cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of Occupational Socialization on the Perspectives and Practices of Adapted Physical Education Teachers.

The purpose of this study was to describe and examine the occupational socialization of nine adapted physical educators (APEs). The questions we attempted to answer were (a) What were the perspectives and practices of the APEs? and (b) What factors influenced these perspectives and practices? Data were collected through six qualitative techniques and analyzed by using analytic induction and constant comparison. At the time the study was conducted, the APEs possessed traditional or progressive teaching orientations. They had been attracted to a career as an APE through their participation in sport and physical activity and interactions with persons with disabilities. The quality of adapted physical education teacher education the APEs received varied, but high-quality adapted physical education teacher education appeared to exert a powerful influence on their values and pedagogies. The school cultures and conditions in which the APEs worked on entry into the workforce either served to support or negate the...
Robust optimization in lung treatment plans accounting for geometric uncertainty

Robust optimization generates scenario-based plans by a minimax optimization method to find optimal scenario for the trade-off between target coverage robustness and organ-at-risk (OAR) sparing. In this study, 20 lung cancer patients with tumors located at various anatomical regions within the lungs were selected and robust optimization photon treatment plans including intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans were generated. The plan robustness was analyzed using perturbed doses with setup error boundary of ±3 mm in anterior/posterior (AP), ±3 mm in left/right (LR), and ±5 mm in inferior/superior (IS) directions from isocenter. Perturbed doses for D99 , D98 , and D95 were computed from six shifted isocenter plans to evaluate plan robustness. Dosimetric study was performed to compare the internal target volume-based robust optimization plans (ITV-IMRT and ITV-VMAT) and conventional PTV margin-based plans (PTV-IMRT and PTV-VMAT). The dosimetric comparison parameters were: ITV target mean dose (Dmean ), R95 (D95 /Dprescription ), Paddick's conformity index (CI), homogeneity index (HI), monitor unit (MU), and OAR doses including lung (Dmean , V20 Gy and V15 Gy ), chest wall, heart, esophagus, and maximum cord doses. A comparison of optimization results showed the robust optimization plan had better ITV dose coverage, better CI, worse HI, and lower OAR doses than conventional PTV margin-based plans. Plan robustness evaluation showed that the perturbed doses of D99 , D98 , and D95 were all satisfied at least 99% of the ITV to received 95% of prescription doses. It was also observed that PTV margin-based plans had higher MU than robust optimization plans. The results also showed robust optimization can generate plans that offer increased OAR sparing, especially for normal lungs and OARs near or abutting the target. Weak correlation was found between normal lung dose and target size, and no other correlation was observed in this study.
You’re (Not) Welcome: The Impact of Symbolic Boundaries, Intergroup Contact, and Experiences With Discrimination on Immigration Attitudes:

Against the backdrop of Europe’s migrant crisis, this study investigates attitudes toward immigrants and immigration policy. Specifically, how do Europeans’ attitudes stem from: (a) the symbolic boundaries they draw regarding immigrants (i.e., their perceptions of what constitutes an immigrant); (b) their contact with racially and ethnically different others; and (c) their own experiences with discrimination? Data from the 2014-2015 European Social Survey (N = 37,623) show Europeans’ symbolic boundaries regarding immigrants varied by respondents’ sociodemographics, consumption of political news, and social trust. Most, but not all, forms of intergroup contact enhanced support for specific groups and broader immigration policy. Contrary to expectations, experience with discrimination did not shape attitudes toward specific immigrant groups. Our discussion focuses on theoretical implications, future research, and how findings can inform contemporary public discourse about the migrant crisis.
Novel Zeta Converter With Multi Level Inverter Connected To Grid

The usage of multilevel inverter has increased in a drastic manner for the past years. These novel inverters are useful in various mega power applications. As they are have the ability to change the output waveforms, they are having good harmonic distortions and better output results. This work proposes a novel five level asymmetrical inverter which is incorporated with the zeta converter. Comparison is made with the existing multilevel inverter with the proposed system. The simulation results give the proposed system has less THD[1] when compared to the existing inverters. The main objective is that the number of switches and capacitors are reduced which in turn reduces the loss and the cost. From the output results is has been proved that the proposed topology gives reduced loss and high quality output when compared with the conventional methods.
MEANS AND SOCIAL WELFARE FUNCTION IN FUZZY BINARY RELATION SPACES

An approach to the social choice problem based on multiple valued logic is suggested. It is assumed that individual preferences are classical binary relations, whereas the social preference is a fuzzy binary relation. The role of Lukasiewicz logic in modelling fuzzy transitive relations is discussed. We argue that this logic is a natural choice for constructing fuzzy social preferences. The paper is concerned with the Arrow’s theory of social welfare functions. Standard conditions of Unrestricted Domain, Pareto, Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives, and Nondictatorship are employed. We show that certain means in fuzzy binary relation spaces are social welfare functions satisfying conditions of the classical Arrow’s Possibility Theorem. It is also shown that collective choice rules given by means are completely characterized by the conditions of Unrestricted Domain, Anonymity, Neutrality, and Positive Responsiveness.
Central Pattern Generator With Inertial Feedback for Stable Locomotion and Climbing in Unstructured Terrain

