cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interlaboratory comparison of fluorocarbon measurements

Abstract Concern for the uncertainty in the precision and accuracy of the past and present halocarbon measurements prompted an informal interlaboratory comparison in 1977. The intercomparison of 16 labs for F11 and F12 gave standard deviations from the mean of 11 to 17%. The greatest disagreement for F11 was 20% and 28% and 45% for two labs on F12. Looking carefully at the distribution of the F11 values suggests that about half of the labs maintained agreement at a level of 5%. The 2% precision and 10% accuracy believed to be the state-of-the-art of measurement for the fluorocarbons was not supported by this study. The results indicate some of the difficulties of attempting to combine data from different investigators for analyzing global burdens, gradients and trends.
Building a contextually responsive evaluation framework: Lessons from working with urban school interventions

The chapter introduces the conceptual underpinnings and overarching themes of the Talent Development evaluation framework and provides recommendations for minimizing problems in implementing evaluations in diverse urban settings.
Cumulative Losses of Sand to the California Coast by Dam Impoundment

Abstract California beaches depend on rivers for the majority of their sand supply, but coastal dams, which prevent sand from getting to beaches and nourishing them naturally, have significantly reduced this supply. Cumulative sand impoundment volumes for each littoral cell provide insight into which littoral cells have been impacted by human activities and where there may be a potential need to augment the littoral budget. Suspended sediment rating curves were created for the 21 major coastal streams in the state to estimate present-day sand fluxes based on relationships between suspended load and bed load. We then compared the postdam sand fluxes to estimated sand fluxes under predam conditions to determine the effects that dams have had on fluvial sand delivery to the coast. The cumulative sand impounded by California's 66 major coastal dams was then calculated on a littoral cell basis. Under predam conditions, California rivers delivered an average of about 10,000,000 m3/y of sand to the coast, but th...
Role of alcohol metabolism in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

Background Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a serious form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), associated with obesity and insulin resistance. Previous studies suggested that intestinal bacteria produced more alcohol in obese mice than lean animals. Methodology/Principal Findings To investigate whether alcohol is involved in the pathogenesis of NASH, the expression of inflammation, fibrosis and alcohol metabolism related genes in the liver tissues of NASH patients and normal controls (NCs) were examined by microarray (NASH, n = 7; NC, n = 4) and quantitative real-time PCR (NASH, n = 6; NC, n = 6). Genes related to liver inflammation and fibrosis were found to be elevated in NASH livers compared to normal livers. The most striking finding is the increased gene transcription of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) genes, genes for catalase and cytochrome P450 2E1, and aldehyde dehydrogenase genes. Immunoblot analysis confirmed the increased expression of ADH1 and ADH4 in NASH livers (NASH, n = 9; NC, n = 4). Conclusions/Significance The augmented activity of all the available genes of the pathways for alcohol catabolism suggest that 1) alcohol concentration was elevated in the circulation of NASH patients; 2) there was a high priority for the NASH livers to scavenge alcohol from the circulation. Our data is the first human evidence that suggests alcohol may contribute to the development of NAFLD.
The role of the pituitary in the diurnal variation in tolerance to painful stimuli and brain enkephalin levels

Abstract Studies were carried out on hypophysectomized rats and mice in comparison to sham-operated controls in order to assess the role of the pituitary in the diurnal rhythm in sensitivity to pain, the hyperalgesic effect of naloxone and the effect of stress on brain levels of met-enkephalin. There were no significant differences in jump latencies between hypophysectomized and sham-operated control mice. The jump latencies in the p.m. were significantly greater than those in the a.m. for both the sham and the hypophysectomized mice. In both the sham and hypophysectomized mice and rats, naloxone significantly reduced the jump latencies in the p.m. The stress-induced increase in the p.m. of brain met-enkephalin, furthermore, persisted in the hypophysectomized rats. We conclude that the pituitary is not essential for the diurnal variation in responsivity to pain, the hyperalgesic activity of naloxone or the stress-induced increases in brain met-enkephalin.
Peripheral metabolism of bovine parathyroid hormone in the dog.

Abstract Four dogs were infused with highly purified bovine parathyroid hormone until constant levels of immunoreactive hormone were attained in the circulation. Simultaneous samples of plasma were then obtained from the aorta, from hepatic, renal, and femoral veins, and later from a pulmonary artery and the left ventricle. Radioimmunoassay of these samples revealed mean arteriovenous differences of −23% across the liver and −19% across the kidney. No significant differences were found across the lung or lower extremity. After termination of the infusion the disappearance rate of immunoreactive hormone in external jugular-venous blood was multiexponential: the predominant initial T 1 2 was 4, 6, and 8 min, and the terminal component was 60, 54, and 99 min, respectively, in 3 dogs.
A methodology for revising estimates: female market participation in the U.S. before 1940.

