cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis and Management of Long-term Central Venous Catheter Infections

The pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of central venous catheter infections differ between short-term and long-term catheters. This review summarizes available data regarding the diagnosis and management of catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) associated with long-term catheters. A review of various diagnostic modalities is provided, including methods of CRBSI diagnosis for catheters that are retained. Management of CRBSIs for long-term catheters is also addressed, with an emphasis on differentiating infections that require catheter removal from those that may allow catheter salvage. Data regarding catheter salvage with use of antibiotic lock therapy are also reviewed.
The sociology of prostitution

The purpose of this paper is to formulate a critique of the sociology of prostitution by calling into question its theoretical premise—the concept of prostitution. Sociologically defined, prostitution is an occupation in which an individual sells sex in a promiscuous and emotionally indifferent manner. This definition is divided into four parts and each is examined separately. The parts are prostitution as (1) an occupation; (2) an act of selling; (3) a sexual exchange; and (4) a promiscuous and emotionally indifferent activity. Analysis of each aspect reveals that the differences between prostitution and conventional behavior are provisional and that the distinction itself must be dissolved. Because it involves an array of ambiguous elements and paradoxical dimensions, the concept of prostitution fails to organize and to interpret data of direct observation in a coherent and comprehensive fashion.
Beyond the species–area relationship: improving macroecological extinction estimates

Summary The species–area relationship is often used to predict extinction rates following habitat loss and climate change. This metric, however, has several shortcomings for conservation applications, as it does not predict extinction risk for individual species, only predicts the expected number of extinctions without an associated measure of uncertainty, and assumes that a species is protected if one individual of a species remains in a landscape. Here, we propose two new metrics, the extinction–area relationship and probabilistic species–area relationship, that address these shortcomings, and present equations for each metric based on empirically well-supported species abundance and spatial abundance distributions. Extinction predictions are found to be strongly influenced by the choice of a minimum abundance required for a species to be considered protected, a parameter that cannot be adjusted explicitly in the classic power law form of the species–area relationship. These new metrics provide a flexible and theoretically grounded means of applying macroecological principles to the prediction of extinction.
Relationship between the second-order microscopic and macroscopic nonlinear optical susceptibilities of poled dye-doped polymers

We model the relationship between the microscopic and macroscopic second-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities of axially ordered and poled dye-doped polymers. The bulk polarization is derived under the assumptions of addibility of the microscopic polarizations of the nonlinear moieties and the dipole approximation. The calculations provide correction terms to the model by Singer Kuzyk Sohn [J. Opt. Soc. Am. B4, 968 (1987) ].
Speculations on leveraging graphical models for architectural integration of visual representation and reasoning

A new approach to implementing cognitive architectures based on graphical models holds the potential for simpler yet more functional architectures. It also raises the possibility of incorporating visual representation and reasoning into architectures in a manner that is uniformly implemented, and tightly coupled, with both perception and cognition. While much of this is still highly speculative, the core of how it might work is outlined here.
Time-Programmed Mass Spectrometry

A 90°-sector mass spectrometer (Hitachi Perkin-Elmer Model RMU-6E) has been modified for continuous repeated scanning of the mass spectrum in up to seven separate steps of different duration. The detector sensitivity settings and scanning rates can be selected individually for each step so that precise scans of mass peaks in different parts of the spectrum can be obtained repetitively and with minimum supervision. The peak heights can be conveniently referenced to the mass peaks arising from suitable standard peaks, and a variety of kinetic measurements can thus be performed using this device. The programmer described here is very inexpensive, compared to certain other data acquisition systems, and it is probably useful in many other instrumental applications as well.
Heat transfer enhancement with liquid–gas flow in microchannels and the effect of thermal boundary layer

Abstract Heat transfer coefficient of air–water two-phase flow in a microchannel was experimentally studied and the effect of the thermal boundary layer on the heat transfer process was elucidated. Air stream was injected into liquid water flow in a 210 μm deep and 1.5 mm wide horizontal microchannel, and the heat transfer coefficients due to the presence of bubbles were measured through an array of heaters and resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) inside the channel. Using different configurations of heated areas in the channel, the mixing effect of the bubbles and the interaction with the thermal boundary layer were studied for a range of liquid and gas flow rates. With two-phase flow, enhancement of up to 100% in the heat transfer coefficient was observed compared to single-phase flow. The enhancement was observed to be more significant for thermally developing flow with thicker thermal boundary layers.
Solvation dynamics in coherent and spontaneous Raman spectroscopy: application to β-carotene

