cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance evaluation of a draw-over vaporizer with a nonrebreathing circuit during simulated adverse conditions

Abstract Study Objective: Performance evaluation of a draw-over vaporizer with a nonrebreathing circuit during simulated adverse conditions. Design: Open laboratory study. Setting: University hospital laboratory. Materials and Interventions: The output (%) of a temperature-compensated Ohmeda Cyprane PAC (portable anesthesia complete) draw-over vaporizer (Ohmeda, Madison, WI) using isof urane attached to a nonrebreathing circuit was tested in the laboratory during manual ventilation under normal and simulated adverse conditions. The adverse conditions tested were high ambient temperature and static and dynamic positional variation. Measurements and Main Results: The results show that the output bias of the PAC vaporizer has a generally consistent profile as tested, except when placed in the 180° full-inversion or 90° anterior-tilt position. We also conducted trials with the Penlon ventilator (Ohmeda, Abingdon, Oxford, U.K.) attached to the circuit at each of its input ports. Ventilation at one input port produced dangerously high airway pressures (within the circuit), thus supporting the manufacturer's recommendation against the use of this port for positive-pressure ventilation. Using the recommended port, the test lung was seen to inflate and deflate appropriately, but, surprisingly, no vapor output was detected by the agent monitor at any vaporizer setting when using the ventilator at the recommended port. Conclusion: Anesthetists should be aware of the pitfalls and possible problems that may be associated with this type of anesthetic delivery system.
Risk of ventricular arrhythmias in left ventricular hypertrophy: The Framingham Heart Study

The association of ventricular arrhythmias with left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy was examined in 6,218 participants in the Framingham Heart Study. Electrocardiographic (ECG) LV hypertrophy was present in 171 subjects and echocardiographic hypertrophy was detected in 869. Echocardiographic LV hypertrophy was associated with increased risk for each of 6 ventricular arrhythmia grades in men (relative risk up to 8.9, p less than 0.01), and 4 of 6 grades in women (p less than 0.05). Similarly, men with ECG LV hypertrophy were at increased risk for 4 of 6 arrhythmia grades (p less than 0.05). However, owing to low prevalence ECG LV hypertrophy was not associated with arrhythmia in women. After adjustment for age, sex, systolic blood pressure, valvular heart disease, angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction, the association of echocardiographic but not ECG LV hypertrophy with ventricular arrhythmia remained significant (p less than 0.001). Thus, echocardiographic LV hypertrophy is more prevalent and more sensitive for ventricular arrhythmias than ECG LV hypertrophy.
Rhinitis and Sinusitis: Office Management

Rhinitis and sinusitis are problems that primary-care physicians frequently encounter. Although these disorders are not life threatening, they can result in considerable discomfort and decrease the patient's quality of life. Nasal and sinus symptoms are the leading cause of restrictive activity and loss of productivity at work, home, and school. The treatment of rhinitis and sinusitis is costly, and these disorders can also complicate other medical illnesses, which can become more difficult to treat. Upper airway symptoms can be a manifestation of a systemic disease. This article addresses the clinical management of these disorders, diagnostic tools, various types of these conditions, and available medical treatment.
High-speed, high-drive SN74ABT7819 FIFO☆

Abstract The SN74ABT7819 is a high-speed, high-drive capability FIFO memory that meets the high-speed data-transfer rate requirements and drives the bus lines directly. This application note presents the essential points that a designer should consider in using a SN74ABT7819 for high-speed data transfer. The importance of drive capability and the influence of distortion is explained. Comprehending the relationship between drive capability and transmission line characteristics is essential to obtain the best performance.
Understanding the Defect Physics in Polycrystalline Photovoltaic Materials

Abstract We use the combination of high-resolution electron microscopy and density-functional theory to study the atomic structure and electronic effects of structural defects, such as lamellar twins, stacking faults, and double-positioning twin boundaries in polycrystalline photovoltaic materials such as Si, CdTe, and CuInSe2. We find that individual lamellar twins and stacking faults do not create deep levels in all these materials. However, areas with high density of these defects can form buried wurtzite layers that introduce a barrier to the majority carriers. Double-positioning twin boundaries, which contain dislocation cores, create deep levels in Si and CdTe. Surprisingly, however, they do not create deep levels in CuInSe2. These results may explain the fact that Si and CdTe solar cells usually require special passivation, whereas CuInSe2 solar cells do not. Our further study on the passivation effects indicates that grain boundaries in Si cannot be passivated completely by H alone. On the other hand, grain boundaries in CdTe can be passivated well by Cl and I.
Darwin, vital matter, and the transformism of species

