cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
BTK Regulates PtdIns-4,5-P2 Synthesis: Importance for Calcium Signaling and PI3K Activity

Abstract Intracellular signaling by most cell surface receptors requires the generation of two major second messengers, phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns-3,4,5-P 3 ) and inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP 3 ). The enzymes that produce these second messengers, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and phospholipase C (PLC), utilize a common substrate, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns-4,5-P 2 ). Until now, it has not been clear whether de novo PtdIns-4,5-P 2 synthesis is necessary for PtdIns-3,4,5-P 3 and IP 3 production. Here we show that BTK, a member of the Tec family of cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinases, associates with phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinases (PIP5Ks), the enzymes that synthesize PtdIns-4,5-P 2 . Upon B cell receptor activation, BTK brings PIP5K to the plasma membrane as a means of generating local PtdIns-4,5-P 2 synthesis. This enzyme-enzyme interaction provides a shuttling mechanism that allows BTK to stimulate the production of the substrate required by both its upstream activator, PI3K, and its downstream target, PLC-γ2.
Direct beam and hemispherical terrestrial solar spectral distributions derived from broadband hourly solar radiation data

Abstract Multiple junction and thin film photovoltaic (PV) technologies respond differently to varying terrestrial spectral distributions of solar energy. PV device and system designers are concerned with the impact of spectral variation on PV specific technologies. Spectral distribution data are generally very rare, expensive, and difficult to obtain. We modified an existing empirical spectral conversion model to convert hourly broadband global (total hemispherical) horizontal and direct normal solar radiation to representative spectral distributions. Hourly average total hemispherical and direct normal beam solar radiation, such as provided in Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) data, are spectral model input data. Default or prescribed atmospheric aerosols and water vapor are possible inputs. Individual hourly and monthly and annual average spectral distributions are computed for a specified tilted surface. The spectral range is from 300 nm to 1800 nm. The model is a modified version of the Nann and Riordan SEDES2 model. Measured hemispherical spectral distributions for a wide variety of conditions at the Solar Radiation Research Laboratory at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Co. and Florida Solar Energy Center (Cocoa, FL) show that reasonable spectral accuracy of about ±10% is obtainable with exceptions for weather events such as snow. Differing cloud climatology and variable albedo and aerosol optical depth atmospheric conditions can lead to spectral model differences of 30–40%.
Regulation of Microtubule-Dependent Protein Transport by the TSC2/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Pathway

Protein transport plays a critical role in the interaction of the cell with its environment. Recent studies have identified TSC1 and TSC2, two tumor suppressor genes involved in tuberous sclerosis complex, as regulators of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Cells deficient in TSC1 or TSC2 possess high levels of Rheb-GTP resulting in constitutive mTOR activation. We have shown previously that the TSC1/TSC2 complex is involved in post-Golgi transport of VSVG and caveolin-1 in mammalian cells. Here, we show that modulation of mTOR activity affects caveolin-1 localization and that this effect is independent of p70S6K. Tsc1- and Tsc2-null cells exhibit abnormal caveolin-1 localization that is accompanied by disorganized microtubules in the subcortical region. Analyses of green fluorescent protein-EB1 and tubulin in live mutant cells suggest a failure of the plus-ends to sense cortical signals and to halt microtubule growth. Down-regulation of CLIP-170, a putative mTOR substrate with microtubule-binding properties, rescued the abnormal microtubule arrangement and caveolin-1 localization in Tsc2−/− cells. Together, these findings highlight a novel role of the TSC2/mTOR pathway in regulating microtubule-dependent protein transport. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(10): 5258-69)
Digital transmission of halftone pictures

Abstract We make two contributions in this paper. First, a frequency-domain method is presented for the prediction of the characteristics of moire patterns in sampled halftone pictures. Second, it is demonstrated that conventional efficient coding methods such as run length coding are not particularly suitable for halftone pictures.
Burden of arrhythmias in patients with Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy (Apical Ballooning Syndrome)

Abstract Introduction The objective of our study was to assess the burden of arrhythmias, the gender differences in occurrence of arrhythmias and the impact of these arrhythmias on hospitalization outcomes in patients with Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy (TTC). Methods TTC and various arrhythmias were identified using appropriate ICD-9-CM codes from Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) discharge records 2006–2010. Length of hospital stay (LOS), in-hospital mortality and total charges were used to assess the impact of the arrhythmias on TTC hospitalization. All analyses were performed using SASv9.2 (Cary Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Results A total of 16,450 patients were included in the study and 26% ( n =4296) of patients had cardiac arrhythmias. Following arrhythmias were present in the descending order of frequency: atrial fibrillation (Afib) 6.9%, ventricular tachycardia (VT) 3.2%, atrial flutter (Afl) 1.9%, ventricular fibrillation and flutter 1%, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) 0.8%. Nearly two percent of the patients had sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). Males were more likely to have cardiac arrhythmias in general compared to females (OR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.3–1.7, p -value 0.001). Occurrence of ventricular tachycardia (OR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.3–2.2, p -value p Conclusions Arrhythmias are present in nearly one-quarter of patients with TTC and worsen the outcome. While TTC has been established as a disease mainly of females, life threatening arrhythmias like VT and SCA are more common in males.
(1R,4R,5aS,7S,9aS)-7,9a-Dimethyl-6-methyl­ene-3-oxo-1,3,4,5,5a,6,7,8,9,9a-deca­hydro­naphtho­[1,2-c]furan-1,4-diyl diacetate

