cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Holocene Sedimentary Environment of the Atlantic Inner Shelf off Delaware

High-resolution subbottom profiles have been used to identify and map the pre-Holocene erosional surface in Delaware Bay and in the Atlantic Ocean off the Delaware coast. Vibracoring has revealed the nature and age of the various seismic layers. Age identifications based on radiocarbon dating, on oxidation zones, and on lithologic characteristics confirm the partial retention of Holocene coastal environments under the inner shelf. The Holocene transgression across the ancient Rehoboth and Indian River lagoons has involved erosion through the Holocene lagoonal sediments in some areas, leaving pre-Holocene ridges exposed on the inner-shelf sea floor where once there may have been headlands. Where the ancient lagoonal deposits are thickest over depressions in the pre-Holocene surface, Holocene coastal sediments were retained. The presence of marsh peat, dated as ∼7,500 yr B.P., and overlying very fine lagoonal mud proves that lagoonal conditions existed east of Delaware even then. The position of the barrier complex related to these earlier Holocene lagoons is projected on a paleographic reconstruction to be at least 12 km (7 n mi) east of the present coast. This yields a minimum average coastline retreat rate of 1.6 horizontal m per yr. (6 ft per yr). This study of the shallow subsurface geology also revealed that the bottom morphological features of the inner shelf off Delaware are related to dynamic molding of hydraulic bedforms in equilibrium with the present marine environment. Although one ridge form was found to be a subcrop of Pleistocene sand and gravel, most of the ridge and channel topography was found to be formed within the upper Holocene sediments. This is especially true of the shore-face-connected ridges off Rehoboth Bay and Bethany Beach, the inlet-associated shoals near the mouth of Delaware Bay, and the Delaware shelf-valley flood channel.
Surface Polaritons On Large-amplitude Gratings

We present numerical studies of the dispersion relation for surface polaritons that propagate on the surface of a model free-electron metal upon which a periodic grating has been impressed. The calculations are based on the integral equation formulation of the boundary-value problem, as discussed earlier by Toigo, Marvin, Hill, Celli, and others. We employ the "extinction theorem" scheme, which yields convergent results for values of the ratio $\frac{{\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{0}}{a}$ far in excess of 0.072, where the Rayleigh-Fano method fails when applied to the scattering of a scalar wave from a hard wall with profile given by ${\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{0}cos(\frac{2\ensuremath{\pi}x}{a})$. We give results for the dispersion relation for two grating profiles, the sinusoidal and the symmetric sawtooth forms.
Effects of positional changes on inferior vena caval size and dynamics and correlations with right-sided cardiac pressure*

Effects of supine and lateral positions on the size and shape of the inferior vena cava (IVC) were studied in 30 normal persons and in 53 patients with cardiac disease undergoing right-sided cardiac catheterization. In normal subjects, mean values for both IVC diameter and area decreased significantly (p less than 0.01) from the right lateral (22 +/- 3 mm and 3.9 +/- 0.6 cm2, respectively) to the supine position (15 +/- 5 mm; 1.8 +/- 0.9 cm2) to the left lateral position (7 +/- 3 mm; 0.8 +/- 0.4 cm2). IVC shape was round in the right lateral, oval in the supine, and slit-like in left lateral position. In the 53 patients, significant differences in IVC diameter and area were also detected in all 3 positions. However, when separated into 2 groups according to right atrial pressure, patients with normal pressure (8 mm Hg or less) had diameter and area values equivalent to those of normal subjects, whereas patients with elevated right atrial pressure (more than 8 mm Hg) had supine and left lateral IVC diameters and areas that were larger than normal, and approximately equivalent: diameters--23 +/- 3 mm (right), 18 +/- 5 mm (supine) and 17 +/- 7 mm (left); areas--4.1 +/- 0.8 cm2 (right), 3.3 +/- 1.2 cm2 (supine) and 3.1 +/- 1.3 cm2 (left). IVC diameters and areas in all 3 positions correlated with mean right atrial pressure, measured subsequently in the supine position, but the left lateral position provided the strongest correlations (r = 0.85, IVC diameter vs right atrial pressure; r = 0.89, IVC area vs right atrial pressure).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
THYMIDINE TRANSPORT BY CULTURED NOVIKOFF HEPATOMA CELLS AND UPTAKE BY SIMPLE DIFFUSION AND RELATIONSHIP TO INCORPORATION INTO DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

