cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recruitment of Internal Oblique and Transversus Abdominis Muscles During the Eccentric Phase of the Curl-up Exercise

The purpose of this study was to analyze the results of a training method to increase voluntary recruitment of internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles. Forty volunteers were assigned to either a Control or an Experimental Group. Training consisted of multisensory (auditory, tactile, visual, and kinesthetic) cuing focused on the lower abdominal muscles during the slow curl-back (eccentric) phase of curl-up exercises with the subjects' feet unsupported. We recorded integrated electromyographic (IEMG) values using surface electrodes from internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles during pretest and posttest exercises. Using an analysis of covariance, posttest IEMG values of the Experimental Group were significantly higher (p less than .001) than the Control Group. Our results reveal that multisensory cuing with the feet unsupported during the curl-back is an effective method of increasing combined recruitment of internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles. Motor skills developed by this technique are discussed in relation to optimal trunk function and rehabilitation.
Alternative splicing of CFTR Cl- channels in heart

We have previously demonstrated that cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl- channels are expressed in heart (Levesque et al., Circ. Res. 71: 1002–1007, 1992). However, the s...
Inhibition of enzymatic DNA synthesis by certain pathological human sera.

SummaryThe effect of normal and pathological sera on synthesis of DNA with purified calf thymus polymerase was tested. Twelve of 14 sera from collagen diseases were inhibitory. A limiting amount of DNA primer and preincubation of serum with this primer before addition of enzyme were necessary to demonstrate marked inhibition. Seven normal sera and 5 from multiple myeloma and neutropenias not associated with collagen disease did not inhibit after preincubation of serum and primer. Without preincubation, the normal sera were stimulatory. Incubation of enzyme with primer before addition of inhibitory serum markedly reduced the inhibition. Results indicate that the combination of serum factor(s) with DNA covers up at least part of the active site for the polymerase.
Channeling in LiNbO3 :Fe Modulated by Holographic Stress Field Superlattice

Photon and proton channeling have been observed in LiNbO3:Fe crystals which have holographically recorded electric field gratings. An analogy between photon and proton channeling is developed and compared with the experimental results.
The demography of tree species response to climate: sapling and canopy tree growth

Traits affecting survival from seedling through adult stages are key elements of tree life histories, and it is widely assumed that variation in survival of adult trees plays an important role in the distribution of species along climate gradients. We use data from plots censused by the U.S. Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis program during the years 2000–2011 to quantify relationships between two key aspects of climate—mean annual temperature and growing season water deficit—and rates of sapling and canopy tree survival for the 50 most common tree species in the eastern United States. Our analyses include consideration of the effects of tree size, competition, and nitrogen deposition to avoid confounding effects and to provide context for the importance of variation in climate relative to other factors. Tree size and competitive effects, including the effect of tree size on sensitivity to competition, had the greatest impact on observed variation in survival for all of the species. Survival varied as a function of nitrogen deposition in 20 of the 50 species, and responses were stronger in saplings than in canopy trees. Despite clear sorting of the presence of the tree species along regional gradients of temperature and water deficit, there was only modest evidence that either sapling or canopy tree mortality varied systematically along those gradients. For 24 of the 50 species, the most parsimonious models did not include either temperature or water deficit variables. The exceptions to this were for several species of colder climates in which survival declined significantly in warmer climates. In 40 of the 50 species, there was no significant variation in survival as a function of either average growing season water deficit or the most extreme individual growing season water deficit during the 20 yr preceding the end of the census interval. The frequency of all but the most xeric of our study species declines at some point along a water deficit gradient. But it is seedling survival (reported in earlier work), rather than survival of saplings and canopy trees, that varies systematically along water deficit gradients.
Developing Physical Education Student Leaders through a Leadership Course and a University Collaboration.

Physical activity and sport programs offer great opportunities for youth to develop important life skills, including leadership. High school physical education leadership courses are one way to develop leadership and pedagogy skills in students. Leadership courses are also a great way for aspiring physical education teachers in training to gain and share their pedagogy expertise. The purpose of this article is to share more information about leadership courses and provide an example of how a college/high school collaboration can enhance such a course, as well as a physical education teacher education program.
Substructuring of a Nonlinear Beam Using a Modal Iwan Framework, Part II: Nonlinear Modal Substructuring

