cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Absolute rate constants for the quenching of O2(b1Σg+) by unsaturated hydrocarbons

Abstract Absolute rate constants for the quenching of metastable O 2 (b 1 Σ g + by acetylene, ehtylene, propylene, butene-1, trans -butene-2, cis -butene-2, and tetramethylethylene were determined at 300°K. The rate constants range from 4 to 10 × 10 −13 cm 3 molecule −1 sec −1 , and exhibit a systematic variation with molecular structure of the olefins.
Critical role for IL-17A/F in the Immunopathogenesis of Obliterative airway disease induced by anti-mhc i antibodies

Background The IL-17 axis is implicated in pathogenesis of chronic rejection after human lung transplantation. Using a murine model of obliterative airway disease (OAD), we recently demonstrated that Abs to MHC class I antigens can induce immune responses to self-antigens that contributes to immunopathogenesis of chronic rejection. Using a murine model of OAD, we determined the role of IL-17 family members in induction of autoimmunity leading to OAD after ligation of MHC class I. Methods Anti-MHC class I or control antibodies (Abs) were administered intrabronchially to wild-type (WT) and IL-17a knock out (IL-17A-/-) C57BL/6. Results By day 30, anti-MHC I administered endobronchially in IL-17A-/- mice demonstrated significant reduction in cellular infiltration, a 36.8% reduction in CD4 T cells, 62.7% in CD11b macrophages, 37.5% in degree of fibrosis, 1.94 fold and 2.17 fold decrease in anti-KAT and anti-Col-V, respectively, when compared with wild-type mice. Analysis of lung infiltrating cells in anti-MHC I WT revealed increase in IL-17A (KAT:92+21,Col-V:103+19spm) and IL-17F (KAT:5.03%,Col-V:2.75%) secreting CD4+ T cells. However, administration of anti-MHC I in IL-17A-/- demonstrated increase only in IL-17F for KAT (13.70%) and Col-V (7.08%). Anti-IL-17(A-F) mAb administration after anti-MHC I abrogated OAD in both WT and IL-17A-/-. Conclusion Our findings indicate that IL-17A and IL-17F secreted by CD4+Th17 cells specific to lung self-antigens are critical mediators of autoimmunity leading to the pathogenesis of OAD.
In vivo phosphorus NMR spectroscopy of skin using a crossover surface coil.

A modified crossover surface coil with minimal B1 field penetration was used for collection of skin phosphorus NMR spectra. Projection imaging experiments show that the coilsensitive volume is uniform at the phosphorus frequency, but strikingly nonuniform at s the proton frequency. Experiments with an in vitro phosphorus phantom, designed to simulate skin and underlying tissue, demonstrated that 45.1% (±1.2%) of total signal was derived from Sprague-Dawley rat skin and 19.3% (±1.4%) of total signal was derived from Fischer-344 rat skin. 31P MR spectra of rat skin in vivo permitted resolution of four phosphorus compounds: nucleoside triphosphates, phosphocreatine (PCr), inorganic phosphate (Pi), and phosphomonoester. Spectra collected after skin flap surgery in Fischer-344 rats showed a 50.1% (±7.6%) reduction in the ratio of PCr/Pi within 30 min of surgery, compared to presurgical PCr/Pi levels (P < 0.01). Skin phosphorus spectra are potentially useful for assessment of skin flap and skin graft viability. © 1992 Academic Press, Inc.
Left Ventricular Collapse Secondary to Pericardial Effusion Treated with Pericardicentesis and Percutaneous Pericardiotomy in Severe Pulmonary Hypertension

A 61-year-old white female, a Jehovah's Witness, with severe pulmonary hypertension, presented with worsening heart failure symptoms. She had a pericardial effusion with left ventricular (LV) diastolic collapse on transthoracic echocardiography. She was not a candidate for surgical pericardial window and therefore underwent pericardiocentesis and percutaneous balloon pericardiotomy with remarkable improvement in her clinical condition and with no recurrence of the effusion. LV diastolic collapse, an atypical presentation of cardiac tamponade, is commonly seen in postoperative patients with localized pericardial effusions. However, outside the surgical setting, isolated LV diastolic collapse is rare. Our case is one of the first cases described in the literature of LV diastolic collapse in the setting of severe pulmonary hypertension treated successfully with pericardiocentesis and percutaneous balloon pericardiotomy.
Explicit incorporation of the energy–band structure into an analysis of the defect chemistry of PbTe and SnTe

