cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physicochemical Principles Governing Agglomeration and Growth Kinetics

Abstract This text provides perspectives on the physicochemical principles governing agglomeration and growth kinetics of granules, providing the theory describing granule growth in the context of the key granulation rate processes of wetting and nucleation, consolidation and coalescence, and breakage. This chapter describes quantitative models and dimensionless terms such as dimensionless spray flux, nucleation regime map, Stokes deformation number, and growth regime map used for process characterization and development. Provided are examples demonstrating the effect of formulation and process variables on granule growth and breakage. Considerations for characterization of important properties such as binder liquid viscosity and contact angle, measurement of granule porosity, and determination of Stokes deformation number are presented to facilitate practical use of the approaches described.
Don’t just blame the hospital, bloodborne pathogens were hiding inside the whole time

Microbial sequencing reveals incorrect assumptions about the origin of certain infections, possibly altering prevention and treatment strategies.
Assessing the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and life satisfaction, psychological well-being, and social well-being: United States Longitudinal Cohort 1995-2014.

More than half of the U.S. population has experienced adverse childhood experiences (ACE), which are linked to physical and mental health issues. This study examines the relationship between ACEs and life satisfaction, psychological well-being, and social well-being. Data of 6323 participants from three waves of the Midlife Development in the United States (1995–1996, 2004–2006, and 2011–2014) were used. Repeated measures models were used to test the associations between ACEs and all three psychosocial scales. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to account for multiple survey measures. Adjusting for demographics and survey wave, GEE models were run for each ACE construct. After controlling for demographic covariables, those reporting an ACE had significantly lower levels of life satisfaction (β = − 0.20, 95% CI − 0.26 to − 0.15) compared to those without an ACE. Those reporting higher ACE counts were associated with lower life satisfaction compared to those with no ACE (β = − 0.38, 95% CI − 0.56 to − 0.20; β = − 0.36, 95% CI − 0.46 to − 0.27; and β = − 0.13, 95% CI − 0.19 to − 0.08 for ACE counts of 3, 2, and 1, respectively). Abuse (β = − 0.41, 95% CI − 0.48 to − 0.33) and household dysfunction (β = − 0.18, 95% CI − 0.25 to − 0.10) were associated with significantly lower life satisfaction. Overall, those exposed to ACEs had significantly lower sense of social well-being. In this sample of adults, ACEs were significantly associated with lower life satisfaction, lower psychological well-being, and lower social well-being, especially for those who report abuse and household dysfunction during childhood.
Persecution and Toleration: The Long Road to Religious Freedom

Religious freedom has become an emblematic value in the West. Embedded in constitutions and championed by politicians and thinkers across the political spectrum, it is to many an absolute value, something beyond question. Yet how it emerged, and why, remains widely misunderstood. Tracing the history of religious persecution from the Fall of Rome to the present-day, Noel D. Johnson and Mark Koyama provide a novel explanation of the birth of religious liberty. This book treats the subject in an integrative way by combining economic reasoning with historical evidence from medieval and early modern Europe. The authors elucidate the economic and political incentives that shaped the actions of political leaders during periods of state building and economic growth.
Do forest property characteristics reveal landowners’ willingness to accept payments for ecosystem services contracts in southeast Georgia, U.S.?

Abstract Previous research has found that the manner in which forests are managed reveals forest owners' goals and management preferences for their properties. In this study, we attempt to predict forest owners' participation in payments for ecosystem services (PES) programs using observable forest management in southeast Georgia, U.S. For this task, we rely on forest property characteristics identified from publicly available aerial images and databases. We examine whether and how forest property characteristics are related to family forest owners' preferences towards PES programs. The results from a random parameter logit model indicate that forest owners in southeast Georgia with planted pine forests, bottomland hardwood forests, or residential structures are more likely to participate in hypothetical PES programs. The results also indicate that forest owners' willingness to accept compensation to participate in PES programs is negatively related to the proportion of planted pine and bottomland hardwood forest areas, and to the existence of a residential structure on one's property. Findings of our study indicate the potential of revealed forest property characteristics in identifying and targeting PES programs.
Sample Efficient Fourier Ptychography for Structured Data

We study the problem of recovering structured data from Fourier ptychography measurements. Fourier ptychography is an image acquisition scheme that uses an array of images to produce high-resolution images in microscopy as well as long-distance imaging, to mitigate the effects of diffraction blurring. The number of measurements is typically much larger than the size of the signal (image or video) to be reconstructed, which translates to high storage and computational requirements. The issue of high sample complexity can be alleviated by utilizing structural properties of the image (or video). In this article, we first discuss a range of sub-sampling schemes which can reduce the amount of measurements in Fourier ptychography setups; however, this makes the problem ill-posed. Correspondingly, we impose structural constraints on the signals to be recovered, to regularize the problem. Through our novel framework of recovery algorithms, we show that one can reconstruct high-resolution images (or video) from fewer samples, via simple and natural assumptions on the structure of the images (or video). We demonstrate the validity of our claims through a series of experiments, both on simulated and real data.
Phosphorus in the Everglades and Its Effects on Oxidation-Reduction Dynamics

Nutrient enrichment—particularly with respect to phosphorus—has long been a major concern in the Everglades (see Chap. 2, Volume I). This perturbation is of keen interest with respect to the Everglades mercury (Hg) problem because the biogeochemical cycling of Hg in aquatic ecosystems is intrinsically linked to trophic state through multiple pathways, including the effects of nutrient status on food web structure and dynamics, in situ particle production, and redox dynamics in surficial sediments (see Fig. 1.1, Chap. 1, this volume). As a result, decision makers charged with the responsibility of restoring the Everglades must also consider the resultant impacts of management strategies on not just trophic state dynamics, but also the linked effects of those strategies on Hg biogeochemical cycling and trophic transfer. This chapter thus reviews phosphorus enrichment in the Everglades and its effects on Hg biogeochemical cycling, including its effects on methyl mercury production related to perturbations in redox dynamics in particular.
Correction to: Influence of Cystic Fibrosis‑Related Diabetes on Mental Health in Adults: A Single‑Center Study

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake in one of the co-author name Prof. Don Hayes Jr. During production process, "Jr." was missed to add after the author name. The author name is corrected with this correction. The original article has been corrected.
MEISSA: Multiplying Matrices Efficiently in a Scalable Systolic Architecture

The fundamental building block of many algorithms such as data analytics and neural networks is matrix multiplication. Besides its popularity, matrix multiplication is one of the rare algebraic computations that demand high data reuse rate. During the past decades, systolic arrays have been proposed as a low-cost solution for implementing high data reuse, and they have seen a resurgence of interest recently. Particularly, two categories of systolic arrays have been proposed, both of which are made of connected multiply-and-accumulate (MAC) units: non-stationary and stationary architectures. While in the nonstationary architecture both operands of the matrix multiplication flow through the MAC units, in the stationary architecture, only one of them flows. Regardless of their advantages, their common challenges are that they have high latency and are not scalable. In other words, latency increases linearly when the input size grows. Particularly, these are crucial challenges for applications of large matrix multiplication (e.g., deep neural networks (DNNs)) in the edge, in which latency must be optimized not throughput. To resolve this challenge, we propose multiplying matrices efficiently in a scalable systolic architecture (Meissa). Meissa is a novel stationary systolic array that, unlike prior work, separates multipliers from the adders rather than combining them in a unified array of MACs. Such an interconnection enables Meissa to sustain a sublinear growing rate in latency with scaling problem size. Our experimental results on a ZYNQ XC7Z020 FPGA show that Meissa executes the single-batch inference of DNNs 1.99× and 1.83× as fast as the prior non-stationary and stationary systolic arrays, respectively.
A 105Gb/s Dielectric-Waveguide Link in 130nm BiCMOS Using Channelized 220-to-335GHz Signal and Integrated Waveguide Coupler

The rapid surge of data transmission within computation, storage and communication infrastructures is pushing the speed boundary of traditional copper-based electrical links. Recent realizations of l00Gb/s wired links require advanced FinFET technologies, highcost packaging/cables and power-consuming equalization. High-frequency waves over dielectric waveguides have been considered as an alternative solution that exploits the low-loss, broadband medium while maintaining compatibility with existing silicon 1C platforms. However, since its debut in 2011 [1], this scheme, previously using $\leq 140\mathrm{G}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z}$ carriers, has only achieved data rates of up to 36Gb/s[2]. lt is expected that higher carrier frequencies (e.g. >200GHz) and multi-channel aggregation would further increase the data rate while shrinking the interconnect size; but that scheme has been hindered by challenges related to the required high-order multiplexer and ultra-broadband waveguide coupler operating efficiently at sub terahertz (sub-THz) frequencies. in this paper, using a 130nmSiGe BiCMOS technology, we present a multi-channel, multiplexer/coupler-integrated transmitter (Tx) that delivers a data rate of $105\mathrm{G}\mathrm{b}/\mathrm{s}(3\times 35\mathrm{G}\mathrm{b}/\mathrm{s})$. To demodulate each channel, a 35Gb/s coupler-integrated receiver (Rx) is also developed. Ourlink, including the chipset and a 0. 4mm-wide, 30cm-long dielectric ribbon, experimentally demonstrates the potential speed, efficiency, size and cost advantages of THz fiber links in high-speed inter-server and backplane fabrics.
Vertebrate Evolution Conserves Hindbrain Circuits despite Diverse Feeding and Breathing Modes.

Feeding and breathing are two functions vital to the survival of all vertebrate species. Throughout the evolution, vertebrates living in different environments have evolved drastically different modes of feeding and breathing through utilizing diversified oro facial and pharyngeal (oropharyngeal) muscles. The oropharyngeal structures are controlled by hindbrain neural circuits. The developing hindbrain shares strikingly conserved organizations and gene expression patterns across vertebrates, thus begs the question of how a highly conserved hindbrain generates circuits subserving diverse feeding/breathing patterns. In this review, we summarize major modes of feeding and breathing and principles underlying their coordination in many vertebrate species. We provide a hypothesis for the existence of a common hindbrain circuit at the phylotypic embryonic stage controlling oropharyngeal movements that is shared across vertebrate species; and reconfiguration and repurposing of this conserved circuit give rise to more complex behaviors in adult higher vertebrates.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTUnderstanding how a highly conserved hindbrain generates diverse feeding/breathing patterns is important for elucidating neural mechanisms underlying the execution and coordination of these two vital behaviors. Here, we first briefly summarize key modes of vertebrates feeding/breathing, discuss main principles coordinating feeding/breathing, and provide a unifying hypothesis for the existence of a shared oropharyngeal movement control circuit across species. By synthesizing behavior, structural and neural mechanisms for feeding/breathing functions across evolution, we believe that this review and our hypothesis can open new research avenues for elucidating the precise hindbrain circuits controlling feeding, breathing and other oropharyngeal functions.
Instructors’ Conceptions of Minoritized College Students’ Prior Knowledge and Their Related Teaching Practices

Drawing on students’ prior knowledge can enhance learning, but we know little about how instructors learn to teach with this knowledge in mind. Through a two-year embedded case study, we sought to ...
Automated Synthesis of Quantum Circuits Using Symbolic Abstractions and Decision Procedures

Quantum algorithms are notoriously hard to design and require significant human ingenuity and insight. We present a new methodology called Quantum Automated Synthesizer (QUASH) that can automatically synthesize quantum circuits using decision procedures that perform symbolic reasoning for combinatorial search. Our automated synthesis approach constructs finite symbolic abstract models of the quantum gates automatically and discovers a quantum circuit as a composition of quantum gates using these symbolic models. Our key insight is that most current quantum algorithms work on a finite number of classical inputs, and hence, their correctness proof relies only on reasoning about a finite set of quantum states that can be represented using finite symbolic systems. We demonstrate the potential of our approach by automatically synthesizing four quantum circuits and re-discovering the Bernstein-Vazirani quantum algorithm using state-of-the-art decision procedures. Our synthesis approach only requires distinguishing between a finite set of symbolic quantum states; for example, the synthesis of the Bernstein-Vazirani quantum algorithm only requires reasoning about the following qubit states: |0›, |1›, -i|0›, i|1›, |+›, |-›, e1ന/2|1i, eiπ/4|1› and a remaining symbolic state representing all other possible quantum states. Our approach leverages decision procedures and theorem provers to assist in the discovery of new quantum algorithms and is a step towards the automation of quantum algorithm design.
Visible-light photoionization of aromatic molecules in water-ice : Organic chemistry across the universe with less energy

Abstract Ionization of gas-phase organic molecules such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) requires vacuum ultraviolet photons at wavelengths shorter than 200 nm (~6–9 eV). We present here for the first time that visible photons - accessible through sunlight - can cause photoionization of trapped PAHs in cryogenic water–ice, accounting for 4.4 eV less ionization energy than in the gas phase. This finding opens up new reaction pathways involving low-energy ionization in many environments where water and organic matter coexist. These include the interstellar medium, molecular clouds, protoplanetary disks, and planetary surfaces and atmospheres (including Earth).
Review of Philip J. Cook's 'Paying the Tab: The Costs and Benefits of Alcohol Control'

Cook argues that American policymakers have failed to adequately consider the supply-side policies such as higher excise taxes that could be used to reduce the health and economic consequences of alcohol misuse and abuse. He offers a justification for the use of government power to alter the behavior of individuals. Though thought-provoking and thorough, the book would have benefited from a deeper exploration of financial incentives and an analysis of alcohol policies in other countries. Still, it is clear that more must be done to control the consumption of alcohol.
The cosine and sine addition and subtraction formulas on semigroups

The cosine addition formula on a semigroup S is the functional equation $$g(xy) = g(x)g(y) - f(x)f(y)$$ for all $$x,y \in S$$ . We find its general solution for $$g,f \colon S \to \mathbb{C}$$ , using the recently found general solution of the sine addition formula $$f(xy) = f(x)g(y) + g(x)f(y)$$ on semigroups. A simpler proof of this latter result is also included, with some details added to the solution. We also solve the cosine subtraction formula $$g(x\sigma(y)) = g(x)g(y) + f(x)f(y)$$ on monoids, where $$\sigma$$ is an automorphic involution. The solutions of these functional equations are described mostly in terms of additive and multiplicative functions, but for some semigroups there exist points where f and/or g can take arbitrary values. The continuous solutions on topological semigroups are also found.
Uncertain Demographic Futures and Government Budgets in the US

