cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interception of Native Male Tobacco Budworm by Barriers of Released Laboratory-Reared Sterile Females

Releases of as few as 1400 virgin female tobacco budworms, Heliothis virescens (F.), sterilized with CO60 produced a 322-m barrier zone around a given area by intercepting and copulating with 91% of the native males. The released females dispersed well over the zone, positioned themselves on the upper portions of the canopy of various types of plants, and began calling (secreting pheromone) at ca. 2 h after sundown. No males passed through the barrier before 3 AM (COT), when the supply of available females (unmated) in the barrier had been depleted. The mating response of males inside and outside the barrier was compared by placing clipped-wing females on mating tables. One-day-old females appeared to form a better barrier than 2- to 5-day-old females stored at 13.3°C. Female barriers might be used in behavioral studies. Encapsulated sex pheromones or sterile hybrids might be substituted for barrier females in population suppression of the tobacco budworm.
Supramolecular Assembly of Ag(I) Centers: Diverse Topologies Directed by Anionic Interactions.

Ag(I)–Ag(I) interactions in supramolecular structures have been achieved through the use of structural support from the ligand frames. In structures involving simple ligands like pyridine, strong π–π interaction leads to spatial ordering of the individual [Ag(L)2]+ units. In such structures anions also play a crucial role in dictating the final arrangement of the [Ag(L)2]+ synthons. In order to determine whether the anions can solely dictate the arrangement of the [Ag(L)2]+ synthons in the supramolecular structure, four Ag(I) complexes of 4-pyridylcarbinol (PyOH), namely, [Ag(PyOH)2]X (X = NO3– (1), BF4– (2), CF3SO3– (3), and ClO4– (4)) have been synthesized and structurally characterized. Gradual transformation of the extended structures observed in 1–3 eventually merges into a unique linear alignment of the [Ag(PyOH)2]+ units in 4 along the c axis, a feature that results in strong argentophilic interactions. Complex 4 is sensitive to light and is inherently less stable than the other three analogues. Th...
Increased, Directed Osteoblast Adhesion at Nanophase Ti and Ti6Al4V Particle Boundaries

Increased functions of osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) have been demonstrated on nanophase compared to conventional ceramics (specifically, alumina, titania, and hydroxyapatite), polymers (such as poly-lactic-glycolic acid and polyurethane), carbon nanofibers, and composites thereof. Nanophase materials are materials that simulate dimensions of constituent components of bone since they possess particle or grain sizes less than 100 nm. However, to date, interactions of osteoblasts on nanophase compared to conventional metals remain to be elucidated. For this reason, the objective of the present in vitro study was to design, fabricate, and evaluate osteoblast adhesion on nanophase metals (specifically, Ti and Ti6Al4V). Results of this study provided the first evidence of increased osteoblast adhesion on nanophase compared to conventional Ti-based metals. Moreover, directed osteoblast adhesion was observed preferentially at metal particle boundaries. It is speculated that since more particle boundaries were created through the use of nanophase compared to conventional metals, increased osteoblast adhesion resulted. Because adhesion is a necessary prerequisite for subsequent functions of osteoblasts (such as deposition of calcium-containing mineral), the present study suggests that Ti-based nanophase metals should be further considered for orthopedic implant applications.
LOCAL OPTION ON THE FIRST AMENDMENT

(1974). LOCAL OPTION ON THE FIRST AMENDMENT? Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 11-17.
Spatially Distributed Forcing and Jet Vectoring with a Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Actuator

investigated. By pointing two plasma actuators at each other, an inverted impinging jet can be created as a result of the two independent jets colliding. By altering the strength of one of the jets relative to the other, the angle of separation can be changed. PIV data was taken to show the effects of altering the voltage (strength) applied to one of the actuators, relative to the other. It was found that with this method, jet vectoring could be achieved. The angle of the jet could be controlled a full 180 degrees through small changes in the voltage applied to the electrodes.
Putting it together...bit by bit: a relational theory of interpersonal collaboration in software development

Interpersonal collaboration is a joint, interdependent effort to accomplish tasks that are larger than any one person has the resources or knowledge to do. To better understand how collaborators encourage each other to contribute to their joint work, this research develops a relational theory of collaboration through an inductive field study of paired programmers using the Extreme Programming (XP) methodology of software development. The focus of this study is “encouraging moves”—sets of behaviors that are intended to elicit a contribution from another person. I identify fourteen specific encouraging moves that fall into six descriptive categories: supplying, gathering, complying, optimizing, equalizing, and refraining moves. However, even within a single organizational context, what is considered to be an encouraging move is consistent neither across individuals nor within collaborating pairs. Instead, people make rapid, often intuitive, interpretations of a move to determine whether the move would be or was intended to be encouraging. People are more likely to successfully interpret each other's intentions and potential responses when one or both collaborators draw on what I call “situational resources”—bits and pieces of understanding about their work relationships that help to provide a context for their moves. Situational resources are developed in two ways. Through attentiveness, an individual develops an understanding of the qualities of the pair, and through socialization, a person grows to understand the culture of the organization. Thus, by developing and applying their situational resources and by paying attention to the feelings and thoughts evoked by the moves, collaborators can effectively encourage their partners to contribute their insights and abilities to their shared task. This study contributes to research on collaboration, helping and related forms of social support, and work relationships. This theory suggests that people who work together encourage each other in specific ways that reflect how their interaction is mutual, situated, and ongoing. Contrary to prior research, the help and support provided during collaborative work is not a one-sided effort to make up for another's deficiencies; rather it supports both collaborators' goals and reflects their shared history and anticipated future.
ENHANCED VELOCITY GRADIENTS WITHIN MICROFLUIDICS FOR CELLULAR MANIPULATION

