cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: the Epstein-Barr virus association

The etiology of NPC is multifactorial and includes virological, genetic, and environmental factors as described. These factors can be synthesized into a model for the development of NPC through a multistep process. First, an individual may carry a genetic predisposed risk of developing NPC as suggested by the HLA linkage of the disease. The nasopharyngeal epithelium becomes infected early in life by EBV and viral gene expression eventually becomes limited to EBNA-1, LMP1, LMP2A/2B, and perhaps another viral protein not yet fully characterized. LMP1 has profound growth stimulating effects in vitro and may exert similar effects in the nasopharyngeal epithelium. As cells are stimulated to divide, the presence of EBNA-1 ensures that the viral genome will replicate and be distributed to progeny cells. Finally, to reach their full malignant potential, the dividing nasopharyngeal cells may acquire cellular genetic changes involving recessive TSGs on chromosome 3. The risk for developing secondary genetic alterations involving these genes may be increased by exposure to environmental carcinogens such as volatile nitrosamines in salted fish. Thus, NPC provides a model system for understanding the interactions of genetic, infectious, and environmental factors involved in oncogenic transformation. Recent developments in organoculture systems and transgenic animal technology should allow dissection at the molecular level of the specific mechanisms involved in this process.
Restored iron transport by a small molecule promotes absorption and hemoglobinization in animals

Multiple human diseases ensue from a hereditary or acquired deficiency of iron-transporting protein function that diminishes transmembrane iron flux in distinct sites and directions. Because other iron-transport proteins remain active, labile iron gradients build up across the corresponding protein-deficient membranes. Here we report that a small-molecule natural product, hinokitiol, can harness such gradients to restore iron transport into, within, and/or out of cells. The same compound promotes gut iron absorption in DMT1-deficient rats and ferroportin-deficient mice, as well as hemoglobinization in DMT1- and mitoferrin-deficient zebrafish. These findings illuminate a general mechanistic framework for small molecule–mediated site- and direction-selective restoration of iron transport. They also suggest that small molecules that partially mimic the function of missing protein transporters of iron, and possibly other ions, may have potential in treating human diseases.
How Electricity Energizes the Body: Electrotherapeutics and its Analogy of Life in the Japanese Medical Context

Electricity is life – we are in the grip of the network of this invisible power. Appearing in many guises such as lights, the telegraph, motors, and more recently as electronics and computers, electrical technology has propelled modern life and created new cultures all over the world. Electricity is a lifeline which can never be relinquished. Before the era of electrification, however, the juxtaposition of electricity and life meant something different: electricity was literally an essence of the human body. Dating back to Luigi Galvani’s experiments which appeared to confirm the existence of ‘animal electricity’ in the last decade of the eighteenth century, electricity was linked to the mystery of life. It identified with nervous force or nervous fluid circulating throughout the body and providing vital energy necessary to maintain individual life. The notion of electricity as an essence of life widely spread in both European medical research and popular interest. Physicians, electricians, and entrepreneurs, considering the medical field as a good business venture, accelerated the application of electricity in medicine.
A self-affirmation exercise does not improve intentions to vaccinate among parents with negative vaccine attitudes (and may decrease intentions to vaccinate)

Two studies investigated the effectiveness of a self-affirmation exercise on vaccine safety beliefs and intent to vaccinate future children. In Study 1, a sample of 585 parents with at least one child under the age of 18 in the home participated through Amazon's MTurk. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions in a 2 x 2 design. Participants read either correcting information refuting a link between the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism or a control passage about bird feeding. Additionally, participants either completed a self-affirmation exercise where they reflected on their personal values or in a control condition in which they reflected on least-personally-important values that might be important to others. Participants exposed to the correcting information were less likely to believe that vaccines cause serious side effects, but no less likely to believe that the MMR vaccine causes autism. For parents with initially positive vaccine attitudes, there was no effect of condition on intent to vaccinate a future child. For parents with initially negative vaccine attitudes, self-affirmation was ineffective in the presence of correcting information and resulted in less intention to vaccinate in the absence of correcting information. This effect was partially replicated in Study 2 (N = 576), which provided no correcting information but otherwise followed the same procedure as Study 1.
Self-adaptive smart spaces by proactive means–end reasoning

The ability of a system to change its behavior at run-time is one of the foundations for engineering intelligent environments. The vision of computing systems that can manage themselves is fascinating, but to date, it presents many intellectual challenges to face. Run-time goal-model artifacts represent a typical approach to communicate requirements to the system and open new directions for dealing with self-adaptation. This paper presents a theoretical framework and a general architecture for engineering self-adaptive smart spaces by breaking out some design-time constraints between goals and tasks. The architecture supports software evolution because goals may be changed during the application lifecycle. The architecture is responsible for configuring its components as the result of a decision-making algorithm working at the knowledge level. The approach is specifically suitable for developing smart space systems, promoting scalability and reusability. The proposed architecture is evaluated through the execution of a set of randomized stress tests.
Ensuring reliability in geo-distributed edge cloud

