cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The South Sea Bubble and the Rise of the Bank of England (a)

In October 1720, John Hanger, governor of the Bank of England (BoE), and his fellow directors confronted the imminent collapse of the South Sea Company (SSC). The SSC directors urgently appealed to the BoE for funds to prevent collapse. Should the bank rescue the SSC? The answer to this question hinges upon an assessment of the origins of the market bubble, Britain's strategy of creating trading monopolies, the development and role of the new BoE, and Britain's jockeying to be a major power. Excerpt UVA-F-1820 Rev. Jun. 2, 2020 The South Sea Bubble and the Rise of the Bank of England (A) In early October 1720, John Hanger, governor of the Bank of England (BoE), and the bank's board of directors faced the decision of whether to rescue their principal rival, the failing South Sea Company (SSC). The price of SSC shares had fallen from a high of GBP950 in late June to just GBP290 on October 1 and to GBP210 on October 12. Panic gripped the financial markets. So-called bubble businesses were collapsing every day—such firms had started up and raised aggressive amounts of capital during the height of the bubble (see Exhibit1 for a list of some firms). “Men were running to and fro in alarm and terror,” writer Charles MacKay reported, “their imaginations filled with some great calamity, the form and dimensions of which nobody knew.” The situation in London became so desperate that the Cabinet called Parliament into an emergency session and desperately urged King George I to return to England from his native Hanover. When Hanger opened the meeting of the BoE board, director Robert Walpole presented a desperate plan to prevent total economic meltdown. Walpole proposed that the BoE take on nearly GBP4,000,000 of its rival's stock at a significant discount in exchange for approximately GBP3,750,000 of government securities. Walpole hoped this action would recapitalize the teetering SSC and keep its stock out of liquidation auctions. Yet the sheer size of the SSC made any rescue financing a risky prospect. Before the crisis, the SSC had dominated the British business landscape with a capitalization over four times larger than that of the BoE itself. Could the BoE take on so much SSC stock, and thus its liabilities, without threatening its own existence? What if SSC stock continued to slide and the BoE inherited a massive hole in its balance sheets? The Crown had chartered the BoE in 1694 to “support public credit.” But no one conceived of the BoE as a bailout mechanism for a massive bubble company with uncertain prospects. Nonetheless, Hanger and the board knew that the stability of the British financial system, and the budding British Empire, rested on their shoulders. The “Glorious Revolution” of 1688 . . .
Use of a Lumen-Apposing Metal Stent for Management of Pouch Outlet Stenosis After Vertical Banded Gastroplasty

Lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMSs) offer a novel alternative for the treatment of anastomotic strictures or short, benign gastrointestinal strictures. In the bariatric realm, LAMSs provide a potentially safer, efficacious, and nonsurgical approach to surgical revision. Here, we present a case where a LAMS was successfully used to manage pouch outlet stenosis from a previous vertical banded gastroplasty.
Forecast Hesitancy: Why are People Reluctant to Believe, Accept, or Respond to Various Weather, Water, and Climate Hazard-Related Forecasts?

Current discussions of the social phenomenon of “vaccine hesitancy” with regard to Covid-19 provide an opportunity to use hesitancy as a means to shift thinking about untimely and delayed responses to forecasts of hydrometeorological hazards. Hesitancy, that is, provides a paradigm through which such regrettably delayed responses to hydromet hazards might be better understood and effectively addressed. Without exaggeration, just about every hydromet event provides an example of how hesitancy hinders individual, community, and national government risk-reducing preventive and mitigative responses to forecasts of foreseeable, relatively near-term climate, water, or weather hazards. Reasons for such hesitancy (for vaccine and forecast use alike) include—among others—lack of trust in the science, lack of confidence in government, and persistent concern about the uncertainties that surround forecasting—both meteorological and public health. As such, a better understanding of the causes that lead to individual and group hesitancy can better inform hydromet forecasters and affected communities about ways in which beneficial actions in response to timely forecasts are often delayed. This better understanding will facilitate, where necessary, targeted interventions to enhance the societal value of forecasting by reducing this long-observed challenge of “forecast hesitancy.” First, this article focuses on incidents of “vaccine hesitancy” that, for various reasons, people around the world are even now experiencing with regard to several now-available, and confirmed efficacious, Covid-19 vaccines. Reports of such incidents of indecisiveness first increased dramatically over the first few months of 2021, despite the strong scientific confidence that vaccination would significantly lower personal risk of contracting as well as spreading the virus. After, the notion of forecast hesitancy with regard to hydrometeorological hazards is discussed. It’s not what you say, it’s what people hear. -Frank Luntz (2007)
Caught in the crossfire: How the threat of hedge fund activism affects creditors

Abstract Firms under the threat of hedge fund activism on average experience significant losses of outstanding bondholder wealth: their bond yields rise while prices fall and ratings deteriorate. Under-threat firms receive inferior terms when initiating new loans. These observations are more prominent in firms with weaker creditor rights protection and firms that experience more significant improvement in stock performance without accompanying real improvements. These findings are consistent with the manifestation of agency problems. Share repurchases funded by cash, investment cutbacks, and new debt issuances elevate share price, which increases the cost of intervention for activists but jeopardizes the interest of existing bondholders.
SGD-X: A Benchmark for Robust Generalization in Schema-Guided Dialogue Systems.

