cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cometabolism in biofilm reactors

Aerobic cometabolism of chlorinated aliphatic solvents in biofilm reactors is a potential treatment technology for contaminated water and air streams. This research investigated cometabolism by pure and mixed cultures of methanotrophs and mixed cultures of phenol-degrading bacteria. Initial experiments with continuous-flow, packed-bed bioreactors proved unsuccessful; therefore, the major focus of the work was on sequencing biofilm reactors, which cycle between two modes of operation, degradation of chlorinated solvents and rejuvenation of the microbial population. Particular success was obtained with a mixed culture of phenol degraders in the treatment of chlorinated ethenes (e.g., trichloroethylene - TCE). Under the best operating conditions, 90% removal of TCE occurred at a 14-minute packed-bed hydraulic residence time. The bioreactors required only two, 1.5 h biomass rejuvenation periods per day to sustain this removal. Experiments with Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b were less successful because of the organism9s slow growth rate, relatively poor ability to attach to surfaces, and its inability to successfully compete with other methanotrophs in the bioreactor environment. Overall, however, the research demonstrated the potential attractiveness of sequencing biofilm reactors in treating water contaminated with chlorinated solvents.
Keystroke inference using ambient light sensor on wrist-wearables: a feasibility study

Many modern wrist-wearables, such as smartwatches and fitness trackers, are equipped with ambient light sensors that are able to capture the surrounding light levels. While an ambient light sensor is intended to make applications environment-aware, malicious applications can potentially misuse it to infer private information pertaining the wearer. Moreover, such an attack vector is hard to mitigate because the ambient light sensor is a part of the zero-permission sensor suite on most wearable platforms, i.e., any on-device application can access these sensors without requiring explicit user-level permissions. In this paper, we study the feasibility of how a malicious smartwatch application can leverage on ambient light sensor data to infer sensitive information about the wearer, specifically keystrokes typed by the wearer on an ATM keypad. While there are multiple previous works that target motion sensor data on wrist-wearables to infer keystrokes, we study the feasibility of how a similar attack can be conducted using an ambient light sensor. The characteristic differences between motion and light data, and how they are impacted during the keystroke activity, implies that existing inference frameworks that rely on motion data cannot be directly employed in this case. As a result, we design a new ambient light based keystroke inference framework which models the varying intensities of light on and around an ATM keypad to infer keystrokes. Our evaluation results indicate that an inference attack on keystrokes is moderately feasible, even with a coarse-grained ambient light sensor found on many low-cost wrist-wearables.
Too Old to Be Breastfed? Examination of Pre-Healthcare Professionals’ Beliefs About, and Emotional and Behavioral Responses toward Extended Breastfeeding

While breastfeeding seems to be widely accepted in the United States, extended breastfeeding (defined as breastfeeding beyond 12 months of age) tends to be stigmatized. Healthcare professionals are...
CONSUMER ANIMOSITY: DOES IT EXIST IN AFRICA?

Globalization has been hailed by some as the panacea of world’s economic, social and political problems. However, the same has had its own challenges and has come to be a topic of major study. One area that has generated interest is the effects of globalization on marketing and specifically consumer behavior. In different parts of the world, consumers have responded differently to products from different countries based on their perceptions about the country of origin. One of the highly debated aspect of consumer behaviour is consumer animosity. Consumer animosity is defined as an individuals’ negative feelings and attitudes toward a specific foreign country that are often developed by various triggers, such as traumatic historical events, economic disputes or even as a result of basic differences in cultural norms and values. This paper addresses consumer animosity and focuses of whether African consumers have animosity tendencies towards products from other countries. It forms a basis for preparation of an empirical study to validate the consumer animosity construct among African consumers and contribute to the ongoing debate of animosity highly studied in USA, Asia and Europe but little in Africa.
Tactile Political Maps: Two Experimental Designs.

Examines the design of tactile political maps by constructing two experimental maps having either a broad raised line or a broad incised line. Performance on these two maps was compared with perfor...
Topical capsaicin for cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome.

To the editor,We read, with interest, the article by Wagner et al. assessing the use of topical capsaicin for cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) in the emergency department [1]. With an increas...
The Role of Urodynamic Testing Prior to Third-Line OAB Therapy

This review outlines current guidelines and evidence for the use of urodynamic testing prior to the initiation of third-line overactive bladder (OAB) treatment options. OAB currently affects many patients with a significant impact on quality of life as well as health care resources. Treatment algorithms proceed from least to most invasive in an attempt to ameliorate symptoms, namely, urgency, frequency, and urgency incontinence. The current third-line OAB management strategies include percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS), sacral nerve stimulation (SNS), and onabotulinumtoxinA injection. These modalities are reserved for patients that have gained insufficient symptom control or are intolerant of less invasive treatments. Urodynamic studies (UDS) are typically performed to help guide treatment planning and/or to evaluate for harmful urologic conditions. Currently available studies do not show a clear link between UDS results and treatment OAB success. The finding of detrusor overactivity (DO) has not been clearly established as a prerequisite to have clinical benefit with third-line OAB treatments in the uncomplicated idiopathic OAB patient population. There is some evidence that patients with DO on UDS may benefit more; however, additional blinded placebo-controlled studies are needed. Urodynamics should be used judiciously for patients with known or suspected voiding phase dysfunction, those with rapidly changing symptoms, those in whom the diagnosis is not clear, those who have medical or urological histories that can affect outcomes of treatment, and in those with known or suspected neurological disease. Although urodynamics may influence clinical decision-making, our review does not support the role of these investigations as predictors of outcomes in patients with uncomplicated, idiopathic overactive bladder.
SOFT MODES AND LATTICE INSTABILITIES IN α-U

