cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The optimal number of alternatives at a choice point with travel time considered

Abstract The problem of optimal design is considered for tasks that can be represented as n choice points with a i alternatives per choice point. Examples are mazes or multiple choice tests. Some fixed time t ′ elapses between choice points, say traveling from one to the other or reading a question, and additional time t is spent considering each alternative at the choice point. For fixed total time, the goal is to find the optimum number of choice points and the optimum number of alternatives at each choice point. In general, the longer the time spent between choice points, the greater the optimum number of alternatives at each point.
Kinetic paths of B2 and DO3 order parameters: Experiment

Rapidly quenched powders of Fe3Al were subjected to thermal annealings at temperatures well below the critical temperatures for B2 and DO3 ordering. X-ray diffractometry was used to measure the subsequent evolution of B2 and DO3 long-range order. It was found that the relative rates of change of B2 and DO3 order parameters were temperature dependent; hence at different temperatures the alloy passed through different states of order en route to thermal equilibrium. These temperature dependences of “kinetic paths” can be understood in terms of a theory of kinetic paths based on the kinetic master equation. The theory indicates that the temperature dependence of the observed kinetic paths originates from having first-nearest-neighbor interactions that are stronger than second-nearest-neighbor interactions. This seems consistent with previous thermodynamic analyses of critical temperatures of Fe3Al.
Thin water vapor barriers for paper

Low-pressure plasma technique was used in the deposition of thin polymeric coatings upon a filter paper. Sixteen different monomers, including aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, nitriles, chlorine-containing compounds, and a silane, were used in the coatings. Most of the coatings functioned as water vapor barriers in different degrees, and the coated samples possessed wet tensile strengths anywhere from 3 to 34 times that of the untreated samples. Attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy was used to study the chemical structure of the coatings.
A survey of I. N. Vekua's theory of elliptic partial differential equations with analytic coefficients

In einer Reihe von Abhandlungen hatI. N. Vekua eine Theorie der elliptischen partiellen Differentialgleichungen mit zwei unabhangigen Variabeln und mit analytischen Koeffizienten entwickelt, in welcher gewisse klassische Aspekte der Theorie der holomorphen Funktionen einer komplexen Veranderlichen verallgemeinert werden. Die Vekuasche Theorie ist fur den angewandten Mathematiker insofern von Interesse, als sie ihm ein in manchen Fallen wirksames konstruktives Verfahren zur Herstellung der Losungen in die Hand gibt.
Differential Expression of Biological Effects in Maturationally Distinct Subpopulations of Growth Plate Chondrocytes

Countercurrent centrifugal elutriation is an accurate and reproducible technique which can separate cells on the basis of size. This technique was utilized for the separation of isolated chick growth plate chondrocytes. Mean cellular volume, alkaline phosphatase activity, and Type X collagen synthesis progressively increased in each of seven successive separated fractions. The chondrocytes from the different fractions expressed a differential response to the growth regulator, transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta). TGF beta receptor binding to these cell fractions suggests that the different biological effects may be due to differences in the number of receptors expressed per cell as well as to differences in the proportion of high and low affinity TGF beta receptors present.
Rectal cancer and ulcerative colitis: does it change the therapeutic approach?

Objective The aim of this study was to examine the incidence of coexisting colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis in a population of patients undergoing ileal pouch anal anastomosis. The frequency of rectal cancer in this population, surgical intervention, general outcomes and cancer recurrence are described. Methods Data on 1850 patients undergoing restorative proctocolectomy from 1983 to 2001 were reviewed. Information was gathered from data in the department's pelvic pouch database, as well as pathology and surgical reports. Follow-up questionnaires routinely sent to patients as part of the database were included in the analysis to determine current functional status. Mean follow-up period was 7.5 years after surgery. Results Seventy patients had coexisting colorectal cancer at time of IPAA. 7 (10%) of cancers were incidental. Pre-operative duration of disease was 18.6 years. Twenty-six of the cancers were rectal cancers. The most common form of anastomosis in the rectal cancers was mucosectomy, especially in pre-operatively known rectal cancer or low lying dysplasia. Preferred surgical technique for rectal cancer in mucosal ulcerative colitis (UC) included high ligation of mesenteric vessels with radical colectomy and taped occlusion of the rectum with irrigation of the rectal stump with Turnbull solution prior to mucosectomy. Patients with Stage 3 cancers received postoperative chemotherapy. Post-operative radiation therapy was not commonly recommended. Five of 70 patients were deceased from metastatic colon cancer; 55 patients were confirmed alive with good to excellent pouch function with a follow-up range of 1–17 years. Conclusion Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch anal anastomosis is a successful surgical approach for patients with coexisting colorectal cancer in UC. When the appropiate surgical technique is used in patients with colon or rectal cancer, along with adjuvant chemotherapy when appropriate, prognosis and function is very good.
Deficits, inflation and the political economy of Ukraine

