cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A New Method for Calculating Counts in Cells

In the near future, a new generation of CCD-based galaxy surveys will enable high-precision determination of the N-point correlation functions. The resulting information will help to resolve the ambiguities associated with two-point correlation functions, thus constraining theories of structure formation, biasing, and Gaussianity of initial conditions independently of the value of Ω. As one of the most successful methods of extracting the amplitude of higher order correlations is based on measuring the distribution of counts in cells, this work presents an advanced way of measuring it with unprecedented accuracy. Szapudi & Colombi identified the main sources of theoretical errors in extracting counts in cells from galaxy catalogs. One of these sources, termed as measurement error, stems from the fact that conventional methods use a finite number of sampling cells to estimate counts in cells. This effect can be circumvented by using an infinite number of cells. This paper presents an algorithm, which in practice achieves this goal; that is, it is equivalent to throwing an infinite number of sampling cells in finite time. The errors associated with sampling cells are completely eliminated by this procedure, which will be essential for the accurate analysis of future surveys.
Hans Bethe and Quantum Electrodynamics

In 1947 no one knew how to calculate the fine structure of spectroscopic levels of a real electron making transitions in a real hydrogen atom—except Hans Bethe.
Progress in the Synthesis of (−)-α-Kainic Acid

Abstract Causing neuronal death, kainic acid and its derivatives are toxic to several known animal species, including rats. Kainic acid and its derivatives have been shown to cause neuroexcitatory activity observed in several neurological disorders. In this research project, a synthetic route that involves control of the stereochemistry to synthesize a pure stereoisomer of kainic acid is proposed. The pure stereoisomer possesses certain medical properties of interest to pharmacological companies. This laboratory synthesis is gaining popularity and increasing importance all over the world because extraction from seaweeds, where kainic acid is found, does not produce reasonable yields. This laboratory procedure will attempt to synthesize kainic acid using an ENE reaction in the final step of the 12 steps as shown in the graphical abstract.
Extracting Summit Roughness Parameters From Random Gaussian Surfaces Accounting for Asymmetry of the Summit Heights

The random Gaussian surface model proposed by Nayak is important to many statistical summit-based microcontact models. A Gaussian distribution is usually assumed for the summit heights as many surfaces have a Gaussian distribution of surface heights. In this work, based on Nayak's model, the skewness and kurtosis of the summit-height distribution are derived as a function of the bandwidth parameter a. The correctness of these two equations is verified using a numerical scheme that generates random Gaussian surfaces with various a values. Also, practical contact simulations are performed to demonstrate the significance of the proposed equations and also to show the error of using a Gaussian distribution versus a correct asymmetric distribution for the summit heights.
Are NBA fans becoming indifferent to race? Evidence from the 1990s.

Previous work found the racial composition of NBA teams to be positively correlated with the racial composition of their metropolitan markets in the 1980s. We find continued evidence of this relationship during the 1990s, with accompanying revenue gains from the inclusion of White players on teams located in whiter areas. And, as the number of White players declined significantly throughout the decade, the revenue product of a White player actually increased on the margin. The tendency for top-performing White players in the NBA to locate in cities with larger White populations also is consistent with their higher marginal value in such locations.
Repatriation Taxes, Repatriation Strategies and Multinational Financial Policy

Abstract Several investment-repatriation strategies are added to the standard model of a multinational in which an affiliate is located in a low-tax country and is limited to two alternatives: repatriating taxable dividends to the parent or investing in its own real operations. In our model, affiliates can invest in passive assets, which the parent can borrow against, or in related affiliates which can be used as vehicles for tax-favored repatriations. We show analytically how the availability of alternative strategies can effect real investment throughout the worldwide corporation. We use firm level data for US multinationals to test for the importance of alternative strategies. The evidence is generally consistent with the theory, particularly the strategies using related affiliates.
The Politics of Monetary Leadership and Followership: Stability in the European Monetary System since the Currency Crisis of 1992

Despite widespread scepticism, there is a fundamental continuity in the stability of the European Monetary System (EMS) before and after the 1992 crisis. Although speculative pressures provoked European leaders to widen the fluctuation bands of the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM), thus altering substantially the official commitment of member governments to coordinate monetary policies and exchange rates, the values of currencies in the hardcore of the EMS have remained close to their pre-crisis parities with limited fluctuations. European monetary cooperation continues informally, achieving much more stability than the wide bands suggest. The task of the article is to explain the puzzling continued success of the EMS. First, this article re-specifies the problem of international monetary cooperation as a leader-follower interaction with inherently hierarchical attributes. Second, the article outlines the causes of exchange-rate stability in Europe. Finally, the article emphasizes that French monetary follow...
Weak hyperbolicity on periodic orbits for polynomials

Abstract We prove that if the multipliers of the repelling periodic orbits of a complex polynomial grow at least like n5+e with the period, for some e>0, then the Julia set of the polynomial is locally connected when it is connected. As a consequence for a polynomial the presence of a Cremer cycle implies the presence of a sequence of repelling periodic orbits with “small” multipliers. Somewhat surprisingly the proof is based on measure theorical considerations. To cite this article: J. Rivera-Letelier, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 334 (2002) 1113–1118.
An overview of Rewrite Rule Laboratory (RRL)

Abstract RRL ( Rewrite Rule Laboratory ) was originally developed as an environment for experimenting with automated reasoning algorithms for equational logic based on rewrite techniques. It has now matured into a full-fledged theorem prover which has been used to solve hard and challenging mathematical problems in automated reasoning literature as well as a research tool for investigating the use of formal methods in hardware and software design. We provide a brief historical account of development of RRL and its descendants, give an overview of the main capabilities of RRL and conclude with a discussion of applications of RRL .
Corollary to the Hohenberg-Kohn Theorem

According to the Hohenberg–Kohn theorem, there is an invertible one-to-one relationship between the Hamiltonian of a system and the corresponding ground-state density ρ(r). The extension of the theorem to the time-dependent case by Runge and Gross states that there is an invertible one-to-one relationship between the density ρ(rt) and the Hamiltonian (t). In the proof of the theorem, Hamiltonians /(t) that differ by an additive constant C/function C(t) are considered equivalent. Because the constant C/function C(t) is extrinsically additive, the physical system defined by these differing Hamiltonians /(t) is the same. Thus, according to the theorem, the density ρ(r)/ρ(rt) uniquely determines the physical system as defined by its Hamiltonian /(t). Hohenberg–Kohn, and by extension Runge and Gross, did not however consider the case of a set of degenerate Hamiltonians {}/{(t)} that differ by an intrinsic constant C/function C(t) but which represent different physical systems and yet possess the same density ρ(r)/ρ(rt). The intrinsic constant C/function C(t) contains information about the different physical systems and helps differentiate between them. In such a case, the density ρ(r)/ρ(rt) cannot distinguish between these different Hamiltonians. In this article we construct such a set of degenerate Hamiltonians {}/{(t)}. Thus, although the proof of the Hohenberg–Kohn theorem is independent of whether the constant C/function C(t) is additive or intrinsic, the applicability of the theorem is restricted to excluding the case of the latter. The corollary is as follows: degenerate Hamiltonians {}/{(t)} that represent different physical systems, but differ by a constant C/function C(t), and yet possess the same density ρ(r)/ρ(rt), cannot be distinguished on the basis of the Hohenberg–Kohn/Runge–Gross theorem. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2003
Cardinal Characteristics and the Product of Countably Many Infinite Cyclic Groups

Abstract We study, from a set-theoretic point of view, those subgroups of the infinite direct product Z ℵ 0 for which all homomorphisms to Z annihilate all but finitely many of the standard unit vectors. Specifically, we relate the smallest possible size of such a subgroup to several of the standard cardinal characteristics of the continuum. We also study some related properties and cardinals, both group-theoretic and set-theoretic. One of the set-theoretic properties and the associated cardinal are combinatorially natural, independently of any connection with algebra.
Laboratory testing of the space-charge-sheath electric thruster concept

Recent experimental results obtained with a laboratory model of the space-charge-sheath thruster are reported. The principal feature of this thruster is tlie electrostatic acceleration of ions in a space-charge sheath that is formed on the ionizer. The range of operating conditions tested was as follows: specific impulse = 2700-5500 sec; magnetic field strength = 800-2500 gauss; accelerating gap = 1-3 mm; ionizer surface — 13.8 cm2; cesium vapor pressure — 5-38 mm Hg; ion-beam current density = 4-14 ma/cm2. The resulting ion-beam has been found to be surprisingly well collimated, with an estimated half angle of 1.5°. Under best operating conditions, the electron drain current to the anode (ionizer) was 31% of the total current.
Vulnerable but invincible: high-risk children from birth to adulthood

This report summarizes the major findings of a 40-year longitudinal study of a multi-racial cohort of children who had been exposed to poverty, perinatal stress, parental psychopathology and family discord. Individuals are members of the Kauai Longitudinal Study, which followed all children born in 1955 on a Hawaiian island from the prenatal period to middle age. Several clusters of protective factors were identified that enabled most of the high-risk individuals to develop into competent, confident and caring adults. Implications of the findings for developmental theory were discussed and issues for future research identified.
High-performance liquid chromatographic assay with fluorescence detection for the simultaneous measurement of carboxylate and lactone forms of irinotecan and three metabolites in human plasma.

Abstract Irinotecan (CPT-11), a camptothecin analog, is metabolized to SN-38, an active topoisomerase I inhibitor, and inactive metabolites, including APC and SN-38 glucuronide (SN-38G). A high-performance liquid chromatographic assay method to simultaneously measure the lactone and carboxylate forms of CPT-11, SN-38, SN-38G, and APC in human plasma was developed. Chromatography was accomplished with a reversed-phase C8 column and fluorescence detection. A gradient mobile phase system was used. The buffer for mobile phase A consisted of 0.75 M ammonium acetate, 5 mM tetrabutylammonium phosphate (pH 6.0), and acetonitrile (86:14, v/v). The buffer for mobile phase B was identical to mobile phase A with the exception of the concentration (50:50, v/v). Precipitation of plasma proteins was performed with cold methanol. The linear range of detection of the lactone and carboxylate forms of SN-38, SN-38G, and APC was 2–25 ng/ml, and 5–300 ng/ml for CPT-11. The limit of quantitation for the analytes ranged from 0.5 to 5 ng/ml. Analysis of patients’ plasma samples obtained before and after CPT-11 administration showed that the assay is suitable for measuring lactone and carboxylate forms of CPT-11, SN-38, SN-38G, and APC in clinical studies.
Foulkes characters, Eulerian idempotents, and an amazing matrix

John Holte (Am. Math. Mon. 104:138---149, 1997) introduced a family of "amazing matrices" which give the transition probabilities of "carries" when adding a list of numbers. It was subsequently shown that these same matrices arise in the combinatorics of the Veronese embedding of commutative algebra (Brenti and Welker, Adv. Appl. Math. 42:545---556, 2009; Diaconis and Fulman, Am. Math. Mon. 116:788---803, 2009; Adv. Appl. Math. 43:176---196, 2009) and in the analysis of riffle shuffling (Diaconis and Fulman, Am. Math. Mon. 116:788---803, 2009; Adv. Appl. Math. 43:176---196, 2009). We find that the left eigenvectors of these matrices form the Foulkes character table of the symmetric group and the right eigenvectors are the Eulerian idempotents introduced by Loday (Cyclic Homology, 1992) in work on Hochschild homology. The connections give new closed formulae for Foulkes characters and allow explicit computation of natural correlation functions in the original carries problem.
The culture of politics in modern Kenya

Introduction 1. Staging politics in Kenya 2. Shattered silences: political culture and 'democracy' in the early 1990s 3. Open secrets: everyday forms of domination before 1990 4. Moral economy and the quest for wealth in central Kenya since the late nineteenth century 5. The dove and the castor nut: Embu household economy in the 1980s 6. Conclusions: 'the showpiece of an hour'.
Regio- and Stereocontrol Elements in Rh(II)-Catalyzed Intramolecular C−H Insertion of α-Diazo-α-(phenylsulfonyl)acetamides

Intramolecular C−H insertion reaction of α-diazo-α-(phenylsulfonyl)acetamides proceeded with high regio- and stereoselectivities to afford highly functionalized γ-lactams predominantly or exclusively. The high regioselectivity was attributed to the use of the phenylsulfonyl moiety, which altered electron density at the carbenoid center and exerted a steric effect during the insertion reaction. Also described herein are three control elements to determine regioselectivity, which are amide conformational, stereoelectronic, and substituent effects.
Factors Influencing the Length of Stay after Radical Cystectomy: Implications for Cancer Care and Perioperative Management

Introduction Although radical cystectomy (RC) is the gold standard treatment for muscle invasive bladder cancer it is associated with perioperative complications, readmissions, and a prolonged length of hospital stay (PLOS). We explored the perioperative factors associated with a PLOS after RC and subsequent long-term outcomes.
Re-Re-Reply to 'The Impact of Microcredit on the Poor in Bangladesh: Revisiting the Evidence'

“The Impact of Microcredit on the Poor in Bangladesh: Revisiting the Evidence,” by David Roodman and Jonathan Morduch (2014) is the most recent of a sequence of papers and postings that seeks to refute the findings of the Pitt and Khandker (1998) article “The Impact of Group-Based Credit on Poor Households in Bangladesh: Does the Gender of Participants Matter?” that microcredit for women had significant, favorable effects on poverty reduction. This response paper refutes the claims of Roodman and Morduch that were not addressed in the earlier World Bank working paper of Pitt and Khandker (2012). This response paper, like the Pitt and Khandker (2012) paper and others that preceeded it, shows that many of the Roodman and Morduch claims are based on a flawed econometric understanding and a lack of due diligence in formulating and interpreting statistical models. JEL classification numbers: N01, C510
Possible new class of dense white dwarfs.

If the strange matter hypothesis of Bodmer and Witten is true, then a new class of white dwarfs can exist whose nuclear material in their deep interiors can have a density as high as the neutron drip density, a few hundred times the density in maximum-mass white dwarfs and 4{times}10{sup 4} the density in dwarfs of typical mass, {ital M}{similar_to}0.6{ital M}{sub {circle_dot}}. Their masses fall in the approximate range 10{sup {minus}4}--1{ital M}{sub {circle_dot}}. They are stable against acoustical modes of vibration. A strange quark core stabilizes these stars, which otherwise would have central densities that would place them in the unstable region of the sequence between white dwarfs and neutron stars.
Full AFLs and nested iterated substitution

