cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Substance p and somatostatin metabolism in sympathetic and special sensory ganglia in vitro

Mechanisms regulating the content of the putative peptide transmitters, substance P and somatostatin, were examined in several neuronal populations in culture. Substance P levels increased more than 25-fold within 48 h in sympathetic neurons of the explanted rat superior cervical ganglion, and remained elevated for 4 weeks. Identity of the peptide was authenticated by combined high pressure liquid chromatography-radioimmunoassay. Veratridine prevented the increase of substance P in vitro, and tetrodotoxin blocked the veratridine effect, suggesting that sodium ion influx and membrane depolarization prevent peptide elevation. Veratridine (or potassium)-induced membrane depolarization released substance P into the culture medium through a calcium-dependent process. Consequently, at least some veratridine effects are attributable to release and subsequent depletion of ganglion peptide. However, the inhibitory effects of veratridine were far greater than could be accounted for by the quantity of peptide released, suggesting a separate influence on net synthesis (synthesis less catabolism) of substance P. Viewed in conjunction with previous in vivo studies, our observations suggest that trans-synaptic impulses, through the mediation of postsynaptic sodium flux, release substance P from sympathetic neurons and also regulate intracellular peptide metabolism. To determine whether the processes regulating substance P in sympathetic neurons reflect generalized mechanisms, a different peptide, somatostatin, was examined in sympathetic neurons; moreover, substance P was examined in a different neuronal population, special sensory neurons of the nodose ganglion. Substance P levels increased significantly in both sympathetic and sensory neurons after explantation, and somatostatin levels increased in sympathetic neurons. In each instance, the increase was dependent upon the presence of the calcium ions. Moreover, these increases were all prevented by veratridine, in a tetrodotoxin-sensitive manner. Our observations suggest that common regulatory mechanisms govern peptide transmitter metabolism in diverse neuronal populations.
A superoxide dismutase of metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis

Abstract Superoxide dismutase was purified from Taenia taeniaeformis metacestodes by sequential ion exchange chromatography on quaternary-amino-ethyl-cellulose, gel filtration chromatography on ACA 44 and ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, followed by chromatofocusing on polybuffer exchanger 94. This isolation procedure resulted in the detection of a single protein-staining band on alkaline gels, coincident with enzyme activity. We have, however, detected what appear to be two peaks of enzyme activity within this single protein-staining band. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using gradient slab gels and analysis under reducing conditions, resulted in the detection of only one protein at an apparent M r of 16 600, while analysis under non-reducing conditions, gave a single protein of an apparent M r of 64000. The isoelectric point of the purified protein is 6.6. Boiling for 3 min completely destroyed the enzyme, whereas incubation for 2 h at 37°C resulted in the loss of 56% of the enzymic activity. Incubation with 10 mM KCN resulted in 83% inhibition of the enzyme. We have detected up to 168 U ml −1 of enzyme activity in the cyst fluid surrounding the parasite in situ. This is the first instance in which any parasite superoxide dismutase has been purified to apparent homogeneity. Parasite-mediated enzymic destruction of superoxide anion can not only protect against oxygen toxicity as a result of normal parasite respiratory processes but also may serve as yet another mechanism used by tissue-dwelling parasites to evade host immunologic attack.
Seeking Your Involvement: Getting Your Colleagues To Read, Write, and Review for the Journal

This editorial encourages participation in the Journal, particularly for new readers, authors, and reviewers.
Richard Bellman on the Birth of Dynamic Programming

W follows concerns events from the summer of 1949, when Richard Bellman first became interested in multistage decision problems, until 1955. Although Bellman died on March 19, 1984, the story will be told in his own words since he left behind an entertaining and informative autobiography, Eye of the Hurricane (World Scientific Publishing Company, Singapore, 1984), whose publisher has generously approved extensive excerpting. During the summer of 1949 Bellman, a tenured associate professor of mathematics at Stanford University with a developing interest in analytic number theory, was consulting for the second summer at the RAND Corporation in Santa Monica. He had received his Ph.D. from Princeton in 1946 at the age of 25, despite various war-related activities during World War II—including being assigned by the Army to the Manhattan Project in Los Alamos. He had already exhibited outstanding ability both in pure mathematics and in solving applied problems arising from the physical world. Assured of a successful conventional academic career, Bellman, during the period under consideration, cast his lot instead with the kind of applied mathematics later to be known as operations research. In those days applied practitioners were regarded as distinctly second-class citizens of the mathematical fraternity. Always one to enjoy controversy, when invited to speak at various university mathematics department seminars, Bellman delighted in justifying his choice of applied over pure mathematics as being motivated by the real world’s greater challenges and mathematical demands. Following are excerpts, taken chronologically from Richard Bellman’s autobiography. The page numbers are given after each. The excerpt section titles are mine. These excerpts are far more serious than most of the book, which is full of entertaining anecdotes and outrageous behaviors by an exceptionally human being.
Communication and connectedness in the classroom: Development of the connected classroom climate inventory

