cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Life History strategy, Psychopathic Attitudes, personality, and general intelligence

This study attempted to replicate recent findings that Life History (LH) strategy predicts neither Psychopathic Attitudes (psychopathy, risk-taking, and mating effort) nor general intelligence (g). Further, we examined relations among LH strategy, Psychopathic Attitudes, and the Big Five to compare and contrast the personality correlates of these latent factors. Participants completed a measure of general intelligence (APM-18) and completed questionnaires measuring life history strategy, psychopathy, Risk-Taking Attitudes, mating effort, and Big-Five personality traits. An exploratory factor analysis detected two uncorrelated latent factors: The K-Factor and Psychopathic Attitudes. Neither the K-Factor nor Psychopathic Attitudes predicted general intelligence. In contrast, the K-Factor correlated positively with Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and negatively with Neuroticism. Psychopathic Attitudes correlated positively with Extraversion and negatively with Agreeableness. We discuss the implications of these data for LH theory and its relation to intelligence and antisocial traits.
Organization by sensory modality in the reticular formation of the rat

Abstract The activity of 304 neurons in the reticular formation of the rat, extending from the anterior border of the superior colliculus to the entrance of the eighth cranial nerve, was recorded using extracellular microelectrodes. Approximately one-half of the neurons in our sample did not respond to sensory stimulation (auditory, visual or tactile stimuli), while others responded to visual, auditory or tactile stimuli singly or in various combinations. Cells responding to visual stimulation were located in the anterior mesencephalic reticukar formation, below the superior colliculus. Cells responsive to auditory stimulation were located in the region adjacent to the inferior colliculus and nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, while cells responsive to tactile stimulation were evenly distributed throughout the reticular formation. Receptive fields of tactile cells were quite large. Cells having receptive fields confined to the anterior, middle or posterior third of the body surface were distributed within the reticular formation according to a regional somatotopic organization. Cells responding to the anterior third of the body were located in the anterior reticular formation or the extreme posterior reticular formation at the level of the nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. Cells responding to the middle third of the body surface were located in the posterior mesencephalic and anterior pontine reticular formation, and cells responding to the posterior third of the body were located in the posterior aspect of the reticular formation. Cells responsive to more than one modality were distributed primarily in the mesencephalon. These distributions of sensory responses were discussed in terms of the known anatomical distributions of reticular afferents.
Structure and Self-Diffusion of Water Molecules in Chabazite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Using classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we have studied some structural and diffusive properties of water molecules adsorbed in chabazite. In particular, we have investigated the variation of the self-diffusion coefficient of the water molecules as a function of their concentration and the nature of the hydration shells of the extraframework Ca++ ions with varying concentrations of water. Our study indicates that the well-defined and stable hydration shells of this ion play an important role in the diffusion process. The diffusion anisotropy is computed at T = 600 K. It is compared with theoretical results based on jump models and qualitatively compared with pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (PFG NMR) experiments of a single chabazite crystal at 293 K and with tracer diffusion studies.
Simulations of decentralized vibration control with a networked embedded system

The results of simulations to demonstrate decentralized vibration control with a netowkred embedded system are presented in this work. Conventional vibration control designs rest on centrality, and the central processor deals with information of the entire system. When large-scale systems are considered, decentralized vibration control system provides an alternative design. The simulated system in this work is a simply supported beam that is collocated with 50 localized processor nodes which can communicate with each other. Each node will calculate and supply the control force to control the beam vibration according to the shared sensor information among the nodes and an optimal direct velocity feedback algorithm. The simulation results demonstrate that decentralized vibration control can achieve a global control objective, making it suitable for large-scale systems. The effects of network communication delay and feedback architecture on control performance are demonstrated.
Perturbation of whispering gallery modes of magnetorheological polydimethylsiloxane spheres by external magnetic field

The effect of external magnetic field on the whispering gallery optical modes (WGM) of Magnetorheological Polydimethylsiloxane (MR-PDMS) spheres is studied. Magnetically polarizable particles are mixed in with the PDMS when it is in liquid form and cured to solidify into spheres with diameters of several hundreds of microns. The spheres are then coated with a layer of pure PDMS with thickness of several microns. Light from a tunable laser is tangentially coupled into this outer layer using a tapered single mode optical fiber in order to excite the optical modes of the sphere. These composite micro-sphere resonators exhibit high Q-factors (∼ 10 6 ). An analysis is carried out to estimate the WGM shifts induced by the applied magnetic field. An experiment is also carried out to demonstrate the magnetic-field induced WGM shifts in a 400 μm diameter MR-PDMS resonator. The results indicate that MR-PDMS micro-spheres may be used as magnetic field sensors.
Pioneer Venus Small Probes Net Flux Radiometer Experiment

The University of Wisconsin net flux experiment on the Pioneer Venus mission investigated the distribution of radiative energy deposition and loss which drives atmospheric circulation on Venus. The instrument used an external sensor and a novel method of chopping to measure the net flux of solar and planetary radiation during descent through the thick Venus atmosphere. The sensor, consisting of a high temperature flux plate detector and protective diamond windows, was designed to make accurate flux measurements while exposed to the severe Venus environment.
PCR-based, rapid diagnosis of parasitism of Lygus spp. (Hemiptera: Miridae) by Peristenus relictus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Abstract Several species of Lygus (Heteroptera: Miridae: Mirini) are serious crop pests in North America where their parasitism rate by native nymphal parasitoids is generally lower than in Europe. Peristenus relictus (Ruthe) (formerly P. stygicus Loan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Euphorinae) is the predominant nymphal parasitoid of several Lygus spp. in the warm Mediterranean region and has been a candidate for introduction against Lygus hesperus Knight and L. lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) in the southern US. We report a rapid, sensitive, and specific PCR-based assay for diagnosis of P. relictus immature stages within Lygus nymphs that entails three steps: DNA extraction, PCR of the partial mitochondrial COI gene, and agarose gel electrophoresis. The PCR-based methodology is species-specific because the target DNA of other sympatric, congeneric species was not amplified with use of the primers developed for P. relictus diagnosis. The sensitivity of the PCR method, assessed through spike tests, was estab...
Exploring afrocentricity: An analysis of the discourse of Jesse Jackson

The Rev. Jesse Jackson, charismatic and savvy in his command of Black rhetoric, speaks to a variety of audiences and is consistent in his discourse of promoting a pluralistic view. An objective comparable to that of Afrocentricity, this research examines four of Jackson’s speech texts to discover if his present rhetoric indeed reflects the criteria proposed by Asante (1987) to qualify it as Afrocentric discourse.
Experience with an efficient parallel kernel memory allocator

There has been great progress from the traditional allocation algorithms designed for small memories to more modern algorithms exemplified by McKusick's and Karels' allocator (McKusick MK, Karels MJ. Design of a general purpose memory allocator for the 4.3BSD UNIX kernel. In USENIX Conference Proceedings, Berkeley, CA, June 1988). Nonetheless, none of these algorithms have been designed to meet the needs of UNIX kernels supporting commercial data-processing applications in a shared-memory multiprocessor environment. On a shared-memory multiprocessor, memory is a global resource. Therefore, allocator performance depends on synchronization primitives and manipulation of shared data as well as on raw CPU speed. Synchronization primitives and access to shared data depend on system bus interactions. The speed of system buses has not kept pace with that of CPUs, as witnessed by the ever-larger caches found on recent systems. Thus, the performance of synchronization primitives and of memory allocators that use them have not received the full benefit of increased CPU performance. An earlier paper (McKenney PE, Slingwine J. Efficient kernel memory allocation on shared-memory multiprocessors. In USENIX Conference Proceedings, Berkeley, CA, February 1993), describes an allocator designed to meet this situation. This article reviews the motivation for and design of the allocator and presents the experience gained during the seven years that the allocator has been in production use. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sulfation of Flavonoids and Other Phenolic Dietary Compounds by the Human Cytosolic Sulfotransferases

The protective effects of diet, especially soya products, tea, and many fruits, against a variety of human cancers, as suggested by epidemiological studies, has focused attention on flavonoids, isoflavonoids, and other phenolic dietary compounds as chemoprotectants. Among the mechanisms suggested for their chemoprotective action, their ability to inhibit the bioactivation of carcinogens by the human cytosolic sulfotransferases (STs) and the direct effects of their sulfoconjugates are being increasingly studied. We report here a systematic study on the sulfation of representative flavonoids, isoflavonoids, anti-oxidants, and other phenolic dietary compounds by all ten known human cytosolic STs. All ten recombinant human cytosolic STs were prepared in a pure form and tested for their sulfating activities with a variety of these compounds. P-form (SULT1A1) phenol ST (PST) showed high sulfating activity with most of these compounds. M-form (SULT1A3) PST showed high activity with the flavonoids but not with the isoflavonoids. SULT1C ST #2 showed high activity with the isoflavonoids and also sulfated most of the other compounds. Possible relevance of these results to the chemoprotective effects of these dietary compounds is discussed.
Tumor Spread through Air Spaces is an Important Pattern of Invasion and Impacts the Frequency and Location of Recurrences after Limited Resection for Small Stage I Lung Adenocarcinomas

Introduction Tumor invasion in lung adenocarcinoma is defined as infiltration of stroma, blood vessels, or pleura. Based on observation of tumor spread through air spaces (STAS), we considered whether this could represent new patterns of invasion and investigated whether it correlated with locoregional versus distant recurrence according to limited resection versus lobectomy. Methods We reviewed resected small (less than or equal to 2 cm) stage I lung adenocarcinomas ( n = 411; 1995–2006). Tumor STAS was defined as tumor cells—micropapillary structures, solid nests, or single cells—spreading within air spaces in the lung parenchyma beyond the edge of the main tumor. Competing risks methods were used to estimate risk of disease recurrence and its associations with clinicopathological risk factors. Results STAS was observed in 155 cases (38%). In the limited resection group ( n = 120), the risk of any recurrence was significantly higher in patients with STAS-positive tumors than that of patients with STAS-negative tumors (5-year cumulative incidence of recurrence, 42.6% versus 10.9%; P P = 0.035) and locoregional recurrence ( P = 0.001). However, in the lobectomy group ( n = 291), the presence of STAS was not associated with either any ( P = 0.50) or distant recurrence ( P = 0.76). In a multivariate analysis, the presence of tumor STAS remained independently associated with the risk of developing recurrence (hazard ratio, 3.08; P = 0.014). Conclusion The presence of STAS is a significant risk factor of recurrence in small lung adenocarcinomas treated with limited resection. These findings support our proposal that STAS should formally be recognized as a pattern of invasion in lung adenocarcinoma.
Tigers are something else: A case for family play

