cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiologists' Preferences for Just-in-Time Learning

Effective learning can occur at the point of care, when opportunities arise to acquire information and apply it to a clinical problem. To assess interest in point-of-care learning, we conducted a survey to explore radiologists' attitudes and preferences regarding the use of just-in-time learning (JITL) in radiology. Following Institutional Review Board approval, we invited 104 current radiology residents and 86 radiologists in practice to participate in a 12-item Internet-based survey to assess their attitudes toward just-in-time learning. Voluntary participation in the survey was solicited by e-mail; respondents completed the survey on a web-based form. Seventy-nine physicians completed the questionnaire, including 47 radiology residents and 32 radiologists in practice; the overall response rate was 42%. Respondents generally expressed a strong interest for JITL: 96% indicated a willingness to try such a system, and 38% indicated that they definitely would use a JITL system. They expressed apreference for learning interventions of 5–10 min in length. Current and recent radiology trainees have expressed a strong interest in just-in-time learning. The information from this survey should be useful in pursuing the design of learning interventions and systems for delivering just-in-time learning to radiologists.
HST imaging of atmospheric phenomena created by the impact of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9

Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images reveal major atmospheric changes created by the collision of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter. Plumes rose to 3000 kilometers with ejection velocities on the order of 10 kilometers second-1; some plumes were visible in the shadow of Jupiter before rising into sunlight. During some impacts, the incoming bolide may have been detected. Impact times were on average about 8 minutes later than predicted. Atmospheric waves were seen with a wave front speed of 454 +/- 20 meters second-1. The HST images reveal impact site evolution and record the overall change in Jupiter's appearance as a result of the bombardment.
Mechanical and barrier properties of edible chitosan films as affected by composition and storage

Oxygen permeability coefficients (OP), water vapor permeability coefficients (WVP), ethylene permeability coefficients (EP), tensile strength (TS) and percent elongation (%E) at break values were determined for chitosan films plasticized with glycerin at two concentrations (0.25 and 0.50 mL/g chitosan). Film samples were tested after 0, 2, 4, 8 and 12 wk of storage. After an initial drop in permeability during the first 2 wk of storage, mean OP (4.6 × 10−5 cc/m-day-atm) and mean EP (2.3 × 10−4 cc./m.day.atm) remained constant while mean WVP (2.2 × 10−1 g/m-day-atm) decreased with respect to storage time. TS values (15–30 MPa) decreased and %E values (25%–45%) increased with respect to storage time. The stability of OP and EP values with storage was not expected, while the change in mechanical properties was as expected.
Bandwidth of principal states of polarization (PSP) and its impact on polarization mode dispersion (PMD) pulse broadening and mitigation

Optical signal fading due to fiber polarization mode dispersion (PMD) has become a primary limiting factor in long haul optical communication links of high data rate of 40 Gb/s and above. Due to the random nature of the fiber PMD, this degradation can not be fully compensated. In this paper, we develop an analytic and intuitive pulse degradation formulism taking into account all major fiber transmission impairments including chromatic dispersion, nonlinearity, and PMD and the interaction among them. Benefited from its rigorous but intuitive nature, this formulism provides great insights in understanding the system performance impairments, for example, due to fiber PMD effects. In particular, we discuss the impact of fiber PMD for low and high data rates, where the mechanisms of performance degradation can be seen as characteristically different. The effectiveness of various PMD mitigation schemes in these situations is also discussed.
Chemical impurity produces extra compound eyes and heads in crickets

A chemical impurity isolated from commercially purchased acridine causes cricket embryos to develop extra compound eyes, branched antennae, extra antennae, and extra heads. Purified acridine does not produce similar duplications of cricket heads or head structures nor do the substituted acridines proflavine, acriflavine, or acridine orange. A dose-response relation exists such that the number and severity of abnormalities increase with increasing concentration of the teratogen.
What Is Cush Doing in Amos 9:7? The Poetics of Exodus in the Plural

AbstractMost scholars believe that Cush is mentioned in Amos 9:7 because it is a remote place, and that Cush’s geographical distance is thus the point of its comparison with Israel in this verse. The present essay argues instead that the verse displays a complex poetic structure (comparable to, but not identical with, aspects of staircase parallelism, synonymous-sequential parallelism, and sorites) which connects Cush to the exodus activities of Yahweh mentioned later in the verse. A Cushite “migration” that is akin to those of Israel, the Philistines, and Aram, can be found in the 25th Dynasty, which is contemporaneous with the horizon of the prophet Amos and his book.
A Model Telephone Information and Support Program for Caregivers of Alzheimer's Patients

A model telephone support program involved setting up peer networks of four or five caregivers for regular telephone conversations. A randomized comparison was made of participants in networks (n = 31) and participants listening to an informational mini-lecture series assessed over the telephone (n = 35). Results indicated information gain, increased perceived social supports, and increased satisfaction with social supports regardless of program component. Greater information gain and more frequent emotional support from family and friends was shown for those listening to lectures. Less frequent emotional support from family and friends was found for peer network participants, suggesting support substitution.
Novel breast cancer risk alleles and endometrial cancer risk

