cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carbanion methodology for alkylations and acylations in the synthesis of substituted oxazoles. The formation of Cornforth rearrangement products.

Abstract Studies of monoalkylation of the dianion generated from 2-(5-oxazolyl)-1,3-dithiane 1 led exclusively to substitution adjacent to sulfur. However, acylation reactions of 1 afforded 4,5-disubstituted oxazoles as novel examples of direct acylation of the oxazole nucleus.
Genetic adaptation to heavy metals in aquatic organisms: a review.

Natural populations in polluted areas are possibly subjected to selective pressures for an increased resistance to toxicants. This can result in the evolution of resistance, which may have important implications for decisions regarding safe ambient toxicant levels. By reviewing the evolution of resistance to heavy metals in aquatic organisms, we aimed to determine if all populations negatively affected by toxicants do adapt to them. If the published literature accurately represents the situation in polluted areas (i.e. negative results having an equal chance of being published), it can be concluded that most, but not all, populations in polluted areas do have an increased resistance. But it can usually not be determined if such an increased resistance has a genetic basis. There is less evidence for the evolution of resistance in metazoans (especially fish) than in micro-organisms. Additional information strongly indicates that many populations fail to survive in polluted environments. It thus seems dangerous to relax water quality criteria on the assumption that all populations in polluted environments will evolve an increased resistance. But the fact that the evolution of resistance to environmental pollutants does seem to occur in some populations in polluted environments warrants taking that possibility into consideration when evaluating the results of bioassays and monitoring programs.
Rare Human Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor α4 Subunit (CHRNA4) Variants Affect Expression and Function of High-Affinity Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors

Nicotine, the primary psychoactive component in tobacco smoke, produces its behavioral effects through interactions with neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). α 4 β 2 nAChRs are the most abundant in mammalian brain, and converging evidence shows that this subtype mediates the rewarding and reinforcing effects of nicotine. A number of rare variants in the CHRNA4 gene that encode the α 4 nAChR subunit have been identified in human subjects and appear to be underrepresented in a cohort of smokers. We compared three of these variants ( α 4R336C, α 4P451L, and α 4R487Q) to the common variant to determine their effects on α 4 β 2 nAChR pharmacology. We examined [ 3 H]epibatidine binding, interacting proteins, and phosphorylation of the α 4 nAChR subunit with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in HEK 293 cells and voltage-clamp electrophysiology in Xenopus laevis oocytes. We observed significant effects of the α 4 variants on nAChR expression, subcellular distribution, and sensitivity to nicotine-induced receptor upregulation. Proteomic analysis of immunopurified α 4 β 2 nAChRs incorporating the rare variants identified considerable differences in the intracellular interactomes due to these single amino acid substitutions. Electrophysiological characterization in X. laevis oocytes revealed alterations in the functional parameters of activation by nAChR agonists conferred by these α 4 rare variants, as well as shifts in receptor function after incubation with nicotine. Taken together, these experiments suggest that genetic variation at CHRNA4 alters the assembly and expression of human α 4 β 2 nAChRs, resulting in receptors that are more sensitive to nicotine exposure than those assembled with the common α 4 variant. The changes in nAChR pharmacology could contribute to differences in responses to smoked nicotine in individuals harboring these rare variants.
Social Cognitive Differences Between Aggressive–Rejected and Aggressive–Nonrejected Children

Abstract This study investigated differences in social cognitive processing between two subtypes of aggressive children: those rejected by their peers and those not rejected. Children in Grades 2–4 classified as aggressive–rejected (AR; n = 34), aggressive–nonrejected (AN; n = 55), or nonaggressive–nonrejected (NN; n = 64) on the basis of teacher ratings of aggression were administered the Social Cognitive Assessment Profile (SCAP). Descriptive discriminant analysis (DDA; aggressive vs. nonaggressive) replicated the previous finding that aggressive children have a broad range of social cognitive deficits and distortions and provided additional evidence of the criterion validity of SCAP scores. Three-group DDA (AR, AN, NN) indicated that AN children were more likely than AR children to believe that aggression leads to positive outcomes, and were more confident in their ability to use aggression toward a peer. The pattern of social cognitive differences between AR and AN children was similar to that typically found between proactively and reactively aggressive children. Aggressive children who are not also peer-rejected appear to have a distinct pattern of social cognitive biases that reflect antisocial beliefs likely to support the use of aggression to obtain desired goals. Effective interventions for these children may need to target underlying motivations as well as on-line processing skills.
What factors predict women's disclosure of sexual assault to mental health professionals?