A model has been developed to quantify forces experienced by cells undergoing flow through integrated microstructured geometries within microfluidic devices. At sudden contraction points velocity gradients lead to enhanced shearing forces. Membrane tensions are modelled based on the inertial deformation of the cell with the fluid flow and membrane poration and lysis are predicted as a function of flow rate and geometry. The model is compared with the cell lysis results from an integrated sample preparation module for cell sorting, mechanical lysis, and mRNA purification, which was microfabricated using silicon bulk micromachining.
Interdisciplinary Workshop to Increase Collaboration Between Medical Students and Standardized Patient Instructors in Teaching Physical Diagnosis to Novices.

Abstract Introduction Traditionally, full-time faculty members have assumed major responsibility for teaching physical examination skills to first- and second-year medical students. Problems with f...
The Campaign Process

The American election campaign, as in other democratic societies, is a significant episode in the political life of the society. It covers a long time period, beginning immediately after the last election. It is often hectic, confrontational, very combative. While much time is given to the presentation of substantive policy positions, there is also much indulgence in personal attacks. Negative advertising is as common as positive advertising. Media coverage is extensive. Media advertising by candidates and parties, as well as by other interest groups, blankets the country. And the campaigns are very expensive. In 1996 all campaigns in the United States — national, state, and local — cost an estimated $4 billion.1 The cost of electing the president alone in that year was $700 million. The campaign goes through a series of stages. There is the early period of the announcement of candidacy, during which would-be candidates “reality-test” their probabilities. This period merges with the pre-primary period during which candidates stake out their positions, organize their teams, and target their partisan clienteles. We then come to the primary period itself (four months for the presidential aspirants) and then the postprimary battles when the candidates for the two parties face each other (June to November in presidential campaigns). This is the time of perfection of campaign techniques, gloves-off adversarial combat, convention hoopla, the advertising blitz, the public debates between candidates, vote mobilization at the “grass roots,” and the careful scrutiny of the many surveys and polls. Often the campaign goes down to the wire, but even when the polls suggest a clear winner, as in 1996, there is always the last-gasp, desperate, exhausting marathon campaign, in the hope for a reversal of fortunes by the “late-deciders,” which indeed has happened frequently in our experience.
Anglerfish pancreatic islets produce two forms of somatostatin-28.

It has been predicted on the basis of cDNA sequence analysis that anglerfish pancreatic islets contain at least two different preprosomatostatins (I and II). The C-terminal amino acid sequences of preprosomatostatin I and II were predicted to be identical to mammalian hypothalamic somatostatin-14 (SS-14) and its analog [Tyr7 ,Gly10]SS-14, respectively. That SS-14 is expressed in anglerfish pancreatic islets, has been shown earlier in pulse-chase experiments and by chemical characterization. However, it was observed that [Tyr7 ,Gly10]SS-14 was not expressed as such, but as part of larger polypeptides.
Ultrafast Synthetic Transmit Aperture Imaging Using Hadamard-Encoded Virtual Sources With Overlapping Sub-Apertures

The development of ultrafast ultrasound imaging offers great opportunities to improve imaging technologies, such as shear wave elastography and ultrafast Doppler imaging. In ultrafast imaging, there are tradeoffs among image signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), resolution, and post-compounded frame rate. Various approaches have been proposed to solve this tradeoff, such as multiplane wave imaging or the attempts of implementing synthetic transmit aperture imaging. In this paper, we propose an ultrafast synthetic transmit aperture (USTA) imaging technique using Hadamard-encoded virtual sources with overlapping sub-apertures to enhance both image SNR and resolution without sacrificing frame rate. This method includes three steps: 1) create virtual sources using sub-apertures; 2) encode virtual sources using Hadamard matrix; and 3) add short time intervals (a few microseconds) between transmissions of different virtual sources to allow overlapping sub-apertures. The USTA was tested experimentally with a point target, a B-mode phantom, and in vivo human kidney micro-vessel imaging. Compared with standard coherent diverging wave compounding with the same frame rate, improvements on image SNR, lateral resolution (+33%, with B-mode phantom imaging), and contrast ratio (+3.8 dB, with in vivo human kidney micro-vessel imaging) have been achieved. The ${f}$ -number of virtual sources, the number of virtual sources used, and the number of elements used in each sub-aperture can be flexibly adjusted to enhance resolution and SNR. This allows very flexible optimization of USTA for different applications.
Influence of Selected Insecticides on the Population Dynamics of Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and Its Parasitoid, Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), in Cabbage