Genome-wide association studies have identified several novel risk alleles for breast cancer. We hypothesized that genetic variants that are associated with breast cancer, a hormone-related disease, would also be associated with endometrial cancer, another hormone-related disease. We conducted a case-control study nested within the Nurses' Health Study and the Women's Health Study to investigate the associations between these 7 newly identified risk alleles for breast cancer and endometrial cancer risk using 692 invasive endometrial cancer cases and 1,723 matched controls. We used conditional logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to assess the risk of endometrial cancer. In contrast to the breast cancer findings, we did not observe an increased risk of endometrial cancer. We observed an inverse association among rs2981582 (FGFR2) variant carriers [OR= 0.75 (95% CI: 0.60-0.95)]. We also observed a nonsignificant inverse association with rs889312 (MAP3K1) variant carriers [OR = 0.85 (95% CI: 0.68-1.05)] and rs1219648 (FGFR2) variant carriers [OR= 0.86 (95% CI: 0.69-1.06) and endometrial cancer risk. We did not observe associations with the other single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and endometrial cancer risk. Replication studies investigating these polymorphisms and endometrial cancer risk are warranted. However, our findings do suggest the potential importance of biological differences between endometrial and breast cancer with respect to the genes identified in the scans. The molecular mechanisms underlying these differences remain to be defined.
Breakdown of hydrodynamics in a one-dimensional system of inelastic particles.

We study dynamics of nearly elastic particles constrained to move on a line with energy input from the boundaries. We find that for typical initial conditions, the system evolves to an extraordinary'' state with particles separated to two groups: The majority of the particles get clamped into a small region of space and move with very slow velocities; a few remaining particles travel between the boundaries at much higher speeds. Such a state clearly violates equipartition of energy. The simplest hydrodynamic approach fails to give a correct description of the system.
Determining the growth mechanism of tolazamide by induction time measurement

A turbidity measurement-based experimental method for the determination of the crystallization induction period is described. The induction times for crystallization of tolazamide, an oral hypoglycemic agent, were measured over a range of supersaturation in both unseeded and seeded crystallization experiments. The measured induction times were then treated using the expressions developed by van der Leeden et al., which relates the induction time and the supersaturation for various growth mechanisms in unseeded and seeded crystallization. On the basis of these analyses, the growth mechanism of tolazamide was identified as two-dimensional nucleation-mediated growth. The analyses also afforded estimation of the kinetic parameters such as nucleation and growth rate constants. In addition, atomic force microscopy imaging of the major faces of tolazamide crystals corroborated this growth mechanism.
Regulation and health: The case of mandatory prescriptions and an extension

The effect of requiring consumers to obtain prescriptions for pharmaceuticals on mortality is examined for a sample of middle-income countries. In countries enforcing the requirement, infectious disease mortality is no lower and poisoning mortality is higher than in those not enforcing the requirement. A broader measure of government intervention—public expenditures on health relative to GDP—is shown to have moderately adverse effects on overall life expectancy.
Development and evaluation of a dynamic virtual reality driving simulator

This paper describes the driving simulator developed at University of South Florida using the Computer Assisted Rehabilitation Environment (CAREN). This driving simulator was developed to help train individuals with spinal cord injury learn how to drive in a safe and controlled environment. The simulator includes a 180 degree projection screen and a 6 degree of freedom motion base. Two types of control options were integrated into the system: regular driving controls, which mimic the controls found in regular cars, and adaptive driving controls, which are used in vehicles modified for individuals with spinal cord injury. Testing was done with healthy individuals in order to obtain feedback about the system. Subjects completed trials with and without motion feedback, two environments (a city and a highway), and the two control options. After these trials, subjects completed surveys which included ratings and questionnaires. Results from the surveys, determined design parameters that will be implemented in the future in order to improve the driving simulator.
The Career and Educational Aspirations of Gifted High School Students: A Retrospective Study

In this study the authors used a retrospective method to obtain information about the career aspirations of gifted high school juniors (69 boys and 125 girls). An instrument called the Occupations List (OL) was administered to obtain information about career alternatives considered by each respondent at various ages. The career alternatives considered in an early life period were compared with those considered later in terms of their prestige level and gender traditionality. The career and educational aspirations of gifted boys and girls were also compared. The implications for counseling gifted students with career concerns are discussed.
Temperamental predictors of linguistic style during multiword acquisition

Abstract To investigate temperamental predictors of linguistic style, parents of 29 13-month-olds completed the Rothbart Infant Behavior Questionnaire and were later interviewed about their children's language. Three temperamental dimensions predicted analytic/referential language. Temperament may contribute to parent–child relationships conductive to acquisition of nominals.
Reactivity and Chemical Synthesis of L-Pyrrolysine— the 22nd Genetically Encoded Amino Acid