Although many sexual assault survivors seek support from mental health sources for adverse psychological symptoms due to sexual assault, many do not. A diverse sample of adult sexual assault survivors was surveyed about their sexual assault experiences, social reactions received when disclosing assault, attributions of blame, coping strategies, and psychological symptomatology. Statistical analyses were run to identify demographic, assault, and postassault factors differentiating women who disclosed from those who did not disclose sexual assault to mental health sources. Both demographic (race, sexual orientation, and age) and postassault factors (posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD] symptom severity, number of informal support sources told, receipt of tangible aid/information support) significantly predicted assault disclosure. Implications of the results are discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 35: 619–638, 2007.
UV-induced mutagenesis of human p53 : Analysis using a double-selection method in yeast

Comparison of the mutation patterns of p53 in human tumors with those of selectable genes in model systems is a powerful approach to identify potential etiological factors for specific tumor types. Recently, we validated use of a yeast assay to permit direct determination of the mutation spectrum induced in human p53 by carcinogens that would reduce uncertainties inherent in comparing spectra induced in different target genes. Here, we describe modifications in the assay designed to facilitate screening for mutants and to permit intracellular exposure of the gene instead of in vitro treatment. This was accomplished by introducing growth-based selection for transactivation-deficient p53 mutants into yeast already possessing red/ white colony color selection. This improved model system was able to detect cells harboring p53 mutations among cells with wild-type p53 at a frequency of 10 4 or less. Additionally, UV light was used to verify that the majority of mutagenized cells with the appropriate phenotype on selective medium contained mutations in p53, not elsewhere in the genome. Sequence analysis of UV-induced mutations revealed that the nature of the mutations was similar to those obtained in previous studies of this mutagen. This system will prove useful in the determination of the ability of environmental agents to mutate the human p53 gene, and thus may contribute to hazard identification.
Thinking through uncertainty: Nonconsequential reasoning and choice ☆

When thinking under uncertainty, people often do not consider appropriately each of the relevant branches of a decision tree, as required by consequentialism. As a result they sometimes violate Savage's sure-thing principle. In the Prisoner's Dilemma game, for example, many subjects compete when they know that the opponent has competed and when they know that the opponent has cooperated, but cooperate when they do not know the opponent's response. Newcomb's Problem and Wason's selection task are also interpreted as manifestations of nonconsequential decision making and reasoning. The causes and implications of such behavior, and the notion of quasi-magical thinking, are discussed.
Pretest predictions for the response of a 1:8 scale steel LWR containment building model to static overpressurization

Abstract The analyses used to predict the behavior of a 1:8-scale model of a steel LWR containment building to static overpressurization are described and results are presented. Finite strain, large displacement, and nonlinear material properties were accounted for using finite element methods. Three-dimensional models were needed to analyze the penetrations, which included operable equipment hatches, personnel lock representations, and a constrained pipe. It was concluded that the scale model would fail due to leakage caused by large deformations of the equipment hatch sleeves.
Intracisternal injection of peptide YY inhibits gastric emptying in rats

Peptide YY (PYY) has been shown to effectively regulate gastrointestinal function when administered intravenously. In the present study, the effect of intracisternal (i.c.) injection of rat PYY on the rate of gastric emptying was investigated in conscious animals. Vehicle, bombesin or different doses of PYY was given i.c. after animals had been given an oral liquid meal. A dose-dependent inhibition of gastric emptying was observed following the injection of PYY (400 fmol, 40 fmol and 40 amol; in 10 microliters) into the cisterna magna. The 400 fmol dose of PYY produced an inhibition of similar magnitude as that caused by bombesin (600 fmol in 10 microliters). Furthermore, subdiaphragmatic vagotomy resulted in an elimination of the inhibitory PYY effect on gastric emptying, suggesting that PYY action to inhibit gastric function depends on intact vagal pathways.
Cartography, geographic information, and public policy

Abstract Cartography is as much a policy science as it is a graphic art and science. The inevitable demise of the paper map as the principal medium of geographic communication and the increasing concentration of mapping activities and geographic data base development in large public‐sector agencies argue in favour of replacing the current emphasis on map production with one involving policy. A focus on mapping policy will reverse the unfortunate split between cartography and geography.
Note on the economics of batch freeze dryers

Summary An economic analysis of various operational policies associated with a batch freeze dryer is presented. Skim milk is used as a model material. It is shown that the lowest cost of production corresponds to the highest production rate. This occurs when large sample thicknesses are used, the chamber pressure is at its lowest value and the upper and lower heating plates are independently controlled such that the melting and scorch constraints are both encountered and held during the free water removal phase. Therefore, the operational regime that provides the shortest drying times during the free water removal phase (Millman, Liapis & Marchello, 1984, 1985) will also provide the smallest production costs and highest capacities.
The Magnitude and Components of Change in the Black-White IQ Difference from 1920 to 1991: A Birth Cohort Analysis of the Woodcock-Johnson Standardizations.

