cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decreased effectiveness of chelation therapy with time after acute cadmium poisoning.

Abstract The effect of increasing the time interval between cadmium (Cd) exposure and chelation therapy was studied in male Swiss Webster mice. The following chelating agents were administered ip at 0, 2, 12, 36, and 72 hr after giving radioactive Cd (1 mg Cd/kg, iv): diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA). Daily elimination of Cd into urine and feces was determined for 5 days after which time the mice were killed, and the concentration of Cd was determined in various organs. In most of the tissues examined, including kidney and liver, only administration of chelators immediately after Cd significantly reduced tissue Cd concentrations. The mice treated immediately after Cd administration excreted between 50 and 75% of the Cd into urine in the first 24 hr compared to 0.1% excreted by controls. Treatment at later times (2 to 72 hr) significantly increased Cd excretion but the magnitude of the effect was far less than that seen in mice treated immediately after Cd. In a separate group of mice, the time course for the induction of metallothionein synthesis was determined by administering 1 mg Cd/kg iv at various times before death. Metallothionein concentration increased within 2 hr after Cd administration and reached a maximum within 8 hr. The results show that the length of time before initiating chelation therapy for Cd poisoning greatly influences the effectiveness of the therapy. Hepatic metallothionein may be responsible for this phenomenon.
Solvent-Resistant Photocurable “Liquid Teflon” for Microfluidic Device Fabrication

We report the first fabrication of a solvent-compatible microfluidic device based on photocurable “Liquid Teflon” materials. The materials are highly fluorinated functionalized perfluoropolyethers (PFPEs) that have liquidlike viscosities that can be cured into tough, highly durable elastomers that exhibit the remarkable chemical resistance of fluoropolymers such as Teflon. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) elastomers have rapidly become the material of choice for many recent microfluidic device applications. Despite the advantages of PDMS in relation to microfluidics technology, the material suffers from a serious drawback in that it swells in most organic solvents. The swelling of PDMS-based devices in organic solvents greatly disrupts the micrometer-sized features and makes it impossible for fluids to flow inside the channels. Our approach to this problem has been to replace PDMS with photocurable perfluoropolyethers. Device fabrication and valve actuation were accomplished using established procedures for ...
Identification of Basonuclin2, a DNA-binding zinc-finger protein expressed in germ tissues and skin keratinocytes.

Abstract We used a bioinformatics approach to identify Basonuclin2, the second member of the Basonuclin zinc-finger family of transcription factors. The mouse Basonuclin2 protein consists of 1049 amino acids and contains three pairs of zinc fingers in the C-terminus that show a high level of amino acid sequence similarity with Basonuclin1. In addition, other characteristic domains of Basonuclin1, such as the serine strip and a nuclear localization signal , are also present in Basonuclin2. We used genomic and in silico database analysis to identify the human and rat homologs of basonuclin2. A search of the mouse genome showed that the basonuclin2 gene maps to chromosome 4 and consists of six exons spanning ∼300 kb. Northern blot analysis revealed multiple transcripts of basonuclin2 in tissues of the reproductive system (ovary and testis) and also in kidney and skin. We demonstrate that, as expected from sequence conservation, recombinant Basonuclin2 can bind to a sequence in the promoter of a rRNA gene previously characterized as a Basonuclin-binding site. Full-length Basonuclin2 exclusively localizes to the nucleus, indicating that it likely plays an important role in nuclear function, probably in gene regulation. Our study establishes Basonuclin2 as a novel member of the Basonuclin family. Moreover, the structural and functional similarities with Basonuclin1 suggest that Basonuclin2 may play an analogous function in germ cells and skin keratinocytes .
Thermal properties of neutron-irradiated SiC; effects of boron doping

Abstract The temperature dependence (25°C to 1000°C) of thermal conductivity for siliconized (reaction bonded) SiC and alpha phase (sintered) SiC irradiated to neutron fluences of 4 to 8 × 1024n/m2 (E>1 MeV) were studied utilizing the heat pulse technique. The fluences are equivalent to 0.8 and 1.6 dpa and the sample temperature during irradiation was ~ 140°C. Silicon carbide exhibits a significant decrease in thermal conductivity after irradiation, specifically a factor of ~ 5 decrease is observed for siliconized SiC. Comparisons were made with SiC samples doped with 10B, 11B, and natural boron to investigate the effects of impurity doping. It was found that the presence of natural boron and 11B have no significant effect on the thermal conductivity of irradiated SiC, whereas SiC doped with 10B exhibits a slightly larger decrease in thermal conductivity due to the enhanced radiation damage (e.g., helium production) through the 10B (n, α)7Li reaction. The lowering of the thermal conductivity after irradiation can explain the decreased resistance against thermal shcok of irradiated SiC. The decrease in thermal conductivity is due to enhanced phonon scattering by radiation-induced vacancies and dislocations. Results on annealing effects and comparison with mechanical properties are presented.
Collisional avalanche exponentiation of runaway electrons in electrified plasmas

