cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In vitro Gd-DTPA relaxometry studies in oxygenated venous human blood and aqueous solution at 3 and 7 T.

In vitro T(1) and T(2) (*) relaxivities (r(1) and r(2) (*) ) of Gd-DTPA (GaD) in oxygenated human venous blood (OVB) and aqueous solution (AS) at 3 and 7 T were calculated. GaD concentrations ([GaD]) in OVB and AS were prepared in the range 0-5 mM. All measurements were acquired at 37 ± 2 °C. At both 3 and 7 T, a linear relationship was observed between [GaD] and R(1) in both AS and OVB. At 7 T, r(1) in AS decreased by 7.5% (p = 0.045) while there was a negligible change in OVB. With respect to R(2) (*) , a linear relationship with [GaD] was only observed in AS, while a more complex relationship was observed in OVB; quadratic below and linear above 2 mM at both field strengths. There was a significant increase of over 4-fold in r(2) (*) with GaD in OVB at 7 T (for [GaD] above 2 mM, p <<0.01) as compared with 3 T. Furthermore, in comparison to r1 , r2 (*) in AS was less than 2-fold higher at both field strengths while in OVB it was ~20-fold and ~90-fold higher at 3 and 7 T, respectively. This observation emphasizes the importance of r(2) (*) knowledge at high magnetic fields, ≥3 T. The comparison between r(1) and r(2) (*) presented in this work is crucial in the design and optimization of high-field MRI studies making use of paramagnetic contrast agents. This is especially true in multiple compartment systems such as blood, where r(2) (*) dramatically increases while r1 remains relatively constant with increasing magnetic field strength.
Connectivity of the Primate Sensory-Motor Cortex

The words “sensory-motor cortex” in this chapter’s title may appear unusual in these days of increasingly finer analysis when it would be more customary to devote individual chapters to each component of this large cortical region. The idea that somatosensory and motor cortex should form some kind of functional unit is now by no means a popular one. The reason for this is hard to determine, as it is difficult to conceive that any motor act is entirely without accompanying sensory phenomena [even allowing for the fact that a certain proportion of motor cortex neurons may not be subjected to immediate sensory feedback (Evarts and Fromm, 1977; see Evarts, this volume)]. Similarly, the involvement of parietal cortex in the analysis of spatial relations and the body image (Mountcastle, 1975) and of premotor cortex in planning movement strategies (Roland et al., 1980), including those into extrapersonal space, implies some kind of relationship between these two and associations between them and somatosensory and primary motor cortex. In view of all this, it does not seem inappropriate to ask: what are the pathways to and from sensory, motor, and premotor cortex; at what levels do they come together; what are the routes of intercommunication between the three cortical regions, and the routes of outflow from them; how does their intrinsic organization reflect the neural processing occurring within them? On account of the functional baseline alluded to above having its origins in human behavior, this chapter will be devoted entirely to the examination of connectivity in the monkey brain. Considerations of many of the comparable features of organization in the brains of cats and rats will be found in the chapters by Zarzecki, Wise and Donoghue, Dykes and Ruest, and Burton.
Strength in numbers? Not always!☆

Abstract We propose a simple model to compute the probability of success under a particular quorum sensing strategy. We show that this quorum sensing strategy has a higher probability of success than an individualistic strategy when, for instance, the probability of success for a single individual is low and the cost of building a quorum is not too high. On the other hand, if the cost of building a quorum is too high, then the probability of success under quorum sensing always decreases as a function of the quorum. We also give an example showing that the probability of success as a function of the quorum is not necessarily monotone.
Standards and corporate reconstruction in the Michigan dry bean industry

Since the turn of the lastcentury, Michigan farmers, elevators, and stategovernment have used production and processstandards to shape the dry bean industry totheir interests and set a worldwide standardfor quality dry beans. Over the last 20 years,however, multinational agro/food firms haveintroduced their market criteria into standardssetting, and recent changes in Michigan beanstandards largely accommodate the interests ofthese firms. A review of the changes in thesestandards over time allows us to explore howconcepts of accountability and control improveour understanding of changes in the structureand operation of food production and marketing.What is the measure of state governmentaccountability to corporate capital and to thestate's bean farmers? In what ways can farmersuse standards to re-assert their priorities andgain a greater measure of influence overmarketing? What challenges do changing qualitystandards pose for public research as well asfor the institutions representing Michiganfarmers and elevators?
Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions associated with a highway reconstruction: a New Jersey case study

Abstract A comprehensive greenhouse gas (GHG) life-cycle assessment was conducted for a large highway reconstruction project in New Jersey. The GASCAP model was used to determine the total life-cycle GHG emissions associated with the materials used, construction equipment, mobilization of resources for the project, traffic disruption during construction, and materials used for life-cycle maintenance. The focus of the case study was to determine the relative share of these various components, as well as the importance of accounting for non-CO2 GHG emissions. Results suggest that non-CO2 emissions are substantial enough that they should be included and that various smaller material components, not just those associated with materials in the pavement should also be included. For this specific case-study, traffic disruption was a minor component of total emissions, though this result will differ depending on project and road network details. GHG emissions associated with this reconstruction project account for about 20% of the total emissions expected to be generated from traffic using the highway over a 50 year lifetime.
Soft Output Decoding Algorithms

