cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Academic Advising Needs among University Students in Kenya

It is not easy for the overburdened student counselors in universities to adequately address students’ needs in all areas. Hence, the establishment of academic advising Western countries and recently in some Kenyan institutions. Academic advising should be need-centered for it to be popular with students and to succeed. This study aimed at evaluating students’ academic advising needs so as to enable academic advisors and universities to be able to prioritise when planning for academic mentorship. The study applied the descriptive survey method in which subjects were asked to indicate the areas in which they thought they needed help. A questionnaire was used to collect data. A random sample of 187 (53, 41 and 93 first, second and third year students respectively) participated in the study. Purposive sampling was used to select Laikipia University College of Egerton University which is one of the seven public universities in Kenya. The findings showed that the top ranking academic advising needs were maintaining high grades, handling heavier academic workload, setting career goals, and setting academic goals irrespective of the year of study and gender. It was recommended that students’ needs should be taken into account when planning for academic mentorship activities.
Towards a Victimology of State Crime

State crimes have been studied by criminologists for nearly three decades. While far from stagnant, research and theory in this area of criminology have not developed at the pace one may have expected a decade ago. In an attempt to rejuvenate the study of state crime, we first identify and review the various types of victims and victimizers of state crime identified in the criminological literature. By employing a previously created typology of state crime, we discuss how individuals and groups of individuals can be identified as state crime victims in both domestic and international contexts. We then highlight the common themes involved in the victimizations, and offer six inductively generated propositions intended to facilitate future developments in the victimology of state crime.
The Effects of Intrusiveness on Protective Details

A recent increase in the number of threats against judges has led to the wider use of protective details to safeguard the judiciary. By applying content analysis methods to a random sample of news media accounts mentioning protective details for public figures from March 1999 to March 2009, this article explores (a) a possible relation between the level of intrusiveness of protective details and their success or failure as protective measures and (b) the implications of these findings for anyone requiring executive protection.
Dialysis Composite Rate Bundling: Potential Effects on the Utilization of Home Hemodialysis, Daily and Nocturnal Hemodialysis, and Peritoneal Dialysis

Home hemodialysis was introduced because it was less expensive than center dialysis, so allowing more patients to be treated with the limited funds available in the 1960s. The start of the Medicare ESRD Program in July 1973, with almost universal entitlement, removed the financial barriers, and had many other effects including reducing the use of home dialysis. Bundled payment for dialysis, including necessary dialysis supplies and laboratory tests, was introduced as the "composite" rate in 1983. Over the ensuing years, the costs of providing dialysis treatment increased, and expensive new drugs were introduced, particularly erythropoietin. As a result, the government introduced a more extensive bundle at the beginning of this year, aimed at better control of costs. This article considers the potential effect of this reimbursement change on home dialysis.
Long-term residual effects of nitrogen addition on a barrier island dune ecosystem1

Abstract Heyel, S. M. and F. P. Day. (Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529). Long-term residual effects of nitrogen addition on a barrier island dune ecosystem. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 133(2): 297–303. 2006.—In 1991, large plots established on the dunes on Hog Island, part of the Virginia Coast Reserve Long Term Ecological Research site, were fertilized with nitrogen to examine plant community response to nitrogen addition. Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased biomass, and the fertilized plots continued to exhibit enhanced production for 9 years following fertilization. The current study sampled aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, and nitrogen standing crops of the experimental plots on a mid-island dune to determine the mechanism of long- term nitrogen retention in this nitrogen-limited system. Aboveground and belowground biomass were significantly greater in the fertilized plots than in the control plots in 2000. Aboveground biomass declined significa...
Ensemble modeling and control for congestion management in automated warehouses

In this work, we present and evaluate an ensemble approach towards the modeling and mitigation of congestion in multi-agent robotic systems operating in a dynamic environment. In particular, we consider the problem of congestion management between robots and robots and human agents in an automated factory or warehouse. The main contribution of this work is the development of appropriate ensemble models that describe the collective dynamics of the system to identify regions of high congestion. These models are used to design appropriate agent-level feedback control policies to improve the performance of the robotic team. To reduce the frequency of robot-robot and robot-human interactions, the feedback control policies implemented by the individual robots are designed to control the variances in the robot population distribution in the workspace. We present simulation results that validate the feasibility of our methodology.
Effective Time Averaging of Multiplexed Measurements: A Critical Analysis

Multiplexing and time averaging of signal are effective noise reduction protocols applied in many analytical measurement systems. The efficacy of these protocols may be reduced by random occurrences of high-magnitude noise that do not conform to the statistical distribution of noise for all other measurements in the data set. This high-magnitude noise, which may have an insignificant probability of occurrence for a single measurement, almost certainly affects data collected in a multichannel, multiplexed modality, such as Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic imaging employing focal plane array detectors. To recover time-averaging advantages in these cases, we present a general coaddition method that uses two statistical measures, the mean and median of the ensemble of measurements of a signal, to obtain a better estimate of the true signal than that estimated by time averaging alone. This method, termed median filtered time averaging, is shown to be an effective noise removal procedure for FT-...
Numerical study of low-current steady arcs

