cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conjugate addition of grignard reagents to unsaturated ketones: gc/ms- hplc study. Isolation and oxidation of e and z enols of a ketone

Abstract The conjugate addition of phenylmagnesium bromide to benzalacetoinesitylene ( 1 ) was studied. The only product resulting from 1,4-addiaon was Kohler's ketone ( 4 ) in 84 ± 1% yield based on ( 1 ) by isolation and analysis. The byproducts from 4 were formed mainly by oxidation of the Z enol of 4 to the α-ketohydroperoxide ( 6 ) during the hydrolysis and workup of the product followed by subsequent decomposition of 6 to diphenylethanal and a trace of 2,4,6-trimethylphenol. The other byproducts which were formed during the preparation of phenylmagnesium bromide are biphenyl, and trace amounts of phenol and 1-phenyl-l-ethanol. No trace of the previously reported 3 α-bromoketone ( 5 ) was found under these conditions. The E enol was prepared by the enolization reaction of Kohler's ketone ( 4 ) with methylmagnesium iodide followed by hydrolysis. The E enol appeared at a retention time of 3.6 compared with that of the Z enol at 4.1 on the HPLC chromatograms. The relative rates of oxidation of the enols as determined by following the disappearance the respective HPLC peaks were approximately 7:1 for Z:E respectively. An explanation is presented for the faster oxidation of the Z enol.
Rapid location of mount points

‘Mount points’ allow more storage to be grafted into tree-structured hierarchical file systems. Administrative tasks use their locations, which are tabulated in a file. In our System V Unix environment, this file was occasionally removed. Getmnt was written to recover the information. Getmnt has had three significant versions. The original version (getmnt1) was a highly optimized naive tree traversal. Getmnt3 improved the real time performance by a mean factor of 7 by pruning unnecessary branches from the traversal. Getmnt3 doubled getmnt2's speed, with a change from depth-first to breadth-first search. On our development system, getmnt1 required 647.6 s to run, whereas getmnt3 required 42.53 s.
Conductivity and ion pairing of hydrogen chloride inN-methylpropionamide at 25°C

The electrical conductivity of solutions of HCl inN-methylpropionamide (NMP) has been measured at 25°C for concentrations of HCl ranging from 0.0012 to 0.07 mole-liter−1. The results, combined with other data recently reported, were analyzed by means of the conductivity equation of Pitts. Some evidence for association was found in spite of the very large relative permittivity of the solvent medium (e=176 at 25°C). The limiting molar conductivity for HCl is 10.949 S-cm2-mole−1. The limiting ionic conductivities in NMP are estimated to be 5.548 S-cm2-mole−1 for chloride ion and 5.401 S-cm2-mole−1 for hydrogen ion.
Long-term cyclic dynamics of simulated riparian forest stands

Abstract The temporal dynamics of riparian forest stands in the American Midwest are examined for different conditions of climate, river flow, and soil type. Spectral analysis is performed on tree densities, and changes in the basal area of species are also analyzed. Different spectral densities are found. The dynamic behavior of forest stands can be attributed primarily to the life history traits of the dominant species; in different environmental conditions, different dominant species result in different cyclic responses of stand-level variables. In the simulation, warmer and/or drier conditions would result in a more diverse forest with less distinct cyclic behavior than in cooler and/or wetter conditions dominated by one or two species. Within the more diverse community of warmer conditions, differences in the competitive abilities of species at different stages of asynchronous life histories may explain the dynamic behavior of stand-level variables.
Investigation of inpatient probiotic use at an academic medical center

Summary Objectives Despite the widespread use of probiotics, there are limited data regarding their safety. The aims of this study were to characterize inpatient probiotic use and to determine the incidence of probiotic-related bloodstream infections due to Lactobacillus acidophilus/Lactobacillus bulgaricus . Methods This study was a two-part retrospective study conducted at a large academic medical center. The first part was the characterization of probiotic use during 2007–2008, which included the type of prescribing provider, choice of probiotic prescribed, indications for use, and presence of potential risk factors for probiotic infection among recipients; the second part was the determination of the incidence of probiotic-related bloodstream infections due to L. acidophilus/L. bulgaricus for September 2000–August 2008. Results Probiotic use was uncommon (0.4%). Ninety-six percent of patients received Lactobacillus-based compounds. Use was common in patients at theoretical risk for probiotic infection. The maximum estimated incidence of probiotic-related bacteremia due to L. acidophilus/L. bulgaricus during the 8-year period was 0.2%. Conclusions L. acidophilus/L. bulgaricus probiotic use at our institution appeared to be associated with a minimal risk of probiotic-related infection, even though it was used at a high frequency among inpatients who could be considered at high theoretical risk for probiotic-related bloodstream infection.
The influence of curare on hypothalamic excitability and the electroencephalogram.

