cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonsurgical management of recurrent colorectal cancer.

Most patients with colorectal carcinoma undergo attempts at curative surgery. However, some present with metastatic disease and many others ultimately relapse. Most recurrences of colorectal cancer are not resectable and require nonsurgical approaches such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy directed against local recurrences, hepatic metastases, and widely disseminated disease. Nonsurgical therapy for locoregional recurrence of rectal cancer can offer significant palliation
Interannual Changes of 20-50 and 50-100 Day Climate Variability in the Indo-Pacific Sector in Austral Summer

Intraseasonal variations (ISV) of climate from the central Indian Ocean to the western Pacific are investigated at high frequencies (20-50 day period) and low frequencies (50-100 day period) in association with El Ninos, mainly using 7 years of zonal wind, 8 years of precipitation, and 31 years of outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR) data observed from satellites. Zonal wind, validated against Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) buoy measurements at 147°E, 0° and 156°E, 0°, indicated a larger portion of ISV was contained in high frequencies during the 1999-2000, 2000-0l, 2002-03, and 2003-04 seasons, as compared to the 1996-97 and 2001-02 seasons, with the latter seasons occurring a year before El Nino events. For 1996-97 and 2001-02, a particular frequency of 3 cycles per season (64-day period) explained a significant portion of the zonal wind ISV in a coherent band from the Indian Ocean to the western Pacific. Furthermore, it was found that the westerly wind signal in this region propagated eastward. Satellite-based precipitation was likewise examined, and showed a similar pattern in time and space.Consistently, OLR data indicated that the ratio of low-frequency ISV to high-frequency ISV was significantly correlated with the Nino 3.4 index at a one-year lead time. Low-frequency variance alone also showed a significant, albeit weaker, correlation, and high-frequency variance indicated no correlation. We suggest that high-frequency variance acts as noise, reducing the relationship between low-frequency ISV and El Nino/Southern Oscillation. Thus, a strong low-frequency variance in combination with a weak high-frequency variance (high ratio value) is important for understanding the initiation of El Ninos. Another interesting feature observed from OLR was the area with the largest ratios of low-frequency to high-frequency ISV had shifted westward during the 30-year record. The westward shift suggests that the eastern Indian Ocean is playing a more important role in ISV-El Nino relations in recent years.
In vivo deleterious effects of a right shift of the HbO2 curve during hypoxemia.

We investigated the influence of a right shift of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve on tissue oxygenation in two groups of anesthetized rabbits subjected to short periods of graded hypoxia: Group 1 (n = 5) with elevated P50 due to increased RBC 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and adenosine triphosphate and Group 2 (n = 5) with normal P50. Hemoglobin fell progressively in all animals due to blood letting for necessary measurements. During 16% inspired O2 (FIO2), both groups remained stable. During 13% FIO2, arterial pO2 was the same in both groups, but only in Group I did it fall below the crossover point (C.O.P.), which was raised by the high P50. Arterial pH and arterial-venous O2 content difference remained within the normal range in both groups throughout the experiment. During 13% FIO2, animals with high P50 showed a fall in cardiac output and oxygen consumption while animals with normal P50 remained stable. We postulate that when systemic O2 content is sufficiently reduced and tissue O2 extraction is maximal, the O2 needs of the myocardium perfused with a pO2 below the C.O.P. cannot be met: under these conditions cardiac output and systemic O2 consumption fall, presumably due to a reduction in coronary blood flow.
Abstract 3259: Evaluation of the aromatase inhibition potential of standardized grape extract

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA OBJECTIVE: To determine the role of grape extract as a potential aromatase inhibitor by testing of plasma hormone levels. PROCEDURE: A six-week study was conducted involving postmenopausal women during which 94 grams of grape extract was consumed in addition to their usual diet. Plasma hormones were measured before and after treatment. RESULTS: Of the 18 women involved in the study, average age and BMI were 61.4 years and 24.4, respectively. For the hormone levels studied, the following median (IQR) percent change from baseline to 6 weeks values were found: estradiol +11.8% (-34.4%,+44.2%), p = 0.42; estrone +3.4% (-15.7%,+12.9%), p = 0.64; estrone sulfate +5.3% (-19.9%,+56.3%), p = 0.35; testosterone -1.5% (-14.7%,+10.7%), p = 0.97; androstenedione +12.6% (-17.1%, +49.1%), p = 0.15. The hormone levels did not significantly change between baseline and six weeks. Further, the changes that were observed did not tend to go in the hypothesized direction (estrogens and conjugates increased slightly, testosterone decreased slightly). Only androstenedione showed a trend toward change in the hypothesized direction. CONCLUSION: In this study, there was no evidence that plasma hormone levels are altered by 6 weeks of daily consumption of 94 grams of grape extract powder. Citation Format: Janet E. Olson, Summer V. Allen, Vera J. Suman, Tanya L. Hoskin, Celine M. Vachon, James N. Ingle. Evaluation of the aromatase inhibition potential of standardized grape extract. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3259. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3259
From Bantu Education to the Fight for Socially Just Education

