastomer chains to form carbon—oxygen linkages via hydroxyl, ether, carbonyl, and carboxyl functional groups. Some polynuclear aromatic compounds are also found on the severely thermal-degraded surfaces. The secondary atomic constituents of the vulcanizates, such as nitrogen and sulfur, also oxidized during the aging. The formations of sulfate, sulfite, and zinc oxide are observed, but no direct oxidation of nitrogen to nitro or nitroso groups is detected. The atomic surface concentration of carbon decreases significantly (1/2 to 2/3), while that of oxygen increases substantially (2 to 3 times) during the oxidative aging test. The concentrations of minor elements, S and Zn, increase to a few percent more than two fold, but that of N incre...
Food analysis of the Japanese Ptarmigan

Ninety-eight stomach contents of the Japanese Ptarmigan, Lagopus mustus japonicus, obtained in Japan Alps during 1926-28 and owned by Mr. Jicho Ishizawa, were kindly offered to the author for food analysis. The analyses were made by month (March to November) and individual. Twenty-five plant (13 other species, reported by other authors, were not found) and eleven animal items were identified. Animal foods are taken during July and August only by young and the females accompanied by them. Vaccinium leaves and fruits occurred in the highest frequency, next the leaves of Empetrum, and other several species are favoured, but their % frequency changed by season. The needles of Pinus pumila was not so important quantitatively (though occurred in high frequency), and according to Ishizawa, its fruits are mostly consumed by Nutcracker but about 10% are left and fall on the snow which are eaten by the ptarmigan.
Zen and the art of multiple comparisons.

Objective The need for appropriate multiple comparisons correction when performing statistical inference is not a new problem. However, it has come to the forefront in many new modern data-intensive disciplines. For example, researchers in areas such as imaging and genetics are routinely required to simultaneously perform thousands of statistical tests. Ignoring this multiplicity can cause severe problems with false positives, thereby introducing nonreproducible results into the literature. Methods This article serves as an introduction to hypothesis testing and multiple comparisons for practical research applications, with a particular focus on its use in the analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging data. Results We discuss hypothesis testing and a variety of principled techniques for correcting for multiple tests. We also illustrate potential pitfalls problems that can occur if the multiple comparisons issue is not dealt with properly. We conclude, by discussing effect size estimation, an issue often linked with the multiple comparisons problem. Conclusions Failure to properly account for multiple comparisons will ultimately lead to heightened risks for false positives and erroneous conclusions.
THE USEFULNESS OF WEBLOG GENRE ANALYSIS IN ICT-DRIVEN KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT PRACTICE: A SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF TECHNOLOGY PERSPECTIVE

The purpose of h s paper is to propose the usefulness of Weblog genre analysis in knowledge creation process in an organization where the employees communicate one another frequently using information and communication technologies (ICTs). In today’s knowledge-intensive working environment such as consulting firms, knowledge creation has become a source of sustainable competitive advantage (Nonaka, 1994, Nonaka & Takeuchi, 1995; Pfeffer, 1994). There has been huge investment on knowledge management systems to achieve such advantages. Distributed information systems such as enterprise resources planning system is one example. It is, however, widely recognized that such distributed knowledge management systems often fail due to the different social contexts across the sub-organizations whch deploy the local information systems. For example, social gaps do exist between financial department and human resources management department within an organization. It is important to coordinate such social gaps across these sub-organizations to achieve better organizational advantages.
Effect of Annealing Temperature on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cryo-rolled 6063 Al Alloy

The effects of annealing temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of cryo-rolled 6063 Al alloy were investigated in the present work by the cryorolling experiment.The microstructure,mechanical properties and fracture characteristics were observed and analyzed throngh hardness measurements,tensile test and optical microscope.The tesults show that the mechanical properties of the cryo-rolled 6063 Al alloy are better than those rolled at room temperature at the same annealing temperature.The hardness of samples cryo-rolled and rolled at room temperature increases with the annealing temperature increasing,when the annealing temperature is below 180 ℃,and then it decreases when the annealing temperature is beyond 180 ℃ with the maximum at about 180 ℃.The elongation increases firstly and then decreases,and then increases again when the annealing temperature is during 100-250℃.The presence of two peaks of elongation exists in the low-temperature annealing,that is,180 ℃ is the high peak and 200 ℃ is the low peak.When the samples are annealed at 200-300 ℃,the grains become coarse.
A Study on Modeling and Numerical Calculation Methods of Tiny Oil Ignition Burner

