cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reduced-order modeling of turbulent reacting flows with application to ramjets and scramjets

DOI: 10.2514/1.50272 A new engine model has been developed for applications requiring run times shorter than a few seconds, such as design optimization or control evaluation. A reduced-order model for mixing and combustion has been developed that is based on nondimensional scaling of turbulent jets in crossflow and tabulated presumed probability distribution function flamelet chemistry. The three-dimensional information from these models is then integrated across cross-sectional planes so that a one-dimensional profile of the reaction rate of each species can be established. Finally, the one-dimensional conservation equations are integrated along the downstream axial direction and the longitudinal evolution of the flow can be computed. The reduced-order model accurately simulates real-gas effects such as dissociation, recombination, and finite rate chemistry for geometries for which the main flow is nearly onedimensional. Thus, this approach may be applied to any flowpath in which this is the case; ramjets, scramjets, and rockets are good candidates. Comparisons to computational fluid dynamics solutions and experimental data were conducted to determine the validity of this approach. I. Introduction T HIS work addresses the need for an improved control-oriented model of a dual-mode ramjet/scramjet propulsion system. Improvements are needed to include more realistic estimates of the losses of the propulsion efficiency due to shock wave interactions in the inlet, as well as due to gas dissociation and incomplete combustion in the combustor section. One problem is that previous lowerorder propulsion models [1–3] do not include the losses due to multiple shock interactions, gas dissociation, and incomplete combustioncausedby finiteratechemistry.Thisisaseriousproblem, because the main advantage of ascramjet engine over a ramjet isthat the scramjet reduces losses due to internal shock waves and gas dissociation [4]. That is, the scramjet eliminates the need for strong internalshockwavestodeceleratethegastosubsonicconditionsand maintains lower static temperatures than a ramjet, which reduces the dissociation losses. The present effort addresses previous shortcomings by including both of these types of losses into a code called MASIV. MASIV consists of several reduced-order models (ROMs). One is an inlet ROM that computes losses due to multiple shock/ expansion wave interactions; this ROM is described elsewhere [5]. The other is a fuel/air mixing/combustion ROM that is the focus of the present paper. MASIV has been incorporated into a larger hypersonic vehicle (HSV) code, which is available without charge and without International Traffic in Arms Regulations restrictions. Sincecomputational fluiddynamics(CFD)codestakemanyhours to reach solutions for reacting flows, they are difficult to apply to problems in which a large number of solutions are required. A tool that can solve these configurations in a short time to acceptable accuracyishighlydesirableforcontrolanddesignapplications,such
Development of Cortical Maps: Perspectives From the Barrel Cortex:

One approach to examining how higher sensory, motor, and cognitive faculties emerge in the neocortex is to elucidate the underlying wiring principles of the brain during development. The mammalian neocortex is a layered structure generated from a sheet of proliferating ventricular cells that progressively divide to form specific functional areas, such as the primary somatosensory (S1) and motor (M1) cortices. The basic wiring pattern in each of these functional areas is based on a similar framework, but is distinct in detail. Functional specialization in each area derives from a combination of molecular cues within the cortex and neuronal activity-dependent cues provided by innervating axons from the thalamus. One salient feature of neocortical development is the establishment of topographic maps in which neighboring neurons receive input relayed from neighboring sensory afferents. Barrels, which are prominent sensory units in the somatosensory cortex of rodents, have been examined in detail, and data suggest that the initial, gross formation of the barrel map relies on molecular cues, but the refinement of this topography depends on neuronal activity. Several excellent reviews have been published on the patterning and plasticity of the barrel cortex and the precise targeting of ventrobasal thalamic axons. In this review, the authors will focus on the formation and functional maturation of synapses between thalamocortical axons and cortical neurons, an event that coincides with the formation of the barrel map. They will briefly review cortical patterning and the initial targeting of thalamic axons, with an emphasis on recent findings. The rest of the review will be devoted to summarizing their understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying thalamocortical synapse maturation and its role in barrel map formation.
Acculturation, Gender Role Orientation, and Reproductive Risk-Taking Behavior among Latina Adolescent Family Planning Clients.

This article explores the influence of demographic, sociocultural, and risk proneness indicators on age at first intercourse, number of lifetime sexual partners, and number of pregnancies in a sample of 670 Latina adolescents age 14-19 recruited from two publicly funded familyplanning clinics. Acculturation accounted for a small but statisticallysignificant amount of the variation explained for all three reproductive behaviors. Being less acculturated was associated with older age at initiation of sexual intercourse, fewer lifetime sexual partners, and fewer pregnancies. Substance experimentation was associated with earlier sexual debut and more sexual partners but with fewer pregnancies. Gender role orientation was significant onlyfor age at first intercourse. More traditional young women were older at sexual debut. These results suggest that gender role orientation is important for delaying first intercourse, but once sexually active, acculturation and substance experimentation become more important inf...
Comment: The Perils of Qualitative Smoking Risk Measures

Quantitative measures of smoking risks indicate substantial overassessment of these hazards. The qualitative risk measures developed by Slovic have no implications for either the direction or degree of perceptional bias. Qualitative risk questions also suAer from the problem that respondents diAer in terms of their reference point for what is risky and what agreement with qualitative risk statements implies about their objective risk beliefs. Meaningful objective risk measures imply that people overassess smoking risks. Copyright # 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Smoking risks are among the largest health risks one might potentially face. An increasingly pertinent question for policy is whether people understand these risks. In a quest to further such understanding, for over three decades the US government has required hazard warning labels on cigarettes, has required the inclusion of these warnings on cigarette advertising, and has restricted cigarette advertising in certain media. In addition, the government has issues annual reports of the US Surgeon General to highlight diAerent hazards of smoking, and there has been widespread attention to smoking and its associated health consequences surrounding the entire public debate over smoking. A reasonable hypothesis that one might develop based on the literature dealing with risk perception is that the overwhelming amount of information pertaining to smoking hazards would lead people to overestimate the risk. Indeed, evidence suggests that the mortality risks that have received the greatest media coverage tend to be the most overestimated (see for example Combs and Slovic, 1979). Rather than extrapolate to the smoking context from the literature, with its potentially diverse implications, a more reliable approach to assessing the hazards of smoking is to focus directly on how people perceive these risks. Assessing these risk perceptions is an eAort in which I have been engaged in for the past decade. Here I will focus on Paul Slovic’s critique of existing evidence on smoking risks as well as his own evidence regarding perceptions of risks by high school students. Slovic’s paper consists of both a critique of my work as well as a presentation of new smoking risk perception results. His criticisms are that my risk measures do not convey the severity of the outcome, do not consider optimism bias, fail to consider the repetitive mature of cigarette smoking, and fail to consider the risk of addiction. In the discussion below I will show that these criticisms are not well founded. Moreover, they are even more pertinent to his risk measures than to those that I have developed. Perhaps most fundamentally, I will also show that the qualitative risk measures used by Slovic have no empirical content. These measures are not comparable
Technical issues associated with innovative environmental technology: FTIR computer-aided tomography

This research reports on a new innovation in chemical measurement technology that combines open-path Fourier transform infrared (OP-FTIR) spectroscopy with computed tomography to create two-dimensional maps of air contaminants that are both spatially and temporally resolved. This method has been evaluated with numerical studies that tested different iterative reconstruction algorithms and OP-FTIR configurations. The success of this system for characterizing the flow of contaminants in air, exposure assessment, emission monitoring and leak detection, was closely linked to the choice of reconstruction algorithm and configuration. A systematic method was developed to evaluate these parameters using static and time series test maps under ideal and non-ideal sampling conditions. Concentration map quality was evaluated using qualitative and quantitative criteria. Map reconstruction quality using different algorithms and configurations was found to be intimately related to the complexity of the test maps. The results of this research underscore the need to thoroughly test the system through numerical studies prior to field implementation; a wide variety of concentration maps, relevant to the application, should be tested under both ideal and non-ideal sampling conditions.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Phase II study of homoharringtonine in patients with recurrent primary malignant central nervous system tumors.

A phase 11 trial of Homoharringtonine (HHT) was performed in 15 patients with recurrent or progressive malignant glioma. The drug was administered at a initial dose of 4 mg/m2/day by continuous 5 day intravenous infusion (3 mg/m2/day x 5 days for heavily pretreated patients). Courses were repeated every 3–4 weeks upon recovery from toxicity. No objective antitumor regressions occurred. Two patients had no change in their CT brain scans for 2–3 months and one patient had stable disease for 6 months. Toxicity was tolerable and included myelosuppression and occasionally mild hypotension. Chemosensitivity testing with HHT and several other chemotherapy drugs was performed in glioma cell lines, including cell lines derived from these patients. The results suggest that HHT is an inactive drug in malignant glioma using this dose schedule.
Infrared fluorescence study of electronic-to-vibrational energy transfer in the -NO system

Abstract Steady-state laser photolysis techniques were used to study collisional energy transfer from spin-orbit excited atomic bromine to vibration in the ground electronic state of nitric oxide. Photodissociation of molecular bromine at λ = 488 nm was used to produce Br ( 2 P 1 2 ) , and energy transfer was monitored by observing the infrared fluorescence from Br ( 2 P 1 2 ) near λ = 2.71 μm and from NO(ν = 1, 2) near λ = 5.3 μm as a function of Br2 and NO pressures. The rate coefficient for quenching of Br ( 2 P 1 2 ) by NO was determined as 1.9±0.2 × 10−12 cm3/molecule s. The product of this quenching process prefers NO(ν = 2), with a quantum yield of greater than 0.76. These results are discussed in connection with a recent Br ( 2 P 1 2 )- NO laser demonstration.
1080 SILENT LUPUS NEPHRITIS (LN) IN CHILDREN

Silent LN has been reported in adults (Med. 56:493, 1977). In order to determine its occurrence in children with SLE, 10 who were diagnosed during the past 18 months underwent renal biopsy at the time of diagnosis. Six of 10 had no evidence of renal disease by urinalysis, creatinine clearance, or 24-hour protein excretion, and they are the basis of this report. The mean age was 12 years. The mean duration from onset of symptoms to biopsy was 4 months. Four of 6 had low C3, 5 of 6 had elevated DNA binding, and 3 of 6 received prednisone prior to biopsy. All biopsies had > 10 glomeruli. All had histologic changes on light microscopy: 5 had mesangial proliferation and one had diffuse proliferative LN. On fluorescent microscopy, 4 of 5 had IgG and 5 of 5 had C3 along capillary loops; 3 of 5 had IgG and 3 of 5 had C3 in the measngium. On electron microscopy, 4 of 6 had mesangial deposits, one had subepithelial and 2 had subendothelial deposits. Mean follow-up was 7 months. Renal function has been preserved in all, but 2 have developed overt nephritis. Analyses of clinical and laboratory data do not distinguish these 6 children from the other 4 presenting with overt nephritis. Conclusions: 1) Silent LN occurs in childhood as well as in adult SLE. 2) The commonest histologic appearance is diffuse mesangial proliferation with a varying pattern of immune deposits. 3) Findings from early biopsy may be important in planning management and assessing prognosis.
The chick ovomucoid gene contains at least six intervening sequences.

A 15-kilobase pair EcoRI chick DNA fragment, containing both the termination codon UGA and the 5′-portion of the structural ovomucoid gene, has been cloned in λ phage Charon 4A by in vitro packaging. Restriction mapping and electron microscopic analyses of this cloned DNA have revealed that the structural ovomucoid gene sequences are separated by at least six intervening sequences.
Maternal cigarette smoking and placenta previa.

Objective To identify the relationship between maternal cigarette smoking and ultrasound-confirmed placenta previa. Methods A matched case-control design was used. Cases were drawn from the New England Medical Center and Cambridge Hospital from July 1992 through March 1994. Each case was delivered by cesarean after 24 weeks' gestation and had an antenatal ultrasound examination confirming placenta previa. Matched controls were obtained by requesting records on the first three deliveries by the referring provider the same month as the index case. Data on potential risk factors were drawn from the records of the initial prenatal visit, before previa was diagnosed. The data were analyzed with conditional logistic regression. Results Thirty-two cases of ultrasound-documented placenta previa were identified. A number of potential confounders were associated with previa: age (odds ratio [OR] 1.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05–1.26), gravidity (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1–1.7), parity (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1–1.9), prior spontaneous abortion (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.3–7.4), prior elective abortion (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.2–7.6), and prior cesarean delivery (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.3–9.9). The crude OR for current smoking was 3.0 (95% CI 1.1–8.6). The OR for smoking ranged from 2.6–4.4, despite controlling for confounders. Conclusion Current cigarette smoking is associated with a 2.6–4.4-fold increased risk of placenta previa.
My first job: Separating the grain from the chaff

When I was invited to write an article about my first job, I had to ask, "Which first job?" Our lives are broken into various seasons and as we progress from season to season, the first job in each is probably quite different from the first one in any of the others. So, to avoid having to make a decision on this question, I will write about "My Three First Jobs" and hope that the reader will gain some insight from each.
Modeling shallow water table dynamics under subsurface irrigation and drainage

Abstract We develop conceptual and numerical models of water table dynamics under a subsurface irrigation and drainage system. The numerical model is implemented with distinct drainable and fillable porosity parameters that are estimated by accounting for the unsaturated zone fluxes to and from the shallow water table. The model was applied to two field sites under subsurface irrigation and drainage system in northeast Florida to simulate water table dynamics during potato growing seasons in 2010 and 2011. Simulated water table elevations showed a close agreement with the observed water table dynamics in the fields during both growing seasons. Furrows that act as shallow drains in the field facilitated rapid drawdown of the water table after rainfall events, while the outer, deeper ditches provided little drainage of water from the root-zone. Intermittent irrigation regimes, although could substantially reduce surface runoff from the fields, resulted in relatively deeper water tables during the growing season, suggesting a potential trade-off between water deliveries and root-zone soil moisture availability.
Engineering a lifetime-based activatable probe for photoacoustic imaging

