cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultra-thin-body self-aligned InGaAs MOSFETs on insulator (III-V-O-I) by a tight-pitch process

We report a self-aligned InGaAs Quantum-Well MOSFET (QW-MOSFET) on III-V-O-I substrate fabricated through a tight-pitch process. The ultra-thin body (UTB) III-V-O-I layer structure was fabricated on Si through a direct bonding technique. The III-V MOSFETs, with a self-aligned gate and metal contacts, were fabricated by a gate-last method. For the first time, we demonstrate adjacent devices with contact metal spacing of 150 nm. The fabrication features CMOS compatibility with a wet-etch free, lift-off free and Au-free process in the front end. Transport and short-channel effects (SCE) are studied as a function of back bias. Excellent SCE control is obtained with DIBL and subthreshold swing benchmarked against state-of-the-art III-V-O-I data. The reported technology provides a new path to integrate III-V front-end devices for future high density circuit applications.
Research for Viscoplastic Behaviors of SAC405 Pb-Free Solder

Aiming at Pbfree solder Sn4.0Ag0.5Cu (in short, SAC405), the uniaxial tensile tests are accomplished with constant strain-rate under different temperature and strain-rate load conditions. The elastic-viscoplastic behaviors of SAC405 solders are studied. The rate-dependent material main properties are analyzed, such ad yield limit, tensile strength, saturation stress, etc. Partitioned constitutive model is accepted to describe the constitutive behavior of SAC405 solder. The seven parameters in partitioned model are determined by experiment data. The results of numerical simulation are fitted with the experimental values.
The magnetic fields and rotation generators of free space electromagnetism

The relation is developed between rotation generators of the Lorentz group and the magnetic fields of free-space electromagnetism. Using these classical relations, it is shown that in the quantum field theory there exists a longitudinal photomagneton, a quantized magnetic flux density operator which is directly proportional to the photon spin angular momentum. Commutation relations are given in the quantum field between the longitudinal photomagneton and the usual transverse magnetic components of quantized electromagnetism. The longitudinal component is phase free, but the transverse components are phase dependent. All three components can magnetize material in general, but only the transverse components contribute to Planck's law. The photon therefore has three, not two, relativistically invariant degrees of polarization, an axial, longitudinal, polarization, and the usual right and left circular transverse polarizations. Since the longitudinal polarization is axial, it is a phase- free magnetic field.
On the optimum groove shapes for load-carrying capacity enhancement in parallel flat surface bearings: Theory and experiment

Abstract The optimum periodic surface grooves that provide the highest load-carrying capacity (LCC) in parallel flat surface bearings are obtained using mathematical optimization methods. Results show that the optimum groove geometry is a function of the aspect ratio. For small aspect ratios the optimum grooves have an elongated “heart-like” shape and for high-aspect ratios they take on the shape of spirals. It is shown that optimally-designed grooves can provide up to 36% more LCC compared to the conventional spiral grooves. Also presented are the results of a series of experiments to authenticate the theoretical development. The experimental results show good agreement with theoretical simulations.
Solving for Quantum Controls

We study the use of a time-dependent potential barrier to control quantum wave packets, in a discretization of the Schroedinger equation. We consider computational issues in solving for a control which steers an initial single peak wave packet to a terminal double peak wave packet.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Analytical approximation of biodegradation rate for in situ bioremediation of groundwater under ideal radial flow conditions

We derive the long-term biodegradation rate of an organic contaminant (substrate) for an in situ bioremediation model with axisymmetric flow conditions. The model presumes that a nonsorbing electron acceptor is injected into a saturated homogeneous porous medium which initially contains a sorbing substrate and attached indigenous microorganisms. The derived analytical removal rate depends upon the injection flow rate, the initial substrate and supplied acceptor concentrations, the stoichiometric coefficient for acceptor utilization, and the sorption characteristics of the substrate; the removal rate does not depend upon the dispersion parameters, microbial kinetic parameters, and initial biomass concentration. Numerical simulations confirm the analytical results. The insensitivity of the long-term removal rate to the microbial kinetic parameters and initial biomass concentration suggests that precise estimation of these data may not be necessary to assess bioremediation effectiveness. In the numerical results, however, there exists an initial transient phase during which the removal rate depends upon microbial growth kinetics. This initial phase is significantly prolonged if the initial substrate and injected acceptor concentrations are at nutrient-limiting levels, or if the microbial kinetic parameters and initial biomass concentration do not yield efficient microbial growth and substrate utilization.
Children's production and recall of narrative passages

Abstract To develop a scale of organization in narrative passages, adults were asked to produce passages based on prompt words. From 30 passages generated in Experiment 1, a 7-point scale was developed, reflecting differential use of temporal and causal connections and episode structure. In Experiment 2, third-grade, sixth-grade, and college students produced narratives. Third graders relied primarily on temporal connections to organize their narratives, whereas sixth graders and college students used more causal connections and episode structure. Recall of these passages was not predicted by organization scores at any of the three age groups. Passages were also evaluated for “typicality”, more typical passages were those that followed the implied storyline of the prompt word outlines without much deviation or idiosyncratic elaboration. More typical passages were remembered better by third and sixth graders, but not by adults.
Dynamics of Poly(vinyl acetate) in Bulk and on Silica