Ukraine Oleh Havrylyshyn, Marcus Miller and William Perraudin Why has inflation in Ukraine exceeded that in other republics, and the pace of reform lagged behind? Evidently the failure to stabilize public finances has led to enormous monetary expansion, and so to a profound fall in both the internal and external value of money. We look specifically at how the inflation tax has been used to finance fiscal deficits in Ukraine and discuss how this can ultimately lead to accelerating inflation and currency collapse. To understand the reluctance to stabilize and to reform, we examine the political economy of Ukraine. The key sticking point seems to be the ability of powerful interest groups to block changes which threaten the 'rents' they receive from the partially reformed system. In the absence of more effective political leadership, an even deeper economic crisis may be necessary before stabilization is achieved.
Angiogenesis: regulation and dysregulation

Abstract Regulation of angiogenesis Edited by I.D. Goldberg and E.M. Rosen, Birkhauser-Verlag, 1997. SFR 168.00 (x+431 pages) ISBN 3 7643 5309 0
The role of nitrogen oxides as effector molecules of parasite killing

The many years of effort in the attempt to identify the effector molecules of lymphokineactivated macrophages have recently come to fruition with the discovery of immuneactive nitrogen oxide. Here, Stephanie James and John Hibbs discuss the novel mammalian biochemical pathways for the synthesis of inorganic nitrogen oxides that mediate antibody-independent killing of infectious agents as well as of tumor cells. Interaction with nitrogen oxides causes iron loss from critical target enzymes in invading organisms, resulting in metabolic failure of extracellular and even of intracellular parasites of the macrophages themselves.
Differential incorporation of 2'-deoxyadenosine into human peripheral lymphocytes

Human peripheral lymphocytes incubated with 2'-deoxycoformycin and 2'-deoxyadenosine (dAdo) reached a plateau in dATP accumulation after 4 hr that lasted for up to 24 hr. Total dATP accumulation did not exceed 15% of the control ATP concentration in the lymphocytes. In contrast, the human CCRF-CEM T lymphoblastic cell line and human erythrocytes showed a nearly linear pattern of dATP formation throughout the incubation period. By 6 hr the dATP concentration in the CCRF-CEM cells exceeded the control ATP concentration. A comparison of dATP accumulation in purified peripheral T and B lymphocytes indicated differences between these cells that favor greater dATP formation in the B lymphocytes. Incorporation studies with several adenosine analogs demonstrated that arabinosyladenine, 2-F-arabinosyladenine, tubercidin, formycin A, and 9-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)adenine form corresponding amounts of analog triphosphate in the T and B cell-enriched lymphocytes. 9-(2'-Deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)adenine (2'-F-araA) was the only compound to show an incorporation pattern similar to that observed with dAdo by forming analog triphosphate only in the B cell-enriched lymphocyte population. Nucleoside kinase measurements showed no significant differences in dAdo, adenosine, or 2'-deoxycytidine kinase activities between the T and B lymphocytes. The inability of the T cells to incorporate dAdo or the analog 2'-F-araA into their nucleotide pools may indicate the existence of a highly specific catabolic enzyme(s).
[Special Issue on Hmong Newcomers to Saint Paul Public Schools] Are We There Yet? Examining the Principals Role in the Integration of Hmong Refugee Children into Elementary Schools

This paper examines the efforts of four elementary principals to create a welcoming and integrated culture for newly arrived Wat Tham Krabok refugee Hmong children. It reveals the accommodations and challenges made by the schools. It demonstrates that the effectiveness of a specialized program for newcomer refugee children necessitates careful planning and the involvement of staff members and school leaders. “I think there’s been an amazing breath of fresh air in my building. It makes us appreciate what we have. You just can’t help but be amazed by them ... how they handle things, and I love the little things they do ... and it’s been a great fun for teachers. They’ve just jumped in. ... It’s a whole community in that sense. ... It’s been good.” (A principal’s comment on the integration of 115 refugee children into her school of 525 students.)
Creating Citizens: Lessons in Relationships, Personal Growth, and Community in One Secondary Social Studies Classroom

This article presents findings from a study examining how a secondary social studies teacher used curriculum and pedagogy to help racially/ethnically diverse students from low socioeconomic backgrounds build community to become active citizens with the capacity for democratic living. In particular, the article discusses his emphasis on critical thinking, building of community, and thorough disciplinary content. The resulting pedagogy, Classroom-based Multicultural Democratic Education (CMDE), is a re-conceptualization of democratic education that has the potential to help teachers transform a racially/ethnically diverse politically disengaged student population into an active democratic citizenry.
Hydrogen peroxide formation upon oxidation of oxalic acid in presence and absence of oxygen and of manganese(II)--III. Iron(III) and copper(II) as retarders

The formation of considerable amounts of hydrogen peroxide upon the slow addition of various oxidizing agents to oxalic acid in dilute sulphuric acid in the presence of oxygen and Mn(II) is greatly retarded in the presence of Fe(III) or Cu(II). With hydrogen peroxide as oxidizing agent and a trace of Fe(II) there is considerable decomposition of peroxide, under a nitrogen atmosphere, after a few hours at 25 degrees in light (from a tungsten lamp), and less decomposition in the dark. This decomposition is decreased by Mn(II) and also when the original mixture contains Fe(III). With oxygen as the oxidizing agent Fe(II) is about 100 times as effective an inhibitor of peroxide formation as Fe(III). With all oxidizing agents used, Cu(II) is some 6-10 times more effective as a retarder than Fe(III). The inhibition is accounted for by the reaction Fe(III) [or Cu(II)] + CO(-)(2) --> Fe(II) [or Cu(I)] + CO(2).
Perceptions of the Validity and Utility of Criminal Profiling Among Forensic Psychologists and Psychiatrists

