cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The nature of dissolved water in sodium silicate glasses and its effect on various properties

Abstract Sodium silicate glasses with a wide range of water contents were prepared. For water contents up to twelve wt% the specimens were prepared by melting Na 2 O·3 SiO 2 glass and varied amounts of water in hydrothermal pressure vessels. A few higher water content samples were synthesized by hydrating glasses in an autoclave under a steam atmosphere. The concentration of different species of water was analyzed by infrared spectroscopy. Density refractive index and the induced absorption due to γ-irradiation were analyzed in terms of the different water species present in the glasses. It has been observed that the effect of water on all these properties can be explained in terms of the different contributions of hydroxyls and molecular water.
Pluto: New Photometry and a Determination of the Axis of Rotation

Abstract New photoelectric observations of Pluto, made in 1971, 1972, and 1973, show that the amplitude of the 6-day rotational light variation is larger (about 0.22 mag) and the mean magnitude is fainter ( V 0 = 15.1) than during earlier periods of observation. The change is interpreted as due to a large obliquity of the rotational axis (probably larger than 50°). The phase coefficient of Pluto is about 0.05 mag/deg at 1° solar phase angle.
Dynamic response and fracture of composite cylinders

The fracture behavior caused by the dynamic response in a composite cylinder subjected to a moving pressure was investigated. The resonance of stress waves can result in very high amplitude and frequency strains in the cylinder at the instant and location of pressure front passage, when the velocity of the moving pressure approaches a critical velocity. The stress wave with high magnitude, while short in duration may not cause immediate structural failure; however, it could accelerate the propagation in a cylinder with an initial imperfection and shorten its fatigue life. The fracture mechanism induced by dynamic amplification effects is especially critical for overwrapped composite cylinders because of the multi-material and anisotropic construction, thermal degradation in material properties, and a design goal inherent in light-weight structures.
Inhibition of Retinal neovascularization by intravitreal injection of human rPAI-1 in a rat model of retinopathy of prematurity

PURPOSE Restructuring of extracellular matrix at actively extending blood vessel tips involves secretion of plasminogen activator (PA). Findings in earlier studies conducted in the authors' laboratory have suggested that angiostatic steroids suppress the PA activity essential for the invasive aspect of angiogenesis by increasing synthesis of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1. This experiment was designed to test the effect of administration of exogenous PAI-1 on retinal neovascularization (NV) in an animal model of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). METHODS At birth, Sprague-Dawley rats were placed into incubators and exposed to an atmosphere alternating between 50% and 10% O(2) every 24 hours. After 14 days, the animals were removed to room air, at which time each received a single intravitreal injection of 5 microL of buffer vehicle or one of five doses of PAI-1, ranging from 3.0 microg/mL to 2.0 mg/mL. Animals were killed 6 days later, and retinal NV was assessed using adenosine diphosphatase (ADPase) histochemical staining. RESULTS Retinal neovascularization decreased with increasing PAI-1 dosage. The most effective dose tested (2.0 mg/mL) caused a 52% reduction in retinal NV relative to vehicle (P < 0.005). Normal vasculogenesis, as determined by measuring retinal vascular area, was unaffected. CONCLUSIONS PAI-1 inhibits pathologic angiogenesis without adversely affecting normal vasculogenesis, an attractive feature for ROP therapies. Moreover, PAI's relationship to matrix metalloproteinases, which are also implicated in angiogenesis, suggests that the proteolytic aspect of the process may provide additional downstream therapeutic targets.
Simulation of liquid-jet overflow in droplet deposition processes

Porosity formation in spray deposition processes is investigated. The emphasis is on one possible mechanism of micro-pore formation during droplet spreading and solidification: liquid-jet overflow. To this end, the Navier-Stokes equations are solved numerically using finite differences and the free surface is tracked using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method. A previously developed multi-directional solidification algorithm is adapted and implemented in the Navier-Stokes solver to perform numerical simulations of liquid-metal droplet impact, spreading, and solidification. The results obtained allow a detailed description of the liquid-jet overflow mechanism and of the resulting solidified disk morphology. The influence of the Weber and Reynolds numbers, the solidification constant, and the contact angle are investigated.
LANGUAGE, HISTORY AND PREHISTORY: MISSISSIPPIAN LEXICO-RECONSTRUCTION

Lexico-reconstruction techniques are used to examine the possible affinities between speakers of the Muskogean and Siouan families and the bearers of Mississippian culture. Lexical data are presented in terms of a typology of social systems which is descriptive of the range of socio-cultural complexity which characterizes Mississippian communities and societies. These social systems are defined as: descent-ranked societies, genealogy-ranked societies, and stratified societies. Non-material aspects of Mississippian culture are also examined. These suggest a concern with calendrics and the presence of mathematical decimal systems. MISSISSIPPIAN SOCIO-CULTURAL ORGANIZATION will be examined in this study by the selection of vocabularies from 5 languages of 2 North American language families in order to test the possible range of its variation. The technique utilized, "lexico-reconstruction," is a lexico- linguistic methodology which is discussed in some detail below. It allows an examination of the kinds of supporting and non-supporting data which language may offer to the interpretation of the Mississippian social order. The archaeological record indicates that Mississippian culture and communities occupied an area delimited by suitable alluvial soils on the western side of the Mississippi River, the Mississippi alluvial valley, and Ohio-Tennessee drainage, and the plateau-piedmont country of the Gulf Coast. In this paper, English glosses, derived from possible constructs of Mississippian culture, will be used to gather lexical items in 2 Muskogean languages, Choctaw and Creek, and in 3 Siouan languages, Osage, Ofo, and Biloxi. The native-language vocabulary will be classified in 4 categories, which are discussed in detail below: cognate terms, non-cognate terms, non-cognate terms of parallel construction, and terms which are absent. Analysis and comparison of lexical data among the various languages should be useful in confirming-or suggesting problems in-current archae- 478
Scales of chiral symmetry breaking in quantum chromodynamics

Computer simulations indicate that the range of the force responsible for chiral symmetry breaking in quantum chromodynamics is relatively short, independent of confinement, and depends strongly on the color representation of the quarks. Chiral-symmetry restoration temperatures are obtained for quarks in either the fundamental or the adjoint representations of color SU(2). Results on higher representations support the symmetry-breaking pattern ("tumbling") suggested by Raby, Dimopoulos, and Susskind.
The influence of black markets on a queue-rationed centrally planned economy

Abstract In centrally planned economies in which prices are fixed, and the rationing mechanism is waiting line queues, we show that an equilibrium of waiting times exists. We then introduce a “black market” in which individuals can trade commodities that they have acquired through the official economy. An equilibrium of black market prices and waiting times is shown to exist; further, the economy with a black market is “queue-efficient.”. However, the introduction of black markets is not necessarily a Pareto improvement over an economy without black markets (even when we allow winners to compensate losers).
Shared Traumatic Stress among Social Workers in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina

Abstract Withclimatechange,socialworkersandothermentalhealthprofessionalsmayfindthem-selves living and working in environments prone to natural disasters. The term sharedtraumatic stress (SdTS) contains aspects of post-traumatic stress and secondary trauma,and reflects practitioners’ dual exposure to collective traumatic events. In an effort toexplore and further validate the construct of SdTS, a sample of 244 social workers fromNew Orleans were studied using path analytic modelling with respect to the personaland professional impact of Hurricane Katrina. Potential risk factors included attachmentstyle, exposure to potentially traumatic life events and enduring distress attributed toHurricane Katrina. Social workers’ resilience was examined for its role in mediating therelationship between these risk factors and SdTS. As hypothesised, insecure attachment,greater exposure to potentially traumatic life events in general and distress related tothe events surrounding Hurricane Katrina were predictive of higher levels of SdTS. Inse-cure attachment and enduring distress attributed to Katrina also significantly predictedlower levels of resilience, though exposure to potentially traumatic life events did not.Resiliencewasfoundtomediatetherelationshipbetweeninsecureattachment,enduringdistress attributed to Katrina and SdTS but not the relationship between exposure topotentially traumatic life events and SdTS. Implications for theory, research and practiceare described.Keywords: Shared trauma, shared traumatic stress, shared traumatic reality, HurricaneKatrina, social workertrauma,secondarytrauma
Implications of dynamic patterns of Delta and Notch expression for cellular interactions during Drosophila development

Delta and Notch function are required for cell fate specification in numerous tissues during embryonic and postembryonic Drosophila development. Delta is expressed by all members of interacting cell populations within which fates are being specified and is subsequently down-regulated as cells stably adopt particular fates. Multiphasic expression in the derivatives of many germ layers implies successive requirements for Delta function in a number of tissues. At the cellular level, Delta and Notch expression are generally coincident within developing tissues. At the subcellular level, Delta and Notch are localized in apparent endocytic vesicles during down-regulation from the surfaces of interacting cells, implying an interaction consistent with their proposed roles as signal and receptor in cellular interactions during development.
Spectrographic Analysis of Geological Materials with an Argon Plasma Jet

An argon plasma jet source of recent design is applied to multiple element spectrographic analysis of geological materials. The source is characterized in terms of accuracy of analysis and repeatability of measurements obtained from spectra from a large region of the plasma. Results of analyses for Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Si, and Ti in geochemical reference samples, for Ti in lunar basalts, gabbros, and soils, and for the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio in mordenite from geodes are presented. The effective temperature of the plasma region used for analytical measurements is 4670 ± 50°K. Use of control samples is recommended to improve accuracy of analysis.
On replanning for assembly tasks using robots in the presence of uncertainties

