cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Histochemical identification of malignant and premalignant lesions

Malignant and transforming cells can be identified by biochemical parameters which can be used to localize lesions in situ for laser surgery. These cells express unique proteins, proteins in unusual quantities, or other biochemical alterations which can be utilized to image lesions of such cells. Several methods have been identified, both in vitro and in vivo, to identify such lesions. Several antibodies were examined for their properties of tissue identification, including CEA, F36/22, and AE1/AE3. F36/22, an antibody developed by M. T. Chu against human breast cancer cells, associated with two lines of oral cancer (KB and HCPC), and against two naturally occurring human oral squamous cell cancers. CEA, an antibody developed against human colon cancer, also reacted against both cell lines and both pathological samples. AE1/AE3, developed against normal fibrous components, also reacted against the samples, but in a much less regular manner. F36/22 associated with the histologically identifiably most dedifferentiated cells at the leading edge of the invading cancer. CEA, on the other hand, associated with more quiescent, older, established cancer cells. This demonstrates that antibodies developed against cancers of different organs can be used to identify a wide variety of cancers, and may have prognostic value. F36/22 coupled to fluorescein was used to identify oral cancer cells. Other properties of cancers and developing cancers can also be exploited to identify cancers, including their over-expression of tyrosine kinase and tyrosine kinase stimulating hormones such as Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF). A model of premalignant lesion produced in the hamster buccal cheek pouch with 6 week application of DMBA over-expresses constitutive tyrosine kinase which can be demonstrated biochemically. This initiated lesion can be promoted to frank cancer by growth factors released in response to laser surgery. Preliminary results suggest that these lesions can be identified by Photofrin II uptake. This work suggests that biochemical properties of cancers can be used to identify premalignant cells.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The fine structure of neuroglia in the lamina ganglionaris of the housefly, Musca domestica L.

Six morphologically distinct glial cell layers are described in the housefly lamina ganglionaris, a region previously thought to be composed of only three. 1. The external glial layer abuts the basement membrane of the retina. The cells of this layer have a highly involuted surface membrane and an abundance of ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) throughout their cytoplasm. They envelop the traversing photoreceptor and mechanoreceptor axons as well as the large tracheoblast cells of the fenestrated layer. They are referred to as the fenestrated layer glia. 2. The second glial layer is composed of large, horizontally elongated cells with large elongate nuclei. They contain large membrane-bounded vacuoles and extensive arrays of parallel-running microtubules and smooth ER. These glia invest the photoreceptor axons through much of the multiple chiasmatic (pseudocartridge) region and are thus designated as the pseudocartridge glia. 3-4. Satellite glia comprise the third and fourth glial layers. Thin cytoplasmic processes of these multipolar glia intervene between the tightly packed monopolar neuron somata and the photoreceptor axons of the nuclear layer. The satellite glia are distinguished into two sub-groups: distal and proximal. The distal satellite glia are exclusively responsible for the large glial invaginations of the type I monopolar cell bodies. Multilaminated processes of the proximal layer of satellite glia surround the photoreceptor axons and the neurite neck of the monopolar neurons prior to their entry into the plexiform layer. The proximal satellite glia also contain prominent lipid deposits. 5. Epithelial glia are columnar cells that occupy the plexiform layer. They envelop the optic cartridges of the neuropil and are the substrate for two characteristic glial-neuronal invaginations; i.e. the capitate projection and the 'gnarl'. The cytoplasm of the epithelial glia is electron dense and contains numerous stacked arrays of infolded membrane. 6. Marginal glia form the proximal boundary of the optic neuropil. They invest the axons entering or leaving through the base of the lamina ganglionaris. Marginal glia contain large numbers of parallel microtubules and numerous polyribosomes. Fine structural evidence is presented relevant to the role of these six glial layers in the maintenance of ionic and metabolic homeostasis across the retina-lamina barrier.
Correlation coefficients and concentration factors of copper and lead in seawater and benthic algae

Abstract Raritan Bay, which is adjacent to the New York metropolitan area, served as a study site to investigate the relationship between copper and lead concentrations in water and in seaweeds. Correlation coefficients of 0.98 for copper and 0.97 for lead indicate a high degree of correspondence between levels of these metals in water and in algal tissue. Concentration factors of 18.4 × 104 for copper and 8.2 × 104 for lead are among the highest reported to date.
Viral dynamics in a coastal sediment: seasonal pattern, controlling factors and relations to the pelagic-benthic coupling

Abstract The present study demonstrates for the first time a clear seasonal variability in the abundance of virobenthos that largely followed the variations in bacterial abundance. Following the spring bloom settlement, the benthic metabolic activity intensified and viral and bacterial abundance in the surface sediment increased 4.0- and 2.6-fold while the increase in a deeper anoxic sediment layer (6–10 cm) was 5.0- and 2.5-fold, respectively. The data strongly indicated a relationship between the pelagic–benthic coupling of organic material, the benthic metabolic activity, and the abundance and activity of bacteria and viruses in marine sediments on a seasonal basis. These suggestions were supported by parallel measurements of viral production rates in short-term laboratory incubations of surface and deep sediments: in these, viral production was significantly enhanced by addition of organic carbon and increasing temperature, with maximum values obtained in organic carbon-enriched incubations in July (1...
Activation of Bile Acid Biosynthesis by the p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) HEPATOCYTE NUCLEAR FACTOR-4α PHOSPHORYLATION BY THE p38 MAPK IS REQUIRED FOR CHOLESTEROL 7α-HYDROXYLASE EXPRESSION

Abstract Bile acids are required for intestinal absorption and biliary solubilization of cholesterol and lipids. In addition, bile acids play a crucial role in cholesterol homeostasis. One of the key enzymes in the bile acid biosynthetic pathways is cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase/cytochrome P450 7α-hydroxylase (7α-hydroxylase), which is the rate-limiting and regulatory step of the “classic” pathway. Transcription of the 7α-hydroxylase gene is highly regulated. Two nuclear receptors, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF-4α) and α1-fetoprotein transcription factor, are required for both transcription and regulation by different physiological events. It has been shown that some mitogen-activated protein kinases, such as the c-Jun N-terminal kinase and the ERK, play important roles in the regulation of 7α-hydroxylase transcription. In this study, we show evidence that the p38 kinase pathway plays an important role in 7α-hydroxylase expression and hence in bile acid synthesis. Inhibition of p38 kinase activity in primary hepatocytes results in ∼5–10-fold reduction of 7α-hydroxylase mRNA. This suppression is mediated, at least in part, through HNF-4α. Inhibition of p38 kinase activity diminishes HNF-4α nuclear protein levels and its phosphorylation in vivo and in vitro, and it renders a less stable protein. Induction of the p38 kinase pathway by insulin results in an increase in HNF-4α protein and a concomitant induction of 7α-hydroxylase expression that is blocked by inhibiting the p38 pathway. These studies show a functional link between the p38 signaling pathway, HNF-4α, and bile acid synthesis.
Dietary supplementation of exogenous carbohydrase enzymes in fish nutrition: A review

Abstract A current priority in the aquaculture industry is the replacement of fishmeal with alternative feedstuffs, including plant-based protein ingredients, to ensure its sustainability. However, most plant-based feedstuffs have a wide variety of anti-nutritional factors, which may impair nutrient utilization, interfering with fish performance and health. The use of exogenous enzymes as feed additives to improve nutrient digestibility of plant-based feedstuffs has been researched extensively in poultry and swine. In aquaculture, the use of phytase to improve phosphorus utilization has emerged quite readily. However, the use of carbohydrase enzymes has not been as nearly as common in aquatic species, despite their promising effects in improving nutrient digestibility by hydrolyzing non-starch polysaccharides present in plant feedstuffs. Based on the information gathered in this review, supplementation of exogenous carbohydrases to plant-based fish diets should improve nutrient digestibility and reduce nutrient excretion. On the other hand, the effects of exogenous carbohydrases on fish performance are still unclear due to the difficulty in cross-study comparisons. Overall, based on the information gathered in this review, it is clear that research on exogenous carbohydrase supplementation in aquaculture nutrition is not extensive. According to promising results and opportunities found in other non-ruminant animals, and favorable effects found in aquaculture species studied to date, it may be significant to increase research on this subject because it could be a useful tool to improve and sustain commercial aquaculture.
Conceptual Design of a Thermal Process Plant Weblab

Weblabs, or remote experimentation laboratories, make possible carrying out real-time experiments through the internet by using integrated laboratorial systems, software, hardware and multimedia resources, having important applications in engineering education and research teams cooperation. This paper presents the conceptual design of a Weblab for a thermal process plant, based on the systematic model for planning and development of Weblabs. Its approach comprises three layers (physical system, hardware and software), being prescribed the following steps: definition of requirements; system technical specification; conceptual synthesis; analysis, simulation and dimensioning; detailing and documentation; integration and start up test. The users (qualitative) and project (technical, quantitative) requirements have been compiled in a previous work through the application of the House of Quality matrix from the QFD method. The functional structure, the morphological chart and the use of Pugh's method to select the best design solution, as well as a description of the developed conceptual solution, are presented. The conceptual solution includes the thermal process plant remote configuration to allow the variation of the experimental setup parameters, offering three variants of control engineering exercises. The presented results provide the basis for the next stage of the Weblab development.
An integrated approach to vulnerability assessment.

