cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectral absorption properties of mineral particles in western Lake Erie: Insights from individual particle analysis

The light-absorbing attributes of minerogenic particle populations were determined for clay-mineral-enriched conditions at 14 sites in the western basin of Lake Erie following a wind-driven re-suspension event. Estimates of spectral absorption properties of the minerogenic particle assemblages, namely the imaginary part of the refractive index (n′), the mean absorption efficiency factor ( ), the mean package effect index ( ), and the mass-specific absorption coefficient (), are presented. These were based on laboratory measurements of non-algal particulate absorption (aNAP), minerogenic particle size distributions (PSD) with an individual particle analysis technique, and iterative Mie theory calculations to retrieve n′(λ). There were wide spatial differences in magnitudes of these estimates. The n′(λ) values are generally consistent with those obtained with a different methodology. Absorption by minerogenic particles was dominated by clay mineral particles in the 2–20 µm size range. The effects of n′ and PSD variations on both and were well-parameterized in the multiplicative format of optical thickness, and were qualitatively consistent with the literature and Mie theoretical predictions for monodispersed spheres. Spatial differences in n′ and PSD were both important drivers of the variations in and . Mie theory calculations indicate that absorption by these minerogenic particles causes substantial decreases in their spectral scattering, backscattering, and backscattering ratio, from the red to the blue spectral regions, relative to the case of non-absorbing.
Influence of catalyst particle size on reaction kinetics: Hydrogenation of ethylene on nickel

The influence of catalyst particle size upon the reaction rate was studied for the hydrogenation of ethylene with nickel-on-alumina in a packed-bed flow reactor. A threefold increase in particle diameter through a critical size range (0.03- to 0.09-cm. diameter, corresponding to a Reynolds number of around 1) produced a thirtyfold increase in reaction rate per unit external surface area. The behavior of the system indicates that this increase was due to the influence of external gas-solid transport phenomena on the reaction kinetics. j-Factor correlations were used to calculate the catalyst surface temperatures and concentrations, which were used to calculate Arrhenius activation energies and reaction rates from available rate expressions.
X‐Y chromosome univalency in the testes of hyperthermic mice: I. Concomitant formation of multinucleated giant cells

Exposure of mice to an environment of approximately 35°C and 65% relative humidity for 2–5 days caused dissociation of the X-Y chromosome bivalent in diakinesis-metaphase I (primary) spermatocytes. Dissociation of autosomal bivalents, chromosome fragmentation, aneuploidy, and polyploidy were not significantly affected by heat stress. Heat stress also caused formation of multinucleated giant cells in the mouse testis. Giant cell formation followed a distribution similar to X-Y dissociation, reaching highest levels 5 days after heat stress and returning to control levels 50–70 days after heat stress. Spermatogonial activity was not permanently damaged by these conditions, and the germinal epithelium was able to repopulate. We believe that cell aberration or cell death resulting from either or both of these anomalies causes much of the decreased fertility found after subjecting scrotal mammals to high temperatures.
Investigating and annotating the role of citation in biomedical full-text articles

Citations are ubiquitous in scientific articles and play important roles for representing the semantic content of a full-text biomedical article. In this work, we manually examined full-text biomedical articles to analyze the semantic content of citations in full-text biomedical articles. After developing a citation relation schema and annotation guideline, our pilot annotation results show an overall agreement of 0.71, and here we report on the research challenges and the lessons we've learned while trying to overcome them. Our work is a first step toward automatic citation classification in full-text biomedical articles, which may contribute to many text mining tasks, including information retrieval, extraction, summarization, and question answering.
A model from electron microscopy for the molecular structure of fibrinogen and fibrin

The overall architecture of the fibrinogen molecule and aspects of its packing to form fibrin have been derived from a study of electron microscope images of ordered arrays. The molecule, of length 450 A, is seen in more detail than the Hall-Slayter model and is made up of seven globular domains connected by rod-like segments.
Structural evolution of the DNA of pseudorabies-defective viral particles

The structure of the DNA in two independently derived populations of pseudorabies-defective virions at different levels of passage at high multiplicity was analyzed by the use of restriction endonucleases and by the Southern blot technique. At relatively early stages of their evolution, the DNA of both populations of defective virions were enriched similarly for sequences originating from the middle and from the end of the long unique region of the viral genome. In both cases a recombinational event had occurred between these regions of the viral genome leading to the formations of a segment of DNA that subsequently became amplified. At later passages the composition of the DNA in the two populations of defective virions differed: in one population, Pr(1), significant differences in the DNA composition were not detectable between early and late passages; in the other, Pr(2), a large segment of DNA became reiterated in which one of the inverted repeats and part of the short unique region were linked to segments of DNA originating from the middle and from the end of the long unique region. Even after their DNAs had diverged considerably, the two populations of defective virions retained some features in common. The presence of these common features might account possibly for the similarities in the biological properties of the two defective virion populations.
The monophyletic origin of the Brachiopoda

