cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Z.3, The Rejection of Matter

Chapter 7 sets out and explains Z.3’s arguments that if being a subject not said of another is sufficient for being a basic constituent, matter is a basic constituent. But this is impossible because matter fails to be a separate ‘this’—not being ‘this’ when separate, and it not being separate when a ‘this’. Since individual composites and substantial forms are each in their own way separate ‘this-es’, they are candidates for basic constituents, form being what is puzzling and needs investigations. Two passages in Z.3 that have been thought to reject individual composites as basic constituents can be seen not to do so. Z.3 leaves substantial forms and individual composites as candidates for basic constituents.
Intra-Industry Joint Liability: Implications for Marketing:

Market share liability is the most recent product liability development in the area of intra-industry joint liability, in which all members of an industry are sued. The various intra-industry appro...
Typhlitis: A Real Pain in the Gut!

Typhlitis is a necrotizing disorder of the bowels. It causes transmural inflammation, most commonly at the ileocecal junction, and primarily occurs in neutropenic patients. Patients classically present with abdominal pain and neutropenia. It may occur in the setting of malignancy following cytotoxic chemotherapy or in other instances of profound immunosuppression. Typhlitis may mimic more common conditions such as appendicitis and C. difficile colitis. Workup includes labs for sepsis and Computed Tomography (CT) as the imaging modality of choice. CT commonly demonstrates bowel wall thickening, dilation, and other inflammatory changes. Treatment includes early resuscitation and broad-spectrum antibiotics. Typhlitis is an oncologic emergency with a high mortality rate and complications such as lower GI bleeding, bowel necrosis, bowel perforation, and sepsis.
Experimental investigation on loop thermosyphon thermal performance with flow visualization

Abstract A non-phase change heat pipe (NPCHP) with no wick was proposed as a new heat pipe which is not dependent on a wick or phase change at steady state operation and where the heat transfer is driven by the pressure response to a heat input, rather than phase change. It was shown recently that the NPCHP is not a new heat pipe as suggested but is a loop thermosyphon (Kloczko et al., 2019). This effort focuses on understanding how changing different system parameters, including heat input, fill ratio, inclination angle, and working fluid affects the overall system performance of both the single-phase and two-phase loop thermosyphons. Flow visualization is incorporated and the flow of liquid/vapor through the thermosyphon is studied. Depending upon the initial fill ratio of the loop thermosyphon and the working fluid, the thermosyphon is shown to either operate as a two-phase loop thermosyphon or a single-phase loop thermosyphon.
Promoting Ideal Cardiovascular Health Through the Life Span.

* Abbreviations: cIMT — : carotid intima-media thickness CVH — : cardiovascular health ECHO — : Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes HDL — : high density lipoprotein NHLBI — : National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and worldwide.1 Because lipids in children and adolescents play a role in the development of atherosclerosis, many researchers have focused on whether screening blood lipid levels in youth could contribute to prevention of adult cardiovascular disease.2,3 One understudied issue has been the relationship between lipid levels in youth and markers of atherosclerosis in adulthood. In this issue of Pediatrics , Juonala et al4 report the relationship between non–high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels in childhood and high carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) in adulthood. Participants included 4582 females and males from 4 cohort studies (3 international and 1 domestic) that collected data at ages 3 to 19 years and again in adulthood, an average of 26 years later. The authors found some relationships between non-HDL cholesterol levels among adolescents ≥15 years old and high cIMT during adulthood. For example, across all 4 cohorts, the adjusted relative risk among 15- to 17-year-olds with dyslipidemia was 1.72 (95% confidence interval: 1.08–2.72). The relative risks for participants with improved levels from youth to adulthood were lower than the relative risks for those who had persistently high levels, suggesting that reduction in non-HDL cholesterol over time can improve the atherosclerotic burden. Despite these observed relationships, the findings … Address correspondence to S. Sonia Arteaga, PhD, Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes Program, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, 3 White Flint North, 11601 Landsdown St, North Bethesda, MD 20852. E-mail: sonia.arteaga{at}nih.gov
Effect of flow behavior and process-induced variations on shape stability of 3D printed elements – A review

Abstract Successful implementation of extrusion-based 3D printing (3DP) of concrete requires knowledge of material flow behavior during pumping and extrusion and its influence on shape stability of printed elements. Limited emphasis exists on flow behavior and process-induced variations in material properties (rheology and composition) during printing. This paper delineates the effect of flow behavior and process-induced variations on shape stability. A comprehensive review of material flow behavior during pumping and extrusion is discussed, and its influence on shape stability of 3DP elements is highlighted. The extent of shearing in print material is shown to govern process-induced variations during pumping and extrusion. During extrusion, the degree of filtration and consolidation plays a significant role on shape stability. Accurate assessment of process-induced changes in material properties is required to ensure steady and continuous flow of material during 3DP and secure proper shape stability of printed elements.
A Comparison of Prophylactic Antibiotic Treatments with Regards to Morbidity, Mortality and Performance in Arkansas Stocker Cattle

Eighty-eight mixed breed heifer calves (180-227 kg) were used to compare the prophylactic use of tilmicosin Micotil®, Elanco Animal Health, Indianapolis, IN) with the addition of chlortetracycine (Aureomycin® 50, Roche Animal Nutrition and Health, Paramus, NJ) to the receiving ration from days 2-6 after arrival.
Bladder Cancer

Bladder cancer is a complex disease of older patients with coexisting medical problems requiring multimodal therapy. For patients with localized bladder cancer, standard management for superficial disease includes transurethral resection with or without intravesical therapy, while muscle-invasive cancer is managed with neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy followed by radical cystectomy. Comorbid conditions prevent many older patients from receiving cisplatin-based chemotherapy and/or undergoing surgery. Tri-modality bladder preservation approaches including a complete transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT) followed by combined chemotherapy and radiation have generally included only those patients who are candidates for a salvage cystectomy. Future research must specifically focus on older adults with bladder cancer including non-cisplatin-based neoadjuvant regimens; bladder preservation strategies using alternative non-cisplatin chemotherapy in non-cystectomy candidates; clinical trials evaluating novel targeted agents in older adults; and geriatric assessment tools to assist in decision making.
How to Sequence Therapies in Waldenström Macroglobulinemia.

There are multiple treatment options in patients with Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, including chemotherapy, monoclonal antibodies, proteasome inhibitors, and covalent Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors. The choice of therapy should take into account the patient’s clinical presentation, comorbidities, and preferences. A thorough discussion should take place to outline the administration, safety, and efficacy of the regimens under consideration. The patient’s genomic profile can provide insightful information for the treatment selection. In the frontline and relapsed settings, we favor ibrutinib monotherapy over chemoimmunotherapy or proteasome inhibitor-based regimens in patients with MYD88 and without CXCR4 mutations. For patients with MYD88 and CXCR4 mutations or without MYD88 or CXCR4 mutations, chemoimmunotherapy or proteasome inhibitor-based regimens are favored, but efficacy data with ibrutinib in combination with rituximab and with novel covalent BTK inhibitors are emerging. Autologous stem cell transplant should be considered in special cases in the relapsed setting. Participation in clinical trials is positively encouraged in WM patients in frontline and relapsed settings. Agents of interest include the BCL2 antagonist venetoclax, the CXCR4 inhibitor mavorixafor, and the non-covalent BTK inhibitors pirtobrutinib and ARQ-531.
Highlights of the Santa Fe Polarization Symposium

This conference covered a broad range of polarization phenomena. Twelve sessions of invited talks and discussion sessions were devoted to: polarization effects in light nuclei, polarization studies with heavy ions, nucleon-nucleon and high energy polarization, polarized beam and target technology, polarization in nuclear structure physics, polarization in atomic physics and polarization effects associated with basic symmetries. There were approximately three hundred attendees. Some of the highlights of these sessions will be discussed.
Mechanical and electrical properties of carbon nanotubes surface-stamped on polydimethylsiloxane for microvalve actuation

We report a study of the electrical and mechanical effects of the inclusion of a thin layer of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) into the surface of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as a method of creating an electrically actuated, flexible microfluidic valve. Samples of PDMS with various surface loadings of MWCNTs were prepared and tested using a uniaxial tension tester, combined with a four-point probe electrical test. In contrast to other works reporting the inclusion of MWCNTs in the bulk of the material, we have found that inclusion of the MWCNTs on the surface only has no discernible effect on the mechanical properties of the PDMS samples, but causes a significant and repeatable change in the electrical performance. We have found that a loading of 4.16 g m−2 results in an electrical resistivity of 7.31 × 10−4 Ω cm, which is 200% lower than that previously reported for bulk inclusion samples. The microstructure of the MWCNTs was found to consist of both individual fibers and spherical clumps of fibers. We suggest that, due to the microstructure of the MWCNTs used in this study, the mechanical properties can be modeled as a thin layer of particulates, while the electrical properties can be modeled as a thin bed of bulk MWCNTs. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
A General Method for the Synthesis of Allenylsilanes: 1-Methyl-1-(Trimethylsilyl)Allene

A general method for the synthesis of allenylsilanes: 1-methyl-1-(trimethylsilyl)allene product: 1-methyl-1-(trimethylsilyl)allene byproduct: 1-trimethylsilyl-1-butyne Keywords: addition, to CC; replacement reactions, sulfonate by carbon; sulfonation, C-sulfonation; tetrahydrofuran
Adult Survivors of Childhood Abuse: An Analysis of Coping Mechanisms Used for Stressful Childhood Memories and Current Stressors

