cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of a Deterred Propellant for a Large Caliber Weapon System

Abstract There is a continuing need to increase the velocity and associated terminal performance of kinetic energy ammunition as tougher armor targets are encountered. Application of a deterrent, or burning rate reducer, into the surface of standard propellants, together with appropriate changes in geometry and loading density, has been suggested as a means of increasing velocity by as much as ten percent. The attainment of such a desirable performance gain is critically dependent on the deterrent's satisfying certain requirements: (1) chemical compatability with the base propellant, (2) sufficient penetration of the base propellant, (3) diffusion stability of the deterred region over an extended time, (4) ignitability of the deterred layer, (5) sufficient decrease in burning rate. Unfortunately, there exists only a minuscule data base on the way deterrents behave when applied to various base propellants. The deterred propellants used in small arms and anti-aircraft guns were developed by a cut-and-try technique, and the sort of data required for rational design of large caliber weapons systems, e.g. burning rates in the deterred region, is extremely scarce. Since we lack an appropriate data base we have used thermochemical calculations and burning rate estimates to identify promising deterrent/base propellant combinations. The burning rate estimates were based on empirical fits to available closed bomb and strand burner tests with small arms propellants. Several promising deterrent systems are presented, including five candidates which exhibit a decrease in burning rate with no decrease in propellant energy. On the basis of these theoretical predictions, an experimental deterrent coating and analysis study has been initiated at Radford Army Ammunition Plant.
Accumulation of lead and cadmium in wild populations of the commensal rat,Rattus norvegicus

Lead and cadmium concentrations were analyzed in the tissues ofRattus norvegicus captured from a variety of urban and rural habitats in Houston, Texas. Variations in tissue metal concentrations were expected to reflect differences in metal contamination among habitats. Tissue lead levels of urban rats were higher than those reported in the literature for other small mammal species while cadmium concentrations were lower. Lead accumulated with age in liver, kidney, and lung tissue of urban rats, and cadmium accumulated in liver and kidney tissue of female rats. Urban populations had more lead in their muscle, bone, liver, and kidney tissues as well as more cadmium in their liver tissue than did rural populations. Higher fecal lead and cadmium concentrations found among urban rats probably reflect higher levels of soil lead and cadmium contamination within urban environments. Wild rats may be ideal indicators of differences in both the levels of metal contamination within the human environment and the relative human health risks associated with these levels.
Internal mammary artery graft to pulmonary vasculature fistula: A cause of recurrent angina

Recurrent angina pectoris developed in a 59-year-old man 3 years after coronary artery bypass grafting using the left internal mammary artery. Cardiac catheterization showed a fistula between the left internal mammary artery and the pulmonary vasculature. This is an unusual documented case of postoperative internal mammary artery graft to pulmonary vasculature fistula after coronary artery bypass grafting. Division of this fistulous communication resulted in resolution of the patient's angina.
Diffuse cavernous hemangioma of the rectum: Evaluation and MRI

Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used preoperatively to stage the extent of a diffuse rectal hemangioma in a 37-year-old man with recurrent rectal bleeding. On T2-weighted MR scans, the lesion demonstrated a heterogeneous signal intensity with large portions displaying the hyperintensity characteristic of hemangiomas of solid organs. MRI did not depict calcified phleboliths evident on CT and barium enema.
Transit-Amplifying Cells Orchestrate Stem Cell Activity and Tissue Regeneration

Transit-amplifying cells (TACs) are an early intermediate in tissue regeneration. Here, using hair follicles (HFs) as a paradigm, we show that emerging TACs constitute a signaling center that orchestrates tissue growth. Whereas primed stem cells (SCs) generate TACs, quiescent SCs only proliferate after TACs form and begin expressing Sonic Hedgehog (SHH). TAC generation is independent of autocrine SHH, but the TAC pool wanes if they can't produce SHH. We trace this paradox to two direct actions of SHH: promoting quiescent-SC proliferation and regulating dermal factors that stoke TAC expansion. Ingrained within quiescent SCs' special sensitivity to SHH signaling is their high expression of GAS1. Without sufficient input from quiescent SCs, replenishment of primed SCs for the next hair cycle is compromised, delaying regeneration and eventually leading to regeneration failure. Our findings unveil TACs as transient but indispensable integrators of SC niche components and reveal an intriguing interdependency of primed and quiescent SC populations on tissue regeneration.
TGF-β1-induced inhibition of mouse mammary ductal growth: Developmental specificity and characterization

