cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Asymptotic properties of dynamic stochastic parameter estimates (III)

Abstract In this paper we establish three theorems concerning the asymptotic distributions of ordinary least-squares estimates of the parameters of a stochastic difference equation. We show that, if there is at least one root of the associated characteristic equation with modulus less than one and if all the roots have moduli different from one, the vector of least-squares estimates converges in distribution to a normally distributed vector. The distribution of the limiting vector is degenerate if there is at least one root with modulus greater than one. The results we obtain represent extensions of results proviously obtained by H. B. Mann and A. Wald, H. Rubin, J. S. White, T. W. Anderson, M. M. Rao, T. J. Muench, and the author.
Optimization of product dimensions for discrete sizing applied to a tool handle

Abstract The allocation of adjustability and use of discrete sizes are two methods of accounting for the variability in the population of prospective users of a product. This paper addresses the discrete sizing problem, adapting recent adjustability research. This is done in the context of the optimization of tool handle sizes, and a case study of designing multiple sizes of a nonuniform cylindrical tool handle is presented. Specifying multiple sizes of a product introduces additional considerations and complexities compared with specifying adjustability. It is demonstrated that altering performance specifications has a significant impact on the outcome. For example, maximizing average performance yields both the best performance for the greatest number of users and the highest level of cumulative performance for the population. In contrast, optimizing minimum performance ensures that all users experience a baseline of comfort or safety. Measuring the accommodation of a population across multiple sizes is shown to be a two-step process consisting of an assessment of performance for an individual followed by a comparison of that performance with an established standard across the population (i.e., in the current work, a term called grip quality, Q , is assessed for each user in a virtual population, and then all users with Q ≥ 0.95 are considered to be accommodated). Assessing accommodation in this manner facilitates the decision-making process of the designer as they are able to weigh the tradeoff between more sizes and increased cost by finding a point of diminishing marginal performance. The results of the work include specific handle design recommendations for the population considered and a methodology applicable to the design of other products. Relevance to Industry This work aids in design decision-making, helping designers to configure multiple sizes of a product to ensure minimum performance (e.g., comfort, safety, etc.) across a population of users or to maximize the satisfaction of the greatest number of users. For the specific tool handle problem, a methodology is proposed that would yield results robust to the variability in a population of users. Ensuring that the handles of tools and machinery are well designed decreases the likelihood of acute and chronic disorders.
Plasma membrane vesicles prepared from unadhered monocytes: Characterization of calcium transport and the calcium ATPase

Abstract We have purified unadhered human monocytes in sufficient quantities to prepare monocyte plasma membrane vesicles and study vesicular calcium transport. Monocytes were isolated from plateletpheresis residues by counterflow centrifugal elutriation. By combining this source and procedure, 7 × 108 monocytes of over 90% purity were obtained. The membranes, isolated on a sucrose step gradient, had an 18-fold enrichment in Na,K-ATPase, a 29-fold diminution of succinate dehydrogenase activity and were vesicular on transmission electron micrographs. The membrane vesicles loaded with oxalate accumulated calcium only in the presence of Mg and ATP. Calcium uptake did not occur if ATP was replaced by any of five nucleotide phosphates or if Mg was omitted. Calcium transport had a maximal velocity of 4 pmoles calcium/μg vesicle protein/ min and a Km for calcium of 0.53 μM. The ionophore A23187 completely inhibited calcium accumulation while 5 mM sodium cyanide and 10 μM ouabain had no effect. A calcium-activated ATPase was present in the same plasma membrane vesicles. The calcium ATPase had a maximal velocity of 18.0 pmoles calcium/μg vesicle protein/min and a Km for calcium of 0.60 μM. Calcium-activated ATPase activity was absent if Mg was omitted or if (γ - 32P) GTP replaced (γ - 32P) ATP. Monocyte plasma membranes that were stripped of endogenous calmodulin by EGTA treatment showed a reduced level of calcium uptake and calcium ATPase activity. The addition of exogenous calmodulin restored the transport activity to that of unstripped monocyte plasma membranes. Thus, monocyte plasma membrane vesicles contain a highly specific, ATP-dependent calcium transport system and a calcium-ATPase with similar high calcium affinities.
Properties of granular cold-water-soluble starches prepared at atmospheric pressure

Granular cold-water-soluble (GCWS) starches were prepared from wheat, corn, tapioca and a hydroxypropylated cross-linked wheat starch by heating in a 1/1·5/4·5 (w/w/w) mixture of starch, water and propan-1,2-diol (PD). X-ray analysis showed that, immediately after heating, the products were amorphous. Following solvent exchange with ethanol, the prime starches gave a V-type pattern, whereas the modified wheat starch remained amorphous. GCWS wheat starch gave a quantitative yield of D-glucose after digestion with glucoamylase. Light microscopy revealed that GCWS starch granules were fractured internally, but contained an intact shell at the surface. Tiny polygonal bodies, formed by the fractures, refracted light under the microscope, and caused pinpoints of yellow and green colors to show inside the granule. The paste consistencies of GCWS tapioca and hydroxypropylated, crosslinked wheat starches measured at 25 °C in the Amylograph matched those of the starting starches that had been heated in water and then cooled to 25°C, whereas the consistency of GCWS wheat starch was reduced because of incomplete dispersion. GCWS corn starch prepared in aqueous PD versus that prepared in aqueous ethanol required almost twice as long to gel and gave 10% lower gel strength at 7% starch solids in the presence of 16% sugars.
Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori: a new twist to an old disease.

