cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A simple assay for determining antiviral activity against Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a tick-borne virus that is emerging as a significant human pathogen in many regions of the world, including Africa, Asia, and Europe. In this report, we describe a simple screening method for discovering new antiviral compounds directed against CCHFV. Antiviral activity was determined by assaying infected SW-13 cells (human adrenal gland carcinoma) for protection from cytopathic effect (CPE). By using an in vitro neutral red uptake assay, we were able to quantitatively measure CPE induced by CCHFV. As a proof of concept, we used this method to evaluate the antiviral activity of ribavirin and a series of structural analogs (ribamidine, 6-azauridine, selenazofurin, and tiazofurin) against four geographically diverse strains of CCHFV. Ribavirin inhibited the replication of CCHFV as reported previously using plaque reduction assays. One drug, ribamidine, showed antiviral activity that was 4.5- to 8-fold less than that of ribavirin, and the other three drugs (6-azauridine, selenazofurin, and tiazofurin) did not show significant antiviral activity. There were no significant differences in drug sensitivities among the CCHFV strains. Development of this simple and reliable assay will potentially allow high-throughput screening for discovering additional antiviral drugs to combat this important public health threat.
Hospitality Leadership College Programs: Competency Evolution or Transitional Terminology?

Hospitality Leadership College Programs: Competency Evolution or Transitional Terminology? The research note discusses a recent trend among tourism and hospitality colleges in the U.S. that have transitioned program titles from Hospitality Management to Hospitality Leadership degrees. The note articulates the rationale employed to develop a hypothesis that the trend may be symbolic of a third evolutionary generation within the realm of tourism/hospitality higher education programs. It further identifies a theoretical construct of competency domains determined through a historical review and findings from current practitioner and educator focus group responses. Testing of the relevance of these domains is currently in progress.
Challenges and models in supporting logistics system design for dedicated-biomass-based bioenergy industry

This paper analyzed the uniqueness and challenges in designing the logistics system for dedicated biomass-to-bioenergy industry, which differs from the other industries, due to the unique features of dedicated biomass (e.g., switchgrass) including its low bulk density, restrictions on harvesting season and frequency, content variation with time and circumambient conditions, weather effects, scattered distribution over a wide geographical area, and so on. To design it, this paper proposed a mixed integer linear programming model. It covered from planting and harvesting switchgrass to delivering to a biorefinery and included the residue handling, concentrating on integrating strategic decisions on the supply chain design and tactical decisions on the annual operation schedules. The present numerical examples verified the model and demonstrated its use in practice. This paper showed that the operations of the logistics system were significantly different for harvesting and non-harvesting seasons, and that under the well-designed biomass logistics system, the mass production with a steady and sufficient supply of biomass can increase the unit profit of bioenergy. The analytical model and practical methodology proposed in this paper will help realize the commercial production in biomass-to-bioenergy industry.
Studies on the nature of the human platelet alloantigen, PlA1: localization to a 17,000-dalton polypeptide.

We have examined the biochemical properties of the human platelet alloantigen system, PlA, using a preparation enriched in plasma membrane glycoproteins (GPs) IIb and IIIa as the starting material. After confirming that GPIIIa contains the PlA epitope, attempts were made to distinguish the two allelic forms of PlAl (Al and A2) using electrophoretic techniques. Whereas no difference could be discerned in the mol. wt of GPIIIa extracted from A1A1, A1A2 or A2A2 platelets by one-dimensional SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), two-dimensional electrophoresis revealed a reproducible difference in the isoelectric point of GPIIIa derived from A2/A2 individuals. Treatment of GPIIIa with a combination of exo- and endoglycosidases resulted in apparently complete deglycosylation of the molecule, as indicated by its co-migration with chemically deglycosylated GPIIIa in SDS-PAGE. The enzymatically deglycosylated protein retained its full ability to react with anti-PlAl antibodies. Tryptic digestion of GPIIIa resulted in the generation of a number of smaller polypeptides, including one of 17,000 daltons, that contained the PlAl determinant. These results suggest that the carbohydrate moieties of GPIIIa are unimportant to the expression of the PlAl system, and that the charge difference between the two allelic forms of GPIIIa may reflect a subtle amino acid difference(s) within a 17K polypeptide region of the GP.
Large eddy simulation of turbulent spray combustion

