cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RETAIL ISLAMIC FINANCIAL SERVICES IN NORTH AMERICA: THE (UPPER) MICHIGAN CONNECTION

The purpose of this paper is to explore how a small remote Midwestern bank reformulated itself into a major marketer of retail Islamic financial services in the United States and influenced Islamic financial services marketing in North America. The paper is based on a review of existing literature and a case study of how University Bank, now based in Ann Arbor, Michigan, has become the leading provider of Islamic financial services in the United States. University Bank whose principals are Roman Catholic identified the Muslim market in Southeast Michigan as measurable, differentiable, accessible and substantial. As part of the Bank's reformulation strategy it has successfully executed a strategic plan to capture this growing market in the United States and North America. The paper draws attention to the often ignored attractiveness of the Muslim market in North America as well as highlights how a small, nimble organization has been able to capitalize on using Muslims as a market segmentation variable.
Guest Editor’s Introduction: Special Issue on Participation Anxiety

I would like to thank Professor John Hawley and Professor Nalini Iyer for inviting me to edit this special issue, Professor Robin Field for her immaculate and generous editorial assistance, all the...
Molecular simulations on diameter effect of carbon nanotube for separation of CO_2/CH_4

Biomethane route has large potential in emission reduction and energy saving. One of the key issues is separation of biogas in operating conditions of 333 K and 0.1 MPa. Grand canonical Monte Carlo(GCMC) and equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations(EMD) were used to compute adsorption loadings and self-diffusivities of CH4/CO2 at various diameters of carbon nanotube(CNT) bundles. Single component and equimolar gases were simulated. CO2 always had larger adsorption loading and diffusion coefficient than CH4 as the result of relatively strong interaction between CO2 molecules and tube walls, due to the confined capacity. The permselectivity reached a maximum in closely 1 nm, and under such conditions the separation process was controlled by adsorption rather than diffusion.
Efficient Generic Arithmetic for KKW

Katz et al., CCS 2018 (KKW) is a popular and efficient MPC-in-the-head non-interactive ZKP (NIZK) scheme, which is the technical core of the post-quantum signature scheme Picnic, currently considered for standardization by NIST. The KKW approach simultaneously is concretely efficient, even on commodity hardware, and does not rely on trusted setup. Importantly, the approach scales linearly in the circuit size with low constants with respect to proof generation time, proof verification time, proof size, and RAM consumption. However, KKW works with Boolean circuits only and hence incurs significant cost for circuits that include arithmetic operations.
A neonatal leporine model of age-dependent natural heart regeneration after myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVES Neonatal rodents and piglets naturally regenerate the injured heart after myocardial infarction. We hypothesized that neonatal rabbits also exhibit natural heart regeneration after myocardial infarction. METHODS New Zealand white rabbit kits underwent sham surgery or left coronary ligation on postnatal day 1 (n = 94), postnatal day 4 (n = 11), or postnatal day 7 (n = 52). Hearts were explanted 1 day postsurgery to confirm ischemic injury, at 1 week postsurgery to assess cardiomyocyte proliferation, and at 3 weeks postsurgery to assess left ventricular ejection fraction and scar size. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. RESULTS Size of ischemic injury as a percentage of left ventricular area was similar after myocardial infarction on postnatal day 1 versus on postnatal day 7 (42.3% ± 5.4% vs 42.3% ± 4.7%, P = .9984). Echocardiography confirmed severely reduced ejection fraction at 1 day after postnatal day 1 myocardial infarction (33.7% ± 5.3% vs 65.2% ± 5.5% for postnatal day 1 sham, P = .0001), but no difference at 3 weeks after postnatal day 1 myocardial infarction (56.0% ± 4.0% vs 58.0% ± 3.3% for postnatal day 1 sham, P = .2198). Ejection fraction failed to recover after postnatal day 4 myocardial infarction (49.2% ± 1.8% vs 58.5% ± 5.8% for postnatal day 4 sham, P = .0109) and postnatal day 7 myocardial infarction (39.0% ± 7.8% vs 60.2% ± 5.0% for postnatal day 7 sham, P < .0001). At 3 weeks after infarction, fibrotic scar represented 5.3% ± 1.9%, 14.3% ± 4.9%, and 25.4% ± 13.3% of the left ventricle area in the postnatal day 1, postnatal day 4, and postnatal day 7 groups, respectively. An increased proportion of peri-infarct cardiomyocytes expressed Ki67 (15.9% ± 1.8% vs 10.2% ± 0.8%, P = .0039) and aurora B kinase (4.0% ± 0.9% vs 1.5% ± 0.6%, P = .0088) after postnatal day 1 myocardial infarction compared with sham, but no increase was observed after postnatal day 7 myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS A neonatal leporine myocardial infarction model reveals that newborn rabbits are capable of age-dependent natural heart regeneration.
Information Gaps and Science Needed to Support Sustainable Coasts

