cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Omega-3 Fatty Acids and FFAR4

The beneficial roles of omega-3 fatty acids (ω3-FAs) on obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other metabolic diseases are well known. Most of these effects can be explained by their anti-inflammatory effects triggered through their receptor, free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFAR4) activation. Although the whole mechanism of action is not fully described yet, it has been shown that stimulation of ω3-FA to FFAR4 is followed by receptor phosphorylation. This makes FFAR4 to be capable of interacting with β-arrestin-2, which in turn, results in association of β-arrestin-2 with TAB1. This stealing of an important partaker of the inflammatory cascade leads to interruption of the pathway, resulting in reduced inflammation. Besides this regulation of the anti-inflammatory response, FFAR4 signaling also has been shown to regulate glucose homeostasis, adiposity, gastrointestinal peptide secretion, and taste preference. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the interaction of ω3-FAs with FFAR4 and the consequent opportunities for the application of ω3-FAs and possible FFAR4 targets.
Wave-front sensing and image deconvolution of solar data.

High spatial resolution is of the utmost importance for understanding the phenomena that are present on the solar surface. Several techniques for wave-front sensing and image reconstruction have been proposed and used with varying degrees of success. The results of a wave-front sensing and image-reconstruction experiment that uses phase information obtained by comparing in-focus and out-of-focus images are presented. The data, a series of snapshots of solar granulation, were taken with the Vacuum Tower Telescope at the National Solar Observatory at Sacramento Peak. The experiment shows the potential utility of such a technique. Advantages and limitations are discussed.
O-GlcNAcase Expression is Sensitive to Changes in O-GlcNAc Homeostasis

O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a post-translational modification involving an attachment of a single β-N-acetylglucosamine moiety to serine or threonine residues in nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. Cellular O-GlcNAc levels are regulated by two enzymes: O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), which add and remove the modification respectively. The levels of O-GlcNAc can rapidly change in response to fluctuations in the extracellular environment; however, O-GlcNAcylation returns to a baseline level quickly after stimulus removal. This process termed O-GlcNAc homeostasis appears to be critical to the regulation of many cellular functions including cell cycle progress, stress response, and gene transcription. Disruptions in O-GlcNAc homeostasis are proposed to lead to the development of diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease. O-GlcNAc homeostasis is correlated with the expression of OGT and OGA. We reason that alterations in O-GlcNAc levels affect OGA and OGT transcription. We treated several human cell lines with Thiamet-G (TMG, an OGA inhibitor) to increase overall O-GlcNAc levels resulting in decreased OGT protein expression and increased OGA protein expression. OGT transcript levels slightly declined with TMG treatment, but OGA transcript levels were significantly increased. Pretreating cells with protein translation inhibitor cycloheximide (CHX) did not stabilize OGT or OGA protein expression in the presence of TMG; nor did TMG stabilize OGT and OGA mRNA levels when cells were treated with RNA transcription inhibitor actinomycin D (AMD). Finally, we performed RNA Polymerase II chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) at the OGA promoter and found RNA Pol II occupancy at the transcription start site (TSS) was lower after prolonged TMG treatment. Together, these data suggest that OGA transcription was sensitive to changes in O-GlcNAc homeostasis and was potentially regulated by O-GlcNAc.
Two pseudogenes among three rat immunoglobulin lambda chain genes.

Abstract In order to examine the number and organization of the immunoglobulin lambda light chain genes of the rat, we have used mouse lambda chain cDNA probes to isolate hybridizing fragments from a partial Eco RI rat liver DNA library. We have determined the partial nucleotide sequence of two such clones. One clone, containing a 5.8 kb EcoRI insert which hybridizes to both mouse Cλ1 and Cλ2 probes, includes an apparently expressible Cλ2-like gene as well as a CλI-like pseudogene (ψCλ1.1), arranged similarly to the mouse Cλ gene complexes. Sequence analysis of a second cloned EcoRI fragment (1.15 kb in length) revealed part of a second CλI-like pseudogene (ψCλ1.2), the coding regions of both pseudogenes being interrupted by multiple frame-shifting size differences. In the case of υCλ 1.2, the degree of sequence identity with mouse Cλ 1 drops abruptly immediately following the termination codon, suggesting that translocation events have played a role in its generation. These two rat pseudogenes, and the mouse Cλ4 pseudogene, clearly have been rendered unexpressible by separate evolutionary events. Comparisons between Cλ coding and non-coding regions of rats and mice indicate that some of the unusual patterns of divergence we have observed in recently diverged Ck genes may exist in Cλ genes as well.
FAST COMPRESSION OF LASER BEAMS TO HIGHLY OVERCRITICAL POWERS

Laser beams can be strongly compressed in a plasma by stimulated Raman backscattering in a time short compared to the time scale for filamentation instabilities to develop. Such a compression should make feasible multi-MJ multi-exawatt-laser pulses technologically challenging by other means. The compression efficiency can reach nearly $100%$ at the Langmuir wave breaking limit.
Physical gels and microphase separation in multiblock copolymers

Abstract We present computer simulation results of a solution of multiblock copolymers, and show that a network can form under certain conditions. This network formation is due to a bridging effect, which exists for multiblock but not for diblock copolymers. Because of this special property, we suggest that multiblock copolymers may be used quite generally to describe physical gels. Further, we find that separation of block types from each other hinders phase separation of polymers from solvent when the solvent is poor for both block types.
A biological process for the reclamation of flue gas desulfurization gypsum using mixed sulfate-reducing bacteria with inexpensive carbon sources.

