cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The reactions of silylene in the infrared multiphoton-induced decomposition of silane—ethylene mixtures

Abstract A study of the competitive reactions of silylene, formed via the IR laser multiphoton decomposition of silane, with ethylene and silane shows that the relative rate constant for addition to ethylene is 0.19 times that for insertion into a silicon—hydrogen bond of silane. The sole product of the addition to ethylene was vinylsilane as identified by comparison of the product mass spectrum with that of a synthesized sample. A study of the temperature dependence of the rate constant ratio indicates that the activation energy for addition to the double bond of ethylene is 0.8 kcal mol −1 greater than that of insertion into a silicon—hydrogen bond of silane.
Determination of cluster number in clustering microarray data

The general purpose of clustering analysis of microarray data is to organize the data into meaningful groups based on their closeness. Although various algorithms have been proposed for the clustering of microarray data, the main difficulty remains to be the determination of the optimal number of clusters. To complicate the problem further, meaningful groups or closeness cannot be well defined due to the fuzziness nature of the data. This paper proposes a dynamic validity index to overcome this problem. The proposed index, in addition of the dynamic aspects, also takes care of both the intra- and the inter-distances of the clusters. An algorithm based on the proposed dynamic validity index and the traditional K-means method was developed. To make the proposed dynamic validity index more flexible, a modulating parameter @c is introduced. This parameter can be used to take care of noisy data and balance the importance between compactness and separateness in the clusters. To illustrate the effectiveness of the approach, a numerical example by using the human serum data from the literature was solved and the sensitivity and robustness of the approach are examined.
Comparing representations and reasoning in children and adolescents with two-year college students

Abstract Problem solving and justification of a diversified group of two-year college students was compared with approaches of younger elementary and secondary school students working on the same tasks. The students in this study were engaged in thoughtful mathematics. Both groups found patterns, justified that their patterns were reasonable and, utilized similar strategies for their solutions and methods of justification. They were also able to make connections and build isomorphisms among the various problems.
From the Guest Editor – Learning to See: The Prospect School's Teacher Education Program's Beginnings

In this introduction to the processes of descriptive inquiry, the author offers a brief history of the Prospect School and its programs, as well as a description of the processes and their philosophical underpinnings.
Restoration of occlusal vertical dimension by means of a silica-coated onlay removable partial denture in conjunction with dentin bonding: A clinical report

The prosthesis described in this article allowed restoration of occlusal height by means of an onlay removable partial denture and composite resin bonded veneers. Reasons for its selection are: 1. It is a reversible procedure. 2. The patient can easily clean any plaque accumulation due to supragingival margins. 3. The cost to the patient was much lower than that of a fixed prostheses. 4. Chair time is less than with a fixed prosthesis. 5. Tooth structure remains relatively unaltered except for recontouring prior to onlay construction. 6. Repairs are easily done. 7. The onlays of the removable partial denture transfer the occlusal load on the abutment teeth along their long axes. 8. The procedure is less stressful and fatiguing to the patient than that involving a fixed prosthesis.
Familial Aggregation of Both Aortic and Cerebral Aneurysms: Evidence for a Common Genetic Basis in a Subset of Families

OBJECTIVE: Although previous reports have described patients with both cerebral and aortic aneurysms, any association was believed to be coincidental. In this study, we provide evidence that aortic and cerebral aneurysm formation may share a common genetic predisposition in some families. METHODS: A prospective enrollment of consecutive patients treated for saccular cerebral aneurysm by a single surgeon was constructed. Medical and family histories were obtained. Familial syndromes were identified when two or more first-degree relatives had diagnoses of cerebral or aortic aneurysm. Pedigrees were constructed, and asymptomatic relatives were screened. RESULTS: In 2.5 years, 274 patients were enrolled from 322 eligible patients (85%). A family history of aortic aneurysm was noted in 29 patients (10.5%). These patients were older, included more males, and were overwhelmingly Caucasian. Statistically significant demographic differences were noted when these families were compared with families affected by cerebral aneurysm only. A total of 110 affected family members were identified (average, 3.8 per family; range, 2-12); 59 had cerebral aneurysms, and 51 had aortic aneurysms. In some families, the association may have been coincidental. But in several families, pedigree analyses showed an inheritance pattern likely to represent autosomal dominance with variable penetrance. In addition, both cerebral and aortic phenotypes could be inherited from a parent with an aortic aneurysm, further evidence for a common genetic basis. CONCLUSION: This study, which represents the largest and most complete characterization of families affected by both cerebral and aortic aneurysms, provides evidence that a single gene defect may lead to the development of either lesion.
Comparison of pyridoxal phosphate-supplemented reagent kits for alanine aminotransferase using centrifugal analysis.

