cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ON THE NATURE OF THE "ABSENCE" IN CENTRENCEPHALIC EPILEPSY: A STUDY OF SOME BEHAVIORAL, ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC AND AUTONOMIC FACTORS.

Abstract 1. (1) A group of eighteen centrencephalic patients were examined on tests designed to measure the effects of spike and wave type EEG activity on sustained attention, sensory input, memory and simple motor behavior. In addition, measurements were made simultaneously of the following autonomic variables: blood pressure, heart rate, finger plethysmogram, skin resistance, esophageal and gastric motility and respiration. 2. (2) A total of 1,267 bursts of spike and wave were recorded in conjunction with the several tests. The behavioral correlates of the bursts were analyzed from the point of view of character (form), organization, maximal discharge, voltage, frequency, length, the background activity and several time-related variables. All of these were shown to be related to behavior on one or more of the tests. 3. (3) Bursts which are symmetrical, regular and bilaterally synchronous tend to produce more behavioral deficit than other bursts; tests requiring the complete attentive act (reception, discrimination, motor response) are more impaired during bursts than those which require only a part of this sequence; the motor task tended to be affected least. In addition, there is a retrograde amnestic effect. 4. (4) The most frequent autonomic changes were arrest of respiration, finger vasoconstriction, fall in skin resistance and increase in esophageal motility. These were not related in a one-to-one fashion to the behavioral modifications. 5. (5) In addition to the systematic relation between burst characteristics and the measures of behavior, three lines of evidence argue for the spike and wave pattern and attention impairment being considered as separable symptoms: These patients were impaired on the attention test in the absence of observable bursts; the behavior loss tends to lead the electrographic symptom in time; in some patients, lack of behavioral change was observed even in the presence of well-organized symmetric bursts. 6. (6) These findings were discussed in relation to previous studies of the behavioral effects of spike and wave complexes and to possible pathophysiological mechanisms in centrencephalic epilepsy.
Proterozoic low orbital obliquity and axial-dipolar geomagnetic field from evaporite palaeolatitudes

Palaeomagnetism of climatically sensitive sedimentary rock types, such as glacial deposits and evaporites, can test the uniformitarianism of ancient geomagnetic fields and palaeoclimate zones. Proterozoic glacial deposits laid down in near-equatorial palaeomagnetic latitudes can be explained by 'snowball Earth' episodes, high orbital obliquity or markedly non-uniformitarian geomagnetic fields. Here I present a global palaeomagnetic compilation of the Earth's entire basin-scale evaporite record. Magnetic inclinations are consistent with low orbital obliquity and a geocentric-axial-dipole magnetic field for most of the past two billion years, and the snowball Earth hypothesis accordingly remains the most viable model for low-latitude Proterozoic ice ages. Efforts to reconstruct Proterozoic supercontinents are strengthened by this demonstration of a consistently axial and dipolar geomagnetic reference frame, which itself implies stability of geodynamo processes on billion-year timescales.
Regulation of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-4 by Matrix GLA Protein in Vascular Endothelial Cells Involves Activin-like Kinase Receptor 1

Matrix GLA protein (MGP) has previously been shown to enhance expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) through the activin-like kinase receptor 1 (ALK1) in bovine aortic endothelial cells. MGP has also been identified as an inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). This study showed that the effect of MGP on ALK1 signaling and VEGF expression in bovine aortic endothelial cells was dose-dependent, that a progressive increase of MGP levels ceased to be stimulatory and instead turned inhibitory. We identified a new regulatory pathway involving BMP that may explain this response. BMP-2 and BMP-4 induced expression of ALK1 in a dose-dependent fashion as determined by real-time PCR and immunoblotting. Activation of ALK1 signaling induced expression of MGP in addition to that of VEGF, allowing for negative feedback regulation of BMP by MGP. MGP inhibited BMP-4 activity similarly to that of BMP-2 and interacted with BMP-4 on a protein level as determined by co-immunoprecipitation. The dose-dependent effect on ALK1 expression and the stimulation of MGP and VEGF expression were dependent on signaling by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and ALK1. Inhibition of TGF-β by neutralizing antibodies abolished the inhibitory effect of high BMP-4 levels on ALK1 expression and the induction of MGP and VEGF. Depletion of ALK1 by small interfering RNA abolished the induction of MGP and VEGF. MGP promoter activity was also stimulated by BMP-4 in a TGF-β-dependent fashion. The results suggest that the effects of BMP on endothelial cells occur in part through induction of ALK1, an effect that may be limited by ALK1-induced MGP.
Nonparametric hypothesis testing for a spatial signal