This paper analyzes the influences of discretization method of convection diffusion equation, radiation model, gas burning model on burner numerical calculation combined with the practical working condition of tiny oil ignition burner in a power plant and establishes a perfect mathematical model with CFX software in order to master the data of flow field and particle field inside tiny oil ignition burner. The research result shows that it is greatly useful for calculation of tiny oil ignition burner to adopt High Resolution discretization method, Discrete Transfer radiation model and Eddy Dissipation gas combustion model.
Knockdown of Telomerase RNA Using Hammerhead Ribozymes and RNA Interference

More than 85% of human cancers and over 70% of immortalized human cell lines have highly elevated telomerase activity. In contrast, telomerase activity is down-regulated in most human adult somatic cells, except stem cells and germ cells. These results are consistent with telomerase conferring a selective advantage for continued proliferation of malignant cells and present a unique target for cancer gene therapy. In line with this view, our recent results suggest that knockdown of telomerase RNA in human or in mouse cancer cells by ribozyme or RNA interference (RNAi) diminishes telomerase activity and inhibits cancer cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. Such telomerase inhibiting agents represent a promising novel cancer therapeutic strategy. In this chapter, we will discuss the knockdown of telomerase RNA by hammerhead ribozyme and RNAi. Both techniques are mediated by sequence-specific recognition of target RNA by a guide RNA molecule, which then results in the nucleolytic degradation of the RNA target.
Physical studies of lysogeny. 3. A biophysical study of lambda lysogeny using P1 transduction.

The temperate phage P1 is capable of excising fragments from the bacterial genome and including these fragments in P1 phage protein coats. By confining our attention to those particles containing the galactose gene of the bacterium, we examined events at the λ prophage attachment site. λ phage, with DNA labeled with 5-bromodeoxyuridine and therefore heavier than unsubstituted DNA, were used to infect a sensitive strain of Escherichia coli K12 under conditions yielding a high lysogenic response. A lysate of P1 was then prepared by super-infecting these cells with P1. The density of those P1 phage containing the galactose region of the chromosome and the adjacent λ prophage was investigated in a CsCl gradient. From the density profile the following conclusions were drawn. Parental λ DNA can be found in the prophage state. The size of this parental fragment was 0.8 ± 0.2 λ DNA equivalents if one assumed the DNA was a parental molecule which had undergone a single round of replication either before or after being reduced to the prophage state. The other alternative, that the fragment consisted of a piece of unreplicated parental DNA, 0.4 λ genome long, was not excluded. The percentage of the total number of prophages excised by P1 that contained a hybrid parental fragment was in the range of 2 to 31%, depending on the multiplicity of λ infection.
Íconos de persuasión: la predicación y la política en el Perú colonial

A partir del momento en que Fray Antonio de Montesinos predico ur: sermon sobre los derechos humanos de los amerindios en Hispaniola en 1511, la predicacion y la politica se encontraron indisolublemente unidas en el Nuevo Mundo. Desde el principio, la retorica religiosa fue un arma prominente en los intentos de establecer relaciones adecuadas entre las razas. Las Casas defendio a los amerindios insistiendo en la necesidad por parte de los colonizadores de practicar sus obligaciones cristianas de restitucion, y, en el Peru, los padres dominicos Domingo de Santo Tomas y el primer obispo y arzobispo de Lima, Jeronimo de Loaysa, trabajaron para los mismos fines, este exigiendo la restitucion de propiedad y tierras a los andinos en su Guia para confesores (Lopetegui 1945; Lohmann Villem 1966). Hasta la decada de 1580, sin embargo, la cuestion de la relacion entre las razas en el Peru no fue planteada a la poblacion nativa misma; estas nociones fueron expuestas en los primeros catecismos y colecciones de sermones que se publicaron en ediciones bilingues o trilingues y que iban dirigidas, a traves de los padres doctrinantes, a parlantes de quechua y aymara. La conjuncion de un lenguaje teologico y una ensenanza politica y social produjo una respuesta por parte de los andinos que, sabiendo leer y escribir el castellano, dejaron a la posteridad el testimonio de-su aparente asimilacion a los valores que representan los textos doctrinales. Juan de Santacruz Pachacuti, un cacique de Collahuas, y mas especialmente Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, un descendiente de la dinastia Yarovilca de Huanuco, escribieron historias de los Incas que revelaban, a la vez, la reaccion de sus autores a la "literatura de conversion".
The impact of tumor profiling approaches and genomic data strategies for cancer precision medicine

