cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seasonality of N2 fixation and nifH gene diversity in the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea)

Nitrogen (N2) fixation rates were determined on bulk water collected in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, during fall (stratified, oligotrophic) and spring (deep mixing, mesotrophic) seasons. N2 fixation rates were low yet consistently measurable in both seasons, and maximum rates of 1.0 6 0.1 nmol N L21 d21 and 1.9 6 0.2 nmol N L21 d21 occurred in the fall and spring, respectively. Amendment with inorganic phosphate did not always increase rates. Rates were uninfluenced by dissolved organic phosphorus treatments. The highest rate (2.1 nmol N L21 d21) was measured in spring, when surface seawater was amended with an aerosol dust filter. The nifH deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) gene diversity was analyzed in surface and depth profile samples. Most (58) nifH sequences were similar to the previously identified cluster I (containing sequences from proteobacteria and cyanobacteria) sequences. A small subset of sequences (11) was most similar (.96.5) to nifH nucleotide sequences of cyanobacteria, including Trichodesmium spp. and the unicellular cyanobacterial group A. Sequences similar to cluster III (which contains sequences from many anaerobes) lineages were only retrieved from fall libraries. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays were used to estimate the nifH abundance for select phylotypes. Trichodesmium and a c proteobacteria had maximum abundances at 60-m depth in the water column in fall 2005 (1.4 3 105 and 2.3 3 102 nifH gene copies L21, respectively). Group A was undetected in all samples, and Trichodesmium and c proteobacteria were undetected in the spring 2007. The nifH transcription as determined by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) assays was at the detection limit (1–10 transcripts per reaction) for all phylotypes. This study is the first assessment of nifH diversity and rates of 15N2 fixation in the Gulf of Aqaba.
Why Oncologists Should Support Single-Payer National Health Insurance

The authors support the establishment of a single-payer national health insurance plan and encourage ASCO to put its advocacy behind such a program.
Biochemical Interactions of Dimethyl Sulfoxide I: Respiratory Inhibition

The effect of dimethyl sulfoxide upon rabbit liver homogenates was determined with the Warburg respirometer. Lineweaver-Burk treatment of the data indicated that the respiration was competitively inhibited by dimethyl sulfoxide.
Normalization of oxygen and hydrogen isotope data

To resolve confusion due to expression of isotopic data from different laboratories on non-corresponding scales, oxygen isotope analyses of all substances can be expressed relative to VSMOW or VPDB (Vienna Peedee belemnite) on scales normalized such that the δ18O of SLAP is −55.5% relative to VSMOW. H3+ contribution in hydrogen isotope ratio analysis can be easily determined using two gaseous reference samples that differ greatly in deuterium content.
The natural herbicide, cyanobacterin, specifically disrupts thylakoid membrane structure in Euglena gracilis strain Z

Cyanobacterin is a natural product produced by the cyanobacterium (blue-green alga), Scytonema hofmanni. The compound has been chemically characterized and shown to inhibit electron transprot in photosystem II. Although the herbicide is lethal to photoautotrophs, photoheterotrophically-grown organisms such as Euglena gracilis can survive and grown in saturating concentrations of cyanobacterin. Electron micrographs of treated E. gracilis cells show extensive damage to the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts, similar to the effects observed with 3-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethyl urea (DCMU). Unlike the synthetic herbicide, cyanobacterin specifically disrupts thylakoid membranes and does not affect other cellular membranes or heterotrophic growth.
Thermal properties of sulfonic acid group functionalized Brönsted acidic ionic liquids

Thermal decomposition onset temperatures have been measured for a total of 24 methylimidazolium, triet- hanolammonium, and pyridinium type sulfonic acid groups functionalized Bronsted acidic ionic liquids with Cl - ,B r - , SO4 2- ,P O 4 3- ,B F 4 - , CH3CO2 - , and CH3SO3 - anions, using thermogravimetric analysis. Thermal stabilities of these sulfonic acid group functionalized ionic liquids decreases in the order, methylimidazolium ( triethanolam- monium ( pyridinium. The methylimidazolium, pyridinium, and triethanolammonium ionic liquids investigated showed decomposition onset temperatures (air) in the 213-353, 167-240, and 230-307 C ranges, respectively. Additionally, the decomposition temperatures of these ionic liquids are highly dependent on the nature of the anion.
Rites of Production: Technopoles and the Theater of Work

Ambiguities in the nature and practice of work, especially knowledge work, moral work ethics and fluidity of work space drive a need to communicate productivity to other workers. The knowledge work done in silicon places is often intangible and requires some creative narrative "accounting" to demonstrate competence, trustworthiness, and value to the community at large. This hidden work is imbedded in worker activities and communications, corporate evangelism and community boosterism. Ethnographic research done in Silicon Valley, Taipei, Taiwan, Dublin, Ireland and Christchurch, New Zealand explores how such performances are an integral part of high-tech work and the communities that house such work.
General Features of the Trunk

vertebral column, with ribs and sternum (completing thoracic skeleton or “cage”) and hip bones (completing abdominal skeleton).
PRESERVATION OF MUCUS TRAILS BY EARLY PYRITIZATION IN CRETACEOUS INGERSOLL SHALE (EUTAW FORMATION, EASTERN ALABAMA, U.S.A.)

