cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Initial Drug Choice and Comorbidity on Antihypertensive Therapy Compliance* Results From a Population-Based Study in the Elderly

Approximately half of all elderly patients have elevated blood pressure, and proper treatment of this disorder leads to decreased cardiovascular morbidity in patients 65 and older. This study examined the effect of initial drug choice and comorbidity on medication compliance. We conducted a retrospective follow-up of 8643 outpatients aged 65 to 99 with newly prescribed antihypertensive therapy (AHT) from 1982 to 1988 in the New Jersey Medicaid and Medicare programs. Compliance was measured in terms of the number of days in which AHT was available to the patient during the 12 months following the initiation of therapy. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the outcome of good compliance (> or =80%) were calculated. In a logistic regression model, good compliance (> or =80%) was significantly associated with use of newer agents such as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.6 to 2.2) and calcium channel blockers (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.5 to 2.1) as compared to thiazides, the presence of comorbid cardiac disease (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.2), and multiple physician visits (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.8 to 2.5). Good compliance was inversely associated with use of multiple pharmacies (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.4 to 0.5) and number of medications prescribed overall (OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.7 to 0.9). Drug choice, comorbidity, and health services utilization were significantly associated with AHT compliance and represent important considerations in the management of high blood pressure. Noncompliance may be an important cause of treatment failure in elderly hypertensives.
Genetic composition of a green turtle ( Chelonia mydas ) feeding ground population: evidence for multiple origins

Migratory marine turtles are extremely difficult to track between their feeding and nesting areas, and the link between juvenile and adult habitats is generally unknown. To assess the composition of a feeding ground (FG) population of juvenile green turtles (Cheloniamydas Linnaeus), mitochondrial DNA control region sequences were examined in 80 post-pelagic individuals (straight carapace length = 31 to 67 cm) sampled in September 1992 from Great Inagua, Bahamas, and compared to those of 194 individuals from nine Atlantic and Mediterranean nesting colonies. Evidence from genetic markers, haplotype frequencies, and maximum likelihood (ML) analyses are concordant in indicating that multiple colonies contribute to the Bahamian FG population. ML analyses suggested that most Bahamian FG juveniles originated in the western (79.5%) and eastern (12.9%) Caribbean regions, and these proportions are roughly comparable to the size of candidate rookeries. These data support a life-cycle model in which individuals become pooled in post-hatchling (pelagic) and juvenile (benthic) habitats as a consequence of ocean currents and movement among FGs. A substantial harvest of immature turtles on their feeding pastures will influence the reproductive success of contributing nesting populations over a wide geographic scale.
Acute hypoxia effects leukocyte-endothelial interactions in the mesenteric microcirculation † 884

Acute hypoxia effects leukocyte-endothelial interactions in the mesenteric microcirculation † 884
Lack of long-term adverse adrenal effects from inhaled triamcinolone: Lung Health Study II

Study objectives: Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are widely used in the treatment of COPD. One of the potential adverse effects of their use is the development of adrenal suppression. Our study aimed to determine the effects of ICS on adrenal function over 3 years of use in patients with COPD. Methods: Two hundred twenty-one subjects were recruited from the 1,116 patients already enrolled in Lung Health Study II and were randomized to receive either triamcinolone, 1,200 g, or placebo daily. Basal cortisol levels and cortisol levels at 30 min and 60 min following cosyntropin injection were measured at study entry and after 1 year and 3 years of participation. Results: Basal cortisol levels in the placebo group were higher than in those receiving active drug at all time points and rose through the study period. There was no suppression of cortisol levels after cosyntropin stimulation at any study point in any subgroup. Conclusion: Use of inhaled triamcinolone, 1,200 g/d, over 3 years does not suppress baseline adrenal function or diminish adrenal responsiveness to cosyntropin stimulation. (CHEST 2003; 124:57– 62)
Floppy Eyelid Syndrome in a Child With Chronic Unilateral Conjunctivitis

Purpose To report a 2-year-old child who had chronic unilateral conjunctivitis and spontaneous left upper eyelid eversion during sleep consistent with the floppy eyelid syndrome. Methods The patient's parents used a video camera to document nocturnal ectropion of the left upper eyelid. Examination demonstrated left upper eyelid swelling and left palpebral conjunctival hyperemia with papillary hypertrophy. Results All signs and symptoms of the floppy eyelid syndrome resolved with taping of the left upper and lower eyelids to close the palpebral fissure and to prevent ectropion during sleep, and with application of ocular lubricants. Conclusions Floppy eyelid syndrome may manifest in childhood without other contributing conditions and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of chronic papillary conjunctivitis in patients at any age.
Dynamic Soundscape: mapping time to space for audio browsing