Inspired by the locomotor nervous system of vertebrates, central pattern generator (CPG) models can be used to design gaits for articulated robots, such as crawling, swimming or legged robots. Incorporating sensory feedback for gait adaptation in these models can improve the locomotive performance of such robots in challenging terrain. However, many CPG models to date have been developed exclusively for open-loop gait generation for traversing level terrain. In this paper, we present a novel approach for incorporating inertial feedback into the CPG framework for the control of body posture during legged locomotion on steep, unstructured terrain. That is, we adapt the limit cycle of each leg of the robot with time to simultaneously produce locomotion and body posture control. We experimentally validate our approach on a hexapod robot, locomoting in a variety of steep, challenging terrains (grass, rocky slide, stairs). We show how our approach can be used to level the robot's body, allowing it to locomote at a relatively constant speed, even as terrain steepness and complexity prevents the use of an open-loop control strategy.
Proceedings of the 9th ACM Workshop on Wireless of the Students, by the Students, and for the Students

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the 9th Wireless of the Students, by the Students, and for the Students Workshop -- S3'17. The S3 workshop provides a unique venue for graduate students around the world to discuss research ideas for mobile and wireless systems. The workshop is organized by a student-run TPC. S3 aims to foster early-career development among students, expose them to the workings of an academic life, and encourage student leadership and participation in the research community. We anticipate a vibrant event where students can freely interact with a broad peer group, share their research opinions, and discover areas for collaboration. We also encourage attendees to attend the keynote and panel discussion. These valuable and insightful talks can and will guide us to a better understanding of the future: Opening Keynote Talk, David Kotz (Dartmouth College) Closing Keynote Talk, Robin Hillary Kravets (University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign) Panel members: Neal Patwari (University of Utah), Eugene Chai (NEC lab), David Kotz (Dartmouth College)
Gratitude Interventions: Effective Self-help? A Meta-analysis of the Impact on Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety

Research suggests gratitude interventions—designed to increase appreciation of positive qualities, situations, and people in one’s life—may improve psychological well-being (e.g., Seligman et al. in Am Psychol 60:410–421, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.5.410 ). Accordingly, mental health practitioners have promoted gratitude interventions as a means of self-help. However, results from previous reviews suggest that well-being improvements associated with gratitude interventions may be attributable to placebo effects (Davis et al. in J Couns Psychol 63:20–31, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000107 ; Wood et al. in Clin Psychol Rev 30:890–905, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.005 ). With this meta-analysis, we examined the efficacy of gratitude interventions (k = 27, N = 3675) in reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety at post-test and follow-up periods. Gratitude interventions had a small effect on symptoms of depression and anxiety at both post-test (g = − 0.29, SE = 0.06, p < .01) and follow-up (g = − 0.23, SE = 0.06, p < .01). Correcting for attenuation from unreliability did not change results. Moderation analyses indicated effect sizes were larger for studies using waitlist, rather than active, control conditions at post-test and follow-up. We did not find consistent evidence for effects of other moderator variables (e.g., risk of bias, depressive symptom severity, or type of intervention used). Our results suggest the effects of gratitude interventions on symptoms of depression and anxiety are relatively modest. Therefore, we recommend individuals seeking to reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety engage in interventions with stronger evidence of efficacy for these symptoms.
Open notes sounds great, but will a provider's documentation change? An exploratory study of the effect of open notes on oncology documentation.

Objective The effects of shared clinical notes on patients, care partners, and clinicians ("open notes") were first studied as a demonstration project in 2010. Since then, multiple studies have shown clinicians agree shared progress notes are beneficial to patients, and patients and care partners report benefits from reading notes. To determine if implementing open notes at a hematology/oncology practice changed providers' documentation style, we assessed the length and readability of clinicians' notes before and after open notes implementation at an academic medical center in Boston, MA, USA. Materials and Methods We analyzed 143 888 notes from 60 hematology/oncology clinicians before and after the open notes debut at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, from January 1, 2012 to September 1, 2016. We measured the providers' (medical doctor/nurse practitioner) documentation styles by analyzing character length, the number of addenda, note entry mode (dictated vs typed), and note readability. Measurements used 5 different readability formulas and were assessed on notes written before and after the introduction of open notes on November 25, 2013. Results After the introduction of open notes, the mean length of progress notes increased from 6174 characters to 6648 characters (P < .001), and the mean character length of the "assessment and plan" (A&P) increased from 1435 characters to 1597 characters (P < .001). The Average Grade Level Readability of progress notes decreased from 11.50 to 11.33, and overall readability improved by 0.17 (P = .01). There were no statistically significant changes in the length or readability of "Initial Notes" or Letters, inter-doctor communication, nor in the modality of the recording of any kind of note. Conclusions After the implementation of open notes, progress notes and A&P sections became both longer and easier to read. This suggests clinician documenters may be responding to the perceived pressures of a transparent medical records environment.
Analysis of Soil Liquefaction: Niigata Earthquake