The Ingersoll shale, an estuarine clay lens within the Upper Cretaceous Eutaw Formation of eastern Alabama that hosts a well-preserved terrestrial biota (plants, feathers, and amber), contains abundant narrow, discontinuous, straight to meandering, rarely branched, virtually flat and mostly horizontal ribbons of essentially pure, mainly framboidal pyrite. These structures likely originated as mucus films secreted by epibenthic or shallow endobenthic organisms, perhaps grazing gastropods and errant worms. Whatever their progenitors, mucus films served as labile hosts for sulfate-reducing bacteria and, consequently, were primary sites for very early iron-sulfide mineralization in Ingersoll substrates. Without mucus secretion and subsequent pyritization, evidence for relatively pervasive biogenic activity and environmental conditions would not have been preserved. By contrast, pyritization of body fossils in the Ingersoll shale terrestrial biota was limited, reflecting inhibited degradation of constituent refractory organic compounds in rapidly deposited, oxygen-deficient sediments.
Revisiting vitamin C and cancer

In the early 1970s, the two-time Nobel Prize–winning chemist Linus Pauling proposed that high doses of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) can act as an antioxidant to reduce cancer. Pauling and his colleague Ewan Cameron reported that cancer patients given intravenous vitamin C (10 g/day) followed by oral delivery had an increased rate of survival ( 1 ). This led to two large clinical trials carried out by the Mayo Clinic in the late 1970s and mid-1980s ( 2 , 3 ), which demonstrated that oral administration of a high dose of vitamin C had no efficacy as a cancer therapeutic. Furthermore, dietary antioxidants have failed as anticancer agents in clinical trials ( 4 ). However, on page 1391 in this issue, Yun et al. ( 5 ) show that high doses of vitamin C selectively kill colorectal cancer cells carrying activating mutations in the oncogenes KRAS or BRAF , which are often refractory to approved targeted therapies.
The Λ (1815) and the K−-nucleon cross section

Preliminary evidence for a resonance in the K-p system at about 1800 MeV came from total cross section measurements by Cook et al. (1961) and by Bastien et al. (1961). This resonance was confirmed by more detailed measurements by Chamberlain et al. (1962). The total K-p cross section in the neighborhood of the resonance is shown in Fig. 26.1 (a). The resonance has a mass and width given by $$M = 1815MeV,\quad \Gamma = 120MeV.$$
Squeezing angle random walk

We propose a method to reduce angle random walk in rate-integrating gyroscopes via additive control forces. By construction, we show that hyperbolic velocity forces satisfy this goal, demonstrate their effect with Monte Carlo simulations and discuss applicability and possible side effects.
Young American Males and Filibustering in the Age of Manifest Destiny: The United States Army as a Cultural Mirror

The chapter explains the appeal of filibustering to men in the United States Army and explains why army personnel joined or aided filibustering expeditions in contravention of their obligation to uphold the Neutrality Act. The army held up a cultural mirror to its nation. To understand the army's place in the story of filibustering is to render more comprehensible the meaning of filibustering to America's civilians. Filibustering reached its apex before the Civil War, when thousands of Americans risked their lives in expeditions. To antebellum males coming of age, filibustering seemed less bizarre than it does to the modern mind. Accustomed to changing home and occupation, young American males found it easy to regard filibustering as just another move. Manifest Destiny convictions made some officers receptive to filibustering. The difference was that the age of Manifest Destiny had dissolved into new forms of expansion, and filibustering itself had a greatly reduced hold on the American scene.
SKRAPPLE: enabling media-based study schools, apprentice schools, and samba schools

SKRAPPLE stands for sharing knowledge representational artifacts in a peer-to-peer learning environment. SKRAPPLE combines a Squeak-based, media authoring and programming environment, an implementation of the symbols and worlds cognitive architecture, and a pedagogical method based on peer-mentoring. SKRAPPLE is meant to serve as a model for a new kind of school, both formal and informal, that would function as an open-source/open-content, public service media enterprise. In this model of school, children would be responsible for all authoring/production activities and these activities would allow and enable children to passionately immerse themselves in any content area, both intradisciplinary and interdisciplinary. The authors propose an initial specification and invite collaborators to develop, research, and implement the SKRAPPLE model.
Variation in Use of Blood Transfusion in Primary Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasties.