A framework is established for the analysis of the defect chemistry of the entire (Pb1−xSnx)1−yTey system based upon statistical thermodynamic calculations and experimentally measured carrier-concentration and tellurium partial-pressure data. The energy-band structure, in which inversion of light-mass, non-parabolic, direct-gap bands occurs and a second, parabolic valence band is present, is explicity incorporated into the analysis for the first time and the usual non-degeneracy assumption is abandoned. The densities of states of the non-ellipsoidal bands and the Fermi levels are calculated numerically. The remaining intrinsic material parameters (the partial pressure of tellurium over intrinsic, pure material and the Schottky constant for doubly-ionized vacancies) are then determined by the fit to the carrier concentration-partial pressure-temperature data. The model established is applied to only PbTe and SnTe because of the lack of partial-pressure data for the ternary solid solutions and satisfactory fits are obtained. The Fermi level lies in the light-mass valence band of SnTe for all of the observed carrier concentrations so that previous analyses of SnTe, which assumed that the hole distribution is non-degenerate, were in error. The 1 at. % wide homogeneity range of SnTe is wide enough that a compositional variation in the sum of the chemical potentials of tin and tellurium has been detected experimentally. This variation is theoretically zero in the usual models for narrow homogeneity-range compounds, but is accounted for in this analysis. Quantitatively satisfactory fits are obtained for PbTe using 0.85mo for the density-of-states effective mass which characterizes the second, parabolic valence band extrema. Only slightly poorer fits are obtained with the roughly established value of 1.0mo. To obtain good fits for SnTe this mass must be increased from its rough value of 2.0mo to 2.8mo; otherwise the partial pressure-temperature curves for fixed compositions within the homogeneity range show too much curvature.
Current role of lateral cervical spine radiograph: a case report

We report a case showing the classic features of a Hangman’s cervical spine fracture following a motor vehicle collision. Because this injury was not diagnosed at ED presentation, this case also illustrates the select subset of trauma patients for whom the almost obsolete lateral cervical spine radiograph remains an important part of the radiographic trauma series.
Hormesis predicts low-dose responses better than threshold models.

This study evaluated characteristics of the concentration-response relationships of chemicals from the U.S. National Cancer Institute (NCI) Yeast Anticancer Drug Screen database with respect to the...
Joint reconstruction and segmentation of electron tomography data

Scanning transmission electron tomography is often used to reveal the internal structure of material samples. In this technique, a tilt series of tomographic projections is reconstructed to obtain volumetric information. The reconstructed scene is then segmented into regions with homogeneous properties to localize and quantify various material elements. Unfortunately, physical constraints limit the extent of the projection tilt series, leading to artifacts in the reconstructed volume, which can make subsequent segmentation difficult. In this work we use a different, discrete tomography, approach wherein we directly reconstruct only a limited and discrete set of pixel amplitudes, effectively performing the reconstruction and segmentation in a joint fashion. Unlike existing methods, the approach is based on direct formulation of the problem in the discrete domain. Solution of the subsequent challenging optimization problem is achieved through the iterative use of graph-cut methods applied to a physically motivated surrogate cost function. We show reconstruction results using synthetic phantom images for limited angle scenarios and compare them to conventional reconstruction techniques.
MORPHOLOGY AND MOLECULAR ORDERING IN LANGMUIR-BLODGETT FILMS FROM LADDER POLYHETEROARYLENES

Abstract We discuss features of the surface morphology and molecular ordering of Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films from complexes of poly(naphthoylene benzimidazole) precursor and stearic acid. The anisotropic shape of the rigid ladder polymers with conjugated backbones promotes high in-plane ordering of the macromolecules during formation of LB films. Atomic force microscopy, complemented by X-ray measurements, was used for characterization of the molecular ordering and surface morphology of LB films on a wide range of scales. The surfaces of these LB films are very smooth, with microroughness of 0.3–0.6 nm for films consisting of four or five layers. On the molecular scale we observe wavy ridges aligned along the dipping direction, which corresponds to the direction of the macromolecular backbones. The changes in surface morphology and rearrangement of the molecular backbones associated with thermal cyclization are discussed.
The Diffusion of Innovation Among Local Governments

This paper reports the findings of a study examining the diffusion of innovations among units of local government. The results of the study were similar to the findings reported by Gray concerning policy innovation in the states. Innovation in local government is issue-specific. While geographic diffusion patterns were noted, they tended to be different for each specific innovation. In general, there are no innovative or non-innovative cities. Cities in Walker's innovative states were no more or less innovative than cities in his least innovative states. Cities in the South and Southwest seem to be as innovative as their counterparts in other parts of the country.
Use of a fiber Fabry-Perot tunable filter for high-speed optical packet switching: towards an experimental prototype

