cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of lectins on calcification by vesicles isolated from aortas of cholesterol-fed rabbits.

Abstract Advanced vascular calcification in atherosclerosis weakens arterial walls, thereby imposing a serious rupturing effect. However, the mechanism of dystrophic calcification remains unknown. Although accumulating morphological and biochemical evidence reveals a role for calcifiable vesicles in plaque calcification, the mechanism of vesicle-mediated calcification has not been fully explored. To study whether vesicles’ membrane components, such as carbohydrates, may have a role in vesicle-mediated calcification, the effect of sugar-binding lectins on calcification was investigated. Atherosclerosis was developed by feeding rabbits with a diet supplemented with 0.5% cholesterol and 2% peanut oil for 4 months. Calcifiable vesicles were then isolated from thoracic aortas by collagenase digestion. The histological examination of aortas with hematoxylin counter-staining indicated abnormal formation of large plaques enriched with macrophage-derived foam cells. Fourier transform spectroscopy revealed mild calcification in aortas indicating that advanced stages of heavy calcification have yet to be reached. However, vesicles isolated from the aortas were capable of calcification in the presence of physiological levels of Ca 2+ , Pi, and ATP. Thus, at this stage of atherosclerosis, aortas may start to produce calcifiable vesicles, but at a level insufficient for substantial formation of mineral in aortas. The assessments by FT-IR analysis and Alizarin red staining indicated that concanavalin A (Con A) substantially increased mineral formation by isolated vesicles. Con A also exerted a marked stimulatory effect on 45 Ca and 32 Pi deposition in a dose-dependent fashion with a half-maximal effect at 6–10 μg/ml. Either α-methylmannoside or α-methylglucoside, but not mannitol, at 10 mM abolished the stimulation. Con A stimulation was abolished after Con A was removed from calcifying media, suggesting that covalent binding may not be involved in the effect. Galactosides appear to also be implicated in 45 Ca and 32 Pi deposition since Abrus precartorius agglutinin, which specifically binds galactosides, enhanced the deposition. Neither wheat-germ agglutinin that binds N -acetylglucoside nor N -acetylgalactoside-specific Helix pomatia agglutinin was effective, suggesting that the acetylated forms of carbohydrate moieties are either absent in vesicles or may not be involved in calcification. None of these lectins exerted an effect on ATPase. Thus, the effects of lectins appeared to be mediated through interactions with carbohydrate moieties of calcifiable vesicles. Whether stimulation of vesicle-calcification by lectins is of pathological significance in atherosclerotic calcification requires further investigation.
Geometry and Spectra of Closed Extensions of Elliptic Cone Operators

We study the geometry of the set of closed extensions of index 0 of an elliptic differential cone operator and its model operator in connection with the spectra of the extensions, and we give a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of rays of minimal growth for such operators.
Oxidation-controlled aging of SmCo5 magnets

Abstract The minimum irreversible magnetic aging characteristics of SmCo5 magnets can be calculated based on the kinetics of internal oxidation of SmCo5. Experimentally measured open-circuit remanent induction losses determined as a function of time showed excellent correlations with the calculated curves for temperatures up to 200 °C. Above 200 °C deviations occurred from the calculated aging curves based on short-term oxidation kinetics because of coalescence of the oxide fibers in the subscale. Measurement of internal oxidation kinetics at 300 °C for times comparable with the magnetic aging times again allowed accurate computation of the irreversible magnetic losses.
Long-term orbit perturbations of the Draim four-satellite constellations

Long-term orbit perturbations of the Draim four-satellite constellations were investigated. Results from the 10-yr integration indicate that the orbit variations due to luni-solar perturbations are significant for the two selected orbits with 27- and 48-h periods. The resulting degradation in ground coverage was found to be 16 and 32% for the 27- and 48-h orbit constellations, respectively. Argument of perigee, inclination, and eccentricity controls must be applied to maintain 100% continuous coverage. The maximum AV required for a 10-yr mission was estimated to be 835 m/s. A strategy to avoid the costly stationkeeping maneuvers was examined, and the resulting performance improvements were assessed.
Theoretical investigation of one-dimensional cavities in two-dimensional photonic crystals

We study numerically the features of the resonant peak of one-dimensional (1-D) dielectric cavities in a two-dimensional (2-D) hexagonal lattice. We use both the transfer matrix method and the finite difference time-domain (FDTD) method to calculate the transmission coefficient. We compare the two methods and discuss their results for the transmission and quality factor Q of the resonant peak. We also examine the dependence of Q on absorption and losses, the thickness of the sample, and the lateral width of the cavity. The Q-factor dependence on the width of the source in the FDTD calculations is also given.
Runaway production, runaway consumption, runaway citizenship: The new international division of cultural labor