How might the quality of a city's delivered water be compromised through natural or malevolent causes? What are the consequences of a contamination event? What water utility assets are at greatest risk to compromise? Utility managers have been scrambling to find answers to these questions since the events of 9/11. However, even before this date utility mangers were concerned with the potential for system contamination through natural or accidental causes. Unfortunately, an integrated tool for assessing both the threat of attack/failure and the subsequent consequence is lacking. To help with this problem we combine Markov Latent Effects modeling for performing threat assessment calculations with the widely used pipe hydraulics/transport code, EPANET, for consequences analysis. Together information from these models defines the risk posed to the public due to natural or malevolent contamination of a water utility system. Here, this risk assessment framework is introduced and demonstrated within the context of vulnerability assessment for water distribution systems.
Construction of matrices with a given graph and prescribed interlaced spectral data

Abstract A result of Duarte [Linear Algebra Appl. 113 (1989) 173–182] asserts that for real λ 1 , … , λ n , μ 1 , … , μ n - 1 with λ 1 μ 1 λ 2 μ 2 ⋯ μ n - 1 λ n , and each tree T on n vertices there exists an n × n , real symmetric matrix A whose graph is T such that A has eigenvalues λ 1 , λ 2 , … , λ n and the principal submatrix obtained from A by deleting its last row and column has eigenvalues μ 1 , … , μ n - 1 . This result is extended to connected graphs through the use of the implicit function theorem.
Brillouin scattering and X-ray diffraction of San Carlos olivine: direct pressure determination to 32 GPa

The single-crystal elastic moduli of San Carlos olivine, (Mg 0.9Fe0.1)2SiO4, were determined at seven pressures between 2.5 and 32.5 GPa by Brillouin spectroscopy in a diamond anvil cell. The unit cell volume was also determined at each pressure (and ambient pressure) by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The shear elastic moduli exhibit non-linear pressure dependencies. In particular, a non-linear dependence is required for the elastic modulus, C55, above 10 GPa. Aggregate bulk and shear moduli were determined from Hashin‐Shtrikman averages of the individual constants. Pressures were determined by fitting the bulk modulus (Reuss bound) and volume data to a third-order Eulerian finite strain equation and integrating. The results are compared to independent pressure measurements made using the ruby fluorescence scale. The ruby measurements yield pressures that are in good agreement with the Brillouin results. On average, the ruby fluorescence measurements produce pressures that are larger than the Brillouin determinations by 1.6%. © 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
A METHOD FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF GAMMA-RAY SPECTRA IN OMNIDIRECTIONAL GAMMA- RAY FIELDS

Abstract A method is presented for analyzing pulse-height distributions from a scintillation detector exposed to an omnidirectional gamma-ray field through a collimator opening in a lead shield. The method is a combination of analytical and experimental procedures and provides corrections for collimator penetration and scattering effects.
Management of demand-driven production systems

Control-synthesis techniques are developed for demand-driven production systems. The resulting policies are time-optimal for a deterministic model, and approximately time-optimal for a stochastic model. Moreover, they are easily adapted to take into account a range of issues that arise in a realistic, dynamic environment. In particular, control synthesis techniques are developed for models in which resources are temporarily unavailable. This may be due to failure, maintenance, or an unanticipated change in demand. These conclusions are based upon the following development. i) Workload models are investigated for demand-driven systems, and an associated workload-relaxation is introduced as an approach to model-reduction. ii) The impact of hard constraints on performance, and on optimal control solutions is addressed via Lagrange multiplier techniques. These include deadlines and buffer constraints. iii) Rules for choosing appropriate safety-stocks as well as hedging-points are described to ensure robustness of control solutions with respect to persistent disturbances, such as variability in demand and yield.
Effects of Chloride Contamination on PEFCs

Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEFCs) are susceptible to contaminants present in the air and fuel stream. Chloride (Cl) is a contaminant which is commonly present in air near marine environments and also present as a de-icer on roads during winter [1]. In addition, Pt-based catalysts are often synthesized from chloride-containing precursors and trace amount of chloride may remain after synthesis [2]. Moreover, to reduce hydrogen production and transportation costs, the direct use of waste or byproduct hydrogen from chemical plants (e.g., in the chlor-alkali industry) can also introduce chloride in fuel stream [3].
A robot swarm as a cellular multicore processor

We present a Cellular Neural Network (CNN) model in which cells are constituted by autonomous robots implementing some standard templates. The system can be interpreted as a multi-core processor acting on the robot environment, being each robot one of the cores. This is a particular case of robot swarm which benefits from the simplicity of the CNN template implementation.
Estimation of reservoir properties from seismic data by smooth neural networks

The performance of traditional back-propagation networks for reservoir characterization in production settings has been inconsistent due to their nonmonotonous generalization, which necessitates extensive tweaking of their parameters in order to achieve satisfactory results and avoid overfitting the data. This makes the accuracy of these networks sensitive to the selection of the network parameters. We present an approach to estimate the reservoir rock properties from seismic data through the use of regularized back propagation networks that have inherent smoothness characteristics. This approach alleviates the nonmonotonous generalization problem associated with traditional networks and helps to avoid overfitting the data. We apply the approach to a 3D seismic survey in the Shedgum area of Ghawar field, Saudi Arabia, to estimate the reservoir porosity distribution of the Arab-D zone, and we contrast the accuracy of our approach with that of traditional back-propagation networks through cross-validation tests. The results of these tests indicate that the accuracy of our approach remains consistent as the network parameters are varied, whereas that of the traditional network deteriorates as soon as deviations from the optimal parameters occur. The approach we present thus leads to more robust estimates of the reservoir properties and requires little or no tweaking of the network parameters to achieve optimal results.
Unyielding positions a critique of the 'race' debate

What are the implications of the social constructionist insight about race for the political struggle against racism? This question has sparked a vigorous cross-disciplinary debate. At issue is whe...
Manufacture of a combined primary and tertiary mirror for the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope

The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope uses a unique optomechanical design that places the primary and tertiary mirrors on a single glass substrate. The honeycomb sandwich mirror blank was formed in March 2008 by spin-casting. The surface is currently a paraboloid with a 9.9 m focal length matching the primary. The deeper curve of the tertiary mirror will be produced when the surfaces are generated. Both mirrors will be lapped and polished using stressed laps and other tools on an 8.4 m polishing machine. The highly aspheric primary mirror will be measured through a refractive null lens, and a computer-generated hologram will be used to validate the null lens. The tertiary mirror will be measured through a diffractive null corrector, also validated with a separate hologram. The holograms for the two tests provide alignment references that will be used to make the axes of the two surfaces coincide.
Modification of chemisorption properties by electronegative adatoms: H2 and CO on chlorided, sulfided, and phosphided Ni(100)

Abstract The effect of preadsorbed electronegative atoms Cl, S and P on the adsorption-desorption behavior of CO and H2 on Ni(100) has been studied using thermal desorption, LEED and AES. It is found that the presence of the electronegative atoms causes a reduction of the adsorption rate, the adsorption bond strength and the capacity of the Ni(100) surface for CO and H2 adsorption. The poisoning effect becomes stronger with increasing electronegativity of the preadsorbed atoms. In the case of CO adsorption the most tightly bound β2 -state is suppressed most significantly. The variation of the initial sticking coefficient of CO as a function of the adlayer precoverage shows that at low Cl and S coverages the effective number of the influenced Ni surface atoms is more than four. The observed reduction of CO and H2 adsorption and the difference in the poisoning effect of Cl, S and P is generally interpreted in terms of the changes in the surface electron density in the presence of electronegative atoms.
PM: a logic modeling language for production, distribution and inventory planning

A description is given of the PM logic modelling language. PM forms part of a knowledge-based system used to construct computable specifications of linear programming models. In addition to serving as input to the model construction process, a PM specification is used to infer problem details. A simple example that illustrates PM's representational ability is given. The choice of a logic-based language was motivated by the need for a semantically precise declarative problem specification language that supports inference. >
Stimulus modality interacts with category structure in perceptual category learning

Two experiments were conducted that examined information integration and rule-based category learning, using stimuli that contained auditory and visual information. The results suggest that it is easier to perceptually integrate information within these sensory modalities than across modalities. Conversely, it is easier to perform a disjunctive rule-based task when information comes from different sensory modalities, rather than from the same modality. Quantitative model-based analyses suggested that the information integration deficit for across-modality stimulus dimensions was due to an increase in the use of hypothesis-testing strategies to solve the task and to an increase in random responding. The modeling also suggested that the across-modality advantage for disjunctive, rule-based category learning was due to a greater reliance on disjunctive hypothesis-testing strategies, as opposed to unidimensional hypothesis-testing strategies and random responding.
Comparison of Diversity of Macrofungi and Vascular Plants at Seven Sites in the Black Hills of South Dakota

ABSTRACT Two hundred and thirty-seven species of macrofungi and 465 species of vascular plants were identified from seven selected permanent sites. Areas of permanent sites ranged from 0.5 to 10.8 ha. No fungal species were collected from all sites and 126 (53%) were collected from only one site. Fourteen fungal species (6%) were collected each year of the study and 116 (49%) were collected only 1 y. Numbers of newly collected fungal species from the seven sites did not decrease each year of the study. Classifying fungal genera by nutritional group showed 36% of the genera collected were terricolous, 53% lignicolous, 16% ectomycorrhizal and 5% parasites. Nine plant species were collected from all sites, while 232 (50%) were collected at only one site. Fifteen plant species on the sites are on the state list of rare, threatened and endangered species. Botany Bay, a narrow moist canyon with dense vegetation dominated by Picea glauca, Ostrya virginiana, Betula papyrifera and Pinus ponderosa, had the highest ...
Improvement of Solar Energy Conversion with Nb‐Incorporated TiO2 Hierarchical Microspheres

Niobium-modified TiO2 hierarchical spherical micrometer-size particles, which consist of many nanowires, are synthesized by solvothermal synthesis and studied as photoelectrodes for water photo-oxidation and dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) applications. Incorporation of Nb leads to a rutile-to-anatase TiO2 phase transition in the TiO2 hierarchical spheres (HSs), with the anatase percentage increasing from 0% for the pristine TiO2 HSs to 47.6% for the 1.82 at.% Nb-incorporated TiO2 sample. Incorporation of Nb leads to significant improvements in water photo-oxidation with the photocurrents reaching 70.5 μA cm(-2) at 1.23 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode, compared with 28.3 μA cm(-2) for the pristine TiO2 sample. The photoconversion efficiency of Nb:TiO2 HS-based DSSCs reaches 6.09±0.15% at 0.25 at.% Nb, significantly higher than that for the pristine TiO2 HS cells (3.99±0.02%). In addition, the incident-photon-to-current efficiency spectra for DSSCs show that employing TiO2 and Nb:TiO2 HSs provides better light harvesting, especially of long-wavelength photons, than anatase TiO2 nanoparticle-based DSSCs.
A role for Rho and Rac in secretagogue-induced amylase release by pancreatic acini.

The actin cytoskeleton has long been implicated in protein secretion. We investigated whether Rho and Rac, known regulators of the cytoskeleton, are involved in amylase secretion by mouse pancreati...
Laser materials processing for micropower source applications: a review

This paper reviews recent work on the fabrication of energy storage and power generation using laser-based processes such as pulsed laser deposition (PLD), laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT), and laser surface processing techniques. PLD is a versatile technique for depositing high-quality layers of materials for cathodes, anodes, and solid electrolytes for thin-film microbatteries. Using sequential PLD processes, solid-state thin-film lithium-ion microbatteries can be successfully fabricated. LIFT is a powerful tool for printing complex materials with highly porous structures for the fabrication of micropower sources such as thick-film batteries and metal oxide-based solar cells. In particular, using the LIFT process it is possible to print thick layers (∼100 μm) while maintaining pattern integrity and low-internal resistance. As a consequence, power sources fabricated in this manner exhibit higher energy densities per unit area than those obtained by traditional thin-film growth techniques. In addition, the printed active materials can be modified by postlaser processes, such as laser sintering and laser structuring, to further improve the device performance by enhancing the electrodes’ three-dimensional networked structure and increasing the overall active surface, respectively. This review will discuss various examples where laser materials’ processing has led to new approaches in the development of micropower sources applications.
The Influence of Diabetes Mellitus and Metformin on Distant Metastases in Oropharyngeal Cancer: A Multicenter Study

Purpose Local control in oropharyngeal cancer has improved to unprecedented rates with combined modality therapy; as a result, distant metastases are becoming a principal challenge. We aimed to determine the impact of diabetes mellitus and metformin use on clinical outcomes in a large population of oropharyngeal cancer patients treated in the modern era. Methods and Materials We identified 1745 consecutive patients with oropharyngeal cancer treated at 2 large cancer centers with external beam radiation therapy from 1998 to 2011. A total of 184 patients had diabetes mellitus at the time of diagnosis, of whom 102 were taking metformin. The outcomes assessed included local failure-free survival (LFFS), regional failure-free survival (RFFS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), and overall survival (OS). Results The median follow-up time was 4.3 years. The 5-year actuarial rates of DMFS were 89.6% for nondiabetic patients and 78.7% for diabetic nonmetformin users ( P =.011) and of OS were 83.0% for nondiabetic patients and 70.7% for diabetic nonmetformin users ( P =.048). Diabetic metformin users had 5-year DMFS (90.1%) and OS (89.6%) similar to those of nondiabetic patients. Multivariate analysis (diabetic nonmetformin users as reference) demonstrated improved DMFS for nondiabetic patients (adjusted hazard ratio 0.54; 95% confidence interval 0.32-0.93; P =.03) and a trend toward improved DMFS with metformin use (adjusted hazard ratio 0.46; 95% confidence interval 0.20-1.04; P =.06). LFFS and RFFS were high in all groups and were not significantly different by diabetic status or metformin use. Conclusions Diabetic patients not using metformin independently have significantly higher rates of distant metastases than do nondiabetic patients, whereas metformin users have rates of distant metastases similar to those of nondiabetic patients. Further prospective investigation is warranted to validate the benefit of metformin in oropharyngeal cancer.
An Analysis of Dumpsite Diffusion Experiments

The oceanic dispersion of industrial waste barged to Deep Water Dumpsite 106 is effected in the first instance by barge-bound eddies (“wake dispersion”), then by naturally occurring mean shear and turbulence. Wake dispersion is very efficient, producing initial dilution up to a factor of 104, and is controlled by the dimensions and the forward speed of the barge. Subsequent dispersion by natural oceanic processes is slow under stratified summer conditions, describable by an effective diffusivity of order 300 cm2 sec−1, or a diffusion velocity in the neighborhood of 0.2 cm sec−1, for the first 12 hours or so after release. A comparison of the observed data with shear-dispersion theory shows that: (a) horizontal dispersion in the upper 10–20 m of a stratified ocean is mainly due to mean shear-vertical mixing interaction; (b) the low observed rates of dispersion may be attributed to the fact that an early phase of shear diffusion was in evidence. Extrapolation to diffusion times of the order of several days should be possible using a constant diffusion velocity, or an effective diffusivity increasing in direct proportion to time.
Monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the spine: a report of seven cases

Monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the spine is rare, with the cases of fewer than thirty-five patients discussed in the literature. Dahlin and Unni reviewed the cases of 418 patients with monostotic fibrous dysplasia and noted six (1.4%) involving the spine1. In a series reported by Harris et al., one patient with spine involvement was noted in a total of thirteen patients with monostotic fibrous dysplasia2. Most reports have described the case of a single patient with minimal to no follow-up1-23. As a result, the natural history and ideal treatment for this condition remain poorly understood. For example, the prevalence of scoliosis in patients with polyostotic fibrous dysplasia has been found to be up to 40%24, whereas scoliosis in monostotic fibrous dysplasia appears to be quite rare25. The reported treatment of monostotic fibrous dysplasia in the spine also has varied widely, from surgical resection4,5,7,9-19 to biopsy and observation2,21. We present the cases of a series of seven patients who were diagnosed with monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the spine at our institution. The history, physical examination, and histologic characteristics are described along with the results of clinical follow-up evaluations. The Massachusetts General Hospital and Partners Healthcare institutional review board approved this study. We utilized our Bone Sarcoma Registry to identify all eleven patients diagnosed with fibrous dysplasia of the spine between 1980 and 2007. The histologic diagnosis of fibrous dysplasia was made on the basis of the appearance of curvilinear trabeculae of woven bone surrounded by a fibrous-appearing stroma composed of spindle cells (Fig. 1). Two patients were excluded because of the presence of polyostotic disease, one was excluded because of the lack of a tissue diagnosis, …
Kappa agonist and antagonist properties of mixed action opioids in a pigeon drug discrimination procedure.

Previous investigations indicate that mixed action opioids (i.e., opioids with activity at a combination of opioid receptor sites or a combination of opioid and nonopioid sites) often possess kappa-like stimulus effects in the rat and monkey, but mu-like stimulus effects in pigeons. In the present investigation, the kappa agonist and antagonist actions of a series of mixed action opioids were examined in pigeons trained to discriminate a 0.017-mg/kg dose of the kappa agonist bremazocine from saline. The mixed-action opioids (-)-n-allylnormetazocine, (-)-cyclazocine, (-)-metazocine, levallorphan, buprenorphine, nalbuphine, butorphanol and nalorphine failed to substitute for the bremazocine stimulus. When administered in combination with the training dose of bremazocine, each of these opioids produced a dose-related antagonism of the bremazocine stimulus. With the exceptions of butorphanol and (-)-metazocine, the antagonist effects of these opioids were surmountable. Buprenorphine, (-)-n-allylnormetazocine and levallorphan produced their kappa antagonist effects at doses approximately 2 to 3 log units lower than those that decreased rates of responding when these opioids were administered alone, whereas approximately 1 log unit separated the kappa antagonist and rate-decreasing effects of nalorphine, nalbuphine and (-)-cyclazocine. In contrast, the kappa antagonist effects of butorphanol and (-)-metazocine were observed only at doses of markedly decreased response rates. A somewhat different profile was obtained with ethylketocyclazocine and ketocyclazocine in that these mixed action opioids produced partial substitution for and partial antagonism of the bremazocine stimulus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Energy and Climate Change Impacts of Thermal Treatment of Municipal Solid Wastes

The paper starts with a brief discussion of the waste-to-energy (WTE) industry in the U.S. and its energy and environmental attributes. At this time, WTE is a major source of renewable energy, much larger than the combined wind and solar energies Methane emissions from the global landfilling of post-recycling municipal solid wastes (MSW) correspond to 4% of the anthropogenic greenhouse gases that are affecting adversely climate. MSW generation depends both on population growth and economic development and is expected to more than double by 2030. The only alternatives to landfilling of MSW are various thermal treatment technologies that use MSW as a fuel to generate electricity and heat. The dominant technology is controlled combustion of as-received MSW on a moving grate. In the period 2000∼2007, this technology grew at the rate of about three million tons of new capacity per year. However, in the last two decades, novel thermal treatment technologies, such as Direct Smelting,Thermoselect gasification, and Circulating Fluid Bed have also been developed and hold considerable promise for the future. The global thermal treatment capacity now amounts to about 160 million tons per year and at the current annual growth of about 4 million tons, it will not have a significant impact on reducing landfill methane emissions by the year 2030. This will require a much greater global growth of thermal treatment capacity. The information presented in this paper was developed by the Waste-to-Energy Research and Technology Council, an international organization that brings together engineers, scientists, and managers concerned with the advancement of thermal treatment technologies.
Miniaturization of a Microstrip Antenna by Using Transformation Electromagnetics

In this letter, a rectangular microstrip antenna operating on the X-band (10 GHz) is miniaturized using transformation electromagnetics. Considering the characteristics of this technique, it is assumed that the antenna's length, width, and height are reduced independently or simultaneously while maintaining the resonant frequency. In order to validate this assumption, a full-wave simulation is utilized and the frequency responses are provided. The results confirm that the overall size of the antenna is decreased by 50% while the 10-dB return loss bandwidth is increased by 34% (0.61 to 0.82 GHz).
Gender Roles and Perceptions of Malaria Risk in Agricultural Communities of Mwea Division in Central Kenya

