cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract ES6-2: Alternative practical models for genetic services in the era of increased demand

Despite known treatment and prevention benefits, studies have reported that less than 50% of individuals who would be appropriate candidates for consideration of BRCA1/2 genetic testing actually are referred and undergo testing. Many mutations remain undetected leading to suboptimal recommendations regarding screening for patients. Furthermore, as a consequence, at-risk family members do not undergo predictive (“cascade”) testing. There are several potential strategies to identify individuals for genetic referrals and increase testing. One important approach is the increase awareness amongst healthcare providers. The 2019 USPSTF recommends that primary care providers screen women who have family members with breast, ovarian, tubal, or peritoneal cancer with one of several screening tools designed to identify a family history that may be associated with an increased risk for potentially harmful mutations in breast cancer susceptibility genes (BRCA1 or BRCA2). Using different and/or simplified screening tools in breast imaging settings for example have shown to be feasible in identifying such individuals. Studies implementing this approach in other primary care settings are ongoing. The next step in increasing genetic testing include identification of new strategies for genetic counseling and testing. Traditionally, genetic counseling has been delivered in in-person visits with the genetic counselor. However, genetic testing has become more complex due to expanding testing indications and the addition of multiple genes in testing panels. To respond to this increasing demand, new delivery models are now being implemented; such as using technology for remote genetic counseling, such as telegentic counseling, web-based counseling, or pre test video counseling (without genetic counselor) followed by back-end genetic counseling with a counselor for mutation positive individuals. Further studies are needed to understand optimal process flow in different clinical settings. Citation Format: BAA Arun. Alternative practical models for genetic services in the era of increased demand [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr ES6-2.
The Benefits of Adjuvant Trastuzumab for HER-2-Positive Salivary Gland Cancers

Background Although high-grade salivary gland cancers (SGCs) often express androgen receptor (AR) and/or HER-2/neu, therapeutically targeting these receptors in SGC remains investigational. We investigated the prevalence of receptor expression and the benefit of adjuvant HER-2 directed therapy in the high-risk postoperative setting and explored the clinical utility of sequentially targeting these receptors in the setting of advanced disease. Materials and methods We clinically annotated 95 patients with SGC (excluding adenoid cystic carcinoma) treated at our institution from 2002 to 2019 and recorded AR, HER-2/neu status, and tumor genomic profiling results when available. Clinicopathologic information was then integrated with outcomes. Results Of 95 patients, most had high-risk histologies, with salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) as the most frequent diagnosis (43, 45%). Thirty-five (37%) experienced recurrence (51% SDC). HER-2/neu was positive (1-3+) by immunostaining in 34 of 52 (65%) evaluable cases. There was no difference in survival based on HER-2/neu or AR expression. Nine of 17 (53%) patients with HER-2+ SDC received adjuvant chemoradiation with trastuzumab. Median disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were longer among patients with HER-2/neu 3+ staining tumors who received adjuvant trastuzumab versus those who did not (DFS, 117 vs. 9 months; p = .02; OS, 74 vs. 43 months; p = .02), with no difference among other HER-2/neu subgroups (0-2+). Two of nine (22%) patients treated with adjuvant trastuzumab demonstrated recurrence, both with low HER-2/neu staining intensity (1+). Longer time to recurrence (hazard ratio, 0.94; p = .01) predicted improved outcomes. Both androgen deprivation and HER-2-directed therapies had clinical benefit beyond the first-line metastatic setting, with partial response observed beyond second-line use. Conclusion Although prospective data are lacking, the use of adjuvant trastuzumab in high-risk patients with SGC appears beneficial, particularly among patients with tumors exhibiting HER-2/neu 3+ immunostaining. Implications for practice Results of this study showed an improved disease-free and overall survival in patients treated with adjuvant trastuzumab for high-risk salivary gland cancers with strong HER-2/neu staining intensity. Following recurrence or metastatic spread, sequential HER-2, and androgen-directed therapies may benefit certain patients with salivary gland cancer.
Nature-derived materials for the fabrication of functional biodevices.

Abstract Nature provides an incredible source of inspiration, structural concepts, and materials towards applications to improve the lives of people around the world, while preserving ecosystems, and addressing environmental sustainability. In particular, materials derived from animal and plant sources can provide low-cost, renewable building blocks for such applications. Nature-derived materials are of interest for their properties of biodegradability, bioconformability, biorecognition, self-repair, and stimuli response. While long used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, their use in functional devices such as (bio)electronics, sensors, and optical systems for healthcare and biomonitoring is finding increasing attention. The objective of this review is to cover the varied nature derived and sourced materials currently used in active biodevices and components that possess electrical or electronic behavior. We discuss materials ranging from proteins and polypeptides such as silk and collagen, polysaccharides including chitin and cellulose, to seaweed derived biomaterials, and DNA. These materials may be used as passive substrates or support architectures and often, as the functional elements either by themselves or as biocomposites. We further discuss natural pigments such as melanin and indigo that serve as active elements in devices. Increasingly, combinations of different biomaterials are being used to address the challenges of fabrication and performance in human monitoring or medicine. Finally, this review gives perspectives on the sourcing, processing, degradation, and biocompatibility of these materials. This rapidly growing multidisciplinary area of research will be advanced by a systematic understanding of nature inspired materials and design concepts in (bio)electronic devices.
The Gastronomy as an Art and its Role in the Local Economic Development of a Tourism Destination: A Literature Review

