cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Specifying and using intrusion masking models to process distributed operations

It is important for critical applications to provide critical services without any integrity or availability degradation in the presence of intrusions. This requirement can be satisfied by intrusion masking techniques under some situations. Compared with intrusion tolerance techniques, where some integrity or availability degradations are usually caused, intrusion masking techniques use substantial replications to avoid such degradations. Existing intrusion masking techniques, such as the state machine approach, can effectively mask intrusions when processing requests from a client using a server replica group, but they are fairly limited in processing a (multi-stage) distributed operation across multiple server replica groups. As more and more applications (e.g., supply chain management, distributed banking) need to process distributed operations in an intrusion-masking fashion, it is in urgent need to overcome the limitations of existing intrusion masking techniques. In this paper, we specify and compose two intrusion-masking models for inter-replica-group distributed computing. Using these two models, a variety of applications can mask (numerous kinds of) intrusions. Our intrusion masking models overcome the limitations of existing intrusion masking techniques. The survivability of our intrusion-masking models is quantitatively analyzed. A simple yet practical implementation method of our intrusion-masking models is proposed and applied to build two intrusion-masking two-phase-commit (2PC) protocols, and the corresponding efficiency is analyzed. The two intrusion-masking 2PC protocols and the analysis results show that the proposed intrusion-masking models have good utility, practicality, and survivability. Finally, the composition methodology developed in this paper can also be used to develop other intrusion-masking distributed computing models.
Structural characterization of MepB from Staphylococcus aureus reveals homology to endonucleases

The MepRAB operon in Staphylococcus aureus has been identified to play a role in drug resistance. Although the functions of MepA and MepR are known, little information is available on the function of MepB. Here we report the X-ray structure of MepB to 2.1 A revealing its structural similarity to the PD-(D/E)XK family of endonucleases. We further show that MepB binds DNA and RNA, with a higher affinity towards RNA and single stranded DNA than towards double stranded DNA. Notably, the PD-(D/E)XK catalytic active site residues are not conserved in MepB. MepB's association with a drug resistance operon suggests that it plays a role in responding to antimicrobials. This role is likely carried out through MepB's interactions with nucleic acids.
Actions in Context: System for People with Dementia

In the next forty years, the number of people living with dementia is expected to triple. In the last stages, people affected by this disease become dependent. This hinders the autonomy of the patient and has a huge social impact in time, money and effort. Given this scenario, we propose an ubiquitous system capable of recognizing daily specific actions. The system fuses and synchronizes data obtained from two complementary modalities - ambient and egocentric. The ambient approach consists in a fixed RGB-Depth camera for user and object recognition and user-object interaction, whereas the egocentric point of view is given by a personal area network (PAN) formed by a few wearable sensors and a smartphone, used for gesture recognition. The system processes multi-modal data in real-time, performing paralleled task recognition and modality synchronization, showing high performance recognizing subjects, objects, and interactions, showing its reliability to be applied in real case scenarios.
Freebase psychosis: cases from a Bahamian epidemic of cocaine abuse.

Abstract A nationwide epidemic of cocaine abuse in the Bahamas has resulted in frequent psychiatric problems, but especially and ominously psychosis. The recent introduction of freebase smoking is the critical factor contributing to increased incidence. We present cases that illustrate the variety of presentations, possible risk factors, and the seriousness of the psychopathologic consequences. Similar problems can be expected in the United States upon more widespread freebase abuse.
Two Functions Whose Powers Make Fractals

fp(x) _ O if x is irrational xlI 1/nP if x = mln with (m, n) = 1. These functions are powers of the function f = f1, which frequently appears in real analysis courses because of its interesting property of being discontinuous at rational points and continuous at irrational points. Darst and Taylor showed that if 1 2, then fP is differentiable almost everywhere. Graphs of f1 and its variants (Figure 1) suggest there may be fractals involved somewhere, and indeed this is the case.
Ligand pathways in myoglobin: A review of trp cavity mutations.

The pathways for ligand entry and exit in myoglobin have now been well established by a wide variety of experimental results, including pico- to nano- to microsecond transient absorbance measurements and time-resolved X-ray crystallographic measurements. Trp insertions have been used to block, one at a time, the three major cavities occupied by photodissociated ligands. In this work, we review the effects of the L29(B10)W mutation, which places a large indole ring in the initial 'docking site' for photodissociated ligands. Then, the effects of blocking the Xe4 site with I28W, V68W, and I107W mutations and the Xe1 cavity with L89W, L104W, and F138W mutations are described. The structures of four of these mutants are shown for the first time (Trp28, Trp68, Trp107, and Trp 138 sperm whale metMb). All available results support a 'side path' mechanism in which ligands move into and out of myoglobin by outward rotation of the HisE7 side chain, but after entry can migrate into internal cavities, including the distal Xe4 and proximal Xe1 binding sites. The distal cavities act like the pocket of a baseball glove, catching the ligand and holding it long enough for the histidine gate to close and facilitate internal coordination with the heme iron atom. The physiological role of the proximal Xe1 site is less clear because changes in the size of this cavity have minimal effects on overall O(2) binding parameters.
Effects of a vascular graft/natural artery compliance mismatch on pulsatile flow.

