cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Weapon Target Assignment Problem: Rational Inference of Adversary Target Utility Valuations from Observed Solutions

Abstract Identifying an adversary’s strategic goals and values requires deliberate and unbiased analysis. This research is motivated by the premise that, if one observes an adversary’s actions or planned actions, it is possible to draw reasonable inferences about their values, thereby reducing misperceptions and informing better decisions. Within the context of the static weapon target assignment problem, this research develops and empirically compares alternative methods to rationalize an adversary’s value hierarchy over targets that informs their observed decisions. Such methods either identify the extreme points of a polytope within a unit simplex of relative target values that encompasses all possible relative target values based on a weak dominance criterion or a subset of points within the polytope. This research characterizes the solution methods’ practical tractability for use on larger-sized problems and their generalizability to other problems. Even for the superlative technique examined, testing illustrates the computationally challenging nature of identifying the defining polytope of relative target values, and the work concludes with suggestions for metaheuristic technique development.
Methods of detection of recurrence in patients with cutaneous melanoma

8057 Background: The patterns and methods of identification of initial recurrences of melanoma in patients staged with sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) were studied. Methods: Stage I/II melanoma p...
Damaged insulation mimicked symptoms of occipital stimulator lead migration.

Introduction: The use of occipital nerve stimulators for the treatment of migraines has recently been suggested. However, there have been reports of complications, including lead migration causing local muscle stimulation and spasm with local burning sensation and loss of successful neuromodulation. Case: We report a case of a patient who had successful permanent implantation and then presented with suspicion of lead migration. Upon examination of the lead at time of repositioning it was found that the insulation had eroded and the conducting wires exposed at the anchor site. Discussion: Disruption of occipital nerve stimulator lead insulation may mimic lead migration with failure of neuromodulation, spasm, and local burning sensations. Prior to reimplanting, a lead should be thoroughly inspected to ensure there is no mechanical failure. Anchoring should be performed with gentle direct suturing or the use of a protective anchoring device.
From the Particular to the General: Three Federal Rules and the Jurisprudence of the Rehnquist and Roberts Courts

The Rehnquist and Roberts Courts have reinterpreted rules 8, 23, and 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, in each case altering them to restrict access to the federal courts and make early dismissals more readily available. Neither changes in the text of the rules nor new discoveries about their original intended meaning justified those decisions. Indeed, the reinterpretations conflicted with the stated purposes of those rules and contradicted the Court’s own repeated acknowledgments that it has no authority to change the meaning of any Federal Rule once Congress has adopted it. This article examines those changed interpretations, shows that they brought parallel anti-plaintiff results, and demonstrates that those results are consistent with the practical social results that flow from a wide variety of other decisions of the Rehnquist and Roberts Courts. The decisions construing Rules 8, 23, and 56 advance the same anti-plaintiff policies that mark the Court’s decisions restricting or defeating tort, antitrust, civil rights, securities, environmental, and employment discrimination claimants. The article argues that the Federal Rules decisions of the Rehnquist and Roberts Courts are not only compatible in their social results with their decisions in those other areas but that they all spring from the same extra-legal source, the commitments of the Court’s conservative Republican justices to their party’s market-based ideologies. Although those justices commonly assert text, tradition, and original meaning as justifications for their decisions, they have been wholly inconsistent in applying those methods. The consistency of their jurisprudence lies not in their application of any rigorous legal method but in their ideologically-rooted desire to block certain kinds of lawsuits and to protect from liability state governments, state and local officials, and corporate defendants.
LEUKOKINETIC STUDIES. VII. MORPHOLOGY OF THE BONE MARROW AND BLOOD OF DOGS GIVEN VINBLASTINE SULFATE.

The effect of a single injection of vinblastine sulfate was studied in 50 mongrel dogs. Nine of 34 dogs given 0.2 mg./Kg. of VLB died with gastrointestinal toxicity and the mortality rate increased as the dosage of VLB was increased. The morphologic pattern of leukocyte suppression and recovery in the bone marrow and blood was studied in detail in surviving animals. The cells of the bone marrow were markedly affected by VLB. Within 4 hours there was an increase in the number of cells in metaphase and, by day 1, virtually all proliferating leukocytes and erythrocytes had disappeared. An orderly repopulation of the bone marrow followed. The neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes and monocytes of the blood were all markedly altered in concentration after VLB. Each type of cell first decreased to abnormally small numbers and then increased to abnormally large numbers in the blood. The curve of disappearance from and reappearance in the blood differed for each cell type. The changes in blood neutrophil number and morphology were correlated with changes in the blood neutrophil precursor cells of the marrow. The following conclusions were reached concerning the neutrophils and the assumptions implicit to these conclusions were detailed. 1. In the dog, the marrow contains enough post-mitotic granulocytes to replace those lost from the blood for at least 3 to 4 days. 2. The release of mature neutrophils from the bone marrow is a function of the rate at which blood neutrophils are lost and proceeds normally even when the marrow granulocyte reserve is partially depleted.
Situational Interest and Informational Text Comprehension: A Game-Based Learning Perspective

