cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting Dental Implant Survival by Use of the Marginal Approach of the Semi-parametric Survival Methods for Clustered Observations

The analyses of clustered survival observations within the same subject are challenging. This study's purpose was to compare and contrast predicted dental implant survival estimates assuming the independence or dependence of clustered observations. Using a retrospective cohort composed of 677 patients (2349 implants), we applied an innovative analytic marginal approach to produce point and variance estimates of survival predictions given the covariates smoking status, implant staging, and timing of placement adjusted for clustered observations (dependence method). We developed a second model assuming independence of the clustered observations (naive method). The 95% confidence intervals for survival prediction point estimates given the naive method were 5.9% to 14.3% more narrow than the dependence method estimates, resulting in an increased risk for type I error and erroneous rejection of the null hypothesis. To obtain statistically valid confidence intervals for survival prediction of the Aalen-Breslow ...
A prospective evaluation of esophageal testing and a double-blind, randomized study of omeprazole in a diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm for chronic cough.

A prospective evaluation of esophageal testing and a double-blind, randomized study of omeprazole in a diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm for chronic cough
Florida Congressional Elections, 1952–2002: A Reversal of Party Fortunes

Eighteen Republican representatives from Florida in the U.S. House contribute significantly to the GOP majority of 229 in the 108th Congress. Analysis of U.S. House elections in Florida from 1952 — 2002 reflects a reversal of party fortunes from an exclusively Democratic eight-member delegation in 1952 to the current 25-member delegation that is overwhelmingly Republican. Against the backdrop of election outcomes for Florida congressional seats during the past 50 years, this study examines the numbers of Democratic and Republican nominees, the number of contested and uncontested elections, the number of incumbent and nonincumbent races, and the significance of reapportionment elections in bringing about change in party fortunes. The 2002 election is also compared with trends established in preceding elections as is its impact on national electoral outcomes.
An improved method of calculating copolymerization reactivity ratios

A nonlinear least-squares method for solving for r1 and r2 the copolymerization reactivity ratios, is explained. This new method is superior to all other methods that have been used heretofore in the following ways: (1) a unique pair of values is obtained which does not depend on the judgment of the person examining the data; (2) this pair of values can be shown mathematically to be the best pair obtainable from the data at hand; (3) the errors are quantitatively defined in meaningful terms: and (4) the data are checked to see how well they fit the copolymer equation. A basis for selecting experimental conditions which will provide data from which precise values of the reactivity ratios can be obtained is explained, and experimental conditions appropriate for obtaining these precise values over a wide range of r1, r2 values are presented in tabular form.
Structure–property relationships for high thermal conductivity carbon fibers

Previous work at Clemson University has shown that ribbon-shaped mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers graphitized at only 2400°C can develop thermal conductivities comparable with those of commercial round-shaped pitch-based carbon fibers graphitized at temperatures above 3000°C. The thermal and electronic transport properties (i.e. thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity) of ribbon-shaped carbon fibers produced at Clemson University are being studied. In addition, the structure of these fibers is being analyzed by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. This paper will discuss the relationships between processing conditions, fiber structure and fiber properties.
On the attainment of the cramer-rao bound in the sequential case

The Cramer Rao inequality in the sequential case gives a lower bound for thevariance of an unbiased estimator of a parametric function under finite stopping rules.This article shows that when the observations follow a one parameter exponential familyof distributions the bound can be attained for one or all values of the parameter under strictly sequential rules only in a very special case, namely, for the Bernoullidistribution. Some applications of the result to the construction of optimum estimators are also given. Our main result is a generalization of DeGroot's work for the Bernoulli distribution. Moreover, the main result along with Kagan's theorem can be treated as a generalization of Wijsman's work for nonsequential estimators.
Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of pyrrolo-[1,2-d]-(1,4)-benzodiazepin-6-ones

Abstract The synthesis of novel pyrrolo annulated 1,4-benzodiazepines is described. These pyrrolo[1,2-d]-(1,4)-benzodiazepines have been found to have antiviral activity against HIV-1. Like other non nucleoside HIV-1 RT inhibitors, these compounds appear to be specific for HIV-1.
Detection of breast cancer by liquid crystal thermography. A preliminary report

