cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peripheral Blood and Ovarian Levels of Sex Steroids in the Cyclic Hamster

Changes in progesterone (P), testosterone (T), estrone (E 1 ) and estradiol-17β (E 2 ) in peripheral blood, ovary, corpora lutea (CL) and in the nonluteal portion of the ovary (NLO) were studied in the cyclic hamster by RIA. In addition, androstenedione (A) was measured, but only in serum. Serum P levels were the same on Days 1 (day of ovulation) and 2 at 0900 h (5 ng/ml), but declined markedly on Day 3 and on the morning of Day 4 (proestrus). After the LH surge on the afternoon of Day 4, serum and ovarian levels of P increased abruptly until 1900 h to 11-18 ng/ml and declined slowly thereafter. Peak T levels in both serum (209 pg/ml) and the ovary occurred between 1400-1500 h of Day 4, paralleling the rising P levels. However, T levels declined rapidly after 1600 h to undetectable levels by 1900 h, but there was a second peak of T by 2300 h in serum which was matched by the ovary. Serum levels of E 1 and E 2 began to rise on Day 2, reaching peak values by Day 4 between 1200 and 1400 h (41 pg/ml and 152 pg/ml, respectively). Peak ovarian concentrations of E 1 and E 2 were reached on Day 4 at 0900 h. These high levels were maintained up to 1600 h of Day 4 and declined rapidly thereafter. The serum levels of E 1 were about one-third as high as E 2 and were not as drastically affected on the evening of Day 4. Serum androstenedione ranged from 1-2 ng/ml, but changes throughout the cycle were not as striking as for the other steroids. However, increased levels of A were associated with decreased levels of estrogens and vice-versa. Therefore, the circulating levels of A probably reflect altered secretion rates of other steroids. Administration of 5 μ g LH on the evening of Day 4 (when all steroid levels are declining) caused significant increases in P and T but not E 2 . Hence, the refractory period of estrogen synthesis on the evening of Day 4 cannot be attributed to insufficient levels of LH during the preovulatory period.
Inhibition of sympathetic preganglionic discharges by epinephrine and α-methylepinephrine

The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of iontophoretic applications of epinephrine (E) and its derivative α-methylepinephrine (mE) on the discharges of sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs). Spontaneously active SPNs located in thoracic segment T2 were antidromically identified in White Carneaux pigeons anesthetized with urethane and immobilized with purified α-cobratoxin. All SPNs tested were inhibited by E, mE, several other catecholamines, clonidine, GABA, glycine and morphine. The inhibitory effects of E and mE but not those of GABA were antagonized by iontophoretic applications of the preferential α2-antagonists piperoxane and yohimbine, but not by the α1-antogonist praxosin or the β-antagonist sotalol when similarly applied. The inhibitory effects of GABA, glycine and morphine were respectively antagonized by bicuculline methiodide, strychnine and naloxone, but these antagonists failed to alter the action of E. It is concluded that (1) epinephrine and its α-methyl derivative inhibit the discharges of SPNs via the activation of α2-receptors and(2) the epinephrine-induced inhibition does not result from the secondary release of GABA, glycine or opioid peptides from afferent terminals or interneurons.
Traditionalism in Swaziland: The economic basis of a Southern African monarchy

Swaziland: Tradition and Change in a Southern African Kingdom by Alan R. Booth Westview Press, Boulder (Colorado), and Gower, Aldershot (England), 1983. xi plus 156 pp. including maps, illustrations, tables, notes, bibliography and index. $19,50.
Clinical Microbiology and Infection Prevention

Health care-associated infections (HAIs) represent one of the most common complications of care, affecting 5 to 10% of patients admitted to acute-care hospitals worldwide. These HAIs are associated with enormous morbidity and mortality, resulting in more than 90,000 deaths each year in the United
Analytical modeling for automatic target recognition performance evaluation

There are two demanding needs which must be fulfilled to further the development of automatic target recognition systems. One is analytical modeling for performance prediction and the other is a disciplined evaluation methodology for automatic target recognition algorithms. Currently both areas are in their infancy. The analytical modeling for automatic target recognition performance evaluation and for prediction of algorithm performances has been investigated, both as they relate to human visual performances and as a tool for algorithm development. The matched filter approach presented a good limiting performance for target detection in uncluttered scenes with complete knowledge- of the target characteristics. The comparision of the matched filter detection performance to human performance model have produced some interesting results.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Prospective Management of Stage IA1 Cervical Adenocarcinoma by Conization Alone to Preserve Fertility: A Preliminary Report

