cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Breast Size and Anthropometric Changes through Brassieres

The objective of this research is to compare and analyze breast size from various perspectives, such as physical size and perception of the size, and identify how users expect to change their breast anthropometry by wearing an everyday bra. Forty-five females are invited to an onsite measurement session. Their breast sizes are evaluated by body scanning and they are given a short questionnaire asking about their personal opinions on their breast size. Each subject is requested to choose a brassiere that gives her a desired effect, and the impact of those brassieres is analyzed. There was a reasonable agreement among cup indicator, breast volume, and subjective judgment. However, cup indicators were limited to capture breast size in a general sense, but could not be effective enough to assign an exact bra size to an individual. Participants’ subjective judgments coincided with breast volume. After wearing the brassieres, breast volume and full bust girth significantly grew. Bust points were relocated inwards and upwards. There were statistically significant effects of breast volume on these anthropometric changes.
RSV attenuates epithelial cell restitution by inhibiting actin cytoskeleton-dependent cell migration.

The airway epithelium's ability to repair itself after injury, known as epithelial restitution, is an essential mechanism enabling the respiratory tract's normal functions. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections worldwide. We sought to determine whether RSV delays the airway epithelium wound repair process both in vitro and in vivo. We found that RSV infection attenuated epithelial cell migration, a step in wound repair, promoted stress fiber formation, and mediated assembly of large focal adhesions (FA). Inhibition of Rho kinase (ROCK), a master regulator of actin function, reversed these effects. There was increased RhoA and phospho-myosin light chain (pMLC2) following RSV infection. In vivo, mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with naphthalene to induce lung injury, followed by RSV infection. RSV infection delayed re-epithelialization. There were increased concentrations of pMLC2 in day 7 naphthalene plus RSV animals which normalized by day 14. This study suggests a key mechanism by which RSV infection delays wound healing.
EXPLORING PREFERRED LEADERSHIP STYLES ACROSS INDUSTRIES: PERSPECTIVES OF FOLLOWERS

Introduction/ Main Objective: This study investigated preferred leadership styles, considered by many to be the most prevalent styles: autocratic, participative, and laissez-faire. We assessed ‘preferred leadership style’ from the perspective of the follower. The study aimed at exploring the variations in the preference for leadership styles across selected industries, namely the food/beverage industry, the retail industry, and the financial industry. Novelty: Leadership styles and perspectives have been investigated from divergent angles; but the preferred leadership styles have not been explored adequately across industries. This study endeavored at filling the gap in literature, and to provide direction to stakeholders, as regards followers’ perspectives. Research Methods: Our convenience sample was a result of a targeted effort to query respondents from three distinct samples: retail, restaurant/drink establishments, and consumer finance institutions (primarily banks). In addition to the preferred leadership from the perspective of the follower, we also collected demographic data including gender and age of the follower, in order to get the critical insights from demographic lenses. Our survey included the leader behavior questions that are borrowed from the LBDQ XII manual provided by Stogdill (1962), and involved an examination of the studies conducted by Van Eeden, et al.(2008) for examples of behaviors attributed to the various leadership styles. Finding/Results: Our results were mixed. In some analyses, our results were reflective of the literature. However, in other analyses, our results differed from the literature. The study evinced tolerance for autocratic leadership, particularly in retailing, much against the pre-conceived notion. Conclusion: The study confirmed the generally- accepted hypothesis that employees from the food/beverage industry, the retail industry, and the financial industry all prefer participative leadership significantly more than autocratic or laissez-faire styles.
Desmoplastic ameloblastoma: A case report and literature review

The desmoplastic ameloblastoma is a rare histologic variant of ameloblastoma. This article presents a case of desmoplastic ameloblastoma with unique and complex histologic findings. The tumor, which was located in the anterior mandible, was treated by an anterior marginal resection with preservation of the inferior border of the mandible. The clinical, radiographic, surgical, and pathologic aspects of this unusual lesion are presented, and the relevant literature is reviewed.
Engineering the ocean

Speaker Marcia McNutt presented a series of fictional, but not fanciful, scenarios for human intervention in the ocean-and questioned whether we have the knowledge necessary to understanding the implications of our actions, the humility to admit what we do not know, and the ability to take the long-term view of what is the best policy for the planet. Commentator Karl S. Pister-former dean of the College of Engineering at UC Berkeley and UC system vice president for educational outreach-stressed the urgency of improving scientific literacy in the general population as a first step toward ensuring a positive outcome.
Fidelity of Initiation of Protein Synthesis After Premature Chain Termination in Polarity Mutants

Abstract β-Isopropylmalate dehydrogenase, the product of the second cistron of the leucine operon in Salmonella typhimurium, produced by strains bearing nonsense or frameshift mutations in the first cistron of the operon was shown to be homogeneous as judged by electrophoretic and immunological techniques. Amino terminal analyses suggest that the enzyme produced by the mutant strains is identical with the wild-type enzyme. This view is supported by the observation that a nonsense mutant strain β-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase copurifies with the wild-type enzyme. The results suggest that the uncoupling of normal chain termination and reinitiation does not interfere with the fidelity of subsequent polypeptide chain initiation in a polycistronic messenger ribonucleic acid.
Utilization of School and Primary Health Care Resources for Common Health Problems of Schoolchildren

The episode of care is used as a concept to assess potential areas for interaction between private and public health care facilities in the community and the school health service in child health care. Health care utilization (both patient-initiated and provider-initiated) of a random sample of elementary school-aged children in three ethnic groups was observed for two years. The analysis suggests areas of child health care in which a school health service can be used more effectively with community health care providers: care for chronic childhood diseases, follow-up for acute infections and some trauma, and health maintenance.
5G wireless and millimeter wave technology evolution: An overview

Current wireless communication networks and technologies are being pushed to their limits by the massive growth in demands for mobile wireless data services. We now stand at a turning point in the wireless communication domain where the technologies are being driven by applications and expected use cases. This paper presents an overview on the drivers behind the 5G evolution and presents the disruptive architectures and technologies that are creating the backbone for the 5G transition envisioned beyond 2020.
Analysis of Leakage Currents in AlGaN/GaN Current Aperture Vertical Electron Transistors (CAVETs)

A complete analysis of leakage currents in AlGaN/GaN Current Aperture Vertical Electron Transistors (CAVETs) with regrown aperture and source regions was carried out. The total observed leakage current was found to be a combination of both gate leakage and source leakage. Two paths for source leakage have been identified; electrons passing directly through the insulating layer to the drain region as well as electrons traveling through the aperture but underneath the 2DEG at the AlGaN/GaN interface. Source leakage through the insulating layer resulted from pits formed at the onset of regrowth, as the sample was heated to growth temperature, and was successfully eliminated by optimizing regrowth conditions. Source leakage underneath the 2DEG occurred when the unintentionally doped (UID) GaN layer above the insulating layer was not fully depleted and could be eliminated by reducing the thickness of the UID GaN layer. Gate leakage has been attributed to the enhanced incorporation of n-type impurities inside as well as above the aperture region during regrowth, resulting in a narrowing ofthegateSchottkybarrier.
Hydrologic sampling — A characterization in terms of rainfall and basin properties

Abstract This paper considers the sampling of rainfall and discharge processes both in time and in space and links the sampling problem to basin and rainfall characteristics. The effectiveness of different sampling strategies is measured by the variance of the error in estimating either total or peak of streamflow from a single storm event. This is related to the rainfall and basin rainfall-discharge properties through parameterizations of these processes. Rainfall is modeled as a collection of rain cells which occur randomly in space and time and has parameters which define the probability of occurrence of rain cells in space and time and the spread of rainfall due to a cell. Discharge from rainfall is parameterized in terms of the fluvial geomorphology of the basin. Linear filtering techniques are used to compute the variance of the estimation error for different sampling strategies. Sampling strategies are defined by the number of rain gages, rainfall sampling interval and discharge measurement interval. The results can be used in hydrologic network design to assess the effectiveness of different sampling options.
A CALCULATION OF THE COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT IN A TOY MODEL

I calculate the expectation value of the cosmological constant in a model with a scalar field interacting with wormholes. The results show that there exist models for which α≠0 even though P(α) is sharply peaked about α=0.
1989 James B. Macelwane Medals

AGU is proud to recognize the recipients of this medal, a maximum of three of which are given each year in recognition of significant contributions to the geophysical sciences by young scientists.
Human Herpesvirus 8 Infections.

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) or Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus is a recently identified virus that is associated with KS, multicentric Castleman’s disease, and body cavity-based lymphomas. KS is the most common kind of cancer in AIDS patients and the initial AIDS-defining condition in over 20% of patients. HHV-8 DNA has now been detected in over 95% of KS tissue samples supporting the concept that HHV-8 has a causal role in KS. The discovery has opened new avenues for understanding the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of KS and related conditions.
Identity, space and the political economy of conflict in Central Africa

This article examines the current war in the Congo (Democratic Republic of; formerly Zaire) by incorporating recent theoretical work from the sub‐fields of International Political Economy (IPE), Identity Theory, and Critical Geopolitics. This article places the current conflict in a larger historic context, emphasising a lengthy tradition of resource extraction, identity formation and spatial definition. The essay argues that existing explanations of the conflict over‐emphasise the supposed greed of the actors involved, without sufficient attention paid to the discursive aspects of the conflict. The essay constructs a theoretical approach that integrates the material and the discursive by exploring how identity and space shape the political economy of violence in the region. The essay concludes with a ‘first cut’ analysis of the crisis in Central Africa utilising this framework, organised along local, regional and global levels of analysis.
Variational connections on Lie groups

Abstract The inverse problem of Lagrangian dynamics is solved for the geodesic spray associated to the canonical symmetric linear connection on a Lie group of dimension three or less. The degree of generality is obtained in each case and concrete Lagrangians are written down.
Choosing a Charging Station Using Sound in Colony Robotics

This research is part of a study that is investigating methods for supplying power to autonomous robots in remote locations. One possibility is to provide autonomous charging stations fueled through solar power. This paper reports preliminary results for a system being proposed to help a robot determine which station, among those available, would be its best source of power. The system uses distinct sound frequency bands to determine the available stations and uses the characteristics of sound and the environment as a type of analog computer to help compute, considering each station's distance and available energy, the best station to track towards.
Truth by ascent

This paper offers a lighthearted presentation of some of the chief ideas about truth that are shared by theories similar to those of Kripke, Herzberger, and Gupta. The problem is to explain the concept of truth for a language that contains its own truth predicate. The proposal of these theories is that one can unwind the tangles that threaten by invoking a transfinite series of stages of semantic reflection as one ascends the ordinals. The presentation emphasizes how each stage begins, to the extent that it can, with the fruits of semantic reflection at earlier stages. Special attention is given to clarifying how these theories about truth treat the three chief kinds of ordinal numbers: the initial ordinal, successor ordinals, and limit ordinals.
Development through Harambee: Who wins and who loses? Rural self-help projects in Kenya

Abstract Organization of rural communities for participation in development is a critical need in many Third World countries. This study examines local development through self-help, Harambee, in three districts in Kenya for its impact on equity issues. Data from six locations representing Kenya's smallholder farmers in varying ecological and demographic circumstances suggest that Harambee projects have provided important benefits across socioeconomic strata within communities while increasing regional and ethnic differentiation. Moreover, Harambee projects have drawn higher levels of support from more affluent households than from poorer ones. Although it does not alter fundamental inequities in economic and political structures, and sometimes reinforces them, Harambee is a useful strategy for mobilizing local-level resources for the benefit of the community.
Management of hypercholesterolemia. Are preventive interventions advisable

IN the past few years, physicians, the media, and the pharmaceutical industry have directed much attention to lowering the level of blood cholesterol to treat or prevent coronary heart disease. Thi...
Analysis of inter-area mode oscillations using intelligent system-centric controllers

In this paper, we analyze the inter-area mode oscillations in a two-area power system network using a new class of intelligent adaptive control systems based on a system-centric approach used for the control of multiple generators. The proposed architecture consists of a Model Reference Adaptive Controller (MRAC) operating in parallel with a Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) to control individual generator oscillations in the presence of disturbances. The underlying structural feature is the introduction of an Intelligent Supervisory Loop (ISL) to augment a conventional adaptive controller. The main advantage is that the proposed architecture provides individual generator control as well as suppresses inter-area mode oscillations in a two area, five machine, eight bus power system network in the presence of torque and fault disturbances.
Operating characteristics of UV and IR hollow-cathode silver, gold and copper ion lasers

Operating characteristics of silver, gold and copper vapor hollow-cathode lasers are presented. Dependence of the output power, gain and threshold current on the cathode length, composition of the buffer gas, and mirror transmission is described. Studies of multicomponent hollow cathodes which produce laser lines of several elements simultaneously are also presented.
The relations between actual similarity and experienced similarity

Abstract What does it mean when one person has an experience of being similar to another, and what is the relation to actual similarity in personality? We used several indices of personality similarity and tested their relations with a perceiver’s experience of similarity. Similarity in the perceiver’s and target’s self-ratings of personality was related to experienced similarity. However, distinctive similarity (beyond the level of similarity expected between randomly paired individuals) in personality showed negligible associations with experienced similarity. Experienced similarity was strongly related to similarity in perceiver’s self-ratings and their ratings of a target, and especially when that target has a personality profile that was normative or desirable. Exploratory analyses provided some indications that similarity in aspects of extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness might be particularly important to the experience of being similar. The findings thus suggest that a perceiver’s experience of being similar to a target person is particularly associated with seeing the other person positively, but does not particularly indicate that one is actually much more similar to this person than chance in most circumstances unless the perceiver and target are very well-acquainted.
Evidence for α-keto-enol tautomerism in reduced acetylisoalloxazines

Abstract The spectra of fully reduced 6- and 8-acetyl-10-methylisoalloxazine display anomalously intense absorptions near 500 nm that are not characteristic of the expected 1,5-dihydro reduction products. The reduced absorbing species are characterized as α-enol tautomers on the basis of correspondence with predictions from INDO/S spectral calculations. The spectral calculations used geometries optimized within the framework of the semiempirical MNDO method.
Effect of marginal intakes of pyridoxine on acetate-2- C14 incorporation into rat liver lipids.

SummaryThe purpose of the present study was to determine whether marginal intakes of pyridoxine would produce the increased incorporation of acetate-C14 into liver sterol previously observed in rats severely deficient in pyridoxine. Male weanling rats were fed 6, 12, or 36 μg of pyridoxine hydrochloride daily for 9 weeks, then injected introperitoneally with sodium acetate-2-C14, and incorporation of C14 into liver sterol determined. C14 incorporation (cpm/mg) by the group fed 6 μg was greater than the incorporation by the group fed 12 or 36 μg. C14 incorporation (cpm/mg) was the same, however, in the groups fed 12 or 36 μg pyridoxine hydrochloride even though the growth of the former group was significantly less. It was concluded (1) that quite a severe deficiency of pyridoxine was required to produce the conditions resulting in an increased incorporation of acetate-C14 into liver sterol and (2) that this effect, which might be interpreted as increased sterol synthesis, did not occur in moderate pyridoxi...
Rudists as Historians--Smoky Hill Chalk Member (Upper Cretaceous), Kansas: ABSTRACT

Remains of Smoky Hill rudists yield a wide spectrum of data relating to growth attitude, nature of substrate, death, and postmortem events. Well-preserved skeletal remains of these organisms occur mainly in the lower half of the Smoky Hill Chalk Member, and are most common in a highly fossiliferous interval that lies approximately 23 m (75 ft) above the base of a recently established reference section. Early records of Great Plains explorations suggest that extensive collecting accounts in part for low apparent specimen density. Among the many Durania specimens examined during this study, including numerous nearly intact lower valves, few have closely similar morphology. Specimens are solitary or compound, thin walled to thick walled, tall-conical to short-discoidal, symm trical to highly asymmetrical in lateral aspect, and have little to extreme lateral expansion of last-formed parts of the valve wall. Wide morphological variability manifests adaptation to unstable substrate conditions, and compensation for gradual tilting or abrupt toppling as specimens approached adult size. Distribution of epizoans, particularly oysters, permits assessment of specimen orientation during life and after death, especially by defining sediment-water interfaces. Epizoan distribution also furnishes evidence of pre-burial fragmentation of Smoky Hill rudists. Texture and structure of enclosing chalky sediments are consistent with a low-energy depositional environment, so wave or current damage is unlikely. Pre-burial fragmentation of some specimens, fragments oriented contrar to normal gravitational settling, overturned specimens, and possible tooth marks combine to suggest that large vertebrates left in their wake the wreckage of extensive predation. End_of_Article - Last_Page 484------------
Comment on "Density of states of disordered two-dimensional crystals with half-filled band".

A Comment on the Letter by E. P. Nakhmedov, M. Kumru, and R. Oppermann, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 3930 (2000). The authors of the Letter offer a Reply.
Mammalian target of rapamycin and Rictor control neutrophil chemotaxis by regulating Rac/Cdc42 activity and the actin cytoskeleton

Chemotaxis allows neutrophils to seek out sites of infection and inflammation. The asymmetric accumulation of filamentous actin (F-actin) at the leading edge provides the driving force for protrusion and is essential for the development and maintenance of neutrophil polarity. The mechanism that governs actin cytoskeleton dynamics and assembly in neutrophils has been extensively explored and is still not fully understood. By using neutrophil-like HL-60 cells, we describe a pivotal role for Rictor, a component of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2), in regulating assembly of the actin cytoskeleton during neutrophil chemotaxis. Depletion of mTOR and Rictor, but not Raptor, impairs actin polymerization, leading-edge establishment, and directional migration in neutrophils stimulated with chemoattractants. Of interest, depletion of mSin1, an integral component of mTORC2, causes no detectable defects in neutrophil polarity and chemotaxis. In addition, experiments with chemical inhibition and kinase-dead mutants indicate that mTOR kinase activity and AKT phosphorylation are dispensable for chemotaxis. Instead, our results suggest that the small Rho GTPases Rac and Cdc42 serve as downstream effectors of Rictor to regulate actin assembly and organization in neutrophils. Together our findings reveal an mTORC2- and mTOR kinase-independent function and mechanism of Rictor in the regulation of neutrophil chemotaxis.
International Business in Academia: The State of the Field

The following article is based on the Presidential Address delivered by Robert G. Hawkins of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute at the 19 October 1984 meeting of the Academy of International Business in Cleveland, Ohio. Dr. Hawkins assesses the success (and failure) of the field of international business study in its 3 objectives—education, research, and the ability to influence policy making—and comes to conclusions and recommendations for the future.
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in a woman with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a rare syndrome characterized by reversible vasogenic edema in the posterior hemispheres. PRES is most often attributed to primary hypertension, pre-eclampsia, and neurotoxicity secondary to immunosuppressants such as cyclosporine. Renal disease is an infrequent cause of PRES with a majority of cases occurring in adults with complete renal failure or in pediatric cases with underlying renal parenchymal disease and concurrent immunosuppressive therapy. Typical symptoms include seizure, headache, altered mental status, and visual disturbances. PRES is rarely associated with cerebral hemorrhage, and even less so with subarachnoid bleeds. Herein we report on a 25-year-old female with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis who developed PRES. The patient’s presentation was more severe as she presented with seizure, nephrotic syndrome, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging with concurrent symptoms led us to the final diagnosis. The patient was treated with antihypertensives, diuretics, and corticosteroids and follow-up imaging revealed resolution of PRES. Our case illustrates that underlying kidney disease even without immunosuppressive agents should be added to the list of possible causes for PRES. Symptoms are reversible with treatment of underlying cause or offending agent.
ドデカンの水蒸気改質反応におけるRu/CeO2/γ-Al2O3触媒の安定性

Durability of the Ru/CeO2/γ-Al2O3 catalyst for steam reforming of dodecane was investigated using a packed bed type tubular reactor with multiple gas sampling ports along its length. The catalyst, before and after the durability test, was characterized by BET and measurement of carbon deposition. The Ru/CeO2/γ-Al2O3 catalyst showed nearly complete conversion of dodecane to H2 enriched gas and stable performance for as long as 5000 h of time-on-stream. The technique using multiple gas sampling port allowed evaluation of the decay of the catalyst performance. The catalyst started to deactivate from the inlet of the catalyst bed, where severe carbon deposition was observed. Assuming that the number of active catalyst sites was decreased by carbon deposition, kinetic analysis was performed to evaluate the decay of catalyst activity. Steam reforming of dodecane may proceed through the formation of active hydrocarbon species bound to the active catalyst sites. At lower temperatures, the activated hydrocarbons bound to the active sites become less reactive and tend to form deposited carbon. As temperature increases, the reaction between the active hydrocarbon species and steam proceeds predominantly over carbon formation.
Reduced susceptibility to IL-1 and endotoxin in transgenic mice expressing IL-1 in their lens

Abstract To learn about the effects of chronic exposure to IL-1 we generated a transgenic (Tg) mouse line that expresses human IL-1β under the control of the lens αA crystallin promoter. Expression of human IL-1β was restricted to the eye; neither the protein nor its mRNA were detected in various other organs of the Tg mice. The Tg mice develop severe ocular inflammation shortly after birth, which affects the lens and other eye tissues and apparently allows the release of IL-1 into the circulation. Here we report that the Tg mice exhibit decreased responsiveness to IL-1 and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as compared to their wildtype littermate controls: (1) when injected with IL-1 the Tg mice produced lower levels of serum amyloid A than their controls; (2) thymocytes of the Tg mice responded less vigorously in culture to stimulation with IL-1; and (3) Tg mice showed lower morbidity and mortality than their controls when injected with toxic amounts of LPS. These data suggest that chronic exposure to IL-1 in the Tg mice induces partial resistance to this cytokine, analogous to the reduced responsiveness to IL-1 in animals pretreated with this proinflammatory cytokine.
John C. Merrill, Legacy of Wisdom: Great Thinkers and Journalism. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1994. xii + 187 pp. Cloth, $24.95.

(1995). John C. Merrill, Legacy of Wisdom: Great Thinkers and Journalism. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1994. xii + 187 pp. Cloth, $24.95. American Journalism: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67-69.
The Knockdown Resistance (kdr) Mutation in Pyrethroid-Resistant German Cockroaches☆☆☆

Abstract A point mutation in thepara-homologous sodium channel gene has been shown to be associated with knockdown resistance (kdr) in several insect species including the German cockroach. In this study, we analyzed the genomic organization of the region where thekdrmutation resides and then performed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing using genomic DNA as the template to detectkdrmutation in 24 pyrethroid-resistant German cockroach strains, most of which have been collected recently from the field. Thekdrmutation, G to C at nt 2979 resulting in a leucine to phenylalanine amino acid substitution, was detected in 20 strains including 2 strains from overseas (China and Germany). Our results clearly indicate that thekdrmutation is widespread in German cockroach populations. However, the super-kdrmutation detected in super-kdrhouse flies was not found in any of the 4 strains that showed higher levels of knockdown resistance. Little correlation was observed between the presence of thekdrmutation and the level of knockdown resistance, suggesting the existence of multiple resistance mechanisms in many of these strains.
A distorted-wave methodology for electron-ion impact excitation - Calculation for two-electron ions

A distorted-wave program is being developed for calculating the excitation of few-electron ions by electron impact. It uses the exchange approximation to represent the exact initial-state wavefunction in the T-matrix expression for the excitation amplitude. The program has been implemented for excitation of the 2/1,3/(S,P) states of two-electron ions. Some of the astrophysical applications of these cross sections as well as the motivation and requirements of the calculational methodology are discussed.
Hydrophobic drug concentration affects the acoustic susceptibility of liposomes

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of encapsulated hydrophobic drug concentration on ultrasound-mediated leakage from liposomes. Studies have shown that membrane modifications affect the acoustic susceptibility of liposomes, likely because of changes in membrane packing. An advantage of liposome as drug carrier is its ability to encapsulate drugs of different chemistries. However, incorporation of hydrophobic molecules into the bilayer may cause changes in membrane packing, thereby affecting the release kinetics. Liposomes containing calcein and varying concentrations of papaverine, a hydrophobic drug, were exposed to 20 kHz, 2.2 Wcm(-2) ultrasound. Papaverine concentration was observed to affect calcein leakage although the effects varied widely based on liposome phase. For example, incorporation of 0.5mg/mL papaverine into Ld liposomes increased the leakage of hydrophilic encapsulants by 3× within the first minute (p=0.004) whereas the same amount of papaverine increased leakage by only 1.5× (p<0.0001). Papaverine was also encapsulated into echogenic liposomes and its concentration did not significantly affect calcein release rates, suggesting that burst release from echogenic liposomes is predictable regardless of encapsulants chemistry and concentration.
Hamiltonian theory of fractionally filled Chern bands

There is convincing numerical evidence that fractional quantum-Hall-like ground states arise in fractionally filled Chern bands. Here, we show that the Hamiltonian theory of composite fermions (CF) can be as useful in describing these states as it was in describing the fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) in the continuum. We are able to introduce CFs into the fractionally filled Chern-band problem in two stages. First, we construct an algebraically exact mapping which expresses the electron density projected to the Chern band ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\text{FCB}}$ as a sum of Girvin-MacDonald-Platzman density operators ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\text{GMP}}$ that obey the magnetic translation algebra. Next, following our Hamiltonian treatment of the FQH problem, we rewrite the operators ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\text{GMP}}$ in terms of CF variables which reproduce the same algebra. This naturally produces a unique Hartree-Fock ground state for the CFs, which can be used as a springboard for computing gaps, response functions, temperature-dependent phenomena, and the influence of disorder. We give two concrete examples, one of which has no analog in the continuum FQHE with $\ensuremath{\nu}=\frac{1}{5}$ and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{xy}=\frac{2}{5}$. Our approach can be easily extended to fractionally filled, strongly interacting two-dimensional time-reversal-invariant topological insulators.
Reference Samples for Electron Microprobe Analysis

The chemical analyses of twenty-six minerals, four natural glasses, and one synthetic glass prepared for use as microprobe reference samples are presented. New chemical analyses of minerals and revised analyses of several minerals published previously are included. Details of sample preparation are described and the homogeneity of the samples has been tested by the homogeneity index.
CFD modeling of multiphase flow distribution in catalytic packed bed reactors: scale down issues

Flow maldistribution in either a bench-scale or commercial scale packed bed is often responsible for the failure of the scale down unit to mimic the performance of the large reactor. The modeling of multiphase flow in a bench-scale unit is needed for proper interpretation of reaction rate data obtained in such units. Understanding the mechanism of flow maldistribution is the first step to avoiding it. In order to achieve this objective, computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations of multiphase flow under steady state and unsteady state conditions in bench-scale cylindrical and rectangular packed beds are presented for the first time. The porosity distribution in packed beds is implemented into CFD simulation by pseudo-randomly assigned cell porosity values within certain constraints. The flow simulation results provide valuable information on velocity, pressure, and phase holdup distribution.
Creating a healthy institutional environment for the elderly via behavior management: The nurse as a change agent

Abstract A single subject ABA reversal design was used in an attempt to change a chronic "screaming" behavior in an 80-yr-old nursing home resident. Two "therapeutic" contingencies were programmed simultaneously: (a) a positive reinforcement contingency (crf) using tangible as well as social reinforcers consequating the emittance of any desired "normal" behaviors was aimed at shaping and strengthening behaviors incompatible with screaming; and (b) a modified time-out contingency following immediately upon each screaming behavior was geared toward extinction of screaming behavior. Manipulation of the positive and negative consequences upon the occurrence of non-screaming and screaming behavior, respectively, resulted in the control of screaming behavior. Data are discussed in light of theoretical implications related to an ecological perspective towards aging as opposed to a biological perspective.
The origins of conflict across the Taiwan Strait: The problem of differences in perceptions

In 1995 and 1996, the Taiwan Strait became an area of considerable tension. Relations between Beijing and Taipei deteriorated as a result of perceptions by leaders in the People's Republic of China that Taiwan was moving toward independence, especially after President Lee Teng‐hui made a widely publicized trip to the US in the summer of 1995. An assessment of the differences in perceptions by scholars, officials and the populations on the two sides, the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China, are instructive. The author looks at five areas where disparate views are noticeable and divisive: the history of Taiwan (especially its ties with the mainland), Taiwan's legal status, views of the ‘Taiwan issue’ espoused by Beijing and Taipei, current relations between Beijing and Taipei, and the stance of the international community and the nature and structure of international politics. Scenarios are presented regarding the future of the conflict.
Effects of certain abused drugs on hemolysin forming cells

Abstract Random-bred Swiss-Webster mice inmunized with sheep erythrocytes were injected with various drugs to ascertain their effects on plaque forming cells. It was shown that caffeine and morphine markedly reduced the number of splenic germinal centers and total spleen cellularity. This was also reflected by a reduction of plaque forming cells. Possible mechanisms of action include direct toxicity, an alteration in metabolic activity, i.e. protein synthesis, and a triggering of the stress reaction. This effect on the number of plaque forming cells could reflect an alteration in host resistance.
Overall dynamic constitutive relations for layered elastic composites

A method for homogenization of an elastic composite with periodic microstructure is presented, focusing on the Floquet-type elastic waves. The resulting homogenized frequency-dependent elasticity and mass-density then automatically satisfy the overall conservation laws and by necessity produce the exact dispersion relations. The method is used to calculate the dynamic effective parameters for a layered composite by using the exact solution.
Asymptotic construction of a dynamic shell theory: Finite-element-based approach

Abstract In the theory of shells, asymptotically correct dimensional reduction from the dynamic equations of three-dimensional (3-D) elasticity to the approximate two-dimensional (2-D) equations of shell theory is possible only within the long-wavelength approximation, just as in statics. However, as pointed out in the literature, such a procedure is not suitable for analysis of complicated high-frequency effects in the short-wavelength regime because displacements may change rapidly through the thickness. Therefore, in addition to the general derivation of 2-D equations within the long-wavelength regime, construction of a dynamic shell theory must involve a dimensional reduction procedure for the high-frequency behavior plus a separate and logically independent step for the short-wavelength regime. In this paper, with the aid of small parameters that are inherent to the shell problem, a dimensional reduction yielding a shell theory distinct from established shell theories is carried out using the variational-asymptotic method. The dimensional procedure rigorously splits the 3-D problem into a linear one-dimensional (1-D) through-the-thickness analysis and a nonlinear 2-D shell analysis, taking into account both low- and high-frequency vibration within the long-wavelength regime. Clearly, this is not sufficient for the short-wavelength regime. Therefore, one more step is used in the present paper—called hyperbolic short-wavelength extrapolation—which enables the analysis to qualitatively describe a 3-D stress state in the short-wavelength regime with a 2-D theory. The main focus of this paper regards the through-thickness analysis, which is solved by a 1-D finite element approximation and which provides a means to calculate both inertia and stiffness coefficients for 2-D composite shell theory. This paper then represents the first attempt to develop a procedure based on finite elements for the through-thickness analysis associated with shell dynamics, which makes more the problem tractable in practice. Finally, numerical results are compared with published analytical solutions. The excellent agreement demonstrates the capabilities of the present model to analyze dynamic structural responses over a wide range of frequencies and wavelengths.
Cloning of a gamma-aminobutyric acid type C receptor subunit in rat retina with a methionine residue critical for picrotoxinin channel block

Abstract Ionotropic receptors for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are important to inhibitory neurotransmission in the mammalian retina, mediating GABAA and GABAC responses. In many species, these responses are blocked by the convulsant picrotoxinin (PTX), although the mechanism of block is not fully understood. In contrast, GABAC responses in the rat retina are extremely resistant to PTX. We hypothesized that this difference could be explained by molecular characterization of the receptors underlying the GABAC response. Here we report the cloning of two rat GABA receptor subunits, designated r rho 1 and r rho 2 after their previously identified human homologues. When coexpressed in Xenopus oocytes, r rho 1/r rho 2 heteromeric receptors mimicked PTX-resistant GABAC responses of the rat retina. PTX resistance is apparently conferred in native heteromeric receptors by r rho 2 subunits since homomeric r rho 1 receptors were sensitive to PTX; r rho 2 subunits alone were unable to form functional homomeric receptors. Site-directed mutagenesis confirmed that a single amino acid residue in the second membrane-spanning region (a methionine in r rho 2 in place of a threonine in r rho 1) is the predominant determinant of PTX resistance in the rat receptor. This study reveals not only the molecular mechanism underlying PTX blockade of GABA receptors but also the heteromeric nature of native receptors in the rat retina that underlie the PTX-resistant GABAC response.
Determination of manganese oxidation states in solids by electron energy-loss spectroscopy

Abstract Electron energy-loss spectra of manganese-bearing phases vary systematically with changes in the average oxidation state of manganese. The energy region recorded, 0 to 1000 eV, includes electronic transitions from manganese and oxygen core orbitals, as well as from states that have contributions from both elements. We used a spectrometer attached to a transmission electron microscope (TEM) to obtain reference spectra from manganese metal and from manganese oxides that contain Mn 2+ , Mn 3+ , and Mn 4+ . Such reference spectra can be used to estimate the manganese oxidation state for uncharacterized manganese-bearing solids. Areas with diameters as small as 0.1 μm can be analyzed, thus avoiding the uncertainties associated with bulk analyses of fine-grained, heterogeneous mixtures. Similar determinations of reference energy-loss spectra for other polyvalent elements will broaden the applicability of this technique for the study of small volumes of solids.
Integrated Simian Virus 40 DNA: Nucleotide Sequences at Cell-Virus Recombinant Junctions

DNA fragments containing the integrated viral DNA present in the simian virus 40 (SV40)-transformed rat cell lines SVRE9 and SVRE17 were cloned in procaryotic vectors, and the DNA sequences linking SV40 and cell DNA were determined. Comparison of the DNA sequences at the SV40-cell junctions in SVRE9 and SVRE17 cells with those of a previously characterized viral insertion from SV14B cells shows that no specific viral or cellular sequences occur at SV40-cell junctions and that the cellular DNA sequences adjacent to integrated SV40 DNA do not display the direct repeat structure characteristic of transposons and retrovirus proviruses.
Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Hawaii

Excerpt To the editor: Louie and Maron's series from the National Institutes of Health (1) involving mostly white patients showed that only 17% had apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy associated wit...
Evaluation of transgenic sweet corn hybrids expressing CryIA (b) toxin for resistance to corn earworm and fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Many of the lepidopterous insects which attack sweet corn, Zea mays L., are susceptible to insecticidal proteins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki (Berliner) ( Btk ). Transgenic sweet corn expressing a synthetic cry gene for production of a Btk -insecticidal protein may provide a more environmentally acceptable means of sweet corn production. Eight transgenic sweet corn hybrids containing a synthetic gene for CryIA(b) protein production (BT11 event) were evaluated for resistance to the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). Laboratory tests revealed that all Btk sweet corn hybrids were highly resistant to leaf and silk feeding by neonate 3 and 6 d old corn earworm larvae. Ear damage in the field to the Btk sweet corn hybrids caused by corn earworm was negligible. All Btk sweet corn hybrids, except Btk 95–0901, were moderately resistant to leaf and silk feeding by the fall armyworm. Survival and weight gain were reduced when neonates were fed excised whorl leaves of the Btk plants. Weight gain, but not survival, was reduced when 3- and 6-d-old fall armyworm larvae were fed excised whorl leaves of the Btk plants. Btk sweet corn hybrids appear to be ideal candidates for use in integrated pest management (IPM) programs for both the fresh and processing sweet corn markets, and their use should drastically reduce the quantity of insecticides currently used to control these pests in sweet corn. With appropriate cultural practices, it is highly unlikely that Btk sweet corn will contribute to the development of resistance to Btk proteins in these insects because of the high toxicity of the Cry proteins expressed in these sweet corn hybrids and the harvest of sweet corn ears from fields before larvae can complete development.
Effects of stimulation duration on electrogustometric thresholds

Abstract The ability to detect low electrical currents presented to the lingual surface is widely used to assess taste function in humans. Despite this fact, the influence of stimulus duration on electrical taste thresholds is not well established. In this study, we evaluated the effects of current duration (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 s) on electrogustometric detection thresholds for two regions of the anterior tongue in 24 college students. Anodal stimulation was produced using a stainless steel 12.5-mm 2 electrode, and thresholds were determined using a single-staircase procedure. A non-monotonic function for the threshold values was observed for both tongue regions across the stimulus durations, with the 1.0-s duration stimulus resulting in a lower threshold value (i.e., higher sensitivity) than either the 0.5- or 1.5-s durations, which did not differ in magnitude from one another. These data suggest that stimulus-duration-related enhancement of lingual detection threshold sensitivity to electric currents disappears at some point after 1 s.
Molecular dynamics simulation of nanomaterials using an artificial neural net

We report a method of conducting molecular dynamics (MD) simulations that uses an artificial neural net (ANN) to significantly increase computational speed. The technique enables dynamical simulation of hard objects with essentially arbitrarily complex geometry and is well suited to the simulation of granular matter over a wide range of densities. In hard systems, binary collisions are well defined and the ANN approach enables an efficient algorithm to determine the time to next collision with high accuracy. The method has been used to enable an MD study of an ensemble of 1800 hard, smooth, impenetrable equilateral triangles in a two-dimensional periodic space. At high packing fraction , the hard-triangle system exists as a liquid-crystalline-like phase (LCP) in which there is no long-range translational order but in which there is nearly perfect long-range orientational order. As the packing fraction decreases, the LCP undergoes a transition to a fluid state in which the long-range orientational correlation vanishes but short-range order is retained. Long-lived clusters, notably hexamers, are clearly apparent in the liquid phase and appear to be stabilized by a sort of internal ``orientational'' osmotic pressure. Insofar as can be inferred from our machine calculations, the transition between the LCP and the liquid occurs around and appears to be second order. At low density, the hard-triangle system undergoes ``chattering'' collisions in which pairs of triangles collide and become associated, undergoing multiple collisions with each other before colliding with a third particle. The radial distribution function obtained from both molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo calculations shows a weak peak at low packing fraction.