cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Environmental Protection Agency: Asking the Wrong Questions, from Nixon to Clinton

The Environmental Protection Agency: From Nixon to Clinton seeks to uncover the mistaken premises upon which errant policy decisions have been founded. Through its comprehensive chronicle of the agency's evolution, it uniquely and expertly depicts the serious consequences which have resulted from poor policy decisions, and discusses which questions the EPA should be encouraged to ask, and how they can be encouraged to do so. With new chapters on the Bush and Clinton administrations, it is the only comprehensive history of the EPA, tracing the agency from its founding under Nixon to its current role in the Clinton administration.
A model of price search behavior in electronic marketplace

An increasing interest in consumer behavior online is the investigation of their price search activities. Most empirical evidence from Internet shopping literature suggests through reducing search cost, that the Internet will increase consumer price search and intensify price competition. This paper develops a conceptual model and a set of propositions to explain the main factors influencing online price search. Specifically, this model integrates the psychological search literature under the context of online environment by incorporating ability and cost to search for information into “perceived search efficiency”, and the factors that center on the perceived benefits and motivation of price search are investigated as well.
Interbasinal cyclostratigraphic correlation of Milankovitch band transgressive-regressive cycles: Correlation of Desmoinesian-Missourian strata between southeastern Arizona and the midcontinent of North America

The cyclic pattern of deposition in the Horquilla Limestone of southeastern Arizona resulted from glacio-eustatic sea-level fluctuations with periodicities within the Milankovitch band. The depositional surface fluctuated from above sea level to below the depth of autochthonous carbonate production. By means of characteristics of the cycles, correlations can be established not only between sections in the Pedregosa basin of southeastern Arizona, but also to the midcontinent of the United States. These correlations exceed the resolution of biostratigraphy and distinguish the eustatic component of relative sea-level fluctuations in widely spaced basins with different depositional settings.
P02-29 - The effect of lavandula angustifolia in the treatment of depression

Background and aim Medical plants have been used for centuries as a medicinal agent in treatment of depression and anxiety. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of the lavendula officinalis on depression in patients using citalopram. Methods This clinical trial study was performed in Hajar hospital, Shahrekord, Iran. In this study eighty patients randomly allocated into two groups (40 patients in each group). Patients who complained from depression were studied during a two-month double-blind study. In control group, patients were given 20 mg citalopram twice daily plus placebo and case group were treated with 5 g arial part of dried Lavendula officinalis and citaloperam (20 mg, twice per day). After 4 and 8 weeks, patients were followed for evaluations of their depression and complications. Depression severity was scored using standard Hamilton’s depression questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Chi square and Paired-t test. Results After 1 month treatment, mean depression score in case and control groups were 15.2 ± 3.6 and 17.5 ± 3.5, respectively (P Conclusion Lavendula officinalis has a positive effect on depressed patients and may be useful to decrease the severity of depression in patients using other antidepressants.
Environmental Effects of Molybdenum on Caries

Examination of 786 children in California towns situated on soils with high and low molybdenum contents failed to show differences in caries prevalence.
Smoothing Spline Density Estimation: A Dimensionless Automatic Algorithm

Abstract As a sequel to an earlier article by Gu and Qiu, this article describes and illustrates a dimensionless automatic algorithm for nonparametric probability density estimation using smoothing splines. The algorithm is designed to calculate an adaptive finite dimensional solution to the penalized likelihood problem, which was shown by Gu and Qiu to share the same asymptotic convergence rates as the nonadaptive infinite dimensional solution. The smoothing parameter is updated jointly with the estimate in a performance-oriented iteration via a cross-validation performance estimate, where the performance is measured by proxies of the symmetrized Kullback-Leibler distance between the true density and the estimate. Simulations of limited scale are conducted to examine the relative effectiveness of the automatic smoothing parameter selection procedure and to assess the practical statistical performance of the methodology in general. The method is also applied to some real data sets. The algorithm is implem...
Energy use in pig production: An examination of current Iowa Systems

This paper compares energy use for different pig production systems in Iowa, a leader in US swine production. Pig production systems include not only the growth and performance of the pigs, but also the supporting infrastructure of pig production. This supporting infrastructure includes swine housing, facility management, feedstuff provision, swine diets, and manure management. Six different facility type × diet formulation × cropping sequence scenarios were modeled and compared. The baseline system examined produces 15,600 pigs annually using confinement facilities and a corn-soybean cropping sequence. Diet formulations for the baseline system were corn-soybean meal diets that included the synthetic AA l-lysine and exogenous phytase. The baseline system represents the majority of current US pork production in the Upper Midwest, where most US swine are produced. This system was found to require 744.6 MJ per 136-kg market pig. An alternative system that uses bedded hoop barns for grow-finish pigs and gestating sows would require 3% less (720.8 MJ) energy per 136-kg market pig. When swine production systems were assessed, diet type and feed ingredient processing were the major influences on energy use, accounting for 61 and 79% of total energy in conventional and hoop barn-based systems, respectively. Improving feed efficiency and better matching the diet formulation with the thermal environment and genetic potential are thus key aspects of reducing energy use by pig production, particularly in a hoop barn-based system. The most energy-intensive aspect of provisioning pig feed is the production of synthetic N for crop production; thus, effectively recycling manure nutrients to cropland is another important avenue for future research. Almost 25% of energy use by a conventional farrow-to-finish pig production system is attributable to operation of the swine buildings. Developing strategies to minimize energy use for heating and ventilation of swine buildings while maintaining pig comfort and performance is a third critical area for future research. The hoop barn-based alternative uses 64% less energy to operate buildings but requires bedding and 2.4% more feed. Current Iowa pig production systems use energy differently but result in similar total energy use. Compared with 1975, current farrow-to-finish systems in Iowa require 80% less energy to produce live market pigs.
Note sul PL/1