A stochastic theory of the nonliner susceptibility χ(3) is used to analyze coherent and spontaneous Raman spectra of polyatomic molecules in solution. The theory holds for any solvation time scale and interpolates between the homogeneous limit, in which the Bloch equations are valid, and the static limit of inhomogeneous line broadening, as the solvent time scale is increased. Application is made to β-carotene in alkanes and in CS2. The calculated spontaneous Raman profiles are found to be in good agreement with experiment, and the coherent Raman excitation profiles are predicted. The magnitude of the solvent–solute interaction and the solvation time scale for various solvents are obtained from our theoretical analysis. The relative contribution of inhomogeneous line broadening in isopentane is found to increase as the temperature is raised from 118 to 298 K.
Experimental characterization of the optical-power upper bound in a silicon microring modulator

We characterize the optical-power upper bound of CW light in a microring modulator. Heating due to absorption of light introduces instability which results in power penalty and ultimately limits optical power. The upper limit for a 2.5-μm radius, Q∼3000 microring is found to be ∼7dBm.
Children's and parents' perspectives about activity performance and participation after spinal cord injury: initial development of a patient-reported outcome measure.

OBJECTIVE. To report on a cognitive testing study on newly constructed items designed to evaluate client-reported outcomes of activity performance and participation after spinal cord injury (SCI). METHOD. Thirty-three children with SCI and 13 caregivers participated in cognitive testing interviews. Open-ended questions were used to gain a better understanding of activity performance and participation. The interviews were transcribed verbatim. A thematic analysis was carried out independently by 2 researchers, and key sentences and phrases from both analyses were merged. RESULTS. Four themes were defined: (1) apprehension related to activity performance and participation, (2) reference point, (3) missing out, and (4) autonomy. CONCLUSION. Insight into children�s and caregivers� perspectives provided important information that helped refine the wording of test items and response scales. The theme of autonomy provided a stronger catalyst to solidify items for both child- and parent-reported outcomes. This study further validated the complexity of the construct of participation
Effect of server load variation on rack air flow distribution in a raised floor data center

This paper presents experimental studies on server level rack air distribution for a preset perforated tile air flow rate. A series of experiments are performed using a 22.8 kW server simulator placed in a raised floor data center facility. The rack air flow rate is varied by adjusting the fan speed of the server simulator. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique is used to capture the air flow pattern at various locations in the cold aisle at the inlet of the server simulator. The PIV images are recorded at various locations and later combined to get the complete air distribution map across the rack inlet. Various cases of rack air flow distributions are investigated by varying the server simulator fan speed settings for given perforated tile air flow rate. A significant change in the air distribution pattern is observed for various cases investigated.
Electrification of Growing Ice Crystals

Abstract The electrffication of growing ice crystals during condensation and evaporation was studied in ionized air of various small-ion concentrations. It was found that ice crystals were electrified positively during condensation and negatively during evaporation. Because of the difficulty of controlling humidity during evaporation, we worked quantitatively only on electrification during condensation. Forty percent more positive small ions than negative ones were caught preferentially on the growing surfaces of the ice crystals. This phenomenon is explained by the interaction of small ions and ice crystals through the negative surface potential of the ice, where the negative surface potential is caused by the negatively electrified dislocations at the ice surface. This positive electrification of ice crystals suggests that clouds consisting of the solid phase have excess positive space charge, in contrast with the author's recent finding of excess negative space charge of warm clouds.
Prevalence and Incidence of Traumatic Experiences Among Orphans in Institutional and Family-Based Settings in 5 Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Longitudinal Study

Background: Policy makers struggling to protect the 153 million orphaned and separated children (OSC) worldwide need evidence-based research on the burden of potentially traumatic events (PTEs) and the relative risk of PTEs across different types of care settings. Methods: The Positive Outcomes for Orphans study used a 2-stage cluster-randomized sampling design to identify 1357 institution-dwelling and 1480 family-dwelling orphaned and separated children in 5 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. We used the Life Events Checklist developed by the National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder to examine self-reported PTEs among 2235 OSC ages 10-13 at baseline. We estimated prevalence and incidence during 36-months of follow-up and compared the risk of PTEs across care settings. Data collection began between May 2006 and February 2008 depending on the site. Results: Lifetime prevalence by age 13 of any PTE excluding loss of a parent was 91.0% (95% confidence interval (CI)=85.6 94.5) in institution-dwelling OSC and 92.4% (95% CI=90.3 94.0) in family-dwelling OSC; annual incidence of any PTE was lower in institution-dwelling (23.6% [95% CI=19.4 28.7]) than family-dwelling OSC (30.0% [95% CI=28.1 32.2]). More than half of children in institutions (50.3% [95% CI=42.5 58.0]) and in family-based care (54.0% [95% CI=50.2 57.7]) had experienced physical or sexual abuse by age 13. Annual incidence of physical or sexual abuse was lower in institution-dwelling (12.9% [95% CI=9.6 17.3])than family-dwelling OSC (19.4% [95% CI=17.7 21.3]) indicating statistically lower risk in institution-dwelling OSC (risk difference=6.5% [95% CI=1.4 11.7]). Conclusion: Prevalence and incidence of PTEs were high among OSC but contrary to common assumptions OSC living in institutions did not report more PTEs or more abuse than OSC living with families. Current efforts to reduce the number of institution-dwelling OSC may not reduce incidence of PTEs in this vulnerable population. Protection of children from PTEs should be a primary consideration regardless of the care setting.
Computing optimal security strategies in networked domains: a cost-benefit approach

