cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quadratic Forms and Gabriel’s Theorem

The main goal of this chapter is to prove that the number of isoclasses of indecomposable representations of a connected quiver Q is finite if and only if Q is of Dynkin type \(\mathbb{A}, \mathbb{D}\) or \(\mathbb{E}\). The proof we are presenting uses the classification of positive definite integral quadratic forms associated to graphs and also a little algebraic geometry. For a different proof, using tilting theory, see [8, VII.5].
Intake of bean fiber, beans, and grains and reduced risk of hormone receptor-negative breast cancer: the San Francisco Bay Area Breast Cancer Study.

High dietary fiber intake has been associated with reduced breast cancer risk, but few studies considered tumor subtypes defined by estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status or included racial/ethnic minority populations who vary in their fiber intake. We analyzed food frequency data from a population-based case-control study, including 2135 breast cancer cases (1070 Hispanics, 493 African Americans, and 572 non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs)) and 2571 controls (1391 Hispanics, 557 African Americans, and 623 NHWs). Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for breast cancer associated with fiber intake were calculated using unconditional logistic regression. Breast cancer risk associated with high intake (high vs. low quartile) of bean fiber (p-trend = 0.01), total beans (p-trend = 0.03), or total grains (p-trend = 0.05) was reduced by 20%. Inverse associations were strongest for ER-PR- breast cancer, with risk reductions associated with high intake ranging from 28 to 36%. For bean fiber, risk was reduced among foreign-born Hispanics only, who had the highest fiber intake, whereas for grain intake, inverse associations were found among NHWs only. There was no evidence of association with fiber intake from vegetables and fruits or total intake of vegetables and fruits. A high dietary intake of bean fiber and fiber-rich foods such as beans and grains may lower the risk of ER-PR- breast cancer, an aggressive breast cancer subtype for which few risk factors have been identified.
The effects of late gestation nutrient restriction of dams on beef heifer intake, metabolites and hormones during an ad libitum feeding trial

This study's objective was to determine if nutrient restriction during late gestation affected beef heifer feed intake, body weight (BW) gain and endocrine regulation during a 10-week feeding trial. During the last 100 days of gestation, control (CON) dams were fed to increase body condition score (BCS). Whereas, nutrient-restricted dams (NR) and NR dams protein supplemented 3 days/week (NRS) were fed to decrease BCS by 1.2. After parturition, all cow-calf pairs were moved to a common pasture and fed in excess of requirements until weaning. At 15 months of age, heifers were randomly sorted into two pens and adjusted to a commercial total mixed ration over a 2-week period. Blood samples and BW were taken at the initiation of feeding and on a biweekly basis for the duration of the feeding trial. Feed intake was monitored for 10 weeks using a GrowSafe System. After 10 weeks, an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) was performed on 21 randomly subsampled heifers. During the feeding trial, NR heifers consumed more feed than CON and NRS heifers. Heifers from NR dams tended to increase BW compared to NRS and CON heifers when adjusted for initial BW. Heifers from NR and NRS dams had a greater increase in BCS compared to heifers from CON dams. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations during the feeding trial increased in NR heifers compared to the other groups beginning at 2 and 4 weeks respectively. Plasma leptin concentrations were increased in the NR and NRS heifers compared to the CON heifers beginning at week 4 of feeding. During the IVGTT at the conclusion of the feeding challenge, plasma glucose and insulin were increased in NR heifers compared to other treatment groups. These results show that nutrient restriction during late gestation alters appetite and endocrine regulation in heifer offspring.
Anti-infection silver nanoparticle immobilized biomaterials facilitated by argon plasma grafting technology

Many research groups have attained slow, persistent, continuous release of silver ions through careful experimental design using existing methods. Such methods effectively kill planktonic bacteria ...
α-Fe2O3 Nanoparticles as Oxygen Carriers for Chemical Looping Combustion: An Integrated Materials Characterization Approach to Understanding Oxygen Carrier Performance, Reduction Mechanism, and Particle Size Effects

Through continuous flow reactor experiments, materials characterization, and theoretical calculations, we provide new insights into the reduction of hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles by methane (CH4) during chemical looping combustion (CLC). Across CLC-relevant temperatures (500–800 °C) and gas flow rates (2.5–250 h–1), decreasing α-Fe2O3 particle size (from 350 to 3 nm) increased the duration over which CH4 was completely converted to CO2 (i.e., 100% yield). We attribute this size-dependent performance trend to the greater availability of lattice oxygen atoms in the near-surface region of smaller particles with higher surface area-to-volume ratios. All particle sizes then exhibited a relatively rapid rate of reactivity loss that was size- and temperature-independent, reflecting a greater role for magnetite (Fe3O4), the primary α-Fe2O3 reduction product, in CH4 oxidation. Bulk (X-ray diffraction, XRD) and surface (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS) analysis revealed that oxygen carrier reduction procee...
The Role of Calcium in the Lethal Hit of T Lymphocyte-Mediated Cytolysis

The cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL)1 inflicts lethal damage within minutes after contact with a specific antigen-bearing target cell. The mechanism of this damage remains a mystery. Elsewhere in this volume (1), we have reviewed progress during the past decade towards understanding the mechanism of CTL-mediated killing.
Description of Signals

Signals are everywhere. Literally. The universe is bathed in the background radiation, the remnant of the original Big Bang, and as your eyes scan this page, a signal is being transmitted to your brain, where different sets of neurons analyze and process it. All human activities are based on the processing and analysis of sensory signals, but the goal of this book is somewhat narrower. The signals we will be mainly interested in can be described as data resulting from quantitative measurements of some physical phenomena, and our emphasis will be on data that display randomness that may be due to different causes, be it errors of measurements, the algorithmic complexity, or the chaotic behavior of the underlying physical system itself.
Impact of Reduced Preincision Antibiotic Infusion Time on Surgical Site Infection Rates: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine the impact of total preincision infusion time on surgical site infections (SSIs) and establish an optimal time threshold for subsequent prospective study. BACKGROUND SSIs remain a major cause of morbidity. Although regulated, the total time of infusion of preincision antibiotics varies widely. Impact of infusion time on SSI risk is poorly understood. METHODS All consecutive patients (n = 46,791) undergoing inpatient surgical intervention were retrospectively enrolled (2014-2015) and monitored for 1 year. Primary outcomes: the presence of SSI infection as predicted by reduced preoperative antibiotic infusion time. SECONDARY OUTCOMES preintervention compliance, the impact of a quality improvement algorithm to optimize infusion time compliance. Multivariate logistic regression of the retrospective cohort demonstrated predictors of infection. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis demonstrated the timing threshold predictive of infection. Cost impact of avoidable infections was analyzed. RESULTS Only 36.1% of patients received preincision infusion of vancomycin in compliance with national and institutional standards (60-120 min). Cephalosporin infusion times were 53 times more likely to be compliant [odds ratio (OR) 53.33, P < 0.001]. Vancomycin infusion times that were not compliant with national standards (less than standard 60-120 min) did not predict infection. However, significantly noncompliant, reduced preincision infusion time, significantly predicted SSI (<24.6 min infusion, AUC = 0.762). Vancomycin infusion, initiated too close to surgical incision, predicted increased SSI (OR = 4.281, P < 0.001). Implementation of an algorithm to improve infusion time, but not powered to demonstrate infection /reduction, improved vancomycin infusion start time (257% improvement, P < 0.001) and eliminated high-risk infusions (sub-24.6 min). CONCLUSIONS Initially, vancomycin infusion rarely met national guidelines; however, minimal compliance breach was not associated with SSI implications. The retrospective data here suggest a critical infusion time for infection reduction (24.6 min before incision). Prospective implementation of an algorithm led to 100% compliance. These data suggest that vancomycin administration timing should be studied prospectively.
Automatic Brain Tumor Segmentation and Overall Survival Prediction Using Machine Learning Algorithms

Purpose: This study was designed to evaluate the ability of a U-net neural net-work to properly identify three regions of a brain tumor and an ELM for the prediction of patient overall survival after gross tumor resection using preoperative MR images.
Socializing the rain: human adaptation to ecological variability in a fishery, Mweru-Luapula, Zambia

Abstract Rainfall drives fishery fertility in Mweru-Luapula, thus rainfall variability contributes to frequent changes in fishing catches. Fishers and traders have adapted their institutions to this variable ecology in a variety of ways, including learning to read the fishery for productive periods and practicing multiple modes of income procurement. By accurately identifying inter-annual, inter-decadal, and longer spans of rainfall trends, future high and low yields can be forecast. This article presents and analyzes annual rainfall in the fishery from 1916-1992 and quantitative fish market data comprised of observed fish catch numbers by species in three markets from September 2004 to September 2005. It uses political ecology to better understand fish production, trade, and subsistence in this South-Central African freshwater fishery. We combine qualitative analysis of fisher and marketer perceptions of the fishery and knowledge of rainfall patterns to show how human behavior is not "tragically" driven, but instead based on the state of the ecological, sociocultural, and socioeconomic environment at a given time. Keywords : African freshwater fisheries, rainfall modeling, political ecology, Mweru-Luapula, Zambia, climate change
Risk of colonic adenoma in patients with non–colorectal cancers.

e13070Background: In the last two decades, the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) has decreased dramatically after the implementation of CRC screening in the United States. Several risk factors f...
Cholesteric–azobenzene liquid crystalline copolymers: design, structure and thermally responsive optical properties

