cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prognostic Factor Analyses in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: M.D. Anderson Experience

Prognostic factor analyses in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or other diseases serve at least two general purposes. First, they allow comparisons between a recently treated group and a previously treated group to be more accurate. Even in randomized trials that enroll fewer than 100–150 patients, comparison of prognostic characteristics in the various groups (covariate adjusting) is important. Second, prognostic factor analysis can identify patients who are highly unlikely to benefit from standard therapies and hence are candidates for experimental therapies.
FUELCYC, a New Computer Code for Fuel Cycle Analysis: Part I. Computational Model

FUELCYC is a code, written in the Fortran II language for a 32,000-word IBM 704 computer, which has been developed for the study of fuel cycles in large cylindrical thermal power reactors. It is a two-dimensional diffusiontheory code in which it is assumed that the reactor core is symmetrical in the azimuthal direction. Core properties such as the fuel composition, burnup, flux and power- density distributions, and reactivity can be calculated throughout the life history of the fuel for different methods of managing fuel and control poisons. Only a few minutes of computer time are required for a complete fuel-cycle analysis of the life history of the core. (auth)
Characterizing Organic Carbon Stocks and Flows in Forest Soils

Forests are expected to store additional carbon as part of the global initiative to offset the buildup of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. Soil organic carbon (SOC) stored and cycled under forests is a significant portion of the global total carbon stock, but remains poorly understood due to its complexity in mechanisms of storage and inaccessibility at depth. This chapter first reviews our understanding of soil carbon inputs, losses from biotic respiration and the different soil carbon storage pools and mechanisms. Secondly, the paper evaluates methods of measurement and modeling of soil carbon. Thirdly, it summarizes the effects of diverse management histories and disturbance regimes that compound the difficulties in quantifying forest soil carbon pools and fluxes. Alterations of soil carbon cycling by land use change or disturbance may persist for decades or centuries, confounding results of short-term field studies. Such differences must be characterized and sequestration mechanisms elucidated to inform realistic climate change policy directed at carbon management in existing native forests, plantations, and agroforestry systems, as well as reforestation and afforestation. Lastly, the chapter provides recommendations for further research on those areas of soil carbon where knowledge is either scant or absent.
Transparency Teaching in the Virtual Classroom: Assessing the Opportunities and Challenges of Integrating Transparency Teaching Methods with Online Learning

The existing literature on transparency teaching in higher education reveals that the adoption of transparent-oriented assignments improves the learning outcomes for underserved students at the int...
Brumfitt, Taryn (Director). Embrace [Documentary]. Australia: Body Image Movement and Southern Light Alliance, 2016. Netflix (www.netflix.com/title/80162341). $18.99 (Amazon, Individual Sales), DVD.

In Embrace, Australian photographer and activist Taryn Brumfitt travels worldwide, examining body image issues influenced by dictates from media and societal norms. The documentary’s title signifie...
Using the Bootstrap for Estimating the Sample Size in Statistical Experiments

Efron’s (1979) Bootstrap has been shown to be an effective method for statistical estimation and testing. It provides better estimates than normal approximations for studentized means, least square estimates and many other statistics of interest. It can be used to select the active factors - factors that have an effect on the response - in experimental designs. This article shows that the bootstrap can be used to determine sample size or the number of runs required to achieve a certain confidence level in statistical experiments.
62.5-GHz Phased-Array Channel Sounder for Double-Directional Angle Estimation

The paper describes implementation of phased array antennas for use in a wideband channel sounding system. The antennas are 62.5 GHz prototypes, utilizing SiGe chips on a printed circuit-board. Each board consists of two 16-element series-fed patch array arrays with separate RF ports and IF sections. Each 16-element array can scan ±45° with a fixed elevation beamwidth. The receiver uses 4 antenna boards oriented at 90° to enable omni direction coverage when scanning. The transmitter consists of two array-boards also implemented at 90° which allows 180° transmitter coverage. Direction of departure and direction of arrival multipath measurements are made using Rubidium clocks at both the transmitter and receiver and a timing synchronization system to coordinate the receiver scanning with the transmitter scanning and the data acquisition system. The objective of the system is to collect directional propagation data utilizing prototype phased array boards and tracking algorithms at millimeter wave frequencies.
Heat Capacity and Other Properties of Hexagonal Close-Packed Helium-4

The heat capacity of hcp helium has been measured for six molar volumes from 20.9 to 16.9 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ between about 0.3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and the melting point. The calorimeter, which uses magnetic cooling and thermometry, is described in some detail. The results, expressed as Debye thetas, level off at low temperatures to constant values, ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{0}$. The volume dependence of ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{0}$ gives a Gr\"uneisen constant of 2.60\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05. The temperature dependence of $\ensuremath{\theta}$, which is not qualitatively different from that found in other solidified inert gases, is such that $\frac{\ensuremath{\theta}}{{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{0}}$ is a single function of $\frac{T}{\ensuremath{\theta}}$, irrespective of density. The results have been used with melting-curve data to give the internal energy, entropy, compressibility, and expansion coefficient. The values of the compressibility are in agreement with those obtained from the discontinuity in the heat capacity on melting. Comparison of ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{0}$ with the compressibility and velocity-of-sound data indicates that hcp helium is elastically anisotropic but approximately obeys the Cauchy relations.
Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria: Exploring the Role of Home-Based Care Programs.