The development of a high-efficiency CW YLF laser doped with Er,Tm,Ho: and featuring a strongly focusing resonator that collects a high density of pump power on the active crystal is described. The emission is investigated at 2.06 microns and a tuning range both at liquid-nitrogen (77 K) and at dry-ice (210 K) temperature. The noise characteristics and the long-term power stability of the laser is studied with an eye to employing this source for high-resolution spectroscopy in the 2-micron wavelength region. The detection of several absorption lines of NH3 at low pressure is described. The output power of the laser as a function of the power impinging on the crystal for different transmission of the output mirror is illustrated. The best result obtained is 1.46 W output for 3.2 W of argon pump. The minimum threshold achieved is 3.5 mW with a 1-percent transmission mirror. It is concluded that it is possible to develop a highly efficient Ho:YLF laser featuring low noise and sufficient tunability for high-resolution spectroscopy in the 2-micron region.
Agricultural innovation and economic growth in Africa: renewing international cooperation

Rising food prices and the associated political upheavals have rekindled interest in international cooperation on food security in particular and economic development in general. This paper argues that efforts to promote food security in sub-Saharan Africa need take into account three key issues: food security is inseparable from economic development; science and innovation are a necessary part of economic development; universities in most countries are engines of development and must be so in Africa as well. Industrialised countries and Africa should to forge long-term cooperation in advancing specific technology missions in fields such as biotechnology.
Nontuberculous Pleural Empyema in Adults: The Role of a Modified Eloesser Procedure in Its Management

Abstract Thirty-four adults out of 109 adults and children treated for pyogenic pleural empyema at Grady Memorial Hospital underwent open drainage with segmental rib resection (a modified Eloesser procedure) during the five-year period 1965-1970. Bronchopulmonary infection was the predisposing illness in 25 of the 34 patients, and Staphylococcus aureus , coagulase positive, was the organism most frequently cultured from the empyema cavity. The Eloesser procedure was performed when the patient had a reasonably large empyema cavity with diseased underlying lung or a bronchopleural fistula or when the patient had a posteriorly located cavity which could not be drained adequately or comfortably with a chest tube. The Eloesser procedure resulted in good cosmetic, roentgenographic, and functional results in 30 patients. Three patients died in the early postoperative period, 1 from causes related and 2 from causes possibly related to the operative procedure. One patient died from an unrelated cause two months after his discharge from the hospital.
Transmembrane Segment 11 of UhpT, the Sugar Phosphate Carrier ofEscherichia coli, Is an α-Helix That Carries Determinants of Substrate Selectivity

In Escherichia coli, transport of hexose 6-phosphates is mediated by the Pi-linked antiport carrier, UhpT, a member of the major facilitator superfamily. We showed earlier that Lys391, a member of an intrahelical salt bridge (Asp388/Lys391) in the eleventh transmembrane segment (TM11) of this transporter, can function as a determinant of substrate selectivity (Hall, J. A., Fann, M.-C., and Maloney, P. C. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 6148–6153). Here, we examine in detail the role of TM11 in setting substrate preference. Derivatives having an uncompensated cationic charge at either position 388 or 391 (the D388C, D388V, or D388K/K391C variants) are gain-of-function mutants in which phosphoenolpyruvate, not sugar 6-phosphate, is the preferred organic substrate. By contrast, when an uncompensated anionic charge is placed at position 388 (K391C), we observed behavior consistent with an increased preference for monovalent rather than divalent sugar 6-phosphate. Because positions 388 and 391 lie deep within the UhpT hydrophobic sector, these findings suggested that an extended length of TM11 may be accessible to external substrates and probes. To explore this issue, we used a panel of TM11 single cysteine variants to examine the transport of glucose 6-phosphate in the presence and absence of the membrane-impermeant, thiol-reactive agentp-chloromercuribenzosulfonate (PCMBS). Accessibility to PCMBS, together with the pattern of substrate protection against PCMBS inhibition, leads us to conclude that TM11 spans the membrane as an α-helix, with approximately two-thirds of its surface lining a substrate translocation pathway. We suggest that this feature is a general property of carrier proteins in the major facilitator superfamily and that for this reason residues in TM11 will serve to carry determinants of substrate selectivity.
How and why does radioimmunotherapy work

