cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attempted mechanical transfer of Ehrlichia risticii by tabanids (Diptera: Tabanidae).

The ability of tabanid mouthparts to retain and to transfer mechanically Ehrlichia risticii Holland, Weiss, Burgdorfer, Cole & Kakoma was evaluated by feeding flies on infected and noninfected mice and on capillary tubes containing infected cells and cell-free medium. Flies representing two genera and 29 species were collected at equine boarding stables, farms, and along riding trails in Wake, Johnston, and Duplin counties in North Carolina for the feeding trials. Two species, Tabanus fulvulus Wiedemann and T. pallidescens Philip, fed on mice but failed to transfer the pathogen from infected to susceptible mice. Chrysops vittatus Wiedemann, Tabanus americanus Forster, and T. sulcifrons Macquart transferred E. risticii -infected cells from capillary tubes containing infected cells in medium to tubes containing medium. These studies document that E. risticii -infected cells can be retained on mouthparts and potentially transferred by tabanids.
Manichaeism and the Movies: Flannery O’Connor and the Roman Catholic Response to Film and Television at Midcentury

It was a story Flannery O’Connor told again and again. She told it at a party she attended with Robie Macauley while a student at the University of Iowa in 1947, by way of introduction to Robert Lowell and other fellow writers at Yaddo in 1948, and countless other times in similar situations; she told it to reporters for the Milledgeville, Georgia, Union Recorder and The Atlanta Journal and Constitution Magazine in 1952 and 1959, respectively; and she told it directly to readers in an essay first published as “Living with a Peacock” in Holiday magazine in 1961 and later reprinted under her preferred title, “The King of the Birds,” in Mystery and Manners. It is not, as one might expect, a story about her beloved peafowl, but about a rather more humble animal—a Cochin bantam chicken, buff colored and capable of walking backward as well as forward—that belonged to O’Connor when she was a girl. The chicken’s modest achievement was written up in a local paper and later made the subject of a lighthearted newsreel, “Do You Reverse?,” by Pathe. In it, five-year-old O’Connor briefly appears, holding what is billed as the world’s only backward-walking chicken. The second half of the newsreel is given over to trick photography, with ducks, cows, and horses all going in reverse. The experience, O’Connor later wrote, “marked me for life” (MM 4). While she often put a self-deprecating spin on the story—“I was just there to assist the chicken but it was the high point of my life. Everything since has been anticlimax,” she told the
The Genus Elymana in North America (Homoptera—Cicadellidae)

The genus Elymana DeLong was recently described to include the pointed-headed species of the inornatus group previously included in Thamnotettix. The habitat of the eastern species is usually quite restricted and they are normally found on Elymus grasses growing in a rather well shaded area of the flood plain woods. Previously only one species, inornatus , has been known in this group. It is common throughout the northeastern United States. Four others are described at this time, three from the eastern United States and one from the southwest. All of these are quite similar in form and type. The females are much alike in the character of the last ventral segment, the posterior margin of which is usually sinuate. The males bear a pair of prominent long black spines on the dorsal caudal extremity of the ninth segment. Another pair of prominent spines is found on the dorsal median portion of the ninth segment. These latter spines are not present, however, in the Arizona species. The oedagi of the males vary only slightly, but the styles are quite different in the several species and these together with the length and angle of the vertex offer good diagnostic characters for separation of the species of this genus.
Physiological Modalities for Relaxation Skill Transfer in Biofeedback Games

We present an adaptive biofeedback game for teaching self-regulation of stress. Our approach consists of monitoring the user's physiology during gameplay and adapting the game using a positive feedback loop that rewards relaxing behaviors and penalizes states of high arousal. We evaluate the approach using a casual game under three biofeedback modalities: electrodermal activity, heart rate variability, and breathing rate. The three biosignals can be measured noninvasively with wearable sensors, and represent different degrees of voluntary control and selectivity toward arousal. We conducted an experiment trial with 25 participants to compare the three modalities against a standard treatment (deep breathing) and a control condition (the game without biofeedback). Our results indicate that breathing-based game biofeedback is more effective in inducing relaxation during treatment than the other four groups. Participants in this group also showed greater retention of the relaxation skills (without biofeedback) during a subsequent stressor.
Mutation testing for directing upfront targeted therapy and post-progression combination therapy strategies in lung adenocarcinoma

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Advances in the biology of non-small-cell lung cancer, especially adenocarcinoma, reveal multiple molecular subtypes driving oncogenesis. Accordingly, individualized targeted therapeutics are based on mutational diagnostics.Areas covered: Advances in strategies and techniques for individualized treatment, particularly of adenocarcinoma, are described through literature review. Approved therapies are established for some molecular subsets, with new driver mutations emerging that represent increasing proportions of patients. Actionable mutations are de novo oncogenic drivers or acquired resistance mediators, and mutational profiling is important for directing therapy. Patients should be monitored for emerging actionable resistance mutations. Liquid biopsy and associated multiplex diagnostics will be important means to monitor patients during treatment.Expert commentary: Outcomes with targeted agents may be improved by integrating mutation screens during treatment to optimize subsequent...
Two cases of systemic disseminated BCG infection duo to cellular immunodeficiency

Two cases of systemic disseminated BCG infection duo to cellular immunodeficiency occurred in the infant BCG vaccination in Rizhao,Shandong province. First,the lymph gland under infection site was involved,then the involvement disseminated to neck,inguinal lymph gland and crissum,and even to liver,spleen,peritoneum and marrow in 1 case,resulting the death of this case.
2016 Guidelines of the American Society of Mammalogists for the use of wild mammals in research and education.