Abstract The action on the posterior hypothalamus and the EEG of Intocostrin and Anectine in small doses which do not lower the blood pressure was studied in cats. It was found that the excitability of the sympathetic division of the hypothalamus was decreased by curarization as indicated by the diminished response of the nictitating membrane to, and the lessened pressor effect of, hypothalamic stimulation. at the same time the EEG showed an increased synchrony. The reduction in hypothalamic sympathetic reactivity and the associated reduction in the state of cortical excitation account for the diminution in emotional reactivity which is associated with the relaxation of the skeletal muscles.
Co-Occupation: The Challenges of Defining Concepts Original to Occupational Science

The term co‐occupation was coined in the early days of occupational science and has begun to accrue a grouping of studies that shed light on its dynamic. Its lasting nature as a concept original to occupational science may be due to the fact that it is grounded in the interdisciplinary play literature, as well as the interests of occupational scientists in the interactive social dimension of occupation, especially those of mothers and children. The essence of co‐occupation is its highly interactive nature. Co‐occupation is a dance between the occupations of one individual and another that sequentially shapes the occupations of both persons. Although many of the experiences of co‐occupation are fairly symmetrical, as in playing tennis, this is not a defining characteristic of co‐occupation. Co‐occupations do not necessarily occur within shared space, time, meaning, affect, or intent. Efforts to define co‐occupation bring to light multiple challenges to defining occupational science concepts: the need to we...
Embracing Equity: Discussing Inequity

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Chicana/o Studies at Digital Commons @ Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chicana/o Studies Faculty Works by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. For more information, please contact digitalcommons@lmu.edu. Repository Citation Gonzalez, Deena J., "Embracing Equity: Discussing Inequity" (2006). Chicana/o Studies Faculty Works. Paper 21. http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/chicana-o_fac/21
Management of fixed flexion contracture of the elbow in haemophilia.

The authors stress that prevention of flexion contractures and artropathy by early factor replacement and physical therapy for every haemophiliac is the standard of care. Physical therapy, serial casting, and Quengel cast correction have not proven successful in correction of fixed flexion contractures at the elbow. In the patient who has a flexion contracture that interfered with function, an attempt at physical therapy combined with the use of either the Dynasplint or Flowtron will be tried. If there is no response, a surgical synovectomy combined with a possible radial head resection and anterior capsular relase would be the authors’ procedure of choice. In the face of advanced arthropathy, the authors would consider a distraction arthroplasty.
Determination of the rate of renaturation of modified DNA by fluorescence depolarization.

Fluorescence depolarization was used to measure the rate of renaturation of T2 DNA, which had been modified by chloroacetaldehyde. Rates were measured on DNA samples with 5–15% of the base pairs modified and were found to agree with rates determined by DNA absorbance kinetics at 260 nm. The renaturation rate of a modified T2 DNA was unchanged in the presence of a ninefold abundance of unlabeled calf thymus DNA.
Size and compositional studies of core-shell latexes using flow and thermal field-flow fractionation

Two field-flow fractionation (FFF) techniques, flow FFF and thermal FFF, have been used as complementary techniques in a study of core-shell latex particles. Different types of physicochemical information about the particles can be obtained since the fields used in the two techniques interact with different particle properties. The hydrodynamic diameters (and diameter distributions) of the latex particles were measured as a function of pH using flow FFF. Retention in thermal FFF was found to depend on shell composition. These FFF techniques, used together, are shown to be capable of characterizing both the physical size and shell composition of this important class of particles.
Stationenlernen: A Student‐Centered Approach to Working with Foreign Language Texts

For years, foreign language educators at the postsecondary level have acknowledged a prob lematic gap in many foreign language curricula be tween lower-level "skills" courses and upper-level "content" courses (see Hoffmann and James, Barnett, Rice, and McCarthy). The communicative methods and pedagogical goals of "language" courses usually have little in common with those of advanced "content" courses, and it is often very difficult for students to make a successful transition between the two (see Mittman, Eigler). The root of this curricular problem, Richard Kern argues, lies in the fact that the lower-level lan guage sequence is pragmatic in its focus, aimed at developing students' communication skills in per sonal and professional contexts, whereas the more scholarly upper-level content courses seek to sharpen students' analytic skills, their cultural sen sibilities, and their ability to express themselves formally ("Reconciling" 20). With these divergent goals come very different pedagogies. Language courses usually focus on social interaction in a warm, supportive, collaborative environment. Topics addressed there tend not to challenge stu dents' thinking, and students are encouraged to offer their personal opinions. In upper-level con tent courses, by contrast, students are expected to analyze and synthesize material, orally and in writ ing, using formal discourse and citing textual evi dence. The atmosphere tends not to be collabora tive or supportive (or "fun," as many language classes are)1; instead, individual students are ex pected to listen to lectures and contribute to discus sions led by the instructor. Given the different na ture of "skills" and "content" courses, then, it is hardly surprising many foreign language programs suffer from poor retention of students from the lower-level to the upper-level sequence. In response to this situation, a number of re searchers and educators have begun to rethink the structure and goals of the traditional foreign lan guage curriculum and to propose ways in which the "skills" and "content" halves of the curriculum might be integrated (see, for example, articles in Scott and Tucker). One possibility lies in the con cept of foreign language literacy as a "new organiz ing principle for foreign language education" (Kern, "Literacy" 40). As Richard Kern explains, in a literacy-oriented foreign language curriculum, work with texts becomes the central enterprise at every level:
Minimizing latency and memory in DSMS: a unified approach to quasi-optimal scheduling

Data Stream Management Systems (DSMSs) must support optimized execution scheduling of multiple continuous queries on massive, and frequently bursty, data streams. Previous approaches on optimizing memory consumption or response time (i.e., latency) usually produce very different algorithms. In this paper, we extend the popular chart-partitioning procedure, which was previously used for memory optimization on simple operator paths, to minimize latency as well as memory on complex query-graphs with tuple-sharing forks. Furthermore, we test the performance of algorithms that only assume knowledge of the average behavior of tuples and operators, against a theoretical one that assumes detailed knowledge on the behavior of individual tuples. These experiments show that the practical algorithms closely approximate the performance of the optimal ones.
Interpreting the Book-Tax Income Gap as Earnings Management or Tax Sheltering

The measured book-tax gap is often used as a surrogate for one of the behaviors that influences the gap - earnings management or tax sheltering - without adjusting for the effect of other influences - GAAP changes, tax law changes, and macroeconomic conditions. This paper provides evidence on the quality of the unadjusted book-tax income gap as a proxy for earnings management or tax sheltering by adjusting for the three measurable factors: GAAP changes, macroeconomic conditions, and earnings management. I find that changes in GAAP alone explain half of the pooled cross-sectional variation in the book-tax gap between 1993 and 2004, marking GAAP changes as an important recent influence on the book-tax gap. Also, replication results using unadjusted and adjusted book-tax gap measures suggest that the unadjusted book-tax gap is a reasonable proxy for earnings management, but that adjusting for the effect of GAAP changes generates a better proxy for tax sheltering in most contexts.
The limits of coding with joint constraints on detected and undetected error rates

We develop a remarkably tight upper bound on the performance of a parameterized family of bounded angle maximum-likelihood (BA-ML) incomplete decoders. The new bound for this class of incomplete decoders is calculated from the codepsilas weight enumerator, and is an extension of Poltyrev-type bounds developed for complete ML decoders. This bound can also be applied to bound the average performance of random code ensembles in terms of an ensemble average weight enumerator. We also formulate conditions defining a parameterized family of optimal incomplete decoders, defined to minimize both the total codeword error probability and the undetected error probability for any fixed capability of the decoder to detect errors. We illustrate the gap between optimal and BA-ML incomplete decoding via simulation of a small code.
Salmonella spp. are cytotoxic for cultured macrophages

We have shown by a variety of microscopical and biochemical techniques that Salmonella spp. are cytotoxic for cultured J774A.1 and bone marrow-derived murine macrophages. The cytotoxicity is initially manifested by inhibition of membrane ruffling and macropinocytosis in infected macrophages, and is followed by cell death. Macrophages killed by Salmonella spp. exhibited features of apoptosis such as condensation and fragmentation of chromatin, membrane blebbing, and the presence of cytoplasmic nucleosomes and apoptotic bodies. Cytotoxicity does not require bacterial internalization as cytochalasin D, a drug that prevents bacterial uptake, did not prevent Salmonella-induced macrophage cell death. However, the cytotoxic effects are strictly dependent upon the expression of the invasion-associated Type III protein-secretion system encoded at centisome 63 of the Salmonella chromosome. Wild-type Salmonella typhimurium grown under conditions that do not allow optical expression of this system or strains of Salmonella carrying mutations in genes that encode components of this protein-secretion system were devoid of macrophage cytotoxicity. In addition, mutations in invJ, spaO, sipB, sipC and sipD, which encode proteins that are secreted via this secretion apparatus and are required for bacterial entry into non-phagocytic cells, also abolished the toxicity. In contrast, mutations in sipA and sptP, which encode secreted proteins that are not required for bacterial invasion, had no effect on macrophage cytotoxicity. These results indicate a close correlation between the mechanisms of bacterial internalization into non-phagocytic cells and those that lead to macrophage cytotoxicity. Host-adapted serotypes of Salmonella such as S. typhi, S. gallinarum and S. dublin were also toxic for murine macrophages, indicating that this virulence property is probably present in most Salmonella spp. and is not associated with the mechanisms responsible for host range.
The Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element Time Domain Method (DGFETD): A High Order, Globally-Explicit Method for Parallel Computation