The diversity of clinical tumor profiling approaches (small panels to whole exomes with matched or unmatched germline analysis) may engender uncertainty about their benefits and liabilities, particularly in light of reported germline false positives in tumor-only profiling and use of global mutational and/or neoantigen data. The goal of this study was to determine the impact of genomic analysis strategies on error rates and data interpretation across contexts and ancestries. We modeled common tumor profiling modalities—large (n = 300 genes), medium (n = 48 genes), and small (n = 15 genes) panels—using clinical whole exomes (WES) from 157 patients with lung or colon adenocarcinoma. We created a tumor-only analysis algorithm to assess germline false positive rates, the impact of patient ancestry on tumor-only results, and neoantigen detection. After optimizing a germline filtering strategy, the germline false positive rate with tumor-only large panel sequencing was 14 % (144/1012 variants). For patients whose tumor-only results underwent molecular pathologist review (n = 91), 50/54 (93 %) false positives were correctly interpreted as uncertain variants. Increased germline false positives were observed in tumor-only sequencing of non-European compared with European ancestry patients (p < 0.001; Fisher’s exact) when basic germline filtering approaches were used; however, the ExAC database (60,706 germline exomes) mitigated this disparity (p = 0.53). Matched and unmatched large panel mutational load correlated with WES mutational load (r2 = 0.99 and 0.93, respectively; p < 0.001). Neoantigen load also correlated (r2 = 0.80; p < 0.001), though WES identified a broader spectrum of neoantigens. Small panels did not predict mutational or neoantigen load. Large tumor-only targeted panels are sufficient for most somatic variant identification and mutational load prediction if paired with expanded germline analysis strategies and molecular pathologist review. Paired germline sequencing reduced overall false positive mutation calls and WES provided the most neoantigens. Without patient-matched germline data, large germline databases are needed to minimize false positive mutation calling and mitigate ethnic disparities.
Warranty Inventory Optimization with Advance Supply Information

In warranty inventory management, customers return allegedly malfunctioning products for replacement. Useful products may be recovered through testing and/or remanufacturing processes. The company must decide on the number of new units to purchase from a production line each period. This decision depends on an array of complex factors including stochastic demand rates, probabilistic yields from both the testing and remanufacturing processes, multiple sources of supply originating from both the stochastic reverse channel and the company's purchasing decisions, and varying levels of information regarding reverse pipeline inventory; we call this latter concept Advance Supply Information (ASI).In this paper we combine all of these elements to formulate a model that analyzes these tactical decisions and the value of ASI in this setting. We use dynamic programming to develop analytical models that determine the optimal ordering decisions under various levels of reverse channel visibility. The curse of dimensionality prohibits us from solving for optimal policies in all cases; thus, we develop heuristic dynamic programs using an aggregated state space that allow for tractable models while incorporating information gained from the pipeline visibility.
The Global Importance of Transgenic Cotton

The origins of transgenic cotton are reviewed including the original objectives, early efforts to establish the technical capabilities, selection of initial traits for development, market place benefits, and global acceptance of the technology. Further consideration is given to cotton’s place in the effort to meet the projected demands for food and fiber over the next 50-year horizon, traits and technologies under development, and the need for close public and private research collaboration in order to address the issues facing the world’s farmers as they work to meet those demands. Impact of transgenic cotton on global economy, environment, genetic diversity, and safety is also highlighted.
The Toxicity of Self-Blame: Sex Differences in Burnout and Coping in Internal Medicine Trainees

Abstract Background: Burnout is a significant problem facing internal medicine residents contributing to increased risk of depression and suicidal ideation. Coping mechanisms and burnout may differ...
A Public Relations Primer

The Public Relations Committee of the Society for American Archaeology, in seeking ways to promote the Society and increase public awareness of archaeology, commissioned this "do-it-yourself" guide to the print media, principally newspapers. For demonstrative purposes, the short-paragraph format used conforms stylistically to that used in journalism.
From One to Many: Further Refinement of Medulloblastoma Subtypes Offers Promise for Personalized Therapy.