Abstract In contrast to earlier expectations, it is estimated that generation of runaway electrons from close collisions of existing runaways with cold plasma electrons can be significant even for small electric fields, whenever runaways can gain energies of about 20 MeV or more. In that case, the runaway population will grow exponentially with the energy spectrum showing an exponential decrease towards higher energies. Energy gains of the required magnitude may occur in large tokamak devices as well as in cosmic-ray generation.
Latanoprost and cystoid macular edema in high-risk aphakic or pseudophakic eyes

Abstract Purpose: To determine the magnitude of the association between latanoprost use and cystoid macular edema (CME) in high-risk aphakic or pseudophakic eyes. Setting: Single referral glaucoma practice. Methods: In a referral glaucoma practice, 40 consecutive patients with glaucoma uncontrolled on maximally tolerated medications without latanoprost were studied. Seven eyes were aphakic, and 33 eyes were pseudophakic. All eyes had an absent or open posterior capsule, and 29 eyes had 1 or more additional risk factors for developing CME. Latanoprost 0.005%, 1 drop at bedtime, was added to the patients’ current regimen. Patients were instructed to check their vision in the treated eye daily at home and to report any perceived decrease promptly. Patients without a change in vision or other side effects were reexamined 1 month after initiating latanoprost and every 3 months thereafter. If there was a greater than 1 line decrease in visual acuity, a retinal evaluation and fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) were performed by a retina specialist. Results: Two eyes had to discontinue latanoprost because of side effects before the 1 month visit. They were excluded from the analysis. At the 1 month follow-up, the mean intraocular pressure was 18.2 mm Hg ± 6.5 (SD), a decrease from the pretreatment mean of 21.5 ± 5.7 mm Hg. The visual acuity was within 1 line of baseline in 36 eyes and decreased by 2 lines in 2 eyes. In these 2 eyes, symptomatic CME was documented by FFA. The CME clinically resolved, with visual acuity returning to baseline after the latanoprost was discontinued and a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug started. There were no additional cases of CME after a mean follow-up of 5.7 months. Conclusion: Approximately 5% of high-risk eyes treated with latanoprost developed clinically symptomatic and angiographically documented CME. The temporal relationship between initiation of treatment and the decreased vision in our 2 cases suggests but does not establish a causal relationship between CME and latanoprost. With appropriate informed consent and attentive follow-up, clinicians should not be deterred from using this important glaucoma medication.
Marxist approaches in England

The object of the present essay is to exam? ine two quite different, if equally prominent, books published in recent years in England which address themselves to the problem of a marxist anthropology: Pre-CapitalistModes of Production (PCMP) by Barry Hindess and Paul Hirst, two sociologists linked with the journal Economy and Society; and Marxist Analyses and Social Anthropology (MASA) edited by Maurice Bloch of the London School of Economics, a collection of papers read at Oxford in 1973 at the Decennial Con? ference of the Association of Social Anthro? pologists of the Commonwealth. I shall not attempt to summarize but will focus on cer? tain common themes and problems in the books, including the construction and use of social theory, mode of production in primitive society, and history and transition.
Morphology of oocyte and follicle destruction by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mice

Abstract The carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzo(a)pyrene, 3-methylcholanthrene, and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, destroy primordial oocytes in the mouse ovary. The rate of oocyte destruction was proportional to the activity of the ovarian microsomal cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase, aryl hydrocarbon (benzo(a)pyrene) hydroxylase (EC 1.14.14.2) as well as to the carcinogenicity of the polycyclic hydrocarbon. After treatment with benzo(a)pyrene or 3-methylcholanthrene only primordial oocyte destruction occurred, and no evidence of toxicity was observed in surrounding granulosa or ovarian stromal cells. 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene was much more toxic and destroyed large follicles and oocytes in addition to primordial oocytes and primary follicles. Seven weeks after treatment with 3-methylcholanthrene the ovary had the bland afollicular appearance characteristic of ovarian failure. These three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are capable of producing premature ovarian failure in rodents.
Associations of daily mortality and air pollution in Los Angeles County.

We report results of a multiple regression analysis examining associations between aggregate daily mortality counts and environmental variables in Los Angeles County, California for the period 1970 to 1979. Mortality variable included total deaths not due to accidents and violence (M), deaths due to cardiovascular causes (CV), and deaths due to respiratory causes (Resp). The environmental variables included five pollutants averaged over Los Angeles County--total oxidants (Ox), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and KM (a measure of particulate optical reflectance). Also included were three metereological variables measured at the Los Angeles International Airport--temperature (Temp), relative humidity (RH), and extinction coefficient (Bext), the latter estimated from noontime visual range. To reduce the possibility of spurious correlations arising from the shared seasonal cycles of mortality and environmental variables, seasonal cycles were removed from the data by applying a high-pass filter. Cross-correlation functions were examined to determine the lag structure of the data prior to specifying and fitting the multiple regression models relating mortality and the environmental variables. The results demonstrated significant associations of M (or CV) with Ox at lag 1, temperature, and NO2, CO, or KM. Each of the latter three variables were strongly associated with daily mortality but also were highly correlated with one another in the high-frequency band, making it impossible to uniquely estimate their separate relationships to mortality. The results of this study show that small but significant associations exist in Los Angeles County between daily mortality and three separate environmental factors: temperature, primary motor vehicle-related pollutants (e.g., CO, KM, NO2), and photochemical oxidants.
Depressive symptom reversal for women in a primary care setting: A pilot study

