cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract T MP66: The Ich Score: A Self-fulfilling Prophecy?

Introduction: Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remains one of the most disabling forms of stroke. Of the prognostication models developed to aid in treatment decisions, the ICH score remains the most widely used. We hypothesize that patients with higher scores that carry a poor prognosis receive less aggressive treatment based on their expected mortality and that actual mortality rates are lower than those predicted by the ICH score. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 362 patients with spontaneous ICH from 2010-2013 was reviewed. ICH was due to hypertension, amyloid angiopathy, or was coagulopathy-induced. Surgical intervention was at the discretion of the treating neurosurgeon. Aggressive medical management was provided regardless of surgical intervention. 30-day mortality rates are reported. Results: Of the 362 patients, mortality rates based on the original ICH score were 0%, 5%, 33%, 61%, 70%, and 91%, for ICH scores of 0-5, respectively. EVD placement rates amongst groups were 3%, 18%, 46%, 58%, 21%, and 9% in scores of 0-5, respectively and significantly different between scores of 3 and 4 (p<0.001). Median modified Graeb scores, used to estimate IVH volume, were 0, 1, 5, 14, 11, and 17 in the same groups, with no difference between scores of 3 and 4. When comparing patients with ICH scores of 3 and 4, the percentages of patients with IVH were 86% and 98% (p=0.048), rates of cerebellar hemorrhage were 3% vs. 26% (p<0.001), ICH volumes were 44 cm3 vs. 49 cm3 (p=0.030), and median GCS scores were 7 vs. 4 (p<0.001), respectively. Between both groups, there was no difference in age, rate of brainstem hemorrhages, rate of surgical intervention, 30-day mortality, or time to death in patients in whom care was withdrawn vs. those who progressed to natural death. Conclusion: Our observed mortality rate in patients with poor prognosis ICH scores was lower than the historically quoted 97% and 99%, respectively. Higher IVH scores, ICH volumes, and cerebellar hemorrhage were not associated with increased rates of surgical intervention suggesting less aggressive treatment goals based on historical mortality rates. Scoring systems must be updated to allow for accurate prognostication and more aggressive treatment strategies.
Democratic States and Authoritarian Counter Diffusion: America Acquiesces to the Bahraini Crackdown

This paper utilizes American rhetoric and policy toward the uprising and subsequent crackdown in Bahrain to contribute to our understanding of democratic diffusion and authoritarian counter-diffusion by problematizing the role of external actors. As the Bahrain case demonstrates, despite normative priorities to the contrary, when powerful, democratic states feel constrained by a complicated and uncertain security environment, they may acquiesce to and ultimately reinforce an autocratic state’s resistance to democratic diffusion. While this may seem at first to be an obvious point, it runs counter to much of the literature on democratic diffusion and autocratic counter-diffusion which often pits democratic democracy promoters against authoritarian resisters. Moreover, there have been a dearth of similar cases, since in most prior circumstances the values and interests of democratic states have been in alignment. Consequently, any consideration of a diffusion process and whether counter-diffusion is or is not effective, must include the national security and realpolitik interests of external actors and how these might conflict with their values.
A Theoretical Design Approach for Passive Shimming of a Magic-Angle-Spinning NMR Magnet

This paper presents a passive shimming design approach for a magic-angle-spinning (MAS) NMR magnet. In order to achieve a 1.5-T magic-angle field in NMR samples, we created two independent orthogonal magnetic vector fields by two separate coils: the dipole and solenoid. These two coils create a combined 1.5-T magnetic field vector directed at the magic angle (54.74° from the spinning axis). Additionally, the stringent magnetic field homogeneity requirement of the MAS magnet is the same as that of a solenoidal NMR magnet. The challenge for the magic-angle passive shimming design is to correct both the dipole and solenoid magnetic field spherical harmonics with one set of iron pieces, the so-called ferromagnetic shimming. Furthermore, the magnetization of the iron pieces is produced by both the dipole and solenoid coils. In our design approach, a matrix of 2 mm by 5 mm iron pieces with different thicknesses was attached to a thin-walled tube, 90-mm diameter and 40-mm high. Two sets of spherical harmonic coefficients were calculated for both the dipole and solenoid coil windings. By using the multiple-objective linear programming optimization technique and coordinate transformations, we have designed a passive shimming set that can theoretically reduce 22 lower-order spherical harmonics and improve the homogeneity of our MAS NMR magnet.
Improved Culture Methods for Rozella and for Olpidiopsis

Slight modifications of Emerson's culture methods for the obligately parasitic chytrid Rozella allomycis produced dependable procedures for (i) maintenance of stock cultures of Rozella with its host, Allomyces arbuscula, on artificial medium, and (ii) harvest of pure, dense suspensions of Rozella zoospores. Such procedures were required for the initiation of an experimental study of this host-parasite system. The modifications were (i) extreme dilution of the nutrient content in the agar medium, and (ii) maintenance of a shallow layer of water on top of the agar. Under these conditions Allomyces produced no zoosporangia of its own, and its hyphae were filled with Rozella sporangia, which discharged their zoospores spontaneously into the liquid overlay; the latter could then be removed as a pure zoospore suspension from the host thalli which remained anchored in the agar. These procedures were further adapted for culturing Olpidiopsis varians with Achyla flagellata. Schedules for demonstrating these fungi in the teaching laboratory were also worked out.
Respiratory syncytial virus vaccine development.