The purpose of this paper is to review recent research on the art of gastronomy and its contribution to local economic development as a result of the upgrading of gastronomic tourism. Hospitality and the culinary arts undoubtedly play a major role in influencing the experience of gastro-tourists who seek to enjoy unique taste sensations through the alternative gastronomic choices that are constantly being created globally. Gastronomy is not only the art of cooking and good eating; it has also been argued that is a complex experience that combines food with the cultural heritage of a tourist destination. Although there is a growing body of literature that recognizes the importance of tourism, it remains a major challenge to identify the contribution gastronomic tourism makes to economic development. Our study systematically reviews all the relevant recent literature on this topic, offering additional arguments for how the art of gastronomy can be utilized as a means of bolstering the economic prosperity of a host country. JEL Classification: M1, L80, 01
18F-FDG-PET/CT value for early diagnosis of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) in HIV+ patients

545 Objectives HIV-1 infection usually results in depletion of CD4+ T cells with secondary increased vulnerability to opportunistic infections (OIs) and development of AIDS. Although current antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens lead to restoration of CD4+ T cells and immune function, enabling individuals to mount an adequate immune response to pathogens and microbes, a subset of patients present paradoxical worsening of pre-existing infectious/inflammatory conditions, despite control of HIV viremia. This phenomenon is referred to as Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS). IRIS generally occurs within the first 6 months after ART initiation. Early diagnosis of IRIS as well as identification of the subset of HIV+ patients with potential to develop IRIS is of utmost importance for the optimal management of these patients. Thus, we designed a prospective study to evaluate the potential clinical usefulness of 18F-FGD-PET/CT in IRIS diagnosis and characterization. Methods 17 ART-naive/HIV+ patients were prospectively evaluated with 18F-FDG-PET/CT scans before and one month after initiation of ART. Each scan was acquired 60 minutes after i.v. administration of approximately 10 mCi of 18F-FDG. In both studies of each patient (pre-ART, post-ART), volumes of interest (VOIs) were delineated in specific regions of interest including liver, spleen, bone marrow (L5 vertebra and right iliac bone), axillary and inguinal lymph nodes, as well as in hypermetabolic foci of non-physiologic 18F-FDG uptake (most likely infectious foci). Total glycolytic activity (TGA) for each VOI was obtained using MIM software. TGA values were compared at baseline, in correlation with the development of clinical IRIS. Results Eight out of the 18 patients were eventually classified as IRIS based on clinical presentation while 9 patients were deemed not to have developed IRIS. At baseline, patients who eventually developed IRIS syndrome had a higher burden of infectious lesions (p=0.007), and they showed significantly higher TGA in the bone marrow (p=0.018, Wilcoxon rank sum test) compared to non-IRIS patients. In response to ART, non-IRIS patients showed significant decrease in their bone marrow TGA (p=0.0039, Wilcoxon rank sum test) while those who developed IRIS showed a slight (non-significant) increase (Fig. 1). Furthermore, within the non-IRIS group, five out of 9 patients had a mixed response with almost half of the lesions showing increased uptake rather than decreased uptake after treatment. Conclusions Increased metabolic activity in the bone marrow before initiation of ART is associated with development of IRIS in HIV+ patients. In addition, 18F-FDG PET showed worsening of disease in patients who did not manifest clinical worsening, raising the possibility of subclinical IRIS, although the exact implications of this phenomenon as far as treatment remain unclear.
Malnutrition in hospitalized adults with cerebral palsy

BACKGROUND Malnutrition among hospitalized adults with cerebral palsy (CP) has not been extensively explored. We sought to identify impacts of malnutrition on clinical and resource outcomes among hospitalized adults with CP. METHODS This retrospective cohort study surveyed years 2016 and 2017 from the National Inpatient Sample database. Regression models evaluated mortality and resource utilization. RESULTS 154,219 adults with CP were hospitalized. Among them, 21,064/154,219 (13.5%) had malnutrition. Patients with and without malnutrition were similar in age (mean age ± SEM, 45.1 ± 0.30 vs 45.2 ± 0.18 years; P = .70). Patients with malnutrition were more likely male (12,175/21,604 [57.8%] vs 72,929/133,155 [54.8%], P < .01) and had higher comorbidity scores (Charlson comorbidity score ≥ 3; 2,464/21,064 [11.7%] vs 14,380/133,155 [10.8%]; P = .01). Mortality rates were higher among patients with malnutrition (905/21,064 [4.3%] vs 2,796/21,064 [2.1%], P < .01), and they had higher odds for mortality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.1; CI, 1.7-2.5; P < .01). Those with malnutrition were less likely discharged home (aOR = 0.52; CI, 0.48-0.56; P < .01). Hospital charges were higher (adjusted mean difference [aMD] = +$42,540; CI, $36,934-48,146; P < .01) and length of stay longer (aMD = +4.3 days; CI, 3.9-4.7; P < .01) among patients with malnutrition. CONCLUSION Malnutrition in hospitalized patients with CP is associated with increased mortality and hospital resource utilization. Flagging these patients as being "high risk" when they are hospitalized may result in heightened attentiveness about clinical outcomes in this vulnerable population.
The policing of subway fare evasion in postindustrial Los Angeles

According to the postindustrial policing thesis, cities that use cultural development strategies to attract new residents and visitors rely on order maintenance policing tactics to reinforce middle...
Overview of Au-Al Bond Interface

Wire bonding technology is the main form of interconnection in integrated circuits. It has the advantages of simple process, low cost, and suitable for various packaging forms. In traditional integrated circuits, gold wires are used to achieve electrical interconnection between the chip and the housing for reliability considerations. According to related documents and patents, this literature overviews the research progress of the influence of bonding materials, bonding pad quality and interface compound evolution on the interface bonding strength and reliability, and looks forward to the future development prospects. The article reviews bonding wires and the development direction of bonding alloy wires. The paper summarizes the theory of void growth on the bonding interface, that is kirkendall effect, volume shrinkage and IMC oxidation. The article studies the influence of alloy wires on the quality of the bonding interface, as well as the effects of doping with different components and gold content.
An empirical model for wind-generated ocean noise

An empirical model for wind-generated underwater noise is presented that was developed using an extensive dataset of acoustic field recordings and a global wind model. These data encompass more than one hundred years of recording-time and capture high wind events, and were collected both on shallow continental shelves and in open ocean deep-water settings. The model aims to explicitly separate noise generated by wind-related sources from noise produced by anthropogenic sources. Two key wind-related sound-generating mechanisms considered are: surface wave and turbulence interactions, and bubble and bubble cloud oscillations. The model for wind-generated noise shows small frequency dependence (5 dB/decade) at low frequencies (10-100 Hz), and larger frequency dependence (∼15 dB/decade) at higher frequencies (400 Hz-20 kHz). The relationship between noise level and wind speed is linear for low wind speeds ( 15 m/s), noise levels begin to decrease at high frequencies (>10 kHz), likely due to interaction between bubbles and screening of noise radiation in the presence of high-density bubble clouds.
What Keeps Me Awake at Night": Assisted Living Administrator Responses to COVID-19."

Background and objectives Assisted living (AL) constitutes an important sector of residential long-term care, yet there has been limited research about the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in this setting. This qualitative study sought to understand the impact of the early stages of the pandemic (February-August 2020) from AL administrators' perspectives. Research design and methods Semi-structured phone interviews were conducted with 40 AL administrators in Oregon. A stratified sampling method emphasizing rurality, profit status, Medicaid acceptance, and memory care (MC) designation was used to maximize variation in perspectives. We asked eight questions aimed at understanding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on their roles and AL residents and their families, as well as AL operations, such as staffing and resource procurement. Audio-recorded interviews were transcribed and analyzed using an iterative thematic analysis. Results We identified three themes that characterize AL administrators' response to COVID-19: emotion and burn-out management, information management, and crisis management. Based on their experiences, administrators made suggestions for managing future crises. Discussion and implications Our findings demonstrate the slow-burning but devastating impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in AL communities similar to recent findings in nursing homes. Coupled with the limited resources, perceived external pressures, and the ongoing pandemic, many administrators were managing but not thriving in these domains. AL as a care setting, and the role of administrators, requires more scholarly and policy attention, especially regarding emergency preparedness and response.
The combinatorially symmetric P-matrix completion problem

An n-by-n real matrix is called a P -matrix if all its principal minors are positive. The P -matrix completion problem asks which partial P -matrices have a completion to a P -matrix. Here, we prove that every partial P -matrix with combinatorially symmetric speci ed entries has a P -matrix completion. The general case, in which the combinatorial symmetry assumption is relaxed, is also discussed.
Human Health and the Environment as the Twentieth Century Ends

The relationship between human health and the physical environment is both obvious and obscure. It is obvious in the case of acute microbial agents or chemical toxins when symptoms occur soon after ingestion, inhalation, or absorption. It is obscure in the case of long-term effects of trace contaminants that produce no acute symptoms but are suspected of involvement in chronic disease by virtue of extrapolation from in vitro or in vivo laboratory studies or epidemiological investigations. It should not surprise us that scientists are not always in agreement as to the magnitude or even the nature of environmental risk (indeed, we cannot even agree definitively on whether the twentieth century ends on December 31, 1999 or on December 31, 2000). Nor should we be surprised that environmental standards and regulations are often deemed too strict by industry and conservatives while at the same time too lax by environmentalists and liberals.
Self-Reliance: The Best Entrepreneurial Skill

Are universities coddling entrepreneurship students? Universities seem to think that hand-holding is needed to teach entrepreneurship. To this end, students are encouraged to attend business planning sessions, to find mentors, to work with academic advisors, and to present their pitches to financiers and other successful entrepreneurs – all of which seems to be spoon-feeding students, rather than seeking to build independent leaders. Is there a need for a better balance between hand-holding and total independence?
Acetate Metabolism in Anaerobes from the Domain Archaea

Acetate and acetyl-CoA play fundamental roles in all of biology, including anaerobic prokaryotes from the domains Bacteria and Archaea, which compose an estimated quarter of all living protoplasm in Earth’s biosphere. Anaerobes from the domain Archaea contribute to the global carbon cycle by metabolizing acetate as a growth substrate or product. They are components of anaerobic microbial food chains converting complex organic matter to methane, and many fix CO2 into cell material via synthesis of acetyl-CoA. They are found in a diversity of ecological habitats ranging from the digestive tracts of insects to deep-sea hydrothermal vents, and synthesize a plethora of novel enzymes with biotechnological potential. Ecological investigations suggest that still more acetate-metabolizing species with novel properties await discovery.
The Structure of Employment, Globalization, and Economic Crises: Rethinking Contemporary Employment Dynamics with a Focus on the U.S. and Japan

This paper explores the intersections between the current trajectory of globalization, changes to the structure of employment, and policies for maintaining opportunities for decent employment. There are numerous outcomes of these interactions, including higher levels of open unemployment, growth of informal employment, downward pressure on the returns to labor, and a redistribution of risk from capital to labor. Common factors have affected labor demand and labor supply in a range of countries, but specific employment outcomes are dependent on domestic institutions and structural realities. Within this broader framework, the paper examines changing patterns of employment in Japan and the U.S. in recent years, including the experience of both countries with regard to financial bubbles and subsequent crises.
Bacterial Utilization of Oligopeptides Containing β-2-Thienylalanine and Phenylalanine

Abstract A series of tetrapeptides including triglycyl-dl-phenylalanine, dl-phenylalanyltriglycine, triglycyl-β-2-thienyl-dl-alanine, and β-2-thienyl-dl-alanyltriglycine was synthesized by conventional methods. The two pentapeptides l-phenylalanyltetraglycine and β-2-thienyl-l-alanyltetraglycine were synthesized by a solid phase method. The peptides were tested for their capacity to influence the growth of a wild strain of Escherichia coli. The two tetrapeptides containing β-2-thienylalanine were good inhibitors of E. coli growth in basal medium; however, the pentapeptide was inhibitory only at relatively high concentrations. The two tetrapeptides containing phenylalanine were more efficient in reversing the growth inhibitory effects of β-2-thienylalanine than was free phenylalanine, but the pentapeptide l-phenylalanyltetraglycine stimulated E. coli growth only at high concentrations in the presence of β-2-thienylalanine. When E. coli growth was dependent upon the presence of either dl-phenylalanyltriglycine or triglycyl-dl-phenylalanine, the analogous β-2-thienylalanine-containing tetrapeptides were more effective than free β-2-thienylalanine in inhibiting E. coli growth. The results show that the growth of a wild strain of E. coli is influenced by several tetrapeptides containing either phenylalanine or β-2-thienylalanine. However, two pentapeptides were relatively ineffective, probably because of severely limited transport of these larger molecules into the cells.
The Beltway Network: A Network Analysis of Lobbyists' Donations to Members of Congress

This paper develops a network approach to lobbying. We posit that the building blocks of the lobbying game are relationships, with lobbyists and legislators benefitting from bonds based on familiarity and mutual interest. Using data on contributions from lobbyists to legislators in the 2006 electoral cycle, we identify key dimensions of this network. We find that legislators are more likely to receive donations from the same lobbyists if they are from the same party (in the Senate), state, or committee; if they are both vulnerable in the next election; and the number of common donors increases the more agreement there is in the voting record of a pair of legislators.
Prayers to Those Who Wait

Memory of Ashes and_ Things are not as they seem. My mom and dad are resting in their bed. She rests on her side, cradling him?her eyes are open and unfocused in the direction of the far wall. The room is dark. It is late, later than you think. With the shades drawn there is no telling whether there's a moon shining through clouds. Or if it's just rising and silvering the tree tops. Or if the sky is empty except for a pale disk too low to see from this forested suburb. There is no sound but the fan turning so slowly the air moved is a continuous faint breath, exhaling every thing without wheeze, without holding back, steadily. The trick, the turn I was going to spring on you, is that my father is not there. Inside my mom's arms is an urn, inside which is a plas tic bag, inside which is a dry, complex mixture of ashes and small, unmitigated bones. There. Don't you feel better? Nothing to_. But don't underestimate the _ of memory. At this moment my mom is reliving her marriage and attempting?fail ing?to not relive the time in the_. I want to say conscious ness presides over memory, memory presides over conscience, conscience presides over desire, and desire. Desire. She tells me to take deep breaths, calm the heart as though forc ing sleep, and pick a point in time. Reconstruct, from the ground up: the white of the walls, the sky leaking in through the window, that sound in the distance, some sound in the distance, as of arrival: the intensive care walls beep and the air smells_. The heart and lung machine_like a dog at your feet. There is a swollen on the bed.
Perceived organizational support and embeddedness as key mechanisms connecting socialization tactics to commitment and turnover among new employees

Summary Retention of new hires is a critical issue for organizations. We propose that relationships are important mechanisms through which socialization tactics influence commitment and turnover. The key theoretical mechanisms connecting socialization tactics to turnover in our model are the extent to which newcomers perceive their relationship with the organization as supportive, caring, and entailing positive social exchanges and the extent to which newcomers become embedded within the organization. We collected longitudinal data from over 500 employees over the first year of employment. Consistent with our hypotheses, socialization tactics influence perceived organizational support (POS) and job embeddedness, and POS and embeddedness both relate to organizational commitment and voluntary turnover. Results support POS and embeddedness as relational mechanisms that bind employees to the organization as a result of socialization tactics. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Great War and Christian Faith: The Firsthand Accounts of Three Priests in France

In this essay I explore three firsthand accounts of religious faith from The First World War: Forsaken by Private Orr, The Letters of John Ayscough to His Mother, and The Making of a Mind: Letters from a Soldier Priest 1914-1919, by Pierre Teilhard de Chardin. These three priests provide us with a glimpse of how faithful people responded to very challenging situations. Private Orr came into the war as an ordained priest, but lost his faith after two years of fighting. Monsignor Ayscough worked mainly with wounded soldiers, offering them pastoral care in many different settings. Teilhard de Chardin served as a stretcher-bearer on the frontlines of many fierce battles, earning the respect he would need to talk to soldiers about their faith in the moments just before they went ‘over the top.’ In a concluding section, I try to draw out some implications of their stories for pastoral care today.
Brain and body temperatures in a panting lizard

Panting in Sauromalus obesus is effective enough to keep deep body temperature ( T C) and brain temperature ( T B) below an ambient temperature of 45°C for extended periods of time and has a greater cooling effect on the brain than on the remainder of the body. Six animals maintained T C and T B 0.9°C (± 0.08 standard error) and 2.7°C (± 0.2 standard error) respectively lower than the ambient temperature of 45°C. It is possible that intracranial vascular shunts play a role in cranial cooling during panting.
Five potential principles for understanding cultural differences in relation to individual differences

This paper deals with psychological differences between two cultures, with respect to the differences between individuals in those same cultures. Five principles are presented which describe either actual or probable empirical relationships between within- and between-culture differences, and a possible theoretical account is given for each of the presumed differences. (1) The differences between “cultures” seem “bigger” than the actual differences between the individuals in these same cultures. This relation is attributed to the idea that universal human biological predispositions are often opposed by cultural traditions, so the outcome is somewhat of a compromise between the two. (2) Differences between individuals in different cultures are generally larger in behavior than in thoughts or feelings This is attributed to the fact that it is easier to socialize behavior than mental events. (3) Many cultural differences are expressed in individuals in terms of different default responses or interpretations or preferences for the same situation. Dominant responses in one culture are usually a less salient part of the repertoire of individuals in another culture. (4) Much of the effect of culture, and our impression of culture differences, results from the physical/social artifacts (environments, institutions) created by the culture. There is a strong tendency by psychologists to under-rate or ignore the effects of the physical environment. (5) In the contemporary world, differences between individuals in two cultures will be larger in older generations. Cultural differences may be markedly reduced in the most recent generations, on account of globalization. The position put forth is an attempt to integrate the ideas that there are real human predispositions of various sorts and that culture is a powerful force, and to explain why it is surprisingly easy for us to understand the viewpoint of people from other cultures (their “reality”is often a less preferred alternative in our own repertoire).
Care of the organization: Training and development strategies

Abstract The increased use of technology and demand for new services require a commitment on the part of library administrations to provide consistent and comprehensive training and development programs for staff. This article explores the conceptual framework for such programs, practical solutions, and recommendations for cost-effective programs within limited budgets.
Sexual Difference, Feminism, and the Law

Feminist legal theory has burgeoned in the last decade. Feminist jurists have chiefly engaged in one or more of three principal enterprises. Some are investigating the male bias of both current legal modes of thinking and the way the legal system is administered.' Some are considering the repercussions of the feminist uncovering of the significance of difference, not only for women but also for minorities, the handicapped, children, and other groups previously to a large extent ignored by legal theory.2 And some are examining the history and current ramifications of sex discrimination and discussing the best mode of achieving equality between the sexes.3 Though different in many respects, Wendy Kaminer's A
The multilayer approximation for infrasonic wave propagation in a temperature- and wind-stratified atmosphere

Abstract The multilayer approximation previously used to study propagation in wind-free atmospheres is extended to include winds. Two generalized acoustic potentials are defined which are continuous even at horizontal discontinuities in wind velocity or sound speed and the residual equations which these quantities satisfy are derived. Two dispersion functions are defined whose roots give the phase-velocity magnitude and phase-velocity direction for normal-mode waves propagating with given frequency and given group-velocity direction. The multilayer approximation is introduced for computing these dispersion functions by approximating continuously stratified atmospheres with models consisting of a finite number of layers, each with constant wind velocity and sound speed. Numerical methods for finding the roots of the dispersion function are discussed. The theory is then applied to an example of a multilayered atmosphere and curves, for several horizontal group-velocity directions, of phase-velocity, group-velocity, and phase-velocity direction versus frequency are tabulated for several normal modes.
Multi-scale and multi-criteria mapping of mountain peaks as fuzzy entities

Mountain peaks are mapped as multi-scale entities with modifiable boundaries and variable contents. Four semantic meanings are imported and quantified to first characterize peaks at a range of spatial scales and then evaluate the multi-criteria 'peakness' at each scale. Peakness is defined as the prototypicality of identified summits and as the similarity of each point (cell) to summits. The procedure then summarizes the individual-scale peakness across considered spatial scales into a univariate membership surface. This allows mapping of vague peak entities as non-homogeneous peak regions whose boundaries depend on user-specified peakness thresholds. This procedure was applied in a case study to tackle several challenges in landform delineation, including boundary, spatial continuity, spatial scale, topographic context, and multi-criteria definition.
Transient Performance of Gyro in Spinning Spacecraft

Transient performance of a single-axis rate gyroscope mounted in a spacecraft which is spinning about the spin axis of the gyro is presented. Analytical expressions for various time-domain and frequency-domain specifications as functions of the spin rate of the vehicle are obtained. Numerical results are presented which are useful in selecting the gyro parameters if it is to be used for the measurements of the angular velocity in spinning space vehicles.
Digital image processing at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory part I — Diagnostic radiography applications

In recent years there has been an increasing interest in the processing of pictorial images by digital computer. Since the initial success of digital image correction at JPL in support of the space program, considerable effort has been devoted to applying image processing techniques in a wide variety of application areas. This effort has involved the direct spin-off of some basic research results in industrial applications and the utilization of this experience in establishing relevant directions of new image processing research and development.
Tensile Properties, Collagen Content, and Crosslinks in Connective Tissues of the Immature Knee Joint

Background The major connective tissues of the knee joint act in concert during locomotion to provide joint stability, smooth articulation, shock absorption, and distribution of mechanical stresses. These functions are largely conferred by the intrinsic material properties of the tissues, which are in turn determined by biochemical composition. A thorough understanding of the structure-function relationships of the connective tissues of the knee joint is needed to provide design parameters for efforts in tissue engineering. Methodology/Principal Findings The objective of this study was to perform a comprehensive characterization of the tensile properties, collagen content, and pyridinoline crosslink abundance of condylar cartilage, patellar cartilage, medial and lateral menisci, cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments (analogous to anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments in humans, respectively), medial and lateral collateral ligaments, and patellar ligament from immature bovine calves. Tensile stiffness and strength were greatest in the menisci and patellar ligament, and lowest in the hyaline cartilages and cruciate ligaments; these tensile results reflected trends in collagen content. Pyridinoline crosslinks were found in every tissue despite the relative immaturity of the joints, and significant differences were observed among tissues. Notably, for the cruciate ligaments and patellar ligament, crosslink density appeared more important in determining tensile stiffness than collagen content. Conclusions/Significance To our knowledge, this study is the first to examine tensile properties, collagen content, and pyridinoline crosslink abundance in a direct head-to-head comparison among all of the major connective tissues of the knee. This is also the first study to report results for pyridinoline crosslink density that suggest its preferential role over collagen in determining tensile stiffness for certain tissues.
Smoothness from finite points

(1991). Smoothness From Finite Points. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 98, No. 1, pp. 27-31.
Expanding Photovoltaic Energy Usage: Some Strategic and Technical Considerations

Crystalline silicon photovoltaic cell technology status is examined in this paper with respect to its maturity and its ability to be profitably adopted into commercial production. Questions regarding the investment community confidence in the technology are raised and discussed as well as the timing of developing advanced production plants for photovoltaic energy generators.
T2QM (teaching and total quality management) for medical teachers

There is a growing interest in applying the concepts of total quality management (TQM) to the fields of health care and medical education. This paper explores the potential relationship of teaching and TQM, and the subsequent benefits for individual medical teachers. Issues such as defining teaching processes and quality teaching, addressing customers' needs, assessing current teaching practices and improving one's teaching are described.
Error detection for polynomial computations

We consider the problem of error detection in a process of computation of a polynomial over the field of complex numbers or over GF(p). By errors we mean errors in the text of a program or `stuck-at? errors in a device computing a polynomial. For error detection we use linear checks constructed by the technique of Fourier transformation over the group of binary vectors. Complexity estimations, optimal checks and estimations of the error-correcting capability of these checks are obtained.
Betaine attenuates alcoholic steatosis by restoring phosphatidylcholine generation via the phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase pathway.

Background/Aims Previous studies in our laboratory implicated ethanol-induced decreases in hepatocellular S -adenosylmethionine to S -adenosylhomocysteine (SAM:SAH) ratios in lowering the activity of phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase (PEMT), which is associated with the generation of steatosis. Further in vitro studies showed that betaine supplementation could correct these alterations in the ratio as well as attenuate alcoholic steatosis. Therefore, we sought to determine whether the protective effect of betaine is via its effect on PEMT activity. Methods Male Wistar rats were fed the Lieber DeCarli control or ethanol diet with or without 1% betaine supplementation for 4 weeks. Results We observed that ethanol feeding resulted in decreased phosphatidylcholine (PC) production by a PEMT-catalyzed reaction. Betaine supplementation corrected the ethanol-induced decrease in hepatic SAM:SAH ratios and by normalizing PC production via the PEMT-mediated pathway, significantly reduced fatty infiltration associated with ethanol consumption. This restoration of hepatocellular SAM:SAH ratio by betaine supplementation was associated with increases in the activity, enzyme mass and gene expression of the enzyme, betaine homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT), that remethylates homocysteine. Conclusions Betaine, by virtue of promoting an alternate remethylation pathway, restores SAM:SAH ratios that, in turn, correct the defective cellular methylation reaction catalyzed by PEMT resulting in protection against the generation of alcoholic steatosis.
The California School Psychologist Provides Valuable Information Regarding Strength-Based Assessment, Youth Development, and School Success

This issue of The California School Psychologist includes important information regarding strengthbased assessment in facilitating youth development and school success. This collection of articles provides valuable insights that will inform contemporary school psychologists working in the schools, as well as contribute to the foundation and future direction of scholarship in the field of school psychology. Previous articles published in The California School Psychologist, including those in the recent volume addressing school engagement, are available on-line at www.education.ucsb.edu/schoolpsychology.
Intention, Meaning, and Substance in the Phenomenology of Abstract Painting

Trying to make sense of abstract painting has resulted in interesting but often inexact and inadequately motivated efforts to characterize what is distinctive about modern art. The present account begins with Gertrude Stein's description of the fascination she experiences in viewing painted surfaces and proceeds through a number of efforts to justify or severely criticize abstract painting in relation to more traditional representational works. The basis for a phenomenology of abstract painting is suggested by James Elkins's first-person analysis of the reasons why painters paint, focusing on the production rather than exclusively on the appreciation of paintings. Elkins's proposal that painters paint as an exploration of the possibilities of working with the material substance of paint is advanced as the basis for a new approach to the problems of understanding the nature of abstract art as the most pure and concentrated form of this remarkable aesthetic preoccupation that is to be found in all paintings and by extension in all art.
The theory of void nucleation in metals

Abstract A general theory of void nucleation in irradiated metals is developed via the nodal line/critical point formalism of Poincare. The theory reduces to several simple subcases, depending on the experimental conditions, in particular the damage rate, temperature, and gaseous and non-gaseous impurity concentrations. The most important of these subcases are: 1. (1) Spontaneous (i.e. no activation barrier) void nucleation driven by inert gas. 2. (2) Heterogeneous nucleation on metastable gas:vacancy clusters. 3. (3) Heterogeneous nucleation on clusters of non-gaseous impurities. 4. (4) Homogeneous nucleation with or without the assistance of mobile, surface active impurities. Simple nucleation rate equations are presented for each of these cases. Equations for void number density are derived for the various steady state nucleation cases on the basis of a simple void growth equation. The predictions of void number densities are found in reasonable agreement with measurements on pure Ni, type 316 stainless steel, and on the Nimonic alloy, PE-16. The theory also reproduces the shape of the void number density vs 1 T curves—including the activation energies.
FIELD EXTENSION OF THE FREQUENCY-AFFECT FINDINGS

Summary.-A field experiment tested the effects of repeated exposure to stimuli on liking for them. "Turkish words" were exposed to two classes on the blackboard without pre-explanation. At the end of a 9-wk. exposure period people rated the words on like-dislike scales. Liking increased with frequency of exposure but the over-all shape of the relationship was different from previous studies. Other factors such as boredom, hostility and self-exposure which may have contributed to the relarionship are discussed. Common sense notions that people's reactions to novel stimuli are affected by exposure to them have generated considerable research (e.g., Berlyne, 1960, 1970; Zajonc, 1968; Harrison & Crandall, 1972). Unfortunately common sense is wont to embody conflicting axioms as in the case of exposure where we have sayings such as "it will grow on you" versus "it's only a fad." Since laboratory research has found support for both positions it may be worthwhile to employ
Hypercholesterolemia abolishes voltage-dependent K+ channel contribution to adenosine-mediated relaxation in porcine coronary arterioles

Hypercholesterolemic patients display reduced coronary flow reserve in response to adenosine infusion. We previously reported that voltage-dependent K+ (Kv) channels contribute to adenosine-mediate...
Herpes simplex infections in hematologic malignancies.

Abstract Fifty-one patients (twenty at the Mayo Clinic from 1960 to 1969 and thirty-one collected from the literature) had herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections and hematologic malignancies of diverse types. Patients with extensive malignant disease were more commonly affected. The most serious infection was a generalized mucocutaneous vesicular eruption similar to Kaposi's varicelliform eruption, except that a preceding rash was seen in only one of the five patients described. Three patients died; in one, the diagnosis of disseminated hematologic malignancy was not made until the postmortem examination was performed. Six patients at the Mayo Clinic had a distinctive clinical syndrome that consisted of large chronic necrotic ulcers about the lips, nose and eyelids and was unrelated to terminal illness. In one of these patients, the diagnosis of chronic lymphatic leukemia was made only when the patient was examined for treatment of the skin lesions. Four patients had a beneficial response to treatment with 0.5 per cent idoxuridine ointment. Single or multiple necrotic ulcers due to HSV were occasionally seen just before death. There were also several other isolated instances of unusual cutaneous herpetic disease. In one of these, an association was noted with pemphigus vulgaris and erythema multiforme. In several patients possible herpes simplex infection primarily involving the upper respiratory tract and esophagus, and also possible disseminated herpes simplex disease, was found unexpectedly at postmortem examinations, but the diagnosis in these instances was unsupported by virus isolation studies. Our study shows that patients with hematologic malignancies are especially vulnerable to the development of HSV infections affecting the skin and mucous membranes. The number of recorded patients is probably lower than the true incidence because such herpetic infections are frequently atypical; moreover the possibility of herpetic disease is insufficiently considered and appropriate diagnostic viral studies are often not carried out.
Understanding the Genetic Basis for Adverse Drug Effects: The Calcineurin Inhibitors

The calcineurin inhibitors-cyclosporine and tacrolimus-are the mainstay of immunosuppressive therapy in solid organ transplantation. These drugs produce severe adverse drug effects (ADEs) such as nephrotoxicity, posttransplantation diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. Accumulated evidence suggests that the development of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and renal failure may be associated with specific DNA genotypes. In this review, the genes involved with the development of these disease processes are compared with those implicated in calcineurin inhibitor-induced ADEs. The renin-angiotensin system genes, cytokine-encoding genes, and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 genes have been implicated in calcineurin inhibitor-induced nephrotoxicity, as well as in development of renal failure. A number of genes are implicated in contributing to diabetes, and these include the vitamin D receptor gene, VDR; hepatocyte nuclear factor genes, HNF; transcription factor 7-like 2 gene, TCF7L2; angiotensin-converting enzyme gene, ACE; cytokines; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma gene, PPARG; and others. Studies have suggested that the VDR, PPARG, HNF1A, and adenosine 5'-triphosphate-binding cassette ABCC8 (which encodes the sulfonylurea receptor) genes are associated with calcineurin inhibitor-induced diabetes. The genes encoding for the angiotensin-converting enzyme, endothelial constitutive nitric oxide synthase, and cytochrome P450 3A isoenzyme have been involved in the development of hypertension and in calcineurin inhibitor-induced hypertension. The genetic study of disease states can be the stepping stones for thoroughly understanding the genetic basis of ADEs. Gene polymorphisms are implicated in the development of diseases and corresponding disease-like ADEs. The disease-associated genes provide candidate genes for exploring ADEs and may provide genomic biomarkers for assessing the risk for developing severe calcineurin inhibitor-related ADEs as well as for developing preventive strategies.