Motivated by disturbing national educational statistics, the newly adopted Common Core State Standards [1] prioritize reading instruction across the content areas. This will significantly increase students’ exposure to informational texts that are notorious for low comprehension rates and less than engaging content. Given the substantial literature supporting the positive relationship between situational interest and reading comprehension [2,3], this study will address whether game-based learning environments generate situational interest and, more importantly, whether the produced situational interest increases students’ reading comprehension for informational texts. Using an explanatory sequential mixed methods design, eighth-grade students’ situational interest and comprehension of texts embedded within a science game-based learning environment will be measured. Implications for this research include the design of intelligent game-based learning environments, the extent to which game elements generate situational interest, and techniques for capitalizing on this situational interest by intelligently and automatically integrating texts to challenge each reader.
On the Complexity of BV-tree Updates

We have shown in this paper how logarithmic exact-match access and update complexity can be maintained in a BV-tree representation. The price paid for guaranteed dynamic performance (i.e. performance which does not degrade over time for a given data set) is that the demotion of entries which no longer represent guards may be postponed. In the worst case this could require a substantial increase in the size of higher level index nodes in order to maintain a constant level of performance for a given data set.
Shoreline ecology program for Prince William Sound, Alaska, following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Part 1: Study design and methods

This paper describes the design and analysis of a large field and laboratory program to assess shoreline recovery in Prince William Sound following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. The study was designed so that results could be generalized area-wide (biology, chemistry) or habitat-wide (toxicology) and projected forward in time (chemistry). It made use of the sediment quality triad approach, combining biological, chemical, and toxicological measurements to assess shoreline recovery. Key aspects of the study include the following: coordinated field sampling for chemical, toxicological, and biological studies; stratified random sampling (SRS) as a basis for spatial generalization; periodic sampling to assess trends, including sites with worst-case conditions; analysis of oil-spill effects on hundreds of species; statistical methods based on normal and non-normal theory, consistent with the structure of the data, including generalized linear models and multivariate correspondence analysis. 45 refs., 5 figs., 4 tabs.
Tobacco Withdrawal Amongst African American, Hispanic, and White Smokers.

Author(s): Bello, Mariel S; Pang, Raina D; Cropsey, Karen L; Zvolensky, Michael J; Reitzel, Lorraine R; Huh, Jimi; Leventhal, Adam M | Abstract: IntroductionPersistent tobacco use among racial and ethnic minority populations in the United States is a critical public health concern. Yet, potential sources of racial/ethnic disparities in tobacco use remain unclear. The present study examined racial/ethnic differences in tobacco withdrawal-a clinically-relevant underpinning of tobacco use that has received sparse attention in the disparities literature-utilizing a controlled laboratory design.MethodsDaily smokers (non-Hispanic African American [n = 178], non-Hispanic white [n = 118], and Hispanic [n = 28]) attended two counterbalanced sessions (non-abstinent vs. 16-hour abstinent). At both sessions, self-report measures of urge, nicotine withdrawal, and affect were administered and performance on an objective behavioral task that assessed motivation to reinstate smoking was recorded. Abstinence-induced changes (abstinent scores vs. non-abstinent scores) were analyzed as a function of race/ethnicity.ResultsNon-Hispanic African American smokers reported greater abstinence-induced declines in several positive affect states in comparison to other racial/ethnic groups. Relative to Hispanic smokers, non-Hispanic African American and non-Hispanic white smokers displayed larger abstinence-provoked increases in urges to smoke. No racial/ethnic differences were detected for a composite measure of nicotine withdrawal symptomatology, negative affect states, and motivation to reinstate smoking behavior.ConclusionsThese results suggest qualitative differences in the expression of some components of tobacco withdrawal across three racial/ethnic groups. This research helps shed light on bio-behavioral sources of tobacco-related health disparities, informs the application of smoking cessation interventions across racial/ethnic groups, and may ultimately aid the overall effort towards reducing the public health burden of tobacco addiction in minority populations.ImplicationsThe current study provides some initial evidence that there may be qualitative differences in the types of tobacco withdrawal symptoms experienced among non-Hispanic African American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white smokers. Extending this line of inquiry may elucidate mechanisms involved in tobacco-related health disparities and ultimately aid in reducing the public health burden of smoking in racial/ethnic minority populations.
Application of model order reduction techniques to compact FDFD method for guided wave structures

A compact FDFD method in conjuncture with model order reduction (MOR) techniques has been investigated for guided wave structures. The results of this study show that these MOR techniques can further improve the computational efficiency of the compact FDFD method. Numerical examples demonstrate the accuracy of these techniques.
Workplace discrimination and autism spectrum disorders: The National EEOC Americans with Disabilities Act Research project.