Think of the Mexican entertainment market, with its young population and fast-growing middle class, as a teenager out looking for a good time after being cooped up for too long...
Women entrepreneurs: out from under the glass ceiling

During the past decade, the incidence of women starting businesses dramatically accelerated in the US. A national, representative sample of women (and men) business owners was interviewed by telephone to understand better this phenomenon. This analysis focuses on women business owners who left corporate careers to start their own businesses. Respondents' experiences with corporate “glass ceilings” and “glass walls”, such as lack of flexibility and challenge, lack of role models and mentors, lack of access to line positions with concomitant intrapreneurial opportunities, and failure of organizations to credit and reward women's contributions, are examined. Differences among three age cohorts of women business owners, included in the analysis, portend increased difficulty for companies in retaining talented women professionals and managers, especially those with entrepreneurial interests. Recommendations to companies include identifying and eliminating barriers to women's advancement in the corporate culture and work environment, and development of more intrapreneurial opportunities.
State-Of-The-Art Survey Of Multimode Fiber Optic Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Optical wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems, with signals transmitted on different wavelengths through a single fiber, can have increased information capacity and fault isolation properties over single wavelength optical systems. This paper describes a typical WDM system. Also, a state-of-the-art survey of optical multimode components which could be used to implement the system is made. The components to be surveyed are sources, multiplexers, and detectors. Emphasis is given to the demultiplexer techniques which are the major developmental components in the WDM system.
AN IMPROVED DYNAMICAL MODEL FOR THE MICROQUASAR XTE J1550–564

We present an improved dynamical model of the X-ray binary and microquasar XTE J1550?564 based on new moderate-resolution optical spectroscopy and near-infrared photometry obtained with the 6.5?m Magellan Telescopes at Las Campanas Observatory. Twelve spectra of the source were obtained using the Magellan Echellette Spectrograph between 2008 May 6 and August 4. In addition, several hundred images of the field were obtained between 2006 May and 2009 July in the J and KS filters using the PANIC camera. The agreement between the 2006/2007 and 2008 J and KS light curves is not perfect, and the differences can plausibly be attributed to a hot spot on the accretion disk during the 2006/2007 observations. By combining our new radial velocity measurements with previous measurements obtained in 2001 May at the 8.2?m Very Large Telescope and with light curves, we find an orbital period of P = 1.5420333 ? 0.0000024 days and a radial velocity semiamplitude of K 2 = 363.14 ? 5.97?km?s?1, which together imply an optical mass function of f(M) = 7.65 ? 0.38 M ?. We find that the projected rotational velocity of the secondary star is 55 ? 5?km?s?1, which implies a very extreme mass ratio of Q ? M/M 2 30. Using a model of a Roche lobe-filling star and an azimuthally symmetric accretion disk, we fit simultaneously optical light curves from 2001, near-infrared light curves from 2008, and all of the radial velocity measurements to derive system parameters. We find an inclination of 747 ? 38 and component masses of M 2 = 0.30 ? 0.07 M ? and M = 9.10 ? 0.61 M ? for the secondary star and black hole, respectively. We note that these results depend on the assumption that in 2008, the disk did not have a hot spot, and that the fraction of light contributed by the accretion disk did not change between the spectroscopic and photometric observations. By considering two measured values of the disk fraction and by modeling various combinations of NIR and optical light curves, we show that our adopted black hole mass is probably not seriously in error, where the black hole mass ranges between M = 8.91 ? 1.10 M ? and M = 13.94 ? 1.64 M ?. The radius of the secondary star for the adopted model is 1.75 ? 0.12 R ?. Using this radius, the average KS magnitude, and an extinction of AK = 0.507 ? 0.050?mag, we find a distance of 4.38+0.58 ?0.41?kpc, which is in good agreement with a recent distance estimate based on H I absorption lines.
Supersymmetric vacua in random supergravity

We determine the spectrum of scalar masses in a supersymmetric vacuum of a general $ \mathcal{N}=1 $ supergravity theory, with the Kahler potential and superpotential taken to be random functions of N complex scalar fields. We derive a random matrix model for the Hessian matrix and compute the eigenvalue spectrum. Tachyons consistent with the Breitenlohner-Freedman bound are generically present, and although these tachyons cannot destabilize the supersymmetric vacuum, they do influence the likelihood of the existence of an ‘uplift’ to a metastable vacuum with positive cosmological constant. We show that the probability that a supersymmetric AdS vacuum has no tachyons is formally equivalent to the probability of a large fluctuation of the smallest eigenvalue of a certain real Wishart matrix. For normally-distributed matrix entries and any N, this probability is given exactly by $ P=\exp \left( {{{{-2{N^2}{{{\left| W \right|}}^2}}} \left/ {{m_{\mathrm{susy}}^2}} \right.}} \right) $ , with W denoting the superpotential and m susy the supersymmetric mass scale; for more general distributions of the entries, our result is accurate when N ≫ 1. We conclude that for $ \left| W \right|\gtrsim {{{{m_{\mathrm{susy}}}}} \left/ {N} \right.} $ , tachyonic instabilities are ubiquitous in configurations obtained by uplifting supersymmetric vacua.
Strings at the bottom of the deformed conifold

We present solutions of the equations of motion of macroscopic F and D strings extending along the non compact 4D sections of the conifold geometry and winding around the internal directions. The effect of the Goldstone modes associated with the position of the strings on the internal manifold can be seen as a current on the string that prevents it from collapsing and allows the possibility of static 4D loops. Its relevance in recent models of brane inflation is discussed.
How to count kinks: From the continuum to the lattice and back

Abstract We investigate the matching between (1+1)-dimensional nonlinear field theories coupled to an external stochastic environment and their lattice simulations. In particular, we focus on how to obtain numerical results which are lattice-spacing independent, and on how to extract the correct effective potential which emerges from the simulations. As an application, we study the thermal production of kink-antikink pairs, obtaining a number density of pairs which is lattice-spacing independent and the effective barrier for pair production, i.e., the effective kink mass.
Synthesis of Cyclopentenimines from N-Allyl Ynamides via a Tandem Aza-Claisen Rearrangement–Carbocyclization Sequence

We describe here details of our investigations into Pd-catalyzed and thermal aza-Claisen–carbocyclizations of N-allyl ynamides to prepare a variety of α,β-unsaturated cyclopentenimines. The nature of the ynamide electron-withdrawing group and β-substituent plays critical roles in the success of this tandem cascade. With N-sulfonyl ynamides, the use of palladium catalysis is required, as facile 1,3-sulfonyl shifts dominate under thermal conditions. However, since no analogous 1,3-phosphoryl shift is operational, N-phosphoryl ynamides could be used to prepare similar cyclopentenimines under thermal conditions through zwitter ionic intermediates that undergo N-promoted H-shifts. Alternatively, by employing ynamides bearing tethered carbon nucleophiles, the zwitter ionic intermediates could be intercepted, giving rise rapidly to more complex fused bi- and tricyclic scaffolds.
Information Asymmetry and Corporate Liquidity Management: Evidence from Real Estate Investment Trusts

We examine the impact of information asymmetry on a firm’s choice between cash and credit lines for corporate liquidity management using a panel data set from real estate investment trusts (REITs). Information asymmetry, as measured by analyst forecast error and dispersion, is negatively related to the use of lines of credit. Specifically, firms with more severe information asymmetry are less likely to have access to bank credit lines. Concurrently, more transparent firms are more likely to utilize bank credit lines as opposed to cash for liquidity management. The results are robust to alternative information asymmetry proxies and specifications. These findings suggest that information asymmetry plays an important role in corporate liquidity management.
Psychobiologic correlates of treatment response in schizophrenia

In studies conducted on largely treatment naive patients in their first episode of psychosis, we have found that treatment outcome is quite good and that most patients recover or at least achieve a substantial degree of symptom remission. However, over the course of their illness and in the context of subsequent psychotic episodes, they may experience some decrease in their treatment response from illness progression. In addition, the heterogeneity of treatment outcome is associated with specific clinical (gender, primary negative symptoms of the deficit state, duration of psychosis) and biological variables (pHVA, ventricular volume). It is unclear whether these variables represent aspects of discrete subtypes of schizophrenia or dimensional measures of pathology within the broad context of a unitary disease entity.
Metal-promoted variants of the Passerini reaction leading to functionalized heterocycles.

The effect of replacing the Bronsted acid in classic Passerini reactions with a mild Lewis acid has been studied. Triggered by metal-promoted silylation, condensations of aliphatic or aromatic carbonyl compounds with appropriately substituted isonitriles capable of neighboring group donation afford α-hydroxyamides, substituted oxazoles, and other useful heterocycles.
Tropospheric impact of methane emissions from clathrates in the Arctic Region

Abstract. A highly potent greenhouse gas, methane, is locked in the solid phase as ice-like deposits containing a mixture of water and gas (mostly methane) called clathrates in both ocean sediments and underneath permafrost regions. Clathrates are stable under high pressures and low temperatures. In a warming climate, increases in ocean temperatures could lead to dissociation of the clathrates and release methane into the ocean and subsequently the atmosphere. This is of particular importance in the shallow parts of the Arctic Ocean, since clathrates are expected to start outgassing abruptly at depths of around 300 m. In this paper, we present a comparison of simulations from the Community Earth System Model (CESM1) for present-day conditions with and without additional methane emissions from a plausible clathrate release scenario based on a state-of-the-art ocean sediment model. The CESM model includes a fully interactive physical ocean and we added a fast atmospheric chemistry mechanism that represents methane as a fully interactive tracer (with emissions rather than concentration boundary conditions) along with the main chemical reactions for methane, ozone, and nitrous oxide. The results show that such Arctic clathrate emissions increase methane concentrations non-uniformly, and that increases in surface ozone concentrations are greatest in polluted regions. We also find that the interannual variability in surface methane and ozone increases.
What Is Islamophobia and How Much Is There? Theorizing and Measuring an Emerging Comparative Concept:

Islamophobia is an emerging comparative concept in the social sciences. Yet there is no widely accepted definition of Islamophobia that permits systematic comparative and causal analysis. This article explores how the term Islamophobia has been deployed in public and scholarly debates, emphasizing that these discussions have taken place on multiple registers. It then draws on research on concept formation, prejudice, and analogous forms of status hierarchies to offer a usable social scientific definition of Islamophobia as indiscriminate negative attitudes or emotions directed at Islam or Muslims. The article discusses the types of indicators that are most appropriate for measuring Islamophobia as well as the benefits of concept development for enabling comparative and causal analysis.
Flash Radiography As A Quantitative Tool

Flash radiographs have long been useful for interpreting dynamic events. Such interpretation ranges from merely looking at a radiograph to aid in understanding the event to fully deconvolving film densities to reconstruct actual masses and positions. Between these two extremes are the possibilities of using trained observers to select features of interest or of using densitometers to aid in such descriptions. Several examples of these latter methods will be illustrated to indicate that reasonable precision can be obtained in this way and that flash radiography can indeed.be a quantitative science. The examples will be from the field of shock-wave hydrodynamics.1 The radiographs were taken at the PHERMEX facility,2 a 25-MeV machine emitting about 30 R at a meter in a pulse of 100 ns for these examples. The first situation involves the selection of the position of a thin, low-density beryllium foil embedded in a moving high-density material, uranium. The second will involve the selection of the location or of the alignment direction of step mass discontinuities such as those found in shock waves or in interfaces between materials of different density. Such discontinuities may be slowly curving, and the problem is that of determining tangents at selected locations. Both spall in lead and multiple intersecting shocks in lead will be described. The third situation will involve the selection of the alignment of the head of a rarefaction wave--the problem of a density gradient with a discontinuous first derivative. The example will be oblique reflection of a detonation wave from an open edge in the explosive PBX-9404. The last situation will involve the problem of a material density gradient with continuous first derivative. The example will be low-density material ejected from a lead surface that has been shocked. In this last case the answer is not a single selection, but a variation as a function of location.
Designing for beam propagation in periodic and nonperiodic photonic nanostructures: extended Hamiltonian method.

We use Hamiltonian optics to design and analyze beam propagation in two-dimensional (2D) periodic structures with slowly varying nonuniformities. We extend a conventional Hamiltonian method, adding equations for calculating the width of a beam propagating in such structures, and quantify the range of validity of the extended Hamiltonian equations. For calculating the beam width, the equations are more than ${10}^{3}$ times faster than finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations. We perform FDTD simulations of beam propagation in large 2D periodic structures with slowly varying nonuniformities to validate our method. Beam path and beam width calculated using the extended Hamiltonian method show good agreement with FDTD simulations. By contrasting the method with ray tracing of the bundle of rays, we highlight and explain the limitations of the extended Hamiltonian method. Finally, we use a frequency demultiplexing device optimization example to demonstrate the potential applications of the method.
Branes with GUTs and supersymmetry breaking

Abstract We study Type I string theory compactified on a T 6 / Z 3 orientifold. The low-energy dynamics is most conveniently analyzed in terms of D3-branes. We show that a sector of the theory, which corresponds to placing an odd number of D3-branes at orientifold fixed points, can give rise to an SU (5) gauge theory with three generations of chiral matter fields. The resulting model is not fully realistic, but the relative ease with which an adequate gauge group and matter content can be obtained is promising. The model is also of interest from the point of view of supersymmetry breaking. We show that, for fixed values of the closed string modes, the model breaks supersymmetry due to a conflict between a non-perturbatively generated superpotential and an anomalous U (1) D -term potential.
Strategic HR management creates value at Target

In the competitive jungles of discount retailing, Target consistently ranks among the fittest. Attributing its sustained high performance to the successful Target brand, the company has tapped every employee to be a brand manager. Four core strategies of the HR function, which operates as a full business partner at Target, have been keys to building and motivating a workforce that creates value for customers and stakeholders. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tests of specification in econometrics

This survey of recent developments in testing for misspecification of econometric models reviews procedures based on a method due to Hausman. Particular attention is given to alternative forms of the test, its relationship to classical test procedures, and its role in pre-test estimation.
A Deterministic Approach to XML Query Processing with Efficient Support for Pure and Negated Containments