In a companion paper (Roettgen, D.R., et al.: Substructuring of a nonlinear beam using modal Iwan framework, Part 1: nonlinear modal model identification. Presented at the international modal analysis conference XXXV, Garden Grove, 2017), "Substructuring of a nonlinear beam using modal Iwan framework, Part I: Nonlinear Modal Model Identification", nonlinear modal models are constructed for an experimental substructure that represent the dynamics using a set of uncoupled weakly nonlinear modes. This assumes that the linear modes of the structure remain uncoupled so that the nonlinearity can be described in a mode by mode fashion. These nonlinear modal models can be used to simulate the response of the experimental system. This paper demonstrates the use of these models to represent a substructure in an experimental-analytical substructuring prediction. The authors utilize the transmission simulator method on the experimentally derived models to generate predictions of a modified Brake-Reuss Beam system. The substructuring predictions are then compared to a truth test data set to validate the method. To further understand the limitations of the method and its sensitivity to measurement noise, the modal substructuring approach is also simulated on a finite element model of the beam that contains three discrete nonlinear elements to represent the joint.
Crystallisation of Miraculin - A Taste Modifying Glycoprotein from the Fruits of Richadella Dulcifica

The crystallisation of miraculin - a glycoprotein was studied. The protein was extracted and purified to homogeneity from the pulp of the fruits of Richadella dulcifica using a three-step chromatographic process involving Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography, Ion Exchange Chromatography, and Gel Filtration Chromatography respectively at ordinary temperatures. The activity of the protein was ascertained using psychometric analysis: 100g/ml of the lyophilised protein provoked sweetness with 0.02M citric acid. Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis was used to determine the purity of the protein. Experimental conditions used in 80 different crystallisation trials were chosen for the initial screening experiments. Polymorphism in the resulting precipitated, micro-crystalline, or crystalline protein samples was identified and rated numerically on a rough but quantitative scale. Correlation between these estimates of crystal quality and all the 80 different crystallisation trials were identified. Twelve out of the 80 trials were selected for further crystallisation work by changing the concentrations of salts and precipitants and the addition of detergents until favourable conditions were achieved for the crystallisation of the protein. Orthorhombic crystal forms of the protein with sizes ranging from 0.2mm to 0.4mm were obtained using the hanging drop technique of the vapour diffusion method from 30% PEG 600, 0.1M LiCl, 0.1M CaCl2, 0.1M HEPES buffer, 0.02M 1-O-nOctyl-D-glucopyranoside (BOG) and miraculin at a concentration of 20mg/ml. The crystalline miraculin gave a band of 44kd on SDS-PAGE
Bayesian Logic and Statistical Mechanics — Illustrated by a Quantum Spin 1/2 Ensemble

The greatest challenge for the appropriate use of Bayesian logic lies in the need for assigning a “prior”[1–13]. In physical applications, this prior is often strongly molded by the physical “boundary conditions”[1,12,13], and thereby begins to take on some aspects of “objective” meaning. Many claim that the prior usually plays only a minor role in the interpretation of the data. We shall show situations in which a prior, objectively justified by the physical constraints, can lead to a very strong molding of our interpretation of the measured data. We shall also show how the concept of a “probability distribution function over probability distribution functions”[8,9] has practical utility in clarifying and taking advantage of the distinction between the “randomness” intrinsic in the preparation of an ensemble of physical systems, and the uncertainty in our limited knowledge of the values of the parameters that characterize this preparation procedure. In this paper we consider three physical situations in which Bayesian concepts lead to a useful, non-conventional interpretation of the information contained in a small number of physical measurements. The first two of these relate to an ensemble of quantum mechanical spin-1/2 systems, each prepared by the same procedure[13]. The third relates to the energies of molecules sampled from a fluid that obeys the classical statistical mechanics of Gibbs[1,8,9]. In the first example, we show how a prior chosen to match the physical constraints on the system leads to a very conservative “rule of succession”[7,10,3] that discounts any significant deviation from “random” frequencies (for measured values) as being nonrepresentational of the distribution being sampled. In the second example, we show how an appropriate, physically motivated prior leads to a rule of succession that is less conservative than that of Laplace[5], and even, in most circumstances, is less conservative than the maximum likelihood inference[1–3] from the observed frequency. This example also shows how a prior that is uniform in one parameter space can yield a rather peaked prior in the space of another related (and physically important) parameter, (in this case, the temperature). In the third example, we show how Bayesian logic together with the knowledge of the results of only a small number of physical measurement events augments equilibrium statistical mechanics with non-Maxwellian distribution functions and probability distribution functions over temperature. These distribution functions are a more faithful representation of our state of knowledge of the system than is a Maxwellian distribution with a temperature inferred by the principle of maximum likelihood [1–3,14,9].
Osteochondritis dissecans-like lesions of the occipital condyle and cervical articular process joints in a Saddlebred colt horse.