Using the Integrated Mission System of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), the employment discrimination experience of Americans with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) is documented for Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act. The researchers examine demographic characteristics of the charging parties; the industry designation, location, and size of employers against whom complaints are filed; the nature of discrimination (i.e., type of complaint) alleged to occur; and the legal outcome or resolution of these complaints. Researchers compare and contrast these key dimensions of workplace discrimination involving individuals with ASDs and persons with other physical, sensory, and neurological im- pairments. Researchers also attempt to discern whether or not the resolutions of the ASD charges can be predicted using the variables available for analysis. The comparative findings of this study indicate that individuals with ASDs were more likely to make charges of discrimination against Retail industry employers. Persons with ASDs were also more likely to make charges of discrimination when they were younger, male, and/or of Native American/Alaskan Native ethnicity. The predictive findings of this study indicate that the odds of ASD charges resulting in meritorious resolution (i.e., discrimination determined by the EEOC to have occurred) increase when the discrimination was encountered in Service industries and by larger employers. Implications for policy, advocacy and further research efforts are addressed.
Intermolecular π‐dimer of oxoverdazyl radicals with long‐distance multicenter (2e/8c) bonding via nitrogen atoms

The 1,5-dimethyl-6-oxoverdazyl radical's solid-state structure shows distinct π-dimeric units with close interplanar separations (3.10 A) between the head-over-tail cofacial moieties and several interatomic contacts shorter than the sums of the van der Waals radii. Evaluations of the frontier orbitals of monomeric oxoverdazyl and its π-dimer reveal that interaction of the radical SOMOs (concentrated on the nitrogen atoms) leads to the formation of the supramolecular orbital involving four equivalent bonding (N…N) segments between two oxoverdazyl moieties. As such, this π-dimer represents a rare example of nitrogen-based multicenter (2e/8c) long-distance bonding and emphasizes the universal character of this phenomenon in organic (ion-) radical systems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laboratory micro- and nanoscale X-ray tomographic investigation of Al–7 at.%Cu solidification structures

Abstract X-ray computed tomography across multiple length scales provides an opportunity to non-destructively visualize and quantify the micro- to nano-scale microstructural features of solidification structures in three dimensions. Aluminum–7 at.%copper samples were directionally solidified at three cooling rates (0.44, 0.67, and 1.33 °C/s), resulting in systematic changes in the as-solidified microstructure, which are difficult to quantify using traditional microscopic techniques. The cooling rate of a material affects its ultimate microstructure, and characterizing that microstructure is key to predicting and understanding its bulk properties. Here, two different laboratory X-ray computed tomography instruments were used to characterize as-solidified microstructures, including micro-scale computed tomography with approximately 1 mm field-of-view, ~ 1.7 μm resolution, and nano-scale X-ray computed tomography ~ 65 μm FOV, 150 nm resolution. Micro-scale X-ray radiography and computed tomography enabled a quantitative investigation of changes in the primary dendritic solidification structure with increasing cooling rate. Nano-scale absorption contrast X-ray computed tomography resolved the distinct phases of the lamellar eutectic structure and three dimensional measurements of the ~ 1 μm interlamellar spacing. It is found that the lamella eutectic structure thickness is inversely proportional to the cooling rate. Nano-scale Zernike phase contrast was also used to image voids at eutectic colony boundaries. The application and resolution of these two instruments are discussed with respect to the resolvable features of the solidification structures.
The determination of organic nitro, nitroso and azo compounds with copper

Abstract An indirect gravimetric method for the determination of organic nitro, nitroso and azo compounds has been investigated. The amount of nitro, nitroso, and azo compound present is calculated from the loss in weight of copper metal during the reduction of the compound to the amine. Interferences are discussed in detail. No standard solutions are required and only commonly available equipment is used Accuracy is of the order of ± 0 5%
Alternative medical treatment for patients with angina pectoris and adverse reactions to beta blockers: Usefulness of nifedipine