The addition of pyridoxal-5-phosphate for assay of alanine amino-transferase has been recommended. The referral methods are inconvenient for high volume instrumentation due to use of multiple reagents and blanks. We adapted a well-documented method to the centrifugal analyzer as a reference for adaptation of two kit methods. Reference intervals obtained and linearity determined were all similar. The kit methods compared favorably to the referral method. Linear regression analysis yielded the following: DOW = 1.011 BERG + 1.666, r = 0.9965; SKI = 0.938 BERG + 4.559, r = 0.9926; and DSKI = 1.028 BERG + 1.051, r = 0.9889. Precision of the assays was acceptable. We concluded that automation of reagent kits incorporating pyridoxal-5-phosphate is feasible and the assays compared favorably to a recommended method. High volume instrumentation can be used without denigration of analytical quality and to allow comparability to a documented method for interlaboratory review.
Complemented lattice-ordered groups

Abstract This article introduces complemented lattice-ordered groups and studies how they interact with the space of minimal prime convex l -subgroups. Along the way the concept of rigidity turns out to be of paramount importance. Another important tool: the notion of a z -subgroup, introduced some time ago, but, until now, left largely to languish.
3D MHD MODELING OF THE GASEOUS STRUCTURE OF THE GALAXY: SYNTHETIC OBSERVATIONS.

We generated synthetic observations from the four-arm model presented in Gomez & Cox (2004) for the Galactic ISM in the presence of a spiral gravitational perturbation. We found that velocity crowding and diffusion have a strong effect in the l v diagram. The v b diagram presents structures at the expected spiral arm velocities, that can be explained by the off-the-plane structure of the arms presented in previous papers of this series. Such structures are observed in the Leiden/Dwingeloo H I survey. The rotation curve, as measured from the inside of the modeled galaxy, shows similarities with the observed one for the Milky Way Galaxy, although it has large deviations from the smooth circular rotation corresponding to the background potential. The magnetic field inferred from a synthetic synchrotron map shows a largely circular structure, but with interesting deviations in the midplane due to distortion of the field from circularity in the interarm regions. Subject headings: ISM: kinematics and dynamics — MHD — galaxies: spiral, structure
Association of MLL amplification with poor outcome in acute myeloid leukemia

Chromosomal rearrangements and amplification of the MLL gene at 11q23 are common abnormalities found in patients with severe myelodysplastic disorders and lymphoid and acute myeloid leukemias. MLL rearrangements are associated with aggressive disease in both children and adults, with current evidence suggesting that MLL alterations are associated with a poor prognosis. We report the clinical, cytogenetic and histologic findings of a patient who presented with a de novo diagnosis of AML-M4 and who fits the profile of patients presenting with MLL alterations, such as old age at presentation, rapid progression, therapeutic refractoriness, and poor outcome. Two bone marrow specimens taken 1 month apart show the rapid deterioration of the patient's cytogenetic abnormalities at the 11q23 locus, with amplification of MLL that was originally seen as a homogeneously staining region (hsr) on chromosome 11. In the second biopsy the hsr and MLL amplification appears as nonreciprocal translocation of multiple copies in the form of marked amplification of MLL on chromosome 16 in a background of increasing chromosomal aberrations. This case suggests that either the MLL amplification and translocation alone or in conjunction with other flanking oncogenes may have played an important role in poor patient outcome.
cDNA‐directed expression of rat testosterone 7α‐hydroxylase using the modified vaccinia virus, T7‐RNA‐polymerase system and evidence for 6α‐hydroxylation and Δ6‐testosterone formation

The modified vaccinia virus, T7-RNA-polymerase cDNA-expression system was used to express rat cytochrome P-450a. Various parameters such as host-cell type and density, and duration of infection were tested to optimize the level of expression of cytochrome P450a enzyme activity. Cytochrome P-450a expressed from the cDNA sequence was exclusively incorporated into the membrane-containing portions of the cell lysates, as expected from its normal association in the liver endoplasmic reticulum. The enzyme displayed a carbon-monoxide-reduced-cytochrome-P-450a difference spectrum with a Soret maximum of 450 nm. Activity measurements revealed that cytochrome P-450a produced three metabolites of testosterone; 7α-hydroxytestosterone and 6α-hydroxytestosterone and Δ6-testosterone at a ratio of about 38:1:1. Under the appropriate conditions, the vaccinia-virus, T7-RNA-polymerase system produces high levels of a single form of cytochrome P450 in cells that are virtually devoid of endogenous cytochrome P-450. Analysis of the cytochrome P-450 in its natural membrane-bound state, as opposed to artificial-lipid reconstitution studies of purified enzymes, allows accurate and confident measurements of substrate specificities.
Quantification of the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent based on analysis of rRNA isolated from control and infected HL-60 cells.

Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) is an emerging vector-borne disease caused by an Ehrlichia species similar or identical to E. equi and E. phagocytophila. Previous studies have shown that the pathogen can be cultivated in vitro in permissive cells such as human promyelocytic HL-60 leukemia cells. The mechanism(s) of its infection and propagation in target cells, however, is not well understood, due in part to lack of a method capable of quantitatively determining the amount of the infectious agent. Although several assays currently exist for the HGE agent, they are mostly qualitative and have a number of limitations. In this report, size differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic rRNAs are utilized to quantitatively assay the HGE agent in HL-60 cells. By comparing the integrated intensity of agarose gel resolved HGE-specific rRNA in host cells, with identically prepared and analyzed rRNA isolated from known quantities of E. coli (JM 109), it is possible to calculate the E. coli-equivalence of the HGE agent present in HL-60 cells according to the equation: Y (E. coli, in viable cells x 10(8)) = -2.573 + 0.11X (% infection by the HGE agent in HL-60 cells). The method described is reproducible, sensitive, and is not limited by availability of antisera. Furthermore, since the assay has no designer primer and repeated amplification requirements, it can be easily disseminated to and standardized in other laboratories.
The symbiosis of DSP and speech recognition or an outsider's view of the inside

From an historical review of how we got to where we are now, we discuss the interrelationship between our system design objectives and goals, our modeling of the speech signal and its generation and parameterization, and the broadly developing DSP methodology. We take a critical look at some of the underlying assumptions in. our modeling to see if they may be limiting the performance that can be obtained with ASR (automatic speech recognition) systems. We close with some open questions and challenges for new work.
Efficient inference for mixed Bayesian networks

A Bayesian network is a compact representation for probabilistic models and inference. They have been used successfully for multisensor fusion and situation assessment. It is well known that, in general, the inference algorithms to compute the exact posterior probability of the target state are either computationally infeasible for dense networks or impossible for mixed discrete continuous networks. In those cases, one approach is to compute the approximate results using simulation methods. This paper proposes efficient inference methods for those cases. The goal is not to compute the exact or approximate posterior probability of the target state, but to identify the top (most likely) ones in an efficient manner. The approach is to use intelligent simulation techniques where previous samples will be used to guide the future sampling strategy. By focusing the sampling on the "important" space, we are able to sort out the top candidates quickly. Simulation results are included to demonstrate the performances of the algorithms.
Prevalence of pulmonary embolism after total elbow arthroplasty

Background: Although numerous articles have addressed the risk of pulmonary embolism following total knee and total hip arthroplasty, we were unable to find comparable information for the risk following elbow arthroplasty. We therefore sought to determine the prevalence of pulmonary embolism after total elbow arthroplasty. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of the medical records of consecutive patients who had undergone primary elbow arthroplasty (816 procedures) or revision total elbow arthroplasty (260 procedures) at our tertiary-care academic medical institution between June 1981 and June 2001. Our purpose was to identify all patients in whom a pulmonary embolism developed after the surgery. Results: Three patients had a pulmonary embolism and one died as a result of the complication during the twenty-year study period. Because of a low index of suspicion, the presenting symptoms of the pulmonary embolus were originally attributed to other causes of respiratory distress in two of the three patients. Conclusions: These findings suggest that pulmonary embolism after total elbow arthroplasty is a rare but potentially fatal complication. Surgeons should consider this diagnosis when a patient exhibits respiratory distress after total elbow arthroplasty. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Electoral System Effects on Gender Representation: The Case of Mixed Systems

Electoral systems as endogenous re-distributive institutions (Tsebelis, 1990) help to define the rules of the game. In this manner they have an important impact among regional, class, ethnic, gender, and other sub-groups of the general population on the distribution and variation in outcome of who is nominated for, and elected to, national office. In particular, there is a well-established and growing literature on the impact of electoral systems and electoral system reform on the representation of women in national legislative bodies (Darcy, Welch, and Clarke 1994; Matland and Taylor 1997; Caul 1998; Rule 1987; Matland 1998). In general, these studies have concluded that more women are elected in proportional rather than in plurality or majority electoral systems. However, a major difficulty in interpreting these findings is created by the historical, cultural, economic, and institutional differences among cases chosen for comparison.
Oxygen dependence of hypericin-induced phototoxicity to EMT6 mouse mammary carcinoma cells.

Abstract The photodynamic effect of hypericin on EMT6 mouse mammary carcinoma cells was investigated in vitro under aerobic and hypoxic conditions. Under aerobic conditions, hypericin-induced photocytotoxicity was dose dependent within a 1–50 μM range. Under hypoxic conditions, cells were resistant to hypericin-induced phototoxicity. In the dark, no cytotoxicity was observed at any hypericin concentration tested either aerobically or hypoxically. Cellular accumulation of hypericin, examined by chemical extraction and spectroscopy, occurred under both hypoxic and aerobic conditions. Fluorescence photomicrographs of cells exposed to hypericin corroborate drug uptake in the plasma membrane and subcellular regions. Our results demonstrate that hypericin cytotoxicity to EMT6 mouse mammary carcinoma cells in vitro is both light and oxygen-dependent. These results suggest that EMT6 cell kill caused by photoactivated hypericin is mediated by an oxygen-dependent mechanism, rather than by a type I oxygen-independent mechanism.
PRO: A Profile-Based Routing Protocol for Pocket Switched Networks