Cognizant that only 20% of depressed individuals seek treatment, Healthy People 2000 has recommended a goal of increasing this figure to 45%. This flows from a recognition of depression as a serious and costly problem, with women carrying twice the risk of men. Primary care settings are the first contact a depressed woman may make with the health care system. This study piloted a collaborative model in which a Psychiatric Mental Health Advanced Practice Nurse (PMH-APN) was available on site to assist providers to recognize women with depressive symptoms and to provide intervention. Thirty three women were identified by primary care providers and referred for screening to the PMH-APN. Assessment and intervention based on the interpersonal theory of Peplau were accomplished in an average of eight sessions with the PMH-APN. Pre and postintervention descriptive data on the primary outcome (depressive symptoms) and three theoretically congruent mediating variables (performance and social self-esteem and satisfaction with interpersonal relations) were consistent with the expected outcomes of the intervention.
Effects of Amylose, Corn Protein, and Corn Fiber Contents on Production of Ethanol from Starch-Rich Media

ABSTRACT The effects of amylose, protein, and fiber contents on ethanol yields were evaluated using artificially formulated media made from commercial corn starches with different contents of amylose, corn protein, and corn fiber, as well as media made from different cereal sources including corn, sorghum, and wheat with different amylose contents. Second-order response-surface regression models were used to study the effects and interactions of amylose, protein, and fiber contents on ethanol yield and conversion efficiency. The results showed that the amylose content of starches had a significant (P 35%. The reduced quadratic model fits the conversion efficiency data better than the full quadratic mode...
Effects of molecular relaxation behavior on sized carbon fiber-vinyl ester matrix composite properties

Abstract The mechanical and viscoelastic properties of unidirectional vinyl-ester carbon fiber composites were investigated. A cooperativity analysis of the composites was performed on storage ( E ′) and loss modulus ( E ″) master curves obtained from dynamic mechanical analysis. The temperature sensitivity of the horizontal logarithmic shift factors (log a T ), cooperativity, obtained from E ′ data, was found to vary with the sizing used to pretreat the carbon fibers. The observed variations in the experimental trends in cooperativity with fiber sizing for the composite materials were found to deviate significantly from theory. However, the trends in tensile and apparent shear strength of the composites matched the observed qualitative trends in viscoelastic cooperativity obtained from the storage modulus master curves. These results may suggest that the viscoelastic and ultimate mechanical properties of a composite material are related. However, several inconsistencies were observed when comparing the E ″ and E ′ data which should also be considered in the interpretation of the experimental results.
Life Table Methods and Assessment of Familial Risk in Alzheimer's Disease

To the Editor.— Several articles published recently in theARCHIVES1-3and elsewhere4-6have discussed the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) among first-degree relatives (parents, siblings, offspring) of individuals with rigorous clinical diagnoses of this disorder. All of these studies relied on the life table method to reach the provocative conclusion that the cumulative expression of AD-like illness in these relatives rises with age to nearly 50% by the late 80s or the 90s. Each study included a comparison group of relatives of non-AD controls, and in each study dementia in relatives was ascertained by interviewers who were "blind" to the status of the index individual (case patient or control subject). In all instances, the comparable risk of disease among control relatives was only 10% to 15%. The significance of these results rests in the expectation that the risk of AD among proband relatives should be 50% or higher
Thermodynamic Properties of Liquid 3He-4He Mixtures Between 0–10 bar below 1.5 K

The thermodynamic properties of liquid 3He-4He mixtures at pressures of up to 10 bar and temperatures below 1.5 K are determined. The calculations are based on previously determined thermodynamic properties of 3He-4He mixtures at saturated (zero) pressure, and available experimental measurements of the molar volume, which are used to determine an expression for the molar volume. Since available experimental data for mixtures at higher pressures are restricted to low temperatures (below about 0.7 K), the calculated molar volumes at high pressure and high temperature are largely based on pure 3He and pure 4He data.
The Ecology of Religious Preference in Wichita

Religious preference of 65,000 households in Wichita, Kansas, was ascertained by survey. Data were analyzed by census tracts, which were then grouped according to income levels. Findings, in general, conform to those of earlier studies of relationship between social class and religious identification, but some exceptions are noted. Thus, Roman Catholics were found in both wealthy and poor areas, whereas Jews were markedly concentrated in high-income areas.—Editor.
An assessment of alternate keyboards using finger motion, wrist motion and tendon travel.

