cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rethinking the Informal Economy: Linkages with the Formal Economy and the Formal Regulatory Environment

This paper explores the relationship of the informal economy to the formal economy and the formal regulatory environment. It begins with a discussion of the concept of the informal economy and its size, composition, and segmentation. It then discusses the linkages between the informal economy and the formal economy and the formal regulatory environment. The conclusion suggests why and how more equitable linkages between the informal economy and the formal economy should be promoted through an appropriate inclusive policy and regulatory environment.
High Resolution Ice Core Records of Late Holocene Volcanism: Current and Future Contributions from the Greenland PARCA Cores

A suite of spatially distributed, multi-century cores collected since 1995 under NASA's Program for Arctic Regional Climate Assessment (PARCA) provides an excellent archive of volcanic emissions reaching Greenland. As records of equivalent quality from higher accumulation sites in Antarctica become available, their integration will produce a richer, better temporally constrained and more climatologically valuable history of global volcanism. The Greenland PARCA cores have been accurately dated using multiple seasonally varying indicators (δ 18 O, insoluble dust, H 2 O 2 , nitrate, calcium) and the ongoing chemical analyses are providing new volcanic histories that complement the limited records that exist. The first results confirm that the sulfate aerosols from an unidentified pre-Tambora eruption called Unknown: (1) were widely dispersed across the Greenland ice sheet; (2) first arrived in the 1810 A.D. snow fall; and, (3) in 1810 A.D., the first year after the eruption (1809 A.D.), produced concentrations of excess SO 4 2-(EXS) comparable to those deposited in 1816 A.D., the first year after the eruption of Tambora in 1815 A.D. The EXS originating from the eruption of Laki craters or Lakagigar (1783 A.D.) is confined to a single year (1783 A.D.) and varies considerably across the ice sheet, primarily as a function of the local accumulation rate. Future chemical analyses of the PARCA cores promise richly detailed histories of EXS emissions from both known and yet to be identified volcanic eruptions. The high temporal resolution of these ice core records will help resolve timing issues and their broad spatial distribution will provide a more representative estimate of the EXS flux associated with a specific eruption.
The Effects of Numerical Viscosities

We begin a systematical study on the effect of numerical viscosities. In this paper we investigate the behavior of shock-capturing methods for slowly moving shocks. It is known that for slowly moving shocks even a first-order scheme, such as the Godunov or Roe type methods, will generate downstream oscillatory wave patterns that cannot be effectively damped by the dissipation of these first-order schemes. The purpose of this paper is to understand the formation and behavior of these downstream patterns. Our study shows that the downstream errors are generated by the unsteady nature of the viscous shock profiles and behave diffusively. The scenario is as follows. When solving the compressible Euler equations by shock capturing methods, the smeared density profile introduces a momentum spike at the shock location if the shock moves slowly. Downstream waves will necessarily emerge in order to balance the momentum mass carried by the spike for the momentum conservation. Although each family of waves decays inl∞andl2while they preserve the same mass, the perturbing nature of the viscous or spike profile is a constant source for the generation of new downstream waves, causing spurious solutions foralltime. Higher order TVD or ENO type interpolations accentuate this problem.
A formation study of NN interactions between 1.51 and 2.90 GeV/c (III). Resonance production

A systematic study of pp and pd resonance production cross sections in non-strange annihilation channels between 1.51 and 2.90 GeV/c has been completed. The data have been analysed in relation to the three known structures at c.m. NN energies of 2190, 2350 and 2375 MeV. Several resonance intermediate states may have broad maxima near the isopin one 2350 MeV structure. However, more data below 1.6 GeV/c are required to better describe the background in this region before firm conclusions may be drawn.
Utility-Based Uploading Strategy in Cloud Scenarios

There is a great potential to boost the performance of mobile devices by offloading computation-intensive parts of mobile applications to the cloud. However, this potential is hindered by a gap between how individual mobile devices demand computational resources and how cloud providers offer them: offloading requests from a mobile device usually require a quick response, which may be infrequent, and is subject to variable network connectivity, whereas cloud resources incur relatively long setup times, are leased for long time quanta, and are indifferent to network connectivity. In this paper, we present the design of utility-based uploads sharing strategy in cloud scenarios, which bridges the above gap through providing computation offloading as a service to mobile devices. Our scheme efficiently manages cloud resources for offloading requests to improve offloading performances of mobile devices, as well as to reduce the monetary cost per request of the provider. We also schedule offloading requests to resolve the contention problem for cloud resources. The proposed scheme makes offloading decisions with a controlled risk to overcome the uncertainties caused by variable network connectivity and program execution. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can reduce the costs of cloud resources and enable mobile computation speedup for mobile devices.
22 – Signal Transduction and Apoptosis

This chapter describes some common techniques in the signaling field and identifies the importance and limitation of each technique. Crucial to the study of signal transduction is the ability to quantitatively assay the presence of any given signaling molecule. When a specific antibody to the molecule of interest is available, this question can be easily answered using a Western blot. Western blotting detects protein expression levels in lysates of clinical specimens, cell cultures, or cellular fractions using sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) to resolve the proteins by size and immunoblotting with an antibody to detect the protein of interest. Briefly, aliquots of the samples to be analyzed are mixed with a buffer solution containing -mercaptoethanol (to reduce disulfide bonds) and the detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (to apply a uniform negative charge to the surface of the protein). The proteins are then denatured by boiling. In this manner, the proteins are unfolded into linear extended polypeptide chains coated with the negatively charged SDS. The detergent not only releases the proteins from association with other cellular components, but its negative charge masks the intrinsic charge of the polypeptide.
CDX2 is a useful marker of intestinal-type differentiation: a tissue microarray-based study of 629 tumors from various sites.

Abstract Context.—CDX2, a critical nuclear transcription factor for intestinal development, is expressed in intestinal epithelium and adenocarcinomas. Objectives.—To determine if CDX2 is a useful marker for intestinal-type differentiation and to correlate tumor histology with CDX2 staining in colorectal adenocarcinomas. Design.—Tissue microarrays from 71 colorectal adenocarcinomas, 31 hepatocellular carcinomas, 47 lung adenocarcinomas, 55 squamous cell carcinomas of the lung, 69 neuroendocrine carcinomas of the lung and 43 of the pancreas, 57 pancreatic adenocarcinomas, and 256 endometrial adenocarcinomas were stained with antibody against CDX2. Results.—CDX2 staining was positive in 51 (71.8%) of 71 colorectal cancers, including 38 (74.5%) of 51 well- or moderately differentiated tumors and 13 (65.0%) of 20 high-grade tumors. Of the high-grade tumors, 5 (71.4%) of 7 mucinous, 3 (100%) of 3 signet ring cell, and 5 (50.0%) of 10 poorly differentiated tumors were positive. Other tumors showing occasional CD...
Taming Oblivion: Aging Bodies and the Fear of Senility in Japan

Taming Oblivion: Aging Bodies and the Fear of Senility in Japan. John W. Traphagan. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2000. 225 pp.
Response of "diabetic" mice (db/db) to p-fluorophenethylbiguanide.

Summary The compound p-fluorophenethylbiguanide lowered the blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations of genetic diabetic mice, C57BL/KsJ- db/db . The compound also depressed the respiration of the db/db mice and caused the accumulation of plasma lactic acid. Since these mice did not respond to the sulfonylurea type of hypoglycemic compounds, they are thus useful in differentiating the two types of hypoglycemic agents: those that stimulate insulin secretion and those that do not.
Trigonometric Interpolation and Predictor‐Corrector Formulas for Numerical Integration

Formulas are derived for n1/2-point osculatory trigonometric interpolation, which give the unique trigonometric sum Sn(x) satisfying Sn(xi) = f(xi), i = 1,2, …, n, and S′n(xi) = f′(xi), i = 1,2, …, n + 1. In conjunction with previously derived formulas, we have predictor-corrector formulas for stepwise numerical integration of y′ = Φ(x, y). These formulas might be applicable to numerical integration where y is either purely or nearly periodic (e. g., orbits, satellites, etc.). For each n, for xi equally spaced at intervals of h, there is a different predictor-corrector pair for every h. To obtain predictor-corrector formulas for y″ = Φ (x, y, y′), one requires n 1/3 -and n 2/3 -point hyperosculatory trigonometric interpolation formulas (i. e., based upon fi, f′i and f′i, i = 1,2, …, n, and one or two out of fn+1, f′n+1, and f″n+1). A procedure is outlined for obtaining unique n 1/3 -and n 2/3 -point formulas (different for odd and even n). Remainder formulas in terms of divided differences for complex arguments (not too informative) are given for some formulas having an odd number of interpolation conditions. Zur n1/2-punktigen trigonometrischen Interpolation wurden Formeln hergeleitet, durch welche eindeutig eine trigonometrische Summe Sn(x) mit Sn(xi) = f(xi), i = 1,2, …, n, und S′n(xi) = f′(xi), i = 1,2, …, n + 1 bestimmt wird. Zusammen mit fruher hergeleiteten Beziehungen erhalt man Formeln fur die schrittweise numerische Integration von Differentialgleichungen y′ = Φ(x, y) nach dem Extrapolations- bzw. Interpolationsverfahren, falls y exakt oder angenahert periodisch ist. Bei aquidistanten xi gibt es fur jedes n und jeden Wert des Argumentschritts h ein spezielles Formelpaar. Um nach entsprechenden Methoden die Differentialgleichung y″ = Φ(x, y, y′) genahert integrieren zu konnen, benotigt man n 1/3 und n 2/3 -punktige Formeln fur die trigonometrische Interpolation, die f(xi), f″(xi) i = 1,2, …, n, und einen oder zwei Werte der f(xn+1), f′(xn+1), f″(xn+1) benutzen; das Vorgehen zur eindeutigen Aufstellung derartiger Formeln wird, getrennt fur gerades und ungerades n, geschildert. Fur Formeln mit einer ungeraden Zahl von Interpolationsbedingungen werden Restglieddarstellungen angegeben, die dividierte Differenzen mit komplexen Argumentwerten benutzen, aber nicht sehr aufschlusreich sind.
Not Just Babies

Morality is often regarded as one of the greatest achievements of the human mind. Knowing right from wrong and acting based upon moral principles sets us apart from other animals, and we take pride in our ability to be moral and believe morality to be the product of a mature mind. However, recent research shows that babies might have already figured out many of these complex problems.
Challenges to covering the high-level to silicon gap

