cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of students studying-behavior produced by daily, weekly, and three-week testing schedules

Time spent in contact with academic course materials as a function of two testing schedules was measured using college undergraduates in an introductory educational psychology course. A within-subject (ABAB) design was employed with all subjects to allow for both individual and group analyses. A study room equipped with an adjacent observation room enabled visual and auditory monitoring of student study behavior. Academic materials were exclusively available to students in the study room and records of durations and distribution of student study time were made by an observer behind a one-way mirror. Daily testing produced consistent duration of study behavior with regular attendance at the study room; weekly and three-week testing produced sporadic bursts of study behavior and frequent instances of non-attendance. The amount of study behavior occurring in weekly and three-week testing conditions increased as the test time drew near (scalloping). Results suggest that daily testing supports more consistent study patterns than do the two larger intertest intervals investigated.
Down Memory Lane: Recollections of Lamaze International's First 50 Years

The 42-year involvement of one member of Lamaze International is chronicled through a decade-by-decade review of personal memories. The history of Lamaze International is shared through the recollections of her roles as a childbirth educator, faculty member, and member of the board of directors.
The recent pervasive external effects of residential home foreclosure

The United States faced an ongoing foreclosure crisis in the late 2000s. Federal and state governments responded with public policies designed to reduce foreclosures. Such policies are economically appropriate if the cost to implement them is less than the negative private and public external effects of mortgage foreclosure. A hedonic home price regression calculates the value of these external effects for a large United States area (Sacramento, CA) hit particularly hard by the crisis over the period between January 2008 and June 2009. The selling price of an average non-real estate owned homes, due to the presence of real estate owned sales of neighboring homes, fell by $48,827 or 31.9 percent. This estimate of the external neighborhood effect far exceeds similar estimates from previous regression studies using data from before the late 2000s foreclosure crisis and likely justifies public intervention into the curtailment of a regional foreclosure crisis of this magnitude.
Formic acid: Possible prebiotic reducing agent under photochemical conditions

Abstract The experiments were conducted to explore the possibility that formic acid could serve as a reducing agent for carbonyl compounds on the prebiotic earth, since it has been shown that formic acid is a product of numerous chemical evolution experiments. The photoreduction of solutions 0.33 M in acetaldehyde or acetone at 2537 A in 0.167 M formic acid, sodium formate, or both formic acid and sodium formate in a nitrogen atmosphere has been conducted. The formation of the corresponding reduction product, ethanol or isopropyl alcohol, and the disappearance of the reactant were followed as a function of irradiation time by using gas chromatography. Product confirmation was done by NMR analysis and mass spectrometry.
The Relationship between Short-Term Mentoring Benefits and Long-Term Mentor Outcomes.

Little is known about the short- and long-term beneWts mentors gain from their mentoring relationships. This study examined the extent to which short-term proximal beneWts reported by mentors (improved job performance, recognition by others, rewarding experience, and loyal base of support) predicted the long-term distal outcomes of mentor career success, work attitudes and behavioral intentions to mentor in the future. Mentors’ reports of short-term mentoring beneWts signiWcantly predicted their work attitudes and their intentions to mentor again in the future, but were unrelated to their career success. Upon closer inspection, short-term instrumental mentor beneWts (improved job performance, recognition by others) were more important in predicting mentor work attitudes, whereas short-term relational mentor beneWts (rewarding experience, loyal base of support) were more important in predicting intentions to mentor in the future. Implications for mentoring theory, future research, and practice are discussed.
Autometallographic determination of inorganic mercury distribution in the cortex of the calcarine sulcus of the monkey Macaca fascicularis following long-term subclinical exposure to methylmercury and mercuric chloride

The distribution of accumulated inorganic mercury deposits in the cortex of the calcarine sulcus of adult female Macaca fascicularis following long-term subclinical exposure to methyl-mercury (MeHg) and mercuric chloride (inorganic mercury-IHg) has been determined by autometallography. Four groups of monkeys were exposed to MeHg (50 micrograms Hg/kg body wt/day) by mouth for 6, 12, and 18 months or 12 months followed by 6 months without exposure (clearance group). A fifth group of monkeys was administered inorganic mercury (as HgCl2; 200 micrograms Hg/kg body wt/day) for 3 months by constant rate intravenous infusion via an indwelling catheter. Staining of IHg deposits in the MeHg-exposed groups increased for all cell types with increased length of exposure. The astrocytes and microglia in the MeHg exposure groups contained the largest deposits of IHg. Neurons in the 6-month MeHg exposure group were either not labeled or contained very fine deposits of IHg. The frequency of labeled neurons increased somewhat in the 12-month and clearance exposure groups. Virtually all neurons in the 18-month exposure group contained labeled deposits of IHg; however, these total deposits were considerably smaller than those present within the astrocytes and microglia. The majority of endothelial cells and pericytes did not contain notable mercury deposits, although scattered individual cells were heavily labeled. Labeled oligodendrocytes were relatively rare in all MeHg-exposed groups. Gitter cells, primarily located in a perivascular position, were common in the 12-month, 18-month, and clearance groups and many of these were found to be heavily labeled. The staining of mercury deposits in the IHg-exposed animals was low compared to the MeHg-exposed groups. The astrocytes and microglia were the primary cell types labeled. It is concluded that the astrocytes, and possibly microglia, are the primary location of the demethylation of MeHg into IHg within the cortex of the calcarine sulcus.
Elucidation of LSD In Vitro Metabolism by Liquid Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry

The in vitro metabolism of D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) by human liver microsomes was investigated. Tandem mass spectrometric techniques, using precursor and neutral loss scans, were employed in the initial search for drug metabolites. The determination of LSD human liver in vitro metabolites was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Two new in vitro metabolites, lysergic acid ethylamide (LAE) and 2-oxo-LSD, were positively identified; their structures were established by comparing with reference standards. Several other possible in vitro metabolites detected were suggested to be mono- and trioxylated metabolites of LSD. The major metabolic route of LSD by human liver microsomes is deethylation. Some results with LSD-positive human urine are presented. Among the LSD-related compounds detected in human urine specimens, iso-LSD was present at the highest concentration, followed by nor-LSD and isonor-LSD. Low concentrations of LAE and iso-LAE were also found in these urine specimens.
Improving physical activity, mental health outcomes, and academic retention in college students with Freshman 5 to Thrive: COPE/Healthy Lifestyles.

AbstractPurpose:To assess the preliminary effects of a new course entitled Freshman 5 to Thrive/COPE Healthy Lifestyles on the cognitive beliefs, knowledge, mental health outcomes, healthy lifestyle choices, physical activity, and retention of college freshmen.Data sources:Measures included demograp
A knowledge-based approach to predict intragenic deletions or duplications

Motivation: Despite recent improvements in high-throughput or classic molecular biology approaches it is still challenging to identify intermediate resolution genomic variations (50 bp to 50 kb). Although array-based technologies can be used to detect copy number variations in the human genome they are biased to detect only the largest such deletions or duplications. Several studies have identified deletions or duplications occurring within a gene that directly cause or predispose to disease. We have developed a novel computational system, SPeeDD (system to prioritize deletions or duplications) that utilizes machine learning techniques to predict likely candidate regions that delete or duplicate exon(s) within a gene. Results: Data mining and machine learning methods were applied to identify sequence features that were predictive of homologous recombination events. The logistic model tree (LMT) method yielded the best results. Sensitivity varied from 20% to 71.6% depending on the specific machine learning model used, but specificity exceeded 90% for all methods evaluated. In addition, the SPeeDD system successfully predicted and prioritized a recently published novel BRCA1 mutation. Conclusions: Results suggest that the SPeeDD system is effective at prioritizing candidate deletions and duplications within a gene. Use of SPeeDD enables more focused screening, which reduces the labor and associated costs of the molecular assays and may also lead to targeted design of new array-based screens to focus on candidate areas to accelerate the process of mutation discovery. Contact: tscheetz@eng.uiowa.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Data Collection Strategies and Measurement Tools for Assessing Academic and Therapeutic Outcomes in Recovery Schools

Accurate evaluation and documentation of the efficacy of recovery schools can be vital to the continuation and expansion of these beneficial resources. A very limited data set currently exists that examines the value of specific schools established to support adolescents and young adults in recovery; additional research is necessary. The following article outlines the methodology utilized in a current quasi-experimental study evaluating both academic and therapeutic outcomes of adolescents attending recovery high schools as compared to traditional (non-recovery-based) high schools. The developmental considerations in assessing adolescents in recovery and their parents is delineated in this article, which underscores the need for extensive knowledge of adolescent substance abuse and other mental health issues. In addition, sensitivity around privacy among adolescents, parents, schools, and health providers is highlighted, as well as the validity of assessment. Key assessment strategies, including protocol ...
Microstructure of a Rapidly Solidified Al-Fe-Co-Ni Alloy

Observations made on different consolidated and wrought mlcrostructures suggested that in addition to the simple variations in size and size distributions there were also differences in shape. Furthermore, clusters of oriented precipitates were often observed. The different particle morphologies were related to solidification rate effects. This paper describes the changes in microstructure which occur during the heating of rapidly solidified Al-3.3Fe-4.6Co-2.3Ni splat.
On the cutoff fraction distribution for TASI systems with FIFO discipline

This paper deals with time-assigned speech interpolation (TASI) systems. We show that under the assumptions of an exponential distribution for both talkspurt and silence duration, and the first-in first-out (FIFO) discipline, the percentage of talkspurts totally cut off coincides with the well-known formula of Weinstein (1978). In addition, we provide the probability distribution function (PDF) of the portion that a talkspurt is cut off under the FIFO discipline.
The economics of the adoption of BMPs: the case of mariculture water management

Abstract How shrimp mariculture interacts with the natural environment is a topic receiving growing attention from industry members and environmental organizations. The farms’ use of water, and subsequent discharge problems, represent important inter- and intra-industry externalities. The non-point source nature of the pollution problem suggests direct effluent regulation is unfeasible, and voluntary adoption of best management practices is the current approach favored by the industry and international organizations. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of one such management practice, reduced water exchange. Significant reductions in pond pumping diesel costs, alongside possible reductions in pond productivity and shrimp size, are expected from this technique. Social benefits could follow from the reduction of nitrogen and other effluent loadings. But adoption problems are expected due to the current inability to value longer-term private and social benefits of the practice and the risk-creating nature of the technique. Voluntary compliance with sustainable practices could be enhanced by complementary policy tools and a role of governments in coastal zone management.
Bayesian Discovery of Threat Networks

Network detection is an important capability in many areas of applied research in which data can be represented as a graph of entities and relationships. Often- times the object of interest is a relatively small subgraph in an enormous, potentially uninteresting background. This aspect characterizes network detection as a "big data" problem. Graph partitioning and network discovery have been major research areas over the last ten years, driven by interest in internet search, cyber security, social networks, and criminal or terrorist activities. The specific problem of network discovery is addressed as a special case of graph partitioning in which membership in a small subgraph of interest must be determined. Algebraic graph theory is used as the basis to analyze and compare different network detection methods. A new Bayesian network detection framework is introduced that partitions the graph based on prior information and direct observations. The new approach, called space-time threat propagation, is proved to maximize the probability of detection and is therefore optimum in the Neyman-Pearson sense. This optimality criterion is compared to spectral community detection approaches which divide the global graph into subsets or communities with optimal connectivity properties. We also explore a new generative stochastic model for covert networks and analyze using receiver operating character- istics the detection performance of both classes of optimal detection techniques.
Program in engineering for developing communtnes viewing the developing world as the classroom of the 21 /sup st/ century

Engineering curricula in modern universities are mostly designed toward solving the problems of the one billion rich but do not address the needs of the five billion poor on our planet. This is unfortunate as the demand of the developing world for engineering solutions is likely to increase in the forthcoming years due to population growth. There is a need for training a new generation of engineers who could better meet the challenges and needs of the developing world. In the College of Engineering at the University of Colorado at Boulder, we are developing a new program in Engineering for Developing Communities (EDC). Its overall mission is to educate globally responsible students who can offer sustainable and appropriate technology solutions to the endemic problems faced by developing communities worldwide (including the US). The components of the new program include education, research and development, and outreach and service.
Antenatal management of teenage pregnancy

Abstract The incidence of both the under-18 conception rate and birth rate is falling. Despite this however, the United Kingdom has the highest rate of teenage pregnancy in Western Europe. Young mothers and their babies have poorer access to maternity care and experience worse obstetric outcomes than older mothers. It is likely that the risks associated with teenage pregnancy reflect a significant interplay between the socio-demographic status of many of these teenagers, their nutritional status and their uptake of antenatal care. This review looks at the complications associated with teenage pregnancy and how the implementation of specialized antenatal care aims to achieve similar obstetric outcomes to those of the older mother. It also looks at additional factors required in the provision of healthcare to this group of young women. In providing this care, the quality of life and outcome for both mother and her child can be improved.
Refusing Individuality: How Human Beings Are Made into Subjects

If we are to justify normative communication, we must contend with the question of “why, other than as a response to force, should I accept those norms that are not of my own devising—especially in light of contemporary scholarship which claims that any warrants offered for them are inextricably linked with systems of power?” I respond to that question here through a critical appropriation of resources in the work of Michel Foucault and Jurgen Habermas. To counter what I see as a tendency toward individualism in Foucault and a tendency toward totalization in Habermas, I supplement their accounts with a phenomenological description of the actual process by which human beings are made into subjects.
The turnover of protein in discrete areas of rat brain

Abstract 1. Rats were injected serially with [14C]glucose to obtain a constant specific radioactivity of brain amino acids. Measurements with this system for periods of up to 8h gave an apparent mean half-life for protein in whole brain of 85h (indicating the presence of a protein fraction with much more rapid turnover than this). 2. The half-lives of proteins in the granule-cell, molecular and white-matter layers of cerebellum were also determined. These had values of 33, 59 and 136h respectively. In addition, the incorporation into protein in six layers of the cerebral cortex, subjacent white matter and five layers of Ammon's horn was studied. All cell-body layers incorporated amino acids at about the same rate irrespective of location, and these rates were considerably higher than those for incorporation into proteins in areas rich in dendrites or fibre tracts. 3. A new method for measuring small amounts of glutamate with a cyclic enzyme system is presented.
Transmitter optimization for multiple antenna cellular systems

We consider the problem of transmitter optimization to maximize the downlink sum rate of a multiple antenna cellular system with perfect data cooperation between the base stations and a separate power constraint per base station. To perform this non-convex downlink transmitter optimization we investigate incremental power allocation strategies combined with BC-MAC duality results.
Breast Masses in Adolescent Females

The clinical records of 51 female patients between the ages of 8 and 20 years who underwent excision of breast masses at Boston's Children's Hospital Medical Center were reviewed. In most instances excisional biopsy using local or general anesthesia was performed on an ambulatory basis. Fibroadenomas account for the majority of breast masses (81.4%). There were no malignancies. Breast tumors in pediatric and adolescent populations are best managed by careful physical examination, careful follow-up, needle aspiration when feasible, observation and surgical excision of persistent, enlarging or symptomatic masses. Patient education and breast self-examination teaching are highly recommended. Excisional biopsy of unilateral subareolar masses in the early pubertal female should be avoided, since these usually represent a physiologically enlarged breast bud.
Possible amounts of oxygen in the carrier gas as compared to sample amounts

The amount of oxygen which may be present in the gas volume corresponding to a peak is investigated and compared to the sample amounts. It is shown that even with high purity carrier gases one may have a significant excess of oxygen present at low sample amounts. Attention is drawn to the possibility of impurity build-up by diffusion e.g. through the septum.
Correlates of risk patterns and race/ethnicity among HIV-positive men who have sex with men.

Behaviors related to HIV infection vary by race, with African American and Latino men who have sex with men (MSM) more likely to report sex with women than are European–American MSM. The epidemic among African Americans, in particular, is growing rapidly among both men and women. Some have hypothesized that bisexually active men may be contributing to the epidemic among women. However, little is known about risk patterns among men of different races who are already infected. In this study of 456 HIV-seropositive MSM we found that, like HIV-negative MSM, African American MSM who are HIV-positive were less likely than European American men to identify as gay, more likely to report sex with women, and less comfortable discussing their MSM behavior with close friends and acquaintances. African American participants also exhibited higher levels of internalized homophobia, as well as lower self-efficacy for disclosing their HIV status to sex partners. Implications for interventions for this population are discussed.
Ephemeral floodplain habitats provide best growth conditions for juvenile Chinook salmon in a California river

We reared juvenile Chinook salmon for two consecutive flood seasons within various habitats of the Cosumnes River and its floodplain to compare fish growth in river and floodplain habitats. Fish were placed in enclosures during times when wild salmon would naturally be rearing in floodplain habitats. We found significant differences in growth rates between salmon reared in floodplain and river enclosures. Salmon reared in seasonally inundated habitats with annual terrestrial vegetation experienced higher growth rates than those reared in a perennial pond on the floodplain. Growth of fish in the non-tidal river upstream of the floodplain varied with flow in the river. When flows were high, there was little growth and high mortality, but when the flows were low and clear, the fish grew rapidly. Fish displayed very poor growth in tidally influenced river habitat below the floodplain, a habitat type to which juveniles are commonly displaced during high flow events due to a lack of channel complexity in the main-stem river. Overall, ephemeral floodplain habitats supported higher growth rates for juvenile Chinook salmon than more permanent habitats in either the floodplain or river. Variable responses in both growth and mortality, however, indicate the importance of providing habitat complexity for juvenile salmon in floodplain reaches of streams, so fish can find optimal places for rearing under different flow conditions.
Volume rendering quantification algorithm for reconstruction of CT volume-rendered structures. 1. Cerebral arteriovenous malformations

Volume rendering is a visualization technique that has important applications in diagnostic radiology and in radiotherapy but has not achieved widespread use due, in part, to the lack of volumetric analysis tools for comparison of volume rendering to conventional visualization techniques. The volume rendering quantification algorithm (VRQA), a technique for three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of a structure identified on six principal volume-rendered views, is introduced and described, VRQA involves three major steps: 1) preprocessing of the partial surfaces constructed from each of six volume-rendered images; 2) merging these processed partial surfaces to define the boundaries of a volume; and 3) computation of the volume of the structure from this boundary information. After testing on phantoms, VRQA was applied to CT data of patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVM's). Because volumetric visualization of the cerebral AVM is relatively insensitive to operator dependencies, such as the choice of opacity transfer function, and because precise volumetric definition of the AVM is necessary for radiosurgical treatment planning, it is representative of a class of structures that is ideal for testing and calibration of VRQA, AVM volumes obtained using VRQA are intermediate to those obtained using axial contouring and those obtained using CT-correlated biplanar angiography (two routinely used visualization techniques for treatment planning for AVM's). Applications and potential expansions of VRQA are discussed.
Mid-Ventricular Variant of Dobutamine-Induced Stress Cardiomyopathy.

