cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ca2+ Diffusion through Endoplasmic Reticulum Supports Elevated Intraterminal Ca2+ Levels Needed to Sustain Synaptic Release from Rods in Darkness.

In addition to vesicle release at synaptic ribbons, rod photoreceptors are capable of substantial slow release at non-ribbon release sites triggered by Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR) from intracellular stores. To maintain CICR as rods remain depolarized in darkness, we hypothesized that Ca2+ released into the cytoplasm from terminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can be replenished continuously by ions diffusing within the ER from the soma. We measured [Ca2+] changes in cytoplasm and ER of rods from Ambystoma tigrinum retina using various dyes. ER [Ca2+] changes were measured by loading ER with fluo-5N and then washing dye from the cytoplasm with a dye-free patch pipette solution. Small dye molecules diffused within ER between soma and terminal showing a single continuous ER compartment. Depolarization of rods to −40 mV depleted Ca2+ from terminal ER, followed by a decline in somatic ER [Ca2+]. Local activation of ryanodine receptors in terminals with a spatially confined puff of ryanodine caused a decline in terminal ER [Ca2+], followed by a secondary decrease in somatic ER. Localized photolytic uncaging of Ca2+ from o-nitrophenyl-EGTA in somatic ER caused an abrupt Ca2+ increase in somatic ER, followed by a slower Ca2+ increase in terminal ER. These data suggest that, during maintained depolarization, a soma-to-terminal [Ca2+] gradient develops within the ER that promotes diffusion of Ca2+ ions to resupply intraterminal ER Ca2+ stores and thus sustain CICR-mediated synaptic release. The ability of Ca2+ to move freely through the ER may also promote bidirectional communication of Ca2+ changes between soma and terminal. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Vertebrate rod and cone photoreceptors both release vesicles at synaptic ribbons, but rods also exhibit substantial slow release at non-ribbon sites triggered by Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR). Blocking CICR inhibits >50% of release from rods in darkness. How do rods maintain sufficiently high [Ca2+] in terminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to support sustained CICR-driven synaptic transmission? We show that maintained depolarization creates a [Ca2+] gradient within the rod ER lumen that promotes soma-to-terminal diffusion of Ca2+ to replenish intraterminal ER stores. This mechanism allows CICR-triggered synaptic release to be sustained indefinitely while rods remain depolarized in darkness. Free diffusion of Ca2+ within the ER may also communicate synaptic Ca2+ changes back to the soma to influence other critical cell processes.
Structural and functional analysis of peptidyl oligosaccharyl transferase inhibitors.

The peptide cyclo(hex-Amb_(1)-Cys_(2))-Thr_(3)-Val_(4)-Thr_(5)-Nph_(6)-NH_2 was previously shown to be a slow, tight-binding inhibitor (Ki = 37 nM) of the yeast oligosaccharyl transferase (OT) [Hendrickson et al. (1996) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118, 7636−7637]. This enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a carbohydrate moiety to an asparagine residue in the consensus sequence Asn-Xaa-Thr/Ser. Herein we present a study of the contribution of the residues in positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 to OT binding. Replacement of the threonine (residue 3) by valine or (S)-2-aminobutyric acid dramatically reduced the potency of the inhibitor while, surprisingly, the incorporation of an additional methylene into the side chain of residue 1 [(S)-2,3-diaminobutyric acid changed to ornithine] had very little effect. Variants with acidic, basic, hydrophilic/polar, and hydrophobic side chains in positions 4 and 5 were also evaluated for both yeast and porcine liver OT inhibition. This aspect of the study reveals that basic (lysine) and acidic (glutamic acid) residues are detrimental to the binding, whereas hydrophobic (valine) and polar/hydrophilic (threonine) residues are both well tolerated. The kinetic behavior of substrate analogs [cyclo(hex-Asn_(1)-Cys_(2))-Thr_(3)-Xaa_(4)-Yaa_(5)-Nph-NH_2] corresponding to inhibitors of weak, medium, and strong potency was also examined in order to provide insight into the nature of these inhibitors.
Cadmium-109 metabolism in mice. IV. Diet versus maternal stores as a source of cadmium transfer to mouse fetuses and pups during gestation and lactation

The transfer of 109Cd from dam to offspring during gestation and lactation was studied in uniparous mice. From 70 to 210 d of age and during the subsequent reproductive period, young adult female mice received drinking water containing tracer amounts of 109Cd (8 ppb total Cd) and nutrient‐sufficient or ‐deficient solid diet containing stable Cd (5 ppm Cd). The nutrient quality of the deficient diet was patterned after that consumed by lapanese women who contracted itai‐itai disease. To evaluate established maternal stores as a potential source of cadmium transfer to pups, some dams were switched to water with no 109Cd and diet with an environmental or control level of cadmium (0.25 ppm Cd) during the reproductive period. The resulting pups were analyzed for 109Cd at birth and at 7‐d intervals throughout the lactation period. Pup 109Cd content at birth, representative of the amount transferred via the placenta during gestation, accounted for less than 1% of the total 109Cd transferred during the full repro...
Cloud condensation nuclei concentrations in Southern Arizona: Instrumentation and early observations