The success of turbo codes and iterative decoding in the field of channel coding for the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and other channels has led to the investigation of iterative techniques in a wide range of disciplines. The essential element of all iterative processing techniques is some form of a soft-input, soft-output (SISO) module. A detailed description is given of the most common SISO modules, namely the soft-output Viterbi algorithm (SOVA) and several versions of the Bahl, Cocke, Jelinek and Raviv (BCJR) or maximum a posteriori (MAP) algorithm. These algorithms are described in the context of their application to the decoding of binary convolutional codes. Keywords: SOVA; MAP; SISO; BCJR; turbo; iterative
Mucins: structure, function, and role in pulmonary diseases.

Mucins, major components of the extracellular mucus blanket that protect and lubricate mammalian epithelia, are high-molecular-mass glycoconjugates (154 to > or = 7,000 kDa) with hundreds of oligosaccharide chains in O-glycosidic linkages to a protein backbone. The apparent expression of more than one type of oligosaccharide core structure in mucins isolated from pathological material may reflect either inherent limitations in analysis, disease-related alterations in parameters affecting glycosylation and post-translational modifications (e.g., nucleotide-sugar concentrations, expression of specific glycosyltransferases, rates of transport through the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi) or the activation of mucin protein genes that are more highly expressed in disease states with different glycosylation patterns. Recent studies have revealed the existence of a family of at least four human mucin proteins; MUC1, MUC2, MUC3, MUC4, each of which contains a variable number of tandem repeats that differ in sequence and size. Full-length sequences of cDNA clones encoding human mucin proteins are currently available only for MUC1 which, in contrast to most airway and intestinal mucins, is membrane associated and not secreted. Current information on mucin oligosaccharides and proteins is reviewed herein. More detailed knowledge of the protein and oligosaccharide structures of mucins will be important in identifying specific role(s) in health and disease, i.e., in the physiological functions of mucus.
Independent multiprocessor systems: a master/slave configuration implemented in Ada

The use of multiprocessors for reducing risk in a system is called redundancy management. The software should be hardware independent, reliable, and reusable. These are key words in choosing Ada to implement the code. A set of common data to all CPUs may be updated by one CPU, called a master, while the others (called slaves) read the data and act on the results. The master controls the operation of the system, and the slaves continually check the validity of the master. The complexity in this code is that all CPUs must execute the same algorithm, but react in a different way. Each CPU must determine whether it can write data as the master, read data as a slave, or transition to master if the master is dysfunctional. One way to do this is to implement a rotating count scheme. >
Stochastic Forcing for Ocean Uncertainty Prediction

Abstract : Our research vision is to develop and transform ocean modeling and data assimilation to quantify regional ocean dynamics on multiple scales. Our group creates and utilizes new models and methods for multiscale modeling, uncertainty quantification, data assimilation and the guidance of autonomous vehicles. We then apply these advances to better understand physical, acoustical and biological interactions. We seek both fundamental and applied contributions to build knowledge and benefit naval operations. A main focus of this research is the role of stochastic forcing on ocean uncertainty and variability predictions. The work includes collaborations with NRL-Stennis to prepare the transfer of a subset of the capabilities and software developed by our Multidisciplinary Simulation, Estimation, and Assimilation Systems (MSEAS) group. The research thrusts of interest to both NRL and MIT, as well as the specific goals of the work, are below.
Revisiting the 4-Parameter Item Response Model: Bayesian Estimation and Application

There has been renewed interest in Barton and Lord’s (An upper asymptote for the three-parameter logistic item response model (Tech. Rep. No. 80-20). Educational Testing Service, 1981) four-parameter item response model. This paper presents a Bayesian formulation that extends Beguin and Glas (MCMC estimation and some model fit analysis of multidimensional IRT models. Psychometrika, 66 (4):541–561, 2001) and proposes a model for the four-parameter normal ogive (4PNO) model. Monte Carlo evidence is presented concerning the accuracy of parameter recovery. The simulation results support the use of less informative uniform priors for the lower and upper asymptotes, which is an advantage to prior research. Monte Carlo results provide some support for using the deviance information criterion and $$\chi ^{2}$$ index to choose among models with two, three, and four parameters. The 4PNO is applied to 7491 adolescents’ responses to a bullying scale collected under the 2005–2006 Health Behavior in School-Aged Children study. The results support the value of the 4PNO to estimate lower and upper asymptotes in large-scale surveys.
Cotransformation and Targeted Gene Inactivation in the Maize Anthracnose Fungus, Glomerella graminicola.

