cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential Growth and Phototropic Bending in Phycomyces

Using present knowledge of the cell's optical and growth mechanisms, a theoretical bending speed of about 5° min.-1 is calculated for unilateral irradiation by a single beam of normally incident visible light; this figure is of the magnitude found experimentally. Between beams of light opposed at 180°, the resultant bending speed is given by the difference-to-sum ratio of the light intensities of the two beams. Valid comparisons between cells differing in size, growth speed, or optical properties are made by expressing bending speed as a fraction of each cell's bending response to unilateral irradiation. With multiple beams differing in intensity and azimuth, the resultant bending speed follows from vector addition of phototropic components proportional to the flux fraction of each beam. The bending speed in Oehlkers' experiment where a luminous area is the light source also appears compatible with this rule. In such experiments, the bending speed quantitatively matches the scaled asymmetry of the pattern of flux incident upon the cell. Resolution experiments support the assumption that light intensity enters into steady state phototropic formulations as the first power of I.
Noninvasive Visualization and Analysis of Parafoveal Capillaries in Humans

The retina is one of the most metabolically active tissues in the human body, and as such, is coupled with a unique system of blood vessels. The inner retinal microvasculature has been mapped out in high resolution using excised monkey retinas.1 Far from the fovea, the capillary network is multi-layered; closer to the fovea, the network thins down to two layers in the peri- to parafoveal region, and to one layer in the immediate parafoveal region. Finally, in the fovea, there are no vessels, forming the foveal avascular zone (FAZ). The average diameter of a normal FAZ as described in textbooks is around 400 to 500 μm. However, there is considerable individual variation.2 The FAZ has been well characterized and is of important clinical significance in a number of different diseases, including diabetes.3 There are two key challenges that must be addressed when performing optical imaging of the retinal microcirculation: low capillary contrast and aberrations in the eye. Contrast is typically improved using a contrast agent, such as in fluorescein angiography (FA). Although FA is considered to be a “gold standard” for studying retinal vessels, it does carry a small risk for adverse reactions.4 Due to these risks, FA is not performed on normal eyes, except under special circumstances. Moreover, FA may not be able to reliably identify the smallest capillaries.5 An alternate method to improve capillary contrast is to use video processing tools based on flow visualization.6 These tools included mean, variance, min, max, range, and transition images. The variance image has been previously applied as a method for increasing vessel contrast in microvessels before applying leukocyte tracking algorithms.7 However, the variance image alone fails to increase the contrast of vessels in our datasets. We will demonstrate that spatial and temporal information can be used to increase the local contrast for moving objects, and enable the visualization of capillaries. Aberrations in the eye, which may hinder the resolution of the smallest capillaries (i.e., those with diameter ∼5 μm), can be corrected using adaptive optics.8 Recently, an adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) was used to quantify leukocyte speeds through parafoveal capillaries.9,10 In this article, we will combine video and image processing tools with AOSLO imaging to demonstrate an improved method that can detect even the smallest capillaries in the parafoveal region without the use of injected dyes.
Improving biosensor analysis.

The quality of optical biosensor data must be improved in order to characterize the mechanism and rate constants associated with molecular interactions. Many of the artifacts associated with binding data can be minimized or eliminated by designing the experiment properly, collecting data under optimum conditions and processing the data with reference surfaces. It is possible to globally fit high-quality biosensor data with simple bimolecular reaction models, which validates the technology as a biophysical tool for interaction analysis.
Sources of acoustic emission generated during the plastic deformation of 7075 aluminum alloy

The plastic deformation of crystalline solids will in general result in the generation of acoustic emission. Identifying the actual sources of the acoustic emission is difficult since the data may be comprised of emissions from several sources which may be operating either independently or cooperatively. By using a series of testing procedures and simultaneously measuring the dislocation damping while testing, it has been possible to identify the major sources of acoustic emission in 7075-T6 and 7075-T651 aluminum alloys. For the 7075-T651 alloy essentially all of the emission is from the fracture of small intermetallic precipitates dispersed within the matrix. For the alloy in the T-6 temper there is additional acoustic emission occurring at the onset of plastic deformation due to break-away and subsequent motion of dislocation line segments from their pinning points.
Tracing the cellular expression of neuromodulatory genes

Abstract Novel strategies in molecular biology can now isolate single genes unique to central neurons. A parallel approach to identify loci which determine specific excitability patterns in the brain, presents a complementary framework to explore gene expression within the developing mammalian central nervous system. A search for mutations in mice with abnormal cortical synchronization is a simple method to isolate functional neuromodulatory loci and to examine molecular diseases of neuronal integration at a cellular level. Analysis of one of these genes, tg, is beginning to yield unexpected clues into mechanisms of inherited epileptogenesis.
Developing knowledge-based systems for strategic corporate planning

Abstract Knowledge-based systems have the potential to provide effective computer support for strategic corporate planning. Such systems are distinct from, and in some ways go beyond, the conventional financial- and mathematical-based decision support systems currently in widespread use. As part of their research in this area, the authors have developed several knowledge-based systems which are useful in strategic corporate planning. This article begins with a description of knowledge-based systems, and their distinguishing characteristics. Several areas of strategic corporate planning, which lend themselves to knowledge-based systems support, are then discussed. The article then describes a knowledge-based system for strategic corporate planning. The final section describes ways in which such systems may be expanded and developed in the future.
A note on the core of the overlapping generations model

Abstract In this note it is shown that, without certain restrictions on the coalitions that may form, the core of the overlapping generations model may be empty. The introduction of money, while expanding the trading possibilities, does not eliminate the problem.
Near-ground tornado-like vortex structure resolved by particle image velocimetry (PIV)

The near-ground flow structure of tornadoes is of utmost interest because it determines how and to what extent civil structures could get damaged in tornado events. We simulated tornado-like vortex flow at the swirl ratios of S = 0.03–0.3 (vane angle θv = 15°–60°), using a laboratory tornado simulator and investigated the near-ground-vortex structure by particle imaging velocimetry. Complicated near-ground flow was measured in two orthogonal views: horizontal planes at various elevations (z = 11, 26 and 53 mm above the ground) and the meridian plane. We observed two distinct vortex structures: a single-celled vortex at the lowest swirl ratio (S = 0.03, θv = 15°) and multiple suction vortices rotating around the primary vortex (two-celled vortex) at higher swirl ratios (S = 0.1–0.3, θv = 30°–60°). We quantified the effects of vortex wandering on the mean flow and found that vortex wandering was important and should be taken into account in the low swirl ratio case. The tangential velocity, as the dominant velocity component, has the peak value about three times that of the maximum radial velocity regardless of the swirl ratio. The maximum velocity variance is about twice at the high swirl ratio (θv = 45°) that at the low swirl ratio (θv = 15°), which is contributed significantly by the multiple small-scale secondary vortices. Here, the results show that not only the intensified mean flow but greatly enhanced turbulence occurs near the surface in the tornado-like vortex flow. The intensified mean flow and enhanced turbulence at the ground level, correlated with the ground-vortex interaction, may cause dramatic damage of the civil structures in tornadoes. This work provides detailed characterization of the tornado-like vortex structure, which has not been fully revealed in previous field studies and laboratory simulations. It would be helpful in improving the understanding of the interaction between the tornado-like vortex structure and the ground surface, ultimately leading to better predictions of tornado-induced wind loads on civil structures.
LIMIT ON SECOND CLASS POLAR VECTOR COUPLINGS IN SEMILEPTONIC WEAK INTERACTIONS

Although a great deal of experimental work has succeeded in limiting a possible second class axial coupling to about ten percent of the size of weak magnetism, published limits on the size of a possible second class polar vector current are one order of magnitude less sensitive. We summarize the present situation and demonstrate that muon capture provides the strictest present limit.
A Kindred with Familial Glucocorticoid–Suppressible Aldosteronism

Two brothers age 7 and 9 were found to have hypokalemic alkalosis, severe hypertension, elevated aldosterone and suppressed renin. The administration of small doses of glucocorticoids normalized their blood pressure, electrolyte picture and renin-aldosterone system, although intermittent elevation of ketogenic and 17-ketosteroids persisted. Some efforts to identify a specific adrenal enzymatic defect by analysis for individual steroids however were unsuccessful. Their mother also had hypertension, elevated aldosterone, suppressed renin and responses of electrolyte balance to sodium restriction and administration typical of patients with primary aldosteronism. Prednisone also normalized her renin and aldosterone but spironolactone had to be added to restore her long standing elevated blood pressure to normal. This family is similar to patients reported by three other medical centers but the newly described patients required several weeks for a complete response of all parameters to glucocorticoid treatment...
Infectious enteritis after intestinal transplantation: incidence, timing, and outcome.

Abstract Aim To review the incidence, timing, and outcome of infectious enteritis after intestinal transplantation (IT). Method A retrospective review of all patients undergoing IT at a single institution between 1991 and 2003 was analyze with standard statistical tools. Results Among 33 IT recipients, 13 (39%) developed 20 culture- or biopsy-proven episodes of infectious enteritis. The recipient demographics were 77% men and median age 2.6 years. Infections were diagnosed at a median of 76 days (32 to 1800) after IT. There were 14 viral (CMV one, rotavirus eight, adenovirus four, EBV one, three bacterial (Clostridium difficile), and three other infections (Giardia lamblia one, cryptosporidium two). Complete resolution was achieved in 17 (94%) infectious after appropriate antimicrobial or conservative therapy. Interestingly, there were six rejection episodes following infectious enteritis. Grafts were lost to rejection after rotaviral enteritis (n = 1) and adenoviral enteritis misdiagnosed as rejection (n = 1). Patient and graft survival were not adversely affected by infections. Conclusions Infectious enteritis occurs frequently after IT. Viral agents are the cause in two-thirds of cases. With supportive care and appropriate treatment, resolution is possible in the majority of cases. Differentiating rejection and infection by histopathology can be difficult.
Teaching Disaster Preparedness in Geographic Education

Abstract Extreme natural and human-made disasters can affect the lives of thousands of citizens. The only way we can prepare ourselves for such situations is to learn and establish basic survival strategies within our families and communities. This article explores how K–12 teachers could help educating children about disaster preparedness by utilizing existing educational standards and Web portals for disaster education. A set of exemplary lesson plans for elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools, based on the National Geography Standards, describe how disaster preparedness could be integrated in lesson planning. The lesson plans can be downloaded at http://www.geo.txstate.edu/grosvenor/publications/GEO7347_lesson_plans.pdf.
Strategies to manage the HIV epidemic in gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men.

Purpose of reviewHIV epidemic spread continues among gay, bisexual, and other MSM globally in 2013. These epidemics are occurring in rapidly shifting contexts among these men, which have important impacts on HIV spread, HIV programs, access to services and human rights. Current HIV prevention strate
Relation between precipitate-free zone width and grain boundary type in 7075-T7 Al alloy

Abstract The effect of grain boundary (GB) type on precipitate-free zone (PFZ) width in friction stir-processed 7075-T7 Al alloy is investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and stereology. The average half width of PFZs at random GBs is 70.4 ± 0.7 nm. For low-angle GBs, an apparent transition of PFZ half width is observed at a misorientation of 11°. For coincidence site lattice (Σ) GBs, only Σ1, Σ3 and Σ5 have smaller PFZ width than that of random GBs. Crystal-frame stereology is used to recover the GB plane distribution. It is found that the GB plane distribution is relatively isotropic for most Σ GBs. Low/high index plane combinations are observed for most Σ GBs; furthermore, most Σ GBs have both tilt and twist components. The combined results of TEM and stereology suggest that smaller PFZ width is associated only with low Σ GBs since the formation and growth of PFZs at GBs depends closely on the core structure, in addition to the geometric structure of GBs.
Accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls in Atlantic tomcod (Microgadus tomcod) collected from the Hudson River estuary, New York.

The Hudson River estuary contains elevated levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) throughout its course. HORN et al. (1979) estimated that almost 300 metric tons of residual PCBs are present in the sediments, a level of contamination exceeding other aquatic ecosystems in the United States (US EPA 1976). General Electric's capacitor manufacturing facilities in the upper river at Fort Edward and Hudson Falls, New York, were the major sources of PCBs (HETLING et al. 1979). Discharges of PCBs from these facilities were sharply curtailed in 1976 and terminated in June 1977. PCB concentrations in the Hudson estuary recently ranged from 4 to 6 ~g/g in the sediments and 0.0001 to 0.0011 mg/l in the water column.
Novel Cues Reinstate Cocaine-Seeking Behavior and Induce Fos Protein Expression as Effectively as Conditioned Cues

Cue reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-seeking behavior is a widely used model of cue-elicited craving in abstinent human addicts. This study examined Fos protein expression in response to cocaine cues or to novel cues as a control for activation produced by test novelty. Rats were trained to self-administer cocaine paired with either a light or a tone cue, or received yoked saline and cue presentations, and then underwent daily extinction training. They were then tested for reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-seeking behavior elicited by response-contingent presentations of either the cocaine-paired cue or a novel cue (that is, tone for those trained with a light or vice versa). Surprisingly, conditioned and novel cues both reinstated responding and increased Fos similarly in most brain regions. Exceptions included the anterior cingulate, which was sensitive to test cue modality in saline controls and the dorsomedial caudate-putamen, where Fos was correlated with responding in the novel, but not conditioned, cue groups. In subsequent experiments, we observed a similar pattern of reinstatement in rats trained and tested for sucrose-seeking behavior, whereas rats trained and tested with the cues only reinstated to a novel, and not a familiar, light or tone. The results suggest that novel cues reinstate responding to a similar extent as conditioned cues regardless of whether animals have a reinforcement history with cocaine or sucrose, and that both types of cues activate similar brain circuits. Several explanations as to why converging processes may drive drug and novel cue reinforcement and seeking behavior are discussed.
A Combustion Research Facility for Testing Advanced Materials for Space Applications

The test facility presented herein uses a groundbased rocket combustor to test the durability of new ceramic composite and metallic materials in a rocket engine thermal environment. A gaseous H2/02 rocket combustor (essentially a ground-based rocket engine) is used to generate a high temperature/high heat flux environment to which advanced ceramic and/or metallic materials are exposed. These materials can either be an integral part of the combustor (nozzle, thrust chamber etc) or can be mounted downstream of the combustor in the combustor exhaust plume. The test materials can be uncooled, water cooled or cooled with gaseous hydrogen.
A mean-field study of a model system of grafted rods

We study the phase behaviour of a model system of grafted rods on an impenetrable surface, using a van der Waals-like mean-field theory. By accounting for the anisotropy of the inplane excluded volume effects, it is shown that the in-plane orientational symmetry can be broken for adsorption energy exceeding some critical value, in a density interval, thus leading to a discontinuity in (the derivative of) the fraction of molecules in each orientation. It is further demonstrated, using a van der Waals-type theory, that the inclusion of attractive interactions, when coupled with the anisotropic excluded volume effects, may drive the transition to first order, in addition to inducing the usual gas-liquid transition
Nonlinear optical properties of urea

Abstract We report measurements on the second and third order nonlinear hyperpolarizabilities of the urea molecule using the techniques of dc field induced second-harmonic generation and four-wave mixing. Single crystals of urea have been grown and found to have high optical damage thresholds from the near ir to the uv region of the spectrum.
Constructive Membership Predicates as Index Types

In the constructive setting, membership predicates over recursive types are inhabited by terms indexing the elements that satisfy the criteria for membership. In this paper, we motivate and explore this idea in the concrete setting of lists and trees. We show that the inhabitants of membership predicates are precisely the inhabitants of a generic shape type. We show that membership of x (of type T) in structure S, (x@?"TS) can not, in general, index all parts of a structure S and we generalize to a form @r@?S where @r is a predicate over S. Under this scheme, (@lx.True)@?S is the set of all indexes into S, but we show that not all subsets of indexes are expressible by strictly local predicates. Accordingly, we extend our membership predicates to predicates that retain state ''from above'' as well as allow ''looking below''. Predicates of this form are complete in the sense that they can express every subset of indexes in S. These ideas are motivated by experience programming in Nuprl's constructive type theory and examining the constructive content of mechanically checked formal proofs involving membership predicates.
Physical Planning of a Glass Plant Process Control Computer Installation

A strong foundation for the successful implementation of a process control computer system is the result of careful and thorough planning of all physical equipment in the early stages of the project. This was accomplished during installation of the existing float glass process control systems at both the Nashville and Dearborn glass plants of Ford Motor Company.
Microstructure and Molecular Interaction in Glycerol Plasticized Chitosan/Poly(vinyl alcohol) Blending Films

Exploring some basic interactions in blending systems is of great significance for designing a blend with controlled structure and properties. This work attempts to analyze microstructure and molecular interaction in glycerol plasticized chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) blends by atomic force microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Our results show that the blending films are aggregated by spherical chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) blending nanoparticles. The size and aggregation behavior of these particles are closely related to glycerol content. The presence of glycerol gives rise to a continuous closing in Tg of poly(vinyl alcohol) and chitosan components, suggesting an improved miscibility of the blend. Strong hydrogen bonding interaction in the blend is observed and further distinguished by peak resolution. Moreover, more interesting evidence on the effect of glycerol in the blends is provided by monitoring the structure evolution of the blend at different blending steps using atomic force microscopy. The formation of strong hydrogen bonding network among glycerol molecules and polymer matrix was considered as the main driving force to result in the changes in the microstructure and miscibility of the blend.
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion in patients with olfactory neuroblastoma.

ObjectiveThe syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) has been reported as a paraneoplastic syndrome in many different types of malignancies. Several case reports of SIADH have been reported in patients with olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB), but the exact incidence is unknown. The purpose of this study was to review our experience with olfactory neuroblastoma and to identify all patients who had a history of SIADH prior to the diagnosis of ONB.Study DesignCase series and chart reviewSettingTertiary care university-affiliated medical center.Subjects and MethodsA total of 21 patients presented to our institution with ONB between 1997 and 2009. All records were reviewed for a history of preoperative hyponatremia or SIADH.ResultsThree patients were identified who had a history of SIADH prior to the diagnosis of ONB. Immunohistochemical staining of the tumor specimens from the 3 patients with SIADH was positive for arginine vasopressin. SIADH resolved in all 3 patients after successful tre...
The Protective Role of Perceived Social Support against the Manifestation of Depressive Symptoms in Peer Victims.

Students who are victimized by their peers are at risk for developing depressive symptoms, which is detrimental for academic and social development. Social support may be a protective factor for peer victims, and the manner in which this occurs may vary according to gender, age, and other demographic variables. This study examined the main and stress-buffering effects of perceived social support from various sources against the manifestation of depressive symptoms for peer victims. A convenience sample of 544 seventh and eighth graders from three middle schools completed a survey assessing depressive symptoms, peer victimization experiences, and perceived social support from parents, teachers, classmates, and a close friend. Perceived social support from parents and from a close friend buffered the manifestation of depressive symptoms for male peer victims. Main effects, but not stress-buffering effects, were found for female peer victims across all sources of support. Implications of these findings, limi...
Clinical trial discussion, referral, and recruitment: physician, patient, and system factors.

