cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dialkylaminophosphorus metal carbonyls XIII. Structure of a tertiary alcohol [(iPr2NP)2C(OH)R]Fe2(CO)6 and the effect of carbon hybridization on the geometry of the CP2Fe2 cage☆

Reaction of (iPr2NP)2COFE2(CO)6 with benzyllithium (from PhCH2SnPh3 +n-Buli) gives the corresponding tertiary alcohol (iPr2NP)2C(CH2Ph)(OH)Fe2(CO)6, which has been characterized structurally by X-ray diffraction (monoclinic; space group, P1/α; a = 9.797(1), b = 16.593(1) and c = 19.671(2) A; β = 101.564(9)°; Z = 4). A comparison of the geometries of the CP2Fe2 cages in the series (iPr2NP)2C(CH2Ph)(OH)Fe2(CO)6 and [iPr2NP)2CHSiMe3]Fe2(CO)6 with P-C(sp3)-P bridges and (iPr2NP)2COFE2(CO)6, (iPr2NP)(tBu2PP)COFe2(CO)6, and (tBuP)2(COFe2(CO)6 with PC(sp2)P bridges indicates that changing the P bridging (i.e. cage) carbon atom from sp3 hybridization to sp2 hybridization increases the PCP bond angle from 78–80 to 84–86dg, the PFeP bond angles from 64–67 to 69–70°, and the non-bonding P…P distance from 2.44 to 2.53–2.55 A while having relatively little effect on the PC, FeP and FeFe distances.
Compressor Stall Control Through Endwall Recirculation

Experiments that demonstrate the use of endwall recirculation to control the stall of transonic compressor stages are described. Endwall recirculation of a compressor stage is implemented by bleeding air from the casing downstream of a stator blade row and injecting the air as a wall jet upstream of a preceding rotor blade row. The bleed ports, injection ports, and recirculation channels are circumferentially discrete, and occupy only 20–30% of the circumference. The development of compact wall-jet injectors is described first. Next, the results of proof-of-concept steady recirculation tests on a single-stage transonic compressor are presented. Finally, the potential for using endwall recirculation to increase the stability of transonic highly-loaded multistage compressors is demonstrated through results from a rig test of simulated recirculation driving both a steady injected flow and an unsteady injected flow commanded by closed-loop active control during compressor operation at 78–100% of design speed. In this test air from an external source was injected upstream of several rotor blade rows while compressor bleed was increased by an amount equivalent to the injected massflow. During closed loop control, wall static pressure fluctuations were monitored and the injected flow rate was controlled to reduce the stalling mass flow. The use of wall jet injection to study the dynamics of transonic compressor stages is also discussed.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Tailoring the Photomechanical Response of Glassy, Azobenzene-Functionalized Polyimides by Physical Aging

Photoresponsive polymers convert a light stimulus input into a mechanical output (work). Photoinduced conformational changes, such as within azobenzene, dictate molecular-level distortions that sum...
Cash Flow Accounting Revisited: A Note on a Partial Replication of the Lee Study

This paper examines the attitudes of audit partners in U.S. public accounting firms towards various forms and dimensions of cash flow accounting (CFA), and in part replicates Lee's 1981 study. A total of 800 questionnaires were mailed. Despite the call by some cash flow proponents (i.e., Thomas, 1974) for additional CFA disclosures, the conclusions drawn from this study were that the current historical costs system is, in general, regarded as adequate for evaluating the economic performance of an entity, and there is a perception that publicly disclosed, supplementary cash flow information is not required.
The proposal of Dasya anastomosans (Weber-van Bosse) comb. nov. (Dasyaceae, Rhodophyta)

The name Dasya pilosa (Weber-van Bosse) A. Millar has become accepted in the current literature and is regarded as having the two heterotypic taxonomic synonyms D. adhaerens Yamada and Dasyopsis anastomosans Weber-van Bosse. The historical background of this synonomy is presented, including current ideas about the relationship between Dasya and Eupogodon. Because the oldest name available is Dasyopsis anastomosans Weber-van Bosse (1921), Dasya anastomosans comb. nov. is proposed as the correct name for this widely distributed tropical red algal species.
Development of rabbit embryos during a 96-h period of in vitro culture after superovulatory treatment under conditions of elevated ambient temperature.

Abstract The effects of elevated ambient temperature on the response to exogenous gonadotropins were evaluated in female New Zealand White rabbits exposed to 33±1°C (mean±SE) and 10–30% relative humidity (8 h/day) during a 5-day period. Does were treated with pFSH (0.3 mg/0.3 ml Standard Armour) twice daily during three consecutive days with a minimum interval of 8 h between injections. Six hours after the last FSH injection all does were removed from the experimental chamber, given hCG (25 IU/kg) and paired overnight. Nineteen hours after pairing, embryos were flushed from the reproductive tracts, evaluated, and subjected to in vitro culture during a 96-h period. The ovulatory responses to exogenous gonadotropins and fertilization rates did not differ significantly under conditions of elevated ambient temperature, whereas fewer blastocysts and increased number of degenerate embryos were observed after culture. We conclude that although hyperthermia was induced during exposure to elevated ambient temperature, it did not alter the ovulatory responses to gonadotropin treatment and plasma concentrations of FSH and LH compared with does in a thermoneutral environment. Exposure of donor rabbits to elevated ambient temperature before mating, however, increased embryonic degeneration.
Peroxide toxicity in conditioned lens epithelial cells--evaluation of multi-defense systems.

