cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developing a high-quality scoring function for membrane protein structures based on specific inter-residue interactions

Membrane proteins are of particular biological and pharmaceutical importance, and computational modeling and structure prediction approaches play an important role in studies of membrane proteins. Developing an accurate model quality assessment program is of significance to the structure prediction of membrane proteins. Few such programs are proposed that can be applied to a broad range of membrane protein classes and perform with high accuracy. We developed a new model scoring function Interaction-based Quality assessment (IQ), based on the analysis of four types of inter-residue interactions within the transmembrane domains of helical membrane proteins. This function was tested using three high-quality model sets: all 206 models of GPCR Dock 2008, all 284 models of GPCR Dock 2010, and all 92 helical membrane protein models of the HOMEP set. For all three sets, the scoring function can select the native structures among all of the models with the success rates of 93, 85, and 100% respectively. For comparison, these three model sets were also adopted for a recently published model assessment program for membrane protein structures, ProQM, which gave the success rates of 85, 79, and 92% separately. These results suggested that IQ outperforms ProQM when only the transmembrane regions of the models are considered. This scoring function should be useful for the computational modeling of membrane proteins.
Analyzing and defending against web-based malware

Web-based malware is a growing threat to today's Internet security. Attacks of this type are prevalent and lead to serious security consequences. Millions of malicious URLs are used as distribution channels to propagate malware all over the Web. After being infected, victim systems fall in the control of attackers, who can utilize them for various cyber crimes such as stealing credentials, spamming, and distributed denial-of-service attacks. Moreover, it has been observed that traditional security technologies such as firewalls and intrusion detection systems have only limited capability to mitigate this new problem.In this article, we survey the state-of-the-art research regarding the analysis of—and defense against—Web-based malware attacks. First, we study the attack model, the root cause, and the vulnerabilities that enable these attacks. Second, we analyze the status quo of the Web-based malware problem. Third, three categories of defense mechanisms are discussed in detail: (1) building honeypots with virtual machines or signature-based detection system to discover existing threats; (2) using code analysis and testing techniques to identify the vulnerabilities of Web applications; and (3) constructing reputation-based blacklists or smart sandbox systems to protect end-users from attacks. We show that these three categories of approaches form an extensive solution space to the Web-based malware problem. Finally, we compare the surveyed approaches and discuss possible future research directions.
Cerebrospinal fluid markers in multiple sclerosis: an overview:

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), with its protein markers, is a formidable material for investigating the relationships among the various cell types involved during the initial phase of plaque formation, or, successively, in the remyelination process. Its analysis may give definite help in better focusing on therapeutic objectives and therapeutic tools. Therefore, the possible use of CSF MBP, S-100, GFAP, N-CAM, NGF, and CNTF in pathogenetic studies and in clinical follow-up is critically reviewed. The need for correct interpretation of the data, for uniformity and reliability of the analytical methods, and for easy access to them is stressed. CSF examination and MRI should not be considered as alternative tools, or in competition, but should be used together, to take the maximum advantage of their individual possibilities.
Color, Luminance, and the Detection of Visual Motion:

10. E.A. Wasserman, The pecking pigeon: A model of complex visual processing, Contemporary Psychology, 36, 605-606 (1991). 11. E.A. Wasserman, Comparative cognition: Beginning the second century of the study of ani mal intelligence, Psychological Bulletin, 113, 211 228 (1993); E.A. Wasserman, Comparative cogni tion: Toward a general understanding of cognition in behavior, Psychological Science, 4, 156-161 (1993).
Environmentally-stable femtosecond ytterbium fiber laser with birefringent photonic bandgap fiber

We demonstrate for the first time an environmentally-stable, passively mode-locked ytterbium fiber laser with a birefringent hollow-core fiber for polarization and dispersion control. The laser generates 1-nJ pulses, which are dechirped to 70 fs.
Pragmatic support for policies on methodology

This final chapter summarizes the areas of consensus in the debate on method choice, including considering the nature of the primary evaluation questions, the nature of the phenomenon being evaluated, the constraints on the evaluation, and ethical issues. Pragmatic suggestions based on these areas as well as areas still in contention are offered.
Actions of Mescaline on Isolated Rat Atria

Mescaline, in concentrations of 5 × 10− 4 and 1 × 10− 3 M, produced negative chronotropic and positive inotropic responses in isolated, spontaneously beating rat atria. In tissues driven at a constant rate, the inotropic response was diminished greatly, indicating that the increment in the force of contraction was secondary to the reduction in rate. These chronotropic and inotropic responses were not altered consistently by pretreatment with the histamine antagonists chlorpheniramine and metiamide.
The dynamics of the prevalence of chronic episodic disease.

