cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dairy calf management—A comparison of practices and producer attitudes among conventional and organic herds

Dairy calves are at high risk for morbidity and mortality early in life. Understanding producer attitudes is important for implementation of best management practices to improve calf health. The objectives of this study were to evaluate usage frequency and producer attitudes on key calf management practices between conventional and organic dairy operations. A cross-sectional survey was mailed to conventional and organic dairy producers in Ohio and Michigan that included questions on cow-calf separation, colostrum management, and vaccination use. The overall survey response rate was 49% (727/1,488); 449 and 172 conventional and organic producer respondents, respectively, were included in the final analysis. Binary, cumulative, and multinomial logistic regression models were used to test differences within and between herd types for management practices and producer attitudes. The majority of conventional (64%, 279/439) producers reported separating the calf from the dam 30 min to 6 h after birth. More organic (34%, 56/166) than conventional (18%, 80/439) producers reported separation 6 to 12 h after birth, and organic producers were more likely to agree time before separation is beneficial. Few conventional (10%, 44/448) and organic (3%, 5/171) producers reported measuring colostrum quality. Most conventional producers (68%, 304/448) hand-fed the first feeding of colostrum, whereas the majority of organic producers (38%, 69/171) allowed calves to nurse colostrum. Last, 44% (188/430) of conventional producers reported vaccinating their calves for respiratory disease, compared with 14% (22/162) of organic producers; organic producers were more likely to perceive vaccines as ineffective and harmful to calf health. Thus, the usage frequency and perceived risks and benefits of calf management practices vary considerably between conventional and organic dairy producers. These findings provide helpful information to understand decision making at the herd level regarding key calf management and health practices, regardless of production systems.
Where People Live: The Environmental Context of Reproduction

This chapter begins exploration of the broad social context that shapes the sources of stress and the “resistance resources” (Antonovsky, 1979) with which women confront stressful conditions. We are concerned here with the ways resource inequality, institutionalized racism, and gender discrimination mold the structure of risk, and we argue that only such a systemic view permits a comprehensive understanding of the potential sources of stressors and chronic strain. We also demonstrate that the women we studied were not passive victims but actively struggled to improve their quality of life. Ironically, both the conditions of the environment and women’s attempts to ameliorate those conditions are potential sources of stress. This discussion is divided into three parts: 1) the broader urban environmental conditions that characterize Harlem and affect women’s daily lives, 2) specific issues related to securing and maintaining safe and decent housing that appeared to be significant sources of stress and chronic strain, and 3) the impact of the delivery of social services (education and public assistance) on women across strata. In each part, we examine the interaction with and perceptions of social and environmental factors that shape exposure to stressors and sources of chronic strain and then document the types of strategies women develop to protect themselves. In each part, we look at similarities and differences in women’s experiences across social strata.
Polypoid fibroadipose tumors of the esophagus: ‘giant fibrovascular polyp’ or liposarcoma? A clinicopathological and molecular cytogenetic study of 13 cases

Giant fibrovascular polyp of the esophagus is a descriptive diagnostic term intended to encompass rare, large, polypoid esophageal masses composed of fibroadipose tissue. Despite sometimes dramatic clinical presentations, they have historically been considered to represent reactive, non-neoplastic proliferations. Recently, however, a small number of reports have described well-differentiated liposarcomas of the esophagus, mimicking giant fibrovascular polyps. In order to clarify the relationship between esophageal liposarcoma and giant fibrovascular polyp, we retrieved esophageal cases coded as 'giant fibrovascular polyp,' 'lipoma' and 'liposarcoma' from our archives and re-examined their clinicopathologic features and MDM2 amplification status. Thirteen cases were identified (lipoma (n=1), giant fibrovascular polyp (n=5), well-differentiated liposarcoma (n=3), dedifferentiated liposarcoma (n=3)). The tumors ranged from 5.2 to 19.5 cm and arose predominantly in the cervical esophagus. All consisted chiefly of mature adipose tissue, with a variable component of fibrous septa. In all cases, close inspection of these fibrous septa showed them to contain an increased number of slightly enlarged spindled cells with irregular, hyperchromatic nuclei, similar to those seen in some well-differentiated liposarcomas. Three cases, all previously classified as dedifferentiated liposarcoma, showed in addition solid zones of non-lipogenic spindle cell sarcoma. By fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), all cases showed MDM2 amplification, confirming diagnoses as well-differentiated (N=10) and dedifferentiated (N=3) liposarcoma. Clinical follow-up (8 cases, range 22-156 months, median 33 months) showed 3 patients with local recurrences (1 well-differentiated and 2 dedifferentiated liposarcomas), 1 patient with liver metastases (dedifferentiated liposarcoma) and 2 deaths from disease (both dedifferentiated liposarcomas). These results suggest that the great majority of large, polypoid, fat-containing masses of the esophagus represent well and dedifferentiated liposarcoma, rather than 'giant fibrovascular polyps.' We suggest that the diagnosis of 'giant fibrovascular polyp' should be made with great caution in the esophagus, and only after careful morphological study and MDM2 FISH has excluded the possibility of liposarcoma.
Mapping Causal Variants with Single-Nucleotide Resolution Reveals Biochemical Drivers of Phenotypic Change

Summary Understanding the sequence determinants that give rise to diversity among individuals and species is the central challenge of genetics. However, despite ever greater numbers of sequenced genomes, most genome-wide association studies cannot distinguish causal variants from linked passenger mutations spanning many genes. We report that this inherent challenge can be overcome in model organisms. By pushing the advantages of inbred crossing to its practical limit in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , we improved the statistical resolution of linkage analysis to single nucleotides. This "super-resolution" approach allowed us to map 370 causal variants across 26 quantitative traits. Missense, synonymous, and cis -regulatory mutations collectively gave rise to phenotypic diversity, providing mechanistic insight into the basis of evolutionary divergence. Our data also systematically unmasked complex genetic architectures, revealing that multiple closely linked driver mutations frequently act on the same quantitative trait. Single-nucleotide mapping thus complements traditional deletion and overexpression screening paradigms and opens new frontiers in quantitative genetics.
Wanting, and Weighting: White Women and Descriptive Representation in the 2016 Presidential Election

This paper demonstrates that the relationship between wanting a descriptive representative based on gender, and giving that attitude weight in voting decisions, is weakest among White women voters. Among under-represented groups of voters, White women were uniquely positioned going into the 2016 presidential election—they had the option to choose “one of their own” in terms of race and gender. Yet, the majority did not vote for the White woman on the ballot, Hillary Rodham Clinton. This outcome is an opportunity to interrogate how descriptive representation functions in different ways across groups with distinct socio-political positions in American politics. I argue that the relationship between desiring descriptive representation, and giving it weight when deciding for whom to vote for, is different across groups. Using American National Election Survey (ANES) data, I show that this is the case in the 2016 election. Nearly two-thirds of White women who said that electing more women is important, voted for Trump. Moreover, White women's espoused belief in the necessity of electing more women had no significant effect on their ultimate vote choice. In contrast, the same desire for increased descriptive representation based on gender had large, positive, and significant effects on women of color's vote choice. This study bears on extant research considering descriptive representation's importance to voters based only on race, or gender, and on the broader literature linking group identities and voter behavior.
Household Income and Children’s Unmet Dental Care Need; Blacks’ Diminished Return

Background: Minorities’ Diminished Return theory is defined as the relative disadvantage of minority populations compared to Whites regarding health gains that follow socioeconomic status (SES). To test whether Minorities’ Diminished Return theory holds for unmet dental care needs (DCN), we investigated Black-White differences in the effects of family income on unmet DCN among children. Methods: Data from the National Survey of Children’s Health were used. Participants were either White or Black children age 1 to 18. Family income-to-needs ratio was the independent variable. Unmet DCN was the dependent variable. Covariates included age, gender, and parental educational attainment. Race was the focal moderator. We ran logistic regression for data analysis. Results: Higher income-to-needs ratio was associated with lower risk of unmet DCN in the pooled sample. We found an interaction between race and family income-to-needs ratio on unmet DCN, suggesting a stronger protective effect for Whites than Blacks. Conclusion: Minorities’ Diminished Return also holds for the effects of family income-to-needs ratio on unmet DCN. The relative disadvantage of Blacks compared to Whites in gaining oral health from their SES may reflect structural racism that systemically hinders Black families. There is a need for additional research on specific societal barriers that bound Blacks’ oral health gain from their SES resources such as income. Policies and programs should also help Black families to leverage their SES resources.
Perceptions of the Woman Who Breastfeeds: The Role of Erotophobia, Sexism, and Attitudinal Variables

Perceptions of breastfeeding women were studied in a sample of 201 predominately European American college students. Both men and women had very positive perceptions of breastfeeding women as compared to bottlefeeding women. As predicted, erotophobic women and men had less favorable impressions of the breastfeeding woman than did erotophilic individuals. Men, but not women, who scored high on Glick and Fiske's Benevolent Sexism or Hostile Sexism scales (Glick & Fiske, 1996) had more favorable impressions of the breastfeeding woman than did those with low scores. As predicted, this effect was larger for Benevolent Sexism than for Hostile Sexism. No relationships were found between impressions of breastfeeding women and the Hostility Toward Women Scale (Lonsway & Fitzgerald, 1995) or the Trait Guilt and Moral Standards scales (Jones, Schratter, & Kugler, 2000). The results supported hypotheses that sexualization of the breast, discomfort with sexual stimuli, and sexist attitudes are related to perceptions of the breastfeeding woman.
TURNOVER AND BIOGENESIS OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE PROTEINS OF HEPATOMA TISSUE CULTURE CELLS

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the turnover and biogenesis of the plasma membrane proteins of hepatoma tissue culture cells. Because the plasma membrane is the cell organelle in closest proximity to the external milieu, it is believed that this structure and the proteins comprising it play an important role in the cell's ability to respond to changes in the environment. The best evidence that the incorporated iodide is localized in the plasma membrane is shown by the cell fractionation experiment. In both log-growing and density-inhibited cells, the incorporated iodide is lost at the same rate corresponding to a half-life of at least 100 h. The mode of membrane biogenesis includes turnover via interiorization of packets of plasma membrane. Each packet is relatively complex, containing as many as 100 different proteins, all present in different molar amounts.
THE IMPACT OF AUXILIARY INFORMATION AND UPDATE OPERATIONS ON DATABASE COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

In this paper, we classify various database machine organizations into eight different catagories on the basis of whether they support a hardware directory to reduce the search space and whether they are SISD, MISD, SIMD or MIMD machines. It is felt that database machines that fall into the four directory-less categories will prove to be either cost-prohibitive or to have I/0 bottlenecks. We also show that among machines with directories, MIMD machines may prove to be no better than SIMD machines owing to a problem known as update blocking which is unique to database machines with directories. The conclusion is that SIMD database machines with directories may provide the most promise for the future.
Distinctive regulatory properties of pyruvate kinase 1 from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.

Abstract Female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are vectors of arboviruses that cause diseases of public health significance. The discovery of new metabolic targets is crucial for improving mosquito control strategies. We recently demonstrated that glucose oxidation supports ammonia detoxification in A. aegypti. Pyruvate kinase (PK, EC 2.7.1.40) catalyzes the last step of the glycolytic pathway. In most organisms, one or more allosteric effectors control PK activity. However, the kinetic properties and structure of PK in mosquitoes have not been previously reported. In this study, two alternatively spliced mRNA variants (AaPK1 and AaPK2) that code for PKs were identified in the A. aegypti genome. The AaPK1 mRNA variant, which encodes a 529 amino acid protein with an estimated molecular weight of ∼57 kDa, was cloned. The protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. The AaPK1 kinetic properties were identified. The recombinant protein was also crystallized and its 3D structure determined. We found that alanine, glutamine, proline, serine and fructose-1-phosphate displayed a classic allosteric activation on AaPK1. Ribulose-5-phosphate acted as an allosteric inhibitor of AaPK1 but its inhibitory effect was reversed by alanine, glutamine, proline and serine. Additionally, the allosteric activation of AaPK1 by amino acids was weakened by fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, whereas the allosteric activation of AaPK1 by alanine and serine was diminished by glucose-6-phosphate. The AaPK1 structure shows the presence of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate in the allosteric site. Together, our results reveal that specific amino acids and phosphorylated sugars tightly regulate conformational dynamics and catalytic changes of AaPK1. The distinctive AaPK1 allosteric properties support a complex role for this enzyme within mosquito metabolism.
Dealing with Natural Disasters in Libraries: Ed. by William Miller and Rita M. Pellen. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Information Press, 2007. 260 pp. $65.00 soft cover ISBN: 9780789036100 (also published as Public Library Quarterly 25, 3/4)

It does not matter if you work at a public library, an academic library, a special library, or a school library – your library is subject to a potential disaster. Disasters can happen at any time a...
High-resolution estimates of the foreign-born population and international migration for the United States

Detailed estimates of migration stocks and flows provides evidence for understanding population dynamics, and the impact of economic and political changes that influence migration. Using data from the 2000 decennial census and 2001-2016 American Community Survey (ACS), this study derives highly-disaggregated estimates of the foreign-born population residing in the United States for the period 2000-2018, and annual foreign-born entries to the ACS population as a measure of immigration volume. These estimates are derived from an evidence synthesis combining pooled survey data with auxiliary data on potential biases in raw survey estimates and other trends affecting the foreign-born population. For an individual population stratum (defined by current age, entry year, country of origin, and calendar year) direct estimates using survey data can have substantial sampling uncertainty. By imposing logical and probabilistic constraints, data are pooled across survey years to produce more precise estimates. Corrections are implemented for respondent misreporting of demographic information, and undercount of the foreign-born population in the ACS. This paper describes the statistical approach used to model population change, demonstrates the validity of the approach via in- and out-of-sample predictive performance, provides the population estimates, and highlights potential applications.
Building Data Careers

The most appealing thing about a career in data is that you have the world open to you. Data is the modern gatekeeper, getting you into almost any arena. The challenge in building a data career is the misconception that the typical career path rolls out in a linear or stepwise way. There are a number of paths and specialties that can be taken or pursued, but they are not neatly outlined, as the Data Science field itself is new. We will discuss career options, the skills you may need for those options, pros and cons of different types of training programs from online courses to full Data Science degrees, including a list of over 460 Data Science degree programs across the country. We will touch on the job market, the ups and downs of management and location, as well as experiences from real data scientists.
Using feedback to promote student participation in online learning programs: evidence from a quasi-experimental study