Abstract Immortal murine lens epithelial cells which were conditioned to survive peroxide stress were found to have a remarkable increase in catalase activity as well as lesser changes in a number of other antioxidative defense systems [Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 43 (2002) 3251]. Furthermore, the gene expression of hundreds of other genes was altered. In order to determine the relative importance of catalase, other enzyme systems which maintain the reducing environment of the cell and the involvement of Fenton chemistry, an analysis of the effect of inhibiting catalase, disruption of the cells' reducing environment by inhibition of GSSG reductase (GR) and chelation of metal ion was investigated. It was found that inhibition of catalase caused peroxide resistant cells to die within 48–72 hr when exposed to normally tolerated concentrations of peroxide. If 1,10-phenanthroline (OP), an effective metal ion chelator was present, the cells were not affected by catalase inhibition and survived peroxide stress. Peroxide vulnerable unconditioned control cells were similarly protected by the chelator. The results demonstrate that H2O2 itself has minimal toxicity and that it is the products resulting from interaction with metal ion that produces lethal toxicity. In stark contrast, however, metal chelation did not protect the cells when GR was inhibited by BCNU. Examination of non-protein thiol (NP-SH), which is primarily GSH, indicated that rapid and extensive oxidation occurred almost immediately after exposure to peroxide under all conditions. However, NP-SH returns to the normal range in the conditioned cells even though later cell death is observed in some cases, suggesting fatal damage during the period when the cell is exposed to an oxidizing environment. Examination of DNA damage by alkaline elution indicated that H2O2 caused little observed strand breakage in peroxide resistant cells even if catalase is inhibited, suggesting that such cells have developed other systems to protect DNA and that H2O2 induced death is probably not related to DNA single strand breaks. In contrast, unconditioned cells (C cells) show extensive H2O2 induced DNA damage which is prevented by OP. Thus, depending on the conditions, DNA damage may contribute to cell death. The overall results indicate that the conditioned cell lines are not simply dependent on catalase activity but have developed a complex defense which includes GSH dependent systems and possibly more effective regulation of metal ion concentrations to resist oxidative stress.
Silica—germania adsorbents. III. NH3 sorption on ge-bearing silica☆

Abstract Infrared spectra were recorded of NH3 sorbed on germania-impregnated silica which had been reduced with H2 (A), samples prepared by reacting silica with Ge(OCH3)4 and pyrolizing the methoxy layer in vacuo (B), and degassed GeO2/SiO2 (C). Exposing samples A and B to NH3 at 25° led to bands at 3383, 3281, and 1604 cm-1 attributed to a Ge:NH3 surface complex. Samples C led to complex results indicating the formation of hydroxyls, GeNH2, Ge(NH), SiNH2, and Si2(NH) species as well as small amounts of Ge:NH3. The same kind of adsorption center, which apparently consists of Ge radicals and leads to the formation of the Ge: NH3 complex, existed in all samples and could be generated in different ways.
Recognizing the royals: leveraging computerized face recognition for identifying subjects in ancient artworks

We present a work that explores the feasibility of automated face recognition technologies for analyzing identities in works of portraiture, and in the process provide additional evidence to settle some long-standing questions in art history. Works of portrait art bear the mark of visual interpretation of the artist. Moreover, the number of samples available to model these effects is often limited. From a set of portraiture of the Renaissance and Baroque periods, where the identities of subjects are known, we derive appropriate features that are based on domain knowledge of artistic renderings, and learn and validate statistical models for the distribution of the match and non-match scores, which we refer to as portrait feature space (PFS). Thereafter, we use this PFS on a number of cases that have been "open questions" to art historians. They are usually in the form of validating two portraits as belonging to the same person. Using statistical hypothesis tests on the PFS, we provide quantitative measures of similarity for each of these questions. It is, to the best of our knowledge, the first study that applies automated face recognition technologies to the analysis of portraits of multiple subjects in various forms - paintings, death masks, sculptures.
Linking ground‐ and space‐based observations in space physics

A critical review of past efforts in space physics underscores the importance of incorporating three important concepts in developing a strategy for progress during the next decade. These three approaches are suggested in an effort to study the magnetosphere and geospace environment generally as a vast three-dimensional system. The discipline of space physics was born after the advent of Sputnik. The subsequent growth of the discipline took different courses in different countries. In Europe and Japan, many researchers in the traditional disciplines of geomagnetism, aeronomy, and ionospheric physics contributed to the birth and growth of space physics. Thus, early in, its development, they devoted their efforts to ground-based observations. U.S. physicists became the main force in establishing and developing space physics and played a major role primarily through satellite-based observations. In the former Soviet Union, researchers from the traditional disciplines closely collaborated with physicists.
The cytotoxic effect of surgical glove powder particles on adult human vascular endothelial cell cultures: implications for clinical uses of tissue culture techniques.