1. C. Darwin, "Note on Laws of Life" (n.d., no watermark, ca. 1839), in "Old and Useless Notes About the Moral Sense ...," Darwin Archives, Cambridge University, DAR 91, p. 34. Hereafter cited DAR 91: 34. This document appears also in P. H. Barrett, ed., Darwin's Early and Unpublished Notebooks, in H. E. Gruber and P. H. Barrett, Darwin on Man (London: Wildwood, 1974), p. 392. Unless otherwise noted, all quotations from the Darwin manuscripts are with permission of the syndics of Cambridge University. 2. Sandra K. Herbert, "The Place of Man in the Development of Darwin's Theory of Transmutation: Part 1. To July 1837," J. Hist. Biol., 7 (1974), 217258. 3. Gruber and Barrett, Darwin on Man. 4. Edward Manier, The Young Darwin and His Cultural Circle (Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1978). 5. David Kohn, "Theories to Work By: Rejected Theories, Reproduction, and Darwin's Path to Natural Selection," Stud. Hist. Biol. 4 (1980), 67-170. 6. Dov Ospovat, The D)evelopment of Darwin's Theory: Natural History, Natural Theology, and Natural Selection, 1838-1859 (Cambridge University Press, 198 1). 7. Frank. J. Sulloway, "Darwin's Conversion: The Beagle Voyage and Its Aftermath," J. Hist. Biol., 15(1982), 325-396. See also idem, "Darwin and His Finches: The Evolution of a Legend," J. Hist. Biol. 15 (1982), 1-53; "Further Remarks on Darwin's Spelling Habits and the Dating of the Beagle Voyage
Theoretical studies of a planar model of a relativistic magnetron

We present preliminary results for a model of a relativistic planar magnetron. Similar to our treatment of the non- relativistic case, we start with the cold-fluid relativistic equations and Fourier decomposition the equations, separating the physical quantities into a background mode and a pump mode. We use our previous techniques to determine the background mode and the RF pump mode.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Impact of Rotor–Stator Interaction on Turbine Blade Film Cooling

The goal of this study is to quantify the impact of rotor-stator interaction on surface heat transfer of film cooled turbine blades. In Section 1, a steady-state injection model of the film cooling is incorporated into a two-dimensional, thin shear layer, multiblade row CFD code. This injection model accounts for the penetration and spreading of the coolant jet, as well as the entrainment of the boundary layer fluid by the coolant. The code is validated, in the steady state, by comparing its predictions to data from a blade tested in linear cascade. In Section 2, time-resolved film cooled turbine rotor heat transfer measurements are compared with numerical predictions. Data were taken on a fully film cooled blade in a transonic, high pressure ratio, single-stage turbine in a short duration turbine test facility, which simulates full-engine non-dimensional conditions. Film cooled heat flux on the pressure surface is predicted to be as much as a factor of two higher in the time average of the unsteady calculations compared to the steady-state case. Time-resolved film cooled heat transfer comparison of data to prediction at two spanwise positions is used to validate the numerical code. The unsteady stator-rotor interaction results in the pulsation ofmore » the coolant injection flow out of the film holes with large-scale fluctuations. The combination of pulsating coolant flow and the interaction of the coolant with this unsteady external flow is shown to lower the local pressure side adiabatic film effectiveness by as much as 64% when compared to the steady-state case.« less
Time course studies on the effectiveness of tetrodotoxin in reducing consequences of spinal cord contusion.

Focal injection of the sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX) into the injury site at either 5 or 15 min after a standardized thoracic contusion spinal cord injury (SCI) reduces white matter pathology and loss of axons in the first 24 hr after injury. Focal injection of TTX at 15 min after SCI also reduces chronic white matter loss and hindlimb functional deficits. We have now tested the hypothesis that the reduction in chronic deficits with TTX treatment is associated with long-term preservation of axons after SCI and compared both acute (24 hr) and chronic (6 weeks) effects of TTX administered at 15 min prior to and 5 min or 4 hr after SCI. Our results indicate a significant reduction of acute white matter pathology in rats treated with TTX at 15 min before and 5 min after injury but no effect when treatment was delayed until 4 hr after contusion. Compared with injury controls, groups treated with TTX at 5 min and 4 hr after injury did not show a significant deficit reduction, nor was there a significant sparing of white matter at 6 weeks compared with injury controls. In contrast, the group treated with TTX at 15 min before SCI demonstrated significantly reduced hindlimb functional deficits beginning at 1 week after injury and throughout the 6 weeks of the study. This was associated with a significantly higher axon density in the ventromedial white matter at 6 weeks. The results demonstrate that blockade of sodium channels preserves axons from loss after SCI and points to the importance of time of administration of such drugs for therapeutic effectiveness. J. Neurosci. Res. 66:191–202, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
MRP- and BCL-2-mediated drug resistance in human SCLC: Effects of apoptotic sphingolipids in vitro

Multidrug-resistance-associated protein (MRP) and BCL-2 contribute to drug resistance expressed in SCLC. To establish whether MRP-mediated drug resistance affects sphingolipid (SL)-induced apoptosis in SCLC, we first examined the human SCLC cell line, UMCC-1, and its MRP over-expressing, drug-resistant subline, UMCC-1/VP. Despite significantly decreased sensitivity to doxorubicin (Dox) and to the etoposide, VP-16, the drug-selected line was essentially equally as sensitive to treatment with exogenous ceramide (Cer), sphingosine (Sp) or dimethyl-sphingosine (DMSP) as the parental line. Next, we observed that high BCL-2-expressing human H69 SCLC cells, that were approximately 160-fold more sensitive to Dox than their combined BCL-2 and MRP-over-expressing (H69AR) counterparts, were only approximately 5-fold more resistant to DMSP. Time-lapse fluorescence microscopy of either UMCC cell line treated with DMSP-Coumarin revealed comparable extents and kinetics of SL uptake, further ruling out MRP-mediated effects on drug uptake. DMSP potentiated the cytotoxic activity of VP-16 and Taxol, but not Dox, in drug-resistant UMCC-1/VP cells. However, this sensitization did not appear to involve DMSP-mediated effects on the function of MRP in drug export; nor did DMSP strongly shift the balance of pro-apoptotic Sps and anti-apoptotic Sp-1-Ps in these cells. We conclude that SL-induced apoptosis markedly overcomes or bypasses MRP-mediated drug resistance relevant to SCLC and may suggest a novel therapeutic approach to chemotherapy for these tumors.
Rates of Predation by Scouting-and-Recruiting Ants on the Brood of a Swarm-Founding Wasp in Costa Rica