Introduction: Dobutamine stress testing is a commonly used modality in detecting and estimating the prognosis in coronary artery disease (CAD). Although it is well tolerated by most patients, adverse events have been reported. Rarely, transient wall motion abnormalities can occur in the absence of obstructive CAD to suggest stress cardiomyopathy.
Yes, Bait and Switch Really Benefits Consumers

In our 1990 Marketing Science paper we demonstrated that a law prohibiting bait and switch may have the surprising consequence of hurting the consumers it was designed to protect. Wilkie, Mela, and Gundlach (1998) postulate that this may be false if up selling is equally effective when the bait brand is available and when it is out of stock. We show here that our earlier conclusion is correct in a more general setting: A law prohibiting bait and switch in a competitive market can reduce consumer well-being but never improve it. When bait and switch occurs, it creates welfare gains, and when it would create welfare losses, it does not occur, regardless of a law prohibiting the practice.
Microwave Spectrum of O 2

Twenty-four lines of the microwave spectrum of oxygen molecule have been carefully measured. The theoretical origin of this spectrum is reexamined and the effect of centrifugal distortion is taken into account. The agreement between theory and experiment is satisfactory. It is pointed out that this spectrum is not suitable to determine the velocity of light.
Effects of Temperature on the Development, Egg Production, and Survival of the Cotton Fleahopper, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus

Early nymphal mortality in the cotton fleahopper, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (Reuter), was increased in constant temperatures above 29.4°C or below 23.9°C. Nymphal survival in 40.6, 12.8, and 15.0°C regimens was low. No significant differences were found in length of preoviposition or oviposition periods or numbers of eggs deposited at different constant temperatures. However, fewer females deposited eggs in temperatures above 29.4°C or below 23.9°C. There was close agreement between theoretical thermal constants and observed thermal constants calculated for insects reared in constant, fluctuating, and insectary conditions where temperatures were not extreme. Predictions of developmental rates at high or low temperatures were less accurate. During the time most fleahoppers are present in the field, the thermal constant of the total life cycle (egg to egg) for fleahoppers reared on hosts as suitable as beans and potatoes is probably between 570 and 600°C-days above a developmental threshold of 7.0°C.
Role of Solvent in the Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Anisotropic Colloidal Nanostructures

We use molecular dynamics simulations to study the role played by solvent in promoting anisotropic growth of colloidal nanostructures. Considering the growth of Ag nanowires and nanoplates in organic solvent, we study how solvent influences the aggregation of a small and relatively isotropic nanocrystal with a larger nanowire or a square nanoplate. We observe that when the two nanocrystals approach one another they almost always adopt a mesocrystal configuration, a free-energy minimum in which the two particles hover next to each other with their facets parallel and one or two layers of solvent between them—analogous to experimentally observed mesocrystal structures. Nanocrystal aggregation occurs from the mesocrystal state, and the free-energy barrier for aggregation is smallest on the smallest facets, which perpetuates anisotropic growth. By characterizing solvent ordering around the nanocrystal surfaces, as well as aggregation mechanisms, we find that solvent ordering is disrupted at the edges of the c...
Concentration of adenoviruses by isoelectric precipitation.

Summary and conclusionsThe isoelectric optimum of 6 types of human adenoviruses in undialyzed monkey kidney harvest fluids has been established as pH 3.15 ± 0.15. Live and formalin-inactivated viruses were concentrated efficiently by elution of isoelectric precipitates from Celite columns. These observations appear to have several practical applications, as in the preparation of more potent vaccines.
Parameter Sensitivity Analysis of SWAT Model——A Case Study of Small Watersheds with Different Land Cover Types in Hailuogou Valley

SWAT model(Soil and Water Assessment Tool) is a physical process-based distributed hydrological model,which carries out detailed descriptions to all aspects of the hydrological processes with more complex model structures and more input parameters.In this paper,perturbation analysis method was applied to evaluate the variability of the parameter sensitivities of SWAT in the winter and summer as well as its influence on the modeling results of hydrological processes in four small watersheds with different landscape cover types in Hailuogou Valley.The results showed that the soil water movement was very important in simulated processes of the model,and parameters had different sensitivities in different hydrological basins and different seasons.
Drug-induced oxidative denaturation in red blood cells.