Abstract The two-phase filtered mass density function (FMDF) method is employed for large eddy simulation (LES) of high speed evaporating and combusting n-heptane sprays using simple (global) and complex (skeletal) chemical kinetic mechanisms. The resolved fluid velocity and pressure fields are obtained by solving the filtered compressible Navier–Stokes equations with high-order Eulerian finite difference methods. The liquid spray and gas scalar (temperature and species mass fractions) fields are both obtained by Lagrangian stochastic models. The chemistry calculation is accelerated by incorporating the parallel in situ adaptive tabulation (ISAT) method. There are two-way interactions among Eulerian and Lagrangian fields. Simulations of evaporating sprays with and without combustion indicate that the two-phase LES/FMDF results are consistent and compare well with the available experimental data at different gas temperatures and oxygen concentrations. The spray controlled flame tends to move away from a diffusion flame structure toward a premixed one as the oxygen concentration decreases and/or the ambient gas temperature increases because of changes in spray-induced turbulence and mixing. The LES/FMDF results for ignition delay show more sensitivity to the chemical kinetic model at lower gas temperatures due to slower reaction and stronger turbulence–chemistry interactions. The liftoff length is less sensitive to the kinetics.
Structural basis for the adherence of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes to chondroitin 4-sulfate and design of novel photoactivable reagents for the identification of parasite adhesive proteins.

A dodecasaccharide motif of the low-sulfated chondroitin 4-sulfate (C4S) mediate the binding of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (IRBCs) in human placenta. Here we studied the detailed C4S structural requirements by assessing the ability of chemically modified C4S to inhibit IRBC binding to the placental chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. Replacement of the N-acetyl groups with bulky N-acyl or N-benzoyl substituents had no effect on the inhibitory activity of C4S, whereas reduction of the carboxyl groups abrogated the activity. Dermatan sulfates showed ∼50% inhibitory activity when compared with C4Ss with similar sulfate contents. These data demonstrate that the C4S carboxyl groups and their equatorial orientation but not the N-acetyl groups are critical for IRBC binding. Conjugation of bulky substituents to the reducing end N-acetylgalactosamine residues of C4S dodecasaccharide had no effect on its inhibitory activity. Based on these results, we prepared photoaffinity reagents for the identification of the parasite proteins involved in C4S binding. Cross-linking of the IRBCs with a radioiodinated photoactivable C4S dodecasaccharide labeled a ∼22-kDa novel parasite protein, suggesting strongly for the first time that a low molecular weight IRBC surface protein rather than a 200–400-kDa PfEMP1 is involved in C4S binding. Conjugation of biotin to the C4S dodecasaccharide photoaffinity probe afforded a strategy for the isolation of the labeled protein by avidin affinity precipitation, facilitating efforts to identify the C4S-adherent IRBC protein(s). Our results also have broader implications for designing oligosaccharide-based photoaffinity probes for the identification of proteins involved in glycosaminoglycan-dependent attachment of microbes to hosts.
Endogenous opioid systems regulate cell proliferation in the developing rat brain

The role of endogenous opioid systems in modulating the proliferation of developing cerebellar cells was examined autoradiographically in 6-day-old rats. The blockade of endogenous opioid-opioid receptor interaction by naltrexone, a potent opioid antagonist, was accompanied within 1-2 h by an increased proportion of cells incorporating [3H]thymidine. When high doses of naltrexone (50 mg/kg) were administered this index was still elevated 12 h later; however, when low doses of naltrexone (1 mg/kg) were administered the index of labeled cells was decreased markedly. Injection of methionine-enkephalin, an endogenous opioid peptide, also resulted in a decrease in the proportion of cells incorporating [3H]thymidine. Concomitant injection of 1 mg/kg naloxone, however, blocked the inhibitory effects of methionine-enkephalin on cell division but did not itself affect cell generation. These studies demonstrate that endogenous opioid systems can regulate the proliferation of cell populations in the developing nervous system and do so through an inhibitory mechanism.
Chattering-free fuzzy adaptive robust sliding-mode vibration control of a smart flexible beam

Chattering is an undesired phenomenon associated with classical sliding-mode control. The discontinuous bang–bang robust controller causes chattering near the equilibrium. To attenuate the chattering, in this paper, a fuzzy logic smooth switch system is integrated with the adaptive robust sliding-mode control to form a fuzzy adaptive robust sliding-mode control for the active vibration control of a smart flexible beam integrated with piezoceramic actuators and sensors. The asymptotical stability proof of the proposed fuzzy adaptive robust sliding-mode controller is provided by Lyapunov's direct method. The experimental results show that the proposed fuzzy adaptive robust sliding-mode controller quickly suppresses the vibration. Additionally, with the fuzzy switch system, the chattering is successfully attenuated.
Efficiency of alternative forest inventory methods in partially harvested stands

Forest inventory is vital to all aspects of forest management and inventory methods can vary greatly in their accuracy, precision, efficiency and cost. In Maine, much of the forestland base has been managed using partial harvesting methods over the past two decades. These partial harvesting methods generally produce highly heterogeneous stand structures and composition. Consequently, it is currently unclear which inventory methods are best given the distinct spatial and structural heterogeneity that is created. We compared efficiency and stand-level inventory estimates using horizontal point, fixed area and horizontal line sampling measurement methods in 16 partially harvested stands across northern and central Maine. Some stand-level variables were sensitive to measurement method (e.g., volume, quadratic mean diameter and small stem density and basal area), while others were less sensitive (e.g., overall basal area and stem density). Efficiency, defined as a combination of precision of volume estimates and measurement time, varied among measurement methods at lower stand basal area values but was similar at higher basal area, with the exception of the fixed area method. Overall, horizontal line sampling proved to be a viable method in post-partial harvest stand conditions. Our results illustrate the trade-offs between precision and time costs involved in several measurement methods under a range of heterogeneous stand conditions.
Bridging the gap between evidence and practice in osteoporosis.