Abstract L -pyrrolysine, the 22 nd genetically encoded amino acid, was previously deduced to be (4R, 5R)-4-substituted-pyrroline-5-carboxylate attached to the ϵ-nitrogen of lysine based on the crystal structure of the M. barkeri monomethylamine methyltransferase (MtmB). To confirm L-pyrrolysine's identity, structures of MtmB have been determined following treatment with hydroxylamine, N-methylhydroxylamine, or dithionite. Analysis of these structures has provided additional support for the presence of the pyrroline ring and, together with previous mass spectroscopy data, has led us to assign the C 4 -substituent to a methyl group. Based on this assignment, synthetic L- pyrrolysine was prepared by chemical methods. Detailed study of this chemically synthesized L -pyrrolysine has allowed us to characterize its physical properties, to study its chemical stability, and to elucidate the role of its C 4 substituent. Future applications of this synthetic L -pyrrolysine include its in vivo incorporation into recombinant proteins.
Women's increased vulnerability to mood disorders: Integrating psychobiology and epidemiology

Beyond the repeatedly confirmed finding that women greatly outnumber men among those diagnosed with mood disorders lies a widely-varying set of hypotheses that attempt to explain affective disorders from various perspectives. This article reviews the epidemiological and diagnostic factors that account for the finding. In addition, we review some of the current hypothetical constructs of the etiology and pathophysiology of depression and their potential relevance to the disproportionate number of women with unipolar depression. Particular attention is paid to the unique biological stages of a women's life and the differences between the biology of men and women. We also review some of the potential social, psychological, and environmental factors that might particularly promote the development of depression in women. Depression 3:3–12 (1995). © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc .
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR STORM WATER AND INFILTRATION CONTROL

: Water quality controls of storm water runoff and infiltration should be a major part of a nonpoint source control program. Although surface runoff and ground water controls are often approached separately, coordination between the two is essential. For practical reasons, a rather simplified technology-based approach appears to be desirable. Areas affected vary greatly as to their sensitivity to pollution; and the various classes of pollutant source vary greatly as to their potential harmfulness. In effect, a matrix approach appears best, in which both vulnerability of the area and harmfulness of the pollutant source would have weight in determining which level of best management practices (BMP) would be appropriate, whether standard, special, or complete prohibition of the type facility under given circumstances.
Backtracking and its Amoebic Properties in One-dimensional Machine Location Problems

This paper studies the assignment of M unique machines to M equally spaced locations along a linear material handling track with the objective of minimizing the cost of (jobs) backtracking (i.e. moving upstream). Because of the arrangement of machines and restrictions imposed by the sequence of operations for each job, some jobs may have to backtrack to complete required processing on different machines. This problem is formulated as a quadratic assignment problem. An optimal solution to a problem with large M is computationally intractable. The backtracking distance matrix in problems involving equally-spaced machine locations in one dimension is seen to possess some unique characteristics called amoebic properties. Ten amoebic properties have been identified and exploited to devise a heuristic and a lower bound on the optimal solution. Results which describe the performance of the heuristic and the lower bound are presented.
Shape control of piezoelectric bimorph mirrors

The application of monolithic piezoelectric bimorph deformable mirrors for optical wavefront correction is studied. These mirrors are fabricated from laminations of biaxial piezoelectric polymer sheets. The equations of motion governing flexural and thickness motions are derived from first principles, assuming linearly elastic biaxially-poled laminae. The bimorph is segmented into actuation 'zones' for structural control, providing actuation in terms of distributed moments. It is shown that this actuation strategy provides influence functions with a significantly more localized response (e.g., a higher spatial bandwidth) than point force/displacement actuation for structures having equivalent geometric and material properties. This is due to the bimorph actuation providing a spatial differentiation of the structural response as compared to point force actuation.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Factors influencing infanticidal behavior in wild male house mice (Mus musculus)

1. Infanticidal behavior was examined in wild-strain male house mice (Mus musculus). Preliminary studies established that male house mice killed significantly more unrelated than related pups. Several factors influencing a male's tendency to kill unrelated young were then systematically investigated. Independent variables included the length of time a male cohabited with a pregnant female (10, 6, 3, or 1 days), the phenotype of the unrelated offspring (wild or albino), and whether the male copulated with an estrous female before cohabiting with a pregnant female. In the latter case, the estrous female was ‘painted’ with urine from the pregnant female with which the male was later paired. The dependent variable in all cases was pup survival to five days postpartum. 2. Males which copulated before cohabitation killed significantly fewer young than males which did not mate. Increased length of cohabitation significantly reduced infanticide by males which mated, but did not affect the number of pups killed by males which did not copulate. Offspring phenotype was not an important factor in preventing infanticide.
Maximum likelihood estimation techniques for concurrent flaw subpopulations