Criminal profiling is the process of using crime scene evidence to make inferences about potential suspects, including personality characteristics and psychopathology. An exploratory Internet survey of forensic psychologists and psychiatrists was conducted to examine their experiences with and opinions about profiling and to determine whether referring to profiling as “criminal investigative analysis” had any impact on these opinions. About 10% of the 161 survey respondents had profiling experience, although more than 25% considered themselves knowledgeable about profiling. Fewer than 25% believed that profiling was scientifically reliable or valid, and approximately 40% felt that criminal investigative analysis was scientifically reliable or valid. Although the scientific aspects of profiling lacked support, respondents viewed profiling as useful for law enforcement and supported profiling research.
The background of the rebellion of An Lu-shan

This volume deals with the events which prepared the way for the rebellion of the frontier general An Lu-Shan, which weakened the T'ang dynasty (712-756 A.D.) so that it gradually collapsed into a number of independent states in the Five Dynasties period.
Note---On the Maximization of the Geometric Mean with Lognormal Return Distribution

In this paper we discuss the relevancy of the geometric mean as a portfolio selection criteria. A procedure for finding that portfolio with the highest geometric mean when returns on portfolios are lognormally distributed is presented. The development of this algorithm involves a proof that the portfolio with maximum geometric mean lies on the efficient frontier in arithmetic mean variance space. This finding has major implications for the relevancy of much of portfolio and general equilibrium theory. These implications are explored.
A COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO MULTIATTRIBUTE DECISION METHODOLOGIES USED IN CAPITAL INVESTMENT DECISION ANALYSIS

Two multicriteria decision methodologies applied to evaluating capital investments are the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Non-Traditional Capital Investment Criteria (NCIC) model. In this paper we demonstrate that a mathematical relationship exists between these two models. In-particular, a data set obtained by one method can be mapped into an equivalent data set obtained using the other method. It is suggested that this offers an opportunity of empirically assessing decision makers judgmental capabilities under varying data collection methods. An example problem illustrates the manner in which such comparisons can be made.
Emergency contraception policy: how moral commitments affect risk evaluation

Based on the beliefs that human life and pregnancy begin at conception, that human life has equal moral value regardless of its development stage or form, and that emergency contraception (EC) has mechanisms of action that may induce abortion, Catholic health care facilities are not permitted to provide EC to rape victims if any possibility exists that a woman may have conceived due to her rape, even if that possibility is unverifiable. The Catholic Church claims that the mechanism of action of EC is uncertain and that some studies have concluded that disruption of implantation, which the Church considers to be abortion, may occur. Drawing on insights from feminist epistemology (e.g. work by Helen Longino) and arguments at the intersection of bioethics and philosophy of science (including work by Robert Veatch and Grant Gillett), we argue that the Church’s position on this matter is based on uncertain (and misinterpreted) scientific claims and that particular normative (moral and theological) commitments on the part of those wielding power over Church Law lead to a weighing of probabilities in a manner consonant with the preservation of that power. In this paper, we examine how normative commitments infuse or infect the assessment of probability and influence ethical policy. We also examine how probabilism, a moral method that operates within the constraints of Catholic normative commitments, offers an alternative approach which respects, acknowledges, and maximizes an individual’s ability to determine probable reason for moral action in the face of irreducible uncertainty.
Intelligent reduction of zero-order diffraction in Fourier optical systems

A simple and intelligent technique of reducing the zero-order diffraction in an optical spectrographic processor is discussed and the corresponding nonbias optical architecture, by which spectrograms can indeed be obtained, is proposed. Reduction of zero-order diffraction in a Fourier optical system arises from the removal of the dc bias, which is usually needed when a conventional optical spectrographic processor is utilized. We have shown that discrimination sensitivity of the optical spectrograms is significantly enhanced and the dynamic range (DR) requirement for the spectrogram capturing device is also notably reduced due to the removal of the dc bias. In addition, energy utilization efficiency in the optical signal processing is drastically improved by our nonbias architecture. Simulated demonstration is provided.
Does the decay mode K+ → π+ + axion already rule out the axion?