Abstract TGF-β1, implanted into growing mouse mammary glands, was previously shown to inhibit ductal growth in an apparently normal and fully reversible manner. In this report we extend these findings to show that TGF-β1 inhibition is highly specific. In pregnant or hormone-treated mice, doses of TGF-β1 that were capable of fully inhibiting ductal elongation had little effect on the proliferation of lobuloalveolar structures. Additionally, the inhibitory action of TGF-β1 on ducts is epithelium-specific, resulting in cessation of DNA synthesis in the rapidly proliferating epithelium of mammary end buds, but does not inhibit DNA synthesis in the stroma surrounding the end buds. At the cellular level, transplant studies showed that TGF-β1 inhibited the regeneration of mammary ductal cells when implanted into mammary gland-free fat pads by suppressing the formation of new end buds, without inhibiting maintenance DNA synthesis in ductal lumenal epithelium; this observation indicates the potential of TGF-β1 to maintain patterning by suppressing adventitious lateral branching. The time-course of TGF-β1 inhibition of end buds was rapid, with cessation of DNA synthesis by 12 hr, followed by loss of the stem cell (cap cell) layer. The question of glandular exposure to TGF-β1 administered in EVAc implants was also investigated. Incorporation of TGF-β1 into EVAc was found not to degrade the hormone, while the release kinetics of the ligand from implants, its retention in the gland, and the demonstrable zone of exposure were consistent with observed inhibitory effects. These results support the hypothesis that TGF-β1 is a natural regulator of mammary ductal growth.
The developing framework of marine ecotoxicology: Pollutants as a variable in marine ecosystems?

Marine ecosystems include a subset in which at least some interrelated geochemical, biochemical, physiological, population and community characteristics are changed by pollutants. Moderate contamination is relatively widespread in coastal and estuarine ecosystems, so the subset of ecosystems with at least some processes affected could be relatively large. Pollutant influences have changed and will probably continue to change on time scales of decades. Biological exposures and dose in such ecosystems are species-specific and determined by how the species is exposed to different environmental media and the geochemistry of individual pollutants within those media. Bioaccumulation models offer significant promise for interpreting such exposures. Biological responses to pollutants need to be more directly linked to exposure and dose. At the level of the individual this might be improved by better understanding relationships between tissue concentrations of pollutants and responses to pollutants. Multi-discipline field and laboratory studies combined with advanced understanding of some basic processes have reduced the ambiguities in interpreting a few physiological/organismic responses to pollutants in nature. Recognition of pollutant-induced patterns in population responses could lead to similar advances. A rational framework for ecotoxicology is developing, but its further advance is dependent upon better integration of ecotoxicology with basic marine ecology and biology.
Quantitative analysis of phospholipids from whey protein concentrates by high-performance liquid chromatography with a narrow-bore column and an evaporative light-scattering detector

A procedure for separation and quantitative determination of phospholipid classes by high-performance liquid chromatography with a narrow-bore column and a light-scattering detector was developed. Cerebrosides (CER), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylcholine (PC), sphingomeyelin (SPH), and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) were base-line resolved, and column life was improved due to low back pressure and low alkalinity of the solvents. Solvent consumption was reduced by 80%, and the detection limit was improved more than tenfold, compared to an analytical column. A gradient elution with pH modifier was necessary for good resolution of acidic phospholipids. A binary solvent system, consisting of A: chloroform/methanol, 80:20 and B: chloroform/methanol/water/ammonium hydroxide (20%), 60:34:6:0.25, was used. Analysis was completed in 36 min, and repeated injections of the samples were possible. The method was applied to the analysis of phospholipids from whey protein concentrates (WPC). Phospholipids in WPC (75% protein) contained (%, w/w) 3.57±0.13 CER; 18.13±1.23 Pl; 4.45±0.21 PE; 7.45±0.58 PS; 30.54±1.84 PC; 35.82±1.16 SPH; and no detectable LPC.
For complex disease genetics, collaboration drives progress

A principal tool in the development of etiology-based therapies is the identification of the genetic determinants of disease. The logic of this approach rests on the expectation that knowledge of the genetic variants underlying disease will enhance our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of disease and reveal viable points for therapeutic intervention. Because of the general adoption of this paradigm, genetics has been a dominant force in disease investigation over the past 25 years. Success in this area has come in waves, each driven by new methods and technology. Linkage (identifying segments of the genome that are associated with given traits), positional sequencing (sequencing specific candidate genes based on their location), genome-wide association (examining genetic variants in a genome-wide manner across individuals for association with a trait), and family-based next-generation sequencing have each produced startling new phases of genetic discovery. The study by Cirulli et al. ( 1 ), reported on page 1436 of this issue, marks an early success in another phase of gene discovery: the application of exome sequencing in large case-control cohorts to identify genetic factors involved in complex disease. This is one of the first successes in this area and provides insights into amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), as well as broader lessons for disease gene discovery.
A framework for polarized radiance signature prediction for natural scenes