Merging optical technology with fast packet switching will develop generation-after-next advanced technologies scalable to a Tbit/second. Serious challenge of such an implementation is the lack of an optical switch that would have a fast tuning speed, wide tuning range, low insertion loss, and be highly selective with a narrow passband at the same time. For this purpose we propose using a recent experimental Los Alamos National Laboratory and Micron Optics Co. break through--building an optical switch that works three orders of magnitude faster than its commercial predecessors, has a wide tuning range and low insertion loss, and is highly selective. Fast optical tuning in several microseconds is necessary to perform high-speed optical packet switching. One approach to achieve fast wavelength tuning is to use high-speed piezoelectrically- driven Fiber Fabry-Perot tunable filters. A special controller has substantially improved the shape of the driving signal and the response of the filter. The fastest switching time achieved without ringing is 3.0 microseconds. At the same time, implementation of high-speed optical packet switching rises the challenge of the bit synchronization of the packets. Conventional circuits are inadequate when a fast clock recovery for the short length packets is required because they need thousands bits to lock on. To deal with it, we propose to implement a bit clock synchronization technique for high-sped packet-switched optical network on a packet-per-packet basis. As a result, a new packet-switched media access control protocol can be designed to minimize the searching time.
Performance Pentagon: Five Strategies to Help All Students Make the Grade:

A review of current literature and practice suggests promising alternatives to social promotion and grade retention. The following five alternative strategies, which strike at the root causes of poor performance, offer genuine hope for helping all students to succeed: Intensify learning, provide professional development to ensure skilled teachers, expand learning options, assess students in a manner to assist teachers, and intervene in time to arrest poor performance.
Consumer Patronage of Manufacturers' Outlets:

The purpose of this study was to analyze consumer patronage of manufacturers' outlets from the perspective of exchange theory. Findings from the study of 300 consumers suggest that value is transferred to patrons of outlets through the existence of a qualitylprice differential. A sequential model for patronage of manufacturers' outlets in relationship to the consumer's information environment was developed and is discussed
The Baffling Swallow: Gilbert White, Charlotte Smith and the Limits of Natural History

Where do swallows go in the winter? Do they migrate to warmer climates? Or do they hibernate, like reptiles and large mammals? And if the latter, where do they hide? These questions obsessed Europe...
Observational evidence for various models of Moving Magnetic Features

New measurements of Moving Magnetic Features (MMFs) based on the observations of the active region NOAA 5612 made at Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO) on August 2, 1989 are presented. The existing theoretical models are checked against the new observations, and the origin of MMFs conjectured from the deduced observational constraints is discussed.
Trust and multi-agent systems: applying the diffuse, default model of trust to experiments involving artificial agents

We argue that the notion of trust, as it figures in an ethical context, can be illuminated by examining research in artificial intelligence on multi-agent systems in which commitment and trust are modeled. We begin with an analysis of a philosophical model of trust based on Richard Holton's interpretation of P. F. Strawson's writings on freedom and resentment, and we show why this account of trust is difficult to extend to artificial agents (AAs) as well as to other non-human entities. We then examine Margaret Urban Walker's notions of "default trust" and "default, diffuse trust" to see how these concepts can inform our analysis of trust in the context of AAs. In the final section, we show how ethicists can improve their understanding of important features in the trust relationship by examining data resulting from a classic experiment involving AAs.
Gene coexpression measures in large heterogeneous samples using count statistics.

With the advent of high-throughput technologies making large-scale gene expression data readily available, developing appropriate computational tools to process these data and distill insights into systems biology has been an important part of the “big data” challenge. Gene coexpression is one of the earliest techniques developed that is still widely in use for functional annotation, pathway analysis, and, most importantly, the reconstruction of gene regulatory networks, based on gene expression data. However, most coexpression measures do not specifically account for local features in expression profiles. For example, it is very likely that the patterns of gene association may change or only exist in a subset of the samples, especially when the samples are pooled from a range of experiments. We propose two new gene coexpression statistics based on counting local patterns of gene expression ranks to take into account the potentially diverse nature of gene interactions. In particular, one of our statistics is designed for time-course data with local dependence structures, such as time series coupled over a subregion of the time domain. We provide asymptotic analysis of their distributions and power, and evaluate their performance against a wide range of existing coexpression measures on simulated and real data. Our new statistics are fast to compute, robust against outliers, and show comparable and often better general performance.
Adaptable data management for systems biology investigations

Within research each experiment is different, the focus changes and the data is generated from a continually evolving barrage of technologies. There is a continual introduction of new techniques whose usage ranges from in-house protocols through to high-throughput instrumentation. To support these requirements data management systems are needed that can be rapidly built and readily adapted for new usage. The adaptable data management system discussed is designed to support the seamless mining and analysis of biological experiment data that is commonly used in systems biology (e.g. ChIP-chip, gene expression, proteomics, imaging, flow cytometry). We use different content graphs to represent different views upon the data. These views are designed for different roles: equipment specific views are used to gather instrumentation information; data processing oriented views are provided to enable the rapid development of analysis applications; and research project specific views are used to organize information for individual research experiments. This management system allows for both the rapid introduction of new types of information and the evolution of the knowledge it represents. Data management is an important aspect of any research enterprise. It is the foundation on which most applications are built, and must be easily extended to serve new functionality for new scientific areas. We have found that adopting a three-tier architecture for data management, built around distributed standardized content repositories, allows us to rapidly develop new applications to support a diverse user community.
Elevated temperature flow strength, creep resistance and diffusion welding characteristics of Ti-6Al-2Nb-1Ta-0.8Mo