Cotransformation of Glomerella graminicola was achieved with the G. graminicola genes TUB1R1 (encoding a [beta]-tubulin which confers resistance to the fungicide benomyl) and PYR1 (encoding orotate phosphoribosyl transferase, which confers pyrimidine prototrophy). The cotransformation frequency was about 30% when selection was for pyrimidine prototrophy (Pyr[sup +]) and 87% when selection was for benomyl-resistant Bml[sup r] transformants. Southern blots confirmed that both transforming DNAs has integrated into the genomes of transformants which was expressing both Pyr[sup +] and Bml[sup r] phenotypes. A plasmid, p23, which contained a truncated 500-bp segment representing the central region of the PYR1 gene was constructed. The plasmid was introduced with pCG7, containing TUB1R1, into G. graminicola M1.001 (Pyr[sup +] Bml[sup 5]), and Bml[sup r] transformants were selected. The Bml[sup r] transformants were screened on medium which did not contain uridine in order to identify Pyr[sup -] mutants created by integration of p23 at the PYR1 locus. None of the primary transformants were Pyr[sup -], but 0.2% of uninucleate conidia collected from the pooled primary transformants gave rise to Pyr[sup -] auxotrophs. Southern blots representing two of these Pyr[sup -] mutants confirmed that they had the exected homologous integration of p23 at the PYR1 locus. This suggestedmore » that integration resulted in production of two nonfunctional copies of the gene, one lacking the 5[prime] sequences and the other lacking the 3[prime] sequences. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using cotransformation to perform targeted gene disruptions in G. graminicola. 23 refs., 2 figs., 2 tabs.« less
Pattern activation in reading epilepsy. A case report.

SUMMARY A case of pattern stimulated reflex epilepsy has been presented. Electrical epileptic abnormalities were elicited in this patient by viewing Moire patterns illuminated by IPS. It is suggested that the pattern is one of the important mechanisms in this type of reading epilepsy. RESUME On a presente un cas 'epilepsie reflexe provoque par des formes. Les decharges epileptiques etaient provoquees chez le patient par la vision de patterns de Moireeclaires par la S.L.I. On suggere que la vision de forme est un des mecanismes importants dans 'epilepsie de la lecture.
Comparison of fourth and fifth Korotkoff diastolic blood pressures in 5 to 30 year old individuals: The Bogalusa heart study

The use of fourth phase Korotkoff sound (K4) versus fifth phase Korotkoff sound (K5) for the determination of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) has been a subject of controversy since the indirect method of determining arterial blood pressure was described. Using data from the Bogalusa Heart Study, we evaluated the differences between K4 and K5 (K4-K5) from 4633 subjects 5 to 30 years of age examined between 1987 and 1991. The overall mean difference between K4 and K5 was 9.9 +/- 5.6 mm Hg (mean +/- SD). The average difference was highest in 5 to 8 year olds, where it measured 12.3 +/- 5.5 mm Hg. The average K4-K5 difference fell with increasing age and reached a value of 6.3 +/- 2.6 mm Hg by 25 years of age. For all race/sex groups, the youngest two age groups differed statistically from the oldest age groups in K4-K5 difference (P < .006). There were significant differences between blacks and whites (P < .015) and between men and women (P < .001) for subjects between 13 and 17 years of age. Additional analyses were performed with individuals having K5 = 0 added to yield an expanded population of 5117 persons. Overall, 9.5% had at least one of six measurements of K5 = 0 and most were young subjects: 27% of children 5 to 8 years and 13% of children 9 to 12 years. We conclude that by age 15 there may be no relevant clinical difference in K4-K5. However, in children, K4 and K5 should be recorded and K4 is a more reproducible measure of diastolic blood pressure.
Nose-pointing: Notes on a facial gesture of Papua New Guinea

This article describes a previously undocumented deictic facial gesture of Papua New Guinea, which we call nose-pointing. Based on a video corpus of examples produced by speakers of Yupno, an indigenous language of Papua New Guinea’s Finisterre Range, we characterize the gesture’s morphology — which involves an effortful scrunching together of the face, or S-action, in combination with a deictic head movement — and illustrate its use in different interactive contexts. Yupno speakers produce the nose-pointing gesture in alternation with more familiar pointing morphologies, such as index finger and head-pointing, suggesting that the gesture carries a distinctive meaning. Interestingly, the facial morphological component of nose-pointing — the S-action — is also widely used non-deictically by Yupno speakers, and we propose that such uses provide crucial clues to the meaning of nose-pointing. We conclude by highlighting questions for further research, including precisely how nose-pointing relates to non-deictic uses of the S-action and what cultural and communicative pressures might have shaped the gesture.
Effect of Daily Variations of Cumulonimbus Activity on the Atmospheric Semidiurnal Tide

Abstract It is suggested that an additional source of semidiurnal forcing due to daily variations in tropical rainfall could correct the discrepancy between the calculated phase (boned on forcing due to insulation absorption by ozone and water vapor) and that observed for the surface pressure oscillation. It is also shown that the 180° phase shift in horizontal wind oscillations at 28 km which current calculations predict, but which is not observed, would he eliminated by the proposed additional forcing. The magnitude and phase of the required rainfall oscillation is calculated and found to be consistent with existing observations. Finally, it is shown that the convergence field due to the tide could not directly account for the rainfall oscillation.
Hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of a radiosurgical complication: technical case report.