Failure of structural materials is often caused by the presence of two or more types of defect subpopulations. The maximum likelihood estimation technique for evaluating the Weibull parameters of these underlying subpopulations in the case of known fracture origin is presented. The maximum likelihood estimation equations are derived, and solved by means of nonlinear programming. The estimators obtained therefrom are tested for both accuracy and consistency against a series of simulation runs. For data sets containing a relatively small sample size, the advantage of the method of maximum likelihood over two established nonparametric techniques is demonstrated.
Application of the Raman technique to measure stress states in individual Si particles in a cast Al–Si alloy

Abstract While Raman spectroscopy is often used to measure stresses, the analyses are almost always limited to cases with simple stress states (uniaxial, equibiaxial). Recently we provided an experimental methodology to determine the full state of stress in Si wafers. Here we extend that methodology to interrogate stress states in Si particles embedded in an Al–Si alloy. Such determinations will ultimately be valuable for predicting ductility of cast Al, since a primary source of damage is cracking of eutectic Si particles. We combine electron back-scattered diffraction with the frequency shift, polarization and intensity of the Raman light to determine stress states. Stress states are measured both in the as-received residually stressed state and under in situ uniaxial loading. Comparison with finite element calculations shows good agreement. As an application of the technique, we show the determination of strength of an individual Si particle and compare the stress evolution with various models.
Impact of a content and methods course sequence on prospective secondary mathematics teachers’ beliefs

In this article, we report on a study of beliefs about mathematics, teaching, and proof conducted with six prospective secondary mathematics teachers as they completed a two-semester sequence of a content course and a methods course. The initial beliefs of the participants were identified using interview and survey data, and potential shifts in beliefs were examined through further interview and survey data combined with classroom observations and written work. While their beliefs about mathematics and proof appeared to be relatively stable, their beliefs about teaching shifted from a more teacher-centered view to beliefs that foreground the activities and understandings of the students. These shifts are analyzed using the construct of belief structures, and activities and events from the courses that may have facilitated the shifts are identified. The results are consistent with the literature in some respects, such as the stability of the participants’ beliefs about mathematics. On the other hand, our results present new information about how prospective secondary mathematics teachers’ beliefs about teaching may be impacted.
The Art of Surgical Proctology: A Procedural Atlas of Proctologic Gold Standards, Innovations, and Tricks of the Trade

Textbooks in the field of colorectal Surgery have both increased in numbers and evolved in the recent years from the standard comprehensive multi-edition textbooks such as those of John C. Goligher, Marvin L. Corman, and Michael R. B. Keighley/Norman S. Williams. More recent texts have a narrower scope, such as minimally invasive colorectal operations. This latest addition from Mario Pescatori is a unique publication: an atlas confined to ‘‘surgical proctology.’’ The field of proctology is much more expansive than one might imagine, and the breadth of the discipline is on full display in this textbook, thus explaining the sheer volume of accompanying drawings (1000 by the author himself!) and operative field photos ([200). What is especially intriguing about this compilation is the background and experience of the author as he delves into areas that are seldom discussed in surgical textbooks, such as ways to avoid postoperative complications (Chapter 7 Managing and Preventing Anal Stricture), but also how to surgically manage complications when they occur (Chapter 8 Revisional Surgery Following the STARR and PPH Procedures). A prime example is the odyssey of the PPH procedure. Pescatori brings to bear a wealth of knowledge and personal experience with this procedure and its potential complications (much of it published) including post-PPH syndrome and ‘‘rectal pocket’’ syndrome, which he coined. Operative field photos of rectal specimens with excised staple lines (aggraphectomy) are outstanding and will not be found in any other textbook of colorectal surgery. The breadth of the text is quite extensive: from basic proctology (e.g., hemorrhoids, abscess/fistulas, fissures) to newer concepts such as combined transanal approaches with minimally invasive technology for the removal of rectal tumors (TAMIS). ‘‘The Art of Surgical Proctology’’ is a practical, illustrative guide to sound surgical technique. It is a culmination of one surgeon’s 40 plus years of experience and insight into surgical proctology and will be appreciated by any clinician (specialist or non-specialist) W. C. Cirocco (&) Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA e-mail: william.cirocco@yahoo.com
Drinking water from sea water by forward osmosis

Potable water may be extracted from a saline source, such as the ocean, using a concentrated solution of nutrients and a semipermeable membrane. This paper applies the previously presented theory (1) of the forward osmosis extractor to this case and compares that theory with experiment. Theory and experiment are found to match well. Calculated and observed magnitudes of water extraction rate and nutrient utilization indicate that practical devices may be constructed. It is found that the volume of water obtained per mass of nutrient meets the human requirement for fluids and nutrient. Optimization of the system is discussed.
Cloning and developmental regulation of a novel member of the insulin-like gene family in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Abstract Aging, metabolism and fat accumulation inCaenorhabditis elegans(C. elegans) are influenced by mutations in DAF-2, a putative insulin-like receptor. Ten putative insulin-like genes have been recently identified from theC. elegansgenome database. However, it is unclear if these genes are orthologues of human insulin since they lack the C-peptide dibasic amino acid proteolysis sites. We have identified and measured mRNA expression during development of two novel members of theC. elegansinsulin-like gene family. We also report the sequence characterization and gene structure for one of these, the insulin-like protein-1 (ILP1). We focused onILP1characterization because it has structural features consistent with its being a candidate insulin ligand for the DAF-2 insulin-like receptor. For example, ILP1 has a putative C-peptide flanked by dibasic amino acids, exhibits conserved cysteine residues that could provide disulfide bonds between the A and B chains, and has two introns. Northern blot analysis revealed thatILP1mRNA is expressed at very high levels in embryos and is downregulated very early during postnatal development, suggesting that it may influence embryonic development, but not Dauer formation. We also identified a novel insulin-like growth factor-1-like protein (T28B8/IGF-I) that exhibits a very different developmental expression profile than ILP1. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that members of the unusually large and complexC. elegansinsulin-like protein family exhibit complex and perhaps redundant roles.
Backreaction of superhorizon perturbations in scalar field cosmologies

It has been suggested that the acceleration of the Universe may be due to the backreaction of perturbations to the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker background. For a universe dominated by cold dark matter, it is known that the backreaction of superhorizon perturbations cannot drive acceleration. We extend this result to models with cold dark matter together with a scalar field. We show that the scalar field can drive acceleration only via the standard mechanism of a constant or nearly constant piece of its potential (i.e., a cosmological constant); there is no separate mechanism involving superhorizon backreaction. This rules out some models which have been proposed in the literature.
Prevalence of traumatic brain injury and access to services in an undergraduate population: a pilot study

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this pilot study was to identify the prevalence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) among undergraduate college students, compare common TBI symptoms reported by students with and without a history of TBI and explore how often students with and without TBI access campus services. METHODS: A campus-wide email recruited participants to an online survey containing questions about their history of TBI, experience of TBI symptoms and use of services. RESULTS: Of 201 undergraduates, 55.7% reported no history of TBI or hospitalization, 27.9% reported a history of hospitalization but not TBI and 16.4% reported a history of TBI. Significant differences were seen among groups in their experience of some physical and psychosocial symptoms such as dizziness and difficulty with relationships. Healthy and TBI groups reported significantly more symptoms than the hospitalized group, but did not differ from each other. Most participants reported using no services and there were no significant differences in the average number of symptoms experienced by those seeking vs not seeking services. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial proportion of undergraduates reported a history of TBI and the experience of symptoms that could negatively impact academic performance. Further study is needed to examine factors influencing their use of available services. Language: en
Art for a New Monarchy: Aragon in the Late Eleventh Century

This paper has as its focus the relationship between the Aragonese monarchy and art of the end of the eleventh century and the beginning of the twelfth century that defined it, that is, Aragonese art that is coeval with the reign of Alfonso VI in Castile and Leon. Although Alfonso VI’s territories were nearly adjacent to those of the kingdom of Aragon, the historical situation of the two kingdoms was very different indeed. As opposed to Castile and Leon, ancient kingdoms that could claim a long monarchic tradition, Aragon was founded as a kingdom only in the eleventh century by Ramiro I, who, in fact, might well be considered to have defied the legitimate authority of Garcia de Najera, the rightful heir of their father, Sancho III el Mayor, deceased in 1035. In the felicitous words of Antonio Ubieto Arteta: “En realidad, Ramiro I es un rey de hecho no de derecho.” During the reigns of Ramiro I’s heirs, above all that of Sancho Ramirez, the authority of the Aragonese monarchy was greatly strengthened and at the same time a royal building program was undertaken, which, in large measure, relied on a number of antique precedents, as such recalling a putative historic past that in reality never existed. Despite the forcefulness with which Sancho Ramirez established his kingdom, various threats challenged the capacity of Aragonese monarchs to maintain the integrity of their territories and checked their attempts to expand them. Some of these threats were
Property taxes and the timing of urban land development

Abstract This paper develops an optimal timing model which extends our understanding of the effects which property taxes have on the timing of land development. Comparative static effects of changes in property tax rates are investigated and policy rules are developed for the use of differential pre- and post-development tax rates to affect the timing of development. Changes in the property tax rate are found to be non-neutral with respect to the timing of development in most cases, accelerating or delaying development depending upon specific market conditions.
EFFECTS OF THE 45-SECOND "SHOT CLOCK ON SELECTED MEN'S BASKETBALL STATISTICS IN THE MID-AMERICAN CONFERENCE