High-resolution, high-penetration depth activatable probes are needed for in-vivo imaging of enzyme activity. In this paper, we will describe the contrast mechanism of a new photoacoustic activatable probe that changes its excitation lifetime upon activation. The excitation decay of methylene blue (MB), a chromophore commonly used in therapeutic and diagnostic applications, is probed by photoacoustic lifetime contrast imaging (PLCI). The monomer of the dye presents a high-quantum yield of intersystem-crossing and long lifetime (70 μs) whereas the dimer is statically quenched with a short lifetime (a few ns). This forms the basis of a highly sensitive contrast mechanism between monomers and dimers. Two dimerization models - one using sodium sulfate, the other using sodium dodecyl sulfate - were applied to control the monomer-to-dimer ratio in MB solutions. Preliminary results show that the photoacoustic signal of a dimer solution is efficiently suppressed (< 20 dB) due to their short lifetime compared to the monomer sample. Flash-photolysis of the same solutions reveals a 99% decrease in transient absorption confirming PLCI results. This contrast mechanism can be applied to design a MB dual-labeled activatable probe bound by an enzyme-specific cleavable peptide linker. When the probe is cleaved by its target, MB molecules will separate by molecular diffusion and recover their long excitation lifetime enabling their detection by PLCI. Our long-term goal is to investigate enzyme-specific imaging in small animals and establish pre-clinical data for translational research and implementation of the technology in clinical applications.
Epidural Catheter Analgesia in Dogs and Cats: Technique and Review of 182 Cases (1991–1999)

Objective: To characterize the indications and techniques for catheterization of the epidural space to treat pain in dogs and cats in a veterinary teaching hospital intensive care unit, and describe the analgesic regimens used in those patients. To provide a detailed description of the technique of epidural catheterization in companion animals. Design: Retrospective case series and clinical practice review. Setting: The Veterinary Teaching Hospital at the North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine. Animals: Records from 160 dogs and 22 cats that had epidural catheters placed were identified. Interventions: Epidural catheterization for the purpose of providing analgesia for a variety of surgical and medical disorders was performed on both awake and anesthetized patients. Measurements and main results: The most frequently used analgesic agents were preservative-free morphine and bupivacaine. 2The range of duration of catheter dwell time was 1.3–332 hours, with a mean duration of 50 hours and a median of 39 hours. Suspicion of catheter malpositioning prompted radiographic imaging of the catheter in 44 patients, and malpositioning was confirmed in 6 of those. Catheter tip positioning was recorded in 46 patients. The tip was located at L3-L6 in 16, and T5-L3 in 30. Twenty-seven of those 30 patients were catheterized to treat pain associated with thoracotomy, forelimb amputation, pancreatitis, or peritonitis. Fifty-one (28%) patients received no analgesics beyond those provided by the epidural catheter. Conclusions: Epidural administration of analgesia appeared to provide significant pain relief and was adequate as a sole analgesic treatment in some patients. Serious complications in these critically ill animals appeared to be uncommon. (J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2001; 11(2): 95–103)
SOCIAL INTERACTIONS IN TWO SYMPATRIC SALAMANDERS: EFFECTIVENESS OF A HIGHLY AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY

In terrestrial plethodontid salamanders, aggressive behaviour is thought to function in the spacing of territorial residents among contested cover objects on the forest floor. Such behaviour, when exhibited toward heterospecifics, plays an important role in the competitive interactions between species. We compared levels of aggressive behaviour in intra- and interspecific contexts in two species of sympatric salamanders (Plethodon ouachitae and P. albagula) that have similar ecological requirements but differ in adult size. We also tested the effectiveness of such behaviour in holding cover objects (territorial foci) in the laboratory and on the forest floor. We predicted that if one species were more aggressive than the other, then that species would have greater success in obtaining and holding cover objects. In laboratory trials, residents of P. ouachitae (the smaller species) were extremely aggressive in both intra- and interspecific contexts. Individuals of P ouachitae delivered bites at a rate 14 times that of previously studied species of Plethodon and were significantly more likely to escalate to biting when tested as territorial residents (in intra- and interspecific trials) and as intruders (in interspecific trials). Plethodon albagula exhibited a lower level of aggression, similar to other species of Plethodon. In laboratory trials, in which salamanders competed for cover objects of differing quality, residents of P. ouachitae were effective in expelling conspecific intruders, and they were marginally effective at expelling intruding P. albagula. Residents of P. albagula were less effective in expelling conspecific intruders and did not expel intruding P. ouachitae. We conclude that the extreme aggression exhibited by P. ouachitae enabled it to expel intruders from artificial cover objects and to invade cover objects held by larger heterospecific residents. Field data supported intraspecific defence of cover objects by P. ouachitae, but results for P. albagula were inconclusive. These results are consistent with the geographic distributions of these species (P. ouachitae typically outnumbers P. albagula in the Ouachita Mountains) and provide an example of a behavioural mechanism overcoming a size-related disadvantage.
Creep rupture mechanisms in annealed and overheated 7075 Al under multiaxial stress states

