cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Age Discrimination, Social Closure and Employment

Age discrimination in employment has received mounting attention over the past two decades, and from various cross-cutting social science disciplines. Findings from survey and experimental analyses have revealed the pervasiveness of ageist stereotypes, while aggregate and life course analyses suggest trends toward downward occupational mobility for ageing workers, especially in the face of economic restructuring and global economic pressures. In this article, we extend the literature by offering explicit theoretical conceptualization of age discrimination in employment – conceptualization that builds on prior social closure perspectives dealing with social stratification, broadly – and then analyzing unique quantitative and qualitative data on verified cases of workplace age discrimination occurring between 1988 and 2003. Our analyses center on 1.) the interactional nature of workplace age discrimination and its relation to status, 2.) how explicit ageist stereotypes both invoke discrimination and help gatekeepers justify such behavior, and 3.) the ways in which supposedly age-neutral ideologies, centering specifically on corporate costs and well-being, may also spur ageist discriminatory treatment. Results reveal vulnerability for skilled and semi-skilled workers, particularly those nearing 50 years old and retirement. Qualitative immersion into a subsample of cases reveals precisely how stereotypes are used, how employers rationalize discrimination by invoking business costs, and how the workers are affected. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings as well as the utility of social closure theory for future research and theorizing on age discrimination and inequality.
Functional Genomics of Drought Tolerance in Bioenergy Crops

With predicted global changes in temperature and precipitation, drought will increasingly impose a challenge to biomass production. Most of the bioenergy crops have some degree of drought susceptibility as revealed for example through measures of low water-use efficiency (WUE). It is imperative to improve drought tolerance and WUE in bioenergy crops for sustainable biomass production in arid and semi-arid regions. Genetics and functional genomics can play critical roles in generating knowledge to inform and aid genetic improvement for drought tolerance in bioenergy crops. The molecular aspects of drought response have been extensively investigated in model plants like Arabidopsis, yet our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying drought tolerance in bioenergy crops is limited. Plants in general exhibit various responses to drought stress depending on species and genotype. A rational strategy for studying drought tolerance in bioenergy crops is to translate the knowledge from model plants relat...
Nonverbal Communication and Client Satisfaction in Computer-Assisted Transactions:

This field study tested the arousal-valence model of nonverbal communication by examining the effect of selected immediate nonverbal communication cues exhibited by bank tellers on the satisfaction of their clients in banking transactions. Observations of teller nonverbal communication were compared with measures of customers' perceptions of the computer-assisted transaction and of the teller. An immediacy factor was predicted to relate positively to higher levels of satisfaction with tellers, bank, and transaction. Results were nonsignificant for canonical correlations of nonverbal communication and transaction measures, as well as for additional chi-square analyses of the data. Immediacy in brief impersonal transactions is not a significant predictor of satisfaction.
Intermedin/Adrenomedullin-2 Inhibits Growth Hormone Release from Cultured, Primary Anterior Pituitary Cells

Intermedin (IMD), a novel member of the adrenomedullin (AM), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), amylin (AMY) peptide family, has been reported to act promiscuously at all the known receptors for these peptides. Like AM and CGRP, IMD acts in the circulation to decrease blood pressure and in the brain to inhibit food intake, effects that could be explained by activation of the known CGRP, AM, or AMY receptors. Because AM, CGRP, and AMY have been reported to affect hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary gland, we examined the effects of IMD on GH, ACTH, and prolactin secretion from dispersed anterior pituitary cells harvested from adult male rats. IMD, in log molar concentrations ranging from 1.0 pm to 100 nm, failed to significantly alter basal release of the three hormones. Similarly, IMD failed to significantly alter CRH-stimulated ACTH or TRH-stimulated prolactin secretion in vitro. However, IMD concentration-dependently inhibited GHRH-stimulated GH release from these cell cultures. The effec...
DAX-1 (Dosage-Sensitive Sex Reversal-Adrenal Hypoplasia Congenita Critical Region on the X-Chromosome, Gene 1) Selectively Inhibits Transactivation But Not Transrepression Mediated by the Glucocorticoid Receptor in a LXXLL-Dependent Manner