Abstract During an ongoing study to measure cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations, a new automated thermal diffusion CCN counter was operated during the months January through June 1994 near the summit of Mt. Lemmon in the Catalina Mountains at about 2700 m elevation. The instrument records data continuously at 5-minute intervals 24 hours a day. The status of the instrument and the data are monitored remotely by telephone modem. For the 123-day, continuous study the average CCN concentration was found to range between a few tens and a few hundred nuclei per cm3 at supersaturations between 0.3 and 0.7%. Diurnal variations were observed, as well as other possible influences, such as wind speed, wind direction and mixing depth. At a constant supersaturation of 0.35% the CCN concentration is typically on the order of 50 to 150 nuclei per cm3. A description of the instrumentation and early observations are presented and discussed.
Analysis of the “Zero Waste” Management Option Using the Municipal Solid Waste Decision Support Tool

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Office of Research and Development (US EPA ORD) has developed a “Municipal Solid Waste Decision Support Tool”, or MSW-DST, for local government solid waste managers to use for the life cycle evaluation of integrated solid waste management options. The MSW-DST was developed over a five year period (1994–1999) with the assistance of numerous outside contractors and organizations, including the Research Triangle Institute, North Carolina State University, the University of Wisconsin-Madison, the Environmental Research and Education Foundation, Franklin Associates and Roy F. Weston. The MSW-DST can be used to quantify and evaluate the following impacts for each integrated solid waste management alternative: • Energy consumption, • Air emissions, • Water pollutant discharges, • Solid Waste disposal impacts. Recently, the MSW-DST was used by the U.S. EPA to identify solid waste management strategies that would help to meet the goal of the EPA’s “Resource Conservation Challenge.” In this effort, ten solid waste management strategies were evaluated for a hypothetical, medium-sized U.S. community, with a population of 750,000 and a waste generation rate of approximately 3.5 pounds per person per day. (Table 1). The assumed waste composition was based on national averages. A peer-reviewed paper on this research was published in 2008 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME).© 2009 ASME
The primacy of positivity – applications in a coaching context

Abstract Coaches generally assume that their clients will be happy after they've achieved their goals, which is not an unreasonable assumption, and which is a belief shared by the majority of clients. It may not, however, be helpful as it will be argued in this paper that such an approach may well contribute to a phenomenon labelled as the ‘tyranny of when’ and also to a range of problems including negative, self-defeating emotions such as frustration. As an alternative, the author proposes that rather than waiting until success is achieved, happiness and positivity should come first and foremost. By promoting the ‘primacy of positivity’ coaches can help their clients’ achieve their goalsby capitalising on the significant findings of Fredrickson, Lyubomirsky and others and by leveraging off the energy and motivation created.
A Prospective Study of 3 Treatment Methods for Isolated Fractures of the Mandibular Angle

Purpose The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate treatment outcomes prospectively when isolated fractures of the mandibular angle are treated by 1 ) nonrigid fixation that includes 5 to 6 weeks of maxillomandibular fixation, 2 ) nonrigid but functionally stable fixation using a single miniplate, and 3 ) rigid fixation using 2 miniplates. Patients and Methods All patients treated for isolated fractures of the mandibular angle at Parkland Hospital over a 12-year period were treated by 1 of the 3 methods sequentially assigned. Demographic, fracture characteristic, and treatment and outcome data were prospectively collected and statistically analyzed to determine whether the 3 treatments produced different outcomes. Results One hundred eighty-five patients had sufficient follow-up for inclusion in this study. There were no significant differences in demographic data for the 3 groups. There were significant differences in treatment outcomes for several variables, including the amount of time it took to perform the surgery and postoperative wound problems. Conclusion The use of single miniplate was the easiest to perform and was associated with the lowest number of complications.
Maturation-associated increase in IP3 receptor type 1: role in conferring increased IP3 sensitivity and Ca2+ oscillatory behavior in mouse eggs.

Abstract Maturation of mouse oocytes is accompanied by an increase in sensitivity to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP 3 )-mediated release of intracellular calcium. To test the hypothesis that the maturation-associated 1.5- to 2.0-fold increase in the mass of the type 1 IP 3 receptor (IP 3 R-1) confers this increase in IP 3 sensitivity, we employed RNA interference to prevent this change in IP 3 R-1 protein level. Microinjection into germinal vesicle (GV)-intact oocytes of dsRNA corresponding to the IP 3 R-1 sequence resulted in a >90% reduction in the amount of maternal IP 3 R-1 mRNA and prevented the maturation-associated increase in the mass of the IP 3 R-1 protein. These injected oocytes matured to metaphase II, and there was no effect on the maturation-associated increases in p34 cdc2 /cyclin B kinase and MAP kinase activities or the global pattern of protein synthesis. IP 3 -induced cortical granule exocytosis was significantly decreased in these eggs when compared with controls previously injected with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) dsRNA. Following insemination, the IP 3 R-1 dsRNA-injected eggs displayed significantly fewer Ca 2+ transients than controls, and the duration of the first Ca 2+ transient was about half that of controls. These results support the hypothesis that the maturation-associated increase in the mass of IP 3 R-1 confers the increase in IP 3 -sensitivity that is observed following oocyte maturation and is necessary for the proper Ca 2+ oscillatory pattern following insemination.
Relationship of lower extremity skin blood flow to the ankle brachial index in patients with peripheral arterial disease and normal volunteers.