Summary form only given. Nonparametric hypothesis testing for a spatial signal can involve a large number of hypotheses. For instance, two satellite images of the same scene, taken before and after an event, could be used to test a hypothesis that the event has no environmental impact. This is equivalent to testing that the mean difference of "after-before" is zero at each of the (typically thousands of) pixels that make up the scene. In such a situation, conventional testing procedures that control the overall Type I error deteriorate as the number of hypotheses increase. Powerful testing procedures are needed for this problem of testing for the presence of a spatial signal. In this talk, we propose a procedure called enhanced FDR (EFDR), which is based on controlling the false discovery rate (FDR) and a concept known as generalized degrees of freedom (GDF). EFDR differs from the standard FDR procedure through its reducing of the number of hypotheses tested. This is done in two ways: first, the model is represented more parsimoniously in the wavelet domain, and second, an optimal selection of hypotheses is made using a criterion based on generalized degrees of freedom. Not only does the EFDR procedure tell us whether a spatial signal is present or not, it has an added bonus that, if a signal is deemed present, it can indicate its location and magnitude. The EFDR procedure is applied to an air-temperature data set generated from the climate system model (CSM) of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and to brain-imaging data from fMRI experiments.
Women Alcoholics: Prevalence Estimates and Their Problems as Reflected in Turn-of-the-Century Institutional Data

Prevalence estimates of women alcoholics first appeared in the late nineteenth century; and between 1884 and 1912, data on some 24,200 institutionalized alcoholics produced male-female patient ratios ranging from 3:1 to 9:1. These estimates, however, suffered from some of the same difficulties inherent in modern prevalence figures: “Hidden alcoholism” and a lack of treatment facilities caused the data to under-report women, while patient sex ratios varied by socioeconomic status. These data problems are largely unresolved, and securing reliable prevalence information on women alcoholics remains a frustrating matter for both the social historian and the modern alcohol researcher.
Modeling groundwater flow to elliptical lakes and through multi-aquifer elliptical inhomogeneities

Two new analytic element solutions are presented for steady flow problems with elliptical boundaries. The first solution concerns groundwater flow to shallow elliptical lakes with leaky lake beds in a single-aquifer. The second solution concerns groundwater flow through elliptical cylinder inhomogeneities in a multi-aquifer system. Both the transmissivity of each aquifer and the resistance of each leaky layer may differ between the inside and the outside of an inhomogeneity. The elliptical inhomogeneity may be bounded on top by a shallow elliptical lake with a leaky lake bed. Analytic element solutions are obtained for both problems through separation of variables of the Laplace and modified-Helmholtz differential equations in elliptical coordinates. The resulting equations for the discharge potential consist of infinite sums of products of exponentials, trigonometric functions, and modified-Mathieu functions. The series are truncated but still fulfill the differential equation exactly; boundary conditions are met approximately, but up to machine accuracy provided enough terms are used. The head and flow may be computed analytically at any point in the aquifer. Examples are given of uniform flow through an elliptical lake, a well pumping near two elliptical lakes, and uniform flow through three elliptical inhomogeneities in a multi-aquifer system. Mathieu functions may be applied in a similar fashion to solve other groundwater flow problems in semi-confined aquifers and leaky aquifer systems with elliptical internal or external boundaries.
Characteristics of an extensive Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis recombinant protein set

Abstract In the first step of a comprehensive large-scale antigen discovery project, 651 genes of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis were expressed in Escherichia coli. All of these were purified by affinity chromatography, dialyzed in phosphate buffered saline, and analyzed on SDS–PAGE gels. Collectively, these purified recombinant proteins represent 14.9% of the total M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis proteome. This volume of protein expression and purification has yielded unique observations that may be missed in smaller scale expression and purification projects. For example, the 252 putative membrane proteins predicted by PSORTb analysis, resulted in lower average expression yields (3.51 mg/l culture) than the 176 predicted cytoplasmic proteins (7.27 mg/l culture). A few proteins (MAP0107c, MAP3169c and MAP3640) appear to promote lysis of E. coli since there was a drop in optical density of the growth culture minutes after the inducing agent was added. Certain M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis proteins, when expressed in E. coli changed the color of the column resin or appearance of harvested cell pellets. Finally, 19 proteins showed an absorbance maximum at 260 nm rather than 280 nm that was attributed to binding of nucleic acid during purification. This extensive recombinant protein repository provides a powerful tool for proteome- and genome-scale research of this organism.
Manufactured Dope: How the 1984 US Olympic Cycling Team Rewrote the Rules on Drugs in Sports

At the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games, the US cycling team not only won its first Olympic cycling medal since 1912 but also added eight more, marking a triumph for the team and its Polish-born coach, Eddie Borysewicz. Soon, however, news leaked that the seven members of the US cycling team, four of whom won medals, had employed controversial blood transfusions. Though not prohibited by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the news caused a firestorm within the press and led to a significant revision of the IOC Medical Commission's anti-doping rules. Previous historical scholarship has ignored this event, focusing instead on early doping scandals such as Knud Jensen or more recent controversies such as Ben Johnson and Lance Armstrong. However, this event caused a significant shift within the IOC Medical Commission's attitude towards doping. Prior to 1984, the IOC Medical Commission had hesitated to prohibit any substance, including anabolic steroids, if it could not detect the substance through testi...
Identification of brushite in newly deposited bone mineral from embryonic chicks.

Crystalline brushite, CaHPO4·2H2O, has been identified in embryonic chick bone by X-ray and electron diffraction. This was accomplished by independent analyses of bone powder fractions of varying density and therefore of varying degrees of mineralization. Although it was not detected in samples of whole bone powder by X-ray diffraction, brushite was found to be the major crystalline solid phase of calcium phosphate in the lowest density fractions corresponding to the least mineralized bone. Thus brushite appears to be a component of the earliest solid mineral phase deposited in bone tissue. Both brushite and hydroxyapatite were detected in fractions of bone powder of somewhat higher density, but only hydroxyapatite was present in the highest density fractions corresponding to the most highly mineralized portions of bone tissue. Electron diffraction of the unembedded, lowest density fractions of bone powder confirmed the presence of brushite. The relative Ca/P ratio of these early mineral deposits determined by electron probe microanalysis was also consistent with that of brushite. Most importantly, when either synthetic crystalline brushite or the lowest density bone powder was embedded in epoxy and thin-sectioned, no electron diffraction pattern of brushite or monetite was obtained. This result may explain why brushite has not been previously detected by electron diffraction of thin sections containing the mineral phase of bone even though such sections contain the newly deposited solid phase of Ca-P.
Black as Brown: The 2008 Obama Primary Campaign and the U.S. Browning of Terror

Given the U.S.-led War on Terror and post-September 11, 2001 constructions of terrorism, we argue that the 2008 Obama primary campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination unfolded within a context that relegated him to the category of “brown(ed).” That is, while it is true that Senator Obama may be considered the first African American (or mixed race) presidential candidate of a major U.S. political party, we claim that the U.S. public was positioned--during the primary season--to view Obama as a “brown(ed),” in addition to a black, body. We articulate browned bodies as bodies that are: 1) perceived as a threat to both the U.S. government and the social fabric of the country, 2) rendered as being in opposition to the post-September 11, 2001 notion of Americanness, and 3) placed under strict rhetorical, legal, or physical containment. The process of browning places members of specific groups into a sort of social quarantine, where they are contained and held up for governmental and public scrutiny. The browning of Obama occurred systematically via questions regarding his patriotism, name, religion, and citizenship. The significance of these particular sorts of questions is that they establish the body of Obama as a terrorist threat against the United States.
Atomistic simulations of stress and microstructure evolution during polycrystalline Ni film growth

Film stress and microstructure evolution during the growth of a Ni bicrystal film are investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. The nominal surface orientation of the growing film was (111) and the grain boundaries are $\ensuremath{\Sigma}79$ symmetrical tilt grain boundaries. The growth mode is layer by layer; two-dimensional (2D) islands nucleate on the surface, grow, and coalesce into complete layers. Grain-boundary migration near the free surface is observed as boundaries are dragged by step edges of growing 2D islands. Simulations show that the film stress-thickness product is compressive and oscillatory with a period that is approximately equal to one monolayer. Adatoms are observed to incorporate into grain boundaries and exert compressive strain on neighboring grains. Theoretical modeling demonstrates incorporated atoms are a primary source of the observed compressive stress during growth and gives predictions in very good agreement with simulation results. The oscillatory stress-thickness product is shown to be related to atoms diffusing into the grain boundary from the surface and out of the grain boundary onto the surface.
CASE-CONTROL STUDIES AND THEIR APPLICATION TO ENDOCRINOLOGY

The steps for undertaking the case-control approach to studying potential causal factors (i.e., host or environmental factors) related to diseases or conditions of interest are outlined, together with warnings of the potential pitfalls and biases to be avoided. Guidelines are provided for appropriate selection of cases and controls and for ascertaining and valid exposure or host information. In addition, the elements needed to determine the sample size needed for a case-control study, the approach to the analysis of case-control data, and criteria for assessing whether associations observed in epidemiologic studies are actually causal also are provided. Finally, the strengths and limitations of the case-control approach, compared with the cohort approach, are described. Published studies are cited to provide endocrinologic examples of the methodologies and issues raised by the case-control study approach.
Theories of truth and truth-value gaps

The fact that a group of axioms use the word ‘true’ does not guarantee that that group of axioms yields a theory of truth. For Davidson the derivability of certain biconditionals from the axioms is what guarantees this. We argue that the test does not work. In particular, we argue that if the object language has truth-value gaps, the result of applying Davidson's definition of a theory of truth is that no correct theory of truth for the language is possible.
Emulsification of Commercial Dairy Proteins with Exhaustively Washed Muscle