This article presents the rationale for and development of the Connected Classroom Climate Inventory (CCCI) designed to measure connectedness among students in the university classroom. The original inventory contained 20 items plus four validity items. Based on factor analysis and reliability analysis, two of the original 20 items were dropped from consideration. The resulting 18‐item CCCI scale was found to contain a single factor, to have an overall reliability of alpha = .94, and to show initial evidence of validity. The CCCI showed no scale score differences among class sections or based on teacher/student sex. These findings and implications for future communication research are discussed.
Analysis of interference fringes from a flame

The CH emission from an oxyacetylene flame at atmospheric pressure has been examined with a Fabry-Perot interferometer crossed with a grating spectrograph. The fringe patterns are analyzed, using four different methods of reduction of data. Poor agreement is observed with theoretical intensity line contours for combined instrumental and Doppler broadening. The graphical integration technique of Gaydon and Wolfhard is employed to estimate the amount of collision broadening. Translational equilibrium conditions are observed to exist for CH in the flame, with temperature near the maximum theoretical adiabatic value.
The academic computer specialist in Mexico: a preliminary investigation

Many Mexican universities are now offering Internet access to their faculty and users. This access is provided by computer services staff who traditionally have been responsible only for the technical aspects of establishing, maintaining, and updating the university computer systems. The computer specialists are finding themselves largely unprepared to assume this new role as information specialists. Examines the newly emerging and evolving roles of these computer specialists.
Monoamine depletion does not alter angiotensin II binding sites in the rat brain

Abstract 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) or 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) was administered in the lateral cerebral ventricles of rats. These respective treatments caused reductions in norepinephrine (NE) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels in the hypothalamus-thalamus-septum-midbrain (HTSM; 62% and 44%) and brainstem (57% and 20%), respectively. Catecholamine depletion in 6-OHDA-treated rats resulted in a 55% decrease in the pressor response to ICV Ang II which was not associated with any significant change in the binding of 125 I-sarcosine 1 , isoleucine 8 Ang II to Ang II binding sites in the HTSM or brainstem. The radioligand binding was not significantly affected by the 5,7-DHT treatment. These results indicate that brain Ang II binding sites are not predominantly localized on NE- or 5-HT-containing nerve terminals. They do not, however, preclude the existence of a small proportion of Ang II binding sites on these neuronal populations.
PREDICTIVE POWER OF THE POLYGRAPH: CAN THE "LIE DETECTOR" REALLY DETECT LIARS?

Expanded use of the polygraph as a detector of lies has been proposed in the United States and the United Kingdom. The positive predictive value of the polygraph (ie, the proportion of positive test results that are true positives) was assessed, on the evidence of the best published data for the sensitivity and specificity of the device. In many screening or investigative situations, the predictive value would be poor; most of the positive results would be false positives. Consequently, truthful persons incriminated as liars by the polygraph would outnumber actual liars with a positive result on the test.
Broad band laser polarization rotator for high power applications in the IR

Abstract A device is described that rotates the polarization of a laser beam by 90° using successive reflections from four mirrors. The device can handle large incident powers and has a wide spectral range.
A comparison of compensatory and noncompensatory models of judgment: Effects of task predictability and degrees of freedom☆

Abstract We employ a bankruptcy prediction task to compare the validity of linear compensatory models of judgment to a nonlinear, noncompensatory model of judgment (hierarchical partitioning) given two levels each of task predictability and degrees of freedom. We compare these modeling methods on three measures of validity (predictive, diagnostic, and structural). To aid model comparison, information acquisition protocols are used to develop benchmark measures of cue importance. We find that hierarchical partitioning methods perform significantly better than the linear method with respect to predictive validity and structural validity when task predictability is higher, and particularly when degrees of freedom are low. Measures of diagnostic validity are consistently higher for the hierarchical model, but no pairwise comparison is found to be statistically significant at acceptable levels.
Predicting Water Activity from 0.30 to 0.95 of a Multicomponent Food Formulation

The objective was to develop an equation to calculate the aw of a mixture of known composition at a given moisture content. A simple equation was derived by combining the Smith isotherm with the Lang-Steinberg mass balance: log (1–aw) = [MW–Σ(aiwi)]/Σ(biwi) where M is moisture content of the mixture, W is total dry weight of the mixture, ai and bi are Smith isotherm parameters for the individual ingredient, and wi is the dry weight of the ingredient. For comparison of experimental and calculated aw values, an experimental value was used to calculate M from the mixture isotherm and this M was used to calculate aw, from the model. Four binary and one ternary mixtures of two macromolecules, two solutes and one complex ingredient were included. Twenty-one comparisons between calculated and experimental aw, over aw 0.30–0.95 resulted in a maximum error of only 1.86% and a mean error of -0.25%, showing excellent agreement. Only one constraint was found; when the mixture contains i solute (sugar or salt) and the aw, is below the aw of saturation for that solute, that solute is deleted from the summations in the Model.
Metastatic epidural spinal cord compression

