cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of lead isotope ratios in soil by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and source identification

Objective To establish the isotope ratio determination method and monitor the lead isotope in soil with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry( ICP-MS) to have a full understanding and trace the lead contamination. Methods The ratio of total lead content to lead isotope in soil is measured by ICP-MS after microwave digestion. Results Pulse detection mode was applied for sample determination. The concentration of lead isotopes ranged from 20 μg / L ~ 50 μg / L,and the ratio of lead isotope detected within this range was stable,the relative standard deviation was 0. 10%( n = 6),and the RSD of206Pb /207Pb and 206Pb /208Pb with short-time stability were 0. 15% and 0. 16% respectively,while the RSD of 206Pb /207Pb and 206Pb /208Pb with long-time stability were 0. 18% and 0. 13% respectively. Conclusion This method can be applied to analyze the total lead content and lead isotopes in soil and trace the contamination source with the help of epidemiological investigation.
Faculty members acceptance of web-based education.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of the WebCLS project on clinical laboratory science (CLS) faculty members including improvement of participating CLS educators9 skills in designing, developing, delivering, and evaluating interactive, Web-based instructional programs. DESIGN: A survey was developed that included 24 statements related to respondents9 perceptions of how their participation in the project: a) improved their course development skills, b) developed their evaluation skills, and c) affected them personally. Four open-ended questions asked the respondents to comment on the project9s effect on their traditional course development skills, plans for future usage of WebCLS-produced course materials, the most beneficial outcomes of their participation, any problems that participation in the project caused them, and any unexpected positive or negative outcomes that could be attributed to their participation. SETTING: The survey was sent to 27 individuals who had participated in the project. RESULTS: Twenty-four participants completed the survey for an 89% response rate. The mean response was 6.82 (S.D. 2.32) with sixteen respondents9 (73%) reporting participation at the mean or above. CONCLUSION: Overall, the WebCLS project accomplished its objective of improving CLS educators9 Web-based, distance education course development skills. One of the most positive outcomes of the project was the survey respondents9 belief that their participation in the project expanded their contacts with colleagues in CLS education as well as with instructional design experts, computer programmers, and other technical support personnel. Furthermore, this outcome prompted several participating faculty to report that this enhanced collegial relationship will sustain their interest in curriculum development over time. ABBREVIATIONS: CLS = clinical laboratory sciences; WebCLS = Web-based education in clinical laboratory sciences.
Resisting Resistance: Targeted Therapies in Lung Cancer

Drug resistance inevitably limits the efficacy of all targeted therapies including tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Understanding the biological underpinnings of TKI resistance is key to the successful development of future therapeutic strategies. Traditionally, mechanisms of TKI resistance have been viewed under a dichotomous lens. Tumor cells are TKI-sensitive or TKI-refractory, exhibit intrinsic or acquired resistance, and accumulate alterations within or outside the target to promote their survival. Such classifications facilitate our comprehension of an otherwise complex biology, but are likely an oversimplification. Recent studies underscore the multifaceted, genetically heterogeneous nature of TKI resistance, which evolves dynamically with changes in therapy. In this Review, we provide a broad framework for understanding the diverse mechanisms of resistance at play in oncogene-driven lung cancers.
Transversus abdominis plane block in renal allotransplant recipients: A retrospective chart review.

Context: The efficacy of the transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block appears to vary considerably, depending on the surgical procedure and block technique. Aims: This study aims to add to the existing literature and provide a more clear understanding of the TAP blocks role as a postoperative analgesic technique, specifically in renal allotransplant recipients. Settings and Design: A retrospective chart review was conducted by querying the intraoperative electronic medical record system of a 1200-bed tertiary academic hospital over a 5 months period, and reviewing anesthetic techniques, as well as postoperative morphine equivalent consumption. Materials and Methods: Fifty renal allotransplant recipients were identified, 13 of whom received TAP blocks while 37 received no regional analgesic technique. All blocks were performed under ultrasound guidance, with 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine injected in the transversus abdominis fascial plane under direct visualization. The primary outcome was postoperative morphine equivalent consumption. Statistical Analysis Used: Morphine consumption was compared with the two-tailed Mann–Whitney U-test. Continuous variables of patient baseline characteristics were analyzed with unpaired t-test and categorical variables with Fischer Exact Test. A P Results: A statistically significant decrease in cumulative morphine consumption was found in the group that received the TAP block at 6 h (2.46 mg vs. 7.27 mg, P = 0.0010), 12 h (3.88 mg vs. 10.20 mg, P = 0.0005), 24 h (6.96 mg vs. 14.75 mg, P = 0.0013), and 48 h (11 mg vs. 20.13 mg, P = 0.0092). Conclusions: The TAP block is a beneficial postoperative analgesic, opiate-sparing technique in renal allotransplant recipients.
Comparative study of abnormal placentation in patients with previous two caesarean section over two time periods