How should learner analytics and different media be used to optimize feedback to increase students’ motivation and sense of learning community in online learning programs? This study was designed to examine the usage of feedback delivery methods (text only, video only, or both) and learner analytics (individual vs. class average) to answer the above question. Two consecutive surveys were administrated to the students of a series of online courses over four semesters which resulted in a sample of 96. Using this quasi-experimental design, we aimed to capture changes in students’ perceived feedback quality, motivation, and sense of learning community when different feedback delivery methods and learner analytics were introduced. The findings revealed that students who received both video and text feedback were least motivated and lowest in their sense of online learning community when compared with students who received just video or text feedback. No significant differences were found between students who received video or text feedback regarding motivation and their sense of learning community. The findings also showed that when sharing class average, students’ motivation decreased. This study provides insights into how instructors might use media and learner analytics when designing feedback to motivate and promote student learning in online learning programs.
PAN-selective inhibition of cAMP-phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) induces gastroparesis in mice.

Inhibitors of cAMP-phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) exert a number of promising therapeutic benefits, but adverse effects, in particular emesis and nausea, have curbed their clinical utility. Here, we show that PAN-selective inhibition of PDE4, but not inhibition of PDE3, causes a time- and dose-dependent accumulation of chow in the stomachs of mice fed ad libitum without changing the animals' food intake or the weight of their intestines, suggesting that PDE4 inhibition impairs gastric emptying. Indeed, PDE4 inhibition induced gastric retention in an acute model of gastric motility that traces the passage of a food bolus through the stomach over a 30 minutes time period. In humans, abnormal gastric retention of food is known as gastroparesis, a syndrome predominated by nausea (>90% of cases) and vomiting (>80% of cases). We thus explored the abnormal gastric retention induced by PDE4 inhibition in mice under the premise that it may represent a useful correlate of emesis and nausea. Delayed gastric emptying was produced by structurally distinct PAN-PDE4 inhibitors including Rolipram, Piclamilast, Roflumilast, and RS25344, suggesting that it is a class effect. PDE4 inhibitors induced gastric retention at similar or below doses commonly used to induce therapeutic benefits (e.g., 0.04 mg/kg Rolipram), thus mirroring the narrow therapeutic window of PDE4 inhibitors in humans. YM976, a PAN-PDE4 inhibitor that does not efficiently cross the blood-brain barrier, induced gastroparesis only at significantly higher doses (≥1 mg/kg). This suggests that PDE4 inhibition may act in part through effects on the autonomic nervous system regulation of gastric emptying and that PDE4 inhibitors that are not brain-penetrant may have an improved safety profile. The PDE4 family comprises four subtypes, PDE4A, B, C, and D. Selective ablation of any of these subtypes in mice did not induce gastroparesis per se, nor did it protect from PAN-PDE4 inhibitor-induced gastroparesis, indicating that gastric retention may result from the concurrent inhibition of multiple PDE4s. Thus, potentially, any of the four PDE4 subtypes may be targeted individually for therapeutic benefits without inducing nausea or emesis. Acute gastric retention induced by PDE4 inhibition is alleviated by treatment with the widely used prokinetic Metoclopramide, suggesting a potential of this drug to alleviate the side effects of PDE4 inhibitors. Finally, given that the cause of gastroparesis remains largely idiopathic, our findings open the possibility that a physiologic or pathophysiologic downregulation of PDE4 activity/expression may be causative in a subset of patients.
Growth of Jupiter: Formation in disks of gas and solids and evolution to the present epoch

Abstract The formation of Jupiter is modeled via core-nucleated accretion, and the planet's evolution is simulated up to the present epoch. Throughout the phases when the planet acquires most of its heavy-element content, the calculation of solids' accretion accounts for interactions with an evolving disk of planetesimals. The phase of growth from an embryo of a few hundred kilometers in radius until the time when the accretion of gas overtakes solids' accretion was presented by D'Angelo et al. (2014) , and the same numerical methods are applied here. Those calculations followed the formation for about 4 × 105 years, until the epoch when the heavy-element and hydrogen/helium masses were MZ ≈ 7.3 and MXY ≈ 0.15 Earth's masses (M⊕), respectively, and M XY ≈ M Z . Herein, the calculation is continued through the phase when MXY grows to equal MZ , at which age, about 2.4 × 106 years, the total mass of the planet is Mp ≈ 20 M⊕. About 9 × 105 years later, Mp is approximately 60 M⊕ and MZ ≈ 16 M⊕, three-quarters of which are delivered by planetesimals larger than 10 km in radius. Around this epoch, the contraction of the envelope dictates gas accretion rates a few times 10−3 M⊕ per year, initiating the regime of disk-limited accretion, whereby the planet can accrete all the gas provided by the disk, and its evolution is therefore tied to disk's evolution. Growth is continued by constructing simplified models of protosolar accretion disks that evolve through viscous diffusion, winds, and accretion on the planet. Jupiter's formation ends after ≈ 3.4–4.2 Myr, depending on the applied disk viscosity parameter, when nebula gas disperses. The young Jupiter is 4.5–5.5 times as voluminous as it is presently and thousands of times as luminous, ~10−5 L⊙. The heavy-element mass is ≈ 20 M⊕. The evolution proceeds through the cooling and contraction phase, in isolation except for solar irradiation. After 4570 Myr, the age of the solar system, radius and luminosity of the planet are within 10% of current values, accounting also for uncertainties in the power absorbed from the Sun. During formation, and soon thereafter, the planet exhibits features, e.g., luminosity and effective temperature, that may probe aspects of the latter stages of formation, if observable. These possibly distinctive features, however, seem to disappear within a few tens of Myr
Measuring Simultaneously Spatially and Temporally Focused Ultrafast Laser Pulses using the Dispersion Scan Technique