Thermography is a technique to map a surface temperature pattern. Liquid crystals are a class of compounds which exhibit color-temperature sensitivity when in a cholestatic phase which exists within a specific temperature range. It is a state of matter intermediate between a solid and a liquid. Liquid crystal (LC) thermography can produce a color thermogram over a skin area with a temperature sensitivity of .1 degree C. The skin temperature over mammary carcinomas is increased compared with contralateral area of the other breast. Infrared thermography has confirmed this. The LC method is less expensive than infrared and better for mass screening. In an LC study of 105 women with abnormal breast characteristics and 197 apparently healthy women detection of palpable malignancies had a true-positive rate of 82.5% a false-positive rate of 13.6% and only 1 of 17 histologically proven malignancies gave no thermographic signs. The measurement technique is described in detail. A malignant tumor shows an abnormally warm venous drainage thermal pattern. Various drainage heat intensities were related to the speed with which skin thermogram temperatures increased over the veins. In 17 patients with later histologically proven carcinoma intense unilateral venous drainage patterns radiating from a focal area were observed. Also large vascular temperature gradients were noted locally on the breast. An increased unilateral venous drainage thermal pattern to the axilla indicated a malignancy in the upper outer quadrant of the breast. Exact location of a cancer was not usually possible. Of the false positive interpretations 4 had suspicious thermograms and 8 were equivocal. LC thermography was found more reliable than either mammography or physical examination. However combined methods would improve results. Normal therograms have been classified in 197 cases. Women under age 30 and those with previous pregnancies had more intense vascular patterns. Women on oral contraceptives had more frequent intense vascular patterns than the average of all groups. Women who had lactated for more than 10 months also showed increased intense vascular patterns. An increase in vascularity was noted with increased breast size but decreased in pendulous breasts. It was shown that LC thermography can detect breast cancer in the preclinical or occult stages. Simplicity rapid application and low cost make it suitable for mass-screening programs.
LOWER POLE I: A PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED TRIAL OF EXTRACORPOREAL SHOCK WAVE LITHOTRIPSY AND PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROSTOLITHOTOMY FOR LOWER POLE NEPHROLITHIASIS—INITIAL RESULTS

Purpose: The efficacy of shock wave lithotripsy and percutaneous stone removal for the treatment of symptomatic lower pole renal calculi was determined.Materials and Methods: A prospective randomized, multicenter clinical trial was performed comparing shock wave lithotripsy and percutaneous stone removal for symptomatic lower pole only renal calculi 30 mm. or less.Results: Of 128 patients enrolled in the study 60 with a mean stone size of 14.43 mm. were randomized to percutaneous stone removal (58 treated, 2 awaiting treatment) and 68 with a mean stone size of 14.03 mm. were randomized to shock wave lithotripsy (64 treated, 4 awaiting treatment). Followup at 3 months was available for 88% of treated patients. The 3-month postoperative stone-free rates overall were 95% for percutaneous removal versus 37% lithotripsy (p <0.001). Shock wave lithotripsy results varied inversely with stone burden while percutaneous stone-free rates were independent of stone burden. Stone clearance from the lower pole following...
EFFECT OF CONCURRENT VISUAL FEEDBACK ON ACQUISITION OF A WEIGHTLIFTING SKILL

Practice in front of a mirror is a common procedure for activities such as dance, gymnastics, and other sports. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect that performing with concurrent visual feedback from a mirror had on the acquisition of the power clean movement. 18 college-age males who had no prior experience with the power clean movement served as subjects who were assigned to one of two groups. One group had use of a mirror during the practice trials and the other practiced without the mirror. All subjects viewed an instructional videotape and had practice trials. All subjects were evaluated for proper technique on a pretest, a posttest without the mirror, and a posttest with the mirror. Analysis showed a significant difference between pre- and posttest performances for both groups and a significant difference between groups on the posttest performances with the mirror. Evidently the videotaped instruction was sufficient to allow both groups to improve in performance of the power clean. Differences in posttest performances with the mirror reflected the type of feedback (with or without the mirror) available during training.
Superconductivity and atomic ordering in neutron-irradiated Nb 3 Al

We have utilized the technique of neutron-induced disorder to study the effect of atomic ordering on the superconducting transition temperature ${T}_{c}$ of the $A\ensuremath{-}15$ compound ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{3}$Al. Large depressions in ${T}_{c}$ are observed when ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{3}$Al is irradiated with high-energy neutrons ($Eg1$ MeV) at 140 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. For samples whose value of ${T}_{c}$ before irradiation was 18.7 K no superconductivity was oberved to 1.4 K after irradiation to a fluence of $1.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{19} \frac{n}{{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}}$. The widths of the transition temperatures remain constant as ${T}_{c}$ is depressed and ${T}_{c}$ is recovered by annealing at 750 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C after irradiation. The Bragg-Williams long-range-order parameter $S$ was determined by least-squares analysis of neutron-diffraction data from powdered samples both before and after irradiation. A reduction in $S$ of 18% is observed for samples irradiated to a fluence of $1.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{19} \frac{n}{{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}}$. For the same fluence ${T}_{c}$ is depressed to 52% of its value before irradiation. The lattice parameter ${a}_{0}$ of the $A\ensuremath{-}15$ phase expands upon irradiation, increasing from 5.183 \AA{} for unirradiated samples to 5.200 \AA{} for samples irradiated to $5.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{19} \frac{n}{{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}}$. The results are discussed in terms of $A$-site occuptation in the ${A}_{3}B A\ensuremath{-}15$ structure and extrapolations of ${T}_{c}$ for complete order are considered.
Sol–gel based sulfonic acid-functionalized silica proton conductive membrane

