cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
One-Dimensional Atomic Physics

Recent experiments on the microwave ionization of highly excited hydrogen atoms are well described by a one-dimensional classical theory in which the ionization is associated with the onset of chaos in the nonlinear electron dynamics. Motivated by the success of the one-dimensional classical theory and the challenge of uncovering the quantum mechanical mechanism responsible for the stochastic ionization, we have studied the numerical solution of the Schrodinger equation for a one-dimensional hydrogen atom in an oscillating electric field. Our numerical algorithm describes the interaction of a large number of bound states with a discrete representation of the continuum in terms of Coulomb wave functions. Preliminary results of these quantal calculations are compared with the classical predictions and with the results of recent experimental measurements of the microwave ionization of highly excited hydrogen atoms in order to address some of the issues raised by the problem of “quantum chaos”. Moreover, since this numerical approach provides an explicit calculation of the energy distribution of the liberated electrons, this work may also provide valuable insight into the closely related problem of Above-Threshold Ionization.
Behavior as a locationist views it

One of the most fundamental beliefs of behaviorists and of ethologists that “All that can ever actually be observed in fellow human beings and in the lower animals is behavior” (Tolman, 1932)— statements about another being’s mentality being mere inferences that we draw from our behavioral observations. This belief is still widespread today even among those who call themselves students of cognition; the principal change is that, like Tolman himself, these investigators would delete the word “mere,” and say that such inferences are scientifically warranted and valuable. In my opinion, however, the belief is false— unless, perchance, “behavior” is stretched to cover not only anything which we as observers record and use as our dependent variables, but also anything else that we can see, could possibly see, or believe that one might conceivably be able to see, assuming that the appropriate equipment were available and one knew what to look for. (And such an extended definition of behavior renders Tolman’s statement tautological, if not indistinguishable from phenomenology.)
App Review Series: Doximity

Doximity, Inc. has done an excellent job combining their massive medical network with in app features that attempt to streamline the workflow of all healthcare professionals. From easy communication with colleagues, access to a treasure trove of relevant information, and the ability to call patients without the fear of giving away one's private cell phone, all from a clean and simple UI, Doximity is truly an essential tool in the workplace. Unfortunately, the Doximity app cannot be accessed unless you are a healthcare professional. While the application is intended to be a means of communication with colleagues, the app lacks proper messaging features that could allow for consistent workday communication with team members. Fortunately, the application is built on feedback from users, so any desired features are likely already coming down the pipeline. In creating this application, Doximity, Inc. sets out to tackle one of the biggest issues facing healthcare workers and the patients they treat: miscommunication and handoff errors. The Doximity application aims to do this by creating a platform that enables quick and easy communication between physicians, HIPPA-compatible document transfer, and a streamlined service to securely contact patients and colleagues.
Urban disasters beyond the city: environmental risk in India's fast-growing towns and villages

Abstract India is one of the fastest urbanizing countries in the world. Although urban scholars tend to focus on India’s large cities, urbanization is also transforming its villages and towns. In this paper we ask how urbanization is shaping environmental risk in five fast-growing towns and villages in the Darjeeling District, a mountainous region in the state of West Bengal. We base our study on the MOVE Framework, a comprehensive and integrative framework for assessing disaster and climate risk. Drawing on primary and secondary data collected over a 3-year period 2015–2017, we find that urbanizing towns and villages are characterized by rapid spatial growth, dynamic and challenging hazard contexts, and limitations in governance capacity or resources to document, govern, or adapt to emerging environmental threats. The risk that is accumulating in the built environment and economy may only be “revealed” after a major disaster, however. These characteristics and trends are likely common in other small urbanizing places and must be managed to achieve national and international goals for sustainable and resilient development.
Colonialism in global conflict: Liberia’s entry and participation in World War One

On 10 April 1918, Germany assaulted Monrovia in retaliation for Liberia’s entry into World War One. While the Liberian government could not and did not resist the attack, it remained committed to the principles that it professed during the war: political autonomy, for itself and other small nations, and resistance against German and wider imperial aggression. Liberia, therefore, saw itself as an active, if minimal, participant in World War One and refused to exit the conflict when Germany attacked its capital that morning. Unlike much previous scholarship, this article argues that Liberia, as an independent nation, choose to cut off relations and later go to war with Germany, and, at least nominally, supported the Allies throughout the war. More specifically, Liberia entered World War One on the side of the Allies for three main reasons: a frustration with German aggression; a desperate financial situation overwhelming the government; and finally, a desire to establish better security within and o...
The Mechanics of Claims and Permissible Killing in War, Chapter 3