We introduce a novel framework for computing optimal randomized security policies in networked domains which extends previous approaches in several ways. First, we extend previous linear programming techniques for Stackelberg security games to incorporate benefits and costs of arbitrary security configurations on individual assets. Second, we offer a principled model of failure cascades that allows us to capture both the direct and indirect value of assets, and extend this model to capture uncertainty about the structure of the interdependency network. Third, we extend the linear programming formulation to account for exogenous (random) failures in addition to targeted attacks. Fourth, we allow the attacker to choose among several capabilities in attacking a target, and, in a limited way, allow the attacker to attack multiple targets simultaneously. The goal of our work is two-fold. First, we offer techniques to compute optimal security strategies in realistic settings involving interdependent security. Second, our computational framework enables us to attain theoretical insights about security on networks.
Experimental and Computational Investigation of Effect of Sr on NO Oxidation and Oxygen Exchange for La1–xSrxCoO3 Perovskite Catalysts

NO oxidation rates over La1–xSrxCoO3 (x = 0–0.3) perovskite catalysts are reported as a function of Sr doping in the absence and presence of NO2 in the feed. Sr substitution is found to increase the rate of oxidation and to diminish the inhibitory influence of NO2. Temperature programmed desorption and isotopic exchange (TPIE) experiments were used to identify surface species and oxygen exchange processes expected to correlate with NO oxidation activity. Oxygen exchange in the LaCoO3 perovskites occurred primarily through a heteroexchange process that was enhanced by doping with Sr. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to further investigate the oxygen exchange processes on (100) facets of undoped and doped LaCoO3. Vacancy formation is predicted to be more facile on CoO2-terminated than LaO-terminated surfaces. The Sr dopant segregates to the LaO-terminated surface and diminishes oxygen bonding consistent with the TPIE results. The results suggest a model in which multiple oxygen species...
Transbuccal space deep parotid biopsy.

We read with interest the article by Tu et al [(1)][1] in the April 1998 issue of the AJNR regarding the buccal space as a safe route for the performance of biopsy within the parapharyngeal region. In the article, the authors mention that CT guidance for biopsy of other deep-seated infratemporal
Supraventricular tachycardia. Changes in management.

PreviewIs it important to determine whether patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia have a participating accessory pathway? Dr Caruso says yes, for a number of reasons, including the possibility that atrial fibrillation in such patients may easily deteriorate into ventricular fibrillation. Moreover, if an accessory pathway is present but not suspected, a patient may be given drugs that enhance this threat. Adenosine is currently preferred to treat both orthodromic atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia and atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia.
Multispectral and DSLR sensors for assessing crop stress in corn and cotton using fixed-wing unmanned air systems

As small unmanned aircraft systems become increasingly affordable, reliable, and formally recognized under federal regulation, they become increasingly attractive as novel platforms for civil applications. This paper details the development and demonstration of fixed-wing unmanned aircraft systems for precision agriculture tasks. Tasks such as soil moisture content and high throughput phenotyping are considered. Rationale for sensor, vehicle, and ground equipment selections are provided, in addition to developed flight operation procedures for minimal numbers of crew. Preliminary imagery results are presented and analyzed, and these results demonstrate that fixed-wing unmanned aircraft systems modified to carry non-traditional sensors at extended endurance durations can provide high quality data that is usable for serious scientific analysis.
Health Care Use and Spending for Medicaid Enrollees in Federally Qualified Health Centers Versus Other Primary Care Settings

Objectives. To compare health care use and spending of Medicaid enrollees seen at federally qualified health centers versus non–health center settings in a context of significant growth.Methods. Using fee-for-service Medicaid claims from 13 states in 2009, we compared patients receiving the majority of their primary care in federally qualified health centers with propensity score–matched comparison groups receiving primary care in other settings.Results. We found that health center patients had lower use and spending than did non–health center patients across all services, with 22% fewer visits and 33% lower spending on specialty care and 25% fewer admissions and 27% lower spending on inpatient care. Total spending was 24% lower for health center patients.Conclusions. Our analysis of 2009 Medicaid claims, which includes the largest sample of states and more recent data than do previous multistate claims studies, demonstrates that the health center program has provided a cost-efficient setting for primary ...
The method of sweeping tangents