Abstract Clinical use of autogenous endothelial cell (EC) seeding of vascular prostheses (VP) would require reliable methods for EC harvest for immediate seeding or primary culture in a hospital or operating room setting. Observation of glove powder particles (GPP) in failed primary adult human saphenous vein EC (AHSVEC) cultures led us to study the effect of surgical GPP on cultured AHSVEC. Addition of GPP to the culture medium of growing ASHVEC cultures reduced the cell counts in a dose-dependent fashion; the mean concentration of GPP required to produce a >50% decrease in cell number was 1.5 ± 0.8 (SD) × 10 4 GPP/ml ( N = 10 experiments), equivalent to a mean dose of 36 μg glove powder per milliliter. The effect was seen within 24 hr of addition of GPP and was not due to interference with EC attachment and spreading or to changes in medium osmolality, pH, glucose, electrolyte, Ca 2+ , or Mg 2+ content. Instead, the effect appeared to be due to a filterable toxin added during the final rubber-vulcanizing stage of glove manufacture, since pure cornstarch particles and epichlorhydrin-treated pure cornstarch did not prevent culture growth, whereas 0.2 μm filtrates of medium incubated with GPP taken directly from gloves were lethal. We conclude that filterable cytotoxic substances from GPP may be an avoidable cause of failure in EC seeding of VP, and may affect surgical wound healing as well.
Prediction of Absorbed, Inert, and Effective Bituminous Quantities in Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement

This paper presents methods to predict quantities of absorbed, inert, and effective bituminous material in reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) for particular sets of conditions; three RAP sources were investigated. The approach couples a data set of properties for 568 asphalt mix designs spanning five years of practice and testing of 100% RAP with added virgin binder; 394 compacted specimens and 68 loose specimens of 100% RAP were tested. A method to predict RAP absorbed asphalt was developed requiring two inputs: (1) total asphalt content; and (2) RAP effective specific gravity when coated with virgin binder. The method, was shown to yield more reasonable results than conventional methods, which were shown to very likely give incorrect absorbed asphalt estimates in some conditions. The relative effectiveness of RAP surface asphalt was evaluated, and estimates of inert and effective RAP asphalt were made for a variety of temperature, compactive effort, and warm mix additive conditions. Results showed differe...
Changes in certain diurnal hormonal rhythms in developing male rats exposed to adiurnal environmental cues.

Abstract It has traditionally been thought that diurnal rhythmicities cannot be entrained to follow adiurnal environmental cues that deviate greatly from a 24-hour periodicity. In this study, exposure of male rats pre- and postnatally to an adiurnal lighting schedule of 9 hours light: 9 hours dark resulted in the entrainment of certain hormonal rhythms (such as plasma corticosterone and plasma TSH) but not of others (such as pituitary TSH and plasma T 3 ). Even though thyroid rhythms were influences only partially by the shorter, 18-hour day, absolute levels of pituitary TSH and plasma T 3 were significantly higher in experimental rats (9 hours light:9 hours dark) than controls (12 hours light:12 hours dark). Whole-body and kidney weights and tail length were also significantly increased in the 9 hours light:9 hours dark animals, suggesting a possible relationship of shorter day cycles to faster growth and higher thyroid hormone levels.
Fungal infections in the neonatal intensive care unit

Abstract The past 2 decades have witnessed a 4- to 6-fold increase in the incidence of fungal infections in the neonatal intensive care unit. Although symptoms are similar to those of the more commonly encountered bacterial infections ascribable to maternal genital flora, fungal infections derive from different predisposing factors and require a distinctly different approach to diagnosis and treatment. This article reviews the most common presentations of fungal infection in the nursery, the risk factors for susceptible infants, and the treatment strategies that generally are accepted. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company
"Competence" and "performance" in network structure

This paper re-examines the problem of informant accuracy about network interactions, proposing that we borrow the concepts by which linguists distinguish between what speakers know about the structure of language and the utterances they actually produce. It offers, in addition, further support for the modest correspondence already reported between self-report and observation, and suggests a somewhat more general level of analysis at which self-report and observation appear to be more closely matched.
Access and technology

Community colleges are well positioned to provide underserved student populations with access to computer technology. This chapter explores the issues of access and technology from multiple perspectives in the community college, and explains how community colleges can develop a foundation for their technology plan.
Investigating biofilm structure using x-ray microtomography and gratings-based phase contrast