Respiratory syncytial virus is the major respiratory pathogen of infants and children worldwide. Currently, there is no effective vaccine to protect against respiratory syncytial virus infection. Immunoprophylaxis with hyperimmune globulin or with a humanized monoclonal antibody is expensive, limite
The In–Sn Phase Diagram

The In–Sn system has been redetermined using dta, metallography and X-ray diffraction techniques. It is confirmed that the B and y intermediate 8hases are formed by peritectic reactions, at 141.0° and 222.6°C respectively. β and γ form a eutectic at 47.4 at% Sn and 119°C. The kink in the γ–phase solidus proposed by Heumann and Alpaut is not confirmed.
Aerodynamic and aerothermal instrumentation - Measurement uncertainty in the NSWC Hypervelocity Wind Tunnel No. 9

Since the publication of AIAA Standard S-071, "Assessment of Wind Tunnel Data Uncertainty", there has been much activity throughout the ground testing community to assess experimental uncertainty for each wind tunnel facility. This paper documents an implementation of that standard at the NSWC Hypervelocity Wind Tunnel 9 for aerodynamic and aerothermal instrumentation. The paper begins with a general description of the experimental uncertainty methodology, followed by specific examples applied to static stability and drag, pressure, and heat transfer testing. The experimental measurement uncertainty techniques discussed in this paper have application to other hypersonic wind tunnels.
Chemical Cross-Linking for Protein–Protein Interaction Studies

Most proteins function through protein complex assemblies. Defining and mapping protein complex networks are crucial elements in the fundamental understanding of biological processes. The ability to measure protein-protein interactions in biological systems has undergone significant advances in the past decade due to emergence and growth of numerous new molecular biology and mass spectrometry technologies. Chemical cross-linking, along with yeast two-hybrid, fluorescence resonant energy transfer (FRET), and co-immunoprecipitation have become important tools for detection and characterization of protein-protein interactions. Individual protein members in a noncovalent complex assembly remain in close proximity which is within the reach of the two reactive groups of a cross-linker. Thus cross-linking reactions have potential for linking two interacting proteins which exist in close proximity. In general, chemical cross-linking experiments are carried out by first linking the interacting proteins through covalent bonds followed by a series of well-established protocols -- SDS-PAGE, in-gel digestion, and shotgun LC/MS/MS for identification of the cross-linked proteins. These approaches have been employed for both mapping topology of protein complex in vitro and determining the protein interaction partners in vivo.
Analysis on the automated-alert and response system (AARS) for infections diseases in Lianyungang city (2008-2013)

Objective To analyze the result of the application on automated-alert and response sysyem(AARS),and explore the operation mode of infectious disease for improving the quality of the system.Methods The information of the signals would be sent out by the control chart model of SSRS when the data reached or went over the thresholds.Results A total of 3 183 warning messages were released by AARS of Lianyungang from 2008 to 2013.The warning messages covered 27 infections diseases,including:classA,1,classB,15,classC,9,non-statutory infectious disease,2.The positive rate was 0.50%.The sensitivity of the system was quite different when tested by different standards.Conclusion This system was able to send out signals when abnormal epidemic occurred.The value of the warning threshold should be adjusted according to different diseases and actual situation.The present evaluation criteria should be reasonably selected.Pre-outbreak criteria targeting this system should be established too.The proper standard available and the standard of preoutbreak event should be selected and established which can judge the Automatic Warning System pertinently.
Cracker Barrel: Disentangling Oil Price Shocks through the Crack Spread

This paper proposes a new methodology for differentiating oil demand and supply shocks using the information content of forward-looking asset prices for crude oil and refined products. Building upon the industry folk wisdom that demand and supply shocks have asymmetric passthrough dynamics through the product crack spread, the paper provides a new identification scheme without using quantity-based data. Our results suggest that the price rises of the late 1970s had a demand-driven component, the 1990-91 Gulf War shock reacted both to supply and precautionary demand shocks, the price spike in 2008 was driven more by expectations of future supply constraints than immediate demand pressures, and the recent collapse of prices in 2014 had both a demand and supply component. Oil demand and supply shocks, by our decomposition, are also shown to have different impacts on macroeconomic variables such as industrial production, unemployment, core inflation, and the Fed Funds rate, with implications for formulating an effective policy response to oil shocks.
Immunotherapeutic strategies targeting natural killer T cell responses in cancer

Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a unique subset of lymphocytes that bridge the innate and adaptive immune system. NKT cells possess a classic αβ T cell receptor (TCR) that is able to recognize self and foreign glycolipid antigens presented by the nonclassical class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule, CD1d. Type I NKT cells (referred to as invariant NKT cells) express a semi-invariant Vα14Jα18 TCR in mice and Vα24Jα18 TCR in humans. Type II NKT cells are CD1d-restricted T cells that express a more diverse set of TCR α chains. The two types of NKT cells often exert opposing effects especially in tumor immunity, where type II cells generally suppress tumor immunity while type I NKT cells can enhance anti-tumor immune responses. In this review, we focus on the role of NKT cells in cancer. We discuss their effector and suppressive functions, as well as describe preclinical and clinical studies utilizing therapeutic strategies focused on harnessing their potent anti-tumor effector functions, and conclude with a discussion on potential next steps for the utilization of NKT cell-targeted therapies for the treatment of cancer.
The New Consensus and the New Rift in Generative Syntax

This chapter discusses the new consensus and the new rift in the concept of generative syntax. The principal thrust of generative semantics had been to challenge two propositions: (1) the internal structure of the grammar of a language consists of a set of distinct components, each with its particular form and function and (2) the principles of grammatical patterning are formulable without recourse to the extra linguistic context of the utterance. The abandonment by generative semantics of the level of deep structure represented the rejection of distinct syntactic and semantic components. The late generative semantic conception of one homogeneous syntax–semantics–pragmatics rejected an assumption that had guided work in generative grammar since its inception, namely, that linguistic form is characterizable in terms of a set of primitives that themselves are strictly linguistic. The collapse of generative semantics gave new life to the idea of an autonomous grammatical theory consisting of a set of distinct components. Since the late 1970s, virtually all work in generative grammar has presupposed such an idea. The chapter discusses some work carried out in this general spirit. It highlights the widely accepted modular conception of language and developments in pragmatics, which is now universally regarded as an area of study with principles distinct from those of formal grammar per se . It presents recent work in morphology and the evolution of thinking on the interface between syntax and phonology.
Souls: the Death of Purgatory and the Reformation

This chapter and the next examine the changing relationships between the body, the soul, the living and the dead in the origins of the German Reformation. The ties that bound the living and the dead together, body and soul, were strained in the fifteenth century and then consistently severed by the Reformation. The intimacy of both the souls and the bodies of the dead to the world of the living was at issue: I argue that the Reformation helped separate the living from the dead both spiritually and physically, and that this parallel separation was fundamental to the development of the Reformation.
Abstract IA18: Latency and immune evasion of metastatic stem cells

Metastasis frequently develops years after the removal of a primary tumor, from a minority of disseminated cancer cells that survived as latent entities. An improved understanding of the location and survival mechanisms of disseminated cancer cells, and their ability to enter a quiescent state, evade immune surveillance, and retain tumor reinitiating capacity is needed to better prevent and treat metastatic cancer. To this end, we isolated latency competent cancer (LCC) cells from early-stage human lung and breast carcinoma cell lines and defined the mechanisms that prevent the outgrowth, support the long-term survival, and maintain the tumor-initiating potential of these cells during latent metastasis. LCC cells show stem cell-like characteristics and express Sox transcription factors, which are essential for their survival in host organs under restrictive conditions and for metastatic outgrowth under permissive conditions. Through autocrine suppression of WNT signaling and heightened TGF-β signaling, LCC cells self-impose a slow-cycling state with broad down-regulation of NK cell activators. By actively entering quiescence, these metastatic stem cells can evade innate immunity to remain latent for extended periods. Citation Format: Joan Massague. Latency and immune evasion of metastatic stem cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Function of Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer Progression; 2016 Jan 7–10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(15 Suppl):Abstract nr IA18.
Laryngospasm: The Silent Menace

Laryngospasm may occur during induction or emergence from general anesthesia, or following irritation of the upper airway from any cause in semiconscious patients. There is no reliable prevention, so treatment is the only recourse. The consequences of ineffective treatment are pulmonary edema and occasionally death. The standard treatment techniques such as positive pressure ventilation with oxygen are rarely effective. The ideal treatment is described and illustrated.
Open Educational Resources and Institutional Repositories

ABSTRACTThis installment of The Balance Point column delves into the ways in which libraries create and store open educational resources (OER) in institutional repositories (IR), addressing issues such as preservation and versioning of OER content, copyright and licensing, funding, and staffing. Drawing on interviews and the literature, programs at institutions such as the University of Minnesota, the University of Kansas, and Grand Valley State University are highlighted.
A Neuropsychiatric Analysis of the Cotard Delusion