The effects of insecticides on the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L)., and its parasitoid, Diadegma insulare (Cresson), were evaluated in the field. Insecticides applied for control of the ...
81 More than just keeping busy: the protective effects of organised activity participation on substance use and violent behaviour among urban youth

Background Violence and substance use disproportionately affect African-American youth in urban, disadvantaged communities. Strength-based approaches to ameliorating risk, such as organised activity participation, are promising. Researchers suggest that fostering prosocial peers and non-familial adult relationships is a mechanism by which organised activities reduce the risk of substance use and violence. Yet, few researchers have examined explicitly this mechanism.Â Methods We used a parallel mediation model, an aspect of the SEM framework, to assess whether organised activity participation decreases substance use and violence over time through prosocial peers and adults. We examined these relationships among a school-based sample of youth from an urban, economically disadvantaged community (Wave 1: n=681; 50% female; Mage=14.86 years; SD=0.65). Results We found significant indirect effects from organised activities to cigarette use (b=0.03), and violent behaviour (b=0.02) through prosocial peer relationships, but not prosocial adults. We did not find significant indirect effects linking organised activities to alcohol use. Conclusions Our results suggest that organised activities may help youth expand prosocial peer relationships, which, in turn, reduces risk for substance use and violence. To this end, the efficacy of prevention efforts may be enhanced if programs help youths cultivate prosocial relationships with peers. In contrast to previous research, prosocial adults did not mediate the link between organised activity participation and substance use and violent behaviour. Implications for prevention are discussed.
Introduction: ADHD, Moodiness, Meteorology, and Elephants

ADHD often occurs along with symptoms of moodiness or mood disorders, which add greatly to patients’ impairment. Students of mental health are taught that patients’ “affect” is to their “mood” like a city’s “weather” is to its “climate.” However, in patients with ADHD such a distinction seems less clear. For example, their emotional problems may represent a true mood disorder, psychiatric disorders, an undiagnosed medical problem, a medication side effect, or even a symptom of the ADHD itself. It is not surprising that even experienced clinicians and clinical researchers often disagree about such patients’ diagnoses, bringing to mind another analogy of us being like “blind men” who identify an elephant differently based on the body part we feel. Such diagnostic discordance and the potential for adverse events from improperly selected treatments underscore the need for thorough assessments to inform the best strategy of pharmacological and psychosocial treatments. Chapters that follow are written by clinical and research experts in their respective topics, and focus on different causes of mood, moodiness and ADHD symptoms, and how to differentiate them from other causes. The goal is to provide clinicians a broad, evidence-based framework, along with specific clinical tools to enhance their skill caring for their patients with symptoms of ADHD and other disorders of mood or affect.
Toughness and the Cycle Structure of Graphs

Abstract We discuss some old and new problems concerning the relationship between the toughness of a graph and its cycle structure.
Using Radiolabeled 3′-Deoxy-3′-18F-Fluorothymidine with PET to Monitor the Effect of Dexamethasone on Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States, and pemetrexed-based therapies are regularly used to treat nonsquamous NSCLC. Despite widespread use, pemetrexed has a modest effect on progression-free survival, with varying efficacy between individuals. Recent work has indicated that dexamethasone, given to prevent pemetrexed toxicity, is able to protect a subset of NSCLC cells from pemetrexed cytotoxicity by temporarily suppressing the S phase of the cell cycle. Therefore, dexamethasone might block treatment efficacy in a subpopulation of patients and might be contributing to the variable response to pemetrexed. Methods: Differences in retention of the experimental PET tracer 3'-deoxy-3'-fluorothymidine (FLT) were used to monitor S-phase suppression by dexamethasone in NSCLC cell models, animals with tumor xenografts, and patients with advanced cancer. Results: Significant reductions in tracer uptake were observed after 24 h of dexamethasone treatment in NSCLC cell lines and xenograft models expressing high levels of glucocorticoid receptor α, coincident with pemetrexed resistance visualized by attenuation of the flare effect associated with pemetrexed activity. Two of 4 patients imaged in a pilot study with 18F-FLT PET after dexamethasone treatment demonstrated reductions in tracer uptake from baseline, with a variable response between individual tumor lesions. Conclusion: 18F-FLT PET represents a useful method for the noninvasive monitoring of dexamethasone-mediated S-phase suppression in NSCLC and might provide a way to individualize chemotherapy in patients receiving pemetrexed-based regimens.
Office-Based Global Endometrial Ablation

Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) affects a significant number of reproductive-aged women, negatively impacting quality of life and function. After a comprehensive evaluation of patients with HMB has been conducted, endometrial ablation is an option that can be offered in-office for treatment of HMB for appropriately selected and counseled patients. There are several different methods available for performing endometrial ablation and the method used should be chosen based on available equipment and facilities, the individual surgeon’s preference and training, and patient anatomy. Patients should be thoroughly counseled prior to undergoing endometrial ablation in regards to risks versus benefits, and potential complications of the procedure. Expected outcomes should also be thoroughly discussed as most patients can expect lightening or normalization of menses rather than amenorrhea after endometrial ablation.
Minimal cubature formulae for a family of radial weight functions

For each fixed n a radial weight function on \(\mathbb{R}^2 \) is given in closed form which admits minimal cubature formulae of both even and odd degree. The connection between the cubature formula and the polynomial interpolation is discussed in detail.
The Spectrum of Non-accidental Injury and Its Imitators in Children

The fundamental role of diagnostic imaging in cases of suspected abuse is much the same as with other medical conditions. The diagnostic process is characterized by gathering facts through appropriate imaging studies, integrating these findings with clinical and laboratory data, consulting with colleagues, and formulating a diagnosis based on one’s knowledge and expertise. This process is predicated on a thorough understanding of the varied manifestations of child abuse and its imitators on modern diagnostic imaging studies. Imaging strategies for suspected abuse are therefore formulated to minimize the risk of a missed diagnosis. On the other hand, overzealous efforts by professionals who are ill prepared to differentiate child abuse from other conditions can have a profoundly negative impact on children and their families [3].
We’ve shopped before: Exploring instructions as an influence on mystery shopper reporting

Abstract Western retail experience balances between customer expectations and experience in the service exchange. Retailers set on customer service improvement often use mystery shoppers to gauge alignment between intended service and client experience. This exploratory research considers how instructions typically used by mystery shopping providers impact the diagnostic value of data gathered, and whether those instructions become superseded by hired shopper experiences and cultural behavioral expectations. This work suggests the industry tacitly relies on mystery shoppers to leverage cultural knowledge to deliver insights, and that even robust instructional changes may not significantly change the reporting of mercenary shoppers.
Robust Denoising of Piece-Wise Smooth Manifolds

A common smoothness model used in graph based regularization approaches is to require the energy of signals to be small with respect to the graph Laplacian of the graph. In this paper, we suggest an alternative approach which can effectively incorporate the high frequency information of the graph for unsupervised piece-wise smooth manifold denoising using Spectral Graph Wavelets. Our approach is based on a novel technique to remove noise from SGW coefficients estimated from a local tangent space based graph, which allows us to effectively regularize manifolds with singularities, such as for example intersecting manifolds. Experimental results on synthetic and real datasets in computer vision applications show that our proposed approach outperforms the state of the art, and is an effective tool to remove noise from manifolds with complex structures without over-smoothing at discontinuities.
Postcolonial Possibilities for the Sociology of Race

The author considers what postcolonial theory has to contribute to the sociology of race. Although there are overlaps, postcolonial theory and the sociology of race are not reducible to each other....
IRTA1 and MNDA Expression in Marginal Zone Lymphoma: Utility in Differential Diagnosis and Implications for Classification.

Objectives To evaluate the clinical utility of immune receptor translocation-associated protein 1 (IRTA1) and myeloid nuclear differentiation antigen (MNDA) expression in the diagnosis and classification of marginal zone lymphomas (MZLs). Methods IRTA1 was examined using a novel RNA in situ hybridization assay and MNDA expression determined by immunohistochemistry in 127 small B-cell neoplasms, including 80 cases of MZL. Results IRTA1 expression was detected in 31 (42%) of 74 MZLs vs one (2%) of 43 other small B-cell neoplasms (P < .001). MNDA staining was positive in 51 (64%) of 79 MZLs vs 21 (45%) of 46 non-MZLs (P = .06). MNDA expression was particularly uncommon in follicular lymphoma (3/14, 21%; P = .003 vs MZL). There was no association between MNDA and IRTA1 expression and the presence of monocytoid cytology. IRTA1 expression was less frequent in cases with a diffuse growth pattern. Conclusions IRTA1 and MNDA are useful markers in the differential diagnosis of MZLs.
It's about time: Reconceptualizing the role of time in loss and trauma.

Objective This article explores the universal concept of time with the aim of enhancing our ability to help those affected by loss and trauma as well as those who study and treat them. The help comes in the form of a new framework that focuses on how we think about, and represent, time in scholarship and practice. Method In this conceptual article, I outline traditional approaches to incorporating time in psychological research and discuss the many related concepts, such as anniversary reactions. The main aim of the article is to introduce a reconceptualized framework of time, including the assertion of meaningful time and markers in time. The premise of this framework is that social behavioral sciences should consider time as an uneven, meaningful, and overt force that influences trajectories of adaptation in the context of traumatic loss. Results This article describes the ways in which markers in time push our current representations of time forward and, in doing so, alter the narrative around pathological grief by removing the time limitation on grief and mourning. This framework recognizes grief as a cyclical process that unfolds in the context of meaningful, rather than chronological, time. Conclusion The article concludes by addressing the practical implications of this reconceptualization and the potential to greatly impact scholarship and clinical approaches to addressing the needs of clients coping with traumatic loss. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Hyperbolicity in Spherical Gravitational Collapse in a Horndeski Theory

