cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Should Voters Care More about Policy than Character

The dominant political science models of voting portray rational voters as casting their votes based on which candidate is closest to the voter’s ideal policy preference points. This model assumes that voters care more about policy outcomes they think a candidate will enact while in office than a candidate’s character or leadership qualities (and that voters have, ex ante, ideal policy preference points that they can rationally compare with the ideal policy preference points signaled by the candidates). This article asks whether rational voters should behave this way or not by examining whether ideological signals provided in the presidential campaign are predictive of legislation enacted. Specifically, this article examines the important laws passed over the last thirty years to see if the content of this legislation moved public policy in the direction of the supposed policy preferences of the elected president.
Bone Health Assessment using Synthetic Aperture Ultrasound Reflectometry

Bone stress injuries (BSI) are caused by repetitive loading patterns that do not allow adequate time for bone remodeling. These injuries are most prevalent among endurance athletes and military personnel, particularly military recruits. Treatment for BSI usually includes some level of activity modification and, with prescribed recovery times of weeks to months, these injuries impose significant time lost from training or duties. The gold standard method for diagnosing and grading stress injuries is MRI. Ultrasound would be an attractive alternative or supplement for BSI diagnosis and recovery monitoring, since it can be applied at point-of-care locations and repeat scans are safe and relatively low cost. We describe the Image Registered Quantitative Ultrasound (IR-QUS) technique, aimed at evaluating BSI on the basis of surface roughness as an indicator of rapid bone remodeling. IR-QUS collects angle-diverse acoustic measurements on a focal point and detects relative increases in diffusive versus specular scattering. We demonstrate the sensitivity of this method to characterize surface roughness on the scale of tens of microns, and show the feasibility of detecting a localized field of fractures on an ex vivo intact bone sample. Experimental results suggest reliable detection of roughened surfaces with a diffuse-to-specular energy metric that increases by 10 dB relative to smooth regions.
Generalized Onsager Principle and It Applications

We review the established nonequilibrium thermodynamical principle based on the Onsager linear response theory for irreversible processes, known as the Onsager principle for dissipative systems, firstly. We present it in two different forms: (1) the constructive formulation of the Onsager principle encompassing the kinetic equation, the reciprocal relation on the mobility and the maximum entropy principle; (2) the variational formulation in which the Onsager-Machlup action potential is maximized, or equivalently the Rayleighian is minimized in the isothermal case. Then, we generalize the Onsager principle in its constructive form to allow both reversible and irreversible processes to be modeled as well as mobility coefficient dependent on thermodynamical variables, which is termed the generalized Onsager principle (GOP). We carry out derivations of a plethora of thermodynamical and generalized hydrodynamical theories using the Onsager principle and the generalized Onsager principle to demonstrate their usefulness in establishing new models for nonequilibrium thermodynamical systems.
Analysis of Anode Current From a Thermionic Cathode With a 2-D Work Function Distribution

A model of a thermionic cathode in a planar diode in which the Poisson and Vlasov equations are solved in 3-D assuming an infinite magnetic field is presented. We explore how 2-D work function variations across the cathode surface may affect the transition between temperature-limited and space-charge-limited flow, commonly known as the “knee” of the Miram curve. We study a variety of work function distributions, both realistic and idealized, and demonstrate how emission from the lowest work function regions dominates the total anode current even when such regions make up a relatively small fraction of cathode area. Our model also illustrates the ability of cathodes to reach the full Child–Langmuir current despite the presence of a sizeable nonemitting region. We find that as the length scale of these work function variations decreases, the Miram knee grows sharper, indicating improved cathode performance.
Alcoholic hepatitis

Alcoholic hepatitis is a common clinical problem confronting gastroenterologists and hepatologists alike. The fundamental issue regarding treatment of this disease is its recognition on the part of the physician. Chronic alcohol abuse, fever, leukocytosis, jaundice, and encephalopathy are key symptoms and signs that should prompt consideration of this diagnosis. Nutrition and abstinence from alcohol are the cornerstones of therapy. In addition, management of seriously ill, hospitalized patients should include prophylaxis for withdrawal and delirium tremens. Alcoholic hepatitis (AH) induces a profound catabolic state, resulting in net negative nitrogen balance. In part, because of malnutrition, AH carries a considerably high mortality rate. Therefore, nutrition remains a key aspect of therapy. In the absence of encephalopathy and in the presence of a functioning gastrointestinal tract, oral intake or nasogastric feedings should be given. If the gastrointestinal tract cannot be used (ie, because of paralytic ileus), then total parenteral nutrition is absolutely essential for recovery. A select subset of patients, based on multiple clinical trials and several meta-analyses, can be treated with corticosteroids provided that the patient does not have active gastrointestinal bleeding and does not have an active infection. The subset of patients with AH who should receive corticosteroids is based on calculation of a modified Maddrey discriminant function, which incorporates the patient’s prothrombin time and total serum bilirubin as variables in this equation. Generally, a 4-week course of prednisone or prednisolone is administered. D-penicillamine, colchicine, anabolic steroids, propylthiouracil, and antioxidants have not been shown to be effective in AH and cannot be recommended. After acute illness, patients should be discharged to an inpatient alcohol rehabilitation unit to ensure continued abstinence.
Bayesian inference of elastic constants and texture coefficients in additively manufactured cobalt-nickel superalloys using resonant ultrasound spectroscopy

