cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Policy Voting on the Electoral Fortunes of Senate Incumbents

STUDENTS of congressional politics have long recognized the importance of studying the complex, multifaceted business of electing Congress. Most research on congressional elections has focused on House races, but scholarly attention to Senate elections has been increasing primarily because of the 1978 Center for Political Studies National Election Study (CPS/NES) which contained for the first time a variety of questions on voting for Senate candidates. Several researchers using this data have attempted to explain basic differences between House and Senate election outcomes (Mann and Wolfinger 1980; Abramowitz 1980; Hinckley 1980a, 1981). One study, however, has shown that the conclusions drawn from these studies are questionable because the 1978 CPS study did not include a representative sample of voters. Westlye (1983) found voters in states with extremely competitive Senate races to be overrepresented in the 1978 survey. More importantly, he demonstrated that many incumbent senators, like their counterparts in the House, face relatively weak challenges for their seats on election day. In fact, many Senate races, like House contests, are uncompetitive and many challengers go largely unnoticed by voters. In view of these findings, the obvious question becomes why some incumbent senators are more vulnerable than others? Our major contention is that the policy positions of the incumbent relative to the positions held by his or her constituents have a bearing on electoral marginality.
Power-Handling Capabilities of Circular Dielectric Waveguide at Millimeter Wavelengths

The power-handling capabilities of a circular dielectric waveguide propagating the single HE/sub 11/ mode are discussed. Simple calculations illustrate the limits imposed by dielectric heating and dielectric breakdown. Examples are presented for polystyrene and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) guides at 70 GHz. The results suggest that maximum power levels for circular dielectric waveguide in the millimeter-wave specturm will be of the orders of 10 to 100 W and that dielectric heating is the limiting phenomenon.
The utility of math difficulties, internalized psychopathology, and visual-spatial deficits to identify children with the nonverbal learning disability syndrome: evidence for a visualspatial disability.

This study examined the criteria currently employed to identify children with the nonverbal learning disability syndrome (NVLD). The most widely accepted definition of NVLD relies on deficits in visual-spatial-organizational, tactile-perceptual, psychomotor, and nonverbal problem-solving skills. These deficits are believed to coexist with strengths in rote verbal learning, phoneme-grapheme matching, verbal output, and verbal classification. The combination of these assets and deficits has been hypothesized to lead to psychosocial and academic problems, including difficulties with mathematics and increased rates of psychopathology. This study compared performance of three groups of children: those with NVLD, those with verbal learning disabilities (VLD), and controls. The results show that the criteria currently employed to identify children with NVLD may not adequately differentiate them. In contrast to previous findings, the study reveals that children with NVLD can demonstrate good math abilities when p...
PRODUCTION DYNAMICS OF RIVERINE CHIRONOMIDS: EXTREMELY HIGH BIOMASS TURNOVER RATES OF PRIMARY CONSUMERS

A critical step in understanding food webs and trophic dynamics of communities is quantification of the role of the primary consumers, and a major aspect of such quantification is determination of their production. Annual production and biomass turnover were estimated for the larval chironomid (midge) assemblage found on the submerged woody (snag) habitat of a Coastal Plain blackwater river. Temperature-specific growth rate equations, generated from field growth studies, were applied to the biomass values from quantitative field samples to obtain mean daily production on a monthly basis throughout the year. The most productive genera were the filtering collectors, Rheotanytarsus (31.1 g dry mass·m−2·yr−1 for snag surface area) and the gathering collectors, Polypedilum (11.3 g·m−2·yr−1) and Rheocricotopus (9.8 g·m−2·yr−1). Total production was 65.4 g·m−2·yr−1 based on summing values of individual taxa, and 69.9 g·m−2·yr−1 when applying a family-level equation to biomass of all taxa. When converted to produ...
Physician breast examination and breast self-examination.

Chapitre consacre a la technique d'examen clinique des seins: recherche d'une retraction cutanee chez la femme assise ou penchee en avant, palpation des creux axillaires, palpation des seins, particularite de l'examen d'un sein presentant un ecoulement au mamelon. L'auteur termine par les explications a donner a la femme pour l'aider a se surveiller par autopalpation
Behavioral reasoning theory : Identifying new linkages underlying intentions and behavior

This study developed and tested a new theory of behavior, entitled behavioral reasoning theory. The theory proposes that reasons serve as important linkages between beliefs, global motives (e.g., attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived control), intentions, and behavior. An underlying theoretical assumption in this framework states that reasons impact global motives and intentions, because they help individuals justify and defend their actions. Four studies were conducted to test theoretical propositions. Using confirmatory factor analyses and structural equation modeling, Study 1 demonstrated that reasons (for and against the behavior) were differentiated from global motives and independently predicted intentions and behavior. Through orthogonal manipulation, Study 2 showed that global motives and reasons influenced intentions. Study 3 found that reasons contributed to the prediction of intentions beyond traditional belief concepts and that belief concepts predicted reasons. Finally, Study 4 experimentally demonstrated that traditional belief concepts (including interaction terms) and reasons influenced global motives and intentions. In all, while traditional concepts explained significant amounts of variance, the overall results suggest that reason concepts explain meaningful amounts of additional variance and, thus, also need to be considered.
Aldosterone inhibition and coronary endothelial function in women without obstructive coronary artery disease: An ancillary study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation

Background Endothelial dysfunction is highly prevalent and associated with adverse outcomes among patients without obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). Angiotensin II inhibition may improve endothelial function, but with continued treatment, "aldosterone escape" may occur. Thus, it is unknown if adding aldosterone blockade further improves endothelial function. Methods In a double-blind, parallel-group, repeated-measures study, women with symptoms and signs of ischemia, no significant CAD, and coronary endothelial dysfunction receiving an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or receptor blocker were randomized to aldosterone blockade or placebo. The primary outcome at 16 weeks was percent change in coronary diameter to acetylcholine, and secondary outcome, coronary flow reserve to adenosine, both adjusted for baseline reactivity. Results Forty-one women completed the treatment period with repeat coronary reactivity testing. Their mean age was 54 ± 10 years; body mass index, 30 ± 7.4 kg/m 2 ; 12% had diabetes; and 15% had metabolic syndrome. There were no significant differences between treatment groups. At baseline, the percent change in reference vessel coronary diameter to acetylcholine was −5.0% in the aldosterone blockade group and −3.4% in the placebo group and, at 16 weeks, −7.2% in the aldosterone blockade group versus −14.3% in the placebo group ( P = .15). At 16 weeks, the change in coronary flow reserve to intracoronary adenosine was −0.13 in the aldosterone blockade group versus −0.25 in the placebo group ( P = .66). Conclusion Adding aldosterone receptor blockade to angiotensin II inhibition did not improve coronary endothelial or microvascular function among women with signs and symptoms of ischemia in the setting of nonobstructive CAD.
Proliferative potential of human meningiomas of the brain. A cell kinetics study with bromodeoxyuridine.

Twenty patients with intracranial meningiomas were given a 1-hour intravenous infusion of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), 200 mg/m2, at the time of surgery to label tumor cells in the DNA synthesis phase (S phase). The excised tumor specimens were fixed with 70% ethanol, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and stained by an indirect immunoperoxidase method using anti-BrdU monoclonal antibody as the first antibody. The BrdU labeling index (LI), or S-phase fraction, was determined by counting the number of BrdU-labeled cells in the tissue sections. The average LIs for nonmalignant (11 cases) and histologically malignant meningiomas (seven cases) were 0.45% and 3.9% respectively (P less than 0.05). Two hemangiopericytic variants showed average LIs of 0.53% and 4.1%. Four of seven malignant meningiomas and both hemangiopericytomas were recurrent tumors. Nine of 20 meningiomas had an LI greater than 1%, and six of those nine (67%) were recurrent. Thus, meningiomas with an LI greater than 1% appear to grow faster and recur more frequently than those with LIs less than 1%; the higher LI may indicate biological malignancy. The measurement of BrdU LI in meningioma may prove valuable in establishing the diagnosis of "malignant meningioma."
A program for the analysis for compounded functions of categorical data.

Abstract A computer program is described which uses the minimum modified chi-square method of estimation and testing in the analysis of compounded functions of categorical data. The program allows a model to be fitted and obtains weighted least squares estimates of the model parameters. Tests of hypotheses can be performed by partitioning the sum of squares (similar to ANOVA). A complete discussion of the problem is given in Forthofer and Koch, along with several numerical examples.
‘What's New?’ at the Dinner Table: Family Dynamics During Mealtimes in Two Cultural Groups in Hawaii

This study shows systematic differences in how parents structure mealtime discourse in two cultural groups in Hawaii. Fifty-nine families were videotaped during week-day evening meals at home. Thirty of the families were middle-class Japanese-American (JA) families; 29 were middle-class Caucasian-American (CA) families. Evening meals in the Caucasian-American homes in this sample are clear-cut events. Families sit at tables and talk throughout the meal. Children are encouraged to describe their experiences, wishes, plans and perceptions. Parents cue children to focus on distinctive aspects of their realities, to talk about ‘what's new’, or unfamiliar to the audience. Evening meals in the Japanese-American homes are less focused on formal discussion. Half the families watch television while eating; others play games, cook, listen to music, talk on the phone or play with babies or pets during dinner. JA family members talk to each other less and structure their discourse differently. Rather than report on distinct, individual experiences, JA family members co-narrate and comment on what they are collectively doing. The observed differences are related to cultural differences in construals of self and other. The cultural importance of being able to clearly communicate individual realities across separate beings is seen in the CA mealtimes. Appreciation of smooth, group process and coordinated belonging is seen in the JA evening meals.
Epeirogeny of Europe and western Asia

