cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sustainability and product life cycle management – issues and challenges

It is beyond arguing that our society needs to move to sustainable development. To achieve this, engineering, business and policy have to change their thinking. In this paper, key concepts that need to be considered and adopted in order to make any progress to sustainability. Specifically, life cycle assessment, closed-loop material flows, user behaviour and systems modelling are highlighted as key issues. An example of systems modelling in the context of a transportation system is given to illustrate to potential of applying available modelling tools from the PLM community to sustainability.
The abundance of244Pu in the early solar system

Abstract The abundance ratio 244 Pu 238 U at the time the St. Severin meteorite began to retain xenon has been determined to be0.0127±0.0026 by a method involving only xenon isotope ratio measurements.
Hot luminescence and resonant Raman scattering from ZnTe:O

The first resonant light-scattering experiments and calculations have been successfully performed on substitutional oxygen impurities in ZnTe. The complete secondary emission spectrum consisting of ordinary luminescence, hot luminescence, and resonant Raman scattering has been measured at 10K. A Kramers-Heisenberg theory of light scattering was used to predict this spectrum from the electron-phonon spectral density- of-states D(E) obtained from the luminescence data.
Tetracycline-Induced Steatosis in Primary Canine Hepatocyte Cultures

Abstract Primary hepatocyte cultures prepared from male beagle dog liver were used to determine susceptibility of the canine liver to tetracycline-induced steatosis. The effects of the drug on mitochondrial lipid metabolism and intracellular triglyceride accumulation were monitored at the same time that steatosis was detected by light microscopy and quantitated using lipid-specific stains. Exposure of primary canine hepatocyte cultures to tetracycline for 24–48 h resulted in concentration-dependent, significant increases in the Oil Red O-stained lipid inclusions. Microscopic examination of the total stained areas suggested that increases over control levels were due primarily to the increase in the size of the lipid inclusions rather than in the number. Biochemical analyses for triglyceride content and histological staining with Nile red, another neutral lipid-specific dye, confirmed a specific increase in intracellular triglyceride following a 24-h exposure to noncytotoxic levels of tetracycline. β-oxidation studies based on the oxidation of [ 14 C]palmitic acid or [ 14 C]palmitoyl carnitine demonstrated a concentration-dependent inhibition of mitochondrial but not peroxisomal β-oxidation in hepatocytes after a 24-h exposure to tetracycline. In vitro incubation of tetracycline with mitochondria isolated from dog liver showed similar, concentration-dependent inhibition. This study clearly indicates that the canine hepatocyte is susceptible to tetracycline-induced steatosis. Triglyceride accumulation was concomitant with the inhibition of mitochondrial lipid metabolism, indicating that this is a primary mechanism leading to steatosis in dog hepatocytes following tetracycline exposure.
Abinitio study of cyanogen: The X̃ 1Σ+g, ã 3Σ+u, B̃ 1Δu, and C̃ 1Πu states

An ab initio multiconfiguration Hartree–Fock (MCHF) study of the X 1Σ+g, a 3Σ+u, B 1Δu, and C 1Πu states of cyanogen (C2N2) is presented. Equilibrium structures, harmonic vibrational frequencies, excitation energies, and dissociation energies have been calculated and found to be in semiquantitative agreement with available experimental data. This study confirms the π → π* character of C2N2 (a 3Σ+u) and C2N2 (B 1Δu), and the n → π* character of C2N2 (C 1Πu) near their equilibrium structures. Configuration mixing among the n and π electrons is needed to correct the broken symmetry description given by the Hartree–Fock (HF) method, and leads to a qualitatively correct representation of these states. For C2N2 (a 3Σ+u) and C2N2 (B 1Δu), the harmonic force constants show a strong through‐bond interaction which is due to the dominance of the charge transfer configuration +NCCN−. For C2N2 (C 1Πu) the trans‐bending vibrational mode and the cis‐bending mode lead to different Renner–Teller splittings: the ...
DC photoconductivity study of semi-insulating Cd1−xZnxTe crystals

Room temperature direct current (DC) photocurrents were measured for detector grade Cd1−xZnxTe (CZT) crystals in the spectral range of 400–1000 nm as a function of light intensity and voltage. The photocurrent data were analyzed and fit to a theoretical model to extract the electrical transport properties for high-resistivity detector grade CZT material. Using the DC photocurrent measurements, the mobility-lifetime () products and the surface recombination velocities for both electrons and holes were measured. For this study the CZT detectors had Au contacts, and the surfaces were treated in a standard 5% bromine in methanol etching solution. The correlation of the DC photocurrent measurements and detector performance is also reported.
Cognitive engagement variations among students of different ability level and sex in a computer problem solving game

The study investigated the cognitive engagement processes used by more and less successful learners in a computer problem solving game. These engagement variations were also related to sex and ability differences among students. Performance and engagement were monitored interactively as students learned a computer problem solving game; student comments and notes were also recorded. Results showed the records of more and less successful students to be distinguished by the spontaneous use of self-regulated learning processes — a sophisticated form of cognitive engagement. More successful students also appeared to shift cognitive engagement levels in response to computer game feedback. Success on the computer task and cognitive engagement variations were correlated with student differences in both ability and sex in this sample.
Some comparative marine chemistries of platinum and iridium

Abstract Iridium has seawater concentrations about one hundred times less than those of platinum, as a consequence of its weaker complexing abilities with halides and of a stronger tendency to hydrolyze. Iridium, like platinum, is enriched in some ferromanganese minerals compared to palladium. Platinum and iridium are probably oxidized during mineral formation from the divalent and trivalent states, respectively, to the tetravalent ones. The pelagic sediment contents of irridium, as well as those of platinum, are related to the manganese contents. For higher platinum contents of the authigenic ferromanganese minerals the Pt/Ir ratios approach the seawater ratio suggesting little dilution by platinum and iridium in detrital minerals. The marked enrichments of platinum and iridium in the ferromanganese concretions enhance their value as potential ores for heavy metals.
Improving Employee Selection With a Revised Resume Format

This study investigates the acceptance of a prototype resume that includes candidate personality assessment information. Data were obtained from hiring managers and human resource professionals in ...
The generality of gesture-speech mismatch as an index of transitional knowledge: Evidence from a control-of-variables task☆

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to explore the proposed diagnostic role of gesture-speech mismatches as an index of transitional knowledge (Church & Golden-Meadow 1986; Perry, Church, & Goldin-Meadow 1988). A group of forty-three 15-year-olds was videotaped while working on a control-of-variables task. The prediction from the earlier work would be that those subjects with a transitional mastery of the isolation-of-variables strategy would show greater gesture-speech mismatch during explanations of their testing than would subjects with consolidated mastery, or subjects exhibiting no access to the strategy. Gestural and spoken references to potential causal variables were coded independently. Although individual differences were evident in several indices of the frequency of gesture-speech mismatches, there was no evidence of any relation between these measures and measures of the status of subjects' knowledge of the control-of-variables strategy. Possible explanations for the discrepancy between the present findings and those of past studies are discussed in terms of the differing conceptual domains tapped by the two tasks and in terms of the types of gestures elicited by the tasks.
β-Glucuronidase Is an Optimal Normalization Control Gene for Molecular Monitoring of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

Quantitative monitoring of breakpoint cluster region (BCR)-Abelson kinase (ABL) transcripts has become indispensable in the clinical care of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. Because quantity and quality of RNA in clinical samples are highly variable, a suitable internal normalization control is required for accurate BCR-ABL quantification. However, few studies have examined suitability of the control genes using criteria relevant to residual disease testing. In this study, we evaluated a number of control genes with the application of several novel criteria, including control gene performance on serial patient sample testing and in a residual disease model. We also examined expression of the control genes in BCR-ABL-positive K562 cells in response to Gleevec treatment. We found that β-glucuronidase is the best control gene among those studied. Importantly, ABL, a widely used control gene, generates misleading BCR-ABL changes that potentially affect the clinical management of chronic myelogenous leukemia patients.
Foliar production and decomposition rates in urban forests invaded by the exotic invasive shrub, Lonicera maackii

Exotic invasive shrubs can form dense monocultures in forest understories, which can have cascading effects on ecosystem structure and function. Amur honeysuckle, an exotic shrub that forms dense canopies in eastern forests, has the potential to alter plant community structure and ecosystem functions, such as primary production and decomposition. The goal of this study was to examine foliar productivity and leaf litter decomposition in forests invaded by Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) and to determine the extent to which the presence of this dominant exotic species may alter ecosystem function in these forests. We found that forests invaded by Amur honeysuckle had 16 times greater honeysuckle foliar biomass and 1.5 times lower total foliar biomass than forests of equivalent tree basal area, but having few honeysuckle shrubs. This suggests that productivity of native tree and shrub species may be reduced where honeysuckle density is high. Additionally, honeysuckle litter decayed four times faster and released nitrogen more rapidly than sugar maple litter, and sugar maple litter decayed 19% faster in forests invaded by Amur honeysuckle. These findings suggest that forests invaded by Amur honeysuckle may exhibit lower rates of organic matter accrual and less nitrogen retention in the forest floor. Since honeysuckle leaves develop in early spring before those of other shrubs or trees in the area, the rapid release of nitrogen from honeysuckle litter that we measured in early spring is timed to benefit this invasive species. The temporally coincident phenologies of nitrogen release during decomposition with the foliar growth needs of this shrub indicates that a potential positive feedback loop may exist between these processes that promotes continued growth and dominance of honeysuckle shrubs in these forested systems.
Shame Reactions to Everyday Dilemmas are Associated with Depressive Disorder

This study examined whether emotional reactions to everyday dilemmas are associated with depressive disorders in a sample of 195 undergraduates. Depressive disorder was assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID). Compared to controls, individuals in current depressive episodes, as well as individuals with a past history of depressive disorder who were in remission, reported more shame in response to both hypothetical interpersonal and real life everyday dilemmas. In contrast, guilt was not significantly associated with depressive disorder. These results raise the possibility that everyday dilemmas and shame responses may play important roles in depressive disorders.
Comparison of McCarthy and Goodenough-Harris Scoring Systems for Kindergarten Children's Human Figure Drawings.