A study of the flow strength, creep resistance and diffusion welding characteristics of the titanium alloy Ti-6Al-2Nb-1Ta-0.8Mo was conducted. Two mill-processed forms of this alloy were examined. The forged material was essentially processed above the beta transus while the rolled form was subjected to considerable work below the beta transus. Between 1150 and 1250 K, the forged material was stronger and more creep resistant than the rolled alloy. Both forms exhibit superplastic characteristics in this temperature range. Strain measurements during diffusion welding experiments at 1200 K reveal that weld interfaces have no measurable effect on the overall creep deformation. Significant deformation appears to be necessary to produce a quality diffusion weld between superplastic materials. A 'soft' interlayer inserted between faying surfaces would seemingly allow manufacture of quality diffusion welds with little overall deformation.
The rest of the story: the microbiome and gastrointestinal infections.

Bacterial infectious diseases are studied primarily as a host–pathogen dyad. However it is increasingly apparent that the gut microbial community is an important participant in these interactions. The gut microbiota influences bacterial infections in a number of ways, including via bacterial metabolism, stimulation of host immunity and direct bacterial antagonism. This review focuses on recent findings highlighting the interplay between the gastrointestinal microbiota, its host and bacterial pathogens; and emphasizes how these interactions ultimately impact our understanding of infectious diseases.
Contour guided surface deformation for volumetric segmentation

In clinical practice, when a subject is imaged (i.e. CT scan or MRI) the result is a 3D image of volumetric data. In order to study the organ, bone, or other object of interest, this data needs to be segmented to obtain a 3D model that can be used in any number of down stream applications. When used for treatment planning these segmentations need to not only be accurate but also produced quickly to avoid health risks. Automatic segmentation methods are becoming more reliable but many experts in the scientific community still rely on time consuming manual segmentation.
Novel Agents of Viral Enteritis in Humans

Considerable information has recently emerged regarding certain "groups" of novel viruses associated with gastroenteritis in humans. The viruses reviewed here are 20-35 nm in diameter and can be detected in the stools of acutely ill individuals with gastroenteritis. These viruses can be conveniently divided into four "groups": Norwalk-like agents, caliciviruses, astroviruses, and other small round viruses. The evidence for the etiologic association of these agents with gastroenteritis varies from agent to agent but is most extensive for the Norwalk-like agents, of which the Norwalk serotype is a major cause of epidemic gastroenteritis. Human caliciviruses appear to be relatively common causes of gastroenteritis in children, particularly in Japan and the United Kingdom. Astroviruses have been reported as occasional causes of gastroenteritis in children and adults in various parts of the world. The epidemiological significance of the other small round viruses is unknown. Because of the difficulty of cultivating these agents in vitro, biochemical and antigenic characterization of these agents is incomplete. An understanding of the pathogenesis of disease and of the roles of immune responses to infection is similarly at a primitive stage. The recent development of sensitive and efficient assays for detection of several of these agents and the reports that certain strains of human caliciviruses and astroviruses can be cultivated in vitro should facilitate characterization and epidemiological studies of these agents. Systematic, prospective epidemiological studies of these agents in well-defined populations of various age groups are sorely needed for definition of the relative importance of each agent in human disease. Such information is essential for the consideration of appropriate control measures.
The Influence of Africentric Values and Neighborhood Satisfaction on the Academic Self-Efficacy of African American Elementary School Children.

This exploratory study examined the relationships between Africentric values, racial/ethnic identity, neighborhood satisfaction, and academic self-efficacy beliefs among 88 African American elementary school children. Results indicated that Africentric values and neighborhood satisfaction were both predictive of academic self-efficacy beliefs. Racial/ethnic identity did not significantly predict the outcome variable. Este estudio exploratorio examino las relaciones entre valores Afrocentricos, identidad racial/etnica, satisfaccion en el vecindario y convicciones sobre la autoeficacia academica entre 88 ninos Afroamericanos en la escuela elemental. Los resultados indicaron que tanto los valores Afrocentricos como la satisfaccion en el vecindario podian predecir las convicciones sobre autoeficacia academica. La identidad racial/etnica no predijo significativamente la variable del resultado.
Variation in the Incidence of Distal Radius Fractures in the U.S. Elderly as Related to Slippery Weather Conditions

BACKGROUND: Distal radius fractures are costly and debilitating injuries, especially for the elderly. These fractures often occur from falls and commonly occur outdoors. Inclement weather may increase the risk of fall-related injuries. Small studies have reported an increased risk of distal radius fracture caused by inclement winter weather; larger studies are lacking. METHODS: The authors analyzed a sample of 2007 Medicare claims for distal radius fracture. Weather data were collected for the date and location of each distal radius fracture in the authors' analysis cohort. A novel slipperiness score was used as a measure of the severity of slippery outdoor conditions. Negative binomial regression models evaluated the correlation between slipperiness and distal radius fracture occurrence. RESULTS: Risk of distal radius fracture was higher in winter months (incidence rate ratio, 1.2; p Language: en
Climate change in California: scenarios and approaches for adaptation