Guidelines for use of wild mammal species in research are updated from [Sikes et al. (2011)][1]. These guidelines cover current professional techniques and regulations involving the use of mammals in research and teaching; they also incorporate new resources, procedural summaries, and reporting requirements. Included are details on capturing, marking, housing, and humanely killing wild mammals. It is recommended that Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs), regulatory agencies, and investigators use these guidelines as a resource for protocols involving wild mammals, whether studied in the field or in captivity. These guidelines were prepared and approved by the American Society of Mammalogists (ASM), in consultation with professional veterinarians experienced in wildlife research and IACUCs, whose collective expertise provides a broad and comprehensive understanding of the biology of nondomesticated mammals. The current version of these guidelines and any subsequent modifications are available online on the Animal Care and Use Committee page of the ASM website ( ). Additional resources pertaining to the use of wild animals in research are available at: . Resumen Los lineamientos para el uso de especies de mamiferos de vida silvestre en la investigacion con base en [Sikes et al. (2011)][1] se actualizaron. Dichos lineamientos cubren tecnicas y regulaciones profesionales actuales que involucran el uso de mamiferos en la investigacion y ensenanza; tambien incorporan recursos nuevos, resumenes de procedimientos y requisitos para reportes. Se incluyen detalles acerca de captura, marcaje, manutencion en cautiverio y eutanasia de mamiferos de vida silvestre. Se recomienda que los comites institucionales de uso y cuidado animal (cifras en ingles: IACUCs), las agencias reguladoras y los investigadores se adhieran a dichos lineamientos como fuente base de protocolos que involucren mamiferos de vida silvestre, ya sea investigaciones de campo o en cautiverio. Dichos lineamientos fueron preparados y aprobados por la ASM, en consulta con profesionales veterinarios experimentados en investigaciones de vida silvestre y IACUCS, de quienes cuya experiencia colectiva provee un entendimiento amplio y exhaustivo de la biologia de mamiferos no-domesticados. La presente version de los lineamientos y modificaciones posteriores estan disponibles en linea en la pagina web de la ASM, bajo Cuidado Animal y Comite de Uso: ( ). Recursos adicionales relacionados con el uso de animales de vida silvestre para la investigacion se encuentran disponibles en ( ). [1]: #ref-69
Lamin-B1 contributes to the proper timing of epicardial cell migration and function during embryonic heart development

Lamin proteins form a meshwork beneath the nuclear envelope and contribute to many different cellular processes. Mutations in lamins cause defective organogenesis in mouse models and human diseases that affect adipose tissue, brain, skeletal muscle, and the heart. In vitro cell culture studies have shown that lamins help maintain nuclear shape and facilitate cell migration. However, whether these defects contribute to improper tissue building in vivo requires further clarification. By studying the heart epicardium during embryogenesis, we show that Lb1-null epicardial cells exhibit in vivo and in vitro migratory delay. Transcriptome analyses of these cells suggest that Lb1 influences the expression of cell adhesion genes, which could affect cell migration during epicardium development. These epicardial defects are consistent with incomplete development of both vascular smooth muscle and compact myocardium at later developmental stages in Lb1-null embryos. Further, we found that Lb1-null epicardial cells have a delayed nuclear morphology change in vivo, suggesting that Lb1 facilitates morphological changes associated with migration. These findings suggest that Lb1 contributes to nuclear shape maintenance and migration of epicardial cells and highlights the use of these cells for in vitro and in vivo study of these classic cell biological phenomena.
Experimental demonstration of coded aperture imaging using thick 3D-position-sensitive CdZnTe detectors

3D-position-sensitive detectors have demonstrated Compton imaging and excellent energy resolution at room-temperature operation. Unfortunately, Compton imaging is not practical at gamma-ray energies below 300keV in CdZnTe detectors, due to the higher probability of photoelectric absorption. To extend our imaging capabilities to lower energies, coded aperture masks have been applied to the Polaris gamma-ray detection system composed of eighteen 20mm × 20mm × 15mm CdZnTe detectors provided by Redlen Technologies. Coded aperture images formed by 15mm thick pixelated CdZnTe detectors will be distorted if electron clouds are created over one pixel and are collected by another, an effect known as pixel jumping. Often, when the entire volume of the detector is irradiated with 137Cs or 57Co gamma rays, the count rate in each pixel is not uniform, especially for depths near the cathode side of the detector. Since the total efficiency of the detector volume matches that of simulation, this indicates that the non-uniformities are caused by cloud migration between pixels rather than complete count loss. As expected, the detectors with the most uniform count rates also provide the best coded aperture images. The focus of this research is to quantify the limitations of coded aperture imaging based on the severity of the detector count rate non-uniformity, and to examine the strength of the correlation between pixel jumping and coded aperture image quality.
Multigenerational Head Start Participation: An Unexpected Marker of Progress