Abstract The often-cited equation prevalence equals incidence times average duration is not appropriate for diseases that run an episodic course. In this paper, we develop an alternative model; prevalence equals the product of incidence, average episode duration and average number of episodes. Heuristic models of the distribution of episode duration and of the distribution of number of episodes are proposed. The validity of these models is assessed for a chronic episodic disease—schizophrenic psychosis. The proposed models are recommended by their simplicity and the ease of interpretation of their parameters.
The History of Medicine: An Annotated List of Key Reference Works

This annotated bibliography of reference works or “secondary sources” in the history of medicine was prepared to assist people interested in reading or writing about medical history. The list inclu...
Lateralized Differences Associated with Semantically Varied Auditory Material

EEGs were recorded from 13 subjects while they listened to four tape-recorded passages differing in semantic content. The distribution of alpha band power over the two hemispheres, measured at T3/T4, was found to show significant task-dependent shifts. More reality-oriented passages tended to be processed with greater left-hemisphere involvement, while “pleasurable” material showd significant right-hemisphere involvement. Since the differences in laterality were not related to grammatical measures of linguistic complexity, the apparent shifts were attributed to semantic differences between the tasks. Explanation of the results is made in terms of a theory of the metacontrol of cerebral processing.
Persistence of the SV40 early region without expression in permissive simian cells.

Abstract SV40 containing recombinant vectors were introduced into permissive simian, non-permissive rodent and semi-permissive human cell lines, and assayed for transformation. All mouse and human cell clones expressed T-antigen (T-Ag) and were morphologically transformed when they contained only the wt T-Ag gene (E-SV40) or the entire wt viral genome with an interrupted late region. However, of 63 simian clones with these recombinant vectors, none became morphologically transformed and T-Ag containing cells were rare or absent. Nearly all simian cell lines made either no detectable early SV40 RNA or only small amounts of viral RNA but contained viral DNA restriction fragments similar to those in the original recombinant vectors. Functional T-Ag genes were recoverable from several cell clones and used to regenerate infectious virus. Hence, T-Ag gene expression had been suppressed. We found two conditions where T-Ag expression was activated. In a BSC-1 cell line containing E-SV40 DNA, subsequent introduction of a vector with a functional viral late coding region (L-SV40) resulted in the appearance of T-Ag and transformation. These findings suggest that L-SV40 sequences activate or enhance T-Ag expression and that this activation requires a functional Vpl gene. We found also, that vectors with E-SV40 DNA from the bipartite variant EL-SV40 consistently transformed simian CV-1 cells. Transformation was shown to be effected by the multiple alterations present in the regulatory region of this variant.
Utilization of potato genetic resources in variety development

Potato varieties of Europe, widely grown prior to the late blight epidemic of the 1840s, were apparently derived mainly from ChileanSolanum tuberosum Group (Gp) Tuberosum and with contributions from Gp Andigena. A small number of these old varieties had field resistance and consequently survived the late blight. These survivors, along with a limited number of 19th and early 20th century introductions, provided the very narrow genetic base for our modern potato variety development. Beginning in the first half of the 20th century, resistance to diseases and pests from exotic species and primitive relatives was backcrossed into the existing parental stocks, with little improvement in broadening of the genebase. By the 1980s, 77% of European and somewhat fewer North American varieties had genes, derived by backcrossing, fromS. demissum (late blight resistance) and Andigena (resistance to cyst nematode). Broadening of the Tuberosum genebase was undertaken in 1959 by creating long-day adapted Neo-Tuberosum (N-T) from large populations of Andigena. This took six or more cycles of recurrent mass selection. Simmonds, in England, was the first to begin this work, followed shortly after by Plaisted, in the U.S., and Tarn, in Canada. Varieties with N-T in their pedigrees include the New York releases “Rosa”, which is 50% N-T, and “Eva”, 25% N-T. The Tuberosum genebase has also been broadened with diploid Gp Phureja resulting in the releases of “Yukon Gold,”with yellow flesh and high internal quality, and “NorValley,”a chipper with resistance to cold sweetening. Over 5000 accessions of about 150 wild species are available to breeders from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Research Support Project 6 (NRSP-6) genebank. Many of these accessions have been evaluated for resistance to diseases and pests as well as other important traits. Six genebanks in other countries also have many accessions for breeders. These seven collections are a great source of valuable traits for breeding, but remain under-utilized, mainly because of the time and additional resources required in eliminating the “wildness”characters associated with the desired traits. “Pre-breeding”is needed to help breeders utilize the many needed genes and alleles in the wild species. There now are two projects with pre-breeding as an objective in the U.S., one at Madison, WI, and the other at Prosser, WA. Resistance to cold sweetening (low sugar build up in cold storage) has been backcrossed from several wild species into the Tuberosum background, as has resistance to late blight, the Columbia rootknot nematode, and the potato leafroll virus (PLRV). Resistance to potato virus Y (PVY) and PLRV obtained from N-T has been incorporated into Tuberosum parental stocks. Durable resistance to late blight in Polish breeding stocks, withS. demissum andS. stoloniferum background, and in improved Bolivian and Peruvian Andigena has also been utilized by North American programs.
A knowledge based approach for selecting energy-aware and comfort-driven HVAC temperature set points