Browsing audio data is not as easy as browsing printed documents because of the temporal nature of sound. This paper presents a browsing environment that provides a spatial interface for temporal navigation of audio data, taking advantage of human abilities of simultaneous listening and memory of spatial location. Instead of fast-forwarding or rewinding, users browse the audio data by switching their attention between moving sound sources that play multiple portions of a single audio recording. The motion of the sound sources maps temporal position within the audio recording onto spatial location, so that listeners can use their memory of spatial location to find a specific topic. This paper describes the iterative design approach toward the audio browsing system, including the development of user interface devices.
Toxic combustion by-products from the incineration of chlorinated hydrocarbons and plastics

Abstract Polyvinylidene chloride and polyvinyl chloride were pyrolyzed in a thermal gravimetric analyzer and by-products were collected for chemical analysis and bioassay. Trichloroethylene was also burned in a laminar diffusion flame of methane with varying concentrations of the chlorinated compound. Soot particulates collected on filters and post-flame gases collected on sorbent tubes were extracted and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Extracts were evaluated for potential toxicity using an in vitro hyperkeratinization bioassay that is sensitive to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Chemical analyses identified polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated PAHs as the major pyrolysis products. Products generated from the pyrolysis of both polymers yielded definite positive bioassay responses. Most of the products obtained from the trichloroethylene flame were associated with soot particles emitted from the flame. A series of chlorinated aromatic compounds, including hexachlorocyclopentadiene and chlorinated benzenes, polycyclic aromatics, and fulvalenes were identified as major products. Dichloromethane extracts of the soots elicited a positive bioassay response.
Miocene regional hotspot-related uplift, exhumation, and extension north of the Snake River Plain: Evidence from apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronology

Passage of North America over the Yellowstone hotspot has had a profound inﬂ uence on the topography of the northern Rocky Mountains region. One of the most prominent hotspot-related topographic features is the Yellowstone crescent of high terrain, which consists of two elevated shoulders bounding the eastern Snake River Plain and converging at a topographic swell centered on the Yellowstone region. We have applied single-grain (U-Th)/He dating to apatites (AHe) collected from the Pioneer-Boulder Mountains on the northern arm of the Yel- lowstone crescent of high terrain to constrain the timing, rates, and spatial distribution of exhumation. These data provide constraints on the timing and processes responsible for uplift related to passage of the hotspot. The Pioneer-Boulder Mountains represent a topographic and structural culmination deﬁ ned by elevation and by the geometry of preserved strata of the Eocene Challis volcanic province. AHe ages indicate that ≥2–3 km of exhumation has occurred in the core of the Pioneer-Boulder Mountains culmination, where no Challis volcanics are preserved, since ca. 11 Ma. Challis volcanics are extensively preserved and Eocene topographic highs are locally preserved to the north and south of the Pioneer-Boulder Mountains, indicating minimal erosion in those areas. Age-elevation relationships suggest an exhumation rate of ~0.3 mm/yr between ca. 11 and 8 Ma for the culmination core; this relatively rapid interval of exhumation followed a period of >30 m.y. during which little to no regional-scale exhumation occurred. Spatial patterns of both exhumation and topography indicate that faulting was not the primary control on uplift and exhumation of the culmination. Instead, NNW-trending normal faults are superimposed on the culmination, with the AHe ages from the footwall of the Copper Creek fault indicating that faulting began at or after ca. 10–9 Ma. Regional exhumation at 11–8 Ma was synchronous with silicic eruptions from the ca. 10.3 Ma Picabo volcanic ﬁ eld located immediately to the south and with S tilting of the southern ﬂ ank of the Pioneer-Boulder Mountains culmination, which was likely the result of loading of the eastern Snake River Plain by midcrustal maﬁ c intrusions. This synchroneity suggests a causal relationship between hotspot processes and exhu- mation through potential contributions of ﬂ exure and mantle dynamics to uplift, as well as changes in drainage networks and base level
Efficient neurophysiologic selection of X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth families Ten novel mutations

Objective: To devise a neurophysiologic strategy to select X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy syndrome (CMTX) families for connexin 32 mutation screening. Background: Once the common chromosome 17 DNA duplication (CMT1A syndrome) has been excluded, clinical features are no sufficiently distinctive to select which of three genes (PMP22, Po, or connexin 32) should be screened for mutations. Design: The yield of connexin 32 mutations was compared in possible CMTX families with clinical and genetic features of CMTX and probable CMTX families, defined by additional characteristic neurophysiologic features of CMTX. Of 232 CMT families with median motor nerve conduction velocities below 50 m/second (s) in affected men, 50 were found to have no CMT1A duplication and a pattern of inheritance compatible with CMTX (no man-to-man inheritance of CMT). These families were divided into 23 probable CMTX families (defined as having electrophysiologic indicators of CMTX), 23 possible CMTX families (with no neurophysiologic features of CMTX), and five unlikely CMTX families (with normal brainstem evoked auditory potentials [BAEPs]). Results: The yield of mutations in the whole group was 25 mutations in 51 families (50%). Most probable CMTX families (21 of 23; 91%) had connexin 32 coding region mutations. Included in this group were 14 families with obligate female carriers; 11 of these had intermediate conduction velocities (>42 m/s) and nine (81%) had connexin 32 mutations. Only 3 of 23 (13%) possible CMTX families had connexin 32 mutations. One of five families with normal BAEPs in affected men had a connexin 32 mutation, and one had a Po Ala112Val mutation. Seventeen different mutations were found among 24 families, including 10 previously undescribed mutations (Leu9Trp, Ile28Thr, Ile30Thr, Ile127Met, Leu131Pro, Tyr154 stop, Pro158Ala, one base deletion of codon 158 causing stop at codon 195, Val192Phe, and Leu239Ile). Conclusions: The yield of connexin 32 mutations can be increased from approximately 6% of all CMT type I families to 91% of nonduplicated nondominant families with characteristic electrophysiologic changes of CMTX.
Tyler Burge on disjunctivism

In McDowell (2010), I responded to Burge's attack (2005) on disjunctivism. In Burge (2011) Burge rejects my response. He stands by his main claim that disjunctivism is incompatible with the science of perception, and in a supplementary spirit he argues against the detail of my attempt to defend disjunctivism. Here I explain how disjunctivism is compatible with the science, and I respond to some of Burge's supplementary arguments.
Ambient-controlled scanning spreading resistance microscopy (AC-SSRM) profiling study of advanced doping technologies

An ambient-controlled scanning spreading resistance microscopy (AC-SSRM) method and apparatus have been developed for one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) doping profiling measurement. 1D SSRM profiling on blanket (vertical) B-doped Si wafers are conducted to obtain spreading resistance profile SR(x). Modeling is used to convert SR(x) to carrier profile n(x). Replacing the average mobility (μ) with a calibration using μ(x) the carrier (hole) profile n(x) is more accurate. This is especially pronounced near the surface and junction depth (x j ) and is consistent with continuous anodic oxidation technique/differential Hall effect (CAOT/DHE) measured carrier profiles. AC-SSRM method is utilized to evaluate both of the conventional beam-line ion implant and plasma doping (PLAD). The results demonstrate a fair consistence with other doping profiling techniques including electron holography and CAOT/DHE. The results also demonstrate a good correlation with PMOS device electrical performance.
A lentiviral vector with novel multiple cloning sites: Stable transgene expression in vitro and in vivo

Gene delivery has become an important tool for biological research and gene therapy trials. Lentiviral vector (LV) mediated gene transfer is a preferred approach for stable, sustained transgenic expression. We report here step-wise development of an Indian human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) isolate derived third generation lentiviral vector with a novel, versatile multiple cloning site (MCS) that can also facilitate single step sub-cloning of a PCR amplified transgene cassette by T/A cloning strategy apart from useful cohesive/blunt end cloning. Efficiency of the vector systems was functionally demonstrated by development of a transgenic enhanced green fluorescence protein (GFP) expressing cell line. Further, a GFP down regulated cell line was derived from the said cell line through LV mediated shRNA expression by cloning the GFP-shRNA cassette using the T/A cloning strategy. Subsequently long term expression of GFP transgene in nude mouse spleen/liver was also documented till 30 days. This LV platform with the enhanced user friendly cloning options will be an important advancement in gene transfer technology.
On the Nature and Origin of Soviet Turnover Taxes

Studies concerning Soviet taxation demonstrate a diversity of opinions on the nature of turnover taxes. Four major views on the subject have emerged: (1) turnover taxes are simply a sales (excise) tax on articles' of consumption sold to the Soviet consumer; (2) not all turnover taxes are a sales tax, some of them are a substitute for rent on production of certain industrial materials; (3) in addition to being a sales (excise) tax on consumer goods and rent on some industrial materials, there exists a third type of turnover tax which is levied on agricultural production of the peasantry; (4) turnover taxes are a portion of the surplus product produced in industry and agriculture.
Estimating the impact of peer group effects on socioeconomic outcomes: Does the distribution of peer group characteristics matter?

Abstract For some socioeconomic outcomes of interest to government policy-makers, the influence of “peer groups” may be important. For example, students' performance in school may be affected by characteristics of their classmates. If peer group effects exist, governments may be able to manipulate them to better achieve policy objectives. An example of this is the choice between “mixing” and “streaming” students of different “abilities” in public schools. Several recent studies have examined the influence of peer group effects. This paper argues that past attempts to estimate their impact may have used insufficiently flexible techniques. In particular, they have emphasized the mean of peer characteristics without taking into account their overall distribution. The paper shows how estimation can be done that takes the shape of the distribution into account, and how failure to do so can yield seriously misleading results.
First-principles study of formation of Se submonolayer structures on Ru surfaces

The Ru nanoparticles with Se submonolayer coverage (Se/Ru) demonstrate high electrocatalytic activity toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on cathodes of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. To understand the mechanisms of formation of Se structures on Ru surfaces, the geometric and electronic structures and energetics have been calculated in the present work for various distributions of Se atoms on the Ru(0001) surface and in the vicinity of the edge between the (0001) and (1101) facets. The calculations were performed within the density-functional theory with plane-wave expansion for wave functions and the projector augmented wave potentials. It has been found that due to electronic charge transfer from Ru to Se upon selenium adsorption, Se atoms become negatively charged and repel each other. This repulsion makes compact Se islands on Ru(0001) unstable. Se atoms prefer to separate from each other by the distance of $\ensuremath{\sim}5.47\text{ }\text{\AA{}}$ or larger, which is possible for all Se adsorbates if coverage is not exceeding 1/3 ML. Further increase in Se coverage weakens Se-Ru bonding. Three-dimensional Se structure such as 4- and 11-atom pyramids are found to decompose spontaneously with scattering of Se atoms over the Ru(0001) surface. The Se adsorbates are also found to repel in the vicinity of the edge between the Ru facets, and a small increase in Se bonding to undercoordinated Ru atom does not change the trend of Se adsorbates to separate from each other. The obtained most stable configurations of Se on Ru with 1/3 ML coverage or less may also be optimal for ORR because they provide Ru sites available for O and OH adsorption.
Newly developed angiotensin II-infused experimental models in vascular biology

Angiotensin II is a major vasoactive peptide in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). In vitro evidence demonstrates that this peptide can modulate the function of various adhesion molecules, chemokines, cytokines and growth factors, and ultimately contributes to cell proliferation, hypertrophy and inflammation. Moreover, in vivo studies further support that angiotensin II induces several vascular alterations including sustained elevations of blood pressure, enhanced inflammatory response, increased medial thickness of the aortas, and formation of aortic dissection and aneurysms. Thus, it has been a long time that angiotensin II-induced hypertension, atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysms emerge as important experimental models with respect to vascular biology. Applications of these models to investigate the vascular diseases have dramatically improved our understanding in the pathogenesis of these diseases. However, the pathophysiology of angiotensin II in vivo remains to be determined in many other vascular diseases where angiotensin II has been implicated as the detrimental factor, at least in part due to the limit availability of animal models. Recently some new exciting experimental models based on angiotensin II infusion have been reported to replicate the human diseases, such as postmenopausal hypertension, preeclampsia, vascular remodeling, vascular aging and neovascularization. In this review, we will focus on the rationales and anticipated applications of these newly developed models, with special emphasis placed on those relevant to the vascular biology. We will also discuss the limitations of the method of chronic angiotensin II infusion and additional approaches to overcome these limitations. These experimental models will provide great opportunity for us to investigate the molecular mechanisms of angiotensin II and evaluate therapeutic approaches, particularly to finely tune the potential role of RAS activation in various vascular events using genetically engineered mice.
GERTS QR: A Model for Multi-Resource Constrained Queueing Systems Part I: Concepts, Notation, and Examples

Abstract This paper presents a new GERTS model and simulator, GERTS QR, directed to the modeling and analysis of Multi-Resource Constrained (MRC) queueing systems. That is, systems where resource requirements, in addition to the availability of a service center or channel, may constrain the system. The development and notation of the GERTS QR model are briefly summarized, and three examples of MRC queueing systems are given to illustrate the application of the model. The three examples are: (1) a labor-limited job shop queueing system, (2) a retail sales outlet, and (3) the planning of a jet engine overhaul facility.
Nuclear Information: One Rhetorical Moment in the Construction of the Information Age

Information is humanly created for human purposes in specific historical situations. This study examines how an anti-nuclear test activist group in the Cold War period, to foster public opposition ...
Colour segmentation based on separate anisotropic diffusion of chromatic and achromatic channels

The paper presents a new technique for segmenting images only on the basis of colour information. It is shown how segmentation can benefit from splitting colour signals into chromatic and achromatic channels and separately smoothing them through anisotropic diffusion. Operatively, this is accomplished through two independent diffusion processes: one involves only the chromatic information, conveniently embedded in a complex function, while the other affects the lightness information. The results of the two diffusions are separately segmented by k-means clustering techniques and their combination yields the final image partition into homogeneous regions. Some experimental results are reported which verify the effectiveness of the proposed technique.
Ectopic mineralization of connective tissue in Abcc6-/- mice: effects of dietary modifications and a phosphate binder--a preliminary study.

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), a heritable multisystem disorder, is caused by mutations in the ABCC6 gene. We have developed a murine model for PXE by targeted inactivation of the corresponding mouse gene. A feature of this mouse model is ectopic mineralization of connective tissue capsule surrounding the bulb of vibrissae. This study was designed to investigate the effect of dietary sevelamer hydrochloride (Renagel®), a phosphate binder, and specific mineral modifications on ectopic mineralization of connective tissue in Abcc6−/− mice. Three groups were fed a specific diet: (1) a standard rodent diet, (2) a standard rodent diet supplemented with sevelamer hydrochloride, and (3) a custom experimental diet with specific mineral modifications (high phosphorus, low calcium and low magnesium). The degree of mineralization was determined in H&E stained sections using computerized morphometric analysis and by chemical assays to measure the calcium and phosphorus content of the vibrissae. The results indicated increased mineralization in the Abcc6−/− mice fed a standard diet or a diet with mineral modifications as compared to control mice fed a standard diet. Furthermore, feeding Abcc6−/− mice with diet supplemented with sevelamer hydrochloride did not improve mineralization, in comparison to mice fed with normal diet. Collectively, these results suggest that the mineralization process in PXE may be exacerbated by changes in mineral intake. The role of dietary minerals, and phosphorus in particular,, as well as that of phosphate binders, in ectopic mineralization of PXE, merits further investigation.
Geochemical evaluation of upper cretaceous fruitland formation coals, San Juan Basin, New Mexico and Colorado

Geochemical analyses of coal samples from the Upper Cretaceous Fruitland Formation in the San Juan Basin of New Mexico and Colorado were used to determine thermal maturity, type of kerogen, and hydrocarbon generation potential. Mean random vitrinite reflectance (%Rm) of the Fruitland coal ranges from 0.42 to 1.54%. Rock-Eval pyrolysis data and saturated to aromatic hydrocarbon ratio indicate that the onset of thermal hydrocarbon generation begins at about 0.60% Rm and peak generation occurs at about 0.85% Rm. Several samples have hydrogen index values between 200 and 400, indicating some potential for liquid hydrocarbon generation and a mixed Type III and II kerogen. Pentacyclic and tricyclic terpanes, steranes, aromatic steroids and methylphenanthrene maturity parameters were observed through the complete range of thermal maturity in the Fruitland coals. Aromatic pentacyclic terpanes, similar to those found in brown coals of Australia, were observed in low maturity samples, but not found above 0.80% Rm. N-alkane depleted coal samples, which occur at a thermal maturity of approx. 0.90% Rm, paralleling peak hydrocarbon generation, are fairly widespread throughout the basin. Depletion of n-alkanes in these samples may be due to gas solution stripping and migration fromthe coal seams coincident with the development of pressure induced fracturing due to hydrocarbon generation; however, biodegradation may also effect these samples.
Testosterone and chemosensory detection in male Syrian hamster

Gonadal steroids stimulate both sexual motivation and performance. However, steroid facilitation of appetitive sexual behavior is poorly understood. The present study determined if castration impairs chemosensory detection in male hamsters. Chemosensory cues are the principal sensory modality to initiate mating in this species. We compared LiCl-induced conditioned taste avoidance to female hamster vaginal secretion (FHVS) in gonad-intact and castrated males. Following overnight water deprivation, males received FHVS for 15 min, followed by LiCl (2 ml of 0.15 M) or saline ip. The next day, fluid consumption in a two-bottle choice test was recorded for 5.5 h. Pairings were repeated 4x. Initially, discrimination of FHVS from estrous females (10 or 100 microg/ml) was compared with plain water. Subsequently, we determined if males could distinguish FHVS from Syrian vs. Djungarian females or from estrous vs. anestrous females. When 100 microg/ml FHVS was paired with saline, all gonad-intact and 86% of castrated males preferred FHVS over water. However, when 100 microg/ml FHVS was paired with LiCl, the preference was reversed: 12.5% of intact males and 25% of castrates preferred FHVS (P 0.05). Neither gonad-intact nor castrated males successfully discriminated between FHVS from estrous and anestrous females. These data demonstrate that castrated males perform as well as gonad-intact males in a test of LiCl-induced conditioned taste avoidance. Therefore, it is unlikely that steroids enhance detection of sexually relevant chemosensory cues.
Cloning of rat 92-kDa type IV collagenase and expression of an active recombinant catalytic domain

A full-length cDNA for rat 92-kDa type IV collagenase was isolated and sequenced. RNase protection assay revealed tissue specific differential expression of the 92-kDa type IV collagenase in the rat during development. Natural and modified forms of the 92-kDa type IV collagenase were expressed. One active protein, 92-CD, contained only the putative catalytic domain. Large quantities of the 92-CD were expressed in Escherichia coli, extracted from inclusion bodies, purified, and refolded to an active form. This recombinant protein was able to cleave denatured and native collagen and was inactivated by known MMP inhibitors.
Public agencies and bureaus responsible for forest management and protection: an assessment of the fragmented institutional landscape of state governments in the United States

Abstract Public environmental and natural resource agencies have become increasingly diverse in mission and organization. Although holistic approaches for sustaining the physical attribute of large forest ecosystems have been advocated, attention has yet to focus on complementary organizational landscapes composed of integrated and co-ordinated public agencies. Results of a 2000 assessment of state agency conditions in the USA indicate that state government agencies affecting forest conditions are dispersed over all sectors and levels of state government; a state's lead forestry agency is often only a small piece in the puzzle of state agencies affecting forests; state agencies affecting forests engage primarily in forest resource use and management activities, yet some state agencies affect forest conditions by aggressively implementing responsibility for fisheries and wildlife, water pollutant management, and parks and recreation; consequences of fragmented state agency responsibility for forests are generally adverse, especially public confusion over agency roles and lack of integrated resource management; co-ordination among state agencies affecting forest conditions is modest and takes many forms; and the counterpart to state level agency diversity is the plethora of federal agencies that affect forest conditions, a situation that often deters state ability to integrate management of forests.
The Innervation of the Medial Humeral Epicondyle: Implications for Medial Epicondylar Pain:

The purpose of this study was identification of the innervation of the medial humeral epicondyle which has not been described before. In 20 patients, the medial intermuscular septum was evaluated histopathologically: the nerve was identified in 15 specimens without S-100 staining, and in the remaining 5 with S-100 staining. In six fresh cadavers, bilateral dissections identified the source of this nerve as the radial nerve in the axilla, coursing adjacent to the ulnar nerve in the upper arm, then moving laterally to be superficial to, or within, the medial intermuscular septum, until the nerve terminated in the periosteum of the medial humeral epicondyle, at the origin of the flexor-pronator muscle mass. In one specimen, a branch from the ulnar nerve in the axilla contributed to this nerve to the medial humeral epicondyle.
Conduction cooling for an LSI package: a one-dimensional approach

The introduction of LSI packaging has significantly increased the number of circuits per silicon chip, and at the same time has greatly increased their heat flux density. In comparison to earlier MST (monolithic systems technology) products, the heat flux which must be removed from the new multi-chip substrates (100 or more chips) has increased by an order of magnitude or more. This paper discusses an innovative conduction-cooling approach using He gas encapsulation which has been developed in response to the new LSI technology requirements. Background is provided on the liquid-encapsulated-module technology which preceded the new approach, and the basic challenges encountered in building a thermal bridge from individual chips to the module and cold plate are described. The underlying theory of operation is presented using one-dimensional mathematical and discrete analog models. The effects of various factors such as geometry, chip tilt, He concentration, air leakage, and materials are illustrated using these models. A thermal sensitivity analysis is performed to determine variations in junction temperatures and the contributions of the major parameters. The companion paper by Oktay and Kammerer which follows this one treats the more general "multi-dimensional" approach using numerical analysis techniques.
Constraint-Based Program Debugging Using Data Structure Repair

Developers have used data structure repair over the last few decades as an effective means to recover on-the-fly from errors in program state. Traditional repair techniques were based on dedicated repair routines, whereas more recent techniques have used invariants that describe desired structural properties as the basis for repair. All repair techniques are designed with one primary goal: run-time error recovery. However, the actions that any such technique performs to repair an erroneous program state are meant to produce the effect of the actions of a (hypothetical) correct program. The key insight in this paper is that repair actions on the program state can guide debugging of code (when the erroneous program execution is due to a fault in the program and not an external event).This paper presents an approach that abstracts concrete repair actions that a routine performs to repair an erroneous state into a sequence of program statements that perform the same actions using variables visible in the scope of the faulty code. Thus, appending the generated statements to the original code is akin to performing the repair from within the program. Our implementation uses the Juzi data structure repair tool as an enabling technology. Experimental results using a library data structure as well as two applications demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in enabling repair of faulty code.
Optimization of small electron probes

Abstract The size of an electron probe is determined by many different factors including diffraction, lens aberrations, space charge and defocus. In many applications it is desirable to optimize the probe to achieve the smallest size (or, equivalently, the best resolution). This is particularly difficult to do when the effect of diffraction is significant. We have noted that many of the published approaches to this problem are based upon false premises and give erroneous results. In this paper we attempt to correct at least some of theserrors, although it is undoubtedly true that some remain.
The Fullness of Emptiness

The experience of loss is explored as a universal and integral part of life. Therapeutic opportunities and possibilities for change are described. Benefits for therapists who allows or themselves to remain open to the intensity of their experiences are mentioned, along with ways in which grieving therapists can enhance their work with others. The healing nature of solitude is also addressed. Finally, a seven part poem entitled "The Fullness of Emptiness" is offered as a commentary on several aspects of the loss experience, including loneliness, grief, search for meaning, and creativity.
Toxic Effects of Hydroxylamino Intermediates from Microbial Transformation of Trinitrotoluene and Dinitrotoluenes on Algae Selenastrum capricornutum

Trinitrotoluene (TNT) has been used extensively as an explosive since 1902. As a result of the production, purification, and loading at the ammunition plants, explosives contamination of soil and groundwater has become an enormous problem in the U.S. and worldwide. Among the various types of explosives, TNT and its major by-products, 2,4-dinitrotoluene (24DNT) and 2,6-dinitrotoluene (26DNT), are the most important contaminants in terms of volume and impact on the aquatic environment. They are all listed as the priority pollutants by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Keith and Telliard 1979).
Ventricular defibrillation with single and multiple half sinusoidal pulses of current.

There are three criteria (energy, peak current, and charge) for describing the electrical parameters used for ventricular defibrillation. In this investigation, which deals with defibrillation using single and multiple pulses of half-sinusoidal current, it was found that these three criteria are different. Although slightly less current was required with multiple current pulses, more energy and charge were employed. The least energy and charge were required with a single half-sinusoidal pulse of current.
Contact area interaction with sliding widgets

We show how to design touchscreen widgets that respond to a finger's contact area. In standard touchscreen systems a finger often appears to touch several screen objects, but the system responds as though only a single pixel is touched. In contact area interaction all objects under the finger respond to the touch. Users activate control widgets by sliding a movable element, as though flipping a switch. These Sliding Widgets resolve selection ambiguity and provide designers with a rich vocabulary of self-disclosing interaction mechanism. We showcase the design of several types of Sliding Widgets, and report study results showing that the simplest of these widgets, the Sliding Button, performs on-par with medium-sized pushbuttons and offers greater accuracy for small-sized buttons.
Disturbances of Menstruation in Thyroid Disease

Both hyper- and hypothyroidism may result in menstrual disturbances. In hyperthyroidism, amenorrhea was described as early as 1840 by von Basedow. The most common manifestation is simple oligomenorrhea (decreased menstrual flow). Anovulatory cycles are very common. Increased bleeding may occur, but is rare in hyperthyroidism. Nowadays hyperthyroidism is diagnosed earlier than it once was, and so the clinical picture is generally milder. So, menstrual disorders are less common than in previous series. In a recent paper, 21.5% of 214 patients had disturbances in their cycle, compared to 50% in some older series. In hypothyroidism, on the contrary, polymenorrhea (increased menstrual bleeding) is more common. Defects in hemostasis may contribute to this. Anovulation may be represent. Fertility is reduced in both hyper- and hypothyroidism, and the outcome of pregnancy is more often abnormal than in euthyroid women. It is of interest that in juvenile hypothyroidism precocious puberty has been described. This is probably due to a "spillover" effect of the glucoprotein hormones: TSH, which is markedly increased in hypothyroidism, has a small FSH- and LH-like effect. Galactorrhea may also be present in hypothyroidism, possibly because TSH, the hypophyseal TSH-releasing hormone, increases the secretion of both TSH and PRL.
Harmonic analysis for hysteresis operators with application to control design for systems with hysteresis

Systems with hysteresis present challenges to control designers due to the difficulty in analyzing the effect of hysteresis on the system's behavior. In this paper we propose a novel approach to the analysis of the harmonic content produced by a hysteresis operator when it is subject to a periodic input. The commonly used Prandtl-Ishlinskii (PI) operator is used as an example. In particular, we present an algorithm for evaluating the Fourier series of the outputs of individual elementary hysteresis units (called hysterons) comprising the operator. Each output is reconstructed as a combination of the input and a series of pulses. The formation of these pulse waves requires computation of time instants when the hysteron behavior switches, and these times are evaluated using knowledge of the input signal and hysteresis parameters. Illustrative examples are presented for a play operator (hysteron for the PI operator), when it is subject to a sinusoidal signal and a sawtooth signal, respectively, and we show that the resulting Fourier coefficients are functions of the signal amplitude and the play radius. We also show that these calculations can be used as a control design tool for systems with hysteresis, for example, by providing guidance on selecting the order of the servocompensator for controlling such systems.
Midtroposphere Wind Speed Spectra from Long-Term Wind Profiler Measurements

Abstract This study of a 5-yr continuous record of midtropospheric horizontal wind components from a radar wind profiler operating at Fleming, Colorado, shows a broad spectral peak centered around a period of 1 week and a minimum at about 4 months, in addition to the expected 1-yr peak. However, when the records are separated according to seasons, the pattern becomes more complicated, with several distinct peaks and clear differences between the summer and winter behavior emerging. In this paper the different spectral patterns observed are presented and the synoptic-scale features in the weather that could produce them are speculated on.
A population approach to understanding children's access to assistive technology.

Purpose. To determine whether service delivery system factors, including having a quality medical home, access to therapeutic services, or enrolment in early intervention/special education services, are associated with meeting children's needs for assistive technology (AT).Method. Data were analysed for children 0–17 years of age participating in the 2001 US National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs who required AT services (N = 18,372) and a subgroup of children needing assistive devices typically provided by rehabilitation professionals (N = 4429). AT needs included vision or hearing aids or care, communication or mobility devices, or other medical equipment. Unmet need was defined as not receiving all needed services. Estimates were generated of the per cent of children needing and having unmet needs for services. Associations between the medical home, therapy and education variables and having an unmet need for AT were assessed using logistic regression.Results. An estimated 49% of ch...
Clinical use of quinidine in atrial flutter and fibrillation.