What is the area of the shaded region between the tyre tracks of a moving bicycle such as that depicted in Figure 1 ? If the tracks are specified, and equations for them are known, the area can be calculated using integral calculus. Surprisingly, the area can be obtained more easily without calculus, regardless of the bike’s path, using a dynamic visual approach called the method of sweeping tangents that does not require equations for the curves.
Political Action in the Age of High‐Economic Inequality: A Multilevel Approach

Economic inequality in the United States has reached historic levels—the highest since the Great Depression. Though people may argue over whether inequality is morally wrong or practically undesirable, the consensus seems to be clear: economic inequality is one of the greatest challenges facing the U.S. today. Yet, concern for economic inequality has not seemed to translate into solution-oriented political participation. While acknowledging the complex and multifaceted nature of this issue, the current article explores one particular factor that may help to illuminate the relationship between economic inequality and political behavior, namely socioeconomic status (SES). We propose that both the context of economic inequality and one's position within the socioeconomic hierarchy shape political attitudes and behavior. That is, economic inequality influences political action, but the strength and direction of this influence may depend on the individual's SES. Throughout this article, we highlight the importance of understanding both the objective situation of inequality and an individual's SES, as well as that individual's subjective perceptions of inequality and personal SES. We also underscore the importance of applying a multidisciplinary approach, and in particular a social psychological perspective, to the current research.
Cell Line-Dependent Synergy Between the PARP Inhibitor Veliparib and the Proteasome Inhibitor Bortezomib in the Killing of Myeloma Cells

Abstract One hallmark of multiple myeloma is its genetic instability, leading to extensive molecular heterogeneity. This has led to the hypothesis that a high level of DNA repair is needed to counterbalance the continual genotoxic stress seen in these cells. One important DNA repair pathway involves PARP (poly-ADP ribose polymerase 1 and 2). With the goal of developing improved therapies against myeloma, we examined for potential synergy between the PARP inhibitor veliparib and agents currently used to treat myeloma. In these pre-clinical studies, various myeloma cell lines including OPM2.2 and RPMI 8226 are being tested. Cells in triplicate are exposed to myeloma therapeutics (e.g., bortezomib, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide) in the presence and absence of a sub-lethal dose of veliparib. Cells are incubated for 48 h and viability then assayed by luminescence using CellTiter-Glo (Promega). Dependent on the cell line, we found that veliparib can be synthetically lethal with other agents. For example, testing OPM2.2 cells, we found that 50 µM veliparib caused a ~7-fold decrease in the bortezomib LC50 from 7.1 nM (bortezomib alone) to 1.0 nM (bortezomib and veliparib; see Figure). We note that the concentration of veliparib employed was significantly below the LC50 of veliparib (410 µM) for these same OPM2.2 cells. In contrast, RPMI 8226 cells did not show a significant synergy between bortezomib and veliparib, even though the LC50 of each agent alone was similar to that found for OPM2.2 cells. We are currently examining the synergy between veliparib and other chemotherapeutic agents and additional myeloma cell lines. These studies will determine the generality of a potential synthetic lethality between these agents, and reveal whether use of a PARP inhibitor has the potential to provide improved treatment options against myeloma. Download : Download high-res image (65KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
THE QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF MATEMATICS LEARNING THROUGH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING MODEL WITH SCIENTIFIC APPROACH TO CLASS VI/A STUDENTS AT SD INPRES KASSI MAKASSAR

The collecting data techniques were the teachers learning management ability observation sheet and the students’ activity, learning result test, response questionnaire and documentation. The results of the research showed that: (1) the learning process increased from cycle I to cycle II. It could be seen from the percentage of the average score of the teachers and students’ activities. The percentage of the average score of the teachers’ activity in cycle was 80,4% with good category and in cycle II increased 83,04% with good category. While the percentage of the average score of the students’ activity in cycle I was 78,5 with sufficient category and in cycle II highly increased to 85,2 with good category, (2) the students’ learning result by using cooperative learning model with scientific approach of class VI/A students at SD Inpress Kassi Makassar of academic year 2014/2015, increased classically from cycle I to cycle II, in cycle I the classical completeness was 65,5% and in cycle II incresed to 88,5% from the students who followed the test, (3) the students’ response toward mathematics learning activity through cooperative learning model with scientific approach of class VI/A students at SD Inpress Kassi Makassar of academic year 2014/2015 from 9 aspect asked to the students, the students gave positive response minimally in each aspect by 78,9% namely in the aspect of whether your self confidence increased in giving idea or opinion in the implementation of cooperative learning model with scientific approach, while the other 8 aspect were above 78,9%. The average of positive response percentage was 89,3%
Extended detection range using a polyphase CW modulation with an efficient number theoretic correlation process

A method for simulating and processing a coherent low probability of intercept (LPI) radar transmitting a continuous wave (CW) polyphase code (i.e. P4-RSNS) in coherent sea clutter and noise is discussed. A design process to achieve the necessary LPI radar range, Doppler, and coherent integration processing gains and associated losses is demonstrated for a 10 dBsm target at a maximum range of 9 km, and shown to have a false alarm rate of 10−6 and a detection rate of 0.9. The total processing time is around one second.
Physical Recreation of Blind Adults: Present Practices and Childhood Memories:

To discover why blind students do not participate in vigorous physical recreation with sighted peers, a study of blind adults’ attitudes toward and involvement in past and present physical activiti...
Interactions of Gut Microbiota, Endotoxemia, Immune Function, and Diet in Exertional Heatstroke

Exertional heatstroke (EHS) is a medical emergency that cannot be predicted, requires immediate whole-body cooling to reduce elevated internal body temperature, and is influenced by numerous host and environmental factors. Widely accepted predisposing factors (PDF) include prolonged or intense exercise, lack of heat acclimatization, sleep deprivation, dehydration, diet, alcohol abuse, drug use, chronic inflammation, febrile illness, older age, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use. The present review links these factors to the human intestinal microbiota (IM) and diet, which previously have not been appreciated as PDF. This review also describes plausible mechanisms by which these PDF lead to EHS: endotoxemia resulting from elevated plasma lipopolysaccharide (i.e., a structural component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria) and tissue injury from oxygen free radicals. We propose that recognizing the lifestyle and host factors which are influenced by intestine-microbial interactions, and modifying habitual dietary patterns to alter the IM ecosystem, will encourage efficient immune function, optimize the intestinal epithelial barrier, and reduce EHS morbidity and mortality.
Regimes and Social Transformation

Has the proliferation and strengthening of regimes in recent decades begun to have measurable consequences, not just in the specific arena of individual regimes, but more broadly? A premise of this book is that they almost certainly have, but that we have not yet developed empirical tools for identifying those consequences. The charge for this chapter is to consider how we might actually measure some of the “broad consequences” of regimes.
The Invisible and the Unpresentable: Barnett Newman’s Abstract Expressionism and the Aesthetics of Merleau-Ponty

Cezanne’s or Balzac’s artist is not satisfied to be a cultured animal but takes up culture from its inception and founds it anew: he speaks as the first man spoke and paints as if no one had ever painted before. … The artist launches his work just as a man once launched the first word, not knowing whether it will be anything more than a shout. (Maurice Merleau-Ponty, “Cezanne’s Doubt”)
Health care information: gold mine or mine field? Collection, protection and utilization in Denmark’s primary health care system

Abstract. The purpose of this article is to present an overview of the status of the Danish Health Care system’s internal debate about the role of health care information. On the one hand, health information, when used appropriately can be a gold mine of information to help patients and in the development of policies and allocation of resources. On the other hand, concerns about patient privacy, unmasking of poor quality, monitoring, reduced autonomy and political agendas give rise to suspicion and fear, i.e., the mine field. An overview of the Danish health care system is presented with an emphasis on the perceived concerns and agendas of the various stakeholders. The perceived risks and benefits of collecting, protecting and utilizing health information is presented. The article concludes with a recommendation for greater cooperation among the various stakeholders. Published: Online September 2018.
A Genetic Algorithm for Convolutional Network Structure Optimization for Concrete Crack Detection

A genetic algorithm (GA), is used to optimize the many parameters of a convolutional neural network (CNN) that control the structure of the network. CNNs are used in image classification problems where it is necessary to generate feature descriptors to discern between image classes. Because of the deep representation of image data that CNNs are capable of generating, they are increasingly popular in research and industry applications. With the increasing number of use cases for CNNs, more and more time is being spent to come up with optimal CNN structures for different applications. Where one CNN might succeed at classification, another can fail. As a result, it is desirable to more easily find an optimal CNN structure to increase classification accuracy. In the proposed method, a GA is used to evolve the parameters that influence the structure of a CNN. The GA compares CNNs by training them on images of concrete containing cracks. The best CNN after several generations of the GA is then compared to the state-of-the-art CNN for crack detection. This work shows that it is possible to generalize the process of optimizing a CNN for image classification through the use of a GA.
Brief Report: Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Awareness and Use Among Cisgender Women at a Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinic

Background Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is highly effective in preventing HIV transmission. Cisgender women (cis-women) constitute only a small proportion of PrEP users in the United States despite accounting for 19% of new HIV infections in 2016. Setting The Rhode Island Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) Clinic from 2013 to 2016. Methods We report on the demographic and behavioral characteristics of all HIV-negative, cis-women who presented to the Clinic and of those who met Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indications for PrEP. In a logistic regression analysis, we evaluated PrEP awareness among cis-women by year and demographic characteristics. We compared PrEP awareness among cis-women with PrEP awareness among cisgender men who have sex with men and among cisgender men who inject drugs presenting to the Clinic. Results Among 1431 HIV-negative cis-women, 84 (5.8%) met CDC indications for PrEP. PrEP awareness was significantly lower among Hispanic/Latina cis-women [11.0%; adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 0.46, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.31 to 0.66] and non-Hispanic black cis-women (13.8%; AOR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.39 to 0.89) relative to non-Hispanic white cis-women (20.7%). Men who have sex with men had significantly greater PrEP awareness (60.3%; AOR: 5.85, 95% CI: 3.35 to 10.23) than cis-women (22.9%). Only one woman reported PrEP use. Conclusions Two-thirds of HIV-negative cis-women presenting for HIV/sexually transmitted disease testing and meeting CDC indications for PrEP were unaware of PrEP, and only one woman reported ever using PrEP. There is a critical need for public health professionals and health care providers to increase PrEP awareness and use among cis-women at risk for HIV.
Characterization of adhesively bonded aluminum plates subjected to shock-wave loading

Abstract Adhesive joint technology is gaining acceptance since it leads to weight reduction, provides uniform stress distribution across the joints, allows the bonding of similar and dissimilar materials, and contributes to shock and vibration damping. The literature on adhesive joints subjected to static loads is extensive. However, the response of adhesive joints to high loading rates such as blast or ballistic loading has not been studied extensively. In this study, fully bonded plates composed of aluminum plates (381 mm in diameter and 1.59 mm thick) and commercial epoxy adhesive were tested under shock wave loading. Full displacement field over the test plates was obtained by digital image correlation techniques, and full-field strains of the plates were computed by classical plate theory for large deflections. An axisymmetric Finite Element Method model was used to gain more insight on the response of fully bonded plates to shock-wave loading. The material properties of the epoxy film subjected to high loading rates were estimated through an algorithm developed for an FEM-based parametric study. Finally, the influence of the adhesive thickness and Young's modulus on the behavior of the bonded adhesive under shock-wave loading were investigated using an FEM model.
Leveraging Relational Metaphors: An Analysis of Non-Parental Adult Roles in Response to Youth Needs:

The present study takes a strength-based approach to understand how young people’s individual needs shape their relationships with significant non-parental adults across adolescence. The analyses d...
Circulating plasma metabolites and risk of rheumatoid arthritis in the Nurses' Health Study.

Objectives RA develops slowly over years. We tested for metabolic changes prior to RA onset using a large non-targeted metabolomics platform to identify novel pathways and advance understanding of RA development. Methods Two hundred and fifty-four incident RA cases with plasma samples drawn pre-RA onset in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) cohorts were matched 1:2 to 501 controls on age, race, menopause/post-menopausal hormone use and blood collection features. Relative abundances of 360 unique, known metabolites were measured. Conditional logistic regression analyses assessed associations between metabolites and incidence of RA, adjusted for age, smoking and BMI, accounting for multiple comparisons. Subgroup analyses investigated seropositive (sero+) RA and RA within 5 years of sample collection. Significant metabolites were then tested in a female military pre-RA case-control study (n = 290). Results In the NHS, metabolites associated with RA and sero+RA in multivariable models included 4-acetamidobutanoate (odds ratio (OR) = 0.80/s.d., 95% CI: 0.66, 0.95), N-acetylputrescine (OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.69, 0.96), C5 carnitine (OR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.71, 0.99) and C5:1 carnitine (OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.68, 0.95). These were involved primarily in polyamine and leucine, isoleucine and valine metabolism. Several metabolites associated with sero+RA within 5 years of diagnosis were replicated in the independent military cohort: C5 carnitine (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.33, 0.92), C5:1 carnitine (OR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.39, 0.99) and C3 carnitine (OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.36, 0.91). Conclusion Several metabolites were inversely associated with incidence of RA among women. Three short-chain acylcarnitines replicated in a smaller dataset and may reflect inflammation in the 5-year period prior to sero+RA diagnosis.
Science Merit Function for the KEPLER Mission

The Kepler Mission was a NASA Discovery-class mission designed to continuously monitor the brightness of at least 100,000 stars to determine the frequency of Earth-size and larger planets orbiting other stars. Once the Kepler proposal was chosen for a flight opportunity, it was necessary to optimize the design to accomplish the ambitious goals specified in the proposal and still stay within the available resources. To maximize the science return from the mission, a merit function (MF) was constructed that relates the science value (as determined by the PI and the Science Team) to the chosen mission characteristics and to models of the planetary and stellar systems. This MF served several purposes; prediction of the science results of the proposed mission, effects of varying the values of the mission parameters to increase the science product or to reduce the mission costs, and assessment of risks. The Merit Function was also valuable for the purposes of advocating the Mission by illustrating its expected capability. Later, it was used to keep management informed of the changing mission capability as trade-offs and mission down-sizing occurred. The MF consisted of models of the stellar environment, assumed exoplanet characteristics and distributions, parameter values for the mission point-design, and equations that related the science value to the predicted number and distributions of detected exoplanets. A description of the MF model and representative results are presented.
Barriers and Facilitators of Asthma Management as Experienced by African American Caregivers of Children with Asthma: An Integrative Review.