One-quarter of the Head Start population has a mother who participated in the program as a child. This study uses experimental Head Start Impact Study (HSIS) data on 3- and 4-year-olds (N = 2,849) to describe multigenerational Head Start families and their program experiences. In sharp contrast to full-sample HSIS findings, Head Start has large, positive impacts on cognitive and socioemotional development through third grade among the children of former participant mothers, including improved mathematics skills and reductions in withdrawn and aggressive behavior. Evidence suggests that differences in program impacts between single- and multigenerational Head Start families are driven largely by differences in family resources and home learning environments.
Prior Therapy with Rituximab (R) in Patients with Follicular Lymphoma (FL) Does Not Affect Relapse-Free (RFS) or Overall Survival (OS) after High Dose Therapy (HDT) and Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation (ASCT).

ASCT has been used in FL to achieve durable remissions either as consolidation therapy in first remission or as salvage therapy in the relapsed or refractory setting. The recent addition of R to chemotherapy regimens for FL has been shown to improve RFS and, in some studies, OS. The effectiveness of HDT and ASCT in pts with FL who have received prior therapy with R is unknown, although there is speculation that R may adversely affect outcome. We retrospectively reviewed 128 consecutive patients with FL who underwent HDT and ASCT from 1/1994 through 12/2004. The analysis included 106 patients who were divided into No R and R groups. We excluded 19 patients who received R only as salvage therapy and three patients who received bone marrow rather than stem cells as their auto-graft. Patients were analyzed according to whether or not they had received an R-containing regimen prior to transplantation. 71 patients with No R therapy and 35 patients with R therapy were included. Characteristics between No R and R group are similar, with major difference being age, CD34+ dose, and length of follow-up. The No R group had a median OS that was not reached during follow up, with a median RFS of 49.9 months. The R group had a median OS of 63.2 months and a median RFS of 24.6 months. The OS and RFS were not significantly different between the groups. To control for potentially confounding factors between cohorts, we used propensity analysis to identify 22 patients among the R group who were well-matched to 22 patients in the No R group. Analysis was done for this well-matched cohort (Table 1), and OS and PFS were also found to have no significant difference (Figures 1 and 2). In conclusion, we did not observe a difference in outcome in the effectiveness of HDT and ASCT between FL patients who received R therapy and those who did not. Prospective studies are required to confirm these results.
Digital Citizenship and Surveillance| The Snowden Revelations and the Networked Fourth Estate

News coverage and analysis of the Edward Snowden revelations provide rich material with which to investigate the dynamics of the networked fourth estate. To understand the links between legacy news and new information actors, this article employs the notion of news flashpoints as a heuristic for making sense of instances when peaks in coverage and interest sync up across various types of news media and platforms and across professional–amateur–special interest borders. By identifying flashpoints, as well as the news events, actors, and themes that anchored the development of the story, the article demonstrates how stories related to the leaks were sustained and broadened in this hybrid environment and considers the implications for the public.
Effects of antimony on the thermoelectric properties of the cubic Pb 9.6SbyTe10-xSex materials

The thermoelectric properties of Pb9.6SbyTe10−xSex were investigated in the intermediate temperature range of 300 – 700 K. The effect of the variation of Sb content (y) on the electronic properties of the materials is remarkable. Samples with compositions Pb9.6Sb0.2Te10−xSex (y = 0.2) show the best combination of low thermal conductivity with moderate electrical conductivity and thermopower. For Pb9.6Sb0.2Te8Se2 (x = 2) a maximum figure of merit of ZT ∼ 1.1 was obtained around 700 K. This value is nearly 1.4 times higher than that of PbTe at 700 K. This enhancement of the figure of merit of Pb9.6Sb0.2Te8Se2 derives from its extremely low thermal conductivity (∼0.7 at W/m.K at 700 K). High resolution transmission electron microscopy of Pb9.6Sb0.2Te10−xSex samples shows broadly distributed Sb-rich nanocrystals, which may be the key feature responsible for the suppression of the thermal conductivity.
Global Governance, Tax Treaties, and Credible Commitments:

The international tax regime appears to be a weak system of global governance on the surface; however, I find that this system remains effective. This governance structure is built upon the thousan...
“Everybody has something”: One teacher’s beliefs about musical ability and their connection to teaching practice and classroom culture:

The purpose of this case study was to explore one elementary music teacher’s beliefs about the nature of musical ability and the ways in which these beliefs relate to actions and lived experiences ...
MUTAGENICITY AND METABOLISM OF CYCLOPENTA(cd)PYRENE