Even with aggressive global action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the climate will continue to change for decades due to previous emissions and the inertia in biogeophysical and social systems. Therefore, as a complement to mitigation actions, society must also focus on enhancing its capacity to adapt to the unavoidable impacts of climate change that we are already experiencing and will continue to experience over the next few decades. Resource managers, regional planners, and government agencies need to consider climate risks in their planning. We provide an overview of climate change scenarios for California and suggestions on the use of climate projections in state and regional planning efforts in the future.
Perinatal Undernutrition: Accumulation of Catecholamines in Rat Brain

Brains of rats undernourished from midgestation and killed at weaning contained 25 percent less norepinephrine than brains of adequately fed littermates. Perinatal undernutrition also suppressed the accumulation of brain dopamine. Paradoxically, the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase, the enzyme thought to be rate-limiting in catecholamine biosynthesis, was significantly increased in brains from undernourished animals.
That Book Store in Bly Theville

Mary Gay Shipley built a charming business in Blytheville, Arkansas. She and her bookstore have a national reputation in the book world. Can That Bookstore in Blytheville leverage its reputation and charm into real profit?
Single-Family Room Design in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit—Challenges and Opportunities

The trend toward single-family room (SFR) design in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) has been driven by a growing understanding of the developmental needs of preterm infants, a desire to provide environments that support and encourage family participation, and infection control considerations. SFR design offers many potential benefits, but also requires substantial change in the NICU culture, as well as additional space and technology when compared to an open ward. The advantages and drawbacks of the SFR design are reviewed, and strategies are offered to assist those who are considering construction or renovation of an NICU.
Infrared brightness of a comet belt beyond Neptune

We consider the infrared brightness of a flattened comet belt beyond the orbit of Neptune using a disk-like model with a power-law density distribution of comets. We compare this spectrum with the emission from a model zodiacal dust cloud in the ecliptic and with published IRAS data and present some consequences of dust in the comet belt.
Effects of acid neutralization on the morphology and properties of organoclay nanocomposites formed from K+ and Na+ poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) ionomers

Abstract Nanocomposites were prepared by melt blending various sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ionomers formed from poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) and the M2(HT)2 organoclay formed from montmorillonite (MMT). The effects of the neutralization level of the acid groups and the precursor melt index on the morphology and properties of the nanocomposites were evaluated using stress-strain analysis, wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with particle analysis. The aspect ratio generally increases as the neutralization level increases, except for Na+ ionomer nanocomposites with neutralization levels >50%. It appears from both WAXS and TEM analyses that Na+ ionomer nanocomposites have higher levels of MMT exfoliation and particle orientation in the flow direction than K+ ionomer nanocomposites. DSC results indicate that the level of crystallinity in the Na+ ionomers generally increases slightly with MMT addition, while the crystallinity in the K+ ionomers decreases slightly with MMT addition. The relative modulus of K+ ionomer nanocomposites increases as the degree of neutralization increases. The relative moduli of Na+ ionomer nanocomposites are higher than the relative modulus of K+ ionomer nanocomposites, likely due to the increased crystallinity of the Na+ ionomers and the decreased crystallinity of the K+ ionomers upon addition of MMT, the higher exfoliation levels measured by the aspect ratios and the particle densities, and the higher particle orientation indicated by TEM and WAXS. The relative modulus generally increases as the aspect ratio increases. The elongation at break generally decreases as the MMT content increases and as the neutralization level increases for both ionomer types. The fracture energy of most of the ionomers increases with the addition of MMT, reaches a maximum between 2.5 and 5 wt% MMT, and then decreases upon further MMT addition.
Family Adaptations to Income and Job Loss in the U.S.

Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, this study examines the extent to which families experience major economic setbacks and how they respond. Families that experience a substantial loss of income or work hours are more likely to cut back on expenditures, receive public assistance, experience divorce or separation, and move. No evidence that partners are able to compensate for a major income loss by increasing their work hours was found. Initial conditions, such as income and assets, the unemployment rate of the area, and race, affect how a family adapts. Families with fewer resources and those who live in areas of high unemployment are more likely to rely on public assistance, and they are less likely to move, increase the work hours of the female head of household, or cut food expenditures.
Room temperature negative differential resistance characteristics of polar III-nitride resonant tunneling diodes

III-nitride resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs), consisting Al0.2Ga0.8N/GaN double-barrier (DB) active layers, were grown on c-plane lateral epitaxial overgrowth (LEO) GaN/sapphire and c-plane freestanding (FS) GaN. RTDs on both templates, fabricated into mesa diameters ranging from 5 to 35 μm, showed negative differential resistance (NDR) at room temperature. NDR characteristics (voltage and current density at NDR onset and current-peak-to-valley ratio) were analyzed and reported as a function of device size and substrate choice. Our results show that LEO RTDs perform as well as FS ones and DB active layer design and quality have been the bottlenecks in III-nitride RTDs.
DSM-III-R disorders in preschool children from low-income families.