This book operates on two levels. On the more practical level, its overarching concern is to answer the question, When is it permissible to use lethal force to defend people against threats? The deeper concern of the book, however, is to lay out and defend a new account of rights, the mechanics of claims. This framework constructs rights from the premise that rights provide a normative space in which people can pursue their own ends while treating each other as free and equal fellow-agents whose welfare morally matters. According to the mechanics of claims, rights result from first weighing competing patient-claims on an agent, then determining if the agent has a strong enough agent-claim to act contrary to the balance of patient-claims on her, and then looking to see if special claims limit her freedom. The strength of claims in this framework reflects not just the interest in play but the nature of the claims. Threats who have no right to threaten have weaker claims not to be harmed than bystanders who might be harmed as a side effect, all else equal. With this model, a central problem in just war theory can be pushed to the margins: determining when people have forfeited their rights and are liable to harm. Threats may lack a right not to be killed even if they have done nothing to forfeit it.
Coupled Neutron and Gamma Heating Calculation Based on VARIANT Transport Solutions

AbstractFor accurate assessment of nuclear heating in fast reactors, a new coupled neutron and gamma heating calculation scheme has been developed based on VARIANT nodal transport solutions of neut...
GrHDP Solution for Optimal Consensus Control of Multiagent Discrete-Time Systems

This paper develops a new online learning consensus control scheme for multiagent discrete-time systems by goal representation heuristic dynamic programming (GrHDP) techniques. The agents in the whole system are interacted with each other through a communication graph structure. Therefore, each agent can only receive the information from itself and its neighbors. Our goal is to design the GrHDP method to achieve consensus control which makes all the agents track the desired dynamics and simultaneously makes the performance indices reach Nash equilibrium. The new local internal reinforcement signals and local performance indices are provided for each agent and the corresponding distributed control laws are designed. Then, GrHDP algorithm is developed to solve the multiagent consensus control problem with the proof of convergence. It is shown that the designed local internal reinforcement signals are bounded signals and the local performance indices can monotonically converge to their optimal values. Moreover, the desired distributed control laws can also achieve optimal. Two simulation studies, including one with four agents and another with ten agents, are applied to validate the theoretical analysis and also demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Ushering in Liquid Biopsy for the Microsatellite Status: Advantages and Caveats

Microsatellite instable tumors often respond to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), however, tumor tissue is unavailable/insufficient in some patients. Two groups are reporting a blood-based assessment of the microsatellite status validated in tumor tissue and by clinical benefit in patient receiving ICB. Both approaches are highly appealing with a few caveats.See related articles by Georgiadis et al., p. 7024, and Willis et al., p. 7035.
Arterial Blood Pressure at Liver Transplant Evaluation Predicts Renal Histology in Candidates With Renal Dysfunction.

Renal dysfunction is common in liver transplantation (LT) candidates, but differentiating between reversible and irreversible renal injury can be difficult. Kidney biopsy might be helpful in differentiating reversible from irreversible renal injury, but it is associated with significant complications. We aimed to identify pre-LT predictors of potentially reversible renal injury using histological information obtained on pre-LT renal biopsy. Data on 128 LT candidates who underwent pre-LT kidney biopsy were retrospectively collected and correlated with renal histological findings. Indications for kidney biopsy were iothalamate glomerular filtration rate (iGFR) ≤40 mL/minute, proteinuria >500 mg/day, and/or hematuria. According to the biopsy diagnosis, patients were grouped into the following categories: normal (n = 13); acute tubular necrosis (ATN; n = 25); membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (n = 19); minimal histological changes (n = 24); and advanced interstitial fibrosis (IF) and glomerulosclerosis (GS) (n = 47). Compared with patients having advanced IF/GS, patients with normal biopsies and those with ATN had lower systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and higher international normalized ratio and total bilirubin levels (<0.05 for all). Both SBP and DBP directly correlated with the degree of IF and GS (R = 0.3, P ≤ 0.02 for all). SBP ≤90 mm Hg was 100% sensitive and 98% specific in correlating with normal biopsies or ATN, whereas SBP ≥140 mm Hg was 22% sensitive and 90% specific in correlating with advanced IF/GS. Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score, serum creatinine, iGFR, urinary sodium excretion, and renal size did not correlate with biopsy diagnosis or degree of IF or GS. In conclusion, SBP at the time of LT evaluation correlates with renal histology, and it should be included along with other clinical and laboratory markers in the decision-making process to list patients with renal dysfunction for LT alone versus simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation.
Leaky‐Wave Antennas

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction History Classification of Leaky‐Wave Antennas Physics of Leaky Waves Radiation Properties of One‐Dimensional Leaky‐Wave Antennas Radiation Properties of Two‐Dimensional Leaky‐Wave Antennas Conclusions Acknowledgment References
Compact Shape Morphing Tensegrity Robots Capable of Locomotion

Robustness, compactness, and portability of tensegrity robots make them suitable candidates for locomotion on unknown terrains. Despite these advantages, challenges remain relating to ease of fabrication, shape morphing (packing-unpacking), and locomotion capabilities. The paper introduces a design methodology for fabricating tensegrity robots of varying morphologies with modular components. The design methodology utilizes perforated links, coplanar (2D) alignment of components and individual cable tensioning to achieve a 3D tensegrity structure. These techniques are utilized to fabricate prism (three-link) tensegrity structures, followed by tensegrity robots in icosahedron (six-link), and shpericon (curved two-link) formation. The methodology is used to explore different robot morphologies that attempt to minimize structural complexity (number of elements) while facilitating smooth locomotion (impact between robot and surface). Locomotion strategies for such robots involve altering the position of center-of-mass (referred to as internal mass shifting) to induce "tip-over." As an example, a sphericon formation comprising of two orthogonally placed circular arcs with conincident center illustrates smooth locomotion along a line (one degree of freedom). The design of curved links of tensegrity mechanisms facilitates continuous change of the point of contact (along the curve) that results from the tip-over. This contrasts to the sudden and piece-wise continuous change for the case of robots with traditional straight links which generate impulse reaction forces during locomotion. The two resulting robots-the Icosahedron and the Sphericon Tensegrity Robots-display shape morphing (packing-unpacking) capabilities and achieve locomotion through internal mass-shifting. The presented static equilibrium analysis of sphericon with mass is the first step in the direction of dynamic locomotion control of these curved link robots.
Experimental and numerical comparisons of a dual-flap floating oscillating surge wave energy converter in regular waves

Abstract The floating oscillating surge wave energy converter (FOSWEC) is a wave energy converter that was designed, built, and tested to develop an open-access data set for the purpose of numerical model validation. This paper details the experimental testing of the 1:33-scale FOSWEC in a directional wave basin, and compares experimental data to numerical simulations using the wave energy converter simulator (WEC-Sim) open-source code. The FOSWEC consists of a floating platform moving in heave, pitch, and surge, and two pitching flaps. Power is extracted through relative motion between each of the flaps and the platform. The device was designed to constrain different degrees of freedom so that it could be configured into a variety of operating conditions with varying dynamics. The FOSWEC was tested in a range of different conditions including: static offset, free decay, forced oscillation, wave excitation, and dynamic response to regular waves. In this paper, results from the range of experimental tests are presented and compared to numerical simulations using the WEC-Sim code.
The Demographic Effects of Dodging the Vietnam Draft.

This paper quantifies the impact of the Vietnam War on fertility rates in the late 1960s and early 1970s. For draft-eligible men wishing to avoid military service, the hardship deferment (III-A) for paternity created a powerful incentive to father a child. We provide a time series suggesting that the risk of being drafted and the availability of the paternity deferments significantly increased US fertility rates, especially among childless women likely to be partnered with draft-eligible men. Our results suggest caution in attributing the decline in fertility after 1970 solely to the legalization of abortion.
The Importance of Clinical Presentation in Risk and Management of Recurrent Preterm Birth

Objective This study aimed to compare the risk of recurrent spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB), as well as cerclage efficacy, between groups stratified by phenotype of the index sPTB. Study Design This is a retrospective cohort study of women with a history of sPTB. Included were women with a history of singleton sPTB who received progesterone in a subsequent pregnancy. Multifetal gestations and abdominal cerclage were excluded. Exposure groups were based upon the presenting symptom that preceded their first sPTB and included painless cervical dilation (PCD), preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), and painful dilation (preterm labor [PTL]). Primary outcome was delivery Results A total of 723 women were included. A total of 114 (16%) presented with PCD, 305 (42%) with PPROM, and 304 (42%) with PTL in their first sPTB. Cerclage in subsequent pregnancy was highest in the PCD group (42%) when compared with the PPROM (16%) and PTL (12%) groups. Rates of sPTB Conclusion PCD as a specific phenotype of sPTB impacts recurrence of delivery before 28 weeks, but not at later gestational ages. In contrast, there was no significant association between clinical presentation of index sPTB and gestational latency in women who also underwent cerclage placement in a subsequent pregnancy. Our data suggest that clinical presentation is important with regards to recurrence of early sPTB, but not sPTB at later gestational ages. Key Points
Who Punishes More? Partisanship, Punitive Policies, and the Puzzle of Democratic Governors

The growth of the carceral state over the last few decades has been remarkable, with millions of Americans in prison, jail, on parole or probation. Political science explanations of this phenomenon...
Making of Mobile SunSmart: Co-designing a Just-in-Time Sun Protection Intervention for Children and Parents

In this study, we describe a participatory design process to develop a technology-based intervention for sun protection for children and their parents. Our methodology embraces and leverages the expert knowledge of the target users, children and their parents, about their sun protection practices to directly influence the design of our mobile just-in-time adaptive intervention (JITAI). The objectives of this paper are to describe our research procedures and summarize primary findings incorporated into developing our JITAI modules. We conducted 3 rounds of iterative co-design workshops with design expert KidsTeam UW children (N: 11–12) and subject expert children and their parents from local communities in California (N: 22–48). Iteratively, we thematically coded the qualitative data generated by participants in the co-design sessions to directly inform design specifications. Three themes emerged: (1) preference for non-linear educational format with less structure,; (2) situations not conducive for prioritizing sun protection; and (3) challenges, barriers, and ambiguity relating to sun protection to protect oneself and one’s family. Based on the design ideas and iterative participant feedback, three categories of modules were developed: personalized and interactive data intake module, narrative-education module with augmented reality experiment, person/real-time tailored JITAI, and assessment modules. This is one of the first projects that maximally engage children and parents as co-designers to build a technology to improve sun protection with iterative and intentional design principles. Our scalable approach to design a mobile JITAI to improve sun protection will lay the foundation for future public health investigators with similar endeavors.
Breathing exercises in older adults with asthma: a blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

Breathing exercises have been found to benefit patients with some respiratory disorders, but can take a significant amount of time to complete. The effects of a breathing exercise program are unkno...
Is There Room for Optimism in China's 2010 Exclusionary Rule and Its 2012 Revision?

The 2010 exclusionary rule in China and its 2012 revision has led to a spate of scholarly writings about the efficacy of the rule in the country. Divergent points have been expressed as to the viability of the rule. This paper weighs in the discussion and provides optimism for the rule’s application in China. Using a document textual analysis, the paper examines the current debate about the rule and concludes by advancing recommendations on how the rule can be better applied in the country. The authors of the paper caution against hasty decisions about the effectiveness of the law given that cultural practices and not the law itself may impede the effectiveness of the law.
Multiplier architectures for media processing

Media processing applications typically involve large amounts of data-level parallelism and operate on low-precision operands. This paper presents multiplier architectures for multimedia processing and compares them to conventional multiplier architectures for general-purpose processing in terms of area and delay. The proposed multiplier architectures support subword parallelism and additional features, which enhance their performance in multimedia applications, yet require only slightly more area and delay than conventional multipliers for general-purpose processing.
MAMMALIAN CELL CULTURES CONTAMINATED WITH PLEUROPNEUMONIA-LIKE ORGANISMS. II. EFFECT OF PPLO ON CELL MORPHOLOGY IN ESTABLISHED MONOLAYER CULTURES.

Abstract The occurrence of cytopathogenic changes in monolayer cultures of PPLO-contaminated mammalian cells has been shown to be related to deficiency of arginine in the medium. The same effects were seen when the cell culture medium was depleted by PPLO prior to application to PPLO-free cell cultures even though viable PPLO were no longer present. The fact that the same picture resulted in the absence of PPLO when either arginine or glucose were omitted from the medium would indicate that, while the deficiency created under the conditions described was specific, the cellular changes could as well be the result of omission or depletion of other mammalian cell growth requirements. The importance of surveillance of cell lines for the presence of PPLO to avoid misinterpretation of cytopathogenic effects was stressed.
Longitudinal Study of Learning Communities in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering

In 1998, the Agricultural Engineering programme at Iowa State University turned to the pedagogical innovation termed `learning communities' in an effort to enhance student retention and to bring coherence and meaning to our first-year student curriculum. Not only has the learning community helped us to increase our first-year, first time student retention in the major of Agricultural Engineering (AE), it has helped us to address many of our AE programme objectives including students' abilities to function on multidisciplinary teams, communicate effectively and have knowledge of important contemporary issues. Results of the AE learning community assessment efforts suggest that students are overwhelmingly satisfied with the programme.
Microbial contamination and shellfish safety

Abstract: Microbial contamination is a challenging and significant issue for the shellfish industry. It is the main public health concern associated with consuming shellfish, and it often limits shellfish harvesting throughout the world. Enteric viruses, pathogenic Vibrio species, and fecal-borne bacterial pathogens are the main causes of shellfish-borne disease. These microorganisms have widely different properties, sources, virulence factors, and fate in the environment, and the current indicators used to classify harvest waters have significant limitations. A great deal of progress is currently being made in the detection of pathogenic microorganisms and in understanding their fate in the environment. With increasing human development in coastal areas, emerging diseases, habitat destruction, and global climate changes, the challenges associated with managing microbial contamination and shellfish safety continues to evolve.
Suction among pickers: jaw mechanics, dietary breadth and feeding behaviour in beach-spawning Leuresthes spp. compared with their relatives

Jaw mechanics and dietary breadth in California grunion Leuresthes tenuis and Gulf grunion Leuresthes sardina were compared with three other members of the tribe Atherinopsini to test whether these two species have evolved a novel jaw protrusion that might be associated with feeding narrowly on abundant prey near spawning beaches. Quantitative comparison of cleared-and-stained specimens of five members of the atherinopsine clade showed that, compared with false grunion Colpichthys regis, topsmelt Atherinops affinis and jacksmelt Atherinopsis californiensis, L. tenuis and L. sardina have longer, more downwardly directed premaxillary protrusion, expanded dentary and premaxillary bones, greater lower jaw rotation and larger premaxilla–vomer separation. Leuresthes tenuis showed greater differences than L. sardina in these features. Comparison of the gut contents of L. tenuis and A. affinis with zooplankton samples collected simultaneously with these fishes in the water column within 1 km of shore showed that, as predicted, L. tenuis fed predominantly on mysid crustaceans and had a narrower diet than A. affinis. High-speed video analysis showed that L. tenuis exhibits a mean time to maximum jaw protrusion c. 2·5 times shorter than that of A. affinis. The grunion sister species, especially L. tenuis, have evolved suction feeding that may allow efficient feeding on common, evasive prey near spawning sites. The morphological traits seen in both species of Leuresthes signify a marked difference from their closest relatives in prey capture and suggest a type of jaw protrusion not yet seen in cyprinodontiforms or perciforms.
Price Discovery, What to Measure?

Popular price discovery measures in literature are based on the reduced form shocks. This paper introduces structural counterparts of these existing methods, and investigates the relationships among six different price discovery methods. Different methods generally lead to different results. Choice of price discovery method depends on two criteria: Which shock came first, reduced form or structural form shock, and what to measure for price discovery, the amount of response or adjustment to a shock. This paper shows that the existing price discovery methods may answer which market moves first to news, but they may not give an answer as to which market is more efficient.
Lessons Learned in the High-Speed Aerodynamic Research Programs of the NACA/NASA

The achievement of flight with manned, powered, heavier-than-air aircraft in 1903 marked the beginning of a new era in the means of transportation. A special advantage for aircraft was in speed. However, when an aircraft penetrates the air at very high speeds, the disturbed air is compressed and there are changes in the density, pressure and temperature of the air. These compressibility effects change the aerodynamic characteristics of an aircraft and introduce problems in drag, stability and control. Many aircraft designed in the post-World War II era were plagued with the effects of compressibility. Accordingly, the study of the aerodynamic behavior of aircraft, spacecraft and missiles at high-speed became a major part of the research activity of the NACA/NASA. The intent of the research was to determine the causes and provide some solutions for the aerodynamic problems resulting from the effects of compressibility. The purpose of this paper is to review some of the high-speed aerodynamic research work conducted at the Langley Research Center from the viewpoint of the author who has been active in much of the effort.
Evaluation and development of options for remediation of CO2 leakage into groundwater aquifers from geologic carbon storage

Abstract There are many good reasons to have confidence in the long term security of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) storage in properly selected and operated projects. However, the possibility remains that CO 2 leaks out of the formation, for example, up an abandoned well, into an overlying groundwater aquifer. In the event of leakage, a prudent operator should be prepared to quickly implement a remedial action plan. To date, remediation plans have focused on methods to plug leaking wells. In some cases, it may also be necessary to contain or remove the CO 2 that leaked into the aquifer. Due to the importance of protecting drinking water resources and meeting permitting requirements, this study analyzes multiple remediation options for a range of hypothetical leakage scenarios. Three specific objectives for remediation are considered here, namely, reducing the amount of mobile CO 2 , in the aquifer, reducing the total quantity of CO 2 in the aquifer, and reducing the aqueous phase concentration of CO 2 . First, we evaluate the processes and parameters controlling the size and shape of the plume of CO 2 leaking into a groundwater aquifer using the multiphase flow simulator TOUGH2. Next, a systematic set of simulations are used to identify the multiphase flow processes and phase behaviors controlling extraction of CO 2 , such as buoyancy induced flow, capillary trapping, CO 2 dissolution and exsolution. We then compare the effectiveness of various remediation options, including: (1) vertical and horizontal extraction wells to remove the CO 2 in both gas and aqueous phase, (2) injecting water to dissolve the gaseous CO 2 and increase capillary trapping, and (3) a combination of injection and extraction with multiple wells. Based on this study, multiple conclusions can be drawn about the effectiveness of various remediation scenarios. First, if it is necessary, it is possible to effectively remediate CO 2 that has leaked into a groundwater aquifer, either by immobilizing and/or extracting it. Second, for small plumes of CO 2 where a gravity tongue has not formed, a single vertical well located in the middle of the plume can be used to remove all of the CO 2 over a several year period. In the case where a large gravity tongue has formed (a thin and large plume trapped under a confining layer), horizontal wells will be more effective at removing the plume, although this could take a decade or more. In fact, in these cases, injecting water to quickly immobilize and dissolve the plume can provide more effective containment in the short term. But, for larger plumes, the most effective remediation scenarios include a combination of sequential and/or simultaneous injection and extraction from multiple wells. In this case, even a large plume of CO 2 can be contained and remediated effectively, with the time frame depending on the number and location of wells and flow rates.
Structural Bias in Regulatory Law Enforcement: The Case of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

In this paper I demonstrate the utility and importance of merging two distinct yet related lines of inquiry that have been pursued in connection with illegal business activity. One tradition has sought to isolate the organizational and/or financial characteristics that may lead to such behavior on the part of firms. The other has investigated the political economic relations that influence legislation and enforcement efforts directed at business behavior. Using data on the Environmental Protection Agency's enforcement of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, I analyze a structural model that links firm and regulatory characteristics to determine whether systematic biases operate in regulatory law enforcement. The results suggest that ostensibly neutral legal structures necessarily tend to favor more powerful businesses and to burden smaller companies disproportionately. Smaller firms appear more frequently on official lists of violators, indicating that regulatory law reflects and reproduces systemic inequalities.
The Basic Science That Is Epidemiology

A few weeks ago Alberts et al published a PNAS Perspective with the attention-grabbing title “Rescuing US Biomedical Research From It Systematic Flaws.”(1) The authors noted that we suffer from “a severe imbalance between the dollars available for research and the still growing scientific community in United States.” At the National Institutes of Health (NIH), we are painfully aware of this, as over the past 10 years we have seen a steady decline in purchasing power, while the number of grant applications has increased and success rates have decreased. In 2000, while the NIH-doubling was still underway, 32% of R01 grant applications were funded; in 2013, that proportion had fallen to 17%.(2)
Initial Success on Aluminum Circuit Board Technology

In this paper, aluminum circuit boards (ACBs) were designed, fabricated, and tested to demonstrate the possibility and advantages of the ACB technology. Processes were developed to grow high quality alumina (Al2O3) on Al boards and coat thick copper (Cu) layer over the alumina to produce an Al/alumina/Cu structure. The measured resistance and breakdown voltage of the as-formed 50 μm alumina layer is > 40 MΩ and 600 VDC respectively. In this design, heat generated by a high power circuit component attached to the Cu layer can conduct through the alumina layer and reach the Al base. Alumina has much higher thermal conductivity than epoxy-glass insulating layer of the popular FR-4 printed circuit boards. The quality of the boards produced in this paper was evaluated rigorously using scanning electron microscope. To test the reliability of the boards, they were put through 500 cycles of thermal cycling test between -40°C to +85°C and 100 h of high temperature storage test at 250 °C. To ensure its compatibility with soldering operations, 10 mm × 12 mm Cu substrates were bonded to the Al boards using a fluxless tin process. The thickness of the joint is 9.4 μm including the intermetallic layers. Despite significant coefficient of thermal expansion mismatch of the structure and large Cu size, the bonded samples show no sign of cracks, breakage, or degradation.
Guanine Nucleotide Regulatory Proteins, Gq and Gi1/2, Mediate Platelet‐Activating Factor‐Stimulated Phosphoinositide Metabolism in Immortalized Hippocampal Cells

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) may be a neuromodulator involved in neural cell differentiation, cerebral inflammation, and ischemia. The PAF receptor is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. In the present study, we sought to define the specific G protein(s) that mediate PAF-stimulated phosphoinositide (PI) metabolism in an immortalized hippocampal cell line, HN33.11. PAF increased the production of 3H-labeled inositol phosphates (IPs) with EC50 values of 1.2-1.5 nM. The effect of PAF on 3H-IPs formation was completely blocked by the PAF antagonist BN 50739 at a concentration of 300 nM. Pertussis toxin pretreatment attenuated PAF-stimulated 3H-IPs production by 20-30% (p < 0.05). Consistent with a role for Gi1/2 in this response, antiserum against G alpha i1/2 blocked the response to a similar degree. Pretreatment of permeabilized cells with G alpha q/11 antiserum attenuated the response by 70% (p < 0.05), suggesting a role for Gq/11 in mediating the PAF response in this cell line. Stimulation with PAF increased [alpha-32P]-GTP binding to both G alpha q and G alpha i1/2 proteins. Moreover, specific [3H]PAF binding sites coprecipitated with G alpha q and G alpha i1/2 proteins. The results suggest that PAF-stimulated PI metabolism in HN33.11 cells is mediated by both Gq and Gi1/2 proteins.
Extremely thin SOI (ETSOI) technology: Past, present, and future

As the mainstream bulk devices face formidable challenges to scale beyond 20nm node, there is an increasingly renewed interest in fully depleted devices for continued CMOS scaling. In this paper, we provide an overview of extremely thin SOI (ETSOI), a viable fully depleted device architecture for future technology. Barriers that prevented ETSOI becoming a mainstream technology in the past are specified and solutions to overcome those barriers are provided.
A Role for the Homeobox Protein Distal-less 3 in the Activation of the Glycoprotein Hormone α Subunit Gene in Choriocarcinoma Cells