Zero/few-shot transfer to unseen services is a critical challenge in task-oriented dialogue research. The Schema-Guided Dialogue (SGD) dataset introduced a paradigm for enabling models to support an unlimited number of services without additional data collection or re-training through the use of schemas. Schemas describe service APIs in natural language, which models consume to understand the services they need to support. However, the impact of the choice of language in these schemas on model performance remains unexplored. We address this by releasing SGD-X, a benchmark for measuring the robustness of dialogue systems to linguistic variations in schemas. SGD-X extends the SGD dataset with crowdsourced variants for every schema, where variants are semantically similar yet stylistically diverse. We evaluate two dialogue state tracking models on SGD-X and observe that neither generalizes well across schema variations, measured by joint goal accuracy and a novel metric for measuring schema sensitivity. Furthermore, we present a simple model-agnostic data augmentation method to improve schema robustness and zero-shot generalization to unseen services.
The Use of Positron Emission Tomography in the Surgical Treatment of Epilepsy

The presurgical evaluation of epileptic patients who are candidates for resection of an epileptogenic lesion is aimed at localizing an abnormal area of the brain that is most responsible for generating the patient’s habitual seizures. Traditional methods of identifying this region have depended heavily on interictal and ictal EEG recordings obtained using a variety of techniques (Ajmone-Marsan 1980; Engel et al. 1983; Gloor 1975). Whether EEG investigations concentrate on interictal spike activity, usually recorded chronically with extracranial electrodes, and during intraoperative electrocorticography; or whether localization is derived from ictal EEG recordings using extracranial electrodes, or invasive chronic procedures that insert depth electrodes directly into the brain (SEEG), or over the cortical surface, conclusions must be drawn from identification of epileptiform events that propagate widely. Consequently, it is impossible to be certain that the site at which interictal or ictal events occur reflects the actual epileptogenic lesion, or propagated activity from a distant lesion that is beyond the recording range of available electrodes. False localization occurs in 10%–20% of patients based on scalp and sphenoidal interictal and ictal EEG recordings, as well as interictal SEEG recordings (Engel et al. 1981; Engel et al. 1984; Lieb et al. 1981 a, b). It is difficult to determine the incidence of false localization from depth electrode recordings of ictal onset since, when found, this is usually the single most important criterion for resective surgery, and rarely would a surgical resection be undertaken at a distance from the site of depth-recorded ictal onset (Engel and Crandall 1983). Nevertheless, the 10%–20% of patients in most series who do not benefit from surgical resection based on this criterion may be taken as evi-dence for false localization with this technique.
"Toe Off" Style Carbon Fiber Ankle Foot Orthoses in Neuromuscular Disease: The OSUMC Experience (P7.063)

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to capture clinical features that might predict which neuromuscular (NM) patients are satisfied with the carbon fiber “Toe Off" ankle-foot orthosis (AFO). This orthosis provides plantar flexion assist in addition to dorsiflexion. BACKGROUND: When successful, AFOs may partially reduce the functional limitations of distal weakness. Non-compliance with AFOs, however, is a frequent and multifactorial occurrence. There are few studies comparing different styles of AFOs in the NM population. DESIGN/METHODS: This was a retrospective chart review of 253 ambulatory adults diagnosed with motor neuron disease (MND), peripheral neuropathy, or muscular dystrophy seen in our MDA clinic from 2011 through 2014. We recorded clinical data relevant to the treatment of lower extremity muscle weakness on 106 individuals who were prescribed anterior shell ("Toe Off" or "Blue Rocker") carbon fiber AFOs. We tracked usage on follow-up visits and pursued reasons why an orthosis was not used. RESULTS: 86[percnt] of patients were satisfied or extemely satisfied with Toe Off style carbon fiber AFOs. CONCLUSIONS: The Toe Off style carbon fiber AFO was generally well tolerated and patients were satisfied with its function & comfort. Individuals diagnosed with MND or myotonic dystrophy type I were the most satisfied; those with Charcot Marie Tooth (CMT) disease were the least satisfied. The reason for this could include the prevelance of more bony abnormalities and sensory symptoms in the CMT population. Study Supported by: Disclosure: Dr. King has received personal compensation for activities with Alexion Pharmaceuticals as a consultant. Dr. Mnatsakanian has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kissel has received personal compensation for activities with Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Cytokinetics, and Isis Pharmaceuticals.
Protein kinase A activation phosphorylates the rat ClC-2 Cl- channel but does not change activity.

Phosphorylation-dependent events have been shown to modulate the activity of several members of the mammalian CLC Cl− channel gene family, including the inward rectifier ClC-2. In the present study we investigated the regulation of rat ClC-2 expressed in the TSA-201 cell line (a transformed HEK293 cell line that stably expresses the SV40 T-antigen) by protein kinases. Protein kinase A activation phosphorylated ClC-2 in vivo, whereas stimulation of protein kinase C with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate did not. In vitro labeling studies confirmed that protein kinase A could directly phosphorylate ClC-2, and that protein kinase C and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II did not. Nevertheless, protein kinase A-dependent phosphorylation of CLC-2 failed to regulate either the magnitude or the kinetics of the hyperpolarization-activated Cl− currents. Considered together, we demonstrate that protein kinase A activation results in the phosphorylation of rat ClC-2 in vivo, but this event is independent of Cl− channel activity.
Flagellar surface differentiation: Evidence for multiple sites involved in mating of Chlamydomonas reinhardi

Mating between gametes of the biflagellated unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardi consists of several events culminating in zygote formation. Initially, the cells agglutinate by their flagellar tips. This is followed by pairing, cell wall loss, and cell fusion. Here we report on the relationship between the length of the flagellum, and the cells' ability to agglutinate, undergo cell wall loss (as measured by medium carbohydrate accumulation), and to form zygotes. We found that deflagellated gametes regained the potential for sexual agglutination when the flagella had regenerated to less than 3 μm (compared to the full length flagella of approx. 11 μm), while medium carbohydrate appeared only after the flagella had reached an average length greater than 5 μm. By inhibiting flagellar regeneration with cycloheximide or colchicine, we determined that carbohydrate release is related to the length of the flagellum and not to the time after deflagellation. A flagellar length dependence similar to that of carbohydrate release was also observed when we measured the relationship between the gametes' ability to fuse and flagellar length.
L-asparaginase from Erwinia carotovora. Substrate specificity and enzymatic properties.

Abstract The enzymatic properties of Erwinia carotovora l-asparaginase have been investigated and the Km and Vmax values for a number of substrates determined. l-Asparaginase has a Km of ∼10-5 and a Vmax of 0.9 µmole of ammonia released per min per unit of enzyme for l-asparagine. All other substrates have much higher Km values and less than 25% of the Vmax of l-asparagine. From a study of substrate analogues, it has been established that Erwinia l-asparaginase requires a carboxyl group on the substrate two or three carbon atoms from the carboxamide group which is hydrolyzed. An amino group alpha to the free carboxyl group and in the l-configuration increases the stability of the enzyme-substrate complex but is not essential for catalysis. Small peptides with carboxyl-terminal asparagine residues are deamidated but amino-terminal or internal asparagine residues and large peptides with carboxyl-terminal asparagine residues such as insulin or insulin A chain derivatives are not deamidated. Likewise, glutamine peptides are not deamidated. β-Aspartoalkylamides have been prepared and tested as substrates. Compounds with straight chain alkyl substituents were hydrolyzed, whereas compounds with branched alkyl groups were not hydrolyzed. In addition, β-aspartamidoglycopeptides were not hydrolyzed. Erwinia l-asparaginase catalyzed the exchange of 18O between water and aspartic acid and the hydroxylaminolysis of asparagine and aspartic acid by hydroxylamine.
Malthusian population dynamics: Theory and evidence

This paper empirically tests the existence of Malthusian population dynamics in the pre-Industrial Revolution era. The theory suggests that, during the agricultural stage of development, resource surpluses beyond the maintenance of subsistence consumption were channeled primarily into population growth. In particular, societies naturally blessed by higher land productivity would have supported larger populations, given the level of socioeconomic development. Moreover, given land productivity, societies in more advanced stages of development, as reflected by their cumulative experience with the agricultural technological paradigm since the Neolithic Revolution, would have sustained higher population densities. Using exogenous cross-country variations in the natural productivity of land and in the timing of the Neolithic Revolution, the analysis demonstrates that, in accordance with the Malthusian theory, societies that were characterized by higher land productivity and an earlier onset of agriculture had a higher population density in the time period 1-1500 CE.
Reactive response of fibrocytes to vocal fold mucosal injury in rat

Fibrocytes hold a prominent role in inflammatory and tissue repair processes in various organ systems. In this study, we identified and quantified a reactive fibrocyte population in the vocal fold mucosa postinjury using immunohistochemistry and stereological analysis. These cells, which expressed CD11b on their surface and prolyl-4-hydroxylase β (P4H-β) intracellularly, were largely restricted to the lamina propria, and were morphologically and immunochemically distinguishable from newly recruited epithelial cells. We validated our immunohistochemistry findings using flow cytometry, and additionally characterized a reactive fibrocyte population in circulating peripheral blood using a novel detection panel (CD16(-) CD11b(+) P4H-β(+) ). Fibrocyte recruitment peaked at 3 days postinjury in peripheral blood, and 5 days postinjury in the vocal fold mucosa. These findings suggest that circulating fibrocytes are recruited to sites of tissue injury in the vocal fold mucosa, and may play an important role in vocal fold tissue repair. The results of this study are consistent with published data from other organ systems and strongly suggest the importance of fibrocytes as therapeutic targets. Our newly reported antigen panel facilitating the direct characterization of fibrocytes via flow cytometry is a useful tool with the potential to facilitate improved study of this cell population.
Lamina propria lymphocytes are derived from circulating cells that lack the Leu-8 lymph node homing receptor

Abstract The Leu-8 membrane glycoprotein is the primate homologue of the murine MEL-14 peripheral lymph node homing receptor and is expressed on a majority of circulating lymphocytes but on few lymphocytes in the intestinal lamina propria. To examine the mechanisms regulating expression of the Leu-8 molecule on lymphocytes in different tissue sites, studies of Leu-8 membrane antigen expression, Leu-8 messenger RNA, and the Leu-8 gene were performed using normal human and nonhuman primate lymphocytes. Activation of resting peripheral blood lymphocytes caused a rapid decrease in membrane Leu-8 expression, a more gradual decrease in Leu-8 messenger RNA, and an increase in expression of interleukin 2 and interleukin 2 receptor messenger RNA. However, the down regulation of Leu-8 expression during activation was reversible because both membrane Leu-8 antigen and Leu-8 messenger RNA were reexpressed after 5 days of culture. Leu-8 messenger RNA was present in lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood, spleen, and, particularly, mesenteric lymph node, but intestinal lamina propria lymphocytes contained very low levels of Leu-8 messenger RNA. The absence of Leu-8 messenger RNA in intestinal lymphocytes and circulating Leu-8 negative lymphocytes was not caused by recent activation in vivo because these cells did not have detectable interleukin 2 messenger RNA, and intestinal lymphocytes did not express Leu-8 after culture in vitro. Phorbol myristate acetate was found to be a strong inducer of Leu-8 messenger RNA in Leu-8-positive lymphocytes; however, phorbol myristate acetate did not induce membrane Leu-8 expression or Leu-8 messenger RNA in lamina propria lymphocytes. Leu-8-negative lymphocytes in peripheral blood or lamina propria did not have evidence of deletion or rearrangement of the Leu-8 gene. Leu-8-positive Jurkat cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes and Leu-8-negative peripheral blood and intestinal lymphocytes had partial methylation of an Msp I site in proximity to the Leu-8 gene, suggesting that in Leu-8-negative lymphocytes, the Leu-8 gene previously was transcriptionally active. In summary, these studies demonstrate that intestinal lamina propria lymphocytes have the same characteristics as circulating Leu-8-negative lymphocytes with respect to their state of activation and inability to express the Leu-8 antigen. The results suggest that the majority of lymphocytes that migrate to the intestinal lamina propria are derived from the subpopulation of circulating Leu-8-negative lymphocytes.
The Hochschild cohomology ring of a cyclic block

Suppose B is a block of a group algebra kG with cyclic defect group. We calculate the Hochschild cohomology ring of B, giving a complete set of generators and relations. We then show that if B is the principal block, the canonical map from H*(G,k) to the Hochschild cohomology ring of B induces an isomorphism modulo radicals.
Racial Differences in Social Support and Coping Among Family Caregivers of Patients with Prostate Cancer

More than 60 million Americans are informal caregivers to adults, which can negatively affect their health. Data from 126 White and 62 African American female caregivers in North Carolina were analyzed to describe social support and coping among family caregivers of patients with prostate cancer and to assess for racial differences. Social support amount and some coping methods differed by race. There was no racial difference in social support satisfaction. Borderline significant difference in social support by health status was found and this differed by race. These racial differences should be explored further to better understand the availability of caregiving resources and their health effects.
Chronic Alcohol Exposure Enhances Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Lung Injury in Mice: Potential Role of Systemic Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha.

Background It is well known that liver and lung injury can occur simultaneously during severe inflammation (e.g., multiple organ failure). However, whether these are parallel or interdependent (i.e., liver–lung axis) mechanisms is unclear. Previous studies have shown that chronic ethanol (EtOH) consumption greatly increases mortality in the setting of sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI). The potential contribution of subclinical liver disease in driving this effect of EtOH on the lung remains unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to characterize the impact of chronic EtOH exposure on concomitant liver and lung injury. Methods Male mice were exposed to EtOH-containing Lieber–DeCarli diet or pair-fed control diet for 6 weeks. Some animals were administered lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 4 or 24 hours prior to sacrifice to mimic sepsis-induced ALI. Some animals received the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-blocking drug, etanercept, for the duration of alcohol exposure. The expression of cytokine mRNA in lung and liver tissue was determined by quantitative PCR. Cytokine levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and plasma were determined by Luminex assay. Results As expected, the combination of EtOH and LPS caused liver injury, as indicated by significantly increased levels of the transaminases alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase in the plasma and by changes in liver histology. In the lung, EtOH preexposure enhanced pulmonary inflammation and alveolar hemorrhage caused by LPS. These changes corresponded with unique alterations in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the liver (i.e., TNF-α) and lung (i.e., macrophage inflammatory protein-2 [MIP-2], keratinocyte chemoattractant [KC]). Systemic depletion of TNF-α (etanercept) blunted injury and the increase in MIP-2 and KC caused by the combination of EtOH and LPS in the lung. Conclusions Chronic EtOH preexposure enhanced both liver and lung injury caused by LPS. Enhanced organ injury corresponded with unique changes in the pro-inflammatory cytokine expression profiles in the liver and the lung.
Anniversary Journalism, Collective Memory, and the Cultural Authority to Tell the Story of the American Past

L'A. examine comment les medias journalistiques americains celebrent leurs propres anniversaires d'une maniere qui leur permet de definir la memoire nationale et de se positionner comme historiens publics. Il analyse vingt-cinq magazines nationaux de consommateurs representant un large eventail de sujets et d'interets, l'etendue chronologique allant de periodes courtes - cinquieme anniversaire par exemple - a des periodes depassant le siecle. Malgre la diversite des contenus et des publics, l'analyse revele une similitude frappante dans la representation du passe par le journalisme populaire. Ces magazines utilisent un langage, des types, structures et themes d'articles similaires, dans des recits depassant l'histoire individuelle des publications. A partir de ces exemples, l'A. identifie et discute quatre strategies rhetoriques a travers lesquelles la presse anniversaire associe le passe du magazine a celui de l'Amerique, participant a la creation de la memoire nationale et affirmant l'autorite culturelle du journalisme. De ce point de vue, le magazine, en meme temps qu'il est texte journalistique, en tant qu'objet memoire, est egalement un artefact de la culture materielle memorisante.
Steady-state performance of the adaptive MLD receiver in dual-polarized 16-QAM systems with crosstalk

The adaptive maximum-likelihood detector (MLD) is used to combat the deleterious effects of depolarization crosstalk in dual-channel M-QAM (quadrature-amplitude modulation) systems. The authors use a truncated union upper bound to calculate the probability of symbol error (P/sub es/) for dual-channel 16-QAM. The frequency of occurrence of P/sub es/ versus crosstalk phase shift, with crosstalk level as a parameter, and a 3-D plot of P/sub es/ as a function of the two crosstalk phase shifts, is presented. Assuming uniform distributions for the phase shifts, the average probability of symbol error is determined, and the performance of the MLD is compared to that of the diagonalizer canceller. It is shown that the MLD gains about 1.5 dB improvement in signal-to-noise ratio above that of the diagonalizer for crosstalk values above -10 dB, and that it actually uses the crosstalk to decrease the below the zero crosstalk value for crosstalk levels less than -10 dB. >
Induction of prolactin synthesis in rat pituitary tumor cells by 5-bromodeoxyuridine.

Abstract The clonal strain of pituitary tumor cells GH 1 2C 1 does not produce detectable amounts of prolactin ( 1 2C 1 cells were grown in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU, 3 μg/ml), the cells did produce prolactin as determined by quantitative microcomplement fixation and incorporation of 3 H-leucine into 3 H-prolactin. BGH 1 2C 1 and F 1 BGH 1 2C 1 , two BrdU-resistant (r) substrains derived from GH 1 2C 1 which grow in the presence of 30 μg/ml BrdU, also synthesized prolactin (100–500 ng/mg cell protein per 24 hr). Growth of BrdU r strains was not dependent upon on the presence of the drug in the medium; however, the continued production of prolactin by F 1 BGH 1 2C 1 cells was dependent upon the presence of BrdU. Growth hormone production in both BrdU s and BrdU r strains was not affected by BrdU. Resistance of F 1 BGH 1 2C 1 cells to BrdU was not due to a defect in BrdU uptake. Thymidine inhibited the incorporation of 3 H-BrdU into DNA in both sensitive and resistant strains, and also reduced BrdU-induced prolactin synthesis in F 1 BGH 1 2C 1 . We postulate that induction of prolactin synthesis by BrdU in GH 1 2C 1 and F 1 BGH 1 2C 1 cells is mediated by the incorporation of the drug into cellular DNA. Furthermore, the lack of measurable prolactin synthesis by the parent strain GH 1 2C 1 is not due to deletion of the gene for prolactin, but is probably the result of regulatory mechanisms which do not permit expression of this gene.
ENVIRONMENTAL UNCERTAINTY AND THE TIMING OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

This paper shows that the timing of an investment to reduce the emissions of a stock pollutant under environmental uncertainty depends on the specification of uncertainty, on its level, and on the presence of a lower reflecting barrier for the level of pollutant. When variability increases with the level of stock pollutant and uncertainty is high enough, emissions should be curbed immediately; when uncertainty is small, however, there is no simple irreversibility effect because of the tension between environmental and investment irreversibility. Finally, a lower reflecting barrier may significantly affect the action threshold. These results have implications for global warming.
Seeing elegance in gene regulatory networks of the worm

There has been a recent explosion in the wealth of genomic data available to C. elegans researchers, as efforts to characterize gene expression and its regulators at a molecular level have borne significant fruit. Detailed measurement of gene expression at a variety of developmental stages, and in numerous individual tissues, has dramatically increased our understanding of cell-type-specific gene expression networks. Characterization of the targets of transcription factors, chromatin-binding proteins, and miRNAs has provided genome-wide insights into the mechanisms governing gene expression. Development of new techniques have allowed this characterization to begin to shift from whole-organism studies to tissue-level, and even single-cell-level profiling, creating a first glimpse into gene regulatory circuits at the single-cell level in a living organism. Integration of these datasets has yielded novel insights into evolution, gene expression regulation, and the link between sequence and phenotype.
Impact of Code Requirements in the Central United States: Seismic Performance Assessment of a Reinforced Concrete Building

The close proximity to the New Madrid Seismic Zone and the significant population and infrastructure presents a need to evaluate the seismic provisions in building codes adopted in Memphis, Tenn., and other central U.S. cities. This investigation identifies potential deficiencies for a typical four-story reinforced concrete (RC) frame building designed to current code requirements in the central United States. The structure was designed for three sets of seismic provisions: the 2003 International Building Code (IBC), the 2003 IBC with local Memphis amendments, and the 1999 Standard Building Code (SBC). Special seismic detailing was required for the IBC and SBC designs, whereas the amended IBC design required only intermediate seismic detailing. The nonlinear structural analysis for two earthquake recurrence intervals (10 and 2% in 50 years) indicates special seismic detailing can provide a significant improvement in the seismic performance of similar low- to midrise RC buildings in the central United States.
Computational test of the renormalization group theory of turbulence

The results of numerical simulations of random-force-driven Navier-Stokes turbulence designed to test predictions of the renormalization group theory of turbulence are presented. By specially choosing the random force, we generate fully developed turbulence with a relatively long inertial range. The results of these simulations provide direct numerical verification of the correspondence principle (V. Yakhot and S. A. Orszag, Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 1722 (1986)) and agree with the theoretical predictions based on the e-expansion to about 2–5%.
Prognostic features in men who died of prostate cancer.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Since the advent of widespread prostate specific antigen (PSA) based screening in the United States, the risk of over diagnosis as well as delayed diagnosis due to existing PSA thresholds has become a concern. Treatment decision planning is generally linked to prognostic variables, most notably PSA, clinical stage and Gleason grade. We examined these and other prognostic variables in a cohort of men who ultimately died of prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: Of 413 men with prostate cancer in a cohort in San Antonio, Texas between 1993 and 2003 who died of disease we identified 211 who died as a direct result of prostate cancer. In these cases we assessed presenting symptoms, PSA history, tumor stage and Gleason score at diagnosis.Results: Of the 211 men 141 (67%) underwent screening for prostate cancer prior to diagnosis. Of 190 men with PSA data at diagnosis available 7 (3.7%) had PSA less than 4.0 ng/ml and 27 (14%) had PSA 4.0 to 10.0 ng/ml. Clinical stage distribution was cT1 in 21...
Site rent, air quality, and the demand for amenities

Abstract There has been considerable debate as to the information contained in the coefficients of a cross-sectional regression of site rent on air quality. Much of the confusion surrounding the analysis of the relationships (a) between air quality changes and property value changes, (b) between property value changes and benefits derived from quality changes, and (c) between the estimated cross-sectional coefficients and all of the above, can be cleared up by a discussion of the meaning of the hedonic equation. In that context, the implications for demand analysis are clarified.
Liver enlargement and modification of hepatic microsomal drug metabolism in rats by pyrethrum

Abstract Oral administration of pyrethrum to male rats at 200 mg/kg for 23 days resulted in liver enlargement with decreases in hepatic DNA concentrations. While total lipid concentrations were increased significantly, the increases did not account for the enlargement. Protein concentrations of whole liver homogenates, 9000 g supernatants and the 105,000 g pellet were not different from controls. No significant changes occurred in hepatic water concentrations. Significant decreases in hexobarbital-induced hypnosis without concomitant changes in barbital-induced hypnosis suggested a pyrethrum-caused alteration in hepatic drug metabolism. The activities of hepatic microsomal enzymes responsible for EPN detoxification, p -nitroanisole demethylation and hexobarbital oxidation were increased to 150, 173 and 241% of control, respectively. No significant increases were noted in the demethylation of aminopyrine or oxidation of l -tryptophan. Increases in liver weight, the detoxification of EPN and demethylation of p -nitroanisole were found to be dose-related. Small increases in enzyme activities were observed at the lowest dose used of 85 mg/kg/day for 15 days. At a daily dose of 500 mg/kg/day, liver weights and enzyme activities were increased up to 17 days of treatment but returned to control level within 7 days after cessation of treatment. NADPH cytochrome c reductase activity and P-450 concentration were also increased. At high dose levels, pyrethrum will cause induction of microsomal enzymes.
Recovery of an overshadowed association achieved by extinction of the overshadowing stimulus.

Abstract Three experiments are reported in which conditioned lick suppression by water-deprived rats was used as an index of associative strength. In Experiment 1, overshadowing of a light by a tone was observed when the light-tone compound stimulus was paired with foot shock. After initial compound pairings, the tone-shock association was extinguished in one group of subjects. Subsequently, these animals demonstrated significantly higher levels of suppression to the light relative to a control group in which the tone had not been extinguished. Experiment 2 replicated this effect while failing to find evidence to support the possibilities that extinction presentations of the overshadowing tone act as retrieval cues for the light-shock association, or that, via second-order conditioning, the light-shock association is actually formed during extinction of the tone. Experiment 3 determined that the recovery from overshadowing observed in Experiments 1 and 2 was specific to the extinction of the overshadowing stimulus rather than the extinction of any excitatory cue. Collectively, these results suggest that the debilitated response to an overshadowed stimulus does not represent an acquisition failure, but rather the failure of an acquired association to be manifest in behavior.
Serial learning vs. reward schedules: What is learned?

Abstract Rats were employed in a runway to investigate whether different conditions for presenting reward events affect what is learned. One view is that, depending on how reward events are presented, animals may learn either simple associations or encode rules (rule view). Another view is that under all conditions for presenting reward events, animals employ the memory of prior reward events as signals for current reward events (memory view). To test these views, in each of three investigations reported here, rats were shifted to a single alternation series of rewarded and nonrewarded trials following various types of initial training. Concern was invested in whether in shift, immediate single alternation pattern responding would occur consisting of faster running on rewarded than on nonrewarded trials. All of the initial training conditions employed here were considered to be too minimal to support immediate single alternation pattern responding according to the rule view. This was true of some but not all conditions of initial training according to the memory view. Contrary to the rule view and consistent with the memory view, immediate single alternation pattern responding occurred following some types of minimal initial training but not others. Finally, we discussed the possibility that only the mechanisms within the memory view can similarly deal with all varieties of reward schedule phenomena which have previously been attributed to different, separate theories.
GONADOTROPHIC EFFECTS OF EXOGENOUS SEX HORMONES ON THE TESTES OF SPARROWS1

THE MECHANISM by which exogenous androgens act to maintain spermatogenesis or to cause spermatogenesis to go to completion in the regressed testis is not understood. It would seem that the androgen does not act through the hypophysis in mammals since it maintains spermatogenesis in the hypophysectomized rat (Nelson, 1941; Walch, Cuyler and McCullach, 1934) and stimulates spermatogenesis in ground squirrels hypophysectomized during the non-breeding season (Wells, 1942). Until the present investigation was completed,2 the only evidence that androgens stimulate the bird testis had been presented by Chu (1940) who found testis stimulation in 3 hypophysectomized pigeons. On the other hand, it had been reported for fowl (Morato-Manaro, Albrieux and Bruno, 1938) and Starlings (Burger, 1944) that androgen caused regression of the testes. However, recently androgen was shown to cause an increase in the size of the dove testis (Lahr and Riddle, 1944) and to stimulate spermatogenesis in Starling testes which had rea...
Unity gain third order lowpass filters

Data required to design third order unity gain lowpass filters are given. It is shown that these filters have lower sensitivities than previously reported constant gain third order filters and that they can achieve much higher frequency performance than conventional active filters.
Evidence for magma hybridization for the voluminous 29.5 Ma Wah Wah Springs Formation, Utah and Nevada, U.S.A.

Abstract The 29.5 Ma Wah Wah Springs Formation which erupted from the Indian Peak Caldera has an estimated volume of > 3900 km3 making it one of the largest ignimbrites on earth. The magma was calc-alkaline, dacitic (68 wt. % SiO2) and phenocryst-rich (38 vol.%). Phenocrysts include plagioclase (An 47), magnesio-hornblende, Mg-biotite, quartz, Fe-Ti oxides, diopsidic-augite, and rare Ca-poor pyroxene, in order of decreasing abundance. Apatite, zircon and pyrrhotite occurs as inclusions within phenocrysts. Atmospheric glass losses (1040 km3) account for bulk-rock compositions that have SiO2 contents ranging from 63 to 67 wt.%. Glass compositions are high-silica rhyolite. Phenocrysts equilibrated at temperatures ranging from about 790 to 850°C and oxygen fugacities approximately 2.6 log units above the QFM buffer. Confining pressure estimates using the aluminum-in-hornblende geobarometer calibrated for calc-alkaline volcanic rocks suggest a mean pressure of 230±50 MPa corresponding to 7.5±1.5 km depth. These estimates are consistent with caldera formation accompanying emplacement. Crystal compositions for phenocrysts and mineral inclusions within phenocrysts are remarkably homogeneous throughout the outflow tuff, although minor zoning does occur. Given the dacitic composition of the magma, the weakly zoned phenocryst population cannot be modeled to produce the observed high-silica glass (melt) indicating open-system behavior for the magma. The high-silica rhyolite glass is interpreted to be an artifact of efficient magma mixing accompanying addition of highly evolved magma, or melt to intermediate composition magma. Mixing was followed by magma hybridization. Additional support for this hybridization model includes: (1) physically and chemically distinct populations of augite; (2) minor but unbiquitous resorbed plagioclase, biotite and hornblende phenocrysts; and (3) reverse zoning in some of the plagioclase euhedra within pumice lapilli.
Dual circular polarization of tilted beam by a single arm rectangular spiral antenna

A single-arm rectangular spiral antenna has been investigated to obtain dual circular polarization of a tilted beam. The proposed rectangular spiral antenna is printed on a finite size dielectric substrate (/spl epsiv//sub r/=3.27) backed by a finite size conducting plane. Spiral arm length (L) is varied from L=0.99/spl lambda//sub o/ to L=4.06/spl lambda//sub o/ to choose the length that yields the proper axial ratio and gain. L is chosen to be two values: L/sub 1/=1.05/spl lambda//sub o/ and L/sub 2/=3.35/spl lambda//sub o/. L/sub 1/ radiates an axial beam and L/sub 2/ radiates a tilted beam. The spiral radiates right hand circular polarization (RHCP) in its axial beam (L/sub 1/=1.05/spl lambda/o) due to the winding sense. In addition, the spiral radiates dual circular polarization (RHCP and LHCP) at its tilted beam (L/sub 2/=3.35/spl lambda//sub o/) in one antenna element.
Reconstruction of the frond of Laceya hibernica, a Lyginopterid pteridosperm from the uppermost Devonian of Ireland

Abstract The frond of Laceya hibernica May et Matten was studied using anatomical/morphological features and statistical analyses. Quantitative and qualitative characters were used to identify and determine position in the frond of isolated fragments. Features examined were: cross-sectional diameter and height; cross-sectional areas of the entire axis, vascular tissues and sclerenchymatous tissue; number of protoxylem groups; and shape of vascular tissue. The frond was at least twice compound with a single dichotomous forking of the primary rachis. Alternate pinnae occurred prior to bifurcation of the primary rachis and along the secondary rachises. Anatomically, the primary rachis had three regions: the base—with a V-shaped vascular strand with 8–12 protoxylem groups; the mid-section—with a W-shaped strand with 10–16 protoxylem groups; and immediately below the bifurcation—with two V- or U-shaped vascular strands with 3–8 protoxylem groups each. Secondary rachises were characterized by a V- or J-shaped vascular strand with 4–8 protoxylem groups. Pinna traces were bilobed to arcuate with 2–4 protoxylem groups. Protoxylem maturation was mesarch throughout the frond. A well-developed sparganum outer cortex occurred in the rachises and was reduced or lacking in pinnae and pinnules. Reconstructions of the frond were assembled. Comparisons were made between the frond of Laceya and the fronds of members of the Lyginopteridales sensu lato, Stenokoleales and Aneurophytales.
Effects of Intermediate Filament Disruption on the Early Development of the Peripheral Nervous System of Xenopus laevis

The principal function of intermediate filaments is to strengthen cells. Their developmentally regulated, tissue-specific patterns of expression further suggest that they modulate cellular structural properties during development. To explore the role of intermediate filaments in development, we injected RNA encoding a truncated form of the Xenopus laevis middle-molecular-weight neurofilament protein (NF-M) into embryonic frog blastomeres at the 2-cell stage. A similar truncated form of mammalian NF-M disrupts neurofilaments (Type IV) and vimentin (Type III) intermediate filaments in transfected fibroblasts. In cultures made from dissociated neural tubes and their adjacent myotomes, the resultant protein disrupted both desmin filaments in muscle cells and neurofilaments in neurons during the first day of culture, which corresponds to stage 35/36 in the intact embryo. We next examined the effects of this truncated neurofilament protein on development of the nervous system. The greatest effects were seen on development of cranial and primary motor nerves, which were severely stunted as late as stage 37/38. In addition to these effects, ectopic neurons also appeared immediately beneath the epidermis along the flank of tadpoles expressing the truncated neurofilament protein. Whereas the former effects on peripheral nerve development were nearly identical to effects obtained with injected neurofilament antibodies, the ectopic neurons were novel, suggesting they resulted from the disruption of intermediate filaments other than the neurofilaments. These experiments thus implicate intermediate filaments in several functions important for normal neural development.
Residual effects of carbaryl and dicofol on Aphytis holoxanthus Debach (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae).

Abstract Aphytis holoxanthus Debach is an important biological control agent of Florida red scale, Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.). Laboratory tests quantified the mortality of this hymenopteran parasite caused by field residues of carbaryl and dicofol. Behavior and mortality of adult A. holoxanthus on carbaryl-treated “Hamlin” orange leaves were related to quantities of dislodgeable pesticide residues over time as field residues weathered. After 24 h, mortality of A. holoxanthus by dicofol was not observed through day 31 when the experiment was terminated. Our data showed that field-weathered carbaryl residues killed A. holoxanthus for a period of up to 22 days posttreatment under spring conditions in Florida.
Release kinetics of nisin from biodegradable poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) films into water

Abstract The release kinetics of nisin from poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) to distilled water was studied at of 5.6, 22 and 40 °C. The release kinetics of nisin from PBAT film was described using Fick’s second law of diffusion, partition coefficient, and Weibull model. The diffusion coefficients (D) determined were 0.93, 2.29, and 5.78 × 10−10 cm2/s at 5.6, 22, and 40 °C, respectively. The partition coefficients (K) calculated were 0.84, 3.89, and 5.2 × 103 at 5.6, 22, and 40 °C, respectively. The nisin release data at selected temperatures were fitted with the Weibull model (R2 > 0.97) with b and n values ranging from 0.02 to 0.98 and from 0.28 to 0.45, respectively. The temperature dependence of D, K, and Weibull model parameter b was modeled using the Arrhenius equation giving values of activation energy (Ea) of 38.3 kJ mol−1 (for D), 38.5 kJ mol−1 (for K), and 79.5 kJ mol−1 (for b).
Effect of sodium 5-allyl-5-(1 methylbutyl) 2-thiobarbiturate on uptake of I131 by rat thyroid.

Summary1. Surital markedly reduces the incorporation of I131 into rat thyroid. 2. The proportion of recoverable I131 in the inorganic and organically bound fractions of thyroid alkaline hydrolysate is essentially the same for control and Surital treated rats.
Seasonal abundance of soil mites (Acari) in experimental agroecosystems: Effects of drought in no-tillage and conventional tillage

Abstract Soil mite abundance were measured during a 2-year period (1984–1986) in experimental agroecosystems subjected to conventional tillage or no-tillage treatments. The experimental site is a humid, subtropical floodplain located in Clarke County, GA, U.S.A. Soil mite abundances were greater in conventional tillage during 1984–1985, but became greater in no-tillage during 1985–1986. Soil mite build-up in no-tillage coincided with a major drought during the summer of 1986, when both Prostigmata and Oribatei showed large increases in numbers. Although the effects of drought conditions cannot be readily separated from other trends (since droughts are unreplicated and lack controls), higher populations under no-tillage conditions are consistent with the water retention properties of conservation tillage agroecosystems.