This paper is an attempt to bridge the two worlds of family therapy and filial play therapy, introducing the complementary idea of play in therapy. Family play therapy challenges the idea that play is only useful in the treatment of children. Clinical examples are given and uses of play are discussed, including evaluation, play as a therapeutic tool, and the development of themes. The authors believe that therapists who are willing to be playful offer their clients a new world of therapeutic experiences.
Cholelithiasis in pregnancy: surgical versus medical management

Abstract Objective: To compare surgical versus medical management of symptomatic biliary disease in pregnancy. Methods: An 8-year retrospective review was conducted of patients hospitalized for symptomatic gallbladder disease in pregnancy. Results: Thirty-five pregnant patients were hospitalized for symptomatic biliary disease (19 biliary colic, 8 acute cholecystitis, 7 choledocholithiasis, and 1 gallstone pancreatitis). Patients were managed according to obstetrician preference. Those managed surgically tended to have more advanced disease, as demonstrated by increased elevation in their liver transaminase (110.5 ± 123.5 versus 49.6 ± 32, P = 0.02). In the medically managed group (n = 20), there was one maternal death due to lethal cardiac arrhythmia and one fetal death due to meconium aspiration syndrome at term. There were no maternal or fetal deaths in the surgically managed group (n = 15). The following table compares pregnancy outcome. Conclusions: In our study, surgical management resulted in better pregnancy outcomes and should be considered for all pregnant patients with symptomatic biliary disease severe enough to warrant hospitalization. legend . Outcome legend Medical management Surgical management P value Premature labor 7/20 (35%) 2/15 (13%) 0.25 Meconium at delivery 9/19 (47%) 1/15 (7%) 0.035 Infant 6/19 (31%) 1/15 (7%) 0.008 NICU admissions 11/19 (58%) 2/15 (13%) 0.008 legend NICU indicates neonatal intensive care unit.
Challenges in Measuring Outcomes Following Digital Replantation

In the early period of replantation surgery, the emphasis was on digit survival. Subsequently, with better microsurgical techniques and instrumentation, the focus has shifted to function and in recent years to consideration of cost-effectiveness. Despite over 40 years of effort in refining digital replantation surgery, a rigorous evaluation of the outcomes of digital replantation has not been performed. This is because of the many confounding variables that influence outcome comparisons. These variables include the mechanism of injury (guillotine, crush, avulsion), the injury itself (total, near total, subtotal, partial amputation), and the surgical procedure (replantation, revascularization). In addition, the traditional outcome measures (two-point discrimination, range of motion, grip strength, or the ability to return to work) are reported inconsistently and vary widely among publications. All these factors make meaningful comparison of outcomes difficult. The recent emphasis on outcome research and cost-effectiveness necessitates a rethinking in the way we report outcomes of digital replantation. In this article, the authors summarize the challenges in assessing outcomes of digital replantation and explain the need to measure outcomes using rigorous clinical research designs that incorporate cost-effectiveness studies in the research protocol.
Characterization of the Zinc Sites in Cobalamin-Independent and Cobalamin-Dependent Methionine Synthase Using Zinc and Selenium X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy†

X-ray absorption spectroscopy has been used to investigate binding of selenohomocysteine to cobalamin-independent (MetE) and cobalamin-dependent (MetH) methionine synthase enzymes of Escherichia coli. We have shown previously [Peariso et al. (1998) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120, 8410-8416] that the Zn sites in both enzymes show an increase in the number of sulfur ligands when homocysteine binds. The present data provide direct evidence that this change is due to coordination of the substrate to the Zn. Addition of L-selenohomocysteine to either MetE or the N-terminal fragment of MetH, MetH(2-649), causes changes in the zinc X-ray absorption near-edge structure that are remarkably similar to those observed following the addition of L-homocysteine. Zinc EXAFS spectra show that the addition of L-selenohomocysteine changes the coordination environment of the zinc in MetE from 2S + 2(N/O) to 2S + 1(N/O) + 1Se and in MetH(2-649) from 3S + 1(N/O) to 3S + 1Se. The Zn-S, Zn-Se, and Se-S bond distances determined from the zinc and selenium EXAFS data indicate that the zinc sites in substrate-bound MetE and MetH(2-649) both have an approximately tetrahedral geometry. The selenium edge energy for selenohomocysteine shifts to higher energy when binding to either methionine synthase enzyme, suggesting that there is a slight decrease in the effective charge of the selenium. Increases in the Zn-Cys bond distances upon selenohomocysteine binding together with identical magnitudes of the shifts to higher energy in the Se XANES spectra of MetE and MetH(2-649) suggest that the Lewis acidity of the Zn sites in these enzymes appears the same to the substrate and is electronically buffered by the Zn-Cys interaction.
Studies of innervation patterns in grafted chick wings.

The pattern of innervation of 12 day embryonic chick wings was studied by morphological and electrophysiological techniques. Several types of chick wing grafts were performed to investigate the rules governing nerve pattern formation: whether the motor neurons actively seek out and connect with specific muscles or are passively guided and whether cell death plays any role in pattern formation. In each type of graft the outgrowing neurons were confronted with extra targets distal to the elbow. Two grafts replicated lower arm parts in series (proximodistal graft) or in parallel (forearm and hand replicated, in the same pattern of asymmetry in a split limb graft); a third produced a mirror image limb. The flexor carpi ulnaris muscle (F.C.U.) was studied in these limbs. The innervation of the most distal f.c.u. muscle in proximodistal grafted limbs varied with the extent of host f.c.u. muscle present. The f.c.u. muscles in the split limb graft were always innervated. In both limb grafts the f.c.u. muscles were innervated by the appropriate neurons, as determined by retrograde HRP technique and electrophysiological recordings. This strongly suggests that the motor neurons are able to seek out and connect with their appropriate muscle. Results of the mirror image limb graft suggest that other factors may be involved. In addition, motor neuron cell counts were performed. From this one can infer that the normally occurring pattern of cell death was not affected by the grafts. Cell death is therefore excluded as a major factor in nerve pattern formation.
Analogue adaptive vibration cancellation system for Stirling cryocoolers

Abstract The vibration produced by Stirling cryocoolers is incompatible with precision-pointing imaging instruments. This paper examines a vibration cancellation system that was designed for the expander of a Hughes tactical cooler. This system uses a custom-designed multi-axis counterbalance and an analogue implementation of an adaptive feedforward compensator. A non-linearity associated with the counterbalance is modelled, and its effect on the closed-loop system is assessed. In an initial test, the third harmonic of the expander's axial force was cancelled by 22–38 dB over a wide range of drive frequencies, with little effect on the other harmonics or the lateral vibrations.
A comparison of productivities and energy values between slash and burn agriculture and secondary succession in the upper Rio Negro region of the Amazon Basin

Abstract An analysis of the energy inputs and outputs for conuco agriculture (i.e., shifting cultivation) and a comparison of productivity between conuco crops and successional vegetation was undertaken near the town of San Carlos de Rio Negro in southern Venezuela. The main crop, yuca ( Manihot esculenta , Crantz), yielded (m.t. = metric tonnes) 4.31 m.t. ha −1 wet weight in year one; production declined to 2.81 m.t. ha −1 in the second year. The infertile soils of the region are the major cause of these low yields. Although relatively unproductive, conuco agriculture is much more energy efficient than mechanized agriculture. The ratio of energy output, in the form of processed food, to energy input in the form of human labor, averaged 13.9:1 over two cropping periods. Slightly more energy was devoted to field activities than to processing activities. The conuco crops were more productive than the adjacent succession site vegetation (532 vs. 109 g m −2 dry weight) during the first year after cutting and burning; but in the second year the successional vegetation was more than twice as productive as the conuco crops (1446 vs. 529 g m −2 dry weight). This difference in second year production was attributable to greater resource allocation to leaves and longer leaf retention time for the successional vegetation.
Symmetrical crossover designs for bilateral pharmacokinetic drug interactions

Bilateral pharmacokinetic interaction studies are performed to rest if the coadministration of the two drugs alters the kinetics of either one. For this purpose, standard designs are crossovers in which the two drugs are successively given alone and together Because the systemic concentration of one drug, A, will be zero when the other drug, B, is given alone and vice versa, two separate analyses for Drugs A and B are required. Two symmetrical designs which generate identical analyses for Drugs A and B are reviewed: the dual balanced two-period and the balanced Latin Square three-period designs. Their efficiency in accurately and precisely estimating direct treatment differences (AB-B) or (AB-A) is compared, when analyzed with a standard linear mixed model that either does or does not include a first-order carry-over effect. From this evaluation, the balanced three-period design is preferred because of its 25% superior efficiency when no carry-over effect is present. In the presence of carry-over; the three-period design also produces unbiased estimators for the direct treatment and carry-over effects whose variances are proportional to the within-subject variability.
Fabrication of microporous polymeric membranes by melt processing of immiscible blends

Abstract Microporous flat film membranes from immiscible polypropylene (PP)/polystyrene (PS) blends with and without a compatibilizing copolymer were produced via melt processing and post-extrusion drawing. The blends were first compounded in a corotating twin-screw extruder and subsequently extruded through a sheet die to obtain the precursor films. These were uniaxially drawn (100–500%) with respect to the original dimensions to induce a microporous structure and then post-treated at elevated temperatures to stabilize the porous structure, which consisted of uniform microcracks in the order of a few nanometers in width. The effects of composition and process parameters on porosity and solvent (methanol) permeability of the prepared membranes are presented. Comparison of the data with those of commercial membranes prepared by phase-inversion processes suggests significant differences in pore size distribution as well as overall surface porosity.
Plzt thin films prepared from acetate precursors

Ferroelectric thin film compositions in the PLZT system were prepared from water-soluble acetate precursors. Dip coated, multilayer thin films were applied to various substrates, pyrolyzed at 700°C and characterized in regard to dielectric and ferroelectric properties.
The clinical significance of peripherally inserted central venous catheter-related deep vein thrombosis

Peripherally inserted central venous catheters (PICCs) are being increasingly utilized in hospitalized patients as alternatives to centrally inserted central venous catheters (CICVCs). However, concern exists over the risk of PICC-related large vein thrombosis (PRLVT). The incidence rate and significance of symptomatic PRLVT in critically ill patients admitted to the neurological intensive care unit (ICU) is not known. Retrospective descriptive study of consecutive PICCs placed in critically ill patients admitted to a tertiary care neurological ICU between March 2008 and February 2010. Symptomatic PRVLT was defined as an event that prompted Duplex ultrasound of the ipsilateral extremity in which an acute, proximal large vein thrombosis was confirmed in association with the PICC or confirmed within 5 days of PICC removal. Incidence rate of PRLVT and catheter-related complications were calculated per “line” (catheter). Descriptive statistics were performed with two-sample, and t-tests for age and categorical variables were assessed by Chi-square test or Fishers exact test as appropriate Four hundred and seventy-nine lines were placed during the study period with 39 developing a symptomatic PRLVT (incidence rate = 8.1%). Male gender was associated with development of a thrombosis (P = 0.02), but size (P = 0.21) and location of catheter were not (P = 0.30). Median line dwell time was 12 days (IQR 16) with a dwell time of 8 days (IQR 9) until thrombosis diagnosis. Pulmonary embolus attributed to PRLVT occurred in 1.3% of line placements and 15% of symptomatic PRLVT. The majority of patients had their line removed. In addition, some patients also had anticoagulation initiated or a superior vena cava filter placed. Symptomatic PRLVT is not uncommon in critically ill patients admitted to the neurological ICU. Future research should focus on indentifying modifiable risk factors for PRLVT and on comparing major cumulative complication rates between PICCs and CICVCs.
The standard Poisson disorder problem revisited

Abstract A change in the arrival rate of a Poisson process sometimes necessitates immediate action. If the change time is unobservable, then the design of online change detection procedures becomes important and is known as the Poisson disorder problem. Formulated and partially solved by Davis [Banach Center Publ., 1 (1976) 65–72], the standard Poisson problem addresses the tradeoff between false alarms and detection delay costs in the most useful way for applications. In this paper we solve the standard problem completely and describe efficient numerical methods to calculate the policy parameters.
Against the Golden Rule Argument Against Abortion

R. M. Hare and Harry J. Gensler have each argued that abortion can be shown to be immoral by appealing to a version of the golden rule. I argue that both versions of the golden rule argument against abortion should be rejected: each rests on a version of the golden rule which is objectionable on independent grounds, each is unable to support its conclusion when the rule is satisfactorily modified, and each is unable to avoid the implication that contraception is as wrong as abortion and for the same reason. In addition, some further problems particular to each position are identified.
Trisomy 8 mosaicism: selective growth advantage of normal cells vs. growth disadvantage of trisomy 8 cells.

A fetus with trisomy 8 mosaicism was identified prenatally due to an abnormal maternal serum triple screen. Tissue samples were taken at birth to determine the level of trisomy 8 mosaicism found within embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues, rates of cell division for the two cell lines, and the effect of mosaicism on the phenotype. The level of trisomy 8 cells in blood and fibroblasts was higher than in placental tissue. Cell cycle kinetics, by incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine for 48 hr, was not significantly different between the trisomy 8 and normal cells for blood or amnion. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using centromeric probe for chromosome 8 showed significantly more trisomy 8 in interphase vs. metaphase in lymphoblasts, umbilical cord fibroblasts, and chorion. The loss of trisomy 8 cells is not due to anaphase lag, as determined by micronuclei analysis. The similarity of cell cycle kinetics between trisomy 8 cells and normal diploid cells suggests some trisomy 8 cells are exiting the cell cycle prematurely. This growth disadvantage of trisomy 8 cells results in the appearance of growth advantage for diploid cells.
Air-side thermal hydraulic performance of multi-louvered fin aluminum heat exchangers

An experimental study on the air-side heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics for multi-louvered fin and flat tube heat exchangers has been performed. For 45 heat exchangers with different louver angles (15–29°), fin pitches (1.0, 1.2, 1.4 mm) and flow depths (16, 20, 24 mm), a series of tests were conducted for the air-side Reynolds numbers of 100–600, at a constant tube-side water flow rate of 0.32 m3/h. The inlet temperatures of the air and water for heat exchangers were 21 and 45°C, respectively. The air-side thermal performance data were analyzed using effectiveness-NTU method for cross-flow heat exchanger with both fluid unmixed conditions. The heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop data for heat exchangers with different geometrical configurations were reported in terms of Colburn j-factor and Fanning friction factor f, as functions of Reynolds number based on louver pitch. The general correlations for j and f factors are developed and compared to other correlations. The f correlation indicates that the flow depth is one of the important parameters for the pressure drop.
Carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels: a procedure for estimation and results for 1950-1982

With growing concern about climatic changes that could result from increased atmospheric carbon dioxide, it is appropriate to use the improved statistics on the production and use of fossil fuels which are now available and to review the CO 2 discharges to the atmosphere from fossil fuel burning. Data on global fuel production and the chemical composition of these fuels have been re-examined and an attempt has been made to estimate the fraction of fuel which is used in the petrochemicals industry or otherwise not soon oxidized. Available statistics now permit more systematic treatment of natural gas liquids than in earlier calculations. Values used for combustion efficiency and non-fuel use on a global scale still require some estimation and extrapolation from United States data but can be bounded with sufficient precision that they add little uncertainty to the calculation of global CO 2 emissions. Data now available permit the computation to be made with confidence that there are no major oversights. The differences from earlier calculations of CO 2 emissions are minor, well within the uncertainty limits in the data available. The fundamental problems of assembling a data set on global fuel production limit the utility of striving for too much precision at other steps in the calculation. Annual CO 2 emissions retain an uncertainty of 6-10%. Results of the calculations for 1980 through 1982 show decreases from 1979 CO 2 emissions. This is the first time since the end of World War I1 that the emissions have decreased 3 years in succession. During the period following the 1973 escalation of fuel prices, the growth rate of emissions has been less than half what it was during the 1950s and 1960s (1.5%/year since 1973 as opposed to 4.5%/year through the 1950s and 1960s). Most of the change is a result of decreased growth in the use of oil. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1984.tb00245.x
Changes in the structure of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex induced by mono- and divalent ions.

Abstract The activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex purified from pig kidney cortex was affected by various mono- and di-valent ions and changes in ionic strength. The fluorescence emission spectrum of PDC exposed to 0.04 M ionic strength and excited at 280 nm exhibited a maximum at 334 nm; the fluorescence intensity of PDC appeared to depend upon the ionic strength and the K + and Na + content of the incubation buffer. Alteration of ionic strength to which the enzyme complex was exposed produced a change in the absorption of the complex at 230 nm. The presence of HPO 4 2− ions prevented changes in the UV absorption spectrum of PDC induced by the variation in ionic strength. The K + and Na + ions alone had no effect on the UV spectrum of PDC. Upon increasing the ionic strength to which the enzyme complex was exposed, dramatic changes in the circular dichroism (CD) pattern were observed. At 0.04 M ionic strength PDC exhibited a CD spectrum with minima at 216, 218 and 222 nm and a cross-over point at 215 nm. At 0.15 M ionic strength the CD spectrum of PDC exhibited minima at 223, 226, 228 nm and a cross-over point at 221 nm. The presence of HPO 4 2− ions prevented alterations in the CD spectrum of PDC induced by variations in ionic strength. The K + and Na + ions had no effect on the CD spectrum of PDC.
On class numbers of algebraic number fields

Abstract Let M = Π i = 1 t q i e i , N = Π j = 1 t q j f j be two natural numbers based on the same set of primes q 1 ,…, q t , where the e i are positive. Theorem . There exist infinitely many normal extensions of the field of rational numbers of degree M with class number divisible by N . If M is not equal to 2, there also exist infinitely many nonnormal extensions with the same property.
Sudden infant death syndrome among infants of drug-dependent mothers.

F E W R E P O R T S describe an associat ion be tween sudden infant death and maternal prenatal addiction?, 2 Recognition of this association is essential for two reasons: (1) there is an increase in the incidence of drug abuse among women of childbearing age; and (2) methadone, the drug currently in use to treat opiate addiction, is also a narcotic. A combined maternal methadone and infant follow-up clinic provided the authors with the opportunity to follow infants born to drug-dependent mothers. The durgs principally Used by the women were heroin and methadone; the use of other drugs, however, namely diazepam. barbiturates, cocaine, amphetamines, and alcohol, was common. The reports of sudden infant death, as related by the addicted mothers, prompted us to investigate this problem.
“Paddle-Wheel” Tris(cyclopentadienyl)tin(II) and -lead(II) Complexes: Syntheses, Structures, and Model MO Calculations

Nucleophilic addition reactions of cyclopentadienide anions (Cp-) to bis(cyclopentadienyl)tin(II) and -lead(II) produces complexes containing “paddle-wheel” [(η5-Cp)3E]- (Cp = C5H5; E = Sn, Pb) anions. Thus, the heavy main-group metals act as Lewis acids rather than as bases. The syntheses and X-ray structures of four such complexes, [(η5-Cp)2Sn(μ-Cp)NaPMDETA] (1; PMDETA = [(CH3)2NCH2CH2]2NCH3), [Mg(THF)6]2+[(η3-Cp)3Sn-]2 (2), [(η5-Cp)2Pb(μ-Cp)NaPMDETA] (3), and [Mg(THF)6]2+[(η3-Cp)3Pb-]2 (4), are reported. The monomeric complexes 1 and 3 are essentially isostructural and contain trigonal-planar (η5-Cp)3E units linked, through bridging μ-η5-Cp ligands, to NaPMDETA+ cations in their molecular structures. Ab initio MO calculations have been used to probe the structures and charge distributions of the [(η5-Cp)3E]- anions in these complexes. These show that the natures of the species are highly dependent on the extent of alkali- or alkaline-earth-metal cation solvation. Thus, whereas unsolvated [(η5-Cp)2E(μ-C...
Immunocytochemical analysis of P2X2 in rat circumvallate taste buds

Our laboratory has shown that classical synapses and synaptic proteins are associated with Type III cells. Yet it is generally accepted that Type II cells transduce bitter, sweet and umami stimuli. No classical synapses, however, have been found associated with Type II cells. Recent studies indicate that the ionotropic purinergic receptors P2X2/P2X3 are present in rodent taste buds. Taste nerve processes express the ionotropic purinergic receptors (P2X2/P2X3). P2X2/P2X3Dbl−/− mice are not responsive to sweet, umami and bitter stimuli, and it has been proposed that ATP acts as a neurotransmitter in taste buds. The goal of the present study is to learn more about the nature of purinergic contacts in rat circumvallate taste buds by examining immunoreactivity to antisera directed against the purinergic receptor P2X2. P2X2-like immunoreactivity is present in intragemmal nerve processes in rat circumvallate taste buds. Intense immunoreactivity can also be seen in the subgemmal nerve plexuses located below the basal lamina. The P2X2 immunoreactive nerve processes also display syntaxin-1-LIR. The immunoreactive nerves are in close contact with the IP3R3-LIR Type II cells and syntaxin-1-LIR and/or 5-HT-LIR Type III cells. Taste cell synapses are observed only from Type III taste cells onto P2X2-LIR nerve processes. Unusually large, “atypical” mitochondria in the Type II taste cells are found only at close appositions with P2X2-LIR nerve processes. P2X2 immunogold particles are concentrated at the membranes of nerve processes at close appositions with taste cells. Based on our immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopical studies we believe that both perigemmal and most all intragemmal nerve processes display P2X2-LIR. Moreover, colloidal gold immunoelectron microscopy indicates that P2X2-LIR in nerve processes is concentrated at sites of close apposition with Type II cells. This supports the hypothesis that ATP may be a key neurotransmitter in taste transduction and that Type II cells release ATP, activating P2X2 receptors in nerve processes.
Phytotoxins as tools in studying plant disease resistance

Many plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria produce phytotoxins which are a vital part of their arsenal in causing plant disease. Some host-specific toxins have proved useful in enhancing our understanding of the biochemical mechanisms underlying plant disease resistance.
Investigation of coupled mode behaviour of electrically small meander antennas

The coupled mode behaviour of two electrically small meander antennas is investigated by simulation and measurement. Results of the modal resonant frequency, the power transfer efficiency and the input impedance as functions of the antenna separation are presented. It is found that high power transfer efficiency can be achieved in the coupled mode region. The input impedance is analysed in terms of the radiation resistance, loss resistance and load resistance. The effect of inductively loading the antennas on the power transfer efficiency is also studied.
Coloboma mouse mutant as an animal model of hyperkinesis and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Abstract Hyperkinesis and developmental behavioral deficiencies are cardinal signs of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. In mice, the mutation coloboma (Cm) corresponds to a contiguous gene defect that results in phenotypic abnormalities including spontaneous hyperactivity, head-bobbing, and ocular dysmorphology. In addition, coloboma mutant mice exhibit delays in achieving complex neonatal motor abilities and deficits in hippocampal physiology, which may contribute to learning deficiencies. The hyperkinesis is ameliorated by low doses of the psychostimulant d -amphetamine and can be rescued genetically by a transgene encoding SNAP-25, located within the Cm deletion. Together with syntaxin and synaptobrevin/VAMP, SNAP-25 constitutes a core protein complex integral to synaptic vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release. Despite the ubiquitous role of SNAP-25 in synaptic transmission, and uniformly decreased expression in the mutants, coloboma mice show marked deficits in Ca2+-dependent dopamine release selectively in dorsal but not ventral striatum. This suggests that haploinsufficiency of SNAP-25 reveals a specific vulnerability of the nigrostriatal pathway which regulates motor activity and may provide a model for impaired striatal input into executive functions encoded by the prefrontal cortex associated with ADHD.
Genetic Modification of Stem Cells for Transplantation

Gene modification of cells prior to their transplantation, especially stem cells, enhances their survival and increases their function in cell therapy. Like the Trojan horse, the gene-modified cell has to gain entrance inside the host's walls and survive and deliver its transgene products. Using cellular, molecular and gene manipulation techniques the transplanted cell can be protected in a hostile environment from immune rejection, inflammation, hypoxia and apoptosis. Genetic engineering to modify cells involves constructing modules of functional gene sequences. They can be simple reporter genes or complex cassettes with gene switches, cell specific promoters and multiple transgenes. We discuss methods to deliver and construct gene cassettes with viral and non-viral delivery, siRNA, and conditional Cre/Lox P. We review the current uses of gene-modified stem cells in cardiovascular disease, diabetes, neurological diseases, (including Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and spinal cord injury repair), bone defects, hemophilia, and cancer.
Widefield Optical Imaging of Changes in Uptake of Glucose and Tissue Extracellular pH in Head and Neck Cancer

The overall objective of this study is to develop an optical imaging approach to simultaneously measure altered cell metabolism and changes in tissue extracellular pH with the progression of cancer using clinically isolated biopsies. In this study, 19 pairs of clinically normal and abnormal biopsies were obtained from consenting head and neck cancer patients at UCDMC. Fluorescence intensity of tissue biopsies before and after topical delivery of 2-NBDG (2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxy-D-glucose) and Alexa 647-pHLIP (pH (low) insertion peptide) was measured non-invasively by widefield imaging, and correlated with pathological diagnosis. The results of widefield imaging of clinical biopsies demonstrated that 2-NBDG and pHLIP peptide can accurately distinguish the pathologically normal and abnormal biopsies. The results also demonstrated the potential of this approach to detect sub-epithelial lesions. Topical application of the contrast agents generated a significant increase in fluorescence contrast (3-4 fold) in the cancer biopsies as compared to the normal biopsies, irrespective of the patient and location of the biopsy within a head and neck cavity. This unpaired comparison across all the cancer patients in this study highlights the specificity of the imaging approach. Furthermore, the results of this study indicated that changes in intracellular glucose metabolism and cancer acidosis are initiated in the early stages of cancer and these changes are correlated with the progression of the disease. In conclusion, this novel optical molecular imaging approach to measure multiple biomarkers in cancer has a significant potential to be a useful tool for improving early detection and prognostic evaluation of oral neoplasia.
Time resolution of the hydrologic time-series models

Abstract Hydrologists have constructed time-series models for the daily, monthly, annual and other time intervals for the simulation studies of a water-resource system. The mathematical operations involved in attaining the monthly hydrologic data from the daily hydrologic data and the annual hydrologic data from either the daily or the monthly hydrologic data are standard and well known. Through the utilization of these operations one can find the covariance and the spectral relations among the hydrologic sequences corresponding to different sampling intervals. Once these relations are known, the hydrologist, starting from the smallest interval, can calculate the covariance and the spectral structures of the hydrologic sequences corresponding to larger sampling intervals. One can then construct the time-series models corresponding to these larger intervals from the theoretically calculated covariance and spectral density functions without ever constructing the data for larger intervals or without the computation of the sample covariance and the sample spectral-density functions for larger intervals. This paper establishes the relationships between the covariances and between the spectra, respectively, of the hydrologic time series with time steps which are multiples of each other, such as daily, monthly and annual intervals. The stochastic structure in the time domain of the series with the longer time steps can be derived in terms of the structure of the series with the shorter time steps. The scheme discussed in this paper is an aggregation scheme and describes, in detail, the filters and the many-to-one transformations that are required to go from the smaller to larger time sampling intervals. The relations show that when the hydrologic time-series models are disaggregated from larger to smaller time sampling intervals the transformations involved are one-to-many, indicating that there are many ways for the disaggregation whereas there is only one unique way for aggregation.
Magnetic field fluctuations observed in the heliosheath by Voyager 1 at 114 ± 2 AU during 2010

[1] The radial component of the flow speed VR in the heliosheath was decreasing between 2009.0 (108.5 AU) and 2010.3, at which time it reached the “stagnation region” where VR ≈ 0 km/s from 2010.3 to at least to 2011.0 (115.7 AU). The fluctuations of the hour averages of the magnetic field B observed by Voyager 1 (V1) each day throughout 2010 were primarily compressive (longitudinal) fluctuations, along the T (average B) direction in HG coordinates. The yearly average of the daily standard deviations (SD) of the compressive component of B was 〈SDc〉 = 〈SD(BT)〉 ≈ 〈SD(B)〉 ≈ 0.015 nT. The corresponding standard deviations of the transverse components 〈SDt〉 = SD(BR) > ≈ 〈SD(BN)〉 ≈ 0.006 nT. During 2010, 〈SDc〉/〈SDt〉 > 2.6 and 〈SDc〉/〈B〉 = 0.15. The counting rate of cosmic rays >70 MeV/nuc tends to increase with increasing B and SDc, contrary to expectations.