We report the synthesis of new functional cholesteric–azobenzene side-chain liquid crystalline copolymers and terpolymers, their temperature-responsive mesophase behavior, and stimuli responsive photonic properties from 400 nm to the near infra-red region of the electromagnetic spectra. Polynorbornene copolymers are synthesized using norbornene based n-alkyloxy cholesteryl (NBCh9) and norbornene based n-alkyloxy azobenzene moiety bearing different terminal functional groups (NBAz12-X, X = H, CN, CH3O, and NO2) by ring opening metathesis polymerization with modified second-generation Grubbs catalyst. Polynorbornene terpolymers of NBCh9, NBAz12-X, and norbornene bearing poly (ethylene glycol) (NBMPEG) are synthesized in a similar way. The copolymers and terpolymers self-assemble to form cholesteric mesophases (N*) primarily from cholesterol molecules which forms the major phase and within which (1) azobenzene moieties serve as a molecular switch to tune the helical pitch of the cholesteric mesophase leading to wavelength modulation from the visible to near infrared range and (2) PEG provides internal plasticizing ability and mechanical integrity for easy processing of free-standing films. Unlike other azo based homopolymers and azo/cholesterol-based copolymers, this new copolymer and terpolymer platform exhibits unprecedented temperature-responsive optical properties for applications in thermochromic materials, thermal/photoresponsive switches, sun protecting glazing, photopatterning and temperature sensing labels.
Platelet surface marker analysis by mass cytometry

Mass cytometry is a next generation flow cytometry technology which analyzes cells one at a time (up to 1000/sec) using mass spectrometry to detect probes labeled with rare-earth metals. Rare-earth metals detected by mass spectrometry have extremely low backgrounds and can be identified with high resolution enabling the routine simultaneous detection of more than 45 probes on each cell without the need for complex compensation matrices. Here we describe a panel of 14 platelet-specific metal-conjugated antibodies (targeting cluster of differentiation [CD] 9, CD29, CD31, CD36, CD41, CD42a, CD42b, CD61, CD62P, CD63, CD107a, CD154, glycoprotein [GP] VI and activated integrin αIIbβ3) and methods for staining and analysis of platelets by mass cytometry. High dimensional clustering algorithms, which take into account the levels of all 14 markers detected by mass cytometry on each cell, allow identification of platelet subpopulations not previously appreciated. We previously reported that platelet heterogeneity identified by mass cytometry appears similar across healthy donors and consistent over time. High dimensional analysis revealed the presence of a platelet subpopulation with significantly higher levels of surface expression of activated GPIIb-IIIa and P-selectin suggesting this subpopulation may play a greater role in thrombus formation than other platelet subpopulations. Thus, analysis by mass cytometry of platelet heterogeneity and subpopulations may suggest distinct biological roles for different platelet subpopulations and may be useful in evaluating inherited or acquired platelet disorders and platelet function in health and disease.
Effect of vitamin D nutrition on disease indices in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.

Abstract In patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, the size of the adenoma is a major determinant of biochemical indices, disease severity, and manner of presentation. However, the large variation in adenoma weight, both within and between populations and a steady decline in parathyroid adenoma weights over time remain largely unexplained. Based on the results in a small number of patients almost two decades ago we proposed that vitamin D nutritional status of the patient explains both the disease manifestations and much of the variation in adenoma size. Accordingly, we examined the relationship between vitamin D nutrition, as assessed by serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and parathyroid gland weight, the best available index of disease severity, in a large number of patients (n = 440) with primary hyperparathyroidism. A significant inverse relationship was found between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and log adenoma weight (r = −0.361; p
Improving platinum group metal–free oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalyst activity: suggestions from density functional theory studies

Abstract In this opinion, the limitations of platinum group metal–free oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalyst activity based on scaling laws and resulting Balandin-Sabatier volcano plots are presented. Previous theoretical work aimed at overcoming this limitation is discussed. A theoretical study of a novel approach toward catalyst activity improvement, dynamic strain engineering, is proposed and tested for a possible platinum group metal–free oxygen reduction reaction active site. It is shown that not only can this approach produce thermodynamic limiting potentials well beyond scaling law relationship limits but also be capable of doing so in an energy-efficient manner.
Working-class wisdom: how relationality and responsibility shape working-class youth’s meaning-making on social media

Young people spend prodigious time online cultivating identities, relationships, and values, however, most research about young people's experiences online fails to consider how socioeconomic statu...
What happened on Blackstone Avenue? Exorcising coase theorem mythology

The present paper revisits the path by which Coase came to set down the result now generally known as the Coase theorem in his 1960 article. I draw on both the published record and archival resources in an effort to clear away some of the mist and, as it will emerge, dispel some of the mythology. As good as the traditional story is—thanks in no small part to Stigler’s hyperbole—the reality is far more interesting, both for what it tells us about Coase’s result and for our understanding of the messy process behind how it came to be. For as we shall see, Coase set out at least three versions of his result, two of them assuredly incorrect, in 1959–60 and had at best a faint sense for the implications of transaction costs for his conclusion—something which he was only put on to by others to whom he showed the original draft of his 1959 article. And as for that fateful evening during which he "converted" the Chicagoans to his point of view, we shall see both that the extent of the conversion necessary was far less than the traditional story suggests and that it is not at all clear what it was that the Chicagoans believed at the end of the evening, Coase’s 1960 argument notwithstanding.
Alpha, Omega, and H Internal Consistency Reliability Estimates: Reviewing These Options and When to Use Them

