cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF AMELOBLASTS DURING EARLY STAGES OF MATURATION OF ENAMEL.

Investigations with the electron microscope have added significantly to our understanding of the early stages of amelogenesis (Sicher, 1962). Much less information has been obtained regarding the cytology of later stages because the enamel becomes increasingly more mineralized as maturation proceeds, and the relation between cell and enamel is more difficult to ascertain. Recently a number of rat incisors have been prepared in such a way that maturing enamel was obtained along with ameloblasts for examination with the electron microscope. The results reveal certain structural relations between enamel and ameloblasts which shed light on the mechanism of maturation. In an earlier paper (Reith, 1961) it was pointed out that ameloblasts related to maturat ion of enamel possess certain characteristics of transporting cells. These cells form a relatively long zone of the enamel organ, and as one proceeds incisally, i.e., away from the growing end and toward the mature end, iron appears in progressively increasing amounts within the cytoplasm. The cells of this zone are about 35 microns in height and have irregular cytoplasmic processes from their distal end. Mitochondria are present in large numbers at the distal end of the cells, adjacent to the distal processes. The cells of this zone which are closest to the growing end of the tooth do not yet contain iron. These cells are presumably engaged in the earliest activities related to maturat ion of enamel and are the basis of the present report.
What Are the Most Important Factors for Accounting Information Quality and Their Impact on AIS Data Quality Outcomes

The accounting information system (AIS) is one of the most critical systems in any organization. Data quality plays a critical role in a data-intensive, knowledge-based economy. The objective of this study is to identify the most important factors for accounting information quality and their impact on AIS data quality outcomes. The article includes an extensive literature review and summarizes studies in quality management, data quality, accounting information systems, and enterprise planning in helping to identify a set of critical success factors for data quality. The study uses empirical data to answer the research question and test the research hypothesis. Study results show that the top three most important factors that affect accounting information systems’ data quality are top management commitment, the nature of the accounting information systems (such as the suitability of the systems), and input controls. The article further uses regression analysis to test the effect of those factors on AIS data quality, finding that there is a significant positive relationship between the perceived performance of the three most important factors and perceived AIS data quality outcomes.
Magnesium sulfate prophylaxis in preeclampsia: evidence from randomized trials.

Introduction In the United States, parenteral magnesium sulfate has been used for the prevention of recurrent seizures in patients with eclampsia for over 80 years. As a natural extension to its use for the treatment of eclamptic convulsions in the United States, magnesium sulfate was then adopted for seizure prophylaxis in women with varying degrees of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. In 1990, I suggested that magnesium sulfate is the ‘‘ideal anticonvulsant in preeclampsia– eclampsia.’’ That recommendation was based on personal experience and the results of few observational studies available at that time. Until recently, this recommendation was criticized as being empiric and dogmatic because it had never been tested in large randomized trials. During recent years, several randomized trials were reported that compared the efficacy of magnesium sulfate with other anticonvulsants in eclamptic women. In these trials, magnesium sulfate was compared with diazepam, phenytoin, or a lytic cocktail. Only 1 of these trials was multicenter and had an adequate sample size. The results of these trials were summarized by Witlin and Sibai (Table 1). The overall results of these studies demonstrate that magnesium sulfate was associated with a significantly lower rate of recurrent seizures (relative risk [RR] = 0.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.32–0.51) and lower rate of maternal death (RR = 0.62; 95% CI, 0.39–0.99) than that observed with other anticonvulsants (Table 2). Furthermore, there was a decreased rate of pneumonia, less need for mechanical ventilation, and fewer admissions to the intensive care unit in women receiving magnesium sulfate therapy. Therefore, there is level 1 Correspondence: Baha M. Sibai, MD, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267. E-mail: baha.sibai@uc.edu
The effects of pressure anisotropy on birkeland currents in dipole and stretched magnetospheres

Attention is given to two effects which modify the rate of generation of Birkeland currents from the values given by the Vasyliunas (1970) formula in a dipole, namely, nonisotropic plasma pressure and the radial distention of magnetic field lines. The parallel current at any given point is the integrated effect of the diversion of perpendicular currents along the length of the flux tube from the equator. The result for j-parallel in I is fully nonlinear. In a dipole field the effect of anisotropy is modest: j-parallel at the ionosphere is, irrespective of the r0 value, about factor of 2.4 larger for a large P-parallel anisotropy (r = 0.1) than for the isotropic case and factor of 0.2 smaller for r = 10. In the stretched field the comparable values are factor of 10 and factor of 0.06 for a field line intersecting the ionosphere at a dipole colatitude of 16.4 deg and crossing the equator at r0 of 20. The results exhibit differences in plasma density and plasma pressure along field lines between the stretched and dipole models.
Effects of neonatal alcohol and/or cocaine exposure on stress in juvenile and adult female rats.