The initial rate of thymidine-3H incorporation into the acid-soluble pool by cultured Novikoff rat hepatoma cells was investigated as a function of the thymidine concentration in the medium. Below, but not above 2 µM, thymidine incorporation followed normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics at 22°, 27°, 32°, and 37°C with an apparent Km of 0.5 µM, and the Vmax values increased with an average Q10 of 1.8 with an increase in temperature. The intracellular acid-soluble 3H was associated solely with thymine nucleotides (mainly deoxythymidine triphosphate [dTTP]). Between 2 and 200 µM, on the other hand, the initial rate of thymidine incorporation increased linearly with an increase in thymidine concentration in the medium and was about the same at all four temperatures. Pretreatment of the cells with 40 or 100 µM p-chloromercuribenzoate for 15 min or heat-shock (49.5°C, 5 min) markedly reduced the saturable component of uptake without affecting the unsaturable component or the phosphorylation of thymidine. The effect of p-chloromercuribenzoate was readily reversed by incubating the cells in the presence of dithiothreitol. Persantin and uridine competitively inhibited thymidine incorporation into the acid-soluble pool without inhibiting thymidine phosphorylation. At concentrations below 2 µM, thymidine incorporation into DNA also followed normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics and was inhibited in an apparently competitive manner by Persantin and uridine. The apparent Km and Ki values were about the same as those for thymidine incorporation into the nucleotide pool. The over-all results indicate that uptake is the rate-limiting step in the incorporation of thymidine into the nucleotide pool as well as into DNA. The cells possess an excess of thymidine kinase, and thymidine is phosphorylated as rapidly as it enters the cells and is thereby trapped. At low concentrations, thymidine is taken up mainly by a transport reaction, whereas at concentrations above 2 µM simple diffusion becomes the principal mode of uptake. Evidence is presented that indicates that uridine and thymidine are transported by different systems. Upon inhibition of DNA synthesis, net thymidine incorporation into the acid-soluble pool ceased rapidly. Results from pulse-chase experiments indicate that a rapid turnover of dTTP to thymidine may be involved in limiting the level of thymine nucleotides in the cell.
Nonlinear encoding of tactile patterns in the barrel cortex

Cells in the rodent barrel cortex respond to vibrissa deflection with a brief excitatory component and a longer suppressive component. The response to a given deflection is thus scaled because of s...
Magnetorheological fluid damper feedback linearization control for helicopter rotor application

This study explores the possible use of a magnetorheological (MR) damper with feedback linearization control law for helicopter lag damping applications. Since this control law is based on an assumed damper model, the helicopter may be susceptible to limit cycle instabilities in the presence of model errors due to uncertainties (even if the prescribed damping using feedback linearization control is greater than the system negative damping). For specified uncertainty bounds, a robust control law can be synthesized which will eliminate limit cycle instability by using a much larger value of prescribed damping ratio. The resulting periodic loads in forward flight, however, would be excessively high. To reduce these periodic loads a band-rejecting filter is introduced that eliminates the 1/rev component of velocity from the feedback control signal. By doing so, stability of perturbation motions can be ensured and periodic loads can be drastically reduced, even in the presence of MR damper model errors.
A Structural Model of the Influence of Family Problems and Child Abuse Factors on Serious Delinquency Among Youths Processed at a Juvenile Assessment Center

ABSTRACT The authors tested a model of the influence of arrested youths' family problem factors, including their sexual victimization and physical abuse experiences, on their drug use and frequency of involvement in index offenses. The sample involved 277 youths processed at the Hillsborough County Juvenile Assessment Center, in Tampa, Florida, who entered a NIDA funded service delivery project, called the Youth Support Project. The self-reported data we analyzed were collected during confidential in-depth, baseline interviews lasting an average of 2 hours. The hypothesized model was supported by the data overall and for the male youths, with the female youth data suggesting they use alcohol and marijuana for different reasons. The authors' findings underscore the importance of prevention and early intervention efforts involving at-risk youth and their families to reduce the prevalence and adverse consequences of these traumatic experiences.
A Fossil Caddis-case

ATTENTION has frequently been directed of late to the extraordinary persistence in time of various insect structures, as shown by fossils. It might be assumed that the reactions and instincts of insects were similarly ancient, and of this we have a certain amount of actual proof, as in the case of some of the ants, the remains of which are so abundantly preserved in Baltic amber. When I was recently in Vladivostok, Dr. A. Kryshtofovich showed me some curious insect cases found fossil in the Tertiary rocks at Posiet, a locality in Siberia close to the border of Korea. One of these cases, which he gave me, proves on examination to be that of a caddis-fly of the genus Phryganea, quite similar to the modern Phryganea grandis. It is composed of pieces of Sequoia langsdorfii, which are arranged side by side in the usual spiral fashion, and are about 5 mm. long and 1.2 mm. wide, the case itself being 7 mm. wide. The species represented by these cases may be called Phryganea Kryshtofovichi n. sp. (Fig. 1). The cases from the Miocene of Oeningen in Baden, long ago named Phryganea antiqua by Heer, do not belong to this genus. The true Phryganea case is quite a specialised structure, with a definite spiral arrangement, which we now see to have been evolved long ago, the Posiet beds being Lower Miocene or probably earlier. In the insect-bearing beds on the Kudia River, Siberia, N. lat. 46°, I secured a wing of Phryganea, which will be described elsewhere.
Inverse optimization for assessing emerging technologies in breast cancer screening

Identifying the optimal screening strategies for breast cancer, the second leading cause of female cancer deaths in the US, is a major societal problem creating much controversy. The optimal screening strategies significantly depend on the sensitivity and specificity of the screening modality used. While the current state-of-the-art screening technology is mammography, its sensitivity or specificity may increase over time, or mammography may be replaced by another technology such as tomosynthesis in the near future. The purpose of this study is to identify the optimal use of the next generation of breast cancer screening modalities, whose sensitivity and specificity in clinical practice are either yet unknown or keep improving over time. Contrary to the prior literature that focuses on finding the optimal screening policy for given sensitivity and specificity values, we take an inverse optimization approach and focus on finding the range of sensitivity and specificity values, for which a given screening policy is optimal. To replicate breast cancer progression in the US population under various screening policies, we develop a parametric Partially Observable Markov Chain (POMC) model, which accounts for unobservable and age-specific disease progression, age-specific mortality, and the possibility of detecting cancer without a screening exam (either via self-detection or a clinical breast exam). We then formulate a nonlinear program (NLP) to identify the range of sensitivity and specificity values that optimize a particular screening policy. We show that this NLP is nonconvex for some parameter values, and hence difficult to solve. We prove several structural properties of the model, and by exploiting these properties, we propose a complete solution algorithm for this problem. We use real data in our numerical analysis and show that with the current technology, biennial breast cancer screening is slightly better than annual screening for the average-risk population. We also find that an improvement only in sensitivity (but not in specificity) will not change the current optimal policy. Furthermore, we characterize the lost potential quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) due to suboptimal practice, and show that biennial screening is more robust than annual screening in the sense that it results in fewer lost QALYs due to choosing a suboptimal screening policy. Given that the design of multicenter clinical trials may be prohibitively expensive and lengthy, our findings may be especially valuable to policymakers in deciding about the optimal use of an emerging breast cancer screening modality, and adapting a new technology in different settings.
Principles of cancer screening

Screening for cancer is an important aspect of cancer prevention and treatment. The science of screening is based on epidemiologic principles that are central to understanding the potential risks and benefits of a screening program. Screening is best applied to those conditions that are relatively common and have an important impact on quality of life and for which acceptable tests and treatments are available and affordable.
Effects of a marsh management plan on fishery communities in Coastal Louisiana

The effectiveness of a marsh management plan, involving a seasonal drawdown of brackish and freshwater marshes, on fishery communities and salinity were examined. The plan goals of reducing salinities and increasing circulation were not achieved during the drawdown, but salinities were buffered, and circulation improved during the nondrawdown phase. Significantly more grass shrimp (Palaemonetes sp.), least killifish (Heterandria formosa), western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), and golden topminnow (Fundulus chrysotus) were collected in the managed area. More marine-transient organisms, primarily gulf menhaden (Brevoortia patronus), blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), and striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) were collected in the unmanaged area. Salinities were significantly higher in the managed area during the drawdown but not during the nondrawdown period. Water levels in the managed area were less variable.
Changes in intercast dimensions produced by mounting procedures.

A recording apparatus was used to measure simultaneously changes in intercast dimension and incisai guide pin pressure during routine mounting procedures. When a dry cast was mounted on an articulator, an initial increase in the intercast dimension occurred within the first five minutes after the cast had been mounted. Apparent subsequent expansion of the mounting material resulted in approximate re-establishment of the original intercast dimension. Wetting of the cast prior to mounting reduced or eliminated the initial increase in intercast dimension, and produced a greater net displacement than when a dry cast was used. The most extreme cast displacement recorded was about 0.18 mm.
The time development of the magnetic moment of correlated radical pairs

Abstract The complete time evolution of spin-correlated radical pairs in a frozen medium is presented using the primary processes in photosynthetic reaction centers as the major example. Starting from Redfield's reduced-density-matrix formalism, the coupled time-dependent equations for the ST0 mixing process are derived, including the evolution from one radical pair to another produced by the various chemical processes such as sequential electron transfer. The electron-spin polarization, both correlated radical-pair polarization and chemically induced dynamic electron polarization, is described in a completely general way including relaxation and coherence effects. The beat frequency of the time-dependent electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum is determined by the spin coupling, the g factor difference of the coupled radical pairs, and the T1 value of the spin system. Finally, the associated vector diagrams are given for visualizing the coupled motions of the radical pairs and the CIDEP.
Effect of Zn on Acetyl Coenzyme A Synthase: Evidence for a Conformational Change in the α Subunit during Catalysis

Acetyl coenzyme A synthase (ACS) is an alpha2beta2 tetramer in which the active-site A-cluster, located in the alpha subunits, consists of an Fe4S4 cubane bridged to a {Nip Nid} binuclear site. The alpha subunits exist in two conformations. In the open conformation, Nip is surface-exposed, while the proximal metal is buried in the closed conformation. Nip is labile and can be replaced by Cu. In this study, the effects of Zn are reported. ACS in which Zn replaced Nip was inactive and did not exhibit the so-called NiFeC EPR signal nor the ability to accept a methyl group from the corrinoid-iron-sulfur protein (CoFeSP). Once Zn-bound, it could not be replaced by subsequently adding Ni. The Zn-bound A-cluster cannot be reduced and bound with CO or become methylated, probably because Zn (like Cu) is insufficiently nucleophilic for these functions. Unexpectedly, Zn replaced Nip only while ACS was engaged in catalysis. Under these conditions, replacement occurred with kapp approximately 0.6 min-1. Replacement was blocked by including EDTA in the assay mix. Zn appears to replace Nip when ACS is in an intermediate state (or states) of catalysis but this(these) state(s) must not be present when ACS is reduced in CO alone, or in the presence of CoA, CoFeSP, or reduced methyl viologen. Nip appears susceptible to Zn-attack when the alpha subunit is in the open conformation and protected from attack when it is in the closed conformation. This is the first evidence that the structurally-characterized conformations of the alpha subunit change during catalysis, indicating a mechanistic role for this conformational change.
Program and Client Characteristics as Predictors of the Availability of Social Support Services in Community-Based Substance Abuse Treatment Programs

Recent emphases on increasing accountability, using less intensive settings, and implementing evidence-based services helped to focus the research community on the structure, processes, and outcomes of services delivered to substance abuse clients. Considerably less attention has been given to understanding how to structure services to enhance engagement and retention leading to treatment continuity. This study examined structural characteristics of community-based treatment facilities in relationship to the availability of supportive services within a sample of 1,332 substance abuse treatment programs surveyed through the Alcohol and Drug Services Study in 1996 and 1997. Structural and client characteristics are important predictors of added supportive services. Furthermore, a program with a broader and established set of core services is more likely to have expanded supportive services. These findings have implications for public health professionals, both in terms of ensuring sustainable service programming for these chronic clients and in identifying services to adopt or discard to meet a population with multiple needs.
Analogs of Manduca Adipokinetic Hormone Tested in a Bioassay and in a Receptor-Binding Assay

Single amino acid replacement analogs of Manduca adipokinetic hormone (M-AKH) pGlu-Leu-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Ser-Trp-GlyNH2 were tested for activity in bioassays as well as receptor binding assays. Amino acids were replaced by Ala and by D-analogs. In addition an extended M-AKH and analogs containing photo affinity labels were tested. All analogs had reduced activity. All the peptides which had enough activity to allow a full dose response curve reached the same maximal activity as native M-AKH. The use of analogs, in which L-Phe4 was replaced by Ala or by D-Phe and of L-Thr3 replaced by D-Thr, as competitors led to improved binding of M-AKH in our competitive receptor binding assay. In the bioassay an inactive concentration of Ala4 M-AKH increased the activity of a half optimal concentration of native M-AKH.
Developmental Integration and the Evolution of Pleiotropy

The different forms of morphological integration, developmental, functional, genetic, and evolutionary are defined and their theoretical relationships explored. Quantitative genetic models predict that the co-selection of traits involved in a common function will lead to pleiotropic effects at the loci affecting them while functionally-unrelated traits will be affected by separate sets of loci (Wagner, 1996). The patterns of genetic variation produced by these pleiotropic mutations and stabilizing selection for functionally and developmentally interacting traits results in their specific co-inheritance relative to other traits. This in turn leads to their co-ordinated response to selection. Therefore, functional and developmental integration lead to genetic integration which, in turn leads to evolutionary integration. Three examples of how developmental integration structures pleiotropy and morphological variation in non-human primate crania, artificially-modified human crania, and for the effects ofindividual genes on murine mandibular morphology are presented.
An improved SBC/VQ scheme for color image coding

The authors had previously proposed a subband coding method for color images that used vector quantization and AD-PCM (pulse code modulation) (see C.S. Kim et al., Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Acoust., Speech, Signal Processing, p.753-6, Apr. 1988). High-quality coded images were achieved at bit rates of 0.6 bits/pixel for 512*512 color images. In the present work, the authors discuss an improved system that enables further reduction in the bit rate. The proposed approach is no longer a subband coder in the true sense, but rather a multirate VQ/DPCM (differential pulse code modulation) system. The approach is based on a three-component multirate representation of the image, composed of a chrominance subimage pair, a medium- to low-frequency luminance image, and a high-frequency luminance residual. FSVQ (finite-state VQ) and DPCM are used strategically in coding these components, with noticeable improvement over previous results. >
Analysis of lubrication failure using molecular simulation

Monte Carlo simulations of chain molecules are used to study lubricant film behavior in confined regions. Lubrication failure is studied under two possible scenarios. The first is desorption of the lubricant molecules from the gap between asperities driven by equilibrium thermodynamics with increasing temperature. The second is the physical removal (squeezing out) of lubricant molecules from between asperities in close proximity due to high loads on solid asperities. Using simulations in the grand canonical and grand isostress ensembles, combinations of load and increased temperature are evaluated for their potential to thermodynamically drive the system to a lubrication failure event.
Design and performance evaluation of a portable parallel library for space-time adaptive processing

Space-time adaptive processing (STAP) refers to a class of methods for detecting targets using an array of sensors. Various STAP methods use similar operations on different data or in different orders. We have developed a portable, parallel library of subroutines for prototyping STAP methods. The subroutines work on the IBM SP2 and the Intel Paragon under three different operating systems and three different communication libraries, and can also be configured for other systems. We provide execution-time models for predicting the performance of each subroutine. Using the library routines, we created a parallel version of element-space pre-Doppler processing, three parallel versions of higher-order post-Doppler processing, and two versions of PRI-staggered post-Doppler processing. We implemented a fourth version of higher-order post-Doppler processing, the hybrid method, which uses a combination of fine-grain and coarse-grain parallelism to reduce execution time. The hybrid method can be used to improve performance when a large number of processors is available. Our execution time models generally predict the best method and predict execution times to within 10 percent or better for large test cases.
Posttraining Interventions to Enhance Transfer: The Moderating Effects of Work Environments

The study reported on in this article examined the effectiveness of two posttraining interventions—goal-setting and self-management training— and moderating effects of the work environment on improving training transfer. The findings indicate that training in goal-setting was effective in improving the extent to which trainees applied their skills to the job. Further, both interventions were found to be more effective in supportive work environments. Implications for training research and human resource practices are discussed.
Father–Daughter Incest: Data from an Anonymous Computerized Survey

Retrospective data were entered anonymously by 1,521 adult women using computer-assisted self-interview. Nineteen were classified as victims of father-daughter incest, and 241 were classified as victims of sexual abuse by an adult other than their father before reaching 18 years of age. The remaining 1,261 served as controls. Incest victims were more likely than controls to endorse feeling damaged, psychologically injured, estranged from one or both parents, and shamed by others when they tried to open up about their experience. They had been eroticized early on by the incest experience, and it interfered with their adult sexuality. Incest victims experienced coitus earlier than controls and after reaching age 18 had more sex partners and were more likely to have casual sex outside their primary relationship and engage in sex for money than controls. They also had worse scores on scales measuring depression, sexual satisfaction, and communication about sex than controls.
Benzo[a]pyrene metabolism in human T 47D mammary tumor cells: Evidence for sulfate conjugation and translocation of reactive metabolites across cell membranes

Abstract Human mammary tumor T 47D cells were examined for their capacity to metabolize benzo[ a ]pyrene (BaP) to gain insight into potential metabolic pathways for BaP in human epithelial tissue. Confluent cultures metabolized 95% of 4 μM BaP after 24 h incubation. BaP metabolites were analyzed from culture medium since only residual amounts remained in cells. Tetraols/triols, dihydrodiols, quinones and phenols were either unconjugated or existed as sulfate conjugates. Glucuronide conjugation was minor. Remaining water-soluble (WS) metabolites could be extracted with butanol or removed from culture medium protein with methanol/water and suggestive evidence indicates these may be glutathione conjugates. A portion of BaP-WS metabolites were covalently bound to medium protein. This latter phenomenon is attributed to translocation of reactive BaP metabolites across cell membranes which could potentially occur in vivo during cellular processing of BaP.
Experiences with titanium sublimation pumps for uhv/accelerator application

Titanium sublimation pumps have been studied in reasonable detail over the past few decades. This type of pump evolved primarily to ensure fast pump down in industrial systems. Though it has been adopted for accelerator, fusion and space applications, it has always been used as an auxiliary pump. We have tried to evaluate the various commercially available sublimation pumps, including TiBall®, for use in storage rings. A number of interesting aspects like the influence of impurities in titanium, the vacuum chamber walls, operating parameters, the purity of gases and consequent substitution reactions while pumping H2, N2, CO, CO2, CH4 and mixtures of gases were studied. Besides possibility of trapping of gases like Ar and their evolution in the system are investigated. In essence, there is still a lot to be understood about the mechanism of sublimation pumping and we present here some new data and analysis.
RECOGNIZING SIMPLE HUMAN ACTIONS USING 3D HEAD MOVEMENT

Recognizing human actions from video has been a challenging problem in computer vision. Although human actions can be inferred from a wide range of data, it has been demonstrated that simple human actions can be inferred by tracking the movement of the head in 2D. This is a promising idea as detecting and tracking the head is expected to be simpler and faster because the head has lower shape variability and higher visibility than other body parts (e.g., hands and/or feet). Although tracking the movement of the head alone does not provide sufficient information for distinguishing among complex human actions, it could serve as a complimentary component of a more sophisticated action recognition system. In this article, we extend this idea by developing a more general, viewpoint invariant, action recognition system by detecting and tracking the 3D position of the head using multiple cameras. The proposed approach employs Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to register the 3D trajectories in a common coordinate system and Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) to align them in time for matching. We present experimental results to demonstrate the potential of using 3D head trajectory information to distinguish among simple but common human actions independently of viewpoint.
Environmental influences on gender in the IT workforce

In an effort to better understand the under- representation of women within the IT profession, one promising line of investigation is the influence of factors in the socio-cultural environment. In order to examine this topic, we draw on data from a multi-year field study of women IT professionals in three regions of the U.S.: Massachusetts, North Carolina and Pennsylvania. We employ Trauth's (2000) conceptual framework of environmental influences on the development of a region's information economy to consider economic and cultural influences on women's recruitment and retention in the IT field. The findings reveal a range of influences and a wide variety of responses to them. The contribution of this research to theoretical understanding is twofold. First, we demonstrate that socio-cultural factors serve as both barriers to and facilitators of women's recruitment and retention in the IT profession. This suggests the need for investigations of not just women themselves, but also of the societal environments within which they grow up, live and work. Second, we demonstrate that there is not one unilateral set of environment factors that can explain women's under-representation. Rather, a combination of differing regional influences and individual responses to them is in evidence. This finding of variability both among environmental influences and among women's responses to them provides empirical support for ongoing theory development efforts regarding the role of individual differences in explaining women's under-representation in IT
Enhancing plant seed oils for human nutrition

The age of true designer plant oils has arrived. Using the tools of biotechnology, it is now possible to modify the fatty acid content of oilseed plants to change the relative abundance of individual fatty acids in seed oil for health purposes or to produce nutritional fatty acids not normally found
M-Phase N-Segment Flux-Reversal-Free Stator Switched Reluctance Machines

This paper describes a class of switched reluctance machines (SRM) whose stators have no flux reversals. Previously published work describes a two-phase flux-reversal-free-stator SRM and this paper extends the concept to an SRM with any number of phases. For the first time in literature, SRMs with flux reversal free stators and flux reversal free rotor back irons are developed in concept and presented in their realizable forms. Reversal of magnetic flux in the iron core results in increased core-loss when compared to iron cores which do not experience flux-reversals. The novel SRMs in this paper have balanced radial forces. In addition, the stators can be constructed in a segmental fashion. The stators of the segmental SRM are magnetically isolated from one another. Segmental stators are advantageous in high power applications and applications where the stator diameter is limited by the maximum size of the stamping die. This paper also contains a generalized design method which describes how to accomplish an n-segment stator from an m-phase SRM. Furthermore, a sub-class of SRMs is also presented which, in addition to be above stated advantages has no flux-reversals in the rotor back-iron. Three novel three- phase SRMs are compared to a conventional SRM through finite element (FE) simulations. Static and dynamic finite element simulations presented show core-loss, efficiency, output power, torque ripple and radial forces for all four machines. The flux- reversal-free-stator concept is verified by FE simulations.
Controlled growth of platinum nanoparticles on strontium titanate nanocubes by atomic layer deposition.

With an eye toward using surface morphology to enhance heterogeneous catalysis, Pt nanoparticles are grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) on the surfaces of SrTiO3 nanocubes. The size, dispersion, and chemical state of the Pt nanoparticles are controlled by the number of ALD growth cycles. The SrTiO3 nanocubes average 60nm on a side with {001} faces. The Pt loadingincreaseslinearlywithPtALDcyclestoavalueof1.1 � 10 � 6 gcm � 2 after five cycles. Scanning electron microscopy images reveal discrete, welldispersed Pt nanoparticles. Small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering show that the Pt nanoparticle spacing and size increase as the number of ALD cycles increases. X-ray absorption spectroscopy shows a progression from platinum(II) oxide to metallic platinum and a decrease in Pt‐O bonding with an increase in Pt‐Pt bonding as the number of ALD cycles increases.
Use of Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion Pump in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

PurposeIn patients with type 2 diabetes, the control of hyperglycemia is often difficult despite full doses of oral hypoglycemic agents and extremely large doses of insulin. These patients pose a major management problem. The authors therefore investigated whether insulin given as a subcutaneous continuous infusion of insulin (CSII) would result in an improvement in glucose homeostasis.MethodsFour patients with badly controlled type 2 diabetes, on treatment with extremely high doses of insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents, were started on CSII.ResultsAll four patients had a marked improvement in plasma glucose concentrations with a corresponding fall in HbA1c levels. This improvement was associated with a marked fall in the insulin doses necessary to maintain adequate glucose homeostasis.ConclusionsSince HbA1c levels fell from levels that would be associated with diabetic complications to those at which complications are markedly reduced, we recommend that patients with type 2 diabetes uncontrolled on ext...
Le flair animal : Levinas and the Possibility of Animal Friendship

In Otherwise than Being , Levinas writes that the alterity of the Other escapes “le flair animal,” or the animal’s sense of smell. This paper puts pressure on the strong human-animal distinction that Levinas makes by considering the possibility that, while non-human animals may not respond to the alterity of the Other in the way that Levinas describes as responsibility, animal sensibility plays a key role in a relation to Others that Levinas does not discuss at length: friendship. This approach to friendship addresses a gap in Levinas’ work between the absolute Other for whom I am responsible and the “brother” who is my political equal.
Race in W.M. Thackeray's Vanity Fair and The Virginians

Thackeray’s designs, his frontispieces, chapter capitals, textual illustrations, and fly leaf end pieces, alwayscomment on, or augment his verbal texts, and often address issues not verbally directly confronted. Thackeray’simages thus have an independent narrative function that enlarge and complicate the text immediately at hand,as well as Thackeray’s oeuvre. The Virginians set in the era of the America Revolutionary War, overtly andcovertly, addresses late 1850s issues, among them, slavery and race relations. Thackeray’s views, alas racist,are most overtly articulated in his illustration.
SU/sub 3/ instantons with cylindrical symmetry

We exhibit a new class of O/sub 3/-symmetric, irreducible self-dual instanton solutions in SU/sub 3/. The solutions have Pontryagin indices k = 6l - 4 (l = 1,2,...) and depend on (k + 4)/3 parameters.
Arizona distribution of three Sonoran Desert anurans: Bufo retiformis, Gastrophryne olivacea, and Pternohyla fodiens

We surveyed historic collecting localities in south central Arizona during July, August, and September 1993-94 to determine the presence of 3 little-known Sonoran Desert anurans, Bufo retiformis, Gastrophryne olivacea, and Pternohyla fodiens . All 3 species were present at most historic localities visited under appropriate conditions (following rainfall in July and August). Pternohyla fodiens was restricted to San Simon Wash and associated tributaries in south central Pima County. Gastrophryne olivacea ranged from Vekol Valley in extreme southern Maricopa County south to the Mexican border, and southeast near Tucson and Nogales in Pima and Santa Cruz counties. Bufo retiformis occurred over the widest area, from southern Rainbow Valley in Maricopa County southwest to the vicinity of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, and southeast to the vicinity of Tucson and Sasabe in Pima County.
Transient Electrical-Thermal Analysis of 3-D Power Distribution Network With FETI-Enabled Parallel Computing

In this paper, the transient electrical-thermal co-simulation is implemented with the finite-element method. The capability of the co-simulation is extended to solve large-scale problems by incorporating a domain decomposition scheme called the finite element tearing and interconnecting (FETI). With the high parallel efficiency of FETI for computing with multiple processors, a significant reduction in computation time is achieved. The transient electrical-thermal behaviors of largescale power distribution networks (PDNs), including on-chip power grids, solder bump arrays, and TSV-based PDN are simulated and analyzed with the proposed method. The impacts on the design of the PDNs from different types of input pulses, power maps, and via pitches are also investigated.
On the Radical Difference between the Subject Personal Pronouns in Written and Spoken European French

This article is concerned with the investigation of variation, completed change, and change in progress, which are leading to a radical difference between everyday spoken European French and the standard written variety. We will focus on one small part of French grammar -- the subject pronouns -- and detail how grammatical and semantic change is contributing to an incipient diglossic situation in French, a situation which must be recognized by linguists and language teachers alike. Standard treatments (linguistic, reference, pedagogical grammars) of French agree that the subject personal pronouns/clitics (used with a verb) are: je ‘I’, tu ‘you’ (familiar/ singular), il, elle ‘he, she, it’, nous ‘we’, vous ‘you’ (plural, polite), ils, elles ‘they’, and, among others, the indefinite on ‘one’. This accounts quite well for written French, but it is quite inaccurate for everyday spoken French. Through the analysis of a corpus of everyday spoken European French, we have found that the subject clitics (especially the first and second person, and third person to a certain extent) have become grammatical prefixes. In addition, as we will show in detail, nous has all but disappeared as a subject clitic and has been replaced by on-. At the same time, the use of on- for ‘one’ is much less frequent than before: there has been a reversal of the basic/marginal relation in its meaning, such that the meaning ‘we’ occurs in by far the majority of its uses, and the meaning ‘one’ is now only a marginal meaning. There are, however, vague uses of on, which could be interpreted as either ‘we’ or ‘one’ -- thus showing the path of change from the one to the other both diachronically and synchronically. This indefinite meaning is now shifting over increasingly to tu (and only to a very small extent to vous), so much so that in our corpus, tu seems to have two basic meanings, split almost 50-50 between ‘you’ and ‘one’. This is inherently an unstable situation and probably presages more changes to come. It is clear, therefore, that more good corpus work is needed for a fuller understanding of spoken European French. Paradoxically, in addition, good corpus work is also needed on written French of many different varieties, since the reference and pedagogical grammars that focus on the written language tend to be based on the written French of only the ‘best’ authors and ‘good usage’. And finally, corpus-based reference works and textbooks are essential if we expect our students to develop any real, pragmatically appropriate, communicative proficiency in French.
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in Cardiac Muscle

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), the largest, identified family of enzyme-linked receptors, have been the subject of intensive research for their role in normal cellular function and disease pathogenesis. RTK signal transduction pathways map a wide spectrum of functions, including regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation, promotion of cell survival, and modulation of cellular metabolism. They have been characterized in a number of disease processes, including diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. This chapter reviews the biological role of RTKs, the types and subfamilies, and the mechanisms of RTK signaling and its downstream effects. RTK expression and function in cardiac muscle is described in a comprehensive review of the specific subfamilies that play integral roles in cardiac muscle development and embryogenesis as well as adult cardiac dysfunction, hypertrophy and repair. Lastly, we describe GPCR-mediated RTK transactivation as an important regulatory mechanism of RTKs in cardiac muscle.
Epoxy Resin Thermosets Derived from Trehalose and β-Cyclodextrin

Epoxy resins are ubiquitous in high-performance composite applications because of their excellent mechanical strength, thermal and chemical resistance, strong adhesion, and low shrinkage after curing. Bio-based epoxy resins derived from natural products such as carbohydrates offer tremendous potential for creating new polymeric materials. Sugars and their derivatives often offer great biodegradability and functionality such as the presence of multiple hydroxyl groups that impart highly cross-linked polymer networks. Moreover, their ring structures can afford polymers with high glass transition temperatures. To develop epoxy resins containing sustainably sourced feedstocks, we designed and synthesized trehalose- and β-cyclodextrin-based carboxylic acid hardeners for epoxy resins and examined the thermal, mechanical, and adhesive properties of the resulting materials. Trehalose and β-cyclodextrin were succinylated with excess succinic anhydride, and the resulting carboxylic acid hardeners formed homogeneous...
Aluminum levels in foods cooked and stored in aluminum pans, trays and foil

The aluminum content of 26 different foods was determined before and after the foods were cooked in uncoated new, conditioned and old aluminum pans, in stainless steel pans or in disposable aluminum trays and foil. All the foods tested contained small amounts of aluminum naturally. Some foods (i.e., potatoes boiled in new aluminum pans; cabbage and beef roasts cooked in aluminum pressure cookers; applesauce and eggs cooked in conditioned aluminum pans; tomatoes cooked in old aluminum pans; and mashed potatoes frozen and heated in TV dinner trays) accumulated significant (P<0.05) amounts of aluminum during preparation. However, the actual amounts of aluminum that were added to foods through the use of aluminum utensils were quite small as compared to the average dietary intake of aluminum by Americans.
Improving Spectral Efficiency of D2D Cellular Networks through RF Energy Harvesting

In this paper, we consider device-to-device (D2D) communication underlaying cellular networks, where D2D users harvest radio frequency (RF) power from uplink cellular transmissions. This paper addresses two important issues for energy harvesting-based D2D cellular networks. The first is how the energy harvested from cellular ambient RF signals affects the D2D spectral efficiency. Using tools from stochastic geometry, we investigate this issue by first characterizing the transmission probability of D2D transmitter as the probability of having enough battery power, and then obtaining analytic expressions of the spectral efficiency for D2D and cellular networks. The second issue is related to the cellular spectral efficiency: the more RF energy D2D users can harvest, the higher their transmission probability becomes, which leads to generating more interference in the cellular network. We carry out simulations to understand this impact of RF energy harvesting on the spectral efficiency of both D2D and cellular networks. Results show promising improvement to the whole network, in terms of the weighted spectral efficiency, when employing RF harvesting technology and when there are enough available channels in the network.
Stress during pregnancy alters temporal and spatial dynamics of the maternal and offspring microbiome in a sex-specific manner

The microbiome is a regulator of host immunity, metabolism, neurodevelopment, and behavior. During early life, bacterial communities within maternal gut and vaginal compartments can have an impact on directing these processes. Maternal stress experience during pregnancy may impact offspring development by altering the temporal and spatial dynamics of the maternal microbiome during pregnancy. To examine the hypothesis that maternal stress disrupts gut and vaginal microbial dynamics during critical prenatal and postnatal windows, we used high-resolution 16S rRNA marker gene sequencing to examine outcomes in our mouse model of early prenatal stress. Consistent with predictions, maternal fecal communities shift across pregnancy, a process that is disrupted by stress. Vaginal bacterial community structure and composition exhibit lasting disruption following stress exposure. Comparison of maternal and offspring microbiota revealed that similarities in bacterial community composition was predicted by a complex interaction between maternal body niche and offspring age and sex. Importantly, early prenatal stress influenced offspring bacterial community assembly in a temporal and sex-specific manner. Taken together, our results demonstrate that early prenatal stress may influence offspring development through converging modifications to gut microbial composition during pregnancy and transmission of dysbiotic vaginal microbiome at birth.