Abstract HVAC systems are responsible for providing acceptable thermal conditions and indoor air quality for building occupants. Increasing thermal comfort and reducing HVAC related energy consumption are often seen as conflicting goals. Few researchers have investigated the feasibility of reducing HVAC related energy consumption by integrating occupants’ personalized thermal comfort preferences into the HVAC control logic. In this study, we introduce a knowledge-based approach for improving HVAC system operations through coupling personalized thermal comfort preferences and energy consumption patterns. In our approach, thermal comfort preferences are learned online and then modeled as zone level personalized comfort profiles. Zone temperature set points are then selected through solving an optimization problem for energy, with comfort, indoor air quality, and system performance constraints taken into consideration. In the case that acceptable comfort levels for all occupants of a zone were not achievable, the approach selects set points that minimize the overall thermal discomfort level. Compared to an operational strategy focusing on comfort only, evaluation of our approach, which aims for both maintaining or improving comfort and reducing energy consumption, showed improvements by reducing average daily airflows for about 57.6 m3/h (12.08%) in three target zones.
Charge Density, Electric Field, and Particle Charging in Electrostatic Precipitation with Back Ionization

A quantitative model is developed for the description of charge density and electric field structures and consequent particle charging characteristics of a cylindrical precipitator with back ionization at the collection electrode. Results are compared with the results of an experimental study done some time ago by Penney and Hewitt. Solution of the governing set of equations involves iterative numerical integration to produce an electric field at the inner electrode surface consistent with Peek's formula and a ratio of back ionization to corona wire charge density at the collection electrode consistent with experimentally measured current per unit length. A description of charging of spherical particles in a bipolar ion flux then permits a computation of particle charging as a function of position. Results are in substantive agreement with measured values of charge acquired by steel balls dropped through a cylindrical precipitator with back ionization. The maximum difference between theoretical and experimental values occurs at an intermediate voltage, where ion ``channeling'' may affect charge and field distributions.
Rifamycin-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Era: A Report of 3 Relapses with Acquired Rifampin Resistance following Alternate-Day Rifabutin and Boosted Protease Inhibitor Therapy

Rifamycin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (i.e., by a strain of M. tuberculosis that is only resistant to rifamycins) occurs disproportionately among patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who have a low CD4 cell count. We observed 3 genetically confirmed cases of relapse with rifamycin-resistant M. tuberculosis infection following concurrent treatment with rifabutin (dosage, 150 mg every other day) and a ritonavir-boosted HIV protease inhibitor during a prior episode of drug-susceptible tuberculosis. Higher doses of rifabutin and a ritonavir-boosted HIV protease inhibitor as treatment for tuberculosis should be studied further.
Rapid quantification of the non-competitive NMDA antagonist MK-801 in canine cerebrospinal fluid and plasma by capillary gas chromatography-nitrogen phosphorus detection.

Abstract A facile and sensitive method utilizing solid-phase cartridge extraction and capillary gas chromatography (GC) with nitrogen phosphorus detection was validated for the determination of MK-801 [(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(a,d)cyclo-hepten-5,10-imine maleate], a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, in dog cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma. Clonidine hydrochloride was used as the internal standard (ISTD), after evaluation of several ISTD candidates. Separations were performed with an intermediate polarity fused silica capillary column, yielding typical retention times of 3.20 min for MK-801 and 4.90 min for ISTD. Plasma and CSF samples were extracted with100 mg Bond Elut C 18 TCA© cartridges to yield methanolic eluates that were evaporatively enriched before reconstitution in anhydrous ethanol prior to injection. The standard curve was validated from 1 to 100 000 ng/ml for CSF, and from 0.1 to 1000 ng/ml for plasma. Chromatograms from naive plasma and CSF exhibited no endogenous interfering peaks. The efficiency of extraction recovery was >94%, and the intra-assay and inter-assay precision was within 9% relative standard deviation (%R.S.D.) for both fluids. MK-801 and ISTD were stable in the injection solvent at 22 °C for at least 48 h. The assay was applied to the toxocologic study of intrathecal MK-801 administration in the dog.
Post-mortem Toxicology: What The Dead Can And Cannot Tell Us

The evaluation of postmortem laboratory assays of drugs needs to be performed in a systematic manner. The condition of the body, drug characteristics, matrix and site analysis are factors which need to be considered in the proper interpretation of an autopsy specimen result.
Optical redshifts of 59 galaxies.

