cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laggards or victims of socioeconomic conditions?: findings from ongoing survey of female slum-dwellers without cell phone ownership

This paper presents the following details from an ongoing survey of 334 poor female slum-dwellers who don't own cell phones: demographic features including socioeconomic status, sources of income, barriers to adopt cell phones, and perceived incentives for and consequences of using cell phones in India. The findings differ from three key characteristics of laggards identified by the diffusion of innovation literature. The findings based on responses from 334 poor laggards suggest hypotheses for predicting the cell phone adoption by the remaining poor laggards in India.
The theoretical effect of carboxyhemoglobin on the pulse oximeter.

The relationship between arterial oxygen saturation as measured by the pulse oximeter (SpO2) and the fractional arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) in the presence and absence of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) has been derived according to the theory of absorption spectroscopy. We find that our theoretically derived correction equation is similar to that found in the technical literature of Nellcor. However, the correction equations presented by Barker and Tremper and the technical literature of Ohmeda differ substantially from our equation when sufficient quantities of reduced hemoglobin are present and the fractional COHb saturation (SaCO) is high. Our approximated equation, derived from the Lambert-Beer law, is SaO2=SpO2(1−0.932 SaCO)+0.032 SaCO. The equation of Barker and Tremper is SaO2=SpO2−0.9 SaCO. The Nellcor equation is SaO2=SpO2(1−SaCO).
Oberflächenchemie aus der Sicht eines Komplexchemikers

Die Struktur von Oberflachenverbindungen, die sich an der Grenzflache fest-gasformig bilden, wurde noch nicht exakt im molekularen Detail definiert. Dank der grosen Fortschritte der Theorie, der Instrumentierung und der experimentellen Technik ist der Oberflachenchemiker inzwischen mit einem beeindruckenden Arsenal strukturchemischer und elektronischer Untersuchungsmethoden ausgerustet. Die Chemie in Gestalt der klassischen Verdrangungsreaktion kann ebenfalls Einsichten in die Struktur von Oberflachenverbindungen vermitteln. Tatsachlich last sich viel von den experimentellen Verfahren und Systematisierungen aus der Koordinations- und Organometallchemie nutzbringend verwenden - als Erganzung zu Techniken der Oberflachenphysik -, um ein klareres Bild der chemisorbierten Zustande und/oder der Reaktionen an Oberflachen zu gewinnen.
What is Good Psychotherapy

This article addresses philosophical and methodological issues with regard to the question, “What is good psychotherapy?” Applying the ideas of Richard Bernstein, Hans-Georg Gadamer, Ludwig Wittgen...
Stoichiometric differences in food quality: impacts on genetic diversity and the coexistence of aquatic herbivores in a Daphnia hybrid complex.

The maintenance of genetic and species diversity in an assemblage of genotypes (clones) in the Daphnia pulex species complex (Cladocera: Anomopoda) in response to variation in the carbon:phosphorus ratio (quantity and quality) of the green alga, Scenedesmus acutus, was examined in a 90-day microcosm competition experiment. Results indicated that mixed assemblages of seven distinct genotypes (representing clonal lineages of D. pulex, D. pulicaria and interspecific hybrids) showed rapid loss of genetic diversity in all treatments (2 × 2 factorial design, high vs. low quantity, and high vs. low quality). However, the erosion of diversity (measured as the effective number of clones) was slowest under the poorest food conditions (i.e., low quantity, low quality) and by the conclusion of the experiment (90 days) had resulted in the (low, low) treatment having significantly greater genetic diversity than the other three treatments. In addition, significant genotype (clone) × (food) environment interactions were observed, with a different predominant species/clone found under low food quality versus high food quality (no significant differences were detected for the two food quantities). A clone of D. pulex displaced the other clones under low food quality conditions, while a clone of D. pulicaria displaced the other clones in the high food quality treatments. Subsequent life-history experiments were not sufficient to predict the outcome of competitive interactions among members of this clonal assemblage. Our results suggest that genetic diversity among herbivore species such as Daphnia may be impacted not only by differences in food quantity but also by those in food quality and could be important in the overall maintenance of genetic diversity in natural populations.
An in vitro microdialysis methodology to study 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 enzyme activity in liver microsomes

Abstract Microdialysis sampling coupled with liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) was used to observe in vitro 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD1) enzyme-catalyzed conversion of stable-isotope-labeled cortisone to cortisol in liver microsomes from dog, monkey, and human. Experimental conditions that would affect the microdialysis sampling approach including probe length, perfusion fluid flow rate, extraction efficiency (Ed), substrate concentration, and enzyme reaction conditions were evaluated. Dialysates containing high salt concentrations (>150 mM) were directly assayed using LC/MS/MS without additional sample cleanup. The sensitivity (with lower level of quantitation at 0.1 ng/mL) and selectivity of this assay allowed detection of the enzyme reactants at physiologically relevant levels. The interconversion from M+4 cortisone to M+4 cortisol was detected in dog, human, and monkey liver microsomes. Results show species-specific reaction profiles, with a five times higher conversion rate in dog liver microsomes than in human and monkey liver microsomes. Based on M+4 cortisol production rate obtained using a microdialysis infusion of M+4 cortisone to the microsomes coincubated with a proprietary 11β-HSD1 inhibitor of different concentrations, the degrees of enzyme inhibition were found to be 40 and 85%, consistent with values obtained by a traditional in vitro incubation method. The microdialysis sampling methodology with LC/MS/MS provided extensive information about 11β-HSD1 activities in microsomes from different mammalian species.
Manganese(II) dynamics and distribution in glial cells cultured from chick cerebral cortex.

The kinetics of manganese(II) ion uptake and efflux have been investigated using tracer54Mn(II) with glial cells cultured from chick cerebral cortex in chemically defined medium. The initial velocity of Mn(II) uptake versus [Mn(II)] exhibit saturation, with an apparent S0.5≈18(±3) μM. Both the rate and extent of Mn(II) uptake are inhibited by Ca(II), either added externally or preloaded into the glial cells. Preloading of glia with Mn(II) also inhibits the rate of external54Mn(II) uptake. Zn(II) inhibits but Cu(II) activates Mn(II) uptake. Efflux of Mn(II) from preloaded cells occurs as a biphasic process, with rapid release of 30–40% of total cell Mn(II), then much slower release of the remainder. Permeabilization of cells with dextran sulfate also rapidly released ca. 30% of total cell Mn(II). High external Mn(II) enhanced both the rate and extent of Mn(II) efflux. CCCP, an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, inhibited both Mn(II) uptake and efflux significantly, but addition of cyanide, ouabain, insulin, hydrocortisone, K+, or Nd(III) had no effect on either process. Taken together, these data suggest a model in which Mn(II) is brought across the plasma membrane by facilitated diffusion, binds to cytosolic protein sites, and is partitioned into the mitochondria by an active transport mechanism. The fact that the Mn(II) flux rates observed with cultured glia are much faster than those reported for overall uptake and efflux of brain Mn(II)in vivo suggests that the blood-brain barrier may play a significant role in determining these latter rates in whole animals.
Electromagnetic Forces in a Hybrid Magnetic-Bearing Switched-Reluctance Motor

We have performed analysis and experimental measurement of the electromagnetic force loads on the hybrid rotor in a novel hybrid magnetic-bearing switched-reluctance motor (MBSRM). An MBSRM has the combined characteristics of a switched-reluctance motor and a magnetic bearing. The MBSRM discussed in this paper has an eight-pole stator and a six-pole hybrid rotor, which is composed of circular and scalloped lamination segments. The hybrid rotor is levitated with only one set of four stator poles, while a second set of four stator poles imparts torque to the scalloped portion of the rotor, which is driven in a traditional switched reluctance manner by a processor. We performed static torque and radial force analysis of rotor poles oriented to achieve maximum and minimum radial force loads on the rotor. The objective was to assess whether simple one-dimensional magnetic circuit analysis is sufficient for preliminary evaluation of this machine, which may exhibit strong three-dimensional electromagnetic field behavior. We employed two magnetic circuit geometries, approximating the complex topology of the magnetic fields in and around the hybrid rotor, in formulating the electromagnetic radial force equations. The experimental and the theoretical radial force load predictions agreed reasonably well with typical magnetic bearing derating factors applied to the predictions.
Aphasic adults' use of heuristic and structural linguistic cues for sentence analysis.

Abstract Eight aphasic adults with relatively preserved auditory comprehension and 12 normal adults were tested for their ability to analyze sentences in which the functional relations between the verb and nouns was either directly reflected by word order expectancies, or marked by a functor or non-NVN word order. The subjects' task was to designate the agent of each sentence. Results indicated that aphasics utilize word order expectancies but are impaired in their ability to exploit functors and particularly, word order markers for sentence analysis. Results are discussed in terms of aphasics' use of heuristic versus structural linguistic cues for interpreting sentences.
Thermoregulatory dysfunction in neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Hyperthermia is the central feature of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), but its etiology remains elusive. Two competing hypotheses implicate either hypothalamic dysfunction (inappropriate "set point") or direct myotoxicity (excessive peripheral heat production). These two models have distinct implications for thermoregulatory activity in NMS. The first predicts that the individual should respond as to a hypothermic threat or infection (the hypothalamus signals the body to raise its temperature). The second implies that an excessive heat load is perceived by the hypothalamus, which responds to this hyperthermic threat (it signals the body to lower its temperature). To assess the validity of these two hypotheses the thermoregulatory responses of a series of NMS patients (36 patients, 46 episodes) were examined using standard statistical methods. In contrast to normal mammalian thermoregulatory behavior, thermoeffector responses were not organized into either mode, but appeared to function somewhat independently and paradoxically. We conclude that neither hypothesis is sufficient to explain altered thermoregulation in NMS, and that the loss of integrated thermoeffector activity may be unique to this disorder.
NONPOLARIZED DISTRIBUTION OF GLYCOSYLPHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS IN THE PLASMA MEMBRANE OF POLARIZED MADIN-DARBY CANINE KIDNEY CELLS

Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) are ubiquitous in eukaryotes and serve to anchor a variety of proteins to the exoplasmic leaflet of cellular membranes. GPIs are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), in excess of the amount needed for protein modification. The fate of the excess GPIs is unknown, but they may be retained in the ER, transported to other membranes, and/or metabolized. In relation to this problem, we were interested in determining whether GPIs were transported to the plasma membrane and whether, like GPI-anchored proteins, their presence was confined to the apical plasma membrane domain in polarized epithelial cells. Polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cell monolayers were incubated with [3H]mannose or [3H]ethanolamine to label GPIs and then infected with enveloped viruses. We used influenza virus (flu) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) for these experiments as these viruses are assembled at the cell surface and acquire their envelope lipids from the plasma membrane. Furthermore, flu and VSV bud specifically from the apical and basolateral plasma membrane domains, respectively. Flu and VSV were isolated from the apical and basolateral media, respectively, and subjected to lipid analysis. Radiolabeled GPIs were found in both viruses. Moreover, the membrane concentration of GPIs (i.e. GPI radioactivity normalized to membrane mass) in the two viruses was essentially the same. These observations suggest that (i) non-protein-linked GPIs are located at the plasma membrane; (ii) since GPIs are synthesized in the ER, they must be transported from the ER to the plasma membrane; and (iii) transport of nonprotein-linked GPIs is not influenced by the sorting processes that target GPI-anchored proteins exclusively to the apical plasma membrane.
Electron-capture-to-the-continuum cusp shape variations among a sequence of fluorocarbon gases for ∼ MeV/u bare H and He projectiles

Abstract The ECC cusp shapes for bare H and He projectiles on hydrocarbon (C m H n ) gas targets show an abrupt, small change when m ⩾ 4. Similar shape changes were sought in the ECC cusps obtained with bare H and He projectiles on the fluorocarbon gas series, CF 4 , C 2 F 6 and C 2 F 8 . Analyses of these spectra indicate little shape change among the fluorocarbon sequence. The ramifications of this result for the possibility of “wakes” in molecules will be discussed.
Center-Level Factors and Racial Disparities in Living Donor Kidney Transplantation

Background On average, African Americans attain living donor kidney transplantation (LDKT) at decreased rates compared with their non–African American counterparts. However, center-level variations in this disparity or the role of center-level factors is unknown. Study Design Observational cohort study. Setting & Participants 247,707 adults registered for first-time kidney transplants from 1995-2007 as reported by the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients. Predictors Patient-level factors (age, sex, body mass index, insurance status, education, blood type, and panel-reactive antibody level) were adjusted for in all models. The association of center-level characteristics (number of candidates, transplant volume, LDKT volume, median time to transplant, percentage of African American candidates, percentage of prelisted candidates, and percentage of LDKT) and degree of racial disparity in LDKT was quantified. Outcomes Hierarchical multivariate logistic regression models were used to derive center-specific estimates of LDKT attainment in African American versus non–African American candidates. Results Racial parity was not seen at any of the 275 transplant centers in the United States. At centers with the least racial disparity, African Americans had 35% lower odds of receiving LDKT; at centers with the most disparity, African Americans had 76% lower odds. Higher percentages of African American candidates (interaction term, 0.86; P = 0.03) and prelisted candidates (interaction term, 0.80; P = 0.001) at a given center were associated with increased racial disparity at that center. Higher rates of LDKT (interaction term, 1.25; P Limitations Some patient-level factors are not captured, including a given patient's pool of potential donors. Geographic disparities in deceased donor availability might affect LDKT rates. Center-level policies and practices are not captured. Conclusions Racial disparity in attainment of LDKT exists at every transplant center in the country. Centers with higher rates of LDKT attainment for all races had less disparity; these high-performing centers might provide insights into policies that might help address this disparity.
The coronal X-spectrum: Problems and prospects

The coronal spectrum provides a unique opportunity to probe atomic processes in a high temperature plasma. The corona is optically thin, at low density, and the coronal ions are highly stripped. These characteristics result in an emission line spectrum with a rich multiplet structure, with forbidden lines prominent in the spectrum, and deexcitation of metastable states by two photon decay making significant contributions to the continuum. The multiplet structure is further complicated by the presence of satellite lines from autoionizing states formed during recombination. With few exceptions, the true coronal lines are below 300 A, and the general necessity for and complexity of grazing incidence optics has made it difficult to obtain high resolution spectroheliograms.
Peptide enhancement of neuromuscular function: animal and clinical studies.

Abstract Evidence is presented for an extra-adrenal effect of ACTH and ACTH analogs on muscle action potentials (APs), contractions and fatigue in in situ experiments. ACTH, αMSH, βMSH and ACTH 4–10 increase the amplitude of APs and contraction and decrease fatigue in intact, hypophysectomized and in adrenalectomized rats, subjected to repetitive indirect stimulation (supermaximal strength, 5/sec or 10/sec for 30 min). Elevation of endogenous ACTH resulting from adrenalectomy or cold stress, or both, has the same effect as ACTH administration. ACTH peptides are most effective in depressed physiological conditions e.g. following hypophysectomy. As the effect of ACTH 4–10 is abolished after section of the motor nerve, it is inferred that this peptide may affect central motor neurons. Preliminary observations from clinical studies with ACTH 4–10 in patients with muscle disease, in whom a pathological decline in amplitude of a short series of evoked muscle APs was prevented by peptide administration, also indicate a possible action of this peptide on central nervous system neurons.
Mechanism for the decomposition of iron pentacarbonyl on Pt(111): evidence for iron tetracarbonyl and iron tricarbonyl intermediates

Abstract The surface chemistry of iron pentacarbonyl on Pt(111) was studied using reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS). A small amount of molecular adsorption is observed below half saturation at 110 K., but about 70% of the iron pentacarbonyl decomposes upon chemisorption to yield atomic iron and coadsorbed carbon monoxide. Deposition at 275 K, on the other hand, results in total decomposition and in a steady state growth of iron films on the surface; only CO bonded directly to platinum atoms is seen by RAIRS. The molecular adsorption of iron pentacarbonyl is proposed to occur with a concomitant change of geometry from a trigonal bipyramid to a square pyramid as suggested by the high frequency value observed for the CO mode, around 2060 cm−1. Annealing the surface to 185 K after exposures at 120 K results in desorption of the condensed multilayer and in decarbonylation of the remaining molecules to form iron tetracarbonyl, which displays a peak in the RAIRS spectrum at 2035 cm−1. Further heating to 240 K yields two new bands at 1980 and 1935 cm−1, which we assign to Fe(CO)3. Both Fe(CO)4 and Fe(CO)3 desorb as iron pentacarbonyl after recombination with CO at 195 and 265 K, respectively.
Patterns, structures, and amino acid frequencies in structural building blocks, a protein secondary structure classification scheme

To study local structures in proteins, we previously developed an autoassociative artificial neural network (autoANN) and clustering tool to discover intrinsic features of macromolecular structures. The hidden unit activations computed by the trained autoANN are a convenient low-dimensional encoding of the local protein backbone structure. Clustering these activation vectors results in a unique classification of protein local structural features called Structural Building Blocks (SBBs). Here we describe application of this method to a larger database of proteins, verification of the applicability of this method to structure classification, and subsequent analysis of amino acid frequencies and several commonly occurring patterns of SBBs. The SBB classification method has several interesting properties: 1) it identifies the regular secondary structures, α helix and β strand; 2) it consistently identifies other local structure features (e.g., helix caps and strand caps); 3) strong amino acid preferences are revealed at some positions in some SBBs; and 4) distinct patterns of SBBs occur in the “random coil” regions of proteins. Analysis of these patterns identifies interesting structural motifs in the protein backbone structure, indicating that SBBs can be used as “building blocks” in the analysis of protein structure. This type of pattern analysis should increase our understanding of the relationship between protein sequence and local structure, especially in the prediction of protein structures. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Imagining a dialectical African modernity: Achebe's ontological hopes, Sembene's machines, Mda's epistemological redness

In Chinua Achebe's book of essays Hopes and Impediments, he asserts that Nigeria's failure to ‘develop’ and ‘modernise’ like Japan is because of a ‘failure of imagination’. Yet for many Africans, modernity is a tainted ‘gift’ because it was introduced into the African continent along with European colonial capitalism which simultaneously caused an ontological crisis of self. Although many Africans want to ‘catch up’ with the West, how is it possible when Western technological superiority was equated with white racial superiority? Achebe declares that, as Africans ‘begin their journey into the strange, revolutionary world of modernization’, literature should function as guide. Hence, I examine Ousmane Sembene's novel God's Bits of Wood which depicts Africans laying claim to ‘race-less’, ‘language-less’ ‘machines’. But does (Western) technology change culture? Can African culture appropriate technology to form a dialectical African modernity? If so, what role does ‘tradition’ play? In Zakes Mda's The Heart ...
Bif-1 and Bax expression in cutaneous Merkel cell carcinoma.

Background: Bax-interacting factor-1 (Bif-1) binds to Bax, which in turn activates this proapoptotic protein. In the absence of Bif-1, the ability to induce apoptosis through the intrinsic pathway is greatly reduced. Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) classically shows an aggressive behavior and lack of response to chemotherapy, which remains unexplained. Previous studies have documented the presence of Bax in MCC, but Bif-1 expression has not been evaluated. Herein, the expression of Bif-1 and Bax in cutaneous MCC is examined. Materials and methods: The immunohistochemical expression of Bif-1 and Bax protein was examined in nine cases of MCC. Both positive and negative controls were conducted. All the cases were reviewed by a single dermatopathologist. Results: Bif-1 was detected in nine cases (100%), and Bax was expressed in six cases (66%). The percent positive cells for Bif-1 in MCC ranged from 85% to 98% positive (mean 93.9%). At the same time, decreased Bax expression was shown with 0–8% positive cells (mean 3.45%). Conclusion: The increased expression of Bif-1 in MCC is associated with low levels of Bax staining. These findings suggest that the upregulation of Bif-1 could in part be responsible for tumorigenesis in cutaneous MCC. As shown, Bax and Bif-1 expression are not exclusively antithetical; therefore, future studies evaluating the expression of both proteins should be conducted.
Mechanistic study of the reactivity of 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl 3′,4′-epoxycyclohexancarboxylate in photoinitiated cationic polymerizations

An investigation of the reactivity of the cycloaliphatic diepoxide, 3,4-epoxycyclohexyl 3′, 4′-epoxycycloexane carboxylate (I) in photoinitiated cationic polymerization was carried out with the aid of model compounds. It was shown that the presence of the ester group greatly retards the rate of polymerization of this bisepoxide. Molecular modeling studies indicate that the ester carbonyl group can interact in a number of ways with the initially formed protonated or alkylated oxiranium cation to give bicylic dialkoxycarbenium ions. These latter species are both more sterically hindered and less reactive than the oxiranium cation precursors and undergo propagation at a considerably reduced rate. Reactivity studies em-ploying model compounds also showed that epoxy monomers that contain ester groups undergo polymerization at much slower rates than those in which the ester group is absent. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Slip Correction Measurements for Solid Spherical Particles by Modulated Dynamic Light Scattering

The theoretical expression for the drag force on a spherical particle moving with low Reynolds number in a gas is customarily written by multiplying the Stokes' law expression by a slip correction factor of the form C x = 1 +Kn[γ1 + γ2 exp(-γ3/Kn)], where Kn is the particle Knudsen number and γ1, γ2, and γ3 are empirical constants. We have measured the drag forces on spherical polystyrene latex particles suspended in dry air using the modulated dynamic light scattering technique which is fundamentally different from the Millikan cell approach. Data are time autocorrelation functions of the intensity of light scattered by single test particles from the intersection volume of two coherent laser beams. The data provide detailed information about test particle Brownian motion including the value of the particle diffusion coefficient. Each test particle was held in air suspension by an electrostatic trap to permit measurements to be made on the same particle at air pressures ranging from 760 to 0.2 torr. Data ...
A General Diffraction Theory: A New Approach

Several years ago we published some results concerning the structure of geometrical wavefronts in a homogeneous medium. A description of a wavefront was obtained as a general solution of the eikonal equation. By means of some standard techniques in differential geometry this led to the description of the general caustic. This in turn led us to the study of the geometric aberrations of an optical system from a completely different point of view. These results also suggest an approach to the physics of. the Propagation of light in a homogeneous medium which ought to lead to a proper vector diffraction theory. Recall Hertz' approach to the problem of the spherical wavefront in which he transformed the Maxwell equations into wave equations for the vector and scalar potential functions. To apply these to the spherical wavefront he transformed the arguments of the aradient, divergence and curl operators to a spherical coordinate system. The near-field solution of the wave equation predicted the existence of the dipole oscillator. The farfield solution yielded the now well-known description of the polarization and energy distribution on a spherical wavefront. Present work involves applying these same techniques to the general wavefront obtained as a solution of the eikonal equation. The vector differential operators have been transformed to an appropriate generalized coordinate system. The wave equation for the Potential functions have been obtained and an intermediate integral has been found. As is stands at the present time the electric and magnetic vectors can be expressed in terms of this intermediate integral.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Recent Trends in the Study of Midrash and Rabbinic Narrative

The present article surveys some significant developments in scholarship on rabbinic midrash and narrative (aggadic) sources. The contemporary trends in the study of midrash can be traced back to the work of Jacob Neusner in the early 1970s. This article traces developments from that time, and does so by isolating trends in (1) literary analysis, (2) cultural studies, and (3) new historicism. A final section (4) looks at equally important developments concerning still unfinished business of producing critical editions of rabbinic texts.
Non-linear resonant attitude motions in gravity-stabilized gyrostat satellites

Abstract An “internal angular momentum” in a gravity-stabilized satellite modifies the character of its attitude motions and provides an additional parameter with which to change its non-linear behavior. Non-linear coupling between finite motions gives rise to energy exchanges which are capable of exciting non-linear resonances. This phenomenon causes the roll-yaw motion to increase significantly beyond its initial state to a peak amplitude which may be independent of the initial conditions. Here, the internal angular momentum vector of the gyrostat vehicle is considered to be constant and parallel to the principal axis of the satellite nominally oriented along the perpendicular to the orbit plane. The effect of this angular momentum on the non-linear resonant behavior of the vehicle's motion is analyzed.
High Resolution X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Gallium Nitride Grown on Sapphire by Halide Vapor Phase Epitaxy

We report a structural analysis of GaN layers with thicknesses ranging from 10 u,m to 250 µm which have been grown on sapphire substrates by halide vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE). The effect of growth rate during HVPE growth has also been examined. The growth was performed using GaCl and ammonia as reactants; growth rates in excess of 90 u.m/hr have been achieved. The structural characteristics of these layers have been performed wit'i high resolution x-ray diffractometry. Longitudinal scans parallel to the GaN [0002] direction, transverse scans perpendicular to the [0002], and reciprocal space maps of the total diffracted intensity have been obtained from a variety of GaN layers. The transverse scans typically show broad rocking curves with peak breadths of several hundreds of arcseconds. In contrast, the longitudinal scans (or “9/20 scans") which are sensitive only to strains in the GaN layers (and not their mosaic distributions) showed peak widths that were at least an order of magnitude smaller and in some cases were as narrow as 16 arcseconds. These results suggest that the defect structure of the GaN layers grown by HVPE is dominated by a dislocation-induced mosaic distribution, with the effects of strain in these materials being negligible in comparison.
Effects of Time Frame on Creative Thought: Process Versus Problem-Solving Effects

Time and people's perceptions of it have commonly been held to influence creative thought. One critical concern is the effect of temporal orientation, a focus on the past, present, or future, on creative thought. To address this issue, 197 undergraduates were asked to produce a solution to an educational creative problem-solving task. Solutions to this problem were scored for quality, originality, and elegance; preparatory activities were scored for effective execution of requisite creative problem-solving processes. Temporal orientation, time pressure, and framing were manipulated. It was found that temporal orientation, time pressure, and framing did not exert strong effects on solution quality, originality, and elegance. However, temporal orientation, time pressure, and framing exerted stronger, albeit different, effects on the effectiveness of process execution with time pressure contributing to effective execution of some processes, but not others. The implications of these findings for understanding...
Bone stable isotope studies in archaeology

Stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen in bone have become increasingly frequent inclusions in archaeological reports over the past few decades. The majority of such studies has been done in North America, where the use of marine foods and the introduction of maize have been monitored. Similar questions have been addressed in Mesoamerica and South America. In Europe, stable isotope ratios have documented the shift from marine fishing and gathering to agriculture in coastal areas and the introduction of millet in parts of eastern and southern Europe. Much work remains to be done in Asia, where millet replaced early C3 plant foods and, in turn, was replaced by rice. In Africa marine adaptations, freshwater fishing, agriculture, and pastoralism all yield diagnostic isotopic signatures. We review these studies, discuss areas requiring further study, and close with discussions of areas promising interesting future developments.
Domain-specific processor with 3D integration for medical image processing

The growth of 3D technology had led to opportunities for stacked multiprocessor-accelerator computing platforms with high-bandwidth and low-latency TSV connections between them, resulting in high computing performance and better energy efficiency. This work evaluates the performance and energy benefits of such an advanced architecture and addresses associated design problems. To better utilize the reconfigurable hardware resource and to explore the opportunity of kernel sharing across applications, we propose to use a dedicated domain-specific computing platform. In particular, we have chosen medical image processing as the domain in this work to accelerate due to its growing for real-time processing demand yet inadequete performance on conventional computing architectures. A design flow is proposed in this work for the 3D multiprocessor-accelerator platform and a number of methods are applied to optimize the average performance of all the applications in the targeted domain under area and bandwidth constraints. Experiments show that the applications in this domain can gain a 7.4× speed-up and 18.8× energy savings on average running on our platform using CMP cores and domain-specific accelerators as compared to their counterparts coded in CPU only.
Pattern Generation by Using Multistep Room-Temperature Nanoimprint Lithography

We have demonstrated multistep room-temperature nanoimprint lithography (RTNIL) using polystyrene (PS, average molecular weight 97 kg/mol) as the imprint polymer layer on a silicon substrate for imprinting complex patterns. Single, double, and multiple (up to ten) sequential imprint steps were performed at imprint pressures between 1 to 30 MPa in separate experiments. We also transferred the imprinted patterns from the PS layer into the silicon substrate by means of an reactive-ion etching (RIE) process. To accomplish this demonstration, we designed and built a tool that controllably and repeatedly translated and pressed a sample into a stationary mold. The demonstrated interstep alignment accuracy of this tool ranged between 80 nm and 380 nm. These experiments revealed that polymer deformation results when nanoimprint is used to further deform a previously structured surface. The molds used in these experiments consisted of 400-nm-period diffraction gratings, as well as of rectangular structures of varying aspect ratios, ranging from 150 to 300 nm wide.
Candidate Voice Pitch Influences Election Outcomes

A growing literature in psychology shows that human voice pitch—perceived “highness” or “lowness” as determined by the physiology of the throat—influences how speakers are perceived. This leads to the prediction that candidate voice pitch influences voters. Here this question is addressed with two studies. The first is an experiment conducted with a large national sample of U.S. adults. The results show that men and women prefer to vote for male and female candidates with lower pitched voices. The second study examines the outcomes of the 2012 U.S. House elections. When facing male opponents, candidates with lower voices won a larger vote share. However, when facing female opponents, candidates with higher voices were more successful and particularly so in the case of male candidates. In synthesizing research on the human voice and voter behavior and triangulating evidence from a controlled experiment and a large observational study of actual elections, this article illustrates that candidate voice pitch influences election outcomes.
Time-dependent importance sampling in semi-classical initial value representation calculations for time correlation functions. III. A state-resolved implementation to electronically non-adiabatic dynamics

The recently developed time-dependent (TD) Monte Carlo (MC) importance sampling method [Tao and Miller; JCP 135, 024104 (2011)] provides an efficient implementation of the semi-classical (SC) initial value representation (IVR) methodology for the evaluation of time correlation functions. The key idea in this TD-SC-IVR method is to perform importance sampling of trajectories for the MC averages in the SC calculations with a sampling function that includes information about the final (time-evolved) values of the coordinates and momenta of trajectories in addition to (the usual) information of their initial values. This paper shows how this approach deals with electronically non-adiabatic dynamics, i.e. dynamics that involves coupled multiple electronic states. We suggest that a state-resolved sampling function may facilitate the efficient implementation of TD-SC-IVR for such processes. This is illustrated by application to the calculation of the nuclear momentum distribution function (i.e. the nuclear energ...
Human copper-zinc superoxide dismutase transgenic mice are highly resistant to reperfusion injury after focal cerebral ischemia.

We have demonstrated in a previous study that superoxide radicals play a role in the pathogenesis of cerebral infarction, using a transgenic mouse model of distal middle cerebral artery occlusion, permanent ipsilateral cerebral carotid artery occlusion, and 1-hour contralateral cerebral carotid artery occlusion that produced infarction only in the cortex. However, the role of superoxide radicals in reperfusion injury in transgenic mice overexpressing superoxide dismutase (SOD) is unknown. Using a mouse model of intraluminal blockade of middle cerebral artery that produced both cortical and striatal infarction, we now further examined the role of superoxide radicals in ischemic cerebral infarction after reperfusion in transgenic mice overexpressing human CuZn-SOD activity.Transgenic mice of strain Tg HS/SF-218, carrying human SOD-1 genes, and nontransgenic littermates were anesthetized with chloral hydrate (350 mg/kg IP) and xylazine (4 mg/kg IP). Physiological parameters were maintained at a normal range ...
Control of free-flying underactuated space manipulators to equilibrium manifolds

Underactuated mechanisms will provide low-cost automation, easily overcome actuator failures, and be particularly useful for space applications because of their reduced mass and lower power consumption. In space underactuation can be effectively introduced in robot manipulators. Such mechanisms will however be difficult to control because of the fewer number of actuators in the system. It is shown that when the actuated joints do not have brakes, it is possible to bring the system to a complete rest and converge the actuated joints to their desired values, provided the system maintains zero momentum and none of the unactuated joints are cyclic coordinates. To converge both the actuated and the unactuated joints to their desired set of values, it is assumed that the number of actuated joints is more than the number of unactuated joints, and the unactuated joints have brakes. It is shown that if there exists sufficient dynamical coupling between the set of actuated and unactuated joints it is possible to converge all the manipulator joints to their desired values. >
Self-reported Pre-pregnancy Weight Versus Weight Measured at First Prenatal Visit: Effects on Categorization of Pre-pregnancy Body Mass Index

To compare classification of pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) using self-reported pre-pregnancy weight versus weight measured at the first prenatal visit. Retrospective cohort of 307 women receiving prenatal care at the faculty and resident obstetric clinics at a Massachusetts tertiary-care center. Eligible women initiated prenatal care prior to 14 weeks gestation and delivered singleton infants between April 2007 and March 2008. On average, self-reported weight was 4 pounds lighter than measured weight at the first prenatal visit (SD 7.2 pounds; range: 19 pounds lighter to 35 pounds heavier). Using self-reported pre-pregnancy weight to calculate pre-pregnancy BMI, 4.2 % of women were underweight, 48.9 % were normal weight, 25.4 % were overweight, and 21.5 % were obese. Using weight measured at first prenatal visit, these were 3.6, 45.3, 26.4, and 24.8 %, respectively. Classification of pre-pregnancy BMI was concordant for 87 % of women (weighted kappa = 0.86; 95 % CI 0.81–0.90). Women gained an average of 32.1 pounds (SD 18.0 pounds) during pregnancy. Of the 13 % of the sample with discrepant BMI classification, 74 % gained within the same adherence category when comparing weight gain to Institute of Medicine recommendations. For the vast majority of women, self-reported pre-pregnancy weight and measured weight at first prenatal visit resulted in identical classification of pre-pregnancy BMI. In absence of measured pre-pregnancy weight, we recommend that providers calculate both values and discuss discrepancies with their pregnant patients, as significant weight loss or gain during the first trimester may indicate a need for additional oversight with potential intervention.
The one bad listening habit

Failure as a listener can often be attributed to mind wandering. Nine common contributing factors are identified. Counter-measures depend on a positive approach: keeping an open mind, listening for ideas, resisting distractions, and controlling emotional reactions.
Evaluation of Artificial Larval Rearing Media Waste as Oviposition Attractant for New World Screwworms (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

The waste artificial larval rearing media of New World screwworms, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) were evaluated to determine their effectiveness as oviposition attractants. Various concentrations of waste larval media resulting from rearing screwworm larvae in gel and cellulose fiber-based artificial diets tested over a 4-wk period attracted varying number of gravid screwworm flies to oviposit. Three-day-old waste medium with concentrations of 10 and 25% were most attractive to gravid female flies for oviposition and resulted in the most oviposition. One and 7-d-old wastes at all concentrations were less attractive for oviposition than the 3d-old media. The fresh (0-d-old), 14-d- and 28-d-old waste media were the least attractive substrates for oviposition. The waste from the cellulose fiber-based diet resulted in significantly more oviposition compared with waste from the gel-based diet. Microorganisms growing in the waste media probably produce metabolites that attract gravid screwworm flies to oviposit. Use of the waste products of appropriate age and dilution as oviposition substrates would enhance oviposition in mass production colony cages.
Limitation of the open-circuit voltage due to metastable intrinsic defects in Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 and strategies to avoid these defects

Using first-principles defect theory, we investigate the role of intrinsic point defects in the limitation of the opencircuit voltage (V OC ) in Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 solar cells. We find that the intrinsic donors In Cu (In-on-Cu antisite defect) and V Se (Selenium vacancy) and their defect complexes with V Cu (Cu vacancies) represent two independent mechanisms that are expected to cause saturation of V OC around 1 eV, when the absorber band gap is increased towards Ga-rich compositions. Strategies to avoid these sources of V OC limitation are discussed.
Increased fracture risk and low bone mineral density in patients with loeys-dietz syndrome

Loeys-Dietz syndrome is a recently recognized connective tissue disorder with widespread systemic involvement. Little is known about its skeletal phenotype. Our goal was to investigate the risk of fracture and incidence of low bone mineral density in patients with Loeys-Dietz syndrome. We performed a cross-sectional, descriptive, survey-based study with subsequent chart review from July 2011 to April 2012. Fifty-seven patients (26 men, 31 women) with Loeys-Dietz syndrome confirmed by genetic testing completed the survey (average age, 25.3 years; range, 0.9-79.6 years). There were a total of 51 fractures (33 patients): 35 fractures in the upper extremities, 14 in the lower extremities, and two in the spine. Fourteen patients (24.6%) reported two or more fractures. There was a 50% risk of fracture by age 14 years. The incidence of any fracture in this cohort was 3.86 per 100 person-years. Seventeen patients had dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans available for review, 11 (64.7%) of whom had at least one fracture. Thirteen included lumbar spine absorptiometry reports; eight (61.5%) indicated low or very low bone mineral density. In the left hip, ten of 14 participants (71.4%) had low or very low bone mineral density. In the left femoral neck, nine of 13 participants (69.2%) had low or very low bone mineral density. The lowest Z- and T-scores were not associated with an increased number of fractures. Patients with Loeys-Dietz syndrome have a high risk of fracture and a high incidence of low bone mineral density.
Speech-Language Pathologist and General Educator Collaboration: A Model for Tier 2 Service Delivery.

Tier 2 supplemental instruction within a response to intervention framework provides a unique opportunity for developing partnerships between speech-language pathologists and classroom teachers. Sp...
EDITOR'S AFTERWORD LET'S CREATE A TIPPING POINT: WHAT ACADEMICS AND PRACTITIONERS CAN DO, ALONE AND TOGETHER

In this article the author explores ways in which research into personnel management matters in an academic setting can be incorporated into daily business practice in a real-world work environment. A number of suggestions are provided including a way in which academic findings can be made more relevant, the idea that real situations be considered from the start of research and that aspects of knowledge management and transfer be taken into account. The article also suggests a role for professional associations such as the Academy of Management and the Society for Human Resource Management.
Biogeochemical Change During Climate-Driven Afforestation: A Paleoecological Perspective from the Rocky Mountains

Shifts in an ecosystem’s state can alter biogeochemical cycling and the extent of nutrient conservation within a terrestrial landscape on multiple time scales. Transient biogeochemical changes may follow disturbance and succession, although persistent long-term differences may exist under different climates and vegetation types. We evaluate the potential for such biogeochemical changes in the context of long-term ecological history by measuring the nitrogen isotope composition of organic matter in a lake sediment core. We targeted Little Windy Hill Pond (LWH) in the Medicine Bow Mountains, Wyoming because reconstructions of the lake level, fire, and vegetation histories from the lacustrine sediments indicated a century-scale transformation from an arid, shrub-dominated landscape to a sub-alpine, tree-dominated ecosystem with extensive woody cover and large, live biomass pools. We demonstrate that the afforestation at the beginning of the Holocene transformed the Artemisia-dominated ecosystem, which had persisted for millennia during the Pleistocene. The changes affected nitrogen cycling dynamics, especially through intensified nutrient conservation when live biomass pools increased with greater woody cover. The LWH sediments record a baseline δ15N shift from 2.2–3.0 to 0.3–2.0‰ as less 15N-enriched organic matter accumulated in the lake. We also observed a transient pattern of maximum nutrient conservation and minimum δ15N values as terrestrial biomass increased during the aggradation (~175 years) and transition phases of ecological succession. Our nitrogen isotope results support theoretical expectations of long-term biogeochemical dynamics as nutrient conservation increases during afforestation.