Summary Metastatic epidural spinal cord compression (MESCC) occurs when cancer metastasises to the spine or epidural space and causes secondary compression of the spinal cord. MESCC is a common complication of malignancy that affects almost 5% of patients with cancer. The most common symptom is back pain. MESCC is a medical emergency that needs rapid diagnosis and treatment if permanent paralysis is to be prevented: the diagnosis of MESCC is best made with MRI; and corticosteroids, radiation therapy, and surgery are all established treatments. Future research will focus on prevention, improving detection, and the development of new treatments.
Rotational spectrum and structure of the pyridine–CO2 van der Waals complex

Abstract The rotational spectrum of the pyridine–CO 2 van der Waals complex has been recorded in a cold supersonic jet using pulsed-nozzle Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy. Spectroscopic constants are reported for the parent species and for all four singly-substituted 13 C derivatives. The data indicate a planar structure in which the pyridine nitrogen approaches the CO 2 carbon with the C 2 axis of the pyridine perpendicular to the CO 2 . No evidence of internal rotation is observed. The zero point vibrationally averaged N⋯C van der Waals distance is 2.7977(64) A and the O⋯ortho-hydrogen distance is 3.090(6) A. The 14 N nuclear quadrupole coupling constants are consistent with a bending vibrational amplitude of the pyridine moiety of about 9° away from the C 2v geometry. The observed structure is in excellent agreement with that previously calculated to correspond to the lowest of several nearly isoenergetic isomers, suggesting that it is, indeed, the global minimum-energy structure. Somewhat surprisingly, the C⋯N van der Waals bond distance is about 0.2 A shorter than those observed in the related systems HCN⋯CO 2 and H 3 N⋯CO 2 .
Effect of oxygen deficiency on cytochrome c, heme a, and iron protoporphyrin of L-cells

Abstract L-cells, maintained under anaerobic culture conditions synthesize one-half the amount of protein and incorporate approximately one-half the amount of radioactive amino acids when compared with control cultures under aerobic conditions. The total protein in cells of anaerobic cultures increased, but the total cytochrome c content remained constant. Cytochrome c isolated from anaerobic cells incubated with l -leucine- 14 C contained no radioactive amino acid. Heme a concentration in cells of cultures maintained under anaerobic conditions dropped from the control values found in cells during aerobic incubation.
Pointing, tracking, and acquisition through atmospheric turbulence utilizing reciprocal path techniques

A naturally-occurring, enhanced backscatter appears whenever an object being obscured by a turbulent medium is actively illuminated and imaged by a monostatic transmitter/receiver. After making a double passage through the same turbulent eddies, reciprocal scattering paths, which encounter an identical phase delay, create a returning conjugate wave resulting in an enhanced illumination along the boresight of the telescope. Utilizing a dual aperture and orthogonal polarization to isolate the reciprocal paths, the backscatter enhancement occurs in the form of Young's interference fringes. For high visibility and stability of the fringes in the presence of time- varying turbulence, the width of an individual aperture is small compared to the atmospheric coherence diameter. With the separation and the width of the two apertures fixed and known, interferometric sensitivity of the displacement of objects was attained even when viewing through a turbulent atmosphere. Laboratory experimental data is compared with computer simulations and to analytical models. The results demonstrate the possibility of using this technique in a closed-loop pointing and tracking system, which would have potential applications in ground-to-space laser communications, laser power beaming to satellites and theater missile defense scenarios.
Organizing mRNA export

A new study shows that cellular mRNAs can be organized and exported from the nucleus as functionally related groups by RNA-binding proteins, possibly corresponding to specific gene-expression networks activated by transcription factors. The combinatorial assortment of mRNAs as functional subsets has the potential to generate a variety of complex phenotypes from a modest number of genes.
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Midlife Depressive Symptoms: The Role of Cumulative Disadvantage Across the Life Course

A B S T R A C T This study examines the role of cumulative disadvantage mechanisms across the life course in the production of racial and ethnic disparities in depressive symptoms at midlife, including the early life exposure to health risk factors, the persistent exposure to health risk factors, and varying mental health returns to health risk factors across racial and ethnic groups. Using data from the over-40 health module of the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY) 1979 cohort, this study uses regression decomposition techniques to attend to differences in the composition of health risk factors across racial and ethnic groups, differences by race and ethnicity in the association between depressive symptoms and health risk factors, and how these differences combine within racial and ethnic groups to produce group-specific levels of – and disparities in – depressive symptoms at midlife. While the results vary depending on the groups being compared across race/ethnicity and gender, the study documents how racial and ethnic mental health disparities at midlife stem from life course processes of cumulative disadvantage through both unequal distribution and unequal associations across racial and ethnic groups.
Hypertensive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with hypertension? A study of 78 patients.