Background: The CS epidemic is a reason for immediate concern and there is increase in repeat CS as well these days. The secondary increase in repeat CS delivery has been associated with increase in CS complications particularly increase in complications associated with abnormal placentation. We aim to compare the change in rate of abnormal placentation i.e. placenta previa, placenta percreta and accreta and maternal and fetal outcomes associated with two or more caesarean sections. Methods: Women with previous two LSCS were studied from May 2003-May 2004 and again from May 2013- May 2014. It is a comparative analysis of two prospective observational studies where the rate of abnormal placentation and maternal and fetal outcomes were compared after a period of ten years in the same tertiary care institute. Results: 104 women (0.99% of total confinements) had previous two or more LSCS from May 2003-04 (Group 1), whereas 60 such women (0.75% of total confinements) were there from May 2013-14 (Group 2). There was 2.88% incidence of abnormal placentation in Group 1 as compared to 18.33% in Group 2. The modality of management in Group 1 for adherent placenta was obstetric hysterectomy whereas conservative approach was increasingly used in Group 2. There were no maternal or neonatal deaths. Conclusions: Morbidly adherent placenta although on the increase can be increasingly tackled by conservative means. A multi-disciplinary approach is imperative to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality.
Degradation of single crystal diamond detectors in swift heavy ion beams

Abstract Single crystal diamond detectors were fabricated using Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) grown diamond plates for swift heavy ion beam detection. The detectors were then subjected to swift heavy ion beams in the energy range of 100–150 MeV/nucleon at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) at Michigan State University. The degradation mechanism of the detectors with respect to particle fluence is reported. After exposure to a particle fluence of ~ 4.0 × 1013/cm2, the output signal amplitude of the detectors dropped to near 55% from its initial value. Post irradiation, the diamond samples were characterized by the transient current technique (TCT), to understand the effect of the beam induced damage in charge transport properties. A 232U alpha particle source was collimated through a 1 mm aperture to generate e–h pairs at one side of the diamond detectors. Charges drifted to the other side of the sample (provided minimum trapping occurred) on application of an external electric field. The current signal from the detectors was recorded by varying the external field between 0.1 V/μm to 1.0 V/μm in both polarities. The charge collection of the irradiated diamond samples were compared to the charge collection from a pristine non-irradiated sample. The charge carrier lifetime decreased in the heavily irradiated segment of the detector, as a consequence the charge collection reduced to ~ 55%–65%.
Cyber Archaeology: 3D Sensing and Digital Embodiment

This chapter is focused on the study of the relations between digital embodiment, close range sensing and three-dimensional information in archaeology. The relations between digital recording and simulation environments generate new research questions and design a new epistemology in cyberarchaeology.
Unilateral lattice corneal dystrophy in a young female: A unique case report.

Background: Unilateral lattice corneal dystrophy is a rare entity. Objective: To highlight the evidence of unilateral lattice corneal dystrophy in a young female. Case : A young 28 years old female presented to the outpatient department of Ophthalmology with slowly progressive diminution of vision in left eye for one month. On ophthalmological examination best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/20 and 20/40 with refractive error of plano and -0.75D Cyl @30 for right and left eye respectively. Ocular examination of right eye was unremarkable. On slit lamp examination, left eye showed multiple radial lattice lines in branching spider like pattern in the temporal cornea with pupillary margin involvement. The lattice pattern was confined to anterior to midstroma of the cornea with intact epithelium and unremarkable endothelium. The lesions did not involve the limbus. These lattice lines were prominent on retroillumination. In temporal quadrant near pupillary margin a small radial nebulomacular corneal opacity was seen without any corneal vascularisation or edema. The anterior chamber was deep and quiet. Corneal sensations were markedly reduced. Intraocular pressure was 10 and 12mmHg for right and left eye respectively with noncontact tonometry. Fundus examination was unremarkable. Family history and systemic history was negative. Optical coherence tomography(OCT) showed hyperreflective material in midstoma confirmed the diagnosis of unilateral lattice corneal dystrophy(LCD) with an apparently healthy fellow eye .
AdVance male sling

The AdVance sling (American Medical Systems, Minnetonka, MN, United States of America) is a synthetic transobturator sling, which is a safe and effective minimally invasive treatment for mild to moderate stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in male patients. This article provides a step-by-step description of our technique for placement of the AdVance male sling, including details and nuances gained from surgical experience, advice for avoidance of complications and discussion on management of complications and sling failures. Patient selection is very important, including exclusion and preoperative treatment of urethral stenosis and bladder dysfunction. Previous pelvic radiation is a poor prognostic factor. In brief, the steps of sling placement are: (I) mobilization of the corpus spongiosum (CS); (II) marking and mobilization of the central tendon; (III) passage of the helical trocar needles exiting at the apex of the angle between the CS and inferior pubic ramus; (IV) fixation of the broad part of the sling body to the CS at the previous mark; (V) cystoscopy during sling tensioning; (VI) placement of a Foley urethral catheter; (VII) Subcutaneous tunnelling of the sling arms back toward the midline; (VIII) wound closure. The most common early postoperative complication is urinary retention but long-term retention is extremely rare. Management of sling failures include placement of an artificial urinary sphincter, repeat AdVance sling, urethral bulking agent or ProACT device.
Catalytic Mechanism of Cruzain from Trypanosoma cruzi As Determined from Solvent Kinetic Isotope Effects of Steady-State and Pre-Steady-State Kinetics.

Cruzain, an important drug target for Chagas disease, is a member of clan CA of the cysteine proteases. Understanding the catalytic mechanism of cruzain is vital to the design of new inhibitors. To this end, we have determined pH–rate profiles for substrates and affinity agents and solvent kinetic isotope effects in pre-steady-state and steady-state modes using three substrates: Cbz-Phe-Arg-AMC, Cbz-Arg-Arg-AMC, and Cbz-Arg-Ala-AMC. The pH–rate profile of kcat/Km for Cbz-Arg-Arg-AMC indicated pK1 = 6.6 (unprotonated) and pK2 ∼ 9.6 (protonated) groups were required for catalysis. The temperature dependence of the pK = 6.2–6.6 group exhibited a ΔHion value of 8.4 kcal/mol, typical of histidine. The pH–rate profile of inactivation by iodoacetamide confirmed that the catalytic cysteine possesses a pKa of 9.8. Normal solvent kinetic isotope effects were observed for both D2Okcat (1.6–2.1) and D2Okcat/Km (1.1–1.4) for all three substrates. Pre-steady-state kinetics revealed exponential bursts of AMC production ...
An approach to value-based simulator selection: The creation and evaluation of the simulator value index tool.

Abstract Background Currently there is no reliable, standardized mechanism to support health care professionals during the evaluation of and procurement processes for simulators. A tool founded on best practices could facilitate simulator purchase processes. Methods In a 3-phase process, we identified top factors considered during the simulator purchase process through expert consensus (n = 127), created the Simulator Value Index (SVI) tool, evaluated targeted validity evidence, and evaluated the practical value of this SVI. A web-based survey was sent to simulation professionals. Participants (n = 79) used the SVI and provided feedback. We evaluated the practical value of 4 tool variations by calculating their sensitivity to predict a preferred simulator. Results Seventeen top factors were identified and ranked. The top 2 were technical stability/reliability of the simulator and customer service, with no practical differences in rank across institution or stakeholder role. Full SVI variations predicted successfully the preferred simulator with good (87%) sensitivity, whereas the sensitivity of variations in cost and customer service and cost and technical stability decreased (≤54%). The majority (73%) of participants agreed that the SVI was helpful at guiding simulator purchase decisions, and 88% agreed the SVI tool would help facilitate discussion with peers and leadership. Conclusion Our findings indicate the SVI supports the process of simulator purchase using a standardized framework. Sensitivity of the tool improved when factors extend beyond traditionally targeted factors. We propose the tool will facilitate discussion amongst simulation professionals dealing with simulation, provide essential information for finance and procurement professionals, and improve the long-term value of simulation solutions. Limitations and application of the tool are discussed.
Ethanol Exposure In Utero Disrupts Radial Migration and Pyramidal Cell Development in the Somatosensory Cortex

Deficits in sensory processing in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) implicate dysfunction in the somatosensory cortex. However, the effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on the development of this region await elucidation. Here, we used an established mouse model of FASD with binge-type ethanol exposure from embryonic day 13.5-16.5 to investigate the effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on pyramidal neurons in the somatosensory cortex. Specifically, we focused on the radial migration of primordial pyramidal neurons during embryonic corticogenesis and their morphology and function during active synaptogenesis in early postnatal development. We found that prenatal ethanol exposure resulted in aberrant radial migration, particularly affecting the populations of postmitotic pyramidal neurons. In addition, there was an enduring effect of prenatal ethanol exposure on glutamate-mediated synaptic transmission in layer V/VI pyramidal neurons. This persisted beyond a transient decrease in pyramidal neuron dendritic complexity that was evident only during early postnatal development. Adolescent mice exposed prenatally to ethanol also displayed decreased tactile sensitivity, as revealed by a modified adhesive tape removal assay. Our findings demonstrate the persistent effects of binge-type in utero ethanol exposure on pyramidal neuron form and function and ultimately sensory processing, the latter being reminiscent of that seen in individuals with FASD.
Physics of Delayed Neutrons—Recent Experimental Results

In connection with the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission’s nuclear safeguards research and development (R&D) program, measurements of absolute delayed-neutron yields as a function of energy of the neut...
Defending Positive Amphetamine Results

People try to defend positive amphetamine test results by claiming the use of over-the-counter (OTC) cold medications, Vicks® inhaler, or herbal diet loss products. Although ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and other sympathomimetic amines present in various OTC cold medications interfere with amphetamine screening assays, the gas chromatography/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) confirmatory test can easily distinguish such sympathomimetic amines from amphetamine or methamphetamine. Vicks® inhaler contains l-amphetamine which has little cross-reactivity with d-methamphetamine which is abused. Therefore, possibility of a false positive from using Vicks® inhaler in an immunoassay screening test is modest, but l-methamphetamine can be easily differentiated from d-methamphetamine by using chiral derivatization and GC/MS analysis. Although certain Chinese weight loss products may contain ephedra which may cause false positive tests in the immunoassay screening test, the GC/MS confirmation step should be negative. Therefore, none of these defenses is effective in defending positive amphetamine test results in workplace drug testing.
Indoor Tanning Regulation, Enforcement, Taxation, and Policy

