cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparative study of the life-histories of mammalian schistosomes.

Available data in the literature pertaining to the life-history characteristics of all known species of mammalian schistosomes have been gathered, and correlations between such variables as length of pre-patent period, adult worm size, rate of progeny production and progeny size have been explored. Accommodation of the schistosome life-cycle to the constraints imposed by certain host characteristics such as life-expectancy and size is discussed. Of the 23 known species of mammalian schistosomes, 20 species apparently rely to a major extent on relatively large-bodied and long-lived mammals such as primates, ungulates and proboscideans for their transmission. Only 1 species, Schistosomatium douthitti, is exclusively dependent on rodents for its transmission. S. douthitti attains maturity within its definitive host faster than any other mammalian schistosome, and is the only species known to be capable of producing viable eggs by facultative parthenogenesis. For all species of mammalian schistosomes, adult worm size, as estimated by female length, is positively correlated with the number of uterine eggs contained within the female (r = 0·682). For the 7 species for which data exist, rate of egg production/worm pair/day is positively correlated with uterine egg counts (r = 0·873) and inversely correlated with egg length (r = −0·787) and miracidium length (r = −0·953). Length of the pre-patent period is positively correlated with egg length (r = 0·503). With respect to the molluscan host, the number of cercariae produced by snails is positively correlated with the shell size of the snail (r = 0·657). For the 5 species for which data exist, the rate of egg production is inversely correlated with shell size of the intermediate host (r = −0·955) and the common logarithm of the number of cercariae produced (r = −0·893). Comparisons between species suggest that exceptionally low rates of cercariae production in the intermediate host may be compensated for by rapid rates of egg production in the definitive host, implying a degree of integration in the schistosome life-cycle not previously appreciated. Most species of mammalian schistosomes have long-lived definitive hosts, and snail hosts capable of producing many cercariae; compensatory relationships are therefore less obvious in such species. Additional quantitative data on all aspects of schistosome life-histories, particularly rate and duration of egg production, are needed to confirm or refute the relationships discussed above.
Effect of contraceptive steroids on arginine-stimulated glucagon and insulin secretion in women: I-Lipid physiology.

Abstract To evaluate the effect of contraceptive steroids on endogenous glucagon and insulin secretion, l -arginine was infused intravenously in normal young women before and during selective steroid treatment. The effect of the combination of an estrogen derivative (mestranol), plus norethindrone (Norinyl R , Syntex) was compared to the effect of ethinyl estradiol alone and to norethindrone alone. All three steroid schedules resulted in suppression of aminogenic insulin secretion. However, glucagon secretion was reduced only with ethinyl estradiol alone or the combination of mestranol plus norethindrone. In accordance with previous reports, treatment with an ethinyl estradiol derivative alone or in combination with norethindrone resulted in a tendency for elevated serum lipid concentration, while norethindrone alone resulted in a significant reduction in serum lipid concentration. These observations suggest an inverse relationship between aminogenic glucagon secretion and serum lipid concentration as influenced by contraceptive steroids. It is suggested that the metabolic effects of these steroids may be mediated in part by the associated alterations in pancreatic hormone secretory capacity.
Autophagic activation potentiates the antiproliferative effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in medullary thyroid cancer.

Background. We hypothesized that autophagy inhibition would enhance the anticancer efficacy of ret protooncogene‐targeted therapy in medullary thyroid cancer. Methods. Medullary thyroid cancer‐1.1 and TT cells were treated with sunitinib or sorafenib in the presence or absence of everolimus, trehalose, or small interfering RNA directed against autophagy protein 5. Results. Sunitinib and sorafenib each robustly induced light chain 3-II expression, indicating autophagy activation. Autophagy protein 5 silencing diminished the antiproliferative effects of sunitinib and sorafenib by 44% (P < .05) and 41% (P < .05), respectively, in medullary thyroid cancer‐1.1 cells and by 43% (P < .01) and 39% (P < .05), respectively, in TT cells. In contrast, everolimus increased the antiproliferative effects of sunitinib and sorafenib by 24% (P <.01) and 27% (P <.01), respectively, in medullary thyroid cancer‐1.1 cells and by 20% (P < .05) and 23% (P < .05), respectively, in TTcells. Trehalose increased the antiproliferative effects of sunitinib and sorafenib by 26% (P < .01) and 27% (P < .01), respectively, in medullary thyroid cancer‐1.1 cells and by 28% (P < .05) and 29% (P < .05), respectively, in TT cells. Autophagy protein 5 silencing abrogated both everolimus- and trehalose-induced increases in tyrosine kinase inhibitor efficacy. Conclusion. Loss (gain) of autophagy diminishes (improves) the efficacy of sunitinib and sorafenib. Our findings suggest that autophagic activation should be combined with targeted ret protooncogene therapy for patients with advanced medullary thyroid cancer. (Surgery 2012;152:1142-9.)
Idealized Functions of Sport: Religious and Political Socialization Through Sport