The addition of dairy proteins to exhaustively washed chicken breast muscle improved the emulsion stability in heated cream layers (emulsions) containing whey protein concentrate (WPC) or whey protein isolate (WPI). The initial weight of the heated cream layers made with WPC or WPI was heavier than those for sodium caseinate (CNate) or milk protein isolate (MPI). The addition of CNate or MPI resulted in decreased emulsion stability and increased inhibition of myosin heavy chain and actin participation in the emulsion formation compared to WPC or WPI.
Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Synthesis of Alternating Fluoroalkene−Carbon Monoxide Copolymers

The cationic palladium(II) complex [(R,R-Me-DuPHOS)Pd(Me)(CH3CN)]+BF4- (R,R-Me-DuPHOS = 1,2-bis[(2R,5R)-2,5-dimethylphospholano]benzene) was found to catalyze the perfectly alternating copolymerization of fluorinated allylbenzene derivatives with carbon monoxide, leading to functional polymers containing pendant fluorinated groups. The copolymers each exhibited relatively high hydrophobicity, as determined by goniometry. The alt-allylpentafluorobenzene−carbon monoxide copolymer was found to significantly increase the water contact angle of poly(methyl methacrylate) when blended in small amounts with the latter.
Pediatric Genitourinary Injuries in the United States from 2002 to 2010

Purpose: We describe the epidemiological features of pediatric genitourinary injuries, and determine the products and events that may predict an increased risk of genitourinary injury during childhood.Materials and Methods: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System was queried to identify children 18 years or younger who sustained genitourinary injuries and presented to emergency departments in the United States between 2002 and 2010. Demographics and injury characteristics of these children were analyzed. Analyses were performed with adjustments for sample weighting and the stratified survey design. All data are reported as national estimates along with 95% confidence intervals.Results: Based on 10,286 actual cases, an estimated 252,392 children (95% CI 205,579–299,194) sustained genitourinary injuries during the 9-year study period. Children 4 to 7 years old were most frequently injured (36.8% of all injuries), followed by those 8 to 11 years old (20.6%). Girls comprised 55% of the injured chil...
A Preliminary Climatology of the Spectrum of Vertical Velocity Observed by Clear-Air Doppler Radar

Abstract Multiheight time series of atmospheric vertical velocities in the troposphere and lower stratosphere observed by clear-air Doppler radar are presented at various locations around the world. Frequency spectra of vertical velocities determined from these data sets are compared with the objective of developing a preliminary climatology. We emphasize the nearly universal shape and magnitude of spectra observed during low-wind conditions. These spectra are quite flat for frequencies between the buoyancy and inertial frequencies, and they closely resemble the internal wave spectra observed in the ocean. Spectra observed under strong wind conditions, on the other hand, are greatly enhanced in magnitude, approaching the f−5/3 spectral slope observed for the spectrum of horizontal motions. Finally, spectra determined from both quiet and active periods at Poker Flat, Alaska, possess spectral slopes and amplitudes intermediate to those spectra determined solely from quiet or active periods at other locations.
The origins of lithic projectile point technology: evidence from Africa, the Levant, and Europe

Projectile weaponry is a human cultural universal, but its origins and antiquity remain poorly understood. Stone- and bone-tipped projectile weapons have long been treated as emergent features of the "Upper Paleolithic" behavioral revolution. Recently it has been proposed that projectile technology was in widespread use among Homo sapiens populations in Africa during Middle Stone Age (MSA) times. One obstacle to researching the origins of projectile point technology is that the criteria archaeologists employ for recognizing plausible and implausible stone projectile points are largely subjective (overall tool shape, microwear traces). Tip cross-sectional area (TCSA) is a ballistically significant dimension that works well at discriminating North American stone projectile points (spearthrower dart tips and arrowheads) from spear points. This paper compares the TCSA values of ethnographic North American stone projectile points to hypothetical Middle and Upper Paleolithic stone projectile points from Africa, the Levant, and Europe. The results of this comparison do not support the hypothesis of widespread use of stone-tipped projectiles in Africa, the Levant, or Europe prior to 40 Ka. In the New World and in Australia, where we have the richest ethnographic record of stone projectile point use, these implements are largely employed in big-game hunting and in warfare. One or both of these factors may have played a role in the widespread adoption of stone projectile point technology after 40 Ka.
Approximate liftings in local algebra and a theorem of Grothendieck

Abstract Let A and B denote local rings such that A = B / tB , where t is a regular nonunit, and let b denote an ideal in B such that the A -ideal a = b / ( t ) has codimension ⩾ 2 . Let F be a reflexive O X -module, where X = Spec A - V ( a ) . Under suitable conditions on A and B and assuming that Ext X 2 ( F , F ) = 0 and E xt X 1 ( F , O X ) = 0 , it is shown in this article that the dual sheaf F v can be extended to a reflexive coherent O Y -module, where Y = Spec B - V ( b ) . The infinitesimal procedure that leads to this sheaf extension makes use of the injective theory of sheaves. Applications to homomorphisms of divisor class groups come about as a consequence of this result, and a strong connection with Grothendieck's theorem on parafactoriality is drawn.
Uveal Melanocytes Do Not Respond To or Express Receptors for α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone

PURPOSE Whereas cutaneous pigmentation increases after exposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, ocular pigmentation does not. This study was designed to examine the evidence that alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), which is thought to be the mediator of UV response in the skin, has any role to play in uveal melanocytes. METHODS Human uveal melanocytes derived from the choroid and the iris were cultivated by using eyes harvested from adult cadaveric donors and were assessed by Northern blot analysis for growth and melanogenic response to alpha-MSH and expression of the receptor for alpha-MSH (MC1-R). In addition, expression of alpha-MSH was evaluated in ocular tissue by immunocytochemistry. RESULTS Uveal melanocytes, unlike cutaneous melanocytes in vitro, exhibited no stimulation of proliferation in response to alpha-MSH at dosages ranging from 0.1 to 100 muM. In addition, tyrosine hydroxylase, DOPA oxidase, and protein levels for tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2 were not influenced by alpha-MSH. Associated with the lack of alpha-MSH response in cultured uveal melanocytes was the absence of expression of the receptor for alpha-MSH (MC1-R), as assessed by Northern blot analysis. Also in contrast to the skin, pigmented ocular tissue lacked expression of the alpha-MSH ligand, as assessed by immunocytochemistry. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, ocular pigmentation does not appear to be regulated by melanocyte stimulating hormone.
Thermal metamorphism of primitive meteorites—XL The enstatite meteorites: origin and evolution of a parent body

The neutron activation data for Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Co, Cs, Cu, Ga, In, Rb, Se, Te, Tl, and Zn were obtained in samples of Abee heated to 1000-1400 C at low pressures. In addition, these elements were reported in nine enstatite achondrites and in the silicate part of the Mt. Egerton stony-iron. The data show trace element losses above 1000 C by diffusion-controlled processes with apparent activation energies of 8 to 55 kcal/mol; these data together with abundances of aubrites, Mt. Egerton, and E4-6 chondrites, and isotopic results link all enstatite meteorites to a common parent body. The data also indicate that aubrites and the Mt. Egerton material reflect fractional crystallization of a magma produced from enstatite chondrite-like parent material (E6) and the late introduction of chalcophiles and mobile elements transported by an FeS-Fe eutectic from an E4-6 region undergoing open-system metamorphism.
Coupling and sensitivity enhancement with multiple-core fibers in ground-based interferometry

ABSTRACT Principally because single-mode fibers are perfect spatial filters, they have great potential for ground-based interferometry. The author has recently shown how a novel multiple-core design can enhance the overallefficiency of a SM fiber many-fold when the fiber is coupled to atmospherically degraded wavefronts. Wepresent theoretical results on the possible enhancement of signal-to-noise ratios in image reconstruction withinterferometers using such fibers with a multiple-core geometry. Our results have strong implications for thefeasibility of an all-fiber interferometry concept, both on the ground and in space. Keywords: Long-baseline interferometry, single-mode fibers, coupling enhancement , SNR 1. INTRODUCTION Recent work by Shakian and collaborators has convincingly demonstrated the virtues of single-mode (SM)fibers for ground-based interferometry.13 Their value for long-baseline interferometry derives principally from the fact that they are perfect spatial filters, preventing all but a single spatial mode, namely the guided mode,from propagating when arbitrarily corrupted wavefronts are made to couple into such fibers. Although thestrength of excitation of such a guided mode is highly dependent on the level of wavefront corruption, thepropagating field distribution itself is clearly not. Thus, the fringe visibility is unaffected by atmosphericdistortions; only the fringe phase wanders randonily from one turbulence frame to the next.Under low-light conditions, the sensitivity of an interferometer is essentially limited by the number of
Psychiatric advance directives and social workers: an integrative review

Psychiatric advance directives (PADs) are legal documents that allow individuals to express their wishes for future psychiatric care and to authorize a legally appointed proxy to make decisions on their behalf during incapacitating crises. PADs are viewed as an alternative to the coercive interventions that sometimes accompany mental health crises for people with mental illness. Insofar as coercive interventions can abridge clients' autonomy and self-determination--values supported by the NASW Code of Ethics--social workers have a vested interest in finding ways to reduce coercion and increase autonomy and self-determination in their practice. However, PADs are also viewed as having the potential to positively affect a variety of other clinical outcomes, including, but not limited to, treatment engagement, treatment satisfaction, and working alliance. This article reviews the clinical and legal history of PADs and empirical evidence for their implementation and effectiveness. Despite what should be an inherent interest in PADs and the fact that laws authorizing PADs have proliferated in the past decade, there is little theoretical or empirical research on PADS in the social work literature.
Acute digital ischemia in infants: the hair-thread tourniquet syndrome--a report of two cases.

Infants are susceptible to digital ischemia if a toe is encircled by a strand of hair on some other similar material. Infants under 6 months are particularly at risk. There is often a delay of 3–4 days before the condition is recognized. Prompt removal is necessary in order to prevent loss of the part. This syndrome is referred to as the hair-thread tourniquet syndrome. Two cases illustrating the presenting clinical findings and the operative treatment are presented.
Response of slash pine seedlings to P sources of varying citrate solubility

In a greenhouse pot study eight finely ground rock phosphates, representing a wide range of geographic origin and citrate solubility, were compared with granular triple superphosphate as sources of P for newly germinated slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) seedlings. Two acid and P-deficient soils broadly representative of the forest soils of the southeastern U.S. were used in the evaluation. In a Weston fine sandy loam, dry matter production and P uptake in the first seedling crop were strongly positively correlated with citrate solubility of the P source. Increasing P application rates among sources of higher solubility resulted in marked increases in tree response. In the second seedling crop, differences among sources followed the same trends, generally, but were much less pronounced. In the third crop, differences among sources virtually disappeared. In a Davidson silty clay loam, P source effectiveness for the first crop was again positively correlated with citrate solubility but differences among P sources were smaller than in Weston. At low P application rates, plant response was greater, but increasing P rates to very high levels did not bring about corresponding increases in growth and P uptake as in the Weston soil. In the second crop, a disorder diagnosed as Mn toxicity, induced by increasing soil acidity, severely retarded seedling growth and precluded the continuation of the bioassay on this soil. The results indicate that citrate solubility is a useful chemical property for rating early effectiveness of rock phosphates used in direct application to forest trees on acid soils. Long-term field trials on different soils will be required to determine the importance of this initial solubility to the overall performance (i.e., both early and sustained growth) of the tree crop and to evaluate the effects of soil characteristics and supplemental fertilizer treatments which may modify tree response to different P sources. re]19730406
Daily Variation, Capital Market Efficiency and Predicting Stock Market Returns

Studies of capital market efficiency are important because they infer that there are predictable properties of the time series of prices of traded securities on organised markets. We examine the weak form of the efficient markets hypothesis to indicate its usefulness in terms of the results of this study. Furthermore, this study of individual securities prices of traded securities on organised markets corroborate previous findings of studies of stock market indexes both in the United States and for foreign stock exchanges that daily patterns are present in the times series of securities prices. You will note also, that the models identified reflect the closing prices on one day less the closing price on the previous day. In this way, we study returns and not average or closing prices.
Enhancement of sheep red blood cell human lymphocyte rosette formation by the sulfhydryl compound 2-amino ethylisothiouronium bromide.

Abstract In vitro treatment of sheep red blood cells with the sulfhydryl compound 2-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide (AET) under suitable experimental conditions greatly enhances their ability to form rosettes with human lymphoid cells. The effect of AET depends on the concentration, pH of the solution and time of incubation. AET treated sheep red blood cells lose their ability to form rosettes after varying time periods depending on the temperature of storage and on the concentration of the AET solution. Treatment of human peripheral lymphocytes with AET abolishes their capability to form rosettes with both normal and AET treated sheep red blood cells. Lymphocytes from some patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia react differently with AET-treated sheep red blood cells than with normal sheep red blood cells.
Calm down when the heart is stressed: Inhibiting calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II for antiarrhythmias.

Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) plays a pivotal role in many regulatory processes of cellular functions ranging from membrane potentials and electric–contraction (E-C) coupling to mitochondrial integrity and survival of cardiomyocytes. The review article by Hund and Mohler in this issue of Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine highlights the importance of the elevated CaMKII signaling pathways under stressed conditions such as myocardial hypertrophy and ischemia in the detrimental remodeling of ion channels and in the genesis of cardiac arrhythmias. Down-regulation of the elevated CaMKII is now emerging as a powerful therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias and other forms of heart disease such as hypertrophic and ischemic heart failure. The development of new specific and effective CaMKII inhibitors as therapeutic agents for cardiac arrhythmias is challenged by the tremendous complexity of CaMKII expression and distribution of multi isoforms, as well as the multitude of downstream targets in the CaMKII signaling pathways and regulatory processes. A systematic understanding of the structure and regulation of the CaMKII signaling and functional network under the scope of genome and phenome may improve and extend our knowledge about the role of CaMKII in cardiac health and disease and accelerate the discovery of new CaMKII inhibitors that target not only the ATP-binding site but also the regulation sites in the CaMKII signaling and functional network.
Gentamicin nephrotoxicity. II. Plasma membrane changes.