In this paper, we propose a novel routing protocol, PRO, for profile-based routing in pocket switched networks. Differing from previous routing protocols, PRO treats node encounters as periodic patterns and uses them to predict the times of future encounters. Exploiting the regularity of human mobility profiles, PRO achieves fast (low-delivery-latency) and efficient (low-message-overhead) routing in intermittently connected pocket switched networks. PRO is self-learning, completely decentralized, and local to the nodes. Despite being simple, PRO forms a general framework, that can be easily instantiated to solve searching and querying problems in adhoc smartphone networks. We validate the performance of PRO with the ''Reality Mining'' dataset containing 350K hours of celltower connectivity and Bluetooth connection data, and compare its performance with that of previous approaches.
Antagonism by olanzapine of dopamine D1, serotonin2, muscarinic, histamine H1 and α1-adrenergic receptors in vitro

Abstract The atypical antipsychotic olanzapine has relatively high affinity for a number of neuronal receptors in radioreceptor binding assays. The ability of olanzapine to activate or antagonize a number of neuronal receptors was investigated in vitro, in cell lines transfected selectively with receptor subtypes and in receptor-selective isolated tissue studies. Olanzapine had no agonist activity at any of the receptors examined. However, olanzapine was a potent antagonist of 5-HT-stimulated increases in IP3 in cell lines transfected with 5-HT2A or 5-HT2B receptors with IC50 values of 30–40 nM. Olanzapine weakly blocked 5-HT-induced formation of IP3 in cell lines transfected with 5-HT2C receptors, but in this cell line potently inhibited 5-HT-stimulated [ 35 S ]GTPγS binding with a Ki value of 15 nM. Olanzapine blocked dopamine-stimulated adenylyl cyclase in rat retina with modest potency (Ki=69 nM), consistent with its relatively low affinity for dopamine D1 receptors. Olanzapine blocked agonist-induced activities at the muscarinic receptor subtypes M1, M2, M3, and M5 with Ki values of 70, 622, 126, and 82 nM, respectively. In studies using cell lines transfected with muscarinic M4 receptors, olanzapine and the atypical antipsychotic clozapine did not have agonist activities as determined with cAMP inhibition and stimulation assays, arachidonic acid release and [ 35 S ]GTPγS binding assays. However, olanzapine antagonized agonist-induced effects in muscarinic M4 cells with a Ki value of 350 nM. In isolated tissue studies, olanzapine potently blocked agonist-induced effects at α1-adrenergic and histamine H1 receptors (KB=9 and 19 nM, respectively). Thus, olanzapine was an antagonist at all receptors investigated and was a particularly potent antagonist at 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT2C, α1-adrenergic and histamine H1 receptors. Olanzapine was a weaker antagonist at muscarinic and dopamine D1 receptors.
Integral Love: The Role of Love in Clinical Practice as a Rite of Passage

The profession of psychology seems embarrassed, even apprehensive, about love being part of the therapeutic process. Yet the essence of treatment comes down to a single precept: Love is the healing principle. When people speak of recovery in clinical practice, that which is recovered is best thought of as love. Unfortunately, love is poorly understood. People tend to align with either of its two main forms, autistic love or empathetic love, where each vies for dominion as the respective pole of a seemingly inexorable paradox. Consequently, the developmental task of treatment is to integrate these two poles into their most mature and auspicious form: integral love. Only when all forms of love are taken together can clinical practice operate within a shared framework of understanding, ever working toward a deeper and more profound embrace of the whole person.
Bovine carboxypeptidase A-activation, chemical structure and molecular heterogeneity

The study of the structure and function of bovine pancreatic carboxypeptidase A has a long historical record which began in 1937 with the isolation of the crystalline enzyme by Anson (1937). Although the literature of this exopeptidase has been reviewed on several occasions (Neurath & Schwert 1950; Smith 1951; Neurath 1960; Vallee 1964; Neurath, Bradshaw, Ericsson, Babin, Petra & Walsh 1968; Vallee & Riordan 1968; Lipscomb, Hartsuck, Reeke, Quiocho, Ludwig, Steitz & Bethge 1968), nevertheless, it seems appropriate at the outset of a conference on carboxypeptidase to review in brief the major contributions that have been made over the years to the study of the structure and function of this enzyme, as summarized in table 1.
Hydrogen-Bonded His93 As a Sensitive Probe for Identifying Inhibitors of the Endocannabinoid Transport Protein FABP7

The human brain FABP (FABP7) has been shown to be an intracellular carrier protein that can significantly potentiate the uptake of the endocannabinoid anandamide. For this reason, there is a great interest in the discovery and development of FABP7 inhibitors for treating stress, pain, inflammation, and drug abuse. We found that in the 1 H-NMR spectrum of the protein, a well-separated downfield resonance arising from the hydrogen-bonded His93 side chain is very sensitive to ligand binding. Using this characteristic spectral marker together with another well-resolved upfield resonance from the side chain of Val84, we have identified that an adipocyte FABP (FABP4) inhibitor BMS309403 also binds tightly to FABP7. Our data demonstrated that this unique His93 downfield resonance can be used as a sensitive probe for rapidly and unambiguously identifying novel high-affinity FABP7 ligands. The findings should help accelerate the discovery of potential drug leads for the modulation of endocannabinoid transport.
Civil Service Reform: Examining State and Local Government Cases

