cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fungicide Selective for Basidiomycetes

Concentrations of 2,3-dihydro-5-carboxanilido-6-methyl-1,4-oxathiin lower than 8 parts per million prevented mycelial growth of a number of Basidiomycetes. By contrast, mycelial growth of various other fungi—Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, and Deuteromycetes—was 50 percent inhibited only by concentrations of 32 ppm or higher. Two exceptions to this pattern of selective fungitoxicity were found:an isolate of Rhizoctonia solani was not as sensitive as other Basidiomycetes, and the deuteromycete Verticillium alboatrum was inhibited by lower concentrations than affected other fungi in this group. Spore germination of two Basidiomycetes, Uromyces phaseoli and Ustilago nuda, was inhibited 95 percent or more at 10 ppm.
Outline of a possible mathematical approach to the problem of the effects of environment upon the incidence of some psychoneuroses

In previous papers we have studied the distribution of the differences of two desires or inner drives in a group of individuals, with a view to developing a theory of mass behavior. The same concept is now applied to the problem of incidence of neuroses. It is natural to consider that the incidence of neuroses in a group of individuals, which is characterized by a near equality of two opposite drives, will be particularly high. Applying the results of a previous paper (Bull. Math. Biophysics,18, 323–36, 1956) in which the distribution of certain types of opposite drives has been connected with the distribution of incomes, expressions are now derived which give the relative incidences of some types of neuroses for different income groups. The expressions derived hold only for certain types of assumptions and cannot, therefore, be directly applied to actual data. They suggest, however, new possibilities in experimental and observational approaches to the problem.
Release of angiotensin in response to ionic stimulation: A possible role for calmodulin in the secretory event

Abstract Although the synthesis and distribution of the putative neurotransmitter angiotensin (ANG) has been well established, little is known about the mechanism for its release. In this study, we utilized dissociated cell cultures of fetal rat brain to examine the cellular and ionic properties of angiotensin release. Graded concentrations of 0–60 mM KCl in the presence of 5 mM CaCl2 were added to the cultured cells and the resulting angiotensin release was measured by radioimmunoassay and high-performance liquid chromatography. Levels of angiotensin release increased from 13.85 ±1.53 pg/mg protein to 172.64 ± 17.49 pg/mg protein with increasing concentrations of K+. Cultures incubated with 60 mM KCl buffer that did not contain CaCl2 released 39.87 ± 15.74 pg ANG/mg protein. To further show the link between ionic stimulation and angiotensin release and determine the potential role of extracellular sodium ions on angiotensin release, cultures were incubated with the Na+-channel blocker tetrodotoxin (300 nM TTX) prior to maximal stimulation with 60 mM KCl/5 mM CaCl2 in the presence of the channel antagonist. Release was attenuated following incubation with stimulating buffer containing TTX (300 nM) to 5.49± 4.37 pg/mg protein. Finally, to determine the role of the calcium binding protein calmodulin in the release event, the cells were incubated with graded concentrations of W-7 (2.5–250 μM) and subsequently stimulated with 60 mM KCl/5 mM CaCl2 in the presence of the calmodulin antagonist. W-7, which displays specificity for inhibition of the Ca2+ calmodulin complex below 0.2 mM, decreased angiotensin release in a dose-dependent manner. These data support the hypothesis that potassium-induced angiotensin release is a calcium-dependent process that requires the activation of calmodulin, providing additional support for the role of angiotensin as a putative neurotransmitter.
Radiative Decay Rates of Vacancies in the K and L Shells

A calculation is made of the rates of emission of x rays in the filling of vacancies in the $K$ and $L$ shells. The total radiative decay rates and the rates of emission of a number of x-ray lines are presented for a range of elements. The atomic electrons are taken to be in single-particle states in a central potential given by the relativistic Hartree-Slater theory. All multipoles of the radiation field and all transitions from occupied states of the atom are included. The electrons are treated relativistically and the effect of retardation is included.
Teaching network risk assessment to online graduate students

Security risk assessment is a major component in many security certification exams, but it is relatively neglected in universities' computing curricula. As the impact of network security threat becomes greater, the need to reduce network vulnerabilities increases commensurately and thus, network risk assessment becomes more and more important. This paper describes an experience of teaching a graduate-level online course in Network Risk Assessment. The course content as well as evaluation results and plans for the future are discussed.
Optimal search strategies for optimal motor solutions: Self-determination or informed guidance?