Cotard’s syndrome, a condition in which the patient denies his or her own existence or the existence of body parts, is a rare illness that has been reported in association with several neuropsychiatric diagnoses. The majority of published literature on the topic is in the form of case reports, many of which are several years old. The authors evaluated associated diagnoses, neuroimaging, and treatments recorded in patients diagnosed with Cotard’s syndrome at their institution. A search of the Mayo Clinic database for patients with mention of signs and symptoms associated with Cotard’s in their records between 1996 and 2016 was conducted. The electronic medical records of the identified patients were then reviewed for evidence of a true diagnosis of Cotard’s. Clinical and neuroimaging data were also recorded for these patients. The search identified 18 patients, 14 of whom had Cotard delusions. Two of the 14 were excluded due to them being under age 18. The resulting 12 patients had a median age of 52 years...
THE INVOLVEMENT OF CALCIUM IN THE AMPHETAMINE-INDUCED STIMULATION OF DOPAMINE SYNTHESIS IN STRIATAL SLICES

Amphetamine can stimulate tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity in rat striatal slices incubated in normal medium but not in medium without calcium. The addition of verapamil and divalent cations to normal medium can inhibit this stimulation of TH activity. When various divalent cations were added to medium containing no calcium, only manganese could support the amphetamine-induced stimulation of tyrosine hydroxylase activity as effectively as calcium.
A response to Gustavsson, Kittelsaa & Tøssebro

The language of ‘evidence-based practices’projects an air of finality that serious questions about the scientific status of educational research have effectively been put to rest; and, having put t...
Social Mechanisms: A plea for mechanisms

INTRODUCTION Are there lawlike generalizations in the social sciences? If not, are we thrown back on mere description and narrative? In my opinion, the answer to both questions is no. The main task of this chapter is to explain and illustrate the idea of a mechanism as intermediate between laws and descriptions. Roughly speaking, mechanisms are frequently occurring and easily recognizable causal patterns that are triggered under generally unknown conditions or with indeterminate consequences . They allow us to explain, but not to predict. An example from George Vaillant gives a flavor of the idea: “Perhaps for every child who becomes alcoholic in response to an alcoholic environment, another eschews alcohol in response to the same environment.” Both reactions embody mechanisms: doing what your parents do and doing the opposite of what they do. We cannot tell ahead of time what will become of the child of an alcoholic, but if he or she turns out either a teetotaler or an alcoholic we may suspect we know why. Over the years, I have increasingly come to view the ideal of lawlike explanation (“covering-law explanation”) in history and the social sciences as implausible and fragile. Early on, I was struck by Paul Veyne's discussion of the idea of providing a nomological explanation of Louis XIV's unpopularity. Suppose we start from the generalization that “any king imposing excessive taxes becomes unpopular.”
Language experience-dependent advantage in pitch representation in the auditory cortex is limited to favorable signal-to-noise ratios.

Abstract Long-term experience enhances neural representation of temporal attributes of pitch in the brainstem and auditory cortex in favorable listening conditions. Herein we examine whether cortical pitch mechanisms shaped by language experience are more resilient to degradation in background noise, and exhibit greater binaural release from masking (BRM). Cortical pitch responses (CPR) were recorded from Mandarin- and English-speaking natives using a Mandarin word exhibiting a high rising pitch (/yi2/). Stimuli were presented diotically in Quiet, and in noise at +5, and 0 dB SNR. CPRs were also recorded in binaural conditions, SONO (where signal and noise were in phase at both ears); or S0Nπ (where signal was in phase and noise 180° out of phase at each ear), using 0 dB SNR. At Fz, both groups showed increase in CPR peak latency and decrease in amplitude with increasing noise level. A language-dependent enhancement of Na–Pb amplitude (Chinese > English) was restricted to Quiet and +5 dB SNR conditions. At T7/T8 electrode sites, Chinese natives exhibited a rightward asymmetry for both CPR components. A language-dependent effect (Chinese > English) was restricted to T8. Regarding BRM, both CPR components showed greater response amplitude for the S0Nπ condition compared to S0N0 across groups. Rightward asymmetry for BRM in the Chinese group indicates experience-dependent recruitment of right auditory cortex. Restriction of the advantage in pitch representation to the quiet and +5 SNR conditions, and the absence of group differences in the binaural release from masking, suggest that language experience affords limited advantage in the neural representation of pitch-relevant information in the auditory cortex under adverse listening conditions.
Assessment of Stature in Spinal Cord Injury

AbstractAssessment of stature has been a neglected part of the medical assessment of individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). In past studies of pulmonary function in SCI, it has not been stated how stature was assessed in order to calculate predicted pulmonary function. As part of a study of respiratory function in SCI, we examined the accuracy of self-report of stature and whether upper extremity measurements could be used to predict stature in 88 individuals with SCI. Although armspan and four other upper extremity measurements were significant predictors of length, recalled height was the best predictor. On average, for any value of armspan, an individual with complete SCI was 2.3 cm shorter than an individual with incomplete SCI. Individuals with complete SCI also had greater differences between recalled height and measured length compared with individuals with incomplete SCI, and this difference was not due to age or years since injury. It is likely that differences in bone demineralization accoun...
Virtual world as interface for human-robot interaction

This article describes preliminary work on a research environment called Virtual Synergy to represent a shared virtual map of an area for multiple autonomous robots by modifying the GameBots 3D multi-agent system. The use of GameBots will allow multiple users to interact with robots and agents at different levels of adjustable or dynamic autonomy. By interacting with the robots as another team member, the users take on different roles to suit the situation: supervisor, peer, mechanic, teleoperator, and spectator.
AFFERENT FIBERS INVOLVED IN DEFENSE REFLEXES FROM THE RESPIRATORY TRACT

Publisher Summary This chapter describes afferent fibers involved in defense reflexes from the respiratory tract. Morphological and physiological studies provide abundant evidence that the respiratory tract is richly supplied with afferent nerve endings and that reflex changes in the airways and lungs and in the pattern of breathing are readily evoked by stimuli applied to all subdivisions of the tract. The Mefense reflexes are essentially nociceptive and are brought into play when potentially harmful agents, either solids, gases, liquids or aerosols, either airborne or bloodborne, gain access to the respiratory tract. The primary purpose of a pulmonary defense reflex is to expel the harmful agent or at least to limit its further entry into the lung and its access to the bloodstream and to reduce its harmful local effects upon the lungs and airways. This chapter discusses certain aspects of the pulmonary defense reflexes: (1) coughing and changes in breathing, (2) alterations in bronchomotor tone, and (3) the afferent nerves whose stimulation by harmful agents initiates these particular reflex effects. It also highlights the reflexes evoked by stimulation of afferent nerves located in the respiratory tract below the larynx.
The effects of chronic betaine supplementation on body composition and performance in collegiate females: a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial.

Betaine supplementation has been shown to improve body composition and some metrics of muscular performance in young men; but, whether betaine enhances body composition or performance in female subjects is currently unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the interaction between resistance training adaptation and chronic betaine supplementation in females. Twenty-three young women (21.0 ± 1.4 years, 165.9 ± 6.4 cm, 68.6 ± 11.8 kg) without prior structured resistance training experience volunteered for this study. Body composition (BodPod), rectus femoris muscle thickness (B-mode Ultrasound), vertical jump, back squat 1RM and bench press 1RM were assessed pre- and post-training. Following 1 week of familiarization training, subjects were matched for body composition and squat strength, and randomly assigned to either a betaine (2.5 g/day; n = 11) or placebo (n = 12) group that completed 3 sets of 6–7 exercises per day performed to momentary muscular failure. Training was divided into two lower and one upper body training sessions per week performed on non-consecutive days for 8 weeks, and weekly volume load was used to analyze work capacity. Significant main effects of time were found for changes in lean mass (2.4 ± 1.8 kg), muscle thickness (0.13 ± 0.08 cm), vertical jump (1.8 ± 1.6 cm), squat 1RM (39.8 ± 14.0 kg), and bench press 1 RM (9.1 ± 7.3 kg); however, there were no significant interactions. A trend (p = .056) was found for greater weekly training volumes for betaine versus placebo. Significant interactions were found for changes in body fat percentage and fat mass: body fat percentage and fat mass decreased significantly more in betaine (− 3.3 ± 1.7%; − 2.0 ± 1.1 kg) compared to placebo (− 1.7 ± 1.6%; − 0.8 ± 1.3 kg), respectively. The results of this study indicated that betaine supplementation may enhance reductions in fat mass, but not absolute strength, that accompany a resistance training program in untrained collegiate females.
Anti-tau conformational scFv MC1 antibody efficiently reduces pathological tau species in adult JNPL3 mice.

Tau, the main component of the neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), is an attractive target for immunotherapy in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other tauopathies. MC1/Alz50 are currently the only antibodies targeting a disease-specific conformational modification of tau. Passive immunization experiments using intra-peritoneal injections have previously shown that MC1 is effective at reducing tau pathology in the forebrain of tau transgenic JNPL3 mice. In order to reach a long-term and sustained brain delivery, and avoid multiple injection protocols, we tested the efficacy of the single-chain variable fragment of MC1 (scFv-MC1) to reduce tau pathology in the same animal model, with focus on brain regional differences. ScFv-MC1 was cloned into an AAV delivery system and was directly injected into the hippocampus of adult JNPL3 mice. Specific promoters were employed to selectively target neurons or astrocytes for scFv-MC1 expression. ScFv-MC1 was able to decrease soluble, oligomeric and insoluble tau species, in our model. The effect was evident in the cortex, hippocampus and hindbrain. The astrocytic machinery appeared more efficient than the neuronal, with significant reduction of pathology in areas distant from the site of injection. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that an anti-tau conformational scFv antibody, delivered directly into the mouse adult brain, is able to reduce pathological tau, providing further insight into the nature of immunotherapy strategies.
CSR and M&As in Developed and Developing Economies