We examined gender differences in the perception of high malaria risk in women and factors associated with a high number of malaria episodes in the Mwea Division of Central Kenya. Ethnographic and successive free listing interviews (an open-ended data collection technique used to show the relation of items in a given domain) with 53 key informants and structured interviews conducted from June to October 2010 with 250 respondents who represented the socioeconomic and geographical diversity of the area were analyzed. Qualitative text analysis and inferential statistics were employed. While a greater proportion of men (51.6%) attributed women's high malaria risk to their "biological weakness," most women believed that their high malaria risk was related to their role in the agricultural fields (43.6%) and to their household responsibilities (23.1%). Compared to men, women were more likely to work in wet aspects of agricultural activities (χ(2) (2, N = 153) = 13.47, p < .01). Women were nearly twice as likely as men to report high episodes of malaria (adjusted odds ratio: 2.54; 95% confidence interval: 1.05-6.15). Culturally prescribed gender roles in agricultural communities in Mwea may play an important role in explaining disparity in reported malaria incidence. While identification of ecological and economic determinants of malaria is important, gender-based research can make a significant contribution to the development of effective and sustainable malaria reduction strategies.
Atomistic Simulation of Formation and Structure of Misfit Dislocations

In our earlier work [1] we had reported first theoretical observations of the spontaneous formation of 60° and 90° misfit dislocations in Au/Ni (15.9% mismatch) systems for the (111) and (001) interfaces respectively. Here, we present the analysis of the evolution of the dislocation configuration as it evolves from a highly strained coherent Au film. The driving force for the formation of these misfit dislocations was the reduction in the config-urational energy during the iterative relaxation of the atoms. A finely stepped energy minimization technique was developed to relax the high energy configuration. Misfit dislocations were also obtained for low misfit systems (Pd/Ni - 10% and Pd/Cu - 7.76%), but a modified approach, which is described here, was used for these systems which shows an energy barrier to the formation of dislocations in the low misfit systems.
Disaster Olympics: A Model for Resident Education.

Objectives The aim of this study was to describe an educational method teaching Disaster Medicine to American Emergency Medicine (EM) physicians and to evaluate knowledge attainment using this method. Methods This was an observational study using a pre-test and a post-test. A full-scale disaster exercise (FSE) was conducted at a large academic center with two hospitals in Brooklyn, New York (USA). Eighty-two EM residents (physicians in training, post medical school) participated in the study. Inclusion criteria for study participation was all EM residents training at the State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate at the time of the study. There were no exclusion criteria. The exercise was a disaster drill designed as “Olympic Games.” Participants in the exercise took a pre-test and a post-test. The primary outcome of the study was the mean difference between pre-test and post-test scores of the study participants using independent sample t-tests. Secondary outcomes of the study were percent of critical actions met by the residents and the hospitals as measured by direct observation of trained study personnel during the exercise. Results Mean resident post-test scores were higher than pre-test scores to a degree that was statistically significant (62% versus 53%; P =.002). The residents’ performances ranged from 48% to 63% of objectives met. The hospitals’ performances met 50% to 100% of their objectives. Conclusion The use of an Olympic Games format was an effective model for disaster education for physicians. The model allowed for evaluation of performance and protocols of participants and hospital systems, respectively, and may be used objectively to evaluate for areas of improvement. The Disaster Olympics drill was found to improve emergency preparedness knowledge in the population studied and may constitute a novel and efficacious methodology in disaster training. Daniel P , Gist R , Grock A , Kohlhoff S , Roblin P , Arquilla B . Disaster Olympics: A Model for Resident Education. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(3):237–241.
The Engineering Arithmetic of Transforming Grid Coordinates into Radar Measure Coordinates

At present,we still adapt the way of using Grid Coordinates to inform the air targets information,to the faraway targets,we usually adapt Nine-Nine Grid Coordinates.Therefore,when developing the air defense C2 system,we must consider how to transform Grid Coordinates into a proper coordinate system so as to process accordingly.According to the establishing methods of coordinate system used in ground-based air defense weapon system and the practice of air defense combat,this paper presents The engineering arithmetic of transforming Grid Coordinates into Radar Measure Coordinates.It has been proved that this arithmetic completely meets the needs of the engineering development,and can increase command efficiency.
Normalwissenschaft, wissenschaftliche Revolutionen und die Geschichte der Wissenschaft

Ich mochte sehr kurz zu der Streitfrage zwischen Popper und Kuhn uber die wesentliche Natur der Wissenschaft und das Entstehen der wissenschaftlichen Revolutionen beitragen. Verstehe ich Sir Karl Popper richtig, so ist die Wissenschaft grundsatzlich und standig potentiell am Rande der Revolution. Eine Widerlegung, mindestens wenn sie gros genug ist, macht ja eine solche Revolution aus. Dagegen behauptet Kuhn auf der anderen Seite, das die meiste Zeit, die dem Betreiben der Wissenschaft gewidmet wird, aus dem besteht, was er als ‘Normalwissenschaft’ bezeichnet, und dies ist Problemlosung oder Ausarbeiten von solchen Gedankenketten, die durch ein vorangehendes Werk impliziert werden. So kommt nach Kuhn eine wissenschaftliche Revolution nur selten vor, denn die meisten Menschen versuchen ja nicht, gultige Theorien zu widerlegen. Beide Parteien haben ihre Auffassungen sehr eingehend geschildert, aber ich habe den Eindruck, das in beiden Theorien eine wichtige Lucke vorhanden ist. Das heist einfach: Woher wissen wir uberhaupt, was Wissenschaft ist? Meine Frage mag uberraschend naiv klingen, aber ich werde gleich versuchen, sie zu rechtfertigen.
Promoting Walking via Ease of Wayfinding

Walking is an important health and travel behavior which has become less popular over the years. Among the many factors behind this decreased popularity are the auto-centric community environments that discourage walking. Walkable communities are gaining increasing acceptance as a way to promote walking, and studies have identified various built environmental factors associated with walking. However, community features related to wayfinding have not been fully considered as components of walkable communities. This chapter brings attention to wayfinding as an important topic to be added to the current discussions on walkable communities and as an integral element of a walkable community that requires further attention by researchers, practitioners, and policy makers. The first half of the chapter focuses on the importance of wayfinding in promoting walking and discusses conceptual links among walking, community environments, and wayfinding. The second half is devoted to discussing implications for policies and practices and the guiding principles to promote walking via ease of wayfinding.
Quasi-repetitive control for fast and accurate atomic force microscopy

Repetitive controllers use delayed feedback for periodic operations to provide a feedforward-like control action capable of high bandwidth operation. However, the signal to be tracked/rejected must be perfectly periodic, with known time-period, to obtain asymptotic convergence. Any deviation from periodicity can severely degrade the tracking performance of the controller. This paper explores the idea of employing a variation of repetitive controller to expand the domain of signals that can be tracked with the repetitive framework. The signals intended to be tracked belong to a class of quasiperiodic signals that can be represented as an algebraic sum of periodic and polynomial signals. Many of the commonly occurring physiologic signals, speech, and vibration signals belong to this signal class. Moreover, periodic signals that drift can also be modeled as this type of quasiperiodic signals. The derived quasi-repetitive controller guarantees asymptotic convergence with a plug-in architecture that can be added to an existing feedback design. One practical application of this controller occurs in atomic force microscopy (AFM), where imaging a sloped or non-flat sample surface induces quasiperiodic disturbances in the control loop. Experimental results demonstrate accurate and high speed imaging can be performed using the prescribed controller.
Status Seeking and Tariff Reform, 1921–36

Two fundamental questions of dominion status remained unresolved after the Imperial Conference 1921. The first, discarded but not disposed of by the Conference, was the necessity or otherwise of redefining British-dominion relations in terms that would bring law into line with conventional practice on a basis of equality, or near-equality. The second, entangled with the first but distinguishable from it, was the international status of the dominions. The answers to both questions were sought and found in the decade 1921–31 against a pattern of imperial relations determined for the most part in distant pre-war years. The nature of that pattern conditioned both the dominion demand for change and the formulae and statutory forms in which it was ultimately effected. The structure of the British imperial system, as it emerged from the first world war, is accordingly the appropriate starting-point for an enquiry into the reasons for, and the manner of its subsequent transformation. There was an imperial, as well as dominion-nationalist, premise to the Commonwealth conclusion.
Automatic quantification and classification of cervical cancer via Adaptive Nucleus Shape Modeling

Decisions about cervical cancer diagnosis and classification currently require microscopic examination of cervical tissue by an expert pathologist. In the present study, which focused on full automation of this approach, we solely use nucleus-level features to classify tissues as normal or cancer. We propose Adaptive Nucleus Shape Modeling (ANSM) algorithm for nucleus-level analysis which consists of two steps to capture the nucleus-level information: adaptive multilevel thresholding segmentation; and shape approximation by ellipse fitting. After applying the proposed algorithm, the features are extracted for tissue classification. Experiments show that ANSM can achieve an accuracy of 93.33% with a false negative rate of zero in classifying cancer and healthy cervical tissues using nucleus texture features. This provides evidence that nucleus-level analysis is valuable in cervical histology image analysis.
Stabilizing performance in a service system with time-varying arrivals and customer feedback

Abstract Analytical offered-load and modified-offered-load (MOL) approximations are developed to determine staffing levels that stabilize performance at designated targets in a non-Markovian many-server queueing model with time-varying arrival rates, customer abandonment from queue and random feedback with additional feedback delay in an infinite-server or finite-server queue. To provide a flexible model that can be readily fit to system data, the model has Bernoulli routing, where the feedback probabilities, service-time, patience-time and feedback-delay distributions all are general and may depend on the visit number. Simulation experiments confirm that the new MOL approximations are effective. A many-server heavy-traffic FWLLN shows that the performance targets are achieved asymptotically as the scale increases.