As the interest in polarization sensitive imaging systems increases, the modeling tools used to perform instrument trade studies and to generate data for algorithm testing must be adapted to correctly predict polarization signatures. The incorporation of polarization into the image chain simulated by these tools must address the modeling of the natural illuminants (e.g. Sun, Moon, Sky), background sources (e.g. adjacent objects), the polarized Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (pBRDF) of surfaces, atmospheric propagation (extinction, scattering and self-emission) and sensor effects (e.g. optics, filters). Although, each of these links in the image chain may utilize unique modeling approaches, they must be integrated under a framework that addresses important aspects such as a unified coordinate space and a common polarization state convention. This paper presents a modeling framework for the prediction of polarized signatures within a natural scene. The proposed image chain utilizes community developed modeling tools including an experimental version of MODTRAN and BRDF models that have been either derived or extended for polarization (e.g. Beard-Maxwell, Priest-Germer, etc.). This description also includes the theory utilized in the modeling tools incorporated into the image chain model to integrate these links into a full signature prediction capability. Analytical and experimental lab studies are presented to demonstrate the correct implementation and integration of the described image chain framework within the Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Image Generation (DIRSIG) model.
Emla versus ice as a topical anesthetic.

Background. There are many different topical anesthetics available. Ice is an easy to use and inexpensive topical anesthetic. There are studies comparing different topical anesthetics but none have used ice. Objective. To evaluate the efficacy between EMLA (2.5% lidocaine and 2.5% prilocaine cream) and ice prior to injection with a 30-gauge needle containing a painful stimuli. Method. A fingertip amount of EMLA cream was placed on the upper left arm and occluded with a bandage for an average of 52 minutes. Ice in a rubber glove was placed on the right upper arm for 1–2 minutes. The EMLA site, ice site, and a control site without anesthetic were tested for cutaneous analgesia with an injection of 1% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine through a 30-gauge needle using a 3 cc syringe. Discomfort was recorded using a visual acuity scale (VAS). Analysis of data was performed using a t test paired sample of two means. Results. Statistically there was a significant difference in pain control between EMLA and ice (P < .05), EMLA and control (P < .01), and ice and control (P < .01). Clinically patients felt that EMLA performed slightly better as an analgesic than ice, and both EMLA and ice were more efficacious than the control. Conclusion. Both EMLA and ice decreased the discomfort associated with needle injection. Although EMLA performed better in pain control, ice has advantages in ease of use, fast action, and is less expensive than EMLA. Both EMLA and ice were good topical anesthetics, each with advantages and disadvantages in clinical use.
On the Inherent Curvature of the Arrhenius Plot in Diffusion Experiments

The well known thermodynamic treatment of activated processes is used to determine the magnitude of inherent curvature of the Arrhenius plot, with specific application to the case of diffusion by means of a monovacancy mechanism. It is shown that the temperature dependence of the apparent activation energy Q is given by dQ/dT ≡ B = ΔCp where ΔCp is the difference in specific heat of the material containing an activated vacancy and of the perfect lattice. An estimate of B shows that |B|/R≦ 1.0 (where B is in molar units and R is the gas constant). On the other hand, available diffusion data for metals B-values which are an order of magnitude higher. It is therefore concluded that the observed curvature is not due to an inherent effect, but to the existence of more than one mechanism of diffusion. Die gut bekannte thermodynamische Behandlung aktivierter Prozesse wird zur Bestimmung der Grose der Eigenkrummung der Arrheniuskurve benutzt, wobei der Fall der Diffusion uber einen einfachen Leerstellenmechanismus besonders berucksichtigt wird. Es wird gezeigt, das die Temperaturabhangigkeit der scheinbaren Aktivierungsenergie Q durch dQ/dT ≡ B = ΔCp gegeben ist, wobei ΔCp die Differenz der spezifischen Warmen des Materials mit einer aktivierten Leerstelle und des perfekten Gitters ist. Eine Berechnung von B zeigt, das |B|/R≦ 1,0 ist (B in molaren Einheiten, R Gaskonstante). Auf der anderen Seite zeigen die zur Verfugung stehenden Diffusionswerte fur Metalle. B-Werte, die eine Grosenordnung hoher sind. Es wird deshalb vermutet, das die beobachteten Krummungen nicht durch einen eigenen Effekt, sondern durch das Vorhandensein von mehr als einem Diffusionsmechanismus verursacht werden.
Virtual spaces and real world places: transfer of route knowledge

It has been widely suggested, but rarely demonstrated, that virtual environments (VEs) are effective training media. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate how well a VE model of a complex office building trained individuals to navigate in the actual building. Sixty participants studied route directions and landmark photographs, then rehearsed the route using either the VE model, the actual building, or verbal directions and photographs. The VE model was presented in real time via a head-tracked display. Half of the participants in each rehearsal group also studied route maps. Everyone's route knowledge was then measured in the actual building. Building configuration knowledge was also measured. VE rehearsal produced more route knowledge than verbal rehearsal, but less than with rehearsal in the actual building. Type of rehearsal had no effect on configuration knowledge. Map study influenced neither route nor configuration knowledge. These results suggest that VEs that adequately represent real world complexity can be effective training media for learning complex routes in buildings, and should be considered whenever the real world site is unavailable for training.
Implications of smart materials in advanced prosthetics