Impoverished resources may direct the pathologic central nervous system toward local solutions during ontogeny. The resultant motor behavior can be systemically optimal without being functionally optimal. Therapeutic intervention should focus on facilitating function (rather than “normalcy”) by encouraging behavioral exploration through appropriate combinations of task and environmental variations with respect to individual capabilities. Some health professions have already adopted this philosophy.
Interpolating set partition statistics

Abstract Four statistics on set partitions were introduced by Wachs and White. These statistics had q -Stirling numbers as their distribution generating function. The distribution of these statistics on non-crossing statistics was investigated by Simion. We introduce classes of statistics which interpolate between pairs of these four statistics. We give sufficient conditions for these classes to be q -Stirling distributed. We describe the restriction of these classes to non-crossing statistics. We also describe an interpolating statistic between the set partition major index of Sagan and its “hard” analog.
Dynamic Regulation of NMDA Receptor Transmission

N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are critical for establishing, maintaining, and modifying glutamatergic synapses in an activity-dependent manner. The subunit composition, synaptic expressio...
Witt theorems for orthogonal lie algebras

for all ~, t E L . In particular 2~(r162 ~ ( ~ ) ) = 0 for all ~ e L . This is the natural integral generalization of the orthogonal Lie algebra ; see JACOBSON [1, p. 6]. A similar definition where ~ is sympleetic, instead of symmetric, gives the symplectie Lie algebras. Thus we include as special cases many of the classical Lie algebras. We shall investigate the situation analogous to orthogonal groups; tha t is, we will give necessary and sufficient conditions for a mapping ~v : J -~ L (J a submodule of L) to extend to an element of s (r L, R). We assume throughout tha t 2 # 0 and shall investigate the following three cases : R a field, a valuation ring and a principal ideal domain. The situation for orthogonal Lie algebras is much simpler than for orthogonal groups; in fact little is known when R is a principal ideal domain and our results here might be viewed as a linear approximation. For any 2,/~ 9 L the mapping u #: L -+ L defined by
Importance portance of reactive oxygen species in the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis or idiopathic infertility

Abstract Objective: To determine whether reactive oxygen species in peritoneal fluid might be a factor in infertility. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Andrology laboratory and gynecology clinic at a tertiary care facility. Patient(s): Women with endometriosis ( n = 15) or idiopathic infertility ( n = 11) who under-went laparoscopy for infertility. Patients undergoing tubal ligation served as controls ( n = 13). Intervention(s): Aspiration of peritoneal fluid. Main Outcome Measure(s): Reactive oxygen species levels, presence of polymorphonuclear granulocytes, and leukocyte distribution in peritoneal fluid. Result(s): Reactive oxygen species were present in the peritoneal fluid of patients with endometriosis, idiopathic infertility, and tubal ligation. Levels of reactive oxygen species did not show a statistically significant difference between patients with endometriosis and the control group in either unprocessed or processed (cell-free) peritoneal fluid, but did differ significantly between patients with idiopathic infertility and controls in process peritooneal fluid. Polymorphonuclear granulocytes (> 1 × 10 8 /mL) were not present in the peritoneal fluid of any patient. Macrophage concentrations of peritoneal fluid did not differ significantly between controls and patients with endometriosis or idiopathic infertility. Conclusion(s): Reactive oxygen species in the peritoneal fluid may not affect fertility directly in women with endometriosis; however, they may have a role in patients with idiopathic infertility.
The potential of optical coherence tomography in meniscal tear characterization

Meniscal tear is one of the most common knee injuries leading to pain and discomfort. Partial and total meniscectomies have been widely used to treat the avascular meniscal injuries in which tears do not heal spontaneously. However, the meniscectomies would cause an alteration of the tibiofemoral contact mechanics resulting in progressive osteoarthritis (OA). To mitigate the progression of OA, maximal preservation of meniscal tissue is recommended. The clinical challenge is deciding which meniscal tears are amenable to repair and which part of damaged tissues should be removed. Current diagnosis techniques such as arthroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging can provide macrostructural information of menisci, but the microstructural changes that occur prior to the observable meniscal tears cannot be identified by these techniques. Serving as a nondestructive optical biopsy, optical coherence tomography (OCT), a newly developed imaging modality, can provide high resolution, cross-sectional images of tissues and has been shown its capabilty in arthroscopic evaulation of articular cartilage. Our research was to demonstrate the potential of using OCT for nondestructive characterization of the histopathology of different types of meniscal tears from clinical cases in dogs, providing a fundamental understanding of the failure mechanism of meniscal tears. First, cross-sectional images of torn canine menisci obtained from the OCT and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) were be compared. By studying the organization of collegan fibrils in torn menisci from the SEM images, the feasibility of using OCT to characterize the organization of collegan fibrils was elucidated. Moreover, the crack size of meniscal tears was quantatitively measured from the OCT images. Changes in the crack size of the tear may be useful for understanding the failure mechanism of meniscal tears.
Stability of Steam–Water Countercurrent Flow in an Inclined Channel: Part II—Condensation-Induced Waterhammer

Etude experimentale du coup de belier due a la condensation dans un ecoulement stratifie d'eau et de vapeur d'eau dans des conduites rectangulaires inclinees a 30 et 4,5° par rapport a l'horizontale. Etablissement des conditions pour la production de coup de belier et analyse de ces conditions sur la base de considerations relatives a la stabilite de l'onde d'interface et du transfert de chaleur
The rate of interconversion between the two unfolded forms of ribonuclease A does not depend on guanidinium chloride concentration.