Publisher Summary The physical properties of α-U are discussed in this chapter. Anomalies in the elastic constants and lattice constants near 43 K and 22 K are explained and some type of structure transformation is also suggested. The many predictions of structure transitions and soft modes in α-U have been verified by elastic and inelastic neutron scattering. The verification would not have been possible if the pronounced anomaly in the #4-LO branch had not been discovered, because the identification of the eigenvector associated with the anomalous mode led to the regions in reciprocal space where one would expect to observe the superlattice reflections. The discovery of the unusual shift in the superlattice reflections toward the origin is somewhat puzzling. However, a possible mechanism because of discommensurations in terms of wide “stacking solitons” is suggested for that shift. Further elucidation of the structure transformations in α-U is very beneficial in understanding the chemical bonding and electron–phonon interactions. They undoubtedly all have their origin in subtle changes in the electronic band structure at low temperatures.
End-of-Life Characteristics Associated with Short Hospice Length of Stay for Patients with Solid Tumors Enrolled in Phase I Clinical Trials

BACKGROUND Patients participating in phase I trials represent a population with advanced cancer and symptoms, with quality-of-life implications arising from both disease and treatment. Transitions to end-of-life care for these patients have received little attention. Good empirical data are needed to better understand the role of advance care planning and palliative care during phase I trial transitions. We investigated how physician-patient communication at the time of disease progression, patient characteristics, and patterns of care were associated with end-of-life care. METHODS We conducted a retrospective chart review of all patients with solid tumors enrolled in phase I trials at a comprehensive cancer center from January 2015 to December 2017. We captured physician-patient communication during disease progression. Among patients who died, we assessed palliative care referral, advance care planning, place of death, healthcare use in the final month of life, hospice enrollment, and hospice length of stay (LOS). Factors independently associated with a short hospice LOS (defined as ≤3 days) were estimated from a multivariable model building approach. RESULTS Among 207 participants enrolled in phase I intervention studies at Johns Hopkins Hospital, the median age was 61 years (range, 31-91 years), 48% were women, 21% were members of racial minority groups, and 41.5% were referred from an outside institution. At the time of disease progression, 53% had goals of care documented, 47% were previously referred to palliative care, and 41% discussed hospice with their oncologist. A total of 82% of decedents died within 1 year of study enrollment, and 85% enrolled in hospice. Among the 147 participants who enrolled in hospice, 22 (15%) had a short LOS (≤3 days). Factors independently associated with an increased risk of short hospice LOS in the multivariable model included age >65 years (odds ratio [OR], 1.12; 95% CI, 1.01-1.24; P=.04), whereas remaining at the same institution (OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.65-0.80; P<.001) and referral to palliative care before progression (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.75-0.92; P<.001) were associated with a decreased risk of short hospice LOS. CONCLUSIONS Reported data support the benefit of palliative care for patients in phase I trials and the risks associated with healthcare transitions for all patients, particularly older adults, regardless of care received. Leaving a clinical trial is a time when clear communication is paramount. Phase I studies will continue to be vital in advancing cancer treatment. It is equally important to advance the support provided to patients who transition off these trials.
Effect of Cooling Rate During Hot Punching on Property of High-performance 22MnB5 Steel Parts

The effect of cooling rate during punching process on the microstructure and mechanical property of the 22MnB steel was investigated by three different processing conditions i.e. the processes with and without argon protection as well as a simulated industrial process. The results show that the cooling rates of all the hot punched parts with the three different processing conditions are higher than the critical cooling rate of 22MnB5 steel, thus the hot punched steels with a microstructure of lath martensite exhibit tensile stresses higher than 1500 MPa. When the temperature of hot punch tools is higher, an oxide scale appeared on the punched workpiece surface, thereby, the cooling rate and the mechanical property of the steel become lower, and the martensitic plate becomes thicker. The hot punched part with tensile strength about 1600 MPa and strength multiplied ductility c.a. 20, 000 MPa·% was available by heating with argon protection while reducing the initial temperature of punch tools to ambient temperature. This is because the cooling rate of the punched part was high and thereby the martensite plates of the steel became fine for the process with protective gas.
A SYSTEM-LEVEL VIEW OF INSTITUTIONS: CONSIDERATIONS FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND POVERTY