During the Niigata earthquake of June 16, 1964, extensive damage to engineering structures occurred as a result of liquefaction of the sandy soil on which they were supported. The results of field investigations conducted by Japanese engineers are presented, leading to conclusions concerning the variation of relative density of the sand with depth in regions where liquefaction did and did not occur. An analysis is then proposed, using computations of the time-history of shear stresses likely to be generated in the sand by the earthquake ground motions and the results of cyclic shear tests on saturated samples of sand, which provides results in good agreement with the observed field behavior. The analysis is also used to assess the effects of minor changes in intensity of ground shaking or depth of water table and the provision of surcharge fills on the possibility of soil liquefaction at Niigata. The good agreement between the predicted and observed behavior suggests that the method of analysis might be useful for evaluating the possibility of soil liquefaction in other areas.
A tutorial search engine based on Bayesian learning

We present the prototype of a tutorial search engine that applies Bayesian learning to generate a ranked list of documents relevant to a given user query. The initial knowledge base used for training was obtained from university students input via the data collecting web page. The search engine is built around an on-going Java tutorial system and encapsulated by a web-based interface. The preliminary tests show a successful search rate of 90% - 100% accuracy by counting whether or not all five top search results are relevant to a user request.
Porphyrin-sensitized cutaneous photosensitivity: pathogenesis and treatment.

Abstract The purpose of this review is to examine in some detail the subject of the array of cutaneous lesions that occur in association with disorders of porphyrin-heme metabolism. In order to develop a broad understanding of the types of lesions that occur in the various disorders, of current concepts of their pathogenesis, much of which remains theoretical and speculative, and of approaches to therapy of these lesions, associated topics will be discussed. This review will only briefly touch on discussions of the enzymatic defects responsible for the various porphyric syndromes, laboratory approaches to accurate diagnosis, and associated systemic symptoms of these disorders and their treatment. For detailed reviews of these topics, the reader is directed to the other contributions in this issue that are more specifically aimed at these considerations. All porphyrias, with the exception of acute intermittent porphyria, include some form of cutaneous photosensitivity as a major manifestation among their associated clinical symptoms. Two general patterns of abnormal skin changes attributable to the interactions of porphyrins and light within the skin are recognizable. One or the other of these patterns is considered to be more characteristic for each of the disorders of porphyrin metabolism that exhibit photosensitivity, although there are instances in which some degree of combination of features of both types of abnormal skin changes appear to occur in the same patient or in different patients with the same porphyric disorder. The first reaction pattern is a painful, rapidly evolving, phototoxic response. The second pattern develops slowly and is usually initially painless, but is eventually much more destructive. Blistering, erosions, and scarring are the most typical clinical lesions of this second general response pattern. Whether cutaneous photosensitivity is a manifestation of any of the several distinct porphyric syndromes, or not, the differences in types of skin lesions displayed by patients with different forms of porphyrias are apparently determined chiefly by the physicochemical properties of the different porphyrins or porphyrin precursors that accumulate in each disorder. In turn, the various physical and chemical properties of the intermediaries of heme biosynthesis that accumulate in the several forms of porphyrias are determined by their molecular structures.
Suppression of the first order vortex melting transition by intrinsic pinning in YBa2Cu3O7- delta.

The first order vortex melting transition in single crystal YBa[sub 2]Cu[sub 3]O[sub 7[minus][delta]] is investigated for magnetic field direction close to [bold H][parallel][ital a][bold b]. For exact field alignment [bold H][parallel][ital a][bold b], the kink'' in [rho]([ital T]) associated with the first order melting transition is replaced with a continuous resistive transition in the presence of intrinsic pinning, indicative of a second order transition with dynamic scaling exponent [ital s]=1.4. In addition, we demonstrate the abatement of the kink'' in the temperature dependence of the magnetoresistivity, associated with the first order melting transition for [bold H][parallel][bold c] in the presence of only six twin boundaries.
Small Bowel Resection and Anastomosis

As with other abdominal procedures, laparoscopic techniques have been successfully applied to small bowel resection and anastomosis. This chapter details basic principles essential for success with either approach and stresses safe performance of small bowel anastomoses (sutured or stapled).
A simian immunodeficiency virus envelope V3 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope in rhesus monkeys and its restricting major histocompatibility complex class I molecule Mamu-A*02.

