cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disparate patterns of thermal adaptation between life stages in temperate vs. tropical populations of Drosophila melanogaster

Ectotherms may be threatened by increasing global temperatures, particularly if thermal adaptation is slower than climate change, as recent work has suggested. But estimates of evolutionary rates depend on the strength of natural selection, which may vary across life stages. Thus, depending on the life stage examined, comparisons of thermal tolerance among populations and species may yield inaccurate estimates of the rate at which thermal tolerance can evolve. Here we compared acute thermal tolerance in two life stages, adults and embryos, among populations of Drosophila melanogaster that span a broad range of thermal habitats across temperate sites in eastern North America and tropical sites around the globe. We report no variation in adult thermal tolerance among populations across this broad geographic range. In contrast, embryonic thermal tolerance was significantly higher in individuals from tropical sites compared to temperate sites. Embryonic thermal tolerance was similar among temperate populations, but among tropical populations embryonic thermal tolerance was positively correlated with maximum habitat temperature. We further report that embryos live closer to their upper thermal limits than adults; i.e., thermal safety margins are smaller for embryos than adults. F1 hybrid embryos from crosses between temperate and tropical populations had embryonic thermal tolerance that matched that of tropical embryos, suggesting phenotypic dominance of heat-tolerant alleles. Together our findings demonstrate that thermal tolerance readily evolves in the earliest and most thermally sensitive life stage and suggest that thermal selection may be more limited in the adult life stage. Disparate patterns of embryonic thermal tolerance between temperate and tropical populations may be the result of regional differences in seasonality.
Correction to: Upper and Lower Values in Zero-Sum Stochastic Games with Asymmetric Information

The original article has been published without funding information. This has been corrected with this erratum.
Amantadine Associated Myoclonus: Case Report and Review of the Literature:

Purpose:Amantadine is commonly used to treat Parkinson’s disease. A case of myoclonus and asterixis was associated with amantadine is reported.Case Summary:An 80-year-old man with Parkinson’s disea...
Association between Health and Wealth among Kenyan Adults with Hypertension.

BACKGROUND: This paper examines the relationship between hypertension and wealth in a national sample of Kenyan adults. METHODS: Data from 27,552 individuals from the Demographic and Health Survey Program (DHS) for Kenya were analyzed. Wealth index, a cumulative measure of household standard of living, was the outcome. The final analysis was stratified by gender with covariates added in blocks (demographics, economic, and cultural) to investigate the independent association of hypertension with wealth index. RESULTS: Approximately 7.6% of those with hypertension had a wealth index above the median. For women and men, hypertension was significantly associated with higher wealth index (women s=0.26; CI=0.19; 0.34; men s=0.36; CI=0.19; 0.53). After adjusting for age, rural location, children, employment, education, ethnicity, and religion, hypertension maintained statistical significance with wealth index for both women and men (women s=0.06; CI=0.01; 0.11; men s=0.20; CI=0.08; 0.31). CONCLUSIONS: As Kenya as a nation undergoes health care reform while also experiencing a high burden of hypertension, the results presented here provide preliminary evidence that may be used in support for decision makers for the wealth effects of health interventions. Additional work is needed to understand the longitudinal relationship between hypertension and wealth at the national level.
Cash Balance Pension Plan Conversions

One of the hottest issues in the pension world today involves companies replacing their traditional pension plans with cash balance plans. A cash balance plan is a pension plan that looks like a bank account or a 401(k) plan. The problem is that replacing a traditional pension plan with a cash balance plan will reduce the expected pension benefits of older workers. As a result, older workers can see their future pensions cut - in some cases deeply. Not surprisingly, many of these older workers have felt cheated, and they have filed a number of lawsuits to stop these so-called cash balance conversions. This Article considers the various legal issues that are raised by cash balance conversions. In particular, this Article considers whether these conversions violate the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) or the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA). The Article concludes that the typical cash balance conversion will not violate these laws. As long as the conversion protects the already-accrued benefits of older workers, ERISA will be satisfied. And, as long as post-conversion benefit allocations are nondiscriminatory, ADEA should be satisfied.
Information Technologies in Transportation

Transportation and Internet Technologies have evolved dramatically during the last decade, laying solid foundation for the future generation of the Ubiquitous Internet access, omnipresent web technologies and ultimate automated information cyberspace. As a result, the current efforts in the research and development in the areas of Future Transportation and Next Generation of Internet Technologies promotes formation of inter-disciplinary international teams of experts, scientists, researchers and engineers to create a new generation of applications and technologies that will facilitate the future transportation system. The author discusses the current state of the art in the world of Telecommunications and Internet Technologies, new technological trends directions in the application in the Future Transportation.
Therapeutic Strategies to Treat Dry Eye in an Aging Population

