cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The developmental association between eating disorders symptoms and symptoms of depression and anxiety in juvenile twin girls

Objective: We investigated the role of genetic and environmental factors in the developmental association among symptoms of eating disorders, depression, and anxiety syndromes in 8–13-year-old and 14–17-year-old twin girls. Methods: Multivariate genetic models were fitted to child-reported longitudinal symptom data gathered from clinical interview on 408 MZ and 198 DZ female twin pairs from the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioural Development (VTSABD). Results: Model-fitting revealed distinct etiological patterns underlying the association among symptoms of eating disorders, depression, overanxious disorder (OAD), and separation anxiety disorder (SAD) during the course of development: 1) a common genetic factor influencing liability to all symptoms – of early and later OAD, depression, SAD, and eating symptoms; 2) a distinct genetic factor specifically indexing liability to early eating disorders symptoms; 3) a shared environmental factor specifically influencing early depression and early eating disorders symptoms; and 4) a common environmental factor affecting liability to symptoms of later eating disorders and both early and later separation anxiety. Conclusions: These results suggest a pervasive genetic effect that influences liability to symptoms of over-anxiety, separation anxiety, depression, and eating disorder throughout development, a shared environmental influence on later adolescent eating problems and persistent separation anxiety, genetic influences specific to early eating disorders symptoms, and a shared environmental factor influencing symptoms of early eating and depression.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PARTICLE SIZE WITHIN THE CLAY FRACTION

The method of Steele and Bradfield for the determination of particle-size distribution, which gives five size fractions within the clay fraction, has been applied to some ceramic clays. Each clay is found to have a characteristic size-distribution curve. Wide variations in size distribution within clays containing similar amounts of clay (< 1 μ material) are found. One of the possible practical uses of this type of study is in the blending of clays either to produce a new product having the desired qualities or to reproduce a natural clay.
High-Productivity Programming and Execution Models for Multi-core Based Parallel Systems

Summary form only given. This presentation discusses some key issues based on the objective of finding a viable compromise between the goals of providing an API at a high level of abstraction and meeting the challenges related to target code performance, power consumption, and fault tolerance. We particularly address the question to which degree recent experiences in language design for peta-scale computing systems, such as those developed in the high-productivity-computing-systems (HPCS) program, can contribute to the problem of programming multi-core systems in a productive, efficient, and reliable way. The final part of the paper deals with a new approach for exploiting the massive parallelism provided by the abundance of threads in future multi-core systems. Besides their conventional use for fine-grain parallelism in application programs, threads can be used to support introspection, enabling a software system to become self-aware by monitoring its execution behavior, reasoning about its internal state, and making decisions about appropriate changes of the system or system state when necessary. In addition to supporting graceful degradation in the case of faults, introspection can be also applied to areas such as performance tuning and power management.
Efflorescence and the drying of agglomerates

Abstract During the drying of moist agglomerates, solutes or binders dissolved in the bridging liquid accumulate in the surface layers due to the action of capillary forces. This crust formation or efflorescence leads to certain undesirable properties in the pellets. Experimental evidence is presented which shows that efflorescence may be reduced by adding an inverse thermal gelling agent to the bridging liquid prior to the size enlargement operation. More uniform distribution of binders and considerably stronger agglomerates result.
Fibonacci sets and symmetrization in discrepancy theory

We study the Fibonacci sets from the point of view of their quality with respect to discrepancy and numerical integration. Letfbng 1=0 be the sequence of Fibonacci numbers. The bn-point Fibonacci setFn [0; 1] 2 is dened as Fn :=f(=b n;fb n 1=bng)g bn =1 ; wherefxg is the fractional part of a number x2 R. It is known that cubature formulas based on Fibonacci setFn give optimal rate of error of numerical integration for certain classes of functions with mixed smoothness. We give a Fourier analytic proof of the fact that the symmetrized Fibonacci set F 0 n = Fn[ f(p1; 1 p2) : (p1;p2) 2 Fng has asymptotically minimal L2 discrepancy. This approach also yields an exact formula for this quantity, which allows us to evaluate the constant in the discrepancy estimates. Numerical computations indicate that these sets have the smallest currently known L2 discrepancy among two-dimensional point sets. We also introduce quartered Lp discrepancy which is a modication of the Lp discrepancy symmetrized with respect to the center of the unit square. We prove that the Fibonacci setFn has minimal in the sense of order quartered Lp discrepancy for all p 2 (1;1). This in turn implies that certain twofold symmetrizations of the Fibonacci setFn are optimal with respect to the standard Lp discrepancy.
Thermal microdebridement does not affect the time zero biomechanical properties of human patellar tendons.