This article illustrates the transition from Bantu Education to social justice education in South Africa. I argue that education reform in post-apartheid South Africa has made important changes during this transition, although inequalities persist. Large disparities in resources between black township (still segregated) and formerly white (now desegregated) schools remain. There is also discrimination in formerly white schools, and curricula remain unrepresentative of black ethnic groups’ cultures and epistemologies. The findings show that marginalized parents fight relentlessly to achieve social justice in education for their children. I conclude that parents’ decisions to fight for socially just education also come with a price.
Determination of Size Distribution and Encapsulation Efficiency of Liposome-Encapsulated Hemoglobin Blood Substitutes Using Asymmetric Flow Field-Flow Fractionation Coupled with Multi-Angle Static Light Scattering

In this study, we investigated the size distribution, encapsulation efficiency, and oxygen affinity of liposome-encapsulated tetrameric hemoglobin (LEHb) dispersions and correlated the data with the variation in extruder membrane pore size, ionic strength of the extrusion buffer, and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration. Asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AFFF) in series with multi-angle static light scattering (MASLS) was used to study the LEHb size distribution. We also introduced a novel method to measure the encapsulation efficiency using a differential interferometric refractive index (DIR) detector coupled to the AFFF-MASLS system. This technique was nondestructive toward the sample and easy to implement. LEHbs were prepared by extrusion using a lipid combination of dimyristoyl-phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and dimyristoyl-phosphatidylglycerol in a 10:9:1 molar ratio. Five initial Hb concentrations (50, 100, 150, 200, and 300 mg Hb per mL of buffer) extruded through five different membrane pore diameters (400, 200, 100, 80, and 50 nm) were studied. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and phosphate buffer (PB) both at pH 7.3 were used as extrusion buffers. Despite the variation, extrusion through 400-nm pore diameter membranes produced LEHbs smaller than the pore size, extrusion through 200-nm membranes produced LEHbs with diameters close to the pore diameter, and extrusion through 100-, 80-, and 50-nm membranes produced LEHbs larger than the pore sizes. We found that the choice of extrusion buffer had the greatest effect on the LEHb size distribution compared to either Hb concentration or extruder membrane pore size. Extrusion in PBS produced larger LEHbs and more monodisperse LEHb dispersions. However, LEHbs extruded in PB generally had higher Hb encapsulation efficiencies and lower methemoglobin (metHb) levels. The choice of extrusion buffer also affected how the encapsulation efficiency correlated with Hb concentration, extruder pore size, and the metHb level. The most optimum encapsulation efficiency and amount of Hb entrapped were achieved at the highest Hb concentration and the largest pore size for both extrusion buffers (62.38% and 187.14 mg Hb/mL of LEHb dispersion extruded in PBS, and 69.98% and 209.94 mg Hb/mL of LEHb dispersion extruded in PB). All LEHbs displayed good oxygen-carrying properties as indicated by their P(50) and cooperativity coefficients. LEHbs extruded in PB had an average P(50) of 23.04 mmHg and an average Hill number of 2.29, and those extruded in PBS had average values of 27.25 mmHg and 2.49. These oxygen-binding properties indicate that LEHbs possess strong potential as artificial blood substitutes. In addition, the metHb levels in PB-LEHb dispersions are significantly low even in the absence of antioxidants such as N-acetyl-L-cysteine.
Understanding Ecology Content Knowledge and Acquiring Science Process Skills Through Project-Based Science Instruction

This activity discusses a two-day unit on ecology implemented during the summer of 2004 using the project-based science instructional (PBSI) approach. Through collaborative fieldwork, group discussions, presentations, and reflections, students planned, implemented, and reported their own scientific investigations on the environmental health of their local park in the borough of Queens, New York City. Students' questions included a wide range of topics that dealt with plants, animals, soil and water, and the interactions and relationships between these variables. Findings from students' reports and presentations indicated that the pH of the soil and pond water system at the park, as well as the characteristics of terrestrial and aquatic organisms, differ by location. In addition, results of the unit of instruction demonstrated that it is possible to teach students science content and process in a reasonably short period using the PBSI approach.
Equivalence of stochastic quantization and the Faddeev-Popov Ansatz

Abstract We prove the equivalence of stochastic quantization to the Faddeev-Popov ansatz for covariant and axial gauges. A principal ingredient of the proof is a theorem which asserts that, for a certain large class of stochastic processes, the time-dependent distribution relaxes to an equilibrium distribution.
Oxonol dyes as monitors of membrane potential. Their behavior in photosynthetic bacteria.