Summmy.-This study examined the effect of instituting a 45-sec. "shot dock" on men's basketball games in the Mid-American Conference in the 1985 season. hketball statistics for the 1985 season were compared with those for 1984 season for home and visiting teams, 90 games in total. Introducing the 45-sec. "shot clock increased scoring for the home and visiting team. although the increase was somewhat larger for the home team. Factors contributing to the increased scoring were discussed. Beginning with the 1985-86 season, a "shot clock for men's basketball was made mandatory in Division I schools of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The "shot clock" requires that a team shoot within 45 sec. after it gains possession of the ball. The "shot clock" was ostensibly instituted to eliminate slowdown tactics and the stalling that often occurred in the last few minutes of a game. Mosc fans and television viewers find such tactics boring. Using a "shot clock" might also be expected to increase scoring, even if this was not the primary reason for its introduction. According to Van Vallcenberg (Side-lines, 1986), the NCAA's director of statistics, scoring actually declined somewhat in 1986. However, since some conferences played with a "shot clock" in the 1984-85 season and since the opponents of teams change somewhat from year to year, it is possible that significant changes in scoring did occur but were masked by other factors. To assess statistically the effects of introducing the 45-sec. "shot clock" in a more controlled situation, data from all men's basketball games in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) were obtained. The MAC is a Division I conference consisting of 10 teams (five in Ohio, three in Michigan, and one in Indiana and in Illinois). For the 1985 basketball season, the MAC instituted a 45-sec. "shot clock" for all conference games for men's basketball. The "shot clock" was not used during the 1984 season. This paper compares the basketball statistics from 1984 wich those from 1985. The results are based on the 90 MAC games played in these two seasons. To make the statistical comparisons, several assumptions were made. (a)
A hydroxo-and phenoxo-bridged dinuclear Nickel(II) Complex: structure and characterization

The structure and properties of the dinuclear complex [Ni(II) 2 ( μ -LO)( μ -OH)](ClO 4 ) 2 . 2CH 3 CN(1) (LOH=2,6-bis((bis (2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl)amino)methyl)phenol is reported. The structure of the cation [Ni(II) 2 ( μ -LO)( μ -OH)] 2 shows two doubly bridged, square pyramidal Ni(II) ions. The electronic absorption spectrum showed maxima at 204, 264, 300, 362, 607 and 820 nm. Cyclic voltammetry in dry acetonitrile showed irreversible reduction peaks at −1.25 V and −1.45 V (vs. Ag\AgCl) assigned to the stepwise reduction to the Ni(II)Ni(I) and the Ni(I) 2 state and also irreversible oxidation waves at +0.13 V and +0.87 V (vs. Ag\AgCl) assigned to the stepwise oxidation to the Ni(II)Ni(III) and the Ni(III) 2 state. The room temperature magnetic moment, corrected for diamagnetism, is 2.67 BM indicating an antiferromagnetic coupling of the two Ni(II) ions.
Differential regulation of dopamine receptors after chronic typical and atypical antipsychotic drug treatment

Abstract Changes in dopamine receptor subtype binding in different brain regions were examined after 28 days treatment of rats with haloperidol, raclopride, clozapine or SCH23390 using in vitro receptor autoradiography. [ 3 H]7-hydroxy-N,N-di-n-propyl-2-aminotetralin binding to dopamine D 3 receptors was not changed in any brain region by any of the drug treatments. [ 3 H]SCH23390 was only increased by chronic SCH23390 treatment. Haloperidol significantly increased [ 3 H]nemonapride and [ 3 H]spiperone binding to dopamine D 2 -like receptors in the caudate–putamen. In contrast, haloperidol caused a small, significant increase in [ 3 H]raclopride binding in the lateral caudate–putamen only. Raclopride also elevated, but to a lesser extent [ 3 H]nemonapride and [ 3 H]spiperone binding in caudate–putamen, whereas it did not affect [ 3 H]raclopride binding. Clozapine did not significantly change D 2 -like striatal binding of [ 3 H]nemonapride, [ 3 H]spiperone or [ 3 H]raclopride. The differences in radioligand binding suggest that [ 3 H]nemonapride and [ 3 H]spiperone may be binding to additional subsets of dopamine D 2 -like receptors (including D 4 -like receptors) that are not recognized by [ 3 H]raclopride, which has high affinity for D 2 and D 3 receptors only. Quantification of [ 3 H]nemonapride or [ 3 H]spiperone binding in the presence of 300 nM raclopride (to block D 2 and D 3 receptors) revealed that haloperidol, raclopride and clozapine up-regulated D 4 -like receptors in the caudate–putamen using either radioligand. These results suggest that D 4 -like receptors may be a common site of action of both typical and atypical antipsychotics.
Dynamic fault diagnosis on reconfigurable hardware

In this paper, we introduce a new approach for locating and diagnosing faults in combinational circuits. The approach is based on automatically designing a circuit which implements a closest-match fault location algorithm specialized for the combinational circuit under diagnosis (CUD). This approach eliminates the need for large storage required by a software based fault diagnosis. In this paper, we show the approach's feasibility in terms of hardware resources, speed, and how it compares with software based techniques.
Influence of the Products of Electrochemical Destruction of Protective Coatings on the Properties of Pipe Steel in Low-Alkaline Media

We investigate the influence of the products of electrochemical destruction of polymeric tape protective coatings formed in low-alkaline media under the conditions of cathodic polarization at 1.5 V (s.c.e.) and without cathodic polarization for different times on the corrosion, electrochemical, and stress-corrosion properties of pipe steel. It is shown that, for 2.5 months, the pH value shifts toward the alkaline region and the electric conductivity of the medium increases. We reveal an increase in the corrosion rate of pipe steel and its susceptibility to stress-corrosion cracking in the medium of model soil electrolyte in which the destruction of the coating occurs for 2.5 months both under the conditions of cathodic polarization and without it. It is demonstrated that the chemical composition of the polymeric film remains almost constant in the process of destruction.
Magnetic field effects on transport properties of PtSn4

The anisotropic physical properties of single crystals of orthorhombic PtSn${}_{4}$ are reported for magnetic fields up to 140 kOe, applied parallel and perpendicular to the crystallographic b axis. The magnetic susceptibility has an approximately temperature-independent behavior and reveals an anisotropy between the ac plane and b axis. Clear de Haas-van Alphen oscillations in fields as low as 5 kOe and at temperatures as high as 30 K were detected in magnetization isotherms. The thermoelectric power and resistivity of PtSn${}_{4}$ show the strong temperature and magnetic field dependencies. A change of the thermoelectric power at $H=140$ kOe is observed as high as $\ensuremath{\simeq}$50 $\ensuremath{\mu}$V/K. Single crystals of PtSn${}_{4}$ exhibit very large transverse magnetoresistance of $\ensuremath{\simeq}$$5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}$% for the ac plane and of $\ensuremath{\simeq}$$1.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}$% for the b axis resistivity at 1.8 K and 140 kOe, as well as pronounced Shubnikov de Haas oscillations. The magnetoresistance of PtSn${}_{4}$ appears to obey Kohler's rule in the temperature and field range measured. The Hall resistivity shows a linear temperature dependence at high temperatures followed by a sign reversal around 25 K which is consistent with thermoelectric power measurements. The observed quantum oscillations and band structure calculations indicate that PtSn${}_{4}$ has three-dimensional Fermi surfaces.
Calcium Sulfate: A Review

Calcium sulfate has a long history of use in medicine and dentistry. It exists in two forms (alpha and beta), which differ greatly in physical properties. It has been used in bone regeneration as a graft material and graft binder/extender and as a barrier in guided tissue regeneration. It is an unusually biocompatible material and is completely resorbed following implantation. It does not evoke a significant host response and creates a calcium-rich milieu in the area of implantation. These calcium ions may provide some stimulation to osteoblasts, which may account for some of the positive results reported with the material. Calcium sulfate can be used as a delivery vehicle for growth factors and antibiotics, although this application has not been thoroughly exploited in the clinical setting. It has been shown that tissue will often migrate over calcium sulfate if primary closure cannot be obtained, which provides further evidence of its biocompatibility. The raw material from which calcium sulfate is made is relatively inexpensive and abundant. Despite these advantages, calcium sulfate has never attracted the same degree of research interest as have other biomaterials. Recently, however, it has enjoyed a resurgence of sorts in the areas of periodontology, sinus augmentation, and orthopedic surgery. Future research must be directed toward improving handling characteristics and strength, while preserving the biocompatibility of the material.
Hydro-ecological linkages in urbanizing watersheds: An empirical assessment of in-stream nitrate loss and evidence of saturation kinetics

[1] We examined the effect of discharge on in-stream NO3− loss for a suburban stream in Maryland and addressed two questions: (1) How important is in-stream nitrogen removal in this biogeoclimatic setting? (2) Is there evidence of saturation kinetics? We conducted the study in a 2.4 km forested stream section, over a period of drought and wet conditions (2001–2004). We calculated NO3− loss from monthly and seasonal mass balances and constructed NO3− loss duration curves. NO3− loss was fairly constant across flow regimes, averaging 0.8 g N ha−1 d−1 per unit watershed area. Proportional NO3− loss (relative to transport) reached 96% at low flows and converged to 0% at high flows. Duration curve analysis showed that proportional NO3− loss was generally low, averaging 6% loss, and only 5% of the time exceeded 22% loss. We extrapolated NO3− removal to the 3.8 km2 watershed. In-stream NO3− removal corresponded to only 2% of watershed nitrogen inputs and 3% of total losses. Our results suggest that for urbanizing watersheds subject to high nitrogen inputs, in-stream processing has only a limited potential for reducing watershed nitrogen export. We examined whether NO3− loss patterns showed evidence of saturation kinetics. Estimates of water travel time were used to calculate first-order NO3− loss metrics. NO3− loss first-order rate constant (Kc) was negatively related with NO3− concentration. This evidence of saturation kinetics suggests that the common use of first-order process models is not valid in streams subject to high nitrogen inputs, requiring the need for higher-order process models.
North American Droughts of the Last Millennium from a Gridded Network of Tree-Ring Data