Tanning device use before the age of 35 is associated with a 75% increase in the risk for melanoma, a statistic prompting increased efforts towards limiting youth access to indoor tanning facilities. Numerous state, federal, and international restrictions focus on age restrictions, parental consent requirements, ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure amount and frequency, warning labeling on the devices, taxation, and operator education. While commendable, these efforts are limited by non-compliance and insufficient enforcement of existing regulations.
Full Vehicle Testing

Squeaks and rattles are extremely sensitive to a large number of parameters and can be very evasive. There is no foolproof method of ensuring that one can find them all during vehicle development. The road test method is probably the most reliable in correlating with the customer, providing the vehicle is evaluated over the proper roads, under the correct environmental conditions, with the correct positioning of all adjustable features and the correct option content and sensitive customer. Road simulators and DBE are effective tools for root source and root cause analysis. Often a full complement of tools can be easily accessed in the vicinity of the road simulator or DBE. Given the right location, these tools can also effectively be used to demonstrate issues to designers and design engineers. Subsystem level and component level testing can also be a powerful tool employed to supplement full vehicle testing. If an issue is found at vehicle level, it is often easier to see, touch and feel various areas of the part to find the root source.
Detroit Fifty Years After the Kerner Report: What Has Changed, What Has Not, and Why?

Immediately after the Detroit violence of July 1967, President Johnson appointed the Kerner Commission and ordered it to determine what had happened, why, and what could be done to prevent urban riots. This analysis focuses on racial change in metropolitan Detroit. Progress has been made in racially integrating the suburban ring closed to African Americans at the time of the violence. Evidence indicates social integration in that interracial marriage is more common and blacks are more represented in prestigious occupations. However, on key economic measures, African Americans are now further behind whites than they were in 1967. This can be attributed to fundamental changes in employment and the failure of the educational system to provide the training needed for jobs in the new economy.
Cancer treatment effects on cognition and depression: The moderating role of physical activity.

Abstract Objectives Breast cancer survivors report significant cognitive impairments post treatment, particularly following chemotherapy. Depression may also occur post treatment and may partially mediate the effects of cancer treatment on cognition. Additionally, physical activity has been shown to mitigate treatment effects on cognition and depression. This study examined the role of depression in mediating the effects of cancer treatment on cognitive function (perceived cognitive impairment, PCI; perceived cognitive ability, PCA) in breast cancer survivors and explored the role of physical activity in moderating these effects. Materials and methods 317 breast cancer survivors were recruited via Army of Women. Participants were 40–75 years old and had stage 0 (in situ) to IIIc breast cancer and were less than 10 years post treatment. Participants completed a demographic and treatment questionnaire, as well as the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Cognitive Function, and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Results Depressive symptoms significantly contributed to cognitive function in all models. Moderate and vigorous levels of physical activity moderated breast cancer treatment effects on depression and cognition. Chemotherapy, tamoxifen, and anastrozole all demonstrated negative effects on cognition. Conclusion The results from this study support the importance of examining mediating factors in the effects of cancer treatment on cognition, particularly depression, following cancer treatment. Effects of treatment on cognition in breast cancer survivors are partially explained by changes in depressive symptoms, although chemotherapy may impact cognition independent of depression. Importantly, physical activity may reduce the risk of depression and cognitive impairment in breast cancer survivors.
Impact of glacier loss and vegetation succession on annual basin runoff

Abstract. We use a simplified glacier-landscape model to investigate the degree to which basin topography, climate regime, and vegetation succession impact centennial variations in basin runoff during glacier retreat. In all simulations, annual basin runoff initially increases as water is released from glacier storage but ultimately decreases to below preretreat levels due to increases in evapotranspiration and decreases in orographic precipitation. We characterize the long-term ( > 200 years) annual basin runoff curves with four metrics: the magnitude and timing of peak basin runoff, the time to preretreat basin runoff, and the magnitude of end basin runoff. We find that basin slope and climate regime have strong impacts on the magnitude and timing of peak basin runoff. Shallow sloping basins exhibit a later and larger peak basin runoff than steep basins and, similarly, continental glaciers produce later and larger peak basin runoff compared to maritime glaciers. Vegetation succession following glacier loss has little impact on the peak basin runoff but becomes increasingly important as time progresses, with more rapid and extensive vegetation leading to shorter times to preretreat basin runoff and lower levels of end basin runoff. We suggest that differences in the magnitude and timing of peak basin runoff in our simulations can largely be attributed to glacier dynamics: glaciers with long response times (i.e., those that respond slowly to climate change) are pushed farther out of equilibrium for a given climate forcing and produce larger variations in basin runoff than glaciers with short response times. Overall, our results demonstrate that glacier dynamics and vegetation succession should receive roughly equal attention when assessing the impacts of glacier mass loss on water resources.
Selected Non-neoplastic and Benign Diseases of the Endometrium and Myometrium

Metaplasia of the endometrium represents a change from one epithelial type to another, the latter typically being of a cell type seen elsewhere in the mullerian tract. The aforementioned “change” may be conceptualized as a reactive alteration in the cellular cytoplasm and nuclei, although the precise causative factors are not always clear in each individual case. Table 2.1 summarizes the distribution and frequencies of endometrial metaplasias. In 58–82% of cases, a metaplasia of one type is admixed with a metaplasia of another type. Metaplasias may be associated with a variety of neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases, with benign or malignant neoplasms, with patients of all ages, and with the use of exogenous hormones.
Structural and functional sites of action of ultraviolet radiations in crab nerve fibers: III. The photoinactivation of a Na+-K+-activated ATPase system and its correlation with inactivation of excitability☆

UP to th e present time only one investigator [34] has made an attempt to determine the sites on which ultraviolet radiations exert their effect with respect to nerve excitability. Von Muralt [29] found that peripheral nerve contains acetylcholine which increased 50 per cent during excitation of the nerve. Pattay, basing his work on this information, demonstrated that the wavelengths around 280 rnp would inactivate acetylcholinesterase but not acetylcholine itself. The action spectrum for the node of Ranvier [30] peaked at 280 m,u and 260 rnp. Pattay theorized that the 280 rnp inactivation of the acetylcholineacetylcholinesterase system was evidence for the involvement of this system in membrane excitation at the node of Ranvier. Though others, Nachmansohn [31] in particular, believed this to be the case, no definitive evidence has yet been published. In the first article of this series [24] it was demonstrated that ultraviolet radiations specifically alter axon membrane mechanisms which control Na+ and K+ conductances and the mechanism by which Ca2+ controls membrane excitability. It has also been shown that ouabain, a cardiac glycoside inhibitor of membrane related Na+-K+-activated ATPase systems, affects membrane excitability similarly to ultraviolet radiations [25]. This is particularly interesting considering that there appears to be a direct relationship between the activity of this ATPase system and Na+ and K+ fluxes in squid axons [3, 81.
A case report of mantle cell lymphoma presenting as intussuscepting colon mass.

Abstract Introduction Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL) is a non-Hodgkin lymphoma accounting for 2.5% of lymphoid neoplasms in the United States. Primary gastrointestinal (GI) lymphomas account for 1–4% of all GI malignancies, with few reports of primary mantle cell lymphoma presenting as a single colonic mass and none to our knowledge with colon-colonic intussusception as the presenting finding. Accurate and timely diagnosis is imperative because MCL has rapid progression and early chemotherapeutic intervention results in improved patient outcomes. This work is reported in line with the SCARE criteria [1] for case report publication. Presentation of case A 61-year-old male presented with 1 month history of nonspecific right sided abdominal pain. Computed Tomography (CT) of the abdomen identified an intussuscepting mass in the proximal ascending colon and an additional 8 mm hepatic lesion. Colonoscopy identified a large mass in the corresponding area of colon identified on CT. Histology and immunohistochemistry of biopsied specimen diagnosed MCL. Discussion Planned surgical intervention was deferred and the patient was referred for oncologic treatment. We report the first case to our knowledge of MCL presenting as colon-colonic intussusception and discuss the work-up of this rare lymphoma that clinicians may be required to diagnose and manage. Conclusion This report serves as a reminder to maintain a broad differential inclusive of uncommon diseases and unanticipated pathology. Practicing with a thorough understanding of medical principles and clinical acumen is essential for optimal patient care and, as demonstrated in this case, preventing a potentially unnecessary surgical intervention thus delaying appropriate chemotherapy.
Cancer diagnoses and survival rise as 65-year-olds become Medicare eligible.

2015Background: A “Medicare effect” has been described to account for increased health care utilization occurring at the age of 65, when individuals become eligible for government-sponsored health ...
The Arc of Love: How Our Romantic Lives Change over Time: by Aaron Ben-Ze’ev, Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press, 2019, 288 pp., $40.00 (cloth), $10-40 (E-book)

The Arc of Love: How Our Romantic Lives Change over Time by Aaron Ben-Ze’ev is a wise book. I wish that I had been able to read it when I was sixteen.The book is about long-term, enduring romantic ...
Feature Selection for Deep Neural Networks in Cyber Security Applications

To stay ahead of novel attacks, cyber security professionals are developing new software and systems using machine learning techniques. Neural network architectures improve such systems, e.g., IDS, by implementing anomaly detection, which differentiates benign packets from malicious packets. In order for an IDS to best predict anomalies, the data the model is trained on is typically pre-processed through normalization and feature selection/reduction. The impacts of pre-processing techniques play an important role in training a neural network to optimize its performance. This paper proposes a DNN with 2 hidden layers for the IDS architecture and compares two commonly used normalization pre-processing techniques. We find that using Z Score normalization increased performance in accuracy by 4.46% reduced loss by 2.04%, improved F-Score by 4.70%, and increased AUC-ROC by 23.64%.
Central-to-peripheral corneal edema during wear of embedded-component contact lenses.