Hypertensive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may be a distinctive cardiac condition resulting from hypertension. Alternatively, this disease may represent the coincidence of a common disease, hypertension, with a relatively rare cardiomyopathy. A consecutive series of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and hypertension were studied and compared with age- and gender-matched patients with cardiomyopathy alone. Thirty-nine patients were identified as having hypertension; they ranged in age from 31 to 84 years (average 60 +/- 13); 82% were greater than 50 years old; 18 (46%) were women. When these patients were compared with the age-matched group with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy alone, there were no clinical or electrocardiographic differences between the two groups. By echocardiography, the hypertensive and nonhypertensive groups had a similar incidence of systolic anterior motion (77 versus 64%, respectively), mitral annular calcification (31 versus 31%), septal thickness greater than 20 mm (56 versus 46%) and outflow tract gradient greater than 20 mm (59 versus 67%). A posterior wall thickness greater than 13 mm was more frequent in the hypertensive group (54%) compared with the nonhypertensive group (31%) (p = 0.02). The findings show that hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with associated hypertension is a disease of the elderly. But, with the exception of thicker walls, the clinical and echocardiographic features of the patients with hypertension were indistinguishable from those of the age-matched and, hence, elderly group of patients with cardiomyopathy without hypertension. These findings suggest that hypertension may make hypertrophy worse, but that it is not the primary cause of the cardiomyopathy. Thus, the condition might be better termed "hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with hypertension."
Theoretical temperature distributions for solenoidal-type hyperthermia systems

One type of system proposed for producing hyperthermia for cancer therapy of deep‐seated tumors consists of a cylindrical conducting coil (solenoid) in which the patient (or a limb of the patient) is placed. The current in the conducting coil creates an alternating magnetic field inside the patient, which induces eddy currents in the tissue. The eddy currents deposit power and hence produce heating. In this paper, steady‐state temperature profiles are calculated analytically, assuming a homogeneous one‐dimensional model which includes blood perfusion. Numerical methods are used to calculate the temperature distributions as a function of time for this homogeneous model and to calculate the temperature profiles when there are radial variations in tissue parameters including blood flow. Based on these computer simulations, it would appear that in most cases a solenoid‐type hyperthermia system will not be able to provide deep‐seated heating in the abdomen or thorax, but should be able to raise temperatures to therapeutic levels to about 6 cm depth in the abdomen and in the muscle layer in the thorax.
Early recognition of neonatal abdominal wall necrotizing fasciitis

Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) of the abdominal wall occurring in newborns is associated with a 50% mortality rate. Improved survival requires early diagnosis followed by aggressive surgical debridement. During a 10-year period, we treated 7 infants who developed NF. During the same period, 32 infants were admitted with omphalitis that did not progress to NF. The patients with omphalitis and those with NF were compared. Tachycardia, abnormal white blood cell counts, induration, and violaceous skin discoloration were seen exclusively in the NF patients. Polymicrobial infections were documented in 28% of the omphalitis patients and 86% of the NF patients. All omphalitis patients survived, whereas 5 of 7 (71%) NF patients died. Adjuvant hyperbaric oxygen therapy was used for 4 infants with NF, 2 of whom survived (50%). NF is a highly morbid disease, that can be distinguished from other infant abdominal wall infections by the skin changes, white blood cell counts, heart rate, and microbiologic results. Prompt diagnosis of NF improves survival when combined with aggressive surgical debridement.
On the nature of theories of irreversible processes

The purpose of the present article is to give an elementary discussion of the nature of the theories used to describe the observed irreversible processes in gases to the equilibrium state, with special regard to the explicit mathematical time-reversal invariance or non-invariance of the theories.
Multiple indicators: Internal consistency or no necessary relationship?

The preceding discussion demonstrates the importance of having an explicit measurement model before analyzing measures. It is not valid to make any blanket statement on whether or not indicators should correlate until we know what type of indicators they are. If they are effect-indicators that have “well-behaved” errors and are positive measures of a single latent variable, then the internal-consistency view is appropriate and positive correlations of the indicators should occur. If cause-indicators are used then the NNR view is correct; indicator intercorrelations may be positive, negative, or zero. Finally, in general MIMIC models, cause-indicators have NNR while effect-indicators should be positively related under the assumptions of the model. In general, a cause- or an effect-indicator may have any type of relation. Given the dominance of the internal-consistency perspective these simple results have serious implications. The empirical practice of factor-analyzing items to determine which measures “hang together” makes little sense if some of the indicators are cause-indicators. Similarly, computing “item-total” (cf. Nunnally, 1978, pp. 279–287) correlations as a means to select items for an index is not valid if cause-indicators are present. It seems quite possible that a number of items (or indicators) have not been used in research because of their low or negative correlation with other indicators designed to measure the same concept. If some of these are cause-indicators, researchers may have unknowingly removed valid measures. On the other hand, these findings are not an excuse to include any indicators of interest in a measure. Ideally, the researcher should decide in advance which are effect- and which are cause-indicators. On the basis of the assumed measurement model, the expected associations may be predicted and tested. In sum, the advice of Blalock seems particularly appropriate: “One should be especially on guard against procedures that supposedly permit one to appraise the ‘validity’ of an indicator on the basis of magnitudes of correlation coefficients, without the benefit of a specific theoretical model” (Namboodiri et al., 1975, p. 600).
Drosophila ribosomal RNA genes function as an X-Y pairing site during male meiosis