ABSTRACT Objective To generate rates of DSM-III-R disorders in a sample of preschool children from low-income families, examine impairment ratings for preschool children meeting criteria for DSM-III-R disorders, and compare rates of psychopathology using DSM-III-R criteria with rates generated by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Method As part of an ongoing longitudinal study of 104 mother-child dyads from low-income families, data were gathered when children were 5 years of age. DSM-III-R disorders were diagnosed through the administration of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children to the mothers, and mothers competed the CBCL. Results Rates of DSM-III-R disorders among preschool children from low-income families were higher than those reported in community samples, but comparable with rates for low-income school-age children and adolescents. Children meeting criteria for DSM-III-R disorders were rated as significantly impaired. The prevalence of behavioral and emotional problems was similar by both DSM-III-R criteria and the CBCL. There was some evidence, however, that the two systems identified different children. Conclusions DSM-III-R criteria appear to adequately identify preschool children with serious behavioral and emotional problems. Longitudinal studies are needed to explore further the relative utility of the DSM and CBCL in the identification of psychopathology in preschool children. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 1997, 36(5):620–627.
On fitting generalized non-linear models with varying coefficients

This research involves varying-coefficients in an ecological regression model within a likelihood framework using the exponential family of distributions. Ecological regression is the term used when aggregate data are available, but inference for subgroups or individuals is desired. The ecological regression model considered here is non-linear and is fit to renal failure data for Texas to provide an estimate of disease prevalence by ethnicity and economic status using information available at the county level, not the subject level. An algorithm is proposed for fitting the varying-coefficients in such a non-linear regression model when the parameters are simultaneously unknown, but linear when the parameters are considered one-at-a-time. The approach is one of backfitting the estimates of the least favorable subproblems that arise in the context of profile likelihoods when the parameters are considered one-at-a-time. Backfitting is combined with the iteratively reweighted least squares formulation for fitting generalized linear models, providing an alternative to linearization techniques or a full-scale profile likelihood approach. Regression diagnostics for detecting outliers and influential points are briefly considered. The results of a small computer simulation study are reported.
Collagen biochemistry of osteopetrotic bone: I. Quantitative changes in bone collagen cross-links in virus-induced avian osteopetrosis.

Abstract The patterns of [3H]-NaBH4-reduced bone collagen cross-links from osteopetrotic chickens were compared with those of age-matched controls. Ratios of the reduced cross-links, dihydroxylysinonorleucine (DHLNL) 1 to hydroxylysinonorleucine (HLNL), were dramatically increased in tibia bone samples from osteopetrotic birds compared to values from control birds. In addition, the initial HLNL peak from osteopetrotic bone collagen was heterogeneous, whereas DHLNL from osteopetrotic or normal bone collagen and HLNL from normal bone collagen were homogeneous.
Photonic integrated circuit switch matrix and waveguide delay lines for optical packet synchronization

The first integrated synchronizer is demonstrated using silica delays coupled to an InP switch. Error-free performance is presented for delays of 0, 2.96, 6.56 and 9.52 ns.
Complications of urgent and emergency endoscopy in patients with GI bleeding as a function of time.

TO THE EDITOR: The time of presentation of patients with upper and lower GI bleeding or other conditions requiring urgent or emergency endoscopic evaluation is unpredictable. A variety of endoscopic factors have been used to risk-stratify patients and predict outcomes (1, 2), but the time of presentation has not been evaluated as a possible factor. A variety of factors including physician and nursing (3) availability, fatigue (4, 5), and support service availability fluctuate throughout the day and may influence performance and outcomes of urgent and emergency endoscopy. We hypothesized that the time of day that procedures were performed could have an impact on rates of complications during urgent/emergency endoscopy and investigated the frequency of complications at our institution as a function of time.
The Effect of Nanoparticle Size on Margination and Adhesion Propensity in Artificial Micro-Capillaries

Intravenous injection of nanoparticles as drug delivery vehicles is a common practice used in in-vivo and clinical trials of therapeutic agents to target specific cancerous or pathogenic sites. The vascular flow dynamics of nanocarriers in human capillaries play an important role in the ultimate efficacy of this drug delivery method. This article reports an experimental study of the effect of nanoparticle size on their margination and adhesion propensity in micro fabricated microfluidic channels of a half elliptical cross-section. Spherical polystyrene particles ranging in diameter from 60 to 970 nm were flown in the microchannels and individual particles adhered to either the channel’s top or bottom wall were imaged using fluorescence microscopy. The results show a significant increase in adhesion for particles with diameter below 200 nm as well as the emergence of a critical nanoparticle diameter of about 970 nm, where no nanoparticle adherence was observed on the top wall. For the same particle number concentration, the total volume of the nanoparticles adhered to the top and bottom walls was found to increase with decreasing diameter for diameters less than 200 nm. The results are explained by the competition between Brownian motion, gravity and hemodynamic forces on the nanoparticles. These findings on the flow behavior of spherical nanoparticles in artificial micro-capillaries provide further insight for the rational design of nanocarriers for targeted cancer therapeutics.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Structure of tubulin at 6.5 Å and location of the taxol-binding site