BackgroundThermal microdebridement for the treatment of chronic tendinopathy has recently been introduced. The effect of thermal microdebridement on the biomechanical properties of human tendons, however, remains unknown.HypothesisThermal microdebridement does not affect the biomechanical properties of human patellar tendons in a cadaveric model at the time of initial treatment.Study DesignControlled laboratory study.MethodsThe central 15 mm of 12 matched, human (mean age, 71 years; 8 male, 4 female), fresh-frozen patellar tendons was divided into 3 equal 5-mm specimens. The treatment group (n = 12) underwent thermal microdebridement with a radiofrequency probe. A sham treatment group (n = 12) underwent insertion of a deactivated probe. The control group (n = 12) underwent no treatment. After treatment, each specimen was tested to failure in a servo-hydraulic materials testing machine at an elongation rate of 3 mm/s. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to determine differences between ...
From market entry to new product development in China: Environmental Systems Controls

Purpose – The paper plans to explore the global environment and its implications for new product developers.Design/methodology/approach – The case was written after in‐depth interviews with company managers.Findings – The paper provides information and action approaches to new product developers engaged in global marketing.Research limitations/implications – As with most case studies, the situation, industry response and results are pertinent to this particular company. There may be limitations in generalizing to other industries or other countries.Practical implications – The paper demonstrates a competitive approach to new product development and marketing strategy. It serves as an example of one technique to compete in industrial marketing.Originality/value – The case reflects an innovative attempt to increase customer service, decrease cost and increase competitiveness in an industrial setting. The specific techniques and decisions represent a potentially valuable response to global competitiveness.
Ipsilateral inflammatory neuropathy after hip surgery.

Objective: To identify whether new ipsilateral weakness after hip surgery may be due to an inflammatory as opposed to a mechanical process. Patients and Methods: Seven patients (8 hip surgeries) seen between July 1, 2008, and June 30, 2011, developed unexplained ipsilateral leg weakness and pain within 1 month of hip surgery, mimicking mechanical etiologies. Cutaneous sensory nerve biopsy distant from the site of surgery was performed on all the patients. Patient medical records were reviewed for the clinical, electrophysiologic, radiologic, and pathologic features of the new neuropathy. Results: Results of all the nerve biopsies were abnormal, showing axonal damage (7 patients), inflammation (7 patients), signs of ischemic injury (7 patients), and nerve microvasculitis (6 patients). Six patients were treated with intravenous methylprednisolone. At median follow-up of 6 months, 6 patients showed improvement in function and pain. Conclusion: In this case series, we demonstrate that inflammatory neuropathy is an important etiologic consideration in some patients with ipsilateral weakness and pain after hip surgery. In these patients, the inflammatory mechanism was ischemic injury due to microvasculitis. Identification of these patients through clinical suspicion and subsequent nerve biopsy may lead to improved outcomes with prompt initiation of immunotherapy.
The stress and strain of cytokinesis

The ultimate goal of all signaling pathways in cytokinesis is to control the mechanical separation of the mother cell into two daughter cells. Because of the intrinsic mechanical nature of cytokinesis, it is essential to understand fully how cell shapes and the material properties of the cell are generated, how these shapes and material properties create force, and how motor proteins such as myosin-II modify the system to achieve successful cytokinesis. In this review (which is part of the Cytokinesis series), we discuss the relevant physical properties of cells, how these properties are measured and the basic models that are used to understand cell mechanics. Finally, we present our current understanding of how cytokinesis mechanics work.
Al–O–Al and Si–O–Si sites in framework aluminosilicate glasses with Si/Al=1: quantification of framework disorder

Abstract We present for the first time, direct and clear experimental evidence of Al–O–Al and Si–O–Si linkages in charge-balanced aluminosilicate glasses with Si/Al=1, such as NaAlSiO 4 (nepheline) and LiAlSiO 4 (β-eucryptite) compositions using 17 O triple quantum MAS (3QMAS) NMR and quantify the extent of disorder in framework cations (Si/Al). The degree of Al avoidance in NaAlSiO 4 glass is 0.942 at 1050 K, and in LiAlSiO 4 glass is 0.928 at 930 K (0.902 at 1050 K), which demonstrates the effect of cation field strength on the extent of disorder. In addition, we find a remarkable similarity between the ordering state of the liquid and that of the first, disequilibrium phase to crystallize.
The effect of temperature on induction of deoxythymidine kinase activity by herpes simplex mutants