Drought is the most economically expensive recurring natural disaster to strike North America in modern times. Recently available gridded drought reconstructions have been developed for most of North America from a network of drought-sensitive tree-ring chronologies, many of which span the last 1000 yr. These reconstructions enable the authors to put the famous droughts of the instrumental record (i.e., the 1930s Dust Bowl and the 1950s Southwest droughts) into the context of 1000 yr of natural drought variability on the continent. We can now, with this remarkable new record, examine the severity, persistence, spatial signatures, and frequencies of drought variability over the past milllennium, and how these have changed with time. The gridded drought reconstructions reveal the existence of successive “megadroughts,” unprecedented in persistence (20‐40 yr), yet similar in year-to-year severity and spatial distribution to the major droughts experienced in today’s North America. These megadroughts occurred during a 400-yr-long period in the early to middle second millennium A.D., with a climate varying as today’s, but around a drier mean. The implication is that the mechanism forcing persistent drought in the West and the Plains in the instrumental era is analagous to that underlying the megadroughts of the medieval period. The leading spatial mode of drought variability in the recontructions resembles the North American ENSO pattern: widespread drought across the United States, centered on the Southwest, with a hint of the opposite phase in the Pacific Northwest. Recently, climate models forced by the observed history of tropical Pacific SSTs have been able to successfully simulate all of the major North American droughts of the last 150 yr. In each case, cool “La Nina‐like” conditions in the tropical Pacific are consistent with North American drought. With ENSO showing a pronounced signal in the gridded drought recontructions of the last millennium, both in terms of its link to the leading spatial mode, and the leading time scales of drought variability (revealed by multitaper spectral analysis and wavelet analysis), it is postulated that, as for the modern day, the medieval megadroughts were forced by protracted La Nina‐like tropical Pacific SSTs. Further evidence for this comes from the global hydroclimatic “footprint” of the medieval era revealed by existing paleoclimatic archives from the tropical Pacific and ENSO-sensitive tropical and extratropical land regions. In general, this global pattern matches that observed for modern-day persistent North American drought, whereby a La Nina‐like tropical Pacific is accompanied by hemispheric, and in the midlatitudes, zonal, symmetry of hydroclimatic anomalies.
The Development of the English Progressive

Invoking findings from studies on the grammaticization of tense/aspect meanings, I argue that semantic reconstruction of the Present Day English progressive from an often cited Old English construction (beon + PAP) is semantically very unlikely. Instead I argue for a reconstruction of the progressive from a locative construction source of the type, be on hunting. However, as I also show, there is a kind of formal relationship between the present-day English progressive and the OE construction that was encouraged by the prescriptions and proscriptions of the Early Modern English grammarians. Thus, by paying attention to both semantic and formal aspects of the development of the progressive, I provide a clearer picture of its historical reconstruction.
An augmented template-based approach to text realization

We present an Augmented Template-Based approach to text realization that addresses the requirements of real-time, interactive systems such as a dialog system or an intelligent tutoring system. Template-based approaches are easier to implement and use than traditional approaches to text realization. They can also generate texts more quickly. However traditional template-based approaches with rigid templates are inflexible and difficult to reuse. Our approach augments traditional template-based approaches by adding several types of declarative control expressions and an attribute grammar-based mechanism for processing missing or inconsistent slot fillers. Therefore, augmented templates can be made more general than traditional ones, yielding templates that are more flexible and reusable across applications.
Maintenance of normothermia at operation room temperature of 24 °C in adult and pediatric patients undergoing liver transplantation

Summary Hypothermia is common during surgery in regular operating room (OR) temperature. The effect of increasing the OR temperature to 24 � C coupled with simple warming measures to maintain normothermia in both pediatric and adult patients during living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) was evaluated. One hundred patients undergoing LDLT were separated into pediatric (GI) and adult (GII) groups. Nasopharyngeal temperature (NT) at each hour for the first 6 h, at the time of anhepatic phase, 5 and 30 min after reperfusion, and each hour for the last 2 h of the operation was recorded, compared and analyzed. A significant difference in core temperature variation was noted between the two groups. GI tended to be hyperthermic, while GII remained mildly hypothermic throughout the procedure. A sudden decrease of NT was observed in both groups during the anhepatic and reperfusion phases. Correlation between liver graft weight over recipient body weight ratio rather than the graft weight itself was found in GI, but no such correlation was found in GII. OR temperature of 24 � C, together with simple active and passive warming measures are more effective in maintaining normothermia during liver transplantation in pediatric patients than in adults.