Abstract The effects of neonatal exposure to alcohol and/or cocaine on two measures of stress were studied in juvenile and young adult female rats. After implantation with an intragastric cannula, subjects were artificially reared from postnatal days 4–10. This “brain growth spurt” period is roughly equivalent to CNS development during the third trimester of human pregnancy. There were five treatment groups: alcohol (6 g/kg/day), cocaine (60 mg/kg/day), alcohol/cocaine (6 g/kg/day alcohol and 60 mg/kg/day cocaine), stock (an artificially reared control), and sham (a suckled control). Subjects were tested in open field and forced swim tests beginning at 21 or 60–70 days of age, respectively. Compared to controls, alcohol-exposed females displayed longer latencies to become immobile in the forced swim test as juveniles and cocaine-exposed females showed increased immobility as adults. Increased immobility can be interpreted as hyporesponsiveness to stress. In contrast, very few differences were observed in the open field. Furthermore, the group exposed to alcohol and cocaine in combination did not differ from controls in either paradigm. These findings suggest that the forced swim test may be more sensitive to neonatal drug effects than open field, although these effects may not be consistent across age.
2,5-Dimethyl-1,3-dinitro-benzene.

The title compound, C8H8N2O4, was prepared via the nitration of p-xylene. The mol­ecules are stacked along the c axis in an antiparallel manner. The two nitro groups are rotated relative to the benzene ring with dihedral angles of 44.50 (7) and 31.67 (8)°. The tilt of the nitro groups allows the formation of C—H⋯O inter­actions between the ring C—H and nitro groups of adjacent mol­ecules creating puckered sheets perpendicular to the c axis. The H atoms of the methyl group in the 5-position are disordered (60° rotation) with an occupancy of 0.616 (19) for the major component. The crystal was found to be a non-merohedral twin with a twin law [−1 −0.002 0.005, 0.00031 −1 0.002, 0.118 −0.007 1] corresponding to a rotation of 180° about the reciprocal axis (001) and refined to give a minor component fraction of 0.320 (2).
Drosophila Males Contribute to Oogenesis in a Multiple Mating Species

Two species of Drosophila that differ in their ecology and mating systems have been compared with respect to male contribution to the somatic tissues and developing oocytes of females. In the species Drosophila mojavensis females remate daily, exhibit a copulatory plug, and have been shown to obtain a contribution from the male ejaculate. In contrast, Drosophila melanogaster males do not contribute to females. Female Drosophila melanogaster do not remate as frequently as Drosophila mojavensis females nor is a copulatory plug formed.
Evaluation of sediment slurry microcosms for modeling microbial communities in estuarine sediments

Microcosms consisting of estuarine sediment slurries were examined for their utility as models for assessing effects on microbial community structure and function. Data were obtained over a 2-week period to evaluate the reproducibility between individual microcosms and the variability between microcosm slurries and fresh sediment cores. Sulfate reduction rates in microcosm slurries did not differ significantly from rates for freshly collected sediment cores (p ≥ 0.05). However, the measured rates were more variable in microcosm slurries (SE = ±0.03-0.25 nM/ml/h) than in freshly collected sediments (SE = ±0.01-0.12 nM/ml/ h). Rates of dark CO 2 fixation in the microcosm slurries declined but were consistent with rates in freshly collected sediments (6.51 and 9.29 nM/ml/h on day 3, respectively). Relative abundances (RAs) of 16S rRNA determined for six specific phylogenetic assemblages of sulfate-reducing bacteria were reproducible among three microcosm replicates with Desulfovibrio spp. consistently in greatest abundance (RA = 8.61 ± 1.40, day 7). Total direct bacterial counts were not significantly different between freshly collected sediments and microcosm slurries (p ≥ 0.05). The results indicated that microcosms were both reproducible and representative of the field, and could thus provide a potentially useful tool for studies of microbial community response to perturbation.
Neuroleptic-induced prolactin level elevation and breast cancer: an emerging clinical issue.

• This article reviews the evidence that neuroleptics may increase the risk of breast cancer via their effects on prolactin secretion. All available neuroleptics, including reserpine, raise serum prolactin levels. Elevated serum prolactin level increases the incidence of spontaneously occurring mammary tumors in mice, and increases the growth of established carcinogeninduced mammary tumors in rats. Caution is necessary in extrapolating this relationship to human mammary tumors because human and rodent tumors differ in some important characteristics, including hormone responsiveness. Serum prolactin levels in women with, or at risk for, breast cancer have generally been normal, and only a minority of human mammary tumors respond to changes in serum prolactin levels. Epidemiologic studies have failed to demonstrate an increased risk of breast cancer associated with the use of neuroleptics or reserpine. Thus, although some human mammary tumors are prolactin dependent, the available evidence does not demonstrate an increased risk of breast cancer in women receiving neuroleptics. We conclude that (1) additional epidemiologic studies of the incidence of mammary tumors in women treated with neuroleptics are desirable; (2) it is premature to mandate warning patients of an unknown and undemonstrated increase in the risk of developing breast cancer associated with neuroleptic treatment; (3) detection of existing mammary tumors by breast examination prior to administration of neuroleptics is desirable; and (4) development of antipsychotic drugs that do not increass serum prolactin level may be indicated.
Reassessing M&A Valuation Assumptions