Abstract A series of bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR)-resistant vaccinia and herpes simplex mutants which exhibit defective deoxythymidine kinase-inducing activity have recently been isolated ( Dubbs and Kit, 1964 , Dubbs and Kit, 1964 ). Of the mutants, some, such as herpes simplex mutant 132006 and vaccinia mutants 131004, 111011, and 131015, induced extremely low levels of deoxythymidine kinase when infected cells were incubated at 37° or 31°. The replication of these mutants at the higher or the lower temperature was resistant to high levels of BUdR. Two of the herpes simplex mutants, i.e., 132010 and 132015, proved to be “leaky” mutants. Enzymatic, radioautographic, and antimetabolite experiments have shown that the induction of deoxythymidine kinase activity in LM (TK-) cells is a temperature-dependent process. When virus replication took place at 37°: (1) essentially no deoxythymidine kinase activity was detected in sonic extracts of infected cells when assayed at 38° or 30°; (2) approximately 15% of the cells at 2–10 hours post inoculation displayed more than 40 grain counts of TdR-H3 incorporation per nucleus; and (3) replication was not significantly inhibited by 100 μg/ml BUdR. However, when virus replication was studied at 31°: (1) approximately one-tenth the level of deoxythymidine kinase obtained with parental virus strains was induced; (2) about 50–75% of the cells had more than 40 grains per nucleus when the infected cells were incubated with TdR-Ha; and (3) replication of mutant 132010 was partly inhibited and that of 132015 almost completely inhibited by BUdR. Once induced at 31° by mutants 132010 and 131015, deoxythymidine kinase could be assayed at 38° or 30°. Growth of parental and mutant viral strains at 37° was inhibited by FUdR. TdR almost completely reversed the FUdR inhibition of the growth of parental viral strains and partially reversed that of herpes simplex mutants 132010 and 132015, but was less effective in reversing the FUdR inhibitions of the growth of herpes simplex mutant 132006 and vaccinia mutant 131004.
Marketing organic produce in New Jersey: Obstacles and opportunities

The results of a survey of produce handlers indicate that: (a) the estimated value of wholesale sales of organic produce in New Jersey for 1988 was $1 to $3 million; (b) half of the respondents inexperienced in selling organic produce are interested in selling organic produce; (c) the primary motivations to participate in the organic produce market are perceived health and environmental concerns and consumer demand; (d) consumers will pay a 30% price premium for organic produce; (e) supply and price are obstacles to expansion of the market; (f) locally grown produce is preferred; and (g) three-quarters of those interested in selling organic produce say that a certification program would assist them.
Neonatal conditioning for adult respiratory behavior

Abstract Specific challenges and perturbations presented during certain `sensitive periods' of neonatal life have been shown to modify the structure and function of several physiological systems in such a way as to produce long-term and often permanent changes in the behavioral expression of the system. These same phenomena have been reported in a few studies of respiratory control. We have shown that a conditioning paradigm of intermittent sleep interruption presented during the first 4 weeks of life in rats will increase the number of respiratory pauses (apneas >1 sec in duration) observed in these animals some 10–12 weeks later. Furthermore, in adult conditioned animals, apneic pauses can be dramatically reduced by a counter-conditioning stimulus (white noise), and abolished completely by barbiturate anesthesia. These observations indicate that the respiratory control system in the brainstem of the neonate contains a degree of developmental plasticity which is experience-dependent and modifiable, and that the adult expression of acquired apneic breathing patterns can be effectively reduced by behavioral methods.
Effect of fading on the Performance of VOIP in IEEE 802.11 a WLANs

We investigate the quality of voice communication over IEEE 802.11a WLANs taking realistic channel models into account. We show that the assessment of VoIP performance is overly optimistic if fading is ignored when compared with systems where fading is taken into account. Via simulation, we derive the distribution of VoIP performance (in terms of mean opinion score-MOS) for all the data rates specified in the IEEE 802.11a standard and a range of typical signal-to-noise ratio values. We use a measure for assessing VoIP performance that includes a target level of user-satisfaction and a bound on the probability of not achieving this target. The impact of retransmissions and channel estimation errors on VoIP performance is also discussed.
Poor Immune Responses of Newborn Rhesus Macaques to Measles Virus DNA Vaccines Expressing the Hemagglutinin and Fusion Glycoproteins

A vaccine that would protect young infants against measles could facilitate elimination efforts and decrease morbidity and mortality in developing countries. However, immaturity of the immune system is an important obstacle to the development of such a vaccine. In this study, DNA vaccines expressing the measles virus (MeV) hemagglutinin (H) protein or H and fusion (F) proteins, previously shown to protect juvenile macaques, were used to immunize groups of 4 newborn rhesus macaques. Monkeys were inoculated intradermally with 200 μg of each DNA at birth and at 10 months of age. As controls, 2 newborn macaques were similarly vaccinated with DNA encoding the influenza virus H5, and 4 received one dose of the current live attenuated MeV vaccine (LAV) intramuscularly. All monkeys were monitored for development of MeV-specific neutralizing and binding IgG antibody and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. These responses were poor compared to the responses induced by LAV. At 18 months of age, all monkeys were challenged intratracheally with a wild-type strain of MeV. Monkeys that received the DNA vaccine encoding H and F, but not H alone, were primed for an MeV-specific CD8+ CTL response but not for production of antibody. LAV-vaccinated monkeys were protected from rash and viremia, while DNA-vaccinated monkeys developed rashes, similar to control monkeys, but had 10-fold lower levels of viremia. We conclude that vaccination of infant macaques with DNA encoding MeV H and F provided only partial protection from MeV infection.
Frequency of discordance between facet joint activity on technetium Tc99m methylene diphosphonate SPECT/CT and selection for percutaneous treatment at a large multispecialty institution.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The clinical impact of facet joint bone scan activity is not fully understood. The hypothesis of this study is that facet joints targeted for percutaneous treatment in clinical practice differ from those with reported activity on technetium Tc99m methylene diphosphonate SPECT/CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients with a technetium Tc99m methylene diphosphonate SPECT/CT scan of the lumbar or cervical spine who underwent subsequent percutaneous facet joint steroid injection or comparative medial branch blocks at our institution between January 1, 2008, and February 19, 2013, were identified. Facet joints with increased activity were compared with those treated. A chart review characterized the clinical reasons for treatment discrepancies. RESULTS: Of 74 patients meeting inclusion criteria, 52 (70%) had discrepant imaging findings and treatment selection of at least 1 facet joint, whereas 34 patients (46%) had a side (right vs left) discrepancy. Only 92 (70%) of 132 facet joints with increased activity were treated, whereas 103 (53%) of 195 of treated facet joints did not have increased activity. The most commonly documented clinical rationale for discrepancy was facet joint activity that was not thought to correlate with clinical findings, cited in 18 (35%) of 52 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Facet joints undergoing targeted percutaneous treatment were frequently discordant with those demonstrating increased technetium Tc99m methylene diphosphonate activity identified by SPECT/CT at our institution, in many cases because the active facet joint(s) did not correlate with clinical findings. Further prospective double-blinded investigations of the clinical significance of facet joint activity by use of technetium Tc99m methylene diphosphonate SPECT/CT and comparative medial branch blocks are needed.
Powered intracapsular tonsillectomy in the management of recurrent tonsillitis.