OBJECTIVE: Hyperbaric oxygenation is a rarely used method of treatment for steroid-refractory radiation-induced edema after stereotactic radiosurgery. We present its successful implementation for a radiosurgical complication after the treatment of a deep, large arteriovenous malformation. We also review the literature on hyperbaric oxygenation for radiation-induced complications. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 25-year-old man underwent radiosurgical treatment for a large arteriovenous malformation. Three years later, substantially smaller remaining nidus was retreated. Five months after that treatment, the patient developed edema around the nidus and hemiparesis. This problem was refractory to high-dose steroids. INTERVENTION: The patient underwent a course of 25 hyperbaric oxygenation treatments. Within 1 month, the edema and hemiparesis had improved, allowing steroids to be tapered. A follow-up examination 1 year later revealed complete thrombosis of the arteriovenous malformation and minimal neurological deficit. CONCLUSION: This technical case report adds to the few studies in the literature suggesting that hyperbaric oxygenation therapy, in conjunction with a slow steroid taper, is a reasonable addition to the treatment armamentarium for radiation-induced cerebral edema associated with clinically evident neurological deficits.
Human factor and computational intelligence limitations in resilient control systems

Humans are very capable of solving many scientific and engineering problems, but during the solution process they have a tendency to make mistakes. For example, humans without computer aided tools, would not be able to design VLSI chips larger than 100 transistors. This imperfection of humans make them very unreliable elements in resilient control systems. There is a tendency of replacing humans with computers using artificial intelligence, expert systems, or methods of computational intelligence. The methods of computational intelligence can be most successful but they have to be used with great care. Limitations of fuzzy and neural networks are presented and it is shown how to avoid these limitations so resilient control systems can be developed. It turns out that often popular training algorithms are not capable of tuning neural networks to proper accuracy without losing generalization abilities. As a consequence, such system of computational intelligence may not work properly for cases which were not used in training. The comparison of different neural network architectures follows and also it is shown how to develop and train close to optimal topologies, so resilient control systems can be developed.
trans- Cinnamic Acid–α-Cyclodextrin System as Studied by Solubility, Spectral, and Potentiometric Techniques

Complex formation in aqueous solutions of trans-cinnamic acid or trans-cinnamate ion (the substrate, S) and α-cyclodextrin (the ligand, L) can be described quantitatively as the 1:1 and 1:2 complexes, SL and SL2. The solubility, spectral, and potentiometric data over a wide range of ligand conccntrations yielded consistent estimates of the complex association constants. For cinnamic acid at 25°, K11 = 2260 M−1, ΔH°11 = −9.3 kcal/mole, and ΔS°11 = −8 e.u.; and K12 = 60 M−1, ΔH°12 = −12 kcal/mole, and ΔS°12 = −26 e.u. For cinnamate ion at 25°, K11 = 110 M−1, ΔH°11 = −9 kcal/mole, and ΔS°11 = +11 e.u.; and K12 = 15 M−1, ΔH°12 kcal/mole, and ΔS°12 = −15 e.u. (all entropy changes are unitary quantities). Thermodynamic cycles for the complexes, using solubility data, reveal that complex formation in the solid phase is thermodynamically spontaneous but that complex stability is greater in aqueous solution than in the solid phase.
Science Citation Index Expanded: The Effect of Journal Editorial Policies.

Citation attributes were found to be strongly associated with the omission of citations from the cited article lists in 603 SCIE records from six chemistry journals. By requiring well-documented citations and by making it easier to identify where one citation ends and the next one begins, journals can help minimize the number of omitted citations from citation databases.
Development and evaluation of a sleep education program for older adults with dementia living in adult family homes

Objectives To investigate the feasibility of implementing a Sleep Education Program (SEP) for improving sleep in adult family home (AFH) residents with dementia, and the relative efficacy of SEP compared with usual care control in a pilot randomized controlled trial. Participants Thirty-seven AFH staff-caregivers and 47 residents with comorbid dementia and sleep disturbances. Intervention SEP consisted of four training sessions with staff-caregivers to develop and implement individualized resident behavioral sleep plans. Measurements Treatment fidelity to the SEP was assessed following the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Behavior Change Consortium model utilizing trainer observations and staff-caregiver reports. Resident sleep was assessed by wrist actigraphy at baseline, 1-month posttreatment, and 6-month follow-up. Caregiver reports of resident daytime sleepiness, depression, and disruptive behaviors were also collected. Results Each key area of treatment fidelity (SEP delivery, receipt, enactment) was identified, measured, and yielded significant outcomes. Staff-caregivers learned how to identify sleep scheduling, daily activity, and environmental factors that could contribute to nocturnal disturbances and developed and implemented strategies for modifying these factors. SEP decreased the frequency and disturbance level of target resident nocturnal behaviors and improved actigraphically measured sleep percent and total sleep time over the 6-month follow-up period compared with the control condition. Conclusion Results suggest behavioral interventions to improve sleep are feasible to implement in adult family homes and merit further investigation as a promising intervention for use with AFH residents with dementia.
Ejected electron spectrum of He below the N=2 threshold