PL/1 (Programming Language/1) was drawn up in 1964 to answer the need for a programming language which is independent, not only of the computer, but also of the type of problem handled: it can thus be used for both commercial and scientific problems. Moreover, the language is superior for scientific computations to Fortran IV; it provides also for commercial users logical operations, methods of input, output and data handling which are more prowerful than thoso made available by Cohol. A program written in PL/1, having a modular structure, satisfactorily answers modern programming cotepts; the program can be divided into relocable sections which allow a dynamic utilisation of core storage. Thanks to this characteristic the PL/1 can satisfy the demands of non-sequential operation as, for example, Tele-Processing and Multitask operations. Another interesting possibility of the language is represented by a category of statements designed to give commands to the compiler in order to optimize compilation itself.
An alternative formulation of the theory of superconductivity

The cluster variation method of the cooperative phenomena has been applied to the study of the theory of superconductivity. The results obtained in this formulation are equivalent to the BCS results and follow in a straight forward and natural way both at zero and finite temperatures.
The importance of local-regional radiotherapy with conventional or high-dose chemotherapy in the management of breast cancer patients with ≥ 10 positive axillary nodes

Abstract Purpose: To assess the effect of local-regional radiotherapy (RT) on the outcome of breast cancer patients with ≥ 10 positive axillary lymph nodes who have received modern conventional or high-dose systemic therapy. Methods and Materials: A total of 55 women with local-regionally confined breast cancer involving 10 or more axillary nodes were treated between October 1983 and January 1996. Local-regional therapy consisted of modified radical mastectomy in 39 and breast-conserving surgery in 16. Postoperative radiotherapy was given to 44 of the 55 patients. Radiotherapy consisted of tangential fields to the chest wall or intact breast to a median dose of 50.40 Gy. A total of 86% (38 of 44) received regional nodal irradiation as follows: 35 patients received RT to the supraclavicular (SC) region and axillary midplane to a median dose of 50.40 Gy and 46.20 Gy, respectively; 3 patients received RT to the SC region without inclusion of the axilla to a median dose of 50.40 Gy. All patients received adjuvant standard-dose systemic chemotherapy, 9 of whom received additional intensification chemotherapy followed by autologous bone-marrow transplant (ABMT) or peripheral blood stem-cell transplant (PBSC). Twenty-five patients received adjuvant tamoxifen. Results: With a median follow-up of 30 months, the crude overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) for the entire group were 67% and 53%, respectively. On univariate analysis of various clinical, pathological, and therapy-related features, radiotherapy emerged as the most important factor influencing the relapse rate. The addition of RT was significantly associated with an improved DFS ( p = 0.003), specifically by prolonging the time to disease progression. The median time to failure was 61 months and 12.5 months with and without RT, respectively. Patients receiving RT also appeared to survive longer; however, the groups were not statistically different ( p = 0.10). Analysis of the patterns of failure showed local-regional recurrence (LRR) as the first site of failure in 12 (22%) of 55 and distant failure in 20 (36%) of 55. Univariate results revealed both radiotherapy and tamoxifen to be significantly associated with decreased LRR rates ( p = 0.0001 and p = 0.03, respectively); only RT remained independently significant on multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Local-regional radiotherapy is an essential component of the management of breast cancer patients with extensive nodal involvement, despite the use of contemporary adjuvant chemotherapy including high-dose regimens with autologous rescue. In addition to the expected improvement in LRR, radiotherapy is also associated with significantly prolonged DFS and a trend for improvement in OS.
Evaluation of a smartphone for telepathology: Lessons learned

Background: Mobile networks and smartphones are growing in developing countries. Expert telemedicine consultation will become more convenient and feasible. We wanted to report on our experience in using a smartphone and a 3-D printed adapter for capturing microscopic images. Methods: Images and videos from a gastrointestinal biopsy teaching set of referred cases from the AFIP were captured with an iPhone 5 smartphone fitted with a 3-D printed adapter. Nine pathologists worldwide evaluated the images for quality, adequacy for telepathology consultation, and confidence rendering a diagnosis based on the images viewed on the web. Results: Average Likert scales (ordinal data) for image quality (1=poor, 5=diagnostic) and adequacy for diagnosis (1=No, 5=Yes) had modes of 3 and 4, respectively. Adding a video overview of the specimen improved diagnostic confidence. The mode of confidence in diagnosis based on the images reviewed was four. In 31 instances, reviewers' diagnoses completely agreed with AFIP diagnosis, with partial agreement in 9 and major disagreement in 5. There was strong correlation between image quality and confidence (r = 0.78), image quality and adequacy of image (r = 0.73) and whether images were found adequate when reviewers were confident (r = 0.72). Intraclass Correlation for measuring reliability among the four reviewers who finished a majority of cases was high (quality=0.83, adequacy= 0.76 and confidence=0.92). Conclusions: Smartphones allow pathologists and other image dependent disciplines in low resource areas to transmit consultations to experts anywhere in the world. Improvements in camera resolution and training may mitigate some limitations found in this study.
The inherent inefficiency of the point-to-point congestion revenue right auction

Empirical evidence shows that the clearing prices for point-to-point congestion revenue rights, also known as financial transmission rights (FTRs), resulting from centralized auctions conducted by independent system operators differ significantly and systematically from the realized congestion revenues that determine the accrued payoffs of these rights. The question addressed by this paper is whether such deviations are due to price discovery errors which will eventually vanish or due to inherent inefficiencies in the auction structure. We address this question by studying a hypothetical DC-flow approximation model of a six-node system with known outage probabilities of each element and known statistical demand variability. We show that even with perfect foresight of average congestion rents the clearing prices for the FTRs depend on the bid quantity and therefore may not be priced correctly in the financial transmission right (FTR) auction. In particular, we demonstrate that if all FTR bid quantities are equal to the corresponding average transaction volumes and the bid values are set at the expected congestion rent level, then the resulting auction prices systematically deviate from the known FTR values. We conclude that price discovery alone would not remedy the discrepancy between the auction prices and the realized values of the FTRs. Secondary markets or frequent reconfiguration auctions are necessary in order to achieve such convergence.
In-flight system identification for the CRAF/Cassini spacecraft

The feasibility and payoffs of conducting in-flight system dynamics identification for the CRAFT/Cassini/(C/C) spacecraft are studied. The primary control modes of: (a) the boom-mounted high precision scan platform articulation/pointing control; and (b) the main engine thrust vector control are analyzed. Identification of key transfer functions and models and subsequent design of modern robust controllers by recently developed advanced processing algorithms are demonstrated. >
Prenatal paracetamol exposure and asthma: further evidence against confounding

Background Observational studies have reported an association between maternal use of paracetamol in pregnancy and childhood asthma, which was not explained by measured confounding factors. However, it is possible that this relation might be confounded by unmeasured behavioural factors linked to paracetamol usage; if that were the case, effects of similar magnitude of partner's paracetamol use and/or postnatal maternal use would be expected. Methods In the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), a population-based birth cohort, we compared the univariate effects of maternal use of paracetamol in pregnancy on risk of doctor-diagnosed asthma, wheeze and elevated immunoglobulin E (IgE) in the offspring at 7 years of age, with the univariate effects of partner's use and postnatal maternal use on these phenotypes. Results Maternal use of paracetamol in pregnancy was strongly associated with all outcomes. Partner's use was very weakly associated with asthma but not associated with wheezing or IgE. Postnatal maternal use was associated with asthma and wheezing, though less strongly than was prenatal use, and was not associated with IgE. On mutual adjustment, the effects of maternal use in pregnancy on all outcomes were not substantially attenuated, whereas the effects of partner's use on asthma, and of postnatal maternal use on asthma and wheezing, were reduced. Conclusions These findings suggest that the relation between maternal use of paracetamol in pregnancy and childhood asthma is unlikely to be confounded by unmeasured behavioural factors linked to paracetamol use.
Relocalization of Ce3+ 5d electrons from host conduction band

Abstract Single crystal fibers of Ce3+ doped SrAl2O4 and CaAl4O7 were prepared through the laser heated pedestal growth method. Sites dependent Ce3+ emissions were found at 385 nm (427 nm) and 420 nm (325 nm) in SrAl2O4 and CaAl4O7 hosts, respectively. The Ce3+ emissions at 385 nm and 420 nm in the two hosts exhibited strong afterglows. They could persist for more than 10 h. The long persistence and sites dependence of Ce3+ emissions were originated from charge compensation of doping Ce3+ into divalent cation sites. The lifetimes of Ce3+ emissions in both hosts were found to depend on the laser excitation wavelengths. With 266 nm laser excitation, Ce3+ 5d electrons were delocalized into the host's conduction band, resulting in a prolonged decay time. The 355 nm laser excitation did not delocalize the 5d electrons and hence the measured lifetimes were the intrinsic Ce3+ emission lifetimes that were 17 and 35.5 ns in SrAl2O4 and CaAl4O7 hosts, respectively. The prolonged Ce3+ emission lifetime on 266 nm laser excitation was because of the relocalization of the 5d electrons from the host conduction band. The lifetimes of Ce3+ 5d electrons within the conduction band were found to be 34 and 44 ns in SrAl2O4 and CaAl4O7 hosts, respectively.
Effects of bariatric surgery on diabetic nephropathy after 5 years of follow-up

Background: Studies have reported that the benefits of bariatric surgery extend beyond durable weight loss and include significant improvement in glycemic control. We hypothesized that improving diabetes control may have positive effects on end-organ complications of this disease, such as diabetic nephropathy (DN). Methods: We identified all patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who underwent bariatric surgery at our institution and had completed a 5-year follow-up. Patients’ current diabetes status (remission, improvement, or no change) was determined by biochemical analyses and medication review. The presence of DN, preoperatively and postoperatively, was determined by urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (uACR). Results: Fifty-two T2DM patients underwent bariatric surgery and had completed 5-year follow-up, including serial uACR measurements (25% male; age 51.2 10.1 years). Preoperative body mass index (BMI) was 49 8.7 kg/m 2 , mean duration of T2DM was 8.6 years (range .3–39), and baseline HbA1c was 7.7% 1.4%. DN, as indicated by microalbuminuria (30–300 mg/g) or macroalbuminuria (4300 mg/g), was present in 37.6% preoperatively. Of these, DN resolved in 58.3% at a mean follow-up of 66 months (range 60–92 ). Among those with no evidence of DN preoperatively, albuminuria proceeded to develop 5 years later in only 25%. The 5-year remission and improvement rates for T2DM were 44% and 33%, respectively. Mean reductions in fasting glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were 36.6 mg/dL and 1.2%, respectively. Conclusion: Bariatric surgery can induce a significant and sustainable improvement in T2DM and improve or halt the development of microvascular complications such as nephropathy. Considering that diabetes is often a progressive disease, these results are clinically important and warrant further investigation. (Surg Obes Relat Dis 2013;9:7-14.) r 2013 American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery. All rights reserved.
10 Things the PTO Can Do to Enhance Context-Based Patent Disclosure

The PTO held a roundtable and solicited comments on a proposal to require Real-Party-in-Interest disclosures in patents. Through this comment, which I submitted to the PTO, I support their efforts to elicit and disseminate ownership data by 1) explaining why ownership information, and context-information in particular, is so important to the core functions of the patent system of technology transfer and technology commercialization; 2) commending and suggesting several steps the PTO could take/continue to take to improve the quality, quantity, and dissemination of ownership information; and 3) providing an Appendix that summarizes each of the 17 comments that the PTO received in its 2011 Request for Comments on Eliciting More Complete Patent Assignment Information (“2011 RFC”), which the remainder of the comment draws from extensively.
The Polyphosphate Kinase Gene ppk2 Is Required for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Inorganic Polyphosphate Regulation and Virulence

The Mycobacterium tuberculosis gene Rv3232c/MT3329 (ppk2) encodes a class II polyphosphate kinase, which hydrolyzes inorganic polyphosphate (poly P) to synthesize GTP. We assessed the role of ppk2 in M. tuberculosis poly P regulation, antibiotic tolerance, and virulence. A ppk2-deficient mutant (ppk2::Tn) and its isogenic wild-type (WT) and complemented (Comp) strains were studied. For each strain, the intrabacillary poly P content, MIC of isoniazid, and growth kinetics during infection of J774 macrophages were determined. Multiplex immunobead assays were used to evaluate cytokines elaborated during macrophage infection. The requirement of ppk2 for M. tuberculosis virulence was assessed in the murine model. The ppk2::Tn mutant was found to have significantly increased poly P content and a 4-fold increase in the MIC of isoniazid relative to the WT and Comp strains. The ppk2::Tn mutant showed reduced survival at day 7 in activated and naive J774 macrophages relative to the WT. Naive ppk2::Tn mutant-infected macrophages showed increased expression of interleukin 2 (IL-2), IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p70, and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) relative to WT-infected macrophages. The ppk2::Tn mutant exhibited significantly lower lung CFU during acute murine infection compared to the control groups. ppk2 is required for control of intrabacillary poly P levels and optimal M. tuberculosis growth and survival in macrophages and mouse lungs. IMPORTANCE Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a highly successful human pathogen because it has developed mechanisms to multiply and survive in the lungs by circumventing the immune system. Identification of virulence factors responsible for M. tuberculosis growth and persistence in host tissues may assist in the development of novel strategies to treat TB. In this study, we found that the mycobacterial enzyme polyphosphate kinase 2 (PPK2) is required for controlling intracellular levels of important regulatory molecules and for maintaining susceptibility to the first-line anti-TB drug isoniazid. In addition, PPK2 was found to be required for M. tuberculosis growth in the lungs of mice, at least in part by suppressing the expression of certain key cytokines and chemokines by inactivated lung macrophages.
Accuracy of Aerial Telemetry Locations in Mountainous Terrain

The article discusses a study on the accuracy of aerial telemetry locations in mountainous terrain. Researchers conducted accuracy tests in the Bear River Mountain Range in northern Utah and southeastern Idaho in September 1989. Aerial telemetry system and transmitter locating methods of Gantz and Gantz and Knowlton were used throughout the accuracy test. Results of the study indicate that the interpretation of radiotelemetry should be limited within the accuracy and precision of the equipment and personnel involved in collecting the data. In mountainous regions, precision and accuracy are typically sacrificed in the interest of maintaining safe flying conditions
Moral education in revolutionary society

Revolutionary societies such as China, Cuba and Tanzania have embarked upon major economic and political transformations in which education has assumed a principal role. Unlike many other emerging nations seeking development, however, revolutionary societies have conceived of education in quite special terms. In particular, these societies have developed educational programs which are inextricably linked to larger societal goals which are conceived of as moral in nature.
Native command queuing - advanced performance in desktop storage

This paper describes a new key feature of SATA standard, native command queuing (NCQ). This feature is specific to the SATA interface but is similar in some ways to other reordering protocols developed for the small computer system interface (SCSI). Building a queue is the first component of this protocol. The drive must know when it receives a command whether it should queue the command or whether it should execute that command immediately. NCQ uses a new command protocol with new command opcodes that allows the device to know whether a command can be queued. Thus NCQ is more beneficial to the home PC environment, providing the storage subsystem with better performance for today's end-user requirements as media accessibility and the use of multiple applications simultaneously becomes a more commonplace event in the digital home.
On the motion due to sources and sinks distributed along the vertical boundary of a rotating fluid

The motion induced by sources and sinks distributed along the vertical side wall of a cylinder filled with fluid and rotating about a vertical axis is considered. Vertical motion, and hence vertical transport, is confined to a vertical boundary layer of thickness E 1/3 , where E is the Ekman number. The horizontal transport occurs through the interior of the fluid. The Ekman layers do not play any active role in the transport process. The results of a very simple experiment confirm these conclusions.
Hemoglobin C and hemoglobin O-Arab variants can be diagnosed using the Bio-Rad Variant II high-performance liquid chromatography system without further confirmatory tests.

Abstract Context.—Current standards for laboratory accreditation from the College of American Pathologists state that when high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is used as a screening test, all non-A, non-S abnormal hemoglobin (Hb) variants must be confirmed by an alternative method, including alkaline and acid electrophoresis. Objective.—To determine whether confirmation of Hb C and Hb O-Arab variants by an alternative method is required when using the Bio-Rad Variant II HPLC system. Design.—We reviewed 48 478 consecutive hemoglobin identification test results performed on the Bio-Rad Variant II HPLC system during the period November 15, 2000 to January 15, 2003. Setting.—Special Hematology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Bellevue Hospital Center, New York, NY. Main Outcome Measures.—The chromatogram patterns and retention times (RTs) for specimens containing Hb C and Hb O-Arab were analyzed. We compared the results by the HPLC method with those by the confirmatory tests (alkaline and acid e...
Extensible languages: A potential user's point of view

The purpose of this paper is to describe a computer user's concern about what extensible languages will do for him, and how they will do it. It may in some respects sound a little demagogic, by considering users requirements as priority requirements. However, as Lenin said, “facts are stubborn”, and if users have been used to certain performance characteristics of usual programming languages, they will want to get at least the same performance from extensible languages, and in fact much more - otherwise why switch?
Ship Observations of the Tropical Pacific Ocean along the Coast of South America

Abstract In October 2007 the NOAA ship Ronald H. Brown sailed southward within 300 km of the coast of Ecuador and Peru, sampling surface meteorology, air–sea turbulent and radiative fluxes, cloud properties, and upper-air soundings from the equator to 20°S. Two distinct water masses characterize the coastal region: cold-pool water below 19°C in the Southern Hemisphere, and warm-pool water above 20°C to the north, with a transition between the water masses at 2.5°S. Net turbulent and radiative fluxes warm the cool water south of 2.5°S by 100 W m−2 but do not warm the equatorial water significantly. Winds blow parallel to the shore, about 5 m s−1 over the cold pool and 7 m s−1 over the equator. Stratocumulus clouds are remarkably solid over the coastal cold pool, with only brief periods of partial clearing, mostly in the afternoon. Lower aerosol concentrations and thicker clouds observed farther from the coast on 22–23 October are coincident with a pocket of open cells seen to the west and southwest of the ...
A case for scientific visualization in undergraduate and graduate classrooms

VISUALIZATION OF COMPUTER SIMULATIONS of complex physical, biological, and sociological systems has become indispensable for computational scientists and engineers, providing insights and potential breakthroughs that would otherwise be unlikely. Scientific visualization is therefore one of the fastest growing and most important areas of high-performance computing, allowing researchers to supplement traditional routes of scientific discovery. It is also a creative alternative to supplement experimentation in the science and engineering labs and lectures of colleges and universities nationwide. In this paper, we argue that scientific visualization is not only indispensable for a researcher’s better understanding of a phenomenon, but that it is also a necessary tool with which to present interesting and complex material to undergraduate and graduate science students in a meaningful and understandable way. Educating students in the methods and techniques associated with scientific visualization is a means to accelerate the pace of comprehension and discovery.
A major portion of the 150-kilodalton insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP) complex in adult rat serum contains unoccupied, proteolytically nicked IGFBP-3 that binds IGF-II preferentially.

Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) binds to 150-kilodalton (kDa) protein complexes in adult rat serum that have higher affinity for IGF-II than IGF-I. We now examine the nature of these IGF-II-preferring complexes. A 150-kDa pool, isolated after neutral Sephadex G-200 gel filtration of adult rat serum, bound IGF-II with approximately 80-fold greater affinity than IGF-I, but did not contain immunoprecipitable IGF-II/mannose-6-phosphate receptors, which bind IGF-II with the same preferential affinity. Exogenous IGF-II bound to the 150-kDa complex without displacing endogenous IGF-I, indicating that it bound to sites that were previously unoccupied. IGF-I affinity chromatography was used to separate unoccupied 150-kDa complexes that bound to the column and were eluted with acid from complexes that contained endogenous IGF-I, did not bind to the column, and appeared in the flow-through. In competitive binding assays, IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) in the acid eluate bound IGF-II with higher affinity than I...
Depression, suicide and deliberate self-harm in adolescence

The past decade has seen important advances in research into the epidemiology, aetiology and treatment of depression and suicidal behaviour in the young. We are beginning to understand how risk factors combine to precipitate and maintain these problems. There is rarely a linear relationship between causes and outcomes. Rather, the cause is usually a combination of predisposing constitutional factors arising from genetic endowment or earlier experience and precipitating stressful events. These aetiological factors act through biochemical, psychological and social processes to produce the outcome. Progress has also been in the development of a range of effective treatments, such as 'here and now' psychological treatments and antidepressants. All depressed or suicidal young people require careful assessment. Some will require a brief intervention only. Others, however, will require more intensive and lengthy forms of treatment.
Third ASIS&T student design competition: The “truthiness” challenge

Editor's Summary For the third year, students attending the ASIS&T Annual Meeting were invited to compete in a design challenge, this time focusing on “truthiness.” The task was to devise a user opinion site that would distinguish fake reviews from valid and trustworthy ones. Students settled into four teams, based partly on the similarity of their shoes, and chose topics for their sites. Over two days, grabbing time between conference sessions, the teams gathered to plot out aspects of their site including system architecture, input and output features and user interaction. Teams then described the hypothetical sites to a panel of four judges, who considered creativity, impact on the problem, feasibility, contribution to humanity and quality of the presentation. As members of the winning team of Pratt + S. Carolina + Mizzou, Matt Miller, Jeff Mixer, Ben Richardson, Dinara Saparova, Andy Steinitz and Yao Zhang will receive free registration for the 2013 ASIS&T Annual Meeting in Montreal.
Ten-Year Follow-Up for Male Twins Divided into High- or Low-Risk Groups for Ischemic Heart Disease Based on Risk Factors Measured 25 Years Previously

Abstract PURPOSE: To undertake medical follow-up in white males in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) twin study, previously divided on the basis of cardiovascular disease risk factors. METHODS: Tree structured survival analysis (TSSA) used at a mean age of 63 years to classify twins into high and low risk subgroups for ischemic heart disease (IHD) found that subjects at a mean age of 48 years were at highest risk with high systolic blood pressures and low high density lipoproetin cholesterol levels. Low risk subjects had lower blood pressures, better pulmonary function tests, and a negative family history for IHD or low post load plasma glucose levels. Medical record review was performed ten years later at the 4th Examination of the NHLBI twin cohort conducted in 1995–1997. RESULTS: The percentage of men in the NHLBI twin study who died nearly tripled (from 9.3% to 25.8%) in the ten-year period between the ages of 63 and 73 years. Deaths have tended to remain higher in DZ than MZ twins (27.8% versus 23.7%). At Exam 4, the relative risk of IHD (fatal or non-fatal) was 5.24 times higher for those in the high risk group than those in the low risk class (95% confidence limit 2.72–10.07, p CONCLUSION: The present results indicate TSSA remained effective in classifying subjects into subgroups with greater risk of morbidity and mortality related to cardiovascular disease after ten additional years.
Alkali‐Labile, Sodium Borohydride‐Reducible Ganglioside Sialic Acid Residues in Brain

: We have shown that ganglioside internal esters, reduced with sodium borohydride and hydrolyzed with mild acid, form nonulosamine and glycosan, whereas ester-free gangliosides yield only sialic acid when similarly treated. In an effort to demonstrate the occurrence of ganglioside internal esters in brain tissue, brain homogenates and brain ganglioside fractions were treated with NaB3H4. The gangliosides were then hydrolyzed with mild acid and unlabeled carrier nonulosamine and its glycosan were added. The nonulosamine was purified to constant specific radioactivity. Homogenates and ganglioside fractions, initially treated with alkali and then similarly reduced and analyzed, provided control values. Ganglioside fractions directly reduced consistently gave nonulosamine with higher specific radioactivities than controls. A larger quantity of tissue was processed to allow the isolation of chemically measurable amounts of nonulosamine. The amount of nonulosamine formed by reduction of the crude ganglioside fraction was estimated by isotope dilution analysis. The quantity of nonulosamine formed from reduced untreated ganglioside fractions was about sevenfold that formed from alkali-treated fractions. These data provide evidence for the existence in brain tissue of ganglioside sialic acid residues in which the carboxyl group is bound in a structure that is alkali-labile and reducible with sodium borohydride.
Rhetoric, Hermeneutics, and Translation in the Middle Ages: Translation and interlingual commentary: Notker of St. Gall and the Ovide moralisé

In the medieval commentary tradition, enarratio assumes a rhetorical power of discursive production. It is not mere repetition and reproduction. Rather, it contests and remakes the primary text; it can take on a kind of originary force of its own, becoming a text to be appropriated by later exegetes, to be grafted on to the primary text, and thus to change the conditions of reception for that text. The most characteristic form of this rhetorical or productive action on the text is paraphrase: exegetical paraphrase consumes or envelops the text and can remake the text on many levels, from style to structure to conceptual orientation. This defining characteristic of Latin hermeneutical practice carries over into the emergent tradition of vernacular commentary. Vernacular textual exegesis builds upon the model supplied by learned Latin precedent. But in vernacular commentary of the Latin auctores , the process of textual paraphrase is also an act of interlingual translation. Thus in some of its most important forms from its earliest history to its later development, vernacular translation maintains strong affinities with established exegetical practice. The association between Latin and vernacular exegesis is very close, and this association has profound implications for our understanding of vernacular translation from the Latin auctores . But before we turn to a consideration of vernacular texts, it will be helpful to offer some preliminary observations on the historical relationship between hermeneutics and translation, and to provide a theoretical model for classifying the kinds of translations to be treated here and in later chapters.
Animal- and truckload-level associations between Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feces and on hides at harvest and contamination of preevisceration beef carcasses.

Cattle feces and hides contribute to carcass contamination with Escherichia coli O157:H7, ultimately impacting beef safety. Primary objectives of our cross-sectional study were to evaluate associations among fecal, hide, and preevisceration carcass prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 and to assess factors affecting carcass contamination. Fecal, hide, and preevisceration carcass samples were collected from up to 32 cattle on each of 45 truckloads presented to a midwestern U.S. abattoir. Enrichment and selective culture were used to assess fecal, hide, and carcass prevalence, and direct plating was used to identify cattle shedding high levels of E. coli O157:H7 in feces. Fecal, hide, and carcass prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 within truckload were significantly correlated (P < 0.05) with each other. Enriched fecal sample prevalence was 13.8%, and high shedder prevalence was 3.3%; 38.5% of hides and 10.5% of carcasses were positive for E. coli O157:H7. We used logistic regression to assess animal- and truckload-lev...
The nutraceutical revolution: Emerging vision or broken dream? Understanding scientific and regulatory concerns

Abstract‘Nutraceuticals’ are a category of substances without a legal definition, often sold as dietary supplements or components of conventional foods. Nutraceuticals are considered to impart health benefits beyond ordinary nutrition; many nutraceuticals do improve health, but for others evidence is often equivocal or based on animal and/or in vitro data. Moreover, evidence that a component of a substance in a food has a beneficial effect often does not translate into benefits of a substance that has been isolated and consumed in greater quantities. Increasing regulatory requirements from multiple government agencies complicate the design, testing, and marketing of these substances. Dietary advice also is contradictory to much of the marketing of nutraceuticals as it emphasizes using whole foods and ensuring that the overall diet is adequate, rather than focusing on individual components. How the nutraceutical industry responds to these changing conditions will determine the health and growth of the indu...
Study on killing effects of wax coated poison bait granules on Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus

Objective To observe the killing effects of 0.05% diphacinone sodium in the form of wax coated poison bait corn granules,wax-coated poison bait wheat granules,or wax coated poison bait mixed granules on Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus in rooms.Methods A total of 760 rooms(around 15 m 2 every room) were selected from the area with centralized residence in Zhangma Village,Jinan,China;wax coated poison bait mixed granules were placed in 249 rooms,wax coated poison bait corn granules were placed in 267 rooms,and wax coated poison bait wheat granules were placed in 244 rooms.In each room,3 piles of wax coated poison bait(10 g/pile) were placed for 4 d,and observation was-performed for 26 d.The killing effect of wax coated poison bait was evaluated by grid/plate method(S400).Results The killing rates of wax coated poison bait mixed granules and wax coated poison bait corn granules were 97.45% vs.92.44%(u=5.22,P 0.01) for R.norvegicus and were 100% vs.99.47%(u=1.46,P 0.05) for M.musculus.The killing rates of wax coated poison bait mixed granules and wax-coated poison bait wheat granules were 97.45% vs.96.59%(u=1.19,P 0.05) for R.norvegicus and were both 100% for M.musculus.Conclusion Wax coated poison bait has good killing effects on R.norvegicus and M.musculus.Wax-coated poison bait mixed granules,which are composed of wax coated poison bait corn granules and wax coated poison bait wheat granules at a ratio of 7:3,have a better killing effect on R.norvegicus than wax-coated poison bait corn granules.
Pediatric Extranodal Lymphoma

Lymphoma is the third most common pediatric neoplasm. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounts for nearly half of cases and commonly involves extranodal sites. Compared with adults, this histologic spectrum of pediatric NHL is very narrow and consists of aggressive tumors. Patients typically present with widespread disease. Generally, NHL occurring in children includes Burkitt lymphoma, lymphoblastic lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Staging and assessment of therapeutic response are usually based on FDG-PET/CT. Due to the increased susceptibility of young patients to the effects of ionizing radiation, alternative methods of imaging are being explored.
Same-day 90 Y radioembolization: implementing a new treatment paradigm.

To assess the feasibility of conducting pretreatment mesenteric angiography, coil embolization, 99mTc macroaggregated albumin (99mTc-MAA) scintigraphy, and 90Y radioembolization treatment in a single, same-day, combined outpatient encounter. This was a retrospective study of 78 patients treated during the period 2008 – 2015 who were managed in a single outpatient encounter under the guidance of the Interventional Radiology Department and The Nuclear Medicine Department. Pretreatment planning was performed by reviewing baseline imaging and estimated perfused liver volume bearing the tumor. The region of interest was estimated using 3-D software; this value was used for dosimetry planning. Maximum lung shunting fractions of 10 % for hepatocellular carcinoma and 5 % for liver metastases were assumed. Subsequently, hepatic angiography and 99mTc-MAA scintigraphy were performed followed by 90Y treatment in one outpatient encounter. Total in-room procedure time was recorded. All patients underwent same-day angiography, 99mTc-MAA scintigraphy and 90Y radioembolization. Of the 78 patients, 16 received multiple segmental treatments to both lobes, 44 received treatment to the right lobe, and 18 received treatment to the left lobe. The median dose was 106 Gy. The median number of 90Y vials needed was two (range one to six). The median in-room time was 160 min (75 – 250 min). The residential status of the patients was as follows, 18 % (14/78) were local residents, 55 % (43/78) traveled from outside the city limits, 18 % (14/78) were from out-of-state, and 9 % (7/78) were resident abroad. Of the 78 patients, 61 (77 %) had hepatocellular carcinoma, and 17 (22 %) had liver metastases. The median lung dose was 3.5 Gy. This study demonstrated the feasibility of same-day 90Y evaluation and treatment while maintaining the principles of safe and effective 90Y infusion including tumoricidal dosimetry (lobar, segmentectomy), minimization of nontarget flow, and minimization of lung dose. This paradigm translates into expeditious cancer care and significant cost savings.
Preparation and Characterization of Antimony and Arsenic Tricyanide and Their 2,2′‐Bipyridine Adducts

The arsenic(III) and antimony(III) cyanides M(CN)3 (M=As, Sb) have been prepared in quantitative yields from the corresponding trifluorides through fluoride-cyanide exchange with Me3 SiCN in acetonitrile. When the reaction was carried out in the presence of one equivalent of 2,2'-bipyridine, the adducts [M(CN)3 ⋅(2,2'-bipy)] were obtained. The crystal structures of As(CN)3 , [As(CN)3 ⋅(2,2'-bipy)] and [Sb(CN)3 ⋅(2,2'-bipy)] were determined and are surprisingly different. As(CN)3 possesses a polymeric three-dimensional structure, [As(CN)3 ⋅(2,2'-bipy)] exhibits a two-dimensional sheet structure, and [Sb(CN)3 ⋅(2,2'-bipy)] has a chain structure, and none of the structures resembles those found for the corresponding arsenic and antimony triazides.
Epidemiology of Restless Legs Syndrome

Studies going back to Ekbom’s pioneering work have shown that restless legs syndrome (RLS) is not rare in adults, especially in clinical populations [1]. After key aspects of the diagnosis were established in 2003 by consensus of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG) [2, 3], several studies have utilized the four core key diagnostic features of RLS (first four of the 2014 revised five RLS diagnostic criteria) [4] to screen for individuals with RLS symptoms. Most of these studies have looked into populations which are European or predominantly derived from European populations (Table 1.1) [5–12]. These studies have shown that between 5 and 12 % of the adults in these populations endorse the five key diagnostic features of RLS [13]. The key diagnostic features of RLS are:
Elevated Energy Production in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Patients

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is a debilitating disease characterized by physical and mental exhaustion. The underlying pathogenesis is unknown, but impairments in certain mitochondrial functions have been found in some CFS patients. To thoroughly reveal mitochondrial deficiencies in CFS patients, here we examine the key aspects of mitochondrial function in blood cells from a paired CFS patient-control series. Surprisingly, we discover that in patients the ATP levels are higher and mitochondrial cristae are more condensed compared to their paired controls, while the mitochondrial crista length, mitochondrial size, shape, density, membrane potential, and enzymatic activities of the complexes in the electron transport chain remain intact. We further show that the increased ATP largely comes from non-mitochondrial sources. Our results indicate that the fatigue symptom in this cohort of patients is unlikely caused by lack of ATP and severe mitochondrial malfunction. On the contrary, it might be linked to a pathological mechanism by which more ATP is produced by non-mitochondrial sources.