Abstract Following acute exposure (1.5 hr) to a single injection of 100 mg/kg body weight gentamicin, brush border and basolateral membranes from rat renal cortex were isolated. A number of significant alterations were found in basolateral membranes from treated animals: (1) 48% inhibition of Na + , K + -ATPase, (2) inhibition of basal (50%) and NaF-stimulated (77%) adenylate cyclase, (3) 38% decrease in calcium binding, and (4) 19% reduction in calcium content. In basolateral and brush border membranes the transport of the organic cation, N 1 -methylnicotinamide (NMN), was depressed approximately 30%. By using [ 3 H]gentamicin the drug was found on both membranes. The role of Na + , K + -ATPase, adenylate cyclase, and calcium in a variety of membrane functions suggests that basolateral membrane changes may be important in the pathogenesis of gentamicin nephrotoxicity.
INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS AND ITS ANIMAL MODELS

Major questions are still unanswered in the understanding of the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, including the important question of the nature of the autoantigen(s) recognised in the development of disease. In the nonobese diabetic mouse model, there is new evidence that insulin plays an important role: not only is it an antigen for pathogenic CD4+ T cells but also it is recognised by highly diabetogenic CD8+ T cells. Further studies using transgenic mice have also highlighted the role of glutamic acid decarboxylase as an autoantigen. It remains to be seen whether one or both of these autoantigens can be used in strategies to prevent human diabetes.
Early Phonological and Lexical Markers of Reading Disabilities.

Phonological and lexical characteristics of 30-month-old children’s spontaneous language samples were examined as indicators of later reading outcome. Participants were 27 children, 10 children with reading disability and 17 children without reading disability. Of the non-disabled readers, 7 were at high familial risk for reading disability, and 10 came from families with no history of reading difficulties. Children later identified as reading disabled at second grade and beyond demonstrated narrower lexical diversity and simpler phonological forms as compared to the normal reading participants. Implications of reduced phonological complexity in the productive lexicons of reading disabled children are discussed.
Reduction of Tc(VII) by Fe(II) sorbed on Al (hydr)oxides.

Under oxic conditions, Tc exists as the soluble, weakly sorbing pertechnetate [TcO4−] anion. The reduced form of technetium, Tc(IV), is stable in anoxic environments and is sparingly soluble as TcO2·nH2O(s). Here we investigate the heterogeneous reduction of Tc(VII) by Fe(II) adsorbed on Al (hydr)oxides [diaspore (α-AlOOH) and corundum (α-Al2O3)]. Experiments were performed to study the kinetics of Tc(VII) reduction, examine changes in Fe surface speciation during Tc(VII) reduction (Mossbauer spectroscopy), and identify the nature of Tc(IV)-containing reaction products (X-ray absorption spectroscopy). We found that Tc(VII) was completely reduced by adsorbed Fe(II) within 11 (diaspore suspension) and 4 days (corundum suspension). Mossbauer measurements revealed that the Fe(II) signal became less intense with Tc(VII) reduction and was accompanied by an increase in the intensity of the Fe(III) doublet and magnetically ordered Fe(III) sextet signals. Tc-EXAFS spectroscopy revealed that the final heterogeneous...
Overview of an Industry/Academia Partnership for Furthering the Advancement of Pen-based Technology in Research and Education

Microsoft Research understands the vital role academia plays in the future of computing. We continually seek to collaborate with leading schools to enhance the teaching and learning experience. In support of this vision, we have identified and supported research in pen based technologies since the early 2000's. During this time we developed 4 primary programs: 1) academic summits, workshops and symposiums, including the "tablet PCs in higher education & research workshop" being offered at this event; 2) Request for Proposals to explore new idea; 3) Direct support for individual projects such as for development of classroom presenter at the University of Washington, and 4) center & institutes to accelerate research in a specific domain, [e.g.,] the Microsoft center for research on pen-centric computing at Brown University and the Microsoft/MIT alliance on information technology in higher education;. This paper provides a brief overview of all of the Tablet/pen enabled activities and examples of the results of the collaborations.
Finite element program for analysis of laminated anisotropic elastoplastic materials

Abstract The structure and operation of the ANPLAST finite element program which is designed for nonlinear analysis of laminated anisotropic materials is discussed. The numerical form of the elastoplastic constitutive relations and corresponding work-hardening laws are also reviewed. Two analyses of a laminated sheet with a circular hole, one with isotropic layers and the other a metal matrix composite, are presented.
Effects of a punitive noise on self-punitive running established with shock

Three groups of rats were trained to escape electric shock by traversing a straight alley. Two groups punished in the alley showed more resistance to extinction than did a nonpunished group. An additional punishment, noxious noise, summated with shock punishment to produce and maintain faster self-punitive running.
Interaction of wait time feedback and questioning instruction on middle school science teaching

Wait time, the duration of teacher pauses after questions, is an important variable in research on science teaching. This project investigated the effects of increasing teacher's wait times on general questioning skills in science teaching. In previous research, the influence of wait time training has been confounded with instruction in general questioning skills, making it difficult to test the hypothesis that increasing the wait time will by itself improve classroom discussions. In this project, these variables were separated through the use of four treatment groups made up of science teachers. One group received instruction in wait time using a newly developed electronic feedback device that monitors the duration of teacher and student pauses; a second group received instruction in general questioning skills; a third group received both types of instruction; a comparison group received no instruction of either type. The tape recordings were coded and analyzed for classroom interaction data. Comparisons were made using discriminant analysis, analyses of variance, and correlational relationships. The wait time feedback devices facilitated the production of wait time means consistently superior to baseline performance, albeit slightly below the 3-second criterion sought. Regardless, the feedback groups did produce a large number of the hypothesized changes. Significant effects were found from a comparison of the discriminant function scores. Effects consistently favored the groups with the feedback devices. The presence of the guides seemed to make little difference. The groups with the devices used greater numbers of high-level questions, especially those of the evaluative level. There were more contributions from students, as measured by length of answers, frequency of volunteered contributions, numbers of relevant student words, and percentages of student talk.
Active matter: Spontaneous flows and self-propelled drops.

