cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of Monocyte/Macrophages during HIV/SIV Infection in Adult and Pediatric Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Monocytes/macrophages are a diverse group of cells that act as first responders in innate immunity and then as mediators for adaptive immunity to help clear infections. In performing these functions, however, the macrophage inflammatory responses can also contribute to pathogenesis. Various monocyte and tissue macrophage subsets have been associated with inflammatory disorders and tissue pathogeneses such as occur during HIV infection. Non-human primate research of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) has been invaluable in better understanding the pathogenesis of HIV infection. The question of HIV/SIV-infected macrophages serving as a viral reservoir has become significant for achieving a cure. In the rhesus macaque model, SIV-infected macrophages have been shown to promote pathogenesis in several tissues resulting in cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurological diseases. Results from human studies illustrated that alveolar macrophages could be an important HIV reservoir and humanized myeloid-only mice supported productive HIV infection and viral persistence in macrophages during ART treatment. Depletion of CD4+ T cells is considered the primary cause for terminal progression, but it was reported that increasing monocyte turnover was a significantly better predictor in SIV-infected adult macaques. Notably, pediatric cases of HIV/SIV exhibit faster and more severe disease progression than adults, yet neonates have fewer target T cells and generally lack the hallmark CD4+ T cell depletion typical of adult infections. Current data show that the baseline blood monocyte turnover rate was significantly higher in neonatal macaques compared to adults and this remained high with disease progression. In this review, we discuss recent data exploring the contribution of monocytes and macrophages to HIV/SIV infection and progression. Furthermore, we highlight the need to further investigate their role in pediatric cases of infection.
Teachers’ Experiences with Spanish-Speaking, Bilingual Families in a Science Learning Context: Empowering Teachers through Home-School Partnerships

Teacher-parent collaboration can play a critical role in promoting minoritized students’ post-secondary education attendance and academic success. Although teachers are tasked with initiating a trusting collaboration with parents, few research studies focus on teachers’ learning through working with diverse families. Informed by Nieto’s notion of highly qualified teachers, we offer insights into the lived experiences of secondary science teachers who engaged with Latino parents in their children’s science learning in the context of bilingual family science workshops. Analysis of in-depth interviews with four teachers and participant observation field notes from the workshops highlight the potential for designing new professional development opportunities to support secondary teachers in collaborating with parents from a wide range of cultural, ethnic, socioeconomic and linguistic backgrounds.
Reflections on the Journal of Public Affairs Education at 15: Changing NASPAA and the Field

(2010). Reflections on the Journal of Public Affairs Education at 15: Changing NASPAA and the Field. Journal of Public Affairs Education: Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 119-122.
Macroscale properties of porous media from a network model of biofilm processes

We demonstrate how a network model can predict porosity and permeability changes in a porous medium as a result of biofilm buildup in the pore spaces. A biofilm consists of bacteria and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) bonded together and attached to a surface. In this case, the surface consists of the walls of the porous medium, which we model as a random network of pipes.
A Rateless Approach to Physical-Layer Security

A majority of coding constructions for physical-layer security are based on linear block codes and their cosets. One issue with these codes is that they require knowledge of channel state information (CSI) for both the friendly party and the eavesdropper in the wiretap channel prior to constructing the code. In this paper, we present a framework for rateless physical-layer security codes over the wiretap channel by introducing both fixed and adaptive variants of rateless security coding schemes. These techniques can be used to reduce the requirements on CSI prior to code construction, because the codes will either adapt to the operating parameters of the legitimate user's channel on the fly and/or target a maximum allowable probability of intercept (POI) at the eavesdropper. All channels in play are packet erasure channels (PECs), as these channels are quite pervasive in most real-world network applications. We further present the details of an actual implementation of rateless physical-layer security coding over a Wi-Fi network.
The value of inflammatory markers in predicting overall survival in older adults with cancer.

10032Background: The widely studied inflammatory markers, neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and lymphocyte monocyte ratio (LMR), are associated with survival outcom...
Nanomechanics to 1000 °C for high temperature mechanical properties of bulk materials and hard coatings

Abstract It is important to measure nanomechanical properties of materials for extreme environments at temperatures that match their operating conditions so that the data are more relevant than those obtained from room temperature measurements. Reliable high temperature mechanical property data improves our understanding of the linkage between the small-scale mechanical behaviour and the performance and design of advanced materials systems for increasingly extreme environments. Accurate high temperature nanomechanical measurements require significantly more careful instrumental and experimental design than at room temperature. It is important to consider (i) instrumental stability and thermal drift (ii) the test environment and its influence on the stability of the indenter and sample (iii) modifications to the experimental load history and analysis procedures to minimise the effect of greater time-dependency. In this review of best practice and published studies effective strategies for mitigating these effects and achieving reliable, validated data are discussed with illustrative examples on thin films and bulk materials operating in extreme environments in applications in the nuclear, aerospace, fuel cell and cutting tool industries to 1000 °C.
A Secondary Audience's Reactions to "The Real Cost" Advertisements: Results From a Study of U.S. Young Adult Smokers and Susceptible Nonsmokers

Introduction Exposure to “The Real Cost” campaign has prevented smoking initiation among its target audience (U.S. youth aged 12–17 years). This study examines reactions to “The Real Cost” advertisements among a potential secondary audience: U.S. young adults. Methods An online convenience sample of young adult (ages 18–29 years) smokers (n=225) and susceptible nonsmokers (n=339) participated in a within-subjects experiment in 2017. Participants viewed three TV ads from “The Real Cost” campaign and reported their past exposure to, conversations about, and reactions to the ads. In 2017, analyses examined message-level and person-level predictors of perceived message effectiveness using multilevel modeling. Results About half of smokers (47%) and susceptible nonsmokers (51%) had seen at least one of the three ads in the past 3 months. About one in four smokers (23%) and susceptible nonsmokers (24%) had at least one conversation about the ads in the past 3 months. Susceptible nonsmokers rated the ads higher on perceived message effectiveness than smokers (p Conclusions “The Real Cost” ads have reached and generated conversations among a convenience sample of young adult smokers and susceptible nonsmokers. Increasing the perceived relevance and emotional reactions of campaigns may increase their impact. Future studies should examine reactions to “The Real Cost” campaign and effects on smoking behavior using nationally representative samples of young adults. Supplement information This article is part of a supplement entitled Fifth Anniversary Retrospective of “The Real Cost,” the Food and Drug Administration's Historic Youth Smoking Prevention Media Campaign, which is sponsored by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Coping Intelligence

This paper presents a new approach to the theory of multimedia well-being literacy education based on the concept of Coping Intelligence. Multidimensional Positive Coping Model includes three cross-cutting parameters differentiating each coping strategy as efficient or inefficient, emotional, cognitive or behavioral, and active or passive. Results of the statistical analysis verified a basic two-factor structure of the Coping Intelligence with the alternative solutions for efficient and inefficient coping strategies characterized via three basic modalities. The unified methodology underlying the new concept of Coping Intelligence, as well as Coping IQ assessment, is applicable for developing multimedia well-being literacy applications for both clinical and general populations. CIQ parameters might serve as useful feedback while assessing changes in individual coping repertoire, for it measures not stable traits, but strategies that can be modified as a result of life experiences or educational training.
Structure and magnetism of NiFeMnGaxSn1-x (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.00) Heusler compounds

The crystal structure and magnetic properties of NiFeMnGaxSn1-x (x = 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00) Heusler compounds have been investigated experimentally and theoretically. The computational results suggest that NiFeMnGa0.75Sn0.25 is nearly half-metallic with a spin polarization P of 87%. The bulk samples prepared using arc-melting and annealing exhibit a high degree of Y-type order. All the investigated samples show ferromagnetic spin order with the Curie temperatures ranging from 284 K for NiFeMnGa to 408 K for NiFeMnSn. The intermediate composition NiFeMnGa0.75Sn0.25, which is predicted to be nearly half metallic, has a saturation magnetization of 66.50 emu/g and Curie temperature of 326 K. These results indicate that the NiFeMnGa0.75Sn0.25 alloy has potential for spin-transport-based devices.The crystal structure and magnetic properties of NiFeMnGaxSn1-x (x = 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00) Heusler compounds have been investigated experimentally and theoretically. The computational results suggest that NiFeMnGa0.75Sn0.25 is nearly half-metallic with a spin polarization P of 87%. The bulk samples prepared using arc-melting and annealing exhibit a high degree of Y-type order. All the investigated samples show ferromagnetic spin order with the Curie temperatures ranging from 284 K for NiFeMnGa to 408 K for NiFeMnSn. The intermediate composition NiFeMnGa0.75Sn0.25, which is predicted to be nearly half metallic, has a saturation magnetization of 66.50 emu/g and Curie temperature of 326 K. These results indicate that the NiFeMnGa0.75Sn0.25 alloy has potential for spin-transport-based devices.
Mixed ionic-electronic conducting (MIEC) membranes for thermochemical reduction of CO2: A review

Abstract Intermediate temperature membrane-supported CO2 thermochemical reduction using renewable energy is a clean approach for reusing CO2. To implement this technology at scale, stable catalytic membrane materials with fast kinetics should be developed, and reactor designs and system integrations should be optimized. In this review, we highlight major advancements in experimental and numerical efforts on mixed ionic-electronic conducting (MIEC) membrane-supported CO2 thermochemical reduction, and discuss the connection among materials, kinetics, membranes and reactor design. First, we discuss the thermodynamics and kinetics of CO2 reduction and the working principles of membrane reactors. Two methods are compared: chemical looping (redox) and membrane supported CO2 reduction. Next, we compare CO2 conversion rates on various membrane materials and their stability. Strontium based perovskites, e.g., Nb2O5-doped SrCo0.8Fe0.2O3-δ (SCoF-82) show the highest CO2 reduction rates so far, but they suffer degradation mainly from carbonate formation. Mixed-phase membranes are promising, with high reduction rates and good stability. Surface modification can enhance the reduction rates and increase membrane stabilities. In order to accelerate the development in materials and membranes, kinetic parameters, e.g., conductivity and reaction rate constants should be obtained from high throughput benchtop reactors complemented by reduced physical models. The mechanisms and transport models for surface kinetics and bulk diffusion are summarized. Using these results, changes in membrane morphology and surface chemistry are proposed. Finally, we summarize methods and system-scaled analysis to integrate this membrane technology with renewable or waste heat sources for fuel production and energy storage.
“What is California? Nothing but Innumerable Stones”: German Jesuits, Salvation, and Landscape Building in the California Missions

This article examines the records of the last generation of German Jesuit missionaries in California (present-day Baja California). Removed from the colonial Spanish territory in 1768 by edict of the Spanish king, the missionaries formed a narrative of their efforts in California that they then brought back to Europe. In California, the missionaries attributed great spiritual significance to the dry climate of the region. The arid physical environment thwarted the missionaries’ efforts to build the landscape that they believed was vital to the spiritual development of the indigenous Californians. The Jesuits maintained the necessity of their desired landscape even as they came to accept the impossibility of physically creating it in California. Ultimately, the environment occupied a prominent place in the missionaries’ accounts which simultaneously justified their work in California and explained its shortcomings.
The relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity and competitive anxiety

ABSTRACTThe present study examined the relationship between religiosity and competitive anxiety in college athletes and whether there were differences in competitive anxiety for intrinsically relig...
RATES AND PRACTICE PATTERNS ASSOCIATED WITH PERCUTANEOUS PFO CLOSURE FOLLOWING STROKE

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is associated with cryptogenic stroke. Trials of PFO closure for secondary stroke prevention initially had negative results; however, subsequent trials demonstrated benefit over medical therapy. The changing evidence has led to varying rates of PFO closure and practice
Improvement in Growth Rate and Mean Predicted Height during Long-Term Treatment with Growth Hormone in Children with Non-Growth Hormone Deficient Short Stature

Children with short stature, a normal RIA GH response to provocative stimuli, delayed bone age and a decreased growth rate for age comprise a heterogenous group (1–7). An inadequate growth rate in prepubertal children suggests deficits of growth promoting factors and/or hormones or the inability to respond to them (8–20). The term “short normal” children is an inappropriate designation for these children.
Evaluation of A plasma for incompatible patients.

BACKGROUND Plasma transfusion is a critical treatment in managing bleeding patients. In an effort to make plasma immediately available in spite of the limited amount of AB plasma, providers have begun using A plasma in life-threatening emergencies. As this practice becomes widely adopted it is important to evaluate safety. Hemolytic transfusions reactions are underreported, and hemolysis may be subclinical. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A retrospective study was performed at the University of Florida/Shands Hospital of B and AB patients who received 1 unit or more of A plasma. Patient charts were reviewed and data collected included age; sex; mortality; intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay; and laboratory tests used in identifying hemolysis including direct antiglobulin test, lactate dehydrogenase, haptoglobin, indirect bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, urinalysis, hemoglobin, and hematocrit. The primary end points of the study were immune mediated hemolysis, mortality, and length of ICU stay. RESULTS Ninety-three patients were identified as eligible for the study. One patient suffered a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction determined to be due to an anti-Jka . No evidence of hemolysis due to ABO-incompatible plasma transfusion was identified. The volume of A plasma transfused was found to be weakly related to mortality and ICU stay. CONCLUSION No evidence of ABO immune-mediated hemolysis was observed in the patient population. The results of the study support the safety of A plasma transfusion in B and AB patients. We hypothesize the relationship observed between A plasma volume and mortality/ICU stay may be from collinearity with disease severity.
Rape and social death

Rape that does not involve life-threatening physical violence, is committed by someone known to the victim, and is not reported to law enforcement (called, here, commonplace rape) raises two questi...
Variant-specific inflation factors for assessing population stratification at the phenotypic variance level

In modern Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) epidemiological studies, participant-level data from multiple studies are often pooled and results are obtained from a single analysis. We consider the impact of differential phenotype variances by study, which we term 'variance stratification'. Unaccounted for, variance stratification can lead to both decreased statistical power, and increased false positives rates, depending on how allele frequencies, sample sizes, and phenotypic variances vary across the studies that are pooled. We develop a procedure to compute variant-specific inflation factors, and show how it can be used for diagnosis of genetic association analyses on pooled individual level data from multiple studies. We describe a WGS-appropriate analysis approach, implemented in freely-available software, which allows study-specific variances and thereby improves performance in practice. We illustrate the variance stratification problem, its solutions, and the proposed diagnostic procedure, in simulations and in data from the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine Whole Genome Sequencing Program (TOPMed), used in association tests for hemoglobin concentrations and BMI.
Legal Doesn’t Mean Nondiscriminatory: Self-Expression and Appearance Policies in Social Work

The authors explore the consequences of subjectivity in workplace appearance policies and proposes solutions through the lens of the National Association of Social Work’s (NASW) Code of Ethics. The...
Expressionism and Modernism in the American Theatre : Bodies, Voices, Words

Although often dismissed as a minor offshoot of the better-known German movement, expressionism on the American stage represents a critical phase in the development of American dramatic modernism. Situating expressionism within the context of early twentieth-century American culture, Walker demonstrates how playwrights who wrote in this mode were responding both to new communications technologies and to the perceived threat they posed to the embodied act of meaning. At a time when mute bodies gesticulated on the silver screen, ghostly voices emanated from tin horns, and inked words stamped out the personality of the hand that composed them, expressionist playwrights began to represent these new cultural experiences by disarticulating the theatrical languages of bodies, voices and words. In doing so, they not only innovated a new dramatic form, but redefined playwriting from a theatrical craft to a literary art form, heralding the birth of American dramatic modernism.
Lumican Regulates Wound Healing and Innate Immune Responses in the Cornea

4 , W.W. Kao 2 . 1 -/- ) mice and wild-type littermate were employed in epithelium debridement wound healing experiments. The central cornea was marked by a trephine of 2 mm in diameter and the epithelium was debrided by an Algerbrush IITM corneal rust ring remover with a 0.5 mm burr under a stereo-microscope. The corneal wound healing was evaluated both in vivo and in vitro in an organ culture system. The extent of corneal wound closure was examined at 6~48 hr after debridement by fluorescein staining and photographed using Axiovision4 digital camera (ZEISS). The animals were sacrificed and the eyeballs were enucleated for histological and biochemical analysis. Keratocan expression was detected by western blotting and immunohistochemistry with an epitope-specific anti-mouse keratocan antibody Results: Corneal epithelial wound healing experiment showed that most of corneal epithelium healed at 48 hr post-debridement in the wild-type mouse corneas and less than 20% remain small punctuate defect, while 80% of the Kera -/- cornea still remain defect at 48 hr post-debridement. Interestingly, keratocan, expressed only by the keratocyte in normal cornea, was indeed transiently and ectopically detected by the corneal epithelial cells during wound healing. Western blotting analysis showed that keratocan exists as proteoglycan form in the unwounded cornea, but as glycoprotein form in the healing epithelial cells. .Adding anti-keratocan antibody at 50 μg/ml in an organ culture system was able to retard the rate of corneal epithelial wound healing. Conclusions: These results indicated that in addition to being a structural extracelluar matrix protein, keratocan may actively involve in facilitating corneal epithelial wound healing. CR: C. Liu, None; T. Chikama, None; E. Carlson, None; V.L. Perez, None; W.W. Kao, None. NIH RO1EY12486, EY11845, EY 13755, K08EY014912-01, P30-EY014801, RPB
Algorithms for Multiple Media Correlation

Chapter 3 presented a general model for multiple media correlation. This chapter presents a specific algorithmic solution strategy for that model. As presented, multiple media correlation is a very general model and a single solution approach encompassing all possible applications is not practical. However, the solution approach presented in this chapter is appropriate for large classes of problems, namely those which can be expressed using media representation graphs (MRGs). Media representation graphs are discussed in Section 5..
Rationality and intelligence: Rational choices and plans

Consider a student caught in a conflict between working some more on a homework problem in statistics, which he has so far failed to solve, and playing his favorite video game on his personal computer. On the first side is his desire to learn statistics, to get a good grade in the statistics course, to get into graduate school, to have a successful career, and to convince himself that he really is smarter than his sister. On the other side is his desire to play Pac-Man. The student might admit that the rational course of action would be to continue working on the problem, but he might give in to temptation anyway. In this chapter, I shall try to say why the first course might be the rational one (when it is). I want to try to say what it means to be rational in balancing expected costs and benefits when choosing alternative actions — especially when one choice involves thinking and the other does not — given one's goals. Beyond this, I shall ask what it means to have rational goals. In the next chapter, I shall use the ideas developed here to justify some prescriptive rules for the conduct of thinking. As in the present example, these rules will involve tradeoffs of different kinds of consequences of thinking or not thinking. I shall argue that the rational conduct of thinking involves a kind of expected-utility maximization.
Can coil replace resonator in VCO design

Low phase noise is one of the most important criteria for a good VCO design. In typical VCO design, a high Q tank circuitry must be used to achieve a good phase noise performance. As part of the effort to achieve high Q, resonator is used in favor to coil. Here, we propose the possibility of using coil yet maintaining a good phase noise performance. By using coil, design cost and area will be saved. However to adopt this concept, some design guidelines must be followed and they will be discussed. In this paper, a cost-saving concept for a good VCO design will be presented.
An Analytical Evaluation of the Log-periodogram Estimate in the Presence of Level Shifts

Recently, there has been an upsurge of interest on the possibility of confusing long memory and structural changes in level. Many studies have shown that when a stationary short memory process is contaminated by level shifts the estimate of the fractional differencing parameter is biased away from zero and the autocovariance function exhibits a slow rate of decay, akin to a long memory process. We analyze the properties of the log periodogram estimate of the memory parameter when the jump component is specified by a simple mixture model. Our theoretical results explain many findings reported and uncover new features. Simulations are presented to highlight the properties of the distributions and to assess the adequacy of our approximations. We also show the usefulness of our results to distinguish between long memory and level shifts via an application to the volatility of daily returns for wheat commodity futures.
The Insistent Analogy to Slavery

This essay examines the legal, constitutional, and political arguments over legal abortion over the past forty years in terms of their arrestingly close historical parallels in the similar arguments over legal slavery a century and a half earlier, including: the moral and public stakes of the controversy; the structure of the moral and legal arguments for each legal institution; the denial of full legal status to certain categories of human beings, in order to vindicate the asserted rights of others to dispose of such persons as they would see fit; the enlisting of theological justifications on both sides; the rhetoric of choice, toleration, and freedom; the rise and rhetoric of abolition movements and social and legal retaliation against such movements; the divisions within such movements; the tenacity of resistance to such movements; the issue of violence directed against perceived immoral legal institutions; parallels in legal regimes and Supreme Court jurisprudence; the support of law generally, for asserted immoral institutions, and the issue of obedience to law within such regimes; the phenomena of legal entrenchment and asserted judicial supremacy; and the seeming intractability of the issues to principled compromise and peaceful resolution.
TESTING A MODEL OF PROGRAM CURRICULUM LEADERSHIP

This study tests the curriculum leadership framework that Stark and Lattuca adapted from Quinn's model of management styles. Chairpersons of departments nominated as effective in curriculum planning answered a survey about their leadership activities and styles. Factor analysis partially supported the model. Activities that chairs reported did not correspond well, however, with leadership styles they chose as most effective.
Molecular-level simulation of Pandemic Influenza Glycoproteins

Computational simulation of pandemic diseases provides important insight into many disease features that may benefit public health. This is especially true for the influenza virus, a continuing global pandemic threat. Molecular or atomic-level investigation of influenza has predominantly focused on the two major virus glycoproteins, neuraminidase (NA) and hemagglutinin (HA). In this chapter, we walk the readers through major considerations for studying pandemic influenza glycoproteins, from choosing the most useful choice of system(s) to avoiding common pitfalls in experimental design and execution. While a brief discussion of several potential simulation and docking techniques is presented, we emphasize molecular dynamics (MD) and Brownian dynamics (BD) simulation techniques and molecular docking, within the context of biologically outstanding questions in influenza research.
Hypoxia-Mediated Signaling Pathways

Publisher Summary Hypoxia mediated signaling pathways play important roles in the development of cancer and the response of tumors to conventional therapies. These pathways, including the HIF signaling cascade and the unfolded protein response, represent potential new avenues for targeted treatments. Hypoxia, or low oxygen conditions, exists in virtually all solid tumors. Chemotherapeutic agents are less active on hypoxic cells since hypoxic cells proliferate slower than well-perfused tissues. Similarly, the efficacy of radiation treatment is directly correlated with oxygenation status of a tumor. At both the molecular and cellular levels, in physiological and pathological settings, oxygen homeostasis is controlled primarily through the function of a heterodimeric transcription factor, the hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). HIF signaling occurs at different stages of metastasis to promote the dissemination of primary tumor cells to distant sites. The key step in the development of metastasis is the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), whereby epithelial cells lose cell contacts and polarity and phenotypically become more like undifferentiated connective tissue. Prolonged periods of hypoxia can activate additional non-HIF signaling pathways, including the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR is a cellular stress response that is induced by the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in order to process misfolded proteins. This is achieved twofold: by stopping protein translation to prevent further bottlenecks and through the induction of chaperone proteins that function in the ER to assist in folding, trafficking, and secretion of proteins.
Endocannabinoid modulation of hyperaemia evoked by physiologically relevant stimuli in the rat primary somatosensory cortex

Background and purpose: In vitro studies demonstrate that cannabinoid CB1 receptors subserve activity-dependent suppression of inhibition in the neocortex. To examine this mechanism in vivo, we assessed the effects of local changes in CB1 receptor activity on somatosensory cortex neuronal activation by whisker movement in rats. Experimental approach: Laser Doppler flowmetry and c-Fos immunohistochemistry were used to measure changes in local blood flow and neuronal activation, respectively. All drugs were applied directly to the cranium above the whisker barrel fields of the primary somatosensory cortex. Key results: The CB1 receptor agonist WIN55212-2 potentiated the hyperaemia induced by whisker movement and this potentiation was occluded by bicuculline. The CB1 receptor antagonists, rimonabant and AM251, inhibited hyperaemic responses to whisker movement; indicating that activation of endogenous CB1 receptors increased during whisker movement. Whisker movement-induced expression of c-Fos protein in neurons of the whisker barrel cortex was inhibited by rimonabant. Movement of the whiskers increased the 2-arachidonoylglycerol content in the contralateral, compared to the ipsilateral, sensory cortex. Conclusions and implications: These results support the hypothesis that endocannabinoid signalling is recruited during physiologically relevant activation of the sensory cortex. These data support the hypothesis that the primary effect of CB1 receptor activation within the activated whisker barrel cortex is to inhibit GABA release, resulting in disinhibition of neuronal activation. These studies provide physiological data involving endocannabinoid signalling in activity-dependent regulation of neuronal activation and provide a mechanistic basis for the effects of cannabis use on sensory processing in humans. This article is part of a themed issue on Cannabinoids. To view the editorial for this themed issue visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00831.x
Loeb, Jacques (1859-1924)

This article has no abstract. Keywords: Loeb, Jacques (“mechanistic” conception of life); artificial parthenogenesis in animals
Some Business Cycle Consequences of Trade Agreements: The Case of the North American Free Trade Agreement

This paper investigates the effects of signing a trade agreement on the correlations of the business cycle fluctuations of consumption, investment and output between two countries. We construct an international business cycle model with trade costs and we calibrate it to the United States and Mexico in order to estimate the impact of NAFTA on their comovements. Although there exist some discrepancies between the theory and data in the degree of correlation, the direction of change corresponds to the one in the data.
A Relational Frame and Artificial Neural Network Approach to Computer-Interactive Mathematics

Fifteen participants unfamiliar with mathematical operations relative to reflections and vertical and horizontal shifts were exposed to an introductory lecture regarding the fundamentals of the rectangular coordinate system and the relationship between formulas and their graphed analogues. The lecture was followed immediately by computer-assisted instructions and matching-to-sample procedures in which participants were exposed to computer-posted rules regarding the relationship between particular types of formulas and their respective graphs. After participants demonstrated mutual entailment on formula-to-graph and graph-to-formula functions, they were assessed for 36 novel relations on complex variations of the original training formulas and graphs. In Experiment 1, 5 of 15 participants demonstrated perfect or near perfect performance on all novel relationships. Experiment 2 was directed at the remaining 10 participants who failed to correctly identify all mathematical relationships assessed in Experiment 1. The error patterns for these 10 participants were classified with the help of an artificial neural network self-organizing map (SOM). Training in Experiment 2 was directed exclusively at the types of errors identified by the SOM. Following remedial training, all participants demonstrated a substantial reduction in errors compared to their performance in Experiment 1. Derived transfer of stimulus control using mathematical relations is discussed.
A 100 W, edge-pumped, conduction-cooled Nd:YAG zig-zag slab laser with low thermal distortion

Summary form only given. We have developed a zig-zag slab laser design based on conduction-cooling and a novel pumping geometry called edge-pumping. The edge-pumping geometry decouples the cooling and optical pumping interfaces, simplifying the laser head design. Other advantages include low thermal distortion, efficient pump absorption, conduction-cooling, and scalability.
Fractionation of 34 S Ribonucleic Acid Subunits from Oncornaviruses on Polyuridylate-Sepharose Columns

The 34 S RNA subunits of three RNA tumor viruses (virus from spontaneously activated AKR cells, Moloney leukemia virus, and RD114 virus) were examinated for differences in poly (A) content. Poly(U)-Sepharose columns and a temperature elution regime were used to fractionate the sub-units. The 34 S RNA of the two murine viruses characteristically chromatographs into two fractions. One fraction, which constitutes 30 to 40% of the RNA, contains no poly(A) regions longer than 20 nucleotides. A second fraction contains poly(A) stretches of 150 to 200 nucleotides and constitutes 60 to 70% of the viral 34 S RNA. In contrast, the RD114 viral RNA can be resolved into three fractions. Approximately 60% is not retained by the column and contains no poly(A) regions larger than 20 nucleotides. Of the viral RNA that is bound to the column, 28% elutes with characteristics of RNA having poly(A) stretches of 50 to 75 nucleotides and 12% elutes with characteristics of RNA having poly(A) stretches of 100 to 150 nucleotides. These results indicate that the viral 34 S subunits are heterogeneous with respect to their poly(A) contents and that there may be significant differences among RNA viruses with respect to the size and distribution of their poly(A) regions.
Differential density matrix overlap: an index for assessment of electron correlation in atoms and molecules

A new index, called the differential density matrix overlap (DDMO), is proposed for assessment of the electron correlation effects in atoms and molecules. DDMO can be easily calculated as the negative value of the correlation energy derivative with respect to the relative position of the occupied and virtual orbitals. DDMO is transparent to physical interpretation. It can serve as a tool for analyzing the accuracy of approximate electron correlation methods and the validity of the Hartree-Fock wavefunction as the zeroth-order approximation. The properties of DDMO are discussed using test calculations on 11 atoms and molecules as an example.
Product liability experiences of Japanese manufacturers in the USA

Abstract The past and present status of product liability litigation in the USA is addressed with attention to the growing number and exorbitant costs of product liability claims. A sampling of product lawsuits and industrial loss claims involving major Japanese companies is studied from the engineering and technical points of view. The critical contributions of independent consultants toward assisting Japanese manufacturers in defense of both real and spurious product defect allegations is discussed at length. The importance of appropriate safety warning design and language in context of `failure to warn' product liability litigation is stressed.
Another way to think about the work we do: counselling for work and relationship

Counselling for work and relationship is proposed as another way of thinking about vocational psychology and vocational guidance. It can contribute to the search for a new paradigm for these fields. Central to this way of thinking are two shifts. A shift from a discourse about career to a discourse about work, and a shift to expand the focus of attention beyond the occupational domain to include multiple social contexts of work and relationship across both occupational and personal domains of life. The ways in which these shifts are responsive to theoretical and social contexts is considered.
Phonons and charge density waves in 1T-TiSe2

Abstract Inelastic neutron scattering measurements have been carried out on 1T-TiSe 2 at various temperatures in order to obtain information about the dynamics of the phase transition associated with the charge density waves. A large damping of a transverse phonon at the L-point has been observed near the transition temperature. A simple lattice dynamical model was used to study the effect of the Ti-Se bonding on the transition.
Inertial defects of planar symmetric top molecules

Abstract A general expression for the inertial defects of planar symmetric top molecules has been derived and applied to H 3 + , CH 3 + , C 3 H 3 + , and C 6 H 6 -type molecules. It has been found that the inertial derivatives a n αα for these molecules can be expressed in terms of Coriolis constants. This allowed us to find a sufficient number of relations among Coriolis constants that the number of independent Coriolis constants is equal to the number of independent force constants. A numerical calculation of the inertial defect has been conducted for benzene, using Wilson's GF matrix method, and compared with experimental values.
THE RR LYRAE STARS: NEW PERSPECTIVES

We demonstrate that the Oosterhoff II (Oo?II) RR Lyrae ab variables are hotter by ~270?K, at the same period, than Oo?I variables. Or, at the same (B ? V)0 value the Oo?II variables have larger radii than Oo?I variables. This accounts for the reason Oo?II variables are brighter (0.12-0.20?mag) than Oo?I variables. The dependence of the light amplitude of RR Lyrae variables on temperature is independent of Oo type. This makes it possible to derive an accurate set of equations to relate intrinsic (B ? V)0 color indices to light amplitudes, which in turn can be used to determine the interstellar reddening (E (B ? V)). With just a few variables (~5), it is possible to determine the E (B ? V) to an accuracy of <0.01?mag in the absence of systematic photometric errors. We discuss the errors introduced in color excess determinations by including the Blazhko stars in a solution. A comparison of color excess values of 23 globular clusters and two regions of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), determined with the aid of our newly developed equations, are found to compare favorably (~0.01?mag) with color excess values found in the literature. Four new Oo?III variables, some found in metal-poor clusters, are discussed. An analysis of the galactic-field variables indicates the majority are Oo?I and Oo?II variables, but a few short-period (log P?< ?0.36) metal-strong variables, so far not found in galactic globular clusters are evidently ~0.30?mag fainter than Oo?I variables. Oo?III variables may also be present in the field. We conclude that the RR Lyrae ab variables are primarily restricted to four sequences or groups. If we assume that the Oo?I variables' mean absolute magnitude is Mv?= 0.61, the mean absolute magnitudes of the other three sequences are: short-period variables Mv?~ 0.89?mag, Oo?II Mv?~ 0.43?mag, and Oo?III Mv?~ 0.29?mag. The Oo?I fundamental RR Lyrae ab red edge (FRE) and fundamental blue edge (FBE) occur at approximately the following temperatures: FRE T?~ 6180?K and FBE T?~ 6750?K. There is a strong dependence of Mv on [Fe/H] as we proceed from the short-period variables to the Oo?I variables and to the Oo?II variables, but there seems to be little or no dependence of Mv on [Fe/H] for stars within a group, at least for the Oo?I and Oo?II groups. The Oo?II variables exhibit a weak period luminosity relation in V in many globular clusters unlike the Oo?II-like variables in Oo?I clusters which do not exhibit a P-L relation. The properties of some intermediate LMC clusters are discussed.
An inositol phosphatide of peas.

Abstract Inositol phosphatide has been obtained from raw peas of all stages of maturity, excluding dry seed peas, after the peas were held in frozen storage (−17.8 °C.) for several months. The liberation is believed to be enzymic in nature. Peas which had been heat treated to inactivate enzymes yielded negligible amounts of inositol phosphatide. Silicic acid-impregnated paper chromatography confirmed the presence of inositol phosphatide, and silicic acid chromatography showed its heterogeneity. The analytical data have been supplemented by analyses for inositol and fatty acids. Some discussion has been presented concerning the purity and composition of this fraction of pea lipides.
Preferences of patients and oncologists for advanced ovarian cancer treatment-related health States

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare expected utility preferences of various health outcomes of chemotherapy treatment among ovarian-cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, ovarian cancer patients who were post-treatment (eg, under surveillance), and oncologists who treat this disease. Methods Participants were asked to score 6 hypothetical ovarian cancer treatment-related health states using both a rating scale and the standard gamble. Scores were obtained in the range of 0.0 (death) to 1.0 (perfect health) for each hypothetical health state, with a difference of 0.10 being practically meaningful, and were analyzed by analysis of variance. Results Seventy-five eligible participants were included in this study (41 ovarian-cancer patients and 34 oncologists). Patients and physicians reported similar responses in the rating scale exercise (F = 0.854, P = .43). However, when the health states were presented with an element of uncertainty via the standard gamble exercise, patients who were under surveillance reported significantly different expected utilities of the health states from physicians and from patients who were receiving treatment, demonstrating greater risk aversion than the other groups (F = 4.270, P = .018). Conclusions This study suggests that there are significant differences in expected utility preferences among patients who are under surveillance as opposed to oncologists or patients receiving treatment, despite similarities in rating scale values. These findings suggest a need to further evaluate these differences in expected utility preferences in the context of decision in the setting of recurrent disease, where a patient under surveillance must make decisions related to re-initiation of therapy at a time when her preferences are likely to significantly differ from those of oncologists.
S100A1 and calmodulin compete for the same binding site on ryanodine receptor.

In heart and skeletal muscle an S100 protein family member, S100A1, binds to the ryanodine receptor (RyR) and promotes Ca2+ release. Using competition binding assays, we further characterized this system in skeletal muscle and showed that Ca2+-S100A1 competes with Ca2+-calmodulin (CaM) for the same binding site on RyR1. In addition, the NMR structure was determined for Ca2+-S100A1 bound to a peptide derived from this CaM/S100A1 binding domain, a region conserved in RyR1 and RyR2 and termed RyRP12 (residues 3616-3627 in human RyR1). Examination of the S100A1-RyRP12 complex revealed residues of the helical RyRP12 peptide (Lys-3616, Trp-3620, Lys-3622, Leu-3623, Leu-3624, and Lys-3626) that are involved in favorable hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions with Ca2+-S100A1. These same residues were shown previously to be important for RyR1 binding to Ca2+-CaM. A model for regulating muscle contraction is presented in which Ca2+-S100A1 and Ca2+-CaM compete directly for the same binding site on the ryanodine receptor.
Cell-mediated immunity to hapten modified self- and non-self antigens

CELL-mediated lysis of cells infected by certain viruses or coupled with haptenic groups has been reported to occur only in situations in which the target cell and cytotoxic effector cell are either syngeneic or semi-allogeneic and cannot be observed when they are allogeneic1–4. Thus, spleen cells from random-bred chickens bearing Rous sarcomas are very cytotoxic to autochthonous tumour cells but show little cytotoxicity on allogeneic tumour cells. Mouse cells infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM) are only lysed by sensitised thymus-derived cells (T cells) syngeneic or semi-allogeneic to the target cells2. Similarly, spleen cells sensitised in vitro to tirinitrophenyl (TNP) coupled syngeneic spleen cells were reported to lyse only syngeneic but not allogeneic hapten-coupled target cells3. Since in all these models the induction of cell-mediated cytotoxicity was carried out in a syngeneic situation, it is clear that the phenomenon is not a result of the induction step, but is mediated through the effector step of cell-mediated cytotoxicity. It was concluded from these results that the cytotoxic effector cells recognise the modified self antigen2–4 rather than the determinants introduced into the cell membrane (the virus or the hapten). I report here, however, results which show that TNP-specific cytotoxicity mediated by cytotoxic T cells (T killer cells) can be detected under appropriate assay conditions.
Studies on isolated cell components: X. Structure formation by clear liver protein solutions

Abstract A variety of structures, many of which resemble components of liver cells, have been shown to form in clear ultracentrifuged extracts of rat liver. The structures appear after dialysis against isotonic sucrose, pH 7.5 phosphate buffers, or after standing in the cold. When the pH is lowered to 5 or 6, fibrils are readily formed. It is suggested that these structures may form in rat liver breis. The possibility is discussed that cell components exist in equilibrium with their constituent molecules in solution and that mechanisms similar in part to those involved in structure formation in solution may also obtain in the living cell.