Coping mechanisms used to deal with stressful childhood memories and current stressors were assessed for 196 women in each of 4 groups: no abuse history, sexual abuse history, physical abuse history, and both sexual and physical abuse history. Current psychological adjustment was also examined. Discriminant function analyses revealed a variety of significant differences between the groups in use of strategies for coping with memories of abuse or another childhood stressor. There was no relationship between childhood history of abuse and the manner in which women coped with a current stressor. Women with an abuse history reported significantly poorer adult adjustment than did nonabused women, and different coping strategies were predictive of adjustment for abused and nonabused women.
Hyperdiversity Up Close

Pheidole in the New World A Dominant, Hyperdiverse Ant Genus. By E. O. Wilson . Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2003. 804 pp. and CD-ROM. $125, £85.95. ISBN 0-674-00293-8. In a taxonomic monograph that caps more than 20 years of work, Wilson covers all 624 known species belonging to the most abundant and diverse genus of ants in the New World.
Confucianism and Democratization in East Asia

As East Asian countries democratize, the question of the relationship between religion or ideology and the state assumes increasing significance for two reasons. First, there is the political question of whether or not such states as China, Singapore, and Vietnam will allow a genuine civil society to emerge that is wholly independent of state control and manipulation. Second, and more importantly for our interests in this paper, is the theoretical question of what kind of connection is likely to develop between the state and a leading ideology in the region, Confucianism. Will the Confucianism that materializes from this political transition be one that legitimates state actions, as has often been the case historically with Confucianism, or will a new kind of Confucianism surface that challenges political authoritarianism? To explore these questions, we analyze the role of Confucianism in four East Asian countries: Taiwan, the People’s Republic of China, South Korea, and Singapore. The data for our article come from three sources: public-opinion surveys, documents related to the transmission of Confucianism in the four countries, and in-person interviews with Taiwanese political leaders and activists. We particularly focused on Taiwan because it is culturally Chinese, which Korea is not, but also adheres to liberal-democratic norms, which is not the case in China and Singapore. In order to frame the debate over the political role of Confucianism, we examine three theories that are prevalent in the literature on ideology and the state: Marxism, Weberianism, and rational choice theory. These interpretations offer contending explanations for how, or if, religion or ideology is autonomous from the state, and they provide competing predictions about what is likely to happen to Confucianism as East Asian societies democratize. Our investigation indicates that although authoritarian regimes found and continue to find many resources in Confucianism to buttress their rule, today’s liberal-democratic states in East Asia have begun to create a space for the development of a truly independent Confucianism that is either politically “neutral” or even supportive of democracy and human rights.
Walt Disney’s Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs

Abstract Walt Disney stands in relation to the twentieth century as the Brothers Grimm did to the nineteenth century. Disney took their work, and the writings of numerous other authors, and retold their tales through animation and film with such consummate skill that they became the modern definitive versions. As in the case of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Disney also reshaped the stories to reflect his vision of American values.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Older Adults With Knee Osteoarthritis

Objective Knee osteoarthritis (OA) contributes significantly to disability in older individuals, and racial/ethnic minorities are disproportionately affected. The present study aimed to characterize differences in clinical and experimental pain, including pain inhibition, among older African American (AA) and non-Hispanic white (NHW) subjects with knee OA. Methods AA and NHW subjects with knee OA (n = 267) completed clinical and functional pain assessments, including quantitative sensory testing (QST). We hypothesized that, when compared to NHW subjects, AA subjects would display 1) lower pain tolerance and higher ratings of heat-, mechanical-, and cold-induced pain, 2) greater temporal summation of pain, 3) reduced pain inhibition, and 4) greater clinical pain and poorer function. In addition, we hypothesized that the findings from QST would significantly predict the severity of clinical pain within each race/ethnicity. Results AA subjects with knee OA displayed increased pain sensitivity, greater temporal summation, and reduced pain inhibition when compared to NHW subjects with knee OA. Moreover, AA subjects reported greater clinical pain and poorer function. Racial/ethnic differences in clinical pain became nonsignificant when the analyses were controlled for education and annual income, whereas differences in QST findings remained highly significant. Although the extent of pain inhibition predicted the severity of clinical pain in both groups, different QST measures were additionally predictive of clinical pain within each group. Conclusion The results of this study establish that there are racial/ethnic differences in experimental and clinical pain and function in older individuals with knee OA. Our findings indicating that different QST measures were associated with clinical pain within the 2 racial/ethnic groups, whereas reduced pain inhibition was important in all participants, warrant further study in order to elucidate the common and group-specific pathophysiologic mechanisms contributing to clinical pain in OA.
Carbon-based phytoplankton size classes retrieved via ocean color estimates of the particle size distribution

Abstract. Owing to their important roles in biogeochemical cycles, phytoplankton functional types (PFTs) have been the aim of an increasing number of ocean color algorithms. Yet, none of the existing methods are based on phytoplankton carbon (C) biomass, which is a fundamental biogeochemical and ecological variable and the “unit of accounting” in Earth system models. We present a novel bio-optical algorithm to retrieve size-partitioned phytoplankton carbon from ocean color satellite data. The algorithm is based on existing methods to estimate particle volume from a power-law particle size distribution (PSD). Volume is converted to carbon concentrations using a compilation of allometric relationships. We quantify absolute and fractional biomass in three PFTs based on size – picophytoplankton (0.5–2 µm in diameter), nanophytoplankton (2–20 µm) and microphytoplankton (20–50 µm). The mean spatial distributions of total phytoplankton C biomass and individual PFTs, derived from global SeaWiFS monthly ocean color data, are consistent with current understanding of oceanic ecosystems, i.e., oligotrophic regions are characterized by low biomass and dominance of picoplankton, whereas eutrophic regions have high biomass to which nanoplankton and microplankton contribute relatively larger fractions. Global climatological, spatially integrated phytoplankton carbon biomass standing stock estimates using our PSD-based approach yield ∼ 0.25 Gt of C, consistent with analogous estimates from two other ocean color algorithms and several state-of-the-art Earth system models. Satisfactory in situ closure observed between PSD and POC measurements lends support to the theoretical basis of the PSD-based algorithm. Uncertainty budget analyses indicate that absolute carbon concentration uncertainties are driven by the PSD parameter No which determines particle number concentration to first order, while uncertainties in PFTs' fractional contributions to total C biomass are mostly due to the allometric coefficients. The C algorithm presented here, which is not empirically constrained a priori, partitions biomass in size classes and introduces improvement over the assumptions of the other approaches. However, the range of phytoplankton C biomass spatial variability globally is larger than estimated by any other models considered here, which suggests an empirical correction to the No parameter is needed, based on PSD validation statistics. These corrected absolute carbon biomass concentrations validate well against in situ POC observations.
Isolation and identification of ochratoxin A-producing Aspergillus section Nigri strains from California raisins.

Aims: To determine incidence and levels of ochratoxin A (OTA) in California raisins and to isolate and characterize OTA-producing fungi from California raisin vineyard populations. Methods and Results: Forty raisin clusters sampled from four California vineyards in the San Joaquin Valley were analysed for OTA content using immunoaffinity and HPLC methods. OTA was detected in 93% of the samples, at levels from 0·06 to 11·4 ng g−1. From these raisin samples, a total of 400 strains of Aspergillus were isolated and analysed for OTA production. Twelve isolates (3%), from five raisin samples, produced OTA. These isolates were identified as Aspergillus carbonarius, based on morphological characteristics and multilocus sequence analysis. Levels of OTA produced by these isolates on raisin agar ranged from 0·9 to 15 μg g−1. Conclusions: OTA is a common contaminant of raisin vineyards, but average levels are much lower than EU regulatory limits for dried fruit. The primary species responsible for OTA contamination in California raisins is A. carbonarius. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study illustrates that low-level OTA contamination of raisins occurs in California and that ecological studies of A. carbonarius within the Aspergillus section Nigri population on raisins are warranted to monitor ochratoxigenic potential of the crop.
Autonomous onboard traverse science system

The Onboard Autonomous Science Investigation System (OASIS) is a technology for increasing science return during rover traverses by prioritizing data onboard, and identifying and reacting to unanticipated science opportunities. Rovers of the future will have the capacity to collect more data than can be downlinked back to Earth. OASIS can increase mission science return by carefully selecting the data with the highest science interest for downlink. These rovers may also be required to traverse long distances with little to no interaction with the science team on Earth. OASIS can act as a geologist's assistant and can autonomously direct the rover to take additional measurements of "interesting" rocks. The importance of characterizing the terrain along these traverses, a study that is now becoming known as traverse science, increases with the distances the rover must travel. This paper provides a brief overview of the entire OASIS system and how it analyzes one type of data - grayscale images taken by the rover for engineering and hazard avoidance purposes. Although the OASIS system can apply the same type of analysis to different data types, such as color images, hyperspectral images or point spectrometer data, we will only focus on grayscale images here. The paper also describes the latest advances in two key aspects of the system: image prioritization and the science alert. In image prioritization, we combine the results from three distinct prioritization methods to arrive at an overall downlink ranking of the images collected during a traverse. The science alert is a capability that enables the rover to identify and react to a pre-specified, and scientifically significant, signature. Once this signature has been detected via the onboard science analysis component, the planning and scheduling module updates the rover command sequence to stop the traverse and signal Earth of the find. If there is sufficient time and onboard resources before the next downlink opportunity, additional data samples of the target may be autonomously collected.
Fueling the Fire with Fibers: Bacterial Amyloids Promote Inflammatory Disorders

Bacterial infection is associated with increased morbidity in patients with systematic lupus erythematosus. In a recent Immunity paper, Gallo et al. (2015) report that extracellular DNA is bound tightly by bacterial amyloid fibrils during biofilm formation and that amyloid/DNA composites are immune stimulators when injected into mice, leading to autoimmunity.
Differential classical conditioning selectively heightens response gain of neural population activity in human visual cortex.

Neutral cues, after being reliably paired with noxious events, prompt defensive engagement and amplified sensory responses. To examine the neurophysiology underlying these adaptive changes, we quantified the contrast-response function of visual cortical population activity during differential aversive conditioning. Steady-state visual evoked potentials (ssVEPs) were recorded while participants discriminated the orientation of rapidly flickering grating stimuli. During each trial, luminance contrast of the gratings was slowly increased and then decreased. Right-tilted gratings (CS+) were paired with loud white noise but left-tilted gratings (CS−) were not. The contrast-following waveform envelope of ssVEPs showed selective amplification of the CS+ only during the high-contrast stage of the viewing epoch. Findings support the notion that motivational relevance, learned in a time frame of minutes, affects vision through a response gain mechanism.
Emergence of privacy conventions in online social networks

Online social networks (OSNs) user data have a great commercial value to marketing companies, competing networking sites and identity thieves. With the emergence of new web technologies public developers are able to interface and extend the online websites services as applications. Proposing a fine-grained access control model for controlling application access to the OSN user data does not solve the problem of extension vulnerabilities. Because users might deny all the permissions or deny a subset of the permissions that might render the app non-usable. Moreover, it would be difficult for the app developers to design apps based on these diverse policy preferences. Therefore, it is important for the users to reach a consensus about the privacy settings of the apps they are interested about. My research goal is to design an agent-based approach that harnesses game theory and the dynamical properties of social network to facilitate agent reasoning for achieving optimal privacy conventions in the OSN and to develop decentralized learning mechanisms that facilitate controlled and fast convergence to optimal conventions.
Phenylpropanolamine and other over-the-counter vasoactive compounds.

Phenylpropanolamine is a sympathomimetic amine that shares structural similarities with amphetamine and ephedrine. It increases blood pressure primarily by increasing peripheral vascular resistance. This effect is the result of alpha-adrenergic agonist activity largely from both direct stimulation of adrenergic receptors and release of neuronal norepinephrine. As such, it has the potential to interact with other drugs to produce toxic reactions, especially in treated hypertensive patients. Complications have occurred with single oral doses that suggest some normal subjects may be more sensitive to the drug than others. The incidence of serious complications in the general population is small but could be much higher in susceptible individuals (e.g., cardiomyopathic and hypertensive patients). The availability of high-dose phenylpropanolamine-containing preparations without medical supervision is potentially dangerous, and certain restrictions should be imposed on such preparations.
The state of risk prevention in a sample of Australian hospitals, medical centres and allied health services

This paper reports on an investigation into five risk prevention factors (technology, people, organisational structure, culture and top management psychology) to inform organisational preparedness planning and to update managers on the state of health care services. Data were collected by means of a 10-question, cross-sectional survey of key decision-making executives in eight different types of 75 health care organisations. Many organisations were found to have deficient risk prevention practices and allied health organisations were considerably worse than health organisations. Forty per cent of hospitals and chiropractic practices had out-dated or poor technology. Results on organisational culture and structure found that many executives associate these factors with risk prevention, but none of them appreciate the relationship between these factors and crisis causation. Gaps and areas for improvement are identified and a change in top management attitude is recommended to address resource allocation and implement appropriate risk prevention systems and mechanisms. Reactive managers need to increase their awareness of risks in order to become capable of preventing them. Proactive managers are those who invest in risk prevention.
Agency Costs in Apartment Property Management Contracts

Because fees for property management services are based on gross rental collections rather than on net operating incomes, property managers may not always act in the best interest of property owners. This study is an examination of the agency costs that result from the conflict of interests between owners and managers. A nationwide proprietary sample of 242 apartment properties is analyzed to compare agency costs of four distinct types of ownership structures. Agency costs, measured as operating expenses per square foot, are found to be significantly higher for institutional owners than for noninstitutional owners, but not significantly higher in cases where no competition for property management services exists. We conclude that agency costs of property management contracts are significant and the fee provisions of standard property management contracts should be changed to better align the interests of managers and owners.
Particle content of the Gaussian functional approximation to the scalar φ4 theory

Abstract The particle content of the Gaussian functional approximation to the φ 4 theory with a spontaneously broken O(2) symmetry is investigated in view of apparent existence of two kinds of particles with quantum numbers of the Goldstone boson: a massive “elementary” and a massless Goldstone “composite” particle. We calculate the Kallen-Lehmann spectral functions of the two-point Green functions in the Gaussian approximation. The massive particle is absent from the spectral function in the “pion” channel. Similar results hold in the “sigma” channel, our treatment of which is novel.
Quantifying and correcting for the winner's curse in quantitative‐trait association studies

Quantitative traits (QT) are an important focus of human genetic studies both because of interest in the traits themselves, and because of their role as risk factors for many human diseases. For large-scale QT association studies including genome-wide association studies (GWAS), investigators usually focus on genetic loci showing significant evidence for SNP-QT association, and genetic effect size tends to be overestimated as a consequence of the winner’s curse. In this paper, we study the impact of the winner’s curse on QT association studies in which the genetic effect size is parameterized as the slope in a linear regression model. We demonstrate by analytical calculation that the overestimation in the regression slope estimate decreases as power increases. To reduce the ascertainment bias, we propose a three-parameter maximum likelihood method and then simplify this to a one-parameter method by excluding nuisance parameters. We show that both methods reduce the bias when power to detect association is low or moderate, and that the one-parameter model generally results in smaller variance in the estimate.
Far-field diffraction and focal plane misalignment effects on simulated GIFTS data from the IHOP field program

The Geosynchronous Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GIFTS) and the Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES) instruments are geostationary infrared spectrometers. Geostationary orbit provides observations with very good time resolution, but also increases the effect of diffraction. There can be significant differences in emitted radiances due to clouds and changes in surface characteristics. High, thick clouds in particular are much cooler than clear areas. Diffraction causes radiation that originates from cloudy areas outside of the detector field of view to contaminate the clear pixels. GIFTS will also have two detector arrays on different focal planes, which may not be perfectly aligned. This can cause spatial misalignment between the data for the two spectral regions. High spatial resolution numerical models run at the University of Wisconsin - Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (UW-CIMSS) provide data for examining the diffraction and misalignment effects. The model data represents a variable cloud case during the IHOP field experiment at 1.3-km resolution. This paper outlines the production of high spatial resolution simulated data, characterization of the far field diffraction effects on radiances, and analysis of misalignment effects on temperature and moisture profile retrievals.
Structural and physical characteristics of waxy and other wheat starches

Abstract Structures and properties of starches isolated from waxy wheat, amylose-reduced wheat (Kanto 107), and normal hard red winter wheat (Centura and a commercial product) grains were examined. Apparent amylose contents of the four starches were M w ) and no detectable extra-long branch-chains. The M w of the AP displayed a negative correlation with the amylose content of the wheat starch, whereas the proportion of extra-long branch-chains of AP displayed a positive correlation with amylose content. Relationships between the M w and gyration radius ( R z ) suggested that the structure of waxy AP was more compact than that of other wheat APs. Branch chain-length distributions of AP analyzed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) showed that the peak chain-lengths of all the wheat starches were at DP12, and average chain-lengths varied between DP23.5 and 24.9. Centura AP had the highest proportion of long branch-chains (DP≥25). Onset gelatinization temperatures of waxy wheat, Kanto107, Centura, and commercial wheat starches were 55.7, 57.5, 55.6, and 54.9°C, respectively, and enthalpy changes were 13.6, 11.8, 10.7, and 10.6 J/g, respectively. Differences in pasting temperature and peak viscosity between waxy and normal wheat starches were substantially greater than the differences between maize starch counterparts.
A One-Pot, Microwave-Influenced Synthesis of Diverse Small Molecules by Multicomponent Reaction Cascades

Small molecule diversity can be achieved in a single synthetic operation from bifunctional substrates in the absence of additives and under the influence of microwaves with complete control of pathway selectivity. The preliminary Ugi four-component coupling products give rise to three structurally distinct scaffolds that are dependent on solvent effects and sterics. 2,5-Diketopiperazines (Type A), 2-azaspiro[4.5]deca-6,9-diene-3,8-diones (Type B), and thiophene-derived Diels−Alder tricyclic lactams (Type C) predominate in this reaction cascade.
Spin Exchange in Excitons, the Quasicubic Model and Deformation Potentials in II-VI Compounds

The effect of the spin-exchange interaction between electron and hole is investigated for the case of excitons originating from one of the $p$-like valence bands and an $s$-like conduction band, as is the case for IIb-VIb compounds. A general exciton matrix is constructed, starting from the work of Pikus. It includes spin-orbit, crystal-field, spin-exchange, and deformation-potential interactions. Use of this matrix then allows a theoretical fit to our experimental data which describes the shift of exciton levels under uniaxial pressure in ZnO, CdS, and CdSe. This fit results in the determination of six deformation potentials, two spin-orbit parameters, the crystal-field parameter, and the exchange parameter. The general theory, when adapted to the zinc-blende structure, allows us to fit our data on cubic ZnS and ZnSe, resulting in a determination of two deformation potentials and the spin-exchange parameter for each compound.
Thermal n-d radiative capture

Abstract The impulse-approximation and pion-exchange current contributions to the radiative capture of thermal neutrons by deuterium have been calculated using initial- and final-state wave functions generated by solving the configuration-space Faddeev equations for several nucleon-nucleon and nucleon-nucleon-plus-three-body-force hamiltonian models. Numerical results are compared with previously published total cross section data and with recent measurements of the M1 photon polarization and the spin-quartet capture fraction.
Cyanide removal from industrial wastewaters using gas membranes

Abstract Results are presented for the removal of cyanide from four industrial wastewaters using hollow fiber gas membranes in a pilot plant. The plant was operated in batch mode using 1000 L of feed solution. The plant contained 10 hollow fiber modules with total membrane surface area of 180 m 2 . The strip stream consisted of 10% NaOH. The overall mass transfer coefficient for cyanide has been determined experimentally and found to agree well with predictions using empirical correlations. Both the feed and membrane mass transfer coefficients contribute to the overall mass transfer coefficient. The strip side mass transfer coefficient may be ignored. Real wastewaters often contain other volatile species. These volatile species will also transfer to the strip solution. If the volatile species does not react with the strip stream, all three individual mass transfer coefficients contribute to the overall mass transfer coefficient. Good agreement between the experientially determined overall mass transfer coefficient and the predicted values is obtained for other volatile species. The osmolarity of a wastewater may be different to that of the strip solution. Consequently, water vapor transport due to osmotic distillation will occur from the lower to higher osmolarity solution. The effects of osmotic distillation should be considered when sizing the feed and strip tanks.
Actuation Development and Evaluation for INSTAR - Inertially Stabilized Rifle

In the use of piezoelectric actuators, it is a clear choice to use stack (or d 33 mode) architectures when very high force is required or bender (or d 31 mode) architectures when very high displacements are needed. However, the choice isn't as clear for applications that need simultaneously moderate to high force and displacement. This paper presents one such application, INSTAR, which is posed with this dilemma. INSTAR is a novel rifle system that has an inertially stabilized barrel via an active suspension based on piezoelectric actuation. While the frequency required for this application was low (∼10Hz), the displacement (± 200 to 400 microns) and the force (22-45 N) are moderate. Two very different actuation approaches were developed, modeled, fabricated and experimentally validated within the INSTAR demonstration platform: 1) a d 31 approach based on the Recurve architecture with focus on generating higher forces than is common for d 31 actuators and 2) a d 33 approach based upon a compliant mechanism designed using topology optimization with focus on providing more amplified strain than is common for d 33 actuators. Both approaches were successful in meeting the INSTAR requirements, but each had its own advantages and disadvantages.
The pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B virus infection

There are more than 300 million carriers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) worldwide at high risk for the development of hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although the pathogenesis of chronic infection is essentially immune-mediated, its variability and underlying mechanisms remain major obstacles to the development of effective treatments. This review outlines some of the aspects of HBV-associated chronic liver diseases in the hope that the knowledge obtained will be central to the development of new therapeutic approaches.
Rat tail skin temperature monitored noninvasively by radiotelemetry: characterization by examination of vasomotor responses to thermomodulatory agents.

Abstract Introduction: Measurement of tail skin temperature (Tsk) of the rat can provide important information on mechanisms pertaining to physiology, pharmacology, and toxicology. Tsk is largely under control of peripheral vascular tone, which is also sensitive to most experimental manipulations such as handling and restraint. Hence, it is extremely difficult to acquire long-term measurements of Tsk that are free of artifacts from experimental manipulation. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the utility of a radiotelemetric probe to provide continuous, long-term measurements of Tsk in undisturbed rats. Methods: A telemetry probe is placed on the base of the tail and secured with a protective guard to prevent the rat from chewing on the probe. Tsk is continuously monitored with standard radiotelemetric software and computer technology. Core temperature (Tc) is monitored in duplicate sets of rats at the same time but the current system does not allow for simultaneous measurement of Tsk and Tc from the same animal. Rats were subjected to a variety of experimental manipulations to demonstrate the utility of the probe. Results/Discussion: A marked increase in Tsk was seen during the transition from light to dark phase, reflecting an increase in heat loss to lower Tc; a decrease in Tsk during the development of endotoxin-induced fever, reflecting a reduction in heat loss to facilitate an elevation in Tc; an increase in Tsk following exposure to the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos, reflecting an increase in heat loss to facilitate a hypothermia response; and a direct effect of increasing ambient temperature on Tsk. The probe is relatively inexpensive and is used with no surgery and provides long-term measurement (e.g., >24 h) of Tsk in unrestrained rats.
Climate Science and Decision Making