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is a sequela to osteochondrosis, whereby the cartilage superficial to the site of osteochondrosis fractures and gives rise to osteochondral fragments in the affected joint. In this case, both the radiological and computed tomography findings were supportive of classical severe OCD but the histologic findings were not supportive of the diagnosis of OCD. A 1 year and 6 months old, Saddlebred, colt was presented for evaluation of chronic cervical pain. Standing laterolateral radiographs revealed an osteochondral fragment with corresponding irregular subchondral bone defect at one of the occipital condyle. Computed tomography confirmed the presence of osteochondral fragments at the left occipital condyle and several articular process joints of the cervical spine, with associated subchondral bone defects and sclerosis, suggestive of OCD. However, the lack of ischemic chondronecrosis microscopically was not supportive of a histologic diagnosis of OCD. Therefore, the term ‘OCD-like lesions’ was deemed most appropriate for these cervical lesions. In the event where imaging features were characteristics of OCD but lack of histologic evidence of ischemic chondronecrosis, the term ‘OCD-like lesion’ is deemed most appropriate.
The Development of Object Fitting: The Dynamics of Spatial Coordination

Fitting objects into apertures is an adaptive skill that is incorporated into the design of many tools. We match or align shapes with openings when we insert keys into locks, when we put lids atop containers, or when we align a screwdriver with the groove of a screw. Traditionally, the development of object fitting has focused on children's abilities to successfully complete shape sorter tasks (e.g., square peg through square hole). By measuring children's success in these tasks, investigators have determined that there is substantial development during the second year, but little research has addressed the processes children employ to solve object fitting challenges during this time period. Here, we provide a process based account of object fitting, which emphasizes how children coordinate information about spatial structure with action. We suggest that a process-based approach can illuminate the real-time dynamics of perceiving, acting, and thinking.
Neuronal and Glial Morphology in Olfactory Systems: Significance for Information-Processing and Underlying Developmental Mechanisms

The shapes of neurons and glial cells dictate many important aspects of their functions. In olfactory systems, certain architectural features are characteristics of these two cell types across a wide variety of species. The accumulated evidence suggests that these common features may play fundamental roles in olfactoryinformation processing. For instance, the primary olfactory neuropil in most vertebrate and invertebrate olfactory systems is organized into discrete modules called glomeruli. Inside each glomerulus, sensory axons and CNS neurons branch and synapse in patterns that are repeated across species. In many species, moreover, the glomeruli are enveloped by a thin and ordered layer of glial processes. Theglomerular arrangement reflects the processing of odor information in modules that encode the discrete molecular attributes of odorant stimuli being processed. Recent studies of the mechanisms that guide the development of olfactory neurons and glial cells have revealed complex reciprocal interactions between these two cell types, which may be necessary for the establishment of modular compartments. Collectively, the findings reviewed here suggest that specialized cellular architecture plays key functional roles in the detection, analysis, and discrimination of odors at early steps in olfactory processing.
Cell Therapy for Myocardial Damage

Ischemic heart disease resulting from myocardial infarction (MI) is the leading cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in the United States. Recent clinical and basic science investigations have focused on replacing damaged myocardium with skeletal muscle myoblasts (SKMBs) and bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMCs). Such cell therapies for MI have been shown to improve cardiac function; however, it is unknown if electrical viability of damaged myocardium can be restored and, thus, reduce the risk for SCD. Presently, several studies suggest that SKMB therapy for damaged myocardium increases arrhythmia risk, which may be causally related to a lack of SKMB integration into the electrical syncytium of the heart. In contrast, BMCs demonstrate less arrhythmia risk, enhanced electrical viability, and evidence of electrical integration. Other cell types and delivery methods may offer an even greater potential for enhanced electrical viability and reduced arrhythmia risk. Considering that SCD associated with damaged myocardium is primarily caused by arrhythmias, it is clear that an important factor that will determine whether cell therapy will succeed or fail is its electrophysiological consequence.
Reading Curriculum in the Age of Spectacle: Reclaiming Experience and Dialogue in Reading

Using Fahrenheit 451 as a model for reading in the age of spectacle, this paper offers a critique of reading curriculum driven by Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts and Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects (CCSS-ELA), which divorces reading from dialogue and lived experience. Drawing on Debord’s (1967/1983) notion of spectacle, the author considers how our current cultural moment may be shaping and shaped by an alienated and alienating curriculum of reading. By embracing the political implications of reading curriculum, we can reclaim reading as a dialogic activity grounded in the world.
The Ideotype for Seed Size: A Model Examining the Relationship between Seed Size and Actual Yield in Pea