As discussed in the prior chapters, climate change is altering ecosystems on a global scale and impacting human welfare and health. The effects are highly varied and most pronounced along coasts. Furthermore, impacts to coastal regions are likely to be highly variable and accelerated in decades ahead. A key issue for coastal resource managers is to identify how, where, and when to adapt to the changes that will result from sea-level rise and changes in climate. These require cost-effective methods that benefit or minimize impacts to both the natural environment and human populations. Another important issue is deciding how to fund such measures. To facilitate adaptation decisions, policy makers need credible scientific information. Predicting sea-level rise impacts such as shoreline change, wetland loss, and other ecosystem impacts with a high degree of confidence and precision is not possible at this time although the general scientific understanding of coastal response to climate change is well established.
Putting names to faces: Successful encoding of associative memories activates the anterior hippocampal formation

The ability to form associations between previously unrelated items of information, such as names and faces, is an essential aspect of episodic memory function. The neural substrate that determines success vs. failure in learning these associations remains to be elucidated. Using event-related functional MRI during the encoding of novel face-name associations, we found that successfully remembered face-name pairs showed significantly greater activation in the anterior hippocampal formation bilaterally and left inferior prefrontal cortex, compared to pairs that were forgotten. Functional connectivity analyses revealed significant correlated activity between the right and left hippocampus and neocortical regions during successful, but not attempted, encoding. These findings suggest that anterior regions of the hippocampal formation, in particular, are crucial for successful associative encoding and that the degree of coordination between hippocampal and neocortical activity may predict the likelihood of subsequent memory.
Expression and organization of BP74, a cyclic AMP-regulated gene expressed during Dictyostelium discoideum development.

Abstract We have characterized a cDNA and the corresponding gene for a cyclic AMP-inducible gene expressed during Dictyostelium development. This gene, BP74, was found to be first expressed about the time of aggregate formation, approximately 6 h after starvation. Accumulation of BP74 mRNA did not occur in Dictyostelium cells that had been starved in fast-shaken suspension cultures but was induced in similar cultures to which cyclic AMP pulses had been added. The BP74 cDNA and gene were characterized by DNA sequence analysis and transcriptional mapping. When the BP74 promoter region was fused with a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene and reintroduced into Dictyostelium cells, the transfected chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene displayed the same developmentally regulated pattern of expression as did the endogenous BP74 gene, suggesting that all of the cis-acting elements required for regulated expression were carried by a 2-kilobase cloned genomic fragment. On the basis of sequence analysis, the gene appeared to encode a protein containing a 20-residue hydrophobic sequence at the amino-terminal end and 26 copies of a 20-amino-acid repeat.
A survey of text classification algorithms

The problem of classification has been widely studied in the data mining, machine learning, database, and information retrieval communities with applications in a number of diverse domains, such as target marketing, medical diagnosis, news group filtering, and document organization. In this paper we will provide a survey of a wide variety of text classification algorithms.
Instability Heating Of The HDZP

We present a model of dense Z-Pinch heating. For pinches of sufficiently small diameter and high current, direct ion heating by m=0 instabilities becomes the principal channel for power input. This process is particularly important in the present generation of dense micro-pinches (e.g., HDZP-II) where instability growth times are much smaller than current risetimes, and a typical pinch diameter is several orders smaller than that of the chamber. Under these conditions, m=0 formation is not disruptive: the large E[sub z] field reconnects the instability cusps externally, after which the ingested magnetic flux decays into turbulent kinetic energy of the plasma. The continuous process is analogous to boiling of a heated fluid. A simple analysis shows that an equivalent resistance R[sub t] = [ell]/4[radical]Nm[sub i]([mu][sub 0]/[pi])[sup 3/2]I/r appears in the driving circuit, where I is the pinch current, N is the line density, [ell] is the pinch length, m[sub i] is the ion mass, and r is the pinch radius. A corresponding heating term has been added to the ion energy equation in a 0-D, self-similar simulation, which had been written previously to estimate fusion yields and radial expansion of D[sub 2] fiber pinches. The simulation results agree well with themore » experimental results from HDZP-II, where the assumption of only joule heating produced gross disagreement. Turbulent ion heating should be the dominant process in any simple pinch carrying meg-ampere current and having submillimeter radius.« less
“It's True, India Has Emerged”: Gender, Class, and the Entrepreneurial Subject in India's Mainstream Media

This article traces the representational strategies and narrative processes that give shape to the entrepreneur as an identity that is seen to have “arrived” to claim its place in “new” India. It shows that Indian popular culture uses subalternity—caste, class, and religiously based differential status—as a foundation on which to construct the identity by creating a possessive investment in entrepreneurialism. It argues that the conception of “freedom” is central to the popular story about the entrepreneur and that the ability to dream in language that validates global capital is a significant motif through which freedom is constituted. It also shows how the identity is constructed as cosmopolitan and therefore one that renews the nation in a globalizing world.
Rheological and kinetic study of the ultrasonic degradation of xanthan gum in aqueous solution: effects of pyruvate group.