Objective The aim of this study is to determine the response of home-based primary care programs to the fall 2017 Atlantic hurricane season. Methods This study examines the experiences of 9 Veterans Health Administration (VHA) Home-Based Primary Care (HBPC) programs in their responses to Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria. Thirty-four phone interviews with HBPC leadership and staff were conducted from April to July 2018. Results The total census of impacted HBPC programs was 3118. No program reported loss of life due to these hurricanes. Early preparedness was key to an effective program response. Response included prompt tracking of the patients. In the most affected areas, respondents noted limited resources to support basic patient needs. Conclusions Medically complex patients served by programs such as the VHA's HBPC program represent a subset of the population, yet they have an outsized impact on health care resources that could be exacerbated by inadequate disaster preparedness. HBPC programs serve a unique role in supporting the "older old." They are tasked with supporting disaster preparedness activities of patients. Understanding what is involved in actualizing their requirements shows communities how to effectively engage with these programs.
The engineering practice and case analysis of substation grounding grid design

To meet the requirement of developing electric power grid, safety performance of substation grounding grid becomes one of the most common focused issue of substation grounding grid design. Characteristic parameters is the key to achieve an accurate evaluation for substation grounding grid. Several measures such as formula calculation, simulation, and actual test were utilized to compare the accuracy in grounding grid characteristic parameters evaluating, taking one typical 500kV substation with high soil resistivity for instance. Analysis of problem existing and factor contributing is also involved in this article. The analysis results show that the depth of the grounding grid soil resistivity is not enough and the influence of the fault current provided by the substation lines on the shunt coefficient is not the main factor of the accuracy of the grounding grid design. In the substation grounding project design stage, test the depth of the soil resistivity of at least 2/3 diagonal substation system, maximum operating mode and through the scheduling of parts of the single phase grounding short circuit current grounding shunt coefficient calculation, can significantly improve the accuracy of design parameters of grounding grid.
Does the distribution of ratings affect online grocery sales? Evidence from Amazon

Understanding the distribution of online consumer ratings for food products can provide insights that aid supply chain decisions. Using a researcher‐collected web‐scraped panel data set from Amazon, this article quantifies the effect of number of ratings, average rating, variance of ratings, and skewness of the rating distribution. Results show that the number of ratings and each of these moments of the distribution of online consumer ratings affect ground coffee sales ranking. The size of the effect of the distribution of ratings was found to vary with respect to the sales level of the coffee products. The results suggest that the distribution of online ratings plays an important informational role in e‐commerce platforms. As online grocery shopping continues to increase in popularity, a greater understanding of how online ratings and reviews may impact sales or products are needed by those in the agricultural and food supply chain. In particular, these results provide retail managers with an array of online consumer rating attributes to use in their demand forecasts. [EconLit citations: D12, D83, L81, M31, Q11].
Letter from the Editors: Special Issue on The LEAD Research Project

This editorial article introduces the AIB Insights special issue focusing on the LEAD Research Project. This issue includes "The Emic-Etic-Emic Research Cycle" by Betty Jane Punnett and colleagues; "The Team Process: Insights from the LEAD Experience" by Vincent Bagire and Betty Jane Punnett; "Attributes of Leadership Effectiveness in West Africa" by Cynthia A. Bulley and colleagues; "Attributes of Leadership Effectiveness in East Africa" by Bella L. Galperin and colleagues; "Views on Effective Leadership from Insiders and Outsiders" by Terri Lituchy and colleagues; and "LEAD Mexico: Insights from Insider and Outsider Interviews" by Terri Lituchy and colleagues.
Potential Bias of Patient Payer Category on CG-CAHPS Scores and Its Impact on Physician Reimbursement

AbstractIntroduction:Patient satisfaction scores play an ever increasing role in physician reimbursement. Positive scores contribute to a physician earning up to 9% reimbursement bonuses, while neg...
Cierpienie a rozkwit człowieczeństwa

Although we sometimes praise a person who suffers for not sinking under his suffering, we still suppose that the sufferer is to be ranked more among life’s losers than among life’s winners. And, in general, we are inclined to find perverse anything that values suffering itself. On the contrary, anything that undermines physical or mental thriving strikes us as lamentable. The current disability rights movement is an exception to this general attitude. It wants others to see that those with disabilities are not among life’s losers, or even among life’s heroic overcomers of the tragic, but are instead people to celebrate. From the Patristic period onward, the Christian tradition has held a roughly analogous position not as regards disability but rather as regards suffering in general. It has supposed that those who endure serious suffering are not the pitiable losers of life or even the heroic overcomers of tragedy but rather are those specially loved by God. In this paper, I want to look closely at the relevant Christian doctrines to see what can be said to explain this attitude towards suffering and to distinguish it from the neighboring perverse attitude that sees suffering as an intrinsic good.
Controller Design and Implementation of a Medium Voltage (13.8 kV) Modular Multi-Level Converter for Asynchronous Microgrids

Asynchronous microgrid with power condition system (PCS) converter is a potential future application area of medium voltage converters. However, there has been only limited research focusing on actual implementation of PCS converters. This paper describes the controller development of a 13.8 kV, silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFET-based dc/ac four-wire modular multi-level converter (MMC) for an asynchronous microgrid considering grid requirements. Control architecture and detailed central and phase controller functions are discussed. Experimental results under balanced and unbalanced load conditions are demonstrated.
Chandra & HST Imaging of the Quasars PKS B0106+013 & 3C345: Inverse Compton X-rays and Magnetized Jets

We present results from deep (70 ks) Chandra ACIS observations and Hubble Space Telescope ACS F475W observations of two highly optically polarized quasars belonging to the MOJAVE blazar sample, viz., PKS B0106+013 and 1641+399 (3C345). These observations reveal X-ray and optical emission from the jets in both sources. X-ray emission is detected from the entire length of the 0106+013 radio jet, which shows clear bends or wiggles - the X-ray emission is brightest at the first prominent kpc jet bend. A picture of a helical kpc jet with the first kpc-scale bend representing a jet segment moving close(r) to our line of sight, and getting Doppler boosted at both radio and X-ray frequencies, is consistent with these observations. The X-ray emission from the jet end however peaks at about 0.4" (~3.4 kpc) upstream of the radio hot spot. Optical emission is detected both at the X-ray jet termination peak and at the radio hot spot. The X-ray jet termination peak is found upstream of the radio hot spot by around 0.2" (~1.3 kpc) in the short projected jet of 3C345. HST optical emission is seen in an arc-like structure coincident with the bright radio hot spot, which we propose is a sharp (apparent) jet bend instead of a terminal point, that crosses our line of sight and consequently has a higher Doppler beaming factor. A weak radio hot spot is indeed observed less than 1" downstream of the bright radio hot spot, but has no optical or X-ray counterpart. By making use of the pc-scale radio and the kpc-scale radio/X-ray data, we derive constraints on the jet Lorentz factors (Gamma_jet) and inclination angles (theta): for a constant jet speed from pc- to kpc-scales, we obtain a Gamma_jet of ~70 for 0106+013, and ~40 for 3C345. On relaxing this assumption, we derive a Gamma_jet of ~2.5 for both the sources. Upper limits on theta of ~13 degrees are obtained for the two quasars. (ABRIDGED)
Contrast sensitivity function in patients with macular disease and good visual acuity

Introduction Contrast sensitivity function (CSF) may better estimate a patient’s visual function compared with visual acuity (VA). Our study evaluates the quick CSF (qCSF) method to measure visual function in eyes with macular disease and good letter acuity. Methods Patients with maculopathies (retinal vein occlusion, macula-off retinal detachment, dry age-related macular degeneration and wet age-related macular degeneration) and good letter acuity (VA ≥20/30) were included. The qCSF method uses an intelligent algorithm to measure CSF across multiple spatial frequencies. All maculopathy eyes combined and individual macular disease groups were compared with healthy control eyes. Main outcomes included area under the log CSF (AULCSF) and six CS thresholds ranging from 1 cycle per degree (cpd) to 18 cpd. Results 151 eyes with maculopathy and 93 control eyes with VA ≥20/30 were included. The presence of a maculopathy was associated with significant reduction in AULCSF (β: −0.174; p Conclusion CSF measured with the qCSF active learning method was found to be significantly reduced in eyes affected by macular disease despite good VA compared with healthy control eyes. The qCSF method is a promising clinical tool to quantify subtle visual deficits that may otherwise go unrecognised by current testing methods.
Chronic villitis of unknown etiology: Investigations into viral pathogenesis.

Abstract Introduction Chronic villitis of unknown etiology (VUE) is a chronic inflammatory lesion of third trimester placenta, which contributes to major adverse obstetric outcomes. However, the inciting factors and mechanisms by which VUE contributes to adverse outcomes are poorly understood. This limits our ability to develop preventions or interventions. Our goals were to determine whether viruses can be detected in placental tissues with VUE and to determine whether gene expression profiles support an antiviral response. Methods We extracted RNA and DNA from 20 placentas with high-grade chronic villitis and 20 control placentas without inflammation. Viruses were assessed using ViroCap viral nucleic acid enrichment coupled with metagenomic sequencing. RNA sequencing was used to evaluate the inflammatory gene expression profiles in each placenta. Results We detected at least 1 virus in 50% of the samples tested. We found that herpesviruses, were found more frequently in cases compared with controls (P = 0.01). Antiviral pathways, including defense response to virus, interferon gamma response, and IFN alpha/beta response, were upregulated in cases. We observed two clusters of gene expression profiles in the VUE cases, suggesting multiple inflammatory profiles are associated with VUE. Discussion These data support a viral etiology for some cases of VUE. Furthermore, gene expression profiles suggest the possibility of more than one cause or manifestation of VUE. Viral mechanisms should be explored as potential targets for prevention or intervention in VUE.
Das sehr frühe Universum