There is significant intertumoral heterogeneity within the four molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Cavalli et al. apply similarity network fusion to gene expression and DNA methylation data to identify 12 medulloblastoma subtypes with distinct molecular and clinical profiles, making an important step toward molecularly tailored therapy.
AzBio Speech Understanding Performance in Quiet and Noise in High Performing Cochlear Implant Users

Objective:To evaluate high-performing cochlear implant patients’ performance on AzBio sentence testing.Methods:Retrospective review of prospectively collected database at a tertiary care hospital. Unilateral cochlear implant patients with AzBio testing were included. The primary outcome of interest
Intense pulse light (IPL)

Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) is a light-emitting system that is capable of emitting filtered polychromatic broad bandwidth wavelengths between 515 and 1,200 nm.
Siloxane-urea segmented copolymers

Siloxane-urea copolymers were synthesized from MDI and α, ω-bis(aminopropyl)polydimethylsiloxane of different molecular weights by solution polymerization, using 2-ethoxyethyl ether as the solvent. Chain extenders were also employed in some reactions. Formation of urea linkages were followed by FTIR spectroscopy. The products were characterized by GPC chromatography and intrinsic viscosity measurements. Thermal (DSC) and thermomechanical (TMA) characterization of the products were also carried out. The results indicate the formation of novel, strong multiphase elastomeric siloxane-urea copolymers.
Aid as a building bloc: Australia and the Bretton Woods Institutions

Australia has recently witnessed a dramatic reduction in the aid it provides to developing countries. Debates often focus on the implications for poverty eradication, but also at stake is A...
Patient satisfaction and chronic illness are predictors of postendovascular aneurysm repair surveillance compliance.

Abstract Objective Although lifelong surveillance is recommended by the Society for Vascular Surgery for patients undergoing endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) reported that compliance with long-term follow-up has been poor. We sought to identify factors that predict compliance with EVAR surveillance through analysis of patient variables and post-EVAR questionnaire results. Methods We analyzed 28 patient variables gathered from our computerized registry, patient charts, and phone questionnaires of patients who underwent EVAR between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2014. These factors included patient demographics, education, postoperative complications, satisfaction with vascular surgery care, transportation mode, distance to our medical center, and living situation. Compliance was defined as a patient who underwent the most recent recommended follow-up surveillance study within the prescribed timeframe. Post-EVAR surveillance protocol consisted of office evaluation and duplex ultrasound examination performed in our accredited noninvasive vascular laboratory at 1 week, 6 months, then annually. Computed tomography angiography was obtained only if duplex ultrasound examination suggested endoleak, sac enlargement of more than 5 mm, or a failing limb. Results Of 144 patients who underwent EVAR during this time period, 89 patients (62%) were compliant with the most recent recommended follow-up study. One hundred two patients completed the questionnaire or their families did if patients died or were incapacitated. Of those, 80 were compliant with follow-up and 22 were not. Based on the questionnaires of these 102 patients, estimated compliance at 3 years after EVAR was 69.6 ± 6.0% based on Kaplan-Meier analysis. In the compliant vs noncompliant groups, the estimated 3-year survival rate was 93.2 ± 3.4% vs 52.4 ± 12.7%, respectively (P Conclusions Patient satisfaction with their vascular surgeon and hospital experience predicted compliance with post-EVAR surveillance regardless of postoperative complications. Noncompliant patients had decreased survival, but mortality and surveillance noncompliance were likely due to disabling chronic disease.
High germanium doping of GaN films by ammonia molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract Gallium Nitride (GaN) grown by ammonia molecular beam epitaxy and doped with elemental Germanium (Ge) is presented. Growth studies varying the GaN growth rate, substrate growth temperature and the elemental Ge flux reveal several incorporation dependencies. Ge incorporation increases with flux, as expected, and a doping range from ∼1017 cm−3 to 1020 cm−3 was readily achieved. A strong substrate temperature dependence on the electrical properties of films grown is observed, with an optimal growth temperature of 740 °C, lower than standard GaN growth conditions for ammonia molecular beam epitaxy. Compensation effects at higher growth temperatures are suspected, as observed with other techniques. Crystallographic defects are apparent at the highest doping concentrations from electrical and optical measurements, however thin layers of such highly doped films are of great interest for contact layers and tunnel junctions in devices.
Four-Chamber Intracardiac Thrombi Complicating Wild-Type TTR Amyloidosis