We numerically study spherical gravitational collapse in shift symmetric Einstein dilaton Gauss Bonnet (EdGB) gravity. We find evidence that there are open sets of initial data for which the character of the system of equations changes from hyperbolic to elliptic type in a compact region of the spacetime. In these cases evolution of the system, treated as a hyperbolic initial boundary value problem, leads to the equations of motion becoming ill-posed when the elliptic region forms. No singularities or discontinuities are encountered on the corresponding effective ``Cauchy horizon.'' Therefore it is conceivable that a well-posed formulation of EdGB gravity (at least within spherical symmetry) may be possible if the equations are appropriately treated as mixed type.
Evaluating the Acceptability and Feasibility of Providing Egg or Cereal Breakfast during a Family-Based Treatment for Children with Overweight/Obesity: The Families and Breakfast Pilot Trial.

Background: Family-based behavioral treatment (FBT) is the most successful weight-loss treatment for children with overweight and obesity, however, long-term success is only achieved by a third of children over time. The use of foods that induce satiety, such as eggs, could improve adherence to calorically restricted diets in children and improve outcomes. This study explored the consumption of eggs (FBT+egg) or cereal (FBT+cereal) for breakfast as part of an FBT program, when breakfast foods were provided to families. Methods: Fifty 8-12-year-old children with overweight and obesity and their parents were randomized to a 4-month FBT+egg or FBT+cereal treatment program. Families were provided the ingredients for their assigned breakfast at each treatment session, and instructed to consume the breakfast a minimum of 5 days per week. Families attended assessments at baseline, post-treatment, and 4-months post-treatment. Results: Results showed that both treatments were well liked, FBT attendance was similar, and there was high compliance with consumption of the specified breakfast. Children experienced moderate weight loss at post-treatment [-0.11 standardized BMI (BMIz)] through 4-month follow-up (-0.09 BMIz), with no statistically significant differences (mean difference -0.05 BMIz, 95% confidence interval -0.19 to 0.09) observed between egg and cereal conditions across any anthropometric or appetitive measures. Conclusions: The use of eggs for breakfast in children enrolled in FBT was well tolerated, and future studies should include larger samples and longer follow-up periods to assess the potential differential effects of prescribed breakfasts on children's weight and eating behaviors.
Personal Genetic Information about HIV: Research Participants' Views of Ethical, Social, and Behavioral Implications.

Background Personal genetic information (PGI) about HIV is produced in research and entering the clinic and direct-to-consumer market, but little consideration has been given to ethical and social issues, public perspectives, and potential behavioral implications. Objectives This research queried the views of research participants at risk for or infected with HIV, exploring their perspectives on HIV-related PGI and its ethical, social, and behavioral implications. Methods We used focus groups to collect rich information about participants' perspectives on the ethical, social, and behavioral implications of PGI about HIV and host genetic research. We evaluated their reactions to three different types of genetic variants: those that made them more susceptible to HIV, more protected from or resistant to HIV, or more likely to transmit HIV to others. Results Overall, participants wanted PGI about HIV. Their reasons included a mix of personal or family health benefit and benefit to others, which varied in emphasis depending on variant type. While susceptibility variant information was seen primarily in terms of personal or family health benefit, for transmissibility and protective variant information, benefit to others emerged as a major reason for wanting PGI about HIV. Participants thought transmissibility variant information would help them prevent others from becoming infected, and protective variant information would allow them to volunteer for targeted research to help treat, cure, or prevent HIV. Possible harms were raised regarding the tendencies among some individuals to increase risky behavior with modulations in perceived risk. Potential behavioral implications were seen as significant, though complex, reflecting multifaceted risk perceptions. Conclusions Our study adds to the evidence that participants in genetic research, across disease type, have a strong desire for PGI. For participants in research on the genetics of HIV, and potentially other infectious diseases, their desire for PGI is grounded in a perceived duty not to infect others, where they feel a moral responsibility regarding research participation and behavior change. Wider dissemination of HIV-related PGI may well increase research participation, but could have mixed effects on risk behavior. More research is needed on the implications of different variant types of PGI beyond susceptibility factors, especially protective variants or resistance factors.
Surgical Hip Dislocation Using the Modified Hardinge Approach for Excision of Osteocartilaginous Lesions of the Acetabulum and Femoral Neck in an Adult: A Case Report.