Although beta blockers are effective for the treatment of angina pectoris, chronic adverse effects produced by these agents--including lethargy, fatigue, and male impotence--can adversely affect patient acceptance and treatment compliance. To assess the clinical effects of switching from anti-anginal treatment with beta blocker only (phase I) to half-dose beta blocker plus the calcium blocker nifedipine (phase II) or nifedipine alone (phase III), 18 patients with chronic stable angina pectoris and side effects to beta blockers were evaluated in a 12-week, open-label trial. Three patients did not complete the study, one secondary to new unstable angina and two secondary to nifedipine side effects. Of the 15 patients completing the trial (13 men and two women; mean age, 54 +/- 5 [SEM] years), all sequentially participated in the one-month phases. Weekly angina frequency assessed from patient diaries was significantly less for treatment with nifedipine only (phase III) as compared with beta blocker (phase I) (1.7 +/- 1 versus 3.9 +/- 1 episodes per week), while phase II was not significantly different. Exercise test time was maintained throughout all phases (phase I, 457 +/- 39; phase II, 458 +/- 40; and phase III, 498 +/- 48 seconds, p not significant). All 15 patients in phase I (100 percent) had side effects to beta blockers, but these side effects were lessened in 12 patients (80 percent) in phase II and 13 patients (86 percent) in phase III, with total alleviation of symptoms in two patients (13 percent) in phase II, and eight patients (53 percent) in phase III. Thus, in patients with side effects to beta blockers, switching to nifedipine is associated with a significant reduction in beta blocker adverse symptoms and equal anti-anginal efficacy.
Ethical and scientific implications of the globalization of clinical research

In recent years, the number of clinical trials conducted in the United States has declined, and the majority of study sites are now outside the United States, with marked growth of research in developing countries. The authors discuss the implications of the globalization of clinical research and make recommendations about how to address the challenges that have emerged.
Vaginal breech delivery: a five-year prospective evaluation of a protocol using computed tomographic pelvimetry.

In 1983 a protocol was established at our institution that used computed tomographic pelvimetry to evaluate patients presenting with a singleton term frank breech fetus for an attempt at vaginal delivery. The criteria for a trial of labor were singleton fetus, term gestation (37 to 42 weeks' gestation from the first day of the last menstrual period), frank breech presentation, estimated fetal weight 2000 to 4000 gm, non-extended fetal head, and adequate computed tomographic pelvimetry. Two digital radiographs and a tomographic cross-section were taken of each patient, i.e., an anteroposterior view, a lateral view, and an axial section through the femoral head at the level of the fovea capitalis. Adequate pelvimetry was defined as: anteroposterior diameter of the inlet greater than or equal to 10.0 cm, transverse diameter of the inlet greater than or equal to 11.5 cm, transverse (interspinous) diameter of the midpelvis greater than or equal to 9.5 cm, and posterior sagittal diameter of the midpelvis greater than or equal to 4.0 cm. The purpose of this prospective analysis was to determine the obstetric and perinatal outcome of those breech fetuses that were evaluated with these criteria during the study period of January 1984 through July 1989. During this period the incidence of breech deliveries at our institution was 2.71% (394/14,542). Of these 394 breech deliveries, 122 patients underwent computed tomographic pelvimetry. Eighty-five patients had adequate pelvimetry, fulfilling the protocol criteria, and formed the study group. Eighty-one percent (69/85) of the study group had successful vaginal deliveries (group 1). Nineteen percent (16/85) required cesarean delivery after a trial of labor (group 2) (10 with fetal distress and six with arrested labor disorders). Of the 37 patients who had inadequate computed tomographic pelvimetry and underwent cesarean delivery without a trial of labor (group 3), 54% (20/37) had an extended fetal head, 21.6% (8/37) had an inadequate transverse diameter of the inlet, 13.5% (5/37) had an inadequate midpelvic posterior sagittal measurement, and 10.8% (4/37) had an inadequate interspinous diameter. Perinatal outcome including Apgar scores, cord gases, length of hospital stay, neonatal complications, was evaluated. No difference in infant complications was noted between the group delivered vaginally and the groups delivered abdominally. The only maternal complications in our study group were chorioamnionitis, endomyometritis, and postpartum anemia. There were no significant differences in the incidence of chorioamnionitis among the three groups of patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Designing Information Systems Capabilities to Create Business Value: A Theoretical Conceptualization of the Role of Flexibility and Integration

Despite Internet success and the fact that software has become the factory in many businesses, questions remain concerning information technology (IT) business value, the IT payoff paradox, and why IT even matters. While numerous econometric studies have established that there is significant business value from IT investments at an aggregate level, it is often unclear how this value accrues specifically and how a particular IS design and specific IS capabilities contribute. Therefore, this article focuses on IT business value (ITBV) antecedents. It analyzes the role of two distinct key IS capabilities: integration and flexibility, which are widely considered central to IS analysis and design. This article is a necessary first step toward decomposing and measuring ITBV antecedents. Subsequent efforts can build on it by developing scales and survey instruments for quantitative-empirical evaluation. This article follows a tradition of theory development adapted and condensed into a four-step approach for IS literature by Zmud (1998), defines and clearly delineates the constructs, and evolves a model that links them with IT business value.
Diatomic gasdynamic lasers

Predictions from a numerical model of the vibrational relaxation of anharmonic diatomic oscillators in supersonic expansions are used to show the extent to which the small anharmonicity of gases like CO can cause significant overpopulations of upper vibrational states. When mixtures of CO and N2 are considered, radiative gain on many of the vibration‐rotation transitions of CO is predicted. Experiments are described that qualitatively verify the predictions by demonstrating laser oscillation in CO‐N2 expansions. The resulting CO‐N2 gasdynamic laser displays performance characteristics that equal or exceed those of similar CO2 lasers.
Determining a common production cycle time for an economic lot scheduling problem with deteriorating items