The black–white difference in test scores for the three standardizations of the Woodcock–Johnson battery of cognitive tests is analyzed in terms of birth cohorts covering the years from 1920 through 1991. Among persons tested at ages 6–65, a narrowing of the difference occurred in overall IQ and in the two most highly g-loaded clusters in the Woodcock–Johnson, Gc and Gf. After controlling for standardization and interaction effects, the magnitude of these reductions is on the order of half a standard deviation from the high point among those born in the 1920s to the low point among those born in the last half of the 1960s and early 1970s. These reductions do not appear for IQ or Gc if the results are restricted to persons born from the mid-1940s onward. The results consistently point to a B–W difference that has increased slightly on all three measures for persons born after the 1960s. The evidence for a high B–W IQ difference among those born in the early part of the 20th century and a subsequent reduction is at odds with other evidence that the B–W IQ difference has remained unchanged. The end to the narrowing of the B–W IQ difference for persons born after the 1960s is consistent with almost all other data that have been analyzed by birth cohort.
Skeletal Muscle Oxygenation and Oxygen Uptake Kinetics Following Constant Work Rate Exercise in Chronic Congestive Heart Failure

The aim of the present study was to determine the kinetics of recovery of muscle oxygenation (MO) from comparable levels of exercise in patients with chronic congestive heart failure (CHF) and in normal subjects, and to relate MO kinetics to the level of exercise intolerance. Ten patients with stable CHF secondary to ischemic cardiomyopathy (ejection fraction 34 +/- 6%) (mean age 47 +/- 10 years) and 8 healthy matched control subjects underwent an upright incremental cycle ergometer exercise test with gas exchange analysis and a 6-minute constant work rate protocol at 60% of peak oxygen consumption (VO2). Oxygenation of the vastus lateralis muscle was continuously monitored during exercise and recovery using near infrared spectroscopy. Recovery VO2 and MO mean response times for the constant work rate exercise test were longer in patients with CHF than in control subjects (p <0.05). Both VO2 and MO mean response times were inversely related to peak VO2 (r = -0.73 and -0.52, respectively; p <0.05 for both). Thus recovery of muscle and total body oxygenation from submaximal exercise is more delayed the greater the cardiac dysfunction, as assessed by peak VO2. This suggests that regeneration of phosphocreatine and/or resaturation of venous oxyhemoglobin take place more slowly the worse the cardiac function.
The Strange Career of J. Frank Norris: Or, Can a Baptist Democrat Be a Fundamentalist Republican?

From the 1920s onward, many individuals and denominations have referred to themselves as Baptist-fundamentalists or fundamentalist-Baptists. Increasingly, however, scholars are emphasizing the stark contrast between fundamentalism and Baptist life.1 More than any other, the life of J. Frank Norris stands as an example of the tension, if not irreconcilability, between the two camps. The enigmatic, or perhaps oxymoronic, nature of Norris's theological life was paralleled by his political endeavors in which he claimed to be a Democrat, but almost always supported Republican candidates. Being from Texas, it was natural that Norris would begin his career as a Baptist Democrat. In time, however, he evolved into a fundamentalist Republican. He actually attempted to be a fundamentalist-Baptist religiously and a Republican-Democrat politically. The fusion of these two religious traditions was no less problematic than fusion of the political parties.
Coping with crowding: The prison system response to the crowding crisis

The prison crowding problem in the United States has been described by the Department of Justice as one of the most critical problems facing the criminal justice system (Gettinger, 1984). During the past several years numerous state and federal, public and private task forces and advisory groups have proposed solutions to the crisis but, as of yet, the proposals advanced by criminal justice policy analysts have done little to ease the crowding crisis. In light of the failure of various planning groups to deal with the problem of crowding, this paper examines how the correctional systems have coped with prison crowding through the use of shortterm ad hoc solutions during the 1980s.
Does Cuff Location for FMD Matter in Smokers

In Response: We appreciate the interest in our article. Dr Beckman highlights an important issue that we had not discussed, namely the statistical power associated with different methodologies for inducing flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery. Using upper arm ischemia-reperfusion to induce FMD of the distal brachial artery, we were unable to demonstrate endothelial dysfunction in cigarette smokers, nor its improvement by inhibition of xanthine oxidase.1 In contrast, induction of FMD using ischemia of the forearm distal to the brachial artery allowed us to detect a difference in endothelial function between smokers and nonsmokers and reversal of dysfunction in smokers. As Dr Beckman points out, these results were obtained in a relatively small number of subjects (n=10), which suggests better statistical power for the technique using lower arm occlusion. We agree with Dr Beckman that we may have been able to detect impaired FMD using upper arm ischemia if …
A Solution of the Keynes-Hicks-Hansen Non-Linear Employment Model

I. Goods and money, 303. — II. The variables of the model, 304. — III. The real-sphere behavior equations, 305. — IV. The money-sphere behavior equations, 306. — V. Two equilibrium conditions, 308. — VI. A politically given parameter, 308. — VII. Solution, 309. — VIII. The sensitivity of national output to changes in the parameters, 310. — IX. Conclusion, 312.
Rapid and efficient production of radiolabeled antibody conjugates using vacuum diafiltration guided by mathematical modeling.

Increasing interest in the use of radiolabeled antibodies for cancer imaging and therapy drives the need for more efficient production of the antibody conjugates. Here, we illustrate a method for rapid and efficient production of radiolabeled antibody conjugates using vacuum diafiltration guided by mathematical modeling. We apply this technique to the production of 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA)-conjugated antibodies at the milligram and gram production scale and achieve radiolabeling efficiencies >95% using In-111. Using vacuum diafiltration, antibody-chelate conjugation and purification can be accomplished within the same vessel, and the entire process can be completed in <24 h. Vacuum diafiltration also offers safer and gentler processing conditions by eliminating the need to keep the retentate vessel under positive pressure through applied gas pressure or shear-inducing restriction points in the retentate flow path. Experimental data and mathematical model calculations suggest there exists a weak binding affinity (~104 M−1) between the charged chelate molecules (e.g., DOTA) and the antibodies that slows the removal of excess chelate during purification. By analyzing the radiolabeling efficiency as a function of the number of diavolumes, we demonstrate the importance of balancing the removal of free chelate with the introduction of metal contaminants from the diafiltration buffer and also illustrate how to optimize radiolabeling of antibody conjugates under a variety of operating conditions. This methodology is applicable to the production of antibody conjugates in general.
NASA's Space Lidar Measurements of Earth and Planetary Surfaces

A lidar instrument on a spacecraft was first used to measure planetary surface height and topography on the Apollo 15 mission to the Moon in 1971, The lidar was based around a flashlamp-pumped ruby laser, and the Apollo 15-17 missions used them to make a few thousand measurements of lunar surface height from orbit. With the advent of diode pumped lasers in the late 1980s, the lifetime, efficiency, resolution and mass of lasers and space lidar all improved dramatically. These advances were utilized in NASA space missions to map the shape and surface topography of Mars with > 600 million measurements, demonstrate initial space measurements of the Earth's topography, and measured the detailed shape of asteroid. NASA's ICESat mission in Earth orbit just completed its polar ice measurement mission with almost 2 billion measurements of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, and demonstrated measurements to Antarctica and Greenland with a height resolution of a few em. Space missions presently in cruise phase and in operation include those to Mercury and a topographic mapping mission of the Moon. Orbital lidar also have been used in experiments to demonstrate laser ranging over planetary distances, including laser pulse transmission from Earth to Mars orbit. Based on the demonstrated value of the measurements, lidar is now the preferred measurement approach for many new scientific space missions. Some missions planned by NASA include a planetary mission to measure the shape and dynamics of Europa, and several Earth orbiting missions to continue monitoring ice sheet heights, measure vegetation heights, assess atmospheric CO2 concentrations, and to map the Earth surface topographic heights with 5 m spatial resolution. This presentation will give an overview of history, ongoing work, and plans for using space lidar for measurements of the surfaces of the Earth and planets.
Efficacy of Positive vs Negative Pressure Ventilation in Unloading the Respiratory Muscles

We compared the efficacy of positive pressure ventilation (PPV) vs negative pressure ventilation (NPV) in providing ventilatory muscle rest for five normal subjects and six patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). All participants underwent measurement of transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi), pressure time integral of the diaphragm (PTI), integrated diaphragmatic electromyogram (iEMG), minute ventilation (Ve), tidal volume (Vt), and end-tidal CO2 (etCO2) during 15 minutes of PPV and NPV. For each subject, ventilator adjustments were made to obtain Ve similar to levels measured during quiet breathing (QB). We found that the iEMG, Pdi, PTI, and average coefficient of variation of the tidal volume (CV-Vt) were consistently lower during PPV as compared with NPV (p = 0.01). The iEMG normalized for Ve and Vt was also significantly lower during PPV (p = 0.01). During PPV, subjects were mildly hyperventilated (lower etCO2 and higher Ve) compared with QB and NPV, but no significant correlation was noted between the change in etCO2 and the change in iEMG. The change in PTI was significantly correlated with the change in iEMG (p less than 0.01). We conclude that in the short term, PPV is more effective than NPV in reducing diaphragmatic activity. Positive pressure ventilation may be the preferred method of assisted ventilation in future studies of ventilatory muscle rest therapy.
Degree-Day Requirements for Alfalfa Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Development in Eastern Nebraska

The alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), is a serious, yet sporadic defoliator of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., in Nebraska. A 2-yr study was conducted in 2005 and 2006 to test for variation in degree-day requirements by location in eastern Nebraska. Sampling took place along a latitudinal gradient in three regions of eastern Nebraska. Three fields were sampled in each region during the 2 yr of the study. Alfalfa weevil larval degree-day requirements were found to vary by latitude in eastern Nebraska. Alfalfa weevil larvae were discovered in southern regions after fewer developmental degree-days had accumulated than in fields in the northern regions. Alfalfa weevils may be more damaging to alfalfa in southern regions than in northern regions of eastern Nebraska because they emerge earlier relative to alfalfa growth. Management implications of this shift in alfalfa weevil phenology are discussed.
Whole grain consumption is inversely associated with BMI Z-score in rural school-aged children.

Objective: To examine the relationship between intake of whole grains and BMI Z-score in rural children. Design: General linear models and logistic regression were used to examine the cross-sectional associations between whole grain intake and BMI Z-score, prevalence and odds ratios of overweight and obesity. Dietary intake was assessed using the Block Food Screener for ages 2–17 years. Children were classified into three categories according to servings of whole grain intake: ,1?0 serving/d, 1?0–1?5 servings/d and .1?5 servings/d. Setting: The CHANGE (Creating Healthy, Active and Nurturing Growing-up Environments) study, an obesity prevention intervention in elementary schools in eight rural US communities in California, Mississippi, Kentucky and South Carolina. Subjects: Seven hundred and ninety-two children attending 3rd–6th grade. Results: After adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, physical activity and state of residence, whole grain intake was inversely associated with BMI Z-score (0?90 v. 0?61 in the lowest v. the highest whole grain intake category; P trend 5 0?01). Children who consumed .1?5 servings of whole grains/d had a 40 % lower risk of being obese (OR 5 0?60; 95 % CI 0?38, 0?95, P 5 0?02) compared with children who consumed ,1?0 serving/d. Further adjustment for potential dietary predictors of body weight (fruit, vegetable and dairy intakes) did not change the observed associations. Conclusions: Increasing the intake of whole grains as part of an overall healthy lifestyle may be beneficial for children to achieve and maintain a healthy weight.
Forms of the evans-vigier fieldB (3)

The newly inferred longitudinal magnetic field of vacuum electromagnetism is given in a number of equivalent forms derived in several different ways. It is therefore overwhelmingly likely that the Evans-Vigier fieldB(3) will be isolated experimentally through its characteristic square root power density dependence. It is the first classical field of vacuum electromagnetism to be inferred since Maxwell and as such fundamentally extends our understanding of the nature of electromagnetism and field-particle theory.
Shaping Cultural Politics in the Muslim World: Women's Empowerment as an Alternative to Militarism, Terror, and War

An alternative way to fight transnational terrorism is to undercut popular sympathy for its political goals. This approach calls for promoting reforms and basic human freedoms in countries in which terrorists reside. If war on ‘terror' eclipses the human rights agenda that characterized the 1990s, Western governments are likely to pay a prohibitively heavy price for business as usual — that is, supporting at any cost authoritarian, but pro-Western regimes. Many in the Muslim world see hope in a globalizing world. In this context, we must realize that Muslim women's power to participate meaningfully in the social, cultural, economic, and political affairs of their societies should not be underestimated. Their struggle is at the vanguard for human rights and broader security in Muslim societies. This essay argues that internal reforms provide a more reliable safeguard against terrorism than steps that deepen the roots of violence.
Monoidal cut strengthening revisited

Abstract There are two distinct strengthening methods for disjunctive cuts with some integer variables; they differ in the way they modularize the coefficients. In this paper, we introduce a new variant of one of these methods, the monoidal cut strengthening procedure, based on the paradox that sometimes weakening a disjunction helps the strengthening procedure and results in sharper cuts. We first derive a general result that applies to cuts from disjunctions with any number of terms. It defines the coefficients of the cut in a way that takes advantage of the option of adding new terms to the disjunction. We then specialize this result to the case of split cuts for mixed integer programs with some binary variables, in particular Gomory mixed integer cuts, and to intersection cuts from multiple rows of a simplex tableau. In both instances we specify the conditions under which the new cuts have smaller coefficients than the cuts obtained by either of the two currently known strengthening procedures.
APPROXIMATION ALGORITHMS FOR LOCAL ALIGNMENT WITH LENGTH CONSTRAINTS

The local sequence alignment problem is the detection of similar subsequences in two given sequences of lengths n ≥ m. Unfortunately the common notion of local alignment suffers from some well-known anomalies which result from not taking into account the lengths of the aligned subsequences. We introduce the length restricted local alignment problem which includes as a constraint an upper limit T on the length of one of the subsequences to be aligned. Obvious extensions of dynamic programming formulations for the solution of the length restricted local alignment problem result in expensive computations: O(Tnm) time and O(Tm) space. We propose an efficient approximation algorithm using which we can find a solution satisfying the length bound, and whose score is within difference Δ of the optimum score for any given positive integer Δ in time O(nmT/Δ) using O(mT/Δ) space. We also introduce the cyclic local alignment problem and show how our idea can be applied to this case as well. This is a dual approach to the well-known cyclic edit distance problem. These results generalize directly to the case of affine gap penalties.
A potential role of male and female androgen in species recognition in a unisexual-bisexual mating complex.

Abstract Hormones play a critical role in the regulation of vertebrate mating behavior, including receptivity, and several components of mate choice. However, less is known about the role of these chemical messengers in mediating behavior associated with premating reproductive isolation. The bisexual–unisexual mating complex of sailfin mollies, Poecilia latipinna , and Amazon mollies, Poecilia formosa (sexual parasites of sailfins) has been a model system for studying ultimate mechanisms of species recognition. However proximate mechanisms, such as variation in hormone levels, have not been examined. We paired male sailfin mollies with either female conspecifics or Amazon mollies and obtained water-borne hormone samples before and after mating for all fish. We measured 11-ketotestosterone, testosterone, and estradiol from the water samples. As expected from previous studies, males mated with conspecifics more frequently than with Amazon mollies. 11-Ketotestosterone production by males increased when they mated with female sailfin mollies who themselves also showed elevated production of 11-ketotestosterone. This increase in male and female 11-ketotestosterone levels was not seen when males mated with Amazon mollies. This unique endocrine interaction represents a potential proximate mechanism for species recognition by male sailfin mollies. We found no significant change in testosterone or estradiol under these conditions suggesting that a single hormone mediates bidirectional interactions between males and females during courtship.
Conditional Standard Error of Measurement in Prediction

Previous methods for estimating the conditional standard error of measurement (CSEM) at specific score or ability levels are critically discussed, and a brief summary of prior empirical results is given. A new method is developed that avoids theoretical problems inherent in some prior methods, is easy to implement, and estimates not only a quantity analogous to the CSEM at each score but also the conditional standard error of prediction (CSEP) at each score and the conditional true score standard deviation (CTSSD) at each score, The new method differs from previous methods in that previous methods have concentrated on attempting to estimate error variance conditional on a fixed value of true score, whereas the new method considers the variance of observed scores conditional on a fixed value of an observed parallel measurement and decomposes these conditional observed score variances into true and error parts. The new method and several older methods are applied to a variety of tests, and representative results are graphically displayed. The CSEM-Iike estimates produced by the new method are called conditional standard error of measurement in prediction (CSEMP) estimates and are similar to those produced by older methods, but the CSEP estimates produced by the new method offer an alternative interpretation of the accuracy of a test at different scores. Finally, evidence is presented that shows that previous methods can produce dissimilar results and that the shape of the score distribution may influence the way in which the CSEM varies across the score scale.
Homotypic Interactions Mediated through LFA-1/ICAM-3 Decrease the Proliferative Response of Activated T Cells

Abstract T cell activation occurs when the T cell receptor (TCR) is engaged by an antigen–MHC complex on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell (APC). Additional signals provided by accessory molecules serve to modulate this response. Independent of TCR engagement, treatment of T lymphocytes with a combination of phorbol ester and CD28 ligation will result in a proliferative response. This also induces homotypic adhesion mediated by LFA-1/ICAM interactions. We demonstrate that the prevention of homotypic interactions between T cells resulted in a two- to fivefold increase in the proliferative response. This occurred whether the homotypic interactions were prevented by blockade of LFA-1, by the use of plate immobilized antibodies against other cell surface molecules, or by culture at low cell density. We further demonstrate that the increased proliferation was a result of interference with a negative signal delivered to the T cell as a result of ICAM-3-mediated events. These data demonstrate LFA-1/ICAM-3 interactions between T cells in turn regulate an LFA-1-independent pathway that results in homotypic adhesion and a downregulation of the proliferative response of activated T cells.
Managing Emotions, Intimacy, and Relationships in a Volunteer Search and Rescue Group:

In this article, the author examines interpersonal emotion management during crisis situations. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork with a volunteer search and rescue group, she shows how rescuers ma...
Spectroscopic Studies of Perturbed T1 Cu Sites in the Multicopper Oxidases Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fet3p and Rhus vernicifera Laccase: Allosteric Coupling between the T1 and Trinuclear Cu Sites†

The multicopper oxidases catalyze the 4e- reduction of O2 to H2O coupled to the 1e- oxidation of 4 equiv of substrate. This activity requires four Cu atoms, including T1, T2, and coupled binuclear T3 sites. The T2 and T3 sites form a trinuclear cluster (TNC) where O2 is reduced. The T1 is coupled to the TNC through a T1-Cys-His-T3 electron transfer (ET) pathway. In this study the two T3 Cu coordinating His residues which lie in this pathway in Fet3 have been mutated, H483Q, H483C, H485Q, and H485C, to study how perturbation at the TNC impacts the T1 Cu site. Spectroscopic methods, in particular resonance Raman (rR), show that the change from His to Gln to Cys increases the covalency of the T1 Cu-S Cys bond and decreases its redox potential. This study of T1-TNC interactions is then extended to Rhus vernicifera laccase where a number of well-defined species including the catalytically relevant native intermediate (NI) can be trapped for spectroscopic study. The T1 Cu-S covalency and potential do not change in these species relative to resting oxidized enzyme, but interestingly the differences in the structure of the TNC in these species do lead to changes in the T1 Cu rR spectrum. This helps to confirm that vibrations in the cysteine side chain of the T1 Cu site and the protein backbone couple to the Cu-S vibration. These changes in the side chain and backbone provide a possible mechanism for regulating intramolecular T1 to TNC ET in NI and partially reduced enzyme forms for efficient turnover.
Task relevant effects on the assessment of cerebral specialization for facial emotion.

Abstract Hemispheric specialization for processing different types of rapidly exposed stimuli was examined in a forced choice reaction time task. Four conditions of recognition were included: tacial emotion, neutral faces, emotional words, and neutral words. Only the facial emotion condition produced a significant visual field advantage (in favor of the left visual field), but this condition did not differ significantly from the neutral face condition's left visual field superiority. The verbal conditions produced significantly decreased latencies with RVF presentation, while the LVF presentation was associated with decreased latencies on the facial conditions. These results suggested that facial recognition and affective processing cannot be separated as independent factors generating right hemisphere superiority for facial emotion perception, and that task parameters (verbal vs. nonverbal) are important influences upon effects in studies of cerebral specialization.
Relationship between passive properties of the calf muscles and plantarflexion concentric isokinetic torque characteristics.

The purpose of this study was to use a model of aging to examine the relationships between passive properties of the calf muscles and plantarflexion concentric isokinetic torque characteristics. Eighty-one active women 20-84 years of age were tested using a Kin-Com isokinetic dynamometer interfaced with electromyography (EMG). The passive properties were tested by stretching the muscles from relaxed plantarflexion to a maximal dorsiflexion (DF) angle at a rate of 5 degrees.s(-1) (0.087 rad.s(-1)) with minimal raw EMG activity (<0.05 mV). The maximal concentric torque was tested from maximal passive DF into plantarflexion at four randomly ordered velocities of 30, 60, 120, and 180 degrees.s(-1). Pearson correlation coefficients (Bonferroni adjusted) indicated a hierarchical order of high to moderate positive correlations between four passive properties and the peak and mean concentric torque for all test velocities. Correlation coefficients for the four passive properties ranged from 0.50 to 0.78 ( P<0.001), and the coefficients of determination ( r(2)) from higher to lower were: (1) maximal DF passive resistive torque ( r(2): 0.50-0.62), (2) length extensibility ( r(2): 0.40-0.49), (3) maximal muscle length ( r(2): 0.28-0.41), and (4) passive elastic stiffness in the last half of the full-stretch range of motion ( r(2): 0.25-0.31). The maximal DF passive resistive torque and the length extensibility accounted for 50-62% and 40-49% of the variability in the concentric torque, respectively. The results indicate that the concentrically stronger calf muscles of active women were positively correlated with passively stronger, longer, and stiffer calf muscles, which are characteristics of the calf muscles of younger women. Further studies are needed to examine whether therapeutic interventions, such as stretching and strengthening, can promote adaptations in the calf muscles of older women to attain these more youthful characteristics.
Engineered Passive Nonlinearities for Broadband Passive Intermodulation Distortion Mitigation

By adding controlled thicknesses of nickel and gold plating to the conductors of a coaxial transmission line, the magnitude of passive intermodulation produced by the transmission line can be controlled with precision. Theoretical predictions of distortion magnitude as a function of plating thicknesses are presented, along with an experimental validation. These adjustable-magnitude passive intermodulation sources are used to give a fourfold improvement in the bandwidth of techniques presented previously, demonstrating that cancellation can for the first time be achieved in bandwidths needed for cellular systems.
RHIC beam loss monitor system design

The beam loss monitor (BLM) system is designed to prevent the quenching of RHIC magnets due to beam loss, provide quantitative loss data, and the loss history in the event of a beam abort. The system uses 400 ion chambers of a modified Tevatron design. To satisfy fast (single turn) and slow (100 msec) loss beam criteria and provide sensitivity for studies measurements, a range of over 8 decades is needed. An RC pre-integrator reduces the dynamic range for a low current amplifier. This is digitized for data logging. The output is also applied to an analog multiplier which compensates the energy dependence, extending the range of the abort comparators. High and low pass filters separate the signal to dual comparators with independent programmable trip levels.
Dynamic Stratigraphy: An Introduction to Sedimentation and Stratigraphy

This text is an expanded and updated edition of the original 1974 volume. The prose is aimed at an undergraduate readership and is clear and concise. The subtitle of the book, however, gives a better idea of its contents than does the main title, as a significant proportion of the text is devoted to the development and description of sedimentation models of different depositional environments. Regarding the aspects of stratigraphy that could/should be discussed in an undergraduate text, I was somewhat disappointed.
OS X: a ten-step program

Updating Oberlin College's eight Macintosh computer labs from the conventional OS 9 of our youth to Apple's newest, sexy, Unix-based OS X has been the embodiment of our institution's historic motto, "Learning and Labor". New challenges, incompatibilities, and excitement have greeted our IT staff most every step of the way. Gone are the days of brightly colored computers, RevRdist, Pcounter, and happy Macs. Today our labs are filled with sleek flat-panel iMacs and Pharos Release Stations while Radmind keeps our hard drives up-to-date, clean, and secure. The challenges encountered at Oberlin College are similar to those at most institutions migrating labs from Mac OS 9 to OS X. This paper will include our experiences with network interoperability, application compatibility, printing, efficient system maintenance and upgrades, system security, hardware compatibility, vendor apathy, and creating a pleasantly functional yet stable lab environment for our 2,800 users.
An Analysis of GPU Parallel Computing

