cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Socio-Political Evaluation of Energy Deployment (SPEED): An integrated research framework analyzing energy technology deployment

Abstract Stabilizing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases to reduce the risks of climate change requires a major transition in society's energy infrastructure; yet despite a growing sense of urgency, deployment of alternative emerging energy technologies has been slow and uncertain. This paper proposes a systematic, interdisciplinary framework for the integrated analysis of regulatory, legal, political, economic, and social factors that influence energy technology deployment decisions at the state level to enhance awareness of the interconnections and enable improved energy policy and planning and accelerated change in society's energy infrastructure. This framework, Socio-Political Evaluation of Energy Deployment, (SPEED), integrates analysis of laws, regulations, institutions and policy actors as well as varying regional perceptions and levels of awareness about the risks and benefits of emerging energy technologies to facilitate improved understanding of the complex interconnected components of state energy systems. While this framework has been developed with U.S. states as a model, the SPEED framework is generalizable to other countries with different sub-national structures. We present three research methods that could be applied within the SPEED framework that could be particularly helpful in understanding the integrated socio-political influences on energy technology deployment: (1) policy review and analysis, (2) media analysis, and (3) focus groups and structured interviews with key stakeholders. By integrating the fields of technology diffusion, environmental policy, comparative analysis of states, and risk perception, future empirical research conducted within this SPEED framework will improve understanding of the interconnected socio-political influences on energy technology deployment to enable energy modelers, policy-makers, energy professionals, state planners and other stakeholders to develop and implement more effective strategies to accelerate the deployment of emerging energy technologies.
Pyrethroid insecticides derived from 2,2′ ‐bridged biphenyl‐3‐ylmethanols

The addition of a hydrocarbon bridge between the 2- and 2′-positions in biphenyl constrains the twist angle between the two phenyl rings to fairly small limits. It has been found that the biological activity of a series of pyrethroid esters, of hydrocarbon bridged biphenyl-3-ylmethanols and of heterocyclic hydrocarbonbridged biphenyl analogues, changes with the length of the bridge. The optimum activity and the maximum biological activity spectrum were found for the esters of three-carbon bridged alcohols. The relationship of the activity to the twist angle for these bridged esters was compared with the activity and spectrum of a series of biphenyl and heterocyclic biphenyl analogues previously reported. A parallel exists between the two series. The optimum twist angle between the aromatic rings of the alcohols, in both the bridged and free rotating analogues, is around 50°. Pyrethroid esters showing the highest activity were produced from 6, 7-dihydro-5H-dibenzo-[a,c]cyclohepten-4-ylmethanol. The biological activity of a series of pyrethroid esters of this alcohol is also reported.
International migration patterns of physicians to the United States: A cross-national panel analysis

Abstract Objectives To analyze the dynamics of physician international migration patterns and identify the countries deviating most from expected migration rates. Methods A negative binomial log-linear model of physician migration to the United States from every other country was constructed using a panel of country-level data for years 1994–2000. The model was used to identify factors associated with physician migration and to identify countries with higher or lower rates of physician migration than expected. Results Physician migration varied with a country's GDP per capita in an inverse-U pattern, with highest migration rates from middle-income countries. The absence of medical schools, immigrant networks in the United States, medical instruction in English, proximity to the United States, and the lack of political and civil liberties were also associated with higher migration rates. Countries with higher-than-predicted migration rates included Iceland, Albania, Armenia, Dominica, Lebanon, Syria, the United Arab Emirates, and Bulgaria. Countries with lower-than-predicted migration rates included Mexico, Japan, Brazil, Zimbabwe, Mauritania, Portugal, Senegal, and France. Conclusions This analysis shows that many of the most powerful factors associated with physician migration are difficult or impossible for countries to change through public policy. GDP per capita and proximity to the U.S. are two of the most powerful predictors of physician migration. Networks of immigrants in the U.S. and fewer political and civil liberties also put countries at higher risk for physician emigration. Several other factors that were associated with physician migration might be more easily amenable to policy intervention. These factors include the absence of a medical school and medical instruction in English. Policies addressing these factors would involve making several difficult tradeoffs, however. Other examples of policies that are effective in minimizing physician migration might be found by examining countries with lower-than-expected migration rates.
Ethylene epoxidation in a catalytic packed-bed membrane reactor : experiments and model