This paper considers the economic lot scheduling problem (ELSP) for a production-inventory system where items produced are subject to continuous deterioration. The problem is to schedule multiple products to be manufactured on a single machine repetitively over an infinite planning horizon. Each product is assumed to have a significant rate of deterioration. Only one product can be manufactured at a time. The demand rate for each product is constant, but an exponential distribution is used to represent the distribution of the time to deterioration. A common cycle time policy is assumed in the production process. A near optimal production cycle time is derived under conditions of continuous review, deterministic demand, and no shortage.
Modified Hebbian learning for large object classes using Neocognitron visual recognition

Hebbian learning law plays a very important role in the feedforward learning of neural networks. In multidimensional image space, particularly in vision, the asymmetric multidimensional Hebbian learning law can perform principal component feature extraction, thus providing high dimensional feature analysis and feature separation. In this paper, we verified this principle with modified Hebbian learning when applied to Fukushima's neocognitron visual recognition architecture.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Space science: Near-Earth space shows its stripes

Electrons in Earth's magnetic field often exhibit a striped pattern of intensity as a function of electron energy and altitude. A model that factors in some unexpectedly important effects can now explain this feature. See Letter p.338 Earth's radiation belts are populated by electrons and ions that are held in place by a magnetic field. Structured features in these belts have previously been attributed to enhanced solar wind activity. Although planetary rotation is considered to have an important role in driving belt dynamics around Jupiter and Saturn, it has been thought inconsequential for Earth's radiation belts, where the forces involved are much smaller. A new analysis of data from the Van Allen Probes mission shows that the distributions of energetic electrons across the entire spatial extent of Earth's inner radiation belt are organized in regular, highly structured, and unexpected 'zebra stripes' even when the solar wind activity is low. Modelling reveals that the patterns are produced by planetary rotation, which induces global diurnal variations of magnetic and electric fields that resonantly interact with electrons whose drift period is close to 24 hours.
Gene knock-outs and allelic replacements in Toxoplasma gondii: HXGPRT as a selectable marker for hit-and-run mutagenesis

Abstract The hypoxanthine-xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HXGPRT) gene of the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii encodes a safe, practical genetic marker suitable for both positive and negative selection. Taking advantage of the ability to control homologous versus nonhomologous recombination in haploid T. gondii tachyzoites by manipulating the length of homologous DNA sequence, we have explored the possibility of ‘hit-and-run’ mutagenesis to introduce gene knock-outs (or allelic replacements) at loci for which no known selection or screen is available. Using the uracil phosphoribosyl transferase (UPRT) locus as a target, a genomic clone containing ≈8 kb encompassing the UPRT gene (but lacking essential coding sequence) was fused to a cDNA-derived HXGPRT ‘minigene’, which lacks sufficient continguous genomic sequence for homologous recombination. After transfection of circular plasmid DNA, positive selection for HXGPRT activity identified stable transformants, >30% of which were found to have integrated at the UPRT locus as ‘pseudodiploids’ (produced by single-site homologous recombination between the circular plasmid and genomic DNA). Upon removal of mycophenolic acid, resolution of pseudodiploids by spontaneous intrachromosomal homologous recombination was selected using 6-thioxanthine, yielding a 1:1 ratio of UPRT knock-out parasites to wild-type revertants, at frequencies of ≈10 –6 per parasite doubling. Applications of ‘hit-and-run’ technology relative to other gene targeting strategies are discussed.
Effects of short-term stress, xylazine tranquilization and anesthetization with xylazine plus ketamine on plasma concentrations of cortisol, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and prolactin in ovariectomized pony mares

Abstract Long-term ovariectomized pony mares were subjected to one of four treatments: 1) control group — no treatment, 2) stressed group — 5 min of restraint via a twitch, 3) tranquilized group — administered xylazine (1.1 mg i.v. per kg of body weight), and 4) anesthetized group — administered xylazine followed 2 min later by ketamine (2.2 mg i.v. per kg of body weight). Blood samples were taken at −40, −30, −20, −10, −0.5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 90 min and at 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 24 h relative to onset of treatment. Stress increased (P 0.1) relative to pretreatment in any group of mares. Concentrations of prolactin were 2.7-fold higher (P
Diagnosis and management of supraventricular tachycardia in infants and children