Abstract Attempts have been made to correlate small-diameter vascular graft patency with compliance matching between the graft and the host artery. Without knowledge about the mechanisms of failure by compliance mismatch, however, such correlations remain empirical. We have developed a flow system which mimics the flow in peripheral arteries and techniques to model a compliance mismatch in a straight elastic tube, as might occur with vascular repair. Our goal was to investigate one proposed mechanism of graft failure by compliance mismatch, that of a blood flow disturbance. Flow visualization experiments showed that, under pulsatile flow, a compliance mismatch caused trapping of 40 μm microspheres at the wall near the distal or downstream anastomosis. This suggests that the presence of a microscopic flow separation or stagnant zone in vivo may contribute to the intimal hyperplasia and thrombosis seen in failed grafts.
Interactions of substrate and product with cytochrome P450: P4502B4 versus P450cam.

Abstract In the present study, two P450s (P4502B4and P450cam) have been examined with regard to their interactions with their substrates and products utilizing the characteristic spectral perturbations as criteria for their binding. The results indicate that although there are differences between the two P450s (E) in regard to their precise interactions with their substrates (S) and products (P), the spectral titration data were consistent with the two-site model—E + S ↔ ES (K1), E + P ↔ EP (K2); EP + S ↔ ESP (K3); ES + P ↔ ESP(K4) in which S and P bind to E forming ESP. The data were inconsistent with the two-site model in which S and P compete for the same site. As required by the two-site model, the relationshipK2K3=K1K4was maintained with both P450s at all product concentrations tested, althoughK3andK4decreased considerably when product concentration was increased. The relationshipK3⪢K4was also maintained, indicating that with both enzymes' ESP is formed predominantly by binding of S to EP rather than binding of P to ES, and that ESP dissociates predominantly to ES and P rather than EP and S. In other words, binding of S to EP facilitates the dissociation of P. This indicates that the relative parameter values are compatible for ESP to have functional significance. The possible role of ESP in controlling catalytic rate and catalytic efficiency is discussed.
Preparative-scale isoelectric trapping by recursive electrophoresis in a compartmentalized system having orthogonal primary and secondary pH gradients. Part 2 – Operation in cascade mode

A parallel multicompartmental electrolyzer recently developed for preparative-scale isoelectric trapping separations, trapping by recursive electrophoresis in a compartmentalized system, was set up to operate as a cascade of binary separations to produce at least one pure target ampholyte (or more, with additional separation heads) without other ampholytes ever entering (even transiently) the harvest stream. This mode of operation avoids the need for exhaustive electrophoresis and the accompanying long separation times brought about by the exponentially decreasing concentrations over the course of batch separations. Continuous operation can be achieved in the cascade mode by continuously feeding the sample into the first separation head configured with three flow-through compartments and continuously harvesting one (or more) target components in additional separation heads configured with two flow-through compartments, attached to the respective branching points.
Seasonal and Low-Frequency Variability of the Meridional Heat Flux at 36°N in the North Atlantic

Abstract Historical hydrographic sections are used to investigate the seasonal and interannual variability in the meridional heat flux at 36°N in the North Atlantic. The data consist of ten transatlantic sections and sections from four sectors, which combined, cross the entire basin. These sectors are the slope water, the Gulf Stream, the Sargasso Sea, and the midocean. The data from the first three sectors actually come from sections that span all three regions, but their properties are examined individually. To improve estimates of the Gulf Stream contribution to the total heat flux, a tangent hyperbolic model of the current’s temperature field is used to retain its structure in the temperature flux integrations even when only a few stations are available. The technique removes biases due to undersampling that averages about 0.3 PW. The temperature flux of the upper layer is estimated for the four sectors plus the climatologically forced Ekman layer. The annual mean is 1.4 ± 0.3 PW with a range of 0.6 ±...
Temperature dependence of yield and fracture in polymethylmethacrylate

Abstract The effect of temperature on the deformation and fracture of polymethylmethacrylate has been determined by constant strain rate compressive and tensile tests from 78°K to 350°K. In compression, the yield stress increased continuously with decreasing temperature and, except at 78°K, substantial macroscopic plastic flow occurred at all temperatures. At 78°K, only a small amount of plastic flow occurred before fracture. A similar type of temperature dependence was found in tension between 230° and 350°K for both the yield and fracture stresses, but the tensile yield stress was always lower than the compressive yield stress by about 1500 p.s.i. In this temperature range, fracture is controlled by macroscopic yielding in that defects (crazes) produced during the yielding process serve as crack nuclei. It is deduced that the temperature dependence of fracture in this temperature range is a reflection of the temperature dependence of the yield stress. Below about 200°K, PMMA fractures in tension with li...
Social support, psychiatric symptoms, and housing: A causal analysis

