cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How low to target LDL

According to the National Cholesterol Education Program, an optional LDL goal of less than 1.81 mmol/l might now be considered for patients at the highest risk of coronary heart disease. This Viewpoint discusses whether these LDL target levels are safe and describes which agents might help achieve this goal.
Bootstrapping New Protein Folds

A unifying feature of the large number of protein structures is that they fall into a large number of folds, each with the same overall backbone structure. The total number of folds in the entire protein universe is estimated to be only in the thousands (1). This clearly indicates that new function can be developed by adapting existing folds. But how did we arrive at today’s set of folds, and how easily might new folds be created, allowing for the development of further new functions?
The Nuclear Matter Problem

We review the present statiis of the many-body theory of nuclear and pure neutron matter based on realistic models of nuclear forces, The current models of two- and three-nucleon interactions are discussed along with recent results obtained with the Brueckner and variatioual methods. New initiatives in the variational method and quantuni Monte Carlo nicthods to study pure neutron matter are described, and finally, the analytic behavior of the energy of piire neutron matter at low densities is cliscussed.
Influence of crossflow hydrodynamics on retention ratio in flow field-flow fractionation

The axial velocity profile in flow field-flow fractionation (flow FFF) differs from that in most forms of FFF, because analytes are polarized near the accumulation wall by a crossflow of carrier instead of a gradient in chemical potential. In accordance with the Navier-Stokes equations, this crossflow alters the axial velocity profile in an open parallel plane channel from a parabola to one which is skewed toward the accumulation wall. Because of this skewing, the commonly used expression for the retention ratio in open parallel plate channels, which is based on a parabolic profile, is incorrect for flow FFF. An alternative expression for retention ratio R, which accounts for this skewing, is derived. The expression depends on the reduced zone thickness, λ, and on the Reynolds number, Re= |U0| w/2v, where |U0| is the magnitude of the crossflow velocity, w is the channel width and v is the kinematic viscosity. In the limiting but important case in which R varies linearly with λ, the error between this expression for R and that based on the parabolic profile is less than 1%, as long as Re < 0.030. Experimental values of Re in open parallel plate channels are shown to be at least one order of magnitude smaller than this threshold value. Consequently, the expression for the retention ratio based on the parabolic profile is adequate in most instances. In the most restrictive case considered, it is shown that crossflow hydrodynamics should not perturb transport rates provided that the analytes elute within 10 void volumes.
PbTe Debye-Waller Factors and Band-Gap Temperature Dependence

Experimentally verified, calculated Debye-Waller factors have been combined with a modified Lin-Kleinman pseudopotential and formalism to compute the temperature dependence of the PbTe direct band gap. The band-gap increase of 0.008 Ry between 100 and 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is in fair agreement with an experimental estimate of the explicit increase.
A Doctrinal Thesis

Policy proposals are best made relative to a cybersecurity doctrine rather than suggested piecemeal as is being done today. A doctrine of deterrence through accountability, for example, would be a basis for rationalizing proposals that equate attacks with crimes and focus on network-wide authentication and identification mechanisms. A new doctrine of public cybersecurity is also discussed; its goals are producing cybersecurity and managing the remaining insecurity, where individual rights are balanced with public welfare.
Question Answering in the Context of Telephone Surveys, Business Interactions, and Interviews.

This study examines the extent to which the QUEST model of question answering (Graesser & Franklin, 1990) can account for the answers to why, how, when, and consequence questions posed in different pragmatic contexts. In Study I, the pragmatic context consisted of a brief telephone survey in which a question was asked about a historical event (e.g., “How did the Titanic sink?”). In Study 2, college students visited businesses in the guise of customers, asked clerks questions (e.g., “How does a person get a credit card?” in a bank), and tape recorded answers. Study 3 was an analysis of questioning in television interviews (e.g., “The MacNeil/Lehrer Newshour” and “Nightline with Ted Koppel”) and science films (e.g., The Brain, Conversations with David G. Myers). QUEST could explain most of the answers in these contexts and virtually all of the answers that referred to the topic being queried (e.g., the sinking of the Titanic, the acquiring of a credit card). Answers that were outside of the scope of QUEST c...
Computed pore potentials of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.

Electrostatic surface potentials in the vestibule of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) were computed from structural models using the University of Houston Brownian Dynamics program to determine their effect on ion conduction and ionic selectivity. To further determine whether computed potentials accurately reflect the electrostatic environment of the channel, the potentials were used to predict the rate constants for diffusion-enhanced fluorescence energy transfer; the calculated energy transfer rates are directly comparable with those determined experimentally (see companion article by Meltzer et al. in this issue). To include any effects on the local potentials by the bound acceptor fluorophore crystal violet, its binding site was first localized within the pore by fluorescence energy transfer measurements from dansyl-C6-choline bound to the agonist sites and also by simulations of binding using Autodock. To compare the computed potentials with those determined experimentally, we used the predicted energy transfer rates from Tb3+ chelates of varying charge to calculate an expected potential using the Boltzmann relationship. This expected potential (from −20 to −40 mV) overestimates the values determined experimentally (from −10 to −25 mV) by two- to fourfold at similar conditions of ionic strength. Although the results indicate a basic discrepancy between experimental and computed surface potentials, both methods demonstrate that the vestibular potential has a relatively small effect on conduction and selectivity.
The Reduction of Methemoglobin Levels by Antioxidants