Although it is commonly acepted that the brachiopods descended from phoronid-like ancestors there is dispute over their origin. Traditionally they have been regarded as a monophyletic group, a clade. More recently it has been claimed that brachiopods are polyphyletic and that several of the orders arose independently from separate phoronid-like stocks. The latter point of view implies that brachiopods are not a taxon but merely a grade of organization. Traditional stratophenetic approaches do little to resolve the problem, which may be outside their domain. It is possible, even probable, that the initial radiation involved organisms that lacked mineralized shells. Cladistic analysis of both living forms and Lower Paleozoic taxa strongly supports the contention that brachiopods are monophytetic and closely related to the phoronids. It suggests, however, that the ‘inarticulate’ Paterinida and Kutorginida are genealogically more closely related to the Articulata than they are to the remaining Inarticulata. □Brachiopoda, Lophophorata, cladistics, Cambrian.
Transforming growth factor β1 enhances expression of 50 kDa protein related to 2′-5′ oligoadenylate synthetase in human sperm cells

Human cellular polypeptide factors, namely interferon-alpha, interferon-gamma transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha, and TGF-beta 1, were analyzed for their effect on motility of human sperm cells. Both interferons caused an inhibition of sperm cell motility due to direct cytotoxic effects without inducing 2'-5' oligoadenylate [2-5(A)]synthetase activity. TGF-alpha affected neither motility nor the levels of 2-5(A) synthetase in sperm cells. TGF-beta 1 had no affect on sperm motility, yet it caused an induction of 2-5(A)synthetase activity. Western immunoblot analysis of TGF-beta 1-treated sperm indicated an enhancement of a 50 kDa protein. Metabolic labeling of sperm cells revealed biosynthesis of one major protein of 50 kDa and at least five minor proteins in the range of 30-92 kDa; the level of 50 kDa protein increased after treatment with TGF-beta 1. The treatment of sperm cells with TGF-beta 1 did not affect their penetration in zona-free hamster eggs (SPA). These results indicate that TGF-beta 1 enhances expression of a 50 kDa protein related to 2-5(A) synthetase in human sperm cells along with other minor proteins, and this increase does not affect sperm motility and SPA.
A study of the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla by indirectly acting sympathomimetic amines.

1. Experiments were carried out to study the catecholamine releasing activity of the indirectly-acting sympathomimetic amines on the perfused adrenal gland of the cat.
Sisters in arms

The Social Biology of Wasps. Edited by Kenneth G. Ross Robert W Mathhews. Cornell University Press: 1991. Pp. 678. $72.50 (hbk), $34.95 (pbk).
Projections of nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis to locus coeruleus and other structures in rat

The projections of the retrofacial portion of nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis (retrofacial PGCL) were mapped in the rat with the Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin anterograde tracing technique. This structure projects to a restricted number of bulbar or spinal nuclei involved in autonomic regulation, principally the intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord, the nucleus tractus solitarius complex, the lateral parabrachial and Kolliker-Fuse nuclei and the ventrolateral medulla. Retrofacial PGCL also densely innervates the locus coeruleus. This projection originates in large part from phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase-immunoreactive cells (C1 adrenergic cluster) as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry combined with the retrograde transport of rhodamine-tagged microbeads. A very small suprabulbar projection of retrofacial PGCL was also detected in some cases.
Lung tumors from PuO2-ZrO2 aerosol particles in syrian hamsters

Syrian golden hamsters were given PuO2/ZrO2 particles via inhalation and/or Pu-laden ZrO2 ceramic 10-micron diameter microspheres lodged in the capillary bed of the lung. The mean initial lung burdens ranged from 8 nCi to 143 nCi for the six experimental groups of animals. Significant numbers of primary lung tumors (5-50% per group) were induced in those animals that received inhalation exposures. Additional alpha radiation administered via Pu-laden intravenous microspheres had little or no effect on tumorigenesis or the production of non-neoplastic, degenerative changes in the respiratory tract.
Generalized cones from serial sections

Abstract Slices through three-dimensional objects are a common form of data in biomedical research and practice. We report here methods for extracting high-level shape descriptors from slice data. Objects are described as generalized cones and relations between them. The cones used have straight-line spines, elliptical cross sections, and a sweeping rule whereby the lengths of the major and minor axes of the ellipses change linearly and independently. Most smooth elongated objects can be described as compositions of such cone primitives. Two algorithms were developed and tested for extracting cone descriptions from stacks of parallel slices. A local algorithm creates cones from elliptical regions on adjacent slices. A predictive algorithm hypothesises cones from regions on nonadjacent slices and then tests the hypotheses by intelligently requesting intermediate slices. Both algorithms explain complex noneliiptical regions (joints, typically) by using cones impinging upon them as keys to their shapes. Output cone sets are covers, not partitions, of the data. Topological and geometric information is available in the output description. Results of processing a “Y,” a helix, a heart phantom, and a digitized canine heart are discussed.
A REVIEW OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA FIGURE-GROUND VISUAL PERCEPTION TEST