Poverty levels represent an important indicator of economic development. A widely-held view among scholars is that formal institutions provide the foundation to support entrepreneurial activity tha...
Pelaksanaan Misi Allah dalam Konteks Keberagaman Budaya di Indonesia

The implementation of God's mission in the context of cultural diversity in Indonesia is important to study considering that the church has the responsibility to carry out the Great Commission of the Lord Jesus to the nations. The culturally diverse situation of Indonesian society poses a formidable challenge for evangelists because they cannot apply one specific method that can be applied to the entire community. Some churches still apply the mission model inherited by Zending. The Colonial Model is considered less effective due to the growing culture of Indonesian society. Therefore, flexible mission implementation principles are needed, according to the context of society in Indonesia without compromising the biblical meaning of the gospel. This article was compiled by examining the facts of the cultural life of the Indonesian people who are diverse in culture and examining the word of God which contains teachings on the principle of preaching the gospel to all nations. The research process in this article is carried out by conducting library research on the condition of cultural diversity in Indonesia and examining relevant biblical records in carrying out missions in Indonesia. The result is a mission implementation model that takes into account the cultural context, a christocentric mission without losing the Indonesian values of the local community. Pelaksanaan misi Allah dalam konteks keragaman budaya di Indonesia penting dipelajari mengingat gereja memiliki tanggungjawab menjalankan Amanat Agung Tuhan Yesus kepada bangsa-bangsa. Keadaan masyarakat Indonesia yang beragam budaya, merupakan tantangan yang berat bagi para pemberita injil karena mereka tidak dapat menerapkan satu metode khusus yang dapat dipakai kepada seluruh masyarakat. Beberapa gereja masih menerapkan model misi yang diwariskan oleh Zending. Model Kolonial tersebut dinilai kurang efektif dengan adanya budaya masyarakat Indonesia yang telah berkembang. Oleh karena itu diperlukan prinsip-prinsip pelaksanaan misi yang luwes, sesuai dengan konteks masyarakat di Indonesia tanpa mengurangi makna injil yang alkitabiah. Artikel ini disusun dengan meneliti fakta kehidupan budaya masyarakat Indonesia yang beragam budaya dan meneliti firman Allah yang memuat ajaran tentang prinsip pemberitaan injil bagi segala bangsa. Proses penelitian dalam artikel ini dilakuakan dengan melakukan penelitian kepustakaan tentang kondisi keragaman budaya di Indonesia serta meneliti catatan alkitab yang relevan dalam pelaksanaan misi di Indonessia. Hasilnya adalah model pelaksanaan misi dengan memperhatikan konteks budaya, misi yang kristosentris tanpa menghilangkan nilai-nilai keIndonesiaan masyarakat lokal.
Development and characterization of standardized model, solid foods with varying breakdown rates during gastric digestion

Abstract Standardized, model solid foods were developed with varying initial hardness and breakdown rates during in vitro digestion. One class of model foods was based on the Standard American Diet, with strong and weak gel versions created by modulating pH. Another class was developed using whey protein hydrogels, with strong and weak gel versions produced by addition of pectin. The initial hardness of the model foods ranged from 6.2 ± 1.0 N (whey protein weak gel) to 56.2 ± 5.7 N (whey protein strong gel; p
Cost-benefit analysis of vaccination against goat pox

The present study has quantified the economic impact of control of goat pox disease in India using a vaccine developed against the disease at ICAR-IVRI, applying an economic surplus model. The findings of the study have revealed significant benefits of Goat pox control programme using the vaccine. The potential change in total surplus, as a result of Goat pox control programme was ` 2.42 crore/annum. The change in total economic surplus and research and delivery cost were projected from 1999 (year of the start of the project) to 2030 after adjusting for the above adoption pattern. Using a long run discount rate of 7.50%, the benefits were compared to research and delivery cost and the NPV, IRR and BCR were calculated. The NPV, IRR and BCR of Goat pox control programme were ` 9.25 billion, 38% and 19: 1, respectively. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the benefits are most sensitive to assumptions regarding lower degree of immunity offered by the vaccine and higher discount rate.
Why aren’t more minority accounting students choosing auditing? An examination of career choice and perceptions

The underrepresentation of minority professionals in audit persists despite ongoing counterefforts by accounting firms and faculty. We conduct 19 semi-structured interviews with minority (Black and...
Discrete-Event Simulation

This chapter presents an overview of the techniques used in discrete-event simulation; emphasis is placed on the object-oriented aspects. The process-interaction worldview for modeling is the selected discrete-event simulation approach.
Clustering of Na+ channels and node of Ranvier formation in remyelinating axons