The construction of in vitro assemblies of biological components that exhibit properties of living matter may shed light on the physical aspects of the dynamic reorganization that continuously occurs inside cells. See Letter p.431 Autonomous motion is a characteristic of living organisms; by consuming energy, cells and their components can generate motion without the need for externally applied force. This paper reports the creation of polymer gels, liquid crystals and emulsions that mimic this behaviour using biological molecules as building blocks. The authors assemble microtubules into hierarchical bundles and then into percolating networks. In the presence of ATP as the chemical energy source and the molecular motor protein kinesin, spatiotemporally chaotic flows are generated by creating hydrodynamic instabilities and enhanced fluid transport. When confined to the surface of emulsion droplets, the microtubule networks form two-dimensional active liquid crystals that impart autonomous motility to the emulsion droplets. This work raises the exciting possibility that chaotic behaviour of this type could be engineered to be tunable and controllable.
Matrix-Metalloproteinases in Head and Neck Carcinoma–Cancer Genome Atlas Analysis and Fluorescence Imaging in Mice:

Objective(1) Obtain matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP) expression profiles for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) specimens from the Cancer Genomic Atlas (TCGA). (2) Demonstrate HNSCC imagin...
Sulfonium Ion Adducts from Quasiliving Polyisobutylene and Mono- or Disulfides

Low-temperature-stable sulfonium ion adducts were generated by addition of mono- and disulfides to TiCl4-catalyzed quasiliving polyisobutylene (PIB). The adducts were studied in situ via low temperature NMR in 50/50 (v/v) CS2/CD2Cl2 using the initiator 2-chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane (TMPCl) and C16 and C20 tert-chloride oligo-isobutylenes as models for the PIB chain end. At temperatures less than or equal to −60 °C, quantitative 1:1 adducts were formed between the (di)sulfides and TMPCl or the oligo-isobutylenes. Adduct formation prevented further homopolymerization of isobutylene, but when a more reactive nucleophile such as an alcohol or amine was added to the reaction, the adducts were destroyed. Both elimination and substitution products were obtained at the PIB chain end. With PIB−monosulfide adducts, elimination was the principle decomposition pathway, and near-quantitative formation of exo-olefin PIB was achieved upon termination by a hindered tertiary amine, such as proton trap, 2,6-di-tert-butyl...
NOVEL INFECTIOUS PARTICLES GENERATED BY EXPRESSION OF THE VESICULAR STOMATITIS VIRUS GLYCOPROTEIN FROM A SELF-REPLICATING RNA

Self-propagating infectious particles were produced in animal cells transfected with an RNA replicon encoding a single viral structural protein, the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G). The replicon is derived from an alphavirus, Semliki Forest virus (SFV), and encodes the SFV RNA replicase, but none of the SFV structural proteins. After transfection of the replicon into tissue culture cells, expression of G protein spread from small foci throughout the culture. Supernatants from the cells contained infectious, virus-like particles that could be passaged and were neutralized by anti-VSV serum. The majority of the infectious particles were smaller and less dense than either VSV or SFV. Characterization by electron microscopy showed membrane-enveloped vesicles that contained the VSV-G protein. Infectious particles were apparently generated by budding of vesicles containing VSV-G protein and the RNA replicon. These experiments reveal that an enveloped infectious agent can be much simpler than previously thought.
Segmentation of 3D radio frequency echocardiography using a spatio-temporal predictor

This paper presents an algorithm for segmenting left ventricular endocardial boundaries from RF ultrasound. Our method incorporates a computationally efficient linear predictor that exploits short-term spatio-temporal coherence in the RF data. Segmentation is achieved jointly using an independent identically distributed (i.i.d.) spatial model for RF intensity and a multiframe conditional model that relates neighboring frames in the image sequence. Segmentation using the RF data overcomes challenges due to image inhomogeneities often amplified in B-mode segmentation and provides geometric constraints for RF phase-based speckle tracking. The incorporation of multiple frames in the conditional model significantly increases the robustness and accuracy of the algorithm. Results are generated using between 2 and 5 frames of RF data for each segmentation and are validated by comparison with manual tracings and automated B-mode boundary detection using standard (Chan and Vese-based) level sets on echocardiographic images from 27 3D sequences acquired from six canine studies.