Recent decades have seen the emergence of massive public sector transfer programmes in industrial nations. Because many transfers are age related, the population age distribution is a powerful influence on government budgets, and ageing will be very costly. We construct stochastic projections of the budgets for the federal and state/local governments, disaggregated by programme. These are driven by stochastic population projections and by stochastic projections of productivity growth and real interest rates. The demography influences budgetary outcomes through the age specificity of seven categories of tax payment and 28 government spending programmes, as well as through public goods expenditures, debt service and provision of congestible services. Forecasts of government deficits and debt under current tax and benefit trajectories make it clear that adjustments will have to be made in the future to avoid implausibly high and unsustainable debt levels. Subsequent forecasts are conditional on an upper bound to the federal debt/GDP ratio of 0.80. There is a very slight chance (2.5%) that the overall tax burden will barely rise, but most likely it will have to increase by 62% (from 24% in 1994 to 38% of GDP in 2070), and there is a slight chance that taxes would rise by 120% (to 53%). We have not yet explored adjustment through reduction of benefits. The expected GDP shares of child related expenditures and age neutral expenditures are both flat up to 2070. The expected share of old age expenditures, however, rises from 8.5% of GDP in 1994 to 22.5% in 2070. We find that there is a strong negative correlation between rates of expenditure on child-oriented programmes and on elder-oriented programmes, as one would expect given the importance of fertility for both outcomes. Thus, focusing exclusively on the tax burden resulting from population ageing could somewhat exaggerate the increases needed in the future. We also find that the rising cost of Social Security benefits (OASDI) accounts for only 28% of the rise in old age expenditures; fixing Social Security will not in itself fix the federal budget. The rising costs of health care will contribute even more and must be addressed as well.
Prevention and Protection: Threats and Challenges From A Homeland Defense Perspective

President Bush signed and released the National Strategy for Homeland Security in July 2002. This strategy highlighted the new threat environment, discussed our national vulnerabilities, and outlined critical mission areas necessary to meet the new security challenge. While the strategy outlined threats, that is incidents intentionally instigated by an adversary to cause loss or damage, it did not adequately address nonhostile hazards. Events such as accidents or natural disasters can also result in catastrophic damage and must be considered for comprehensive risk management. The strategy also did not differentiate between true mission areas (i.e. what we need to do), the domain environment (i.e. where we need to do them), and the preparedness continuum (i.e. when we need to do them). To be fair, the strategy does discuss protection and response activities. However, it does not fully articulate the steady-state prevention functions that can be implemented preincident to minimize general risks. This paper will outline the categories of threats and hazards that should be considered, and highlight the preparedness continuum, focusing on the proactive activities, and challenges faced in the pre-event functions of prevention and protection. Keywords: homeland security; homeland defense; threat; hazard; preparedness; prevention; protection; response; recovery
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFA) in Normal Neural Cells and in Pathological Conditions

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein in normal neural cells and in pathological conditions. A review of the literature on GFA protein indicates that it has found its major application as an immunohistochemical marker for astroglia, especially under conditions where identification of the cell type is difficult, that is, during development, in culture, in cellular fractions and, more recently, in human brain tumors. Laboratory procedures have been developed to facilitate production of the antisera. The solubility of GFA protein in aqueous solutions and the in vitro formation of filaments from purified GFA protein preparations suggest that glial filaments, like other constituents of the cytoskeleton in nonmuscle cells, namely, microtubules and actin microfilaments, may assemble and disassemble in the cytoplasm. The extensive remodeling of the glial framework during brain development and the rapid change in cell shape occurring in cultured astrocytes following serum withdrawal and the administration of cyclic AMP make this hypothesis particularly attractive. The original isolation of GFA protein from gliosed human brain required relatively simple procedures such as buffer extraction and ammonium sulfate precipitation to obtain purified preparations. The immunogenicity of GFA protein varies considerably depending on the degree of degradation. Nondegraded or partially degraded preparations are nonimmunogenic or weakly immunogenic whereas strong antisera are obtained with degraded antigen. Immunohistological studies with GFA protein antisera provide new data in three critical areas of research on the development of neuroglia: (1) myelination gliosis, (2) time of appearance of Bergmann fibers in the cerebellum, and (3) the nature of radial glia.
T. Berry Brazelton, MD: a lifetime of contributions from a giant in our field.