Abstract Background There is growing clinical and policy emphasis on minimizing transfusion use in elective joint arthroplasty, but little is known about the degree to which transfusion rates vary across US hospitals. This study aimed to assess hospital-level variation in use of allogeneic blood transfusion in patients undergoing elective joint arthroplasty and to characterize the extent to which variability is attributable to differences in patient and hospital characteristics. Methods The study population included 228,316 patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) at 922 hospitals and 88,081 patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) at 606 hospitals from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2011 in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database, a 20% stratified sample of US community hospitals. Results The median hospital transfusion rates were 11.0% (interquartile range, 3.5%-18.5%) in TKA and 15.9% (interquartile range, 5.4%-26.2%) in THA. After fully adjusting for patient- and hospital-related factors using mixed-effects logistic regression models, the average predicted probability of blood transfusion use in TKA was 6.3%, with 95% of the hospitals having a predicted probability between 0.37% and 55%. For THA, the average predicted probability of blood transfusion use was 9.5%, with 95% of the hospitals having a predicted probability between 0.57% and 66%. Hospital transfusion rates were inversely associated with hospital procedure volume and directly associated with length of stay. Conclusion The use of blood transfusion in elective joint arthroplasty varied widely across US hospitals, largely independent of patient case-mix and hospital characteristics.
The “Fisheries Case” and Straight Baselines: Judicial Law-Making

In retrospect, it is clear that from the third decade of this century on, many political forces were coalescing in a common effort to expand coastal control over increasingly broad areas of the contiguous high seas. Pride of place for the initiative is usually claimed by the Latin American states, but many states and publicists had begun to act and write in support of such seaward expansion prior to the Second World War.1 The reasons for these new demands for coastal state jurisdiction were hardly recondite. The world had entered the hydrocarbon age, and the technical possibilities of offshore production had put deposits in the continental shelf within reach. But other interest groups, including long distance fishermen and naval and air force elements, continued to resist such expansions in favor of the traditional three-mile limit.2 Where these groups proved to be the dominant domestic force, they mobilized their respective governments into opposition todomestic and foreign pressures for seaward expansion of national jurisdiction. Those nations and groups that favored the continuation of a regime of narrow coastal control and broad international use prevailed through the 1950s. But by 1958, and certainly by 1960, the broad lines of the emerging expansionist regime were becoming clear.
Judicial Impact of Law School Faculties

This study is a follow-up to our scholarly impact study published in 2015, “Scholarly Impact of Law School Faculties in 2015: Updating the Leiter Score Ranking for the Top Third.” Looking at an expanded time period (2005-2014), we assessed the extent to which extensive citations in the legal literature translated into citations by courts. It is important to acknowledge that the judicial citation rates were very low, precluding extensive analysis and making it difficult to regard some of the results as reliable and robust. Our study indicates that a certain subset of scholars are both noticed and cited by the judiciary as well as their peers. To identify the scholars who are most cited by courts, we leveraged the same data (roster of names and name variations) and used a similar methodology to our 2015 scholarly impact study. Using the school rosters from the scholarly impact survey, we identified scholars with two hundred and fifty or more citations in the legal literature. We then created a very broad search that would include any academic article cited by courts, but would exclude amicus briefs, testimony, judging, and any other incidences of writing or impact. We studied three different court cohorts: citations to scholarly works by the Supreme Court, citations to scholarly works by the U.S. Courts of Appeals, and citations to scholarly works by all state high courts (whether formally called Supreme Courts or Courts of Appeal). There is a moderate correlation between citations in the legal literature and citations by courts. The correlation is stronger at the federal level, weaker at the state level. Overall, there is a relatively weak correlation between schools’ performance in the scholarly impact study and the judicial impact study.
Message, myopia, dystopia

The workings of “message”—a coherent, brand-like biographical chronotope—as it has long-circulated in the specifically American system of fifty-state presidential electoral politics helps to explain the outcome of the 2016 vote. The agōn of positive and negative messaging about the respective candidates, Secretary Clinton and Mr. Trump, seems to have worked, at the regional margins of an otherwise remarkably stable system, to the ultimate disadvantage of the former and the ultimate advantage of the latter.
Extramarital Affairs: Clinical Approaches in Marital Therapy

Extramarital sexual relationships constitute one of the most common problems encountered in marital therapy. They present both of the marital partners with highly emotionally charged dilemmas that must be resolved. Once believed to occur because a married person was weak, immoral, or neurotic, they are now understood to occur because of a variety of reasons. While almost a third of these cases end in divorce, others respond to appropriate treatment so that the marriages may be maintained, although with varying degrees of happiness for these couples. The author examines the clinical aspects of extramarital affairs and offers guidlines for therapy.
Trimethylsilylcyclopentadienyl (Cp' ) Uranium Chemistry: Synthetic and Structural Studies of Cp'4U and Cp'3UX (X = Cl, I, Me)