Ant predation is widely believed to play an important role in life history and evolution of tropical social wasps. While army ants are known to cause high rates of nest loss in swarm-founding social wasps, no studies have quantified the impact of predation by non-army ants on colony success. In this study we recorded survivorship of colonies of the swarm-founding wasp, Polybia occidentalis, in Costa Rica at a site where we suspected that scouting-and-recruiting ants cause nest abandonment. We found that scouting-and-recruiting ants prey upon active nests of P. occidentalis, and conclude that predation by these ants is an important brood mortality factor in the life history of P. occidentalis colonies at our field site.
Quantitative Vitreous Fluorophotometry: A Sensitive Technique for Measuring Early Breakdown of the Blood-retinal Barrier in Young Diabetic Patients

Vitreous and aqueous humor fluorescein concentrations were measured one hour after graded intravenous fluorescein was given to 20 juvenile diabetics, ages 20 to 40, with and without ret-inopathy, and to 12 controls of similar age. Vitreous fluorescein concentrations were significantly higher in diabetics, indicating breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier. Mean vitreous fluorescein values were 10.66 ± 0.65 for the diabetics and 4.28 ± 0.37 ng./ml. for the controls. Breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier was also confirmed in diabetics under the age of 20 without retinopathy. The blood-aqueous barrier was similarly altered in diabetics. Vitreous fluorophotometry quantitatively measures breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier, possibly the earliest detectable ocular vascular abnormality in juvenile diabetic patients.
Deglacial radiocarbon history of tropical Atlantic thermocline waters: absence of CO2 reservoir purging signal

Abstract A current scenario to explain much of the atmospheric CO 2 increase during the Glacial to Holocene climate transition requires the outgassing of a deep, old oceanic CO 2 reservoir thought to be located in the Southern Ocean. In this scenario, CO 2 -rich and 14 C-depleted subsurface Antarctic-sourced water, ventilates the thermocline where it is purged to the atmosphere in the equatorial regions, a view that has been met with conflicting results. Using a novel approach (paired surface and deep-dwelling planktonic foraminifer radiocarbon analyses), we document that the equatorial Atlantic thermocline did not see old, 14 C-depleted water, which would be characteristic of the proposed isolated deep ocean CO 2 reservoir. Data from several studies concur that, during the deglaciation, Antarctic intermediate waters were contributing to Atlantic thermocline waters even more than today, therefore, our observations challenge the current purging hypothesis. Together with other studies, these results suggest that the mechanism responsible for the deglacial CO 2 rise cannot invoke contemporary circulation modes and/or thermocline ventilation pathways.
What is a "low dose" of d-amphetamine for inducing behavioral effects in laboratory rats?

Background: Because of the amphetamines' abuse potential and capability of exacerbating or inducing mood and psychotic disturbances, investigations of the behavioral effects of amphetamines commonly involve non-human animals, with the laboratory rat being by far the most common species used. Although investigators of the behavioral effects of amphetamine in rats sometimes refer to doses used as being "low", "moderate", "high", etc., it is not clear in what sense these terms apply. Objectives: To develop an operational definition of a low dose of amphetamine in rats, we reviewed studies that assessed the behavioral effects of dextroamphetamine (d-AMP) in rats in which some subset of doses, administered SC, IM or IP, was described as being "low". We then used the results of these studies to establish what the lowest effective dose ranges were across a variety of behavioral domains and compared these doses and their effects with those obtained with normal, healthy adult humans. Results: While the range of the lowest doses used in the studies with rats was quite broad (0.025–2.0 mg/kg), the median lowest effective doses observed (in the studies using doses of 0.125 mg/kg or less) were between 0.125 and 0.165 mg/kg across the behavioral domains of consummatory behavior, unconditioned or spontaneous behavior, learned behavior, and drug discriminative control. This range of doses was also found to be comparable to the lowest behaviorally effective doses of d-AMP (SC or PO) in normal human adults, which suggests that the sensitivity to the behavioral effects of amphetamine in these two species is fairly comparable. Conclusions: Because of their ability to alter a wide variety of behaviors in rats, we conclude that low doses of d-AMP are in the 0.1–0.4 mg/kg range. Doses within this range typically: 1) constitute the ED50 in most drug discrimination/generalization procedures; 2) increase a variety of consummatory behaviors; 3) increase a variety of unconditioned or spontaneous motor activities; 4) increase low rate schedule-controlled behavior while exerting variable effects on high rate schedule controlled behavior; and 5) improve performance on some choice tasks, particularly those requiring sustained attention. Our analyses also indicate that, with respect to behavior, investigators do not always agree on what constitutes a low dose of amphetamine in rats and that doses assumed to be low for this species often are relatively high.
Generation, characterization, and applications of high repetition rate optical frequency combs