Topic Dr. T. Berry Brazelton's contributions span over 60 years and have shaped the interdisciplinary field of infant–parent work. Purpose It is easy to lose sight of the foundational contributions to understandings and perspectives that currently seem universal or inherent. Brazelton's work began in the 1950s when prevailing belief suggested newborns could not see or hear, much less contribute to interactional processes, speak through their behavior, and be equal partners in the development of the parent–child relationship. Conclusions Brazelton's immense contributions are intrinsic to infant, child, and family work, particularly infant mental health, and continue to shape the nature of this interdisciplinary field.
Plan Efficiency Evaluation in Health Insurance Exchanges

Objectives. To help individuals identify plans of potentially lesser value on health insurance exchanges (HIX) and inform a discussion with payers regarding plan efficiency based on competitive landscape. Study Design. We propose a methodology based on linear regression to identify inefficient (dominated) plans in the exchanges based on plans’ attributes. We identify the excess premium by which certain plans are less competitive than others based on an analysis of plans’ features such as premiums and deductibles. We assign each health payer a letter grade based on the percentage of efficient (non-dominated) plans in its HIX portfolio. Data Sources. We use HIX plan information in Pennsylvania and Massachusetts. Principal Findings. Our approach documents wide variations in payers’ competitiveness and the role of the health payer (name) in driving premiums. Conclusions. Our methodology provides a novel way to analyze HIX offerings. Payers should articulate more clearly the value proposition of plans labeled “inefficient” or “dominated” in our approach.
The CLAVATA and SHOOT MERISTEMLESS loci competitively regulate meristem activity in Arabidopsis

The CLAVATA (CLV1 and CLV3) and SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM) genes specifically regulate shoot meristem development in Arabidopsis. CLV and STH appear to have opposite functions: c1v1 and Clv3 mutants accumulate excess undifferentiated cells in the shoot and floral meristem, while stm mutants fail to form the undifferentiated cells of the shoot meristem during embryonic development. We have identified a weak allele of stm (stm-2) that reveals STM is not only required for the establish- ment of the shoot meristem, but is also required for the continued maintenance of undifferentiated cells in the shoot meristem and for proper proliferation of cells in the floral meristem. We have found evidence of genetic interactions between the CLV and STM loci. clv1 and c1v3 mutations partially suppressed the stm-1 and stm-2 phenotypes, and were capable of suppression in a dominant fashion. clv stm double mutants and plants homozygous for stm but heterozygous for clv, while still lacking an embryonic shoot meristem, exhibited greatly enhanced postembryonic shoot and floral meristem development. Although stm phenotypes are recessive, stm mutations dominantly suppressed clv homozygous and heterozygous phenotypes. These results indicate that the stm phenotype is sensitive to the levels of CLV activity, while the clv phenotype is sensitive to the level of STM activity. We propose that these genes play related but opposing roles in the regulation of cell division and/or cell differentiation in shoot and floral meristems.
The Effect of a Horseshoe Crab Citizen Science Program on Middle School Student Science Performance and STEM Career Motivation

The purpose of the present quasi-experimental study was to examine the impact of a horseshoe crab citizen science program on student achievement and science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) career motivation with 86 (n = 86) eighth-grade students. The treatment group conducted fieldwork with naturalists and collected data for a professional biologist studying horseshoe crab speciation and a mock survey. The comparison group studied curriculum related to horseshoe crabs in the science classroom. A series of measures related to self-efficacy, interest, outcome expectations, choice goals, and content knowledge were given to participants before and after the intervention. It was hypothesized that students would report higher motivational beliefs regarding science and show higher levels of achievement following the intervention than the comparison group. Support was shown for most of the hypotheses. In addition, path analyses indicated that students' motivational beliefs influence content knowledge and outcome expectations, which in turn affect their career goals. These results have implications for incorporating authentic fieldwork within a formal school structure as an effective method for promoting student achievement and STEM career motivation.
Tuk-tuk: a unified account of similarity judgment and analogical mapping

While similarity and analogy have traditionally been viewed as involving distinct psychological processes, the thesis of this dissertation is that similarity and analogy invoke the same mapping process. This thesis is supported by a growing body of evidence (Markman & Gentner, 1993a, 1993b, 1996; Gentner & Markman, 1997; Goldstone, 1994; Goldstone & Medin, 1994; Larkey & Markman; 2004). The main contribution of this dissertation is a unified account of similarity judgment and analogical mapping. This account is instantiated as Tuk-Tuk, a localist connectionist model of similarity and analogy that determines a mapping between representations via a dynamic process of interactive activation among feature, object, and relation correspondences. Tuk-Tuk differs from extant models of similarity and analogy in its ability to account for both patterns of similarity ratings and benchmark phenomena of analogy. In this dissertation, T'uk-Tuk's performance is tested and contrasted with other models using a broad set of simulations, including simulations of a behavioral study of my own design.
Levels and patterns of fecal indicator bacteria in stormwater runoff from homogenous land use sites and urban watersheds

