cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
2-Hydroxychromene-2-carboxylic acid isomerase: a kappa class glutathione transferase from Pseudomonas putida.

The enzyme 2-hydroxychromene-2-carboxylic acid (HCCA) isomerase catalyzes the glutathione (GSH)-dependent interconversion (Keq = 1.5) of HCCA and trans-o-hydroxybenzylidene pyruvic acid (tHBPA) in the naphthalene catabolic pathway of Pseudomonas putida. The dimeric protein binds one molecule of GSH very tightly (Kd ≈ 5 nM) and a second molecule of GSH with much lower affinity (Kd ≈ 2 to 11 μM). The enzyme is unstable in the absence of GSH. The turnover number in the forward direction (47 s-1 at 25 °C) greatly exceeds off rates for GSH (koff ≈ 10-3 to 10-2 s-1 at 10 °C), suggesting that GSH acts as a tightly bound cofactor in the reaction. The crystal structure of the enzyme at 1.7 A resolution reveals that the isomerase is closely related to class kappa GSH transferases. Diffraction quality crystals could only be obtained in the presence of GSH and HCCA/tHBPA. Clear electron density is seen for GSH. Electron density for the organic substrates is located near the GSH and is best modeled to include both HCC...
Endothelin-stimulated human monocytes produce prostaglandin E2 but not leukotriene B4.

Abstract The activation and proliferation of a prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) producing monocyte/macrophage may play a major role in down-regulating immune function after injury. But the mechanism by which monocyte or macrophage activation occurs in injury is unknown. Endothelin is a 21-amino acid peptide produced by vascular endothelium in response to ischemia, injury, or endotoxin. Prior work from our laboratory has shown that endothelin increases intracellular calcium in monocytes and causes production of interleukins-6 and -8. In the data reported in this paper, 10 -9 M endothelin stimulated human monocytes to produce 1050 ± 63 pg/ml of PGE 2 at 6 hr and 1328 ± 47 pg/ml at 24 hr. This was nearly as much PGE 2 production as that by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) stimulation (1295 ± 47 pg/ml at 6 hr and 1506 ± 94 at 24 hr). Endothelin had no effect on production of leukotriene B4. Endothelin may play an important initiating role in post-traumatic immunosuppression.
What's New in Bone Biology

AbstractThe evolution of the skeletal system spans almost 4 billion years. During that time, a number of key regulatory molecules have appeared, including those belonging to the family of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Recent investigations have revealed that BMPs participate in pivotal embryological processes in addition to bone biology. Moreover, with the applications of immunolocalization techniques, it has become evident that BMPs are associated with several types of tissue pathoses. This paper will mention some of the roles implicated for BMPs in developmental biology, including limb and organ formation. Some comments will be reserved for the affiliation of BMPs and oncogenesis. A brief section will be devoted to potential clinical therapies for BMPs. (The J Histotechnol 20:235, 1997)
Post-inhibitory rebound of the b-wave of the pigeon ERG.

Im ERG von Tauben zeigen dieb-Wellen einen Ruckpralleffekt, «rebound effect», nach der Lichtadaptation. Dies scheint darauf hinzuweisen, dass wahrend der Lichtadaptation die bipolaren Zellen gehemmt werden.
Intergroup Affect and Social Judgment: Feelings as Inadmissible Information

Affective states can influence evaluative judgments by serving as a source of information in the judgment process. Stigmatized minority groups often elicit negative affective reactions and thus may suffer from the infusion of negative feelings into evaluative judgments made about them. However, a commitment to egalitarian ideals may lead social perceivers to seek to avoid being influenced by their negative affect towards minorities. It was predicted and found that negative feelings about a stigmatized social group (gay men and lesbians) would not be evident in explicit evaluations unless situational cues are present that provide a seemingly legitimate basis for negative evaluation other than the group stigma per se. Thus, even if perceivers consider their negative feelings about minority groups to be `inadmissible information,' when these feelings can be misattributed to some seemingly relevant feature other than the target group's identity, they can indeed result in substantially more negative evaluative...
Mechanical fatigue of a feldspathic dental porcelain

Abstract Ceramics are known to undergo chemical static fatique in the presence of moisture at ambient temperatures. However, until recently, it has been assumed that ceramic materials do not undergo mechanical fatigue. This study, using an indentation technique, demonstrated the existence of mechanically induced cyclic fatique in a feldspathic dental porcelain under ambient conditions. Growth rates (dc/dN) were consistent with the Paris Law, which is a power law function of the applied stress intensity range (ΔK) governing mechanical fatigue phenomena. A Paris exponent m of the order of 4, and a constant C of the order of 2×10−6 were calculated. The susceptibilities of a range of dental ceramics to mechanical fatigue, and the possible interaction between mechanical and chemical static fatigue must be investigated so that materials and techniques giving ceramic prostheses the longest possible lifetimes can be identified.
Depletion and bioavailability of 14C-oxibendazole residues in swine tissues

Abstract Groups of male swine were administered a single oral dose of 14 C-oxibendazole in a gelatin capsule at a level of 15 mg kg −1 bodyweight and killed after 10 h, 24h, and 7 days withdrawal. Combustion analysis indicated that liver was the only tissue which contained significant residues. Owing to the insolubility of oxibendazole, absorption was variable, especially at the early time points. Total residues were highest after 24h withdrawal (4 ppm) and depleted relatively slowly to approximately 1.8 ppm after 7 days. Extractable residues decreased from 35% to 11% over this same period. When 14 C-oxibendazole was fortified into control, lyophilized, pelleted swine liver and fed to rats utilizing the Gallo-Torres model, bioavailability was greater than 94%. In contrast, bioavailability was substantially reduced to approximately 40% when liver containing 14 C-oxibendazole residues from dosed swine was fed. This percentage remained constant for liver samples from the 24h or 7 day withdrawal swine. The data were consistent with the rapid metabolism of oxibendazole and the early formation of a high percentage of bound tissue residues. The significant differences in residue bioavailability and extraction efficiency between the fortified control and dosed tissues indicate that little, if any, parent oxibendazole is present in the dosed tissues, even at early withdrawal times. As non-bioavailable residues are of no toxicological concern, the 60% reduction in bioavailability is significant from a regulatory perspective. The wider safety margin, relative to the established acceptable daily intake (ADI) for oxibendazole, is beneficial to the consumer in terms of human food safety.
Genetic Variations in Interleukin-8 and Interleukin-10 Are Associated With Pain, Depressed Mood, and Fatigue in Lung Cancer Patients

Abstract Context A report by the National Cancer Institute identified that an important gap in symptom research is the investigation of multiple symptoms of cancer that might identify common biological mechanisms among cancer-related symptoms. Objectives We applied novel statistical methods to assess whether variants of 37 inflammation genes may serve as biologic markers of risk for severe pain, depressed mood, and fatigue in non-Hispanic white patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Methods Pain, fatigue, and depressed mood were assessed before cancer treatment. We used a generalized, multivariate, classification tree approach to explore the influence of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the inflammation genes in pain, depressed mood, and fatigue in lung cancer patients. Results Among patients with advanced-stage disease, interleukin (IL)-8-T251A was the most relevant genetic factor for pain (odds ratio [OR] = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.34–3.55, P = 0.001), depressed mood (OR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.14–1.0), and fatigue (OR = 2.07, 95% CI = 1.16–3.70). Among those with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer, variants in the IL-10 receptor were relevant for fatigue among women. Specifically, women with Lys_Glu or Glu_Glu genotype in the IL-10 gene had a 0.49 times lower risk of severe fatigue compared with those with Lys_Lys genotype (OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.25–0.92, P = 0.027). Among men with early-stage lung cancer, a marginal significance was observed for IL-1A C-889T, C/T, or T/T genotypes. These men had a lower risk of severe fatigue compared with those with C/C genotype (OR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.13–1.06). Conclusion The interaction of multiple inflammation genes, along with nongenetic factors, underlies the occurrence of symptoms. IL-8 and IL-10 may serve as potential targets for treating multiple symptoms of cancer.
Surface passivation and heterojunction cells on Si (100) and (111) wafers using dc and rf plasma deposited Si:H thin films

The structure of hydrogenated silicon (Si:H) films deposited by rf and dc plasma process on Si (100) and (111) wafers is correlated with the surface passivation quality and heterojunction cell performance. Microstructural defects associated with SiH2 bonding and apparent ion bombardment in dc plasmas have little or no adverse effect on passivation or cell properties, while presence of crystallinity in Si:H i layer severely deteriorates surface passivation and cell open circuit voltage (Voc). Excellent surface passivation (lifetime of >1ms) and high efficiency cells (>18%) with Voc of 694mV are demonstrated on n-type textured Czochralski wafer using dc plasma process.
A Kinetic Model for Calcium Dynamics in RAW 264.7 Cells: 1. Mechanisms, Parameters, and Subpopulational Variability

Calcium (Ca2+) is an important second messenger and has been the subject of numerous experimental measurements and mechanistic studies in intracellular signaling. Calcium profile can also serve as a useful cellular phenotype. Kinetic models of calcium dynamics provide quantitative insights into the calcium signaling networks. We report here the development of a complex kinetic model for calcium dynamics in RAW 264.7 cells stimulated by the C5a ligand. The model is developed using the vast number of measurements of in vivo calcium dynamics carried out in the Alliance for Cellular Signaling (AfCS) Laboratories. Ligand binding, phospholipase C-β (PLC-β) activation, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor (IP3R) dynamics, and calcium exchange with mitochondria and extracellular matrix have all been incorporated into the model. The experimental data include data from both native and knockdown cell lines. Subpopulational variability in measurements is addressed by allowing nonkinetic parameters to vary across datasets. The model predicts temporal response of Ca2+ concentration for various doses of C5a under different initial conditions. The optimized parameters for IP3R dynamics are in agreement with the legacy data. Further, the half-maximal effect concentration of C5a and the predicted dose response are comparable to those seen in AfCS measurements. Sensitivity analysis shows that the model is robust to parametric perturbations.
Monte Carlo simulations of small water clusters: microcanonical vs canonical ensemble

Abstract The meaning of the microcanonical and canonical ensembles is discussed in connection with the study of physical properties of small systems. Parallel tempering Monte Carlo is then applied to study the (H 2 O) 4 and (H 2 O) 8 clusters. The results show that the ensembles give similar average structural properties, but the canonical energy fluctuations are much larger than their microcanonical counterpart. These larger fluctuations are analyzed in terms of the thermal bath implicitly present in the canonical simulations.
Towards combination target-directed chemotherapy for chronic myeloid leukemia: Role of farnesyl transferase inhibitors

Abstract Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is arguably the best understood of all human malignancies. Its origins in the hematopoietic stem cell can be traced to a reciprocal translocation involving chromosomes 9 and 22, dubbed the Philadelphia chromosome, which is observed in essentially all patients. The resulting fusion gene, BCR/ABL , encodes an activated tyrosine kinase that can act alone to induce a CML-like syndrome in mouse models. These animal models have validated BCR/ABL as a target for the development of specific pharmaceutical inhibitors. The kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) is highly specific, effective, and minimally toxic, but may not effect cures as a single agent, particularly in patients with accelerated and blast-phase disease. Resistance to imatinib can confound therapy. Surprisingly, a high percentage of resistant cases manifest intact or augmented BCR/ABL signaling, suggesting that this oncoprotein, or signaling pathways emanating from it, remain viable targets. Combination chemotherapy is under active investigation, and among the most compelling strategies is dual treatment with agents that both target BCR/ABL signal transduction. BCR/ABL activates Ras, and compounds designed to antagonize Ras function called farnesyl transferase inhibitors (FTIs) have shown potent activity in vitro and in animal models of BCR/ABL-induced leukemia. Initial clinical trials in patients with refractory acute myeloid leukemia and CML in blast crisis have shown significant activity, suggesting that trials combining imatinib and FTIs are warranted. Semin Hematol 40(suppl 2):11-14. © 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Individualism and Its Discontents in Social Work: Proposing a Counternarrative for a New Vision of Social Work Theory and Practice

The ideology of individualism undermines the foundation of social work theory and practice. Hyper-individualism drives cultural systems and institutions, rendering the social work profession fundamentally incapable of promoting social change for social justice. A radical communitarian counternarrative provides a critical analysis of the disconnect between the needs of individuals and the capacity of communities to meet those needs. A real-world application of radical communitarian principles is demonstrated in cohousing, a contemporary movement in community building. The cohousing model shows how social work might reorient its vision for professional theory and practice.
Host genetics and diet, but not immunoglobulin A expression, converge to shape compositional features of the gut microbiome in an advanced intercross population of mice.

Individuality in the species composition of the vertebrate gut microbiota is driven by a combination of host and environmental factors that have largely been studied independently. We studied the convergence of these factors in a G10 mouse population generated from a cross between two strains to search for quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that affect gut microbiota composition or ileal Immunoglobulin A (IgA) expression in mice fed normal or high-fat diets. We found 42 microbiota-specific QTLs in 27 different genomic regions that affect the relative abundances of 39 taxa, including four QTL that were shared between this G10 population and the population previously studied at G4. Several of the G10 QTLs show apparent pleiotropy. Eight of these QTLs, including four at the same site on chromosome 9, show significant interaction with diet, implying that diet can modify the effects of some host loci on gut microbiome composition. Utilization patterns of IghV variable regions among IgA-specific mRNAs from ileal tissue are affected by 54 significant QTLs, most of which map to a segment of chromosome 12 spanning the Igh locus. Despite the effect of genetic variation on IghV utilization, we are unable to detect overlapping microbiota and IgA QTLs and there is no significant correlation between IgA variable pattern utilization and the abundance of any of the taxa from the fecal microbiota. We conclude that host genetics and diet can converge to shape the gut microbiota, but host genetic effects are not manifested through differences in IgA production.
A low-frequency model for wedge or pyramid absorber arrays-II: computed and measured results

Based on the theoretical model developed in Part I of this two-part paper, we present numerical results for the plane-wave reflection coefficient from arrays of pyramid-cone absorbers when the period of the array is smaller than half a wavelength. Comparison is made with results of a moment-method calculation, as well as with experimental measurements. The model is then used to modify the design of some existing types of commercially available absorbers for reduced reflection in the frequency range of 30-300 MHz. These improved absorbers have been installed in an anechoic chamber used for electromagnetic compatibility and electromagnetic interference (EMC/EMI) measurements. Site attenuation measurements from this chamber are presented which show closer correspondence to an ideal open-field test site. >
Defining the free-energy landscape of curvature-inducing proteins on membrane bilayers

Curvature-sensing and curvature-remodeling proteins, such as Amphiphysin, Epsin, and Exo70, are known to reshape cell membranes, and this remodeling event is essential for key biophysical processes such as tubulation, exocytosis, and endocytosis. Curvature-inducing proteins can act as curvature sensors; they aggregate to membrane regions matching their intrinsic curvature; as well as induce curvature in cell membranes to stabilize emergent high curvature, nonspherical, structures such as tubules, discs, and caveolae. A definitive understanding of the interplay between protein recruitment and migration, the evolution of membrane curvature, and membrane morphological transitions is emerging but remains incomplete. Here, within a continuum framework and using the machinery of Monte Carlo simulations, we introduce and compare three free-energy methods to delineate the free-energy landscape of curvature-inducing proteins on bilayer membranes. We demonstrate the utility of the Widom test particle (or field) insertion methodology in computing the excess chemical potentials associated with curvature-inducing proteins on the membrane---in particular, we use this method to track the onset of morphological transitions in the membrane at elevated protein densities. We validate this approach by comparing the results from the Widom method with those of thermodynamic integration and Bennett acceptance ratio methods. Furthermore, the predictions from the Widom method have been tested against analytical calculations of the excess chemical potential at infinite dilution. Our results are useful in precisely quantifying the free-energy landscape, and also in determining the phase boundaries associated with curvature-induction, curvature-sensing, and morphological transitions. This approach can be extended to studies exploring the role of thermal fluctuations and other external (control) variables, such as membrane excess area, in shaping curvature-mediated interactions on bilayer membranes.
Analysis of genetic stability at the EP300 and CREBBP loci in a panel of cancer cell lines

EP300 (p300) and CREBBP (CBP) are highly related transcriptional co-activators possessing histone acetyltransferase activity. These proteins have been implicated in coordinating numerous transcriptional responses that are important in the processes of proliferation and differentiation. A role for EP300 and CREBBP as tumor suppressors in cancer has been suggested by the fact that they are targeted by viral oncogenes; there is an increased incidence of hematologic malignancies in mice monoallelic for CREBBP; and loss, albeit at a low frequency, of both EP300 alleles in epithelial cancers has been observed. Because the level of EP300/CREBBP appears to have a critical effect on integrating certain transcriptional processes, we sought to determine whether a loss in the combined gene dosage of EP300 and CREBBP might play a role in cancer. Accordingly, we screened a panel of 103 cell lines for loss of heterozygosity and found 35 and 51% LOH for the CREBBP and EP300 loci, respectively. Concordant loss of CREBBP and EP300 was not associated with mutations in important regions of the remaining EP300 or CREBBP genes. In addition, there did not appear to be a statistically significant selection in cancer cells, stratified by various criteria, for the concordant loss of EP300 and CREBBP. We conclude that EP300 and CREBBP rarely act as classical tumor suppressors in human cancer.
A Texture-based Morphologic Enhancement Filter in Two-dimensional Thoracic CT scans

This paper presents a novel enhancement filter as a preprocessing step in the early detection of lung cancer. The identification and enhancement of the nodular structures is the initial stage in computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) for improving the sensitivity of nodule detection and reducing the number of false positives. Based on nodular texture feature and mathematical morphology, our proposed enhancement filter is simpler and automatic to extract and enhance the contrast of the region of interests (ROI) in thoracic computer tomography (CT) images. The proposed algorithm consists of the segmentation methods using gray-scale threshold, mathematical morphologic analysis and texture-based segmentation and the enhancement method using contrast limiting adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE). In our preprocessing stage, the automated segmentation and reconstruction of the pulmonary parenchyma has been performed. Then the ROI extraction based on nodular texture has been processed. Finally, the contrast of the ROI is enhanced by CLAHE. We applied our enhancement filter to two-dimensional (2D) CT images from LIDC using DICOM standards to show its effectiveness in the enhancement of the ROI. We believe that the enhancement filter developed in this study would be useful in the automated detection of nodules in 2D medical images.
Antiproteases and retinoids for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common, severe inflammatory condition of the respiratory tract for which there is an enormous worldwide pharmaceutical potential. Despite this, current pharmacotherapy for COPD is suboptimal. Consequently, there are legitimate reasons for seeking alternative therapies for COPD. Proteases may contribute to the pathophysiology of COPD, whilst retinoids may be involved in lung repair. Recent patent applications from a variety of pharmaceutical companies disclose an array of different structural classes of protease inhibitors and retinoid compounds that may be of benefit in COPD. The antiprotease compounds comprise inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases, including hydroxamic and carboxylic acid derivatives, lactams, β-amino acid derivatives and piperidine and piperazine derivatives, inhibitors of serine proteases, including guanidine derivatives, polypeptides and oxadiazole derivatives and inhibitors of cysteine proteases, including amide derivatives and nitr...
Burnout and Career Satisfaction Among US Oncologists

Purpose To evaluate the personal and professional characteristics associated with career satisfaction and burnout among US oncologists.
A method for producing digital probabilistic seismic landslide hazard maps

Abstract The 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake is the first earthquake for which we have all of the data sets needed to conduct a rigorous regional analysis of seismic slope instability. These data sets include: (1) a comprehensive inventory of triggered landslides, (2) about 200 strong-motion records of the mainshock, (3) 1:24 000-scale geologic mapping of the region, (4) extensive data on engineering properties of geologic units, and (5) high-resolution digital elevation models of the topography. All of these data sets have been digitized and rasterized at 10 m grid spacing using ARC/INFO GIS software on a UNIX computer. Combining these data sets in a dynamic model based on Newmark's permanent-deformation (sliding-block) analysis yields estimates of coseismic landslide displacement in each grid cell from the Northridge earthquake. The modeled displacements are then compared with the digital inventory of landslides triggered by the Northridge earthquake to construct a probability curve relating predicted displacement to probability of failure. This probability function can be applied to predict and map the spatial variability in failure probability in any ground-shaking conditions of interest. We anticipate that this mapping procedure will be used to construct seismic landslide hazard maps that will assist in emergency preparedness planning and in making rational decisions regarding development and construction in areas susceptible to seismic slope failure.
Colonization of successional grassland by Ulmus rubra Muhl. in relation to landscape position, habitat productivity, and proximity to seed source1

Abstract Evaluating the factors that regulate woody plant invasion into grassland is important for understanding the process of succession, for predicting potential impacts of global change on grassland ecosystem structure and function and for informing the restoration and management of grasslands. In this study we investigate factors influencing seedling establishment and spatial distribution of an invading native woody plant (Ulmus rubra Muhl.) across a heterogeneous successional grassland landscape in eastern Kansas. Using data collected from a landscape-level seedling census of an abandoned hayfield undergoing succession, we relate U. rubra stem abundance to landscape gradients in topographic position, soil texture, soil fertility, plant productivity, and proximity to seed sources. We also present results from a fertilization experiment to more directly evaluate the potential effect of grassland fertility and productivity on U. rubra invasion, independent from other potential causal factors that covar...
Torrefaction of Cellulosic Biomass Upgrading—Energy and Cost Model

The upgrading technology like torrefaction can convert biomass from a highly variable low density feedstock into a consistent high-energy-density commodity, which substantially reduce the production cost. The goal of this study was to quantify torrefaction as a transformative upgrading technology to break current cellulosic feedstock production cost barriers delivered to biorefinery. A robust and expanded torrefaction process simulation model having the capability to quantify biomass torrefaction energy and cost components was developed in Matlab Simulink. Simulation tests were carried out to analyze sensitivity of torrefied biomass energy and production cost scenarios in response to moisture content of corn stover using model key parameters. Torrefaction temperature at critical level is an important requirement for auto-thermal operation of torrefaction process, which can greatly reduce cost of energy requirement and also volatile waste stream. The process can generally be operated as auto-thermal at the temperature 240 0C and above depending upon moisture content of corn stover. For higher torrefaction temperatures of 240, 260, 280, and 300 0C, the rate of increase in cost is gradually linear up to 10, 30, 40, and 50 % moisture content respectively, where torrefaction energy requirement can be met by flue gas energy until this moisture content and above which the operation requires external energy supply (auto thermal operation). For a typical 30 % moisture content of corn stover the normalized net energy ratio is around 0.86 at 240 0C. Torrefaction upgrading should be considered over a minimum 4-month operational period in order to begin minimize production cost. The modeling approach demonstrated in this study may be extended to cost effective and quality enhancing pretreatment of a broad spectrum of other biomass feedstocks and thereby create opportunities in a variety of biorefineries ranging from cellulosic bio-coal to ethanol.
Low power memory architectures for video applications

We provide data and insight into how the choice of cache parameters affects memory power consumption of video algorithms. We make use of memory traces generated as a result of running typical MPEG-2 motion estimation algorithms to simulate a large number of cache configurations. The cache simulation data is then combined with on-chip and off-chip memory power models to compute memory power consumption. In the area of analysis of video algorithms, this paper focuses on the following issues: we provide a detailed study of how varying cache size, block size, and associativity affects memory power consumption. The configurations of particular interest are the ones that optimize power under certain constraints. We also study the role of process technology in these experiments. In particular, we look at how moving to a more advanced process technology for the on-chip cache affects optimal points of operation with respect to memory power consumption.
Facile micropatterning of dual hydrogel systems for 3D models of neurite outgrowth

Understanding how microenvironmental factors influence neurite growth is important to inform studies in nerve regeneration, plasticity, development, and neurophysiology. In vitro models attempting to more accurately mimic the physiological environment by provision of a 3D growth matrix may provide useful foundations. Some limitations of thick 3D culture models include hampered solute transport, less-robust neurite growth than on 2D substrates, and difficulty in achieving spatial control of growth. To this end, we describe a 3D dual hydrogel model for embryonic rat day 15 dorsal root ganglion tissue explant growth using a digital micromirror device for dynamic mask projection photolithography. The photolithography method developed allowed simple, reproducible, one-step fabrication of thick hydrogel constructs on a variety of substrates, including permeable cell culture inserts. The relationships between projected mask size, crosslinked hydrogel resolution, and gel thickness were characterized, and resolution was found generally to decrease with increasing gel thickness. Cell viability in thick (481 μm) hydrogel constructs was significantly greater on permeable supports than glass, suggesting transport limitations were somewhat alleviated. The observed neurite growth was abundant and occurred in a spatially controlled manner throughout the 3D environment, a crucial step in the quest for a more effective biomimetic model of neurite outgrowth.
Spreading depolarization in the brainstem mediates sudden cardiorespiratory arrest in mouse SUDEP models

Cardiorespiratory collapse after a seizure is the leading cause of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) in young persons, but why only certain individuals are at risk is unknown. To identify a mechanism for this lethal cardiorespiratory failure, we examined whether genes linked to increased SUDEP risk lower the threshold for spreading depolarization (SD), a self-propagating depolarizing wave that silences neuronal networks. Mice carrying mutations in Kv1.1 potassium channels (−/−) and Scn1a sodium ion channels (+/R1407X) phenocopy many aspects of human SUDEP. In mutant, but not wild-type mice, seizures initiated by topical application of 4-aminopyridine to the cortex led to a slow, negative DC potential shift recorded in the dorsal medulla, a brainstem region that controls cardiorespiratory pacemaking. This irreversible event slowly depolarized cells and inactivated synaptic activity, producing cardiorespiratory arrest. Local initiation of SD in this region by potassium chloride microinjection also elicited electroencephalographic suppression, apnea, bradycardia, and asystole, similar to the events seen in monitored human SUDEP. In vitro study of brainstem slices confirmed that mutant mice had a lower threshold for SD elicited by metabolic substrate depletion and that immature mice were at greater risk than adults. Deletion of the gene encoding tau, which prolongs life in these mutants, also restored the normal SD threshold in Kv1.1-mutant mouse brainstem. Thus, brainstem SD may be a critical threshold event linking seizures and SUDEP.
Housing Price Indices Based on All Transactions Compared to Repeat Subsamples

The set of real properties sold during a given period of time may be subdivided into several subsets comprising those properties that sold only once, only twice, and three or more times. The major reason for subdividing the sample is to allow estimation of residential price indices by the repeat-sales methodology. The purpose of this paper is to compare price indices estimated with the repeat subsample to indices based on the entire sample. Our data for five metropolitan areas indicate that cumulative price trends for the repeat subsamples can differ from the full samples over periods ranging from two to ten quarters. While short-term price trends can differ widely, there are no systematic differences among the samples over periods of three years or more. The data indicate that arbitrage typically forces prices for the repeat sample to grow at the same rate as those for the full sample. Whether this would be the case in areas experiencing greater disequilibrium than our towns in the Hartford area is uncertain.
View adaptive detection and distributed site wide tracking

Using a detect and track paradigm, we present a surveillance framework where each camera uses local resources to perform real-time person detection. These detections are then processed by a distributed site-wide tracking system. The detectors themselves are based on boosted user-defined exemplars, which capture both appearance and shape information. The detectors take integral images of both intensity and Sobel responses as input. This data representation enables efficient processing without relying on background subtraction or other motion cues. View-specific person detectors are constructed by iteratively presenting the boosting algorithm with training data associated with each individual camera. These detections are then transmitted from a distributed set of tracking clients to a server, which maintains a set of site-wide target tracks. Automatic calibration methods allow for tracking to be performed in a ground plane representation, which enables effective camera hand-off. Factors such as network latencies and scalability will be discussed.
Methods for improving the stability of electromagnetic geophysical inversions

Two methods are presented for improving the stability of geophysical inversions. The first method uses the weighted-least-squares technique to reduce the effects of additive noise in the measurement data. This is accomplished by giving a lesser weight to those measurements that are thought to be more noisy. Some simulations are presented that demonstrate the effectiveness of this method. In addition, the authors explore the possibility of using postreconstruction image processing to reduce the effects of noise in the measurements. A novel technique, referred to as minimax partitioning, is developed. This method, in conjunction with image filtering is used to locate high-contrast anomalies in a region. Examples are presented that show the superiority of this partitioning scheme over other techniques. >
Health effects of low level radiation: Carcinogenesis, teratogenesis, and mutagenesis

The carcinogenic effects of radiation have been demonstrated at high dose levels. At low dose levels, such as those encountered in medical diagnosis, the magnitude of the effect is more difficult to quantify. Three reasons for this difficulty are (1) the effects in human populations are small compared with the natural incidence of cancer in the populations; (2) it is difficult to transfer results obtained in animal studies to the human experience; and (3) the effects of latency period and plateau increase the complexity of population studies. In spite of these difficulties, epidemiologic studies of human populations exposed to low levels of radiation still play a valuable role in the determination of radiation carcinogenecity. They serve to provide upper estimates of risk and to rule out the appearance of new effects that may be masked by the effects of high doses. While there is evidence for mutagenic effects of radiation in experimental animals, no conclusive human data exist at the present. It is not possible to rule out the presence of genetic effects of radiation in humans, however, because many problems exist with regard to the epidemiologic detection of small effects when the natural incidence is relatively large. In animals, subtle effects (eg, a decrease in the probability of survival from egg to adult) may occur with greater frequency than more dramatic disorders in irradiated populations. However, these types of genetic abnormalities are difficult to quantitate. Current risk estimates are based primarily upon data pertaining to dominant mutations in rodents. Some specific locus studies also permit identification of recessive mutation rates. The embryo and fetus are considered to be at greater risk for adverse effects of radiation than is the adult. This sensitivity was predicted in 1906 by the law of Bergonie and Tribondeau and has been demonstrated in human and animal populations. At high dose levels (above 15 rem), the effects of radiation depend upon the gestational stage at which irradiation occurs. Prior to the second week, the predominant effect is preimplantation death, while during the period of major organogenesis (second to sixth week), growth retardation and CNS abnormalities may be produced. These effects have not been demonstrated with a high degree of statistical significance at low dose levels (below 15 rem) and are not considered to present a serious hazard for patients undergoing radiologic exams.
Linearly polarized planar antenna array with large scan angle for automotive satellite TV reception

A fixed beam linearly polarized array for automotive satellite reception suitable for large scan angles has been demonstrated. Using the fixed beam subarray is the key to reduce the number of phase shifters at the cost of quantization errors and increased grating lobes. The azimuth beam steering is achieved mechanically utilizing an electronically controlled motor. The fixed beam array was successfully tested to receive actual satellite TV signals at locations where satellite view angle was close to 32deg.
Persistence of Low-Volume and Standard Formulations of Malathion on Lima Bean Foliage

Chemical analyses and bioassays showed that applications of low-volume (LV) undiluted technical malathion applied in the laboratory to lima bean foliage with apparatus that insured uniform distribution produced a higher initial residue than formulations of malathion in an oil solution or in water emulsion, probably because degradation took place at different rates. An initial residue of LV malathion of 6.25 µg/cm2 declined to 1.2 µg/ cm2 in 8 days and dropped below detectable limits in 12 days. Initial residues of 5.2 or 4.5 µg/cm2 of malathion from the water and oil formulations declined to 2.9 and 2.1 µg/cm2, respectively, in 2 days and dropped below detectable limits in 4 days. When adult Mexican bean beetles, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, were fed leaves treated with the 3 formulations, the bioassays correlated well with chemical analyses. No mortality occurred on 9-day-old residues from the water or oil formulations, but 70% mortality occurred on 22-day-old residues from LV applications. Washing removed residues completely from leaves treated with the water emulsion, removed an intermediate amount from leaves treated with the oil formulation, and removed the least when LV applications were made.
EVOLUTIONARY PATHWAYS OF THE SENECIO LAUTUS ALLIANCE IN NEW ZEALAND AND AUSTRALIA

The name Senecio lautus Willd. has recently been restricted to a variable New Zealand herb with 20 pairs of chromosomes (Ornduff, 1960). Other authors have considered the name applicable to plants found both in Australia and New Zealand (see Bentham, 1866; Rodway, 1903; Cheeseman, 1925; Allan, 1961). All have commented on the great variability of this "species" throughout its range. Senecio lautus is represented by two subspecies: lautus and carnosulus (fig. 1B, C, D). Both are coastal but the latter is a fleshy, maritime race. A close relative of S. lautus is S. sterquilinus, an endemic of guano-derived soils on small islands near the coasts of the North and South islands of New Zealand (Ornduff, 1960; fig. 1A) . Although morphologically and ecologically distinct, these two species are infertile under artificial conditions, reflecting a close genetic relationship. No adequate taxonomic treatment exists for the related Australian group, which includes a number of races exhibiting a complex pattern of variation. Included in it are annual and perennial herbs of various habits which range from the coast to alpine areas in subhumid to mesothermal Australia. When this group has been thoroughly investigated, it is likely that several species will be recognized. But because of the impossibility of giving appropriate binomials to the Australian plants, all plants used in the crossing program described below have been designated by abbreviations referring to their place of origin (table 1; fig. 2). In this paper, the term "S. lautus alliance" covers the two species mentioned above from New Zealand and a poorly defined related group of Australian plants. All members of the alliance have n = 20.
The road to recovery: Overcoming service failures through positive emotions

Abstract This research builds upon a service recovery framework, providing new perspectives on the role of two discrete, positive emotions – gratitude and pride – in process-oriented service failure and service recovery encounters. Specifically, this research demonstrates that recovery actions are appraised and trigger these emotions to promote the positive satisfaction–RPI link. Study 1 highlights the importance of service providers' recovery intentions, finding that benevolent motivations can be appraised to elicit gratitude and mediate the effects of recovery actions on outcomes. Study 2 reveals the effects of the agent responsible for the service recovery, showing that positive effects of service provider and customer initiated recovery determines whether gratitude or pride is elicited, with both emotions promoting favorable effects. Implications of these service provider recovery strategies are discussed along with suggestions that further investigations move away from global emotions and toward discrete emotions to further understand the existing service recovery framework.
Divine Incomprehensibility: Can We Know The Unknowable God?

Christians traditionally hold that we know God as God is revealed to us, but that we do not know God in essence, as God is in himself. But that raises the question of whether God as revealed (GR) accurately represents God’s essence (GE). Perhaps, given our cognitive limitations, God logically cannot reveal the divine essence to us. Or perhaps God knows that it would not be good for us were he to do so. Descartes raised the possibility that God is an Evil Genius who systematically misleads us. This paper explores several attempts to build a bridge from GR to GE. All appear to have serious limitations. It concludes that, contrary to much of the tradition, GR does (in part) reveal God’s essence to us.
Micropuncture study of the effect of ANP on the papillary collecting duct in the rat.

Micropuncture collections were obtained from the terminal collecting duct (CD) at base and tip of the renal papilla of the rat. Group 1 was studied before and during infusion with atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), group 2 was administered the vehicle only, and group 3 received acetazolamide to increase sodium delivery to the base to a similar extent as after ANP. ANP caused a decrease in blood pressure, a slight increase in GFR, natriuresis, and diuresis. Sodium delivery to the collecting duct at the base of the papilla increased. Between base and tip, sodium reabsorption was inhibited. Tubule fluid sodium concentration (TFNa) was increased at the base and remained high at the tip; in contrast TFNa fell between base and tip in control and acetazolamide groups. After acetazolamide, sodium reabsorption in the terminal CD was not inhibited. These results demonstrate that in vivo ANP 1) increases the delivery of sodium to the terminal CD and 2) inhibits sodium reabsorption in the terminal CD. The findings for...
Genetics in cancer prediction, screening, and counseling: Part I, Genetics in cancer prediction and screening.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To review molecular biology and gene technology as they relate to cancer prediction and screening. DATA SOURCES Published professional articles, texts, and proceedings; computerized data bases. DATA SYNTHESIS Basic principles of inheritance and mutations; a discussion of proto-oncogenes, oncogenes, and anti-oncogenes; a summary of gene-mapping techniques; and a review of genes linked to familial, breast, ovarian, and colorectal cancers. CONCLUSIONS Most human cancers are influenced genetically but are not inherited. Discoveries about cancer genes play a major role in identifying individuals and families who are likely to develop cancer. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE Nurses need to heighten their awareness of this science and its ramifications, which ultimately will affect recommendations for early detection and screening.
Gaining Scientific Knowledge from Others

This chapter explores how we gain knowledge from other people. In particular two of the primary ways that we come to have social evidence are explored. The first is the most prevalent form of social evidence: testimony. This chapter examines some of the best explanations of how it is that we come to have knowledge via the testimony of others. The second way that we come to have social evidence is by learning of disagreements. This chapter explores the epistemic significance of disagreement as it occurs in science. In particular it discusses how we should respond when we discover that someone disagrees with us about a scientific claim. When we discover that equally informed experts in an area of science disagree we should refrain from believing one side or the other is correct until we have further deciding evidence. When novices discover that experts disagree with them concerning a scientific claim, the novices should defer to the experts.
CHAPTER 19 – Sclerosing Bony Dysplasia

This chapter focuses on various sclerosing bony dysplasias. Osteosclerosis and hyperostosis refer to trabecular and cortical thickening, respectively and this descriptive approach to bony dysplasias has provided a means of classifying these disorders into two major groups: those resulting from defects in endochondral bone formation (primarily affecting all bone, trabecular and cortical) and those resulting from defects in intramembranous bone formation (primarily affecting cortical bone). Clinically, these disorders follow two distinctive patterns. Those affecting endochondral bone formation result in a marked deformity of the skeleton because of the defects in formation, modeling, and remodeling of bone. These defects affect the entire skeleton. Defects in intramembranous bone do not affect growth and modeling. Thus, these patients tend to have more localized skeletal defects. Although the etiology remains an imbalance between formation and resorption, the chapter discusses the concept, based on known genetic defects, that the skeletal dysplasias results from specific genetic defects resulting in excessive formation of bone by osteoblasts or from defects in bone resorption by osteoclasts.