This article focuses on the purported functioning of sport as a "symbolic refuge" in American society. In particular the paper considers the extent to which acceptance of the established structure of American sport and two dimensions of sports involvement are associated with religious conviction and political conservatism. Faith in God and in tradi tional American values and institutions are two consequences of involvement in sport claimed by the dominent American sports creed and emphasized by the symbolic aspects of major sports spectacles in America. Data were presented as an exploratory test of con nections between sports involvement and faith in God and country. The data were derived from a survey of students at two colleges in a small Northeastern state. It was found that religious conviction and political conservatism were in no way related to one of the dimen sions of sports involvement, sports enthusiasm, and that political conservatism was weakly related to the other dimension, past sports succe...
Synthesis of non-nucleotide ATP analogues and characterization of their chemomechanical interaction with muscle fibres

To probe the substrate requirements for the actomyosin chemomechanical interaction, the effects of a series of eight new non-nucleotide ATP analogues on actomyosin-catalysed hydrolysis rates and on fibre mechanics have been investigated. These analogues have substitutions of new functional groups at the 2- and 4- positions of the ATP analogues, 2-[(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)amino]ethyl triphosphate (NANTP), and 3-[(4-nitrophenyl)amino]propyl triphosphate (PrNANTP). Previous work has shown NANTP but not PrNANTP will support active tension and shortening in skinned muscle fibres in a manner almost identical to ATP. Here all 2- and 4- phenyl substituted analogues had myosin subfragment 1 (S1) NTPase hydrolysis rates higher than ATP and the rates were stimulated by addition of actin. In general, the replacement of the 4-azido group of NANTP with-H,-NO2 or-NH2 had small effects on fibre mechanics while replacement of 2-NO2 group with-H or-NH2 dramatically lowered the ability of the new analogues to support active tension and shortening. All PrNANTP-based analogues were ineffective in supporting active tension or shortening. We found no correlation between S1 or actoS1 NTPase rates and any mechanical parameters. However, for all analogues there was a strong correlation between the maximal velocity of shortening (V max) and isometric tension (P o). A three-state, chemomechanical model is proposed in which the analogues effect the transition rate into a strongly-bound, force-producing crossbridge state to account for this correlation. These studies identify 2-[(2-nitrophenyl)amino]ethyl triposphate as the chemically simplest ATP analogue which closely mimics the effect of ATP in skinned muscle fibres.
Long‐term bird population studies in the United States

Long-term population studies of birds in the United States have been less species-oriented and more concept-oriented than in Britain. The demographics of North American species do not differ grossly from those of species elsewhere in the world, but polygamy has been relatively more frequently studied in U.S. species than elsewhere. Subjects that have been particularly explored in long-term studies in the United States include the determinants of cooperative breeding in birds, the effects of the spatial scale on what is learned, and correlates of regional and national declines in bird populations. Other areas of developing interest include the potential uses of monitoring data, the relative value of longitudinal and cross-sectional studies in analysing slow processes, and the significance of episodic events in shaping population patterns.
Fas-mediated apoptosis eliminates B cells that acquire self-reactivity during the germinal center response to NP.

Abstract C57Bl/6 mice with the lpr mutation of Fas (CD95) were tested for deviation from the genetically restricted antibody response to the hapten 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl acetyl (NP). λ1+ germinal centers (GC) with the canonical v186.2 V H gene element develop in lpr/lpr mice with the same time course as in wild-type (+/+) mice. In contrast to +/+ mice, however, λ1+ GC persist in the spleens of lpr/lpr mice 25 days after immunization. Virtually all of the λ1+ GC are reactive with NP 10 days after immunization. Sixteen days after immunization, however, many of the λ1+ GC are not reactive with NP, and few of the λ1+ GC are reactive with NP 25 days after immunization. The V H gene elements of three λ1+NP− GC 25 days after immunization are derived by somatic mutation of v186.2, but have lost reactivity with NP. The mutated VDJs from these GC react with cells in spleen sections from +/+ and lpr/lpr mice, indicating that they represented secondary antibody responses induced by self antigens that are available as presented antigen. These data indicate that Fas-mediated apoptosis serves to eliminate a (limited) population of B cells that acquire reactivity to “self antigens” by somatic mutation of VDJs in the GC.
NMR Studies of Agricultural Compounds. Applications of Achiral and Chiral Lanthanide Shift Reagents to the Herbicide, Fenoxaprop-Ethyl

Abstract The 200 MHz H NMR spectra of the herbicide, fenoxaprop-ethyl, 1, have been studied in CDCl3 solution at ambient temperatures as the racemic ester free base with the added chiral lanthanide shift reagent (LSR), tris [3 - (heptafluoropropylhydroxymethylene) - (+) - camphorato]europium(III), Eu(HFC)3, 2, with some additional runs using the achiral LSR, tris(6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptafluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3,5-octanedionato) europium(III), Eu(FOD)3, 3, for supplemental spectral simplification. With 2, definite enantiomeric shift differences (ΔΔδ) were observed only for the CH3CH2O resonance. Although increased spectral complexity for the CH2O signal was seen with added 2, this could have resulted from anisochrony of the diastereotopic protons, Ha and Hb, of this methylene group rather than true ΔΔδ, since the achiral 3 led to near-baseline separation between the CHaHbO signals. Lanthanide-induced shift (LIS) magnitudes were interpreted as consistent with predominant LSR binding at the ester carbonyl.
A prediction-based, data Migration Algorithm for hybrid Architecture NoC systems

Multicore designs have been trending towards Network on Chip (NoC) Architectures since as early 2001. As these designs mature significant feature enhancement is still required. Cache latency for single accesses becomes a crippling design issue as the size of the chip expands. Even further, as usage patterns shift towards multiple accessors of a single datum, optimal placement becomes critical for fair cache latency among all users. Recent proposals have suggested reorganizing architecture in hybrid layouts with dense clusters of cores around cache banks to optimize data sharing. However even these NoCs will grow into large networks of multiple clusters as the core count rise into the hundreds. Therefore, additional cache policies must be implemented for optimal performance. In this paper we propose the Directional Migration Algorithm which is capable of small, rapid migrations between adjacent routers that will reduce cache latency in a hybrid NoC. We present the architecture in detail with simulations performed using the PARSEC benchmark suite against a theoretical Optimal Migration Algorithm. These experiments showed that while requiring a 87.1% smaller increase in cache space, the Directional Migration Algorithm could reduce cache latency to within 16% of that of a Optimal Migration Algorithm.
Biochemical characterization of nitrate and nitrite reduction in the wild-type and a nitrate reductase mutant of soybean

Enzyme activities involved in nitrate assimilation were analyzed from crude leaf extracts of wild-type (cv. Williams) and mutant (nr1) soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plants lacking constitutive nitrate reductase (NR) activity. The nr1 soybean mutant (formerly LNR-2), had decreased NADH-NR, FMNH2-NR and cytochrome c reductase activities, all of which were associated with the loss of constitutive NR activity. Measurement of FMNH2-NR activity, by nitrite determination, was accurate since nitrite reductase could not use FMNH2 as a reductant source. Nitrite reductase activity was normal in the nr1 plant type in the presence of reduced methyl viologen. Assuming that constitutive NR is similar in structure to nitrate reductases from other plants, presence of xanthine dehydrogenase activity and loss of cytochrome c reductase activity indicated that the apoprotein and not the molybdenum cofactor had been affected in the constitutive enzyme of the mutant. Constitutive NR from urea-grown wild-type plants had 1) greater ability to use FMNH2 as an electron donor, 2) a lower pH optimum, and 3) decreased ability to distinguish between NO3− and HCO3−, compared with inducible NR from NO3−-grown nr1 plants. The presence in soybean leaves of a nitrate reductase with a pH optimum of 7.5 is contrary to previous reports and indicates that soybean is not an exception among higher plants for this activity.
Effects of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and other gelling agents on the handling properties of calcium phosphate cement

The calcium phosphate cement (CPC) used in this study was formed by combining equimolar amounts of tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP) and dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA). This powder, when mixed with water, sets to a hard cement in about 30 min. However, the water-based CPC paste is not highly cohesive and is vulnerable to washout until hardening occurs. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects on handling properties, washout resistance, cement hardening behavior, and mechanical properties of adding several gelling agents to CPC paste. Aqueous solutions that contained a mass fraction of 2-4% of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), carboxyl methylcellulose (CMC), chitosan acetate, and chitosan lactate were used as cement liquids. Hardening time was measured by the Gilmore needle test; resistance to washout was evaluated by the disintegration of the cement specimen in water with agitation; and mechanical strength was evaluated by the measurement of diametral tensile strength and compressive strength. Handling properties were greatly improved by the addition of HPMC, CMC, chitosan acetate, and chitosan lactate. Hardening time was retarded by the additions of HPMC and CMC, and mechanical strength was weakened by the addition of either the chitosan lactate or the chitosan acetate.
Light Focusing by Planar Array of Antennas

Utilizing concentric loops as the scatterers of a transmitarray, subwavelength light localization in a desired distance is achieved. The flexibility of the elements makes it a convenient structure to engineer a high performance system.
Amiloride: effects on myocardial force of contraction, sodium pump and Na+/Ca2+ exchange.

The direct efects of amiloride on myocardial contractility were examined in electrically stimulated left atrial muscle of guinea-pig heart. Amiloride (0.3 to 1.5 m m ) produced a positive inotropic effect which, at higher concentrations, was followed by a decline in developed tension. These effects were not accompanied by contracture or arrhythmia and were not affected by a combination of phentolamine, nadolol, cimetidine, tripelennamine and atropine. The above concentrations of amiloride prolonged the action potential duration during the development of the positive inotropic effect; however, no further change in the action potential duration was observed during the decline in developed tension caused by high concentrations of amiloride. Myocardial membrane Na,K-ATPase, ouabain-sensitive 86 Rb + uptake and Na + -dependent Ca 2+ efflux from sarcolemmal membrane vesicles were all inhibited by amiloride. The positive inotropic effect of the agent is reduced and the negative inotropic action is enhanced in low Na + solutions, i.e., under conditions likely to favor Ca 2+ influx via Na + /Ca 2+ exchange. These results suggest that amiloride, under the present conditions, has a complex interaction with cardiac muscle fibers. Amiloride may produce its inotropic effects in guinea-pig atrial muscle by several mechanisms including sodium pump inhibition, Na + /Ca 2+ exchange inhibition, prolongation of the action potential duration, and/or actions such as Na + /H + exchange inhibition which were not directly addressed in this study.
In situ colloid generation and transport in 30-year-old mine soil profiles receiving biosolids

Colloid mobility has been tied to contaminant transport in many agricultural soils, and may be a factor in reclaimed mine soils as well. Before contaminant transport can be predicted, the actual patterns in colloid generation and transport following disturbance needs to be elucidated. A site in the Appalachian region of southwest Virginia was chosen to observe colloid transport within natural forest soils (F), reclaimed soils (R) and reclaimed soils underlain by spoil material (RS). A fourth treatment included the application of lime-stabilised biosolids to separate RS monoliths (RSB). These intact soil monoliths were leached with de-ionised water at a rate of 1.0 cm/h for at least 2 pore volumes. Total eluted colloid loads were greatest within natural forest (F) soil monoliths (2205 mg), followed by R (1460 mg) and RS (76 mg) monoliths. The addition of biosolids (RSB) induced greater colloid transport (871 mg) compared to RS monoliths not receiving biosolids. This was likely due to an increase in pH and ...
The Discrete Wavelets Solution for a Steady Two-Dimensional Radiation With Heat Generation

The wavelet expansion is used in order to evaluate the angular dependence of the intensity in the solution of the radiation transfer equation (RTE). The radiation intensity is expanded in terms of orthogonal Daubechies’ wavelet basis in the angular domain. This method is applied to a steady two-dimensional rectangular enclosure containing a homogenous, absorbing, emitting and non-scattering medium with uniform heat generation cold black walls. The nondimensionalized emissive power and the nondimensional heat flux results for various optical depths are given and compared with the DOIM and zonal method solutions.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Numerical Simulation of Bubble Growth During Nanofluid Flow Boiling in a Microchannel

In recent years, heat dissipation in micro-electronic systems has become a significant design limitation for many component manufactures. As electronic devices become smaller, the amount of heat generation per unit area increases significantly. Current heat dissipation systems have implemented forced convection with both air and fluid media. However, nanofluids may present an advantageous and ideal cooling solution. In the present study, a model has been developed to estimate the enhancement of the heat transfer when nanoparticles are added to a base fluid, in a single microchannel. The model assumes a homogeneous nanofluid mixture, with thermo-physical properties based on previous experimental and simulation based data. The effect of nanofluid concentration on the dynamics of the bubble has been simulated. The results show the change in bubble contact angles due to deposition of the nanoparticles has more effect on the wall heat transfer compared to the effect of thermo-physical properties change by using nanofluid.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Transplacental passage of the non-ionic contrast agent iopamidol in twins

Premature dizygotic twins, exposed in utero to iopamidol (Isovue-370®) 4 days prior to delivery, were born with abdominal radiopaque densities that made exclusion of necrotizing enterocolitis difficult when they developed abdominal distention and feeding intolerance. This is a unique case report of transplacental passage of iopamidol.
Occupational injuries: Factors associated with frequency and severity

In recent years, energy exchange has come to be accepted as the causative agent in accidental injuries. This paper focuses on two fundamental characteristics of accidental workplace injuries, their frequency, and their severity. I propose that the frequency of injuries is determined largely by the nature of the interactions between workers and production processes, while the severity of the occurring injuries will be more strongly affected by the maximum possible harm the production process can cause. Other aspects of the design of the production process may also affect the severity of injuries. Using aggregate national data for manufacturing industries in the US for 1972, the rate of injuries per 100 employees per year and the average number of lost work days per injury (a common measure of severity) were regressed against a number of econometric variables. Eighty percent of the variation in injury frequency rates among 61 industries was explained by seven variables. Among them were the rate of new hires, the productivity of energy and of labor, the average hourly wage, and the percentage of the workforce that was unionized. Four variables explained 69% of the variation in the severity of injuries among industries. Nearly half of this effect was caused by just one variable, the amount of energy consumed per worker. These results provide tentative confirmation for the models of injury frequency and severity that were proposed, and suggest the need for another study using less aggregated data.
Effect of cortisone on tolerance to ascorbic acid and level of blood cholesterol in man.

INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL studies with animals (1, 2, 3) as well as clinical studies have been reported, which suggest a relationship between ascorbic acid metabolism and adrenocortical hormones. The therapeutic use of ascorbic acid in large doses and of ascorbic acid in conjunction with adrenocortical hormone administration has been proposed in the treatment of collagenous diseases (4, 5, 6, 7). Our own experimental observations and those of others on the diminution of ascorbic acid excretion following adrenocortical hormone administration provoked our curiosity as to what might occur in the various patients during cortisone therapy. Selye (8) postulates that a major factor in the pathogenesis of certain diseases, now treated with cortisone, is failure of the particular organism to adapt to stress. It has been shown repeatedly that during stress adrenal ascorbic acid and cholesterol decrease (Sayers, 9). In a previous report (10), we have suggested that the increase in serum cholesterol following ascorbi...
Exploiting Sensor Spatial Correlation for Dynamic Data Driven Simulation of Wildfire

Dynamic data driven simulation based on Particle Filter (PF) has been shown to increase the accuracy of wildfire spread simulation by assimilating real time sensor data into the simulation. An important issue in dynamic data driven simulation is to utilize the sensor data in an efficient and effective manner. In our previous work, all sensor readings are treated as independent from each other, however, when sensors are randomly deployed, measurement data from nearby sensors could be correlated and thus biased observation could be incurred. This paper presents a spatial correlation model to exploit sensor correlations from sensor spatial locations and inter-distance, and integrate it as part of the PF measurement model. Experiment results show that with the information of sensor correlation simulation accuracy is further increased.
Using classical probability to guarantee properties of infinite quantum sequences.

We consider the product of infinitely many copies of a spin-$1\over 2$ system. We construct projection operators on the corresponding nonseparable Hilbert space which measure whether the outcome of an infinite sequence of $\sigma^x$ measurements has any specified property. In many cases, product states are eigenstates of the projections, and therefore the result of measuring the property is determined. Thus we obtain a nonprobabilistic quantum analogue to the law of large numbers, the randomness property, and all other familiar almost-sure theorems of classical probability.
Adolescents and Androgens, Receptors and Rewards

Adolescence is associated with increases in pleasure-seeking behaviors, which, in turn, are shaped by the pubertal activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis. In animal models of naturally rewarding behaviors, such as sex, testicular androgens contribute to the development and expression of the behavior in males. To effect behavioral maturation, the brain undergoes significant remodeling during adolescence, and many of the changes are likewise sensitive to androgens, presumably acting through androgen receptors (AR). Given the delicate interaction of gonadal hormones and brain development, it is no surprise that disruption of hormone levels during this sensitive period significantly alters adolescent and adult behaviors. In male hamsters, exposure to testosterone during adolescence is required for normal expression of adult sexual behavior. Males deprived of androgens during puberty display sustained deficits in mating. Conversely, androgens alone are not sufficient to induce mating in prepubertal males, even though brain AR are present before puberty. In this context, wide-spread use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) during adolescence is a significant concern. AAS abuse has the potential to alter both the timing and the levels of androgens in adolescent males. In hamsters, adolescent AAS exposure increases aggression, and causes lasting changes in neurotransmitter systems. In addition, AAS are themselves reinforcing, as demonstrated by self-administration of testosterone and other AAS. However, recent evidence suggests that the reinforcing effects of androgens may not require classical AR. Therefore, further examination of interactions between androgens and rewarding behaviors in the adolescent brain is required for a better understanding of AAS abuse.
RF System for the PEP Storage Ring

The main parameters of the rf system for the PEP storage ring are given. A total of 6 MW will be provided by twelve klystrons, each capable of delivering 500 kW of continuous rf power. Each klystron feeds two accelerating cavity sections, each 2.1 meters in length. The general layout is shown. The klystrons are housed in shelters above ground. The wave guides run through vertical penetrations to connect the klystrons to the accelerating cavities in the tunnel. The shelters are placed at three symmetrical regions around the ring. At each of regions 4, 8, and 12 there will be four klystrons and their eight cavities with the eight cavities all being grouped together in the long straight section on one side of an interaction region. The klystron power supplies are on pads outside the shelters. They are unregulated but their voltage may be slowly varied over a 40 percent range by means of variable voltage transformers in the 12 kV input line to each power supply. The output of each power supply passes into the shelter to a high voltage cabinet which contains filter capacitors, crowbars, interlock circuits, and control and metering circuits.
On isomorphisms with a prescribed range

Abstract Let X n be a sequence of finite-dimensional subspaces of a Banach space X and let M be a dense subspace of X . Then one can find a sequence at finite-dimensional subspaces M n ⊂ M that are geometrically almost identical to X n : i.e., there exists a (1 + e)-isomorphism T from X onto X such that TX n = M n for all n .
Deformed batholiths in the Pan-African Zambezi belt, Zambia: Age and implications for regional Proterozoic tectonics