A superAFL is a family of languages closed under union with unitary sets, intersection with regular sets, and nested iterated substitution and containing at least one nonunitary set. Every superAFL is a full AFL containing all context-free languages. If L is a full principal AFL, then Ŝ∞(L), the least superAFL containing L, is full principal. If L is not substitution closed, the substitution closure of L is properly contained in Ŝ∞(L). The indexed languages form a superAFL which is not the least superAFL containing the one-way stack languages. If L has a decidable emptiness problem, so does Ŝ∞(L). IfDs is an AFA, L = L(Ds) and Dw is the family of machines whose data structure is a pushdown store of tapes of Ds, then L(Ds) = Ŝ∞(L) if, and only if, Ds is nontrivial. If Ds is uniformly erasable and L(Ds) has a decidable emptiness problem, then it is decidable if a member of Dw is finitely nested.
Cooling Air Inlet and Exit Geometries on Aircraft Engine Installations

A semispan wing and nacelle of a typical general aviation twin-engine aircraft was tested to evaluate the cooling capability and drag or several nacelle shapes; the nacelle shapes included cooling air inlet and exit variations. The tests were conducted in the Ames Research Center 40 x 80-ft Wind Tunnel. It was found that the cooling air inlet geometry of opposed piston engine installations has a major effect on inlet pressure recovery, but only a minor effect on drag. Exit location showed large effect on drag, especially for those locations on the sides of the nacelle where the suction characteristics were based on interaction with the wing surface pressures.
High-power terahertz quantum cascade lasers

We report the demonstration of quantum-cascade lasers at ~4.4 THz (lambda ~ 68 mum) that emit 248 mW peak power in pulsed mode, and 138 mW continuous-wave power at heat-sink temperatures of 10 K.
Generation of stimulated backscattered harmonic radiation from intense-laser interactions with beams and plasmas.

A comprehensive analysis is presented that describes the generation of harmonic radiation by the stimulated backscattering of intense laser fields from electron beams and from plasmas. The dynamics of the intense laser-electron interaction are analyzed using a fully nonlinear, relativistic, cold fluid model valid to all orders in the amplitude of the pump laser. In general, the backscattered radiation, from an electron beam or stationary plasma, occurs at odd harmonics of the Doppler-shifted incident laser frequency. The strength of the harmonics is strongly dependent on the incident laser intensity. The growth rate and saturation level of the backscattered harmonics are calculated, and the limitations due to thermal, space-charge, and collisional effects are discussed. Significant radiation generation at high harmonics requires sufficiently intense pump laser fields and sufficiently cold axial electron distributions. This mechanism may provide a practical method for producing coherent radiation in the xuv regime.
Testing a New Analytic Model for Gravitational Lensing Probabilities

We study gravitational lensing with a multiple lens plane approach, proposing a simple analytical model for the probability density function (pdf) of the dark matter convergence, κ, for the different lens planes in a given cosmology as a function of redshift and smoothing angle, θ. The model is fixed solely by the variance of κ, which in turn is fixed by the amplitude of the power spectrum, σ8. We test the pdf against a high-resolution tree particle-mesh simulation and find that it is far superior to the Gaussian or the lognormal, especially for small values of θ 1' and at large values of κ relevant to strong lensing. With this model, we predict the probabilities of strong lensing by a single plane or by multiple planes. We find that for θ ~ 10'', a single plane accounts for almost all (~98%) of the strong-lensing cases for source redshift unity. However, for a more typical source redshift of 4, about 12% of the strong-lensing cases will result from the contribution of a secondary clump of matter along the line of sight, introducing a systematic error in the determination of the surface density of clusters, typically overestimating it by about 2%-5%. We also find that matter inhomogeneities introduce a dispersion in the value of the angular diameter distance about its cosmological mean. The probable error relative to the mean increases with redshift to a value of about 8% for z 6 and θ ~ 10''.
The transmission sense of information

Biologists rely heavily on the language of information, coding, and transmission that is commonplace in the field of information theory developed by Claude Shannon, but there is open debate about whether such language is anything more than facile metaphor. Philosophers of biology have argued that when biologists talk about information in genes and in evolution, they are not talking about the sort of information that Shannon's theory addresses. First, philosophers have suggested that Shannon's theory is only useful for developing a shallow notion of correlation, the so-called ''causal sense'' of information. Second, they typically argue that in genetics and evolutionary biology, infor- mation language is used in a ''semantic sense,'' whereas semantics are deliber- ately omitted from Shannon's theory. Neither critique is well-founded. Here we propose an alternative to the causal and semantic senses of information: a transmission sense of information, in which an object X conveys information if the function of X is to reduce, by virtue of its sequence properties, uncertainty on the part of an agent who observes X. The transmission sense not only captures much of what biologists intend when they talk about information in genes, but also brings Shannon's theory back to the fore. By taking the view- point of a communications engineer and focusing on the decision problem of how information is to be packaged for transport, this approach resolves several problems that have plagued the information concept in biology, and highlights a
Multi-scale computational heat transfer with moving solidification boundaries