A combined chemical and biological process for the recycling of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum into calcium carbonate and elemental sulfur is demonstrated. In this process, a mixed culture of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) utilizes inexpensive carbon sources, such as sewage digest or synthesis gas, to reduce FGD gypsum to hydrogen sulfide. The sulfide is then oxidized to elemental sulfur via reaction with ferric sulfate, and accumulating calcium ions are precipitated as calcium carbonate using carbon dioxide. Employing anaerobically digested municipal sewage sludge (AD-MSS) medium as a carbon source, SRBs in serum bottles demonstrated an FGD gypsum reduction rate of 8 mg/L/h (109 cells)-1. A chemostat with continuous addition of both AD-MSS media and gypsum exhibited sulfate reduction rates as high as 1.3 kg FGD gypsum/m3·d. The increased biocatalyst density afforded by cell immobilization in a columnar reactor allowed a productivity of 152 mg SO4 -2/L·h or 6.6 kg FGD gypsum/m3·d. Both reactors demonstrated 100% conversion of sulfate, with 75–100% recovery of elemental sulfur and chemical oxygen demand utilization as high as 70%. Calcium carbonate was recovered from the reactor effluent on precipitation using carbon dioxide. It was demonstrated that SRBs may also use synthesis gas (CO, H2, and CO2) in the reduction of gypsum, further decreasing process costs. The formation of two marketable products—elemental sulfur and calcium carbonate—from FGD gypsum sludge, combined with the use of a low-cost carbon source and further improvements in reactor design, promises to offer an attractive alternative to the landfilling of FGD gypsum.
Hurricane Wind Speed Measurements in Rainy Conditions Using the Airborne Hurricane Imaging Radiometer (HIRAD)

This paper describes a realistic computer simulation of airborne hurricane surveillance using the recently developed microwave remote sensor, the hurricane imaging radiometer (HIRAD). An end-to-end simulation is described of HIRAD wind speed and rain rate measurements during two hurricanes while flying on a high-altitude aircraft. This simulation addresses the particular challenge which is accurate hurricane wind speed measurements in the presence of intense rain rates. The objective of this research is to develop baseline retrieval algorithms and provide a wind speed measurement accuracy assessment for future hurricane flights including the NASA GRIP hurricane field program that was conducted in summer of 2010. Examples of retrieved hurricane wind speed and rain rate images are presented, and comparisons of the retrieved parameters with two different numerical hurricane models data are made. Special emphasis is provided on the wind speed measurement error, and statistical results are presented over a broad range of wind and rain conditions over the full measurement swath (earth incidence angle).
FRET-enabled optical modulation for high sensitivity fluorescence imaging.

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer is utilized to engineer donor photophysics for facile signal amplification and selective fluorescence recovery from high background. This is generalized such that many different fluorophores can be used in optical modulation schemes to drastically improve fluorescence imaging sensitivity. Dynamic, simultaneous, and direct excitation of the acceptor brightens and optically modulates higher energy donor emission. The externally imposed modulation waveform enables selective donor fluorescence extraction through demodulation. By incorporating an acceptor with significant, spectrally shifted, dark-state population, necessary excitation intensities are quite low and agree well with simulated enhancements. Enhancement versus modulation frequency directly yields dark-state lifetimes in a simple ensemble measurement. Using the long-lived Cy5 dark state in conjunction with Cy3 donors, we demonstrate image extraction from a large background to yield ≫10-fold sensitivity improve...
72 THE PROGNOSIS OF NONORGANIC ABDOMINAL PAIN IN CHILDREN

In order to determine prognosis in children in whom the diagnosis of “functional” or psychosomatic abdominal pain had been made, a questionnaire was sent to parents of 170 children in whom the diagnosis had been made at least 5 yr previously. Responses were obtained for 161 patients (pt) (94.7%). In this group (100 girls, 61 boys), all symptoms disappeared in 92 pt (57.1%) within a few weeks after diagnosis and reassurance by the examining physician. In 31 pt (19.3%), symptoms subsided from 1 to 9 yr (mean 3.2 yr) after diagnosis. Symptoms remained unchanged in 15 pt (9.3%) and became worse in 7 (4.3%). Sixteen responders failed to comment on symptomatic outcome. After the original diagnosis had been made, 21 pt were subjected to surgical procedures elsewhere; these included appendectomy, removal of “ovarian cysts,” tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy, and laminectomy. Six pt thought that they had been helped by these procedures, but 12 pt either continued to have abdominal pain or had multiple psychosomatic complaints. In 3 pt, the diagnosis of Crohn's disease ultimately was established and surgical procedures were done. No other cause of organic bowel disease was detected. In 1 pt, anorexia nervosa was later diagnosed. We conclude that organic disease is seldom overlooked in pt considered to have functional or psychosomatic abdominal pain. The symptoms eventually disappeared in approximately 75% of these pt; those with persistent symptoms should be followed more carefully to avoid unnecessary surgery or the development of other psychosomatic complaints.
The impact of a universal class-size reduction policy: Evidence from Florida's statewide mandate

Class-size reduction (CSR) mandates presuppose that resources provided to reduce class size will have a larger impact on student outcomes than resources that districts can spend as they see fit. I estimate the impact of Florida's statewide CSR policy by comparing the deviations from prior achievement trends in districts that were required to reduce class size to deviations from prior trends in districts that received equivalent resources but were not required to reduce class size. I use the same comparative interrupted time series design to compare schools that were differentially affected by the policy (in terms of whether they had to reduce class size) but that did not receive equal additional resources. The results from both the district- and school-level analyses indicate that mandated CSR in Florida had little, if any, effect on student achievement.
Do you know What a Dietetic Technician can do? A focus on Clinical Technicians and their Expanded Roles and Responsibilities

Abstract Dietetic technicians, registered, play a key role in providing quality, cost-effective client care and foodservice management and are guided by the mission statement of the American Dietetic Association to promote optimal nutrition, health, and well-being. Many organizations use dietetic technicians to complete the screening and/or basic level assessments. The dietetic technician also can assist with patient monitoring and complete such tasks as calculating and documenting calorie counts, providing basic diet instruction, monitoring diet consumption and compliance, and determining tolerance of nuritional supplements. Since the last role delineation study was conducted, dietetic technicians have expanded into many different work settings, and practice roles have changed accordingly. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997;97(suppl 2):S139–S141.
Hypothermic low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass impairs pulmonary and right ventricular function more than circulatory arrest.

Background Hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA) is used during surgical treatment of certain congenital heart defects. The possibility of ischemic neurologic injury associated with HCA has led some surgeons to use low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) during the hypothermic interval (hypothermic low flow [HLF]). This study investigates the inflammatory response to HCA and HLF, and reports the consequences of this response on pulmonary and right ventricular function. Methods Piglets (3.1 to 6.6 kg) were cooled to 16° to 18°C using CPB, and randomized: HCA for 60 minutes (n = 7), or HLF (50 cc·kg −1 ·min −1 ) for 60 minutes (n = 6). The piglets were rewarmed to 36°C and weaned from CPB. Serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) concentration, percent lung water, and pulmonary and cardiac function were measured before and after CPB. Results Tumor necrosis factor-alpha was higher after HLF (2,990.5 ± 884.5 pg/mL), compared with HCA (347.6 ± 89.2 pg/mL; p = 0.03). The percent lung water was higher after HLF (84.8% ± 0.3%) than HCA (82.0% ± 0.4%; p −1 ·m −2 ·min −1 ) than HCA (14.55 ± 3.46 mm Hg· mL −1 ·m −2 ·min −1 ; p = 0.049). The right ventricular pressure waveform peak derivative, corrected for systolic pulmonary artery pressure, was lower after HLF (14.1 ± 1.4 sec −1 ), than HCA (23.8 ± 2.7 sec −1 ; p = 0.01). Conclusions Hypothermic low flow extends exposure to CPB, and is associated with an increased inflammatory response compared with HCA. The greater inflammatory response after HLF may result in substantial nonneurologic morbidity in the postoperative period, demonstrated by pulmonary and right ventricular dysfunction. Interventions that attenuate the inflammatory response to CPB may prevent pulmonary and right ventricular dysfunction after HLF.
Zhang Heng's Huntian yi zhu Revisited

The Huntian yi zhu is one of the earliest surviving works on astronomy in ancient China. It is traditionally attributed to Zhang Heng (78-139) of the Eastern Han. Modern scholars have studied the text for the past seven decades and there seems to be agreement on its interpretation, especially on its mathematical contents. This article identifies one major flaw in the assumptions among the modern studies of the piece: the term shao ban, incorrectly taken to mean “one quarter,” should mean “one third.” The mathematical interpretation of the Huntian yi zhu by scholars including Christopher Cullen and Chen Meidong has to be reworked. A new reading is presented here, which demonstrates Zhang Heng's meticulousness on the one hand and our adherence to the philological principle of lectio difficilior potior (the more difficult reading is the stronger) on the other.
Adaptative Smart-Binarization Method: For Images of Business Documents

The automatic reading systems of business documents requires fast and accurate reading of interest zones using the OCR technology. The result quality of the binarization has a major impact on the quality of binary characters. We propose in this paper a smart-binarization method of the images of business documents. In our work, we considered different degradations on document images, real-time constraints and high spatial resolution of the images. The quality of each pixel is estimated using a hierarchical local thresholding in order to classify it as foreground, background or ambiguous pixel. The ambiguous pixels that represent the degraded zones cannot be binarized with the same local thresholding. The global quality of the image is thus estimated from the density of theses degraded pixels. If it is considered as degraded, we apply a second separation on the ambiguous pixels to separate them into background or foreground. This second process uses our improved relaxation method that we have accelerate for the first time to integrate it into a system of automatic reading document. Our approach, compared to existing binarization approaches (local or global), offers a better reading of characters by the OCR. The computation time remains constant with the variation of the local window size through the use of integral images. The method was developed in the context of DOD project (Documents On Demand) at the request of the ITESOFT company.
The Park 51/Ground Zero Controversy and Sacred Sites as Contested Space

The Park 51 controversy swept like wildfire through the media in late August of 2010, fueled by Islamophobes who oppose all advance of Islam in America. Yet the controversy also resonated with many who were clearly not caught up in the fear of Islam. This article attempts to understand the broader concern that the Park 51 project would somehow violate the Ground Zero site, and, thus, as a sign of "respect" should be moved to a different location, an argument that was invariably articulated in “spatial language” as groups debated the physical and spatial presence of the buildings in question, their relative proximity, and even the shadows they cast. This article focuses on three sets of spatial meanings that undergirded these arguments: the site as sacred ground created through trauma, rebuilding as retaliation for the attack, and the assertion of American civil religion. The article locates these meanings within a broader civic discussion of liberty and concludes that the spatialization of the controversy opened up discursive space for repressive, anti-democratic views to sway even those who believe in religious liberty, thus evidencing a deep ambivalence regarding the legitimate civic membership of Muslim Americans.
Relative combining affinities of anti-p-azophenylarsonate antibodies bearing a cross-reactive idiotype

Abstract All mice of the A/J strain produce anti-p-azophenylarsonate (anti-Ar) antibodies, some of which share a cross-reactive idiotype (CRI). To account for the regular appearance of the CRI, the possibility was considered that such molecules are of high avidity; this could result in selective capture of antigen and stimulation of lymphocytes having molecuels with CRI as receptors. Comparisons were therefore made between antibody preparations with a high or low content of CRI obtained either from different animals or through fractionation by isoelectric focusing. Equilibrium dialysis, using the hapten (p- azobenzenearsonic-acid )-N- acetyl- l -tyrosine , or binding measurement with the radiolabeled immunogen, KLH-Ar, were consistent in indicating that molecules with CRI are somwhat lower in affinity or avidity than the average of the population of molecules lacking CRI. The results suggest that the high of occurence of molecules with CRI must reflect the presence of a relatively large number of precursor lymphocytes with the corresponding receptor.
Business Executives’ Perceptions of Ethical Leadership and Its Development

This paper summarized the findings of a qualitative study that examines the perceptions of ethical leadership held by those who perceived themselves to be ethical leaders, and how life experiences shaped the values called upon when making ethical decisions. The experiences of 28 business executives were shared with the researcher, beginning with the recollection of a critical incident that detailed an ethical issue with which each executive had been involved. With the critical incident in mind, each executive told the personal story that explained the development of the values he or she called upon when resolving the ethical issue described. The stories were analyzed through the use of constant comparison, which resulted in the development of two models: (1) a framework for ethical leadership illuminating valued aspects of ethical leaderships and the value perspectives called upon when making ethical decisions, and (2) a model explaining how the executives’ ethical frameworks developed. The paper concludes with a brief discussion on virtue ethics, experiential learning, and human resource development.
Russian women emigrées in psychology: informal Jewish networks.

This paper uses archival sources and autobiographies to give a fuller account of the lives of three Russian women psychologists, each of whom voluntarily emigrated several years before the Third Reich. As such, their stories contribute to gender history, emigration history, and ethnic history. The characteristics of second-generation women in psychology seem to apply to this sample; they accepted applied or secondary positions in psychology or allied fields and came late to tenure-track positions. Some first-generation characteristics fit them also: choosing career over marriage, accepting the "family claim," and living "fractured lives." Emigree history reveals that these women found careers in the United States that could not have happened in the smaller, more restricted higher education networks of Europe. Female friendships and family ties to the Old World sustained them. All struggled with professional networking and had varying success, depending heavily upon the patronage of sympathetic male psychologists. Ethnic history shows that none identified strongly with Judaism, yet all benefited from Jewish mentors and networks of patronage. Evidence of gendered or racial discrimination in hiring practices is sparse, though it surely existed.
FIELD PERFORMANCE OF DEEP POLYMER IMPREGNATION

