cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computer simulation using a non-spherical reference potential for polar fluids

Abstract A Barker—Henderson type splitting of the intermolecular potential has been used to obtain a non-spherical reference potential for a perturbation theory of polar fluids. Monte Carlo simulations of the non-spherical reference fluid have been performed to obtain directly the reference fluid Helmholtz free energy A0, and the first-order free-energy term A1. Resulting first-order expansion predicts reasonably well thermodynamic properties for the case of dipolar Lennard-Jones fluids; however, serious deviations are noted for the case of quadrupolar Lennard-Jones fluids.
Enhancing the Foster Care Review Process: The Case of Kentucky's Interested Party Review Program

In order to promote timely permanency for children in out-of-home care, citizen foster care review programs employ volunteers to monitor progress for children in the child welfare system. In addition to case file reviews, Kentucky implemented an Interested Party Review system in which foster care review board members meet with family members and child welfare staff in order to glean more detailed and multi-faceted information to submit to the court. This article describes a mixed-methods program evaluation demonstrating the contribution of such a review process to judicial decision making and child outcome, as well as recommendations for program improvement.
Types of Information Technology Capabilities and Their Role in Competitive Advantage: An Empirical Study

During the past two decades, both business managers and academic researchers have shown considerable interest in understanding how information technologies (IT) help to create competitive advantage for a firm. While recently the idea of competitive differentiation through IT has been challenged, this study contrasts the traditional thinking about competitive advantage with the resource-based view. Specifically, it is argued that by demarcating specific types of capabilities, we can contribute to better understanding of the sources of IT-based competitive advantage. Conceptually, we distinguish here between value, competitive, and dynamic capabilities as three distinct types of capabilities. Within each type, we identify specific capabilities, such as quality of the IT infrastructure, IT business experience, relationship infrastructure, and intensity of organizational learning, and present a model that describes relationships between these capabilities and competitive advantage. We then empirically test the model using data collected via a national mail survey from chief IT executives from 202 manufacturing firms. While the quality of the IT infrastructure is hypothesized as a value capability and expectedly did not have any significant effect on competitive advantage, the quality of IT business expertise and the relationship infrastructure (competitive capabilities) did. The results of the study also indicate that the intensity of organizational learning (dynamic capability) was significantly related to all of the capabilities. These results point to the importance of delineating capabilities such as relationship infrastructure that can facilitate differentiation in the marketplace, and dynamic capabilities such as organizational learning as an important antecedent to IT capability building.
Structural properties of the multilayer graphene/ 4H-SiC(0001̄) system as determined by surface x-ray diffraction

We present a structural analysis of the multilayer graphene/$4H\mathrm{Si}\mathrm{C}(000\overline{1})$ system using surface x-ray reflectivity. We show that graphene films grown on the C-terminated $(000\overline{1})$ surface have a graphene-substrate bond length that is very short $(1.62\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\AA{}})$. The measured distance rules out a weak van der Waals interaction to the substrate and instead indicates a strong bond between the first graphene layer and the bulk as predicted by ab initio calculations. The measurements also indicate that multilayer graphene grows in a near turbostratic mode on this surface. This result may explain the lack of a broken graphene symmetry inferred from conduction measurements on this system [C. Berger et al., Science 312, 1191 (2006)].
Errors in biased estimators for parametric ultrasonic imaging

Maximum likelihood (ML) methods are widely used in acoustic parameter estimation. Although ML methods are often unbiased, the variance is unacceptably large for many applications, including medical imaging. For such cases, Bayesian estimators can reduce variance and preserve contrast at the cost of an increased bias. Consequently, including prior knowledge about object and noise properties in the estimator can improve low-contrast target detectability of parametric ultrasound images by improving the precision of the estimates. In this paper, errors introduced by biased estimators are analyzed and approximate closed-form expressions are developed. The task-specific nature of the estimator performance is demonstrated through analysis, simulation, and experimentation. A strategy for selecting object priors is proposed. Acoustic scattering from kidney tissue is the emphasis of this paper, although the results are more generally applicable.
The biological limits to running speed are imposed from the ground up

Running speed is limited by a mechanical interaction between the stance and swing phases of the stride. Here, we tested whether stance phase limitations are imposed by ground force maximums or foot-ground contact time minimums. We selected one-legged hopping and backward running as experimental contrasts to forward running and had seven athletic subjects complete progressive discontinuous treadmill tests to failure to determine their top speeds in each of the three gaits. Vertical ground reaction forces [in body weights (W(b))] and periods of ground force application (T(c); s) were measured using a custom, high-speed force treadmill. At top speed, we found that both the stance-averaged (F(avg)) and peak (F(peak)) vertical forces applied to the treadmill surface during one-legged hopping exceeded those applied during forward running by more than one-half of the body's weight (F(avg) = 2.71 +/- 0.15 vs. 2.08 +/- 0.07 W(b); F(peak) = 4.20 +/- 0.24 vs. 3.62 +/- 0.24 W(b); means +/- SE) and that hopping periods of force application were significantly longer (T(c) = 0.160 +/- 0.006 vs. 0.108 +/- 0.004 s). Next, we found that the periods of ground force application at top backward and forward running speeds were nearly identical, agreeing to within an average of 0.006 s (T(c) = 0.116 +/- 0.004 vs. 0.110 +/- 0.005 s). We conclude that the stance phase limit to running speed is imposed not by the maximum forces that the limbs can apply to the ground but rather by the minimum time needed to apply the large, mass-specific forces necessary.
Family and Career Trajectories among African American Female Attorneys

Professional African American women are vastly understudied in sociology. We address that omission by examining how the intersection of race with the structure of elite, male-dominated occupations shapes family and work trajectories for a sample of 203 African American female attorneys. Like the general population of African American women, respondents with partners and with children do not seem to suffer a wage penalty. But like White women in male-dominated, prestigious professions, respondents tend to delay or avoid childbearing, particularly if they have uninterrupted careers. Their integration of work and family is supported by family resources found particularly in the Black community yet is also constrained by the demands of elite, male-dominated careers. We also find evidence of an impact of the historical period on respondents' work and family trajectories.
Yellowstone hotspot–continental lithosphere interaction

The Snake River Plain represents 17 m.y. of volcanic activity that took place as the North American continent migrated over a relatively fixed magma source, or hotspot. We present new Pb, Sr, and Nd data for a suite of 25 basalts collected from Western and Central Snake River Plain (SRP). The new isotope data, combined with previously published data from the SRP, provide a traverse of the Wyoming craton margin, from the 87Sr/86Sr = 0.706 line boundary of western SRP with Phanerozoic accreted terranes, east through the central and eastern SRP, to the Yellowstone Plateau. Low-K basalts from the western SRP, overlain by high-K basalts, provide a temporal record of regional source variation from ∼16.8 to 0.2 Ma. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the new and previously published SRP basalt Pb isotopes reveals that >97% of the total variability is accounted for by mixing between three end-members and is consistent with a sublithospheric Yellowstone hotspot mantle source with a radiogenic isotope composition similar to the mantle source of the early Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG) and two continental lithosphere end-members, heterogeneous in age and composition. We use the SRP Pb, Sr, and Nd isotope data to model the Yellowstone Hotspot–continental lithosphere interaction by three component mixing between two continental lithospheric components, Archean lithosphere (CL1) that represents older lithosphere underlying the Yellowstone Plateau in the east, and Paleoproterozoic lithosphere (CL2) representing the younger lithosphere underlying the SRP in the west near the craton margin, and a sublithospheric end-member, representing the Yellowstone hotspot (PL). The results suggest a continuous flow of PL material westward as the NA continental lithosphere migrated over the upwelling hotspot along a shoaling gradient in the sub-continental mantle lithosphere. The model shows a decrease in Total Lithosphere end-members (CL1 + CL2) and the Lithosphere Ratio (CL1/CL2), from the craton interior at Yellowstone toward its western margin, consistent with geologic and geophysical evidence that the continental lithosphere beneath the SRP decreases in age and thickness from east to west. The Lithosphere Ratio shows step-like decreases from Yellowstone in the east to the 87Sr/86Sr = 0.706 line in the west, indicating that the SRP cuts across geochemically distinct parcels of lithospheric mantle, consistent with terrane accretion models for the craton margin. In the western SRP, young high-K basalts have a lower mass fraction of Total Lithospheric compared to the underlying low-K tholeiites, but the same Lithosphere Ratio, consistent with a recent (700–900 ka) decrease in lithosphere contribution between eruption of early low- and younger high-K basalts.
Finite state automata and monadic definability of singular cardinals

We define a class of finite state automata acting on transfinite sequences, and use these automata to prove that no singular cardinal can be defined by a monadic second order formula over the ordinals. A formula φ is monadic second order (monadic for short) if each of its variables is assigned a type, either the type “first order” or the type “second order.” When interpreting the formula over a structure with universe A, the first order variables are taken to range over elements of A, and the second order variables are taken to range over subsets (or subclasses) of A. For more on monadic theories we refer the reader to Gurevich [4]. Let us here note that monadic formulae do not allow, at least not directly, talking about sets of pairs of elements of A. In particular they need not introduce Godel sentences, and they need not allow the defining of cardinality. Let ON be the class of all ordinals. The following are examples of statements about ordinals and sets of ordinals that can be expressed in the monadic language over (ON;<). We indicate how to express statements (4)–(6). The other three are obvious. 1. “α is a limit ordinal.” 2. “C is unbounded in α.” 3. “C is closed and unbounded in α.” 4. “cof(α) ≥ ω” is expressed simply by the statement that α is a limit ordinal. 5. “cof(α) ≥ ωn+1,” expressed, by induction on n, using the formula formalizing the statement (∀C)[(C is closed unbounded in α) → (∃β)(β ∈ C ∧ cof(β) ≥ ωn)]. 6. “α = ωn,” expressed by (cof(α) ≥ ωn) ∧ (∀β < α)(cof(β) 6≥ ωn). Thus, for each n < ω, ωn is definable over (ON;<) through a monadic formula. It is natural to ask whether other cardinals may also be definable, and if so which ones. Magidor [6] constructs, from ω supercompact cardinals, a model in which (∀A ⊂ ωω+1)(A is stationary in ωω+1 → (∃γ < ωω+1)(A ∩ γ is stationary in γ)). This statement can be expressed in the monadic language, and it does not hold for any ordinal, of uncountable cofinality, below ωω+1. Magidor thus obtains a model in which ωω+1 is definable over (ON;<) through a monadic formula. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DMS-0094174.
Cooperative diversity with opportunistic relaying

In this paper, we present single-selection-opportunistic-relaying with decode-and-forward (DaF) and amplify-and-forward (AaF) protocols under an aggregate power constraint. We show that opportunistic DaF relaying is equivalent to the outage bound of the optimal DaF strategy using all potential relays. We further show that opportunistic AaF relaying is outage-optimal with single-relay selection and significantly outperforms an AaF strategy with multiple-relay (MR) transmissions, in the presence of limited channel knowledge. These findings reveal that cooperative diversity benefits (under an aggregate power constraint) are useful even when cooperative relays choose not to transmit but rather choose to cooperatively listen; they act as passive relays and give priority to the transmission of a single opportunistic relay
Repeated confidence intervals and prediction intervals using stochastic curtailment

Jennlson and Turnbull (1984,1989) proposed procedures for repeated confidence intervals for parameters of interest In a clinical trial monitored with group sequential methods. These methods are extended for use with stochastic curtailment procedures for two samples in the estimation of differences of means, differences of proportions, odds ratios, and hazard ratios. Methods are described for constructing 1) confidence intervals for these estimates at repeated times In the course of a trial, and 2) prediction intervals for predicted estimates at the end of a trial. Specific examples from several clinical trials are presented.
Parallel and separable 2-D FIR digital filter design

This paper develops a technique to design 2-D filters by approximating an ideal frequency response with sums of separable FIR components. The technique is independent of the nature of the ideal response, and can accommodate the inclusion of a weighting function. This approach gives the designer flexibility in selecting the 1-D filter orders and the number of parallel filters to be used for best results. The problem is presented here for the weighted least squares case and includes a brief analysis of computational complexity. Simulation results are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of this design algorithm.
An Overview of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Materials

The need for the development and deployment of reliable and efficient energy storage devices, such as lithium-ion rechargeable batteries, is becoming increasingly important due to the scarcity of petroleum. In this work, we provide an overview of commercially available cathode materials for Li-ion rechargeable batteries and focus on characteristics that give rise to optimal energy storage systems for future transportation modes. The study shows that the development of lithium-iron-phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries promises an alternative to conventional lithiumion batteries, with their potential for high energy capacity and power density, improved safety, and reduced cost. This work contributes to the fundamental knowledge of lithium-ion battery cathode materials and helps with the design of better rechargeable batteries, and thus leads to economic and environmental benefits.
The Whitening Hypothesis Challenged: Biculturalism in Latino and Non‐Hispanic White Intermarriage

Assimilation theory holds that intermarriage between minorities and non-Hispanic whites is a gauge of integration and assumes that minorities jettison their ethnic identification in favor of whiteness. Drawing on race relations theory to argue that intermarriage is potentially transformative for non-Hispanic whites as well as Latinos, this article challenges assimilation theory's bias that minorities (should) undergo cultural change and that non-Hispanic whites remain unmoved. This article uses in-depth interviews with Latino and non-Hispanic white married couples to assess the consequences of ethnic intermarriage from the perspectives of both partners. Interethnic partners engaged in four “ideal types” of biculturalism, running largely contrary to assimilation theory's social whitening hypothesis. Due to boundary blurring, exemplified by affiliative ethnic identity, non-Hispanic whites can migrate into Latino culture.
The Abundant R2 mRNA Generated by Aleutian Mink Disease Parvovirus Is Tricistronic, Encoding NS2, VP1, and VP2

The abundant R2 mRNA encoded by the single left-end promoter of Aleutian mink disease parvovirus is tricistronic; it not only expresses the capsid proteins VP1 and VP2 but is also the major source for the nonstructural protein NS2. A cis-acting sequence within the NS2 gene was shown to be required for efficient capsid protein production, and its effect displayed a distinct location dependence. Ribosome transit through the upstream NS2 gene region was necessary for efficient VP1 and VP2 expression; however, neither ablation nor improvement of the NS2 initiating AUG had an effect on capsid protein production, suggesting that the translation of the NS2 protein per se had little influence on VP1 and VP2 expression. Thus, proper control of the alternative translation of the tricistronic R2 mRNA, a process critical for viral replication, is governed in a complex manner.
A critical review of cyclosporine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease

Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a potent inhibitor of cell-mediated immunity. Controlled trials in Crohn's disease with low-dose CsA (≪ 5 mg/kg/day) did not show efficacy for either chronically active inflammatory disease or for maintenance of remission. Uncontrolled trials of high-dose CsA (≫ 5 mg/kg/day oral or 4 mg/kg/day i.v.) suggest efficacy for both inflammatory and fistulous Crohn's disease. Both uncontrolled trials and one controlled study suggest that high-dose CsA is efficacious for severe ulcerative colitis (UC). A controlled trial of low-dose CsA enemas for left-sided UC did not show efficacy. There is a significant theoretical risk of irreversible CsA-associated nephropathy following treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with high-dose CsA. Severe infectious complications may also occur rarely. It appears that CsA must be used at relatively high (and potentially toxic) dosages to achieve efficacy in IBD. Future studies should evaluate the efficacy and safety of the short-term use of high-dose CsA as “rescue therapy” in severe inflammatory Crohn's disease and UC, as well as in fistulous Crohn's disease.
Metastasis of hormone-independent breast cancer to lung and bone is decreased by α-difluoromethylornithine treatment

Introduction Polyamines affect proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis of cells, indicating their potential as a target for cancer chemotherapy. Ornithine decarboxylase converts ornithine to putrescine and is the rate-limiting step in polyamine synthesis. α-Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) irreversibly inhibits ornithine decarboxylase and MDA-MB-435 human breast cancer metastasis to the lung without blocking orthotopic tumor growth. This study tested the effects of DFMO on orthotopic tumor growth and lung colonization of another breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) and the effects on bone metastasis of MDA-MB-435 cells.
Trypanosoma brucei FLA1 Is Required for Flagellum Attachment and Cytokinesis

The single flagellum of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei is attached along the length of the cell body by a complex structure that requires the FLA1 protein. We show here that inhibition of FLA1 expression by RNA interference in procyclic trypanosomes causes flagellar detachment and prevents cytokinesis. Despite being unable to divide, these cells undergo mitosis and develop a multinucleated phenotype. The Trypanosoma cruzi FLA1 homolog, GP72, is unable to complement either the flagellar detachment or cytokinesis defects in procyclic T. brucei that have been depleted of FLA1 by RNA interference. Instead, GP72 itself caused flagellar detachment when expressed in T. brucei. In contrast to T. brucei cells depleted of FLA1, procyclic T. brucei expressing GP72 continued to divide despite having detached flagella, demonstrating that flagellar attachment is not absolutely necessary for cytokinesis. We have also identified a FLA1-related gene (FLA2) whose sequence is similar but not identical to FLA1. Inhibition of FLA1 and FLA2 expression in bloodstream T. brucei caused flagellar detachment and blocked cytokinesis but did not inhibit mitosis. These experiments demonstrate that the FLA proteins are essential and suggest that in procyclic T. brucei, the FLA1 protein has separable functions in flagellar attachment and cytokinesis.
Novel Treponema pallidum Serologic Tests: A Paradigm Shift in Syphilis Screening for the 21st Century

The mainstay of diagnosis for Treponema pallidum infections is based on nontreponemal and treponemal serologic tests. Many new diagnostic methods for syphilis have been developed, using specific treponemal antigens and novel formats, including rapid point-of-care tests, enzyme immunoassays, and chemiluminescence assays. Although most of these newer tests are not yet cleared for use in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration, their performance and ease of automation have promoted their application for syphilis screening. Both sensitive and specific, new screening tests detect antitreponemal IgM and IgG antibodies by use of wild-type or recombinant T. pallidum antigens. However, these tests cannot distinguish between recent and remote or treated versus untreated infections. In addition, the screening tests require confirmation with nontreponemal tests. This use of treponemal tests for screening and nontreponemal serologic tests as confirmatory tests is a reversal of long-held practice. Clinicians need to understand the science behind these tests to use them properly in syphilis management.
Searching for Cancer Biomarkers in Human Body Fluids

One of the important lessons learned about cancer survival from the past few decades’ experience in cancer treatment is: early detection is the key. It has now become common knowledge that as a cancer progresses from early to more advanced stages, it gradually changes from a local and relatively simple problem to a very complex health issue involving the body at large. Once a cancer has metastasized, tumors in the new locations tend to grow substantially faster and metastasize further and much more rapidly than the primary counterpart, hence making the disease considerably more difficult to control and treat. The available statistics show that the survival rate of a cancer patient drops substantially when an encapsulated tumor spreads to the neighboring tissue and then to distant locations. For example, the 5-year survival rate drops from 99 to 66 % and then down to 9.4 % when a colorectal cancer is localized, has spread to only the local tissue and then to distant organs, respectively. Similar survival statistics hold for virtually all cancers. It is particularly worth emphasizing that the 5-year survival rates tend to drop to single digits or low tens of percentages for most of the cancers when they have spread to distal organs.
Diagnostic yield of deep enteroscopy techniques for small-bowel bleeding and tumors

Abstract Endoscopic evaluation and management with deep enteroscopy techniques have largely replaced the role of intraoperative enteroscopy in the management of small-bowel (SB) disorders. While capsule endoscopy (CE) enables visualization of the entire SB, therapeutic deep enteroscopy techniques (balloon-assisted enteroscopy and spiral enteroscopy) facilitate diagnostic and therapeutic management deep within the SB. CE is currently recommended as the third test of choice in the evaluation of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding after a negative bidirectional endoscopy. The test also has a role in the diagnosis of SB tumors and surveillance of familial polyposis syndromes. Therapeutic deep enteroscopy techniques are mainly used for evaluation and management of CE findings, but they may also have a role in patients with a negative CE but high clinical suspicion for an SB disorder. Because preliminary data suggest a comparable diagnostic and therapeutic yield with double-balloon, single-balloon, and spiral enteroscopy, selection of the enteroscope should be based on availability and the endoscopist's experience with the technique.
Radiocarbon dating suitability of aquatic plant macrofossils

Paleolimnological and plant physiological literature were reviewed to determine which types of aquatic plant macrofossils are suitable for radiocarbon dating, with a particular focus on the uptake of reservoir-aged dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) by emergent plants. Submerged aquatic plants utilize large amounts of DIC and are clearly not suitable for radiocarbon dating. Under certain environmental conditions, some emergent aquatic plants can metabolize DIC in quantities large enough to introduce old-carbon error to radiocarbon dates acquired from their remains (plant macrofossils). Over 300 plant macrofossil images are included in the online resource Tool for Microscopic Identification; http://tmi.laccore.umn.edu) along with guidance on identification and suitability for radiocarbon dating.
SEX PREFERENCES AND FERTILITY IN SOUTH KOREA DURING THE YEAR OF THE HORSE

Since antiquity, people in several East Asian countries, such as China, Japan, and South Korea, have believed that a person is destined to possess specific characteristics according to the sign of the zodiac under which he or she was born. South Koreans, in particular, have traditionally considered that the year of the Horse bears inauspicious implications for the birth of daughters. Using monthly longitudinal data at the region level in South Korea between 1970 and 2003, we found that in the year of the Horse, the sex ratio at birth significantly increased while fertility decreased.
Intelligence and low‐intensity conflict in the Philippine war, 1899–1902

(1991). Intelligence and low‐intensity conflict in the Philippine war, 1899–1902. Intelligence and National Security: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 90-114.
Body Mass Index as a Predictive Value for Complications Associated With Reconstructive Surgery in Patients With Myelodysplasia

Purpose: Patients with myelodysplasia often have urological pathology, with 25% to 40% requiring reconstructive procedures to achieve urinary and/or fecal continence. Complication rates from these major reconstructive procedures range between 10% and 50%. Additionally many of these patients have significant comorbidities, including a nonambulatory status that leads to an increased body mass index. It is currently unknown whether a high body mass index is associated with increased surgical complications. In this study we compare body mass index and postoperative complications.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of all patients with myelodysplasia undergoing urinary or fecal reconstructive procedures. We analyzed data for body mass index and any documented complication occurring during hospitalization or at any time during followup. Patients were categorized based on body mass index as normal weight (less than 85th percentile), overweight (85th to 95th percentile) or obese (greater...
The Ignored Population: Children in the Mental Health System

It has been estimated that up to three million children suffer from a serious behavioral or emotional problem. Unfortunately, due to a nationwide shortage of community mental health care, most of these children do not receive services or, at best, receive inadequate services. Several major systemic reforms are necessary to ensure an adequate mental health services delivery system for children. Most importantly, federal and state policymakers must develop long-term plans for adequate funding of a comprehensive and diverse network of community services. While many necessary changes will require long-range planning and gradual implementation, this article suggests some measures that can be taken on a more immediate basis. The vehicle for these more modest reforms is a state mental health code with provisions directly addressing the unique needs of children with emotional impairments and their families.
Longstanding suppurative granulomatous inflammation of the infratemporal fossa

Abstract The purpose of this article is to present the clinical course, multidisciplinary management contributions, and outcome of a patient diagnosed with suppurative granulomatous inflammation in the posterior maxillary soft tissue region. A 50-year-old white male presented with a 5-year history of a gradually enlarging posterolateral left maxillary soft tissue mass and concomitant decrease in maximal incisal opening (MIO) to 4 mm. A firm, painless, nonmobile submucosal mass was palpable lateral to the left maxilla without drainage or lymphadenopathy. Computed tomography (CT) with contrast defined a 4 × 3 × 5 cm mildly enhancing mass in the left infratemporal fossa. The microscopic analysis was significant for several clusters of filamentous amphophilic material (suggesting sulfur granules) surrounded by granulomatous inflammation, including neutrophils. The morphologic appearance of the filamentous material in combination with the clinical presentation generated suspicion for Actinomyces ; however, further workup was non-diagnostic. In efforts for definitive diagnosis, the specimen was directed to the CDC for 16S ribosomal RNA testing, which showed evidence of Strepococcus sanguinis and Campylobacter gracilis , known Actinomyces companion organisms. Empiric treatment for Actinomyces yielded clinical improvement. This case serves as a briefing for this form of uncommon inflammation and additionally serves to prime the reader on the distinction between actinomycosis, the clinical syndrome, and Actinomycosis , the bacteria. We present this case, perhaps from more of a philosophical standpoint, to illustrate the manner in which a longstanding, clinically significant, destructive process in an unusual anatomic location was successfully resolved via collaborative interdisciplinary management and months of effort.
Alterations of platelet aggregation in the Chandler tube. II. Electron microscopic observations.

Platelet aggregation in the Chandler tube was evaluated by electron microscopy. Some samples of rabbit platelet-rich plasma (PRP) had small (<5%) changes in optical density during aggregation. In those samples fibrin formation was conspicuous shortly after the onset of aggregation and was found between individual platelets in platelet thrombi at later stages of aggregation. Samples of PRP in which the optical density change exceeded 30% had larger platelet aggregates. Fibrin strands were present at the periphery of such aggregates, but generally were absent within aggregates, both in the initial stages of aggregation and in well-developed platelet thrombi. Platelets in both large and smaller aggregates showed loss of granules and hyaloplasm. Samples of PRP which had increased fibrin formation corresponded to experimental samples in which the blood coagulation system was activated experimentally and those of a small number of samples from normal humans.
Image-guided robotic skull base surgery.

Objectives To describe the potential uses of computed tomography image guidance in concert with the surgical robot for skull base surgery. Design An anatomical study was conducted. Setting Tertiary academic center. Participants Cadaveric skull. Main Outcome Measures The primary outcome measure was to measure the accuracy of robotic arm positioning to anatomical landmarks on a skull using image guidance and the surgical robot synchronously. Instruments with different angles of rotations were used. Estimated systematic error was calculated and compared with achieved errors. Clinical applications of metachronous image guidance and robotic system were discussed. Results The skull model approximated Conclusions Image guidance may be useful for transoral robotic approaches. Precise movements are improved by limiting the angle of deviation. Future studies will help optimize the combined technologies before validating the study in clinical settings.
CARBON DIOXIDE AS AN ATTRACTANT FOR CULICOIDES.

Culicoides of the Culicoides variipennis complex were collected in large numbers by traps baited with dry ice. Both females and males were attracted, and it is assumed this represents a CO2 tropism significant in the detection of vertebrate hosts.
Catastrophic antiphospholipid antibody syndrome and cocaine abuse associated with bilateral retinal vascular occlusions.

Purpose To describe a case of bilateral central retinal vein occlusion and central retinal artery occlusion associated with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome and cocaine abuse. Methods A single case report of a 44-year-old woman with a history of cocaine abuse, vasculitis, and 3 spontaneous abortions who developed painless complete loss of vision in both eyes concurrently with progressive motor and sensory polyneuropathy. The patient underwent an extensive laboratory, radiographic, ophthalmologic, and pathologic workup. Results Diagnosis of catastrophic antiphospholipid antibody syndrome was made based on established clinical and laboratory criteria, including a positive Russell's viper venom test, history of three spontaneous abortions and evidence of microvascular and macrovascular venous occlusions, and multiorgan failure. Urine toxicology screen was positive for cocaine metabolites. Her clinical course was remarkable for progressive mononeuritis multiplex and quadriplegia. She had no light perception on presentation, and fundus examination revealed extensive preretinal, intraretinal, and subretinal hemorrhages. Fluorescein angiography revealed complete occlusion of central retinal arteriolar and venular flow and retinal hemorrhages in both eyes. Conclusion Bilateral central retinal vein occlusion and central retinal artery occlusion have been rarely reported in the literature and are often associated with underlying thrombotic risk factors, such as antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Workup for underlying hypercoagulability and/or cocaine use should be considered in atypical and bilateral cases of central vein or artery occlusion. In this case, bilateral central retinal artery and vein occlusions developed as manifestations of catastrophic antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, which has not been previously reported.
The Design of Oil Channel of Main Distributing Valve and Visualization Research of the Flow Field Based on CFD

The fluid domain model of giant main distributing valve was established,and the optimal volume of oil channel was obtained and proved by CFD simulation.The conclusions are drawn that the optimal volume not only ensure the designed discharge meets predictive value but also the economy of valve body.Finally,the paper show that the flow field has been improved obviously by the optimal oil way volume through flow field analysis method.The results of the analysis provide fundamental basis for the design and visualization research of main distributing valve.
Discuss the developmental pattern of small & medium-sized enterprises in Hunan Province

Under the macro environment of increasing day by day economical globalization tendency, Chinese small and medium enterprises are facing the huge pressure of development. The paper elaborated briefly our country's small and medium-sized enterprises' development course, the characteristic and factors which restrict its healthy growth, and analyzed by contrast the successful experience the domestic and foreign small medium-sized enterprises to develop. And bring forward some strategic ways small and medium enterprises in Hunan Province to develop steadily under the intense global competitive atmosphere.
Carbohydrate Content in the GDM Diet: Two Views: View 2: Low-Carbohydrate Diets Should Remain the Initial Therapy for Gestational Diabetes

IN BRIEF The appropriate dietary intervention for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is not clear. Traditionally, a low-carbohydrate diet has been prescribed. Recently, there has been a movement to prescribe a diet higher in nutrient-dense carbohydrate as the initial treatment for GDM. At this time, there is insufficient outcome data to support this type of diet.
Abstract 68: A Cardiologist-Directed, Selective Testing Approach to Emergency Department Chest Pain Patients is Safe and Efficient

Background: A protocol driven, non-selective approach to low to intermediate risk patients with chest pain (CP) in the Emergency Department (ED) usually consists of a period of observation followed by a noninvasive test, with cardiology consultation reserved for those with an abnormal work-up. This approach leads to a high rate of testing utilization in a patient population with a relatively low pretest probability of disease. We sought to assess the safety of a cardiologist-directed approach, whereby all CP patients were quickly evaluated with selective use of testing. Methods: We instituted a CP protocol which entailed early evaluation of low to intermediate risk CP patients by a cardiologist. Entry criteria included age <75, no known history of CAD, negative initial biomarkers, and a non-diagnostic ECG. Patient data was prospectively recorded over 27 months. Utilization of further testing was at the discretion of the cardiologist. Efficacy of care was assessed by telephone follow-up if available, or with the patient’s physician. Results: A total of 686 consecutive patients who met entry criteria were enrolled in the protocol. The mean age was 48.4 years, 47% (326/686) were female, 9% (64/686) were diabetic, 22% (151/686) smoked, 34% (236/686) had hypertension and 24% (168/686) had dyslipidemia. According to the Diamond Forrester criteria, the CP was characterized as non-cardiac in 55% (383/686), atypical in 43% (293/686), and typical in 2% (11/686). Altogether 59.2% (406/686) of patients in the protocol underwent testing. Testing modalities included: Coronary CT angiography in 34% (138/406), exercise ECG in 17% (71/406), exercise echocardiography in 17% (70/406), exercise nuclear in 16% (67/406), transthoracic echocardiography in 8% (32/406), cardiac catheterization in 5% (19/406), and other test in 3% (9/406). Patients who underwent testing spent a mean of 22.4 hours in the ED compared to 13.8 hours if no test was ordered (p<0.001). Of the patients that underwent initial testing, 10% (41/406) of those tests were abnormal. Ultimately, 9.8% of patients (67/686) were admitted and 0.6% (4/686) were diagnosed with myocardial infarction. Follow-up data was available for 61.4% (421/686). Only 1 patient (0.2%, 1/421) was found to have an adverse event. Prior to institution of this cardiologist-driven approach, the rate of testing in our ED for a similar population was 91.9% (137/149). Therefore our approach resulted in a 35% reduction in the rate of testing (p<0.001). Additionally, our results compare favorably with prior studies of ED CP units with protocol driven testing rates which usually approach 100% by design. Conclusion: A cardiologist-directed approach to CP patients in the ED was safe and resulted in lower testing utilization rates than standard protocol-driven management. Replacing a one-size-fits-all approach will likely result in more patient-centered, selective use of testing.
Colonization of over a thousand Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi (foraminifera: Schwager, 1866) on artificial substrates in seep and adjacent off-seep locations in dysoxic, deep-sea environments

Abstract After ~1 yr on the seafloor at water depths of ~700 m on Hydrate Ridge in the Pacific, eight colonization experiments composed primarily of a plastic mesh cube (from here on refered to as SEA 3 , for Seafloor Epibenthic Attachment Cubes) were colonized by 1076 Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi on ~1841 cm 2 of experimental substrate. This species is typically considered an indicator of well-oxygenated conditions, and recruitment of such large numbers in bottom waters with low dissolved oxygen availability (0.24–0.37 mL/L) indicate that this taxon may not be as limited by oxygen as previously thought. Clues about substrate preferences were evident from the distribution, or lack thereof, of individuals among plastic mesh, coated steel frame, wooden dowels and reflective tape. Abundance, individual size distributions within cage populations and isotopic biogeochemistry of living foraminifera colonizing experimental substrates were compared between active seep and adjacent off-seep experiment locations, revealing potential differences between these environments. Few studies have examined foraminiferal colonization of hard substrates in the deep-sea and to our knowledge no previous study has compared foraminiferal colonization of active seep and off-seep substrates from the same region. This study provides initial results of recruitment, colonization, geochemical and morphological aspects of the paleoceanographically significant species, C. wuellerstorfi , from dynamic deep-sea environments. Further experimental deployments of SEA 3 s will provide a means to assess relatively unknown ecologic dynamics of important foraminiferal deep-sea species.
Twins, family size and female labour force participation in Iran

Despite the remarkable increase in women’s education levels and the rapid fall of their fertility rate in Iran, female labour force participation (FLFP) has remained low. Using the instrumental var...
Draft Genome Sequence of the Murine Bacterial Isolate Lactobacillus murinus EF-1

ABSTRACT Screening for lysogenic lactobacilli in rat fecal samples has identified Lactobacillus murinus EF-1. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a 2.30-Mb draft genome with 39.6% G+C content and 2,196 open reading frames. PHAST analysis identified three intact prophages of 26.1 kb, 25.4 kb, and 49.6 kb in size.
Understanding the Impact of Water on the Miscibility and Microstructure of Amorphous Solid Dispersions: An AFM-LCR and TEM-EDX Study.

Miscibility is critical for amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). Phase-separated ASDs are more prone to crystallization, and thus can lose their solubility advantage leading to product failure. Additionally, dissolution performance can be diminished as a result of phase separation in the ASD matrix. Water is known to induce phase separation during storage for some ASDs. However, the impact of water introduced during preparation has not been as thoroughly investigated to date. The purpose of this study was to develop a mechanistic understanding of the effect of water on the phase behavior and microstructure of ASDs. Evacetrapib and two polymers were selected as the model system. Atomic force microscopy coupled with Lorentz contact resonance, and transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were employed to evaluate the microstructure and composition of phase-separated ASDs. It was found that phase separation could be induced via two routes: solution-state phase separation durin...
Geometric discretization of the multidimensional Dirac delta distribution – Application to the Poisson equation with singular source terms

Abstract We present a discretization method for the multidimensional Dirac distribution. We show its applicability in the context of integration problems, and for discretizing Dirac-distributed source terms in Poisson equations with constant or variable diffusion coefficients. The discretization is cell-based and can thus be applied in a straightforward fashion to Quadtree/Octree grids. The method produces second-order accurate results for integration. Superlinear convergence is observed when it is used to model Dirac-distributed source terms in Poisson equations: the observed order of convergence is 2 or slightly smaller. The method is consistent with the discretization of Dirac delta distribution for codimension one surfaces presented in [1] , [2] . We present Quadtree/Octree construction procedures to preserve convergence and present various numerical examples, including multi-scale problems that are intractable with uniform grids.
Selective Salpingography and Transcervical Recanalization of Obstructed Fallopian Tubes

Tubal occlusion is the cause of 25%-30% of female infertility (CONFINO et al. 1986, 1990). After excluding other factors associated with infertility or subfertility, such as diethylstilbestrol treatment, endometriosis, the male factor, immunologic factors, and anovulation, diagnostic investigations are directed to affirm or disprove tubal occlusion and to localize the site of the occlusion to the proximal or distal tube (BENADIVA et al. 1995). Based on these findings a choice is between a multitude of surgical or transcervical tuboplasty procedures, in vitro fertilization (IVF), gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), intrauterine insemination, and fallopian sperm perfusion (DECHERNEY 1987). Thorough understanding of the anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, and pathophysiology of obstructed tubes is mandatory to select the optimal modality for a given patient (KARANDE et al. 1995).
Distressing microbial consequences of smoking

Changes in lung microbiota associated with smoking might contribute to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome in subjects with blunt trauma.
Biomechanical Analysis of UCBL with Articulated Ankle AFO in a Surgical Stage II Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction

Introduction: The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the biomechanical efficacy of a custom molded UCBL with articulated ankle AFO to functionally brace and conservatively treat posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD). Methods: Cadaver legs were thawed and a plaster mold of the foot and ankle in neutral position was made. From the mold a custom UCBL foot insert was fabricated and assembled to an AFO with an articulated ankle joint for each leg. Ten Nm dorsiflexion (DF), plantarflexion (PF), varus (VR) and valgus (VL) loads were applied to the cadaver foot and fluoroscopy was used to image the positions of the ankle and subtalar joints before and after simulation of PTTD both with and without the AFO. PTTD Stage 2 was surgically created with a scalpel through a small skin wound. Measures of ankle and subtalar position were made from the fluoroscopic images with Imagpro software. Results: The AFO had minimal effect on sagittal ROM: 47.6o ± 19.8 without; and, 45.5 o ± 21.6 with the AFO. The AFO controlled coronal plane ROM (P < 0.002): 27.0 o ± 9.0 without; and, 9.7 o ± 3.3 with the AFO. The AFO was most effective at reducing VL motion: 19.4 o ± 8.5 vs. 5.1 o ± 1.1, compared to VR motion: 7.7 o ± 2.5 vs. 5.6 o ± 2.2. Conclusions: The articulated AFO with a custom molded UCBL foot insert is effective at resisting varus – valgus loading at the ankle and subtalar joints, which is critical for the treatment of PTTD. The AFO does allow for near normal flexion - extension movement which is desirable.