Abstract Objective. To assess the biomechanical impact of commercially available alternate keyboard designs. Design. A repeated measures study was conducted in a laboratory setting, with planned comparisons of Pitch, Roll and Yaw angles of the keyboards. Ten keyboard conditions were tested. Dependent measures included tendon travel, wrist deviations, and wrist and finger kinematics. Background. Various alternate keyboard designs have recently been introduced, which vary Pitch, Roll and Yaw angles, separation distance between keyboard halves, and include other novel features such as cup-shaped depressions for the keys. Yet little objective research has been conducted regarding the biomechanical implications of these various design features. This study attempts to quantify the keyboard designs in terms of several recognized risk factors associated with cumulative trauma disorders that arise with repetitive typing. Methods. Wrist and finger goniometers were used to measure joint motions during a standardized typing task. 15 experienced typists (8 women, 7 men) served as subjects. Regression equations were used to generate estimates of tendon travel. Results. Tendon travel was affected primarily by Pitch but not Roll or Yaw angles while wrist deviations responded to changes in all three angles. Males had significantly greater amount of tendon travel than female subjects; this difference was only partially accounted for by anthropometry. Differences in joint motion may have a greater impact on the amount of tendon travel. Conclusions. Alternate keyboard designs can affect tendon travel by as much as 11%. Relevance As various alternate keyboard designs are marketed, quantifiable biomechanical data such as that provided by this study, will help to assess their impact on the risk factors for cumulative trauma disorders.
Gas Solubility in Relation to the Structures of Glasses and Liquids

Alkali borate and B2O3 glasses containing large concentrations of gaseous noncondensed compounds (including Ar and H2) were synthesized at high temperatures and pressures; the solubilities of the gases were determined. These materials quenched from the liquid state had glass networks with densities lower than those typical of normal glasses not containing such gases. This result is consistent with dilution in the liquid state, where the gas dissolves by generating space for itself in the melt rather than by filling interstices. For Henry's law to be obeyed, as it was in the present work, the gas could not fill large interstices only, since high pressures (up to 9 kbars) tend to destroy these interstices. The solubility data obtained are consistent with the trends predicted by a simplified theory that makes use of the surface tensions of the liquids and the molecular sizes of the gases in a system.
Cell partitioning and mixing in the formation of the CNS: analysis of the cortical somatosensory barrels in chimeric mice

Development of structural units along clonal lines as demonstrated in some invertebrates is an elegantly simple way to proceed in the formation of tissues. The possibility of a related event occurring in mammalian neurogenesis, i.e. that discrete assemblies of cortical neurons may be presorted according to lineage during neuronal development, was examined in chimeric mice. These mice consist of cells of two genotypes. Genetically determined differences in beta-glucuronidase activity, detected by histochemical means, were used as the cell-marker to determine the genotypic origin of neurons. Individual 'barrels' of the mouse somatosensory cortex were examined, and each neuron classified as high (Gusb) or low (Gush) as to the expression of beta-glucuronidase activity. Neurons from the two genotypes were found to be distributed in the same proportion amongst all the barrels examined from a given animal. The distribution of like-genotype neurons in the barrels was similar to neighboring cortical areas. Furthermore, there was no evidence for unusual distributions of neurons from one genotype within a single barrel. Such evidence does not support the notion of a unique founder population of neurons for individual barrels (or groups of barrels), and supports the notion of extensive cell mixing and epi-genetic events in the determination of individual barrels in the mouse somatosensory cortex.
High-speed poultry inspection using visible/near-infrared spectrophotometer

A visible/near-infrared spectroscopic system for high-speed on-line poultry carcass inspection was developed and demonstrated. The inspection system, which was an area scanning system designed to measure the interactance spectra of poultry carcasses in the visible to near-infrared regions, consisted of a fiber optic probe, a spectrograph, a spectroscopic charge coupled device detector, a quartz tungsten halogen light source, an industrial computer, and inhouse developed software modules. On-line trials of the visible/near-infrared chicken inspection system were conducted during a 5-day period in a poultry processing plant in Athens, Georgia. Spectra (431-943 nm) of 450 wholesome and 426 unwholesome chicken carcasses were measured. The instrument measured the spectra of veterinarian-selected carcasses on a processing line running at speeds of 140 and 180 birds per minute. Results showed this visible/near-infrared system can be used to differentiate between wholesome and unwholesome poultry carcasses at high speeds. For the 140 bird per minute line speed, the best model achieved classification accuracies of 95% for wholesome and 92% for unwholesome birds. For the 180 bird per minute line speed, the best model achieved classification accuracies of 94% and 92% for wholesome and unwholesome birds, respectively. The system is ready to be implemented for operation on high speed poultry processing lines.
MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL INFERENCE UNDER MARGINAL STRUCTURE, I.1