This chapter provides a reflection on inflection points and transitions in intertwined M&A and CSR strategies, as more and more of the growth in the global economy comes from developing markets. Just as the phenomenon of reverse innovation has been occurring, in which innovation increasingly flows from developing into developed regions of the world (rather than the traditional developed to developing direction), this chapter reflects on and suggests that there could prospectively be an occurrence of reverse social responsibility and sustainability, wherein the developed regions could take notice of the practices and performance from the developing world—as suggested even from the preceding chapter case analysis of the conjoined M&A and CSR development of the now global emerging markets Arabian Gulf firm, Agility.
A mechanism for Destructive Single-Event Efect in Gallium Nitride Power HEMTs

The destructive Single-Event Effects in GaN HEMTs are varied and complicated. This paper presents a mechanism of the effect.
Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction to Improve Quadriceps Function Long After ACL Reconstruction.

Quadriceps atrophy and weakness can persist for years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). We evaluated the effectiveness of a home-based blood flow restriction (BFR) exercise program to increase quadriceps size and strength several years after ACLR. Nine adults with ACLR (5±2 yrs post-surgery, ≤90% symmetry in quadriceps size and strength) and nine uninjured controls volunteered. ACLR participants exercised at home for 25 min, 5×/wk for 4 wks (single-leg knee extension, bodyweight half-squats, walking). Blood flow in only the involved leg was restricted using a thigh cuff inflated to 50% of limb occlusion pressure. Rectus femoris and vastus lateralis thickness and knee extensor strength were measured before and after training. Baseline and post-training symmetry (involved leg/uninvolved leg) indices were compared to uninjured controls. Rectus femoris and vastus lateralis thickness and knee extensor strength in the involved leg increased by 11±5%, 10±6%, and 20±14%, respectively (all P
Evolution of Blepharoplasty

The eyes and periorbital region are central components of facial beauty and harmony, but the periorbital region is also one of the earliest to show signs of aging. Over the past few decades, significant progress has been made in our understanding of the anatomy in this area, as well as the deleterious effects of aging in this region. In turn, surgical philosophy and techniques have evolved to better combat changes in this area to achieve a more youthful, natural appearance.
A Compendium of Genetic Modifiers of Mitochondrial Dysfunction Reveals Intra-organelle Buffering

Summary Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with a spectrum of human conditions, ranging from rare, inborn errors of metabolism to the aging process. To identify pathways that modify mitochondrial dysfunction, we performed genome-wide CRISPR screens in the presence of small-molecule mitochondrial inhibitors. We report a compendium of chemical-genetic interactions involving 191 distinct genetic modifiers, including 38 that are synthetic sick/lethal and 63 that are suppressors. Genes involved in glycolysis (PFKP), pentose phosphate pathway (G6PD), and defense against lipid peroxidation (GPX4) scored high as synthetic sick/lethal. A surprisingly large fraction of suppressors are pathway intrinsic and encode mitochondrial proteins. A striking example of such “intra-organelle” buffering is the alleviation of a chemical defect in complex V by simultaneous inhibition of complex I, which benefits cells by rebalancing redox cofactors, increasing reductive carboxylation, and promoting glycolysis. Perhaps paradoxically, certain forms of mitochondrial dysfunction may best be buffered with “second site” inhibitors to the organelle.
Genetic Variation Shapes Murine Gut Microbiota via Immunity.

Host genetics influence gut microbiome composition. However, determining the specific physiological mechanisms and microbes affected has been difficult due to ‘cage’ and ‘legacy’ effects in model systems. Recently, Khan et al. cleverly colonized ex-germ-free mice to demonstrate that immune genes regulate select bacterial lineages in the mouse gut.
Myopericarditis as a Presenting Feature of Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Abstract Background Myocarditis is a rare sequelae of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and typically presents after the initial diagnosis of AML has been made. Case Report We present the case of a 37-year-old female who came to the emergency department with chest pain, ST elevations on electrocardiogram, and a positive point-of-care troponin. She was brought emergently to the cardiac catheterization laboratory. After a negative catheterization, blasts were noted on the complete blood count, ultimately leading to the diagnosis of AML, with myopericarditis as the presenting manifestation. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? This case highlights the need for emergency physicians to consider a broad differential for chest pain, especially in those who do not fit into the prototypical patient with acute coronary syndrome.
Estimating the Capital Costs of Electrowinning Processes

Novel electrolysis processes remain strong technological contenders for advances in sustainable materials processing, in particular metals, yet will need to compete economically with currently-deployed production facilities. To evaluate the technoeconomic efficacy of new electrolytic metal extraction processes, an understanding of the capital and operating costs of electrowinning is necessary. Estimation of electrochemical operating costs has been afforded due attention, yet capital cost (CAPEX) trends are far less understood. Herein, we attempt to show that estimating the capital costs of electrowinning processes via conventional chemical engineering scaling laws is not possible. Instead, we propose a capital cost model for electrochemical processes based on relevant operating parameters such as current density, temperature, and voltage. The new model for capital cost describes within ±30 to 100% the capex for existing electrochemical processes, sufficient for order of magnitude and preliminary design capital cost estimation.
Personalized prediction of early childhood asthma persistence: A machine learning approach

Early childhood asthma diagnosis is common; however, many children diagnosed before age 5 experience symptom resolution and it remains difficult to identify individuals whose symptoms will persist. Our objective was to develop machine learning models to identify which individuals diagnosed with asthma before age 5 continue to experience asthma-related visits. We curated a retrospective dataset for 9,934 children derived from electronic health record (EHR) data. We trained five machine learning models to differentiate individuals without subsequent asthma-related visits (transient diagnosis) from those with asthma-related visits between ages 5 and 10 (persistent diagnosis) given clinical information up to age 5 years. Based on average NPV-Specificity area (ANSA), all models performed significantly better than random chance, with XGBoost obtaining the best performance (0.43 mean ANSA). Feature importance analysis indicated age of last asthma diagnosis under 5 years, total number of asthma related visits, self-identified black race, allergic rhinitis, and eczema as important features. Although our models appear to perform well, a lack of prior models utilizing a large number of features to predict individual persistence makes direct comparison infeasible. However, feature importance analysis indicates our models are consistent with prior research indicating diagnosis age and prior health service utilization as important predictors of persistent asthma. We therefore find that machine learning models can predict which individuals will experience persistent asthma with good performance and may be useful to guide clinician and parental decisions regarding asthma counselling in early childhood.
Attention and Default Mode Network Assessments of Meditation Experience during Active Cognition and Rest.

Meditation experience has previously been shown to improve performance on behavioral assessments of attention, but the neural bases of this improvement are unknown. Two prominent, strongly competing networks exist in the human cortex: a dorsal attention network, that is activated during focused attention, and a default mode network, that is suppressed during attentionally demanding tasks. Prior studies suggest that strong anti-correlations between these networks indicate good brain health. In addition, a third network, a ventral attention network, serves as a “circuit-breaker” that transiently disrupts and redirects focused attention to permit salient stimuli to capture attention. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to contrast cortical network activation between experienced focused attention Vipassana meditators and matched controls. Participants performed two attention tasks during scanning: a sustained attention task and an attention-capture task. Meditators demonstrated increased magnitude of differential activation in the dorsal attention vs. default mode network in a sustained attention task, relative to controls. In contrast, there were no evident attention network differences between meditators and controls in an attentional reorienting paradigm. A resting state functional connectivity analysis revealed a greater magnitude of anticorrelation between dorsal attention and default mode networks in the meditators as compared to both our local control group and a n = 168 Human Connectome Project dataset. These results demonstrate, with both task- and rest-based fMRI data, increased stability in sustained attention processes without an associated attentional capture cost in meditators. Task and resting-state results, which revealed stronger anticorrelations between dorsal attention and default mode networks in experienced mediators than in controls, are consistent with a brain health benefit of long-term meditation practice.
Navigating landscapes of practice: a longitudinal qualitative study of physicians in medical education

INTRODUCTION Despite its widespread application in medical education, belonging to a single community of practice does not reflect the overall experience of physician-educators. Knowing how physician-educators find their way among different communities of practice (ie their landscape of practice) has implications for professional development but the limited description in the literature. In this longitudinal qualitative research, we explored how physicians who pursue graduate degrees in medical education navigate their landscape of practice. METHODS 11/29 physicians in one cohort of a masters in medical education programme were interviewed annually from 2016 (programme start) to 2020 (2 years post-graduation). We iteratively collected and analysed data, creating inductive codes and categorising coded data by mode of identification (engagement, imagination, alignment) and time. We organised narratives into time-ordered data matrices so that final analysis wove together mode, time and participant. RESULTS All participants consistently spoke of navigating their landscape of practice, which included the community created in the graduate programme; but that single community 'doesn't define the journey itself'. They shifted engagement from teaching individual learners to translating what they learned in the graduate programme to develop educational projects and produce scholarship. They shifted the imagination from relying on internal and external assessments to experience-inspired versions of their future self. And they shifted alignment from belonging to the graduate programme's community of practice, then belonging to different communities in their landscape of practice and ultimately focussing on communities that mattered most to them. DISCUSSION Physicians in a graduate programme in medical education navigated their dynamic landscape of practice by shifting how they engaged in medical education, as well as what they imagined and who they aligned with as physician-educators. Our work offers novel insights into how knowledgeability emerges through time as overlapping modes of identification.
Mapping the unmapped: Transmedial representations of premodern geographies

This paper discusses the problem of modeling descriptive geographies of the premodern world, with a focus on Greco-Roman sources. As premodern way-finding mechanisms are essentially unmapped, the importance of language and narrative becomes fundamental to spatial understanding: the first part of this paper proposes a discussion on the linguistic-expressive patterns that provide the foundation to spatial narratives. These include, at the most basic level, expressions of distance, orientation, and semantic/conceptual classifications. The second part of the paper addresses the problem of classifying regular expressive patterns through modeling: modeling is used as a strategy to better understand such linguistic-expressive phenomena, and as a hermeneutic exercise of application of computational methods to humanities data. The conclusion touches upon the idea of visual representations of premodern spatial narratives and discusses its challenges and advantages.
Does the Global Trade Slowdown Matter

Since the Global Financial Crisis, world trade growth has been subdued and lagging slightly behind growth of gross domestic product. Trade is growing more slowly not only because growth of global gross domestic product is lower, but also because trade itself has become less responsive to gross domestic product. This paper reviews the reasons behind the changing trade-income relationship, and then investigates its consequences for economic growth. On the demand side, sluggish world import growth may adversely affect individual countries' economic growth, as it limits opportunities for their exports. On the supply side, slower trade may diminish the scope for productivity growth through increasing specialization and diffusion of technologies. The paper finds preliminary evidence that the changing trade-income relationship matters, although the quantifiable effects do not appear to be large.
Platform Sourcing Decisions in Ride-Hailing: Autonomous Vehicles vs. Human Drivers

We consider a ride-hailing platform with two supply sources: a fleet of autonomous vehicles (AVs) and a population of self-interested human drivers. The platform faces a tradeoff: while human drivers can have higher variable cost than AVs, they are only paid if used. Due to the interaction between wage, human driver participation level, and AV deployment quantity, the required wage is non-monotone. At first, as the human joining fraction increases, the prevailing wage decreases because the platform deploys fewer AVs, reducing competition. However, at larger human joining fractions, the wage increases and human-served rides become less profitable, so the platform increases its AV deployment quantity to compensate. The increased competition from AVs necessitates still higher wages and triggers a feedback loop or "race to the top" for the platform with itself, which limits human driver recruitment. Accordingly, access to a larger AV fleet can actually hurt the platform because it cannot credibly commit to a deployment quantity, and we show that the platform could indeed earn substantially more profit if it could pre-commit. Nevertheless, we prove that by appropriately adjusting the AV fleet size, the platform can achieve the same profit as with full commitment power.
Analysis of differential gene expression and transcript usage in hippocampus of Apoe null mutant mice: Implications for Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract A dataset of single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNAseq) data was analyzed using Seurat, Sierra, and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) programs to assess differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differential transcript usage (DTU) in mouse hippocampal cell types. Seurat identified DEGs between the wild type (WT) and Apoe knockout (EKO) mice. IPA identified 11 statistically significant canonical pathways in >1 cell type. Sierra identified Sipa1l1 with DTU between WT and EKO samples. Analysis of the Sipa1l1 peak region identified an alternative non-canonical polyadenylation signal and a putative cytoplasmic polyadenylation element. APOE regulation of gene transcription and co-transcriptional RNA processing may underlie Alzheimer’s disease.
Na+/H+ exchanger NHE9 affects tumor progression of human glioblastomas by altering endosomal pH (893.34)

Na+(K+)/H+ Exchangers (NHEs) are a large family of transport proteins that conduct electroneutral countertransport of cations with protons across lipid bilayers. A newly discovered Na+/H+ Exchanger...
A Family Narration of Disability Experience in Iran

Focusing on Mohsen Hosseini Taha, a person with cerebral palsy, and his family, this research explores the social and mental consequences of having a member with physical disability on a typical Iranian family. The oral narratives used in this research have been collected in a series of in-depth interviews with Mohsen, his parents, and his only sister, in 4 sessions or 10 hours of face-to-face interviews. The analysis of the interviews addresses several questions: How was Mohsen’s disability initially diagnosed and what were his parents’ first reactions? What have been the social obstacles facing Mohsen’s family’s efforts to practice a routine life within Iranian society? How has Mohsen’s disability affected his family’s life socially and mentally throughout the years? Finally, how well do core concepts of Western disability studies apply within a typical non-western family? The real names of the participants have been used with their permission.