Polyclonal antibodies were raised against a well conserved region of the vertebrate Na+ channel and were affinity purified for use in immunocytochemistry. Focal demyelination of rat sciatic axons was initiated by an intraneural injection of lysolecithin and Na+ channel clustering was followed at several stages of myelin removal and repair. At 1 week post-injection axons contained long, fully demyelinated regions. Na+ channel clusters appeared only at heminodes forming the borders of these zones, and at widely spaced isolated sites that may represent former nodes of Ranvier. Over the next few days proliferating Schwann cells adhered to axons and began to extend processes. Clusters of Na+ channels appeared at the edges of these structures. As the Schwann cells elongated, the clusters seemed to move with them, since they remained at edges and the distance between aggregates increased. Clusters associated with different Schwann cells ultimately approached each other and appeared to fuse. Na+ channels then coalesced further at these sites, forming new nodes of Ranvier in regions that previously were internodal. If Schwann cell proliferation were blocked by mitomycin, no new clusters of Na+ channels appeared within internodes. Under these conditions, heminodal clusters remained visible at 1 week postinjection, but by 2 weeks they were no longer detectable, suggesting that proliferating Schwann cells are required for their maintenance. Clusters at normal nodes of Ranvier remained. It is concluded that Na+ channel aggregation and mobility in demyelinated nerve fibers is controlled by adhering Schwann cells, resulting in the formation of stable new nodes of Ranvier during remyelination.
A vision for medicinal plants

In the past few years, the author has written a number of articles discussing a vision for the development of medicinal plants. This article will therefore present only a brief synopsis of some of the more salient features of those articles, resulting in the presentation of four, clear, coalescing visions for the future of medicinal plants: enhanced quality control, sustainability for medicinal plants, pharmacognosy in a suitcase, and finding a strong “voice” at the political table of global health care.
The influence of road characteristics and species on detection probabilities of carnivore faeces

Context. Determining reliable estimates of carnivore population size and distributions are paramount for developing informed conservation and management plans. Traditionally, invasive sampling has been employed to monitor carnivores, but non-invasive sampling has the advantage of not needing to capture the animal and is generally less expensive. Faeces sampling is a common non-invasive sampling technique and future use is forecasted to increase due to the low costs and logisticaleaseofsampling,andmoreadvancedtechniquesinlandscapeandconservationgenetics.Formanyspecies,faeces sampling often occurs on or alongside roads. Despite the commonality of road-based faeces sampling, detectability issues are often not addressed. Aim. We sought to test whether faeces detection probabilities varied by species – coyote (Canis latrans) versus kit fox (Vulpes macrotis) – and to test whether road characteristics influenced faeces detection probabilities. Methods. We placed coyote and kit fox faeces along roads, quantified road characteristics, and then subsequently conducted ‘blind’ road-based faeces detection surveys in Utah during 2012 and 2013. Technicians that surveyed the faeces deposition transects had no knowledge of the locations of the placed faeces. Key results. Faeces detection probabilities for kit foxes and coyotes were 45% and 74%, respectively; larger faeces originated from coyotes and were more readily detected. Misidentification of placed faeces was rare and did not differ by species. The width of survey roads and the composition of a road’s surface influenced detection probabilities. Conclusion.Weidentifiedfactorsthatcaninfluencefaecesdetectionprobabilities.Notaccountingforvariabledetection probabilities of different species or not accounting for or reducing road-based variables influencing faeces detection probabilities could hamper reliable counts of mammalian faeces, and could potentially reduce precision of population estimates derived from road-based faeces deposition surveys. Implications. We recommend that wildlife researchers acknowledge and account for imperfect faeces detection probabilities during faecal sampling. Steps can be taken during study design to improve detection probabilities, and during the analysis phase to account for variable detection probabilities.
Ethical Dilemmas in the Research Setting

* * * The frequency with which criminological researchers are confronted with various ethical dilemmas is ascertained through a survey of members of the American Society of Criminology (ASC). The results of this survey reveal that approximately 63% of those criminologists who have been active in research since 1975 have experienced one or more of eight types of ethical dilemmas. Further analysis demonstrates that criminologists favor developing a professional code of conduct as well as some legal guidelines in this area. The majority of those surveyed do not believe governmental regulations or a general sense of morality among the researchers are effective mechanisms in preventing ethical dilemmas.
Synthesis and Evaluation of 18F-Labeled Choline Analogs as Oncologic PET Tracers

Elevated levels of choline (trimethyl-2-hydroxyethylammonium) and choline kinase (CK) activity in neoplasms have motivated the development of positron-labeled choline analogs for noninvasive detection of cancer using PET. The aim of this study was to further evaluate [18F]fluorocholine (fluoromethyl-dimethyl-2-hydroxyethylammonium [FCH]) as an oncologic probe in comparison with several other closely related molecules. Methods: FCH, [18F]fluoromethyl-methylethyl-2-hydroxyethylammonium (FMEC), [18F]fluoroethyl-dimethyl-2-hydroxyethylammonium (FEC), and [18F]fluoropropyl-dimethyl-2-hydroxyethylammonium (FPC) were synthesized through [18F]fluoroalkylation reactions. In vitro phosphorylation rates of the 18F-labeled choline analogs and [methyl-14C]choline (CH) were studied using yeast CK. Several choline radiotracers were also evaluated in cultured PC-3 human prostate cancer cells. Data on chemical stability, radiation dosimetry, and toxicity of FCH were obtained. PET studies with FCH were performed on a patient with prostate cancer and a patient with a brain tumor. Results: FCH and FMEC revealed in vitro phosphorylation by CK that was similar to that of choline, whereas rates of phosphorylation of FEC and FPC were 30% (P
An Introduction to Research Ethics

Practical issues throughout scientific research can be found to have an ethical aspect. There is a gray area in which scientific error (“honest error”) may be difficult to distinguish from unacceptably poor research practice or an unethical failure to follow scientific norms. Further, there is no clear margin between deceptive practices which are widely accepted and those which must be considered fraudulent. Practical problems arise in matters of data management and presentation, authorship, publication practices, “grantsmanship”, and rights of research trainees, as well as the well-recognized areas of human and animal experimentation. Beyond the gray areas, the legal definition of research misconduct is discussed in relation to research fraud, and the latest proposed definition of the Commission on Research Integrity is briefly reviewed. It is noted that the standards of ethical research are changing. Finally, there is a comment on the idea of institutional integrity in research, and the critical role of the mentor in transmitting research standards to the next generation.
Drawings and Prints by Slavic and Slavic-Born Artists in the Collection of the Smithsonian Institution, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden

This essay surveys and examines the prints and drawings by Slavic and Slavic-born artists in the collection of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, most of which were donated to the museum by Joseph H. Hirshhorn and were formerly in his private collection. Many of the artists whose works on paper Hirshhorn acquired were refugees from Jewish communities in Tsarist Russia or immigrated after the Russian Revolution. This essay considers the fact that Hirshhorn himself was an emigre from a Slavic country, having come from Russian-controlled Latvia as a child.
Photorefractive screening solitons of high and low intensity

We analyze self-trapping of optical beams in photorefractive media for low irradiances that are typical of cw lasers and high irradiances that are typical of short-pulse lasers and obtain bright and dark soliton solutions in one transverse dimension. Whereas in the low-intensity regime photorefractive screening solitons are trapped by the refractive-index change that is related to the electric field associated with ionized donors or acceptors, in the high-intensity regime the index is related to the field that is also associated with free carriers. Since the time necessary to form the soliton scales inversely with the intensity, one expects a very fast response time in the high-intensity regime, and this suggests attractive applications in optical switching and reconfigurable optical waveguides. We show that throughout the entire intensity range dark solitons require lower voltages and less energy per pulse for applications than do bright solitons.
Cloning and sequencing of a cDNA encoding the mouse brain-type cannabinoid receptor protein

Mouse brain-type cannabinoid receptor (CB1) cDNA was cloned and sequenced. Comparison to rat and human CB1 sequences showed extensive homology (>96%) both at the nu-cleotide and protein levels implicating the importance of this protein in mammalian brain physiology.
Reduced Somatosensory Activations in Swallowing With Age

Understanding the neural functional organization of swallowing in healthy elders is essential in diagnosing and treating older adults with swallowing difficulties. The primary aims of this investigation were to identify the neural activation sites of different components of deglutition in healthy elders using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and to investigate age differences in the neural control of swallowing. Ten young (age range 19-25 years of age) and nine older (age range 66-77 years of age) right-handed healthy individuals were scanned in a 3-Tesla MRI scanner. Subjects were visually cued for both a "Swallow" task and for component/control tasks ("Prepare to swallow," "Tap your tongue," and "Clear your throat"). Behavioral interleaved gradient (BIG) methodology was used to address movement related artifacts. Between-group comparisons revealed statistically stronger activations in the primary somatosensory cortex of young adults during the motor tasks examined. Both groups showed activations in the major motor areas involved in the initiation and execution of movement; however, areas involved in sensory processing, sensorimotor integration and/or motor coordination and control, showed reduced or limited activity in the elderly. Potential implications of these findings for clinical practice are discussed.
The Principle of Maximum Chiral Discrimination: Chiral Recognition in Permethyl-beta-cyclodextrin.

Five guest molecules, isomenthone, pulegone, 1-fluoro-1-phenylethane, 1-phenylethanol, and 2-methylbutanoic acid, binding to permethyl-β-cyclodextrin, a chiral host molecule, have been simulated by molecular dynamics techniques. From the simulations we find the preferred binding site to be the interior of the macrocyclic cavity. A new technique was used for locating the host's most enantiodiscriminating domain, which was also found to be inside the macrocyclic cavity. It is concluded that this particular host molecule displays its enhanced chiral discriminating capacity because of this spatial coincidence. Also evaluated in this paper are the types and magnitudes of intermolecular forces responsible for diastereomeric complexation and chiral discrimination; in both cases the short-range dispersion forces dominate. This study illustrates the “principle of maximum chiral recognition”, the idea that maximum chiral recognition can be achieved by maintaining a spatial congruence between the host's domain of gr...
EFFECTS OF CONCENTRATED CIGARETTE-SMOKE ON RESPIRATORY-TRACT CLEARANCE IN THE FERRET