Abstract Introduction African American children with asthma demonstrate significant health disparities and poor health outcomes. Understanding the burdens faced by parents and caregivers of children with asthma may be helpful to develop future interventions to address this disparity. Purpose The purpose of this integrative review was to reveal the barriers and facilitators of child asthma management experienced by African American caregivers. Method Whittemore and Knafl's (2005) method of integrative review was used to review 40 articles. The integrative review involved appraising the quality of the literature, conducting a thematic analysis, and evaluating the barriers and facilitators of pediatric asthma management experienced by African American caregivers. Results Barriers and facilitators were identified as themes. Barriers included caregiver burdens, and lack of home and neighborhood safety. Facilitators were family and community support, education and empowerment, and culturally competent healthcare providers. Discussion To improve the care of African American children with asthma, nurses should work to engage, communicate, and foster trust with families. Nurses should assess and address the family caregivers' burdens while emphasizing support systems.
Online Testbed for Evaluating Vulnerability of Deep Learning Based Power Grid Load Forecasters

Modern electric grids that integrate smart grid technologies require different approaches to grid operations. There has been a shift towards increased reliance on distributed sensors to monitor bidirectional power flows and machine learning based load forecasting methods (e.g., using deep learning). These methods are fairly accurate under normal circumstances, but become highly vulnerable to stealthy adversarial attacks that could be deployed on the load forecasters. This paper provides a novel model-based Testbed for Simulation-based Evaluation of Resilience (TeSER) that enables evaluating deep learning based load forecasters against stealthy adversarial attacks. The testbed leverages three existing technologies, viz. DeepForge: for designing neural networks and machine learning pipelines, GridLAB-D: for electric grid distribution system simulation, and WebGME: for creating web-based collaborative metamodeling environments. The testbed architecture is described, and a case study to demonstrate its capabilities for evaluating load forecasters is provided.
Learning spatiotemporal dynamics in wholesale energy markets with dynamic mode decomposition

Abstract Energy markets balance electricity generation (supply) and demand while ensuring non-discriminatory access. Understanding energy market dynamics is essential to improving grid efficiency and optimizing the development of new energy conversion and storage technologies. Accurate energy price forecasts are important for many energy storage technologies to be profitable from price arbitrage. In this paper, we apply Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD), a popular spatial-temporal reduced-form modeling technique, to forecast 6587 locational marginal prices in the California Day-Ahead Market (DAM). DMD is a promising equation-free modeling technique in systems with inherent periodic tendencies in time such as financial markets and fluid dynamics. Yet we show, for the first time, that DMD cannot reliably forecast day-ahead energy prices due to the periodicity of the data. Instead, we show Augmented DMD (ADMD) overcomes these limitations and is a fast and accurate price forecaster. We benchmark DMD, ADMD, and backcasting forecasting methods for optimal price arbitrage with an energy storage system. Using ADMD, a market-connected energy storage system can capture up to 92% of allowable revenues in rolling horizon simulations. Moreover, ADMD is up to 1000-times faster than time-series forecasting methods and requires orders of magnitude less data than deep/machine learning techniques.
Scalable Residential Demand Response Management

In this paper, a scalable framework based on a hierarchical architecture for residential demand response (DR) is introduced. The architecture, which overlays the physical architecture of the power system, allows to decompose the problem into several parts and solve it in a distributed manner. The computational time required to solve the DR optimization problem by this framework is shown to be only dependent on the number of levels in the hierarchical architecture. Hence, when the demand response computation is carried out entirely in parallel, adding more homes to the optimization does not add to the optimization time, thus making the computation scalable. Moreover, since the architecture overlays on the hierarchy of the physical power system, each node’s physical constraints can also be integrated into the optimization problem. Additionally, metrics are introduced to quantify the DR program’s success, balancing between the performance, the number of participants in the DR program as well as the stress on the consumer due to the optimization. For DR management, the consumer comfort as well as the demand response target is considered. The generated schedule can be carried out as a direct load control by the demand response aggregator or through a home energy management system. To demonstrate the scalability of the proposed method a one million home demand response program is successfully simulated and typical results are presented.
(2R,6R)-Hydroxynorketamine, A Metabolite of Ketamine: The Antidepressant Actions and the Mechanisms

Current antidepressant medications acting on monoaminergic systems take long time (weeks to months) to induce beneficial effects at low rates (about 30%). Accumulating evidences demonstrate that ketamine, a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, produces rapid and long-lasting antidepressant effects in patients with major depressive disorder as well as treatment-resistant depression. A metabolite of ketamine, (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine [(2R,6R)-HNK], produces rapid and sustained antidepressant-like effects in animal models without ketamine-like side effects, which have recently gained much attention. Notably, (2R,6R)-HNK does not block the NMDA receptor, the primary target of ketamine. However, the molecular signaling mechanisms of antidepressant-like effects of (2R,6R)-HNK remain unknown.
Physical and Psychological Dysfunction An Integrative Perspective