To provide a basis for understanding the biochemical behavior of drug-induced oxidative denaturation in red blood cells, we will focus on two of several possible agents that oxidatively denature the normal red blood cell-phenylhydrazine and dapsone
Induction or Concurrent Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy for Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Thoracic radiation therapy was considered to be the standard care for patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in the United States for many years. Although the long-term results of such treatment were far from satisfactory (a large number of investigators reported approximately 1 patient of 20 treated survived 5 years), it was the only modality that offered any possibility of cure for patients with unresectable tumors. Over the past few years, combined chemotherapy and thoracic radiation therapy (TRT) have become standard treatment for patients with unresectable NSCLC if they have good performance status and minimal or no weight loss (SHAAKE-KONIG et al. 1992; DILLMAN et al. 1990; LECHEVALIER et al. 1991; SAUSE et al. 1995).
RG flow from ϕ 4 theory to the 2D Ising model

We study 1+1 dimensional ϕ 4 theory using the recently proposed method of conformal truncation. Starting in the UV CFT of free field theory, we construct a complete basis of states with definite conformal Casimir, $$ \mathcal{C} $$ . We use these states to express the Hamiltonian of the full interacting theory in lightcone quantization. After truncating to states with $$ \mathcal{C}\le {\mathcal{C}}_{\max } $$ , we numerically diagonalize the Hamiltonian at strong coupling and study the resulting IR dynamics. We compute non-perturbative spectral densities of several local operators, which are equivalent to real-time, infinite-volume correlation functions. These spectral densities, which include the Zamolodchikov C-function along the full RG flow, are calculable at any value of the coupling. Near criticality, our numerical results reproduce correlation functions in the 2D Ising model.
Single-Cell Transcriptomic Characterization of Vertebrate Brain Composition, Development, and Function

A fundamental effort in neuroscience is to identify and characterize the building blocks of the central nervous system. Starting from the early days of the field, researchers have classified brain cells into types based on cellular morphology, electrical properties, connectivity patterns and molecular characteristics. Recent advances in molecular techniques, DNA sequencing, and computational power have enabled high-throughput molecular characterization of individual cells through the use of single-cell RNA-sequencing. This chapter reviews the general notion of cell types in the brain, and then outlines methods to select, isolate, and profile individual cells using single-cell RNA-sequencing. Also included is an overview of analysis methods to define putative types from single-cell RNA-sequencing data, and additional methods to link these data to other modalities in order to obtain a comprehensive picture of the basic components of the central nervous system.
Complementary and Contradictory Visions of Epistemic Justice in World Englishes Graduate Seminars: A Dialogue

This chapter begins with a dialog between two educators and their experiences teaching a World Englishes seminar in a Composition & TESOL graduate program. The dialog examines complementary and conflicting visions for how concepts in World Englishes can promote epistemic justice and social equity. The authors consider how their identities as a female “non-native” English speaker of color and a White, male, “native” English speaker impacted their beliefs, goals, and approaches to teaching a World Englishes course. In the second half of the chapter, the first author offers reflections on his efforts to facilitate direct engagement with linguistic and cultural difference and the ways that a sensory-based pedagogy might extend classical and contemporary depictions of language variation. The authors conclude by considering the relationship between “critical” and “sensory” practices in the classroom in light of larger epistemological, disciplinary, and institutional realities in twenty-first century academia.
The Fossils' Tale—A Gallery Guide by Torsten Bernhardt; edited by Linda Cooper. Redpath Museum, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C4, Canada. 96 pages; 2010; $15 (softbound).

This interesting book is a guide to the fossil displays in the Dawson Gallery of the Redpath Museum at McGill University, Montreal. The book begins with a preface by the museum's director followed ...
Review of Political Translation: How Social Movement Democracies Survive by Nicole Doerr (Cambridge University Press, 2018)

In Political Translation: How Social Movement Democracies Survive, Nicole Doerr uncovers the role of translators as a “third voice within deliberation,” neither participants nor facilitators but advocates for specific individuals to be heard and understood. Her empirical research on translation of various types and in various settings also raises broader theoretical issues about direct versus representative democracy.
Older Salespeoples' Role in Retail Encounters

The study investigated the role of older salespeople for serving older customers, specifically within the retail sales encounter, in two phases (Phase I of focus group interviews and Phase II of survey research). For each phase of the study, differences in customers' attitudes toward older and younger retail salespeople were examined. In general, older customers had more favorable attitudes toward older retail salespeople than toward younger salespeople. The study also demonstrated that greater favorability is not felt for younger sales personnel by younger customers. In fact, both older and younger customers indicated that older retail sales personnel showed more interest in helping them, were more likely to provide clothing information, and showed more respect for them as customers.
Embryo fetal Development Studies in Nonhuman Primates