Abstract Changes in posture of the lower extremities induce changes in skin blood flow, known as veno-arteriolar response (VAR). We investigated the relationship between ankle brachial index (ABI) and VAR in patients (ABI 1). We measured ankle pressure, ABI at rest, and post-exercise ABI. Using laser Doppler flowmetry, skin blood flow was measured with the lower extremity in extended and flexed positions and the fractional change (extended-flexed/extended) in blood flow (VAR) was calculated. With external pressure applied serially to the lower extremity in the extended position using a sphygmomanometer, the pressure (PVAR) at which the VAR was similar to that in the flexed position was recorded. Patients and controls did not differ by age or comorbidity, except higher cigarette smoking in patients (95.8% vs. 4.3%, p =0.001). VAR and PVAR were significantly lower in patients than controls (0.42±0.16 vs. 0.65±0.11 flux/min, p =0.001 and 29±8 vs. 48±9 mm Hg, p =0.001, respectively). There was significant correlation between ABI-post and VAR ( r =0.6, p =0.01) and between the VAR and PVAR ( r =0.8, p =0.001). VAR p =0.001 for detecting PAD as defined by ABI p =0.001 for detecting PAD. Skin blood flow by this method correlates with the presence and severity of an abnormal ABI. This may offer a method of monitoring the effect of therapy and regression of peripheral atherosclerosis.
Microstructural evolution of 7075 Al gas atomized powder and high-pressure cold sprayed deposition

Gas-atomized 6061 aluminum powder was used as feedstock for deposition using a high pressure cold-spraying process. The microstructures of the as-received powder and cold spray processed (CSP) ultrafine-grained (UFG) 6061 depositions were characterized by different electron microscopy techniques. It was found that there is segregation of solute elements at the particle grain boundaries, which is increased after cold spraying (CS). Various microstructural features were observed in both directions (parallel and perpendicular) of the CSP layer, including low-angle grain boundaries, clustered-small-cell walls, and dislocation tangle zones. The results also indicated that a combination of different recrystallization mechanisms (i.e., continuous and geometrical) may contribute to the formation of nano and UFG structures during CS.
Analysis of recent pediatric orthotopic liver transplantation outcomes indicates that allograft type is no longer a predictor of survivals

Two strategies to increase the donor allograft pool for pediatric orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) are deceased donor segmental liver transplantation (DDSLT) and living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). The purpose of this study is to evaluate outcomes after use of these alternative allograft types. Data on all OLT recipients between February 2002 and December 2004 less than 12 years of age were obtained from the United Network for Organ Sharing database. The impact of allograft type on posttransplant survivals was assessed. The number of recipients was 1260. Of these, 52% underwent whole liver transplantation (WLT), 33% underwent DDSLT, and 15% underwent LDLT. There was no difference in retransplantation rates. Immediate posttransplant survivals differed, with WLT patients having improved 30-day patient survivals compared to DDSLT and LDLT patients (P = 0.004). Although unadjusted 1-year patient survivals were better for WLT versus DDSLT (P = 0.01), after risk adjustment, 1-year patient survivals for WLT (94%), DDSLT (91%), and LDLT (93%) were similar (P values > 0.05). Unadjusted allograft survivals were better for WLT and LDLT in comparison with DDSLT (P = 0.009 and 0.018, respectively); however, after adjustment, these differences became nonsignificant (all P values > 0.05). For patients 0.05). In conclusion, in the current era of pediatric liver transplantation, WLT recipients have better immediate postoperative survivals. By 1 year, adjusted patient and allograft survivals are similar, regardless of the allograft type.
Increased frequency of uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 7/7 in patients experiencing severe irinotecan-induced toxicities.

Abstract Background Uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1 7/7 polymorphism has been linked with an increased risk of irinotecan-induced severe toxicities. We evaluated UGT1A1 polymorphism in patients developing grade 3/4 toxicity after initiation of irinotecan to determine the frequency of this polymorphism in this population. Patients and Methods Twenty patients with grade 3/4 irinotecan-induced toxicity underwent UGT1A1 genotyping in an exploratory study. The frequency of UGT1A1 7/7 and the pattern of toxicity associated with this polymorphism were described. Results Forty percent of patients with grade 3/4 toxicities had a UGT1A 7/7 polymorphism (vs. 10% in general population). Six of 7 patients requiring hospitalization, 7 of 10 patients with grade 4 neutropenia, and 3 of 3 patients with grade 4 diarrhea, had UGT1A1 7/7 polymorphism. Conclusion Uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 7/7 is prevalent in patients with irinotecan grade 3/4 toxicity, especially in patients with treatment-related hospitalizations and grade 4 toxicities. Our data support the need for more prospective studies that evaluate the predictive value of UGT1A1 as well as UGT1A1-based dosing in patients receiving irinotecan.
Modeling El Nino and its tropical teleconnections during the last glacial-interglacial cycle