Abstract Objective. Microinvasive cervical adenocarcinoma has an excellent prognosis and emerging data support the hypothesis that it should be treated in the same way as its squamous counterpart. We report our preliminary experience prospectively treating stage IA 1 cervical adenocarcinoma by conization alone in women who strongly desired to preserve their fertility. Methods. Since May 1998, all patients with stage IA 1 cervical adenocarcinoma who expressed a strong desire to preserve fertility have been offered cold knife conization (CKC) and careful surveillance without hysterectomy. Women with lesions identifiable only microscopically, up to 3 mm invasive depth, up to 7 mm tumor width, and a conization specimen including the entire lesion with negative margins were eligible for conservative management. Postconization surveillance consisted of a Pap smear and endocervical curettage every 4 months. Medical records were reviewed for clinical data, follow-up, and disease status. Results. Five women ages 26–33 elected CKC and surveillance. Four were nulliparous and one primiparous. Four tumors were endocervical cell type; one was adenosquamous. Three were grade 1, one was grade 2, and one grade 3. None had lymph–vascular space invasion. None of the patients has developed recurrent disease after 6–20 months of follow-up. Conclusions. Our preliminary data suggest that patients with FIGO stage IA 1 cervical adenocarcinoma who strongly desire to preserve their fertility may be treated by conization alone if they are fully informed of the unknown risks for disease recurrence and are carefully followed. A multicenter trial is the next logical step to test the efficacy of this approach.
REVITALIZATION MOVEMENTS AND THE HOPE OF PEACE

. Anthropological analysis of religion, following Bronislaw Mahowski, is founded in empirical observational data gained at least in part by participant observation. Malinowski described religion as a “sociological charter” which is a “retrospective moral pattern of behavior,” constructed as a myth after the fact of behavior. Anthony F. C. Wallace's revitalization model provides the mechanism through which the Malinowskian charter is developed. Jack Wilson's Ghost Dance religion is briefly described as an example of a revitalization movement, and it is suggested that both contemporary peace movements and militant Christian movements are revitalization movements.
Quantitative analysis of respiratory, motor, and sensory function after supraclavicular block

The incidence and clinical significance of hemidiaphragmatic paresis after supraclavicular block of the brachial plexus is unknown.Eight healthy volunteers received a supraclavicular block with a standard technique using 30 mL of 1.5% lidocaine. Respiratory function was assessed with ultrasound of t
The use of cue familiarity during retrieval failure is affected by past versus future orientation

Cue familiarity that is brought on by cue resemblance to memory representations is useful for judging the likelihood of a past occurrence with an item that fails to actually be retrieved from memory. The present study examined the extent to which this type of resemblance-based cue familiarity is used in future-oriented judgments made during retrieval failure. Cue familiarity was manipulated using a previously-established method of creating differing degrees of feature overlap between the cue and studied items in memory, and the primary interest was in how these varying degrees of cue familiarity would influence future-oriented feeling-of-knowing (FOK) judgments given in instances of cued recall failure. The present results suggest that participants do use increases in resemblance-based cue familiarity to infer an increased likelihood of future recognition of an unretrieved target, but not to the extent that they use it to infer an increased likelihood of past experience with an unretrieved target. During ...
MO-A-110-02: CR/DR Image Noise - Part 2

This portion of the Education Corse in Radiography builds upon the historical perspective of imagenoise analysis in Radiography and the theoretical underpinnings of Noise Power Spectrum (NPS) measurements presented in the CR/DR ImageNoise ‐ Part 1 portion of the session. The initial acceptance testing and continuing assessment of the performance of the detector device in a digital radiographicsystem is an important component of a comprehensive Quality Assurance (QA) program, and the NPS provides valuable information on noise texture and low frequency noise characteristics. We discuss here practical approaches to the measurement of the NPS in storage phosphor, indirect conversion and direct detection devices in a clinical setting including acquisition setup and beam conditions. In addition, the sensitivity of the NPS to changes in the technique used to acquire the data or varying beam conditions will be addressed. The differences between the measurement of the NPS and noise as measured by the standard deviation of the pixel values in a ROI in different detector types will also be discussed. Learning Objectives: 1. To understand the roll of measuring the NPS of a digital radiographydetector in acceptance testing or routine QA To understand the methodology and challenges of measuring the NPS of a digital radiographydetector in a clinical setting 2. To become familiar with the NPS measurement's sensitivity to the acquisition technique and beam conditions.
AN EMPIRICAL COMPARISON OF MICROCOMPUTER PARSIMONY PROGRAMS

— The effectiveness and efficiency of two microcomputer parsimony programs (Felsenstein's PHYLIP and Swofford's PAUP), and a prototype version of a third (SHEN, to be incorporated in Farris' HENNIG-86), are evaluated with reference to 35 data sets, including those previously used by Luckow and Pimentel (1985) to benchmark mainframe programs. Both PHYLIP and PAUP can be used effectively; with careful selection of options, their accuracy can equal or surpass that of older mainframe programs. PHYLIP is relatively inefficient (in use of computer time); its usefulness is also limited by the inability of its heuristic algorithms to detect multiple equally parsimonious solutions in a single run. PHYLIP's exact algorithm (branch-and-bound) and PAUP's heuristic and exact algorithms do not share the latter drawback but require users to spend unreasonable amounts of time coping with redundant output. The remarkable effectiveness of these programs offers hope that (particularly with the advent of multitasking microcomputers) exact and cost-effective solutions will be obtainable in many, if not all, cladistic analyses.
Adenovirus DNA replication in vitro: origin and direction of daughter strand synthesis.

Abstract We have characterized a soluble enzyme system from adenovirus-infected cells that is capable of replicating exogenously added adenovirus DNA in vitro . Maximal DNA synthesis is observed when DNA-protein complex, isolated from purified adenovirus virions, is added as template. Under these conditions DNA replication starts at or near either end of the template. Daughter strand synthesis then proceeds in the 5′ to 3′ direction displacing the parental strand of the same polarity. Thus, the r daughter strand is synthesized from right to left on the conventional map of the adenovirus genome, and the l daughter strand is synthesized from left to right. This course of events is the same as that which occurs during adenovirus DNA replication in vivo . In contrast, when deproteinized adenovirus DNA is added to the in vitro system, the limited DNA synthesis that is observed appears to be due to a repair-like reaction. In particular, synthesis can begin at many sites within the template, and the synthetic product consists largely of short DNA chains that are covalently linked to template DNA strands.
TARGET CELL ASSAY FOR HUMORAL TROPHIC FACTORS AFTER MABDOMINAL SURGERY

Incorporation of 3H-thymidine(Tdr) into DNA in 3T3 cell culture system is a reproducible assay for growth factor activity. To document existence of circulating factors involved in small intestinal growth after resection, we assayed in this system platelet-free plasma from rats subjected to abdominal surgery, and compared results to changes in intestinal DNA synthesis(S.A.), measured by Tdr incorporation into remaining ileal mucosa. CD rats (20 per group) were studied: C-Unop:controls-no surgery; C-Op:peritoneum incised; R: 80% proximal resection and anastomosis. At 24h and 2 wk, rats were sacrificed lh after intraperitoneal Tdr. RESULTS:
Recognizing and treating new and emerging infections encountered in everyday practice.

SUMMARY Although infectious diseases were once considered a diminishing threat, new pathogens are constantly challenging the health care system. This article reviews the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of seven emerging infections that primary care physicians are likely to encounter.
Specificity effects of run versus cycle training on ventilatory threshold

This study compared the effects of 9 weeks of run (RT) versus cycle (CT) training on ventilatory threshold (Thv) determined during treadmill (TM) and cycle ergometer (CE) graded exercise testing. Sixteen college age men were assigned to a RT or CT group and performed a TM and a CE test before and after training. Both training groups performed similar training protocols which initially consisted of continuous exercise 4 days·week−1 at 75–80% maximum heart rate (fc,max) for 45 min. Training intensity was later increased to 80–85% fcmax and interval training (90–95% fc,max) was incorporated 2 days·week−1 into the continuous training. Both groups showed significantly improved maximal oxygen consumption (\(\dot V\)O2max) on both TM and CE tests (P<0.01) with no significant differences between the groups. Significant Thv increases (P<0.05) were found on TM tests for RT (n=8) and CT (n=8) groups [mean (SD); 443 (438) and 373 (568) ml O2·min−1, respectively] with no difference between the groups. Results from the CE tests revealed a significant Thv increase (P<0.01) for the CT group [566 (663) ml O2·min−1] with no change for the RT group. The Thv improvement noted for the RT group was significantly different (P< 0.05) comparing CE with TM tests but not for the CT group. The results indicate that CT and RT improvement in Thv for runners is dependent upon mode of training and testing, and there is an apparent dissociation of \(\dot V\)O2maxand Thv specific to training.
Food intake, metabolism and homeostasis

This tribute to Bart Hoebel briefly reviews the following topics. Metabolic processes are intimately intertwined with food intake as well as drug taking. Changes in any of these processes can be adequately adjusted to the environment to preclude major perturbations in homeostatically-regulated systems, but only if the environment is predictable. Learning plays a critical role in adapting these processes to specific situations. The regulatory context plays a critical role in how metabolism and food intake interact.
Manual Materials Handling in Unusual Postures: Carrying of Loads:

Carrying capacity of individuals was established for four height constrained postures: unconstrained, upright walking, walking in a semi-stooped posture (at 80% of standing height), walking in a full-stooped posture (at 60% of standing height), and crawling (at 40% of standing height). A dynamic strength test, the isoinertial elbow height lift was used to develop prediction models for each of the carrying activities. Carrying capacity decreased as ceiling height decreased. On the average, females handled slightly over 50% of what the males handled under the given task conditions.
Detailed Characterization of Local Field Potential Oscillations and Their Relationship to Spike Timing in the Antennal Lobe of the Moth Manduca sexta