Abstract Bayesian inference with sequential Monte Carlo is used to quantify the orientation distribution function coefficients and to calculate the fully anisotropic elastic constants of additively manufactured specimens from only the experimentally-measured resonant frequencies. The parallelizable and open-source SMCPy Python package enabled Bayesian inference within this new modeling framework, resulting in an order of magnitude reduction of the computation time for an 8-core machine. Residual stress-induced shifts on the resonant frequencies were explicitly accounted for during the Bayesian inference, enabling the estimation of their effect on the resonant frequencies without a stress-relief heat treatment. Additively manufactured cobalt-nickel-base superalloy (SB-CoNi-10C) specimens were sectioned at multiple inclinations relative to the build direction and scanned with resonant ultrasound spectroscopy to demonstrate characterization of any arbitrarily textured cubic microstructure through the resonant frequencies. The orientation distribution function coefficients of the textured polycrystalline microstructure were estimated in tensorial form to calculate both the 2nd order Hashin-Shtrikman bounds and the self-consistent estimate of the elastic constants, enabling accurate determination of all 21 possible independent elastic constants through the convergence constraints of the texture. Pole figures generated directly from the calculated texture coefficients showed good agreement with experimentally measured textures.
Isoenzyme polymorphism in flowering plants-VIII.

Abstract The isoenzyme characteristics of several enzymes in barley ( Hordeum vulgare ) var. Blanco Mariout, in relation to tissue differences at an early stage of plant development were studied. Extracts of root, coleoptile, and the first leaf of 8-day-old seedlings were analyzed by the use of starch and polyacrylamide horizontal gel electrophoresis techniques. The isoenzyme patterns of the following enzymes were studied: peroxidases, catalases, esterases, acid and alkaline phosphatases, leucine aminopeptidases, amylases, and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminases. The data regarding the similarities and differences in the isoenzyme composition of the enzymes in the three tissues are presented.
The Role of Transfer Ribonucleic Acid in the Pyrophosphate Exchange Reaction of Arginine-Transfer Ribonucleic Acid Synthetase

Abstract An arginine-activating enzyme purified from Escherichia coli does not catalyze the exchange of pyrophosphate and adenosine triphosphate except in the presence of the transfer ribonucleic acid capable of accepting arginine. The back reaction, in which arginyl-tRNA reacts with adenylic acid and pyrophosphate, proceeds at about the same rate as the forward reaction. The back reaction is inhibited only slightly by components of the forward reaction, but the forward reaction is strongly inhibited by pyrophosphate. An isotope-trapping experiment showed that free arginyl-tRNA was not formed in the presence of pyrophosphate. It is suggested that tRNA serves as an activator of the arginine-activating enzyme.
Assessment of Fire-Safety Symbols

Twenty-five internationally proposed symbols for fire-safety alerting were evaluated for understandability by 91 U.S. participants. Three modes of symbol presentation (slides, placards, and booklet...
Blood coagulation sensing at the point of care

We describe a new optical coagulation sensing approach termed Optical Thromboelastography (OTEG) that measures a patient's coagulation status using a drop of blood. In OTEG, laser speckle intensity fluctuations are analyzed during clotting to measure the viscoelastic properties of blood during coagulation and recover information about multiple coagulation metrics within minutes. This technology addresses the critical unmet need to identify and manage patients with an elevated risk of life-threatening hemorrhage, the major cause of in-hospital preventable death. In addition, this innovation may enable rapid coagulation testing for patients who routinely receive oral anticoagulants to prevent venous and arterial thrombosis, the world's number one killer.
HubSpot: Inbound Marketing and Web 2.0 (TN)

This case introduces the concept of inbound marketing, pulling customer prospects toward a business through the use of Web 2.0 tools and applications like blogging, search engine optimization, and social media. Students follow the growth of HubSpot, an entrepreneurial venture which, in its quest for growth, faces significant challenges including: developing market segmentation and targeting strategies to decide which customer to serve and which to turn away, configuring pricing strategies to align with the value delivery stream customers experience, and determining whether inbound marketing programs can generate enough scale or whether traditional outbound marketing methods need to be employed to accelerate growth.
Electrochemical Generation and Reactions of Ferrylmyoglobins in Water and Microemulsions