We demonstrate a novel dispersion scan algorithm using grating dispersion. We also propose using the intrinsic dispersion of temporally focused laser pulses to characterize the pulse structure by scanning a nonlinear crystal through focus.
First steps to creating high impact theory in marketing

The business research ecosystem can be transformed by responsible research principles. This commentary offers concrete guidance for developing high impact theory; it provides a tool to assess research benefits and identify participating stakeholders. It also calls for improving doctoral training, countering risk aversion in research topic selection, re-aligning faculty incentives, and leveraging academic institutions.
SmartPrognosis: Automatic ensemble classification for quantitative EEG analysis in patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest

Abstract Understanding a patient’s current status, anticipated clinical course, and likely outcomes can be critical to the practice of medicine. Among patients who are comatose after resuscitation from cardiac arrest, identifying those with potential for awakening and favorable recovery is challenging. Currently, this task is accomplished through the acquisition of one or more diagnostic modalities that aim to assess brain function, with expert interpretation of the test results. This approach is subjective, imprecise, and not scalable. We propose an automatic ensemble classification framework, named SmartPrognosis, to identify comatose post-arrest patients with no recovery potential. SmartPrognosis automatically generates and assembles candidate machine learning pipelines with high sensitivity predicting poor outcomes at a fixed near-zero error rate of misclassifying patients with good outcomes. We demonstrate the effectiveness of SmartPrognosis on real patient data, showing that it over-performs commonly used alternative approaches on all evaluation metrics.
Patterns of Prevalence of Multiple Sensory Impairments among Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

Background Much is known about individual sensory deficits among older adults, but there is a dearth of information about the prevalence of multiple concurrent sensory deficits in this population. Methods We evaluated the prevalence of individual and multiple sensory impairments at the most recent clinic visit among participants aged 24 years and older in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) (hearing, vision, olfaction, proprioception, and vestibular function) and Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC) (hearing, vision, olfaction). We compared observed prevalence of multiple sensory impairments with expected prevalence based on compounded probabilities of multiple impairments using Fisher Exact Tests. Also, we evaluated the comparability of different measures used between these two studies. Results In both studies, the prevalence of each individual sensory impairment was common (>10%), and higher with older age, and the most common pattern of co-occurring sensory impairments was hearing and visual impairments (17.4% [BLSA]; 50.2% [ARIC]). In BLSA, the pattern that differed the most between observed and expected prevalence was combined hearing, vision, and olfactory impairments (observed 5.2% vs. 1.4% expected, p=0.01). In ARIC, this difference was much smaller (observed 8.1% vs. 7.2% expected, p=0.49). Conclusions Although concurrent hearing and vision impairments were the most common co-occurring deficits, combined hearing, vision and olfactory impairments are most likely to co-occur above chance, especially at older ages.
Innovation In the Open and Endovascular Treatment of Carotid Artery Stenosis

Abstract Endovascular procedures have revolutionized the treatment paradigms of almost all vascular pathologies, allowing surgeons to tailor their approach based on the unique needs of their patients. The aim of this review article is to examine the innovation of open and endovascular carotid stenosis revascularization procedures as it takes an indepth look at the history and applications of carotid endarterectomy (CEA), transfemoral carotid artery stenting (TFCAS) and transcarotid artery revascularization (TCAR). In addition, the article revisits the landmark clinical trials that have shaped current practice guidelines and explores what the future holds for the application of TCAR for asymptomatic, low-risk patients. Ultimately, the procedure most suited to the needs of the patients should be chosen to guarantee the best outcome; therefore ample expertise in all three treatment modalities is necessary.
Polaron morphologies in SrFe1−xTixO3−δ

Abstract The morphologies of the charge carriers in the perovskite system SrFe1−xTixO3−δ are explored by transport and magnetic measurements. Oxygen vacancies are present in all samples, but they do not trap out the Fe3+ ions they introduce. The x=0.05 composition was prepared with three different values of δ. They all show small-polaron conduction above 225 K; but where there is a ratio c=Fe4+/Fe 0.5, the data are consistent with a disproportionation reaction 2Fe4+=Fe3++Fe(V)O6/2 that inhibits formation of two-Fe polarons and, on lowering the temperature, creates Fe3+–Fe(V)–Fe3+ superparamagnetic clusters.
Chapter 3 Energy Transfer to Phonons in Atom and Molecule Collisions with Surfaces

Abstract Experiments measuring the scattering of molecular beams from surfaces are capable of providing important information on the gas–surface interaction. However, such experiments are often carried out under conditions in which a substantial amount of the energy transfer is through excitations of phonons at the surface. This paper reviews theoretical methods of treating energy transfer to the surface from the limit of purely quantum mechanical elastic diffraction and single phonon transfer to the classical limit of large numbers of phonon excitations. In the multiphonon limit, theories of molecule–surface scattering are discussed which are classical in the translational and rotational degrees of freedom but quantum mechanical in the treatment of internal molecular vibrational modes. Through direct comparison with experiments it is shown that qualitative and quantitative explanations, as well as important physical information, can be obtained for many phenomena involving multiple phonon excitation observed in molecule–surface collisions. Examples are discussed that include both situations in which multiphonon excitation is the primary object of study and cases in which it is a secondary effect that must be accounted for. These examples include scattered angular distributions, translational energy-resolved measurements, rotational energy resolved spectra and internal vibrational mode excitation probabilities.
THE PURCHASE OF DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS, AGRICULTURAL PRESERVATION AND OTHER LAND USE POLICY TOOLS: THE PENNSYLVANIA EXPERIENCE

Farmland protection has become increasingly popular in recent years. States and local governments have employed a variety of techniques. Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, a leading agricultural area, has formed a farmland protection strategy with several complementary techniques: agricultural zoning, agricultural districts, farm property tax deferral, the purchase of development rights, transfer of development rights, and urban growth boundaries. The farmland protection program is central to the county's efforts to accommodate an expected 33 percent increase in population over the next 20 years.
Kuo-Nan Liou Receives 2013 Roger Revelle Medal: Citation

The Revelle Medal is awarded for “outstanding contributions in atmospheric sciences, atmosphere-ocean coupling, atmosphere-land coupling, biogeochemical cycles, climate, or related aspects of the Earth system.” It also celebrates the man Roger Revelle, who through his broad interests, his awareness of global change, and his national and international service, was a true statesman of science. Dr. Kuo-Nan Liou's accomplishments in research and leadership service are the perfect embodiment of this ideal. He made trailblazing contributions in radiation, the prime driver in the Earth's energy budget, and in cloud physics; both are fundamental to our understanding of climate dynamics and atmosphere-surface interactions. Moreover, his leadership successively as chair of two departments and as director of two separate Institutes and his outreach initiatives in spearheading hydrologic-atmospheric experimentation and in founding the Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering at UCLA reveal him to be a true leader in the image of Roger Revelle.
Simultaneous Tracking and Sampling of Dynamic Oceanographic Features with Autonomous Underwater Vehicles and Lagrangian Drifters

Studying ocean processes often requires observations made in a Lagrangian frame of reference, that is, a frame of reference moving with a feature of interest [1]. Often, the only way to understand a process is to acquire measurements at sufficient spatial and temporal resolution within a specific feature while it is evolving. Examples of coastal ocean features whose study requires Lagrangian observations include concentrated patches of microscopic algae (Fig. 1) that are toxic and may have impacts on fisheries, marine life and humans, or a patch of low-oxygen water that may cause marine life mortality depending on its movement and mixing.
A Review of: “Michael L. Butterworth, Baseball and Rhetorics of Purity: The National Pastime and American Identity during the War on Terror.”

Situated in the growing field of sport and rhetoric scholarship, Michael L. Butterworth's insightful new book contextualizes the national pastime within the rhetorical strategies deployed during a ...
Humanoid robot models of child development

Summary form only given. We have been building integrated humanoid robots with which people can interact in social ways; eye contact, prosody, gaze direction, reaching, etc. This has given us a platform on which to implement theories of cognitive function and development. Because the models must truly be connected to each other, rather than to the literature, all the details of, simplified at least, theories need to be worked through to make successful systems.
The Seasonal Variability of the Arctic Ocean Ekman Transport and Its Role in the Mixed Layer Heat and Salt Fluxes

Abstract The oceanic Ekman transport and pumping are among the most important parameters in studying the ocean general circulation and its variability. Upwelling due to the Ekman transport divergence has been identified as a leading mechanism for the seasonal to interannual variability of the upper-ocean heat content in many parts of the World Ocean, especially along coasts and the equator. Meanwhile, the Ekman pumping is the primary mechanism that drives basin-scale circulations in subtropical and subpolar oceans. In those ice-free oceans, the Ekman transport and pumping rate are calculated using the surface wind stress. In the ice-covered Arctic Ocean, the surface momentum flux comes from both air–water and ice–water stresses. The data required to compute these stresses are now available from satellite and buoy observations. But no basin-scale calculation of the Ekman transport in the Arctic Ocean has been done to date. In this study, a suite of satellite and buoy observations of ice motion, ice concent...
Preparation of methyl esters from the saponifiable fatty acids in small biological specimens for gas-liquid chromatographic analysis

Abstract Tissue (3–5 mg) or serum (5–100 μl) is hydrolyzed with alkali, acidified and extracted with hexane. The fatty acids are extracted from the hexane into a small volume of trimethyl(α,α,α-trifluoro- m -tolyl)ammonium hydroxide. Injection of the resultant quaternary ammonium salts together with methyl propionate into a gas chromatograph yields the fatty acid methyl esters. Preparation of the sample requires less than 45 min and less than 10 min of the analyst's time. The results are comparable with those obtained by conventional methods with larger samples.
Episodicity in foredeep basins

The stratigraphic record contained in several foredeep basins is incompatible with the formation of these basins by flexure of a homogeneously strong foreland lithosphere. For example, the stratigraphy of the Early Proterozoic Kilohigok foredeep basin of northern Canada indicates that the inner part of the basin deepened in time without migration of the flexural bulge toward the foreland, and that the flexural bulge remained fixed in time relative to the downgoing plate. One mechanism that may be responsible for the localization of the flexural bulge in the Kilohigok and similar basins is that of lateral strength variations in the flexing lithosphere. Our results show that lateral strength variations within the foreland lithosphere can produce temporal variations in basin geometry and also serve to localize the position of the flexural bulge relative to the foreland for extended periods of time. This produces basin episodicity on a time scale of millions to tens of millions of years. Perfectly elastic models require a large strength contrast (about 50% in elastic plate thickness), but a brittle-elastic-ductile lithosphere rheology reduces the magnitude of the strength contrast required for episodicity to about 10%-15% of the initial effective elastic plate thickness. We suggest that basin episodicity may induce comparable episodicity in the coeval thrust belt, because theoretical studies of thrust mechanics suggest that the deformation in thrust belts is highly sensitive to the dip of the basal thrust angle. Through mechanisms such as this, the laterally heterogeneous continental lithosphere may provide a natural filter that transforms the presumably continuous and smoothly varying processes of the mantle into the spatially irregular and temporally episodic deformation observed in the crust at time scales of tens of millions of years.
Femtosecond spectroscopy of carrier-spin relaxation in GaAs-AlxGa1-xAs quantum wells.

We investigate the spin relaxation of optically excited charge carriers in a variety of GaAs-${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As quantum wells and superlattices at low temperatures by ultrafast time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. Structures with uniform static optical properties show a markedly varied spin scattering in the time domain, thereby requiring a series of studies with systematically modified epitaxial growth conditions. A multiexponential spin relaxation is seen in quantum wells with a fast initial component of less than 1 ps and a subsequent relaxation within \ensuremath{\sim}150 ps. For the same growth conditions, the polarization decay time in superlattices approaches bulk values, indicating a dimensionality dependence of the spin scattering.
Investigations into tumor accumulation and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor binding by F-18 and C-11 fatty acids

Abstract [ 11 C]Acetate, a myocardial PET imaging agent for analysis of oxidative metabolism, has potential use in tumor imaging. Aromatic fatty acids display antitumor effects with phenylacetate currently in clinical trial. Tumor differentiation and cytostasis resulting from phenylacetate treatment may involve the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). To examine whether aromatic fatty acids are potential imaging agents for PPARα or tumors in general, [ 11 C]phenylacetic acid (PAA) and [ 18 F]fluorophenyl-acetic acid (FPAA) were synthesized and evaluated in EMT-6 tumor bearing mice and 9L-Glioma tumor bearing rats and compared to [ 11 C]acetate. [ 11 C]Acetate showed better tumor accumulation than PAA or FPAA. The aromatic fatty acids did not directly bind PPARα as confirmed by a biodistribution study of PAA in PPARα −/− mice.
Political Theory as a Vocation

The purpose of this paper is to sketch some of the implications, prospective and retrospective, of the primacy of method in the present study of politics and to do it by way of a contrast, which is deliberately heightened, but hopefully not caricatured, between the vocation of the “methodist” and the vocation of the theorist. My discussion will be centered around the kinds of activity involved in the two vocations. During the course of the discussion various questions will be raised, primarily the following: What is the idea which underlies method and how does it compare with the older understanding of theory? What is involved in choosing one rather than the other as the way to political knowledge? What are the human or educational consequences of the choice, that is, what is demanded of the person who commits himself to one or the other? What is the typical stance towards the political world of the methodist and how does it compare to the theorist's?The discussion which follows will seek, first, to locate the idea of method in the context of the “behavioral revolution,” and, second, to examine the idea itself in terms of some historical and analytical considerations. Then, proceeding on the assumption that the idea of method, like all important intellectual choices, carries a price, the discussion will concentrate on some of the personal, educational, vocational, and political consequences of this particular choice. Finally, I shall attempt to relate the idea of the vocation of political theory to these same matters.
On the fracture characteristics of impact tested high density polyethylene–calcium carbonate nanocomposites