OBJECTIVE: To compare intracapsular tonsillectomy (IT) and traditional tonsillectomy (TT) in treating recurrent adenotonsillitis or streptococcal pharyngitis.DESIGN: Retrospective chart review.SETTING: Tertiary care pediatric referral center.RESULTS: Of 166 patients who met all inclusion criteria, 117 received TT and 49 received IT. Seventeen TT patients and 8 IT patients were treated at least once postoperatively for streptococcal pharyngitis or tonsillitis. The mean number of infections after surgery in each group did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.295).CONCLUSION: There was no difference between the IT and TT groups in postoperative infection rates.
Whole-mount evaluation of penectomies for penile cancer: feasibility, cost and comparison to routine sectioning

Aims Pathological staging in penectomies may be difficult due to the anatomical complexity of penile anatomy, and may be additionally challenging due to the low volume at most institutions. Our study aimed to assess the feasibility of whole-mount processing for penectomy specimens. Methods and results A 7-year retrospective search for partial or radical penectomies identified 55 specimens, which were processed routinely (n = 31) from 2006 to 2009 and whole-mounted (n = 24) from 2010 to 2012. Routine cases used more slides per case compared to whole mounts (mean 10.4 versus 7.2). Recuts occurred more often in routine cases (12.9% versus 0%). More routine cases had additional blocks grossed (19.4% versus 4.2%). Upon review, five discrepancies that impacted pT staging were identified in the routine group, with none in the whole-mount group. The average estimated additional cost for each whole-mount case compared to routine processing was $40.74, with an increased turnaround time of 1 day. Conclusions Whole-mounting is a feasible technique for penectomy that can be utilized with minimal increased cost and turnaround time, and may improve staging. Institutions in which whole-mounting is already established for other organs, such as prostate, may wish to consider utilizing this format for penectomy specimens.
Determining planar location via complement-free de Brujin sequences using discrete optical sensors

We present a technique for determining the absolute x, y-location of a robot in a workspace. The floor of the workspace is tiled with black and white squares in a pattern based on a variant of a de Bruijn sequence. The black/white pattern on the floor is read by a modest number of inexpensive, discrete optical sensors, and a simple algorithm determines the position of the robot.
Equilibrium of Affiliated Value Second Price Auctions with Financially Constrained Bidders: The Two-Bidder Case☆

Abstract We study affiliated value second price auctions with two financially constrained bidders. We prove the existence of a symmetric equilibrium under quite general conditions. Comparative static results are provided. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Number: D44.
Determinants of Institutional Responses to Self–Tender Offers

I examine how institutional investors respond to self–tender offers for common shares. I find that institutions sell more shares in larger offers and with higher proration factors. Institutions also sell more shares when officer and director holdings are not at risk in the offers. Banks, investment advisors, and other managers respond similarly, selling more shares in larger offers. Although institutions as a group do not respond differently by offer type, insurance companies and investment advisors sell more shares in fixed–price offers. Mutual funds, which differ from other types of institutions, sell more shares for firms with greater increases in leverage.
Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptide immunoreactivity in myenteric plexus neurons of the rat ileum and co-localization with choline acetyltransferase.

Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) encodes a novel brain-enriched protein whose features are reminiscent of a neurotransmitter propeptide. We have now localized CART peptide(s) in the gastrointestinal tract by immunohisto- chemical methods. Polyclonal antisera raised to CART peptide 106-129 stained neuronal cell bodies and fibers in rat ileum myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle tissue prepara- tions. Electron microscopic analysis of thin sections showed immunopositive axon terminals in close apposition to CART-labelled and unlabelled neuronal cell bodies as well as to the longitudinal muscle. CART peptide-immunoreactive terminals contained numerous ovoid electron-lucent vesicles and a few dark-stained dense-core vesicles. Light microscopic double labelling studies revealed CART peptide immunoreactivity in a subpopulation of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunoreactive neurons. This com- bined light microscopic and ultrastructural examination of CART peptides in the gastrointestinal tract suggests a role of CART peptides as transmitters or neuromodula-
MDS coordinator relationships and nursing home care processes.

The purpose of this study was to describe how Minimum Data Set (MDS) Coordinators' relationship patterns influence nursing home care processes. The MDS Coordinator potentially interacts with staff across the nursing home to coordinate care processes of resident assessment and care planning. We know little about how MDS Coordinators enact this role or to what extent they may influence particular care processes beyond paper compliance. Guided by complexity science and using two nursing home case studies as examples (pseudonyms Sweet Dell and Safe Harbor), we describe MDS Coordinators' relationship patterns by assessing the extent to which they used and fostered the relationship parameters of good connections, new information flow, and cognitive diversity in their work. Sweet Dell MDS Coordinators fostered new information flow, good connections, and cognitive diversity, which positively influenced assessment and care planning. In contrast, Safe Harbor MDS Coordinators did little to foster good connections, information flow, or cognitive diversity with little influence on care processes. This study revealed that MDS Coordinators are an important new source of capacity for the nursing home industry to improve quality of care. Findings suggest ways to enhance this capacity.
Printing from an Applications Program

Does your printer work fine with OCLC but not with other software, or vice versa? To help you understand this situation, let's examine how various software packages send output to a printer.
Field of Dreams Revisited: Economic Development and Telecommunications in LaGrange, Georgia:

Rural communities are entering the telecommunications business to leverage telecommunications infrastructure for economic development. They face challenges in obtaining advanced infrastructure comparable to that in urban areas as well as in using it as an economic development tool. This article examines the process of obtaining advanced telecommunications infrastructure and the extent to which economic development outcomes followed through a case study of rural LaGrange, Georgia. The experiences of LaGrange suggest that an initial fiscally conservative investment approach to entering into telecommunications service provision as a rural municipality appears to be sound, given supportive public policies, municipality experience in the public utilities business, and private sector partnerships.
Magnetohydrodynamic turbulence: Observation and experimenta)

We provide a tutorial on the paradigms and tools of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence. The principal paradigm is that of a turbulent cascade from large scales to small, resulting in power law behavior for the frequency power spectrum for magnetic fluctuations EB(f). We will describe five useful statistical tools for MHD turbulence in the time domain: the temporal autocorrelation function, the frequency power spectrum, the probability distribution function of temporal increments, the temporal structure function, and the permutation entropy. Each of these tools will be illustrated with an example taken from MHD fluctuations in the solar wind. A single dataset from the Wind satellite will be used to illustrate all five temporal statistical tools.
Efficient and scalable data evolution with column oriented databases

Database evolution is the process of updating the schema of a database or data warehouse (schema evolution) and evolving the data to the updated schema (data evolution). It is often desired or necessitated when changes occur to the data or the query workload, the initial schema was not carefully designed, or more knowledge of the database is known and a better schema is concluded. The Wikipedia database, for example, has had more than 170 versions in the past 5 years [8]. Unfortunately, although much research has been done on the schema evolution part, data evolution has long been a prohibitively expensive process, which essentially evolves the data by executing SQL queries and re-constructing indexes. This prevents databases from being flexibly and frequently changed based on the need and forces schema designers, who cannot afford mistakes, to be highly cautious. Techniques that enable efficient data evolution will undoubtedly make life much easier.In this paper, we study the efficiency of data evolution, and discuss the techniques for data evolution on column oriented databases, which store each attribute, rather than each tuple, contiguously. We show that column oriented databases have a better potential than traditional row oriented databases for supporting data evolution, and propose a novel data-level data evolution framework on column oriented databases. Our approach, as suggested by experimental evaluations on real and synthetic data, is much more efficient than the query-level data evolution on both row and column oriented databases, which involves unnecessary access of irrelevant data, materializing intermediate results and re-constructing indexes.
Material transport map of Titan: The fate of dunes

Abstract Using SAR data from Cassini’s RADAR instrument, we examined the orientations of three terrain units on Titan, bright lineated plains, streak-like plains, and linear dunes. From the overall integrated pattern of their orientation, we were able to determine Titan’s global material transport vectors. The analysis indicates that, in both the northern and southern hemispheres, materials from 0 to 35 deg latitude are transported poleward to a belt centred at roughly 35 deg. Materials from 60 to 35 deg latitude are transported equatorward to the belt at roughly 35 deg. Comparison with the global topographical gradient (Lorenz, R.D. et al. [2013]. Icarus 225, 367–377) suggests that fluvial transport is not the dominant process for material transport on Titan, or that it is at least overprinted with another transport mechanism. Our results are consistent with aeolian transport being the dominant mechanism in the equatorial and mid-latitude zones. The zone at 35 deg is thus the ultimate sink for materials from the equator to low polar latitudes; materials making up the equatorial dunes will be transported to the latitude 35-deg belts. Only plains units are observed at latitudes of ∼35 deg; dunes and materials with the spectral characteristics of dunes are not observed at these latitudes. This observation suggests that either dune materials are converted or modified into plains units or that the margins of dunes are transport limited.
Soil and fine root chemistry at a tropical Andean timberline