Routine stormwater monitoring programs focus on quantification of average fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) concentration at the terminal watershed discharge point. While important for permit compliance, such monitoring provides little insight into relative bacteria levels from different land use types or the mechanisms that influence FIB concentrations. The goal of this study was to quantify the relative levels and flux patterns of Escherichia coli, enterococci, and total coliforms from representative land use (LU) types. Bacteria concentrations were measured over the entire storm duration from 8 different LU types over 13 storm events in 5 southern California watersheds during the 2000-2005 storm seasons. In addition, runoff samples were collected from 8 bottom of the watershed mass emission (ME) sites. Intra-storm and intra-season patterns were investigated in order to identify mechanisms that influence patterns of FIB concentrations. Mean FIB event mean concentrations (EMCs) at LU sites ranged from 10(3) to 10(5) MPN/100 mi. Recreational (horse stables) LU sites contributed significantly higher storm EMCs than other LU types. Early season storms repeatedly produced higher EMCs than comparably sized late season storms. For most storms sampled, the highest bacterial concentrations occurred during the early phases of stormwater runoff with peak concentrations usually preceding peak flow.
Integration of design and manufacturing for structural shape optimization

Abstract This paper presents an integrated design and manufacturing approach that supports shape optimization of structural components. The approach starts from a primitive concept stage, where boundary and loading conditions of the structural component are given to the designer. Topology optimization is conducted for an initial structural layout. The discretized structural layout is smoothed using parametric B-Spline surfaces. The B-Spline surfaces are imported into a CAD system to construct parametric solid models for shape optimization. Virtual manufacturing (VM) techniques are employed to ensure that the optimized shape can be manufactured at a reasonable cost. The solid freeform fabrication (SFF) system fabricates physical prototypes of the structure for design verification. Finally, a computer numerical control (CNC) machine is employed to fabricate functional parts as well as mold or die for mass production of the structural component. The main contribution of the paper is incorporating manufacturing into the design process, where manufacturing cost is considered for design. In addition, the overall design process starts from a primitive stage and ends with functional parts. A 3D tracked vehicle roadarm is employed throughout this paper to illustrate the overall design process and various techniques involved.
Sex steroid binding protein in the plasma of Macaca nemestrina.

A sex steroid binding protein (nSBP) has been identified in the plasma of Macaco nemestrina. The protein specifically binds 5α-androstane-17β-ol,3-one (KA(male) = 1.87 ± 1.05 × 109 M−1, KA(female) = 2.04 ± 0.88 × 109 M−1, KA(pregnancy) = 2.21 ± 0.59 × 109 M−1; 4°, 10 mM Tris, pH 7.4), testosterone (KA = 4.10 ± 2.50 × 108 M−1, 4°, 10 mM Tris, pH 7.4), and estradiol-17β (2.41 ± 1.34 × 108 M−1, 4°, 10 mM Tris, pH 7.4). The steroids bind to the protein at the same site. Progesterone, cortisol, estrone, estriol, and diethylstilbestrol have relatively low affinity for the binding site. Specificity studies also suggest that 5α-androstane derivatives with a 3α-hydroxyl show little affinity compared with those having 3β-hydroxyl. Electrophoresis in 5% polyacrylamide gels yields one active molecular species with RF 0.32. The rate constant of dissociation of the DHT-nSBP complex at 4° and pH 7.4 is 0.013 min−1 with a half-time of 52.8 min. The binding capacity of nSBP expressed in μg 5α-androstane-17β-ol,3-one bound/100ml plasma for males (5 samples) and females (7 samples) is 5.62 ± 1.24 (S.D.) and 11.07 ± 1.85 (S.D.), respectively (P < 0.001). These results show that nSBP and human SBP are quite similar in their binding and structural properties and therefore establish Macaca nemestrina as a good animal model to study the physiological role of SBP.
Regulatory T cells interfere with glutathione metabolism in dendritic cells and T cells.

Naturally occurring CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress proliferation of CD4+CD25− effector T cells (Teffs) by mechanisms that are not well understood. We have previously demonstrated a novel mechanism of Treg suppression, i.e. interference with extracellular redox remodeling that occurs during activation of T cells by dendritic cells. In this study, we demonstrate that Treg-mediated redox perturbation is antigen-dependent but not antigen-specific, is CTLA-4-dependent, and requires cell-cell contact. Furthermore, we show that Tregs use multiple strategies for extracellular redox remodeling, including diminished GSH synthesis in dendritic cells via decreased expression of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, the limiting enzyme for GSH synthesis. Tregs also consume extracellular cysteine and partition it more proficiently to the oxidation product (sulfate), whereas Teffs divert more of the cysteine pool toward protein and GSH synthesis. Tregs appear to block GSH redistribution from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in Teffs, which is abrogated by the addition of exogenous cysteine. Together, these data provide novel insights into modulation of sulfur-based redox metabolism by Tregs, leading to suppression of T cell activation and proliferation.
Effects of Dietary Forage Source and Amount of Forage Addition on Intake, Milk Yield, and Digestion for Lactating Dairy Cows