This study used structural equation modeling to examine the causal relationship between social support and each of three outcome variables: depression, psychotic symptoms, and stable housing. Two measures of social support were included in the models: natural support (family and friends) and professional support. Nearly 4,000 individuals from 18 cities in the United States provided data for this study. All participants were homeless at baseline and suffered from severe mental illness. Data were collected at baseline, 3 months, and 1 year. A reciprocal effects model best explained the causal relationship between social support and psychiatric symptoms. The social causation model best explained the relationship between social support and stable housing, such that increases in social support led to increases in stable housing. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Methods for Determining the Mode I and Mode II Fracture Toughness of Glass Using Thermal Stresses

Presentation de methodes de determination des modes I et II de la tenacite d'un verre sodocalcique en utilisant des contraintes thermiques
Research on Metastable Structures Using High Energy Ball Milling at North Carolina State University ( Overview )

This paper reviews the research of the author's group at North Carolina State University over the last ten years in the field of metastable materials prepared by mechanical attrition. A brief historical perspective of the author on the beginnings of this sub-field is presented. Much of the research discussed is devoted to the crystalline-to-amorphous phase transformation induced by mechanical attrition. This includes mechanical alloying (MA) where dissimilar powders react and material transfer occurs. Equilibrium structures prepared by MA are also discussed. Amorphization by mechanical milling (MM), where a single composition (e.g. intermetallic compound) is milled requires the accumulation of defects to induce the transformation. It is concluded that anti-site chemical disorder and nanocrystalline grain boundaries are the important defects in this regard. A brief description of studies on MM of normally immiscible systems is presented. Non-equilibrium solid solubilities can be achieved by MM of systems such as Ge-Sn and Si-Sn. The paper concludes with a summary of recent work on nanocrystalline materials prepared by ball milling. The questions of 1) the mechanism for synthesis of nanocrystalline microstructures, and 2) the thermal stability of such microstructures are discussed.
Brain Weight Increases Resulting from Environmental Enrichment: A Directional Dominance in Mice

A genetic analysis of brain weights of 544 mice reared in either enriched or standard laboratory environments indicated significant directional dominance in the percentage of increase in brain weight as a result of enrichment.
A tool for analyzing implementation fidelity of an integrated learning system

One way to better understand the difficult instructional issues associated with the integration of computer technology in classrooms is to analyze the implementation of computer technology. This study developed and validated a measure for examining the quality of implementation of an Integrated Learning System (ILS). The measure was used to analyze ILS implementation and determine if there were differences in the operational patterns of teachers implementing an ILS and identify implementation practices of teachers that indicated implementation fidelity. The measure indicated which teachers were high fidelity implementers and which implementation practices distinguished high fidelity implementers.
Low‐noise interferometer for microwave radiometry

An interferometer for precision measurements in microwave radiometry is proposed which uses two low-noise heterodyne receivers based on SIS tunnel junction mixers in the 40-50-GHz band. The antenna interference pattern has lobes which lead to positive output signals and lobes which give negative output, and the radiometer measures the difference in the power from these lobes without beam switching or instrument motion. The present system cancels instrumental signals, has a very low 1/f noise in the output, and has a zero outpus signal when viewing a uniform source. It is noted that application of the interferometer may be limited to radiometry with relatively large beams.
CC dinucleotides contribute to the bending of DNA in chromatin.

Application of the double autocorrelation technique to the published nucleosome database allows the periodical distribution of CC and AA dinucleotides along the nucleosomal DNA to be seen; periods of CC and AA distributions are clearly visualized at about 10 base pairs.
Characterization of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care products in hospital effluent and waste water influent/effluent by direct-injection LC-MS-MS

Two USEPA Regional Laboratories developed direct-injection LC/MS/MS methods to measure Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in water matrices. Combined, the laboratories were prepared to analyze 185 PPCPs (with 74 overlapping) belonging to more than 20 therapeutical categories with reporting limits at low part-per-trillion. In partnership with Suffolk County in NY, the laboratories conducted PPCP analysis on 72 samples belonging to 4 Water Systems (WS). Samples were collected at different stages of the WS (hospital effluents, WWTP influents/effluents) to assess PPCP relevance in hospital discharges, impact on WWTP performance and potential ecological risk posed by analytes not eliminated during treatment. Major findings include: a) acceptable accuracy between the two laboratories for most overlapping PPCPs with better agreement for higher concentrations; b) the measurement of PPCPs throughout all investigated WS with total PPCP concentrations ranging between 324 and 965 μg L(-1) for hospital effluent, 259 and 573 μg L(-1) for WWTP influent and 19 and 118 μg L(-1) for WWTP effluent; c) the variable contribution of hospital effluents to the PPCP loads into the WWTP influents (contribution ranging between 1% (WS-2) and 59% (WS-3); d) the PPCP load reduction after treatment for all WS reaching more than 95% for WS using activated sludge processes (WS-2 and WS-4), with inflow above 6500 m(3) d(-1), and having a lower percentage of hospital effluent in the WWTP influent; e) the relevance of four therapeutical categories for the PPCP load in WWTP effluents (analgesics, antidiabetics, antiepileptics and psychoanaleptics); and f) the risk quotients calculated using screening-level Predicted Non Effect Concentration indicate that WWTP effluents contain 33 PPCPs with potential medium to high ecological risk. To our knowledge no other monitoring investigation published in the scientific literature uses direct-injection methods to cover as many PPCPs and therapeutical categories in different types of WS.
Growth vs basic needs: Is there a trade-off?

The tradeoff between growth and basic needs was examined by undertaking econometric estimates of the variables explaining LDCs' growth during the 1960 to 1973 period. Regression analysis indicates that countries making substantial progress in meeting basic needs do not have substantially lower GNP growth rates. Additionally, the attainment of a higher level of basic needs satisfaction appears to lead to higher growth rates in the future. A secondary finding is that measures of health improvement are as strongly related to growth and productivity as are measures of educational attainment. Thus, overall findings indicate that countries have the capacity to meet basic needs without crippling other programs aimed at growth enhancing investments. Not only does a basic needs program appear unrelated to a reduction in growth potentials, it appears to offer long term benefits that will raise the rate of growth as well. Equations are provided to illustrate the regression analysis. 28 references.
Some neural correlates of sensorial and cognitive control of behavior

Development and maintenance of unsupervised intelligent activity relies on an active interaction with the environment. Such active exploratory behavior plays an essential role in both the development and adult phases of higher biological systems including humans. Exploration initiates a self-organization process whereby a coherent fusion of different sensory and motor modalities can be achieved (sensory-motor development) and maintained (adult rearrangement). In addition, the development of intelligence depends critically on an active manipulation of the environment. These observations are in sharp contrast with current attempts of artificial intelligence and various neural network models. In this paper, we present a neural network model that combines internal drives and environmental cues to reach behavioral decisions for the exploratory activity. The vision system consists of an ambient and a focal system. The ambient vision system guides eye movements by using nonassociative learning. This sensory based attentional focusing is augmented by a `cognitive' system using models developed for various aspects of frontal lobe function. The combined system has nonassociative learning, reinforcement learning, selective attention, habit formation, and flexible criterion categorization properties.
Unsteady-state multivariable analysis of periodically perturbed systems

Abstract In this paper the authors study the properties of multi-input periodic control using averaging and second-order perturbation theory. It is in particular shown that the multi-input periodic control problem reduces to independent single-input perturbation problems if the input signals are not synchronized. It is shown that the phase shift between synchronized inputs is an important variable and sometimes the phase shift is the dominant parameter in determining the influence of the periodic perturbations. The theoretical results in this paper are applied to the simulation of a parallel reaction in a CSTR and a gas—liquid reactor. These simulations illustrate that multi-input periodic control can be used to improve the steady-state performance even when single-input perturbations have been shown to have a negligible or detrimental effect on the system performance.
Substituted imidazoles as inhibitors of microsomal oxidation and insecticide synergists

Abstract The inhibitory activity of forty-seven 1-, 2-, and 4(5)-substituted imidazoles toward microsomal epoxidation, hydroxylation, and N -demethylation in enzyme preparations from rat liver and armyworm gut has been evaluated. Many of the 1- and 4(5)-substituted compounds are among the most potent inhibitors of microsomal expoxidase and hydroxylase yet reported but are uniformly less active toward N -demethylation. The armyworm gut enzymes are generally more susceptible to inhibition than those from rat liver. Inhibition follows either competitive or mixed type kinetics depending on both the inhibitor and substrate involved. The imidazoles bind powerfully to cytochrome P-450 and yield type II difference spectra in oxidized and NADPH-reduced microsomes. Since spectral dissociation constants ( K s ) appear to closely parallel I 50 values, the inhibitory activity of the imidazoles is considered to result mainly from their capacity to bind to both cytochrome P-450 and closely related substrate binding sites. Several of the 1-arylimidazoles are potent in vivo synergists of carbaryl against NAIDM insecticide susceptible houseflies.
Experiments with Trapped Ultracold RbCs Molecules

Dense samples of ultracold heteronuclear molecules, produced via atomic photoassociation, have been trapped in an optical lattice. We report on recent measurements of inelastic collision rates for these molecules with both Rb and Cs atoms.
Transconjunctival approach to resection of lower eyelid herniated orbital fat

