cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glycogen utilization and ischemic injury in the isolated rat heart

Introduction: Fasting increases myocardial glycogen content and has been shown to limit injury and improve recovery following no-flow ischemia in the isolated heart. However, the protective role of glycogen loading per se in fed animals has been questioned by data in preconditioned animals showing that reduced glycogenolysis may be protective prior to no-flow ischemia. Therefore, we hypothesized that fasting protects the globally ischemic heart by mechanisms separate from glycogen loading. Methods: Isolated hearts from rats fasted for 24 h were retrogradely perfused using glucose substrate and subjected to 20 min of global no-flow ischemia. Fed rats were identically perfused either under control conditions (glucose substrate) or with an intervention chosen to increase tissue glycogen (glucose plus insulin, [insulin]) prior to ischemia. Functional recovery and creatine kinase (CK) release were measured during reperfusion. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to measure intracellular pH, phosphorylated glycolytic intermediates and high-energy phosphates, while the lactate and pyruvate contents of the hearts were measured prior to and at the end of ischemia. Results: Hearts from fasted animals had significantly increased glycogen content prior to ischemia (76.6±2 vs. 40.9±3 μmol glu/gdw in control hearts, P <0.05) as did hearts exposed to insulin (88.6±10 μmol glu/gdw), but only hearts from fasted animals had greater glycogen utilization during ischemia. Hearts from fasted animals also had lower levels of lactate relative to pyruvate (L/P) under baseline conditions and, on reperfusion, reduced CK release (fasted: 183±48 versus control: 756±56 IU/gdw, P <0.05). Conversely, insulin hearts had increased CK release (1831±190 IU/gdw, P <0.001 vs control) and worse functional and metabolic recovery on reperfusion. Compared to the insulin hearts, hearts from fasted animals had both less acidosis and less rapid depletion of ATP during ischemia, as well as lower accumulation of glycolytic intermediates. Conclusion: Fasting protects the heart from ischemic injury and is associated with a lower L/P ratio and increased glycogen utilization during ischemia. In contrast, increasing glycogen content in hearts from fed animals using insulin limits glycogen utilization, increases ischemic injury, and impairs both functional and metabolic recovery under conditions of 20 min of global no-flow ischemia.
COMPARISON OF FEMALE AND MALE ENGINEERING STUDENTS

78 male and female engineering students were matched by race/ethnic designation and classification. Personality profiles on the Adjective Checklist indicated no significant differences between groups, with the 39 men and 39 women tending to have the same pattern of elevated and depressed scale scores.
Measurement of simultaneous synthesis of inorganic pyrophosphate and adenosine triphosphate.

Abstract An adenosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase trapping system is described which permits the unambiguous, sensitive, and quantitative evaluation of pyrophosphate under conditions in which this substance is unstable. The system can be used for the evaluation of the rates of PPi and ATP formation when both synthetic reactions areoccurring simultaneously. While up to now the method has been applied primarily to photopyrophosphorylation and photophosphorylation in chromatophores of R. rubrum it has, nevertheless, general applicability for bioenergetic systems.
Generation of Gradients Having Complex Shapes Using Microfluidic Networks

This paper describes the generation of gradients having complex shapes in solution using microfluidic networks. Flowing multiple streams of fluid each carrying different concentrations of substances laminarly and side-by-side generated step concentration gradients perpendicular to the direction of the flow. Appropriately designed networks of microchannels for controlled diffusive mixing of substances generated a range of shapes for the gradients, including linear, parabolic, and periodic. The lateral dimensions of the gradients ranged from 900 to 2200 μm. This paper also demonstrates the generation of overlapping gradients composed of different species. Since solutions in the microfluidic network exist as steady states and are continuously renewed, the gradients established in the capillaries are spatially and temporally constant and can be maintained easily for periods of hours. Using laminar flow to generate gradients should be useful in both biological and nonbiological research.
The effect of glutathione (GSH) depletion in vivo by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) on the radiosensitization of SR 2508.

Abstract The effect of glutathione depletion (GSH) on the efficacy of SR 2508 was evaluated in two murine tumor models with single large doses of radiation or with low doses administered in an accelerated fractionated schedule. To deplete tumor GSH, buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) was administered in the animals drinking water (10 mM) following two i.p. injections of 450 mg/kg. This treatment decreased RIF and MCA tumor GSH concentrations by 95% and 80%, respectively. Mice (C3H/Sed) received BSO for 48–72 hr before the first dose of radiation, and were maintained on BSO drinking water for the duration of the fractionated course of therapy. SR 2508 (200–1000 mg/kg) was injected 45 min prior to each fraction of radiation. Radiation was administered as a single dose of 15 Gy or 20 Gy, for RIF and MCA tumors, respectively. Alternatively, animals received a fractionated course of radiotherapy which consisted of 2.5 Gy/fraction for the RIF, and 3 Gy/fraction for the MCA tumors, b.i.d. for five days (total of 10 fractions). Tumor response with and without BSO, and with and without SR 2508, was determined by regrowth delay. BSO pretreatment increased the efficacy of SR 2508 with single dose radiation in the MCA but not RIF tumor. SR 2508 administered with fractionated radiation produced lower enhancement ratios (SER) than with a single radiation dose. However, BSO significantly enhanced the efficacy of SR 2508 with fractionated radiation. BSO increased the maximum SER for SR 2508 (3 mM/fraction) from 1.2 to 1.4 in the RIF tumor, and from 1.4 to 1.8 in the MCA tumor. BSO also increased the toxicity of SR 2508 by a factor of 2. However, the ability of BSO to increase the efficacy of low doses of sensitizer at clinically relevant doses of radiation suggests that this combined modifier treatment may be of clinical benefit.
Effects of birefringence on Fizeau interferometry that uses polarization phase shifting technique

Interferometers that use different states of polarization for the reference and test beams can modulate the relative phase shift using polarization optics in the imaging system. This allows the interferometer to capture simultaneous images that have a fixed phase shift, which can be used for phase shifting interferometry. Since all measurements are made simultaneously, the interferometer is not sensitive to vibration. Fizeau interferometers of this type have advantage over Twyman-Green type systems because the optics are in the common path of both the reference and test wavefronts, therefore errors in these optics affect both wavefronts equally and do not limit the system accuracy. However, this is not strictly true for the polarization interferometer when both wavefronts are transmitted an optic that suffers from birefringence. If some of the components in the common path of the reference and test beams have residual birefringence, the two beams see different phases. Therefore, the interferometer is not strictly common path. As a result, an error can be introduced in the measurement. In this paper, we study the effect of birefringence on measurement accuracy when different polarization techniques are used in Fizeau interferometers. We demonstrate that measurement error is reduced dramatically for small amount of birefringence if the reference and test beams are circularly polarized rather than linearly polarized.
Toward a New Pedagogy for Social Transformation

Radical and feminist critiques and analyses are slowly being recognized as making valuable contributions to social work practice. However, challenges are emerging concerning the need for educational programmes which are consistent in both design and practice with these ideologies. This article outlines four principles which can act as a guide in the development of educational programmes which are consistent with radical and feminist ideologies. The principles discussed are connectedness, process, empowerment and integration.
A framework for evaluating the impact of state hospital closing

This article provides a framework for the evaluation of shifting services to persons with severe mental disorders from state hospitals to community programs. A case study of the closing of a state psychiatric hospital in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and the scaling down of other facilities in the area is used as an illustration. The proposed framework provides answers to longterm management questions and information for policy development through the use of integrated systems and client-specific outcome data. Data bases, client outcome scales, and the design of the evaluation are described.
Transition metals: d -band hybridization, electronegativities and structural stability of intermetallic compounds

An electronegativity scale is derived for the noble and transition metals, based on their electron-band theory description. The tendency of $d$-band electron and hole states to hybridize is used to estimate the propensity for a particular metal to gain or lose $d$-electron count and this, in turn, is used to provide the basis of the electronegativity scale. Overall agreement of this scale with Miedema's and Pauling's electronegativity is remarkably good, granted the widely divergent bases of the three scales. The results, combined with an average electron vacancy count, are then used in structural maps of transition-metal-transition-metal alloy systems.
Utility of stretch vector correlation coefficients

Empirical values of the vector stretch correlation coefficient are compared with the total vector correlation as fundamentally defined. The former is apparently sufficiently accurate when applied to temporal stretch alone, up to three days, but when applied to space stretch it may have little meteorological meaning unless it exceeds about 0.3 in large data samples (about 450 daily observations). (auth)
Production and release of ions in the Fast Atom Bombardment ion source

Abstract FAB spectra have been obtained from several organic diammonium salts. The free dication was observed in only one case. Solid samples of the salts did not yield simply interpretable data. Mass spectra of the salts from a glycerol or glycerol/inorganic salt matrix exhibit several cation and anion related peaks as well as numerous singly charged fragment ions corresponding to charge separation, dealkylation, and elimination reactions accompanied by hydrogen transfer. These results point to low energy desorption pathways of preformed ions from immobile solid phases and mobile, concentrated liquid or high pressure gas phases.
Optimizing aperiodic multilayer structural broadband spectral filters using a genetic algorithm

In this paper, we present a new class of broadband spectral filters based on aperiodic multilayer structures that reduce the required number of layers. Furthermore, the filter performance is optimized by Genetic algorithm, which is particular useful for optimizing arbitrary shape broadband filter. Quantitative computer simulation results are provided, which are consistent with theory. We believe that thee unique broadband filters may have a variety of applications in th area of broadband spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging.
Massifícation revisited: Country music and demography

(1997). Massification revisited: Country music and demography. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 63-84.
Recombinant cytokines for controlling mycobacterial infections.

Abstract Knowing how mycobacteria exploit host cytokines to survive and which cytokines have important roles in host defense against mycobacteria should allow the use of these molecules in the treatment of mycobacterial infections. Both interleukin 2 and interferon γ have been used to treat patients with leprosy, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor is presently being administered to AIDS patients infected with Mycobacterium avium .
Reliability, minimal detectable changes, practice effects and correlates of the 6-min walk test in patients with schizophrenia.