Osteoporosis is a devastating disease that can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. The ASHP Therapeutic Position Statement on the Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis in Adults that appears in this issue provides an overview of risk assessment, evaluation, and clinical data supporting
Safer patients in surgery

Earlier in 2008 the World Health Organisation (WHO) launched its second global campaign, Safe Surgery Saves Lives, to reduce the number of errors occurring in surgery on a worldwide basis. The focus of the campaign is a surgical safety checklist, which addresses issues such as haemorrhage risk, antibiotic prophylaxis, airway management, allergy and correct site surgery. The Royal College of Surgeons of England endorsed the principles of the WHO global campaign.
Distribution of Contaminants in Aquatic Organisms from East Fork Poplar Creek

Abstract The ecological risk assessment of East Fork Poplar Creek (EFPC) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, investigated the nature and magnitude of the observed or expected adverse effects of the site's organic and inorganic contaminants on the ecosystem structure and function. Aquatic biota such as benthic macroinvertebrates, crayfish (Astacidae), redbreast sunfish (Lepomis auritus), and stonerollers (Campostoma anomalum), representative of various habitats, were sampled for whole-body contaminant analysis. The whole-body residue analysis of the representative aquatic organisms revealed the presence of over 50 contaminants in varying proportions. The relative whole-body distribution of organic contaminants such as mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and pesticides was comparable among the indicator organisms. The relative whole-body distribution of inorganic contaminants was, however, less consistent. Physicochemical variables characteristic of organic contaminants—such as long octanol/water partition coefficient (logKow), log aqueous solubility, and log bioconcentration factors (log BCF), and chemical uptake efficiency (E) unique for the organisms sampled for chemical analysis—were used to explain the observed whole-body distribution of contaminants in the aquatic organisms from EFPC.
Galaxies in Front of Quasars: Markarian 1456 and SDSS J114719.90+522923.2

The chance projection of the disk of Mrk 1456 onto a background QSO is similar to the case of SBS 1543+593-HS 1543+5921. Mrk 1456 is a luminous, late-type spiral galaxy at z ? 0.05. Although the QSO, SDSS J114719.90+522923.2 at z ? 2, has not yet been observed with ultraviolet spectroscopy, it shows strong Ca II absorption at the redshift of Mrk 1456, which gives evidence that it is a possible damped Ly? absorber. Spectroscopy of the star-forming nucleus of Mrk 1456 allows us to apply emission-line diagnostics to infer the chemical abundances at the center of the galaxy and to make a prediction of the expected metallicity on the sight line to the QSO.
The presence of polyglucosan bodies in temporal lobe epilepsy: its role and significance.

Summary Rationale Mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) is an important pathology in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and often associated with good surgical outcome, however prognostic factors for surgical outcome are conflicting. The authors examine seizure outcome after surgery for TLE due to MTS, with focus on the presence of polyglucosan bodies (PGBs), and its relation to the epileptogenic process. Methods Records of 44 consecutive patients with intractable TLE who underwent anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) at JFK medical center between 1994–2001 were reviewed. Details of clinical, electrophysiological evaluation, and outcome were collected. All slides were reviewed for the presence of MTS. In twenty-one patients with MTS, detailed histology of surgical specimens was reviewed and relative concentration of PGBs was assessed. The postoperative follow-up duration ranges between 28–74 months. Surgical outcome was evaluated according to Engel’s classification. Results Data of fourteen females (mean age 32.8 years) and 7 males (mean age 34.2) were analyzed. PBGs were identified in 10 patients (8 females and 2 males). All 10 patients had good surgical outcome, with 6 patients (60%) being seizure free (class 1) and 4 patients as class 2. While 11 patients (6 males and 5 females) with absent PGB, 72.8% had good surgical outcome. Of these, 7 (63.8%) had class 1, 1 patient had class 2, and 3 patients had class 3&4. Assessing several risk factors, the only significant difference between the two groups was epilepsy duration, which was significantly longer in patients with PGBs (P = 0.011). Conclusion The histological presence of PGB is associated with long duration of epilepsy and could be the consequence of epilepsy. Despite prolonged duration of epilepsy, the surgical outcome in PGBs +ve is similar to PGBs −ve patients.
LOW'S SCATTERING EQUATION FOR THE CHARGED AND NEUTRAL SCALAR THEORIES

The Low scattering equation is studied in the one-meson approximation with both charged and neutral scalar meson theories. The general solution is found for each of these cases. It has the general character of a Wigner-Eisenbud dispersion formula and contains an infinite number of adjustable parameters. It follows that the Low equation, in this approximation at least, does not determine the scattering, but only expresses a property of the scattering which is independent of the internal structure of the scatterer.
Apparatus for spin-polarized inverse photoemission and spin scattering

Spin-polarized electron sources have important applications in electron spectroscopies. Such electron spectroscopies can provide considerable insight into the electronic structure of magnetic materials. A spin-polarized electron gun, based on photoemission from a GaAs cathode, has been designed for spin- polarized inverse photoemission and spin-polarized electron scattering. Our spin-polarized electron source is used in combination with a Geiger-Muller isochromat photon detector (for inverse photoemission), a small electron energy analyzer or Mott detector (for electron spin scattering), and a pulsed magnetic field (to saturate the magnetization of the sample). It is important that such sources have very stable emission, well defined electron polarization, and excellent focus for spectroscopy applications. Much of this depends on a stable laser and associated optical systems in the near infra-red. In the instrument we describe, the geometry of the incident circularly polarized light with respect to the direction of electron emission, as well as the electron optics, are designed so that the electron spin polarization is consistently in the plane of the sample for any incident angle in an angle resolved measurements for electron wave vector dependent studies. We provide examples of the types of the novel new measurements that are possible with such instrumentation.
Luteinizing hormone release after stimulation of the preoptic area with paired identical pulses: refractory period versus facilitation.

Abstract In male rats under pentobarbital anesthesia, pairs of identical pulses with different intrapair intervals were delivered during 30 min in 30 sec trains, at a mean frequency of 10 Hz within the preoptic area-suprachiasmatic region. Stimuli with 20.0 msec intervals were the most efficient to induce LH release. Intervals of 5.0 msec or less did not differ significantly in their ability to increase plasma LH levels with respect to single pulses delivered at the same frequency, thus suggesting their interaction during the absolute or relative phase of the refractory period of the activated neural elements controlling LH release.
Heuristic search viewed as path finding in a graph

Abstract This paper presents a particular model of heuristic search as a path-finding problem in a directed graph. A class of graph-searching procedures is described which uses a heuristic function to guide search. Heuristic functions are estimates of the number of edges that remain to be traversed in reaching a goal node. A number of theoretical results for this model, and the intuition for these results, are presented. They relate the efficiency of search to the accuracy of the heuristic function. The results also explore efficiency as a consequence of the reliance or weight placed on the heuristics used.
Considering the ethical implications of social media in social work education

The ethical implications of the explosion of social media outlets for social work education are explored in this paper. Given that social work education has a dual focus, both of educating students and of socializing practitioners into the profession, the issue of the blurring between what is social and what is professional gains particular salience for both educators and students. Recommendations for educators to ethically address the need to maintain a consistent professional presence online and to avoid potentially harmful dual relationships with students are presented. These recommendations include: abstain from using social media or use only a static professional profile; use only university protected sites to promote collaboration with students in the classroom including all students to avoid any appearance of impropriety; use social media with the utmost discretion mindful of all the risks by creating a very select circle of friends, separating one's personal site from one's professional site; develop policies which include not friending any individual student or any current student and inform students about the policies.
Determination of binding site concentration and average binding constant by the method of equilibrium sorption: Evidence for lysine as a principal receptor site for collagen-enzyme binding

Abstract The contribution of lysyl ϵ-amino groups to the noncovalent binding on enzymes to collagen has been determined by the method of equilibrium sorption. The sorption or binding of enzyme by chemically modified, and by the corresponding unmodified membraneous collagen, was determined as a function of enzyme concentration. Chemical modification of lysyl ϵ-amino groups was accomplished by carbamylation of the collagen membrane with potassium cyanate. The collagen membranes were contacted with a purified β-galactosidase (E. coli K 12 ). The enzyme was purified by affinity chromato- graphy. Analysis of the resultant sorption isotherms allowed determination of the heterogeneity index (a) and the concentration of active binding sites (A o ). Binding constants (K o ) and the free energy of binding (δG) were also computed from the sorption data. The results of these studies have shown that lysyl ϵ-amino groups of collagen are primary receptor sites for enzyme binding (β-galactosidase, E. coli K 12 ) and that carbamylation of the collagen membrane resulted in a decrease in active binding sites with little or no change in the binding constant of the remaining sites.
Oxidation resistance of silicon nitride ceramics with various additives

Five silicon nitride ceramics with various additives were evaluated for their oxidation resistance at 1300 ° C in flowing dry and wet air. In a dry atmosphere, the oxidation of all types of Si3N4 except one proceeded in two stages with different reaction rates nearly following the parabolic law. In a wet atmosphere, all types showed a linear relationship between weight gain by oxidation and water varpour content. The water vapour in the atmosphere slightly accelerated the oxidation. The influence of oxidation on room-temperature strength was complex, but there was no observed distinguishable difference of the effect on the flexural strength between dry and wet oxidation.
The use of time-series analysis to forecast bont tick (Amblyomma hebraeum) infestations in Zimbabwe.

Studying the dynamics of tick infestations on cattle is an essential step in developing optimal strategies for tick control. Successful strategic tick control requires accurate predictions of when tick infestations will reach predetermined threshold levels. In the case ofAmblyomma hebraeum, earlier work has shown that there is no consistent pattern of seasonal activity. This means that a statistical model for predictingA. hebraeum infestations cannot reliably use climatic factors as the only independent variables. An alternative method is to apply time-series, or auto-regressive moving-average (ARMA), analysis which uses only the past population patterns to predict future trends. This technique was applied to a data set consisting of 108 weekly tick counts ofA. hebraeum (adult males, standard females, flat females and standard nymphs), conducted at an experimental station in southeastern Zimbabwe. The ability of the ARMA models to fit and predict actual tick infestations was judged using two sets of criteria. The first set focused on the goodness-of-fit, and used the adjustedR 2 values,Q statistic and the Akaike Information Criteria. The second set of criteria measured the forecasting accuracy of an estimated equation, and consisted of regressing a 9-period forecast against an actual out-of-sample data set not used in the estimation process. The root mean square error of the forecast was also considered when comparing several models for the same data set. Using these criteria, the models estimated using the ARMA technique were judged to both fit and forecast with sufficient accuracy to warrant their use in strategic tick control. Although the success of using ARMA to forecastA. hebraeum is partly due to the non-seasonal behaviour of the species, the results presented here suggest that it is worthwhile exploring the use of ARMA techniques to model the dynamics of other tick species. Where independent variables exert considerable influence on the dynamics of a tick species, these variables can be incorporated into an ARMA-style model.
Sonic-boom-induced building structure responses including damage.

Concepts of sonic‐boom pressure loading of building structures and the associated responses are reviewed, and results of pertinent theoretical and experimental research programs are summarized. The significance of sonic‐boom load time histories, including waveshape effects, are illustrated with the aid of simple structural elements such as beams and plates. Also included are discussions of the significance of such other phenomena as three‐dimensional loading effects, air cavity coupling, multimodal responses, and structural nonlinearities. Measured deflection, acceleration, and strain data from laboratory models and full‐scale building tests are summarized, and these data are compared, where possible, with predicted values. Damage complaint and claim experience due both to controlled and uncontrolled supersonic flights over communities are summarized with particular reference to residential, commercial, and historic buildings. Sonic‐boom induced building responses are compared with those from other impulsive loadings due to natural and cultural events and from laboratory simulation tests.
Effect of infantile undernutrition on adult sucrose solution consumption in the rat

Abstract During the first twenty days of the lives of the experimental rat pups, undernutrition was produced in the pups and their dams by allowing the dams access to only 40 percent of the amount of food that they would normally eat. In adulthood, rehabilitated animals were allowed access to varied sucrose solutions in their home cages. Each solution was available for a 24 hour period. Consumption of the increasing concentrations of sucrose by the nondeprived, nondisturbed, previously undernourished animals followed the shape of the curve of the palatability function produced by normal animals but was elevated above that of normals in the ascending and descending but not the final plateau portion of the curve. The results were interpreted in terms of a control theory of food intake.
Monitoring the Integrative Complexity of American and Soviet Policy Rhetoric: What Can Be Learned?

Research psychologists cannot tell us the ultimate motives behind Soviet foreign policy or the true causes of the cold war. They can, however, use content analysis methods with records of successful application in other contexts to explore the links between rhetoric and action in American-Soviet relations. This article describes a series of studies on the integrative complexity of American and Soviet foreign policy rhetoric. An ongoing time-series study (1945–1986) reveals a variety of determinants of policy rhetoric: the rhetoric of the other side, impending or current policy initiatives, American presidential election campaigns, and changes in both the American and Soviet leadership. The paper also describes preliminary work on the integrative complexity of statements of key Soviet leaders on economic and foreign policy issues, demonstrating that the current Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, is significantly more complex than either his immediate predecessors or his traditionalist rivals for the leadership. The article considers implications of the “Gorbachev effect” for our understanding of domestic Soviet politics and for designing American policy toward the Soviet Union.
Central administration of prostaglandin E2 facilitates while F2α attenuates acute dependence upon morphine rats

Abstract The effects of prostaglandin D 2 (PGD 2 ), E 2 (PGE 2 ), and F 2α (PGF 2α ) on acute dependence on morphine were investigated. Five mature, male Long-Evans rats were trained to lever press for food reinforcement on a fixed-ratio 30 schedule (FR 30 behavior) and implanted with permanent guide cannulas with the tips of the cannulas in their right lateral brain ventricles. The experimental protocol began with a 45 minute behavioral session and brain infusion (1 μl/minute of a solution containing 2.3 mM CaCl 2 in 0.9% saline, ICV). Fifteen minutes into the session the rats were injected with 7.5 mg morphine/kg (IP). Beginning 2.25 hours later the brain infusion was reinitiated during a second 45 minute behavioral session which was interrupted after 15 minutes to inject 1.0 mg naloxone/kg (IP). In several experiments a dose of PG, which did not in-and-of-itself affect behavior, was added to the infusion medium. Prior to the naloxone injection it was ascertained that the behavioral effects of morphine has dissipated. The injection of naloxone or saline did not alter behavior of the rats while they were being infused with a PG or PG vehicle. Injection of naloxone, 3 hours after the injection of morphine, resulted in a significant suppression of FR 30 behavior (withdrawal). A dose of PGE 2 , which did not alter the initial suppressant action of morphine, potentiated the naloxone effect. A dose of PGF 2α , which likewise did not alter the initial action of morphine, antagonized the naloxone effect. However, a higher dose of PGF 2α which enhanced the initial morphine effect, caused an enhanced naloxone effect as well. PGD 2 did not alter the actions of morphine or naloxone. It is concluded that infusion of various PGs into the brains of rats differentially alters their responsiveness to morphine and dependence upon the opiate. It is further concluded that the dose and initial interactive effect of PGs and morphine are important determinants of the direction and degree of the expression of withdrawal.
Molecularly targeted therapies for melanoma

Systemic and topical targeted therapies are emerging as a rational approach to the management of skin cancers. In this article, we review the molecular pathways critical to the development of melanoma and the novel pharmacologic agents that have been rationally designed to target it. Included is a review of vemurafenib, imatinib, and ipilimumab for metastatic or unresectable melanoma.
Modeling and short circuit detection of 18650 Li-ion cells under mechanical abuse conditions

Abstract In this research a simple, yet accurate model of a single cell, needed for safety assessment of batteries under mechanical abuse conditions, was developed. Extensive testing was performed on a 18650 lithium ion cell, including indentation by a hemispherical punch, lateral indentation by a cylindrical rod, compression between two flat plates, and three-point bending. The batteries were tested in an environmental chamber at a 10% SOC. A finite element model was developed, composed of shell elements representing outside casing, and solid elements for the active material with a binder lumped together with the current collectors and the separator. The jelly roll is modeled as a homogenized and isotropic material. The homogenous model assumes different properties in tension and compression, but does not account for the effect of structural anisotropy caused by the layered nature of the jelly roll. Very good correlation was obtained between LS Dyna numerical simulation and test results in terms of load–displacement relations, deformed shape of the battery, and initiation and propagation of a crack in the shell casing. The FE model was also capable of predicting the onset of short circuit of the cell.
Radial migration and dehydration of phyllosilicates in the solar nebula

Abstract While it is currently thought that Earth's water was delivered by hydrous minerals, the origin of these minerals is still debated. Nebular models suggest that the area where the Earth formed was too hot for these minerals to form, leading many to believe that they were delivered by large planetary embryos which formed in the outer asteroid belt region of the solar nebula. Others have argued that the hydrous minerals were present during the early accretion phase of the Earth in order to explain different aspects of its geochemistry and therefore, must have formed locally, implying that the nebula must have been cooler than the models predict. In this paper we explore a new possibility: that these hydrous minerals were formed in the outer asteroid belt region of the solar nebula and were then brought into the hotter regions of the nebula by gas drag where they were incorporated into the planetesimals which formed there. The hydrated minerals were able to survive for long periods of time in this hot region due to the sluggish dehydration kinetics. We find that this process need not have been efficient, requiring only a small amount (∼few percentages) of the material in the outer asteroid belt region of the nebula to be subject to this process. This delivery mechanism provides a way for hydrous minerals to be incorporated early on into the planetesimals which were accreted by the Earth without having to alter the generally accepted solar nebula models that are consistent with meteoritic and asteroidal observations.
Vomiting in Wild Bonnet Macaques

Researchers have not studied vomiting that is not associated with pathological behavior in nonhuman primates. Scientists generally assume that vomiting provides protection by ejecting toxins from the body, but the explanation is not fully supported by the literature. We report on 163 instances of vomiting from 2 groups of free-ranging bonnet macaques in southern India. The macaques routinely reingested their vomit. The reingestion was unlike that in abnormal behavior of both humans and nonhuman primates. We suggest that the tendency to hoard food in their cheek pouches explains why they reingested the vomit.
Composition and characterization of cold-insoluble globulins☆

Abstract Cold-insoluble globulins were purified and amino acid composition determined. The analysis of cold globulins was similar to that of purified fibrinogen. It was shown that cold-insoluble globulins could be clotted over a period of 48 hours. When cold-insoluble globulins were incubated with thrombin, papain, or vasculokinase, the split products recovered were different than those seen when the same enzymes were incubated with fibrinogen. It was suggested that cold globulins belong to the fibrinogen family, have slight compositional alterations, and therefore, have altered conformation.
Regional variation in smoking among African Americans.

Abstract Background. The impact of geographic region and metropolitan residence on smoking prevalence among African Americans has not been adequately examined. Methods. This study analyzed 5 years of data from the National Health Interview Survey (1990–1994) on current smoking and regional variation among 16,738 African Americans. Results. Respondents in the West had the lowest unadjusted smoking prevalence rates and Midwest residents had the highest. Current smoking was lower among African Americans living in noncentral cities than in central cities even after adjusting for several sociodemographic covariates. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that black women in the South were significantly less likely to be smokers compared with any other gender/region group. Conclusions. These findings suggest the significance of gender and regional factors such as the social history of migration, social stress and racism, exposure to tobacco advertisement, variations in cultural influences, community structures, and coping strategies in under standing African American smoking behavior.
Economic Feasibility and Risk Analysis of Australian Red Claw Crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus Aquaculture in the Southeastern United States

Australian red claw crayfish Cherar guudricurinutus are receiving increased attention from aqua-culturists, but have not been extensively investigated in terms of economic feasibility. In this study, research data from small pond experiments were combined with cost and return data to evaluate prospects for commercial production (50 ha scale) in the southeastern United States. Production data were derived from density experiments involving three initial stocking rates: “low” (l/m2), “medium” (3/m2) and “high” (5/m2). Experiments were conducted in nine 0.02 ha earthen ponds. Risk analysis was used to simulate the range of potential outcomes that might be faced by producers. Results indicate that economic potential is most sensitive to the cost of juveniles, the percentage of the harvest biomass in the larger size classes, the price these classes receive, and the length of the growing season.
Static shear modulus of a methyl cellulose solution and viscoelasticity of a polyvinyl alcohol solution at the air/water interface

Abstract Measurements of the mechanical properties of the surface of a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution and of a methyl cellulose solution have disclosed surprising differences. The response of the PVA to shearing strain is predominantly viscous, whereas the methyl cellulose is elastic. This is the first observation and measurement of a static shear modulus from the surface of a solution.
Edgeworth Price Cycles in Gasoline: Evidence from the United States

Studies of gasoline prices in multiple countries have found sequences of a sharp price increase followed by gradual decreases. This pattern is linked to Maskin and Tirole (Econometrica 56:571–599, 1988) duopoly pricing game and labeled Edgeworth price cycles. We examine data on average daily MSA-level retail gasoline prices for 350 MSAs in the US from 1996–2010. We confirm the finding of others and show that a relatively small number of US MSAs in contiguous upper Midwestern states evidence price cycling. However, our lengthy data set allows us to see that these MSAs began cycling in 2000. Thus, we can examine prices in cycling and non-cycling MSAs before and after cycling and find that prices are lower in MSAs that began cycling.
Sex differences in the corpus callosum in preschool-aged children with autism spectrum disorder

Background: Abnormalities in the corpus callosum have been reported in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but few studies have evaluated young children. Sex differences in callosal organization and diffusion characteristics have also not been evaluated fully in ASD. Methods: Structural and diffusion-weighted images were acquired in 139 preschool-aged children with ASD (112 males/27 females) and 82 typically developing (TD) controls (53 males/29 females). Longitudinal scanning at two additional annual time points was carried out in a subset of these participants. Callosal organization was evaluated using two approaches: 1) diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography to define subregions based on cortical projection zones and 2) as a comparison to previous studies, midsagittal area analysis using Witelson subdivisions. Diffusion measures of callosal fibers were also evaluated. Results: Analyses of cortical projection zone subregions revealed sex differences in the patterns of altered callosal organization. Relative to their sex-specific TD counterparts, both males and females with ASD had smaller regions dedicated to fibers projecting to superior frontal cortex, but patterns differed in callosal subregions projecting to other parts of frontal cortex. While males with ASD had a smaller callosal region dedicated to the orbitofrontal cortex, females with ASD had a smaller callosal region dedicated to the anterior frontal cortex. There were also sex differences in diffusion properties of callosal fibers. While no alterations were observed in males with ASD relative to TD males, mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD) were all increased in females with ASD relative to TD females. Analyses of Witelson subdivisions revealed a decrease in midsagittal area of the corpus callosum in both males and females with ASD but no regional differences in specific subdivisions. Longitudinal analyses revealed no diagnostic or sex differences in the growth rate or change in diffusion measures of the corpus callosum from 3 to 5 years of age. Conclusions: There are sex differences in the pattern of altered corpus callosum neuroanatomy in preschool-aged children with ASD.
Assessment of the useful life of current long‐drain and future low‐phosphorus engine oils

The assessment of engine oil useful life is an important step in the development of future low-phosphorus, catalyst-compatible, and long-drain engine oils. This paper describes the development and application of a new laboratory screening test, the Ford oil ageing test (FOAT), for the assessment of engine oil useful life. FOAT simulates the Sequence IIIE engine dynamometer test and evaluates oils on the basis of viscosity increase. It correlates well with both single- and double-length Sequence IIIE test results. FOAT allows for inexpensive screening of candidate oils prior to engine tests and is currently being used in the evaluation of future low-phosphorus engine oils. This comparative study has demonstrated that low-phosphorus, catalyst-compatible engine oils can be formulated to provide a similar useful life to current commercial long-drain oils.
Reactive arthritis of the temporomandibular joints and cervical spine in a child.

Background: Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) arthritis is frequently seen in children with chronic arthritis. It has rarely been described in a non-infectious acute setting. We report a case of reactive arthritis isolated to the TMJs and cervical spine. Case presentation: A 6-year-old Native American boy hospitalized for treatment of lymphadenitis and aseptic meningitis had an incidental brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) finding of effusions in the TMJs, as well as the atlanto-occipital and C1–C2 articulations. Repeat TMJ and cervical spine MRI four weeks later showed resolution of effusions. Reactive TMJ arthritis has been previously reported in adults but not in children. Conclusion: This report represents the first pediatric case of reactive arthritis isolated to the cervical spine and TMJs. Arthritis of the TMJ should be considered in the differential diagnosis of children with reactive arthritides.
Surface Reconstruction From Image Sequences

This article presents a facility developed in support of image sequence procesiiiig for an autonoliious x-eliicle. As in man the success of the sequence analysis tlel?ends 011 t,he ability to operate explicitly in both space and tinic, and 011 exploiting the massive redundancy present iii the hundreds of view that can lie obtained when moving through a scene. The mechanism in our analysis that integrates the is a 3-D surrace-buildins process called the il'envzrzg Wall this paper focuses on the construction and use of siirfaces from this process In robotic navigation mork the surfaces represent the space-time evolulzon of scene images, and this rcpresen(ation, in coiijuiictioii with geometric constraints, allows us to determine tlie thrcc-dimensional structure of a scene. In other domains where there is a similar gradual evolution of data oyer a third dimension, in medical tomography or scale-space studies, for example, the surfaces constructed by the Weaving Wall are iiniiiediately of value for their topographic structure. The designs of both the surface-building and scene-rcconstriictiiig processes make them well-suited for real-time operation given appropriate hardware The principlc hehiiid tlie \Veaviiig TT.sl1 may have a dramatic impact 011 vision; medical iniagiiig, antl other fields.
Studies on Electrical Properties of RF Sputtered Deposited Boron Carbon Nitride Thin Films

various compositions. According to the chemical properties of the B, C and N during the depositing process of the BCN films, B and C can exist both as elements and as compounds reacting with N or each other, while N could be existed in the films only as compounds by reacting with B or C. Therefore, the process of N deposited into the films and the reciprocity among B, C, and N during the deposition
Framing a new approach to critical infrastructure modelling and extreme events

This paper proposes a new framework to evaluate and improve the resiliency of communities as they face the risk of multiple hazards and cascading infrastructure failure. The central idea is to extend engineering-based fragility models of the effect of extreme events on physical infrastructure and to combine them with regional, economic and social impact models. The modelling framework would support analyses of the sensitivity of a community to varying events, signalling weak links in regional infrastructure systems and subsystems, and suggesting a more efficient allocation of federal, state, and local preparedness resources.
The American Family and Boundaries in Historical Perspective

Since the 1840s, and especially since the 1940s, many Americans have turned almost compulsively to Alexis de Tocqueville’s Democracy in America as the authoritative fountainhead of historical self-understanding. Tocqueville’s prestige, which admittedly has had its ups and downs, owes something to his refreshing departure from the English empirical tradition, or to what the 11th edition of The Encyclopaedia Britannica calls his “excess of the deductive spirit.” As one of the founders of classical sociology, he was also the first European to apply systematic social theory to American institutions. But I suspect that Tocqueville’s appeal to Americans rests mainly on his ability to portray the United States as the vanguard of a long-term and irresistible movement toward democratization and modernization and to explain this revolutionary process by continual contrast with a premodern and aristocratic European tradition. Though Tocqueville was only 26 when he toured America in 1831, he soon became a cultural father-figure. For not only did he serve as interpreter and spokesman for the aristocratic past, but he assumed the role of an enlightened parent who accepts the inevitability of growth and change, who wants to understand, and who offers counsel designed to mitigate the excesses and hazards of freedom.