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the mutagenicity and metabolism of cyclopenta(cd)pyrene (CPP). Cyclopenta(cd)pyrene is a mutagenic and carcinogenic non-alternant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) without a bay region. The high degree of localization and chemical reactivity of the C(3)-C(4) bond suggested that it would be a likely site for enzymatic epoxidation yielding the 3, 4-oxide as a primary metabolite. The carbonium ion from oxide opening via C(3)-O bond breakage is identical by the Huckel approximation to the carbonium ion thought to be involved in the biological activity of benzo(a)pyrene-7, 8-diol-9, 10-oxide. Therefore, it was predicted that the 3, 4-oxide was the metabolite responsible for the mutagenic activity of CPP. The synthesis of CPP-3, 4-oxide and verification of its potent mutagenicity by the Ames test in the absence of enzymatic activation has been reported. The chapter discusses the identification of the cis and trans, 3, 4-dihydrodioIs as hydrolysis products of the epoxide. Isolation and identification of these diols supports the predicted stability of the C(3) carbonium ion and the role of the epoxide as a mutagen. In addition, the chapter discusses the identification of optically active trans-3, 4-dihydrodiol as the major metabolite CPP of rat liver microsomes prepared from 3-methylcholanthrene pretreated rats.
IMAGINE: neutrons reveal enzyme chemistry

Neutron diffraction is exquisitely sensitive to the positions of H atoms in protein crystal structures. IMAGINE is a high-intensity, quasi-Laue neutron crystallo­graphy beamline developed at the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. This state-of-the-art facility for neutron diffraction has enabled detailed structural analysis of macromolecules. IMAGINE is especially suited to resolve individual H atoms in protein structures, enabling neutron protein structures to be determined at or near atomic resolutions from crystals with volumes of less than 1 mm3 and unit-cell edges of less than 150 A. Beamline features include elliptical focusing mirrors that deliver neutrons into a 2.0 × 3.2 mm focal spot at the sample position, and variable short- and long-wavelength cutoff optics that provide automated exchange between multiple wavelength configurations. This review gives an overview of the IMAGINE beamline at the HFIR, presents examples of the scientific questions being addressed at this beamline, and highlights important findings in enzyme chemistry that have been made using the neutron diffraction capabilities offered by IMAGINE.
Variability in Interpreting "Educational Performance" for Children With Speech Sound Disorders.

Purpose Speech sound disorders (SSDs) can have a negative impact on literacy development, social–emotional well-being, and participation across the life span. Despite this, many public schools do n...
A Qualitative Study of Intimate Partner Violence From the Perpetrator’s Perspective:

Cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) has shown promising results in reducing aggression in intimate partner violence (IPV) relationships. A cornerstone of effective CBT is the assessment and measure of cognitions, behaviors, interactions, and conditions surrounding the violence. Unfortunately, there is limited perpetrator-based research that focuses on these aspects of IPV. The purpose of this study was to question perpetrators about the behaviors, interactions, cognitions, and conditions that precipitate and maintain abuse. Such information, along with similar data collected in a companion study of victims, is intended to assist in better understanding perpetrator violence, which can serve as the foundation of effective cognitive-behavioral (CB) IPV assessment, measurement, and treatment. Twelve heterosexual perpetrators receiving treatment for IPV completed structured audiotaped interviews focusing on CB phenomena, that is, the cognitions, behaviors, feelings, interactions, and conditions perpetrators have before, during, and after an IPV incident. Transcripts were coded and analyzed to develop a broad categorized list of discrete IPV phenomena over time. Among the findings relating to violent incidents was indication that despite the progression of abuse that compels perpetrators uncontrollably toward a violent episode, both partners simultaneously engage in numerous preventive attempts. The findings are ultimately intended to contribute to an instrument or treatment assessment method that can more accurately measure IPV phenomena emphasizing core CB concepts.
Multivalent ion conduction in solid polymer systems

While polymer electrolytes hold the promise of improving safety and mechanical durability of electrochemical devices, most suffer from relatively low ionic conductivities especially at ambient temperature. Furthermore, much of the conductivity in polymer electrolytes stems from the mobile anions, rather than the metal cations necessary for energy storage. This combination of challenges becomes even more pronounced in the conduction of the multivalent metal ions likely to be necessary for next generation, high energy density energy storage devices where the ions are likely to have complex, multi-functional interactions with the polyelectrolyte matrix. Herein, we will review the current state of understanding of the mechanisms of multivalent ion transport through polymers and the specific challenges relative to lithium ion transport. This fundamental understanding will lead to the design of new polymer electrolytes for multivalent ion transport, including single-ion conductors and anion-trapping polymers for enhanced cation mobility.
Localization of Transport ATPases in the Mammalian Nephron

Tubule microdissection and enzymatic microassays have allowed measurement of transport adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) in individual nephron segments. Such studies have mapped the distribution of ATPases involved in the active transport of Na+,K+,Ca2+, and H+ along the nephron of several mammalian species, and have enabled investigators to correlate the activity of these enzymes with transport events mediated by them in the same tubule segment. This brief survey summarizes current knowledge of the nephron localization and function of Na-K-ATPase, the most abundant and best studied transport ATPase in the kidney, as well as of low-and high affinity Ca-ATPases, proton translocating ATPases, and K-activated ATPase—which have been examined in isolated tubules only in the last decade. In view of the remarkable functional heterogeneity of the nephron, information obtained about transport ATPases in its component units has contributed to an improved understanding of kidney function.
Challenges for everyone: Real people, deception, one-shot games, social learning, and computers

This commentary suggests: (1) experimentalists must expand their subject pools beyond university students; (2) the pollution created by deception would not be a problem if experimentalists fully used non-student subjects; (3) one-shot games remain important and repeated games should not ignore social learning; (4) economists need to take better control of context; and (5) using computers in experiments creates potential problems.
Treatment of Hip Instability

Abstract Prosthetic instability after total hip arthroplasty is a multifactorial complication with both patient- and surgeon-related etiologies. A fundamental knowledge of potential causes and solutions allows for a comprehensive approach to identifying causative factors and leads to the formulation of the appropriate plan for resolution. This chapter will detail the etiologies of hip instability, the clinical evaluation of the complication, and surgical & non-surgical treatments that can be used to resolve the problem.
The unity of substance and attribute in Spinoza

Spinoza argues that there is one substance, God, with at least two distinct attributes. On Objective Interpretations, the “attributes” are what God conceives of God’s own essence. Because God truly...
The Holy Week Uprising of 1968

He preached nonviolence and look at him now. Black Steelworker, Baltimore, April 5, 1968 While this chapter will focus on Baltimore, it is important to remember that the Holy Week Uprising was widespread. Between the evening of April 4th, when James Earl Ray shot Martin Luther King Jr. and Easter Sunday April 14, 1968, looting, arson, or sniper fire occurred in 196 cities in thirty-six states plus the District of Columbia. Fifty-four cities suffered at least $100,000 in property damage, with the nation's capital and Baltimore topping the list at approximately $15 million and $12 million (81 million in 2015 dollars), respectively. Thousands of small shopkeepers saw their life's savings go up in smoke. Combined forty-three men and women were killed, approximately 3,500 were injured, and 27,000 were arrested. Not until over 58,000 National Guardsmen and regular Army troops joined local state and police forces did the uprisings cease. Put somewhat differently, during Holy Week 1968, the United States experienced its greatest wave of social unrest since the Civil War. Somewhat surprisingly, this wave of the Great Uprising has received remarkably little attention. With the exception of Ten Blocks from the White House , collectively written by the reporters of the Washington Post in the immediate wake of King's assassination, scholars have virtually ignored them. In 2008, Clay Risen, a journalist, composed A Nation on Fire , yet his work hardly dented the general treatment of the race revolts of the era, which focuses on those that took place in Watts, Newark, and Detroit in 1965 and 1967, respectively. As a result, the Kerner Commission's claim that the “disorders” were triggered by incidents involving the police has continued to hold sway, in spite of the fact that this obviously was not the case in April 1968. The overweighting of the riots of the long hot summer of 1967 has also produced another assumption that proves problematic when examined from the perspective of Baltimore, namely that the National Guard were trigger-happy. On the contrary, National Guard units and federal troops responded with a good deal of restraint in 1968. Paradoxically, this helped produce major debates regarding whether their hands had been tied and if a greater use of force could have prevented much of the destruction.
Management of Neuropathic Pain

Brachial plexus injuries are often accompanied by intractable pain. Many patients suffer more from their pain than from their functional disability. The etiology of this pain is complex and varies from injury to injury. Pain may be secondary to injuries of the musculoskeletal system, the central nervous system, or the peripheral nervous system. The treatment of this pain is also complex and frustrating and often requires many treatment modalities addressing each of the sources separately. This chapter reviews the approach to assessment and treatment of brachial plexus injury pain and provides specific treatment algorithms for these complex patients.
Belly and Body in the Pauline Epistles

Abbreviations Part I. Prolegomena: 1. Introduction, previous solutions, method and Pauline context Part II. The Graeco-Roman Belly: 2. The belly as a sign - ancient physiognomics 3. The belly in ancient moral philosophy 4. Ancient critique of Epicureanism 5. Banquets - opportunities for the belly Part III. The Appropriated Belly: 6. The belly-topos in Jewish-Hellenistic sources 7. The belly in Philo's writings Part IV. Belly-Worship and Body According to Paul: 8. The lifestyle of citizens of the heavenly Politeuma - Phil 3:17-21 9. 'Serving the belly' as kinship with Satan - Rom 16:17-20 10. The Corinthian belly Part V. The Earliest Expositors of Paul: 11. The belly-dicta of Paul in Patristic literature Part VI. Conclusions: 12. Concluding remarks Bibliography Indices.
Linear Induction Accelerator with Magnetic Steering for Inertial Fusion Target Injection

A traveling-wave induction accelerator was designed and built to launch 1 cm diameter cylindrical aluminum tubes (surrogate IFE targets) into a vacuum chamber at speeds greater than 50 m/s.The acce...
Patrolling the Neighborhood Beat

In the face of rising crime rates and a declining sense of security, urban residents have initiated a variety of crime prevention efforts. Although improved architectural design (Newman, 1972) and increased protection by the local police department have been common demands, many residents have also felt that their own vigilance and active concern over neighborhood conditions can play an important role in assuring an adequate level of residential safety. Typical crime prevention activities have taken a wide variety of forms, including property identification campaigns, programs to make residents more aware of good crime prevention practices, increased use of security devices, and programs to encourage citizens to report suspicious incidents (see National Advisory Commission, 1974; U.S. Chamber of Commerce, 1970).
Market intermediaries and rural people in Bolivia's forest products sector: Are trusting partnerships possible?