We examined the reproducibility of the 6-min walk test (6MWT) in patients with schizophrenia. Secondary aims were to assess minimal detectable changes and practice effects of the 6MWT and the presence of clinical conditions that might interfere. From 71 patients with schizophrenia two trials of the 6MWT, administered within 3 days, were analysed. The intraclass correlation coefficient between the two tests was 0.96. The minimal detectable change was 56.2 m for men and 50.2 m for women. Body mass index, daily antipsychotic dose, negative and depressive symptoms, resting heart rate, age, smoking behavior and different musculoskeletal complaints were all significantly associated with the distance walked. The 6MWT can be recommended for evaluating the functional exercise capacity in patients with schizophrenia. Some practice effect could however not be excluded.
Impact of lactic acid on cell proliferation and free radical‐induced cell death in monolayer cultures of neural precursor cells

Biomaterials prepared from polyesters of lactic acid and glycolic acid, or a mixture of the two, degrade in the presence of water into the naturally occurring metabolites, lactic acid and glycolic acid. While the lactic acid degradation product that is released from biomaterials is well tolerated by the body, lactic acid can influence the metabolic function of cells; it can serve as an energy substrate for cells, and has been shown to have antioxidant properties. Neural precursor cells, a cell population of considerable interest as a source of cells for neural tissue regeneration strategies, generate a high amount of reactive oxygen species, and when associated with a degradable biomaterial, may be impacted by released lactic acid. In this work, the effect of lactic acid on a neural cell population containing proliferative neural precursor cells was examined in monolayer culture. Lactic acid was found to scavenge exogenously added free radicals produced in the presence of either hydrogen peroxide or a photoinitiator (I2959) commonly utilized in the preparation of photopolymerizable biomaterials. In addition to its effect on exogenously added free radicals, lactic acid reduced intracellular redox state, increased the proliferation of the cell population, and modified the cell composition. The findings of this study provide insight into the role that lactic acid plays naturally on developing neural cells and are also of interest to biomaterials scientists that are focused on the development of degradable lactic-acid-based polymers for cell culture devices. The effect of lactic acid on other cell populations may differ and should be characterized to best understand how cells function in degradable cell culture devices.
When Roles Reverse: Stigma, Status, and Self‐Evaluation1

Self-evaluations after interracial and dyadic interactions were examined. African American and White females interacted with either a same- or different-race partner in one of 3 role conditions: the high-status role of an interviewer, the low-status role of an applicant, or a peer of equal status. Following the interaction, responses to the Collective Self-Esteem scale (Luhtanen & Crocker, 1992) assessed social self-evaluation, while the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale (Rosenberg, 1965) and the State Self-Esteem scale (Heather-ton & Polivy. I99I) assessed personal seif-esteem. Combinations of racial composition and situational role had striking influences on self-evaluations. For instance, when situa-tional roles signaled a reversal from societal status, participants reported lower collective self-esteem than when situational and societal status were consistent. Thus, roles can have compelling consequences for self-evaluation after intergroup interactions.
Autonomous Flight Control for a Planetary Exploration Aerobot

Robotic lighter-than-air vehicles, or aerobots, provide a strategic platform for the exploration of planets and moons with an atmosphere, such as Venus, Mars, Titan and the gas giants.
Coherent integration loss due to white Gaussian phase noise

We develop a simple analytic expression for the change in coherent weighted integration gain due to a white Gaussian error or noise in the phase of the integrated samples. Our expression is shown by simulation to be very accurate for any reasonable value of phase noise standard deviation. The result is useful in estimating the performance impact on coherent signal processing systems of oscillator noise, residual motion compensation errors, and other system imperfections that are manifested primarily as phase errors.
Differences in calcium metabolism between adolescent and adult females

A 3-wk metabolic study measured calcium balance in 14 white adolescent girls and 11 young adult women. Subjects were housed in a sorority to simulate a free-living environment. A 6-d menu cycle consisted of foods typically eaten by teenagers and averaged 1332 mg Ca/d. Adolescents had a significantly higher calcium balance of 326 +/- 107 mg/d (mean +/- SD) than adults, who averaged 73 +/- 104 mg/d (P age 21 y was in positive calcium balance. Adolescents had lower urinary calcium excretion values (P < 0.001), lower fecal calcium excretion (P < 0.01), and greater net absorption (P < 0.001) than adults. Calcium balance was negatively correlated with years postmenarche (r = -0.788, P = 0.0001) and height (r = -0.650, P = 0.001). Net calcium absorption was positively correlated with parathyroid hormone concentrations (r = 0.537, P = < 0.01). Thus, the growth demands of adolescents are met by more efficient net absorption and retention of calcium compared with young adults.
Brd4 Recruits P-TEFb to Chromosomes at Late Mitosis To Promote G1 Gene Expression and Cell Cycle Progression

