cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The fly-and-social foraging hypothesis for diurnal migration: why American crows migrate during the day

Most migratory species migrate at night, and the benefits associated with nocturnal migration have been well reviewed; however, less attention has been paid to the benefits associated with diurnal migration. There are two theories for diurnal migration: (1) diurnal migration allows for the use of thermals and therefore reduces energy loss, and (2) the fly-and-forage hypothesis, which suggests that diurnal migrants can search for prey and forage as they migrate. We investigated whether American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) engage in the fly-and-forage strategy of diurnal migration as they migrated north in the spring. We tracked eight radio-tagged crows as they migrated hundreds of kilometers in the spring to determine if they were diurnal migrants, whether they migrated with conspecifics, whether they stopped to forage, and if they did stop, whether they forage with conspecifics. All crows migrated during the day, and while on several occasions crows were seen migrating in close association with conspecifics, all crows were also observed migrating alone. On average, crows migrated approximately 300 km the day they left their wintering grounds, and over the course of this day, they stopped twice and foraged at these locations for 35 min. On all but one occasion, the stops made during migration were to forage with groups of conspecifics. While the fly-and-forage hypothesis for diurnal migration has primary been applied to raptors, many diurnal migrants forage socially, and the presence of foraging conspecifics and/or heterospecifics may be a significant benefit in locating food resources and ultimately migrating during the day.
Maximal rate pipelined solutions to recurrence problems

An m thorder recurrence problem is defined as the computation of X1, . . . XN, where Xi=f (ai, Xi-1, . . Xi-m) and ai is a set of parameters. On a pipelined computer, where the total stage delay in computing f is df time units, the solution output rate is one new Xi each df time unit. This paper describes a method for increasing this rate to 1 per time unit when the function f has certain simple functional properties. The total stage delay and complexity of the resulting pipelines are also described.
“Structural connections” in formal languages

This paper defines the concept of “structural connection” in a mechanical language in an attempt to classify various formal languages according to the complexity of parsing structures on strings in the languages. Languages discussed vary in complexity from those with essentially no structure at all to languages which are self-defining. The relationship between some existing recognition techniques for several language classes is examined, as well as implications of language structure on the complexity of automatic recognizers.
The activity of interferon on ultraviolet light-induced squamous cell carcinomas in mice

The activity of interferons was tested in ultraviolet light-induced skin tumors in mice. After the tumors were well established, they were injected and measured daily for 19 days. Mouse virus type (IF-α + IF-β) and immune (IF-γ) interferons were injected intralesionally into three groups of test animals and compared with a fourth group which received mock interferon (control). When used separately, virus type and immune interferons did not affect tumor growth; however, we observed regression in tumor size when the two interferons were used in combination.
Preliminary study of the effect of fines on sanded-ice friction

Abstract Small-scale laboratory tests were performed on sanded ice. Four standard sands, as specified by various regulatory agencies, were tested. Sliding friction was measured for a rubber-faced slider for each sand type at a temperature of –10°C on three prepared surfaces: bare ice, loose sanded ice and ice with sand frozen on. We found friction coefficients for bare ice to be higher than those measured on loosely sanded ice and, in some cases, on ice with sand frozen on. Test results, presented as a performance ratio (ratio of coefficients for sanded ice to bare ice), allowed a distinct ranking of the sands' effectiveness. Performance ratios for frozen-on sand were significantly greater than for loose sand for a given sand type. The performance ratio showed a strong, linearly increasing trend as the percentage of a given fine grain size in the sand was increased. We found that this line had a steeper slope for the percentage of material smaller than 0.177 mm as compared with that smaller than 0.297 mm. Also, there were greater increases in traction with increases in fines for frozen-on sand as compared with loosely sanded ice.
Metabolism and elimination of sulphite by rats, mice and monkeys

Abstract The fate of ingested sulphite was investigated in rats, mice and monkeys using dose levels of 10 and 50 mg SO2/kg administered as NaHSO3 mixed with Na235SO3. Most (70–95%) of the ingested [35S]sulphite was absorbed from the intestine and voided in the urine of all three species within 24 hr. Most of the remaining 35S was eliminated in the faeces, the rate of this elimination being species-dependent. Residual 35S in the animal carcasses after 1 wk accounted for 2% or less of the administered dose in all cases. No free sulphite was detected in rat urine even after administration of a single oral dose as high as 400 mg SO2/kg. Induction of liver sulphite oxidase could not be demonstrated after a single dose of 200 mg SO2/kg nor after 50 or 200 mg SO2/kg/day given for 30 days. In addition, electron-microscopic examination of both the liver and kidneys of these same animals showed no abnormality.
Patients' expectations and success criteria for liver transplantation.