Abstract The use of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) macaque model for assessing human immunodeficiency virus vaccine strategies will be facilitated by the characterization of predominant SIV cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes and their restricting major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules in macaque species. We now define a rhesus monkey SIVmac CTL epitope in the third hypervariable region of the envelope glycoprotein of the virus. This epitope, YNLTMKCR, contains the first two amino acids of a cysteine-cysteine loop which is the SIVmac analog of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 V3 loop. We also employed one-dimensional isoelectric focusing to characterize the MHC class I molecule of the rhesus monkey that binds this SIVmac envelope peptide fragment. Cloning and sequencing the cDNA encoding this rhesus monkey MHC class I molecule demonstrates that it is a newly described HLA-A homolog, Mamu-A*02. This viral CTL epitope and its restricting MHC class I molecule will facilitate the use of the SIVmac rhesus monkey model for studies of envelope-based vaccine strategies and for exploring AIDS immunopathogenesis.
Capitalizing on Community Resources to Build Specialized Behavioral Health Services Together with Persons who are Deaf, Deafblind or Hard of Hearing.

There are relatively few counselors, psychologists, psychiatrists, and social workers who specialize in serving people who are Deaf, Deafblind or hard of hearing in the United States. Professionals that serve minority populations are often an insular group. They tend to network most often with fellow professionals who understand the language and cultural needs of their service population. Such specialized behavioral health providers rarely have the opportunity to interface with “mainstream” program planners, funders and administrators. Consequently, new recovery agendas, best practice models and community reintegration ideas are only slowly integrated into the care of persons who are Deaf, Deafblind or hard of hearing. We describe the development and implementation of a task force comprised of “front line” providers, administrators, county government officials, advocates and consumers that has made strides toward effective change in a local behavioral health care system. Methods employed, successes, barriers and other reflections on the task force’s efforts also are described.
A Comparative Look at Three British Tax Cases

A Comparative Look at Three British Tax Cases. Three well-known British tax cases, Watson v. Hornby, Sharkey v. Wernher, and Mason v. Innes, all involved what we in the United States would have designated as nontaxable, imputed income. Yet, the British ruled that two of them, Watson v. Hornby and Sharkey v. Wernher, involved taxable events, while the third, Mason v. Innes, did not. Mason v. Innes was distinguished because the alleged income in that case was that of a professional writer. Such income is taxable under a different schedule in the British system from the others. Furthermore, the income of writers does not involve the inventory accounting that was required in the first two cases.Why did the British struggle to reconcile these three cases, when we in the United States would have had little difficulty in dismissing all three? The answer lies in the British schedular system. In the United States, everything that could conceivably be called taxable income is taxable. By contrast, in the British schedular system, only those items of income which fit into one of the designated schedules can be taxed. When the horses in Sharkey v. Wernher were transferred from a stud farm operation to the taxpayer’s racing stables, they were transferred from a taxable schedule to a nontaxable category. Therefore, if there had not been a taxable event upon the transfer, there would never have been a further opportunity to tax. It is this distinction between schedular, taxable categories, and nonschedular, nontaxable categories that led to the contortions in the three cases.
Gene transfer to the liver

The liver is an important organ for gene therapy. There are a large number of genes that are expressed in the liver whose deficiency results in a genetic disorder that might be treated by expressing the deficient protein in the liver. In addition, hepatitis B and C are very common, and might be treated with vectors that express small interfering RNAs that downregulate viral gene expression. Hepatocytes are readily accessible to viral or plasmid vectors that are injected systemically owing to the fenestrations in the blood vessels in the liver, which makes in vivo delivery feasible. Gene therapy has had considerable success in the liver in animal models. Both retroviral and AAV vectors have been delivered to animals with no obvious toxicity and have resulted in long-term expression in both small- and large-animal models. Although adenoviral vectors have achieved very high levels of expression in rodents, they have evoked substantial inflammation, and have not resulted in stable expression in most large-animal studies. Plasmid vectors have been effective, although efficient delivery to the hepatocyte remains a problem. One or more of these gene therapy approaches will likely translate into an effective therapy for patients in the near future. Keywords: retroviral vector; AAV vector; adenoviral vector; plasmid vector; SV40 vector; hemophilia; hepatitis; mucopolysaccharidosis
Visible persistence of moving objects.