In Drosophila melanogaster males, the sex chromosomes pair during meiosis in the centric X heterochromatin and at the base of the short arm of the Y (YS), in the vicinity of the nucleolus organizers. X chromosomes deficient for the pairing region segregate randomly from the Y. In this report we show that a single ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene stimulates X-Y pairing and disjunction when inserted onto a heterochromatically deficient X chromosome by P element-mediated transformation. We also show that insert-containing X chromosomes pair at the site of insertion, that autosomal rDNA inserts do not affect X-Y pairing or disjunction, and that the strength of an X pairing site is proportional to the dose of ectopic rRNA genes. These results demonstrate that rRNA genes can promote X-Y pairing and disjunction and imply that the nucleolus organizers function as X-Y pairing sites in wild-type Drosophila males.
Effect of indomethacin on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes of a spontaneously developed murine mammary adenocarcinoma.

The effect of indomethacin on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) was investigated in a spontaneously developed and weakly immunogenic murine mammary adenocarcinoma (designated JC) in syngeneic immunocompetent BALB/c mice, a tumor model mimicking human disease. Unlike other chemically and virally induced tumors, the expansion of TIL was only possible with an enriched population of lymphocytes, isolated on a discontinuous density gradient then cultured in complete medium containing recombinant human interleukin-2 (rIL-2). The freshly isolated TIL exhibited no cytotoxicity against either the natural-killer-sensitive YAC-1 or the natural-killer-resistant JC cell lines. After culture in rIL-2, the TIL of the JC tumor lysed both YAC-1 and JC. The cytotoxicity of the TIL reached a maximum between the 2nd and 3rd week of culture and decreased thereafter. Antibody-and complement-depletion tests revealed that the cells bearing asialo-GM1 antigen represented the major precursor cells of the cytotoxic TIL, which may explain its nonspecific cytotoxicity. Indomethacin was shown to accelerate the cell proliferation of the rIL-2-activated TIL, but only in the initial 2 weeks of culture and not in later culture. The addition of indomethacin to the rIL-2-containing medium at the beginning of culture resulted in a fast-acting and long-lasting enhancement in cytotoxicity. These results provided a basis for the clinical use of indomethacin, i.e. acceleration in proliferation and augmentation in cytotoxicity. However, the addition of indomethacin at the end of the fourth week after rIL-2 culturing produced neither accelerated proliferation nor augmented cytotoxicity. This study also suggested that a prolonged administration of indomethacin may not be advantageous in clinical trials, since the long-term continuous presence of indomethacin in the culture has resulted in a negative effect on the growth of TIL.
Thermal conductivity of simple and tubular nanowire composites in the longitudinal direction

This work establishes a generic model to study phonon transport and the thermal conductivity of periodic two-dimensional nanocomposites in the longitudinal direction (along the wire axis direction). More specifically, the generic model is applied to study the thermal conductivity of silicon-germanium composites with simple silicon nanowire and tubular silicon nanowire inclusions in a germanium matrix, and cylindrical nanoporous silicon materials. The results show that the effective thermal conductivity changes not only with the volumetric fraction of the constituents but also with the radius of the nanowires and cylindrical pores due to the nature of the ballistic phonon transport. The smaller the wire/pore diameter, the smaller is the thermal conductivity of the periodic two-dimensional nanocomposites for a given volumetric fraction. Composites with tubular nanowire inclusions have a lower effective thermal conductivity than simple nanowire composites due to the introduction of additional surface scattering through the pores associated with tubular nanowires. Results of this study can be used to direct the development of both high-efficiency thermoelectric materials and thermal interface material containing high-thermal-conductivity particle or wire inclusions.
Molecular genetics and chromosomal alterations in prostate cancer