This research reviews common implant materials and suggests smart materials that may be used as substitutes. Current prosthetic technology, including artificial limbs, joints, and soft and hard tissue, falls short in comprehensive characterization of the chemo-mechanics and materials relationships of the natural tissues and their prosthetic materials counterparts. Many of these unknown chemo-mechanical properties in natural tissue systems maintain cooperative function that allows for optimum efficiency in performance and healing. Traditional prosthetic devices have not taken into account the naturally occurring electro-chemo-mechanical stress- strain relationships that normally exist in a tissue system. Direct mechanical deformation of tissue and cell membrane as a possible use of smart materials may lead to improved prosthetic devices once the mechanosensory systems in living tissues are identified and understood. Smart materials may aid in avoiding interfacial atrophy which is a common cause of prosthetic failure. Finally, we note that advanced composite materials have not received sufficient attention, they should be more widely used in prosthetics. Their structural efficiency allows design and construction of truly efficient bionic devices.
Scission point configuration of thermal-neutron induced fission of /sup 235/U

Trajectory calculations of the long-range $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles emitted in thermal-neutron induced fission of $^{235}\mathrm{U}$ have been carried out based on the initial conditions determined by the statistical theory of fission. The results agree very well with the experimental results of angular and energy distributions of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particle and thus lend strong support to the statistical theory. The discrepancy of this calculation with the best-fit trajectory calculations is resolved by showing that the latter are mathematically correct but physically wrong because they contradict with the experimental results of the number of prompt neutrons emitted per fission.
Azulene analogs of pharmacological agents III: Acute toxicity and local anesthetic activity of azulylamides and azulenecarboxamides

This paper describes the acute toxicity of two azulylamides and six azulenecarboxamides and the nerve conduction-inhibiting properties of some of these compounds. The azulene derivatives are compared to their benzenoid prototypes, lidocaine and procainamide, as part of a continuing investigation of the biological properties of nonbenzenoid aromatic compounds.
NF-κB inducing kinase (NIK) modulates melanoma tumorigenesis by regulating expression of pro-survival factors through the Β-catenin pathway

Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) inducing kinase (NIK) is a MAP3K that regulates the activation of NF-κB. NIK is often highly expressed in tumor cells, including melanoma, but the significance of this in melanoma progression has been unclear. Tissue microarray analysis of NIK expression reveals that dysplastic nevi (n=22), primary (n=15) and metastatic melanoma (n=13) lesions showed a statistically significant elevation in NIK expression when compared with benign nevi (n=30). Moreover, when short hairpin RNA techniques were used to knock-down NIK, the resultant NIK-depleted melanoma cell lines exhibited decreased proliferation, increased apoptosis, delayed cell cycle progression and reduced tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model. As expected, when NIK was depleted there was decreased activation of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway, whereas canonical NF-κB activation remained intact. NIK depletion also resulted in reduced expression of genes that contribute to tumor growth, including CXCR4, c-MYC and c-MET, and pro-survival factors such as BCL2 and survivin. These changes in gene expression are not fully explained by the attenuation of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway. Shown here for the first time is the demonstration that NIK modulates β-catenin-mediated transcription to promote expression of survivin. NIK-depleted melanoma cells exhibited downregulation of survivin as well as other β-catenin regulated genes including c-MYC, c-MET and CCND2. These data indicate that NIK mediates both β-catenin and NF-κB regulated transcription to modulate melanoma survival and growth. Thus, NIK may be a promising therapeutic target for melanoma.
A pilot study of methylphenidate preference assessment in children diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Objective: The use of methylphenidate (MPH) in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is widely accepted; however, there is increased concern regarding its abuse potential...
Regulation of both preproenkephalin mRNA and its derived opioids by haloperidol--a method for measurement of peptides and mRNA in the same tissue extract.

Abstract The goal of this study was to delineate the effects of dopamine antagonists on the regulation of preproenkephalin mRNA and opioid peptides in the rat brain. We have developed a method whereby both mRNA and peptides can be efficiently measured in the same tissue extract, thus reducing the effects of intraspecies variation, differences in dissection and the number of animals required for statistical significance. A sub-chronic dose of haloperidol (3 mg/kg given i.p. in 100 μl DMSO daily for 5 days) produced a 1.8-fold increase (P
Novel materials from theory

The structures of crystals can be predicted using information about their chemical composition as the only input. Such approaches will greatly aid the search for new materials.
Some Probabilistic Aspects of Set Partitions

(1997). Some Probabilistic Aspects of Set Partitions. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 104, No. 3, pp. 201-209.
Interface in a three dimensional XY model with a spatially varying coupling constant

Abstract We have studied the three dimensional XY model with a nearest-neighbor coupling constant K varying linearly with position. In the region where K passes through its critical value there is an interface separating the ordered portion of the lattice from the disordered portion. We have used Monte Carlo simulations to elucidate the properties of this interface; in particular we have compared our results with the predictions of a simple scaling theory. This interface is analogous to one separating the superfluid and normal phases of liquid 4 He in the presence of a gravitational field.
Assessing communicative intents: a situated pragmatics approach.