(1) Simulations with the NCAR Climate System Model (CSM), a global, coupled ocean-atmosphere-sea ice model, for the last glacial-interglacial cycle reproduce recent estimates, based on alkenones and Mg/Ca ratios, of sea surface temperature (SST) changes and gradients in the tropical Pacific and predict weaker El Ninos/La Ninas compared to present for the Holocene and stronger El Ninos/La Ninas for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Changes for the LGM (Holocene) are traced to a weakening (strengthening) of the tropical Pacific zonal SST gradient, wind stresses, and upwelling and a sharpening (weakening) of the tropical thermocline. Results suggest that proxy evidence of weaker precipitation variability in New Guinea and Ecuador are explained not only by changes in El Nino/ La Nina but also changes in the atmospheric circulation and hydrologic cycle. INDEX TERMS: 3344 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Paleoclimatology; 4267 Oceanography: General: Paleoceanography; 4522 Oceanography: Physical: El Nino; 3337 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Numerical modeling and data assimilation; 9604 Information Related to Geologic Time: Cenozoic. Citation: Otto-Bliesner, B. L., E. C. Brady, S.-I. Shin, Z. Liu, and C. Shields, Modeling El Nino and its tropical teleconnections during the last glacial-interglacial cycle, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(23), 2198, doi:10.1029/2003GL018553, 2003.
Mitotic motors and chromosome segregation: the mechanism of anaphase B

Anaphase B spindle elongation plays an important role in chromosome segregation. In the present paper, we discuss our model for anaphase B in Drosophila syncytial embryos, in which spindle elongation depends on an ip (interpolar) MT (microtubule) sliding filament mechanism generated by homotetrameric kinesin-5 motors acting in concert with poleward ipMT flux, which acts as an ‘on/off’ switch. Specifically, the pre-anaphase B spindle is maintained at a steady-state length by the balance between ipMT sliding and ipMT depolymerization at spindle poles, producing poleward flux. Cyclin B degradation at anaphase B onset triggers: (i) an MT catastrophe gradient causing ipMT plus ends to invade the overlap zone where ipMT sliding forces are generated; and (ii) the inhibition of ipMT minus-end depolymerization so flux is turned ‘off’, tipping the balance of forces to allow outward ipMT sliding to push apart the spindle poles. We briefly comment on the relationship of this model to anaphase B in other systems. Abbreviations: AP, antiparallel; FRAP, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching; FSM, fluorescent speckle microscopy; ip, interpolar; MT, microtubule
Thymosin fraction 5 does not accelerate reconstitution of immunologic reactivity after human marrow grafting.

Summary. More than 1 year is required for immunologic function to recover following human marrow grafting. In an attempt to shorten the time required for immunologic reconstitution, 14 patients were treated with thymosin fraction 5 after transplantation. Two died before administration of thymosin could be completed. In the remaining 12 patients, immunologic studies were compared to those of patients who were transplanted but did not receive thymosin. While five patients had transient elevation of in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis during thymosin treatment, results of other immunologic studies from patients treated with thymosin were similar to those from patients not treated. The subsequent development of graft-versus-host disease, major or minor infection, and leukaemic relapse was not different between the groups. Six patients are alive and five are well without problems; one has chronic graft-versus-host disease. We conclude that thymosin fraction 5 administered as described was not toxic. Although modifying some immunological parameters, thymosin did not appear to alter the incidence of graft-versus-host disease, infection or leukaemic relapse or to accelerate immunologic reconstitution.
Examining Differences in Students’ Beliefs and Attitudes: An Important Element of Performance-Based Assessment Systems for Teacher Preparation Programs

The National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE) program review process increasingly emphasizes the importance of performance-based assessment of early childhood teacher preparation programs. As part of the effort to address performance-based assessment requirements, the teacher educator program described in this study examined students’ beliefs related to developmentally appropriate practice, attitudes toward children, and perceived competencies at different points in the program and upon graduation. One hundred eighteen students and 78 recent graduates participated. Results suggest that students’ beliefs are more consistent with developmentally appropriate practices and with a progressive or child-centered approach at later points in the program. In general, participants felt they were more competent in what they know about early childhood practices than in how they implement the practices. Students nearing completion of the program and those who had graduated reported that they knew ...
Ultrafast optical manipulation of single electron spins in quantum dots

Most schemes for quantum information processing require fast single qubit operations as well as initialization and read-out steps. Here we describe recent experimental realizations of schemes for time-resolved initialization, coherent control, and read-out of a single electron spin state in an individual quantum dot using all-optical techniques. The spin state is manipulated via the optical Stark effect using off-resonant, picosecond-scale optical pulses. The coherent rotation of a single electron spin state through arbitrary angles up to π radians is demonstrated, constituting a single qubit gate. This spin manipulation is directly monitored using time-resolved Kerr rotation spectroscopy allowing for the observation of the coherent evolution of a single electron spin state in time as well as revealing the spin lifetime and g-factor.
International ATOVS processing package: algorithm design and its preliminary performance