Cp′4U (Cp′ = C5H4SiMe3) was synthesized from: (a) KCp′ and [Cp′3U(THF)][BPh4]; (b) Cp′3U and Cp′2Pb; and (c) [K(2.2.2-cryptand)][Cp′4U] and AgBPh4. Identified by X-ray crystallography as a rare example of a structurally-characterized tetrakis(cyclopentadienyl)U(IV) complex. For comparison, the corresponding Th complex, Cp′4Th, was isolated from the direct combination of ThBr4(THF)4 with excess KCp′. During the preparation of Cp′3UMe, the precursor of the [Cp′3U(THF)][BPh4] reagent used above, it was discovered that the reaction of Cp′3UCl and MeLi gives a mixture of Cp′3UMe and Cp′3UCl that can co-crystallize better than Cp′3UMe in pure form. The Cp′3UMe/Cp′3UCl mixture forms single crystals suitable for X-ray crystallography and provides a new way to characterize the oil, Cp′3UMe. Cp′3UCl and Cp′3UI were also crystallographically characterized for comparison with the Cp′3UMe/Cp′3UCl crystals.
Phase 1/2 trial of ixazomib, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM).

8002Background: Ixazomib (Ixa) is an oral proteasome inhibitor, approved for treatment of relapsed myeloma (MM) in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone (Dex). The combination of bortezomib with cyclophosphamide (Ctx) and Dex is an effective regimen for initial therapy of MM. The combination of Ixa, Ctx and Dex could provide an effective, all oral regimen for initial therapy of MM. Methods: NDMM patients (pts) with measurable disease, adequate organ function, and an ECOG PS >=2 were enrolled. The primary objective of the phase 1 was to determine the MTD of Ctx that can be combined with Ixa and Dex. Pts received Ixa 4 mg on days 1, 8, 15, dex 40 mg days 1, 8, 15, 22 and cyclophosphamide 300 or 400 mg/m2 days 1, 8, 15, 22; cycles were 28 days. Patients could continue on ixa alone after 12 cycles. The phase 2 portion was designed to determine the complete plus very good partial response rate (>=VGPR) of ixazomib to be used in combination with cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone in ND MM. Results: Fi...
Technology-enhanced learning and the multi-cultural classroom: Exploring impacts of open educational resources' use on collaboration and teamwork

This study investigated students' perceptions and reactions to the integration of Open Educational Resources (OERs) Wikipedia, YouTube, etc. in an in-seat business course. The students in the course came from multi-cultural, multi-national, and multi-ethnic backgrounds. Preliminary results indicate that all students use an online site and the OERs to collaborate on group assignments and to build relationships with their peers. In addition, most of the international students spent extra time reviewing the OERs and other materials placed online to prepare for in-class discussions and exams. As the higher education landscape continues to tilt towards a global, open-sourced, and inter-connected learning environment, the use of OERs will allow faculty members to help students enhance learning experiences, build strong connections with their peers, and gain greater appreciation of diverse cultures and diverse viewpoints, while in college.
Modeling Data Gathering in Wireless Sensor Networks

The predominant protocol development methodology in the area of wireless sensor networks today can be characterized as being one of design-byintuition/validate-through-simulation. However, a concurrent development of complementary theoretical models for these protocols is essential for the rapid advancement of this technology. This is because the severe resource constraints on energy, computation, and storage that are characteristic of these networks make it crucial to optimize protocols, in order to maximize network lifetime while providing an acceptable quality of sensed information. We survey in this chapter some examples drawn from recent studies pertaining to data gathering in sensor networks. These examples demonstrate the importance of optimizing protocol parameters carefully to maximize performance. We emphasize the use of a first-order mathematical modeling approach. The optimizations are all based on simple expressions that are intended to capture the impact of essential environmental and protocol parameters. This approach is motivated by the desire to understand easily the key design tradeoffs that are involved in each context. As we shall see, even such simple models can yield fundamental design insights to improve the performance of practical protocols. This style of modeling is nicely described in an essay written by the noted economist, Prof. Hal Varian, titled “How to build an economic model in your spare time” [1]:
Impact of the Allium Genomes on Plant Breeding

A better understanding of the structures and characteristics of the chloroplast, mitochondrial, and nuclear genomes have played significant roles in the genetic improvement of Allium crops. In this chapter, I will reflect upon the practical use of this genomic information for genetic improvement of the Alliums.
A fata morgana at the end of the world, or towards the eco-racial disaster of J. G. Ballard’s The Drowned World

ABSTRACTThis paper argues that J. G. Ballard’s The Drowned World presents an ethical call to commit to a project oriented towards egalitarianism and justice that attends to the ways that racialisat...
Peter Beinart’s “Shield of the Republic”: debating the sledgehammer, not the nut

In “Shield of the Republic” (The Atlantic, September 16, 2018), Peter Beinart joins the chorus of foreign policy commentators who stress that America’s time as the world’s sole superpower has come to an end. However, Beinart’s argument for American decline rests on a conception of power that privileges the link between economic strength and military might, rather than geopolitical influence. Chinese expansionism, as this essay will show, has nothing to do with territorial gains, and everything to do with spreading influence through Xi Jinping’s flagship Belt and Road Initiative. Beinart’s focus on military threats to U.S. interests, at the exclusion of even mentioning the BRI, is an omission in line with Washington’s approach to date. In reckoning with the future of Chinese expansion, the U.S. must seek to understand its rival in a 21st century context and begin to play to its own strengths.
Akt phosphorylation and stabilization of XIAP: A major mechanism of Akt-induced cell survival at post-mitochondrial level