The title compound, C19H24O6, is a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from the Kenyan plant Warburgia ugandensis. Ring A adopts a chair conformation, ring B is in a C2 twist conformation and the lactone ring is nearly planar with maximum deviation 0.007 (1) A. The reported absolute configuration is based on that of the similar compound bromo-parasiticolide A and is supported by analysis of Bijvoet differences from light atoms in Mo Kα radiation.
Russell-Saunders states arising from configurations of equivalent electrons

Abstract A short method is given for the classification of the atomic russell-Sanders coupling tems arising from an I l ) n configuration consisting of n equivalent electrons. The method uses Young diagrams.
Prior Negative Experience, Online Privacy Concerns and Intent to Disclose Personal Information in Chinese Social Media

A paper survey of 489 Chinese college students was conducted in spring, 2012 to test a conceptual model of online information disclosure in social media. It shows that young Chinese SNS users' prior negative experience of online disclosure significantly increased their online privacy concerns and their perceived risk. Their online privacy concerns undermined their trust of online companies, marketers and laws to protect privacy and elevated their perceived risk. Their trust strongly predicted their intent to disclose the lifestyle and sensitive information. Their online privacy concerns only inhibited them from disclosing sensitive information in social media. However, their prior negative experience did not directly predict their intent of self-disclosure on SNS. Implications for academia and industry are discussed.
Ventilatory Indices and Ureaplasma urealyticum during the First Week of Life Are Very Strongly Associated with Severe Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Very-Low Birth weight Infants

Ventilatory Indices and Ureaplasma urealyticum during the First Week of Life Are Very Strongly Associated with Severe Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Very-Low Birth weight Infants
Estimating inertial position and current in the midwater

This paper describes a method for fusing an inertial position measurement from an Ultra-Short Baseline (USBL) sonar with a water-relative velocity measurement (from DVL, ACM, or other device) to improve knowledge of an underwater vehicle's inertial position. The goal is accuracy sufficient to enable closed-loop position control in the midwater. In this paper we describe the implementation of a kinematic estimator which computes vehicle inertial position and water current velocity. We present the details of this estimator as well as results of field trials which demonstrate the viability of the technique. Field experiments show improvements in accuracy on the order of a factor of 5 above the USBL's raw measurements.
Systems biology approach to bioremediation

Bioremediation has historically been approached as a ‘black box’ in terms of our fundamental understanding. Thus it succeeds and fails, seldom without a complete understanding of why. Systems biology is an integrated research approach to study complex biological systems, by investigating interactions and networks at the molecular, cellular, community, and ecosystem level. The knowledge of these interactions within individual components is fundamental to understanding the dynamics of the ecosystem under investigation. Understanding and modeling functional microbial community structure and stress responses in environments at all levels have tremendous implications for our fundamental understanding of hydrobiogeochemical processes and the potential for making bioremediation breakthroughs and illuminating the ‘black box’.
CONCERNING THE ORIGIN OF CHARGE AT THE POLYSTYRENE PARTICLE/WATER INTERFACE

ABSTRACT The electrophoretic mobility behavior of well-characterized polystyrene latex particles, carrying one type of surface functional endgroups, has been studied as a function of pH. At low pH, the interaction of protons with the functional endgroups increased in the order: Hydroxyl > carboxyl > sulfate; at high pH the order of interaction was reversed; and at intermediate pH no interactions were observed. The particles of the polystyrene latexes in their different forms at the intermediate pH range, dispersed in deionized water, all exhibited the same mobility irrespective of the functional endgroup. The origin of charge in these systems is explained as being the result of either the preferential adsorption of hydroxyl ions or an electron - injection mechanism due to the overlap of local intrinsic molecular - ion states in polystyrene and water. At low concentrations of functional endgroups, the surface properties of the polystyrene latexes are largely dependent upon the hydrophobic nature of the sur...
Managing to Stay in the Dark: Managerial Self-Efficacy, Ego Defensiveness, and the Aversion to Employee Voice