The current economic environment has obviously created uncertainty. That uncertainty has caused many companies to focus on preserving capital. So many merger and acquisition (M'A) professionals are scratching their heads and questioning some of the fundamental assumptions that have historically driven business valuations. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On properties of multi-dimensional statistical tables

Abstract Statistical data often can be conveniently organized in tabular form for display and analysis. Counts are nonnegative integers, and often magnitude data take nonnegative integer values. Two-dimensional tables enjoy mathematical properties on which important statistical methods depend, e.g., for stratified sampling, imputation, disclosure limitation, and sampling and fitting log-linear models to contingency tables. We demonstrate that many desirable mathematical properties, and consequently their associated statistical methods, are not extendible in all cases to three or higher dimensions. We demonstrate that ill-behaved examples are ubiquitous, abundant and consequently not mathematical anomalies. To address these shortcomings, we provide necessary and sufficient conditions and an empirical test for the existence of an n-dimensional table with prescribed (n−1)-dimensional marginal totals (feasibility) and a characterization of n-dimensional tables with prescribed (n−1)-dimensional marginals for which continuous bounds on integer-valued entries exist and are integer (integrality).
Method for Structural Model Update Using Dynamically Measured Static Flexibility Matrices

A new method is presented for parametric correction of full-order analytical stiffness matrices from reduced-order dynamically measured static flexibility matrices. The measured static flexibility matrix is formed using modal data in conjunction with a residual flexibility estimate. The algorithm corrects model parameters by minimizing a static flexibility matrix error residual constructed for measurement degrees of freedom only. By utilizing a flexibility matrix residual instead of one derived using stiffness matrices, numerical problems associated with inverting a rank-deficient measured flexibility matrix are avoided. Posing the problem in terms of flexibility matrices also avoids the problems of modal correspondence, mode selection, and modal truncation. In addition, incorporating static reduction relationships into the error residual makes prior eigenvector expansion or model reduction unnecessary. Two formulations for the error residual are presented: an explicit inverse formulation and one derived from a pseudoinverse relationship. The second leads to an exact linear update problem when all of the model degrees of freedom are measured. Numerical simulation results demonstrate that both formulations are capable of localizing and quantifying local stiffness errors in a full-order finite element model from reduced-order measurements. Experimental results for a cantilever beam structure are also presented.
Hepatic hemangiopericytoma/solitary fibrous tumor: a review of our current understanding and case study.

In 2002, the World Health Organization reclassified the soft tissue tumors known as hemangiopericytoma (HPC) as a variant of solitary fibrous tumor (SFT). As this classification system is still debated and has not been universally applied, the following account will provide an updated review of our understanding of those tumors still classified as HPC in the literature with special emphasis on hepatic HPC/SFT. HPC is a soft tissue neoplasm of mesenchymal origin first described by Stout and Murray in 1942. HPC constitutes 1 % of all vascular neoplasms and has been thought to coexist with trauma, prolonged steroid use, and hypertension. Although its presentation may be variable, intrahepatic HPC often presents with the patient’s increasing awareness of a painless mass. Marked hypoglycemia may also accompany the neoplasm. Recent evidence suggests that uncontrolled growth may result from a loss of imprinting with overproduction of IGF-II in addition to alternative promoter usage. Diagnostic modalities including imaging, biopsy, and biochemical assays may be used to detect the presence of HPC. As most lesions are benign and slow growing, the prognosis is relatively favorable with 10-year survival between 54 and 70 %. Current mainstays of treatment include hepatic resection when possible especially with the use of adjuvant radiotherapy. Chemotherapeutic approaches have been poorly studied and are generally reserved for inoperable cases. Antiangiogenic compounds such as temozolomide and bevacizumab provide an exciting avenue of treatment. Finally, a case study will be reviewed highlighting diagnosis, treatment, and spectrum nature of hepatic HPC.
The Narrowing Regional Gap in Church Attendance in the United States1

Le Sud des Etats-Unis s'est toujours distingue des autres regions du point de vue de l'assiduite religieuse. Cette etude montre qu'une diffusion des valeurs de l'ensemble du pays influence a la baisse l'assistance a la messe, mais seulement dans les zones rurales du Sud. Cette attenuation des differences regionales est specialement marquee chez les jeunes, ce qui indique que la convergence va probablement se poursuivre. Malgre ces resultats, les niveaux d'assistance a la messe restent significativement plus eleves dans le Sud qu'ailleurs
A Novel Immediate Early Response Gene, IEX-1, Is Induced by Ultraviolet Radiation in Human Keratinocytes☆☆☆

Abstract Skin cancer is the most common human malignancy and is strongly associated with exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Several mechanisms including an increase in immediate early gene activation have been postulated to be involved in UVR-mediated carcinogenesis. We show that in a dose-dependent manner, UVR induces the expression of messenger RNA of a novel immediate early response gene,IEX-1,in human keratinocytes. Human keratinocytes and mouse fibroblasts transfected with an expression plasmid forIEX-1grow at a faster rate than keratinocytes transfected with a similar plasmid that does not contain theIEX-1sequence.IEX-1protein is localized predominantly in the nucleus of keratinocytes by fluorescent antibody methods and by examination of the location of a green fluorescenceIEX-1fusion protein. Epidermal growth factor (EGF), a major mitogen of keratinocytes, and a tumor-promoting phorbol ester increaseIEX-1mRNA expression.IEX-1may play a role in keratinocyte proliferation especially following UVR.
CAMs as Synchronizing Caches for Multithreaded Irregular Applications on FPGAs

Irregular applications, by their very nature, suffer from poor data locality. This often results in high miss rates for caches, and many long waits to off-chip memory. Historically, long latencies have been dealt with in two ways: (1) latency mitigation using large cache hierarchies, or (2) latency masking where threads relinquish their control after issuing a memory request. Multithreaded CPUs are designed for a fixed maximum number of threads tailored for an average application. FPGAs, however, can be customized to specific applications. Their massive parallelism is well known, and ideally suited to dynamically manage hundreds, or thousands of threads. Multithreading, in essence, trades memory bandwidth for latency. Therefore, to achieve a high throughput, the system must support a large memory bandwidth. Many irregular application, however, must rely on inter-thread synchronization for parallel execution. In-memory synchronization suffers from very long memory latencies. In this paper we describe the use of CAMs (Content Addressable Memories) as synchronizing caches for hardware multithreading. We demonstrate and evaluate this mechanism using graph breadth-first search (BFS).
Economic Advantages of Subsea Production Methods: ABSTRACT

Most offshore development drilling and production has continued to use onshore technology and equipment. The development of a field in moderate water depths has been substantially more expensive than a comparable field onshore. Although costs per well continue to rise, in most cases they have remained within the economic limits required to justify the invested capital. There does exist, however, for any given field, a water depth beyond which it is not economically feasible to consider development from fixed platforms. The proper location of the platform in relation to the reservoir can be determined only by exploratory drilling. This location becomes increasingly important as the platform costs in deep water escalate. The costs add further to the penalty for attempting to meet the problems of deep-water development with conventional platform techniques. There are economic attractions associated with ocean-floor installations that have not been fully realized. The minimization of the investment required prior to drilling, the installation of specialized sea-floor production systems, and the use of highly efficient maintenance units throughout the producing life of the field, all combine to present a solution to the recovery of petroleum from otherwise prohibitive locations. End_of_Article - Last_Page 556------------
To tweet, or not to tweet?

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to address the question “To Tweet or Not to Tweet” – using the social networking application “Twitter” as a communication channel for academic libraries.Design/methodology/approach – As lead librarian for Desk Services at Appalachian State University's (ASU's) Belk Library and Information Commons, this article shares the author's experiences and lessons learned as the library's “Tweeter.”Findings – The article finds that Belk Library and Information Commons says “Yes, by all means, tweet” due to the positive response that received from both Twitter as well as Facebook.Practical implications – Provided in this article are ten helpful tips learned as the program developed at ASU. The tips are a good place to begin thinking about the implications for those libraries contemplating or beginning a social networking program.Originality/value – The article focuses on lessons learned as social networking policies evolve over time.
Development of Interior Design Career Information for Dissemination to Students in Grades Six Through Eight

ISSUE: The profession of interior design is not well represented in the K-12 grade levels. There is a need to foster a greater awareness of interior design as a possible career during the years when exploration of potential career paths are encouraged and investigated. GOAL: The goal of this project was to develop a method for educating sixth-through eighth- grade students, potential interior designers, and the future general public, about the role an interior designer plays in the built environment. The focus was on residential design, one career path available as an interior design professional. APPLICATION: A pictorial storybook illustrates the design process and construction of a private residence for sixth-through eighth-grade students to use while investigating careers concerning the built environment. DESCRIPTION: A storybook was developed on the computer and transferred to compact disk (CD) for dissemination by career counselors and media specialists to sixth- through eighth-grade students. Over 35 careers in the building and construction industry, including interior design, were highlighted in the design and construction of a private residence. CONCLUSION: Often, the interior design profession is not well represented or accurately portrayed for K-12 audiences. Elementary and secondary education students are the future consumers in society, the clients in higher education, and the future educators and leaders of the profession. Interested interior design educators and practitioners can provide materials for use in the K-12 communities.
Thermodynamic study of the aqueous sodium, potassium, and chromium chloride systems at the temperature 298.15 K