Synthesis and secretion of chorionic gonadotropin in trophoblast cells of the placenta is required for establishment of early pregnancy in primates. Chorionic gonadotropin is a heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone consisting of α and β subunits. Regulation of the α subunit gene within the placenta requires an array of cis elements within the 5′-flanking region of the promoter. Within this array of elements, the junctional regulatory element (JRE) putatively binds a placental-specific transcription factor. The aim of our studies was to determine the identity and role of the transcriptional regulator that binds to the JRE in choriocarcinoma cells (JEG3 cells). Mutations within the JRE resulted in reduction in basal expression of an α subunit reporter gene, suggesting that the JRE binding factor was necessary for full basal activity. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we determined that the JRE was capable of serving as a homeobox factor-binding site. The homeobox factor, Distal-less 3 (Dlx 3) was found to be expressed in JEG3 cells and in the trophoblast layer of human chorionic villus but not in a gonadotrope cell line that also expresses the α subunit gene. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that recombinant Dlx 3 could bind specifically to the JRE and endogenous Dlx 3 was present in JRE/JEG3 nuclear protein complexes. Overexpression of Dlx 3 resulted in activation of an α subunit reporter gene. A JRE mutation resulted in attenuated activation of the α subunit reporter via an adjacent cis element, suggesting that JRE/Dlx 3 interactions may facilitate regulation of the α subunit gene at sites immediately upstream of the JRE. Our studies support the conclusion that Dlx 3 is a placental-specific transcriptional regulator that binds to the JRE and contributes to expression of the α subunit gene in cells of trophoblast origin.
Mental health of Southeast Asian refugee women: An overview

Southeast Asian refugee women suffered extremely traumatic experiences at the hands of the Khmer Rouge, during their escapes from Cambodia and Laos, and in refugee camps. I describe these experiences as the background for interventions to promote and reestablish mental health in these women. A reported study of women who were experiencing psychosomatic blindness as a result of the trauma they had undergone is presented as an example. Therapeutic strategies are suggested.
A Comparison of Androgynous, Feminine, Masculine, and Undifferentiated Women on Self-Esteem, Body Satisfaction, and Sexual Satisfaction.

Unmarried female undergraduates (n = 204) completed the Bem Sex Role Inventory and measures of body image and self-esteem. Androgyny and masculinity were associated with self-esteem, body satisfact...
Internet pornography use: perceived addiction, psychological distress, and the validation of a brief measure.

The authors aimed to validate a brief measure of perceived addiction to Internet pornography refined from the 32-item Cyber Pornography Use Inventory, report its psychometric properties, and examine how the notion of perceived addiction to Internet pornography might be related to other domains of psychological functioning. To accomplish this, 3 studies were conducted using a sample of undergraduate psychology students, a web-based adult sample, and a sample of college students seeking counseling at a university's counseling center. The authors developed and refined a short 9-item measure of perceived addiction to Internet pornography, confirmed its structure in multiple samples, examined its relatedness to hypersexuality more broadly, and demonstrated that the notion of perceived addiction to Internet pornography is very robustly related to various measures of psychological distress. Furthermore, the relation between psychological distress and the new measure persisted, even when other potential contribut...
American Business Philanthropy and Higher Education in the Nineteenth Century

Nineteenth century America witnessed the expansion of business enterprise as well as the extension of a system of higher education. Business philanthropy played a substantial role in higher education by filling the gap between the church-supported colleges of the colonial period and the state colleges and universities of later years. The philanthropy of American business leaders provided for scientific and polytechnical schools, opened colleges for women, extended new opportunities for black “freedmen,” and created the first undergraduate and graduate schools of business. Although nineteenth century law prohibited corporate philanthropy and offered no tax incentives, business leaders gave because they thought that they were stewards of wealth, they saw a need for practical education, they wished to create memorials for loved ones, and they desired to meet the needs of special groups of individuals.
The Vibrational Spectra and Normal Coordinate Analysis of 28Si- and 29Si-Substituted α-Cristobalite

Abstract Infrared and Raman spectra were measured for 28Si- and 29Si -substituted α-cristobalite. The spectra were analyzed by normal coordinate analysis using a modified valence force field. The resulting force constants were consistent with those calculated for related SiO2 -containing phases.
Multiple infection of porcine Torque teno virus in a single pig and characterization of the full-length genomic sequences of four U.S. prototype PTTV strains: Implication for genotyping of PTTV

Porcine Torque teno virus (PTTV) was recently shown to partially contribute to the experimental induction of porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome and postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs in the United States. We report here the identification of four distinct full-length genomic sequences of PTTV strains from a single pig in Virginia. Detailed analyses of the genomic organization, the degree of variability and the characteristics of conserved nucleotide and amino acid motifs of PTTV were conducted. The results showed that these four prototype U.S. strains of PTTV identified from the same pig represent distinct genotypes or subtypes and a revised classification system for PPTV is subsequently proposed. This is the first study documenting multiple PTTV infections with distinct genotypes or subtypes in a single pig. The identification of novel PTTV strains from pigs in the United States also pave the way for future disease characterization and genotyping of PTTV.
Phytotoxicity of scandium in solution culture of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos L.)