4827 Akt negatively regulates apoptotic pathways at a pre-mitochondrial level through phosphorylation and modulation of proteins such as Bad, Forkhead proteins and GSK-3β. Akt has also been shown to protect cell death at a post-mitochondrial level, although its downstream targets have not been well documented. Here, we demonstrate that Akt, including AKT1 and AKT2, interacts with and phosphorylates XIAP at residue serine-87 in vitro and in vivo. Phosphorylation of XIAP by Akt protects XIAP from ubiquitination and degradation in response to cisplatin. Moreover, autoubiquitination of XIAP is also inhibited by Akt. Consistent with this, an XIAP mutant introduced into cells which mimics the Akt-phosphorylated form (i.e., XIAP-S87D) displays reduced ubiquitination and degradation as compared to wild type XIAP. The greater stability of XIAP-S87D in cells translated to increased cell survival after cisplatin treatment. Conversely, a mutant that could not be phosphorylated by Akt (XIAP-S87A) was more rapidly degraded and showed increased cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Further, suppression of XIAP by either siRNA or adenovirus of antisense of XIAP induced programmed cell death and inhibited Akt-stimulated cell survival in ovarian cancer cells. These data identify XIAP as a new downstream target of Akt and a potentially important mediator of Akt’s effect on cell survival.
Females of southeastern United States species of Brachycentrus Curtis, 1984 (Trichoptera: Brachycentridae)

AbstractFrom 10 species of Brachycentrus Curtis, 1834 known from the southeastern United States, female genitalia of only five have been described so far. Herein, for the first time, we describe fe...
Male Wombs: The Automaton and Techno-Nurturance in Hugo

Based on an examination of automata, puppetry, and space in Martin Scorsese’s film Hugo, this chapter argues that the film creates a male womb grounded in techno-culture, from which the child Hugo is able to engage with both the industrial and creative elements of masculinity. Hugo makes this space his own, and in it, he transforms his father’s automaton from a clockwork machine to a puppet and, in doing so, begins creative construction of his own identity and future path. By restoring the small mechanical man while reframing it from his clockmaker father’s industrial and technological context to his own nascent theatrical and creative context, Hugo both reinforces his link to his father’s lineage and transforms the relational and creative potential of the masculine world.
Trends in Acute Myocardial Infarction by Race and Ethnicity.

Background Trends in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) incidence rates for diverse races/ethnicities are largely unknown, presenting barriers to understanding the role of race/ethnicity in AMI occu...
Tetrazole Azasydnone (C2N7O2H) And Its Salts: High-Performing Zwitterionic Energetic Materials Containing A Unique Explosophore

This work reports the first compound containing both a tetrazole and an azasydnone ring, a unique energetic material. Several energetic salts of the tetrazole azasydnone were synthesized and characterized, leading to the creation of new secondary and primary explosives. Molecular structures are confirmed by 1 H and 13 C NMR, IR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallographic analysis. The high heats of formation, fast detonation velocities, and straight-forward synthesis of energetic azasydnones should capture the attention of future energetics research.
Characterizing corrosion properties of graphene barrier layers deposited on polycrystalline metals

Abstract In this study, barrier properties of as-grown graphene layers (Gr) were systematically characterized on two widely used polycrystalline metal substrates, copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni), under ambient humid air as well as in aggressive steam/air environments. Four types of graphene coatings were used to distinguish the bonding effect: directly grown graphene coatings on Cu and Ni as well as transferred graphene coatings on Cu and Ni. Corrosion rates were examined through Tafel analysis in both single-cycle and multiple-cycle experiments. Our study shows that in-plane diffusion of water and oxygen into underlying Cu substrates triggers corrosion of Cu surfaces even in the presence of graphene coatings. Similar corrosion caused by in-plane diffusion of corrosive species was not observed in the Ni/Gr system, which effectively protects the Ni surface in most regions under steam/air environment over 1 month. The Ni/Gr system demonstrates ultra-low and stable corrosion rates compared with those of transferred graphene on Ni (TrGr/Ni) and Cu/Gr systems in destructive corrosion evolution tests. After three cycles cumulative Tafel tests, the corrosion rates of TrGr/Ni and Cu/Gr system dramatically increased 66.3 times and 361.6 times compared to that of Ni/Gr system, respectively. This study shows that the formation of a strong metal-graphene interfacial bond plays a critical role in enabling long-term corrosion-resistant by applying graphene coatings on polycrystalline metal substrates.
Injuries on the Youth Soccer (Football) Field: Do Additional Referees Reduce Risk? Randomized Crossover Trial.