Every course on the history of psychology makes at least passing reference to the so-called mind-body problem and the philosophical debate that once raged over the interaction of the body and the soul. Dualism and the pseudoscientific notion that the pineal gland was the meeting point of the two separate entities are now viewed with curiosity and humor. It is unlikely that anyone who has had even a high school psychology course would question the fact that the mind is a biological phenomenon associated with chemical and electrical activity in the brain.
Intrapulmonary shunt confirmed by intracardiac echocardiography in the diagnosis of hepatopulmonary syndrome.

A 59-year-old male with cirrhosis secondary to alco-hol use was referred to our pulmonary clinic for evalu-ation of hypoxemia and worsening dyspnea onexertion. Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) with sa-line contrast study suggested the presence of an inter-atrial septal defect. He had been started by a localphysician on continuous oxygen and maintained at 2-4 L/min. A repeat TTE with saline contrast showednormal right ventricle (RV) size and function, with anRV systolic pressure of 30 mmHg and bubbles in theleft atrium 5-6 beats after injection. His social historywas pertinent for 40 years of heavy alcohol use, withhis last drink 4 years earlier. His physical exam wasonly remarkable for a pulse oxygenation of 87%-93%on 2 L/min of oxygen and signiﬁcant lower extremityedema bilaterally. Heart examination revealed no mur-murs or split-second sound.A diffusing capacity corrected for hemoglobin wasmoderately reduced at 15.94 mL/min/mmHg (55% ofpredicted). Arterial blood gas standing and on room airrevealed a pH of 7.45, pCO
A plug and play framework for an hvac air handling unit and temperature sensor auto recognition technique

A plug and play framework for an HVAC air handling unit control system is proposed in this study. This is the foundation and the first step towards the plug and play HVAC control system that will eventually lead to self-configuring of HVAC control systems for automatic building controls system set-up, commissioning, more robust HVAC system operations, and automatic detection and repair of potential controls problems. This framework is built on the commercially available smart transducers that are compatible with the IEEE 1451 family of standards, and a data acquisition system that can read and write the smart transducer information. As a proof of concept for the framework, a structural pattern recognition algorithm is developed to automatically recognize temperature sensors in an Air Handling Unit (AHU) at different locations. The algorithm can be a critical part of the self-configuring HVAC control system in establishing a binding list of control system input/output and automated assignment and verification of the binding list. A prototype of the plug and play framework for an AHU was built. Experiments were designed, setup, and tested to automatically recognize eleven different temperature sensors at various AHU locations on two different AHUs. More than one hundred test cases were implemented at various initial conditions, environmental temperatures, and chilled water system configurations, to demonstrate the robustness of the pattern recognition algorithm.
Infinite Arcadia: Berry, Babbitt and Historical Environmentalism

Since at least the Industrial Revolution, the Western world has been forced to confront the profound and often devastating ways in which humanity can impact the well-being of the non-human world. While this realization has inspired many ethical re-orientations, the engendering of new cultural symbols, positive political attention, theological and philosophical treatises, mass movements, economic reconfigurations, and even new literary genres - the overwhelming feeling among environmentally conscious thinkers and activists is that these efforts have been rather disappointing at best. In the context of U.S. Environmental policy, for example, much of the political "progress" tends toward more "symbolic," rather than ecologically efficacious, action. Why might this be, given everything we know about the human and non-human relationship? In this paper, I introduce a way of navigating environmental ethics whereby one may distinguish between an efficacious and non-efficacious environmentalism, with the hope that such a distinction might provide a way of articulating a more politically persuasive, well-rounded, and experientially grounded ecological intuition. I call this ethical orientation, "Historical Environmentalism," which I propose as a way of addressing environmental problems that gives greater attention to, and appreciation of, the complexity, context, and consequences of the problems themselves. The alternative, "ahistorical environmentalism," often manifests itself in reductionist, misanthropic, hyper-romantic, pantheistic, and other problematic ways. Some of these approaches betray a lack of sophistication and often inspire ineffective or merely "symbolic" policy. Using the work of Irving Babbitt, Wendell Berry and others, I intend to demonstrate how and why the historical-ahistorical distinction offers a useful means to articulating a more persuasive, synthetic, and efficacious environmental ethic to which politics can appeal.
Molecular Insight on the Relationship Between the Opposing Co-chaperones CHIP and HOP

Cellular chaperones and co-chaperones maintain protein quality control (PQC) and are vital to cellular stress responses. The TPR-containing co-chaperones CHIP (C-terminus of Hsp70 Interacting Prote...