Electron-impact ejected electron spectra of He below the ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ $N=2$ threshold have been measured for all combinations of incident energies 550, 150, and $75\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ and ejected electron directions 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, and 120\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} with respect to the incident electron beam direction. Autoionizing levels from the four main series $^{1}S_{0}^{e}$, $^{3}P_{1}^{o}$, $^{1}D_{2}^{e}$, and $^{1}P_{1}^{o}$, are observed up to $n=7$, and resolved up to $n=5$. In addition several weak members of other series are observed. The positions, and in some cases the widths, are tabulated for 30 levels, and these are compared with theoretical and other experimental values.
Origin and morphology of limestone caves

Limestone caves form along ground-water paths of greatest discharge and solutional aggressiveness. Flow routes that acquire increasing discharge accelerate in growth, while others languish with negligible growth. As discharge increases, a maximum rate of wall retreat is approached, typically about 0.01-0.1 cm/yr, determined by chemical kinetics but nearly unaffected by further increase in discharge. The time required to reach the maximum rate is nearly independent of kinetics and varies directly with flow distance and temperature and inversely with initial fracture width, discharge, gradient, and PCO2. Most caves require 104 - 105 yr to reach traversable size. Their patterns depend on the mode of ground-water recharge. Sinkhole recharge forms branching caves with tributaries that join downstream as higher-order passages. Maze caves form where (1) steep gradients and great undersaturation allow many alternate paths to enlarge at similar rates or (2) discharge or renewal of undersaturation is uniform along many alternate routes. Flood water can form angular networks in fractured rock, anastomotic mazes along low-angle partings, or sponge-work where intergranular pores are dominant. Diffuse recharge also forms networks and spongework, often aided by mixing of chemically different waters. Ramiform caves, with sequential outward branches, are formed mainly by rising thermal or H2S-rich water. Dissolution rates in cooling water increase with discharge, CO2 content, temperature, and thermal gradient, but only at thermal gradients of more than 0.01 °C/m can normal ground-water CO2 form caves without the aid of hypogenic acids or mixing. Artesian flow has no inherent tendency to form maze caves. Geologic structure and stratigraphy influence cave orientation and extent, but alone they do not determine branch-work versus maze character.
Correlation between optical coherence tomography-derived assessments of lower tear meniscus parameters and clinical features of dry eye disease.

Dry eye disease is a common condition worldwide.1-7 Severe dry eye disease may cause significant discomfort and ocular surface damage. Despite the availability of numerous clinical and investigational tools, no gold standard diagnostic test exists.8-10 The complexity of diagnosis and management of dry eye disease pertains to the difficulty of correlating patient symptoms and objective, quantitative clinical findings.8-17 Therefore, many clinicians diagnose and manage dry eye disease based solely on symptoms. Disease management and development of new therapies18-25 could be aided by the development of a reliable noninvasive diagnostic approach to evaluate disease severity and treatment efficacy. The current literature on tomographic characterization of the tear film and tear menisci suggests that parameters produced by optical coherence tomography (OCT) are good quantitative indicators of tear volume.26-35 Fourier-domain (spectral) OCT allows much faster data acquisition compared to time-domain OCT and may also improve measurement reliability and accuracy.26-27 Before adopting OCT for management of dry eye disease, correlations between OCT measurements and conventional clinical tests should be evaluated. In this report, we sought to determine the correlation between subjective symptoms, rose bengal vital staining score, tear break-up time (TBUT), Schirmer’s test, and OCT lower tear meniscus parameters in patients with a clinical diagnosis of dry eye disease.
Molecular and Functional Expression of the Best2 Ca2±activated Cl- Channel in Mouse Submandibular Salivary Gland