Soliciting and incorporating employee voice is essential to organizational performance, yet some managers display a strong aversion to improvement-oriented input from subordinates. To help to explain this maladaptive tendency, we tested the hypothesis that managers with low managerial self-efficacy (that is, low perceived ability to meet the elevated competence expectations associated with managerial roles) seek to minimize voice as a way of compensating for a threatened ego. The results of two studies support this idea. In a field study (Study 1), managers with low managerial self-efficacy were less likely than others to solicit input, leading to lower levels of employee voice. A follow-up experimental study (Study 2) showed that: (a) manipulating low managerial self-efficacy led to voice aversion (that is, decreased voice solicitation, negative evaluations of an employee who spoke up, and reduced implementation of voice); and (b) the observed voice aversion associated with low managerial self-efficacy was driven by ego defensiveness. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings, as well as highlight directions for future research on voice, management, and leadership.
A Personal Handheld Multi-Modal Shopping Assistant

We describe a personal handheld multi-modal Shopping Assistant that we have developed to aid the everyday consumer in one of the most routine tasks, grocery shopping. The Shopping Assistant provides the user with the ability to create a shopping list with up-to-date prices and item images, search for items in a store database, suggest recipes based on items in the shopping list, and display a store map with the items in the shopping list highlighted to make them easier to find. The user can interact with the personal handheld Shopping Assistant using speech, graphics, and text. We not only describe the Shopping Assistant but also demonstrate its many useful features.
Congress in the World: Benefits of the Congressional Fellowship Program for the Study of International Relations

The Congressional Fellowship Program of the American Political Science Association charted new territory in the 1950s when it opened the internal workings of Congress to subsequent generations of political science scholars. Numerous programs incorporating a “Hill” experience into a variety of academic disciplines have imitated it since then. However, scholarship in the subfield of international relations has not benefited from the opportunities the program offers to the same extent as other disciplines and subfields have. I use a sample of legislative and policy matters that I encountered as a fellow in the 2006–2007 year to argue that a wide spectrum of theoretical work in international political economy would profit from insights generated by the type of direct participation the program affords. Specifically, I connect literature across subfields on institutional change, and relate how my experiences with Darfur divestment legislation, Committee on Foreign Investment in the U.S. (CFIUS) legislation, and politics in a financial crisis hold the potential to enrich our understanding of the international political economy. I suggest where more direct experience with other issues by other scholars could prompt additional insights for research on U.S. foreign policy and international relations.
Compound Leaf Development and Evolution in the Legumes

Across vascular plants, Class 1 KNOTTED1-like (KNOX1) genes appear to play a critical role in the development of compound leaves. An exception to this trend is found in the Fabaceae, where pea (Pisum sativum) uses UNIFOLIATA, an ortholog of the floral regulators FLORICAULA (FLO) and LEAFY (LFY), in place of KNOX1 genes to regulate compound leaf development. To assess the phylogenetic distribution of KNOX1-independent compound leaf development, a survey of KNOX1 protein expression across the Fabaceae was undertaken. The majority of compound-leafed Fabaceae have expression of KNOX1 proteins associated with developing compound leaves. However, in a large subclade of the Fabaceae, the inverted repeat–lacking clade (IRLC), of which pea is a member, KNOX1 expression is not associated with compound leaves. These data suggest that the FLO/LFY gene may function in place of KNOX1 genes in generating compound leaves throughout the IRLC. The contribution of FLO/LFY to leaf complexity in a member of the Fabaceae outside of the IRLC was examined by reducing expression of FLO/LFY orthologs in transgenic soybean (Glycine max). Transgenic plants with reduced FLO/LFY expression showed only slight reductions in leaflet number. Overexpression of a KNOX1 gene in alfalfa (Medicago sativa), a member of the IRLC, resulted in an increase in leaflet number. This implies that KNOX1 targets, which promote compound leaf development, are present in alfalfa and are still sensitive to KNOX1 regulation. These data suggest that KNOX1 genes and the FLO/LFY gene may have played partially overlapping roles in compound leaf development in ancestral Fabaceae but that the FLO/LFY gene took over this role in the IRLC.
Molecular Mobility as a Predictor of the Water Sorption by Annealed Amorphous Trehalose

Purpose The work aims at investigating the correlation of water sorption potential with different measures of molecular mobility in an annealed amorphous model compound (trehalose).
Design of multilayer spiral inductor resonator filter and diplexer for system-in-a-package

A compact L-shaped multilayer spiral inductor resonator filter and diplexer using inductor type resonators are proposed. The design is based on the self-resonant frequency of the spiral inductors and electromagnetic coupling between the resonators. The filter was built, and measurement results show good agreement with the simulation data. A multilayer structure can be used to significantly reduce the footprint and enhance the electromagnetic coupling effects between the resonators. The center frequency and bandwidth of the inductor resonator filter can be directly optimized by the physical arrangement of resonators. Finally, this new filter topology is applied to the design of a diplexer.
Web-Based Support for Cooperative Software Engineering

The Tatami project is building a system to support software engineering over the internet, exploiting recent advances in Web technology, interface design, and specification. Our effort to improve the usability of such systems has led us into algebraic semiotics, while our effort to develop better formal methods for distributed concurrent systems has led us into hidden algebra and fuzzy logic. This paper discusses the Tatami system design, especially its software architecture, and its user interface principles. New work in the latter area includes an extension of algebraic semiotics to dynamic multimedia interfaces, and integrating Gibsonian affordances with algebraic semiotics.
A State Space Method for Modal Identification of Mechanical Systems from Time Domain Responses