Abstract Sulfonic acid-functionalized glass membranes have been synthesized via sol–gel reactions for low-power direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). Minimizing the fuel loss due to methanol crossover is the most important issue for creating long-life, low-power DMFC sources. The inorganic glass membrane is of interest due to its low methanol permeability compared to polymer membranes. Three different alkoxy silane reactants were investigated in the sol–gel reaction: 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS), 3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane (3MPS), and tetraethoxy orthosilicate (TEOS). The effect of oxidation time of the thiol group on the 3MPS, the mole fraction within the sol, and the water ratio in the reactant mixture were investigated. The ionic conductivity and methanol permeability has been characterized and optimized. The goal in this study was to find a balance between the ionic conductivity and methanol permeability, which determines the fuel conversion efficiency and device lifetime. The optimum glass membrane had a conductivity of 3.71 mS cm−1, and methanol permeability of 2.17 × 10−9 mol cm cm−2 day−1 Pa−1, which was significantly better than Nafion or other previously reported membranes for this application.
Thermodynamics of gas solubility in liquid solvents and solvent mixtures

Abstract A liquid phase partition function of the Flory—Prigogine form can be applied to strongly non-ideal liquid mixtures by accounting for non-randomness through the use of local compositions and a two-fluid theory of mixtures. This work describes how the partition function may be used to interpret and correlate Henry's constants for gases in liquids, including liquid mixtures. Only single-component and binary parameters are required. For each binary system, two binary parameters are needed: a characteristic energy and a characteristic distance. The calculated results are sensitive to these parameters. Nevertheless, if care is taken in obtaining these parameters from reliable binary data, it appears that the partition function is useful for correlating solubilities of gases in mixed solvents.
INHIBITION OF RAT LIVER GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASE ACTIVITY BY APROTIC SOLVENTS

Received 7 March 1979 1. Introduction Conjugation with glutathione is a major detoxica- tion pathway for many alkene and arene oxides, as well as a variety of other electrophilic compounds [l-3]. The significance of this pathway for epoxide metabolism is accentuated by the findings that the competing epoxide hydrase pathway is involved in the enzymatic synthesis of what may be the ultimate carcinogen from benzo[a]pyrene [4] and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and that there is relatively much higher in vitro activity of glutathione S-transferases than epoxide hydrase in several mam- malian tissues [5]. A variety of aprotic solvents have been employed as vehicles for the lipophilic substrates of the gluta- thione S-transferases, including acetone [6], acetoni- trile [1,2,5,7-l 11, dimethyl sulfoxide [2,6,12-141, ethanol [ 12-201, methanol [ 1,2 l] and tetrahydro- furan [ 1,2,10,11]. However, little attention has been paid to the effects of these solvents on the enzymes studied, even in highly sophisticated kinetic analyses. We have shown that commonly used solvents have profound, substrate-dependent effects on various monooxygenase reactions in vitro [22]. We demonstrate here the inhibitory effect of 12 aprotic solvents on styrene oxide conjugation with glutathione catalyzed by the microsomal supernatant fraction of rat liver. Inhibition is most pronounced at low substrate concentrations, but statistically signif- *
Photopolymerized hydrogel composites from poly(ethylene glycol) and hydroxyapatite for controlled protein delivery in vitro

The incorporation of hard particles into soft hydrogels can improve the mechanical properties and provide necessary bioactivity to the hydrogels for desired biomedical applications. Hydrogel composites containing hydroxyapatite (HA) are promising materials for orthopedic applications. In this study, injectable poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel precursor solutions containing HA particles and model protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) were synthesized in situ by photopolymerization. In vitro BSA release properties from the hydrogel composites containing various amounts of HA were investigated and discussed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were employed to investigate the interaction between HA and the hydrogel network and the morphology of the hydrogel composites. It is found that PEG hydrogel composites containing HA sustained the release of BSA for at least 5 days and the presence of HA slowed down BSA release. Photopolymerized hydrogel composites containing HA may find potential use as a drug delivery matrix for orthopedic tissue engineering. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Stable carbon isotope ratio variations of organic matter in Orca Basin sediments

Abstract Orca Basin is a highly reducing basin on the slope of the Gulf of Mexico. Stable carbon isotope ratios and total organic carbon percentages were determined for two cores within the basin and one control core outside the basin. The results show that the organic carbon content of the basin cores is consistently 2–3 times greater than that of the control core. The Pleistocene-Holocene boundary, indicated by a break in the δ 13 C depth profile, occurs at a greater sediment depth in the basin cores than in the control core. A small sampling interval has made it possible to detect an unexplained fine structure in the δ 13 C profile not previously observed.
Socio-political and moral issues concerning land rights of two Pacific island indigenous cultures

This paper focuses on bioethical issues related to the land rights of two Pacific Island indigenous cultures from the Guam and Bikini islands. It is based on the author's field experiences, documented public facts about these situations, and the experiences of the Guamanian (Chamorro) and Bikini people. The data for this paper was gleaned from extensive interviews with cultural informants living on Guam, as well as with the descendants of the original people who were forced to migrate from Bikini Atoll.
In-situ infrared spectroscopy and density functional theory modeling of hafnium alkylamine adsorption on Si-OH and Si-H surfaces