Summary.4mpariso n of the Goodenough-Harris and McCarthy scoring procedures for 60 kindergarten children's drawings yielded substantial agreement between the two scoring systems. The streamlined McCarthy scoring system should be utilized when large numbers of children are being evaluated within short periods of time. The growing interest in and increased importance placed on identifying young children who may subsequently experience learning and adjustment problems is well documented (7, 7). The inclusion of human figure drawings as part of screening and assessment batteries, e.g., Gesell School Readiness tests (3), McCarthy Scale of Children's Abilities (5), the Metropolitan Readiness Test, and the First Grade Screening Test (6), attests to the popularity of this test as an important component in assessing potential learning and adjustment problems. Further, individual psycho-educational evaluations of children typically include human figure drawing tests (7). The empirical research on the interpretation of children's human figure drawings has also shown a corresponding increase ( 1 ) . There are several scoring systems for children's drawings that permit quantitative and qualitative decisions. Two of the more widely used systems are the GoodenoughHarris procedures (2) and the McCarthy system (5). Kaufman and Kaufman (4) note both are valuable and indicate that the Goodenough-Harris system which has separate procedures for evaluating drawings of males and females permits a more thorough analysis and supplements the McCarthy scoring procedures when emotional problems may be suspected. The practice of using both scoring systems to increase the amount and type of information available from children's figure drawings suggests that the two scoring systems, while related, will be sufficiently different to justify the time and effort necessary to complete the additional scoring by the Goodenough-Harris procedures. This study examined the inter-scorer reliability and correlation of the Goodenough-Harris and McCarthy scoring systems for a group of kindergarten children. The children were 60 (17 Mexican-American and 13 white female and 14 Mexican-American and 16 white male) kindergarten students whose mean age was 69 mo., standard deviation of 5.2 mo. They were from a semi-rural school district in the Southwestern United States. This sample was randomly chosen from all 231 children attending kindergarten The human figure-drawing test was individually administered to all kindergarten children during the last 2 wk. of the school year as part of a larger screening battery. Trained teachers' aides and kindergarten teachers conducted the screening; the administration of the drawings occurred at any time in the screening process.
Colonel Neilson: Salt Merchant

From the large collection of "Neilson Papers" deposited in the Rutgers University Library, Professor Thompson has extracted a story of the efforts made by the New Jersey patriots to keep the Revolutionary Army supplied with one of the most commonplace and most essential of the sinews of war, i.e., salt. Colonel Neilson served as a trustee of Queen's College from 1782 until his death in 1833. His life is thus intimately connected both with the founding of the United States and with the early development of Rutgers University.
Strategic Management in Small Metal Job Shops in Sweden and the U.S.

AbstractStrategic management can be defined as an ongoing process to analyze and learn from the internal and external environments, in order to establish direction and create strategies that help to achieve business goals. Strategic management is defined in different ways and interpreted from different perspectives in the literature. Strategic management theories provide different tools for analysis and for helping managers to make the best decisions in order to reach desired goals. In this article, I discuss management in small metal job shops and how the managers use available tools, as related to strategic management theories. The discussion is based on case studies in about 30 small companies in Sweden and the U.S. and shows that management in small firms in many ways diverges from the theoretical concepts.
Efficacy and Safety of Drugs Available for the Treatment of Nocturnal Enuresis

Nocturnal enuresis is a symptom which causes distress in children and concern in parents. In order to prevent secondary emotional problems, enuresis deserves intervention. Treatment options can address several mechanisms. Urine production can be decreased by use of desmopressin treatment or fluid restrictions. Functional bladder size can be increased using imipramine treatment or bladder stretching exercises. While desmopressin and imipramine may have similar efficacy, desmopressin is a superior drug in terms of safety. Dryness also can be achieved by learning to wake at night using self-awakening programmes or enuresis alarms. Enuresis alarms continue to have the highest efficacy and the lowest relapse rate. Combined programmes using alarms and medication together can bring successful outcomes to most children.
Low Periconceptional Maternal Serum Thymosin α1 Levels Are Associated With Blighted Pregnancies

OBJECTIVE The thymus-derived peptides, thymosin alpha 1 and thymosin beta 4, are believed to contribute to the maintenance of immune homeostasis. They are also associated with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-gonadal axis and may play a role in reproduction. STUDY DESIGN Patients were recruited from a university hospital setting. Eligible candidates were 24 to 38 years old who were being seen in an ovulation induction and in vitro fertilization program. Serial maternal serum thymosin alpha 1 and beta 4 levels were assayed preconceptual and then twice in the first trimester by ELISA in 28 women with known ovulation dates who successfully conceived as demonstrated by positive serum beta human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Thymosin alpha 1 and beta 4 serum levels for viable pregnancies (group I; N = 19) were compared to pregnancies that aborted (group II; N = 9) using repeated measures of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Periconceptional (preovulatory and early pregnancy) thymosin alpha 1 and beta 4 values between groups I and II were compared using repeated measure one-way ANOVA. RESULTS Thymosin alpha 1 levels from pregnancies that remained viable were significantly higher than those from pregnancies that spontaneously aborted. Preovulation thymosin alpha 1 levels also tended to be lower in pregnancies that subsequently aborted. Thymosin beta 4 levels were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSION Decreased maternal serum thymosin alpha 1 levels may be associated with periconceptional endocrine and/or immune disturbances preceding miscarriage.
Evolution of programmable zinc finger-recombinases with activity in human cells