The transient oscillatory model of odor identity encoding seeks to explain how odorants with spatially overlapped patterns of input into primary olfactory networks can be discriminated. This model provides several testable predictions about the distributed nature of subthreshold oscillations and how they control spike timing. To test these predictions, 16 channel electrode arrays were placed within the antennal lobe of the moth Manduca sexta. Unitary spiking and multi site local field potential (LFP) recordings were made during spontaneous activity and in response to repeated presentations of an odor panel. We quantified oscillatory frequency, cross correlations between LFP recording sites, and spike-LFP phase relationships. We show that odor-driven AL oscillations in Manduca are frequency modulating (FM) from ~100–30Hz; this was odorant and stimulus duration dependent. FM oscillatory responses were localized to one or two recording sites suggesting a localized (perhaps glomerular) not distributed source. LFP cross correlations further demonstrated that only a small (r<0.05) distributed and oscillatory component was present. Cross spectral density analysis demonstrated the frequency of these weakly distributed oscillations was state dependent (spontaneous activity= 25-55Hz; odor-driven= 55-85Hz). Surprisingly, vector strength analysis indicated that unitary phase locking of spikes to the LFP was strongest during spontaneous activity and dropped significantly during responses. Application of bicuculline, a GABAA antagonist, significantly lowered the frequency content of odor-driven distributed oscillatory activity. Bicuculline significantly reduced spike phase locking generally, but the ubiquitous pattern of increased phase locking during spontaneous activity persisted. Collectively, these results indicate that oscillations perform poorly as a stimulus-mediated spike synchronizing mechanism for Manduca and hence are incongruent with the transient oscillatory model.
The photolysis of SO2 at 3080 Å in the presence of cis- and trans-1,2-difluoroethylene†

The photolysis of SO2 at 3080 A, FWHM = 150 A, and 22°C has been investigated in the presence of cis- and trans-C2F2H2. Quantum yield measurements for the photosensitized isomerization of cis-C2F2H2 to trans-C2F2H2 have been made for a variation in the [SO2]/[cis-C2F2H2] ratio from 0.992 to 253. The results fit a mechanism which is consistent with the SO2(3B1) state being the reactive excited state of sulfur dioxide. A mechanism employing only the SO2(1B1) and SO2(3B1) excited states is quite satisfactory to rationalize the data. A value for the SO2 collisionally induced intersystem crossing efficiency from SO2(1B1) to SO2(3B1) of 0.35 ± 0.14 was estimated while the cis-C2F2H2 efficiency was found to be 0.030 ± 0.012. The rate constant at 22°C for the removal of SO2(3B1) molecules by cis-C2F2H2 was found to be (1.43 ± 0.13) × 10101./mole · sec. A photostationary composition, [cis]/[trans] = 1.0 ± 0.1, was found from prolonged irradiations of SO2 in the presence of the cis and trans isomers.
Proteasome Inhibition Reveals that a Functional Preintegration Complex Intermediate Can Be Generated during Restriction by Diverse TRIM5 Proteins

The primate TRIM5 proteins constitute a class of restriction factors that prevent host cell infection by retroviruses from different species. The TRIM5 proteins act early after virion entry and prevent viral reverse transcription products from accumulating. We recently found that proteasome inhibitors altered the rhesus monkey TRIM5α restriction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), allowing reverse transcription products to accumulate even though viral infection remained blocked. To assess whether sensitivity to proteasome inhibitors was a common feature of primate TRIM5 proteins, we conducted a similar analysis of restriction mediated by owl monkey TRIM-cyclophilin A (CypA) or human TRIM5α. Similar to rhesus monkey TRIM5α restriction, proteasome inhibition prevented owl monkey TRIM-CypA restriction of HIV-1 reverse transcription, even though HIV-1 infection and the output of 2-LTR circles remained impaired. Likewise, proteasome inhibition alleviated human TRIM5α restriction of N-tropic murine leukemia virus reverse transcription. Finally, HIV-1 reverse transcription products escaping rhesus TRIM5α restriction by proteasome inhibition were fully competent for integration in vitro, demonstrating that TRIM5α likely prevents the viral cDNA from accessing chromosomal target DNA. Collectively, these data indicate that the diverse TRIM5 proteins inhibit retroviral infection in multiple ways and that inhibition of reverse transcription products is not necessary for TRIM5-mediated restriction of retroviral infection.
Radiation and checkpoint blockade immunotherapy: radiosensitisation and potential mechanisms of synergy

Checkpoint blockade immunotherapy has received mainstream attention as a result of striking and durable clinical responses in some patients with metastatic disease and a reasonable response rate in many tumour types. The activity of checkpoint blockade immunotherapy is not restricted to melanoma or lung cancer, and additional indications are expected in the future, with responses already reported in renal cancer, bladder cancer, and Hodgkin's lymphoma among many others. Additionally, the interactions between radiation and the immune system have been investigated, with several studies describing the synergistic effects on local and distant tumour control when radiation therapy is combined with immunotherapy. Clinical enthusiasm for this approach is strengthened by the many ongoing trials combining immunotherapy with definitive and palliative radiation. Herein, we discuss the biological and mechanistic rationale behind combining radiation with checkpoint blockade immunotherapy, with a focus on the preclinical data supporting this potentially synergistic combination. We explore potential hypotheses and important considerations for clinical trial designs. Finally, we reintroduce the notion of radiosensitising immunotherapy, akin to radiosensitising chemotherapy, as a potential definitive therapeutic modality.
Biogenic opal preservation in pelagic sediments of a small area in the eastern tropical Pacific

A 630-km 2 area of the sea floor near 14°N, 117°W in the eastern Pacific was surveyed and sampled extensively to determine the pattern of siliceous microfossil preservation, silica concentrations in the sediments and interstitial waters, and clay mineralogy. Siliceous microfossil preservation is uniformly excellent in the surface sediments throughout the area, but deteriorates markedly with depth, to the point where biogenic opal is totally absent within 1 to 2 m below the sea floor. Sediment redistribution by bottom currents concentrates siliceous microfossils in topographic depressions, causing good preservation to extend to greater depths beneath the sea floor in these areas than on surrounding topographic highs. The down-core change in preservation may be due to both an ever-increasing input rate of biogenic opal to the sea floor over the past one-half million years, and to postburial dissolution. Chemical and mineralogical analyses of the sediments indicate that some silica released by postburial dissolution may be used in the formation of authigenic smectite.
High-speed rail: will it change the dynamics of US intercity passenger travel?

As both the skies and highways become more crowded, travellers continue to look for cheaper and efficient alternatives. The National Railroad Passenger Corporation, commonly known as Amtrak, faces increased pressure to meet this need. Notorious for failing to meet on-time standards as well as operating consistently at a loss, discussions of the implementation of high-speed rail (HSR) projects has caused increased optimism in the future of US intercity passenger rail. This study reports on research conducted in 2009 comparing US air carriers and highway travel with current Amtrak service. A discussion of HSR is included with an examination of the effects it could have on intercity transportation. Our conclusion is that Amtrak continues to compete ineffectively despite an increase in popularity and any introduction of HSR will require significant changes to current intercity rail travel system.
Unraveling the Relationship between Grapes and Health

As described in this Supplement and elsewhere, consumption of grapes or grape products has been associated with various health benefits. Resveratrol is a unique component of grapes. Following our report on potential cancer chemopreventive activity, thousands of studies have been performed to characterize the mode of action of this substance. Nonetheless, scores of additional chemicals are known to be constituents of grapes, several of which are capable of mediating biological responses. Accordingly, when considering grapes and health, a holistic view appears to be more meaningful, taking into account all chemical components, metabolism, biological potential, biodistribution, absorption, processing, etc. To fathom such a massive amount of information, we propose the creation of focused ontologies. Grapes seem reasonable as a test bed for exploring this approach, especially because a fair amount of results are available with whole-grape powder. In essence, by utilizing a next generation intelligent system, attempts can be made to leverage the existing complexity. This approach involves bringing together all available information, together with expert judgment, and processing this information through a computational "engine" or engines to provide suggested solutions (or implicit functional relationships). Accomplishment of this task, employing grapes as a prototype, could lead to broader application by incorporating the myriad of features associated with other fruits and vegetables. The ability to correlate heretofore-uncharacterized "signatures" with biologic outcome could fundamentally transform copious amounts of disparate information into a coherent explanation of human disease prevention.
Molecular genetics of human leukemias: new insights into therapy.

Significant advances have occurred in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of human leukemias. Analysis of patient karyotypes reveals that nonrandom, somatically acquired translocations and inversions occur in most acute myeloid leukemias. Among these, fusion oncogenes have been identified that utilize similar signal transduction pathways and transcriptional activation pathways to mediate their leukemogeneic effect. In chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), both in vitro and in vivo animal studies show that BCR-AB expression leads to clinical manifestations of CML, demonstrating that BCR-AB and its fusion proteins are central mediators of myeloid proliferation and transformation in these malignancies. In other CML syndromes (chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, atypical CML), cloning of chromosomal translocation breakpoints has identified a spectrum of constitutively activated tyrosine kinases. These tyrosine kinase fusions alone apparently are both necessary and sufficient to recapitulate the disease phenotype in the murine model. In contrast, acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is typified by chromosomal translocations involving transcription factors needed for normal myeloid differentiation. The functional consequence of translocations is loss of function of these transcription factors, resulting in impaired myeloid differentiation. However, these alone are not sufficient to cause acute leukemia; evidence strongly supports the hypothesis that second mutations are required. Data suggest a multistep pathogenesis for AML in which class I mutations, such as activating point mutations in receptor tyrosine kinases (eg, FLT3 and c-KIT), provide a proliferative and/or survival signal to hematopoietic progenitors. Class II mutations are those targeting hematopoietic transcription factors and serving primarily to impair differentiation and subsequent apoptosis. Together, these mutations result in leukemic cells capable of proliferation and survival but not differentiation. The clinical and therapeutic implication is that it may be possible to target both classes of mutations using selected or screened small-molecule inhibitors. Insights gained from molecular genetic analysis of AML provide the basis for a rational, targeted therapeutic approach. Semin Hematol 39(suppl 3):6-11. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Distribution of Total, Water-Unextractable, and Water-Extractable Arabinoxylans in Wheat Flour Mill Streams

ABSTRCT Arabinoxylans are a minor but important constituent in wheat that affects bread quality, foam stability, batter viscosity, and sugar snap cookie diameter. Therefore, it is important to determine the distribution of arabinoxylans in flour mill streams to better formulate flour blends. Thirty-one genetically pure grain lots representing six wheat classifications common to the western U.S. were milled on a Miag Multomat pilot mill, and 10 flour mill streams were collected from each. A two-way ANOVA indicated that mill streams were a greater source of variation compared to grain lots for total arabinoxylans (TAX), water-unextractable arabinoxylans (WUAX), and water-extractable arabinoxylans (WEAX). TAX and WUAX were highly correlated with ash at r = 0.94 and r = 0.94, respectively; while the correlation for WEAX and ash decreased in magnitude at r = 0.60. However, the 5th middlings mill streams exhibited disparity between TAX and ash content as well as between WUAX and ash content. This may indicate t...
Characteristics and function of cardiac mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase

We used laser scanning confocal microscopy in combination with the nitric oxide (NO)-sensitive fluorescent dye DAF-2 and the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive dyes CM-H(2)DCF and MitoSOX Red to characterize NO and ROS production by mitochondrial NO synthase (mtNOS) in permeabilized cat ventricular myocytes. Stimulation of mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake by exposure to different cytoplasmic Ca(2+) concentrations ([Ca(2+)](i) = 1, 2 and 5 microm) resulted in a dose-dependent increase of NO production by mitochondria when L-arginine, a substrate for mtNOS, was present. Collapsing the mitochondrial membrane potential with the protonophore FCCP or blocking the mitochondrial Ca(2+) uniporter with Ru360 as well as blocking the respiratory chain with rotenone or antimycin A in combination with oligomycin inhibited mitochondrial NO production. In the absence of L-arginine, mitochondrial NO production during stimulation of Ca(2+) uptake was significantly decreased, but accompanied by increase in mitochondrial ROS production. Inhibition of mitochondrial arginase to limit L-arginine availability resulted in 50% inhibition of Ca(2+)-induced ROS production. Both mitochondrial NO and ROS production were blocked by the nNOS inhibitor (4S)-N-(4-amino-5[aminoethyl]aminopentyl)-N'-nitroguanidine and the calmodulin antagonist W-7, while the eNOS inhibitor L-N(5)-(1-iminoethyl)ornithine (L-NIO) or iNOS inhibitor N-(3-aminomethyl)benzylacetamidine, 2HCl (1400W) had no effect. The superoxide dismutase mimetic and peroxynitrite scavenger MnTBAP abolished Ca(2+)-induced ROS generation and increased NO production threefold, suggesting that in the absence of MnTBAP either formation of superoxide radicals suppressed NO production or part of the formed NO was transformed quickly to peroxynitrite. In the absence of L-arginine, mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake induced opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP), which was blocked by the PTP inhibitor cyclosporin A and MnTBAP, and reversed by L-arginine supplementation. In the presence of the mtNOS cofactor (6R)-5,6,7,8,-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4); 100 microm) mitochondrial ROS generation and PTP opening decreased while mitochondrial NO generation slightly increased. These data demonstrate that mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake activates mtNOS and leads to NO-mediated protection against opening of the mitochondrial PTP, provided sufficient availability of l-arginine and BH(4). In conclusion, our data show the importance of L-arginine and BH(4) for cardioprotection via regulation of mitochondrial oxidative stress and modulation of PTP opening by mtNOS.
Rotational diffusion of deformable macromolecules with mean local cylindrical symmetry

Abstract A simple diffusion equation is derived for the rotational brownian motions of a single rod element in a deformable macromolecule with mean local cylindrical symmetry. The effective diffusion coefficients for rotations about the local symmetry and transverse axes are expressed in terms of the time-dependent mean-squared angular displacements about those body-fixed axes. The Green's function of the diffusion operator and the correlation functions of the Wigner rotation matrix elements are likewise evaluated in terms of those same quantities. A simple general expression is presented for the fluorescence polarization anisotropy of any macromolecule with parallel absorption and emission dipoles, and its relation to the correlation functions measured in other incoherent, and coherent experiments, including transient photodichroism, is discussed. The fluorescence polarization anisotropy of macromolecules with mean local cylindrical symmetry is expressed in terms of its twisting, tumbling, and internal correlation functions. The anisotropy formula of Barkley and Zimm is shown to be incorrect unless either the helix axis is immobile, or the time is very small and the transition dipole lies along the helix axis. The internal and twisting correlation functions are formulated in a computationally practical way for models of uniform filaments of arbitrary length and uniform rigidity. Both empirical and theoretical approaches to the tumbling correlation function are also described. The twisting correlation function for a filament constrained to girdle the equator of a sphere is presented in a computationally practical form.
"Now if you have only sons you are dead": migration, gender, and family economy in twentieth century northwestern Ghana.

This article explores the interconnectedness between labor migration gender and the family economy in northwestern Ghana in the 20th century. It focuses specifically on the Dagaaba of the Nadowli and Jirapa administrative districts of what is now the Upper West Region (UWR). It examines how the relationships between men and women in terms of roles status access to productive resources and inheritance changed in tandem with broader changes in society in the 20th century; changes that over time produced enhanced value and elevated status for women in the family. These changes in gender relations are reflected increasingly in the belief among elderly men that now if you have only sons you are dead. By focusing on the lived experiences of ordinary women and men in the migration process it argues that even though indigenous social structures privileged men over women in almost all spheres of life Dagaaba women were nonetheless significantly active in shaping the history of their communities and that gender relations in Dagaaba communities were not static - they changed over time and generation. This article contributes to the ongoing discussion of the internal migration phenomenon in West Africa which has so far attracted scant historical analysis.
Hematoma expansion in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: predictors and outcome.

Background: Hematoma growth is an independent determinant of outcome in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Predictors of hematoma expansion are poorly defined. Our aim is to determine predictors of hematoma expansion in patients with ICH. Methods: We reviewed our prospective database of patients with ICH between January 2009 and June 2012. Patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of hematoma expansion. Hematoma volume was calculated by thin volumetric cuts using special software. Expansion was defined as 33% increase in hematoma volume over 24 hours. We compared risk factors, laboratory parameters, medications and CT findings between the two groups using Fisher's exact test. A multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of expansion. Results: We identified 200 patients with ICH. On univariate analysis, patients with hematoma expansion were more likely to have Warfarin use (37% vs. 11% p = 0.001), low admission GCS (9 ± 4, 11 ± 4, p = 0.003...
Is there an outcome penalty linked to guideline-based indications for valvular surgery? Early and long-term analysis of patients with organic mitral regurgitation

Abstract Objective The timing of surgical correction of mitral regurgitation remains controversial. A major source of dispute regards the potential short- and long-term postoperative outcome penalty associated with the type of guideline-based indication for surgery. Methods Between 1990 and 2000, 1512 patients (aged 64 ± 14 years, mitral prolapse in 89%, valve repair in 88%) underwent surgical correction of pure organic mitral regurgitation. Patients were stratified according to surgical indication into class I triggers (ClassI-T: heart failure symptoms, ejection fraction Results Operative mortality was highest with ClassI-T (1.1% vs 0% and 0%, P = .016). Long-term survival was lower with ClassI-T (15-year 42% ± 2%; adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.89; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.53-2.34; P P = .027) versus ClassII-EarlyT (15-year 70% ± 3%, P P P = .002). Conclusions The type of guideline-based indication for surgical correction of organic mitral regurgitation is associated with profound outcome consequences on long-term postoperative mortality and heart failure, despite low operative risk and high repair rates. Conversely, surgical correction of severe mitral regurgitation based on high probability of repair (ClassII-EarlyT) is associated with improved survival and low heart failure risk and should be the preferred strategy in valve centers offering low operative risk and high repair rates.
Exploiting reality with multicast groups: a network architecture for large-scale virtual environments

Describes a network software architecture for solving the problem of scaling very large distributed simulations. The fundamental idea is to logically partition virtual environments by associating spatial, temporal and functionally-related entity classes with network multicast groups. We exploit the actual characteristics of the real-world large-scale environments that are simulated by focusing or restricting an entity's processing and network resources to its area of interest via a local 'area of interest manager' (AOIM). Finally, we present an example of how we would implement this concept for ground vehicles. We have begun the design and construction of the AOIM for use with the NPSNET 3D vehicle simulator. NPSNET is currently the only distributed interactive simulation (DIS) protocol compliant simulator using IP multicast communications and is suitable for operation over the Internet.
Endoplasmic reticulum sub-compartments are involved in calcium sequestration within raphide crystal idioblasts of Pistia stratiotes L

Abstract To regulate bulk Ca 2+ levels, many plants evolved specialized Ca 2+ oxalate accumulating cells called crystal idioblasts. The crystal idioblast appears to have modified some of its cellular components to accommodate the large fluxes of Ca 2+ that occur during calcium oxalate deposition. In this study we examine the modified endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and its involvement in Ca 2+ sequestration. Using a variety of microscopy techniques, we observe that the crystal idioblast of Pistia stratiotes possesses an elaborate network of ER with unique swollen regions. Light microscopy studies, using chlortetracycline and Calcium Green 2, revealed that idioblast ER contains an abundance of calcium. Transmission electron microscopy studies, using the potassium pyroantimonate technique, showed that the Ca 2+ accumulated primarily in the swollen regions. We hypothesize that these swollen areas function as specialized Ca 2+ storage sub-compartments. Whether these sub-compartments are required for proper ER functions or whether they are part of the Ca 2+ transport system involved in calcium oxalate formation remains to be determined.
A Nation of Cities: The Federal Government and the Shape of the American Metropolis

In the almost sixty-five years since the end of World War II, governments at the federal, state, and local levels have played a major role in reducing the economic viability of cities in the United States. The 2008 election represents a possible turning point in federal policy. This article suggests that loosening restrictions on immigration, encouraging higher urban densities, reducing dependence on foreign oil, restoring infrastructure to a state of good repair, increasing the affordable housing stock, improving public safety, and reimagining new roles for Rust Belt cities should be at the top of a new agenda for urban America.
p-Wave scattering effects on ultrasonic attenuation in dirty superconductors☆

Abstract We have calculated the coefficients of ultrasonic absorption in dirty superconductors for small energy gap taking into consideration both s -wave and p -wave scattering of the electrons by impurities.
Aerosol Therapy for Malignancy Involving the Lungs

The lungs are common sites of involvement by primary and metastatic malignant disease. Patients with malignancies in the lung have limited treatment options and are usually not curable. Numerous investigators have studied the potential of delivering various therapeutic agents directly to the lungs and pulmonary lymphatics by nebulization. Most of the research involves the use of immunomodulatory strategies; a few aerosol studies of chemotherapy and gene therapy have also been conducted. Most of these studies have been conducted in animal models. A few human trials have also been completed. Results suggest that aerosol therapies have the potential to shrink pulmonary metastases of selected histologies, and that survival in selected patients with metastatic renal cell cancer may be prolonged. The approach to therapy of cancer in the lungs holds promise as a means to avoid systemic toxicity and obtain an improved therapeutic effect. Research is currently underway to address issues of local versus systemic toxicity, optimal drug delivery and selection of optimal drugs and schedules including outpatient aerosol therapy. Future issues in design of aerosol cancer treatment include identifying effective combinations of agents, schedules, and use of aerosol therapy at home as adjuvant therapy.
Tracking the constraints on a grammaticalizing perfect(ive)

Perfect grammaticalization has been much researched across languages (Bybee, Perkins, & Pagliuca, 1994; Harris, 1982, among others), however, debate continues about the role of continuative and experiential perfects (e.g., Stage II of the proposed path) and how extension to perfective contexts occurs (Schwenter, 1994a, 1994b; Schwenter & Torres Cacoullos, 2008; Squartini & Bertinetto, 1995, 2000). This study examines data from three centuries of Peninsular Spanish dramatic texts in order to track the linguistic factors constraining Present Perfect (PP)-Preterit variation. In the 15th century, the PP was employed in very recent temporal reference contexts, where it had developed a “hot news” function. Use in nonspecified (irrelevant and indeterminate) temporal reference was concentrated in semantic classes associated with resultative use. With time, the PP extended to all semantic classes in irrelevant temporal reference while simultaneously strengthening in perfective, but temporally indeterminate contexts, and finally, hodiernal contexts. Nonspecified temporal reference is believed to play a special role in the PP's grammaticalization: the irrelevant temporal PP function helps to solidify the event focus introduced by the hot news perfect, whereas its use in indeterminate contexts strengthens associations with perfectivity.
Deep Shear Wave Velocity Profiles from Surface Wave Measurements in the Mississippi Embayment

Abstract Shear wave velocity (VS) profiles to depths of approximately 200 m were developed from active-source surface wave velocity measurements in the Mississippi Embayment region of the Central United States. Soil deposits in this region are hundreds of meters thick, but are poorly characterized at depths below 60 m. Measurements were performed at five locations in Arkansas and Tennessee with a maximum distance between sites of approximately 130 km. The median VS profile calculated from the five profiles is in good agreement with a generic reference VS profile for the Mississippi Embayment that has been used in recent site response studies. The near-surface VS profiles at the five sites were remarkably consistent with average shear wave velocities in the top 30 m (VS30), varying by less than 10%. Increasing variability between the VS profiles was observed at greater depths. The variability between VS profiles was shown to be correlated with changes in lithology at two of the sites where nearby lithologi...
Morphology and evolution of larval outgrowths of Tingidae (Insecta, Heteroptera), with description of new larvae

In the frame of the study of the evolution of Tingidae (Heteroptera), the morphological structure of fifth instars of 13 species is analysed here, through their description, namely Amblystira peltogyne , Aristobyrsa uaupenensis , Atheas insignis , Corythauma ayyari , Corythucha mcelfreshi , Dictyla rasilis , Idiocysta dryadis , Kapiriella maynei , Leptopharsa gibbicarina , Orotingis eueides , Urenthius vepris , Phatnoma marmorata , Eocader vergrandis. Larvae exhibit outgrowths on the dorsum, which are proper characters. A description and classification of the wide range of outgrowth shapes separated in two main categories is provided. These outgrowths are hypothesized as apomorphic in the framework of the evolution of Tingidae, and an evolutionary scenario of outgrowth morphology is attempted. Species with larvae without outgrowth are more plesiomorphic, and those with outgrowths evolved from the former. Their outgrowths, first simple, became complex during the evolution.
Roadmap across the mesoscale for durable and sustainable cement paste – A bioinspired approach

Abstract In recent years, continuum and atomistic modeling of cementitious materials has provided significant advances towards studying the durability of civil infrastructure. An important frontier to understanding structure-property relationships is the “mesoscale”, which represents the bridge between underlying (e.g. molecular) processes and bulk macroscale behavior. This review highlights examples of a mesoscale approach within biological materials and emphasizes their applicability to the study and design of sustainable cement-based materials at multiple length scales. We propose a methodology focused on the coupling of computation and experiment for furthering our understanding of the microstructural properties that control the durability of hardened cement paste.