Because of the splintered nature of public human resource management in the United States, civil service experimentation at lower levels of government, particularly the states, may be influencing personnel policy at the federal and local levels. Four models of human resource management service delivery are utilized as an organizing point for discussion of six state and local cases. The article draws implications for the design and reform of civil service systems and suggests that strategic modernization of civil service systems may be more effective than radical reform.
Ocean Response to Wind Variations, Warm Water Volume, and Simple Models of ENSO in the Low-Frequency Approximation

Abstract Physical processes that control ENSO are relatively fast. For instance, it takes only several months for a Kelvin wave to cross the Pacific basin (Tk ≈ 2 months), while Rossby waves travel the same distance in about half a year. Compared to such short time scales, the typical periodicity of El Nino is much longer (T ≈ 2–7 yr). Thus, ENSO is fundamentally a low-frequency phenomenon in the context of these faster processes. Here, the author takes advantage of this fact and uses the smallness of the ratio ek = Tk/T to expand solutions of the ocean shallow-water equations into power series (the actual parameter of expansion also includes the oceanic damping rate). Using such an expansion, referred to here as the low-frequency approximation, the author relates thermocline depth anomalies to temperature variations in the eastern equatorial Pacific via an explicit integral operator. This allows a simplified formulation of ENSO dynamics based on an integro-differential equation. Within this formulation, ...
Gains in income during early childhood are associated with decreases in BMI z scores among children in the United States

Background: Evidence suggests that changes in family income are an important determinant of children’s body mass index (BMI). However, few studies have leveraged longitudinal data to investigate the association of changes in family income on changes in BMI z score. Objective: This study aimed to assess whether gains in family income are associated with changes in BMI z score among children in the United States by using the nationally representative Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey Birth Cohort (ECLS-B). Design: We used longitudinal data from the ECLS-B to assess whether gains in family income, assessed by using the poverty to income ratio (PIR), were associated with changes in BMI z score among children aged 2–6 y. Child anthropometric characteristics and family income were assessed at 2-y, 4-y, 5-y, and 6-y visits. Sex-stratified, individual fixed-effects linear regression models compared children with themselves over time to control for time-invariant measured and unmeasured confounding factors. Models also controlled for time-varying confounders, including number of siblings, household structure (2 parents, one parent, or unrelated guardian), age, and age squared. Results: Children (n = ∼9200) had a mean ± SE change in BMI z score of 0.12 ± 0.022, and family income increased by ∼$3361 ± $536 during the 4-y period of observation (2003–2007). The association between increased PIR and change in BMI z score varied by sex but not by race-ethnicity. Among girls, an increase in PIR was associated with a statistically significant decrease in BMI z score (βPIR = −0.022; 95% CI: −0.042, −0.0016). There was a statistically significant association between PIR and BMI z score among preterm boys (βPIR + β PIRXpreterm = −0.067; 95% CI: −0.12, −0.018), but the relation was not statistically significant among boys born at term (βPIR = −0.0049; 95% CI: −0.024, 0.014). Conclusions: By comparing children with themselves over time, we overcome many barriers that typically impede causal inference in observational studies. In this way, our study provides stronger evidence that gains in income during early childhood may promote healthy weight outcomes among girls.
Binding of antifusion peptides with HIVgp41 from molecular dynamics simulations: Quantitative correlation with experiment

Peptides based on C-terminal regions of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral protein gp41 represent an important new class of antiviral therapeutics called peptide fusion inhibitors. In this study, computational methods were used to model the binding of six peptides that contain residues that pack into a conserved hydrophobic pocket on HIVgp41, an attractive target site for the development of small molecule inhibitors. Free energies of binding were computed using molecular mechanics Generalized Born surface area (MM-GBSA) methods from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, which employed either explicit (TIP3P) or continuum Generalized Born (GB) water models and strong correlations between experimental and computational affinities were obtained in both cases. Energy decomposition of the TIP3P-MD results (r2 = 0.75) reveals that variation in experimental affinity is highly correlated with changes in intermolecular van der Waals energies (ΔEvdw) on both a local (residue-based, r2 = 0.94) and global (peptide-based, r2 = 0.84) scale. The results show that differential association of C-peptides with HIVgp41 is driven solely by changes within the conserved pocket supporting the hypothesis that this region is an important drug target site. Such strong agreement with experiment is notable given the large size of the ligands (34 amino-acids) relative to the small range of experimental affinities (2 kcal/mol) and demonstrates good sensitivity of this computational method for simulating peptide fusion inhibitors. Finally, inspection of simulation trajectories identified a highly populated π-type hydrogen bond, which formed between Gln575 on the receptor and the aromatic ring of peptide ligand Phe631, which could have important implications for drug design. Proteins 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The structure of nonverbal decoding skills.