The purpose of this test was to assist in the determination of deficits in visual perception in children. While the test has claimed to be a test of visual perception, its construct of visual perception is invalidated by the external validity of comparable mental or maturational development and non-comparable visual-motor factors. The reliability is too low for users to use the test with confidence. And the interpretation presents difficulty since the test can not be interpreted without conjunction with other tests.
Lobbying Reform and Nonprofit Organizations: policy Images and Constituent Policy

This article explores the interaction of politics and policy through the case of the “Istook Amendment”–proposals made primarily during the 104th Congress that were designed to change policies concerning the permissible lobbying and political advocacy activities of nonprofit organizations (NPOs). It discusses elements that contributed to a shift in the policy image of NPOs, how this shift opened an opportunity for dramatic policy change, and offers possible explanations for why such change failed to be enacted. Conceptually, lobbying reform is treated both as an example of constituent policy and as a device to explore the political dynamics of this type of policy.
Partial purification of a beef adrenal Δ5-3-ketosteroid isomerase and studies of its mechanism of action

Abstract The mechanism of isomerization of Δ5-androstene-3,17-dione to Δ4-androstene-3,17-dione has been examined with partially fractionated preparations of Δ5-3-ketosteroid isomerase (EC 5.3.3.1) of beef adrenal microsomes. The enzyme is considerably more active at pH 9.0 than at pH 7.0. Studies on the mechanism of the enzymatic isomerization in D2O indicate that the reaction proceeds without significant isotope exchange between the medium and the steroid, and that it probably involves an intramolecular (or possibly an intermolecular) proton transfer from C-4 to C-6 in analogy with the Δ5-3-ketosteroid isomerase of Pseudomonas testos teroni. Possible reasons for the contrary results obtained by other investigators are discussed.
Prevalence of disordered eating and pathogenic weight control behaviors among male collegiate athletes.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of disordered eating and pathogenic weight control behaviors in male collegiate athletes. Male collegiate athletes (N = 732) from the across the U.S. completed questionnaires online. Results suggested that (a) most eating disturbances occur at the subclinical level, (b) exercising and dieting were the most commonly used weight control practices, and (c) athletes who participate in weight class sports are more likely to be classified as symptomatic and engage in pathogenic eating and weight control behaviors compared to endurance sport or ball game athletes. Implications for professionals working with athletes and recommendations for future research are discussed.
On the angular distribution of photon radiance of a perfectly reflective spherical satellite irradiated by a lambertian Earth.

Expressions are obtained for the angular distribution of the photon radiance of a spherical satellite irradiated by a lambertian earth. It is assumed that the satellite is nonemissive and either reflects all of the incident photons specularly or in a lambertian manner.
DNA microarray gene expression analysis of a vocal fold polyp and granuloma.

Genome-wide transcriptional profiling has important applications in advancing knowledge of vocal fold biology. With the use of DNA microarray technology, analysis of global patterns of gene express...
S35-sulfate utilization and turnover by the connective tissues of the periodontium.

The utilization and turnover of injected S35-sulfate by the connective tissue of the periodontium was studied in 28 IRC strain mice, 14 one month old and 14 one year old. The isotope was administered by intraperiotoneal injection in a dosage of 20 uc of sodium S35-sulfate per gram of body weight. The animals were sacrificed 1, 4 and 12 hours, 1 and 4 days and 1 and 2 months after the injection. Following fixation and decalcification, the tissues of the head were processed by histrologic, radioautographic and enzymatic digestion techniques:Analysis of the results permitted the drawing of the following conclusions:1) the injected S35-sulfate did label certain of the sulfated mucopolysaccharides of the amrophous ground substance of the periodontal ligament, cementum, alveolar bone and dentin; 2) the fibroblasts, cementblasts, osteoblasts and odnotoblasts apparently take part in the synthesis of the sulfated mucopolysaccharides; 3) the labeled sulfated mucopolysaccharides in the periodontal ligament turned over rapidly and the rate did not appear to decrease with age; 4) within the mineralized matrix of the alveolar bone, detin or cementum no turnover of the sulfated mucopolysaccharides was detected;and 5) cementoblastic, osteoblastic and odontoblastic synthetic activity in regards to the utilization of S35 sulfate decreased with age except in the case of the continually erupting incisior.
Cumulative Patterns and Controls of Seawall Construction, Thurston County, Washington

Abstract This paper develops and applies techniques to describe and analyze spatial patterns and controls of seawall construction on Puget Sound Lowland shores, Washington State. The main objectives are: (1) to further develop a methodology that statistically differentiates between sequential, clustered, or random patterns of seawall installation; (2) to apply the cumulative pattern assessment methodology to three drift cells in Thurston County that are representative of those typically found along the Puget Sound; and (3) to identify physical and human controls of seawall construction and patterns by analyzing differences for 109 properties in a variety of relevant drift-cell factors, including direction of sediment transport, slope stability, vegetative cover, land use, and property owner experiences and motives. Property-level information was gathered using a combination of on-site field surveys, property assessment records, aerial photograph/map analysis, and property owner questionnaires. The aerial ...
Manufacturer influence versus manufacturer salesperson influence over the industrial distributor

Abstract This research attempts to distinguish empirically between the potential influence of a manufacturer versus the manufacturer's salesperson over a distributor's business in eight different areas of potential influence: price, order quantity, product line, advertising and sales promotion, customer service, inventory, customer credit, and display. Data were collected from 412 industrial distributors in a marketing channel. The author conducted a factor analysis to find out if the salesperson does have power over policy areas apart from that of the manufacturer and found support for the belief that, compared with the manufacturer, the manufacturer's salesperson has a different domain of power than does the manufacturer in a channel containing an industrial distributor.
Political Participation of Puerto Rican Women: Mapping a Research Agenda:

This article reviews the theoretical approaches used to study Hispanic women in politics and highlights their inadequacies forstudying the political behavior of low-income Puerto Rican women, who are used as a case in point. It is not an in-depth study but an effort to develop appropriate research questions and to suggest strategies for the systematic collection of data. In general, community groups are the basic arena for the political activity of Puerto Rican women in New York City. Thus, new theoretical approaches are necessary to capture Hispanic women's modes of influencing public policy.
Anxiety at the frontier of molecular medicine

Anxiety is a ubiquitous and unavoidable experience of life. It can be adaptive but also debilitating. Anxiety involves subjective feelings (e.g., worry and a sense of threat), physiological respons...
Homicides in Developing Nations: Results of Research Using a Large and Representative Sample

Most past research on cross-national variation in homicides has included small samples of nations that were heavily weighted toward industrialized nations. In recent years, homicide data for a larger number of developing nations have become available. This study looks at cross-national variation in homicides, focusing exclusively on developing nations, and uses a much larger and more representative sample of such nations than any past research. Correlation and regression analysis are used to reexamine the association of concepts and indicators used in past research to explain variation in homicides across nations. Percentage Christian and to a lesser degree percentage Islamic emerge as the most important predictors. It is suggested and discussed that this finding is best explained by the cultural effects of colonization on many developing nations.
Century-scale nitrogen and phosphorus controls of the carbon cycle

Abstract In recent decades, humans have become a very important force in the Earth system, demonstrating that emissions (gaseous, liquid, and solid) are the cause of many of our environmental issues. These emissions are responsible for major global reorganizations of the biogeochemical cycles. The oceans are now a net sink of atmospheric CO2, whereas in their preindustrial state they were a source; the trophic state of the coastal oceans is progressively moving toward increased heterotrophy; and the terrestrial realm is now vacillating between trophic states, whereas in preindustrial times it was autotrophic. In this paper, we present model calculations that underscore the role of human-induced perturbations in changing Earth's climate, specifically the role of anthropogenic nitrogen and phosphorus in controlling processes in the global carbon cycle since the year 1850 with projections to the year 2035. Our studies show that since the late 1940's emissions of nitrogen and phosphorus have been sequestered in the terrestrial living phytomass and groundwater. This nutrient-enhanced fertilization of terrestrial biota, coupled with rising atmospheric CO2 and global temperature, has induced a sink of anthropogenic CO2 that roughly balances the emission of CO2 owing to land use change. In the year 2000, for example, the model-calculated terrestrial biotic sink was 1730 Mtons C/year, while the emission of CO2 from changes in land use was 1820 Mtons C/year, a net flux of 90 Mtons C/year emitted to the atmosphere. In the global aquatic environment, enhanced terrestrial inputs of biotically reactive phosphorus (about 8.5 Mtons P/year) and inorganic nitrogen (about 54 Mtons N/year), have induced increased new production and burial of organic carbon in marine sediments, which is a small sink of anthropogenic CO2. It is predicted that the response of the global land reservoirs of C, N, and P to sustained anthropogenic perturbations will be maintained in the same direction of change over the range of projected scenarios of global population increase and temperature change for the next 35 years. The magnitude of change is significantly larger when the global temperature increase is maximum, especially with respect to the processes of remobilization of the biotically important nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus.
Co-Generation: A New Energy System to Generate Both Steam and Electricity

A discussion is presented of the installation and operation of a co-generation system at Tenneco's Fee ''C'' Lease, whereby hot combustion gas from a turbine fueled by gas or lease crude will be used to generate steam for enhanced recovery, with the same turbine providing the power to generate electricity for sale to a utility. A summary is also given of the history of the project, some of the contractual requirements, the physical layout of the system, component descriptions, environmental considerations, and the composition of the final system.
Gender differences in the occupational status of undocumented immigrants in the United States: experience before and after legalization.

This article examines the incorporation of a national sample of undocumented immigrants both before and after they applied to legalize their status under the provisions of the [U.S.] Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA). Data from the 1989 and 1992 Legalized Population Surveys (LPS-1 and LPS-2) are used. These surveys provide labor force and occupational data for three critical reference periods: as newly arrived undocumented immigrants as experienced undocumented immigrants and as documented immigrants.... The overall upward mobility of both men and women between first job and the occupation held at time of application for legalization continued after legalization. On average men also continued to report higher status jobs than women although women did somewhat better after their status was legalized. This is a revised version of a paper originally presented at the 1997 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America. (EXCERPT)
Markers, Models, and Measurement Error: Exploring the Links Between Attention Deficits and Language Impairments

Purpose The empirical record regarding the expected co-occurrence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and specific language impairment is confusing and contradictory. A research plan...
Measuring the Sensitivity of Single-Locus “Neutrality Tests” Using a Direct Perturbation Approach

A large number of statistical tests have been proposed to detect natural selection based on a sample of variation at a single genetic locus. These tests measure the deviation of the allelic frequency distribution observed within populations from the distribution expected under a set of assumptions that includes both neutral evolution and equilibrium population demography. The present study considers a new way to assess the statistical properties of these tests of selection, by their behavior in response to direct perturbations of the steady-state allelic frequency distribution, unconstrained by any particular nonequilibrium demographic scenario. Results from Monte Carlo computer simulations indicate that most tests of selection are more sensitive to perturbations of the allele frequency distribution that increase the variance in allele frequencies than to perturbations that decrease the variance. Simulations also demonstrate that it requires, on average, 4N generations (N is the diploid effective population size) for tests of selection to relax to their theoretical, steady-state distributions following different perturbations of the allele frequency distribution to its extremes. This relatively long relaxation time highlights the fact that these tests are not robust to violations of the other assumptions of the null model besides neutrality. Lastly, genetic variation arising under an example of a regularly cycling demographic scenario is simulated. Tests of selection performed on this last set of simulated data confirm the confounding nature of these tests for the inference of natural selection, under a demographic scenario that likely holds for many species. The utility of using empirical, genomic distributions of test statistics, instead of the theoretical steady-state distribution, is discussed as an alternative for improving the statistical inference of natural selection.
Effect of oxygen on the bias-enhanced nucleation of diamond on silicon

Abstract The influence of traces of oxygen in the process gas on the bias-enhanced nucleation (BEN) of diamond on silicon has been studied in the present work. CO2 in concentrations ranging from 0 to 3000 ppm was added during the nucleation procedure at Ubias=−200 V in microwave plasma chemical vapour deposition (MPCVD). A significant influence of CO2 could already be detected for a concentration of 75 ppm, corresponding to a C:O ratio of 600:1. It resulted in a continuous reduction of the biasing current and a delay in the nucleation process accompanied by a decrease of the final diamond-covered substrate surface area with increasing CO2 concentration. At 3000 ppm, the nucleation was completely suppressed. An etching of diamond nuclei by the oxygen could be excluded from in-situ growth rate measurements under bias. Instead, optical emission spectra of the Hβ Balmer line indicated a decrease in electrical field strength in the plasma above the substrate. For all gas compositions allowing diamond nucleation, epitaxially aligned films could be obtained, provided that the duration of the biasing step was chosen appropriately. Thus, traces of oxygen do not completely suppress epitaxy. However, the in-plane orientation of the films as determined by X-ray diffraction measurements deteriorates with increasing oxygen concentration.
Teamwork and Communication: A 3-Year Case Study of Change

This 3-year research project assessed the effectiveness of a teambuilding intervention among a group of department leaders who supervised a fire management unit working in the forests of the western United States. The intervention began with a 3-day retreat that covered three basic areas: communication skills, consensus building, and collaborative problem solving. Four months later, a 1-day follow-up session was held, and 6 months after that, another 3-day retreat. For each of the following 2 years, every team member was again interviewed, and a 2-day follow-up session was held. Researchers conducted interviews prior to the intervention and each of the follow-up sessions. Three years after the intervention began, group members reported substantial improvement in their teamwork including: (a) an increase in the ability to raise issues and manage conflict, (b) an increase in mutual praise, support, and cooperation, (c) clarification of roles and responsibilities, and (d) long-term commitment to teamwork and...
Nanoscale engineering of solution-processed CdTe solar cells using nanocrystalline precursors

We have furthered the development of CdTe nanocrystals (NCs) to create bulk, sintered films for ink-based solar cells. Here, respectable efficiencies of >10% have been achieved in devices where CdTe tetrapods are spincoated from pyridine, treated with CdCl 2 and briefly annealed. We have inserted these NC-based CdTe layers into more than three device geometries with various contact layers. In one structure, we determine that there is a unique interface that forms between the ITO layer and CdTe layer providing excellent ohmic hole contact after a brief light soak in forward bias. Moreover, the devices have an impressive blue-response in comparison to standard CdTe solar cells despite having the junction at the back of the optical path rather than as a window layer.
A Proposed Model of External Consumer Information Search