Abstract A mathematical model was developed for the ethylene epoxidation reaction over a cesium-doped silver catalyst in a packed-bed membrane reactor (PBMR) and compared with the experimental results. The dusty gas model, based on the Maxwell–Stefan equations, was used to describe transport through the porous stainless-steel membrane. Two reactor configurations were investigated where either oxygen (PBMR-O) or ethylene (PBMR-E) permeated through the membrane, with the co-reactant fed to the catalyst bed. The model results were in good agreement with the experimental data. Simulations showed that the imposed pressure gradient resulted in predominantly convective flow through the membrane, which inhibited backdiffusion of components from the catalyst bed. The variables studied included reaction temperature and inlet reactant concentrations. The model results, as also demonstrated experimentally, confirmed that the PBMR-E is the best configuration, followed by the conventional fixed-bed reactor (FBR) and the PBMR-O, respectively.
Proactive effects in short-term memory

Proactive effects in short-term memory were examined in an attempt to test a “fixed” channel-capacity model of memory. The present study showed no balance between the amount of proactive inhibition (PI) developed for stimulus materials and facilitation for interpolated materials, as a “fixed-capacity” notion appears to specify. To the contrary, PI was found for both stimulus and interpolated materials. Results are consistent, not with a “fixed-capacity” model, but rather with a “limited-capacity” model of memory in which proactive effects appear to develop independently for different classes of materials presented on a single trial and in which PI is equivalent to a shrinkage of channel capacity.
Vibration control for precision manufacturing at Sandia National Laboratories

Sandia National Laboratories performs R and D in structural dynamics and vibration suppression for precision applications in weapon systems, space, underwater, transportation and civil structures. Over the last decade these efforts have expanded into the areas of active vibration control and ``smart`` structures and material systems. In addition, Sandia has focused major resources towards technology to support weapon product development and agile manufacturing capability for defense and industrial applications. This paper will briefly describe the structural dynamics modeling and verification process currently in place at Sandia that supports vibration control and some specific applications of these techniques to manufacturing in the areas of lithography, machine tools and flexible robotics.
Manufacturing entrepreneurs: An empirical study of the correlates of employment growth in the Tulsa MSA and rural East Texas

Abstract Manufacturing firms and firms totally dependent on manufacturing provide more than 50% of the jobs in the United States and other industrialized nations. In spite of the belief that the United States has become an “information economy,” it has recently been recognized by researchers, politicians and industry experts that the loss of America's leadership position in manufacturing threatens the American industrial position. In addition, small firms provided most of the job growth in the decade of the 80s and the most innovation and new products. The impact of these factors indicates the importance of determining what it takes to be successful as a manufacturing entrepreneur. Beyond the importance to the national economy of understanding the success-related factors in manufacturing entrepreneurship, several stakeholder categories have a vested interest in this information as well. Job creation, job growth and economic development become major agenda items in the 1992 presidential campaign. Also, investors would like to have a model of small firm growth on which to base their investments in start-up firms. Finally, political units are looking for mechanisms to create much-needed new jobs to provide tax revenue. The purpose of this study was to: (1) determine the relationship between eight literature-based predictor variables and employment growth in entrepreneurial manufacturing firms and (2) attempt to develop a meaningful linear model, incorporating as many significant variables as possible from the original eight that would explain variance in firm performance. The focus of this study was 327 manufacturing entrepreneurs located in the Tulsa Metropolitan Statistical Area and 13 contiguous counties in East Texas. Manufacturing entrepreneurs were defined as the founders of their firms. The firms included in the study were all less than ten years old, independent (not a division of some other firm) and had primary SIC codes between 2000 and 3999. Usable responses to a mail survey were 103, a 31.5% response rate. Results of this study suggest that age (of the entrepreneur) at founding, entrepreneurial management experience, industry experience and environmental scanning practices are significantly correlated with firm performance as measured by employment growth.
Effects of asymmetrical mucosal stimulation upon two-odor discrimination in the rat.

Abstract Previous works have indicated that odor perception may, in part, depend upon the bilaterality and mucosal topography of the olfactory system. The present work attempted to verify such dependence by behaviorally testing the effects of asymmetrical stimulation of olfactory mucosae in rats. The effects upon performance of insertion of a nasal plug and/or an artificial septum before and after two-odor discrimination training were measured. Neither plug nor septum alone affected discriminative learning, whereas in combination they produced a decrement in learning rates. Post-criterion insertion or transfer of a plug produced a decrement in performance. Subsequent plug transfer had no effect upon performance. The deficit in initial learning rates was interpreted as resulting from the absence of mucosal stimulation on one side (asymmetrical input). Post-criterion deficits were attributed to the effects of changing the pattern of stimulation. These data support the view that odor discrimination employs information derived from topographic response patterns across the olfactory mucosal surface.
2008 National dry mill corn ethanol survey.