Abstract The interconversion between the fast-folding and slow-folding forms of ribonuclease A is unaffected by the protein denaturant guanidinium chloride, between 2.8 m and 7.0 m , at 10 °C. Thus the rate of this reaction is insensitive to denaturants, in contrast to the model proposed by Kanehisa & Tsong (1979) . This result is consistent with other evidence that the interconversion reaction is proline isomerization.
Characteristics of SiO2/TiO2 nanocomposite particles formed in a premixed flat flame

Abstract Nanometer sized ( d p =15 nm) SiO 2 /TiO 2 particles were generated in a premixed flat flame aerosol reactor from three sets of precursors: SiBr 4 /TiCl 4 , SiCl 4 /TiCl 4 , and hexamethyl disiloxane (HMDS)/TiCl 4 . Single component silica and titania aerosols were also generated from SiBr 4 , SiCl 4 , HMDS and TiCl 4 . The choice of silica precursor had no observable effect on the particle size of the single component aerosols, or on the distribution of species in the mixed aerosol, as determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and by interparticle chemical analysis of the mixed aerosol using energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). These results suggest that for this flame configuration, chemical processes are not rate determining for particle size and do not affect the arrangement of species for mixed systems. Within the particles, small (3–12 nm in diameter) crystalline regions enriched in titanium were observed using electron energy loss spectrometry (EELS) coupled with scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). A mechanism in which segregation occurs during particle growth by diffusion within the particles is proposed.
The sulfhydryl groups of actin.

Abstract The number and reactivity of actin SH groups have been studied by reacting actin with 14 C- N -ethylmaleimide (NEM), iodoacetate, iodoacetamide, or N -(4-dimethylamino-3,5-dinitrophenyl)maleimide (DDPM) and measuring the distribution of radioactivity among the actin peptides following tryptic hydrolysis and separation by chromatography or electrophoresis. Seven to nine SH peptides were counted in guanidine-treated actin preparations, only one of which is reactive with the above reagents in native G- or F-actin. The number of SH peptides is similar to the number of analytically determined SH groups. The actin SH peptides containing the fast reacting SH group were isolated. Their amino acid composition is characterized by a high content of aspartic and glutamic acid. Limited photoxoidation of actin inhibits polymerization but leaves the ATP binding and myosin ATPase activation unchanged. The reaction of SH groups with 14 C-NEM remains unaffected. Treatment of actin with N -bromosuccinimide inhibits polymerization and myosin ATPase activation but leaves the ATP binding unaffected. The reactivity of one SH group with 14 C-NEM is abolished, presumably due to oxidation to cysteic acid.
The Royal Road: Children, Play, and the Religious Life

This article explores the role of play in human development and religious faith. It begins with problems in children’s play in contemporary society, as seen through history and sociology, and then analyzes the contributions of two psychologists, Erik H. Erikson and D. W. Winnicott, and recent thought on play in theology, childhood studies, and the scholarship of Donald Capps in particular. It argues that play has a potentially fruitful role in development and the life of faith for children and adults but modern constructions of play have obscured its place in adulthood and overlooked its uneven distribution among children in different classes and races.
Markets for attention: will postage for email help?

Balancing the needs of information distributors and their audiences has grown harder in the age of the Internet. While the demand for attention continues to increase rapidly with the volume of information and communication, the supply of human attention is relatively fixed. Markets are a social institution for efficiently balancing supply and demand of scarce resources. Charging a price for sending messages may help discipline senders from demanding more attention than they are willing to pay for. Price may also help recipients estimate the value of a message before reading it. We report the results of two laboratory experiments to explore the consequences of a pricing system for electronic mail. Charging postage for email causes senders to be more selective and send fewer messages. However, recipients did not use the postage paid by senders as a signal of importance. These studies suggest markets for attention have potential, but their design needs more work.
A curvable silicon retinal implant

We have developed a curvable photovoltaic monolithic retinal implant that requires no electrical power or data connection. The implant consists of a two-dimensional network of miniature silicon solar cells that directly stimulate the retina when illuminated by a goggle system. A MEMS process isolates adjacent pixels and makes the arrays curvable allowing them to conform to the shape of the retina.
Data Acquisition System at los Alamos P-9 Accelerator Facility