Abstract Tropical timberlines are dynamic ecotones influenced not only by climate but often also by human activity. Understanding differences in soils across these boundaries therefore requires explicit consideration of land use. We examined patterns of soil and fine root chemistry at a tropical timberline ecotone in northern Peru nearly three decades after grazing and fire reduction. Soils were collected in forest, edge, and grassland habitat on east- and west-facing slopes and evidence of recent grazing, past fire, and shrub presence was recorded in alpine grasslands. We determined concentrations and mass (to 10 cm) of base cations, phosphorus (P), and inorganic nitrogen (N) in soil, as well as total carbon (C), total N, δ13C, and δ15N in soils and fine roots. Calcium and magnesium concentrations and mass, and soil P and fine root N concentrations decreased from forest to grassland. Lower soil P, soil N, and fine root N concentrations were associated with enriched soil δ15N, indicating enhanced nutrient losses from edge and grassland soils. The stable carbon isotopic composition of soils and fine roots was more enriched in grassland (soil δ13C = − 24.1‰; fine root δ13C = − 25.1‰) compared to forest (soil δ13C = − 26.1‰; fine root δ13C = − 28.2‰), except where shrubs were present. In grasslands, topography appeared to influence grazing and shrub expansion; shrubs were more prevalent on the steeper west-facing slopes while cattle dung was found only on the shallower east-facing slopes. The spatially heterogeneous patterns of shrub establishment and surface soil and fine root chemistry across these forest–grassland boundaries provide evidence of legacies of grazing and burning, underscoring the need for further research on land-use legacy effects on belowground processes in tropical timberline ecosystems.
Genetic Differentiation of Two Host—Foodplant Complex Sources of Cotesia congregata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

ABSTRACT The evolution of tritrophic interactions requires adaptations of natural enemies to both herbivorous hosts and host foodplants that can ultimately lead to the formation of locally adapted populations, host races, or ecological species. To situate our model organism, Cotesia congregata (Say), within this spectrum, we estimated genetic differentiation of wasps originating from two common host—foodplant complexes, Manduca sexta L. on tobacco (“MsT”) and Ceratomia catalpae (Haworth) on catalpa (“CcC”). To test the hypothesis that C. congregata associated with these host—foodplant, complexes were genetically differentiated even where they occur in sympatry, we experimentally introduced tobacco at an established “catalpa site” for two consecutive years and compared wasps collected at this site with wasps collected from allopatric tobacco and catalpa sites in the mid-Atlantic region of North America. Using seven microsatellite loci and the mitochondrial COI locus, we found differences in microsatellite ...
Two Bioluminescent Diptera: The North American Orfelia fultoni and the Australian Arachnocampa flava. Similar Niche, Different Bioluminescence Systems¶

Abstract Orfelia fultoni is the only bioluminescent dipteran (Mycetophilidae) found in North America. Its larvae live on stream banks in the Appalachian Mountains. Like their Australasian relative Arachnocampa spp., they build sticky webs to which their bioluminescence attracts flying prey. They bear two translucent lanterns at the extremities of the body, histologically distinct from the single caudal lantern of Arachnocampa spp., and emit the bluest bioluminescence recorded for luminescent insects (λmax = 460 nm versus 484 nm from Arachnocampa). A preliminary characterization of these two bioluminescent systems indicates that they are markedly different. In Orfelia a luciferin–luciferase reaction was demonstrated by mixing a hot extract prepared with dithiothreitol (DTT) under argon with a crude cold extract. Bioluminescence is not activated by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) but is strongly stimulated by DTT and ascorbic acid. Using gel filtration, we isolated a luciferase fraction of ∼140 kDa and an addi...
Notes from the Library in V0lume 8:2

"Kearny at Seven Pines" by Rudolf Kirk. Concerns a manuscript of "Kearny at Seven Pines" by by Edmund C. Stedman (1833- 1908), about General Phiip Kearny ((June 2, 1815 – September 1, 1862). "A Missionary Cutting and Gather Mashine" by Virgina S. Burnett.
Understanding bystander behavior: the influence of and interaction between bystander characteristics and situational factors