Activation of Cl− channels in salivary acinar and duct cells is essential for saliva production. Anion efflux through an apical Ca2+-dependent Cl− channel (CaCC) is the rate limiting step for fluid secretion by acinar cells. The ionic composition of the primary saliva is then modified by salivary ducts. CaCC may support electrolyte reabsorption by duct cells of several types that constitute the duct system. The molecular identity of salivary CaCC is currently under vigorous examination. Here we explored the function of Best2, a member of the Bestrophin family of CaCCs, in the mouse submandibular salivary gland. Heterologous expression of the Best2 transcript in HEK293 cells produced Ca2+-activated Cl− current with the biophysical and pharmacologic properties that closely resembled the current found in native salivary cells. A recently developed Best2−/− mouse where the gene was disrupted by insertion of Lac Z was used to further characterize the role of this channel in the exocrine salivary gland. Even though Best2 expression was abolished, the amplitude and properties of the Ca2+-activated Cl− current in the acinar cells obtained from Best2-deficient mice were the same as the Ca2+-activated Cl− current in wildtype cells. Consistent with the observation the fluid secretion rate was not significantly different in Best2 null mice. Best2 gene was highly expressed in the duct cells of submandibular glands as revealed by X-gal staining. While, the ionic composition and osmolality of the saliva was not significantly altered in mice lacking Best2, the possibility of the functional compensation has been investigated in duct cells. Granular duct cells failed to present Ca2+-sensitive component of anion conductance. The properties of Cl− channels in intercalated, striated and excretory duct cells are currently under investigation.
Morphology, fiber composition and mean particle diameter relationships in ground barley and oat forages at different ages☆

Abstract Six cuttings (4 and 6 weeks regrowth, 3 harvests per season) of barley and oat were analyzed to evaluate relationships among morphology, fiber composition and mean particle diameter (MPD) of ground forages. Plants were separated into leaf blades, leaf sheaths, stems and inflorescences, ground through a Wiley mill (8 mm), and sieved, and four fractions (screen apertures 1.18 mm (F1), 0.60 (F2), 0.30 (F3) and
Axial morphology along the Southern Chile Rise

Abstract Morphology of four spreading segments on the southern Chile Rise is described based on multi-beam bathymetric data collected along the axial zones. The distribution of axial volcanoes, the character of rift valley scarps, and the average depths vary between Segment 1 in the south, terminating at the Chile Triple Junction, and Segment 4 in the north, which are separated by three intervening transform faults. Despite this general variability, there is a consistent pattern of clockwise rotation of the southern-most axial volcanic ridge within each of Segments 2, 3, and 4, relative to the overall trend of the rift valley. A combination of local ridge-transform intersection stresses and regional tectonics may influence spreading axis evolution in this sense.
Contribution of Executive Functions to Visuospatial Difficulties in Prepubertal Girls With Turner Syndrome

Turner syndrome (TS) is a genetic disorder caused by the absence of one X-chromosome in females. Individuals with TS often demonstrate a cognitive profile characterized by poor visuospatial abilities, which may in part be due to executive function impairments. Here, we assessed the neuropsychological profile of 36 prepubertal girls with TS and 20 typically developing children to examine the relationship between executive function and visuospatial abilities. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that executive functions were closely associated with visuospatial abilities in TS but not in controls. These results suggest that executive dysfunctions observed in TS contribute to their visuospatial impairments.
Evidence that a copper-metallothionein complex is responsible for fluorescence in acid-secreting cells of the Drosophila stomach.

Copper cells were originally identified in Drosophila midgut epithelium by their striking orange fluorescence in copper-fed larvae. Here, we examined copper cell fluorescence in light of the previous observations that (1) a similar fluorescent signal in yeast is produced by a complex between copper and metallothionein, and (2) metallothionein is expressed constitutively in the copper cell region and inducibly in other regions of the Drosophila midgut. Pulse-feeding experiments with 1 mM CuCl2 revealed that fluorescence appeared rapidly in copper cells (<5 min) and slowly in other cells of the midgut (days), suggesting a constitutive cofactor in the former and an inducible cofactor in the latter. Fluorescence was also detected in Drosophila S2 tissue culture cells after induction of metallothionein synthesis by addition of CuCl2 to the growth medium. Thus, fluorescence coincided spatially and temporally with the expression of metallothionein. Fluorescence was also linked to the acid-secreting activity of copper cells. Fluorescence was not observed when acid secretion was inhibited by a mutation in the α spectrin gene and acidification was blocked in copper-fed wild-type larvae. However, acidification was restored after a 1-day chase period in which the fluorescent signal became sequestered within a vesicular compartment. We therefore conclude that copper cell fluorescence is most probably attributable to a cytoplasmic copper-metallothionein complex, suggesting an unanticipated role for metallothionein in acid-secreting cells.
Rural land use and demographic change in a rapidly urbanizing environment

Abstract Aerial photographs taken in 1953, 1974 and 1982 of the two rapidly developing seacoast counties of New Hampshire were interpreted into six classes of land use, and the interpretations were overlaid in a grid-based geographic information system to locate and quantify land-use change in 50 townships over three decades. Where developed land abutted on forest, a zone of development influence was delineated; this yielded results at variance with other recent land-use estimates. Regression analysis indicated that growth of developed land area within townships was strongly related to area of township, prior extent of development, metropolitan proximity, and presence of interstate highway interchanges.
Carbon isotope exchange between methane and amorphous carbon at 700°C

