cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamic assessment of the conversion of plutonium dioxide to plutonium monocarbide

Abstract The equilibrium thermodynamics of the carbothermic reduction of PuO 2 to PuC 0.88 are reassessed in light of new thermodynamic values for the Pu-C-O system. Analysis of the thermodynamic data indicates that the PuC x O y phase can be successfully modeled by an ideal solid solution of PuC 0.88 and PuO. Equilibrium calculations show that oxygen-free mono-carbide cannot be practically prepared by the direct carbothermic reduction of PuO 2 because of plutonium vaporization. These results imply that significant plutonium vaporization will occur in similarly reduced UO 2 -PuO 2 mixtures unless the actinides are initially present as a solid solution. Equilibrium calculations also suggest that PuC 0.88 can be successfully prepared by a two-step method: the carbothermic reduction of PuO 2 to PuC 1.5 followed by the hydrogen reduction of PuC 1.5 to PuC 0.88
On enlarging the US House of Representatives

Abstract Recent US court rulings have set the stage for a potential reduction in minority representation in the US House of Representatives from its current historic highs. We believe that such a reduction is unacceptable, and strongly agree with Richard Morrill's recent contention in this journal that political geographers should examine alternative methods of maintaining current levels of minority representation. In this essay, we argue that increasing the size of the US House of Representatives will provide the easiest method for maintaining current levels of minority representation, while allowing for the creation of geographically-meaningful election districts. We make this argument by (1) examining the current debate over how members of the US House are elected, (2) considering historical trends in the size of House constituencies and comparing them to those of legislatures in other countries, and (3) discussing how increasing the size of the House may lead to better quality representation.
π π scattering amplitudes in the subthreshold region

$\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ scattering amplitudes inside the subthreshold triangle $(0l~sl~\ensuremath{\Sigma}$, $0l~tl~\ensuremath{\Sigma}$, $0l~ul~\ensuremath{\Sigma}=4{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{2})$ are studied using interior dispersion relations. The dispersion integrals are evaluated above a center-of-mass energy ${W}_{\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}}=0.6$ GeV by using a standard phase shift analysis and from this value down to threshold by using unitary models consistent with existing low-energy experimental data. It was found that by restricting the $s$-wave scattering lengths to lie on a ``universal curve'' all crossing properties and appropriated threshold sum rules were reasonably well satisfied. The invariant amplitudes are found to be in good qualitative agreement with the predictions of Weinberg's chiral model and its corrections derived from chiral perturbation theory.
THE CRYSTALLIZATION BEHAVIOR OF [cis-α-Co(trien)(OX)lCl 2H2O (I), [cis-α-Co(trien)(NO2)2]BF4 (II), [cis-α-Co(trien)(NO2)2]-(cis-α-Co(trien)(OX)]Cl l/2SiF6 (III)

Abstract Three new compounds were synthesized and their crystal structures determined. For compound (I). [cis-α-Co(trien)(OX)]Cl 2H2O, CoClO6N4C8H22, triclinic, space group P-l (No. 2) a = 6.980(5), b = 8.801(4), c = 12.554(8) A, α = 89.07(5)°, [btilde] = 75.74(4)°, γ = 81.44(5)°, V = 738.9(8) A3, cell dimensions were obtained from 24 reflections giving FW = 364.4, Z = 2, F[000) = 380.06, Dcalc=1.634mg m-3, μ = 1.36mm-1. A total of 1907 data were collected over the range of 4° ≤ 2θ ≤ 45°; of these, 1647 (independent and I≥3σ(I)) were used in the structure analysis. Data were corrected for absorption; transmission coefficients ranged from 0.51754 to 0.73648. The final RF and Rw residuals were 0.033 and 0.042. For compound (II), [cis-α-Co(trien)(NO2)2]BF4, CoN6C6O4BF4H18, orthorhombic space group Pbca (No. 61) α= 12.260(10), b=12.880(14), c= 17.940(14)A F=2833(4)A3, cell dimensions were obtained from 24 reflections with 2θ in the range of 4.00–45.00 degrees, FW = 383.98, Z = 8, F(000) = 1571.52, Dcalc= 1.80...
"Pedagogies of Resistance" and Critical Peace Education Praxis.

This paper explores ‘pedagogies of resistance’ – or critical and democratic educational models utilized by social movements – and how global examples of engaged educational praxis may inform peace education. The central inquiry of this article is ‘How can educational projects that resist larger social, political and economic inequalities offer understandings about how we learn, teach, and act for peace in diverse settings?’ Drawing upon literature from various fields, ideas and insights are offered about how the field of peace education can better respond to multiple and diverse realities, particularly those facing marginalized communities. The article provides an overview of key tenets of peace education and ideas central to ‘critical peace education;’ offers a framing of ‘pedagogies of resistance;’ and, lastly, details what directions emerge by putting these two educational forms in conversation.
Metastable solid solution extension of mullite by rapid solidification

The melt self-quenching technique has been used to examine the metastable solid solution extension of mullite formed from rapidly solidified Al2O3.SiO2 melts. Increasing melt cooling rates were seen to increase the Al2O3 content of mullite, decrease the amount of mullite precipitating, and decrease the melt compositional range over which mullite forms. The maximum mullite Al2O3 content achieved was 77.3 mol % for cooling rates between 103 and 105 K/s. The highest Al2O3 content mullite also exhibited very similar a o and bo lattice parameters indicating a structure close to tetragonal symmetry (equilibrium mullite is orthorhombic).
Information, Selective Disclosure, and Analyst Behavior

This paper examines whether the prohibition of selective disclosures to equity research analysts mandated by Regulation FD alters the amount of information and the manner in which it is revealed to the market. We demonstrate that equity research analysts are more responsive to information contained in company-initiated disclosures after Reg FD, suggesting that regulation has affected the importance of various channels of communication. We also present evidence consistent with the notion that managers use earnings guidance as a substitute for selective disclosure following the passage of Reg FD. Ever since Dirks versus the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) established a legal frame work for conducting equity research, stock analysts have been the recipients of selective disclo sures of private information from the companies they follow.' Historically, companies have been allowed to release material information to analysts without simultaneously making it available to public investors. For example, if management wanted to lower earnings expectations, it could make selective disclosures to analysts who would then lower their earnings forecasts. In this man ner, companies were able to indirectly release important information without having to publicly disclose its exact nature.2 Under the leadership of Arthur Levitt, the SEC determined that selective disclosures were unfair to public investors. The adoption of Regulation Fair Disclosure (Reg FD) in October 2000 was designed to "level the playing field" for all investors by prohibiting selective disclosures to analysts and institutional investors, thereby requiring firms to make public, within 24 hours, all disclosures of material information. The passage of Reg FD has spawned a debate concerning the quantity and quality of information that will be available to investors in this new environment. Our paper contributes to this literature by addressing the following questions: 1) do firms rely more on public disclosure after Reg FD? 2) do equity research analysts, the former beneficiaries of selective disclosure, rely more on
The influence of pCO2 and the rate of shaking on the ecdysis of infective Haemonchus contortus cayugensis larvae.

Infective Haemonchus contortus cayugensis larvae were stimulated to exsheath in 0·02 m -Na 2 B 4 O 7 . 10H 2 O saturated with varying concentrations of CO 2 . Larvae stimulated to exsheath with 40% CO 2 gave a higher exsheathment rate than larvae stimulated with 99·95 % CO 2 . There was a linear relationship between the exsheathment rate and the shaking rate over the range from 40 to 100 c/min when the larvae were stimulated to exsheath with 99·95 % CO 2 .
Immunological microenvironments in the human vagina and cervix : Mediators of cellular immunity are concentrated in the cervical transformation zone

Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is key to defense against intracellular pathogens such as Chlamydia trachomatis and viruses that infect the lower female genital tract, but little is known about CMI at this site. Recent studies indicate that there are immunological microenvironments within the female genital tract, and that immune functions are affected by hormones as well as infections and inflammatory processes. To determine the distribution of mediators of CMI within the lower female genital tract, we have enumerated and characterized T-lymphocyte subsets and natural killer and antigen presenting cells (APCs; macrophages and dendritic cells) in the introitus, vagina, ectocervix, endocervix and cervical transformation zone (TZ) from healthy women, and have examined the effects of the menstrual cycle, menopause and inflammation on these parameters. In women without inflammation, T cells and APCs were most prevalent in the cervical TZ and surrounding tissue. Intraepithelial lymphocytes were predominantly CD8+ T cell+; most CD8+ cells in the TZ and endocervix, and a proportion of cells in the ectocervix, expressed T-cell internal antigen-1, a marker of cytotoxic potential. In contrast, the normal vaginal mucosa contained few T cells and APCs. Cervicitis and vaginitis cases had increased numbers of intraepithelial CD8+ and CD4+ lymphocytes and APCs. The menstrual cycle and menopause had no apparent effect on cellular localization or abundance in any of the lower genital tract tissues. These data indicate that the cervix, especially the TZ, is the major inductive and effector site for CMI in the lower female genital tract. Because CD4+ T cells and APCs are primary host cells for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), these data also provide further evidence that the cervix is a primary infection site of HIV-1, and that inflammation increases the risk of HIV transmission.
The Slow Creation of Humanity

The concept of "humanity"—the belief that "all humanity is one undivided and indivisible family"—has been created slowly in human consciousness since the fifteenth century. Humanity has found increasing expression in international law through the ending of slavery, the creation of "crimes against humanity," and the advancement of human rights. This slow creation of humanity is described by reviewing the vital contributions of Bartolome de Las Casas, Granville Sharp, Edmund Dene Morel, H. G. Wells, and Eleanor Roosevelt. Still, the creation of humanity is incomplete. The author's research on "identification with all humanity" is summarized. Finally, speculation is offered on the social and psychological foundations of identification with all humanity, on factors that undermine it, and on how it might be enlarged.
Cellular and subcellular localization of the neuron-specific plasma membrane calcium ATPase PMCA1a in the rat brain

Regulation of intracellular calcium is crucial both for proper neuronal function and survival. By coupling ATP hydrolysis with Ca(2+) extrusion from the cell, the plasma membrane calcium-dependent ATPases (PMCAs) play an essential role in controlling intracellular calcium levels in neurons. In contrast to PMCA2 and PMCA3, which are expressed in significant levels only in the brain and a few other tissues, PMCA1 is ubiquitously distributed, and is thus widely believed to play a "housekeeping" function in mammalian cells. Whereas the PMCA1b splice variant is predominant in most tissues, an alternative variant, PMCA1a, is the major form of PMCA1 in the adult brain. Here, we use immunohistochemistry to analyze the cellular and subcellular distribution of PMCA1a in the brain. We show that PMCA1a is not ubiquitously expressed, but rather is confined to neurons, where it concentrates in the plasma membrane of somata, dendrites, and spines. Thus, rather than serving a general housekeeping function, our data suggest that PMCA1a is a calcium pump specialized for neurons, where it may contribute to the modulation of somatic and dendritic Ca(2+) transients.
Consciousness and Anesthesia

When we are anesthetized, we expect consciousness to vanish. But does it always? Although anesthesia undoubtedly induces unresponsiveness and amnesia, the extent to which it causes unconsciousness is harder to establish. For instance, certain anesthetics act on areas of the brain's cortex near the midline and abolish behavioral responsiveness, but not necessarily consciousness. Unconsciousness is likely to ensue when a complex of brain regions in the posterior parietal area is inactivated. Consciousness vanishes when anesthetics produce functional disconnection in this posterior complex, interrupting cortical communication and causing a loss of integration; or when they lead to bistable, stereotypic responses, causing a loss of information capacity. Thus, anesthetics seem to cause unconsciousness when they block the brain's ability to integrate information.
Characterization and functional consequences of delayed rectifier current transient in ventricular repolarization

Although inactivation of the rapidly activating delayed rectifier current (I Kr) limits outward current on depolarization, the role of I Kr (and recovery from inactivation) during repolarization is...
Debt and Wrong-Way Resource Flows in Costa Rica

External debt, poverty, and the use of natural resources are inextricably linked. This article examines an ethical aspect of that linkage: the social direction of resource flow. It argues that the direction in which a country's economic resources are transferred-from poor to rich, or rich to poor-also sets the pattern for the flow of natural resources. By extension, the same kinds of forces that tend to impoverish human environments also tend to impoverish the physical environment; and conversely, that which tends to restore or promote equity generally tends to be good for the environment. For the past forty years, Costa Rican government policies have been among the fairest and most environmentally progressive in the Third World; yet Costa Rica is heavily in debt in both the economic and environmental sense. Are the “right” policies not right-or are they morally right but not workable? Annis examines this paradoxical question using the notion of “dual debt” and “wrong-way resource flows.”
Mometasone furoate dry powder inhaler for the treatment of asthma.

Introduction: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes significant morbidity and mortality. Inhaled corticosteroids are the preferred initial treatment for this disorder. Mometasone furoate dry powder is an inhaled corticosteroid that is approved for once-daily treatment of asthma in both adults and children as young as 4 years. Areas covered: The goal of this paper is to review the clinical efficacy and safety of mometasone furoate dry powder inhaler for the treatment of asthma. A literature search using PubMed was done using the terms ‘mometasone furoate’, ‘inhaled corticosteroid’ and ‘asthma’, focusing on articles that highlighted clinical trials and addressed efficacy of the medication. Expert opinion: Mometasone furoate dry powder inhaler has an excellent safety and efficacy profile. For patients with persistent asthma who require treatment with an inhaled corticosteroid, mometasone furoate is an excellent therapeutic choice.
On the collisional transient sheath

A theory of the transient sheath spanning the entire range of ion collisionality and treating finite rise-time voltage pulses is developed. This theory predicts the maximum ion impact energy, and the temporal dependence of the sheath width, the ion impact energy, and the ion flux. It is found that the ion impact energy is greatly reduced by even small amounts of collisionality, whereas the sheath width and ion flux at the target (i.e., ion current density) are relatively insensitive to collisionality. In the collisional sheath, the maximum ion impact energy is found to decrease with increasing rise time and collisionality. Good agreement is found between the theory and fluid simulations. In particular, the collisional dependence of the ion impact energy is well described by the theory. >
Outsiders; studies in the sociology of deviance

One of the most groundbreaking sociology texts of the mid-20th century, Howard S. Becker's Outsiders is a thorough exploration of social deviance and how it can be addressed in an understanding and helpful manner. A compulsively readable and thoroughly researched exploration of social deviance and the application of what is known as "labeling theory" to the studies of deviance. With particular research into drug culture, Outsiders analyzes unconventional individuals and their place in normal society.
A Phase II trial of the oral mTOR inhibitor everolimus in relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma

Everolimus is an oral antineoplastic agent that targets the raptor mammalian target of rapamycin (mTORC1). The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mTOR signal transduction pathway has been demonstrated to be activated in tumor samples from patients with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). The goal of this trial was to learn the antitumor activity and toxicity of everolimus in patients with relapsed/refractory HL. Patients were eligible if they had measurable disease, a platelet count >75,000, and an absolute neutrophil count >1,000. Patients received everolimus 10 mg PO daily. Dose reductions were allowed. Response was assessed after two and six cycles and then every three cycles until progression. Patients could remain on drug until progression or toxicity. Nineteen patients were enrolled. Median age was 37 years (range, 27-68). Patients had received a median of six prior therapies (range, 3-14) and 84% had undergone prior autologous stem cell transplant. The ORR was 47% (95% CI: 24-71%) with eight patients achieving a PR and one patient achieving a CR. The median TTP was 7.2 months. Four responders remained progression free at 12 months. Patients received a median of seven cycles of therapy. Of the 19 patients, one remains on therapy at 36 months; the others went off study because of progressive disease (16), toxicity (1), and death from infection (1). Four patients experienced a Grade 3 or higher pulmonary toxicity. Everolimus has single-agent activity in relapsed/refractory HL and provides proof-of-concept that targeting the mTOR pathway in HL is clinically relevant.
Graphene, graphene quantum dots and their applications in optoelectronics

Abstract The discovery of graphene has generated enormous interest among scientists in various disciplines. A strong focus of graphene research addresses graphene's carrier physics and its interactions with light. Having an ultra-high carrier mobility and a linear dispersion band structure, graphene has been predicted and confirmed as a great candidate for optoelectrical applications. However, adding a bandgap to graphene has become an increasing need in order to extend graphene's potential. The synthesis of graphene quantum structures, such as graphene quantum dots, has become a popular topic in recent years, making the use of graphene more versatile. A bandgap in graphene quantum dots exists due to quantum confinement and edge effects. Such a bandgap modifies graphene's carrier behaviors, and can lead to versatile applications in optoelectronics. This article provides a review on the physical properties of graphene and graphene quantum dots, as well as on their applications towards photodection, photovoltaics, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and plasmonics.
Effects of Low Salinities on Osmoregulation, Growth, and Survival of Juvenile Gulf Killifish

AbstractThe Gulf Killifish Fundulus grandis, a popular baitfish, is a euryhaline fish species native to coastal estuaries of the Gulf of Mexico and the eastern coast of Florida. Established culture methods have relied on a saline water source but such methods have not been widely adapted by the commercial sector. Since this species is highly euryhaline, there is potential for freshwater culture via the utilization of established inland facilities. In order to assess the feasibility of inland culture, changes in Gulf Killifish hypo-osmotic tolerance throughout early growth were evaluated. Gulf Killifish were challenged with low salinity treatments of 0 (freshwater), 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5‰ at 2, 7, and 12 weeks posthatch for 4 weeks to determine growth, survival, gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity, and whole-body Na+ content. Gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity and whole-body ion samples were collected at 0, 2, 14, and 28 d posttransfer (dpt) for each age-group. Results indicated Gulf Killifish at 2 weeks posthatch grew and s...
Tabulation of Power-Related Satellite Failure Causes

Satellite on-orbit failures are rare, but costly. Understanding causes of failures has benefits to commercial, government, and military satellite customers. In order to understand the causes of power-system related failures, publicly-available data sources were analyzed to catalog anomalies and failures of spacecraft in orbit due to power-system related failures. The tabulation incorporates data on 158 failures occurring between 1990 and the spring of 2013.
HIV/AIDS in childbearing Hispanic/Latinas: an emerging crisis.

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to describe possible reasons for the increase in HIV/AIDS among childbearing Hispanic/Latinas and to discuss the implications for maternal child nurses. The median age of Hispanic/Latinas is 27 years compared to 36 years for all other races combined. Hispanic/L
Malignant epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the colon: report of a case

Angiosarcoma of the colon with epithelioid and histiocytoid features, a malignant counterpart of epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, was observed in a 72-year-old man. The disease first manifested as a right cervical mass, with the histologic appearance of malignant, undifferentiated, large-cell epithelioid neoplasm. Light microscopy of the colonic tumor disclosed angiosarcoma, with active erythrophagocytosis and positive immunoperoxidase reactions to lysozyme, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and alpha-1-antichymotrypsin. Ultrastructural features of the tumor cells were those of intermediate betwen endothelial and histiocytic cells. The disease took a rapid fatal course with recurrence, peritoneal dissemination, and massive peritoneal hemorrhage. The cause remains unknown.
Water Resistant Container Technical Basis Document for the TA-55 Criticality Safety Program

Criticality safety at TA-55 relies on nuclear material containers that are water resistant to prevent significant amounts of water from coming into contact with fissile material in the event of a fire that causes a breach of glovevbox confinement and subsequent fire water ingress. A “water tight container” is a container that will not allow more than 50ml of water ingress when fully submerged, except when under sufficient pressure to produce structural discontinuity. There are many types of containers, welded containers, hermetically sealed containers, filtered containers, etc.
Surface Electric Field Intensity Calculation of Shielding Case for Valve Tower of DC Converter Station With Galerkin Boundary Element Method

The calculation results of three-dimensional electric field of valve tower in DC converter station plays important directive role in the design of shielding case for valve towers and the control of its surface field intensity.However,due to its enormous volume and complex structure,there are difficulties in the geometrical modeling and digital simulation of shielding case for valve tower.To save computing resource,firstly utilizing ANSYS parametric design language(APDL) an integral dissection model is built;then by use of Galerkin indirect boundary element the electric field intensity at the surface of shielding case is analyzed and the distribution of three-dimensional electric field at the surface of shielding case is calculated.Calculation results show that under current design scheme the maximum field intensity at the surface of shielding case is 20.2 kV/cm,so if the value of 30 kV/cm is taken as the criterion for corona onset field intensity,there is no corona on the shielding case.This criterion is available for reference in the design and planning of shielding case for valve tower in DC converter station.
Earth rotation changes since −500 CE driven by ice mass variations

Abstract We predict the perturbation to the Earth's length-of-day (LOD) over the Common Era using a recently derived estimate of global sea-level change for this time period. We use this estimate to derive a time series of “clock error”, defined as the difference in timing of two clocks, one based on a theoretically invariant time scale (terrestrial time) and one fixed to Earth rotation (universal time), and compare this time series to millennial scale variability in clock error inferred from ancient eclipse records. Under the assumption that global sea-level change over the Common Era is driven by ice mass flux alone, we find that this flux can reconcile a significant fraction of the discrepancies between clock error computed assuming constant slowing of Earth's rotation and that inferred from eclipse records since 700 CE. In contrast, ice mass flux cannot reconcile the temporal variability prior to 700 CE.
Heritage language development: Connecting the dots:

To date, the vast majority of research on the linguistic abilities of heritage speakers has focused on young adults whose heritage language is no longer developing. These adults began their journey as bilingual children acquiring the heritage language with the majority language simultaneously since birth or sequentially, as a second language. If longitudinal studies are not always feasible, linking research on the structural development of bilingual pre-school children with research on young adult heritage speakers adds a much needed perspective to understand the initial state and the end state of heritage language development. The purpose of this study is to connect the beginning of heritage language development with its ultimate attainment by comparing the expression of subjects in Spanish in 15 school-age bilingual children and 29 young adult heritage speakers, all of them simultaneous bilinguals with English as the dominant language and Spanish as the weaker language. The oral production of null and o...
Melodrama’s Wordless Elocution: The Vestigial Voice in the Orchestration and Pantomime of Thomas Holcroft’s A Tale of Mystery

ABSTRACTThis article examines the music and orchestration of Thomas Holcroft’s A Tale of Mystery as voices for the voiceless, the “disempowered en masse.” These hallmarks of the English Romantic melodrama act as an extra-linguistic utterance circumventing the manipulation of words employed by oppressive systems of power. As “voices,” orchestration and pantomime imitate utterance; the prescribed “movement” of Holcroft’s music and mime – the modulation of tone and gestures – imitates late-eighteenth-century conventions for emotive oratory. Furthermore, the play’s use of inarticulate expression serves as a cry for attention to the beneficiaries of Holcroft’s radical political activism: those politically and socioculturally silenced. In voicing the concerns of the physically and metaphorically mute in his orchestration and pantomime, Holcroft transforms the alternative sign systems of the melodramatic genre into the phantom tongue of excised speech.
Maternal protein intake during pregnancy and linear growth in the offspring.

Background: Observational and experimental evidence demonstrates that protein intake in infancy programs linear growth. To our knowledge, few studies have examined prenatal maternal protein intake. Objective: Our objective was to examine associations of maternal protein intake during pregnancy with offspring linear growth. Design: We analyzed data from 1961 mother–child pairs in Project Viva. We assessed first- and second-trimester diet with the use of food-frequency questionnaires and analyzed protein intake as grams per kilogram prepregnancy weight per day. We used research measures of offspring length at birth and in infancy (∼6 mo), early childhood (∼3 y), and midchildhood (∼7 y), as well as clinical growth measures obtained from after birth through midchildhood. We calculated sex-specific birth length z scores for gestational age with the use of international reference data. We used mixed models with repeated length measures to predict individual length gain velocities for birth to <6 mo and 6 mo to 7 y of age, then used these velocities as outcomes in adjusted linear regression models with maternal protein intake as the main predictor. Results: Mean (range) second-trimester protein intake was 1.4 g · kg−1 · d−1 (0.3–3.1 g · kg−1 · d−1). After adjusting for maternal sociodemographics, gestational weight gain, maternal and paternal height, and (for postdelivery outcomes) child sex, gestational age, and breastfeeding duration, each 1-SD (0.36 g · kg−1 · d−1) increment in second-trimester protein intake corresponded to a −0.10 (95% CI: −0.18, −0.03) change in birth length z score, a −0.03 cm/mo (95% CI: −0.05, −0.01 cm/mo) change in slope of length growth from birth to <6mo, and a −0.09 cm/y (95% CI: −0.14, −0.05 cm/y) change in slope of length growth from 6 mo to midchildhood. Results were similar for first-trimester intake. Conclusions: In a population with relatively high protein intake during pregnancy, higher protein intake was associated with shorter offspring birth length and slower linear growth into midchildhood. Results suggest that higher protein intake during pregnancy does not increase fetal and child growth and may even reduce early length growth. Project Viva was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT02820402","term_id":"NCT02820402"}}NCT02820402.
Nuisance Regression of High-Frequency Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data: Denoising Can Be Noisy.

Recently, emerging studies have demonstrated the existence of brain resting-state spontaneous activity at frequencies higher than the conventional 0.1 Hz. A few groups utilizing accelerated acquisitions have reported persisting signals beyond 1 Hz, which seems too high to be accommodated by the sluggish hemodynamic process underpinning blood oxygen level-dependent contrasts (the upper limit of the canonical model is ∼0.3 Hz). It is thus questionable whether the observed high-frequency (HF) functional connectivity originates from alternative mechanisms (e.g., inflow effects, proton density changes in or near activated neural tissue) or rather is artificially introduced by improper preprocessing operations. In this study, we examined the influence of a common preprocessing step-whole-band linear nuisance regression (WB-LNR)-on resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) and demonstrated through both simulation and analysis of real dataset that WB-LNR can introduce spurious network structures into the HF bands of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals. Findings of present study call into question whether published observations on HF-RSFC are partly attributable to improper data preprocessing instead of actual neural activities.
Gender on the Run: Wanted Latinas in a Southern California Barrio

Recent research on systems of social control has demonstrated how African American men who live in segregated neighborhoods are disproportionately affected by their legal standing, especially in th...
Barriers to generating PDX models of HPV‐related head and neck cancer

Objectives/Hypothesis Delineate factors impacting the creation and use of patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) of human papilloma virus-related (HPV+) head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). Study Design Laboratory-based translational study. Methods Fifty-one surgically resected HNSCCs, including 31 HPV + cancers, were implanted into NOD/SCID/IL-2Rγ-/- (NSG) mice using standardized methodology. Clinical and pathologic factors were tested for association with engraftment. The gross, histologic, and molecular features of established HPV + PDXs were analyzed in comparison to their tumors of origin. Results Negative HPV status and perineural invasion (PNI) were independent, additive factors associated with increased PDX formation. Epstein-Barr virus–positive (EBV+) human large B-cell lymphomas grew from 32% of HPV + HNSCC cases that failed to engraft. Successfully established HPV + PDXs retained basaloid histology and often developed cystic growth patterns typical of HPV + nodal metastases. They also maintained elevated p16INK4A levels and expression of E6/E7 viral oncogene transcripts. Conclusion Reduced engraftment by HPV + tumors lacking PNI likely results in selection biases in HNSCC PDX models. Formation of EBV + lymphomas in NSG mice further reduces the generation of HPV + models and must be ruled out before long-term use of PDXs. Nevertheless, the retention of distinctive pathologic traits and viral oncogene expression by HPV + PDXs provides a viable in vivo platform for basic and translational studies as well as a resource for generating advanced in vitro models. Level of Evidence NA. Laryngoscope, 2017
Estimation of flow regime for a spatially varied Himalayan watershed using improved multi-site calibration of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model

Due to the influential role in global climate, the hydrologic modeling of the watersheds in Himalayan mountain range is critically important for the socioeconomy and livelihood of surrounding regions. As these watersheds usually have snow-driven hydrology and abrupt changes in orography, the challenges in hydrologic model are acknowledged in scientific community. In this study, we addressed this challenge by implementing an improved multivariable and multi-site approach to calibration and validation of the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model for determining its ability to mimic flow regime of the watershed. In the improved multi-site approach, the model was successfully calibrated using 1980–1985 streamflow data and validated using 1990–1995 data for the daily time steps. Combination of different performance metrics indicates that the improved method increased the efficiency of daily prediction of Karnali River discharge. We utilized 30 years of streamflow data from four discharge stations to explore the changes in flow pattern at the decadal scales. Groundwater flow decreased in monsoon season compared to other season where the changes in flow regimes were insignificant within the decadal scale. The proposed calibration method can be used to any other large mountainous watershed to improve the estimation of the hydrologic processes.
Fathers of children with adolescent mothers: Involvement and children's developmental outcomes at 24 months of age

Adolescent pregnancy can create many stressors and difficulties for the adolescent mother, father, and the young child. The current study examines the impact that fathers of children with adolescent mothers can have on children’s developmental outcomes as well as adolescent mothers reported satisfaction with life. Data were taken from the Parenting For the First Time Study with data on father involvement and maternal satisfaction taken at 4, 8, and 18 months, and child outcome data taken when the child was 24 months. Direct and indirect effects of father involvement were examined using Structural Equation Modeling. Despite an excellent-fitting model, regression weights were not significant and the overall hypothesis was not supported. Implications and future research are discussed based on current research and significant correlational data.
Processing, microstructure and fracture behaviour of a spray-atomized and deposited nickel aluminide intermetallic

In this study, nickel aluminide intermetallics were synthesized using the spray atomization and deposition technique. Microstructure characterization studies were performed to provide an understanding of the intrinsic influence of spray processing parameters on the microstructure of the intermetallic. Numerical simulation was carried out to provide an understanding of the influence of deformation, heat transfer kinetics and thermal history of the droplets on the thermal profile, distribution and solidification. The microstructure of the intermetallic is discussed in the light of results obtained from experimental observations and numerical simulation. Ambient-temperature tensile tests reveal the intermetallics to have a high strength and acceptable ductility. The tensile fracture behaviour of the polycrystalline intermetallic is presented and discussed in the light of processing and thermal conditions during spray deposition and intrinsic microstructural effects.
Charlatans, Quacks, and Joanna Stephens

Introduction and Objective For whatever reasons, stone disease seems to beget a certain amount of skepticism, and charlatans have been attracted to this particular problem. In addition, it appears that patients, sufferers of stone disease, seemed to figure out that traditional, Hippocratic, and Galenic medicine offered no help, and they turned in droves to alternative treatments.
Direct visualization of a native Wnt in vivo reveals that a long-range Wnt gradient forms by extracellular dispersal

Cells exchange signaling proteins that help them to communicate with each other. These signals control which genes are active, and how cells grow and specialize to do different tasks. Signals can also help cells to position themselves inside a body to form new tissues and organs. For example, the so-called Wnt signaling system is important for many processes in the body, from early development to the growth and maintenance of tissues. Signaling proteins are often thought to travel long distances between cells that produce them and the cells that respond to them. How these molecules move between cells has been challenging to study in a natural context. Signals may travel by diffusion – the random movement of molecules over time. But this had not been directly shown, and some studies suggest that thin, finger-like extensions from cells help carry the signals. Pani and Goldstein investigated how Wnt signals travel between cells in the round worm, Caenorhabditis elegans. The Wnts were labelled with fluorescent tags inserted into the genome, which made them glow under certain lights. The results showed that Wnts can travel quickly between remote cells by using diffusion. Diffusion can create gradients of Wnt over long distances, with higher levels near the cells that produce Wnt and lower in others. When the Wnts were prevented from spreading freely across cells, they could not travel as far or act on their regular target cells. Both Wnt molecules and Wnt receptor proteins clustered on thin cell extensions in some cells, but the extensions were not necessary for helping the molecules spread. This study helps us to understand one way that Wnt can traverse cells. A next step will be to examine if this aspect of Wnt signaling is similar between worms and humans. In humans, faulty Wnt signaling is implicated in many cancers. A better understanding of how this pathway normally works may help researchers develop ways to manipulate Wnt signaling in diseases.
Effects of Rejuvenation and Aging on Binder Homogeneity of Recycled Asphalt Mixtures

AbstractDespite the well-recognized benefits of recycling milled asphalt pavement material, some remaining challenges limit the reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) content in asphalt mixtures. Rejuven...
Racial and ethnic disparities in the management of acute pain in US emergency departments: Meta-analysis and systematic review

Abstract Objective This review aims to quantify the effect of minority status on analgesia use for acute pain management in US Emergency Department (ED) settings. Methods We used the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) methodology to perform a review of studies from 1990 to 2018 comparing racial and ethnic differences in the administration of analgesia for acute pain. Studies were included if they measured analgesia use in white patients compared to a racial minority in the ED and studies were excluded if they focused primarily on chronic pain, case reports and survey studies. Following data abstraction, a meta-analysis was performed using fixed and random-effect models to determine primary outcome of analgesia administration stratified by racial and ethnic classification. Results 763 articles were screened for eligibility and fourteen studies met inclusion criteria for qualitative synthesis. The total study population included 7070 non-Hispanic White patients, 1538 Hispanic, 3125 Black, and 50.3% female. Black patients were less likely than white to receive analgesia for acute pain: OR 0.60 [95%-CI, 0.43–0.83, random effects model]. Hispanics were also less likely to receive analgesia: OR 0.75 [95%-CI, 0.52–1.09]. Conclusion This study demonstrates the presence of racial disparities in analgesia use for the management of acute pain in US EDs. Further research is needed to examine patient reported outcomes in addition to the presence of disparities in other groups besides Black and Hispanic. Trial registration: Registration number CRD42018104697 in PROSPERO.
Reconciling Efficiency with Excellence and Fairness

The question—How can nations reconcile the pursuit of efficiency with excellence and fairness?—should be a central concern in policy discourses on higher education within nations. The chapters in this volume illustrate that: 1) national engagement in global competition has undermined the traditional goals of excellence and fairness in pursuit of efficient (defined as low costs for taxpayers) public higher education; and 2) there have been bold efforts to reform higher education systems across nations, although patterns of change are not uniform. The outcomes of reforms have sometimes not corresponded with intent in part because of the dominance of the neoliberal efficiency rationale.
So You Haven’t Taught Legal Writing in a While...

Each academic year brings a host of new administrative appointments for legal writing faculty. Many of these appointments require reduced teaching loads, and sometimes the demands of the administrative position make teaching legal writing (at least teaching it well and still performing the new administrative job) impossible. Fortunately, unless your goal is to become the actual Dean of the law school, most of these appointments are temporary. But how do you jump back into teaching legal writing after a significant break? Similarly, a number of people teach legal writing for a few years (sometimes as an adjunct) and then follow a different path for another few years — either moving back into practice/a clerkship or moving into a non-teaching position — and then take a position teaching legal writing again. The same question pops up: how do you make that transition back into teaching legal writing?
Use of pressure-regulated volume control in the first 48 hours of hospitalization of mechanically ventilated patients with sepsis or septic shock, with or without ARDS:

PurposeTo evaluate the impact of pressure-regulated volume control (PRVC/VC+) use on delivered tidal volumes in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or at risk for ARDS.Material...
Birth Control Behavior and Partner Notification of STI/HIV: Distinguishing Verbal and Non-Verbal forms of Behavior

Differentiating between forms of behavior provides basis for enhanced policy and practice for health promotion and disease prevention through transmission control. Related behavior was used to predict STI/HIV partner notification in the Republic of Guinea among married women in polygynous and monogynous family marital structures. Demographic and Health Survey data from MeasureDHS (Macro International) were analyzed using mixed methods analyses to develop constructs in the theoretical model.
Microscopic Mechanisms of Glasslike Lattice Thermal Transport in Cubic Cu 12 Sb 4 S 13 Tetrahedrites

Materials based on cubic tetrahedrites (${\mathrm{Cu}}_{12}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{4}{\mathrm{S}}_{13}$) are useful thermoelectrics with unusual thermal and electrical transport properties, such as very low and nearly temperature-independent lattice thermal conductivity (${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{L}$). We explain the microscopic origin of the glasslike ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{L}$ in ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{12}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{4}{\mathrm{S}}_{13}$ by explicitly treating anharmonicity up to quartic terms for both phonon energies and phonon scattering rates. We show that the strongly unstable phonon modes associated with trigonally coordinated Cu atoms are anharmonically stabilized above approximately 100 K and continue hardening with increasing temperature in accord with experimental data. This temperature-induced hardening effect reduces scattering of heat carrying acoustic modes by reducing the available phase space for three-phonon processes, thereby balancing the conventional $\ensuremath{\propto}T$ increase in scattering due to phonon population and yielding nearly temperature-independent ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{L}$. Furthermore, we find that very strong phonon broadening leads to a qualitative breakdown of the conventional phonon-gas model and modify the dominant heat transport mechanism from the particlelike phonon wave packet propagation to incoherent contributions described by the off-diagonal terms in the heat-flux operator, which are typically prevailing in glasses and disordered crystals. Our work paves the way to a deeper understanding of glasslike thermal conductivity in complex crystals with strong anharmonicity.