cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
mig-14 Is a Salmonella Gene That Plays a Role in Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Peptides

It was previously demonstrated that the mig-14 gene of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is necessary for bacterial proliferation in the liver and spleen of mice following intragastric inoculation and that mig-14 expression, which is induced within macrophages, is under the control of the global regulator PhoP. Here we demonstrate that the mig-14 promoter is induced by growth in minimal medium containing low magnesium or acidic pH, consistent with regulation by PhoP. In addition, mig-14 is strongly induced by polymyxin B, protamine, and the mammalian antimicrobial peptide protegrin-1. While phoP is necessary for the induction of mig-14 in response to protamine and protegrin, mig-14 is still induced by polymyxin B in a phoP background. We also demonstrate that mig-14 is necessary for resistance of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium to both polymyxin B and protegrin-1. Gram-negative resistance to a variety of antimicrobial peptides has been correlated with modifications of lipopolysaccharide structure. However, we show that mig-14 is not required for one of these modifications, the addition of 4-aminoarabinose to lipid A. Additionally, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of wild-type and mig-14 lipopolysaccharide also shows no detectable differences between the two strains. Therefore, mig-14 contributes to Salmonella resistance to antimicrobial peptides by a mechanism that is not yet fully understood.
Supervising Paraprofessionals: A Survey of Teacher Practices

This study examined the practices of special education teachers with responsibility for the supervision of paraprofessionals. Teachers reported little preservice or inservice preparation for supervising; "real-life experience" was the primary source of their supervision knowledge. Few teachers participated in selecting or hiring the paraprofessional they supervised, although more than half of the respondents indicated that they held primary responsibility for evaluating the performance of paraprofessionals. Teachers provided oral instructions to paraprofessionals rather than written plans. The oral instructions consisted of directions about guiding students' skills practice and suggestions for behavior management. Few teachers held regularly scheduled, sit-down meetings with paraprofessionals. Substantial overlap of tasks and duties was reported. However, paraprofessionals assumed primary responsibility for the personal care of students and for playground supervision. Teachers maintained primary responsib...
Alternative Wnt Pathways and Receptors

In addition to activating β-catenin/TCF transcriptional complexes, Wnt proteins can elicit a variety of other responses. These are often lumped together under the denominator "alternative" or "non-canonical" Wnt signaling, but they likely comprise distinct signaling events. In this article, I discuss how the use of different ligand and receptor combinations is thought to give rise to these alternative Wnt-signaling responses. Although many of the biochemical details remain to be resolved, it is evident that alternative Wnt signaling plays important roles in regulating tissue morphogenesis during embryonic development.
High temperature sensing technology for applications up to 1000°C

This work reports on the research and development of high temperature (HT) thin electrodes for use in acoustic wave sensor platforms up to 1000degC. Previously developed thin film platinum (Pt) electrodes limits HT operation due to a de-wetting phenomena, which results in loss of Pt film electrical continuity and device failure above 650mnplus750degC. To address the problem, co-deposition of Pt/rhodium (Pt-Rh) alloys with zirconia (ZrO2) was used to fabricate HT-stable thin film surface acoustic wave interdigitated electrodes on langasite substrates. The resulting devices showed stable operation for over five months at 800degC. As temperature sensors, these devices have a sensitivity of 9.1 KHz/degC @800degC. In addition, ceramic silicon-alumina-nitrogen (SiAlON) overlayers were investigated to protect the sensor surface. The resulting devices enable harsh environment temperature and pressure sensors, for applications such as monitoring of jet engines, atmospheric re-entrance, and space exploration.
A Review of: “Jazz Consciousness: Music, Race and Humanity by Paul Austerlitz”

Paul Austerlitz's Jazz Consciousness: Music, Race and Humanity is an exciting new work that makes an important contribution to jazz, Africana, and transnational studies. His work forms part of the ...
Nearly Commuting Projections

It is well known that projection operators are typical elements in Boolean algebras, and a number of relevant theorems have been proved for commutative projections. We propose an extension of the concept of commutativity, which we call near-commutativity. We extend to this concept the main theorems on commutative projections, and in various ways we frame the class of nearly commutative projections in Boolean algebras.
Influence of Soil Buffering Capacity on Earthworm Growth, Survival, and Community Composition in the Western Adirondacks and Central New York