Abstract The mechanical response of calcium carbonate-reinforced high density polyethylene nanocomposite is investigated and the behavior compared with the unreinforced polyethylene processed under similar conditions. The reinforcement of high density polyethylene with nanocalcium carbonate retains adequately high strength in the temperature range of −40 to +20 °C. The positive influence of reinforcement on the impact strength is reflected in the fracture characteristics and is attributed predominantly to the nucleating effect of calcium carbonate in decreasing the spherulite size. The achievement of high impact strength is accompanied by increase in modulus and no loss in yield strength. The reinforcement of neat high density polyethylene (HDPE) with nanocalcium carbonate alters the deformation micromechanism from crazing–tearing in HDPE to fibrillated fracture in polymer nanocomposite.
Makisterone A and 24-methylenecholesterol from the ovaries of the honey bee,Apis mellifera L

Makisterone A, a 28-carbon ecdysteroid (molting hormone) has been isolated from the ovaries of queen bees. Analysis by reversed-phase and silica high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in conjunction with a radioimmune assay (RIA) revealed about 11 ng of makisterone A present per gram of ovaries on a fresh weight basis. No C27 ecdysteroids were detected. The predominant neutral sterol present was 24-methylenecholesterol.
CONSUMER SPENDING ON DESIGNER JEANS: A CLASSICAL CONDITIONING MODEL

The classical conditioning theory of learning was used to predict consumer spending on designer jeans. Subjects viewed and responded to eight slides of designer and non-designer jeans. In addition the presence or absence of designer labelled hangtags was varied so that half of the subjects were exposed to the hangtags and half of them were not exposed to the hangtags. Thus the design of the experiment was a mixed model two by two analysis of variance. It was predicted and found that subjects were likely to say they would spend more for the designer jeans than the non-designer jeans. Manipulation checks revealed that the subjects were not estimating or trying to guess the retail value of the jeans. It was also predicted and found that subjects were more likely to select designer jeans as gifts than non-designer jeans. Finally there was a designer jeans by hangtag interaction. People were more apt to select designer jeans as gifts than non-designer jeans, but only in the absence of the hangtags. When the hangtags were present the effect was negated. Classical conditioning theory is used to explain the results and to offer avenues for further research.
A mechanism for natural language access to database systems: U. of Cincinnati

This reports on an investigation focused on a transform mechanism for a natural language database query system being undertaken at the University of Cincinnati. The mechanism studies the questions involved in a natural language interface between the human environment and the database query languages used to access machine stored data. A major product of the research would be a methodology for the transformation of database queries in a natural language into database queries stated in the data manipulation language of a DBMS.
Scattering and inverse scattering for first order systems

On considere le probleme aux valeurs propres suivant: df/dx=2Jf(x)+q(x)f(x). Avec f: R→C n , J est une matrice constante (n×n) et q est une fonction a valeur matricielle. On presente des resultats sur la theorie analytique des problemes de diffusion et de diffusion inverse pour des systemes generalises AKNS
SU-GG-T-250: 3D Dose Reconstruction for Delivery Quality Assurance (DQA) from Multiple 2D Planes Using the OCTAVIOUS Phantom

Purpose: To perform a 3D dose reconstruction for delivery quality assurance (DQA) from multiple 2D planes using the OCTAVIOUS phantom. Method and Materials: Ten RapidArc patient treatment plans of different sites were delivered on two phantoms. Two different DQA plans were delivered for each of the 10 patients: 1) OCTAVIOUS phantom and 2) 30×30×30 cube solid water phantom in which the detector array (Seven29) was placed. The corresponding 3D dose of each of the DQA plans was exported. All DQA plans were delivered by means of a NovalisTX with the HD120 MLC. For the solid water phantom, the same plan was delivered six times with the array varying in the coronal plane in increments of 0.5cm. For the OCTAVIOUS, the same plan was delivered four times by rotating the phantom in 45° increments along its longitudinal axis. An in‐house MATLAB code was used to read the planar dose information. A linear reconstruction was performed for the cube phantom while a circular reconstruction was used for the OCTAVIOUS. Dose statistics per plane were obtained to validate the reconstruction method. Results: Both interpolation methods showed good agreement to the planned dose distribution in the high dose region (<1.0%) but showed discrepancies in the low dose region. A DAH comparison shows good agreement for the sagittal and coronal planes but demonstrates some discrepancies in the transversal plane. Conclusion: A simple linear interpolation method is able to predict good matching in the high dose region between the reconstructed dose and the planned dose. This technique is a good starting point to establish a benchmark in the level of manipulation necessary to obtain good 3D dose delivery quality assurance using current technology. Conflict of Interest: Research Sponsored by PTW Company
Much Ado (or Not) About Twitter? Assessing an Emergent Communication and Sport Research Agenda:

This Twitter Research Forum essay by Communication & Sport editor Lawrence Wenner introduces a set of invited commentary essays by leading scholars on the theme “Much Ado (or Not) About Twitter? As...