The multistep nature of carcinogenesis has been repeatedly demonstrated for a variety of human cancers. Concomitant mutational activation of genes that promote cellular growth (i.e., oncogenes) and inactivation of genes that normally act to restrict or otherwise regulate growth (i.e., tumor suppressor genes) are key steps leading to tumor formation. Alterations in such genes can be restricted to the site of the cancer or can be inherited, predisposing a fraction of individuals to develop certain cancers. Evidence has been by the authors and others that chromosomes 8, 10, and 16 harbor potentially novel tumor suppressor genes that are frequently altered in prostatic carcinogenesis. Deletion mapping experiments suggest that critical genes lie on the short arm of chromosome 8 (8p22) and on the long arm of chromosome 16 (16qter-16q22). A gene in this latter area that we believe plays a critical role in determining the aggressiveness of prostate cancer is the gene for the cell-cell adhesion molecule, E-cadherin. Alterations of the expression of this protein or its accessory proteins, the catenins, are found in approximately one-half of clinically localized tumors and at a higher frequency in tumors that have metastasized (or are likely to). Experimental restoration of the E-cadherin pathway in prostate cancer cell lines results in suppression of the malignant phenotype. The authors anticipate that understanding the mechanisms by which this and other growth regulatory pathways become altered in prostate cancer will lead to better diagnostic and prognostic markers for this common disease and will possibly identify new approaches for novel therapeutic strategies. Cancer 1995 ;75 :2004-12.
Interactions of molybdenum oxide with various oxide supports: calcination of mechanical mixtures

Laser Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies as well as X-ray diffraction were used to study the interactions of MoO3 with various metal oxide supports. Intimate mechanical mixtures containing an amount of MoO3 corresponding to less than a monolayer were calcined at 720 K. In the cases where the supports were TiO2, SnO2, Al2O3, and MgO surface molybdate species were formed on calcination via thermally induced spreading of the bulk MoO3 phase. Interactions between the support and the MoO3 were sufficiently strong in these cases that no bulk MoO3 could be detected in the calcined mixture. A weaker interaction occurs in the case of SiO2. Raman results from the calcined MoO3TiO2 mixture agree with spectra obtained from catalysts prepared by equilibrium adsorption and incipient wetness impregnation; the nature of the surface molybdate species is relatively independent of the preparation method.
Comparison of observed diurnal and semidiurnal tropospheric winds at Christmas Island with tidal theory

Four years of hourly averaged atmospheric wind measurements from the Christmas Island VHF wind profiler were processed into typical days to show the vertical phase structure of the diurnal and semidiurnal tropospheric zonal winds. The winds from the lowest resolvable height were compared with both the surface winds calculated from a three year record of surface pressure using the equations of motion on a rotating, frictionless sphere, and the winds from a tidal model. It is concluded that at the lowest height, the observed diurnal and semidiurnal zonal winds have tidal (1,1) and (2,2) mode structures, respectively. Further analysis is necessary to evaluate the tidal mode(s) of the zonal wind throughout the troposphere.
Competency beliefs, positive affect, and gender stereotypes of elementary students and their parents about science versus other school subjects.

Iowa students and parents completed related attitude and belief questionnaires about school subjects. Grade K–3 students received simpler questionnaires than did Grade 4–6 students or parents. Among Grade 4–6 children, girls perceived higher competence in reading than did boys, but boys perceived higher competence in physical science. All children perceived physical science competence lower than reading or math competence. Parents perceived boys as more competent in science. Girls like reading more than boys did; boys and girls did not differ in liking of science. Grade 4–6 children also expected lower grades in and attached lower importance to physical science than to reading. Parents perceived science as more important for boys and expected higher performance of boys. Jobs related to math or science were seen as more male dominated. These results provided a more comprehensive picture of attitudes and beliefs about science in the elementary school than had existed and suggested that attitudinal gender differences related to physical science begin to develop by the earliest elementary school years. Policy implications are that intervention programs designed to promote gender equity should be extended to the early elementary school years and also should address parental attitudes. Additional implications for policy and research are discussed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 36: 719–747, 1999
Raman Scattering from ZnS Polytypes

The Raman spectra of the $2H$ and $4H$ structures of ZnS have been measured between room temperature and 60 K, and compared with the spectra from zinc blende ZnS. The observed phonons in each case are in good agreement with those expected from the known structural differences.
Exact simulation of the stationary distribution of the FIFO M/G/c queue: the general case for ρ < c

We present an exact simulation algorithm for the stationary distribution of customer delay for FIFO M/G/c queues in which ?=?/μ y)\,dy$ are such that samples of them can be simulated. Unlike the methods used in Sigman (J. Appl. Probab. 48A:209---216, 2011) involving coupling from the past, here we use different methods involving discrete-time processes and basic regenerative simulation, in which, as regeneration points, we use return visits to state 0 of a corresponding random assignment (RA) model which serves as a sample-path upper bound.
Human Centered Control in Robotics and Consumer Product Design

Human factors in the control and programming of robots and electric appliances are addressed in this paper. Systems and control techniques for the enhancement of human-machine communication as well as learning and adaptation to human needs are described with exemplary case studies. First, fundamental issues and methodologies, as well as historical perspective of relevant fields, are summarized, and two case studies are then discussed. One is user-adaptable control of air conditioners, a new type of adaptive control that allows an air conditioner to learn the thermal preference of the user. The other is a user-friendly programming method for advanced robot control. A task-level adaptive control system is developed by acquiring control skills by direct communication with human experts
Synthesis of a polyhydroxamic acid by interfacial polymerization

Polycondensation interfaciale de l'hexane (dihydroxyamino)-1,6 avec le chlorure de l'acide sebacique
Visuo-oculomotor properties of cells in the superior colliculus of the alert cat.