Parallel systems are becoming ubiquitous in the world of computing as evidenced by multi-core processors, heterogeneous Cell broadband engine, and highly parallel graphics processing units (GPUs). All parallel systems share a requirement that parallel programming is necessary to leverage multiple cores. As a result of this trend, multi-core CPUs are no longer a clear winner due to its peaked clock frequency and programming effort involved in parallelizing code for multi-core architecture. Given such drawbacks, dataparallel applications might benefit from GPU assisted computing. GPUs are the most popular and inexpensive accelerators. To evaluate GPU-based computing, a floating-point intensive algorithm for a radar imaging application is chosen for analysis. The paper attempts to present a fair performance comparison of CPU and GPU implementations.
Correlation of Atmospheric Transmission with Backscattering

This is a report of experimental work performed during the period of September 1956 to June 1957 on the correlation of backscattering with atmospheric transmission. Measurements were made for a variety of conditions where the meteorological range varied from less than 0.10 mile to more than 40 miles in atmospheres which were free of industrial pollution. Analysis of the data shows the following relationship: V=C/S1.5,where V=meteorological range, C=constant, and S=backscattered signal. The point spread about the curve indicates that meteorological range can be determined from the backscattered signal with an accuracy of 20% for all visibilities in the ranges studied.
Electromagnetic optimization of a patch antenna over a textured substrate using total least squares

It is well-known that miniaturization of surface patch antennas over a substrate involves use of high-contrast dielectric material. An approach to increase bandwidth is through material modifications, referred to as texturing (Kiziltas, G. et al., 2003; Psychoudakis, D. et al., 2003). It is equally well-known that textured substrate designs exhibit high parametric sensitivity. It is necessary to employ optimization methods to design the texture, but the typical optimization methods (Haupt, R.L., 1995; Johnson, J.M. and Rahmat-Samii, Y., 1997; Scales, J.A. et al., 1992; Hoffmann, K.H. and Salamon, P., 1990) would be time consuming. The paper examines another method based on total least squares (TLS) to perform the optimization.
Asymmetric Versus Symmetric Pulses for Cortical Microstimulation

Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS), which has shown promise in the visual, auditory and somatosensory systems as a platform for sensory prostheses, typically relies on charged balanced, symmetric, biphasic stimulation. However, neural stimulation models as well as experiments conducted in cochlear implant users have suggested that charge balanced asymmetric pulses could generate lower detection thresholds for stimulation in terms of charge per phase. For this study, rats were chronically implanted with microelectrode arrays unilaterally in their right auditory cortex and then trained to detect ICMS delivered through a single electrode site in order to determine their behavioral threshold. This model was used in two experiments. The first experiment addressed the effect of lead phase direction, asymmetry, and phase duration on detection threshold. The second experiment fixed the cathode phase duration at 123 μs and varied only the phase asymmetry and lead phase direction. Taken together, the results of these experiments suggest that, for ICMS, the primary determinant of threshold level is cathode phase duration, and that asymmetry provides no significant advantage when compared to symmetric, cathode leading pulses. However, symmetric anode leading pulses of less than or equal to 205 μs per phase consistently showed higher thresholds when compared to all other pulses of equal cathode phase duration.
Fast block variance estimation procedures for inhomogeneous spatial point processes

We introduce two new variance estimation procedures that use non-overlapping and overlapping blocks, respectively. The non-overlapping blocks estimator can be viewed as the limit of the thinned block bootstrap estimator recently proposed in Guan & Loh (2007), by letting the number of thinned processes and bootstrap samples therein both increase to infinity. The non-overlapping blocks estimator can be obtained quickly since it does not require any thinning or bootstrap steps, and it is more stable. The overlapping blocks estimator further improves the performance of the non-overlapping blocks with a modest increase in computation time. A simulation study demonstrates the superiority of the proposed estimators over the thinned block bootstrap estimator.
Business Citizenship: From Individuals to Organizations

Initially proposed in the 1950s, corporate social responsibility operated on the idea that business should contribute to a more just and healthy society. Over the last few decades, the concept has grown obsolete under the weight of high inflation and concerns about overregulation and has given way to the narrower concept of corporate citizenship.Unlike corporate social responsibility, corporate citizenship does not recognize that citizenship rights and duties of business organizations are secondary to and derivative from those of human beings.It does not, in other words, harmonize with centuries-old ideas about individual citizenship, most of which emphasize that businesses should be citizens of a polity.A better replacement for corporate social responsibility is business citizenship, which hinges on the idea that citizenship can make sense at the organizational level.Because it regards the business organization as essentially a "nexus of contracts" and operates on self-interest and on a "tit-for-tat" moral grounding, corporate citizenship is a necessary (but unsatisfactory) step toward the broader concept of business citizenship. (SAA)