Decentralization in access to and control of Bolivia's forest resources, coupled with a rising global demand for tropical hardwoods, raises important questions about whether increased trade and community forest management (CFM) initiatives can enable forms of market integration that have more favourable outcomes for rural communities. This paper assesses the prospects for such a transition through an examination of the relationships linking wood product market intermediaries (brokers and buyers) to rural suppliers and forest communities in Bolivia. The analysis centres on whether trust – conceptualized as a power-laden sociospatial process driven by multiscalar factors – can evolve between buyers and suppliers such that more progressive (sustainable and mutually beneficial) partnerships devolop. Focusing on three types of buyer–supplier relationships in Bolivia – direct ties between wood brokers/buyers and suppliers, nongovernmental organization (NGO) mediated exchange relationships and Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification of suppliers – our findings show how trust building initiatives that focus on one scale may fail if factors at other scales create obstacles to collaboration, Given these relational constraints, CFM strategies in Bolivia currently face limitation on their viability as economic development strategies.
The N-terminal Domain of Tomato 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA Reductases SEQUENCE, MICROSOMAL TARGETING, AND GLYCOSYLATION

The enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) catalyzes the conversion of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA to mevalonic acid, considered the rate-limiting step in isoprenoid biosynthesis. In plants, isoprenoid compounds play important roles in mediating plant growth and development, electron transport, photosynthesis, and disease resistance. Sequence comparisons of plant HMGR proteins with those from yeast and mammalian systems reveal high levels of sequence identity within the catalytic domain but significant divergence in the membrane domain. Mammalian HMGRs are integral membrane proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum with eight membrane-spanning regions. In contrast, the membrane domain of plant HMGRs is predicted to contain only one to two transmembrane spans. We have isolated and sequenced a clone (pCD4) encoding exon 1 of tomato hmg1. The membrane domain structures of two differentially regulated tomato HMGR isoforms, HMG1 and HMG2, were analyzed using in vitro transcription and translation systems. Microsomal membrane insertion of the tomato HMGRs is co-translational and does not involve cleavage of an N-terminal targeting peptide. HMGR membrane topography was established by protease protection studies of the HMG1 membrane domain and an analogous region of HMG2 engineered to contain a c-myc epitope tag. The data indicate that both tomato HMGRs span the membrane two times with both the C and N termini located in the cytosol. Lumenal localization of the short peptide predicted to lie within the endoplasmic reticulum was further confirmed by in vitro glycosylation of an asparagine-linked glycosylation site present in HMG2.
“Soft” Controls for Hard Displays: Still a Challenge

Future trends in design of controls and displays for cockpit sub-systems (electrical, pneumatics, fuel, etc.), will undoubtedly focus on replacing dedicated “hard” controls with reconfigurable “sof...
Abstract MP66: AREST Lifestyle: Adherence Effects of a Comprehensive Reminder System on Exercise Adherence in Post-Myocardial Infarction Patients

Background: The risk of recurrent cardiac events can be reduced by 30-50% through regular, structured exercise; however, there remains a high rate of inactivity in post myocardial infarction (MI) patients. Forgetting to exercise may be a contributor to inactivity. This study assessed the hypothesis that text message reminders may be an effective strategy to reduce forgetfulness and inactivity. Methods: In this one year, single center study, we recruited 50 cardiac rehabilitation patients within 2 weeks of their MI. Participants were randomized to usual care or to receive text message reminders 4 times daily which stated "Please remember to exercise 45 minutes today". The outcomes measured were the frequency and total duration of exercise (assessed by log books) and physical endurance/ aerobic fitness (assessed by exercise stress testing at months 1, 3 and 12). Results: Intervention and control patients had similar baseline characteristics with an average age of 64. In the control group, monthly duration of exercise fell from an average of 683 minutes over 17 days at month 1 to 416 minutes over 11 days at month 12. Patients randomized to text message reminders exercised 772 minutes over 18 days at month 1 and 794 minutes over 18 days in month 12 (p Conclusions: In summary, this system improved frequency and duration of exercise, and objective measures of cardiac endurance and aerobic fitness. While this study was not designed to assess clinical outcomes, this text message reminder system represents a simple and scalable method for improving adherence to exercise regimens among post-MI patients.
Glucose 1,6-Diphosphate Formation by Phosphoglucomutase in Mammalian Tissues

Glucose 1,6-diphosphate concentrations in 10 mouse tissues were found to range from 70 to 80 µmoles per kg in brain and red blood cells to 7 to 10 µmoles per kg in testes and pancreas. There was no discernible correlation between levels of glucose 1,6-diphosphate and levels of glucose 6-phosphate, uridine diphosphoglucose or phosphoglucomutase, or Michaelis constants of phosphoglucomutase for its coenzyme. Ischemia caused a rapid decrease in glucose 1,6-diphosphate level in brain, whereas there was little or no effect of starvation on the level in liver, or of maximal electrical stimulation on the level in muscle. Evidence is presented to show that glucose 1,6-di-P in muscle can be synthesized by P-glucomutase itself from fructose-1,6-di-P and glucose-6-P (or glucose-1-P). The rate of synthesis is only about 0.015% of the mutase rate for glucose-1-P, but this would be sufficient to synthesize the glucose-1,6-di-P in mouse muscle in 3 min. The equilibrium constant is about 12 for (fructose-1,6-di-P) (glucose-6-P):(fructose-6-P) (glucose-1,6-di-P).
E-Textbooks Are Coming: Are We Ready?

Textbook options are expanding and the electronic text is poised to become prevalent in the college classroom. Cost pressures are driving this trend even as the academic value of e-textbooks has yet to be established. Limited research is available that examines the effectiveness of the etextbook as a learning tool. This paper presents the results of a study that compares student performance in two sections of an online course, one using an e-textbook and the other using a paper-based text. No significant difference in student performance was found. However, until etextbook format and features are standardized and business models generate sizable cost savings, e-textbook adoption is likely to evolve slowly.
The use of propensity scores to assess the generalizability of results from randomized trials

Randomized trials remain the most accepted design for estimating the effects of interventions, but they do not necessarily answer a question of primary interest: Will the program be effective in a target population in which it may be implemented? In other words, are the results generalizable? There has been very little statistical research on how to assess the generalizability, or "external validity," of randomized trials. We propose the use of propensity-score-based metrics to quantify the similarity of the participants in a randomized trial and a target population. In this setting the propensity score model predicts participation in the randomized trial, given a set of covariates. The resulting propensity scores are used first to quantify the difference between the trial participants and the target population, and then to match, subclassify, or weight the control group outcomes to the population, assessing how well the propensity score-adjusted outcomes track the outcomes actually observed in the population. These metrics can serve as a first step in assessing the generalizability of results from randomized trials to target populations. This paper lays out these ideas, discusses the assumptions underlying the approach, and illustrates the metrics using data on the evaluation of a schoolwide prevention program called Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports.
Numeric Mutation as an Improvement to Symbolic Regression in Genetic Programming

A weakness of genetic programming (GP) is the difficulty it suffers in discovering useful numeric constants for the terminal nodes of the s-expression trees. We examine a solution to this problem, called numeric mutation, based, roughly, on simulated annealing. We provide empirical evidence to demonstrate that this method provides a statistically significant improvement in GP system performance for symbolic regression problems. GP runs are more likely to find a solution, and successful runs use fewer generations.
A Novel Targeted Inhibitor of the Alternative Pathway of Complement and Its Therapeutic Application in Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

Bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of soluble Crry, a mouse inhibitor of all complement activation pathways, is significantly enhanced when linked to a fragment of complement receptor 2 (CR2), a receptor that targets C3 activation products. In this study, we characterize alternative pathway-specific inhibitors consisting of a single or dimeric N-terminal region of mouse factor H (fH; short consensus repeats 1-5) linked to the same CR2 fragment (CR2-fH and CR2-fHfH). Both CR2-fH and CR2-fHfH were highly effective at inhibiting the alternative pathway in vitro and demonstrated a higher specific activity than CR2-Crry. CR2-fH was also more effective than endogenous serum fH in blocking target deposition of C3. Target binding and complement inhibitory activity of CR2-fH/CR2-fHfH was dependent on CR2- and C3-mediated interactions. The alternative pathway of complement plays a role in intestine ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, serum fH fails to provide protection against intestine ischemia/reperfusion injury although it can bind to and provide cell surfaces with protection from complement and is present in plasma at a high concentration. In a mouse model, CR2-fH and CR2-fHfH provided complete protection from local (intestine) and remote (lung) injury. CR2-fH targeted to the site of local injury and greatly reduced levels of tissue C3 deposition. Thus, the targeting mechanism significantly enhances alternative pathway-specific complement inhibitory activity of the N-terminal domain of fH and has the potential to reduce side effects that may be associated with systemic complement blockade. The data further indicate alternative pathway dependence for local and remote injury following intestinal ischemia/reperfusion in a clinically relevant therapeutic paradigm.
Exploration of interactions detectable by wearable IMU sensors

Context aware systems like smart homes and offices will benefit from determining human-object and human-human interactions. In this paper, we explore interaction detection methods using only wearable Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs). The interactions we explore involve two actors — the primary person and a secondary object or person. We explore how several commonly used time domain signal processing operators can be utilized to detect the similar movements in the interactions and thus the interactions themselves. We also utilize a well-known boosting algorithm to potentially increase the accuracy of the operator results. The techniques operate on the magnitudes of the acceleration and gyroscope readings to keep the analysis independent of the orientation of the sensors. The detection accuracy for six interactions using the approach presented in the paper range from 84.2% to 69.6%.
Brief Report: Question-Asking and Collateral Language Acquisition in Children with Autism

The literature suggests children with autism use communication primarily for requests and protests, and almost never for information-seeking. This study investigated whether teaching “Where” questions using intrinsic reinforcement procedures would produce the generalized use of the question, and whether concomitant improvements in related language structures, provided as answers to the children’s questions, would occur. In the context of a multiple baseline across participants design, data showed that the children could rapidly acquire and generalize the query, and that there were collateral improvements in the children’s use of language structures corresponding to the answers to the questions the children asked. The results are discussed in the context of teaching child initiations to improve linguistic competence in children with autism.
S k,exp Does Not Prove NP = co -NP Uniformly

The notion of a uniform sequent-calculus proof is introduced. It is shown that a strengthening, Sk,exp , of the well-studied bounded arithmetic system Sk of Buss does not prove NP = co-NP with a uniform proof. A slightly stronger result that Sk,exp cannot prove $$\widehat\Sigma _{1,k\prime }^b = \widehat\Pi _{1,k\prime }^b$$ uniformly for 2 ≤ k′ ≤ k is also established. A modification of the technique used is applied to show that Sk,exp is unable to prove the Davis-Putnam-Robinson-Matiyasevich theorem. Generalizations of these results to higher levels of the Grzegorczyck hierarchy are presented. Bibliography: 21 titles.
Computation of the distribution of the maximum studentized range statistic with application to multiple significance testing of simple effects

We consider the probability distribution of the maximum of r statistics each distributed as the Studentized range of means calculated from c random samples of size n from normal populations. The rc samples are assumed to be mutually independent and a common pooled—within—samplevariance is used throughout. An algorithm using Gaussian quadrature and the secant method is presented for calculating the upper lOO∝ percentage points for this distribution. We discuss the application in a new procedure for constructing multiple significance tests and simultaneous confidence limits for simple effects in multiway Analysis of Variance.
An investigation on hot corrosion behavior of YSZ-Ta2O5 in Na2SO4 + V2O5 salt at 1100 °C

Abstract This study compares the hot corrosion performance of yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ), and YSZ-Ta2O5 (TaYSZ) composite samples in the presence of molten mixture of Na2SO4 + V2O5 at 1100 °C. For YSZ, the reaction between NaVO3 and Y2O3 produces YVO4 and leads to the transformation of tetragonal ZrO2 to monoclinic ZrO2. For TaYSZ, minor amounts of NaTaO3, TaVO5 and Ta9VO25 are formed as the hot corrosion products with only traceable amounts of YVO4. Due to the synergic effect of doping of zirconia with both Y2O3 and Ta2O5, the TaYSZ sample has a much better hot corrosion resistance than YSZ.
Recent efficiency gains for CdTe and CuIn1−xGaxSe2 solar cells: What has changed?

Abstract During the period between 1987 to 1994, a number of laboratories have contributed to truly remarkable efficiency gains for thin-film cells with polycrystalline CdTe and CuIn 1− x Ga x Se 2 (CIGS) absorbers. Total-area efficiencies have increased from just above 10% to over 16%, and these cells can now be sensibly compared with single-crystal cells of comparable bandgap. A number of factors have contributed to these gains, but the most significant has been the reduction of recombination states in the depletion region and the resulting drop in forward-current density.
Transient arterial occlusion raises enkephalin in the canine sinoatrial node and improves vagal bradycardia.

Abstract The C-terminal proenkephalin sequence, Methionine–enkephalin–arginine–phenylalanine (MEAP), is abundant in the myocardium and when delivered into the sinoatrial (SA) node by microdialysis, the peptide had significant vagolytic activity. The study that follows was conducted to determine if an increase in endogenous nodal MEAP could be demonstrated during reduced nodal blood flow and was endogenous MEAP similarly vagolytic. Microdialysis probes were placed in the canine SA node and perfused at 5 μl per min. The SA node artery was occluded and released four times at 10-min intervals. The intermittent occlusions were followed by one or two prolonged occlusions (30 min). Vagally mediated bradycardia was compared before, during, and after occlusion of the artery. An increase in recovered MEAP (70–220 fmol) was recorded during each of the initial 10-min occlusions. MEAP returned to baseline during each subsequent 10-min reperfusion. There was a sustained increase in MEAP (110–150 fmol) during longer occlusions. Contrary to the hypothesis, the increased MEAP during arterial occlusion was coincident with improved vagal bradycardia. The improvement in vagally mediated bradycardia was highly reproducible and was observed again during a second 30-min occlusion. The improved vagal function was reversed or reduced, respectively, when naltrindole or glibenclamide was included in the microdialysis inflow during arterial occlusion. Although these observations suggested that opioid receptors and ATP-sensitive K + channels might have been involved, only a single dose of each agent was practical. Therefore, the specificity of these two responses remains to be confirmed. In summary, the recovery of endogenous opioids from the sinoatrial node increased during reduced arterial perfusion of the node. Contrary to expectations, the increase in recovered endogenous opioids was accompanied by improved rather than impaired vagal bradycardia.