INTRODUCTION 249 BACTERIOLOGY OF CAMPYLOBACTER pyLORI..... ... .... ..... .. ..... ......... ... 250 Morphological Characteristics..... . ....... . . . . ...... . ....... . . . . ...... .... 250 Metabolism and Physiology........ . ......... . . ....... . ....... ...... . . . .... ....... . .... 250 Potential Virulence Factors 253 DIAGNOSIS ......... ........ ....... ......... 255 Gastric Biopsy 255 Serology .. .... 259 Urea Breath Test . ........ . . ...... .. . . ... ...... ......... .... .. .. 260 Nucleic Acid Hybridization and Antigen Detection Methods ....... . . . . 261 IDENTIFICATION OF CAMPYLOBACTER PYLORI 261 Enzyme Profiling 262 Cellular Fatty Acid Analysis.. 262 Restriction Endonuclease DNA Analysis and Protein Electrophoresis ... 263 CONCLUSION 263
Organochlorine Contaminants in a Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon Marinus) from Lake Ontario

Abstract A sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) specimen from Hamilton Beach, Lake Ontario, was analyzed for organochlorine pesticide and PCB residues. Contrary to the expectations, the residue levels observed were similar to those found in salmonid species. The concentrations of PCBs, DDT and metabolites, and mirex all exceeded the existing guidelines and proposed water quality objectives. Other organochlorine residues are below such limits, where existing. It is recommended to investigate organochlorine residues in sea lamprey from the Great Lakes in more detail.
Effect of disrupting cell contact on the nuclear accumulation of β-catenin and subsequent apoptosis of rat ovarian surface epithelial cells in vitro

The present studies were designed to determine how disrupting cell contact induces rat ovarian surface epithelial cells (i.e., ROSE-179 cells) to undergo apoptosis. In the first series of studies, the effect of depleting serum and calcium on the levels of the adhesion proteins N-cadherin and β-catenin was examined. These studies revealed that the depletion of serum and calcium results in the degradation of N-cadherin but not β-catenin. However, the localization of β-catenin changed from principally the plasma membrane to the nucleus. The nuclear localization of β-catenin was demonstrated by Western blot and confocal microscopy. A second series of studies demonstrated that cells that lost contact in response to the depletion of serum and calcium showed enhanced β-catenin-dependent transcription. Finally, forced expression of a stable form of β-catenin resulted in an increase in β-catenin within the cytoplasm of transfected ROSE-179 cells. When these β-catenin transfected ROSE-179 cells were deprived of serum and calcium, β-catenin accumulated within the nucleus and accelerated the rate at which these cells became apoptotic. These data indicate that in viable cells, β-catenin is part of the adhesion complex that maintains cell contact. If calcium-dependent cell contacts are broken, β-catenin accumulates within the nucleus, where it promotes transcription and ultimately the apoptotic death of ROSE-179 cells.
Galactic cosmic ray transport in the heliosphere: Diffusive anisotropy 1965–1994

Abstract Preliminary information pertaining to the diffusive anisotropy of the galactic cosmic rays (GCR) in the inner heliosphere is derived from the study of the steady state solar diurnal variation (SDV) for the period 1965 to 1994. This time period spans three solar activity cycles. Data obtained with the neutron monitors (NM) at Deep River and Huancayo and the underground vertical muon telescopes (UT) at Embudo, are used in our analysis.
Fresnel Filtering in Lasing Emission from Scarred Modes of Wave-Chaotic Optical Resonators

We study lasing emission from asymmetric resonant cavity GaN microlasers. By comparing far-field intensity patterns with images of the microlaser we find that the lasing modes are concentrated on three-bounce unstable periodic ray orbits; i.e., the modes are scarred. The high-intensity emission directions of these scarred modes are completely different from those predicted by applying Snell's law to the ray orbit. This effect is due to the process of "Fresnel filtering" which occurs when a beam of finite angular spread is incident at the critical angle for total internal reflection.
Interpretation of the Atmospheric Oxygen Bands; Electronic Levels of the Oxygen Molecule