Abstract Quinidine, after 40 years since its introduction by Frey as an antifibrillatory agent, is still the drug of choice for conversion of atrial flutter and fibrillation to sinus rhythm. It is effective in both supravcntricular and ventricular arrhythmias. The suggested maximal dose orally in the adult is 2.5 g in one day in divided doses. The toxic dose may overlap the therapeutic dose. Toxic effects should be anticipated at the time of conversion. Quinidine regulation of arrhythmias calls for hospital management with daily electrocardiographic monitoring and clinical examination before each dose is given. Seven cases are presented illustrating problems in the use of quinidine. Three episodes of paroxysmal atrial tachycardia with 2:1 block occurred in two cases during quinidine therapy prior to conversion.
Total parenteral nutrition solution increases bile lithogenicity in rat

Abstract The effect of parenteral and enteral nutrition on bile composition was studied in rats. Bile flow, bile fractional composition, bile component output, and lithogenic index were determined in five groups of rats: (A) preoperative control, (B) freely feeding rats infused with normal saline, (C) parenterally fed rats with balanced total parenteral nutrition (TPN) formula (4% amino acids, 22.5% dextrose, 1% Intralipid), (D) constantly intragastrically fed rats with the same TPN formula, and (E) rats fed intragastrically with the same TPN formula but only during 10 hr at night. After 12 days of infusion, bile and blood were collected. There were no differences between the two parenterally and enterally continuously fed groups. Both Groups C and D showed decreased bile flow, decreased bile components output, increased molar percentage concentrations of biliary cholesterol (2.2 ± 0.3 and 1.8 ± 0.1 in Groups C and D, respectively, control, 1.4 ± 0.1), and increased lithogenic index. The cyclically enterally fed group had a normal lithogenic index in the postabsorptive period. Plasma cholesterol and triglycerides were higher in the formula fed groups. There were no changes in plasma liver function tests between the groups. We conclude, therefore, that continuous administration of TPN solution induces an increase in lithogenicity of the bile, independent of the route of administration.
Experimental measurements of interfacial properties in brittle fibrous composites

Abstract The interfacial properties that control fracture in continuous-fiber-reinforced brittle matrix composites are discussed. Various methods of determining these properties are reviewed, including both experiments on individual fibers in specially prepared specimens and experiments based on observations of crack propagation. Because the information that can be acquired in any experiment is limited, deducing interfacial properties requires modeling based on prior assumptions about the underlying micromechanics. The validity of some of the more popular and convenient of these assumptions is appraised.
School Leaving: A Longitudinal Perspective Including Neighborhood Effects

Using 1970 and 1980 census data from 202 tracts in the Chicago metropolitan region, we examine whether neighborhoods influence the likelihood of high school graduation for a cohort of African-American children followed from 1966 to 1993. Neighborhood-level variables included percent living below poverty and percent in white-collar occupations. We test for the possible direct, indirect, and interactive effects of these neighborhood indicators on the likelihood of school dropout. Our examination found the advantage of living in a neighborhood characterized by a high percentage of residents who work in white-collar occupations. Male adolescents who lived in a middle-class neighborhood were more likely to graduate from high school, even with family background, early school performance, adolescent family supervision, and adolescent marijuana use controlled. These findings are consistent with findings from three other studies. However, living in a poverty census tract did not seem to influence the likelihood of high school graduation or school leaving over and above the impact of family and individual characteristics. There also were no neighborhood effects for females.
ASIS&T annual meeting award winners: Award of merit acceptance speech

Editor's Summary Accepting the 2012 ASIS&T Award of Merit, Michael K. Buckland mused on the inherent interest and social benefits of library and information science. As a child, Buckland saw being a librarian as a worthwhile endeavor, transitioning from child stage star until he found something more interesting. Through various positions as a professional librarian and researcher, he came to appreciate the value of effective library management, design, planning and the power of technology, as well as libraries' role in informing and building communities. Libraries provide access to essential tools and methods for solving societal problems. The field should pursue dedicated research and directly address and promote its supportive and enabling position in society. Despite bemoaning ambiguous terminology in the field and occasional inadequate thinking, Buckland expressed envy for young professionals for their years of interesting and socially beneficial work ahead.
Human monoclonal antibodies to West Nile virus identify epitopes on the prM protein

Hybridoma cell lines (2E8, 8G8 and 5G12) producing fully human monoclonal antibodies (hMAbs) specific for the pre-membrane (prM) protein of West Nile virus (WNV) were prepared using a human fusion partner cell line, MFP-2, and human peripheral blood lymphocytes from a blood donor diagnosed with WNV fever in 2004. Using site-directed mutagenesis of a WNV-like particle (VLP) we identified 4 amino acid residues in the prM protein unique to WNV and important in the binding of these hMAbs to the VLP. Residues V19 and L33 are important epitopes for the binding of all three hMAbs. Mutations at residue, T20 and T24 affected the binding of hMAbs, 8G8 and 5G12 only. These hMAbs did not significantly protect AG129 interferon-deficient mice or Swiss Webster outbred mice from WNV infection.