Direct examination of natural and engineered environments has revealed that the majority of microorganisms in these systems live in structured communities termed biofilms. To gain a better understanding for how biofilms function and interact with their local environment, fundamental capabilities for enhanced visualization, compositional analysis, and functional characterization of biofilms are needed. For pore-scale and community-scale analysis (100’s of nm to 10’s of microns), a variety of surface tools are available. However, understanding biofilm structure in complex three-dimensional (3-D) environments is considerably more difficult. X-ray microtomography can reveal a biofilm’s internal structure, but obtaining sufficient contrast to image low atomic number (Z) biological material against a higher-Z substrate makes detecting biofilms difficult. Here we present results imaging Shewanella oneidensis biofilms on a Hollow-fiber Membrane Biofilm Reactor (HfMBR), using the x-ray microtomography system at sector 2-BM of the Advanced Photon Source (APS), at energies ranging from 12.9-15.4 keV and pixel sizes of 0.7 and 1.3 μm/pixel. We examine the use of osmium (Os) as a contrast agent to enhance biofilm visibility and demonstrate that staining improves imaging of hydrated biofilms. We also present results using a Talbot interferometer to provide phase and scatter contrast information in addition to absorption. Talbot interferometry allows imaging of unstained hydrated biofilms with phase contrast, while absorption contrast primarily highlights edges and scatter contrast provides little information. However, the gratings used here limit the spatial resolution to no finer than 2 μm, which hinders the ability to detect small features. Future studies at higher resolution or higher Talbot order for greater sensitivity to density variations may improve imaging.
Growing up global and equal? Inequality trends among world children, 1980–2005

Children are increasingly expected to grow up global yet their worldwide inequality is understudied; while countries’ incomes may be converging, it is unclear whether children's outcomes also do. This paper investigates the recent trends in global inequality among children. Findings show a fall in resource inequality, driven by Asia's exponential economic growth and Africa's slowing fertility trends. Paradoxically, this resource convergence occurred alongside divergence in infant mortality. Such findings have three implications. First, they caution against assuming automatic convergence in children's well-being in response to income convergence between nations. Second, they illustrate how national differences in age dependency account for global inequality among children. Third and more broadly, they stress the importance of demographic and policy – in addition to economic – convergence in bridging substantive inequality among the world‘s children.
Cellular dynamics of conjugation in the ciliate euplotes aediculatus. II. Cellular membranes.

The formation and subsequent dissolution of a common bridge of cytoplasm between conjugating ciliated protozoan cells provides an excellent opportunity to follow the dynamics of the cellular membrane systems involved in this process. In particular, separation of conjugant partners offers the chance to observe, at a fixed site on the cell surface, how the ciliate surface complex of plasma and alveolar membranes (collectively termed the "pellicle") is constructed. Consequently, cortical and cellular membranes of Euplotes aediculatus were studied by light and electron microscopy through the conjugation sequence. A conjugant fusion zone of shared cytoplasm elaborates between the partner cells within their respective oral fields (peristomes) to include microtubules, cytosol, and a concentrated endoplasmic reticulum (heavily stained by osmium impregnation techniques) that may also be continuous with cortical ER of each cell. Cortical membranes displacd by fusion are autolyzed in acid phosphatase-positive lysosomes in the fusion zone. As conjugants separate, expansion of the plasma membrane may occur through the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane, presumably at bare membrane, presumably at bare membrane patches near the fusion zone. The underlying cortical alveolar membranes and their plate-like contents are reconstructed beneath the plasma membrane, apparently by multiple fusions of dense-cored alveolar precursor vesicles (APVs). These precursor vesicles themselves appear to condense directly from the smooth ER present in the fusion zone. No Golgi apparatus was visible in the fusion zone cytoplasm, and no step of APV maturation that might involve the Golgi complex was noted.
Integration of a close-packed quantum dot monolayer with a photonic-crystal cavity via interfacial self-assembly and transfer.

Nanoparticle (NP) assembly into ordered 2and 3-D superlattices has stimulated enormous recent interest as a means to create new artifi cial solids whose electronic, magnetic, and optical behaviors can be tailored by the size dependent properties of the individual NPs mediated by coupling interactions with neighboring NPs, [ 1 , 2 ] suggesting applications in a diverse range of technologies including photovoltaics, [ 3 ]
Laser interferometry: A measurement technique for diffusion studies in thin polymer films

Laser interferometric techniques have many applications in the area of thin film science and technology due to their sensitivity, simplicity, and low cost. Typically, changes in thickness and/or refractive index of a transparent polymer film sample are detected from changes in film reflectivity, as measured by variations in the intensity of reflected laser light. Diffusion related properties such as solvent uptake/swelling, dissolution, and drying rates are accessible with laser interferometry since each of these processes involves a change in the film's thickness and/or refractive index. The principles and basic experimental considerations common to these three applications will be discussed. Illustrative examples from our lab will include n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone diffusion in polyimide, and methanol diffusion in poly(methyl methacrylate).
Global positioning system data-loggers: a tool to quantify fine-scale movement of domestic animals to evaluate potential for zoonotic transmission to an endangered wildlife population.

Domesticated animals are an important source of pathogens to endangered wildlife populations, especially when anthropogenic activities increase their overlap with humans and wildlife. Recent work in Tanzania reports the introduction of Cryptosporidium into wild chimpanzee populations and the increased risk of ape mortality associated with SIVcpz-Cryptosporidium co-infection. Here we describe the application of novel GPS technology to track the mobility of domesticated animals (27 goats, 2 sheep and 8 dogs) with the goal of identifying potential routes for Cryptosporidium introduction into Gombe National Park. Only goats (5/27) and sheep (2/2) were positive for Cryptosporidium. Analysis of GPS tracks indicated that a crop field frequented by both chimpanzees and domesticated animals was a potential hotspot for Cryptosporidium transmission. This study demonstrates the applicability of GPS data-loggers in studies of fine-scale mobility of animals and suggests that domesticated animal–wildlife overlap should be considered beyond protected boundaries for long-term conservation strategies.
Cold storage preservation of islet and pancreas grafts as assessed by in vivo function after transplantation to diabetic hosts

Abstract The major goal of hypothermic (4–8 °C) preservation of intact pancreases or isolated islets will be to provide sufficient time for HLA typing, cross matching, selection, and preparation of recipients—logistical efforts requiring 12–72 hr for clinical kidney transplantation, usually in vitro function of islets after cold storage, but the critical test of viability—permanent restoration of normoglycemia after transplantation to diabetic recipients—has been tested in only a few experiments. Reversal of hyperglycemia by syngeneic or autogenic transplants in diabetic animals has been achieved after CS of dispersed pancreatic tissue from neonatal rats in GIB media for ⩽ 146 hr, adult dogs in TCM 199 for ⩽24 hr, and adult DL-ethionine-treated rats in RPMI 1640 for ⩽72 hr. In the neonatal rat donor model, intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) results were similar in recipients of fresh or stored islets; in the dog model, IVGTT test results were variable, but generally inferior in recipients of stored as compared to fresh islets; in the adult rat donor model, recipients of ⩽24-hr coldstorage islets had insulin and IVGTT K values similar to those of recipients of fresh islets, but the success rate progressively declined for CS times >24 hr. Various agents were added to the media, but the need or the optimal concentrations were not critically determined by using different recipes for different groups of recipients. Cold storage of intact pancreas autografts has been tested in dogs; simple electrolyte solutions are satisfactory for 24 hr, but only a silica gel-filtered plasma-based solution has been reliable for 48 hr. Pulsatile machine perfusion (PMP) of canine pancreas grafts for 24 hr has had a success rate similar to CS in some experiments and lower in others. PMP has been almost totally unreliable for >24 hr. Further refinements are needed if preservation of islets for >24 hr and pancreases for >48 hr are to be consistently successful. If current experimental techniques are effective for human islets or pancreases, however, these times are sufficient to complete the logistical maneuvers required before transplantation.
The Problem with Ethics

A minimalist and deontological focus of anthropological ethics, and the current lack of consensus in the field about ethical and methodological rigor, produces conference presentations, monographs, and ethnographic essays of questionable quality. Research that fulfills its IRB-defined duties is ethically problematic if it reproduces colonial relationships, ignores community input into agenda and risk, offers no real possibility for improving human life, or uses so loose a methodology that it cannot be relied upon to produce scientifically valid data. Finally, the modernist fetish of “knowledge” – assumed in the Code to be a value in itself, detached from human wellbeing – grants legitimacy to research that has little purpose other than to further academics' careers. In the following essay I reflect upon my experience conducting ethnographic research into the underground economies of marginalized youth in Havana, New York, and Hartford. What emerges are four principles, which together suggest a departure from the standard catalogue of deontological AAA Code of Ethics concerns toward greater methodological integrity and a more carefully delineated commitment toward the well-being of the communities with whom we work. An entirely detached and passive anthropology is not an ethical one, but our moral engagement must be based on a solid foundation of data that are analyzed according to sound principles. Thus, ethnographic practice that is methodologically sloppy is not ethical, even if deontological duties—prescribed by the AAA Code and the IRB—have been scrupulously upheld.
Inhibition by seminal plasma of acrosomal enzymes in intact sperm.

SummaryEpididymal sperm have high trypsin-like enzyme (TLE) activity, CPE activity and neuraminidase activity whereas these enzyme activities are much lower in ejaculated sperm. Incubation of epididymal sperm with seminal plasma caused a decrease in each of these enzyme activities, indicating that seminal plasma inhibitors may transfer to the acrosomal enzymes during ejaculation. Boiled and centrifuged seminal plasma did not inhibit the TLE activity of epididymal sperm but did decrease the CPE and neuraminidase activity.
Strategic Policy Considerations and Voting Fluidity on the Burger Court

Justices are strategic actors. This is particularly evident when they change their votes between the original conference on the merits and the Court's announcement of the final decision. We predict that such voting fluidity may be influenced by strategic policy considerations, justices' uncertainty over issues involved in a case, the chief justice's interest in protecting his prerogatives, and other institutional pressures. To test our hypotheses, we explore the occurrence of fluidity on the Burger Court (1969–85). Using logistic regression, we show that justices' decisions to change their votes stem primarily from strategic policy considerations. In limited instances, the decision to switch can be attributed to either uncertainty or institutional pressures. Our findings suggest that the decision of a justice to join an opinion results from more than his or her initial policy preferences; final votes are influenced as well by the politics of opinion writing.
STATE AND LEGAL AUTHORITY

The idea of authority lies at the conceptual heart of much legal policy analysis. This essay discusses three perspectives on state and legal authority—the liberal-constitutional, the corporatist, and the technocratic—as a broad political framework for understanding major issues of judicial policy-making in the United States today. The essay examines recent literature on judicial legitimacy and capacity within the context of the three perspectives and raises research questions which derive from this approach to judicial policy. This framework provides a theoretical basis for seeing not only a decline, but changes in patterns of judicial authority and their relationship to any existing crisis of authority in the state in general.
The signal-anchor sequence of CYP2C1 inserts into the membrane as a hairpin structure

Microsomal cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are anchored to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane by the N-terminal signal-anchor sequence which is predicted to insert into the membrane as a type 1 transmembrane helix with a luminally located N-terminus. We have mapped amino acids of the CYP2C1 signal-anchor, fused to Cys-free glutathione S-transferase, within the membrane by Cys-specific labeling with membrane-impermeant maleimide polyethylene glycol. At the C-terminal end of the signal-anchor, Trp-20 was mapped to the membrane–cytosol interface and Leu-19 was within the membrane. Unexpectedly, at the N-terminal end, Glu-2 and Pro-3 were mapped to the cytoplasmic side of the membrane rather than the luminal side as expected of a type 1 transmembrane helix. Similar results were observed for the N-terminal amino acids of the signal-anchor sequences of CYP3A4 and CYP2E1. These observations indicate that contrary to the current model of the signal-anchor of CYPs as a type 1 transmembrane helix, CYP2C1, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4 are monotopic membrane proteins with N-terminal signal-anchors that have a hairpin or wedge orientation in the membrane.
No one's looking: the disappearing audience for war:

The Iraq war has generated an abundance of documentary films, supplemented by a small but growing number of Hollywood features. Yet American audiences for imagery from, of, or about the US enterprise in Iraq are remarkably scant. This article ponders the implications of this collective aversion to inspecting the war and its consequences. Setting popular `reluctance to see' in historical context, the author suggests that the current moment is sui generis: a challenge to media scholars to re-examine prevailing paradigms and to historicize the specificities of anemic contemporary `anti-war' sentiment.
Applied self-recovery technique to link and neuron prunings

Pruning algorithms based on shifting the weights of pruned links and/or neurons to the surviving parts of the network are described. After network training has completed, each hidden neuron that has insignificant effect on the performance is removed and its connection weights are shifted to other links. Experiment results show that in a classification problem, 5% to 45% of the links can be removed while the pruned network can still have essentially the same performance as the unpruned network. This technique does not require a retraining process or modification of the error cost function. The time complexities of the link and neuron pruning algorithms are O(n/sup 2/) and O(m), respectively, where n is the number of links of a neuron and m is the number of neurons in the given network.
Intralabyrinthine pathology: Role of imaging

Although the microanatomy of the membranous labyrinth remains beyond the capacity of clinical scanners, developments in imaging technology and postprocessing have continued to improve resolution of subtle intralabyrinthine pathology. This article reviews imaging selection and optimization for labyrinthine symptoms, limitations owing to patient and technical factors, and examples of discrete pathology and inferred findings based on imaging characteristics. In addition to the desire to improve resolution and contrast within a clinically acceptable acquisition time, current imaging dilemmas include computed tomography dose reduction strategies and optimizing imaging utilization.
Osteology of Falcarius utahensis (Dinosauria: Theropoda): characterizing the anatomy of basal therizinosaurs

Falcarius utahensis, from the lower Yellow Cat Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation, represents the most complete and morphologically primitive therizinosaur yet discovered. Since initial publication, only the braincase, pectoral girdle, and forelimb of this phylogenetically important taxon have been subject to detailed investigation. This work completes the description of skeletal material prepared from the Crystal Geyser Quarry subsequent to the first five years of excavation – including elements of the skull, axial column, pelvis, and hind limb of this phylogenetically critical theropod – and presents an emended and significantly expanded diagnosis. Results of this study reveal a significant degree of morphological disparity between Falcarius utahensis and the evidently coeval primitive therizinosaur Beipiaosaurus inexpectus from the Yixian Formation, People's Republic of China and help characterize morphological transformations occurring in the therizinosaur lineage that are of phylogenetic significance, particularly with regard to the highly derived presacral axial column. Finally, Falcarius documents that marked heterodonty – characterized by elongate, incisiform rostral teeth – is present in basal therizinosaurs and oviraptorosaurs (i.e. Incisivosaurus gauthieri, Protarchaeopteryx robusta), and either represents a synapomorphy or symplesiomorphy for these groups or an early phase in the convergent progression toward rostral endentulism. Nonetheless, heterodonty suggests that diet was a primary factor in the early evolution of both clades. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 158, 196–230.
Reliability modeling and assessment of grid-connected PEM fuel cell power plants