The analysis of communicative intents is described as it has developed over time, beginning with J.L. Austin's work published in 1975. Recommendations for best practice are offered in which a situated approach is advocated. Key elements of this approach are a focus on contextual variables and open-ended, rather than list-oriented, assessments of range of intents. It is argued that intents must be assessed relative to the environment, with documentation of environmental variables such as barriers to communicative opportunity. Further, caution is urged in using lists of intents as the sole guide to analysis, because such lists serve to limit awareness of individual differences and multifunctionality of utterances.
CLONING AND EXPRESSION OF A PLANT HOMOLOGUE OF THE SMALL SUBUNIT OF THE GOLGI-ASSOCIATED CLATHRIN ASSEMBLY PROTEIN AP19 FROM CAMPTOTHECA ACUMINATA

Clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) are involved in selective protein transport in eukaryotes. AP-1 and AP-2 are protein complexes found in the CCVs of the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane respectively. AP19 is the smallest polypeptide chain components of AP-1. We have identified a cDNA clone (CAP19) encoding a putative homologue for the assembly protein AP19 from the Chinese medicinal tree, Camptotheca acuminata. The deduced polypeptide contains 161 amino acids and has a predicted Mr of 18 820. DNA blot analysis suggests that the AP19s of C. acuminata are encoded by a small gene family. CAP19 was expressed ubiquitously throughout the plant suggesting that it may be involved in general Golgi-mediated secretion.
Results of intradermal skin tests with Trichina antigen in allergic and normal individuals.

Abstract 1.1. Two groups of patients were skin tested with Trichina antigens. The normal group reacted in 7.4 per cent of the cases and the allergic group in 22.6 per cent. 2.2. Of the allergic group, those who reacted positively also reacted to a greater percentage of the other allergens, 43 per cent of inhalants, and 33 per cent of the foods, whereas the nonreactors gave positive reactions to only 26 per cent of the inhalants and 22 per cent of the foods. 3.3. The possibility of false positive reactions, latent previous infestations, or an excess of H-substance in the skin of allergic individuals must be considered in interpreting these tests. 4.4. The trichinosis skin test as a diagnostic procedure in normal and more particularly in allergic individuals is of definitely limited importance for the diagnosis of recent infestation. 5.5. However, a negative reaction in an allergic individual, provided the disease is of five to six weeks' duration, might be of significance in ruling out trichinosis.
Decomposition of 11-deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone in soda-lime glass.

Abstract When methanolic solutions of tritiated 11-deoxycorticosterone or corticosterone (0.1 to 300 ng) were evaporated to dryness with a stream of nitrogen in soda-lime test tubes only 8–24% of the radioactivity was recovered as the parent steroid. Evaporation in borosilicate test tubes led to a recovery of 90% or more. With ethyl acetate as solvent no decomposition occurred in soda-lime test tubes.
A Concise Method for Computing Normal Curve Areas Using a Calculator.

A concise method for computing areas under the normal curve using only functions typically found on desk and hand calculators (TANH, ex, or yx) is given. One version of this method will give three-decimal-place accuracy, and a second, simpler version gives accuracy to two places.
25.1: Luminance Probes for Contrast Measurements in Medical Displays

We report on a comparative study that examines four conic luminance probes in their ability to measure small-spot display contrast. We performed linear scans of a slit using a computer-controlled stage. We found that, although the probes were assembled according to the same design, small differences in their performance due to minor variations in materials and surfaces can be measured.
The treatment of cerebrovascular thromboses and embolism with fibrinolytic agents.

H UMAN fibrinolysin and streptokinaset have been shown to dissolve fresh intravascular thrombi in several pathologic situations.1-3 These agents have been administered to extremely ill patients without serious side effects. Our results and those of others in treatment of patients with peripheral thrombophlebitis, peripheral arterial thrombosis and embolism, retinal artery and venous thromboses, coronary thrombosis, priapism and other conditions have already been discussed in this Symposium. As indicated in a previous paper in this Symposium,4 our primary purpose to the present time has been to improve the materials available and to obtain satisfactory evidence that clinical improvement can be obtained in thromboembolic states. Our attention has now been directed to developing the most satisfactory methods of treatment and determining the situations in which a good response may be expected. This paper presents the results of our experiences with patients with cerebrovascular thrombosis and embolism. It is obvious that cerebral thrombosis and embolism,5 and coronary thrombosis are among the most pressing clinical problems for investigation.
Tracing the Everyday 'Sitings' of Adolescents on the Internet: a strategic adaptation of ethnography across online and offline spaces