This paper presents the results of an observing program carried out to measure galaxy redshifts with the Cassegrain Digicon Spectrograph system on the McDonald Observatory 2.1 m Struve telescope. New redshift determinations are presented for 59 galaxies, obtained for emission line spectra by conventional wavelength determination techniques and for absorption line spectra by Fourier transform filtering and cross correlation techniques with respect to velocity standard spectra of NGC 3115 and NGC 4736. With respect to published redshifts for 29 galaxies, the new redshifts show a mean residual of -1 km/sec and rms residual of 49 km/sec, without apparent systematic trends, from -300 to +13,700 km/sec.
Absolutely λ-summing operators, λ a symmetric sequence space

Pietsch [5] introduced the concept of absolutely summing operators in Banach spaces and later in [6] extended this concept to absolutely p-summing operators. At the background of these concepts are the sequence spaces I p and their duality theory. The object of the present paper is to extend the above concept to abstract sequence spaces 2. The sequence spaces 2 involved are described in Section 2; the absolutely 2-summing operators are studied in Section3 while Section4 discusses the interesting special case 2=n(~b), a sequence space which includes for special q5 the P and l ~ spaces and was introduced in the literature by Sargent [10].
A New Multilevel Inverter - Hexagram Inverter for Medium-Voltage Adjustable Speed Drive Systems Part I. Six-phase Motor Drive

A new multilevel inverter - Hexagram inverter [12], is introduced for medium-voltage adjustable speed drive systems. The new inverter is composed of six interconnected three-phase six-switch modules. With six terminals, Hexagram inverter can be configured for both six-phase and three-phase (floating neutral) motor drive. The focus of this paper is on Hexagram inverter for six-phase motor drive. With proposed Hexagram inverter topology, the semiconductor switches has half of the current stress and one third of the voltage stress compared to a same output power and output voltage VSI system, or the same current stress and one sixth voltage stress when compared to a same output power and output current VSI. With the modular six-switch structure, previously proposed control methods for VSI are all applicable. In this paper, One-Cycle Control and SPWM are respectively used for demonstration, simulation and experimental verification. The eminent characteristics of the Hexagram inverter including modular structure, low component count, low voltage and current stress, and automatic voltage and current balancing, make it an excellent candidate for high power motor drive applications.
Characterization of the local titanium environment in doped sodium aluminum hydride using x-ray absorption spectroscopy

Ti K-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy was used to explore the local titanium environment and valence in 2-4 mol% Ti-doped sodium alanate. An estimate of the oxidation state of the dopant, based upon known standards, revealed a zero-valent titanium atom. An analysis of the near-edge and extended fine structures indicates that the Ti does not enter substitutional or interstitial sites in the NaAlH{sub 4} lattice. Rather, the Ti is located on/near the surface and is coordinated by 10.2 {+-} 1 aluminum atoms with an interatomic distance of 2.82 {+-} 0.01 {angstrom}, similar to that of TiAl{sub 3}. The Fourier transformed EXAFS spectra reveals a lack of long-range order around the Ti dopant indicating that the Ti forms nano-clusters of TiAl{sub 3}. The similarity of the spectra in the hydrided and dehydrided samples suggests that the local Ti environment is nearly invariant during hydrogen cycling.
Correlations of the musculature and the movements of the skull in natrix, with some suggestions of homology in the lacertilians

The musculature of the ophidian head is a fairly complex structure, due to the specialization of the skull and the peculiar movements and motions made possible by the high degree of streptostylism. This musculature has been derived from the lacertilian type by a splitting and a shifting of the original elemental muscle masses of this group. Most of the muscles are clearly homologous with those of the Lacertilia. Some cannot be homologized by a study of the mature forms. The greatest differences lie in the separation of the muscle masses in the ophidia, as compared with the undivided masses in the Lacertilia. Since the jaw movements of the Lacertilia are rather simple, there is no need for any subdivision or splitting of the jaw muscles, but with the complex movements of the ophidia this becomes necessary. A few of the ophidian muscles appear to be neomorphs, as no key to their origin could be determined by a comparison with lacertilians.
Statistical Approach to Neural Network Model Building for Gentamicin Peak Predictions

Feed forward neural networks are flexible, nonlinear modeling tools that are an extension of traditional statistical techniques. The hypothesis that feed forward neural network models can be built in a similar fashion as a statistical model was tested. Feed forward neural network models were built using forward and backward variable selection, and zero to five hidden nodes, and tanh and linear transfer functions were used. Gentamicin serum concentrations were predicted as a model drug for testing these methods. Peak observations from 392 patients were used to train, test, and validate the feed forward neural network. Inputs were demographic and drug dosing information. Model selection was performed using the Akaike information criteria (AIC), Bayesian information criteria (BIC), and a method of stopped training. The models with lowest root mean square (rms) error were those with all 10 inputs and five hidden nodes. Average rms error in the validation set was lowest for stopped training (1.46), then AIC (1.51), and finally BIC (1.56). Larger models tended to result in the best predictions. Overfitting can occur in models that are too large, either by using too many nodes in the hidden layer (rms = 1.49) or by using too many inputs with little information associated with them (rms = 1.70). We conclude that neural networks can be built using a large number of parameters that have good predictive performance. Care must be used during training to avoid overfitting the data. A stopped training method resulted in the network with the lowest rms error.
Focus Issue: From Genomic Mutations to Oncogenic Pathways