This article reports the result of the authorâ€™s recent work on XML query processing/optimization, which is a very important issue in XML data management. In this work, in order to more effectively and efficiently handle XML queries involving pure and/or negated containments, a previously proposed deterministic optimization approach is largely adapted. This approach resorts to heuristic-based deterministic transformations on algebraic query expressions in order to achieve the best possible optimization efficiency. Specialized transformation rules are thus developed, and efficient implementation algorithms for pure and negated containments are presented as well. Experimental study confirms the validity and effectiveness of the presented approach and algorithms in processing of XML queries involving pure and/or negated containments.
Implementation and control of a 3 degree-of-freedom force-reflecting manual controller

An implementation of a manual controller system is described in which a parallel 3-DOF spherical structure (for compactness and reduced weight) is combined with high-gear-ratio reducers using a force control algorithm to produce a 'power steering' effect for enhanced smoothness and transparency. The force control algorithm has the further benefit of minimizing the effect of the system friction and nonlinear inertia forces. The required analyses for a universal force-reflecting manual controller application are presented, as are test results for a prototype system.
Ranks and pregeometries in finite diagrams

Abstract The study of classes of models of a finite diagram was initiated by S. Shelah in 1969. A diagram D is a set of types over the empty set, and the class of models of the diagram D consists of the models of T which omit all the types not in D . In this work, we introduce a natural dependence relation on the subsets of the models for the ℵ 0 -stable case which share many of the formal properties of forking. This is achieved by considering a rank for this framework which is bounded when the diagram D is ℵ 0 -stable. We can also obtain pregeometries with respect to this dependence relation. The dependence relation is the natural one induced by the rank, and the pregeometries exist on the set of realizations of types of minimal rank. Finally, these concepts are used to generalize many of the classical results for models of a totally transcendental first-order theory. In fact, strong analogies arise: models are determined by their pregeometries or their relationship with their pregeometries; however the proofs are different, as we do not have compactness. This is illustrated with positive results (categoricity) as well as negative results (construction of nonisomorphic models). We also give a proof of a Two Cardinal Theorem for this context.
Diffusion and decoherence of squarks and quarks during the electroweak phase transition

Abstract To estimate the diffusion constant D of particles in a plasma, we develop a method that is based on the mean free path λ for scatterings with momentum transfer q ≳ T . Using this method, we estimate λ and D for squarks and quarks during the electroweak phase transition. Assuming that Debye and magnetic screening lengths provide suitable infrared cutoffs, our calculations yield λ ≲18/ T and D ≲5/ T for both squarks and quarks. Our estimate of λ suggests that suppressions of charge transport due to decoherence of these strongly interacting particles during the electroweak phase transition are not severe and that these particles may contribute significantly to electroweak baryogenesis.
Brane transfer operations and T-duality of non-BPS states

Using the relation between D-brane charges and K-theory, we study non-BPS D-branes and their behavior under T-duality. We point out that in general compactifications, D-brane charges are classified by relative K-theory groups. T-duality is found to act as a symmetry between the relative K-theory groups in Type II and Type I/IA theories. We also study Type IA theory (which contains an O8^- plane and an O8^+ plane), using K-theory and T-duality to identify its stable D-branes. Comparison with string theory constructions reveals two interesting effects. One of them involves the transfer of branes between O-planes, while in the other, a D-brane charge which seems conserved near one O-plane in fact decays due to the presence of another type of O-plane.
The effect of facial piercing on perceptions of job applicants

Abstract This research examines how facial piercings affect impressions of a job candidate and whether these impressions are affected by gender or job type. Findings, based on two samples, indicate that individuals with piercings were viewed as less suitable job applicants and as possessing more negative characteristics than those with no piercings. These negative impressions were pervasive and unaffected by either applicant gender or job type. Specifically, using students, we found that pierced individuals were perceived as more extraverted, less agreeable, less conscientious, less attractive (from a social and task perspective), of more questionable character, less competent, less sociable, and not as trustworthy, and these imputed characteristics mediated the piercing—job suitability relationship. The results of a second sample of working adults found pierced applicants as less conscientious, less open, having less character, being more sociable, and being less trustworthy, with most of the imputed characteristics mediating the piercing—job suitability relationship.
Numerical Investigation of Supersonic Wing-Tip Vortices

Steady high-Reynolds-number flowfields about a finite-span rectangular wing mounted upright in a supersonic stream were generated numerically to investigate formation of the tip vortex. Solutions were obtained by integration of the time-dependent three-dimensional compressible Euler and thin-layer laminar and mass-averaged turbulent Navier-Stokes equations. In the turbulent case, a two-equation (k-e) closure model was employed, which included low-Reynolds-number terms and a compressibility correction. Details of the computations are summarized, and a grid resolution study is provided to assess the accuracy of the numerical results. Comparisons are made between solutions of the various governing equations, as well as with experimental data in terms of pressure and Mach-number component distributions in the vortex core.
Stability of cylindrical domains in phase-separating binary fluids in shear flow