This paper responds to the debate over historical rates of female labor force participation. The discussion is presented in 3 separate sections. The debate over underenumeration of womens marketwork is 1st reviewed the authors noting problems of gender bias and chronological consistency. Next 3 recent efforts to compensate for underenumeration of self- or family-employed women in the late 19th and early 20th centuries on the national level are critically analyzed. This section examines female market employment in specific areas including providing boarding services farming and farm laboring household self-employment and manufacturing. Departing from critique and review the papers final section provides a disaggregated approach to and detailed analysis of married womens and womens occupations in the Massachusetts towns of Montague and Easthampton in 1880. Their statistical analysis includes data on all women aged 15 and older from a federal manuscript population census a 20% sample of men in the same age range and examination of the federal manufacturing census and Massachusetts state census of 1875. The percentage of female market participation strongly related to the type of industry and the overall labor force engaged in manufacturing and mechanical occupation highly sensitive to local economic context. Listed estimates of 10.1% married women in Montague holding jobs and 9.9% for Easthampton differed markedly from the authors upper bound estimates of 47.3% and 68.2% participation respectively. Future efforts to revise and refine measures of womens market activity may prove fruitful.
Application of a new wind turbulence model in predicting motion stability of wind-excited long-span bridges

Abstract A new mathematical model for wind turbulence is presented herein for the analysis of motion stability of wind-excited long-span bridges. The new model has a finite mean-square value, and is capable of matching closely an arbitrary spectral density, such as the von-Karman, Dryden or other well-known spectra in the literature. It is shown that the presence of turbulence changes the composition of the combined fluid-structural mode, and that, under favorable energy interchange conditions, it can stabilize even a single-degree-of-freedom structural motion.
Network text analysis of conceptual overlap in interviews, newspaper articles and keywords

We address the relative value of three information sources: costly interviews conducted in the field, newspaper articles that mention the areas in which the interviews took place, and keywords used to index the newspaper articles. Our research questions concern: (1) whether there is overlap in the information obtained from each source and (2) how the three information acquisition-extraction strategies employed can inform one another. This research project uses network text analysis as a framework for a mixed method approach to knowledge discovery. We show that concepts as well as the network structure of information obtained from interviews may be almost completely covered by networks representing the information extracted from a large number of news articles from a wide variety of sources, while the information overlap of interviews with article keywords was less straightforward. We also show how a conceptual network constructed from a small number of interviews can be used in a semantic pattern search that localizes interview topics in a larger network of news article topics. This approach thus uses newspaper articles to frame and elaborate the narratives of interviews in a larger cultural context.
The influence of the math classroom context on students' academic English production

The case study summarized in this article relies primarily on activity theory (e.g., Engestrom, 1987), and incorporates complexity, accuracy, and fluency analyses (see Ellis & Barkhuizen, 2005) to describe real-time oral language production by four focal English language learners (ELLs) in a sheltered high school math classroom in the U.S. Further, it describes how that language use was influenced by the classroom context. Findings indicate that ELLs produced very little complex, elaborated academic language because there were a variety of contextual factors that interacted to minimize students' need to use it. Insights gained from an activity theory perspective highlight the influence of three unresolved tensions in the classroom activity system, namely: low language expectations in the curriculum, the teacher's lack of familiarity with L2 instructional strategies, and the students' lack of engagement with "best" practices that included use of hands-on material. Greater administrator support and transparency about desired academic language outcomes could enhance both the teachers' language development skills and student outcomes.
Mechanisms of periodic pinning in superconducting thin films

We studied the changes in the superconducting properties of Nb films due to an array of Ni dots used as collective pinning sites. To determine the pinning mechanism, thin Ag layers of varying thicknesses were deposited on the Ni dots prior to the Nb film deposition. The Ag deposited on the pinning dots has little effect on the collective pinning phenomena, which implies that the main pinning mechanism is of magnetic origin.
Heat transfer and fluid flow in welding arcs produced by sharpened and flat electrodes

Abstract A steady-state, two-dimensional model is developed to describe heat transfer and fluid flow in gas-tungsten welding arcs. The model differs from the previous ones in that it considers the electrode tip geometry, the arc length realistic for welding, and the presence of the shielding-gas nozzle. The effects of the electrode tip geometry on the following items are demonstrated using the model: the distributions of the current density, electromagnetic force, velocity and temperature in the arc plasma, the arc shape and the arc pressure. The calculated temperature distributions in the arc plasma and maximum arc pressure at the anode are compared with existing experimental data.
Variability of graphene mobility and contacts: Surface effects, doping and strain

It is well known that devices based on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) graphene exhibit substantial variability of their electrical properties [1]. However, the sources of such variability and how they might be controlled remain poorly understood. Here, we methodically investigate variability of CVD graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) transferred with three polymer scaffolds: PMMA, polycarbonate (PC), and a PC/PMMA bilayer (PC in contact with graphene). We find that the polymer/graphene mechanical interaction during transfer and the presence of surface residues induce changes in graphene roughness (up to ~0.2 nm), doping concentrations (up to ~2.5×10 12 cm -2 ) and strain levels (up to ~0.2%) between the polymer scaffolds used. We uncover that a combination of smaller strain and doping from the PC/PMMA scaffolds ultimately yields the lowest variability of contact resistance (R c ) and mobility (μ).
Increasing levels of assistance in refinement of knowledge-based retrieval systems