The International ATOVS Processing Package (IAPP) is under development at the Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison. The IAPP will be available to world wide users for processing real time ATOVS data. The retrieval algorithm of the IAPP is described with specific reference to retrieval of atmospheric temperature profile, moisture profile, total ozone, surface skin temperature, and microwave surface emissivity. Nine adjacent HIRS/3 spot observations together with the AMSU footprint remapped to the HIRS/3 resolution, are used to retrieve one atmospheric temperature profile and the other parameters within that domain. The algorithm is tested using simulated ATOVS data for both clear and cloudy sky conditions. Results demonstrate the potential use of IAPP for processing the real time ATOVS data.
Increase in proteinuria due to steroid medication in chronic renal disease

Two- to tenfold increases in proteinuria due to administration of corticosteroids were noted in 10 of 21 children with chronic renal disease. All of these children received medication intermittently and the changes of proteinuria occurred aburptly from one day to another. Periods of steroid-dependent proteinuria were observed for various lengths of time. They did not necessarily last in a given patient as long as the proteinuria persisted. The mechanism of this steroid effect has not been clarified. If unrecognized, periods of hormone treatment may be unduly prolonged and doses unnecessarily increased. The usefulness of added immunosuppressive drugs coincident with simultaneous decrease in doses of corticosteroids cannot be evaluated, unless steroid-dependent proteinuria has been excluded to be present in that patient.
Sexuality and disability: A model for short term training

This paper describes a training exercise in sexuality and disability combining didactic and experiential techniques and employed in one class session of an undergraduate course in psychological aspects of disability. After brief discussion to define and synthesize sexuality and disability, the class of 25 was divided into four groups, each being assigned a disability: multiple sclerosis, paraplegia, cerebral palsy, and bilateral above-knee amputation. Groups were told to assume the disability and then determine what concerns they would have about it and its relationships to sexual activity.
Carotid chemoreceptor development in mice

Mice are the most suitable species for understanding genetic aspects of postnatal developments of the carotid body due to the availability of many inbred strains and knockout mice. Our study has shown that the carotid body grows differentially in different mouse strains, indicating the involvement of genes. However, the small size hampers investigating functional development of the carotid body. Hypoxic and/or hyperoxic ventilatory responses have been investigated in newborn mice, but these responses are indirect assessment of the carotid body function. Therefore, we need to develop techniques of measuring carotid chemoreceptor neural activity from young mice. Many studies have taken advantage of the knockout mice to understand chemoreceptor function of the carotid body, but they are not always suitable for addressing postnatal development of the carotid body due to lethality during perinatal periods. Various inbred strains with well-designed experiments will provide useful information regarding genetic mechanisms of the postnatal carotid chemoreceptor development. Also, targeted gene deletion is a critical approach.
Effects of bundle branch block on experimental A-V reentrant tachycardia

Abstract The effects of bundle branch block on experimental A-V reentrant tachycardia (PSVT) were studied in 17 dogs using an anomalous pathway simulatory (APS). The APS was a programmable digital electronic circuit with ability for ventricular sensing, retrograde conduction with programmable conduction time, and atrial stimulation. Close bipolar electrodes were positioned at seven contiguous atrial and ventricular sites (V l ) along the A-V ring, these being; anterior, lateral, and posterior right (AR, LR, PR), septal (S), and posterior, lateral and anterior left (PL, LL, AL). Right (R) (seven dogs) and left (L) (10 dogs) bundle branch block (BBB) were produced with transcardiac needle. After BBB, cycle length (CL) of A-V reentrant PSVT was significantly increased only with ipsilateral sites. Thus, with RBBB, CL of PSVT increased by 37 ± 3 msec., 27 ± 3 msec., and 23 ± 4 msec. (P l ). There were slight compensatory decreases in A-H intervals for the increases in H-V l . These studies confirm findings suggested by clinical electrophysiological observation.
Cl(-)-ATPases: biological active transporters.

Abstract Five widely documented mechanisms of chloride transport across plasma membranes are: anion-coupled antiport; sodium and hydrogen-coupled symport; Cl − channels; and an electrochemical coupling process. No genetic evidence has yet been provided for primary active chloride transport despite numerous reports of cellular Cl − -stimulated ATPases co-existing, in the same tissue, with uphill chloride transport that could not be accounted for by the five common chloride transport processes. Cl − -stimulated ATPase activity is a common property of practically all biological cells with the major location being of mitochondrial origin. It also appears that plasma membranes are sites of Cl − -stimulated ATPase activity. Recent studies of Cl − -stimulated ATPase activity and active chloride transport in the same membrane system, including liposomes, suggest a mediation by the ATPase in net movement of chloride up its electrochemical gradient across plasma membranes. Further studies, especially from a molecular biological perspective, are required to confirm a direct transport role to plasma membrane-localized Cl − -stimulated ATPases.
Trends in Breast Conserving Surgery Among Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, 1992–2000

