cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on tumor-associated macrophages and prostate cancer progression

BACKGROUND Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that a fish oil-based diet may play a role in delaying the progression of prostate cancer through a number of different mechanisms involving inflammatory pathways. Given the importance of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in carcinogenesis, we hypothesized that a fish oil-based diet will inhibit TAM infiltration and delay the growth of prostate cancer. METHODS Androgen sensitive mouse prostate cancer (MycCaP) allograft tumors were grown in fully immunocompetent FVB mice fed a high- fat fish oil (omega-3) or corn oil (omega-6) diet. Gene expression of markers for immune cell populations, cytokines, chemokines, and signaling pathways were determined by real-time PCR and western blot in tumor tissue. Cell proliferation and apoptosis in vitro were measured by MTS assay and flow cytometry. RESULTS Tumor volumes were significantly smaller in mice in ω-3 versus the ω-6 group (P = 0.048). Gene expression of markers for M1 and M2 macrophages (F4/80, iNOS, ARG1), associated cytokines (IL-6, TNF alpha, IL-10), and the chemokine CCL-2 were also lower in the omega-3 group. Correlative in vitro studies were performed in M1 and M2 polarized macrophages and mirrored the in vivo findings. Dietary fish oil and in vitro omega-3 fatty acid administration reduced protein expression of transcription factors in the nuclear factor kappa B pathway leading to a significant decrease in gene expression of downstream targets (Bcl-2, BCL-XL, XIAP, survivin) in MycCap cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings underscore the potential of fish oil in modulating the clinical course of human prostate cancer through the immune system. Further preclinical and clinical studies are warranted evaluating fish oil-based therapies for inhibiting the recruitment and function of M1 and M2 tumor infiltrating macrophages. Prostate 9999: 1–10, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Role of a Coronary Artery Calcium Scan in Type 1 Diabetes.

Abstract The coronary artery calcium (CAC) scan has recently emerged as a reproducible noninvasive test to detect asymptomatic atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. It has several advantages over the traditional cardiac stress testing modalities, including lower cost, greater sensitivity for nonobstructing coronary artery lesions, and excellent prognostic value when combined with the Framingham risk parameters. Its chief disadvantage is that it does not identify obstructing coronary artery lesions or noncalcified coronary artery plaque. A CAC scan utilizes a chest computed tomogram and computer software to calculate the amount of calcium in the four main coronary vessels. Calcium is deposited in coronary plaques so that the greater the calcium score, the greater the plaque burden. This, in turn, is the basis for predicting a 10–15-year risk of a cardiovascular event. Individuals with a zero calcium score have a very low 10-year risk of a cardiovascular event. Obtaining a calcium score in a diabetic pat...
Confucian and Daoist Virtue Ethics

At first blush, it may seem that Confucians and Daoists, being followers of the Way (Dao 道), would agree about an ethics of virtue as the way of life. Thinkers in these eastern traditions look to sages as exemplary models of virtuous actions, and as ideal rulers. They appeal to human nature or to what is natural for human beings, as well as to heaven (tian 天) as the norm of virtue. Confucians and Daoists also emphasize harmony and effortless action (wuwei 無為) as means to realizing the Way.
Quantum Mechanical Calculations of Vibrational Sum-Frequency-Generation (SFG) Spectra of Cellulose: Dependence of the CH and OH Peak Intensity on the Polarity of Cellulose Chains within the SFG Coherence Domain

Vibrational sum-frequency-generation (SFG) spectroscopy is capable of selectively detecting crystalline biopolymers interspersed in amorphous polymer matrices. However, the spectral interpretation is difficult due to the lack of knowledge on how spatial arrangements of crystalline segments influence SFG spectra features. Here we report time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations of cellulose crystallites in intimate contact with two different polarities: parallel versus antiparallel. TD-DFT calculations reveal that the CH/OH intensity ratio is very sensitive to the polarity of the crystallite packing. Theoretical calculations of hyperpolarizability tensors (βabc) clearly show the dependence of SFG intensities on the polarity of crystallite packing within the SFG coherence length, which provides the basis for interpretation of the empirically observed SFG features of native cellulose in biological systems.
Management of bleeding ectopic varices

Abstract Ectopic varices (ECV) are a heterogeneous group of portosystemic shunts that occur in the presence of portal hypertension. The shunts occur throughout the abdomen and pelvis, including the gallbladder, the genitourinary system, and the retroperitoneal space, but they are most common within the bowel (small intestine and colon) and at the mucocutaneous junction of a stoma. Bleeding rates vary depending on the location, but overall, ECV account for 1%-5% of all variceal bleeding and can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Management of these shunts can be very difficult owing to complex underlying vascular anatomy. Although there is a role for endoscopic intervention in these cases, definitive therapy by this modality is often unachievable, necessitating complex endovascular procedures to ultimately occlude the shunt. Understanding the anatomy, the reported success rates with various procedural interventions, and the complications of those interventions is of the utmost importance in the management of ECV and will be reviewed here in detail.
Machine learning algorithms for objective remission and clinical outcomes with thiopurines

Background and Aims Big data analytics leverage patterns in data to harvest valuable information, but are rarely implemented in clinical care. Optimising thiopurine therapy for inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] has proved difficult. Current methods using 6-thioguanine nucleotide [6-TGN] metabolites have failed in randomized controlled trials [RCTs], and have not been used to predict objective remission [OR]. Our aims were to: 1) develop machine learning algorithms [MLA] using laboratory values and age to identify patients in objective remission on thiopurines; and 2) determine whether achieving algorithm-predicted objective remission resulted in fewer clinical events per year. Methods Objective remission was defined as the absence of objective evidence of intestinal inflammation. MLAs were developed to predict three outcomes: objective remission, non-adherence, and preferential shunting to 6-methylmercaptopurine [6-MMP]. The performance of the algorithms was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AuROC]. Clinical event rates of new steroid prescriptions, hospitalisations, and abdominal surgeries were measured. Results Retrospective review was performed on medical records of 1080 IBD patients on thiopurines. The AuROC for algorithm-predicted remission in the validation set was 0.79 vs 0.49 for 6-TGN. The mean number of clinical events per year in patients with sustained algorithm-predicted remission [APR] was 1.08 vs 3.95 in those that did not have sustained APR [p < 1 x 10-5]. Reductions in the individual endpoints of steroid prescriptions/year [-1.63, p < 1 x 10-5], hospitalisations/year [-1.05, p < 1 x 10-5], and surgeries/year [-0.19, p = 0.065] were seen with algorithm-predicted remission. Conclusions A machine learning algorithm was able to identify IBD patients on thiopurines with algorithm-predicted objective remission, a state associated with significant clinical benefits, including decreased steroid prescriptions, hospitalisations, and surgeries.
A reputation-based model for mobile agent migration for information search and retrieval

Abstract Mobile agent technology has been used in various applications including e-commerce, information processing, distributed network management, and database access. Information search and retrieval can be conducted by mobile agents in a decentralized system. As compared with the client/server model, the mobile agent approach has an advantage of saving network bandwidth and offering flexibility in information search and retrieval. In this paper, we present a model for mobile agents to select the most reputable information host to search and retrieve information. We use opinion-based belief structure to represent, aggregate and calculate the reputation of an information host. Since reputation is a multi-faced concept, our approach first allows the users to rank each information host's quality of service based on a set of evaluation categories. Then, a comprehensive, final reputation of the host is obtained by aggregating those specific category reputations. To recognize the subjective nature of a reputation, the transferable belief model is used to represent and rank the category reputation. Experiments are conducted using the Aglets technology to illustrate mobile agent migration.
Shared Responsibility for Type 1 Diabetes Care Is Associated With Glycemic Variability and Risk of Glycemic Excursions in Youth.

Objective We examined how parent and youth responsibility for type 1 diabetes (T1D) care is related to adherence and glycemic outcomes, namely, glycemic variability and risk of glycemic excursions. Methods One hundred thirty-five parent-youth dyads (10-16 years old; diagnosed with T1D for at least 6 months) participated in this study. Percent responsibility of T1D care attributed to the youth, parent, or shared was measured using the Diabetes Family Responsibility Questionnaire. We collected youth's hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and glucometer downloads to examine relationships between responsibility and HbA1c, frequency of blood glucose monitoring (self-monitoring blood glucose, SMBG), risk of glycemic excursions, and actual glycemic variability using bivariate correlations and path analysis. Results Participants reported shared responsibility for almost half of T1D self-care tasks. Bivariate correlations showed shared responsibility was associated with less variability, whereas parent responsibility was associated with greater glycemic variability and risk for glycemic excursions. Youth responsibility was associated with lower frequency of SMBG. The path analyses confirmed our correlational findings (ps<.05) and better characterized interactions with age for youth-reported responsibility. Conclusions Our results support the hypothesis that shared T1D responsibility is associated with better diabetes outcomes in youth.
Supervisory Control for Resilient Chiller Plants Under Condenser Fouling

This paper presents a supervisory control strategy for resilient chiller plants in the presence of condenser fouling. Fouling results in off-nominal performance of chiller parameters, such as increased refrigerant mass flow rate, compressor motor speed, discharge pressure, and discharge temperature. These effects further lead to faster deterioration of condenser pipes and tubes, and increase the risk of early motor failures. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to provide resilience, i.e., to bring the system parameters back to normalcy, and thereby protect the system from the adverse effects of fouling and improve its life expectancy while ensuring energy efficiency and meeting the desired cooling load. The supervisory control strategy presented here incorporates fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) and resilient control for mitigating the effects of condenser fouling. A computationally efficient and robust FDD scheme enables the estimation of the condenser fouling level using optimal sensor selection and statistical classifiers, thus facilitating condition-based maintenance. On the other hand, the resilient control scheme enables redistribution of load between chillers in order to reduce the load on faulty equipment in an energy-efficient manner, while still providing the required overall cooling load. The performance of this method is tested and validated using a high-fidelity chiller plant model and the proposed strategy is shown to diagnose condenser fouling with a high accuracy and effectively mitigate the effects of fouling at low computational cost. It is shown that the supervisory controller is able to meet the desired building load requirements at lower energy consumption, as compared with no supervisory control.
Biomarkers for Endometriosis in Saliva, Urine, and Peritoneal Fluid

Endometriosis is a pain syndrome which affects 35–50% of women with chronic pelvic pain and/or infertility. It is frequently misdiagnosed leading to delays in patients obtaining appropriate treatments. The most accurate currently available mode of diagnosis is through laparoscopy with histological confirmation. In this chapter we describe noninvasive and semi-invasive modalities to obtain biologic biomarkers which may be an adequate screening tool for patients with endometriosis who are symptomatic with normal transvaginal ultrasounds, whom are at highest risk for diagnosis delay. In this chapter we will review noninvasive (urinary, salivary) and semi-invasive biomarkers (peritoneal), as screening and diagnostic methodologies for women symptomatic endometriosis and normal ultrasound findings. Few genetic markers have been identified through DNA amplification of buccal swabs as well as hormonal markers, and this is an area with lots of potential. Various urinary peptides and proteins are discussed, some with more potential than others, which require studies with larger sample sizes, and need to be studied in more diverse populations. We also review the extensively studied peritoneal biomarkers which include cytokines, immune modulators, and growth factors. Though many of the biomarkers described have a lot of potential, there is not one that stands above the rest. Validation of these studies in larger sample sizes including various study populations is required prior to their applicability into the clinical setting. It is most probable that the answer lies in the study of combination of biomarkers and the identification of ideal panel that can predict the diagnosis and the severity of endometriosis.
Towards lab-on-a-chip diagnostics for malaria elimination

Malaria continues to be one of the most devastating diseases impacting global health. Although there have been significant reductions in global malaria incidence and mortality rates over the past 17 years, the disease remains endemic throughout the world, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The World Health Organization has put forth ambitious milestones moving toward a world free of malaria as part of the United Nations Millennium Goals. Mass screening and treatment of symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria infections in endemic regions is integral to these goals and requires diagnostics that are both sensitive and affordable. Lab-on-a-chip technologies provide a path toward sensitive, portable, and affordable diagnostic platforms. Here, we review and compare currently-available and emerging lab-on-a-chip diagnostic approaches in three categories: (1) protein-based tests, (2) nucleic acid tests, and (3) cell-based detection. For each category, we highlight the opportunities and challenges in diagnostics development for malaria elimination, and comment on their applicability to different phases of elimination strategies.
Trauma Transitional Care Coordination: protecting the most vulnerable trauma patients from hospital readmission

Background Unplanned hospital readmissions increase healthcare costs and patient morbidity. We hypothesized that a program designed to reduce trauma readmissions would be effective. Methods A Trauma Transitional Care Coordination (TTCC) program was created to support patients at high risk for readmission. TTCC interventions included call to patient (or caregiver) within 72 hours of discharge to identify barriers to care, complete medication reconciliation, coordination of appointments, and individualized problem solving. Information on all 30-day readmissions was collected. 30-day readmission rates were compared with center-specific readmission rates and population-based, risk-adjusted rates of readmission using published benchmarks. Results 260 patients were enrolled in the TTCC program from January 2014 to September 2015. 30.8% (n=80) of enrollees were uninsured, 41.9% (n=109) reported current substance abuse, and 26.9% (n=70) had a current psychiatric diagnosis. 74.2% (n=193) attended outpatient trauma appointments within 14 days of discharge. 96.3% were successfully followed. Only 6.6% (n=16) of patients were readmitted in the first 30 days after discharge. This was significantly lower than both center-specific readmission rates before start of the program (6.6% vs. 11.3%, P=0.02) and recently published population-based trauma readmission rates (6.6% vs. 27%, P Discussion A nursing-led TTCC program successfully followed patients and was associated with a significant decrease in 30-day readmission rates for patients with high-risk trauma. Targeted outpatient support for these most vulnerable patients can lead to better utilization of outpatient resources, increased patient satisfaction, and more consistent attainment of preinjury level of functioning or better. Level of evidence Level IV.
Glycogen synthase and glycogen synthase kinases

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on properties and other biochemical and physiological processes related to glycogen synthase and glycogen synthase kinases. The reversible covalent modification of proteins appears to be one of the fundamental mechanisms that have evolved to regulate the inherent properties of enzyme molecules. Tracing the regulatory links between the extracellular stimulus and the modification of target enzymes in the cell is one of the major goals of research in this area. The hormone-generated signal or second messenger is cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP), and it is decoded by the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and translated into the phosphorylation of substrates for this kinase. Through the interactions of different phosphorylations to determine enzymic properties, especially kinetic properties, multiple phosphorylations could integrate diverse extracellular signals to generate enzyme with properties precisely tailored to the prevailing physiological needs.
Annotated bibliography of simulations and games in health education.

This annotated bibliography describes 66 simulation games in health education under the headings: diseases; drug use and abuse; ecology; family planning and human sexuality; health care planning; mental health; nursing; nutrition; physical fitness; and safety. Those reviewed are a selection of the more useful games from among a large number available Few health education games are suitable for classroom use and few include social modeling through simulation, Games in drug education and mental health areas may contain distorted, out-of-date, or false information. Promising areas for development include: aging, venereal disease, sexuality, consumer health, health careers, safety education, and health planning.
Regulation of V(D)J Recombination by E-Protein Transcription Factors

Extensive study of the E-proteins E2A and HEB during lymphocyte development has revealed various functions for these bHLH transcription factors in regulating V(D)J recombination in both B- and T-cells. The study of E-proteins in mammals began with the identification of E2A by its ability to bind immunoglobulin heavy and light chain enhancers. Subsequent analysis has identified numerous roles for E2A and HEB at the immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor loci. E-protein targets also include the rag genes and other factors critical for recombination and for regulation of the developmental windows when cells undergo recombination. E-proteins appear to be master regulators that coordinate antigen receptor gene rearrangement and expression. This chapter focuses on how E-proteins regulate V(D)J recombination by activating transcription, initiating rearrangement and driving differentiation during B- and T-cell development.
A Framework for the Study of Change Judgments

The chief aim of this chapter is to lay out a framework for the selection and analysis of problems in the study of everyday change judgments. This framework developed out of three general assumptions about the kinds of change judgments that are important to understand and about the underlying character of the intuitive perceiver’s approach to change. In the following section, these assumptions are discussed, along with their implications for the choice of a suitable approach to the topic of informal change judgments. The framework will then be outlined.
Nonlinear Plane Longitudinal Waves in Elastic Materials (Murnaghan Model, Five-Constant Model)

The chapter is devoted to the analysis of nonlinear elastic plane longitudinal harmonic waves, based on the Murnaghan model as the most accurately studied type of nonlinear elastic waves. The statement is divided into two parts, where the quadratically and cubically nonlinear elastic plane waves are considered separately.
Vila-Matas piensa en su arte: la vuelta al cuento en su diálogo con el retrato de artista latinoamericano

espanolTras "Doctor Pasavento" (2005), Vila-Matas emprendio una sorprendente velta al genero del cuento de dos formas diferentes. Primero, escribiendo "Exploradores del abismo" (2007), una coleccion en la que reflexiona sobre esta decision de cambiar de genero literario; y segundo, mediante la publicacion de una segunda antologia de sus relatos, "Chet Baker piensa en su arte" (2011), en la que selecciona aquellos cuentos de su produccion pasada que se movian en una direccion filosofica similar. En este ensayo, expondremos la relacion entre esas historias y la tradicion latinoamericana del “retrato de artista”, de Dario a Bolano, mostrando como este genero escondido fue fundamental a la hora de desarrollar una serie de estrategias narrativas que le permitieron al autor recontextualizar los problemas metaficcionales que investigo en sus grandes novelas de 2000 a 2005. EnglishAfter "Doctor Pasavento" (2005), Vila-Matas surprisingly returned to the genre of the short story in two different ways: first, by writing "Exploradores del abismo" (Explorers of the Abyss, 2007), a collection of short stories in which he reflects about this decision of switching literary genres; second, by publishing a second anthology of his short stories, "Chet Baker piensa en su arte" (Chet Baker thinks about his art, 2011), in which he selected his previous works that went in the same philosophical direction. In this essay, I expose the relationship between those short stories and the Latin American tradition of the “Portrait of the Artist”, from Dario to Bolano, and I show how that hidden genre was capital for developing a series of narrative strategies that allowed the author to reframe the metafictional issues raised in his great novels from 2000 to 2005.
Correction to: The effect of routine training on the self-efficacy of informal caregivers of colorectal cancer patients.

The “NCI Grant No. 5R25CA116339, Outcomes Research Branch of the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health” is not included in the Funding information. The below is the correct “Funding/Support”.
GPU accelerated sub-sampled Newton's method for convex classification problems

First order optimization methods, which rely only on gradient information, are commonly used in diverse machine learning (ML) applications, owing to their simplicity of implementations and low per-iteration computational/storage costs. However, they suffer from significant disadvantages; most notably, their performance degrades with increasing problem ill-conditioning. Furthermore, they often involve a large number of hyper-parameters, and are notoriously sensitive to parameters such as the step-size. By incorporating additional information from the Hessian, second-order methods, have been shown to be resilient to many such adversarial effects. However, these advantages come at the expense of higher per-iteration costs, which in “big data” regimes, can be computationally prohibitive. In this paper, we show that, contrary to conventional belief, second-order methods, when designed suitably, can be much more efficient than first-order alternatives for large-scale ML applications. In convex settings, we show that variants of classical Newton’s method in which the Hessian and/or gradient are randomly subsampled, coupled with efficient GPU implementations, far outperform state of the art implementations of existing techniques in popular ML software packages such as TensorFlow. We show that our proposed methods (i) achieve better generalization errors in significantly lower wall-clock time – orders of magnitude faster, compared to first-order alternatives (in TensorFlow) and, (ii) offers significantly smaller (and easily parameterized) hyper-parameter space making our methods highly robust.
Relationship between severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia and severe retinopathy of prematurity in premature newborns.

Background Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) are two adverse sequelae of preterm birth associated with abnormal vascular development. The purpose of this study was to characterize the relationship between these two outcomes at a single institution. Methods The medical records of infants screened for ROP at the University of Colorado Hospital between January 2012 and December 2017 were reviewed retrospectively. ROP was classified according to Early Treatment Retinopathy of Prematurity (ET-ROP) criteria; BPD, according to the 2010 Criteria from the National Institute for Child Health and Human Development. We examined the relationship between moderate–severe BPD and the development of severe ROP (type 1 or 2) using univariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression with the odds ratio as a measure of association. Covariates included gestational age and birth weight at delivery. Results A total of 625 cases were reviewed. Of these, 64 infants (10%) developed severe ROP and 176 (28%) infants developed moderate–severe BPD. We found a significant relationship between these two outcomes following adjustments for gestational age, birth weight, and multiparity (OR = 3.2; 95% CI, 1.6-6.5 [P Conclusions In our cohort of preterm infants, we found a significant relationship between moderate–severe BPD with severe ROP. We hypothesize that these two neonatal outcomes have links with a common pathogenesis.
The Shale Dilemma: A Global Perspective on Fracking & Shale Development

Shanti Gamper-Rabindran, ed. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2018. x and 460 pp., maps, diagrams, illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. $45.00 cloth (ISBN 978-0-822-94513-0).Sh...
Incidence of diabetes according to metabolically healthy or unhealthy normal weight or overweight/obesity in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative.

OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship of metabolic weight categories with incident diabetes mellitus (DM) in postmenopausal women. METHODS The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) enrolled 161,808 postmenopausal women aged 50 to 79 years. We included those with cardiovascular disease (CVD) biomarkers and free of CVD and prevalent DM (n = 17,043) at baseline. Normal weight was defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥18.5 and <25 kg/m, and waist circumference (WC) <88 cm and overweight/obesity as a BMI ≥25 kg/m or WC ≥88 cm. Metabolically healthy was based on <2 and metabolically unhealthy ≥2 traits of the following: triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL, systolic blood pressure (BP) ≥130 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥85 mm Hg, or antihypertensives or diuretics, fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dL or DM medication, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol <50 mg/dL. Cox regression was performed to determine the risk of incident DM among metabolically healthy normal weight (MHNW), metabolically unhealthy normal weight (MUHNW), metabolically healthy overweight/obese (MHO), and metabolically unhealthy overweight/obese (MUHO). RESULTS Among our sample, 2,253 (13.3%) participants developed DM over a mean ± standard deviation follow-up time of 15.6 ± 3.4 years. Compared with MHNW (n = 162 incident DM cases), an increased risk of incident DM was observed in MUHNW (n = 102 cases) (hazard ratio [HR] 2.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.74-2.88, P < 0.0001), MHO (n = 624 cases) (HR 1.68, 95% CI 1.40-2.00, P < 0.0001), and MUHO (n = 1,365 cases) (HR 4.51, 95% CI 3.82-5.35, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Among postmenopausal women, MUHNW and MHO confer an approximate doubling in the risk and MUHO more than a four-fold increased risk for developing DM.
Exportins can inhibit major mitotic assembly events in vitro: membrane fusion, nuclear pore formation, and spindle assembly.

egg extracts are a powerful in vitro tool for studying complex biological processes, including nuclear reconstitution, nuclear membrane and pore assembly, and spindle assembly. Extracts have been f...
Single Cell Atlas of Beige Remodeling of White Adipose Tissue Reveals a Myeloid to Lymphoid Shift During Cold Exposure Compared to Beta 3 Adrenergic Stimulation

White adipose tissue (WAT) is a dynamic tissue, which responds to environmental stimuli and dietary cues by changing its morphology and metabolic capacity. The ability of WAT to undergo a beige remodeling has become an appealing strategy to combat obesity and its related metabolic complications. Within the cell mixture that constitutes the stromal vascular fraction (SVF), WAT beiging is initiated through expansion and differentiation of adipocytes progenitor cells, however, the extent of the SVF cellular changes is still poorly understood. Additionally, direct beta 3 adrenergic receptor (Adrb3) stimulation has been extensively used to mimic physiological cold-induced beiging, yet it is still unknown whether Adrb3 activation induces the same WAT remodeling as cold exposure. Here, by using single cell RNA sequencing, we provide a comprehensive atlas of the cellular dynamics during beige remodeling within white adipose tissue. We reveal drastic changes both in the overall cellular composition and transcriptional states of individual cell subtypes between Adrb3- and cold-induced beiging. Moreover, we demonstrate that cold exposure induces a myeloid to lymphoid shift of the immune compartment compared to Adrb3 activation. Further analysis, showed that Adrb3 stimulation leads to activation of the interferon/Stat1 pathways favoring infiltration of myeloid immune cells, while repression of this pathway by cold promotes lymphoid immune cells recruitment. These findings provide new insight into the cellular dynamics during WAT beige remodeling and could ultimately lead to novel strategies to identify translationally-relevant drug targets to counteract obesity and T2D.
Cancer cells relax and resist cytotoxic attack.

When it comes to cancer evading the immune response, antigen presentation usually gets all the attention. In this issue of Immunity, Tello-Lafoz et al. reveal that cancer cells have another card up their sleeve: by regulating gene expression to "soften" their actin cytoskeleton, cancer cells limit susceptibility to lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxic attack.
Memory Activism and Mexico’s War on Drugs: Countermonuments, Resistance, and the Politics of Time

The widespread violence in Mexico by state and nonstate actors since the government launched a military strategy against drug cartels in 2006 has generated demands for justice, including spaces of mourning and commemoration that recognize hundreds of thousands of Mexican nationals and migrants from other countries who have been killed or disappeared. Creating memorial spaces for ongoing forms of violence whose perpetrators and victims are hard to define has proven difficult from a bureaucratic, political, and aesthetic perspective. This article examines and contrasts three commemorative and transformative memorial interventions to show that in a context that lacks a clear transition and access to justice, memory activists respond to the state in a playing field that is not simply concerned with a politics of memory—who gets to decide how to remember the past—but with delineating the past from both the present and the future in the first place: a politics of time. Resumen La violencia desatada en Mexico desde el inicio de la estrategia militar para combatir a los carteles de drogas en 2006 ha generado demandas de justicia, incluyendo espacios de memoria y duelo que reconozcan a los cientos de miles de mexicanos y migrantes de otras nacionalidades que han sido asesinados o desparecidos en este contexto. Crear espacios de memoria relacionados con formas de violencia que continuan, y cuyos victimarios y victimas no siempre pueden ser claramente definidos, ha sido complicado en terminos burocraticos, politicos y esteticos. En este articulo demostramos que en un contexto en el que no ha habido una clara transicion y acceso a la justicia, las y los activistas de la memoria enfrentan al Estado en un debate que no solo se enmarca en relacion a la politica de la memoria—quien decide como recordar el pasado—sino en que momento se establece la linea entre pasado, presente y futuro: una politica del tiempo.
Inservice Mathematics Professional Development: The Hard Work of Learning Mathematics

For better school mathematics education, we need teachers who know correct mathematics and can teach correct mathematics. In year 2019, it is difficult to find such teachers not because of any fault of theirs but because of our systemic negligence. We explain how this situation came about and make some recommendations on what kind of professional development may affect some changes for the better. However, the 2011 IES impact study on inservice mathematics professional development seems to throw cold water on the very idea that inservice professional development for teachers can result in improved student achievement. We examine the design of the professional development in that impact study and explain why its conclusions may be flawed.
Chemiluminescence Measurement of Reactive Sulfur and Nitrogen Species.

Significance: Reactive sulfur and nitrogen species such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and nitric oxide (NO•) are ubiquitous cellular signaling molecules that play central roles in physiology and pathophysiology. A deeper understanding of these signaling pathways will offer new opportunities for therapeutic treatments and disease management. Recent Advances: Chemiluminescence methods have been fundamental in detecting and measuring biological reactive sulfur and nitrogen species, and new approaches are emerging for imaging these analytes in living intact specimens. Ozone-based and luminol-based chemiluminescence methods have been optimized for quantitative analysis of hydrogen sulfide and nitric oxide in biological samples and tissue homogenates, and caged luciferin and 1,2-dioxetanes are emerging as a versatile approach for monitoring and imaging reactive sulfur and nitrogen species in living cells and animal models. Critical Issues: This review article will cover the major chemiluminescence approaches for detecting, measuring, and imaging reactive sulfur and nitrogen species in biological systems, including a brief history of the development of the most established approaches and highlights of the opportunities provided by emerging approaches. Future Directions: Emerging chemiluminescence approaches offer new opportunities for monitoring and imaging reactive sulfur and nitrogen species in living cells, animals, and human clinical samples. Widespread adoption and translation of these approaches, however, requires an emphasis on rigorous quantitative methods, reproducibility, and effective technology transfer.
Refinement of Brine for Lithium Extraction using Ion Concentration Polarization

Abstract The surge of electric vehicle deployment in response to the global climate crisis has marked tremendous increase in the demand of lithium-ion batteries. Lithium brine has gained much attention as a critical primary lithium resource over mineral sources due to cheaper processing and greater abundance. However, reducing the Mg2+:Li+ ratio of brines remains a challenge, as magnesium contaminates lithium precipitates. Series of solar evaporation ponds are traditionally employed to concentrate Li and reduce Mg content to tackle this issue, but typically required 1-2 years to process a batch of feed solution, and require much land area disturbing the local environment near brine resources. Here we present a continuous, scalable ion separation technique for reducing the Mg2+:Li+ ratio of brine as an alternative to solar evaporation. The device utilizes ion concentration polarization to induce a locally amplified electric field. The amplified electric field separates ions into streams according to electrophoretic mobility. We demonstrate reduction of a 25:1 Mg2+:Li+ lab brine to below 10:1 Mg2+:Li+, which is an acceptable lithium production purity by industrial standards. Reduction of a 60:1 Mg2+:Li+ to ∼10:1 and a 100:1 Mg2+:Li+ brine to approximately 20:1 are also demonstrated. The system suffers a high specific energy consumption (8.804 kWh/g Li+ for 25:1 reduction to 9:1) due to low lithium recovery (9.9%) and microfluidic system size. However, an economic scaling analysis shows that this work is within an order of magnitude of the state-of-the-art separation technologies in the literature after various process parameters are normalized. Ultimately, this work demonstrates a potential novel process for continuous lithium extraction from brines, which is a generalizable ion separation tool utilizing differences in electrophoretic mobility.
Ileitis-associated tertiary lymphoid organs arise at lymphatic valves and impede mesenteric lymph flow in response to tumor necrosis factor.

Summary Lymphangitis and the formation of tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) in the mesentery are features of Crohn’s disease. Here, we examined the genesis of these TLOs and their impact on disease progression. Whole-mount and intravital imaging of the ileum and ileum-draining collecting lymphatic vessels (CLVs) draining to mesenteric lymph nodes from TNFΔARE mice, a model of ileitis, revealed TLO formation at valves of CLVs. TLOs obstructed cellular and molecular outflow from the gut and were sites of lymph leakage and backflow. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) neutralization begun at early stages of TLO formation restored lymph transport. However, robustly developed, chronic TLOs resisted regression and restoration of flow after TNF neutralization. TNF stimulation of cultured lymphatic endothelial cells reprogrammed responses to oscillatory shear stress, preventing the induction of valve-associated genes. Disrupted transport of immune cells, driven by loss of valve integrity and TLO formation, may contribute to the pathology of Crohn’s disease.
Retroplasmids: Linear and Circular Plasmids that Replicate via Reverse Transcription

Retroplasmids are a unique group of genetic elements that replicate via reverse transcription. They are small, double-stranded DNAs that reside in mitochondria of certain filamentous fungal species. Retroplasmids are divided into two groups based on structure – circular and linear – and each group has distinct replication mechanisms. The reverse transcriptases (RTs) encoded by retroplasmids are deeply rooted in RT phylogeny and studies of retroplasmid replication have revealed unique mechanisms of reverse transcription that collectively suggest that retroplasmids are related to primitive genetic elements. Here, we review the types of retroplasmids that have been reported to date and focus on the studies of the replication cycle of the Mauriceville plasmid of Neurospora crassa, a prototype of circular retroplasmids, and studies of the pFOXC plasmids of Fusarium oxysporum, which are the first linear genetic elements shown to replicate via reverse transcription. The structural and mechanistic features of circular and linear retroplasmids suggest that at some point they could have been common ancestors of all known contemporary elements that replicate via reverse transcription and may hold clues to events associated with the transition of the RNA to DNA/protein world. While most mitochondrial plasmids appear to be benign, circular retroplasmids can integrate into mitochondrial DNAs and cause senescence. The significance of host–retroplasmid interactions are discussed in regard to the potential influence retroplasmids may have had on the evolution of mitochondrial DNAs and eukaryotic cells in general.
Characterization of high impedance surfaces using magnitude measurements

High impedance surfaces are generally characterized by reflection coefficient measurements. Other methods such as surface wave suppression measurements are used but do not provide as useful information. For ideal lossless high impedance surfaces the reflection coefficient magnitude is one while the phase angle varies greatly with frequency. However, by placing a resistive sheet near the high impedance surface, the magnitude of the reflection coefficient can also be made to vary with frequency
A morphogen gradient model for pattern regulation. II. Time description of global morphogen formation and field compartmentalization.

Abstract In a model for pattern regulation, use was made of local and global morphogens S and Σ. Σ is produced from the S-degradation and it is decomposed by first order kinetics while it diffuses along the field. We solve exactly the partial differential equation for the distribution of Σ in one spatial dimension when its source S is monotonie (for simplicity, linear or generally a power function). Assuming that S and Σ react reversibly with an allosteric protein P according to a sequential scheme, we derive the evolution in time of the field separation into compartments. At equilibrium the relative extent of each compartment is constant (for variable field size) and so pattern regulation is achieved.
Immunity to transplantable carcinogen-induced fibrosarcomas in B2/B2 chickens. I. Use of bacterial adjuvants in induction of immunity demonstrable in Winn tests.

Abstract Tumor line specific immunity could be induced in chickens with the use of BCG or CP. Direct contact between bacteria and tumor cells was required for immunity induction, but succeeded only in animals which also had been previously injected with the same bacterial vaccine. While other methods such as iv injected live mitomycin treated tumor was capable of inducing immunity, only BCG or CP mediated immunity was capable of being adoptively transferred in the Winn assay. Bursectomized agamma-globulinemic chickens also produced strong transferable immunity. Crossreactivity between transplant lines was detectable upon rechallenge of immune donors but was not evident upon adoptive immunity transfer. Immunity was detectable in the spleen and in peripheral blood lymphocytes but could not be transferred by thymus cells.
Modeling transport in nanoscale silicon and molecular devices on parallel machines

In this paper we demonstrate a technique to parallelize nanoscale device simulators, developed using the Non-equilibrium Green's Function (NEGF) formalism. More specifically we present a computationally intensive problem: Current flow through a flared out double-gate silicon MOSFET. We demonstrate how internal quantities of interest that are computed piecewise on different processors can be communicated to and reconstructed on the master for scientific visualization. Parallelization is done under Matlab, which is a user friendly scientific computing environment widely used for research. It allows for rapid prototyping of novel algorithms and enables easy visualization of simulated results. We show results that demonstrate the parallelization of the NEGF solver for flared out double gate device structures with scattering. Parallelization, as described in this paper, allows us to gain tremendous insight into the physics of transport in such devices where mode-coupling due to scattering is important.
Human milk exosomes resist digestion in vitro and are internalized by human intestinal cells

Human milk contains exosomes, i.e. microparticles consisting of microRNAs (miRs) with sizes of ~22 nts. Exosome-mediated transfer of miRs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells. miR...
Why is the role of nitric oxide in NMDA receptor function and dysfunction so controversial

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the controversial role of nitric oxide (NO) in N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor function and dysfunction, the mechanism of inhibition of NMDA receptor function by nitric oxide, and the role of nitric oxide in NMDA receptor-mediated neuronal injury. Some investigators have proposed that NO directly interacts with a redox modulatory site present on the NMDA receptor molecule. Other studies have shown that when that site is chemically eliminated, the inhibitory actions of NO remain unaltered, suggesting an alternative mechanism of action. The redox modulatory site is not a target for NO. This gas, or a related species, does interact with the NMDA receptor, possibly at multiple sites, including the ion channel. Data from recent experiments using site-directed mutagenesis of recombinant NMDA receptors are provided. A role in neurotoxicity for nitric oxide derived from non-neuronal sources is also demonstrated.
The capacity of aluminum to prevent prothrombin depression by quartz. An experimental study on guinea pigs.

Summary When 40-mg doses of 1–3 μ quartz particles in a 4-ml normal saline were injected intracardially in each of fifteen guinea pigs, normal blood clotting was prevented for several hours. Eleven animals died from “silica shock.” Colloidal aluminum hydroxide, particulate oxidized metallic aluminum, and precipitated aluminum hydrate similarly administered have no significant effect on blood globulins. On injection of the aluminum agents in various doses simultaneously with the quartz, prothrombin depression is inhibited by the colloidal aluminum hydroxide and by aluminum hydrate, but not by particulate metallic aluminum. Dissolved silica Si(OH) 4 has no effect on blood clotting, and the supernatant fluid from a suspended mixture of quartz and aluminum hydrate proved to be equally inert. All the guinea pigs which had received the quartz plus aluminum hydrate or quartz plus metallic particulate aluminum died; thus colloidal aluminum hydroxide remains as the only safe intravascularly administered antidote against silica. The prothrombin depression is due to the protein-denaturing action of forces at the surface of quartz particles. These forces are nullified by adsorbed colloidal aluminum hydroxide.
Generation of maximally entangled states of a Bose-Einstein condensate and Heisenberg-limited phase resolution

We outline a procedure for Heisenberg-limited phase resolution between two Bose-Einstien condensates (BECs) defined as different hyperfine levels. The method involves first establishing a maximally entangled state using the ideas of nonlinear interferometry previously discussed in the optical domain [C. C. Gerry et al., Phys. Rev. A 66, 013804 (2002)]. In the case of the condensates, the nonlinear interactions are realized by the interatomic interactions within each condensate. Quarter cycle Raman pulses between hyperfine levels act as beam splitters. Parity measurements of one of the components of the BEC resolve the phase at the Heisenberg limit. We point out that parity measurements can be made by coupling the mode of interest with a third condensate where both components evolve under nonlinear interatomic interactions. After another Raman pulse, the components are populated according to parity. One need only determine which component is populated to determine the parity.