Site-specific recombinases are important tools for genomic engineering in many living systems. Applications of recombinases are, however, constrained by the DNA targeting endemic of the recombinase used. A tremendous range of recombinase applications can be envisioned if the targeting of recombinase specificity can be made readily programmable. To address this problem we sought to generate zinc finger-recombinase fusion proteins (RecZFs) capable of site-specific function in a diversity of genetic contexts. Our first RecZF, Tn3Ch15X2, recombined substrates derived from the native Tn3 resolvase recombination site. Substrate Linked Protein Evolution (SLiPE) was used to optimize the catalytic domains of the enzymes Hin, Gin, and Tn3 for resolution between non-homologous sites. One of the evolved clones, GinL7C7, catalyzed efficient, site-specific recombination in a variety of sequence contexts. When introduced into human cells by retroviral transduction, GinL7C7 excised a 1.4 kb EGFP cassette out of the genome, diminishing fluorescence in ∼17% of transduced cells. Following this template of rational design and directed evolution, RecZFs may eventually mediate gene therapies, facilitate the genetic manipulation of model organisms and cells, and mature into powerful new tools for molecular biology and medicine.
Effects of Oxidation of Immobilized Poly(L-Cysteine) on Trace Metal Chelation and Preconcentration

The on-line reversible oxidation of poly(l-cysteine) immobilized on controlled-pore glass (PLC−CPG) was demonstrated using 1% hydrogen peroxide, aerated buffer solution, and Cu(II) as oxidizing agents and dithiothreitol (DTT) as a reducing agent. Cd breakthrough curves on the oxidized forms of PLC−CPG, used as an ion exchanger, revealed that hydrogen peroxide was an effective oxidizing agent for the sulfhydryl groups and eliminated all of the strong binding sites for Cd, while oxidation by aerated water removed only 33% of the total Cd capacity after an 18-h reaction. A Cu(II) breakthrough curve on a partially reduced form of PLC−CPG showed that strong Cu binding sites were present and that the Cu(II) oxidized PLC−CPG, most likely through the binding of Cu(II) to sulfhydryl binding sites, followed by their oxidation to disulfides with the production and likely binding of Cu(I). At least 10% of the bound Cu had to be removed using KCN, which suggested Cu(I) was strongly complexed. Oxidation of PLC−CPG usin...
Pragmatics of LF intervention effects: Japanese and Korean Wh-interrogatives

Abstract This paper presents a pragmatic account for what have come to be known as logical form (LF) intervention effects, based on a wide range of data from Japanese and Korean. Despite their appearance, these effects are not due to structural constraints operative at LF but rather to a less-than-perfect realization of the information structure of interrogative sentences. The potential interveners, which seem to be a random collection of various expressions, are classified as Anti-Topic Items, since they cannot bear the topic marker - wa/(n)un . Although the non-Wh material in a Wh-question must belong to old information, the interveners fail to be interpreted as background material because of their Anti-Topicality when they precede Wh-phrases. The cancellation of the intervention effects with scrambling is derived from the prosodic phrasing that scrambling creates. Moving a Wh-element over an intervener places the intervener in the position of post-focus reduction—a prosodically reduced portion of the sentence. With post-focus reduction, the intervener becomes a part of old information. It will be shown that the proposed analysis not only accounts for core cases of intervention effects, but also makes correct predictions concerning the matrix-subordinate contrast in intervention effects and the special status of negative polarity items (NPIs).
2-[(Diphenylphosphino)methyl]-6-methylpyridine (PN) coordination chemistry at triosmium clusters: Regiospecific ligand activation and DFT evaluation of the isomeric Os3(CO)10(PN) clusters