OBJECTIVE Youth soccer injury can be prevented through various means, but few studies consider the role of referees. Following previous research suggesting children take fewer risks when supervised intensely, this randomized crossover trial evaluated whether risky play and injuries decrease under supervision from three referees instead of one referee. METHODS Youth soccer clubs serving a metropolitan U.S. area participated. Boys' and girls' clubs at under age 10 (U10) and under age 11 (U11) levels were randomly assigned such that when the same clubs played each other twice in the same season, they played once with one referee and once with three referees. A total of 98 games were videotaped and subsequently coded to obtain four outcomes: collisions between players, aggressive fouls (involving physical player-to-player contact) called by the referee(s) on the field, aggressive fouls judged by trained coders, and injuries requiring adult attention or play stoppage. RESULTS Poisson mixed model results suggest players in the 98 games committed fewer aggressive fouls, as identified independently by referees (rate ratio [RR] 0.58; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.35-0.96) and by researchers (RR 0.67; 95% CI 0.50-0.90), when there were three referees versus one referee. Collisions (RR 0.98; 95% CI 0.86-1.12) and injury rates (RR 1.15; 95% CI 0.60-2.19) were similar across conditions. CONCLUSION When the same youth soccer clubs played with three referees rather than one, they committed fewer aggressive fouls. More intense supervision created better rule adherence. Injury rates were unchanged with increased supervision. Results raise questions concerning whether financial investment in additional referees on youth soccer fields yields safety benefits.
Unique technique to relieve left ventricular assist device electromagnetic interference with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator.

We introduced a simple technique to eliminate electromagnetic interference between a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) and an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). A 43-year-old male with heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) who had an ICD presented with decompensated heart failure and received an LVAD as a bridge to transplant. Remote monitoring showed persistent atrial fibrillation causing an inappropriate ICD shock leading to a decision to disable shock therapies. However, an in-office interrogation was unsuccessful due to electromagnetic interference. Patient was instructed to extend his arm above his head on the ipsilateral side of the ICD, thus increasing the distance between LVAD and ICD, eliminating the interaction to allow reprogramming of the device. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
A Case of Fishy Smell-Fish Malodor Syndrome

Introduction: Primary trimethylaminuria (TMAU), also known as fish malodor syndrome is a rare condition that is characterized by trimethylamine excess. The hallmark of this condition is a body malodor similar to decaying fish. As this metabolic disorder is uncommon, this case highlights the management options for an endocrinologist. Case presentation: A 56-year-old man was referred to the endocrine clinic for TMAU. Starting in puberty, the patient’s family and friends noted a malodor that he has never been able to detect. After several decades, the patient was diagnosed clinically by a dermatologist. Since then, the patient’s management had included avoiding cholines in his diet, which included egg yolks and salt-water fish. Additionally, for severe episodes occurring once to twice a year, he took a cup of charcoal daily plus Metronidazole 500 mg twice a day for ten days. The patient was the only member of his family with this condition. Physical exam was unremarkable expect for a faint malodor. Metronidazole, charcoal, and a genetics consult were ordered. Discussion: TMAU is a rare metabolic disorder in which an individual is not able to convert trimethylamine into trimethylamine N-oxide due to a defect in the hepatic oxidase system. It results from a mutation in the flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 gene (FMO3) that is inherited via autosomal recessive pattern. An excess excretion of trimethylamine in the urine, breath, sweat, and reproductive fluids results in a body malodor similar to that of decaying fish. The odor may be exacerbated by increase in body temperature, emotional changes, puberty, and prior to and during menstruation in women and often results in distressing psychosocial difficulties. Thus, early institution of dietary and pharmacological measures will likely have a major impact on quality of life. Treatment options are limited and include topical, dietary, and medications. Topical approaches include antiperspirants, deodorants, and pH-balanced soap. A diet low in choline-containing foods such as dairy, beans, and marine fish is beneficial as choline is metabolized to trimethylamine by the intestinal bacteria. For severe cases, antibiotics such as Metronidazole, Rifaximin, and Neomycin sulfate are helpful to reduce the intestinal bacterial load. Other therapeutic strategies consist of activated charcoal (750 mg twice a day for ten days) and copper chlorphyllin (60 mg three times a day for three weeks); both reduce urinary free trimethylamine and increase the concentration of trimethylamine N-oxide.
The Neglect of Monotone Comparative Statics Methods.