CASE A 20-year-old woman presented with hip pain related to an osteocartilaginous lesion arising within the cotyloid fossa. She also had a lesion along the inferior femoral neck. Resection of both lesions was performed with surgical hip dislocation through a modified Hardinge approach. CONCLUSIONS This unusual location for an osteocartilaginous lesion can lead to substantial pain and disability. Surgical dislocation through a modified Hardinge approach is an excellent option to concurrently resect these benign lesions of the cotyloid fossa and femoral neck without the need for trochanteric osteotomy.
Systematic and random errors of PET-based 90 Y 3D dose quantification

Purpose The objective was to characterize both systematic and random errors in Positron Emission Tomography (PET)-based 90 Y three-dimensional (3D) dose quantification. Methods A modified NEMA-IEC phantom was used to emulate 90 Y-microsphere PET imaging conditions: sphere activity concentrations of 1.6 and 4.8 MBq/cc, sphere-to-background ratios of 4 and 13, and sphere diameters of 13, 17, and 37 mm. PET data were acquired using a GE D690 PET/CT scanner for 300 min on days 0-11. The data were downsampled to 60-5 min for multiple realizations to evaluate the count starvation effect. The image reconstruction algorithm was 3D-OSEM with PSF + TOF modeling; the parameters were optimized for dose-volume histogram (DVH), as a 90 Y 3D dose quantification. 90 Y-PET images were converted to dose maps using the local deposition method, then the sphere DVHs were calculated. The ground truth for the DVH was calculated using convolution method. Dose linearity was evaluated in decaying 90 Y activity (reduced count rate and total count) and decreasing acquisition durations (reduced total count only). Finally, the impacts of the low 32-ppm positron yield on PET-based 3D 90 Y-dose quantification were evaluated; the bias and variability of resulting DVHs were characterized. Results We observed nonlinear errors that depended on the 90 Y activity (count rate) and not on the total true prompt counts. These nonlinear errors in mean dose underestimated the measured mean dose by> 20% for a measured dose range of 40-230 Gy; although the shapes of the DVH were not altered. Compensation based on empirical models reduced the nonlinearity errors to be within 5% for measured dose range of 40-230 Gy. In contrast, the errors due to nonuniformity introduced by image noise dominated the systematic errors in the DVH and stretched the DVH on both tails. For the 37-mm sphere, the magnitude of errors in D80 increased from -25% to -36% when acquisition duration was decreased from 300 to 10 min. The effect of image noise on DVH was more extensive in smaller spheres; for the 17-mm sphere, the magnitude of errors in D80 increased from -29% to -45% acquisition duration was decreased from 300 to 10 min. For the 37-mm sphere, the errors in D20 increased from +3.5% to only +10.5% when the acquisition duration was decreased from 300 to 10 min; in the 17-mm sphere, the errors in D20 were 6.5% for both 300- and 10-min sphere images. Conclusions Count-starved 90 Y-PET data introduce both systematic and random errors. The systematic error increases the apparent nonuniformity of the DVH, while the random error increases the uncertainty in the DVH. The systematic errors were larger than the random errors. Lower count rate of 90 Y-PET also introduces systematic bias, which is scanner specific. The errors of bias-compensated mean tumor dose were 15 min/bed for tumors >37 mm. Dmedian and Dmean were the most stable dose metrics. An acquisition duration of 30 min is recommended to keep the random errors 17 mm and average tumor dose >40 Gy.
Big Science in Music

In physics, Big Science is defined by a theory (models and theorems), an experimental paradigm, extensive laboratories, international collaboration, and political acceptance. In this chapter, we discuss such an option for the science of music.
Acute effects of vagus nerve stimulation parameters on gastric motility assessed with magnetic resonance imaging.

BACKGROUND Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an emerging bioelectronic therapy for regulating food intake and controlling gastric motility. However, the effects of different VNS parameters and polarity on postprandial gastric motility remain incompletely characterized. METHODS In anesthetized rats (N = 3), we applied monophasic electrical stimuli to the left cervical vagus and recorded compound nerve action potential (CNAP) as a measure of nerve response. We evaluated to what extent afferent or efferent pathway could be selectively activated by monophasic VNS. In a different group of rats (N = 13), we fed each rat a gadolinium-labeled meal and scanned the rat stomach with oral contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) while the rat was anesthetized. We evaluated the antral and pyloric motility as a function of pulse amplitude (0.13, 0.25, 0.5, 1 mA), width (0.13, 0.25, 0.5 ms), frequency (5, 10 Hz), and polarity of VNS. KEY RESULTS Monophasic VNS activated efferent and afferent pathways with about 67% and 82% selectivity, respectively. Primarily afferent VNS increased antral motility across a wide range of parameters. Primarily efferent VNS induced a significant decrease in antral motility as the stimulus intensity increased (R = -.93, P < .05 for 5 Hz, R = -.85, P < .05 for 10 Hz). The VNS with either polarity tended to promote pyloric motility to a greater extent given increasing stimulus intensity. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Monophasic VNS biased toward the afferent pathway is potentially more effective for facilitating occlusive contractions than that biased toward the efferent pathway.
Prospective associations of the infant gut microbiome and microbial function with social behaviors related to autism at age 3 years.

The hypothesized link between gut bacteria and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been explored through animal models and human studies with microbiome assessment after ASD presentation. We aimed to prospectively characterize the association between the infant/toddler gut microbiome and ASD-related social behaviors at age 3 years. As part of an ongoing birth cohort gut bacterial diversity, structure, taxa, and function at 6 weeks (n = 166), 1 year (n = 158), 2 years (n = 129), and 3 years (n = 140) were quantified with 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequencing (n = 101 six weeks, n = 103 one year). ASD-related social behavior was assessed at age 3 years using Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS-2) T-scores. Covariate-adjusted linear and permutation-based models were implemented. Microbiome structure at 1 year was associated with SRS-2 total T-scores (p = 0.01). Several taxa at 1, 2, and 3 years were associated with SRS-2 performance, including many in the Lachnospiraceae family. Higher relative abundance of Adlercreutzia equolifaciens and Ruminococcus torques at 1 year related to poorer SRS-2 performance. Two functional pathways, l-ornithine and vitamin B6 biosynthesis, were associated with better social skills at 3 years. Our results support potential associations between early-childhood gut microbiome and social behaviors. Future mechanistic studies are warranted to pinpoint sensitive targets for intervention.
Single-port robotic-assisted simple prostatectomy is associated with decreased post-operative narcotic use in a propensity score matched analysis.

Robotic-assisted simple prostatectomy (RASP) has proven to be an effective minimally invasive option for benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) in recent years. Single-site surgery is theorized to reduce post-operative pain beyond traditional minimally invasive approaches. We sought to assess whether use of a single-port robotic platform decreases post-operative opioid use in patients undergoing robotic-assisted simple prostatectomy (RASP). A retrospective review was performed of all patients undergoing RASP our institution from November 2017 to July 2019. Demographic, intraoperative, and post-operative data, including morphine equivalent (ME) use, were collected. Patients were stratified by robotic platform utilized. Propensity score matching using nearest neighbor method was performed using prostate volume, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), and post-op ketorolac use in 4:1 fashion. Chi-squared analysis and Kruskal–Wallis analyses were utilized. Two-hundred-and-seven men underwent RASP. After matching, 80 patients (64 multi-port, 16 single-port) were included in the analysis. Groups were comparable for age, body mass index, CCI, prostate volume, prior opioid use, and use of scheduled ketorolac post op. The single-port approach was associated with a reduction in MEs once admitted to the floor (5 vs. 11 mg, p = 0.025) and an increase in the proportion of patients who did not require any narcotics post-operatively (44 vs. 19%, p = 0.036). In a propensity matched cohort of patients undergoing RASP at a single institution, use of the single-port robotic system conferred a significant decrease in post-operative narcotic use by approximately 50%.
Minority Stress in the Study of LGBTQ PoC Health Disparities

To understand LGBTQ PoC health disparities, this chapter centers stress and its insidious effects on the body. Continued exposure to stressful events contributes to serious health issues, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cerebrovascular diseases, and mental health disorders. Stress functions as cumulative vulnerabilities contributing to maintenance of health disparities for racial/ethnic LGBTQ. Although there are various conceptual models to understand the psychosocial, bio-behavioral, and physiological factors pertaining to exposure and reactivity to stress for minoritized groups, this chapter focuses on the widely cited minority stress model of Ilan Meyer as it centers LGBTQ communities. It also details a theoretical rationale for using Meyer’s model as a framework to contextualize the experiences of LGBT PoC as it relates to heart, brain, and mental health.
Behavioral responses to competing incentives and disincentives: Compliance with marine mammal protection

Abstract In 2010, the Northeast U.S. sink gillnet fleet faced threats of indefinite closures to fishing if compliance rates with acoustic deterrent devices did not increase. Simultaneously, a catch share program with multiple “sectors” was implemented for groundfish, an important target for this fleet. This research examines whether the threat of closures, the transition to sectors, or both, influenced the increased compliance rate after 2010. We learned in focus groups [9] , that some fishers left off one pinger for safety reasons. A multinomial logit model using deterrent (perceived likelihood of the detection of non-compliance), economic, and normative (social, cultural, legitimacy) factors was developed to understand three responses: full compliance, non-compliance (multiple pingers missing), and non-compliance presumed to be related to safety (single pinger missing). At-sea observers collect compliance data. Results suggest observed vessels in the single-pinger-missing violation group were not responsive to the threat of consequence closures, while the multiple-pingers-missing group were. This reveals the importance of fisher input in constructing models. The model did not find sector membership to be significant. We suspect there may be an influence that varies across sectors. Non-compliant vessels with lower inconsistent observer coverage were more likely to be non-complaint, suggesting compliance overall may be increased through “nudging,” a behavioral economics concept, via increased observer coverage. Increased observer coverage may be more cost-effective than increased enforcement. It is important to understand that regulatory change can introduce multiple incentives and disincentives influencing behavioral responses, as implemented in the 2010 Northeast U.S. groundfish gillnet fleet.
Perinatal use of lurasidone for the treatment of bipolar disorder.