Cardiac amyloidosis is a rare disease, and its prevalence varies depending on the type of amyloid protein involved. Several case reports make reference to the increased risk of thrombosis and thromboembolic events in cardiac amyloidosis. We report a case of rapidly evolving, multichamber thrombi in a patient who was ultimately diagnosed with wild-type TTR cardiac amyloidosis.
Examining the Intersection of Extreme Poverty and Human Rights in South Florida and Beyond

I write on behalf of several community-based organizations in South Florida and the students in my International Human Rights Law and Advocacy class at the University of Miami School of Law to present you with several reports on the intersection of extreme poverty and human rights in South Florida and beyond, in anticipation of your official visit to the United States in December. These reports reflect partnerships between my students, working in collaboration with the Miami Law Human Rights Clinic, and leading regional public interest/social justice organizations, to address pressing matters of poverty in our community. The Miami Law Human Rights Clinic (HRC) works for the promotion of social and economic justice globally and in the U.S. The Clinic uses international human rights laws and norms, domestic law and policy, and multidimensional strategies, such as community organizing, political activism, and global networking, to draw attention to human rights violations, develop practical solutions to those problems, and promote accountability on the part of state and non-state actors.
“We Weren’t Raised that Way”: Using Stigma Management Communication Theory to Understand How Families Manage the Stigma of Substance Abuse

While people who abuse substances experience widespread health and social consequences stemming from their substance use, these consequences also extend to their family through stigmatization. Such stigma has implications for families' mental and physical health, as well as their overall quality of life. This study seeks to fill a gap in research surrounding the stigma experienced by families with a history of substance abuse by investigating how affected family members experience and communicatively manage stigma messages relating to their family member's substance abuse. Fifteen people whose families include a person who uses substances (PWUS) participated in semi-structured interviews where they were prompted to discuss how they experience and respond to this stigma. An iterative approach to data analysis revealed four overarching themes: (a) stigma experiences, (b) accept application of stigma to self/PWUS and accept public perception of stigma, (c) accept application stigma to self/PWUS but challenge public perception of stigma, and (d) challenge public perception of stigma and challenge application of stigma to self/PWUS. Findings from this study can extend our understanding of stigma management communication and inform practical interventions that target families dealing with substance use issues.
Efficacy of occupancy-based smart ventilation control strategies in energy efficient homes in the United States

Abstract Proper ventilation of residences is essential for occupant health and comfort, and is responsible for a significant portion of energy consumption in homes. This study examines a method for providing adequate ventilation in homes while reducing energy consumption and peak demand: “smart” control of ventilation through sensing of occupancy and modulation of ventilation fans. We first conducted a detailed simulation study of advanced California homes with several occupancy-based ventilation control strategies. We then look at how general these results are nationally through a second simulation campaign in 15 ASHRAE climate zones. All simulations compared equivalent indoor air quality situations and assessed energy savings benefits. A key difference from previous demand-controlled ventilation strategies is that our study includes the effects of building related contaminants that are continuously emitted, irrespective of occupancy status, consistent with the requirements in ASHRAE Standard 62.2–2016. Under this new assumption, it is very difficult to extract substantial energy savings using only occupancy sensing. For the baseline strategy, savings were less than 10% of ventilation energy and sometimes negative in all cases analyzed other than leakier 2-story homes. Addition of a pre-occupancy flush period increases savings somewhat, but savings are still less than 15% other than in 2-story leakier homes.