The computer facility consists of 3 MODCOMP IV/25 machines coupled together via shared memory with each computer interfaced to a CAMAC system. A program named "Z" has been written to allow user interaction with the CAMAC data acquisition system. Central to the structure of this program are creation of new operator commands with ease, "macro" or multiple command capability and a flexible, general, multiparameter data acquisition algorithm. A CAMAC branch driver has been built to allow high speed communication with the data acquisition modules.
Peripheral retinal neovascularization in talc retinopathy

Abstract Background Neovascularization of the peripheral retina can be present in a number of systemic and ocular diseases. Very rarely, peripheral retinal neovascularization can also be manifested in intravenous drug abusers. In addition to ocular complications, intravenous drug abusers are at high risk for contracting various infections and the development of pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. We present a case of a chronic heroin and cocaine abuser with bilateral peripheral retinal neovascularization, pulmonary complications, and a history of endocarditis. Case report A patient with a 20-year history of heroin and cocaine abuse initially presented for a routine eye examination. Fundus examination revealed pinpoint white deposits centered in both maculas, engorged vascular fronds with a patch of intraretinal hemorrhage in the peripheral retinal of the right eye and neovascularization of the disc as well as exudation with adjacent focal preretinal hemorrhage in the left eye. The patient underwent fluorescein angiography and was screened for diabetes, sarcoidosis, and sickle cell disease. When no systemic disease could be discovered, it was concluded that the peripheral retinal neovascularization developed as a result of vascular occlusion from heroin and cocaine abuse. Discussion It is important to investigate the cause of neovascularization in the peripheral retina. Retinal vascular emboli such as talc are common in drug abusers, but in most cases, the retinal deposits pose only a minimal threat to vision. However, this case shows that careful retinal examination is warranted in drug abusers to rule out neovascularization of the retina. Other causes of peripheral retinal neovascularization should be ruled out as well. These conditions include sickle cell retinopathy, sarcoidosis, diabetic retinopathy, blood dyscrasias, retinal vascular occlusion, Eales’ disease, and other systemic conditions, so that appropriate ocular and systemic treatment can be provided. Peripheral retinal neovascularization is best treated by pan-retinal photocoagulation.
Bipolar Multicandidate Elections with Corruption

The goals of democratic competition are not only to implement a majority's preference on policy questions, but also to provide a deterrent against corrupt abuse of power by political leaders. We consider a simple model of multicandidate elections in which different electoral systems can be compared according to these two criteria. Among a wide class of single-winner scoring rules, only approval voting is found to satisfy both effectiveness against corruption and majoritarianism for this model.
Electronic feedback or handwritten feedback: What do undergraduate students prefer and why?

Giving feedback on students' assignment is, by no means, new to faculty. Yet, when it comes to handwritten feedback delivered in person and typed feedback delivered electronically to students, faculty may not know what undergraduate students prefer and reasons behind their preferences. The present study explored which form of feedback, i.e., electronic or handwritten feedback, undergraduate students preferred and rationale behind their preferences. Two hundred fifty respondents completed an online survey, which consisted of three closed-ended questions and two open-ended questions. Nonparametric tests were used to analyze the quantitative data. Qualitative responses were read and analyzed by four researchers and six themes were identified. The qualitative data were rechecked against the six themes independently first and then collectively. Discrepancies were discussed before complete consensus was made. The study found that nearly 70% of the participants preferred e-feedback for its accessibility, timeliness, and legibility. Yet, with respect to the quality of feedback, the majority of handwritten supporters chose handwritten feedback, as they perceived this type of feedback as more personal. The article discusses the marked discrepancies between the two groups and ends with educational implications and suggestions for future research.
Ion Beam Analysis of Pigments

We have analyzed single and multiple layer paint samples to evaluate 3 MeV external beam proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) for elemental analysis of inorganic pigments. The results are compared to those from energy dispersive electron microprobe analysis and Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS). The advantage of PIXE is that the protons' penetration depth of 100 microns is more than 25 times greater than that of 20 keV electrons and 10 times greater than 3 MeV alpha particles, thus allowing analysis of relatively thick samples of up to 100 microns. The proton beam is passed into the atmosphere (external to the vacuum system) through a thin polymer film, and the beam area on target is 1 mmz. Electron microprobe and RBS require vacuum compatible samples; therefore, the pigments were painted on silicon wafers. Calibration was obtained from metallic thin-film samples of known thickness. The cross calibration of the three analytical techniques allowed evaluation of external PIXE analysis of paint films. We suggest that this nondestructive method is suitable for elemental analysis of drawings and paintings provided that further studies indicate no long term damage is caused.
Systems methodology to characterizing the threat posed by anonymous systems on the internet