Seed size plays a large role in determining productivity of large seeded legumes. In many large seeded legumes such as pea and bean, actual yield, defined here as grain yield at harvest minus the weight of seed planted, is often a better measure of actual productivity than grain yield at harvest, because the weight of planted seed varies with seed size. In many grain legumes, the weight of planted seed can be equal to 10% of the total grain yield, and minimizing the weight of planted seed could significantly impact actual yield. This study produced an algorithm to examine the relationship between seed size, yield, and actual yield in silico. The output of this algorithm predicted the ideotype for seed size in peas to be much lower (12.5 g./100 seeds) than the seed size of nearly all commercial varieties, indicating that efficiency in pea cropping systems could be increased by reducing seed size. Modifications to the algorithm would allow the prediction of the ideal seed size in other legumes. The algorithm predicts that there is likely very little correlation between seed size and grain yield, although larger seeded legumes will likely have a higher harvest index. Plant breeders can use the ideotype predicted by this function to create varieties of peas and other large seeded legumes that have higher actual yield. The ideotype for seed size was defined in pea.
The unbearable heaviness of leadership: The effects of competency, negatives, and experience on women's aspirations to leadership

Abstract Competent women should aspire to leadership, but they may choose not to. We asked men and women at seven U.S. universities if competence, negatives of leadership, and experience affect their aspirations to leadership. Surprisingly, competent women with more work experience are less likely to aspire to leadership than men, while competent women with less work experience are more likely to aspire to leadership than men. The more women associate leadership with negative aspects, the less they aspire to leadership, compared with men. For both, the less competent they think they are to be leaders, the less they want to be leaders.
Social work, social technologies, and sustainable community development

AbstractThis keynote address was delivered at the Social Work, Education, and Social Development Conference. The conference was held July 3–5, 2018 at the Royal Dublin Society Conference Center in ...
Leadership Profiles Associated with the Implementation of Behavioral Health Evidence-Based Practices for Autism Spectrum Disorder in Schools.

Implementation of evidence-based practice (EBP) for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the education system is a public health priority. Leadership is a critical driver of EBP implementation but little is known about the types of leadership behaviors exhibited by school leaders and how this influences the context of EBP implementation, particularly for students with ASD. The objectives of this study were to determine (1) the leadership profiles of principals involved in EBP implementation for students with ASD and (2) how these leadership profiles related to school characteristics and implementation climate. The Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, Sustainment (EPIS) framework was used to guide the design and analysis of this study. Participants (n = 296) included principals, teachers, and classroom support staff. They provided demographic information and completed the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire and Implementation Climate Scale. Using latent profile analysis, a three-pattern solution was identified: Disengaged (6% of sample), Undifferentiated (23% of sample), and Optimal (71% of sample). Principals in schools with higher proportions of students with an individualized education program were more likely to be classified as Undifferentiated than Optimal. The Optimal group was associated with more positive implementation climate than the Undifferentiated or Disengaged groups. Findings suggest that leadership behaviors rated by principals and their staff involved in implementation of common autism EBPs can be meaningfully clustered into three discernible profiles that are shaped by organizational context and linked to strategic implementation climate. Our study findings have implications for leadership training and service delivery in schools by underscoring the critical nature of school leadership during implementation of EBPs for children with autism and the interplay between specific leadership behaviors and strategic implementation climate.
Toward a More Complete Understanding of Writing Enjoyment: A Mixed Methods Study of Elementary Students.

This mixed methods study explored elementary students’ (N = 263) writing enjoyment, their perceptions of teacher writing enjoyment, self-regulation, and grades. In the quantitative strand, we exami...
E-Cigarette Outcome Expectancies among Nationally Representative Samples of Adolescents and Young Adults.

Objectives: We conducted nationally representative surveys of adolescents and young adults to examine associations between e-cigarette outcome expectancies and e-cigarette use. Background: E-cigare...
Leveraging Medical Literature for Section Prediction in Electronic Health Records.

Electronic Health Records (EHRs) contain both structured content and unstructured (text) content about a patient’s medical history. In the unstructured text parts, there are common sections such as Assessment and Plan, Social History, and Medications. These sections help physicians find information easily and can be used by an information retrieval system to return specific information sought by a user. However, it is common that the exact format of sections in a particular EHR does not adhere to known patterns. Therefore, being able to predict sections and headers in EHRs automatically is beneficial to physicians. Prior approaches in EHR section prediction have only used text data from EHRs and have required significant manual annotation. We propose using sections from medical literature (e.g., textbooks, journals, web content) that contain content similar to that found in EHR sections. Our approach uses data from a different kind of source where labels are provided without the need of a time-consuming annotation effort. We use this data to train two models: an RNN and a BERT-based model. We apply the learned models along with source data via transfer learning to predict sections in EHRs. Our results show that medical literature can provide helpful supervision signal for this classification task.
Abstract 480: Feasibility of an Augmented Reality Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training System for Health Care Providers

Introduction: Augmented reality (AR) has the potential to offer a novel approach to CPR training that supplements conventional training methods with gamification and a more interactive learning exp...
A robust methodology to select the best lost circulation treatment using decision tree analysis