A single line was presented in a succession of orientations, each orientation separated by a fixed angle and by a fixed interval of time, and subjects reported the number of successive lines that appeared to rotate together. The perceived number of rotating lines increased linearly with the rate of stimulus presentation, with a slope that was proportional to the spatial separation. The linear functions obtained in this first experiment predicted the results of a second experiment in which subjects adjusted the spatial and temporal variables to a discrimination threshold for seeing two rotating lines. If the slope of the linear functions is considered to be an estimate of the duration of visible persistence, then these results suggest that the visible persistence of a briefly presented stimulus increases with the distance separating that stimulus from other stimuli. Language: en
Preparation of [2,5-Diisopropylcyclohexane-1,4- bis(indenyl)]titanium Dichloride and [2,5-Diisopropylcyclohexane-1,4-bis(tetrahydroindenyl)]- titanium Dichloride and Their Comparison as Catalysts for the Enantioselective Pinacol Coupling of Benzaldehyde†

The nonracemic bis(indene) (+)-(1R,2R,4R,5R)-1,4-bis(3‘-indenyl)-2,5-diisopropylcyclohexane (10) was synthesized in 60% yield from the addition of indenyllithium to the corresponding bis(methanesulfonate) ester of 2,4-diisopropyl-1,4-cyclohexanediol. Deprotonation of bis(indene) 10 with n-BuLi followed by metalation with TiCl3 and oxidative workup (HCl, air, chloroform) gave the single stereoisomeric 2,5-diisopropylcyclohexane-1,4-diyl-bridged bis(indenyl)titanium dichloride 3 in 80% yield. Attempts to form the corresponding bis(indenyl)zirconium dichloride were unsuccessful. Catalytic hydrogenation of bis(indenyl)titanium dichloride 3 gave the 2,5-diisopropylcyclohexane-1,4-diyl-bridged bis(tetrahydroindenyl)titanium dichloride 4 in 76% yield. The solid-state structure of 4 was determined by X-ray crystallographic methods. Nonracemic mixtures of chiral bis(indenyl)titanium dichloride 3 and bis(tetrahydroindenyl)titanium dichloride 4 were examined as catalysts for the pinacol coupling of benzaldehyde in t...
Biological terrorism targeted at agriculture: The threat to US national security

(2000). Biological terrorism targeted at agriculture: The threat to US national security. The Nonproliferation Review: Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 92-105.
Effects of reinforcing increases in active behavior versus decreases in sedentary behavior for obese children.

This experiment tested the effects of reinforcing obese children to be more active or less sedentary in their choice of active versus sedentary behaviors. On days 1 and 5, there were no contingencies for sedenlary or active behaviors. During days 2 through 4, children in the Activity group were reinforced for being more active, and they significantly increased their activity and decreased time spent on preferred sedentary activities. Children in the Sedenlary group were reinforced for not engaging in preferred sedentary behaviors, and they significantly decreased time spent on these sedentary behaviors, with time reallocated both to being more active and to substitution of lower preference sedentary behaviors. Children randomized to the Control group were reinforced for attendance and made choices among the alternatives as usual, allocating most of their time during all 5 days for their preferred sedentary behaviors. These laboratory results support the idea that activity can be increased by either reinforeing children for being more active or for reducing time spent in sedentary activities.
A Human Development Index for the United States-Mexico Border

This paper presents a Border Human Development Index, which is a modified version of the United Nations Development Program's Human Development Index, in order to compare the development levels of the U.S. counties and Mexican municipios that touch the U.S.-Mexico Border. The paper presents the methodology used for constructing this index, along with results of the HDI's three sub-indices of income, education and health, and the full Border HDI for 1990 and 2000. The sub-index of health shows the smallest gap, while that of education is by far the largest both in 1990 and 2000. A key finding is the importance of the education gap because it has significant implications for an approach to closing the human development gap in the border region, and more generally between the United States and Mexico. A focused effort to increase secondary education would lead to increased productivity which would increase per capita income.
Defining the invasive phenotype of proximal gastric cancer cells

BACKGROUND: Adenocarcinoma of the proximal stomach is now the most rapidly rising cancer among men in the United States. The development of metastases is the major cause of morbidity and mortality for this aggressive disease. The mechanisms by which tumor cells invade the basement membrane are unknown for this disease. We have identified and established 5 invasive and noninvasive adenocarcinoma cell lines arising from the proximal stomach, which can be used to examine the mechanisms involved in tumor cell invasion. METHODS: The expression of factors associated with tumor cell attachment, proteolysis, and inhibition of proteolysis was determined by reverse transcription of mRNA to cDNA and subsequent amplification by the polymerase chain reaction. In addition, cells were examined for morphologic changes by scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: Invasive proximal gastric cancer cells express the 72-kD form of collagenase type IV, whereas the noninvasive cells do not. Other factors examined (including the laminin receptor, cathepsin B, cathepsin L, urokinase-type plasminogen activator, and tissue inhibitor metalloproteinases) are expressed by both invasive and noninvasive gastric cancer cells, whereas collagenase type IV 92-kD form is not expressed by any of the cells examined. In addition, scanning electron microscopy revealed that all the invasive cell lines exhibit long cytoplasmic extensions. The noninvasive cells express short cytoplasmic projections and are rounder than the invasive proximal gastric cancer cell lines. CONCLUSIONS: There are distinct phenotypic differences between invasive and noninvasive proximal gastric cancer cell lines both at the level of expression of mRNA for collagenase Type IV 72-kD and at the level of scanning electron microscopy with the expression of cytoplasmic projections. Clinical outcome may be associated with these phenotypic differences.
Water relations of cotton flower petals and fruit