Abstract Lactating cows were used to determine the effects of increasing forage content from alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) hay or Tifton 85 bermudagrass ( Cynodon sp .) hay on dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield, and nutrient digestion. Forage proportions and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content of diets were (dry basis) 1) 45% corn ( Zea mays L.) silage (control), 33.5% NDF; 2) 15% bermudagrass hay and 30% corn silage, 39.5% NDF; 3) 30% bermudagrass hay and 15% corn silage, 46.6% NDF; 4) 15% alfalfa hay and 30% corn silage, 35.5% NDF; or 5) 30% alfalfa hay and 15% corn silage, 33.5% NDF. The DMI was greater with alfalfa diets than with bermudagrass diets, with low hay diets than with high hay diets, and with the control diet than with the hay diets. Digestibility of NDF in bermudagrass diets was greater than that in alfalfa diets, in high hay diets than in low hay diets, and in hay diets than in the control diet. In vitro NDF digestion was most rapid for bermudagrass hay, intermediate for corn silage, and slowest for alfalfa hay. Results suggest that NDF from bermudagrass was digested more completely and rapidly than was NDF from corn silage or alfalfa, which improved the rate of passage despite the high NDF content of diets containing bermudagrass. Milk yield followed trends for DMI. The control diet and diets containing alfalfa elicited the greatest DMI and milk yield, but DMI per 100kg of body weight for Holsteins was equal for diets containing either bermudagrass or alfalfa. High quality bermudagrass can be used in rations for lactating dairy cows.
Evaluation of the potential adverse effects associated with calcium carbonate precipitate during continuous venovenous hemofiltration.

This study evaluated the potential adverse effects associated with exposure to calcium carbonate precipitate during continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH). The clinical use of Accusol 35 Solution (Accusol 35) has been associated with occasional formation of calcium carbonate precipitate in the tubing set during therapy.
Does manufacturing need to make JIT delivery work

The Just‐In‐Time (JIT) was found to be a management philosophy. Two main principles that JIT relies on are the elimination of waste and the complete utilization of capabilities of people. The crucial points will be touched upon and will help determine the advantages along with the disadvantages of the new method. The goals of the method will be examined, comparing the most important to the least. A discussion of companies that have implemented the JIT method will be touched with their results. Examples of how a company may increase their revenue will also be examined. A conclusion of opinions will be added to discuss feeling of how companies can benefit from the JIT method.
Sociocultural Attitudes Surrounding Menstruation and Alternative Menstrual Products: The Explanatory Role of Self-Objectification

We extend objectification theory research to consider the relationship between self-objectification and attitudes toward an alternative menstrual product in a diverse sample of female undergraduates from the United States (N = 151). We use a survey design to investigate attitudes toward one's menstruation as a potential mechanism that may explain this relationship. Reactions to an alternative menstrual product were predominantly negative, supporting prior research on stigma and shame surrounding menstruation. Exploratory structural equation modeling revealed attitudes toward one's menstruation mediated the relationship between self-objectification and participants' reactions to an alternative menstrual product. Implications for women's health are discussed.
Neuronal fibrillar proteins and axoplasmic transport.

Abstract Proteins synthesized in ganglion cells of the rabbit retina were labeled with [3H]leucine or [14C]glycine injected into the vitreous. The labeled proteins that were transported into the optic nerve and tract were dissolved and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Under simple electrophoretic conditions the incorporated label appeared to be broadly distributed over the bands of axonal proteins but with a discontinuous buffer system where higher resolution was achieved, the prominent stained bands of actin, tubulin and neurofilament did not coincide with any peaks of radioactivity. Thus the specific activity of those proteins is lower than that of other migrating proteins and its is concluded that these proteins do not movein toto with axoplasmic flow.
The electronic specific heat of a one-dimensional crystal with a sinusoidal potential

The electronic specific heat of a one-dimensional crystal with a sinusoidal potential is examined in the second quantized formulation. Two electrons per lattice site are assumed to be under the influence of the potential; electron-electron interactions via Coulomb repulsion are ignored. The Green’s function equation-of-motion technique is utilized to obtain an exact expression for the specific heat forK, the allowed linear momenta, restricted to two Brillouin ones. The specific heat shows metal, semiconductor-to-metal, or insulator-to-metal behavior as a function of temperature, dependent upon the well depth of the sinusoidal potential.
NMR solution structure of the angiostatic peptide anginex.

Abstract Anginex, a designed peptide 33mer, is known to function both as an antiangiogenic and bactericidal agent. Solving the NMR solution structure of the peptide is key to understand better its structure–activity relationships and to design more bioactive peptides and peptide mimetics. However, structure elucidation of anginex has been elusive due to subunit exchange-induced resonance broadening. Here, we found that performing NMR structural studies in a micellar environment abolishes exchange broadening and allows the structure of anginex to be determined. Anginex folds in an amphipathic, three-stranded antiparallel β-sheet conformation with functionally key hydrophobic residues lying on one face of the β-sheet and positively charged, mostly lysine residues, lying on the opposite face. Structural comparison is made with a homologous, yet relatively inactive peptide, βpep-28. These results contribute to the design of peptidomimetics of anginex for therapeutic use against angiogenically-related diseases like cancer, as well as infectious diseases.
Topological defects and melting of wigner solid on corrugated surfaces

Melting of electrons on sinusoidally corrugated surfaces S2 and S4 (of wave lengths λ = 12 √3 a and 14 √3 a, where a = lattice spacing), is investigated using the method of molecular dynamics. Both continuous and discontinuous melting transitions are observed: Melting on S2 is found to be discontinuous if U0 is less than the critical value Uc whereas for U0 >Uc the transition is continuous. On S4 the transition is always discontinuous. Upon melting, grain-boundary loops are observed in systems which undergo discontinuous melting transitions whereas continuous melting transitions are accompanied by a small density of defects.
The Origins and Development of Concepts of Justice

The origins and development of concepts of justice are examined from three theoretical points of view—learning theory, psychoanalysis, and cognitive developmental theory. Cognitive developmental theory and research, particularly the work of Piaget and Kohlberg, has contributed most to our understanding of children's ideas of justice and how these change and mature. Empirical data supporting the hypothesis that concepts of justice develop through a fixed and invariant sequence of stages is reviewed together with hypotheses and studies related to the process of transition from one stage to the next. Knowledge about the course of development needs to be supplemented, through systematic research, with information about aspects of the socialization process as antecedents of mature concepts of justice and of behavior consistent with these concepts.
Cropping System Effects and Seasonal Dynamics of Extractable Phosphorus in a Semi‐arid Soil of the Sahel, West Africa

Abstract Phosphorus (P) is often the most limiting nutrient to crop production in the Sahel. Crop rotation and residue management, as well as time of soil sampling, may influence extractable soil P. The objective of this research was to determine the influence of five long‐term crop‐management systems and temporal soil sampling on Bray 1 P concentrations in a clay soil in 1998, near Cinzana, Mali. This information could be used to predict an availability range for single‐sample soil measurements or to adjust laboratory‐measured soil P according to date sampled. Bray 1 P concentration ranged from 2.7 to 4.2 mg P kg−1 soil on an oven‐dry (105°C) basis in soil collected from 27 May until 3 November 1998. In addition, comparison of extractable soil P between crop‐management systems did not reveal a significant increase in P caused by residue return, crop rotation, or green manure compared to the traditional continuous sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] cropping system. Crop‐management system did not influe...
Energy stress tames the Hippo pathway

The kinase AMPK, a sensor of cellular energy stress, has been shown to oppose the growth-promoting activity of YAP, the transcriptional co-activator downstream of the Hippo signalling pathway. This finding may help to explain why the antidiabetic drug metformin, for which AMPK is a key effector, is linked to cancer-protective activity.
NON-NEWTONIAN FLOW (THROUGH POROUS MEDIA) : A LATTICE-BOLTZMANN METHOD

We introduce a new two-dimensional microscopic model for the simulation of non-Newtonian fluids. The model is based on the recently introduced lattice-gas and lattice-Boltzmann models of fluid dynamics, which simulate Newtonian fluids by simple interactions on the particle level. The model has the advantage of easy treatment of complex boundaries and multiphase fluids. We use the new model to study non-Newtonian flow in porous media, and find that flux is related to force by a simple scaling law.
Use of Patented Sewing Devices in a Sample of Manufactured Garments Dated ca. 1860-1900:

Apparel manufacturing in the 19th-century United States has received attention from few researchers (Kahn, 1989; Kidwell & Christman, 1974). To understand better the technical capacities of early c...
Distinctive national patterns of career motivation

The possible existence and stability of different national patterns of career-values in eight countries was tested by administering an Occupational Values Inventory to 6,400 urban children in seven of the countries in 1965, and to a sample of 3,600 in 1969. The samples were stratified by age (10 and 14), sex and socioeconomic status (upper-middle and upper-lower). A four-way analysis of variance revealed distinctive national profiles which were stable across the two samples except for some changes in three countries. Each country's value profile is briefly described and possible relations to different national patterns of economic growth are discussed.
Discriminant and Concurrent Validity of Two Commonly Used Measures of Test Anxiety

For each of two groups of 34 and 71 undergraduate college students respectively categorized as clinically test anxious (CTA sample) and as non-test anxious (NTA sample), evidence was sought regarding the discriminant validity and the concurrent validity of each of two measures—the 20-item self-report Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI) and the 8-item behavior analogue measure of test-taking performance entitled Anagram Solution Task. Normative information was also obtained for each measure to provide a basis for classifying students as being test anxious or as being non-test anxious. The statistical outcomes led to the conclusion that both the TAI and AST exhibit substantial discriminant validity, but relatively little concurrent validity. The creation of 90% confidence scoring intervals for each of the two measures shows considerable promise as a means for identifying students with differential levels of test anxiety. These instruments appear to afford a basis for both counseling and research purposes. Future d...