Centralized cloud platforms have been widely utilized for data-intensive computing in many domains. However, such systems are not suitable for geo-distributed applications since they require data to be moved to a central location for processing. Recent works have proposed an alternative cloud platform, called edge cloud that provides computational and/or storage resources at the edge, enabling in-situ data processing and low latency. Although such a dispersed cloud model offers low latency, it comes with reliability trade-offs. First, edge resources are interconnected using a wide-area network which is less reliable compared to an intra-cluster network. Second, resources in the edge cloud are typically highly heterogeneous leading to performance variability. Third, edge resources may span different organizational domains, containing different participation rules, leading to greater unreliability. In this paper, we discuss the issues of reliable computation and data storage availability in a geodistributed edge cloud system built using commodity resources. We introduce a notion of reliability factor which defines how reliable a node is. Using this reliability factor, we schedule tasks to a set of nodes to meet a certain reliability goal and dynamically replicate data to achieve timeliness for computation and high data availability for data storage respectively. We evaluate our techniques on the Nebula edge cloud and find that the use of reliability factor results in better performance and storage utilization.
Using simulators to assess knowledge and behavior of “novice” operators of critical infrastructure under cyberattack events

The transition from the traditional power grid to the smart grid improves reliability, performance, and management, while simultaneously increasing its susceptibility to cyberattacks. One of the biggest weaknesses in grid security is the human agent responsible for its maintenance and operations. As such, it is crucial to embed hands-on understanding of grid operations and security, especially for students in the Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) fields. This paper presents a case study where ECE students from Temple University used an interactive microgrid simulator, "Grid Game", a program developed by Idaho National Laboratory. This case study offers insights into the ECE students' understanding of key engineering principles (microgrid stability, generation control system, generator inertia, energy storage, and grid security) gained by using the simulator program. Furthermore, the human behavior (strategies to prepare for and respond to cyberattacks, and cooperation and conflict in decision-making) of defenders/ECE students as they experience cyberattacks are also discussed. The paper then offers some limitations and possible suggestions for future research.
Genetic Differentiation among Growth Forms of Engelmann Spruce and Subalpine Fir at Tree Line

Starch gel electrophoresis was used to assay for genetic variation in Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) near tree line in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. Su...
Effect of bubble interface position on propulsion and its control for oscillating-bubble powered microswimmer

It has been previously reported that a gaseous bubble trapped in a one-end-open tube oscillates in the presence of acoustic wave and generates strong microstreaming flows and thus a propulsion force. The propulsion highly depends on the frequency and the voltage of the external acoustic wave. This paper presents a new discovery that the direction of this propulsion is dependent on the relative location of the bubble interface. The oscillating bubble propels forward when its interface stays deep inside the tube. On the contrary, the bubble propels in a reverse direction when its interface is at the exit of the tube. Learning from this phenomenon, we developed and introduced physical structures (necks) to precisely control the location of the bubble interface. As a result, the length and interface position of the bubble is more controllable, and the bubble oscillation and propulsion becomes more predictable and consistent.
Health Care Public Sector Share and the U.S. Life Expectancy Lag: A Country-level Longitudinal Study:

Growing research on the political economy of health has begun to emphasize sociopolitical influences on cross-national differences in population health above and beyond economic growth. While this research investigates the impact of overall public health spending as a share of GDP ("health care effort"), it has for the most part overlooked the distribution of health care spending across the public and private spheres ("public sector share"). I evaluate the relative contributions of health care effort, public sector share, and GDP to the large and growing disadvantage in U.S. life expectancy at birth relative to peer nations. I do so using fixed effects models with data from 16 wealthy democratic nations between 1960 and 2010. Results indicate that public sector share has a beneficial effect on longevity net of the effect of health care effort and that this effect is nonlinear, decreasing in magnitude as levels rise. Moreover, public sector share is a more powerful predictor of life expectancy at birth than GDP per capita. This study contributes to discussions around the political economy of health, the growth consensus, and the American lag in life expectancy. Policy implications vis-a-vis the U.S. Affordable Care Act are discussed.
On Theories of Melt Fracture

The Editors regret that the text of this lecture was not received in time for inclusion in the Proceedings.
Genetic Determinants in Carcinogenesis