Silicon architects have a difficult task. They have to translate a high-level product desire into a lower-level description for silicon implementation. They are required to balance their own creativity, project schedule, solution cost, and the degree of difficultly of implementation. Microarchitectural design starts with a high-level premise. For microprocessors, this premise is in the form of an instruction set architectural (ISA) reference, which is usually in book form. The process of interpreting and converting this ISA, for example, into a constructible RTL requires experience, skills, sometimes arrogance and usually needs a lot of luck. Architectural exploration is heavily constrained by experiences and limited by lack of tools and project schedules. This task looks at the whole path from high-level to silicon, look at some of the research along that path and challenge everyone on the important need to cover the micro-architectural exploration gap.
Disclosure of sexual abuse. The secret is out--what now?

The sexual abuse of a child is a well-kept secret. Disclosure creates difficulties for the child, the family, and sometimes for the professionals working with them. A multidisciplinary, multiagency model is one method to facilitate care and recovery for the child victim. Each agency and service has a different purpose and goal. Cooperative coordination and communication are the keys to case management with reduced psychological trauma for the child and family. Child psychiatric nurses can be effective members of the child abuse health team model. Advocacy roles also can be developed by nurses who work with sexual victimization through the avenues of media, writing, committee membership and research. Language: en
Studies on the binding of actinomycin D to DNA and DNA model polymers

Abstract The ability of 17 different DNA's to bind actinomycin D was studied by a variety of techniques including equilibrium dialysis, in vitro transcription and analytical buoyant density centrifugation. The major conclusions are as follows: (1) The presence of deoxyguanylic acid in a DNA is not necessary for complex formation. Poly dI binds approximately one-quarter as much AM as DNA's which contain 50% G + C; the equilibrium constant for the poly dI-AM complex is as large as that observed for 50% G + C DNA's. (2) The presence of deoxyguanylic acid in a DNA is not sufficient for complex formation. Poly d(A-T-C) · poly d(G-A-T), which contains 33% G + C, binds little or no AM as judged by five different techniques. (3) A marked nucleotide sequence preference exists for the binding reaction. When comparing sequence isomeric DNA's, the poly d(pur n -pyr m ) · poly d(pur m -pyr n ) isomer binds more AM and binds AM more tightly than does the poly d pur · poly d pyr isomer. (4) The guanine-containing DNA's tested, with the exception of poly d(A-T-C) · poly d(G-A-T), bind AM and are: Micrococcus luteus DNA, salmon sperm DNA, poly d(G-C) · poly d(G-C), poly dG · poly dC, poly d(T-G) · poly d(C-A), poly d(T-C) · poly d(G-A), poly d(T-T-G) · poly d(C-A-A), poly d(T-T-C) · poly d(G-A-A) and poly d(T-A-C) · poly d(G-T-A). (5) The DNA's which are devoid of deoxyguanine, with the exception of poly dI, do not bind AM and are: poly d(A-T) · poly d(A-T), poly dA · poly dT, poly dI · poly dC and poly d(I-C) · poly d(I-C). The results are discussed in relation to two models for the AM-DNA complex, the hydrogen-bonded, “outside-binding” model of Hamilton, Fuller & Reich (1963) and the intercalation model of Muller & Crothers (1968) . The data are not consistent with the hydrogen-bonded model.
Eleven-year follow-up of tooth replantation

Clinical events that may have contributed to long-term success in replantation are detailed. The 11-year history of a replanted maxillary central incisor in a 7-year-old boy is given. Factors in the successful management of replanted teeth are discussed.
On the maximum wave intensity in the focal volume

Abstract Despite asymmetries in the field distribution about the geometrical focus of a converging, spherical wave, no improvement in the on-axis intensity at the geometrical focus can be realized by re-focusing the wave.
Extraocular Muscle Lacerations

Five cases of laceration of an extraocular muscle without involvement of the globe or significant involvement of the adnexa occurred after injury with a pencil, mower blade, screen door, and building nail, and at surgery when the surgeon operated on the wrong muscle. The inferior rectus muscle was involved in three cases, the lateral rectus muscle in one, and the medial rectus muscle in one, Traumatic muscle laceration involves the inferior or medial rectus muscles more often than the other muscles. This may occur for two reasons: these muscles are closer to the corneoscleral limbus, and they are more visible during the protective blink with associated upward and usually outward movement of the globe (Bell's phenomenon). When the lacerated muscle could be found, it was repaired either by reinsertion to the sclera or reunion of the severed muscle segments. When the muscle could not be found, a muscle transfer procedure was carried out. Patients with fusion before injury regained fusion in part of the visual field after muscle repair.
Value of programmed ventricular stimulation in patients with congenital heart disease.