Monotone methods enable comparative static analysis without the restrictive assumptions of the implicit-function theorem. Ease of use and flexibility in solving comparative static and game-theory problems have made monotone methods popular in the economics literature and in graduate courses, but they are still absent from undergraduate mathematical economics courses and textbooks. In this article, the authors illustrate the generality of monotone comparative statics relative to the implicit function approach. For example, to sign the effect of a discrete policy shift on a choice variable, the marginal returns will increase with the policy parameter. They also apply monotone methods in game theory settings. As mathematical economics courses and majors gain popularity, incorporating monotone methods into curriculum and textbooks would provide a modern treatment of comparative static analysis.
Multiple paths lead to salt tolerance - pre-adaptation vs dynamic responses from two closely related extremophytes

Salinity stress is an ongoing problem for global crop production. Schrenkiella parvula and Eutrema salsugineum are salt-tolerant extremophytes closely related to Arabidopsis thaliana. We investigated multi-omics salt stress responses of the two extremophytes in comparison to A. thaliana. Our results reveal that S. parvula limits Na accumulation while E. salsugineum shows high tissue tolerance to excess Na. Despite this difference, both extremophytes maintained their nutrient balance, while A. thaliana failed to sustain its nutrient content. The root metabolite profiles of the two extremophytes, distinct at control conditions, converged upon prolonged salt stress. This convergence was achieved by a dynamic response in S. parvula roots increasing its amino acids and sugars to the constitutively high basal levels observed in E. salsugineum. The metabolomic adjustments were strongly supported by the transcriptomic responses in the extremophytes. The predominant transcriptomic signals in all three species were associated with salt stress. However, root architecture modulation mediated by negative regulators of auxin and ABA signaling supported minimally affected root growth unique to each extremophyte during salt treatments. Overall, E. salsugineum exhibited more preadapted responses at the metabolome level while S. parvula showed predominant pre-adaptation at the transcriptome level to salt stress. Our work shows that while salt tolerance in these two species shares common features, they substantially differ in pathways leading to convergent adaptive traits.
Congressional Power to Require DNA Testing

Many states fail to conduct, or even to permit, DNA testing of biological materials in circumstances in which the results might exonerate convicts under sentence of death. Senator Patrick Leahy thinks that Congress should enact a statute requiring states to provide for testing when it promises to reveal the truth. Leahy’s idea is sensible as a matter of policy. I mean in this Article to argue that it is also constitutionally feasible. Senator Leahy’s specific proposal is contained in section 104 of the Innocence Protection Act of 2001 (“IPA”):
Determination of Chromosomal Aneuploidy Using Paraffin‐Embedded Tissue

Tissue processed in pathology departments is generally fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin blocks. Depending upon the nature of the question asked, two different approaches are taken to analyze this material and are presented in this unit. If information about the spatial relationship of one cell to another is not necessary, a thick section of tissue can be disaggregated and the resulting intact nuclei analyzed. The number of hybridization signals per nucleus is tabulated; variance from two hybridization signals per nucleus indicates aneuploidy. If the spatial relationship of one cell to another needs to be preserved, intact tissue sections on glass slides can be analyzed. Tissue processed in pathology departments is generally fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin blocks.
Renal Cell Carcinoma: Risks and Benefits of Nephron-Sparing Surgery for T1 Tumors

Renal cell carcinoma is the most common cancer of the kidneys that is primarily treated with surgery, including removal of part or all the involved kidney depending on size and tumor, complexity, and patient characteristics. Partial nephrectomy historically was restricted to cases of solitary kidney or bilateral tumors. It was then started for masses smaller than 4 cm and currently is even studied and justified in tumors smaller than 7 cm if surgically feasible. Although partial nephrectomy preserves kidney tissue and, therefore, delays or prevents the new onset of CKD and ESRD, radical nephrectomy is still overused even for the small tumors. Studies have shown that although this practice is driven by an easier complete removal of the kidney especially in the era of minimally invasive surgery, partial nephrectomy is successful in curing cancer and achieving excellent cancer-specific survival in addition to its benefits on cardiovascular health. Nowadays interest in preserving healthy kidney tissue is increasing to the level of studying the impact of larger volume removed around the kidney and the histopathology of that non-neoplastic tissue to predict kidney function behavior postoperatively.
Exchange rate evidence on the effectiveness of United Nations policy

This paper analyzes the effectiveness of international interventions through their impact on exchange rates. If a specific intervention actually increases (decreases) a country's economic and political stability, then its currency should appreciate (depreciate). Estimates suggest that peacekeeping forces in Lebanon caused long-run appreciations, while economic sanctions imposed upon South Africa only caused temporary depreciations. In both cases, repeated U.N. resolutions condemning or demanding actions, that were not backed by actual interventions, did not cause changes in the exchange rate. The results in this paper are supportive of predictions from the public choice approach applied to international organizations and policies.
Comprehensive study on AC characteristics in SOI MOSFETs for analog applications

We report an extensive investigation of the AC characteristics of SOI MOSFETs in order to assess the suitability of different SOI device designs for analog applications. The geometry dependence of body discharging paths as well as the relevant AC floating body effects are addressed.
Tiller production in cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) growing along a light gradient