The creep deformation and rupture behavior of annealed and overheated 7075 A1 was investigated under uniaxial, biaxial, and triaxial stress states. Examinations of samples prior to and after testing using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were also performed to develop a better understanding of the microstructural mechanisms governing this behavior. These observations combined with analyses of the test data indicate that annealed 7075 A1 under present testing conditions exhibits characteristics of dislocation creep with a concomitant contribution from grain boundary sliding (GBS). By contrast, the results for overheated 7075 A1 suggest that GBS is suppressed. This hypothesis is supported by observations of large particles at grain boundaries in the overheated microstructure and few or no particles at boundaries in the annealed microstructures. Rupture times for the different stress states were also compared with respect to four multiaxial stress parameters, each of which is linked to a particular physical mechanism that can facilitate creep rupture. It was found that creep rupture in annealed 7075 A1 (regardless of sample orientation) is dominated by cavitation coupled with GBS. By contrast, the rupture behavior of overheated 7075 A1 is consistent with a model that describes cavitation constrained by relatively uniform creep deformation in the matrix. Thus, the rupture findings also indicate that GBS is prevented in the overheated microstructure, while it gives rise to significant stress redistribution in the annealed microstructure.
Hydrothermal alteration and the chemistry of ore-forming fluids in an unconformity-type uranium deposit

Abstract Compositions of hydrothermal chlorite and fine-grained white mica from the inner and outer alteration halos in the Koongarra U deposit were analyzed by electron microprobe and analytical electron microscopy. Analyses show that although chlorite and white mica compositions vary considerably outside the main ore zone, they are uniform inside the ore zone. Ore-zone chlorite has a ratio of Fe/(Fe + Mg) of 0.25 and low octahedral occupancy (average 5.5 per formula unit), which may represent a mixture of diand trioctahedral chlorite. White mica has a typical K + Na atomic content of 0.85 per formula unit. These compositions were used to calculate the activity ratios a Fe +2 /a H + 2 , a Mg +2 /a H + 2 , a K + /a H + , and a Na + /a H + for the hydrothermal fluids associated with deposition of uraninite. Hydrothermal apatite analyses in conjunction with salinities suggested from fluid inclusion studies were used to calculate the pH of the fluids during the pre-ore alteration. The calculated pH values range from 4.8 to 6.0. Finally, the coexistence of chlorite with quartz and hematite was used to calculate oxygen fugacities. The calculated values are about 2 log units higher than for the hematite-magnetite buffer at 200°C. Consequently, the oxidation state of the fluid lay in the hematite field and U was probably transported as uranyl complexes.
Optical Properties of Counting Diamonds

Some optical properties of thirty-two gamma-counting diamonds have been investigated. These properties include the ultraviolet transmission limit, the infrared absorption spectra, the birefringence, and the luminescence. The approximate percentage of Type I and Type II, estimated by both the ultraviolet and infrared absorption criteria, and the relative counting efficiency of each diamond are shown together on a single chart. One concludes that good gamma-counting diamonds usually have substantial portions that are Type II, but diamonds entirely Type II are not necessarily good counters. In addition to the well-known absorption maximum at a wavelength of 8 microns, Type I diamonds appear to exhibit an absorption maximum at a wavelength of 21 microns. Experimental evidence is given for the existence of normally empty trapping levels 0.5 ev and 0.7 ev below the conduction band and for the existence of point contact rectification in diamond.
BIN2, a New Brassinosteroid-Insensitive Locus in Arabidopsis

Brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles throughout plant development. Although many genes have been identified that are involved in BR biosynthesis, genetic approaches in Arabidopsis have led to the identification of only one gene, BRI1, that encodes a membrane receptor for BRs. To expand our knowledge of the molecular mechanism(s) of plant steroid signaling, we analyzed many dwarf and semidwarf mutants collected from our previous genetic screens and identified a semidwarf mutant that showed little response to exogenous BR treatments. Genetic analysis of the bin2 (BR-INSENSITIVE 2) mutant indicated that the BR-insensitive dwarf phenotype was due to a semidominant mutation in the BIN2 gene that mapped to the middle of chromosome IV between the markers CH42 and AG. A direct screening for similar semidwarf mutants resulted in the identification of a second allele of the BIN2 gene. Despite some novel phenotypes observed with the bin2/+ mutants, the homozygous bin2 mutants were almost identical to the well-characterized bri1 mutants that are defective in BR perception. In addition to the BR-insensitive dwarf phenotype, bin2 mutants exhibited BR insensitivity when assayed for root growth inhibition and feedback inhibition of CPD gene expression. Furthermore, bin2 mutants displayed an abscisic acid-hypersensitive phenotype that is shared by the bri1 and BR-deficient mutants. A gene dosage experiment using triploid plants suggested that the bin2 phenotypes were likely caused by either neomorphic or hypermorphic gain-of-function mutations in the BIN2 gene. Thus, the two bin2 mutations define a novel genetic locus whose gene product might play a role in BR signaling.
Coefficient alpha: conceptualizations and anomalies

In this article distinctions are made among some of the different conceptualizations of, and formulas for, Cronbach's coefficient alpha as it is applied to dichotomous or nondichotomous, standardized or unstandardized, and weighted or unweighted data. Issues regarding the statistical significance of alpha and the occasionally encountered anomalies of artificially high alpha and negative values of alpha are given particular attention.
Rating Performance or Contesting Status: Evidence Against the Homophily Explanation for Supervisor Demographic Skew in Performance Ratings

We propose and test an argument in which the well-documented skew in supervisory performance appraisal ratings toward those with the same demography as themselves is better explained by the status contests than the reigning theory of homophily. We conduct the test in a field study of 358 supervisor–subordinate dyads in 10 organizations, using hierarchical linear modeling with various controls. We find that supervisors' ratings of subordinates' contextual and task performance only skew toward similar subordinates when supervisors' status is contested by a higher demographic status subordinate, as predicted by social dominance and status characteristics theories. None of the general homophily preference hypotheses is supported. This study provides a richer theory more consistent with the accumulating evidence about demography effects in organizations and demonstrates the value of head-to-head strong inference tests and status explanations for the field of organizational behavior.
Real-Time Imaging of Fluorescent Flagellar Filaments

Bacteria swim by rotating flagellar filaments that are several micrometers long, but only about 20 nm in diameter. The filaments can exist in different polymorphic forms, having distinct values of curvature and twist. Rotation rates are on the order of 100 Hz. In the past, the motion of individual filaments has been visualized by dark-field or differential-interference-contrast microscopy, methods hampered by intense scattering from the cell body or shallow depth of field, respectively. We have found a simple procedure for fluorescently labeling cells and filaments that allows recording their motion in real time with an inexpensive video camera and an ordinary fluorescence microscope with mercury-arc or strobed laser illumination. We report our initial findings with cells of Escherichia coli. Tumbles (events that enable swimming cells to alter course) are remarkably varied. Not every filament on a cell needs to change its direction of rotation: different filaments can change directions at different times, and a tumble can result from the change in direction of only one. Polymorphic transformations tend to occur in the sequence normal, semicoiled, curly 1, with changes in the direction of movement of the cell body correlated with transformations to the semicoiled form.
A review of observed variability in the dayside ionosphere of Mars

Abstract Recent measurements by Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Express have greatly increased the number of observations of the martian dayside ionosphere available for study. Together with earlier measurements from the Viking era, these datasets have been used to investigate variations in well-known properties of the martian dayside ionosphere and to discover new ionospheric features. The dayside ionosphere includes the main peak, called the M2 layer, and a lower layer, called the M1 layer. In the topside, above the M2 layer, electron densities exponentially decrease with increasing altitude. The following variations in ionospheric properties are addressed. Peak electron densities and altitudes depend on solar zenith angle as predicted by Chapman theory. Electron densities in the M1 layer have a similar dependence on solar zenith angle. Peak electron densities are sensitive to the Sun’s rotation and solar flares, although the quantitative dependence of peak electron densities on solar irradiance is not as strong as theoretically predicted. Peak electron densities are increased in regions of strong and vertical magnetic field, possibly due to a two-stream plasma instability that increases electron temperatures. Peak altitudes follow fixed pressure levels in the neutral atmosphere, rising and sinking in response to thermal tides and dust storms. Electron densities below the M2 layer are highly variable because the relevant portion of the solar spectrum ( In summary, external factors, including the solar irradiance, the solar wind, and meteoroid flux, and internal factors, including neutral atmospheric density and composition, solar zenith angle, and crustal magnetic fields, affect the variability of the martian dayside ionosphere.
State Secularization and Religious Resurgence: Diverging Fates of Secularism in Turkey and Iran

The recent Arab revolutions/rebellions/protests have raised once again an old question: what features should the Arab political systems ideally have? Inescapably, perhaps, the case of Turkey frequently appears as a model to be emulated in the Arab world. A variety of actors, from George W. Bush to Barack Obama, from Rashid Ganouchi to Hillary Clinton has in fact viewed Turkey in that role. Even though, many intellectuals and academics usually raise doubts about the suitability of Turkish model for the Arab world (see, for example, Mamedov and Makarov 2011), it may still prove fruitful to consider the case of Turkey more seriously.
Long-term (13-year) effects of repeated prescribed fires on stand structure and tree regeneration in mixed-oak forests