AbstractThis study was performed to assess the effects of two high concentrations (about 380 mg/m3 and about 38 mg/m3) of inhaled cigarette smoke on tracer particle clearance from the head airways region and the thoracic (primarily deep lung) region of ferrets exposed during postnatal respiratory tract development. Ferrets were exposed 2 h/days, 5 days/wk to purified air or to the smoke aerosols starting at 5 wk of age, for a total of 15 wk of exposure. Three weeks prior to the end of the 15-wk exposure regimen, radiolabeled tracer particles were deposited by inhalation, and the clearance rates from the head airways and thoracic regions were monitored for 18 days. The head airways counting data were accurately fit by a double exponential function, reflecting fast-clearing and slow-clearing components. The thoracic counting data were adequately fit by a single exponential function. Statistically significant accelerations of particle clearance rates were observed for the slow-clearing and fast-clearing phas...
Enhancing Table Interpretation Skills via Training in Table Creation.

Quantitative and statistical literacy are core domains in the undergraduate psychology curriculum. An important component of such literacy includes interpretation of visual aids, such as tables con...
Scaling laws for convection and jet speeds in the giant planets

Abstract Three dimensional studies of convection in deep spherical shells have been used to test the hypothesis that the strong jet streams on Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune result from convection throughout the molecular envelopes. Due to computational limitations, these simulations must be performed at parameter settings far from jovian values and generally adopt heat fluxes 5–10 orders of magnitude larger than the planetary values. Several numerical investigations have identified trends for how the mean jet speed varies with heat flux and viscosity in these models, but no previous theories have been advanced to explain these trends. Here, we show using simple arguments that if convective release of potential energy pumps the jets and viscosity damps them, the mean jet speeds split into two regimes. When the convection is weakly nonlinear, the equilibrated jet speeds should scale approximately with F / ν , where F is the convective heat flux and ν is the viscosity. When the convection is strongly nonlinear, the jet speeds are faster and should scale approximately as ( F / ν ) 1/2 . We demonstrate how this regime shift can naturally result from a shift in the behavior of the jet-pumping efficiency with heat flux and viscosity. Moreover, both Boussinesq and anelastic simulations hint at the existence of a third regime where, at sufficiently high heat fluxes or sufficiently small viscosities, the jet speed becomes independent of the viscosity. We show based on mixing-length estimates that if such a regime exists, mean jet speeds should scale as heat flux to the 1/4 power. Our scalings provide a good match to the mean jet speeds obtained in previous Boussinesq and anelastic, three-dimensional simulations of convection within giant planets over a broad range of parameters. When extrapolated to the real heat fluxes, these scalings suggest that the mass-weighted jet speeds in the molecular envelopes of the giant planets are much weaker—by an order of magnitude or more—than the speeds measured at cloud level.
Elastic and momentum transfer cross sections in electron scattering by water molecules

Abstract Total and differential cross sections for electron elastic scattering by H 2 O were studied theoretically for collision energies from 2 to 200 eV. The continuum multiple scattering method was applied with the discrete-variable Xα method for determining molecular states. Results of the present study agree reasonably well with measurements and identify the nature of the shape resonance found experimentally at about 10 eV. Our studies show that the backward-scattering cross section is much weaker than that indicated by Brescansin et al. (J. Chem. Phys. 85 (1986) 1854) for energies beyond 10 eV.
UTERINE ADENOMATA IN THE RABBIT II. HOMOLOGOUS TRANSPLANTATION EXPERIMENTS

The behavior of a transplanted adenocarcinoma of the uterus of a rabbit has been studied through 12 serial generations in the anterior chamber of the eye and 6 serial generations in the testicle. The transplanted tumor is characterized by slow growth which is at first expansive and later invasive, by an ability to form more or less differentiated structures in response to different environmental conditions and by late metastasis. The endocrinological changes that distinguish animals bearing the spontaneous tumor do not occur in animals bearing the transplanted tumor. Various experiments were undertaken in an attempt to discover the nature of the factors determining the characteristics of the spontaneous and of the transplanted tumor. It was found that successful transplantation was followed by a phase during which animals were refractory to reinoculation. The results of transplantation into the eyes of animals with spontaneous tumors suggested the existence of a similar phase during the early development of the tumor but the number of observations was not sufficiently numerous to warrant definite conclusions.
Aggressive verrucous carcinoma of the paranasal sinuses invading the orbit: case report and literature review

Introduction Verrucous carcinoma is a variant of well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma characterised by an exophytic, warty growth which is slowly but locally invasive and which can cause extensive local destruction if left untreated. Case report We report the first known case of veruccous carcinoma of the paranasal sinuses with rapid orbital invasion. A 58-year-old man presented with right-sided nasal obstruction, a huge right intranasal lesion, intractable dacryocystitis and cutaneous involvement of the nasolacrimal sac region. The tumour was partially removed using an endoscopic transnasal approach. Post-operatively, and while waiting for the histological result, the patient developed signs of rapid invasion of the orbit, with uniocular visual acuity deficit. He underwent combined radiochemotherapy, with a moderate response. Conclusion Knowledge of the potentially aggressive nature of verrucous carcinoma may be helpful in early management of intraorbital invasion and salvaging of the eye.
DEVELOPMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE SECONDARY VESSEL SYSTEM IN POPULUS GRANDIDENTATA