Brd4, a bromodomain protein capable of interacting with acetylated histones, is implicated in transmitting epigenetic memory through mitosis. It also functions as an associated factor and positive regulator of P-TEFb, a Cdk9-cyclin T1 heterodimer that stimulates transcriptional elongation by phosphorylating RNA polymerase II. In the present study, experiments were performed to determine whether these two functions of Brd4 are interrelated and, if so, how they may impact cell cycle progression. Our data demonstrate that while the P-TEFb level remains constant, the Brd4-P-TEFb interaction increases dramatically in cells progressing from late mitosis to early G1. Concurrently, P-TEFb is recruited to chromosomes, beginning around mid- to late anaphase and before nuclear envelope/lamina formation and nuclear import of other general transcription factors. Importantly, the recruitment of P-TEFb depends on Brd4. Abrogation of this process through Brd4 knockdown reduces the binding of P-TEFb to and expression of key G1 and growth-associated genes, leading to G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Because P-TEFb is synonymous with productive elongation, its recruitment by Brd4 to chromosomes at late mitosis may indicate those genes whose active transcription status must be preserved across cell division.
Treatment of posterior circulation ischemia with extracranial percutaneous balloon angioplasty and stent placement

Background and Purpose—Vertebrobasilar territory ischemia (VBI) leads to disabling neurological symptoms and poses a risk for stroke by an embolic or flow-related mechanism. We present our clinical experience in the endovascular treatment of patients with symptomatic VBI from severe atherosclerosis or dissection of the vertebral and subclavian arteries that was unresponsive to medical therapy. Methods—Twenty-one patients (9 female, 12 male) with a mean age of 65.7 years (range 47 to 81 years) underwent treatment with percutaneous endovascular balloon angioplasty and stent placement. Sixteen patients (76.2%) had evidence of contralateral involvement, and 9 (42.8%) demonstrated severe anterior-circulation atherosclerosis. Nine patients had a previous infarct in the occipital lobe, cerebellum, or pons before treatment. Follow-up was available for all patients. Results—Balloon angioplasty with intravascular stent placement was performed in 13 vertebral artery lesions (10 at the origin, 3 in the cervical segme...
The Difficulty of Measuring Musical Quality (And Quantity): Commentary on Weisberg

In a recent article in this journal, Weisberg (1994) examined the hypothesis that creative individuals suffering from manic-depressive disease not only are more productive during hypomanic phases (which they commonly are) but also produce works of higher quality than during normal or depressed periods As his test case, he took the composer Robert Schumann (1810-1856), who suffered from a bipolar affective disorder (Jamison, 1993, Ostwald, 1985, Slater & Meyer, 1959) and who left extensive records of his mood swings in letters and diaries A plot of the number of Schumann's compositions by year of completion (Weisberg's Fig 1) reveals two periods of particularly intense activity the years 1840 and 1849-1851, especially 1849 According to Slater and Meyer (1959), the years 1840, 1849, and 1851 coincide with hypomanic periods in Schumann's life Years classified as mostly depressive periods, by contrast, show very low productivity
Subspace Direction Finding With an Auxiliary-Vector Basis

We develop a new subspace direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation procedure that utilizes a noneigenvector basis. Computation of the basis is carried out by a modified version of the orthogonal auxiliary-vector (AV) filtering algorithm. The procedure starts with the linear transformation of the array response scanning vector by the input autocorrelation matrix. Then, successive orthogonal maximum cross-correlation auxiliary vectors are calculated to form a basis for the scanner-extended signal subspace. As a performance evaluation example, our studies for uncorrelated sources demonstrate a gain in the order of 15 dB over MUSIC, 7 dB over ESPRIT, and 3 dB over the grid-search maximum likelihood DOA estimator at probability of resolution 0.9 with a ten-element array and reasonably small observation data records. Results for correlated sources are reported as well
Combinatorics and cluster expansions

This article is about the connection between enumerative combinatorics and equilibrium statistical mechanics. The combinatorics side concerns species of combinatorial structures and the associated exponential generating functions. The passage from species to generating functions is a combinatorial analog of the Fourier transform. Indeed, there is a convolution multiplication on species that is mapped to a pointwise multiplication of the exponential generating functions. The statistical mechanics side deals with a probability model of an equilibrium gas. The cluster expansion that gives the density of the gas is the exponential generating function for the species of rooted connected graphs. The main results of the theory are simple criteria that guarantee the convergence of this expansion. It turns out that other problems in combinatorics and statistical mechanics can be translated to this gas setting, so it is a universal prescription for dealing with systems of high dimension.
Excitation of an atom by a train of short pulses

A general, analytic theory is presented of the excitation of a two-level atom by a series of short optical laser pulses. The atom is assumed to be isolated (collisionless) with radiative decay from upper to lower state at rate γ. The laser pulses are assumed to have a duration tp such that γtp ≪ 1 (the transient regime), and the spacing between pulses tr is such that tr ≫ tp. In this regime the atomic density matrix is calculated as a function of time during each optical pulse. An analytic expression for the atomic state (Bloch vector) after n optical pulses is also derived. For large n the atomic state converges to a repeating (steady state) cycle of pump excitation followed by radiative decay. The excited-state population in the steady state can be large but only if the spacing between pulses tr is small so that γtr ≲ 0.5. These results indicate that lasers that produce trains of pulses, such as mode-locked conventional lasers and free-electron lasers, can be effective in optical pumping of atoms.
Reoperative surgery for Hirschsprung disease

Most patients who undergo a pull-through procedure for Hirschsprung's disease typically do well. A small number of patients have persistent stooling problems, often manifesting with either constipation or recurrent enterocolitis. A group of these patients will not respond to conservative medical management and may need to undergo another operative procedure. Reoperative surgery for Hirschsprung's disease typically falls into 2 categories, those who require a myectomy and those who need a redo pull-through. This article reviews the workup, indications, and techniques for these procedures and discusses previously published, as well as the authors' outcome, with these 2 procedures.
Infinitary Logic in Finite Model Theory

The infinitary logic ℒ ω ∞ω consists of all formulas of ℒ∞ω with a finite number of variables. During the past several years, the study of ℒ ω ∞ω has occupied a prominent place in finite model theory. We present an overview of results concerning the interaction of ℒ ω ∞ω with least fixed-point logic and first-order implicit definability on finite structures.
Analysis of Cell Kinetics during Ultraviolet Light-induced Epidermal Carcinogenesis in Hairless Mice

Proliferation kinetics at various stages of ultraviolet light-induced squamous cell carcinoma in hairless mice were studied by a double-labeling method. In irradiated mice, the growth fraction, as determined by continuous labeling with thymidine-3H, was 100% in normal-appearing and hyperplastic epidermis and in lesions of squamous cell carcinoma. The growth fraction in control unirradiated mice was also 100%. The duration of T C and S decreased progressively with induction and progression of the tumor. For normal-appearing epidermis of irradiated mice and epidermis of control mice, T C and S were approximately 95 and 6.2 hr, respectively. With the induction of hyperplasia, T C and S were reduced to 43.75 and 4.45 hr, respectively, while even lower values were obtained for squamous cell carcinoma where T C = 16 hr and S = 3.05 hr. The labeling index in normal epidermis was 6.75% and increased progressively in hyperplastic epidermis (10.17%) and squamous cell carcinoma (18.98%). These results indicate that ultraviolet light-induced epidermal tumor production in hairless mice is associated with a progressive shortening of the cell cycle.
RefSeq: an update on mammalian reference sequences

The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Reference Sequence (RefSeq) database is a collection of annotated genomic, transcript and protein sequence records derived from data in public sequence archives and from computation, curation and collaboration (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/refseq/). We report here on growth of the mammalian and human subsets, changes to NCBI’s eukaryotic annotation pipeline and modifications affecting transcript and protein records. Recent changes to NCBI’s eukaryotic genome annotation pipeline provide higher throughput, and the addition of RNAseq data to the pipeline results in a significant expansion of the number of transcripts and novel exons annotated on mammalian RefSeq genomes. Recent annotation changes include reporting supporting evidence for transcript records, modification of exon feature annotation and the addition of a structured report of gene and sequence attributes of biological interest. We also describe a revised protein annotation policy for alternatively spliced transcripts with more divergent predicted proteins and we summarize the current status of the RefSeqGene project.
Development and accumulation of ABA in fluridone‐treated and drought‐stressed Vicia faba plants under different light conditions

The effects of fluridone on guard cell morphology, chloroplast ultrastructure and accumulation of drought stress-induced abscisic acid (ABA) were studied in Vicia faba L. plants grown under different light conditions. Drought stress was induced by allowing the leaves to lose 12% of their fresh weight. The appearance of defective and undeveloped stomata, and chloroplasts with a destroyed thylakoid membrane system was found in fluridone-treated plants grown at a photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of 600 μmol m -2 s -1 . Plants grown at a PPF of 40 μmol m -2 s -1 had diminished levels of ABA after imposition of dehydration. Fluridone treatment reduced the level of ABA in both unstressed and dehydrated leaves. Accumulation of ABA in the control plants was considerably reduced when they were exposed to dark periods of 24, 48 and 72 h just before imposition of the stress. Twenty-four hours after the dark treatment dehydration of the leaves resulted in a 3-fold decrease in the level of stress-induced ABA, and 72 h after dark treatment the amount of stress-induced ABA approximated the prestressed values. Fluridone-treated plants failed to accumulate ABA under water stress. In addition to functionally active chloroplasts, well-developed and functional stomata are required for drought stress to elicit a rise in ABA.
Milliwatt-level 213 nm source based on a repetitively Q-switched, CW-pumped Nd:YAG laser

By employing a CW-pumped Nd:YAG laser in nonlinear fifth-harmonic generation experiments, the duration of pulses at 213 nm has been doubled and the repetition frequency has been increased by a factor of 40 beyond earlier results.
Preharvest factors affecting postharvest texture

Abstract Texture in food products is generally defined as the overall feeling that a food gives in the mouth and is therefore comprised of properties that can be evaluated by touch. Biochemical components such as lipid content, cell wall content and composition, particle size and shape, moisture content and mechanical factors all contribute to food texture. Texture can be determined by both subjective (direct human evaluation) and objective (quantitative instruments such as shear and pressure testers) methods. A large number of factors affect the texture of a plant product. This review will focus on the preharvest factors that influence texture. Abiotic factors such as available soil moisture, temperature, relative humidity, and nutrient availability directly influence texture. There is also a genetic influence on texture, and cultivars within a species vary significantly in textural attributes. Within a cultivar there is often a large difference in texture associated with maturity at the time of harvest. The preharvest environmental, cultural, physiological and genetic factors affecting texture will be discussed in general, with emphasis given to preharvest plant nutrition as it affects textural quality of fruits and vegetables.
Sexual activity and the cardiovascular patient: guidelines

Abstract Modern cardiac rehabilitation is a comprehensive program of secondary prevention for patients with heart disease. Moreover, it is an important context in which to broach issues of impaired sexual function. Sexual problems plague a large portion of our cardiac patient population. Unspoken concerns about impotence, now more correctly called erectile dysfunction (ED), are common, as are concerns about the safety of engaging in sexual activity, especially after major cardiac events or therapeutic interventions. A large proportion of patients do not return to normal sexual activity after a cardiac event. Many factors, including normal age-related changes in sexual response, medication-induced dysfunction, and vascular changes associated with risk factors (e.g., diabetes and dyslipidemia), as well as the emotional impact of symptomatic heart disease, may influence sexual function in these patients. These factors, occurring alone or in combination, probably explain the discouraging prevalence of sexual dysfunction in patients with manifest cardiac disease. Because so few patients have specific cardiac reasons for limiting sexual activity, a clear opportunity exists for cardiologists and their staff to help enhance the emotional well-being and overall quality of life of their cardiac patients.
User-Generated Content and Social Media

Abstract This chapter documents what economists have learned about user-generated content (UGC) and social media. A growing body of evidence suggests that UGC on platforms ranging from Yelp to Facebook has a large causal impact on economic and social outcomes ranging from restaurant decisions to voting behavior. These findings often leverage unique datasets and methods ranging from regression discontinuity to field experiments, and researchers often work directly with the companies they study. I then survey the factors that influence the quality of UGC. Quality is influenced by factors including promotional content, peer effects between contributors, biases of contributors, and self-selection into the decision to contribute. Non-pecuniary incentives, such as “badges” and social status on a platform, are often used to encourage and steer contributions. I then discuss other issues including business models, network effects, and privacy. Throughout the chapter, I discuss open questions in this area.
Overdiagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension

Objective: To delineate the factors contributing to overdiagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) among patients seen in one neuro-ophthalmology service at a tertiary center. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed new patients referred with a working diagnosis of IIH over 8 months. The Diagnosis Error Evaluation and Research taxonomy tool was applied to cases referred with a diagnosis of IIH and a discrepant final diagnosis. Results: Of 1,249 patients, 165 (13.2%) were referred either with a preexisting diagnosis of IIH or to rule out IIH. Of the 86/165 patients (52.1%) with a preexisting diagnosis of IIH, 34/86 (39.5%) did not have IIH. The most common diagnostic error was inaccurate ophthalmoscopic examination in headache patients. Of 34 patients misdiagnosed as having IIH, 27 (27/34 [79.4%]; 27/86 [31.4%]) had at least one lumbar puncture, 29 (29/34 [85.3%]; 29/86 [33.7%]) had a brain MRI, and 8 (8/34 [23.5%]; 8/86 [9.3%]) had a magnetic resonance/CT venogram. Twenty-six had received medical treatment, 1 had a lumbar drain, and 4 were referred for surgery. In 8 patients (8/34 [23.5%]; 8/86 [9.3%]), an alternative diagnosis requiring further evaluation was identified. Conclusions: Diagnostic errors resulted in overdiagnosis of IIH in 39.5% of patients referred for presumed IIH, and prompted unnecessary tests, invasive procedures, and missed diagnoses. The most common errors were inaccurate ophthalmoscopic examination in headache patients and thinking biases, reinforcing the need for rapid access to specialists with experience in diagnosing optic nerve disorders. Indeed, the high prevalence of primary benign headaches and obesity in young women often leads to costly and invasive evaluations for presumed IIH.
Hormonal Contraceptive Effects on the Vaginal Milieu: Microbiota and Immunity

Hormonal contraceptives may influence the immunological and microbiological milieu of the vagina and alter the risk of acquisition of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Most studies demonstrate more normal vaginal flora and less bacterial vaginosis in hormonal contraceptive users compared to non-users, suggesting that contraceptive-induced alteration in vaginal microbiota is an unlikely mechanism for increased risk of STI/HIV acquisition. Measured impacts of hormonal contraceptive use on the presence and activity of vaginal immune cells and vaginal cytokine secretion varies depending on the experimental model, progestogen used, contraceptive delivery method, and length of use of the method, limiting cohesive conclusions. Further study is needed to evaluate the effects of specific progestogens, delivery methods, and long-term use of contraceptives, particularly intrauterine devices and implants, on innate and adaptive immune cells and function in order to ultimately understand impacts on susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections including HIV.
Counseling readiness and changes in self-evaluation during intensive group psychotherapy.

Heilbmn and Sullivan (1962) developed the Counseling Readiness Scale of the Adjective Check List (Gough & Heilbrun, 1965) from adjectives that differentiated berween clients who showed a more positive response to counseling and those who showed a less positive response. The function of this scale was to identify clients who are ready for help and could benefit from it. Gough and Heilbrun (1965) derived lists of favorable and unfavorable adjectives in the Adiective Check List. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the utility of the Counseling Readiness score in the prediction of changes in self-evaluation during intensive group psychotherapy with 48 males and 61 females. Each S attended three group therapy sessions of 1 hr. daily. The average stay was 22 days (range from 10 to 56 days). The therapy groups were led by a psychiatric resident, with emphasis placed on expression of feelings and interpretation of interpersonal sryle. Focus was on current problems. The Adjective Check List was administered to all Ss at the beginning and end of therapy. The predictor variable was the Counseling Readiness T-score obtained from the pre-therapy Adjective Check List. Change in self-evaluation was defined as the change in the favorable and unfavorable scales of the pre-therapy to the post-therapy Adjective Check Lists. The product-moment correlation between pre-therapy counseling readiness and changes in the number of favorable adjectives was 0.48 (p < 0.01). When counseling readiness was related to changes in the unfavorable adjectives, a correlation of -0.38 was obtained (p < 0.01). These rs indicate that Ss with higher scores on the Counseling Readiness Scale of the Adjective Check List before therapy are likely to check a larger number of favorable adjectives and a smaller number of unfavorable adjectives after intensive group psychotherapy than before it. In other words, improvement in self-evaluation or selfconcept can be predicted by the pre-therapy Counseling Readiness score.
Morphology and accumulation of epicuticular wax on needles of Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii )

Abstract Past studies have documented differences in epicuticular wax among several tree species but little attention has been paid to changes in accumulation of foliar wax that can occur during the year. We sampled current-year needles from the terminal shoots of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) in late June/early July, late August and early November. Needles were sampled from two sites that differed in their climate and shoot phenology. Adaxial (upper), abaxial (lower) and cross-sectional surfaces were examined on scanning electron micrographs. Wax thickness increased significantly (P < 0.01) during the year (from 2.9 ± 0.26 µm in late June/early July to 4.4 ±0.13 µm in early November). Mean wax thickness was slightly thicker on adaxial (4.0 ± 0.16 µm) than on abaxial (3.5 ± 0.22 µm) surfaces (P = 0.03). There were no significant differences in wax thickness between needles sampled at the base of the terminal shoot or near the tip of the shoot. Tubular or rod-shaped epicuticular wax cr...
Measurement of Magnetic-Substate Populations Following the Reactions O 16 ( Li 7 , t ) Ne 20 and O 16 ( Li 6 , d ) Ne 20

Particle-$\ensuremath{\gamma}$ angular correlations using the reactions $^{16}\mathrm{O}(^{7}\mathrm{Li},t\ensuremath{\gamma})^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$ and $^{16}\mathrm{O}(^{6}\mathrm{Li},d\ensuremath{\gamma})^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$ have been measured. The populations of the various magnetic substates in the residual nucleus were extracted from the data. The results indicate the presence of other reaction mechanisms competing with direct transfer of an $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particle.
CORN ROOTWORM MANAGEMENT USING COMBINATIONS OF ROOTWORM AND NON-ROOTWORM TRAITED CORN WITH AND WITHOUT FORCE 3G INSECTICIDAL MATERIALS, 2013

Corn rootworm (NCR/WCR) management efficacy trials were conducted to evaluate transgenic insect-resistant hybrids and granular insecticide combination treatments near Bryant, Cavour and Colman in South Dakota. Granular applications were made by using four rows (approximately 50 ft long; spaced 30 inches apart) treatment plots at planting-time. Experimental plots were arranged in an RCB design with four replications. Granular insecticides were applied with Noble metering units or SmartBox delivery system. All metering units were calibrated on the planter before treatment applications and mounted on a 4-row Kinze corn planter. In-furrow treatments were placed directly between double-disk openers and into the open seed furrow. Hybrids evaluated included: ‘Pioneer Optimum AcreMax1’ (‘OAM1’) ‘Pioneer 38H03AM1’, ‘Agrisure 3122’ ‘Syngenta Agrisure3122’, ‘VT Triple’ (‘VT3’) ‘Monsanto/DeKalb DKC43-27’, ‘Genuity VT Triple Pro’ (‘GEN SS 95:5RIB’) ‘Monsanto/DeKalb DKC49-29RIB’, ‘Genuity VT Triple Pro’ (‘GEN SS 90:10RIB’) ‘Monsanto/DeKalb DKC52-04RIB’, and Roundup Ready2 (RR Hybrid) ‘Monsanto/DeKalb DKC52-62’. Corn seed was planted at a rate of approximately 30,000 kernels per acre. Six roots per replication were dug randomly from the two outer rows, washed and rated using the Oleson 0 to 3 root injury rating scale. The center two rows were used for yield assessments. Yield and root rating data were analyzed by using SAS version 9.2 PROC MIXED/PDIFF option with Saxton’s lettering macro.
3D Image-Domain Wavefield Tomography Using Time-Lag Extended Images

Image-domain wavefield tomography is a technique that reconstructs the velocity model by extracting information from migrated images. In time-lag extended images, velocity model accuracy can be evaluated by reflection focusing error, which represents the traveltime residual in the image domain. The model is updated by minimizing an objective function similar to the one used by wave-equation traveltime inversion. Unlike wave-equation traveltime inversion wherein traveltime residual is obtained from crosscorrelation of a single-shot data, the focusing error is extracted from time-lag gathers, which are wavefield crosscorrelations based on multiple experiments. Because the signal-to-noise ratio is higher in common-image gathers than that in common-shot gathers, our technique is able to measure focusing error more accurately in presence of noisy data and complex geologic structures. In addition, the imagedomain approach is robust as it does not suffer from cycleskipping, which is common in conventional data-domain fullwaveform inversion. We illustrate the method using both synthetic and field data. The North Sea 3D field data example demonstrates that the technique is effective in optimizing the velocity model and improving image quality. In addition, the method is efficient in 3D because only the time-lag extensions are computed and stored.
Compressed-Liquid Density Measurements of 3-Ethoxy-1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-2-trifluoromethylhexane

Compressed-liquid densities of 3-ethoxy-1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-2-trifluoromethylhexane (C9F15H5O) have been measured with a vibrating U-tube densimeter. To closely examine the repeatability of the measurements as well as the thermal stability of the test fluid, three series of measurements were made from 270 K to 470 K and 0.5 MPa to 50 MPa. The overall combined uncertainty of the density data is 0.81 kg·m–3. Results of the measurements presented here are compared with previously measured densities found in the literature and show good agreement.
Paramagnetic resonance spectra of the 3d5 configurationo of chromium in ZnSe and ZnTe

Paramagnetic-resonance measurements have been made for the $3{d}^{5}$ configuration of ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{+}$ in ZnSe and ZnTe. The $g$ factor, the cubic crystalline field parameter $a$, the hyperfine interaction with ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{53}$, $A({\mathrm{Cr}}^{53})$, and the hyperfine interaction ${A}_{\mathrm{Zn}}$ with ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{67}$ nuclei occupying any of the twelve equivalent cation sites nearest the chromium have been determined. These resonance parameters are compared with those previously measured for ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{+}$ in cubic ZnS and CdTe and the variations from crystal to crystal are found to be consistent with changes in the covalency of the bonds and with lattice distortions caused by incorporating ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{+}$ substitutionally for the much smaller divalent zinc. The hyperfine interaction with ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{67}$ (or ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{111}$ and ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{113}$) at second-neighbor sites is, unlike the interaction of the isoelectronic ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{++}$ with these sites, found to vary from crystal to crystal in a manner consistent with changes in the covalent bonding.
Making and Unmaking Nations: The Dynamics of Genocide and Non-Genocide in Rwanda, Sudan, Côte d'Ivoire, Mali, and Senegal

The paper is a summary of a forthcoming book on why genocide occurs or does not occur in approximately similar military and political crises.
Survey on Health Risk Behavior of Middle School Students in Changping District of Beijing in 2010

[Objective]To understand the status of health risk behaviors of middle school students in Changping district of Beijing. [Methods]With multistage cluster random sampling,the self-administered anonymous questionnaire was conducted in 2 195 students selected from 63 classes of 10 middle schools. [Results]The middle school students in Changping district had the health risk behaviors commonly.In the past 7 days,daily exercise with moderate intensity of 90.0% of students was less than 0.5 hours,daily activities of 81.4% of students was less than 1 hour,50.1% watched TV more than 2 hours every day,37.3% had eaten the western fast-food,and 25.1% played the electronic games more than 4 hours every day.In the past 30 days,41.0% of students had the rough-and-tumble behavior on the stairs,33.1% had controlled food intake or eaten the low-fat foods,21.5% had carried person in bicycle riding,19.0 % had drunk,and 16.3% had smoking behavior.In the past 1 year,27.9% of students played the roller skating and skateboarding without protective devices,6.4% had climbed over the wall,baluster and school obstacles,16.1% had hurt themselves intentionally,15.0% had suffered a serious injury,14.7% had watched the pornographic book and audio-visual products,14.60% had drunk severely,and 13.7% had considered suicide.35.6% of students had the first time drinking when they were under 13 years old,33.4% had attempted to smoking,14.50% had internet addiction disorder,12.8% smoked a whole cigarette when they were under 13 years old,4.7% had sexual behavior,and 2.45% had forced sexual behavior. [Conclusion]There are omnifarious factors that harm to health of middle school students.The status of health risk behaviors of middle school students is serious,which should be paid more attention to.
Plasma clearance of carcinoembryonic antigen and asialo carcinoembryonic antigen by the liver of the nutritionally deficient rhesus monkey.

Data from an experiment on rhesus monkeys fed varying diets are discussed in relation to the effect of liver disease on plasma CEA levels and their clinical implications.
Risk Prediction for Niemann-Pick Disease

A retrospective chart review of 216 patients with Niemann-Pick disease type C (NP-C) was conducted in 5 centers in Europe including University of Amsterdam and 2 in Australia.