Embryo fetal development (EFD) studies in nonhuman primates are frequently conducted in macaques with Macaca fascicularis (cynomolgus monkey, long-tailed macaque, crab-eating macaque) being the most accepted model. EFD studies are also feasible in the marmoset. Due to recent guideline changes (ICH M3(R2) and S6(R1)), EFD studies are largely confined to conventional pharmaceutical compounds rather than biopharmaceuticals. This chapter describes basic study designs and provides working protocols for collecting, processing, and staining fetuses, including collection of amniotic fluid and umbilical cord blood. The chapter also covers the examination and terminology for external, visceral, and skeletal examinations of fetuses. The species covered in this chapter are cynomolgus monkey (long-tailed macaque) and marmoset monkey.
Microtus oeconomus (Northern vole)

Two males and three females from central Germany were karyotyped from cells of embryonal cultures. Lung and bone marrow gave similar results. The X chromosomes were identified by radioautography. Constant secondary constrictions are seen in the long arms of the largest and smallest autosomes. These karyotypes have been supplied by Dr. U. Wolf, University of Freiburg, Germany. The possibility has been suggested that M. oeconomus is identical to M. ratticeps (root vole).
Software Engineering’s Top Topics, Trends, and Researchers

For this theme issue on the 50th anniversary of software engineering (SE), Redirections offers an overview of the twists, turns, and numerous redirections seen over the years in the SE research literature. Nearly a dozen topics have dominated the past few decades of SE research—and these have been redirected many times. Some are gaining popularity, whereas others are becoming increasingly rare. This article is part of a theme issue on software engineering’s 50th anniversary.
School Experiences and Educational Opportunities for LGBTQ Students

This chapter provides an overview of empirical research on the educational experiences and opportunities of LGBTQ students in U.S. K–12 and postsecondary institutions, situating this research within theoretical frameworks that emphasize heteronormativity, gendered sexual socialization, and minority stress. We begin with a historical overview of research on LGBTQ students in U.S. schools and discuss conceptualization and measurement issues inherent in studying sexual orientation and gender identity. After reviewing the educational experiences and outcomes of LGBTQ students and the consequences of heteronormative school contexts, we discuss policies, programs, and supportive school environments associated with greater well-being and academic success among LGBTQ youth. Throughout the chapter, we emphasize the unique experiences of gender minority students, relative to sexual minority students, as well as the complex interplay of sexuality and gender identity. We conclude with a discussion of remaining barriers to equal educational opportunity for LGBTQ students and provide suggestions for future research.
Cholesterol and Oxidative Stress in U.S. Pregnant Women Exposed to Lead

Lead exposure among pregnant U.S. women was examined via the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009⁻2016 data to examine its role in bad cholesterol and oxidative stress. Mean values of the clinical markers non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-c) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), a marker of oxidative stress, were explored. In four quartiles of lead exposure, clinical makers were compared. Binary logistic regression predicted the likelihood of elevated clinical markers in pregnant compared to non-pregnant women, while linear regression was used to examine associations between blood lead levels (BLL) and the clinical markers of interest. Mean non-HDL-c was statistically significantly more elevated in pregnant women than non-pregnant women. Mean GGT levels were more statistically significantly elevated in the highest quartile of BLL exposure among pregnant women than in the lower quartiles. In binary logistic regression models, pregnant women were statistically significantly more likely to have elevated non-HDL-c, while in linear regression BLL was statistically significantly associated with GGT levels in pregnant women. Lead exposure in pregnant women is an issue of public health concern that must continue to be studied.
OH-Initiated Reactions of p-Coumaryl Alcohol Relevant to the Lignin Pyrolysis. Part I. Potential Energy Surface Analysis ⊥.

Cinnamyl alcohols such as p-coumaryl alcohol (p-CMA) are lignin models and precursors (monolignols) and the most important primary products of lignin pyrolysis. However, the detection of monomers i...
10-Year Outcomes of Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation for In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest at a Tertiary Center

Purpose Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) is controversial given the paucity of clear evidence for improved outcomes and a lack of clarity on appropriate candidacy in time-sensitive arrest situations. We set out to investigate what factors predicted successful outcomes in ECPR patients. Methods Between March 2007 and August 2018, 112 patients were placed on venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) for ECPR at our institution. Primary outcomes of interest were survival to decannulation and survival to hospital discharge. Patients were compared in terms of pre-cannulation comorbidities, laboratory values, and overall outcomes. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify pre-cannulation predictors of in-hospital mortality. Results Among 112 patients, 44 (39%) survived to decannulation with 31 (28%) surviving to discharge. The median age was 60 (IQR 45-72 years) with a median duration of ECMO support of 2.2 days (IQR 0.6-5.1). There were no differences in age, comorbidities, or year of cannulation between those who survived to decannulation and those who did not. Patients who survived to discharge had a lower prevalence of chronic kidney disease than those who died in-hospital (19% vs. 41%, p=0.046) with lower baseline creatinine levels (median 1.2 mg/dL (IQR 0.8-1.7) vs. 1.7 (0.7-2.7), p=0.008). Median time from CPR initiation to cannulation was 40 minutes (IQR 30-50) with no differences between survivors and non-survivors (p=0.453). When controlling for age and CPR duration, multivariable logistic regression identified pre-arrest serum creatinine as predictive of mortality (OR 3.25 (95% CI: 1.22-8.70), p=0.019) while higher pre-arrest serum albumin was protective (OR 0.32 (95% CI: 0.14-0.74), p=0.007). Conclusion Despite high mortality rates, ECPR affords the opportunity to rescue patients in cardiac arrest. Reduced pre-cannulation renal function and higher serum albumin levels may have value in determining the likelihood of ECPR survival.
A Modern Critique for an Ancient Manuscript [University of Central Oklahoma]

The book most widely considered the epitome of Celtic illuminated manuscripts, The Book of Kells, is under review. This review will be conducted by critiquing the entire manuscript and putting it up to the design standards of today. The review consists of looking critically at the use of color, the readability of the writing, the use of decorative elements, and the effectiveness of the style which everything is illustrated in. During the course of the review it has been concluded that the Celtic people had a fine grasp on getting color onto the paper, however, lacked the knowledge to be able to use the colors effectively. The readability of the writing is less than easy. This being because of the use of thick black writing along with the need to connect almost every letter. The decorations and illustrations flung throughout the manuscript are pleasant distractions from the barely readable text. The readability of the illustrations was lacking also. When looking at the more involved illustrations they become a wall of color because of the lack of depth in each picture. The Book of Kells is a marvelous piece of history, and through its shortcomings the design community has been able to learn about the importance of choosing legible typefaces and that color scheme is an extremely important part of the design process.
Introduction to Space Dogfighting - What Matters in Space Engagements

Spacecraft play an increasingly significant role in United States government military operations. For adversaries looking to degrade U.S. capability to mitigate tactical advantage, this reliance provides another attack vector and represents a potential U.S. weakness. Recent technological developments have resulted in the increased proliferation of “attack” satellites. A strong understanding of the orbital domain and orbital dynamics is necessary to effectively evade these attackers. Much like the early days of aviation, space innovation has out-paced existing tactics, techniques and procedures. This paper aims to provide an overview of the domain and possible evasive maneuvers to facilitate further tactics development. It begins with an overview of the threat landscape to provide background on what to expect, and proceeds to discuss what positions of advantage are in space and how thrust commands translate to maneuvers at different time scales. It details the development of an engagement simulator and provides insight as to the effect of various evasion thrust patterns. From this, an evasion tactic is developed and tested in the simulator. This tactic proves effective in evading an aggressor, while also demonstrating substantial fuel savings over alternative methods. Finally, different spacecraft parameters are compared to determine what hardware improvements provide the best evasive capability.
Central sensory-motor crosstalk in the neural gut-brain axis

Abstract The neural gut-brain axis consists of viscerosensory and autonomic motor neurons innervating the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Sensory neurons transmit nutrient-related and non-nutrient-related information to the brain, while motor neurons regulate GI motility and secretion. Previous research provides an incomplete picture of the brain nuclei that are directly connected with the neural gut-brain axis, and no studies have thoroughly assessed sensory-motor overlap in those nuclei. Our goal in this study was to comprehensively characterize the central sensory and motor circuitry associated with the neural gut-brain axis linked to a segment of the small intestine. We injected a retrograde (pseudorabies; PRV) and anterograde (herpes simplex virus 1; HSV) transsynaptic viral tracer into the duodenal wall of adult male rats. Immunohistochemical processing revealed single- and double-labeled cells that were quantified per nucleus. We found that across nearly all brain regions assessed, PRV + HSV immunoreactive neurons comprised the greatest percentage of labeled cells compared with single-labeled PRV or HSV neurons. These results indicate that even though sensory and motor information can be processed by separate neuronal populations, there is neuroanatomical evidence of direct sensory-motor feedback in the neural gut-brain axis throughout the entire caudal-rostral extent of the brain. This is the first study to exhaustively investigate the sensory-motor organization of the neural gut-brain axis, and is a step toward phenotyping the many central neuronal populations involved in GI control.
Brief communication: Mapping Greenland's perennial firn aquifers using enhanced-resolution L-band brightness temperature image time series

Abstract. Enhanced-resolution L-band brightness temperature (TB) image time series collected over the Greenland ice sheet by NASA’s Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite are used to map Greenland’s perennial firn aquifers from space. Exponentially decreasing L-band TB signatures are correlated with perennial firn aquifer areas identified via the Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets (CReSIS) Multi-Channel Coherent Radar Depth Sounder (MCoRDS) flown by NASA’s Operation IceBridge (OIB) campaign. An empirical algorithm to map extent is developed by fitting these signatures to a set of sigmoidal curves. During the spring of 2016, perennial firn aquifer areas are found to extend over ~66,000 km2.