Abstract In order to develop computational strategies for solidification processing of advanced engineering materials, one must address several fundamental issues, including (i) a moving solid–fluid interface, (ii) geometrical complexities of both processing components and solid–fluid interfaces, and (iii) disparate scales in length and time, ranging from the dimension of the processing system, to the convection and diffusion scales, to the morphological scale, and to the capillary scale. Main implications from these observations are that dynamic similarity can not be maintained in virtually any scale-up processes, and, even for laminar flows, direct numerical simulation of a solidification problem can not be handled with current computing resources. In this article, we highlight recent efforts in developing suitable computational techniques to facilitate a multi-scale approach which handles micro-, meso-, and macro-scale phenomena in a coupled framework. Relevant modeling and computational techniques are summarized along with selected examples at macroscopic and morphological scales.
The Uniqueness of Phase Retrieval from Intensity Measurements.

The question of the uniqueness of the determination of the phase of a wave field from the knowledge of its intensity in the aperture plane and focal plane of a thin lens is investigated. It is shown that if the wave field intensity across the lens is uniform and the phase is represented by means of nine lowest-order Zernike polynomials, the phase can be determined uniquely (except for the well-known twin solution ambiguity) from its aperture-plane and focal-plane intensities. The twin ambiguity is discussed in physical terms that allow one to eliminate it.
Neutrino Interactions in the Outflow from Gamma-Ray Burst Accretion Disks

We examine the composition of matter as it flows away from gamma-ray burst (GRB) accretion disks in order to determine what sort of nucleosynthesis may occur. Since there is a large flux of neutrinos leaving the surface of the disk, the electron fraction of the outflowing material will change because of charged-current neutrino interactions. We calculate the electron fraction in the wind using detailed neutrino fluxes from every point on the disk and study a range of trajectories and outflow conditions for several different accretion disk models. We find that low electron fractions, conducive to making r-process elements, only appear in outflows from disks with high accretion rates that have significant regions both of trapped neutrinos and of antineutrinos. Disks with lower accretion rates that have only a significant region of trapped neutrinos can have outflows with very high electron fractions, whereas the lowest accretion rate disks with little trapping have outflow electrons fractions of closer to 1/2.
Relativistic calculations of dissociation energies and related properties

Methods of calculation of potential energy curves or surfaces, including dissociation energies, bond distances, and vibration frequencies, are discussed as well as recently obtained results for several molecules. The ab initio relativistic methods involve the derivation of shape-consistent effective potentials from Dirac-Fock atomic calculations. These effective potentials are averaged and differenced with respect to spin with the differences, p/sub 3/2/-p/sub 1/2/, etc., yielding spin-orbit operators. The molecular calculations are then set up in a familiar manner through the SCF stage using spin-averaged effective potentials. The final stage is a configuration-interaction calculation including the spin-orbit terms as well as the electron repulsion terms. Calculations that have been made for several low-lying excited states as well as the ground state for Au/sub 2/, TlH, Tl/sub 2/, Sn/sub 2/, and Pb/sub 2/ are reviewed. Good agreement is obtained with spectroscopic data and a number of interesting predictions are made. 36 references, 8 figures, 2 tables.
AdS pp-waves

We obtain the pp-waves of D = 5 and D = 4 gauged supergravities supported by U(1)3 and U(1)4 gauge field strengths respectively. We show that generically these solutions preserve 1/4 of the supersymmetry, but supernumerary supersymmetry can arise for appropriately constrained harmonic functions associated with the pp-waves. In particular it implies that the solutions are independent of the light-cone coordinate x+. We also obtain the pp-waves in the Freedman-Schwarz model.
Can prevention of hypertension work

In this article, the clinical trials that have most effectively demonstrated the effectiveness of hypertension nonpharmacologic prevention interventions are presented and discussed. Thus, data from weight reduction, dietary interventions, and lifestyle modifications are shown and discussed. It is concluded that these interventions lead to control of hypertension either by themselves or in association with pharmacologic interventions. Over the years, many controlled clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of pharmacologic treatment of hypertension. However, such treatment has its shortcomings. First, it usually requires a lifelong commitment to therapy because, although this approach can control hypertension and reduce its consequences, it does not cure the condition. Next, the cost of pharmacologic interventions can be very high and, thus, prohibitive for poorer individuals and nations. In addition, many patients experience problems with compliance and adherence, which almost certainly contribute to the low level of hypertension control that is so widely observed. Finally, the pharmacologic approach requires a strong commitment by public health officials for detection and treatment of hypertension if there is to be any hope of limiting this condition's impact. All of these negative considerations are compounded by the fact that the prevalence of hypertension is increasing worldwide. For all these reasons, nonpharmacologic interventions should be implemented to prevent or delay the occurrence of hypertension.
The Rationality of EIA Forecasts under Symmetric and Asymmetric Loss

The United States Energy Information Administration publishes annual forecasts of nationally aggregated energy consumption, production, prices, intensity and GDP. These government issued forecasts often serve as reference cases in the calibration of simulation and econometric models, which climate and energy policy are based on. This study tests for rationality of published EIA forecasts under symmetric and asymmetric loss. We find strong empirical evidence of asymmetric loss for oil, coal and electricity prices as well as natural gas consumption, electricity sales, GDP and energy intensity.
Design of computer simulation experiments for industrial systems

Computer simulation experiments design for industrial systems, considering variance techniques, multiple ranking procedures, sequential sampling and spectral analysis
Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylative Annulation of o-Alkynylphenols: Syntheses of 2-Substituted-3-aroyl-benzo[b]furans

We report here a general synthetic methodology for palladium-catalyzed carbonylative annulation of o-alkynylphenol to construct 2-substituted-3-aroyl-benzo[b]furan. On the basis of the results, this methodology could be applied to a wider selection of iodide substrates to generate desired products. In accordance with mechanistic studies, this process involves coordination of cationic and less hindered acyl palladium complexes with o-alkynylphenols to create a desired cascade triad (coordination, nucleophilic addition, and reductive elimination). Consistent with this mechanism, addition of 1 equiv of AgBF4 to palladium catalyst Pd(Ph3P)4 generates an ideal candidate for this unique transformation.
Transport Processes Governing the Drawing of a Hollow Optical Fiber

This paper presents a mathematical model to simulate the silica hollow optical fiber-drawing process. Two neck-down profiles, which represent the inner and outer surfaces of the hollow fiber, are generated by using an iterative numerical scheme. The zonal method is applied to calculate the radiative transport within the glass. The effects of variable properties for air are investigated and results indicate that these can be neglected for simulating the draw process under typical draw conditions. Inclusion of buoyancy in the flow is also studied and it is found that the flow can be significantly affected due to buoyancy. The validation of the model is carried out by comparing the results with those obtained by using the optical thick method as well as those for a solid-core fiber. The effects of drawing parameters such as the temperature of the furnace, feeding speed, and drawing speed on the temperature and velocity distributions and on the draw tension are studied. It is found that the geometry and qualities of the final hollow optical fiber are highly dependent on the drawing parameters, especially the drawing temperature and the feeding speed.
System types in feedback control with saturating actuators

This note extends the classical notion of system type to feedback control with saturating actuators. For step, ramp, and parabolic inputs, it defines the so-called trackable domains and evaluates steady-state errors. It shows that, unlike the linear case, the role of the poles at the origin of the plant and the controller are different and, on this basis, extends the notion of system type. In addition, the related notion of system type with respect to disturbances is discussed and extended to systems with saturating actuators.
Antenna Characterization for Bluetooth-based Travel Time Data Collection

Several approaches for travel time data collection based on the reading of time-stamped media access control addresses from Bluetooth-enabled devices have been reported in the literature recently. This new approach offers a number of advantages over more conventional methods, including lower costs of hardware and software, the volume of data that can be collected over time, and ease of implementation. A fundamental component that may affect the quantity and the quality of the travel time samples collected with a Bluetooth-based system is the antenna type utilized. Antenna characteristics such as polarization and gain must be matched to specific application environments to optimize the performance of a Bluetooth reader unit. However, experimental data that focuses on antenna characterization as it relates to the use of Bluetooth technology to assess the performance of transportation facilities is lacking. In this study, five different types of antennas were characterized to assess their suitability to supp...
The Concept of Reputational Bliss

A normative criterion identifying the conditions for a desirable corporate reputation, “reputational optimality,” or “reputational bliss,” is described, and a case developed for its utility and reasonableness as a criterion to apply to real world phenomena. The paper discusses some behavioral patterns under alternative moral positions taken by observers and the firm, critiques some alternative moral principles, and considers some dynamics of moving toward, defending and maintaining, and breaching or breaking reputational bliss.
Electrolyzer power requirements for oxidizer production on mars

Proton-exchange-membrane electrolyzers and solid-oxide electrolyzers have both been proposed for propellant production on Mars. Past studies assume the latter requires more energy because solid-oxide electrolyzers have significantly higher operating temperature. However, heat-transfer needs of proton exchange membrane electrolyzers are often neglected. On Mars, where the atmosphere has a mean temperature of 215K, heat transfer must be considered. Notably, theoretical analyses show that the total energy requirements of both electrolyzers for a given oxygen production are equivalent. Also in opposition to common perception, calculations show heat-transfer direction is not dependent upon current but rather operating temperature and voltage. If either electrolyzer is operated above its thermal neutral voltage, excess power will be dissipated as heat. If either electrolyzer is operated below it, the electrolyzer will require additional energy in the form of heat to maintain its operating temperature. If the required thermal energy is available from another component within a propellant production plant, then operating the electrolyzer at its theoretical minimum voltage is more efficient. Calculations show that a solidoxide electrolyzer minimum voltage is at least 20% less than a proton-exchange-membrane electrolyzer minimum voltage. Experimental observations and data are presented to corroborate calculations. Nomenclature � =F araday’s constant ¯ h = molar enthalpy I = current k H = Henry’s constant M = molecular weight
Finite Element-Based Analytic Shape Sensitivities of Local and Global Airframe Buckling Constraints

An examination of available shell finite elements suitable for buckling analysis of thin walled airframe structures leads to the selection of a simple, accurate, design-oriented element, which is, then, used with slight modifications to obtain explicit, closed form equations for the stiffness and geometric stiffness matrices. In turn, these equations are used to derive explicit expressions for the analytic sensitivities of stiffness and geometric stiffness matrices with respect to shell shape design variables. With analytic shape sensitivities of structural matrices and corresponding buckling eigenvalues at hand, the resulting new computer capability makes it possible to construct buckling constraint approximations for Approximation-Concepts based structural synthesis, as well as to examine sources of numerical noise which might appear when parametric studies or finite difference sensitivities are carried out using existing FE codes. The simplicity of the shell elements used and the elimination of the need to carry out numerical integration, lead to computational savings, especially when repetitive analyses have to be carried out during shape design optimization of typical airframes.The new capability is aimed at capturing both local and global modes of buckling failure with the same FE model. Subcomponent interaction during buckling can, thus, be taken into account during shape optimization of wing and fuselage structures. Numerical tests involving plates, thin walled channel sections and a complete wing box of a typical fighter airplane demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the new design-oriented capability.
Graphite oxide: a selective and highly efficient oxidant of thiols and sulfides

The selective oxidation of thiols to disulfides and sulfides to sulfoxides using graphite oxide (GO), a heterogeneous carbocatalyst obtained from low cost, commercial starting materials is described. The aforementioned oxidation reactions were found to proceed rapidly (as short as 10 min in some cases) and in good yield (51–100%) (19 examples). No over-oxidation of the substrates was observed, and GO's heterogeneous nature facilitated isolation and purification of the target products.
Set maps, umbral calculus, and the chromatic polynomial

Some important properties of the chromatic polynomial also hold for any polynomial set map satisfyingp"S(x+y)[email protected][email protected]?U=Sp"T(x)p"U(y).Using umbral calculus, we give a formula for the expansion of such a set map in terms of any polynomial sequence of binomial type. This leads to some new expansions of the chromatic polynomial. We also describe a set map generalization of Abel polynomials.
Non-commutative Symplectic Geometry, Quiver varieties,$\,$ and$\,$ Operads

Quiver varieties have recently appeared in various different areas of Mathematics such as representation theory of Kac-Moody algebras and quantum groups, instantons on 4-manifolds, and resolutions Kleinian singularities. In this paper, we show that many important affine quiver varieties, e.g., the Calogero-Moser space, can be imbedded as coadjoint orbits in the dual of an appropriate infinite dimensional Lie algebra. In particular, there is an infinitesimally transitive action of the Lie algebra in question on the quiver variety. Our construction is based on an extension of Kontsevich's formalism of `non-commutative Symplectic geometry'. We show that this formalism acquires its most adequate and natural formulation in the much more general framework of P-geometry, a `non-commutative geometry' for an algebra over an arbitrary cyclic Koszul operad.
A Totient Function Inequality

An unconditional inequality of the totient function is contributed to the literature. This result is associated with various problems about the distribution of prime numbers.
On the l-Function and the Reduced volume of Perelman II

The main purpose of this paper is to present a number of analytic and geometric properties of the l-function and the reduced volume of Perelman, including in particular the monotonicity, the upper bound and the rigidities of the reduced volume.
Krill-eye: Superposition Compound Eye for Wide-Angle Imaging via GRIN Lenses

We propose a novel wide angle imaging system inspired by compound eyes of animals. Instead of using a single lens, well compensated for aberration, we used a number of simple lenses to form a compound eye which produces practically distortion-free, uniform images with angular variation. The images formed by the multiple lenses are superposed on a single surface for increased light efficiency. We use GRIN (gradient refractive index) lenses to create sharply focused images without the artifacts seen when using reflection based methods for X-ray astronomy. We show the theoretical constraints for forming a blur-free image on the image sensor, and derive a continuum between 1 : 1 flat optics for document scanners and curved sensors focused at infinity. Finally, we show a practical application of the proposed optics in a beacon to measure the relative rotation angle between the light source and the camera with ID information.
Hermitian-holomorphic (2)-gerbes and tame symbols

Abstract The tame symbol of two invertible holomorphic functions can be obtained by computing their cup product in Deligne cohomology, and it is geometrically interpreted as a holomorphic line bundle with connection. In a similar vein, certain higher tame symbols later considered by Brylinski and McLaughlin are geometrically interpreted as holomorphic gerbes and 2-gerbes with abelian band and a suitable connective structure. In this paper we observe that the line bundle associated to the tame symbol of two invertible holomorphic functions also carries a fairly canonical hermitian metric, hence it represents a class in a Hermitian holomorphic Deligne cohomology group. We put forward an alternative definition of hermitian holomorphic structure on a gerbe which is closer to the familiar one for line bundles and does not rely on an explicit “reduction of the structure group”. Analogously to the case of holomorphic line bundles, a uniqueness property for the connective structure compatible with the hermitian-holomorphic structure on a gerbe is also proven. Similar results are proved for 2-gerbes as well. We then show the hermitian structures so defined propagate to a class of higher tame symbols previously considered by Brylinski and McLaughlin, which are thus found to carry corresponding hermitian-holomorphic structures. Therefore we obtain an alternative characterization for certain higher Hermitian holomorphic Deligne cohomology groups.
On the convergence of some alternating series

We establish a necessary and sufficient condition for the convergence of the series \(\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} (-1)^{n}|\sin(\pi nx)|n^{-\theta}\) in terms of the rational approximations to x. In particular, it follows from our results that the series \(\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} (-1)^{n}|\sin n|/n\) converges.
Classical computation of elliptic flow at large transverse momentum

Abstract We compute the contribution of classical fields to the second Fourier coefficient (v2) of the azimuthal gluon distribution at large transverse momentum in heavy ion collisions. We find that the classical contribution to the flow alone cannot account for the experimentally observed behavior of v2(pt) at large transverse momentum pt.
Total synthesis of neodolabellenol

Abstract A total synthesis of both naturally occurring epimers of neodolabellenol has been achieved. Macrocyclization reactions, performed on cyclopenienes bearing two appropriately functionalized alkyl chains, provided eleven-membered carbocycles which were further elaborated into dolabellane natural products.
Dissipation and Extra Light in Galactic Nuclei. IV. Evolution in the Scaling Relations of Spheroids

We develop a model for the physical origin and redshift evolution of spheroid scaling relations. We consider spheroid sizes, velocity dispersions, dynamical masses, profile shapes (Sersic indices), stellar and supermassive black hole (BH) masses, and their related scalings. Our approach combines advantages of prior observational constraints in halo occupation models and libraries of high-resolution hydrodynamic simulations of galaxy mergers. This allows us to separate the relative roles of dissipation, dry mergers, formation time, and evolution in progenitor properties, and identify their impact on observed scalings at each redshift. We show that, at all redshifts, dissipation is the most important factor determining spheroid sizes and fundamental plane scalings, and can account (at z = 0) for the observed fundamental plane tilt and differences between observed disk and spheroid scaling relations. Because disks (spheroid progenitors) at high redshift have characteristically larger gas fractions, this predicts more dissipation in mergers, yielding systematically more compact, smaller spheroids. In detail, this gives rise to a mass-dependent evolution in the sizes of spheroids of a given mass, which agrees well with observations. This relates to a subtle weakening of the tilt of the early-type fundamental plane with redshift, important for a number of studies that assume a nonevolving stellar mass fundamental plane. This also predicts evolution in the BH-host mass relations, toward more massive BHs at higher redshifts. Dry mergers are also significant, but only for large systems which form early—they originate as compact systems, but undergo a number of dry mergers (consistent with observations) such that they have sizes at any later observed redshift similar to systems of the same mass formed more recently. Most of the observed, compact high-redshift ellipticals will become the cores of present brightest cluster galaxies, and we show how their sizes, velocity dispersions, and BH masses evolve to become consistent with observations. We also predict what fraction might survive intact from early formation and identify their characteristic z = 0 properties. We make predictions for residual correlations as well, e.g., the correlation of size and fundamental plane residuals with formation time of a given elliptical, that can be used as additional tests of these models.
Reaction of an enaminone with 1-nitrocyclopentene: synthesis of a triquinane

A convergent synthesis of a functionalized triquinane is reported which proceeds in three steps and 72% yield from 2-(1-pyrrolidino)cyclohex-2-en-1-one and 1-nitrocyclopentene.
Field-test of a robust, portable, frequency-stable laser.

We operate a frequency-stable laser in a non-laboratory environment where the test platform is a passenger vehicle. We measure the acceleration experienced by the laser and actively correct for it to achieve a system acceleration sensitivity of Δf / f = 11(2) × 10−12/g, 6(2) × 10−12/g, and 4(1) × 10−12/g for accelerations in three orthogonal directions at 1 Hz. The acceleration spectrum and laser performance are evaluated with the vehicle both stationary and moving. The laser linewidth in the stationary vehicle with engine idling is 1.7(1) Hz.
Dynamical model of the Y 0 * (1405) resonance

Assuming that the observed Y 0 * (1405 MeV) resonance which decays predominantly into Σπ is ins 1/2,I=0 state, we have calculated its mass and width as well as the coupling constant $$g_{Y_0^ * {\mathcal{N}}\bar K} $$ selfconsistently in a two-channel problem involving Σπ and $$\bar K{\mathcal{N}}$$ . We have used only baryon exchanges. The left-hand cut of the Σπ channel has been approximated by two effective-range poles. The calculated mass and width of the Y 0 * resonance are in fair agreement with the observed values.