THE known spectrum of the neutral oxygen molecule consists of two well-known band systems, both of which occur in absorption, and arise from the normal state of the molecule. One of these systems, known as the Schumann bands (also known in emission as the Runge bands), lies in the ultra-violet near λ1800, and corresponds to a very intense absorption. The other, known as the atmospheric absorption bands, lies at the long wave-length end of the visible solar spectrum; it is only moderately absorbed in the whole thickness of the earth's atmosphere, and this very weak absorption shows that the upper electronic state of these bands must be classed as a metastable level.
Elimination of projection effects from vector magnetograms: The pre-flare configuration of active region AR 4474

We demonstrate a simple method of transforming vector magnetograms to heliographic coordinates. The merits of this transformation are illustrated using a vector magnetogram obtained with the MSFC vector magnetograph 80 minutes prior to a white light flare in active region AR 4474 on 25 April, 1984. The original magnetogram shows strong magnetic shear along the neutral line at both the flare site and a non-flaring site. The transformation of the magnetogram to heliographic coordinates shows that the elimination of projection effects results in a much shorter length of the sheared region at the non-flaring site than what is inferred from the image plane vector magnetogram. The length of the sheared region at the flare site is relatively less affected by the transformation.
Attenuation lengths of low-energy electrons in free-standing carbon films

Abstract Attenuation lengths for electrons passing through a free-standing 40-A carbon film are reported for electron energies between 6 and 1200 eV. Attenuation lengths for inelastic scattering are found to decrease from approximately 20 A at 1200 eV to 6 A in a broad minimum at 40 eV and then to rise to 9 A at 6 eV. The results are in satisfactory agreement with theory between 200 and 1200 eV where appropriate calculations are available.
Some Enzymes Just Need a Space of Their Own

In many ways biology is defined by the idea (and reality) of containers and well-defined barriers. These enable the distinction of self from the rest of the universe, separation of cells from each other, and the definition of organelles within a cell. Although many biological barriers and compartmental boundaries are lipid-based membranes, there is a growing awareness, brought about by some spectacular structural biology, of protein-based compartments that act as isolated environments within the cell. On page 81 of this issue, Tanaka et al. ( 1 ) add to the growing number of examples of protein-based microcompartments, reporting the structure of a microcompartment that sequesters ethanolamine metabolism in the bacterium Escherichia coli . These protein-based containers challenge a long-standing assumption that bacteria and archaea, which lack membrane-enclosed organelles, are devoid of internal compartmentalization.
Predicting Major Neurological Improvement With Intravenous Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator Treatment of Stroke

Background and Purpose— In the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) rt-PA Stroke Study, major neurological improvement within 24 hours (MNI) occurred significantly more frequently with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) treatment than with placebo. We explored the relationship between MNI and 3-month favorable outcome and sought clinical predictors of MNI. Methods— Data from 312 rtPA-treated patients from the NINDS trial were used to assess the ability of MNI to predict favorable outcome at 3 months as defined by a modified Rankin Scale score of 0 to 1. Next, a multivariable predictive model was developed for MNI within the same data set. Clinical variables examined included age, time to treatment (TTT), diabetes, pretreatment glucose, baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, pretreatment blood pressure, history of atrial fibrillation, weight >100 kg, and a dense artery sign. Finally, this model was used to forecast into the placebo group of the NI...
Smoking among Doctors: Governmentality, Embodiment, and the Diversion of Blame in Contemporary China

How and to what effect have physicians in China become frequent cigarette smokers and blamed as engines of nationwide tobacco-induced suffering? Building on governmentality heuristics, I argue that multilevel interactions of biopolitics and male embodiment have been especially significant in shaping these phenomena. Of the effects gleaned in my fieldwork ongoing since 2003, the most important is a deflection of responsibility for tobacco-induced death away from incoherent leadership decisions—some aimed at protecting Chinese citizens from tobacco, others at facilitating trillions of cigarettes being sold annually in the PRC—made over recent years in and outside the country.
Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy of Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O 2:2:1:2 high-temperature superconductors.

We have used scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy to investigate the surface-topographic and electronic properties of Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O 2:2:1:2 compounds. Even though there are two atoms (Bi and O) per lattice point, only one corrugation maximum per lattice point is observed. Polarity-dependent images show that the corrugations of the images taken at opposite polarities are in phase. We discuss possible explanations for this observation of in-phase corrugations at opposite polarities. Spectroscopic data were obtained at both high and low sample biases. Our data show that the density of surface electronic states near the Fermi level is about 3--4 orders of magnitude smaller than that of a typical metal. These states are only detectable when the stabilization voltage of the tunnel junction is low (1.5 V). The conductivity near zero bias is extremely nonlinear, consistent with a nonmetallic surface layer. Vacuum resonant tunneling studies show that at these low-bias voltages the tip-to-sample distance is very small (\ensuremath{\sim}3--6 \AA{}). This small tip-to-sample distance implies that the conductivity we detect near zero bias might result from the underlying CuO layer. We find evidence of bias-field penetration into the sample, implying that the surface density of states near the Fermi level is too small to screen out the electric field.
Designing and Evaluating Interventions to Eliminate Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care

A large number of factors contribute to racial and ethnic disparities in health status. Health care professionals, researchers, and policymakers have believed for some time that access to care is the centerpiece in the elimination of these health disparities. The Institute of Medicine's (IOM) model of access to health services includes personal, financial, and structural barriers, health service utilization, and mediators of care. This model can be used to describe the interactions among these factors and their impact on health outcomes and equity of services among racial and ethnic groups. We present a modified version of the IOM model that incorporates the features of other access models and highlights barriers and mediators that are relevant for interventions designed to eliminate disparities in U.S. health care. We also suggest that interventions to eliminate disparities and achieve equity in health care services be considered within the broader context of improving quality of care. Some health service intervention studies have shown improvements in the health of disadvantaged groups. If properly designed and implemented, these interventions could be used to reduce health disparities. Successful features of interventions include the use of multifaceted, intense approaches, culturally and linguistically appropriate methods, improved access to care, tailoring, the establishment of partnerships with stakeholders, and community involvement. However, in order to be effective in reducing disparities in health care and health status, important limitations of previous studies need to be addressed, including the lack of control groups, nonrandom assignment of subjects to experimental interventions, and use of health outcome measures that are not validated. Interventions might be improved by targeting high-risk populations, focusing on the most important contributing factors, including measures of appropriateness and quality of care and health outcomes, and prioritizing dissemination efforts.
Fluidic-Enabled Reconfigurable Patch With Integrated Dielectric Spectrometer

A frequency-agile antenna design is proposed that uses a fluidic-enabled reconfigurable reactive loading mechanism. The tuning mechanism offers the ability to change the capacitance of an electrically short, hollow coaxial line that is filled with a low-loss dielectric fluid. The frequency response of the antenna can be tuned by altering the material properties of the fluid contained within the coaxial line—and subsequently changing the loading capacitance. This letter presents design details and measured results.
DELAYED-TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY AND CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF TUBERCULOSIS

It is widely believed that cell-mediated immunity and the associated ability of macrophages to destroy or inhibit the bacillus are all that is required to control pulmonary tuberculosis. However, although cell-mediated immunity is a major host defense against the tubercle bacillus, it is fully effective only in one of the four stages of the disease. Here, Arthur Dannenberg describes the entire pathogenesis of tuberculosis, with illustrations from the rabbit model of M.B. Lurie. In addition, he documents that the delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction (producing tissue necrosis) greatly benefits the host by arresting the logarithmic growth of bacilli within immature macrophages.
Explicit expressions for stress field of a circular dislocation loop

Abstract It is known that general analytic solutions for simple curved dislocations are intractable. The objective of this work is to derive the explicit formulas for the components of the stress tensor of a circular dislocation loop. The formulas are obtained based on Peach–Koehler formula for the self-stress of a curved dislocation (J.P. Hirth, J. Lothe, Theory of Dislocations, Wiley, New York, 1982; R.W. Lardner, Mathematical Theory of Dislocations and Fracture, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1974). In process of deriving the formulas the comprehensive computational system `Mathematica', version 3 (S. Walfram, The Mathematica Book, Walfram Media, Champaign IL/Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996) is utilized. The asymptotic formulas at infinity along with the formulas for the stress tensor of an infinitesimal circular dislocation loop are also obtained. The graphs showing the intricacy of the stress field in the vicinity of a dislocation loop accompany the paper.
Minimally invasive surgery fellowship graduates: Their demographics, practice patterns, and contributions

Background Fellowship opportunities in minimally invasive surgery, bariatric, gastrointestinal, and hepatobiliary arose to address unmet training needs. The large cohort of non-Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education -accredited fellowship graduates (NACGMEG) has been difficult to track. In this, the largest survey of graduates to date, our goal was to characterize this unique group's demographics and professional activities. Study design A total of 580 NACGMEG were surveyed covering 150 data points: demographics, practice patterns, academics, lifestyle, leadership, and maintenance of certification. Results Of 580 previous fellows, 234 responded. Demographics included: average age 37 years, 84% male, 75% in urban settings, 49% in purely academic practice, and 58% in practice Conclusion Fellowship alumnae appear to be productive contributors to American surgery. They are clinically and academically active, believe endoscopy is important, have adopted continuous learning, and most assume work leadership roles. The majority acknowledge their fellowship training as having met expectations and uniquely equipping them for their current practice.
Social learning spreads knowledge about dangerous humans among American crows

￻￻ ￻ Individuals face evolutionary trade-offs between the acquisition of costly but accurate information gained firsthand and the use of inexpensive but possibly less reliable social information. American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) use both sources of information to learn the facial features of a dangerous person. We exposed wild crows to a novel ‘dangerous face’ by wearing a unique mask as we trapped, banded and released 7‐15 birds at five study sites near Seattle, WA, USA. An immediate scolding response to the dangerous mask after trapping by previously captured crows demonstrates individual learning, while an immediate response by crows that were not captured probably represents conditioning to the trapping scene by the mob of birds that assembled during the capture. Later recognition of dangerous masks by lone crows that were never captured is consistent with horizontal social learning. Independent scolding by young crows, whose parents had conditioned them to scold the dangerous mask, demonstrates vertical social learning. Crows that directly experienced trapping later discriminated among dangerous and neutral masks more precisely than did crows that learned through social means. Learning enabled scolding to double in frequency and spread at least 1.2 km from the place of origin over a 5 year period at one site.
Optical phase coherent locking of a 1550-nm mode-locked source to an optical atomic clock's fs comb

We have obtained optical phase coherence between a 1550-nm mode-locked diode laser and a 800-nm femtosecond frequency comb used in an optical atomic clock.
Further experimental evidence of vortex splitting

Further experimental evidence of vortex splitting in wake flows is presented. Streakline visualizations reveal the range of conditions and the phenomenology of this novel process.
A review of the nutritive value and utilization of whole cottonseed, cottonseed meal and associated by-products by dairy cattle☆

Abstract A review of literature showed that although the feeding of whole cottonseed (WCS) to cattle is not new, an appreciation of its special nutritive properties for high-yielding dairy cows is recent. The reasons include (1) a high genetic merit for lactation among much of the dairy cow population, (2) requirements for energy-concentrated but minimum-fiber diets by these cows and (3) a generally positive effect of WCS on milk fat percentage. The depression in milk protein percentage often seen with added fat, including WCS, seems to be an accepted trade-off. A comparison of the nutrient profile of WCS with other oilseeds and protein supplements shows that only peanut kernels with skins and hulls have similar energy and crude fiber, and both exceed other commonly used protein supplements in TDN. A tabular summary of 18 comparative feeding trails with WCS showed no consistent difference in dry matter consumption when WCS was included at up to 25% of the diet. This suggests that, in most studies, an increase in NEl probably occurred when WCS was fed. In most trials, an increase in milk fat percentage was evident, which was reflected in a numerical increase in FCM. About half the studies showed a depression in milk protein percentage, but only a quarter were significantly lower. The only consistent effect of WCS on digestibility of nutrients was an increase in the digestibility of ether extract, a result of the dilution of metabolic fecal fats. Compared to soya bean meal (SBM), cottonseed meal (CSM) had a consistently lower feeding value, attributable to less energy and lower lysine. Controlled heating improved the protein value of both WCS and CSM by causing less rumen degradation and greater transfer of amino acids to the small intestine. In low-fiber diets, cottonseed hulls (CSH) seem to have greater feeding value than their digestibility indicates. Gossypol toxicity and mycotoxin contaminations are potential hazards from feeding WCS and CSM. Although gossypol toxicity can occur in ruminants, it is rare and is unlikely at 3–4 kg/day of either feedstuff, but may occur in diets if a large amount of both are included. Where high moisture and temperature occur pre-harvest, aflatoxin contamination is a potential hazard, but prophylactic measures are available.
Iterative processing for joint detection in multiuser systems

Iterative (turbo) processing of multiuser detection of CDMA signals is studied. The factor graph representation of a CDMA system is used to motivate an iterative joint detection algorithm. The algorithm reduces complexity by replacing the large sums that appear at the multiple access nodes by simple averages. This system shows surprisingly good performance achieving single user performance, whenever the iterations can start successfully. It is shown how this is related almost exclusively to the behavior for the error control codes at low signal-to-noise ratio values. Simulation and analytical results on the performance of these detectors are shown to illustrate complexity/performance trade-offs.
N-Aryl-γ-lactams as integrin αvβ3 antagonists

Abstract Novel αvβ3 antagonists based on the N-aryl-γ-lactam scaffold were prepared. SAR studies led to the identification of potent antagonists for αvβ3 receptor with excellent selectivity against the structurally related αIIbβ3 receptor. Additional interactions of N-aryl-γ-lactam derivatives with αvβ3 were found when compared to c(-RGDf[NMe]V-) peptide antagonist. The effects of the conformation and configuration of the γ-lactam core on the binding were also assessed.
Dynamic camera self-calibration from controlled motion sequences

In order to recover camera motion and 3-D structure from a sequence of images, points in the image plane must be related to directions in space. A least-squares algorithm is described for computing camera calibration from a series of motion sequences for which the translational direction of the camera is known. The method does not require special calibration objects or scene structure. It only requires the ability to move the camera in a given direction and to track features in the image as the camera moves. Since it is a linear least-squares method, it can include information from many sequences to produce a robust estimate of the calibration matrix, which can be updated dynamically as new measurements are taken. It uses the most general possible linear model for calibration. Experimental results from applying the algorithm to a set of real motion sequences with noisy correspondence data are given and analyzed. >
Macrophage Surface Expression of Annexins I and II in the Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Lymphocytes

When cells undergo apoptosis, or programmed cell death, they expose phosphatidylserine (PS) on their surface. Macrophages that efficiently phagocytose apoptotic cells also express PS on their surface, although at a lower level. The PS exposed on both cells is required for phagocytosis, because uptake is inhibited by masking PS on either cell with annexin V, a PS-binding protein. The inhibition is not additive, suggesting that the exposed PS molecules on the two cells participate in a common process. We asked whether this dual requirement reflects bridging of the target cell and macrophage by bivalent, PS-binding annexins. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against annexins I or II stained a variety of live phagocytes. Apoptotic Jurkat T lymphocytes and human peripheral T lymphocytes, but not apoptotic thymocytes, were stained by anti-annexin I but not II. Phagocytosis of apoptotic targets was inhibited by mAbs to annexins I or II, or by pretreatment of macrophages with the same mAbs. Pretreatment of apoptotic thymocytes had no effect, whereas pretreating Jurkat cells with anti-annexin I or removing annexin I with EGTA was inhibitory. Annexin bridging is vectorial, because annexin is bound to PS molecules on targets but not on macrophages, suggesting annexins serve as both ligand and receptor in promoting phagocytosis.
CONCEPTUALIZING RACIAL DISPARITIES IN HEALTH Advancement of a Socio-Psychobiological Approach

Although racial disparities in health have been documented both historically and in more contemporary contexts, the frameworks used to explain these patterns have varied, ranging from earlier theories regarding innate racial differences in biological vulnerability, to more recent theories focusing on the impact of social inequalities. However, despite increasing evidence for the lack of a genetic definition of race, biological explanations for the association between race and health continue in public health and medical discourse. Indeed, there is considerable debate between those adopting a “social determinants” perspective of race and health and those focusing on more individual-level psychological, behavioral, and biologic risk factors. While there are a number of scientifically plausible and evolving reasons for the association between race and health, ranging from broader social forces to factors at the cellular level, in this essay we argue for the need for more transdisciplinary approaches that specify determinants at multiple ecological levels of analysis. We posit that contrasting ways of examining race and health are not necessarily incompatible, and that more productive discussions should explicitly differentiate between determinants of individual health from those of population health; and between inquiries addressing racial patterns in health from those seeking to explain racial disparities in health. Specifically, we advance a socio-psychobiological framework, which is both historically grounded and evidence-based. This model asserts that psychological and biological factors, while playing a central role in determining individual risk for poor health, are relatively less consequential for understanding racial disparities in health at the population level. Such a framework emphasizes the etiologic role of social inequities in generating and perpetuating racial disparities in health and highlights their impact on psychological, behavioral, and biological disease processes.
Scheduling algorithms for unpredictably heterogeneous CMP architectures

In future large-scale multi-core microprocessors, hard errors and process variations will create dynamic heterogeneity, causing performance and power characteristics to differ among the cores in an unanticipated manner. Under this scenario, naive assignments of applications to cores degraded by various faults and variations may result in large performance losses and power inefficiencies. We propose scheduling algorithms based on the Hungarian Algorithm and artificial intelligence (AI) search techniques that account for this future uncertainty in core characteristics. These thread assignment policies effectively match the capabilities of each degraded core with the requirements of the applications, achieving an ED2 only 3.2% and 3.7% higher, respectively, than a baseline eight core chip multiprocessor with no degradation, compared to over 22% for a round robin policy.
Excitation of the lower-hybrid resonance at the plasma edge by ICRF couplers

A simple model is presented and used to examine the inadvertent excitation of the lower-hybrid resonance by fast wave couplers. Loading resistances due to this effect are found to be of the order of 0.1 Omega for present-generation experiments and increase with the toroidal magnetic field. An upper-bound estimate of 1 keV is obtained for the energy transferred to edge ions by the resonance. >
Effects of moderate (MF) versus lower fat (LF) diets on lipids and lipoproteins: a meta-analysis of clinical trials in subjects with and without diabetes.

Background Dyslipidemia increases coronary heart disease (CHD) risk and often presents in diabetes, which amplifies risk of CHD. Lower fat (LF) diets increase triglyceride (TG) and decrease high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C); moderate fat (MF) diets decrease TG and lower HDL-C less. Objective To quantify the magnitude of lipid and lipoprotein responses to MF versus LF cholesterol-lowering weight maintenance diets in subjects with and without diabetes. Methods A meta-analysis of 30 controlled-feeding studies (n = 1213 subjects) was conducted to evaluate LF versus MF diets on lipids and lipoproteins in subjects with and without diabetes. Results In all subjects, MF and LF diets decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) similarly. MF diets decreased HDL-C less versus LF diets. The estimated increase in HDL-C after MF diets versus LF diets was 2.28 mg/dL (95% confidence interval 1.66 to 2.90 mg/dL, P P P P P Conclusions Both men and women had greater estimated reductions (6.37% and 9.34%, respectively) in predicted CHD risk after MF diets compared to LF diets. Moreover, based on greater reductions in TG, the TC:HDL-C ratio and non–HDL-C in subjects with diabetes, the CHD risk reduction would be greater for a MF versus a LF weight maintenance, cholesterol-lowering diet.
Development of crab cavity for CESR-B