Abstract The reaction of 2-[(diphenylphosphino)methyl]-6-methylpyridine (PN) with Os3(CO)12−n(MeCN)n [where n = 0 (1), 1 (2), 2 (3)] has been investigated. Os3(CO)12 reacts with PN in the presence of Me3NO to afford the clusters Os3(CO)11(κ1-PN) (4) and 1,2-Os3(CO)10(κ1-PN)2 (5). X-ray diffraction analyses confirm the equatorial coordination of the phosphine(s) in 4 and 5, with the two phosphines in the latter cluster exhibiting a 1,2-trans orientation about the Os–Os vector that contains the two ligands. Treatment of the MeCN-substituted cluster Os3(CO)11(MeCN) and PN (1:1 ratio) in CH2Cl2 gives clusters 4 and 5, in addition to HOs3(η1-Cl)(CO)10(κ1-PN) (6) as a result of competitive activation of the reaction solvent. Cluster 6 contains 48e and the diffraction structure reveals the presence of axial chloride and equatorial phosphine ligands which are located on adjacent osmium atoms. The bridging hydride ligand in 6 spans the Cl,P-substituted Os–Os vector. The reaction of Os3(CO)10(MeCN)2 with PN furnishes 5, 6, and 1,1-Os3(CO)10(κ2-PN) (7) in yields that are dependent on the reagent stoichiometry and reaction solvent. The solid-state structure of 7 confirms the chelation of the PN ligand to a single osmium atom via the pyridine and phosphine moieties at axial and equatorial sites, respectively. The bonding in 7 relative to other possible stereoisomers has been explored by DFT calculations, and the diffraction structure is computed as the thermodynamically most stable form of this cluster. Cluster 4 is photosensitive and CO loss gives 7, in addition to the formation of the dihydride H2Os3(CO)8[μ-CH(NC5H3)CH2PPh2] (8), whose origin derives from the double metalation of the C-6 methyl group of the PN ligand in 7. Photolysis of 7 yields 8 without detectable observation of the expected intermediate hydride HOs3(CO)9[μ-CH2(NC5H3)CH2PPh2]. The PN ligand in 7 undergoes P–C bond activation in toluene at 110 °C to afford the 50e cluster Os3(CO)9(μ-C6H4)(μ-PPh) (9), which contains face-capping benzyne and phosphinidene moieties. The bonding between the benzyne moiety and the opened Os3 frame in 9 has been examined computationally, and these data are discussed relative to σ and π bonding contributions from the metalated aryl ring to the cluster polyhedron.
Effects of acute alcohol intoxication in the second trimester of pregnancy on development of the murine fetal lung.

Objective We hypothesized that administration of alcohol during the second trimester of gestation at the pseudoglandular phase of lung development might lead to aberrant differentiation and growth, similar to that seen in congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation in human. We further hypothesized that these effects would be apparent morphologically and by altered Hoxb5 expression. Study Design C57BL/6J mice, exposed to ethanol at embryonic day (E) 11.5 to E13.5, which corresponds to the pseudoglandular stage of lung development, were examined at E18.5. The lungs were analyzed histologically by immunostaining. Results The average body and lung weight of alcohol-exposed (AE) fetuses were lower than those of control fetuses, the reduction in lung mass being more than the body weight. Histology showed that AE lungs were less developed and exhibited higher expression of Hoxb5 in AE lungs than controls. Conclusion Alcohol exposure at E13.5 affected fetal lung development, with delayed differentiation and increased Hoxb5.
Precipitation Inputs of PCBs to Lake Michigan

Abstract Event precipitation samples were collected in Chicago, Illinois and on Beaver Island, Michigan and analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The weighted mean concentration of PCBs in 31 samples of rain was 119 ng/L (119 parts in 10 12 ). This would indicate a deposition of 5000 kg/yr of PCBs to Lake Michigan from wet precipitation. The concentrations of PCBs in rainfall were found to be as high on Beaver Island as in Chicago. This is interpreted as indicating that the sources of PCBs to the atmosphere are diffuse and/or that residence times in the atmosphere are long. Precipitation is now the major source of these materials to the lake and future problems in the lake with PCBs will be determined mainly by the magnitude of the atmospheric inputs of PCBs to the lake.
Piecewise-polynomial discretization and Krylov-accelerated multigrid for elliptic interface problems

A new piecewise-polynomial interface method (PIM) for discretizing elliptic problems with complex interfaces between high-contrast materials is derived, analyzed and tested. A Krylov-accelerated interface multigrid approach (IMG) solves the discretization efficiently. Stability and convergence are proved in one dimension, while an extensive array of numerical experiments with complex interfaces and large coefficient transitions demonstrate the accuracy, efficiency and robustness of the method in two dimensions.
Structure and flux pinning properties of irradiation defects in YBa2Cu3O7-x☆

Abstract This paper reviews several investigations of defects produced in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− x by various forms of irradiation. The defect microstructure has been studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Irradiation enhancements of flux pinning have been studied by SQUID magnetometry on single crystals. In many cases the same single crystals were used in both TEM and SQUID investigations. The primary atom recoil spectra for all the irradiations studied (fission neutrons, MeV protons, MeV electrons and GeV ions) have been carefully calculated and used to correlate the TEM and magnetization results for the different types of irradiation. Correlation of annealing experiments, employing both TEM and SQUID measurements, among several types of irradiation has also yielded information on the different defect structures present. Defect densities, sizes and strain field anisotropies have been determined by TEM. Defect flux pinning anisotropies have been determined for two field orientations ( H | c and H | ab) in twinned single crystals. The temperature (10, 40 and 70 K) and field (0 – 5 T) dependences of the flux pinning have been measured. The maximum field of irreversibility at 70 K is shown to change markedly upon both neutron and proton irradiations in some crystals but not others. The defect structure, chemistry and location in the unit cell have been determined in some cases. Some interaction with existing structures has been observed in proton and electron irradiations. The damage character and directionality have been determined in GeV ion irradiated crystals.
The problem-solving approach to negotiations in industrial marketing