A discontinuous Galerkin finite-element time-domain method is presented. The method is based on a high-order finite element discretization of Maxwell's time-dependent curl equations. The global volume is decomposed into contiguous sub-domains of finite-elements with independent function expansions. The fields are coupled across sub-domain boundaries by enforcing the tangential field continuity. This leads to a locally implicit, globally explicit difference operator that provides an efficient high-order accurate time-dependent solution.
Efficacy of transdermal nicotine in reducing post-cessation weight gain in a Hispanic sample

This study examined nicotine replacement effects and pre-quit smoking characteristics with respect to post-cessation weight gain in a primarily Mexican-American sample of Hispanic smokers. Hispanic smokers (108) were randomly assigned to receive either nicotine transdermal patch or placebo patch for 10 weeks, during which time smoking status and weight change were measured. The overall weight gain experienced by the successful quitters was greater than that experienced by non-quitters. Differences between quitters and non-quitters were significant for both females (2.0 vs. 0.86 kg; p<0.05) and for males (2.3 vs. 1.2 kg; p<0.05) at 6 weeks post-randomization. At the end of the 10-week treatment, only the females showed a significant difference in weight gain between the quitters and non-quitters (2.8 vs. 1.1; p<0.01). Results of the random effects regression models for quitters indicated that the active group gained weight at a significantly lower rate than the placebo group (p = 0.047) for females, but not for males (p = 0.87). Years of smoking (p = 0.001) but not baseline cigarettes (p = 0.13) were significant predictors of weight for females, but not for males (p = 0.24 and 0.72, respectively). The use of nicotine patch treatment for smoking cessation effectively attenuated weight gain for successful female quitters compared with placebo-treated quitters. Identification of pre-quit smoking characteristics may prove useful in predicting who is most likely to gain weight when quitting smoking.
Rupture of fat cells using laser-generated ultra short stress waves.

Background and Objectives Ultrasound-assisted liposuction has been investigated as an aid to breakup fat for its less traumatic removal, and minimizing the post-operative recovery period. This research focused on understanding the mechanism of fat interaction with laser-generated ultra short stress waves with high amplitudes. Study Design/Materials and Methods Freshly extracted human fat was secured in an Aluminum (Al) cavity. Sixteen nanoseconds duration stress waves were generated by exfoliating the bottom surface of the Al cavity by focusing 3 nanoseconds-long YAG laser pulses over a 2 mm diameter area at 10 Hz with a maximum pulse energy of 0.95 J. The lipids released due to cell rupture were extracted and measured Results Four minutes of pulsing released about 0.005 g, which was over 1% of the initial weight of the tissue. In situ temperature rise of only 5°C was measured at the maximum stress wave loading duration of 5 minutes. This was evidenced by histological sections, which showed no burn artifacts. Conclusions This research shows that ultra short stress waves can mechanically cavitate fat in vitro without significant damage to adjacent structures, and forms the basis for future clinical work. Lasers Surg. Med. 32:279–285, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) and sleep-disordered breathing in young women: History of the validation of CAP scoring and a translational study

There is poor correlation between daytime complaints of patients with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and visual scoring of sleep disruption. However, the cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) brings forth new information on non–rapid eye movement sleep disturbances. CAP is an important adjunct in the investigation of sleep disturbance in SDB patients. The CAP automatic scoring system tested is sufficiently accurate to aid in CAP scoring. Current respiratory scoring criteria to evaluate the severity of SDB in premenopausal womenmay be inadequate.
Relationships of generalized and regional adiposity to insulin sensitivity in men.

The relative impacts of regional and generalized adiposity on insulin sensitivity have not been fully defined. Therefore, we investigated the relationship of insulin sensitivity (measured using hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp technique with [3-3H]glucose turnover) to total body adiposity (determined by hydrodensitometry) and regional adiposity. The latter was assessed by determining subcutaneous abdominal, intraperitoneal, and retroperitoneal fat masses (using magnetic resonance imaging) and the sum of truncal and peripheral skinfold thicknesses. 39 healthy middle-aged men with a wide range of adiposity were studied. Overall, the intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal fat constituted only 11 and 7% of the total body fat. Glucose disposal rate (Rd) and residual hepatic glucose output (rHGO) values during the 40 mU/m2.min insulin infusion correlated significantly with total body fat (r = -0.61 and 0.50, respectively), subcutaneous abdominal fat (r = -0.62 and 0.50, respectively), sum of truncal skinfold thickness (r = -0.72 and 0.57, respectively), and intraperitoneal fat (r = -0.51 and 0.44, respectively) but not to retroperitoneal fat. After adjusting for total body fat, the Rd and rHGO values showed the highest correlation with the sum of truncal skinfold thickness (partial r = -0.40 and 0.33, respectively). We conclude that subcutaneous truncal fat plays a major role in obesity-related insulin resistance in men, whereas intraperitoneal fat and retroperitoneal fat have a lesser role.
Efficient electromagnetic analysis of a doubly infinite array of rectangular apertures