Atypical antipsychotics are commonly prescribed for the treatment of severe mental illnesses during pregnancy. Evidence regarding the impact of physiologic changes during pregnancy on the concentration of atypical antipsychotics is limited, specifically in the case of lurasidone. Data to guide dosing in pregnancy that maximizes efficacy and minimizes adverse effects are lacking. This case report presents perinatal changes in the concentration of lurasidone and the implications for Bipolar Disorder (BD) illness course in a primiparous woman. Monitoring of lurasidone serum concentrations and recurrence of BD symptoms after the second trimester of pregnancy until the third postpartum month was completed. Lurasidone serum concentrations ranged from 0 to 4.7 ng/mL during pregnancy and increased to 10-12 ng/mL postpartum. The subject presented with worsening anxiety and depressive symptoms during the second trimester of pregnancy which resulted in a 40 mg daily dose increase during the second half of her pregnancy. Despite the decrease in lurasidone to the preconception dose post-delivery, the concentrations were higher postpartum compared to pregnancy. The decrease in lurasidone serum concentrations during pregnancy may increase the risk of worsening BD symptoms and suggests the need for determination of whether therapeutic monitoring and dose titration during pregnancy decreases illness exacerbation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Application of Josephson Effect Arrays for Submillimeter Sources

As the most fundamental of the Josephson equations (Eq. 1) immediately makes clear, Josephson junctions are intrinsically voltage controlled oscillators.
Modeling and Simulation of a Resource Allocation Problem

Resource allocation can be viewed from several perspectives. One perspective is to view it as a capacitated Facility Location Problem, whereby resources that are located in certain places are being employed to certain other locations at a minimum cost. One of the most challenging scenarios in any organization is the ability to allocate resources to specific functions so as to maximize productivity. This paper develops a mathematical model that can be used to “optimally” deploy human resources to various parts of an organization, while at the same time minimizing the overall cost of operations. The technique to be used belongs to a class of mathematical programming problems known as Mixed-Integer Programming. The model is developed in line with the policies of the organization, and a simulation of the model is applied to Nigeria’s National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) Scheme. This model has several possible applications in situations that involve international and intergovernmental organizations such as the United Nations (UN), the United Nations Development Project (UNDP), Organization of American States (OAS), European Union (EU), as well as the African Union (AU). A classical application of this model is in the Nigerian Youth Service Scheme (NYSC). With this scheme, recent college graduates are required by law, to serve their country for one year after graduation. The idea is to infuse into the country the spirit of nationalism, knowledge of country, mutual appreciation and respect for people from different parts of the country and a better appreciation of one’s self worth. The task of deploying these graduates has been cumbersome at best. This paper develops a mathematical model that can be used to ‘optimally’ deploy these fresh graduates each year, to different parts of the country in such a way that the overall cost of the program is minimized – while at the same time satisfying the constraints imposed on the scheme by policy makers.
International Convention on Great Lakes Fisheries

This Convention was first signed by Canada and the United States in 1946, but was never ratified, because there was vigorous opposition to a provision which granted authority to a proposed commission which would regulate the fisheries of all the Great Lakes. Intensified and continuing problems of conservation of Great Lakes fishery resources, and especially severe depradations of the parasitic sea lamprey, (Petromyzon marinus) brought about a demand that a new treaty be negotiated. A draft was prepared, and after several meetings a treaty was signed. Instruments of ratification were exchanged, and the Convention became effective in 1955. The first meeting of the Commission created under the Convention was held late in 1956.
Stability Properties of BSB Models

This paper presents a generalization of Brain-State-in-a-Box models and evaluates their capabilities as categorization devices.
The Evolution of Interfacial Sliding Stresses During Cyclic Push-in Testing of C- and Bn-Coated Hi-Nicalon Fiber-Reinforced CMCs

Interfacial debond cracks and fiber/matrix sliding stresses in ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) can evolve under cyclic fatigue conditions as well as with changes in the environment, strongly affecting the crack growth behavior, and therefore, the useful service lifetime of the composite. In this study, room temperature cyclic fiber push-in testing was applied to monitor the evolution of frictional sliding stresses and fiber sliding distances with continued cycling in both C- and BN-coated Hi-Nicalon SiC fiber-reinforced CMCs. A SiC matrix composite reinforced with C-coated Hi-Nical on fibers as well as barium strontium aluminosilicate (BSAS) matrix composites reinforced with BN-coated (four different deposition processes compared) Hi-Nicalon fibers were examined. For failure at a C interface, test results indicated progressive increases in fiber sliding distances during cycling in room air but not in nitrogen. These results suggest the presence of moisture will promote crack growth when interfacial failure occurs at a C interface. While short-term testing environmental effects were not apparent for failure at the BN interfaces, long-term exposure of partially debonded BN-coated fibers to humid air resulted in large increases in fiber sliding distances and decreases in interfacial sliding stresses for all the BN coatings, presumably due to moisture attack. A wide variation was observed in debond and frictional sliding stresses among the different BN coatings.