Reliability evidence of test scores is essential in counseling research and program evaluation, as the quality of client care is, in part, based on the proper interpretation of test scores. Cronbac...
Becoming Heinrich Schenker: Music Theory and Ideology

Much controversy surrounds Schenker's mature theory and its attempt to explain musical pitch motion. Becoming Heinrich Schenker brings a new perspective to Schenker's theoretical work, showing that ideas characteristic of his mature theory, although in many respects fundamentally different, developed logically out of his earlier ideas. Robert P. Morgan provides an introduction to Schenker's mature theory and traces its development through all of his major publications, considering each in detail and with numerous music examples. Morgan also explores the relationship between Schenker's theory and his troubled ideology, which crucially influenced the evolution of his ideas and was heavily dependent upon both the empirical and idealist strains of contemporary German philosophical thought. Relying where possible on quotations from Schenker's own words, this book offers a balanced approach to his theory and a unique overview of this central music figure, generally considered to be the most prominent music theorist of the twentieth century.
USING BILINGUAL BOOKS TO ENHANCE LITERACY AROUND THE WORLD

This paper focuses on approaches and practices for developing biliteracy and bilingualism across diverse international settings. The authors present a framework for why bilingual books can be used to develop both native language and second or other languages through reading and writing activities. Bilingual books and a basic taxonomy of types of bilingual books are described. A rationale for their use is provided in that bilingual books provide linguistic resources such as vocabulary development for students to develop across two languages (Ernst-Slavit&Mulhern, 2003) while also fostering awareness of cultural and social awareness (e.g, Botelho& Rudman, 2009). The authors provide specific examples of both linguistic and cultural support. Specific activities that promote bilingualism and biculturalism as an aim include read-aloud, shared reading, and writing instruction which can incorporate the use of student-created books in both languages. These student-written bilingual texts can draw on local cultural and linguistic practices in their composition (e.g., Dworin, 2006). Finally, the authors conclude with ways that cross-age reading and family involvement can support bilingual development by using bilingual books.
From Theory to Practice: AI Planning for High Performance Elevator Control

Offering an individually tailored service to passengers while maintaining a high transportation capacity of an elevator group is an upcoming challenge in the elevator business, which cannot be met by software methods traditionally used in this industry.AI planning offers a novel solution to these control problems: (1) by synthesizing the optimal control for any situation occurring in a building based on fast search algorithms, (2) by implementing a domain model, which allows to easily add new features to the control software.By embedding the planner into a multi-agent system, real-time interleaved planning and execution is implemented and results in a highperforming, self-adaptive, and modular control software.
Comparison of the heart failure risk stratification performance of the CKD–EPI equation and the MDRD equation for estimated glomerular filtration rate in patients with Type 2 diabetes

Aims To investigate the risk prediction and the risk stratification performances of the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD–EPI) equation and the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFRCKD–EPI vs. eGFRMDRD) on heart failure in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Methods The study cohort included 12 258 White and 16 886 African American low-income patients with Type 2 diabetes who were 30–90 years old at baseline. Heart failure risk according to different eGFRCKD–EPI and eGFRMDRD categories was prospectively assessed. Results During a mean follow-up of 6.5 years, 5043 incident heart failure cases were identified. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of heart failure associated with the eGFRCKD–EPI categories [≥ 90 (reference group), 75–89, 60–74, 30–59 and < 30 ml/min/1.73 m2] were 1.00, 1.11, 1.31, 1.75 and 2.93 (Ptrend < 0.001) for African American patients, and 1.00, 1.11, 1.08, 1.59 and 2.92 (Ptrend < 0.001) for White patients, respectively. The model with eGFRCKD–EPI and the other risk factors had significantly higher Harrell's C than the model with eGFRMDRD and other risk factors. Patients reclassified downward from eGFRMDRD 60–74 to eGFRCKD–EPI 30–59 and from eGFRMDRD 30–59 to eGFRCKD–EPI < 30 ml/min/1.73 m2 showed higher heart failure risk than those who were not reclassified. Conclusions Impaired kidney function (i.e. GFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2), and even mildly decreased GFR (60–74 ml/min/1.73 m2) estimated by both equations is associated with an increased risk of heart failure. Compared with GFR estimated using the MDRD equation, GFR estimated using the CKD–EPI equation added more predictive power to the model with the other risk factors. Also, eGFRCKD–EPI provided more accurate heart failure risk stratification than eGFRMDRD .
Metagenomic resolution of microbial functions in deep-sea hydrothermal plumes across the Eastern Lau Spreading Center

Metagenomic resolution of microbial functions in deep-sea hydrothermal plumes across the Eastern Lau Spreading Center
Quantum theory of single events

A clear distinction is made between a single individual event denoted by ψ(x,a) depending on the parameters a, and a typical averaged event denoted by ψ(x). This avoids the notion of the collapse of the wave function, among others. Explicit localized solutions of the wave equations are constructed which move like relativistic particles and obey quantum relations E = λω and P = λk. Quantum spin correlations are evaluated on the basis of individual events with classical “hidden” parameters.
Those 1-credit special project courses: motivating your best freshmen

Every school has them, in some form or another. The variable-title, variable-credit course is ubiquitous; but, what do we use them for? Often they become a vehicle for teaching material not yet having a permanent course number. In some cases, professors use them for obtaining inexpensive low-level help for their research, thus providing an undergraduate research opportunity. They are sometimes used to provide a student with an opportunity To overcome a lack of preparation in some area vital to his/her area of study. At Purdue University, the Freshman Engineering Honors Program uses ENGR 195 as a motivational tool. When time and current interests permit the Honors Director offers students the opportunity to participate in special projects that offer experience outside the range of regular coursework available to the student. These projects often enhance the students' resumes as well. During the spring semester of 1994-95, eight students undertook a software design and development project based on an assignment from the Honors Computer Programming class they took the prior semester. These students operated as a software development team, with two groups of four students each taking on a different part of the project. They were supervised by a senior computer engineering student and the Honors Program Director. The project was development of basketball statistics software, and the students were enthused from the start. They were especially excited that they were to complete the development of the software to the point that it could be made available for distribution as a shareware or freeware product, including user manuals and program documentation. The development platform was a realistic (for this problem) 486-based notebook computer. What is needed to provide this type of experience to more students? First, there must exist a problem to be solved, preferably of interest to several students. Second, the means to solve the problem, in terms of hardware, software, and sufficient expertise to begin solving it must be near at hand. Third, there must be an audience, that is, a group of students from which to draw those looking for an additional challenge. Finally, there must be an interested faculty member to serve the students as teacher/mentor in doing the project. Motivation is virtually assured.
Increased inflammatory markers in late pregnancy depression: The role of progesterone and allopregnanolone

Background Previous studies have found relationships between inflammatory markers and perinatal depression, but these have rarely been studied in the context of reproductive hormone levels. Methods Progesterone and allopregnanolone (by ELISA) and cytokines (IL6, IL10, IFN- γ , TNF- α , and GM-CSF, by cytometric bead array) were measured during the third trimester of pregnancy for 38 women with a history of mood disorders. Depression severity was measured with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Results In separate linear regression models, IL-6, TNF- α , and GM-CSF measured in the third trimester were significantly correlated with EPDS score (IL-6: β = 0.17, p = .024; TNF- α : β = 0.09, p = 0.021; GM-CSF: β = 0.11, p 0.0001 ). In a model controlling for gestational week of blood draw and for the effect of all cytokines on one another, only GM-CSF retained significance ( β = 0.182, p = 0.003). In a fully corrected model that also controlled for third trimester levels of progesterone and allopregnanolone, results for GM-CSF were similar ( β = 0.187 , p = 0.002 ), and no other cytokine retained significance. Conclusions This study confirms previous work showing correlations between pro-inflammatory cytokines and depressive symptoms in pregnancy. Our results indicate that some such correlations may be accounted for by the effect of inflammatory markers on one another. Moreover, progesterone and allopregnanolone do not appear to mediate the relationship between a pro-inflammatory cytokine (GM-CSF) and depressive symptoms.
Capturing the emotional geographies of school personnel working with children with cancer

Students diagnosed with cancer who return to school as quickly as possible are less likely to fall as far behind academically and are more likely to be reintegrated readily into the school social environment. For students to return to school successfully, a team of support may be required and should include school professionals. Traditionally, school professionals have received very little training on how to help students with cancer return to the school environment and working with such students can be an intense emotional experience. The present study explored the cognition, motivation, and emotion of school professionals working with students with cancer during the school re-entry process. Case studies were conducted to explore the participants' emotional experience as it related to helping students to return and reintegrate into the classroom environment.
Triggered tremor sweet spots in Alaska

[1] To better understand what controls fault slip along plate boundaries, we have exploited the abundance of seismic and geodetic data available from the richly varied tectonic environments composing Alaska. A search for tremor triggered by 11 large earthquakes throughout all of seismically monitored Alaska reveals two tremor “sweet spots”—regions where large-amplitude seismic waves repeatedly triggered tremor between 2006 and 2012. The two sweet spots locate in very different tectonic environments—one just trenchward and between the Aleutian islands of Unalaska and Akutan and the other in central mainland Alaska. The Unalaska/Akutan spot corroborates previous evidence that the region is ripe for tremor, perhaps because it is located where plate-interface frictional properties transition between stick-slip and stably sliding in both the dip direction and laterally. The mainland sweet spot coincides with a region of complex and uncertain plate interactions, and where no slow slip events or major crustal faults have been noted previously. Analyses showed that larger triggering wave amplitudes, and perhaps lower frequencies (<~0.03 Hz), may enhance the probability of triggering tremor. However, neither the maximum amplitude in the time domain or in a particular frequency band, nor the geometric relationship of the wavefield to the tremor source faults alone ensures a high probability of triggering. Triggered tremor at the two sweet spots also does not occur during slow slip events visually detectable in GPS data, although slow slip below the detection threshold may have facilitated tremor triggering.
Melanoma Immunotherapy: Overcoming Obstacles to Augment Anti-Tumor Immune Responses

Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer and accounts for the vast majority of skin cancer-related deaths. Its ability to metastasize quickly, often before diagnosis, makes this cancer difficult to treat with traditional therapies. The identification of anti-melanoma immune responses in patients and the discovery of tumor antigens targeted by these immune responses have paved the way for immunotherapy as a novel approach to treating this cancer. In this review, the major immunotherapies targeting these melanoma tumor antigens are discussed. The advantages and limitations of peptide-, protein-, and gene-based vaccination maneuvers and adoptive cell transfer therapies are emphasized. Recent insights into melanoma immune evasion strategies are also highlighted, with particular focus on how our increasing knowledge of tumor/immune cell interactions is driving the development of novel immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of melanoma.
A JPEG-based statistically invisible steganography

The objective of steganography is to implement covert communication by hiding data in digital files such that there is no indication of the existence of hidden data; so an ideal steganographic system should be able to withstand all steganalysis methods--or be undetectable. In image steganography, several information-hiding systems have been proposed for JPEG images. However, with the advances in steganalysis, it seems that fewer and fewer steganography systems are truly undetectable. In this paper, we design a new steganography called statistically invisible steganography (SIS) to hide data in JPEG images, which are invulnerable to current methods of steganalysis. Specifically, we embed data in the selective coefficients of the selective DCT blocks that have high complexity and maintain original statistics. Experimental results show that current techniques of steganalysis are unable to successfully detect SIS steganograms.
On Comparison of Mixture Models for Closed Population Capture–Recapture Studies

SUMMARY: A mixture model is a natural choice to deal with individual heterogeneity in capture-recapture studies. Pledger (2000, Biometrics 56, 434-442; 2005, Biometrics 61, 868-876) advertised the use of the two-point mixture model. Dorazio and Royle (2003, Biometrics 59, 351-364; 2005, Biometrics 61, 874-876) suggested that the beta-binomial model has advantages. The controversy is related to the nonidentifiability of the population size (Link, 2003, Biometrics 59, 1123-1130) and certain boundary problems. The total bias is decomposed into an intrinsic bias, an approximation bias, and an estimation bias. We propose to assess the approximation bias, the estimation bias, and the variance, with the intrinsic bias excluded when comparing different estimators. The boundary problems in both models and their impacts are investigated. Real epidemiological and ecological examples are analyzed.
Antifouling paints: Use on boats in San Diego Bay and a way to minimize adverse impacts

High concentrations of copper and tributyltin, two biocides used in antifouling paints, are found in harbors. Efforts are necessary to reduce the adverse impact of biocides from antifouling paints, but little is known about the actual use of such material. I surveyed the operators of 435 boats berthed in San Diego Bay, to determine what paints and maintenance procedures were being used. More than 90% of the respondents used conventional leaching paints. These paints contain 40% to 65% copper compounds and 3% to 7% tributyltin compounds. Few respondents used copolymer paints. Those who did use copolymer paints seemed to repaint less frequently than those using conventional leaching paints. Professional maintenance companies do not initiate repainting as frequently as individuals doing their own maintenance. It appears that the input of antifouling biocides to harbor waters could be reduced by at least one-third simply by educating boat-owners about the chemical mechanisms involved in antifouling paints, by explaining the environmental and economic advantages of using slow-release paints, and by encouraging them not to repaint until their paint's useful life has expired.
Multi-scale modeling of localized heating caused by ion bombardment

Abstract We have developed a multiscale modeling algorithm to incorporate both a Monte Carlo (MC) ion irradiation simulator and finite element analysis to simulate ion beam heating. The spatial distribution of displacements from the MC code was input into a 3-D FEA code to predict the temperature evolution upon ion bombardment. In order to simulate the flux effect, ions were introduced stochastically. We discuss the necessity to use both grid refinement and grid coarsening techniques to make such modeling possible, thus providing a basis to evaluate the impact on the microstructure of the substrate. The aforementioned approach was applied for the case of a 16 A cm−2 beam of 6 keV Ga+ ions to simulate FIB sample sectioning and thinning in a Si substrate.
Chandigarh: City and Periphery