Abstract Problem-solving-oriented bargaining strategies are shown to positively influence sources' profits and targets' satisfaction in a negotiation experiment involving 98 businesspeople. A causal modeling approach is used to analyze the results of the experiment.
Analysis of the effect of stent emplacement on LDL transport within an artery

Abstract A comprehensive analytical solution for macromolecule transport within an artery is presented. The arterial wall is modeled as a multilayer structure to accommodate the homogeneous layers within it. The arterial layers and the stent are treated as porous media to accommodate transport across the complex wall structure. The volume-averaged transport equations and the method of matched asymptotic expansions are employed to solve for species concentration distributions within the stent and various layers of the arterial wall. The analytical results are found to be in very good agreement with the numerical results. The effect of stent compactness on LDL concentration along the lumen flow direction as well across the different layers is investigated. This work provides essential fundamental information for macromolecular transport within an artery with or without the presence of a stent.
Orthodontic care for medically compromised patients: possibilities and limitations.

Special dental plans and procedures for reducing the risks and complications of treating medically compromised patients are outlined for the practitioner. Guidelines are discussed for treating the increasing number of special patients seeking orthodontic care.
Estimating middle-, neighborhood-, and urban-scale contributions to elemental carbon in Mexico City with a rapid response aethalometer.

ABSTRACT A successive moving average subtraction method is developed and applied to black carbon measured over 5-min intervals at a downtown location near many small emitters and at a suburban residential site within the urban plume but distant from specific emitters. Short-duration pulses assumed to originate from nearby sources are subtracted from the concentrations at each site and are summed to estimate middle-scale (~0.1–1 km) contributions. The difference of the remaining baselines at the urban and suburban monitors is interpreted as the contribution to the downtown monitor from source emissions mixed over a neighborhood scale (1–5 km). The baseline at the suburban site is interpreted as the contribution of the mixture of black carbon sources for the entire city. When applied to a 24-day period from February and March 1997 in Mexico City, the analysis showed that 65% of the 24-hr black carbon was part of the urban mixture, 23% originated in the neighborhood surrounding the monitor, and only 12% was ...
Exemplary or Singular?: The Anecdote in Historical Narrative

Although coming from different perspectives and periods, the two quotations above speak of the ambivalence that modern historiography has systematically displayed toward the anecdote since Voltaire. An anecdotedefined here as a short, and sometimes humorous account of a true, interesting, if minor, event3is the matrix of any (hi)story telling and the very substance of historiography. Yet, this fertile soil was also often seen as the threatening substratum from which historiography had to extract itself. After all, anecdotes are associated with rumor, legend, lack of rigor or evidence, a fascination with singularity and with aesthetic form, lawlessness, contamination with fiction, and subjectivity. As unpopular among historians, who tend to endow the phrase "anecdotal history" with condescending overtones, as it is among literary scholars who regard it as part of popular culture, this short narrative genre ranks low, surviving in the grey area of sensationalistic journalism and "faitdivers." At a juncture when historians in the postmodern context4 are cautiously willing to grant it legitimacy, it may be worth exploring some origins of this ambivalence. In early modern written culture, anecdotes, often interchangeably referred to as "historiettes," "bagatelles," or "curiosites," were particularly widespread. In historical narratives, including memoirs and the increasingly popular genre of the historical novella, they provided a detailed picture of social practices, revealed the back stage of official
MODELS FOR THE NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM INFRASTRUCTURE PERFORMANCE

This paper develops a methodology for sel ecting optimal maintenance policies for the National Airspace System (NAS) infrastructure facilities . The NAS is one of the largest, the most complex, technologically advanced and integrated civil infrastructure systems, consisting of over 48,000 complex f acilities and services that are in various stages of approaching physical or technical obsolescence. The proposed constrained optimization model is based on Markov decision processes. The model solve s an optimal steady -state NAS in frastructure manageme nt problem by minimizing the expected total cost , associated with performing maintenance activities and the user costs , subject to budget constraints . Optimal maintenance policies to minimize the total costs are obta ined through linear programming , a tech nique often used to model network -level problems. Because our problem treats many different types of facilities , where each type of facility has a different failure rate, this paper focuses on the non homogeneous network -level problem. The model is appl ied to a set of runway navigational equipment based on fault trees for VFR and category I, II and III (CAT I, II and III ) precision approaches during instrument meteorological conditions to a hypothetical one -runway airport . The model produces a set of opt imal maintenance actions to achieve a desired level of equipment availability (conditions) subject to budget constraints. The proposed methodology should assist the Federal Aviation Administration to make better decisions about NAS infrastructure inspect ion, maintenance, investment, and modernization .
Detecting the onset of hyper-reflexive bladder contractions from pudendal nerve electrical activity

Individuals with spinal cord injury or neurological disorders may develop involuntary bladder contraction at low volumes (bladder hyper-reflexia), which can lead to significant health problems. Current devices can eliminate nascent contractions through continuous stimulation, but do not have a means to detect the onset of bladder contraction to stimulate conditionally. The objective of this study is to determine the relationship between the electrical activity of the pudendal nerve (PNT) and hyper-reflexive bladder contraction, and to use the relationship to develop an algorithm to detect the onset of a bladder contraction. Bladder pressure and PNT ENG were recorded in six intact male cats. There were bursts of neuronal activity in the PNT during bladder contractions. An algorithm was developed to detect the onset of a bladder contraction using the PNT ENG activity. The algorithm calculated the onset of bladder contraction on average 2.8 seconds after the contraction started with an average increase in pressure of 14.0 cmH/sub 2/O. There existed a phasic relationship between the bladder and the PNT ENG, which enabled the algorithm to detect the onset of a bladder contraction. The PNT ENG can be used as a trigger to deliver conditional inhibitory stimulation of the bladder.
Nonconscious and Contaminative Effects of Hypothetical Questions on Subsequent Decision Making

In this article we examine the impact of asking hypothetical questions on respondents' subsequent decision making. Across several experiments we find that even though such questions are purely hypothetical, respondents are unable to prevent a substantial biasing effect on their behavior. Further, we find that an increase in cognitive elaboration increases the contaminative effects of hypothetical questions and that this increase occurs primarily when the hypothetical information is relevant. In-depth poststudy interviews with a subset of the participants suggest that the effects of hypothetical questions on choice occur beyond awareness and, as a result, are quite difficult to counteract.
Nickel(II) and copper(II) complexes with pyridine-containing macrocycles bearing an aminopropyl pendant arm: synthesis, characterization, and modifications of the pendant amino group

The synthesis of three five-coordinate nickel(II) complexes with pendant arm-containing macrocycles has been achieved by the reduction of CN bonds in the Schiff base precursors derived from diacetyl- or diformyl-pyridine and a tripodal tetramine. Demetallation of the nickel(II) macrocycles yielded stable pentadentate ligands that were used for the preparation of the copper(II) complexes. The structures of three nickel(II) complexes and two copper(II) complexes were determined by X-ray crystallography. Protonation of the pendant arm (pKa = 6.3–6.6 for the nickel complexes, and 6.5–7.3 for the copper complexes) produced four-coordinate macrocycles, one of which was structurally characterized. The primary amino group of the pendant arm coordinated to the nickel(II) reacted with acetic anhydride or benzoyl chloride. The resulting mono-functionalized nickel(II) complexes and their copper(II) counterparts obtained by transmetallation displayed square-planar geometry in the solid state, as determined by X-ray crystallography, and remained four-coordinate in solutions below pH 11.
How does long-term odor deprivation affect the olfactory capacity of adult mice?

Unilateral naris occlusion (UNO) has been the most common method of effecting stimulus deprivation in studies of olfactory plasticity. However, despite the large corpus on the effects of this manipulation, dating back to the 19th century, little is known about its behavioral sequela. Here we report the results of standard olfactory habituation and discrimination studies on adult mice that had undergone perinatal UNO followed by adult contralateral olfactory bulbectomy (bulb-x). The olfactory performance of UNO mice was compared to matched controls that had unilateral bulb-x but open nares. Both habituation and discrimination (operant) experiments employed a protocol in which after successful dishabituation or discrimination to dilute individual odors (A = 0.01% isoamyl acetate; B = 0.01% ethyl butyrate; each v/v in mineral oil), mice were challenged with a single odor versus a mixture comparison (A vs. A + B). In a series of tests the volume portion of Odor B in the mixture was systematically decreased until dishabituation or discrimination thresholds were reached. For the habituation experiment, UNOs (n = 10) and controls (n = 9) dishabituated to a 10% mixture of Odor B in Odor A after being habituated to A alone, while both groups failed to show differential responding to a 2% mixture of B in A. However, the UNO group's increased investigation durations for the 2% mixture approached significance (p < 0.06). A replication of this study (7 controls & 8 UNOs) confirmed that controls did not differentiate Odor A and a 2% mixture of B in A but UNOs did not (p < 0.05). For the discrimination experiment, 4 UNOs and 4 controls were shaped to dig in one of two containers of sand that contained the S+ odor (Odor B) to obtain sugar pellet rewards. As in the habituation experiment, UNOs displayed greater olfactory capacity than controls on this task. Controls and UNOs had an average mixture discrimination threshold of 1.6% (± 0.4) and 0.22% (± 0.102) respectively, a difference that was statistically significant (p < 0.02). Adult mice relying on an olfactory system deprived of odor by naris occlusion from near the time of birth display enhanced olfactory capacity compared to control mice. This counterintuitive result suggests that UNO is neither an absolute method of deprivation nor does it diminish olfactory capabilities. Enhanced olfactory capacity, as observed in the current study, that is a consequence of deprivation, is consistent with recent molecular and physiological evidence that stimulus deprivation triggers compensatory processes throughout the olfactory system.
Selective Sampling Strategies to Conserve Power in Context Aware Devices

We analyze the use of selective sampling strategies to aid in power conservation in sensor platforms for context-aware systems. In particular, we study an activity-aware system based on the eWatch sensor and notification platform, developed at CMU. We collected 94 hours of self-annotated activity data from four subjects over several days each. We compare sampling strategies according to several metrics, each of which satisfies a different set of application needs. These metrics include: accuracy as the percentage of time between samples that sampled activity matches true activity, average latency of detecting a change in activity, the percentage of missed activities, and the percentage of redundant samples. We consider both the performance differences between strategies as well as differences between subjects. Accuracies of over 95% were achievable using only 3% of the samples.
A METHODOLOGY FOR ANALOGIES.

Abstract A methodology for analogy-making is the main theme of this work. To date, no organized written material exists on the subject. The use of analogies is a natural process. At times analogies are comforting, since they help us to relate known to unknown experiences. The proposed methodology sets up a logical sequence for the thought process that is to be employed in analogy-making. It provides a critical evaluation for possible analogies; yet the methodology is not so stringent as to exclude those comparisons that actually converge. The methodology does expose those comparisons which contain superficial similarities. A quantitative guide is offered as a tool to the analogy-maker to test for convergence (analogy) or divergence of the situations under analysis.
Compressive strength of amalgam triturated by a high-speed amalgamator and by an ultrahigh-speed mixer

Abstract Four frequently used dental amalgam alloys were selected for this study. Each of the alloys was triturated in a high-speed amalgamator and in a ultrahigh-speed mixer with and without a pestle in the capsule. The mixing times varied for each alloy and for each machine. The experimental design was of a factorial nature with the parameters being time of trituration and alloy and machine used. The compressive strengths of these four alloys resulting from three methods of trituration and variation in mixing times were plotted. Alloys triturated in the high-speed amalgamator satisfactorily attained their maximum crushing strengths when mixed according to each manufacturer's instructions for that alloy. At most of the times tested, alloys triturated with the ultrahigh-speed mixer with the pestle in the capsule reached slightly higher compressive strengths than those mixed in the usual high-speed amalgamator. Alloys triturated in the ultrahigh-speed mixer without the pestle reached compressive strengths similar to those attained for the same alloys mixed at comparable times in the high-speed amalgamator. However, since some of the pelletized alloys did not satisfactorily fragment and some of the compressive strength values were lower than considered optimal, the use of the ultrahigh-speed mixer without the pestle is not recommended. It is concluded that the ultrahigh-speed mixer is an instrument capable of producing satisfactory trituration of the alloys studied when compressive strengths are used as the criterion.
A Common Mechanism in Verb and Noun Naming Deficits in Alzheimer’s Patients

We tested the ability of Alzheimer’s patients and elderly controls to name living and non-living nouns, and manner and instrument verbs. Patients’ error patterns and relative performance with different categories showed evidence of graceful degradation for both nouns and verbs, with particular domain-specific impairments for living nouns and instrument verbs. Our results support feature-based, semantic representations for nouns and verbs and support the role of inter-correlated features in noun impairment, and the role of noun knowledge in instrument verb impairment.
Delivery of NKG2D Ligand Using an Anti-HER2 Antibody-NKG2D Ligand Fusion Protein Results in an Enhanced Innate and Adaptive Antitumor Response

NKG2D ligands link the innate and adapative immune response by activating the receptors expressed on effector cells of both the innate (NK) and adaptive immune systems (CD8(+) T cells). In this study, we explored the potential therapeutic utility of this intersection by fusing the murine NKG2D ligand Rae-1β to the 3' end of an anti-HER2 IgG3 antibody containing an intact Fc domain (anti-HER2 IgG3-Rae-1β), thereby targeting an NK cell activation signal to HER2+ breast tumor cells. The antitumor efficacy of this anti-HER2-Rae-1β fusion protein was examined in a mouse mammary tumor model engineered to express HER2 (EMT6-HER2 cells). We observed an enhanced cytotoxic response of NK effectors against EMT-HER2 cells in vitro. Mice implanted on one flank with EMT6-HER2 cells and contralaterally with control EMT6 cells exhibited rapid regression of EMT6-HER2 tumors but delayed regression of contralateral EMT6 tumors. IFNγ was implicated, given a lack of antitumor efficacy in IFNγ(-/-) mice. Depletion of either NK cells or CD8(+) T cells abrogated tumor growth inhibition, suggesting essential roles for each in the observed antitumor activity. Mice rejecting EMT6-HER2 tumors after anti-HER2-Rae-1β treatment showed markedly decreased tumor growth when rechallenged with EMT6-HER2 or EMT6 cells, whereas both EMT6 and EMT6-HER2 cells grew in control mice, indicating the development of an adaptive memory response. Our findings demonstrate that administration of an antibody-NKG2D ligand fusion protein can enhance innate and adaptive immune antitumor responses, also evoking additional nontargeted antigens to enhance the potential clinical utility of this approach.