Government agencies, researchers, and developers have worked to build distributed networks and systems enabling anonymous communication on the Internet. Within the last ten years, the maturation of these systems have enhanced the effectiveness and availability of anonymous communication, allowing criminals to electronically participate in illicit activities such as money laundering, child pornography, and terrorism, without fear of being exposed. The goal of this project is to help combat cyber crime by offering law enforcement agencies an overview of the current state of these networks and their capabilities. Additionally, this paper provides an in-depth analysis of the TOR network and its web of hidden services available to TOR users. The results of this analysis show a small number of hidden services compared to the growing user population of the network suggesting TOR is being for anonymous browsing on the World Wide Web. Future research should focus on analyzing exit node traffic from the network to other places on the Internet.
Searching for life in the universe: lessons from the earth

Space programs will soon allow us to search for life in situ on Mars and to return samples for analysis. A major focal point is to search for evidence of present or past life in these samples, evidence that, if found, would have far-reaching consequences for both science and religion. A search strategy will consider the entire gamut of life on our own planet, using that information to frame a search that would recognize life even if it were fundamentally different from that we know on Earth. We discuss here how the lessons learned from the study of life on Earth can be used to allow us to develop a general strategy for the search for life in the Universe.
Methodology for universal synthesis of magnetic designs based on field specifications

New technologies relying on complex magnetic fields are being explored, resulting in new products and processes. The design phase in these technologies calls for the specifications in the number, placement, and orientation of magnetic sources to meet a set of requirements. These requirements include flux densities and orientations at specific points. For complex field patterns, a synthesis tool may aid the designer in producing an optimal design. This paper reports the research aimed at developing and evaluating new methodologies by which to universally synthesize magnetic designs based on specified field patterns. Such is the combination of an inverse problem coupled with an optimization synthesis to determine the orientation, configuration, and other physical properties of electromagnetic sources leading to a desired magnetic field. This paper briefly describes several methods in synthesis and inverse problems. A new method based on variable field generation is presented and compared.
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV limits organ damage in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury through induction of autophagy

Sterile inflammatory insults, such as ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, result from pathogenic factors, including damage-associated molecular pattern signaling, activation of innate immunity, and upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines. At the same time, a number of protective, or prosurvival, pathways are also activated, and the extent of end-organ damage is ultimately determined by the balance between these two systems. In liver I/R, members of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) family are known to be activated, but their individual roles are largely unknown. In this study, we show that one CaMK member, CaMKIV, is protective in hepatic I/R by activating the prosurvival pathway of autophagy in hepatocytes. CaMKIV knockout mice experience significantly worse organ damage after I/R and are deficient in hepatocyte autophagic signaling. Restoration of autophagic signaling with rapamycin reduces organ damage in CaMKIV knockout mice to wild-type levels. In vitro, we show that CaMKIV activation induces autophagy in mouse hepatocytes, and that CaMKIV activation protects hepatocytes from oxidative stress-induced cell death. In conclusion, the protective autophagic signaling pathway serves to reduce organ damage following I/R and is regulated by activation of CaMKIV signaling in hepatocytes.
Entropy and self-organization in multi-agent systems

Emergent self-organization in multi-agent systems appears to contradict the second law of thermodynamics. This paradox has been explained in terms of a coupling between the macro level that hosts self-organization (and an apparent reduction in entropy), and the micro level (where random processes greatly increase entropy). Metaphorically, the micro level serves as an entropy “sink”, permitting overall system entropy to increase while sequestering this increase from the interactions where selforganization is desired. We make this metaphor precise by constructing a simple example of pheromone-based coordination, defining a way to measure the Shannon entropy at the macro (agent) and micro (pheromone) levels, and exhibiting an entropybased view of the coordination.
Latent Attractors: A Model for Context-Dependent Place Representations in the Hippocampus

Cells throughout the rodent hippocampal system show place-specific patterns of firing called place fields, creating a coarse-coded representation of location. The dependencies of this place code - or cognitive map - on sensory cues have been investigated extensively, and several computational models have been developed to explain them. However, place representations also exhibit strong dependence on spatial and behavioral context, and identical sensory environments can produce very different place codes in different situations. Several recent studies have proposed models for the computational basis of this phenomenon, but it is still not completely understood. In this article, we present a very simple connectionist model for producing context-dependent place representations in the hippocampus. We propose that context dependence arises in the dentate gyrus-hilus (DGH) system, which functions as a dynamic selector, disposing a small group of granule and pyramidal cells to fire in response to afferent stimulus while depressing the rest. It is hypothesized that the DGH system dynamics has "latent attractors," which are unmasked by the afferent input and channel system activity into subpopulations of cells in the DG, CA3, and other hippocampal regions as observed experimentally. The proposed model shows that a minimally structured hippocampus-like system can robustly produce context-dependent place codes with realistic attributes.
Temperature dependence of the internal dynamics of a calmodulin-peptide complex.