Ferrylmyoglobin species, which are active oxidant forms of the protein myoglobin, were obtained by electrochemical reduction of metmyoglobin [MbFeIII] in the presence of oxygen in aqueous neutral buffer and in microemulsions of oil, water, and cationic surfactant. Reduction of myoglobin at −0.4 V vs SCE catalyzed the reduction of oxygen to hydrogen peroxide at the electrode. Hydrogen peroxide oxidizes metmyoglobin in solution to give the radical ferrylmyoglobin •X−MbFeIVO, which is known to decay rapidly to the non-radical MbFeIVO. This complex reduction−oxidation process converted nearly all of the 30 μM myoglobin in a spectroelectrochemical cell to ferrylmyoglobins in 15 min in pH 7.3 buffer and in 18 min in microemulsions. Characteristic ferryl heme absorbance bands near 421, 548, and 584 nm were used to identify products. Confirmation of ferrylmyoglobins was provided by reductions to metmyoglobin with ascorbate and by myoglobin-mediated electrochemical epoxidation of styrene. Fiftyfold higher yields o...
Inhibition of ras-induced germinal vesicle breakdown in Xenopus oocytes by rap-1B.

Abstract A cDNA clone (Krev-1) has recently been identified that possesses the ability to reverse the transformed phenotype when introduced into a K-ras-transformed NIH 3 T 3 cell line. The Krev-1 protein, also known as rap-1A, was found to share 50% homology with the ras proteins. The rap-1A protein has also been shown to block the interaction of ras with its GTPase activating protein in vitro, leading to speculation regarding its role in vivo. A closely related protein, rap-1B, has also been identified in platelets, human erythroleukemia cells, neutrophils, and aortic smooth muscle cells. Unlike rap-1A, rap-1B has been shown to be phosphorylated in platelets. Given the high degree of similarity between the amino acid sequences of rap-1A and rap-1B, we sought to investigate the effect of microinjected rap-1B on H-ras(Val12)-induced germinal vesicle breakdown in Xenopus laevis oocytes. In this assay system, equimolar concentrations of rap-1B were found to block germinal vesicle breakdown triggered by the oncogenic ras protein. However, in the presence of IGF-1, this inhibition was not observed. Moreover, rap-1B is readily phosphorylated in the oocyte.
Customizable, scalable and reliable community-based mobile health interventions

In pursuance of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) set by United Nations in 2000, both Community Based Participatory Research (CBPR) and Mobile Health (mHealth) have proved to be a great tool for advancements in patient monitoring, emergency care and community empowerment. Rapid proliferation of mobile telephony in low income, rural and underserved populations in the absence of other information and communication technology media have prompted the interests of researchers in public health sector. Exploiting mobile communication has resulted in formulation of a dependable and effective socio-technical ecosystem for public health. Whereas, involving academic researchers and community partners to collaborate and develop social and computational models, Community Based Participatory Research (CBPR) approach targets building communication, trust and capacity, with the final goal of increasing community participation in the research process. CBPR is a collaborative approach to research which equitably involves all partners in the research process for betterment of the targeted community. In this paper we present a conceptual and implementation architecture for conducting mHealth assisted community-based interventions. The framework allows CBPR partners to customize the system and design interventions around locale, technology, geographic, scale, and nonetheless social and cultural aspects. We also present the design of our planned intervention addressing prenatal monitoring of underserved populations in the Andean regions of Peru.
Porphyrin induced Z to B conversion of poly(dG-dC)2 in ethanol.

The water soluble porphyrins H2TMpyP-2, H2TMpyP-4, and CuTMpyP-4 are found to bind to Z-form poly(dG-dC)2 in 60% ethanol (v/v) and to facilitate the conversion of the polymer to the B form. Metalloporphyrins with axial ligands (MnTMpyP-4, ZnTMpyP-4) interact to some degree with the Z form, but do not lead to extensive conversion to the B form. The conversion of the Z form into the B form was determined by CD titration experiments, which were used to quantitate the fraction of poly(dG-dC)2 present in each conformation. Under all conditions each bound porphyrin molecule converts multiple base pairs from Z to B. The kinetics of porphyrin reactions with Z-poly(dG-dC)2 in 60% ethanol were measured using two different detection techniques. Stopped flow spectrophotometry was used to observe the time-dependent spectral changes associated with the porphyrins during the reaction. Time-dependent changes in the poly(dG-dC)2 conformation were observed directly using CD. The porphyrin absorbance changes under the conditions of these experiments have a much shorter half time (t12 ~ 0.1 to 2 sec) than the CD changes (t12 ~ 10 sec). Thus it could be determined that a complex with spectral characteristics similar to those of the porphyrin intercalated into B-form poly(dG-dC)2 is produced while the polymer is predominantly in the Z form.
Control of an induction motor drive fed with a single-phase fed sparse PWM rectifier/inverter

The analysis and high performance control of an induction motor drive actuated with a rectifier/inverter system having a reduced count of switching devices is explained in the paper. The input factor of the single-phase voltage source is controlled to have unity displacement factor using pulsewidth modulation control. The technique for determining the expressions, for the modulation signals for the generation of the PWM pulses, is presented with a unique single-phase current control scheme in the natural reference frame. Confirmatory experimental results are presented in the paper to show unity displacement factor and fast motor speed response.
On seismic resolution of lateral heterogeneity in the Earth's outermost core

Issues concerning resolution of seismically determined outermost core properties are presented with an example from three earthquakes in the Fiji-Tonga region. Travel time behavior of the commonly used family of SmKS waves, which travel as S in the mantle, P in the core, reflecting m − 1 times at the underside of the core-mantle boundary (CMB), are analyzed over a large distance range (125–165°). Data having wavepaths through an area of known D″ heterogeneity (±2%) exhibit systematic anomalies in SmKS differential times. Two-dimensional wave propagation experiments demonstrate how large-scale lower-mantle velocity perturbations can explain long-wavelength behavior of such anomalous SmKS times, though heterogeneity on smaller scales may be responsible for the observed scatter about these trends. If lower-mantle heterogeneity is not properly accounted for in deriving a core model, misfit of the mantle model maps directly into core structure. The existence of outermost core heterogeneity is difficult to resolve at present, owing to uncertainties in global lower-mantle structure. Resolving a one-dimensional chemically stratified outermost core also remains difficult, owing to the same uncertainties. Inclusion of the slowly accruing broadband data should help in this regard. Restricting study to higher multiples of SmKS (m = 2, 3, 4) can help reduce the effect of mantle heterogeneity, because of the closeness of the mantle legs of the wavepaths. SmKS waves are ideal in providing additional information on the details of lower-mantle heterogeneity.
Experimental effect of positive urgency on negative outcomes from risk taking and on increased alcohol consumption.

The current pair of experimental studies sought to further validate the role of positive urgency (acting rashly when in an extreme positive emotional state) as a risk factor for impulsive and maladaptive behavior. Previous research has supported the use of emotion-based dispositions to rash action in predicting a wide range of maladaptive acts. However, that research was conducted in the field and relied on self-reported behavior, thus lacking tight experimental controls and direct observation of risky behaviors. In the 2 experimental studies described here, we found that among college students (1) positive urgency significantly predicted negative outcomes on a risk-taking task following a positive mood manipulation (n = 94), and (2) positive urgency significantly predicted increases in beer consumption following positive mood induction (n = 33). Positive urgency's role was above and beyond previously identified risk factors; these findings, combined with prior cross-sectional and longitudinal field studies, provide support for the role of positive urgency in rash action. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Derivatives of the spectral radius as a function of non -negative matrix elements

Let A = (aij) be a non-negative n × n matrix, that is, aij ≥ 0, i, j = 1, …, n; n > 1. We write A ≥ 0. Let r = r(A) be the spectral radius of A; assume r > 0 throughout to avoid trivial cases. Let be the mth derivative of r with respect to the element aij, all other elements of A being held constant.
Scientific ballooning services

The services available for scientific ballooning are described with special emphasis on the facilities of the NCAR Balloon Flight Station at Palestine, Texas. The preparations for a typical launching, the operations during the launch, the flight and the recovery are described for illustrative purposes. Considerations on the future development of scientific ballooning are given; technological problems for extended flights are considered to be less serious than the political problems.
Against Moral Character Evaluations: The Undetectability of Virtue and Vice

I defend the epistemic thesis that evaluations of people in terms of their moral character as good, bad, or intermediate are almost always epistemically unjustified. (1) Because most people are fragmented (they would behave deplorably in many and admirably in many other situations), one’s prior probability that any given person is fragmented should be high. (2) Because one’s information about specific people does not reliably distinguish those who are fragmented from those who are not, one’s posterior probability that any given person is fragmented should be close to one’s prior—and thus should also be high. (3) Because being fragmented entails being indeterminate (neither good nor bad nor intermediate), one’s posterior probability that any given person is indeterminate should also be high—and the epistemic thesis follows. (1) and (3) rely on previous work; here I support (2) by using a mathematical result together with empirical evidence from personality psychology.
Keep costumes out, keep trains in: defining and defending spaces for “good jobs” in a Rust Belt city

The re-industrialization of brownfields has become an important economic redevelopment strategy in many “Rust Belt” cities, and labor-community coalitions have sought to ensure that such projects bring economic justice through good jobs to inner-city neighborhoods with high rates of unemployment. These coalitions have in many cases succeeded in establishing geographically defined job standards, such as living wage ordinances and community benefits agreements, but few studies have investigated how such “spatial fixes for labor” influence or fail to influence the relocation and investment decisions of firms. In this article, we compare and contrast two efforts to define and defend inner-city brownfields redevelopment projects as spaces for good local jobs in the city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. We find that the influence of spatially defined job standards on relocation decisions varied with the different scales of political engagement and economic mobility involved in each case. In addition, we identify a common political factor in these decisions that previous research in labor geographies has not emphasized: the discursive trivialization of a firm’s primary product. In combination, the two cases suggest that future geographic research on economic justice and the agency of labor and its allies needs to attend both to the complex scalar dimensions of geographically defined job standards and to the roles of nonhuman products in political controversies over redevelopment.
The Politics of Difference: Examining the Quantitative/Qualitative Dualism in Post-Structuralist Feminist Research∗

The potential for using quantitative techniques in feminist post-structuralist research has been obscured by the pervasiveness of the quantitative/qualitative dualism within the discipline. In this paper I discuss the possibility that quantitative approaches may be uncoupled from masculinist versions of science in ways that are consistent with the goals of feminist post-structuralist research. To illustrate these ideas, I explore the politics of counting—both the political power of statistical representations of oppression and also the role of counting in revealing the operation of power relations. My examinations of the persistence of the quantitative/qualitative dualism—despite the potential power of quantitative approaches in feminist work—raise questions about how our academic biographies reinforce these ontological divisions. Specifically, I raise questions about the influence of our academic socialization on our engagement with the particular ontologies we employ and (perhaps) reject.
Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of atomoxetine in adults of known CYP2D6 phenotype

Background/Aims This study was designed to evaluate atomoxetine pharmacokinetics, dose proportionality, and safety in CYP2D6 extensive metabolizer (EM) and poor metabolizer (PM) subjects after single dose and at steady state. Methods Part A: single-blind, placebo-controlled, single-dose escalation design from 10 to 120 mg. Part B: single-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-dose design of 40 mg BID for 7 days. The pharmacokinetics of atomoxetine, 4-hydroxyatomoxetine, and N-desmethylatomoxetine were evaluated using noncompartmental analysis. Safety assessments included adverse events, heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and orthostatic measures. Results Dose proportionality and linearity were shown in both EM and PM. PM had a 10-fold lower clearance and a longer t1/2 than EM subjects (5.23 hr vs. 24.4 hr). HR increases were similar for EM and PM in Part A, while PMs had a maximum HR about 10 bpm higher than EMs in Part B. Conclusions Atomoxetine pharmacokinetics were influenced by the CYP2D6 polymorphism. Orthostatic changes in systolic BP and HR were not clinically significant. The hemodynamic response to atomoxetine was similar across subjects, despite marked differences in exposure due to CYP2D6 polymorphism. EM and PM subjects had similar drug-related adverse event profiles, therefore no dose adjustment is necessary. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 77, P27–P27; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.11.103
Microdata estimation of school expenditure levels: An alternative to the median voter approach

The main purpose of this paper has been to present an alternative approach to estimating individual demand for a local public good; in this case, education. Most empirical studies of the private demand for public goods utilize the median voter framework for preference aggregation to justify the use of median values over geographical areas for the independent variables in the estimation. However, the median voter approach assumes that voter characteristics are well represented by population characteristics and that median or mean values on all independent variables can be used to describe accurately the fictional median voter. We cannot know whether the crucial voter has the median income level or other median characteristics. With the median framework we also have great difficulty in specification of a model containing household characteristics. As an alternative, this paper utilizes actual household observations from a large random sample data set for the independent variables in the estimation. While we have no way of ascertaining whether the observations in our sample are in equilibrium or are for the crucial voters in their jurisdictions, the same problems exist for the median voter representation. We can, however, know that the results are statistically reasonable and that specification and simultaneity problems are greatly reduced relative to the median voter approach.
Celiac syndrome in the case histories of five schizophrenics.

Celiac syndrome in infancy was encountered in the case histories of five young adults diagnosed as having schizophrenia. A review of the literature reveals no previous report linking celiac syndrome and schizophrenia. Other similarities of the five cases were discussed. Speculation as to the psychic and biochemical relationship between celiac syndrome and schizopherenia suggests a basis for additional research.
Colony-forming B cells in F1 hybrid and transplanted CBA/N mice.

Abstract B lymphocytes which form colonies in semisolid cultures were assayed in the F 1 progeny of mutant CBA/N and wild-type CBA/H mice. Male offspring of CBA/N mothers had no clonable B cells, and their heterozygous female litter-mates had approximately half the incidence and total number of colony-forming cells found in age-matched normal CBA/H females. Normal and defective mice were lethally irradiated and grafted with hemopoietic cells from either normal or CBA/N mice. Recipients of CBA/N cells did not regenerate B cells which function in the cloning assay, whereas colony-forming cells returned to a normal incidence in all mice grafted with normal cells. Cytogenetic analysis confirmed that the clonable B cells in reconstituted CBA/N mice were derived from donor CBA/H-T6T6 cells. Newborn CBA/N mice had normal numbers of immunoglobulin-bearing cells, and these subsequently acquired Ia antigens. However, these B cells did not expand to the numbers found in the spleens of normal adult mice. These findings confirm and extend earlier studies of immunodeficient CBA/N mice and suggest that a mutation of a single X-chromosome-borne gene affects the production and/or functional capability of at least one category of virgin B lymphocytes.
Students' Attitudes Toward Teachers' Ethnicity, Bilinguality, and Gender:

Elementary, middle, and high school student attitudes toward teacher ethnicity, bilinguality, and gender were assessed by means of student ratings of 12 hypothetical teachers. The sample consisted of 186 mostly Latino and African American students, ranging in age between 9 and 17years oldandattending eitherEnglish-only orbilingual and English-language-development classrooms in six inner-city schools. ANOVA revealed significant main effects but no interactions between any of the three within-subject variables. Students rated African American, bilingual, andfemale teachers highest. A number of between-subject variables were alsofound to have significant main effects on student attitudes, including language of response, length of U.S. residency, and current teacher's bilinguality. Evidence was found of student preference for same ethnicity teachers but only partial evidence of student preference for same bilinguality teachers. No evidence of student preference for same gender teachers was found. Practice and...
Composition of Sulfur-Containing Components in Onion and Their Flavor Characters

Sulfur-containing components in an ethanol extract and boiled water extract of onion (Allium cepa L.) were analyzed by HPLC. Trans-(+)-S-propenyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide (PeCSO) and its γ-glutamyl peptide (γ-Glu-PeCSO) were the major constituents in the ethanol extract, whereas cycloalliin was the most abundant one in the boiled water extract. The large amount of cycloalliin found in the boiled water extract was mostly derived from PeCSO by heating. PeCSO and γ-Glu-PeCSO showed a characteristic kokumi flavor (continuity, thickness, and mouthfulness) by a sensory test in an umami solution containing 0.05% (w/v) each of monosodium glutamate and disodium inosinate.
Solar wind electron halo depletions at 90° pitch angle

Strong depletions in solar wind electron halo distribution functions, centered on and roughly symmetric about 90° pitch angle, are present in at least 10% of data obtained by the Los Alamos SWEPAM experiment on the ACE spacecraft. Sunward-directed conics are also present in the electron data, occur in conjunction with the 90° depletions, but are less common than depletions. We suggest that on open field lines both depletions and conics arise from focusing and mirroring effects associated with field line connection to magnetic field enhancements farther out in the heliosphere. The focusing and mirroring produces field-aligned, counterstreaming fluxes of suprathermal electrons somewhat similar to that observed on closed field lines. Our observations provide strong evidence that the antisunward-directed portion of the electron halo on open field lines at times results primarily from mirroring of back scattered strahl and/or shock-heated electrons from far out in the heliosphere.
Benefits of bilateral cochlear implantation: a review.

Purpose of review Although unilateral cochlear implantation generally provides good speech understanding under quiet conditions, cochlear implantation patients frequently report difficulty understanding speech when exposed to background noise and with sound localization. Since these two listening functions require binaural stimulation for normal individuals and hearing aid recipients, it is not surprising that there is growing interest in binaural implants. This update reviews the basics of binaural listening and the advantages and disadvantages of binaural cochlear implantation. Recent findings Although the psychoacoustic literature has long demonstrated the benefits of binaural hearing, only recently have studies shown improvement in speech intelligibility with bilateral implants compared with unilateral implants. Of the three known binaural mechanisms, the head shadow effect provides greater benefit than binaural squelch or summation. In addition, binaural cochlear implants improve the ability to localize sound. Summary Bilateral implantation provides multiple benefits to patients with severe to profound hearing loss. Research is currently directed at improving speech intelligibility by utilizing evolving technologies in speech-processing strategies.
Asp-225 and glu-375 in autocatalytic attachment of the prosthetic heme group of lactoperoxidase.

The heme in lactoperoxidase is attached to the protein by ester bonds between the heme 1- and 5-methyl groups and Glu-375 and Asp-275, respectively. To investigate the cross-linking process, we have examined the D225E, E375D, and D225E/E375D mutants of bovine lactoperoxidase. The heme in the E375D mutant is only partially covalently bound, but exposure to H2O2results in complete covalent binding and a fully active protein. Digestion of this mutant shows that the heme is primarily bound through its 5-methyl group. Excess H2O2 increases the proportion of the doubly linked species without augmenting enzyme activity. The D225E mutant has little covalently bound heme and a much lower activity, neither of which are significantly increased by the addition of heme and H2O2. The heme is linked to this protein through a single bond to the 1-methyl group. The D225E/E375D mutant has no covalently bound heme and no activity. A small amount of iron 1-hydroxymethylprotoporphyrin IX is obtained from the wild-type enzyme along with the predominant dihydroxylated derivative. The results establish that a single covalent link suffices to achieve maximum catalytic activity and suggest that the 5-hydroxymethyl bond may form before the 1-hydroxymethyl bond.
NMR difference spectroscopy with a dual saddle-coil difference probe

A new difference probe for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is presented. The difference probe uses two saddle-shaped coils to excite and detect two samples simultaneously. The samples are held in a specially modified 3-mm NMR tube with an Ultem plastic disk to separate the samples. The probe’s resonant circuit contains two crossed diodes that passively switch the relative phase of each coil during the NMR experiment. The result is a difference spectrum from the two samples. The degree of cancellation of common signals was determined to be approximately 90%, and the application of the probe to relaxation-edited difference spectroscopy for identifying protein–ligand interactions was demonstrated using glutathione and glutathione S-transferase binding protein.
Unbias the evaluation of soil hysteresis effects on transport

The comparison of hysteretic with non-hysteretic soils should use an unbiased single mean soil retention curve as a basis for comparison. When such an unbiased comparison is made, the actual effect of hysteresis can be shown to be insignificant in actual vertical soil water movement and transport over longer periods of time. This is in contrast to the implications of the conclusions drawn in the recent work of Vereecken et al. as well as that of Russo et al.
Developing new trends of cutting tool geometry

Abstract The objective of this research is to use an analytical and experimental approach to develop new trends of cutting tool geometry with negative Side Cutting Edge Angle (SCEA). The first task of this research is to conduct experimental tests for different SCEAs, cutting speeds, feed rates and depths of cut. This is accomplished as follows. One set of these experimental results will be used as a feedback to develop new empirical formulae required to predict cutting forces and other machining parameters. A second set of experimental tests will be conducted in this study to ensure the validity of the empirical relationships associated with the mathematical model. The second task is to develop a mathematical model to predict cutting forces for the three dimensional oblique cutting operation. New cutting tools will be proposed by using the results of the expanded mathematical model.
A combinatorial solution of the two-dimensional Ising model

An elementary method which yields the partition function of a two-dimensional Ising model is described. The method is purely combinatorial and does not involve any of the algebraic apparatus used in this connection by Onsager and Kaufman.
Critical phenomena and phase transition of perovskite — data for NaMgF3 perovskite. Part II

Abstract The crystal structure of NaMgF 3 perovskite is observed to transform directly from orthorhombic ( Pbnm ) to cubic ( Pm 3 m ) at a temperature of T c = 765°C. Superlattice diffractions associated with in-phase and anti-phase octahedral tilts vanish simultaneously at the transition temperature. The intensities of the superlattice diffractions, the atomic displacements, and the octahedral tilts follow a Landau type of critical behavior as the temperature approaches T c . The structural phase transition in NaMgF 3 perovskite can be modelled as a tricritical ferroelastic phase transition. The octahedral tilts θ and φ represent the primary order parameters of the phase transition, and the coupling between these two order parameters are observed to be bi-quadratic. The spontaneous strain for the m 3 m F mmm ferroelastic species is derived in terms of lattice parameters and its relation to the ferroelastic species m 3 m F4/ mmm and 4/ mmm F mmm are discussed. It is demonstrated experimentally that the coupling between the spontaneous strain and the octahedral tilts of perovskites is in a linear-quadratic form. Excess physical properties (thermal expansion and heat capacity, etc.) are observed to have a λ-anomaly during the structural phase transition in NaMgF 3 perovskite, and are considered to be directly associated with the excess Gibbs free energy.
Neurogenesis response to hypoxia-induced cell death: map kinase signal transduction mechanisms

Hypoxic stress induces apoptosis of hippocampal CA1 neurons while selectively sparing those in CA2-3. Proliferation and differentiation of local stem cells may potentially replace lost neurons. We examined MAP kinase signaling regulation of these dual responses. Rat organotypic hippocampal cultures were exposed to hypoxia for up to 6 h followed by reoxygenation. JNKs and ERKs were maximally activated by 4 h, returning approximately to basal levels by 6 h. Apoptosis of CA1 neurons was maximal by 6-h hypoxia, although JNK activation had returned to basal levels. A neuroprotective protein, JNK-interacting protein 1 (JIP1), an inhibitor of JNK-mediated apoptosis, was reduced by 6-h hypoxia and markedly decreased by 24-h reoxygenation in CA1 neurons as was DENN/MADD, which also modulates JNK-mediated cell death. A second peak of ERK1 activation occurred at 24-h reoxygenation and declined to control levels by 48 h. Stem cells were detected by antinestin and cell proliferation confirmed with anti-PCNA immunohistochemistry and BrdU incorporation. With U0126, an inhibitor of ERK activation, BrdU labeling was strikingly reduced implicating ERKs in the proliferation response. Antidoublecortin (DCX), which detects neural progenitor cells, colabeled a subset of BrdU-positive cells that extended from the dentate granule neurons into CA1. Astrocytes were colabeled with BrdU. Thus, hypoxia concurrently triggered both JNK and ERK signaling, and with reoxygenation, ERK1 activation and stem cell proliferation followed by neuronal progenitor cell differentiation and targeted migration to the site of pyramidal neuronal loss.
Sources of intraspecific variation in sperm precedence in red-flour beetles

Sperm precedence, defined as nonrandom differential fertilization success among mating males, is likely to play a fundamental role in mediating male reproductive success in species with multiply mating females (Parker 1970a). The phenomenon of differential sperm usage from consecutive matings has now been documented across an extraordinary diversity of animal groups, including insects, spiders, birds, fish, reptiles, bats, and primates (review in Smith 1984). These studies typically have measured species-specific sperm precedence as mean P2 values, calculated as the mean proportion of eggs fertilized by the second of two mates (Boorman and Parker 1976; Gwynne 1984). However, nearly all species show an extremely wide, and as yet unexplained, range of variation around these mean P2 values (table 3; see also, e.g., Schlager 1960; Fincke 1984; Nakano 1985). This intraspecific variability may be due to random variation, to differences among males in the competitive ability of their sperm, or to female sperm preference. Further examination of such variation may contribute substantially to our understanding of the evolutionary significance of sperm precedence. Our intent in this study was to examine the sources of variation in sperm precedence by sequentially mating pairs of males with replicate females. We used the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), measuring P2 values and several behavioral and morphological traits in an attempt to understand the mechanisms underlying differences in sperm precedence.
Maux et mots de la guerre dans la littérature congolaise contemporaine (1999-2010)

Le declin de Mobutu et l’avenement de Kabila (1997) ont ete relayes par une serie de nouvelles rebellions croisees (RCD, MLC, CNDP, M23, etc.). Ces phenomenes effervescents ont marque, surtout a l’Est, une ere d’apocalypse peinte dans maints genres de la litterature congolaise contemporaine - du triptyque classique prose-poesie-theâtre aux genres « mineurs » (bande dessinee, caricature et musique populaire). Cet article examine comment de 1999 a 2010 ce drame regional et national est vecu sur le double plan de la conscience collective nationale et nationaliste et de la creation artistique. L’etude essentiellement litteraire enrichie par une approche d’analyse du discours et des considerations historiques s’appuie sur un corpus de 22 volumes dus a 16 auteurs representatifs congolais. Il s’avere qu’a l’expression d’angoisses et diverses violences subies du fait des guerres interminables s’ajoute le proces des regimes mobutiste et kabiliste. Cette litterature « apagogique », critique ou hagiographique epouse a la fois diverses formes; elle decrit les affres de la guerre, des souffrances, des miseres et s’affirme comme un discours de resistance interne et externe, de patriotisme, d’humanisme, de paix, d’esperance et de joie de vivre relative.
Sachiko Corporation: A Case in International Financial Statement Analysis

Sachiko is a comprehensive case on financial statement analysis within an international context. Upon reviewing the financial statements and relevant footnotes of Sachiko Corporation, a Japanese company, and U.S.‐based Radiance Inc., you are required to restate the two companies' financials to evaluate whether the revised ratios are consistent with each company's strategy and business environment and, subsequently, to recommend the better investment prospect. The case provides a forum for you to examine the role of environmental differences (cultural, institutional, business, and financial reporting) in interpreting the risk and profitability ratios in an international context.
Equivalence of the projected structure of thin catalase crystals preserved for electron microscopy by negative stain, glucose or embedding in the presence of tannic acid.

Abstract Thin crystals of beef liver catalase have been examined by electron microscopy following various preservation procedures. In the first part of this investigation, micrographs of three principal projections were obtained from thin sections of micro-crystals embedded in the presence of tannic acid. Computer reconstructions confirmed the space group assignment of P212121 and permitted the packing arrangement of the catalase tetramers to be deduced to a resolution of about 20 A. These results corroborate the packing model for this crystal form proposed by Unwin (1975) on the basis of molecular modeling of one projection. In the second part of this investigation, the projected structures of the thin crystals in various preserving media were compared. The negative contrasting of crystals embedded in the presence of tannic acid was confirmed by direct comparison with nonembedded, negatively stained thin platelet crystals. In addition, good agreement at 20 A resolution was observed between the structure of negatively stained crystals and the structure of crystal platelets preserved in glucose and examined by lowdose methods, while moderate agreement was established with the published data of Taylor (1978) for crystals embedded in thin ice films. Tannic acid alone was also found to serve as a suitable medium for preserving catalase crystals to a resolution of 3.7 A as judged by electron diffraction. Overall, we demonstrate that projections obtained from thin sections of catalase crystals embedded in the presence of tannic acid can provide a reliable, negatively contrasted representation of the protein structure to 20 A resolution. Examination of sectioned crystals could thus provide a useful adjunct to X-ray crystallographic studies of protein crystals and three-dimensional reconstruction of crystal thin sections should ultimately be possible.
Respiratory Uncoupling by UCP1 and UCP2 and Superoxide Generation in Endothelial Cell Mitochondria

Mitochondria represent a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), particularly during resting or state 4 respiration wherein ATP is not generated. One proposed role for respiratory mitochondr...
Heterodyne detection of 310-Mbit/s quadriphase-shift keying using a fourth-power optical phase-locked loop

We report on an experimental synchronous heterodyne receiver for quadriphase-shift keying (QPSK)based on a fourth- power optical phase-locked loop. In detection of 310-Mbit/s QPSKwe have achieved a receiver sensitivity of 104 photons/bit. An optical QPSK system with homodyne or heterodyne detection requires, for a given bit rate, approximately half the optical and electrical bandwidth of its BPSK counterpart.1 QPSK systems are far less sensitive to degradation by chromatic dispersion than are BPSK or MSK systems of the same bit rate.2 Heterodyne receivers for QPSK combine the signal and local- oscillator (LO) light in a 3-dB coupler and require only a single balanced detector, whereas homodyne receivers3 require a 90° optical hybrid and two balanced detectors.