Abstract Purpose With active investigation underway for embedded-circuit contact lenses, safe oxygen supply of these novel lenses remains a question. Central-to-peripheral corneal edema for healthy eyes during wear of soft contact (SCL) and scleral lenses (SL) with embedding components is assessed. Methods Various 2-dimensional (2D) designs of SL and SCL with embedded components are constructed on Comsol Multiphysics 5.5. Local corneal swelling associated with the designed lenses is determined by a recently developed 2D metabolic-swelling model. Settled central post-lens tear-film thicknesses (PoLTFs) are set at 400 μm and 3 μm for SL and SCL designs, respectively. Each lens design has an axisymmetric central and an axisymmetric peripheral embedment. Oxygen permeability (Dk) of the lens and the embedments ranges from 0 to 200 Barrer. Dimensions and location of the embedments are varied to assess optimal-design configurations to minimize central-to-peripheral corneal edema. Results By adjusting oxygen Dk of the central embedment, the peripheral embedment, or the lens matrix polymer, corneal swelling is reduced by up to 2.5 %, 1.5 %, or 1.4 % of the baseline corneal thickness, respectively, while keeping all other parameters constant. A decrease in PoLTF thickness from 400 μm to 3 μm decreases corneal edema by up to 1.8 % of the baseline corneal thickness. Shifting the peripheral embedment farther out towards the periphery and towards the anterior lens surface reduces peak edema by up to 1.3 % and 0.6 % of the baseline corneal thickness, respectively. Conclusions To minimize central-to-peripheral corneal edema, embedments should be placed anteriorly and far into the periphery to allow maximal limbal metabolic support and oxygen transport in the polar direction (i.e., the θ-direction in spherical coordinates). High-oxygen transmissibility for all components and thinner PoLTF thickness are recommended to minimize corneal edema. Depending on design specifications, less than 1 % swelling over the entire cornea is achievable even with oxygen-impermeable embedments.
EFFECT OF BODY-BORNE LOAD ON LATERAL TRUNK FLEXION AND ITS RELATION TO KNEE ABDUCTION BIOMECHANICS DURING A SINGLE-LEG CUT

Body-borne load reportedly increases incidence of military-related knee injury by altering trunk and lower limb biomechanics. This investigation determined whether body-borne load impacts lateral t...
Zooming through a Pandemic: An Examination of Marketable Skills Gained by University Students during the COVID-19 Crisis

As most college campuses across the U.S. switched to remote learning in March 2020 as a result of COVID-19, students began taking classes online, many of them using video conferencing tools such as...
CCR5 antagonist reduces HIV-induced amyloidogenesis, tau pathology, neurodegeneration, and blood-brain barrier alterations in HIV-infected hu-PBL-NSG mice.

Background Neurocognitive impairment is present in 50% of HIV-infected individuals and is often associated with Alzheimer's Disease (AD)-like brain pathologies, including increased amyloid-beta (Aβ) and Tau hyperphosphorylation. Here, we aimed to determine whether HIV-1 infection causes AD-like pathologies in an HIV/AIDS humanized mouse model, and whether the CCR5 antagonist maraviroc alters HIV-induced pathologies. Methods NOD/scid-IL-2Rγcnull mice engrafted with human blood leukocytes were infected with HIV-1, left untreated or treated with maraviroc (120 mg/kg twice/day). Human cells in animal's blood were quantified weekly by flow cytometry. Animals were sacrificed at week-3 post-infection; blood and tissues viral loads were quantified using p24 antigen ELISA, RNAscope, and qPCR. Human (HLA-DR+) cells, Aβ-42, phospho-Tau, neuronal markers (MAP 2, NeuN, neurofilament-L), gamma-secretase activating protein (GSAP), and blood-brain barrier (BBB) tight junction (TJ) proteins expression and transcription were quantified in brain tissues by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, immunoblotting, and qPCR. Plasma Aβ-42, Aβ-42 cellular uptake, release and transendothelial transport were quantified by ELISA. Results HIV-1 significantly decreased human (h)CD4+ T-cells and hCD4/hCD8 ratios; decreased the expression of BBB TJ proteins claudin-5, ZO-1, ZO-2; and increased HLA-DR+ cells in brain tissues. Significantly, HIV-infected animals showed increased plasma and brain Aβ-42 and phospho-Tau (threonine181, threonine231, serine396, serine199), associated with transcriptional upregulation of GSAP, an enzyme that catalyzes Aβ formation, and loss of MAP 2, NeuN, and neurofilament-L. Maraviroc treatment significantly reduced blood and brain viral loads, prevented HIV-induced loss of neuronal markers and TJ proteins; decreased HLA-DR+ cells infiltration in brain tissues, significantly reduced HIV-induced increase in Aβ-42, GSAP, and phospho-Tau. Maraviroc also reduced Aβ retention and increased Aβ release in human macrophages; decreased the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and increased low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) expression in human brain endothelial cells. Maraviroc induced Aβ transendothelial transport, which was blocked by LRP1 antagonist but not RAGE antagonist. Conclusions Maraviroc significantly reduced HIV-induced amyloidogenesis, GSAP, phospho-Tau, neurodegeneration, BBB alterations, and leukocytes infiltration into the CNS. Maraviroc increased cellular Aβ efflux and transendothelial Aβ transport via LRP1 pathways. Thus, therapeutically targeting CCR5 could reduce viremia, preserve the BBB and neurons, increased brain Aβ efflux, and reduce AD-like neuropathologies.
The Role of NBS Standard Reference Materials in Quality Assurance of Environmental Measurements

Analyses of environmental samples of known homogeneity by different laboratories often disagree seriously. Discrepant data may result from poor methodology, improper instrument calibration, faulty experimental techniques, or from a combination of these factors. One approach towards obtaining accurate data is through the use of Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) issued by the National Bureau of Standards under federal statutes. SRMs are homogeneous, stable materials with certified chemical or physical properties, and are used in calibrating instruments, validating laboratory data, development methods of known accuracy, and referring data from different laboratories to a common base. Of the approximately 900 SRMs listed in the current SRM catalog, over 90 have been developed for use in improving the accuracy of environmental analyses. Environmental matrix SRMs certified for priority pollutants include gases, atmospheric dust, water, sediments, biological materials, and fuels. In addition, calibrator solutions of organic priority pollutants, such as halocarbons, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, are available for determining instrumental response factors, and adding accurate amounts of these compounds to samples. 18 references, 2 tables.
The Sainte-Chapelle and the Construction of Sacral Monarchy: Royal Architecture in Thirteenth-Century Paris

1. The making of a royal city: Paris and the architecture of Philip Augustus 2. The Sainte-Chapelle: Parisian Rayonnant and the new royal architecture 3. The architecture of sacral kingship 4. Private, public, and the promotion of the cult of kings 5. Louis' later patronage in Paris Conclusion Appendices.
Modeling and performance analysis for composite network–compute service provisioning in software-defined cloud environments

Abstract The crucial role of networking in Cloud computing calls for a holistic vision of both networking and computing systems that leads to composite network–compute service provisioning. Software-Defined Network (SDN) is a fundamental advancement in networking that enables network programmability. SDN and software-defined compute/storage systems form a Software-Defined Cloud Environment (SDCE) that may greatly facilitate composite network–compute service provisioning to Cloud users. Therefore, networking and computing systems need to be modeled and analyzed as composite service provisioning systems in order to obtain thorough understanding about service performance in SDCEs. In this paper, a novel approach for modeling composite network–compute service capabilities and a technique for evaluating composite network–compute service performance are developed. The analytic method proposed in this paper is general and agnostic to service implementation technologies; thus is applicable to a wide variety of network–compute services in SDCEs. The results obtained in this paper provide useful guidelines for federated control and management of networking and computing resources to achieve Cloud service performance guarantees.
Spectral phase correlator for coded waveform recognition using second harmonie generation

We report a novel spectral phase correlator scheme for coded ultrashort pulses using SHG in long PPLN crystals. Results using bulk crystals and waveguide~ show high contrast ratios and the potential for very low power operation.
Performance in Sub-25-nm Range: Circuit Model, Ternary Logic Gates and ADC/DAC

Chapter 8 focuses on the performance of QDGFETs in the sub-nm range. This chapter focuses on the implementation of different ternary logic gates including inverter, NAND, NOR, and XOR. This chapter also discusses the universal property of ternary logic NAND and NOR gates. Noise margins, power dissipation, and different delays are also discussed here. Three-bit analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and digital-to-analog converters (DACs) in sub-25-nm range are also simulated. Decoders based on PTI and NTI are also simulated in this chapter. Simulation results for two different kinds of decoders are presented in this chapter. The conversion from ternary logic to binary logic is also presented.
Methods for Detection of Antigen-Specific T Cells by Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay (ELISPOT)

The assay most widely utilized is the enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT). The ELISPOT was first described in 1983 as an alternative to plaque-forming assays for the detection of antibody-secreting cells. This assay may be adapted for use with synthetic peptides, including overlapping peptide pools. In an effort to increase the sensitivity of ELISPOT, several groups have developed modifications of the standard protocol involving the addition of exogenous cytokines, costimulatory antibodies, or antigen-presenting cells. The ELISPOT is relatively new, and considerable methodological variation exists among laboratories. As a positive control for cytokine release, many laboratories rely on polyclonal stimuli. However, these reagents may give rise to a nearly confluent lawn of spots. Statistical methods for evaluating ELISPOT results and determining the appropriate positive cutoff have varied considerably between laboratories. A summary of statistical methods reported in the recent literature is given. Standardization and validation of any bioassay is a lengthy process and will require many multicenter studies. As ELISPOT readers continue to improve and statistical methods achieve broader acceptance, the trend towards increasing standardization is likely to accelerate rapidly within the next few years.
Barcelona'92 i l'estudi dels llegats dels Jocs Olímpics