A new state space method is presented for modal identification of a mechanical system from its time domain impulse or initial condition responses. A key step in this method is the identification of the characteristic polynomial coefficients of an adjoint system. Once these coefficients are determined, a canonical state space realization of the adjoint system and the system's modal parameters are formulated straightforwardly. This method is conceptually and mathematically simple and is easy to be implemented. Detailed mathematical treatments are demonstrated and numerical examples are provided to illustrate the use and effectiveness of the method.
Polarization properties of corner-cube retroreflectors: theory and experiment

Polarization properties of the corner-cube retroreflector are discussed theoretically by use of ray tracing and analytical geometry. The Jones matrices and eigenpolarizations of the six propagation trips of the corner-cube retroreflector are derived. An experiment is also set up for the determination of the linear eigenpolarizations and the output states of polarization for incident linearly polarized light. The experimental results are consistent with theoretical expectations.
Augmented intrarenal and urinary angiotensinogen in hypertension and chronic kidney disease

Activated intrarenal renin–angiotensin system plays a cardinal role in the pathogenesis of hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Angiotensinogen is the only known substrate for renin, which is the rate-limiting enzyme of the renin–angiotensin system. Because the levels of angiotensinogen are close to the Michaelis–Menten constant values for renin, angiotensinogen levels as well as renin levels can control the renin–angiotensin system activity, and thus, upregulation of angiotensinogen leads to an increase in the angiotensin II levels and ultimately increases blood pressure. Recent studies using experimental animal models have documented the involvement of angiotensinogen in the intrarenal renin–angiotensin system activation and development of hypertension. Enhanced intrarenal angiotensinogen mRNA and/or protein levels were observed in experimental models of hypertension and chronic kidney disease, supporting the important roles of angiotensinogen in the development and the progression of hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Urinary excretion rates of angiotensinogen provide a specific index of the intrarenal renin–angiotensin system status in angiotensin II-infused rats. Also, a direct quantitative method has been developed recently to measure urinary angiotensinogen using human angiotensinogen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These data prompted us to measure urinary angiotensinogen in patients with hypertension and chronic kidney disease, and investigate correlations with clinical parameters. This short article will focus on the role of the augmented intrarenal angiotensinogen in the pathophysiology of hypertension and chronic kidney disease. In addition, the potential of urinary angiotensinogen as a novel biomarker of the intrarenal renin–angiotensin system status in hypertension and chronic kidney disease will be also discussed.
Innovative approaches to the study of social phenotypes in neurodevelopmental disorders: an introduction to the research topic.

The field of social-affective neuroscience is growing exponentially, fueled by the availability and widespread use of non-invasive neuroimaging techniques, by advances in molecular genetics and by increasing sophistication in the behavioral characterization of social-affective functioning in both typical and atypical human development. In this context there has been a surge of interest in studying neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) as possible windows into the neurogenetic basis of the “social mind”. While holding great promise for advancing our understanding of genotype-phenotype relationships, research on neurogenetic disorders has encountered considerable challenges, ranging from the rarity of many NDDs with known genetic etiology and the considerable heterogeneity in phenotypic expressions within syndromes, to the difficulty of designing studies able to take in account the critical role played by developmental and epigenetic processes in shaping phenotypic outcomes. The articles collected in this e-book illustrate several ways in which researchers who study people with NDDs have attempted to overcome these limitations.
Data storage placement in sensor networks

Data storage has become a important issue in sensor networks as a large amount of collected data need to be archived for future information retrieval. This paper introduces storage nodes to store the data collected from the sensors in their proximities. The storage nodes alleviate the heavy load of transmitting all the data to a central place for archiving and reduce the communicatio cost induced by the network query. This paper considers the storage node placement problem aiming to minimize the total energy cost for gathering data to the storage nodes and replying queries. We examine deterministic placement of storage odes and present optimal algorithms based on dy amic programming. Further, we give stochastic analysis for random deployment and conduct simulatio evaluatio for both deterministic and random placements of storage nodes.
A simple reputation model for BitTorrent-like incentives

We study how BitTorrent exhibits peer clustering in terms of transaction success rate which is based on allocated uplink bandwidths for the purposes of file-swapping. The effects of optimistic unchoking and dissemination of choke lists are also considered. Under dynamic uplink assignment, similar grouping results based on differences in how users derive utility from transaction success rates. The “limited information” game requires users periodically assess the effect of a change in uplink. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of how to extend the model to consider the complicating factors such as transient swarm behavior and peer churn.
Bridging the gap between the theory and practice of control: aerospace perspectives