High repetition rate frequency combs and pulse trains are generated from continuous-wave lasers either by strong electro-optic modulation or by nonlinear wave mixing in microresonators. Applications to optical and RF arbitrary waveform generation and signal processing are discussed.
Exercise modulates microRNAs that affect the PTEN/mTOR pathway in rats after spinal cord injury

We investigated microRNAs (miRs) associated with PTEN/mTOR signaling after spinal cord injury (SCI) and after hind limb exercise (Ex), a therapy implicated in promoting spinal cord plasticity. After spinalization, rats received cycling Ex 5 days/week. The expression of miRs, their target genes and downstream effectors were probed in spinal cord tissue at 10 and 31 days post injury. Ex elevated expression of miR21 and decreased expression of miR 199a-3p correlating with significant change in the expression of their respective target genes: PTEN mRNA decreased and mTOR mRNA increased. Western blotting confirmed comparable changes in protein levels. An increase in phosphorylated-S6 (a downstream effector of mTOR) within intermediate grey neurons in Ex rats was blocked by Rapamycin treatment. It thus appears possible that activity-dependent plasticity in the injured spinal cord is modulated in part through miRs that regulate PTEN and mTOR signaling and may indicate an increase in the regenerative potential of neurons affected by a SCI.
Developmentally regulated gene expression of all eight metabotropic glutamate receptors in hypothalamic suprachiasmatic and arcuate nuclei – a PCR analysis

Previous studies have demonstrated the critical role glutamate plays in the hypothalamus, both in the developing and adult brain. The expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) mRNA (mGluR1-8) was studied in the suprachiasmatic (SCN) and arcuate (ARC) nuclei. Using reverse Northern blots and cDNA-PCR, we found that all eight cloned mGluRs were expressed in these brain regions. Most had not previously been detected here. Surprisingly, this included mGluRs that had previously been thought to be restricted to the retina, such as mGluR6. We also detected, cloned, and sequenced a splice variant of mGluR7 (mGluR7b). Developmentally, the age of maximal expression of mGluRs was dependent on the region. For instance, mGluR5 was more strongly expressed in neonatal ARC than in adult, whereas the opposite was true in the SCN. Compared with P10 neonates, mGluR1, R3, R6, R7a, R7b, and R8 showed a greater expression in adult SCN and ARC.
Inactivation of Listeria innocua on Frankfurters That Contain Potassium Lactate and Sodium Diacetate by Flash Pasteurization

Listeria monocytogenes, a psychrotrophic foodborne pathogen, is a recurring postprocess contaminant on ready-to-eat meat (RTE) products, including frankfurters. Potassium lactate (PL) and sodium diacetate (SDA) are FDA-approved antimicrobials that inhibit the growth of L. monocytogenes when incorporated into the formulation of fine emulsion sausage. Flash (steam) pasteurization (FP) has been shown to reduce levels of L. monocytogenes, and its surrogate L. innocua, on frankfurter surfaces. The ability of FP to inactivate and prevent the growth of the L. monocytogenes surrogate L. innocua in a pilot plant setting was investigated. FP treatment (1.5 s, 121 degrees C) of single layers of frankfurters that were surface-inoculated with either 5, 4, or 3 log CFU/g of L. innocua immediately before FP (1.5 s, 121 degrees C) resulted in log reductions of 1.97 (+/- 0.11), 2.03 (+/- 0.10), or 2.07 (+/- 0.14), respectively. Inoculum level had no effect on the inactivation of L. innocua. Following 8 wk of refrigerated storage (4 degrees C), L. innocua levels decreased by 0.5 log in non-FP-treated frankfurter packs, while the 2 log reduction of L. innocua was maintained for FP-treated frankfurters. FP (1.5 s, 121 degrees C) had no effect on frankfurter color or texture. Because the numbers of L. monocytogenes associated with contaminations of ready-to-eat meats are typically very low, the use of FP in combination with PL and SDA has the potential to reduce the number of frankfurter recalls and foodborne illness outbreaks.
Comparison of long-term safety and efficacy outcomes after drug-eluting and bare-metal stent use across racial groups: Insights from NHLBI Dynamic Registry.

Background Long-term data on outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with drug-eluting stent (DES) and bare-metal stent (BMS) across racial groups are limited, and minorities are under-represented in existing clinical trials. Whether DES has better long-term clinical outcomes compared to BMS across racial groups remains to be established. Accordingly, we assessed whether longer-term clinical outcomes are better with DES compared to BMS across racial groups.
A rapid screening procedure for some "street drugs" by thin-layer chromatography.