This two-issue series focuses on how understanding how signaling pathways are altered in cancer cells can enable researchers to develop more effective therapies. Cancer is a pleiotropic disease. Tumor cells change over time and, even within a specific tumor, cells may have different mutations and dependencies on different signaling pathways for survival or for metastatic potential. New tools and technologies for genomic- or systems-level analysis, as well as conventional biochemistry and cell biology approaches, are revealing how signaling pathways contribute to cancer development, cancer evolution, and drug resistance.
The role of irradiation in solid organ transplantation.

The transplantation of heart, kidney, liver, lung, small bowel, and pancreas within and between mammalian species is a challenging and exciting branch of clinical and laboratory medicine. There have been attempts to use ionizing radiation as one of the means of immunosuppression throughout the history of solid organ transplantation. Whole body irradiation, extracorporeal irradiation of blood, intracorporeal irradiation of blood, selective lymphatic instillation of radioisotopes, and local allograft irradiation have been investigated. Total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) is currently the focus of considerable activity in the field of transplantation. In this paper we shall review the general history of radiation in solid organ transplantation. We will then review the emerging role of TLI as an immunosuppressive agent for allotransplantation and xenotransplantation.
Independent and Combined Effects of High Temperature and Drought Stress During Grain Filling on Plant Yield and Chloroplast EF‐Tu Expression in Spring Wheat

High temperature and drought stress are among the two most important environmental factors influencing crop growth, development and yield processes. These two stresses commonly occur in combination. Objectives of this research were to investigate the independent and combined effects of high temperature and drought stress during grain filling on physiological, vegetative and yield traits and expression of a chloroplast protein synthesis elongation factor (EF-Tu) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Two spring wheat cultivars (Pavon-76 and Seri-82) were grown at control temperatures (CT; day/night, 24/14 � C; 16/ 8 h photo/dark period) from sowing to heading. Thereafter, one half of the plants were exposed to high temperature stress (HT; 31/18 � C in Exp. 1 and 34/ 22 � C in Exp. 2), drought stress (withholding water), or a combination of both HT and drought stress. There were significant influences of HT and/or drought stress on physiological, growth and yield traits. There was no cultivar or cultivar by temperature or cultivar by drought interaction effects on most traits. The decreases in leaf photosynthesis were greater at HT compared with drought alone throughout the stress period, and the combination of HT and drought had the lowest leaf photosynthetic rates. Overall, HT or drought had similar effects (about 48‐56 % decrease) on spikelet fertility, grain numbers and grain yield. High temperature decreased grain numbers (by 56 % averaged across both experiments) and individual grain weight (by 25 %), while, respective decreases due to drought were 48 % and 35 %. This suggests that the grain numbers were more sensitive to HT and grain weights to drought for the range of temperatures tested in this research. The interaction between HT and drought stress was significant for total dry weights, harvest index and spikelet fertility, particularly when HT stress was severe (34/22 � C). The combined effects of HT and drought were greater than additive effects of HT or drought alone for leaf chlorophyll content, grain numbers and harvest index. High temperature stress and the combination of HT and drought stress but not drought stress alone resulted in the overexpression of EF-Tu in both spring wheat cultivars.
Superior mesenteric artery syndrome in type 1 diabetes masquerading as gastroparesis.

OBJECTIVE—To describe and discuss a case of superior mesenteric artery syndrome (SMAS) presenting with gastrointestinal signs and symptoms mistakenly attributed to, and treated as, diabetic gastroparesis. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A case report was compiled describing the clinical presentation, including history and physical examination, evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of a patient with type 1 diabetes presenting with gastrointestinal complications. RESULTS—Clinical suspicion combined with the appropriate radiological evaluation led to a diagnosis of SMAS, with classic findings of reduced aortomesenteric angle and distance. Surgical intervention resulted in resolution of symptoms and recovery of glycemic control. CONCLUSIONS—The possibility of SMAS should be considered in patients with type 1 diabetes presenting with gastrointestinal symptomatology, especially when associated with weight loss.
Reliability of Intraoperative Navigation in Restoring Normal Orbital Dimensions

Purpose To assess the reliability and effectiveness of intraoperative navigation in restoring normal orbital and globe dimensions in traumatic and postablative orbital defects. Materials and Methods To address the research purpose, the investigators initiated a retrospective cohort study and enrolled a sample of subjects that underwent primary or secondary reconstruction for unilateral orbital deformities secondary to traumatic injury or tumor surgery during the study enrollment period. Using computed tomographic datasets, pre- and postoperative orbital volume and globe projection were measured using Analyze software (Mayo Clinic Biomedical Imaging Resource, Rochester, MN). Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to evaluate the reliability between preoperative unaffected orbit and the postoperative affected orbital and globe dimensions. A matched pairs t test was used to assess the difference in pre- and postoperative orbital volume and globe projection. Results The sample was composed of 23 subjects that underwent orbital reconstruction secondary to traumatic of postablative defects. There was a linear and reliable relationship between preoperative unaffected and postoperative affected orbital volumes (ICC, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.37 to 0.86), and preoperative unaffected and postoperative affected globe projections was high (ICC, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.69 to 0.94). There was a significant difference in pre- and postoperative mean orbital volume (30.6 vs 25.5 cm 3 , P ≤ 0.001), and pre- and postoperative globe projection (51.2 vs 53.6 mm, P ≤ 0.001). Conclusions The results of this study suggest that intraoperative navigation-assisted orbital reconstruction is reliable in restoring orbital volume and globe projection to pretraumatic and preablative conditions.
The Organization of Orientation-Selective, Luminance-Change and Binocular- Preference Domains in the Second (V2) and Third (V3) Visual Areas of New World Owl Monkeys as Revealed by Intrinsic Signal Optical Imaging

Optical imaging was used to map patterns of visually evoked activation in the second (V2) and third (V3) visual areas of owl monkeys. Modular patterns of activation were produced in response to stimulation with oriented gratings, binocular versus monocular stimulation, and stimuli containing wide-field luminance changes. In V2, luminance-change domains tended to lie between domains selective for orientation. Regions preferentially activated by binocular stimulation co-registered with orientation-selective domains. Co-alignment of images with cytochrome oxidase (CO)processed sections revealed functional correlates of 2 types of COdense regions in V2. Orientation-responsive domains and binocular domains were correlated with the locations of CO-thick stripes, and luminance-change domains were correlated with the locations of CO-thin stripes. In V3, orientation preference, luminance-change, and binocular preference domains were observed, but were more irregularly arranged than those in V2. Our data suggest that in owl monkey V2, consistent with that in macaque monkeys, modules for processing contours and binocularity exist in one type of compartment and that modules related to processing-surface features exist within a separate type of compartment.
Interaction Involvement: A Cognitive Dimension of Communicative Competence.

A perspective is presented on communicative competence that is based on Erving Goffman's model of face‐to‐face society. The concept o£ interaction involvement is then explicated in relation to the model as a fundamentally important cognitive dimension of communicative competence. Data from two studies are reported to support the validity of the interaction involvement concept and its operational definition. The results are interpreted as being useful for future basic research on communicative competence as well as applications in classroom and other instructional settings.
Bohr, the Photon, and Kramers

It was inevitable that Kramers would be immediately affected by the subject matter of Bohr’s physics. Of equal importance for Kramers’ later development were the combined influences of Bohr’s approach to physics, his style, and his personality. Kramers’ scientific views were molded by his close contact with Bohr. Bohr’s personality and his approach to physics were intertwined so closely that an analysis of Bohr’s influence on Kramers’ physics automatically must involve an examination of the interplay of the personalities.
Gender differences: Implications for pain management

Despite significant advances in pain research and clinical pain management, little effort has been devoted to exploring whether the same pain treatment strategies are effective for male and female patients. Recent studies indicate that sex differences might play a role in the response to noxious events and in the response to analgesic interventions (berkley). Further insight into these gender differences will lead to improved pain management for women and men.
Climatic and Tectonic Factors Affecting Water Quality in the San Joaquin Valley near Fresno, California

Unconsolidated continental deposits constitute the principal source of ground water in the San Joaquin Valley. On the west side of the valley, fresh water is effectively separated into two aquifers by the Corcoran Clay member of the Tulare Formation, which is encountered at an average depth of about 600 feet below land surface. The upper aquifer on the west side contains high dissolved solids (about 3000 ppm) in the upper 300 feet, similar to present recharge sources; below this depth, there is a gradation downward into water containing about 1500 ppm immediately above the clay; low concentration waters (about 800 ppm) are found in the lower aquifer. It is concluded that a marked dessication of the climate that occurred within the last 600,000 years, possibly initiated or accentuated (or both) by uplift of the Diablo Range and other elements of the Coast Ranges, was primarily responsible for the observed changes in concentration within the upper and lower west side aquifers.
Application of the Counseling Psychology Model Training Values Statement Addressing Diversity to the Admission Process

This article addresses the responsibility of counseling psychology programs to communicate and implement the professional training values regarding diversity as articulated in the Counseling Psychology Model Training Values Statement Addressing Diversity (henceforth the “Values Statement”) clearly and directly in the advertising and admission process. This will help both applicants and admissions committees assess the best fit between program and applicant and allow for self-selection and committee selection with regard to applicants' aptitude to embody the training values (e.g., self-awareness, openness) specified in the Values Statement. The Values Statement can guide programs in their interview and selection process by providing a framework for assessing applicant readiness to pursue doctoral work in counseling psychology. Current admission practices in counseling psychology are reviewed in the context of the Values Statement. Then a model application review and interview process is described from adve...
Electron cooling for RHIC

Abstract Electron cooling of completely stripped gold ions 197 Au 79+ in RHIC is considered for the store energy, γ =108. The optimal parameters of the required electron storage ring are discussed and proposed. The cooling time is calculated as 15 min, which would allow not only to avoid the beam loss due to the intra-beam scattering, but also reduce the transverse emittance and increase the luminosity several times.
A second‐order radiation boundary condition for the shallow water wave equations on two‐dimensional unstructured finite element grids

A second-order radiation boundary condition (RBC) is derived for 2D shallow water problems posed in ‘wave equation’ form and is implemented within the Galerkin finite element framework. The RBC is derived by matching the dispersion relation for the interior wave equation with an approximate solution to the exterior problem for outgoing waves. The matching is correct to second order, accounting for curvature of the wave front and the geometry. Implementation is achieved by using the RBC as an evolution equation for the normal gradient on the boundary, coupled through the natural boundary integral of the Galerkin interior problem. The formulation is easily implemented on non-straight, unstructured meshes of simple elements. Test cases show fidelity to solutions obtained on extended meshes and improvement relative to simpler first-order RBCs.
Robotics in intelligent manufacturing: IMPAQT activities

The Center for Intelligent Manufacturing, Processing, and Quality Technologies (IMPAQT) at Drexel University was established to integrate education, research, and technology transfer in technical and business fields which are associated with intelligent manufacturing and processing. A report on some of the Center's ongoing robotics activities is presented. Projects described are: (1) interpretation of redundant kinematic parameters in robotic manipulator calibration algorithms, (2) brushless motors for direct-drive robots and numerically controlled machines, (3) a robot control laboratory, (4) computer-based control and intelligent control systems and (5) a robot dynamics laboratory. >
Recognition Molecules and Immunoglobulin Domains in Invertebrates

We have used specific antibody probes to conserved antigenic motifs to identify and characterize immunoglobulin-related molecules in tunicates and a C-type lectin found in lamprey that is related to molecules found in tunicates and mammals. The tunicate immunoglobulin cross-reactive molecule (mu CRM) reacts with antibodies raised to shark IgM heavy chains. Intact tunicate mu CRM is a monomer of Ig light-chain-sized subunits and is oligoclonal by IEF. That this molecule is related to Ig is indicated both by immunochemical data and by peptide sequence homologies. The lamprey lectin is a large polymer (> 500,000 kDa) of 35-kDa and 60-kDa subunits. It appears to be related to C-type lectins as shown by peptide sequence homology and the requirement of Ca2+ for activity. Related molecules appear to be present in tunicates and mammals as shown by cross-reactivity of antibodies in Western blots with single bands from hemolymph and T-cell extracts.
Culture and the Structure of Children's Fears

This study examined the relationship between culture and the structure of children's fears. For the fear dimensions determined, the strength, nature, and clarity of this structure was explored. Items from the Louisville Fear Survey for Children were administered to third-grade Navajo and Anglo children, and obliquely rotated common factor analysis was used to estimate the number and nature of dimensions of fear. Levels of fear by sample were tested with an independent sample t-test on the factor scores generated for the two groups. An independent sample Z-test for proportions was used to compare the proportion of unrealistic fears between the two samples. Chi-square tests of independence were used to examine the association between fear and culture by item. The tests of significance strongly suggest that Navajochildren exhibit higher levels of fear than Anglo children. Factor analysis results suggest the existence of three correlated dimensions of fear as well as a large general factor. The nature of the ...
Frame-Based Time-Scale Filters for Underwater Acoustic Noise Reduction

Noise reduction for underwater acoustic signals has attracted considerable attention over the last few decades. Among the numerous techniques, wavelet soft-thresholding (STH) has been considered as one of the most effective noise reduction approaches, as it achieves near complete success in minimizing the mean-squared-error (MSE) and eliminating oscillations caused by noise. However, a limitation with STH is its preference towards lower frequency bands, which may cause distortions in the high frequency bands. Few previous research efforts have reported on the reduction of such frequency distortions. By introducing the time-scale filters (TSF), we present a novel technique for underwater noise reduction that improves the standard STH in reducing distortions in the joint time-frequency (TF) space. TSF is an advanced noise reduction algorithm which utilizes the signal's time-scale (TS) support region. It provides smooth reconstructions in both time and frequency spaces. We demonstrate the noise reduction results for two typical underwater noise sources: the snapping shrimp sound and the rainfall sound. We also introduce a TF distortion measurement as a criterion that compares the TF distributions of the denoised signal and the clean signal. For a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) from -10 to 20 dB, the noise reduction results obtained using TSF have an average of 42.1% lower TF distortion than STH for the snapping shrimp noise, and a 23.3% lower TF distortion for the rainfall noise.
Statistical Model for Forecasting Monthly Large Wildfire Events in Western United States