Pasture managers seek to balance leaf appearance with utilization to sustain sward productivity while meeting livestock nutritional needs. Achieving this in silvopasture must account for the influence of light and defoliation on tillering. We determined tiller production, as a function of light availability and clipping height, for two forage grasses adapted to cool, humid temperate conditions of the Appalachian region of the USA. Tiller production of cocksfoot (orchard grass) (Dactylis glomerata L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) was greatest in unshaded and least in shaded sites, irrespective of residual clipping height. Juvenile plants produced more than twice as many tillers as mature plants, with differences accentuated by site, reflecting a shift in reproductive and resource-use strategies. Trends in tiller production were as follows: cocksfoot > tall fescue; 10-cm > 5-cm residual clipping height; and unshaded > partially shaded > densely shaded sites. Tiller production reaches maximum earlier in the woodlot site, regardless of species or clipping height, than at the unshaded site. Plants at the wooded site extended leaves quickly, sustaining herbage production, but had less non-structural carbohydrate and fewer tillers. Cocksfoot, but not tall fescue, sustained leaf and tiller production in the shaded sites, suggesting that cocksfoot is suited for use in silvopasture in this region.
Effect of additional mechanical sensor data on an EMG-based pattern recognition system for a powered leg prosthesis

Powered lower limb prostheses can improve amputees' ability to traverse stairs and ramps by providing positive mechanical work at the knee and ankle joint. EMG signals have been proposed as one way of providing seamless mode transitions by using them in combination with embedded mechanical sensors as inputs to a pattern recognition system that predicts the user's desired locomotion mode. In this study, we have expanded the amount of mechanical sensor information to include data from an additional five degrees of freedom in the load cell, as well as calculated thigh and shank angles. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of this additional information on the performance of an EMG-based pattern recognition system designed to predict the desired locomotion mode. Our results indicate that including the additional mechanical sensor signals decreased the error rates of the system for both steady-state and transitional steps when compared to the reduced sensor set. We also found that EMG still decreased the error rate of the system, but to a lesser extent when using the additional mechanical sensors.
Parsing out the complexity of RAF inhibitor resistance

The discovery in 2002 of frequent mutation of BRAF in cancer was a milestone event in our understanding of the genetics of melanoma (1). This observation, amongst others, led to the current understanding that melanoma is a collection of genetically divergent neoplasms united by common histopathologic criteria (2). Moreover, the implicit promise of this discovery was that inhibition of oncogenic BRAF signaling would improve the treatment of patients with metastatic disease, which had largely defied the best efforts of medical oncology. However, the clinical failure of initial RAF or MEK inhibitor trials, combined with evidence that BRAF was mutated in benign nevi, led to skepticism that BRAF→MEK→ERK signaling was important for melanoma maintenance (3-6). In 2010, this early promise was finally realized when Plexxicon and Roche scientists in collaboration with a world-wide consortium of medical oncologists, described the properties of PLX-4032, a pan-RAF inhibitor that elicited striking tumor regressions in Phase I clinical trials (7,8). Indeed, the remarkable (~80%) response rate of patients to PLX-4302 garnered considerable attention from the press and excitement in the melanoma research community (9). One of the remarkable, but unsung, aspects of PLX-4032′s success was the critical role that drug formulation played in obtaining sufficiently sustained inhibition of BRAF→MEK→ERK signaling in patients (7).
Detecting Traditional Packers, Decisively

Many of the important decidability results in malware analysis are based Turing machine models of computation. We exhibit computational models which use more realistic assumptions about machine and attacker resources. While seminal results such as [1---5] remain true for Turing machines, we show under more realistic assumptions, important tasks are decidable instead of undecidable. Specifically, we show that detecting traditional malware unpacking behavior --- in which a payload is decompressed or decrypted and subsequently executed --- is decidable under our assumptions. We then examine the issue of dealing with complex but decidable problems. We look for lessons from the hardware verification community, which has been striving to meet the challenge of intractable problems for the past three decades.
Sexual segregation and use of water by bighorn sheep: implications for conservation

Males and females of most dimorphic ruminants segregate outside the mating season, which may necessitate that conservation efforts focus on differential resources used by the sexes. Dimorphic bighorn sheep Ovis canadensis are one of the rarest ungulates in North America with some populations listed as endangered. Water sources are important for the persistence of populations of bighorns, especially in a changing climate. Understanding whether the sexes use different water sources could influence the conservation of this species and the habitats they occupy; however, little research exists regarding this important topic. We tested hypotheses relating to use of water sources by reintroduced male and female bighorns in Utah, USA. We investigated whether use of this resource differed across seasons by sex, and if sexes used water more during drought compared with non-drought conditions. Bighorns used small, adjacent core areas during segregation, and males and females used different sources of water during that time. Males visited water sources used by females more during aggregation. Males and females used water sources more in summer, and males visited water sources more during rut than did females. Males and females did not use water sources more during drought compared with non-drought conditions; however, sexes visited water sources more during the season following drought than following non-drought conditions, indicating a time-lag in use of this resource. Our results highlight the importance of water sources used by sexes of bighorns, and indicate that the existing criterion for distance of bighorn reintroductions from water may be inadequate for successful establishment of populations. We recommend conservationists assess availability of water sources near habitat used by male and female ungulates before conserving and manipulating habitat, siting artificial sources of water and reintroducing animals.