An enduring interest in consumer behavior is the investigation of external prepurchase information search. Past research has identified a large number of factors that have been found to influence the extent of information search. The purposes of this article are to summarize the external information search literature and then develop a more parsimonious model of information search. Specifically, we propose that the effects of these antecedents of information search are mediated by four variables: ability, motivation, costs, and benefits. This model integrates the psychological search literature by incorporating ability and motivation to search for information and the economic paradigm that centers on the perceived costs and benefits of information search. Propositions are developed based on this comprehensive model for future testing.
Delivering multicast messages in networks with mobile hosts

There is a strong trend toward integrating portable computers within existing data networks. Traditional network protocols were designed assuming a static view of network connectivity. A mobile host can connect to the network from different locations at different times. This has led to the emergence of a new set of problems with regard to addressing schemes and network protocols for accommodating mobility within existing networks. The authors present a protocol for delivering a multicast message exactly once to a group of mobile destinations. The protocol is based on a system model derived from an architecture developed by J. Ioannidis et al. (1991), for mobile internetworking, relying on mobile support stations within the fixed network to communicate with mobile hosts. >
Spastic/spasmodic vs. tremulous vocal quality: motor speech profile analysis

Strained, strangled, and tremulous vocal qualities that are typically seen in adductor spasmodic dysphonia (ADSD), voice tremor (Tremor), and the spastic dysarthria of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) may sound similar and be difficult to differentiate. The purpose of this study was to determine if these vocal qualities of neurologic origin could be differentiated on the basis of acoustic and motor speech parameters. Three groups of subjects (ADSD, ALS, and Tremor) were analyzed by the Motor Speech Profile System (Kay Elemetrics, Lincoln Park, NJ) for fundamental frequency (Fo), standard deviation of Fo, diadochokinetic rate (ddk), standard deviation of ddk, mean intensity and standard deviation of ddk, frequency and amplitude variability in connected speech, and speaking rate in connected speech. Profiles of the three groups are presented with the significant features that differentiated one from the other.
Multistatic radar system based on accurate signature identification via micro-positioning

A new multistatic radar system is proposed, where the same frequency band and radar code are used by multiple radar stations, while allowing them to operate quasi-orthogonally by appending the radar code with a signature that is unique for every radar station. The timing of the mainlobe of the radar code matched filter and/or mismatched filter output provides target localization with sufficient precision, but it might be insufficient to identify the location of the signature following the radar code with adequate accuracy. This is achieved by micro-positioning, whereby weighted averaging of the short range autocorrelation of the chips of the received signature with the set of active signatures is performed, resulting in identifying the source of transmission. The proposed micro-positioning technique has a wide array of applications, both civilian and military, such as CDMA communications in high noise environment and multi-vehicular communications network.
Campaign Contributions with Swing Voters

We analyze contributor behavior when there are two types of voters: positioned voters, who care about the ideological positions of candidates, and swing voters, who care about only the leadership abilities of candidates. Campaign expenditures, which are funded by contributions, are assumed to influence voters' perceptions of a candidate's ability. We find that the number of swing voters may have unexpected consequences on equilibrium campaign contributions. In particular, total contributions may increase as the number of swing voters decreases. Elections are won by doing two things: mobilizing your base and winning the independent swing voters. (Karl Rove, campaign strategist for George W. Bush)
We fight for roses too: time-use and global gender justice

The World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development has recently confirmed the widely held belief that women across the world tend to perform different work from men who otherwise are situated similarly. Women also work longer hours than similarly situated men. In analyzing the justice of these gendered disparities in time-use, WDR 2012 uses a moral framework that is largely distributive. Although this framework illuminates some aspects of the injustice of the situation, I contend that it obscures other crucial aspects, making the analysis inadequate overall. I argue that a more comprehensive and illuminating moral understanding can be reached by analyzing these time-use disparities in terms of global gendered exploitation. This alternative framework also better enables identifying those politically responsible for the injustice and points toward a vision of global gender justice that is morally more plausible.
Fundamental optical processes in armchair carbon nanotubes