Tubulin, the major component of microtubules, is a heterodimer of two chains, alpha and beta, both of relative molecular mass 50,000 (Mr50K) and with 40-50% identity. The isotypic variety and conformational flexibility of tubulin have so far made it impossible to obtain crystals for X-ray work. Structural knowledge of tubulin has been limited to about 20 A from X-ray diffraction of oriented microtubules, and from electron microscopy of microtubules and zinc-induced crystalline sheets in negative stain. The sheets consist of protofilaments similar to those in microtubules but associated in an antiparallel arrangement, and their two-dimensional character is ideal for high-resolution electron microscopy. Here we present a three-dimensional reconstruction of tubulin to 6.5 A resolution, obtained by electron crystallography of zinc-induced two-dimensional crystals of the protein. The alpha- and beta-subunits appear topologically similar, in agreement with their sequence homology. Several features can be defined in terms of secondary structure. An apparent alpha-helical portion, adjacent to both interdimer and inter-protofilament contacts, is tentatively attributed to a segment near the carboxy terminus of the protein. We can assign the alpha- and beta-subunits on the basis of projection studies of the binding of taxol, which show one taxol site per tubulin heterodimer, in agreement with the known stoichiometry of taxol in microtubules. These studies indicate that taxol affects the interaction between protofilaments; to our knowledge, this is the first time that a ligand-binding site has been visualized in the tubulin molecule.
Religion, Story and the Law of Contracts: Reply to Professor Berman

Contract law, pronounced dead within the last decade, has undergone a Lazarus-like resurrection. The revival of scholarship runs the gamut from Professor Charles Fried's writing asserting promise as “the moral basis of contract law,” through the Second Restatement of Contracts which concedes the legitimacy of more communal based doctrines such as promissory estoppel, to the writings of Professor Ian MacNeil who argues that community is “the fundamental root, the base” of contract and the even more collectivist writings of scholars in the Conference on Critical Legal Studies. This revival of contract scholarship does not yet suggest any unifying theme, but it does, I think, indicate a vigorous search for some means of weaving together seemingly intractable concepts. This symposium on Law and Religion suggests an important area of search. That is, it invites us to examine the shared ethos of our culture. I agree with Professor Berman's observation made elsewhere that law and religion are “two different but interrelated aspects … of social experience” and that one cannot flourish without the other. Because both law and religion are aspects of our social experience, one's view of God and the world must certainly affect one's view of the law. Similarly, one's view of the law probably affects how that person views God.
Release of Glutamate and CGRP from Trigeminal Ganglion Neurons: Role of Calcium Channels and 5-HT1 Receptor Signaling:

The aberrant release of the neurotransmitters, glutamate and calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP), from trigeminal neurons has been implicated in migraine. The voltage-gated P/Q-type calcium channel has a critical role in controlling neurotransmitter release and has been linked to Familial Hemiplegic Migraine. Therefore, we examined the importance of voltage-dependent calcium channels in controlling release of glutamate and CGRP from trigeminal ganglion neurons isolated from male and female rats and grown in culture. Serotonergic pathways are likely involved in migraine, as triptans, a class of 5-HT1 receptor agonists, are effective in the treatment of migraine and their effectiveness may be due to inhibiting neurotransmitter release from trigeminal neurons. We also studied the effect of serotonin receptor activation on release of glutamate and CGRP from trigeminal neurons grown in culture. P/Q-, N- and L-type channels each mediate a significant fraction of potassium-stimulated release of glutamate and CGRP. We determined that 5-HT significantly inhibits potassium-stimulated release of both glutamate and CGRP. Serotonergic inhibition of both CGRP and glutamate release can be blocked by pertussis toxin and NAS-181, a 5-HT1B/1D antagonist. Stimulated release of CGRP is unaffected by Y-25130, a 5-HT3 antagonist and SB 200646, a 5-HT2B/2C antagonist. These data suggest that release of both glutamate and CGRP from trigeminal neurons is controlled by calcium channels and modulated by 5-HT signaling in a pertussis-toxin dependent manner and probably via 5-HT1 receptor signaling. This is the first characterization of glutamate release from trigeminal neurons grown in culture.
Relative merits of random number generators: indirect approach

Abstract Uniformly distributed pseudo-random number generators (pseudo-RNGs) are at the base of numerous problems (such as those in operations research and machine learning) whose deterministic solution is often exponential/combinatorial and hence intractable. While designing perfect RNGs is impossible, it is possible to select one among the existing RNGs, which would be the core of a probabilistic algorithm to solve such a problem in polynomial-time and produce the best quality result. Presented here is a study of only three RNGs and their merits just to highlight an indirect way of comparing any two or more RNGs before selecting one to be used in the probabilistic algorithm. The indirect approach depends on the performance of an RNG in the specified randomized algorithm used for test problems. How good the quality of results is and how less the computational complexity is, are the core of this approach. A direct approach for comparing two or more RNGs, on the other hand, is independent of algorithms. We use in this approach one or more testing procedures for random numbers to decide which one we should choose. We believe that such a study would help one in choosing an appropriate RNG for his problem.
Ferroelectric (Pb,Ba)Nb2O6 near the morphotropic phase boundary

Measurements of the optic index of refraction, along the c axis, are presented for three representative single crystals in the (PbxBa1−x) Nb2O6 ferroelectric system. In particular, we show that as the temperature is lowered, crystals at the morphotropic phase boundary (x=0.63±0.03) first develop a polarization along the c axis and then, at lower temperature, the polarization rotates to the ab plane.
P-glycoprotein activity is decreased in CD4+ but not CD8+ lung allograft-infiltrating T cells during acute cellular rejection.

Background. Modulation of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) activity in graft-infiltrating T cells may alter their susceptibility to immunosuppression. Methods. P-gp activity was measured by rhodamine efflux in T-cell subsets from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of five healthy volunteers and 27 lung allograft recipients. The effect of T-cell activation on P-gp activity was modeled by stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Results. Most BAL T cells expressed memory-effector markers. Patients had a lower proportion of CD4 + T cells (P=0.005), whereas control subjects had CD4-to-CD8 ratios similar to peripheral blood. In controls, basal P-gp activity was greatly increased in both CD4 (35% P-gp active) and CD8 (63%) lung T cells compared with peripheral T cells. Basal P-gp activity was elevated in patient BAL T cells but was lower than control BAL activity (CD4, P=0.07; CD8, P=0.03). Lung T cells from transplant patients had modest (CD4 + ) or marked (CD8 + ) increases in substrate-induced P-gp activity compared with normal lung, indicating that P-gp was not irreversibly inhibited. Patients with acute cellular rejection (ACR) had reduced P-gp activity in CD4 + , but not CD8 + , BAL T cells compared with patients without ACR (P=0.004). To determine the relationship between T-cell activation on P-gp modulation, P-gp activity was measured in staphylococcal enterotoxin B-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. P-gp activity was abrogated in CD71 + cycling cells but remained high in a persistent but minor population of resting naive T cells. Conclusions. Lung T cells have increased in vivo P-gp activity and therefore may eliminate substrate drugs, resulting in local resistance to immunosuppressive therapy. However, P-gp function is reduced during T-cell activation, providing a window of susceptibility to treatment during ACR.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LISTENER-ADAPTED COMPLIANCE-RESISTING STRATEGIES

The study investigates the development of compliance-resisting behaviors as a function of the underlying level of perspective-taking reflected in the structure of subjects' strategies. First-, fourth-, and tenth-grade children generated compliance-resisting strategies in response to three communication situations. Each task situation was associated with a different age/status agent (mother, peer, younger child). Additionally, each scenario varied the type of strategy used to gain compliance (simple request, incentive request, altruistic request). Results support a significant positive association between the three major independent variables (age of subject, type of request, and agent of request) and the degree of perspective-taking evidenced in subject-generated compliance-resisting strategies.
Analysis of efficient resource sharing among voice and data users

We present a protocol that efficiently allocates resources in a communication network among voice and data users. The proposed protocol gains efficiency over methods with separate channels for voice and data by taking advantage of idle periods in the voice activity. An exponential on-off voice activity model is used to determine the performance of distributive or centrally controlled systems. In addition, the communication systems considered can use either code division multiple access (CDMA) or time division multiple access (TDMA) as the underlying multiple access technique. In either case, the protocol is a valid mechanism for integrating voice and data in a multiple access channel. Comparisons are made between mathematical analyses using a Markov model of the servers and simulation results using a communication network simulation tool. Results for both CDMA and TDMA systems are presented.
What is the Common Good? The Case for Transcending Partisanship

Even if most of us can agree on a definition of the “common good” (not a simple matter), there are substantial barriers to establishing public policies in accord with that agreement. The “democratic” element in our political system – the right of voters to choose the men and women who will create our laws – depends on the views of those voters being given considerable weight in determining eventual policy outcomes. Unfortunately, we have developed a political system – both in our elections and in the governing process – that gives disproportionate influence to relatively small numbers of voters (who are also the most partisan) and allows political parties through their closed procedures to limit the choices available to general election voters. Coupled with legislative rules that allow partisans to determine the makeup of legislative committees, the resulting process leaves the common good, however defined, a secondary consideration at best.