and sequence these new agents within the spectrum of NHL management. When one keeps in mind the extremely low observed risk of nonhematologic complications observed for these agents, both of the clinically available RICs offer provisional endorsement for the current push toward targetspecific cancer therapies as alternatives to older, less-selective cytotoxic approaches. As one investigator recently noted, the combined Bexxar/Zevalin database suggests that the CD20 radioimmunotherapy agents represent the most effective single agents yet developed for the treatment of indolent lymphoma. The data for clinical performance of these two different products are remarkably consistent: approximately 75% overall response rates and 20 ‐ 40% complete response rates for patients with relapsed, refractory, or transformed CD20 indolent B-cell NHL. The data obtained with both RICs are robust, reproducible, and mutually supportive. However, a century after investigators first envisioned the concept of immunologically targeted radiopharmaceutical cancer therapy, we still cannot describe with certainty the clinical and scientific principles driving the
Anti-angiogenesis approach to genitourinary cancer treatment

Angiogenesis plays a crucial role in the survival, proliferation, and metastatic potential of several tumors, including genitourinary (GU) cancers. Over the last decade, increasing basic science and clinical research have led to the approval of several angiogenesis inhibitors. GU tumors are unique in its pathogenesis whereby specific pathways, such as involvement of the Von Hippel-Lindau gene in clear cell renal cell cancer and aberrant overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor in prostatic cancers and transitional cell bladder cancers, allow for potential targeting using angiogenesis inhibitors. This review discusses the biologic pathways as well as the rationale for using angiogenesis inhibitors in renal cell, prostate, and transitional cell bladder cancers. This review also focuses on pivotal trials and emerging data on the use of these inhibitors.
Continued development of a cloud droplet formation parameterization for global climate models

[1] This study presents continued development of the Nenes and Seinfeld (2003) cloud droplet activation parameterization. First, we expanded the formulation to (1) allow for a lognormal representation of aerosol size distribution, and (2) include a size-dependant mass transfer coefficient for the growth of water droplets to accommodate the effect of size (and potentially organic films) on the droplet growth rate. The performance of the new scheme is evaluated by comparing the parameterized cloud droplet number concentration with that of a detailed numerical activation cloud parcel model. The resulting modified parameterization robustly and closely tracks the parcel model simulations, even for low values of the accommodation coefficient (average error 4.1 ± 1.3%). The modifications to include the effect of accommodation coefficient do not increase the computational cost but substantially improve the parameterization performance. This work offers a robust, computationally efficient and first-principles approach for directly linking complex chemical effects (e.g., surface tension depression, changes in water vapor accommodation, solute contribution from partial solubility) on aerosol activation within a global climate modeling framework.
Staged solid–solid separations revisited

Abstract Staging of separation operations to improve the overall efficiency of the process has always been practiced in mineral processing circuit design, be it cells in jigs, compartments in heavy media vessels or multiple cyclone installations. In fact, staging in circuit design occurs whenever a stream passes through a series of devices. However, the arrangement of the devices can affect the outcome across the spectrum of degradation, no improvement, improvement of the separation. Thus, it is critical to understand how the arrangement will affect the outcome. This paper presents a study of three general staging arrangements.
Chronic pain and substance use in patients with Hepatitis C

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most common blood-borne infection and affects approximately 2% of the U.S. population, with higher rates occurring in some segments of the population. Chronic pain affects approximately 35% of the general population, with 15% of individuals experiencing daily pain. In contrast, the prevalence of chronic pain among HCV patients may exceed 65%. The reasons for the high rates of chronic pain among HCV patients are not clear. More than two-thirds of HCV patients have a history of substance use disorder (SUD), and history of SUD is associated with the development of pain. HCV patients also have high rates of co-morbid psychiatric disorders, which are also associated with chronic pain. The purpose of this presentation will be to outline the issue of chronic pain and substance use among HCV patients and to describe factors that may lead to the high rate of chronic pain in this patient population. The results of ongoing studies that examined the role of biopsychosocial factors in the development and exacerbation of chronic pain in HCV patients will also be described.
Egg Washing Wastewater Characterization and Treatability

Abstract The purpose of this study was to provide the technical information related to wastewater characteristics and treatability necessary for effective egg washing wastewater management. Wastewater samples were collected from three egg grading plants over a 3-month period and assayed for appropriate chemical characteristics. Typical values for some of the pollution parameters were found to be: biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) 3,000 mg/liter, chemical oxygen demand (COD) 6,000 mg/liter, total solids (TS) 9,000 mg/liter, and suspended solids (SS) 600 mg/liter. Treatment studies were performed using laboratory scale aerobic and anaerobic reactors. Wastewater retention times of 1, 2, 4, and 8 days were studied in the aerobic tests; 12 and 18 day retention times were investigated in the anaerobic tests. The wastewater was highly biodegradable in each environment. Filtrable COD was reduced 96% in the 8 day aerobic reactor and 92% in the 18 day anaerobic digester. Kinetic constants were determined and a mathematical model derived to enable design of full-scale aerobic systems.
Mowr and mowr bayud spellin': Confessions of a sociolinguist