Preventing the oxidation of hemoglobin in solution is one of the major requirements for the successful production and long-term storage of hemoglobin-based blood substitutes. To this end we have studied the effects of antioxidants on the rate of methemoglobin formation and disappearance in solutions of human and bovine hemoglobin at 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C. Ascorbate and desferal (5 mM) were observed to act as prooxidants, increasing the rate of methemoglobin formation at 37 degrees C. Trehalose, mannitol, glucose, and EDTA (5 mM) had no significant effect. Glutathione and NADH (10 mM) were the most effective antioxidants tested, causing a significant decrease in the rate of methemoglobin formation at 37 degrees C for periods of up to 50 hours. The combination of these antioxidants in bovine hemoglobin at 4 degrees C resulted in the reduction of methemoglobin levels to nearly undetectable levels in approximately 150 hours. In addition, NADH and glutathione were found to reduce methemoglobin levels to 10% over a period of 100 hours in a sample of human hemoglobin that had been stored at 4 degrees C for one year and had 60% methemoglobin. These results suggest that the prevention and reversal of methemoglobin formation during the long-term storage of hemoglobin solutions and hemoglobin-based blood substitutes may now be possible.
The varieties of thoughtlessness and the limits of thinking

This article explores problems of thoughtlessness through a critical engagement with Hannah Arendt. Thoughtlessness was more complicated for Arendt than her interpreters have acknowledged. She described it as the failure of conscience; as ideology; and as an everyday condition that sustains ideology. While the first has been widely acknowledged, the latter two have been virtually ignored. Arendt identifies the cultivation of everyday thoughtfulness as a remedy for failures of conscience, but this provides no defence against ideological and everyday thoughtlessness, which can actually reinforce failures of conscience. To address them Arendt turns to storytelling. But narratives can combat and reinforce thoughtlessness. To confront thoughtlessness we need to attend to narrative production and reception. Drawing on Paul Ricoeur I call for deeper engagement between political theorists, literary critics and philosophers of literature on the roles of narrative in promoting or undermining thinking in contemporar...
ARGININE AND UREA BIOSYNTHESIS IN THE EARTHWORM LUMBRICUS TERRESTRIS.

Abstract 1. 1. NaHC14O3, ureido-C14-citrulline and 5-C14-ornithine were shown to be effective precursors of protein arginine in Lumbricus terrestris. C14 from NaHC14O3 and from ureido-C14-citrulline is incorporated into the guanidino-C, and from 5-C14-ornithine into the ornithine moiety of protein arginine. C14 from both NaHC14O3 and ureido-C14-citrulline is also incorporated into excretory urea. 2. 2. Lumbricus, which appears to normally be ammonotelic, becomes ureotelic when starved. There is a concomitant increased incorporation of bicarbonate-C14 into urea during this transition. In fed worms, citrulline formation is the limiting step in urea biosynthesis. During starvation, citrulline utilization becomes limiting. 3. 3. All five enzyme-catalyzed reactions of the urea cycle have now been demonstrated with cell-free preparations of Lumbricus gut tissue. The rates measured for these reactions in vitro will account for the total urea formed by whole worms. The increased formation of citrulline during starvation is due mainly to increased activity of ornithine transcarbamoylase as well as an increase in carbamoylphosphate synthetase activity. 4. 4. The earthworm thus possesses a complete urea cycle which may normally function to synthesize arginine. In the transition from ammonotelism to ureotelism during starvation, the cycle may then be utilized to detoxify the excess ammonia produced by increased protein catabolism.
An Oracle Method to Predict NFL Games

Multiple models are discussed for ranking teams in a league and introduce a new model called the Oracle method. This is a Markovovian method that can be customized to incorporate multiple team traits into its ranking. Using a foresight prediction of NFL game outcomes for the 2002–2013 seasons, it is shown that the Oracle method correctly picked 64.1% of the games under consideration, which is higher than any of the methods compared, including ESPN Power Rankings, Massey, Colley, and PageRank.
Predicting College Performance From a Bivariate Grid: Analysis and Discussion of the Grid's Practical Utility, Accuracy, and Multivariate Logic:

Studies of academic achievement at the College of Basic Studies (CBS) of Boston University have consistently shown high school grade point average (HSGPA) and the College Board Scholastic Aptitude Test—Verbal score (SAT-V) to be the most useful predictors among numerous predictor variables studied. This finding led to use of double-entry expectancy tables to study relations between performance at CBS and scores on SAT-V and HSGPA in a sample of 2,093 students. The efficiency of an 11 × 11 double-entry expectancy table, called the CBS Grid, was compared with that of multiple regression using each of three criteria: Semester 1 grade point average (GPA), Year 1 GPA, and a dichotomous variable based on the Semester 1 GPA. With all three criteria, the CBS Grid was very nearly as efficient as multiple regression. Structural factors in the data that might account for the near-equivalent performance of the two procedures are mentioned; the potential usefulness of the approach exemplified by the CBS Grid is discus...
Multiphoton ionization of cobalt atoms produced by multiphoton dissociation of Co(CO)3NO and Co(CO)2(NO)PR3 (R=CH3, n-C3H7 and n-C4H9)

Abstract Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization is used to probe the cobalt atomic state distributions produced in the multiphoton dissociation of the title compounds in the 445–453 nm range under various laser field strengths. At relatively weak laser field strengths, exclusive production of Co(a 2F) is achieved from Co(CO)2(NO)P(n-C4H9)3. Ground state a 4F and the b 4F multiplets are observed as the size of the PR3 ligand decreases or if the PR3 ligand is replaced by CO. Increasing the laser field strength greatly enhances production of the 4F multiplets to the point where it is independent of the molecular precursor. The dissociation mechanism is discussed in respect to the above observations.
Sesquiterpene Lactones from Anthemis melanolepis and Their Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activities. Prediction of Their Pharmacokinetic Profile

Nine sesquiterpene lactones, anthemin A (1), 1α-hydroxydeacetylirinol-4α,5β-epoxide (2), anthemin C (3), tatridin A (4), 1-epi-tatridin B (5), anthemin B (6), 6-deacetyl-β-cyclopyrethrosin (7), ele...
Targeted in vitro photodynamic therapy via aptamer-labeled, porphyrin-loaded virus capsids.

Abstract Virus capsids have emerged as multifunctional platform systems for development of bio-derived nanomaterials. In this work we investigate the use of aptamer decorated MS2 bacteriophage capsids, loaded with photosensitizer for targeted photodynamic therapy in vitro. MS2 capsids were loaded with approximately 250 cationic porphyrins through a novel assembly packaging mechanism, followed by exterior decoration of the capsid with a cancer-targeting nucleic acid aptamer via chemical conjugation. The ability of these aptamer–virus–porphyrin constructs to specifically target and eradicate MCF-7 human breast cancer cells upon photoactivation was assessed. Photoinduced cytotoxicity was evaluated via live/dead staining and a metabolic activity assay with MCF-10A cells as a control. Results show that MCF-7 cells incubated with targeted, porphyrin-loaded virus capsids exhibited cell death whereas the MCF-10A cells did not. Furthermore, MCF-7 cells incubated with porphyrin-loaded viruses decorated with a non-targeting aptamer exhibited no observable phototoxicity. Combined, the results presented in this work demonstrate our unique virus-based loading strategy offers a viable approach for efficient targeted delivery of photoactive compounds for site-specific photodynamic cancer therapy using bio-derived nanomaterials.
Differentiation of Medullary and Neuromuscular Effects of Nerve Agents

Respiratory insufficiency has long been recognized as the primary cause of death following acute exposure to lethal doses of organophosphorus compounds (OP’s) (deCandole et al., 1953; Holmes, 1952; 1953a; 1953b; Stewart and Anderson, 1968; Wright, 1954; for review, see Brimblecombe, 1977). The highly toxic organophosphorus chemical warfare (CW) nerve agents soman (GD), sarin (GB), tabun (GA), and VX are potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and produce complex and widespread toxic effects throughout the body. Within the identifiable confines of the respiratory system alone, the pervasiveness of CW agents’ toxic effects has been noted in a variety of respiratory-related organs and tissues. Early research established that AChE inhibitors are capable of either respiratory facilitation or inhibition in a dose-dependent fashion, that these effects might be attributable to the accumulation of acetylcholine (ACh), and that their sites of action could be in the central nervous system (CNS), the periphery, or both.
Gender differences in hepatic expression of flavin-containing monooxygenase isoforms (FMO1, FMO3, and FMO5) in Mice†

Hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) activity of microsomes from adult CD-1, Swiss-Webster, C57BL/6, and DBA/2 mice was found to be significantly higher in females than in males. Based on protein and mRNA levels in CD-1 mice, FMO forms responsible for the gender difference in FMO activity were FMO1 and FMO3. FMO1 expression was two to three times higher in female mice compared with males; FMO3, however, which was expressed at levels equivalent to FMO1 in female mice, was not detected in males. The expression of FMO5 was approximately equal in both sexes. FMO2 and FMO4 transcripts were not evident in hepatic mRNA from mice. Protein and mRNA levels appear to be coregulated with regard to gender-selective or gender-specific expression of FMO1 or FMO3, respectively. FMO5, which demonstrates no gender-selective expression in mice, may be regulated by different mechanisms. Examination of protein levels among Swiss-Webster, C57BL/6, and DBA/2 strains revealed a gender-dependent expression of FMO isozymes identical to the CD-1 strain.
Role of MicroRNAs in Lung Disease

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that negatively regulate gene expression. They actively participate in the modulation of important cell physiological processes and are involved in the pathogenesis of lung diseases such as lung cancer, pulmonary fibrosis, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A better understanding of the role that miRNAs play in these diseases could lead to the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic tools. In this review, we discuss the role of some miRNAs in different lung diseases as well as the possible future of these discoveries in clinical applications.
Effects of food-related stimuli on visual spatial attention in fasting and nonfasting normal subjects: Behavior and electrophysiology

Abstract Objective Attention biases toward food-related stimuli were examined as mediators of normal, healthy motivated behavior. Methods Reaction times (RTs) and event-related potentials (ERPs) were used to assess the impact of food-related words on normal food-deprived individuals when used as spatial cues that frequently predicted the location of targets in a simple detection task (75% validity). Results In Experiment 1, fasting and nonfasting subjects showed a magnified cost/benefit of invalid/valid cueing by food words relative to a neutral category of words. In Experiment 2, the RT effect was replicated in a group of fasting subjects. The amplitude of a P3-like positivity (P420) was enhanced in response to food words, as was that of a prominent early anterior negativity (AN). Conclusions These findings demonstrate that food-related stimuli can bias spatial attention in normal subjects and that electrophysiological markers can index the motivational salience of food words and/or their effect on attentional capture in food-deprived individuals. Significance Even when the motivational salience of spatial cues is irrelevant to task demands, it can have an observable effect on attention. This design allows for the behavioral and electrophysiological study of motivation–attention interactions through loading of spatial cues with motivation-related semantic properties.
Security-Aware Modeling and Efficient Mapping for CAN-Based Real-Time Distributed Automotive Systems

Security has become a critical issue for automotive electronic systems. To protect against attacks, security mechanisms have to be applied, but the overhead of those mechanisms may impede system performance and cause violations of design constraints. To remedy this problem, we proposed an integrated mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulation that is the first to address both security and safety constraints during system mapping for controller area network (CAN) based systems . However, its signal-based security constraints do not fully reflect real security requirements, and its objective function is to minimize functional path latencies rather than minimize security risk. Furthermore, its MILP-based approach has high computation complexity. In this work, we present a new formulation that defines path-based security constraints and minimizes security risk directly, and propose a new heuristic algorithm to solve the formulation efficiently. Experiments on an industrial example show that our new algorithm achieves comparable solution quality as the MILP-based approach with much better efficiency.
Exploring the Link Between Racial Discrimination and Substance Use: What Mediates? What Buffers?

The relation between perceived racial discrimination and substance use was examined in two studies that were based on the prototype – willingness model (Gibbons, Gerrard & Lane, 2003). Study 1, using structural equation modeling, revealed prospective relations between discrimination and use five years later in a panel of African American adolescents (M age 10.5 at T1) and their parents. For both groups, the relation was mediated by anger/hostility. For the adolescents, it was also mediated by behavioral willingness, and it was moderated by supportive parenting. Study 2 was a lab experiment in which a subset of the Study 1 adolescents (M age = 18.5) was asked to imagine a discriminatory experience, and then their affect and drug willingness were assessed. As in the survey study, discrimination was associated with more drug willingness and that relation was again mediated by anger and moderated by supportive parenting. Implications of the results for research and interventions involving reactions to racial discrimination are discussed.
Low-loss aluminium nitride thin film for mid-infrared microphotonics

Mid-infrared (mid-IR) microphotonic devices including (i) straight/bent waveguides and (ii) Y-junction beam splitters are developed on thin films of CMOS-compatible sputter deposited aluminum nitride (AlN)-on-silicon. An optical loss of 0.83 dB/cm at λ = 2.5 µm is achieved. In addition, an efficient mid-IR 50:50 beam splitter is demonstrated over 200 nm spectral bandwidth along with a <2% power difference between adjacent channels. With the inherent advantage of an ultra-wide transparent window (ultraviolent to mid-IR), our AlN mid-IR platform can enable broadband optical networks on a chip.
Fate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis within Murine Dendritic Cells

The interaction of microbes with dendritic cells (DCs) is likely to have an enormous impact on the initiation of the immune response against a pathogen. In this study, we compared the interaction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with murine bone marrow-derived DCs and macrophages (M phi) in vitro. M. tuberculosis grew equally well within nonactivated DCs and M phi. Activation of DCs and M phi with gamma interferon and lipopolysaccharide inhibited the growth of the intracellular bacteria in a nitric oxide synthase-dependent fashion. However, while this activation enabled M phi to kill the intracellular bacteria, the M. tuberculosis bacilli within activated DCs were not killed. Thus, DCs could restrict the growth of the intracellular mycobacteria but were less efficient than M phi at eliminating the infection. These results may have implications for priming immune responses to M. tuberculosis. In addition, they suggest that DCs may serve as a reservoir for M. tuberculosis in tissues, including the lymph nodes and lungs.
The distribution and abundance of phototrophic ultraplankton in the North Atlantic1,2

We compared the vertical distribution and abundances of procaryotic chroococcoid cyanobacteria (Synechococcus) and eucaryotic phototrophic ultraplankton at 50 stations in the North Atlantic. At 34 of these stations, cells were also separated by filter-size fractionation, permitting comparison of the distribution of size classes with the distribution of pigment types. Both eucaryotic ultraplankton and cyanobacteria have subsurface numerical maxima. In vertically stable water, cyanobacterial abundance peaks at about the 1% light level and that of the eucaryotic ultraplankton at about the 0.5% light level. Cyanobacterial abundance decreases with northerly increasing latitude, and this decrease correlates with decreasing temperature. The eucaryotic assemblage is numerically dominated by the ultraplankton. The numbers of the ultraplankton generally range one order of magnitude less than the cyanobacteria, but they may equal or exceed cyanobacteria at depth and in northerly latitudes.
Survivor-Defined Practices to Mitigate Revictimization of Battered Women in the Protective Order Process

A growing body of research finds that instead of a one-size-fits-all response, community-based responses that include survivor-defined advocacy may prevent further abuse through customized, individualized safety planning and provision of resources. Extant literature related to survivor-defined approaches highlights outcomes, but the work illustrating specifically how these practices work in applied settings is limited. Drawing from interviews with 26 domestic violence victim advocates, the author examines how advocates mitigate revictimization of battered women through survivor-defined practices in the protective order process to provide additional context for this emerging body of work. Findings illustrate that the effectiveness and benefits that an order of protection offered varied from case to case; consequently advocates used survivor-defined approaches to address the specific needs of each woman to better ensure safety.
Tutte polynomials of q —cones

Abstract We derive a formula for the Tutte polynomial t ( G ′; x , y ) of a q-cone G ′ of a GF( q )-representable geometry G in terms of t ( G ; x , y ). We use this to construct collections of infinite sequences of GF( q )-representable geometries in which corresponding geometries are not isomorphic and yet have the same Tutte polynomial. We also use this to construct, for each positive integer k, sets of non-isomorphic GF( q )-representable geometries all of which have the same Tutte polynomial and vertical (or Whitney) connectivity at least k.
Broadside-coupled coplanar waveguides and their end-coupled band-pass filter applications

Broadside-coupled coplanar waveguides, suitable for applications requiring wide bandwidths, tight couplings, and large mode effective-dielectric-constant ratios, are presented, and their analysis and investigation are described. Simple equations relating the per-unit-length capacitances of the c- and pi -modes and the per-unit-length capacitance matrices of the coupled structures to those obtained when applying even- and odd-symmetric voltages are also derived. Broadside end-coupled bandpass filters have been developed at X-band (8-12 GHz) with less than 1.5 and 1.0 dB passband insertion losses using the proposed four-ground-plane and two-ground-plane coplanar waveguide structures, respectively. Good agreement between the experimental results and those predicted theoretically was observed. >
Causal Explanation and Fact Mutability in Counterfactual Reasoning

Recent work on the interpretation of counterfactual conditionals has paid much attention to the role of causal independencies. One influential idea from the theory of Causal Bayesian Networks is that counterfactual assumptions are made by intervention on variables, leaving all of their causal non-descendants unaffected. But intervention is not applicable across the board. For instance, backtracking counterfactuals, which involve reasoning from effects to causes, cannot proceed by intervention in the strict sense, for otherwise they would be equivalent to their consequents. We discuss these and similar cases, focusing on two factors which play a role in determining whether and which causal parents of the manipulated variable are affected: Speakers' need for an explanation of the hypothesized state of affairs, and differences in the 'resilience' of beliefs that are independent of degrees of certainty. We describe the relevant theoretical notions in some detail and provide experimental evidence that these factors do indeed affect speakers' interpretation of counterfactuals. Counterfactual reasoning plays an important role in causal inference, diagnosis, prediction, planning and decision making, as well as in emotions like regret and relief, moral and legal judgments, and more. Consequently, it has been a focal point of attention for decades in a variety of disciplines including philosophy, psychology, artificial intelligence, and linguistics. The fundamental problem facing all attempts to model people's intuitive judgments about what would or might have been if some counterfactual premise A had been true, is to understand people's implicit assumptions as to which actual facts to 'hold on to' in exploring the range of ways in which A might manifest itself (Goodman, 1955). The problem has been approached from various directions, employing disparate theoretical frameworks and methodologies. Amidst this variety, some common themes can be discerned which in recent years have facilitated communication across disciplines and ushered in a confluence of theoretical and methodological views. Especially important in this connection is the role of causal relations, which became amenable to new ways of mathematical modeling and empirical verification thanks
Body/Land: Notes on the State of Virginia and the Rhetoric of Possession

Thomas Jefferson’s Notes on the State of Virginia (1787) is a work of both geography and political philosophy. It provided Jefferson a material base for political organization: a uniquely American geography for a uniquely American form of government . But a careful reading of Notes uncovers how the rhetorical strategies Jefferson used to describe Virginia ended up shaping policies that dictated who could and could not possess its land. For a number of reasons, bodies and landscapes became inextricably linked, usually resulting in the exclusion of Native Americans and other minorities. Following Richard Rorty’s claim that intellectual history can be viewed as the history of metaphor, this essay argues that the legacy of Jefferson’s seemingly innocuous metaphors deserves closer attention. It offers a more critical account of how landscapes are read , literally and figuratively, as texts. These patterns of reading in turn inform how the landscape is written, surveyed, organized, and possessed – and by whom. The aim of this essay is to demonstrate how reading, writing, and mapping were intimately bound together in the political relation between text and territory.
Intermediate field of an impulse-radiating antenna

Methods for evaluating the intermediate field are examined. The contour integrals for thin-wire TEM aperture distributions can be expressed in closed form. Other types of TEM fields are also of interest (e.g., for coplanar plates). It is suggested that the aperture need not be a circular disk (e.g., a semicircular disk, as in a half impulse radiating antenna). It was assumed that the TEM fields on the aperture are propagating parallel to the aperture normal. This need not be the case. One can assume that the aperture fields take the form of a TEM plane wave propagating in other directions. The results apply to only one part of the waveform, the "impulsive" part. For a reflector impulse radiating antenna one needs to include the prepulse associated with the TEM field.
Genetic influences on developmental smoking trajectories.

Aims To investigate the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors on smoking trajectory membership and to test whether individual smoking trajectories represent phenotypical thresholds of increasing genetic risk along a common genetic liability dimension. Design Prospective study of a birth cohort of female like-sex twin pairs. Setting Participants completed diagnostic interview surveys four times from adolescence (average age 16) to young adulthood (average age 25). Participants Female twins who had smoked ≥100 cigarettes life-time (n = 1466 regular smokers). Measurements Number of cigarettes smoked per day during the heaviest period of smoking (two waves) or during the past 12 months (two waves). Findings A four-trajectory class solution provided the best fit to cigarette consumption data and was characterized by low (n = 564, 38.47%), moderate (n = 366, 24.97%) and high-level smokers (n = 197, 13.44%), and smokers who increased their smoking from adolescence to young adulthood (n = 339, 23.12%). The best genetic model fit was a three-category model that comprised the low, a combined increasing + moderate and high trajectories. This trajectory categorization was heritable (72.7%), with no evidence for significant contribution from shared environmental factors. Conclusions The way in which smoking patterns develop in adolescence has a high level of heritability.
In-Vitro Studies of Myocardial Asynchrony and Regional Hypoxia

Ten pairs of cat papillary muscles were arranged in tandem to study their individual and combined length-tension and force-velocity relationships. Physiologic asynchronous contraction (up to 60 msec) of the pair of muscles produced a change in the individual force-velocity relations of each muscle which was characteristic of a change in muscle length; i.e., there was an alteration of tension developed without a change in the maximum measured velocity of shortening. On the ascending limb of the length-active tension curve, asynchronous stimulation (average time interval 32 msec) increased the force developed (5.3 ± 1.4%) by the tandem pair, as compared to synchronous stimulation. When one muscle was made hypoxic for 20 minutes, its force development was reduced by 64 ± 3%, and paradoxical motion occurred. After 2 minutes of reoxygenation, the time to peak tension was slightly prolonged, while the time for isometric tension to relax to one-half its peak value was increased to 234±27% of control. During this period the contraction pattern of the tandem pair was out of phase (asynergic), even though they were stimulated synchronously. Thus transient asynergy associated with regional myocardial ischemia may be explained in part by these observed alterations in the time course of contraction and relaxation.
American Indian Land Rights, Rich Indian Racism, and Newspaper Coverage in New York State, 1988-2008

Recent scholarship argues that American Indian political activities are increasingly being understood in the context of gaming and that a growing "rich Indian racism" portrays American Indian nations as rich, greedy, and inauthentic. This article analyzes newspaper coverage on American Indian land claims to test the proposition of rich Indian racism. Data on national coverage show that language that references gaming has characterized much of the reporting on land claims. An analysis of newspaper coverage of land claims in central New York reveals a tendency to describe and characterize American Indian nations and their claims negatively, as greedy, threatening, or unfair.
EXPERIMENTAL YELLOW FEVER VIRUS INFECTION IN THE GOLDEN HAMSTER (MESOCRICETUS AURATUS) III. CLINICAL LABORATORY VALUES