Abstract Lost circulation is a unique challenge unlike other factors contributing to non-productive time (NPT). Due to the variability in the nature and type of lost circulation prone formations, there is no universal solution to this challenge. This publication presents a new approach to guide the decision-making process of which and when to apply a certain treatment as compared to another. If implemented correctly, a significant reduction in NPT related to lost circulation can be expected. In addition, the examination of the cost of each treatment and the NPT was conducted. Lost circulation events for three carbonate formations which are the Dammam (dolomite), Hartha (limestone), and Shuaiba (limestone) were gathered from over 1000 wells. The treatments were categorized based on the type of loss, cost, and type of formations. This work uses decision tree analysis (DTA) and expected monetary value (EMV) in the decision-making process. Thousands of treatment scenarios were considered to treat partial, severe, and complete losses. Two criteria were utilized to choose the treatment strategies for each type of loss. The first criterion is that the treatment strategy has to have the lowest EMV, and the second criterion is the treatment strategy has to be practically applicable in the field. Both criteria have to be met in order to choose the treatment strategy. All treatment strategies end up with liner hanger if the lost circulation did not stop after applying all treatments. Moreover, this study provides comprehensive treatment strategies to handle lost circulation in three carbonate formations to assist the drilling personnel to deal with lost circulation efficiently and cost-effectively. This study provides a new method to select the best lost circulation treatment strategy for each type of loss and three carbonate formations. Due to the inconsistency of methods to respond to the lost circulation problem, this study can serve a reference to handle lost circulation in any formation worldwide.
What we talk about when we talk about pediatric suffering

In this paper I aim to show why pediatric suffering must be understood as a judgment or evaluation, rather than a mental state. To accomplish this task, first I analyze the various ways that the label of suffering is used in pediatric practice. Out of this analysis emerge what I call the twin poles of pediatric suffering. At one pole sits the belief that infants and children with severe cognitive impairment cannot suffer because they are nonverbal or lack subjective life experience. At the other pole exists the idea that once child suffering reaches some threshold it is ethical to eliminate the sufferer. Concerningly, at both poles, any particular child vanishes from view. Second, in an attempt to identify a theory of suffering inclusive of children, I examine two prominent so-called experiential accounts of suffering. I find them both wanting on account of their absurd entailments and their flawed assumptions regarding the subjective experiences of people who cannot communicate expressively. Finally, I extend arguments found in Alastair MacIntyre’s Dependent Rational Animals to argue that child suffering can be understood only as a set of absences—absences of conditions such as love, warmth, and freedom from pain. An evaluation of these absences reveals the exquisite dependency of children. It also discloses why pediatric suffering is necessarily a social and political event. Unlike adults, children will never be either the authors or the mitigators of their own suffering. Rather, children must rely wholly on others in order to resist suffering, grow, and flourish.
Safety of twin-engine helicopters: Risks and operational specificity

Abstract Objectives To examine the difference between twin-engine and single-engine helicopter operations and accidents, and to understand the main factors that are associated with fatal twin-engine helicopter accidents. Methods Data concerning a ten-year period taken from the US National Transportation Safety Board online database on twin-engine helicopter accidents were analyzed and compared to a dataset of single- and twin-engine helicopter accidents in Part 135 Air Taxi and Commuter operations. Results and recommendations Twin-engine helicopters show a lower risk of accidents compared to single-engine helicopters but with a similar proportion of fatal accidents. Twin-engine helicopters show a frequent involvement in air medical operations, which expose pilots more often to night and IMC flight conditions that are significantly more often associated with fatal accidents. The differences in accident rate cannot be explained by the profile of the pilots, the kind of accident causes or their type of operations but may possibly be associated with differences in geographical location or type of organization.
Construction of existentially closed Abelian lattice-ordered groups using Fraïssé limits

New examples of existentially closed Abelian lattice-ordered groups, possessing most of the known properties of infinitely generic Abelian lattice-ordered groups, are constructed using Fraisse limits.
Perceived quality factors in higher education

What does it mean to be ‘excellent’, particularly for the higher education institution? Without a definitive answer to that question, university rankings have become a proxy for quality and excelle...
From childhood maltreatment to adult inflammation: Evidence for the mediational status of social anxiety and low positive affect.

