cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reduced longevity of Dermacentor variabilis and Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) molting from immatures fed on Rattus norvegicus.

Nymphal and adult Dermacentor variabilis (Say) molting from larvae and nymphs, respectively, that fed on a Holtzman strain of Rattus norvegicus demonstrated reduced longevity compared with those from immature stages that fed on albino laboratory mice, Mus musculus. The decrease in survivorship did not appear to be caused by host-acquired resistance; lower feeding weights, longer feeding times, and reduced molting were not observed. In addition, reduced survivorship was not limited to ticks fed on Holtzman rats. It was also demonstrated in adult D. variabilis molting from nymphs that fed on Wistar strain rats, but the effect was not as severe as with Holtzman rats. Moreover, reduced survivorship occurred in Ixodes scapularis Say that fed on rats, but, again, the effect was less severe than on D. variabilis. Nymphal feeding on mice appeared to counteract the negative effect of larval feeding on rats in both adult D. variabilis and I. scapularis.
Formation and structure of internal and edge transport barriers

The phenomenology of transport barrier formation is reviewed with a focus on physics that may be common to the edge and the core. To this end, the framework of E x B velocity shear reduction of turbulence-induced fluxes, applied to the edge for some time, is studied in light of measurements of core bifurcation dynamics and recent tests of causality. Also, the possible role of the magnetic shear structure in facilitating core barrier formation is examined. Experimental and theoretical challenges for developing predictive capability for reactor-relevant conditions are highlighted by recent observations of spontaneous electric field shear generation far removed from edge effects, and efforts to characterize the plasma edge at and across the L-H transition.
A Concept for In-space, System-level Validation of Spacecraft Precision Formation Flying

A number of international space agencies and organizations, to include the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), to name a few, have embraced the concept of spacecraft formation flying to revolutionize the capabilities of astronomy and Earth remote sensing from space. The concept has been around well over a decade and a wide array of technologies and capabilities have been developed to enable multiple spacecraft to collaborate in a highly-coupled manner as would be required for a formation flying mission. Furthermore, many relevant capabilities for formation flying have been demonstrated in the area of rendezvous and docking, loosely-controlled formations, and in missions with collaborating spacecraft with very precise metrology. .However, in considering the case of precision formation flying (PFF), i.e, when the relative geometry of multiple vehicles must be controlled on-board in a continuous and precise manner, there have been several missions proposed, but the realization in space has not yet occurred due to a range of issues. This paper will briefly examine those issues and present a concept for demonstrating a core capability for performing PFF, necessary for virtually any PFF mission concept, that will help to overcome the problems encountered in prior attempts and help to allay the risks to enable future PFF science missions.
Tympanometric Changes at 226 Hz and 678 Hz Across 10 Trials and for Two Directions of Ear Canal Pressure Change

The influence that repeated tympanometric trials have on the aural-acoustic admittance characteristics of the middle-ear transmission system was studied in 24 young adults. The 226-Hz and 678-Hz da...
Generalized analysis of WIMP searches

Abstract We perform a generalized analysis of data from weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) search experiments for point-like WIMPs of arbitrary spin and general Lorenz-invariant WIMP–nucleus interaction. We explicitly show that in the non-relativistic limit only spin-independent and spin-dependent WIMP–nucleon interactions survive, which can be parameterized by only five independent parameters. We explore this five-dimensional parameter space to determine whether the annual modulation observed in the DAMA experiment can be consistent with all other experiments which reported null results. Although we find regions consistent with all existing data none of them can be easily accommodated in the minimal supersymmetric standard model.
Natural Rebels: A Social History of Enslaved Black Women in Barbados

Natural Rebels:. Social History of Enslaved Black Women in Barbados. Hilary McD. Beckles New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1989. ix+197 pp. $35.00 (cloth), $13.95 (paper). ISBN 0-8135-1510-6, 0-8135-1511-4.
Are high rates of sulphate reduction associated with anaerobic oxidation of methane

Classical models of sulphur diagenesis in marine sediments are based on the assumption that the rate of sulphate reduction is first order with respect to oxidizable particulate organic carbon (POC). This assumption requires that oxidizable POC, sulphate concentration and the sulphate reduction rate be highest at the top of the sulphate reduction zone and decrease exponentially with increasing sediment depth1,2. However, to explain recent observations of concave upwards methane distributions, the anaerobic consumption of methane has been proposed. Furthermore, it has been proposed that this consumption takes place near the bottom of the sulphate reducing zone where sulphate concentrations are low3–6. Thus, if sulphate reducing bacteria are associated with the anaerobic oxidation of methane, a peak in sulphate reduction rate might be expected in this deep consumption zone7. The importance of the process in sedimentary sulphur diagenesis is indicated by calculations estimating that 30–75% of the downward sulphate flux at depth may be consumed by methane oxidation within this zone6,8,9. We present here profiles of sulphate reduction rate in anoxic sediments that show distinct local maxima at the depth where the anaerobic oxidation of methane would be expected. Our measurements were made during July and August 1978 in Saanich Inlet, an anoxic fjord located on the south-east side of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. The inlet has a shallow sill (∼70 m) which restricts circulation of the deeper water (maximum depth 225 m) inside the basin to the extent that for about 8 months of the year the bottom waters contain no oxygen, nitrate or nitrite, and significant concentrations of free H2S are present10. As the deep waters contain hydrogen sulphide, the inlet is an ideal location for studying sedimentary sulphate reduction because reactions with oxygen and the effects of burrowing organisms can be neglected.
The risk of infection associated with intra-arterial catheters for cancer chemotherapy.

Objective: To determine the frequency of, and risk factors for, infections associated with intra-arterial catheters used for cancer chemotherapy. Methods: Between September 1992 and September 1995, we conducted a surveillance study of all 807 intra-arterial catheters placed for chemotherapy at our center. The insertion site was disinfected with povidone iodine and alcohol, and the arterial catheter was placed using maximal sterile barrier precautions. Upon removal, all intravascular segments were submitted for semiquantitative culture. Results: No episodes of catheter-related bloodstream infection (95% confidence interval [CI 95 ], 0%-1.6%) were observed. However, the risk of colonization (>15 colony-forming units) of arterial catheters was 15% (CI 95 , 12%-17%). Retrospective risk-factor analysis conducted on 224 intra-arterial catheters placed for chemotherapy in 1993 showed that colonization was associated significantly with duration of catheterization (median of 1 day for culture-negative catheters vs median of 4 days for culture-positive catheters, P Conclusion: Intra-arterial catheters for cancer chemotherapy placed under maximal sterile barrier precautions for a short period of time are associated with a very low risk of bloodstream infection.
Assessment of benchmark credibility in the study of recent vertical crustal movements

Abstract Results of repeated precise leveling in several regions indicate that the magnitude of inferred vertical displacements is controlled by the quality of benchmark monumentation. If ignored, such a correlation may lead to an erroneous tectonic interpretation of the computed pattern of motion.
Granulopoiesis in Fanconi's aplastic anemia.

SummaryAn in vitro agar culture system was used to evaluate the granulocyte colony-forming cells and other factors possibly affecting granulopoiesis in four patients with Fanconi's aplastic anemia. There was a marked decrease in the number of granulo-cytic colony-forming cells in both bone marrow and peripheral blood in these patients. Colony-stimulation factor from peripheral leukocytes was also decreased in all four patients. No apparent humoral inhibitor of granulocytic colony formation was detected. In three patients studied, peripheral leukocytes or mononuclear cells did not suppress the colony formation of “normal” bone marrow cells.
Gambling Behavior of Student-Athletes and a Student Cohort: What are the Odds?

This study investigated the prevalence of gambling, gambling related NCAA violations, and disordered gambling in student-athletes (n = 736) with a comparison cohort of students (n = 1,071) at four universities. Student-athletes reported similar rates of gambling frequency, use of a bookmaker, and disordered gambling as students. After accounting for demographic differences, student-athletes were less likely to engage in sports wagering than students. Several risk factors for disordered gambling were identified, including being male and reporting at least one parent with a history of gambling problems. These findings suggest that problems associated with gambling are a university-wide issue with student-athletes meriting additional attention because of implications for the integrity of intercollegiate sports. Improved prevention and intervention efforts for collegiate gambling are recommended.
High interleukin-13 production by phytohaemagglutinin- and Der p 1-stimulated cord blood mononuclear cells is associated with the subsequent development of atopic dermatitis at the age of 3 years.

Summary Objective The aim of our study was to conduct a prospective investigation into the potential association of cord blood proliferative response and cytokine production in response to various stimuli on the development of atopic dermatitis (AD) at the age of 3 years. Methods Cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC) from 40 healthy term neonates were isolated. The proliferative response of CBMC stimulated with IL-2, betalactoglobulin (BLG) and house dust mite allergen (Der p 1) was assessed by liquid scintillation counting and the stimulation index (SI) was calculated. The cytokines interleukin (IL-)13, interferon (IFN-)γ, IL-10 and IL-18 in the cell culture supernatants in response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), Der p 1 and BLG were measured using the ELISA technique. After 3 years, symptoms of AD were obtained with a questionnaire completed by the parents. Results We observed significantly higher IL-13 levels in response to PHA in children who subsequently developed symptoms of AD (S: median, 291 pg/mL) compared with asymptomatic children (No-S: 149 pg/mL; P=0.021, Wilcoxon test). Similarly, in response to Der p 1 significantly higher IL-13 levels were observed in symptomatic children (S: 168.6; No-S: 61.6 pg/mL; P=0.0084). In response to BLG, IL-13 levels were 287.2 (S) and 123.6 pg/mL (No-S; P=0.19). No significant differences were found when comparing the IFN-γ levels in CBMC cultures stimulated with PHA (S: 10.2; No-S: 17.6 IU/L; P=0.78), Der p 1 (S: 307.6; No-S: 616.2 IU/L; P=0.2) or BLG (S: 18; No-S: 28.5 IU/L; P=0.83; Fig. 2). The IL-18 and IL-10 levels and the stimulation index in response to IL-2, BLG and Der p 1 showed no significant difference between children who subsequently developed symptoms of AD and asymptomatic children. Figure 2. Release of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), house dust mite allergen (Der p 1) and betalactoglobulin (BLG) in children who developed symptoms of atopic dermatitis at the age of 3 years (‘symptomatic’) and asymptomatic children. The median value and the 5th and 95th percentile are presented. Differences between the groups were calculated with the Wilcoxon test and P-values are reported. Conclusion Our data suggest that enhanced IL-13 levels at birth are associated with the subsequent development of atopic symptoms at the age of 3 years.
Hair root analysis in X-linked ichthyosis.

Hair roots have been analysed in a large kindred with X-linked ichthyosis associated with steroid sulphatase deficiency. Enzyme activity in individual hair roots was assayed for the steroid sulphatase: neutral α-glucosidase ratio, the latter serving as an indicator of the general metabolic activity of the hair root. The distribution of the enzyme ratios in the individual hair roots in the heterozygotes described a normal curve suggesting origin from a single population of cells. The results differed strikingly from the irregular distribution of enzyme activities in hair roots of Lesch-Nyhan disease, where mosaicism occurs. It is suggested that the maternal and paternal genes for steroid sulphatase remain activein vivo in each cell in the hair root in apparent contradiction to the Lyon hypothesis. The observation is consistent with that previously reported for skin fibroblastsin vitro. Sulphatase activity in female controls was minimally greater than in males but the difference was not statistically significant.
Radiation Effects in Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Transistors

The behavior of MOS transistors has been studied in both the ionizing radiation and neutron environments. Included in the study are both depletion and enhancement devices. Behavior in the radiation environment is considered in terms of the circuit application of the devices. Transient response in the flash x-ray enviroment is characterized in the common source configuration as a function of the device operation point and generator inpedance. Analysis of experimental data shows that the radiation induced transient drain current consists of two components, the drain-substrate diode photocurrent and the secondary drain photocurrent. A radiation inclusive small signal equivalent circuit has been established to predict the device response. Predicted responses agree with the experimental data quite well. For permanent damage study, MOS transistor specimens have been irradiated at the Northrop TRIGA reactor at steps of integrated fast neutron flux up to 5 × 1014nvt. Both the degradation of the device small signal parameters and a substantial shift in the dc operating characteristics were observed. The change in the small signal parameter is less when the device is biased at a constant quiescent drain current than when it is biased at a constant gate voltage. Comparison of the behavior of the MOS transistor to the bipolar junction transistor and the unipolar FET is difficult because of the lack of a good circuit criteria. It is felt that, considering the radiation environments, the MOS transistor shows promise as an effective circuit element.
Sickle cell anemia with systemic lupus erythematosus: response to hydroxyurea therapy.

Purpose: To report the efficacy of hydroxyurea (HU) in a patient with sickle cell anemia (SCA) associated with systemic ]upus erythematosus (SLE). Patients and Methods: An unusual association of SCA with SLE occurred in a 14-year-old black girl. Her medical history was significant for repeated vasoocclusive crises requiring repeated hospitalizations and transfusions, acute chest syndrome, hyperhemolytic crises, multiple transfusions resulting in iron overload, gall stones, avascular necrosis, and significant psychosocial problems. Her lupus activity was controlled with oral prednisone and hydroxychloroquine. Treatment with oral HU was instituted at an initial dose of 20 mg/kg with gradual increment to a maximum of 25 mg/kg daily. Results: A dramatic clinical improvement was noted with HU therapy with no episode of pain crisis or hospitalization for 5 months. There was an increase in fetal hemoglobin (HbF) to 20.9% and mean corpuscular volume to 114.5 fl, but her Hb level remained steady at 7.5 g/dl. No toxicity was noted with HU therapy. In addition, a significant change was also observed in her school performance, social activities, and general quality of life. Conclusions: HU therapy may be beneficial and safe and should be considered for other patients who have SCA with SLE.
Bridging the Qualitative–Quantitative Divide in Transport Geography∗

Recent viewpoints concerning the state of research in transport geography have touched on the issue of insularity and the need to bridge the divide between the largely spatial–analytical or quantitative research in transport geography and the critical or qualitative research prevalent in urban, economic, and most other subfields of human geography. Transport geography has been criticized by some for being a quiet corner of our discipline that has lost its centrality largely because it remains within the analytical framework of the 1960s. This article explores these sentiments by reexamining recent transport-oriented research in highly cited geography journals to assess the degree to which the qualitative–quantitative divide exists within transport geography and between transport and other subfield in human geography, as well as to explore issues of productivity and centrality of transport-oriented research in geography. Results indicate that geographical research involving transport topics is much more pr...
TH-C-303A-05: Development of a Dynamic KV Collimator for Low Diagnostic Dose Real-Time 3D Motion Tracking During Radiation Therapy by Combined MV-KV Imaging

Purpose: Currently, real‐time 3D MV‐kV monitoring requires the use of continuous kV imaging throughout the treatment process leading to high diagnosticdose costs. For MV‐kV tracking purposes the only needed kV imageinformation are the projected images of the metallic fiducial markers. Generally these markers are small (3mm in length and 0.8mm in diameter), and for a standard 40cm × 30cm kV image comprise less than 1% of the total area. The proposed technique here uses a dynamic kV aperture to confine the kV exposure to a small region of interest (ROI) encompassing only the markers. As the internal markers move, the aperture is dynamically updated using feedback information provided by the last known marker positions. Method: A Varian Trilogy equipped with both an EPID and a kV imaging system was used. The kV collimator was mounted over the kV source and consists of four lead blades placed orthogonally on low friction linear guide rails. The position of each blade was controlled independently using a servomotor. MV‐kV imaging was performed and software was used to calculate a suitable ROI that will be used as an input for the kV collimator. As the internal markers move, the aperture will be dynamically updated using the last known marker positions. Results: The combination of controller circuitry and chosen servomotors allows for blade travel speed of up to 11mm/s, depending on orientation, with an accuracy of 0.2mm in the collimator plane. This should be sufficient to keep the ROI properly centered on nearly any fiducial cluster. Conclusion: The technique proposed here would potentially lower the kV exposure by a factor of 50–500 depending on the speed, number, and spatial separation of the fiducials. The technology is directly applicable to any kV imaging system where only selective ROI information is required.
Collisional angular-momentum mixing of Rydberg states of Na by He, Ne, and Ar

The collisional angular-momentum mixing of $n=5\ensuremath{-}15$ Na $d$ states with the $lg2$ states of the same $n$ has been studied using He, Ne, and Ar as collision partners. At rare-gas pressures of \ensuremath{\sim}1 Torr, the $l\ensuremath{\ge}2$ states are thoroughly mixed and the mixture decays at the average radiative lifetime of all the $l\ensuremath{\ge}2$ states of the same $n$. Using \ensuremath{\sim}1 Torr of neon to collisionally mix the $l\ensuremath{\ge}2$ states, the average lifetime for $l\ensuremath{\ge}2$ was measured for each $n$ and compared to the theoretical prediction for hydrogen, with which it is in excellent agreement. The cross section for $l$ mixing by each of the gases is found to increase sharply from $n=5 \mathrm{to} 10$ and decrease above $n=10$. The magnitudes of the $l$-mixing cross sections are found to correlate with the low-energy scattering lengths of the collision partners.
Vertical visual-vestibular interaction in normal human subjects

Previous studies have described asymmetrical vertical eye movements when normal human subjects were rotated about a vertical inter-aural axis (with head rolled 90 degrees). We measured vertical eye movements induced by visual, vestibular and visual-vestibular stimuli with a magnetic scleral search coil technique while 10 normal subjects sat upright in a chair designed to rotate about the horizontal inter-aural axis at frequencies and amplitudes of natural head movements. Asymmetries in the gain of upward and downward pursuit and fixation-suppression of the VOR were found in individual subjects. However, there was no significant difference (p greater than 0.05) between the mean gain of up and down slow eye movements induced by vestibular, visual or visual-vestibular stimulation in the group of normal subjects. Systematic up-down asymmetries in vertical eye movements previously observed with testing about the vertical inter-aural axis were probably due to bias introduced by otolith stimulation and/or electro-oculographic eyelid artifact.
Sphingosine-1-phosphate and oligodendrocytes: From cell development to the treatment of multiple sclerosis

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid that mediates a wide variety of biological effects in different cells and tissues. This review discusses the effects of S1P signaling in oligodendrocytes, the myelin making cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Results from different laboratories have uncovered direct actions of S1P at different maturational stages along the oligodendroglial lineage. There is also evidence for the existence in oligodendrocytes of interactions between S1P and signaling by factors which, like neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), have profound effects on oligodendrocyte development and myelination. Moreover, S1P signaling in oligodendrocytes may not only play an important role during normal CNS development but also offer new therapeutic avenues to stimulate remyelination in demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis.
Turbulent Friction in Rough Pipes and the Energy Spectrum of the Phenomenological Theory

The classical experiments on turbulent friction in rough pipes were performed by Nikuradse in the 1930s. Seventy years later, they continue to defy theory. Here we model Nikuradse's experiments using the phenomenological theory of Kolmog\'orov, a theory that is widely thought to be applicable only to highly idealized flows. Our results include both the empirical scalings of Blasius and Strickler and are otherwise in minute qualitative agreement with the experiments; they suggest that the phenomenological theory may be relevant to other flows of practical interest; and they unveil the existence of close ties between two milestones of experimental and theoretical turbulence.
ECMWF and ERS-1 Surface Winds over the Arabian Sea during July 1995

The European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and Institut Francais Pour la Recherche et 1'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER) European Remote-Sensing Satellite (ERS-1), named IFR2, surface wind velocity data products are compared during July 1995 over the Arabian Sea.
Isolation of metastatic B16 melanoma variants using anti-Met 72 monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry.

Analysis of a number of B16 melanoma clones has revealed a high correlation between metastatic activity and the quantitative expression of a 72 000 dalton glycoprotein, Met 72. In the present study, metastatic tumor cell variants have been directly isolated from a heterogeneous, poorly metastatic melanoma (B16-F1) by anti-Met 72 monclonal antibodies and cell sorting procedures. These studies provide direct proof that Met-72 antigens are in fact surface markers of B16 melanoma metastatic variants and may provide the means of monitoring their presence, influence and autonomy during tumor progression.
An Account of Discourse Markers

Discourse Markers (DMs) have been a topic of research for 30 years under many different names. The present paper presents an account of one view of DMs with the aim of providing researchers in the field with a coherent definition of DMs and a presentation of the syntactic and semantic properties of this functional category that will enable them to compare their work on DMs with other researchers. In addition, an analysis of the uses of the DM but supports the claim that there is one core meaning relationship, contrast, with the interpretation of the more than 10 different uses of but being signalled by context and pragmatic elaboration.
Simultaneous esophageal and standard electrocardiographic leads for the study of cardiac arrhythmias

Abstract The value of esophageal leads for the study of cardiac arrhythmias is well established, but we found difficulties in some cases; (1) It may be impossible to distinguish P and QRS or to separate them when they are superimposed, because their component rapid deflections may be similar, and their relative sizes may vary widely, P being equal to, larger, or smaller than QRS; and (2) Differences in configuration of QRS and even P may be more apparent in other leads. These difficulties may be obviated by the use of a simultaneous standard lead. The complementary value of simultaneous standard and esophageal leads is illustrated in six cases: (1) atrial tachycardia (flutter) with multifocal ventricular ectopic systoles or variations in ventricular conduction; (2) A-V dissociation with interference, different atrial foci discernible only in the E lead, and different QRS complexes discernible only in Lead III; (3) atrial tachycardia (flutter) with alternating bidirectional P waves; (4) atrial parasystole, difference in atrial foci apparent in the standard leads, but not in the E lead; (5) ventricular tachycardia with retrograde conduction to the atria; and (6) double reciprocal beats (return extrasystoles) after ventricular ectopic systoles. The arrhythmia of Case 3 has not previously been described and that of Case 6 only once. Their recognition is an indication of the value of the method.
An Analytical Model for EHD-Enhanced Microscale Thin-Film Evaporation

An analytical model has been developed to predict the heat transfer and flow characteristics of electrohydrodynamic (EHD)-enhanced microscale ultra thin-film evaporation. The model described in this paper is based on a previously published microcooling device [1] that incorporated an active evaporative cooling surface, an EHD micropump, and temperature sensors into a single chip. The device was fabricated using microelectromechanical systems fabrication technology, allowing the EHD electrodes and temperature sensors to be integrated directly onto the cooling surface. One end of the device was immersed in a pool of liquid. The film originated at the liquid–vapor interface and flowed upward under the influence of the electric field. The model predicts the film thickness, dryout location, local and average heat transfer coefficients, and velocity profile. The agreement between the model and the experimental data is satisfactory. Both the analytical model developed in this study and the experimental results r...
Women Mentoring in Academe: addressing the gender gap in higher education

ABSTRACT Although the number of women in management and administrative positions in all sectors of the economy is increasing over time, the majority of senior positions are still held by men. The lack of women role models in high management and administrative positions has been well documented, as has the lack of women faculty in many academic departments, and barriers to women's leadership due to male‐orientated organizational expectations. Research has shown that mentoring can significantly enhance income and promotion possibilities for individuals experiencing these relationships. In academe, mentoring awareness can reduce barriers to women's career advancement, tenure and pay. The objectives of this study were to explore mentoring functions senior women provided to their juniors and identify mentoring limitations women faced in academe. Senior women favored career mentoring and provided less psychosocial support. Subsequently, the classical mentoring experience is not realized. Research findings sugge...
Mechanisms of JP-8 jet fuel toxicity. I. Induction of apoptosis in rat lung epithelial cells.

JP-8 is a kerosene-based fuel widely used by the U.S. military. Various models of human occupational and animal exposure to JP-8 have demonstrated the potential for local and systemic toxicity but the mechanisms involved are unknown. The purpose of our investigation was to study the molecular mechanisms of JP-8 toxicity by using an in vitro model. JP-8 exposure in a rat lung alveolar type II epithelial cell line (RLE-6TN) induces biochemical and morphological markers of apoptotic cell death: caspase-3 activation, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage, chromatin condensation, membrane blebbing, cytochrome c release from mitochondria, and genomic DNA cleavage into both oligonucleosomal (DNA ladder) and high-molecular-weight (HMW) fragments. The human histiocytic lymphoma cell line (U937) also responds to JP-8 with caspase-3 activation, cleavage of caspase substrates, including PARP, DNA-PK, and lamin B1, and degradation of genomic DNA with the production of HMW fragments. Caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage also occur in the acute T-cell leukemia cell line (Jurkat) following treatment with JP-8. Furthermore, Jurkat cells stably transfected with a plasmid encoding the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-x(L) or pretreated with the pan-caspase inhibitor Boc-d-fmk, are relatively resistant to the cytotoxic effects of JP-8 compared to control cells. Finally, we demonstrate that PARP cleavage occurs in primary mouse thymocytes exposed to JP-8. In conclusion, our data support the hypothesis that apoptotic cell death is responsible at least partially for the cytotoxic effects of JP-8 and suggest that inhibition of the apoptotic cascade might reduce JP-8 toxicity.
Reflectance of laser-damaged spacecraft thermal control materials

Damage to materials by continuous wave (CW) irradiation of an infrared (IR) laser is dependent on thermal transfer, resulting from absorption of laser energy into the material. Under laser illumination conditions, the thermal radiative properties of a material are often not constant. Reflectance, for example, can vary dramatically as a result of thermal decomposition of paints and coatings. The Air Force Research Laboratory Laser Effects Branch designed and fabricated unique reflectometers for making accurate measurements of surface reflectance under conditions of continuous heating. A number of structural materials, paints, and films were tested to determine their temperature dependent reflectance characteristics in vacuum and laboratory ambient environments. The experiment series produced temperature-dependent reflectance data needed for accurate computation of laser coupling for thermal control surface degradation analyses. Previous prediction algorithms relied solely upon ambient, room temperature reflectance data to determine the thermal response of paints and films, oftentimes leading to inaccurate results. Much was learned about the breakdown of typical aerospace thermal control materials in vacuum and ambient conditions. Temperature-dependent 1.31 micrometer laser reflectance models, developed from the in-vacuo data, are presented for nine coatings (paints and films) on aluminum and titanium substrates.
Looking at Sexual Selection

Looking for a Few Good Males Female Choice in Evolutionary Biology by Erika Lorraine Milam Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2010. 246 pp. $60, £31.50. ISBN 9780801894190. Milam's history of sexual selection theory from about 1900 to about 1970 demonstrates that there was a lively interest in the topic during that period.
Implementation of advanced manipulation tasks on humanoids through kinesthetic teaching

In this paper, we describe a software framework for programming by demonstration (PbD) using kinesthetic teaching. A Personal Robot 2 (PR2) robot platform was used to demonstrate teaching effectiveness and conduct dual arm manipulation operations during a wine pouring demonstration. During the teaching process, an operator directs the PR2 arms to execute complex joint trajectories leading to desired handling of objects in joint or Cartesian space. The user can efficiently store and playback programmed motions using Extensible Markup Language (XML) parsing. We present repeatable wine pouring motion results that were executed by the PR2 during a demo for several thousand guests at a public event.
SmartRE: an architecture for coordinated network-wide redundancy elimination

Application-independent Redundancy Elimination (RE), or identifying and removing repeated content from network transfers, has been used with great success for improving network performance on enterprise access links. Recently, there is growing interest for supporting RE as a network-wide service. Such a network-wide RE service benefits ISPs by reducing link loads and increasing the effective network capacity to better accommodate the increasing number of bandwidth-intensive applications. Further, a networkwide RE service democratizes the benefits of RE to all end-to-end traffic and improves application performance by increasing throughput and reducing latencies.While the vision of a network-wide RE service is appealing, realizing it in practice is challenging. In particular, extending single vantage-point RE solutions designed for enterprise access links to the network-wide case is inefficient and/or requires modifying routing policies. We present SmartRE, a practical and efficient architecture for network-wide RE. We show that SmartRE can enable more effective utilization of the available resources at network devices, and thus can magnify the overall benefits of network-wide RE. We prototype our algorithms using Click and test our framework extensively using several real and synthetic traces.
Remembering Community Inclusion: Stories from the Life of Jack Eldon Baker

Jack Eldon Baker was born, lived, and died in Gilbert, Arkansas. The story of his life is retold in excerpts from a memorial publication published by the people of the town. This article also makes the case that his story is an example of community inclusion. Through the voices of those who knew him, we see Jack as a person who gave to the community according to his talents and was supported by the community according to his needs. Although our social services system would have identified him as a person with a significant developmental disability, neither Jack nor his community found such labels meaningful. The importance of Jack's contribution to his town and the implications for the rehabilitation counseling profession are discussed.
Opioid Tapering in Children: A Critical Review of the Literature

I. Background. The end-of-life (EOL) experience of children undergoing SCT, intensive therapy delivered with curative intent has not been described. II. Research Objectives. To evaluate patterns of parent and physician perspectives on EOL care for children after SCT. III. Methods. Retrospective cross-sectional survey of 141 parents of children who died of cancer, and primarily received care at one of two tertiary care pediatric institutions (response rate 64%). Children for whom SCT was the last cancer therapy (n 1⁄4 31) were compared with those for whom it was not (nonSCT, n 1⁄4 110). IV. Results. The SCT group included 22/31 (71%) allogeneic and 9/31 (29%) autologous SCT. Median (IQR) interval between last cancer treatment and death was 65 (30e127) days (SCT group) and 25 (8e59) days (non-SCT) (P 7 days before death, intubation was less likely (P 1⁄4 .05) and resuscitation discussion and LOD planning more likely (both P 1⁄4 .02). V. Conclusion. SCT is associated with significant suffering and less opportunity to prepare for EOL. VI. Implications for Research, Policy, or Practice. Palliative care and SCT may be complementary in providing care focused simultaneously on cure and relief of suffering.
A parallel mesh-free contaminant transport model based on the Analytic Element and Streamline Methods

This paper introduces a new method for simulating large-scale subsurface contaminant transport that combines an Analytic Element Method (AEM) groundwater flow solution with a split-operator Streamline Method for modeling reactive transport. The key feature of the method is the manner in which the vertically integrated AEM flow solution is used to construct three-dimensional particle tracks that define the geometry of the Streamline Method. The inherently parallel nature of the algorithm supports the development of reactive transport models for spatial domains much larger than current grid-based methods. The applicability of the new approach is verified for cases with negligible transverse dispersion through comparisons to analytic solutions and existing numerical solutions, and parallel performance is demonstrated through a realistic test problem based on the regional-scale transport of agricultural contaminants from spatially distributed sources.
Game Solutions And The Normal Form

Among the solution concepts proposed for noncooperative games, some can be defined on the normal formof the game whereas others can be defined only on the extensive form(or on the agent normal form, which is a game form intermediate between the normal and the extensive forms). For example, Nash equilibria and some suggested refinements of Nash equilibria can be recognized by looking only at the normal form: this property I will call normal-form dependence, Other refinements of Nash equilibria lack this property. Kohlberg and Mertens have argued that what I have called normal-form dependence should be regarded as a basic requirement for allsolution concepts for noncooperative games. I will try to show on some examples that this would not be a reasonable requirement because it would often conflictwith backward-induction rationality, which Kohlberg and Mertens themselves recognized as being an essential aspect of game-theoretic rationality.
Three-dimensional computer code for dynamic response of solids to intense impulsive loads

Earlier publications demonstrated the capability of the EPIC-3 code to perform high velocity impact computations in three dimensions.1,2 These capabilities were demonstrated with simplified material and sliding surface models in a core-contained computer program. This paper presents recent developments which include more comprehensive material and sliding surface formulations, and an expanded computer program which can handle problems of unlimited size by beffering data between disc files and core. The EPIC-3 code is based on an explicit, finite element, Lagrangian formulation which uses constant strain tetrahedral elements.
Recurrently connected silicon neurons with active dendrites for one-shot learning

We describe a neuromorphic chip designed to model active dendrites, recurrent connectivity, and plastic synapses to support one-shot learning. Specifically, it is designed to capture neural firing patterns (short-term memory), memorize individual patterns (long-term memory), and retrieve them when primed (associative recall). It consists of a recurrently connected population of excitatory pyramidal cells and a recurrently connected population of inhibitory basket cells. In addition to their recurrent connections, the excitatory and inhibitory populations are reciprocally connected. The model is novel in that it utilizes recurrent connections and active dendrites to maintain short-term memories as well as to store long-term memories.
Catastrophic wall rupture during conidial germination of a genetically tagged mutant of Glomerella graminicola

Video microscopy was used to examine a genetically tagged mutant (T30) of Glomerella graminicola whose conidia have a propensity to burst during the germination process. Before the germ tube is produced, the cell wall ruptures and the cytoplasm is extruded. The bursting takes place in less than 0.1 second. Bursting can be prevented by adding osmotica to the germination medium. By phase-contrast microscopy of alkali-washed conidia, we found that each ruptured conidium had a single gaping hole that was oriented parallel to the long axis of the spore. The holes were more frequent in the middle region of the conidia than at the apices. A mathematical model for stress based on conidial shape indicated that conidia ruptured where the stress on the wall was greatest. The microscopic observations on the orientation and distribution of the rupture sites are consistent with the hypothesis that T30 conidia have weaker walls than the wild-type. Comparative tests of resistance to mechanical breakage support this hypothesis.
Multiple electroconvulsive shocks and feeding and drinking behavior in the rat

Daily food and water intakes of 22 male rats were measured during a 4-week habituation period. After habituation, animals were administered a series of five electroconvulsive shock (ECS) treatments, one per day for 5 days. Daily food and water intake measurements were continued during ECS treatments and for 11 days following the last shock. Comparing the last pre-and the first post-ECS treatment days, a significant decrease in both food and water intake was found. Food and water intakes required 8 to 10 days to return to pre-ECS treatment levels.
A note on Ozark migrants and nonmigrants.

This study documents the extent of the population shift in five Ozark counties in Missouri. It describes the structure of the population compares migrants and nonmigrants on the basis of various sociological and demographic indicators and examines the extent of agreement between migrants and nonmigrants on a number of community issues. The implications for rural areas of the phenomenon of urban-rural migration are considered (EXCERPT)
Frameworks for Extended Solids: Geometrical Design Principles

The basic geometries for three-dimensional low-connectivity nets are described. Examples of open framework solids with these topologies are adduced for illustration. Attention is drawn to methods of producing open frameworks by decoration and expansion of simple nets.
Benefits of learning in negotiation

Negotiation has been extensively discussed in game-theoretic, economic, and management science literatures for decades. Recent growing interest in electronic commerce has given increased importance to automated negotiation. Evidence both from theoretical analysis and from observations of human interactions suggests that if decision makers can somehow take into consideration what other agents are thinking and furthermore learn during their interactions how other agents behave, their payoff might increase. In this paper, we propose a sequential decision making model of negotiation, called Bazaar. Within the proposed negotiation framework, we model learning as a Bayesian belief update process. In this paper, we explore the hypothesis that learning is beneficial in sequential negotiation and present initial experimental results.
Super-stereotypy I: enhancement of a complex movement sequence by systemic dopamine D1 agonists.

Peripheral administration of D1 dopamine agonists elicits grooming behavior from rodents. The present study examined grooming behavior and the relative probability and stereotypy of a natural sequence of grooming movements (called a syntactic grooming chain) that follows a predictable fixed pattern of serial order. We compared the amount of grooming behavior vs. the stereotypy of sequential patterns after peripheral administration of either a partial D1 agonist (SKF 38393; 2.5, 5.0, 10, 20 mg/kg), a full D1 agonist (SKF 82958; 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 mg/kg; i.p.), a D2 agonist (quinpirole; 5.0, 10 mg/kg), or ACTH (2.0, 5.0 mg/kg). There was a dissociation between the elicited grooming amount, the pattern frequency, and the pattern completion or sequential stereotypy after these drugs. Quinpirole and ACTH both reduced the likeli- hood that the sequential pattern would be completed in the normal pattern (and reduced the overall amount of grooming). Administration of either SKF 38393 or SKF 82958 increased the tendency to engage in complex stereotyped sequential patterns of groom- ing (even though only the partial D1 agonist increased the total amount of grooming). In addition, SKF 38393 increased the sequential stereotypy of the already-stereotyped pattern itself (as measured by the probability of completing the stereotyped sequence once it began). Thus, dopamine D1 receptor activation appears to contribute to a kind of sequential super-stereotypy in which a complex, stereotyped behavioral sequence is initiated more frequently and more often goes to completion. Synapse 37:194-204, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Distributed source coding and dispersive information routing: An integrated approach with networking and database applications

This paper considers the design of optimal joint compression-routing schemes for networks with correlated sources and multiple sinks. Such a setting is typically encountered in sensor networks. It is sometimes tempting to assume that an optimal distributed compression scheme followed by standard routing (as designed for independent sources) would be nearly optimal. We instead propose a joint design approach that integrates distributed source coding with a mechanism called dispersive information routing. Unlike network coding, dispersive information routing can be realized using conventional routers without recourse to recoding at intermediate nodes. We also point out the direct connections between dispersive information routing and a related problem in sensor network databases, namely, fusion coding for selective retrieval. We propose an efficient practical design strategy, variants of which are adopted for each of the two problems. Simulation results provide evidence for substantial gains over conventional schemes.
Meeting Clients' Spiritual Needs

True holistic care requires attention to spiritual as well as physical needs, but many health care providers do not feel comfortable discussing spiritual matters with clients. Although recognized by national nursing groups as a standard of care, nurses are not well prepared or rewarded for spiritual care efforts. There are several spiritual assessment tools available and many suggestions for interventions, but little research-based evidence on the effectiveness of spiritual care assessments or interventions. Nurses are well positioned by their continued intimate contact with clients and the importance of caring to nursing to lead the health care profession in developing spiritual care theory and practices.
An analytic Fournier-Forand scattering phase function as an alternative to the Henyey-Greenstein phase function in hydrologic optics

This work presents results of numerical analysis of the Fournier-Forand scattering phase function as an alternative to the Henyey-Greenstein phase function in hydrological optics. A number of equations are derived that connect different integral parameters of the Fournier-Forand phase function, including the normalization coefficient, with the parameters of this function. The Mathematica and FORTRAN programs, that computes the Fournier-Forand scattering phase function and some of its integral characteristics, are released for public use.