Emerging regulations require an examination of corn ethanol’s greenhouse gas emissions on a life cycle basis, including emissions from energy consumed at the plant level. However, comprehensive survey data of the industry’s average performance dates back to 2001, prior to the industry’s expansion phase. Responding to the need for updated data, we conducted a survey to collect energy and processing data for average dry mill ethanol produced during 2008. The study finds that the average liter of anhydrous corn ethanol produced during 2008 requires 28% less thermal energy than 2001 ethanol: 7.18 MJ/l compared to 10 MJ/l. Also, 2008 ethanol requires 32% less electricity: 0.195 kWh/l compared to 0.287 kWh/l, but anhydrous ethanol yields from corn are 5.3% higher and total 0.416 l/kg compared to 0.395 l/kg. Findings also suggest that older plants installed energy efficiency retrofits.
The Use of the Splenic Focus Assay to Study B Cell Tolerance

Abstract The splenic focus assay is an extremely powerful technique for studying monoclonal B cell responses to in vitro T-cell-dependent antigenic stimulation. This method has been applied to studies of several aspects of B cell function, including that of B cell tolerance. Included here are descriptions of the splenic focus assay with its modifications that enable the analysis of B cell tolerance, the advantages and limitations of the assay, and the application of the in vitro assay to the study of various aspects of B cell tolerance, such as the parameters of B cell tolerance, the susceptibility of various B cell subpopulations, and the effect of tolerance on repertoire expression.
Anesthetic Considerations for Awake Craniotomy for Epilepsy

A variety of anesthetic methods, with and without airway manipulation, are available to facilitate awake intraoperative examinations and cortical stimulation, which allow more aggressive resection of epileptogenic foci in functionally important brain regions. Careful patient selection and preparation combined with attentive cooperation of the medical team are the foundation for a smooth awake procedure. With improved pharmacologic agents and variety of techniques at the neuroanesthesiologist's disposal, awake craniotomy has become an elegant approach to epileptic focus resection in functional cortex.
Patient-centered innovation in health care organizations: a conceptual framework and case study application.

Background Patient-centered innovation is spreading at the federal and state levels. A conceptual framework can help frame real-world examples and extract systematic learning from an array of innovative applications currently underway. The statutory, economic, and political environment in Washington State offers a special contextual laboratory for observing the interplay of these factors. Purpose We propose a framework for understanding the process of initiating patient-centered innovations-particularly innovations addressing patient-centered goals of improved access, continuity, communication and coordination, cultural competency, and family- and person-focused care over time. The framework to a case study of a provider organization in Washington State actively engaged in such innovations was applied in this article. Methods We conducted a selective review of peer-reviewed evidence and theory regarding determinants of organizational change. On the basis of the literature review and the particular examples of patient-centric innovation, we developed a conceptual framework. Semistructured key informant interviews were conducted to illustrate the framework with concrete examples of patient-centered innovation. Findings The primary determinants of initiating patient-centered innovation are (a) effective leadership, with the necessary technical and professional expertise and creative skills; (b) strong internal and external motivation to change; (c) clear and internally consistent organizational mission; (d) aligned organizational strategy; (e) robust organizational capability; and (f) continuous feedback and organizational learning. The internal hierarchy of actors is important in shaping patient-centered innovation. External financial incentives and government regulations also significantly shape innovation. Practice implications Patient-centered care innovation is a complex process. A general framework that could help managers and executives organize their thoughts around innovation within their organization is presented.
A verification of an analytical formula for estimating the height of the stable internal boundary layer

A stable thermal internal boundary layer (IBL) develops when warm air is advected from warmer land upstream to a cooler sea downstream. It is shown that the analytical model for estimating the height (h) of this stable IBL as formulated by Garratt (1987) is verified. It is also demonstrated that a simpler equation, % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4baFfea0dXde9vqpa0lb9% cq0dXdb9IqFHe9FjuP0-iq0dXdbba9pe0lb9hs0dXda91qaq-xfr-x% fj-hmeGabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGObGaeyisIS% RaaGymaiaaiAdacaWGybWaaWbaaSqabeaadaWcgaqaaiaaigdaaeaa% caaIYaaaaaaaaaa!390B!\[h \approx 16X^{{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 2}} \] (where h is in meters and X, the fetch downwind, is in kilometers), is useful operationally as a first approximation.
Literature as a window to the mind

Proceeding from Roman Jakobson's suggestion that the analysis of literature should constitute a recognized branch of linguistics, this discussion shows how literature can shed light, not only on the features of language that contribute to aesthetic effects, but also on human mental processing, and specifically the nature of human consciousness. A fictional character's consciousness may be represented either directly or with mediation by an omniscient narrator. A character's conscious attention may be focused either on the immediate environment or on displaced experiences that are remembered or imagined. Literature illuminates the different qualities that characterize immediate and displaced consciousness. It also sheds light on the several varieties of conscious experience, which range from raw perceptions, emotions, and actions to preverbal and fully verbal structures. It is suggested finally that studying translations of literary works can be useful in highlighting the properties of preverbal organization.
Multispectral Limited-Angle Image Reconstruction

Limited-angle reconstruction algorithms utilize a priori information on the objects to compensate for the missing scannings in limited-angle imagings. In earlier papers we have shown qualitatively that decomposing a composite object through multiple energy scans enables better use of the a priori information and therefore is capable of bringing about improvement in limited-angle reconstructions. In this paper a more quantitative analysis is performed to study the conditions for such a improvement and its magnitude. In particular, it is shown that this technique favors reconstruction for the hot spot type of phantoms much more than the cold spot type.
Macrophage cholesterol homeostasis and metabolic diseases: critical role of cholesteryl ester mobilization.

Atherogenic dyslipidemia, including low HDL levels, is the major contributor of residual risk of cardiovascular disease that remains even after aggressive statin therapy to reduce LDL-cholesterol. Currently, distinction is not made between HDL-cholesterol and HDL, which is a lipoprotein consisting of several proteins and a core containing cholesteryl esters (CEs). The importance of assessing HDL functionality, specifically its role in facilitating cholesterol efflux from foam cells, is relevant to atherogenesis. Since HDLs can only remove unesterified cholesterol from macrophages while cholesterol is stored as CEs within foam cells, intracellular CE hydrolysis by CE hydrolase is vital. Reduction in macrophage lipid burden not only attenuates atherosclerosis but also reduces inflammation and linked pathologies such as Type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Targeting reduction in macrophage CE levels and focusing on enhancing cholesterol flux from peripheral tissues to liver for final elimination is pr...
The search for meaning and career development

This article discusses the importance of existential meaning in career counseling, provides a case study of its application, and relates it to career development theory. Career development and counseling professionals will find existential analysis useful in their service to others. Using logotherapy, a counseling professional living in a pluralistic society can assist individuals with distinct worldviews in their search for meaning. Given our lives and careers, we can find meaning by creating something or doing some good, by experiencing something or someone, and by our attitude towards unavoidable suffering.
Novel Detection Method of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals Utilizing Liposomes as Cell Membrane Model

Abstract A novel detection method of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is proposed. Liposomes encapsulating fluorescence dye was prepared as a cell membrane model and applied to detect EDCs. Leakages of dye from liposomes were observed after their exposure to EDCs. Fluorescence intensity increased significantly when the liposomes were exposed to 5 ppm EDCs. The increases showed a good correlation with EDCs' dipole moment. Therefore, polarizability is suggested as one of the factors of the liposome-EDC interaction. At lower than 5 ppm, the increases depended on EDCs' concentration. The tendency of the results was in accordance with reported estrogenic activity of EDCs.
Response from Casadevall

Dr Eisenstein's eloquent letter provides important details on the role of humoral and cellular immunity in host defense against Salmonella sp. and complements and expands the themes developed in my recent article[1xCasadevall, A. Trends Microbiol. 1998; 6: 102–107Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (73)See all References][1]. An important issue raised by Dr Eisenstein is the occurrence of `band-wagon mentalities' among scientists who `fail to review the literature in a scholarly way'. There are many examples of this behavior in the history of science. For example, in recent years, there has been an effort to interpret many aspects of microbial pathogenesis and immunity in the context of the Th1–Th2 paradigm, despite data to the contrary[2xAllen, J.E. and Maizels, R.M. Immunol. Today. 1997; 18: 387–392Abstract | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (243)See all References][2]. Perhaps our need for order tempts us to simplify the available information by disregarding data that are not easily accommodated into an elegant paradigm. In this respect, the historical assignment of humoral immunity to extracellular pathogens, and cellular immunity to intracellular pathogens, might have initially provided a comfortable division to begin to understand the complexities of immunology and microbial pathogenesis. However, as the Salmonella story demonstrates, as detailed by Dr Eisenstein, a hypothesis became dogma, divided a field, and was finally undermined by an effective polysaccharide vaccine. Scientists need to remain open-minded and always guard against the danger that attractive hypotheses evolve into religious beliefs. Dr Eisenstein's letter is greatly appreciated.
Sjögren-Larsson syndrome: molecular genetics and biochemical pathogenesis of fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase deficiency.

Sjogren-Larsson syndrome (SLS) is an inherited neurocutaneous disorder caused by mutations in the ALDH3A2 gene that encodes fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH), an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of fatty aldehyde to fatty acid. Affected patients display ichthyosis, mental retardation and spastic diplegia. More than 70 mutations in ALDH3A2 have been discovered in SLS patients including amino acid substitutions, deletions, insertions and splicing errors. Most mutations are private, but several common mutations reflect founder effects, consanguinity or recurrent mutational events. FALDH oxidizes fatty aldehyde substrates arising from metabolism of fatty alcohols, leukotriene B4, ether glycerolipids and other potential sources such as sphingolipids. The pathogenesis of the cutaneous and neurologic symptoms is thought to result from abnormal lipid accumulation in the membranes of skin and brain; the formation of aldehyde Schiff base adducts with amine-containing lipids or proteins; or defective eicosanoid metabolism. Therapeutic approaches are being developed to target specific metabolic defects associated with FALDH deficiency or to correct the genetic defect by gene transfer.
Powertrain Optimization for an Earthmoving Vehicle

The advent of integrated powertrain technologies offers great potential for improvements in efficiency and transient performance of powertrains. This work examines the integration of various powertrain subsystems onboard an earthmoving vehicle. The nature of the variable displacement pumping subsystem is similar in concept to other forms of continuously variable transmissions. Separate controllers are designed using gain scheduled H∞ synthesis to address the problems of efficiency and performance. Both controllers are combined through switching logic to enable explicit tradeoffs between the objectives and thus improve the powertrain productivity. The devised control strategies are implemented on a hardware-in-the-loop representation of an earthmoving vehicle powertrain. The baseline efficiency controller is further improved by a hybrid design that effectively deactivates part of the powertrain system when not in use.© 2004 ASME
On conforming mixed finite element methods for incompressible viscous flow problems

The application of conforming mixed finite element methods to obtain approximate solutions of linearized Navier-Stokes equations is examined. Attention is given to the convergence rates of various finite element approximations of the pressure and the velocity field. The optimality of the convergence rates are addressed in terms of comparisons of the approximation convergence to a smooth solution in relation to the best approximation available for the finite element space used. Consideration is also devoted to techniques for efficient use of a Gaussian elimination algorithm to obtain a solution to a system of linear algebraic equations derived by finite element discretizations of linear partial differential equations.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS ON TUBULAR STRUCTURES INVOLVED IN CRYSTAL FORMATION IN THE RED ALGA PLEONOSPORIUM SQUARRULOSUM (HARV.) ABBOTT1

Hexagonal or angular crystalline inclusions in Pleonosporium (Naeg.) Hauck vegetative cells were examined using electron microscopy. Ultrastructural analysis reveals that the inclusions initially contain tubular elements resembling microtubules but, with continued differentiation, are transformed into rod containing crystals. The tubular structures initially measure 25 nm in diameter. Scattered tubules become arranged in a parallel and alternate pattern and undergo subsequent enlargement to approximately 29 nm. Following enlargement, each tubule apparently disaggregates into rods that form a crystal having hexagonally arranged rod-like subunits. It is suggested that these tubules may represent microtubules and the resultant crystals are composed of tubulin.
Consequences of Targeted Parathyroidectomy Guided by Localization Studies Without Intraoperative Parathyroid Hormone Monitoring

BACKGROUND: After excision of an abnormal gland, the dynamics of intraoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels signal whether or not more hypersecreting tissue is present. This quantitative assurance of operative success has led to targeted exploration of the hyperfunctioning gland(s). Some have questioned the need for intraoperative PTH monitoring (IPM) in the presence of positive nuclear scanning. The purpose of this study was to examine the accuracy of nuclear scans in correctly localizing and guiding the complete excision of all abnormal gland(s) in patients with sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism (SPHPT) and to demonstrate how IPM changed the operative management in these patients. STUDY DESIGN: Five hundred nineteen consecutive patients with sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism had technetium 99-m-sestamibi scans (MIBI) as localization studies obtained before undergoing parathyroidectomy guided exclusively by IPM. All patients were either followed for more than 6 months, or their procedures were identified as operative failures. MIBI reports were correlated with operative findings, hormone dynamics, and postoperative outcomes. RESULTS: Operative success was achieved in 506 of 519 patients (97%). MIBI correctly localized all involved glands in 411 patients (80%). Among the 105 patients (20%) with incorrect or negative scans, IPM changed the operative management in 86 of 105 (82%) by pointing out incomplete resection in patients with a single MIBI incorrect focus (21 of 28) or unrecognized multiglandular disease by scan (13 of 15); avoiding unnecessary exploration in patients with additional incorrect foci (20 of 21); and guiding the surgeon to successful excision or unilateral neck exploration in patients with negative MIBI (32 of 41). CONCLUSIONS: MIBI as a single adjunct missed 87% of patients with multiglandular disease. Including patients with negative (8%) and incorrect (12%) MIBI, IPM changed the operative management in 17% of patients and led to operative success in 97%. We suggest that IPM should be used to guide parathyroid excision in every patient with sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism.
Exploring a Nursing Community Online: A Breadth of Topics and a Depth of Understanding