AbstractMost researchers point to the death of Kitty Genovese in 1964 as the genesis of interest in studying bystander response to crime (Laner, Benin, & Ventrone, 2001; Levine, Cassidy, Brazier, & Reicher, 2002; Moriarty, 1975; Schwartz & Gottlieb, 1980). Since then, researchers have examined the role of situational variables and of victim, perpetrator, and bystander characteristics on whether or not bystander intervention occurs. In the present study, the researchers used a factorial design to determine whether the self-reported likelihood of bystander intervention and type of intervention (passive/active) varied by the location of the offense, time constraints, and bystander characteristics (e.g., height/weight, self-defense training, and life-saving training). Results suggest that gender, race, location of offense, self-defense training, and height and weight play a role in self-reported bystander behavior. An interaction between gender, location of offense, and self-defense training was also evident.
The Inverse Source Problem of the Equation of Radiative Transfer in Fluorescence and Bioluminescence Tomography

The equation of radiative transfer is employed for solving the inverse source problem of optical reporter probes in highly scattering tissue. Gradient-based and stochastic optimization methods minimize an error function and recover the probe distributions.
Nanoparticles Inhibit DNA Replication by Binding to DNA: Modeling and Experimental Validation

Predictive models are beneficial tools for researchers to use in prioritizing nanoparticles (NPs) for toxicological tests, but experimental evaluation can be time-consuming and expensive, and thus, priority should be given to tests that identify the NPs most likely to be harmful. For characterization of NPs, the physical binding of NPs to DNA molecules is important to measure, as interference with DNA function may be one cause of toxicity. Here, we determined the interaction energy between 12 types of NPs and DNA based on the Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) model and then predicted the affinity of the NPs for DNA. Using the single-molecule imaging technique known as atomic force microscopy (AFM), we experimentally determined the binding affinity of those NPs for DNA. Theoretical predictions and experimental observations of the binding affinity agreed well. Furthermore, the effect of NPs on DNA replication in vitro was investigated with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. The results sho...
Source interaction with epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) materials

We analyze the electromagnetic behavior of plasmonic materials with permittivity near zero when realistic sources excite them. We show how such materials may be used to manipulate the phase fronts for imaging and optical applications.
Shakespearean Studies in Shame

F EW HUMAN EMOTIONS ARE MORE DISTRESSING than those associated with shame. Though feelings such as anger, grief, fear, and even guilt can be equally painful, they are more easily expressed because they are more acceptable to Western society. Shame isolates the sufferer from social communication and drives him into hiding or into an attitude of shamelessness that serves as a defense mechanism. Recent psychological studies of the causes and manifestations of shame have deepened our understanding of the experience in our own lives and in literature. But shame exceeds psychological boundaries, and in doing so it vitally affects our moral and spiritual natures as well as our emotional nature. Shakespeare probes the complexities of shame in several of his characters. He thus clarifies the more abstract theoretical investigations of modern psychologists and social scientists. Shame drives Othello, Lear, and Antony; meanwhile its alter-ego, shamelessness, spurs lago, Edmund, and Richard III. The clearest exemplifications of shame appear in the shamelessness of Richard III and in the shame of Antony.
A history of UCP1.

Interest in the enormous thermogenic capacity of brown adipose tissue (BAT) began in the 1960s and focused on BAT mitochondria (BATM), which when prepared by conventional techniques respired rapidly but displayed no respiratory control. Two apparently distinct treatments, fatty acid removal and purine nucleotide addition, induced respiratory control. In 1972, we found that BATM were highly permeant to halides and protons, and that albumin decreased the proton conductance while purine nucleotides decreased both. Devising techniques to quantify the proton leak in respiring mitochondria we found a nucleotide-sensitive conductance pathway whose ‘break-point’, the protonmotive force at which conductance suddenly increased, could be subtly modulated by free fatty acids. The nucleotide-binding site on the outer face of the inner membrane was characterized and identified by photoaffinity labelling as a 32 kDa ‘uncoupling protein’, now UCP1. Studies with intact brown adipocytes generated the currently accepted model, namely that fatty acids liberated by β3-adrenergic receptor activation act as both self-regulating second messengers for UCP1 and substrates for fatty acid activation and oxidation. Fatty acid concentration increases at the outset of thermogenesis, binding to UCP1 lowers the protonmotive force below that giving respiratory control and rapid thermogenesis proceeds. At the termination of receptor activation oxidation of residual fatty acid ‘recouples’ the mitochondria. The challenge with the novel UCPs is to demonstrate a similar coherent mechanism.
Flow cytometry strikes gold

This month marks the 50th anniversary of the birth of flow cytometry. One would imagine that a technology invented so long ago would be radically different today—yet it has changed remarkably little in its fundamentals. It allows rapid and simultaneous analysis of multiple parameters of live cells in a heterogeneous mix as they flow in a stream through photonic detectors. The data are integrated to give a comprehensive view of the sample. Flow cytometry has become a staple of biological research as well as clinical diagnostics, and its application has been crucial to innumerable advances in immunology and cell biology, and for understanding diseases such as AIDS and cancer. It has spawned the development of dozens of other key technologies and its application continues to expand, ranging from single-cell to cell population analysis.
What Do We Tell Parents of a Child with Simple or Complex Febrile Seizures