The Zambezi belt makes up part of the Late Proterozoic (Pan-African) network of orogenic belts in southern Africa. In Zambia, supracrustal rocks within the Zambezi belt are in contact with two extensive units of granitic augen gneiss, which have previously been interpreted as uplifted masses of remobilized sialic basement. Field relations and U-Pb zircon geochronologic data demonstrate that the gneisses are deformed batholiths that intruded the supracrustal sequence during two separate episodes of plutonism at ca. 1100 and 820 Ma. The Proterozoic tectonothermal evolution of the Zambezi belt thus involved production of voluminous granitic magmas. Isotopic ages for the batholiths place new constraints on the timing of major depositional and orogenic events within the belt and enable comparisons to be made with other parts of the regional Pan-African network.
Reaction of Finasteride Intermediate with Benzeneseleninic Anhydride: An In-Depth Study

One of the intermediates of finasteride was oxidized by the reaction of benzeneseleninic (BS) anhydride in refluxing toluene for 16 h. Sometimes, the desired product was obtained, and sometimes, there was no yield or very low yield at the end of the reaction time. To obtain a better understanding of such variations, laboratory syntheses were conducted with commercial BS anhydride, pure BS anhydride, pure BS acid, and mixtures of anhydride and acid samples. During the reaction, the intermediate reaction masses were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) at predetermined times and correlated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) samples. The DSC and XRPD data indicated that commercial BS anhydride samples did not always consist of the pure anhydride form. When the BS acid was present in the anhydride sample, the reaction rate was lower than that of the pure BS anhydride sample.
Stress granules and virus replication

Viruses are dependent on the cellular translation machinery for protein synthesis. Part of the innate immune response to infection is activation of the stress kinase PKR which phosphorylates the alpha subunit of the initiation factor eIF2. This results in inhibition of translation and is intended to block virus replication. A downstream effect of translational shutoff involves the formation of cytoplasmic granules, termed stress granules (SGs), that contain mRNAs, initiation factors, ribosomal subunits, and other mRNA regulatory proteins. SGs hold mRNAs in a translationally inactive state until cells recover from stress. Recent studies have begun to elucidate the impact of SGs on virus replication. Not surprisingly, viruses from diverse families have been found to modulate SG formation in infected cells by associating with important SG effecter proteins. This review describes the current knowledge on SGs and their interaction with and impact on virus replication.
Personality Factors Moderate the Associations Between Apolipoprotein Genotype and Cognitive Function as Well as Late Onset Alzheimer Disease

Objectives We tested the hypothesis that neuroticism moderates the association between APOE (apolipoprotein E) genotype and two major outcomes, cognitive function and Alzheimer disease. We also explored whether other personality dimensions (extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) moderate the associations of APOE with these outcomes. Design Primary analyses of existing randomized clinical trial data. Sample Six-hundred two older adults (mean age of 78 years at baseline). Measurements APOE genotype, the NEO-Five Factor Inventory, the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive: measured every 6 months for 6.5 years) and relevant covariates. Results Fully adjusted multivariate analyses showed that the association between the presence of APOE [Latin Small Letter Open E]-4 allele(s) and both outcomes was evident among individuals with high levels of neuroticism and extraversion but not among persons with low levels of these traits. Conclusions Phenotypic personality dimensions, primarily neuroticism and extraversion, moderate the relationship between APOE [Latin Small Letter Open E]-4 genotype and cognitive outcomes among older adults. Future research is needed to elucidate the physiological processes involved in these particular phenotype–genotype interactions.
The development of polymerized pyridoxylated hemoglobin solution as a red cell substitute.

Development continues for a safe and effective hemoglobin solution to be used as a temporary red cell substitute. Our own efforts have progressed from the unmodified tetramer, to the pyridoxylated tetramer, to our current product — polymerized, pyridoxylated hemoglobin (Poly SFH-P). We recently completed two studies to evaluate the efficacy of Poly SFH-P. The results document that Poly SFH-P supports life in the absence of red cells while maintaining baseline hemodynamics and O 2 consumption. In addition, Poly SFH-P achieves a near-normal plasma [Hb], and has a longer intravascular persistence than any unpolymerized product. Poly SFH-P thus is an improved red cell substitute for use in the clinical setting.
Nanosecond Dynamics of the Mouse Acetylcholinesterase Cys69–Cys96 Omega Loop

