cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intrinsic inter- and intralaminar connections and their relationship to the tonotopic map in cat primary auditory cortex.

Small iontophoretic injections of the lectin, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), were made into different layers of the primary auditory cortex (AI) of cats. Injections in layer I labeled two types of morphologically distinct fibers in layer I as well as a smaller number of axons in layers II and III. Layer II injections labeled descending axons that produced a dense plexus of terminal fibers in layers I–III of both AI and adjacent auditory fields. Injections in layer III also labeled a dense plexus of axon collaterals at the junction of layers V and VI and labeled patches of terminal fibers in both AI and adjacent auditory fields. These were densest in layers I–III but usually extended into layers IV and V as well. The patches were partly formed by axon collaterals of layer III pyramidal cells that traveled for over 4 mm in the gray matter. Injections confined to layer IV labeled axons in all layers of the cortex but none of these axons appeared to reach the white matter. The axons spread laterally in layer IV and up into the superficial layers and ramified especially layer I. Injections in layers V and VI labeled axons in all layers of the cortex but these were densest in the deep layers where labeling was fairly homogeneous. In the upper layers the labeling was arranged in semi-discrete patches. Large injections involving layers I–III were studied in tangential sections. Between 3 and 8 patches of terminal labeling were observed in AI and these were mainly arranged in a band with its long axis aligned approximately in the dorsoventral direction. However dense patches of terminal labeling also occurred both anterior and posterior to the injection site. In selected experiments portions of the tonotopic map in AI were mapped by single unit recording and subsequently the map was related to patches of anterogradely labeled fibers that surrounded injections of PHA-L. Rows of dorsoventrally oriented patches were among cells with a similar best frequency to those in the injection site. However patches located anterior or posterior to the injection site were among cells with higher or lower best frequencies. Two injections of PHA-L close together produce different patterns of labeling. One of the injections usually produces one or more patches that has no correlate among the patches of fibers labeled by the adjacent injection. This is clearest when one of the injections is made with biotinylated PHA-L that can be visualized directly without the use of primary antibodies. Thus the intrinsic connections of AI arising from nearby cylinders of neurons are not homogenous and clusters of cells can be identified by their unique pattern of connections within AI.
Excluded volume of an intermediate-molecular-weight DNA. A Monte Carlo analysis.

A Monte Carlo procedure wasused to determine the effect of excluded volume on the dimensions of an intermediate-molecular-weight DNA for different Na+ concentrations. The calculation of α, the parameter for the linear expansion due to excluded volume, was accomplished by generating sets of chains and, for each set, comparing the average radius of gyration for the set of chains that do not overlap to that averaged over the entire set of chains. Each chain was defined by cylinders linked with free rotation and with bend angles generated according to a weighted Gaussian distribution. The chain parameters—contour lenght, cylinder lenght and diameter—were fixed in order to resemble published light-scattering experiments on Col E1 DNA. Values for α were less than 1.08. for Na+ concentrations between 0.007 and 1.0M. A previously reported analytical calculation of the excluded-volume correction of intermediate-sized DNA gave results that are closely similar to those from the Monte Carlo analysis.
Evaluation of Several Chemical Disinfectants for Removing Zebra Mussels from Unionid Mussels

Abstract We evaluated the safety and effectiveness of chemical treatments for killing veliger and juvenile stages of the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha attached to unionid mussels. Static toxicity tests were conducted on eight unionid mussel species with common aquaculture chemicals (benzalkonium chloride, formalin, hydrogen peroxide, calcium chloride, potassium chloride, and sodium chloride). The concentration and duration of each chemical treatment tested had previously been found to kill zebra mussel veligers and juveniles. Several species (e.g., Elliptio dilatata, Lampsilis cardium and Lasmigona complanata) incurred less than 10% mortality in chloride salt treatments, while in other species (e.g., Obliquaria reflexa and Leptodea fragilis) mortality varied greatly among treatment regimes. Treatments with benzalkonium chloride, formalin, and hydrogen peroxide were less than 90% effective on juvenile stages of zebra mussels and, therefore, were ruled out after preliminary trials. Limited application o...
Gelation of a radiation crosslinked model polyethylene

A radiation crosslinked model linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) exhibits power-law relaxation,G(t) =St−n at its gel point (GP). The relaxation exponent has a value of about 0.46. The relaxation behavior is dominated by power laws, not only directly at GP, but in a very broad vicinity of GP and in a frequency window, which narrows with distance from the gel point. The power law exponent decreases with increasing radiation dose (increasing extent of crosslinking). Independent measurements of the gel fraction and the molecular-weight distribution of the radiated samples' soluble fraction support the rheological observations.
Nitric Oxide and Hemodynamic Impairment

Recently, increasing evidence has pointed towards a major role for the endothelium in the maintenance of basal vascular tone and the development of local and generalized vasodilatation in chronic liver diseases. The endothelium produces at least two substances that are known to contribute to the development of systemic and splanchnic vasodilatation in portal hypertension: nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandins [1].
The Solar Decimetric Spike Burst of 2006 December 6: Possible Evidence for Field-aligned Potential Drops in Post-eruption Loops

A 1.4 GHz solar radio burst associated with a 3B/X6 eruptive flare on 2006 December 6 had the highest peak flux density ({approx}10{sup 6} sfu) of any event yet recorded at this frequency. The decimetric event characteristics during the brightest emission phase (numerous intense, short-lived, narrow-band bursts that overlapped to form a continuous spectrum) suggest electron cyclotron maser (ECM) emission. The peak 1.4 GHz emission did not occur during the flare impulsive phase but rather {approx}45 minutes later, in association with post-eruption loop activity seen in H{alpha} and by the Hinode EUV Imaging Spectrometer. During the Waves/LASCO era, three other delayed bursts with peak intensities >10{sup 5} sfu in the 1.0-1.6 GHz (L-band) frequency range have been reported that appear to have characteristics similar to the December 6 burst. In each of these three cases, high-frequency type IV bursts were reported in a range from {approx}150 to {approx}1500 MHz. Assuming a common ECM emission mechanism across this frequency range implies a broad span of source heights in the associated post-eruption loop systems. Difficulties with an ECM interpretation for these events include the generation of the lower frequency component of the type IVs and the long-standing problem of escape of themore » ECM emission from the loops. Magnetic-field-aligned potential drops, analogous to those observed for Earth's auroral kilometric radiation, could plausibly remove both of these objections to ECM emission.« less
Properties and Structure of Nitric Acid Oxidized Single Wall Carbon Nanotube Films

Single wall carbon nanotube films (bucky paper) have been prepared using aqueous dispersions containing 0, 3, 6, and 10 M nitric acid. With increasing nitric acid concentration, film tensile strength increased from 10 to 74 MPa, tensile modulus from 0.8 to 5.0 GPa, while in-plane dc electrical conductivity decreased from 3 × 104 S/m to 1.2 × 104 S/m. In-plane storage modulus exhibited no decrease in the measured temperature range (room temperature to 200 °C). Raman spectroscopy showed that nitric acid treatment results in the loss of the small diameter tubes. This was consistent with the X-ray diffraction observation, which showed that with increasing nitric acid concentration, (10) and (11) SWNT d spacings increased from 1.23 to 1.29 nm and from 0.74 to 0.87 nm, respectively. Morphological changes in the film have been monitored using scanning electron microscopy.
An ethical hierarchy for decision making during medical emergencies.

Evidence from well-designed clinical trials may guide clinicians, reduce regional variation, and lead to improved outcomes. Many physicians choose to ignore evidence-based practice guidelines. Using unproven therapies outside of a randomized trial slows recruitment in clinical trials that could yield information on clinical and economic efficacy. Using acute stroke therapy as an illustration, we present an ethical hierarchy for therapeutic decision making during medical emergencies. First, physicians should offer standard care. If no standard care option exists, the physician should consider enrollment in a randomized clinical trial. If no trial is appropriate, the physician should consider a nonrandomized registry, or consensus-based guidelines. Finally, only after considering the first 3 options, the physician should use best judgment based on previous personal experience and any published case series or anecdotes. Given the paucity of quality randomized clinical trial data for most medical decisions, the “best judgment” option will be used most frequently. Nevertheless, such a hierarchy is needed because of the limited time during medical emergencies for consideration of general principles of clinical decision making. There should be general agreement in advance as to the hierarchy to follow in selecting treatment for critically ill patients. Were more clinicians to follow this hierarchy, and choose to participate in clinical trials, the generation of new knowledge would accelerate, yielding rigorous data supporting or refuting the efficacy and safety of new interventions more quickly, thus benefiting far more patients over time. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:434-440
Performance measures framework for unmanned systems (PerMFUS): initial perspective

The performance of intelligent unmanned systems (UMSs) must be able to be measured to ensure that they can meet the operational requirements. A generic framework to enable capturing and organizing the performance metrics is highly desirable. In this framework, unmanned system (UMS) performance can be attributed to the missions that it is commanded to perform, the environments that the missions are to be performed in, and the capabilities of the system itself. These attributes constitute a "three-axis" UMS performance metrics model. This framework, once further populated, can benefit the UMS community by allowing capture of the UMS performance, from the technical and operational perspective.
Direct fabrication of graphene on SiO 2 enabled by thin film stress engineering

We demonstrate direct production of graphene on SiO2 by CVD growth of graphene at the interface between a Ni film and the SiO2 substrate, followed by dry mechanical delamination of the Ni using adhesive tape. This result is enabled by understanding of the competition between stress evolution and microstructure development upon annealing of the Ni prior to the graphene growth step. When the Ni film remains adherent after graphene growth, the balance between residual stress and adhesion governs the ability to mechanically remove the Ni after the CVD process. In this study the graphene on SiO2 comprises micron-scale domains, ranging from monolayer to multilayer. The graphene has >90% coverage across centimeter-scale dimensions, limited by the size of our CVD chamber. Further engineering of the Ni film microstructure and stress state could enable manufacturing of highly uniform interfacial graphene followed by clean mechanical delamination over practically indefinite dimensions. Moreover, our findings suggest that preferential adhesion can enable production of 2-D materials directly on application-relevant substrates. This is attractive compared to transfer methods, which can cause mechanical damage and leave residues behind.
The relationship between perceived exertion and physiologic indicators of stress during graded arm exercise in persons with spinal cord injuries.

Abstract Lewis JE, Nash MS, Hamm LF, Martins SC, Groah SL. The relationship between perceived exertion and physiologic indicators of stress during graded arm exercise in persons with spinal cord injuries. Objective To examine the relationship between psychologic cues of somatic stress and physiologic responses to exercise in persons with paraplegia and tetraplegia. Design Repeated measures with 2 comparison groups. Setting Academic medical center. Participants Forty-two subjects between 18 and 69 years of age with motor-complete spinal cord injury (SCI) resulting in paraplegia or tetraplegia (American Spinal Injury Association grades A and B). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Subjects underwent peak graded arm ergometry during which heart rate, oxygen consumption (Vo 2 ), minute ventilation (Ve), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) (Borg Categorical 6–20 Scale) were measured at successive work rate increments from baseline to fatigue. Results There were inconsistent associations among the outcomes. For subjects with tetraplegia, RPE related positively to heart rate at the initial work rate, but there were no other significant correlations. For subjects with paraplegia, RPE did not correlate significantly with heart rate, Vo 2 , or Ve. Vo 2 and Ve related positively at the first and last work rates. In general, heart rate, Vo 2 , and Ve increased as the exercise intensity increased, and were more pronounced in subjects with paraplegia. While RPE values increased with increasing work rates for each group, we found no differences between groups. Conclusions Our findings contradict the well-accepted relationships between RPE and both heart rate and Vo 2 during exercise by people without disabilities, and challenge the use of RPE as a valid psychophysiologic index of perceived exertion in persons with SCI.
Dynamics of a Hyperelastic Gas-Filled Spherical Shell in a Viscous Fluid

The dynamical response of a gas-filled, spherical elastic shell immersed in a viscous fluid is of interest in a number of different scientific and technological contexts. In this article, this problem is formulated and studied numerically, within a purely mechanical setting. For spherically symmetric motions, a neo-Hookean shell material, and an incompressible surrounding fluid, the equation of motion can be obtained through an integration in the radial coordinate. The rerouting nonlinear initial-value problem must be integrated numerically. An interesting feature of the system response is the possibility of a departure from bounded oscillation for large-amplitude far-field forcing. The amplitude at which this departure occurs is found to be highly dependent on the forcing frequency. A stability map in the forcing frequency/amplitude plane is an important result of this study.
Coordinatewise decomposition, Borel cohomology, and invariant measures

Given Polish spaces X and Y and a Borel set S ⊆ X × Y with countable sections, we describe the circumstances under which a Borel function f : S → R is of the form f(x, y) = u(x) + v(y), where u : X → R and v : Y → R are Borel. This turns out to be a special case of the problem of determining whether a real-valued Borel cocycle on a countable Borel equivalence relation is a coboundary. We use several Glimm-Effros style dichotomies to give a solution to this problem in terms of certain σ-finite measures on the underlying space. The main new technical ingredient is a characterization of the existence of type III measures of a given cocycle. Suppose that S ⊆ X×Y and G is a group. A coordinatewise decomposition of a function f : S → G is a pair (u, v), where u : X → G, v : Y → G, and ∀(x, y) ∈ S (f(x, y) = u(x)v(y)). If X and Y are Polish spaces, G is a standard Borel group, and u and v are Borel, then we say that (u, v) is a Borel coordinatewise decomposition of f . Our main goal here is to show that when S is a Borel set with countable sections, f : S → G is Borel, and G = 〈R,+〉, the existence of a Borel coordinatewise decomposition can be characterized in terms of certain σ-finite measures on the disjoint union of X and Y (by a measure on a Polish space, we shall mean always a measure on its Borel subsets). Before getting to this, however, we consider first the existence of coordinatewise decompositions, without imposing any definability restrictions. ∗The author was supported in part by NSF VIGRE Grant DMS-0502315.
Separation of liposomes by a gel filtration chromatographic technique: a preliminary evaluation

Abstract Feasibility studies were undertaken in order to explore the use of size exclusion chromatography, as a large-scale process, to separate liposomes from free drug in a liposome preparation. Inclusion of a chromatographic step in the process was intended to improve the drug encapsulation by removing free (unencapsulated) drug from external media. The selected stationary phase was G-50 medium grade, Sephadex. The model drug used in the study was orciprenaline sulphate. A sample of drug-liposome preparation was loaded on to the G-50 chromatography column and the column fractions were collected as they came of the column. Fractions containing liposomes were separated from the free drug. Chromatographic conditions were optimized to scale up the process to a larger batch size. The total drug concentration, free drug concentration, and percent encapsulation of the liposomes in fractions were measured to quantify the effectiveness of the procedure. Liposome fractions collected from the gel filtration column showed a high degree of encapsulation (i.e. > 90%) as compared to the process (70%) in which there was no chromatography step. On a 12-week storage at 2–8°C, the liposomes maintained their physical integrity with respect to percent encapsulation and vesicle size.
Specific purification of equine anti-SII antibodies by precipitation with a hemocyanin-glucuronide conjugate.

Abstract Approximately 95 per cent of the antibodies in equine anti-SII serum can be precipitated specifically with an extensively coupled azo-conjugate of KL hemocyanin and ortho -diazoniumphenyl-β-glucuronide, thus showing an almost exclusive specificity for determinants in which glucoronic acid is the main component. The hemocyanin-glucuronide conjugate has been utilized in a simple procedure for the isolation and specific purification of anti-SII antibodies in high yield. A general method for specific purification of antihapten antibodies is proposed which takes advantage of the special properties of hemocyanin-azohapten conjugates.
Electric field theory based approach to search-direction line definition in image segmentation: application to optimal femur-tibia cartilage segmentation in knee-joint 3-D MR

ABSTRACT A novel method is presented for denition of search lines in a variety of surface segmentation approaches. Themethod is inspired by properties of electric eld direction lines and is applicable to general-purpose n-D shape-based image segmentation tasks. Its utility is demonstrated in graph construction and optimal segmentation ofmultiple mutually interacting objects. The properties of the electric eld-based graph construction guaranteethat inter-object graph connecting lines are non-intersect ing and inherently covering the entire object-interactionspace. When applied to inter-object cr oss-surface mapping, our approach generates one-to-one and all-to-allvertex correspondent pairs between the regions of mutual interaction. We demonstrate the benets of theelectric eld approach in several exampl es ranging from relatively simple sin gle-surface segmentation to complexmulti-object multi-surface segmentation of knee cartilage. The performance of our approach is demonstrated in60 MR images from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI), in which our approach achieved a very good performanceas judged by surface positioning errors(average of 0 .08 and 0 .45 mm for signed and unsigned cartilage positioningerrors, respectively).Keywords: Optimal multi-object multi-surface segmentation, knee cartilage segmentation, graph searchingalgorithm, electric line of force, inter-surface mapping.
Infinite intervals in free lattices

if u/v is any infinite interval in FL(X), the free lattice with generating set X, and \(|{\text{Y}}| \leqslant |{\text{X}}| + \aleph _0 \) then u/v contains a sublattice isomorphic to FL(Y). This result answers a question posed by Ralph Freese and J. B. Nation in their paper “Covers in Free Lattices” [2] and the principal techniques used in proving this result all come from that paper. The most difficult step in the argument is to show that there are incomparable elements in any infinite interval.
Objective physical activity of Filipino youth stratified for commuting mode to school

Purpose: The Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey included self-report measures and objective measures (Caltrac accelerometer) of Filipino adolescent (ages 14–16) physical activity (PA) in 1998–99. The purpose of this subanalysis was to compare objectively monitored PA of adolescents who differed by their self-reported habitual commuting mode to school, specifically commuting by walking, motorized transport, or a combination of the two. Methods: Descriptive analysis included the proportion of adolescents who reported commuting to school by the different modes, participating in sport/exercise during or after school, or currently working. ANCOVA was used to estimate and compare adjusted mean Caltrac-derived energy expenditure (kcal·d-1) by commuting mode for each gender. Covariates were age, weight, and height. Results: The analysis sample of 1518 Filipino adolescents included 691 male (BMI = 18.5 ± 2.5) and 827 female subjects (BMI = 18.7 ± 2.3). A total of 323 male subjects (46.8% of all male subjects) walked to school, 160 (23.2%) took motorized transport, and 208 (30.0%) used a combination of the two modes. The corresponding values for female subjects were 303 (36.6%), 177 (21.4%), and 347 (42.0%). The absolute difference in Caltrac-derived energy expenditure that appeared to be due to active commuting was 44.2 kcal·d-1 for Filipino male adolescents and 33.2 kcal·d-1 for female adolescents. These differences between commuting modes could not be explained by participation in sport/exercise or by current employment. Conclusions: Assuming 200 school days in a year, the difference in energy expended due to active commuting translates to a 8840 kcal and 6640 kcal in male and female subjects, respectively. For those youth who commute to school by motorized transport a yearly positive energy balance (i.e., weight gain) of 2–3 lb would be anticipated, all other things being held constant.
Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy

Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) is characterized by progressive loss of corneal endothelial cells, thickening of Descement's membrane and deposition of extracellular matrix in the form of guttae. When the number of endothelial cells becomes critically low, the cornea swells and causes loss of vision. The clinical course of FECD usually spans 10-20 years. Corneal transplantation is currently the only modality used to restore vision. Over the last several decades genetic studies have detected several genes, as well as areas of chromosomal loci associated with the disease. Proteomic studies have given rise to several hypotheses regarding the pathogenesis of FECD. This review expands upon the recent findings from proteomic and genetic studies and builds upon recent advances in understanding the causes of this common corneal disorder.
Differentiation and Quantitative Determination of Surface and Hydrate Water in Lyophilized Mannitol Using NIR Spectroscopy

Mannitol hydrate is a metastable form produced during lyophilization. It is unstable, and therefore can undergo dehydration to release water to the surrounding environment at room temperature. The analysis of this form is challenging due to its thermodynamic instability. This study describes the development of a fast and non-invasive method to determine the mannitol hydrate and surface water content in a lyophilized product using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. The mannitol hydrate was produced through lyophilization and characterized using XRPD, TGA, and NIR spectroscopy. Quantitative methods for hydrate and surface water were developed for NIR spectra with curve fitting and partial least square (PLS) regression models. The curve fitting method deconvoluted the NIR spectra into hydrate and surface water peaks and generated a calibration model by correlating pure spectra peak area to concentration. The standard error of prediction (SEP) for hydrate and surface water content were 0.65 and 0.40%, respectively. The PLS model developed for the same sample set was better than the curve fitting model; SEP = 0.50% for hydrate water and 0.22% for surface water, respectively. The methods can be used to monitor the formation and stability of mannitol hydrate in mannitol-containing formulations during the lyophilization process.
Organic magnetic-field effect examined in frequency domain and time domain

Recent work has shown that weak applied magnetic fields of several tens of mT can lead to a change of several percent in the (photo)conductivity of organic semiconductor devices. However, it remains to be determined whether the applied magnetic field modifies the (photo)carrier density, their mobility or both. We use magneticfield- dependent time-of-flight spectroscopy to disentangle these two possibilities. We find evidence that the magnetic field leads to a decrease in the photocarrier time-of-flight. We also examine organic magnetoresistive devices in the frequency domain to complete the characterization of the time-dependent field-effect response.
Life-History Strategies Near the Limits of Persistence: Winter Survivorship and Spring Reproduction in the Common Side-Blotched Lizard (Uta stansburiana) in Eastern Oregon

Ectotherms from high latitudes experience a reduction in the length of their seasonal activity period, which may have consequences for life-history strategies. I studied winter survivorship and spring reproduction of a population of Common Side-Blotched Lizards, Uta stansburiana, in eastern Oregon. Results suggest that winter survivorship is much higher than estimates from other populations of this species; up to two-thirds of lizards survived winter. Data also suggest that one-third to one-half of females failed to reproduce in 2004. Larger females were significantly more likely to reproduce successfully. Over the course of the breeding season I found no animals that attempted to produce a second clutch despite a relatively early breeding season. Near the northern limits of their range, Uta may shift from maturing in less than one year and producing multiple clutches to requiring multiple years to mature and producing only a single clutch of eggs.
Antimonide-based barrier infrared detectors

The nearly lattice-matched InAs/GaSb/AlSb (antimonide) material system offers tremendous flexibility in realizing high-performance infrared detectors. Antimonide-based alloy and superlattice infrared absorbers can be customized to have cutoff wavelengths ranging from the short wave infrared (SWIR) to the very long wave infrared (VLWIR). They can be used in constructing sophisticated heterostructures to enable advanced infrared photodetector designs. In particular, they facilitate the construction of unipolar barriers, which can block one carrier type but allow the unimpeded flow of the other. Unipolar barriers are used to implement the barrier infra-red detector (BIRD) design for increasing the collection efficiency of photo-generated carriers, and reducing dark current generation without impeding photocurrent flow. We report our recent efforts in achieving state-of-the-art performance in antimonide alloy and superlattice based infrared photodetectors using the BIRD architecture. Specifically, we report a 10 μm cutoff superlattice device based on a complementary barrier infrared detector (CBIRD) design. The detector, without antireflection coating or passivation, exhibits a responsivity of 1.5 A/W and a dark current density of 1×10-5 A/cm2 at 77K under 0.2 V bias. It reaches 300 K background limited infrared photodetection (BLIP) operation at 87 K, with a blackbody BLIP D* value of 1.1×1011 cm-Hz1/2/W for f/2 optics under 0.2 V bias.
Nanoparticle aggregation and relaxation effects in ferrofluids: studied through anisotropic light scattering

We have investigated the aggregation and dissociation dynamics of 6-nm size Fe3O4 nanoparticles coated by tetra methyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) and the same size γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles precipitated inside an alginate hydrogel matrix, both in aqueous suspensions, using dc magnetic-field-induced time-dependent light scattering patterns. For the Fe3O4 ferrofluid, a strong anisotropy in light scattering was observed for light propagating perpendicular to the magnetic field. This behavior is attributed to the aggregation of the nanoparticles into chain-like and column-like structures oriented parallel to the magnetic field. A significantly different behavior is observed for the aqueous suspension of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles precipitated in alginate hydrogel, for which the application of the dc magnetic field produced little to no change in the light scattering patterns. We attribute this difference to the constrained random distribution of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles precipitated in the alginate matrix. Correlating the results from this investigation with our previous study of magneto-thermal measurements in ac fields [Vaishnava et al., J. Appl. Phys. 102, 063914 (2007)], we conclude that for a ferrofluid to exhibit significant thermal effects under an ac magnetic field, it should exhibit optical anisotropy by developing a chain like structure under the influence of a dc magnetic field.
Single-Period Location Models for Subsidized Housing: Project-Based Subsidies

Abstract Large urban public housing authorities (PHAs) in the US have abandoned the traditional model of high-rise public housing developments and increasingly use lower-density project-based subsidized housing as well as tenant-based housing subsidies to provide affordable shelter. PHAs generally apply practitioner expertise to locate subsidized housing and do not identify housing alternatives using prescriptive planning models that optimize policy criteria and incorporate well-defined stakeholder impacts. Using policy characteristics and estimated economic impacts of subsidized housing, a new single-period multi-objective integer programming model for location of project-based subsidized housing is developed. Data requirements, relationships with standard planning models, solution characteristics and sensitivity analyses are examined. It is shown that this model gives planners considerable flexibility in choosing alternative housing configurations that can satisfy the needs of various interest groups.
NONLINEAR EVOLUTION AT SMALL x WITH IMPACT PARAMETER DEPENDENCE

Nonlinear evolution at small x was evaluated numerically with full dependence on impact parameter using the BK equation. several distinct behaviors were found and are presented for the leading logarithmic kernel in the BK evolution equation with both fixed and running coupling. The value of the saturation scale at various dipole sizes was found to agree with analytic expectations. Calculation of the F2 structure function from the numerical solution of the evolution with running coupling were then compared to the HERA data and qualitative agreement found. The agreement is improved with inclusion of soft contributions and these are discussed.
Dark matter is real

The combined data from four systems of telescopes offer the strongest evidence yet that a modification of gravity cannot do away with the need for dark matter.
Energy Control for Microwave Amplifier Arrays

In large systems using microwave amplifier arrays, the size, weight, and cost of individual energy sources require consideration of the use of a common power supply and energy storage bank. Complex energy control techniques may be necessary to protect the RF amplifier and to provide isolation of the faulted amplifier from the common energy source. Four approaches are discussed. Three of these are dependent on either the development of reliable arc-free microwave amplifiers or special isolator tubes, gas or vacuum types. A practical circuit using available components is suggested. Its advantages and limitations are discussed. Calculations are presented showing this approach can result in increased system efficiency, improved regulation, and large decreases in the size of the secondary capacitance bank for each microwave amplifier.
Investigating CURVIC coupling behavior by utilizing two- and three-dimensional boundary and finite element methods

This work investigates the behavior of CURVIC® (CURVIC is a trademark of The Gleason Works, 1000 University Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14603, USA) couplings through two- and three-dimensional boundary and finite element models. The CURVICs are used to couple multiple rotors in an aircraft engine compressor, and are subjected to rotational loading. The models generated include a geometrically complex three-dimensional linear elastic body with curved surfaces, and are analyzed with the BEASY® (BEASY is a registered trademark of Computational Mechanics BEASY Ltd, Ashurst Lodge, Ashurst, Southampton S04 2AA, England) boundary element and ANSYS® (ANSYS is a registered trademark of Swanson Analysis Systems, Inc., P.O. Box 65, Houston, PA 15342, USA) finite element software packages. The following comparisons are made between BEASY and ANSYS: Three-dimensional modeling capabilities, the effort required to generate the models, the accuracy of results and the ability to adequately post-process the results into meaningful data.
Children's Oral Health Services: Organization and Financing Considerations

This article highlights prominent issues concerning children's oral health and provides an overview of the structure, organization, and financing of dental services for children in the United States. The size, composition, characteristics, and distribution of the dental workforce and the arrangements that facilitate the delivery and financing of dental services are discussed. Features of the current dental care delivery system are examined within the context of primary care. Suggestions for creating meaningful change to enhance access through expanded, integrated systems are presented as part of a concluding challenge.
Long pulse DCM dye laser

We describe a flashlamp pumped dye laser, incorporating both prepulse and simmer enhancement, which is capable of kW outputs for the 0.1 ms duration of the flashlamp pulse. The laser has been operated with the new dye DCM; we find that using oxygen or nitrogen gas in the dye solution greatly increases both laser amplitude and pulse duration.
Cyanuric acid hydrolase from Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS 571: crystal structure and insights into a new class of Ser-Lys dyad proteins.

Cyanuric acid hydrolase (CAH) catalyzes the hydrolytic ring-opening of cyanuric acid (2,4,6-trihydroxy-1,3,5-triazine), an intermediate in s-triazine bacterial degradation and a by-product from disinfection with trichloroisocyanuric acid. In the present study, an X-ray crystal structure of the CAH-barbituric acid inhibitor complex from Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS 571 has been determined at 2.7 A resolution. The CAH protein fold consists of three structurally homologous domains forming a β-barrel-like structure with external α-helices that result in a three-fold symmetry, a dominant feature of the structure and active site that mirrors the three-fold symmetrical shape of the substrate cyanuric acid. The active site structure of CAH is similar to that of the recently determined AtzD with three pairs of active site Ser-Lys dyads. In order to determine the role of each Ser-Lys dyad in catalysis, a mutational study using a highly sensitive, enzyme-coupled assay was conducted. The 109-fold loss of activity by the S226A mutant was at least ten times lower than that of the S79A and S333A mutants. In addition, bioinformatics analysis revealed the Ser226/Lys156 dyad as the only absolutely conserved dyad in the CAH/barbiturase family. These data suggest that Lys156 activates the Ser226 nucleophile which can then attack the substrate carbonyl. Our combination of structural, mutational, and bioinformatics analyses differentiates this study and provides experimental data for mechanistic insights into this unique protein family.
Central nervous system abnormalities in Lyme neuroborreliosis

Intrathecal production of anti-Borrelia burgdorferi antibody occurs frequently in CNS Lyme, yet reliable diagnosis of neuroborreliosis is still considered difficult and controversial. Therefore, we assessed the utility of this measurement in 103 Lyme patients. Among 15 patients with Lyme meningoradiculitis and 41 controls, diagnostic specificity was 93% and sensitivity 87%. Application of this method permits the identification of a rare B burgdorferi-associated multifocal encephalitis (brain infection) and its differentiation from a milder encephalopathy, or confusional state; the latter may not require CNS bacterial invasion. The encephalitis involves white matter more often than gray; severity varies widely. Of six patients with this antibiotic-responsive encephalitis, five were positive for HLA DQw3(DQw7). We conclude that (1) measurement of intrathecal antibody production is a reliable indicator of CNS infection, (2) North American neuroborreliosis includes the same spectrum of neurologic dysfunction as described in Europe, and (3) HLA typing may be useful in furthering our understanding of severe CNS involvement.
Sommerfeld enhancements for thermal relic dark matter

The annihilation cross section of thermal relic dark matter determines both its relic density and indirect detection signals. We determine how large indirect signals may be in scenarios with Sommerfeld-enhanced annihilation, subject to the constraint that the dark matter has the correct relic density. This work refines our previous analysis through detailed treatments of resonant Sommerfeld enhancement and the effect of Sommerfeld enhancement on freeze out. Sommerfeld enhancements raise many interesting issues in the freeze out calculation, and we find that the cutoff of resonant enhancement, the equilibration of force carriers, the temperature of kinetic decoupling, and the efficiency of self-interactions for preserving thermal velocity distributions all play a role. These effects may have striking consequences; for example, for resonantly-enhanced Sommerfeld annihilation, dark matter freezes out but may then chemically recouple, implying highly suppressed indirect signals, in contrast to naive expectations. In the minimal scenario with standard astrophysical assumptions, and tuning all parameters to maximize the signal, we find that, for force-carrier mass ${m}_{\ensuremath{\phi}}=250\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$ and dark matter masses ${m}_{X}=0.1$, 0.3, and 1 TeV, the maximal Sommerfeld enhancement factors are ${S}_{\mathrm{eff}}=7$, 30, and 90, respectively. Such boosts are too small to explain both the PAMELA and Fermi excesses. Nonminimal models may require smaller boosts, but the bounds on ${S}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ could also be more stringent, and dedicated freeze out analyses are required. For concreteness, we focus on $4\ensuremath{\mu}$ final states, but we also discuss $4e$ and other modes, deviations from standard astrophysical assumptions and nonminimal particle physics models, and we outline the steps required to determine if such considerations may lead to a self-consistent explanation of the PAMELA or Fermi excesses.
An Inertial Sensor for Mechanical Compensation of the Vehicle Vertical Movement Impact on In-Vehicle Embedded Camera Orientation

Vision systems play an important role in many intelligent transportation Systems (ITS) applications, such as automatic vehicle guidance, driver assistance, traffic law reinforcement and so on. These systems installed in either outdoor environments or in vehicles themselves have often suffered from image instability. In this paper, a low cost inertial sensor devoted to a mechanical compensation system for the vehicle vertical movement impact on an in-vehicle mounted camera is presented. We begin with measuring the accelerations on two different points on the vehicle. These measurements are combined to provide an estimation of the vertical vehicle frame movements. The computed motion consists of both expected and unexpected components. They are discriminated and the expected motion component is further smoothed. The resulting motion is next processed by a specific Kalman filter, aimed to predict the next motion and to provide more reliable motion estimation based on both kinematical model and measurements. The camera orientation is then adjusted such as to meet the viewing requirements. In our case, as was described in [12], [11] the main idea is to preserve the License Plate of the followed vehicle in the field of view of the camera in such manner to minimize the computations to track the License Plate in the images sequences. A series of experimentations with both real and synthetic data have been conducted. The experimental results have revealed the effectiveness of the proposed measurement process.
A digital fault location technique for loop transmission systems using three-phase data

The authors present a digital fault location technique using digital fault recorded data for a 115 kV loop transmission system. This technique is based on the use of three phase quantities. The goal of this study is to determine the accuracy of this method and to determine the effects of the different sources of error. Some of the sources of error considered are: the effect of load models; the effect of neglecting loads; the effects of line capacitance; and the effects of untransposition. The method is first tested using steady state fault analysis data, then using simulated transient data generated by using an electromagnetic transient program (EMTP), and finally on actual recorded data. To give a better understanding of this technique, the theory behind it is briefly discussed. The results of test cases determining the accuracy of this technique are presented. >
Structural biological materials: Overview of current research

Through specific biological examples this article illustrates the complex designs that have evolved in nature to address strength, toughness, and weight optimization. Current research is reviewed, and the structure of some shells, bones, antlers, crab exoskeletons, and avian feathers and beaks is described using the principles of materials science and engineering by correlating the structure with mechanical properties. In addition, the mechanisms of deformation and failure are discussed.
Instability and Far-From-Equilibrium States of Chemically Reacting Systems

Abstract : Recent progress is reported on hydrodynamic instabilities in binary fluids heated in a gravitational field from above and below; in the thermodynamic and stochastic formulation of stability in reactive systems far from equilibrium; in the statistical mechanics of stationary states; in the theory of unimolecular reactions; in the Franck-Condon approximation in chemical dynamics; in kinetic instabilities in first order phase transitions; and in experiments on reactions of excited species.
Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor for point-of-care viral identification

We show single virus detection using Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor (IRIS) can be a sensitive and affective virus detector. Also we demonstrate how size and shape filtering affects sensitivity of the sensor.
Twin Loss: The Annual Convention / Twin Research Reviews: Childhood Empathy; Hormone Replacement Therapy and Skeletal Muscle; Multiple Birth Conception in Older Women / Twins in the Media: Twins With Kidney Disease; A Pair of Poets; The Other Twins in the Metrodome

Loss of a twin has been largely overlooked by bereavement counselors and clinicians. This particular type of loss is also poorly understood among the public. Consequently, some bereaved twins have established a unique organization, Twinless Twins Support Group International, for the purpose of sharing this traumatic life experience with one another. The present article reviews events from the annual convention of Twinless Twins, held in July 2009, in Denver, Colorado. Selected findings from research on twin loss are also presented. Next, twin research concerned with the origins and implications of empathy, hormone replacement therapy and multiple birth conception will be reviewed. This article concludes with summaries of real life stories of twins' kidney disease, literary talent and retirement festivities.
Vapor seen over northwest sky

Sky watchers in Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, and all of western Canada witnessed a brilliant red cloud and two vertical blue streaks form and disperse in their northwest sky. These events occured on two different nights between April 12 and 26, near midnight PST. Visible metal vapors were released by NASA at altitudes of about 1450 km, north of the Alaskan Arctic coastline (near latitude 72°). The vapors were released from rockets launched from the Poker Flat Research Range near Fairbanks, Alaska.
Extracellular lipid-mediated signaling in tumor-cell activation and pseudopod protrusion.

We have pioneered an in vitro pseudopod-generation model wherein suspended tumor cells are stimulated to form pseudopods into glass micropipettes in response to soluble collagen type IV (CIV). Pertussis toxin and removing intracellular calcium were found previously to be inhibitory to that process. We now extend those observations to dissect the roles of transmembrane calcium influx and circulating fatty acids on pseudopod extension. Removal of fatty acids from BSA in basal media resulted in abrogation of pseudopod formation, while reconstitution of free fatty acids restored cell pseudopod protrusion. We thus hypothesized that fatty acids may provide necessary pseudopod stimulatory signals. Addition of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) to the fatty acid-free CIV solution or in an opposite pipette without CIV permitted approximately 50% pseudopod recovery in all pipette directions in a dose-dependent fashion. Thapsigargin (TG), an agent that releases internal calcium stores and causes opening of store-operated calcium channels, restored pseudopod protrusion up to 80% in CIV with fatty acid-free albumin. [Ca2+]i release was non-additive when cells were stimulated by TG and LPA, suggesting overlapping [Ca2+]i stores. The combination of TG and LPA in fatty acid-free albumin fully restored the pseudopod response to CIV. Addition of EGTA to chelate stimulatory media calcium blocked the pseudopod response to CIV in the presence of fatty acids. This indicates that pseudopod protrusion requires transmembrane calcium entry. Thus, extracellular lipids and calcium mobilization are required to complement CIV in pseudopod protrusion from suspended cells. Int. J. Cancer 88:593–600, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.