Water needed for expansion is believed to enter plant tissue in response to a growth-induced water potential gradient that occurs as turgor is reduced during relaxation of cell walls or in response to increased solutes. Under water stress, the cotton flower petal continues to expand when all leaves on the plant are wilted and new leaf expansion has ceased in the shoot tips. This study was undertaken to determine if water for expansion entered the petal in response to a gradient or to increased solutes. Water potentials of cotton petal, leaf, bract and fruit were determined pre-dawn and midday in dryland and irrigated field plots. The mechanism by which petal expansion occurs appears not to be associated with a growth-induced water potential gradient or to increased solutes because the gradient is reversed from that needed to drive expansion. The water potential of the petal tissues was consistently higher than that of the subtending leaves and bracts both during and after anthesis, and under different water stress conditions. How this reversal in water potential gradient is established and maintained should provide insight into mechanisms involved in growth during water stress.
The search for ESR1 mutations in breast cancer

Two new studies report the identification of activating ESR1 gene mutations in aromatase inhibitor–resistant metastatic breast cancers. This insight into therapeutic resistance suggests new approaches that may be useful in the management of endocrine-resistant breast cancer.
Liquid fractionation. Part IV: Scale models for liquid fractionation of calc-alkaline magmas

Abstract Liquid fractionation has been modeled experimentally using scale theory. The results confirm that under conditions of constant viscosity a low-density magma can ascend as a coherent laminar layer along the vertical walls. The results also suggest, however, that if viscosity increases with differentiation the fractionated liquid forms small centimetreized plumes not only along inclined and irregular walls and along the bottom of magma chambers, but even on vertical walls. The formation of plumes enhances the accumulation of rhyolitic magma, and may increase the efficiency of fractionation.
Trunk flare diameter predictions as an infrastructure planning tool to reduce tree and sidewalk conflicts

Abstract Research has shown urban trees have numerous benefits for society, many of which are not realized until trees have grown to a mature size. However, many trees are removed every year due to their negative impacts on urban infrastructure before their benefits are fully realized. Trunk flares and roots damage sidewalks and other urban infrastructure. This study's intent was to create predictive models for two tree genera commonly planted as street trees in Minnesota landscapes. Linear regression techniques were used to create predictive equations using diameter at breast height (DBH) as the primary predictive variable. Predictive models of trunk flare diameter at ground line (TFD) have potential to provide urban foresters and urban planners with a practical method for predicting TFD in order to aid infrastructure plans that reduce conflicts between urban trees and urban infrastructure.
FREE INVERSE MONOIDS AND GRAPH IMMERSIONS

The relationship between covering spaces of graphs and subgroups of the free group leads to a rapid proof of the Nielsen-Schreier subgroup theorem. We show here that a similar relationship holds between immersions of graphs and closed inverse submonoids of free inverse monoids. We prove using these methods, that a closed inverse submonoid of a free inverse monoid is finitely generated if and only if it has finite index if and only if it is a rational subset of the free inverse monoid in the sense of formal language theory. We solve the word problem for the free inverse category over a graph Γ. We show that immersions over Γ may be classified via conjugacy classes of loop monoids of the free inverse category over Γ. In the case that Γ is a bouquet of X circles, we prove that the category of (connected) immersions over Γ is equivalent to the category of (transitive) representations of the free inverse monoid FIM(X). Such representations are coded by closed inverse submonoids of FIM(X). These monoids will be constructed in a natural way from groups acting freely on trees and they admit an idempotent pure retract onto a free inverse monoid. Applications to the classification of finitely generated subgroups of free groups via finite inverse monoids are developed.
Microfibril-Based Estimates of The Ballistic Limit of Multilayered Fabric Shielding

An expression relating the dominant mechanisms for the energy loss of a projectile, as it penetrates a multilayered ballistic fabric shield, is developed. The relation is a function of the projectile mass, initial velocity and fabric microscale properties, such as microfibril stiffness and critical stretch. Using the derived expression, the number of fabric layers needed to stop a projectile is determined. The analytical result compares quite well to experiments.
Numerical simulation of cables in widespread use in the nuclear power industry subjected to fire

Abstract Numerical simulation is used to increase the knowledge base for failure of instrumentation or control cables utilized in the nuclear power industry subjected to an industrial fire. The model used for the simulation includes the electrical core of the conductors, the enveloping insulation, the filler material, and the jacket. All told, 22 cables in present use in the nuclear industry are investigated. The focus of the work is to determine the time at which a cable ceases to perform. That time is based on a definition provided by NUREG/CR-6931: Cable Response to Live Fire. It was found that the time to failure is well correlated with the thermal mass per unit length of the cable. The correlating equation, useful for interpolation is, Time to failure=(1376) (total thermal mass per unit length)+111. In this equation, the time to failure is in seconds, and the thermal mass per unit length, defined in Eq. (4), has units of kilojoules per degree Kelvin per meter. When comparing the numerical simulation to experimentation reported in NUREG/CR-6931: Cable Response to Live Fire, the correlation was found to be a conservative estimate of the time to failure.
New Perspectives on Language, Oral Transmission, and Multilingualism in Commedia dell'Arte

This essay highlights new work on the relationship between oral and textual culture in commedia dell’arte, and particularly the important element of multilingualism. Attention will be give to gender in multilingual performance and special emphasis will be paid to the unique technique developed by the comici of grammelot , or nonsense language, and the use of hybrid languages to create a discourse on cultural intermeshing.
Identification of pauses during formation of HIV-1 virus like particles.

HIV Gag polymerizes on the plasma membrane to form virus like particles (VLPs) that have similar diameters to wild-type viruses. We use multicolor, dual-penetration depth, total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, which corrects for azimuthal movement, to image the assembly of individual VLPs from the time of nucleation to the recruitment of VPS4 (a component of the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport, and which marks the final stage of VLP assembly). Using a mathematical model for assembly and maximum-likelihood comparison of fits both with and without pauses, we detect pauses during Gag polymerization in 60% of VLPs. Pauses range from 2 to 20 min, with an exponentially distributed duration that is independent of cytosolic Gag concentration. VLPs assembled with late domain mutants of Gag (which do not recruit the key endosomal sorting complexes required for transport proteins Alix or TSG101) exhibit similar pause distributions. These pauses indicate that a single rate-limiting event is required for continuation of assembly. We suggest that pauses are either related to incorporation of defects in the hexagonal Gag lattice during VLP assembly or are caused by shortcomings in interactions of Gag with essential and still undefined cellular components during formation of curvature on the plasma membrane.
Cyclotron side-band emissions from ring-current electrons

The paper examines temporal variations in electron energy spectra and pitch-angle distributions during a VLF-emission event observed by Explorer 45 in the main phase of a magnetic storm. It is noted that the observed event occurred outside the plasmasphere on the night side of the magnetosphere and that the dusk-side plasmapause had a double structure during the event. It is found that the VLF emissions consisted of two frequency bands, corresponding to the whistler and electrostatic modes, and that there was a sharp band of 'missing emissions' along frequencies equal to half the equatorial electron gyrofrequency. A peculiar pitch-angle distribution for high-energy electrons (50 to 350 keV) is noted. It is concluded that the VLF-producing particles were enhanced low-energy (about 5 keV) ring-current electrons which penetrated into the night side of the magnetosphere from the magnetotail plasma sheet and which drifted eastward after encountering the steep gradient of the geomagnetic field.
Oral hygiene practices among middle‐school students in 44 low‐ and middle‐income countries

Objective To examine the frequency of toothbrushing or cleaning among middle school students from 44 low- and middle-income countries. Methods Secondary analysis of nationally representative data from 146,462 middle school students who participated in the Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) between 2003 and 2010. Results In 39 of the 44 countries, more than 80% of students reported brushing or cleaning their teeth at least once each day. In 23 countries, more than 5% of participants reported brushing their teeth less than once a day or never. In 37 countries, boys reported a significantly lower frequency of toothbrushing or cleaning than did girls. Countries where miswak (chewing stick) use is common reported lower toothbrushing or cleaning frequency, perhaps because the questionnaire item did not clarify that this counts as a form of tooth cleaning. Conclusion School-based dental health education programmes that target early adolescents may help students to develop habits that improve their immediate and long-term health.
Determination of thiabendazole and 5-hydroxythiabendazole in human serum by fluorescence-detected high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract We have developed a rapid, sensitive and precise high-performance liquid chromatographic method using fluorescence detection for the simultaneous determination of thiabendazole and unconjugated 5-hydroxythiabendazole in serum. Sample pretreatment consists only of protein precipitation with acetonitrile containing the internal standard, 2-methylindole. Detection limits were found to be 0.1 μg/ml serum for thiabendazole and 0.4 μg/ml serum for 5-hydroxythiabendazole. Between-day analytical precision coefficients of variation for serum-based controls were 7% and 11% for thiabendazole levels of 1 and 5 μg/ml, respectively; and 43% and 8% for 5-hydroxythiabendazole levels of 6 and 60 μg/ml, respectively. We also devised a microenzymatic method for the conversion of the glucuronide and sulfate esters of 5-hydroxythiabendazole using β-glucuronidase [EC 3.2.1.31] and sulfatase [EC 3.1.6.1]. Thus, quantitation of the separate metabolites was possible. We also utilized a special adaptation of the chromatographic procedure for the determination of the 5-hydroxythiabendazole metabolites in the sera of uremic patients, which can contain large amounts of interfering fluorescent substances. The method should be particularly useful for monitoring thiabendazole therapy in patients unable to eliminate the potentially toxic metabolites.
ESR evidence of hydrogen migration on supported metal catalysts