Prior work has established a robust association between childhood maltreatment and systemic inflammatory activation later in life; however, the mechanisms involved in this process remain incompletely understood. The purpose of this investigation was to examine potential mechanistic roles for social anxiety (SA) symptoms and low positive affect (PA) in the path from childhood maltreatment to elevations in circulating interleukin (IL)-6, a common biomarker of inflammatory activation. In addition, building on prior work establishing linkages between mindful awareness and reductions in systemic inflammation, we examined the potential role of trait mindfulness as a moderator of the relationships among childhood maltreatment, SA, low PA, and IL-6. A serial mediation model utilizing a large epidemiologic dataset (final N ​= ​527) supported our central hypothesis that the direct effect of childhood maltreatment on IL-6 was fully serially statistically mediated by SA symptoms and low PA (but not high negative affect). Additionally, results indicated that individuals falling in the upper versus lower quartiles of SA symptoms demonstrated significantly elevated concentrations of IL-6, a finding that has not been previously reported. Trait mindfulness moderated the association between low PA and IL-6, to the exclusion of any paths related to negative affect. Additionally, results indicated that the effect of child maltreatment on IL-6 bypasses SA to indirectly impact IL-6 via negative affect. Overall, we conclude that childhood maltreatment and SA symptoms have a significant influence on IL-6, albeit indirectly via low PA, and the influence of PA on IL-6 may be uniquely susceptible to influence by individual differences in mindfulness.
Open osteology: Medical imaging databases as skeletal collections

Abstract The increasing availability of de-identified medical image databases, especially of computed tomography (CT) scans, presents an opportunity for “open osteology,” or the establishment of new skeletal reference collections. The number of free and/or open-source software packages for generating three-dimensional (3D) CT models, such as 3D Slicer, reduces financial obstacles to working with CT data and encourages the development of common workflows and datasets. The direct link to the Cancer Imaging Archive from 3D Slicer facilitates access to medical imaging datasets to support education and research with virtual skeletal data. Generation of 3D models enables computational methods for skeletal analyses and can also lead to the generation of virtual libraries representing large amounts of human skeletal variation. 3D printing of 3D CT models can supplement physical skeletal collections for the classroom and research beyond the standard commercially available specimens. Web-based technologies support 3D model and CT volume visualization, interaction, and measurement, increasing opportunities for dissemination and collaboration as well as the possible integration of 3D data as references for skeletal analysis tools. Increasing awareness and usage of pre-existing free and open-source resources applicable to forensic anthropology will facilitate method/workflow development, validation, and eventually standardization. This presentation will discuss online sources of skeletal data, outline methods for processing CT scans with free software into 3D digital models and discuss web-based technologies and repositories that allow interaction with 3D skeletal models. The demonstration of these methods will contribute to discussions on the expansion of virtual anthropology and open osteology.
Examining the relationship between instructional practice and social studies teacher training: A TALIS study

Abstract Many calls have been made for more research on social studies teachers' practices and preservice training. Instructional practices employed by teachers are important for encouraging student learning. However, there is a history of social studies teachers focusing much of their time on teacher-centered instructional techniques that have not demonstrated strong learning for students. Therefore it is important to examine not just how teachers chose to teach, but also where they may have learned to teach. This study examined data from the Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) 2018 of 240 secondary social studies teachers to understand what instructional practices they report employing and their feelings about their preparation. Data analysis provided direct empirical evidence of the power of teacher preparation programs to shape social studies teachers’ instructional practices well into their teaching careers.
Effectiveness of Antioxidants on Cell Viability in Beta-amyloid Exposed PC12 Cells

Objectives Beta-amyloid (BA) is toxic to cells, and leads to cell damage, decreasing cell viability. Certain antioxidants, however, have been shown to prevent BA induced cell damages. The purpose of this research was to determine whether antioxidants affect the viability of PC12 cells that have been exposed to BA.
Infective endocarditis and solid organ transplantation: Only worse outcomes during initial transplantation hospitalization.

Background The epidemiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis (IE) among solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients is unknown. Methods We used data from the 2013-2018 Nationwide Readmissions Database (NRD). IE- and SOT-associated hospitalizations were identified using diagnosis and procedure codes. Outcomes included inpatient mortality, length of stay, and inpatient costs. Adjusted analyses were performed using weighted regression models. Results A total of 99,052 IE-associated hospitalizations, corresponding to a weighted national estimate of 193,164, were included for analysis. Of these, 794 (weighted n = 1,574) were associated with transplant history (SOT-IE). Mortality was not significantly different between SOT-IE and non-SOT-IE (17.2% vs. 15.8%, adjusted relative risk [aRR]: 0.86, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.71, 1.03]), and fewer SOT-IE patients underwent valve repair or replacement than non-SOT-IE (12.5% vs. 16.2%, aRR 0.82, 95% CI [0.71, 0.95]). We then compared outcomes of patients diagnosed with IE during their index transplant hospitalization (index-SOT-IE) to patients without IE during their transplant hospitalization (index-SOT). Index-SOT-IE occurred most frequently among heart transplant recipients (45.1%), and was associated with greater mortality (27.1% vs. 2.3%, aRR 6.07, 95% CI [3.32, 11.11]). Conclusion Dual diagnosis of SOT and IE was associated with worse outcomes among SOT recipients during index hospitalization, but not overall among patients with IE.
Hierarchical colloid-based lithography for wettability tuning of semiconductor surfaces

Hierarchical colloid-based lithography and two-step plasma etching involving mask reduction were used to probe and tune the wettability landscape of Si and GaN surfaces from the hydrophilic to superhydrophobic limits over cm length scales. Hydrophobicity, due to the classical Cassie–Baxter (CB) wetting effect, was observed on Si with surface pillars having pitches below 1 μm. Additional tuning of plasma processing conditions at this critical transition provided additional increases in hydrophobicity and led to a highly repellent, lotus leaf effect. Superhydrophobic surfaces were created within the CB wetting state by varying the extent and duration of plasma-based mask reduction and pattern transfer, achieving a maximum contact angle of 157°. Additional submicrometer topography (310 nm spacing) was added to a nominally Wenzel-impregnated, hydrophilic Si micropillar surface (a diameter of 6 μm) with a second lithography cycle, rendering the surface hydrophobic and robust to aging in ambient conditions. An increase in the contact angle with added hierarchy (46°–88°) was also observed for GaN surfaces, albeit diminished compared to Si owing to the relatively lower initial GaN-water contact angle. Overall, this approach has demonstrated a significant degree of wetting tunability in multiple semiconductor systems using colloidal-based nano- and micro-patterning.
2-Deoxyglucose and β-Hydroxybutyrate Fail to Attenuate Seizures in the Betamethasone-NMDA Model of Infantile Spasms

Infantile spasms (IS) is an epileptic encephalopathy with a poor neurodevelopmental prognosis, and limited, often ineffective treatment options. The effectiveness of metabolic approaches to seizure control is being increasingly shown in a wide variety of epilepsies. This study investigates the efficacy of the glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) and the ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in the betamethasone-NMDA model of rat IS. Prenatal rats were exposed to betamethasone on gestational day 15 (G15) and NMDA on postnatal day 15 (P15). Video-electroencephalography (v-EEG) was used to monitor spasms. NMDA consistently induced hyperflexion spasms associated with interictal sharp-slow wave EEG activity and ictal flattening of EEG signals, reminiscent of hypsarrhythmia and electrodecrement, respectively. 2-DG (500 mg/kg, i.p), BHB (200 mg/kg, i.p.), or both were administered immediately after occurrence of the first spasm. No experimental treatment altered significantly the number, severity, or progression of spasms compared with saline treatment. These data suggest that metabolic inhibition of glycolysis or ketogenesis does not reduce infantile spasms in the NMDA model. The study further validates the betamethasone-NMDA model in terms of its behavioral and electrographic resemblance to human IS and supports its use for preclinical drug screening.
Public and Private Bureaucracies: A Transaction Cost Economics Perspective

The public bureaucracy is a puzzle. How is it that an organizational form that is so widely used is also believed to be inefficient - both in relation to a hypothetical ideal and in comparison with private bureaucracies? This article examines public bureaucracy through the lens of transaction cost economics, according to which the public bureaucracy, like other alternative modes of governance, is well suited to some transactions and poorly suited to others. Rather than proceed in a completely general way, I focus on what James Q. Wilson describes as 'sovereign transactions', of which foreign affairs is an example. I ask what it is that distinguishes sovereign transactions, after which I compare the efficacy of public and private bureaucracies for managing such transactions. I conclude that there is an efficiency place for public bureaucracy, but that all modes of governance (markets, hybrids, firms, regulation), of which public bureaucracy is one, need to be kept in their place. I further observe that public bureaucracies are not all of a kind and that differences between them need to be distinguished.
Color Image Processing

This chapter contains sections titled: The Psychophysics of Color Color Models Representation of Color Images in MATLAB Pseudocolor Image Processing Full-color Image Processing Tutorial 16.1: Pseudocolor Image Processing Tutorial 16.2: Full-color Image Processing Problems ]]>
Towards a theory of human intraspecific variation for ergonomics and human modeling

Human intraspecific variation is a complex problem, but may be better understood by using computational models in tandem with knowledge about the genetic bases of phenotypic traits. These results can be used in a multitude of settings. To move closer to this goal, biologically-realistic mappings between genotype and phenotype are constructed using genetic algorithm and neural network-like models. These models allow for gene-gene and gene-environment interactions to be characterized in the resulting phenotype. Two types of model are introduced: a simple, two-layer model, and a more complex model. The final section will focus on trends of growth and development in relation to relationship to modeling anthropometric traits and othermorphological phenomena.
Overproduction, purification, and characterization of Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase sigma A factor.

By use of a T7 expression system, large amounts of active Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase sigma A factor were produced in Escherichia coli cells. This overproduced protein was found in the form of inclusion bodies and constituted 40% of the total cellular protein. Because of the ease of isolation of the inclusion bodies and the acidic properties of sigma A, the protein was purified to more than 99% purity and the yield was about 90 mg/liter of culture. Gel mobility, antigenicity, specificity of promoter recognition, and N-terminal amino acid sequence of the overproduced sigma were found to be the same as those of native sigma A. Partial proteolysis analysis of sigma A protein suggested the presence of a protease-sensitive surface region in the C-terminal part of the sigma A protein. The promoter -10 binding region of sigma A was less sensitive to proteases and was probably involved in a hydrophobic, tightly folded domain of sigma A protein. Images
BEN: A combinatorial testing-based fault localization tool

We present a combinatorial testing-based fault localization tool called BEN. BEN takes as input three types of information, including the subject program, the source code, an input parameter model, and a combinatorial test set created based on the input parameter model. It is assumed that the combinatorial test set has already been executed, and thus the execution status of each test is known. The output of BEN is a ranking of statements in terms of their likelihood to be faulty. In the fault localization process, a small number of additional tests are generated by BEN and need to be executed by the user. In this paper, we present the major user scenarios and the highlevel design of BEN. BEN is implemented in Java and provides a graphical user interface that provides friendly access to the tool.
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans resected by Mohs' surgery (chemosurgery): A 5-year prospective study

The results of a prospective 5-year study of four cases of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans resected by Mohs' surgery, fresh-tissue technic, are presented. The literature is reviewed with regard to the incidence of metastasis and the cell type of origin of this rare tumor. The application of immunohistochemical technics to this tumor is discussed.
Troponin Elevation in Intra-arterial Stroke Intervention (P4.211)

OBJECTIVE:This retrospective study explores the association of IA stroke treatment with troponin elevation BACKGROUND:Troponin elevation may be indicative of myocardial infarction in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and this may increase the risk of mortality. It is known that troponin elevation may be associated with the location of stroke (insular) specifically or intravenous (IV) thrombolysis. However, the association of intra-arterial (IA) treatment with troponin elevation is not known DESIGN/METHODS: All patients admitted with AIS who underwent IV thrombolysis, IA treatment or a combination of these two therapies were evaluated. Patients that died without completing the treatment were excluded, as were those without confirmed strokes, posterior circulation strokes or those in whom troponin was not measured. Patients were grouped as having received tPA only vs those who received IA treatment with/without tPA. Data analysis was done using comparative methods. RESULTS: Eighty-six patients were included in the study, while 27 were excluded. The mean age of patients treated was 69± 15 years (range 29-96 years). Hypertension (78%), atrial fibrillation (35%) and diabetes mellitus (26%) were the leading associated problems in these patients. The distribution of patients by gender was equivalent (45 males/ 41 females). The distribution of patients by gender was even for treatment types as well (tPA, 32 males /33 females; tPA +IA, 11 males/ 5 females; IA only, 2 males/ 3 females). Troponin was elevated in 35% of patients who received tPA (23/65) as compared to 52 % patients who received IA ±tPA (11/21), (P= 0.166). Mortality was similar in patients treated with tPA versus those who underwent IA treatment ± tPA (23 % vs 28%, P= 0.24). CONCLUSIONS: Aggressive treatment may increase the risk of troponin elevation without increasing mortality in AIS patients. This finding is reassuring in view of continued interest in IA treatment of stroke in addition to tPA thrombolysis. Disclosure: Dr. Kumar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mehta has nothing to disclose. Dr. Alawi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Michael has nothing to disclose.
Visual Methods for Examining SVM Classifiers

Support vector machines (SVM) offer a theoretically wellfounded approach to automated learning of pattern classifiers. They have been proven to give highly accurate results in complex classification problems, for example, gene expression analysis. The SVM algorithm is also quite intuitive with a few inputs to vary in the fitting process and several outputs that are interesting to study. For many data mining tasks (e.g., cancer prediction) finding classifiers with good predictive accuracy is important, but understanding the classifier is equally important. By studying the classifier outputs we may be able to produce a simpler classifier, learn which variables are the important discriminators between classes, and find the samples that are problematic to the classification. Visual methods for exploratory data analysis can help us to study the outputs and complement automated classification algorithms in data mining. We present the use of tour-based methods to plot aspects of the SVM classifier. This approach provides insights about the cluster structure in the data, the nature of boundaries between clusters, and problematic outliers. Furthermore, tours can be used to assess the variable importance. We show how visual methods can be used as a complement to crossvalidation methods in order to find good SVM input parameters for a particular data set.