An accurate and rapid method is presented for solving the magnetic field integral equation for the equivalent magnetic currents representing a doubly periodic array of rectangular apertures. Ewald's method is used to accelerate the summations associated with periodic Green's function, allowing the Green's function to be determined to nearly machine precision. Galerkin's method is used to discretize the integral equation with Chebyshev polynomials used as the basis and testing functions. Efficient treatment of the "self-term" singularity is emphasized.
Thinking about the future because of the past : Young children's knowledge about the causes of worry and preventative decisions

Two studies investigated 3- to 6-year-olds’ and adults’ (N= 128) knowledge about emotions and behaviors caused by thinking about the future because of the past. Participants listened to stories featuring characters that experienced negative events, and then, many days later, felt worried or changed their behaviors upon seeing an entity associated with the prior harm. Results revealed a significant increase between 3 and 5 years in the frequency that participants explained characters’ reactions as caused by anticipating the reoccurrence of a negative past event. Across age, females more often marked future events as uncertain, as well as predicted that people in ambiguous risk situations would feel worried due to past-to-future connections.
Counseling and psychotherapy services provided by school psychologists: An analysis of patterns in practice

Abstract School psychologists often provide counseling and psychotherapy services in the schools. Nationally certified school psychologists were surveyed to investigate patterns of practice in this service area. Survey data are presented relative to role issues, specifics of interventions, preferred therapeutic approaches and modalities, and types of problems encountered. The findings included trends for certified school psychologists to employ briefer interventions, to favor the more behavior theory-oriented approaches, and to report family problems as the most frequent type of problem encountered in their counseling. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Variational study of the excited vibrational states of formaldehyde: accurate results up to 8500 cm −1 in excitation energy

Variational results of the vibrational states up to 8500 cm−1 for X1A1 formaldehyde at J = 0 are presented. Our results agree reasonably well with perturbation results and with experimental results. Our calculations show additional b1 and b2 states in the energy region of the 2244 level, which could not be predicted by a simple normal-mode analysis. We also found that the eigenstates in this energy regime, seen from the zero-order normal-mode picture, have variety of characters: some states appear much more mixed than others.
A Binary Sequential Communication Scheme With Information Feedback

A variable length feedback scheme for binary constant antipodal signals with an upper bound on the decision time is proposed. In addition to the noiseless decision feedback channel a noiseless information feedback channel is used for energy saving. The performance of the scheme is derived, and the probability of error as a function of the average energy per symbol is compared to existing systems. Two of the existing systems may be obtained as limiting cases of the combined scheme considered here.
Waste-Induced Oxygen Uptake of An Alaskan Estuary

In Knik Arm, Alaska, oxygen consumption in 2○ waters inoculated with settled domestic sewage was measured over a twenty-day period. Oxygen uptake in the natural waters alone was substantial at this low temperature, and addition of sewage considerably increased the demand for oxygen. It was demonstrated that the oxygen consumption observed could not be directly related to an increase in bacterial numbers but rather to the effect (on bacterial growth) of planktonic organisms in the natural waters. High concentrations of glacial till had no effect on oxygen consumption. The standard Biochemical Oxygen Demand test was shown to be a poor parameter for assaying wastes to be disposed to waters whose in situ conditions vary widely from those of the standard procedure.
UNFULFILLED PROMISE: THE DIFFERENTIAL RETURN ON EARLY SKILLS FOR HIGH-RISK HIGH ACHIEVERS

The early academic skills of children tend to serve as precursors for later academic successes or struggles. Being exposed to multiple risk factors early in life (e.g., poverty, unsafe or impoverished neighborhood conditions, and language minority status) is typically associated with having fewer skills at kindergarten entry, but some children come to school from adverse conditions displaying advanced academic skills. In this study, we investigate high-risk high achievers in the United States context (i.e., children who arrive at school [~5 years old] from high-risk environments displaying high-levels of academic skills) to determine if their achievement trajectories remain elevated, like those of their high-achieving peers, or if they take a different trajectory more reflective of their high-risk conditions. We find that across nine years of formal schooling, the average math and reading scores of high-risk, high-achieving students were more similar to the scores of students who were initially medium achievers at school entry and less similar to other high achievers who entered school with fewer early contextual risk factors. Our results suggest that early exposure to numerous risks can flatten children’s learning trajectories, even if they present with advanced skills.
A comparison of an integrated suction blade versus a traditional videolaryngoscope blade in the endotracheal intubation of a hemorrhagic cadaver model - a pilot study.

Abstract In this pilot study, we evaluated two types of videolaryngoscope blades (integrated suction vs. traditional) with the Storz CMAC videolaryngoscope in the intubation of a lightly embalmed hemorrhagic cadaver model. No significant differences were found between the devices in the success rates for the intubations. The study subjects indicated a preference for the integrated suction blade in hemorrhagic airway intubation.
Trajectories and resilience of stand structure in response to variable disturbance severities in northern hardwoods

Abstract In late successional forests, stand development processes are often more easily monitored and are more closely related to key ecological parameters when using structural criteria rather than stand age or time since stand-replacing disturbance. In this paper, the effects of various disturbance regimes on long-term structural change and resilience in 70 primary northern hardwood stands were analyzed using the CANOPY individual-tree model. Compared to a ‘dichotomous’ disturbance regime of small gap dynamics with infrequent severe disturbance, the historic natural disturbance regime of periodic low- and moderate-severity disturbances produced a more complex landscape mosaic similar to the current landscape. Under the natural disturbance regime, mean residence time in each of 8 structural stages was short (8–35 years) and followed descending monotonic distributions. Mean residence time in old growth was 87 years. Old-growth stands with stable size distributions were much more frequent when defined by relevant structural criteria than when defined by their past history (timing and severity of disturbances). Repeated mild and moderate disturbances often caused stand structure to retrogress to mature or earlier old-growth stages without undergoing stand replacement. However, simulation experiments often demonstrated structural resilience to repeated mild disturbance, even at the 0.5 ha scale. In some cases, disturbances accelerated the development of more complex structure typical of late transition or steady-state stands. Recovery from heavy partial canopy removal was markedly faster than recovery after stand-replacing disturbance. Stands recovered to an old-growth condition with a stable size distribution (‘quasi-steady state’) 175 years after disturbances removing 60% of the aggregate crown area, compared to 280 years after a disturbance with no residual trees. High dominance of these landscapes by old-growth forest (78% of total area) is due not only to the low frequency of stand-replacing disturbance, but also to the structural resilience of old growth to periodic episodes of low- and moderate-severity disturbance.
Questionnaire Inclusion in a Second Mailing: A Matter of Time and Money

Previous researchers have concluded that the enclosure of a questionnaire in a second mailing has little impact on the overall response rate. However, previous studies have failed to include the timing of the second mailing as a moderating variable. The experiment reported here presents findings which show that the effectiveness of enclosing a questionnaire in a second mailing is moderated by the length of time between the original and second mailing.
Legal Issues in Child Abuse and Neglect

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses legal issues in child abuse and neglect by parents, focusing on new assessment role for health professionals. Psychologists have become involved most often around three legal decision points: reporting, risk assessment, and evaluation of parental fitness. Four types of maltreatment are typically recognized by the legal system: physical abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, and emotional maltreatment. Physical abuse involves the use of aversive or inappropriate control strategies with a child. Definitions of sexual abuse typically focus on the element of sexual exploitation involving anal, oral, genital, or breast contact between a child and another person. Laws indicate who must report, to whom abuse must be reported, and the form and content of the report. The fact that parents seek treatment does not absolve the professional of the duty to report. Substance-abusing parents, psychiatrically ill parents, and mentally retarded parents are other groups commonly seen as placing children at risk for harm. One of the core questions in termination of parental rights (TPR) cases is the determination of whether the parents' capacity to rear their children has fallen so far below community standards that the child is at significant risk of harm.
Smart information technologies in home healthcare: An integrative adoption model

I has been frequently reported that more than 40% of previous information technology (IT) developments in various sectors including the health sector have failed or been abandoned due to the lack of understanding of the socio-technical, cognitive, affective and contextual aspects of IT. Smart home healthcare information technologies (sH2IT) are one of the emerging technologies that hold promise to make clinical information available at the right place and time, thereby reducing error and increasing safety and quality of care. Existing sH2IT research has focused on technology development and clinical applications with limited discussion of the above aspects. The main goal of this research is to develop an integrative adoption model to sH2IT. The researchers used a mixed method design that combined interview (N=15) and survey (N=270) over two studies. The participants were recruited from home healthcare agencies on the east coast of the U.S including both patients and health professionals. The researchers analyzed the data of the two studies using Kvale’s approach and Partial Least Square (PLS), respectively. The findings of the qualitative study identified various themes in relation to sH2IT adoption, including human detachment concerns, legal concerns, security concerns, privacy concerns, life quality expectancy and cost concerns. In addition, the findings of the quantitative study provided empirical support for the research model built based on the findings of qualitative study. The model has substantial predictive power accounting for more than half of the variance of sH2IT adoption. The findings provide insights on how home healthcare service providers and technology designers may improve the success of sH2IT technologies.
Tamoxifen and ICI 182,780 activate hypothalamic G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 to rapidly facilitate lordosis in female rats.

Abstract In the female rat, sexual receptivity (lordosis) can be facilitated by sequential activation of estrogen receptor (ER) α and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER) by estradiol. In the estradiol benzoate (EB) primed ovariectomized (OVX) rat, EB initially binds to ERα in the plasma membrane that complexes with and transactivates metabotropic glutamate receptor 1a to activate β-endorphin neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH) that project to the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN). This activates MPN μ-opioid receptors (MOP), inhibiting lordosis. Infusion of non-esterified 17β-estradiol into the ARH rapidly reduces MPN MOP activation and facilitates lordosis via GPER. Tamoxifen (TAM) and ICI 182,780 (ICI) are selective estrogen receptor modulators that activate GPER. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that TAM and ICI rapidly facilitate lordosis via activation of GPER in the ARH. Our first experiment demonstrated that injection of TAM intraperitoneal, or ICI into the lateral ventricle, deactivated MPN MOP and facilitated lordosis in EB-primed rats. We then tested whether TAM and ICI were acting rapidly through a GPER dependent pathway in the ARH. In EB-primed rats, ARH infusion of either TAM or ICI facilitated lordosis and reduced MPN MOP activation within 30 min compared to controls. These effects were blocked by pretreatment with the GPER antagonist, G15. Our findings demonstrate that TAM and ICI deactivate MPN MOP and facilitate lordosis in a GPER dependent manner. Thus, TAM and ICI may activate GPER in the CNS to produce estrogenic actions in neural circuits that modulate physiology and behavior.
Role of food preoccupation and current dieting in the associations of parental feeding practices to emotional eating in young adults: A moderated mediation study

Parental feeding practices reflecting coercive control are related to children's later eating behaviors, but the mechanisms underlying these effects remain poorly understood. This study examined the relationships between recalled childhood experiences of parental pressure to eat and restriction and current food preoccupation, dieting, and emotional eating in a racially diverse sample of college students (N = 711). Results revealed that parental restriction, but not pressure to eat, was associated with more emotional eating (r = 0.18, p < 0.0001). Food preoccupation mediated the association between restriction and emotional eating (95% CI [3.6495–7.2231]); however, a moderated mediation model revealed that the strength of the indirect effect of restrictive feeding on emotional eating through food preoccupation was significantly different for dieters and non-dieters (index of moderated mediation = 1.79, Boot SE = 0.79; 95% bias-corrected bootstrap CI [−3.5490 to −0.4515]). These findings provide unique insight into the mechanisms linking parental feeding practices with emotional eating in young adulthood. Future studies attempting to clarify the processes through which child feeding practices impact later eating behaviors should consider the role of current dieting.
An Analysis of Extant Data that Addresses Sociological, Curricular, Instructional, and Academic Assessment Issues That Affect Hispanic Studentsâ€™ College Readiness in South Texas

The changing demographics in Texas and the southwest have created concern for educators in public schools and higher education. As Texas becomes a minority majority population, the challenges associated with diversity, the growing need to accelerate acculturation, the dilemma of English as a Second Language (ESL), and low socio-economic status are but a few of the many factors involved in educating a changing population. The challenge for educators is daunting. Public schools must prepare more students for college. Universities and colleges must accept the students, retain them, accelerate their learning and graduate them. The reality is somber though, because not enough Hispanics students are graduating college ready. The number of students entering higher education and dropping out is considerable. Research shows that in Texas as many as one-third of high school students leave without graduating (Intercultural Development Research Association, 2005). The Hispanic population is expected to grow significantly in the Texas border region. Almost 45% of students in Texas public schools today are members of a minority population. Of the students that can overcome obstacles and barriers and are able to graduate from high school, only one in five actually enrolls in a Texas public university in the fall, four enroll in a 2-year college and more than half do not enroll at all (IDRA, 2005). Of the high school students that are able to access a college education, one of four is economically disadvantaged, for Latinos, it is one of two (IDRA, 2005). Yet, according to the National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education, in Texas "low and middle income students have to bear 40% of their familyâ€™s income for a public four-year college and 30% of the annual family income for a community college." In contrast, tuition has increased 29% for 2-year institutions and 63% for 4-year institutions. This study will reflect on social, academic, and college readiness issues pertaining to Hispanic students in the South Texas region. Additionally, the study focused on comparing extant data to regional, state, and national levels. It will be the intent of this study to identify areas and issues that may help public schools and higher education institutions to better serve the Hispanic community of South Texas by presenting existing data that is relevant and applicable.
An Automatic Method for Obtaining Magazine Approach Behavior and Key Pecking in Pigeon

3 pigeons were given training with an automated procedure for obtaining magazine approach behavior and key pecking. All Ss rapidly acquired magazine approach behavior and key pecking. The technique is discussed in terms of a time-saving method for freeing E from the monitoring of behavior and delivering of reinforcements as required during the traditional hand-shaping procedure.
Hutton v Fidelity Nat’L Title Co.

Commentary on a recent California appellate decision dealing with the inclusion of additional charges for incidental services rendered by a notary public.
Design-Fabrication-Performance Relationship of Advanced Textile Structural Composites

The “multi-step” braiding process is introduced and its application to three-dimensional braided hybrid composites is discussed. Using an assumed yarn packing arrangement within the preform, equations were derived relating non-dimensional pitch to both in-plane rotation and inclination angles. Coupled with a fundamental understanding of the braiding process, these relations supply a guide to the micro-structural design of advanced three-dimensional braids. An automation scheme for the manufacture of the multi-step braids has also been developed. As a special case, four-step braided composites have been analyzed and the composite micro-structure related to composite elastic constants. This approach is readily extended to advanced multi-step braids.
Viral and parasitic pathogen burden and the association with stroke in a population-based cohort

Background Higher cumulative burden of viral and bacterial pathogens may increase the risk of stroke, but the contribution of parasitic infections in relation to cumulative pathogen burden and risk of stroke has rarely been examined. Aim To estimate the association of multiple persistent viral and parasitic infections with stroke in a representative sample of adults in the United States. Methods Serological evidence of prior infection was categorized as positive for 0-1, 2, 3, or 4-5 infections based on immunoglobulin G seropositivity to cytomegalovirus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, Toxoplasma gondii, and Toxocara spp. in 13,904 respondents from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. Regression analysis was used to estimate the cross-sectional association between serological evidence of prior infection and history of stroke adjusting for demographic risk factors, and potential mediators of stroke. Results Age-adjusted models that included serological evidence of prior infection to cytomegalovirus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, Toxoplasma gondii, and Toxocara spp. showed that adults in the highest serological evidence of prior infection category (4-5 infections) had a higher prevalence of stroke (5.50%, 95% confidence interval 2.44-10.46%) than those in the lowest serological evidence of prior infection categories (1.49%, 95% confidence interval 1.01-2.11%), and a trend test suggested a graded association between serological evidence of prior infection and stroke ( p = 0.02). In multivariable logistic regression models, the positive association of serological evidence of prior infection with stroke prevalence remained significant after adjustment for other significant risk factors (odds ratio = 1.4, p = 0.01) but was only significant among those aged 20-59 (odds ratio = 2.0, p = 0.005) and not among those aged 60-69 ( p = 0.78) or 70 and older ( p = 0.43). Conclusion We found support for a connection between serological evidence of prior infection to cytomegalovirus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, Toxoplasma gondii, and Toxocara spp. and stroke among those aged 20-59. There may be a need to consider common parasitic infections in addition to viral and bacterial pathogens when calculating serological evidence of prior infection in relation to cerebrovascular disease.
Capacitance, dc Voltage Utilizaton, and Current Stress: Comparison of Double-Line Frequency Ripple Power Decoupling for Single-Phase Systems

Double-line frequency ripple power is inherent in single-phase rectifiers and inverters, and, if not managed properly, it can be adverse to system performance at both the ac and dc sides. Therefore, numerous active power-decoupling techniques have been introduced to decouple the double-line frequency ripple power. However, no comprehensive comparisons are available on the permitted minimum capacitance for power decoupling, dc voltage utilization, current stress, modulation complexity, and even application evaluations, except for power rating and component counts. All of these aspects are critical when choosing appropriate power-decoupling techniques for different applications. In this article, the minimum capacitance to decouple the ripple power and the current stress of power devices in the main circuit are derived in light of different voltages across energy storage capacitors. By considering the ripple power paths, we investigate the dc voltage utilization of both the main circuit and power-decoupling circuit. Combined with other features, including component counts and modulation complexity, the overall characteristics of different power-decoupling techniques are compared and summarized to effectively evaluate their performance in different applications.
Tailored emission spectrum of 2D semiconductors using plasmonic nanocavities

Tailoring light–matter interactions in monolayer MoS2 is critical for its use in optoelectronic and nanophotonic devices. While significant effort has been devoted to enhancing the photoluminescence intensity in monolayer MoS2, tailoring of the emission spectrum including complex excitonic states remains largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that the peak emission wavelengths of the A and B excitons can be tuned up to 40 and 25 nm, respectively, by integrating monolayer MoS2 into a plasmonic nanocavity with tunable plasmon resonances. Contrary to the intrinsic photoluminescence spectrum of monolayer MoS2, we are also able to create a dominant B exciton peak when the nanocavity is resonant with its emission. Additionally, we observe a 1200-fold enhancement of the A exciton emission and a 6100-fold enhancement of the B exciton emission when normalized to the area under a single nanocavity and compared to a control sample on thermal oxide.