Abstract The influence of the pyruvate group on the efficiency of ultrasonic degradation of xanthan gum in aqueous solution has been studied. Blends of natural and pyruvate-free xanthan gums were ultrasonicated at 20 °C for up to 30 min and evaluated for molecular-weight degradation by viscometry. Solutions of pure pyruvate-free xanthan exhibited the highest stability to degradation among all blend ratios studied. Removing the pyruvate group is believed to enable the molecular chains to adopt a more compact conformation, which renders the polymer less susceptible to ultrasonication. In addition, the effects of salt on ultrasonic degradation efficiency were studied by using 0.1, 10 −2 , or 10 −4 M of NaCl or Na 2 SO 4 in solution prior to ultrasonication. A degradation kinetics model was developed to quantify the degradation behavior. The absence of pyruvate groups renders the xanthan gum less sensitive to the influence of salt, and hence decreases the ultrasonic degradation efficiency.
Ultrastructural studies of feline leukemia virus.

Envelope spikes and intermediate membranes were found in viral particles of experimental and spontaneous cases of lymphosarcoma in the cat. The structures are described and their function as receptors postulated.
Community/Research Collaborations: Ethics and Funding

Ethical challenges discussed in this innovative Special Issue on community-based participatory research projects suggest that the funders of such projects may misunderstand the unique challenges imposed when a researcher and a community agency collaborate. This commentary conveys information about ways in which a funding agency can more clearly envision these specific challenges and facilitate collaborations through ethical grant mechanisms. Although other articles in the series have discussed the ethical challenges of the researcher, this article discusses the importance of the ethical stance of the funder in protecting both the academic and community stakeholders, so that sustainable, effective, community-based interventions succeed.
The effectiveness of esophageal stethoscopy in a simulated in-flight setting☆

Abstract Purpose: Previous research has confirmed the inability of flight nurses in an airborne BO-105 helicopter to hear breath sounds using normal or amplified transthoracic stethoscopy. The purpose of this study was to determine whether esophageal stethoscopy enabled effective auscultation of breath sounds in a simulated in-flight environment. Methods: The cabin-sound environment of an in-flight BO-105 was recorded and recreated in an audiology laboratory, where five flight nurses were evaluated listening to taped breath sounds via an esophageal stethoscope. This audiotape model, validated in a previously published study, used a tape consisting of 24 20-second segments. Each segment, the beginning of which was marked with a beep signal, consisted of 20 seconds of silence or breath sounds. The distal (esophageal) end of the esophageal stethoscope was attached to the tape recorder; the intensity level of breath sounds heard at the stethoscope earpiece was calibrated to equate the sound level of actual esophageal breath sounds recorded on a volunteer. Results: All nurses correctly identified the 24 taped segments as silent or including breath sounds 100% of the time. Conclusion: In the simulated environment tested, esophageal stethoscopy enabled 100% accuracy in identification of breath sounds, as compared with previously reported 0% efficacy for standard transthoracic auscultation. Study in the actual patient-care environment is indicated to confirm the usefulness of esophageal stethoscopy in the in-flight setting.
2D structured mass-spring system parameter optimization based on axisymmetric bending for rigid cloth simulation

Realism of the mass-spring model based simulations remains questionable. In this paper, we develop the relationship between the material properties of a continuum plate and the values of the static parameters for its mass-spring model. The result indicates the necessity to use nonzero preload for the springs. Then we apply the linear approximation of the result to assign parameters for the mass-spring model of a rectangular plate. The simulation shows that the mass-spring system with this set of parameter values has much more resistance against lateral force and thus the realism of the simulation for rigid cloth is greatly improved.
JavaCAP: a collaborative case authoring program on the WWW

JavaCAP, a software tool for student authoring and searching of case libraries, has been implemented in support of the Learning-by-Design curriculum development project at Georgia Tech's EduTech Institute. Its case-authoring component, when used as part of the LBD curriculum, asks students to reflect on a recent Learning-by-Design experience, summarize it, and present important aspects of it and what they've learned from it for other students to learn from. By focusing on this part of the tool, we are able to both put our focus on supporting reflection and collect a library of student-authored cases that we will later edit and publish as exemplary cases for other students to use as models and to learn from. JavaCAP is meant to be used as a collaboration tool. Supporting collaboration in middle school requires supporting both group work around the computer (synchronous collaboration) and asynchronous editing of cases. We support asynchronous collaboration by allowing each student to write on the case and providing distinguishing formats for each so it is easy to see the changes made since last using the tool and identify whose changes they are. Our two studies suggest that JavaCAP does have potential as a collaborative reflection tool. We've used the metaphor of scenes in a play to help students remember different aspects of the experience they are analyzing and summarizing. Our first pilot showed that we had indeed found a way to engage students in effective reflection. However, this pilot also revealed flaws in the underlying technology. We needed to support asynchronous collaboration better than we were doing; the easiest way to do this was to reimplement using what the world wide web and its development tools had to offer. Our second pilot, using a revised tool both better supported asynchronous student authoring and made it easy for students to add images to their presentations. This study pointed out the need to better support writing itself within the framework we've created and suggests other collaboration features that students need.
Lesions in fishes captured near drilling platforms in the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract Fish were collected near two actively drilling, petroleum-well platforms and from control areas near the Flower Garden Banks, a natural reef area in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Hepatomegaly (enlargement of the liver) occurred in gray triggerfish Balistes capriscus , creole-fish Paranthias furcifer , wenchman Pristipomoides aquilonaris and southern hake Urophycis floridana collected near platforms. Compared with control fish, creole fish and vermilion snapper Rhomboplites aurorubens collected near platforms had more frequent gill lesions. Southern hake from platform stations had an increased prevalence of hepatic fatty change. Pathogens were not observed in association with the lesions that were more common in fish collected near platforms. The toxicants causing these lesions cannot be determined from this study because the lesions could have been caused be a wide variety of chemicals.
Protocol specifications and component adaptors

In this article we examine the augmentation of application interfaces with enhanced specications that include sequencing constraints called protocols. Protocols make explicit the relationship between messages (methods) supported by the application. These relationships are usually only given implicitly, either in the code or in textual comments. We dene notions of interface compatibility based upon protocols and show how compatibility can be checked, discovering a class of errors that cannot be discovered via the type system alone. We then dene software adaptors that can be used to bridge the dierence between applications that have functionally compatible but type- and protocol-incompatible interfaces. We discuss what it means for an adaptor to be well formed. Leveraging the information provided by protocols, we show how adaptors can be automatically generated from a high-level description, called an interface mapping.
Pore–crack orientation effects on fracture behavior of brittle porous materials

Mechanical behavior of two-dimensional microstructures containing circular pores were simulated under uniaxial and biaxial loading using the finite element method. Resulting stress distributions were combined with classical fracture mechanics to investigate fracture behavior of brittle porous materials assuming that randomly oriented cracks are present along pore surfaces. Multiple crack orientations were found to introduce a variability in Weibull modulus even for the same set of microstructures containing equal number and size of cracks. Also, the variability increases with increasing crack size to pore size ratio. Under uniaxial loading, angular distribution of fracture origin widens with increasing porosity.
A Family of Single-Isomer, Sulfated γ-Cyclodextrin Chiral Resolving Agents for Capillary Electrophoresis. 1. Octakis(2,3-diacetyl-6-sulfato)-γ-cyclodextrin

The first member of the single-isomer, sulfated γ-cyclodextrin family, the sodium salt of octakis(2,3-diacetyl-6-sulfato)-γ-cyclodextrin (ODAS-γCD) has been synthesized, analytically characterized, and used to separate, by capillary electrophoresis, a variety of neutral, acidic, basic, and amphoteric enantiomers in low pH background electrolytes. The anionic effective mobilities of the neutral and anionic analytes were found to increase with the concentration of ODAS-γCD. For weakly binding cationic analytes, the effective mobilities went from cationic high values, through zero, to increasingly larger anionic values as the concentration of ODAS-γCD was increased. For the strongly complexing cationic analytes, the effective mobilities became anionic even at very low ODAS-γCD concentrations and became smaller as the ionic strength of the background electrolyte increased with the increasing ODAS-γCD concentration. Separation selectivity followed the predictions of the charged resolving agent migration model:...
A comparison of Jewish and Non-Jewish addicts in institutional treatment programs

The Jews in the treatment programs manifest characteristics which indicate higher status and less involvement with criminal activities (indicated by number and type of arrest than non-Jews in the same programs. However, in contrast to the general Jewish population, Jewish addicts exhibit lower levels of status (educational and occupational attainment) and family solidarity. Although arrested less frequently than non-Jews, almost three-fourths of Jewish addicts have arrest records, most with more than one arrest. Considering the generally low incidence of Jewish arrests (two percent) in Miami, Jews in drug treatment are a unique population of deviants. Further evidence of this deviance from the general Jewish experience is offered in their higher drunkenness arrest incidence and their high percentage of alcoholics. Also, the very high percentage of divorce and separation is evidence of deviance from traditional Jewish behavior. Although the present study utilized no measure to further validate empirically Glatt's theories of alienation from and lack of participation in Judaism, Jewish customs and interests, the addicts' consistent demonstration of deviance from normative Jewish behavior might well encourage further investigation. Factors used to explain the low incidence of alcohol use among Jews have been related to Jewish tradition, ritual, custom, family solidarity and group pressure. Previous research questions whether or not these factors also relate, to other forms of addiction. Our findings indicate that there is still a low incidence of drug addiction among Jews, as evidenced in the institutional program. The characteristics of these addicts give evidence to support the hypothesis that the absence of those traditional Jewish factors are prominently manifested in a higher incidence of alcoholism and drunkenness, very high divorce and separation rates, lower educational attainment, and a high incidence of arrest.
Extended Hartree-Fock theory for excited states

Abstract An extended Hartree-Fock method for excited states is proposed. Starting from the ground state Hartree-Fock molecular orbitals and allowing mixing within occupied and vacant subspaces, respectively, we minimize the energy of a single configuration excited state. This wavefunction satisfies the orthogonality and Brillouin theorem not only with the ground state but also with other excited states. One of the major advantages of the method is the common set of MO's for the ground and excited states. By making an additional assumption this method reduces to Huzinaga's scheme. A few sample calculations are presented.
Dendrochronology-based fire history of mixed-conifer forests in the San Jacinto Mountains, California

Abstract The growing public awareness of the increasing number of large wildfires across forested landscapes, coupled with needs of resource base management has accelerated research into forest reference conditions and the historical role of fire in coniferous ecosystems. This work investigates historical fire regimes of mixed-conifer forests in the San Jacinto Mountains of southern California using fire-scar dendrochronology. As such this is the first reconstruction of fire history in the mixed-conifer forests of southern California using landscape-scale systematic-based fire-scar dendrochronology. The pre-historical fire size, seasonality, and frequency within these forests are reconstructed and demonstrated graphically, employing systematic sampling and Geographical Information System (GIS) reconstruction. A 250 m grid system was overlaid upon a 270 ha sample location, and fire-scar samples were collected from each of the grid intersection points. Fire-scar dendrochronology resulted in a 653 years long chronology, indicating a point mean fire return interval of 5.2 years, and an area wide grand mean fire interval of 32.2 years. The majority of fires occurred within latewood or at the ring boundary. Graphic modelling of fire events indicate three-quarters of all fires sampled were less than 6.25 ha in size, but burned over 50% of the area sampled during the period; only a small portion of fires were larger than 18 ha within the sample area. Use of systematic sampling is an important step in modeling long-term frequency and effects of fire on a landscape level, and is invaluable to the long-term management planning.
Design reviews with remote critics in an asynchronous environment

A familiar activity to students of design is the design review -- where students present their work-to-date to receive feedback and guidance from others. They take place throughout the term, providing students with multiple opportunities to present and develop their ideas (Schon, 1987). At Georgia Tech, we have been exploring how simple technologies can be used to increase opportunities for dialog in the design studio by expanding the range of topics, ways of participating, and set of participants in that dialog. One thread of this research deals with using remote critics in design reviews. Using technology, remote critics are able to view students' work and comment on it without traveling to the studio. In addition to solving some logistical problems of bringing visitors to the studio (e.g. scheduling, expense), we speculated that allowing remote critics to participate in design reviews had the potential to not only expand the set of participants in the dialog, but to change it in fundamental ways.
Localization of breakthrough site of canine monomorphic ventricular tachycardia by pacemapping. A vectorial approach.

BACKGROUNDThe precision and limitations of ventricular pacemapping as a method to localize the site of earliest breakthrough of ventricular tachycardia (VT) were investigated in a canine model of experimental myocardial infarction.METHODS AND RESULTSForty-one episodes of VT induced in 10 animals were mapped using a standard grid of 64 endocardial and epicardial bipolar electrodes to determine the site of earliest endocardial or epicardial breakthrough of activation during VT. Each of these 64 recording sites was also used for ventricular pacing during sinus rhythm at cycle lengths comparable to those of the VTs. Orthogonal X, Y, and Z Frank electrocardiographic (ECG) leads were recorded during all episodes of VT and ventricular pacing from all sites after the chest was closed in all animals. Surface ECG waveforms corresponding to each VT and each ventricular pacing were compared pairwise by measuring the Euclidean metric difference between the VT and ventricular pacing vectors with the orthogonal ECG lead...
OCS Leasing Process

At the time this summary is being written the actual proposal for revising the OCS Program and leasing process is being formulated. It is impossible to report on the actual format and context since both are in a state of flux. Rather I have tried to communicate what the discussions imply in terms of the thrust of the program without stating what the program will be. By the same token I should add that this is only my impression of the direction things are going and is subject to change as the formulation process is worked through, therefore, it should be construed solely as my opinion and not a binding statement of fact or intention on the part of the Department of the Interior or the Bureau of Land Management.
Citation Measures in Stereotactic Radiosurgery: Publication across a Discipline

Objective: It is possible to judge the impact of scientific research by the number of citations a publication has received. We identified the most cited works in the field of stereotactic radiosurgery to study the evolution of this field from the perspective of publication. Methods: A Web of Science search was performed for articles that included the word ‘radiosurgery’ in the title. We studied the reports with >100 citations. Results: A total of 5,532 published works were available for study between 1951 and 2010. Eighty-five articles had ≧100 citations, and these were published in 19 separate journals. The majority were published in the International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology and Physics, the Journal of Neurosurgery and Neurosurgery. The most common topics included brain metastasis management (n = 20), arteriovenous malformations (n = 17), vestibular schwannomas (n = 9), technologies (n = 9), meningiomas (n = 8) and dose response/radiobiology (n = 6). Fifty-seven percent of the articles were published in the last 10 years. Conclusions: The first radiosurgery report by Leksell (1951) initiated the field. The 1980s were a period of new technology development followed in the 1990s by introductory articles on specific indications that consisted mainly of retrospective case series. More sophisticated higher level evidence reports were published in the last decade. The most significant works in radiosurgery include initial technology descriptions, multicenter studies with large numbers of patients, randomized clinical trials and reports that provide dose prescription guidelines.
Chemotherapy for the treatment of metastatic brain tumors.