This article argues for the need to move beyond place-based ethnography and develop ethnographic methodologies that follow the moving, traveling practices of adolescents online and offline. In the first part of the article, challenges to traditional ethnographic constructs such as place, identity, and participant obervation, and the ways in which these constructs are further destabilized in research online are reviewed. Secondly, at the center of the discussion, a common misconception of the Internet as somehow radically separate from everyday life is critiqued. Thirdly, possible interpretive methodologies are discussed for following connections and circulations in research that travels, with adolescents, across online and offline spaces. These methodologies include tracing the flows of objects, texts, and bodies, analyzing the construction of boundaries within and around texts, and focusing upon the remarkable ways in which texts represent and embed multiple contexts.
Chemical Composition of Cotton Dust and its Relation to Byssinosis: A Review of the Literature

The literature on the chemical composition of cotton dust and its relation to byssinosis has been reviewed. It appears that the component of cotton dust that is a major cause of byssinosis may be an aminopolysaccharide. Recommendations are made for further studies that might point the way to reducing or eliminating the byssinosis problem.
An investigation of the wear mechanism leading to self-replenishing transfer films

Abstract Since the late 1980s, interest has risen in solid powder lubrication due to its proven ability to provide low friction and wear in interfaces unsuitable for traditional oils. This may be in the form of augmenting oil performance as an additive, or in the form of thin, solid transfer films since it was found that sliding materials sometimes inherently generate a film that can protect the contact interface during relative motion. In particular, in situ self- replenishing solid lubrication has shown the ability to maintain lubricious conditions through the continual deposition of thin powder transfer films to “dry” surface asperities from a sacrificial compact. An emerging class of self-lubricating compacts is being developed by compacting lamellar powder particles into different homogeneous and heterogeneous solid lubricant structures or “pellets.” An in situ self-replenishing solid lubricant system may be created by placing these pellets into tribosystems in such a way that their transferred film is continuously applied to dry asperities in load-bearing interfaces. Therefore, special emphasis must be given to understanding the method of transfer film deposition and depletion, if the lubrication process is to be predicted, controlled, and optimized. The purpose of this investigation is to examine the wear mechanisms which govern transfer film deposition and depletion in an in situ self-replenishing system, such that a more accurate modeling approach may be undertaken in the future. Surface analysis of contact interfaces was performed using an optical interferometer, while friction and wear relationships were gleaned from experiments on a pellet-on-disk with slider pad tribometer. Through an analysis of numerous qualitative and quantitative parameters that describe surface topography, it was found that abrasive wear is the predominant wear mechanism governing the transfer film process. Consequently, an alternate wear description of the in situ self-replenishing transfer film lubrication process is proposed.
Detection and Function of Opioid Receptors on Cells from the Immune System

Opioid alkaloids and peptides, such as morphine and the endogenous opioid peptides, including β-endorphin and the dynorphin peptides, modulate the function of lymphocytes and other cells involved in host defense and immunity. In recent years, investigations from several laboratories have indicated
High frequency imaging transducers from hollow spheres

Single element transducers were designed and built using shelf sections of piezoelectric hollow spheres. The shell sections provide inherent focal depths and allow for the easy production of low f-number transducers. Because of the low f-numbers, these transducers have improved lateral resolution compared to other transducers operating at the same frequency. Spheres were mass-produced using the sacrificial core technique and had diameters of 1-3 mm and wall thickness from 20 to 120 /spl mu/m. The lead titanate transducers described here had thickness mode resonance frequencies ranging from 25 MHz to 70 MHz. Electromechanical properties and pulse-echo response of these transducers were evaluated. Skin images taken with an Ultrasonic Backscatter Microscope at 55 MHz are also presented.
Range assignment problem on the Steiner tree based topology in ad hoc wireless networks

This paper describes an efficient method for introducing relay nodes in the given communication graph. Our algorithm assigns transmitting ranges to the nodes such that the cost of range assignment function is minimal over all connecting range assignments in the graph. The main contribution of this paper is the O(N log N) algorithm to add relay nodes to the wireless communication network and 2-approximation to assign transmitting ranges to nodes (original and relay). It does not assume that communication graph to be a unit disk graph. The output of the algorithm is the minimal Steiner tree on the graph consists of terminal (original) nodes and relay (additional) nodes. The output of approximation is the range assignments to the nodes.
Disruption of the Rhythmic Activity of the Medullary Inspiratory Neurons and Phrenic Nerve by Fentanyl and Reversal with Nalbuphine