Over the past several decades, control theorists have generated an impressive array of new techniques that span a wide variety of fields, including classical control, optimal control, adaptive control, robust control, nonlinear control, hierarchical control, and intelligent control. Concurrently, however, one of the disappointments within some segments of the control community is the perceived slow rate at which these techniques have been adapted into industrial practice. The purpose of this special section is to address this issue and propose some suggestions to assist in tailoring theory for practice from an aerospace perspective.
CiteSeer-API: towards seamless resource location and interlinking for digital libraries

We introduce CiteSeer-API, a public API to CiteSeer-like services. CiteSeer-API is SOAP/WSDL based and allows for easy programmatical access to all the specific functionalities offered by CiteSeer services, including full text search of documents and citations and citation-based document discovery. In order to enable operability and interlinking with arbitrary software agents and digital library systems, CiteSeer-API uses digital content signatures to create system-independent handles for the Document, Citation and Group resources of CiteSeer servers. We discuss specific functionalities of CiteSeer-API that take advantage of these handlers in order to enable seamless location of CiteSeer resources. Finally we argue that the digital signature scheme used by CiteSeer-API is well suited for the creation of machine-usable semantic descriptions of digital library services which is the key toward seamless discovery and integration of services such as CiteSeer-API. CiteSeer-API is currently showcased on CiteSeer.IST, the CiteSeer server of the School of Information Science and Technology at the Pennsylvania State University.
Linking marxism, globalization, and citizenship education: toward a comparative and critical pedagogy post 9/11

Abstract In a post-9/11 world, where the politics of “us” versus “them” has reemerged under the umbrella of “terrorism,” especially in the United States, can we still envision an education sans frontieres: a globalized and critical praxis of citizenship education in which there are no borders? If it is possible to conceive it, what might it look like? In this review essay, Awad Ibrahim looks at how these multilayered and complex questions have been addressed in three books: Peter McLaren and Ramin Farahmandpur’s Teaching Against Global Capitalism and the New Imperialism, Nel Noddings’s Educating Citizens for Global Awareness, and Gita Steiner-Khamsi’s The Global Politics of Educational Borrowing and Lending. Ibrahim concludes that, through creating a liminal, dialogical space between humanism, environmentalism, materialism, philosophy, and comparative education, the authors in these books offer a critical pedagogy in which education sans frontieres is possible — a project that is as visionary as it is hopeful.
16-channel monolithically integrated InP-based p-i-n/HBT photoreceiver array with 11-GHz channel bandwidth and low cross talk

High-performance multichannel detection systems are required for wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) communication systems. In the present work, we report a 16-channel InAlAs-InGaAs optoelectronic integrated circuits (OEIC) photoreceiver array with an average channel bandwidth of 11 GHz. To our knowledge, the fabricated array is the largest in size and exhibits the highest bandwidth per channel and lowest cross talk for any monolithic photoreceiver array for WDM applications.
Left Lower Quadrant Pain and Fever

A 55-year-old obese female presents with a 2-day history of left lower quadrant pain, nausea, anorexia, and low-grade fevers. The patient states that the pain is constant, moderately severe, and does not radiate anywhere. She does not recall anything that precipitated the pain. She has not eaten in 24 h as she is not hungry. She has had no bowel movement for 48 h. She denies vomiting and bloody or black stools and has no recent change in bowel habits, though she says she’s been constipated most of her life. She has noted similar pain in the past, but never this severe, and has never sought medical attention before. She has never had a screening colonoscopy. Past history is significant for hypertension and diabetes. She has no prior surgery. On physical examination, her blood pressure is 130/70 mmHg, HR 110 bpm, Temp 101.5 °F, and RR 16/min. Abdominal exam reveals mild distention, no surgical scars, and no masses. Bowel sounds are absent. The left lower quadrant is moderately tender to palpation with guarding and no rebound tenderness. The remainder of the abdomen is nontender. Rectal exam is unremarkable. Pelvic exam reveals no cervical motion tenderness and no adnexal masses. Laboratory exam demonstrates a WBC of 16,000 with a left shift, Hgb of 13 g/dL and Hct of 39 %, normal electrolytes, and normal UA.
A Controlled Burn: Sensing Oxygen to Tune Fat Metabolism

Animals must decide when to consume precious fat stores in order to sustain life. In this issue of Cell Reports, Witham et al. report how oxygen-sensing neurons ensure this decision is made under environmental conditions that favor metabolic efficiency.
Debugging macros

Over the past two decades, Scheme macros have evolved into a powerful API for the compiler front-end. Like Lisp macros, their predecessors, Scheme macros expand source programs into a small core language; unlike Lisp systems, Scheme macro expanders preserve many desirable properties, including lexical scope and source location. Using such macros, Scheme programmers now routinely develop the ultimate abstraction: embedded domain-specific programming languages.Unfortunately, Scheme programming environments provide little support for macro development. This lack makes it difficult for programmers to debug their macros and for novices to study the behavior of macros. In response, we have developed a stepping debugger specialized to the concerns of macro expansion. It presents the macro expansion process as a linear rewriting sequence of annotated terms; it graphically illustrates the binding structure of the program as expansion reveals it; and it adapts to the programmer's level of abstraction, hiding details of syntactic forms that the programmer considers built-in.
Genome Editing in Large Animals