Abstract The solubilities of ( m 1 NaCl+ m 2 CrCl 3 )(aq) and ( m 1 KCl+ m 2 CrCl 3 )(aq) where m denotes molality have been determined at T=298.15 K . In the sodium system, only the crystallization of the simple salts NaCl(s), and CrCl 3 ·6H 2 O(s) have been established. In the potassium system, in addition to the simple salts, a new double salt with composition 2KCl·CrCl 3 ·H 2 O also crystallizes from saturated ternary solutions. The ternary solutions have been simulated thermodynamically at T=298.15 K using the Pitzer model. The necessary thermodynamic functions (binary and ternary ion-interaction parameters, thermodynamic solubility products) have been calculated and the theoretical solubility isotherms plotted. A very good agreement is found between calculated and experimental solubility isotherms. The standard molar Gibbs energies of formation Δ r G 0 m of solid phases crystallizing in the systems under consideration have been determined from theory.
Abstract 2758: Genetic variability in tobacco-specific nitrosamine NNK to NNAL metabolism

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Introduction: Tobacco-specific nitrosamine (TSNA) NNK metabolites NNAL and NNAL-gluc) together, (total NNAL), have recently been shown to be good predictors of lung cancer risk, years prior to diagnosis. However, the inter-individual variability in the metabolism of NNK evaluated by the total NNAL output could be explained in part by genetic variability in the genes of NNK metabolism. We sought to determine the contribution of several genetic polymorphisms to total NNAL output by a regression analysis of NNAL levels on genotyping results, controlling for measures of smoking, age and sex. Methods: The study subjects were derived from the Harvard/ Massachusetts General Hospital Lung cancer case-control study. We selected 92 subjects (39 lung cancer cases and 53 controls) smokers at time of diagnosis and urine collection (1992-1996). We tested 77 tagging SNPs in 16 genes related to NNK to NNAL metabolism. Using case status as a mediator, we tested for the association of each SNP with square-root (sqrt) transformed NNAL (pmol per mg creatinine), controlling for age, sex, sqrt packyears and sqrt nicotine (ng per mg creatinine). Results: After a sqrt transformation, nicotine significantly predicted a 0.02 (0.015, 0.023) pmol/mg creatinine unit increase in NNAL for every ng/mg creatinine increase in nicotine at p = 2.85E-12. Three HSD11B1 SNPs, located in a 14kb region flanked by rs2235543 and rs3753519 in intron 1, were significantly associated with decreasing NNAL levels. Two of these SNPs, rs2235543 (p = 4.84E-08) and rs3753519 (p = 0.0017), passed multiple testing correction at FDR q value=1.07E-05 and 0.06 respectively. AKR1C4 rs7083869 G>A was also to be significantly associated with decreasing NNAL levels, p=0.019, FDR q=0.48. Conclusions: HSD11B1 and AKR1C4 enzymes are carbonyl reductases directly involved in the single step reduction of NNK to NNAL. The HSD11B1 SNPs may be correlated with the functional variant rs13306401 and the AKR1C4 SNP correlated with the enzyme activity reducing variant rs17134592, L311V. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2758. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2758
Composition-Based Correlations to Predict Sensitization Resistance of Austenitic Stainless Steels

Abstract Composition-based correlations to predict the relative sensitization resistance of AISI 304 and 316 stainless steel (SS) have been evaluated by comparison to a large data base. The best fi...
On the monotone convergence of general Newton-like methods

This paper examines conditions for the monotone convergence of general Newton-like methods generated by point-to-point mappings. The speed of convergence of such mappings is also examined
Use of a side effect as a covariate in a problem of sequential analysis

A drug is administered sequentially to incoming patients. A response Y to treatment and a covariate X is measured (X might be a side effect). The experiment is stopped when the covariate falls outside some acceptable region. We study the effect that this optional stopping has on the significance level of the test and we found that this effect is surprisingly small in the examples considered. An approximation to the problem is found. This approximation does not depend on the distribution of the variable X but only on the correlation coefficient between X and Y.
Effects of wild and cultivated host plants on oviposition, survival, and development of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and its parasitoid Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

The effects of wild and cultivated Brassicaceae host plants on diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), oviposition, egg hatch, larval survival, infestation level, parasitism rate by Diadegma insulare (Cresson), and the developmental time and sex ratio of D. insulare were studied. Diamondback moth egg laying was highest on the Brassica crops, especially broccoli, and lowest on wild Brassicaceae, especially Berteroa incana L. DC. and Erysimum cheiranthoides L. Percentage of egg hatch was not significantly different among host plants. Diamondback moth larval survival was generally higher on the Brassica crops than on wild Brassicaceae and there was no survival on Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. Developmental time of diamondback moth larvae was generally longer on the wild Brassicaceae than on the Brassica crops. Percentage of parasitism by D. insulare was lowest on B. incana, Lepidium campestre R. Br. and E. cheiranthoides. Percentage of parasitism was higher when diamondback moth larvae fed on B. kaber than on the wild Brassicaceae. When fed on E. cheiranthoides, Thlaspi arvense L., and B. incana, parasitized diamondback moth larvae took significantly longer time to develop to D. insulare pupae than when they were fed on the other Brassicaceae plants. The female/male sex ratio was higher on Brassica species than on non-Brassicas. Diamondback moth infestation and percentage of parasitism in the field were higher on broccoli than on the other Brassica crops, but the proportion of D. insulare females versus males was not significantly different. The presence of wild Brassicaceae, especially B. vulgaris and B. kaber, in the field could reduce diamondback moth populations, increase the impact of D. insulare, provide a reservoir for insecticide-susceptible diamondback moth, and increase the success of diamondback moth management programs.
Tetraploid Sources of Potato Resistance to Myzus persicae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, and Empoasca fabae