In order to realize the crab crossing scheme desired for B-factories, we designed single cell superconducting crab cavities operating in TM110 mode. A coaxial beam pipe was attached to damp dangerous monopole and dipole parasitic modes. We designed two kinds of cell shape depending on the method to cure unwanted polarization of TM110 mode; one is a round cell which will be slightly polarized and the other is an extremely polarized (squashed) cell. We made one-third scale copper/aluminum model cavities to check damping property. Q values of all dangerous monopole and dipole modes are damped to less than the order of 100, as was expected by calculations. We also measured one-third scale niobium model cavity in liquid helium. Design goals of field and Q value to provide necessary kick voltage for CESR-B were achieved successfully. These results show that our design of the crab cavity is promising to realize the crab crossing. >
Dysregulation of E-cadherin by oncogenic ras in intestinal epithelial cells is blocked by inhibiting MAP kinase

Abstract Background Mutations in oncogenic Ras contribute to colorectal tumorigenesis. Loss of the cell adhesion protein E-cadherin is associated with tumor invasion and metastasis. Methods Expression of oncogenic Ras was induced in intestinal epithelial cells. Changes in cell morphology, E-cadherin protein expression, and E-cadherin localization were examined by light microscopy, Western blot, and immunofluorescence respectively. Expression of E-cadherin in human colorectal tumors was examined by immunohistochemistry. Results Induction of oncogenic Ras results in an epithelial to mesenchymal transformation with loss of membranous E-cadherin expression and mis-localization to the cytoplasm. Removal of Ras stimulus or blockade of the MAP kinase pathway allowed reversion to a normal cellular phenotype and return of E-cadherin to the cell membrane. Loss of or decreased expression of E-cadherin was observed in seven of eight colorectal tumors. Conclusions Oncogenic Ras contributes to malignant transformation and altered E-cadherin expression in intestinal epithelial cells. Similar dysregulation of E-cadherin is found in human colorectal tumors. Ras effects on E-cadherin are critical to malignant transformation in our in-vitro model and may be an important event in human colorectal tumors.
Visualization and Analysis in Automated Trace Retrieval

This paper describes a new visualization technique for helping analysts to understand the potential impact of changing requirements, and for providing valuable early feedback on the quality of a software design. Based on the candidate links that are automatically generated by a trace retrieval tool, VisMatrix creates a graphical representation of the requirements trace matrix showing not only where candidate links exist, but also the strength of those links. New metrics derived from the trace visualization, and its underlying trace matrix, are introduced. These include ?trace clustering? for evaluating modularity, and ?trace scope? for analyzing fan-in and fan-out behavior of traces, where fan-in represents the number of requirements influencing a design artifact, and fan-out represents the degree of influence a single requirement has on the set of design artifacts. Examples are drawn from the automatically generated trace matrices of four different data sets to illustrate the visualization techniques and analyze the proposed metrics.
Usefulness and limitations of thermal washout technics in ventricular volume measurement

Abstract Thermodilution offers a simple, rapid and reproducible method for estimating ventricular volumes. No detectable side effects have been noted in using the technic. The ability to perform multiple determinations by using a “natural” indicator which does not accumulate has proved extremely helpful in studying changes in ventricular volume occurring under the influence of various physiologic and pathologic situations. Specific limitations and particular advantages of the thermodilution technic have been presented. Although final validation of the method must await the development of an accepted standard with which it can be compared in vivo, a body of indirect evidence is presented which suggests that the method permits a reliable estimate of ventricular volume.
USING IMPLEMENTATION PLANNING TO INCREASE TEACHERS’ ADHERENCE AND QUALITY TO BEHAVIOR SUPPORT PLANS

Evidence-based practices within a response-to-intervention framework must be implemented with adequate treatment integrity to promote student outcomes. However, research findings indicate educators struggle to implement interventions and logistical considerations may limit the utility of performance feedback, an evidence-based treatment integrity promotion strategy. This study evaluates the effect of implementation planning, a treatment integrity promotion strategy that includes detailed logistical planning and barrier identification adapted from an adult behavior change theory from heath psychology (i.e., the Health Action Process Approach). A multiple baseline across participants design was used to evaluate teachers’ adherence to a behavior support plan as well as their quality of implementation. Results indicated that after intervention training, adherence was initially low and variable, and quality of implementation was moderate to high and variable, but both adherence and quality increased and became less variable after implementation planning. The increases in implementation were more pronounced for two teachers, whose students also had subsequent improvements in their academic engagement and disruptive behavior. These findings highlight the relationship between adequate levels of treatment integrity and student outcomes as well as provide initial support for implementation planning.
Glycans as legislators of host–microbial interactions: spanning the spectrum from symbiosis to pathogenicity