Patient-reported outcomes are important to consider when the relative success of liver transplantation (LT) is being evaluated. Our primary objective was to examine the expectations for LT and the criteria for its success across 4 domains of functioning (pain, fatigue, emotional distress, and interference with daily activities) from the perspective of patients who were wait-listed for LT. One hundred four adult patients with a mean wait-list time of 16.5 ± 13 months completed a semistructured interview with a modified version of the Patient-Centered Outcomes Questionnaire (PCOQ). The patients reported moderate usual levels of pain, fatigue, emotional distress, and interference with daily activities (mean rating range = 3.8-6.2), and they attached great importance to improvements in these domains after LT (mean rating range = 7.3-8.0). Patients considered a mean reduction in pain of 33% to be a successful LT outcome. A reduction in fatigue of 56%, a reduction in emotional distress of 44%, and a reduction in interference with daily activities of 54% represented successful LT across these domains. Patients with more severe illness had higher expectations for fatigue (r = −0.30, P = 0.002) and interference with daily activities (r = −0.24, P = 0.015). Cluster and correlational analyses provided support for the validity of the PCOQ with LT patients. Our findings underscore the importance and value of using patient-centered assessments to better understand the ways in which patients prioritize LT outcomes and define transplantation success. Patient-centered assessments have the potential to facilitate provider-patient communication by helping patients to prioritize their goals for LT and make informed choices on the basis of those priorities. Liver Transpl 17:1309–1317, 2011. © 2011 AASLD.
The development and use of phase-encoded functional MRI designs

Abstract Phase-encoded designs advanced the early development of functional MRI, enabling the “killer app” of retinotopic mapping, which helped demonstrate fMRI's value to a skeptical scientific public. The design, also called “the traveling wave”, remains in wide use today, due to its ability to easily measure neural activity in a parameterized set of experimental conditions. In phase-encoded designs, stimuli defined by a numerical parameter, for example visual eccentricity, are presented continuously in the order specified by the parameter. The stimulus parameter that produces maximum response can be recovered from the timing of neural activity, i.e. its phase. From the outset, phase-encoded designs were used for two related, but complementary purposes: 1) to measure aggregate response properties of neurons in a voxel, for example the average visual field location of receptive fields, and 2) to segregate the set of voxels that corresponds to an organized cortical region, for example a retinotopically mapped visual area. This short review will cover the history and current uses of phase-encoded fMRI, while noting the ongoing tension in the field between the brain mapping and computational neuroimaging approaches.
Employer-organized vanpooling: A program for the 1980s

Historically, Americans have relied on the single-occupant automobile to provide transportation to and from the workplace. The convenience, comfort , privacy, and low cost of traveling in single-occupant automobiles made them the preferred method for employee commuting. Given the problems which emerged in the 1970s, however, that preference may be changing. Inflation, gasoline shortages, traffic congestion, and pollution are making single-occupant automobile commuting less convenient, less comfortable, and much more costly. The privacy advantage still exists, but to what extent privacy will be sacrificed for higher costs, less convenience, and less comfort is a question which more and more commuters will be asking in the 1980s.
Provision of Pneumococcal Prophylaxis for Publicly Insured Children With Sickle Cell Disease

ContextIt is recommended that children younger than 5 years with sickle cell disease (SCD) take daily prophylactic antibiotics to prevent pneumococcal infections; however, how much prophylactic medication they actually are dispensed is unclear.ObjectivesTo measure the amount of prophylactic antibiotics dispensed to young children with SCD and to investigate factors associated with increased delivery of medication.Design, Setting, and PatientsRetrospective longitudinal study conducted January 1995 through December 1999 using Tennessee and Washington State Medicaid administrative claims and encounter data. Children (N = 261) who had 1 inpatient or 2 outpatient claims or encounters listing an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code for SCD, were younger than 4 years at study entry (mean age, 1.4 years), and were continuously enrolled in Medicaid for a 1-year period.Main Outcome MeasureNumber of days during a 365-day period covered by prescription fills for a penicillin or macrolide antibiotic, or for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.ResultsIn a 365-day period, patients were dispensed a mean of 148.4 (SD, 121.3; median, 114; interquartile range [IQR], 39-247) days of prophylactic medication. The total amount of medication dispensed varied widely: 10.3% of patients received none and 21.5% received more than 270 days of medication. In a 365-day period, a mean of 12.7 (SD, 10.5; range, 0-40) prophylactic prescriptions were filled per patient. The median prescription duration was 10 days. In a multivariate linear regression model adjusting for state, sex, age at study entry, inclusion year, residence in urban community, outpatient inclusion encounter, required prescription co-payment, and number of outpatient visits for nonpreventive care, each preventive visit was associated with 12.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.3-21.7) additional days of prophylactic antibiotics, and each emergency department visit was associated with 10.0 (95% CI, 1.2-18.8) additional days.ConclusionsPublicly insured children with SCD may receive inadequate antibiotic prophylaxis against pneumococcal infections, placing them at increased risk of morbidity and mortality; however, increased numbers of outpatient visits for preventive care are associated with improved provision of prophylactic antibiotics.
Fixed-time artificial insemination of postpartum beef cows at 72 or 80 h after treatment with the MGA® Select protocol