BACKGROUND: Breast-conserving surgery (BCS) has been the recommended treatment for early-stage breast cancer since 1990 yet many women still do not receive this procedure.
The Graves condition for variational problems of arbitrary order

The quasiconvexity condition and one of its consequences, the Graves condition, are necessary conditions for strong local minimizers in variational problems that involve multiple integrals. Here, these conditions are generalized to integrands that involve derivatives of arbitrarily high order. The interpretation of these conditions as material stability conditions in elasticity and related theories is discussed
Accretion in the High-Field Magnetic Cataclysmic Variable AR Ursae Majoris

AR UMa is the highest field example known of the magnetic cataclysmic variables, with a polar field Bp = 230 MG. We report here the results of a long program of photometry, spectroscopy, and spectropolarimetry of the object that was undertaken with the aim of gaining a better understanding of the role that the white dwarf field plays in shaping the properties of the magnetic systems. Only three accretion episodes, reaching mV ≤ 15 and covering a total of 9 months, were detected during the 4 yr of available photometry. Fortunately, the onset of one episode coincided with a week-long observing run, resulting in spectrophotometry and linear and circular spectropolarimetry that document the event. The long intervals of quiescence have enabled a determination of the orbital ephemeris that is now sufficiently precise to phase observations 20 yr old. The high-state observations lead to a number of conclusions regarding the system geometry. The white dwarf magnetic axis is inclined rather little to the spin axis, but the dipole is twisted in azimuth such that it lies nearly perpendicular to the stellar line of centers. Tomographic analysis of a wide variety of atomic species indicates that the white dwarf likely accretes in twin funnels that split off a ballistic gas stream reaching 30%-50% of the distance between the stars. A narrow high-velocity (KNHV ≈ 700 km s-1) emission-line component offset in phase from the main features suggests the existence of an additional gas stream, but the interpretation of this is not yet resolved. The system is viewed from a moderate inclination, which places the disfavored (retrograde) magnetic pole on the observed hemisphere at all times. We have investigated the possible effect that the white dwarf magnetosphere might have in restricting mass flow through L1, and therefore in giving rise to the unique, protracted low-accretion states of this object. However, the mechanisms considered are too weak and/or would give rise to consequences that are at odds with low-state observations. At the same time, the high magnetic field in AR UMa has yielded a new, powerful observational tool: phase-resolved Zeeman spectroscopy of the emission lines produced in the accretion stream(s). Future high-quality observations and sophisticated modeling of these features hold promise for three-dimensional reconstructions of the gas flow in high-field magnetic variables.
Let punishment and treatment fit the culture

Current philosophy concerning the function of punishment of criminal offenders— incapacitation, retribution, deterrence and rehabilitation—reflects merely theoretical attempts to justify unproductive responses to criminal conduct. This article argues that punishment/ treatment should be designed to correlate with the culture of the offender. The present methods of incarceration are inadequate in the United States, where “in‐group” and ethnicity are paramount. The article looks beyond theoretical issues and examines practical alternatives for dealing with the offenders. For punishment or treatment of Criminal offenders to be effective, cultural dimensions have to be fully considered. To be appropriate, a treatment/ punishment model should demonstrate some understanding of the values and behaviors considered essential to the offenders ethnic group.
High resolution elastography for determining local airway wall deformation during bronchoconstriction

Excessive shortening of airway smooth muscle (ASM) is responsible for airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in asthma but its cause is poorly understood. The forces of breathing have been implicated as preventing AHR in vivo by straining the ASM. However, it is unclear the extent of ASM strain within the airway wall and recent evidence from intact airway studies suggest tidal breathing does not modulate AHR. The ASM is embedded inside the airway wall with heterogeneous mechanical properties which affect the strain felt by the ASM as well as the mechanical load opposing ASM shortening. We captured two ultrasound images of a cross section of an intact airway and applied an image registration technique to calculate the displacement field resulting from a small deformation. The displacement field was then used as an input to solve an inverse problem to estimate the shear modulus distribution. The estimates were compared to the strain of the airway wall and Young's modulus calculated using a thin-walled cylinder approximation.
Inflammation and Lung Disease in the Neonatal Period

A variety of insults can contribute to lung inflammation in the neonatal period. Many of these insults exert their effects through activation or suppression of critical transcription factor pathways. The effect of these pathways on gene transcription/protein translation has a direct impact on lung development, labor induction and the intra-amniotic milieu, and postnatal lung inflammation.
Global Fault-Tolerant Control Technique for Multiphase Permanent-Magnet Machines