A test installation of deep polymer impregnation was applied to an 8‐yr old, heavily traveled bridge deck in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, in 1975. While no surface spalls existed, the chloride contents at the level of the top reinforcing mat exceeded the corrosion threshold values. The deep polymer impregnation process involved drying the concrete, impregnating it to a depth of 7.6–10.2 cm (3–4 in.) with a catalyzed acrylic monomer, and thermally polymerizing the monomer. Detailed field and laboratory examination after 9‐yr service revealed excellent performance from the impregnated concrete. Fracture planes and spalls were absent, whereas adjacent untreated areas were highly damaged. Surface wear was reduced by 65%. Half‐cell corrosion potentials revealed active reinforcement corrosion ouside the test area, but not within. Chloride contents were significantly lower in the test area. Pre‐existing corrosion cells within the test area were arrested.
Distribution of Nerve Endings in the Human Dorsal Radiocarpal Ligament

Purpose The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the nerve-ending apparatus populations within a large number of adult human dorsal radiocarpal (DRC) ligaments to test the hypothesis that the majority of nerve endings could be grouped into established classifications and that the nerve endings could be found in predictable locations within the substance of the ligament. Methods The DRC ligaments were harvested from 20 wrists of 10 fresh cadavers with an average age of 75.6 years within 12 to 18 hours of death. Before the tissues were harvested, radiographs were taken to exclude any arthritic conditions of the wrists. Tissues were fixed, sectioned with a cryostat, and serial sections were collected on glass slides. Slides were processed for fluorescence immunohistochemistry using antibody to protein gene product 9.5 and a secondary antibody conjugated to a fluorescent tag (Alexa Fluor 488). The sections were evaluated with an LSM-510 confocal laser microscope and a Kontron KS 400 image analyzer. Labeled nerve endings were counted, mapped, and reconstructed. Results The average number of nerve endings in each DRC ligament was 10.1 ± 4.7. More than 76% of the nerve endings were found in the 2 ends of the ligament with 23.3% in the central third and approximately 80% distributed in the superficial layer. More than 80% of the nerve endings were discovered in the epiligamentous sheath rather than in the perifascicular spaces. Conclusions The distribution of the nerve endings follows a consistent pattern. These results will provide a foundation of morphologic information useful in understanding normal and abnormal neural control of wrist joint mechanics.
EFFICIENT ANALYTICAL FRAGILITY FUNCTION FITTING USING DYNAMIC STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Estimation of fragility functions using dynamic structural analysis is an important step in a number of seismic assessment procedures. This paper discusses the applicability of statistical inferenc...
Effects of Yoga Interventions on Fatigue in Cancer Patients and Survivors: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

Background Fatigue is one of the most frequently reported, distressing side effects reported by cancer survivors and often has significant long-term consequences. Research indicates that yoga can produce invigorating effects on physical and mental energy, and thereby may improve levels of fatigue. The objective of this systematic review was to examine the literature that reports the effects of randomized, controlled yoga interventions on self-reported fatigue in cancer patients and survivors. The online electronic databases, PubMed and PsycINFO , were used to search for peer-reviewed research articles studying the effects of yoga interventions on fatigue in cancer survivors. Combinations of yoga, cancer, and fatigue-related search terms were entered simultaneously to obtain articles that included all three elements. Studies were included if they met the following inclusion criteria: participants were male or female cancer patients or survivors participating in randomized, controlled yoga interventions. The main outcome of interest was change in fatigue from pre- to post-intervention. Interventions of any length were included in the analysis. Risk of bias using the format of the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias was also examined across studies. Results Ten articles met inclusion criteria and involved a total of 583 participants who were predominantly female, breast cancer survivors. Four studies indicated that the yoga intervention resulted in significant reductions in self-reported fatigue from pre- to post-intervention. Three of the studies reported that there were significant reductions of fatigue among participants who attended a greater number of yoga classes. Risk of bias was high for areas of adequate selection, performance, detection, and patient-reported bias and mixed for attrition and reporting bias. Risk of bias was uniformly low for other forms of bias, including financial conflicts of interest. Conclusions Results of the studies included in this review suggest that yoga interventions may be beneficial for reducing cancer-related fatigue in women with breast cancer; however, conclusions should be interpreted with caution as a result of levels of bias and inconsistent methods used across studies. More well-constructed randomized controlled trials are needed to determine the impact of yoga interventions on fatigue in cancer patients and survivors.
Mean Motions and Tidal and Two-Day Structure and Variability in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere over Hawaii

An overview of the motion field and an analysis of the tidal and 2-day wave motions observed in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere over the central Pacific from 1 October 1990 through 19 August 1992 is presented. Characteristics and interactions of motions at lower and higher frequencies will be addressed elsewhere. Wind measurements were obtained with an MF radar operating on Kauai, Hawaii (22 deg N, 160 deg W), using the partial reflection drift technique. Results presented in this paper reveal a zonal mean motion reflecting the mesopause semiannual oscillation (MSAO) observed at more equatorial latitudes from approximately January to July, coinciding with the period during which the MSAO and the annual cycle of the zonal mean wind at higher latitudes are in phase. Eastward and westward maxima are 55 m/s below 80 km and 45 m/s near 85 km during the first year, with maxima of 57 and 53 m/s during the second year and evidence of substantial interannual variability. The second MSAO cycle is greatly suppressed in the Hawaiian data due to the reversal of the correlation between this and the annual cycle at higher latitudes from approximately July to December and because the second cycle is weaker climatologically at equatorial latitudes. Significant planetary wave activity is observed during periods of mean eastward motions, and tidal and 2-day motions are found to be large and variable. The maximum diurnal tides were observed during October and November 1990, and February, March, April, July, and August of 1991 and 1992. Maximum 2-day amplitudes occurred during February, July, and August of 1991 and 1992. Significantly, the large diurnal amplitude maximum noted during November 1990 failed to appear the following year, while the February 2-day amplitude maximum declined somewhat in 1992.
Acquiring medical services for individuals with mental retardation in community-based housing facilities

As a result of deinstitutionalization, individuals with mental retardation (MR) were moved into the community and primary care practices. Residential agency directors now routinely determine health care decisions. Understanding of issues involved in acquiring services and the clinical decision-making experiences of 13 service agency directors representing 1,400 individuals with MR were investigated. This descriptive study with a qualitative exploratory design included structured interviews that were content analyzed. Four themes describe the barriers encountered, which resulted in the delay or denial of appropriate health services. These themes include effects of stigma, knowledge limitations, resource deficits, and inconsistent decision making. Knowledge of these experiences will assist nurses in problem solving and advocating for the holistic competent care of individuals with MR.
Smooth Muscle Tissue Response to Applied Vibration Following Extreme Isotonic Shortening

The objectives of the present study are to investigate the response of a tracheal smooth muscle tissue to an applied longitudinal vibration following isotonic shortening, and, using experimental data, to simulate the mechanical response through a non-linear finite element analysis. The response of an activated smooth muscle tissue to forced length oscillations at 33Hz for 1 second was obtained. The response in terms of stiffness change and hysteresis was estimated from the experimental data. A finite element simulation was carried out to simulate the vibratory response under experimental conditions. The results obtained indicate that the approach and the vibratory response obtained may be useful for describing the cross-bridge deattachements within the cells as well as connective tissue connections characteristics of tracheal smooth muscle tissue.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
The Measurement of Creep in Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene A Comparison of Conventional Versus Highly Cross-Linked Polyethylene

Abstract Quantification of creep of highly cross-linked polyethylene would enable separation of creep from wear when evaluating femoral head penetration into polyethylene. We compared creep magnitude of a highly cross-linked versus conventional polyethylene in the laboratory. Twelve acetabular liners of each material were tested, 6 of which had a 32-mm inner diameter (ID) and 6 had 28-mm ID. Creep was measured using coordinate measuring machines during loading at 2 Hz without motion to 4 million cycles. Penetration into 32-mm ID conventional liners reached 97 μ m versus 107 μ m for highly cross-linked material, not significant. Penetration into 28-mm conventional liners was 132 μ m versus 155 μ m for highly cross-linked material ( P = .017). Ninety percent of the creep had occurred by 2.5 million cycles.
The Partly Molar Pregnancy That Is Not a Partial Mole

The presence of a fetus in a molar pregnancy is usually an indication that it is a partial, rather than a complete, hydatidiform mole. The underlying reason for this is a basic difference in the genetic composition of the 2 types of mole. Complete moles are ‘‘androgenetic’’ conceptions, i.e., their genome is entirely paternal in origin [1]. The total absence of a maternal genetic contribution results in unopposed action of paternally expressed genes, leading to excessive trophoblastic proliferation and a very early cessation of embryonic development. Partial moles are almost all ‘‘diandric’’ triploids, with 1 maternal set and 2 paternal sets of chromosomes. The excess paternal genetic dose causes trophoblastic proliferation but is presumably kept in check by the maternal genetic contribution, which also permits the fetus to develop much further than in complete moles, sometimes well into the second trimester [2]. This marked difference in fetal viability between complete and partial moles has resulted in the dictum that ‘‘if it is a mole and if there is a fetus, then it must be a partial mole.’’ However, there are 2 important exceptions. First, the villi of early complete moles can show histologic evidence of fetal tissue, including endothelial cells, nucleated red cells, an amnion, and a yolk sac [3]. Second, a complete mole may be part of a dizygotic twin pregnancy in which the other conceptus is a normal well-developed fetus with its own nonmolar pla
In Vitro and In Vivo Model Systems for the Study of Allergic and Inflammatory Disorders in Man : Implications for the Pathogenesis of Asthma

The IgE-mediated release of inflammatory substances from mast cells and basophils in vitro and, more recently, in vivo has proved to be a convenient model for studying mechanisms thought important in acute allergic reactions. The fact that IgE-mediated stimuli can initiate an immediate inflammatory response which can be manifest many hours after allergen exposure and that other triggers, including physical stimuli, can cause apparent mast cell activation suggests that these processes may be of general importance. Elucidating which cells and which chemical mediators play predominant roles in these reactions is a major challenge for the years ahead.
Strain-hardening of spheroidized high carbon steels

Abstract The strain-hardening behavior of spheroidized steels is examined in terms of continuum and quasi-continuum models based on the requirement that continuity be maintained at various boundaries in the two-phase polycrystals. For plastic strains up to 3.5%, the increase in the flow stress appears to by composed of contributions arising from 1. (i) dislocations stored in the material for 1.1. a) statistical and 1.2. b) geometrical reasons 2. (ii) an average back stress predominantly due to the presence of the unrelaxed plastic strain discontinuity between the ferrite matrix and the cementite particles. The latter contribution, which is a large fraction of the total strain-hardening increment, increases rapidly with strain up to a plastic strain of 3.5% and remains approximately constant thereafter. The attainment of the maximum value of the back stress corresponds to the observed transition in the overall strain-hardening rate (“double-n” behavior). The experimentally determined components of the hardening increment due to the geometrically necessary dislocations agree well with the predictions of Ashby's theory. At strains greater than 3.5%. the average back stress remains approximately constant and the geometrically necessary dislocation density increases only slightly with strain. This indicates a deviation from Ashby's theory which predicts a continuous increase of this dislocation population with strain. The strain-hardening increments at these strain levels therefore appear to be controlled mainh by the increase in the statistical dislocation population.
Tetracarbonyldieneiron complexes: Preparation and proton addition

Abstract Three tetracarbonyldieneiron complexes have been characterized; the s-cis or s-trans nature of the diene ligand in these compounds is dependent upon steric factors and has been established in each case by protonation and deuteration studies which convert them to tetracarbonylallyliron cations in high yield.
Determination of whole blood apparent viscosity: experience with a new hemorheologic technique.

A new experimental technique of determining apparent blood viscosity at low rates of shear using a porous bed viscometer (PBV) was evaluated in a study of 213 blood samples from 43 mongrel dogs. Viscosity was measured over a wide range of hematocrit (Hct), 6.5–51%, and plasma fibrinogen (Fib), 11–597 mg%, levels significantly altered (P < 0.0005) by isovolemic hemodilution. Viscosity was highly correlated with Hct and Fib (r = 0.89), which confirmed the results of previous investigations. An important finding was the ability of the PBV to detect the non-Newtonian behavior of whole blood that occurs under low shear conditions at higher Hct levels. In a subgroup of 10 animals, viscosity was also measured by a precision cone and plate viscometer (CPV) at various shear rates. Although the PBV and CPV measurements showed excellent correlation (r = 0.92), a marked nonlinear deviation of the plotted data from the regression of Hct vs viscosity measured by the PBV at Hct levels ⩾30% was noted which could not be identified by the CPV. The PBV technique affords valid measurements of the apparent viscosity of normal canine blood. Moreover, the device is apparently sensitive to the anomalous rheologic properties of whole blood attributable to shear-dependent changes in red blood cell aggregation that can become physiologically significant in low-flow states.
Children from Sexually Abusive Families: A Behavioral Comparison

The sexually abused child has been described as more fearful, anxious, depressed, and guilty in comparison to normal children. However, these descriptions are largely derived from clinical impressions and little systematic exploration of the nature and extent of behavior problems among these children. The present study investigated the problem behaviors of a group of preschool and elementary-aged sexually abused children (N = 93) in comparison with a sample of nonabused children from a psychiatric outpatient clinic (N = 64) and a sample of nonabused children from a well child clinic (N = 78). Behavioral strengths and weaknesses in these children were examined by administering the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist to their mothers. Sexually abused children displayed a significantly greater number of behavior problems than normals but were not as significantly disturbed as the psychiatric outpatients. The sexually abused children did display significantly more sexual problems than either comparison group. ...
Interaction and Grammar

Interaction and Grammar. Elinor Ochs. Emanuel A. Schegloff. and Sandra A. Thompson. eds. Studies in Interactional Sociolinguistics, 13. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 486 pp.
QUANTITATION OF ASPARAGINE-101 DEAMIDATION FROM ALPHA-A CRYSTALLIN DURING AGING OF THE HUMAN LENS

PURPOSE. To quantitate deamidation of asparagine-101 from the alpha-A crystallin protein of human lenses of different ages. METHODS. Alpha-A crystallin was purified from total proteins of human lenses of different ages, followed by tryptic digestion and resolution of the peptides, using reverse phase chromatography. Known amounts of synthetic peptide standards, corresponding to the amidated and deamidated forms of the expected tryptic peptide containing asparagine-101, were used to identify and quantitate the amount of deamidation. RESULTS. From 0–30 yrs of age, ~45% of asparagine-101 was deamidated, while only ~5% additional deamidation occurred during 30–68 yrs of age. CONCLUSIONS. In the normal human lens, most deamidation of asparagine-101 occurs during the first ~30 years of age, followed by a small additional amount of deamidation (~5%) during the next ~38 years, resulting in a maximum of ~50% deamidation during the lifetime of the individual.
Reversed-phase High-performance Liquid Chromatographic Investigation of Levodopa Preparations I: Amino acid Impurities

A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure with UV detection at 280 nm is presented for the determination of 6-hydroxydopa, tyrosine, 3 O-methyldopa, and other trace amino acid impurities in levodopa preparations. The method is fast and sufficiently sensitive to determine trace impurities at 0.1% of the Jevodopa concentration with a relative standard deviation of 4-6%. The trace impurities can be estimated at ⩽0.01%.
Influence of transducer frequency and imaging modality on the intraoperative assessment of myocardial perfusion with transesophageal echocardiography.