Metastatic brain tumors are the most common complication of systemic cancer and affect 20–40% of all adult cancer patients. Whole-brain radiotherapy and surgical resection of accessible, solitary lesions have been the mainstay of treatment. Recently, chemotherapy has become a more viable treatment option for metastatic brain tumors. Many different drugs and administrative approaches have been shown to be clinically active. Traditional chemotherapy given before or during irradiation can be effective with agents such as cyclophosphamide, cisplatin and etoposide. Nontraditional approaches, such as temozolomide and intra-arterial administration of carboplatin, have demonstrated activity against recurrent metastatic disease. In early clinical trials of interstitial chemotherapy, biodegradable polymers have shown some clinical efficacy and have been well-tolerated. Molecular approaches are also under investigation in response to new information regarding the metastatic phenotype. Potential targets include growt...
High-field electron–hole dynamics in quantum wells

Abstract We investigate the coherent transient photoconductive generation of THz electromagnetic radiation by a quantum well following excitation with an ultrafast optical pulse in the presence of a strong in-plane DC electric field. The spectrum of this radiation displays a multipeaked structure due to the quantum interference between the bound-state exciton and the dynamically evolving continuum.
Two genome sequences of the same bacterial strain, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus PAl 5, suggest a new standard in genome sequence submission

Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus PAl 5 is of agricultural significance due to its ability to provide fixed nitrogen to plants. Consequently, its genome sequence has been eagerly anticipated to enhance understanding of endophytic nitrogen fixation. Two groups have sequenced the PAl 5 genome from the same source (ATCC 49037), though the resulting sequences contain a surprisingly high number of differences. Therefore, an optical map of PAl 5 was constructed in order to determine which genome assembly more closely resembles the chromosomal DNA by aligning each sequence against a physical map of the genome. While one sequence aligned very well, over 98% of the second sequence contained numerous rearrangements. The many differences observed between these two genome sequences could be owing to either assembly errors or rapid evolutionary divergence. The extent of the differences derived from sequence assembly errors could be assessed if the raw sequencing reads were provided by both genome centers at the time of genome sequence submission. Hence, a new genome sequence standard is proposed whereby the investigator supplies the raw reads along with the closed sequence so that the community can make more accurate judgments on whether differences observed in a single stain may be of biological origin or are simply caused by differences in genome assembly procedures.
Comments on “Moist Convective Velocity and Buoyancy Scales”

Comments on Moist convective velocity and buoyancy scales, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1996, Emanuel K.A. & Bister M., and authors' reply.
Low Dose Rate Prostate Brachytherapy, Then & Now: A Comparison of Prostate Cancer Patients Treated Between 1997-2000 and 2010-2013 at a Single Institution

Age (years) 69.5 +/7.1 66.8 +/7.9 0.000 Initial PSA (ng/ml) 10.2 +/9.6 8.6 +/15.9 0.000 Body Mass Index 27.4 +/3.9 28.7 +/5.0 0.000 Smoking Status 0.000 Never Smoked 558 37.2% 651 43.4% Past Smoker 748 49.9% 652 43.5% Current Smoker 184 12.3% 197 13.1% Unknown 10 0.7% 0 0.0% Risk Group 0.007 Low 726 48.4% 665 44.3% Intermediate 564 37.6% 630 42.0% High 178 11.9% 189 12.6% Salvage 32 2.1% 16 1.1% Gleason Score 0.000 Gleason 5 or less 295 19.7% 4 0.3% Gleason 6 759 50.6% 823 54.9% Gleason 3+457 247 16.5% 396 26.4% Gleason 4+357 96 6.4% 167 11.1% Gleason 8 57 3.8% 71 4.7% Gleason 9 & 10 32 2.1% 40 2.7% Unknown 14 0.9% 0 0.0% Clinical Stage 0.000 T1c or Less 835 55.7% 1135 75.7% T2a 473 31.5% 138 9.2% T2b 130 8.7% 179 11.9% T3a 13 0.9% 15 1.0% T3b 7 0.5% 15 1.0% T3c or higher 5 0.3% 2 0.1% Salvage 32 2.1% 16 1.1% Unknown 5 0.3% 2 0.1% Isotope 0.000 Iodine 1146 76.4% 1444 96.3% Palladium 354 23.6% 30 2.0% Cesium 0 0.0% 26 1.7% Treatment Type 0.000 Primary 1292 86.1% 1343 89.5% Boost 175 11.7% 117 7.8% Salvage 32 2.1% 14 0.9% Dose Paint 1 0.1% 26 1.7% Androgen Deprivation Therapy Use 0.000 Neoadjuvant 495 33.0% 308 20.5% None 1005 67.0% 1192 79.5% S15 Abstracts / Brachytherapy 14 (2015) S11eS106
Interaction of radiation-generated radicals with myoglobin in aqueous solution. IV: Mechanism of interaction of hydroxyl radicals with oxymyoglobin