Abstract Shoreline and nearshore sedimentary deposits can be used as a datum for the measurement of post-depositional epeirogeny. The present elevations of Cenomanian (mid-Cretaceous) sediments deposited near sea-level on the Russian Platform are uniformly near +200 m above present sea-level, and show little evidence of tilting, warping, or other epeirogenic activity, except for localized subsidence associated with sediment loading near the Black and Caspian seas, and incomplete rebound from glacial loading near the Baltic Sea. The present elevation of the Cenomanian surface may be attributed instead to eustatic sea-level fall since the Cenomanian. This is in contrast to the epeirogenic history of extensive uplift and local doming of North America and Africa as recorded by sea-level sediments. Since the Eurasian lithosphere displays no such epeirogenic activity, it is concluded that the mechanisms responsible for the motions of the North America and Africa do not apply to Eurasia. The epeirogenic stability of Eurasia makes it a reliable frame of reference for measuring eustatic sea-level changes.
Influence of surface scattering on the anomalous conductance plateaus in an asymmetrically biased InAs/In(0.52)Al(0.48)As quantum point contact.

We study of the appearance and evolution of several anomalous (i.e., G < G(0) D 2e(2)/h) conductance plateaus in an In(0.52)Al(0.48)As/InAs quantum point contact (QPC). This work was performed at T = 4:2 K as a function of the offset bias ΔV(G) between the two in-plane gates of the QPC. The number and location of the anomalous conductance plateaus strongly depend on the polarity of the offset bias. The anomalous plateaus appear only over an intermediate range of offset bias of several volts. They are quite robust, being observed over a maximum range of nearly 1 V for the common sweep voltage applied to the two gates. These results are interpreted as evidence for the sensitivity of the QPC spin polarization to defects (surface roughness and impurity (dangling bond) scattering) generated during the etching process that forms the QPC side walls. This assertion is supported by non-equilibrium Green function simulations of the conductance of a single QPC in the presence of dangling bonds on its walls. Our simulations show that a spin conductance polarization as high as 98% can be achieved despite the presence of dangling bonds. The maximum in is not necessarily reached where the conductance of the channel is equal to 0:5G(0).
Principles of Electrical Testing for Analysis of Ventricular Endocardial Pacing Leads

MPROVEMENTS in lithium power sources for cardiac pacemakers have extended the potential implant lifetime of a pacing system beyond ten years.’ Problems related to the electrode-lead component of the permanent pacing system, therefore, are becoming increasingly important. Certain electrical parameters characterizing the integrity of the electrode-lead can be measured while it remains implanted. To promote an understanding of these electrical parameters, this review presents an analysis of the physical and electrical principles underlying cardiac pacing. The analysis has been formulated to facilitate an understanding of the essence and limitations of numerical data provided by currently available pacing system analyzers, which are testing devices designed to simplify routine parameter measurements. An annotated procedure for “trouble-shooting” an implanted pacing lead is also presented.
Using Domain Based Discovery Methods to Identify Prokaryotic Counterparts to Eukaryotic Protein Ion Channels

Our lab, in collaboration with the laboratory of I. Aravind, used domain based methods to discover the prokaryotic counterparts of Ach receptor channels (Tasneem et al), after whole-protein approaches such as BLAST had failed. Our identification was verified by functional studies and by x-ray crystallization of targets we identified. We have subsequently streamlined and formalized the domain search methods and applied them to a variety of ion channels and other membrane proteins. It has become clear that domain based methods are more powerful than whole-protein approaches, provided one has good domain definitions to start the search. The use of domain-based methods depends on a somewhat different model of evolution from BLAST. In BLAST, the operational model is the substitution of one amino acid for another, with gaps being treated as a particular type of substitution. Domain-based methods deal readily and directly with the phenomenon of large scale reorganization of domains, which is now recognized as an essential process for innovation in evolution. In this presentation we will provide an update on prokaryotic Ach receptor channels, a survey of prokaryotic glutamate receptor channels and their relationship to their eukaryotic counterparts, the discovery of a prokaryotic counterpart to HCN and CNG channels which appears likely to be closely related to their common ancestor, and searches on other families that are under way at the time of preparation of this abstract. We gratefully acknowledge support from NSF grants 0835718 and 0235792, from NIH grants 5PN2EY016570-06 and 5R01NS063405-02 from the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, and the Renaissance Computing Institute.
Designer self-assembling peptide nanomaterials

Summary Short peptides that are made of natural amino acids were never seriously considered as useful materials as recent as 16 years ago. However, the discovery of a class of self-assembling peptides that spontaneously undergo self-organization into well-ordered structures resulted in a conceptual change. Since then diverse classes of short peptides have been invented with broad applications including 3D tissue cell culture, reparative and regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, slow drug release, stabilization of membrane proteins to develop nanobiotechnology and molecular devices. Furthermore one of the self-assembling peptides has shown promise not only to slow down prion infection, but also to extend ∼50% animal life. Molecular design using short peptides as new materials may play increasingly important role in nanoscience, nanotechnology, nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine.
Dielectrophoretic stretching of DNA tethered to a fiber tip