Zur Zeit der Nukleosynthese bestand der heise Urzustand aus Elektronen, Protonen, Neutronen, Photonen und Neutrinos.
A unified Bayesian filtering framework for multi-horizon wind speed prediction with improved accuracy

Abstract This paper proposes a unified filtering framework for multi-horizon wind speed prediction. The novelty of this paper focuses on the integration of the short-term prediction model, the Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) and a smoothing term into a unified framework based on Bayesian filters. In the proposed framework, the system state function of the Bayesian filter is constructed by a pre-trained static model based on Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) to enhance the short-term prediction accuracy. Meanwhile, NWP data is integrated by the system input of the state function of the Bayesian filter. The integration of NWP guarantees the medium/long-term prediction accuracy. The measurement function of the Bayesian filter is constructed as a smoothing term to further improve the overall accuracy of the proposed method. The prediction accuracy of the proposed filtering framework is extensively benchmarked with other existing approaches based on the data from an offshore wind farm. The benchmarking results suggest that the proposed method yields improved prediction performance in short-term horizon. For medium/long-term horizon, the best accuracy of RMSE is improved by about 46% compared with the benchmarks.
In-hospital and one-year outcomes are similar for women and men following transcarotid artery revascularization in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients.

Abstract Objective In randomized controlled trials and retrospective series, women have higher rates of periprocedural stroke and death following carotid endarterectomy and transfemoral carotid artery stenting compared with men. We sought to compare outcomes by sex following transcarotid artery revascularization (TCAR) among patients in the Vascular Quality Initiative (VQI). Methods We reviewed all patients in the VQI who underwent TCAR from 2017 to 2020. We stratified the analysis by symptom status. The primary outcome was in-hospital stroke/death, and secondary outcomes were in-hospital stroke and death and 1-year stroke/death, stroke, and death. We used multivariable logistic and Cox regression models to assess the association of sex with in-hospital and 1-year outcomes after adjusting for preoperative and intraoperative characteristics. Results We identified 15,851 patients who underwent TCAR, of whom 7391 (47%) were symptomatic (2708 or 37% female) and 8460 (53%) were asymptomatic (3097 or 37% female). Women were less frequently considered anatomic high risk than men in both groups (symptomatic: 43% vs 46%; P = .004; asymptomatic: 44% vs 48%; P = .004). Among symptomatic patients, women more often had severe ≥70% stenosis (89% vs 87%; P = .02). There were no differences in in-hospital death, stroke, or stroke/death for women vs men following TCAR among symptomatic or asymptomatic patients (all P > .05). After adjusting for baseline differences between groups, female sex was not associated with in-hospital stroke/death in either symptomatic (odds ratio, 1.05; 95% confidence interval, 0.72-1.56) or asymptomatic (odds ratio, 0.93; 95% confidence interval, 0.53-1.63) patients undergoing TCAR. There were also no differences in 1-year stroke, death, or stroke/death risk for women compared with men with and without symptoms on unadjusted or adjusted analyses (P > .05). Conclusions We found no sex differences in in-hospital or 1-year stroke/death following TCAR, regardless of symptom status. TCAR appears to be as safe of a surgical procedure for women as for men in patients with both symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid artery disease.
High-dose chemotherapy with autologous marrow transplantation for malignant melanoma: Case reports and literature review

Present-day therapy for disseminated malignant melanoma is unsatisfactory; chemotherapy offers a small fraction of patients a short-lived palliative effect. Evidence exists to suggest more responses to chemotherapy could occur if dosages of chemotherapeutic agents were increased. The dosages of many chemotherapeutic agents used for melanoma are limited by myelotoxicity of the drugs. Autologous bone marrow transplantation offers a means to escalate chemotherapeutic dosages by shortening the period of life-threatening marrow toxicity to a survivable length of time. A review of 103 cases of melanoma treated with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous marrow rescue plus two cases reported here revealed that 48% of patients responded to therapy and 34% of those were complete responses. The exact role this technic will play in management of disseminated malignant melanoma requires further study.
World Systems Theory

In the search for an interpretive framework that has generalized applicability, scholars have had recourse to various approaches. World-systems theory offers a model of human interaction that crosscuts economic, political, and social dimensions. In addition, world-systems theory is multiscalar, i.e., it assesses the connection between different levels in a regional and interregional system. The approach originated with the work of Immanuel Wallerstein and A. Gunder Frank, and has been adopted and adapted by anthropologists and archaeologists to describe the nature of integrated systems in the past as well as the present. The components of a world-system are typically referred to as cores, peripheries, and semi-peripheries. The interaction among these segments involves the process of incorporation. While cores tend to exploit peripheries, there is a level of flexibility or negotiation between the levels, especially in the periods of concern to archaeologists.
Use of Pichia pastoris for expression of recombinant proteins.