Single-wall carbon nanotubes provide ideal model one-dimensional (1-D) condensed matter systems in which to address fundamental questions in many-body physics, while, at the same time, they are leading candidates for building blocks in nanoscale optoelectronic circuits. Much attention has been recently paid to their optical properties, arising from 1-D excitons and phonons, which have been revealed via photoluminescence, Raman scattering, and ultrafast optical spectroscopy of semiconducting carbon nanotubes. On the other hand, dynamical properties of metallic nanotubes have been poorly explored, although they are expected to provide a novel setting for the study of electron–hole pairs in the presence of degenerate 1-D electrons. In particular, (n,n)-chirality, or armchair, metallic nanotubes are truly gapless with massless carriers, ideally suited for dynamical studies of Tomonaga–Luttinger liquids. Unfortunately, progress towards such studies has been slowed by the inherent problem of nanotube synthesis whereby both semiconducting and metallic nanotubes are produced. Here, we use post-synthesis separation methods based on density gradient ultracentrifugation and DNA-based ion-exchange chromatography to produce aqueous suspensions strongly enriched in armchair nanotubes. Through resonant Raman spectroscopy of the radial breathing mode phonons, we provide macroscopic and unambiguous evidence that density gradient ultracentrifugation can enrich ensemble samples in armchair nanotubes. Furthermore, using conventional, optical absorption spectroscopy in the near-infrared and visible range, we show that interband absorption in armchair nanotubes is strongly excitonic. Lastly, by examining the G-band mode in Raman spectra, we determine that observation of the broad, lower frequency (G−) feature is a result of resonance with non-armchair “metallic” nanotubes. These findings regarding the fundamental optical absorption and scattering processes in metallic carbon nanotubes lay the foundation for further spectroscopic studies to probe many-body physical phenomena in one dimension.
Kinetochore structure: pulling answers from yeast.

Despite the identification of multiple kinetochore proteins, their structure and organization has remained unclear. New work uses electron microscopy to visualize isolated budding yeast kinetochore particles and reveal the kinetochore structure on microtubules.
High spatial resolution EPI using an odd number of interleaves.

Ghost artifacts in echoplanar imaging (EPI) arise from phase errors caused by differences in eddy currents and gradient ramping during left-to-right traversal of kx (forward echo) versus right-to-left traversal of kx (reverse echo). Reference scans do not always reduce the artifact and may make image quality worse. To eliminate the need for reference scans, a ghost artifact reduction technique based on image phase correction was developed, in which phase errors are directly estimated from images reconstructed separately using only the forward or only the reverse echos. In practice, this technique is applicable only to single-shot EPI that produces only one ghost (shifted 1 ⁄ 2 the field of view from the parent image), because the technique requires that the ghosts do not completely overlap the parent image. For higher spatial resolution, typically an even number of separate k-space traversals (interleaves) are combined to produce one large data set. In this paper, we show that data obtained from an even number of interleaves cannot be combined to produce only one ghost, and image phase correction cannot be applied. We then show that data obtained from an odd number of interleaves can be combined to produce only one ghost, and image phase correction can be applied to reduce ghost intensity significantly. This ‘‘odd-number interleaf EPI’’ provides spatial and temporal resolution tradeoffs that are complementary to, or can replace, those of even-number interleaf EPI. Odd-number interleaf EPI may be particularly useful for MR systems in which reference scans have been unreliable. Magn Reson Med 41:1199‐1205, 1999. r 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
VARIABLE ROLE OF AQUATIC MACROINVERTEBRATES IN INITIAL BREAKDOWN OF SEASONAL LEAF LITTER INPUTS TO A COLD-DESERT RIVER

Abstract We used coarse-mesh and fine-mesh leafpacks to examine the importance of aquatic macroinvertebrates in the breakdown of floodplain tree leaf litter that seasonally entered a sand-bedded reach of the sixth-order Yampa River in semiarid Colorado. Leafpacks were positioned off the easily mobilized channel bed, mimicking litter trapped in debris piles. Organic matter (OM) loss was fastest for leaves collected from the floodplain and placed in the river in spring (k = 0.029/day) and slowest for leaves collected and placed in the river in winter (0.006/day). Macroinvertebrates were most abundant in winter and spring leaves, but seemed important to processing only in spring, when exclusion by fine mesh reduced OM loss by 25% and nitrogen loss by 65% in spring leaves. Macroinvertebrates seemed to have little role in processing of autumn, winter, or summer leaves over the 50-day to 104-day monitoring periods. Desiccation during bouts of low discharge and sediment deposition on leaves limited invertebrate ...
A Reply to Professor White

The article presents a response to James White's article, "Maiming the Cubs," which expressed Professor White's skepticism of the conclusions reached in Kennon Sheldon's and Lawrence Krieger's study, "Does Legal Education Have Undermining Effects on Law Students? Evaluating Changes in Motivation, Values and Well-Being." This article views Professor White's critique as a perfect example of the kind of "thinking like a lawyer" that Krieger and Sheldon describe as a major source of stress in law students. The article presents the author's own vision of what "thinking like a lawyer" should entail, including teaching and emphasizing empathy, concern for others, self-examination, and personal responsibility.
Goal Assignment and Trajectory Planning for Large Teams of Aerial Robots