The temperature dependence of the fast internal dynamics of calcium-saturated calmodulin in complex with a peptide corresponding to the calmodulin-binding domain of the smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase is examined using 15 N and 2 H NMR relaxation methods. NMR relaxation studies of the complex were carried out at 13 temperatures that span 288-346 K. The dynamics of the backbone and over four dozen methyl-bearing side chains, distributed throughout the calmodulin molecule, were probed. The side chains show a much more variable and often considerably larger response to temperature than the backbone. A significant variation in the temperature dependence of the amplitude of motion of individual side chains is seen. The amplitude of motion of some side chains is essentially temperature-independent while many show a simple roughly linear temperature dependence. In a few cases, angular order increases with temperature, which is interpreted as arising from interactions with neighboring residues. In addition, a number of side chains display a nonlinear temperature dependence. The significance of these and other results is illuminated by several simple interpretative models. Importantly, analysis of these models indicates that changes in generalized order parameters can be robustly related to corresponding changes in residual entropy. A simple cluster model that incorporates features of cooperative or conditional motion reproduces many of the unusual features of the experimentally observed temperature dependence and illustrates that side chain interactions result in a dynamically changing environment that significantly influences the motion of internal side chains. This model also suggests that the intrinsic entropy of interacting clusters of side chains is only modestly reduced from that of independent side chain motion. Finally, estimates of protein heat capacity support the view that the major contribution to the heat capacity of protein solutions largely arises from local bond vibrations and solvent interactions and not from torsional oscillations of side chains.
Canine Papilloma: Progression of Oral Papilloma to Carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma was found in association with extensive and progressive oral papillomas in a 1 1/2-year-old male beagle. The neoplasm was in the region of the posterior portion of the right law and evidently originated from the adjacent papillomatous growths. Possible relationship between the duration and extent of papillomatosis and the appearance of malignant change, heretofore not reported, is discussed.
Social equity theory and racial-ethnic achievement gaps

In the United States, racial-ethnic differences on tests of school readiness and academic achievement continue. A complete understanding of the origins of racial-ethnic achievement gaps is still lacking. This article describes social equity theory (SET), which proposes that racial-ethnic achievement gaps originate from two kinds of social process, direct and signal influences, that these two kinds of processes operate across developmental contexts, and that the kind of influence and the setting in which they are enacted change with age. Evidence supporting each of SET's key propositions is discussed in the context of a critical review of research on the Black-White achievement gap. Specific developmental hypotheses derived from SET are described, along with proposed standards of evidence for testing those hypotheses.
Journal characteristics, rankings and social acculturation in operations management

Abstract Over the past 15 yr , there have been several attempts in operations management to rate journals, authors and schools based on their research productivity and quality. While many of these have been very helpful in generating a relative ranking of productivity and prestige, these analyses seem incomplete in many ways. Most notably, they neglected the fact that these rankings are loaded with value judgments acquired in the process of academic acculturation on one hand and that they did not provide basic information about the journals on the other. This paper argues that the rankings reflect the milieu in which they were conceived and calls for “usage-based” measures as more appropriate ways of measuring a publication's impact through influencing and changing the thinking and actions of researchers, students and practitioners. Specifically, this article has three objectives. First, it fills an information gap by giving the characteristics of 28 journals in the broadly-defined field of operations management. Second, the article summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of the approaches taken to rank journals. Third, this article shows some factors of social acculturation (acquired either through education or working in different environments) in the journal evaluation process. The empirical part of the paper is based on analyzing referencing practices of these journals, surveying senior editors, analyzing reading lists of doctoral programs at major research universities, and contacting university and corporate libraries, and consulting companies.
The Propagation of Radio Waves of Frequency Less than 1 kc

The simplified mode theory of propagation in a waveguide formed by the earth and a concentric ionosphere of constant height is applied to the experimental observations of Chapman and Macario for the frequency range between 100 cps and 1000 cps. It is demonstrated that the discrepancies between the theory and the nighttime experimental results may be explained by modifying the theory and postulating an effective increase in the ionospheric height as the frequency decreases. This concept is also shown to be not necessarily incompatible with the results for day.
Risk Measurement for Short Term Loans

For a long time now financial aid administrators, foundation managers, and financial managers have been swapping· horror stories about" skyrocket­ ing student loan delinquencies. The national news services have carried sev­ eral stories about the millions of dollars in delinquent and uncollectible Na­ tional Defense Student Loans. Colleges and universities throughout the country are reporting huge rip-offs in their short term loan programs and many stu­ dent loan funds are so depleted that they are bankrupt, closed up, defunct. Other institutional loan funds are being converted to outright gifts to stu­ dents rather than being continued as loan funds because of the difficulty in collecting. All this is happening while hundreds of commercial lending in­ stitutions, not without their present interest problems of course, are grow­ ing, prospering, and making a profit. The question is "what is the difference?" Why is the money available for car loans, installment loans, etc. continually available and growing, while university and college loan funds are shrink­ ing away, drying up and disappearing?
Race, Religion, and Beliefs about Racial Inequality