Publisher Summary Several features of P. pastoris make it attractive as a host for expressing recombinant proteins. The characterization and exploitation of the alcohol oxidase (AOX) promoter to drive heterologous gene expression was instrumental to the successful implementation of the P. pastoris expression system. This chapter emphasizes the strategies and methods for optimizing the selection, screening, and scale-up production of recombinant proteins expressed using this system. P. pastoris has proven to be a useful addition to existing prokaryotic and eukaryotic protein production systems. Multisubunit protein complexes have been produced using this system, which may facilitate more involved protein chemistry/enzymology and characterization. The high biomass and protein productivity attained by P. pastoris may be exploited for the production of biocatalysts. Pichia pastoris may be useful for the expression of pharmacologically interesting receptors, including the important G-protein-coupled receptors.
The fate of C14 testosterone and C14-progesterone in mice and rats.

THIS investigation of the tissue distribution and metabolic fate of radioactive testosterone and progesterone in mice and rats was undertaken with the primary aim of determining by animal experimentation whether the administration of a hormone containing C14 would be a serious hazard to the animal and secondarily, with the hope that experiments with rodents might provide information helpful in the study of steroid hormone metabolism in man. These considerations restricted the experimental approach to a survey rather than a detailed analysis since our principal interest was the application of tracer studies to human steroid metabolism. The major portion of the experimental work was done therefore with testosterone since the fate of this hormone in humans has been more thoroughly investigated (Dorfman, 1948; Dobriner and Lieberman, 1950). The results obtained provide a decisive answer to the primary question since it is clear that the male hormone, testosterone, and the female hormone, progesterone,
Studying Delta Force or Death Squads: The Politics of Hostage Negotiations:

Is the study of terrorism too narrowly focused? Does it miss the broader context of the behavior it studies? Are researchers asking the right questions? We can explore these issues by examining one form of terrorism—hostage-taking. The response to these incidents is usually hostage negotiation. This technique is very successful because of the ability of the police or military to “contain and negotiate.” Most experts in the field have focused on the negotiations within such operations. If we examine the containment aspect of these sieges we can see that the decision to contain, and not to assault, the hostage-taker is the key to the success of most negotiations. However, this decision is a political decision. And, unless the role of politics is examined in the study of terrorism social scientists will forever be tied to conservative policies and practices. As a result, they will continue to miss the other, and more important, form of terrorism—state terrorism.
The University of Hawaii Wide-Field Imager

The University of Hawaii Wide-Field Imager (UHWFI) is a focal compressor designed to project the full half-degree field of the UH 2.2m telescope onto the refurbished 8K×8K CCD camera. The optics use Ohara glasses and are mounted in an oil-filled cell to minimize light losses and ghost images from the large number of internal surfaces. The UHWFI is equipped with a six-position filter wheel and a rotating sector shutter, both driven by stepper motors. The instrument is currently in the design phase and will be commissioned early in 2003.
Residues and mutagenicity of captan applied to apple trees and potential human exposure.

Abstract The fungicide captan (cis‐N‐((trichloromethyl)thio) 4‐cyclo‐hexene‐1,2‐dicarboximide) was applied at the rate of 2.4 g/1 to apple trees (c.v. Golden Delicious) individually or as part of a standard treatment program where it was applied eight times during the growing season together with several pesticides. Leaf samples (100 discs of 2.2 cm diameter) were collected from treated and control trees before treatment and at 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 56, 90 and 112 days after treatment. Fruit samples were taken at mid‐season (56 days) and at harvest (112 days). The objective of this study was to determine the captan residue and mutagenicity of leaf and fruit extracts to ascertain the potential health hazard to agricultural workers in these orchards. Surface residues were extracted from leaves and fruits with methylene chloride. these extracts were subsequently analyzed for captan by gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) utilizing an electron‐capture detector, and for mutagencity with two strains (TA98 and TA100) o...
Memory Trends in the 70's

A modern data storage system is designed in three independent phases. The first design, that of the memory element and subsystem, has the objectives of providing functionally simple storage units of high capacity and operating speed at low cost. This discipline embraces the design of core, film, semiconductor and optical static memories as well as a variety of moving media memories.
Mounting and alignment technique for an eccentric pupil collimator

Structural stability of mounts and housings is critical to the success of high performance optical designs. Often however stability is at odds with the multiple degrees of freedom required on the mounts for accurate alignment. Here we describe the technique used to accommodate these two factors for an eccentric pupil collimator. 1.
Expressive Power and Incompleteness of Propositional Logics

Natural deduction systems were motivated by the desire to define the meaning of each connective by specifying how it is introduced and eliminated from inference. In one sense, this attempt fails, for it is well known that propositional logic rules (however formulated) underdetermine the classical truth tables. Natural deduction rules are too weak to enforce the intended readings of the connectives; they allow non-standard models. Two reactions to this phenomenon appear in the literature. One is to try to restore the standard readings, for example by adopting sequent rules with multiple conclusions. Another is to explore what readings the natural deduction rules do enforce. When the notion of a model of a rule is generalized, it is found that natural deduction rules express “intuitionistic” readings of their connectives. A third approach is presented here. The intuitionistic readings emerge when models of rules are defined globally, but the notion of a local model of a rule is also natural. Using this benchmark, natural deduction rules enforce exactly the classical readings of the connectives, while this is not true of axiomatic systems. This vindicates the historical motivation for natural deduction rules. One odd consequence of using the local model benchmark is that some systems of propositional logic are not complete for the semantics that their rules express. Parallels are drawn with incompleteness results in modal logic to help make sense of this.
Vibrationally resolved sum-frequency generation with broad-bandwidth infrared pulses.