In-situ attenuated total internal reflection infrared spectroscopy has been used to examine initial adsorption and reaction steps in atomic layer deposition of HfO 2 from tetrakis(diethylamino) hafnium (TDEAHf) on SiO 2 and hydrogen-terminated Si(100) surfaces. At low deposition temperatures (25-250 °C), TDEAHf directly reacts with the Si-H surface, resulting in partial removal of Si-H bonds and formation of a four-membered Si-O-Hf-Si bonding structure that can rapidly oxidize. The hydrogen removal process is observed to continue through many cycles of TDEAHf/H 2 O exposure, signifying continued reactivity of the Hf precursor with the silicon surface. Density functional theory calculations have been performed for various reactions between tetrakis(dimethylamino) hafnium and Si-H surfaces, and several possible reaction pathways for hydrogen removal have been identified and analyzed. The calculations suggest that hydrogen removal proceeds by H abstraction by an amine ligand of the Hf precursor and that the abstraction reaction is made more facile by the presence of OH on the otherwise H-terminated Si surface.
Differential effects of P2‐purinoceptor antagonists on phospholipase C‐ and adenylyl cyclase‐coupled P2Y‐purinoceptors

1. Stimulation of P2Y-purinoceptors on turkey erythrocytes and many other cell types results in activation of phospholipase C. In contrast, we have observed recently that P2Y-purinoceptors on C6 rat glioma cells are not coupled to phospholipase C, but rather, inhibit adenylyl cyclase. 2. In this study we investigated the pharmacological selectivity of the P2-purinoceptor antagonists, suramin, reactive blue 2, and pyridoxal phosphate 6-azophenyl 2',4'-disulphonic acid (PPADS) for phospholipase C- and adenylyl cyclase-coupled P2Y-purinoceptors. 3. In C6 glioma cells, suramin and reactive blue 2 competitively antagonized the inhibitory effect of 2MeSATP on adenylyl cyclase (pKB = 5.4 +/- 0.2 and 7.6 +/- 0.1, respectively), whereas PPADS at concentrations up to 100 microM had no effect. 4. In contrast, in the turkey erythrocyte preparation, PPADS at concentrations up to 30 microM was a competitive antagonist of P2Y-purinoceptor-stimulated phospholipase C activity (pKB = 5.9 +/- 0.1). Suramin and reactive blue 2 produced both a shift to the right of the concentration-effect of 2MeSATP for the activation of phospholipase C and a significant decrease in the maximal inositol phosphate response. 5. Turkey erythrocytes also express a phospholipase C-coupled beta-adrenoceptor. Concentrations of PPADS that competitively inhibited the P2Y-purinoceptor-mediated response had only minimal effects on the activation of phospholipase C by beta-adrenoceptors. In contrast, suramin and reactive blue 2 produced a non-competitive inhibition, characterized by decreases in the maximal response to isoprenaline with no change in the potency of this beta-adrenoceptor agonist. 6. The differential effect of PPADS on P2Y-purinoceptors of C6 glioma cells and turkey erythrocytes adds further support to the idea that different P2Y-purinoceptor subtypes mediate coupling to adenylylcyclic and phospholipase C.
Calmodulin Interacts with the Third Intracellular Loop of the Serotonin 5-Hydroxytryptamine1A Receptor at Two Distinct Sites PUTATIVE ROLE IN RECEPTOR PHOSPHORYLATION BY PROTEIN KINASE C

The serotonin 5-HT(1A) receptor couples to heterotrimeric G proteins and intracellular second messengers, yet no studies have investigated the possible role of additional receptor-interacting proteins in 5-HT(1A) receptor signaling. We have found that the ubiquitous Ca(2+)-sensor calmodulin (CaM) co-immunoprecipitates with the 5-HT(1A) receptor in Chinese hamster ovary fibroblasts. The human 5-HT(1A) receptor contains two putative CaM binding motifs, located in the N- and C-terminal juxtamembrane regions of the third intracellular loop of the receptor. Peptides encompassing both the N-terminal (i3N) and C-terminal (i3C) CaM-binding domains were tested for CaM binding. Using in vitro binding assays in combination with gel shift analysis, we demonstrated Ca(2+)-dependent formation of complexes between CaM and both peptides. We determined kinetic data using a combination of BIAcore surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and dansyl-CaM fluorescence. SPR analysis gave an apparent K(D) of approximately 110 nm for the i3N peptide and approximately 700 nm for the i3C peptide. Both peptides also caused characteristic shifts in the fluorescence emission spectrum of dansyl-CaM, with apparent affinities of 87 +/- 23 nm and 1.70 +/- 0.16 microm. We used bioluminescence resonance energy transfer to show that CaM interacts with the 5-HT(1A) receptor in living cells, representing the first in vivo evidence of a G protein-coupled receptor interacting with CaM. Finally, we showed that CaM binding and phosphorylation of the 5-HT(1A) receptor i3 loop peptides by protein kinase C are antagonistic in vitro, suggesting a possible role for CaM in the regulation of 5-HT(1A) receptor phosphorylation and desensitization. These data suggest that the 5-HT(1A) receptor contains high and moderate affinity CaM binding regions that may play important roles in receptor signaling and function.
Comparative Metabolism of Benzo(a)pyrene by Ovarian Microsomes of Various Species