Abstract The ESR investigation has provided evidence that the resonance at g = 2.10, developed upon heating of noble-metal-supported catalysts in hydrogen, results from the reduction of iron oxide to metallic iron also present on the supported catalyst. The mechanism of the oxide reduction evidently occurs by a sequence of events including hydrogen chemisorption on a metal such as palladium, hydrogen atom transfer to the support and then to iron oxide sites, and subsequent coalescing of iron to form ferromagnetic domains. The relative effectiveness of iron oxide reduction resulting from the presence of various supported metals and supports appears to depend on the relative heats of hydrogen atom sorption compared with the activation energy required for the atom transfer from the metal to the support.
Speech perception in perceivers with hearing loss: synergy of multiple modalities

Although we would expect that the role of visible speech in multimodal speech perception would have the greatest relevance to individuals with hearing impairment, relatively few analytic studies have been done with these participants. Their adequate understanding of spoken language usually requires information from several modalities or other sources of information. The framework of the fuzzy logical model of perception (FLMP) is used to assess how individuals with hearing impairment evaluate and integrate multiple sources of information. Given this framework, a distinction can be made between information and information processing. Within this framework, we can ask what information differences and information-processing differences exist among individuals with normal hearing and those with hearing impairment. Four experimental studies from the literature are analyzed to address these questions. Test items are presented under both unimodal and bimodal conditions. Of central interest is the nature of the bimodal performance as a function of the unimodal performance. The findings show that, although information differences obviously exist across different populations, their information processing involved in pattern recognition appears to be the same and is well described by the FLMP.
Noncompact simulations of SU(2)

Abstract Noncompact simulations of SU (2) without gauge fixing on a 10 4 lattice are consistent with perturbation theory at very weak coupling but show no evidence of quark confinement at strong coupling.
Minimizing Fizeau fringes during the contact printing of diffraction gratings

An index matching fluid has been used to minimize the effect of interference fringes which develop when contact printing diffraction gratings on silicon wafers. These fringes are the result of interference effects when there is a small but uneven gap between the photomask and resist surface. They are especially troublesome when printing and etching large area, coarse diffraction gratings on the surface of silicon wafers and silicon disks.
On shape normalization for non-uniformly active catalyst pellets—II☆

Abstract The possibility of shape normalization of catalyst pellets with non-uniform catalytic activity profiles is examined. A first order isothermal reaction occurring in slab or spherical catalyst pellets, with a variety of activity profiles, is considered. Analytic solutions for the effectiveness factor are reported in all cases. When the catalytic activity at the external surface of the pellet is non-zero, a physically significant normalization of the Thiele modulus is suggested which makes the asymptotic behavior of the effectiveness factor identical for all pellet shapes and all activity profiles. For an operational range intermediate between kinetic and diffusion control, however, the normalization can lead to significant errors. No such normalization exists when the surface catalytic activity is zero.
Habitat Selection and Home Ranges of River Otters in a Marine Environment: Effects of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill

We studied habitat selection and home ranges of river otters ( Lutra canadensis ) living along the coastlines of Prince William Sound, Alaska, following the Exxon Valdez oil spill in late March 1989. Deposition of feces by otters at latrine sites that were heavily oiled was significantly less than for nonoiled sites in Herring Bay in June and July, but not during August 1989. Finer-scale measurements of habitat showed selection differed significantly on oiled (Herring Bay) and nonoiled (Esther Passage) study areas in 1990; otters selected steeper tidal slopes and sites with larger rocks on oiled than on nonoiled areas, based on characteristics of latrines and random sites. We believe otters avoided shallower slopes and protected areas with smaller rocks and gravel where oil persisted the longest. Thus, differences in habitat selection ostensibly were the result of a reduction in habitat availability caused by oil contamination. Otters on both study areas strongly selected old-growth forest; commercially logged areas in Esther Passage had no otter latrines. River otters on both areas also selected vegetated slopes (approaches to latrine sites) that were less steep. Home ranges of otters were about twice as large on the oiled area as on the nonoiled area, again suggesting that habitat for otters was reduced as a result of the oil spill. These outcomes were detected >1 year after the oil spill and suggest that there may be chronic effects of the oil spill on river otters.
Special devices for differential analyzers

SEVERAL PAPERS have been written1–5 describing the differential analyzer and the complex engineering problems which can be studied with it. The range of the analyzer is being extended continuously by the development of special devices which will generate auxiliary functions and assist in the representing of physical detail, thus, in effect, increasing the number of integrators available for the solution of a given problem.