Abstract A time series pyrolysis experiment was performed on a Bakken oil shale sample at 700°C. CaO was used to eliminate CO2 and thus minimize potential carbon isotope exchange with methane. The δ13C of the product methane approaches to within a few tenths per mil of the δ13C of the kerogen without the methane changing in amount over a time period from 1 to 265 h. These results strongly suggest that the methane is undergoing carbon isotope exchange with the pyrolysis residues and that in nature the δ3C of deep source methane over long time periods at elevated temperature may be, in part, controlled by the δ13C of the source organic matter.
Wound management of the airway mucosa: comparison with skin in a rabbit model

In comparison to the extensive study of skin wound healing, there have been few reports investigating mucosal wound healing. Our primary objective was to compare the natural progression of wound healing in airway mucosa to skin in a rabbit model. Split-thickness skin wounds and subglottic mucosal wounds created by drill injury were compared on days 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 21 after injury. Histologic examination was performed by a veterinary pathologist blinded to sample identity. Subglottic wounds showed a 'fibrinous clot' overlying the epithelium, analogous to the fibrin crust in skin wounds. Re-epithelialization started on day 5 in the subglottic epithelium and was complete by day 14; fibroplasia and fibrosis in the lamina propria were present on days 7-21. This wound healing profile paralleled the skin epidermis and dermis, respectively. The epithelial changes, however, were temporally extended in the airway. Our secondary objective was to determine the effects of treating airway mucosa with a bioresorbable membrane, modified sodium hyaluronate and carboxymethylcellulose (modified HA/CMC), placed over the subglottic wounds of four rabbits after drill injury. Subglottic wounds treated with modified HA/CMC showed a more mature epithelium and less fibrosis on day 21. In this pilot study, the application of a bioresorbable membrane improved mucosal wound healing at both the epithelial and lamina propria levels. Clearly, a larger study must be performed to confirm this interesting observation.
Unraveling the relationships between smartphone use, exposure to heterogeneity, political efficacy, and political participation: a mediation model approach

This paper assesses how use of smartphones relates to exposure to heterogeneity, political efficacy, and political engagement and suggests a new mediation model that can be applied to mobile communication. Drawing on online survey data collected during the 2012 presidential election in South Korea, this study finds that exposure to heterogeneity and political efficacy jointly mediate the impact of informational uses of smartphones on political participation. The current study also shows that informational uses of smartphones are significantly related to encounters with heterogeneity, political efficacy, and participatory behaviors. Additionally, recreational uses of smartphones were found to have a positive association with exposure to heterogeneity. However, relational uses of smartphones were not associated with democratic outcomes. The findings suggest that smartphones, by increasing the possibility of encountering diversity and subsequently enhancing political efficacy, create an additional pathway to...
The distimulus method of assessing luminous efficiency of the spectrally pure stimuli

In the tristimulus method of photometry, the luminance of any monochromatic stimulus can be assessed by matching it in hue and brightness to a mixture of two primaries and then reducing the saturation of the test stimulus to obtain a complete match. The luminances of the stimuli are considered to be additive, and the luminances of the two mixtures to be equal. In this article it is shown that if the primaries are properly chosen, it is not necessary to desaturate the test stimulus. The difference in saturation between the test stimulus and the mixture of the two primaries can be ignored and it may be assumed that the luminance of the test stimulus is equal to the sum of the luminances of the two primaries when the mixture and the test stimulus match in hue and brightness. Luminous efficiencies assessed in this way agree well with assessments based on flicker photometry. Flicker photometry has been used to assess the luminances of the primaries.
AMBULATORY STATUS OF CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY

Summary.-The purpose of this study was ro examine the association between (a) nonambulatory status of 19 children with spastic quadriplegia at age, 4 years with current arnbulatory status and (b) nonambulatory status among these children at age 7 years and ultimate development of independent ambulation, using the physical therapy records. All continued to be nonambulatory at 7 years and are currently. The results suggest (a) a relationship between nonambulatory status at age 4 years and ultimate ambulatory starus For children with spastic quadriplegia and (b) remote prospects for the development of independent ambulation in such children who are nonambulatory at age 7 years.
Editorial: Two Down-More To Go

With this issue, I have completed my second year as Editor of Optical Engineering. I'm certain that this disclosure has elicited a big "ho hum" from a number of you, unless you happen to be among those who are eagerly anticipating my retirement. The bad news-particularly for those who do not appreciate my editorial style-is that I have agreed to stay on as Editor at least through June 1989. However, the good news is that Martha Stockton, my Associate Editor, has agreed to stay in her position as well. One last comment before getting on to the main topic of this editorial; May 311,1987, is rapidly approaching, and I am still wondering what event will occur that might have the same sort of impact on my life as the events of May 31 of the two preceding years (see my Editorial in the June 1986 issue). In a recent conversation with Eric Pepper, the Managing Editor of Optical Engineering, I learned that the circulation of the journal has nearly reached 10,000 copies per issue and that each press run now exceeds 10,000 copies. Thus was born the topic for this editorial, which contains some information I think might be of interest to readers of the journal.
A study of bending, vibration and buckling of cross-ply circular cylindrical shells with various shell theories