This paper presents a computationally tractable, resolution-complete algorithm for generating dynamically feasible trajectories for N interchangeable (identical) aerial robots navigating through cluttered known environments to M goal states. This is achieved by assigning the robots to goal states while concurrently planning the trajectories for all robots. The algorithm minimizes the maximum cost over all robot trajectories. The computational complexity of this algorithm is shown to be cubic in the number of robots, substantially better than the expected exponential complexity associated with planning in the joint state space and the assignment of goals to robots. This algorithm can be used to plan motions and goals for tens of aerial robots, each in a 12-dimensional state space. Finally, experimental trials are conducted with a team of six quadrotor robots navigating in a constrained three-dimensional environment.
Arthroscopic Trapeziectomy With Suture Button Suspensionplasty: A Retrospective Review of 153 Cases

Background: Arthroscopic trapeziectomy with suture button suspensionplasty (ATBS) is a relatively new surgical option for the treatment of thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) osteoarthritis. Although ATBS has many potential benefits over alternative surgical treatments for CMC arthritis, little data exist regarding its safety and complication rates. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that ATBS is associated with a low risk of complications within 1 year of surgery. Methods: A retrospective review of patients treated with ATBS by one senior hand surgeon over a span of 3 years was performed. Results: A total of 153 cases of ATBS were performed in 136 patients. Ninety-seven cases involved arthroscopic hemitrapeziectomies, and 56 involved arthroscopic complete trapeziectomies. There were 44 males and 92 females with a mean age of 62. Thirty-eight percent of the cases were graded as Eaton stage IV, 46% stage III, and 14% stage II CMC arthritis, while 3 cases (2%) were performed as revisions. Mean follow-up d...
The efficacy of short-term gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonists versus human chorionic gonadotrophin to enable oocyte release in gonadotrophin stimulated cycles

One of the reasons for failure to conceive following human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG) therapy may be due to non-release of oocytes from the follicles. We hypothesized that by using a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) for a short duration, endogenous release of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone may enable oocyte release to occur, similar or superior to the effect of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG). This study attempted to compare the efficacy of HCG versus the GnRHa leuprolide acetate to release oocytes and achieve pregnancies and to compare the effectiveness of leuprolide acetate versus a combination of HCG with HMG to release oocytes. Unfortunately due to lack of prior data, many patients preferred to reject leuprolide acetate in favour of HCG, resulting in three times as many patients being treated with HCG in cycle 1; 78.2% of oocytes were released following leuprolide acetate versus only 55.7% with HCG. Interestingly, 87.5% of those females in whom oocyte release failed in cycle 1 with HCG did indeed release with leuprolide acetate in cycle 2, but none of these previous failures released with HCG in cycle 2. Pregnancy rates were equal in those women releasing oocytes, whether treated with HCG or leuprolide acetate. These preliminary data justify a larger randomized study.
Orowan-Based Deformation Model for Layered Metallic Materials

An Orowan-based deformation model for layered metallic materials is presented and used to calculate the stress-strain behavior for two deformation modes. This model assumes that layer thicknesses are sufficiently small so that single rather than multiple dislocation pileups form. Deformation then proceeds by increasing the density of single dislocation pileups. Furthermore, it is assumed that the controlling stress for plastic deformation is that to propagate a tunneling dislocation loop inside an embedded elastic-plastic layer. Initially, the resolved stress required to propagate an isolated tunneling loop does not depend on whether the loop shears the layer perpendicular to an interface or stretches it parallel to an interface. At larger strains, the tunneling arrays become sufficiently dense such that local dislocation interaction changes the line energy of a tunneling dislocation. As a result, the elastic-plastic layers may exhibit modest softening when sheared or substantial hardening when stretched. When the elastic-plastic layers are embedded into a multilayered specimen with alternating elastic-only layers, no macroscopic strain softening is observed. However, the predicted macroscopic stress-strain curves for stretching and shearing are significantly different in their dependence on layer thickness.
Toxicity of Carbaryl and Diazinon to Gypsy Moth Larvae: Changes in Relation to Larval Growth

Laboratory tests with larval instars of Porthetria dispar (L.) showed a continued increase in tolerance to topical applications of carbaryl or diazinon with larval growth, with the result that 5th instars tolerate 25 × as much carbaryl and 50 × as much diazinon as 2nd instars at the LD50 level; on a weight basis, the tolerances are 1.9 and 4.5 ×, respectively. A substantial increase in tolerance with growth also occurred within instars (2nd and 3rd) but this is correlated largely with size. Neither piperonyl butoxide nor 2, 6-dichlorobenzyl-2-propynyl ether is effective against 2nd instars, but with subsequent instars, the activity increases greatly so that by the 5th instars only 1/5 the usual dose of carbaryl is needed to kill a larva when applied in combination with the propynyl synergist; this amount of carbaryl is less than that needed kill 4th instars. The increase in tolerance to carbaryl and diazinon with larval growth, as well as increase in synergist efficacy, correlates with increases in mixed-function oxidases in advanced instars.