The number of microbes associated with our gut likely exceeds our total number of somatic and germ cells. Despite their numbers, almost nothing is known about the molecular mechanisms that determine whether the interaction between a microbial species and its host will be beneficial. Recent results obtained from in vivo models have revealed critical roles for glycoconjugates in helping define the outcome of two such host-microbial relationships. In one case, attachment of Helicobacter pylori to fucosylated or sialylated glycans produced by various gastric epithelial lineages and their progenitors skews the destiny of colonization toward pathogenicity. In the second case, a molecular dissection of how Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, a normal inhabitant of the distal small intestine, is able to communicate with intestinal epithelial cells has revealed a novel role for host fucosylated glycans in forging a mutually beneficial relationship. These observations lend support to the hypothesis that the capacity to synthesize diverse carbohydrate structures may have arisen in part from our need to both evade pathogenic relationships and to coevolve symbiotic relationships with our nonpathogenic resident microbes.
The Large Numbers hypothesis and the Einstein theory of gravitation

A study of the relations between large dimensionless numbers leads one to believe that G , expressed in atomic units, varies with the epoch. The Einstein theory requires G to be constant. One can reconcile these two requirements by supposing that the Einstein theory applies with a metric that differs from the atomic metric. The theory can be developed with conservation of mass by supposing that the continual increase in the mass of the observable universe arises from a continual slowing down of the velocity of recession of the galaxies. One is led to a model of the Universe that was first proposed jointly by Einstein & de Sitter (the E.S. model). The observations of the microwave radiation fit in with this model. The static Schwarzchild metric has to be modified to fit in with the E.S. model for large r . The modification is worked out, and also the motion of planets with the new metric. It is found that there is a difference between ephemeris time and atomic time, and also that there should be an inward spiralling of the planets, referred to atomic units, superposed on the motion given by ordinary gravitational theory. These are effects that can be checked by observation, but there is no conclusive evidence up to the present.
PROFIT CENTER MANAGER COMPENSATION: AN EXAMINATION OF MARKET, POLITICAL AND HUMAN CAPITAL FACTORS

A model of the determinants of profit center manager (PCM) compensation is presented and tested. Market, political and human capital factors are included in the model development and testing. Based on a sample from several industries, this study found a complex set of variables affecting PCM compensation.
Aeroelastic response of rotorcraft

In this chapter we will examine a number of aeroelastic phenomena associated with helicopters and other rotor or propeller driven aircraft. Certain areas have been selected for treatment to illustrate some significant stability problems which are associated with the design of helicopters. The approach to be followed employs simplified modelling of various problems such that physical insight into the nature of the phenomena can be obtained. In general a complete and precise formulation of many of the problem areas discussed is highly complex and the reader is referred to the literature for these more detailed formulations.
Risk factors for opioid overdose and awareness of overdose risk among veterans prescribed chronic opioids for addiction or pain

Rising overdose fatalities among U.S. veterans suggest veterans taking prescription opioids may be at risk for overdose. However, it is unclear whether veterans prescribed chronic opioids are aware of this risk. The objective of this study was to identify risk factors and determine awareness of risk for opioid overdose in veterans treated with opioids for chronic pain, using veterans treated with methadone or buprenorphine for opioid use disorder as a high-risk comparator group. In the current study, 90 veterans on chronic opioid medication, for either opioid use disorder or pain management, completed a questionnaire assessing risk factors, knowledge, and self-estimate of risk for overdose. Nearly all veterans in both groups had multiple overdose risk factors, although individuals in the pain management group had on average a significantly lower total number of risk factors than did individuals in the opioid use disorder group (5.9 versus 8.5, p < .0001). On average, participants treated for pain management scored slightly but significantly lower on knowledge of opioid overdose risk factors (12.1 versus 13.5, p < .01). About 70% of participants, regardless of group, believed their overdose risk was below that of the average American adult. There was no significant relationship between self-estimate of overdose risk and either number or knowledge of opioid overdose risk factors. Our results suggest that veterans in both groups underestimated their risk for opioid overdose. Expansion of overdose education to include individuals on chronic opioids for pain management and a shift in educational approaches to overdose prevention may be indicated.
A review of graft versus host disease

Children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplant often require intensive care support due to their underlying disease, sepsis, infection, hemorrhage, respiratory failure and organ dysfunction. The majority of children requiring intensive care support have an allogeneic donor. These children carry a higher likelihood of graft versus host disease complicating their medical management. Understanding the process of graft versus host disease is important in the shared care of these children between pediatric intensive care physicians and the bone marrow transplant team.
Knowledge and Organizations Literature Review: 1994-1999

This papers integrates literature on Knowledge in Organizations (a.k.a. Knowledge Management) from 1994-1999 by systematically reading and cataloguing papers on this topic published in the following journals: AMJ, AMR, Organization Science, Strategic Management Journal, ASQ, and Organization Studies. It starts by considering theories of firm boundaries and ends by considering literature pertaining to inter- and intra-organizational collaboration (a.k.a. knowledge sharing).