The effects of intravenous administration of fentanyl (50 and 100 micrograms/kg) on the discharge activity of the medullary inspiratory neurons and of the phrenic nerve were studied following vagotomy in nine decerebrate, paralyzed mechanically ventilated cats. In six cats, the inspiratory neurons explored were in the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) associated with the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS), while in the remaining three, they were in the ventral respiratory group (VRG). In the former group, the rhythmic discharge of the inspiratory neurons was disrupted by fentanyl and replaced by a continuous discharge superimposed with irregularly occurring bursts. These changes were also reflected by the phrenic nerve discharge. Inspiratory neuronal activity increased significantly (P less than 0.05) at 1 and 5 min after completion of fentanyl injection. Disruption of the rhythmic activity of the inspiratory neurons and its replacement by a continuous and irregular discharge may lead to sustained contraction of inspiratory muscles and cessation of respiration. In the VRG, the activity of the inspiratory neurons was totally abolished by fentanyl. Thus, it appears that different groups of medullary inspiratory neurons have differential sensitivity to fentanyl. Nalbuphine, an opiate agonist-antagonist, restored the normal pattern and magnitude of the activity of the inspiratory neurons.
A regularized flow quantification method using MRI tagging and Single Echo Acquisition imaging

Single Echo Acquisition (SEA) imaging is a fully parallel imaging method that can be used to image rapid flow at the frame rate as high as 200 frames per second. Previous work has shown that SEA imaging can visualize turbulent flows, and discussed a preliminary tool for quantitatively analyzing 2D rapid fluid flows using SEA imaging and the HARmonic Phase (HARP) method. In this paper, the quantification method was further developed to use physical model to constrain the HARP flow analysis. Specifically, the method uses Navier-Stokes and continuity equations to regularize the flow analysis. The method is applied to the tagged SEA MR image sequence of turbulent flows to test its effectiveness. The results from the new method was demonstrated and compared with the flow field obtained from the conventional HARP method.
Lead: who bears the burden?

Few pediatric public health issues have generated as much publicity, controversy, and concern as that of exposure to lead and its effects on the developing nervous system. Although debate continues regarding the actual effects in children of exposure to low levels of lead, consensus exists that the toxic effects of exposure to lead carry neurobehavioral risks at levels as low as 0.48 μmol/L (10 μg/dL). Heightened awareness of the risks for exposure to low levels of lead gave rise to the 1991 recommendations by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for preventing exposures to toxic levels of lead in young children.1Acceptable blood lead levels were modified from the 1985 standards of 1.21 μmol/L (25 μg/dL) to 0.48 μmol/L (10 μg/dL). Testing of blood lead levels is recognized as the only reliable method of screening. Essentially, children with levels of 0.48 to 1.21 μmol/L (10 to 25
Comparison of an analytical and an iterative based collimator-detector response compensation method in SPECT

This study compares two collimator-detector response (CDR) compensation methods in SPECT; an analytical method by Pan et al. (1997), and an iterative method which accurately models the CDR. The spatial resolution recovery is evaluated using simulated data of a point source placed at different distances from the center-of-rotation of the camera. The image noise properties are evaluated using simulated data from a uniform disk phantom. The two methods provide general improvement in spatial resolution but generate reconstructed point source images showing different asymmetric shapes. The analytical method is fast but assumes CDR characteristics that are not fully met in practice. It amplifies high frequency noise drastically. To reduce the noise level, a smoothing filter is used with concurrent degradation in resolution. The iterative method is much slower but achieves improved spatial resolution with lower noise in the reconstructed images. We conclude that the iterative method provides more accurate CDR compensation and lower image noise as compared with the analytical method at a cost of a longer computation time.
The "marriage with a deceased wife's sister bill" controversy: incest anxiety and the defense of family purity in Victorian England.

In 1835 the English Lord Chancellor Lyndhurst introduced into the House of Lords a bill to correct an ambiguity in the law concerning marriages within prohibited degrees. The existing law, based on the 1533 Henrican statute fixing the degrees of consanguinity and affinity, specified that marriages within prohibited degrees could be annulled at any time within the lifetime of both spouses by the Ecclesiastical Court. Lord Lyndhurst argued that the uncertain status of such “voidable marriages” created an inconvenience and hardship for the married persons and especially for their children, who could during their parents' lifetime be declared illegitimate. His specific motive was to guarantee the legitimacy and inheritance of the son of the seventh Duke of Beaufort, who had married his deceased wife's half-sister, a relationship within the prohibited degrees. Lyndhurst proposed that parliament pass a bill to limit to two years the time within which marriages could be annulled.The consensus in parliament was that the ambiguity of “voidable marriages” should be eliminated, and they readily passed a revised form of Lord Lyndhurst's bill, declaring that all marriages within the prohibited degrees of affinity contracted before August 31, 1835 were immediately and absolutely valid. Yet, even as they eased restrictions on existing marriages, they tightened the law for the future by adding a clause which made marriages of both affinity and consanguinity contracted after that date absolutely void.In the parliamentary debate on the bill, there was some opposition from those who argued that marriages within certain degrees of affinity, in particular a man and his deceased wife's sister, should be permitted.
Mitochondrial calcium uptake stimulates nitric oxide production in mitochondria of bovine vascular endothelial cells