There are three types of risk factors that determine whether an individual will develop cancer — environmental exposures, intrinsic susceptibility, and age/time. It is important, therefore, to understand the genetic determinants underlying these risk factors. The critical target genes for environmental factors are, in part, known and include protooncogenes and tumor suppressor genes (Boyd and Barrett 1990; Bishop 1991). These are discussed further by Balmain, Bowden, and others in this volume. The genetic determinants for intrinsic susceptibility to cancer are of two types. On the one hand, genetic variations exist in genes that influence the impact of environmental agents on an individual, such as genes that control carcinogen metabolism or repair of carcinogenic damage (Hanawalt and Sarasin 1986; Lehmann and Dean 1990). On the other hand, individuals may inherit germ line mutations in genes that are directly involved in the neoplastic conversion of normal cells (Malkin et al. 1990). For example, inherited mutations in tumor suppressor genes can increase the risk of specific cancers. The magnitude of this increased risk can vary greatly depending on the number of additional steps required for the genesis of the tumor. For example, mutations in the rb gene increase the relative risk for retinoblastoma by 105-fold whereas the same mutation, increases the risk for lung cancer by only 10-fold (A. Knudson, personal communication).
[Prevalence of active pulmonary tuberculosis among household contacts of recently diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients with positive sputum-smear].

Objective To describe the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis(TB)among household contacts of patients recently diagnosed as pulmonary TB.Methods Newly diagnosed pulmonary TB cases in 2006 were used as index cases for searching more active TB cases.All the household contacts were identified and examined with purified protein derivative,chest X-ray and sputum-smear for three times.The prevalence of active TB infection among household contacts was calculated and compared against demographic characteristics.Results A total of 1386 newly diagnosed active TB cases were reported and their 5392 household contacts were screened.The overall prevalence of active pulmonary TB among household contacts was 3.76%.but significantly higher in the age groups of＜15 years or≥55 years than the other age groups(χ2=15.381,P＜0.01).The rate of active pulmonary TB in household contacts was significantly associated with the amount of bacteria discharged from index cases(Υ=0.998,P＜0.01).Through contact tracing,every 100 index cases could contribute in finding 15 more new active TB cases among household contacts.Conclusion Our results showed that this program could increase the identification of active pulmonary TB case through tracking down the household contacts of newly diagnosed TB cases. Key words: Pulmonary tuberculosis; Household contact; Prevalence
A COMPARISON OF THE ENZYMICALLY CATALYZED OXIDATION OF GLYCERALDEHYDE-3-PHOSPHATE AND LACTATE

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a comparison of enzymically catalyzed oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and lactate. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) have a similarity to alcohol dehydrogenase in the nature of their substrates, products and cofactor. However, these enzymes do not require any metal such as zinc for catalysis. The negatively charged substrates are bound to their respective enzymes by providing a positively charged environment. Small spatial changes, as in different lactate dehydrogenase isozymes, cause large differences in rate constants. During the binding of cofactor and substrate to these enzymes there are conformational changes which orient and position the reactive groups. Chemical modification of the amino acids involved in these processes reduces or destroys activity. The chapter also presents structural similarities among dehydrogenases. The subunit structures of LDH, soluble malate dehydrogenase (sHDH), liver alcohol dehydrogenase (LADH) and GAPDH have a dinucleotide binding domain in common.
Abstract B184: Modulating antigen flow to control immune tolerance

The immune system must maintain a delicate balance between activation and tolerance. It is required to quickly respond and eliminate a variety of threats while at the same time remain unresponsive upon encountering normal self-cells or commensal bacteria. We have created a system to track antigen trafficking throughout the immune system and using this system have identified a pathway of antigen flow from peripheral tissues and tumors to the draining lymph node (LN). By tracking antigen from steady-state tissues and tumors, we find that antigen is handled differentially in the LN depending on the inflammatory context in the periphery. During pronounced inflammation, self-antigen shows altered trafficking consistent with that of tumor antigen. Interestingly, using both gut and skin systems, commensal bacteria-derived antigen displayed the unique quality of cell type specific uptake. While each of the various migratory dendritic cell (DC) types were proficient at uptake of self and tumor antigens, only migratory CD11b+ DC and macrophages showed detectable commensal antigen uptake. Additionally, tracking of commensal bacteria-derived antigen within DC showed minimal antigen trafficking to the LN, suggesting different modes of maintaining immune tolerance are at play depending on the antigen source. We find that self-antigen can drain to the LN via migratory DC but is limited from passing to resident DC populations, which appears to prevent robust self-reactive T-cell priming. However, in the case of commensal antigen, the restriction of antigen flow is early in the pathway, thus effectively keeping the LN ignorant of antigen. Identifying the signals that restrict antigen flow in cases of immune tolerance will likely provide insight into how tumor antigen availability affects immune activation. Understanding how self, commensal and tumor antigens are handled by immune cells under various contexts will help inform the development of new targeted immunotherapies that seek to activate or inhibit immune activation in cases of cancer and autoimmunity. Citation Format: Megan K. Ruhland, Edward W. Roberts, Matthew F. Krummel. Modulating antigen flow to control immune tolerance [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fourth CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; Sept 30-Oct 3, 2018; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2019;7(2 Suppl):Abstract nr B184.
Report from the Medical Library Association’s InSight Initiative Summit 2: Meeting the Evolving Information Needs of Library Stakeholders

At the Medical Library Association’s InSight Initiative Summit 2, held September 27–28, 2018, academic and hospital librarians joined with publishing industry partners to develop a deeper shared understanding of technology- and social interaction–driven changes in how health sciences researchers and clinicians discover and consume information in their fields. Through a mixture of keynote talks, a panel discussion with health care professionals, and small-group problem-solving exercises, the summit program invited participants to collaboratively develop strategies for helping users recognize the value of curated or peer-reviewed content obtained through institutional access channels. Themes of the summit included the existence of different user modes of information discovery and access, user reliance on professional societies and Twitter as information sources, the extent to which smartphones are used to find medical information, the importance of inducing disorienting dilemmas in library users that cause them to recognize librarians as true partners in information seeking and research, the dangers of depending on non-curated information, and the need for publishers and librarians to work together to ease barriers to access and enrich the user experience.
Quality of life (QOL) in patients undergoing CAR-T therapy versus stem cell transplant (SCT).

6594Background: Given the significant short-term adverse effects of CAR-T cell therapy, it is important to evaluate its impact on QOL of patients in addition to efficacy, compared with established ...
A Refinement Proof for a Garbage Collector

We describe how the PVS theorem prover has been used to verify a safety property of a widely studied garbage collection algorithm. The safety property asserts that “nothing but garbage is ever collected”. The garbage collection algorithm and its composition with the user program can be regarded as a concurrent system with two processes working on a shared memory. Such concurrent systems can be encoded in PVS as state transition systems using a model similar to TLA [16]. The safety criterion is formulated as a refinement and proved using refinement mappings. Russinoff [19] originally verified the algorithm in the Boyer-Moore prover, but his proof was not based on refinement. Furthermore, the safety property formulation required a glass box view of the algorithm. Using refinement, however, the safety criterion makes sense independent of the garbage collection algorithm. As a by-product, we encode a version of the theory of refinement mappings in PVS. The paper reflects substantial work that was done over two decades ago, but which is still relevant.
Negative and positive emotional eating uniquely interact with ease of activation, intensity, and duration of emotional reactivity to predict increased binge eating.

Binge eating is present in obesity and clinical eating disorder populations and positively associated with poor health outcomes. Emotional eating may be related to binge eating, but relationships with emotional reactivity remain unexplored. The present study examined the relationships between negative and positive emotional eating and emotional reactivity in predicting binge eating. A cross-sectional study was employed using an online community sample in the United States. Participants (N = 258) completed surveys assessing negative (Emotional Eating Scale-Revised, depression subscale) and positive emotional eating (Emotional Appetite Questionnaire), negative and positive emotional reactivity (Perth Emotional Reactivity Scale), and binge eating (Binge Eating Scale). Six moderation analyses were calculated with negative and positive emotional reactivity (ease of activation, intensity, and duration) as moderators of the relationship between negative and positive emotional eating, respectively, and binge eating. Increased negative emotional eating was associated with increased binge eating when duration of negative emotional reactivity was 1 standard deviation above average (p < .001), but at 1 standard deviation below average (p < .001), increased negative emotional eating was associated with decreased binge eating. Increased positive emotional eating was associated with increased binge eating when intensity (p < .01) of positive emotional reactivity was 1 standard deviation above average and when activation (p < .05) of positive emotional reactivity was slightly above 1 standard deviation above average. Increased positive emotional eating was associated with decreased BE when intensity of positive emotional reactivity was 1 standard deviation below (p < .05) average. Emotional reactivity may uniquely impact the relationship between emotional eating and binge eating. Research and clinical implications for the contribution of negative and positive emotional eating and emotional reactivity on binge eating are discussed.
Chapter 12 – CONFIDENCE LEVELS

Publisher Summary While working with data obtained through a sample, it is required to know the accuracy of the estimates made based on that data. The extent of closeness of values estimated through the sample to the values in the population from which the sample is taken should be known. The level of accuracy is measured through the concepts of confidence level and confidence interval. The normal curve table presents information about the way data are within the normal curve and allows to make estimates about the relationship among the values determined through sampling. For any value, the normal curve table permits to determine the percentage of cases falling above or below the value. For any two values, the normal curve table permits to determine the proportion of total values or observations that fall between the two scores. The chapter presents examples of determining the proportion between values and determining the proportion above and below values. It also discusses the way to estimate population means and to estimate representativeness of a sample of the population.
Reducing political polarization through narrative writing

This study proposes two complementary writing activities designed to reduce affective polarization and malevolent outgroup attributions. The strategies draw on narrative theorizing and intergroup c...
CxO advisory councils: New approaches in executive education

The purpose of this study was to explore the service experiences of advisory council members engaged in the design, development and implementation of a noncredit executive education program at a la...
Some new results for the one-loop mass correction to the compactified λϕ4 theory

In this work, we consider the one-loop effective action of a self-interacting λϕ4 field propagating in a D dimensional Euclidean space endowed with d ≤ D compact dimensions. The main purpose of this paper is to compute the corrections to the mass of the field due to the presence of the compactified dimensions. Although the results of the one-loop correction to the mass of a λϕ4 field are very well known for compactified toroidal spaces, where the field obeys periodic boundary conditions, similar results do not appear to be readily available for cases in which the scalar field is subject to Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions. We apply the results of the one-loop mass correction to the study of the critical temperature in Ginzburg-Landau models.
Variable Resonant and Magnetizing Inductor Control for LLC Resonant Converter

In this article, a variable resonant and magnetizing inductor based control strategy is proposed for LLC resonant converter. To reduce system components, the control circuitries for variable inductor and variable transformer are integrated as one. For single variable resonant inductor control, the controllable voltage gain range is restricted due to the magnetic core material. Thus, with both resonant and magnetizing inductor control, the voltage gain range can be extended to some extent. Meanwhile, due to the fixed switching frequency operation, the electro-magnetic interference (EMI) performance of the proposed converter is improved. Nevertheless, the disadvantage of the proposed control strategy is the power loss associated with variable inductor and transformer. Comparison between the frequency control, variable resonant inductor control and the proposed variable resonant and magnetizing inductor control is presented.
Do Commissions Cause Investment Adviser Misconduct

Sales commissions may present a conflict of interest that allows investment advisers to obtain rents from uninformed clients. Alternatively, commissions might be a contracting solution to motivate information provision. To analyze the relation between commissions and adviser misconduct, I exploit quasi-exogenous changes in individual investment advisers' compensation arrangements caused by mergers between large registered investment advisory firms. The opportunity to earn sales commissions increases the probability that an adviser engages in misconduct, but competition is an important mediator. In regions with greater competition, sales commissions decrease misconduct claims. Increased misconduct from commissions is concentrated among low-experience advisers and male advisers. Damages paid out in claims involving commission-motivated advisers are $25,013 (36%) greater than other claims. The experimental design rules out latent firm and market explanations. Overall, I find that the connection between conflicts of interest and information provision depends on the competitive environment.
Why Should You Invest in the BestCompanies to Work For

This article provides empirical evidence from the capital market that companies operating and competing in the knowledge-based and information-driven economy should be able to enjoy superior benefits and performance by making themselves the best companies to work for. The author analyzes stock risk premiums and risk-adjusted returns on a portfolio of firms ranked consecutively from 1998 to 2011 as the best companies to work for in the United States. The results show that an equal-weighted portfolio of these best companies exhibits positive average risk premiums and average risk-adjusted excess returns a majority of the time. The implication is that if firms take care to make their companies good places to work, it will pay off in the short and long runs, as evidenced from the capital market. Also, it is possible to construct a portfolio of such companies to earn positive average risk premiums and average risk-adjusted excess returns a majority of the time.
Comparing Machine Learning and Deep Learning for IoT Botnet Detection

Botnets have become a major threat to Internet of Things (IoT) devices due to their low security settings out of the box and the lack of security awareness from end users. Many ports are open by default and default user credentials are left unchanged. To tackle the increasingly popular botnet attack, many detection approaches have been proposed. However, most of them are targeting on one particular approach or one botnet dataset. There is lacking a comprehensive comparison between different machine learning and deep learning approaches on this task under different datasets collected from different ways. In this work, we have measured the performance of 5 machine learning and 2 deep learning based approaches on 4 recently published IoT botnet datasets collected using real and virtual IoT devices under Mirai malware attack. Our comparison results have shown that random forest achieved the best detection accuracy as well as the shortest testing time.
The tricarboxylic acid cycle in Dictyostelium discoideum: III. Analysis of steady state and dynamic behavior

The examination of model robustness in the previous paper (Shiraishi, F., and Savageau, M. A. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 22919-22925 led to the suggestion that the current model for the tricarboxylic acid cycle in Dictyostelium discoideum is ill-determined with respect to one or more of the features reflecting pyruvate metabolism. This conclusion is further supported here by results of steady state and dynamic analyses. The tricarboxylic acid cycle, according to the current model, is poised on a knife's edge with its behavior rigidly determined; any alteration of the system's components leads to nonviable behavior, as exemplified by explosive accumulation of pyruvate and loss of steady state in response to a minute change in the level of malate dehydrogenase. With the additional results in this paper, we are able to refine the diagnosis of the problem and suggest three different areas of the current model that might profitably be re-examined by experiment. These include the kinetics of the reactions at the malate branch point, the turnover times for the alanine, glutamate, and aspartate pools in vivo, and the dynamic mass balances for the cofactor NAD. We also suggest a minimal modification in the current model that could alleviate or circumvent some of these problems.
The Ten Commandments Return to School and Legal Controversy Follows Them

The United States Supreme Court confronted the issue of a classroom display of the Ten Commandments almost 25 years ago in the case of Stone v. Graham. In that case, the Court struck down a Kentucky statute that required the posting of the Ten Commandments in all public school classrooms. In a per curiam opinion, the Court summarily reversed a decision of the Supreme Court of Kentucky and concluded that the statute violated the First Amendment's Establishment Clause because it had no secular purpose. The outcomes of recent judicial decisions considering the constitutionality of the display of the Ten Commandments have not been uniform. While the courts have all applied similar legal standards, considering both whether the government had a secular purpose for its display and whether the display gave the appearance of government endorsement of religion, their analysis has been far from uniform. Courts have disagreed over a number of critical issues including how to assess government expressions of a secular purpose, how to evaluate the place of the Ten Commandments in the history of American law, how to characterize the historical context of the challenged display, and whether displaying the Ten Commandments along with other documents of secular significance legitimizes a secular purpose for the display and eliminates any risk of government endorsement of religion.
The Application of KillerRed for Acute Protein Inactivation in Living Cells

Generating loss of protein function is a powerful investigatory tool particularly if carried out on a physiologically relevant timescale in a live-cell fluorescent imaging experiment. KillerRed mediated chromophore assisted light inactivation (CALI) uses genetic encoding for specificity and light for acute inactivation that can also be spatially restricted. This unit provides protocols for setting up and carrying out properly controlled KillerRed experiments during live-cell imaging of cultured cells.
A one bit facial asymmetry code (FAC) in fourier domain for human recognition

The present paper introduces a novel set of biometrics based on facial asymmetry measures in the frequency domain using a compact one-bit representation. A simplistic Hamming distance-type classifier is proposed as a means for matching bit patterns for identification purposes which is more efficient than PCA-based classifiers from storage and computation point of view, and produces equivalent results. A comparison with spatial intensity-based asymmetry measures suggests that our proposed measures are more robust to intra-personal distortions with a misclassification rate of only 4.24% on the standard facial expression database (Cohn-Kanade) consisting of 55 individuals. In addition, a rigorous statistical analysis of the matching algorithm is presented. The role of asymmetry of different face parts (e.g., eyes, mouth, nose) is investigated to determine which regions provide the maximum discrimination among individuals under different expressions.
NITROGEN BALANCES AT FARM LEVEL AS A TOOL TO MONITOR EFFECTS OF AGRI-ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

Nitrogen balances at farm level are an important tool for monitoring the effects of agri-environmental policy in the European Union. Nitrogen surpluses, defined as the difference between input and output flows, are a pressure indicator to link agricultural activities with environmental quality indicators related to various environmental components. Agricultural and environmental policies both aim to contribute to the achievement of less intensive production methods, and nitrogen balances are tools to monitor changes in the agricultural sector towards their achievement. The implementation of the Nitrates Directive seeks to contribute to the reduction of nitrogen losses to the environment by improving nutrient management in EU agriculture.
Automated verbalization for ORM 2

In the analysis phase of information systems development, it is important to have the conceptual schema validated by the business domain expert, to ensure that the schema accurately models the relevant aspects of the business domain An effective way to facilitate this validation is to verbalize the schema in language that is both unambiguous and easily understood by the domain expert, who may be non-technical Such verbalization has long been a major aspect of the Object-Role Modeling (ORM) approach, and basic support for verbalization exists in some ORM tools Second generation ORM (ORM 2) significantly extends the expressibility of ORM models (e.g deontic modalities, role value constraints, etc.) This paper discusses the automated support for verbalization of ORM 2 models provided by NORMA (Neumont ORM Architect), an open-source software tool that facilitates entry, validation, and mapping of ORM 2 models NORMA supports verbalization patterns that go well beyond previous verbalization work The verbalization for individual elements in the core ORM model is generated using an XSLT transform applied to an XML file that succinctly identifies different verbalization patterns and describes how phrases are combined to produce a readable verbalization This paper discusses the XML patterns used to describe ORM constraints and the tightly coupled facilities that enable end-users to easily adapt the verbalization phrases to cater for different domain experts and native languages.
Design of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Decks Under Moving Loads

This paper presents design recommendations of non-composite reinforced concrete bridge decks subjected to fatigue due to moving loads. These recommendations are based on test results of 1/3- and 1/6.6- scale physical models of a full-scale 21.6-cm (8.5 in.) thick and 15.24-m (50-ft) long simply supported non-composite reinforced concrete deck. Concrete bridge decks should be designed to transfer the load in a two-way action. Experimental results show that the two-way slab action in the decks changes to a one-way action (transverse direction) as fatigue damage due to a moving wheel-load accumulates. It is recommended to adopt an isotropic steel reinforcing pattern. An isotropic reinforcing pattern with a steel ratio of 0.3 % (each top and bottom layer) in each direction appears to be adequate. A similar reinforcing amount and pattern is required by the Ontario bridge design Code. The required steel content is therefore reduced resulting in substantial savings in the bridge deck construction costs and improving the corrosion resistance in decks, especially in the presence of deicing chemicals. It appears that flexural cracking in the deck and bond failure at the steel-concrete interface are necessary and sufficient conditions for deck failure under traffic loads. It is, thus, highly desirable to preclude or at least limit cracking and maximize the bond strength of the steel rebars.
Intercalation of polyether amines into α-zirconium phosphate

Intercalation phenomena are important to many fields of science including chemistry because of the possibility of combining properties of two materials in a host–guest composite. The intercalation of α-zirconium phosphate with Jeffamines of different molecular weight is investigated. The interlayer spacing depends on the Jeffamine's chain length. The compounds are characterized by X-ray diffraction, infra-red spectroscopy and NMR. Interlayer spacings as large as 88 A were recorded. Similar intercalates were utilized to prepare an epoxy resin–zirconium phosphate nanocomposite.
Surface-associated astrocytes, not endfeet, form the glia limitans in posterior piriform cortex and have a spatially distributed, not a domain, organization.

“Surface-associated astrocytes” (SAAs) in posterior piriform cortex (PPC) are unique by virtue of a direct apposition to the cortical surface and large-caliber processes that descend into layer I. In this study additional unique and functionally relevant features of SAAs in PPC of the rat were identified by light and electron microscopy. Examination of sections cut parallel to the surface of PPC and stained for glial fibrillar acidic protein revealed that, in addition to descending processes, SAAs give rise to an extensive matrix of “superficial processes.” Electron microscopy revealed that these superficial processes, together with cell bodies, form a continuous sheet at the surface of PPC with features in common with the glia limitans that is formed by endfeet in other cortical areas. These include a glia limiting membrane with basal lamina and similar associated organelles, including a striking array of mitochondria. Of particular interest, SAAs lack the domain organization observed in neocortex and hippocampus. Rather, superficial processes overlap extensively with gap junctions between their proximal regions as well as between cell bodies. Study of the descending processes revealed thin extensions, many of which appose synaptic profiles. We conclude that SAAs provide a potential substrate for bidirectional signaling and transport between brain and the pial arteries and cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space. We postulate that the spatially distributed character of SAAs in PPC reflects and supports the spatially distributed circuitry and sensory representation that are also unique features of this area. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:1952–1969, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Synergistic Activity of STAT3 and c-Jun at a Specific Array of DNA Elements in the α2-Macroglobulin Promoter

The transcriptional activity of natural promoters is sensitive to the precise spatial arrangement of DNA elements and their incorporation into higher order DNA-protein complexes. STAT3 and c-Jun form a specific ternary complex in vitro with a synthetic DNA element containing AP1 and SIE sites. These associations are critical for synergistic activation of transcription from a synthetic promoter by STAT3 and c-Jun. Expression of the acute phase protein alpha(2)-macroglobulin is induced in vivo by interleukin-6 (IL-6)-related cytokines; we demonstrate that coordinate interactions among STAT3, c-Jun, and a specific array of DNA elements contribute to activation of the alpha(2)-macroglobulin promoter in response to IL-6 family members. At least five promoter elements are involved in activation: two AP1 sites at -113 to -107 and -152 to -140, an acute phase response element (APRE (SIE)) at -171 to -163, and two AT-rich regions at -143 to -138 and -128 to -123. Synergism between STAT3 or STAT3-C and c-Jun is impaired by mutation of the APRE (SIE) or either AP1 site, as well as by mutations that alter the AT-rich regions or their phasing. Mutations of STAT3 previously shown to disrupt physical and functional interactions with c-Jun do not impair synergy between STAT3-C and c-Jun at the alpha(2)-macroglobulin promoter in HepG2 cells, suggesting that STAT3-C and STAT3 differ with respect to their precise contacts with c-Jun.
Children's perceptions of responsibility : attitudes while working with peers with disabilities

The purpose of this study was to examine whether participation in a community-based cooperative learning program affected attitudes toward responsibility of 13 talented and gifted students toward 49 peers with disabilities. A survey was administered to measure role perception of these students as they interacted in gross motor recreational activities with students with disabilities. There was a significant difference between pre- and posttest scores on three of six attitude items. Ordinal data suggested the gifted subjects showed an increase in their felt responsibility in this cooperative learning.
Isolation and culture of protoplasts from cotton (Gossypium klotzschianum Anderss.) callus cultures

Abstract Protoplasts were enzymatically isolated from callus of Gossypium klotzschianum Anderss. with a 20.5% yield. Isolation efficiency was influenced by age of callus, incubation time, concentration of osmoticum and agitation speed. The enzyme incubation mixture consisted of 1% Cellulysin, 0.5% Macerase and 0.7 M mannitol at pH 4.7. Divisions of protoplasts were first observed 3 days after isolation and multicellular colonies were formed by 2 weeks.
Adaptive behavior in suicide ideators and non-ideators

Research has shown that college students have a high risk of engaging in suicidal behaviors. Gaining more information about the belief systems of students and the adaptive reasons for living, lacking in suicide ideators may provide valuable information about these behaviors and ways to prevent them. This study examined reasons for living in male and female college student suicide ideators and non-ideators in order to identify adaptive reasons for living, lacking in suicide ideators. Mean scores of the Reasons for Living Inventory (RFL) subscales and total score were used. Each subject answered a demographic questionnaire, a suicide questionnaire and the RFL. Analyses of Variance revealed a main effect for ideation status with non-ideators scoring higher then ideators on Survival and Coping Beliefs, Responsibility to Friends, and on the RFL total score. A main effect for sex was found on Fear of Suicide and Responsibility to Family subscales with women scoring higher than men. Women did not describe themselves as suicide ideators more often than did men.
Nuclear rearrangement energy

The concept of rearrangement energy in nuclear particle removal is carefully defined by specifying several energies associated with the process and its analysis. Connection is made between the present definition and closely related concepts apt to be confused with "rearrangement energy" so defined. Remarks are made concerning the implications of rearrangement to analysis and interpretation of experimental data.NUCLEAR STRUCTURE Nuclear rearrangement energy theoretically defined and differentiated from related energies. Reaction theories examined regarding rearrangement.
On the stability of steadily propagating bands of chemotactic bacteria

Abstract It is shown that the dynamical equation for the evolution and propagation of plane-symmetric bands of chemotactic bacteria guarantees that the steadily propagating band solutions are completely stable with respect to physically admissible small perturbations in the bacterial cell density and chemotactic agent distributions.
A hierarchical multi-physics model for design of high toughness steels

In support of the computational design of high toughness steels as hierarchically structured materials, a multiscale, multiphysics methodology is developed for a `ductile fracture simulator.' At the nanometer scale, the method unites continuum mechanics with quantum physics, using first-principles calculations to predict the force-distance laws for interfacial separation with both normal and plastic sliding components. The predicted adhesion behavior is applied to the description of interfacial decohesion for both micron-scale primary inclusions governing primary void formation and submicron-scale secondary particles governing microvoid-based shear localization that accelerates primary void coalescence. Fine scale deformation is described by a `Particle Dynamics' method that extends the framework of molecular dynamics to multi-atom aggregates. This is combined with other meshfree and finite-element methods in two-level cell modeling to provide a hierarchical constitutive model for crack advance, combining conventional plasticity, microstructural damage, strain gradient effects and transformation plasticity from dispersed metastable austenite. Detailed results of a parallel experimental study of a commercial steel are used to calibrate the model at multiple scales. An initial application provides a Toughness-Strength-Adhesion diagram defining the relation among alloy strength, inclusion adhesion energy and fracture toughness as an aid to microstructural design. The analysis of this paper introduces an approach of creative steel design that can be stated as the exploration of the effective connections among the five key-components: elements selection, process design, micro/nanostructure optimization, desirable properties and industrial performance by virtue of innovations and inventions.