Abstract The branching ratio Γ( K + → π + + axion ) Γ( K + → all ) is predicted to be of the order of 10 −5 . Such a relatively high value already violates an experimental upper bound deduced by several authors. Some discussion of the formalism we use is given and a possible way out is mentioned.
Segmented Domain Decomposition Multigrid Solutions for Two and Three-Dimensional Viscous Flows

Several viscous incompressible two and three-dimensional flows with strong inviscid interaction and/or axial flow reversal are considered with a segmented domain decomposition multigrid (SDDMG) procedure. Specific examples include the laminar flow recirculation in a trough geometry and in a three-dimensional step channel. For the latter case, there are multiple and three-dimensional recirculation zones. A pressure-based form of flux-vector splitting is applied to the Navier-Stokes equations, which are represented by an implicit, lowest-order reduced Navier-Stokes (RNS) system and a purely diffusive, higher-order, deferred-corrector. A trapezoidal or box-like form of discretization insures that all mass conservation properties are satisfied at interfacial and outflow boundaries, even for this primitive-variable non-staggered grid formulation. The segmented domain strategy is adapted herein for three-dimensional flows and is extended to allow for disjoint subdomains that do not share a common boundary.
Exploring multiple profiles of highly rated learner compositions

Abstract Recent research has come a long way in describing the linguistic features of large samples of written texts, although a satisfactory description of L2 writing remains problematic. Even when variables such as proficiency, language background, topic, and audience have been controlled, straightforward predictive relationships between linguistic variables and quality ratings have remained elusive, and perhaps they always will. We propose a different approach. Rather than assuming a linear relationship between linguistic features and quality ratings, we explore multiple profiles of highly rated timed compositions and describe how they compare in terms of their lexical, grammatical, and discourse features. To this end, we performed a cluster analysis on two sets of timed compositions to examine their patterns of use of several linguistic features. The purpose of the analysis was to investigate whether multiple profiles (or clusters) would emerge among the highly rated compositions in each data set. This did indeed occur. Within each data set, the profiles of highly rated texts differed significantly. Some profiles exhibited above-average levels for several linguistic features, whereas others showed below-average levels. We interpret the results as confirming that highly rated texts are not at all isometric, even though there do appear to be some identifiable constraints on the ways in which highly rated timed compositions may vary.
The active site of L-asparaginase: dimethylsulfoxide effect of 5-diazo-4-oxo-L-norvaline interactions.

Abstract The asparagine analog, 5-diazo-4-oxo-L-norvaline is a substrate and an irreversible inhibitor of L-asparaginase. Covalent attachment occurs at an increased rate at concentrations of dimethylsulfoxide which reduce the catalytic decomposition of diazo-oxo-norvaline. In 55% dimethylsulfoxide asparaginase is inactivated by diazo-oxo-norvaline (0.05 M) with a t 1 2 of twelve seconds. In aqueous buffer the rate of diazo-oxo-norvaline decomposition is increased three-fold in the presence of the nucleophile hydroxylamine; this nucleophile also protects the enzyme against inactivation by diazo-oxo-norvaline in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide.
The effect of extended exposure to hypersaline conditions on the germination of five inland halophyte species

In order to determine how salinity and exposure time affect seed viability and germination, seeds of five halophytes, Atriplex prostrata, Hordeum jubatum, Salicornia europaea, Spergularia marina, and Suaeda calceoliformis were exposed to 3.0, 5.0, and 10.0% NaCl solutions for 30, 60, 90, 365, and 730 d. Recovery experiments in distilled water indicated significantly different species responses to salinity over time. Percentage germination and rate of germination in H. jubatum were dramatically reduced following extended exposure and all seeds exposed to 10% NaCl for > 1 yr failed to germinate. Spergularia marina seeds were stimulated following short-term exposure to 3% NaCl; however, germination was delayed and overall germination was significantly reduced with exposure time in the two higher salinity levels. Percentage germination in A. prostrata decreased over time, but salinity level was not related to this reduction. Germination of S. europaea and S. calceoliformis, the most salt-tolerant species being tested, was stimulated by exposure to high salinity. Both species had a significant increase in percentage germination and in the germination rate when compared to seeds germinated in distilled water. Baseline germination data from seeds placed in 0, 1, 2, and 3% NaCl solutions indicated that S. europaea and S. calceoliformis were the only species to germinate in the 3% NaCl solution. Spergularia marina failed to germinate in the 2% NaCl treatment, and germination of A. prostrata and H. jubatum was significantly reduced at this salinity level. It is concluded that prolonged exposure to saline solutions can inhibit or stimulate germination in certain species, and the resulting germination and recovery responses are related to the duration and intensity of their exposure to salt in their natural habitats.
Ontogeny of step-through passive avoidance learning in domestic chicks: Effects of prepunishment training and cue distinctiveness

In three experiments, 1- and 4-day-old chicks (N=96) were first trained to move from one compartment into another for heat reward, and then, following 1, 24, or 48 prepunishment trials, the chicks’ step-through responses were punished with aversive wing-shocks during 24 passive avoidance (PA) trials. The major finding of these experiments was that the age dependency of PA learning of the young chick depends upon both the number of prepunishment trials and the cue differences between the safe and shock compartments. The 1-day-old chick showed an improvement in PA learning as both prepunishment trials and cue differences were increased, but the 4-day-old chicks’ PA learning was retarded by increasing the number of prepunishment trials when either identical or distinct cues were in the two compartments. These PA results suggest that the 1-day-old chick, as compared with the 4-day-old chick, is deficient in learning, or detecting changes in, stimulus- and/or response-reinforcement contingencies.
Autoimmunity: Rationalizing possible pathways from initiation to disease.

Abstract Any physiological system that has as its output an activity that is biodestructive and ridding must have a way of distinguishing the host (self) from that which is other (nonself). The setting in which autoimmunity can be analyzed depends, in part and unavoidably, on the way in which the normal self (S)–nonself (NS) discrimination is accomplished. Any discussion of autoimmunity should include one’s view of this latter. To this end, a pathway for the normal S–NS discrimination will be proposed. Then, a mechanism for the determination of effector class will be considered as autoimmune disease is consequent to it. Experiments challenging both the proposed model of normal behavior, as well as that of the extrapolation to autoimmunity, will be cited along with a discussion of some of the elements which, if rendered defective, would result in autoimmunity. The goal is to see how far this particular abstraction based largely on the logic of evolutionary biology can meaningfully guide understanding of the disease.
Three-dimensional seismic velocity structure and earthquake relocations at Katmai, Alaska

Abstract We invert arrival time data from local earthquakes occurring between September 2004 and May 2009 to determine the three-dimensional (3D) upper crustal seismic structure in the Katmai volcanic region. Waveforms for the study come from the Alaska Volcano Observatory's permanent network of 20 seismic stations in the area (predominantly single-component, short period instruments) plus a densely spaced temporary array of 11 broadband, 3-component stations. The absolute and relative arrival times are used in a double-difference seismic tomography inversion to solve for 3D P- and S-wave velocity models for an area encompassing the main volcanic centers. The relocated hypocenters provide insight into the geometry of seismogenic structures in the area, revealing clustering of events into four distinct zones associated with Martin, Mageik, Trident-Novarupta, and Mount Katmai. The seismic activity extends from about sea level to 2 km depth (all depths referenced to mean sea level) beneath Martin, is concentrated near 2 km depth beneath Mageik, and lies mainly between 2 and 4 km depth below Katmai and Trident-Novarupta. Many new features are apparent within these earthquake clusters. In particular, linear features are visible within all clusters, some associated with swarm activity, including an observation of earthquake migration near Trident in 2008. The final velocity model reveals a possible zone of magma storage beneath Mageik, but there is no clear evidence for magma beneath the Katmai-Novarupta area where the 1912 eruptive activity occurred, suggesting that the storage zone for that eruption may have largely been evacuated, or remnant magma has solidified.
B-cell leukemia protein-2 and peptide YY chemotherapy resistance in colon cancer☆

Background: Inhibition of apoptosis may allow cells with drug-induced damage to escape programmed cell death. The bcl-2 protein inhibits apoptosis and bcl-2 overexpression has been associated with drug resistance. It is our hypothesis that higher levels of bcl-2 expression will be seen in colon cancer cells resistant to PYY treatment. Methods: Caco2 and HCT116 colon cancer cells were treated with 2 μM PYY for 24 hours. Protein was extracted from cells surviving PYY treatment; bcl-2 expression was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and confirmed by Western blotting. Results: Caco2 and HCT116 cells surviving PYY treatment demonstrated increased bcl-2 from 20.54 ± 2.7 to 28.63 ± 2.20 units/mL (P <0.05) and 21.98 ± 1.28 to 29.32∗ ± 2.26 units/mL, respectively. Conclusions: Increased expression of bcl-2 is seen in a population of colon cancer cells resistant to PYY. Hence, bcl-2 may protect neoplastic cells from apoptosis; its levels may be useful in predicting chemotherapy response and in selecting appropriate drug regimens.
Tomorrow's engineer — In preparation

WE HAVE ALL heard much, in the past 2 years, of the present and future shortage of engineers. Many professional and technical societies, including the AIEE, have been actively concerned with studying the problem, and have made specific recommendations to help alleviate this condition. There has been a rather general feeling that we must substantially increase the numbers of graduates to meet more nearly the present demand of industry, which is estimated variously from 30,000 a year up. Such activities are certainly desirable to counteract the previous opinion of the public — that engineering is an overcrowded profession. We in engineering, however, should know more of the problem — should know whether, in fact, we can produce as many graduates as industry requires.
Voltammetric reduction of hydrogen ion in solutions of polyprotic strong acids with and without supporting electrolyte

Abstract Voltammetric reduction of strong polyprotic acids in solutions with excess and without supporting electrolyte was studied both theoretically and experimentally. A theoretical model based on the transport (diffusion and migration) equations and the electroneutrality principle was used to compute voltammograms by finite difference simulation under both steady state and transient conditions. Simulated voltammograms are compared with experimental reduction curves obtained at platinum microelectrodes without and with excess electrolyte for two strong polyprotic acids, sulfuric (H2SO4) and tungstosilicic (H4W12SiO40) acids. Perchloric acid (HClO4) was used as the reference for comparison. The experimental results agree well with the calculated voltammetric curves both without and with excess supporting electrolyte. The dependence of voltammetric response on the concentration of acids is also discussed.
On the mean characteristics of the juncture vortex in cross-flow planes

AbstractJuncture flow of wings with leading edge sweep angles of 0°, ±15°, ±30°, and ±45° mounted on a flat plate for a turbulent approach boundary layer was investigated using laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) in a subsonic wind tunnel. Time-averaged measurements in the cross-flow planes indicated incompletely formed vortical structures. Additionally, in the cross-flow plane at the airfoil maximum thickness location, measured velocity directions were inconsistent with vortex rotation. Complex motion of the juncture vortex system in the cross-flow direction was observed during flow visualization of the configuration in a water tunnel, suggesting masking of the mean vortex structure by the global motion of the structures. The mean vortex signature with correct rotational direction was ‘frozen’ by subtracting a constant cross-flow velocity component from the LDV mean measurements. Vorticity contours in the cross-flow planes were calculated using a finite differencing scheme on the measured data. Good comparis...
Visual latency as a function of stimulus onset, offset, and background luminance.

Test and comparison stimuli were presented at various asynchronies, and subjects judged which changed first. Relative visual latencies between the onset and offset of test and comparison stimuli were obtained in a factorial design. This procedure allowed a direct comparison of on and off visual latencies, using the perceived-order method. The test stimulus subtended 10′ of visual angle and had an average duration of 2.5 s. It was delivered to both the fovea and 4.5° in the periphery. Two luminances were used and the stimulus was presented alone or on a 30′ background disk, the luminance of which was varied. The comparison stimulus was a 2.5-s pulse of light presented to the periphery of the left eye. It was of fixed luminance and subtended 10′ of visual angle. A maxwellian-view optical system was used. Test-stimulus offsets were found to have significantly shorter latencies than test-stimulus onsets, in both the fovea and periphery, and for high and low test-stimulus luminance. The difference between onset and offset latency was not affected by background luminance, indicating that the onset–offset difference was not due to differential light adaptation. Also, the latency of the test stimulus was found to be shorter in the fovea than in the periphery, and shorter for high-luminance stimulation than for low luminance. Latency of the test stimulus increased for high backgrounds in the periphery, but not in the fovea.
The Relationship Between Maternal and Child Symptom Change in Community Mental Health

The mental health of mothers and children are closely linked. This study examined the relationship between child and maternal symptom change during a period in which children participated in community mental health treatment. Symptom change was measured using the Child Behavior Checklist for children and the Beck Depression Inventory for Mothers. Results indicate that mothers whose children improve in community mental health treatment are significantly more likely to report a reduction in maternal depressive symptoms than mothers whose children do not improve. Implications of these findings for mental health service settings are discussed.
Refugees in a Global Era

Philip Marfleet Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, ISBN: 0-333-77784-0, 324 pp. While I suspect that many readers will disagree with some of the arguments put forward by Philip Marfleet in Refu...
Spreading rate dependence of gravity anomalies along oceanic transform faults

Gravity and bathymetry data from transform fault systems associated with mid-ocean ridges that are spreading at different rates indicates that crustal thickening may occur under transform faults associated with intermediate- and fast-spreading ridges. If confirmed, this observation would require a change in our understanding of how magma accretion occurs along rapidly spreading mid-ocean ridges. Mid-ocean ridge morphology and crustal accretion are known to depend on the spreading rate of the ridge. Slow-spreading mid-ocean-ridge segments exhibit significant crustal thinning towards transform and non-transform offsets1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12, which is thought to arise from a three-dimensional process of buoyant mantle upwelling and melt migration focused beneath the centres of ridge segments1,2,4,5,6,7,9,10,12. In contrast, fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges are characterized by smaller, segment-scale variations in crustal thickness, which reflect more uniform mantle upwelling beneath the ridge axis13,14,15. Here we present a systematic study of the residual mantle Bouguer gravity anomaly of 19 oceanic transform faults that reveals a strong correlation between gravity signature and spreading rate. Previous studies have shown that slow-slipping transform faults are marked by more positive gravity anomalies than their adjacent ridge segments1,2,4,6, but our analysis reveals that intermediate and fast-slipping transform faults exhibit more negative gravity anomalies than their adjacent ridge segments. This finding indicates that there is a mass deficit at intermediate- and fast-slipping transform faults, which could reflect increased rock porosity, serpentinization of mantle peridotite, and/or crustal thickening. The most negative anomalies correspond to topographic highs flanking the transform faults, rather than to transform troughs (where deformation is probably focused and porosity and alteration are expected to be greatest), indicating that crustal thickening could be an important contributor to the negative gravity anomalies observed. This finding in turn suggests that three-dimensional magma accretion may occur near intermediate- and fast-slipping transform faults.
Trends in repair of intact and ruptured descending thoracic aortic aneurysms in the United States: A population-based analysis