Ventricular Stimulation in Congenital Heart Disease, introduction: The role of programmed ventricular stimulation (VSTIM) for risk stratification in congenital heart disease is unclear. We analyzed the results of VSTIM in selected congenital heart disease survivors at a single center lo determine whether it improved the ability to predict a serious outcome. Methods and Results: Between July 1985 and September 1996. 140 primary VSTIM studies were performed on 130 patients (median age 18.1 years, range 0 to 51). Tetralogy of Fallot (33%), d-transposition of the great arteries (25%), and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (12%) accounted for the majority of patients. Indications included spontaneous ventricular tachycardia (VT) of ≥ 3 beats (72%) and/or symptoms (68%). Sustained VT was induced in 25% of the studies, and nonsustained VT in 12%. Atrial flutter or other supraventricular tachycardia was documented in 32% and bradyarrhythmias in 26%. By univariate analysis, mortality was increased in patients with positive VSTIM versus negative VSTIM (18% vs 7%, P = 0.04). Using multivariate analysis, positive VSTIM was associated with a sixfold increased risk of decreased survival and a threefold increased risk of serious arrhythmic events, allowing up to 87% sensitivity in predicting mortality. However, 7 (33%) of 21 patients with documented clinical VT had false-negative studies. Conclusion: VSTIM in a large, selected group of congenital heart disease patients identified a subgroup with significantly increased mortality and sudden arrhythmic events. Failure to induce VT was a favorable prognostic sign, but the frequency of false-negative studies was high. Frequent supraventricular tachycardia further complicated risk stratification. Although VSTIM appears to be a reasonable tool for evaluation of this population, a larger, multicenter trial is recommended to clarify its utility.
CoMFA and HQSAR studies on 6,7-dimethoxy-4-pyrrolidylquinazoline derivatives as phosphodiesterase10A inhibitors.

Abstract Phosphodiesterase10A (PDE10A) is an important enzyme with diverse biological actions in intracellular signaling systems, making it an emerging target for diseases such as schizophrenia, Huntington’s disease, and diabetes mellitus. The objective of the current 3D QSAR study is to uncover some of the structural parameters which govern PDE10A inhibitory activity over PDE3A/B. Thus, comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and hologram quantitative structure–activity relationship (HQSAR) studies were carried out on recently reported 6,7-dimethoxy-4-pyrrolidylquinazoline derivatives as PDE10A inhibitors. The best CoMFA model using atom-fit alignment approach with the bound conformation of compound 21 as the template yielded the steric parameter as a major contributor (nearly 70%) to the observed variations in biological activity. The best CoMFA model produced statistically significant results, with the cross-validated ( r cv 2 ) and conventional correlation ( r ncv 2 ) coefficients being 0.557 and 0.991, respectively, for the 21 training set compounds. Validation of the model by external set of six compounds yielded a high (0.919) predictive value. The CoMFA models of PDE10A and PDE3A/B activity were compared in order to address the selectivity issue of these inhibitors. The best HQSAR model for PDE10A was obtained with an r cv 2 of 0.704 and r ncv 2 of 0.902 using atoms, bonds, connections, chirality, donor, and acceptor as fragment distinction and default fragment size of 4–7 with three components for the 21 compounds. The HQSAR model predicted the external test-set of compounds well since a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values was verified. Taken together, the present QSAR models were found to accurately predict the PDE10A inhibitory activity of the test-set compounds and to yield reliable clues for further optimization of the quinazoline derivatives in the dataset.
An efficient method to display crack front profile in fracture test specimens

Abstract An efficient method to display clearly the crack front profile in a fracture mechanics test specimen is suggested. Using this improved technique, the crack growth amount can be more accurately measured. An example is given for an Ni-Cr-Mo-V steel specimen.
Real-time pulmonary graphics

Real-time pulmonary graphics now enable clinicians to view lung mechanics and patient-ventilator interactions on a breath-to-breath basis. Displays of pressure, volume, and flow waveforms, pressure-volume and flow-volume loops, and trend screens enable clinicians to customize ventilator settings based on the underlying pathophysiology and responses of the individual patient. This article reviews the basic concepts of pulmonary graphics and demonstrates how they contribute to our understanding of respiratory physiology and the management of neonatal respiratory failure.
Measuring Coping in Low-Income European American, African American, and Mexican American Adolescents: An Examination of Measurement Equivalence

We examined the cross-ethnic and cross-language equivalence of the Children's Coping Strategies Checklist (Ayers, T.S., Sandler, I.N., West, S.G. and Roosa, M.W. (1996). A dispositional and situational assessment of children's coping: Testing alternative models of coping. Journal of Personality , 64 (4), 923-958) by assessing item, functional, and scalar equivalence in a sample of 319 European American, African American, and Mexican American adolescents from low-income inner-city families. Depression, as measured by Children's Depression Inventory, was the criterion in the analyses of scalar equivalence. The results suggest considerable cross-ethnic and cross-language measurement equivalence of the Children's Coping Strategies Checklist. The findings also suggest some caution in using the Children's Depression Inventory in comparative studies of African American and Mexican American adolescents or in studies that treat these groups as homogeneous samples.
Constructing a new bony posterior canal wall in elimination of the radical mastoid cavity. Use of pedicled temporal bone-periosteum flap.

