cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of diabetes and vitamin D-depletion on duodenal and ileal calcium transport in the rat.

We compared effects of vitamin D depletion and alloxan-induced diabetes on intestinal calcium transport in growing rats. Transport of45Ca was studied using everted sacs of duodenum and ileum. Diabetic rats were compared with matched controls (diabetes studies); vitamin D-depleted animals were compared with depleted animals repleted with vitamin D 48 hrs prior to study (vitamin D studies). Duodenal calcium transport was reduced by half or less in experimental groups (diabetic or vitamin D-depleted rats) when compared with corresponding controls (control rats matched with diabetics or vitamin D-repleted animals matched with depleted animals):a) for serosal-to-mucosal (S/M) concentration ratios; andb) per unit weight of mucosa as net transport into serosal medium or net disappearance from mucosal medium. Based on transport into the serosal medium per unit of mucosa, ileal calcium transport was decreased in the vitamin D-depleted group compared with the vitamin D-repleted group in vitamin D studies. In contrast, in diabetes studies ileal calcium transport into the serosal medium was the same in diabetic and control animals. The finding that diabetes and vitamin D depletion have the same effects on duodenal calcium transport agrees witha) lack of specific, vitamin D-dependent duodenal calcium-binding protein in diabetes, andb) restoration of duodenal calcium transport in diabetics by either 1.25-dihydroxycholecalciferol or 1α-hydroxycholecalciferol. Depression of ileal calcium transport by vitamin D-depletion but not by diabetes shows the specificity of intestinal site with respect to mechanisms and control of calcium transport. Diabetes complements vitamin D depletion as a means for studying intestinal calcium transport.
Investigating effect of voltage changes on static ZIP load model in a microgrid environment

This paper presents effects of voltage changes on static polynomial (ZIP) load under three phase fault in a microgrid environment. The objective of the paper is investigating the behavior of the ZIP load model under a faulty condition. Load representation is a crucial factor on approaching power system realistically. The static characteristics of the load can be classified into constant power, constant current and constant impedance load, depending on the power relation to the voltage. For a constant impedance load (Z), the power dependence on voltage is quadratic, for a constant current (I) it is linear, and for a constant power (P) the power it is independent of changes in voltage. The ZIP model is a polynomial model that represents the sum of these three categories. Behavior of the ZIP loads connected to the Microgrid test system will be investigated and overall changes will be discussed.
Cancer immunotherapy highlights from the 2014 ASCO Meeting.

The promise of cancer immunotherapy was validated officially in March 2011 when the FDA approved Yervoy (ipilimumab; Bristol-Myers Squibb) for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic melanoma. The approval was based on results of a randomized, double-blind clinical trial establishing that ipilimumab (a humanized anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody) treatment extended the overall survival of patients with advanced melanoma. CTLA-4 is a member of the so-called family of checkpoint regulators, which are expressed on immune cells that activate or inhibit an immune response. An increasing number of immune checkpoint regulators are now being identified and targeted for immunotherapy. At the 2014 meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), it was reported that checkpoint blockade as a monotherapy or combination therapy was used successfully to treat advanced melanoma and non–small cell lung cancer. Checkpoint blockade immunotherapy was also used successfully for the treatment of other cancers, most notably genitourinary cancers such as urothelial bladder cancer and metastatic renal cell carcinoma. This report is a compiled summary of cancer immunotherapy highlights presented at the 2014 ASCO meeting by various investigators. Cancer Immunol Res; 2(8); 714–9. ©2014 AACR .
The AJ-conjecture and cabled knots over the figure eight knot

Abstract We show that most cabled knots over the figure eight knot in S 3 satisfy the AJ -conjecture, in particular, any ( r , s ) -cabled knot over the figure eight knot satisfies the AJ -conjecture if r is not a number between − 4 s and 4 s .
Palmadorins A--C, diterpene glycerides from the antarctic nudibranch Austrodoris kerguelenensis.

The nudibranch Austrodoris kerguelenensis is distributed widely around the Antarctic coast and continental shelves. Earlier collections from McMurdo Sound and the Weddell Sea shelf have afforded a suite of diterpene glyceride esters, a compound class implicated as a chemical defense in nudibranchs. The present chemical investigation of A. kerguelenensis collected near Palmer Station on the Western Antarctic Peninsula has revealed additional examples, palmadorins A−C (1−3), as the first three members of a new series of clerodane diterpenes. In this paper we describe their isolation, structure elucidation, and stereochemical analysis using a combination of one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy and wet chemical methods.
Nutritional Adequacy of a High Carbohydrate Diet as Consumed By Children

Abstract Twenty-four hour dietary recalls were collected on two cross-sectional samples (1984–85 and 1987–88) of ten year olds (51% female, 41% black). Dietary recalls were analyzed for nutrients using the Extended Table of Nutrient Values database. Data showed considerable variations in CHO intake, ranging from 40 to 844 grams. The sample of 568 ten year olds was stratified into four levels of CHO intake: 55% kcal. Twenty-three percent of the sample had a CHO intake 55% kcal. Although children with a high CHO intake (>55% kcal) consumed 12% less energy than those with a lower CHO intake ( 55% kcal CHO approached the dietary recommendations, with 29% of kcal from fat, 11 % kcal from saturated fat, an average of 88mg/1000kcal dietary cholesterol, and less than 10% kcal from sucrose. The increased CHO intake in the high CHO intake group was attributed to an increased consumption of total sugars (fructose, lactose, sucrose), starch and fiber. Children with a high CHO intake consumed more fruits and fruit juices, breads, and grains, milk, desserts, candy and non-dairy beverages than those with a lower CHO intake who consumed more meats. The high CHO intake group had significantly lower mean intakes of vitamins B-12 (p
The Salem Witch Project

The received view is that the grammar of meaning claims is descriptive. It is our purpose in what follows to deny this consensus.... We offer, instead, a radically normative position on meaning claims. That is, we do not content ourselves with the relatively common view that part of the pattern characterized in ascribing meanings is the structure of socially accepted norms of a society. Rather, we claim that the very speech act of making a meaning claim is itself normative, that sayil Philosophy and Phenomenological Research rt, the grammar of meaning is normative Vol. LXV, No. 1, July 2002
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Study of Cr-doped GaN Surface Grown by RF Plasma Molecular Beam Epitaxy

Cr doped GaN was grown by rf N-plasma molecular beam epitaxy on sapphire(0001) at a sample temperature of 700 °C. Cr/Ga flux ratio was set to a value from 5% to 20%. Subsequently, scanning tunneling microscopy was performed on these surfaces. Cr incorporates on the GaN surface at 700 °C at a Cr concentration of 5% and less. By increasing the Cr/Ga flux ratio to 20% in CrGaN, linear nano structures were formed on the surface, which were not observed on the bare GaN surface. The RHEED and STM studies reveal that Cr atoms form 3×3 reconstruction when 0.1 ML of Cr was deposited at room temperature on 1×1 adlayer of Ga on GaN(000-1). Cr substitutes Ga on the surface when deposited at 700 °C on the MBE grown GaN(000-1) surface for all the experiments which we have performed provided the Cr concentration is low (~5%).
All about eve : A report on environmental virtue ethics today

In this paper I examine and assess an important developing trend in environmental ethics, environmental virtue ethics. I begin by providing a thorough survey of influential and representative contributions to environmental virtue ethics. Along with explaining these contributions to environmental virtue ethics I discuss their various strengths and weaknesses. In the second section I explain what I believe an environmental virtue ethic needs to do to complement other perspectives in environmental ethics. Then, using the best aspects of previously published work along with some additional argument and analysis, I provide a concise portrait of an environmental virtue ethic that combines the advantages of Aristotelian virtue theory with the insights of contemporary environmental ethics. The environmental virtue ethic that emerges from this analysis and discussion is primarily a philosophical praxis. It provides a model of living well in which an understanding of and a concern for the environment human is constitutive of human flourishing. As a praxis this environmental virtue ethic articulates an account of human flourishing with a view to suggesting how a person can improve her own life by working to preserve wild nature.
In vivo port-wine stain depth determination with a photoacoustic probe

We have designed a photoacoustic probe for port-wine stain (PWS) depth measurements consisting of optical fibers for laser light delivery and a piezoelectric element for acoustic detection. We characterized the capabilities and limitations of the probe for profiling PWS skin. The probe induced and measured photoacoustic waves in acrylamide tissue phantoms and PWS skin in vivo. The optical properties of the phantoms were chosen to mimic those of PWS skin. We denoised acoustic waves using spline wavelet transforms, then deconvolved with the impulse response of the probe to yield initial subsurface pressure distributions in phantoms and PWS skin. Using the phantoms, we determined that the limit in resolving epidermal and PWS layers was less than 70 microm. In addition, we used the phantoms to determine that the maximum epidermal melanin concentration that allowed detection of PWS was between 13 and 20%. In vivo measurements of PWS skin with different epidermal melanin concentrations correlated with the phantoms. Thus the photoacoustic probe can be used to determine PWS depth for most patients receiving laser therapy.
Copolymerization of allyl esters of some fatty acids

Attempts have been made unsuccessfully to homopolymerize a number of allyl esters of substituted fatty acids by radical initiation in emulsion systems. Copolymerizations of these allyl esters with styrene, methyl methacrylate, and vinyl chloride have been investigated. Of these comonomers, styrene and methyl methacrylate do not copolymerize well with the allyl esters, whereas vinyl chloride does. Reactivity ratios for the radical copolymerization of allyl 11-iodoundecanoate, M1, and vinyl chloride, M2, determined at 60°C. in benzene, are r1 = 0.42 and r2 = 1.64. A copolymer of allyl 10, 11-dibromoundecanoate and vinyl chloride was fractionated and found to be fairly homogeneous.
Toward single molecule detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B: mobile sandwich immunoassay on gliding microtubules.

An immunoassay based on gliding microtubules (MTs) is described for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Detection is performed in a sandwich immunoassay format. Gliding microtubules carry the antigen-specific “capture” antibody, and bound analyte is detected using a fluorescent viral scaffold as the tracer. A detailed modification scheme for the MTs postpolymerization is described along with corresponding quantification by fluorescence spectroscopy. The resultant antibody−MTs maintain their morphology and gliding capabilities. We report a limit of detection down to 0.5 ng/mL during active transport in a 30 min assay time and down to 1 ng/mL on static surfaces. This study demonstrates the kinesin/MT-mediated capture, transport, and detection of the biowarfare agent SEB in a microfluidic format.
Developmental traumatic brain injury decreased brain derived neurotrophic factor expression late after injury

Pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of acquired cognitive dysfunction in children. Hippocampal Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is important for normal cognition. Little is known about the effects of TBI on BDNF levels in the developing hippocampus. We used controlled cortical impact (CCI) in the 17 day old rat pup to test the hypothesis that CCI would first increase rat hippocampal BDNF mRNA/protein levels relative to SHAM and Naive rats by post injury day (PID) 2 and then decrease BDNF mRNA/protein by PID14. Relative to SHAM, CCI did not change BDNF mRNA/protein levels in the injured hippocampus in the first 2 days after injury but did decrease BDNF protein at PID14. Surprisingly, BDNF mRNA decreased at PID 1, 3, 7 and 14, and BDNF protein decreased at PID 2, in SHAM and CCI hippocampi relative to Naive. In conclusion, TBI decreased BDNF protein in the injured rat pup hippocampus 14 days after injury. BDNF mRNA levels decreased in both CCI and SHAM hippocampi relative to Naive, suggesting that certain aspects of the experimental paradigm (such as craniotomy, anesthesia, and/or maternal separation) may decrease the expression of BDNF in the developing hippocampus. While BDNF is important for normal cognition, no inferences can be made regarding the cognitive impact of any of these factors. Such findings, however, suggest that meticulous attention to the experimental paradigm, and possible inclusion of a Naive group, is warranted in studies of BDNF expression in the developing brain after TBI.
Communication breakdowns and diagnostic errors: a radiology perspective

Timely and accurate communication is essential to safe and effective health care. Despite increased awareness over the past decade of the frequency of medical errors and greater efforts directed towards improving patient safety, patient harm due to communication breakdowns remains a significant problem. Communication problems related to diagnostic testing may account for nearly half of all errors made by typical primary care physicians in their medical practices. This article provides an overview of communication breakdowns in the context of radiology related diagnostic errors. In radiology, communication breakdowns between radiologists, referring clinicians, and patients can lead to failure of critical information to be relayed, resulting in delayed or missed diagnosis. New technologies, such electronic health records (EHRs), contribute to the increasing complexity of communication in health care, but if used correctly, they can provide several benefits to safe and effective communication. To address the complexity of communication breakdowns, a multifaceted sociotechnical approach is needed to address both technical and non-technical aspects of health care delivery. The article also provides some future directions in reducing communication breakdowns related to diagnostic testing, including proactive risk assessment of communication practices using recently released SAFER self-assessment guides.
New service development: Linking resources, processes, and the customer

New service concepts are at the heart of success, and the process can be optimized by implementing new service development (NSD) models. NSD models are rarely used in practice, however. Many companies use historically successful new product development (NPD) models to develop services, and ultimately ignore the challenges and opportunities specific to services. The objective of this research paper is to determine the key success variables of an NSD model. Several NSD models are reviewed to mine the key traits of a successful NSD model. After a comprehensive literature review, three hypotheses proposed in the paper are: a well-structured NSD model is necessary for the success of a new service; resources should be given equal attention to the processes involved in a NSD model, and customer involvement is a vital component of the NSD model. Finally, an extended NSD model is proposed, one which is based on Froehle and Roth's work. This extended model integrates the resource and process oriented practices of NSD with a new “customer” dimension. We show how this model can be applied, using the airline industry as an example.
The natural history of idiopathic urethrorrhagia in boys.

ABSTRACTPurpose: We describe the presenting symptoms, evaluation and natural history of urethrorrhagia in boys.Materials and Methods: The records of 27 consecutive toilet trained boys with idiopathic urethrorrhagia were retrospectively reviewed for information regarding age, symptoms, symptom duration, physical examination, and radiographic, endoscopic and laboratory data. Patient interviews were performed, and the resolution rate, symptom duration and associated urological abnormalities were evaluated.Results: Mean age at presentation was 10.1 years. Symptoms included urethrorrhagia in 100% and dysuria in 29.6% of cases. Radiographic and laboratory evaluations were normal in all patients except for microscopic hematuria in 57%. Cystourethroscopy in 4 patients revealed bulbar urethral inflammation without stricture in 2. A total of 24 patients (89%) were followed an average of 37 months (range 10 to 106). Complete resolution developed in 46% of cases at6 months, in 71% at 1 year and in 91.7% overall. The ...
Pre-Twocreekan age of the type Valders till, Wisconsin

Red tills deposited by post-Twocreekan (Valderan) ice advances of the Green Bay and Lake Michigan Lobes in eastern Wisconsin do not extend to the type locality of the Valders till. The post-Twocreekan ice of the Lake Michigan Lobe terminated at the Two Rivers Moraine, 30 km northeast of Valders. Likewise, geomorphic criteria and depth of carbonate leaching indicate that post-Twocreekan ice of the Green Bay Lobe did not reach Valders from the west.
Time course of adaptation to stimuli presented along cardinal lines in color space.

Visual sensitivity is a process that allows the visual system to maintain optimal response over a wide range of ambient light levels and chromaticities. Several studies have used variants of the probe–flash paradigm to show that the time course of adaptation to abrupt changes in ambient luminance depends on both receptoral and postreceptoral mechanisms. Though a few studies have explored how these processes govern adaptation to color changes, most of this effort has targeted the L–M-cone pathway. The purpose of our work was to use the probe–flash paradigm to more fully explore light adaptation in both the L–M- and the S-cone pathways. We measured sensitivity to chromatic probes presented after the onset of a 2-s chromatic flash. Test and flash stimuli were spatially coextensive 2° fields presented in Maxwellian view. Flash stimuli were presented as excursions from white and could extended in one of two directions along an equiluminant L–M-cone or S-cone line. Probes were presented as excursions from the adapting flash chromaticity and could extend either toward the spectrum locus or toward white. For both color lines, the data show a fast and slow adaptation component, although this was less evident in the S-cone data. The fast and slow components were modeled as first- and second-site adaptive processes, respectively. We find that the time course of adaptation is different for the two cardinal pathways. In addition, the time course for S-cone stimulation is polarity dependent. Our results characterize the rapid time course of adaptation in the chromatic pathways and reveal that the mechanics of adaptation within the S-cone pathway are distinct from those in the L–M-cone pathways.
Thermal detection radiometry at short millimeter wavelengths

Details concerning the design, construction, and operation of thermal detection radiometers for wavelengths near one mm are given. The sensitivity of these systems greatly exceeds that of more conventional radiometers at short millimeter wavelengths. Although the present designs are shown to be far from optimum, they have made possible a considerable number of astronomical observations that were previously beyond the state of the art. Measurements of atmospheric attenuation in the one-mm window as a function of total precipitable water vapor are presented, and methods of reducing the effects of varying sky background are discussed.
Factors contributing to process variance in annual survival of female greater sage-grouse in Montana.

Populations of Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercns urophasianus) have declined by 69-99% from historic levels, and information on population dynamics of these birds at a landscape scale is essential to informed management. We examined the relationships between hen survival and a suite of landscape-scale habitat and environmental conditions. We radio- marked 237 female Sage-Grouse and measured 426 vegetation plots during 2001-2004 at four sites in a 3200-km2 landscape in north-central Montana, USA. We used program MARK to model monthly survival rates for 1 1 seasonal intervals. There was strong support for the best- approximating model (AIQ weight = 0.810), which indicated that (1) hen survival varied by season within years and by year within seasons, (2) nesting hens had higher nesting-season survival than non-nesting hens, and (3) individuals at one site had lower hunting-season survival than at other sites. We observed considerable variation in hen survival. Process variation was 0.255, with an expected range of annual survival of 0.12 to 1.0. The ratio of process to total variation was 0.999, indicating that observed variation was real and not attributable to sampling variation. We observed a nearly fourfold difference in maximum and minimum annual survival, ranging from 0.962 ± 0.024 (mean ± se) for nesting hens in 2001- 2002 to 0.247 ± 0.050) for non-nesters in 2003-2004. Low annual survival in 2003 resulted from the compounded effects of a West Nile virus outbreak in August and a severe winter in 2003-2004. Increased hen mortality associated with severe winter weather contrasts with prior beliefs that Sage-Grouse populations are typically unaffected by winter weather conditions and underscores the importance of protecting winter sagebrush {Artemisia spp.) habitats.
Isomerization ofn-Butane over Deuterated Sulfated Zirconia

Abstract Isotopic labeling with deuterium of the surface of a sulfated zirconia catalyst that was precalcined at 650°C and evacuated at 450°C, shows that this surface contains a small number of Bronsted sites; the number ratio of sulfate ions to Bronsted sites is 12.5/1. Isomerization of n -butane to iso -butane over this catalyst with a C 4 feed from which olefins and dienes were rigorously removed (estimated olefin/paraffin ratio, 10 −15 ) is slow and so is the rate of catalyst deactivation. After 25 min reaction the turnover frequency, based on the number of surface protons detected by exchange against deuterium, is ∼10 −4 s −1 . At a conversion of 6.6% n -butane to iso -butane, each surface site has turned over one molecule; all D atoms have been exchanged against H atoms from the butane. The iso -C 4 product initially contains roughly 20% iso -C 4 - d 1 . At the same stage, the n -C 4 contains 4% n -C 4 - d 1 . In view of the large n -C 4 / iso -C 4 ratio at this stage, this means that more D atoms have moved into n -C 4 molecules than into iso -C 4 molecules. This indicates the participation of surface Bronsted sites in exchange reactions and events such as the previously detected (V. Adeeva et al. Catal. Lett. 33 , 135 (1995)) intramolecular rearrangement of C atoms in n -butane via a protonated cyclopropane intermediate. The absence of any molecules with more than one D atom indicates that all olefin molecules at the surface of this catalyst are tied up as “carbenium ions” or as surface alkoxy groups.
Reconciling the Complexity of Human Development with the Reality of Legal Policy: Reply to Fischer, Stein, and Heikkinen (2009).

The authors respond to both the general and specific concerns raised in Fischer, Stein, and Heikkinen's (2009) commentary on their article (Steinberg, Cauffman, Woolard, Graham, & Banich, 2009), in which they drew on studies of adolescent development to justify the American Psychological Association's positions in two Supreme Court cases involving the construction of legal age boundaries. In response to Fischer et al.'s general concern that the construction of bright-line age boundaries is inconsistent with the fact that development is multifaceted, variable across individuals, and contextually conditioned, the authors argue that the only logical alternative suggested by that perspective is impractical and unhelpful in a legal context. In response to Fischer et al.'s specific concerns that their conclusion about the differential timetables of cognitive and psychosocial maturity is merely an artifact of the variables, measures, and methods they used, the authors argue that, unlike the alternatives suggested by Fischer et al., their choices are aligned with the specific capacities under consideration in the two cases. The authors reaffirm their position that there is considerable empirical evidence that adolescents demonstrate adult levels of cognitive capability several years before they evince adult levels of psychosocial maturity.
Mammalian target of Rapamycin inhibition and mycobacterial survival are uncoupled in murine macrophages

Background Autophagy is a cellular response to intracellular pathogens including mycobacteria and is induced by the direct inhibitors of mammalian target of Rapamycin (mTOR), a major negative regulator of autophagy. Autophagy induction by mTOR inhibition (mTOR dependent autophagy), through chemical means or starvation, leads to mycobacterial killing in infected cells. However, previous work by our group has shown that mycobacterial infection of macrophages naturally induces both autophagy and mammalian target of Rapamycin (mTOR) activity (mTOR independent autophagy). In the current work, we further explore the relationship between mTOR activity and mycobacterial killing in macrophages.
The Social Basis of the German Reformation

One of the intrinsic weaknesses of our historical studies is that we can understand the past only by utilizing analogies to our age. What we comprehend of past events or personalities most readily is the features which they seem to have in common with our own forms of life, and it is from these associations that we take our cue in exploring the past. We know how fallacious this method can be, since a closer study of the historical landscape possibly reveals that what we regarded as a landmark had actually little significance in its own age and what we believed a resemblant factor was nothing but a superficial similarity. So we have very often to burn the bridges over which we entered into the territory of the past.
In-vivo effects of clindamycin on neutrophil function—a preliminary report

Neutrophil functions were evaluated in six normal subjects who had received 300 mg of clindamycin orally four times each day for two days. The mean serum concentration was 1.0 mg/l at the time of neutrophil collection. Clindamycin increased phagocytosis of a clindamycin-resistant staphylococcus from 0.8 to 1.0 organism per polymorphonuclear leukocyte (P less than 0.05). The proportion of killed intracellular bacteria increased from 23.8% to 29.8%. Zymosan-induced chemiluminescence was reduced from 130 X 10(3) to 86 X 10(3) counts per 0.2 min (P less than 0.05). Chemotaxis was unaffected. These preliminary results demonstrate measurable effects of clindamycin on neutrophil functions in the host; however, further studies are needed in order to confirm the observed changes.
DESIGN OF A COMPRESSION PRESSURIZED AIR BLAST DIRECT INJECTION SYSTEM FOR SMALL DISPLACEMENT TWO-STROKE ENGINES

In two-stroke engines replacement of carburetors with direct fuel injection systems greatly reduces engine emissions and fuel consumption by eliminating fuel short-circuiting. Air-blast direct fuel injection using a dedicated air pump has been successfully applied to both two- and four-stroke engines. In this study we re-examine the design of a low cost compression pressurized direct injection system. This system uses gases extracted from the combustion chamber during the compression stroke to supply pressure for the air blast injection, thus eliminating the air pump [1,2]. Gases, predominantly scavenging air, are transferred to a mixing cavity from the combustion chamber via a small (5mm diameter) solenoid poppet valve as the piston rises during the compression stroke. Proper functioning of the system requires careful optimization of the mixing cavity size and the blast valve timing to ensure adequate mixing cavity pressure and fuel atomization. To assist in the optimization of these design parameters a one-dimensional fluid dynamics model has been developed. Parameter sensitivity studies were carried out using the model to determine the optimum cavity size, blast valve timing, and fuel injection duration. These parameters were optimized over a wide range of engine speeds and throttle settings. Results show that a mixing cavity pressure of 500 kPa is attainable over the range of 1000 to 6000 rpm, from closed throttle to wide open throttle (WOT) without cavity pressurization encroaching into the ignition regime. Fuel maps and valve timings are presented and results are contrasted with the carbureted case, showing improved fuel efficiency and emissions for the direct injection system. These data will be used in the design of a physical demonstration engine.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Cognitive and Behavioral Group Therapy with Puerto Rican Women: A Comparison of Content Themes:

Psychotherapeutic content themes in two distinct group psychotherapies, cognitive treatment following Beck's theory and behavioral treatment following Lewinsohn's model, conducted with Puerto Rican women were empirically observed. The findings revealed that there were no significant differences in the frequencies of content themes discussed in either group treatment modality. For both group treatment modalities, all content themes were discussed in the context of Puerto Rican values and value conflicts. Implications for psychotherapy with this group are discussed.
An overview of recent subsonic laminar flow control flight experiments

This paper presents an overview of wind-tunnel investigations and flight research activities in the United States and Europe devoted to advancing the state-of-the-art and reducing the risk associated with the application of laminar flow control (LFC) technology. The paper highlights LFC research conducted within the last five years.
Elevated rates of early discontinuation from pharmacotherapy trials in alcoholics and drug abusers.

The failure of subjects to complete clinical trials is a common problem with important implications for the interpretation of study results. Although a substantial literature exists on the high prevalence of premature termination from psychiatric and substance abuse treatment settings, there has been little attention paid to early discontinuation in clinical trials. There is evidence that the presence of substance abuse predicts higher rates of early discontinuation. This, combined with a recent increase in efforts to develop medications for treatment of substance use disorders, led us to conduct a literature review to determine whether pharmacotherapeutic trials for patients with these disorders have higher rates of premature discontinuation than comparable studies of patients with other psychiatric disorders. Of 267 articles that were initially identified, 83 met predetermined criteria for inclusion in the analysis. As hypothesized, after controlling for a number of potential contributing variables, treatment trials with substance abuse patients showed a significantly poorer retention rate than those of patients with other psychiatric diagnoses. The difference in retention rate was also evident when studies specific to alcohol dependence, the largest subgroup of substance use disorders, were evaluated separately. Although the retrospective nature of the study design limits the conclusions that can be drawn, the results suggest that, in pharmacotherapy trials with alcoholics or other substance abuse patients, particular attention should be paid to enhancing treatment retention.
The mr 115 kd fiber cell-specific protein is a component of the Lens cytoskeleton

Electron microscope level immunocytochemistry was used to localize a lens fiber cell-specific protein with an Mr of 115 kd. Affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies were utilized on sections of detergent-extracted, acrylic-embedded lens cortical fiber cells. Monoclonal antibodies were utilized for pre-embeddment labelling of a subcellular fraction of lens fiber cells generated by homogenization, and high-speed centrifugation. The results indicate that the Mr 115 kd antigen is a component of the lens fiber cell cytoskeleton, specifically the beaded filament (BF), a cytoskeletal element thought to be unique to the differentiated lens fiber cell.
The drive to strive: goal generation based on current needs

Hungry animals are influenced by a multitude of different factors when foraging for sustenance. Much of the work on animal foraging has focused on factors relating to the amount of time and energy animals expend searching for and harvesting foods. Models that emphasize such factors have been invaluable in determining when it is beneficial for an animal to search for pastures new. When foraging, however, animals also have to determine how to direct their search. For what food should they forage? There is no point searching for more of a particular food when you are sated from eating it. Here we review work in macaques and humans that has sought to reveal the neural circuits critical for determining the subjective value of different foods and associated objects in our environment and tracking this value over time. There is mounting evidence that a network composed of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), amygdala, and medial thalamus is critical for linking objects in the environment with food value and adjusting those valuations in real time based on current biological needs. Studies using temporary inactivation methods have revealed that the amygdala and OFC play distinct yet complementary roles in this valuation process. Such a network for determining the subjective value of different foods and, by extension, associated objects, must interact with systems that determine where and for how long to forage. Only by efficiently incorporating these two factors into their decisions will animals be able to achieve maximal fitness.
Dynamics of deposition of Brownian particles or cells on surfaces

The rate of deposition of Brownian particles is predicted by taking into account the effects of diffusion and convection of single particles and interaction forces between particles and collector [2.1] -[2.5].
Impaired H-Reflex Gain during Postural Loaded Locomotion in Individuals Post-Stroke.

Objective Successful execution of upright locomotion requires coordinated interaction between controllers for locomotion and posture. Our earlier research supported this model in the non-impaired and found impaired interaction in the post-stroke nervous system during locomotion. In this study, we sought to examine the role of the Ia afferent spinal loop, via the H-reflex response, under postural influence during a locomotor task. We tested the hypothesis that the ability to increase stretch reflex gain in response to postural loads during locomotion would be reduced post-stroke. Methods Fifteen individuals with chronic post-stroke hemiparesis and 13 non-impaired controls pedaled on a motorized cycle ergometer with specialized backboard support system under (1) seated supported, and (2) non-seated postural-loaded conditions, generating matched pedal force outputs of two levels. H-reflexes were elicited at 90°crank angle. Results We observed increased H-reflex gain with postural influence in non-impaired individuals, but a lack of increase in individuals post-stroke. Furthermore, we observed decreased H-reflex gain at higher postural loads in the stroke-impaired group. Conclusion These findings suggest an impaired Ia afferent pathway potentially underlies the defects in the interaction between postural and locomotor control post-stroke and may explain reduced ability of paretic limb support during locomotor weight-bearing in individuals post-stroke. Significance These results support the judicious use of bodyweight support training when first helping individuals post-stroke to regain locomotor pattern generation and weight-bearing capability.
Turning Up the Heat: Governance, Risk, and Compliance Technology and Performance Fraud

In the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (“the Recovery Act”) Congress demanded that many executive branch and sub-national jurisdictions produce results under heightened compliance requirements and increased scrutiny. However, the shift to results-based management creates a motivation to misstate performance results (so called performance statement fraud or strategic misrepresentation). Using the well-accepted fraud triangle, organizations can use governance, risk, and compliance (GRC) technology and best practices to minimize the opportunities for fraud. This breaks the fraud triangle and reduces the chances of performance statement fraud. GRC concepts increase integrity in performance reporting leading to a corresponding increase in public trust in government performance.
Sample Paths and Limit Theorems

Most of this chapter is devoted to the analysis of the series Sn(g), where we define for any function g on X, $${S_n}(g): = \sum\limits_{k = 1}^n {g(\Phi k)}$$ (17.1) We are concerned primarily with four types of limit theorems for positive recurrent chains possessing an invariant probability π: (i) those which are based upon the existence of martingales associated with the chain; (ii) the Strong Law of Large Numbers (LLN), which states that n-1Sn(g) converges to π (g) = E π[g(Φ0)], the steady state expectation of g(Φ0) ; (iii) the Central Limit Theorem (CLT) , which states that the sum Sn(g-π(g)), when properly normalized, is asymptotically normally distributed; (iv) the Law of the Iterated Logarithm (LIL) which gives precise upper and lower bounds on the limit supremum of the sequence Sn(g-π(g)) again when properly normalized.
Modeling of inductors and transformers

This paper deals with modeling of spiral inductors and transformers. A lumped element approach is used to represent the spirals on a turn-by-turn basis. A previously reported approach for modeling of substrate eddy currents is employed and a new approach for modeling of current crowding effects is introduced. Both are modeled using inductor and resistance loops with coupling to the turn inductances. The program is written to generate a Spice sub-circuit for a wide variety of inductors and transformers. The results are validated against measured values of spirals implemented in a six-layer-copper bulk CMOS process and an SOI process.
HOW DO THE PHARMACY STAFF VIEW THE LEVEL OF PATIENT SAFETY WITHIN THE PHARMACY

AIM The aim of this audit was to gauge the opinion of pharmacy staff on patient safety by using a standardised survey produced by the American Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)1,2 and to analyse the results of the survey in order to identify any significant findings. In addition, to share the results of the survey with managers and staff within the department and develop an action plan to improve patient safety based on the findings. Method The survey was adapted slightly to make it relevant for pharmacy staff working in a British hospital. An introductory email was sent to all staff one week before the survey was distributed. A paper copy of the survey, a covering letter and self-addressed envelope was distributed to all pharmacy members of staff. The letter provided clear instructions and assurance that responses would be kept confidential. A labelled box was placed in the dispensary to receive the completed surveys. A reminder email was sent two days before the closure date. The surveys returned were analysed using the SNAP computer programme. The responses to each question were analysed and a report was produced to display the response to each question as a raw number as well as a percentage score. Questions were then grouped into themes and the proportion of positive, negative or neutral responses were identified. Reponses were filtered to identify whether there were any significant differences in opinion between staff groups. Results 75 surveys were distributed and 56 surveys returned (75% response rate). 73% of staff rated overall patient safety within the pharmacy department as good or very good. Many positive aspects of the department were identified by the survey, such as the way mistakes are handled and team work, however the results show that the working environment was the lowest scoring theme. Pharmacists and technicians had different opinions in some of the themes, e.g. induction/training. A high proportion of new staff who participated in the survey were unsure of certain procedures within the pharmacy department and therefore could not provide an accurate answer to some of the questions. Conclusion The excellent response rate indicates that patient safety is an important issue for pharmacy staff. Staff members were keen to express their opinions and highlight areas for improvement. Undertaking this survey has given the pharmacy a fantastic opportunity to continue to improve patient safety by changing systems of work based on real opinions of staff. We plan to repeat this survey on a regular basis to ensure high standards are maintained and that all staff remain focussed on patient safety.
ZnO–TiO2 Nanocomposite Films for High Light Harvesting Efficiency and Fast Electron Transport in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Electron transport and recombination are the essential processes that determine the charge collection efficiency in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). While nearly 100% of charges are collected in well-built ordinary DSSCs, this value can be sharply reduced by the use of redox couples other than iodide/triiodide due to fast electron recombination. To compensate, structures capable of fast electron transport are needed. Nanorod arrays that have this attribute tend to suffer from low surface area, resulting in low dye loading and reduced light harvesting. We have therefore developed a novel nanocomposite structure consisting of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods coated with titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles using an electrostatic layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition technique. The titanium dioxide nanoparticle coating can add an order of magnitude of surface area and is compatible with known high-performance dyes. This composite nanostructure has been designed to take advantage of the improved electron transport alon...
Application of a Modified Linear Learning Model of Buyer Behavior

The performance of a stochastic model of individual buyer behavior relative to a set of gasoline diary panel data is explored. Use of the model for pricing decision making under a set of assumption...
Social Class or Income

Research upon the relationship between social class and consumer usage of bank credit cards has produced what appear to be conflicting results. This note questions some of the differences in findings.
Multivariable Robust Locating Scheme Design of Body Parts

A robust locating scheme design was provided under the circumstance that only parts of A surface or initial structure are known in the initial design phase of a new vehicle model.An optimization design model of locating scheme was established based on the deterministic locating for rigid parts and robust design principles.The optimal locators are searched by using genetic algorithms in feasible region;the sensitivity coefficient which provides an indicator of how sensitive the assembly quality are to variance of locator is extracted,and finally tolerance optimization is achieved while costs are reduced.An example of locating design of a new vehicle model's head-lamp was demonstrated,which proves that the method is effective in the initial design phase.
Deviant politics: hip hop as a form of resistance against hyper-criminalization and structural violence

El proposito de esta investigacion es examinar como la musica hip hop proporciona un lugar para lo que Rios (2011) llama «Deviant Politics» donde los jovenes adoptan una imagen ruda que esta asociada con la hiper-masculinidad como una respuesta a la exclusion de la sociedad debido a su raza/etnia y su estatus socioeconomico. El concepto de «Deviant Politics» se utilizara para examinar como el papel de la musica hip hop en Juarez da forma a la resistencia contra la hiper-criminalizacion para recuperarse de la violencia estructural. Se abordaran dos objetivos:1. Trato de examinar la hipercriminalizacion de los MC en Juarez, examinando el contexto estructural en la que viven atribuido a su condicion de hombres, de jovenes, y de bajos recursos.2. Voy a ilustrar como el hip hop es una forma de resistencia, o lo que Rios (2011) llama «Deviant Politics», que se utiliza para combatir el estigma y la falta de oportunidades en la educacion y buenos empleos.Este estudio consta de 16 entrevistas con jovenes juarenses. He utilizado el analisis de contenido para interpretar cuatro letras de canciones de MC de Juarez.
Clinical PET: Repositioning Myocardial Studies After Bicycle Exercise

Objective: Myocardial viability studies were assessed for repositioning accuracy as adequate or inadequate by evaluation of NH3/FDG image correspondence and detection of measured attenuation correction (MSATN) artifacts. Methods: Myocardial viability studies using 13N-ammonia (NH3) and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) were evaluated in 29 normal subjects (21 rest and exercise, 7 exercise only and 1 rest only). Patients were positioned in the ECAT III gantry, and selected body landmarks were registered with the imaging bed. MSATN data were acquired. For exercise studies, upright bicycle exercise was then performed off the imaging bed. Intravenous NH3 or FDG was injected during exercise and the patient was repositioned and imaged. Results: Analysis revealed repositioning accuracy of 96% for rest NH3, 91% for rest FDG, 57% for exercise NH3 and 50% for exercise FDG. Conclusion: The problems encountered with repositioning make upright bicycle exercise for cardiac PET restrictive for routine clinical use with existing technology.
Surgery for Epilepsy due to Cortical Malformation

Seizure outcome after surgery for focal epilepsy due to malformation of cortical development (MCD), identified by MRI, was evaluated in 35 patients aged 3 months to 47 years (median, 14 years) operated at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation.