cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High Resolution Neutron Radiography and Tomography of Hydrided Zircaloy-4 Cladding Materials

Abstract Hydrogen content and distribution in Zircaloy-4 cladding samples with controlled hydrogen concentrations up to 1100 ppm were studied using neutron radiography and computed tomography. Hydrogen charging was performed in a process tube that was heated to facilitate hydrogen absorption by the metal. A correlation between the hydrogen concentration in the hydrided tubes and the neutron intensity was established, by which hydrogen content can be determined precisely in a small area (55 μm × 55 μm). Image analysis was also performed to evaluate the heating rate and its correlation with the hydrogen distribution through hydrided materials. In addition to image analysis, tomography experiments were performed on Zircaloy-4 tube samples to study the local hydrogen distribution. A 3D reconstruction of the tube was evaluated in which an uneven hydrogen distribution in the circumferential direction can be observed.
EBD Using Daylight-Mimicking LEDs for Improved Health Outcomes in Older Adults at St Francis

The American Medical Association recently declared that light at night results in adverse health outcomes. The effects of light at night are particularly relevant for the characteristic long-term care or skilled nursing facility that is in operation 24 hours per day, 7 days per week. Clinical trials are underway at St. Francis Country House to evaluate the efficacy of using daylight-mimicking LEDs to stimulate human receptivity to the non-visual aspects of light to enhance cognitive functioning and improve health outcomes for the older adults in residence there. This 24 hour/7day per week lighting system will be installed in the Transition Wing of the 4th floor dementia unit at St Francis and evaluated using clinical trial methods. The Evidence-Based Design (EBD) research will evaluate the efficacy of the LED lighting system to help ameliorate the residents’ symptoms of dementia.
Insulin stimulation of a MEK-dependent but ERK-independent SOS protein kinase

The Ras guanylnucleotide exchange protein SOS undergoes feedback phosphorylation and dissociation from Grb2 following insulin receptor kinase activation of Ras. To determine the serine/threonine kinase(s) responsible for SOS phosphorylation in vivo, we assessed the role of mitogen-activated, extracellular-signal-regulated protein kinase kinase (MEK), extracellular-signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), and the c-JUN protein kinase (JNK) in this phosphorylation event. Expression of a dominant-interfering MEK mutant, in which lysine 97 was replaced with arginine (MEK/K97R), resulted in an inhibition of insulin-stimulated SOS and ERK phosphorylation, whereas expression of a constitutively active MEK mutant, in which serines 218 and 222 were replaced with glutamic acid (MEK/EE), induced basal phosphorylation of both SOS and ERK. Although expression of the mitogen-activated protein kinase-specific phosphatase (MKP-1) completely inhibited the insulin stimulation of ERK activity both in vitro and in vivo, SOS phosphorylation and the dissociation of the Grb2-SOS complex were unaffected. In addition, insulin did not activate the related protein kinase JNK, demonstrating the specificity of insulin for the ERK pathway. The insulin-stimulated and MKP-1-insensitive SOS-phosphorylating activity was reconstituted in whole-cell extracts and did not bind to a MonoQ anion-exchange column. In contrast, ERK1/2 protein was retained by the MonoQ column, eluted with approximately 200 mM NaCl, and was MKP-1 sensitive. Although MEK also does not bind to MonoQ, immunodepletion analysis demonstrated that MEK is not the insulin-stimulated SOS-phosphorylating activity. Together, these data demonstrate that at least one of the kinases responsible for SOS phosphorylation and functional dissociation of the Grb2-SOS complex is an ERK-independent but MEK-dependent insulin-stimulated protein kinase.
The role of craniospinal irradiation in adults with a central nervous system recurrence of leukemia.

BACKGROUND Although central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis in patients with leukemia has reduced the incidence of CNS disease recurrence, it still is reported to occur in approximately 5–10% of cases, resulting in a median survival of 6 months. Craniospinal irradiation (CSI) has been shown to improve survival in children who develop a CNS recurrence of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). However, to the authors' knowledge, the role of CSI in adults with a CNS recurrence of leukemia is unknown. METHODS A retrospective review of adult patients treated with CSI for a CNS recurrence of leukemia identified 16 patients treated between 1986 and 2001. The median age of the patients was 34 years (range, 16–58 years). The diagnoses included seven patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), eight patients with ALL, and one patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis. All patients had achieved a complete disease remission prior to the CNS recurrence. Eleven patients had an isolated CNS recurrence and 5 patients had concurrent disease identified in the blood/bone marrow. The median dose of radiation was 24 grays (Gy) (range, 18–34.5 Gy) to the cranium and 18 Gy (range, 15–30 Gy) to the spine. The median fraction size was 1.8 Gy (range, 1.5–2.0 Gy) to the cranium and 1.5 Gy (range, 1.5–2.0 Gy) to the spine. Fifteen patients were also treated with intrathecal chemotherapy. RESULTS One patient failed to complete radiation treatment because of disease progression. Thirteen patients achieved a complete response in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The median time to disease progression was 3 months from the first day of CSI and 7 months from CNS recurrence. The median survival was 4 months and 9 months, respectively. No CNS recurrences occurred, but there were 11 bone marrow failures, 2 patients without recurrence at > 5 years, and 3 deaths without a documented site of failure. Thirteen patients had no evidence of disease in the CSF until their death or the time of last follow-up. CONCLUSIONS CSI with or without intrathecal chemotherapy appears to be effective at eliminating leukemia in the craniospinal axis. However, the eradication of disease in the CNS was not found to be effective at preventing disease recurrence in the bone marrow, and despite improved control of disease in the CNS, adult patients with a CNS recurrence still had a poor prognosis. Furthermore, the rapidly fatal course of disease prevented an assessment of the durability of CNS response to irradiation. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
On the Fourier series of a stationary stochastic process

1. I n t r o d u c t i o n Le t X (t) = X (t, ~o), t e R = ( r oo), be a real-valued continuous s ta t ionary process in the wide sense satisfying (1.1) E X 2 (t) < ~ , (1.2) E X ( t ) = O, (1.3) E X (s) X (t) = ~(s -t) , for t e R , for t e R , for s, t e R , where ~ (u) is a continuous even funct ion of a single var iable u. a Suppose t h a t X( t ) is separable and measurable in R • Then ] X~(t) dt b exists, wi th probabi l i ty one, for every real numbers a, b. ~ (u) has the form
Alterations of cerebral cortex and hippocampal proteasome subunit expression and function in a traumatic brain injury rat model

Following cellular stress or tissue injury, the proteasome plays a critical role in protein degradation and signal transduction. The present study examined the beta-subunit expression of constitutive proteasomes (beta1, beta2, and beta5), immunoproteasomes (beta1i, beta2i, and beta5i) and the 11S proteasome activator, PA28alpha, in the rat CNS after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Concomitant measures assessed changes in proteasome activities. Quantitative real time PCR results indicated that beta1 and beta2 mRNA levels were not changed, while beta5 mRNA levels were significantly decreased in injured CNS following TBI. However, beta1i, beta2i, beta5i, and PA28alpha mRNA levels were significantly increased in the injured CNS. Western blotting studies found that beta1, beta2, beta5, beta2i, and beta5i subunit protein levels remained unchanged in the injured CNS, but beta1i and PA28alpha protein levels were significantly elevated in ipsilateral cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Proteasome activity assays found that peptidyl glutamyl peptide hydrolase-like and chymotrypsin-like activity were significantly reduced in the CNS after TBI, and that trypsin-like proteasome activity was increased in the injured cerebral cortex. Our results demonstrated that both proteasome composition and function in the CNS were affected by trauma. Treatments that preserve proteasome function following CNS injury may be beneficial as an approach to cerebral neuroprotection.
The Dietary Impacts of the School Breakfast Program

This paper examines the impact of the School Breakfast Program (SBP) on the breakfasteating patterns and dietary intake of public school students in grades one through twelve. The SBP was originally designed to remedy an education handicap of many children from low-income households; they were arriving at school without having eaten breakfast. While most of these children were eligible for free or reduced-price lunches through the National School Lunch Program (NSLP), there was concern that hunger during the morning left them unable to benefit from the first half
A pattern discovery approach to retail fraud detection

A major source of revenue shrink in retail stores is the intentional or unintentional failure of proper checking out of items by the cashier. More recently, a few automated surveillance systems have been developed to monitor cashier lanes and detect non-compliant activities such as fake item checkouts or scans done with the intention of deriving monetary benefit. These systems use data from surveillance video cameras and transaction logs (TLog) recorded at the Point-of-Sale (POS). In this paper, we present a pattern discovery based approach to detect fraudulent events at the POS. Our approach is based on mining time-ordered text streams, representing retail transactions, formed from a combination of visually detected checkout related activities called primitives and barcodes from TLog data. Patterns representing single item checkouts, i.e. anchored around a single barcode, are discovered from these text streams using an efficient pattern discovery technique called Teiresias. The discovered patterns are used to build models for true and fake item scans by retaining or discarding the anchoring barcodes in those patterns respectively. A pattern matching and classification scheme is designed to robustly detect non-compliant cashier activities in the presence of noise in either the TLog or the video data. Different weighting schemes for quantifying the relative importance of the discovered patterns are explored: Frequency, Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Frequency+SVM. Using a large scale dataset recorded from retail stores, our approach discovers semantically meaningful cashier scan patterns. Our experiments also suggest that different weighting schemes result in varied false and true positive performances on the task of fake scan detection.
Do Less Effective Teachers Choose Professional Development Does It Matter

Background: In an ongoing effort to improve teacher quality, most states require continuing education or professional development for their in-service teachers. Studies evaluating the effectiveness...
The functional differentiation of the small intestine. VIII. Regional differences in the alkaline phosphatases of the small intestine of the mouse from birth to one year.

Abstract 1. 1. The alkaline phosphatase activity of the small intestine of the mature mouse is highest at the pyloric end of the duodenum and falls sharply to a much lower level in the jejunum. 2. 2. The high level of activity in the duodenum is accompanied by a high preference for phenylphosphate (PhP) over β-glycerophosphate (bGP). Jejunal and ileal phosphatases show a preference for bGP at maximal activity levels. 3. 3. In the preweaning period alkaline phosphatase activity is uniform throughout the small intestine. All areas hydrolyze bGP more effectively than PhP at this time. 4. 4. The great increase in alkaline phosphatase activity that occurs in the duodenum during the third postnatal week (i.e., just before weaning) involves the appearance of a strong preference for PhP. Further kinetic studies suggest that the preweaning increase in activity in the duodenum represents the synthesis of a new enzyme not previously present in significant quantity. 5. 5. During the third postnatal week jejunal and ileal phosphatase activities rise and fall. The changes are very small in comparison with the large increase occurring concomitantly in the duodenum. 6. 6. In the duodenum, exogenous cortisone brings about the precocious development of large quantities of a phosphatase having a decided preference for PhP. 7. 7. In the jejunum, exogenous cortisone has no influence on phosphatase activity. In the ileum it first depresses, then elevates, phosphatase activity, but the induced alterations do not parallel the normal pattern of change in the preweaning period. 8. 8. Histochemical studies show that the most active phosphatases are localized in the microvilli throughout the intestine. Surface measurements show that differences in activity cannot be attributed to differences in amount of microvilli-bearing surface along the length of the intestine.
N-State Interpretations of the First and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of Cyanobiphenyl-Based Liquid Crystal Molecules

Electronic structure calculations on the frequency-dependent hyperpolarizabilities of 5-alkyl cyanobiphenyl have been performed using the AM1 Hamiltonian and time dependent Hartree-Fock theory. Both the average first and second hyperpolarizabilities decrease with increasing twist angle, o, between the two phenyl groups, and increase with increasing incident frequency. While the nonlinear optical properties of materials are frequently interpreted within the framework of two and three state models for the electronic spectrum, systems with a more complex electronic structure require an approach which can denote state importance. The linear optical properties of 5CB are dominated by two low-lying charge transfer transitions from the ground state, which would seem suitable to a three state model. However, large state dipole moments offset of low oscillator strengths for other transitions allowing them to also become significant contributors to the nonlinear optical properties.
Magnetic Bundles in Reacting Flowing Plasma

An exact theory of plasma filaments observed in coaxial accelerators is derived from a steady-state ($\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}}{\ensuremath{\partial}t}=0$) description of the three-dimensional flow of deuterium plasma. Ionization and recombination reactions are considered. Magnetic structure of the filaments (bundles of helical field lines), density distributions, and flow field fit the experimental evidence.
Norwich Union: why merely “good” customer service was no longer good enough, and what we did about it

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explain the strategy and tactics behind Norwich Union Insurance's decision to mount a major initiative to improve the quality of the customer service offered in its customer contact centres from merely “good” to “great”.Design/methodology/approach – The paper explains how the author spearheaded what was in many respects a concerted personal initiative to look at current thinking about how customer service in contact centres could be improved and chose a methodology for improving it by using the practical experience and theoretical input provided by a consultancy, Cape Consulting, which specialises in helping organisations achieve service excellence.Findings – As the author explains, he investigated the writing and thinking of the American service guru Frederick Reichheld who has argued very successfully that there are no half‐measures in impressing customers; that you either impress them very well indeed or not at all, and that you should basically only need to as...
Organ weights of animals maintained on alleged aphrodisiacs: "pega palo" and "bois cochon".

There is no evidence that either bois cochon bark or pega palo vine (alleged aphrodisiacs) exerts an effect on the testes, prostate, or seminal vesicles of hypophysectomized or intact rats. The absence of an increase in the weight of the testes in normal or hypophysectomized animals argues against a gonadotropic effect, and the failure to depress testicular size in intact rats or to restore the weights of the accessory genital structures after hypophysectomy excludes any possible androgenic action.
Jenkins: A New Iron Meterorite from Missouri

Jenkins was found about 1946 and identified as a meteorite in 1965. The weight before sectioning was 122 lbs. It is a coarse octahedrite with irregular nodules of troilite and sizeable patches of graphite, schreibersite, and lawrencite.
Electrical evolution during the decay stage of New Mexico thunderstorms

[1] The electric field (E) at the ground beneath a thunderstorm often exhibits an end-of-storm oscillation (EOSO) during the storm's decay phase in which E typically undergoes three polarity changes over a period of 30–75 min. To determine why the surface E oscillates, the timing of the EOSO polarity changes of a multicellular storm in New Mexico has been compared to a series of balloon, radar, and lightning data. Three in situ balloon soundings provide vertical profiles of E and inferred charge regions just before and during the EOSO. These data have been compared to the evolving precipitation structure determined from orthogonal range-height scans of two radars and to several other parameters including lightning mapping array data. Before the EOSO began, the storm had the typical electrical structure of the late mature stage. Estimates of the total charge magnitudes in each of the principal regions before and during the EOSO ranged from 7 to 33 C. The comparisons indicate that surface E polarity changes during the EOSO were (1) primarily owing to the successive fallout of three of the four principal charge regions in the storm's mature stage charge structure, modified by (2) the growth or decay of the charge regions as they descended, and (3) changes in the screening charges at the upper and lower cloud boundaries. More limited data from two other decaying storms indicate that similar in-cloud evolution was probably occurring during their EOSOs.
Split tolerance to a composite tissue allograft in a swine model.

Background. The antigenicity of skin is a major obstacle to expanding human composite tissue transplantation. For example, multiple rejection episodes of the skin have been noted in clinical hand transplant patients. We have previously demonstrated tolerance to vascularized musculoskeletal allografts in major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-matched miniature swine treated with 12 days of cyclosporine. This regimen did not reproducibly lead to tolerance to subsequent frozen donor skin grafts. However, such skin grafts did not have a primary vascular supply. The aim of this study was to determine if tolerance to limb allografts with a vascularized skin component could be achieved with MHC matching and a 12-day course of immunosuppression. Methods. Hind limb grafts harvested with a 100 cm 2 cutaneous paddle were transplanted heterotopically into six MHC-matched, minor antigen-mismatched miniature swine. All animals received a 12-day course of cyclosporine. One control animal was not immunosuppressed. Grafts were evaluated with biweekly biopsies and tissue viability determined by histologic analysis. To test for sensitization, frozen donor skin grafts were applied to all animals that survived to postoperative day 100. Results. All treated animals (n=6) were tolerant to their musculoskeletal allografts at the time of necropsy (>100 days) regardless of the status of the epidermis. One animal demonstrated tolerance to the skin for more than 180 days. The other five animals demonstrated prolonged survival of the epidermal portion of the graft. The control animal rejected the graft epidermis at 10 days postoperatively. Frozen donor skin grafts demonstrated accelerated rejection (<10 days) in three of the animals and led to simultaneous rejection of both the epidermis of the allograft and the skin graft in the long-term tolerant animal. The rejection of the skin grafts did not break tolerance to the musculoskeletal portion in any of the animals. Conclusions. All animals exhibited indefinite survival of the musculoskeletal portion of their allografts but only prolonged survival of the epidermis. The loss of the graft skin appears to be the result of an isolated immune reaction to the skin, and, in particular, the epidermis. This observation is further substantiated by the accelerated rejection of secondarily placed frozen donor skin grafts.
Tracheary Element Differentiation Uses a Novel Mechanism Coordinating Programmed Cell Death and Secondary Cell Wall Synthesis

Tracheary element differentiation requires strict coordination of secondary cell wall synthesis and programmed cell death (PCD) to produce a functional cell corpse. The execution of cell death involves an influx of Ca2+ into the cell and is manifested by rapid collapse of the large hydrolytic vacuole and cessation of cytoplasmic streaming. This precise means of effecting cell death is a prerequisite for postmortem developmental events, including autolysis and chromatin degradation. A 40-kD serine protease is secreted during secondary cell wall synthesis, which may be the coordinating factor between secondary cell wall synthesis and PCD. Specific proteolysis of the extracellular matrix is necessary and sufficient to trigger Ca2+ influx, vacuole collapse, cell death, and chromatin degradation, suggesting that extracellular proteolysis plays a key regulatory role during PCD. We propose a model in which secondary cell wall synthesis and cell death are coordinated by the concomitant secretion of the 40-kD protease and secondary cell wall precursors. Subsequent cell death is triggered by a critical activity of protease or the arrival of substrate signal precursor corresponding with the completion of a functional secondary cell wall.
Infra-red absorption spectra of metal-amino acid complexes—II. An infra-red study of the metal-nitrogen bond in glycine chelates☆

Abstract The infra-red spectra of some metal—glycine chelates have been investigated from 670 to 270 cm −1 . Assignments for the observed metal—nitrogen stretching frequencies have been made using an approximate normal coordinate analysis. The assignments are based on the difference in symmetry of the chelate rings for geometrical isomers of the Pt(II), Pd(II) and Cu(II) compounds. Calculated values of the metal—nitrogen bond-stretching force constants for the trans complexes vary in the order Pt(II) > Pd(II) > Cu(II) > Ni(II), which demonstrates a corresponding order for the relative strengths of the metal—nitrogen interaction.
Metaphors as structures for elementary and secondary preservice Teachers’ thinking

Abstract This study sought to describe the metaphors entry level preservice teachers bring with them as they begin a teacher education program. One hundred thirty four (134) students certifying in elementary education and 119 students certifying in secondary education completed a questionnaire designed to capture the metaphors they hold on life, children, and teaching. Secondary preservice teachers were more likely to write their own metaphors of life and childhood than their elementary counterparts. No one from the elementary group created his/her own metaphor for life and childhood, while nearly 31% of the secondary group created a metaphor of life, childhood, or both. The metaphors students created to describe teaching revealed four dominant themes: teaching as guiding, teaching as nurturing, teaching as stimulating, and teaching as telling. The chapter closes with a discussion of implications for how changes to the cognitive structure of students’ metaphor entailment patterns occur over time.
Improving quality of NSAID prescribing by internal medicine trainees with an educational intervention.

Background: Prescribing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for older adults is a safety concern. Education innovations in postgraduate training designed to improve patient safety should comply with the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). Purpose: The objective is to evaluate a seven-component education program for internal medicine trainees designed to change prescribing practices while addressing ACGME competencies. Methods: Pretest, posttest data collection. Results: The baseline chart review found that 28.7% (79/275) patients age 70 or older were prescribed NSAIDs. Approximately 1 year later, the proportion of patients prescribed NSAIDs had declined to 16.4% (30/183; p= .002). The proportion of patients prescribed NSAIDs in conjunction with a diuretic similarly declined from 13.6% (38/278) to 7% (13/187; p= .024). Conclusion: A systematically applied education program targeted to a specific prescribing pattern produced significant improvement among internal medicine...
The multiple sequential distal bypass graft: seven-year follow-up.

Abstract Thirty-nine infrainguinal bypass grafts with multiple sequential distal anastomoses were performed on 35 patients ranging in age from 32 to 79 years (mean 65.8 years) with severe femoropopliteal occlusive disease. Thirty-eight procedures were performed for limb salvage indications. Distal anastomoses were performed to the popliteal-anterior tibial arteries in seven procedures, the popliteal-posterior tibial arteries in six, the popliteal-peroneal arteries in six, the anterior tibial-peroneal arteries in eight, the posterior tibial-peroneal arteries in 10, and the posterior tibial-anterior tibial arteries in two. Saphenous vein was the graft material in 31 procedures (in situ in two), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in four, and saphenous vein-PTFE composite in four. The mean Doppler anklearm index was 0.38 ± 0.14 preoperatively and 0.89 ± 0.13 postoperatively. The early (30-day) graft patency rate was 93%. With life-table analysis, the long-term primary patency rate was 70% at 1 year, 61% at 3 years, and 52% at 7 years for saphenous vein grafts; the secondary patency rate was 65% at 7 years for saphenous vein grafts. The secondary patency rate for PTFE and PTFE-vein composite grafts was 75% at 1 year, 50% at 3 years, and 17% at 5 years. Cumulative life-table limb salvage rates were 91% at 1 year, 85% at 5 years, and 61% at 7 years. The multiple sequential distal bypass graft is durable and highly efficacious in achieving limb salvage. (J VASC SURG 1987;6:296-300.)
Functional units in the labellar chemosensory hairs of the mosquito Culiseta inornata (Williston)

Electron micrographs of the labellar chemosensory hairs of the mosquito show that these sensilla have either three or four dendrites extending the length of the shaft. At the tip of each hair is a circular pore. The dendrites are enclosed within a scolopoid structure. At the distal end of the dendrites the microtubules are arranged in a random manner, but, in the proximal area, they are grouped into nine pairs. Near the base the pairs assume a spiral pattern giving rise to a three-compartmented structure which forms the root proper. Action potentials were recorded from the hairs, using NaCl at concentrations of 0.002 M to 1.0 M. Four different spikes were recognized — water and three salt. The salt spikes were labeled Types a, b, and c. None of these is identical with the L spike from the blowfly. All four spikes were recorded from some hairs which were certainly those with four dendrites. Behavioral studies demonstrated that the rejection threshold of NaCl for labellar hairs was 0.28 M. This coincides with a rapid increase in the electrical activity of the Type c salt cell. From behavioral and electrophysiological evidence it was concluded that acceptance by Culiseta of NaCl in aqueous solution is the result of activity of the water receptor plus input from the salt receptors Types a and b, and that rejection results from activity of the Type c salt cell.
Motorola's MC68HC11: Definition and Design of a VLSI Microprocessor

The MC68HC11 demonstrates Motorola's conviction that 8-bit devices still address a significant market; its design proves that 8-bit technology still offers ample technical challenge and opportunity for creativity.
Twist angle of the C-C bridge bond in octachlorodibenzofuran

Abstract Calculations (molecular orbital, CNDO) indicate that octachlorodibenzofuran is planar, even though the two chlorines adjacent to the bridge carbons are sterically interacting.
Corneal Transplantation in an Infant with Corneal Dermoid

A 1-month-old infant had a protuberant congenital corneal dermoid that extended into the anterior chamber. The dermoid was excised in two stages. A 12-mm lamellar keratectomy was followed three months later by a smaller (8-mm) penetrating keratoplasty. This technique minimized the complications associated with large corneal transplants and increased the chance of long-term success. The graft has remained transparent and the posterior segment appears to be normal. The infant can maintain constant fixation and recognize small objects and crawls without difficulty.
“Dermal dendritic cells” comprise two distinct populations: CD1+ dendritic cells and CD209+ macrophages

A key cell type of the resident skin immune system is the dendritic cell (DC), which in normal skin is located in two distinct microanatomical compartments: Langerhans cells (LCs), mainly in the epidermis, and dermal DCs (DDCs), in the dermis. Here, the lineage of DDCs was investigated using monoclonal antibodies and immunohistology. We provide evidence that "DDC" comprise at least two major phenotypic populations of dendritic-appearing cells, immature DC expressing CD1, CD11c and CD208; and macrophages expressing CD209, CD206, CD163, and CD68. These data suggest that dermal dendritic-appearing macrophages comprise a novel part of the innate immune response in the resident skin immune system.
Environmental enrichment and deprivation: effects on learning, memory and exploration.

Abstract Rats were raised in one of four environments: perceptually enriched-socially enriched; perceptually enriched-socially impoverished; perceptually impoverished-socially enriched; and, perceptually impoverished-socially impoverished. After training on a one-trial, step-down passive avoidance task, they were tested for retention after 24 hr (Experiment 1), or given ECS at one of three intervals and then tested for retention after 24 hr (Experiment 2). Social and perceptual variables contributed to performance of groups in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, socially-enriched groups showed a gradient of retention over training-ECS intervals, while socially-impoverished groups showed no difference between the amnestic effects of ECS at 10 and 60 sec suggesting a slowing of consolidation. In open field testing (Experiment 3), perceptually enriched groups entered more squares. Perceptual and social enrichment have different behavioral effects, and it is hypothesized that they may reflect different physiological mechanisms.
Intelligibility of spontaneous conversational speech produced by children with cochlear implants: a review.

Summary Objective The emergence of cochlear implant technology has raised hopes about improved outcomes for children with severe and profound hearing impairments. This study sought to examine the current literature to help evaluate whether the new technology is living up to its promise specifically relative to the intelligibility of conversational speech produced by these children. Method At least 20 studies to date have reported findings for the intelligibility of speech produced by children fitted with cochlear implants. The current review involved a descriptive, summary examination of 10 of these studies that analyzed spontaneous conversational speech. Results The review suggested that intelligibility outcomes for these children appear to be considerably better than we have historically seen in this population (i.e., prior to the development of cochlear implant technology). For children implanted very early it appears that progress toward intelligible speech is more rapid, and the development of fully intelligible speech may be a reasonable goal for many such children. Even for children implanted somewhat later, progress on speech intelligibility appears to continue for at least 10 years post-implantation. Conclusion It would appear that cochlear implants are providing much better outcomes compared to older intervention approaches, at least relative to the intelligibility of spontaneous conversation.
Levorphanol inhibition of Ca++ binding to synaptic membranes in vitro.

Abstract Levorphanol inhibits Ca ++ binding to synaptic membranes in a dose dependent fashion (0.5–10nM) and induces release of calcium previously bound to membranes. The inhibition is noncompetitive and exhibits a K i of 9 × 10 −9 M. Naloxone (10 nM) blocks this inhibition while dextrophan (100nM) is without effects. The Ca ++ binding exhibits a high affinity (K D =0.84 μ M) and a saturable capacity of 350 picomles/mg protein. The binding curve is sigmoid with a Hill coefficient of 2.2, while in the presence of levorphanol (0.5 to 50nM), the curve becomes hyperbolic with a Hill coefficient of 1.1. The data suggest the calcium and opiate receptor binding sites are in close proximity and may be functionally linked through sub-unit interactions.
State engagement with non-state justice: how the experience in Kyrgyzstan can reinforce the need for legitimacy in Afghanistan

Currently there is a question of whether and how Afghanistan should engage non-state councils of elders to resolve disputes. In order to harness their benefits (e.g. efficiency), control their abuses (e.g. occasional controversial resolutions), and stabilize the resolution of disputes, some have argued that formal links should be established between the state judicial system and non-state councils of elders in Afghanistan. Others argue that mere informal links between the two systems should be established. Still others suggest that prior models of state engagement in Afghanistan should be revived. In Kyrgyzstan, just 65 miles north of Afghanistan, the Tsarist, Soviet and post-Soviet administrations have used various methods to engage non-state councils of elders. Despite these vastly different attempts at controlling local dispute resolutions, elders independently resolved disputes outside of Tsarist and Soviet control and continue to resolve disputes outside of post-Soviet state control in Kyrgyzstan. Th...
Coagulation of microcrystalline cellulose dispersions

Abstract The effect of particle shape on some aspects of the coagulation behavior of rod-like microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) dispersions is discussed. It is shown, by means of elementary DLVO theory and an ad hoc approximation for the angular dependence of the interaction between rod-shaped particles, that the torque between two MCC particles in a coagulating dispersion does not significantly affect their relative orientation during a Brownian collision. The effect of particle shape on the process of floc growth and syneresis in a turbulent field is qualitatively described. Experimental evidence indicates that prolonged conditioning in a turbulent field results in alignment of primary particles and the evolution of strong, cuspidate MCC flocs with a narrow size distribution.
Modulation of transcription of the rat fibronectin gene by cell density

The fibronectin (FN) gene is under complex regulatory control in vitro and in vivo. Sequences from the rat FN gene directed efficient expression of a lacZ reporter gene product, beta-galactosidase, in NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblasts. Stable transfectants were generated to facilitate studies of gene regulation by cell growth state. The expression of FN-lacZ constructs increased approximately twofold when cultures attained confluence, relative to total protein. The magnitude of this increase correlates well with that observed for FN mRNA levels and protein synthesis rate. Fragments containing 4.9, 0.9, or 0.3 kbp upstream of the transcription start site are equally responsive to cell density and/or cell contact. Deletion of a cAMP-responsive element enhanced the response, suggesting a negative role for this sequence motif and demonstrating that the FN gene is regulated by cell density at the transcriptional level. The effect of high cell density is apparently different from decreased growth rate, as incubation with low serum did not result in increased expression of the lacZ reporter. Finally, conditioned medium from dense cells did not enhance reporter gene expression in sparse cells, suggesting that the density signal is not transmitted via a soluble factor.
Geomagnetic Rotational Retardation of Satellite 1959α1(Vanguard II)

Radio observations made during the battery life of Vanguard II showed that the satellite's rotation was being retarded exponentially at a rapid rate. Precise analysis of electromagnetic couples on the conducting and magnetic parts of the satellite indicates a mean ambient geomagnetic field of 0.158 gauss, and confirms the eddy-current theory previously applied to Vanguard I.
Caregiver Burden and Depression Among Informal Caregivers of HIV‐infected Individuals

BACKGROUND: Few studies have examined the factors associated with depression in informal caregivers of HIV-infected persons. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between depression and caregiver burden among informal caregivers of HIV-infected individuals. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study using baseline data from an ongoing randomized trial of a supportive telephone intervention. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred seventy-six dyads of HIV patients and their informal caregiver. MEASUREMENTS: Depression was defined as a Beck Depression Inventory >10. A Caregiver Strain Index >6 identified informal caregivers with a high caregiver burden. We used logistic regression to identify characteristics that were associated with depression in the informal caregiver. RESULTS: Informal caregivers were 42 years old (SD, 13), 53% female, 59% nonwhite, and 30% had education beyond high school. Forty-seven percent of informal caregivers were the patient’s partner, 18% a friend, and 35% a family member. Twenty-seven percent of informal caregivers had a high caregiver burden, and 50% were depressed. We found significantly greater odds of informal caregiver depression with high caregiver burden (OR, 6.08; 95% CI, 2.40 to 15.4), informal caregiver medical comorbidity besides HIV (OR, 2.32; 95% CI, 1.09 to 4.92), spending all day together (OR, 3.92; 95% CI, 1.59 to 9.69), having to help others besides the HIV patient (OR, 2.55; 95% CI, 1.14 to 5.74), and duration of the HIV patient’s diagnosis (OR, 1.01 per month; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.01). CONCLUSIONS: High caregiver burden was strongly associated with depression among HIV-infected individuals’ informal caregivers, who themselves had difficult life circumstances. Informal caregivers of HIV patients may be in need of both mental health services and assistance in caregiving.
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) family of hormones: progress in the development of receptor selective agonists and antagonists.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY), the most abundant peptide present in the mammalian brain, exhibits a wide spectrum of central and peripheral activities mediated by at least six G-protein coupled receptors. The latter observation, and the implication of NPY in the pathophysiology of feeding, seizures, diabetes, intestinal dysfunction, cardiovascular diseases and respiratory disorders, have led to vigorous efforts to dissociate various effects of NPY and develop receptor selective ligands required for fundamental investigations, and possible clinical utility. These efforts have made significant advancement in the development of antagonists, especially for Y 1 and Y 5 receptors mediating NPY effects on feeding and/or thermogenesis. However, only a limited progress has been made in the case of Y 2 ligands, and none in the case of Y 4 ligands. Moreover, most of the nonpeptidic ligands developed to date have little use clinically because of their solubility and toxicity problems and their limited passage through blood-brain barrier. Furthermore, no progress has been made in developing lower molecular weight agonists, which may also have clinical potential in treating seizures, intestinal dysfunction. respiratory disorders, cachexia and anorexia. Thus, despite significant advances, NPY research is expected to attract scientists for years to come in the pursuit to develop clinically useful ligands. The recent advances in the peptide drug delivery techniques have given added impetus for these efforts. This article reviews the usefulness of widely used ligands as well as those developed more recently.
Precipitants to psychiatric patient assaults on staff: review of empirical findings, 1990-2003, and risk management implications.

Psychiatric patient assaults on staff are a serious and continuing problem in health care settings. Over thirty years of empirical research have documented the characteristics of both patient assailants and staff victims. Notably absent from this literature have been similar empirical studies on the nature of patient precipitants to these assaults. This paper reviewed empirical studies of patient assault precipitants from 1990–2003. Six studies from three countries were reviewed. Common precipitants included staff restrictions on patient behaviors, denial of services, excessive sensory overload, and provocation by others. The clinical, methodological, and risk management implications are examined.
Vasoconstriction After Coronary Stenting

An 83-year-old woman was transferred to Brigham and Women’s Hospital with postinfarction angina and cardiogenic shock 24 hours after thrombolytic therapy for an inferior myocardial infarction. Coronary angiography showed a 90% stenosis in a dominant right coronary artery (Figure⇓). She underwent successful percutaneous coronary angioplasty, including deployment of an articulated Palmaz-Schatz stent, leaving …
Local programs in the United States for preventing the destruction of trees on private land

Abstract Adoption of municipal ordinances regulating the removal of trees on private property is a recent phenomenon in the U.S.A. Some ordinances regulate the removal of ordinary trees above a specified size in designated areas. Others regulate the removal of trees that are special because of their age, unusual size, beauty, historic association, or because they are part of an environmentally endangered natural forest community. Most programs suffer from limited coverage, exempting major land uses, small and even medium size trees. Permit approval rates are high, but many permits are granted only after plans have been improved. There have been few court tests. Current regulatory programs do not take into account the special characteristics of a municipality's topography, existing mature stands, and patterns of buildings and open space. Regulations should be preceded by landscape analysis and a municipal landscape plan for retaining trees and planting new ones in municipal-scale patterns that will be most effective in attaining energy, environmental, and scenic goals. The municipal landscape plan could be translated into regulations through an overlay to the zoning map. Effective implemention would require incentives and education in addition to enforcement of the regulations. Research is needed to provide standards for determining amounts, locations, and nature of plantings to achieve desired microclimate moderation, noise attenuation, and scenic benefits.
Properties of Scaling Functions in g ( ϕ † ϕ ) 2 for Small Coupling

We derive some properties of the scaling functions of the $g{({\ensuremath{\phi}}^{\ifmmode\dagger\else\textdagger\fi{}}\ensuremath{\phi})}^{2}$ theory when canonical scaling is realized by a Gell-Mann-Low zero of the function $\ensuremath{\beta}(g)$. We examine in particular the small values of $g$ (both positive and negative). For $g\ensuremath{\rightarrow}+0$ the longitudinal scaling function cannot reduce to the free-field one, and under a regularity assumption a bound is set on the $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ behavior of the longitudinal scaling function for small $|g|$ which corresponds to a Regge singularity at $J=0$ or higher.
History of the Austrian Working Class: Unity of Scholarship and Practice

On February 12, 1981, the Austrian Prime Minister Bruno Kreisky opened an international conference devoted to Working-Class Culture in Austria, 1918-1934.1 The largest delegation among the more than 100 participating scholars came from Austria, but there were also representatives from most European countries and the U.S. The festive inauguration of the conference was set in the former tramway sheds of the old Viennese working-class quarter of Meidling. This location was by no means fortuitous. Three weeks earlier a vast and impressive exhibit had opened in these abandoned structures to tell the history?in pictures and text?of the struggles and cultural accomplishments of the Austrian working class during the First Repub lic to the widest possible audience.2 ?or was February 12 an arbitrary choice in convening the conference, as Kreisky made quite clear in his remarks. In commemo rating that day in 1934 when the Austrian working class had risen and been crushed, Kreisky concluded, they were keeping alive a historical reminder to socialists and non-socialists alike that the defeat of the working-class movement then also meant the destruction of democracy and the loss of national independence.3 This planful constellation of a scholarly conference, public exposition, and allusions to past and present politics by Austria's leading socialist forms one of the important elements of the framework in which the history of Austria's working class has attained a unique unity of scholarship and practice. That singularity is made clear by the principal contributors to both the conference and the exhibition: both were drawn from the same reservoir of younger historians and social scientists, which has undertaken to create scholarly and public interest in working-class history. A complicated network of institutions and personalities has contributed to the creation and furthering of this new generation of scholars studying the history of the working class. A primary focus of these various components, which have made the publication of some 200 volumes in the past fifteen years possible, is the Ludwig Boltzmann Institut f?r Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung, associated with the Insti
Derivatives of β‐adrenergic antagonists. Preparation of propranolol‐3,3‐2H2 and propranolol‐18O

Syntheses of 1-(isopropylamino)-3-(1-naphthoxy)-2-propanol-3,3-2H2 (propranolol-3,3-2H2) (1) and of 1-(isopropylamino)-3-(1-naphthoxy-180)-2-propanol (propranolol-180) (2) are described. Reaction of 1-naphthol (3) with glycerol-2,3-acetonide-1,1-2H2 tosylate (4) afforded, after hydrolysis, 3-(1-naphthoxy)propane-1,2-diol-3,3-2H2 (5). Tosylation afforded the primary tosylate (6) which was converted into 3-(1-naphthoxy)-1,2-epoxypropane-3,3-2H2 (7). Reaction of 7 with isopropylamine afforded 1 in 31% overall yield from 4. Reaction of 1-naphthol-180 (8) with epichlorohydrin (pyridine) afforded a mixture of 1-chloro-3-(1-naphthoxy-180)-2-propanol (9) and 1,2-epoxy-3-(1-naphthoxy-180)propane (10), which was converted to chlorohydrin 9 with HCl. Reaction of 9 with isopropylamine afforded 2 in 60% overall yield from 1-naphthol-180.