Using a recently described hamster model of yellow fever (YF), we compared the hematologic and clinical chemistry changes that occur in blood with the histopathologic alternations observed in liver and other organs. Inflammatory foci and necroapoptotic hepatocytes were first observed in the liver three days after YF infection. This was accompanied by a rapid increase in serum transaminase and bilirubin values, elevation of prothrombin times, thrombocytopenia, and leukocytosis. Maximum liver pathology was observed on the sixth and seventh days post-infection; this corresponded to the peak alternations in clinical chemistry and hematologic values. In surviving hamsters, regenerating hepatocytes began to appear on the eighth day post-infection; this was accompanied by a corresponding return to baseline levels of most of the aforementioned clinical laboratory values. The histopathologic and clinical laboratory findings in the hamster model were very similar to those observed in severe human cases of YF. These results provide further validation of the utility of the hamster model for studying the pathogenesis and treatment of YF.
The influence of training, reluctance, efficacy, and stigma on suicide intervention behavior among NCOs in the Army and Marine Corps

The Army and Marine Corps have consistently experienced the highest rates of suicide relative to the other services. In both the Army and Marine Corps, the service members responsible for identifying and referring individuals at risk for suicide are called "gatekeepers" and are typically noncommissioned officers (NCOs). We used structural equation modeling on survey responses from 1184 Army soldiers and 796 marines to estimate the relationships between training, intervention efficacy, reluctance, and mental health stigma on NCO intervention behaviors. Efficacy and reluctance were independently associated with intervention behaviors, and stigma was only associated with intervention behaviors among Army NCOs. Study results suggest that while quantity of training may help NCOs feel more confident about their ability to intervene, other efforts such as changing training content and delivery mode (e.g., interactive vs. didactic training) may be necessary in order to reduce reluctance and stigma to intervene with service members at risk for suicide.
PA*SE: parallel A* for slow expansions

Planners need to become faster as we seek to tackle increasingly complicated problems. Much of the recent improvements in computer speed is due to multi-core processors. For planners to take advantage of these types of architectures, we must adapt algorithms for parallel processing. There are a number of planning domains where state expansions are slow. One example is robot motion planning, where most of the time is devoted to collision checking. In this work, we present PA*SE, a novel, parallel version of A* (and weighted A*) which parallelizes state expansions by taking advantage of this property. While getting close to a linear speedup in the number of cores, we still preserve completeness and optimality of A* (bounded sub-optimality of weighted A*). PA*SE applies to any planning problem in which significant time is spent on generating successor states and computing transition costs. We present experimental results on a robot navigation domain (x,y,heading) which requires expensive 3D collision checking for the PR2 robot. We also provide an in-depth analysis of the algorithm's performance on a 2D navigation problem as we vary the number of cores (up to 32) as well as the time it takes to collision check successors during state expansions.
The design of a panel study under an alternating Poisson process assumption

We discuss the design of a panel study for the estimation of the average durations in the two states of an alternating Poisson process. Two types of designs are examined. The first fixes the number of follow-up waves but permits the total length of follow-up to vary, and the second varies the number of follow-up waves with fixed length. Simple expressions for nearly optimal designs are presented, and we compare these with designs allowing for continuous observation. Both equilibrium and nonequilibrium cases are examined. An example is given using morbidity data to illustrate how these results can be applied.
Correlation of occult clonogenic leukemia drug sensitivity with relapse after autologous bone marrow transplantation.

Despite initial complete remission rates exceeding 70%, the majority of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and adults with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) eventually relapse. Improving the therapeutic results in acute leukemia requires detecting, and understanding the biology of, the minimal residual leukemia remaining after therapy and responsible for relapse. To investigate the biologic relevance of an in vitro assay for clonogenic leukemia (leukemia colony- forming units [CFU-L]) as a measure of minimal residual leukemia, we studied 58 consecutive patients with acute leukemia in complete remission undergoing autologous bone marrow transplantation (BMT) with cyclophosphamide-based therapy. CFU-L were cultured from the pretransplant remission marrows in 45 of 58 patients: 35 of 43 patients with AML and 10 of 15 with ALL. Clonal rearrangements, identical to the patients' overt leukemia when available, were detected in the occult CFU-L from four of the eight patients with ALL in whom adequate DNA for analysis could be obtained from the CFU-L. None of the uncultured pretransplant remission marrows from the 15 ALL patients showed clonal gene rearrangements. We also determined the in vitro sensitivity of the occult CFU-L to 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4HC), and correlated these results with the outcome of the patients. The sensitivity of the occult CFU-L to 4HC was the only factor that predicted relapse following BMT. The actuarial probability of relapse was 18% in the 23 patients whose CFU-L were sensitive to 4HC compared with 77% in the 22 patients whose CFU-L were resistant (P less than .001). The only factor that influenced the CFU-L sensitivity to 4HC was the type of leukemia. The CFU-L from the AML patients were more sensitive to 4HC than the CFU- L from the ALL patients (P = .001). Occult CFU-L genetically and functionally represent occult leukemia. Therefore, the CFU-L assay should provide a means for studying the biology of minimal residual leukemia and improving the therapeutic results in patients with acute leukemia.
The Long-Term Influence of Social Support on Academic Engagement Among Latino Adolescents Analysis of Between-Person and Within-Person Effects Among Mexican and Other Latino Youth

Latino youth are the fastest growing group of ethnic minority adolescents in the United States, but their educational needs remain underserved. Although research exploring academic engagement has e...
The Pan-STARRS search for Near Earth Objects

The two Pan-STARRS telescopes (Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System), located on Haleakala, Maui, Hawaii, are 1.8-meter diameter telescopes equipped with 1.4 Gigapixel cameras that deliver 7 square degree fields of view. The first of these telescopes, Pan-STARRS1 (PS1), has established itself as the leading Near Earth Object (NEO) discovery telescope, having discovered more that 50 percent of the larger NEOs over the last several years. The second telescope, Pan-STARRS2 (PS2) is being commissioned, and its efficiency will grow as its camera is improved and as its optics and control system are tuned. The Pan-STARRS telescopes deliver excellent astrometry and photometry. PS1 continues to discover a significant number of large (> 1km) NEOs, which are the most dangerous due to their large size. Because of the excellent image quality at Haleakala, the Pan-STARRS telescopes are very efficient at detecting cometary activity. PS1 discovered over half of the new comets in both 2014 and 2015, and discovered 10 comets in 10 nights in November 2014. In good weather conditions, the discovery rate of NEO candidates by PS1 can overwhelm worldwide NEO follow-up resources, particularly for fainter NEOs. This has required PS1 to repeat fields to recover its NEO candidates to produce discoveries. As PS2 matures, and when the G96 telescope of the Catalina Sky Survey in Arizona is upgraded, the combination of these three telescopes will facilitate a higher NEO discovery rate, and a better census of the NEOs in the sky. This will in turn lead to a better understanding of the size and orbit distribution of NEOs, and the corresponding hazard to Earth.
Glee, Flash Mobs, and the Creation of Heightened Realities

ABSTRACT:The television series Glee managed to succeed where other musical television series failed. This can be partially attributed to the emergence of flash mob culture and social media in the same time period, which created a “heightened reality” in which public musical performances were more readily accepted.
The sTOF, a Favorable Geometry for a Time-of-Flight Analyzer

A new geometry for the flight region in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer is presented. It consists of two opposing electrostatic sectors of about 255° each and straight sections with a length appropriate to the turns. The resulting geometry folds into a compact space. The first-order aberrations for position, angle, and energy are all zero. The transverse focusing properties are also excellent. For an energetic, high-divergence ion source such as laser ablation, the sTOF has higher resolution and ion transmission than a reflectron of similar physical size. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
Descriptive Data Mining

This book offers an overview of knowledge management. It starts with an introduction to the subject, placing descriptive models in the context of the overall field as well as within the more specific field of data mining analysis. Chapter 2 covers data visualization, including directions for accessing R open source software (described through Rattle). Both R and Rattle are free to students. Chapter 3 then describes market basket analysis, comparing it with more advanced models, and addresses the concept of lift. Subsequently, Chapter 4 describes smarketing RFM models and compares it with more advanced predictive models. Next, Chapter 5 describes association rules, including the APriori algorithm and provides software support from R. Chapter 6 covers cluster analysis, including software support from R (Rattle), KNIME, and WEKA, all of which are open source. Chapter 7 goes on to describe link analysis, social network metrics, and open source NodeXL software, and demonstrates link analysis application using PolyAnalyst output. Chapter 8 concludes the monograph. Using business-related data to demonstrate models, this descriptive book explains how methods work with some citations, but without detailed references. The data sets and software selected are widely available and can easily be accessed.
CRT-200.07 Impact Of Ranolazine On Coronary Microvascular Function (MICRO Study)

Patients with angina and coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMVD) in the absence of obstructive epicardial coronary artery disease (CAD) or structural heart disease (Type 1 CMVD) remain without evidence based treatment options. Ranolazine has been shown to reduce frequency of angina episodes among
Bacterial Metabolism Affects the C. elegans Response to Cancer Chemotherapeutics

The human microbiota greatly affects physiology and disease; however, the contribution of bacteria to the response to chemotherapeutic drugs remains poorly understood. Caenorhabditis elegans and its bacterial diet provide a powerful system to study host-bacteria interactions. Here, we use this system to study how bacteria affect the C. elegans response to chemotherapeutics. We find that different bacterial species can increase the response to one drug yet decrease the effect of another. We perform genetic screens in two bacterial species using three chemotherapeutic drugs: 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FUDR), and camptothecin (CPT). We find numerous bacterial nucleotide metabolism genes that affect drug efficacy in C. elegans. Surprisingly, we find that 5-FU and FUDR act through bacterial ribonucleotide metabolism to elicit their cytotoxic effects in C. elegans rather than by thymineless death or DNA damage. Our study provides a blueprint for characterizing the role of bacteria in the host response to chemotherapeutics.