Knowledge of the ability of the female reproductive system to metabolize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is critical to the diagnosis and management of female infertility and for risk assessment purposes. The PAHs are a family of widespread pollutants that are released into the environment from automobile exhausts, cigarette smoke, burning of refuse, industrial emissions, and hazardous waste sites. In exposed animals, PAHs become activated to reactive metabolites that interfere with target organ function and as a consequence cause toxicity. The extent of susceptibility to PAH exposure may depend on the ability of animals to metabolize these chemicals. The present study has been undertaken to assess whether any differences exist among mammals in the metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), a prototypical PAH compound. Microsomes isolated from the liver and ovaries of rats, mice, goats, sheep, pigs, and cows were incubated with 5 microM BaP. Postincubation, samples were extracted with ethyl acetate and analyzed for BaP/metabolites by reverse-phase HPLC with fluorescence detection. The rate of metabolism (pmol of metabolite/min/mg protein) was found to be more in liver than in ovary in all the species studied (P < 0.05). The differences in metabolite concentrations were statistically significant (P < 0.0001) among the various species in both organs studied. Multiple species comparison also revealed that the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.001) between rodents (rat and mouse) and higher mammals (ewe, sow, and cow). Even among the higher mammals, in a majority of the cases, the differences in metabolite concentrations were significantly different (P < 0.001) both in ovary and liver. The BaP metabolites identified were 4,5-diol; 7,8-diol; 9,10-diol; 3-hydroxy BaP; and 9-hydroxy BaP. The rodent microsomes produced considerably higher proportion of BaP 4,5-diol and 9,10-diol than did cow, sow, goat, and sheep. However, microsomes from higher mammals converted a greater proportion of BaP to 3-hydroxy and 9-hydroxy BaP, the detoxification products of BaP. Overall, our results revealed a great variation among species to metabolize BaP.
Overexpression of protein kinase C-epsilon and its regulatory domains in fibroblasts inhibits phorbol ester-induced phospholipase D activity.

In fibroblasts, the protein kinase C (PKC) activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) stimulates phospholipase D (PLD)-mediated hydrolysis of both phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) by PKC-alpha-mediated nonphosphorylating and phosphorylating mechanisms. Here we have used NIH 3T3 fibroblasts overexpressing holo PKC-epsilon and its regulatory, catalytic, and zinc finger domain fragments to determine if this isozyme also regulates PLD activity. Overexpression of holo PKC-epsilon inhibited the stimulatory effects of PMA (5-100 nM) on both PtdCho and PtdEtn hydrolysis. Overexpression of PKC-epsilon also was found to inhibit platelet-derived growth factor-induced PLD activity. Expression of the catalytic unit of PKC-epsilon had no effect on PMA-induced PLD activity. In contrast, expression of both the regulatory domain fragment and the zinc finger domain of PKC-epsilon resulted in significant inhibition of PMA-stimulated PtdCho and PtdEtn hydrolysis. Interestingly, although PKC-alpha also mediates the stimulatory effect of PMA on the synthesis of PtdCho by a phosphorylation mechanism, overexpression of holo PKC-epsilon or its regulatory domain fragments did not affect PMA-induced PtdCho synthesis. These results indicate that the PKC-epsilon system can act as a negative regulator of PLD activity and that this inhibition is mediated by its regulatory domain.
A permease-like protein involved in ER to thylakoid lipid transfer in Arabidopsis

In eukaryotes, enzymes of different subcellular compartments participate in the assembly of membrane lipids. As a consequence, interorganelle lipid transfer is extensive in growing cells. A prominent example is the transfer of membrane lipid precursors between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the photosynthetic thylakoid membranes in plants. Mono- and digalactolipids are typical photosynthetic membrane lipids. In Arabidopsis, they are derived from one of two pathways, either synthesized de novo in the plastid, or precursors are imported from the ER, giving rise to distinct molecular species. Employing a high-throughput robotic screening procedure generating arrays of spot chromatograms, mutants of Arabidopsis were isolated, which accumulated unusual trigalactolipids. In one allelic mutant subclass, trigalactosyldiacylglycerol1, the primary defect caused a disruption in the biosynthesis of ER-derived thylakoid lipids. Secondarily, a processive galactosyltransferase was activated, leading to the accumulation of oligogalactolipids. Mutations in a permease-like protein of the outer chloroplastic envelope are responsible for the primary biochemical defect. It is proposed that this protein is part of a lipid transfer complex.
PRIMARY LOWER URINARY TRACT RECONSTRUCTION FOR NONFUNCTIONING RENAL MOIETIES ASSOCIATED WITH OBSTRUCTING URETEROCELES

ABSTRACTPurpose: Upper pole heminephrectomy is the conventional treatment for severely compromised nonfunctioning renal units associated with ureteroceles due to the potential morbidity of leaving a nonfunctioning renal moiety in place. This approach often fails to address the pathological anatomical defect present at the bladder level, and during long-term followup the majority of patients require subsequent lower tract surgery due to persistent ureterocele, new or persistent vesicoureteral reflux, or recurrent infections. We determined the success of primary lower urinary tract reconstruction for nonfunctioning renal moieties and the morbidity associated with leaving nonfunctioning renal units in situ.Materials and Methods: We present the collective experience of 2 institutions using definitive lower urinary tract reconstruction without upper tract ablative surgery in 16 patients with duplex collecting systems and an associated nonfunctioning renal moiety due to obstructing ureteroceles.Results: At a me...
Quantitative morphologic studies during colonial growth of heteroploid cell strains differing in cell contact, shape and orientation.