A B S T R A C T The apical 22 cm of a dormant, first-year sprout of Populus gr-andidentata was sectioned serially, and the primary and secondary xylem systems were studied microscopically and graphically reconstructed. A total of 15 nodes was present on the mature stem and 14 foliar primordia in the dormant bud. The vascular traces in the lower portion of the mature stem conformed to a 2/5 phyllotaxy while those of the upper portion and within the dormant bud conformed to a 3/8 phyllotaxy. The 2/5 to 3/8 phyllotactictransition occurred in an extremely precise and systematic two-step pattern: (1) The lateral traces;shifted to a new point of origin on the parent central trace, and (2) three new central traces were initiated in sequence by divergences from left-traces. Metaxylem, when followed downward, conformed to the arrangement of the procambial trace system only within one orthostichy. Below this point, the metaxylem components of lateral traces physically separated from those of the protoxylem and continued downward on a new course. Metaxylem vessels produced by the trace cambium originated from a postulated vessel-generating center at the stem-petiole junction. Each metaxylem vessel developing basipetally through the primary body was continuous with a secondary vessel developing basipetally in the secondary body. Because secondary development closed the vascular cylinder, vessels originating from developing leaves or primordia situated at higher levels in the shoot were displaced radially outward when they entered the secondary xyelm. The distribution of vessels in the secondary xylem can therefore be accounted for by a knowledge of the production and distribution of metaxylem vessels in the primary body.
Fine-mapping of a region of variation in recombination rate on BTA23 to the D23S22-D23S23 interval using sperm typing and meiotic breakpoint analysis.

Abstract Meiotic recombination rate (θ) within chromosome segments of similar physical size is known to vary widely throughout the genome. This variation has a genetic component, occurring between the sexes and among individuals of the same sex. We reported previously the existence of variation in θ between males in the DYA–PRL interval on bovine chromosome 23 (BTA23). This region contains the bovine major histocompatibility complex and has been shown to contain recombination hotspots in humans and mice. The aim of this study was to map more finely the interval(s) on BTA23 where variation in θ occurs using sperm typing and meiotic breakpoint analysis. By adding a marker ( DRB3 ) between DYA and PRL, the DYA–PRL interval was subdivided into two adjacent intervals, thus permitting evaluation and comparison of θ among five bulls. Significant variation in θ was found for both intervals; θ DYA–DRB3 ranged from 13.2 to 28.1%, and θ DRB3–PRL ranged from 2.4 to 13.0%. The variation in θ was individual- and region-specific. A meiotic breakpoint strategy employing PCR amplification products from recombinant sperm was then used to refine the chromosomal location associated with variation in θ within the DYA–DRB3 interval. The subinterval D23S22–D23S23 exhibited the greatest degree of variation among bulls having high and low θ within the DYA–DRB3 interval. To confirm this result, θ D23S22–D23S23 was directly evaluated in three additional randomly chosen bulls using sperm typing. The region showing variation in θ was narrowed to the D23S22–D23S23 subinterval, ranging from 4.6 to 9.2%. Identification of the molecular basis for variation in θ may be useful for map-dependent applications, such as marker-assisted selection and positional cloning of genes affecting physiologically important traits.
Electromodulation of semiconductors and semiconductor microstructures utilizing a new contactless technique

We present results of a new contactless mode of electroreflectance (ER) which utilizes a condenser-like system. One electrode consists of a transparent conductive coating on a transparent substrate which is separated from the sample surface by a thin layer of air. We have measured the contactless ER (CER) spectra from a number of materials including semi- insulating bulk GaAs; epitaxial In 0.15 Ga 0.85 As; bulk Hg 0.8 Cd 0.2 Te (80 K and 300 K), a GaAs structure with a large, uniform electric field; and a GaAs/Ga 1-x Al x As (x approximately equals 0.2) coupled double quantum well. Some measurements were performed up to 500 K. The phase of the CER signal yields information about the nature of the band bending at the surface of bulk or epitaxial material. The relative merits of CER and photoreflectance are discussed.
A Systematic Review of Endoglin Gene Expression in Preeclampsia

Objective:To synthesize scientific literature that addresses the role of endoglin (ENG) gene expression in preeclampsia (PE).Data sources:A literature search of PubMed and Ovid MEDLINE was conducte...
RIGIDITY OF FIBRATIONS OVER NONPOSITIVELY CURVED MANIFOLDS