The transconjunctival approach to removal of herniated orbital fat is the method of choice in patients with no evidence of dermatochalasis or hypertrophic orbicularis muscle. This technique has advantages in patients who have undergone previous blepharoplasty and is particularly appropriate in younger patients with good lid tone and favorable lid position. In cases in which horizontal lower lid laxity is present the transconjunctival procedure can easily be combined with horizontal lid tightening through a tarsal strip procedure. Because the external lamellae are not manipulated, eyelid retraction or ectropion is uncommon after this approach. subcutaneously into the center of the upper lid. The upper lid is retracted upward by a silk traction suture placed through skin, orbicularis muscle, and superficial tarsus. An incision is made in the inferior palpebral conjunctiva, midway between the inferior tarsal border and the inferior fornix, between the temporal and medial ends of the eyelid, using a disposable eye cautery (Fig 1). The lower edge of the divided conjunctiva is retracted downward by the surgeon, while the assistant retracts the adjacent superior edge upward and outward with forceps. Dissection through the underlying Muller's muscle and capsulopalpebral fascia is performed with a disposable
Reactions of coordinated ligands II. Reactions of (chlorodimethylphosphine)- and (chlorodiphenylphosphine) pentacarbonylmolybdenum with selected alcohols, ethanethiol, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and several amines

Abstract The compounds (ClR2P)(CO)5Mo, where R is CH3 or C6H5, react readily with a variety of nucleophilic reagents to yield new (R2PX)(CO)5Mo complexes. The complexes (R2POR′)(CO)5Mo,[R2P(NR″R‴)](CO)5Mo and (R2PSC2H5)(CO)5Mo are obtained in good yield from the reactions with R′OH(R′ = CH3, C2H5, n-C3H7, i-C3H7), R″R‴NH (R″= R‴ = H, R″ = R‴ = CH3, and R″ = H with R‴ = CH3), and C2H5SH, respectively. Hydrogensulfide and (C2H5)3N react with the chlorophosphine complexes to give [(CH3)2PSH]Mo(CO)5 and (C2H5)3NH+ [(C6H5)2PO](CO)5− Mo−. Also, (CH3)3SiCl reacts with (C2H5)3NH+[(C6H5)2PO](CO)5Mo− to generate [(C6H5)2POSi(CH3)3](CO)5Mo. 1H NMR and infrared spectral properties of the new complexes are given.
Advances in pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as the leading cause of chronic liver disease in children and adolescents in the United States. A two- to three-fold rise in the rates of obesity and overweight in children over the last 2 decades is probably responsible for the epidemic of NAFLD. Emerging data suggest that children with NASH progress to cirrhosis which may ultimately increase liver-related mortality. More worrisome is the recognition that cardiovascular risk and morbidity in children and adolescents is associated with fatty liver. Pediatric fatty liver disease often displays a histologic pattern distinct from that found in adults. Liver biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosis of NASH. Non-invasive biomarkers are needed to identify individuals with progressive liver injury. Targeted therapies to improve liver histology and metabolic abnormalities associated with fatty liver are needed. Currently, randomized-controlled trials are underway in the pediatric population to define pharmacologic therapy for NAFLD. Public health awareness and intervention are needed to promote healthy diet, exercise, and lifestyle modifications to prevent and reduce the burden of disease in the community.
An evaluation of the double thymidine block for synchronizing mammalian cells at the G1-S border☆

The effect of a double 2 mM thymidine block on L cells and CHOP cells has been investigated. The S phase following release from the second 2 mM thymidine block is about 5 h which represents a shortening by about one-third. Unlabeled mitoses are observed in the first hours after release of the block and labeled mitoses are observed 5 h after the block, 32P-orthophosphate is incorporated in the DNA during the thymidine block at about one-third the rate for non-blocked, control cells. The results indicate that cells continue to synthesize DNA during the thymidine block at about one-third the normal rate and do not accumulate at the G 1-S border.
BRANCHING PATTERNS OF INDIVIDUAL SYMPATHETIC NEURONS IN CULTURE

The growth of single sympathetic neurons in tissue culture was examined with particular regard to the way in which the patterns of axonal or dendritic processes (here called nerve fibers), were formed. The tips of the fibers were seen to advance in straight lines and to grow at rates that did not vary appreciably with time, with their position in the cell outgrowth, or with the fiber diameter. Most of the branch points were formed by the bifurcation of a fiber tip (growth cone), apparently at random, and thereafter remained at about the same distance from the cell body. It seemed that the final shape of a neuron was the result of the reiterated and largely autonomous activities of the growth cones. The other parts of the cell played a supportive role but, apart from this, had no obvious influence on the final pattern of branches formed.
Dorothy M. Richardson's 1948 Letter to Lita Hornick

(2006). Dorothy M. Richardson's 1948 Letter to Lita Hornick. ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 47-58.
Recent developments in proton exchange membranes for fuel cells

Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) that operate at temperatures above 120 °C are needed to avoid catalyst poisoning, enhance electrochemical reactions, simplify the design and reduce the cost of fuel cells. This review summarizes developments in PEMs over the last five years. In order to design new membranes for elevated temperature operation, one must understand the chemistry, morphology and dynamics of protons and water molecules in existing membranes. The integration of experiment with modelling and simulation can shed light on the hierarchical structure of the membrane and dynamical processes associated with molecular transport. Based on such a fundamental understanding, membranes can be modified by controlling the polymer chemistry and architecture or adding inorganic fillers that can retain water under low relative humidity conditions. The development of anhydrous membranes based on phosphoric acid doped polymers, ionic liquid-infused polymer gels and solid acids can enable fuel cell operation above 150 °C. Considerable work remains to be done to identify proton transport mechanisms in novel membranes and evaluate membrane durability under real world operating conditions.
Effect of Artificial Sunlight on the Retention of External Calcein Marks on Lake Trout

Abstract When choosing a fish marking technique to address fishery related questions, it is important to consider factors that affect mark retention. Calcein, a chemical marking agent, is under investigation for potential use on fish. Two laboratory trials were conducted with calcein-marked lake trout Salvelinus namaycush to determine the effect of artificial sunlight on calcein mark intensity. In trial 1, fish exposed to 18,000 lx for 7 d lost 90% or more of the calcein mark intensity (relative to the colorimetric key, mg/L) on the head, body, ventral region, and pectoral fins relative to mark intensity in fish that were maintained in darkness. In trial 2, light intensity was reduced 2.5–3.0-fold. After 7 d of light exposure, calcein mark intensity on the head was reduced by 40–45% relative to mark intensity in fish that were held in darkness; by day 14, calcein mark intensity on the head was reduced by 55–60% relative to that of dark-treated fish. No further decline was observed in light-exposed fish, a...
Physician Attitudes Regarding School-Located Vaccination Clinics

BACKGROUND School-located vaccination clinics offer an opportunity to target children for vaccination programs during communicable disease outbreaks. However, children in the United States are primarily vaccinated in the pediatrician's or family physician's office, and the concept of school-located vaccinations may be unfamiliar to some parents and guardians. Physician support could contribute to effective implementation of school-located vaccination clinics during outbreak situations. The primary objective of the study was to assess physician opinion of using school-located vaccination clinics to administer both outbreak-specific and routine vaccines. METHODS A statewide mail and Internet survey was administered to 275 pediatricians and 275 family physicians in Oregon during July and August 2010. RESULTS Ninety-one percent of physicians supported the use of school-located vaccination clinics as immunization delivery sites during outbreak situations. Sixty percent of physicians supported using school-located vaccination clinics to administer routine vaccinations. Only 57% of physicians had knowledge of school-located vaccination clinic availability to their patients. CONCLUSIONS Pediatricians and family physicians expressed strong support of school vaccination clinics as sites for immunization delivery during outbreak situations but significantly less support for administering routine vaccinations. Increasing physician awareness of school-located vaccination clinic availability and establishing partnerships between physician practices and school vaccination clinics may improve access to immunizations for school-aged children and adolescents, particularly during large-scale communicable disease outbreaks.
Charge state dependent fragmentation of gaseous protein ions in a quadrupole ion trap: bovine ferri-, ferro-, and apo-cytochrome c

Abstract The dissociation behavior of bovine ferri-, ferro-, and apo-cytochrome c ions formed by electrospray ionization has been studied as a function of precursor ion charge state under quadrupole ion trap collisional activation conditions. Tandem mass spectrometry data collected under solution conditions in which the oxidation state of the heme-iron is known show that cytochrome c ions dissociate by oxidation state dependent channels. Dissociation of precursor ions in the oxidized form [Fe(III)heme] yields predominantly b- and y-type ion backbone cleavages with preferential cleavages observed C-terminal to basic residues including lysine, arginine and histidine, C-terminal to aspartic and glutamic acids as well as N-terminal to proline. At the highest charge states studied, an abundant Leu–Met cleavage is apparent. The relative contribution of each type of fragmentation was found to be a function of precursor ion charge state. Dissociation of cytochrome c ions in the reduced form [Fe(II)heme] show, in addition to backbone cleavages, loss of protonated heme, which dominates the product ion spectrum for the [M+7H] 7+ and [M+8H] 8+ precursor ion charge states. Apo-cytochrome c ions dissociate via similar fragmentation channels to those observed in the product ion spectra for the oxidized form of cytochrome c . The results presented in this study are expected to reflect predominantly first generation cleavage products from cytochrome c precursor ions in the temperature range of 500–650 K.
An atypical chairside immediate denture: A clinical report

This clinical report describes the fabrication of an immediate complete denture for a patient with an extensive fixed prosthesis that was no longer serviceable because of major loss of integrity of the supporting abutment teeth. The procedure, which was performed chairside, replicated the existing fixed prosthesis as part of an immediate complete denture.
Pharmacokinetics of bisphenol A in neonatal and adult CD-1 mice: inter-species comparisons with Sprague-Dawley rats and rhesus monkeys

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an important industrial chemical used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastic products and epoxy resin-based food can liners. The presence of BPA metabolites in urine of >90% of Americans aged 6-60 suggests ubiquitous and frequent exposure at levels largely below 1 μg/kg bw/d. The current study used LC/MS/MS to measure serum pharmacokinetics of unconjugated (active) and conjugated (inactive) BPA in adult and neonatal CD-1 mice by oral and subcutaneous (SC) injection routes. Deuterated BPA was used to avoid issues of background contamination. Significant inverse relationships were observed between postnatal age and measures of internal exposures (C(max)) to unconjugated BPA after oral administration. Phase II conjugation, area under the time-concentration curve (AUC), and elimination half-time of unconjugated BPA were also inversely related to age. In postnatal day (PND) 3 mice, the combination of under-developed Phase II metabolism, rapid absorption, and slow elimination kinetics led to equivalent internal exposures for unconjugated BPA from oral and SC routes; however, maturing metabolic capabilities in PND 10 and older mice, led to large and significant route effects. The significant inverse age-related developmental profiles from PND 3 through adulthood for unconjugated BPA internal exposure metrics from oral administration to CD-1 mice and Sprague-Dawley rats were remarkably similar; however, the developmental profile was quite different for neonatal rhesus monkeys in which small insignificant age-related differences were observed. These results suggest that an adverse effect from BPA observed in rodent models, attributable to exposure during a discrete time period of neonatal development, would be less likely for comparable neonatal primate dosing based on internal dosimetry. On the other hand in all adults of all species studied, including humans, a low oral dose of BPA produced similarly small internal exposures for the unconjugated form, reflecting the dominant effect of presystemic Phase II metabolism.
Colorimetric metal ion binding of catechol-based coatings inspired by melanin and molecular imprinting

Catechol-containing biomolecules and related synthetic materials are of interest for a broad range of applications. Our group has been interested in the potential of eumelanin, a catechol-containing biomaterial and the black-to-brown pigment in humans, and synthetic eumelanin analogues for water purification applications. In an attempt to apply the strategy of molecular imprinting towards lead-binding synthetic eumelanin coatings, we developed a PbO2-mediated synthesis that was subsequently tested with a number of catechols in addition to the eumelanin and polydopamine monomers l-dopa and dopamine. Although this strategy did not provide significant improvements in affinity or selectivity, we found that the PbO2-mediated oxidative polymerisation of 1,2-dihydroxybenzene generates a coating that darkens visibly upon binding Pb2+ and other metal ions. Oxidative polymerisation of catechol with sodium periodate also yields a coating with this colorimetric response. Of eight metal ions tested, the coatings are m...
Development of an oligomeric cyanate ester resin with enhanced processability

The synthesis, polymerization, thermal and mechanical properties of a novel cyanate ester resin have been examined. The resin is a liquid at ambient temperature, exhibits high thermal stability, and displays good mechanical properties up to about 150 °C.
Moderate coffee intake may reduce the risk of oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal cancer

Original Article Tavani A, Bertuzzi M, Talamini R, Gallus S, Parpinel M, Franceschi S, et al. Coffee and tea intake and risk of oral, pharyngeal and esophageal cancer. Oral Oncol 2003;39(7):695-700. Level of Evidence 3a Purpose To evaluate the potential role of coffee, decaffeinated coffee, and tea intake in the etiology of upper digestive tract cancers Source of Funding Commission of the European Communities (Contract No: QLKI-CT-2000-00069), the Italian Association for Research on Cancer, and the Italian and Swiss Leagues Against Cancer Type of Study/Design Analysis of data from 2 case-control studies
Regulation and the modification of axial properties in partial embryos of the nemertean, Cerebratulus lacteus.

Embryos acquire axial properties (e.g., the animal-vegetal, dorsoventral and bilateral axes) at various times over the course of their normal developmental programs. In the spiral-cleaving nemertean, Cerebratulus lacteus, lineage tracing studies have shown that the dorsoventral axis is set up prior to the first cleavage division; however, blastomeres isolated at the two-cell stage will regulate to form apparently perfect, miniature pilidium larvae. We have examined the nature of axial specification in this organism by determining whether partial embryos retain the original embryonic/larval axial properties of the intact embryo, or whether new axial relationships are generated as a consequence of the regulatory process. Single blastomeres in two-cell stage embryos were injected with lineage tracer, and were then bisected along the second cleavage plane at the four-cell stage. Thus, the relationship between the plane of the first cleavage division and various developmental axes could be followed throughout development in the ”half-embryos”. While some embryo fragments appear to retain their original animal-vegetal and dorsoventral axes, many fragments generate novel axial properties. These results indicate that axial properties set up and used during normal development in C. lacteus can be completely reorganized during the course of regulation. While certain embryonic axes, such as the animal-vegetal and dorsoventral axes, appear to be set up prior to first cleavage, these axes and associated cell fates are not irreversibly fixed until later stages of development in normal intact embryos. In C. lacteus, the process whereby these properties are ultimately determined is apparently controlled by complex sets of cell-cell interactions.
Metazoan Operons Accelerate Recovery from Growth-Arrested States