Supraventricular tachycardia is the most frequent form of symptomatic tachydysrhythmia in infants, children, and adolescents. Clinical symptoms depend on age and underlying cardiac anatomy. Newborns and infants with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias like atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia due to an accessory atrioventricular pathway and atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia present with signs of acute congestive heart failure; in school-age children and adolescents palpitations are the leading symptom. In patients with chronic-permanent tachycardia as atrial ectopic tachycardia and the permanent form of junctional reciprocating tachycardia, the dysrhythmia is present >>;80% of the day resulting finally in a secondary form of dilated cardiomyopathy, the so-called „tachymyopathy” with cardiomegaly due to dilatation of the left ventricle and significant impairment of left ventricular systolic function.
Characterization and oxidative stability of enzymatically produced fish and canola oil-based structured lipids

Two-kilogram quantities of structured lipids (SL) of menhaden fish and canola oils containing caprylic acids (8∶0) were produced in a laboratory-scale packed-bed bioreactor by acidolysis catalyzed by an immobilized lipase, Lipozyme IM, from Rhizomucor miehei. SL were characterized and their oxidative stabilities investigated. The SL contained 29.5% 8∶0 for fish oil and 40.15 for canola oil. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of fish oil remained unchanged after the modification while PUFA of canola oil were reduced from 29.6 to 21.2%. Monoenes, especially 18∶1n−9, were completely replaced by 8∶0 in fish oil and reduced from 61.9 to 34.7% in canola oil. Downstream processing of enzymatically produced SL led to loss in natural total tocopherol contents of the fish and canola oils. The effects of antioxidants such as α-tocopherol (TOC), tert-butylhydroxyquinone (TBHQ), and combinations thereof on the oxidative stability of SL were investigated. SL were analyzed for oxidative stability index, peroxide value, conjugated diene content, free fatty acid content, iodine value, saponification number, and thiobarbituric acid value. Iodine value of unmodified fish oil (154.71) was reduced to 144.10 and that of canola oil (114.49) to 97.27 after modification. The SN increased from 183.72 to 242.63 for fish oil and from 172.50 to 227.90 for canola oil. TBHQ exhibited better antioxidant effects than TOC. A combination of TBHQ/TOC also proved to be an effective antioxidant for SL. We suggest the addition of antioxidants to enzymatically produced and purified SL.
What Reformed Theology in a Calvinist Key Brings to Conversations about Justice

This essay distinguishes John Calvin's participatory stance toward civil government and society from Peter Rideman's Anabaptist view. It outlines three theological frames that Reformed theology in a Calvinist key brings to conversations about justice. And, in distinction from some other trajectories in Reformed theological ethics, for example, Karl Barth, Miroslav Volff, it tries to retrieve a Calvinist emphasis on natural equity and human moral sensibility with the help of philosophers such as John Rawls and Michael Walzer.
Achieving robust wireless localization resilient to signal strength attacks

Received signal strength (RSS) based algorithms have been very attractive for localization since they allow the reuse of existing communication infrastructure and are applicable to many commodity radio technologies. Such algorithms, however, are sensitive to a set of non-cryptographic attacks, where the physical measurement process itself can be corrupted by adversaries. For example, the attacker can perform signal strength attacks by placing an absorbing or reflecting material around a wireless device to modify its RSS readings. In this work, we first formulate the all-around signal strength attacks, where similar attacks are launched towards all landmarks, and experimentally show the feasibility of launching such attacks. We then propose a general principle for designing RSS-based algorithms so that they are robust to all-around signal strength attacks. To evaluate our approach, we adapt a set of representative RSS-based localization algorithms according to our principle. We experiment with both simulated attacks and two sets of real attack scenarios. All the experiments show that our design principle can be applied to a wide spectrum of algorithms to achieve comparable performance with much better robustness.
High pressure-temperature aqueous systems in the hydrothermal diamond anvil cell (HDAC)

The hydrothermal diamond anvil cell (HDAC) has been used to place aqueous samples under conditions up to 2.5 GPa and 1000 °C. Optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS), infrared absorption, luminescence, and Raman spectroscopy have been used to analyze samples in the HDAC. Equation of state (EOS), critical behavior, melting, phase transitions, reactions, ionic structure and speciation, and compositional changes have been observed and measured. Five examples of the application of the HDAC discussed here are: 1) EOS of water, 2) hydration states of montmorillonite, 3) silicate melts under hydrothermal conditions, 4) prevention of decrepitation of CO 2 -rich fluid inclusions, 5) structure and speciation of complexes. The simplicity of diamond anvil cells and the diverse modifications for their use with a wide range of analytical techniques is leading to many exciting new experimental approaches to problems in mineralogy, petrology, and geochemistry.
System-Structured Management of Acutely Ill Surgical Patients: An Alternative to the Problem-Oriented Method