Abstract The extraction of some illicit drugs with 95% ethanol and subsequent analysis on pre-coated thin layers of silica gel (E. Merck) made the tentative identification of some constituents of “street drugs” 1 possible. Two detecting reagents were used, p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde and iodoplatinate. p-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde was used for the detection of lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, monomethyltryptamine, dimethyltryptamine, and iodoplatinate for strychnine, mescaline, methamphetamine, amphetamine, phencyclidine. The thin-layer chromatograms derived characteristics of lysergic acid diethylamide and phencyclidine were unique, allowing for the relatively easy detection of these two compounds. The procedure is most useful for the rapid screening of illicit drugs for the presence or absence of the listed compounds. The unequivocal identity of these compounds is not established, but the procedure does permit tentative identification.
Children's externalizing and internalizing symptoms over time: the role of individual differences in patterns of RSA responding.

We examined associations between basal respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) in conjunction with RSA regulation with the hypothesis that their interaction would explain unique variability in children’s prospective adjustment 2 years later. Participants were 176 children (98 girls; 78 boys) in middle childhood. RSA regulation was assessed through social and problem-solving challenges. Parents reported on children’s internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Interactions between RSA baseline and regulation to the social stressor predicted children’s later internalizing symptoms. Interactions between RSA baseline and responding to the problem-solving stressor predicted children’s externalizing symptoms. The highest levels of internalizing symptoms were predicted for children with both lower basal RSA and higher RSA suppression. The highest levels of externalizing symptoms were predicted for children who demonstrated lower basal RSA in conjunction with RSA augmentation. Findings highlight the importance of the contemporaneous consideration of basal RSA and RSA regulation in the prediction of developmental psychopathology symptomology.
Intensity and Position Measuring Systems in the Booster of the Zero Gradient Synchrotron

Soon the new booster for the Zero Gradient Synchrotron (ZGS) will be commissioned at Argonne. Three of its diagnostic systems will be described here: 1) the beam position system, 2) the toroid intensity measuring system and 3) the capacitive intensity measuring system.
Care, Justice, and Public Administration

This article examines the implications of recent debate regarding the nature of moral development and moral maturily for public sector ethics. The research of Carol Gilligan and others has suggested that the conventional account of moral maturity (an "ethic of justice") overlooks an alternative "ethic of care," allegedly found only among women. Although these differing models of moral maturity are not as conceptually or empirically distinct as they initially appeared, treating the care and justice perspectives as ideal types demonstrates that neither provides a defensible account of moral maturity. The authors explain how an exclusive reliance on either impartial rationality or care and concern for particular others poses serious problems for administrators and that the administrative role demands capacities for ethical judgment and action associated with both the care and justice perspectives.
Civic and Ethnic Conceptions of Nationhood in the First Czechoslovak Republic: Emanuel Rádl's Theories of Nationalism1

External forces are often seen as a source of the break-up of Czechoslovakia before World War II. This paper, however, argues that no less significant were the tensions between Czechs and Germans. One of the Czech thinkers who saw the fragility of Czechoslovakia was Emanuel Radl. The author examines Radl's concepts of nation and nationality, and introduces his idea of the contractual state. The author criticises certain incongruities in Radl's theoretical suggestions. Nevertheless, she finds prescient Radl's vision that the solution of the relation between Czechs and Germans would affect the entire Central European region.
Hydrokinetic power resource assessment of the Florida Current

The Florida Current has a large hydrokinetic power resource that could be extracted by ocean energy conversion devices. Historical estimates have predicted that approximately 25 GW of hydrokinetic power is available in the Florida Current. This estimate is based on the entire flow through a given cross-section. Using HYCOM velocity data, the hydrokinetic power in the entire Florida Straits cross-section along 27° N is evaluated. The fluctuation of the total available power, on a monthly and daily basis, is studied. Subsequently, realistic parameters governing where hydrokinetic energy extraction devices—turbines—will be installed, is discussed. Using these parameters, a further estimate is made of what portion of the power is available for an array of turbines to extract.
The taming of recurrences in computability logic through cirquent calculus, Part II

This paper constructs a cirquent calculus system and proves its soundness and completeness with respect to the semantics of computability logic. The logical vocabulary of the system consists of negation $${{\neg}}$$ , parallel conjunction $${{\wedge}}$$ , parallel disjunction $${{\vee}}$$ , branching recurrence ?, and branching corecurrence ?. The article is published in two parts, with (the previous) Part I containing preliminaries and a soundness proof, and (the present) Part II containing a completeness proof.
Beryllium and Strong Hydrogen Bonds

We compare beryllium to H+ and show that beryllium can displace H+ in many “strong hydrogen bonds” where Be as a “tetrahedral proton” (O-Be-O angle is tetrahedral as opposed to the nearly linear O-H—O angle) is thermodynamically preferred. The strong hydrogen bond provides two advantages. First, the O–X distance in a strong hydrogen bond is in the range 2.4–2.8 A, which brings two oxygen atoms into a predefined chelating binding site for beryllium. Second, the strong hydrogen bond provides a low barrier pathway to displace the proton without breaking a strong covalent O-H bond by shifting the proton to the more acidic site as Be interacts with the basic oxygen. The low barrier to proton transfer associated with a strong hydrogen bond provides a kinetic pathway for Be binding, and the binding strength increases with the increasing basicity of the site as indicated by the pKa. The physiological importance of this type of interaction is demonstrated with the solubility of a variety of Be complexes at pH 7. B...
Analysis of the performance of the electrodes in a natural gas assisted steam electrolysis cell