Quadrupole echo deuterium NMR has been used to probe the dynamics of poly(vinyl acetate-d3) in bulk and at saturation coverage (from toluene) on silica at the solid−air interface. In bulk and at lo...
Antipsychotic polypharmacy in the treatment of children and adolescents in the fee-for-service component of a large state medicaid program

Abstract Objectives: The aims of this study were to quantify and describe antipsychotic polypharmacy use among patients aged 6 to 12 years (children) and 13 to 17 years (adolescents) and to identify the characteristics of polypharmacy recipients. Methods: Data from patients enrolled in Florida's Medicaid fee-for-service program and receiving treatment with an antipsychotic were included. Antipsychotic polypharmacy was defined as the receipt of ≥2 antipsychotic medications concurrently for >60 days, with no gaps >15 days in polypharmacy treatment. The prevalence of antipsychotic polypharmacy, durations of treatment episodes, times to antipsychotic polypharmacy after initiation of antipsychotic monotherapy, and rates of antipsychotic combination use were calculated for the period between July 2002 and June 2007. Results: During the 5-year period, 12,764 children and 10,419 adolescents received antipsychotic treatment. The proportions of patients who were male (73% and 63%) and whose race was indicated as "other" (31% and 14%) were significantly greater in children than in adolescents, respectively (both, P P = 0.001). Mean (SD) durations of polypharmacy episodes were 170.0 (139.0) days in children and 185.5 (175.9) days in adolescents ( P = 0.010). Times to initiation of polyphar-macy were 505.8 (440.5) days in children and 384.9 (424.3) days in adolescents ( P P Conclusions: The prevalence and duration of Antipsychotic polypharmacy among antipsychotic recipients in this Medicaid fee-for-service population were noteworthy. Research on the risks and benefits of the practice in the pediatric population is needed.
Distal femoral replacement in nontumor cases with severe bone loss and instability

Severe distal femoral bone loss and instability in revision TKA is challenging. We retrospectively reviewed 39 rotating-hinged distal femoral replacement devices in 37 patients to examine whether improved results were obtainable, using one design, over previously published results. The average age of the patients was 76 years (standard deviation, 10 years). Indications for distal femoral replacement included 11 revision TKAs, 13 periprosthetic fractures, 11 reimplantations, two complex primary TKAs, one distal femoral nonunion, and one acute distal femur fracture. Minimum followup was 24 months (mean, 46 months; range, 24–109 months). Eight patients died during followup. There were five reoperations: two patients with recurrent infection after two-stage treatment, one patient with a periprosthetic fracture treated by open reduction and internal fixation, one patient with late hematogenous infection, and one patient with bearing exchange to treat hyperextension. No failures from aseptic loosening were seen. Knee Society scores improved from 39 preoperatively to 87, and pain scores improved from 18 preoperatively to 43. Distal femoral prosthetic replacement with a tumor-type implant in severe cases provides excellent pain relief and function with a low short-term reoperation rate and an implant survivorship rate of 87% at 46 months.
Shaping the dynamic mitochondrial network

In a majority of cell types, mitochondria form highly dynamic, tubular networks. Maintaining the shape of this complex network is critical for both mitochondrial and cellular function and involves the activities of mitochondrial division, fusion, motility, and tethering. Recent studies have advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying these conserved activities and their integration with cellular needs.
Mobilizing African Americans for immigrant rights: Framing strategies in two multi-racial coalitions

Social movement framing is a critical element in bringing together heterogeneous groups as allies in common political struggle. Immigrant rights organizations, like other social movement groups, must construct framing strategies to mobilize potential adherents, including African Americans and other non-immigrant groups. Drawing on interview data with leaders and members of two Los Angeles grassroots multi-racial coalitions, this article examines the framing strategies and negotiations each makes as they attempt to increase Black participation in the immigrant rights movement. Findings indicate that organizers relied on two prominent rhetorical strategies: the “immigrant worker” frame centered on an immigrant work ethic, and a more encompassing social and racial “injustice” frame. Although both carried some appeal, we argue that African Americans’ perceptions of labor market competition with immigrants posed significant challenges to building sustainable coalitions. We further demonstrate how inaction and avoidance by activists inhibited potential Black participation in the movement. We conclude with some implications of our findings for the role of social movement frames in fostering new and effective alliances between African Americans and immigrants.
Exploring the Evidence in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Nursing Through the “Article of the Month”:

As the scope of pediatric hematology and oncology nursing expands, nurses are challenged with staying current in the evidence guiding their practice. Nurse-reported barriers to accessing and utilizing research include lack of time as well as difficulty in accessing, understanding, and synthesizing findings. Journal clubs provide a process to guide nurses in the review of current literature related to their practice and promote utilization of research and evidence-based practice among nurses. This article describes the transition of an in-person journal club to an electronically delivered "Article of the Month." The "Article of the Month" is offered six times each year and is posted on the service line's password-protected intranet website. Oversight of the "Article of the Month" is provided by the service line clinical nurse specialist who selects articles based on an annual learning needs assessment and develops a quiz to assess learning and promote critical thinking among nursing staff. Outcomes include anecdotal reports of increased staff confidence in managing emergent patient care needs and greater appreciation of nursing care issues for children with cancer. Areas for future development include exploring options for increasing in-person discussion of issues addressed in the "Article of the Month" among staff members, extending the "Article of the Month" to nurses in other service areas who care for children with cancer, and increasing staff participation in article selection and quiz item development. An ultimate goal is to develop formal evaluation strategies to link this educational strategy to clinical outcomes.
Improved variational inference for tracking in clutter

We apply the expectation propagation (EP) algorithm to temporally track targets using sensors that produce spurious clutter detections, and may sometimes fail to detect the true target. The variational inference framework underlying EP allows the tracker to be easily adapted to varying measurement models. We develop variants of EP based on single Gaussian and Gaussian mixture approximations of posterior target location distributions, which offer a tradeoff between accuracy and computational complexity. Experiments show improved tracking accuracy and uncertainty estimation relative to widely used baseline tracking algorithms.
SERM Drugs for the Prevention of Osteoporosis

Although estrogens have proved useful in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, their side effects (for example, those on breast and endometrial cancer) are worrying to patients and physicians alike. Therefore, selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) drugs have been developed for use in their stead. The triphenylethylene drug tamoxifen proved to be protective against bone loss, but had side effects on uterus similar to those of natural estrogens. The tamoxifen derivative toremifene has less effect on bone. Further derivatives of tamoxifen (droloxifene, idoxifene) can be expected to act like tamoxifen when approved for clinical testing. The non-steroidal benzothiophene derivative, raloxifene, is the best SERM available thus far. It does not increase the incidence of endo-metrial cancer; in addition, like tamoxifen, it has the potential to prevent breast cancer, but has a better profile in its actions on bone (for example, it reduces the vertebral fracture rate more effectively than tamoxifen). Unlike estrogen, it decreases blood triglicerides as well as cholesterol.
Cation exchange separation of51Cr-labelled species in aqueous Cr(VI)−Cr(III) solution

A convenient and precise separation procedure for aqueous51Cr(VI),51Cr(III)-monomer,51Cr(III)-dimer and51Cr(III)-polymer species, using a cation exchange resin, is described. Standard deviations of 0.3% for each component may be routinely obtained.
Field-scale demonstration of enhanced MTBE bioremediation through aquifer bioaugmentation and oxygenation.

In situ bioaugmentation and biostimulation experiments were conducted at the USN Hydrocarbon National Environmental Test Site at Port Hueneme, CA (PH), where the dissolved MTBE groundwater plume is over 1500 m long. Laboratory microcosm experiments prepared with PH groundwater showed that MTBE was rapidly metabolized (t1/2 ≤ 2 weeks) after inoculation with a high-activity MTBE-degrading bacterial consortium (MC-100). Microcosm studies also showed that natural ether degraders were present at PH; however, the rates were 3−5 times slower than with the bioaugmented treatment. The field pilot test was conducted to assess the efficacy of creating an MTBE biobarrier by inoculating with MC-100 and maintaining well-oxygenated conditions. Three test plots located in the MTBE-only portion of the plume included control (no treatment), O2-only (intermittent O2 gas injection), and O2 + bioaugmented (MC-100) zones. Initial MTBE and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in the plots prior to treatment varied from 2 to 9 m...
Thymidylate Synthase: A Critical Target for Cancer Chemotherapy

Thymidylate synthase (TS) is a key enzyme in the synthesis of 2'-deoxythymidine-5'-monophosphate, an essential precursor for DNA biosynthesis. For this reason, this enzyme is a critical target in cancer chemotherapy. As the first TS inhibitor in clinical use, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) remains widely used for the treatment of colorectal, pancreatic, breast, head and neck, gastric, and ovarian cancers. The reduced folate, leucovorin, has been shown to enhance the activity of 5-FU in colorectal cancer. However, response rates of the combination remain in the 25%-30% range, and much effort has been focused on designing new, more potent TS inhibitors. Raltitrexed is a folate analogue that is approved as first-line therapy for advanced colorectal cancer in Europe, Australia, Canada, and Japan, although it remains an investigational agent in the United States. Pemetrexed is an antifolate analogue that has shown promising activity in several solid tumor types, including mesothelioma. ZD9331, a highly specific TS inhibitor that dose not require polyglutamation for its activation, has shown activity in patients with refractory ovarian and colorectal cancer. Capecitabine is an oral fluoropyrimidine carbamate that was designed to generate 5-FU preferentially in tumor cells; this agent was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as first-line therapy for patients with advanced colorectal cancer. As the number of TS inhibitors available for general clinical use increases, further research is needed to elucidate the critical molecular and biochemical elements that determine the efficacy and tumor specificity of each compound.
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and solitary plasmacytoma. Implications for progression to overt multiple myeloma