The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mediates virtually all actions of glucocorticoids, and the nature and magnitude of a cell’s response to these steroids are determined primarily by hormone concentration and GR signaling capacity. DAX-1 (dosagesensitive sex reversal-adrenal hypoplasia congenita critical region on the X-chromosome, gene 1) is an orphan nuclear receptor that functions as a corepressor, and deletion or mutation of DAX-1 causes a decrease in glucocorticoid production. However it is unclear whether DAX-1 also alters GR function as a transcription factor. Here, we demonstrate that DAX-1 acts as a novel selective GR modulator. It specifically inhibits ligand-dependent GR transactivation with little effect on GR-mediated transrepression. As demonstrated by coimmunoprecipitation and glutathione- S-transferase pull-down assays, DAX-1 physically interacts with GR, but this interaction does not influence either ligand-induced GR nuclear translocation or subsequent GR association with glucocorticoid-responsive elements. Instead, DAX-1 competes with coactivators such as GR-interacting protein 1 for binding to the receptor. Specifically, suppression of GR transactivation is mediated by the N-terminal half of DAX-1, and in particular the LXXLL motifs. Thus we demonstrate that DAX-1 directly modulates GR signaling in addition to affecting glucocorticoid hormone levels.
The CDC in a box project

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.
Acupuncture Points of the Cranial Nerves

An attempt is made to name most of the acupuncture points in the face and forehead region using anatomic nomenclature known to western medicine. All acupuncture points in the face and forehead region are located along terminal or cutaneous branches of the trigeminal nerve and the motor points formed between muscular branches of the facial nerve to the muscles of facial expression. It is believed such nomenclatures will be comprehensible to basic medical scientists and clinical practitioners who have knowledge of anatomical sciences.
In Vivo Metabolic Trapping Radiotracers for Imaging Monoamine Oxidase-A and -B Enzymatic Activity

The isozymes of monoamine oxidase (MAO-A and MAO-B) are important enzymes involved in the metabolism of numerous biogenic amines, including the neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Recently, changes in concentrations of MAO-B have been proposed to be an in vivo marker of neuroinflammation associated with Alzheimer's disease. Previous developments of in vivo radiotracers for imaging changes in MAO enzyme expression or activity have utilized the irreversible propargylamine-based suicide inhibitors or high-affinity reversibly binding inhibitors. As an alternative approach, we have investigated 1-[(11)C]methyl-4-aryloxy-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridines as metabolic trapping agents for the monoamine oxidases. MAO-mediated oxidation and spontaneous hydrolysis yield 1-[(11)C]methyl-2,3-dihydro-4-pyridinone as a hydrophilic metabolite that is trapped within brain tissues. Radiotracers with phenyl, biphenyl, and 7-coumarinyl ethers were evaluated using microPET imaging in rat and primate brains. No isozyme selectivity for radiotracer trapping was observed in the rat brain for any compound, but in the monkey brain, the phenyl ether demonstrated MAO-A selectivity and the coumarinyl ether showed MAO-B selectivity. These are lead compounds for further development of 1-[(11)C]methyl-4-aryloxy-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridines with optimized brain pharmacokinetics and isozyme selectivity.
The Process of Oncology Nurse Practitioner Patient Navigation: A Pilot Study

Oncology nurse practitioner (ONP) patient navigators may improve clinical outcomes. However, no standard measures of the process of oncology patient navigation or of related clinical outcomes exist, and research in this area is limited. The exploratory pilot study detailed in this article used grounded theory and interviews with three ONPs to define the processes employed by ONP patient navigators in caring for patients with cancer. .
A new joint model of recurrent event data with the additive hazards model for the terminal event time

Recurrent event data are frequently encountered in clinical and observational studies related to biomedical science, econometrics, reliability and demography. In some situations, recurrent events serve as important indicators for evaluating disease progression, health deterioration, or insurance risk. In statistical literature, non informative censoring is typically assumed when statistical methods and theories are developed for analyzing recurrent event data. In many applications, however, there may exist a terminal event, such as death, that stops the follow-up, and it is the correlation of this terminal event with the recurrent event process that is of interest. This work considers joint modeling and analysis of recurrent event and terminal event data, with the focus primarily on determining how the terminal event process and the recurrent event process are correlated (i.e. does the frequency of the recurrent event influence the risk of the terminal event). We propose a joint model of the recurrent event process and the terminal event, linked through a common subject-specific latent variable, in which the proportional intensity model is used for modeling the recurrent event process and the additive hazards model is used for modeling the terminal event time.
Microstructural Evolution of TiO2 Sol-Gel Thin Films

Backscattering spectrometry has been used to determine the density of TiO2 sol-gel films. The density of the as-deposited films relative to that of anatase varies slightly with respect to deposition conditions and is approximately 0.5. Annealing at temperatures as high as 750°C increases the relative density to 0.7 with concomitant decreases in the O:Ti ratio and H content but it does not result in complete densification. Film densities are consistently higher for films annealed under dynamic vacuum compared to those in air.
Structural Groupings in Borate Glasses

A. A. Lebedev developed a crystallite model for glasses in the 1920's which was supported by the 1930 publication of Randall, Rooksby, and Cooper But, the 1932 publication by Zachariasen entitled “The Atomic Arrangement in Glass” introduced the Warren and Zachariasen continuous random network (CRN) model. In that model, as applied to oxide glasses, oxygen polyhedra surrounding cations (e.g. SiO 4 tetrahedra in silicate glasses) are linked together in a random manner to form extensive three-dimensional networks which do not exhibit long-range symmetry or periodicity. Zachariasen did assume that the forces between atoms in glasses and crystals are essentially the same, and noted the same polyhedra in both, but did not discuss any further possible correspondence between glasses and crystals.
Centralization, Fragmentation, and Replication in the Genomic Data Commons

Researchers around the world deposit enormous amounts of genomic sequence data and related information into public databases, thus creating a genomic data commons. This chapter examines specific governance challenges of correcting, updating, and annotating these data. Delving into the science of genome sequencing, assembly, and annotation, it highlights the indeterminate nature of sequence data and related information and the high rate of errors in public databases such as GenBank. Drawing on the Institutional Analysis and Development framework, it then examines four approaches for dynamically correcting and modifying these data: author-centric data management, third-party biocuration, community-based wikification, and specialized databases and genome browsers. Notably, these approaches reveal deep tensions between centralization and fragmentation in the structure of the genomic data commons. On the one hand, author-centric data management and third-party biocuration represent highly centralized mechanisms for controlling data. On the other hand, wiki-based annotation disperses control throughout the community, exploiting the power of the commons and parallel data analysis to update existing data records. Attempting to capture the best of both worlds, specialized databases and genome browsers exploit replication and the nonrivalrous nature of information to preserve original data records while allowing users to codify vast amounts of value-added knowledge. This study shows that far from a being a passive repository of information, the genomic data commons is a teeming, dynamic entity in which communal intervention is critical to enhancing collective knowledge. Ultimately, the genomic data commons is an intensely human commons in more ways than one.
Steroid inhibition of canine ACTH: in vivo evidence for feedback at the corticotrope.

We infused submaximal feedback doses of either dexamethasone (DEX; 0.1 microgram.kg-1.min-1) or corticosterone and cortisol (B+F; 1.5 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) intravenously for 40 min into conscious dogs and measured the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) responses to hypoglycemia induced by insulin (0.1 U/kg) or to ovine corticotropin-releasing factor (oCRF; 1 microgram/kg); both agents were injected at 120 min. The dose of DEX was chosen to produce suppression of the ACTH response to oCRF equivalent to that produced by B+F. The purpose of the study was to determine 1) whether CRF- and hypoglycemia-induced ACTH secretion are equally inhibited by glucocorticoid treatment and 2) whether DEX and B+F have differential effects in the inhibition of stress-induced ACTH secretion. We found that peak ACTH responses to hypoglycemia and CRF were equally inhibited by DEX (36 +/- 6 and 52 +/- 9%, respectively). The peak ACTH responses to hypoglycemia and CRF were also equally inhibited after B+F infusion (45 +/- 13 and 65 +/- 5%, respectively). There was no significant interaction between the steroid administered and the stimulus given in controlling the ACTH response (by 2-way analysis of variance). The results suggest that pituitary feedback is of primary importance in suppression of canine ACTH secretion by delayed feedback and that the natural and synthetic steroids both act at this site.
Folded chromosomes in non-cycling yeast cells: evidence for a characteristic g0 form.

Folded chromosomes from stationary phase or ammonia-starved yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells can be isolated as compact structures, distinct and separable by sedimentation from the folded chromosomes of pre-replicative (G1) and post-replicative (G2) nuclei. Such cells are in a dormant or non-cycling (G0) stage. The folded genome from such cells is referred to as theg 0 form and has a sedimentation velocity of about 1700S. Sedimentation analysis of mixed G0 and G1 and G2 lysates indicates that theg 0 structure is not an artifactual breakdown product of theg 1 org 2 structures. A comparison of the proteins fromg 0 versusg 1 andg 2 structures by gel electrophoresis has revealed differences in about 10–11 non-histone and perhaps 2 histone proteins. Entry into the G0 stage, and emergence into G1 after G0 arrest, are accompanied by an ordered transition fromg 2 tog 1 tog 0, and fromg 0 tog 1 tog 2 forms, respectively. Hence, entry into G0 and re-emergence from G0 can be considered as differentiative processes, not normally part of the cell cycle, and accompanied by specific changes in the tertiary organization of the genome.
Three varieties of congenital diverticulum of the intestine.

The embryogenesis of three varieties of congenital diverticula is described. Of the three, only Meckel's diverticulum can be considered common. The other two are rare enough that the possibility of their presence is usually overlooked until revealed at operation or necropsy.
On Rediscovering the Americas

Residing in Cartagena de Indias on April 12, 1801, close to two years into his famed trip through the Americas, Alexander von Humboldt penned a letter to Nicolas Baudin. In this document, Humboldt asked for the French explorer’s permission to join an expedition destined for the Southern Pacific. Hoping Baudin would touch upon the west coast of South America, Humboldt and his trusted companion, Aime Bonpland, were about to change their plans and “started in a little pilot boat to look for you in the South Sea, to try whether by reviving our old plans, we could join our labors with yours, and sail with you on the South Seas.” Humboldt proceeded to solicit Baudin’s frank opinion about the possibility of participation, and, in case of a negative response, he “should then continue on my route from Lima to Acapulco, Mexico, the Philippines, Surato, Bassara, Palestine, Marseilles. How much I should prefer, however, to make a voyage with you!”2 The letter never reached the intended recipient, because Baudin had already departed France to explore Australia’s lesser-known coastlines.3
SmartDb: an object-oriented simulation framework for intelligent vehicles and highway systems

SmartDB is a framework for the uniform specification, simulation, optimization, evaluation, and implementation of intelligent vehicle highway system (IVHS) alternatives. The salient concepts in SmartDB are: (1) layered control architecture, (2) coordination of distributed control agents through communication, (3) combined discrete and continuous dynamical systems, known as hybrid systems, and their control and verification, (4) object oriented simulation, and (5) distributed and open architecture. This paper summarizes the first three concepts and describes in detail the simulation constructs and the distributed and open architecture of SmartDB. >
Using Eye Movements to Assess Language Comprehension in Toddlers Born Preterm and Full Term.

Objective To assess language skills in children born preterm and full term by the use of a standardized language test and eye-tracking methods. Study design Children born ≤32 weeks' gestation (n = 44) were matched on sex and socioeconomic status to children born full term (n = 44) and studied longitudinally. The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (BSID-III) were administered at 18 months (corrected for prematurity as applicable). The Looking-While-Listening Task (LWL) simultaneously presents 2 pictures and an auditory stimulus that directs the child's attention to one image. The pattern of eye movements reflects visual processing and the efficiency of language comprehension. Children born preterm were evaluated on LWL 3 times between 18 and 24 months. Children born full term were evaluated at ages corresponding to chronological and corrected ages of their preterm match. Results were compared between groups for the BSID-III and 2 LWL measures: accuracy (proportion of time looking at target) and reaction time (latency to shift gaze from distracter to target). Results Children born preterm had lower BSID-III scores than children born full term. Children born preterm had poorer performance than children born full term on LWL measures for chronological age but similar performance for corrected age. Accuracy and reaction time at 18 months' corrected age displaced preterm-full term group membership as significant predictors of BSID-III scores. Conclusions Performance and rate of change on language comprehension measures were similar in children born preterm and full term compared at corrected age. Individual variation in language comprehension efficiency was a robust predictor of scores on a standardized language assessment in both groups.
Healthy Profits: An Interdisciplinary Retail Framework that Increases the Sales of Healthy Foods

Abstract Disruptive layouts, smart carts, suggestive signage, GPS alerts, and touch-screen preordering all foreshadow an evolution in how healthy foods will be sold in grocery stores. Although seemingly unrelated, they will all influence sales by altering either how convenient, attractive, or normal (CAN) it is to purchase a healthy target food. A Retail Intervention Matrix shows how a retailer’s actions in these three areas can be redirected to target shoppers based on whether the shoppers are Health Vigilant, Health Predisposed, or Health Disinterested. For researchers, this review offers an organizing framework that integrates marketing, nutrition, psychology, public health, and behavioral economics to identify next generation research. For managers, this framework underscores how dozens of small, low cost, in-store changes are available to each that can surprisingly increase sales of entire categories of healthy food.
Differential sensitivity to changes in pitch acceleration in the auditory brainstem and cortex.

Abstract The cortical pitch-specific response (CPR) is differentially sensitive to pitch contours varying in rate of acceleration—time-variant Mandarin Tone 2 (T2) versus constant, linear rising ramp (Linear)—as a function of language experience (Krishnan, Gandour, & Suresh, 2014). CPR and brainstem frequency following response (FFR) data were recorded concurrently from native Mandarin listeners using the same stimuli. Results showed that T2 elicited larger responses than Linear at both cortical and brainstem levels (CPR: Na–Pb, Pb–Nb; FFR). However, Pb–Nb exhibited a larger difference in magnitude between T2 and Linear than either Na–Pb or FFR. This finding highlights differential weighting of brain responses elicited by a specific temporal attribute of pitch. Consistent with the notion of a distributed, integrated hierarchical pitch processing network, temporal attributes of pitch are differentially weighted by subcortical and cortical level processing.
The levels of physical activity and motor skills in young children with and without autism spectrum disorder, aged 2–5 years

Autism spectrum disorder is the fastest growing developmental disability in the United States. As such, there is an unprecedented need for research examining factors contributing to the health disp...
Plant Models for Use with Computer-Aided Control System Analysis and Design Packages

Abstract A portfolio of plant models based upon real-world industrial plants and processes has been developed for use in control system analysis and design. The seven nonlinear models in this portfolio are Written In two widely-used simulatIon languages, ACSL and TSIM 2. A set of linear models has been extracted from the control literature and put in the form of Matlab and Ecstasy files. The nonlinear models are being formed into a model library that will be accessible over an academic data network in the United Kingdom
A “Pseudopolynomial” Algorithm for Sequencing Jobs to Minimize Total Tardiness

Suppose n jobs are to be processed by a single machine. Associated with each job j are a fixed integer processing time pi, a due date di, and a positive weight wj. The weighted tardiness of job j in a given sequence is wj, max (O, Ci, - di), where Ci is the completion time of job j. Assume that the weighting of jobs is “agreeable”, in the sense that pi
PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTICIPATION AND ENDOWMENT EFFECTS: INFERRED BRAIN FUNCTION IN THE FORMATION OF ALLOCATIONS IN AN ENGLISH AUCTION

Among economic theorists, proving the existence of a competitive general equilibrium and then evaluating the equilibrium allocation of goods and services has been a major endeavor. The pile of papers on existence and attributes of the general equilibrium is Everest-like, while comparatively, the pile of papers on getting to equilibrium is like a ski-slope in Florida. Some of the papers in the smaller pile are motivated by the desire to avoid the problems of employing the mythical archetypal Walrasian auctioneer (see Hahn, 1988). That desire, while understood, requires the difficult activity of speci-fying the price-setting process and determining if that process leads to equilibrium. We consider an alternative premise: that using electrocardiograms to infer brain function of players in an English Auction yields a more complete sketch of how a simple economy gets to equilibrium. We make this proposal fully aware that this attempt is a small first step in discovering the processes employed in getting to equilibrium in more complicated institutions.
Covalent Grafting of Antifouling Phosphorylcholine-Based Copolymers with Antimicrobial Nitric Oxide Releasing Polymers to Enhance Infection-Resistant Properties of Medical Device Coatings

Medical device coatings that resist protein adhesion and bacterial contamination are highly desirable in the healthcare industry. In this work, an antifouling zwitterionic terpolymer, 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine-co-butyl methacrylate-co-benzophenone (BPMPC), is covalently grafted to a nitric oxide (NO) releasing antimicrobial biomedical grade copolymer of silicone-polycarbonate-urethane, CarboSil, to significantly enhance the biocompatibility, nonspecific protein repulsion and infection-resistant properties. The NO donor embedded into CarboSil is S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) and covalent grafting of the BPMPC is achieved through rapid UV-cross-linking, providing a stable, hydrophilic coating that has excellent durability over a period of several weeks under physiological conditions. The protein adsorption test results indicate a significant reduction (∼84–93%) of protein adhesion on the test samples compared to the control samples. Bacteria tests were also performed using the common...
A simple culture system for long-term imaging of individual C. elegans

We have miniaturized standard culture techniques to rear arrays of isolated, individual C. elegans throughout their lives on solid gel media. The resulting apparatus is compatible with brightfield and fluorescence microscopy, enabling longitudinal studies of morphology and fluorescent transgene expression. Our culture system exploits a novel crosslinking reaction between a polyethylene glycol hydrogel and a silicone elastomer to constrain animals to individual "corrals" on the gel surface. These devices are simple to construct on the benchtop with commercially available reagents, and, unlike microfluidic isolation methods, do not rely on micropatterned materials. We demonstrate that this new culture method has negligible effects on the physiology of C. elegans compared to standard culture on agar plates. In addition, RNAi techniques are effective in this system. Finally, the hydrogel-silicone binding chemistry that we developed also allows traditional microfluidic devices to be covalently attached to gel substrates instead of glass.
Statistical Models of Signal and Noise and Fundamental Limits of Segmentation Accuracy in Retinal Optical Coherence Tomography

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has revolutionized diagnosis and prognosis of ophthalmic diseases by visualization and measurement of retinal layers. To speed up the quantitative analysis of disease biomarkers, an increasing number of automatic segmentation algorithms have been proposed to estimate the boundary locations of retinal layers. While the performance of these algorithms has significantly improved in recent years, a critical question to ask is how far we are from a theoretical limit to OCT segmentation performance. In this paper, we present the Cramer–Rao lower bounds (CRLBs) for the problem of OCT layer segmentation. In deriving the CRLBs, we address the important problem of defining statistical models that best represent the intensity distribution in each layer of the retina. Additionally, we calculate the bounds under an optimal affine bias, reflecting the use of prior knowledge in many segmentation algorithms. Experiments using in vivo images of human retina from a commercial spectral domain OCT system are presented, showing potential for improvement of automated segmentation accuracy. Our general mathematical model can be easily adapted for virtually any OCT system. Furthermore, the statistical models of signal and noise developed in this paper can be utilized for the future improvements of OCT image denoising, reconstruction, and many other applications.
Children's Reactions to Mental Illness in the Family:

The idiosyncratic role a child assumes when a mentally ill family member is hospitalized reflects the family's interaction and indicates how it deals with stress
On the Control of Spatial Xenon Oscillations

The control of spatial xenon-induced oscillations in large power reactors is considered from the point of view of practical operator manual control. A control strategy is developed based on control...
Contemporary Racial/Ethnic and Socioeconomic Patterns in U.S. Childhood Obesity

Publisher Summary The analysis of racial/ethnic and socioeconomic status (SES) disparities in childhood obesity is important for several reasons. First, obesity has been identified as one of the 10 leading health indicators for the nation, and reducing or eliminating racial and socioeconomic inequalities in health is one of the major goals of the national health initiative, Healthy People 2010. However, social inequalities in health, disease, and mortality have not only remained substantial in the United States but have also increased over the past several decades. Inequalities in chronic disease risk factors such as smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, and poor diet have contributed greatly to the persistence or widening of the social gradient in health. Second, a contemporary analysis of ethnic and SES disparities is important in that it could help identify key population subgroups who are or remain at high risk of childhood obesity and who, therefore, can be targeted for obesity prevention programs. Third, documenting disparities between the least and most advantaged ethnic and socioeconomic groups can tell us the extent to which reductions in obesity prevalence can be achieved.
Genotyping Points to Divergent Evolution of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ Strains Causing North American Grapevine Yellows and Strains Causing Aster Yellows

Grapevine yellows diseases occur in cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) on several continents, where the diseases are known by different names depending upon the identities of the causal phyto...
A Zero-Shot Architecture for Action Recognition in Still Images

Motion is a missing information in an image, however, it is a valuable cue for action recognition. Therefore, not only actions depend on the spatial-salient pixels, but also the temporal patterns of those pixels are evidently crucial. In this paper, we propose a novel unsupervised zero-shot approach, employing both spatial and temporal patterns, to perform action recognition in still images through Tensor Decomposition. In the proposed model, (1) we devise a novel strategy to form tensors from individual images in a way that each tensor encodes useful spatial-temporal information regarding the action being performed in images. Tensor decomposition is then used to estimate the overall signature of the action, while action is encoded in the spatial-temporal descriptions of images. (2) We show that appearance and motion are complementary sources of information. Comprehensive experiments on four benchmarks: Stanford-40, Willow, WIDER and the newly introduced UCFSI −101 still images dataset clearly demonstrate that our method outperforms state-of-the-art approaches.
Precision medicine to prevent glaucoma-related blindness.

Purpose of review Approximately 10% of patients become blind despite using evidence-based guidelines developed from clinical trials and epidemiology studies. Our purpose is to review opportunities to decrease glaucoma-related blindness using the emerging principles of precision medicine. Recent findings The current review focuses on three topics: first, candidate biomarkers for angle-based surgeries, second, head-mounted display (HMD) technology for vision and testing, and third, glaucoma risk alleles discovered by genome-wide association studies. First, in angle-based surgeries, tracers injected into the anterior chamber or Schlemm's canal have allowed visualization of aqueous veins. We describe an innovative use of optical coherence tomography angiography to visualize aqueous veins in a case with 6-year successful outcome following catheter-based trabeculotomy. Second, HMD technology can augment perceived vision and can be used for perimetry testing. Third, developing genetic risk scores that characterize patients who are at highest risk for blindness is a priority. Such biomarker risk scores will integrate genome-wide association study-based risk alleles for glaucoma along with well known demographic and clinical risk factors. Summary As we gain more knowledge, precision medicine will enable clinicians to decrease glaucoma-related blindness by providing more timely interventions to those patients who are at highest risk for progression to blindness. VIDEO ABSTRACT: http://links.lww.com/COOP/A29.
Rethinking Goals: Transforming Short-Term Global Health Experiences Into Engagements

The authors challenge the conventional wisdom guiding what participants in short-term experiences in global health (STEGHs) should be learning. Medical students and residents from the United States have been told to focus on standardized competencies and ethical principles, in addition to the biomedical knowledge, skills, and attitudes highlighted by working internationally. The authors suggest that although these training goals are important, they may divert learners from developing their professional identities in ways that contribute to the health of all persons, especially those who are economically poor and socially marginalized. The authors postulate that such a professional transformation will occur only if STEGH participants attend to 5 key learning goals: develop contextual inquisitiveness, grow in insightful understanding, nurture global humility, cultivate structural awareness, and critically engage in the pursuit of creating equitable and just societies. Further, the authors argue that only by attending to these goals will any genuine change in the root causes of inequities in health outcomes occur. The authors review these goals and encourage their use for professional and pedagogical purposes over the duration of any STEGH-before departure, while in host communities, and upon return home.
Ranking semantic web services by matching triples and query based on similarity measure

A Web Service (WS) provides interoperability among platforms. To find out a desired web service that matches the user requirements are difficult, which raises the need for the WS discovery tool. This paper proposes a tool for Semantic Web Service Discovery (SWSD) to calculate Semantic Web Service (SWS) similarity values between the Requested Query (RQ) and Triples (Tr) from OWL-S file. SWSD uses processing components such as Parts of Speech (POS), WordNet Dictionary, and WordNet Sense (WNS) for reducing the errors in the matching. This matching determines the similarity Threshold (T) using Matching Rules (MR), and then calculates the average T values, which are ordered and ranked. This paper also analyses results in two phases such as ranking the services and QRT. When the Tr values increases, the QRT values are also increases. The SWSD results are better than existing framework results based on the above MR, Test Case, and QRT. These will help the user to find out the desired SWS.
Law: The Socio-Legal Perspective

The sociolegal perspective on law portrays law as dynamically intertwined with society, politics, markets, science and technology, culture, and other social institutions. In this view, law is seen as a set of socially institutionalized norms of varying degrees of formality, ranging from statutes and judicial decisions at the formal end of the spectrum to socially institutionalized norms and cultural understandings that become embedded in everyday life at the informal end of the spectrum. Law is envisioned as deeply embedded in society rather than as autonomous in relation to the citizens and organizations that it is designed to regulate. The sociolegal perspective tends to emphasize three broad dimensions along which law matters to social life: regulatory, procedural, and constitutive.
Unruly Rhetorics: Protest, Persuasion, and Publics: Jonathan Alexander, Susan C. Jarratt, and Nancy Welch, eds. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2018. 326 pages. $32.95 paperback.

In our current cultural era of numerous social movements, it is often easy to lose sight of what drives individuals and collectives toward action. As the editors and contributors of Unruly Rhetoric...
Perspectives on the Development of Oxide-Based Photocathodes for Solar Fuel Production

Photoelectrochemical cells (PECs), which use semiconductor electrodes (photoelectrodes) to absorb solar energy and perform chemical reactions, constitute one of the most attractive strategies to pr...
Building the evidence base for waterpipe regulation and policy

Waterpipe (hookah, shisha, narghileh) smoking is emerging as an epidemic, particularly among young people in the USA and globally. Unlike cigarettes, waterpipe smoking involves several components (eg, tobacco, charcoal, device and venues) and is characterised by unique smoking patterns that expose smokers to significant amounts of nicotine and other toxic substances. With the rising prevalence of use among young people and continuing misperceptions about waterpipe's harmful nature, a better understanding of health risks associated with waterpipe smoking is warranted. In response to waterpipe's rising trends, a Deeming Rule that extended the US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) regulatory authority to all tobacco products was issued in 2016. This rule includes waterpipe tobacco, components and parts. This development created the need for evidence to guide the FDA into best evidence-based strategies to limit waterpipe's spread among young people and harm to public health. This special issue presents some of the studies that were funded under the 'Chemistry, Toxicology, and Addiction Research on Waterpipe Tobacco' programme to inform promising regulatory action on waterpipe products. In this preamble, we briefly summarise findings from these studies and discusses their policy and regulatory implications for different waterpipe products and components.
The Second Law

In our study till now, we established the first law of thermodynamics, in which we saw that heat and work are equivalent insofar as they are different manifestations of the energy exchange between a system and its surroundings (or between various parts of a system). However, in this development, an asymmetry between heat and work has remained.
Tracking to Improve Detection Quality in Lidar For Autonomous Driving

Enabling Lidar systems to detect objects at very long ranges has the potential to be extremely valuable for autonomous driving applications, but is challenging due to noise. In this work, we leverage information from multiple consecutive frames to improve the detection capabilities of Lidar systems. We develop a mathematical model whose solution gives a low memory and low computation algorithm that detects some fraction of the objects present while keeping the number of false positives small. Performance of the proposed method is characterized using simulations of a realistic Lidar chain.
Trans-incarceration: Reimagining confinement and the criminality of aging

As the U.S. population continues to age and will require increasing levels of care, scholars continue to question what conventional methods of "custodial care" and rehabilitation accomplish for the individuals receiving them, relative to those providing them. To this end, critical discourse surrounding the spatial institutionalization of older adults argues that formal institutions of care and rehabilitation are simply alternative and synonymous forms of incarceration and imprisonment. Using semi-structured interviews with ten male residents of a Rhode Island nursing home and ten incarcerated males at the Rhode Island state prison's medium security unit, this work explores the following questions within the existing scholarship of the medical sociology of confinement and incarceration: In what ways are experiences of confinement alike for older adults living in prisons and for those living in nursing homes, and what do these similarities/differences imply about aging, disabled, and economically unproductive bodies as "deviant" and subsequently "criminal" as the traditional definition of the carceral space expands? Participant responses across the nursing home and prison settings fit into three categories, including "home as historical/home as negation," "institution as escape," and "self as non-human/self as non-agent." As a result, there exist thematic consistencies amidst the subjective experiences of older adults across settings of confinement that argue for a shared "criminality" socially assigned to an aging body.
A Multiscale Characterization of Two Tropical Embiopteran Species: Nano- and Microscale Features of Silk, Silk-Spinning Behavior, and Environmental Correlates of their Distributions

Embioptera display the unique ability to spin silk with their front feet to create protective domiciles. Their body form is remarkably uniform throughout the order, perhaps because they all live within the tight confines of silken tubes. This study contributes to an understanding of the ecology of Embioptera, an order that is rarely studied in the field. We conducted a census to quantify the habitats of two species with overlapping distributions on the tropical island of Trinidad in a search for characteristics that might explain their distinct ecologies. One species, Antipaluria urichi (Saussure) (Embioptera: Clothodidae), lives in larger colonies with more expansive silk in habitats throughout the island, especially in the rainforest of the Northern Range Mountains. The other, Pararhagadochir trinitatis (Saussure) (Embioptera: Scelembiidae), was found only in lowland locations. We quantified silk-spinning behavior and productivity of the two species and found that A. urichi spins thicker silk sheets per individual and emphasizes spin-steps that function to create a domicile that is more expansive than that produced by P. trinitatis. Their silks also interact differently when exposed to water: the smaller-diameter silk fibers of P. trinitatis form more continuous films on the surface of the domicile after being wetted and dried than that seen in A. urichi silk. This tendency gives P. trinitatis silk a shiny appearance in the field compared to the more cloth-like silk of A. urichi. How these silks function in the field and if the differences are partially responsible for the distinct distributions of the two species remain to be determined.
Molecular principles of assembly, activation, and inhibition in epithelial sodium channel.

The molecular bases of heteromeric assembly and link between Na+ self-inhibition and protease-sensitivity in epithelial sodium channels (ENaCs) are not fully understood. Previously, we demonstrated that ENaC subunits - α, β, and γ - assemble in a counterclockwise configuration when viewed from outside the cell with the protease-sensitive GRIP domains in the periphery (Noreng et al., 2018). Here we describe the structure of ENaC resolved by cryo-electron microscopy at 3 A. We find that a combination of precise domain arrangement and complementary hydrogen bonding network defines the subunit arrangement. Furthermore, we determined that the α subunit has a primary functional module consisting of the finger and GRIP domains. The module is bifurcated by the α2 helix dividing two distinct regulatory sites: Na+ and the inhibitory peptide. Removal of the inhibitory peptide perturbs the Na+ site via the α2 helix highlighting the critical role of the α2 helix in regulating ENaC function.
Segment coordination and variability among prospectively injured and uninjured runners.

Coordinative variability (CAV) and underlying coordinative patterns are potential running-related overuse injury (RROI) mechanisms, but prospective analyses are needed. This study compared lower li...
Development of Ectopic Livers by Hepatocyte Transplantation Into Swine Lymph Nodes.

Orthotopic liver transplantation continues to be the only effective therapy for patients with end-stage liver disease. Unfortunately, many of these patients are not considered transplant candidates, lacking effective therapeutic options that would address both the irreversible progression of their hepatic failure and the control of their portal hypertension. In this prospective study, a swine model was exploited to induce subacute liver failure. Autologous hepatocytes, isolated from the left hepatic lobe, were transplanted into the mesenteric lymph nodes (LNs) by direct cell injection. At 30-60 days after transplantation, hepatocyte engraftment in LNs was successfully identified in all transplanted animals with the degree of ectopic liver mass detected being proportional to the induced native liver injury. These ectopic livers developed within the LNs showed remarkable histologic features of swine hepatic lobules, including the formation of sinusoids and bile ducts. On the basis of our previous tyrosinemic mouse model and the present pig models of induced subacute liver failure, the generation of auxiliary liver tissue using the LNs as hepatocyte engraftment sites represents a potential therapeutic approach to supplement declining hepatic function in the treatment of liver disease.
Implementation of a Hypothesis-Driven Physical Exam Session in a Transition to Clerkship Program.

Introduction The head-to-toe approach to teaching the physical examination (PE) focuses on technique and performing a comprehensive PE whereas core + clusters and hypothesis-driven PE (HDPE) approa...