Abstract Five-cloned strains differing in cell and colony morphology, which had been isolated from a HeLa-S3 culture, were plated at intervals during their propagation. Measurements of morphologic indices of cell-to-cell contact, cell surface of contact with substratum, cell shape and cell orientation were performed at serial intervals during colonial growth. Morphologic variation was associated with the strain and with the stage of development of the colony. Certain differences in cell shape and cell-to-cell contact among strains were expressed as early as the one- and two-celled colony stages respectively. Other differences among strains appeared at various times during colonial growth. Changes in the occurrence of contact among cells, in cell shape or in cell surface of contact with substratum took place during colonial growth of certain strains. These changes were reversible upon dispersion of the cells, were closely related to the growth of the cell population of the colony, and occurred in the absence of environmental changes introduced by the experimenter. The term growth related modulation is proposed for such changes. The pattern and timing of growth related modulation appeared to be heritable attributes of the strains. The possible mechanisms and significance of inter strain differences and of growth related modulation are discussed.
Elementary Particle Physics: The Origins

With the standard model summarizing everything that has been learned about elementary particles in the past 50 to 60 years, it is perhaps difficult to remember that physics remains a subject that has its foundations in experiment. Not only is it because particle physics can be conveniently encapsulated in a theoretical model that we fail to remember, but it is also true that most physics textbooks devoted to the subject and popular accounts are written by theorists and are colored with their particular point of view. From a plethora of texts and memoirs I can point to relatively few written by experimental physicists. Immediately coming to mind is Perkins’ Introduction to High Energy Physicsand the fascinating memoir of Otto Frisch, “What Little I Remember.” Bruno Rossi contributed both texts and a lively memoir. We can also point to Alvarez, Segre, and Lederman. But still this genre by experimentalists is relatively rare. One can speculate why this is the case—that theorists are naturally more contemplative, that experimentalists are people of action (they have to be—the vacuum system always has a leak, there is always an excess of noise and cross-talk in the electronics, there is always something to be fixed).
MEDUS/A: a user-oriented database management system for medical research

MEDUS/A was designed by members of the Health Systems Project at the Harvard School of Public Health. As a general-purpose DBMS, it enables clinical and public health researchers and their staff to define a database and enter, query, and retrieve their data for analysis without a programmer. The system has simultaneously supported a variety of projects in the Harvard Medical Area since 1976 and is ready for release outside of Harvard in a new version written in Standard MUMPS. Though designed for medicine, the system is sufficiently general for other fields.
Partial purification and characterization of protection-inducing antigens from the muscle larva of Trichinella spiralis by molecular sizing chromatography and preparative flatbed isoelectric focusing.

SUMMARY The soluble portion of a large particle fraction which was derived from the muscle larva of T. spiralis was subjected to molecular sizing column chromatography using Sephacryl S-200. Five major peaks of 280 nm absorbing material were obtained. Analysis by immunoelectrophoresis revealed that each peak contained antigens, with the majority of them occurring in peaks 3,4 and 5. Preliminary studies indicated that peak 4 (mol. wt range 20 000-10 000) contained protection-inducing antigens. Crossed-immunoelectrophoretic and single-dimension electrophoretic analysis of peak 4 revealed a minimum of 10 antigens, while analytical isoelectric focusing demonstrated the presence of proteins with widely different pl, ranging from 4·0 to 9·0. Peak 4 was fractionated by preparative flatbed isoeletric focusing (PIEF) using two gradients: one from 3·5 to 9·5 and the other from 3·5 to 5·5. Fused rocket immunoelectrophoretic (FRIEP) analysis of both runs indicated that several antigens were separated from the others: one at pl 4·0 and the other at pl 9·0. The remaining antigens focused between pl 4·3 and 4·9. One hundred micrograms of whole peak 4, pl 9·0 antigen and the group of antigens at pl 4·3–4·9 were each separately injected, along with Freund's complete adjuvant, into mice. In addition, a portion of the pl 4·0 antigen was also assayed for protection. All antigenic preparations induced significant levels of protection. The pl 4·0 was further analysed on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Two sharp peaks of antigen, as detected by FRIEP, were eluted isocratically with 65% acetonitrile from a (2–18 (aliphatic) column. Both peaks of antigen showed complete cross-reactivity on FRIEP and absorbed at 220 nm. Amino acid analysis of each HPLC peak revealed no detectable differences in composition. Each peak contained a predominance of aspartic (13 mol%) and glutamic (18 mol%) acid. This antigen did not contain significant quantities of aromatic amino acids, and absorbed strongly at 206 nm. Neither the pl 4·0 or pl 9·0 antigen stained positively with the PAS reaction.
Agammaglobulinaemia with B lymphocytes. Specific defect of plasma-cell differentiation.

Abstract Two females with agammaglobulinaemia, in contrast to a boy with X-linked agammaglobulinaemia, had nearly normal numbers of B lymphocytes bearing membrane-bound IgM, IgG, and IgA and formed germinal centres in antigen-stimulated lymph-nodes. One woman had germinal-
Special Issue on Dating Violence and Gender

About 10 years ago I participated in an event that was held on a university campus to promote healthy relationships among college students. Domestic violence advocates and practitioners were recrui...
Neonatal stress transiently alters the development of hippocampal oxytocin receptors

The development of brain oxytocin (OXT) receptors was examined following the mild stress of daily, 20 min separations of infant rats from their mothers (repeated separation condition) or in undisturbed controls. Changes in OXT receptors were characterized in cell membrane preparations, using the OXT receptor ligand [125I]d(CH2)5[Tyr(Me)2Thr4Tyr-NH9(2)]-ornithine vasotocin ([125I]OTA), from rats at 4, 8, 14, 22 postnatal days of age or as adults. In the hippocampus of control animals, [125I]OTA binding was highest at day 4 or 8 and declined thereafter. Repeated separation decreased the Bmax of [125I]OTA binding in whole hippocampus at day 8, an effect that did not persist into adulthood. This effect was found to be confined to the rapidly proliferating, dorsal hippocampus. It has been suggested that brain OXT is involved in both affiliative/social and stress-related behaviors. While the specific function of OXT receptors in hippocampus is currently unknown, mild stress to the infant and the disruption of infant-mother contact transiently alters the normal development of this system.
Analysis of bending effects in sheet forming operations.

Description des algorithmes pour les cas de deformation plane et de deformation axisymetrique dans les operations de formage des toles. Presentation des resultats numeriques
Can osteoarthritis be treated with light

Osteoarthritis is becoming more problematic as the population ages. Recent reports suggest that the benefit of anti-inflammatory drugs is unimpressive and the incidence of side effects is worrying. Low-level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) is an alternative approach with no known side effects and with reports of substantial therapeutic efficacy in osteoarthritis. In this issue of Arthritis Research & Therapy, Alves and colleagues used a rat model of osteoarthritis produced by intra-articular injection of the cartilage-degrading enzyme papain to test 810-nm LLLT. A single application of LLLT produced significant reductions in inflammatory cell infiltration and inflammatory cytokines 24 hours later. A lower laser power was more effective than a higher laser power. However, more work is necessary before the title question can be answered in the affirmative.
A simple α/β-independent method to derive fully isoeffective schedules following changes in dose per fraction

Abstract Purpose Dosimetric errors in delivering the prescribed dose per fraction made early in a treatment can be corrected by modifying the dose per fraction and total dose given subsequently to discovery of the error, using the linear-quadratic model to calculate the correcting doses which should be completed within the same overall time as originally prescribed. This study shows how these calculations can be carried out independently of any α/β ratios to bring the treatment back exactly to planned tolerance simultaneously for all tissues and tumor involved. Methods Planned treatment is defined as p Gy per fraction to a total dose P Gy; the initial error is e Gy per fraction given to a total of E Gy. The linear-quadratic formula is assumed to describe all isoeffect relationships between total dose and dose per fraction. Results and conclusion An exact solution is found that describes a compensating dose of d Gy per fraction to a total of D Gy. The formulae are: D=P−Ed=Pp−EeP−E Thus the total dose for the complete treatment (error plus compensation) remains as originally prescribed, with hyperfractionation being used to correct an initial hypofractionation error and hypofractionation being used to correct an initial hyperfractionation error. Incomplete repair is shown to perturb this exact solution. Thus compensating treatments calculated with these formulae should not be scheduled in such a manner that would introduce incomplete repair.
Staged thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysm repair using stent graft technology and surgery in a patient with acute renal failure.

) angiography identified a saccular thoracic aortic aneurysm, right renal artery stenosis, left renal artery occlusion, an infrarenal aortic aneurysm, celiac artery, and inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) orificial stenoses. Via an anterior retroperitoneal approach, bilateral renal artery thromboendarterectomy, infrarenal aortic aneurysmectomy, and IMA reimplantation were performed. The patient's tortuous iliac arteries were straightened to permit future passage of a thoracic stent graft by mobilizing the aortic bifurcation and anastomosing it to a Dacron graft within 4 cm of the renal vessels. Two weeks later, a stent graft was placed via a femoral incision utilizing CO2 angiography, successfully excluding the saccular thoracic aneurysm. Recovery from both procedures was quick, with rapid return of renal function, and alleviation of the hypertension. At 8 months follow-up, his renal arteries and aorta are patent.
Structural Analysis of Biofilm Formation by Rapidly and Slowly Growing Nontuberculous Mycobacteria