Publisher Summary Febrile seizures are a common pediatric problem. Parents of children who experience a febrile seizure have many questions for the clinician regarding the causation, the chance of another event, and the prognosis. The content of information conveyed to the parents must not only answer their questions but also instruct them on how to manage another febrile seizure because many children may have another event. The questions parents may have depend on their level of medical knowledge, whether they are seeing the clinician in the emergency department or at a later time, whether there is a family history of febrile seizures, and other less well-defined variables. Predictors of recurrence may be of some interest to most parents, but this topic must be individualized to their child for it to be meaningful. A febrile seizure is a dramatic and frightening event for a parent. Therefore, the emotional consequences can be striking, and the physician may need to counsel the parents to overcome this.
Differentiability and Poincaré-type inequalities in metric measure spaces

Abstract We demonstrate the necessity of a Poincare type inequality for those metric measure spaces that satisfy Cheeger's generalization of Rademacher's theorem for all Lipschitz functions taking values in a Banach space with the Radon–Nikodym property. This is done by showing the existence of a rich structure of curve fragments that connect nearby points, similar in nature to Semmes's pencil of curves for the standard Poincare inequality. Using techniques similar to Cheeger–Kleiner [12] , we show that our conditions are also sufficient. We also develop another characterization of RNP Lipschitz differentiability spaces by connecting points by curves that form a rich structure of partial derivatives that were first discussed in [5] .
Quality of life research : Clinical applications

Concern over the rising costs of health care in the United States has focused attention on the young discipline of health services research. While outcomes of disease and treatment have always been important in medical care, at least implicitly, the new discipline of health services research has broken down the concept of outcomes explicitly and developed ways to measure them. The Behavioral Model of Health Services Use (Figure 1) provides a useful conceptual framework for understanding the health care system, including the factors that influence people accessing health care, their use of health services, and health outcomes. Health outcomes include consumer satisfaction, evaluated health status, and perceived health status. Consumer satisfaction refers to patients satisfaction with their experience with the health care system. Evaluated health status represents those aspects of an individual’s health that can be observed and measured such as mortality, organ dysfunction, or disability. Perceived health status is an individual’s own perception about his or her health and how it impacts on other aspects of life. Perceived health status is used synonymously by health services researchers as health related quality of life or simply quality of life (QOL.)
Utility of component diagnostic testing in guiding oral food challenges to milk and egg.

BACKGROUND Food allergies affect up to 8% of children, and milk and egg allergies are the most common triggers. Accurately diagnosing these food allergies is important to prevent allergic reactions and to avoid unnecessary dietary restrictions. However, positive skin-prick tests and detectable levels of serum food specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) alone may not be diagnostic for food allergy. Advances in the identification of relevant allergens and the development of recombinant proteins now allow assessment of IgE binding to individual proteins within a food. Component-resolved diagnostics (CRD) have the potential to provide more accurate assessments of clinical reactivity to food allergens. OBJECTIVE To examine the available data for CRD for milk and egg allergies. METHODS This review discussed studies that evaluated the utility of CRD for guiding decisions about food challenges for milk and egg. RESULTS Results of studies indicated that CRD may offer increased specificity, but sensitivity was lacking when compared with standard skin-prick testing and measurement of serum food specific IgE levels. CONCLUSION The role of CRD in the diagnosis and management of milk and egg allergies is not well established at this time. Further studies are needed to explore the diagnostic value of CRD for milk and egg allergies.
Stakeholder-Driven Research for Climate Adaptation in New York City

Aging infrastructure makes low-lying New York City highly vulnerable to climate change. After reviewing observed and projected climate trends, I outline the history of climate impact assessment in New York City, which in recent years has come under the sponsorship of a concerned city government. I also present two case studies of more narrowly focused partnerships between government agencies and the City University of New York to tackle adaptation challenges in the transportation and water resource sectors respectively. While research by itself cannot replace a participatory long-range planning process and adequate investment to prepare the region for climate hazards, the partnerships described illustrate how New York City is leveraging its intellectual resources to make better use of current infrastructure and regulatory frameworks, providing a potential model for other jurisdictions.
The role of natalizumab in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: benefits and risks:

Natalizumab, a monoclonal antibody that blocks lymphocyte infiltration in the central nervous system, is a valuable tool in the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). In a phase III clinical trial comparing natalizumab with placebo over 2 years, natalizumab reduced annualized relapse rate by 68%, 12-week confirmed disability progression by 42%, and reduced contrast-enhancing lesions by 92%. In post hoc analyses, natalizumab treatment was associated with 37% of patients achieving no evidence of disease activity (versus 7% on placebo) and 30% achieving sustained disability improvement (versus 19% on placebo). Natalizumab did not achieve a statistically significant primary composite disability outcome in a trial of 887 patients with secondary progressive MS, but it did demonstrate a benefit on a prespecified component of the 9-Hole Peg Test. The greatest risk of natalizumab treatment is progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), with a 23% mortality rate. Risk stratification on the b...