This article traces the history of the greenbelt of Chandigarh, India’s first modernist city, designed by Le Corbusier. The zone’s protection was mandated by the Periphery Control Act of 1952, alth...
Information modeling to incorporate sustainability into production plans

We investigate the real-world production of a product from five different manufacturers, each with a distinct production plan for its manufacture. We demonstrate the use of information modeling techniques to analyze and understand floor-level interactions and decision-making core to the manufacturing design for this product. Based on the insights gained herein, we propose a framework to incorporate sustainability into generalized process selection strategies. Lastly, we discuss the implications of these information modeling techniques for identifying the material information artifacts that are needed to support sustainable process design.
INFLUENCE OF EPINEPHRIN AND ADRENAL CORTICAL EXTRACT ON THE LACTOGENIC PROPERTY OF PROLACTIN

CLINICAL APPLICATION of the lactogenic hormone from the anterior pituitary gland has been successful in the treatment of deficient lactation in human beings. Kursrok, Bates, Riddle and Miller (1) reported that doses of 75 to 400 u of prolactin were capable of significantly increasing milk production in 25 of a group of 29 women who had failed to lactate adequately up to the 16th day postpartum. Similar results have been described (2, 3). This lactogenic effect of the hormone is consistent with the clear-cut findings observed in laboratory animals under experimental conditions (4, 5). Stewart and Pratt (6), on the other hand, reported that prolactin in doses up to 3000 u from the 6th to 9th postpartum days failed to show any significant influence on the secretory rate in 14 women with deficient lactation as compared with a group of 10 patients receiving a placebo treatment.
Hydrogeological Research: Beginning of the End or End of the Beginning?

This paper uses citation data to assess whether articles published in key ground water journals such as Ground Water (GW) and Water Resources Research (WRR) are impacting research. Citation information was obtained from SCI Journal Citation Reports and The Web of Science--databases maintained by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI). Information extracted from The Web of Science was processed further to remove corrections to papers, discussion/replies, and book reviews. Generally, there are many ground water papers published, but citations of these papers are limited. Approximately 10% to 15% of WRR articles, and 2% to 3% of GW articles attract more than 50 citations in their lifetimes. In both GW and WRR, the top 10% of papers eventually will contribute nearly half of the total yearly citations. Another emerging trend is a diminishing emphasis on citations to new work as compared to work more than 10 years in age. When articles in Ground Water or Journal of Hydrology cite papers in Water Resources Research, those papers cite work 10 or more years old half of the time. If one believes that citations are a measure of science impact, then there is cause for concern. Research is inefficient with much produced for little gain. On a typical industrial life-cycle curve, ground water research is likely ranked as mature and close to aging. At this stage, much work will have been completed and the number of truly impactful problems will have dwindled to just a few.
Integrating Curriculum Across Courses in the Same Semester and Across Semesters Using a Service Learning Project

Management Information Systems (MIS) departments are tasked with preparing students to successfully work for organizations in information technology (IT)related jobs. Accordingly, MIS departments develop a curriculum that provides both technical depth and business acumen. Typically, the business core provides the business acumen and the department’s curriculum provides technical depth. The courses that contribute to this technical depth include domains of programming, networking, database, systems analysis and design plus additional domains as electives. Each course is taught as a stand-alone course, and, although it may have one or more of the other MIS courses as prerequisites, integration across courses is minimal. The problem with this approach is that the different areas in MIS are tightly related. For example, programming a system requires an understanding of business requirements and design on which to write the programs. Programs that access a database using structured query language (SQL) statements require an understanding of the underlying data model, which is built based on functional requirements. At best, integration includes ensuring that prerequisites cover material needed for a particular course and discussing the interrelationships among the topics covered, often via a capstone course that ostensibly integrates all of the material from the previous courses. We propose and take an innovative, holistic approach to integration. Three faculty members teaching the systems analysis and design (SAD), the database management (DB), and the capstone database and development (CAP) courses integrated their courses using a common service learning project. This project consists of conducting a SAD, including a detailed database design and preliminary implementation during two courses in one semester. The following semester, the system is implemented in the third capstone course. Using an integrated project affects how the SAD and CAP courses are taught. Because analysis and design
A Graphical Estimation of Mixed Weibull Parameters in Life-Testing of Electron Tubes

It is widely recognized that electron tube failures may be classified into two types: sudden and delayed. A mixture of two Weibull distributions, each representing one type of tube failure, is proposed, and a simple graphical method for estimating the parameters of the mixed Weibull distribution described.
Reducing the Risk Of Teen Parenthood: An Approach That Works

Teen parenthood continues to be a sig nificant educational and social issue among middle level and high school stu dents. The level of sexual activity and the rate of teen pregnancy among school children require serious attention and strong, urgent action. Here's a look at a middle school teen parenthood preven tion program that has proved to be ef fective.
Room temperature fracture of CoAl

In recent years, the search for better high-temperature structural materials has led to a renewed interest in the B2 aluminides. The materials of the greatest interest have been NiAl and FeAl. By comparison, CoAl has been studied relatively little, probably both because it is quite brittle and because of the expense and strategic nature of cobalt. CoAl is stable over a relatively wide composition range ([approximately]47 to [approximately]57 at.% Al at room temperature) and deforms by the movement of [100] dislocations at both room temperature and high temperature. Examination of fracture surfaces reveals that stoichiometric NiAl exhibits a predominantly intergranular fracture mode at room temperature, while for off-stoichiometric composition the fracture mode is a mixture of intergranular fracture and transgranular cleavage, the amount of transgranular fracture increasing with increasing deviation from stoichiometry. By comparison, single-crystal CoAl shows no plastic elongation at room temperature irrespective of composition. However, there are published data on the fracture of polycrystalline CoAl at room temperature. Thus, the purpose of this article is to present the room temperature fracture behavior of CoAl and to compare the results with those for NiAl.
Software defined radio based frequency domain chaotic cognitive radio

Chaotic communication system has attracted strong interests in high security communication due to robustness in multi-path fading environments, resistance to jamming, and low probability of interception. Recently, cognitive radio has emerged as a strong candidate to solve the spectrum congestion problem by operating over under utilized spectrum bands. Hence, it is highly desired to combine the security advantages of chaos communication with cognitive radio to create a chaotic cognitive radio communication system. However, traditional chaotic communication system is based on time-domain chaotic signal generator where the signal occupies one wide contiguous frequency band, making it inappropriate for cognitive radio applications. To apply the chaotic sequence onto cognitive radio to take advantage of multiple spectrum bands, we generate the chaotic signal in frequency domain. By applying a spectrum mask onto the chaotic signal in frequency-domain, a frequency domain non-contiguous chaotic waveform is created. In this paper, we use universal software radio peripheral and GNU radio software to implement and demonstrate a frequency domain chaotic cognitive radio. This demonstration has several unique features: (1) supporting real-time video transmission; (2) taking advantage of multiple non-contiguous spectrum bands; (3) dynamic cognitive radio waveform adaptation according to the primary user transmissions; (4) maintaining the security features of chaotic communication.
Using cognitive behavioral interventions to help children cope with parental military deployments.

Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq are associated with more deployments than in previous years. Recent estimates show 1.2 million school children have a parent that is serving in the active military. Family stress increases proportionately to the length of deployment and the perception of danger. In a recent study, twenty percent of children whose parent was being deployed were identified as “high risk” for psychosocial disturbances. A deployed parent represents a stressor reflecting ambiguous loss which prompts emotional distress. Cognitive behaviorally based prevention and intervention efforts have shown considerable promise with children experiencing a variety of disorders who do not necessarily have a deployed parent. For instance the Penn Resiliency Program has enjoyed considerable empirical support. It seems quite reasonable that these favorable results would generalize to a population of military children. This paper will briefly review the extant literature on the effects of parental deployment on children’s emotional well-being and then recommend a variety of cognitive behavioral interventions to enhance their psychological welfare.
CLONING, NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE AND EXPRESSION OF THE BIFUNCTIONAL DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE-THYMIDYLATE SYNTHASE FROM GLYCINE MAX

cDNAs encoding the bifunctional dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase from Glycine max were isolated and sequenced. The 1794 base full length cDNA contains a single open reading frame of 1593 bases. The predicted size of the encoded protein is 530 amino acids with a molecular weight of 59 707. The protein has two domains: a 226 residue DHFR domain in the N-terminus, which is over 30% identical to human DHFR or the DHFR domain of protozoal DHFR-TS, and a 304 residue thymidylate synthase (TS) domain, which is over 60% identical to eukaryotic TS enzymes. The whole protein sequence is greater than 75% identical to DHFR-TS sequences from two other plants, Daucus carota and Arabidopsis thaliana. The sequence of two tryptic peptides obtained from DHFR preparations matched the predicted amino acid sequence, one peptide lying in the DHFR domain and the other in the TS domain. These results indicate that DHFR and TS exist in a bifunctional polypeptide in Glycine max. The coding region of the cDNA was inserted downstream of the T7 promoter and translation initiation signals in the vector pET-3a. This construct (pDR-TS) was transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE) [plysS] which produceds T7 RNA polymerase upon induction by isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). The expression of the bifunctional enzyme was confirmed by detection of both DHFR and TS activities. The purified enzyme has a subunit molecular mass of 60 kDa. This is the first report of expression of a plant DHFR-TS cDNA.
Chronic sorrow revisited: Parent vs. professional depiction of the adjustment of parents of mentally retarded children.

In response to a questionnaire mailing, parents of mentally retarded children and social workers essentially agreed that such parents experience periodic crises during the child's development, rather than time-bound adjustment. Social workers tended to underestimate the impact on parents of later developmental periods. Clinical implications of the findings, which run counter to the prevalent professional view, are considered.