Online forums offer researchers opportunities to investigate communities in unobtrusive ways to understand better the experiences, concerns, and stories of those who contribute. In this exploratory study, the authors analyze content from one online nursing community to highlight the breadth of topics being discussed outside of the nursing workplace but within the nursing community (e.g. topics, that when taken together, begin to structure a collective narrative for this on-line community). Then, the authors explore one specific topic being discussed by this nursing community, nurse bullying, in an effort to better understand how the current nursing literatureâ€™s coverage of the topic compares with the discussion emerging from this on-line community. Finally, suggestions for using on-line forums as research sites are discussed.
Ischemie heart disease in systemic lupus erythematosus in the young patient: Report of six cases

Abstract To clarify the clinical spectrum of coronary arterial abnormalities in systemic lupus erythematosus, the data were reviewed on six patients who had a diagnosis of lupus at ages 15 to 29 years and who had ischemie heart disease before age 35. Two patients had coronary arteritis diagnosed on postmortem examination. In a third patient alterations in coronary arterial anatomy occurred with angiographic improvement temporally related to the initiation of steroid therapy. The other three patients had severe diffuse atherosclerotic coronary disease that was identified in two at postmortem examination. In the third patient the course of the disease strongly suggested coronary atherosclerosis, and eventually coronary bypass grafting was performed for relief of angina, In summary, clinically important extramural coronary arteritis and atherosclerosis both occur, although rarely, in young patients with lupus. Coronary artery disease may occur with or without coexisting active extracardiac lupus manifestations. Short-term steroid therapy and follow-up angiography for those with angina and in whom coronary arteritis is suspected warrant consideration. When stable coronary arterial anatomy is demonstrated on follow-up angiography, management is determined by the patient's symptoms Irrespective of the prior history of lupus and, if indicated, cardiac surgery for symptomatic relief can be safely performed.
Psychosocial Behavioral Patterns for Adolescents

Among the many formative issues in adolescents, determinants for health behaviors are being shaped. The development of positive oral health behavior in adolescents is a complex process. Areas specifically related to oral health include self-concept and its relation-ship to oral health and compliance with orthodontic care; tobacco use; special considerations including anorexia, bulimia, and troubled youths; and health promotions. Knowledge is necessary, but there must also be shifts in attitudes and the development of health-related behaviors. Establishing these attitudes and behaviors in adolescence is crucial, because patterns of behavior developed in adolescence can form the basis for future health.
A Conservative Finite Difference Method for the Numerical Solution of Plasma Fluid Equations

This paper describes a numerical method for the solution of a system of plasma fluid equations. The fluid model is similar to those employed in the simulation of high-density, low-pressure plasmas used in semiconductor processing. The governing equations consist of a drift-diffusion model of the electrons, together with an internal energy equation, coupled via Poisson's equation to a system of Euler equations for each ion species augmented with electrostatic force, collisional, and source/sink terms. The time integration of the full system is performed using an operator splitting that conserves space charge and avoids dielectric relaxation timestep restrictions. The integration of the individual ion species and electrons within the time-split advancement is achieved using a second-order Godunov discretization of the hyperbolic terms, modified to account for the significant role of the electric field in the propagation of acoustic waves, combined with a backward Euler discretization of the parabolic terms. Discrete boundary conditions are employed to accommodate the plasma sheath boundary layer on underresolved grids. The algorithm is described for the case of a single Cartesian grid as the first step toward an implementation on a locally refined grid hierarchy in which the method presented here may be applied on each refinement level.
Evaluation of mailed pediatric buccal cytobrushes for use in a case‐control study of birth defects

BACKGROUND: Buccal cell collection is a convenient DNA collection method; however, little attention has been given to the quality of DNA obtained from pediatric populations. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a modified cytobrush collection method on the yield and quality of infant buccal DNA collected as part of a population-based case-control study of birth defects. METHODS Cytobrushes were collected from infants, mothers, and fathers using a standard collection method in 1997 to 2003 and a modified protocol that allows air-drying of the cytobrushes after collection from 2003 to the present. Yield and quality of DNA from 1057 cytobrushes was assessed by quantitative PCR and short tandem repeat (STR) genotyping, respectively. RESULTS Air-dried cytobrushes from infants had higher median DNA yields (1300 ng) and STR completion rates (99.5%) than standard collection method cytobrushes (60 ng and 59.5%, respectively). A subset of DNA aliquots was genotyped for six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Aliquots from both collection methods that passed the quality protocol (DNA concentration >1 ng/μl, and successful amplification of ≥1 STR) had high genotype completion rates (99–100%). The median DNA yield following whole genome amplification was more than twofold higher for air-dried than standard collection specimens (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Yield and quality of buccal DNA collected from infants are improved by using a method that incorporates air-drying; however, DNA collected by both methods is suitable for genotyping if stringent quality control procedures are instituted. These findings may be helpful for future epidemiologic studies of birth defects and other adverse pediatric outcomes. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Heteronarrative Analysis A Narrative Method for Analizng the Formation of Gender Identity

In this article, the author discusses a method of narrative analysis that may function to expand the heteronormative, the ideology that heterosexuality and traditional gender and sex roles are natural, normal, and morally superior. Heteronarrative analysis examines how the body and subject are made up within the heteronormative through the structure of narrative. Prior to discussing this method, the author will review the theories that inform it-the body and subject formed in and through language, the heteronarrative and the constitution of the body and subject, and narratology, a popular narrative theory from literary studies. The author concludes with a few thoughts on the possibilities of expanding the heteronormative through heteronarrative analysis.
Interaction and intensity borrowing between aromatic ring stretching and carboxylate ion antisymmetric stretching modes in benzoate salts

Abstract The spectra of sodium benzoate and many para-substituted benzoate salts contain an intense band assigned to aromatic ring stretching modes which is several-fold more intense than the absorption in this region (near 1600 cm−1) in the acidic state. All these salts contain a second band of similar but highly variable (4-fold) intensity near 1560 cm−1, assignable to the carboxylate ion antisymmetric stretching mode. The integrated intensity sum of these two bands has been found to be relatively constant and equivalent in magnitude to the sum of a group CO2− intensity (determined in aliphatic salts) and the usually weak aromatic intensity as measured in the acid state. These results suggest that the origin of the increase in intensity of the ring stretching mode near 1600 cm−1 in ionic carboxylates is the borrowing of intensity from coupled CO2− antisymmetric stretching vibrations. A relatively constant intensity sum and evidence of interaction have also been obtained for meta and ortho substituted benzoates. The intensity sum group average was 3.2 ± 0.4 for 40 aromatic salts compared with an average of 2.9 ± 0.3 for 36 non-aromatic salts. The difference is probably a measure of the aromatic ring contribution to the intensity sum. Some interaction was also evident in 2-phenylaliphatic acid salts.
Bilateral exudative retinal detachments in Sturge-Weber syndrome.

An 11-year-old girl with a port-wine stain on both sides of her face (fi gure A, B) presented after reporting progressive diffi culty reading. Visual acuity in the right eye was 20/100 and in the left eye she could count fi ngers only. Fundus examination of the right eye showed an inferior retinal detachment with retinal pleats (fi gure C, arrow). A subretinal peripapillary lesion was also seen. Dilated examination of the left eye showed a bullous retinal detachment that could be seen through the pupil Lancet 2013; 382: 259
Comparison of Far-Field Noise for Three Significantly Different Model Turbofans

Far-field noise sound power level (PWL) spectra and overall sound pressure level (OASPL) directivities were compared for three significantly different model fan stages which were tested in the NASA Glenn 9 15 Low Speed Wind Tunnel. The test fans included the Advanced Ducted Propulsor (ADP) Fan1, the baseline Source Diagnostic Test (SDT) fan, and the Quiet High Speed Fan2 (QHSF2). These fans had design rotor tangential tip speeds from 840 to 1474 ft/s and stage pressure ratios from 1.29 to 1.82. Additional parameters included rotor-stator spacing, stator sweep, and downstream support struts. Acoustic comparison points were selected on the basis of stage thrust. Acoustic results for the low tip speed/low pressure ratio fan (ADP Fan1) were thrust-adjusted to show how a geometrically-scaled version of this fan might compare at the higher design thrust levels of the other two fans. Lowest noise levels were typically observed for ADP Fan1 (which had a radial stator) and for the intermediate tip speed fan (Source Diagnostics Test, SDT, R4 rotor) with a swept stator. Projected noise levels for the ADP fan to the SDT swept stator configuration at design point conditions showed the fans to have similar noise levels. However, it is possible that the ADP fan could be 2 to 3 dB quieter with incorporation of a swept stator. Benefits of a scaled ADP fan include avoidance of multiple pure tones associated with transonic and higher blade tip speeds. Penalties of a larger size ADP fan would include increased nacelle size and drag.
Active learning strategies...not for the birds

Nursing students historically have struggled to learn a large amount of content in a short period of time. Reliance on intense memorization of endless facts from multiple textbook chapters is ineffective, exhausting, and generally does not result in knowledge retention. Nursing educators face the challenge of facilitating learning that promotes critical thinking through the use of strategies that actively engage the students. Creating an environment of learning where students come prepared to class and use the textbook material to enhance understanding and knowledge acquisition is imperative. This article presents active learning strategies that are flexible for varying class sizes, time availability, and topics. Classroom assessment techniques support the value of this teaching-learning approach.
Cytology, Ultrastructure, Taxonomy, and Phylogenetic Relationships of Great Lakes Filamentous Algae

Recent cytological and ultrastructural work has required revision of previous ideas concerning the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of Great Lakes filamentous algae. Characters found to be of phylogenetic importance include the fine structure of dividing cells and reproductive cells, as well as certain biochemical features. A number of modern cellular and evolutionary studies are described which collectively suggest that the Laurentian Great Lakes have been invaded by marine littoral algae several times, by Ulothrix zonata, Cladophora glomerata, and most recently, by Bangia atropurpurea. In each case, physiological adaptation to freshwater has occurred, often accompanied by apparent loss of sexual reproductive cycles
Breakdown points of t-type regression estimators

SUMMARY To bound the influence of a leverage point, generalised M-estimators have been suggested. However, the usual generalised M-estimator of regression has a breakdown point that is less than the inverse of its dimension. This paper shows that dimension-independent positive breakdown points can be attained by a class of well-defined generalised Mestimators with redescending scores. The solution can be determined through optimisation of t-type likelihood applied to properly weighted residuals. The highest breakdown point of ' is attained by Cauchy score. These bounded-influence and high-breakdown estimators can be viewed as a fully iterated version of the one-step generalised M-estimates of Simpson, Ruppert & Carroll (1992) with the two advantages of easier interpretability and avoidance of undesirable roots to estimating equations. Given the design-dependent weights, they can be computed via EM algorithms. Empirical investigations show that they are highly competitive with other robust estimators of regression.
Green Certifications and Ecolabels in the MEEC Industry: Which Are Really Worth It?

The meetings, expositions, events, and conventions industry (MEEC), like most of the world, is embracing greening and sustainability. In alignment and support of sustainability, a multitude of certifications have sprung up. The research at hand ascertained that, while these certifications are laudable, there is currently no mechanism for event professionals to evaluate one certification against another. Thus, event professionals must employ the concept of caveat emptor.
High-Strength Self-Compacting Concrete Exposed to Fire Test

Results are presented from experimental work on the high-temperature behavior of conventional vibrated high-strength concrete and self-compacting high-strength concrete. Concrete cylindrical specimens and prismatic specimens were subjected to a low heating rate of 0.5°C∕min (up to 400°C ) and a high heating rate according to International Standard Organization 834 fire curve (up to 600°C ). The experimental results show that the residual mechanical properties in reference to initial mechanical properties of self-compacting high-strength concretes were similar to that of conventional high-strength concrete. The risk of spalling for self-compacting high-strength concrete was greater than that of conventional high-strength concrete. As for the conventional vibrated high-strength concrete, the use of polypropylene fiber improved the thermal stability of self-compacting high-strength concrete. Adding polypropylene fiber modified thermal gradient (in consequence thermal stresses) in the tested concrete specimen...
Biomechanical and radiographic analysis of a novel, minimally invasive, extension-limiting device for the lumbar spine.

Object. Biomechanical testing and fluoroscopic imaging were used to study an extension-limiting device that has been developed to support and cushion the facet complex. It is a titanium screw‐based system with a polycarbonate-urethane bumper that lies against the inferior articular process and is anchored into the pedicle by the screw for posterior dynamic stabilization (PDS). Methods. Six human cadaveric spines were dissected from L-2 to L-5, leaving all ligamentous structures intact. The intact spines were first tested in flexion and extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation at 67.5 Nm. The PDS devices were inserted at L3‐4 and testing was repeated. Fluoroscopic analysis of posterior disc height and foraminal area of the intact and instrumented spines while loaded was performed. All test data were compared using a oneway analysis of variance (statistical significance was set at p , 0.05). Instrumented spines had 62% less motion during flexion and 49% less motion during extension compared with the intact spines. Neuroimaging analysis showed 84% less compression of the posterior disc of the instrumented spines during extension, and no difference during flexion compared with intact spines. After instrumentation was affixed, the foraminal area was 36% larger than in intact spines during extension and 9% larger during flexion. During axial loading, compression of the posterior disc was decreased by 70%, and analysis showed 10% decompression prior to loading just from implanting the devices. Conclusions. The PDS system has the benefit of being a completely percutaneous one, which can be used at all levels of the lumbar spine, including S-1. The PDS system limits spinal motion, enlarges the foramina, and achieves discal decompression.
Capacity of relay channels with ISI and colored Gaussian noise

The capacity of a degraded relay channel with inter-symbol interference and additive colored Gaussian noise is examined under an input power constraint. Using the classical methodology, a related channel and signal model is developed - the circular degraded relay channel - the capacity of which is shown to be equivalent to that of the channel of interest in the limit of infinite block length. The capacity of circular relay channel is, in turn, determined by the decomposition into parallel degraded relay channels whose individual capacities are given by prior results. Two case studies based on the degraded relay channel with memory and white noise are examined: Common transmission bandwidths on each link and different effective transmission bandwidth over each link.