In this paper, a global fault-tolerant control (FTC) technique is proposed for multiphase permanent-magnet (PM) machine drives. The goal of the proposed FTC is to find a general closed-form solution for healthy phase currents under steady-state postfault conditions. Healthy phase currents are found through an optimization problem to produce ripple-free output torque with minimum ohmic losses. A comprehensive FTC approach should be able to provide fault-tolerant currents for multiphase machines with any number of phases. In addition, it needs to find currents based on fault type (open-circuit/short-circuit), fault locations [phase(s) and/or line(s)], connection of stator windings, and even different control objectives. An important feature of the proposed method is its flexibility and simplicity in dealing with all possible fault conditions. The proposed method is a great tool to evaluate fault-tolerant capability of different drive systems in terms of maximum available ripple-free torque and copper losses. Due to its simplicity and flexibility, it is also well-suited for real-time implementation. A five-phase PM machine is used as an example to investigate the validity of the proposed solutions through finite-element analysis and experimental tests.
Novel object exploration in the C58/J mouse model of autistic-like behavior

Mouse models of autistic like behaviors are a valuable tool to use when studying the causes, symptoms, and potential treatments for autism. The inbred C58/J strain is a strain of interest for this model and has previously been shown to possess face validity for some of the core traits of autism, including low social behavior and elevated motor stereotypies. Higher order repetitive behaviors have not been extensively studied in this strain, or in mice in general. In this study, we looked for evidence of higher-order repetitive behaviors in the C58/J strain using a novel object assay. This assay utilized a mouse's natural exploratory behavior among unfamiliar objects to identify potential sequencing patterns in motor activity. The motor stereotypies displayed by the C58/J strain during testing were consistent with past studies. The C58/J strain also displayed a high preference for a single object in the round arena assays and the females demonstrating elevated sequencing patterns in the round arena. Although the C58/J strain did not show pervasive evidence of higher-order repetitive behaviors across all measures, there was evidence of higher order repetitive behaviors in certain situations. This study further demonstrates the potential of the C58/J mouse strains as a model for lower-order and potentially, higher-order repetitive behaviors. This study also demonstrates that the shape of the novel object arena can change the behavior displayed by the test animals. Further studies utilizing the C58/J strain and further validation of the novel object assay are warranted.
Nucleic acid reactivity and conformation I. Deamination of cytosine by nitrous acid

Abstract The rate of deamination of cytosine to uracil by nitrous acid was measured under several sets of conditions for the following compounds: cytidine, cytidine 5′-phosphate, poly(cytidylic acid) (in both single-stranded and half-protonated double helix forms), and the poly(I) · poly(C) complex. The relative reactivity of nucleoside : nucleotide : single-stranded polynucleotide : double helix was approximately 1.0 : 0.8 : 0.6 : 0.2 to 0.3. It has been assumed in the past that the involvement of cytosine in a double-helical complex would protect it from deamination by nitrous acid. This was found to be incorrect. Steric factors are probably responsible for the observed reactivity differences.
Feasibility studies of source and mask optimization

In low-k1 lithography, it is difficult to keep pattern fidelity and contrast for all features in one layer. Source mask optimization (SMO) software provide solutions to keep pattern fidelity and contrast for the selected critical patterns. We have developed SMO software, and study the efficiency of the software. In this paper, we show, SMO software is effective for current 45 nm node SRAM cell layers (Active, Gate and Metal). In addition, SMO is also effective for cutting lithography technology. Cutting lithography is expected to apply 22 nm half pitch process and beyond.
High-precision vision-based mobile augmented reality system for context-aware architectural, engineering, construction and facility management (AEC/FM) applications

Many context-aware techniques have been proposed to deliver cyber-information, such as project specifications or drawings, to on-site users by intelligently interpreting their environment. However, these techniques primarily rely on RF-based location tracking technologies (e.g., GPS or WLAN), which typically do not provide sufficient precision in congested construction sites or require additional hardware and custom mobile devices. This paper presents a new vision-based mobile augmented reality system that allows field personnel to query and access 3D cyber-information on-site by using photographs taken from standard mobile devices. The system does not require any location tracking modules, external hardware attachments, and/or optical fiducial markers for localizing a user’s position. Rather, the user’s location and orientation are purely derived by comparing images from the user’s mobile device to a 3D point cloud model generated from a set of pre-collected site photographs. The experimental results show that 1) the underlying 3D reconstruction module of the system generates complete 3D point cloud models of target scene, and is up to 35 times faster than other state-of-the-art Structure-from-Motion (SfM) algorithms, 2) the localization time takes at most few seconds in actual construction site. The localization speed and empirical accuracy of the system provides the ability to use the system on real-world construction sites. Using an actual construction case study, the perceived benefits and limitations of the proposed method for on-site context-aware applications are discussed in detail.
Effect of Lehmann Lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana) (Poaceae) on Spider Communities on Upper Bajada and Basin Grassland

Abstract. Spiders were sampled in fall 2000 and spring 2001 from two areas (upper bajada and basin) of native grassland invaded by Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees) on the Jornada del Muerto, Dona Ana County, NM. Sampling involved three amounts (dominant, intermediate, and minimal) of invasion by Lehmann lovegrass. Spiders were sampled in 5 × 5 m plots with three replications of the amounts of lovegrass infestation to determine if spider diversity was affected by an increase in invading grass. However, the prevalence of lovegrass did not seem to play an influential role in the numbers of species or individual spiders collected. Spider biodiversity and abundance are primarily influenced by prey availability and geometrical complexity of habitat, allowing proper hiding and building of web sites, and apparently Lehmann lovegrass compared to native grassland does not adversely affect either factor.
Barriers and Pathways: A Reflection on the Implementation of an Induction Program for Secondary Science Teachers

Induction programs play a critical role in the development of professional educators. While induction programs are a necessity for all beginning teachers, science teachers need carefully crafted programs that meet their unique needs. This paper reports the barriers and pathways that were experienced during a 3-year period when an induction program was developed and implemented for secondary science teachers. This information is provided to assist future university, college, or school district induction program developers.
What Is St Patrick¿s "Creed"?