A previous paper [Gleser and Olkin (1972)] dealt with statistical inference problems in the context of an experimental design in which k randomly chosen groups of individuals from the same population of individuals are asked to take different psychological tests under identical testing conditions. The k tests (T***0,T1), (T0,T2), …, (T0,Tk) have one subtest T0 in common. It is desired to test whether (T0,T1), (T0,T2), …, (T0,Tk) are parallel forms of the same test. The experimental design described above is a natural one for ongoing testing programs such as the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT), where forms must be changed from year to year (so that new items must be introduced and validated), yet experimentation with new forms and administration of old forms are done simultaneously. The design described above might be used in a given year to validate items for future years. The likelihood ratio test and relevant distribution theory is developed for a number of alternative models.
The New SuperLeadership: Leading Others to Lead Themselves

The article reviews the book “The New SuperLeadership: Leading Others to Lead Themselves,” by Charles C. Manz and Henry P. Sims Jr.
A Modification of Walden's Rule Applicable to the Electrical Conductance of Aqueous Electrolytic Solutions Under Pressure

A Modification of Walden's Rule Applicable to the Electrical Conductance of Aqueous Electrolytic Solutions Under Pressure
Utilization of sheep red blood cells in the haemadsorption test for myxoviruses.

THE haemadsorption test1,2 has been found to be a simple and useful means of detecting foci of infection by myxoviruses in tissue culture monolayers. The same response may be observed in cell cultures whether these viruses are non-cytopathic3 or cytopathic. Briefly, the technique consists of decanting the growth fluid and covering the monolayer with a 0.4 per cent saline suspension of guinea pig or chicken red blood cells and allowing haemadsorption to proceed for 10 min. at 4° C. After two saline washes, the areas of haemadsorption are examined under low magnification.
Verification of the First 11 Years of IRI’s Seasonal Climate Forecasts

Abstract This paper examines the quality of seasonal probabilistic forecasts of near-global temperature and precipitation issued by the International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI) from late 1997 through 2008, using mainly a two-tiered multimodel dynamical prediction system. Skill levels, while modest when globally averaged, depend markedly on season and location and average higher in the tropics than extratropics. To first order, seasons and regions of useful skill correspond to known direct effects as well as remote teleconnections from anomalies of tropical sea surface temperature in the Pacific Ocean (e.g., ENSO related) and in other tropical basins. This result is consistent with previous skill assessments by IRI and others and suggests skill levels beneficial to informed clients making climate risk management decisions for specific applications. Skill levels for temperature are generally higher, and less seasonally and regionally dependent, than those for precipitation, partly beca...
TORC1 kinase and the S-phase cyclin Clb5 collaborate to promote mitotic spindle assembly and DNA replication in S. cerevisiae

The Target of Rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) is a central regulator of eukaryotic cell growth that is inhibited by the drug rapamycin. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, translational defects associated with TORC1 inactivation inhibit cell cycle progression at an early stage in G1, but little is known about the possible roles for TORC1 later in the cell cycle. We investigated the rapamycin-hypersensitivity phenotype of cells lacking the S phase cyclin Clb5 (clb5Δ) as a basis for uncovering novel connections between TORC1 and the cell cycle regulatory machinery. Dosage suppression experiments suggested that the clb5Δ rapamycin hypersensitivity reflects a unique Clb5-associated cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) function that cannot be performed by mitotic cyclins and that also involves motor proteins, particularly the kinesin-like protein Kip3. Synchronized cell experiments revealed rapamycin-induced defects in pre-anaphase spindle assembly and S phase progression that were more severe in clb5Δ than in wild-type cells but no apparent activation of Rad53-dependent checkpoint pathways. Some rapamycin-treated cells had aberrant spindle morphologies, but rapamycin did not cause gross defects in the microtubule cytoskeleton. We propose a model in which TORC1 and Clb5/CDK act coordinately to promote both spindle assembly via a pathway involving Kip3 and S phase progression.
Vascular dysfunction as a cause of endometrial bleeding

Introduction. Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) and the spotting and bleeding (S/B) associated with the use of hormonal contraceptives are distinct entities affecting endometrial vasculature and hemostasis.Materials and methods. An overview of the major etiologies and potential treatments for each condition is provided.Results. HMB is potentially caused by several different hemostatic dysfunctions. Combination oral contraceptives, levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and anti-fibrinolytics all have been shown to have some degree of efficacy in treating HMB. The basic cause of HMB is unknown in the majority of cases. Endometrial S/B related to hormonal contraceptives is a common occurrence and may well have a common etiology in altered angiogenesis resulting in abnormal blood vessels with fragile vessel walls. There is no effective treatment for this problem.Conclusions. Medical therapy for HMB is limited and effective for reducing blood loss during menstruation...
Ovarian defect in rats carrying the growth and reproduction complex.

SUMMARY The growth and reproduction complex contains recessive genes (grc) which influence body weight and gonadal development. Homozygous males are sterile, and they have an arrest of spermatogenesis at the primary spermatocyte stage. Homozygous females are fertile but have a reduced reproductive capacity. The data presented in this paper show that the latter defect is associated with a decrease in the relative number of secondary ovarian follicles and an increase in the number of atretic follicles. This finding indicates that most of the primary follicles do not mature properly. Thus, the genetic defect in gametogenesis controlled by the grc appears to occur at the same stage of development in both females and males.
Evidence for catalytic roles for Plasmodium falciparum aminopeptidase P in the food vacuole and cytosol.

The metalloenzyme aminopeptidase P catalyzes the hydrolysis of amino acids from the amino termini of peptides with a prolyl residue in the second position. The human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum expresses a homolog of aminopeptidase P during its asexual intraerythrocytic cycle. P. falciparum aminopeptidase P (PfAPP) shares with mammalian cytosolic aminopeptidase P a three-domain, homodimeric organization and is most active with Mn(II) as the cofactor. A distinguishing feature of PfAPP is a 120-amino acid amino-terminal extension that appears to be removed from the mature protein. PfAPP is present in the food vacuole and cytosol of the parasite, a distribution that suggests roles in vacuolar hemoglobin catabolism and cytosolic peptide turnover. To evaluate the plausibility of these putative functions, the stability and kinetic properties of recombinant PfAPP were evaluated at the acidic pH of the food vacuole and at the near-neutral pH of the cytosol. PfAPP exhibited high stability at 37 °C in the pH range 5.0–7.5. In contrast, recombinant human cytosolic APP1 was unstable and formed a high molecular weight aggregate at acidic pH. At both acidic and slightly basic pH values, PfAPP efficiently hydrolyzed the amino-terminal X-Pro bond of the nonapeptide bradykinin and of two globin pentapeptides that are potential in vivo substrates. These results provide support for roles for PfAPP in peptide catabolism in both the food vacuole and the cytosol and suggest that PfAPP has evolved a dual distribution in response to the metabolic needs of the intraerythrocytic parasite.
Integration of sequence-similarity and functional association information can overcome intrinsic problems in orthology mapping across bacterial genomes

Existing methods for orthologous gene mapping suffer from two general problems: (i) they are computationally too slow and their results are difficult to interpret for automated large-scale applications when based on phylogenetic analyses; or (ii) they are too prone to making mistakes in dealing with complex situations involving horizontal gene transfers and gene fusion due to the lack of a sound basis when based on sequence similarity information. We present a novel algorithm, Global Optimization Strategy (GOST), for orthologous gene mapping through combining sequence similarity and contextual (working partners) information, using a combinatorial optimization framework. Genome-scale applications of GOST show substantial improvements over the predictions by three popular sequence similarity-based orthology mapping programs. Our analysis indicates that our algorithm overcomes the intrinsic issues faced by sequence similarity-based methods, when orthology mapping involves gene fusions and horizontal gene transfers. Our program runs as efficiently as the most efficient sequence similarity-based algorithm in the public domain. GOST is freely downloadable at http://csbl.bmb.uga.edu/~maqin/GOST.
Significance of turbulence and transition location on radiative heating with ablation injection

This paper presents forebody flowfield solutions for Jupiter entry conditions where the ablation injection rate is coupled with the surface heating rate. The calculations are made with a time-dependent viscous-shock-layer analysis where the flow is assumed to be in chemical equilibrium. Both laminar and turbulent solutions are presented to describe the impact of turbulence on surface mass loss rates for flow conditions where the heating is due primarily to radiation. Results are also presented where the transition location to turbulent flow is arbitrarily varied. Results show that the radiative heating rate values based on several downstream transition locations adjust quickly to the corresponding values based on transition near the stagnation point.
In vitro intracellular trafficking of virulence antigen during infection by Yersinia pestis.

Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, encodes several essential virulence factors on a 70 kb plasmid, including the Yersinia outer proteins (Yops) and a multifunctional virulence antigen (V). V is uniquely able to inhibit the host immune response; aid in the expression, secretion, and injection of the cytotoxic Yops via a type III secretion system (T3SS)-dependent mechanism; be secreted extracellularly; and enter the host cell by a T3SS-independent mechanism, where its activity is unknown. To elucidate the intracellular trafficking and target(s) of V, time-course experiments were performed with macrophages (MΦs) infected with Y. pestis or Y. pseudotuberculosis at intervals from 5 min to 6 h. The trafficking pattern was discerned from results of parallel microscopy, immunoblotting, and flow cytometry experiments. The MΦs were incubated with fluorescent or gold conjugated primary or secondary anti-V (antibodies [Abs]) in conjunction with organelle-associated Abs or dyes. The samples were observed for co-localization by immuno-fluorescence and electron microscopy. For fractionation studies, uninfected and infected MΦs were lysed and subjected to density gradient centrifugation coupled with immunoblotting with Abs to V or to organelles. Samples were also analyzed by flow cytometry after lysis and dual-staining with anti-V and anti-organelle Abs. Our findings indicate a co-localization of V with (1) endosomal proteins between 10–45 min of infection, (2) lysosomal protein(s) between 1–2 h of infection, (3) mitochondrial proteins between 2.5–3 h infection, and (4) Golgi protein(s) between 4–6 h of infection. Further studies are being performed to determine the specific intracellular interactions and role in pathogenesis of intracellularly localized V.
Insight from the lamprey genome: glimpsing early vertebrate development via neuroendocrine-associated genes and shared synteny of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

Abstract Study of the ancient lineage of jawless vertebrates is key to understanding the origins of vertebrate biology. The establishment of the neuroendocrine system with the hypothalamic–pituitary axis at its crux is of particular interest. Key neuroendocrine hormones in this system include the pivotal gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRHs) responsible for controlling reproduction via the pituitary. Previous data incorporating several lines of evidence showed all known vertebrate GnRHs were grouped into four paralogous lineages: GnRH1, 2, 3 and 4; with proposed evolutionary paths. Using the currently available lamprey genome assembly, we searched genes of the neuroendocrine system and summarize here the details representing the state of the current lamprey genome assembly. Additionally, we have analyzed in greater detail the evolutionary history of the GnRHs based on the information of the genomic neighborhood of the paralogs in lamprey as compared to other gnathostomes. Significantly, the current evidence suggests that two genome duplication events (both 1R and 2R) that generated the different fish and tetrapod paralogs took place before the divergence of the ancestral agnathans and gnathostome lineages. Syntenic analysis supports this evidence in that the previously-classified type IV GnRHs in lamprey (lGnRH-I and -III) share a common ancestry with GnRH2 and 3, and thus are no longer considered type IV GnRHs. Given the single amino acid difference between lGnRH-II and GnRH2 we propose that a GnRH2-like gene existed before the lamprey/gnathostome split giving rise to lGnRH-II and GnRH2. Furthermore, paralogous type 3 genes (lGnRH-I/III and GnRH3) evolved divergent structure/function in lamprey and gnathostome lineages.
SU‐GG‐T‐245: Consolidated Image Quality QA for Diagnostic CT and Radiotherapy Cone Beam CT

Purpose: As IGRT strategies evolve from localization to adaptive planning, it becomes more important to acquire guidance images of higher quality. We utilized a CATPHAN to subject radiotherapyCBCTimages acquired under various conditions to the same rigorous tests and evaluation that diagnostic CTs undergo. This study reports on the evaluation of image qualities of diagnostic CT and radiotherapyCBCT and identifies the area of quality differences between the images.Method and Materials: RT‐CBCT scans were performed on Elekta XVI using pelvis scan settings on a CATPHAN Model 600. They were then compared to results from a GE Lightspeed16 multidetector CT scanner. The phantom contained modules allowing measurement of slice thickness, spatial resolution, low contrast resolution, Hounsfield Unit (HU) sensitivity and image uniformity. HU uniformity in the axial direction and geometric distortion were also measured. Results: For low contrast resolution tests, no targets could be clearly defined in the medium resolution reconstruction on RT‐CBCT. Only three spheres could be seen with the high resolution reconstruction (not used clinically) compared to six on diagnostic CTs. Calculated thicknesses for a 1.0 mm slice varied from 1.33 to 2.45 mm. The HU sensitometry test showed large variation from accepted HU values of the targets. These variations were not linear or affected by the reconstruction method. Spatial resolution for clinical settings (medium resolution) was constant at three lp/cm and improved to ten lp/cm with the high resolution acceptance testing reconstruction. This is comparable to diagnostic CT resolution. Axial direction HU uniformity varied in a stepwise fashion as the uniformity module moved away from the CBCT isocenter. No measurable geometric distortion was found as a function of distance from isocenter. Conclusion: A consolidated CBCT QA procedure is feasible for monitoring changes in image acquisition systems over time for image quality evaluation in adaptive therapy.
Analysis of complex radar data sets using fuzzy adaptive resonance theory map

This paper will evaluate one promising method used to solve one of the main problems in electronic warfare. This problem is the identification of radar signals in a tactical environment. The identification process requires two steps: clustering of collected radar pulse descriptor words and the classification of clustered results. The method described here, Fuzzy Adaptive Resonance Theory Map (Fuzzy ARTMAP) is a self-organizing neural network algorithm. The benefits of this algorithm are that the training process is very stable and fast and that it needs a small number of required initial parameters and it performs very well at novelty detection, which is the classification of unknown radar emitters. This paper will discuss the theory behind the Fuzzy ARTMAP, as well as results of the processing of two `i real^i radar pulse data sets. The first evaluated data set consists of 5242 radar pulse descriptor words from 32 different emitters. The second data set consists of 107850 pulse descriptor words from 112 different emitters. The radar pulse descriptors words that were used by the algorithm for both sets of data were radio frequency (RF) and pulse width (PW). The results of the processing of both of these datasets were better than 90% correct correlation with actual ID, which exceeds the results of processing these datasets with other algorithms such as K-Means and other self-organizing neural networks.
Data Fusion as an Enterprise Service

We present our work-in-progress on making an analytic data fusion service, originally developed and deployed to support high-performance computing and cloud-based applications, available in a enterprise service-oriented architecture (SOA) environment. We posit that not only can SOA-based integration of research software be useful in enterprise business use cases, but also that providing ways to integrate domain-specific and enterprise data is beneficial. We describe use cases driving our work, our data fusion service and its analytic capabilities, and our integration efforts using an open-source enterprise service bus framework.
Abstract 4106: Sirt3 controls the switch between mitophagy and apoptosis in tumor cells

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Sirt3, a member of the family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent protein deacetylases, mainly localizes at mitochondria and participates in regulation of multiple cellular processes through its effect on protein acetylation. In recent years, the role of protein acetylation in controlling autophagy, a process of self-degradation of cellular components in response to various stresses such as starvation and oxidative stress, has begun to emerge. The objective of this study was to determine whether Sirt3, as a mitochondrial deacetylase, affects the induction of mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy), a process of the specific autophagic elimination of damaged mitochondria. In human glioma cell lines T98G and LN229 and breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDAMB468, we showed that increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and damaged mitochondria (decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, MMP) caused by hypoxia were accompanied by activation of autophagy, as evidenced by elevated amounts of LC3 II, Atg5 and Atg12-5 complex that were detected by western blot. Silencing of Sirt3 expression by RNA interference blunted the hypoxia-induced autophagic response, blocked the degradation of mitochondria marker COX IV, and further increased the accumulation of ROS, suggesting an involvement of this protein deacetylase in the induction of mitophagy. Silencing of Sirt3 expression also promoted apoptosis, as demonstrated by an increase in the population of tumor cells with Annexing V staining and by a reduction in MMP. Furthermore, our experiments showed that silencing of Sirt3 expression led to a down-regulation of the anti-apoptotic proteins mcl-1 and survivin, and MG132, a proteasome inhibitor, could rescue the down-regulation of these apoptosis-regulated proteins in the cells with silencing of Sirt3 expression. These results suggest that Sirt3 plays a role in stabilizing mcl-1 and survivin proteins, and that the down-regulation of mcl-1 and survivin by Sirt3 knockdown may account for the promotion of apoptosis in the cells treated with Sirt3-targeted siRNA. Similarly observations were made when these cell lines were subjected to starvation and oxidative stress (H2O2 treatment). Taken together, the results of the current study reveal Sirt3 as a novel regulator coupling mitophagy and apoptosis, two important cellular processes that determine survival and death of tumor cells. As alterations of mitophagy and apoptosis have been known to be associated with tumor development, progression, and therapy, our study on the role of Sirt3 in regulating these two cellular processes provides evidence for exploiting Sirt3 as a new drug target for prevention and treatment of cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4106. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4106
Nonlinear Aeroelastic Analysis with Inextensible Plate Theory Including Correlation with Experiment

A computational aeroelastic model is presented for a cantilevered plate rotated from a position with the clamped edge normal to the flow (0 deg) to where the clamped edge is aligned with the flow (90 deg) using a new inextensible plate theory. A large-amplitude limit-cycle oscillation has been observed beyond the linear flutter speed in both the computations and in a wind-tunnel experiment. The computations and experiments for the limit-cycle oscillation response of the several yawed plate aeroelastic models show that the inextensible plate theory produces results in good agreement with the measurements. Also, a comparison with results obtained using von Karman’s nonlinear plate theory has been made.
In pursuit of an inhibitory drug for the proton channel

Of the ∼22,000 protein-coding genes in the human genome, an estimated 8,000 are druggable (1). The current drug market targets no more than 450 unique human proteins (1) and many contain antihypertensive, antineoplastic, or anti-inflammatory effects. Receptors, enzymes, and transporter proteins comprise most of the targets. The following protein families are overrepresented: rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors, voltage-gated ion channels, and ligand-gated ion channels (1). Their membrane localization, diverse tissue distribution, and the critical roles played by ion channels in human physiology makes these proteins attractive targets for drug discovery (2). Although worldwide sales of ion channel-targeted drugs are over US$10 billion, ion channels remain significantly underexploited as therapeutic targets (3).
Lie Isomorphisms of Prime Rings Satisfying St4

Let α : RR’ be a Lie isomorphism of prime rings. Suppose that if R satisfies the standard polynomial identity St4 of degree 4. We prove that α has a decomposition into the sum of a homomorphism (or the negative of an anithomomorphism) plus an additive map into the center of R’.
Quantitative analysis of tricarboxylic acid cycle acids from microsamples of insect haemolymph

Abstract A method is described for the quantitative analysis of some components of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in microsamples (25 μl) of insect haemolymph. The method involves purification using ion-exchange chromatography, followed by gas chromatography of the acids as their trimethylsilyl derivatives. Particular attention has been paid to the treatment of ion-exchange resin before addition of sample and to methods of drying prior to derivatization to minimize losses. The effects of deproteinization on haemolymph acid content were studied using [ 14 C]citric acid and oleic acid. Results are presented for studies completed on the haemolymph of the fourth stage larvae of the mosquito Culex pipiens . Malic acid constituted the major component of the TCA cycle acid metabolites, with appreciable quantities of lactic and citric acids. Succinic and fumaric acids were also present.