Abstract This paper is concerned with the task of incrementally acquiring and refining the knowledge and algorithms of a knowledge-based system in order to improve its performance over time. In particular, we present the design of DE-KART, a tool whose goal is to provide increasing levels of assistance in acquiring and refining indexing and retrieval knowledge for a knowledge-based retrieval system. DE-KART starts with knowledge that has been entered manually, and increase its level of assistance in acquiring and refining that knowledge, both in terms of the increased level of automation in interacting with users, and in terms of the increased generality of the knowledge. DE-KART is at the intersection of machine learning and knowledge acquisition: it is a first step towards a system which moves along a continuum from interactive knowledge acquisition to increasingly automated machine learning as it acquires more knowledge and experience.
On the dynamics of non-linear viscoelastic solids with material moduli that depend upon pressure

Abstract We investigate the dynamic response, of a generalization of an incompressible Kelvin–Voigt viscoelastic solid, whose viscosity depends on the pressure. Bodies with pressure-dependent material moduli have relevance to numerous technologically significant problems in geomechanics, the mechanics of granular media and powder compaction. We obtain analytical results for creep and recovery phenomena as well as solutions to the propagation of waves in such bodies. We are able to obtain explicit exact solutions that clearly illustrate the marked difference in the response of bodies with pressure-dependent material moduli as opposed to their counterparts whose moduli do not depend on the pressure. We also show that the governing equations for such materials can change type, and that their solutions exhibit singularities and localization.
Photochemically induced reduction of trace Np(VI) in U(VI)HNO3 solutions

Abstract Dilute Np(VI) can be reduced to Np(V) in the presence of large amounts of UO 2 (NO 3 ) 2 by a photochemical reaction which first involves the photo-reduction of NO 3 − to NO 2 − . Although UO 2 2+ competes strongly for photons, the accompanying stabilization of Np(V) by UO 2 2+ tends to compensate for the UO 2 2+ screening effect. Experiments have been performed using 254 and 300 nm radiation on 0.1 and 1.0 M HNO 3 solutions containing 1M UO 2 (NO 3 ) 2 and either 0.01 or 0.001 M NpO 2 2+ . Because the primary photochemical reaction involves photo-reduction of NO 3 − to No 2 − , still lower concentrations of Np(VI) are expected to be reducible by this process.
‘A common law of nations’: Giuseppe Mazzini's democratic nationality

Abstract The aim of this article is to analyse the theoretical origins and character of Giuseppe Mazzini's idea of the nation and the wider tensions within nationalist thinking. In particular I will ground Mazzini's idea of national self‐determination on his distinction between rights and duties and finally his republican (and in this sense political, not ethnic) view of the nation‐people. It will emerge that, even if Mazzini shared a voluntaristic idea of the nation, he none the less had a clear perception that the argument of popular consensus needed to be limited (and legitimated) by normative principles, which for him were true democratic principles. Mazzini's originality and modernity lay in his capacity to avoid being a universalist in the old cosmopolitan sense without becoming a relativist. He faced the tension between universality and national identity by making the former concrete and inclusive: universality meant humanity which revealed itself through and within each nation, and was synonymous ...
Analytical Framework for Optimizing Pavement Maintenance

The problem of scheduling maintenance for pavements in an optimum fashion has been approached in a variety of ways by researchers and practitioners. However, the Markov decision process has found very limited use despite the fact that cumulative damage is readily modeled by a Markov chain and that a wealth of immediately applicable theoretical results exist in the literature. The solutions are known for a variety of problems involving inspection, repair, and replacement, making it possible to solve directly for an optimal policy in the form of a control law. This paper reviews some of the relevant theoretical results in order to call them to the attention of civil engineers involved with pavement management systems.
Synthesis of a Sensitive and Selective Potassium-Sensing Fluoroionophore

An efficient synthesis is reported that delivers in 5 steps and 52% overall yield a new structurally simplified fluorescent K(+) sensor with improved K(+) sensitivity and selectivity over existing K(+) sensors. The synthesis procedure utilizes a new template-directed oxidative C-N bond-forming macrocyclization reaction and reports new approaches to Pd(0), Sandmeyer-like and metal-free aminoarylations, as well as organotitanium additions to vinylogous sulfonates.
Pulmonary ventilation/perfusion defects induced by epinephrine during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

BACKGROUNDEpinephrine has been shown to impair pulmonary excretion of CO2 during resuscitation. This phenomenon was investigated in a rodent model of cardiac arrest and conventional resuscitation.METHODS AND RESULTSThe effects of racemic epinephrine were compared with the selective alpha 1-agonist methoxamine and with saline placebo during cardiac resuscitation in 15 Sprague-Dawley rats mechanically ventilated with gas containing 70% oxygen. Epinephrine and methoxamine but not saline placebo significantly increased coronary perfusion pressure from approximately 32 to 55 mm Hg. Following epinephrine, end-tidal PCO2 decreased from approximately 10 to 5 mm Hg. This was associated with a time-coincident decrease in PaO2 from approximately 130 to 74 mm Hg and an increase in PaCO2 from approximately 26 to 40 mm Hg. These changes indicated increases in alveolar dead space ventilation concomitant with increases in pulmonary arteriovenous admixture. No such effects were observed after administration of either meth...
A retail perspective on the shopping behavior, cultures and personalities for China, United Arab Emirates, Belgium, India, Germany and America

Purpose – This study aims to examine the shopping behaviors (online and in store), cultures and personalities of consumers within China, Belgium, India and Germany, and compares them to American shopping behaviors and to each other. Design/methodology/approach – The data were collected through literature research and personality, cultural and shopping behavior research was assessed via surveys, while customer service oriented behaviors were measured through direct observation and survey methods using structured questionnaires and other approaches for data collection. Findings – The findings showed implications of anticipating consumer’s behavioral responses, as well as the cultural and personality differences. The findings may help retailers with strategic business strategies to assess what attracts consumers the most and the least and then use this advantage to become successful internationally. Originality/value – The current study is original, in that it uses multiple methods to collect data allowing f...
Overseeing Research Practice: The Case of Data Editing

This article examines whether and how a particular research practice is overseen and supervised, and by whom. This investigation fills notable gaps in the literature on science, including a lack of emphasis on larger sociopolitical structures, a neglect of regulation, and indifference toward ethics. The author focuses on the oversight of a particular research practice; data editing; which embodies qualities that are intriguing to sociologists of science: invisibility, uncertainty, heterogeneity, and reliance on tacit knowledge. These characteristics pose unique challenges to oversight efforts. An analysis of in-depth interviews with gatekeepers reveals that although the methodological and ethical implications of data editing strategies can be substantial, oversight of such practices falls outside the stages and domains of current gatekeeping activity. These findings serve as the basis for recommendations to ensure data integrity while maintaining the professional autonomy of researchers.
Performance of the photoinjector accelerator for the Los Alamos free-electron laser

The Los Alamos free-electron laser (FEL) facility has been modified by the replacement of the thermionic electron gun and bunchers with a 1300-MHz RF photoinjector. Two more accelerator tanks have been added to increase the beam energy to 40 MeV. Preliminary studies at 15 MeV have demonstrated excellent beam quality with a normalized emittance of 40 pi mm-mrad. The beam quality is sufficient to allow harmonic lasing in the visible. FEL experiments have been begun at a wavelength near 3 mu m. A report is presented of the performance of the photoinjector accelerator. >
Complexity metric driven energy optimization framework for implementing MPEG-21 scalable video decoders

We propose a systematic framework to optimize the energy consumption of wavelet-based scalable video decoders using generic computational complexity metrics derived from the frequency of execution of program basic blocks (Aho, A. et al., "Compilers: Principles, Techniques and Tools", chap.9, p.528, Addison-Wesley, 1986). The complexity metrics are independent of the hardware architecture/resources of the decoders and capture both the time varying video content characteristics and the corresponding encoding parameters. We show how the generic complexity metrics can be translated into a platform-specific metric, such as the execution time, which in turn can guide the selection of optimal voltage and frequency selection to optimize the energy. Preliminary results show 67% to 83% improvements in energy consumption on key functions of the 3D wavelet based scalable codec (SVC), which is a likely candidate for the emerging MPEG-21 video standard (Ohm, J.R. et al., Image Communications, 2004). Most of the processing in the proposed framework is done off-line, and hence it has limited impact in terms of delay or additional resource requirements for the decoder.
SHIVERING IN THE RAT PRODUCED BY ELECTRICAL SELF STIMULATION OF THE SEPTUM

During the course of the development of a reliable technique and test for implanting self-stimulating electrodes in the rat brain we observed that electrical self stimulation of the lateral septal nucleus consistently produced shivering. To the best of our knowledge this reaction following septal self stimulation has not been reported before and confirms the recent report of Stuart, Kawamura, and Hemingway ( 1961) of this effect following electrical stimulation of the ventrolateral region of the septum in cats. METHOD Male hooded rats, approximately 450 gm. in weight, were used. Three animals had electrodes impIanted successfully in the lateral septal nucleus and gave reliable results; and three animals with electrodes implanted in the caudate nucleus, ventral nucleus of the thalamus, and corpus callosurn served as controls. The electrodes were .009-in. stainless steel wire insulated with Formvar enamel except at the tip. Two such electrodes were cemented together and formed a "bipolar" assembly. Electrodes were placed in the appropriate neural structures by means of a calibrated stereotaxic instrument, and fixed permanently to the skull by means of stainless steel screws and dental cement. The self-stimulation equipment was a Scientific Prototype lever box. The sides were increased to 18 in. to prevent the animal from escaping, and the lever was increased in length by 2 in. to make the bar more accessible. The stimulus was a stepped down 60-cycle alternating current delivered through a pair of flexible hearing aid leads, suspended over the open box by a strip of chin rubber, which were actached to the animal's head by small insulated alligator clips. Stimulus duration was held constant at 0.5 sec. and was independent of the length of time the lever was depressed. It was impossible co deliver a second stimulus during the duration of the first. A bypass switch enabled E to stimulate at any time. Animals were allowed to recover for one week following surgery. Each animal was tesced for 30 min. on each of three successive days in the lever box. Animals with electrodes in the septum learned to depress the lever and stimulate themselves very rapidly. Intensity of stimulacion was adjusted to produce an optimum response rate during the first test period. In the control animals stimu'Thls research was supported by Grant B-776 from rhe National Institute of Neurological D~seases and Blindness, United Srates Public Health Service. -51SF Undergraduate Summer Fellow.
Antifungal activity of human salivary mucin‐derived peptide, MUC7 12‐mer, in a murine model of oral candidiasis

: Previous studies have shown that peptides derived from the N-terminal region of the low molecular mass human salivary mucin, MUC7, possess potent in vitro cidal activity against Candida albicans and other medically important fungi. MUC7 12-mer (residues 40–51 of the parent MUC7) peptide, having the optimal size and a net charge of +6, was found to be anticandidal in human saliva (clarified and unclarified), and its candidacidal potency was found to be superior to that of histatin 5 12-mer (Hsn5 12-mer). We have, therefore, explored the candidacidal potency of MUC7 12-mer (l and d isomers) and Hsn5 12-mer peptides in vivo. In vitro killing assay was performed to establish killing activity of the peptides against C. albicans prior to in vivo experiments. A murine model of oral candidiasis that has the characteristics of oral thrush in humans was employed for the in vivo studies, based on a previous protocol. Upon candidal induction, antifungal treatment application using agents emulsified in Pluronic F127 was performed for six consecutive days. Amphotericin B and clotrimazole emulsified in the same delivery system were used as positive control drugs. Candidacidal efficacy was evaluated microbiologically and histopathologically. Results demonstrated a considerable reduction of fungal burden by the MUC7 12-mer peptides (l and d), comparable to control drugs, and this effect was statistically significant, unlike the effect seen with Hsn5 12-mer. Murine oral candidiasis model employed in this study is suitable to test the candidacidal agents employing Pluronic F127. In conclusion, MUC7 12-mer appears to be a promising candidate as an antifungal agent for oral candidiasis.
A Method for the Efficient Design of Boltzmann Machines for Classiffication Problems

We introduce a method for the efficient design of a Boltzmann machine (or a Hopfield net) that computes an arbitrary given Boolean function f. This method is based on an efficient simulation of acyclic circuits with threshold gates by Boltzmann machines. As a consequence we can show that various concrete Boolean functions f that are relevant for classification problems can be computed by scalable Boltzmann machines that are guaranteed to converge to their global maximum configuration with high probability after constantly many steps.
Biophysical and metabolic bases of cooling effects on cortical membrane potentials in the cat.

Neuronal and silent cell membrane potentials were recorded in cat cortex during focal cooling by 5–6 C, either transiently for 1–2 min or for 10–15 min. Effects were compared between locally anesthetized, immobilized preparations and those under pentobarbital general anesthesia. The findings suggest actions at common membrane sites in effects of cooling and general anesthesia. In immobilized animals, transient cooling depolarized neurons by 1–2 mv/C. Silent cells responded similarly but with a slower onset. Intraneuronal wave activity and neuronal firing patterns showed related changes during the cooling cycle. Increased cell firing during transient cooling was not confined to depolarizing shifts but also occurred during hyperpolarizing shifts. Raising topical Ca2+ levels to 20 mM blocked depolarization by transient cooling, but 7.5 mM solutions were without effect. Repeated transient cooling or continuous cooling for 10–15 min produced almost complete depolarization of neurons and silent cells for periods extending considerably beyond recovery of brain temperature. Moreover, these cumulative effects beyond the cooling period were potentiated by the weaker 7.5 mM Ca2+ solutions. Pentobarbital anesthesia blocked the effects of sustained cooling on neuronal and silent cell membrane potentials and on unit firing activity. Also, topical 7.5-mM Ca2+ solutions failed to potentiate effects of cooling during barbiturate anesthesia. The effects of transient cooling are discussed in terms of membrane leakage currents that may be blocked by Ca2+. Cumulative effects with prolonged cooling suggest interference with membrane metabolism, and the possible role of cooperative binding and release of cations from membrane surface glycoproteins in these responses is considered.
Some Evidence for Unconscious Lie Detection

To maximize survival and reproductive success, primates evolved the tendency to tell lies and the ability to accurately detect them. Despite the obvious advantage of detecting lies accurately, conscious judgments of veracity are only slightly more accurate than chance. However, findings in forensic psychology, neuroscience, and primatology suggest that lies can be accurately detected when less-conscious mental processes (as opposed to more-conscious mental processes) are used. We predicted that observing someone tell a lie would automatically activate cognitive concepts associated with deception, and observing someone tell the truth would activate concepts associated with truth. In two experiments, we demonstrated that indirect measures of deception detection are significantly more accurate than direct measures. These findings provide a new lens through which to reconsider old questions and approach new investigations of human lie detection.
In vivo determination of direct targets of the nonsense-mediated decay pathway in Drosophila.

Nonsense-mediated messenger RNA (mRNA) decay (NMD) is a mRNA degradation pathway that regulates a significant portion of the transcriptome. The expression levels of numerous genes are known to be altered in NMD mutants, but it is not known which of these transcripts is a direct pathway target. Here, we present the first genome-wide analysis of direct NMD targeting in an intact animal. By using rapid reactivation of the NMD pathway in a Drosophila melanogaster NMD mutant and globally monitoring of changes in mRNA expression levels, we can distinguish between primary and secondary effects of NMD on gene expression. Using this procedure, we identified 168 candidate direct NMD targets in vivo. Remarkably, we found that 81% of direct target genes do not show increased expression levels in an NMD mutant, presumably due to feedback regulation. Because most previous studies have used up-regulation of mRNA expression as the only means to identify NMD-regulated transcripts, our results provide new directions for understanding the roles of the NMD pathway in endogenous gene regulation during animal development and physiology. For instance, we show clearly that direct target genes have longer 3′ untranslated regions compared with nontargets, suggesting long 3′ untranslated regions target mRNAs for NMD in vivo. In addition, we investigated the role of NMD in suppressing transcriptional noise and found that although the transposable element Copia is up-regulated in NMD mutants, this effect appears to be indirect.
Theoretical Studies of Diamond Surface Chemistry and Diamond-Metal Interfaces

Advances in diamond film growth have prompted us to study the interfaces involved in this process: the interface with the substrate, and the growth interface with the ambient hydrocarbon vapor. Carbon chemistry lies at the heart of the properties of both interfaces, and much of the relevant chemistry is not well understood. We report here the energies involved in some idealized chemical processes that may be important in the growth process. Results (Schottky barriers, interface energies) for diamond/metal interfaces are also reported, and the especially unusual diamond/nickel results we have recently obtained are discussed in some detail.
A statistical study of the effectiveness of BIST jitter measurement techniques

This paper describes a statistical study of the effectiveness of state-of-the-art built-in-self-test (BIST) jitter measurement techniques. Many BIST solutions under-sample the signal under test, estimating the jitter in a system based upon a subset of the total number of clock edges. In this paper, we explore how under-sampling affects the accuracy of jitter measurements, and demonstrate a technique for estimating the actual jitter using a Gaussian distribution estimation. Our theoretical results were verified through a simulation study and comparison to experimental data collected from a 400 MHz phase-locked loop supplied by an industry sponsor.
History of the Calorie in Nutrition

The calorie was not a unit of heat in the original metric system. Some histories state that a defined Calorie (modern kcal) originated with Favreand Silbermann in 1852or Mayer in 1848. However, NicholasClementintroducedCaloriesin lectures on heat engines that were given in Paris between 1819 and 1824. The Calorie was already defined in Bescherelle's 1845 Dictionnaire National. In 1863, the word entered the English language through translation of Ganot's popular French physics text, which defined a Calorie as the heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water from 0 to 1� C. Berthelot distinguished between g- and kg-calories by 1879, and Raymond used the kcal in a discussion of humanenergy needs in an 1894 medical physiology text. The capitalized Calorie as used to indicate 1 kcal on U.S. food labels derives from Atwater's 1887 article on food energy in Century magazine and Farmers' Bulletin 23 in 1894. Formal recognition began in 1896 when the g-calorie was defined as a secondary unit of energy in the cm-g-s measurement system. The thermal calorie was not fully defined until the 20th century, by which time the nutritional Calorie was embedded in U.S. popular culture and nutritional policy. J. Nutr. 136: 2957-2961, 2006.
Neural Gene Expression Profiles and Androgen Levels Underlie Alternative Reproductive Tactics in the Ocellated Wrasse, Symphodus ocellatus

Discrete variation in reproductive behavior and physiology is observed in diverse taxa. Although it is known that most within-sex alternative reproductive tactics arise as a consequence of phenotypic plasticity, relatively little is known about differential neural gene expression among plastic alternative reproductive phenotypes. In the ocellated wrasse Symphodus ocellatus, males exhibit one of three alternative tactics (nesting, satellite, and sneaker) within a reproductive season, but switch tactics between years. Satellites and sneakers spawn parasitically in dominant (nesting) males’ nests, but only nesting males provide parental care. Nesting and satellite males show transient cooperative defense of nests against sneakers. Here, we analyze circulating sex steroid hormone levels and neural gene expression profiles in these three male phenotypes and in females. 11-ketotestosterone (but not testosterone) was highest in nesting males, while estradiol was highest in females. Brain transcriptomes of satellites and females were most similar to each other and intermediate to nesting and sneaker males. Sneakers showed more total expression differences, whereas nesting males showed higher magnitude expression differences. Our findings reveal the surprising extent to which neural gene expression patterns vary across reproductive tactics that vary in a number of social traits, including aggression, territoriality, and cooperation, providing important insights into the molecular mechanisms that may underlie variation in cooperative and reproductive behavior.
Critical Appraisal of in Vitro Steady-State Frictional Resistance Studies

Mechanics is divided into two branches: (1) statics and (2) dynamics. Statics deals with bodies at rest (unaccelerated motion), and dynamics deals with accelerated motion. The orthodontic in vitro studies that investigate resistance to sliding generally fall into one of two categories: (1) pulling a bracket down a wire, or (2) pulling a wire through a series of brackets in a linear form or typodont form. The average movement per month in these in vitro studies is very high, which puts it in the dynamic branch of mechanics. Clinical tooth movement is in the static section of mechanics. Use of the dynamic branch of mechanics to explain clinical tooth movement is inappropriate and unscientific. Very little useful information, from a clinical perspective, can be interpolated from these in vitro investigations.
Wind-Stress coefficients over Sea surface near Neutral Conditions—A Revisit

Abstract A scaling law of wind-stress coefficients is presented to illustrate explicitly that the coefficient increases with wind velocity and decreases with fetch; physical reasonings of both trends are discussed. Besides being shown previously to be related to a criterion determining airflow separation from waves, the Charnock relation is further associated with the critical roughness Reynolds number identifying regimes of the atmospheric surface layer. Intrinsic errors and limitations of the Charnock relation, which provides an overall correlation between stress coefficient and wind velocity, are illustrated. A probable nondimensional expression, a refinement of the Charnock relation, is proposed between the roughness length and the wind-friction velocity involving not only gravity but also surface tension and viscosity. Previous compilation of wind-stress data obtained with eddy-correlation and wind-profile methods is found to be consistent with recent results obtained with similar techniques. A singl...
Arm Strength Relative to Arm Speed

Abstract This study was to investigate (a) whether the strength of the arm-shoulder muscles functioning antagonistically is increased when the arm-shoulder muscles functioning agonistically are strengthened through training; (b) whether the strengthening of the arm-shoulder muscles functioning agonistically is accompanied by a decrease in the speed-of-movement time of the arm; and (c) whether the strengthening of the arm-shoulder muscles is accompanied by a decrease in the speed-of-movement time of the arm when the arm moves against a resistance. Forty-nine male subjects were divided into three training groups and a control group, with the training groups exercising with pulley weights. Strength and speed scores were recorded before and after the six-week training program for each subject. The conclusions of this study were: (a) a significant increase in the mean strength of the arm-shoulder muscles is accompanied by a significant increase in mean arm speed in the tested position, but the relationship of ...
Platelets and ATP Prime Neutrophils for Enhanced O2‐ Generation at Low Concentrations but Inhibit O2‐ Generation at High Concentration

Platelets are currently thought to play a role in tissue injury and inflammatory states both directly and indirectly through their action on neutrophils (PMNs). Both stimulation and inhibition of PMN superoxide anion (O2-) production by platelets has been reported. To clarify these discrepant observations, we investigated the effects of wide ranges of platelet to PMN ratios as well as concentrations of ATP and ADP on human PMN O2- production. Platelets, at low platelet-to-PMN ratios (1:1 and 5:1), primed PMNs which were stimulated with either FMLP or PMA. However, at higher platelet-to-PMN ratios (25:1, 50:1, and 100:1), inhibition of O2- production was seen. ATP also had a biphasic effect on O2-production: low concentrations of ATP (1 x 10(-6) to 3.2 x 10(-4) M) increased O2-production and high concentrations of ATP (6.4 x 10(-4) M and above) inhibited O2-production. ADP, when added to stimulatory concentrations at ATP, also caused inhibition of O2- production. The incubation time for platelet-neutrophil interactions in vitro was also crucial. Short incubation periods lead to priming, whereas longer periods (greater than 5 min) lead to inhibition. We believe that these studies help to resolve the controversy over the effects of platelets upon the production of O2- by human PMNs and lend further support to the notion that platelets may modulate injury resulting from neutrophil activation.
Phoneme Categorization of Synthetic Vocalic Stimuli By Speakers of Japanese, Spanish, Persian, and American English:

A set of 69 synthetic vowel sounds were generated which covered a wide range of F1/F2 frequency combinations. Subjects from four language groups (American English, Spanish, Japanese and Persian) we...
Cyclicity in multivariate time series and applications to functional MRI data

One of the challenging problems in fMRI data analysis is the absence of natural time scale at which to consider the traces of the resting state, the aggregate name for the processes in the brain happening in the absence of task of strong external stimuli. This necessitates development of the tools that are able to extract from the time series information invariant with respect to reparametrization of the time coordinate. A recently developed notion of cyclicity, based on the hierarchy of iterated path integrals and corresponding algorithms were applied to several hundreds of the fMRI records, to reveal potential presence of an external auditory stimulus.
Transcatheter closure of an aortoatrial fistula following a surgical aortic valve replacement

Aorto-atrial fistulas are rare complications of aortic valve replacement. We report a case of a post-aortic valve replacement aorto-atrial fistula that was closed percutaneously with an Amplatz Ductal Occluder-II device.
Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of the Sterically Crowded Th3+ Complex (C5Me5)3Th Including Formation of the Thorium Carbonyl, [(C5Me5)3Th(CO)][BPh4]

The Th3+ complex, (C5Me5)3Th, has been isolated despite the fact that tris(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) complexes are highly reactive due to steric crowding and few crystallographically characterizable Th3+ complexes are known due to their highly reducing nature. Reaction of (C5Me5)2ThMe2 with [Et3NH][BPh4] produces the cationic thorium complex [(C5Me5)2ThMe][BPh4] that can be treated with KC5Me5 to generate (C5Me5)3ThMe, 1. The methyl group on (C5Me5)3ThMe can be removed with [Et3NH][BPh4] to form [(C5Me5)3Th][BPh4], 2, the first cationic tris(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) metal complex, which can be reduced with KC8 to yield (C5Me5)3Th, 3. Complexes 1–3 have metrical parameters consistent with the extreme steric crowding that previously has given unusual (C5Me5)− reactivity to (C5Me5)3M complexes in reactions that form less crowded (C5Me5)2M-containing products. However, neither sterically induced reduction nor (η1-C5Me5)− reactivity is observed for these complexes. (C5Me5)3Th, which has a characteristic...
1/f Noise analysis of Hafnium Oxide based ReRAM devices using ac + dc measurement technique

1/f Noise levels in Hafnium Oxide based bipolar ReRAM devices are studied using an ac + dc measurement technique. Preliminary results support the idea that the current conducts through a low resistive metal rich filament at low resistance state (LRS) and the current at high resistance state (HRS) is a trap-assisted current. The technique used here, allows to estimate the noise levels around 1 Hz.
A DEM-based approach for evaluating the pore throat size distribution of a filter medium

Abstract One of the primary particle-retention mechanisms in a filtration process is straining, which happens when the size of a particle is larger than the pore throat trapping it. The occurrence of straining depends on both the particle size distribution (PSD) of the suspension and the pore throat size distribution (PoSD) of the filter, with measurement of the latter being especially difficult. This paper presents a new approach for evaluating the PoSD of a filter medium using a discrete element method (DEM). The approach computes the filter efficiency (FE), defined as the fraction of particles of a certain size retained by the filter, for incremental particle sizes in a filtration process. Special care was taken to turn off the interactions between injected particles in the simulation so that the computed filter efficiencies reflect an incremental sampling of pore throat sizes, and thereby can be used to infer the PoSD. Good agreement was observed between the simulated and theoretical PoSDs in an ideal sieve and a simple cubic packing case. The study showed that for a monodisperse random close packing (RCP) of spherical grains, the largest pore throat is about 1/4.5 of the grain size, and the smallest pore throat is about 1/6.6 of the grain size. For a polydisperse RCP formed by 20–40 mesh grains, the largest pore throat is about 1/5.3 of the effective grain size, and the smallest pore throat is about 1/10 of the effective grain size. The approach can be easily extended to evaluate the PoSD of any type of filter medium, including RCPs with any PSD. The PoSD computed provides essential information for filter layer design and selection.
A general method for the inclusion of radiation chemistry in astrochemical models

In this paper, we propose a general formalism that allows for the estimation of radiolysis decomposition pathways and rate coefficients suitable for use in astrochemical models, with a focus on solid phase chemistry. Such a theory can help increase the connection between laboratory astrophysics experiments and astrochemical models by providing a means for modelers to incorporate radiation chemistry into chemical networks. The general method proposed here is targeted particularly at the majority of species now included in chemical networks for which little radiochemical data exist; however, the method can also be used as a starting point for considering better studied species. We here apply our theory to the irradiation of H2O ice and compare the results with previous experimental data.
IL-1 receptor activation undermines respiratory motor plasticity after systemic inflammation.

This study gives novel insights concerning mechanisms by which systemic inflammation undermines respiratory motor plasticity. We demonstrate that interleukin-1 signaling, both peripherally and cent...
NATIONAL TRENDS AND OUTCOMES OF PERCUTANEOUS ASD/PFO CLOSURE: A REPORT FROM THE NATIONAL INPATIENT SAMPLE

Though percutaneous closure of atrial septal defect (ASD) or patent foramen (PFO) has been available for several years, it has remained controversial due to lack of strong outcomes data and lack of uniform acceptance by the neurology community. We sought to determine nationwide trends in the use of