This article sheds further light on the question of the genre of Patrick’s creedal statement in conf. 4, which seems to be neither a declaratory creed proper nor a rule of faith. It is a hybrid gen...
El Corrido de Ricardo Aldape Guerra: Form, History, and Resistance:

This essay examines two corridos composed about Ricardo Aldape Guerra, an undocumented Mexican immigrant who was wrongfully convicted and given a death sentence for the murder of a white Houston po...
Effects of Coating Preparation Methods on Yields and Compositions of Deep-Fat Fried Chicken Parts

Abstract Eight-piece-cut broiler parts were coated by use of one of three coating methods (flour predust-batter-flour, batter breading, or breading only), or not coated before deep-fat frying. Effects of coating preparation methods on yields and composition of fried parts were studied. The final product yields for breast, thigh, and drumstick parts, prepared using the flour predust-batter-flour or batter-breading methods, were higher than those using the breading method or the noncoated controls. However, the cooked meat yields did not vary among the four treatments. Breast and wing parts prepared with the flour predust-batter-flour method had a higher moisture content in the meat portion than that of the noncoated controls. The method of coating preparation did not affect the percentage of lipid contents in meat from breast, thigh, and drumstick parts. However, an alteration in fatty acid compositions of lipid was observed.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF POLIOMYELITIS

A strain of the poliomyelitic virus was propagated in monkeys for four years, during which time it displayed three distinct phases of virulence. The several phases covered different periods of time. At the outset the virulence was low, but by animal passages it quickly rose to a maximum; this maximum was maintained for about three years, when, without known changes in the external conditions, a diminution set in and increased until at the expiration of a few months the degree of virulence about equalled that present at the beginning of the passages in monkeys. The cycle of changes in virulence is correlated with the wave-like fluctuation in epidemics of disease which also consist of a rise, temporary maximum, and fall in the number of cases prevailing. And an explanation of epidemics of disease is inferred in variations or mutations among the microorganismal causes of disease affecting chiefly the quality of their virulence.
ATPase activities in retinal pigment epithelium and choroid.

Abstract The Mg 2− -, the Na + -K + - and the HCO 3 − -dependent ATPase activities of retinal pigment epithelium-choroid tissue from grassfrog, bullfrog and rabbit have been measured. In the frogs, Mg 2+ ATPase activity was between 1 and 2 μmols P i liberated hr −1 mg −1 protein, while Na + -K + ATPase and HCO 3 − ATPase were about 20 and 25% of this activity, respectively. Corresponding values for the rabbit were 8·5 μmol P i hr −1 mg −1 protein, 8% and 9%. Na + -K + ATPase activity in each species was completely inhibited by 2 m m -calcium, while HCO 3 − ATPase was unaffected by calcium or by ouabain. The pigment epithelium-choroid preparations of bullfrog and rabbit were scraped to yield suspensions of isolated epithelial cells, relatively free of other tissue components, and a residual fraction which contained some epithelial cells, choroidal elements and red blood cells. Na − -K + ATPase activity was present in the epithelial cells of both species and absent from the choroid of the rabbit. HCO 3 − ATPase and Mg 2+ ATPase activities were roughly equally distributed in the bullfrog fractions, but in the rabbit were concentrated in the choroid. The results are discussed in relation to the postulated active ion transport processes of the pigment epithelium.
On some weakly compact spaces and their products

Abstract We consider independence results concerning two topological problems. First, a space is defined to be weakly Lindelof iff every open cover admits a subcover of cardinality less than c . We introduce a topological hypothesis H and show that it implies that every weakly-Lindelof regular separable T 1 space is countably compact iff it is compact. We then show that H follows from Martin's axiom and is, therefore, consistent with the negation of the continuum hypothesis. We also note that it is consistent with the negation of the continuum hypothesis that there exist a separable normal countably-compact T 1 space of cardinality ℵ 1 (and thus weakly Lindelof) which is not compact. In another direction, we define uncountable cardinals K t ⩽ K c ⩽ c , and we prove that every product of fewer than K t (sequentially compact) strongly ℵ 0 -compact spaces is itself (sequentially compact) strongly ℵ 0 -compact and that any product of no more than K t such spaces is countably compact. On the other hand, we show that no product of K c or more non-ℵ 0 -bounded spaces can be strongly ℵ 0 -compact. We then show that it is consistent with the negation of the continuum hypothesis both that K t = K c = ℵ 1 and that K t = K c = c . We conclude with some open questions.