Genome editing in large animals has tremendous practical applications, from more accurate models for medical research through improved animal welfare and production efficiency. Although genetic modification in large animals has a 30 year history, until recently technical issues limited its utility. The original methods - pronuclear injection and integrating viruses - were plagued with problems associated with low efficiency, silencing, poor regulation of gene expression, and variability associated with random integration. With the advent of site specific nucleases such as TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9, precision editing became possible. When used on their own, these can be used to truncate or knockout genes through non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) with relatively high efficiency. When used with a template containing desired gene edits, these can be used to allow insertion of any desired changes to the genome through homologous recombination (HR) with substantially lower efficiency. Consideration must be given to the issues of marker sets and off-target effects. Somatic cell nuclear transfer is most commonly used to create animals from gene edited cells, but direct zygote injection and use of spermatogonial stem cells are alternatives under development. In developing gene editing projects, priority must be given to understanding the potential for off-target or unexpected effects of planned edits, which have been common in the past. Because of the increasing technical sophistication with which it can be accomplished, genome editing is poised to revolutionize large animal genetics, but attention must be paid to the underlying biology in order to maximize benefit.
Molecular Encapsulation beyond the Aperture Size Limit through Dissociative Linker Exchange in Metal–Organic Framework Crystals

Under linker exchange conditions, large guests with molecular diameters 3–4 times the framework aperture size have been encapsulated into preformed nanocrystals of the metal–organic framework ZIF-8. Guest encapsulation is facilitated by the formation of short-lived “open” states of the pores upon linker dissociation. Kinetic studies suggested that linker exchange reactions in ZIF-8 proceed via a competition between dissociative and associative exchange mechanisms, and guest encapsulation was enhanced under conditions where the dissociative pathway predominates.
Optimization of the neutron yield in fusion plasmas produced by Coulomb explosions of deuterium clusters irradiated by a petawatt laser.

The kinetic energy of hot (multi-keV) ions from the laser-driven Coulomb explosion of deuterium clusters and the resulting fusion yield in plasmas formed from these exploding clusters has been investigated under a variety of conditions using the Texas Petawatt laser. An optimum laser intensity was found for producing neutrons in these cluster fusion plasmas with corresponding average ion energies of 14 keV. The substantial volume (1--10 mm${}^{3}$) of the laser-cluster interaction produced by the petawatt peak power laser pulse led to a fusion yield of $1.6\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{7}$ neutrons in a single shot with a 120 J, 170 fs laser pulse. Possible effects of prepulses are discussed.
X-ray Absorption in Insulators with Non-Hermitian Real-Time Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory

Non-Hermitian real-time time-dependent density functional theory was used to compute the Si L-edge X-ray absorption spectrum of α-quartz using an embedded finite cluster model and atom-centered basis sets. Using tuned range-separated functionals and molecular orbital-based imaginary absorbing potentials, the excited states spanning the pre-edge to ∼20 eV above the ionization edge were obtained in good agreement with experimental data. This approach is generalizable to TDDFT studies of core-level spectroscopy and dynamics in a wide range of materials.
Life of Acrobasis rubrifasciella (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae), Its Main Parasite, Agathis calcarata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and Three Hyperparasites (Chalcidoidea)

In northeastern Minnesota, the young caterpillar of Acrobasis rubrifasciella (Packard) resumes life in May in the wintered leaf-buds of Alnus . As it grows, mostly in June, it constructs a silken growth tube with an external layer of its fecal pellets, from which shelter it feeds until full-grown. As pupation approaches, it enlarges the end portion of the tube to form a pupal chamber that eventually is bulbous and sealed, separated from the tube by a plug, but with an escape hatch left near the base of the chamber for emergence of the moth. From 1 to 9 caterpillars, each in its own tube, may occur in a single nest, obscured in plant parts bound with gray silk. The pupal and adult stages appeared from June 22 to August 9; apparently the small larvae overwinter. Four instars of Agathis calcarata (Cresson) are described. The first instar was found in host larvae from mid-May to July. Diapause usually ends when the host seals its pupal chamber preparatory to transformation, and the second to fourth instars of Agathis develop in a few days, destroying the host before it can pupate. A cellophane-like cocoon is spun in the host chamber, and the red-and-black adult emerges about 15 days later, through the hatch prepared by the caterpillar. Although actual parasitization and the egg were not observed, the first-instar Agathis apparently winters in first- or, possibly, second-instar caterpillars. Both Acrobasis and Agathis are univoltine. The cocoon phase of this Agathis is subject to attack by 3 chalcid hyperparasites, Perilampus tristis Mayr, Habrocytus sp., and Eupelmella vesicularis (Retzius).
Molybdenum Trihydride Complexes: Computational Determinations of Hydrogen Positions and Rearrangement Mechanisms.