The stability of a long cylindrical domain in a phase-separating binary fluid in an external shear flow is investigated by linear stability analysis. Using the coupled Cahn-Hilliard and Stokes equations, the stability eigenvalues are derived analytically for long wavelength perturbations, for arbitrary viscosity contrast between the two phases. The shear flow is found to suppress and sometimes completely stabilize both the hydrodynamic Rayleigh instability and the thermodynamic instability of the cylinder against varicose perturbations, by mixing with nonaxisymmetric perturbations. The results are consistent with recent observations of a ``string phase'' in phase-separating fluids in shear.
The coordination chemistry of planar pentadentate «porphyrin-like» ligands

Abstract The coordination chemistry of pentadentate porphyrin-like ligands is reviewed. The review is largely limited to planar or near-planar unsaturated pentaaza macrocycles and is concerned with pentadentate or potentially pentadentate systems derived from pyrrole, pyridine, bipyridine, phenanthroline, and terpyridine. Some discussion, however, is devoted to novel nonporphyrin macrocycles containing fewer than five nitrogen atoms. Specifically excluded from review are complex binucleating systems as well as saturated ligands of the aza crown ether or cryptand type.
Molecular theory of collision-induced fine-structure transitions in atomic oxygen.

A molecular theory of collision-induced fine-structure-level transitions in complex atoms is presented. The theory is applied to calculate the excitation cross sections for the fine-structure levels in the $^{3}$P ground state of atomic oxygen. We discuss and compare the theory presented here with previous molecular theories.
Optical Imagery and Spectrophotometry of CTB 80

Narrow-band imagery and spectrophotometry of the central region of CTB 80 are presented. The images show weak forbidden O III and ubiquitous filamentary forbidden S II and H-alpha emission from the extended radio lobes in which the core is embedded. The data indicate that the extended component is shock heated. Balmer line-dominated emission is observed around the perimeter of the core. Assuming that the volume of the radio shell is similar to the volume of the thermal shell, it is found that a magnetic field of about 600 microG and a cosmic-ray proton-to-electron ratio of about 200 are required to explain the pressure and synchrotron volume emissivity in the radio shell. It is suggested that the optical emission form the core of CTB 80 arises behind shocks which are being driven into a magnetized thermal plasma by the confined relativistic wind from PSR 1951+32.
Design of decentralized PI control systems based on Nyquist stability analysis

Abstract This paper presents a simple, but effective, design method for decentralized PI control systems with guaranteed closed-loop stability. Nyquist stability conditions are used to derive the stability region for each PI controller in terms of the controller parameters. A detuning factor for each loop is specified based on a diagonal dominance index. Then appropriate controller settings are determined using this index and the stability region. Simulation results for a variety of 2 × 2, 3 × 3, and 4 × 4 systems demonstrate that the proposed design method guarantees closed-loop stability and provides good set-point and load responses.
Chiral Fluctuations and Structures

Abstract Chiral molecules form a number of non-chiral structures, the simplest being an isotropic fluid phase. In a mesophase of achiral molecules the fluctuations will on an average be achiral as well: left-handed twists and right-handed twists will occur with the same probability. In a system composed of chiral molecules, however, the fluctuations will be biased in one direction or the other, and there will be optical effects such as a non-zero fluctuation induced rotary power in addition to the molecular rotary power of the individual molecules. We discuss this effect in a number of contexts, including lyotropic lamellar phases. When the tendency to twist is strong enough or the line energy of having an exposed edge is small enough, a new, defect riddled ground state of a lyotropic lamella, akin to the Renn-Lubensky twist-grain-boundary phase of thermotropic smectics, can occur.
Proposal for a New Type Solid State Maser

The Overhauser effect may be used in the spin multiplet of certain paramagnetic ions to obtain a negative absorption or stimulated emission at microwave frequencies. The use of nickel fluosilicate or gadolinium ethyl sulfate at liquid helium temperature is suggested to obtain a low noise microwave amplifier or frequency converter. The operation of a solid state maser based on this principle is discussed.
Stability of Cohesive Crack Model: Part I—Energy Principles

The paper deals with a cohesive crack model in which the cohesive (crack-bridging) stress is a specified decreasing function of the crack-opening displacement. Under the assumption that no part of the crack undergoes unloading, the complementary energy and potential energy of an elastic structure which has a cohesive crack and is loaded by a flexible elastic frame is formulated using continuous influence functions representing compliances or stiffnesses relating various points along the crack. By variational analysis, in which the derivatives of the compliance or stillness functions with respect to the crack length are related to the crack-tip stress intensity factors due to various unit loads, it is shown that the minimizing conditions reduce to the usual compatibility or equilibrium equations for the cohesive cracks. The variational equations obtained can be used as a basis for approximate solutions. Furthermore, the conditions of stability loss of a structure with a growing cohesive crack are obtained from the condition of vanishing of the second variation of the complementary energy or the potential energy. They have the form of a homogeneous Fredholm integral equation for the derivatives of the cohesive stresses or crack opening displacements with respect to the crack length. Loadings with displacement control, load control, or through a flexible loading frame are considered. Extension to the analysis of size effect on the maximum load or maximum displacement are left to a subsequent companion paper.
Fitting bivariate cumulative returns with copulas