An operation is described which was devised to reconstruct a new bony posterior canal wall using a temporal bone-periosteum pedicle flap. We feel that this is not only advantageous in the obliteration of the mastoid cavity but will also enhance subsequent functional surgery. This method was utilized in four patients with effective results. The first two patients did not have mastoid-cavities to start with. Their posterior canal walls were taken down unsparingly at time of operation for chronic disease of the tympanic cleft and a one-stage reconstruction performed. It is suggested that this addition to the technique of Rambo might significantly rehabilitate our “aural cripples”, as indicated by our present experience.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGEine Operationsmethode wurde beschrieben, die unter Ausnutzung eines Knochen-Periost-Lappens aus dem Schlafenbein einen Canalis posterior herstellt. Wir fuhlen, dass dies nicht nur von Vorteil in der Obliteration von Mastoidhohlen ist, sondern auch von Hilfe bei spaterer Wiederh...
Fast-to-Compute Weakly Coupled Ductile Fracture Model for Structural Steels

AbstractDuctile fracture in metals can be simulated either by coupled or by uncoupled fracture models. Although the coupled models simulate the gradual loss of strength resulting from the initiation of the damage attributable to microvoid nucleation, growth and coalescence, the uncoupled models can describe critical the conditions under which ductile fracture initiates. Even though the coupled models can completely characterize the ductile damage process, calibration of these models is difficult and their computational implementation is expensive when compared with the uncoupled fracture models. This study is concerned with development of a fracture model that can simulate the ductile fracture process in steels like coupled models with the computational efficiency of the uncoupled models. To this end, a weakly coupled fracture model that can efficiently simulate the ductile fracture process is introduced. The weakly coupled model is proposed based on a micromechanical void growth model and is calibrated u...
Real-time freeway traffic state prediction: A particle filter approach

The research presented in this paper develops a multi-step traffic state prediction algorithm using spot speed measurements. The traditional Lighthill-Whitham-Richards (LWR) flow continuity equation is combined with the Van Aerde traffic stream model to generate a new partial differential equation (PDE) named the Van Aerde flow continuity model. The numerical solution of the PDE is obtained using the Godunov discretization scheme to generate a time series equation that characterizes the temporal and spatial relationship of traffic speed data. Because of the strong nonlinearity of the discretized speed update equation, a robust particle filter is applied to conduct a muti-step speed prediction using speed measurements. The prediction accuracy of the proposed approach is compared to the state-of-the-art Ensemble Kalman filter with the Greenshields traffic stream model using simulated loop detector data from Interstate 66. The results demonstrate that the proposed particle filter approach in combination with the discretized Van Aerde flow continuity model produces the lowest prediction error of 4.3 km/h for a five-minute prediction horizon, and accurately predicts the spatial and temporal propagation of shockwaves.
Disappearance of high temperature superconductivity induced by high carrier concentrations

Abstract It is shown that samples of La2−xSrxCuO4 prepared under 100 bar oxygen pressure exhibit a metallic conductivity which increases as x increases up to x=0.34. In spite of this behavior, superconductivity disappears with Tc decreasing from x=0.15 to x=0.25. This decrease in Tc is shown to be continuous (and not dominated by phase separation). Such decreases in Tc are shown to be a common feature of high temperature superconductors, being observed in YBa2Cu3Oy-like systems as well as in doped Bi 2212 and Tl 1201 compounds.
Signal–receiver interplay in the communication of male condition by Asian elephants

Signal design and meaning are dependent on the condition of the sender and receiver as well as the response of the receiver. This study examined (1) whether female Asian elephants, Elephas maximus , can distinguish between a conspecific male in musth and nonmusth states using urinary signals, (2) how the oestrous condition of the female affects discrimination, and (3) correlation of female responses with the testosterone level of the male. Musth is a rut-like state displayed by healthy adult male elephants. Males in musth dominate nonmusth males and may be preferred by females as mates. Urine was collected from two captive male Asian elephants during nonmusth periods and from one of these males during times of musth. Samples of musth and nonmusth urine and control liquids were placed in an elephant enclosure weekly for 16 weeks, the length of a female oestrous cycle. Primary response behaviours were approach and four trunk-tip motions, namely sniff, check, place and flehmen. Musth urine consistently elicited greater responses than nonmusth and control samples. Females were more responsive during their follicular (sexually receptive) than luteal (unreceptive) stages of oestrus. Furthermore, females appeared to be sensitive to the degree of musth as responses increased with rising serum testosterone levels of the male donor. Chemical signals from males are a likely source of honest signals related to status and reproductive condition. Female elephants appear capable of detecting differences in a male based upon urinary chemosignals.
Isolated bacterial chemosensory array possesses quasi- and ultrastable components: functional links between array stability, cooperativity, and order

Bacteria utilize a large multiprotein chemosensory array to sense attractants and repellents in their environment. The array is a hexagonal lattice formed from three core proteins: a transmembrane receptor, the His kinase CheA, and the adaptor protein CheW. The resulting, highly networked array architecture yields several advantages including strong positive cooperativity in the attractant response and rapid signal transduction through the preformed, integrated signaling circuit. Moreover, when isolated from cells or reconstituted in isolated bacterial membranes, the array possesses extreme kinetic stability termed ultrastability (Erbse and Falke (2009) Biochemistry 48:6975–87) and is the most long-lived multiprotein enzyme complex described to date. The isolated array retains kinase activity, attractant regulation, and its bound core proteins for days or more at 22 °C. The present work quantitates this ultrastability and investigates its origin. The results demonstrate that arrays consist of two major co...
Synthesis of some amino-substituted furanopyrimidines and styrylpyrimidines†