In this work, we studied the stretching of λ phage DNA molecules immobilized on an optical fiber tip attached to a force sensitive tuning fork under ac electric fields. We designed a two electrodes stretching system in a small chamber: one is a gold-coated optical fiber tip electrode, and the other is a gold-coated flat electrode. By applying a dielectrophoretic (DEP) force, the immobilized λ DNA molecules on the tip are stretched and the stretching process is monitored by a fluorescent microscope. The DNA stretching in three-dimensional space is optimized by varying electrode shape, electrode gap distance, ac frequency, and solution conductivity. By observing the vibrational amplitude change of a quartz tuning fork, we measured the effects due to Joule heating and the DEP force on the tethered DNA molecules in solution. This work demonstrates a method to manipulate and characterize immobilized λ DNA molecules on a probe tip for further study of single DNA molecules.
Diagnosis and treatment of injury to the second and third carpometacarpal joints

We describe the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of a group of 13 patients with hand pain traced to pathologic conditions of the second or third carpometacarpal joints. Missed diagnosis was universal. With suspicion raised by history of injury or repeated stress and point tenderness on examination, diagnosis was confirmed by complete pain relief after injection of 1% lidocaine locally. In management of patients with occult pain in the hand, attention should be directed to the second or third carpometacarpal joints. Arthrodesis with use of an inverted triangular graft from the base of the metacarpal provides predictable and lasting relief.
Effects of acth, dexamethasone and asphyxia on electrical activity of the rat hypothalamus

Summary A study has been made of the effects of ACTH and dexamethasone on multiple unit activity in the diencephalon of the intact and the adrenalectomized rat under light urethane anesthesia. In the intact rat exogenous ACTH caused short-latency effects, principally excitatory in nature, and secondary long-latency inhibitory effects. The latter were duplicated in the adrenalectomized rat by treatment with dexamethasone suggesting that they were responses to released adrenal corticoids in the intact subjects. The short-latency effects of ACTH, especially the excitatory influences on the arcuate nucleus, were also observed in adrenalectomized rats, and they were considered internal ‘short-loop’ feedback influences. Their latency, location and excitatory nature suggest that they may represent positive feedback effects acting prior to the more widely recognized inhibitory or negative feedback actions. The subcortical multi-unit recording sites were quite sensitive to asphyxia, and irreversible inhibitory changes were observed which necessitate the monitoring of EEG, EKG and respiration in experiments of this type.
Stratigraphic Distribution, Pennsylvanian Fusulinids, Manzano Mountains, New Mexico: ABSTRACT

The Manzano Mountains, on the east edge of the Rio Grande Valley, are between Albuquerque and Abo Canyon, 40 mi south. Paleozoic rocks exposed in the range are chiefly of Pennsylvanian age. Rocks of Permian age crop out on the east flank of the mountains at the south end of the range. Pennsylvanian and lower Permian rocks have been subdivided into three major lithic types--one constituting the Sandia Formation and two constituting the Madera Limestone. The Sandia Formation contains a basal sandstone and conglomerate, and upper beds of sandstone and dark-colored shale with a few thin beds of fusulinid-bearing limestone. The Madera Limestone overlies the Sandia Formation with apparent conformity. The lower part of the Madera is dominantly limestone (commonly cliff-forming) and a few thin beds of shale and minor amounts of sandstone. The upper part, which overlies the lower part with no more than minor disconformity, consists of rhythmically alternating sandstone and conglomerate, shale, and marine limestone. This upper part has been subdivided for convenience into un ts B, C, and D. Fusulinids from the Sandia Formation indicate that these rocks were deposited during Atoka time. Fusulinids from the lower part of the Madera Limestone indicate deposition during Des Moines time. The upper part of the Madera is within the faunal zone of Triticites. The fusulinid fauna from unit B suggests deposition during Missouri time; that from unit C suggests deposition during early Virgil time; and that from unit D suggests deposition during late Virgil and early Wolfcamp times. Studies of insoluble residues from 52 samples of fusulinid-bearing limestones from 5 measured sections suggest that there is correlation between the amount of terrigenous material in the limestone and the relative abundance of the fusulinids. If the amount of terrigenous material is taken to be an index of water turbidity, tentative conclusions may be drawn concerning clarity of the water in which the fusulinids lived. End_of_Article - Last_Page 542------------
Organization Architecture and Dynamic Capabilities: Network Microfoundations in Dynamic Markets

This paper contributes to dynamic capabilities research by investigating how features of organization architecture provide a basis for superior firm performance and sustainable competitive advantag...
Meniscal allograft: keyholetechnique

Abstract Meniscal allografts have been found to be a feasible alternative in the effort to limit the sequelae of arthritis thatcan occur with meniscal excision. Several surgical techniques have been used to implant a meniscus, with the keyhole method often performed. Description of the keyhole procedure is given, including surgical pearls for implanting a meniscus.
LY404187: a novel positive allosteric modulator of AMPA receptors.

LY404187 is a selective, potent and centrally active positive allosteric modulator of AMPA receptors. LY404187 preferentially acts at recombinant human homomeric GluR2 and GluR4 versus GluR1 and GluR3 AMPA receptors. In addition, LY404187 potentiates the flip splice variant of these AMPA receptors to a greater degree than the flop splice variant. In both recombinant and native AMPA receptors, potentiation by LY404187 displays a unique time-dependent growth that appears to involve a suppression of the desensitization process of these ion channels. LY404187 has been shown to enhance glutamatergic synaptic transmission both in vitro and in vivo. This augmentation of synaptic activity is due to the direct potentiation of AMPA receptor function, as well as an indirect recruitment of voltage-dependent NMDA receptor activity. Enhanced calcium influx through NMDA receptors is known to be a critical step in initiating long-term modifications in synaptic function (e.g., long-term potentiation, LTP). These modifications in synaptic function may be substrates for certain forms of memory encoding. Consistent with a recruitment of NMDA receptor activity, LY404187 has been shown to enhance performance in animal models of cognitive function requiring different mnemonic processes. These data suggest that AMPA receptor potentiators may be therapeutically beneficial for treating cognitive deficits in a variety of disorders, particularly those that are associated with reduced glutamatergic signaling such as schizophrenia. In addition, LY404187 has been demonstrated to be efficacious in animal models of behavioral despair that possess considerable predictive validity for antidepressant activity. Although the therapeutic efficacy of AMPA receptor potentiators in these and other diseases will ultimately be determined in the clinic, evidence suggests that the benefit of these compounds will be mediated by multiple mechanisms of action. These mechanisms include direct enhancement of AMPA receptor function, secondary mobilization of intracellular signaling cascades, and prolonged modulation of gene expression.
Fiber Bundle Microendoscopy for Characterization of Dysplastic Lesions in Colonic Epithelium

Fiber bundle microendoscopy has shown promise as a point-of-care imaging system for epithelial dysplasia visualization. Here we present the use of this technology as a means to characterize lesions in colorectal cancer.
Olfaction and the 5-year incidence of cognitive impairment in an epidemiological study of older adults.

Objectives To determine if odor identification ability is associated with the 5-year incidence of cognitive impairment in a large population of older adults with normal cognition at baseline and if olfactory impairment contributes to the prediction of cognitive decline in a population.
Three-dimensional image reconstruction of helical structures

For structures with helical symmetry one electron micrographic image of the structure can provide sufficient information to reconstruct a three-dimensional image provided that, to the resolution to which one is working, only one helical family contributes to each layer plane of the Fourier transform of the structure (DeRosier & Klug 1968; DeRosier & Moore 1970).
Size distribution and activity of marine microheterotrophs1

Natural populations of marine heterotrophic microorganisms in a variety of water masses were size fractionated with Nuclepore filters in a range of pore diameters of 0.1-8 ..mu..m. About 90 percent of the heterotrophic assimilation of /sup 3/H-labeled substrates (D-glucose, acetate, and L-serine) was by organisms that pass through 1-..mu..m filters; essentially all heterotrophic activity was by organisms passing through 5-..mu..m filters. The 1-..mu..m filterable fraction contained bacteria and, in some seawater samples, microflagellates. About 90 percent of the microbial heterotrophic activity in the seawater samples examined was due to those microorganisms (presumably bacteria) that are unattached to larger particulate material.
High efficiency neutron sensitive amorphous silicon pixel detectors

A multi-layer a-Si:H based thermal neutron detector was designed, fabricated and simulated by Monte Carlo method. The detector consists of two a-Si:H pin detectors prepared by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and interfaced with coated layers of Gd, as a thermal neutron converter. Simulation results indicate that a detector consisting of 2 Gd films with thicknesses of 2 and 4 /spl mu/m, sandwiched properly with two layers of sufficiently thick (/spl sim/30 /spl mu/m) amorphous silicon diodes, has the optimum parameters. The detectors have an intrinsic efficiency of about 42% at a threshold setting of 7000 electrons, with an expected average signal size of /spl sim/12000 electrons which is well above the noise. This efficiency will be further increased to nearly 63%, if we use Gd with 50% enrichment in /sup 157/Gd. We can fabricate position sensitive detectors with spatial resolution of 300 /spl mu/m with gamma sensitivity of /spl sim/1/spl times/10/sup -5/. These detectors are highly radiation resistant and are good candidates for use in various application, where high efficiency, high resolution, gamma insensitive position sensitive neutron detectors are needed. >
Optimization of coil design for neuronal excitation by magnetic stimulation

A theoretical basis for optimizing a magnetic coil for neural stimulation is presented. The coil length, upper outer radius, lower outer radius, wire size and position are optimized to produce the largest transfer of charge across a neural membrane. Charge transfer is shown to be proportional to the maximum current passed through the coil and dependent on the spatial derivative of the electric field induced in the conducting medium. Although no single coil is found to be optimal, discriminant analysis applied to a population of coils indicates that charge transfer is maximized for conically shaped coils (larger base near the conducting region). >
Lactic Acid Bacteria Vector Vaccines

Vaccines are currently being developed based on the new concept of designing antigens that can prompt the innate immune system to trigger adaptive immunity and to characterize the T cells that are needed for the desired response. To develop protective immune responses against mucosal pathogens, the delivery route and adjuvants for vaccination are important. The host, however, strives to maintain mucosal homeostasis by responding to mucosal antigens with tolerance. This induction of mucosal immunity through vaccination is a rather difficult task. However, potent mucosal adjuvants, vectors, and other special delivery systems can be used. There is a great need to develop effective mucosal delivery systems that avoid degradation and promote uptake of the antigen in the gastrointestinal tract and stimulate adaptive immune responses, rather than the tolerogenic immune responses seen in studies done with feeding soluble antigens.
THE IMPACT OF ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE ON DELIVERY PERFORMANCE

After several years of use of electronic data interchange (EDI) in various industries, the literature is still inconclusive regarding the benefits gained from its usage. We investigated contextual factors of two types: non-managerial (product diversity, product customization, production instability, and organizational size) and managerial (just-in-time and quality management), that might have confounded past results. Our results indicate that the extent of EDI use is significantly related to delivery performance after controlling for the above-mentioned factors. Furthermore, the data set supported the moderating effect of production instability on the relationship between the extent of EDI use and delivery performance achieved, but failed to support the moderating effect of organizational size.
Quantum transport in double-gate MOSFETs with complex band structure

We have studied source-drain tunneling in double gate (DG) metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) scaled down to 10 nm channel lengths. The full complex band structure is used, along with the nonequilibrium Green's function (NEGF) formalism, to calculate the quantum transport characteristics in the ballistic region. To get a good description of the Si band structure, the empirical tight-binding Hamiltonian including nearest and second nearest neighbor coupling is chosen. Far from the band edge, the energy versus wave vector relation is quite different from that based on effective mass theory, and could result in a higher tunneling current in the off state when compared to that obtained from effective mass theory. Overall, the analysis confirms the adequacy of an effective mass treatment for Si MOSFETs scaled to approximately 10 nm channel lengths. Below this scale or for low temperature operation, however, consideration of the complex band structure becomes important.
Transmission line pulse transformers&#8212;Theory and applications

The advent of fast rise-time pulse techniques and their increasing importance brought on by high-speed microminiature circuits and the computer industry has resulted in an increased demand for pulse transformers of various types. The basic idea of constructing transmission line type transformers has been known and used for a number of years. However, such devices have not gained widespread usage, partly because their existence is not well known, but largely because of a lack of basic understanding of their operating principles in terms of elementary fundamentals as well as their capabilities and limitations. The purpose of this paper is twofold. One aim is to develop in step-by-step fashion the basic ideas of transmission line transformers from ordinary transmission line theory. The subject will be approached from the point of view of pulse response rather than ac excitation as is usually the case. Both impedance transformers and balanced-to-unbalanced (balun) transformers, including inverters, will be considered with physical insights into their operation. Several fundamental concepts will be developed and explored in detail (without mathematics), since they have a strong bearing on practical applications. The second purpose is to present new information and pulse measurements which will be useful in the design and applications of such devices, showing their capabilities and hitherto unexplored limitations, as derived from the fundamental concepts. Thus, this paper is partly supplementary to other published work and partly new work with the goal of providing a convenient fundamental understanding of these devices and their inherent potential and shortcomings. Although the intention is not to give a detailed design procedure, some approximate calculations and discussion of significant design criteria are included.
Rate Studies on the Hydrolysis of Niacinamide

Abstract The apparent first-order rate constant corresponding to the hydrolysis of niacinamide has been determined over the pH range 0.4–11.3 in purely aqueous solutions at 89.4. Although the pH-rate profile shows a minimum between pH 4 and 6, the reaction velocity is relatively slow over the usual pharmaceutical range. Surprisingly, the second-order proton catalyzed rate constants for the free vitamin and its protonated form appear to be roughly the same. The hydrolytic reaction appears to be subject to both general acid and general base catalysis.
Engaging Young Children in Science and Mathematics.

The purpose of this article is to present various techniques that will engage young children, ages 3–8, in learning science and mathematics. Children actively engage in acquiring basic science and mathematics concepts as they explore their environment. The methods presented are intended to meet the developmental levels of young learners as they make connections with science and mathematics. Also included is a review of science and mathematics content and process skills appropriate for early childhood age learners.
PERCEPTUAL RECOGNITION AS A FUNCTION OF MEANINGFULNESS OF STIMULUS MATERIAL

The present study evaluates a class of models of human information processing made popular by Broadbent. A brief tachistoscopic display of one or two single letters, four-letter common words, or four-letter nonwords was immediately followed by a masking field along with two single-letter response alternatives chosen so as to minimize informational differences among the tasks. Giving 5s response alternatives before the stimulus display as well as after it caused an impairment of performance. Performance on single words was clearly better than performance on single letters. The data suggest that the first stages of information processing are done in parallel, but scanning of the resultant highly processed information is done serially.
A test of the hypothesis that the collecting duct calcium-sensing receptor limits rise of urine calcium molarity in hypercalciuric calcium kidney stone formers

The process of kidney stone formation depends on an imbalance between excretion of water and insoluble stone-forming salts, leading to high concentrations that supersaturate urine and inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) fluid. For common calcium-containing stones, a critical mechanism that has been proposed for integrating water and calcium salt excretions is activation of the cell surface calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) on the apical membranes of IMCD cells. High deliveries of calcium into the IMCD would be predicted to activate CaSR, leading to reduced membrane abundance of aquaporin-2, thereby limiting water conservation and protecting against stone formation. We have tested this hypothesis in 16 idiopathic hypercalciuric calcium stone formers and 14 matched normal men and women in the General Clinical Research Center. Subjects were fed identical diets; we collected 14 urine samples at 1-h intervals during a single study day, and one sample overnight. Hypercalciuria did not increase urine volume, so urine calcium molarity and supersaturation with respect to calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate rose proportionately to calcium excretion. Thus CaSR modulation of urine volume via IMCD CaSR activation does not appear to be an important mechanism of protection against stone formation. The overnight period, one of maximal water conservation, was a time of maximal stone risk and perhaps a target of specific clinical intervention.
Wavelength‐Division Multiplexing Optical Networks

This article provides an introduction to wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) networks, with the objective of introducing the reader to the current state of the art. We begin with an overview of WDM network technology and proceed to discuss WDM network architectures. First, we give an overview of WDM-based local area networks that are usually based on a broadcast star topology. We proceed to consider WDM wide area networks and discuss critical issues in their design such as wavelength assignment, wavelength conversion and joint design of optical and electronic networks. While we attempt to provide a good overview of the field, this article is by no means comprehensive. Our hope is that we provide the reader with a sufficient introduction to pursue the subject in more detail. Keywords: optical networks; wavelength division multiplexing; SONET; wavelength routing
Yoga: Intuition, Preventive Medicine, and Treatment

Mind-body fitness programs use a combination of muscular activity and mindful focus on awareness of the self, breath, and energy to promote health. The ancient discipline of yoga includes physical postures and breathing and meditation techniques. Scientific evidence exists about the physiologic effects of yoga. Mind-body fitness programs may offer therapeutic effects different from those offered by traditional body fitness programs.
Scavenger Receptor Class B Type I Protein as an Independent Predictor of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Subjects with Hyperalphalipoproteinemia

Context: In mice, scavenger receptor class B, type I (SR-BI) receptor protein deficiency is associated with elevated high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Objective: Our objective was to determine the relationship between SR-BI protein and HDL-C levels in humans. Design: This was a prospective study of adults with hyperalphalipoproteinemia. Fasting blood was obtained for lipid and lipoprotein measurement, genomic DNA, and monocyte-derived macrophages. SR-BI protein levels were measured by Western blots, and SR-BI activity was measured by cholesteryl ester (CE) uptake of each donor’s radiolabeled HDL with their monocyte-derived macrophages, or by degradation and specific cell association of dual-labeled HDL in vitro. Setting: The study was performed in a tertiary university teaching hospital. Results: The mean age was 57.2 ± 10.9 yr (n = 65). SR-BI protein levels were inversely associated with HDL-C levels (P < 0.002), HDL particle size (P < 0.05), and positively associated with CE upt...
Facile functionalization of a metal carbon bond by O-atom transfer.

The facile conversion of M−R to M−OR that could be useful for the functionalization of electron-rich metal alkyl intermediates is shown to proceed via a Baeyer−Villiger-type pathway involving a nonredox, electrophilic, O-atom insertion in reactions with non-peroxo O-donors.
Long-term exposure to fluoxetine reduces growth and reproductive potential in the dominant rocky intertidal mussel, Mytilus californianus

Environmental stressors shape community composition and ecosystem functioning. Contaminants such as pharmaceuticals are of increasing concern as an environmental stressor due to their persistence in surface waters worldwide. Limited attention has been paid to the effects of pharmaceuticals on marine life, despite widespread detection of these contaminants in the marine environment. Of the existing studies, the majority assess the negative effects of pharmaceuticals over an exposure period of 30 days or less and focus on cellular and subcellular biomarkers. Longer studies are required to determine if chronic contaminant exposure poses risks to marine life at environmentally relevant concentrations; and examination of whole organism effects are necessary to identify potential community-level consequences in estuarine and marine ecosystems. We conducted a long-term exposure study (107 days) with the anti-depressant pharmaceutical, fluoxetine (the active constituent in Prozac®) to determine whether minimal concentrations affected whole organism metrics in the California mussel, Mytilus californianus. We measured algal clearance rates, mussel growth, and the gonadosomatic index, a measure of reproductive health. We found that fluoxetine negatively affects all measured characteristics, however many effects were mediated by length of exposure. Our results fill an important data gap, highlighting organism-level effects of chronic exposure periods; such data more explicitly identify the overall impacts of pharmaceuticals and other contaminants on marine communities and ecosystems.
A Delayed Retirement Policy and Male Labor Supply: Evidence from the Entire Dutch Population

This paper studies the labor supply effects of a national delayed retirement policy introduced in 2009 in the Netherlands. The policy offers a reduction in taxes on labor income over each year in which retirement is delayed after the age of 62. I estimate the average effect of the policy on male labor supply as well as its responsiveness to the size of the incentive. Comparing differentially affected birth cohorts suggests that labor force participation increased by about 3.8 to 5.5 percentage points in the three years after introduction for cohorts that were eligible before the normal retirement age. I also find that a higher bonus induces a greater increase in participation and in the number of hours supplied by those working.
Routine Use of Biventricular Pacing Is Not Warranted for Patients With Heart Block

Ventricular pacing can be lifesaving for patients with complete atrioventricular block (AVB). Since the introduction of permanent transvenous cardiac pacing >40 years ago, the right ventricular (RV) apex has been the preferred site for ventricular stimulation. This location provides good fixation and low capture thresholds. However, RV apical pacing may induce cardiac dyssynchrony. Hence, it has been suggested that all patients with symptomatic AVB (regardless of current indication for biventricular pacing), with anticipated high RV pacing burden, should receive preventive biventricular pacing. In this article, we review the physiological effects of RV pacing, data from observational studies (Table I in the Data Supplement),1–6 and available randomized trials comparing biventricular versus RV pacing (Table).7–16 View this table: Table. Randomized Controlled Studies Comparing Right Ventricular and Biventricular Pacing Response by Fang et al on p 738 Since the initial report of the use of endocardial pacing to treat complete AVB by Furman and Schwedel in 195917, pacemakers have evolved dramatically into complex devices with the ability to sequentially pace the atrium and both ventricles. Between 1993 and 2009, 2.9 million patients received a permanent pacemaker in the United States.18 During this time, overall pacemaker use increased by 55.6%. However, although the use of dual chamber (DDD) pacemakers increased by at least 40%, the use of single-chamber ventricular (VVI) pacemakers decreased ≈50%,18 despite the evidence from large pacing trials19–21 indicating no major differences in outcomes between single and dual chamber pacing modes. In fact, by 2009, DDD pacemakers accounted for 82% of all implants (VVI for only 14%).18 These statistics speak loudly about the impact of technology on daily clinical practice. A similar quandary now exists with regards to biventricular pacing. We suggest that the global utilization of biventricular pacing for all …
DEVELOPMENT OF CORPUS LUTEUM VERUM DURING MULTIPLE PREGNANCY IN CATTLE.

SummaryNulliparous heifers were injected with 1500 or 3000 i.u. of PMS on day 16 of estrus, bred to a fertile bull and autopsied 3, 30, 45, 60 and 90 days post ovulation. The corpora lutea were dissected and the diameter and weight of each were recorded. A portion of each corpus luteum was sectioned serially and examined microscopically. At 3 days post ovulation the weight of corpus luteum in ovaries possessing one ovulation, ranged from 453 to 820 mg with an average of 657 mg. There was wider variability in the weight of the corpus luteum in ovaries possessing multiple corpora lutea than in those with single corpus luteum. There was no significant correlation between corpus luteum weight and number of corpora lutea per ovary. The weight of corpus luteum was decreased when the number of corpora lutea increased over 20.At 30 days of pregnancy corpus luteum weight in ovaries possessing a single corpus luteum, ranged from 4005 to 5240 mg with an average of 4752 mg. This weight was unaffected by stage of preg...
A new method for direct recording of cardiac output.

SummaryA modification of a bristle flowmeter is described which permits direct recording of cardiac output and its fluctuations from one heartbeat to another. The device is inserted into the trunk of the pulmonary artery of anesthetized, heparinized dogs without blood loss and without interrupting blood flow. Zero flow can be established by mechanical means without occluding the vessel. Phasic changes during the cardiac cycle consist of a marked forward flow during cardiac ejection and a brief period of backflow following ejection. Mean cardiac output can be directly recorded by electrically averaging the phasic flows.
Fluorination of epitaxial oxides: synthesis of perovskite oxyfluoride thin films.

While the synthesis of ABO3 perovskite films has enabled new strategies to control the functionality of this material class, the chemistries that have been realized in thin film form constitute only a fraction of those accessible to bulk chemists. Here, we report the synthesis of oxyfluoride films, where the incorporation of F may provide a new means to tune physical properties in thin films by modifying electronic structure. Fluorination is achieved by spin coating a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) solution onto oxygen-deficient films. The film/polymer bilayer is then annealed, promoting the diffusion of F into the film. We have used this method to synthesize SrFeO3-αFγ films, as confirmed by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy.