cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Study of School Lunch Food Choice and Consumption among Elementary School Students

Background : School lunches that are part of the National School Lunch Program must meet specific nutrition requirements. It is unknown whether students eat school lunches in a balanced manner. This study examined which lunch food items children eat/toss, and consumption differences between sexes, and between students at a Non-Title 1 school where most students purchase school lunches and a Title 1 school where most students receive free or reduced-priced lunches. Methods : Students in both schools were observed unobtrusively for five consecutive days. Trained observers recorded the discarded food items on a checklist listing the menu items for the day. The final analyses (t- tests, z tests) included data from 2,826 student-meals. Results : Entrees similar to those offered in fast food restaurants (i.e., chicken nuggets, pizza, nachos, corndogs) were favored by most students. Fresh fruits and vegetables were not selected or consumed frequently. Boys consumed more food in the fast food, starches, and dessert categories, while girls consumed more soup, salads, and vegetables. Title 1 school students consumed more food in all categories except bread, pasta, and sandwiches than Non-Title 1 school students. Conclusions : Studentsâ€™ preference of unhealthy lunch items may decrease the health benefits that school lunches attempt to provide.
A 20/30 GHz personal access satellite system study

The potential and feasibility of a personal access satellite system which will offer the user freedom and mobility are being explored. The authors define the system concept and applications, present a strawman design, and identify the enabling technologies. The system as currently conceived could provide voice and data services to users in the contiguous US in the late 1990s to the early 2000s using the 20/30 GHz bands. >
Boron and off-stoichiometry effects on the strength and ductility of AIRu

The B2(cP2) compound AlRu (melting temperature [approximately]2040 C) has shown promise for high-temperature use. It is unusual among intermetallics in having room-temperature toughness and reasonable oxidation resistance. In addition, alloying with B and Sc has shown the former to aid ductility and the latter high-temperature strength. Slip vectors of , , and have been observed, and the multiplicity of possible slip systems is presumed to be the explanation of the extensive room-temperature plasticity that is seen in compression. Here, the authors further document the effects of boron and off-stoichiometry on ductility, strength, and elastic moduli. The samples studied here were prepared by the same arc melting, annealing, cutting, polishing, and mechanical testing procedures as prescribed previously. Lattice parameters for the B2 phase were determined by X-ray diffraction, referenced to Si standards. Ductility of Al-Ru B2-based alloys is enhanced by increasing Ru content and by the addition of 0.5 at. pct B. Boron has a slight effect on the lattice parameter, an effect that is taken as implying that it lies in substitutional sites in Al[sub 47]Ru[sub 53]. Boron has a strong negative effect on elastic moduli; that effect is yet to be understood.
Does the circadian system regulate lactation

Environmental variables such as photoperiod, heat, stress, nutrition and other external factors have profound effects on quality and quantity of a dairy cow's milk. The way in which the environment interacts with genotype to impact milk production is unknown; however, evidence from our laboratory suggests that circadian clocks play a role. Daily and seasonal endocrine rhythms are coordinated in mammals by the master circadian clock in the hypothalamus. Peripheral clocks are distributed in every organ and coordinated by signals from the master clock. We and others have shown that there is a circadian clock in the mammary gland. Approximately 7% of the genes expressed during lactation had circadian patterns including core clock and metabolic genes. Amplitude changes occurred in the core mammary clock genes during the transition from pregnancy to lactation and were coordinated with changes in molecular clocks among multiple tissues. In vitro studies using a bovine mammary cell line showed that external stimulation synchronized mammary clocks, and expression of the core clock gene, BMAL1, was induced by lactogens. Female clock/clock mutant mice, which have disrupted circadian rhythms, have impaired mammary development and their offspring failed to thrive suggesting that the dam's milk production was not adequate enough to nourish their young. We envision that, in mammals, during the transition from pregnancy to lactation the master clock is modified by environmental and physiological cues that it receives, including photoperiod length. In turn, the master clock coordinates changes in endocrine milieu that signals peripheral tissues. In dairy cows, it is clear that changes in photoperiod during the dry period and/or during lactation influences milk production. We believe that the photoperiod effect on milk production is mediated, in part by the ‘setting’ of the master clock with light, which modifies peripheral circadian clocks including the mammary core clock and subsequently impacts milk yield and may impact milk composition.
Academic Achievement and Impression Management as Factors in the Grading of White Junior High Pupils

The process of grading pupil performance in American schools has received considerable attention over the years. Most of the previous studies have focused on the observed associations between grades and certain pupil characteristics such as family background, sex, abilities, attitudes and behaviors. Far less attention has been given to the influence of teachers' assessment of pupil behavior on grades. Incorporating this dimension into our analysis of the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 data, we not only found virtually no difference in school perfor- mance by gender, but also that the influence offamily SES on grades oper- ates almost entirely through academic achievement and behavior in school. Furthermore, since academic achievement affects grades both directly and indirectly, achievement seems to reflect both the quality of work performed in class as well as the teacher's evaluation of the adolescent's role perfor- mance. Consistent with this interpretation, the pupils' self-reported behav- ior does not affect his or her grades directly, but indirectly through the teacher's evaluation of the adolescent's role performance. This finding suggests a pupil's demeanor and behavior have institutional meaning only as they arefiltered through the teacher's perceptions.
Prenatal exposure to synthetic progestins increases potential for aggression in humans

Seventeen females and eight males exposed during gestation to synthetic progestins showed a significantly higher potential for physical aggression than their sex-matched unexposed siblings. Exposure to androgen-based compounds appeared to be most closely associated with aggressive responses. There were no differences in verbal aggression or IQ between exposed and unexposed siblings.
Pharmacokinetics of nanomaterials: an overview of carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and quantum dots

A full understanding of the pharmacokinetic parameters describing nanomaterial disposition in the body would greatly facilitate development of a firm foundation upon which risk assessment could be based. This review focuses on the disposition of carbon based fullerenes and nanotubes, as well as quantum dots (QD) after parenteral administration to primarily rodents. The common theme across all particle types is that a major determinant of nanomaterial disposition is the degree of interaction with the reticuloendothelial (RE) cell system. Small water-soluble particles evading this system may be excreted by the kidney. Larger particles and those with the proper surface charge may get targeted to RE cells in the liver, spleen and other organs. Most nanomaterial kinetics are characterized by relatively short blood half-lives reflecting tissue extraction and not by clearance from the body. In fact, another common attribute to nanomaterial kinetics is retention of particles in the body. Finally, unlike many small organic drugs, nanomaterials may preferentially be trafficked in the body via the lymphatic system that has obvious immunological implications.
RANDOM ACTIVITY AT THE MICROSCOPIC NEURAL LEVEL IN CORTEX (“NOISE”) SUSTAINS AND IS REGULATED BY LOW-DIMENSIONAL DYNAMICS OF MACROSCOPIC CORTICAL ACTIVITY (“CHAOS”)

In this review I posit two levels of neural function. Microscopic activity is generated by neurons, to the extent that they act autonomously or in concert with networks of finite numbers of other neurons. Macroscopic activity is found in neuropil, where it depends on the sustained interaction of innumerable neurons. These levels coexist in cerebral cortex. Microscopic activity is manifested in the fraction of the variance of single neuron pulse trains (>99.9%) that is both random and uncorrelated with pulse trains of other neurons in the neuropil. Macroscopic activity is revealed in the <0.1% of the total variance of each neuron that is covariant with all other neurons in an area of neuropil comprising a population. It is best observed in dendritic potentials recorded as surface EEGs. The “spontaneous” background activity of neuropil at both levels arises from mutual excitation within a population of excitatory neurons. It is governed by a point attractor of the neuropil, which is actualized by the micros...
Isolation and characterization of multiple forms of mandelonitrile lyase from mature black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) seeds

Abstract Five multiple forms (forms 1–5) of mandelonitrile lyase (EC 4.1.2.10) which catalyze the decomposition of mandelonitrile to benzaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide have been extensively purified from seeds of black cherry ( Prunus serotina Ehrh.) by concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B chromatography and chromatofocusing. These forms are monomers which differ only slightly in molecular weight (57,000–59,000) and isoelectric point (4.58–4.63), but heterogeneity in their carbohydrate side-chains was suggested by concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B chromatography. The absorption spectra of the predominating forms 4 and 5 showed maxima of 278, 380, and 460 nm, indicative of flavoprotein character. Detailed comparative kinetic studies of forms 4 and 5 revealed few significant differences in behavior. Both proteins showed pH optima between 6.0 and 7.0, had identical K m values (0.17 m m ) for ( R,S )-mandelonitrile, and retained similar activities upon storage at 4 and −20 °C. Neither form exhibited a metal ion requirement and both were affected similarly by metal salts, β-mercaptoethanol, and sulfhydryl reagents. Benzole acid, p -hydroxybenzyl alcohol, and benzyl alcohol inhibited both forms.
Paradise or pavement: the social constructions of the environment in two urban farmers' markets and their implications for environmental justice and sustainability

Abstract Urban aspects of local food systems, such as farmers' markets, provide an opportunity for city residents to “do” environmentalism within their own home places. What environmentalism is and how to do it, however, vary greatly with the social location of the population involved. This paper investigates the social construction of the environment through participant-observation research at two urban farmers' markets in the San Francisco Bay Area. In one farmers' market, located in a largely affluent and white neighbourhood, locally grown organic food becomes a symbol through which urban eaters can connect to wild nature. This framing provides an urban corollary to the wilderness narrative that dominates the US environmental movement. In another case, located in a low-income area, the farmers' market's largely African-American managers and vendors liken the farmers' market to environmental justice efforts. By constructing the environment as the places where the customers it targets “live, work and pla...
Modeling cost/performance of a parallel computer simulator

This article examines the cost/performance of simulating a hypothetical target parallel computer using a commercial host parallel computer. We address the question of whether parallel simulation is simply faster than sequential simulation, or if it is also more cost-effective. To answer this, we develop a performance model of the Wisconsin Wind Tunnel (WWT), a system that simulates cache-coherent shared-memory machines on a message-passing Thinking Machines CM-5. The performance model uses Kruskal and Weiss's fork-join model to account for the effect of event processing time variability on WWT's conservative fixed-window simulation algorithm. A generalization of Thiebaut and Stone's footprint model accurately predicts the effect of cache interference on the CM-5. The model is calibrated using parameters extracted from a fully parallel simulation (p = N), and validated by measuring the speedup as the number of processors (p) ranges from 1 to the number of target nodes (N). Together with simple cost models, the performance model indicates that for target system sizes of 32 nodes and larger, parallel simulation is more cost-effective than sequential simulation. The key intuition behind this result is that large simulations require large memories, which dominate the cost of a uniprocessor; parallel computers allow multiple processors to simultaneously access this large memory.
Anaesthesia for patients with mediastinal masses

Anaesthesia for patients with mediastinal masses may be associated with significant respiratory and cardiovascular complications. In this review, we discuss the anatomical and pathological considerations in these adult and paediatric patients and the three types of intra-thoracic compromise that may be found: compression of the tracheobronchial tree, compression of the pulmonary artery and heart and the superior vena caval syndrome. Patient evaluation by symptom history, computerized tomography and flow-volume loops is emphasized. Preoperative thoracic radiation therapy in severely symptomatic patients is associated with a decrease in postoperative respiratory complications and an improvement in risk. During radiation therapy a small window can be created to spare some tissue for adequate histological diagnosis. Anaesthetic management techniques for these patients are discussed. Life-threatening complications can occur at any point during anaesthesia for patients with mediastinal masses. Anaesthetists should have a high degree of awareness of the underlying anatomy, pathophysiology and anaesthetic alternatives when caring for these patients.
Observations of the red auroral oxygen lines in nine comets

The digital sky-subtracted spectra of nine cometary nuclei are used to measure the 6300, 6363-A Auroral red doublet of the O I forbidden line, and in view of the confinement of the cometary oxygen lines to their nuclear source, a small but variable correction for NH2 blending in different comets is made. For seven of the comets measured, and under the assumption of H2O's exclusive role as the oxygen parent, the average Q(H2O)/Q(O I) ratio is about 20. This is in excellent accord with theory, and it is conjectured that the O I production rate can be used to scale the total cometary volatile loss in even faint, distant comets. The data obtained are consistent with heliocentric production rates that vary as power laws, with n values of 2.0 for 'gassy' comets and nearer to 5.0 for dusty ones. The comets with the greatest volatile mass-loss rates all were found to have dusty spectra.
Evaluation of micro-bubble size and gas hold-up in two-phase gas liquid columns via scattered light measurements

Abstract In this paper, potential use of an elliptically polarized light scattering (EPLS) method to monitor both bubble size and gas hold-up in a bubble-laden medium is explored. It is shown that with the use of the new EPLS system, normalized scattering matrix elements ( M ij 's) measured at different side and back-scattering angles can be used to obtain the desired correlations between the bubble sizes and input flow parameters for a gas–liquid (GL) column, including gas flow rate and surfactant concentrations. The bubble size distributions were first evaluated experimentally using a digital image processing system for different gas flows and surfactant concentrations. These images showed that the bubbles were not necessarily spherical. We investigated the possibility of modeling the bubbles as effective spheres. The scattering matrix elements were calculated using the Lorenz–Mie theory and the results were compared against the experimentally determined values. It was observed that the change in the bubble size yields significant changes in M 11 , M 33 , M 44 , and M 34 profiles. An optimum single measurement angle of θ = 120 ∘ was determined for a gas velocity range of 0.04–0.35 cm/s ( ID = 4.5 cm ). The choice of the optimum angle depends on frit pore size, column diameter, gas pressure, and surfactant concentration. These results suggest that a simplified version of the present EPLS system can effectively be used as a two-phase flow sensor to monitor bubble size and liquid hold-up in industrial systems.
Specificity of methoctramine in blocking muscarinic receptors which inhibit adenylate cyclase in cerebellar granule cells

Abstract In primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells, activation of muscarinic receptors stimulates both hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol (PI) and inhibition of adenylate cyclase. The specificity of three muscarinic receptor antagonists, pirenzepine, methoctramine and (−)quinuclidinyl xanthene-9-carboxylate [(−)QNX], in blocking carbachol-stimulated hydrolysis of PI and inhibition of adenylate cyclase were determined. Pirenzepine was found to be nonspecific in blocking the carbachol-stimulated hydrolysis of PI and inhibition of adenylate cyclase, while methoctramine specifically antagonized carbachol-stimulated inhibition of adenylate cyclase with 600 times greater potency than carbachol-stimulated hydrolysis of PI. (−)Quinuclidinyl xanthene-9-carboxylate was approximately 20 times more potent in blocking the carbachol-stimulated hydrolysis of PI than inhibition of adenylate cyclase. Studies of the ability of these three antagonists to block the binding of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]QNB) to muscarinic sites on membranes from cerebellar granule cells, revealed that all three antagonists displayed binding characteristics, characteristic of two binding sites, possibly representing the two types of muscarinic receptors. However, the ratio of the affinities for each of the two binding sites was about ten for pirenzepine, 100 for methoctramine and 650 for (−)QNX. Thus, the specificity of these antagonists, in blocking the inhibition of adenylate cyclase and hydrolysis of PI did not correlate with their specificities obtained with the binding studies with [3H]QNB. Since four or possibly five muscarinic receptive proteins have been described, it is possible that this discrepancy can be explained by the high affinity binding of each antagonist to a different subset of muscarinic receptive proteins, some of which are coupled to receptors stimulating the hydrolysis of PI and some to receptors inhibiting adenylate cyclase. Methoctramine seems specific for those muscarinic receptive proteins coupled to the inhibition of adenylate cyclase.
The impact of labor segmentation on the ethnic division of labor and the immigrant residential community: Polish leather workers in Wilmington, Delaware, in the early-twentieth century

Abstract Since the end of the nineteenth century, changes in the organization of the work-place have had a major impact on both the ethnic division of labor and on residential segregation in American cities. New labor-market structures and hiring practices established new occupational hierarchies, income strata, and social networks among workers in general and among members of different immigrant groups in particular. By focusing on Polish immigrant workers in the leather industry in Wilmington, Delaware, in the early-twentieth century, the author first establishes the ethnic division of labor and then proceeds to relate the work-place experience to the immigrant residential community experience. Once established, the Polish immigrant neighborhood became an important element in the leather industry's labor exchange relationship through union organizing and political activities.[1]
Synthesis of Titanium Complexes That Contain Triamido−Amine Ligands

We report the synthesis of a variety of titanium complexes that contain (Et3SiNCH2CH2)3N, (C6F5NCH2CH2)3N, or (Me3SiNCH2CH2CH2)3N ligands. Complexes in the first category include [(Et3SiNCH2CH2)3N]...
940-71 Relative Importance of Acute Left Ventricular Function, Infarct Artery Patency, and Improvement of Left Ventricular Function for Late Survival After Direct Angioplasty for Acute Myocardial Infarction

Of 663 pts with acute infarction treated with direct angioplasty, 576 hospital survivors were followed 5.3 yrs (median). Late ejection fraction (EF) data were obtained in 54% of pts at 6–8 mos. There were 48 late cardiac and 37 non-cardiac deaths. Late infarct related artery (IRA) patency was 92%. Multivariate predictors of late cardiac mortality by Cox regression were acute EF (P = 0.0001), improvement in EF (P = 0.0001), prior bypass surgery (P = 0.005), and female gender (P = 0.05). Late survival was excellent in pts with acute EF ≥ 45% vs pts with acute EF l 45% (7 yr survival 89% vs 71%, P = 0.004). Patency of the IRA was not a significant predictor of late survival in pts with acute EF ≥ 45%, but was a significant univariate predictor in pts with acute EF l 45% (6 yr survival patent vs occluded: 89% vs 35%, P = 0.004). Patency was important for improvement of left ventricular function (LVF) (late improvement in EF in patent vs occluded IRA: + 4.8% vs–4.8%, P = 0.0011. Although patency was important for survival in pts with depressed LVF by univariate analysis, in a multivariate model which included both patency and improvement in EF, only improvement in EF was a significant independent predictor (P = 0.0001). Conclusion Acute LVF is the most important determinate of late survival. IRA patency is important for late survival in pts with depressed acute LVF, but this appears to be related to its effect on improvement in LVF rather than through an independent effect.
Intraocular lens implantation in phakic rabbit eyes

Abstract Three sizes (13.5 mm, 17.5 mm, and 18.5 mm) of open loop, one piece, poly(methyl methacrylate) anterior chamber intraocular lenses (IOLs) were implanted in 12 phakic rabbit eyes to evaluate the effect of the IOL on the crystalline lens and the anterior chamber. Six eyes were used as a control group. Minimum follow-up was four weeks. All the IOLs touched the crystalline lenses, and on the first postoperative day, round subcapsular lens opacities were found in all eyes in the area of IOL contact. The lens opacities became more dense with time. Only one eve in the control group showed a subcapsular opacity, which was linear rather than round. Anterior chamber inflammation was 1 + to 2 + in ten eyes (80%) in the IOL group during the first and second weeks, whereas minimal inflammatory changes occurred in the control group. These results suggest that with current IOL technology, IOL insertion in the phakic eye to correct refractive errors results in a high incidence of cataract if IOL-to-lens touch occurs.
Characterization of 5-hydroxy-8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine in the photosensitized oxidation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine and its rearrangement to spiroiminodihydantoin.

The photosensitized oxidation of 2‘,3‘,5‘-tris-(O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoG) with singlet oxygen was studied by low-temperature NMR. A stable intermediate was characterized at −60 °C by 13C, 2D NMR HMBC spectra, and chemical shifts calculated by hybrid Hartree−Fock density functional theory which agreed with the structure 5-hydroperoxy-8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine. Reduction of this intermediate at low temperature afforded the corresponding alcohol, the long-postulated 5-hydroxy-8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine, the last intermediate in the formation of spiroiminodihydantoin. Upon warming to room temperature, this alcohol rearranges to form the spiroiminodihydantoin in good yield within 2 h.
The Sequence of Changes in Liver and Brain in the Influenza B Virus Mouse Model of Reye's Syndrome

The time course of morphologic changes in the influenza B mouse model of Reye's syndrome is described and compared to the clinical, virologic, and biochemical changes. Following an intravenous inoculation of a lethal dose of an egg adapted strain of influenza B/Lee/40 virus, mice first showed clinical signs of lethargy and ruffled fur at 12 hours (h) post inoculation (pi). The earliest morphologic changes in the liver occurred at 12 h pi, and consisted of a slight increase in fat and loss of glycogen in hepatocytes. Over the next 36 h, the accumulation of microvesicular fat increased, and mitochondrial abnormalities such as pleomorphism and loss of dense bodies developed. There was no increase in peroxisomes. In the brain, focal cerebral edema was detected as early at 6-12 h pi. The edema, manifested as swelling of astrocytic foot processes, increased in severity with time. Endothelial cells were not abnormal. Myelin sheath splitting rarely was observed. Since changes occurred simultaneously in the liver and in the brain, we suggest that influenza B virus caused a simultaneous primary insult to both organs.
Investor Optimism, False Hopes and the January Effect

This paper proposes that the January Effect is at least partly explained by a behavioral framework based on optimistic expectations. The turn-of-the-year is hypothesized to be a time of renewed optimism. Indeed, investor sentiment, as measured by the University of Michigan's Index of Consumer Confidence, peaks in January. Thus, optimists are expected to bid up the stock prices of firms with higher levels of uncertainty in January. These firms will subsequently underperform as they disappoint investors during the remainder of the year. Despite the disappointment, the January pattern persists due to the “false hope syndrome” described in the psychology literature. Using forecast dispersion to proxy for uncertainty, the results are consistent with the optimism hypothesis. Similar reasoning may help explain other anomalies.
Unlimited shelf space in Internet supply chains: Treasure trove or wasteland?

Abstract Internet retailing offers merchants limitless shelf space. This has led experts to highlight the existence of a “long tail” of offerings on the web and assert that the future of online business is “selling less of more.” However, it is difficult for Internet retailers of physical goods to sell a large scope of products without having to handle potentially large amounts of product returns from customers. This is due to the fact that customers can and do get overwhelmed by excessive product variety and often make erroneous purchasing decisions. We shed light on this issue through an assessment of theoretical predictions based on data from sales and returns of almost 7000 products in a particular product category. While retailers can benefit from expanding the scope of their inventories to generate Internet sales, the success of this strategy will depend on the control of unjustified product returns by consumers and the management of recurrent execution errors and product fit failures in transactions with customers. Furthermore, from our results, the gains that this strategy will bring to retailers will be bound by the amount of time products have been available on the Internet retailer's site, as well as by other attributes such as product price and size.
Determination of three-dimensional attitude of a cylinder from a single image

ABSTRACT This work describes a method of obtaining the position and three-dimensional orientation of acylinder from two-dimensional projection. Depending on the orientation, the projection mayappear as a rectangle, a circle, or a combination of the two. The method can be used in imagetracking, robotic assembly, and other computer vision applications. The chaincode of the two-dimensional projection of the cylinder obtained by the eight-connectivity rule is used to obtain the projection area, centroid, and normalized moment invariants. The yawangle, defined as the out of plane rotation of the cylinder, is estimated from the moment in-variants. The direction of the least moment of inertia of the two-dimensional projection of thecylinder gives an estimate of the pitch, defined as the in plane rotation of the cylinder. The rollof the cylinder about its longitudinal axis is not considered.With the knowledge of the pitch and the yaw angle of a particular position of the cylinder itsdisplacement normal to the image frame could be estimated from the area of the projection. Thelocation of the x and y position of the centroid of the projection can be easily obtained from theratio of the first moments and the area. An estimate of the actual location of the cylinder canbe obtained from a transformation of these image coordinates of its centroid.
Early Discussion of Breast Density and Supplemental Breast Cancer Screening: Is it Possible?

The purpose of this study is to determine whether it is possible to make breast cancer screening more efficient in those with dense breasts. Over 12 states require that patients with dense breasts receive notification about their breast density in lay letters that are sent after the screening mammogram. Some of these letters advise patients to speak with their primary care providers about the possibility of supplemental breast cancer screening. We sought to determine whether primary care providers can discuss breast density and recommend supplemental breast cancer screening using the density of the previous mammography. This would reduce the burden of additional appointments and might increase the number of patients choosing to have supplemental screening. The mammographic breast density of 250 consecutive patients from May 2011 to September 2011 was compared with the immediate prior mammogram. Patients whose prior mammograms were more than 36 months prior or less than 8 months prior to the current exam were excluded, leaving 217 patients. The proportion of patients with breast density change was analyzed. The concordance of breast density between the two exams was assessed and the effects of patient age and the length of time between mammograms were examined. The breast density of the current and most recent prior mammogram was stable for 86.6% of patients. Neither age nor length of time between mammograms affected concordance. Primary care providers can decrease the need for multiple appointments and decrease patient anxiety by discussing breast density and screening choices prior to the patient's screening mammography. The great majority of patients will receive the correct information about their breast density by using a prior report.
Ca2+-independent, but voltage- and activity-dependent regulation of the NMDA receptor outward K+ current in mouse cortical neurons.

To test the novel hypothesis that the K+ efflux mediated by NMDA receptors might be regulated differently than the influx of Ca2+ and Na+ through the same receptor channels, NMDA receptor whole-cell currents carried concurrently or individually by Ca2+, Na+ and K+ were analysed in cultured mouse cortical neurons. In contrast to the NMDA inward current carried by Ca2+ and Na+, the NMDA receptor outward K+ current or NMDA-K current, recorded either in the presence or absence of extracellular Ca2+ and Na+, and at different or the same membrane potentials, showed much less sensitivity to alterations in intracellular Ca2+ concentration and underwent little rundown. In line with a selective regulation of the NMDA receptor K+ permeability, the ratio of the NMDA inward/outward currents decreased, and the reversal potential of composite NMDA currents recorded in physiological solutions shifted by −8.5 mV after repeated activation of NMDA receptors. Moreover, a depolarizing pre-pulse of a few seconds or a burst of brief depolarizing pulses selectively augmented the subsequent NMDA-K current, but not the NMDA inward current. On the other hand, a hyperpolarizing pre-pulse showed the opposite effect of reducing the NMDA-K current. The voltage- and activity-dependent regulation of the NMDA-K current did not require the existence of extracellular Ca2+ or Ca2+ influx; it was, however, affected by the duration of the pre-pulse and was subject to a time-dependent decay. The burst of excitatory activity revealed a lasting upregulation of the NMDA-K current even 5 s after termination of the pre-pulses. Our data reveal a selective regulation of the NMDA receptor K+ permeability and represent a novel model of voltage- and excitatory activity-dependent plasticity at the receptor level.
Stochastic properties of the linear multifractional stable motion

We study a family of locally self-similar stochastic processes Y = {Y(t)} t , R with α-stable distributions, called linear multifractional stable motions. They have infinite variance and may possess skewed distributions.The linear multifractional stable motion processes include, in particular, the classical linear fractional stable motion processes, which have stationary increments and are self-similar with self-similarity parameter H. The linear multifractional stable motion process Y is obtained by replacing the self-similarity parameter H in the integral representation of the linear fractional stable motion process by a deterministic function H(t). Whereas the linear fractional stable motion is always continuous in probability, this is not in general the case for Y. We obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for the continuity in probability of the process Y. We also examine the effect of the regularity of the function H(t) on the local structure of the process. We show that under certain Holder regularity conditions on the function H(t), the process Y is locally equivalent to a linear fractional stable motion process, in the sense of finite-dimensional distributions. We study Y by using a related α-stable random field and its partial derivatives.
Theoretical study of the formation and isomerization of Al2H2

The lowest singlet and triplet potential energy surfaces of Al2H2 have been characterized using a full-valence complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) wavefunction. The CASSCF geometries of minima on the singlet potential energy surface are compared to those previously reported using density functional theory (DFT) and coupled cluster (CCSD(T)) methods. Energies at the CASSCF geometries are corrected for dynamic correlation effects using multi-reference second-order perturbation theory (MRMP2) and CCSD(T). Relative energies calculated at the MRMP2//CASSCF level are comparable to those evaluated at CCSD(T) optimized geometries. This approach to characterizing stationary points and calculating relative energies is utilized to describe isomerization pathways between minima on the lowest singlet and triplet surfaces and to characterize pathways leading to formation of bound Al2H2 species from various fragments (e.g., AlH, AlH2, Al2, and H2). The results presented here confirm that the global mini...
Automated program repair through the evolution of assembly code

A method is described for automatically repairing legacy software at the assembly code level using evolutionary computation. The technique is demonstrated on Java byte code and x86 assembly programs, showing how to find program variations that correct defects while retaining desired behavior. Test cases are used to demonstrate the defect and define required functionality. The paper explores advantages of assembly-level repair over earlier work at the source code level - the ability to repair programs written in many different languages; and the ability to repair bugs that were previously intractable. The paper reports experimental results showing reasonable performance of assembly language repair even on non-trivial programs
Modifications to the 1989 SHADOW ray-tracing code for general asymmetric perfect-crystal optics

Abstract The dynamical theory of the diffraction of X-rays from perfect crystals is traditionally expressed in terms of Maxwell's equations using a semi-classical theory originally due to Ewald and Von Laue. Combining the work of Batterman and Cole, Caticha and Caticha-Ellis, and Zachariasen, one can obtain a formalism that treats the general asymmetric, thick and thin crystal, Laue and Bragg cases within the second-order dispersion surface approximation with no assumptions concerning the centro-symmetry of the crystal lattice. We have implemented this formalism with the thick-Bragg-crystal E -field boundary-value conditions in several routines we have added to one of the Advanced Photon Source's modified copies of the 1989 VAX/VMS version of the SHADOW ray-tracing code in order to allow us to ray trace distorted inclined double-crystal monochromators and high-resolution backscattering analyzers.
Information Policy Meta-Principles: Stewardship and Usefulness

The ideas that democratic governments should be open, accessible, and transparent to the governed are not new ones, but they are receiving renewed emphasis through the combination of government reform efforts and the emergence of Web 2.0 social media tools that promote information sharing, integration, and public discourse. Although these initiatives are young, they already exhibit daunting complexity, with significant information management, technology, and policy challenges. A variety of traditional and emerging information policy frameworks offer principles for considering and addressing these issues. Diverse research perspectives highlight both challenges to and opportunities for promoting transparency. The early implementation of public participation in the US Open Government Initiative suggests that two meta-policies, stewardship and usefulness, can help structure and balance the choices for action.
SU(2) L × SU(2) R × U(1) gauge model

We determine here the most general electroweak interaction based on the groupSU(2)L×SU(2)R×U(1). When we rotate theZ1,Z2 basis to theZ,D basis such that the total interaction ofZ with the right-handed current is zero, we obtain an interaction that is free of triangle anomalies. This condition enables us to know the angle through whichZ1,Z2 basis is to be rotated. We show that the triangle anomaly free interaction obtained by others is contained here as a special case. We also determine the triangle anomaly free weak interaction whenever the neutral (Z,D) bosons are mass eigenstates and show that it reduces to the neutral sector of the standard model whenever g R 2 goes to infinity. The charged sector is also developed here. The most general elements of the masssquared matrix of theZ,D bosons are evaluated. The masses of the left- and right-handed charged bosons are also determined.
In-beam γ-ray spectroscopy of fast beams at the NSCL

With the development of an array of highly-segmented germanium detectors, it now becomes possible to perform in-flight γ-ray spectroscopy experiments on intermediate energy beams with unprecedented γ-ray energy resolution. Presented in this report are examples of two techniques in which SeGA, the most highly-segmented operational germanium array for in-flight spectroscopy with fast beams, was used for the detection of γ rays. SeGA used in conjunction with a high-resolution magnetic spectrograph (S800) to detect the reaction residues in coincidence represents a powerful combination for in-beam γ-ray studies.
An expedient synthesis of salviadione

Abstract An expedient synthesis of the alkaloid salviadione, the only to date isolated naturally occurring 1H-benzo[def]carbazole is described. The key step in the synthesis is a palladium-catalyzed, carbon monoxide-mediated reductive N-heterocyclization of a nitroarene with an adjacent alkene.
Surface plasmon dispersion relation at short wavelenghts

Abstract We investigate the dispersion relation of surface plasmons in the “short” wavelength regime using a semi-classical approach and assuming a model inverse dielectric function to represent the response of the electron gas. On the basis of this model, it is shown that, in the limit of vanishingly small wavelength, the dispersion reduces to the Ritchie-Marusak result regardless of the shape of the electron density profile near the surface.
Cellular oxidative stress response mediates radiosensitivity in Fus1-deficient mice

Mechanism of radiosensitivity of normal tissues, a key factor in determining the toxic side effects of cancer radiotherapy, is not fully understood. We recently demonstrated that deficiency of mitochondrial tumor suppressor, Fus1, increases radiosensitivity at the organismal, tissue and cellular levels. Since Fus1-deficient mice and cells exhibit high levels of oxidative stress, we hypothesized that dysregulation of cellular antioxidant defenses may contribute to the increased radiosensitivity. To address this potential mechanism, we treated the Fus1 KO mice with an inhibitor of pathogenic oxidative reactions, pyridoxamine (PM). Treatment with PM ameliorated IR-induced damage to GI epithelium of Fus1 KO mice and significantly increased the survival of irradiated mice. In cultured Fus1 KO epithelial cells, IR-induced oxidative stress was enhanced because of inadequate cellular antioxidant defenses, such as low levels and/or activities of cytochrome C, Sod 2 and STAT3. This resulted in dysregulation of IR-induced DNA-damage response and DNA synthesis. Treatment of Fus1 KO cells with PM or Sod 2 mimetic Tempol normalized the oxidative stress response, thus compensating to a significant degree for inadequate antioxidant response. Our findings using Fus1 KO radiosensitive mice suggest that radiosensitivity is mediated via dysregulation of antioxidant response and defective redox homeostasis.
Growth rate in infants with impaired renal function.

We report changes in renal function and growth rate in children with reduced renal function who were kept on a low normal phosphorus formula until 18 months of age. The relationship between serum creatinine values and derived creatinine clearance and residual renal function is reviewed regarding the risk of progressive loss of function. Expressing growth as growth velocity standard deviation scores over 6-moth intervals gave a more accurate description of growth performance than did change in height standard deviation scores. A relationship between residual clearance and growth velocity was inferred. However, the growth of children with a less severe reduction in function was affected intermittently by intercurrent infections and inadequately treated acidosis and salt wasting. Children with a more severe reduction in function, despite maintenance on the low-phosphorus formula, had elevated serum parathormone levels. We conclude that following growth (as serial growth velocity standard deviation scores) in relation to other variables gives more insight into factors affecting growth in these children; the level of residual function affects growth potential but other complicating factors also have an effect.
Historical linkage between atmospheric circulation patterns and the oxygen isotopic record of sedimentary carbonates from Lake Mendota, Wisconsin, USA

Stratigraphic variations in the delta 18O values of sedimentary carbonate in Lake Mendota (Wisconsin, USA) correlate with changes in atmospheric circulation patterns over the past century. Carbonate delta 18O values trend toward 18O depletion in progressively younger sediments. Archives of historical water-column data and climate data from the surrounding drainage basin indicate that this trend cannot reflect changes in water temperature, timing of carbonate precipitation, disequilibrium isotope fractionation, air temperature, or seasonal precipitation patterns. However, significant correlations with the frequency and direction of cyclones indicate that the isotopic record has been significantly influenced by subtle changes in atmospheric circulation over the past 100 yr. Two atmospheric circulation models can account for this relationship: (1) greater contributions of 18O-depleted precipitation associated with air masses from the Pacific Ocean or (2) a progressive increase in the altitude of condensation leading to 18O depletion of precipitation originating from the Gulf of Mexico. Because the Pacific Ocean generally contributes little moisture to the Midcontinent, the first model is an unlikely mechanism to generate the isotopic trends observed in the sediments. Intrusions of dry, dense air from the west, however, could force moisture originating from the Gulf of Mexico to higher altitudes of condensation and thus account for the trends in the carbonate isotopic record. This study demonstrates that historic data used in conjunction with lacustrine delta 18O stratigraphy provide a method to reconstruct past atmospheric circulation regimes in continental environments. Comparisons of sedimentary isotopic records from lakes in North America and Europe indicate that these reconstructions of regional atmospheric circulation patterns can be integrated to assess circulation changes on the global scale.
CT diagnosis of cardiac and pericardial injuries

The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine the CT findings diagnostic of cardiac and pericardial injury, including signs of pericardial tamponade, in patients suffering from blunt and penetrating trauma. A search of the CT radiology database at a level I trauma center was performed to identify cases in which injury to the heart or pericardium was diagnosed, as well as to identify cases of pericardial tamponade. All cases were reviewed to ascertain the specific CT findings, and medical records were reviewed to assess the influence of CT findings on management and to assess for clinical evidence of pericardial tamponade. Eighteen patients had direct CT evidence of cardiac or pericardial injury, including nine cases of pneumopericardium, eight cases of hemopericardium, and one case of intrapericardial gastric herniation. Four of these patients were found to have direct cardiac injuries. Three additional cases with CT evidence of pericardial tamponade were identified, two secondary to cardiac compression by an anterior mediastinal hematoma and one following repair of left ventricular rupture. Of 11 patients with CT evidence of tamponade, only three were suspected clinically. Cardiac and pericardial injuries are usually diagnosed surgically and are often clinically unsuspected, particularly in blunt trauma. As CT is increasingly utilized as a general screening test for thoracic/abdominal trauma, these injuries may be first suspected on the basis of CT findings, and knowledge of the CT findings of cardiac injury or tamponade is crucial.
Input impedance and mutual coupling of rectangular microstrip antennas

A moment method solution to the problem of input impedance and mutual coupling of rectangular microstrip antenna elements is presented. The formulation uses the grounded dielectric slab Green's function to account rigorously for the presence of the substrate and surface waves. Both entire basis (EB) and piecewise sinosoidal (PWS) expansion modes are used, and their relative advantages are noted. Calculations of input impedance and mutual coupling are compared with measured data and other calculatious.