Abstract Fuel cell (FC) power plants are subject to a number of possible outage and derated states due to partial or full failure of auxiliaries. Furthermore, most of the power system reliability studies reported in the literature assume mean values of the particular measure of reliability. However, the reliability indices for grids such as failure rate, outage duration, etc. vary for different time period due to weather conditions, variety of power demands and random faults. It is essential to obtain the estimation of reliability under all environmental, operational and loading conditions. This paper considers above mentioned seasonal variation of grid reliability indices as well as partial or full failure of fuel cell auxiliaries for grid-connected PEM fuel cell power plants (FCPPs). In the paper, a detailed state–space model of the grid-connected FCPP is presented which is a combination of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) power plant generation model and grid outage model. The state–space generation model of a PEMFC power plant is formed based on the failure modes of system auxiliary components. As for the grid outage state–space modeling, the effects of weather conditions such as normal and adverse weather are taken into consideration in modeling the failure and repair rates. The functional relationship between weather conditions and transition rates, namely failure and repair rates are developed based on the fuzzy set theory and embedded into Markov model (MM). Simulation results are obtained for a 5 kW grid-connected PEMFC that supplies a typical residential house using the MATLAB software package.
THE FRACTAL GEOMETRY OF THE MANDELBROT SET 2: HOW TO COUNT AND HOW TO ADD

In a previous paper in this series,1 we showed how one may read off dynamical information about orbits of Fc(x)=x2+c from the geometry of the Mandelbrot set. In this paper we extend these ideas to show further relations between the dynamics of x2+c and the Mandelbrot set. In particular, we show that Mandelbrot set may be used as a vehicle to show students how to “count” and how to “add” geometrically. The ideas in this paper arose from a series of experiments conducted by high school students in “chaos clubs” organized in the Boston public schools by Jonathan Choate, Mary Corkery, Beverly Mawn, and the author. The goal of these clubs was to expose young students to contemporary ideas in mathematics. Students discovered various facts about the Mandelbrot set using a combination of computer experiments and group projects. This paper presents a summary of some of the students’ findings.
Kα transition probabilities for platinum and uranium ions for possible X-ray biomedical applications11This article is part of a Special Issue on the 10th International Colloquium on Atomic Spectra and Oscillator Strengths for Astrophysical and Laboratory Plasmas.

Platinum compounds, such as cisplatin and other high-Z materials, are increasingly common in biomedical applications. The absorption and emission of high-energy X-rays can occur via the 1s–2p Kα tr...
Evaluation of Kill Strips on Boll Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Mortality in Pheromone Traps and Impact on Weevil Escape

A field study examined the temporal patterns of boll weevil mortality provided by two commercially available kill strips, Hercon VaporTape II and Plato Insecticide Strip, and to evaluate the impacts of these devices on weevil escape from traps. Both types of kill strips produced similar levels of weevil mortality with the exception of the last two inspection intervals (30 and 46 h after continual exposure to kill strips). At these intervals, the Plato Strip produced significantly higher mortality than the Hercon strip; however, these differences were numerically small (10 and 6%, respectively). Both types of kill strips produced a high level of weevil mortality in traps (>90%) after 46 h of exposure. On average, 5–8% of weevils escaped from traps whether a kill strip was present or absent. A strong temporal pattern of escape was observed, with ≥90% of escape occurring within the first hour after weevils were introduced into traps. Because ≥90% of escape occurred within the first hour weevils were in the traps and <3% of weevils died during the first hour of exposure to kill strips in traps, use of kill strips in large-scale boll weevil management programs is not justified on the basis of reduced weevil escape.
Real-Time Particle Tracking in Complex Plasmas

Complex plasmas contain, in addition to the usual electrons, ions, and neutral atoms, macroscopic electrically charged (nanometer to micrometer) sized dust particles. Based on the ratio of the electrostatic potential to kinetic energy, these microparticles can exhibit gaseous, fluid, and crystal-like behavior. For this reason, complex plasmas are a unique testing ground to study multiparticle systems. The dynamics of these systems can be studied using the particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) analysis technique. The PTV technique provides a spatially resolved particle phase space distribution function, which can be used to calculate correlation functions and thermal properties of the system. There are experimental settings, such as microgravity experiments, where technical and data storage limitations make it desirable to have near real-time video analysis techniques that allow an experimenter to tune operating conditions until appropriate velocity profiles or velocity distributions are obtained. This article discusses PTV software that allows for real-time particle tracking that, we believe, can be applied to a broad range of physical systems.
Nucleophilic Fluorination Reactions Starting from Aqueous Fluoride Ion Solutions

The sulfonium borane 2+ reacts with fluoride anions in MeOH/H2O mixtures to afford the zwitterionic fluoroborate 2-F as an easily isolable nonhygroscopic solid. In dry acetonitrile, 2-F reacts with PhS− to afford the anionic fluoroborate 1-F−. The latter is very labile and acts as a nucleophilic fluorination reagent toward a variety of substrates including alkylhalides and electron-deficient aromatic compounds. This approach may become broadly applicable to nucleophilic fluorination procedures that involve wet fluoride sources.
Multi-Objective Design Optimization for Product Platform and Product Family Design Using Genetic Algorithms

Many companies are using product families and platform-based product development to reduce costs and time-to-market while increasing product variety and customization. Multi-objective optimization is increasingly becoming a powerful tool to support product platform and product family design. In this paper, a genetic algorithm-based optimization method for product family design is suggested, and its application is demonstrated using a family of universal electric motors. Using an appropriate representation for the design variables and by adopting a suitable formulation for the genetic algorithm, a one-stage approach for product family design can be realized that requires no a priori platform decision-making, eliminating the need for higher-level problem-specific domain knowledge. Optimizing product platforms using multi-objective algorithms gives the designer a Pareto solution set, which can be used to make better decisions based on the trade-offs present across different objectives. Two Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithms, namely, NSGA-II and e-NSGA-II, are described, and their performance is compared. Implementation challenges associated with the use of these algorithms are also discussed. Comparison of the results with existing benchmark designs suggests that the proposed multi-objective genetic algorithms perform better than conventional single-objective optimization techniques, while providing designers with more information to support decision making during product family design.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Colloid filtration in surface dense vegetation: experimental results and theoretical predictions.

Understanding colloid and colloid-facilitated contaminant transport in overland flow through dense vegetation is important to protect water quality in the environment, especially for water bodies receiving agricultural and urban runoff. In previous studies, a single-stem efficiency theory for rigid and clean stem systems was developed to predict colloid filtration by plant stems of vegetation in laminar overland flow. Hence, in order to improve the accuracy of the single-stem efficiency theory to real dense vegetation system, we incorporated the effect of natural organic matter (NOM) on the filtration of colloids by stems. Laboratory dense vegetation flow chamber experiments and model simulations were used to determine the kinetic deposition (filtration) rate of colloids under various conditions. The results show that, in addition to flow hydrodynamics and solution chemistry, steric repulsion afforded by NOM layer on the plants stem surface also plays a significant role in controlling colloid deposition o...
Protective effect of silybin-lactoside on acute alcohol-induced liver injury in mice

Objective Evaluation of the effect of Silybin-23-O-lactoside( Sil-Lac),acetylated lactoside( Sil-LacAcO8)on acute alcohol-induced liver injury in mice by comparing the hepatoprotective activity between silybin and silybin lactoside.Methods The method was as follows: 50% ethanol was administered orally to establish acute alcoholic liver injury model after 15days continuous intraperitoneal drug injection. Hepatotoxicity was evaluated by measuring the serum levels of aspartateaminotransferase( AST),alanine aminotransferase( ALT),cholesterol( TC),triglyceride( TG) and hepatic triglyceride( TG),malondialdehyde( MDA) as well as the tissue levels of antioxidant enzyme such as superoxide dismutase( SOD) and reductase glutathione( GSH) in mice,and histopathological change was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Results The treatment with Silybin,Sil-LacAcO8 and Sil-Lac could attenuation the changes of histopathological,increase the activities of SOD( P 0. 01),and GSH( p 0. 05,P 0. 01,P 0. 01) in liver tissues compared with alcohol-induced model control( P 0. 01),and the treatment with Sil-LacAcO8 and Sil-Lac could decrease serum AST,ALT( P 0. 01,P 0. 05) and MDA( P 0. 01) levels significantly in plasma compared with alcohol-induced model control. The treatment with Sil-Lac could decrease serum AST,ALT activities( P 0. 01) and TC level( P 0. 05); The treatment with Sil-LacAcO8 could decrease serum AST activity( P 0. 05) and increase the activity of SOD( P 0. 05) compared with Sil administration. Conclusion The protective effect of Sil-Lac,Sil-LacAcO8 on acute alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity was better than Silybin.
The Correlation Research of the Levels of Hcy, UA and Vascular Atherosclerosis and Stenosis in Head and Neck for Patients with Cerebral Infarction

Objective:To study the correlation of the levels of the homocysteine(Hcy), blood uric acid(UA) and vascular atherosclerosis and stenosis in head and neck for patients with cerebral infarction.Method:200 patients with cerebral infarction in our hospital from Jan 2013 to Jan 2014 were selected, and they were divided into the observation group and the control group, included the 120 cases of atherosclerosis and the 80 cases of no-atherosclerosis, according to the screw continuous scan in head and neck. The patients in the observation group were divided into the three groups(the mild stenosis group, the moderate stenosis group, the severe stenosis group, 40 cases per group) by the vascular stenosis degree of head and neck. The serum Hcy and UA levels were compared in the all groups.Result:Compared with the noatherosclerosis group, the serum Hcy, UA levels in the atherosclerosis group were significantly increased with statistical difference(P0.05). Compared with the mild stenosis group, the serum Hcy, UA levels in the moderate and severe stenosis groups were obviously increased with statistical difference(P0.05); compared with the moderate stenosis group, the severe stenosis groups were obviously increased with statistical difference(P0.05).Conclusion:The levels of serum Hcy and UA are significantly increasing for patients with cerebral infarction, and has the obvious correlation with vascular atherosclerosis and stenosis in head and neck.
Ancillary Tests for Assessment of the Nervous System

This article addresses the minimum data base needed to assist the clinician’s diagnostic approach to neurologic diseases. The collection, storage, and processing of cerebrospinal fluid samples are discussed. Additional diagnostic tests are described under selected specific etiologies.