We present a novel procedure for vibrationally resolved sum-frequency generation (SFG) in which a broad-bandwidth IR pulse is mixed with a narrow-bandwidth visible pulse. The resultant SFG spectrum is dispersed with a spectrograph and detected in parallel with a scientific-grade CCD detector, permitting rapid and high signal-to-noise ratio data acquisition over a 400?cm-1 spectral region without scanning the IR frequency. Application to the study of a self-assembled monolayer of octadecanethiol is discussed.
Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach.

To facilitate a multidimensional approach to empathy the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) includes 4 subscales: Perspective-Taking (PT) Fantasy (FS) Empathic Concern (EC) and Personal Distress (PD). The aim of the present study was to establish the convergent and discriminant validity of these 4 subscales. Hypothesized relationships among the IRI subscales between the subscales and measures of other psychological constructs (social functioning self-esteem emotionality and sensitivity to others) and between the subscales and extant empathy measures were examined. Study subjects included 677 male and 667 female students enrolled in undergraduate psychology classes at the University of Texas. The IRI scales not only exhibited the predicted relationships among themselves but also were related in the expected manner to other measures. Higher PT scores were consistently associated with better social functioning and higher self-esteem; in contrast Fantasy scores were unrelated to these 2 characteristics. High EC scores were positively associated with shyness and anxiety but negatively linked to egotism. The most substantial relationships in the study involved the PD scale. PD scores were strongly linked with low self-esteem and poor interpersonal functioning as well as a constellation of vulnerability uncertainty and fearfulness. These findings support a multidimensional approach to empathy by providing evidence that the 4 qualities tapped by the IRI are indeed separate constructs each related in specific ways to other psychological measures.
Bioavailability of Heavy Metals in Biosolids‐Amended Soil

Abstract A single biosolids application was made to 1.5×2.3 m confined plots of a Davidson clay loam (Rhodic Kandiudult) in 1984 at 0, 42, 84, 126, 168, and 210 Mg ha−1. The highest biosolids application supplied 750 and 600 kg ha−1 of Cu and Zn, respectively. Corn (Zea mays L.), from 1984 to 2000, and radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. longifolia), from 2001 to 2004, were grown at the site to assess heavy‐metal bioavailability. Extractable (0.005 diethylenetriamine (DTPA) and Mehlich 1) Cu and Zn were determined on 0 to 15‐cm depth samples from each plot. Corn yield increased with biosolids rate each year until 1993 to 1997, when yield decreased with biosolids rate because of phytotoxicity induced by low (<5.0) soil pH. The corn yield reduction was reversed between 1998 and 2000 upon raising the soil pH to approximately 6.0 by limestone addition following the 1997 season. Between 2001 and 2004, radish and lettuce yields were either not affected or slightly increased wit...
A Laminar-Flow, Water-Based Condensation Particle Counter (WCPC)

A new water-based condensation particle counter (WCPC) is presented. The WCPC is a thermally diffusive, laminar flow instrument. Condensational enlargement is achieved through the introduction of a saturated airflow into a “growth tube” with wetted walls held at a temperature higher than that of the entering flow. An unsheathed, 1 L/min instrument utilizing this principle has been evaluated with various aerosols. The particle size detected with an efficiency of 50% is at or below 4.8 nm for particles sampled from vehicular emissions or ambient air, and for various laboratory-generated inorganic salts. The cut point is higher for the organic materials tested, ranging from 8 nm to 30 nm depending on the compound and purity level. An empirically determined dead-time correction factor is applied to the coincidence correction, which allows extension of the single-count mode to higher concentrations. The counting efficiencies for 80 nm oil and salt aerosols are equal, and above 97% for concentrations approachin...
Fragility of metallic glass-forming liquids : A simple thermodynamic connection

Abstract Fragility measures the degree by which the viscosity or relaxation time of a glass-forming liquid deviates from the Arrhenius behavior. We will demonstrate that kinetic fragility of a glass-forming liquid is quantitatively related to Δ S f /( T m − T K ), where Δ S f is the entropy of fusion, T m the melting point, and T K the Kauzmann temperature of a glass-forming liquid. A positive correlation between Δ S f /( T m − T K ) and the kinetic fragility was found to hold in metallic glass-forming liquids, where both thermodynamic and kinetic data are available. It will be demonstrated that such correlation is consistent with the energy landscape model of the glass transition. Furthermore, the thermodynamic fragility index Δ S f /( T m − T K ) was reduced to Δ S f / T m assuming T K ≈ T m /2, and the correlation between Δ S f / T m and kinetic fragility was discussed within the context of recently proposed cluster model of the glass transition.
Architectonic studies of the telencephalon of Iguana iguana

With the atrophy of the aquatic olfactory organ and the increased complexity of locomotion, the amphibian telencephalon was reorganized from a structure dealing primarily with olfaction, to the reptilian structure functioning at four levels of organization. The primary olfactory centers are retained, and the posterolateral and medial basal regions become specialized as secondary olfactory centers. The anterolateral basal regions are reorganized as primary association centers of somatic information. A dorsal component develops due to the convergence of sensory modalities, and a ventral component develops which influences tectal centers. Three pallial elements are recognized which function as part of the primary and secondary association systems. The lateral pallial element (pyriform cortex) is functionally related to the secondary olfactory system. Part of the medial pallial element (dorsomedial hippocampal cortex) is functionally related to the secondary olfactory system while the other part (dorsal hippocampus) is related to the secondary association system. The secondary association system, which integrates all sensory modalites, has evolved along two lines in reptiles. The sauropsid line has lost the motor elements of the dorsolateral component of the dorsal pallium. The dorosomedial component of the dorsal pallium retained its motor elements and functions with the hippocampus as a transitional cortical structure. In the theropsid line, the motor elements of the dorsolateral component were retained in a system which bypasses the older tectal motor system.
Transparency of strong gravitational waves

Abstract This paper studies diagonal spacetime metrics. It is shown that the overdetermined Einstein vacuum equations are compatible if one Killing vector exists. The stability of plane gravitational waves of the Robinson type is studied. This stability problem bares a fantastic mathematical resemblance to the stability of the Schwarzschild black hole studied by Regge and Wheeler. Just like for the Schwarzschild black hole, the Robinson gravitational waves are proven to be stable with respect to small perturbations. We conjecture that a bigger class of vacuum solutions are stable, among which are all gravitational solitons. Moreover, the stability analysis reveals a surprising fact: a wave barrier will be transparent to the Robinson waves, which therefore passes through the barrier freely. This is a hint of integrability of the 1 + 2 vacuum Einstein equations for diagonal metrics.
Origin and distribution of the seleucidus race of Cynodon dactylon (L.) pers. var. Dactylon (gramineae)

Plants of the seleucidus race ofC. dactylon var.dactylon are strikingly coarse, vigorous, bluish in color, often hairy, strongly winterhardy, and spread aggressively by coarse stolons and rhizomes that are interconvertable. The center of distribution corresponds closely to the original Seleucid Empire (Pakistan to Turkey), and germ plasm from the race has infiltrated into eastern and southern Europe. It is probably an introgression product involvingC. dactylon var.afghanicus and a temperate race of var.dactylon.
Fluvoxamine-induced erectile dysfunction responding to sildenafil

Sildenafil, a peripherally acting inhibitor of cyclic guanosine monophosphate((cGMP), has been reported highly effective in treating erectile dysfunction of various etiology. Erectile dysfunction is a common sexual side effect of various antidepressants. Various agents have been used in the treatment of antidepressant-induced erectile dysfunction; however, there are no reports on the use of sildenafil for this indication. This case report describes the successful use of sildenafil in fluvoxamine-induced erectile dysfunction. A possible mechanism of action of sildenafil in this type of erectile dysfunction is discussed.
Apoptosis of Graft-Infiltrating Cytotoxic T Cells: A Mechanism Underlying "Split Tolerance" in Mouse Liver Transplantation

ter. In rejecting liver grafts (median survival time 5 d), there was a significantly lower incidence of apoptotic NPC, but extensive apoptosis of hepatocytes. Apoptosis was quanti­ tated in freshly-isolated NPC by DNA fragmentation assay. Cells from accepted allografts showed much higher DNA fragmentation on POD 4 (34.8%), 7 (40.1%), and 14 (25.7%) compared with cells from isografts (12.6%, 14.5%, and 17.5%, respectively). NPC from rejecting allografts (IL-2 treatment) showed significantly lower DNA fragmen­ tation (7.2% on POD 4), indicating that IL-2-induced rejection was associated with inhibition of infiltrating cell apoptosis. Two-color flow cytometric analysis of the NPC confirmed that augmented apoptosis of CD8+ T cells occurred within the allografted liver.
Design and development of a physical simulator for robotic palletization

Abstract This paper discusses the design and development of a physical simulator for robotic palletization. The design is aimed at two objectives. One, to provide a test bed for studying issues relating to automation of palletization and second, to provide a teaching tool for some common elements of material handling automation. The major hardware components of the system are an IBM 7545 robot, a Personal Computer, an Allen-Bradley Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), Conveyors and a Bar Code Reader. The software components include the IBM AML 4.1 language, PLC Software and BASIC software for the BASIC Module of the PLC.
Therapy for vesicoureteral reflux: antibiotic prophylaxis, urotherapy, open surgery, endoscopic injection, or observation?

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) refers to the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder into the ureter and renal pelvis. It generally results from congenital maldevelopment of the ureterovesical junction, although VUR may develop in individuals with abnormally high detrusor pressure. VUR increases a child’s susceptibility to pyelonephritis and renal scarring. Treatment goals include the prevention of pyelonephritis, reflux nephropathy, and other complications of reflux. Treatment alternatives include antibiotic prophylaxis, urotherapy (correction of voiding dysfunction), and surgical correction (open, injection therapy, or laparoscopic). Recent studies have challenged the presumed benefit of prophylaxis in children with VUR, while long-term retrospective studies have documented a high rate of hypertension in adults with reflux nephropathy. In addition, the risk of persistent VUR in adulthood is unresolved. These reports have stimulated a reevaluation of the role of various treatment options in children with VUR.
Lack of antiemetic effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in apomorphine-induced emesis in the dog.

Abstract Clinical studies have suggested that Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) may be a clinically useful antiemetic. However, the ability of THC to decrease experimentally induced emesis in animals has not been extensively studied. The present study compares the antiemetic effects of THC with chlorpromazine on apomorphine-induced emesis in the dog. THC, chlorpromazine, THC vehicle, or saline was administered i.v. 30 min prior to an i.v. infusion of apomorphine; apomorphine was infused until emesis occurred. THC had no effect on the dose of apomorphine required to produce emesis, whereas chlorpromazine increased this dose approximately 75%. Moreover, THC nearly doubled the time from the first to the last occurrence of emesis relative to control values, while chlorpromazine greatly reduced this value. In addition, THC had no effect on the stimulation of pulse rate produced by apomorphine; chlorpromazine potentiated this effect, probably through indirect mechanisms. These findings demonstrate that THC is not an antagonist of the emetic agent apomorphine in the dog.
An overview of adjuvant therapy for colorectal cancer

Adjuvant therapy of colorectal cancer is one of the most active areas of clinical oncology research. Although the data for the benefits from early trials of adjuvant therapy were inconclusive, these trials suffered from inadequate sample sizes, poor staging, potentially suboptimal treatment regimens and ill-defined prognostic subgroups. More recently, larger trials of higher scientific quality have demonstrated that regimens of fluorouracil plus levamisole in stage III colon cancer and fluorouracil with postoperative radiation in stages II and III rectal cancer can reduce mortality. Such regimens have now become standard practice in settings in which treatment is believed to be both efficacious and tolerable, and when the overall impact of therapy is considered to be clinically relevant. More recent advances in adjuvant treatment of colorectal cancer further support the role of fluorouracil-based regimens. Peri-operative portal vein infusions of fluorouracil demonstrate improved relapse-free and overall survival, and infusional fluorouracil administered with radiation for rectal primaries appears superior to less intensive bolus fluorouracil regimens. Completed trials of fluorouracil plus leucovorin combinations are awaiting maturation, with expectations for superior adjuvant activity based on demonstrated improved response rates for biochemically modulated fluorouracil in advanced metastatic colorectal cancer. New systemic agents are also entering large-scale adjuvant trials, including monoclonal antibody 17-1a, given alone and in conjunction with standard fluorouracil regimens. Additional cytotoxic drugs, including CPT-11 and Tomudex, offer new opportunities for alternative adjuvant regimens for the large, heterogeneous population of patients with resected colorectal cancer.
Enunciating Locality in the Postmodern Suburb: FlatIron Crossing and the Colorado Lifestyle

The shopping center is a major part of consumer space built in the U.S., and the shifts in shopping center design are part of the changing landscape of American consumer culture. In this essay we examine FlatIron Crossing, a mall and lifestyle center recently built in Colorado, to explore the development of the hybrid space as a response to postmodern suburbanization. We argue that FlatIron Crossing is a place making technology that offers invocations of locality as a response to the abstractions and placelessness of postmodern suburbanization. Locality, we argue, is different from “local” in that locality offers images of place rooted in time and geography but drawn from globalized images. Even as recent shopping centers and lifestyle centers offer images of place they do so to cover, without directly addressing, the difficult relation between the global and the local.
THE CURRENT HEALTH CARE ENVIRONMENT AND STAGES OF MARKET DEVELOPMENT

The history of medical payment strategies is reviewed with a historical perspective on the development of the health care system in the United States. The growth of managed care is discussed with sections detailing the effects on and responses of health care providers, the insurance industry, government, consumers, and employers. Current status and future market trends are discussed.
PREDICTED AREAL SWEEP EFFICIENCY WHEN USING HORIZONTAL WELLS IN FIVE-SPOT PATTERNS

Abstract Studies have been made to estimate the results when using horizontal wells in five-spot patterns for enhanced oil recovery programmes. It was found that when a horizontal well was used as the centre well of a five-spot pattern, there was very little effect on the areal sweep efficiency for certain well lengths and orientations. A horizontal well does permit increased well injectivity and this could be beneficial when injecting steam into heavy oil reservoirs.