Abstract The performance of solid oxide electrolysis (SOE) cells while operating in the natural gas assisted steam electrolysis (NGASE) mode was evaluated. The SOE cells used yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ) as the oxygen ion conducting electrolyte, Co – CeO 2 – YSZ as the H 2 – H 2 O electrode, and Pd-doped CeO 2 . YSZ as the CH 4 -oxidation electrode. The cell electrochemical performance was evaluated as a function of the H 2 O / H 2 ratio and the extent of conversion of CH 4 . The results of this study provide insight into the factors that control electrode performance and further demonstrate the viability of an NGASE cell for the production of H 2 .
Non-harmonic spectral analysis to investigate periodicity in hydrologic and climatologic time series

Some hydrologic, climatologic and artificially generated time series are analyzed for periodic components using a nonharmonic (NH) method of spectral estimation. The NH spectra are compared with those obtained by using the traditional Blackman and Tukey (BT) and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) methods and with the relatively recent Maximum Entropy (ME) and Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) methods. The NH method appears to be promising.
Temperature profile measurements in the near-substrate region of low-pressure diamond-forming flames

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectroscopy of diatomic hydrogen was used to measure gas-phase temperature profiles in low-pressure, stagnation-flow, diamond-forming flames. The objectives of the study were to measure detailed temperature profiles for comparison with a numerical flame model and to investigate the presence and magnitude of the temperature jump at the deposition substrate surface. At distances of several hundred microns or greater from the deposition substrate, the measured temperatures were in excellent agreement with the results of a numerical flame model incorporating elementary chemical kinetic and multi-species transport models. The estimated hydrogen CARS temperature accuracy was ±4% near the deposition substrate and was ±5% away from the substrate. The estimated spatial resolution of the measurements was 30 μm normal to the surface, and the gradient in temperature was resolved fully up to approximately 25 μm from the surface. The excellent spatial resolution for the near-surface measurements allowed the investigation of the presence and the magnitude of the discontinuity between the gas and surface temperature at the deposition substrate, a phenomenon known as the temperature jump. Temperature jumps of approximately 100 K were observed in these rich, premixed oxy-acetylene flames ranging from 30 Torr. to 125 Torr. The influence of gas flow rate and pressure on the temperature jump was investigated. The observed temperature jumps are consistent with an accommodation co-efficient in the range of 0.1 to 0.2 for the exchange of energy between the diamond-forming flame gases and the molybdenum surface or the diamond film on the deposition substrate. In these low-pressure flames, the ability to fully resolve the near-substrate temperature profiles will be extremely useful for the validation and improvement of surface chemistry models.
Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and ablation threshold analysis using a megahertz Yb fiber laser oscillator

Abstract A LIBS system is demonstrated using a 100 m cavity Yb fiber oscillator producing ~ 70 ps, 320 nJ clusters of 50–100 fs sub-pulses at 2 MHz. A new empirical model for femtosecond ablation is presented to explain the LIBS signal intensity's non-linear dependence on pulse fluence by accounting for the Gaussian beam's spatial distribution. This model is compared to experimental data and found to be superior to linear threshold fits. This model is then used to measure the ablation threshold of Cu using a typical amplified Ti:sapphire system, and found to reproduce previously reported values to within ~ 20%. The ablation threshold of Cu using the Yb fiber oscillator system was measured to be five times lower than on the amplified Ti:sapphire system. This effect is attributed to the formation of nanostructures on the surface, which have previously been shown to decrease the ablation threshold. The plasma lifetime is found to be ~ 1 ns, much shorter than that of nanosecond ablation, further indicating that the decreased threshold results from surface effects rather than laser–plasma interaction. The low threshold and high pulse energy of the Yb fiber oscillator allows the acquisition of LIBS spectra at megahertz repetition rates. This system could potentially be developed into a compact, fiber-based portable LIBS device taking advantage of the benefits of ultrafast pulses and high repetition rates.
The role of customer contact employees as external customers: A conceptual framework for marketing strategy and future research

Abstract Existing streams of literature in marketing, management, and organizational behavior are integrated to propose a conceptual framework that highlights the customer contact employee's dual role as employee and external customer of the organization. Several iterative “cycles of success” are proposed whereby job satisfaction, the employee's patronage of the company's products (i.e., goods or services), and job performance (as customer contact employees) are all enhanced, ultimately leading to long-term relationships (with customers and employees) and profits for the organization. The framework highlights the role of internal marketing as a tool for enhancing the competitive advantage gained by strategically considering the customer contact employee's role as external customer.
Group I metal ions of increasing atomic weight suppress the growth of crystalline aggregates and enhance the growth of large, single crystals of T7 RNA polymerase

Crystals of bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase grown with ammonium phosphate or ammonium sulfate as precipitant and glycerol as a structure stabilizing agent exhibit a strong tendency to grow as aggregates. To identify an agent that would suppress this behavior a large number of metal salts were screened as additives to the crystallization solution. The singly charged group I metal ions (with the exception of lithium) were found to suppress the growth of crystalline aggregates and promote the growth of large, single crystals. The degree to which the growth of aggregates was suppressed and the growth of single crystals was enhanced was clearly and reproducibly correlated with the atomic weight of the metal. Thus, ordered according to their ability to suppress the growth of aggregates and enhance the growth of single crystals, the metal ions were Cs > Rb > K > Na.
Velocity dependence of the Skyrme interaction

Abstract The role of the velocity dependence in the Skyrme interaction is studied. A higher order term is introduced to improve the level density near the fermi level in 208 Pb and to yield the dipole state in 208 Pb closer to the experimental position. Landau parameters are reported.
The 54Cr(3He, d)55Mn reaction

Abstract The proton states in 55 Mn have been studied by means of the 54 Cr( 3 He, d) reaction with 10.0 MeV 3 He ions. Deuteron angular distributions for stripping transitions to states below 5.5 MeV excitation were measured using the MIT multiple-angle spectrograph. A DWBA analysis was carried out to determine l p values and transition strengths. The observed level structure of 55 Mn is compared with those from ( 3 He, d) reactions leading to 53 Mn and 51 Mn.
The optimization of high frequency inductors with litz-wire windings

In this paper, a systematic procedure is presented, how to predict the AC resistance of litz-wire windings considering air gap fringing fields. For this purpose, an equivalent complex permeability model is derived for hexagonally packed wires. It is shown, how finite element method (FEM) can be used to determine the real- as well as the imaginary part of the complex permeability with the copper filling factor as a parameter. A further FEM-model is deduced to describe the air gap fringing fields of gapped inductors. Accordingly, the exact proximity losses of the litz-wire winding are determined correctly and the AC resistance of practical inductors can be predicted over a wide frequency range with high accuracy. This offers the opportunity to optimize such components. Finally, the influence of various parameters on the copper losses is investigated and verified by means of experimental data drawn from impedance measurements.
The Effect of Managed Care on Prescription Drug Costs and Benefits

This review discusses the approaches to prescription drug payment practices taken by managed care to influence drug use and costs, and presents the research evidence supporting these interventions. In the US, drugs were infrequently covered as an ambulatory benefit under fee-for-service indemnity insurance; however, health maintenance organisations almost always provide outpatient drugs and consequently have developed approaches to influence drug use and manage its costs. Managed care as a set of tools and as an organisational form is moving toward more restrictions on direct access to pharmaceuticals as a covered benefit. Options for influencing drug use and cost may address access, ingredient costs, dispensing fees and cost sharing. The formulary process is the foundation for a managed pharmacy benefit and integrates these options. The limited empirical evidence for an effect of managed care on drug costs and use is reviewed. A proposed research agenda includes evaluation of the effects of restrictive formularies, capitation, disease management and other programmes to influence the cost and use of pharmaceuticals.
The oxidation of endogenous ascorbic acid during histamine secretion by rat peritoneal mast cells

Abstract Endogenous ascorbic acid is oxidized to the free radical species by rat mast cells during histamine secretion. This antioxidant may function as a radical scavenger of Superoxide and other membrane-damaging radicals known to be liberated by this process. The high levels of ascorbic acid in mast cells may, therefore, function to protect the cell membrane from oxidative damage and thereby promote cell survival after an extensive secretory response.
Visualizing parallel simulations in network computing environments: a case study

Parallel discrete event simulation systems (PDES) are used to simulate large-scale applications such as modeling telecommunication networks, transportation grids, and battlefield scenarios. While a large amount of PDES research has focused on employing multiprocessors and multicomputers, the use of networks of workstations interconnected through Ethernet or ATM has evolved into a popular and effective platform for PDES. To improve performance in these environments, we investigate the use of graphical visualization to provide insight into performance evaluation and simulator execution. We began with a general-purpose network computing visualization system, PVaniM, and used it to investigate the execution of an advanced version of Time Warp, called Georgia Tech Time Warp (GTW), which executes in network computing environments. Because PDES systems such as GTW are essentially middleware that support their own applications, we soon realized these systems require their own middleware-specific visualization support. To this end we have extended PVaniM into a new system, called PVaniM-GTW by adding middleware-specific views. Our experiences with PVaniM-GTW indicate that these enhancements enable one to better satisfy the needs of PDES middleware than general-purpose visualization systems while also not requiring the development of application specific visualizations by the end user.
Managing Blurred Environments: How Usufruct Can Help Address Postmodern Conditions

Scholars often offer ideas for public administration focusing on the changing relationships between public and private sectors. These ideas have grown into discourses including the new public manag...
THE COLONY MORPHOLOGY OF TUBERCLE BACILLI I. THE PRESENCE OF SMOOTH COLONIES IN STRAINS RECENTLY ISOLATED FROM SOURCES OTHER THAN SPUTUM

1. Smooth, round, shiny, non-granular, and non-spreading colonies have been observed in cultures of virulent tubercle bacilli freshly isolated from eight human sources other than sputum. The classification of six of these strains as of human type was established by inoculation into rabbits and guinea pigs. 2. The 3 per cent NaOH or 6 per cent H2SO4 frequently used in the isolation of tubercle bacilli are definitely unfavorable to the development of smooth colonies. 3. It was observed that smooth colonies are produced in greater number when the pH of the medium (Corper's egg yolk-glycerine) is adjusted to a point near to but slightly on the acid side of neutral.
The Cape Mendocino, California, Earthquakes of April 1992: Subduction at the Triple Junction

The 25 April 1992 magnitude 7.1 Cape Mendocino thrust earthquake demonstrated that the North America-Gorda plate boundary is seismogenic and illustrated hazards that could result from much larger earthquakes forecast for the Cascadia region. The shock occurred just north of the Mendocino Triple Junction and caused strong ground motion and moderate damage in the immediate area. Rupture initiated onshore at a depth of 10.5 kilometers and propagated up-dip and seaward. Slip on steep faults in the Gorda plate generated two magnitude 6.6 aftershocks on 26 April. The main shock did not produce surface rupture on land but caused coastal uplift and a tsunami. The emerging picture of seismicity and faulting at the triple junction suggests that the region is likely to continue experiencing significant seismicity.
Bridging Organizations and Sustainable Development

Also published in: Human Relations, August 1991, v. 44, no. 8, p. 807-831. doi:10.1177/001872679104400804
New developments and applications of intense pulsed radiation sources at Sandia National Laboratories

Advancements have been made in X-ray production using high-current z-pinches. Today, the X-ray energy (1.9 MJ) and power (200 TW) output of the Z accelerator (formerly PBFA-II) is the largest available in the laboratory. These z-pinch X-ray sources are being developed for research into the physics of high energy density plasmas of interest in weapon behavior and in inertial confinement fusion. Beyond the Z accelerator current of 20 MA, an extrapolation to the X-1 accelerator level of 60 MA may have the potential to drive high-yield ICF reactions at affordable cost if several challenging technical problems can be overcome. New developments have also taken place at Sandia in the area of high current, mm-diameter electron beams for advanced hydrodynamic radiography. On SABRE, X-ray spot diameters were less than 2 mm, with a dose of 100 R at 1 meter in a 40 ns pulse.
Parcel: project for the automatic restructuring and concurrent evaluation of LISP

Parcel (Project for the Automatic Restructuring and Concurrent Evaluation of Lisp) is an investigation of the problem of compiling Lisp for evaluation on a shared memory multiprocessor. In this paper, we present an overview of the process of compilation in Parcel. This process consists, broadly, of an interprocedural analysis, followed by a function-level restructuring of the lambda expressions that constitute a program. We discuss both of these phases, and illustrate the steps of restructuring with a few examples. A novel representation for s-expressions is employed in Parcel, to facilitate the parallel creation and access of lists; we review this representation, and discuss its implications for the compilation process. We conclude with some preliminary performance measurements of the prototypes of the Parcel compiler and run-time system.
Relationship of epithermal gold deposits to large-scale fractures in northern Nevada

Geophysical maps of northern Nevada reveal at least three and possibly six large-scale arcuate features, one of which corresponds to the northern Nevada rift that possibly extends more than 1,000 km from the OregonIdaho border to southern Nevada. These features may reflect deep discontinuities within the earth’s crust, possibly related to the impact of the Yellowstone hot spot. Because mid-Miocene epithermal gold deposits have been shown to correlate with the northern Nevada rift, we investigate the association of other epithermal gold deposits to other similar arcuate features in northern Nevada. Mid-Miocene and younger epithermal goldsilver deposits also occur along two prominent aeromagnetic anomalies west of the northern Nevada rift. Here, we speculate that mid-Miocene deposits formed along deep fractures in association with mid-Miocene riftrelated magmatism and that younger deposits preferentially followed these preexisting features. Statistical analysis of the proximity of epithermal gold deposits to these features suggests that epithermal gold deposits in northern Nevada are spatially associated with large-scale crustal features interpreted from geophysical data.
Effect of Dosage and Vaccination Route on Transmission of a Live Attenuated Mycoplasma gallisepticum Vaccine: A Broiler Model

SUMMARY. Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is an economically significant pathogen of poultry species. Among the table egg sector of the poultry industry, live attenuated strains of MG are commonly used to limit production losses associated with MGinduced disease. These vaccines, however, may be problematic to broiler- and turkey-related industries because of associated virulence; therefore, an understanding of the transmissibility of the live MG vaccines is of particular importance. In the present study, a broiler model addresses the effect of vaccine application route and dosage on the transmission of the MG vaccine FVAXMGH to commingled unvaccinated subjects for 7 wk postvaccination. Vaccinations occurred at 2 wk of age via eyedrop or spray application at 13 (4 3 10 6 colony-forming units [cfu]), 10 23 3 (4 3 10 3 cfu), or 10 26 3 (4 cfu) of the manufacturer’s recommended dosage, and subsequent transmission to unvaccinated subjects was measured. The serologic response to MG antigen and the presence of MG DNA indicated FVAX-MG transmission only within the 13 FVAX-MG eyedrop treatment. Among no other treatment was transmission of FVAX-MG detected. The results of the present study demonstrate that the dosage and vaccination route may have direct implications on subsequent transmission of FVAX-MG.