Visual responses and eye movement (EM) -related activities were studied in single units of the superior colliculus (SC) of alert cats. Spontaneous EMs were encouraged by training. Throughout the SC (i.e., in intermediate and deep layers as well as in superficial layers), units were found to respond well to visual stimuli. Strong and consistent responses could be elicited by very dim, low-contrast stationary stimuli. Visual responses varied from phasic to tonic; some units responded tonically to stationary stimuli in the center of the receptive field, and phasically to peripheral stimuli. Many cells responded more vigorously to moving than to stationary stimuli, but very few responded exclusively to stimulus movement. The vast majority of cells were directionally selective. A small number of units were sensitive to the absolute, as well as the retinal, position of visual stimuli. These cells were activated by visual stimuli which fell in the receptive field only if the cat's gaze was fixated on one half of the screen. It seems that these cells must receive information about both eye position and the retinal (receptive field) position of the stimulus. It is possible that they reflect coding of target location within a head (or body) frame of reference. EM-related units were of two types: (1) about 20% of the sample responded prior to spontaneous or visually-triggered EMs, and (2) another 10% (or more) responded with, but not before, EMs. Some cells in the second group discharge almost synchronously with EMs and, thus, cannot plausibly be said to respond to the movement of images across the retina. All cells in the first group were directionally selective. The percentage of EM-related cells in the deep layers of SC is lower in cat than in monkey. Possible reasons for such differences are discussed.
Comparison of single- and double-probe measurements of electron temperatures in flames

Abstract Electron temperatures have been measured in carbon monoxide-oxygen flames containing either ethane or sodium chloride at a pressure of 49 mm Hg. Experimental difficulties encountered in obtaining reliable current-voltage characteristics are discussed. Contrary to conclusions drawn by some investigators, it was found that a single probe could measure electron temperatures just as reliably as a double probe. Electron currents for interpreting single-probe data, however, must be obtained close to ion saturation. Far from ion saturation, the Boltzmann relation for electron currents fails because of the large currents drawn, thus making the interpretation of the current-voltage characteristic difficult.
Competition within the U.S. National Security Regime: A study of the U.S. Aerospace Defense Sector

Abstract This article examines the aerospace defense sector and the national export control regime within which U.S. corporations operate. While the U.S. federal government plays many roles in this industry, the focus here is on its role as regulator of defense exports from the United States. From this vantage point, ten case studies illustrate the difficulties faced by companies in this challenging environment, and highlight factors that lead to noncompliance with U.S. government regulations. Firm performance effects are investigated, including impacts on profits, share price, and reputation. The paper concludes with implications for international management practice and international business research that reflect realities in the aerospace defense sector.
Peripheral Olfactory Projections Are Differentially Affected in Mice Deficient in a Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channel Subunit

Abstract Axons of olfactory sensory neurons expressing a given odorant receptor converge to a few glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. We have generated mice with unresponsive olfactory sensory neurons by targeted mutagenesis of a cyclic nucleotide–gated channel subunit gene, OCNC1 . When these anosmic mice were crossed with mice in which neurons expressing a given odorant receptor can be visualized by coexpression of an axonal marker, the pattern of convergence was affected for one but not another receptor. In a novel paradigm, termed monoallelic deprivation, axons from channel positive or negative neurons that express the same odorant receptor segregate into distinct glomeruli within the same bulb. Thus, the peripheral olfactory projections are in part influenced by mechanisms that depend on neuronal activity.
Presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli isolates possessing blaVIM-1 in Greece.

Abstract Amongst nalidixic acid-resistant, ciprofloxacin-susceptible Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates recovered over a 5-month period from inpatients and outpatients of Attikon University General Hospital (Athens, Greece), only one E. coli was positive for qnrB2 and one K. pneumoniae was positive for qnrA1 . Both isolates were extended-spectrum β-lactamase-negative, metallo-β-lactamase-positive and carried the bla VIM-1 gene. Neither of the isolates had mutations in gyrA and parC or carried aac(6 ′ )-Ib-cr or qepA . The K. pneumoniae isolate also harboured bla CMY-13 on the same transferable plasmid with qnrA1 . This is the first report of a qnrA1 -positive K. pneumoniae and qnrB2 -positive E. coli harbouring a concurrent bla VIM-1 gene.
Bilateral saccades increase intrahemispheric processing but not interhemispheric interaction: Implications for saccade-induced retrieval enhancement

Retrieval of memories is enhanced when bilateral saccades are made immediately before attempting retrieval. One hypothesis is that saccades enhance retrieval by increasing interaction of the brain hemispheres. To test this, subjects viewed arrays of lateralized letters and indicated whether target letters matched either of two probe letters. Matching targets and probes were presented to either the same hemisphere (within-hemisphere trials) or separate hemispheres (across-hemisphere trials). Match detection requires interhemispheric interaction on across-hemisphere trials but primarily intrahemispheric processing on within-hemisphere trials. Subjects performed letter matching following saccades and a fixation control condition. Saccades increased match-detection accuracy on within-hemisphere trials only, suggesting that, counter to the hypothesis, saccades enhance intrahemispheric processing but not interhemispheric interaction. Across-hemisphere accuracy was higher, however, for subjects who were not strongly right-handed, versus those who were, and the absence of strong right-handedness may reflect greater interhemispheric interaction. We discuss implications for accounts of saccade-induced retrieval enhancement.
Explanation : psychological nature, role in scientific investigation

Customarily explanations in scientific situations are envisaged as a process of depart¬mg from events investigated to move toward abstractive constructions. The standard and most appealling procedure is to symbolize and mathematize events. Essentially, explana¬tion is regarded as very different from description of events.By confrast, to grant the necessity of clinging to events, explanation is simply a more analytic reference to things and events than ordinary description, but still explanation is esentially description. While maintaining contact with events, explanation connists of relating things and events ixt a more elaborate way than superficial examination.Because of the prominent place of linguistics and symbolic factors in description and explanation, the role of such features are briefly examined as they contribute to the total process in science and common affairs.
Population dynamics of the estuarine sponge, Halichondria sp., within a New England eelgrass community

Abstract The population dynamics of Halichondria sp. within an eelgrass bed in the lower Mystic Estuary, Connecticut, were examined during a 2-yr period. Large numbers of larva-derived specimens develop on the eelgrass during the summer, and many of these sponges become sexually reproductive, further increasing the size of the population. However, mortality is high, and at the end of the summer only a relatively small sponge population remains. Sexual reproduction by larva-derived specimens of Halichondria occurs primarily after breeding by the parental generation has declined. The larva-derived sponges grow rapidly, and the percentage of specimens containing large, female reproductive, elements increases with specimen size. Halichondria exhibits an opportunistic life strategy with a high rate of turnover.
Flight results of a low-cost attitude determination system

This paper presents flight results of the attitude determination system (ADS) flown on the Radio Aurora Explorer (RAX) satellites, RAX-1 and RAX-2, which are CubeSats developed to study space weather. The ADS sensors include commercial-off-the-shelf magnetometers, coarse sun sensors (photodiodes), and a MEMs rate gyroscope. A multiplicative extended Kalman filter is used for attitude estimation. On-orbit calibration was developed and applied to compensate for sensor and alignment errors, and attitude determination accuracies of 0.5° 1–σ have been demonstrated on-orbit. The approach of using low-cost sensors in conjunction with on-orbit calibration, which mitigates the need for pre-flight calibration and high-tolerance alignment during spacecraft assembly, reduces the time and cost associated with the subsystem development, and provides a low-cost solution for modest attitude determination requirements. Although the flight results presented in this paper are from a specific mission, the methods used and lessons learned can be used to maximize the performance of the ADS of any vehicle while minimizing the pre-flight calibration and alignment requirements.
The influence model: Using reciprocity and exchange to get what you need

In organizational life, you can't always get what you want, especially from people over whom you have no authority. The Cohen-Bradford Influence model offers a practical process of reciprocity and exchange—trading what you have that the other person desires in exchange for what you need to accomplish workplace and personal goals. The authors also discuss some common currencies of exchange in organizational life and how to use them effectively. © 2005 Allan R. Cohen & David L. Bradford
Cyclic AMP regulation of mitogen-induced interferon production and mitogen suppression of immune response.

IN a recent review, adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) was proposed to have an inhibitory effect on the immunological and inflammatory functions of leukocytes1. Guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic GMP) has been shown to reverse the inhibitory effect of cyclic AMP in the in vitro immune response, and it has been proposed that the ratio of cyclic AMP to cylcic GMP determines whether an immune response will be enhanced or suppressed2. Cyclic AMP has recently been shown to inhibit the production of several soluble lymphocyte mediators (lymphokines) under antigen or mitogen stimulation3–5. T lymphocyte mitogens are potent inhibitors of the in vitro immune response as a result of stimulation of suppressor cell activity6–8. They are also potent stimulators of the synthesis of a unique type of interferon by T lymphocytes9–11. Evidence suggesting that this interferon may be the mediator of some forms of suppressor T cell activity has been presented11. I examine in this report the ability of exogenous cyclic AMP, and agents that increase the endogenous level of cyclic AMP, to block both the production of mitogen-type interferon and the development of the suppressor state in an in vitro murine antibody system. The data show that cyclic AMP blocks both aforementioned T cell functions, and are consistent with the hypothesis that interferon may be the mediator of some forms of suppressor cell activity11.