Although nitric oxide (NO) is a known modulator of cell respiration in vascular endothelium, the presence of a mitochondria-specific nitric oxide synthase (mtNOS) in these cells is still a controve...
Near-field, phase-sensitive spectroscopy of metal nanoassemblies

We study amplitude and phase responses of individual gold nanoparticles and nanoparticle dimers by applying near-field illumination with a bright, broad-band, femtosecond, white-light continuum.
TRPV1 receptors and nasal trigeminal chemesthesis

The trigeminal nerve responds to a wide variety of irritants. Trigeminal nerve fibers express several receptors that respond to chemicals, including TRPV1 (vanilloid) receptors, acid-sensing ion channels, P2X (purinergic) receptors, and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. In order to assess whether TRPV1 plays a role in responses to a broad array of substances, TRPV1 (along with green fluorescent protein) was expressed in human embyonic kidney cells (HEK) 293t cells which were then stimulated with diverse trigeminal irritants. Calcium imaging was used to measure responses to capsaicin, amyl acetate, cyclohexanone, acetic acid, toluene, benzaldehyde, (-)-nicotine, (R)-(+)-limonene, (R)-(-)-carvone, and (S)-(+)-carvone. Three irritants (acetic acid and the 2 carvones) stimulated nontransfected controls. Two irritants (capsaicin and cyclohexanone) stimulated only transfected cells. The response could be eliminated with capsazepine, a TRPV1 blocker. The 5 remaining irritants were nonstimulatory in both nontransfected and transfected cells. Because all the compounds tested on HEK cells elicited neural responses from the ethmoid branch of the trigeminal nerve in rats, the 5 nonstimulatory compounds must do so by a non-TRPV1 receptor. These results suggest that TRPV1 serves as a receptor for both cyclohexanone and capsaicin in trigeminal nerve endings.
Is dependence on one drug associated with dependence on other drugs? The cases of alcohol, caffeine and nicotine.

Several studies have correlated the use of one drug with that of another drug; however, whether dependence on one drug is associated with dependence on another drug, independent of any use/use association, is unclear. We asked 196 randomly-selected subjects the DSM-IV criteria for dependence as applied to alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine. Among ever users, the severity of alcohol vs nicotine dependence and alcohol vs caffeine dependence was related, but this relationship was weak (r = .22 & .31). Nicotine and caffeine dependence were not correlated. These results fail to confirm theories of commonality that hypothesize dependence on one drug predisposes to dependence on another drug.
Beamforming using support vector machines

Support vector machines (SVMs) have improved generalization performance over other classical optimization techniques. Here, we introduce an SVM-based approach for linear array processing and beamforming. The development of a modified cost function is presented and it is shown how it can be applied to the problem of linear beamforming. Finally, comparison examples are included to show the validity of the new minimization approach.
Sry-Independent Overexpression of Sox9 Supports Spermatogenesis and Fertility in the Mouse

The Y chromosome gene Sry is responsible for sex determination in mammals and initiates a cascade of events that direct differentiation of bipotential genital ridges toward male-specific fate. Sox9 is an autosomal gene and a primary downstream target of SRY. The activation of Sox9 in the absence of Sry is sufficient for initiation of male-specific sex determination. Sry-to-Sox9 replacement has mostly been studied in the context of sex determination during early embryogenesis. Here, we tested whether Sry-to-Sox9 replacement affects male fertility in adulthood. We examined males with the Y chromosome carrying a deletion removing the endogenous Sry, with testes determination driven either by the Sox9 (XY(Tdym1)Sox9) or the Sry (XY(Tdym1)Sry) transgenes as well as wild-type males (XY). XY(Tdym1)Sox9 males had reduced testes size, altered testes shape and vasculature, and increased incidence of defects in seminiferous epithelium underlying the coelomic blood vessel region when compared to XY(Tdym1)Sry and XY. There were no differences between XY(Tdym1)Sry and XY(Tdym1)Sox9 males in respect to sperm number, motility, morphology, and ability to fertilize oocytes in vitro, but for some parameters, transgenic males were impaired when compared to XY. In fecundity trials, XY(Tdym1)Sry, XY(Tdym1)Sox9, and XY males yielded similar average numbers of pups and litters. Overall, our findings support that males lacking the testis determinant Sry can be fertile and reinforce the notion that Sry does not play a role in mature gonads. Although transgenic Sox9 overexpression in the absence of Sry results in certain testicular abnormalities, it does not translate into fertility impairment.
Large-scale transcriptional profiling of murine mammary development

Stephen R. Mastera,b,d and Lewis A. Chodosha,c,d,∗ Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA