cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Future of Reputation: Gossip, Rumor, and Privacy on the Internet

Teeming with chatrooms, online discussion groups, and blogs, the Internet offers previously unimagined opportunities for personal expression and communication. But theres a dark side to the story. A trail of information fragments about us is forever preserved on the Internet, instantly available in a Google search. A permanent chronicle of our private livesoften of dubious reliability and sometimes totally falsewill follow us wherever we go, accessible to friends, strangers, dates, employers, neighbors, relatives, and anyone else who cares to look. This engrossing book, brimming with amazing examples of gossip, slander, and rumor on the Internet, explores the profound implications of the online collision between free speech and privacy.Daniel Solove, an authority on information privacy law, offers a fascinating account of how the Internet is transforming gossip, the way we shame others, and our ability to protect our own reputations. Focusing on blogs, Internet communities, cybermobs, and other current trends, he shows that, ironically, the unconstrained flow of information on the Internet may impede opportunities for self-development and freedom. Long-standing notions of privacy need review, the author contends: unless we establish a balancebetweenprivacy and free speech, we may discover that the freedom of the Internet makes us less free. (11/01/2007)
Dietary antioxidants and the biochemical response to oxidant inhalation: I. Influence of dietary vitamin E on the biochemical effects of nitrogen dioxide exposure in rat lung

Abstract Sprague-Dawley rats derived from a specific pathogen-free colony were raised from birth on a test diet containing either 0 or 50 IU vitamin E/kg diet for 8 weeks. Rats from each dietary group were exposed to 3 ppm (5640 μg/m 3 ) nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) continuously for 7 days. They were then killed, and the lungs analyzed for changes in weight, DNA and protein contents, tissue oxygen utilization, sulfhydryl metabolism, and the activities of NADP-reducing enzymes. The difference in dietary vitamin E alone did not cause any significant changes in these parameters. However, after NO 2 exposure the changes in these parameters relative to their corresponding unexposed controls were greater for the deficient rats than for the supplemented rats. The biochemical changes observed may be a response of the lung to injury from NO 2 exposure. The larger changes in the lungs of deficient rats may reflect a greater sensitivity of these animals to inhaled NO 2 . The vitamin E contents of lung tissue in deficient and supplemented rats reflected the dietary levels. After NO 2 exposure, the vitamin E content in the lung increased significantly in supplemented rats but decreased in the deficient rats relative to their corresponding unexposed controls. The elevation of vitamin E levels in the lungs of supplemented rats with NO 2 exposure suggests its mobilization from other body sites, whereas in deficient rats this process may not have been possible.
Balancing applied to maximum network flow problems

We explore balancing as a definitional and algorithmic tool for finding minimum cuts and maximum flows in ordinary and parametric networks. We show that a standard monotonic parametric maximum flow problem can be formulated as a problem of computing a particular maximum flow that is balanced in an appropriate sense. We present a divide-and-conquer algorithm to compute such a balanced flow in a logarithmic number of ordinary maximum-flow computations. For the special case of a bipartite network, we present two simple, local algorithms for computing a balanced flow. The local balancing idea becomes even simpler when applied to the ordinary maximum flow problem. For this problem, we present a round-robin arc-balancing algorithm that computes a maximum flow on an n- vertex, m-arc network with integer arc capacities of at most U in O(n2m log(nU)) time. Although this algorithm is slower by at least a factor of n than other known algorithms, it is extremely simple and well-suited to parallel and distributed implementation.
Histologic Correlates of Gastrointestinal Ultrasound Images

Endoscopic ultrasound imaging has potential for improving the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease. However, the anatomic correlates of gastrointestinal ultrasound images have not been precisely defined. We have compared ultrasound images with the corresponding histologic sections of 81 specimens of resected and postmortem, normal and diseased gastrointestinal tissue. The five layers seen on ultrasound images of the normal gastrointestinal tract correspond to (1) superficial mucosa, (2) deep mucosa, (3) submucosa plus the acoustical interface between the submucosa and muscularis propria, (4) muscularis propria minus the acoustical interface between the submucosa and muscularis propria, and (5) serosa and subserosal fat. This interpretation takes into consideration the echoes produced by the tissue layers and the echoes produced by the interfaces between layers. Abnormal findings on ultrasound images of neoplastic and inflammatory diseases correspond to histologic tissue structure. When properly interpreted, ultrasound images of the gastrointestinal wall can provide potentially useful diagnostic information.
From Innovation to Standard Practice: Developing and Disseminating Behavioral Procedures

This paper proposes a three-stage continuum for discussing the development and dissemination of behavioral technology. At the level of behavioral techniques, researchers need only establish a functional relationship between technologically defined intervention procedures and socially significant target behaviors. Dissemination is conducted for informational purposes only, and the purposes and details surrounding subsequent use of the technique are left to the discretion of the user. At the level of behavioral demonstration, a collection of socially acceptable intervention procedures is refined and standardized and must be shown to produce behavior changes across a number of subjects. Here dissemination is conducted, in large part, to generate support for provision of services. At the level of behavioral models, procedural descriptions must be user-oriented. Additionally, model effects must be obtainable by agents not associated with their development and must compare favorably with other treatment or service alternatives. The purpose of dissemination at this level is to obtain adoptions and replications of the model. Details of development and dissemination of behavioral technology at each of these three levels are discussed.
Chapter 3 Axenic Culture of Acetabularia in a Synthetic Medium

Publisher Summary The giant unicellular alga Acetabularia and its relatives combine a number of unusual features that make them desirable experimental organisms. In the following partial list of these features there is at least one that will appeal to almost every cell biologist. This chapter presents means for eliminating contaminating organisms and culturing Acetabularia axenically in a completely defined medium for at least the period of time necessary for most experimental needs. These methods were developed using Acetabularia mediterranei . The strain used, and the one that many laboratories have, comes originally from Hammering's laboratory. It was collected around 1930 and is undoubtedly a highly selected strain currently. Roux flasks (one liter) make excellent culture vessels for several reasons, including space saving in the incubator and large surface area for illumination and gas exchange. The chapter presents a table on the experience in using chemical agents to obtain sterility in Acetabularia cultures. The requirements of a suitable synthetic medium are (1) that it can be autoclaved, (2) that it is chemically defined; (3) that it supports normal cell growth; and (4) that all cell nutrients must be in adequate supply to support cell growth from the negligible wet weight of the inoculum to the maximum weight that the CO 2 diffusion rate will permit under the standard culture conditions.
The association between CCL2 polymorphisms and drug-resistant epilepsy in Chinese children

The treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy remains a major challenge, affecting approximately 30% of epilepsy patients. More recently, immunity and inflammation are considered to be key elements of epilepsy. Targeting brain inflammation may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for epilepsy and refractory epilepsy. In this study, we investigated the association of a tag SNP of the CCL2 gene, rs1024611 (originally designated as -2578G>A or -2518G>A) with drug-resistant epilepsy in Chinese children with epilepsy. We enrolled 484 epilepsy patients, including 98 drug-resistant patients and 386 drug-responsive patients. The rs1024611 was genotyped by PCR-RPLP. The rs1024611 AA genotype was associated with a greater susceptibility to drug-resistant epilepsy (p=0.008; OR=2.51, 95% CI: 1.33-4.72), adjusted for age, sex, and seizure type, and the association remained significant after Bonferroni correction for multiple testing (p<0.05). Our results demonstrate that the CCL2 genetic polymorphism is associated with drug-resistant epilepsy in Chinese paediatric patients.
Embedded element patterns and mutual impedance matrices in the terminated phased array environment

An embedded element pattern is the radiation pattern of a phased array when one array element is excited and all other elements are terminated in a specified impedance. Previously (Kelley, D.F. Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Antennas and Propag Soc., vol.1, p.524-7, 2002), a relationship was derived between the mutual impedance matrix of a phased array and its short- and open-circuit embedded element patterns. Although this relationship is interesting in a theoretical sense, it is probably not of much practical value. Primarily, this is because it is difficult to obtain a "good" short or open circuit termination. Additionally, the terminal voltage (or current) at the excited element must be maintained at a value of unity with zero relative phase while the element pattern data is being collected. It is now shown that the mutual impedance matrix can also be calculated using embedded element patterns obtained using non-zero (and finite) terminations. This result is potentially more useful, because it requires that constant available power be supplied to each excited element rather than constant voltage or current maintained at the terminals.
A Bluetooth loop scatternet formation algorithm

Bluetooth is a promising new wireless technology that enables portable devices to form short-range wireless ad hoc networks. In this paper, we present a new, distributed Bluetooth scatternet formation algorithm, called loop scatternet formation, which forms scatternets with slave/slave bridges only. In addition to meeting the criteria of maintaining connectivity, minimizing the number of piconets and the maximum degree of devices, the proposed algorithm formalizes the notion of network diameter and node contention. The loop scatternet thus formed incurs a much smaller network diameter and the number of node pairs for which a device has to serve, as a relay node is significantly smaller than that in the other types of scatternets. To validate the design, we derive the bounds of the number of piconets, the network diameter, and the maximum node contention. We also conduct ns-2 simulation to evaluate the performance of loop scatternets. Both analytical and simulation results validate the desirable features of loop scatternets.
The Level of Evidence for Permitting a Qualified Health Claim: FDA’s Review of the Evidence for Selenium and Cancer and Vitamin E and Heart Disease

Health claims are authorized for the labeling of foods when there is significant scientific agreement among qualified experts on the evidence for a relationship between a food or food component (substance) and a disease. Qualified health claims are permitted when there is less scientific evidence for a substance-disease relationship, therefore requiring qualifying language. The evidence for a relationship between vitamin E and heart disease and selenium and cancer was reviewed by the U.S. FDA. It was determined that there was insufficient evidence to permit a qualified health claim for vitamin E and cancer, whereas there was some evidence for permitting a qualified health claim for selenium and cancer. The rationale for these conclusions is discussed below.
TU-E-BRA-10: Personalized Utility Function for Radiotherapy Based on Pulmonary Ventilation of Locally Advanced Lung Cancer Patients.

Purpose: To develop tailor‐made utility functions based on each patient's pulmonary function distribution so that personalized organ‐function‐based treatment plan is obtained for locally advanced lungcancer patients. Methods: Five locally advanced lungcancer patients were retrospectively evaluated in the study. Fractional regional ventilation was obtained by performing subtraction of spatially matched and corrected 4DCT images. Histogram of the fraction ventilation values was generated for each patient. The cumulative distribution function(CDF), which represented an inverse relationship with the desired dose to each voxel for function preservation, showed potential as personalized utility function. In order to spare the majority of the volume with pulmonary function, a more aggressive utility function was defined as a piece‐wise linear function based on the most frequent fractional ventilation value (peak of the histogram). This utility function was used in the objective function during treatment planning. Conventional objectives and constraints were maintained during the planning process. Results: Both conventional plan and personalized functional plan were classified as satisfactory plans by physician based on conventional dose and dose‐volume metrics. However, functional plan successfully spared high ventilation volume based on each patient's unique condition. When spatial function information was included to collect function dose/dose‐volume metrics, significant reduction of fV20, fV30 and mean lungdose was achieved by function‐based personalized plan with p‐value < 0.01. Conclusions: Organ‐function‐based radiotherapy has been presented to incorporate patient's pulmonary function in hopes of reducing the risk of complications. Current methods utilize the function information in the same fashion across patients. We took one step further to not only incorporate heterogeneous pulmonary function during treatment planning but also generate personalized utility function based on the function distribution of each patient. AAPM Research Seed Funding Initiative
Intravenous disopyramide: Safety and efficacy of a new dosage regimen

The efficacy and safety of a new dosage regimen of intravenous disopyramide in ventricular arrhythmias were evaluated in 10 patients. Each had at least four premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)/min during a 30-min period before dosing. By the classification of Lown et al., grade III arrhythmia was present in four patients, grade IVA in three patients, and grade IVB in three patients. Disopyramide was injected intravenously as a bolus of 0.5 mg/kg over 5 min. Each patient received two to three additional boluses of same strength with 5-min intervals between each dosing during the first hour. Continuous intravenous infusion was started with the first bolus and continued at a rate of 1 mg/kg/hr for 3 hr and at 0.4 mg/kg/hr for 15 hr. All patients had continuous Holter monitoring throughout the 18-hr treatment period and for 30 to 60 min before treatment. In eight patients the grade of arrhythmia after drug decreased and the frequency of PVCs fell by 70% to 100% (greater than 85% in six patients and less than 85% in two patients), and the response persisted during the continuous infusion. In two patients PVC frequency increased. For the group as a whole, PVC frequency decreased on the average by 68.4%. Therapeutic serum levels (greater than 2 micrograms/ml) were reached after the first or second bolus and were maintained during the continuous infusion period. There were no side effects necessitating termination of disopyramide infusion. The dosage regimen of intravenous disopyramide evaluated was effective in 60% of patients with ventricular arrhythmia, induced no severe toxic effects, and rapidly achieved therapeutic serum levels that were maintained during continuous infusion.
Orexin signaling via the orexin 1 receptor mediates operant responding for food reinforcement.

Background Orexin (hypocretin) signaling is implicated in drug addiction and reward, but its role in feeding and food-motivated behavior remains unclear. Methods We investigated orexin's contribution to food-reinforced instrumental responding using an orexin 1 receptor (Ox1r) antagonist, orexin –/– (OKO) and littermate wildtype (WT) mice, and RNAi-mediated knockdown of orexin. C57BL/6J ( n = 76) and OKO ( n = 39) mice were trained to nose poke for food under a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement. After responding stabilized, a progressive ratio schedule was initiated to evaluate motivation to obtain food reinforcement. Results Blockade of Ox1r in C57BL/6J mice impaired performance under both the variable ratio and progressive ratio schedules of reinforcement, indicating impaired motivational processes. In contrast, OKO mice initially demonstrated a delay in acquisition but eventually achieved levels of responding similar to those observed in WT animals. Moreover, OKO mice did not differ from WT mice under a progressive ratio schedule, indicating delayed learning processes but no motivational impairments. Considering the differences between pharmacologic blockade of Ox1r and the OKO mice, animals with RNAi mediated knockdown of orexin were then generated and analyzed to eliminate possible developmental effects of missing orexin. Orexin gene knockdown in the lateral hypothalamus in C57BL/6J mice resulted in blunted performance under both the variable ratio and progressive ratio schedules, resembling data obtained following Ox1r antagonism. Conclusions The behavior seen in OKO mice likely reflects developmental compensation often seen in mutant animals. These data suggest that activation of the Ox1r is a necessary component of food-reinforced responding, motivation, or both in normal mice.
HIV knowledge and practices among rural South Africans.

The purpose was to explore the knowledge and practices related to HIV/AIDS by rural South Africans in Limpopo Province. Qualitative research methods were used. Twenty-eight key and general informants participated in individual interviews in summer 2001. The setting was a hospital-based HIV clinic in rural Limpopo Province. All participants were members of a support group and they had basic knowledge about HIV/AIDS; however participants indicated that they lacked basic knowledge of HIV/AIDS until they joined the support group. Support groups were effective in educating people about HIV/AIDS. (authors)
Benign hypersensitivity reactions to smallpox vaccine.

Background With the reinstitution of smallpox vaccinations, physicians are seeing significant numbers of adverse events for the first time since the 1980s. The most common adverse events seen in our large military population are benign. We observed a clinically and histopathologically distinct reaction pattern that has not been fully characterized previously. Methods All smallpox-vaccinated patients at Fort Hood, Texas with adverse cutaneous reactions were referred to the dermatology clinic at Darnall Army Community Hospital. Patients were evaluated by a staff dermatologist who performed a skin biopsy and took clinical photographs. If the patients had intact vesicles or pustules, direct fluorescent antibody testing, viral and bacterial cultures, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were also performed. Results Three hypersensitivity reaction patterns were seen: exanthematous, erythema multiforme-like (EM-like), and urticarial. The patterns had distinct clinical and histopathologic findings. Of the 11,058 vaccinees, six had the exanthematous reaction pattern, two had the urticarial reaction pattern, and one had the EM-like pattern. Conclusions We describe a new exanthematous type of hypersensitivity reaction to the smallpox vaccine. Hypersensitivity reactions occur at a rate higher than previously reported. In a carefully screened military population, these three hypersensitivity reactions are much more common than life-threatening or serious reactions. Although the reactions have distinct clinical and pathologic features, they are all characterized by mild or absent systemic symptoms and a benign outcome.
How Do Crops Manipulate Water Supply and Demand

The supply of water provided by the root system of a crop stand is defined in terms of the rate at which water is extracted by a root front moving downwards with a constant velocity, the available water per unit soil volume, and a time constant that is inversely proportional to root density. The demand for water, often identified with a potential transpiration rate, is defined in terms of a maximum crop growth rate multiplied by the conservative ratio of transpiration to dry-matter production. From experimental evidence, supported by theory, this ratio is proportional to the mean saturation vapour-pressure deficit. As hypothesized, the root front accelerates during seedling establishment to keep demand and supply in balance. Once a maximum root velocity is reached ( ca . 2-4 cm d -1 ) transpiration is limited by water supply, except when the soil behind the root front is wetted by rain or irrigation, when it is limited by demand. Irrigation amounts and timing can both be estimated from this scheme.
A functional interaction between the p75 neurotrophin receptor interacting factors, TRAF6 and NRIF.

Neurotrophin signaling through the p75 receptor regulates apoptosis within the nervous system both during development and in response to injury. Whereas a number of p75 interacting factors have been identified, how these upstream factors function in a coordinated manner to mediate receptor signaling is still unclear. Here, we report a functional interaction between TRAF6 and the neurotrophin receptor interacting factor (NRIF), two proteins known to associate with the intracellular domain of the p75 neurotrophin receptor. The association between NRIF and TRAF6 was direct and occurred with both endogenous and ectopically expressed proteins. A KRAB repressor domain of NRIF and the carboxyl-terminal, receptor-binding region of TRAF6 were required for the interaction. Co-expression of TRAF6 increased the levels of NRIF protein and induced its nuclear translocation. Reciprocally, NRIF enhanced TRAF6-mediated activation of the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) by 3-fold, while only modestly increasing the stimulation of NF-κB. The expression of both NRIF and TRAF6 was required for reconstituting p75 activation of JNK in HEK293 cells, whereas NRIF mutants lacking the TRAF6 interaction domain were unable to substitute for the full-length protein in facilitating activation of the kinase. These results suggest that NRIF and TRAF6 functionally interact to facilitate neurotrophin signaling through the p75 receptor.
Two Forms of Autosomal Chronic Granulomatous Disease Lack Distinct Neutrophil Cytosol Factors

Chronic granulomatous diseases of childhood (CGD) are a group of disorders of phagocytic cell superoxide (O2.-) production (respiratory burst). Anion exchange chromatography separated from normal neutrophil cytosol a 47-kilodalton neutrophil cytosol factor, NCF-1, that restored activity to defective neutrophil cytosol from most patients with autosomally inherited CGD in a cell-free O2.--generating system. A 65-kilodalton factor, NCF-2, restored activity to defective neutrophil cytosol from one patient with autosomal CGD. NCF-1, NCF-2, and a third cytosol fraction, NCF-3, were inactive alone or in pairs, but together replaced unfractionated cytosol in cell-free O2.- generation. Neutrophils deficient in NCF-1, but not NCF-2, did not phosphorylate the 47-kilodalton protein. It is proposed that NCF-1, NCF-2, and NCF-3 are essential for generation of O2.- by phagocytic cells and that genetic abnormalities of these cytosol components can result in the CGD phenotype.
ELL facilitates RNA polymerase II pause site entry and release

Transcription is a multi-stage process that coordinates several steps within the transcription cycle including chromatin reorganization, RNA polymerase II recruitment, initiation, promoter clearance and elongation. Recent advances have identified the super elongation complex, containing the eleven-nineteen lysine-rich leukaemia (ELL) protein, as a key regulator of transcriptional elongation. Here we show that ELL has a diverse and kinetically distinct role before its assembly into the super elongation complex by stabilizing Pol II recruitment/initiation and entry into the pause site. Loss of ELL destabilizes the pre-initiation complexes and results in disruption of early elongation and promoter proximal chromatin structure before recruitment of AFF4 and other super elongation complex components. These changes result in significantly reduced transcriptional activation of rapidly induced genes. Thus, ELL has an early and essential role during rapid high-amplitude gene expression that is required for both Pol II pause site entry and release.
Affinity labeling of dinitrophenyl specific immunoglobulin on the surface of murine myeloma cells.

Abstract Murine myeloma cells possessing cell surface IgA molecules capable of binding the dinitrophenyl (DNP) hapten were used as a model system to test the feasibility of affinity-labeling antigen receptors. The reagent N-ϵ-(4- azido -2- nitrophenyl )- l - lysine was shown to have a higher affinity for cell surface receptor than either 2,4-dinitrophenyl-1-fluoride or 2,4-dinitrophenyl-1-azide as determined by inhibition of rosette formation between myeloma cells and trinitrophenyl substituted erythrocytes. The gross distribution of radiolabel in affinity-labeled cells indicated that intrinsic reactivity and lipid solubility of the labeling reagents were as important considerations as binding affinity in determining the most appropriate affinity-labeling reagent. When used at concentrations of 10 −7 M and less, all three reagents were capable of labeling IgA with some degree of specificity. However, labeling at sites other than the receptor occurred to a considerable extent indicating that this is a major problem in working with a system as heterogeneous as the cell surface.
A FRAMEWORK FOR THE APPLICATION OF UNCERTAINTY REDUCTION (UCR) THEORY TO SERVICE ENCOUNTERS

We often know what comes next from the first few words of a conversation or interaction. If the interaction is in the context of a service encounter, whether for the customer or the service provider, those first few words may lead to satisfactory or unsatisfactory perceptions of service quality. This paper presents a communications perspective on the initial interaction of the service encounter in order to suggest a new way service quality issues may be addressed It examines the service encounter from the perspective of uncertainty reduction (UCR) theory. Interpersonal communication theories can inform service system designers and service managers with regard to the service encounter. Reducing uncertainty between customers and service workers in the service encounter should increase perceived service quality experiences. The twelve propositions presented represent the types of issues that might be addressed by future empirical studies.
Trivial two-stage group testing with high error rates

Given a population of cardinality qr that contains a positive subset P of cardinality p, we give a trivial two-stage method that has \({\text{(}}_2^{{\text{(}}r{\text{ + 1)}}q} ) - r(_2^q )\) first stage pools each of which contains qr − 2 objects. We assume that errors occur in the first stage. We give an algorithm that uses the results of first stage to generate a set CP of candidate positives with |CP| ≤ (r + 1)q. We give the expected value of |CP∩P|. At most (r + 1)q trivial second stage tests are needed to identify all the positives in CP. We assume that the second stage tests are error free.
Characteristics of step‐graded separate confinement quantum well lasers with direct and indirect barriers

Data are presented on step‐graded separate confinement quantum well lasers with Al0.85Ga0.15As outer confining layers, AlxGa1−xAs barriers and a 50‐A GaAs quantum well grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. By varying xb from 0.15 to 0.60, we show that, given an adequate optical waveguide confinement factor and sufficient cavity length, the collection of electrons in thin quantum wells with either direct or indirect barriers can be highly efficient, transfer of electrons from indirect barriers to thin direct wells does not degrade laser performance, and electron confinement in the separate confinement region plays no role in the operation of the laser.
Hyperfine fields at the Li site in LiFePO4-Type olivine materials for lithium rechargeable batteries: A 7Li MAS NMR and SQUID study

The 7Li NMR isotropic shift for olivine LiMPO4 (M = Fe, Mn, Co, Ni) is assigned to hyperfine coupling between the 7Li nucleus and the transition metal unpaired electrons on the basis of the Curie−Weiss temperature dependence of the shift. The hyperfine shift arises from a linear combination of Li−O−M through-bond interactions wherein the unpaired A‘ electrons contribute a negative shift and the unpaired A‘ ‘ electrons contribute a positive shift. The hyperfine coupling constant is determined for each composition.
The Perceptions of Self and Others: Examining the Effect Identity Adoption has on Immigrant Attitudes toward Affirmative Action Policies in the United States

While there exist several studies devoted to evaluating the political attitudes of US citizens, very little has been done to distinguish between the political attitudes of immigrants and citizens of the same racial or ethnic group. Using data from the Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality, 1992–94, this study evaluates the role identity adoption plays in highlighting the distinctions which exist between the political attitudes of immigrants and those of US citizens from the same racial/ethnic group. The results reveal that despite pronounced cultural distinctions between immigrants and US citizens, in many cases race and ethnicity are important unifiers on opinions regarding public policy issues, specifically that of affirmative action. This is an important finding because it suggests that there is some homogeneity of attitudes and public opinions for racial and ethnic groups, regardless of citizenship or immigrant background.
Utility of wiring nitrate reductase by alkylpyrroleviologen-based redox polymers for electrochemical biosensor and bioreactor applications.

The purpose of this work was to see if the alkylpyrroleviologen redox polymer technology previously developed for a reagentless nitrate biosensor based on nitrate reductase (NaR) from Escherichia coli (Cosnier, S.; Innocent, C.; Jouanneau, Y. Anal. Chem. 1994, 66, 3198-3201) could be applied to the isozyme from Aspergillus niger. In particular, the enzyme viability after immobilization was of great interest, as Cosnier et al. reported a residual activity of only 0.33% of the amount initially applied. The present work showed that A. niger NaR lost 99.2% of soluble activity on vacuum-drying in the presence of 2.5 mM N-methyl-N‘-(12-[pyrrol-1-yl]dodecyl)-4,4‘-bipyridinium ditetrafluoroborate monomer (C12V2+) and that most of this loss was due to monomer inhibition (91%). The loss due to dehydration was only 8%. In the biosensor configuration, the enzyme gave a residual activity of 0.18% of the amount originally applied and a specific response of 1.7 mA M-1 cm-2, but all activity was lost after 4 d storage at...
Generations and the development of political behavior

(1970). Generations and the development of political behavior. Politics: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 18-29.
Punishment, Conscience, and Moral Worth

Etude de la relation entre la theorie de la punition, la description metaphorique de la conscience et l'idee de valeur morale des actions, developpees par Kant dans la «Metaphysique de la morale». Examinant les interpretations retributivistes de la definition kantienne de punition et de la conscience a travers la question de la motivation, l'A. montre que la peur de la punition et les exhortations de la conscience contribuent a l'anticipation de la souffrance et a l'engagement moral dans des actes valorisants. Dans l'article suivant intitule «Comments on Hill: punishment, cosncience and moral worth» (pp. 73-77), N. Potter approuve l'explication de la motivation developpee par T. E. Hill et montre que la relation entre la conscience, comme voix interne de la morale, et la punition, comme prevention contre des actions antisociales, permet de lier les deux doctrines de la «Metaphysique de la morale»
Making Social Worlds

Abstract Making the Social World is John Searle’s latest statement on social ontology. His argument is clarified and expanded, but, despite various objections, it remains largely unchanged. In this review, I want to present Searle’s new book in light of these objections, explain why he has rejected the more important among them, and ask whether his reasons for doing so are defensible. I first present arguments that Searle’s naturalism – his broader philosophical project – does not have a definite shape in the social realm. I argue that this view is largely right because Searle allows for two seemingly inconsistent approaches: historical narratives and generalized explanations. I then introduce objections from historicists, who argue that Searle’s theory is not in fact compatible with historical explanations. I explain why Searle rejects these objections, and suggest that his reasons for doing so cannot be defended against examples of conceptual incongruity. On the whole, I argue that Searle’s naturalism starts from stronger assumptions than argument allows.
Quality and early field experiences: Partnering with Junior Achievement

This study explored the perceptions of preservice teacher candidates who participated in a pilot partnership between a public teacher education preparation program and Junior Achievement (JA). The partnership was grounded in the premise that providing early field experiences to preservice teacher candidates was a necessary requirement of quality teacher education. In an introductory pedagogy course, preservice teacher candidates in their junior year participated in a five-week field experience where they taught JA lessons in partnership schools. The results suggested that preservice teacher candidates perceived an expanded sense of comfort with teaching strategies, classroom management, and diversity during the actual teaching of the lessons in the field experience. Additionally, participants reported increased confidence levels with their own preparation to teach. The partnership with JA that provided a quality, early field experience may have enhanced the general pedagogical proficiencies needed for pre...
The influence of observer presence on classroom behavior

The appropriate classroom behavior of six socially aggressive children was monitored to assess their reactivity to nonparticipant observation. For 33 days, an observer was systematically placed in the room during a portion of two academic periods. Meanwhile, data for the entire periods were gathered surreptitiously by observers stationed behind a one-way mirror. This procedure was carried out during all phases of an ABAB design used to evaluate a token program. Reactivity to the observation process was not evidenced in either period or in any phase of treatment. This was true for individual children and for the class as a whole. Results support the generalizability of research findings based on naturalistic observation.
Planar ring structures in hydrogenated amorphous silicon: A new model for the Staebler-Wronski effect

Abstract The self-consistent-field X-alpha scattered-wave technique has been used to investigate the electronic structure of aromatic silicon-based clusters which are expected to form defect centers in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin films. These clusters, which are planar rings containing 4n+2 π-electrons, represent the analogue of aromatic hydrocarbons. We have studied Si 6 (sat) 6 and Si 4 O(sat) 4 clusters in comparison to benzene. While both Si-based clusters are less stable than benzene, our results show that Si 4 O(sat) 4 is more stable than Si 6 (sat) 6 . The introduction of oxygen into such resonant rings adds stability by increasing the strength of π-bonding throughout the ring. We show how the presence of such structures in a-Si:H can account for the Staebler-Wronski effect observed in thin films of these materials.
Double quantum filtered zero quantum coherence with broadband homonuclear f1 Decoupling

A pulse sequence is described which combines double quantum filtration and broadband homonuclear F1 decoupling in a two-dimensional zero quantum (ZQCOSY) nmr experiment.
Market Effects of Cotton Integrated Pest Management

Widely reported research results indicate that cotton integrated pest management (IPM) generally reduces chemical use and increases net returns. Despite these favorable research results, many farmers have not adopted IPM and others have adopted only some of the available technologies. Given rising marginal costs and diminishing marginal benefits from IPM technology transfer, an optimal control framework is developed to identify optimal rates of technology transfer through educational programs. Results from an analysis of this dynamic adoption process for cotton IPM are presented. Considering the complex and evolving nature of cotton IPM, continuing educational efforts to transfer IPM technologies are warranted.
A mixed finite element method for boundary flux computation

Abstract Most finite element schemes for thermal problems estimate boundary heat flux directly from the derivative of the finite element solution. The boundary flux calculated by this approach is typically inaccurate and does not guarantee a global heat balance. In this paper we present a mixed finite element method for calculating the boundary flux and show the superiority of this method through numerical examples of both diffusion and advection-diffusion problems.
Influence of an antiviral compound on the temperature dependence of viral protein flexibility and packing: a molecular dynamics study.

Abstract The antiviral activity of compounds that bind an internal pocket of picornaviruses is due in part to stabilization of the protein capsid and inhibition of the uncoating process required for virus replication. Information on the basis for this structural stabilization of the virus capsid is important to elucidate the mechanism of antiviral action and provide insights into the disassembly process. It has been proposed that this stabilization is entropically based, since binding the nonpolar antiviral compound increases the compressibility, and thus the conformational flexibility, of the virus. Such a proposal predicts a difference in the temperature dependence of the atomic positional fluctuations for free virus and drug-bound virus; nonpolar interactions are weaker and less directional, and would give rise to greater conformational disorder at low temperature. Further, the transition that has been observed in globular proteins to a state resembling a frozen liquid, in which the protein is considered “trapped” in potential energy wells, is predicted to occur at lower temperature when the antiviral compound is bound. Results described here from computer simulations of rhinovirus over a range in temperature show these predicted changes in conformational disorder and the temperature of the transition in mobility. In addition to providing independent support for the above proposal for antiviral activity, these results indicate that the mobility transition of a protein can be controlled by the binding of an appropriate ligand, an effect not previously reported.
Effect of hypoglycemic encephalopathy upon amino acids, high-energy phosphates, and pHi in the rat brain in vivo: detection by sequential 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy.

: Metabolic alterations in amino acids, high-energy phosphates, and intracellular pH during and after insulin hypoglycemia in the rat brain was studied in vivo by 1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Sequential accumulations of 1H and 31P spectra were obtained from a double-tuned surface coil positioned over the exposed skull of a rat while the electroencephalogram was recorded continuously. The transition to EEG silence was accompanied by rapid declines in phosphocreatine, nucleoside triphosphate, and an increase in inorganic orthophosphate in 31P spectra. In 1H spectra acquired during the same time interval, the resonances of glutamate and glutamine decreased in intensity while a progressive increase in aspartate was observed. Following glucose administration, glutamate and aspartate returned to control levels (recovery half-time, 8 min); recovery of glutamine was incomplete. An increase in lactate was detected in the 1H spectrum during recovery but it was not associated with any change in the intracellular pH as assessed in the corresponding 31P spectrum. Phosphocreatine returned to control levels following glucose administration, in contrast to nucleoside triphosphate and inorganic orthophosphate which recovered to only 80% and 200% of their control levels, respectively. These results show that the changes in cerebral amino acids and high-energy phosphates detected by alternating the collection of 1H and 31P spectra allow for a detailed assessment of the metabolic response of the hypoglycemic brain in vivo.
Fumarate as alternate electron acceptor for the late steps of anaerobic heme synthesis in Escherichia coli.

Summary The anaerobic formation of protoheme from added excess delta amino levulinic acid was markedly reduced if fumarate was omitted from an anaerobic incubation mixture containing resting suspensions of E. coli grown anaerobically on a medium containing fumarate. However, the formation of coproporphyrinogen did not require fumarate, suggesting a role for fumarate at some step between coproporphyrinogen and heme in the anaerobic heme biosynthetic pathway. The appearance of fluorescence during the anaerobic incubation of these cell suspensions was also dependent upon the presence of fumarate, suggesting that fumarate could anaerobically oxidize protoporphyrinogen to protoporphyrin. This was confirmed by demonstrating that fumarate could serve as an alternate electron acceptor to replace oxygen in the oxidation of chemically reduced protoporphyrinogen under anaerobic conditions inextracts of these cells. This was the first demonstration of the enzymatic oxidation of protoporphyrinogen to protoporphyrin by a physiological electron acceptor other than oxygen in any type of cell.
Factors influencing post graduate decisions among CSET students

The nation's changing demographics suggest the U.S. cannot rely on the traditional pool of white males to meet the increasing demands of the global marketplace. The U.S. must increase the numbers of women and minorities that earn degrees in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) at the baccalaureate level and beyond. This increase will create a more competent and diverse pool of individuals for careers in engineering and technology. This paper presents findings from the first phase of a National Science Foundation funded multi-method longitudinal study conducted at an historically Black university in fall 2006 using a population of high achieving (3.0 GPA or higher) Black STEM students (n=51). This study describes factors influencing students' post graduate decisions and addresses a gap in the empirical literature on this topic. Analyses were conducted comparing computer science and engineering students (CSET) to biology, chemistry, physics, and mathematics (SM) students. Overall findings revealed there are statistically significant differences between both groups in regards to post baccalaureate decisions. These findings may provide insight into why CSET students are less likely to pursue post baccalaureate degrees prior to entering the global marketplace.
Autoethnography in action research for health education practitioners

We propose a methodological framework for conducting collaborative and analytic autoethnography (CAAE) in action research inquiry. Similar to other action research methodologies, CAAE is: (a) systematic, framed by a research question and employing explicit, transparent methods; (b) problem-based, drawn from health educators’ practices; and (c) cyclical, predicated on the assumption that a plan for implementing changes is derived from the findings and will be tested in subsequent action research cycles. The autoethnographic action research framework comprises four phases: inductive stage/formative assessment—developing a hypothesis (phase 1), pre-deductive stage—organizing the study (phase 2), deductive stage/summative evaluation—collecting data and testing the hypothesis (phase 3), and synthesis stage—constructing meaning (phase 4). Collaborative analytic autoethnography supports reflexivity, awareness, and agency by providing practitioners with an explicit framework for continually evaluating the complex...
Aspirin survival in human blood modulated by the concentration of erythrocytes

In vitro aspirin hydrolysis rates were measured in fresh human whole blood and in its separate components. The half-life of aspirin in whole blood was relatively rapid (mean 22.2 +/- 3.9 minutes) and exhibited a significant negative correlation with hematocrit (r = -0.96). Hydrolysis of aspirin in buffer that contained only washed red blood cells (40%) was significantly more rapid (mean half-life 17.5 +/- 2.0 minutes) than that in whole blood. When aspirin was incubated in solutions of washed red blood cells that contained human serum albumin in various concentrations, the aspirin half-life was found to vary directly with the concentration of albumin used; at normal levels of albumin, the hydrolysis rate of aspirin approximated that measured in whole blood. The presence of diisopropyl fluorophosphate in low concentrations (0.02-0.05 mM) markedly inhibited the rate of aspirin hydrolysis in washed red blood cells and whole blood. We conclude that enzymes(s) linked to the erythrocyte, probably membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase, control the survival of aspirin in blood.
A review of salt scaling: I. Phenomenology

Salt scaling is a major durability issue for concrete, so the phenomenon has been the subject of an extensive research effort. Nevertheless, there is no agreement regarding the cause of this damage, so no means for preventing salt scaling can be identified. One of the primary reasons for this shortcoming is the lack of a critical review of the research in this field. Such a compilation is presented in the present series of articles. In Part I, we review the experimental studies that have revealed the phenomenology of salt scaling. In Part II, proposed mechanisms for scaling are discussed, and the adequacy of these mechanisms is judged based on their ability to account for the characteristics outlined here.