Dry eye (DE) is a prevalent ocular disease that primarily affects the elderly. Affecting up to 30 % of adults aged 50 years and older, DE affects both visual function and quality of life. Symptoms of DE, including ocular pain (aching, burning), visual disturbances, and tearing, can be addressed with therapeutic agents that target dysfunction of the meibomian glands, lacrimal glands, goblet cells, ocular surface, and/or neural network. This review provides an overview of the efficacy, use, and limitations of current therapeutic interventions being used to treat DE.
Studies of Spermatogenesis and Steroid Metabolism in Cultures of Human Testicular Tissue

Study of the physiology of any organ in vivo is complicated by numerous interactions taking place within a living organism, and attempts to identify factors controlling testicular functions have been faced with a similar problem. Thus, while it has been established that pituitary gonadotropins play an integral part in the control of testicular physiology, the specific role of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) or luteinizing hormone (LH), as well as the role of other factors in the spermatogenic and steroidogenic functions of the testis have not been clearly defined.
An approach to lipophilic nucleotide phosphate analogs: Synthesis of a lipophilic isostere of ATP

Abstract The tertiary structures of Mg +2 complexes of ATP and ADP can be imitated by other, more lipophilic atomic arrangements. A design rationale is presented and a synthetic approach to such lipophilic ATP isosteres is described.
Mean-square error surfaces of 2-D recursive adaptive filters

Recursive adaptive filters which utilize a stochastic gradient search algorithm in order to optimize their coefficients are apt to converge to local minima if the mean-square error surface is not unimodal. Such conditions are known to result since the IIR mean-square error surfaces is not quadratic. Two-dimensional adaptive filter error surfaces are examined in this paper, and their properties are seen to be very similar to those of 1-D IIR adaptive filter error surfaces.
Mortgages and Conservation Easements: Not a Good Mix

This article reviews Kaufman and the Tax Court’s reconsideration of its summary judgment decision that rejected the taxpayers’ deduction for a facade easement charitable deduction. The issues newly considered are the deductibility of the taxpayers’ required cash payments to the charity in connection with obtaining a facade easement charitable deduction and the application of various penalties.
The incidence of phimosis in boys

Objective To establish the incidence of pathological phimosis in boys. Patients and methods A 2-year review of circumcisions was performed for phimosis among a known population of boys, with the histological findings of the circumcision specimens assessed. Results Sixty-two boys (all but one aged 5-14 years) had typical pathological (cicatrizing) phimosis and among the 51 circumcision specimens examined histologically, 43 (84%) showed appearances of balanitis xerotica obliterans. During the same period, 30 boys were circumcised for developmental unretractability of the foreskin ('physiological phimosis'). Conclusions The incidence of pathological phimosis in boys was 0.4 cases/1000 boys per year, or 0.6% of boys affected by their 15th birthday, a value lower than previous estimates and exceeded more than eight-fold by the proportion of English boys currently circumcised for 'phimosis'.
Amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in the diagnosis of hyaline membrane disease

Abstract To evaluate fetal lung maturity, lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratios were determined on 130 amniotic fluid samples obtained from 93 pregnant women between 28 and 43 weeks of gestation. Correlation of these ratios from samples obtained at parturition with the clinical course of the neonate indicated that in 91 of 95 cases the L/S ratio accurately reflected the maturity of the fetal lung. Thus, whether or not hyaline membrane disease will occur at a given time during gestation can be predicted. However, preliminary evidence suggests that the L/S determinations should be viewed with caution in predicting lung maturity of fetuses following intrauterine transfusion and in those pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes mellitus. A case of triplets born at 28 weeks' gestation, only 2 of whom developed hyaline membrane disease, is also described. All 3 infants had L/S ratios predictive of their individual clinical courses.
Micro combustion-thermionic power generation: feasibility, design and initial results

This paper reports for the first time the design, development and initial results from a micro power generator based on thermionic (TI) emission using combustion. Several major results are achieved. Thin-films of BaO are integrated with Si to form the emitter and collector of a TI converter. Field emission and TI emission currents are successfully measured from this converter. Thick SiO/sub 2/ rings are formed to achieve excellent thermal isolation. An integrated process to fabricate micromachined TI power generators is developed. Combustion has been achieved in the micromachined combustor. And power generation of /spl sim/1 /spl mu/W has been measured in emitter-collector subsystem testing. Improvement of the device and testing is needed for achieving system-level power generation from combustion.
Superficial Precooling on a 4-Week Static Stretching Regimen A Randomized Trial

Background:The influence of superficial precooling on range of motion (ROM) as part of a stretching program has not been extensively studied. It is not clear if the analgesic effect can benefit a s...
CORC: a system for gateway creation