Abstract The ability to forecast the number and location of large wildfire events (with specified confidence bounds) is important to fire managers attempting to allocate and distribute suppression efforts during severe fire seasons. This paper describes the development of a statistical model for assessing the forecasting skills of fire-danger predictors and producing 1-month-ahead wildfire-danger probabilities in the western United States. The method is based on logistic regression techniques with spline functions to accommodate nonlinear relationships between fire-danger predictors and probability of large fire events. Estimates were based on 25 yr of historic fire occurrence data (1980–2004). The model using the predictors monthly average temperature, and lagged Palmer drought severity index demonstrated significant improvement in forecasting skill over historic frequencies (persistence forecasts) of large fire events. The statistical models were particularly amenable to model evaluation and production ...
Regulation of weed seed dormancy through light and temperature interactions

Abstract The effects of temperature and light on the dormancy of velvetleaf, common waterhemp, and giant foxtail seeds were studied under controlled growth chamber conditions. Seeds were either kept chilled at 4 C for 12 wk under wet conditions or nonchilled at 4 C in dry storage. Then, seeds were germinated under increasing and decreasing temperatures and under continuous red light (R) and far-red light (FR). In addition, chilled and nonchilled seeds were germinated in the dark after being exposed to alternating R and FR flashes. Velvetleaf germination was increased by exposure to high temperatures (36 C) immediately after exposure to low temperatures (4 C), but light had no effect. Chilling increased common waterhemp seed germination and sensitivity to light and temperature. R promoted common waterhemp seed germination, whereas FR inhibited germination and maintained dormancy. In addition, the effect of light was reversible. Therefore, common waterhemp dormancy was phytochrome regulated. However, high t...
Multi-Robot Persistent Coverage with stochastic task costs

We propose the Stochastic Multi-Robot Persistent Coverage Problem (SMRPCP) and correspondant methodology to compute an optimal schedule that enables a fleet of energy-constrained unmanned aerial vehicles to repeatedly perform a set of tasks while maximizing the frequency of task completion and preserving energy reserves via recharging depots. The approach enables online modeling of uncertain task costs and yields a schedule that adapts according to an evolving energy expenditure model. A fast heuristic method is formulated that enables online generation of a schedule that concurrently maximizes task completion frequency and avoids the risk of individual robot energy-depletion and consequential platform failure. Failure mitigation is introduced through a recourse strategy that routes robots based on acceptable levels of risk. Simulation and experimental results evaluate the efficacy of the proposed methodology and demonstrate online system-level adaptation due to increasingly certain costs models acquired during the deployment execution.
A Submersible, Off-Axis Holographic Microscope for Detection of Microbial Motility and Morphology in Aqueous and Icy Environments

Sea ice is an analog environment for several of astrobiology’s near-term targets: Mars, Europa, Enceladus, and perhaps other Jovian or Saturnian moons. Microorganisms, both eukaryotic and prokaryotic, remain active within brine channels inside the ice, making it unnecessary to penetrate through to liquid water below in order to detect life. We have developed a submersible digital holographic microscope (DHM) that is capable of resolving individual bacterial cells, and demonstrated its utility for immediately imaging samples taken directly from sea ice at several locations near Nuuk, Greenland. In all samples, the appearance and motility of eukaryotes were conclusive signs of life. The appearance of prokaryotic cells alone was not sufficient to confirm life, but when prokaryotic motility occurred, it was rapid and conclusive. Warming the samples to above-freezing temperatures or supplementing with serine increased the number of motile cells and the speed of motility; supplementing with serine also stimulated chemotaxis. These results show that DHM is a useful technique for detection of active organisms in extreme environments, and that motility may be used as a biosignature in the liquid brines that persist in ice. These findings have important implications for the design of missions to icy environments and suggest ways in which DHM imaging may be integrated with chemical life-detection suites in order to create more conclusive life detection packages.
Population Policy in Early Victorian England

This paper argues that the generally-held belief that there was no population policy in Great Britain during its fertility transition is incorrect. There were, in fact, clear and implicit and explicit policies in place by the early 19th Century which aimed at reducing population growth. These were negative, involving elimination of family allowances (the famous Poor Laws), and also positive, through subsidised emigration and ``transportation'' of felons to the colonies. Moreover, a changed ``ideation'' on the part of the nation's political, intellectual and spiritual leaders, changed norms about marriage and child-bearing, raising sharply the perceived economic and psychic cost of children. Lacking acceptable means to control pregnancies, many working class women resorted to abortion, infanticide and child abandonment to reduce their family size. The policy's actual impact on overall fertility is uncertain but it did constitute a deliberate attempt by society to affect demographic behaviour and outcomes.