The survival and growth of oak advance regeneration is often limited by shade-tolerant species that are abundant in the understory of oak stands. Evidence of historic burning has prompted the use of prescribed fire as a tool to improve the competitive status of oak regeneration in mature stands. A primary shortfall of fire effects research in oak forests has been a lack of long-term studies on the effects of multiple fires. Here we describe the effects of repeated fires on stand structure and tree regeneration over a 13year period in mature mixed-oak forests located in southern Ohio, USA. Three stands were burned 3–5 times from 1996 to 2005 with low-intensity dormant-season fires, and two stands remained unburned. Woody vegetation was sampled periodically on nine 0.125 ha plots per stand. Plots were located across the upland landscape and were characterized by an Integrated Moisture Index. Fire altered stand structure by reducing the density of large saplings (3.0–9.9 cm DBH) and midstory trees (10–25 cm DBH) by 76% and 34%, respectively. Fire had little impact on trees >25 cm DBH. Small saplings (1.4 m tall to 2.9 cm DBH) were dynamic over time on dry plots that were burned. After being repeatedly topkilled from year 1–8, the small sapling layer had redeveloped on dry burned plots by year 13 and species composition had shifted from dominance by shade-tolerant species to a more equal distribution of shade-tolerants, oaks + hickories, and sassafras. The density of oak + hickory and sassafras advance regeneration (stems 30 cm tall to 2.9 cm DBH) was significantly greater on burned plots than on unburned plots in year 13, though variability among plots was high. Advance regeneration of shade-tolerant species was equally abundant on burned and unburned plots. Density of oak + hickory advance regeneration in year 13 was positively related to its weighted frequency (a surrogate for size and abundance) in year 0 (r 2 = 0.67, p < 0.0001) and inversely related to stand density (r 2 = 0.33, p < 0.0001) and canopy cover (r 2 = 0.31, p < 0.0001), both of which were reduced by fire. Although oak + hickory advance regeneration was more abundant on burned plots, we conclude that other methods (e.g., herbicide, partial cutting) are necessary to further reduce stand density and promote the development of larger oak + hickory regeneration, particularly on mesic sites. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Realistic Face and Lip Expressions for a Bilingual Humanoid Robot

Abstract Hala is a bi-lingual (Arabic and English) robot receptionist located at Carnegie Mellon in Qatar. Hala is presented to users as a 3-D animated face on a screen. Users type to her, and she replies in speech synced with realistic facial expressions. However there are two existing problems with the robot. First, Hala's animation engine does not fully adhere to existing research on face dynamics, which makes it difficult to create natural and interesting facial expressions. Natural expressions help towards an engaging user experience by articulating non-verbal aspects (ex: confusion, glee, horror, etc). Second, while speaking in Arabic lip-movements are not realistic because they were adopted from English utterances. In this work we address these two limitations. Similar to the movie and video-game industry, we leverage Paul Ekman's seminal work on Facial Action Coding System (FACS) to demarcate Hala's 3D face model into muscle-primitives. These primitives are used to compose complex, yet natural, facial expressions. We have also authored an in-house tool, which allows non-programmers (for ex: artists) to manipulate the face in real-time to create expressions. The sounds humans make while talking are symbolically captured as “phonemes”. The corresponding shapes of the lips, for these sounds (i.e. phonemes), are called “visemes”. We used existing research and observed each other (and a mirror), to develop visemes that accurately capture Arabic pronunciations. Hala can thus utilize English and Arabic visemes for accurate lip-movement and syncing. We empirically tested and evaluated our work by comparing it with previous lip movements for common Arabic utterances. Nonetheless, certain pronunciations can fire less-than-ideal visemes if they are preceded by silence. Upon identifying and addressing these limitations, Hala has 11 new facial expressions for a more natural looking and behaving robot. This work also pioneered the first implemented subset of Arabic visemes on a robot.
Two Concepts of God

Genuine religion always involves the worship of what is genuinely ultimate. Religion, worship, and ultimate reality are thus indissolubly related. The task of reflective thought in this domain is to distinguish what is sound from what is spurious in religion; to characterise the meaning of religious devotion; and to attempt to articulate the nature of the ultimate reality to which men's worship is directed.
Fine-Needle Aspiration for Breast Mass Diagnosis

• Our accuracy in diagnosing 464 solid breast masses by fine-needle aspiration was enhanced by a statistically based algorithm for distinguishing between benign and malignant epithelial cells. Epithelial cells were obtained from 378 breast masses by fine-needle aspiration; nonepithelial cells considered diagnostic of benign conditions were obtained from 66 breast masses, and 19 aspirations were considered unsatisfactory. Excluding one benign cystosarcoma, the algorithm gave 3 false-negative diagnoses and 16 false-positive diagnoses with 211 benign and 167 malignant samples. The overall clinical performance measures for the 444 masses from which diagnostic fine-needle aspirations were obtained and excluding the cystosarcoma were 0.98 sensitivity, 0.94 specificity, and 0.92 positive predictability. Masses diagnosed as benign by fine-needle aspiration can be followed up clinically. Intraoperative frozen section is needed before definitive surgery to determine invasion and confirm the diagnosis of some cytologically malignant masses. ( Arch Surg. 1989;124:814-818)
Chemical shift reference for MASSCP-13C NMR studies of reagents immobilized on silica gel

Abstract This report demonstrates that immobilized trimethylsilane is an appropriate reference standard for MASSCP-13C NMR studies of reagents immobilized on silica gel. An example is presented which shows that the immobilized trimethylsilane exhibits many of the advantages as a reference for these solid samples as does tetramethylsilane for liquid samples. It is further shown that pure solids may interact with an immobilized phase and produce significant spectral changes and thus are not appropriate as reference standards.
Prevalence and predictors of interval colorectal cancers – what hypotheses should colonoscopists consider in planning studies to modify the undesirable outcome

Summary A recent report on prevalence and predictors of interval colorectal cancers in Medicare beneficiaries was published in Cancer. The study was prompted by historical data that after a colonoscopy that is negative for cancer, a subset of patients may be diagnosed with colorectal cancer termed interval cancer. The frequency and predictors have not been well studied in a population-based US cohort. The authors used the linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare database to identify 57,839 patients aged ≥69 years who were diagnosed with colorectal cancer between 1994 and 2005 and who underwent colonoscopy within 6 months of cancer diagnosis. Colonoscopy performed between 6 and 36 months before cancer diagnosis was a proxy for interval cancer. The results showed that by using the case definition, 7.2% of patients developed interval cancers. Factors that were associated with interval cancers included proximal tumor location (distal colon: multivariable odds ratio [OR], 0.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.390-0.46; rectum: OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.42-0.53), increased co-morbidity (OR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.68 2.14 for ≥3 co-morbidities), a previous diagnosis of diverticulosis (OR, 6.00; 95% CI, 5.57-6.46), and prior
Tamino’s Eyes, Pamina’s Gaze: Husserl’s Phenomenology of Image-Consciousness Refashioned

Some of the earliest evidence of human existence takes the form of images painted on the walls of caves, engraved on the face of rocks and etched on artifacts of stone, wood or bone. These images are the makings of intelligence made visible, the accomplishment of artistic technique, the feat of social organization and, not least of all, the manifestation of an aesthetic sensibility. Their sophistication is, however, inseparable from a distinct form of consciousness—image-consciousness—present in these images; the presence of an image testifies to the presence of consciousness, the consciousness of a distance within sensible appearance required for the making and beholding of an image, in which something—a bison, a shaman, a bird—appears in another appearance, the support of a cave wall or exposed face of a rock.
An Overview of Avian Heart Structure and Development

Publisher Summary This chapter examines avian heart structure and studies, particularly using experimental zoology to understand mechanisms regulating cardiac myogenesis. The avian heart remains an important component in the analysis of heart development. While not yet easily manipulated at the genomic level, descriptive embryology, experimental manipulation, lineage tracing, and in vitro analysis of cardiomyogenesis, as well as determination of endothelial and epicardial differentiation, are often best approached in this class of vertebrates. With the recent sequencing of the chick genome along with the many advances in nongenomic manipulation of gene product expression, the avian heart will continue to play an essential role in discovering the mechanistic basis of cardiac morphogenesis. The anatomy of the avian heart is very similar to that of the mammalian heart, yet offers deviations unique to its specific niche. Both of these vertebrate classes demonstrate a significant demand for oxygen while maintaining homiothermy. The highly conserved four-chambered heart separates the pulmonary and systemic circulatory pathways to meet these demands. The anterior cardiac chambers and the posterior chambers lie in series between the two circulation paths and serve to repressurize the blood. The entire organ is enclosed in fluid within the thin, fibrous perdicardial sac and is located in the thoracoabdominal cavity. The avian heart is significantly heavier in proportion to its body weight than all other vertebrates. By combining this larger size with its bigger stroke volume, the output of the avian cardiovascular system can carry enough oxygen to muscular tissue to sustain flight.
Some Statistical Properties of Short-Duration Rainfall

Storm data and climatological quantities from both dense raingage networks and individual stations are used to elucidate some of the important problems in developing drainage design criteria for small areas. Examples are presented displaying the variability of rainfall rates for very short durations of time over very small areas. An “average” time distribution curve is presented along with relationships between rainfall amounts for durations from 2- to 60-min. One example outlines a procedure for estimating and comparing six quantities from series of annual maximum rainfalls for several short durations. The quantities include a frequency factor, 100-yr value, the probable maximum rainfall, and the observed world maximum rainfalls.
Abstract 1981: MYC downregulation and chemoresistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Evidence from the Biomarker-Based Approaches of Targeted Therapy for Lung Cancer Elimination (BATTLE) program

Background: Primary or acquired resistance to platinum-based therapy remains an important issue in the treatment of unresectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Our objective was to identify factors of resistance to platinum-based therapy. Experimental procedures: Gene expression profiling from the BATTLE program (pretreated resistant tumors stage III/IV, N=32) and a control group from 2 independent publicly available datasets (never treated tumors stage III/IV, N=45) were compared. Gene expression profiling was generated using the same platform (U133 Plus 2.0 Array). Pathway and gene set analyses were used to define networks and pathways associated with resistance. For validation, we used: i-an independent set of 38 never treated NSCLC stage III/IV, ii-a set of 53 NSCLC cell lines tested for cisplatin sensitivity with proteomic profiling generated by Reverse Phase Protein Array (RPPA) technology using 177 well-characterized antibodies, iii-the comparison of two pairs of NSCLC cell lines (H1437, H460) that were made resistant by iterative exposure to cisplatin, and iv-transfection experiments. Results: A total of 3,963 probesets were found to be differentially expressed between BATTLE samples and the control group with a p-value Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1981.