Although the literature has characterized how apparently innocent respellings of respondent data (in attempts to capture either the ‘flavor’ or authenticity of performance) inevitably demote assessments of the speaker's status and intelligence (and in some cases actually mar intelligibility of the transcript), more recent work shows how variation in spelling, like other levels of language variety, reflects social practices in speech communities. Although the social identities and stances thus encoded are not simple (i.e., they do not invariably reflect one ‘writer’ stance or demand one interpretation), they offer another mode for the investigation of language in social space and practice.
Status signaling in harris sparrows some experiments in deception

(1) Harris Sparrows signal their social dominance status by variations in the amount of black feathering on their crowns and throat. The potential ability of individuals to cheat on such a status signaling system was experimentally investigated by dyeing and bleaching some free-ranging individuals in a flock attracted to a bait station. As discussed in detail, cheating is a theoretically important problem because survival studies have shown subordinates to be much less likely to survive over winter than dominants. If true, this should result in strong directional selection toward the dominant plumage type. (2) Subordinates dyed to mimic the highest ranking birds of the winter hierarchy were, with but one exception, persecuted by the legitimate studlies. The single exception was apparently a bird which had underestimated his status during the fall molt when the appropriate plumage signal is produced. (3) Bleached birds were forced to fight much more for their status, as dramati. cally shown by what was likely the first encounter between a bleached bird and a normal individual of just slightly lower rank. Eventually the bleached birds behaved as though all others around them were perceived as disrespectful, and despotically attacked birds at an abnormally high rate. (4) While these data strongly suggest that cheating is socially controlled, such a social organization raises some complex evolutionary issues. An alternative explanation of the apparent social control of cheating is that the unusual behavior observed in response to my manipulations merely represented normal defense of winter resources. This explanation requires that the rate of winter dominance inter-actions be controlled by (1) the risk of attack, and (2) the importance of resource defense. If this is true, the dyed birds may have appeared sick since no hormonal manipulation accompanied their dyeing; thus they may have been attacked more because perceived risk was down and potential gain high (beat the toughy while he is down). Likewise, the bleached birds may have become unusually aggressive because the closer approach of low ranked birds suggested to them that a much more active defense of resources was required. Experiments distinguishing these hypothesis have not yet been performed.
CDR-restricted engineering of native human scFvs creates highly stable and soluble bifunctional antibodies for subcutaneous delivery

While myriad molecular formats for bispecific antibodies have been examined to date, the simplest structures are often based on the scFv. Issues with stability and manufacturability in scFv-based bispecific molecules, however, have been a significant hindrance to their development, particularly for high-concentration, stable formulations that allow subcutaneous delivery. Our aim was to generate a tetravalent bispecific molecule targeting two inflammatory mediators for synergistic immune modulation. We focused on an scFv-Fc-scFv format, with a flexible (A4T)3 linker coupling an additional scFv to the C-terminus of an scFv-Fc. While one of the lead scFvs isolated directly from a naive library was well-behaved and sufficiently potent, the parental anti-CXCL13 scFv 3B4 required optimization for affinity, stability, and cynomolgus ortholog cross-reactivity. To achieve this, we eschewed framework-based stabilizing mutations in favor of complementarity-determining region (CDR) mutagenesis and re-selection for simultaneous improvements in both affinity and thermal stability. Phage-displayed 3B4 CDR-mutant libraries were used in an aggressive “hammer-hug” selection strategy that incorporated thermal challenge, functional, and biophysical screening. This approach identified leads with improved stability and >18-fold, and 4,100-fold higher affinity for both human and cynomolgus CXCL13, respectively. Improvements were exclusively mediated through only 4 mutations in VL-CDR3. Lead scFvs were reformatted into scFv-Fc-scFvs and their biophysical properties ranked. Our final candidate could be formulated in a standard biopharmaceutical platform buffer at 100 mg/ml with <2% high molecular weight species present after 7 weeks at 4 °C and viscosity <15 cP. This workflow has facilitated the identification of a truly manufacturable scFv-based bispecific therapeutic suitable for subcutaneous administration.
A three-tiered health system and its inherent cost inflation: the case of medical care inflation in Chile 1979–1983

Abstract Cost containment in the health sectors of many countries has led to policies that shift fiscal responsibilities from national governments to local governments and consumers. In following this approach, caution must be taken to avoid adopting new structures that have inherent, self-defeating, cost-inflation tendencies. This paper analyzes this issue within the Chilean experience from 1979 to 1983. Determinants of health care's cost-inflation in modern medical systems are used as criteria for judging the most probable cause in the Chilean experience. After showing that these relationships do not hold for Chile from 1979 to 1983, other possible causes are ex-plored. The structural characteristics of the income-associated, three-tiered system are shown to be the most likely causes of Chile's continued health care cost-infla-tion.
ATRs - A Texas Instruments Perspective

Texas Instruments feels that the development of Automatic Target Recognition (ATR) technology offers the potential for substantial performance improvements in future weapons systems. The ability to automatically find and launch weapons against targets in military environments will relieve attack aircraft or helicopter pilots of a demanding assignment in a high-stress environment, thereby improving their effectiveness and survivability. Future guided missiles can have ATRs aboard and thereby have the ability to autonomously find their own targets. In that case, launch platforms will be required only to transport a missile to a suitable launch position, and a pilot need not locate the target before launching the missiles. ATR implementation requires three areas of development: sensors, signal processing algorithms, and processing architectures. The number and type of sensors required to fulfill an ATR requirement are dictated by the mission to be performed. The processing architectures which will implement the signal processing algorithms will consist of numeric, parallel, and symbolic processing elements.
(1S,3R)-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid-induced burst firing is mediated by a native pertussis toxin-sensitive metabotropic receptor at rat dorsolateral septal nucleus neurons.

Abstract We have reported previously that a selective metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, (1S, 3R)-1-aminocyclopentane-1, 3-dicar☐ylic acid (1S, 3R-ACPD), caused two primary postsynaptic membrane changes, namely, a slow membrane depolarization, and burst firing in rat dorsolateral septal nucleus neurons. In addition, (1S, 3R)-1-aminocyclopentane-1, 3-dicar☐ylic acid also potentiates a slow afterdepolarization in rat dorsolateral septal nucleus neurons. We now report that, among all the postsynaptic membrane changes induced by (1S, 3R)-1-aminocyclopentane-1, 3-dicar☐ylic acid, only the burst firing was selectively blocked by pertussis toxin pretreatment. Thus, aminocyclopentane-1, 3-dicar☐ylic acid induced burst firing was mediated by a metabotropic receptor coupled to a pertussis toxin-sensitive GTP-binding protein, while the other induced cellular responses may be mediated by metabotropic glutamate receptors insensitive to pertussis toxin. We further characterized this receptor pharmacologically. This metabotropic receptor is activated by several metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists, but is insensitive to l -glutamate or l -aspartate. On the basis of its agonist activity profile, particularly the ineffectiveness of glutamate as an agonist, we have tentatively assigned the name aminocyclopentane-1, 3-dicar☐ylic acid metabotropic receptor, to this native, pertussis toxin-sensitive metabotropic receptor in the dorsolateral septal nucleus. Furthermore, this receptor is coupled to protein kinase C, probably via a phospholipase C independent pathway.
Examining weak protein–protein interactions in start codon recognition via NMR spectroscopy

Weak protein-protein interactions are critical in numerous biological processes. Unfortunately, they are difficult to characterize due to the high concentrations required for the production and detection of the complex population. The inherent sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to the chemical environment makes it an excellent tool to tackle this problem. NMR permits the exploration of interactions over a range of affinities, yielding essential insights into dynamic biological processes. The conversion of mRNA to protein is one such process that requires the coordinated association of many low affinity proteins. During start codon recognition, eukaryotic initiation factors assemble into high-order complexes that bind mRNA and bring it to the ribosome for decoding. Many of the structures of the eukaryotic initiation factors have been determined; however, only little is known regarding the weak binary complexes formed and their structure-function mechanisms. Herein, we use start codon recognition as a model system to review the relevant NMR methods for the characterization of weak interactions and the development of small molecule inhibitors.
Demographics and frequency of the intermittently upturned omentum at CT

Abstract Objectives To describe the demographics and frequency of the intermittently upturned omentum at CT. Methods We retrospectively reviewed abdominal CT scans of 336 consecutive patients (189 men and 147 women) who were imaged between June 1 and June 17, 2010 and who had prior comparison scans. Readers recorded the presence or absence of an intermittently upturned omentum, defined as a thick rind of fat interposed between the liver and the anterior abdominal wall seen on one but not the other scan. At chart review, we recorded patient demographics and other clinical characteristics (prior surgical history, presence of cirrhosis). Results An intermittently upturned omentum was found in 10 of 336 (3.0%) patients. An intermittently upturned omentum was seen more commonly in men than in women (9 of 189 men, or 4.8% versus 1 of 147 women, or 0.7%, p = 0.047) and in cirrhotics (4 of 37 cirrhotics, or 10.8% versus 6 of 299 non-cirrhotics, or 2.0%, p = 0.023). In a sub-analysis of patients without prior abdominal surgery, this finding was again seen more commonly in men than women (7 of 163 men, or 4.3% versus 0 of 134 women, or 0%, p = 0.018) and in cirrhotics (3 of 33 cirrhotics, or 9.1% versus 4 of 264 non-cirrhotics, or 1.5%, p = 0.032). Conclusions An intermittently upturned omentum is not uncommon and is more frequently seen in men and in patients with cirrhosis who may have a larger anterior hepatic space.
T lymphocyte responses during early enteric Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in cattle.

Johne's disease (JD) is a costly intestinal disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map), which is transmitted to perinatal calves by the fecal-oral route. Disease control efforts focus on identification and culling of infected cattle from herds; therefore failure to identify animals early is a major obstacle to reducing transmission. Development of host immunity during early JD remain incompletely characterized so detecting subclinical JD using immunologic techniques is a substantial challenge in the field. Development of a test with high sensitivity and specificity is a major research goal with significant implications for the cattle industry. The objectives of this study were to compare early Map-specific T lymphocyte responses in naive, experimentally Map infected and Map vaccinated calves using a subcutaneous matrigel biopolymer-based assay. We examined the phenotype of recruited lymphocytes and local interferon gamma (IFNγ) production within subcutaneously placed matrigel containing Map antigen 30 days after experimentally induced intestinal Map infection or Map vaccination. We show that IFNγ-secreting CD4+ T cells are recruited to matrigel sites in vaccinated but not infected or naive calves. γδ T cells recruited to matrigel sites of Map-infected calves were mostly WC1-, while γδ T cells recruited to matrigel sites of Map-vaccinated calves were predominantly WC1+. IFNγ at matrigel sites was a discriminating factor between infected calves, naive calves and vaccinated calves. These data contribute to our understanding of early anti-Map immunity, and may be useful for detecting early intestinal Map infections in calves or for enhancing our ability to discriminate between Map-infected and Map-vaccinated calves.
On the dynamics of Soliton interactions for the Korteweg-de Vries equation

Abstract We present a description of the interactions between the individual solitons of a multisoliton solution of the Korteweg-de Vries equation. This analysis is based on an explicit decomposition of the multisoliton into a linear superposition of accelerating solitary waves and interaction terms, thus mimicking the structure of a classical, many-body problem. Our representation, which is distinct from the squared eigenfunction expansion of Gardner et al. [Communs PureAppl. Math.27, 97–133 (1974)] (GGKM), leads to results which are consistent with those obtained by more direct methods. Explicit data are presented for the two-soliton solutions.
Quality of Service on the Grid Via Metascheduling with Resource Co-Scheduling and Co-Reservation

Assuring predictable resources (processors, memory, storage) for applications running on the Grid is a critical factor for the success of the Grid for solving real-life problems. We extend the Globus Resource Management Architecture to provide metascheduling, co-scheduling and advance co-reservation of resources, and compare the proposed architecture with existing metascheduling solutions.
Levels of processing and the cue-dependent nature of recollection

Dual-process models differentiate between two bases of memory, recollection and familiarity. It is routinely claimed that deeper, semantic encoding enhances recollection relative to shallow, non-semantic encoding, and that recollection is largely a product of semantic, elaborative rehearsal. The present experiments show that this is not always the case. In four experiments, the rhyme recognition test was adapted to two popular assessments of recollection (the Remember-Know technique and the process-dissociation procedure). The rhyme recognition test provides a better match to a non-semantic (phonological) encoding condition than to the semantic encoding condition. The experiments revealed a consistent reversal of the usual levels-of-processing effect, such that the measures of recollection were higher for the non-semantic than semantic encoding condition (the familiarity measures registered no differences between encoding conditions). This indicates that unqualified statements about particular encoding conditions producing recollection are not well founded. More generally, the results underscore the cue-dependent nature of recollection and transfer-appropriate-processing analyses of recollection.
New method of determining the onset of ring cracking

When a spherical indentor is pressed with sufficient force against a flat piece of brittle material, fracture results. A new technique has been developed for the detection of the onset of these circumferential ring cracks in electrically insulating material. In this technique, thin metal films were deposited on both the insulating indentor (diamond) and the insulating brittle flat. A step in the monitored electrical contact resistance between the indentor and flat metal films versus the applied force curve signified the initiation of a ring crack. Tests performed on polished glass slides using diamond indentors demonstrated that the technique is both sensitive and reproducible. The onset of crack formation observed by optical means was observed to occur at the same time as the step in the contact resistance when both experiments were carried out simultaneously.
Randomized discrepancy bounded local search for transmission expansion planning

In recent years the transmission network expansion planning problem (TNEP) has become increasingly complex. As the TNEP is a non-linear and non-convex optimization problem, researchers have traditionally focused on approximate models of power flows to solve the TNEP. Existing approaches are often tightly coupled to the approximation choice. Until recently these approximations have produced results that are straight-forward to adapt to the more complex (real) problem. However, the power grid is evolving towards a state where the adaptations are no longer easy (e.g. large amounts of limited control, renewable generation) and necessitates new approaches. Recent work on deterministic Discrepancy Bounded Local Search (DBLS) has shown it to be quite effective in addressing this question. DBLS encapsulates the complexity of power flow modeling in a black box that may be queried for information about the quality of proposed expansions. In this paper, we propose a randomization strategy that builds on DBLS and dramatically increases the computational efficiency of the algorithm.
Systemic Dynamic Social Theory

(1970). Systemic Dynamic Social Theory. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 351-363.
Nonholonomic camera-space manipulation using cameras mounted on a mobile base

The body of work called `Camera Space Manipulation' is an effective and proven method of robotic control. Essentially, this technique identifies and refines the input-output relationship of the plant using estimation methods and drives the plant open-loop to its target state. 3D `success' of the desired motion, i.e., the end effector of the manipulator engages a target at a particular location with a particular orientation, is guaranteed when there is camera space success in two cameras which are adequately separated. Very accurate, sub-pixel positioning of a robotic end effector is possible using this method. To date, however, most efforts in this area have primarily considered holonomic systems. This work addresses the problem of nonholonomic camera space manipulation by considering the problem of a nonholonomic robot with two cameras and a holonomic manipulator on board the nonholonomic platform. While perhaps not as common in robotics, such a combination of holonomic and nonholonomic degrees of freedom are ubiquitous in industry: fork lifts and earth moving equipment are common examples of a nonholonomic system with an on-board holonomic actuator. The nonholonomic nature of the system makes the automation problem more difficult due to a variety of reasons; in particular, the target location is not fixed in the image planes, as it is for holonomic systems (since the cameras are attached to a moving platform), and there is a fundamental `path dependent' nature of nonholonomic kinematics. This work focuses on the sensor space or camera-space-based control laws necessary for effectively implementing an autonomous system of this type.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The relationship of barrier shape to "linear" free energy slopes and curvatures

Abstract Leffler's interpretation of linear free energy slopes is derivable from a general set of symmetric barrier functions. Marcus' rate equation is derivable from a subset of those barriers which includes Eckart's barrier.
Hue discrimination in hatchling loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta caretta).

Abstract Hatchling Atlantic loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta caretta) were successfully trained to discriminate between broadband hues to obtain food when spatial, intensity, and other confounding cues were randomized with respect to the correct choice. Possible hue preference, the relation of these results to sea-orientation, and the suitability of these animals as subjects in behavioural studies are discussed.
Relaxation in rabbit and rat cardiac cells: species‐dependent differences in cellular mechanisms.

The roles of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+)-ATPase and Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange in Ca2+ removal from cytosol were compared in isolated rabbit and rat ventricular myocytes during caffeine contractures and electrically stimulated twitches. Cell shortening and intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) were measured in indo-1-loaded cells. Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange was inhibited by replacement of external Na+ by Li+. To avoid net changes in cell or SR Ca2+ load during a twitch in 0 Na+ solution, intracellular Na+ (Na+i) was depleted using a long pre-perfusion with 0 Na+, 0 Ca2+ solution. SR Ca2+ accumulation was inhibited by caffeine or thapsigargin (TG). Relaxation of steady-state twitches was 2-fold faster in rat than in rabbit (before and after Na+i depletion). In contrast, caffeine contractures (where SR Ca2+ accumulation is inhibited), relaxed faster in rabbit cells. Removal of external Na+ increased the half-time for relaxation of caffeine contractures 15- and 5-fold in rabbit and rat myocytes respectively (and increased contracture amplitude in rabbit cells only). The time course of relaxation in 0 Na+, 0 Ca2+ solution was similar in the two species. Inhibition of the Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange during a twitch increased the [Ca2+]i transient amplitude (delta[Ca2+]i) by 50% and the time constant of [Ca2+]i decline (tau) by 45% in rabbit myocytes. A smaller increase in tau (20%) and no change in delta[Ca2+]i were observed in rat cells in 0 Na+ solution. [Ca2+]i transients remained more rapid in rat cells. Inhibition of the SR Ca(2+)-ATPase during a twitch enhanced delta[Ca2+]i by 25% in both species. The increase in tau after TG exposure was greater in rat (9-fold) than in rabbit myocytes (2-fold), which caused [Ca2+]i decline to be 70% slower in rat compared with rabbit cells. The time course of [Ca2+]i decline during twitch in TG-treated cells was similar to that during caffeine application in control cells. Combined inhibition of these Ca2+ transport systems markedly slowed the time course of [Ca2+]i decline, so that tau was virtually the same in both species and comparable to that during caffeine application in 0 Na+, 0 Ca2+ solution. Thus, the combined participation of slow Ca2+ transport mechanisms (mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and sarcolemmal Ca(2+)-ATPase) is similar in these species. We conclude that during the decline of the [Ca2+]i transient, the Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange is about 2- to 3-fold faster in rabbit than in rat, whereas the SR Ca(2+)-ATPase is 2- to 3-fold faster in the rat.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Selective suppression of primary igm responses by induction of low dose paralysis to type iii pneumococcal polysaccharide.