This article reviews progress in understanding climate variability and change and how such understanding might better contribute to decision processes and the design of decision support tools. We emphasize the value of collaborative engagement between climate information users and scientists to continue innovation in this area. Our assessment presents opportunities for geographic perspectives and insights that can increase understanding of the physical processes causing interannual variability and improve climate model output for climate impact assessment. As decision-makers’ interests expand to address adaptation, nature-society research can also contribute significantly to understanding the diversity of climate information users, their evolving needs, and to the development of strategies for communicating risk and uncertainty.
Repetitive episodes of brief ischaemia (12 min) do not produce a cumulative depletion of high energy phosphate compounds.

During myocardial ischaemia the purine (ATP, GTP) and pyrimidine (CTP, UTP) nucleotide content of the myocyte falls. When the ischaemic episode resolves, many hours or even days are required for restoration of nucleotide pools. These obervations suggest that repetitive episodes of ischaemia might produce progressive depletion of nucleotide pools. In order to determine the effect of repetitive episodes of brief ischaemia on nucleotide pools, open-chest dogs underwent three 12 min periods of occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery, with each occlusion followed by 10 min of reperfusion. During the first occlusion nucleotide pools decreased by 30% (ATP); 36% (GTP), 52% (CTP), and 48% (UTP). The subsequent two occlusions produced no further decrease in nucleotide pools. The myocardial content of adenine nucleotide catabolites (adenosine + inosine + hypoxanthine) tended to be greater during the first occlusion than during the subsequent occlusions, and substrate delivery (ie regional myocardial blood flow) was similar during each of the periods of ischaemia. These results indicate that a decrease in the rate of nucleotide degradation, rather than an increase in nucleotide synthesis, accounts for the maintenance of nucleotide content during subsequent ischaemic episodes after the initial ischaemic period. Thus repetitive episodes of regional ischaemia do not produce a cumulative decrease in the high energy phosphate content of the myocardium.
SHORT WAVES AND PROPAGANDA

The author is Associate Professor of Journalism at the Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College, Stillwater. His experience includes academic investigation in journalism and sociology, professional newspaper work, and news broadcasting, as well as a "tinkerer's" interest in the technology of radio. The present article was written at the University of Kansas, under the supervision of Professor Raymond A. Lawrence, while the author was on leave of absence to study the sociology of journalism.
A generalized transport model for biased cell migration in an anisotropic environment.

A generalized transport model is derived for cell migration in an anisotropic environment and is applied to the specific cases of biased cell migration in a gradient of a stimulus (taxis; e.g., chemotaxis or haptotaxis) or along an axis of anisotropy (e.g., contact guidance). The model accounts for spatial or directional dependence of cell speed and cell turning behavior to predict a constitutive cell flux equation with drift velocity and diffusivity tensor (termed random motility tensor) that are explicit functions of the parameters of the underlying random walk model. This model provides the connection between cell locomotion and the resulting persistent random walk behavior to the observed cell migration on longer time scales, thus it provides a framework for interpreting cell migration data in terms of underlying motility mechanisms.
Prospects of carbon nanomaterials for next-generation green electronics

This paper puts forward and discusses the prospects of carbon based nanomaterials (including carbon nanotubes and graphene nano-ribbons) for designing next generation low-power, low-loss and ultra energy-efficient “green” electronics targeted for computing as well as energy storage and conversion applications.
Rotational resonance in solid state NMR

Abstract In magic angle spinning experiments, on samples containing dilute homonuclear dipolar-coupled spin pairs, rotational resonance occurs when the spinning speed is adjusted so that the condition ωδiso=nωr is satisfied. Here ωδiso is the difference isotropic chemical shifts, ωr is the spinning speed, and n is an integer. Under these conditions the normally sharp resonance lines broaden and split. In addition, a rapid oscillatory exchange of Zeeman order between the dipolar-coupled spins is observed. The time dependence of the exchange and the spectral lineshapes agree with numerical simulations. The method is potentially useful for estimating through-space dipolar couplings, and therefore internuclear distances in polycrystalline solids.
Desmopressin for risperidone-induced enuresis.

AbstractWe present a case report which illustrates the successful use of desmopressin for the treatment of risperidone-induced enuresis.