Abstract Objective: To determine factors that improve intraoperative myocardial perfusion assessment with conventional ultrasound imaging and intravenous ultrasound agents. Design: Prospective cohort study with repeated interventions on each patient. Setting: Single university hospital. Participants: Fourteen patients scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Interventions: Myocardial perfusion was evaluated with contrast transesophageal echocardiography during conventional imaging after central venous injections of the contrast agent Optison (0.3 mL) before cardiopulmonary bypass. Eight patients received the injection during continuous sampling at each of 4 transducer frequency settings (3.5, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0 MHz). In another 6 patients, injections were administered during continuous and intermittent sampling (electrocardiogram-gated) at 3.5 and 5.0 MHz. Generalized estimating equations were used to compare mean responses, with p ≤ 0.05 considered significant. Measurements and Main Results: All recorded images were analyzed with off-line videodensitometry. Background-corrected peak pixel intensity (PPIcorr) and rate of change in pixel intensity (PPIcorr/TPPI) were determined for each injection. PPIcorr was greater at 3.5 MHz than at 5.0, 6.0, and 7.0 MHz (p
On the measurement technique for specific absorption rate of nanoparticles in an alternating electromagnetic field

Accurate measurement of specific absorption rate (SAR) is essential for quantifying the power dissipation of magnetic nanoparticle suspensions in alternating magnetic fields, which have applications in cancer hyperthermia. Current SAR measurement setups usually comprise a coil surrounding a container holding the sample fluid. The temperature rise of the magnetic fluid is recorded once the field is turned on and SAR is determined from the initial slope of the temperature as a function of time. However several factors, including volume of the fluid sample, thermal properties of the container, positioning of the temperature sensor and non-uniformities in the magnetic field induced by the sample and coil geometry, may influence the reported SAR. To illustrate these effects theoretical and experimental investigations are carried out. The results show that the SAR measured on samples of relatively small volume may be subjected to errors associated with conductive heat losses to the container holding the sample. Numerical simulations also show that the fluid experiences internal convection during heating, which dictates the positioning of the temperature sensor. Moreover, the heat generation is shown to depend on sample geometry because this has an effect on the magnetic flux passing through the sample. Since SAR is proportional to squared field strength, small differences in the magnetic field may result in large differences in SAR. The findings reported here are also relevant to the measurement of power dissipation in capacitively coupled, radio-frequency heating of metallic nanoparticles.
Pelvic ring fractures: has mortality improved following the implementation of damage control resuscitation?

Abstract Background Over the last 10 years, the paradigm of damage control resuscitation (DCR) has been associated with improved patient outcomes. This study investigates the outcomes of both closed and open pelvic ring fractures at a single institution before and after the formal implementation of DCR principles. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed in an urban level I trauma center of all patients who sustained open or closed pelvic ring fractures between 2002 and 2012. Results Two thousand two hundred forty-seven patients presented with pelvic fractures between 2002 and 2012. Overall mortality was 10% ( n = 212). Only 8% of all patients with closed fractures required DCR compared with 28% of patients with open fractures. There was no difference in mortality when comparing DCR and pre-DCR cohorts for either open or closed pelvic fractures. Conclusions Interestingly, although DCR seems to lead to more efficient initial resuscitations, further improvements in patient mortality were not realized with formal implementation of DCR principles.
Considerations for Designing Group Randomized Trials of Professional Development With Teacher Knowledge Outcomes

Despite recent shifts in research emphasizing the value of carefully designed experiments, the number of studies of teacher professional development with rigorous designs has lagged behind its stud...
Performance evaluation of a multichannel transceiver system for ADSL and VHDSL services

The authors study the performance of a multichannel modulation method for asymmetric digital subscriber lines (ADSLs) and very high-speed digital subscriber lines (VHDSLs). In the ADSL case, over all unloaded North American subscriber lines in the test set, a unidirectional 1.536 Mb/s data rate service from the end office to the customer premises is possible on a single twisted pair at an error rate of 10/sup -7/ with at least a 6 dB margin used coded multichannel modulation with sufficient transmit power. In the VHDSL case, data rates in excess of 100 Mb/s can be transmitted reliably, at an error rate of 10/sup -7/, using uncoded multichannel modulation on a single twisted pair over a distance >