Abstract We examined how buffering capacity affected natural earthworm communities by comparing well-buffered soils in Madison County in central New York and poorly buffered soils in the western Adirondacks. We also investigated how liming and interspecific competition influenced growth and survival of 2 exotic taxa (Eisenia foetida and Amynthas agrestis) in Adirondack and central New York soils using laboratory microcosms. Earthworms were more abundant and diverse in central New York soils than in western Adirondack soils. Interspecific competition had no effect on growth or survival of either species in microcosms. Survival of A. agrestis was low in Adirondack soils without lime, but liming increased survival to that of central New York soils. Growth rates of E. foetida were lowest in Adirondack soils without lime, but highest in Adirondack soils with lime. Our results suggest that high soil acidity may be preventing exotic earthworms from successfully invading the western Adirondacks.
Decomposition of the mean squared error and NSE performance criteria: Implications for improving hydrological modelling

The mean squared error (MSE) and the related normalization, the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), are the two criteria most widely used for calibration and evaluation of hydrological models with observed data. Here, we present a diagnostically interesting decomposition of NSE (and hence MSE), which facilitates analysis of the relative importance of its different components in the context of hydrological modelling, and show how model calibration problems can arise due to interactions among these components. The analysis is illustrated by calibrating a simple conceptual precipitation-runoff model to daily data for a number of Austrian basins having a broad range of hydro-meteorological characteristics. Evaluation of the results clearly demonstrates the problems that can be associated with any calibration based on the NSE (or MSE) criterion. While we propose and test an alternative criterion that can help to reduce model calibration problems, the primary purpose of this study is not to present an improved measure of model performance. Instead, we seek to show that there are systematic problems inherent with any optimization based on formulations related to the MSE. The analysis and results have implications to the manner in which we calibrate and evaluate environmental models; we discuss these and suggest possible ways forward that may move us towards an improved and diagnostically meaningful approach to model performance evaluation and identification.
The challenge of long-acting β-adrenoceptor agonists

The current mainstay of asthma treatment relies on two distinct categories of drugs, bronchodilators, of which the most potent are thefl-adrenoceptor agonists, and anti-inflammatory agents, such as corticosteroids. With our improved understanding of the pathophysiology of asthma, bronchodilator therapy is now considered to induce symptomatic relief by relieving increased airway smooth muscle tone. Antiinflammatory agents, on the other hand, improve and suppress inflammatory mechanisms that lead to characteristic features of asthma, such as bronchial hyperresponsiveness (1). Although a large number of asthmatic patients are adequately controlled with currently available drugs, improvements in asthma therapy are needed because of increasing severity and mortality of the disease in several Western countries (2). The recent development of fl-adrenoceptor agonists, with a prolonged duration of action of approximately 12 h compared to those currently available, may represent a useful therapeutic advance. In this review, we examine the pharmacology of two drugs in this category namely formoterol and salmeterol and their possible therapeutic place in the treatment of asthma.
Security assurance for an RBAC/MAC security model

Corporations and government agencies rely on inter-operating software artifacts (e.g., legacy, COTS, GOTS, databases, servers, etc.) and client applications, brought together by middleware (e.g., CORBA, JINI, .NET, etc.), supporting unrestricted access to application programmer interfaces, APIs. As part of our ongoing research, we have designed and prototyped a unified role-based/mandatory access control (RBAC/MAC) security model with delegation and enforcement to control access by users (via clients) to the methods of artifact APIs, namely: who (user/client) can invoke which methods of artifact APIs at what times. Underlying our RBAC/MAC framework are security assurance rules, SARs, which provide a confidence level on the attainment of an application's security policy. We focus on the formal underpinnings of our security assurance research, its realization during security policy definition with management tools, and at runtime by the enforcement framework.
Quantitative depth profiling of photoacid generators in photoresist materials by near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy☆

Abstract Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy was used to quantify the surface composition and depth profiling of photoacid generators in thin film photoresist materials by varying the entrance-grid bias of a partial electron yield detector. By considering model compositional profiles, NEXAFS distinguishes the surface molar excess within the top 6 nm from the bulk. A surface enriched system, triphenylsulfonium perfluorooctanesulfonate, is contrasted with a perfluorobutanesulfonate photoacid generator, which displays an appreciable surface profile within a 6 nm segregation length scale. These results, while applied to 193-nm photoresist materials, highlight a general approach to quantify NEXAFS partial electron yield data.
Development of a multiple output resonant converter for space applications

The use of the series resonant converter, specifically the zero-current-switching type, for satellite component level power converter needs are explored. In an application such as this, each component is provided with conditioned power by a local DC/DC converter. These converters are required to operate from a low unregulated input bus such as 24 V to 38 V, to maintain primary and secondary isolation, to provide multiple outputs, and to sustain high-efficiency operation. Typical output power levels are in the 10 W and 50 W range. Various topologies are investigated and the steady-state analysis of the selected configuration, the clamped series-resonant converter, is presented along with a small-signal analysis of the selected configuration, the clamped series-resonant converter, is presented along with a small-signal analysis of the control loop. Experimental results for a 500 kHz, 12 W power converter are also presented, and some of the problems encountered during the design and breadboard phase are discussed. >
Optimum blood collection intervals for B-type natriuretic peptide testing in patients with heart failure

Patients with congestive heart failure have increased concentrations of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in blood. We determined the frequency of serial BNP measurements that exceeded the biologic variation of BNP of 100% as a function of days between blood collections. Samples collected 7 days apart were associated with the highest frequency (50%) of statistically different results (increased or decreased) compared with daily collections, where increased or decreased results occurred less often (22%).
An exploration of ozone changes and their radiative forcing prior to the chlorofluorocarbon era

Abstract. Using historical observations and model simulations, we investigate ozone trends prior to the mid-1970s onset of halogen-induced ozone depletion. Though measurements are quite limited, an analysis based on multiple, independent data sets (direct and indirect) provides better constraints than any individual set of observations. We find that three data sets support an apparent long-term stratospheric ozone trend of -7.2 ± 2.3 DU during 1957-1975, which modeling attributes primarily to water vapor increases. The results suggest that 20th century stratospheric ozone depletion may have been roughly 50% more than is generally supposed. Similarly, three data sets support tropospheric ozone increases over polluted Northern Hemisphere continental regions of 8.2 ± 2.1 DU during this period, which are mutually consistent with the stratospheric trends. As with paleoclimate data, which is also based on indirect proxies and/or limited spatial coverage, these results must be interpreted with caution. However, they provide the most thorough estimates presently available of ozone changes prior to the coincident onset of satellite data and halogen dominated ozone changes. If these apparent trends were real, the radiative forcing by stratospheric ozone since the 1950s would then have been -0.15 ± 0.05 W/m2, and -0.2 W/m2 since the preindustrial. For tropospheric ozone, it would have been 0.38 ± 0.10 W/m2 since the late 1950s. Combined with even a very conservative estimate of tropospheric ozone forcing prior to that time, this would be larger than current estimates since 1850 which are derived from models that are even less well constrained. These calculations demonstrate the importance of gaining a better understanding of historical ozone changes.
Using retransmission information in a black side data link layer

In the current MIL-STD-188-184 [184], the data link layer is hosted on the RED side of the communications security (COMSEC). This constrains the set of solutions available to the link layer. This paper analyses the possible benefits of moving the link layer to the black side of COMSEC in increasing throughput for a given channel. The benefits of waveform switching, retransmission combining and ARQ protection of crypto synch are discussed in terms of throughput performance. Formulas for throughput are presented in terms of the signal to noise density ratio and the bit error probability function of the chosen modulation on coherent channels. Performance differences between BLACK side combining and the red side combining of 184 are discussed. Based on results given, the recommendation is made that MIL-STD-188-184A (184 A) allow for the eventual migration of the data link layer to the black side of the COMSEC engine. A proposal is made to use the new MIL-STD-188-181B (181B) preamble to allow this migration to begin now without sacrificing interoperability with older equipment.
Cultural Forms, Agency, and the Discovery of Invention in Classroom Research on Learning and Teaching

In this chapter, I consider the relative powers of cultural forms, how agency is frozen into and circulates through forms over historical time, and how these processes are relevant for design-oriented studies of classroom learning and teaching. I start with a question about the costs and timescale of invention, comparing innovation in the classical music business (the “power of inertia,” as analyzed by Howard Becker) with processes underway in the classroom learning and teaching of statistics, which are offered by Rich Lehrer and Leona Schauble for secondary analysis in this volume. After a description of my own path through the corpus materials, I look across analyses in the target chapters that anchor this volume to build a synthetic account of the corpus as a case of what I call “the discovery of invention.” In this account, not only are children asked to invent data displays, but also the entire apparatus of teaching statistics for conceptual understanding is in the midst of invention. Just as it would be difficult to invent a truly novel way of authoring, performing, and hearing classical music, it has proven difficult to invent a novel way of teaching and learning mathematics (in this case statistics) in US public school classrooms. Reviewing the substantive and (in my view) complementary contributions of each target chapter, I argue that the difficulties of inventing a new way to teach mathematics are instructive and worth continued, collective effort.
Abstract P041: Functional Status Modifies Treatment Effectiveness in the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program Trial

Introduction: We have previously demonstrated that high blood pressure is not associated with mortality in elders with impairments in functional status. Whether functional status modifies the effectiveness of treatment to lower blood pressure is not known. Methods: The Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP) was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 4,736 adults aged 60 and older with isolated systolic hypertension. Participants were randomized to chlorthalidone +/- atenolol or reserpine or matching placebo and followed for an average of 4.5 years. Functional limitation was assessed by the self-reported inability to do any one of the following activities: i) heavy work around the house, ii) walk up and down stairs, or iii) walk a half a mile. Analyses were conducted by intention-to-treat within the post-hoc subgroups. Results: There was a pattern of effect modification by functional limitation, where the association of active treatment was attenuated or inverted ...
Weighted OFDMA time-frequency synchronization for space solar power LEO satellites networks: Performance and cost analysis

This paper introduces a novel time and frequency synchronization technique for space solar power (SSP) satellite networks accomplished by weighted OFDMA sub-carrier training signal scheme. Exploiting OFDMA sub-carriers allows controlling the training signal bandwidth, which reduces the signal dispersion effects imposed by atmospheric layers. Here, we propose the procedure of estimating the weights for each OFDMA subcarrier that optimize an objective function key to the coarse time synchronization. Once time synchronization is complete, the carrier frequency offset that is due to the Doppler effect due to the movement of satellites is estimated exploiting the recursive least square (RLS) algorithm considering unknown channel impulse response (CIR). Analytical and simulation results confirm that the proposed scheme attains fast convergence, high stability, and ideal performances when compared to the relevant Cramer-Rao lower bounds in all ranges of signal-to-noise ratio.
Racial Variations in Binge Eating, Body Image Concerns, and Compulsive Exercise Among Men.

Binge eating in young men is associated with obesity and metabolic dysfunction, as well as disordered eating attitudes and behaviors. Although preliminary research suggests that Asian American males might be more likely to binge eat and report body image concerns compared with men of other races/ethnicities, few studies have investigated racial variations in this disordered eating behavior and its correlates. The goal of the current study was to examine binge eating, body image concerns, drive for muscularity, and compulsive exercise in a sample of Black, Asian American, and White men (N = 365). Results suggest that men who reported binge eating also reported higher body mass, male body image concerns, internalization of the male body ideal, and compulsive exercise than men who did not engage in binge eating. Asian American men endorsed higher body image concerns relative to White and Black men. Furthermore, compulsive exercise was particularly high among Asian American men with binge eating. Although additional research is needed to examine potential variations in binge eating, body image, and compulsive exercise in diverse racial and ethnic groups, results suggest that Asian American men might be at higher risk for disordered eating attitudes and behaviors consistent with a desire to achieve a muscular body type. Future research should examine cultural factors, such as acculturation, that might contribute to these potentially harmful cognitions and behaviors.
Parasitism and measurement of damage to Fusarium oxysporum by species of Melanospora, Sphaerodes, and Persiciospora

Five pyrenomycete isolates found in asso- ciation with different form species of Fusarium oxy- sporum were evaluated for their in vitro ability to par- asitize the watermelon wilt pathogen (E oxysporum f. sp. niveum). Several assays were also developed that attempted to measure damage to the wilt pathogen directly in culture. The pyrenomycetes used for path- ogenicity and parasitism tests included three isolates of Sphaerodes retispora var. retispora, and one each of Melanospora zamiae and Persiciospora moreaui. A col- lection of 24 different isolates of E oxysporum was employed to define a parasitic host range for this group of pyrenomycetes within the species oxyspo- rum. The ability to sporulate on the Fusarium hosts was the primary criterion used for establishing host ranges. Results indicated that all five isolates were ca- pable of parasitizing the wilt pathogen, but P moreaui was the only one that caused no detectable damage in both the aerial hyphal reduction and growth in- hibition assays. Melanospora induced significant dam- age with the growth inhibition assay only. Significant differences were observed among and between the pyrenomycetes and the different form species in terms of ability to parasitize and reproduce.
Mobilization of neutrophils into peritoneal fluid following intraperitoneal injection of bacterial endotoxins.

SummaryInjection of certain bacterial polysaccharides into the peritoneal cavity of rats results in a local neutrophilia which can easily be determined and quantitated. Preliminary findings suggest the possibility of using this response to detect the presence of certain bacterial derivatives in solutions.
Regularization design for high-quality cone-beam CT of intracranial hemorrhage using statistical reconstruction

Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is associated with pathologies such as hemorrhagic stroke and traumatic brain injury. Multi-detector CT is the current front-line imaging modality for detecting ICH (fresh blood contrast 40-80 HU, down to 1 mm). Flat-panel detector (FPD) cone-beam CT (CBCT) offers a potential alternative with a smaller scanner footprint, greater portability, and lower cost potentially well suited to deployment at the point of care outside standard diagnostic radiology and emergency room settings. Previous studies have suggested reliable detection of ICH down to 3 mm in CBCT using high-fidelity artifact correction and penalized weighted least-squared (PWLS) image reconstruction with a post-artifact-correction noise model. However, ICH reconstructed by traditional image regularization exhibits nonuniform spatial resolution and noise due to interaction between the statistical weights and regularization, which potentially degrades the detectability of ICH. In this work, we propose three regularization methods designed to overcome these challenges. The first two compute spatially varying certainty for uniform spatial resolution and noise, respectively. The third computes spatially varying regularization strength to achieve uniform "detectability," combining both spatial resolution and noise in a manner analogous to a delta-function detection task. Experiments were conducted on a CBCT test-bench, and image quality was evaluated for simulated ICH in different regions of an anthropomorphic head. The first two methods improved the uniformity in spatial resolution and noise compared to traditional regularization. The third exhibited the highest uniformity in detectability among all methods and best overall image quality. The proposed regularization provides a valuable means to achieve uniform image quality in CBCT of ICH and is being incorporated in a CBCT prototype for ICH imaging.
Management of heart failure in children

B dvances in our understanding of the pathophysiology and molecular basis of diseases offer new, challenging, controversial, and sometimes, counterintuitive forms of therapy. This is especially true with regard to the syndrome of heart failure. Therapeutic approaches to heart failure in adults have evolved rapidly during the past decade. Unfortunately, as with many other aspects of medicine, our concepts of heart failure in the pediatric population have been reduced to a simple extrapolation of the adult model. Pediatricians know that a child is not a small adult. Consequently, heart failure is perhaps a far more complex entity in the pediatric population with regard to pathophysiology and the possible courses of action. In this review we summarize recent advances in heart failure research in adults and attempt to integrate these findings in a pediatric context. The basic paradigm of hemodynamic derangement and the consequent symptoms have dominated our approach to congestive heart failure for most of this century (Fig 1). Despite constraint by this narrow viewpoint, the normalization of hemodynamics has an immediate positive effect on symptomatic improvement. Multiple clinical trials were conducted in the adult population with a variety of pharmacologic strategies aimed at enhancing systolic performance only. The clinical outcome of these trials was disappointing because of adverse effects on the heart in the long term, since the initial improvement in the standard measures of heart failure severity (such as exercise tolerance, symptoms, and hemodynamics) was not sustained. 1,2 Application of information available from recent heart failure research enables us to go beyond the concept of the heart as a simple pump and formulate a more comprehensive understanding of the syndrome of heart failure (Fig 2). We are now beginning to recognize the
Cigarette smoking and risk of clinical relapse in patients with Crohn's disease.

Risk of clinical relapse among cigarette smokers and nonsmokers was examined in a cohort of 74 adult Crohn's disease (CD) patients who were identified and followed at monthly intervals for six months. We measured clinical activity by a weighted symptom index used previously. Relapse at any point during the study was defined by the index score exceeding 150. Approximately 50% of nonsmokers experienced clinical relapse during the study period. Current smokers experienced a relapse risk 1.6 times that of nonsmokers (P less than .01). The risk estimates correspond to mean overall clinical activity scores of 142 +/- 34 for smokers compared to 119 +/- 26 for nonsmokers. Adjustment for confounding effects did not substantially alter the association shown between cigarette use and clinical relapse. We observed no increase in the likelihood of relapse among former smokers. The statistically significant finding that current smoking increases the risk of relapse for CD patients is of clinical importance, given the high prevalence of smoking (42%) among CD patients in this sample.
Fragmentary shape recognition

Recently, Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) has emerged as a potential modality that utilizes natural and intuitive human mechanisms of thinking process to enable interactions in CAD interfaces. Before BCI could become a mainstream mode of HCI for CAD interfaces; fundamental studies directed towards understanding how humans mentally represent and process the geometry are needed. The outlined work in this paper presents an objective user study to understand shape recognition process in the humans. Specifically, we focus on the fundamental task of fragmentary shape identification. The problem of fragmentary shape recognition can be defined as follows: given a partial and incomplete minimalistic representation of a given shape, can one recognize the actual complete shape or object? In user studies, each subject was progressively (in stages) shown more informative fragmented images of an object to be recognized. During each stage of the experiment, the brain activity of users in the form of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals was recorded with a BCI headset. The recorded signals are then processed to objectively study the fragmentary shape recognition process. The results of user studies conclusively show that the measured brain activities of subjects can serve as a very accurate proxy to estimate subjects fragmentary shape recognition process. BCI based fragmentary shape recognition process.Innovative use of BCI in shape recognition domain.Power spectral density and cognitive load estimation.IRB approved study to assess the fragmentary shape recognition process.
Intraspecific and Intersexual Variation in Three Species of Wading Birds Using Morphometric Measurements

Abstract. Intraspecific and intersexual morphological variation is common in many groups of birds, but few studies with larger sample sizes exist for describing such variation in ardeids. Since 2008, three species of long-legged wading birds were captured for telemetry studies in Wichita, Kansas, USA, and on the East Coast of the USA in North Carolina, Maryland, and New Jersey. Captured individuals were weighed and their culmens and tarsi were measured before they were released. Beginning in 2013, a blood sample was collected from each bird and was used to determine its sex. Measurements of 103 birds of three species were used to examine statistical relationships among mass, culmen length, and tarsus length, and to determine whether males of Great Egrets (Ardea alba) and Snowy Egrets (Egretta thula) differed from females in these values. Great Blue Herons (A. herodias; 1,702–2,859 g), Great Egrets (769–1,300 g), and Snowy Egrets (349–539 g) all showed high variation in body weights, but significantly lowe...
Toward the Systematic Study of Feminist Policy in Practice:An Essential First Step

ABSTRACTThis article proposes an analytical construct, based on feminist and non-feminist policy studies, to be eventually used in the systematic study of feminist policy in practice in postindustrial democracies. The measurement allows for the analysis of democracy, representation, and symbolic reform in terms of the array of policy actors who come forward during the crucial implementation and evaluation stages, the policy instruments that are used in these phases, and policy outcomes. As the article argues, developing this analytical measurement constitutes the essential first step in the emerging research cycle on feminist policy postadoption in a comparative perspective.
Supporting the home language of bilingual children with developmental disabilities: From knowing to doing

There is a growing awareness of bilingualism and the needs of children with developmental disabilities who are exposed to more than one language. This growing awareness is paralleled by a growing research base in the area of bilingualism and emerging research in bilingual children with developmental disabilities. In this set of articles we see that there is general agreement that bilingualism does not increase risk for language impairment nor does intervention in the home language interfere with second language learning. Yet there continues to be challenges in putting this knowledge into practice. By better understanding the challenges to implementation in context we can better address the needs of children, families, and practitioners.
Slow climate mode reconciles historical and model-based estimates of climate sensitivity

The latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Assessment Report widened the equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) range from 2° to 4.5°C to an updated range of 1.5° to 4.5°C in order to account for the lack of consensus between estimates based on models and historical observations. The historical ECS estimates range from 1.5° to 3°C and are derived assuming a linear radiative response to warming. A Bayesian methodology applied to 24 models, however, documents curvature in the radiative response to warming from an evolving contribution of interannual to centennial modes of radiative response. Centennial modes display stronger amplifying feedbacks and ultimately contribute 28 to 68% (90% credible interval) of equilibrium warming, yet they comprise only 1 to 7% of current warming. Accounting for these unresolved centennial contributions brings historical records into agreement with model-derived ECS estimates.
How to Write a Book Chapter: Skip the History, the Histrionics, and the Howevers

Abstract Book publications are part of the professional life of an academic physician. Invitations to submit chapters come from colleagues and from prestigious publishing companies, and contributing to a major medical book is a means to transmit contemporary information to the medical community. For effective communication, physicians must write clearly. For a book chapter to be useful to the reader, it must present the topic in a manner that is both concise and compelling.
Erectile Dysfunction: Evaluation and Pathophysiology

Erectile dysfunction is defined as the inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance and vaginal intercourse. The causes of erectile dysfunction can be grouped into two main categories: Psychogenic causes including psychological disorders, stress, performance anxiety, and organic caused including hormonal alteration, neurovascular, drug induced or anatomical abnormalities. Phosphodiesterase type V inhibitors (PDE5I) are FDA approved first line of treatment foe erectile dysfunction.
Impact of percent positive biopsy cores on cancer-specific mortality for patients with high-risk prostate cancer.

78Background: A high percent positive biopsy cores (PBC), typically dichotomized at ≥50%, is prognostic of worse cancer-specific outcomes for patients with low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer. The prognostic value of ≥50% PBC for patients with high-risk disease is poorly understood. We examined the association between ≥50% PBC and prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) for patients with high-risk prostate cancer. Methods: We identified 7,569 men from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program who were diagnosed with high-risk prostate cancer (Gleason 8-10, prostate-specific antigen > 20 ng/mL, or cT3-T4 stage without evidence of nodal or metastatic disease) in 2010 or 2011 and had 6-24 cores sampled at biopsy. Multivariable Fine and Gray competing risks regression was utilized to examine the association between ≥50% PBC and PCSM, with adjustments for sociodemographic and clinicopathologic factors. Results: Median follow-up was 3.8 years (interquartile range 3.3-4.3 years). 56.2% of ...
Nancy P. Kropf and Sherry M. Cummings. (2017). Evidence-Based Treatment with Older Adults: Theory, Practice, and Research. New York, NY: Oxford University Press (277 pp., $47 paperback, ISBN# 978-0190214623)

It is well known that the United States and most other countries throughout the world are faced with an aging population. By 2030, more than one in five people will be older than age 65, and this o...
The President's Enforcement Power

Enforcement of law is at the core of the President’s constitutional duty to “take Care” that the laws are faithfully executed, and it is a primary mechanism for effecting national regulatory policy. Yet questions about how presidents oversee agency enforcement activity have received surprisingly little scholarly attention. This Article provides a positive account of the President’s role in administrative enforcement, explores why presidential enforcement has taken the shape it has, and examines the bounds of the President’s enforcement power. It demonstrates that presidential involvement in agency enforcement, though extensive, has been ad hoc, crisis-driven, and frequently opaque. The Article thus reveals the need for institutional design reforms — namely more coordination across agencies and greater disclosure of enforcement policy. The seeds for such reforms can be found in several recent efforts that have yet to be made systematic. Concerns about politicization of law enforcement should not override the considerable benefits that would derive. Rather, by acknowledging the President’s role in, and responsibility for, enforcement, we can better ensure the structure and transparency that promote appropriate presidential influence.
Limitations to the efficiency of pulmonary gas exchange during exercise in man.

The human lung must function over a wide range of metabolic demands and environmental conditions. It is not rare for oxygen consumption (\(\rm\dot{v}\)O2) to vary from 3-5 ml · kg · min−1 at rest to as much as 70 ml · kg · min−1 during exercise only moments later, or for inspired PO2 (PIO2) to range from 150 Torr (sea level) to 80 Torr (equivalent altitude 4500 meters) or less over a period of hours, to days. The ability to function in these different circumstances comes with a small price: although the lung is remarkably efficient at rest at sea level, it becomes less so at higher \(\rm\dot{v}\)O2 (Asmussen and Nielsen, 1960), particularly at high altitude. For example, in healthy resting subjects the ideal alveolar-arterial PO2 difference (A-aDO2) is normally only 5-10 Torr, but it may increase to 25 Torr or more during neavy exercise (Dempsey et al., 1984). While this increased gradient has relatively little effect on arterial O2 content at sea level, it can lead to substantial additional arterial desaturation at altitude, where subjects are operating on the steep descending slope of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve.
Richard Rorty's pragmatism: A case study in the sociology of ideas

Dans cet article, l'A evoque la carriere intellectuelle et la pensee de Richard Rorty. L'A se penche ici sur l'evolution de l'engagement epistemologique de Rorty vers la pragmatique et la pensee analytique en tant que citoyen americain de gauche
Floral aspects of Barclaya (Nymphaeaceae): pollination, ontogeny and structure

Barclaya, endemic to Southeast Asia, includes four species: B. longifolia Wallich. B. motleyi Hooker f., B. kunstleri (King) Ridley, and B. rotundifolia Hotta. The genus has been traditionally assigned monotypic status in the family Barclayaceae or tribe Barclayeae primarily based on the occurrence of a hypogynous calyx, originally interpreted as an involucre in an otherwise epigynous flower, orthotropous ovules, lack of an aril, and inaperturate pollen. Cladistic and molecular studies support the association of Barclaya with Euryale, Victoria, Nymphaea, Ondinea, and Nuphar in the family Nymphaeaceae. Floral structure reveals (1) vasculature and developmental support for the hypothesis that the hypogynous appendages are sepals, (2) that pollen is zonasulculate, (3) that floral ontogeny is similar to that previously described for epigynous members of the Nymphaeaceae s. str., and (4) anatomical and morphological similarities with other Nymphaeaceae s. str. The cleistogamous and chasmogamous flowers are self-pollinating, the latter perhaps facilitated by flies in emergent flowers.
Plastic Flow Properties in Relation to Localized Necking in Sheets

Considerable interest exists in understanding the levels of maximum useful strains achievable prior to localized necking (forming limits) and their dependence on the imposed stress-state. Marciniak’s model of imperfection growth has successfully explained the rise in forming limit as the imposed strain-ratio (e2/e1) is increased from zero (plane strain) toward unity (balanced biaxial tension). Experimental studies on formability of various materials have, however, revealed basic differences in behavior, such as the “brass-type” and the “steel type”, exhibiting respectively, zero and positive dependencies of forming limit upon the strain-ratio. Such results cannot be reconciled without proper attention to the details of strain hardening and strain-rate hardening behaviors of these materials, particularly as functions of strain and strain-ratio. A review of these properties for several materials will be presented in an attempt to show their importance on the necking behavior. Furthermore, the dependence of the patterns of behavior upon the mode of stretching (in-plane and punch stretching) is discussed. Some results of a Marci niak-type model of material imperfection are also considered.
Adulthood and Aging in Families

Aging and the family is an area of research in which many of the key trends and areas of emphasis can change more quickly than either theory or research can keep up. As a result, this topic has generated a vast body of empirical literature. Although a number of theoretical perspectives have been developed and applied to many issues pertaining to aging and the family, it is rare to find much strong support for any single theoretical perspective, despite a number of attempts, and even when application of a theory remains a central guide to research. For this reason, we have tried to strike a balance between theoretical and empirical considerations, attempting to situate both within time and place. In this way, we hope that we can provide a more dynamic appreciation for issues at the intersection of aging and the family.
Selecting among bacteria specific bacteriophages by optical imaging

263 Objectives: This laboratory is developing bacteriophages with specificity for different bacteria for use as infection specific imaging agents. Mice infected with bioluminescent bacteria were administered fluorescent phage and optical imaging used to demonstrate distribution and overlap. Methods: SKH-1 mice were administered in one thigh either Salmonella, Enterococcus, bioluminescent Pseudomonas (Xen-41) or Klebsiella (Xen-39) bacteria (Xenogen) followed by Cy5.5 conjugated phages P22, E79, VD-13, or phage-60. Optical imaging was performed at 2, 5 and 22 h with the bioluminescence signal locating the bacteria and the fluorescence signal locating the phage. Results: By bioluminescence, the bacteria were shown to be restricted to the infected thigh throughout the study. Focal accumulation of fluorescence was also observed at 2 h in the infected thigh in each host with no fluorescence in the contralateral thigh. Fluorescence was also observed in kidneys and stomach. While the bioluminescence signal decreased 4 fold by 22 h, the fluorescence signal remained unchanged possibly due to lysis of bacteria by the bacteriophage. The unchanging fluorescence may indicate stability of bound phages even on dead bacteria. That phage bind to dead bacteria in vitro was confirmed earlier. When mice were administered heat-killed bacteria, fluorescence also accumulated in the thigh but was less focal. Of the four phage/bacteria combinations, E79 phage demonstrated the highest specificity in vivo by showing focal accumulation with its host bacteria and low infected thigh to normal thigh ratios for its three non-host bacteria. Conclusions: By combining bioluminescence and fluorescence imaging it was possible to confirm the accumulation of the fluorescent phages at the site of bacterial infection.
A Multidimensional View of Providing Assistance through Workplace Ties: Performance implications

People at work help each other in various ways, yet we know little about the performance effects of providing different types of assistance. In Study 1 we conducted 60 qualitative interviews at multiple organizations, identifying six types of assistance that work ties provide: four were instrumental (problem solving, information, career, and political) and two, expressive (purpose and personal). Then in Study 2 we draw on social constructionism and reflective knowledge building theory to establish how, controlling for prior performance, each type of assistance might either help or hurt the provider's current performance. We theorize that those types of assistance that are more likely to encourage positive reflection by the provider concerning his or her own situation will lead to higher performance by the provider. Using a bounded network survey in a large consulting firm, we find the expected positive returns for providing assistance with problem solving, purpose, and initially with career assistance; th...
Making Your Classroom Smart: Universal Design for Learning and Technology

Universal Design for Learning (UDL) consists of three principles, representation, action and expression, and engagement and has been shaped from its original inception as more research has been added to the literature. The following is a brief synopsis of the history of UDL, a discussion of the benefits for students with disabilities when applying the UDL framework to the classroom, and technology to aid in implementing UDL for specific learning tasks. UDL is a research-based framework for creating curricula and allows multiple abilities to “enter” into the learning and acts as the catalyst for including all students therefore designing smart classrooms.
Linguistic Loneliness and Study Abroad.

This article considers the conflict between students’ desire to improve their target language skills and their desire for belonging and community . The stud y, conducted over three years, examines student perceptions of barriers to target language gain during semester long study abroad. Participants completed surveys, took the Versant Language Test before and after their study abroad experience, and partici pated in a post program interview . Results suggest that students experience conflicting priorities in decisions governing native language versus target language use during study abroad. Although some persist in speaking the target language with their co national peers, they find it unsatisfying because they are unable to meet their social needs . Valuing relationships over linguistic improvements, students resort to speaking their native language among themselves during study abroad . The research ers suggest strategies for how to best prepare students to reconcile these tensions.
Molecular regulation of NKCC2 in blood pressure control and hypertension.

Purpose of reviewThe apical Na+/K+/2Cl− cotransporter (NKCC2) mediates NaCl reabsorption by the thick ascending limb, contributing to maintenance of blood pressure (BP). Despite effective NKCC2 inhibition by loop diuretics, these agents are not viable for long-term management of BP due to side effec