Six hundred clones of potato, Solanum tuberosum L. andigena (Juz. & Buk.), a tetraploid subspecies cultivated in the Andes of South America, were screened for resistance to the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas). After one unreplicated and 2 replicated clonal selection cycles, resistance to M. persicae was confirmed in 6 clones and to M. euphorbiae in 13 clones. Five clones (N503-141, N503-246, N551-17, N551-18, N558-26) were resistant to both species. Also, 382 clones of S. t. andigena were screened for resistance to nymphal infestation and feeding damage (hopperburn) by the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris). After 3 selection cycles, 7 clones were resistant to infestation and 7 clones were resistant to hopperburn. Three clones (N511-14, N551-15, N551-16) were resistant to both hopperburn and nymphal infestation. Another clone, N502-26, was resistant to hopperburn despite relatively large nymphal infestations. Resistance to nymphal infestation also was confirmed for 7 clones of an agronomically-advanced population of S. tuberosum tuberosum (L.) None of the clones were resistant to all 3 target pests.
Regulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1α-hydroxylase by epidermal growth factor in prostate cells

Abstract Accumulating data suggest that local production of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1α,25(OH) 2 D) could provide an important cell growth regulatory mechanism in an autocrine fashion in prostate cells. Previously, we demonstrated a differential expression of 1α-OHase enzymatic activity among noncancerous (PZHPV-7) and cancer cells (PC-3, DU145, LNCaP), which appears to correlate with 1α-OHase m-RNA synthesis and its promoter activities. Since it is well-established that EGF regulates the proliferation of prostate cells via autocrine and paracrine loops and 1α,25(OH) 2 D inhibites prostate cell proliferation, we investigated if EGF also regulated 1α-OHase expression in prostate cells. We found that EGF upregulated 1α-OHase promoter activity and enzyme activity in PZ-HPV-7 and that 1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 inhibited EGF-dependent up-regulation of 1α-OHase enzymatic activity. Moreover, the EGF-stimulated promoter activity was inhibited 70% by the MAPKK inhibitor, PD98059, suggesting that the MAPK pathway may be one pathway involved in the regulation of prostatic 1α-OHase by EGF to increase1α,25(OH) 2 D synthesis as a feedback regulator of cell growth. Because EGF has no effect on 1α-OHase promoter activity in LNCaP cells, we propose that the ability of EGF to stimulate 1α,25(OH) 2 D synthesis may be abolished or diminished in cancer cells.
The Monophyletic Origin of the Peridinin-, and Fucoxanthin-Containing Dinoflagellate Plastid Through Tertiary Replacement

The dinoflagellates contain diverse plastids of uncertain origin. To determine the origin of the peridinin- and fucoxanthin-containing dinoflagellate plastid, we sequenced the plastid-encoded psaA, psbA, and rbcL genes from various red and dinoflagellate algae. The psbA gene phylogeny, which was made from a dataset of 15 dinoflagellates, 22 rhodophytes, five cryptophytes, seven haptophytes, seven stramenopiles, two chlorophytes, and a glaucophyte as the outgroup, supports monophyly of the peridinin-, and fucoxanthin-containing dinoflagellates, as a sister group to the haptophytes. The monophyletic relationship with the haptophytes is recovered in the psbA + psaA phylogeny, with stronger support. The rubisco tree utilized the ‘Form I’ red algal type of rbcL and included fucoxanthin-containing dinoflagellates. The dinoflagellate + haptophyte sister relationship is also recovered in this analysis. Peridinium foliaceum is shown to group with the diatoms in all the phylogenies. Based on our analyses of plastid sequences, we postulate that: (1) the plastid of peridinin-, and fucoxanthin-containing dinoflagellates originated from a common ancestor; (2) the ancestral dinoflagellate acquired its plastid from a haptophyte though a tertiary plastid replacement; (3) ‘Form II’ rubisco replaced the ancestral rbcL after the divergence of the peridinin-, and fucoxanthin-containing dinoflagellates; and (4) we confirm that the plastid of P. foliaceum originated from a Stramenopiles endosymbiont.
The scientific objectives of COMPTEL on the Gamma Ray Observatory

Abstract The imaging Compton telescope, COMPTEL, is one of four gamma ray detectors on the Gamma Ray Observatory (GRO) which is scheduled to be launched in early 1990. COMPTEL is sensitive to gamma rays from 1 to 30 MeV with a field-of-view of approximately 1 steradian. As part of the Observatory, COMPTEL is designed and built to measure the gamma ray flux from numerous cosmic sources. These sources include a wide variety of objects ranging from the nearby Sun to quasars at cosmological distances, both pointlike and extended in space, which are steady and variable in time. We report here on the scientific objectives of the mission which can be addressed by the COMPTEL instrument.
The Synthetic Utility Of Dioxyphosphoranes In Organic Synthesis

Abstract Diethoxytriphenylphosphorane. DTPP. prepared by reaction of triphenylphosphine and diethyl peroxide. is a “hydrolytically active” dioxyphosphorane which promotes mild and efficient cyclodehydration of diols to cyclic ethers in neutral media. Simple 1,2-, 1,4-, and 1,5-diols afford good yields of the cyclic ethers but 1,3-propanediol and 1,6-hexanediol give mainly 3-ethoxy-1-propanol and 6-ethoxy-1-hexanol. respectively. with DTPP. Tri- and tetra-substituted 1,2-diols afford the relatively stable 1,3,2-dinxaphospholanes in the presence of DTPP and the reaction conditions dictate whether epoxides, ketones, or allylic alcohols are obtained.
Preconditioning with dobutamine in the isolated rat heart.

Abstract The ability of dobutamine to precondition the isolated rat heart against postischemic contractile dysfunction was assessed. Hearts were perfused with varying concentrations of dobutamine for 5 min followed by a 5 min “washout” period and 30 min of global ischemia. The hearts were reperfused for 30 min to assess postischemic function. Dobutamine improved postischemic developed pressure, +dp/dt, heart rate × developed pressure, end diastolic pressure and coronary flow in a concentration-dependent manner. The concentration of dobutamine showing the maximum protective effect was 10 −6 M. Propranolol administered with dobutamine significantly attenuated the protective effect. The results indicate that transient treatment with dobutamine can precondition the rat heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury. The mechanism of protection appears to involve β-adrenergic stimulation.
Translocation and Metabolic Conversion of 14C-Labeled Assimilates in Detached and Attached Leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. in Different Phases of Leaf Expansion

Leaf excision greatly affected the actual levels of (14)C-assimilates in laminas and petioles of primary bean leaves (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) following a transport period. However, it did not affect the percentage of starch in the insoluble residue; starch decreased from 20% of the insoluble residue after exposure to (14)CO(2) to 3% after 5 hr in both attached and detached leaves. The transition from import to export of attached and detached leaves was at the same stage, i.e., when the cotyledons were 63 to 85% depleted. The composition of the (14)C-assimilates in importing leaves was different from that in exporting leaves. In the former, only 5% of the soluble label was free sugar, while 74% was free sugar in the latter. The failure of importing leaves to export was not due to the labeled substances being nontransferable. Extracts from importing leaves applied to exporting leaves were exported; these extracts were high in amino acids and organic acids but low in free sugar. However, exporting leaves exposed to (14)CO(2) appeared to export sugars more readily than amino acids. Cotyledon excision did not delay transition of leaves from import to export. Actually, excision seemed to enhance slightly the transition of the primary leaves from import to export.
Adipogenesis and fat-cell function in obesity and diabetes

Normal metabolic balance is maintained by a complex homeostatic system involving multiple tissues and organs. Acquired or inherited defects in any part of this system can lead to metabolic disorders, such as diabetes and obesity. Adipose tissue, once thought to function primarily as a passive depot for the storage of excess lipid, is now understood to play a much more active role in metabolic regulation, secreting a variety of metabolic hormones and actively functioning to prevent deleterious lipid accumulation in other tissues. Here, we review new advances in our understanding of adipogenesis and fat-cell function, primarily from the perspective of the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ.
Dosimetry Of Plaque Ablation Using Thermal And Thermal-Optical Probe Systems

The characterization of laser energy dosages for plaque vaporization using laser thermal-activated probe systems may provide a method to enhance efficiency of vaporization and limit excess thermal tissue damage. This study was conducted using two probe systems currently available for human use; the laser thermal probe or "hot-tip" and the laser thermal-optical probe system or "hybrid". Probe temperature was obtained using a K-type thermocouple. Atherosclerotic human cadaveric plaque was irradiated in air and in saline medium. In air, the volume of plaque vaporized rose with increasing power and exposure time for both probe systems. The mean volume of vaporized plaque at all energy levels was significantly higher for the thermal-optical system compared to the laser thermal system [2.9 μl vs 2.2 μl respectively; p < 0.01]. Also, with both probe systems, comparison of volume of tissue vaporized at the same energy levels showed that below 80 joules of total energy delivered, increasing the power parameter was more efficient in plaque vaporization than increasing the exposure time. Finally, the volume of plaque vaporized per °C was greater for the thermal-optical system as compared to the thermal system [0.0050 vs 0.0036 μl per °C ; p < 0.01]. Under saline medium, the laser thermal probe initiate vaporization only after 60 joules (J) versus 30 J for the thermal-optical system. Additionally, histologic studies showed that deeper plaque penetration occurred with the thermal-optical system compared to the pure thermal system. The results of this study suggest that the laser thermal-optical system is more efficient than the laser thermal system for plaque vaporization.
The organizational consequences of competing ideologies: Conservationists and weekenders in the Sierra Club

The present paper traces the history of the Sierra Club as a Social Movement Organization, giving particular attention to the rise and change of goals and ideologies. The Grand Canyon chapter in Phoenix, Arizona, is selected for a detailed analysis. A theoretical framework for the analysis of institutionalized social movements is derived from the literature on voluntary associations and organizations. The organization is classified in terms of existing sociological theories at different times throughout its history and projections are made about the future behavior of the club.
Interventional management of asymptomatic extracranial carotid stenosis.

Carotid artery stenosis is a major risk factor for stroke and transient ischemic attack. Although carotid endarterectomy is the established gold standard for carotid revascularization, carotid artery angioplasty and stenting (CAS)—proven by large randomized clinical trials and rigorous registries and supported by improving stent designs, embolic protection, and increasing neurointerventionalist experience—is developing into a safer and more efficacious method of stroke prevention. Today, protected CAS is approved for symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with severe carotid stenosis with high surgical risk. We reviewed recently published data regarding new developments in the use of protected CAS, particularly in patients with carotid stenosis who are either asymptomatic or at low surgical risk.
DESIGN OF AN AIR‐TO‐AIR AUTOMATIC REFUELING FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM USING QUANTITATIVE FEEDBACK THEORY

Quantitative feedback theory is developed for the design of an automatic station-keeping flight control system to regulate the position of an aircraft receiving fuel relative to the tanker aircraft during air-to-air refueling. A robust flight control system is designed for automating the station-keeping task. A simple outer loop feedback control system is developed that achieves stable position regulation in the presence of wind gusts and fuel transfer related disturbances. The modelling and analysis clearly show the usefulness of QFT in the design of flight control systems for aircraft with large structured parametric uncertainty. Linear and nonlinear simulations are performed to validate the design. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. This paper was produced under the auspices of the US government and it is therefore not subject to copyright in the US.
The Social Power of a Uniform1

The degree and basis of social power of uniformed figures was investigated in two field experiments. In the first experiment, subjects were stopped in the street by an experimenter dressed in one of three ways: a civilian, a milkman, or a guard. They were asked to pick up a paper bag, or to give a dime to a stranger, or to move away from a bus stop. The results indicated that the subjects complied more with the guard than with the civilian or milkman. In the second field experiment, designed to examine the basis of the guard's power, subjects were asked to give a dime to a stranger under conditions of either surveillance or nonsurveillance. The guard's power was not affected by the surveillance manipulation. A logical analysis of social power indicated that the guard's power was most likely based on legitimacy. Two questionnaire studies indicated, however, that college students did not perceive the guard as having either more. power or more legitimacy than the milkman or civilian. The nature and importance of understanding legitimacy was discussed.
Electron Tunneling in Proteins: Implementation of ZINDO Model for Tunneling Currents Calculations

The tunneling currents method developed previously by this group for the description of electron tunneling in proteins and other complex molecular structures is implemented at the semiempirical ZINDO level. This implementation bridges the gap between fully ab initio and simple one electron methods, such as the extended Huckel method, which has been previously employed in tunneling studies, and allows for accurate calculations to be performed on realistic large protein systems with only a moderate effort. One additional advantage of this method is that it employs the STO basis functions, which decay more slowly than do GTO functions, so that the weak tunneling interactions of noncovalently bonded atoms of the protein can be accounted for with a minimum basis set. Numerical results are demonstrated on the polypeptide chain (His) 2 (Met)Cu 1 + -(Cys)-(Gly 5 )-(His)Ru 3 (bpy 2 )Im, which models the Ru-modified azurin charge transfer system studied by Gray and co-workers.
Photon spectral characteristics of a new double‐walled Iodine‐125 sourcea)

The photon spectral characteristics of a recently designed Iodine-125 source have been measured. The source has a physical length of 5 mm and a diameter of 0.8 mm. A thin tungsten filament coated with radioactive Iodine-125 is used as a radiographic marker and is encapsulated in a double wall titanium shell of uniform thickness all around. The photon spectral characteristics, measured with an intrinsic germanium (Ge) detector coupled to a multichannel analyzer, reveal that the seed emits the 27.4-keV K alpha and 31.4-keV K beta x rays and 35.5-keV gamma photons from the decay of Iodine-125. Because of their low energy, the tungsten x rays are not observed in the spectrum. The anisotropy of the radiation fluence for each of the above-mentioned photon energies was measured in planes containing the seed short and long axes. The 4 pi-averaged anisotropy factor for the total radiation fluence, i.e., sum of the above three photon energies is 0.92. The photon intensity radiated along the seed long axis is approximately equal to the intensity in the seed transverse direction due to the absence of end welds. The new Iodine-125 source is characterized by good radiographic visualization, greater structural strength due to double wall encapsulation design, and emission of more isotropic Iodine-125 photon spectrum.