CORC is an OCLC project that is developing tools and systems to enable libraries to provide enhanced access to Internet resources. By adapting and extending library techniques and procedures, we are developing a self‐supporting system capable of describing a large and useful subset of the Web. CORC is more a system for hosting and supporting subject gateways than a gateway itself and relies on large‐scale cooperation among libraries to maintain a centralized database. By supporting emerging metadata standards such as Dublin Core and other standards such as Unicode and RDF, CORC broadens the range of libraries and librarians able to participate. Current plans are for OCLC as a full service in July 2000.
Glutathione-elicited changes in chromatin structure within the promoter of the defense gene chalcone synthase

Sites hypersensitive to digestion by DNase I have been identified within the 5′-flanking and 3′-coding sequences of genes encoding the defense enzyme chalcone synthase in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Two of the 5′-flanking hypersensitive sites are markedly induced upon elicitation of cells with glutathione and delineate sequence elements that are also present in the promoters of coordinately regulated genes. In contrast, other hypersensitive sites within the 5′-flanking sequences are expressed constitutively and one maps within an element that is also present in the promoters of coordinately regulated genes. These results suggest that the transcriptional activation of chalcone synthase genes is accompanied by structural changes in the chromatin associated with the proximal region of the promoter and that these probably reflect the binding of transcription factors tocis-regulatory elements.
Linear accelerator radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia.

Objective To report the clinical outcomes following treatment of trigeminal neuralgia with linear accelerator-based radiosurgery. Methods Twenty-eight patients with medication refractory idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia were treated with a single fraction of 80 Gy to the trigeminal nerve root. For treatment delivery, a 4-mm collimator and a 7-arc technique were delivered using a stereotactic floor stand system with an isocenter stability of 0.2 +/- 0.1 mm to minimize dose to the brainstem. Treatment delivery time was approximately 55 minutes. Results With a median follow-up of 12 months (range, 1-40 mo), 57% of patients achieved complete pain relief and 75% (exact 95% confidence interval, 55 to 89%) had their pain reduced to 3 or less on a 10-point pain scale. Median time to pain relief was 1 month. Four patients did not respond to treatment. The actuarial mean time to pain recurrence in responders was 14 months, and the actuarial mean response duration in major to complete responders was 16 months. Women had significantly longer mean time to pain recurrence than men (16 versus 7 months; P = 0.05). Three patients reported new mild facial numbness after radiosurgery and one patient developed neurotrophic keratopathy. Conclusion Linear accelerator-based radiosurgery for medication refractory trigeminal neuralgia provides effective pain relief with a low complication rate.
Lifespan extension of Caenorhabditis elegans following repeated mild hormetic heat treatments

Mild hormetic heat treatments early in life can significantly increase the lifespan of the nematode C. elegans. We have examined the effects of heat treatments at different ages and show that treatments early in life cause the largest increases in lifespan. We also find that repeated mild heat treatments throughout life have a larger effect on lifespan compared to a single mild heat treatment early in life. We hypothesize that the magnitude of the hormetic effect is related to the levels of heat shock protein expression. Following heat treatment young worms show a dramatic increase in the levels of the small heat shock protein HSP-16 whereas old worms are a 100-fold less responsive. The levels of the heat shock proteins HSP-4 and HSP-16 correlate well with the effects on lifespan by the hormetic treatments.
High‐temperature vibrational–rotational relaxation in He–H2

The vibrational–rotational relaxation of He–H2 at high temperatures is studied by applying a recently developed exponential distorted wave (EDW) technique to calculate inelastic cross sections. Particular attention is given to the role of the high rotational states in vibrational relaxation; transfer through these states is shown to be important at high temperatures. For conditions simulating He–H2 shock tube experiments, a single exponential decay is found to describe the n=0→n′→1 vibrational relaxation for all time. It is shown that this fortunate circumstance, which is important in the interpretation of such experiments, does not necessarily extend to other widely differing experimental conditions.
Effect of series resistance on metal-wrap-through multi-crystalline silicon solar cells

Abstract Metal-wrap-through (MWT) is a promising technique to improve the solar cell performance cost effectively because it can be easily integrated into the current production line with only two additional processing steps. Metal filling through the via-holes is a key to obtain low series resistances and good FFs. In this study, several screen printing process conditions were examined to find out an optimal filling state of the metal contacts. Various shapes of the filled metals in the via-holes were formed with different printing conditions, and the shape of the filled metal results in different series resistance values. Optimization of the printing conditions dramatically reduced the series resistance of the MWT cells. The maximum and minimum series resistance values of the cells obtained are 8.56 and 0.114 Ω cm 2 , respectively. As a result, we achieved an efficiency of 16.3% using the optimal printing condition on 156 mm×156 mm solar-grade multi-crystalline silicon wafer, which was 0.8% absolute higher than the baseline cell efficiency.
Alzheimer’s disease: a dysfunction of the amyloid precursor protein

Abstract In this review, we argue that at least one insult that causes Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is disruption of the normal function of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Familial Alzheimer’s disease (FAD) mutations in APP cause a disease phenotype that is identical (with the exception that they cause an earlier onset of the disease) to that of ‘sporadic’ AD. This suggests that there are molecular pathways common to FAD and sporadic AD. In addition, all individuals with Down syndrome, who carry an extra copy of chromosome 21 and overexpress APP several-fold in the brain, develop the pathology of AD if they live past the age of 40. These data support the primacy of APP in the disease. Although APP is the source of the β-amyloid (Aβ) that is deposited in amyloid plaques in AD brain, the primacy of APP in AD may not lie in the production of Aβ from this molecule. We suggest instead that APP normally functions in the brain as a cell surface signaling molecule, and that a disruption of this normal function of APP is at least one cause of the neurodegeneration and consequent dementia in AD. We hypothesize in addition that disruption of the normal signaling function of APP causes cell cycle abnormalities in the neuron, and that these abnormalities constitute one mechanism of neuronal death in AD. Data supporting these hypotheses have come from investigations of the molecular consequences of neuronal expression of FAD mutants of APP or overexpression of wild type APP, as well as from identification of binding proteins for the carboxyl-terminus (C-terminus) of APP.
Recent advances in the development of haemoglobin-based blood substitutes

The term 'Blood Substitute' is commonly used to describe products which can carry and deliver oxygen. These products are also referred to as 'oxygen carriers' or 'oxygen therapeutics'. Blood substitutes are a new generation of oxygen therapeutics and their introduction will redefine treatment approaches in a wide range of medical and surgical practices. There are two major classes of this new generation of oxygen therapeutics (1) modified haemoglobin solutions, referred to as haemoglobin-based blood substitutes (HBBS) and (2) perfluorocarbon emulsions. Tremendous progress has been made in the past four years with the development of HBBS. In comparison, not much progress has been made in the development of perfluorocarbons as oxygen carriers. In the present review we have limited our discussion to the development of HBBS. Several types of HBBS have been developed and are in different phases of clinical trials. Free haemoglobin has been crosslinked, conjugated, polymerised or encapsulated to prevent its dis...
Surgical Decompression for Painful Diabetic Peripheral Nerve Compression and Neuropathy: A Comprehensive Approach to a Potential Surgical Problem

Diabetic nerve decompression is not for every patient. There is a definite learning curve to the surgery and recovery process and the surgeon must be available to the patient for concerns during the recovery period. The surgery itself is not very complex and can be mastered over time. Pain relief and return to activity results have been excellent and overall, the surgical decompression patients fair better in regard to ulcer formation and amputation risk than those without decompression. It is essential to select patients carefully and to make sure that the testing and examination findings discussed in the article are present before surgery.
Evaluating Landsat Thematic Mapper derived vegetation indices for estimating above-ground biomass on semiarid rangelands

Ground data from the Central Plains Experimental Range in northeast Colorado and Landsat satellite images of that area acquired in August 1989, June 1990, and September 1990 were used to evaluate the level of association that can be expected from a univariate model relating spectrally derived vegetation indices (difference, ratio, and normalized difference vegetation indices) and dried green vegetation biomass. The vegetation indices were related to the ground sample estimates using a sample point, spectral class, and greenness strata approach. No strong relationships were found between the vegetation indices and sample estimates of dried green biomass using the sample point approach. The spectral class approach produced significant results only for the June 1990 sample period (r=0.96). Significant relationships were found for the August 1989, June 1990, and September 1990 samples periods (r2=0.95, 0.71, and 0.95, respectively) when the data were aggregated by greenness strata. The high degree of association between green biomass and the NDVI, obtained when the data were combined into greenness strata, indicated that it is possible to predict green biomass levels on semiarid rangelands using univariate regression models.
Effect of Bond-Length Alternation in Molecular Wires

Current-voltage (I-V) characteristics for metal-molecule-metal junctions formed from three classes of molecules measured with a simple crossed-wire molecular electronics test-bed are reported. Junction conductance as a function of molecular structure is consistent with I-V characteristics calculated from extended Huckel theory coupled with a Green's function approach, and can be understood on the basis of bond-length alternation.
Forbidden oxygen lines in Comets C/2006 W3 Christensen and C/2007 Q3 Siding Spring at large heliocentric distance: Implications for the sublimation of volatile ices

Abstract We present observations and analysis of the forbidden oxygen lines in Comets C/2006 W3 (Christensen) and C/2007 Q3 (Siding Spring) at heliocentric distances of 3.13 and 2.96 AU, respectively. We obtained the observations using the ARCES echelle spectrometer, which is mounted on the Astrophysical Research Consortium 3.5-m telescope at Apache Point Observatory. We detected the 5577, 6300, and 6364 A atomic oxygen lines in Christensen and we calculated the ratio of the green (5577 A) line flux to that of the red doublet (6300 and 6364 A). We obtained a ratio of 0.24 ± 0.08, a number higher than previous measurements for other comets at smaller heliocentric distance. This shows that CO and/or CO 2 made detectable contributions to the O I population in the coma of Christensen. We only detected the 6300 A line in Siding Spring, resulting in an upper limit for the oxygen line ratio of 0.20. Based on the derived flux for the 6300 A line, we constrain the CO 2 and H 2 O production rate in Siding Spring. A comparison of our results at ∼3 AU to previous findings for comets at this approximate heliocentric distance suggests that a heliocentric distance of 3 AU is a transition region between H 2 O and CO 2 dominated activity in comets.
Patient violence towards counselors in substance use disorder treatment programs: prevalence, predictors, and responses

Workplace violence disproportionately impacts healthcare and social service providers. Given that substance use and abuse are documented risk factors for the perpetration of violence, SUD treatment personnel are at risk for patient-initiated violence. However, little research has addressed SUD treatment settings. Using data nationally representative of the U. S., the present study explores SUD counselors' experiences of violent behaviors perpetrated by patients. More than half (53%) of counselors personally experienced violence, 44% witnessed violence, and 61% had knowledge of violence directed at a colleague. Counselors reported that exposure to violence led to an increased concern for personal safety (29%), impacted their treatment of patients (15%), and impaired job performance (12%). In terms of organizational responses to patient violence, 70% of organizations increased training on de-escalation of violent situations, and 58% increased security measures. Exposure to verbal assault was associated with age, minority, tenure, recovery status, 12-step philosophy, training in MI/MET, and higher caseloads of patients with co-occurring disorders. Exposure to physical threats was associated with age gender, minority, tenure, recovery status, and higher caseloads of patients with co-occurring disorders. Exposure to physical assault was associated with age, gender, and sample. Implications of these findings for organizations and individuals are discussed.
Study of Machining-Induced Microstructure Variations of ECAE-Processed Ultrafine-Grained Copper

Various methods for production of bulk ultrafine-grained (UFG)/nanostructured materials have been developed. Recently, a top-down approach named equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE), a form of severe plastic deformation (SPD), has gained increasing attention in making bulk UFG materials. Such bulk materials are favored for their high strength, wear resistance, ductility, and high strain-rate superplasticity, which makes them suitable for light weight engineering and medical applications. Further precision machining work is normally indispensable for structural applications after bulk ultrafine grained materials are manufactured from any SPD processes. Unfortunately, the microstructure stability issues in precision machining such materials are frequently ignored. Using an ECAE copper bar as an example, this study has investigated its machining-induced workpiece microstructure variation. It has been found that there was a small increase in the size parameter median and the average arithmetic and area weighted grain sizes when comparing those of machined and unmachined bars, and the measured grain sizes oscillated slightly in the radial direction of the machined bar. Dislocation density was shown to have the most reduction at the outer radius location of the machined ECAE bar where more heat and/or higher pressure were experienced.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Study of defects and interfaces on the atomic scale in epitaxial tio2 thin films on sapphire

Abstract TiO2 thin films grown on (11 0) sapphire (α-Al2O3) at 800°C by the metallo-organic chemical vapour deposition technique have been characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The TiO2 thin films are single-crystal rutile. The epitaxial orientation relationship between the rutile thin films (R) and the sapphire substrates (S) is (101)[010]R‖(110)[0001]s. Growth twins are commonly observed in the films with (101) twin planes and twinning directions. The atomic structure of twin boundaries and TiO2-α-Al2O3 interfaces have been investigated by high-resolution electron microscopy. When the interfaces are viewed in the direction of [010]R-[0001]s, the interfaces appear structurally coherent along the direction of [10]R-[100]s. The small misfit (0.5%) is accommodated at interface steps. In contrast, in the direction of [10]R-[100]s, the interfaces are semicoherent. Growth mechanisms are discussed, based on information about the atomic structure of the interfaces.
Depositional Environments of Some Naborton-Dolet Hills Sediments (Tertiary, Northwestern Louisiana) and Their Relation to Lignite: ABSTRACT

A preliminary study of the Naborton-Dolet Hills lignitiferous sediments from a single cored well suggests deposition in subenvironments of a deltaic system. The lithology, sedimentary structures, macerals, clay mineralogy, and facies relations are comparable to sequences found in the recent deposits of the Mississippi delta. The upper Naborton Formation, including the Chemard Lake lignite lentil, consists of organic rich muds, carbonaceous clays, and lignite which probably formed as aggradational deposits on a deltaic plain during a constructional phase of deltaic development. The eroded top of the lignite seam in the study well indicates that a brief marine inundation, or destructional phase, followed deposition of Naborton sediments in the study area. Thinly laminated silty clays containing foraminifera overlie the lignite. The clays grade upward into the fine to medium-grained sand of the Dolet Hills Formation. This sand is massive to ripple laminated and most likely represents a crevasse, or bay-fill deposit. Several well samples were tested for the presence of radioactive elements. No unusual concentrations of these elements were found associated with the Chemard Lake lignite. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1560------------
Sensitivity Theory and the Individuation of Belief-Formation Methods

In this paper it is argued that sensitivity theory suffers from a fatal defect. Sensitivity theory is often glossed as: (1) S knows that p only if S would not believe that p if p were false. As Nozick showed in his pioneering work on sensitivity theory, this formulation needs to be supplemented by a further counterfactual condition: (2) S knows that p only if S would believe p if p were true. Nozick further showed that the theory needs a qualification on the method used to form the belief. However, when these complications are spelled out in detail, it becomes clear that the two counterfactuals are in irresolvable tension. To jibe with the externalist intuitions that motivate sensitivity theory in the first place, (1) needs a fine-grained grouping of belief-formation methods, but (2) needs coarse-grained grouping. It is therefore suggested that sensitivity theory is in dire straits: either its proponents need to provide a workable principle of method individuation or they must retrench and give up their claims to providing sufficient conditions for knowledge.
General class of covariance structures for two or more repeated factors in longitudinal data analysis

The main difficulty in parametric analysis of longitudinal data lies in specifying covariance structure. Several covariance structures, which usually reflect one series of measurements collected over time, have been presented in the literature. However there is a lack of literature on covariance structures designed for repeated measures specified by more than one repeated factor. In this paper a new, general method of modelling covariance structure based on the Kronecker product of underlying factor specific covariance profiles is presented. The method has an attractive interpretation in terms of independent factor specific contribution to overall within subject covariance structure and can be easily adapted to standard software.
Exploitation of parallel processing for implementing high-performance deduction systems

We describe a scheme for parallelizing first-order logic deduction systems. This scheme has been successfully used for parallelizing OTTER, which is a sequential deduction system developed at Argonne National Laboratory. This parallel deduction system, called PARRallel OTter-II (PARROT-II) has attained real speedups in excess of 20 over the best results of current sequential deduction systems. We believe that our results are of interest for two distinct reasons: (1) this is (as far as we know) the first case in which a system has successfully exploited parallelism to outperform the best sequential deduction systems on difficult problems, and (2) we believe that our approach generalizes to other deduction paradigms (e.g., term rewriting systems).
Editorial: 1994 in Review: Part II

This PDF file contains the editorial “Editorial: 1994 in Review: Part II” for OE Vol. 34 Issue 03
Transcutaneous pacing: patient tolerance, strength-interval relations and feasibility for programmed electrical stimulation.

Abstract Noninvasive transcutaneous pacing has been used successfully in situations requiring emergent ventricular pacing,1–8 and has also been used to terminate ventricular (VT) or supraventricular tachycardia in some patients.9–13 Thus, transcutaneous pacing might logically be considered a suitable noninvasive substitute for endocardial pacing during programmed electrical stimulation studies. We therefore determined the following features of transcutaneous pacing using the Zoll noninvasive temporary pacemaker (Zoll NTP, ZMI Corp.): patient tolerance, which cardiac chambers were paced, the ventricular effective refractory period (ERP) compared with that determined by endocardial pacing and feasibility for programmed electrical stimulation in patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias.
Mixing English in French advertising

This paper focuses on the use of English in advertising, supplementing previous research on advertising with an analysis of code–mixed advertisements drawn from recent magazines in France. Strong evidence emerges that advertising language differs significantly from non–persuasive varieties in terms of the available choices of medium and function, the role of ‘participants’, and, most importantly, the innovative linguistic and paralinguistic features that serve as attention–getting devices. Furthermore, the discourse domains of English in code–mixed advertising seem to reach far beyond those normally associated with English (e.g., modernity, technology, and science). Finally, it is suggested that the proportion of English in a given advertisement may be an important factor in determining its socio–psychological effect. A cline of code–mixed advertising is introduced as a possible means of measuring this English/non–English ratio from a structural perspective.
Boundary stabilization of thin circular cylindrical shell subject to axisymmetric deformation

In this paper, stabilization of a thin circular cylindrical shell with one edge clamped and the other edge acted by boundary control is studied. It is shown that uniform stability can be achieved.
Community colleges: veterans' best bet.

As J. C. Miner points out in her Editorial “America's community colleges” (23 March, p. [1409][1]), community colleges offer outstanding training opportunities in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) for underrepresented populations. They also provide an important STEM training opportunity for veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan, a population that unfortunately has been preyed upon by for-profit universities. The Post-9/11 G.I. Bill provides veterans and their families generous educational benefits but, as the U.S. Senate's HELP Committee's ongoing investigation reported ([ 1 ][2]), 37% of the $4.4 billion spent between 2009 and 2011 went to for-profit educational institutions, which trained only 25% of the veterans. In these schools, the cost per veteran averaged $10,875, compared with $4,874 in public colleges. Moreover, the withdrawal rate for bachelor's students in the eight most generously funded for-profit schools averaged a disappointing 53.3%, compared with 19.8% in public schools. The investigation reported that “[t]he majority of students enrolling in for-profit schools emerge with debt but without a diploma.” President Obama sought to end these abuses through an Executive Order signed at Fort Stewart on 27 April ([ 2 ][3]). ![Figure][1] Supporting the troops. President Obama signs an Executive Order to protect veterans from deceptive marketing by for-profit schools. CREDIT: DAVID GOLDMAN/ AP PHOTO Community colleges offer broad-based curricula, quality teaching, flexible class schedules, and (unlike many for-profit schools) college credits transferable to 4-year institutions, all at an affordable price. Yet cuts in state funding are diminishing our community colleges. For example, California's outstanding system will endure a 5% budget cut in 2013, forcing a 20% decrease in course offerings ([ 3 ][4]); California's state college system is planning to freeze admissions, which will clog community colleges and curtail opportunities for new students, including veterans. Many young people opt for military service specifically to qualify for educational benefits, and some are primed for STEM training because of the positions they filled in the service. We owe these students quality STEM educational opportunities. Community colleges offer a superior product and value; they are veterans' best bet. 1. [↵][5]U.S. Senate, Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee, “Benefitting whom? For-profit education companies and the growth of military educational benefits” (2010); . 2. [↵][6]1. T. Lewin , The New York Times (28 April 2012), p. A11; [www.nytimes.com/2012/04/28/education/obama-signs-order-to-protect-veterans-from-college-recruiters.html][7]. 3. [↵][8]1. C. Rivera , The Los Angeles Times (25 March 2012); . [1]: pending:yes [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #ref-2 [4]: #ref-3 [5]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [6]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2 in text" [7]: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/28/education/obama-signs-order-to-protect-veterans-from-college-recruiters.html [8]: #xref-ref-3-1 "View reference 3 in text"
Nonactin biosynthesis: the initial committed step is the condensation of acetate (malonate) and succinate.

Nonactin is a macrotetrolide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces griseus subsp. griseus ETH A7796 that has shown activity against the P170-glycoprotein efflux pump associated with multiple drug resistant cancer cells. Nonactin is a polyketide, albeit a highly atypical one. The structure is composed of two units of each of the enantiomers of nonactic acid, arranged in a macrocycle, so that the molecule has S4 symmetry and is achiral. The monomer units, (+)- and (−)-nonactic acid, are derived from acetate, succinate, and propionate, although the exact details of the assembly process are quite unclear. We have used feeding experiments with a series of multiple stable isotope labeled precursors to elucidate the details of the first committed step of nonactic acid biosynthesis. We have found that the 13C label from 3-ketoadipate is incorporated specifically into both nonactic acid and its homologue, homononactic acid. The data conclusively show that the first committed step of nonactin biosynthesis is the coup...
Life history and population dynamics of Metridia pacifica: results from simulation modelling

Abstract A numerical population dynamics model (POPCYCLE) has been developed that predicts numbers and phenology of the copepod Metridia pacifica Brodsky, and which was used to investigate the functional response parameters of this copepod. To accomplish these modelling goals, we developed an ‘individual vector model’. This mode of modelling is powerful, in that physiological functions are represented at the individual level (the level at which they operate), and flexible, in that extensions and applications are straightforward to implement since the fundamental unit within the model is the individual. Inter-individual variation in physiology is easily represented and the results of such variation are explicit in the model output. Equations describing growth, mortality, and reproduction are formulated and used to describe the development of individuals and to generate a population dynamics history for year-long model runs. Growth is described using an energetics-based, input-output model. Mortality is implemented as a constant daily probability of predation. Reproductive parameters of clutch size, clutch frequency, and total number of clutches are chosen to provide lifetime egg production similar to those previously reported for other calanoid copepods. In formulating the model, it was assumed that growth of M. pacifica in the subarctic Pacific was food-limited, and that temperature was unimportant. Seasonal abundance and life history data for M. pacifica from Station P in the subarctic Pacific were used to evaluate the validity of the model. The timing of life processes, such as the time for development from egg to egg, was considered the important criterion for judging the suitability of the model and chosen functional response parameters. A criterion of secondary importance was stage densities in the model similar to those observed in the field. ‘Reasonable’ parameter sets provided growth rates which allowed completion of development in a generation time of approximately 100 days; the generation time observed in the field.
Photoluminescence of substituted phenylene–thienyl based polymers

Abstract A series of four phenylene–thienyl based conducting polymers have been synthesized with push–pull funtionalities incorporated in the phenylene and thienyl moieties to control the solubility and emission properties. Light-emitting devices (LEDs) were constructed on indium tin oxide (ITO) and aluminum substrates. The emission wavelength could be tuned by constructing devices with mixtures of the polymers.
Cell surface receptors in lysophospholipid signaling

The lysophospholipids, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), regulate various signaling pathways within cells by binding to multiple G protein-coupled receptors. Receptor-mediated LPA and S1P signaling induces diverse cellular responses including proliferation, adhesion, migration, morphogenesis, differentiation and survival. This review will focus on major components of lysophospholipid signaling: metabolism, identification and expression of LPA and S1P receptors, general signaling pathways and specific signaling mechanisms in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Finally, in vivo effects of LP receptor gene deletion in mice will be discussed.
Prevention of ligament and meniscus atrophy by active joint motion in a non-weight-bearing model

This study describes the effect of active joint motion on the maintenance of ligament and meniscus mass in a non–weight-bearing model of disuse. Denervation and fixation models of immobilization have shown that resorption of isotope and atrophy of mass occured for hard tissue (bone) and soft tissues (ligament, tendon, or meniscus). A unilateral ankle disarticulation model of disuse that maintains active knee motion without weight bearing was studied for 8 weeks in dogs that were chronically prelabeled with three different isotopes. The effects of non–weight-bearing without denervation or fixation were analyzed for the resorption of isotopes, and net atrophy of bone mass (femur or tibia) and soft-tissue mass (collateral or cruciate ligaments, menisci). A large and similar loss of all three isotopes, as well as collagen and calcium mass occurred for whole femur and tibia; this indicated that mass loss was equivalent to bone resorption and suggests little replacement with new bone. No loss of isotope or mass per whole tissue occurred for the collateral and cruciate ligaments or menisci. The strength of the femur–anterior cruciate ligament–tibia complex was analyzed by a tensile failure test when a fast rate of deformation was applied; the results did not differ qualitatively or quantitatively between control and experimental limbs. The absence of weight bearing for 8 weeks resulted in marked bone atrophy without resorption or atrophy of soft tissues, or decrease of the mechanical strength for the femurligament–tibia complex. With this model the amount of active joint motion remaining appears able to prevent ligament and meniscus atrophy even though marked bone atrophy occurred during this period.
Growth of brown bullhead (BB) and other fish cell lines on microcarriers and the production of channel catfish virus (CCV)

The growth of brown bullhead (BB) fish cells and other poikilothermic cell lines on four commercially available brands of microcarrier beads was evaluated. Three of the microcarriers carry a positive surface charge, while the fourth carries a negative surface charge. The four microcarriers vary in their capacity to support the growth of the BB cells and other poikilothermic cell lines tested. The polyacrylamide beads by Bio-Rad and the polystyrene beads by Nunc were found to best support the growth of the anchorage-dependent BB cells. Although the DEAE-dextran beads by Flow Laboratories were also found to be satisfactory, similar Cytodex 1 beads by Pharmacia, were found to support the growth of BB cells poorly. Both the polyacrylamide and polystyrene beads were found to be satisfactory for reuse after resterilization. In contrast, the DEAE-dextran beads were unsatisfactory since they sustained obvious mechanical damage. The BB growth rate and final cell density in microcarrier culture were dependent on the concentration of beads in culture and of the size of the initial cell inoculum. In terms of cell yield per milliliter of culture medium the microcarrier culture was superior to conventional stationary cultures. Microcarrier spinner cultures of BB cells consistently produced higher yields of channel catfish virus than conventional monolayers of the same cells. Two important advantages of the microcarrier system are its suitability for large scale as well as small scale production of both cells and virus.
A solution-focused approach to rational-emotive behavior therapy: toward a theoretical integration

A theoretical integration of rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) and solution-focused therapy is described. It is suggested that the integrative conceptualization underscores these models’ complementary aspects by addressing the limitations of each and enhancing their respective strengths. The clinical theory and process of the integrative model is explicated along with a case example. Directions for future theory building, research, and practice are considered.
Self-Management Support and Communication from Nurse Care Managers Compared with Primary Care Physicians: A Focus Group Study of Patients with Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain

Pain is a critical health problem, with over half of Americans suffering from chronic or recurrent pain. Many patients also experience comorbid depression. Although numerous self-management interventions have been implemented in an effort to improve pain outcomes, little attention has been devoted to the role of the provider of these services, typically a nurse care manager (NCM). Given the robust literature pointing to a link between physician-patient communication and patient outcomes, NCM-patient communication merits closer examination. This paper reports chronic pain patients' perceptions of the communication with NCMs in a pain self-management trial and patients' perceptions of the communication they experienced in primary care. Eighteen patients suffering from chronic musculoskeletal pain and depression participated in four focus groups designed to ascertain their perceptions of the intervention. A key emergent theme from these focus groups was the contrast in patients' perceptions of the communication with their primary care physicians versus with the NCMs. Patients reported feeling supported, encouraged, and listened to by their NCMs, whereas they tended to be dissatisfied with their primary care physicians, citing issues such as lack of continuity of care, poor listening skills, and under- or overprescribing of medication. The results of this study underscore the importance of the NCM, particularly for patients with chronic conditions such as pain.