Abstract The objective was to determine the appropriate timing of fixed-time artificial insemination (AI) following administration of the MGA ® Select protocol. Cows at two locations (Location 1, n =114; Location 2, n =97) were assigned to fixed-time AI at 72 or 80h by age, body condition score (BCS), days postpartum (DPP), AI technician, and sire. All cows were synchronized with the MGA ® Select protocol, consisting of oral administration of melengestrol acetate (MGA; 0.5mg/hd per day) for 14 days, GnRH (Cysotrelin,1Merial, Athens, GA, USA. 1 100μg, i.m.; Day 26) 12 days after MGA withdrawal, followed in 7 days with PGF 2α (PG; Lutalyse,2Pfizer Animal Health, New York, NY, USA. 2 25mg i.m.; Day 33). Cows were inseminated at 72h ( n =108) or 80h ( n =103) after PG and GnRH (100μg) was given at insemination. Location was not significant and, therefore, was removed from the model. Mean BCS (5.2±0.1, 72h; 5.3±0.1, 80h) and DPP (34±2, 72h; 35±2, 80h) did not differ ( P >0.1) between treatments. Serum progesterone concentrations 7 and 1 day prior to MGA were used to determine pre-treatment cyclicity: cows with at least one sample with progesterone ≥1ng/ml were defined as cyclic (33/108, 31%, 72h, versus 32/103, 31%, 80h; P >0.1). Cows with serum progesterone concentrations ≥1ng/ml on the day of PG were defined as responding to the synchronization protocol (74/108 (69%), 72h versus 69/103 (67%), 80h; P >0.1). Although pregnancy rates were higher ( P P >0.1) between treatments (98/108 (91%), 72h; 88/103 (85%), 80h). In conclusion, pregnancy rates were higher when postpartum beef cows synchronized with the MGA ® Select protocol were inseminated at 72h versus 80h after PG.
Differential response of Trifolium species to 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid treatments

The differential response of white clover (Trifolium repens L. cv. Regal Ladino) and berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L. cv. Mississippi ecotype) was investigated by treating greenhouse cultured plants with 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-DB). Berseem clover plants were significantly injured by a treatment concentration of 0.6 kg ha-1 of 2,4-DB, whereas white clover plants were not injured by treatment levels below 2.4 kg ha-1. The metabolism of 2,4-DB in cell suspension cultures of white clover and berseem clover was investigated using [ring-14C]-2,4-DB and non-labeled 2,4-DB. White clover cell cultures metabolized ca 4-fold more 2,4-DB than berseem cultures over a 44-h treatment period. The decrease in berseem cell population was 4-fold greater than the decrease in white clover cell population in response to the 8 μM 2,4-DB treatment. The herbicide and its [ring-14C]-labeled metabolites were isolated from treated cells and medium after 44 h by partition and thin-layer chromatography. White clover cells metabolized 90% of the [14C]-2,4-DB and berseem clover cells metabolized 22% of the herbicide. The major portion of the radiolabel was in the glycoside fractions from extracts of both species. The differential response of Trifolium species to 2,4-DB is implied to be due to the differential rate of 2,4-DB metabolism to a glycoside by the clover plants.
On the reinitiation of cell growth in culture.

Abstract The reinitiation of growth by rat C6 glioma cultures following dissociation, dilution, and replating arises from the disruption of cooperative cell interactions rather than from the effects of the dissociating agent upon the cell surface or an anchorage dependent event. The cell interaction mechanism responsible for this effect does not involve the extracellular matrix or a conditioned medium factor, and is therefore probably contact in nature. Three distinct components of C6 growth regulation can now be recognized: (1) an endogenous growth program which specifies the time base of growth events and causes growth inhibition; (2) a density dependent mechanism that regulates the amplitude of the growth rate; and (3) a second density dependent mechanism which ‘locks’ cells into a state of growth inhibition, thereby preventing growth reinitiation. Both of the density dependent mechanisms appear to involve contact mediation.
Bacterial sporulation: Pole-to-pole protein oscillation

Sporulating bacteria need to temporally coordinate DNA replication, chromosome partitioning and sporulation initiation. Recent work has shown that one aspect of this coordination lies with the interdependent subcellular localization of two proteins, Spo0J and Soj, and in the Spo0J-dependent spatial oscillation of Soj.
Chemical vapor sensing of two-dimensional MoS2 field effect transistor devices

Abstract MoS 2 , in single to few-layer format, is of interest because of its potential for advanced transistor and sensor applications. Its sizable bandgap enables single layer transistors with large on/off current ratios, and the large surface-to-volume ratio provides sensitive transduction of surface physisorption to the channel conductivity. Here, we discuss aspects of transistor device fabrication and of chemical vapor sensing experiments. We expose MoS 2 chemical sensors to a variety of analytes, find the largest response to triethylamine, a nerve gas by-product, and explain our results based on a donor–acceptor model. We show that our MoS 2 sensors provide comparable sensitivity and much higher selectivity than other low-dimensional sensors such as carbon nanotube and graphene chemical sensors. We present results for back-gated sensing and light sensitivity for our monolayer MoS 2 sensors, and compare the results with multilayer MoS 2 sensors.
In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence that Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) Contributes to Stirring- and Shear-Dependent Activation of Platelet-Derived TGF-β1

Thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1), which is contained in platelet α-granules and released with activation, has been shown to activate latent TGF-β1 in vitro, but its in vivo role is unclear as TSP-1-null (Thbs1−/−) mice have a much less severe phenotype than TGF-β1-null (Tgfb1−/−) mice. We recently demonstrated that stirring and/or shear could activate latent TGF-β1 released from platelets and have now studied these methods of TGF-β1 activation in samples from Thbs1−/− mice, which have higher platelet counts and higher levels of total TGF-β1 in their serum than wild type mice. After either two hours of stirring or shear, Thbs1−/− samples demonstrated less TGF-β1 activation (31% and 54% lower levels of active TGF-β1 in serum and platelet releasates, respectively). TGF-β1 activation in Thbs1−/− mice samples was normalized by adding recombinant human TSP-1 (rhTSP-1). Exposure of platelet releasates to shear for one hour led to near depletion of TSP-1, but this could be prevented by preincubating samples with thiol-reactive agents. Moreover, replenishing rhTSP-1 to human platelet releasates after one hour of stirring enhanced TGF-β1 activation. In vivo TGF-β1 activation in carotid artery thrombi was also partially impaired in Thbs1−/− mice. These data indicate that TSP-1 contributes to shear-dependent TGF-β1 activation, thus providing a potential explanation for the inconsistent in vitro data previously reported as well as for the differences in phenotypes of Thbs1−/− and Tgfb1−/− mice.
Modular production – a 45‐year‐old concept

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to update an article written by the author in the Harvard Business Review almost 50 years ago.Design/methodology/approach – The paper evaluates the present status of the phenomena of modularity (for both product and service components). This is done by reviewing all existing literature on multitudinous facets of the subject and discussing applications with practitioners.Findings – Modularity remains a splintered concept, perhaps because so many different types of application exist. Heterogeneity stymies systemization. Nevertheless, successful applications exist. This International Journal of Operations & Production Management, dedicated to modularity, testifies to significant facets of accomplishment and continued challenges (e.g. optimum shoe sizing and modular construction). Also, production managers have not become boardroom planners (as was expected 45 years ago). Potential cost savings of modularity do not occur because off‐shoring provided another way to dramat...
Construct and concurrent validity of a prototype questionnaire to survey public attitudes toward stuttering

Abstract Purpose Construct validity and concurrent validity were investigated in a prototype survey instrument, the Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes-Experimental Edition ( POSHA-E ). The POSHA-E was designed to measure public attitudes toward stuttering within the context of eight other attributes, or “anchors,” assumed to range from negative (e.g., “mental illness”), to neutral (e.g., “left handed”), to positive (e.g., “intelligent”). Method Two respondent samples, each composed of 32 adults, completed the POSHA-E on two occasions. Both samples were reported in previously published studies [Reichel, I., & St. Louis, K. O. (2004). Effects of emotional intelligence training in graduate fluency disorders courses. In A. Packman, A. Meltzer, & H. F. M. Peters (Eds.), Proceedings of the 4th world congress on fluency disorders (pp. 474–481). Nijmegen, The Netherlands: Nijmegen University Press; St. Louis, K. O., Lubker, B. B., Yaruss, J. S., & Aliveto, E. F. (in press). Development of a prototype questionnaire to survey public attitudes toward stuttering: Reliability of the second prototype. Contemporary Issues in Communication Sciences and Disorders ]. One sample completed the POSHA-E twice, two weeks apart, and the results were analyzed for test–retest reliability (T–R). Another sample consisted of graduate students completing the POSHA-E before and after a course in fluency disorders (VAL) to measure changes in students’ attitudes toward stuttering. This group also filled out the Bipolar Adjective Scale ( BAS ) to obtain a second measure of attitudes toward stuttering. Results Comparing the two groups, VAL respondents’ mean ratings about stuttering changed more, and generally in the expected direction of more “positive” attitudes, than T–R respondents’ ratings. Moreover, VAL rating changes were in similar directions on the POSHA-E and the BAS . Conclusions Results of the study permit the interpretation that the POSHA-E satisfies indicators of construct and concurrent validity, and provides evidence that it can measure positive changes in attitudes. Educational objectives The reader will be able to: (1) define the concepts of construct validity and concurrent validity; (2) describe construct validity and concurrent validity in reference to survey development; and (3) discuss general principles of attitude changes of students after taking a course in fluency disorders.
Comparison of Netilmicin with Gentamicin in the Therapy of Experimental Escherichia coli Meningitis

Netilmicin (SCH20569), a new broad-spectrum aminoglycoside derived from sisomicin, was compared withgentamicin inthetherapy ofexperimental Escherichia coli meningitis inrabbits. Meningitis was produced in48animals bythe intracisternal inoculation of105E.colicolony-forming units. Theminimum bactericidal concentration was 2,tg/ml against theteststrain forbothgentamicin andnetilmicin. Thetwoaminoglycosides demonstrated comparable penetration into thecerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Themean percent penetration [(CSF concentration/serum concentration) x 100%] was 22.5 ± 6.0and20.6 ± 7.2fornetilmicin andgentamicin, respectively (P= 0.18). However, netilmicin achieved bactericidal activity irn theCSFatlower levels thandidgentamicin. Whenmean CSF concentrations ranged from4to8,ug/ml, mean CSFbacterial titers decreased 2.98logsinrabbits treated withnetilmicin butonly0.16loginrabbits treated withgentamicin. A 2-log decrease inCSFbacterial counts was produced bya mean CSFconcentration of1.4,ug ofnetilmicin permlascompared to14.1,ug of gentamicin perml.Because ofits reduced toxicity andgreater invivobactericidal activity, netilmicin may offer an advantage over gentamicin inthetherapy of gram-negative bacillary meningitis. Netilmicin isa newaminoglycoside witha wideinvitro spectrum ofactivity against most gram-negative aerobic bacilli (2,3,7-10, 12,14, 20-22, 24,27,28,30). Theinvivoantibacterial activity ofnetilmicin iscomparable tothatof gentamicin (22), anditisactive against many gentamicin-resistant
Anaphylaxis to Carboplatin Following Multiple Previous Uncomplicated Courses

Hypersensitivity reactions to carboplatin are rare but potentially life-threatening complications. A patient with an anaphylactic reaction to carboplatin is presented. This patient had received multiple courses of platinum-based chemotherapy including cisplatin and carboplatin. Close patient monitoring during chemotherapy is essential and skin testing to identify the etiologic agent is indicated when hypersensitivity reactions occur in the setting of combination chemotherapy.
The development and use of a faculty salary model for a higher education system

Most of the earlier attempts to develop faculty salary models have been based on data from a single institution or from an undifferentiated group of institutions, without a data base adequate to support the design. The overall objective of this paper is to report on the development, characteristics, statistical findings, and utility of a faculty salary model employed over the period 1978–79 to 1980–81 for a higher education system containing 16 institutions ranging from a comprehensive university to a small rural community college in complexity and mission. The need for the model grew out of requirements for the governing board to: (1) deal with litigation and the issues of equity for minorities and females; (2) make interinstitutional salary comparisons as these relate to size, complexity, and mission; and (3) better understand the factors which “determine” faculty salaries.
Nanostructures and lithium electrochemical reactivity of lithium titanites and titanium oxides: A review

Being inherently safe and chemically compatible with the electrolyte, titanium oxide-based materials, including both Li-titanites and various TiO2 polymorphs, are considered alternatives to carbonaceous anodes in Li-ion batteries. Given the commercial success of the spinel lithium titanites, TiO2 polymorphs, in particular in nanostructured forms, have been fabricated and investigated for the applications. Nanostructuring leads to increased reaction areas, shortened Li + diffusion and potentially enhanced solubility/capacity. Integration with an electron-conductive second phase into the TiO2-based nanostructures eases the electron transport, resulting in further improved lithium electrochemical activity and the overall electrochemical performance. This paper reviews structural characteristics and Li-electrochemical reactivity, along with synthetic approaches, of nanostructures and nano-composites based on lithium titanites
The response of the adrenal cortex of the rat to dietary salt restriction and replacement.

SEVERAL investigations have been concerned with the effects of altered sodium or potassium intakes on the adrenal cortex of the rat (Orent-Keiles, Robinson and McCollum, 1937; Badinez and Croxatto, 1948; Deane, Shaw and Greep, 1948; and Bergner and Deane, 1948). Most of these studies have evaluated the changes induced by deficient diets upon the widths and cytochemistry of the zona glomerulosa. When rats are kept on a diet restricted as to sodium and chloride, there is an increase in the size of the zona glomerulosa and a decrease in lipid droplets. The object of this investigation was to determine with what rapidity the zona glomerulosa returns to normal after a rat has been on a salt free diet and is allowed to ingest salt ad libitum. In addition to histological studies, chemical determinations for ascorbic acid and cholesterol in the adrenals of salt deficient rats were made.
Total electron content measurements in ionospheric physics

With the advent of modern global networks of dual-frequency Global Positioning System (GPS), total electron content (TEC) measurements along slant paths connecting GPS receivers and satellites at 22,000 km have become the largest data set available to ionospheric scientists. The TEC can be calculated from the time and phase delay in the GPS signal using the GPS Toolkit, but an unknown bias will remain. In addition, UHF/VHF radio beacons on board low-Earth-orbiting satellites can also be used to measure the electron content. However, the TEC measurements are obtained by integrating TEC differences between slant paths, but also contain biases. It is often necessary to use data assimilative algorithms like the Ionospheric Data Assimilation Three-Dimensional (IDA3D), and to treat both GPS- and LEO-beacon TEC measurements as relative data in order to conduct ionospheric studies.
Vocalizations and Behavior of Two Commercial Stocks of Chickens

Abstract Vocalization and behavior comparisons were made between two commercial egg-laying stocks maintained under high intensity, battery-cage housing. Data obtained at approximately 35 weeks of age from both stocks in the same house showed significantly more pushes and steps in Stock B than in Stock A flocks. Also, the frequency range of vocalizations emitted was greater for Stock B than for Stock A pullets. This difference was attributed to an increased number of disturbance calls and shriek-like sounds called “baaks”.
Modeling the dependence between number of trials and success probability in beta-binomial-Poisson mixture distributions.

Des modeles beta-binomiaux sont frequemment utilises pour des donnees binomiales avec sur-dispersion, avec une probabilite binomiale de succes suivant une distribution beta. On suppose que le nombre d'essais binomiaux dans chaque binomiale est non-aleatoire et non liee a la probabilite de succes. Dans de nombreuses etudes sur le comportement, neanmoins, les observations binomiales ont des structures plus complexes. Dans cet article, nous developpons un modele de melange beta-binomial-Poisson pour autoriser une relation entre le nombre d'essais et la probabilite de succes pour des donnees binomiales avec sur-dispersion. Nous mettons en oeuvre un algorithme EM pour calculer simultanement des estimations du maximum de vraisemblance des parametres du modele et de leur ecart type correspondant. A titre d'illustration, nous appliquons cette methodologie a l'etude du comportement alimentaire de herons a dos vert dans deux ruisseaux du sud-ouest du Missouri.
Asthma following inhalation accidents reported to the SWORD project

A follow-up study in 1994 of all inhalation accidents reported to the Surveillance of Work-related and Occupational Respiratory Disease project (SWORD) found that in 11 (3%) of 406 cases reported by occupational physicians and in 39 (18%) of 217 cases reported by chest physicians the patients had developed asthma-like symptoms. In a further follow-up in 1995, physicians who had reported these 50 cases were asked whether they still considered that their patients had developed asthma as consequence of the inhalation accident and further details were sought. Of the 11 cases reported by occupational physicians, seven were considered due to the inhalation accident, compared with 27 of 39 from chest physicians. The majority (88%) of diagnoses were supported by respiratory function tests. Accidents with prescribed sensitizing agents more frequently resulted in asthma than those with other agents. Of 34 cases, only six had recovered when last seen, so it was unlikely to have been due to transient bronchial hyperreactivity. The positive predictive value of respiratory symptoms increased with the number and duration of symptoms but was low for occupational physicians.
SST emissions: Back to future

Abandoned in the 1970s because of the energy crisis and unresolved environmental concerns, supersonic commercial airplanes that would fly through the stratosphere are being seriously considered again by the aeronautics industry and the federal government. This time around, the future of the program will be depend how the airplane emissions affect the ozone layer and on noise on the ground. Abandoned in the 1970s because of the energy crisis and unresolved environmental concerns, supersonic commercial airplanes that would fly through the stratosphere are being seriously considered again by the aeronautics industry and the federal government. This time around, the future of the program will be depend how the airplane emissions affect the ozone layer and on noise on the ground.
Ergodic Secrecy Rate for Gaussian MISO Wiretap Channels with Non-Trivial Covariance

A Gaussian multiple-input single-output (MISO) wiretap channel model is considered, where there exists a transmitter equipped with multiple antennas, a legitimate receiver and an eavesdropper each equipped with a single antenna. We study the problem of finding the optimal input covariance that achieves ergodic secrecy rate subject to a power constraint where the full information on the legitimate channel is known to the transmitter, but only statistical information on the eavesdropper channel is available at the transmitter. Existing results address the case in which the eavesdropper channel has independent and identically distributed Gaussian entries with zero-mean, i.e., the channel has trivial covariance. This paper addresses the general case where eavesdropper channel has nontrivial covariance. A set of equations describing the optimal input covariance matrix are proposed. Based on this framework, we show that the optimal input covariance has always rank one. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the algorithm.
An explicit finite-difference time-domain method using Whitney elements

The versatility of using the finite-element method (FEM) in modeling electromagnetic problems involving structures with irregular shape is well known. On the other hand, the simplicity and usefulness of the finite-difference time domain (FDTD) method are generally recognized. Therefore, there is a great need to develop a method that retains the simplicity of the FDTD and yet provides the modeling flexibility of the FEM. Finite-element time-domain methods have been reported by several researchers; all these methods require solving a system of linear algebraic equations for each time-step. While the matrix equation is very sparse and can be solved for using the preconditioned conjugate-gradient method, it is desirable to eliminate the memory storage and CPU required for the matrix solution entirely. Thus, the present authors give an explicit finite-difference time-domain method using Whitney 2-form elements. A simple 2D parallel-plate waveguide and a 3D rectangular waveguide are used as illustrative examples.
A Jump-Start for Planarian Head Regeneration

Planaria are simple flatworms with an extraordinary ability to regenerate missing body parts. This makes them a unique model system for the study of regeneration. Extending an earlier chemical screen, Beane et al. (2011) now reveal a role for H + /K + ATPase and membrane depolarization in anterior regeneration in planaria.
p53 dependence of topoisomerase I recruitment in vivo.

DNA damage is attended by rapid recruitment of endogenous type I topoisomerase (topo I) into covalent cleavage complexes with genomic DNA in vivo . In contrast, endogenous topoisomerase IIα and β are not stimulated by DNA damage. We show that topo I and p53 are able to associate at arrested topo I-genomic DNA covalent complexes in vivo, suggesting that p53 directly stimulates topo I activity and damage to the genome of the afflicted cell. Moreover, cells that express wild-type p53 are most proficient at recruiting topo I after DNA damage; however, the p53 dependence is conditional because topo I recruitment after DNA damage can be restored if p53 mutant cells (containing a single mutant allele) are artificially held in G1. In contrast, p53 null mutants do not recruit topo I after DNA damage under any conditions (although camptothecin-dependent topo I/DNA complexes readily form in the nulls). These results show that topo I activation after DNA damage depends on the p53 status of the cell. It also depends upon the cell cycle in a way that is very different from that observed with DNA replication-dependent, camptothecin-mediated DNA breaks. The data suggest a model where p53 activates topo I, which inflicts additional genomic damage after the initial UV damage events. Topoisomerases therefore contribute to the p53 commitment to apoptosis, and topo I might assist in elimination of DNA-damaged cells as part of the cellular proofreading function inherent in the p53 pathway.
Population heterogeneity in the salience of multiple risk factors for adolescent delinquency.

Abstract Purpose To present mixture regression analysis as an alternative to more standard regression analysis for predicting adolescent delinquency. We demonstrate how mixture regression analysis allows for the identification of population subgroups defined by the salience of multiple risk factors. Methods We identified population subgroups (i.e., latent classes) of individuals based on their coefficients in a regression model predicting adolescent delinquency from eight previously established risk indices drawn from the community, school, family, peer, and individual levels. The study included N = 37,763 10th-grade adolescents who participated in the Communities That Care Youth Survey. Standard, zero-inflated, and mixture Poisson and negative binomial regression models were considered. Results Standard and mixture negative binomial regression models were selected as optimal. The five-class regression model was interpreted based on the class-specific regression coefficients, indicating that risk factors had varying salience across classes of adolescents. Conclusions Standard regression showed that all risk factors were significantly associated with delinquency. Mixture regression provided more nuanced information, suggesting a unique set of risk factors that were salient for different subgroups of adolescents. Implications for the design of subgroup-specific interventions are discussed.
C3–C4 composition and prior carbon dioxide treatment regulate the response of grassland carbon and water fluxes to carbon dioxide

Summary 1. Plants usually respond to carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) enrichment by increasing photosynthesis and reducing transpiration, but these initial responses to CO 2 may not be sustained. 2. During May, July and October 2000, we measured the effects of temporarily increasing or decreasing CO 2 concentration by 150‐200 µ mol mol − 1 on daytime net ecosystem CO 2 exchange (NEE) and water flux (evapotranspiration, ET) of C 3 ‐C 4 grassland in central Texas, USA that had been exposed for three growing seasons to a CO 2 gradient from 200 to 560 µ mol mol − 1 . Grassland grown at subambient CO 2 ( 365 µ mol mol − 1 ). Grassland grown at elevated CO 2 was exposed for 2 days to a subambient gradient. Our objective was to determine whether growth CO 2 affected the amount by which grassland NEE and ET responded to CO 2 switching (sensitivity to CO 2 ). 3. The NEE per unit of leaf area was greater (16‐20%) and ET was smaller (9‐20%), on average, at the higher CO 2 concentration during CO 2 switching in May and July. The amount by which NEE increased at the higher CO 2 level was smaller at elevated than subambient growth concentrations on both dates, but relationships between NEE response and growth CO 2 were weak. Conversely, the effect of temporary CO 2 change on ET did not depend on growth CO 2 . 4. The ratio of NEE at high CO 2 to NEE at low CO 2 during CO 2 change in July increased from 1·0 to 1·26 as the contribution of C 3 cover to total cover increased from 26% to 96%. Conversely, in May, temporary CO 2 enrichment reduced ET more in C 4 - than C 3 -dominated grassland. 5. For this mesic grassland, sensitivity of NEE and ET to brief change in CO 2 depended as much on the C 3 ‐C 4 composition of vegetation as on physiological adjustments related to prior CO 2 exposure.
WEIRD THINGS FROM THE MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN OF NORTH AMERICA INTERPRETED AS CONULARIID FRAGMENTS

Small phosphatic fossils recovered from acid residues of the Galena Group Middle (Ordovician) of Wisconsin were recently described by Clark et al. (1999) as weird things. Here, we report that specimens identified by those authors as Thing 3 and Thing 6 are fragments of conulariids belonging to two species that occur widely through Middle Ordovician strata of eastern North America. Similarly disintegrated, conspecific specimens from the Trenton Limestone of northwestern Indiana, and articulated, conspecific specimens from Ohio and New York, are introduced for comparison. #### Location and stratigraphy New conulariid pieces reported here (Fig. 1.1–1.3) are from a drill core (Alois Knapp well #1) through the Trenton Limestone of Newton County, Indiana. In northwest Indiana, the Trenton Limestone consists of approximately 60 m of light to dark brown strata ranging from lime mudstones through grainstones. The specimens discussed in this report are from four sample intervals ranging from a subsurface depth of 302 m to 333 m. Twenty-five conulariid fragments were recovered during routine processing for conodonts (Richardson, 1998) by immersion of limestone in acetic acid, a process that isolates phosphatic fossils (Savage, 1988). By comparison, 1,064 conodont elements were recovered from the same samples (Richardson, 1998). Conodont biostratigraphic data indicate that the rocks from which the conulariid specimens were recovered range from the upper half of the Phragmodus undatus Zone through the Plectodina tenuis Zone into the lower half of the Belodina confluens Zone according to Sweet (1984). This interval is equivalent to the upper part of the Amorphognathus tvaerensis North Atlantic Conodont Zone and the lower part of the Amorphognathus …
Recommendations for Rookie Writers

This article answers common questions for new lawyers about legal writing, such as when to use footnotes, when to stop researching, and when to discuss the projects with the supervising attorney.
The origins of Entwicklungsmechanik.

Leading developmental biology textbooks tell their readers that a new field of experimental embryology emerged somewhere around the end of the nineteenth or the beginning of the twentieth century. This field began, the texts generally explain, with the work of Wilhelm Roux on Entwicklungsmechanik (or developmental mechanics). In particular, Roux’s set of experiments on isolated blastomeres led the way. As Scott Gilbert very clearly puts it in his developmental biology textbook (1), “With this series of experiments, Roux inaugurated his program of developmental mechanics (Entwicklungsmechanik), the physiological approach to embryology. No longer, insisted Roux, would embryology merely be the servant of evolutionary studies. Rather, embryology would assume its role as an independent experimental science.”
Activation of inflammasome by rickettsiae in human and murine macrophages (MPF4P.727)

Rickettsiae are Gram-negative, obligately intracellular bacteria that infect macrophages. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in interaction of rickettsiae with macrophages remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the inflammasome activation by rickettsiae in human and mouse macrophages. R. australis activated the inflammasome in mouse bone-marrow derived macrophages (BMDM), marked by caspase (casp)-1/11-dependent secretion of IL-1β and IL-18, and induction of pyroptosis. Kinetic studies revealed that low dose (MOI 2) R. australis activated the inflammasome in mouse macrophages at 12 h post infection (p.i.), while high dose (MOI 6) activated at 8 h p.i., with no significant difference in activation between doses at 24 h p.i.. In contrast, R. australis activated the inflammasome in human THP-1 derived macrophages at as early as 3 h p.i., resulting in production of IL-1β, IL-18, induction of pyroptosis, and activation of casp-1. Studies using siRNA and inhibitors specific for casp-4 suggest that rickettsiae activated non-canonical inflammasome pathway in human macrophages. Taken together, our data, for the first time, illustrated the activation of inflammasome by rickettsiae in both mouse and human macrophages, although with different kinetic mechanisms. This study provides invaluable information for developing novel therapeutic interventions for rickettsioses by employing current knowledge derived from mouse infection models.
Effect of ventilation distribution on aerosol bolus dispersion and recovery

It has been speculated that convective ventilatory inhomogeneities are an important factor influencing aerosol bolus behavior in the compromised lung. Multiple-breath133Xe washout (MBWXe) is a commonly accepted test of ventilation distribution. By comparing aerosol bolus parameters to MBWXe in 9 healthy subjects and 14 cystic fibrosis patients with mild-to-moderate airway obstruction, we have attempted to discern the effect of altered ventilation distribution on aerosol bolus dispersion and recovery. Aerosol boluses (150-ml width) were delivered to the volumetric penetrations of 250 and 500 ml. Similar tidal volumes (∼1.25 liters) and flow rates (0.4 l/s) were used for aerosol bolus and MBWXe maneuvers. Associations between bolus parameters and ventilation distribution were only observed in the cystic fibrosis patients. We conclude that aerosol bolus dispersion and recovery are both influenced by convective ventilatory inhomogeneities induced by airway obstruction in these patients.
The Lived Meanings of Chinese Social Network Sites (SNSs) among Urban White-Collar Professionals

ABSTRACTA phenomenological study reveals the lived meanings of Chinese social network sites (SNSs) among urban, white-collar professional users through an investigation of a newly launched SNS, Happy Network. Their shared meanings of the Happy Network were interdependent with participants’ interpretations of time, fun, need to belong, and social interactions, shaped by and reflective of their social role as white-collar professionals and the cultural characteristics of contemporary Chinese society. Specifically, participants’ understandings of the Happy Network entailed five dialectic relations: in control/controlled by, dependent/independent, public/private, intimate/distant, and personal/social.
Multiscale Community Blockmodel for Network Exploration

Real world networks exhibit a complex set of phenomena such as underlying hierarchical organization, multiscale interaction, and varying topologies of communities. Most existing methods do not adequately capture the intrinsic interplay among such phenomena. We propose a nonparametric Multiscale Community Blockmodel (MSCB) to model the generation of hierarchies in social communities, selective membership of actors to subsets of these communities, and the resultant networks due to within- and cross- community interactions. By using the nested Chinese Restaurant Process, our model automatically infers the hierarchy structure from the data. We develop a collapsed Gibbs sampling algorithm for posterior inference, conduct extensive validation using synthetic networks, and demonstrate the utility of our model in real-world datasets such as predator-prey networks and citation networks.