MGUS is characterized by the presence of a serum M-protein less than 3 g/dL; fewer than 10% plasma cells in the bone marrow; no, or only small amounts of, M-protein in the urine; absence of lytic lesions, anemia, hypercalcemia, and renal insufficiency; and, most importantly, stability of the M-protein and failure of development of other abnormalities, MGUS is found in approximately 3% of persons older than 70 years and in 1% of those 50 years or older. During long-term follow-up, approximately one fourth of patients develop multiple myeloma (MM), amyloidosis, macroglobulinemia, or a similar malignant lymphoproliferative disorder. Actuarial rate of development of serious disease was 16% at 10 years, 33% at 20 years, and 40% at 25 years in our experience. The interval from recognition of the M-protein to the diagnosis of MM ranged from 2 to 29 years (median, 10 years). The size of the M-protein, hemoglobin value, percentage of bone marrow plasma cells, amount of light-chain excretion, presence of hypercalcemia or renal insufficiency, and presence of lytic bone lesions are often helpful in differentiating MGUS from MM and macroglobulinemia. The plasma cell labeling index and the presence of circulating plasma cells in the peripheral blood are indicators of active disease; however, there are no findings at the diagnosis of MGUS that reliably distinguish patients who will remain stable from those in whom a malignant condition will develop. Thus, a physician must perform serial measurements of the M-protein in the serum and periodic evaluation of the pertinent clinical and laboratory features to determine whether MM, macroglobulinemia, systemic amyloidosis, or related disorders have developed. Solitary plasmacytoma is characterized by the presence of a tumor consisting of monoclonal plasma cells identical to those in MM. In addition, skeletal roentgenograms must show no lytic lesions, a bone marrow aspirate must contain no evidence of MM, and immunoelectrophoresis or immunofixation of the serum and concentrated urine should show no M-protein. Exceptions to the presence of an M-protein occur, but therapy of the solitary lesion often results in disappearance of the M-protein. Tumoricidal irradiation (4000 to 5000 cGy) for approximately 4 weeks is the treatment of choice. Overt MM occurs in approximately 50% of patients with solitary plasmacytoma. Progression occurs in most patients within 3 years. The three patterns of failure are (1) development of MM, (2) local recurrence, and (3) development of new bone lesions in the absence of MM.
Hallucial convergence in early hominids.

Abstract There is a richly documented fossil record of the evolutionary transition from ape-sized brains that are less that one-third the size of modern humans through a series of intermediate-sized brains up to the modern range. The first report on the discovery of the foot of the Stw 573 skeleton emphasized the apparent transitional nature of its great toe [Clarke, R.J., Tobias, P.V., 1995. Sterkfontein Member 2 foot bones of the oldest South African hominid. Science 269, pp. 521–524]. The hallux appeared to be intermediate in its divergence between human-like adduction and ape-like abduction. A major part of this evidence is the medial encroachment of the metatarsal I facet on the medial cuneiform. This study quantifies the variability of this feature in extant hominoids and fossil hominids. The results are consistent with the view that all currently known hominids were specialized for bipedality and lacked the ape-like ability to oppose the great toe.
The Simplicity of Robust Direct Adaptive Control with Disturbance Rejection for Linear Infinite-Dimensional Systems: An Introduction

Abstract Our purpose in this paper is to provide an introduction to direct adaptive control in infinite dimensions and to prove the remarkable simplicity of infinite dimensional adaptive control even in infinite dimensions. However, we will show that the mathematical foundations are much more stringent in infinite dimensional theory. Consequently, this paper will emphasize some important fundamentals and will not be comprehensive. Much more can be done, but here we hope to provide a starting point for further exploration. Given a linear continuous-time infinite-dimensional plant on a Hilbert space and disturbances of known and unknown waveform, we show that there exists a very simple stabilizing direct adaptive control law with certain disturbance rejection and robustness properties. The closed loop system is shown to be exponentially convergent to a neighborhood with radius proportional to bounds on the size of the disturbance. The plant is described by a closed densely defined linear operator that generates a continuous semigroup of bounded operators on the Hilbert space of states. To illustrate the use of the control law, we apply the result to a partial differential equation example of an unstable diffusion system, but other applications are possible.
Predictors of dentists' level of knowledge regarding the recommended prophylactic regimen for patients with rheumatic heart disease

Abstract Maintaining knowledge of clinical practices, confirming to the latest scientific information, is a major challenge for health professionals. The study aims were (1) to measure clinicians' knowledge and (2) to determine what social factors could best explain and predict those dental clinicians who are most knowledgeable about current expert recommendations for the use of appropriate antibiotic regimens for patients at risk for bacterial endocarditis. Telephone interviews were conducted with 322 New York State dentists, assigned to the study by a computer-generated randomization procedure from lists of oral surgeons, urban general practitioners and rural general practitioners. Data demonstrated extraordinary differences in level of knowledge between oral surgeons and general practitioners, while the level of knowledge between urban and rural general practice groups was quite similar. General Linear Model (GLM)-based analyses indicated that practice size, rationalization of practice, and practice setting and affiliations contributed to the explanation of knowledge level among general practitioners, when adjusted for age. R 2 s for each of those variables and age, ranged from a low of 0.132 to a high of 0.334. Age made a significant contribution to the explanation of knowledge level in all of the models presented, while the explanatory power of the practice structure variables varied according to respondent's locale (urban vs rural) and age (younger vs older). In order to assess the impact of these structural variables, they were dichotomized (high-low) and entered into a GLM program which accounted for age and locale. Differences in excess of 20 points (on a 0–100 knowledge scale) were sometimes noted. The findings demonstrate the importance of specifying variable relationships in explaining level of knowledge and also suggest, albeit indirectly, differences in the processes by which urban and rural and young and old general practitioners come to know.
Kleine antiaromatische Ringe

Systeme mit 4n π-Elektronen sollten nach quantenmechanischen Berechnungen antiaromatischen Charakter haben, d.h. durch Resonanz destabilisiert sein. Diese Voraussagen werden am Cyclopropenylanion, dem einfachsten System mit 4n π-Elektronen (n = 1), uberpruft. Verbindungen mit dem Cyclopropenylanion konnten zwar noch nicht isoliert werden, doch deuten vor allem kinetische Messungen auf die Existenz des Ions und bestatigen die vorausgesagten ungewohnlichen Eigenschaften.
Theory and Obeservations - Forward Modeling and Synthetic Seismograms, 3D Numerical Methods

This chapter reviews numerical methods used to simulate global seismic wave propagation. Following a brief discussion of the challenges associated with generating synthetic seismograms on a global scale, we distinguish 'strong' and 'weak' implementations of the governing equations. Differential or strong methods discussed in this chapter include finite difference and pseudospectral techniques, and integral or weak methods discussed in this chapter include coupled mode, direct solution, finite element, and spectral element techniques. We conclude by discussing the potential for using 3D simulations to address the inverse problem in global seismology.
A comparison of two approaches used to gather evidence to support clinical decision making

The phrase “evidence-based practice” (EBP) has become common jargon in the health care arena. EBP has been applied so that it affects every aspect of physiotherapy from remuneration to the formats ...
Sample familiarity and delayed matching in monkeys

Two capuchin monkeys were trained on six two-sample delayed matching-to-sample problems, with the delay interval reaching 24 sec. Although one stimulus (green) was common to all six problems, it was no more effective as a sample than the other six (form) stimuli with which Ss had far less experience. Test trials in which a new sample was formed by the superimposition of two of the six form stimuli (1) showed that Ss had discriminated among the six forms, (2) rendered unlikely the possibility that Ss’ matching behavior was controlled by overt mediating responses, and (3) provided no evidence that delay gradients are generated primarily by proactive interference.
Alignment in the Processing of Metaphor

Abstract This research investigates the process of metaphor comprehension. We compare two classes of processing algorithms: those that begin by accessing or deriving an abstraction from the base (or vehicle ) and then project it to the target (or topic ) and those that begin by aligning the representations of the terms and then project further inferences from the base to the target. To decide between these accounts, we recorded subjects’ time to interpret metaphors primed by either the base term or the target term (or both or neither). Abstraction-based models predict that priming by the base should lead to faster metaphor comprehension than priming by the target; alignment-based models predict no such advantage. Across a series of experiments, the results were most consistent with alignment-first processing. No base advantage was found, with the single exception of metaphors having highly conventional meanings and low (metaphorical) similarity. Further, high-similarity metaphors were interpreted faster than low-similarity metaphors, consistent with the alignment view. We conjecture that this pattern may result from a shift in processing with conventionalization: novel metaphors may be understood by alignment and conventional metaphors by abstraction.
Radiosensitivity and Rate of Cell Division: "Law of Bergonié and Tribondeau"

The rate of cell division decreases as tobacco leaves grow, and older leaves grow without any cell divisions. Disks were cut from leaves having differing degrees of cell division at various developmental stages. In the chlorenchy, induced susceptibility to photodestruction of chloroplasts was used to measure sensitivity to gamma radiation as a function of the rate of cell division. The same biological effect can thereby be studied both in dividing and in nondividing tissues of the same morphological and physiological cell types. The radiosensitivities were approximately the same, irrespective of the extent of cell divisions.
Comparison of 10-kV SiC power devices in solid-state transformer

The characteristics and losses of 10-kV SiC MOSFETs, p-IGBTs and emitter turn-off thyristors (ETOs) were compared using the experimental measurements, PSPICE simulations and numerical simulations. Using the extracted loss information and method of loss calculation in the AC/DC rectifier and DC/DC converter, the frequency capability of these 10-kV SiC power devices in a 20 kVA solid-state transformer (SST) was investigated and compared in the same total power loss density of 300 W/cm2 and junction temperature of 125 °C. The comparison shows that 10-kV SiC MOSFETs have the highest switching frequency capability amongst the discussed 10-kV SiC device types in the AC/DC rectifier stage and DC/DC converter stage of the SST.
Radiation-Mediated Gene Expression in the Pathogenesis of the Clinical Radiation Response.

Cells and tissues respond to reactive oxyten intermediates during physiological processes such as inflammation, ischemia, and reperfusion. Ionizing radiation mimics naturally occurring free radicals to produce similar responses. Radiation induces the production of reactive oxygen intermediates and subsequent oxidation of cell membrane, phospholipids, and DNA. This initial event leads to activation of signals (enzymes) within the cells. These activated enzymes produce a cascade of energy transfer within the cell, leading to activation of transcription factors and the transcriptional apparatus. Radiation-inducible genes are then transcribed, leading in part to biological responses to ionizing radiation. Examples of radiation-inducible genes that regulate the biological response include inflammatory mediators and cell cycle regulators. The products of radiation-inducible genes are proteins such as transcription factors, cell adhesion molecules, and cytokines. The importance of identifying the mechanism of radiation-mediated gene expression is that enzyme inhibitors can be used to prevent gene expression. This synopsis of radiation-induced gene expression reviews genes that are induced by x-rays and γ-rays and categorizes them according to their related biological responses.
Effect of dipyridamole on cerebral extracellular adenosine level in vivo.

The effect of dipyridamole, an adenosine transport inhibitor, on cerebral extracellular adenosine concentration remains to be determined. To examine this issue, bilateral brain dialysis samples wer...
Temporal trends in liver transplant centre volume in the USA

Abstract Background Although prior studies have suggested an inverse association between liver transplant centre volume and postoperative patient mortality, more recent analyses have failed to confirm this association. To date, all studies of the relationship between centre volume and outcomes in liver transplantation have been cross-sectional in design. Objective The objective of our study was to examine temporal trends in the volume–outcomes relationship for liver transplantation. Methods We used information obtained from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) programme-specific data reports to examine the outcomes of adult liver transplant recipients stratified by annual centre volume. This relationship between centre volume and patient outcomes was assessed over three consecutive time periods from 2000 through 2007. Results The overall 25% increase in adult liver transplant volume in the USA from 2000 to 2007 appeared to be distributed fairly equally among existing transplant centres. In the earliest time period of our analysis, high-volume centres achieved superior risk-adjusted 1-year patient outcomes compared with low-volume centres. By the third and most recent time period of the analysis, this discrepancy between the outcomes of high- and low-volume centres was no longer statistically apparent. Conclusions The relationship between centre volume and patient outcomes for liver transplantation in the USA has become less pronounced over time, suggesting that the use of procedure volume as a marker of liver transplant centre quality cannot be justified. The performance-based review process currently utilized in the USA may have contributed to this diminishing influence of centre volume on liver transplant recipient outcomes. This type of review process should be considered as a potential alternative to the volume-based referral initiatives that have been developed for other non-transplant, complex surgical procedures.
Application of swarm intelligence to the mine detection problem

This paper highlights the important points of swarm intelligence, more specifically the ant algorithm, and illustrate how it can be applied to a real time mine detection problem. The algorithm would be applied using GroundScouts, a modular micro robot that was designed for cooperative robotics applications. An adaptive time division multiple access (ATDMA) communication schemes are also presented that changes the behavior of the network according to the number of robots on the network. This maximizes the efficiency of the communication between the robots. The results show that the real time implementation of the algorithm is successful.
Development of a laboratory spectral backscattering instrument : design and simulation

A typical integrating sphere configuration for measuring backscatter includes a conventional cuvette with flat windows. This arrangement results in a significant amount of total internal reflection, preventing a large portion of the backscattered flux from entering the integrating sphere–detector system. Use of a semispherical cuvette overcomes this problem. Monte Carlo simulations of a semispherical cuvette window demonstrate that the detected signal varies monotonically with the attenuation, depending only on the probability of backscattering for a given single scattering albedo. That is, only the total backscattering probability matters, regardless of subtle differences in the scattering phase function in the backward direction. The system is calibrated by use of standard microspheres for which the size distribution and the refractive index are known; this makes it possible to compute the exact phase function based on Mie theory. We have performed Monte Carlo simulations for various measured volume scattering functions and for computed phase functions, using particle scattering codes. All the results indicate that the backscattering measurement errors are likely to be less than 10%.
Behavioral evidence for a female-produced sex attractant in Diaphorina citri

Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is an important worldwide pest of citrus. It vectors three phloem-restricted bacteria in the genus Candidatus Liberibacter that cause huanglongbing (citrus greening disease). Studies were conducted to examine the behavioral responses of male and female D. citri to conspecifics of the same and opposite sex, with and without associated citrus host plants, in both open-air arena choice assays and Y-tube olfactometer assays. Virgin and mated male D. citri colonized citrus plants that were currently or had been previously colonized by virgin or mated female D. citri in greater numbers than control plants without females. However, males or females did not accumulate more on plants colonized by conspecifics of the same sex compared to uninfested plants, and females showed no preference for plants pre-infested with males compared with uninfested controls. In complementary Y-tube olfactometer assays, virgin and mated males chose arms with odor sources from mated females compared with blank controls in the absence of associated citrus host plant volatiles. In both behavioral assays, mated female D. citri appeared more attractive than virgin females. The vibrational calling behavior of male D. citri was reduced when males were challenged by the odors of conspecific mated females relative to when males were challenged by the odor of other males. Collectively, our results provide behavioral evidence for a female-produced volatile sex attractant pheromone in D. citri . Future identification and synthesis of a sex attractant pheromone will be an important contribution to current monitoring and management practices for D. citri .
COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES TO NEURAL REWARD AND DEVELOPMENT

Despite much progress in brain and cognitive sciences, at-tempts to connect brain function to cognition are hampered by thelarge explanatory gap between psychology and neurobiology. Inrecent years, a neurocomputational perspective has emerged as themost promising approach to integrating brain and mind. Accordingto this perspective, the brain is a special sort of computer, a system ofmany parallel neural networks whose operation underlies cognition.In this paper, we present this neurocomputational perspective andexamine the ways in which this new approach to explaining ourmental skills differs from earlier ones. In particular, we examine itsemerginginsightsintotwodomains.First,weexploretheneurocom-putational approach to decision-making, the adaptive guidance ofbehavior in the satisfaction of life maintenance goals. Decision-making is central to all mobile creatures in an uncertain environ-ment,andthisapproachrevealsasurprisingconservationofdecision-making strategies across many species. We then examine theneurocomputational approach’s new insights into characterizingcognitive development. In particular, this approach offers the newframework of self-organization to characterize the complex interac-tionbetweenneuraldevelopmentalprogramsandtheenvironment,a framework that has important implications for understandingearlyintervention. r
Occlusion of Lumina in Small Arterioles During Vasoconstriction

The microscopic appearance of small arterioles during epinephrine-induced vasoconstriction was studied in the dog mesentery. The tissues were quick-frozen in situ with liquid isopentane, freeze-substituted, and sectioned serially. Obliteration of the lumina of small arterioles during vasoconstriction was demonstrated in both random and serial sections. Endothelial cells, which were ordinarily flattened against the internal elastic membrane, were compressed and deformed during vasoconstriction, so that they protruded into the lumen and often coalesced in the center of the vessel to form a mechanical obstruction to blood flow. Vascular obliteration occurred commonly in very small arterioles, but was observed with diminishing frequency in progressively larger arterioles, and was not identified in vessels large enough to accommodate more than 10 endothelial cells in cross sections. In an ideal cylinder, tension is greatest at the innermost layer, and the gradient of tension across the wall falls off in a nonlinear fashion. These conditions probably do not hold in a functioning arteriole.
EFFECTS OF MICROEMBOLIZATION ON THE SKELETAL MUSCLE BLOOD FLOW. A Critique of the Microvascular Occlusion Model of Duchenne Dystrophy

Muscle blood flow (MBF) during exercise was determined in both anterior tibial muscles of 12 rabbits by the local 133-Xe method before and after embolization of 20 to 80 mum dextran particles into the right femoral artery. With a relatively low dose of particles (dry weight: 8.7 mg), MBF was significantly decreased up to 4 days after each embolization, and mild histologic abnormalities were observed in the embolized muscles. A four-fold higher dose resulted in a marked and permanent decrease of the MBF, ischemic necrosis of the distal leg muscles and toe gangrene. In the light of these findings and the previously demonstrated normal MBF in Duchenne dystrophy, the validity of the assumption that Duchenne dystrophy is caused by small vessel occlusions is questioned.
An efficient method for measuring dissipation by dampers in laboratory spans

A measurement method is described for determining the flow of vibration power in laboratory conductor spans. The vibration amplitude and the dynamic slope of the conductor are sensed at an arbitrary spanwise location. Their signals are manipulated by an analog computer to produce voltages that represent independently the travelling waves that convey vibration power forward and backward along the span. Power flow may be calculated from the amplitudes of these waves. The method affords a more favorable combination of accuracy and speed of testing than previous methods. >
RESPONSE OF ANAEROBIC CARBON MINERALIZATION RATES TO SULFATE AMENDMENTS IN A BOREAL PEATLAND

A small body of research suggests that dissimilatory sulfate reduction can affect the carbon balance of peatlands, yet this has not been tested widely, despite the fact that peatlands contain approximately one-third of the global soil carbon pool. Here we evaluate the role of dissimilatory sulfate reduction in a site that receives low atmospheric sulfur deposition. We hypothesized that, in peatlands receiving low sulfate inputs, methane production should dominate anaerobic carbon mineralization. We further hypothesized that with sulfate amendments, anaerobic carbon mineralization could show an overall increase if terminal carbon mineralization in unamended peat is limited by an inadequate supply of electron acceptors. To test these hypotheses, we delineated six 1-m2 plots in an ombrotrophic, boreal peatland in central Alberta, Canada (Bleak Lake Bog), which receives <2 mmol S·m−2·yr−1. Three of the plots were amended with sulfate (78 mmol S·m−2·yr−1). We measured anaerobic rates of sulfate reduction, CH4 production, and CO2 production. In opposition to our hypotheses, sulfate amendments did not increase rates of sulfate reduction, increase CO2 production, or decrease CH4 production over a 2-yr period, but did increase both sulfate pool sizes and residence times. Despite low rates of sulfate reduction compared to other freshwater wetlands, daily average sulfate reduction (1.7 mmol/m2) exceeded regional annual inputs of atmospheric sulfate deposition (1.6 mmol/m2). Between 77% and 99% of reduced sulfate was incorporated into the carbon-bonded sulfur pool, which turns over slowly. The slow turnover rate and comparatively low sulfate reduction rates may be related to the low iron content of the bog peat. Additionally, sulfate reduction initially was sulfate limited in the control plots, but with sulfur amendments, the sulfate limitation was removed; sulfate reduction appeared to be limited by some other factor, possibly labile carbon. Dissimilatory sulfate reduction was more important to total anaerobic carbon mineralization than methane production, although neither process dominated overall anaerobic carbon mineralization (<2% of total). Fermentation appeared to be the dominant anaerobic carbon mineralization pathway at Bleak Lake Bog, yet the mechanisms of how this process affects the carbon balance of peatlands has never been evaluated. Overall, our results suggest that, in at least the short term, soil carbon turnover in peatlands will not be enhanced by increased atmospheric sulfur deposition. If we want to understand the controlling factors on soil carbon storage in sites like Bleak Lake Bog, we should begin to examine anaerobic carbon mineralization via fermentation pathways. Corresponding Editor: J. M. Melack
Stimulant medication for ADHD not associated with subsequent substance use disorders

Commentary on: Humphreys KL, Eng T, Lee SS, et al. Stimulant medication and substance use outcomes: a meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2013;70:740–9.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders of childhood, affecting 3–7% of school-age children.1 Stimulant medication is an effective treatment for childhood ADHD and is well established as a first-line treatment in most clinical settings. However, controversy remains about the potential for stimulant medications to increase susceptibility to later substance use disorders (SUD), possibly by sensitisation of dopamine receptors and altering dopamine neurotransmission associated with addiction.2 ,3 The only previous meta-analysis was published 10 years ago and concluded that children who were treated with stimulant medication for ADHD were significantly less likely to develop SUD.3 The meta-analysis by Humphreys and colleagues represents an … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJAMA%2BPsychiatry%26rft.volume%253D70%26rft.spage%253D740%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1001%252Fjamapsychiatry.2013.1273%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F23754458%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1273&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=23754458&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F19%2F2%2F78.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000322831100014&link_type=ISI
Eyelid Anaphylactic Reaction to Atracurium with General Anesthesia

ABSTRACT Atracurium is a relatively new neuromuscular blocking anesthetic with known histamine release effects which has become popular in ophthalmic anesthesia. This report describes the IV use of Atracurium causing an anaphylactic reaction manifested by localized edema of all four eyelids, conjunctival chemosis and mild laryngeal edema requiring scheduled ptosis and strabismus surgery to be cancelled.
Titanium-Silicon Interactions During Ion Beam Irradiation

As* ion beam irradiation of thin titanium (∼300A) films deposited on silicon substrates at sufficiently high dose and energy has been shown to induce an athermal thin film reaction (as evidenced by insenstivity of the reaction to irradiation current) leading to the formation of a homogeneous titanium subsilicide phase with an extremely smooth interface to the underlying silicon. RBS indicates a stoichiometry of Ti3Si4 for this silicide phase. Subsequent rapid thermal annealing (RTA) of this silicide results in the incorporation of additional silicon leading ultimately to the formation of the stable C-54 TiSi2 phase. Silicided junctions fabricated using a ion beam irradiation show improved sheet resistance uniformity and leakage characteristics when compared with those fabricated using the conventional RTA salicide process.