Abstract Pretreatment of mice with a low dose of Type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (S3) 2 decreases the response elicited by an optimal dose of S3 (low dose paralysis). The types of S3-specific responses which are affected by the induction of low dose paralysis were examined in the present study. The results indicate that pretreatment with low doses of S3 selectively suppresses responses of virgin IgM-producing B cells (Bμ). This was apparently due to a direct suppression at the level of the B cells, since S3-specific IgM responses were also suppressed when pretreated mice were challenged with S3 coupled to a thymus-dependent carrier, S3-HRBC. Pretreatment with low doses of S3 does not suppress primary IgG or secondary IgM or IgG responses to S3. Spleen cells from S3-pretreated mice did not suppress responses of normal cells after transfer to irradiated or intact recipients.
The effect of ovariectomy and estradiol replacement on brain-derived neurotrophic factor messenger ribonucleic acid expression in cortical and hippocampal brain regions of female Sprague-Dawley rats.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder whose etiology is presently unknown. Probably the most consistent and widespread deficit seen in this syndrome is that of the basal forebrain cholinergic system. We have previously demonstrated that estradiol (E2) modulates the function of these neurons and plays a role in their maintenance by preventing the ovariectomy-induced decrease in choline acetyltransferase activity. It has been postulated that the lack of neurotrophic support may contribute at least in part to degeneration of cholinergic neurons in AD. As such, it is hypothesized that E2 may affect cholinergic function by modulating the levels of certain neurotrophic factors. We have shown that 3 months after ovariectomy (OVX) there was a significant reduction in NGF messenger RNA (mRNA) levels. In the present study, we extended the hypothesis that E2 may serve a neurotrophomodulatory role by assessing the effect of OVX and E2 replacement on brain-derived nerve factor (BDNF) mRN...
X-ray scattering investigation of surfactant-assisted growth in Co/Cu multilayers

The addition of low surface energy metals to growing films has long been posited as a useful additional means of controlling both epitaxial and polycrystalline growth. In order to better elucidate the mechanism and use of these surfactants in the growth of Co/Cu multilayers, we compare the effect of Pb, In, and Ag on the roughness of multilayers using X-ray specular and diffuse scatter. Adding Ag decreases roughness and increases the vertical correlation of the roughness. Both Pb and In, on the other hand, barely decrease roughness, and decrease the layer-to-layer correlation.
Greeks and games: Forerunners of modern game theory

Modern game theory is connected with its ancient Greek originals in three respects. 1. The notion of rationality operative in game theory is the formal notion of consistency, whether of beliefs, desires, or choices. Just as Aristotle’s formal logic is the first system for determining the consistency of beliefs, so his practical syllogism is the first device to affirm a deductive connection of rational choice with desire and belief. Modern rational choice theory is the fulfillment of the idea of the deductive practical syllogism. 2. Interest in generating measurements of attitudinal states is found in Plato and Epicurus. Kant revived the project in arguing that such measurements could be generated from an agent’s willingness to assume risk. This is the core of the expected utility theory of von Neumann and Morgenstern. 3. Thucydides had a deep understanding of the logic of individual rational choice in strategic situations, where each agent must make the effort to influence, to anticipate, or to adapt to t...
An interactive graphic transit planning system based on individuals

Abstract With recent developments in disaggregated demand models and advances in low cost computer graphic systems, it is now reasonable to contemplate integrating these innovations together in an interactive graphic transit route design system. The authors outline the goals for such a system and propose a means for implementing those goals. The result is an analytical system which is more effective and economically efficient for transit planners to use than previous interactive systems while also having the capability to solve problems of a larger size, for cities up to one million population. Finally, the authors have developed an operational example of such a system to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach.
The New York study of physical constitution and psychotic pattern.

The paper provides a short history of somatotyping, including the early indices that were based upon 17 different measurements, and a subsequent system that was simpler, and comprised three primary parameters. From longtudinal studies of students, and experiments in starvation in which the individual’s weights changed markedly during the starvation regimen, it appears that the individual’s somatotype remains constant during the trajectory of life. The paper also shows the necessity for these three basic parameters to determine a somatotype, and illustrates how the somatotyping procedure has been made an objective method.