In crystal structures of the molybdenum complexes [(1,2,4-C5H2tBu3)Mo(PMe3)2H3] (CptBu3) and [(C5HiPr4)Mo(PMe3)2H3] (CpiPr4), the Mo-bound hydrogen positions were resolved for CptBu3, but not for CpiPr4. NMR experiments revealed the existence of an unknown mechanism for hydrogen atom exchange in these molecules, which can be “frozen out” for CptBu3 but not for CpiPr4. Density functional theory calculations of the most stable conformations for both complexes in the gas phase and in a continuum solvent model indicate that the H’s of the CpiPr4 complex are unresloved because of their disorder, which does not occur for CptBu3. A corresponding examination of alternative rearrangement pathways shows that the rearrangements of the H’s could occur by two mechanisms: parallel to the cyclopentadienyl (Cp) ring in a single step and perpendicular to the Cp ring in two steps. The parallel pathway is preferred for both molecules, but it has a lower energy barrier for CpiPr4 than for CptBu3.
Screening and Diagnosis of Inherited Metabolic Diseases

Objective: To provide a scientific foundation for newborn screening programs in China by evaluating the types and incidences of inherited metabolic diseases. Methods: Using the technology of gas chromatograph /mass spectrometer (GC/MS) to screen and diagnose 182 urine samples from high risk cases of inherited metabolic diseases. Results: Nineteen of patients (19/182, 10.4%) were positive, in which 12 kinds of inherited metabolic diseases were found including 6 cases of methylmalonic acidemia(one with homocysteinemia),2 of hyperglycerolemia, 2 of lactic acidmia, one with propionic academia, one with glutaric aciduria type I, 1 of dicarboxylic aciduria, 1 of fructose-1,6-diphosphatase deficiency, 1 of tyrosinemia, 1 of maple syrup urine disease, 1 of pheylketonuria, 1 of multiple carboxylase deficiency and 1 of β-aminoisobutyric acid. Conclusion: It is not easy to diagnose of inherited metabolic disease only by using common biochemical method and other auxiliary examination. However, GC/MS is an important and useful tool for diagnosing inherited metabolic diseases.
Epidemiological characteristics of tsutsugamushi disease in a city of China

Objective To explore the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of tsutsugamushi disease in Fuyang city,Anhui province in 2008.Methods Patient'blood samples were collected and Nucleic acid of RT were examined by PCR.Results A total of 175 cases with tsutsugamushi disease were reported in Fuyang city in 2008,including 96 men and 79 women,and the reported incidence rate was 2.2/100 000.These patients are mainly farmers,accounting for 77.7%(136/175).Their age varied from 5 to 83 years old.The time of peak incidence was from October 22 to 26.The clinical features of 78 patients included fever(78/78),fatigue(71/78),headache(68/78) and skin escarp(42/78).Nucleic acid of RT was tested out among 31 of 48 patients.ConclusionThis was the first report of the tsutsugamushi disease in Fuyang City,so further investigation should be taken to identify the nature of foci.
Results of Treatment of Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous

The records of 48 patients with persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) were reviewed. Approximately 17% had vision of 20/100 or better after surgery, contact lens fitting, and amblyopia therapy. Only eyes with a purely anterior presentation had successful visual outcomes. Lensectomy alone prevented glaucoma, but a membranectomy as well was required to ensure a successful visual result. Eyes with a posterior PHPV had poor visual results because of posterior pole abnormalities. I recommend that an attempt be made to visually salvage eyes with an anterior presentation. Eyes with a posterior or a combination anterior-posterior PHPV can be successfully treated for glaucoma, but the visual results will be poor.
Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells by Interferons and by DNA Methylation: Implications for Bone Marrow Failure

Bone marrow failure (BMF), the inability to regenerate the differentiated cells of the blood, has a number of genetic and environmental etiologies, such as mutation of telomere-associated protein genes and immune-related aplastic anemia. Recently, mutations in DNA methyltransferase 3A ( DNMT3A ) have been found to be associated with approximately 15% of cases of primary myelofibrosis (MF), which can be a cause of BMF. The role of DNMT3A more broadly in hematopoiesis, and specifically in BMF, is currently poorly understood. DNMT3A is one of two de novo DNA methylation enzymes important in developmental fate choice. We showed that Dnmt3a is critical for normal murine hematopoiesis, as hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from Dnmt3a knockout (KO) mice displayed greatly diminished differentiation potential while their self-renewal ability was markedly increased1, in effect, leading to failure of blood regeneration or BMF. Combined with loss of Dnmt3b , HSCs exhibited a profound differentiation block, mediated in part by an increase of stabilized b-catenin. While we did not initially observe bone marrow pathology or malignancy development in mice transplanted with Dnmt3a KO HSCs, when we aged a large cohort of mice, all mice succumbed to hematologic disease within about 400 days. Roughly one-third of mice developed frank leukemia (acute lymphocytic leukemia or acute myeloid leukemia), one-third developed MDS, and the remainder developed primary myelofibrosis or chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. The pathological characteristics of the mice broadly mirror those of patients, suggesting the Dnmt3a KO mice can serve as a model for human DNMT3A -mutation associated disease. Strikingly, bone marrow of mice with different disease types exhibit distinct DNA methylation features. These will findings and the implications for disease development will be discussed. We are currently investigating the factors that drive different outcomes in the mice, including stressors such as exposure to interferons. We have hypothesized that HSC proliferation accelerates the Dnnmt3a-associated disease phenotypes. We have previously shown that interferons directly impinge on HSCs in the context of infections. Interferons activate HSCs to divide, generating differentiated progeny and cycling HSCs. Repeated interferon stimulation may permanently impair HSC function and bias stem cell output. When combined with loss of Dnmt3a, interferons may promote BMF. We will discuss broadly how external factors such as aging and infection may collaborate with specific genetic determinants to affect long-term hematopoiesis and malignancy development. Reference: 1. Challen GA, Sun D, Jeong M, et al. Dnmt3a is essential for hematopoietic stem cell differentiation. Nat Genet 2012; 44: 23-31 ![Figure 1][1] Figure 1 Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare. [1]: pending:yes
TH-CD-207B-05: Measurement of CT Bow-Tie Profiles Using a Linear Array Detector

Purpose: To accurately measure CT bow-tie profiles from various manufacturers and to provide non-proprietary information for CT system modeling. Methods: A GOS-based linear detector (0.8 mm per pixel and 51.2 cm in length) with a fast data sampling speed (0.24 ms/sample) was used to measure the relative profiles of bow-tie filters from a collection of eight CT scanners by three different vendors, GE (LS Xtra, LS VCT, Discovery HD750), Siemens (Sensation 64, Edge, Flash, Force), and Philips (iBrilliance 256). The linear detector was first calibrated for its energy response within typical CT beam quality ranges and compared with an ion chamber and analytical modeling (SPECTRA and TASMIP). A geometrical calibration process was developed to determine key parameters including the distance from the focal spot to the linear detector, the angular increment of the gantry at each data sampling, the location of the central x-ray on the linear detector, and the angular response of the detector pixel. Measurements were performed under axial-scan modes for most representative bow-tie filters and kV selections from each scanner. Bow-tie profiles were determined by re-binning the measured rotational data with an angular accuracy of 0.1 degree using the calibrated geometrical parameters. Results: The linear detector demonstrated an energy response as a solid state detector, which is close to the CT imaging detector. The geometrical calibration was proven to be sufficiently accurate ( 550 mm) and the bow-tie profiles measured from rotational mode matched closely to those from the gantry-stationary mode. Accurate profiles were determined for a total of 21 bow-tie filters and 83 filter/kV combinations from the abovementioned scanner models. Conclusion: A new improved approach of CT bow-tie measurement was proposed and accurate bow-tie profiles were provided for a broad list of CT scanner models.
Why Economists Should Take Ethics Seriously

This paper arises out of a project we have been working on for the past two years concerning the relationships between economics and moral philosophy. The impetus for the project was an invitation from John Roemer to write a survey essay on the subject for the Journal of Economic Literature. That essay is now complete and will be published shortly (Hausman and McPherson, 1993), but we have hardly exhausted the subject. In this paper, we will mention some of the conclusions we have reached, though there is no good way to condense a survey of contemporary moral philosophy into a brief essay.
A recursive estimation procedure for certain nonlinear regression problems-Scalar single parameter case

Many problems of current interest (e. g. in space engineering) are formulated as parameter estimation in a prescribed nonlinear regression model when the number of observations is large. It is important that a proposed method of estimation be such that (i) the computations can be performed quickly in a recursive fashion as more data becomes available, and (ii) that the successive estimates possess desirable asymptotic statistical properties. It is the purpose of this paper to present such a procedure for scalar observations and a single unknown parameter. The vector multi-parameter case is of greater interest, but a good deal of insight into these more general problems is gained from our present considerations. They appear to have some independent interest in the field of mathematical statistics.
Summit of the Research Coordination Networks for Undergraduate Biology Education

This report highlights the discussions and recommendations featured at the first summit meeting of projects funded by the National Science Foundation’s Research Coordination Networks for Undergradu...
Expanding the Accessibility of Conventional Smart Home Systems

This project will seek to explore the interaction between users and systems of smart devices and how the interface for this interaction can be enhance. In order to gain insight into the design and implementation of a smart home hub, we designed and created a smart home system with a Raspberry Pi acting as the central hub. Our project aims to use this system as a platform to consider alternatives and supplements to the traditional smart home system interface in order to improve its usefulness. These alternatives include technology such as voice recognition and motion control.