This article focuses on stratification beliefs and racial policy opinions among white and black Americans who differ in religious preference. First, it summarizes earlier research on white conservative Protestants and outlines characterizations of Black Protestant church congregants. It then reports patterns of stratification beliefs and racial policy opinions among blacks and whites varying in religious preference who responded to the 1996 through 2006 General Social Surveys. Comparisons across twelve race-by-religion categories did not provide persuasive evidence that white conservative Protestants are uniquely conservative in their stratification beliefs, once background characteristics are controlled, nor was the Black Protestant group distinctive. Compared to blacks, whites were less inclined to structuralist explanations of racial inequality, slightly more inclined to individualist explanations, and consistently more negative about policies and programs to aid blacks. What is more, white Christians ...
The world bank’s role in tourism development

Abstract Over the last four decades, commitment to tourism as a development strategy for developing economies has fluctuated within the World Bank. This article reviews the bank’s experience from 1966 to the present as it has evolved through various phases of its own institutional role towards development. Today, driven by strong country demand, there is renewed interest within the bank in the role of tourism in the fulfillment of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. The paper analyzes the role and approach of the World Bank toward this development aim.
Protein phosphatase 2A family members (PP2A and PP6) associate with U1 snRNP and the spliceosome during pre-mRNA splicing

Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are both important for multiple steps in the splicing pathway. Members of the PP1 and PP2A subfamilies of phospho-serine/threonine phosphatases play essential but redundant roles in the second step of the splicing reaction. PP6, a member of the PP2A subfamily, is the mammalian homolog of yeast Sit4p and ppe1, which are involved in cell cycle regulation; however, the involvement of PP6 in the splicing pathway remains unclear. Here we show that PP2A family members physically associate with the spliceosome throughout the splicing reaction. PP2A holoenzyme and PP6 were found stably associated with U1 snRNP. Together our findings indicate that these phosphatases regulate splicing catalysis involving U1 snRNP and suggest an important evolutionary conserved role of PP2A family phosphatases in pre-mRNA splicing.
Critical Factors in the Templated Grain Growth of Textured Reaction‐Bonded Alumina

The Templated Grain Growth (TGG) of Al2O3 occurs in three stages: densification, radial growth of individual template grains until template impingement, and template grain thickening. Significant template growth occurs only after densification to ∼90% density. Template loading determines the inter-template spacing and, subsequently, the degree of growth. The spacing distance can be predicted from the initial template concentration and template dimensions. Thermodynamic conditions favorable for template growth occur when the size ratio between the template thickness and matrix grains is ≥1.5. The initial template concentration should be less than a critical template concentration, VT,C, to achieve textured ceramics with a narrow orientation distribution. For this system, which uses 20 ± 5 μm × 2 μm template particles and uniaxial pressing as a forming technique, VT,C is between 5 and 10 vol%.
Adrenergics and Adrenergic‐Blocking Agents

This chapter reviews the drugs currently available in the United States that exert their therapeutic effects through actions on α- and β-adrenoceptors and biosynthesis, release, and processing of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine. Included in the review are drugs acting as selective and nonselective agonists and antagonists at both α- and β-adrenoceptors, as well as drugs that interfere with norepinephrine biosynthesis and release. Therapeutic categories include antihypertensives, bronchodilators, antiglaucoma agents, vasopressors, and nasal decongestants. Structure-activity relationships are reviewed as are the structure and function of various adrenoceptors. Briefly covered is the metabolism of representative drugs in each structural class as well as recent developments in approaches to new drugs in the areas of selective α1A-antagonists for treatment of prostatic hypertrophy and selective β3-agonists for treatment of obesity and diabetes. Keywords: α-blockers; β-blockers; antihypertensives; antiglaucoma; bronchodilators; vasopressors; nasal decongestants; BPH; drug metabolism; adrenoceptors
Preterm Birth Prevention: Marrying Centering Pregnancy and Community Health Workers