5-p-Chlorophenyl-6,6-dimethyl-5,6-dihydro-3H-furano[2,3-d]pyrimidine-4-one is readily converted to 4,6-dichloro-5-β-β-dimethyl-α- (p-chlorostyryl)pyrimidine by warming in phosphorus oxychloride and acetic acid, behavior which is in strong contrast to that of the analogous 5-phenyl derivative. The reaction provides a convenient source of 4-amino-6-chloro-5β,β-dimethyl-α- (p-chlorostyryl)pyrimidines and 4,6-diamino-5-β,β-dimethyl-α- (p-chlorostyryl)pyrimidines, compounds of potential biological interest.
The Teenage Problem Is the Adult

Counselor education programs and professional associations of behavioral and social sciences have failed to assist counselors, teachers, and parents in understanding and relating to youth in this technological era. Rebelliousness, alienation, and even rioting engaged in by youth represent cries for help to which adults respond, sometimes with indifference but more often with confusion, resentment, or active antagonism. Empathic and informed counselors may be able to reduce the basic feeling of guilt that leads to such negative reactions by helping school staff and parents recognize that rapid and dramatic changes in modern society have irrevocably influenced attitudes, values, and behaviors of youth. Youth have much right on their side. However, they need wisdom of perceptive adults to guide them in working in acceptable ways for legitimate goals which the older generation has preached but often disregarded in practice. “There is, of course, a teenage problem, but that problem is not the teenager but the adult.”—Ashley Montagu.
A Paleolimnological Record of Late Holocene Vegetation Change from the Central California Coast

In this paper, we present results of the analysis of the pollen and microscopic charcoal content of a sediment core from Skylark Pond near Point Ano Nuevo in Santa Cruz County, California. The core covers approximately the last 3,000 years and is of interest because Skylark Pond is located only 1.8 km from Quiroste Valley State Cultural Preserve, an important ceremonial and habitation location for the historic Quiroste tribe containing numerous late Holocene archaeological sites. The results show an increase in fire activity from the fifteenth century to the present. Peaks in charcoal at ca. AD 1425 along with subsequent high charcoal abundance indicate either small, frequent fires ignited by humans or large natural conflagrations. Significant changes after European colonization include increases in grass, oak, and bracken fern, all of which indicate the opening of the redwood forest by logging and ranching. Historic period charcoal peaks can be attributed to the burning of logging slash.
Effect of Temperature on Proton Efflux from Isolated Chloroplast Thylakoids

Temperature-induced changes in the decay of the light-induced proton gradient of chloroplast thylakoids isolated from chilling-resistant and chilling-sensitive plants have been examined. In the presence of N -methylphenazonium methosulfate, the thylakoids isolated from chilling-resistant barley (cv. Kanby) and pea (cv. Alaska) and chilling-sensitive mung bean (cv. Berken) plants showed temperature-induced changes at approximately 8.6, 13.3, and 14.0 C, respectively. Barley thylakoids assayed in the presence of sodium thiocyanate also showed a change at 8.6 C, whereas with no addition or upon the inclusion of both N -methylphenazonium methosulfate and sodium thiocyanate the change occurred at approximately 11.5 C. Temperature-induced changes in electron transport activities occurred at temperatures approximating those for proton efflux for each of the three plants. These results indicate that temperature has a general effect on thylakoid membranes and that chloroplast thylakoids from chilling-resistant and chilling-sensitive plants have their proton permeability properties affected similarly by temperature.
Preferential Inactivation of Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases-1 That Is Bound to the Precursor of Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (Progelatinase B) by Human Neutrophil Elastase

The precursor of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (pro-MMP-9) forms a complex with the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 through the C-terminal domain of each molecule, and the N-terminal domain of TIMP-1 in the complex interacts and inhibits active MMPs. We have reported that a catalytic amount of MMP-3 (stromelysin 1) activates pro-MMP-9 (Ogata, Y., Enghild, J. J., and Nagase, H.(1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 3581-3584). To activate pro-MMP-9 in the complex, however, an excess molar amount of MMP-3 is required to saturate the TIMP-1 in the complex. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the requirement for excess MMP-3 can be circumvented by specific destruction of TIMP-1 by non-target proteinases. We have tested trypsin, plasmin, cathepsin G, neutrophil elastase, and chymotrypsin as possible inactivators of TIMP-1 and found that neutrophil elastase inactivates TIMP-1 in the complex without significant destruction of pro-MMP-9. Once TIMP-1 is inactivated, pro-MMP-9 can be readily activated by a catalytic amount of MMP-3. These results suggest that neutrophil elastase may participate in connective tissue destruction at the inflammatory sites not only by its direct action on matrix macromolecules but also by rendering pro-MMP-9 in the pro-MMP-9·TIMP-1 complex activable by MMP-3 as well as activating pro-MMP-3.
Transient expression of the uidA gene in pollen embryoids of wheat following microprojectile bombardment