THE THEORY of manifold approximate fibrations is the correct bundle theory for topological manifolds and singular spaces. This theory plays the same role in the topological category as fiber bundle theory plays in the differentiable category and as block bundle theory plays in the piecewise linear category. For example, neighborhoods in topologically stratified spaces can be characterized and classified within the theory of manifold approximate fibrations (see [l 1,3]). This paper is concerned with manifold approximate fibrations over closed manifolds of nonpositive curvature. The main result is that this curvature assumption on the base space implies that such manifold approximate fibrations are rigid in the sense that if two manifold approximate fibrations over a manifold of nonpositive curvature are homotopy-theoretically equivalent, then they are equivalent in a much stronger, geometric way appropriate in this theory (they are controlled homeomorphic). Although we work within the setting of manifold approximate fibrations, our results also hold, and are new, for the more classical theories of fibrations and fiber bundle projections between manifolds. These results are established by working with the full moduli space of all manifold approximate fibrations over a closed manifold B of nonpositive curvature. We study a forgetful map from this moduli space which assigns to a manifold approximate fibratidn over B, the underlying map of a closed manifold to B. We call this map the forget control map for manifold approximate fibrations and show that it is homotopy-split injective. This paper is the second in a series dealing with controlled topology over manifolds of nonpositive curvature. In the first paper [8] we establish that the theory of controlled homeomorphisms coincides with the theory of bounded homeomorphisms over Hadamard manifolds. This point of view is extended in the present paper by showing that the theory of manifold approximate fibrations coincides with the theory of manifold bounded fibrations over Hadamard manifolds. We combine this finding with our classifying differential [6] to prove the homotopy injectivity of the forget control map mentioned above. In the future papers in this series [9, lo], we will show that the splitting of the forget control map for manifold approximate fibrations is compatible with various other constructions, such as taking the underlying Hurewicz fibration or taking the surgery-theoretic normal invariant. This will allow us to prove homotopy split injectivity for the forgetful
Handling objects: a scenario based approach

We report on the development of a tool which supports software programmers in programming to an interface by providing just in time (JIT) solutions. The development of the tool was grounded in a scenario-based analysis of programming scenarios and a procedural task analysis of these scenarios. The scenarios were analyzed using the theoretical perspectives of mental models and the production paradox of the user. Based on the scenarios and analysis a new refactoring and a tool were developed to support software programmers
Implementing a shadow detection algorithm for synthetic vision systems in reconfigurable hardware

The integrity monitor for synthetic vision systems provides pilots with a consistency check between stored Digital Elevation Models (DEM) and real-time sensor data. This paper discusses the implementation of the Shadow Detection and Extraction (SHADE) algorithm in reconfigurable hardware to increase the efficiency of the design. The SHADE algorithm correlates data from a weather radar and DEM to determine occluded regions of the flight path terrain. This process of correlating the weather radar and DEM data occurs in two parallel threads which are then fed into a disparity checker. The DEM thread is broken up into four main sub-functions: 1) synchronization and translation of GPS coordinates of aircraft to the weather radar, 2) mapping range bins to coordinates and computing depression angles, 3) mapping state assignments to range bins, and 4) shadow region edge detection. This correlation must be done in realtime; therefore, a hardware implementation is ideal due to the amount of data that is to be processed. The hardware of choice is the field programmable gate array because of programmability, reusability, and computational ability. Assigning states to each range bin is the most computationally intensive process and it is implemented as a finite state machine (FSM). Results of this work are focused on the implementation of the FSM.
Methotrexate pharmacogenetics in rheumatoid arthritis: a status report

Methotrexate (MTX), an antifolate drug, is the first-line disease-modifying agent for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) worldwide. MTX has excellent long-term efficacy, tolerability and safety. Early initiation of MTX in patients with RA controls joint destruction and slows progression of disease. However, the clinical response to MTX and frequency of adverse effects from the drug exhibit marked interpatient variability. Over the past decade, there has been a quest to identify genetic markers that reliably predict MTX efficacy and toxicity and help optimize MTX therapy in RA; that is, the field of MTX pharmacogenetics. This review will summarize key pharmacogenetic studies examining SNPs in the genes encoding enzymes in the MTX cellular pathway and their association with MTX response in RA. As evident from this review, MTX pharmacogenetics in RA remains a muddled field, mostly due to inconsistent results from several small underpowered studies.
Medical student distress. A longitudinal study.

This longitudinal study investigated the relative importance of correlates of psychological distress in first year medical students (N = 312) in September and May. Anxiety levels were one SD above the mean when compared with nonpatient levels in both September and May, and the percentage of students
Field theory of relativistic strings. I. Trees

We present an entirely new kind of field theory, a field theory quantized not at space-time points, but quantized along an extended set of multilocal points on a string. This represents a significant departure from the usual quantum field theory, whose free theory represents a definite set of elementary particles, because the field theory on relativistic strings can accommodate an infinite set of linearly rising Regge trajectories. In this paper, we (1) present canonical quantization and the Green's function of the free string, (2) introduce three-string interactions, (3) resolve the question of multiple counting, (4) complete the counting arguments for all $N$-point trees, and (5) introduce four-string interactions which yield a Yang-Mills structure when the zero-slope limit is taken. In future work, we will discuss loops and explicitly calculate Reggeon-Pomeron and Pomeron-Pomeron interactions.