Childbearing Poster Presentation Purpose for the program To test a new model of coordinated and enhanced services for pregnant women, beyond traditional prenatal services, to improve perinatal outcomes for high‐risk low‐income women on Medicaid. The goal is ultimately to reduce the risk of preterm births and improve health outcomes for infants in the first year of life. The innovative collaborative interdisciplinary program is designed to improve patient care and coordination, improve maternal and perinatal health outcomes, and ultimately, reduce healthcare costs by using a centering model of care. The proposed project has selected areas of high risk and high need that are served by different healthcare delivery systems where preterm birth statistics are alarming. Proposed Change To transform existing models of prenatal care to centering models of health for improved maternal and perinatal health outcomes and reduced healthcare costs. Implementation, Outcomes, and Evaluation Low‐income pregnant women will be identified by their Medicaid provider and prenatal care provider. By using the components of Rising's Centering Pregnancy Model, participating prenatal care Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) with advisory support from an academic setting will implement and support the Centering Pregnancy group education model of enhanced prenatal care. Four FQHCs will participate in the transformation of a traditional medical model of prenatal care to a centering model of care; women who are pregnant will be enrolled in the centering program. All pregnant clients will be partnered with a culturally and linguistically appropriate trained community health worker that will serve as the client's pregnancy peer mentor. Data will be extracted from the FQHCs and tracked for perinatal health outcomes, healthcare utilization and costs, care coordination, and birth outcomes. Implications for Nursing Practice Preterm birth is a critical public health problem in the United States. Preterm birth is a complex, multifactorial process that accounts for 12% of all live births and more than 500,000 premature births annually. One in eight infants born in the United States are premature. Infant prematurity is the leading cause of neonatal death in the United States and is responsible for 27% of infant deaths, or one million infant deaths annually. Prematurity is the leading cause of death among African American newborns as compared with non‐Hispanic White newborns. The centering pregnancy model of care, primarily used in midwifery care centers has demonstrated reductions in preterm birth. The implications for improved maternal–child outcomes are vast.
Influence of worker age on the infestation of resistant and susceptible honey bees (Apis mellifera) with tracheal mites (Acarapis woodi)

In an earlier study, resistant and susceptible workers exposed to tracheal mites one, two, three or four days post-emergence showed a decline in infestation. I further investigated the combined effects of worker age and of strain on infestation with tracheal mites. In four separate tests, workers were aged to evenly distributed classes reaching maximum ages of 9, 24, 48 and 96 h. The following factors influenced infestation levels: (1) overall, infestation of workers from resistant colonies was significantly lower than for susceptible colonies (2) age produced parallel rates of decline in infestation in both resistant and susceptible workers in the first three tests and (3) in the test up to 96 h, the large infestation differences in the youngest workers became very similar in workers aged three or four days. The differences between strains were highest at the youngest ages in all tests, indicating that evaluations of potentially resistant colonies should use the youngest workers possible
Transport properties of gases in porous media at reduced pressures with reference to freeze‐drying

Theory is outlined relative to the effect of pressure on permeabilities and thermal conductivities of gases in porous solids in the slip flow and free-molecule flow regions, and experimental results are reported for several freeze-dried food materials. Mean pore diameters for the porous materials calculated from permeability data were about 100 μ and were in agreement with microscopic observations. Thermal conductivities followed the predicted behavior of a constant value at high pressures, with a gradual decrease to another constant value at very low pressures. The results show that the usual operating pressure range of freeze-dryers (0.1 to 1.0 mm. Hg) corresponds to the transition region between slip flow and free-molecule flow.
Iterative list decoding of concatenated source-channel codes

Whenever variable-length entropy codes are used in the presence of a noisy channel, any channel errors will propagate and cause significant harm. Despite using channel codes, some residual errors always remain, whose e?ect will get magnified by error propagation. Mitigating this undesirable effect is of great practical interest. One approach is to use the residual redundancy of variable-length codes for joint source-channel decoding. In this paper, we improve the performance of residual redundancy source-channel decoding via an iterative list decoder made possible by a nonbinary outer CRC code. We show that the list decoding of VLCs is beneficial for entropy codes that contain redundancy. Such codes are used in state-of-the-art video coders, for example. The proposed list decoder improves the overall performance significantly in AWGN and fully interleaved Rayleigh fading channels.
On the Determination of Recombination Rates in Intermated Recombinant Inbred Populations

The recurrent intermating of F(2) individuals for some number of generations followed by several generations of inbreeding produces an intermated recombinant inbred (IRI) population. Such populations are currently being developed in the plant-breeding community because linkage associations present in an F(2) population are broken down and a population of fixed inbred lines is also created. The increased levels of recombination enable higher-resolution mapping in IRI populations relative to F(2) populations. Herein we derive relationships, under several limiting assumptions, for determining the expected recombination fraction in IRI populations from the crossover rate per meiosis. These relationships are applicable to situations where the inbreeding component of IRI population development is by either self-fertilization or full-sib mating. Additionally, we show that the derived equations can be solved for the crossover rate per meiosis if the recombination fraction is known for the IRI population. Thus, the observed recombination fraction in any IRI population can be expressed on an F(2) basis. The implications of this work on the expansion of genetic maps in IRI populations and limits for detecting linkage between markers are also considered.
One-transistor GaAs voltage reference circuit

Reports a one-transistor voltage reference circuit using GaAs depletion MESFET technology. The circuit is suitable for monolithic GaAs A/D and D/A convertors, and achieves a temperature coefficient (TC) of less than 10 p.p.m./ degrees C (parts-per-million per degree Celsius) over a 200 degree temperature range.