Abstract Transient GUS expression levels in microprojectile bombarded, microspore-derived embryoids of bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum cv. Pavon) were evaluated when varying the stage of embryoid development, time in culture, type of promoter, and other physical parameters. GUS expression was histochemically measured 48 h after delivery of the uidA gene. The maize ubiquitin 1 promoter provided a higher level of GUS expression than the CaMV 35S or pollen-specific Zm13 promoters. The stage of embryogenic development had little effect on transient expression up to 10 weeks in culture, after which efficiency dropped off dramatically. The source of calcium used to precipitate the DNA onto microcarriers had a profound influence and GUS expression was enhanced significantly when the calcium solution was at pH 10. Bombardment did not inhibit regeneration and GUS expression could be detected in embryoids producing roots, stems, and leaves 21 days after transformation. These results show that this system is useful for transient expression assays and suggests that the stable transformation of wheat using microspore-derived embryoids may be a practical alternative to methods involving prolonged tissue culture and regeneration from undifferentiated callus cultures.
THE TENSIONS AND CONTRADICTIONS OF THE SCHOOL MATHEMATICS TRADITION

The ubiquitousness and robustness of traditional practices in the teaching of school mathematics raise two fundamental and interrelated questions: Will the fate of the current reform effort in mathematics education be any different from that of previous reform efforts? Why have these traditional practices been so constant and durable? Certainly these are questions that cannot be answered in a single study. However, in an effort to develop a research basis that could aid in thinking about these questions, I conducted an ethnographic case study of a beginning high school mathematics teacher's acculturation into the school mathematics tradition (i.e., the beliefs and practices that characterize the traditional approach to school mathematics). The analysis presented here focuses on the tensions and contradictions that underlie the beliefs and practices of the school mathematics tradition and on the ways that teachers cope with these tensions and contradictions. It also indicates how the explanations and strategies that teachers employ to cope with these tensions and contradictions can actually help to sustain the tradition.
Computer-based data acquisition system for pulse radiolysis studies

Abstract A computer-based system for the study of transient light absorption is described. It automatically subtracts and measures the quiescent light level, digitizes and stores the transient absorption, and monitors the absorption at a reference wavelength. Absorptions as small as 0.1°, in a time domain from a few nanoseconds to several hundred microseconds can be studied, and measurements of both reaction kinetics and absorption spectra are simplified by the use of the system. The system has been developed using commercially available electronic modules and integrated circuits, and is supported by an extensive software package.
What We Learned From 9/11: A Terrorism Grief and Recovery Process Model

This article presents a terrorist grief and recovery process model of 3 stages: Stage I: Disequilibrium—the Immediate Aftermath; Stage II: Denial—Outward Adjustment; and Stage III: Integration—Coming to Terms. Protective factors, such as stress buffers and resiliency, are focused on, and personal factors, which include but are not limited to age, gender, and ethnicity, are also discussed. Predisposing factors (e.g., psychiatric histories, previous trauma, and educational disadvantages), peridisposing factors (e.g., proximity and duration of exposure to the terrorist attack), and postdisposing factors (e.g., family and other support systems) are also described. All these factors are believed to influence the grief and recovery process. After a terrorist attack such as that on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, people’s beliefs are often impacted, specifically beliefs held about (a) the world as they knew it, (b) human nature, (c) spirituality, and (d) themselves, because their inner world cannot continue in the same way as before the attack, so they must go through some transformation in order for them to ‘‘find their place’’ and reintegrate themselves into the world. For many, this requires a grief and recovery process. Although many will need to assimilate or accommodate new values, some will be able to return to their old values and beliefs. Others might ‘‘get stuck,’’ unable to deal effectively with the terrorist attack and its impact. [Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention 5:340–355 (2005)]
Electron-capture decay of 231U

Abstract We studied the electron-capture decay of 231U, produced by bombarding 233U targets with 49-MeV protons in the 88-Inch. Cyclotron at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Following chemical separation, we measured the 231U ( T 1 2 = 4.2 d ) activity with semiconductor detectors. The gamma-ray, X-ray and conversion-electron data from singles and coincidence measurements confirmed the known level scheme of 231Pa. Almost all of the vacancies in the atomic K shell are produced by electron capture in the decay of 231U. Thus, the relative K X-ray intensities can be used in a straightforward manner to normalize the decay scheme and deduce photon emission probabilities. The gamma-ray data agree with previous values determined with NaI detectors, but were measured much more precisely in this work.
Age dependence of oceanic intraplate seismicity and implications for lithospheric evolution

The present investigation is concerned with the determination of the depths for 16 oceanic intraplate earthquakes using body wave modeling. It is found that oceanic intraplate earthquake depths show a clear deepening of the maximum focal depth with increasing lithospheric age. The thickness of the lithosphere in which oceanic intraplate earthquakes occur is approximately equal to or slightly greater than the flexural elastic thickness, but is much less than the seismic thickness determined from surface wave dispersion. Oceanic intraplate earthquakes are found to occur at greater depths and temperatures than has been previously observed for continental crustal events.
Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis and Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Hypertrophic pachymeningitis is rarely observed in inflammatory bowel disease. We report a woman with ulcerative colitis whose biopsy-confirmed hypertrophic pachymeningitis was complicated by cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and intracranial hypertension and required ventriculostomy and steroid therapy. This report highlights the challenges of the diagnosis and management of hypertrophic pachymeningitis from an unusual primary cause.
Cogan and Behcet Syndromes

Cogan and Behcet syndromes are considered large vessel vasculitides. Both are rare diseases, with varied clinical manifestations affecting multiple organ systems. Although both have hallmark symptoms (ocular and vestibuloauditory inflammation in Cogan syndrome and aphthous ulcers in Behcet syndrome), neither has confirmatory diagnostic testing. Delayed diagnosis can result in poor outcomes. In both syndromes, large vessel arterial inflammation may result in severe morbidity and mortality. Treatment strategies in both syndromes vary based on organ system involvement and severity of manifestations. In this article, the epidemiology, proposed pathogenesis, manifestations, and the most current treatment paradigms for these syndromes are reviewed.
Metal binding drugs induce synthesis of four proteins in normal cells.

The synthesis of four proteins in chick embryo cells in culture is induced by exposure to several metal binding drugs and several cations. We reported previously that two chelating agents, kethoxal bis(thiosemicarbazone) and disulfiram induce these proteins. We now extend these findings to include 8-hydroxyquinoline, ortho-phenanthroline, and thiosemicarbazide. The non-chelating analogues of these latter three compounds; 4-hydroxyquinoline, metaphenanthroline, and semicarbazide, do not induce. Other chelating agents, such as thenoyl trifluoroacetone, mercaptopyridine N-oxide, mercaptobenzothiazole, and methimazole induce. However, not all chelators induce since EDTA, penicillamine, α,α-dipyridyl, and several others are ineffective.
Malate cleavage reaction in Pseudomonas species, (Shaw strain MA)

Abstract Extracts of a Pseudomonas species (Shaw strain MA) contain an inducible malate cleavage activity: Malate + ATP + CoA /ag Glyxylate + AcCoA + ADP + Pi. The stoichiometry of the forward reaction was shown to be one mole of glyoxylate produced per mole of ATP hydrolyzed, while in the reverse reaction all three products; malate, ATP, and CoA, were formed in equivalent amounts. The forward reaction shows a broad pH optima of 7–8, while the reverse reaction has a fairly sharp optima of pH 8.2. It is suggested that this enzyme plays a key role in the metabolism of reduced one-carbon compounds by Pseudomonas species-MA.
Effects of 21 Days of Intensified Training on Markers of Overtraining

The purpose of this study was to impose a period of quantifiable intensified training to determine if commonly used diagnostic markers of overtraining parallel changes in physical performance and thus overtraining status. Eight trained male cyclists (24 ± 1 years, 71 ± 3 kg, VO2peak = 4.5 ± 0.1·L·min⁻¹) performed 21 days (3,211 km) of intensified training in the field where volume and intensity were increased over normal training. Salivary IgA, testosterone, and cortisol, 1-hour time trial performance, heart rate response, and profile of mood states (POMS) were collected and analyzed throughout the 21-day training period. The POMS category vigor declined from day 1 to day 4 and remained lower throughout (p 0.05). These data demonstrate that markers of overtraining do not parallel a decrease in performance and should be interpreted with caution.
Common Procedures in Broodmare Practice: What Is the Evidence?

Many procedures performed as part of routine broodmare practice are based on sound clinical judgment and experience or scientific evidence; however, others are based on perceived problems and needs to address them. This article presents four procedures commonly used in broodmare practice, for which there is questionable evidence to substantiate their use.
Compression creep of graphite/epoxy laminates monitored using moire interferometry

Uniaxial compressive creep loadings were applied for ten hours to various graphite/epoxy laminates with a hole. All tests were performed at room temperatures. In-plane displacements were monitored using moire interferometry. Moire fringe patterns were reduced to in-plane strain fields numerically. The fiber-dominated laminates tested exhibited little or no viscoelastic behavior during the ten hour period. Conversely, the matrix-dominated laminates tested did exhibit viscoelastic behavior during the ten hour test time.
Activation of tachykinin, neurokinin 3 receptors affects chromatin structure and gene expression by means of histone acetylation

The tachykinin, neurokinin 3 receptor (NK3R) is a g-protein coupled receptor that is broadly distributed in the nervous system and exerts its diverse physiological actions through multiple signaling pathways. Despite the role of the receptor system in a range of biological functions, the effects of NK3R activation on chromatin dynamics and gene expression have received limited attention. The present work determined the effects of senktide, a selective NK3R agonist, on chromatin organization, acetylation, and gene expression, using qRT-PCR, in a hypothalamic cell line (CLU 209) that expresses the NK3R. Senktide (1 nM, 10nM) caused a relaxation of chromatin, an increase in global acetylation of histone H3 and H4, and an increase in the expression of a common set of genes involved in cell signaling, cell growth, and synaptic plasticity. Pretreatment with histone acetyltransferase (HAT) inhibitor (garcinol and 2-methylene y-butylactone), that inhibits p300, p300/CREB binding protein (CBP) associated factor (PCAF), and GCN 5, prevented the senktide-induced increase in expression of most, but not all, of the genes upregulated in response to 1 nM and 10nM senktide. Treatment with 100 nM had the opposite effect: a reduction in chromatin relaxation and decreased acetylation. The expression of four genes was significantly decreased and the HAT inhibitor had a limited effect in blocking the upregulation of genes in response to 100 nM senktide. Activation of the NK3R appears to recruit multiple pathways, including acetylation, and possibly histone deactylases, histone methylases, or DNA methylases to affect chromatin structure and gene expression.