cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxygen tension sensors in vascular smooth muscle.

It is well documented in the literature that mechanical tension in at least some vascular smooth muscle preparations is sensitive to organ bath oxygen tension (1–4). Figure 1 illustrates the O2sensitivity of in vitrostrips of rabbit aorta as studied by Detar and Bohr (2), who have contributed to the characterization of this phenomenon. PO2dependent mechanical tension cannot be demonstrated in vascular smooth muscle which does not have spontaneous tension without adding an agonist to produce active tension. Most investigators have studied this phenomenon in arterial strips contracted with catecholamines. Identical PO2dependent mechanical tension, however, can be demonstrated in rabbit aorta with norepinephrine and with angiotensin contractions (5), suggesting that oxygen sensitivity is not due to effects of oxygen on release, uptake or metabolism of catecholamines.
A Novel Inhibitor of Topoisomerase I Is Selectively Toxic for a Subset of Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Cell Lines

SW044248, identified through a screen for chemicals that are selectively toxic for non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines, was found to rapidly inhibit macromolecular synthesis in sensitive, but not in insensitive, cells. SW044248 killed approximately 15% of a panel of 74 NSCLC cell lines and was nontoxic to immortalized human bronchial cell lines. The acute transcriptional response to SW044248 in sensitive HCC4017 cells correlated significantly with inhibitors of topoisomerases and SW044248 inhibited topoisomerase 1 (Top1) but not topoisomerase 2. SW044248 inhibited Top1 differently from camptothecin and camptothecin did not show the same selective toxicity as SW044248. Elimination of Top1 by siRNA partially protected cells from SW044248, although removing Top1 was itself eventually toxic. Cells resistant to SW044248 responded to the compound by upregulating CDKN1A and siRNA to CDKN1A sensitized those cells to SW044248. Thus, at least part of the differential sensitivity of NSCLC cells to SW044248 is the ability to upregulate CDKN1A. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(1); 1–14. ©2015 AACR .
CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM OF MICE : VI. STRAIN DIFFERENCES IN CLASS DIFFERENTIATION AND OTHER PROPERTIES OF MARROW CELLS

Marrow cells and 5 x 107 thymocytes of unprimed (C57BL/6 x DBA/2)F1, (C57BL/10 x WB)F1 and (C3H x C57BL)F1 donor mice were mixed in vitro and transplanted into X-irradiated syngeneic hosts. Upon injection of sheep erythrocytes, splenic plaque-forming cells (PFC) secreting IgM (direct PFC or IgG (indirect PFC) hemolytic antibody were enumerated at the time of peak responses. By grading the numbers of marrow cells, inocula were found that contained few immunocompetent cells reaching the recipient spleens, interacting with thymocytes or other accessory cells (or both), and generating PFC. The frequency of responses in BDF1 mice conformed to Poisson statistics, indicating that immunocompetent marrow cells participated in a single-hit interaction limiting PFC responses. The marrow cells assayed were not restricted for the antibody class (IgM versus IgG) to be secreted by mature PFC. Unrestricted marrow cells could have been either the precursors of PFC or accessory cells. Different results were obtained in BWF1 and C3BF1 mice. The frequency of responses in relation to the number of marrow cells grafted did not follow Poisson statistics, and the limiting cells were restricted for antibody class. Presumably, immunocompetent cells of these strains were more heterogeneous than those of BDF1 mice and participated in a multiplicity of cell-to-cell interactions. The strain differences reflected inherent properties of marrow cells and not influences of the environment in which PFC were produced. The results confirmed for bone marrow the heterogeneity of immunocompetent cells reported by others for spleen, and suggested that genetic factors such as "immune response" genes regulate cellular differentiation also for functions other than those related to antibody specificity.
A phase II trial of pemetrexed (P) in patients (pts) with performance status (PS) 2 and 3 as first- and second-line treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

18149 P (Alimta) is approved as second-line therapy in pts with advanced NSCLC. In a phase III trial comparing P with docetaxel (D), median survival was 8.3 mos (P) vs 7.9 mos (D); P had a more fav...
Neurocognitive and psychiatric dimensions of hot, but not cool, impulsivity predict HIV sexual risk behaviors among drug users in protracted abstinence

ABSTRACTBackground: Impulsivity is an important risk factor for HIV risky drug and sexual behaviors. Research identifies hot (i.e. affectively-mediated, reward-based) and cool (motoric, attentional, independent of context) neurocognitive and psychiatric dimensions of impulsivity, though the impact of specific drugs of abuse on these varieties of impulsivity remains an open question. Objectives: The present study examined the associations of neurocognitive and psychiatric varieties of hot and cool impulsivity with measures of lifetime and recent sexual risk behaviors among users of different classes of drugs. Methods: The study sample was comprised of drug users in protracted (> 1 year) abstinence: heroin mono-dependent (n = 61), amphetamine mono-dependent (n = 44), and polysubstance dependent (n = 73). Hot impulsivity was operationalized via neurocognitive tasks of reward-based decision-making and symptoms of psychopathy. Cool impulsivity was operationalized via neurocognitive tasks of response inhibition...
Synthesis and Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization of Second-Generation Dendronized Poly(ether) Monomers Initiated by Ruthenium Carbenes

The Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP) of second-generation dendronized monomers is described. Using the highly active and fast-initiating third-generation ruthenium complex [(H_2IMes)(pyr)_2Cl_2RuCHPh], moderate to high molecular weight polymers (430-2230 kDa) are efficiently synthesized with low dispersities (Ð = 1.01-1.17). This study highlights the power of the metathesis approach toward polymer synthesis in a context where monomer structure can significantly impede polymerization.
Examination of the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM-68) Factor Structure in a Sample of Pregnant Smokers.

Introduction: Smoking during pregnancy poses known risks to fetal and infant development. Women who continue to smoke during pregnancy exhibit higher levels of nicotine dependence than women who quit. Increased understanding of the construct of nicotine dependence in pregnant smokers may aid in the development of effective treatments. Research has suggested that nicotine dependence is a multifaceted construct, driven not only by withdrawal and tolerance processes, but also by reinforcement, sensory, and contextual processes. The Wisconsin inventory of smoking dependence motives (WISDM-68) assesses 13 varied smoking motives in order to assess processes that may lead to nicotine dependence.
P3.071 Overutilization of Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Tests in Older Women

Background Baltimore City ranks in the top half among major US cities for rates of chlamydia infections, 80% of which were from women Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of medical records for all Medicaid-insured women aged 26 and older who were seen for a gynaecology visit at an academic medical institution in Baltimore, MD from January 2009 to December 2010 and tested for CT and GC. Pregnant women and those who were HIV positive were excluded from the study. Results Of the 625 women that were included in the study, the median age of those testing positive for CT or GC was 30 (IQR 28–32). For those who tested negative, the median age was 35 (IQR 30–45). No woman over the age of 45 had a positive test. The prevalence of CT and GC in this population was 1.7% and 0.3%, respectively. By only testing women who were symptomatic, had a history of an STI, who complained of being exposed to an STI, or were 40 years or younger, we captured all positive tests and screened 86.4% of the original 625 patients. Conclusion There remains a low prevalence of chlamydia and gonorrhoea in older women, regardless of risk factors. We recommend selective screening of high-risk women (STI exposure, symptomatic, or hx of STI). This research demonstrates the need for improved adherence to and rethinking of CT and GC guidelines in older women.
Abstract LB-84: The Importance of Consumer Involvement in Design, Implemenation and Dissemination of Breast Cancer Research

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL There is a growing recognition among researchers and clinicians to include consumers and patients in all stages of cancer research. Various advocacy groups and individuals are designing programs to educate and equip survivors and consumers on various aspects of the cancer research and advocacy processes. It is crucial to make these consumers valued members of the dialogue on developing research that may one day directly impact them. The consumer voice is a valued aspect of research that has been consistently overlooked by many researchers and clinicians in the past. By including consumer perspective, these researchers and clinicians are now finding it can greatly enrich the scope, design, impact and outcomes of their research. This poster follows the path of one such consumer advocate\_a young, pre-menopausal breast cancer survivor\_and how other such consumers can impact the research process to maximize consumer benefit. Researchers will be able to explore how they may better engage consumers for enrichment of their research impact and stated aims. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-84. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-LB-84
Feedback process neural networks model with application in classification of dynamic signal

To solve the classification of dynamic signal,this paper proposed a feedback process neural networks model and classification methods based on this model.The time-varying function could be directly used as input of this network.In addition to the existence of the feed-forward information flow like a normal neural network,there still existed the feedback information flow from output to input in this model,and the nodes could also form a self-feedback.The network could be directly used into pattern classification of dynamic signals.Improved the efficiency and stability of the network evidently with application of the feedback information from the neurons in output layer in the learning process of the feedback process neural networks.Ta-king the classification of time-varying functions as an example,the experimental results show that the model and the algorithm are efficient.
Bile acid sensitivity and in vivo virulence of clinical Clostridium difficile isolates

Clostridium difficile is an anaerobic bacterium that causes diarrheal illnesses. Disease onset is linked with exposure to oral antibiotics and consequent depletion of secondary bile acids. Here we investigate the relationship between in vitro secondary bile acid tolerance and in vivo disease scores of diverse C. difficile strains in mice.
Environmental Disturbances Decrease the Variability of Microbial Populations within Periphyton

ABSTRACT A central pursuit of microbial ecology is to accurately model changes in microbial community composition in response to environmental factors. This goal requires a thorough understanding of the drivers of variability in microbial populations. However, most microbial ecology studies focus on the effects of environmental factors on mean population abundances, rather than on population variability. Here, we imposed several experimental disturbances upon periphyton communities and analyzed the variability of populations within disturbed communities compared with those in undisturbed communities. We analyzed both the bacterial and the diatom communities in the periphyton under nine different disturbance regimes, including regimes that contained multiple disturbances. We found several similarities in the responses of the two communities to disturbance; all significant treatment effects showed that populations became less variable as the result of environmental disturbances. Furthermore, multiple disturbances to these communities were often interactive, meaning that the effects of two disturbances could not have been predicted from studying single disturbances in isolation. These results suggest that environmental factors had repeatable effects on populations within microbial communities, thereby creating communities that were more similar as a result of disturbances. These experiments add to the predictive framework of microbial ecology by quantifying variability in microbial populations and by demonstrating that disturbances can place consistent constraints on the abundance of microbial populations. Although models will never be fully predictive due to stochastic forces, these results indicate that environmental stressors may increase the ability of models to capture microbial community dynamics because of their consistent effects on microbial populations. IMPORTANCE There are many reasons why microbial community composition is difficult to model. For example, the high diversity and high rate of change of these communities make it challenging to identify causes of community turnover. Furthermore, the processes that shape community composition can be either deterministic, which cause communities to converge upon similar compositions, or stochastic, which increase variability in community composition. However, modeling microbial community composition is possible only if microbes show repeatable responses to extrinsic forcing. In this study, we hypothesized that environmental stress acts as a deterministic force that shapes microbial community composition. Other studies have investigated if disturbances can alter microbial community composition, but relatively few studies ask about the repeatability of the effects of disturbances. Mechanistic models implicitly assume that communities show consistent responses to stressors; here, we define and quantify microbial variability to test this assumption. Author Video : An author video summary of this article is available.
Recent Upgrades of the Colorado State Na Lidar for Wind/Temperature and Daytime Measurements

We report recent upgrade of the Colorado State narrowband Na Lidar and initial results for nighttime simultaneous radial wind/temperature and daytime temperature measurements.
Sensing soil and foliar phosphorus fluorescence in Zea mays in response to large phosphorus additions

Additions of large loads of phosphorus (P) enriched animal manure to soils and the persistence of their environmental impact have been associated with continued water quality impairment in regions of high density of confined animal feeding operations. Foliar P in corn (Zea mays L.) and changes in labile P in Aquic Hapludults were determined following P application of 0–560 kg P ha−1 as KH2PO4 and an application of Fe3+ (150 mg Fe3+ kg−1) in field mini-lysimeters to develop calibrations of soil and plant nutritional responses. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) scanning of uppermost leaves of plants at the V2, V5, and V8 stages showed that foliar P proportionally increased with addition rates. Exchangeable and enzyme-labile P forms were effective indicators of foliar XRFS-P for up to 30 days after emergence. Phosphorus calibration curves developed for flag leaves showed that spatial distribution of foliar P (3.6, 4.2, and 5.3 g kg−1) corresponded to field zones treated with 0, 15, and 30 kg P ha−1 as dairy manure P for the past 18 years. Up-to-date crop uptake and availability of P in these Hapludults were best described by a square root function of soil XRFS-P and total exchangeable inorganic P (r2 = 0.4; RMSE = 419 and 422 g ha−1, respectively). Therefore, a timely knowledge of canopy P status and its linkage to actual soil P status supports in situ element-specific sensing and precision nutrient management in order to manage the declining use-efficiency in crops and reduce potential loss to the environment.
The Development and Impact of a Social Media and Professionalism Course for Medical Students

ABSTRACTProblem: Inappropriate social media behavior can have detrimental effects on students' future opportunities, but medical students are given little opportunity to reflect upon ways of integrating their social media identities with their newly forming professional identities. Intervention: In 2012, a required educational session was developed for 1st-year medical students on social media and professional identity. Objectives include identifying professionalism issues and recognizing positive social media use. The 2-hour large-group session uses student-generated social media examples to stimulate discussion and concludes with an expert panel. Students complete a postsession reflection assignment. Context: The required social media session occurs early in the 1st year and is part of the Professionalism curriculum in The George Washington University School of Medicine. Reflection papers are graded for completion. Outcome: The study began in 2012 and ran through 2014; a total of 313/505 participants (6...
A Prospective One-Year Microbiologic Survey of Combined Pneumonia and Respiratory Failure.

Abstract Background: Pneumonia and respiratory failure are common problems in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting, often occurring together. The relative prevalence of pneumonia types (community acquired, hospital acquired, ventilator associated) and causative pathogens is not well described in patients with respiratory failure. Methods: This was a prospective observational cohort study conducted in the medical ICU (34 beds) of Barnes-Jewish Hospital, an academic referral center of 1,300 beds from January 2016–December 2016. All patients who were prospectively adjudicated to have respiratory failure and pneumonia (RFP) regardless of pneumonia type were classified into one of four microbiologic categories: pathogen negative, antibiotic-susceptible pathogen (according to ceftriaxone susceptibility), antibiotic-resistant pathogen, and viruses. The primary outcomes assessed were the hospital mortality rate and inappropriate initial antibiotic therapy (IIAT) for non-viral pathogens. Results: Among 364 consec...
Assessing and overcoming participant dishonesty in online data collection

Crowdsourcing services, such as MTurk, have opened a large pool of participants to researchers. Unfortunately, it can be difficult to confidently acquire a sample that matches a given demographic, psychographic, or behavioral dimension. This problem exists because little information is known about individual participants and because some participants are motivated to misrepresent their identity with the goal of financial reward. Despite the fact that online workers do not typically display a greater than average level of dishonesty, when researchers overtly request that only a certain population take part in an online study, a nontrivial portion misrepresent their identity. In this study, a proposed system is tested that researchers can use to quickly, fairly, and easily screen participants on any dimension. In contrast to an overt request, the reported system results in significantly fewer (near zero) instances of participant misrepresentation. Tests for misrepresentations were conducted by using a large database of past participant records (~45,000 unique workers). This research presents and tests an important tool for the increasingly prevalent practice of online data collection.
Tabla: An acoustic device designed for low cost pneumonia detection

Every year pneumonia is the cause of death for over a million people worldwide, with most of these deaths occurring in areas that do not have access to advanced medical infrastructure. Current methods of diagnosis include physical exam findings and chest x-rays, which can greatly facilitate treatment but are limited by interobserver error and availability. Using rapid prototyping techniques, we have developed a non-invasive acoustic proof of concept device that computes the transfer function of the chest to characterize the accumulation of fluid in the lungs caused by pneumonia. Difference in sound transmission at 500 Hz is presented as a marker of acoustic mismatch. Preliminary data is presented for a pneumonia patient with a 10 dB difference at 500 Hz between healthy and consolidated lung. Our device relies on methods which are low cost to implement and simple to administer, and if successful, will provide an inexpensive and rapid method for pneumonia diagnosis.
Upper airway obstruction in neonates: Does sleep exacerbate symptoms?

Objective Describe the factors that exacerbate upper airway obstructions (UAOs) in neonates. Study design Retrospective chart review. Setting Pediatric tertiary care hospital. Subjects and methods All neonates hospitalized between 1/1/2010 and 12/31/2014 diagnosed with either: 1) laryngomalacia, 2) Pierre Robin sequence, or 3) vocal cord paralysis were included in this study. Patient charts were reviewed to determine factors that exacerbated symptoms of airway obstruction. The independent variable was patient diagnosis, and the outcome measure was exacerbating factors. Results In patients with laryngomalacia (n = 31), 41.9% worsened with agitation, 38.7% worsened with feeding, 16.1% worsened with positioning, 0.0% worsened during sleep, and 25.8% had no aggravating factors. In Pierre-Robin patients (n = 31), 48.4% worsened with agitation, 16.1% worsened with feeding, 61.3% worsened with positional changes, 0.0% worsened during sleep, and 12.9% had no aggravating factors. In vocal cord paralysis patients (n = 25), 72.0% worsened with agitation, 8.0% worsened with feeding, 20.0% worsened with positional changes, 4.0% worsened during sleep, and 24.0% had no aggravating factors. Conclusion Airway obstruction was not reliably exacerbated during sleep for any of the diagnoses studied in this review. Our findings show that agitation exacerbates airway obstruction in most patients with vocal cord paralysis, and positioning exacerbates airway obstruction in the majority of patients with PRS. Aggravating factors in laryngomalacia are variable. These findings question the utility of polysomnography as a diagnostic tool for hospitalized neonates with these conditions. Level of evidence 4.
mHi-C: robust leveraging of multi-mapping reads in Hi-C analysis

Current Hi-C analysis approaches are unable to account for reads that align to multiple locations, and hence underestimate biological signal from repetitive regions of genomes. We developed mHi-C, a multi-read mapping strategy to probabilistically allocate Hi-C multi-reads. mHi-C exhibited superior performance over utilizing only uni-reads and heuristic approaches aimed at rescuing multi-reads on benchmarks. Specifically, mHi-C increased the sequencing depth by an average of 20% leading to higher reproducibility of contact matrices and larger number of significant contacts across biological replicates. mHi-C also revealed biologically supported bona fide promoter-enhancer interactions and topologically associating domains involving repetitive genomic regions, thereby unlocking a previously masked portion of the genome for conformation capture studies.
Brachytherapy in Spinal Tumors: A Systematic Review.

Background Conventional external beam radiation and stereotactic radiosurgery are common radiation techniques used to treat spinal tumors. Intraoperative brachytherapy (BT) may serve as an alternative when other options have been exhausted or as an adjunct in combination with other therapies. The objective of this study was to systematically review the literature on BT use in spinal tumor surgery. Methods PubMed and Embase databases were systematically queried for literature reporting the use of BT in the surgical treatment of spinal tumors. PRISMA guidelines were followed. A meta-analysis was performed. Results Of the 203 initial articles queried, 15 studies were included. Of the 370 total patients described, 78% were treated for spine metastases. Indications for BT included tumors refractory to previous treatments and inability to tolerate chemotherapy, radiation, and/or open surgery. Seed placement was the most common method of delivery (58%) compared with plaques (42%). BT was placed during an open procedure in 52%, and of the remaining percutaneous procedures, 47% were combined with cement augmentation. Tumor recurrence rates varied from 13% to 49%. Seven studies reporting visual analog scale scores reported significant improvement in pain control. Conclusions BT was used to treat metastatic disease in patients who failed previous therapies and could not tolerate open surgery or further therapy. This review summarizes the major findings in the available literature pertaining to patient background, indications, and outcomes. Spinal BT seems to be a viable option for spine tumor treatment and should be made available at treating centers.
Frequency Domain Test-Analysis Correlation in the Presence of Uncertainty

The aerospace community traditionally relies on modal-based test-analysis correlation metrics, such as natural frequency matching and cross-orthogonality, but these techniques are known to breakdown in the presence of high modal density. This paper shows how the frequency domain orthogonality metric can parallel validation criteria that are currently used with modal analysis, while avoiding the complications and pitfalls associated with modal analysis beyond the low-frequency range. This work also examines a modification of the correlation criteria in the presence of uncertainty contained in an ensemble of test data. A 6-DOF spring-mass system and a General Purpose Spacecraft example are included to illustrate the use of the correlation criteria.
Residential Segregation and Education

Given the extensive housing segregation in large US and European cities, it follows that if schools have neighbourhood attendance areas they are likely to also be segregated. Student busing and other assignment policies in the United States reduced school segregation but had little effect on neighbourhood segregation, and now school segregation is increasing in the face of large-scale immigrant inflows into large US and European cities. US school desegregation policy and presently UK educational policies have focused on the potential negative effects of segregation on educational outcomes, and have designed attendance policies to counter the effects of neighbourhood segregation. The attempts to undo school segregation have been complicated by white flight from inner-city public schools and by enrolment in private and charter schools.
The role of domain E in the activity of Bacillus macerans cyclodextrin glucanotransferase

Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGT) is an industrial enzyme used for the production of cyclodextrins (CDs). CGT folds into five domains A, B, C, D and E. Domain E has the ability to bind starch and cyclodextrins (CDs) and is considered the starch-binding domain of CGT. Two maltose binding sites (MBS1 and MBS2) have been identified in domain E. Domain E participates in the formation of a deep groove which is located on the protein surface of CGT and extends from the active site to MBS2. To investigate the function of domain E in the catalysis of CGT, CGT mutants were constructed using a CGT from Bacillus macerans. The truncated CGT (CGTAE), was constructed by deleting domain E. In the chimeric CGT (CGT-SBD), domain E was replaced with the starch binding domain (SBD) of glucoamylase I (GAI), which has a similar structure and function to domain E. The modified CGT (CGT+6) was constructed by inserting six amino acids between domains D and E. The six amino acids were inserted as a pseudo linker in order to perturb the alignment of the groove by increasing the distance between domains D and E. CGTAE exhibited no detectable activity, whereas CGT-SBD had very low cyclization, starch-degrading, and coupling activities. CGT+6 exhibited about 5060% of the wild type CGT (WT-CGT) activity, and its thennostability was lower than that of WT-CGT. The K^, value for the cyclization activity of CGT+6 was about 2.6 fold greater than that of WT-CGT. The efficiency of the cyclization reaction (kgat /K„) was also significantly reduced.
Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Schools and Its Relationship to School Climate

Within effective organizations employees often go beyond formal job responsibilities, performing nonmandatory tasks with no expectation of recognition or compensation. Therefore, it is important to...
Efficient and Selective Bioconjugation Using Surfactants

The surfactant sodium decanote is used in the drug substance process of Besponsa, an antibody drug conjugate (ADC), to facilitate bioconjugation between activated calicheamicin derivative (linker payload) and inotuzumab (monoclonal antibody). Under the normal conjugation process conditions, sodium decanoate forms micelles and the micelle formation was shown to be critical for the efficient conjugation reaction. Further screening studies indicated that sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium deoxycholate, and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide were also able to facilitate the conjugation reaction. While the choice of surfactant and its concentration in the reaction impact the conjugation efficiency, the charge of surfactant and the choice of linker payload influence the conjugated lysine site selectivity. Eight major conjugated lysine sites are observed in Besponsa, as compared to approximately 80 conjugated lysine sites typically observed in conventional lysine-based ADCs.
Alternative pathways to human development: Assessing trade-offs and synergies in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals

Abstract How achievable are the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) across different policy pathways? In this paper we model three alternative policy pathways for achieving SDG targets: technology, lifestyle change, and decentralized governance. We use countries that historically have developed rapidly to scale alternative pathways in an integrated assessment platform and explore the achievability of nine human development related SDGs to 2050. We find that combining all interventions leads to 63 percent of SDG target values achieved by 2030 and 89 percent by 2050, falling short of full achievement. The global technology pathway is the most successful at improving human development while the reduced consumption pathway is least successful. Achievement in lower secondary education, sanitation, and electricity lag behind other indicators across each of these scenarios. We also show that the geographic level of analysis matters significantly in assessing SDG achievement: assessed via global population, many SDGs appear achievable, but assessed at the country level, many small poor countries do not achieve targets in any scenario. This suggests that these most vulnerable countries (MVCs) should be the focus of a global effort to sustainably improve human development.
Mouse bone collagenase. The effect of heparin on the amount of enzyme released in tissue culture and on the activity of the enzyme.

The amount of mouse bone collagenase recovered in the tissue culture medium of bone culturedin vitro was increased by the addition of heparin at an optimal concentration of approximately 50 units/ml of tissue culture medium. Dextran sulfate and Treburon (a synthetic polysaccharide-sulfuric ester) which are structurally and chemically related to heparin were as effective as heparin in increasing the amount of mouse bone collagenase recovered in the tissue culture medium. In addition to stimulating the synthesis and/or release of mouse bone collagenase, heparin was also found to increase the specific activity of both crude and purified preparations of the enzyme when assayed using collagen in the solid state as the substrate, but showed no enhancement of enzyme activity when assayed using collagen in solution as the substrate. Dextran sulfate was as effective as heparin in increasing the activity of the enzyme using collagen in the solid state as a substrate. Neither heparin or dextran sulfate enhanced the activity ofClostridium histolyticum collagenase. For the first time, a purified tissue collagenase has been shown to both degrade and solubilize undenatured, insoluble tissue collagen at 37°. Moreover, since this action was markedly enhanced by the addition of heparin, it suggests that heparin and similar substances may play an important role in the regulation of collagen degradation during the remodeling of collagenous tissuesin vivo.
Weyl points in systems of multiple semiconductor-superconductor quantum dots

As an analogy to the Weyl point in $k$-space, we search for energy levels which close at a single point as a function of a three-dimensional parameter space. Such points are topologically protected in the sense that any perturbation which acts on the two-level subsystem can be corrected by tuning the control parameters. We find that parameter-controlled Weyl points are ubiquitous in semiconductor-superconductor quantum dots and that they are deeply related to Majorana zero modes. In this paper, we present several semiconductor-superconductor quantum-dot devices which host parameter-controlled Weyl points. Furthermore, we show how these points can be observed experimentally via conductance measurements.
For When It Rains: How One Community College Established an Incentivized Student Savings Account

This practice brief addresses the financial insecurity faced by many community college students and provides recommendations for community college practitioners on how to use incentivized savings a...
Clinicopathologic and Imaging Features of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer with MET Exon 14 Skipping Mutations

MET exon 14 (METex14) skipping mutations are an emerging potentially targetable oncogenic driver mutation in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The imaging features and patterns of metastasis of NSCLC with primary METex14 skipping mutations (METex14-mutated NSCLC) are not well described. Our goal was to determine the clinicopathologic and imaging features that may suggest the presence of METex14 skipping mutations in NSCLC. This IRB-approved retrospective study included NSCLC patients with primary METex14 skipping mutations and pre-treatment imaging data between January 2013 and December 2018. The clinicopathologic characteristics were extracted from electronic medical records. The imaging features of the primary tumor and metastases were analyzed by two thoracic radiologists. In total, 84 patients with METex14-mutated NSCLC (mean age = 71.4 ± 10 years; F = 52, 61.9%, M = 32, 38.1%; smokers = 47, 56.0%, nonsmokers = 37, 44.0%) were included in the study. Most tumors were adenocarcinoma (72; 85.7%) and presented as masses (53/84; 63.1%) that were peripheral in location (62/84; 73.8%). More than one in five cancers were multifocal (19/84; 22.6%). Most patients with metastatic disease had only extrathoracic metastases (23/34; 67.6%). Fewer patients had both extrathoracic and intrathoracic metastases (10/34; 29.4%), and one patient had only intrathoracic metastases (1/34, 2.9%). The most common metastatic sites were the bones (14/34; 41.2%), the brain (7/34; 20.6%), and the adrenal glands (7/34; 20.6%). Four of the 34 patients (11.8%) had metastases only at a single site. METex14-mutated NSCLC has distinct clinicopathologic and radiologic features.
Queer slacktivism as silent activism? The contested politics of queer subjectivities on GhanaWeb:

This article examines the news, information, and entertainment website called GhanaWeb to ascertain how Ghanaians anonymously engaged in debates and conversations on homosexuality in Ghana and the ...
Retrospective survey on health issues of late preterm infants

Objective To analyze if late preterm infants have more postnatal health issues than full term infants.Methods Two thousands four hundreds and ten neonatal records were reviewed from August 31st 2007 to September 1st 2008.There were totally 508 late preterm and 1 514 full term infants were admitted during that time.The incidence of hypothermia,jaundice,hypoglycemia,transient tachypnea of newborn,feeding difficulties,respiratory distress and intracranial hemorrhage was collected.Clinical prognosis was analyzed.Results The incidence of hypothermia was significantly higher in late preterm infants group as compared to full term infants group(13.4% vs 0),same as hypoglycemia(19.9% vs 3.0%,P ＜0.01),respiratory distress(38.6% vs 10.8%,P ＜ 0.01),jaundice(55.0% vs 33.0%,P ＜ 0.01),feeding difficulties (52.4% vs 14.2%,P ＜0.01),transient tachypnea of newborn(31.0% vs 13.1%,P ＜0.01)and intracranial hemorrhage(5.1% vs 2.3%,P ＜0.01).The proportion of ventilation,the usage of surfactant and nasal continuous positive airway pressure were higher in late preterm infants group and the withdrawal rate was also higher as compared to full term infants group.Conclusion Late preterm infants have more complications versus full term infants and it has potential unrecognized risk among neonatal population. Key words: Infant; newborn; Late preterm infant
Community Policing as a Tool to Strengthening Police and Community Relations

This paper explores community policing and the relationship between the community and the police department. Community policing is an organizational philosophy that emphasizes the importance of cooperation between law enforcement and community members to identify and resolve issues related to crime and disorder. Community policing strategies are designed to increase partnerships between police and the community while emphasizing problem-solving approaches. There have been many attempts to strengthen community policing, but these attempts have often failed. This paper discusses why those attempts often fail and how law enforcement can change their practices to better connect with their communities. Trust, communication, and cooperation are all components of relationships, and relationships are the key to better community policing. This author argues that, if police officers interacted more with their communities, they might better understand how to form genuine relationships with community members and how to cooperate to fight crime and keep the community safe. This author also endeavors to offer some insight and methods for how to build a healthier relationship between law enforcement and the community.
Ethical decision-making models: a taxonomy of models and review of issues

A discussion of ethical decision-making literature is overdue. In this article, we summarize the current literature of ethical decision-making models used in mental health professions. Of 1,520 art...
The Role of Polymer Carrier and Process Parameters for Small Molecule Drug Delivery via Blended Electrospinning

Delivery of therapeutic compounds to the diseased area in the body with minimized adverse effects is the underlying objective behind development of advanced drug delivery systems. Providing disease...
Time Availability: Assessing Causal Ordering in the Performance of Paid Labor and Unpaid Housework

Key to understanding gender inequality in families, the time availability hypothesis implies that one’s time in paid work negatively affects one’s time in unpaid housework. Although dozens of studi...
The South Seas on Stage

This essay explores how the theater supplied a visual and sonic language for understanding not just the far-flung reaches of the world but also spectatorship more generally. While beginning with Charles Darwin aboard the HMS Beagle, its primary focus is the aftermath of Captain Cook’s first and second voyages in the 1770s and 1780s, especially the roles played by the Royal Academy of Science, the Royal Academy of Art, and London’s Theatre Royals in creating the visual and sonic vocabularies by which British subjects came to imagine the islands and peoples of the South Pacific. Theater’s intense topicality requires taking full stock of the cultural bodies and institutions with which it interacts, and nowhere are such collaborations more visible than in early spectacles that introduced the islands of the South Pacific to the British public. Surveying Harlequin Robinson Crusoe (1781) and Omai; or, A Voyage around the World (1785), the essay explores the roles played by Joseph Banks, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Jacque Philippe de Loutherbourg, Thomas Linley, and others in shaping how London — and eventually provincial — audiences understood the meaning and import of Cook’s voyages of exploration and colonization.
Tilting at a Myth

The Telephone Gambit . Chasing Alexander Graham Bell's Secret. By Seth Shulman . Norton, New York, 2008. 256 pp. $24.95, C$27.50. ISBN 9780393062069. On the basis of his own archival research, the author argues that Alexander Graham Bell stole the key idea behind the invention of the telephone from Elisha Gray.
Penalized regression for genome-wide association screening of sequence data.

W hole exome and whole genome sequencing are likely to be potent tools in the study of common diseases and complex traits. Despite this promise, some very difficult issues in data management and statistical analysis must be squarely faced. The number of rare variants identified by sequencing is apt to be much larger than the number of common variants encountered in current association studies. The low frequencies of rare variants alone will make association testing difficult. This article extends the penalized regression framework for model selection in genome-wide association data to sequencing data with both common and rare variants. Previous research has shown that lasso penalties discourage irrelevant predictors from entering a model. The Euclidean penalties dealt with here group variants by gene or pathway. Pertinent biological information can be incorporated by calibrating penalties by weights. The current paper examines some of the tradeoffs in using pure lasso penalties, pure group penalties, and mixtures of the two types of penalty. All of the computational and statistical advantages of lasso penalized estimation are retained in this richer setting. The overall strategy is implemented in the free statistical genetics analysis software Mendel and illustrated on both simulated and real data.
A swarm intelligence based approach to the mine detection problem

In this paper, we have applied a swarm intelligence based technique to a mine detection problem. Swarm intelligence techniques are used to model robotic agents to solve the problem. Studies made on the ant colonies, which is a typical member of the family of swarms, are applied in devising the techniques for the agents. Ant colony models bestow intelligence not only at the individual level, but more at the collective level (the interactions produced by the individual members in trying to solve a common problem). An analysis of the results obtained with a computer simulation of the mine detection is also presented.
Electrostrictive stress singularities in angular corners of plates

Die ungekoppelte Theorie der zweidimensionalen Elektrostriktion wird verwendet, um die Hauptspannungssingularitat zu untersuchen, die am Scheitel eines elastischen dielektrischen Sektors in einem ziemlich allgemeinen clektrischen Feld entsteht. Die (radialen) Rander des Sektors sind entweder spannungslos oder verschiebungslos. Es wurde festgestellt, dass fur Scheitelwinkel >180° diese elektrostriktive Singularitat von hoherer Ordnung ist als die Hauptsingularitat, welche durch mechanische und thermische Wirkungen gekennzeichnet ist. Kein singulares Verhalten ist moglich bei Scheitelwinkeln <180°.
Disk accretion by magnetic neutron stars.

A model for disk accretion by a rotating magnetic neutron star is proposed which includes a detailed description of matter flow in the transition region between the disk and the magnetosphere. It is shown that the disk plasma cannot be completely screened from the stellar magnetic field and that the resulting magnetic coupling between the star and the disk exerts a significant torque on the star. On the assumption that the distortion of the residual stellar field lines threading the disk is limited by reconnection, the total accretion torque on the star is calculated. The calculated torque gives period changes in agreement with those observed in the pulsating X-ray sources and provides a natural explanation of why a fast rotator like Her X-1 has a spin-up rate much below the conventional estimate for slow rotators. It is shown that for such fast rotators, fluctuations in the mass-accretion rate can produce fluctuations in the accretion torque about 100 times larger. For sufficiently fast rotators or, equivalently, for sufficiently low accretion rates, the star experiences a braking torque even while accretion continues and without any mass ejection from its vicinity.
Stroop Effect: Interference and Facilitation with Verbal and Manual Responses:

Two groups of 12 volunteers manually (button pushing) or verbally identified the ink color of 5, randomly ordered and tachistoscopically presented, kinds of stimulus conditons, specified by the nature of the noncolor information and the relationship between color and noncolor information: Congruent Color Words, Noncolor Words, Scrambled Color Words, Nonword Geometric Shapes, and Noncongruent Color Words. With verbal response, facilitation of reaction time occurred for Congruent Color Words compared to Scrambled Color Words and Noncolor Words but not when compared to the Nonword Control, while with manual response facilitation appeared for all comparisons. Interference appeared for both groups, with Noncongruent Color Words having the slowest reaction time. The present design corrected for inadequacies in previous studies and more firmly established the conclusion of parallel perceptual processing of color and noncolor information, with facilitation/interference effects being localized in postperceptual decision operations of signal summation and response competition.
Photosynthetic quotients, new production and net community production in the open ocean

Abstract Based on balanced chemical equations for the production of proteins, polysaccharides, lipids and nucleic acids from inorganic precursors and reported estimates of the composition of microalgal biomass, the photosynthetic quotients (PQs) for new and recycled production are estimated to be 1.4 ± 0.1 and 1.1 ± 0.1, respectively. Reports that the PQs for new production is 1.8 or higher appear to result from comparisons of gross oxygen production to net CO2 assimilation. Available experimental data suggest that net community carbon production and new production of carbon in the ocean differ by less than 10%. Evidence indicates that the ratio of carbon to nitrogen (C:N) in the organic matter exported from the photic zone exceeds the Redfield ratio of 5.7 by weight, regardless of whether the organic matter is exported in the form of dissolved organics or passively or actively transported particulates. Hence scaling nitrate uptake by the Redfield ratio to estimate net community carbon production will tend to underestimate the export of organic carbon from the photic zone, the magnitude of the probable error being roughly 15–30%.