The paradox of high substrate turnover occurring within the confines of a deep, narrow gorge through which acetylcholine must traverse to reach the catalytic site of acetylcholinesterase has suggested the existence of transient gorge enlargements that would enhance substrate accessibility. To establish a foundation for the experimental study of transient fluctuations in structure, site-directed labeling in conjunction with time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy were utilized to assess the possible involvement of the omega loop (Ω loop), a segment that forms the outer wall of the gorge. Specifically, the flexibility of three residues (L76C, E81C, and E84C) in the Cys69–Cys96 Ω loop and one residue (Y124C) across the gorge from the Ω loop were studied in the absence and presence of two inhibitors of different size, fasciculin and huperzine. Additionally, to validate the approach molecular dynamics was employed to simulate anisotropy decay of the side chains. The results show that the Ω loop residues are significantly more mobile than the non-loop residue facing the interior of the gorge. Moreover, fasciculin, which binds at the mouth of the gorge, well removed from the active site, decreases the mobility of 5-((((2-acetyl)amino)ethyl)amino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid reporter groups attached to L76C and Y124C but increases the mobility of the reporter groups attached to E81C and E84C. Huperzine, which binds at the base of active-site gorge, has no effect on the mobility of reporter groups attached to L76C and Y124C but increases the mobility of the reporter groups attached to E81C and E84C. Besides showing that fluctuations of the Ω loop residues are not tightly coupled, the results indicate that residues in the Ω loop exhibit distinctive conformational fluctuations and therefore are likely to contribute to transient gorge enlargements in the non-liganded enzyme.
Insulin Pump Therapy (Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion)

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion has provided patients who have diabetes with a system for achieving treatment targets with a lower incidence of severe hypoglycemia. Patients prefer the flexibility, convenience, and physiologic glycemic control of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Future insulin pumps will be implanted within the body and the "loop" will be closed, providing a physiologic insulin delivery system. This system will provide the means for achieving near-normal glycemia, limit episodes of severe hypoglycemia, and prevent long-term complications of diabetes mellitus.
Self‐sustained temperature oscillations on Daisyworld

The daisyworld model of Watson and Lovelock demonstrated that a simple biological feedback system involving coupling between black and white daisies and their physical environment can stabilize planetary temperature over a wide range of solar luminosity. Here, we show that the addition of a differential equation for temperature to the original daisyworld model leads to periodic oscillations in temperature about a homeostatic mean. These oscillations, in which the model alternates between dominance by either black or white daisies, arise from the internal dynamics of the system rather than from external forcing. An important criterion for the oscillations to occur is that solar luminosity be within the range in which both daisy species are viable. A second important criterion is that the ratio of the timescales for daisy population turnover and climate system thermal response be bounded. While internally driven oscillations are well known in predator–prey biological models and in coupled ocean energy balance– cryosphere models, the present study shows that such oscillations also can arise in a model of the biosphere coupled to its physical environment. The potential significance of this result to planet Earth and the science of geophysiology is discussed. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-3-00005.x
Cytoplasmic estrogen and progesterone receptor content of uterine sarcomas.

Analyses of cytoplasmic estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor were performed on tumor specimens from 32 patients with uterine sarcomas. While the median and maximal quantitative levels of binding were lower than those observed in endometrial carcinomas, examples of estrogen receptor- and progesterone receptor-positive as well as estrogen receptor- and progesterone receptor-negative tumors were observed in all histologic categories of sarcomas. The presence of significant levels of estrogen receptor binding correlated (p
Fruit Set and Berry Weight of Four Rabbiteye Blueberry Cultivars Following Exposure to Sub-Freezing Temperatures During Flowering

Two spring freezes in Griffin, Georgia during the flowering period in 2008 provided an opportunity to monitor freeze-damage effects on fruit set and fruit weight of four rabbiteye blueberry cultivars under field conditions. Minimum temperatures of −4.2 and −3.5°C occurred on March 9 and March 25, respectively. The estimated dates of 50% open flowers for the cultivars were: Climax, March 23; Alapaha, March 30; Tifblue, April 2, and Ochlockonee, April 10. Initial visual damage estimates (i.e., corolla browning) 3 to 4 days following the last freeze suggested nearly a total crop loss for ‘Climax’ and ‘Alapaha’, and moderate to severe crop loss for ‘Tifblue’ and ‘Ochlockonee’. However, more quantitative estimates of fruit set after counting several thousand flowers and fruit for each cultivar revealed different results than initially anticipated. ‘Climax’ and ‘Tifblue’ did suffer great reductions in fruit set, averaging <8% fruit remaining 6 to 8 weeks after flowering. However, ‘Alapaha’ managed to maintain f...
Editing and misediting of transcripts of the kinetoplast maxicircle G5 (ND3) cryptogene in an old laboratory strain of Leishmania tarentolae.

RNA editing in the mitochondrion (kinetoplas0 of trypanosomatid protozoa involves a post-transcriptional addition and deletion of uridilate residues [14]. The sites of editing are specified by small guide RNA transcripts (gRNAs), which are encoded in both kinetoplast DNA minicircles and maxicircles. The process initiates with a short region of base-pairing (anchor formation) between a specific gRNA and a pre-edited mRNA, and generally proceeds in a 5' direction with the insertion and deletion of uridilate (U) residues. The precise sites and number of Us inserted and/or deleted is determined by base-pairing with guide adenine or guanine nucleotides in the gRNA. Two basic models have been proposed for the mechanism of this process, one involving two
Digestion and absorption in a man with three feet of small intestine.

Digestion and absorption in a man with three feet of small intestine has been studied over a seven day period.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL SHOCK-SHOCK INTERACTIONS ON A BLUNT BODY

SUMMARY A numerical study is conducted to simulate the effects of extraneous shock impingement on a blunt body in viscous hypersonic flow. The interaction of extraneous shock with the leading-edge shock results in a very complex flow field that contains local regions of high pressure and intense heating. The heating and pressure can be orders of magnitude higher than the peak values in the absence of shock impingement. The flow field is calculated by solving thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations with a finite-volume flux splitting technique developed by van Leer. For a zero or small sweep of the body, a type IV interaction occurs, which produces a lambda shock structure with a supersonic jet embedded in the otherwise subsonic flow; for a moderate sweep of about 25°, a type V interaction occurs in which a subsonic shear layer sandwiched in supersonic flow is produced with a transmitted shock. In the present study, both type IV and type V interactions are investigated. Results of the present numerical investig...
Atherosclerosis: the emerging role of inflammation and the CD40-CD40 ligand system.

Atherosclerosis is a principal cause of death in the Westernized world. Previously, it was thought to be a disease primarily involving lipid accumulation in the arterial walls. The inflammatory cells found at the sites of fatty streaks as well as in the more advanced lesions were not considered to be principally responsible for the disease. A different view of atherosclerosis has emerged subsequently. Current concepts of this disease include involvement of the immune system and chronic inflammation as crucial elements in the initiation of endothelial cell dysfunction, in fatty streak formation, and in development of advanced lesions and eventual vessel rupture (for a recent review, see ref. 1). Atherosclerosis can now be viewed as a problem of wound healing and of chronic inflammation. Numerous reports in the past few years have demonstrated clearly that migratory immune cells, including monocytes and T lymphocytes, are key cellular elements at all stages of atherosclerosis. Most exciting and relevant to atherosclerosis as a disease of chronic inflammation are papers by Schonbeck et al. (2) and Lutgens et al. (3) appearing in this issue of PNAS. These research groups clearly show that disruption of the CD40–CD40 ligand (L) system, a key mediator of cell communication in the immune system, prevents progression of established atherosclerotic lesions to more advanced unstable lesions. This evidence, coupled with recent studies showing that disruption of the CD40–CD40L system can retard the initiation of arterial plaque formation, provides compelling evidence for the role of chronic inflammation and elements of the immune response in atherosclerosis. Moreover, these investigations identify CD40–CD40L as key regulators of this process and recognize them as potentially important therapeutic targets.
Effects of MIF-I and sex differences on tonic immobility duration in the lizard, Anolis carolinensis

In June, 36 lizards (males and females) were injected with 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, or 100 mg/kg of MIF-I, or the diluent vehicle, and placed in a cage for ten minutes. Tonic immobility (TI) was then induced on an open lab table. All doses of MIF-I significantly reduced TI duration as compared to the duration with the diluent alone. In subsequent experiments lizards were injected with 0.1 mg/kg of MIF-I, 0.1 mg/kg of naloxone, or the diluent vehicle, and placed in small aquaria for ten minutes. TI was then induced in the small aquaria. In July, using 60 females, MIF-I and naloxone slightly reduced the duration of TI, but not significantly, and overall TI durations were reduced as compared with the first experiment possibly because the lizards could escape from the view of the experimenter in the corners of the aquaria. A third experiment was done in late September and early October with 120 males and 120 females. No drug effect was seen, but there was a significant difference between the TI durations of males and females, the females having longer durations. A relationship between the difference in response to MIF-I and the breeding seasons of the lizards could not be determined due to the possibility that the change in experimental design after the June experiments may alone have accounted for the loss of the significant response to MIF-I.
Design layout analysis and DFM optimization using topological patterns

During the yield ramp of semi-conductor manufacturing, data is gathered on specific design-related process window limiters, or yield detractors, through a combination of test structures, failure analysis, and model-based printability simulations. Case-by-case, this data is translated into design for manufacturability (DFM) checks to restrict design usage of problematic constructs. This case-by-case approach is inherently reactive: DFM solutions are created in response to known manufacturing marginalities as they are identified. In this paper, we propose an alternative, yet complementary approach. Using design-only topological pattern analysis, all possible layout constructs of a particular type appearing in a design are categorized. For example, all possible ways via forms a connection with the metal above it may be categorized. The frequency of occurrence of each category indicates the importance of that category for yield. Categories may be split into sub-categories to align to specific manufacturing defect mechanisms. Frequency of categories can be compared from product to product, and unexpectedly high frequencies can be highlighted for further monitoring. Each category can be weighted for yield impact, once manufacturing data is available. This methodology is demonstrated on representative layout designs from the 28 nm node. We fully analyze all possible categories and sub-categories of via enclosure such that 100% of all vias are covered. The frequency of specific categories is compared across multiple designs. The 10 most frequent via enclosure categories cover ≥90% of all the vias in all designs. KL divergence is used to compare the frequency distribution of categories between products. Outlier categories with unexpected high frequency are found in some designs, indicating the need to monitor such categories for potential impact on yield.