The reponses of oxonol dyes to single and multiple single turnovers of the photosynthetic apparatus of photosynthetic bacteria have been studied, and compared with the responses of the endogenous carotenoid pigments. The absorbance changes of the oxonols can be conveniently measured at 587 nm, because this is an isosbestic point in the 'light-minus-dark' difference spectrum of the chromatophores. The oxonols appear to respond to the light-induced 'energization' by shifting their absorption maxima. In the presence of K+, valinomycin abolished and nigericin enhanced such shifts, suggesting that the dyes, respond to the light-induced membrane potential. Since the dyes are anions at neutral pH values, they probably distribute across the membrane in accordance with the potential, which is positive inside the chromatophores. The accumulation of dye, which is indicated by a decrease in the carotenoid bandshift, poises the dye-membrane equilibrium in favor of increased dye binding and this might be the cause of the spectral shift. The dye response has an apparent second-order rate constant of approx. 2 . 10(6) M-1 . s-1 and so is always slower than the carotenoid bandshift. Thus the dyes cannot be used to monitor membrane potential on submillisecond timescales. Nevertheless, on a timescale of seconds the logarithm of the absorbance change at 587 nm is linear with respect to the membrane potential calibrated with the carotenoid bandshift. This suggests that under appropriate conditions the dyes can be used with confidence as indicators of membrane potential in energy-transducing membranes that do not possess intrinsic probes of potential.
Use of dye tracers to collect hydrologic data in Oregon

Dye tracers have been used in Oregon in the Collection of hydrologic data on 2,350 miles of stream channels in the Long Tom, Umpqua, Willmette, and John Day River basins, and in the Carmen-Smith power tunnel. These investigations demonstrated the usefulness, of dye tracers for determining: (1) estimates of traveltimes and travel rates of water, (2) discharge where standard methods of measuring are not applicable, and (3) dispersion characteristics of streams. Illustrations are used to present the results of time-of-travel studies in simple, concise, and readily interpreted form.
Use of 16S-rRNA to investigate microbial population dynamics during biodegradation of toluene and phenol by a binary culture.

Interspecies interactions and changes in the rate and extent of biodegradation in mixed culture-mixed substrate studies were investigated. A binary mixed culture of Pseudomonas putida F1 and Burkholderia sp. JS150 degraded toluene, phenol, and their mixture. Both toluene and phenol can serve as sole sources of carbon and energy for both P. putida F1 and strain JS150. To investigate the population dynamics of this system, a fluorescent in-situ hybridization method was chosen because of its ability to produce quantitative data, its low standard error, and the ease of use of this method. When the binary mixed culture was grown on toluene or phenol alone, significant interactions between the species were observed. These interactions could not be explained by a pure-and-simple competition model and were substrate dependent. Strain JS150 growth was slightly inhibited when grown with P. putida F1 on phenol, and P. putida F1 grew more rapidly than expected. Conversely, when the two species were grown together on toluene alone, P. putida F1 was inhibited while strain JS150 was unaffected. During growth of the mixed culture on a combination of toluene and phenol, the interactions were similar to that observed during growth on phenol alone; P. putida F1 growth was enhanced while strain JS150 was unaffected. Because of the observed interspecies interactions, monoculture kinetic parameters were not sufficient to describe the mixed culture kinetics in any experiment. This is one of the first reports of microbial population dynamics in which molecular microbial ecology and mathematical modeling have been combined. The use of the 16S-rRNA-based method allowed for observation and understanding of interspecies interactions that were not observable with standard culture-based methods. These results suggest the need for more investigations that account for both substrate and microbial interactions when predicting the fate of organic pollutants in real systems.
Performance of a lead glass spectrometer at high energies

Abstract The performance of a photon detector consisting of two lead glass arrays and three planes of proportional tubes is reported. The detector was designed to measure the energies and positions of photons in the energy range 3–50 GeV. An energy resolution of 1.0% + 5.0% √E (standard deviation) and a spatial resolution approaching 3 mm (standard deviation) were achieved during calibration with a low intensity positron beam. The energy resolution was degraded during use with a high intensity hadron beam whereas the spatial resolution was only slightly affected.
Effect of phosphodiesterase inhibitors in the bladder

Many aging men will experience lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors have shown promise in treating LUTS in these patients. PDE5 inhibitors mediate their effects through several pathways including cAMP, NO/cGMP, K-channel modulated pathways, and the l-cysteine/H2S pathway. PDE5 inhibitors exert their effect in muscle cells, nerve fibers, and interstitial cells (ICs). The use of PDE5 inhibitors led to improvement in LUTS. This included urodynamic parameters. PDE5 inhibitors may play a significant role in LUTS due to their effect on the bladder rather than the prostate.
Analysis of the metal-catalyzed decomposition of γ- and δ-haloesters by GC/FT-IR

The decomposition of γ- and δ-haloesters has previously been observed to take place within a commercial GC/FT-IR light-pipe system. Using a home-built light-pipe interface, an analysis of this same class of compounds was conducted from which the source of the decomposition was determined to be a brass fitting central to the commercial system's assembly. It is proposed that the reaction is due to a weakening of the carbon-halogen bond by metal interaction thereby allowing lactonization to occur.
Contact dynamics of a spherical joint and a jointed truss-cell system

An analytical model of the joint including friction and clearance effects is studied, and a system equation with time-variant coefficient matrices is then derived. the friction is assumed to be a normally distributed random variable and the external excitation is also treated random in a stochastic simulation study using an ARMA model.
Folate Knowledge, Intake from Fortified Grain Products, and Periconceptional Supplementation Patterns of a Sample of Low-Income Pregnant Women According to the Health Belief Model

Abstract Objective This study assessed folate-related knowledge and behaviors and folate intake from grain products, assuming 1998 fortification requirements, of socioeconomically disadvantaged pregnant women. Design Interviews (based on the Health Belief Model) concerning folate and neural tube defects were conducted in a prenatal care clinic. Subjects/setting The convenience sample of 251 low-income, pjredoiriinantly minority, pregnant women received services in ah Atlanta, Georgia, public hospital. All subjects were eligible for or enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children. Statistical analyses Frequency counts, means, and standard multiple linear regression. Results More than 80% of subjects did not take supplements preconceptionally. Many subjects (57%) had heard of folate, but fewer could correctly define folate (26%) or list any food sources of folate (30%). Most subjects (77%) will be able to achieve the goal of 400μg folate per day exclusively through intake of fortified grain products. Approximately 20% of subjects will consume in excess of 1,000μg folate per day solely through intake of fortified grains. Preconceptional use of supplements and several indicators of subjects' knowledge about folate were correlated with Health Belief Model constructs in manners consistent with the model framework. Applications/conclusions This population of low-income women is likely to benefit substantially from folate fortification of grain products. However, health education remains essential for those women who are still unable to meet their folate requirements. The Health Belief Model may serve as an effective framework for tailoring folate educational interventions to high-risk populations. Research must be conducted into the risks of long-term high intakes of folate. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99:33-38 .
The effect of periodontal treatment on the connective tissue fibers of the marginal gingiva: II

Tests with disclosing solution and repeated biopsies of the marginal gingiva after periodontal treatment show the positive effects of therapeutic measures. Home care included the daily use of soft bristle toothbrushes, unwaxed dental floss and a water spray.
A large-scale Reconfigurable Smart Sensory Chip

The Reconfigurable Smart Sensory Chip (RSSC) is a powerful tool for fast prototyping sensory microsystems. Innovative design ideas can be quickly realized and tested in hardware without doing time-consuming and expensive silicon fabrication. The RSSC is a large-scale floating-gate based IC containing 8 universal sensor interface blocks, each of which can be configured for voltage sensing, capacitive sensing, or current sensing, and 28 configurable analog blocks. The outputs of the interface circuits can be multiplexed out in a time-division sequence or can be routed to the configurable analog blocks for further analog signal processing or data conversion. With more than 50,000 programmable elements and on-chip programming circuitry, RSSC is an extremely powerful tool to develop and test a great variety of smart sensory microsystems in minutes.
Diffie-Hellman key distribution extended to group communication

Ever since a-party Diffie-Hellman key exchange was first proposed in 1976, there have been efforts to extend its simplicity and elegance to a group setting. Notable solutions have been proposed by Ingemarsson et al. (in 1982) and Burmester/Desmedt (in 1994). In this paper, we consider a class of protocols that we call natural extensions of DiffieHellman to the n-party case. After demonstrating the security of the entire class based on the intractability of the Diffie-Hellman problem we introduce two novel and practical protocols and compare them to the previous results. We argue that our protocols are optimal with respect to certain aspects of protocol complexity.
Lack of Effects of Tetracaine in Rat Nucleus Paragigantocellularis (PGC) on Analgesia from Periqueductal Gray (PAG) Met-Enkephalin (ME) Injections (In Raphe Magnus-Blocking Doses), and on Baseline Tail-Flick Latency

We showed previously that (1 microgram) tetracaine block of PAG prevents the analgesic effect of PGC-ME injections, and also produces hyperalgesia regarding baseline tail-flick latencies. In the present study we injected PGC (unilaterally and bilaterally) with tetracaine so as to study its possible role in tonic descending inhibition of pain, as well as its necessity for analgesia due to PAG opiate injection. Two micrograms of tetracaine in PGC unilaterally or bilaterally failed to affect baseline tail-flick latencies and failed to attenuate at all the distinct analgesic effect of 2 micrograms ME injected into PAG. This analgesic effect was seen as a change in mean tail-flick latency from about 5.5 to 7.0 seconds 8-12 minutes post-injection, recovering to 5.5 second baseline by 25 minutes. Two micrograms tetracaine in nucleus raphe magnus (RM) was however sufficient to block the analgesic effect of RM stimulation. Thus PGC does not appear to participate in tonic descending pain inhibition (as PAG appears to do) nor is its functional integrity necessary for PAG ME analgesia (though PAG is necessary for PGC analgesia).
Engineering and technology management education

Summary form only given. The educational component of engineering and technology management is continuing to grow at an impressive pace. The history of such programs goes back to early 1900s but the primary growth has been taking place since mid 1970s. There were less than 30 degree granting programs, worldwide, in 1976. That number has grown 6-fold in 20 years. As a result of these forces, the field has been showing a very strong growth pattern since mid-1970s. The earlier growth was in the United States, but in the last ten years, other countries have started to develop degree programs just as rapidly as the US. Close to 200 universities are now offering degrees in engineering and technology management, worldwide. Most of this growth is at the graduate level, with majority of the institutions offering Masters degrees, and an increasing number of them developing Ph.D. programs. This paper summarizes the results of a study conducted two years ago. It is the fifth such effort in a longitudinal study being conducted since 1976. More than 3,000 people were contacted in academic institutions throughout the world. Detailed information was obtained about the educational characteristics and research directions of the field. The findings are reported in the paper.
Real World Applications of Network Related Problems and Breakthroughs in Solving Them Efficiently

Networks and network related problems occur with remarkable frequency in practical mathematical programming applications. This paper presents a variety of applications from industry and government that illustrate the scope and usefulness of network related formulations. In addition, recent breakthroughs in specialized methods and mathematical programming software systems that are capable of solving in only a few minutes problems that require many hours of computing time with commercial LP packages are reported. Finally, the latest developments in large scale applications are reported. These developments have made it possible to solve a manpower planning problem involving 450,000 variables in 26 minutes of central processing time on the IBM 360-65.
The Rearranger - A New Assembler Utility

According to a recently discovered theorem, the flow graph of any program, no matter how much "spaghetti code" it contains, may be reordered in such a way that it shows a loop structure. The rearranged program has no backward branches except for loopbacks, which go to the head of some loop from somewhere within that loop. No new vertices or variables are introduced; only the order of the vertices is changed. Rearrangement may be automated, for either low-level or high-level languages. We have constructed a tool, which we call a rearranger, to act on a description of an assembly language, followed by a program written in that language. A spaghetti-code version of depth-first search has been programmed for Intel, MIPS, G3, Motorola 68000, and the IBM mainframe, and successfully rearranged for all these machines.
Heterogeneity of childhood conduct disorder: further evidence of a subtype of conduct disorder linked to bipolar disorder.

Background: Although a small literature suggests that conduct disorder (CD) co-occurs with bipolar disorder (BPD), little is known about this overlap. Thus, we investigated the familial association of antisocial disorders (CD and / or antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)) and BPD among the first degree relatives of children with CD with and without comorbid BPD. Methods: We compared relatives of four proband groups defined by the presence or absence of CD and BPD in the proband: (1) CD 1 BPD (N 5 26 probands, 92 relatives; (2) BPD without CD (BPD) (N 5 19 probands, 53 relatives); (3) CD without BPD (CD) (N 5 16 probands, 58 relatives); and (4) controls without BPD or CD (N 5 102 probands, 338 relatives). All subjects were evaluated with structured diagnostic interviews. Diagnoses of relatives were made blind to the diagnoses of probands. Results: The results show high rates of antisocial disorders and BPD in relatives of children with CD 1 BPD. Moreover, antisocial disorders and BPD cosegregated among the relatives of children with CD 1 BPD. While relatives of both CD proband groups with and without BPD had high rates of CD/ASPD, the combined condition CD/ASPD1 BPD was found exclusively among relatives of probands with CD 1 BPD. Limitations: Since we pooled two datasets, subjects were not all evaluated at the same time. Also, the lack of direct psychiatric interviews with children younger than 12 may have decreased the sensitivity of some diagnoses. Conclusions: These family-genetic findings suggest that CD and BPD represent separate disorders. Furthermore, they suggest that the comorbid condition of CD 1 BPD may be a distinct nosological entity. This suggests that clinicians treating CD or BPD children should consider the treatment implications of this comorbid condition. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Prelude to the Common Core: Internationally Benchmarking a State’s Math Standards

As states struggle with the notion of international competitiveness, the quality and rigor of academic content standards has come into question. While Ohio’s content standards are well regarded, the state initiated a process to revise the standards and eventually joined with the majority of states in adopting a voluntary set of national standards—the Common Core. This study uses the Surveys of Enacted Curriculum (SEC) methodology to examine Ohio’s current math content standards in comparison to TIMSS, PISA, high performing international counterparts, and the recently released Common Core. Specifically, it examines whether the state’s standards are “a mile wide and inch deep.” Second, this study analyzes whether high performing countries’ standards are more aligned to Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) and Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) through the SEC lens of topic and cognitive expectations. Ohio’s standards generally are less focused than the international...
Reactive Power Cost Allocation Based On Modified Power Flow Tracing Methodology

Due to continuing trend towards deregulation and unbundling of transmission services, usage allocation has become critical. It is important to determine contribution of a particular generator to a load. We need to know in a transmission line, the proportion of power going to a given load and the loads contribution to overall system losses. Thus, tracing method is used to trace the flow of electricity in a meshed electrical network. In this paper a modified methodology is proposed for tracing reactive power flow without adding fictitious nodes on system lines. Also, in this paper a modified methodology is proposed to break down the total real and reactive power loss in a transmission line into components to be allocated to individual loads. Finally, a novel cost allocation method for reactive power service based on modified power flow tracing is proposed.
Reconceptualizing Teacher Education Programs: Applying Dewey’s Theories to Service-Learning With Early Childhood Preservice Teachers

Dewey’s concept of enabling children to explore based on their own interests has evolved into investigations and projects using methods of exploration, experimentation, and discovery—three tenets of service-learning. Using mixed methodology, the authors examined the implementation of service-learning in a teacher education program. A total of 155 preservice teachers participated in this study over a 5-year period. Results indicated that preservice teachers believed that their service-learning experiences provided a valuable contribution to the development of pedagogical skills, as well as fostering self-actualization and social-moral development. They also rated the importance of service-learning highly in pedagogical, self-actualization, and social-moral development.
Progression of Pulpitis to Necrosis and Periapical Disease in Deciduous and Permanent Teeth of Monkeys

The chronology of pulp inflammation and its progression to periapical disease were studied in permanent and deciduous teeth of monkeys. Mechanical pulp exposures were made and the teeth were left open to the oral environment for time intervals of up to two months. Clinical, radiographic, and microscopic study revealed considerable variation.
Industrial Concentration and World War II: A Note on the Aircraft Industry

Although some scholars argue that the United States government's procurement policies in World War II resulted in greater industrial concentration, this study indicates that such was not the case in the aircraft industry.
Augustine as Phenomenologist: A Time Diagram

Husserl’s Phenomenology of Internal Time-Consciousness is the great first-fruit of the phenomenological approach.1 Its first part, the one relevant to this paper, was delivered as a lecture course in 1904–05 and published by Heidegger in 1928. Its most often reproduced element is the “Diagram of Time” (10).
Challenges and New Treatment in Childhood Constipation

Chronic Constipation is a debilitating condition that is often associated with different abdominal problem. It can cause distress for the child and family and can result in emotional disturbance and family problem. Based on the current algorhytm, the treatment of chronic constipation consists of 4 important phases, 1: education, 2: disimpaction, 3: prevention of re-accumulation of feces and 4: follow up. Challenges in treatment are related to many issues: a) Discussing the importance of problem for parents, b) Family concern about safety and side effects of drugs, c) Adherence to long term treatment, which is often crucial but unacceptable by family, d) Amelioration of withdrawal behavior in toddlers group which don’t understand the facts, e) Planning a appropriate diet for constipation which is again unacceptable by children, f) Cost of treatment g) Anismus Besides of known treatment consist of various drugs: Biofeedback is one of the approaches that have proven benefits but with less emphasis and introduction, so application of this obsolete method needs further works. Tegaserod, a selective agonist that acts at 5-HT4 receptors and increases small bowel transit, stimulates intestinal secretion and inhibits visceral afferent responses has proven effective in the treatment of chronic constipation in adults. In children with hard stools, 5-HT4 agonist might benefit children with constipation and tendency to form hard stools, and large rectal masses. The role of this promising new agent in pediatric constipation has to be established in future studies. Pre and Probiotics: Non-digestible oligosaccharides consist mainly of fructooligosaccharides (FOS). FOS reduces fecal pH, increases the water, holding capacity of stool and fecal weight and decreases intestinal transit time. Furthermore, it has prebiotic effects by selectively stimulating the growth of probiotics bacteria, such as bifidobacteria. Surgery: If conventional therapy (dietary advice, toilet training, Oral and rectal laxatives in combination with behavioral therapy) fails, surgery may then be considered. However it is well known that current surgical approach have significant associated morbidity. An alternative surgical approach to constipation might be sacral nerve stimulation.
Trends in maternal and infant health in poor urban neighborhoods: good news from the 1990s, but challenges remain.

During the 1990s, numerous public policy changes occurred that could have improved the health of mothers and infants in low-income neighborhoods. This paper examines trends in key maternal and child health indicators, using neighborhood level vital statistics and census data. Trends in four key indicators (births to teenagers; late prenatal care; low birthweight; and infant mortality) over the l990s are contrasted between high poverty and other neighborhoods in Cuyahoga County, Ohio; Denver, Colorado; Marion County, Indiana; and Oakland, California. In all four metropolitan areas, trends in high poverty neighborhoods were more favorable than in other neighborhoods. Still, great disparities between high poverty and other neighborhoods remain. Experience from the l990s suggests that a combination of several intensive interventions can be effective at reducing disparities. (Howell, Embry, Pettit, Kathryn and Kingsley, Thomas. July/August 2005. Trends in Maternal and Infant Health in Poor Urban Neighborhoods: Good News from the 1990s but Challenges Remain. Public Health Reports 120(4):409-417.)
Sustainable Futures: Healthy Lifestyles, Obesity, and Access to Food in U.S. Counties 2012

Abstract With over one-third of U.S. adults considered obese, there is growing concern over the social implications pertaining to the health and welfare of U.S. citizens. This study examines the impact of local food systems (i.e., access to healthy foods and unhealthy foods) and other control variables on adult obesity rates, general health conditions, and mortality rates in counties across the United States. The findings suggest that adult obesity disproportionately impacts people with less access to healthy food, fewer resources to make healthy food choices, and often lacking the health care needed to provide intervention and care for obesity related health concerns. Policies that seek to reduce obesity will require addressing the underlying socioeconomic and environmental conditions that prevent individuals from making healthier food choices.
Dexamethasone, paclitaxel, etoposide, cyclophosphamide (d-TEC) and G-CSF for stem cell mobilisation in multiple myeloma.

Forty-one patients with multiple myeloma were treated with a novel stem cell mobilisation regimen. The primary end points were adequate stem cell mobilising ability (>1% circulating CD34-positive cells) and collection (> or = 4 x 10(6) CD34-positive cells/kg), and safety. The secondary end point was activity against myeloma. The regimen (d-TEC) consisted of dexamethasone, paclitaxel 200 mg/m(2) i.v., etoposide 60 mg/kg i.v., cyclophosphamide 3 g/m(2) i.v., and G-CSF 5-10 microg/kg/day i.v. A total of 84 cycles were administered to these 41 individuals. Patient characteristics included a median age of 53 years, a median of five prior chemotherapy cycles, and a median interval of 10 months from diagnosis of myeloma to first cycle of d-TEC. Seventy-five percent of the patients had stage II or III disease, 50% had received carmustine and/or melphalan previously, and 25% had received prior radiation therapy. Eighty-eight percent of patients mobilised adequately after the first cycle of d-TEC and 91% mobilized adequately after the second cycle. An adequate number of stem cells were collected in 32 patients. Of the remaining nine patients, three mobilised, but stem cells were not collected, two mobilised but stem cell collection was < 4 x 10(6) CD34-positive cells/kg, three did not mobilise, and one died of disease progression. Major toxicities included pancytopenia, alopecia, fever and stomatitis. One patient died from multi-organ failure and progressive disease. Fifty percent of evaluable patients demonstrated a partial response and 28.6% of patients had a minor response. This novel dose-intense regimen was safe, capable of stem cell mobilisation and collection, even in heavily pre-treated patients, and active against the underlying myeloma.
Theory of Wave Propagation in Magnetized Near-Zero-Epsilon Metamaterials: Evidence for One-Way Photonic States and Magnetically Switched Transparency and Opacity

We study propagation of transverse-magnetic electromagnetic waves in the bulk and at the surface of a magnetized epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) medium in a Voigt configuration. We reveal that in a certain range of material parameters novel regimes of wave propagation emerge; we show that the transparency of the medium can be altered with the magnetization leading either to magnetically induced Hall opacity or Hall transparency of the ENZ. In our theoretical study, we demonstrate that surface waves at the interface between either a transparent or an opaque Hall medium and a homogeneous medium may, under certain conditions, be predominantly one way. Moreover, we predict that one-way photonic surface states may exist at the interface of an opaque Hall ENZ and a regular metal, giving rise to the possibility for backscattering immune wave propagation and isolation.
Drug-induced Pulmonary Fibrosis of 6 Cases

Objective:To reduce the rate of misdiagnosis and adverse reactions.Method:The treatment of drug-induced pulmonary fibrosis were analyzed retrospectively from 2000 to 2013(6 cases).Result:There were 2 cases caused by iressa,2 cases caused by amiodarone,1 case caused by busulfan,1 case caused by nitrofurantoin.Conclusion:The clinic doctor should raise awareness of drug-induced pulmonary fibrosis,to reduce the incidence of adverse reactions, so as not to cause unnecessary suffering to the patients.
Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders in lung transplant recipients: clinical experience at a single center.

OBJECTIVES Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) can be a significant cause of morbidity in lung transplant (LT) recipients. Risk factors include Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, particularly primary infection, and immunosuppression. This article updates the incidence and presentation of PTLD at our lung transplant program. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the immunosuppression, EBV serology, and cases of PTLD among 129 lung transplant recipients at risk who survived > 1 month. RESULTS There were two cases of PTLD among 129 LT patients, 2/129 (1.6%). One of these patients was among the 6 EBV seroconverters, 1/6 (16.7%), and had a typical presentation of PTLD in the allograft resulting in dissemination and death. The second case of PTLD developed in an EBV seropositive recipient who presented 33 months following LT with isolated colonic involvement. He subsequently died from chronic rejection. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of PTLD in a LT program with a large EBV seropositive population is low, 1.6%. The presentation of PTLD in LT recipients is variable and may present typically with allograft involvement in the first year following transplantation, or late with isolated, extrapulmonic involvement.
Rapid diagnosis and treatment of anxiety and depression in primary care: the somatizing patient.

Abstract The somatic presentations of anxiety, mixed anxiety and depression, and depressive disorders are commonly seen by primary care physicians, and several studies have indicated that patients who present with such psychiatric disorders in the primary care setting often do not have their disorders appropriately diagnosed. Underlying psychosocial problems often hide behind somatic screens. When physicians fail to relate the somatic symptoms to the feelings that motivated the visit, the subsequent negative workup or poor response to therapy can compromise the patient's recovery and level of satisfaction. Although not equivalent to an extensive clinical interview, the Goldberg depression screening scale and the author's SWIKIR anxiety screening scale can be used to substantially reduce the number of undiagnosed, readily treatable psychiatric disorders in the primary care population. Once an accurate diagnosis has been obtained, psychotropic medications can be used to safely and effectively manage anxious and depressed patients. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have proved extremely effective in the treatment of major depression, and buspirone has excellent efficacy for the management of generalized anxiety disorder.
Brian Min, Power and the vote: elections and electricity in the developing world

Electricity is a subject not just for physicists and engineers, but also for political scientists. This, at least, is Brian Min’s motivating thesis underlying a substantively engaging and technical...
Spermidine Inversely Influences Surface Interactions and Planktonic Growth in Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

ABSTRACT In bacteria, the functions of polyamines, small linear polycations, are poorly defined, but these metabolites can influence biofilm formation in several systems. Transposon insertions in an ornithine decarboxylase (odc) gene in Agrobacterium tumefaciens, predicted to direct synthesis of the polyamine putrescine from ornithine, resulted in elevated cellulose. Null mutants for odc grew somewhat slowly in a polyamine-free medium but exhibited increased biofilm formation that was dependent on cellulose production. Spermidine is an essential metabolite in A. tumefaciens and is synthesized from putrescine in A. tumefaciens via the stepwise actions of carboxyspermidine dehydrogenase (CASDH) and carboxyspermidine decarboxylase (CASDC). Exogenous addition of either putrescine or spermidine to the odc mutant returned biofilm formation to wild-type levels. Low levels of exogenous spermidine restored growth to CASDH and CASDC mutants, facilitating weak biofilm formation, but this was dampened with increasing concentrations. Norspermidine rescued growth for the odc, CASDH, and CASDC mutants but did not significantly affect their biofilm phenotypes, whereas in the wild type, it stimulated biofilm formation and depressed spermidine levels. The odc mutant produced elevated levels of cyclic diguanylate monophosphate (c-di-GMP), exogenous polyamines modulated these levels, and expression of a c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase reversed the enhanced biofilm formation. Prior work revealed accumulation of the precursors putrescine and carboxyspermidine in the CASDH and CASDC mutants, respectively, but unexpectedly, both mutants accumulated homospermidine; here, we show that this requires a homospermidine synthase (hss) homologue. IMPORTANCE Polyamines are small, positively charged metabolites that are nearly ubiquitous in cellular life. They are often essential in eukaryotes and more variably in bacteria. Polyamines have been reported to influence the surface-attached biofilm formation of several bacteria. In Agrobacterium tumefaciens, mutants with diminished levels of the polyamine spermidine are stimulated for biofilm formation, and exogenous provision of spermidine decreases biofilm formation. Spermidine is also essential for A. tumefaciens growth, but the related polyamine norspermidine exogenously rescues growth and does not diminish biofilm formation, revealing that the growth requirement and biofilm control are separable. Polyamine control of biofilm formation appears to function via effects on the cellular second messenger cyclic diguanylate monophosphate, regulating the transition from a free-living to a surface-attached lifestyle.
The Amygdala and Prioritization of Declarative Memories

The present review highlights results from recent studies that delivered brief electrical stimulation to the basolateral complex of the amygdala in rats to reveal its capacity to prioritize declarative memories on a moment-to-moment basis even after the moment has passed. The results indicate that this memory enhancement depends on the hippocampus and elicits intrahippocampal gamma synchrony that possibly corresponds with sharpened hippocampal spike-timing dependent plasticity. These recent findings are discussed in relation to past studies of emotional memory in rodents and humans.
Finite Element Modeling of the Spine

This chapter defines finite element analysis (FEA) method of modeling the spine. It provides an overview of the use of the finite element method to study the normal and pathological biomechanics of the spine. General considerations with regard to the appropriate application of the method to spinal biomechanics are presented. Thereafter, a basic hierarchy of numerical modeling is presented and described in the context of the spine. The chapter also summarizes significant numerical models from the literature and presents a discussion of future trends in numerical modeling of the spine. The use of FEA as a tool for examining medical device failure is relatively novel, and despite the valuable information it can provide the results are very often kept proprietary and guarded by confidentiality agreements. Like many numerical techniques, the finite element method converts a single very complex problem into hundreds, thousands, or millions of very simple problems. Dramatic improvements in computational speed and greater availability of robust and accurate modeling software have permitted ever more complex models to be developed.
Revisiting the Entrepreneurial Context: Types of Ventures and Associated Identities

Progress in developing theory, laws, law-like generalizations and principles in entrepreneurship is inhibited by lack of agreement on what constitutes an entrepreneurial venture and how firms are s...