Abstract A copula based statistical method for fitting joint cumulative returns between a market index and a single stock to daily data is proposed. Modifying the method of inference functions for margins (IFM method), one performs two separate maximum likelihood estimations of the univariate marginal distributions, assumed to be normal inverse gamma mixtures with kurtosis parameter equal to 6, followed by a minimization of the bivariate chi-square statistic associated to an adequate bivariate version of the usual Pearson goodness-of-fit test. The copula fitting results for daily cumulative returns between the Swiss Market Index and a stock in the index family for an approximate 1-year period are quite satisfactory. The best overall fits are obtained for the new linear Spearman copula, as well as for the Frank and Gumbel–Hougaard copulas. Finally, a significant application to covariance estimation for the linear Spearman copula is discussed.
Stochastic Permanent Breaks

This paper bridges the gap between processes where shocks are permanent and those with transitory shocks by formulating a process in which the long-run impact of each innovation is time-varying and stochastic. In the stochastic permanent breaks (STOPBREAK) process, frequent transitory shocks are supplemented by occasional permanent shifts. Consistency and asymptotic normality of quasi-maximum-likelihood estimates is established, and locally best hypothesis tests of the null of a random walk are developed. The model is applied to relative prices of pairs of stocks and significant test statistics result.
Three generations in the fermionic construction

Abstract We obtain three generation SU(3)c × SU(2)L × U(1)Y string models in all of the exactly solvable (0, 2) constructions sampled by fermionization. None of these examples, including those that are symmetric abelian orbifolds, rely on the ℤ2 × ℤ2 orbifold underlying the NAHE basis. We present the first known three generation models for which the hypercharge normalization, k1, takes values smaller than that obtained from an SU(5) embedding, thus lowering the effective gauge coupling unification scale. All of the models contain fractional electrically charged and vectorlike exotic matter that could survive in the light spectrum.
A FACILE NEW SYNTHESIS OF ALDEHYDE ENAMINES IN HIGH YIELD AND HIGH PURITY

Abstract Aldehyde enamines were synthesized in excellent yield and purity by reacting an aldehyde with 2 equivalents of a secondary amine in cyclohexane in the presence of 1.5 equivalents of CaH2. Distilled yields ranged from 65%-92%.
Numerical simulation of aircraft rotary aerodynamics

A potential-flow based panel method was used to compute the aerodynamic loads along a three-dimensional flight path. Comparisons were made with rotary rig tests of an airplane performing a coning motion and found to compare well with the main components of the aerodynamic forces. The effect of the sting-type wind tunnel mounting of the model on the measured loads was briefly investigated, and the possible benefits of using this method combined with wind tunnel experiments were highlighted.
Quality certification standards in competitive markets: When consumers and producers (dis)agree

Abstract A quality certification standard in a competitive setting can improve welfare but may affect consumers and producers differently. In a competitive model with quality preferences of the vertical product differentiation type, we find that producers prefer a higher (lower) quality standard than consumers if individual demand functions are log-convex (log-concave).
Using a Virtual History Conference to Teach the Iraq War

In teaching the causes of the Iraq War, the use of “virtual history” can be employed in a conference setting in which different individuals are assigned to different plausible counterfactuals they use to construct virtual histories. The Iraq War lends itself to the virtual history approach because of the availability of many plausible counterfactuals at each of the various levels of analysis (individual, state/group, and international) at which the war has been explained. I report here on both the theoretical and pedagogical value of the virtual history conference in the study of the Iraq War.
Measuring Scene Content From Aerial Images

A method for characterizing scene content from aerial images is presented. The method is demonstrated for a building complex scene for which a three-dimensional data base and corresponding aerial images were available. Intuitively, the complexity of the building scene as viewed in a projected image is proportional to the number of vertices visible in the view. The greater the number of vertices, the greater the complexity of the scene. To automate this approach, one must automatically locate vertices from aerial images of the scene and determine relations among the vertices. Objective measures of scene content should not only basically agree with the intuitive measures, but also possess certain desirable mathematical properties. Two such measures, structural entropy and structural content, which were previously developed, are applied to the building scene, and experimental results which illustrate the variation of these measures with range, azimuth, and elevation are provided. One application of the scene content measures is the prediction of overall scene content characteristics performance support for map matching systems. To illustrate this application, an error analysis is presented of the mean square error in the transformational computation between a three-dimensional scene and the corresponding two-dimensional projected images, given a number of corresponding vertices. The analysis illustrates that the best possible performance depends heavily upon the vertex location accuracy.
Stereospecific annulation and sequential ring-opening of (R)-carvone: Formation of a novel tricyclic dione