Abstract The interaction of radiation-generated ·OH/H· with oxymyoglobin (MbO2) has been studied in the presence of catalase at pH 7.3 over the range of 5–510microM O2. The conversion of MbO2 to heme-modified products has been examined under conditions where depletion of O2 in irradiated solutions both can and cannot be compensated by O2-transfer across the solution phase boundary. In the theoretical limit of [O2] → 0 in bulk solution, MbO2 is converted stoichiometrically to ferri- and ferromyoglobin with G( MbO2) ⋍ 6.0, G(ferroMb) ⋍ 3.0, and G(ferriMb) ⋍ 3.0. An increase in [O2] in bulk solution beyond the zero-limit progressively suppresses the conversion of MbO2 to the heme-modified derivatives. At [O2] ⩾ 300 microM, an O2-independent path of ferriMb formation with G ⋍ 0.6 is evident. Two sources of ferriMb induced by ·OH/H· are proposed: an O2-independent path involving direct oxidative attack of ·OH at the oxyferroheme, and O2-dependent paths of production of ferriMb and ferroMb involving the mediation of O2-scavengable secondary hemeprotein radicals. It is suggested that the modifications of the heme group in the absence of O2 are accompanied by redox modifications on the globin moiety. With increasing [O2], similar redox modifications on the globin can occur without a mediating involvement of the prosthetic group. At high [O2], involvement of the heme in modification of the globin is eliminated.
Three- and Four-repeat Tau Regulate the Dynamic Instability of Two Distinct Microtubule Subpopulations in Qualitatively Different Manners IMPLICATIONS FOR NEURODEGENERATION

The microtubule-associated protein tau is implicated in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases, including fronto-temporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17), in which both RNA splicing and amino acid substitution mutations in tau cause dominantly inherited early onset dementia. RNA-splicing FTDP-17 mutations alter the wild-type ∼50:50 3-repeat (3R) to 4-repeat (4R) tau isoform ratio, usually resulting in an excess of 4R tau. To examine further how splicing mutations might cause dysfunction by misregulation of microtubule dynamics, we used video microscopy to determine the in vitro behavior of individual microtubules stabilized by varying amounts of human 4R and 3R tau. At low tau:tubulin ratios (1:55 and 1:45), all 3R isoforms reduced microtubule growth rates relative to the no-tau control, whereas all 4R isoforms increased them; however, at a high tau:tubulin ratio (1:20), both 4R and 3R tau increased the growth rates. Further analysis revealed two distinct subpopulations of growing microtubules in the absence of tau. Increasing concentrations of both 4R and 3R tau resulted in an increase in the size of the faster growing subpopulation of microtubules; however, 4R tau caused a redistribution to the faster growing subpopulation at lower tau:tubulin ratios than 3R tau. This modulation of discrete growth rate subpopulations by tau suggests that tau causes a conformational shift in the microtubule resulting in altered dynamics. Quantitative and qualitative differences observed between 4R and 3R tau are consistent with a "microtubule misregulation" model in which abnormal tau isoform expression results in the inability to properly regulate microtubule dynamics, leading to neuronal death and dementia.
Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: The Selling Of Charlie'S Angels and Alias

The author analyzes various elements of the promotional campaigns for two recent female-driven action narratives, the film Charlie's Angels and the television series Alias. The analysis suggests that these inconsistent and often regressive campaigns weaken the potentially progressive gender images offered by the film and series.
Resection of ascending aortic aneurysm without use of an interposition aortic graft

From the Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, Calif. Received for publication Dec 5, 2000; accepted for publication Dec 21, 2000. Address for reprints: D. Craig Miller, MD, Falk Cardiovascular Research Center, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305-5247 (Email: dcm@stanford.edu). *Current address: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC. **Current address: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;122:395-7 Copyright © 2001 by The American Association for Thoracic Surgery 0022-5223/2001 $35.00 + 0 12/54/113927 doi:10.1067/mtc.2001.113927 Resection of ascending aortic aneurysm without use of an interposition aortic graft
The Morning After in Corinth: Bread-and-Butter Notes, Part I

Although moralists pined for the days of traditional virtues and simple foodstuffs, the elites of the Roman Empire pursued luxury and excess both in literature and cuisine. Distrust of fancy preparations extended even to the categorization of the constituent elements of diet. James Davidson writes of Greek cuisine, "Victuals were regularly divided into three parts: sitos (the staple, usually bread), opson (whatever one eats with the staple) and poton (drink)." The opson adds nothing and everything, both necessary and unnecessary. No meal is complete without opson , but an ancient proverb held that the very best opson is hunger. Writing to the Corinthian Christians, Paul reminds them that they can fill their bellies at home, with opson , one imagines, and simply gather to share the bread and the wine. Bread and wine suffice. Or do they? Paul proposes a menu: bread, wine, and some words to accompany the sitos and poton . The words of institution serve as an opson; bread and wine are not a banquet without the prescribed words. Paul writes that members of the community have sickened and even died for consuming the Lord's Supper unworthily. Surely it is not the bread and wine that turn their stomachs, but the accompaniment, the opson , the edible words that prove to be lethal. What if the members of the Corinthian community were not, as Paul claims, ill from swallowing the words of institution in an unworthy manner, but rather from the opposite, ingesting the words too literally? An overlooked source of indigestion: the postprandial effects of human flesh and blood.
Erratum to: Effusive Reasoning

On page 4 of the original publication, the first sentence of the final paragraph of the Discussion reads: “The framework assumes that the ultimate unifying diagnoses are mutually exclusive.” The revised version should read: “The framework assumes that the ultimate unifying diagnoses are mutually exclusive.”
Relationship between chest port catheter tip position and port malfunction after interventional radiologic placement

PURPOSE The relationship between catheter tip position of implanted subcutaneous chest ports and subsequent port malfunction was investigated. Tip movement from initial supine position to subsequent erect position was also evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients who underwent imaging-guided internal jugular chest port placement between July 2001 and May 2003 were identified with use of a quality-assurance database. Sixty-two patients were included in the study (22 men and 40 women), with a mean age of 58 years (range, 27–81 years). Catheter tip location on the intraprocedural chest radiograph was determined with use of two methods. First, the distance from the right tracheobronchial angle (TBA) was recorded (TBA distance). Second, tip location was classified into six anatomic regions: 1, internal jugular veins; 2, brachiocephalic veins; 3, superior vena cava (SVC; n = 11); 4, SVC/right atrial junction ( n = 22); 5, upper half of right atrium ( n = 25); and 6, lower half of right atrium ( n = 4). For the duration of follow-up, catheter tip location was documented, as were all episodes of catheter malfunction. RESULTS Patients with catheter tips initially placed in position 3 had a higher risk of port malfunction (four of 11; 36%) than patients with catheter tips located in position 5 (two of 25; 8%). This difference narrowly fell short of statistical significance ( P = .057). When comparing intraprocedural chest radiographs to the first erect chest radiographs, significant upward tip movement was noted. The tips migrated cephalad an average of 20 mm ( P = .003) and 1.0 position units ( P = .001). DISCUSSION Catheter tips placed in the SVC tended to have a greater risk of port malfunction compared with those positioned in the right atrium. Chest ports migrated cephalad between the supine and erect positions.
Symbiotic Bacteria Direct Expression of an Intestinal Bactericidal Lectin

The mammalian intestine harbors complex societies of beneficial bacteria that are maintained in the lumen with minimal penetration of mucosal surfaces. Microbial colonization of germ-free mice triggers epithelial expression of RegIIIγ, a secreted C-type lectin. RegIIIγ binds intestinal bacteria but lacks the complement recruitment domains present in other microbe-binding mammalian C-type lectins. We show that RegIIIγ and its human counterpart, HIP/PAP, are directly antimicrobial proteins that bind their bacterial targets via interactions with peptidoglycan carbohydrate. We propose that these proteins represent an evolutionarily primitive form of lectin-mediated innate immunity, and that they reveal intestinal strategies for maintaining symbiotic host-microbial relationships.
Will 22nm be our catch 22!: design and cad challenges

With the impact of cost crunch in every industry including semi-conductor industry across the world, complexities of 22nm CMOS may appear to be way out in the distance future. However, more than the technology complexity, the new era of financial restraint will impose unprecedented productivity requirements on future design flows. This presents a significant opportunity as well as a complex challenge for the EDA industry. In addition, with semiconductor industry's march towards 32nm CMOS technology and introduction of new technologies such as 3D ICs in sight for 22nm nodes, it is crucial for the IC design and CAD community to understand the challenges posed by these potential technology changes. This talk will cover these challenges and outline the opportunities including those in physical design domain. The advanced device and interconnect structures and materials including 3D technology that could be introduced at 22nm node have significant impact on the direction of the CAD industry. We will also discuss the design methodology and CAD implications of these technology changes.
From containment of communism to Saddam: The evolution of export control regimes

(1993). From containment of communism to Saddam: The evolution of export control regimes. Arms Control: Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 371-404.
Citrus Limonoid Effects on Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Colonization and Oviposition

The effects of citrus limonoids, applied topically to potato foliage, on colonization and oviposition by Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), adults were quantified in no-choice laboratory assays, choice and no-choice greenhouse arena observations, and small-plot field tests. In laboratory assays the oviposition rate decreased with increasing limonoid dosage and exposure time. Oviposition suppression time also increased with increasing dosage. Over a 9-d observation period, ED 50 s (50% reduction in fecundity) were 7.2 mg/ml, 1.93 mg/ml, and 0.64 mg/ml for 3-, 6-, and 9-d exposures, respectively. Adult colonization and oviposition rates were significantly reduced by limonoid treatment in both greenhouse and field tests. The seasonal density of adults was significantly reduced with a low rate (3.6 kg/ha) application of limonoids, whereas a higher application rate (10.8 kg/ha) was needed to reduce significantly the seasonal egg mass density in the field. The total number of treatment applications (1, 2, or 3) made at 3-d intervals significantly lengthened the period during which colonization and oviposition were inhibited, but did not affect seasonal densities of either adults or egg masses. These results indicate that citrus limonoids have very good potential for use in pest management.