Patient participation in cancer clinical trials is imperative to the advancement of medical science. Physicians play an important role in recruitment by discussing clinical trials with their cancer patients. Patient–physician discussion is influenced by many factors relating to the physician, the patient, and the healthcare system. Physicians selected from the 2008–2009 American Medical Association Physician Masterfile who practiced in California, Florida, Illinois, or New York and specialized in medical oncology, surgery, or radiation oncology were surveyed about their attitudes and practices with respect to breast cancer clinical trials. Practice types were categorized according to the classifications provided by the American College of Surgeons, and clinical trial and practice addresses were geocoded. Surveys were completed by 706 of 1,534 eligible physicians (46 %). Medical oncologists were more likely than surgical or radiation oncologists to discuss the possibility, benefits, and risks of clinical trial enrollment with their breast cancer patients. Physicians who spent the most time in patient care were least likely to discuss clinical trials with their patients. Distance from a physician’s practice to the nearest clinical trial site was inversely associated with referral and recruitment. Perceived barriers to clinical trial participation were associated with greater referral activity suggesting that physicians who were more involved in trials were also more likely to understand barriers to participation. Multilevel interventions may be successful at increasing participation of women in clinical trials.
Time Course of Decrease in Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in Lungs of Chronically Hypoxic Newborn Pigs. † 1793

Time Course of Decrease in Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in Lungs of Chronically Hypoxic Newborn Pigs. † 1793
Phosphorus models for eutrophic lakes

Abstract A model is developed for a highly eutrophic lake (White Lake, Michigan) which incorporates both the water and sediment systems and considers two forms of phosphorus—particulate and dissolved. Dynamic interactions of phosphorus between sediments and water are quantified by taking account particulate phosphorus sinking to the sediment-water interface and diffusion of dissolved phosphorus across the interface. Other model mechanisms include vertical eddy diffusion in the water; phosphorus transformation between the particulate form and the dissolved form in both the water and the sediment, diffusion of phosphorus in the interstitial water, and sedimentation in the sediments. Extensive field data have been used to determine the coefficients and parameters defined in the model formulations. Close agreement between the model calculations and the observed data is obtained, especially for the upper layers of the sediment. Sensitivity analysis for the model further substantiates the model calculations. It is found that two separate forms of phosphorus are necessary to gain detailed insight into the dynamics of phosphorus cycling in White Lake. The model also explains significant releases of phosphorus during anaerobic periods from the sediment to the hypolimnion of White Lake in summer. The general applicability of the model to lakes having different degrees of eutrophication must be determined by an examination and analysis of data from other systems.
"Nosso Terreno" crise moral, política evangélica e a formação da 'Nova Direita' brasileira

A direita politica evangelica no Brasil tornou-se presuntiva, mas foram prefiguradas durante os processos simultâneos de redemocratizacao nacional e de politizacao evangelica na decada de 1970 . Nesta encruzilhada, os lideres de varias denominacoes religiosas adotaram a linguagem de uma crise moral aguda, lancando as bases para uma direita evangelica. A propria crise moral tornou-se "nosso terreno", o ponto de insercao dos evangelicos de direita na esfera politica, e uma das varias questoes-chave que dividem evangelicos reacionarios e seus correligionarios progressistas. Ate o momento da Constituinte, a posicao dos Batistas e Assembleianos, como vozes dos conservadores que apoiaram amplamente o regime militar e se opuseram as iniciativas de justica social do ecumenismo de esquerda e ao comunismo, tinha sido estabelecida apos anos de pronunciamentos que ligavam essas questoes a crise moral. Este artigo inicia um exame desses anos, dos contornos determinantes da transicao gradual das coisas etereas para as coisas politicas - e o significado destes contornos para facilitar a ascensao da direita evangelica.
Interrater reliability in pupillary measurement.

Abstract Study objective: A previous report documented ranges of normal pupil size on the basis of measurements by the principal investigator. In this report, we examine interrater reliability of pupillary measurement. Methods: According to a randomized double-blind assignment, healthy volunteers received phenylephrine in one eye and sterile water in the other. After a wait period, the principal investigator and then other observers, using a gauge with a modified Haab scale, took measurements of each pupil, both in fluorescent light (2,700 to 5,400 lux) and bright light (>54,000 lux), whereas the contralateral pupil was concealed. For the first pupil observed in each session, each observer also provided a gestalt judgment of whether the pupil was dilated. In the study's main comparison, paired differences between principal investigator and nonprincipal investigator measurements were summarized by using the median and interquartile range for measurements taken in both light intensities. Interrater agreement in diagnosing pupillary dilation was also calculated for gestalt judgment and for simple measurement. Results: Among 149 principal investigator/nonprincipal investigator pairs taken from 102 participants, principal investigator room-light measurements were 0.2 mm (median 0.2 mm; interquartile range –0.4 to 0.7 mm) greater than those from other observers, but there was no difference in bright-light measurements (median 0 mm; interquartile range –0.5 to 0.4 mm). Nevertheless, principal investigator/nonprincipal investigator percentage agreement in judging dilation by means of measurement was high in both light intensities (85% to 86%). In pupils with gestalt judgment of the presence or absence of pupillary dilation, percentage agreement between nonprincipal investigator observers was higher for measurement (75% to 82%) than for gestalt judgment (61%). Conclusion: There was no systematic difference between principal investigator and nonprincipal investigator bright-light measurements, supporting the range of normal values published previously. Interrater agreement in diagnosing pupillary dilation by means of measurement was high. [ Ann Emerg Med. 2003;41:832-837.]
Is endemic goiter due to a lack of iodine

I. INTRODUCTION THE author (36) has recently presented evidence indicating that goiter did not exist in the Americas or in New Zealand before the coming of white men nor in England before the eighteenth century. Moreover, the temporal variations in the incidence of goiter at various places in North America, and elsewhere, seem inconsistent with the view that lack of iodine in food, or water, or both, is the only, or even the chief, cause of goiter (36). These findings have prompted a re-examination of the evidence upon which that hypothesis rests. The results have been startling and appear to be of sufficient importance to warrant publication. The hypothesis that endemic goiter is due to a lack of iodine seems to have been first presented by Prevost (79), apparently without any evidence in its supportother than the successful use of iodine and, before the discovery of the element, of burnt sponge, in the treatment of goiter by a number of physicians. Shortly thereafter, Chatin (17) presented the results o...
Moral Intuition and Media Entertainment

This paper applies the social intuitionist perspective of moral foundations theory (MFT) to the study of media entertainment. It begins by introducing the MFT’s conception of morality as an intuitive evaluative response governed by the association of moral codes organized in five mental modules. These include harm/care (concerned with suffering and empathy); fairness (related to reciprocity and justice); loyalty (dealing with common good and punitiveness toward outsiders); authority (negotiating dominance hierarchies); and purity (concerned with sanctity and contamination). After discussing initial tests examining MFT’s application to narrative appeal, and its potential broad application to entertainment theory, a model of intuitive morality and exemplars (MIME) is presented. The model describes long-term and short-term processes of reciprocal influence between media and moral intuition. In the long-term, the model predicts that repeated exposure to module-related content will lead to an individual and cu...
Comment on a paper by Pauli and Brodsky

It is noted that a recent work by Pauli and Brodsky is in conflict with theorems obtained by the author which demonstrate that light-cone field theories lack both covariance and a conserved charged operator.
Age-dependent odontogenic lesions in rats after a single i.p. injection of N-nitroso-N-methylurea

The development of a variety of odontogenic lesions was elicited by a single i.p. injection of N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU) at a dose of 150 mg/kg body weight. A total of 190 male Wistar/Furth rats were used in this study. The odontogenic lesions appeared macroscopically, mainly as supernumerary lower incisors, 88 +/- 3.48 (SE) days after administration of the carcinogen. Tumors were classified as compound and complex odontomas, odontoameloblastomas and ameloblastomas. 72% of rats (31 out of 43) 6 weeks old at the time of inoculation developed microscopic alterations in the odontogenic organs of the incisors; only 4% (2 of 49) of rats injected at 8 weeks of age developed similar alterations. These findings suggest the presence of an ontogenic mechanism susceptible to damage by chemical carcinogens.
Roger Nash Baldwin, the National Civil Liberties Bureau, and Military Intelligence During World War I

(1997). Roger Nash Baldwin, the National Civil Liberties Bureau, and Military Intelligence During World War I. The Historian: Vol. 60, No. 1, pp. 87-106.
Folding of phage P22 coat protein monomers: kinetic and thermodynamic properties.

To assemble into a virus with icosahedral symmetry, capsid proteins must be able to attain multiple conformations. Whether this conformational diversity is achieved during folding of the subunit, or subsequently during assembly, is not clear. Phage P22 coat protein offers an ideal model to investigate the folding of a monomeric capsid subunit since its folding is independent of assembly. Our early studies indicated that P22 coat protein monomers could be folded into an assembly-competent state in vitro, with evidence of a kinetic intermediate. Using urea denaturation, coat protein monomers are shown to be marginally stable. The reversible folding of coat protein follows a three-state model, N ⇔ I ⇔ U, with an intermediate exhibiting most of the tryptophan fluorescence of the folded state, but little secondary structure. Folding and unfolding kinetics monitored by circular dichroism, tryptophan fluorescence, and bisANS fluorescence indicate that several kinetic intermediates are populated sequentially through parallel channels en route to the native state. Additionally, two native states were identified, suggesting that the several conformers required to assemble an icosahedral capsid may be found in solution before assembly ensues.
Chondrogenic differentiation of adult mesenchymal stem cells and embryonic cells in collagen scaffolds

Many cell types and cellular microenvironments have been explored for articular cartilage tissue engineering. We compared the potential of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and P19 embryonic carcinoma cells (ECCs), a pluripotent derivative of embryonic stem cells (ESCs), for cartilage histogenesis in porous collagen scaffolds in vitro. We found that while both MSCs and ECCs express α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), only MSCs exhibit condensation and contraction necessary for cartilage histogenesis. Furthermore, histology confirmed that only MSCs exhibited sulfated glycosaminoglycans and collagen type II formation after 14 days in culture. We conclude that MSCs appear to be superior over ECCs for cartilage regeneration under particular culture conditions. The α-SMA-expressing ECCs may not have contracted due to the absence of actin unit polymerization or the absence of myosin molecules. Our observations may explain the absence of a contractile scar in fetal wound healing.
The effects of surface chemistry and adsorbed proteins on monocyte/macrophage adhesion to chemically modified polystyrene surfaces.

Monocytes and macrophages play critical roles in inflammatory responses to implanted biomaterials. Monocyte adhesion may lead to macrophage activation and the foreign body response. We report that surface chemistry, preadsorbed proteins, and adhesion time all play important roles during monocyte adhesion in vitro. The surface chemistry of tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS), polystyrene, Primaria, and ultra low attachment (ULA) used for adhesion studies was characterized by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis. Fibrinogen adsorption measured by (125)I-labeled fibrinogen was the lowest on ULA, higher on TCPS, and the highest on polystyrene or Primaria. Monocyte adhesion on protein preadsorbed surfaces for 2 h or 1 day was measured with a lactate-dehydrogenase method. Monocyte adhesion decreased over time. The ability of preadsorbed proteins to modulate monocyte adhesion was surface dependent. Adhesion was the lowest on ULA, higher and similar on TCPS or polystyrene, and the highest on Primaria. Monocyte adhesion on plasma or fibrinogen adsorbed surfaces correlated positively and linearly to the amount of adsorbed fibrinogen. Preadsorbed fibronectin, immunoglobulin G, plasma, or serum also promoted adhesion compared with albumin preadsorbed or uncoated surfaces. Overall, biomaterial surface chemistry, the type and amount of adsorbed proteins, and adhesion time all affected monocyte adhesion in vitro.
Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of Breech Fed and 40-Distributed Energy Stage Plasma Arc Railguns

The design and experimental results of a 40-stage distributed energy store (DES) plasma arc railgun are presented. The railgun drives a free running hypervelocity plasma arc, one that is not pushing a payload, to velocities in excess of 10 km/s. These high velocities are of interest as they are required to successfully launch payloads into low earth orbit (LEO). The ability to launch payloads into LEO using a hypervelocity electromagnetic launcher has many financial benefits over the more conventional chemical combustion launchers. In collaboration with an Air Force Office of Scientific Research funded Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative project, the Center for Pulsed Power and Power Electronics at Texas Tech University in Lubbock, Texas has been responsible for developing and investigating a functional scale model of a multistage DES railgun to determine its effectiveness to suppress restrike phenomenon and increase plasma armature railgun performance. The distributed energy scheme is theorized to suppress restrike arc formation because the back emf voltage is localized to active stage regions where high gas density and low temperature inhibits breakdown. B-dot sensors positioned along the length of the launcher provide data to measure the plasma arc velocity and detect restrike, arc splitting, or additional secondary arc formation phenomena.
Investigation of the electrical potential of the isolated midgut of the freshwater teleost,Ameiurus nebulosus

Durch Veranderung des innern oder aussern Milieus beim isolierten Mitteldarm eines Teleostiers wird das Potential quer zur Wand verandert. Dies ermoglicht Schlusse auf die Ionenwanderung und damit Ionenregulation dieses Susswasserfisches.
Validation of risk factors in predicting recoarctation after initially successful balloon angioplasty for native aortic coarctation

Despite gratifying immediate results, significant recoarctation at follow-up has been observed after balloon angioplasty of native aortic coarctation. Risk factors for such recurrences have been identified in one of our previous studies. In this study we examined the value of these risk factors in the prediction of recoarctation after balloon angioplasty. During a 6-year period ending in September 1993, 37 infants and children aged 2 days to 15 years underwent balloon angioplasty of native coarctation with resultant reduction in coarctation gradient from 45 +/- 17 (mean +/- SD) to 12 +/- 9 mm Hg (p < 0.001). On the basis of results of 4- to 48-month follow-up catheterization in 30 children, recoarctation developed in 8 (27%) children. The data from these patients were scrutinized to identify subjects that exhibited the previously determined risk factors, namely age < 12 months, size of aortic isthmus less than two thirds the size of the ascending aorta, coarcted aortic segment < 3.5 mm before angioplasty, and coarcted segment < 6.0 mm after angioplasty. Then, thirty variables (Table I) were examined by logistic regression to identify factors responsible for recoarctation; the data from both study groups were combined for this analysis. The prevalence of recoarctation in each subgroup with a given number of risk factors is similar (p < 0.1) to that observed in the initial study identifying the risk factors. In addition, logistic regression identified age (p = 0.014), size of isthmus (p = 0.006), preangioplasty coarcted segment (p = 0.01), and postangioplasty coarcted segment (p = 0.006) as risk factors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Catalytically active gold: The role of cluster morphology

Recent studies of the CO oxidation activity exhibited by highly dispersed nano-gold (Au) catalysts have reached the following conclusions: (a) bilayer structures of Au are critical; (b) a strong interaction between Au and the support leads to wetting and electron-rich Au; (c) oxidative environments deactivate Au catalyst by re-oxidizing the support, which causes the Au to de-wet and sinter. Recent results have shown that the direct intervention of the support is not necessary to facilitate the CO oxidation reaction; therefore, an Au-only mechanism is sufficient to explain the reaction kinetics.
Theory of Low-Energy-Electron Scattering by Polar Molecules

The diffusion cross section for electrons in a gas of polar molecules is calculated. The improvement over a previous calculation is the use of the exact scattering cross section of a charged particle by a point dipole rather than the first Born approximation. For ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O the correction amounts to about 20% and worsens the agreement with experiment.
Attribute availability and the shape bias in children's category generalization

Abstract The tendency of young children to focus on the component attribute of shape in making category decisions was assessed in three experiments. In Experiment 1a, preschoolers made category generalizations to novel objects primarily on the basis of single attributes of those objects. When they heard either labels or stories suggesting that the objects were members of particular animal categories, body shape was the most commonly used attribute. The fact that stories, which did not include labels, resulted in a shape bias indicates that the phenomenon is not a specifically linguistic constraint. This bias to base decisions on shape did not occur in Experiment lb in which the materials were designed to look unlike any animals that children had ever seen. In Experiment 2 the shape bias was reduced by varying other attributes (functional parts) that, like shape, could be considered to be basic-level category discriminators. The results suggest that children's shape bias is based on an interaction of conditions that highlight the existence of categories and children's knowledge about what types of attributes are useful for discriminating members of contrasting basic-level categories.
Computer aided design of a three-dimensional steel frame

Abstract This paper describes the sequence of events leading to the successful construction of a three dimensional welded and bolted steel frame which formed the structural support for the floors and roof of a church in Mt. Washington, Ohio. The structure was conceived, planned, designed and checked using the concept of computer aided design by means of ICES-STRUDL. The paper illustrates analysis, design, construction and shows the completed structure. The architectural concept was based on the structural system. Itwas conceived jointly by the architect and the structural engineer as a working team prior to the job competition. The preliminary design and its necessary analysis was performed during this conceptual stage at which time it was determined that the proposed system was feasible with respectto aesthetics, with respect to construction and costs, as well as with respect to being capable of proper analysis and design. The final design was then accomplished by both planar frame assumptions and space frame assumptions, where proper releases were employed in both analyses to account for the designer's best estimation of the actual behavior of the physical joints and connections. This was handled by ICES STRUDL-I on the IBM 360/365 digital computer using the capabilities of loading combinations, joint releases, section properties, deformation values, etc. The lack of accuracy of such an elastic and linear structural computer package is also briefly documented. It is relevant with respect to the actual connections in field construction. The framed structure was actually controlled by deflection criteria, although said criteria was not actually provided by the specifications per se, but rather by the psychological aspects of observable sway. Since this was a highly indeterminate and complex space frame, the interaction of member properties, joint framing, analysis, member checks with respect to specifications, and deformation could only have been successfully satisfied by means of a computer aided process. The main theme is the use of computer-aided design techniques in the planning stage and the preliminary design stage, where it was mandatory to determine the general feasibility of the overall system so that the architectural presentation could be accurately portrayed. An above normal degree of accuracy was also essential in the final design checks and thus a computer oreinted design process was essential to the successful execution of this type of structural system and its integration a priori into the architectural system.
The development of passive and active avoidance learning in the cat.

Kittens of 25 and 50 days of age were tested on a passive avoidance task in a 2-compartment black-white shuttle box. Latency t o enter the dark side of the box was the same for both groups on Day 1, but the latency to enter the dark side on Day 2 was much shorter for the younger kittens. Other kittens were trained in a step-up active avoidance task also at 25 and 50 days of age. No differences were found in active avoidance performance between the younger and older animals, indicating that active and passive avoidance tasks may possibly reflcct separate devclopmcntal proccsses that mature at different rates in the cat.