Background To evaluate trends and outcomes of descending thoracic aortic aneurysm (DTAA) repair in the United States. Methods Adults undergoing DTAA repair between 1998 and 2008 were identified in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. To limit confounding, patients with connective tissue disorders, aortic dissection, or thoracoabdominal aneurysms were excluded. Stratification was based on intact versus ruptured DTAA and open versus endovascular approach. Standardized annual rates of repair were calculated based on US Census Bureau population estimates. Logistic regression analysis incorporating multiple patient, operative, and hospital variables was used for risk adjustment. Results A total of 20,568 DTAA patients (intact, 17,780; ruptured, 2788) underwent repair (open, 15,265; endovascular, 5303). Patients undergoing repair in the more recent era had higher comorbidity burdens than those undergoing repair in the earlier era. Despite this, annual rates of repair for both intact and ruptured DTAAs increased significantly during the study period (intact, 2.2-10.6 per 1 million; ruptured, 0.8-1.3 per 1 million; P P P = .002). Endovascular repair was associated with reduced risk-adjusted mortality for both intact (odds ratio, 0.31; P P = .001) DTAAs. Conclusions Although patients undergoing DTAA repair in the modern era have a higher comorbidity burden, rates of repair have increased and operative mortality has decreased, in part because of the increasing adoption of endovascular approaches.
Dependence of superconducting transition temperature on pressure in primitive hexagonal Si.

A Comment on the Letter by K. J. Chang e-italict-italic a-italicl-italic., Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 2375 (1985).
CD36 - a marker for drug sensitive acute megakaryoblastic leukemia.

Significant progress has been made in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in children in the last three decades. As a consequence, various cooperative group trials carried out after 1995 ...
HYPERGRAPHS AND REGULARITY OF SQUARE-FREE MONOMIAL IDEALS

We define a new combinatorial object, which we call a labeled hypergraph, uniquely associated to any square-free monomial ideal. We prove several upper bounds on the regularity of a square-free monomial ideal in terms of simple combinatorial properties of its labeled hypergraph. We also give specific formulas for the regularity of square-free monomial ideals with certain labeled hypergraphs. Furthermore, we prove results in the case of one-dimensional labeled hypergraphs.
OPTIMAL REPLACEMENT POLICIES FOR DEVICES SUBJECT TO A GAMMA WEAR PROCESS

Abstract. Suppose that a device is subject to wear occurring randomly in time as a gamma process {X(t), t ≥ 0}. Let ζ be the life length of the device. The device can be replaced before or at failure. The cost of replacing the device, h, is of the form for same g. In this paper we give a form of an optimal replacement policy that minimizes the expected replacement cost per unit time. Discrete version of the above results is also considered.
Relative ineffectiveness of exogenous triiodothyronine as a thyroid suppressive agent.

In 16 patients with nontoxic goiter T3 was given orally, 20 μg daily for the first month, 40 μg for the second and 60 μg for the third. Before and at the end of each month the basal serum TSH levels and the 30 min response to 200 μg TRH iv were measured. The difference was calculated as δ TSH. Serum T4, T3 resin uptake, and T3 were measured at the beginning and at the end of treatment. The results were compared to those obtained in 2 groups of 18 and 54 patients, respectively, treated with increasing doses of oral T4. In the patients treated with exogenous T3 there was a rise of serum T3 from 2.02 ± 0.06 to 3.48 ± 0.08 nmol/l, and whileon 60 μg/day all had serum T3 levels well within the hyperthyroid range. However, the TRH test became negative in only 62.5% of them. On the contrary, in the groups treated with T4 the TRH test was promptly suppressed completely, and ATSH became 0 with 100 μg of T4 daily in virtually all cases. It is concluded that although 60 μg of T3 are more than the daily maintainance dose and result in hyperthyroid serum T3 levels, the pituitary-thyroid axis is not completely suppressed, probably because pituitary TSH secretion is regulated by the intrapituitary conversion of T4 to T3 and not by serum T3 levels. Hence, if one wants to suppress the pituitary TSH release, as in the treatment of nontoxic goiter, T4 and not T3 is the drug of choice: it is selectively converted to T3 in the pituitary, where it produces higher T3 levels and so more complete suppression of the TSH release, without unduly high serum T3 levels and thyrotoxic manifestations from the peripheral tissues.
The presence of neighbors influences defense against predators in a cooperatively breeding cichlid

Although behavior is often examined in a dyadic or group context, behavioral interactions are also influenced by the broader social context. Interactions with neighboring groups may provide information about the local environment or may offer important reproductive opportunities. Considering the potential fitness consequences of intergroup interactions, particularly for territorial species that have long-term relationships with neighboring groups, we expect individuals will alter their behavior based on access to surrounding groups. We used a cooperatively breeding cichlid Neolamprologus pulcher to determine if individuals vary their response to a predator when neighbors were present versus absent. We found no difference in dominant behavior between neighbor present and neighbor absent treatments, but subordinates increased their defense against the predator when neighbors were present, particularly when the neighbor was unfamiliar. Subordinates may change their behavior when neighbors are present in order to signal to or cooperate with neighboring individuals but may also be responding to the change in intragroup dynamics that can result from the presence of neighboring conspecifics. This study illustrates the importance of considering the effect of neighboring groups on individual behavior, given that intergroup dynamics can influence behaviors that do not directly involve conspecific interactions.
Expanding roles of protein kinase CK2 in regulating plant growth and development

Protein kinase CK2 (formerly known as casein kinase II) is a ubiquitious Ser/Thr kinase present in all eukaryotes. The α (catalytic) and β (regulatory) subunits of CK2 exist both as a tetrameric holoenzyme and as monomers in eukaryotic cells. CK2 has been implicated in multiple developmental and stress-responsive pathways including light signalling and circadian clock in plants. Recent studies using CK2 knockout and dominant negative mutants in Arabidopsis have uncovered new roles for this enzyme. CK2 substrates that have been identified so far are primarily transcription factors or regulatory proteins. CK2-mediated phosphorylation of these factors often results in alteration of the protein function including changes in the DNA-binding affinity, dimerization, stability, protein-protein interactions, and subcellular localization. CK2 has evolved as an essential housekeeping kinase in plants that modifies protein function in a dynamic way. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the role of CK2 in plant development.
Decreased core muscle size is associated with worse patient survival following esophagectomy for cancer

Preoperative risk assessment, particularly for patient frailty, remains largely subjective. This study evaluated the relationship between core muscle size and patient outcomes following esophagectomy for malignancy. Using preoperative computed tomography scans in 230 subjects who had undergone transhiatal esophagectomy for cancer between 2001 and 2010, lean psoas area (LPA), measured at the fourth lumbar vertebra, was determined. Cox proportional hazards regression was employed to analyze overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) adjusted for age, gender, and stage, and the Akaike information criterion was used to determine each covariate contribution to OS and DFS. Univariate analysis demonstrated that increasing LPA correlated with both OS (P = 0.017) and DFS (P = 0.038). In multivariate analysis controlling for patient and tumor characteristics, LPA correlated with OS and DFS in patients who had not received neoadjuvant treatment (n = 64), with higher LPA associated with improved OS and DFS. Moreover, LPA was of equivalent, or slightly higher importance than pathologic stage. These measures were not predictive among patients (n = 166) receiving neoadjuvant chemoradiation. Core muscle size appears to be an independent predictor of both OS and DFS, as significant as tumor stage, in patients following transhiatal esophagectomy. Changes in muscle mass related to preoperative treatment may confound this effect. Assessment of core muscle size may provide an additional objective measure for risk stratification prior to undergoing esophagectomy.
Doenças e características físicas e químicas pós-colheita em maracujá amarelo de cultivo convencional e orgânico no centro oeste paulista

ABSTRACT-After harvested, yellow passion fruit have an increase in rot susceptibility and significant loss of fresh mass. Thepurposes of this work were to identify and quantify post harvest diseases and to evaluate the physical chemical characteristics ofyellow passion fruits grown under conventional and organic cropping systems. Fruits from both cropping systems were individuali zedand kept in a humid chamber for 24h, previously at 13 days period at 25±2oC and 70-80% RH. The incidence of diseases and theshrinkage index were visually assessed after fruit gathering and, then, every three days. Fruits were also characterized as to skinthickness, pulp content, titratable acidity and soluble solids content. There was high incidence of post harvest diseases in bothconventional and organic cropping systems. Anthracnose was the main disease, with 100% of incidence on fruits from both croppin gsystems, followed by Fusarium rot, with 25.5% in the conventional and 19.0% in the organic systems. Incidence of Phomopsis rot washigher in the conventional crop (11.0%) than in the organic crop (2.0%). Anthracnose severity was estimated using a diagrammaticscale, and corresponded to 34.1% in organic fruits and 39.8% in conventional ones. Organic fruits were bigger, and presented gr eaterskin thickness, less pulp content and greater soluble solids amount. Shrinkage indexes of fruit from both cropping systems did notdiffer. The results suggest the adoption of phyto sanitary control in the field and during post harvest stage aiming fruits with betterquality.Index Terms: Passiflora edulis, diseases, quality.
Histological Regression of Giant Cell Tumor of Bone Following RANK Ligand Inhibition

Lung metastases are a rare complication of giant cell tumors of bone. We herein describe an interesting case of histological regression and size reduction of lung metastases originating from a primary giant cell tumor of bone in response to the RANK ligand inhibitor denosumab.
Overgroup lattices in finite groups of Lie type containing a parabolic

The main theorem is a step in a program to show there exist finite lattices that are not an interval in the lattice of subgroups of any finite group. As part of the proof of the main theorem, we prove a theorem on the structure of maximal parabolics in finite groups of Lie type, which is of independent interest.
Internal Tide Reflection and Turbulent Mixing on the Continental Slope

Abstract Observations of turbulence, internal waves, and subinertial flow were made over a steep, corrugated continental slope off Virginia during May–June 1998. At semidiurnal frequencies, a convergence of low-mode, onshore energy flux is approximately balanced by a divergence of high-wavenumber offshore energy flux. This conversion occurs in a region where the continental slope is nearly critical with respect to the semidiurnal tide. It is suggested that elevated near-bottom mixing (Kρ ∼ 10−3 m2 s−1) observed offshore of the supercritical continental slope arises from the reflection of a remotely generated, low-mode, M2 internal tide. Based on the observed turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate ϵ, the high-wavenumber internal tide decays on time scales O(1 day). No evidence for internal lee wave generation by flow over the slope's corrugations or internal tide generation at the shelf break was found at this site.