cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Tale of Creativity and Struggles: Team Practices for Bottom-Up Innovation in Virtual Game Jams

Game jams are intense and time-sensitive online or face-to-face game creation events where a digital game is developed in a relatively short time frame (typically 48 to 72 hours) exploring given design constraints and end results are shared publicly. They have increasingly become emerging sites where non-professional game developers, amateurs, and hobbyists engage in bottom-up technological innovation by collaboratively designing and developing more creative and novel digital products. Drawing on 28 interviews, in this paper we focus on how game developers collaborate as small teams to innovate game design and development from the bottom up in virtual game jams (i.e., exclusively online) and the unique role of virtual game jams in their technological innovation. We contribute to CSCW by providing new empirical evidence of how team practices for innovation may emerge in a novel technology community that is not widely studied before. We also expand a growing research agenda in CSCW on explicating nuanced social behaviors, processes, and consequences of bottom-up technological innovation.
Temporal Assessment of Eastern Spotted Skunk Geographic Distribution

Spilogale putorius (Eastern Spotted Skunk) experienced range-wide population declines beginning in the mid-1900s with no clear understanding of the causal mechanism or whether such declines were associated with range contractions. Species-distribution models can provide a powerful framework to assess changes in landscape suitability in response to changing environmental conditions. Herein, we modeled time-stepped distributions of suitable environmental conditions for Eastern Spotted Skunks from 1938 to 2016 in Maxent, incorporating climate and land-cover predictors. Climate and land-cover variables reliably predicted landscape suitability of Eastern Spotted Skunks over time. We found a 37% decline in suitable area from historic predictions, consistent with reports of population declines in these areas. Our predicted landscape-suitability maps can be used to evaluate the current distribution of environmentally suitable conditions for the species as well as guide research and conservation efforts.
History of Hachioji

The ancient founder of modern-day Hachioji is Otomo-no Myoko who arrived in the area (then known as Tama-no-Yokoyama) from Nara and dreamt of Prince Susano-o and built a shrine for him at Mount Fukazawa (The Hachioji English Speaking Society, Hachioji Verdure and Vitality [Japan: The Hachioji English Speaking Society], 1981, p. unpaginated introduction). Little did he know that his founding of that small shrine sparked the beginning of the Hachioji City (sometimes written as “Hachiōji” because of the long vowel at “o”) in Southwestern Tokyo metropolis in eastern-central Honshu on the Great Plains of Kanto Japan. He did not know that it would become a major transportation hub on the Central Chuo Line which is the main railway backbone line of Japan Railways JR.
Dikes in the Precambrian of the Eastern Arbuckle Mountains

There are four main types of dikes found in the massive Precambrian rocks of the eastern Arbuckle Mountains (1) diabase, (2) rhyolite porphyry, (3) microgranite porphyry and (4) granite. Three of these dike types give crucial information in the understanding the Cambrian opening of the southern Oklahoma aulacogen and later Paleozoic geologic history. Some of the older dikes define an earlier zone of weakness that may have controlled the location and N60°W direction of the rift.
LIQUID TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON THERMALLY INFLUENCED TRANSITION CURRENTS OF Nb-ALLOY SUPERCONDUCTING SOLENOIDS IN He I AND He II.

In some technical applications of superconductivity dissipative processes cannot be avoided and heat removal is necessary, at least for a limited period of time. The thermal energy often flows through several solid materials and finally has to be transmitted to cryogenic liquid or fluid. At the λ-point, because of the change from He I to superfluid He II, the thermal boundary conductance is affected by the quantum condensation phenomenon. In particular, at the peak heat flux, prior to the onset of film boiling, the thermal conductance is changed distinctly. Therefore, when thermal boundary effects are relatively large in comparison to other impedances, the λ-transition is expected to change the values of thermally limited quenching currents of superconductivity.
The Knowledge Gradient for Optimal Learning

Optimal learning addresses the problem of how to collect information so that it benefits future decisions. For off-line problems, we have to make a series of measurements or observations before choosing a final design or set of parameters; for on-line problems, we learn from rewards we are receiving, and we want to strike a balance between rewards earned now and better decisions in the future. This article reviews these problems, describes optimal and heuristic policies, and shows how to compare competing policies. Then, the presentation focuses on the concept of the knowledge gradient, which guides information collection by maximizing the marginal value of information. We show how this idea can be applied to both on-line and off-line problems, as well as a broad range of other applications which have not previously yielded to formal techniques. Keywords: knowledge gradient; bandit problems; ranking and selection; S-curve problem simulation optimization
The sarcoplasmic reticulum and smooth muscle function: evidence from transgenic mice.

Smooth muscle Ca2+ handling is of major importance to understanding its function. A new approach utilizes molecular biology to develop transgenic mouse models in which the protein constituents of the various Ca2+ regulatory subsystems have been altered. Gene-targeted or gene-ablated (knockout) mice have been reported for the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ pump isoforms SERCA2, SERCA2a and SERCA3, the plasma membrane Ca2+ pump isoforms, PMCA1, PMCA2 and PMCA4, and the SR-associated protein, phospholamban (PLB), an inhibitor of SERCA2. A mouse line carrying a transgene for the smooth muscle specific expression of PLB has been reported. Evidence from studies using these mice combined with the classical pharmacological approaches has provided new insight into the relative role of the SR. We review this field with particular emphasis on PLB, since its modulation of SR function and smooth muscle contractility has the largest database. PLB via modulation of SERCA can play a major role in regulation of both phasic and tonic smooth muscle contractility. The use of transgenic mice has yielded surprises ,uch as PLB modulation of endothelial cell Ca2+ homeostasis, and the demonstration that PLB is the major site for A-kinase-mediated relaxation of mouse bladder. The use of these gene-altered models has provided evidence clearly implicating a major role for the SR in modulating smooth muscle Ca2+ and contractility, with the caveat that this modulation is tissue specific.
ACCLIB: Accelerators as libraries

Accelerator-based computing, which has been a mainstay of System-on-Chips (SoCs) is of growing interest to a wider range of computing systems. However, the significant design effort required to identify a computational target for acceleration, design a hardware accelerator, verify the correctness of the accelerator, integrate the accelerator into the system, and rewrite applications to use the accelerator, is a major bottleneck to the widespread adoption of accelerator-based computing. The classical approach to this problem is based on top-down methodologies such as automatic HW/SW partitioning and high-level synthesis (HLS). While HLS has advanced significantly and is seeing increased adoption, it does not leverage the ability of experienced human designers to craft highly optimized RTL, nor does it leverage the growing body of already existing hardware accelerators. In this work, we propose ACCLIB, a design framework that allows software developers to utilize existing libraries of predesigned hardware accelerators automatically with no prior knowledge of the function of the accelerators, with minimal knowledge of hardware design, and with minimal design effort. To accomplish this, ACCLIB uses formal verification techniques to match a target software function with a functionally equivalent accelerator from a library of accelerators. It also generates the required HW/SW interfaces as well as the code necessary to offload the computation to the accelerator. We validate ACCLIB by applying it to accelerate six different applications using a library of hardware accelerators in just over one hour per application, demonstrating that the proposed approach has the potential to lower the barrier to adoption of accelerator-based computing.
Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Performance Metrics for Intelligent Systems

The 2008 Performance Metrics for Intelligent Systems (PerMIS'08) Workshop is the eighth in the series that started in 2000, targeted at defining measures and methodologies of evaluating performance of intelligent systems. The workshop has proved to be an excellent forum for discussions and partnerships, dissemination of ideas, and future collaborations in an informal setting. Attendees usually include researchers, graduate students, practitioners from industry, academia, and government agencies. PerMIS'08 aims at identifying and quantifying contributions of functional intelligence towards achieving success. Our working definition of functional intelligence is "the ability to act appropriately in an uncertain environment, where appropriate action is that which increases the probability of success", and success is "the achievement of behavioral goals" (J. Albus, 1991). In addition to the main theme, as in previous years, the workshop focuses on applications of performance measures to practical problems in commercial, industrial, homeland security, and military applications. PerMIS'08 features five plenary addresses and seven special sessions. The plenary speakers are world-class experts in their own field and we are confident that the attendees will be able to benefit from their presentations. This year, there is a special session for every (parallel) general session. Over the course of three days, there will be twelve sessions related to performance of intelligent systems covering an array of topics from medical systems to manufacturing, mobile robotics to virtual automation, human-system interaction to biologically inspired models, and much more.
An interleaver implementation for the serially concatenated pulse-position modulation decoder

We describe novel interleaver and deinterleaver architectures that support bandwidth efficient memory access for decoders of turbo-like codes that are used in conjunction with high order modulations. The presentation focuses on a decoder for serially concatenated pulse-position modulation (SCPPM), which is a forward-error-correction code designed by NASA to support laser communications from Mars at mega-bits-per-second (Mbps) rates. For 64-ary PPM, the new architectures effectively triple the fan-in of the interleaver and fan-out of the deinterleaver, enabling parallelization that doubles the overall throughput. The techniques described here can be readily modified for other PPM orders.
The Mutate-and-Map Protocol for Inferring Base Pairs in Structured RNA

Chemical mapping is a widespread technique for structural analysis of nucleic acids in which a molecule's reactivity to different probes is quantified at single nucleotide resolution and used to constrain structural modeling. This experimental framework has been extensively revisited in the past decade with new strategies for high-throughput readouts, chemical modification, and rapid data analysis. Recently, we have coupled the technique to high-throughput mutagenesis. Point mutations of a base paired nucleotide can lead to exposure of not only that nucleotide but also its interaction partner. Systematically carrying out the mutation and mapping for the entire system gives an experimental approximation of the molecule's "contact map." Here, we give our in-house protocol for this "mutate-and-map" (M2) strategy, based on 96-well capillary electrophoresis, and we provide practical tips on interpreting the data to infer nucleic acid structure.
Improvements in the computation of grain opacity

Atoms and ions dominate the opacity of most astrophysical plasmas at temperatures above about 5000 K. In the range between 5000 K and about 1500 K, molecular processes are important contributors to the opacity. Depending upon the composition and pressure, grains may begin to condense at temperatures below about 1500 K. For the conditions of interest here, the grains which form are generally small (radius µ m) compared to the wavelength of light near the peak of the Planck curve. Because their absorption and scattering cross section is so large compared to atoms or molecules, grains dominate the mean opacity whenever they are present and must, therefore, be taken into account whenever such temperatures are encountered. Our calculations indicate that failure to do so can lead to errors as large as five orders of magnitude in the mean opacity.
OGO-6 Observations of 5577 Å

There will be very little material discussed in this lecture that has not already found its way into the literature. Therefore, I shall content myself with the briefest meaningful review of the data obtained by the horizon scanning 5577 A airglow photometer flown aboard OGO 6 and the interpretations we have put upon them. Most of my fresh remarks will have to do with the limitations in these interpretations and will amount to a list of caveats and comments about the meaning of the results we have obtained.
Age at stroke determines post-stroke language lateralization.

PURPOSE To determine how age at the time of left middle cerebral artery stroke affects language lateralization in a combined sample of subjects with perinatal, childhood, and adult stroke. METHODS 19 participants who had perinatal stroke (<1 month of age), 32 with later stroke, and 51 sex-/age-matched healthy controls (HCs) received fMRI of language using verb generation task (VGT). RESULTS Percent lesion volumes were not different between groups (perinatal vs. late stroke) when taking brain volume into account (p = 0.084). Perinatal stroke group showed bilateral signal increases compared to more left-lateralized signals in matched HCs; late stroke group and HCs both showed left-hemispheric signal increases. LIs in the stroke groups were consistently more bilateral than in HCs (all p < 0.008) except for the late group's posterior LI (p = 0.080). There was greater proportion of leftward language lateralization in HCs compared to their respective stroke groups (78.9% vs. 31.6% in perinatal; 87.5% vs. 59.4% in late stroke; p = 0.004) and a larger proportion of leftward lateralization in late compared to perinatal stroke (p = 0.039). The age of stroke occurrence showed significant positive associations with global and frontal LI (both p ≤ 0.007). CONCLUSION As expected, the age of stroke occurrence affects subsequent verb generation lateralization. Greater cortical plasticity is observed in earlier stroke while later stroke is associated with reliance on the repair of the previously damaged left-hemispheric networks.
In situ oxidative catalysis by neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease: a central role for bound transition metals.

There is a great deal of evidence to support a pathogenic role of oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the sources of reactive oxygen species have not been directly demonstrated. In this study, using a novel in situ detection system, we show that neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques are major sites for catalytic redox reactivity. Pretreatment with deferoxamine or diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid abolishes the ability of the lesions to catalyze the H 2 O 2 -dependent oxidation of 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB), strongly suggesting the involvement of associated transition metal ions. Indeed, following chelated removal of metals, incubation with iron or copper salts reestablished lesion-dependent catalytic redox reactivity. Although DAB oxidation can also detect peroxidase activity, this was inactivated by H 2 O 2 pretreatment before use of DAB, as shown by a specific peroxidase detection method. Model studies confirmed the ability of certain copper and iron coordination complexes to catalyze the H 2 O 2 -dependent oxidation of DAB. Also, the microtubule-associated protein T, as an in vitro model for proteins relevant to AD pathology, was found capable of adventitious binding of copper and iron in a redox-competent manner. Our findings suggest that neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques contain redox-active transition metals and may thereby exert prooxidant or possibly antioxidant activities, depending on the balance among cellular reductants and oxidants in the local microenvironment.
Demand theory of gene regulation. II. Quantitative application to the lactose and maltose operons of Escherichia coli.

Induction of gene expression can be accomplished either by removing a restraining element (negative mode of control) or by providing a stimulatory element (positive mode of control). According to the demand theory of gene regulation, which was first presented in qualitative form in the 1970s, the negative mode will be selected for the control of a gene whose function is in low demand in the organism9s natural environment, whereas the positive mode will be selected for the control of a gene whose function is in high demand. This theory has now been further developed in a quantitative form that reveals the importance of two key parameters: cycle time C , which is the average time for a gene to complete an ON/OFF cycle, and demand D , which is the fraction of the cycle time that the gene is ON. Here we estimate nominal values for the relevant mutation rates and growth rates and apply the quantitative demand theory to the lactose and maltose operons of Escherichia coli. The results define regions of the C vs. D plot within which selection for the wild-type regulatory mechanisms is realizable, and these in turn provide the first estimates for the minimum and maximum values of demand that are required for selection of the positive and negative modes of gene control found in these systems. The ratio of mutation rate to selection coefficient is the most relevant determinant of the realizable region for selection, and the most influential parameter is the selection coefficient that reflects the reduction in growth rate when there is superfluous expression of a gene. The quantitative theory predicts the rate and extent of selection for each mode of control. It also predicts three critical values for the cycle time. The predicted maximum value for the cycle time C is consistent with the lifetime of the host. The predicted minimum value for C is consistent with the time for transit through the intestinal tract without colonization. Finally, the theory predicts an optimum value of C that is in agreement with the observed frequency for E. coli colonizing the human intestinal tract.
Designing ultra-thin planar inverted-F antennas

A new technique to design ultra-thin planar inverted-F antennas is introduced using which the heights of (planar inverted-F antennas) PIFAs can be reduced by more than 50%. An antenna design example for 900 MHz cellular phones is presented. Experimental data on bandwidth, possible multi-band operation, and other PCB aspects are presented.
Toward an Economy of Activist Literacies in Composition Studies: Possibilities for Political Disruption

Article for LiCS special issue The New Activism: Composition, Literacy Studies, and Politics.
USING SELF‐MANAGEMENT INTERVENTIONS TO ADDRESS GENERAL EDUCATION BEHAVIORAL NEEDS: ASSESSMENT OF EFFECTIVENESS AND FEASIBILITY

A comprehensive self-management intervention was utilized to increase the on-task behavior of three African American students within an urban middle-school setting. The intervention was designed to necessitate minimal management on the part of the general education classroom teacher by utilizing an electronic prompting device, as well as a centralized intervention coordinator for the management of training, implementation, and progress monitoring. Results suggested that implementation of the intervention resulted in improvement in on-task behavior across all three students; however, problems with inconsistent implementation necessitated that modifications be made to the intervention procedures. Implications for the design and implementation of self-management interventions within general education secondary-level settings are discussed.
A secreted 80 × 10(3) Mr protein mediates sensing of cell density and the onset of development in Dictyostelium

In submerged monolayer culture, Dictyostelium cells can differentiate into prespore and prestalk cells at high cell densities in response to cAMP but not at low cell densities. However, cells at low densities will differentiate in medium taken from developing cells starved at a high density. The putative factor in the medium was designated CMF for conditioned medium factor (Mehdy and Firtel, Molec. cell. Biology 5, 705–713, 1985). In this report, we size-fractionate conditioned medium and show that the activity that allows low density cells to differentiate can be separated into high and low Mr (relative molecular mass) fractions. Interestingly, the two fractions both have the same activity and do not need to be combined to allow differentiation. The large conditioned medium factor is a protein, as determined by trypsin sensitivity, that can be purified to a single 80 × 10(3) Mr band on a silver-stained SDS-polyacrylamide gel, and has CMF activity at a concentration of approximately 4 pM (0.3 ng ml-1). Our results suggest that CMF is a secreted factor that functions in vivo as an indicator of cell density in starved cells. At high cell densities, the concentration of CMF is sufficient to enable cells to enter the multicellular stage of the developmental cycle. When present below a threshold concentration, cells do not initiate the expression of genes required for early development. This factor plays an essential role in the regulatory pathway necessary for cells to obtain the developmental competence to induce prestalk and prespore gene expression in response to cAMP.
Health care changes from a public health perspective: implications for optometry-ophthalmology relations.

Background Within the past 20 years, the professional scope, predominant mode of practice, and methods of reimbursement for optometric services have evolved due to technological and professional growth, and external factors. Methods Public health constructs are used to discuss several influential external factors affecting optometry's evolution and future. Results The public health perspective provides insights on why certain changes in health care delivery have occurred, and are used to predict the structure of future eye and vision care in America. Conclusions The public health perspective underscores the need for proactive, collaborative involvement by optometrists and ophthalmologists to ensure some semblance of rational change in eye care delivery in the current hyperturbulent health reform environment.
Retinal folds in Terson syndrome.

Background: Perimacular retinal folds have been reported in the shaken baby syndrome, but have not been described in adults with Terson syndrome. Methods: The authors present two patients with perimacular retinal folds in adults with Terson syndrome. In one patient, electron microscopy was used to examine the membrane spanning the fold. Results: The membrane spanning the perimacular fold was found to be internal limiting membrane. The pathogenesis of these perimacular folds found in adults sustaining direct head trauma is probably different from that previously described for folds seen in infant eyes with shaken baby syndrome. Conclusions: Retinal folds occurring in Terson syndrome are clinically similar to those seen in the shaken baby syndrome.
Optical Fourier analysis of biological cell patterns

This paper presents the optical Fourier analysis of human corneal endothelial cell patterns. The quantitative analysis of human corneal endothelial cells patterns is analyzed with Fourier transform methods. The optical Fourier transform of the pattern of endothelial cell borders is analyzed to yield the average cell area and the coefficient of variation of the average cell area. The advantage of the Fourier transform analysis is the parallel processing of the optical Fourier transform and the potential development of a hybrid digital-optical device for the rapid analysis of large numbers of endothelial specular photomicrographs. The intensity distribution of the Fourier transform of binary images of endothelial cell patterns is detected with a wedge- ring detector. The radial and the angular distribution of intensity is analyzed and related to the cell size distribution in the input image.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Linear and nonlinear microrheology of lysozyme layers forming at the air–water interface

We report experiments studying the mechanical evolution of layers of the protein lysozyme adsorbing at the air–water interface using passive and active microrheology techniques to investigate the linear and nonlinear rheological response, respectively. Following formation of a new interface, the linear shear rheology, which we interrogate through the Brownian motion of spherical colloids at the interface, becomes viscoelastic with a complex modulus that has approximately power-law frequency dependence. The power-law exponent characterizing this frequency dependence decreases steadily with increasing layer age. Meanwhile, the nonlinear microrheology, probed via the rotational motion of magnetic nanowires at the interface, reveals a layer response characteristic of a shear-thinning power-law fluid with a flow index that decreases with age. We discuss two possible frameworks for understanding this mechanical evolution: gelation and the formation of a soft glass phase.
ASSOCIATION OF CHILDHOOD OBESITY-HYPOVENTILATION SYNDROME AND FAMILIAL DECREASED VENTILATORY RESPONSE TO HYPERCAPNIA

ASSOCIATION OF CHILDHOOD OBESITY-HYPOVENTILATION SYNDROME AND FAMILIAL DECREASED VENTILATORY RESPONSE TO HYPERCAPNIA
The effects of electronic portfolio tools on online students' perceived support and cognitive load

Abstract Although distance educators are adopting electronic portfolios (eportfolios) for purposes of assessment and collaboration, some researchers question their utility in these venues. In a setting where feelings of isolation and attrition are high, this study examined how eportfolios affect cognitive load and student perceptions of support. The study also examined whether embedded tutorials, examples and descriptions coupled with peer reviews reduced faculty coaching needs. Findings indicate that eportfolio tools had minimal effects on cognitive load although some formatting and sharing aspects frustrated students. Additionally, while participants asked the instructor for assignment clarification and feedback, they supported one another through peer reviews and discussion posts.
Ribonucleoprotein structure in nascent hnRNA is nonrandom and sequence-dependent.

Abstract We have studied the ribonucleoprotein morphology of nascent hnRNA using chromatin spreading methods. This approach allows visualization of multiple transcripts of the same DNA sequence. Thus the RNP structure of hnRNA molecules with the same nucleotide sequence can be compared. We find that RNP particles averaging 240 A in diameter occur on the majority of hnRNA transcription units, but that RNA fibrils are generally not completely covered with particles. Furthermore, the RNP particle location is nonrandom for the transcripts of a given gene. Particle number and arrangement on RNP fibrils vary from one transcription unit to the next, and are not obviously related to transcription unit size or activity. Analysis of particle location with respect to the 5′ RNA terminus allows RNP particle localization to homologous sequences of less than 500 ribonucleotides on the different fibrils of a single transcription unit. RNP particles assemble very soon after synthesis of the particular sequence. Sites of particle formation are distinct from sites of double-stranded hairpin loops on the RNA fibrils. A differential, or differentially stable, RNP structure with respect to RNA sequence may bear on mechanisms of specific hnRNA processing.
Endovaginal versus Transabdomrin Sonograh A Comparison of Adnexal Masses

Transabdominal and endovaginal sonograms of 40 patients with 48 nonuterine pelvic masses were reviewed retrospectively. The two techniques were compared with regard to the following characteristics of the mass: (1) size and visualization, (2) border thickness, and (3) internal architecture. A good correlation between transabdominal and endovaginal size measurements was observed in 75% of the cases. The endovaginal technique was better than the transabdominal technique in detecting thickened borders in 40% of the cases. Endovaginal demonstration of internal characteristics was also found to be superior to transabdominal in 60% of the cases. From this study, it is evident that transabdominal and endovaginal sonography each have their own limitations and advantages. For this reason, an optimal gynecologic study of the adnexa should include both techniques in order to arrive at proper clinical diagnoses.
Structure of DNMT1-DNA Complex Reveals a Role for Autoinhibition in Maintenance DNA Methylation

Maintenance of genomic methylation patterns is mediated primarily by DNA methyltransferase-1 (DNMT1). We have solved structures of mouse and human DNMT1 composed of CXXC, tandem bromo-adjacent homology (BAH1/2), and methyltransferase domains bound to DNA-containing unmethylated CpG sites. The CXXC specifically binds to unmethylated CpG dinucleotide and positions the CXXC-BAH1 linker between the DNA and the active site of DNMT1, preventing de novo methylation. In addition, a loop projecting from BAH2 interacts with the target recognition domain (TRD) of the methyltransferase, stabilizing the TRD in a retracted position and preventing it from inserting into the DNA major groove. Our studies identify an autoinhibitory mechanism, in which unmethylated CpG dinucleotides are occluded from the active site to ensure that only hemimethylated CpG dinucleotides undergo methylation.
The diabetic heart is more sensitive to ischemic injury

Clinical studies have suggested that the diabetic heart is more sensitive to ischemic injury than the non-diabetic heart. However, results from a number of experimental studies using animal models of diabetes reported no change, increased or decreased sensitivity to ischemia. The purpose of this review is to discuss the possible explanations for this apparent discrepancy. Analysis of the conflicting literature on this subject reveals a pattern which suggests that the disparity of experimental findings stems from differences in the duration and severity of the diabetic state, the ischemic flow rate and whether fatty acids are provided as an exogenous substrate. It appears that short-term or mild diabetes is associated with decreased sensitivity to zero-flow ischemic injury. However, as the duration or severity of diabetes increases, this beneficial effect disappears. The diabetic heart also appears to be more vulnerable to injury during low-flow ischemia and when elevated fatty acids are present.
Body size, ecological dominance and Cope's rule

We present data and analyses demonstrating that large species utilize a disproportionately large share of the resources within local ecosystems. Even though small species tend to have higher local population densities, these are not sufficient to compensate for their lower rates of energy use per individual. The relationship is very general; holding for example for birds, mammals, fish and plants. We suggest that several ecological advantages enable larger species and larger individuals within species to monopolize resources, and that the resulting selection pressures are responsible for the evolutionary trend towards increasing body size seen in many phyletic lineages. Our results contradict important studies1–4 that have concluded that species of small body size use at least as large a proportion of the resources within ecosystems as their larger relatives.
Psychological distress and the role of significant others in a population of gay/bisexual men in the era of HIV

This study, based on The Conservation of Resources Theory (COR), explores the relationship between social resources and psychological distress, as reported by gay/bisexual men who are at varying degrees of risk for HIV. This study involves theory-based stress research, and adds to the body of literature that addresses social support and gay men. Specific emphasis was placed on the process of social support by significant others in relationship to the devastating impact HIV has on the gay/bisexual community. The investigators employed an ex-post facto design that was guided by past and present theoretical and empirical data, and by specific research hypotheses. The findings suggest that facets of social support appear to be interactively related to the perceived threat of HIV in predicting distress. In general, this study supports COR theory in that resources were related to the experience of psychological distress, yet it emphasizes that the relationship between support and gay men is complex, and thus generalizations from findings based on research with the majority culture may not apply to a population of gay/bisexual men. Implications for future research are also provided.
Ophthalmic features of the organoid nevus syndrome.

Abstract BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: The organoid nevus (sebaceous nevus) syndrome is characterized primarily by cutaneous sebaceous nevus, seizures, and epibulbar choristomas. On the basis of ophthalmoscopic and computed tomographic studies, a yellow fundus lesion recently observed in this syndrome has been called a coloboma by some investigators and a choroidal osteoma by others. This study was undertaken to review our personal experience with the organoid nevus syndrome, to review the English language literature on the subject, and to address some misconceptions regarding its ocular manifestations. METHODS: We reviewed the records of patients with the organoid nevus syndrome who were personally evaluated by the investigators. The ocular findings were studied in more detail, with emphasis on the epibulbar and fundus lesions. RESULTS: We identified five patients with the organoid nevus syndrome. Four had a classic sebaceous nevus in the facial and scalp area, and 2 had seizures and arachnoid cysts. All 5 patients had an epibulbar tumor, which proved to be a complex choristoma in one case that was studied histopathologically. A characteristic ophthalmoscopic feature, observed in the 4 patients with clear ocular media, was a flat yellow discoloration of the posterior fundus, of variable size and shape, which appeared to correlate with a dense plaque noted on ultrasonography and computed tomography. In 1 case, histopathologic examination showed that this posterior lesion contained intrascleral cartilage. CONCLUSIONS: Our observations and a review of the literature indicated that the organoid nevus syndrome has varied manifestations. Like the closely related phakomatoses, it often occurs as a forme fruste, without full expression of the syndrome. The most important ocular manifestations are an epibulbar mass, compatible with a complex choristoma, and focal yellow discoloration in the fundus, probably related to intrascleral cartilage.
Measurement of capillary permeability to macromolecules by dynamic magnetic resonance imaging: A quantitative noninvasive technique

A simple, linear kinetic model has been developed for the noninvasive assessment of capillary permeability to macromolecules in the rat by dynamic magnetic resonance imaging using albumin-Gd-DTPA. Data required by the model are signal intensity responses from a target tissue and a venous structure such as inferior vena cava before and after bolus intravenous injection of albumin-Gd-DTPA. Additional requirements include an early temporal resolution of approximately one image/min and a blood sample for hematocrit. The model does not require measurement of albumin-Gd-DTPA concentration in either arterial or venous blood. Pilot experiments suggest that this technique is adequate for estimation of the fractional leak rate of macromolecules from plasma to interstitial water as well as tissue plasma volume, the product of which yields a measure of the permeability surface area product of the tissue if the extraction fraction is modest (< 0.2). The technique may be generally applicable to the study of abnormal capillary permeability in humans as well as animals.
Perturbation of nonlinear operators and their parallel sum

On donne une version de la formule de Kubo A:B=s−lime →>0 (A+eI):(B+eI) pour A et B des operateurs non lineaires
Stimulation of Photosystem I-induced oxidation of chloroplast cytochrome b-559 by preillumination and by low pH

(1) The proportion of higher plant chloroplast cytochrome b-559 oxidizable during illumination by low intensity 732 nm light increases as the pH is decreased below 6.5. At pH 5.0–5.3 total oxidation is seen and subsequent red light can cause reduction of up to 23 of the oxidized cytochrome. The oxidation by far red light at pH 5 is inhibited by 2 μM 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone whereas the red light-induced reduction is inhibited by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. In this pH range ferricyanide-oxidized cytochrome b-559 exists in a form not reducible by ferrocyanide. (2) An increase in the amplitude of far-red induced oxidation also occurs at higher pH (up to pH 7.8) after pre-treatment of chloroplasts with substantially higher levels of light (approx. 106 ergs · cm−2 · s−1). The degree of light activation is pH dependent, being more pronounced at lower pH. After light activation, cytochrome b-559 can be completely oxidized by far-red light in a manner reversible by red light up to pH values of 6, and the curve describing the amplitude of far-red oxidation as a function of pH is shifted by 0.5–1.0 pH unit toward higher pH. Far-red oxidation and red light reduction are again inhibited by 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, respectively. (3) Light activation at pH 5.2–6.0 is also manifested in a small decrease in the amplitude of subsequent dark ferrocyanide reduction, and this decrease is inhibited by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (10 μM). (4) The effect of intramembranal acidity on the effective redox potential of cytochrome b-559 and its function is discussed.
Telepresence control of mobile robots - Kilauea Marsokhod experiment

Mobile robots will be a key requirement for future exploration of Mars. Mobility will be required to achieve the goals of the Mars Surveyor program and will be critical for science operations on Mars during future human missions. We describe here a field experiment to simulate science operations of a planetary surface rover on Mars and on the Moon. The Marsokhod planetary surface rover was deployed on Kilauea Volcano HI in February 1995 and operated via satellite communications from NASA Ames Research Center. Simulations of teleoperated rover missions on Mars and on the Moon were performed for three days each. During the simulations, science teams analyzed data from the Marsokhod and deduced the geologic setting and history of the field site. In the Mars simulation, the rover traversed 800 m of terrain, made observations at 8 science stations, and obtained several hundred images. We estimate that performing the same operation on Mars would require about 30 days. In the Lunar simulation, the rover was operated in real time with a continuous stereo video image transmission, and traversed 1.2 km in 15 hours of operation. The experiments show that mobile robots can be used to successfully perform field geology on other planets. We argue that rovers are needed for the Surveyor program to Mars which can traverse >10 km during a mission duration of one year. This capability could be achieved by cooperating with the Russians and using the Marsokhod rover.
Key indicators for plastics performance in consumer products

Two overriding characteristics for major applications of plastics in consumer products are: —the need for high volume production and —their exposure to hostile environments. Successful application and continued growth for plastics in these products requires knowledgeable prediction of performance in the process to produce the plastic part and in the environments to which it will be exposed during the product's lifetime. Progress on establishing relationships between material properties and structure are described with emphasis on response to melt process conditions and behavior when exposed to hostile environments. Commercial plastics and the processes by which they are converted into useful applications are complex systems. A multitude of interacting variables must be dealt with in order to achieve successful implementation in commercial products. Specific examples are discussed in the area of processing for non-Newtonian flow characteristics and overt effects in injection molding and extrusion, tailoring of polymers within established rheological limits and the influence of melt processing on physical and mechanical properties. The influence of application environments is discussed and specific examples are given for environmental stress cracking, stress-environment embrittlement and the effects of hot water solutions on polymer systems.
On Porosity Formation in Metal Matrix Composites Made with Dual-Scale Fiber Reinforcements Using Pressure Infiltration Process

This is the first such study on porosity formation phenomena observed in dual-scale fiber preforms during the synthesis of metal matrix composites (MMCs) using the gas pressure infiltration process. In this paper, different mechanisms of porosity formation during pressure infiltration of Al-Si alloys into Nextel™ 3D-woven ceramic fabric reinforcements (a dual-porosity or dual-scale porous medium) are studied. The effect of processing conditions on porosity content of the ceramic fabric infiltrated by the alloys through the gas PIP (PIP stands for “Pressure Infiltration Process” in which liquid metal is injected under pressure into a mold packed with reinforcing fibers.) is investigated. Relative density (RD), defined as the ratio of the actual MMC density and the density obtained at ideal 100 pct saturation of the preform, was used to quantify the overall porosity. Increasing the infiltration temperature led to an increase in RD due to reduced viscosity of liquid metal and enhanced wettability leading to improved feedability of the liquid metal. Similarly, increasing the infiltration pressure led to enhanced penetration of fiber tows and resulted in higher RD and reduced porosity. For the first time, the modified Capillary number (Ca*), which is found to predict formation of porosity in polymer matrix composites quite well, is employed to study porosity in MMCs made using PIP. It is observed that in the high Ca* regime which is common in PIP, the overall porosity shows a strong downward trend with increasing Ca*. In addition, the effect of matrix shrinkage on porosity content of the samples is studied through using a zero-shrinkage Al-Si alloy as the matrix; usage of this alloy as the matrix led to a reduction in porosity content.
Psychosocial adjustment after renal retransplants

Twenty-four patients who underwent more than one kidney transplant were interviewed to assess their psychosocial adaptation. Of these 24, we found 15 patients with a functioning kidney and 9 patients with a nonfunctioning transplant who were back on hemodialysis. In both groups, approximately 50% of the patients had life satisfaction ratings of "good" and "very good." The groups differed in two respects. Those with a functioning kidney had a higher employment rate and a better sexual functioning than the group on dialysis. We found many similarities in all other scored parameters (optimism, object relationships, coping devices, psychologic functioning). Denial was commonly used by most of the patients, but the group of patients who scored "good" and "very good" on life satisfaction more frequently utilized other coping devices, such as altruism, "feeling chosen," inner control, and activity than patients with "fair" or "poor" life satisfaction.
Autoradiographic analysis of muscarinic cholinergic and serotonergic receptor alterations following methamphetamine treatment

Autoradiographic examination of the response of muscarinic cholinergic (M1 and M2) receptors to multiple doses of methamphetamine has been performed in several regions of the rat brain. Both muscarinic receptor subtypes were identified with [3H]-N-methylscopolamine, while M1 receptors were specifically labeled with [3H]-pirenzepine. No change in muscarinic receptors labeled with [3H]-pirenzepine was found in any of the brain regions examined following methamphetamine treatment; however, [3H]-N-methylscopolamine binding was significantly reduced (24-40%). These results indicate that M1 receptors remained unchanged after the drug treatment, while M2 receptors were reduced in many areas of the rat central nervous system following multiple high doses of methamphetamine. Five doses of methamphetamine (6-hour interval between doses) were required to elicit the receptor changes in all brain regions analyzed. Within 7 days after drug treatment, the receptor number returned to control values in the affected brain areas. Additionally, the response of serotonin (5-HT1 and 5-HT2) receptors to methamphetamine was examined and found to be reduced in a few brain areas analyzed. The receptor changes were accompanied by METH-induced decreases in tyrosine hydroxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase activities.
For the Sake of Our Japanese Brethren: Assimilation, Nationalism, and Protestantism Among the Japanese of Los Angeles, 1895-1942

Introduction 1. A house divided: 1942 2. The faith of our forefathers: 1877-1918 3. What manner of men, women, and children: 1918-1942 4. Owe nothing to anyone: 1896-1941 5. Enter by the narrow gate: 1900-1940 6. Warm fellowship with others: 1900-1940 7. Serving two masters: 1924-1941 8. Render unto Caesar: 1918-1942 Epilogue Notes Bibliography Index.
Endogenous opiates inhibit gastric acid secretion induced by central administration of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)

Abstract Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) administered intraventricularly (ICV) to rats causes a dose-dependent increase in gastric acid secretion over a range of 0.01 μg to 10 μg in the pyloris ligated rat. The maximum increase in gastric acid secretion occurs in the first hour. This effect of TRH is not mediated by its metabolites, histidyl-proline diketopiperazine or pyroglutamyl-histidyl-proline (acid TRH). β-endorphin, D-alanine-methionine-enkephalin and the leucine-enkephalin precursor, dynorphin, all inhibit TRH-induced gastric acid secretion. Bombesin, which reduces basal gastric acid secretion had no effect on TRH-induced secretion.
Strategy in auditory recognition memory

Six male and six female undergraduates were presented with lists of up to six digits in length, each followed by a “probe” digit. They then searched the memorized lists for the presence or absence of the test item. Reaction times (RTs) were used to gain insight into the strategies employed in high-speed recognition scanning. This study showed parallel increases of RTs for both positive and negative responses as a function of list length (LL). However, the serial position of the probe digit produced no significant differences in average RTs. The experiment supports the indication of a serial exhaustive, as opposed to self-terminating search in high-speed scanning for “presence” in immediate memory.