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) such as M. abscessus, M. mucogenicum, M. chelonae, and M. fortuitum, implicated in health care-associated infections, are often isolated from potable water supplies as part of the microbial flora. To understand factors that influence growth in their environmental source, clinical RGM and slowly growing MAC isolates were grown as biofilm in a laboratory batch system. High and low nutrient levels were compared, as well as stainless steel and polycarbonate surfaces. Biofilm growth was measured after 72 h of incubation by enumeration of bacteria from disrupted biofilms and by direct quantitative image analysis of biofilm microcolony structure. RGM biofilm development was influenced more by nutrient level than by substrate material, though both affected biofilm growth for most of the isolates tested. Microcolony structure revealed that RGM develop several different biofilm structures under high-nutrient growth conditions, including pillars of various shapes (M. abscessus and M. fortuitum) and extensive cording (M. abscessus and M. chelonae). Although it is a slowly growing species in the laboratory, a clinical isolate of M. avium developed more culturable biofilm in potable water in 72 h than any of the 10 RGM examined. This indicates that M. avium is better adapted for growth in potable water systems than in laboratory incubation conditions and suggests some advantage that MAC has over RGM in low-nutrient environments.
Introducing New Perspectives on Virtual Human Resource Development

The ProblemInitial explorations of virtual human resource development (VHRD) were published in the 12(6) issue of Advances, but these articles were only an initial step toward conceptualization. New perspectives on VHRD have developed over the past 4 years, particularly about human resource development’s (HRD) role in the development of new technology.The SolutionThis article provides a brief overview of existing published literature on VHRD, offers new conceptualizations of HRD’s role with technology development, and introduces the articles in this issue that advance their own new perspectives. This article argues that HRD must adopt new skills and develop explanatory models for growing organizational learning capacity in virtual work.The StakeholdersThis article is of interest to practitioners and managers who lead technology projects and work within technology-enabled professional environments, as well as scholars interested in studying VHRD.
Politicians, the Media, and Domestic Audience Costs

Domestic audience costs can help leaders establish credible commitments by tying their hands. Most studies assume these costs without explaining how they arise. I link domestic audience costs to the citizens' ability to sanction the leadership for pursuing a policy they would not want if they had the same information about its quality. How can citizens learn about policy quality? I model two information transmission mechanisms: one potentially contaminated by politically motivated strategic behavior (leader and opposition), and another that is noisy and possibly biased (media). In equilibrium, audience costs can arise from strategic sources only in mixed regimes under relatively restrictive conditions, and cannot arise in autocracies or democracies. However, in democratic polities the media can play a mitigating role and does enable leaders to generate audience costs. Still, their ability to do so depends on the institutional protections guaranteeing freedom of the media from political manipulation. Domestic audience costs are not necessarily linear in regime type, as often assumed in applied research.
Treprostinil for the treatment of severe digital necrosis in systemic sclerosis

We report a case of severe digital ulcerations associated with systemic sclerosis, successfully treated with treprostinil (Remodulin®). There was improve- ment within days of the treatment initiation; complete healing was accomplished after 16 weeks of therapy. Patients with systemic sclerosis and peripheral small ves- sel disease have limited therapeutic options. Treprostinil is a prostacyclin analogue that can be delivered by subcutaneous infusion and is approved in the USA only for treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension. This report provides an impressive example of an alternative, complementary indication for the use of treprostinil.
Role of Humic-Bound Iron as an Electron Transfer Agent in Dissimilatory Fe(III) Reduction

The dissimilatory Fe(III) reducer Geobacter metallireducens reduced Fe(III) bound in humic substances, but the concentrations of Fe(III) in a wide range of highly purified humic substances were too low to account for a significant portion of the electron-accepting capacities of the humic substances. Furthermore, once reduced, the iron in humic substances could not transfer electrons to Fe(III) oxide. These results suggest that other electron-accepting moieties in humic substances, such as quinones, are the important electron-accepting and shuttling agents under Fe(III)-reducing conditions.
Derivation of creep long-term fracture criteria under plane state of stress

A new approach has been suggested for the construction of long-term fracture criteria under creep conditions and multi-axial loading. The method developed overcomes former problems with a view to identifying stresses responsible for failure and material constants, and is based on the equivalent long-term strength diagrams. The criteria are chosen in the form of a mixed invariant relating two stress components, which give rise to brittle and viscous fracture. The values of stress characteristics combined in a mixed invariant take signs of principal stresses into account. The fracture criteria derived have been approved on unified long-term strength diagrams of thin-walled tubular specimens under internal pressure, internal pressure with tension, pure torsion and tension with torsion.
Endothelial Cell-Blood Interface Actions and the Procoagulant Response

Anesthesiologists and surgeons have focused on the problems of hypocoagulability and resulting hemorrhage after cardiopulmonary bypass. Recent work in endothelial cell biology has demonstrated that the interaction of inflammatory processes and coagulation dysfunction with the endothelium may contribute to either hypocoagulability (bleeding) or hypercoagulability (thrombosis). New work with endothelial cell function and intracellular signaling of procoagulant responses may allow for unique therapeutic interventions in the future.