Abstract Loblolly pine and honey locust seedlings were grown in solution culture at pH 3.95 with 10–100 μM and 10–50 μM scandium (Sc), respectively. Root and shoot elongation in both species was significantly reduced at 50 μM Sc or higher. With honey locust root, leaf and stem dry weight reductions were measurable at 10 μM Sc. In loblolly pine and honey locust Sc induced chlorosis and substantially reduced the chlorophyll concentration of young leaves at all Sc concentrations. At 100 μM Sc short roots of loblolly pine developed a distinctly mycorrhizal appearance. Scandium significantly reduced potassium levels but had little effect on tissue concentrations of Ca and Mg.
Think globally, search locally

A key step in program optimization is the determination of optimal values for code optimization parameters such as cache tile sizes and loop unrolling factors. One approach, which is implemented in most compilers, is to use analytical models to determine these values. The other approach, used in library generators like ATLAS, is to perform a global empirical search over the space of parameter values.Neither approach is completely suitable for use in general-purpose compilers that must generate high quality code for large programs running on complex architectures. Model-driven optimization may incur a performance penalty of 10-20% even for a relatively simple code like matrix multiplication. On the other hand, global search is not tractable for optimizing large programs for complex architectures because the optimization space is too large.In this paper, we advocate a methodology for generating high-performance code without increasing search time dramatically. Our methodology has three components: (i) modeling, (ii) local search, and (iii) model refinement. We demonstrate this methodology by using it to eliminate the performance gap between code produced by a model-driven version of ATLAS described by us in prior work, and code produced by the original ATLAS system using global search.
NEGRO-WHITE DIFFERENCES IN CHILDREN'S MOVEMENT

Spontaneous movement responses of Negro and white lower-class and white middle-class 4-yr.-olds were recorded on video tape under several controlled conditions. Tapes were coded for total movement and for gross movement response. Negro children emitted a significantly greater number of movement responses and a greater variety of movement response than did both white groups.
Efficient Robust Blind Beamforming Algorithm

Because blind adaptive beamforming algorithms do not depend on any reference signal, they have found numerous important applications in signal processing. However, the conventional constrained constant modulus algorithm (CMA) may suffer significant performance degradation in the presence of the slight mismatches between the actual and assumed signal steering vectors. In this paper, to combat the mismatches, a novel robust constrained CMA is proposed for implementing double constraints with recursive method updating, which is based on explicit modeling of uncertainties in the desired signal array response. The proposed robust constrained CMA provides an improved robustness against the signal steering vector mismatches, enhances the array system performance under random perturbations in sensor parameters and makes the mean output array SINR consistently close to the optimal one. The performance of the proposed algorithm is compared with that of linear constrained CMA algorithm by computer simulations, the results of which demonstrate a marked improvement in the robustness against signal steering vector mismatches.
Results of transcaval embolization for sac expansion from type II endoleaks after endovascular aneurysm repair

Objective Management of type II endoleaks after endovascular aneurysm repair can be problematic. This study reports our experience with a relatively novel strategy to treat this complication, transcaval coil embolization (TCCE) of the aneurysm sac. Methods We reviewed 29 consecutive patients undergoing TCCE from 2010 to 2013. Demographics, operative details, and outcomes were assessed. Results Since 2006, 29 TCCEs have been performed at our institution in 26 patients for sac expansion from type II endoleaks. Patients were male (83%) and former or current smokers (88%), with an average age of 78 ± 7.1 years. TCCE was performed a mean of 4.2 ± 4 years after initial endovascular aneurysm repair. Endoleaks resulted in a mean sac growth of 1.2 ± 1 cm in diameter and 37% ± 32% by volume. Forty-six percent had prior procedures (5 translumbar, 3 transarterial, 3 transcaval, 1 aortic cuff, and 1 iliac limb extension). Two patients had no flow identified in the aneurysm sac after puncture was successful, and one was found to have a hygroma rather than arterial flow. An additional two patients had ultimate embolization from sac access between the endograft iliac limb and arterial wall after transcaval puncture failed, for a 90% procedural success (83% for transcaval technical success). Mean fluoroscopy time was 27 ± 13 minutes with 29 ± 21 mL of contrast material used and a median of 10 coils per case. Additional adjuncts included thrombin injection (17%), intravascular ultrasound (14%), sac pressure measurements (28%), and on-table integrated computed tomography (17%). Median length of stay was 1 day (range, 0-5 days). There were no procedural adverse events. Reintervention was required in five cases (three repeated TCCEs, two graft relinings). One-year freedom from reintervention was 95%. At a mean 16.5 months of follow-up, 70% experienced no further endoleak and had stable or decreasing sac diameters. There have been no ruptures during follow-up. Conclusions In this series, TCCE for treatment of aneurysm enlargement due to type II endoleaks was safe and relatively effective despite prior failed interventions in nearly half of the cases. TCCE is a useful alternative in cases in which the anatomy makes other approaches difficult or impossible.