High-precision assembly tasks cannot be successfully done by robots without taking into account the uncertainties that can cause failure of robot motion. The authors address this problem by planning robot motions at two levels: nominal planning, which assumes no uncertainty, and dynamic replanning, to deal with uncertainties that would cause nominal plans to fail. They introduce a replanning approach based on knowledge of contacts among assembly parts. It consists of patch planning to resolve the case when a commanded robot motion prematurely stops at a contact other than those planned, and motion strategy planning, to regulate robot motions in order to guarantee the eventual success of a task. A task-independent strategy for patch-plan generation based on concepts of contact planes and abstract obstacles is developed. It is also shown how to apply motion strategies so that, under proper design and motion constraints, the replanning can be guaranteed to succeed. >
Design rules for tolerance-insensitive and multi-purpose fixtures

The manufacturing and installation of fixtures in a factory can be costly, especially for high-volume production runs. Once fixtures are installed, part shape can vary due to: (1) tolerance variations because of inherent imprecision in manufacturing processes, and (2) redesign. Variations of type (1) occur constantly and are usually small; variations of type (2) can be large but occur at few distinct points in the product life cycle. For both cases, it is often desirable to reuse one fixture for all variations of part shape. In this paper we address both types of variation in the context of modular fixtures. For tolerance variation (1), we give a method for comparing fixtures in terms of how much geometric tolerance they will permit before failing. For design variation (2), we identify design rules that can rapidly check if a proposed part design is consistent with a given previous fixture. The idea behind the design rule is that it can be incorporated into the CAD design cycle to rapidly evaluate manufacturability in a manner analogous to the geometric design rules so successful in VLSI design. We also present an efficient algorithm to find multipurpose fixtures that can fixture multiple distinct parts, using the geometric hashing technique.
Averaging kernel prediction from atmospheric and surface state parameters based on multiple regression for nadir-viewing satellite measurements of carbon monoxide and ozone

Abstract. A current obstacle to the observation system simulation experiments (OSSEs) used to quantify the potential performance of future atmospheric composition remote sensing systems is a computationally efficient method to define the scene-dependent vertical sensitivity of measurements as expressed by the retrieval averaging kernels (AKs). We present a method for the efficient prediction of AKs for multispectral retrievals of carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O3) based on actual retrievals from MOPITT (Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere) on the Earth Observing System (EOS)-Terra satellite and TES (Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer) and OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) on EOS-Aura, respectively. This employs a multiple regression approach for deriving scene-dependent AKs using predictors based on state parameters such as the thermal contrast between the surface and lower atmospheric layers, trace gas volume mixing ratios (VMRs), solar zenith angle, water vapor amount, etc. We first compute the singular value decomposition (SVD) for individual cloud-free AKs and retain the first three ranked singular vectors in order to fit the most significant orthogonal components of the AK in the subsequent multiple regression on a training set of retrieval cases. The resulting fit coefficients are applied to the predictors from a different test set of test retrievals cased to reconstruct predicted AKs, which can then be evaluated against the true retrieval AKs from the test set. By comparing the VMR profile adjustment resulting from the use of the predicted vs. true AKs, we quantify the CO and O3 VMR profile errors associated with the use of the predicted AKs compared to the true AKs that might be obtained from a computationally expensive full retrieval calculation as part of an OSSE. Similarly, we estimate the errors in CO and O3 VMRs from using a single regional average AK to represent all retrievals, which has been a common approximation in chemical OSSEs performed to date. For both CO and O3 in the lower troposphere, we find a significant reduction in error when using the predicted AKs as compared to a single average AK. This study examined data from the continental United States (CONUS) for 2006, but the approach could be applied to other regions and times.
Flow cytometric determination of breast tumor heterogeneity

Flow cytometric analysis was done on the DNA content of nuclei obtained from different sites of small breast tumors. Although specimens for analysis were obtained within a few millimeters of each other, dramatic differences were occasionally observed in the DNA histograms. In a limited study involving 141 consecutive breast specimens submitted for flow cytometry, 52% (74) were found to have at least one DNA aneuploid population. In 18% of DNA aneuploid tumors, one or more specimens from areas grossly identified as tumor had no DNA aneuploid population. Because of the proposed correlation of aneuploidy with a poorer prognosis and possible responsiveness to chemotherapy, multiple sites should be assayed when flow cytometric DNA analysis is done.
Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection mimicking systemic lupus erythematosus flare.

La strongyloidose comme l'hypernephrome, la porphyrie et la lepre, est une affection qui dans certaines circonstances peut simuler le lupus erythemateux dissemine (LED). Lorsque la mise en œuvre d'une cortico therapie chez un malade atteint de LED entraine successivement une douleur abdominale, une insuffisance respiratoire, une septicemie et une maladie cerebrale, le medecin doit considerer la possibilite d'une strongyloidose disseminee
Transient Hilar Lymphadenopathy Due to Bacterial Endocarditis

Transient hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy accompanying right-sided bacterial endocarditis without concurrent roentgenographically-demonstrable pulmonary parenchymal abnormalities has not, to our knowledge, been previously reported. The roentgenographic finding of hilar or mediastinal lymphadenopathy should not be considered incompatible with the diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis in the appropriate clinical setting. Possible mechanisms for the development of lymphadenopathy secondary to bacterial endocarditis are discussed.
Who Fills out A “Lesbian” Questionnaire? The Interrelationship of Sexual Orientation, Years “Out,” Disclosure of Sexual Orientation, Sexual Experience with Women, and Participation in the Lesbian Community

Most research on lesbians has used self-report questionnaires, and assumed that respondents who complete a “lesbian” questionnaire self-identify as lesbians and engage in sexual relationships with women. The present study examined the degree to which 2,393 women who answered a “Lesbian Wellness Survey” are distributed on five aspects of lesbian sexuality and the coming-out process. The five aspects were: (a) Sexual Orientation (numerical rating of sexual identity from exclusively lesbian/gay to exclusively heterosexual); (b) Years Out (length of time of self-identity as lesbian/gay/bisexual); (c) Outness/Disclosure (amount of disclosure of sexual orientation to others); (d) Sexual Experience (proportion of sexual relationships with women); and (e) Lesbian Activities (extent of participation in lesbian community events). Mild but significant correlations were found among these dimensions, indicating that being lesbian is not a homogeneous experience. Closer examination by the demographic characteristics of...
Integration of Organizational Behavior Within Higher Education: Four Levels of Needed Involvement for Upperclass and Graduate Curricula

There is an increasing amount of evidence, based upon curriculum reevaluation efforts, indicating the practical value of allowing the field of organizational behavior and related disciplines to step beyond their traditional academic boundaries and be integrated into other curricula, particularly in upperclass and graduate study. This paper describes four levels of instruction in organizational behavior which may be, all or in part, extremely valuable to the future professional success of students in programs outside of organizational behavior. This four-level instructional paradigm provides a conceptual framework for prescribing various kinds of learning experiences to enhance student development and professional preparation. General suggestions and guidelines for each level of the paradigm are given with documented cases and examples.
CytoSEED: a Cytoscape plugin for viewing, manipulating and analyzing metabolic models created by the Model SEED

Summary: CytoSEED is a Cytoscape plugin for viewing, manipulating and analyzing metabolic models created using the Model SEED. The CytoSEED plugin enables users of the Model SEED to create informative visualizations of the reaction networks generated for their organisms of interest. These visualizations are useful for understanding organism-specific biochemistry and for highlighting the results of flux variability analysis experiments. Availability and Implementation: Freely available for download on the web at http://sourceforge.net/projects/cytoseed/. Implemented in Java SE 6 and supported on all platforms that support Cytoscape. Contact: ude.epoh@hgnojed Supplementary information: Installation instructions, a tutorial, and full-size figures are available at http://www.cs.hope.edu/cytoseed/.
Forensic identification with environmental samples

The field of forensics aims to understand the physical biomarkers that make each person unique. Recently, it has been discovered that one of the traits that makes us unique from one another are the composition of the microbial communities found throughout our bodies. For example, identical twins who share the same set of DNA may have vastly different microbial communities in or on various body sites. It was recently discovered that microbial communities can be exploited for forensic identification by clustering samples from individual's skin and objects that they may have previously touched. Typically, this is done by using basic multi-dimensional scaling analysis using phylogenetic distances. In this work, we circumvent the use of phylogenetic distances by using the raw community abundances, and we present an application of kernels for metagenomic data analysis. In addition, we show that strategic selection of features can improve classification accuracy.
Deposition of dinitrogen pentoxide, N 2 O 5 , to the snowpack at high latitudes

Abstract. Dinitrogen pentoxide, N 2 O 5 , is an important nighttime intermediate in the oxidation of NO x that is hydrolysed on surfaces. We conducted a field campaign in Fairbanks, Alaska during November 2009 to measure the gradient and derive a flux (and deposition velocity) of N 2 O 5 depositing to snowpack using the aerodynamic gradient method. The deposition velocity of N 2 O 5 under Arctic winter conditions was found to be 0.59 ± 0.47 cm s −1 , which is the first measurement of this parameter to our knowledge. Based on the measured deposition velocity, we compared the chemical loss rate of N 2 O 5 via snowpack deposition to the total steady state loss rate and found that deposition to snowpack is at least 1/8th of the total chemical removal of N 2 O 5 that is located within the first few meters above the ground surface.
Comparison of the physical optics and small slope theories for polarimetric thermal emission from the sea surface

A comparison of the physical optics and small slope theories of emission from the sea surface is described. It is shown that the two theories produce identical results for "long wave" contributions to sea emission azimuthal variations up to third order in long wave surface slope when shadowing effects are neglected.
Efficient algorithms for identifying the minimum leakage states in CMOS combinational logic

Power dissipation in CMOS circuits during inactive periods (static power) has become a significant part of the total power dissipation. This is particularly problematic for portable, battery powered systems, which are often in standby mode for long periods. It is well known that the major component of static power dissipation is due to subthreshold conduction. For individual gates, this leakage can vary by an order of magnitude over the gate's input states. Consequently, one way to minimize the leakage is to drive the inputs of the circuit to a state at which the leakage is minimum. In this paper, we present a new approach to identify all minimum leakage states. The method performs implicit enumeration based on integer valued decision diagrams. Since the search space for minimum leakage vector is exponential in the number of primary inputs, the enumeration is done with respect to the minimum balanced cut of the digraph representation of the circuit. The algorithm was successfully tested on the ISCAS85 and MCNC91 benchmark circuits.
Coordinate Regulation of FOXO1 by miR-27a, miR-96, and miR-182 in Breast Cancer Cells

The FOXO1 transcription factor orchestrates the regulation of genes involved in the apoptotic response, cell cycle checkpoints, and cellular metabolism. FOXO1 is a putative tumor suppressor, and the expression of this gene is dysregulated in some cancers, including prostate and endometrial cancers. However, the molecular mechanism resulting in aberrant expression of human FOXO1 in cancer cells is poorly understood. We show here that FOXO1 mRNA is down-regulated in breast tumor samples as compared with normal breast tissue. Silencing of the microRNA processing enzymes, Drosha and Dicer, led to an increase in FOXO1 expression. We also identified functional and specific microRNA target sites in the FOXO1 3′-untranslated region for miR-27a, miR-96, and miR-182, microRNAs that have previously been linked to oncogenic transformation. The three microRNAs, miR-27a, miR-96 and miR-182, were observed to be highly expressed in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, in which the level of FOXO1 protein is very low. Antisense inhibitors to each of these microRNAs led to a significant increase in endogenous FOXO1 expression and to a decrease in cell number in a manner that was blocked by FOXO1 siRNA. Overexpression of FOXO1 resulted in decreased cell viability because of inhibition of cell cycle traverse and induction of cell death. We have identified a novel mechanism of FOXO1 regulation, and targeting of FOXO1 by microRNAs may contribute to transformation or maintenance of an oncogenic state in breast cancer cells.
Spectral behavior of three-photon absorption in zinc-blende semiconductors

The three-photon absorption (3PA) spectrum of ZnSe was measured using femtosecond Z-scans and theoretically verified using a Kane 4-band model including nonparabolicity and nonzone-center wave functions. Several other semiconductors with various bandgap energies are presented.
Effect of elastic processes and ballistic recovery in silicon nanowire transistors

Scaling of silicon devices is fast approaching the limit where a single gate may fail to retain effective control over the channel region. Of the alternative device structures under focus, silicon nanowire transistors (SNWT) show great promise in terms of scalability, performance, and ease of fabrication. Here we present the results of self-consistent, fully 3D quantum mechanical simulations of SNWTs to show the role of surface roughness (SR) and ionized dopant scattering on the transport of carriers. We find that the addition of SR, in conjunction with impurity scattering, causes additional quantum interference which increases the variation of the operational parameters of the SNWT. However, we also find that quantum interference and elastic processes can be overcome to obtain nearly ballistic behavior in devices with preferential dopant configurations.
Accessibility challenges of the next decade: cloud and mobile computing and beyond

A valuable body of research and best practices has been developed to address Web Accessibility to insure that all users of the technology have equal access to information and functionality. Significant effort has led to the development of rigorous guidelines addressing this goal. However substantial challenges lay ahead as the Web moves beyond the desktop and computing models evolve. Cloud computing promises that unlimited access to computing resources (processing power, storage, etc.) will be ubiquitous, economical and available to all. Mobile computers in the form of smart phones and tablets already surpass in sheer numbers all other computing systems. What will the challenges be to insure that cloud and mobile computing systems are genuinely accessible? What lessons can be learned from the Web accessibility efforts?
Heteroepitaxial Growth of Vertical GaAs Nanowires on Si (111) Substrates by Metal−Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition

Epitaxial growth of vertical GaAs nanowires on Si (111) substrates is demonstrated by metal−organic chemical vapor deposition via a vapor−liquid−solid growth mechanism. Systematic experiments indicate that substrate pretreatment, pregrowth alloying temperature, and growth temperature are all crucial to vertical epitaxial growth. Nanowire growth rate and morphology can be well controlled by the growth temperature, the metal−organic precursor molar fraction, and the molar V/III ratio. The as-grown GaAs nanowires have a predominantly zinc-blende crystal structure along a ⟨111⟩ direction. Crystallographic {111} stacking faults found perpendicular to the growth axis could be almost eliminated via growth at high V/III ratio and low temperature. Single nanowire field effect transistors based on unintentionally doped GaAs nanowires were fabricated and found to display a strong effect of surface states on their transport properties.
Osmotic relations of the drought‐tolerant shrub Artemisia tridentata in response to water stress

Turgor maintenance, solute content and recovery from water stress were examined in the drought-tolerant shrub Artemisia tridentata. Predawn water potentials of shrubs receiving supplemental water remained above −2 MPa throughout summer, while predawn water potentials of untreated shrubs decreased to −5 MPa. Osmotic potentials decreased in conjunction with water potentials maintaining turgor pressures above 0 MPa. The decreases in osmotic potentials were not the result of osmotic adjustment (i.e. solute accumulation). Leaf solute contents decreased during drought, but leaf water volumes decreased more than 75% from spring to summer, thereby passively concentrating solutes within the leaves. The maintenance of positive turgor pressures despite decreases in leaf water volumes is consistent with other studies of species with elastic cell walls. Inorganic ion, organic acid, and carbohydrate contents of leaves declined during drought. The only solutes accumulating in leaves of A. tridentata with water stress were proline and a cyclitol, both considered compatible solutes. Total and osmotic potentials recovered rapidly following rewatering of shrubs; solute contents did not change except for a decrease in proline. Maintaining turgor through the passive concentration of solutes may be advantageous compared to synthesis of new solutes for osmotic adjustment in arid environments.
Human and Murine IFIT1 Proteins Do Not Restrict Infection of Negative-Sense RNA Viruses of the Orthomyxoviridae, Bunyaviridae, and Filoviridae Families

UNLABELLED Interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 (IFIT1) is a host protein with reported cell-intrinsic antiviral activity against several RNA viruses. The proposed basis for the activity against negative-sense RNA viruses is the binding to exposed 5'-triphosphates (5'-ppp) on the genome of viral RNA. However, recent studies reported relatively low binding affinities of IFIT1 for 5'-ppp RNA, suggesting that IFIT1 may not interact efficiently with this moiety under physiological conditions. To evaluate the ability of IFIT1 to have an impact on negative-sense RNA viruses, we infected Ifit1(-/-) and wild-type control mice and primary cells with four negative-sense RNA viruses (influenza A virus [IAV], La Crosse virus [LACV], Oropouche virus [OROV], and Ebola virus) corresponding to three distinct families. Unexpectedly, a lack of Ifit1 gene expression did not result in increased infection by any of these viruses in cell culture. Analogously, morbidity, mortality, and viral burdens in tissues were identical between Ifit1(-/-) and control mice after infection with IAV, LACV, or OROV. Finally, deletion of the human IFIT1 protein in A549 cells did not affect IAV replication or infection, and reciprocally, ectopic expression of IFIT1 in HEK293T cells did not inhibit IAV infection. To explain the lack of antiviral activity against IAV, we measured the binding affinity of IFIT1 for RNA oligonucleotides resembling the 5' ends of IAV gene segments. The affinity for 5'-ppp RNA was approximately 10-fold lower than that for non-2'-O-methylated (cap 0) RNA oligonucleotides. Based on this analysis, we conclude that IFIT1 is not a dominant restriction factor against negative-sense RNA viruses. IMPORTANCE Negative-sense RNA viruses, including influenza virus and Ebola virus, have been responsible for some of the most deadly outbreaks in recent history. The host interferon response and induction of antiviral genes contribute to the control of infections by these viruses. IFIT1 is highly induced after virus infection and reportedly has antiviral activity against several RNA and DNA viruses. However, its role in restricting infection by negative-sense RNA viruses remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated the ability of IFIT1 to inhibit negative-sense RNA virus replication and pathogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Detailed cell culture and animal studies demonstrated that IFIT1 is not a dominant restriction factor against three different families of negative-sense RNA viruses.
Identification of psl, a Locus Encoding a Potential Exopolysaccharide That Is Essential for Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 Biofilm Formation

Bacteria inhabiting biofilms usually produce one or more polysaccharides that provide a hydrated scaffolding to stabilize and reinforce the structure of the biofilm, mediate cell-cell and cell-surface interactions, and provide protection from biocides and antimicrobial agents. Historically, alginate has been considered the major exopolysaccharide of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm matrix, with minimal regard to the different functions polysaccharides execute. Recent chemical and genetic studies have demonstrated that alginate is not involved in the initiation of biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa strains PAO1 and PA14. We hypothesized that there is at least one other polysaccharide gene cluster involved in biofilm development. Two separate clusters of genes with homology to exopolysaccharide biosynthetic functions were identified from the annotated PAO1 genome. Reverse genetics was employed to generate mutations in genes from these clusters. We discovered that one group of genes, designated psl, are important for biofilm initiation. A PAO1 strain with a disruption of the first two genes of the psl cluster (PA2231 and PA2232) was severely compromised in biofilm initiation, as confirmed by static microtiter and continuous culture flow cell and tubing biofilm assays. This impaired biofilm phenotype could be complemented with the wild-type psl sequences and was not due to defects in motility or lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. These results implicate an as yet unknown exopolysaccharide as being required for the formation of the biofilm matrix. Understanding psl-encoded exopolysaccharide expression and protection in biofilms will provide insight into the pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis and other infections involving biofilms.
Applications of radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of breast cancer

Physicians are testing minimally invasive ablation techniques to determine if they will be acceptable substitutes for surgical removal of primary breast tumors. In radiofrequency ablation (RFA), frictional heating of the tissue is caused by the rapid movement of ions attempting to follow a high frequency alternating current moving between two electrodes. Localization of a small electrode in the tumor is accomplished under ultrasound guidance, and a larger electrode pad is placed on the outside of the body. Five pilot studies have demonstrated that RFA can effectively ablate tumors up to 3 cm in size. In addition to treating small primary tumors, RFA may also be useful for consolidation therapy after lumpectomy, for treatment of inoperable tumors in end-stage patients, for treatment of locally advanced disease as a substitute for neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and for treatment of breast cancer metastases, such as bone, liver, and kidney. Clinical trials are needed to assess treatment outcomes and to monitor the long-term fate of ablated tissue.
Genotypic succession in the cyclomorphosis of Bosmina longirostris (Cladocera)

SUMMARY. The pattern of cyclomorphosis of Bosmina longirostris was followed over a 21-month period in Lake Travis, Texas. Appreciable variation was observed in body size and in the lengths of antennules and mucrones. Electrophoresis of clonal isolates collected over the period of study showed a seasonal cycle in esterase phenotypes. A definite association was demonstrated between the esterase phenotypes and morphologies of these clonal isolates. Individuals of one esterase phenotype were usually large and long-featured, whereas individuals of the other esterase phenotypes were smaller, with short features. The association of morphology and esterase phenotypes from laboratory experiments corresponded to the association observed in field samples. These results support the hypothesis that the cyclomorphosis of Lake Travis Bosmina involves a succession of clones as well as phenotypic plasticity.
Tracking Student Participants From A REU Site With NAE Grand Challenges As The Common Theme

The National Academy of Engineering (NAE) Grand Challenges provides the theme for this NSF-funded Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) site. Research topics, with their broad societal impact, allow undergraduate students from multiple engineering disciplines and computer science to work together on exciting and critical problems. The approach to addressing the need for research in critical technical areas includes: providing research training in multi-disciplinary research fields; developing technical and professional skills; networking with fellow REU students and participating faculty advisors; and raising student interest and awareness in both graduate studies and our nation’s most critical problems. The Grand Challenges investigated by student participants include: making solar energy economical; providing access to clean water; advancing health informatics; securing cyberspace; restoring and improving urban infrastructure; engineering the tools of scientific discovery; engineering better medicines; and advancing personalized learning. Over a three-year period, 34 students participated in the REU Site and 58.8% were students underrepresented in engineering. The student participants published their work and gave presentations in regional and national conferences. Several graduate students gained leadership experience by assisting in program coordination. Based on surveys, overall, student participants value most the opportunity to contribute to a research group on exciting and relevant problems. Tracking efforts resulted in locating 100% of the student participants. We found 38.2% completed their undergraduate degrees and now have positions in industry; 38.2% are currently in graduate school and 8.8% have completed their graduate degrees; 14.7% are still pursuing engineering or computer science undergraduate degrees.
Erythema multiforme major secondary to a cosmetic facial cream: first case report.

Background Oral erythema multiforme (EM) major is an acute immune-mediated disorder typically involving the oral mucosa, triggered by a hypersensitivity reaction to an antigen. Case Summary A 59-year-old woman presented to an oral medicine clinic with a chief complaint of “mystery disease” of 1 year's duration. The condition was described as repeated episodes of severe, painful, asymmetric oral lesions that responded to systemic steroid therapy. A previous oral biopsy described fibrinoid necrosis, mixed inflammation, and granulation tissue. A regimen of descending-dose prednisone was administered, and 3 weeks later the tissues appeared to be partially healed. Direct immunofluorescence staining of a biopsied oral mucosal lesion was negative. To rule out a drug causation, the patient discontinued hydrochlorothiazide and escitalopram oxalate. However, on steroid tapering, episodic lesions recurred. The patient was placed on combination systemic prednisone and azathioprine. The oral lesions resolved again, but new episodes occurred immediately after tapering. The patient's daily facial cosmetics were evaluated, and she was asked to stop using cosmetics with the active ingredient octocrylene. After eliminating the use of facial cosmetics containing octocrylene, the episodes no longer recurred. Conclusions We report a case of cosmetic-induced EM major and suggest that the triggering allergen is octocrylene.
Strategies for International Advertising

This paper identifies some international problems in advertising, and then provides guidelines to solve them. A basic cause of many of these problems is unfamiliarity with the many cultural, social, political, legal, language, and other factors that cannot be directly controlled by the advertiser. The job of an international advertiser is doubly difficult since he faces two sets of uncontrollable factors, domestic and foreign. Domestic advertising is somewhat easier to manage since only domestic uncontrollables must be considered, and they are much more familiar.
The Modeling Language OPL — A Short Overview

OPL is a modeling language for mathematical programming and combinatorial optimization problems. It is the first modeling language to combine high-level algebraic and set notations from modeling languages with a rich constraint language and the ability to specify search procedures and strategies that is the essence of constraint programming. In addition, OPL models can be controlled and composed using OPLScript, a script language that simplifies the development of applications that solve sequences of models, several instances of the same model, or a combination of both as in column-generation applications. This paper illustrates some of the functionalities of OPL for combinatorial optimization using frequency allocation, sport scheduling, and project scheduling applications. It also gives a brief overview of OPLScript and of the code generation facilities of the development environment of OPL.
Minimum Weight Design of Light Gage Steel Members

Light gage steel is used extensively in light construction components. Large tonnages of a standard design are commonly produced, thus the minimum material requirements are of utmost importance to the product designer. A technique is presented for designing a minimum weight member to support a given loading condition. The problem is treated as a numerical optimization problem in which the variables are the dimensions and thickness of a given type of cross-sectional shape. Design requirements are based on the American Iron and Steel Institute Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members, 1968 Edition. These requirements are used to calculate a minimum acceptable thickness for a section whose other dimensions are considered temporarily fixed. This establishes the minimum weight design for the particular set of dimensions. Search methods are then employed to systematically establish sets of dimensions yielding reduced weight sections. Both a direct search and gradient search were examined and the latter found to be more efficient.
Introduction to Algae

Although the term “algae” does not enjoy formal taxonomic recognition, it is in wide general use and is familiar to most people. Basically, algae are photosynthetic, nonembryo-producing plants. (An embryo is here considered to be a multicellular young plant produced from the zygote and developed within the female reproductive structure.) As indicated in Chapter 1, algae do not form a natural group, but are subdivided into several divisions. It is of interest to note that the common names of most algal divisions refer to a color, such as red, green, blue-green, or brown. This color is characteristic of algae within a division and is due to the presence and different proportions of pigments in the cells.
Erratum: Radiative lifetime measurement of the 3 1 S, 3 1 D, 4 1 D, 4 1 F, and 5 1 F excited states of helium

The lifetimes of the $3^{1}S$, $3^{1}D$, $4^{1}D$, $4^{1}F$, and $5^{1}F$, states of He have been determined experimentally to be 54.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.8, 16.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.8, 36.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.2, 67\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10, and 142\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20 nesc, respectively. The measurements were made at several incident electron energies using a pulsed-electron time-delayed-coincidence technique.
High-Resolution Electron Microscopy of Planar Defects in Ain.

The defects which occur in polycrystalline aluminum nitride are very detrimental to the beneficial physical and electrical properties. ‘Dome-like’ or ‘D’ defects, consisting of a flat basal fault joined to a curved planar fault, are examined by high-resolution electron microscopy. The basal segments are shown to contain a thin ∼5A layer of a second phase and are associated with a stacking-fault and an antiphase boundary. A structural model is proposed for the defect which incorporates a layer of alumina at the basal segment of the ‘D’ defect. The formation of thisdefect is discussed.
Effects of microgravity on the composition of the intervertebral disk

The lumbar annuli of rats flown on COSMOS 2044 were compared with those of three control groups and a tail-suspension experimental model. The wet and dry weights of the annuli were significantly smaller (P less than 0.05) in the flight group than in three control groups. The collagen-to-proteoglycan ratio was significantly greater (P less than 0.001) in the flight group than in the three control groups, but there were no detectable changes in the relative proportions of type I and II collagen or in the number of pyridinoline cross-links. When the annuli were immersed in water for 2 h, more proteoglycans (P less than 0.001) leached from the annuli of flown rats than from the tissue of control animals, suggesting abnormal or smaller proteoglycans. Safranin-O indicated a normal spatial distribution of the proteoglycans within the annulus. Tail suspension did not affect the size of the annuli, but more proteoglycans (P less than 0.05) leached from the tissue of suspended animals than from the normal annuli. The reasons for smaller disks and the abnormal ratio between the fibrous collagenous network and the proteoglycan gel in the flight group are unknown at this time. It is, however, probable that these changes may affect the biomechanical functions of the annulus, although they may be temporary and totally reversible if injuries are avoided in the interim period.