El llegat dels Jocs Olimpics de Barcelona’92 ha estat una de les tematiques que es van investigar al CEO-UAB els anys posteriors a la celebracio dels Jocs, pero actualment, gracies a diferents projectes vinculats a la conservacio i la posada en valor a traves de la xarxa de la memoria olimpica de la ciutat, es ben vigent i actual al CEO-UAB. Chris Kennett recull les aportacions principals dels treballs publicats pel Centre d’Estudis Olimpics, Les claus de l’exit (1995) i L’herencia dels Jocs (2002).
Studies on the Uptake of Hexose Phosphates: I. 2-DEOXYGLUCOSE AND 2-DEOXYGLUCOSE 6-PHOSPHATE

Abstract 2-Deoxy-d-glucose was taken up by Escherichia coli and was recovered from cell extracts largely as a material that behaved chromatographically as 2-deoxyglucose 6-phosphate. With 14C-labeled deoxyglucose, it was observed that radioactivity was taken up by the cell and partially released after 1 hour. No induction of transport for glucose 6-phosphate was observed on treatment of cells with 2-deoxyglucose, in spite of the apparent accumulation of intracellular 2-deoxyglucose 6-phosphate. By contrast, extracellular 2-deoxyglucose 6-phosphate, in low concentration, was an effective inducer of the hexose phosphate transport system. 2-Deoxyglucose inhibited growth of E. coli and also caused temporary growth stasis when glycerol or succinate was the carbon source. Cells growing in the presence of gluconate or pyruvate resisted these effects of 2-deoxyglucose. When glucose-grown cells were forced to adapt to glycerol or succinate as carbon source in the presence of 2-deoxyglucose, the lag period was prolonged for as long as several days. Often this was followed by rapid growth caused by spontaneous appearance of a mutant strain. The mutant was isolated and found to be resistant to growth inhibition by deoxyglucose.
Diffusion of Gases

The sections in this article are: 1 Historical Note 2 General Description of Gaseous Diffusion 3 Molecular Behavior: Kinetic Theory of Gases 3.1 Simple Kinetic Theory of Gases 3.2 Rigorous Kinetic Theory of Gases 4 Binary Diffusion 4.1 Fick's First Law: Steady Diffusion 4.2 Binary Diffusion Coefficients 4.3 Fick's Second Law: Unsteady Diffusion 4.4 Solution of Binary Diffusion Equation 5 Multicomponent Diffusion 5.1 Multicomponent Diffusion Equations 5.2 Multicomponent Diffusion Coefficients 5.3 Effective Diffusion Coefficients 6 Summary
Properties and Distribution of Galaxies in Relation to Their Formation and Evolution: Theoretical Situation

This report is a review of several proposed pictures for how matter came to be concentrated in lumps like galaxies and clusters of galaxies. The proposals cover a broad range of unrelated possi­bilities. I attempt here to subject these proposals to critical discussion, to discover the major problems for each case and the more promising lines for further study.
Urea amidolyase of Candida utilis. Characterization of the urea cleavage reactions.

Abstract Evidence is presented that the enzymes catalyzing the three reactions involved in urea cleavage in Candida utilis, biotin carboxylation, urea carboxylation, and allophanate hydrolysis occur as a complex of enzymes. The allophanatehydrolyzing activity could not be separated from the urea-cleaving activity using common methods of protein purification. Further, urea cleavage and allophanate hydrolysis activities are induced coordinately in cells grown on various nitrogen sources. The reactions involved in urea cleavage can be distinguished from one another on the basis of their sensitivities to (a) heat, (b) pH, and (c) chemical inhibitors. Evidence is presented for the product of the first reaction in urea cleavage, biotin carboxylation. Production of carboxylated enzyme is ATP dependent and avidin sensitive. Carboxylated enzyme is not observed in the presence of 1 mM urea.
Physics-based multiscale damage criterion for fatigue crack prediction in aluminium alloy

In this paper, a physics-based multiscale approach is introduced to predict the fatigue life of crystalline metallic materials. An energy-based and slip-based damage criterion is developed to model two important stages of fatigue crack initiation: the nucleation and the coalescence of microcracks. At the microscale, a damage index is developed on the basis of plastic strain energy to represent the growing rate of a nucleated microcrack. A statistical volume element model with high computational efficiency is developed at the mesoscale to represent the microstructure of the material. Also, the formation of a major crack is captured by a coalescence criterion at mesoscale. At the macroscale, a finite element analysis of selected test articles including lug joint and cruciform is conducted with the statistical volume element model bridging two scale meshes. A comparison between experimental and simulation results shows that the multiscale damage criterion is capable of capturing crack initiation and predicting fatigue life.
Entre la ficción y el contrapunteo de la historia cubana en Concierto para sordos de Matías Montes-Huidobro.

In this essay we examine the acute counterpoint in Concierto para sordos by Matias Montes-Huidobro, because as its title indicates we are dealing with a polyphonic text. By means of a dead protagonist-narrator, the Cuban American author revisits the past in juxpaposition to the present of Cuban history. We analyze how carnavalesque humor, parody and satire intervene in the fictional material in order to give a final touch to the writing process, at times supports by spoken speech and, in other instances, in function of hearing the language.