Existing theories explain why operons are advantageous in prokaryotes, but their occurrence in metazoans is an enigma. Nematode operon genes, typically consisting of growth genes, are significantly upregulated during recovery from growth-arrested states. This expression pattern is anticorrelated to nonoperon genes, consistent with a competition for transcriptional resources. We find that transcriptional resources are initially limiting during recovery and that recovering animals are highly sensitive to any additional decrease in transcriptional resources. We provide evidence that operons become advantageous because, by clustering growth genes into operons, fewer promoters compete for the limited transcriptional machinery, effectively increasing the concentration of transcriptional resources and accelerating recovery. Mathematical modeling reveals how a moderate increase in transcriptional resources can substantially enhance transcription rate and recovery. This design principle occurs in different nematodes and the chordate C. intestinalis. As transition from arrest to rapid growth is shared by many metazoans, operons could have evolved to facilitate these processes.
Collapse of DNA caused by trivalent cations: pH and ionic specificity effects

A comparison of the condensation of T4 phage DNA by spermidine and Co(NH3) at pH values between 5.1 and 10.2 has been made using quasielastic light scattering to determine translational diffusion coefficients and Stokes radii. Co(NH3) is more effective than spermidine in causing condensation at all pH, indicating that the differences observed in previous work were not due to pH effects, as might have been inferred from recent theories of intermolecular forces. The DNA particles collapsed with Co(NH3) are smaller than those obtained with spermidine. The hydrodynamic radius of spermide-collapsed structures decreases slightly with increasing pH, while the size of the Co(NH3)collapsed structures is almost independent of pH. These results confirm that there are specific ion effects in DNA condensation by oligocations, in addition to the dominant general polyelectrolyte effects.
CT Imaging of Pediatric Patients with Cystic Fibrosis on Ivacaftor Therapy

Correction of the gating defect of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) channel through the new drug ivacaftor has significantly improved the clinical course of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) with G551D mutation. The majority of the studies investigating the impact of ivacaftor have focused on improvement related to pulmonary function and growth. We present two pediatric CF patients with DF508/G551D genotype, who had significant improvement on computed tomography (CT) imaging of the chest. Two 14-year-old children started ivacaftor within a week of each other (1 female, 1 male). There was no other alteration in their medical care. Figure 1 illustrates the improvement of airway mucosal thickening in the female patient, while Figure 2 shows the improvement in mucus plugging in the male patient 16 months after starting ivacaftor in both cases. The sweat chloride levels decreased to
Substrate Preparation for Nanowire Fabrication by Selective Metalization of Patterned Silane Monolayers

In this Proceedings we show surface passivation for chemically templated growth on patterned surfaces. Our ultimate goal is to chemically pattern insulating substrates at nanometer dimensions and to grow metal lines by electroless deposition in the patterned regions. We investigate a series of monofunctional silanes of the general formula ClSi(CH3)2(CH2)n- 1CH3 as possible passivating agents for preventing adsorption of an aminosilane, Pd nanoparticles, and Cu metal by electroless deposition. The thin film made from the n = 12 silane shows excellent resistance to an aminosilane. Good resistance is also demonstrated by silane films with larger n to Pd nanoparticle deposition. Finally, it is shown that overall resistance to Cu deposition improves as n increases. Sufficient selectivity is present in these films to allow features of nanometer dimensions to be created on chemically templated surfaces. Capping the surface with ClSi(CH3)3 further improves surface passivation.
WOMEN AND HEROIN The Path of Resistance and Its Consequences

In this study, we examine the accounts of 30 white middle- and upper-class female heroin/methadone users. Using a resistance framework, we note that these women recall their initial heroin use in ways that suggest rejection of restrictive gender and class expectations. Using a dynamic view of resistance, we begin to understand how these women attempt to resist the dominant discourse through their heroin use and to reinterpret their experiences with heroin.
Design Of Special-Purpose Arrays For Matrix Computations: Preliminary Results.

We describe some preliminary results in the development of a general and systematic methodology to design arrays of processing elements (PEs) for matrix computations, with the capability to handle algorithm and implementation in a unified manner. This is a transformational methodology, based on the dependence graph of the algorithms. It provides mechanisms to deal with issues such as data broadcasting, data synchronization, interconnection structure, I/O bandwidth, number of PEs, throughput, delay, and utilization of PEs. We show that different transformations may lead to entirely different computing structures and that the selection of suitable transformations is directed by the specific restrictions imposed on the implementation. We apply a preliminary version of this methodology to the algorithms for matrix multiplication and LU-decomposition. The approach produces structures which correspond to proposed systolic arrays for these computations, as well as structures that exhibit better efficiency than those arrays.