Abstract Analytical solutions for displacements, natural frequencies and buckling loads of cross-ply circular cylindrical shells under various boundary conditions are developed using the classical, first-order and third-order shell theories and the state-space technique. The third-order theory of shells of Reddy accounts for cubic variation of surface displacements through the thickness of the laminate and there is no need for shear correction factors. Analytical solutions are developed for simply-supported, clamped and free boundary conditions, and the effect of boundary conditions, lamination schemes and shear deformation on the deflections. stresses, natural frequencies and buckling loads is investigated.
NUCLEAR RADII FROM MESONIC ATOMS

The use of the mu meson as a probe to determine nuclear electromagnetic propenties is discussed. (W.D.M.)
Effects of moderate sewage input on benthic polychaete populations

The polychaete fauna of a sandy intertidal habitat receiving effluent from a sewage treatment plant was compared to that of a control site. The total number of individuals, total biomass, and average species numbers were significantly greater at the sewage-affected site. The response of individual species to nutrient enrichment varied. Some species showed significantly greater numbers of individuals at the sewage-affected site while other species' densities showed no difference. All species maintained greater biomass at the enriched site, most biomass differences were significant. Those species which did not show density differences between sites tended to have the greatest difference in average weight per individual. In general, species with either benthic development or some form of brooding behavior were best able to exploit the enriched condition by increased densities, or greater average biomass per individual. It was concluded that for moderate increases in nutrient concentrations, benthic productivity will be most enhanced in those sediments with very low concentrations of fine sized particles.
Transient transfection of primary T helper cells by particle-mediated gene transfer

Abstract The study of the molecular basis of normal CD4+ T cell function, such as the control of commitment to the TH1 or TH2 phenotypes has been difficult due to the resistance of these cells to transfection by conventional methods. We used antibodies specific to T cell surface molecules to immobilize these cells and optimized conditions for transiently transfecting them by means of particle-mediated gene transfer. Using this technique, a construct encompassing −577 to +1 of the IL-4 promoter allowed transcription of a luciferase reporter gene in recently-differentiated TH2 cells stimulated by anti-CD3, consistent with regulation of endogenous IL-4 gene expression.
Contributions of the RAD51 N-terminal domain to BRCA2-RAD51 interaction

RAD51 DNA strand exchange protein catalyzes the central step in homologous recombination, a cellular process fundamentally important for accurate repair of damaged chromosomes, preservation of the genetic integrity, restart of collapsed replication forks and telomere maintenance. BRCA2 protein, a product of the breast cancer susceptibility gene, is a key recombination mediator that interacts with RAD51 and facilitates RAD51 nucleoprotein filament formation on single-stranded DNA generated at the sites of DNA damage. An accurate atomistic level description of this interaction, however, is limited to a partial crystal structure of the RAD51 core fused to BRC4 peptide. Here, by integrating homology modeling and molecular dynamics, we generated a structure of the full-length RAD51 in complex with BRC4 peptide. Our model predicted previously unknown hydrogen bonding patterns involving the N-terminal domain (NTD) of RAD51. These interactions guide positioning of the BRC4 peptide within a cavity between the core and the NTDs; the peptide binding separates the two domains and restricts internal dynamics of RAD51 protomers. The model's depiction of the RAD51-BRC4 complex was validated by free energy calculations and in vitro functional analysis of rationally designed mutants. All generated mutants, RAD51(E42A), RAD51(E59A), RAD51(E237A), RAD51(E59A/E237A) and RAD51(E42A/E59A/E237A) maintained basic biochemical activities of the wild-type RAD51, but displayed reduced affinities for the BRC4 peptide. Strong correlation between the calculated and experimental binding energies confirmed the predicted structure of the RAD51-BRC4 complex and highlighted the importance of RAD51 NTD in RAD51-BRCA2 interaction.
Teleradiology and its relationship to PACS

Though teleradiology and PACS use similar hardware they are often thought of as very different systems. A closer examination however shows that a teleradiology system is usually a small specialized PAC system. In teleradiology the archival medium may be film but there is at least some temporary electronic storage. The communications may employ anything from video channels to satellite links and the scale of distance is usually greater than for a PACS but PACS also use a variety of media. The PACS communications environment is more like a local area network (LAN) in scale as compared to the wide-area network (WAN) nature of teleradiolgy. The advantage in thinking of the related nature of these systems is that proper planning will facilitate the growth of teleracliology into a PACS or the smooth addition of teleradiology capability to an existing PAC system. This paper will focus on the Georgetown experience which included one teleradiology application in its initial plan and added uses in a later phase of the project. These projects proved highly successful both in terms of clinical use and technical performance.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.