Abstract Free radical annulation followed by trimethylsilyl iodide-promoted ring-opening of (R)-carvone-dichloroketene adducts leads to an unusual carbon skeleton rearrangement. The carbonyl group of carvone enhances the reactivity of the radical cyclization, changes the ring-opening pathway and leads to the formation of a new tricyclic dione product.
Beam halo monitoring at CDF

Abstract Losses from the proton and antiproton beams of the Fermilab Tevatron have been shown to produce a halo which contribute to backgrounds to physics signals in the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF). To provide a measure of the beam halo and losses, we have installed arrays of scintillation counters on both sides of the CDF detector. We describe here the physical configuration of these counters, their implementation and performance within the Fermilab Accelerator Control Network (ACNET). We show correlations between these new devices and the accelerator operating conditions. We point out that the use of these monitors is leading to improvement in the accelerator operations and reduced backgrounds in CDF.
Nonintegrability, chaos, and complexity

Abstract Two-dimensional driven-dissipative flows are generally integrable via a conservation law that is singular at equilibria. Nonintegrable dynamical systems are confined to n⩾3 dimensions. Even driven-dissipative deterministic dynamical systems that are critical, chaotic or complex have n − 1 local time-independent conservation laws that can be used to simplify the geometric picture of the flow over as many consecutive time intervals as one likes. Those conservation laws generally have either branch cuts, phase singularities, or both. The consequence of the existence of singular conservation laws for experimental data analysis, and also for the search for scale-invariant critical states via uncontrolled approximations in deterministic dynamical systems, is discussed. Finally, the expectation of ubiquity of scaling laws and universality classes in dynamics is contrasted with the possibility that the most interesting dynamics in nature may be nonscaling, nonuniversal, and to some degree computationally complex.
Unanticipated redox transformations in gold polyselenides. Isolation and characterization of [Au2Se2(Se4)2]2- and [Se11]2-

Preparation et caracterisation structurale par etude radiocristallographique du complexe du titre
An Integrated Model for Hybrid Securities

We develop a model for pricing securities whose value may depend simultaneously on equity, interest-rate, and default risks. The framework may also be used to extract probabilities of default (PD) functions from market data. Our approach is entirely based on observables such as equity prices and interest rates, rather than on unobservable processes such as firm value. The model stitches together in an arbitrage-free setting a constant elasticity of variance (CEV) equity model (to represent the behavior of equity prices prior to default), a default intensity process, and a Heath-Jarrow-Morton (HJM) model for the evolution of riskless interest rates. The model captures several stylized features such as a negative relation between equity prices and equity volatility, a negative relation between default intensity and equity prices, and a positive relationship between default intensity and equity volatility. We embed the model on a discrete-time, recombining lattice, making implementation feasible with polynomial complexity. We demonstrate the simplicity of calibrating the model to market data and of using it to extract default information. The framework is extensible to handling correlated default risk and may be used to value distressed convertible bonds, debt-equity swaps, and credit portfolio products such as collateralized debt obligations (CDOs). Applied to the CDX INDU (credit default index--industrials) Index, we find the S&P 500 index explains credit premia.
Knowing full well: the normativity of beliefs as performances

Belief is considered a kind of performance, which attains one level of success if it is true (or accurate), a second level if competent (or adroit), and a third if true because competent (or apt). Knowledge on one level (the animal level) is apt belief. The epistemic normativity constitutive of such knowledge is thus a kind of performance normativity. A problem is posed for this account by the fact that suspension of belief seems to fall under the same sort of epistemic normativity as does belief itself, yet to suspend is of course precisely not to perform, certainly not with the aim of truth. The paper takes up this problem, and proposes a solution that distinguishes levels of performance norrmativity, including a first order where execution competence is in play, and a second order where the performer must assess the risks attendant on issuing a first-order performance. This imports a level of reflective knowledge that ascends above the animal level.
A concise synthesis of thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3′-Triiodo-l-thyronine (T3)

Abstract The mono- and di-iodo derivatives of 1-oxaspiro[2,5]bicycloocta-4,7-diee-6-one, 8 and 9, reacted readily with 3,5-diiodo- l -tyrosine at pH 8.0 to give 3,5,3′-triiodo- l -thyronine (T3) and thyroxine in 70% and 94% yields respectively. In turn, 8 and 9 were prepared by the sodium bismuthate oxidation of their corresponding iodinated p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol derivatives, 6 and 7 in 32% and 37% yields.