• The management of surgical patients requiring intensive care is complicated by abnormalities in multiple body systems. An effective method of organizing data collection and treatment is essential. The widely applied "problem-oriented" approach is not entirely satisfactory in the context of surgical intensive care. An alternative method is presented in which management is structured by body systems. The function of each system is analyzed and a plan for each is defined. Data display is arranged by systems rather than problems and is compatible with modern computer technology. A surgical patient under treatment for pancreatitis is presented to illustrate this approach. Experience with 220 patients on a residency teaching service supports the impression that system-structured management is an effective method of managing the course of an acutely ill patient and should be widely applicable to such patients in any general surgical environment. ( Arch Surg 111:239-242, 1976)
Nodal, ionic, and atomic radii, in compounds

Abstract The distance in an atom from the nucleus to the final node in the wavefunction of a valence electron has been defined as the nodal radius. This parameter, in conjunction with a Thomas-Fermi pseudo-potential, is used to calculate the nearest-neighbor distance in some octet compounds. Calculated values of the atomic radii are compared with the semi-empirical ionic and tetrahedral radii for atoms in these compounds.
Adverse impact of heat stress on embryo production: causes and strategies for mitigation

The production of embryos by superovulation is often reduced in periods of heat stress. The associated reduction in the number of transferable embryos is due to reduced superovulatory response, lower fertilization rate, and reduced embryo quality. There are also reports that success of in vitro fertilization procedures is reduced during warm periods of the year. Heat stress can compromise the reproductive events required for embryo production by decreasing expression of estrus behavior, altering follicular development, compromising oocyte competence, and inhibiting embryonic development. While preventing effects of heat stress can be difficult, several strategies exist to improve embryo production during heat stress. Among these strategies are changing animal housing to reduce the magnitude of heat stress, utilization of cows with increased resistance to heat stress (i.e., cows with lower milk yield or from thermally-adapted breeds), and manipulation of physiological and cellular function to overcome deleterious consequences of heat stress. Effects of heat stress on estrus behavior can be mitigated by use of estrus detection aids or utilization of ovulation synchronization treatments to allow timed embryo transfer. There is some evidence that embryonic survival can be improved by antioxidant administration and that pharmacological treatments can be developed that reduce the degree of hyperthermia experienced by cows exposed to heat stress.
Consumer ethics: An assessment of individual behavior in the market place

A national sample of 362 respondents assessed the ethical predisposition of the American marketplace by calculating a consumer ethics index. The results indicate that the population is quite intolerant of perceived ethical abuses. The situations where consumers are ambivalent tend to be those where the seller suffers little or no economic harm from the consumer's action. Younger, more educated, and higher income consumers appear more accepting of these transgressions. The results provided the basis for developing a four-group taxonomy of consumers which retailers should find insightful in assessing potential consumer actions in a variety of situations.
A microassay-based procedure for measuring low levels of toxic organophosphorus compounds through acetylcholinesterase inhibition.

Abstract Using a microtiter plate spectrophotometric system, an assay procedure was developed for the following toxic organophosphorus compounds: 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl ester of methylphosphonofluoridic acid (1, soman); ethyl N , N -dimethylphosphoramidocyanidate (3, tabun); O -ethyl S -[2-[bis(1-methylethyl)amino]ethyl] methylphosphonothiolate (4, VX); the diethyl 4-nitrophenyl ester of phosphoric acid (5, paraoxon); and bis(1-methylethyl) phosphorofluoridate (6, DFP). The procedure, based on the Ellman assay method, uses inhibition of eel acetylcholinesterase (0.01 unit per well) to carry out the determination of inhibitor concentrations for both a standard curve and the unknown samples on a single 96-well microtiter plate. On a typical plate, samples of both unknowns and standards (a minimum of six concentrations were used per standard curve) were assayed five times per sample, with three control (uninhibited) enzyme activity points included for each sample. The time required for carrying out a single plate was approx 30 min. Sensitivity for the most potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor tested was 0.4 nM under the conditions used for a typical assay. It should be noted, however, that no attempt was made to optimize the assay procedure for sensitivity.
Effects of Source and Amount of Phosphorus on Sorption Kinetics in the Topsoil of a Highly Weathered Soil

Abstract Soil chemical and physical reactions involving phosphorus (P) must be understood to predict the risk of P being transported from agricultural land to streams and lakes. The kinetics of P sorption by an Ultisols from West Virginia, USA, receiving P from fertilizers were compared to soils amended with turkey litter. Addition of 6.6 and 13.2 Mg turkey litter ha−1 increased Bray 1P levels to about the same level as adding 53 and 115 kg P ha−1, respectively. Phosphorus binding capacity decreased to a greater extent when P was added as fertilizer as compared to turkey litter. For example, P binding maximum was 360 mg P kg−1 dry soil when soil was amended with 6.6 Mg turkey litter ha−1 as compared to 260 mg P kg−1 dry soil when amended with 53 kg P ha−1. This study demonstrates that the decrease in P‐binding capacity with increasing soil P is less when P is added as turkey litter.
Empathological Places: Residents' Ambivalence toward Remaining in Public Housing

It is often assumed that most residents of large public housing projects in America's inner cities would welcome the opportunity to leave such places. This study, based on indepth interviews with 267 residents of five public housing developments in Boston, examines the reasons why two-thirds of these respondents say they would like to stay put, and also discusses the factors that make the other one-third eager to depart. The article concludes by attempting to reconcile these findings with a central dilemma facing urban planners and housing policymakers: how to sustain stable communities in public housing while also increasing the opportunities for residents to move to less impoverished neighborhoods.
On computing condition numbers for the nonsymmetric eigenproblem

We review the theory of condition numbers for the nonsymmetric eigenproblem and give a tabular summary of bounds for eigenvalues, means of clusters of eigenvalues, eigenvectors, invariant subspaces, and related quantities. We describe the design of new algorithms for estimating these condition numbers. Fortran subroutines implementing these algorithms are in the LAPACK library [1].
Environmental enrichment rescues binocular matching of orientation preference in mice that have a precocious critical period.

Summary Experience shapes neural circuits during critical periods in early life. The timing of critical periods is regulated by both genetics and the environment. Here we study the functional significance of such temporal regulations in the mouse primary visual cortex, where critical period plasticity drives binocular matching of orientation preference. We find that the binocular matching is permanently disrupted in mice that have a precocious critical period due to genetically enhanced inhibition. The disruption is specific to one type of neuron, the complex cells, which, as we reveal, normally match after the simple cells. Early environmental enrichment completely rescues the deficit by inducing histone acetylation and consequently advancing the matching process to coincide with the precocious plasticity. Our experiments thus demonstrate that the proper timing of the critical period is essential for establishing normal binocularity and the detrimental impact of its genetic misregulation can be ameliorated by environmental manipulations via epigenetic mechanisms. Video Abstract
Quantum-mechanical transport equation for atomic systems.

A quantum-mechanical transport equation (QMTE) is derived which should be applicable to a wide range of problems involving the interaction of radiation with atoms or molecules which are also subject to collisions with perturber atoms. The equation follows the time evolution of the macroscopic atomic density matrix elements of atoms located at classical position R and moving with classical velocity v. It is quantum mechanical in the sense that all collision kernels or rates which appear have been obtained from a quantum-mechanical theory and, as such, properly take into account the energy-level variations and velocity changes of the active (emitting or absorbing) atom produced in collisions with perturber atoms. The present formulation is better suited to problems involving high-intensity external fields, such as those encountered in laser physics.
Unwinding a Path to Nuclear β-Catenin

In this issue of Cell, Yang et al. (2006b) show that PDGF, a growth factor that induces the transition of epithelial cells to mesenchymal cells, stimulates the c-Abl kinase-dependent phosphorylation of p68 RNA helicase. Phosphorylated p68 dissociates β-catenin from the Axin destruction complex, thereby promoting nuclear β-catenin signaling independent of Wnt activation.
‘Self‐consistent’ production of ion conics on return current region auroral field lines: A time‐dependent, semi‐kinetic model

We describe initial results from a time-dependent, semi-kinetic model of plasma outflow incorporating wave-particle interactions along current-carrying auroral field lines. Electrostatic waves are generated by the current driven ion cyclotron instability (CDICI), causing perpendicular velocity diffusion of ions plus electron heating via anomalous resistivity when and where the relative drift between electrons and ions exceeds certain critical velocities. Using the local bulk parameters we calculate these critical velocities, and so are able to self-consistently switch on and off the heating of the various particle species. Due to the dependence of these critical velocities on the bulk parameters of the species the heating effects exhibit quite complex spatial and temporal variations. A wide range of ion distribution functions are observed in these simulations, including conics with energies of a few electron volts and 'ring' distributions. The rings are seen to be a natural result of transverse heating and velocity filter effects and do not require coherent acceleration processes. We also observe the formation of a density depletion in hydrogen and enhanced oxygen densities at high altitudes.
Correlation of electronic and structural properties of MBE‐grown AlGaN/GaN heterostructures to Al/N flux ratio during nucleation layer growth

We have demonstrated that carrier mobility and buffer leakage in MBE-grown AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor structures grown on SiC depend sensitively on the Al/N flux ratio during the growth of the AlN nucleation layer (NL). In particular, as the Al/N flux ratio increases from slightly below to slightly above unity, the Hall mobility increases from 1050 cm2/V·s to 1450 cm2/V·s and the buffer leakage increases by three orders of magnitude. Observations by transmission electron microscopy indicate that in structures in which the AlN nucleation layer growth was Al-rich the AlN and GaN layers contain stacking faults, the interface between them is rough, and the near-interface region of the nominally wurtzite-GaN buffer contains regions of cubic material. By contrast, structures in which the AlN NL was grown Al-lean show sharp interfaces between the AlN and GaN layers, and neither stacking faults nor cubic material were observed. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)