The structure of skill at decoding nonverbal cues was examined for 150 high school students and 95 college students. An overall principal components analysis yielded four factors differing in the complexity of the message (pure versus mixed) and in the relative importance of the video versus the audio modality. Factor 1 (pure video) was defined by accuracy at face and body cues of ordinary (2 second) and very brief exposure length. Factor 2 (mixed video) was defined by accuracy at face and body cues with a “noisy” background. Factor 3 (mixed audio) was defined by accuracy at decoding discrepant cues and “noisy” audio cues. Factor 4 (pure audio) was defined by accuracy at pure tone of voice cues. The overall evidence suggested that despite a nontrivial degree of relationship among all measures of skill at decoding nonverbal cues (Armor's Theta = .62), it would increase our theoretical and empirical precision to conceptualize nonverbal decoding ability as made up of several relatively unrelated subskills.
Generating growth through patient-centered commercial strategies

There is no dearth of consensus that the global pharmaceutical industry is in the midst of significant change. The search for new drivers of revenue is a strategic imperative. While firms strive to gain efficiencies in how products are discovered, developed and marketed, opportunities exist in redefining the underpinnings of commercial strategies. Of considerable value is the notion of crafting marketing strategy with the patient at the hub. This article discusses elements of a patient-centered commercial strategy, which hold considerable potential in generating revenue growth for a branded drug. The elements are characterized by a strong emphasis on developing practical marketing strategy and ensuing tactics that serve patient needs directly addressable with a commercial brand. Each element is discussed with realworld examples and supported by insights based on original research conducted by the author. Expending intellect, strategic planning and excellence in execution on these elements of commercial strategy will not only shift the locus of a modern bio/pharmaceutical firm toward patients – the customer entity responsible for its existence – it will also serve to replenish flat revenues yearning for more pipeline productivity in the midst of the patent cliff.
Dealing with death data: individual hazards, mortality and bias

In ecology and evolution, we have barely begun to tap the information available in survival data. Who lives or dies, and why, is a large part of natural selection. In ecology, these are key questions for building better individual-based models of population and community dynamics. Powerful analytical tools exist to answer them, but the literature is scattered across disciplines, and its relevance is often obscured by inconsistent terminology and technical presentation. Here, we evaluate methods for the application of such tools to ecology and evolution. Analyses based on individual hazards of death are particularly promising, especially in combination with improvements in sampling design. The same methods can also reduce the largely unrecognized biases that plague population-level estimates of mortality rates.
Expression of p53 protein in benign and malignant epidermal pathologic conditions

Background: p53 is an oncogene and a tumor-suppressor gene whose gene product regulates the cell growth cycle. Mutations in p53 are the most common genetic alterations in human cancer. Objective: Our purpose was to define p53 expression and subcellular localization in normal and pathologic epidermis. Methods: We examined sections of normal skin, psoriasis, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), basal cell carcinoma (BCC), keratoacanthoma, and cultured epithelial cell lines with five antibodies to p53. Results: Monoclonal antibody MAb421 and MAb1801 stained the cytoplasm of normal basal keratinocytes, suggesting that subcellular localization or sequestration of wild-type p53 regulates its activity. Polyclonal antibody reacted throughout normal epidermis, suggesting heterogeneity of species or conformational forms of p53 protein. Cytoplasmic reactivity to MAb421 was similar in normal epidermis, psoriasis, and cultured keratinocytes but was diminished in SCC, BCC, and keratoacanthoma. CM-1 reactivity persisted in these tumors. Putative p53 mutations detected by MAb240 reactivity were present in 44% of SCC specimens. Conclusion: Epidermis expresses p53 and the gene may regulate epidermal keratinocyte growth and carcinogenesis.
Passive ammonia monitoring in the United States: Comparing three different sampling devices

The need for ambient gaseous ammonia (NH3) measurements has increased in the last decade as reactive NH3 concentrations and deposition fluxes show little change even with tightening standards on nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. Currently, there are several networks developing methods for adding NH3 measurements in the U.S. Gaseous NH3 measurements will provide scientists and policymakers data which can be used to estimate ecosystem inputs, validate air quality models including trends and regional variability, and evaluate changes to the environment based on additional emission reduction requirements and estimates of critical nitrogen load exceedances. The passive samplers described in this paper were deployed in duplicate or triplicate and collocated with annular denuders or continuous instruments to determine their accuracy. The samplers assessed included the Adapted Low-Cost Passive High Absorption (ALPHA), Radiello®, and Ogawa passive samplers. The median relative percent differences (MRPD) between the reference method and passive samplers for the ALPHA, Radiello® and Ogawa were −2.4%, −37% and −44%, respectively. The precision between duplicate samplers for the ALPHA and Ogawa samplers, was 7% and 6%, respectively. Triplicate Radiello® precision was assessed using the coefficient of variation (CV). The CV for the Radiello® samplers was 10%. This article discusses the statistical results from these studies.
A Neural Network for Real-Time Signal Processing

This paper describes a neural network algorithm that (1) performs temporal pattern matching in real-time, (2) is trained on-line, with a single pass, (3) requires only a single template for training of each representative class, (4) is continuously adaptable to changes in background noise, (5) deals with transient signals having low signal-to-noise ratios, (6) works in the presence of non-Gaussian noise, (7) makes use of context dependencies and (8) outputs Bayesian probability estimates. The algorithm has been adapted to the problem of passive sonar signal detection and classification. It runs on a Connection Machine and correctly classifies, within 500 ms of onset, signals embedded in noise and subject to considerable uncertainty.
A Collision Dynamics Model of a Multi-Level Train

In train collisions, multi-level rail passenger vehicles can deform in modes that are different from the behavior of single level cars. The deformation in single level cars usually occurs at the front end during a collision. In one particular incident, a cab car buckled laterally near the back end of the car. The buckling of the car caused both lateral and vertical accelerations, which led to unanticipated injuries to the occupants. A three-dimensional collision dynamics model of a multi-level passenger train has been developed to study the influence of multi-level design parameters and possible train configuration variations on the reactions of a multi-level car in a collision. This model can run multiple scenarios of a train collision. This paper investigates two hypotheses that could account for the unexpected mode of deformation. The first hypothesis emphasizes the non-symmetric resistance of a multi-level car to longitudinal loads. The structure is irregular since the stairwells, supports for tanks, and draglinks vary from side to side and end to end. Since one side is less strong, that side can crush more during a collision. The second hypothesis uses characteristics that are nearly symmetric on each side. Initial imperfections in train geometry induce eccentric loads on the vehicles. For both hypotheses, the deformation modes depend on the closing speed of the collision. When the characteristics are non-symmetric, and the load is applied in-line, two modes of deformation are seen. At low speeds, the couplers crush, and the cars saw-tooth buckle. At high speeds, the front end of the cab car crushes, and the cars remain in-line. If an offset load is applied, the back stairwell of the first coach car crushes unevenly, and the cars saw-tooth buckle. For the second hypothesis, the characteristics are symmetric. At low speeds, the couplers crush, and the cars remain in-line. At higher speeds, the front end crushes, and the cars remain in-line. If an offset load is applied to a car with symmetric characteristics, the cars will saw-tooth buckle.
Healthy places: exploring the evidence.

“Sense of place” is a widely discussed concept in fields as diverse as geography, environmental psychology, and art, but it has little traction in the field of public health. The health impact of place includes physical, psychological, social, spiritual, and aesthetic outcomes. In this article, the author introduces sense of place as a public health construct. While many recommendations for “good places” are available, few are based on empirical evidence, and thus they are incompatible with current public health practice. Evidence-based recommendations for healthy place making could have important public health implications. Four aspects of the built environment, at different spatial scales—nature contact, buildings, public spaces, and urban form—are identified as offering promising opportunities for public health research, and potential research agendas for each are discussed.
Virtual reality in paediatric rehabilitation: A review

Objective: To provide a narrative review of studies regarding the outcomes of Virtual Reality (VR)-based treatment and rehabilitation programmes within the paediatric population. Methods: Studies related to the use of VR across a number of paediatric areas (e.g. cerebral palsy, autism, foetal alcohol syndrome and attention deficits) were identified and summarized. Results: Outcomes from the studies reviewed provide preliminary support for the use of VR. Conclusion: VR may be an effective treatment method for specific disorders, although the generalizability of this literature is hindered by several methodological limitations, such as small samples and the absence of appropriate control participants.
Investigating the impacts of dynamic pricing and price-sensitive demand on an inventory system in the presence of supply disruptions

Supply disruptions have attracted a lot of attention due to the huge detriments they might cause. Supply disruptions have various forms, including machine breakdowns and natural disasters. As an effective marketing tool, dynamic pricing has been helping sellers enhance their profits. In addition, price-dependent demand is common in practice. This paper studies a single-product inventory system that consists of a supplier, a retailer, and customers. The supplier is subject to disruptions. The retailer adopts a periodic review inventory policy, under which an appropriate inventory replenishment order is sent to the supplier every a fixed period of time. Price is adjusted according to inventory level at each inventory review point. Customer demand variation based on price is also considered. In this paper, we simulate the concerned inventory system and investigate the impacts of supply disruptions, dynamic pricing, and price-sensitive demand on the retailer's annual profit.
The Salafiyya and Sufism: Muhammad 'Abduh and His Risalat al-Waridat (Treatise on Mystical Inspirations)

This article questions certain assumptions on the intellectual history of modern Islam and on one of the most influential modern reform movements, the Salafiyya. By looking at the Sufi origins of one of the main Salafi reformers, it relativizes the notion of an inherent anti-Sufism of this reform movement. The article examines how Muhammad ' Abduh (1849-1905), the famous Egyptian reformer, converted to Sufism in his youth after experiencing a spiritual and intellectual crisis. The influence of his paternal great-uncle Shaykh Darwish al-Khadir and of Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (1837-1897) on ' Abduh's spiritual and intellectual formation will be investigated. In his youth, Sufism provided him with an alternative form of religiosity with which he could express his dissatisfaction with the representatives of mainstream Islam in his time. 'Abduh's mystical inclinations found its literary expression in his first major work, the Risalat al- Waridat (Treatise on Mystical Inspirations), whose contents will be discussed in detail.
The evolution of coenzyme Q

In the 50 years since the identification of coenzyme Q as an electron carrier in mitochondria, it has been identified with diverse and unexpected functions in cells. Its discovery came as a result of a search for electron carriers in mitochondria following the identification of flavin and cytochromes by Warburg, Keilin, Chance and others. As a result of investigation of membrane lipids at D.E. Green's laboratory at University of Wisconsin coenzyme Q was identified as the electron carrier between primary flavoprotein dehydrogenases and the cytochromes. Then Peter Mitchell identified the role of transmembrane proton transfer as a basis for ATP synthesis. The general distribution of coenzyme Q in all cell membranes then led to the recognition of a role as a primary antioxidant. The protonophoric function was extended to acidification of Golgi and lysosomal vericles. A further role in proton release through the plasma membrane and its relation to cell proliferation has not been fully developed. A role in generation of H202 as a messenger for hormone and cytokine action is indicated as well as prevention of apoptosis by inhibition of ceramide release. Identification of the genes and proteins required for coenzyme Q synthesis has led to a basis for defining deficiency. For 50 years Karl Folkers has led the search for deficiency and therapeutic application. The development of large scale production, better formulation for uptake, and better methods for analysis have furthered this search. The story isn't over yet. Questions remain about effects on membrane structure, breakdown and control of cellular synthesis and uptake and the basis for therapeutic action.
Microinvasion in low malignant potential tumors of the ovary.

The presence of microinvasion (Mi) has not previously been investigated in nonserous low malignant potential (LMP) tumors of the ovary. In serous LMP tumors (SLMP), Mi has not worsened the prognosis compared with usual SLMP in previous reports. In a retrospective clinicopathologic review of 126 cases of serous and mucinous LMP (MLMP) tumors of the ovary, the authors identified 14 cases with Mi: seven of 72 SLMP, four of 44 mucinous intestinal LMP (MILMP), and three of 10 mucinous mullerian LMP (MMLMP). Tumors with Mi resembled usual LMP histologically except for small foci (up to 0.2 cm) in the stroma consisting predominantly of single cells or small clusters of cells, sometimes in a cribriform pattern. In SLMP-Mi, the cells had eosinophilic cytoplasm, and the stromal reaction was minimal/absent. In MILMP-Mi and MMLMP-Mi, nuclear staining was paler; the stroma often showed a fibrous reaction or edema, especially in MILMP-Mi. All 14 patients had follow-up (2.2 to 18.6 years) and were without evidence of disease. Careful screening of both mucinous and serous ovarian LMP can show Mi. Mi foci should be distinguished from true stromal invasion, pseudoinvasion, endothelial cells, decidual cells and histiocytes, and pseudomyxoma in mucinous LMP. Mi does not seem to worsen prognosis in MLMP and SLMP tumors of the ovary.
Mixed Degree-Degree Correlations in Directed Social Networks

Many complex networks exhibit homophilic, or assortative degree mixing–the tendency for networked nodes to connect with others of similar degree. For social networks, this phenomenon is often referred to colloquially by the mantra ‘your friends have more friends than you do.’ We analyzed datasets for 16 directed social networks, and report that some of them exhibit both assortative (positive correlations) and disassortative (negative correlations) degree mixing across the totality of their degrees. We show that this mixed trend can be predicted based on the value of Pearson correlations computed for the directed networks. This stands in contrast to previous results reported for social networks that mark them as purely assortative. Finally, we discuss mechanisms by which these trends emerge from random models of network creation.
Nomenclatorial Corrections for Latin American Scydmaenidae (Coleoptera: Staphylinoidea)

Abstract Nomenclatorial corrections are made for twenty-one cases of homonymy for Latin American Scydmaenidae (Coleoptera). Euconnus boavistensis O'Keefe, new name, for E. boavistae Franz, 1994; E. amazonas O'Keefe, new name, for E. beckianus Franz, 1994; E. ranchograndensis O'Keefe, new name, for E. scydmaenoides Franz, 1989; E. ranchoensis O'Keefe, new name, for E. ranchoi Franz, 1989; E. araguaensis O'Keefe, new name, for E. araguai Franz, 1989; E. paramaracayanus O'Keefe, new name, for E. maracayanus Franz, 1989; E. manaus O'Keefe, new name, for E. anophthalmus Franz, 1980; E. jamaicaensis O'Keefe, new name, for E. filicorum Franz, 1980; E. lasabejas O'Keefe, new name, for E. lanceolatus Franz, 1991; E. huijbregtsi O'Keefe, new name, for E. tenuicornis Franz, 1985; E. boliviensis O'Keefe, new name, for E. schauffusianus Franz, 1993; E. janauari O'Keefe, new name, for E. macrops Franz, 1980; E. vestitus Reitter and Croissandeau, 1890, new status, for E. globiceps Franz, 1980; E. hakgalensis O'Keefe, ne...
Application of CFD to Predict and Control Chemical and Biological Agent Dispersion in Buildings

Terrorist attack in buildings by chemical and biological agents (CBAs) is a reality in our lives. This study applies computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to predict CBA dispersion in an office building in order to find the best locations for CBA sensors and to develop effective ventilation systems to protect building occupants in case of indoor CBA releases. It is found that the CFD is a useful tool for such an application, while some challenges remain.